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Guerrilla gig

A guerrilla gig is a type of concert performed in a non-traditional setting or arranged in an unusual fashion. It became associated with punk rock, and noise rock bands in UK and the United States during the early to mid-2000s. Bands who perform at such events are sometimes referred to as "guerrilla rockers".

There are two major elements that characterise a guerrilla gig. The first is similar in concept to a flash mob, and involves a band or artist performing in an unexpected, sometimes unannounced, setting not designed to accommodate live music, such as on a bus or subway train, parking lot, or building lobby. The second characteristic involves their being arranged very quickly and without the typical processes of publicity or advance ticket sales. They are usually announced through various internet message boards as well as by text messages and sometimes last-minute flyers.

It is often viewed as an example of punk rock's idealistic "do it yourself" philosophy (which aimed to achieve underground artistic success without commercialisation by avoiding mainstream corporate record labels) being applied via modern communications technology, in a way which would not have been possible before the advent of the internet. The popularity of online forums and social-networking sites has made it possible for bands to immediately disseminate news of a gig to thousands of people only hours before a performance, at minimal cost, and bypassing the traditional print and radio-based methods of publicising concerts.

Examples
One of the earliest known example of a guerrilla gig was in November 1968 when Jefferson Airplane, by the suggestion of Swiss-French filmmaker Jean-Luc Godard, began work on a political semi-documentary he called One A.M. (One American Movie). Godard, who felt that Jefferson Airplane best represented the youth revolution of the day, wanted the band in his film while keeping to a somewhat militant spirit. Godard had the musicians set up their equipment, sans permit, on a hotel rooftop in midtown Manhattan at the peak of the working day. Harried New Yorkers below scanned the sky above the hotel and were able to hear Jefferson Airplane complete one song, an incendiary version of "The House at Pooneil Corners". The performance culminated with the New York City Police shutting down the unexpected performance with threats of arrest due to the noise disturbance. The Godard film was never released, but documentarian D. A. Pennebaker finished it up and renamed it One P.M. (for One Pennebaker Movie). A recount of this performance can be seen on the "Fly Jefferson Airplane" documentary DVD released in 2004.

This Jefferson Airplane performance predates the similar although more well-known performance when The Beatles, on January 30, 1969, played a gig entirely unannounced on the roof of Apple Studios at 3 Savile Row, London. They performed several takes of their newest songs (which would appear on the album Let It Be) as the passers-by on the street looked up in confusion. After the third take of "Get Back", they too were shut down by the police due to noise complaints.

Development in Britain
A few British bands became known for "guerrilla gigging" in the early 2000s. The technique first developed there because the concentrated social and geographical nature of the London music scene made it possible to generate a favourable "buzz" and ensure attendance at the events. The Libertines were among the first to use internet technology to accomplish this, often announcing a gig a few hours before the show by providing cryptic instructions for fans to meet at a given place to await an escort to a flat, where the admission price would be collected and the concert would take place in a living room or basement. The Others provide another example, having performed brief shows in tube trains (subways) on the London Underground for mixed groups of fans and startled passengers. In another famous instance, singer Badly Drawn Boy earned £1.60 from passersby while busking outside London's Waterloo station for a day in 2003, going largely unrecognized by the public. It is important to differentiate busking to Guerrilla Gigging, however for a predominantly acoustic artist such as Badly Drawn Boy the line between the two performance methods can become blurred.

United States
Rhode Island noise rock bands such as Lightning Bolt, and Athens GA indie-punk band Nana Grizol as well as other American bands, have embraced this new extreme DIY culture. Many bands have embraced this by going down the streets on wagon hitches such as the Dropkick Murphys and AC/DC. In the mid-to-late 80's Rodent Kontrol, a punk band from Ann Arbor, Michigan, gained local notoriety for their guerrilla gigs in and around downtown Ann Arbor and on the University of Michigan campus. Some of these shows terminated in the band's ejection from the unauthorized venues by police or security guards.

Irish rock group U2 famously recorded the music video for "Where The Streets Have No Name" on the roof of one-storey building in downtown Los Angeles. They performed other songs to the large crowd that had spilled onto the streets of Los Angeles and attracted media and police attention, which caused the shutdown. Home video footage of the gig exists on the internet.

Detroit duo The White Stripes also did many guerrilla performances during their Canadian tour in 2007, such as in bowling pub, a bus, one note show and so on. At the evening, they played a full show. This tour is documented in Under Great White Northern Lights.

In September 2019, Detroit Hardcore Punk band, Strange Magic, played a Guerrilla gig out of the back of a U-Haul box truck in Detroit's Eastern Market district. The show grew a large crowd, which started with their fans and eventually caught the attention of civilians passing by. The show was well-documented by local videographers, leading to plenty of footage circulating on the internet.

title: Guerrilla gig


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K2 (disambiguation)

K2 is the highest mountain in Pakistan and the second highest in the world after Everest.

K2 or K-2 may also refer to:

Places

 * Mount K2, an ancillary summit of Mount Kitchener in the Canadian Rockies
 * K2, an archaeological site in Limpopo state in South Africa, the largest settlement of the Leopard's Kopje culture and a predecessor to the Kingdom of Mapungubwe

Films

 * K2 (film), a 1991 film about climbing the mountain based on the play of the same name
 * K2: Siren of the Himalayas (2012), an American documentary film directed by Dave Ohlson

Literature

 * K2 (play), a play by Patrick Meyers about climbing the mountain
 * List of books about K2

Groups

 * K2 (Kovač sisters duo), a Serbian band
 * K2 (South African band), a rock band from Bloemfontein
 * Kee Marcello's K2, a hard rock band

Albums

 * K2 (K2 album) (1995)
 * K2 (Kerfuffle album) (2005)
 * K2 - Tales of Triumph and Tragedy, a 1988 album by Don Airey

Songs

 * "K2", a 1983 song by Tony Banks from The Fugitive
 * "K2", a 2017 song by Elbow from Little Fictions
 * "K2", a 2024 song by Liquid Mike from Paul Bunyan's Slingshot

Television

 * K2 (TV channel), an Italian television channel
 * The K2, a 2016 South Korean television series

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * K2 (board game)
 * Kill Me, Kiss Me or K2, a Korean comic series
 * K-2SO, a character in the Star Wars movie Rogue One

Brands and enterprises

 * Synthetic cannabinoids, which are colloquially known as and commonly sold under the name "K2"
 * K2, second model of Larcum Kendall's clocks for navigation
 * K2 Sports, a manufacturer of skiing, sliding, and rolling-sports equipment
 * K2 Telecom, a mobile network operator in Uganda
 * Pentax K2, a camera model related to the Pentax K1000

Disasters on the mountain K2

 * 1986 K2 disaster
 * 1995 K2 disaster
 * 2008 K2 disaster

Military

 * K2 (airbase) or Karshi-Khanabad Air Base, an airbase in southeast Uzbekistan, between 2001 and 2005 used by the United States Air Force
 * K-2, a circa-1938 airship
 * Daewoo K-2, an assault rifle of the Republic of Korea Army
 * K2 battlecruiser, a preliminary design in the studies leading up to the G3 battlecruiser
 * K2 Black Panther, a Korean main battle tank
 * USS K-2 (SS-33), a 1913 United States Navy K-class submarine
 * K2, a K-class sloop of the Royal Netherlands Navy
 * Kalinin K-2, Soviet airliner

Science and healthcare

 * K2, a mission of the Kepler spacecraft, also known as "Second Light"
 * K2, a street name for synthetic cannabinoids
 * C/2017 K2, a non-periodic comet
 * Haplogroup K2, human group sharing a Y-chromosome characteristic, a.k.a. haplogroup T
 * Vitamin K2
 * Kardashev-2, a hypothetical civilization that uses all of the energy emitted by a star

Structures

 * K2 (building), a residential & commercial building in Leeds, United Kingdom
 * K2 Leisure Centre, a sports centre in Crawley, West Sussex

Transportation

 * K-2 (Kansas highway)
 * K2, a two-seater Sprint kayak
 * Eurolot, IATA code K2
 * Furness Railway K2, a 4-4-0 steam locomotive class
 * LNER Class K2, a class of British steam locomotives
 * GSR Class K2, a class of Irish 2-6-0 steam locomotives
 * London Buses route K2, a Transport for London bus route
 * PRR K2, a Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive classification
 * Tatra K2, a 1966 Czechoslovakian articulated tramcar
 * Trekking K2, a French mountain descent paraglider design

Other uses

 * K2 (tax scheme), a Jersey tax avoidance scheme
 * K2, a version of the red telephone box in the UK
 * K2 League, a Korea league for association football

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: K2 (disambiguation)


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Lord Lieutenants of Donegal

This is a list of people who served as Lord Lieutenant of County Donegal.

There were lieutenants of counties in Ireland until the reign of James II, when they were renamed governors. The office of Lord Lieutenant was recreated on 23 August 1831. The office is pronounced as 'Lord Lef-tenant'.

Lieutenant

 * Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell: 28 March 1605–

Governors

 * Henry Conyngham, 1st Earl Conyngham: 1746–1781
 * Ralph Gore, 1st Earl of Ross: 1781–
 * William Conyngham: 1781–1796
 * Robert Clements, 1st Earl of Leitrim: 1781–1804
 * Sir Samuel Hayes, 1st Baronet: 1781–1807
 * John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn (died 1818)
 * Nathaniel Clements, 2nd Earl of Leitrim: –1831
 * Henry Conyngham, 1st Marquess Conyngham: 1803–1831
 * Sir Samuel Hayes, 3rd Baronet: –1831

Lord Lieutenants

 * The 2nd Marquess of Donegall: 17 October 1831 – 5 October 1844
 * The 1st Duke of Abercorn: 13 November 1844 – 31 October 1885
 * The 2nd Duke of Abercorn: 1885 – 3 January 1913
 * Sir John Olphert: 9 August 1913 – 11 March 1917
 * The 6th Earl of Arran: 25 August 1917 – 1920
 * Sir Emerson Crawford Herdman: 17 December 1920 – 1922

title: Lord Lieutenants of Donegal


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Kadavu Island

Kadavu (pronounced ), with an area of 411 km2, is the fourth largest island in Fiji, and the largest island in the Kadavu Group, a volcanic archipelago consisting of Kadavu, Ono, Galoa and a number of smaller islands in the Great Astrolabe Reef. Its main administrative centre is Vunisea, which has an airport, a high school, a hospital, and a government station, on the Namalata Isthmus where the island is almost cut in two. Suva, Fiji's capital, lies 88 km to the north of Kadavu. The population of the island province was 10,167 at the most recent census in 2007.

Kadavu Island belongs to Kadavu Province.

Geography
The island is 60 km long, with a width varying from 365 m to 8 km. The island is almost sliced in two at the Vunisei Isthmus (Naceva) and the narrow Namalata Isthmus, which separates Namalata Bay on the northern coast from Galoa Harbour on the southern coast. Within Galoa Harbour lie Galoa Island and the tiny islet of Tawadromu. Kadavu is characterized by its rugged and mountainous terrain. The tallest mountain is Nabukelevu, also known as Mount Washington, which stands at 805 m high, on the western end of the island.

Flora and fauna
Kadavu still has 75% of its original rainforest cover and a rich bird diversity, including four species endemic to the island, the velvet dove, the crimson shining-parrot, the Kadavu honeyeater and the Kadavu fantail, in addition to several endemic subspecies (such as a subspecies of the island thrush). Offshore, stringing around the south, east and then away to the north, is the Great Astrolabe Reef, a large barrier reef that is one of Fiji's premier scuba diving resorts.

A 7800 ha area covering the interior of the eastern part of the island is the East Kadavu Important Bird Area. It contains populations of the vulnerable Shy Ground-dove, Crimson Shining-parrot and Collared Petrel.

Economy and culture

Kadavu is one of the least developed areas of Fiji. There are few roads, and the local economy is largely dependent on subsistence farming, supplemented by exports to Viti Levu. The main commercial crop is yaqona (known as Kava around the Pacific islands). There are no banks on Kadavu. Tourism is becoming popular, however, with snorkeling and diving among the major attractions. The chiefly system in Kadavu gives much greater authority to local chiefs than most other areas in Fiji, where local chiefs are more often subservient to a few "paramount chiefs."

On 17 December 2005, Ratu Josateki Nawalowalo, Chairman of the Kadavu Provincial Council, announced major development plans to build roads throughout the island and to upgrade jetties, improving Kadavu's links with the mainland. He revealed that much of the finance would be provided by the government of Taiwan.

History
William Bligh was the first known European to sight Kadavu, which he discovered in 1792 on his second voyage to Fiji on HMS Providence (1791). He was followed in 1799 by the United States vessel Ann & Hope, skippered by C. Bently en route from Australia. In 1827, French commander Dumont d'Urville nearly shipwrecked FRENCH SHIP Astrolabe on the reef that now bears the vessel's name. The island later became home to beche-de-mer traders, as well as whalers from Sydney, Australia, and New England in the United States. Galoa Harbour became a regular port of call for vessels carrying mail between Sydney, San Francisco, and Auckland.

Origin of the Kadavu People
Most Kadavuans are not sure where their ancestors may have originated from. Some say that they never travelled from other places but were always present on the island. While some have various theories. However, a well-known linguist feels that the people of Kadavu may have come from the East, given the similarity of words with the southernmost part of the Lauan group of islands and the core belief that Kadavu's ancestors settled from the East, as opposed to the rest of Fiji where the movement was Westwards. It can also be seen that Kadavuans generally possess Polynesian attributes, which may further add to the belief. Yet, the notion is debatable as Kadavu and Lau never had any affiliation in the past, be it tribal or provincial. It has only been in the last decade or so that the two provinces coined the term "Yanu" (meaning island or islanders), to forge a relationship. However the term "Yanu" is also called between Lau, Lomaiviti and Yasawa groups. Origin was that these islands never had a previous relationship and in Suva, these islands (Yanuyanu, later shortened to Yanu) were called between the smaller islands compared to Vitilevu and Vanualevu. The most famous theory is that the Kadavu people came from different parts of Fiji through Beqa and crossed through Deuba village.

Pride of Kadavu
Kadavu Island is nicknamed "Bird land" and rightly so as it has a number of rare birds that are endemic to the island. These birds have survived on Kadavu due to the richness and abundance of natural resources as well as the climatic conditions of the island. The most famous bird is the Kadavu crimson shining-parrot, which stands out from other parrots in the country, with its blue-collar at the back of the neck. The Kadavu fantail, the whistling dove and the honeyeater are amongst other rare birds found only in Kadavu.

Demographics
The Kadavu archipelago sits on the earthquake belt and the cyclone path of Fiji. Kadavu has weathered many earthquakes and cyclones in the past. Along with the isolation and seclusion from the mainland, the people have struggled more than most provinces in Fiji. History has proven that people who go through difficulties and trying times can develop a resilient attitude towards life. Thus, these challenges have shaped and moulded Kadavuans to be amongst the most intelligent and high achieving people in Fiji. They can be seen at all top-level positions in the country and have an undeniable knack for breaking into new grounds and frontiers. The beautiful "Kadavu House" in the capital city of Suva is a testimony of their achievement. Kadavu is the only province in Fiji that hits the million dollar mark and more, as the people are the most generous givers in the country. The people are fondly called "Me Damu" (rams/goats) by their notorious "Tauvus" particularly the Stallion province of Nadroga and the Rooster province of Ra with whom they share fierce friendly rivalries. Wherever in the world, they may be, Kadavuans are deeply connected to their island province, and are intensely proud of their identity as a "Kai Kadavu."

Kadavuans
Well-known Kadavu residents include:
 * Kaliopate Tavola, former Foreign Minister
 * Konisi Yabaki of Tiliva village, former Forests and Fisheries Minister
 * Ms Lynda Tabuya also from Tiliva village, minister for women, children and poverty alleviation (since 24 December 2022)
 * James Ah-Koy, former Minister for Finance, senator, and businessman
 * Apaitia Seru, former Attorney General, Minister for Justice and Chief Magistrate
 * Akuila Yabaki, former lawyer and Attorney-General the Kelemedi Bulewa of Ravitaki Village, Methodist minister and political activist
 * Manu Korovulavula of Naikorokoro Village, former Senator, Minister for Transport, former CEO of Land Transport Authority, Chairman of the Fiji Sports Council, music composer and singer
 * Epineri Vula of Tawava Village (Yawe), former lawyer, Supreme Court judge and senator,
 * Josateki Nawalowalo, Chairman of the Kadavu Provincial Council and of the Fiji Kava Council.
 * Jesoni Vitusagavulu, Fiji's former Ambassador to the United States.

Transport
Ferry service by Patterson Brothers Shipping Company LTD connects Kadavu to Viti Levu. Also Goundar Shipping Limited (Lomaiviti Princess) and Liaona Shipping Limited. Fibre- glass boats and motor vehicles are also a source of transportation within the villages.

title: Kadavu Island


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Gaius Sulpicius Gallus

Gaius Sulpicius Gallus or Galus was a general, statesman and orator of the Roman Republic. In 169 BC, he served as praetor urbanus. Under Lucius Aemilius Paulus, his intimate friend, he commanded the 2nd legion in the campaign against Perseus, king of Macedonia, and gained great reputation for having predicted a lunar eclipse on the night before the Battle of Pydna (168 BC). On his return from Macedonia he was elected consul (166 BC), and in the same year reduced the Ligurians to submission. In 164 BC he was sent as ambassador to Greece and Asia, where he held a meeting at Sardis to investigate the charges brought against Eumenes II of Pergamon by the representatives of various cities of Asia Minor. Gallus was a man of great learning, an excellent Greek scholar, and in his later years devoted himself to the study of astronomy, on which subject he is quoted as an authority by Pliny. He was able to predict a lunar eclipse in the year 168 BC, and was regarded by his contemporaries as a man of great learning on this account. The lunar crater Sulpicius Gallus is named after him. See Livy xliv. 37, Epit. 46; Polybius xxxi. 9, 10; Cicero, Brutus, 20, De officiis, i. 6, De senectute, 14; Pliny, ''Nat. Hist.'' ii. 9.

title: Gaius Sulpicius Gallus


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Heath forest

Heath forest is a type of tropical moist forest found in areas with acidic, sandy soils that are extremely nutrient-poor. Notable examples are the Rio Negro campinarana of the Amazon Basin in South America, and the Sundaland heath forests (also known as Kerangas forests) of Borneo and neighboring islands.

title: Heath forest


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Vas-occlusive contraception

Vas-occlusive contraception is a form of male contraception that blocks sperm transport in the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts.

Various vas-occlusive contraceptive methods have been researched for human-use, with interest in both reversible and irreversible methods, with the purpose of finding a suitable alternative to vasectomy and possible hormonal contraceptive treatments that are currently being researched. Potential methods include clips, plugs, valves, polymers, hydrogels, and other devices.

Types
There are numerous vas-occlusive contraceptive methods and devices that have been researched. Outlined here are a few main categories and descriptions.

Intravasal control valve (ICV)
An intravasal control valve is a reversible valve implanted in the vas deferens with the ability to either inhibit or permit sperm passage depending on the position of the device. Bionyx has developed a T-shaped intravasal control valve composed of gold and stainless steel for use in humans. Through rotation, a perforated ball within the T can be used to obstruct sperm flow or allow sperm flow. Skilled microsurgery is required for the ICV implant.

Chemosterilization
Injection of non-toxic and sclerotic chemicals in the vas deferens can result in blockage of sperm transport due to scarring on the vas deferens wall. At least 26 different chemical combinations have been attempted to achieve sterilization. A combination of carbolic and n-butyl alpha cyanoacrylate has resulted in complete blockage of the vas deferens through adhesion to the luminal surface. This chemical combination resulted in a 96% azoospermia and a 99% pregnancy prevention eight years follow injection in humans. The scar tissue created is not always compact and successful in occluding the vas deferens, which results in the 4% azoospermia failure rate. The injection of the chemical combination of ethanol and formaldehyde also resulted in sterility in humans. However, these chemical combinations are irreversible.

Vas-occlusive plugs
There are two types of vas-occlusive plugs: injectable plugs and non-injectable plugs. Injection of medical polyurethane (MPU) to form a plug in the vas deferens resulted in azoospermia in 96% of men, though these result were seen 24 months after injection. Studies on over 130 men following removal of the plug within five years showed successful restoration of fertility. The Shug, short for "silicon plug", is an example of a non-injectable plug, though there is little to no research on the Shug following 2008. The Shug is composed of two silicon plugs with accompanying nylon tails that attach to the vas deferens wall. It is surgically inserted into the vas deferens and must also be removed surgically. Shug human trials showed a 97% decrease in sperm motility through the vas deferens. However, plugs have been shown to have a lower efficacy rate when compared to traditional vasectomy overall.

Intravasal thread (IVT)
Insertion of an intravasal thread (IVT), also known as an intravasal device (IVD), in the vas deferens has been shown to inhibit sperm transport via mechanical obstruction and the removal of the IVT results in restored vas deferens patency. However, this method has differential species-specific results: in pigs, a plastic IVT had no significant effect on sperm count; in dogs, a plastic and polyethylene IVT consistently blocked sperm transport during the experimental period and removal of the device restored sperm transport after a period of two weeks; and in human subjects, a urethane-coated nylon IVT resulted in significantly reduced sperm count but could not guarantee absolute sterility at the same rate as a vasectomy.

RISUG
Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance (RISUG) is a non-toxic polymer gel-based contraceptive that is injected into the lumen of the vas deferens and results in infertility within 10 days following injection. RISUG is composed of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (dimethyl sulfoxide), which is believed to both partially occlude the vas deferens by coating the inner walls of the vas deferens with the polymer chemical, while also deactivating the sperm that are able to pass through the partially occluded vas deferens, thereby preventing successful fertilization. The exact mechanism of the deactivation effect on sperm is still unknown. RISUG inhibits sperm transport but allows fluid to pass through, which prevents pressure from building up in the vas deferens. RISUG has been shown successful in previous human clinical trials in India and is currently undergoing Phase III clinical trials.

Vasalgel
Vasalgel was inspired by RISUG and created by the Parsemus Foundation in order to be used outside of India. Vasalgel is composed of 25% styrene-alt-maleic acid (SMA acid) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. The major difference between RISUG and Vasalgel is that Vasalgel is composed of SMA acid without SMA anhydride, which allows for a longer shelf-life, smaller probability of hydrolysis to an acid, and less complex production process. Vasalgel was successful in achieving azoospermia in rabbits within 36 days of injection, as well as returned vas deferens patency, and is expected to begin human trials in the United States in 2023.

ADAM
Contraline, Inc. is developing a vas-occlusive medical device known as ADAM. ADAM is an injectable hydrogel designed specifically for the dynamic environment of the vas deferens. Unlike RISUG and Vasalgel, which require injection in organic solvent, ADAM is aqueous-based. The ADAM hydrogel is inserted through a minimally-invasive, outpatient procedure. The company has made advancements in percutaneous (non-surgical) delivery of vas-occlusive devices using ultrasound guidance. Clinical trials on ADAM began in 2022.

Side effects
Vas-occlusive contraception methods are expected to have similar side effects to vasectomy, which is generally regarded as a safe and low-risk procedure.

title: Vas-occlusive contraception


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Lord Lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant for the East Riding of Yorkshire. The office was established after the English Restoration in 1660, when a Lord Lieutenant was appointed for each Riding of Yorkshire. Since 1721, all Lord Lieutenants have also been Custos Rotulorum of the East Riding of Yorkshire, and for part of the period also Lieutenants of the Town and County of the Town of Kingston upon Hull. It was abolished on 31 March 1974 with the creation of the county of Humberside, but was re-created upon the abolition of Humberside on 1 April 1996.

Lord Lieutenants of the East Riding of Yorkshire to 1974

 * John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse 26 July 1660 – 12 April 1673
 * James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth 12 April 1673 – 20 December 1679
 * John Sheffield, 3rd Earl of Mulgrave 20 December 1679 – 17 November 1682
 * Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset 17 November 1682 – 13 October 1687
 * John Sheffield, 3rd Earl of Mulgrave 13 October 1687 – 5 October 1688
 * Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 5 October 1688 – 26 March 1689
 * William Pierrepont, 4th Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull 26 March 1689 – 17 September 1690
 * Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds 21 March 1691 – 11 August 1699
 * John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 11 August 1699 – 15 July 1711
 * vacant
 * Peregrine Osborne, 2nd Duke of Leeds 29 March 1713 – 16 December 1714
 * Rich Ingram, 5th Viscount of Irvine 16 December 1714 – 10 April 1721
 * William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath 7 December 1721 – 15 July 1728
 * Arthur Ingram, 6th Viscount of Irvine 15 July 1728 – 30 May 1736
 * Sir Conyers Darcy July 1736 – 22 February 1738
 * Henry Ingram, 7th Viscount of Irvine 22 February 1738 – 4 April 1761
 * vacant
 * Francis Osborne, Marquess of Carmarthen 1 August 1778 – 22 March 1780
 * Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle 22 March 1780 – 8 April 1782
 * Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds 8 April 1782 – 31 January 1799
 * Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle 1 March 1799 – 29 September 1807
 * Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave 29 September 1807 – 10 September 1824
 * George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle 10 September 1824 – 31 January 1840
 * Paul Thompson, 1st Baron Wenlock 31 January 1840 – 18 June 1847
 * George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle 18 June 1847 – 5 December 1864
 * Beilby Lawley, 2nd Baron Wenlock 6 December 1864 – 6 November 1880
 * Marmaduke Constable-Maxwell, 11th Lord Herries of Terregles 21 December 1880 – 6 October 1908‡
 * Charles Wilson, 2nd Baron Nunburnholme 14 November 1908 – 15 August 1924‡
 * Robert Wilfrid de Yarburgh-Bateson, 3rd Baron Deramore 30 December 1924 – 1 April 1936‡
 * Michael Willoughby, 11th Baron Middleton 8 June 1936 – 17 April 1968‡
 * Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax 17 April 1968 – 31 March 1974 †

The position was abolished on 31 March 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 and re-established in 1996.

‡His Majesty's Lieutenant of and in the East Riding of the County of York and the Town and County of the Town of Kingston-upon-Hull

† Became Lord Lieutenant of Humberside on 1 April 1974.

Lord Lieutenants of the East Riding of Yorkshire from 1996

 * Richard Marriott, 1 April 1996 – 19 December 2005
 * Dame Susan Cunliffe-Lister, 19 December 2005 – 2 November 2019
 * James Dick, 2 November 2019 – present

Deputy Lieutenants
A deputy lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire is commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire. Deputy lieutenants support the work of the lord-lieutenant. There can be several deputy lieutenants at any time, depending on the population of the county. Their appointment does not terminate with the changing of the lord-lieutenant, but they usually retire at age 75.

19th Century

 * 19 February 1831: Charles Langdale
 * 19 February 1831: Sir Thomas Aston Clifford-Constable
 * 19 February 1831: Rev. William Blow
 * 19 February 1831: Thomas Clark
 * 19 February 1831: Robert Denison
 * 19 February 1831: William Constable Maxwell
 * 19 February 1831: Rev. William Parker
 * 19 February 1831: William Scholfield
 * 24 February 1831: William Hall
 * 24 February 1831: Joseph Robinson Pease
 * 24 February 1831: Rev. Christopher Sykes
 * 24 February 1831: Avison Terry
 * 24 February 1831: Joseph Sykes
 * 24 February 1831: Robert Thoroton
 * 24 February 1831: Charles Whitaker
 * 9 March 1831: Rev. Danson Richardson Currer
 * 9 March 1831: Rev. Daniel Ferguson
 * 9 March 1831: Mark Foulis
 * 9 March 1831: Rev. Henry Ramsden
 * 9 March 1831: Sir George Strickland, 7th Baronet
 * 9 March 1831: Edward Taylor
 * 9 March 1831: Henry Willoughby
 * 9 March 1831: Joseph Smyth Windham
 * 10 March 1831: Sir Edmund Beckett, 4th Baronet


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European Air Express

European Air Express was a regional airline based in Mönchengladbach, Germany.

History
The airline was established in 1999 and started operations in February 1999. It was wholly owned by Vibro Beteiligungs and had 80 employees (at March 2007).

On 14 June 2007 the airline announced that it would end operations on 30 September 2007. All services were suspended in June and July 2007 ahead of the planned closure.

Destinations
EAE operated scheduled passenger services from and within Germany. Its main base was Düsseldorf-Mönchengladbach Airport, with hubs at Cologne Bonn Airport, Münster Osnabrück Airport and Stuttgart Airport.

Fleet
The European Air Express fleet included the following aircraft (at March 2007):

 * 5 ATR 42-300
 * 1 Fairchild Metro III

title: European Air Express


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Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire

This is a list of people who have served as lord lieutenant for Staffordshire. Since 1828, all lord lieutenants have also been custos rotulorum of Staffordshire.

Lord Lieutenants of Staffordshire

 * Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford 1559
 * George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury 3 July 1585 – 18 November 1590
 * vacant
 * Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex 29 February 1612 – 17 July 1627
 * Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth 17 July 1627 – 3 February 1629
 * Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex 3 February 1629 – 1642
 * Interregnum
 * Robert Greville, 4th Baron Brooke 13 August 1660 – 17 February 1677
 * James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth 24 March 1677 – 12 December 1679
 * Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland 12 December 1679 – 2 September 1681
 * Charles Talbot, 12th Earl of Shrewsbury 2 September 1681 – 2 September 1687
 * Robert Shirley, 1st Earl Ferrers 2 September 1687 – 19 November 1687
 * Walter Aston, 3rd Lord Aston of Forfar 19 November 1687 – 21 March 1689
 * William Paget, 6th Baron Paget 21 March 1689 – 26 February 1713
 * Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge March 1713 – 28 October 1715
 * Henry Newport, 3rd Earl of Bradford 28 October 1715 – 27 April 1725
 * Washington Shirley, 2nd Earl Ferrers 27 April 1725 – 14 April 1729
 * vacant
 * Henry Shirley, 3rd Earl Ferrers May 1731 – 16 July 1742
 * John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower 23 July 1742 – 25 December 1754
 * Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford 22 January 1755 – 21 October 1799
 * George Leveson-Gower, Earl Gower 21 October 1799 – 6 June 1801
 * Henry Bayly Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge 6 June 1801 – 13 March 1812
 * Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 2nd Earl Talbot 13 April 1812 – 13 January 1849
 * Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey 3 February 1849 – 29 April 1854
 * Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Hatherton 18 May 1854 – 4 May 1863
 * Thomas Anson, 2nd Earl of Lichfield 19 June 1863 – 14 July 1871
 * Arthur Wrottesley, 3rd Baron Wrottesley 14 July 1871 – 18 March 1887
 * William Legge, 5th Earl of Dartmouth 18 March 1887 – 4 August 1891
 * William Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth 19 October 1891 – 6 May 1927
 * John Ryder, 5th Earl of Harrowby 6 May 1927 – 18 January 1948
 * Harold Wallace-Copeland 18 January 1948 – 16 August 1968
 * Sir Arthur Bryan 16 August 1968 – 6 September 1993
 * Sir James Appleton Hawley 6 September 1993 – 29 March 2012
 * Ian Dudson 29 March 2012 – present

Deputy lieutenants
A deputy lieutenant of Staffordshire is commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire. Deputy lieutenants support the work of the lord-lieutenant. There can be several deputy lieutenants at any time, depending on the population of the county. Their appointment does not terminate with the changing of the lord-lieutenant, but they usually retire at age 75.

19th Century

 * 28 July 1834: James Bateman

21st century

 * 2023:Joan Walley

title: Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Max Rayne

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:36, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Max Rayne
A non-notable dormitory. I suggest we delete this article, unless someone shows how this is more notable than an average student house. jni 15:44, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I can't find any indication of notability online. -- Mwanner 16:13, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, doesn't seem notable. Martg76 17:15, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn -- Cleduc 17:41, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A 40 year old building which students sleep in. They really aren't of any interest at all (I should know, I was a student for long enough). Average Earthman 20:49, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds like an attack about the way they ask their rent. Let's ask editors at Talk:University College London to verify and merge if needed, otherwise delete. Mgm|(talk) 20:53, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 05:05, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
IVD

IVD may refer to:
 * Induced vaginal delivery, a method of birth where labor is artificially induced
 * Instantaneous voltage droop, a concern in power distribution in electrical and electronic systems
 * Instrumental vaginal delivery, a method of birth with assistance from a medical instrument
 * Intra-Vas Device, a device used in vas-occlusive contraception, a method of contraception for males
 * Intervertebral disc, a component of the spine
 * IVD, a human gene for production of Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase
 * Intake valve deposits, deposits which may form on a Poppet valve intake
 * In vitro diagnostics, a category of medical tests
 * Ideographic Variation Database, a database of Unicode's ideographic variation sequences

title: IVD


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Roscommon

This is a list of people who served as Lord Lieutenant of County Roscommon.

There were lieutenants of counties in Ireland until the reign of James II, when they were renamed governors. The office of Lord Lieutenant was recreated on 23 August 1831. Roscommon was lost to the United Kingdom in 1922 upon the formation of the Irish Free State.

Governors

 * Edward King, 1st Earl of Kingston: 1772–1797
 * Maurice Mahon, 1st Baron Hartland (died 1819)
 * Sir Edward Crofton, 2nd Baronet: 1782–1797
 * Charles Dillon, 12th Viscount Dillon: 1797–1813
 * Thomas Mahon, 2nd Baron Hartland: –1831
 * Robert King, 1st Viscount Lorton: –1831
 * Arthur French: 1821–1831

Lord Lieutenants

 * The 1st Viscount Lorton: 7 October 1831 – 20 November 1854
 * The 1st Baron de Freyne: 18 December 1854 – 29 September 1856
 * Edward King Tenison: 4 December 1856 – 19 June 1878
 * Edward Robert King-Harman: 5 October 1878 – 10 June 1888
 * The 8th Earl of Kingston: 25 July 1888 – 13 January 1896
 * Charles Owen O'Conor, The O'Conor Don: 5 March 1896 – 30 June 1906
 * Denis Charles Joseph O'Conor: 5 September 1906 – 23 February 1917
 * William John Talbot: 25 August 1917 – 1922

title: Lord Lieutenant of Roscommon


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Waterford

This is a list of people who served as Lord Lieutenant of County Waterford.

There were lieutenants of counties in Ireland until the reign of James II, when they were renamed governors. The office of Lord Lieutenant was recreated on 23 August 1831.

Governors

 * George Beresford, 1st Marquess of Waterford: 1766–1800
 * Henry Beresford, 2nd Marquess of Waterford 1801–1826
 * Lord George Beresford: 1826–1831

Lord Lieutenants

 * The 1st Baron Stuart de Decies: 17 October 1831 – 23 January 1874
 * Sir Richard Musgrave, 4th Bt.: 9 March 1874 – 8 July 1874
 * The 5th Marquess of Waterford: 19 August 1874 – 23 October 1895
 * The 8th Duke of Devonshire: 7 December 1895 – 24 March 1908
 * Henry Charles Windsor Villiers-Stuart 7 July 1908 – 8 September 1908
 * Edmond de la Poer 5 February 1909 – 30 August 1915
 * John William Rivallon de la Poer 22 December 1915 – 1922

title: Lord Lieutenant of Waterford


text:
Vowel reduction

In phonetics, vowel reduction is any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels as a result of changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word (e.g. for the Creek language ), and which are perceived as "weakening". It most often makes the vowels shorter as well.

Vowels which have undergone vowel reduction may be called reduced or weak. In contrast, an unreduced vowel may be described as full or strong. The prototypical reduced vowel in English is schwa. In Australian English, that is the only reduced vowel, though other dialects have additional ones.

Transcription
There are several ways to distinguish full and reduced vowels in transcription. Some English dictionaries indicate full vowels by marking them for secondary stress even when they are not stressed, so that e.g. ⟨ˌɪ⟩ is a unstressed full vowel while ⟨ɪ⟩ is a reduced schwi. Or the vowel quality may be portrayed as distinct, with reduced vowels centralized, such as full ⟨ʊ⟩ vs reduced ⟨ᵿ⟩ or ⟨ɵ⟩. Since the IPA only supplies letters for two reduced vowels, open ⟨ɐ⟩ and mid ⟨ə⟩, transcribers of languages such as RP English and Russian that have more than these two vary in their choice between an imprecise use of IPA letters such as ⟨ɨ⟩ and ⟨ɵ⟩, or of para-IPA letters such as ⟨ᵻ⟩ and ⟨ᵿ⟩. The French reduced vowel is also rounded, and for a time was written ⟨ᴔ⟩ (turned ⟨œ⟩), but this was not adopted by the IPA and it is now generally written ⟨ə⟩ or occasionally ⟨ø⟩.

Weakening of vowel articulation

Phonetic reduction most often involves a mid-centralization of the vowel, that is, a reduction in the amount of movement of the tongue in pronouncing the vowel, as with the characteristic change of many unstressed vowels at the ends of English words to something approaching schwa. A well-researched type of reduction is that of the neutralization of acoustic distinctions in unstressed vowels, which occurs in many languages. The most common reduced vowel is schwa.

Whereas full vowels are distinguished by height, backness, and roundness, according to, reduced unstressed vowels are largely unconcerned with height or roundness. English, for example, may range phonetically from mid to  to open ; English  ranges from close , , , to open-mid. The primary distinction is that is further front than, contrasted in the numerous English words ending in unstressed -ia. That is, the jaw, which to a large extent controls vowel height, tends to be relaxed when pronouncing reduced vowels. Similarly, English ranges through  and ; although it may be labialized to varying degrees, the lips are relaxed in comparison to, , or. The primary distinction in words like folio is again one of backness. However, the backness distinction is not as great as that of full vowels; reduced vowels are also centralized, and are sometimes referred to by that term. They may also be called obscure, as there is no one-to-one correspondence between full and reduced vowels.

Sound duration is a common factor in reduction: In fast speech, vowels are reduced due to physical limitations of the articulatory organs, e.g., the tongue cannot move to a prototypical position fast or completely enough to produce a full-quality vowel (compare with clipping). Different languages have different types of vowel reduction, and this is one of the difficulties in language acquisition (see e.g. Non-native pronunciations of English and Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages). Vowel reduction of second language speakers is a separate study.

Stress-related vowel reduction is a principal factor in the development of Indo-European ablaut, as well as other changes reconstructed by historical linguistics.

Vowel reduction is one of the sources of distinction between a spoken language and its written counterpart. Vernacular and formal speech often have different levels of vowel reduction, and so the term "vowel reduction" is also applied to differences in a language variety with respect to, e.g., the language standard.

Some languages, such as Finnish, Hindi, and classical Spanish, are claimed to lack vowel reduction. Such languages are often called syllable-timed languages. At the other end of the spectrum, Mexican Spanish is characterized by the reduction or loss of the unstressed vowels, mainly when they are in contact with the sound. It can be the case that the words pesos, pesas, and peces are pronounced the same:.

Vowel inventory reduction
In some cases phonetic vowel reduction may contribute to phonemic (phonological) reduction, which means merger of phonemes, induced by indistinguishable pronunciation. This sense of vowel reduction may occur by means other than vowel centralisation, however.

Many Germanic languages, in their early stages, reduced the number of vowels that could occur in unstressed syllables, without (or before) clearly showing centralisation. Proto-Germanic and its early descendant Gothic still allowed more or less the full complement of vowels and diphthongs to appear in unstressed syllables, except notably short, which merged with. In early Old High German and Old Saxon, this had been reduced to five vowels (i, e, a, o, u, some with length distinction), later reduced further to just three short vowels (i/e, a, o/u). In Old Norse, likewise, only three vowels were written in unstressed syllables: a, i and u (their exact phonetic quality is unknown). Old English, meanwhile, distinguished only e, a, and u (again the exact phonetic quality is unknown).

English
Stress is a prominent feature of the English language, both at the level of the word (lexical stress) and at the level of the phrase or sentence (prosodic stress). Absence of stress on a syllable, or on a word in some cases, is frequently associated in English with vowel reduction – many such syllables are pronounced with a centralized vowel (schwa) or with certain other vowels that are described as being "reduced" (or sometimes with a syllabic consonant as the syllable nucleus rather than a vowel). Various phonological analyses exist for these phenomena.

Latin
Old Latin had initial stress, and short vowels in non-initial syllables were frequently reduced. Long vowels were usually not reduced.

Vowels reduced in different ways depending on the phonological environment. For instance, in most cases, they reduced to. Before l pinguis, an not followed by, they became Old Latin  and Classical Latin. Before and some consonant clusters, they became.

 * fáciō, *ád-faciō > Old Latin fáciō, áfficiō "make, affect"
 * fáctos, *ád-factos > fáctos, áffectos "made, affected" (participles)

 * sáltō, *én-saltō > Old Latin sáltō, ínsoltō "I jump, I jump on"
 * > Latin párō, péperī "I give birth, I gave birth"

In Classical Latin, stress changed position and so in some cases, reduced vowels became stressed. Stress moved to the penult if it was heavy or to the antepenult otherwise.
 * Classical Latin fáciō, affíciō
 * fáctus, afféctus

 * sáltō, īnsúltō

Romance languages
Vulgar Latin, represented here as the ancestor of the Italo-Western languages, had seven vowels in stressed syllables. In unstressed syllables, merged into  and  merged into, yielding five possible vowels. Some Romance languages, like Italian, maintain this system, while others have made adjustments to the number of vowels permitted in stressed syllables, the number of vowels permitted in unstressed syllables, or both. Some Romance languages, like Spanish, French and Romanian, lack vowel reduction altogether.

Italian
Standard Italian has seven stressed vowels and five unstressed vowels, as in Vulgar Latin. Some regional varieties of the language, influenced by local vernaculars, do not distinguish open and closed e and o even in stressed syllables.

Neapolitan
Neapolitan has seven stressed vowels and only four unstressed vowels, with e and o merging into. At the end of a word, unstressed a also merges with e and o, reducing the number of vowels permitted in this position to three.

Sicilian
Sicilian has five stressed vowels and three unstressed vowels, with  merging into  and  merging into. Unlike Neapolitan, Catalan or Portuguese, Sicilian incorporates this vowel reduction into its orthography.

Catalan
Catalan has seven or eight vowels in stressed syllables and three, four or five vowels in unstressed syllables, depending on dialect. The Valencian dialect has five, as in Vulgar Latin. Majorcan merges unstressed and, and central Catalan further merges unstressed  and.

Portuguese
Portuguese has seven or eight vowels in stressed syllables. The vowels and, which are not phonemically distinct in all dialects, merge in unstressed syllables. In most cases, unstressed syllables may have one of five vowels, but there is a sometimes unpredictable tendency for to merge with  and  to merge with. For instance some speakers pronounce the first syllable of dezembro ("December") differently from the first syllable of dezoito ("eighteen"), with the latter being more reduced. There are also instances of and  being distinguished from  and  in unstressed syllables, especially to avoid ambiguity. The verb pregar ("to nail") is distinct from pregar ("to preach"), and the latter verb was historically spelled prègar to reflect that its unstressed is not reduced.

Portuguese phonology is further complicated by its variety of dialects, particularly the differences between European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese, as well as the differences between the respective dialects of the two varieties.

Bulgarian
In the Bulgarian language the vowels а [a], ъ [ɤ], о [ɔ] and е [ɛ] can be partially or fully reduced, depending on the dialect, when unstressed to [ɐ], [ɐ], [o] and [ɪ], respectively. The most prevalent is [a] > [ɐ], [ɤ] > [ɐ] and [ɔ] > [o], which, in its partial form, is considered correct in literary speech. The reduction [ɛ] > [ɪ] is prevalent in the eastern dialects of the language and is not considered formally correct.

Russian
There are six vowel phonemes in Standard Russian. Vowels tend to merge when they are unstressed. The vowels and  have the same unstressed allophones for a number of dialects and reduce to a schwa. Unstressed may become more central if it does not merge with.

Other types of reduction are phonetic, such as that of the high vowels ( and ), which become near-close; этап ('stage') is pronounced, and мужчина ('man') is pronounced.

Early Slavic languages
Proto-Slavic had two short high vowels known as yers: a short high front vowel, denoted as ĭ or ь, and a short back vowel, denoted as ŭ or ъ. Both vowels underwent reduction and were eventually deleted in certain positions in a word in the early Slavic languages, beginning from the late dialects of Proto-Slavic. The process is known as Havlík's law.

Irish
In general, short vowels in Irish are all reduced to schwa in unstressed syllables, but there are some exceptions. In Munster Irish, if the third syllable of a word is stressed and the preceding two syllables are short, the first of the two unstressed syllables is not reduced to schwa; instead it receives a secondary stress, e.g. spealadóir ('scythe-man'). Also in Munster Irish, an unstressed short vowel is not reduced to schwa if the following syllable contains a stressed or, e.g. ealaí  ('art'), bailiú  ('gather'). In Ulster Irish, long vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened but are not reduced to schwa, e.g. cailín ('girl'), galún  ('gallon').

title: Vowel reduction


text:
Amstel Gold Race

The Amstel Gold Race is a one-day classic road cycling race held annually since 1966 in the province of Limburg, Netherlands. It traditionally marks the turning point of the spring classics, with the climbers and stage racers replacing the cobbled classics riders as the favourites.

Since 1989 the event has been included in season-long competitions at the highest level of UCI, as part of the UCI Road World Cup (1989–2004), the UCI ProTour (2005–2010), UCI World Ranking (2009–2010) and since 2011 of the UCI World Tour. It is the only one-day World Tour race staged in the Netherlands and is considered the most important Dutch road cycling event. Dutchman Jan Raas holds the winning record with five victories.

Dutch beer brewer Amstel has served as the race's title sponsor since its creation in 1966. The name does not directly refer to the river Amstel, which runs through and near the city of Amsterdam. It took place without interruption until the COVID-19 pandemic.

Since 2017, a Women's Amstel Gold Race is held, after a 14-year hiatus. The event is organised on the same day and on largely the same roads as the men's race and is part of the UCI Women's World Tour.

The first race
The Amstel Gold Race was created by Dutch sports promoters Ton Vissers and Herman Krott, who ran a company called Inter Sport. Their dream was to create a Dutch classic cycle race able to compete with the monument races of Flanders and Italy. The first edition was announced to take place on 30 April 1966, the Netherlands' National Holiday. The plan was to start in Amsterdam, before branching out to the east of the country and finishing in Maastricht, in the southeast of the country, totalling 280 km.

However, many problems emerged. Krott and Vissers had neglected the many rivers along the route and miscalculated the zigzags needed to cross them, making the intended distance far longer than 280 km. New plans were made to start in Utrecht, then Rotterdam; and to stage an alternative finish in the small village of Meerssen in Limburg. Moreover, less than three weeks before the start, organizers realized they had not obtained permission to cross the Moerdijk Bridge, the only exit route out of Rotterdam. The route had to be redrawn again and the start was moved further south, to Breda. On top of all that, the Dutch militant hippy counterculture movement Provo had declared a state of anarchy in the Netherlands in 1966. Authorities feared that a race organized on the royal family's celebration day would cause possible uprisings.

Four days before the anticipated date, Vissers and Krott called off their race and were staging a press conference, when the Dutch roads ministry in The Hague called to say that the race could be organized after all — provided it would never again be scheduled on Queen's Day.

On Saturday 30 April 1966, the first Amstel Gold Race was raced from Breda to Meerssen, without serious incidents. Three riders from the Ford-France team sprinted for victory. Dutchman Jan Hugens suffered a mechanical failure in the final meters and was beaten by Frenchman Jean Stablinski who won the inaugural edition. At 302 km, it was the longest edition ever. There were 120 starters, of which only 30 finished. Despite its original intent, the Amstel Gold Race has never started in Amsterdam; nor in Rotterdam or Utrecht, three of The Netherlands' largest cities.

Search for identity
In 1967 the start location moved to Helmond, in front of sponsor Amstel's headquarters, and the distance was scaled back to 213 km. Arie den Hartog won the second edition, becoming the first Dutch winner. In 1968 the race took place on 21 September because of a calendar conflict; the only time the Amstel Gold Race was ever run in the autumn. Dutchman Harrie Steevens won the race over a distance of 254 km.

In 1969 the race returned to April. Guido Reybrouck won the fourth edition, the first in a series of Belgian wins. The race was affected by severe snow and hailstorms, forcing many riders to abandon due to hypothermia.

A young race, the Amstel Gold Race struggled to find its place on the international calendar between the much older cobbled classics and the Ardennes classics and had problems attracting the best riders. For 2 years, cycling great Eddy Merckx did not participate because organizers could not pay his starting fee. In 1973 race director Herman Krott agreed to pay a considerable sum to Merckx's team, provided that he would win the race. Merckx started and won the Amstel Gold Race more than three minutes ahead of the second-place finisher. Two years later, he was the first rider to win a second time.

In the late 1970s Dutchman Jan Raas won the Amstel Gold Race a record five times, of which four were consecutive. Raas was able to rely on his strong sprint finish, but also took two solo victories. Dutch media started coining the phrase Amstel Gold Raas. In 1983 Australian Phil Anderson became the first non-European winner.

Move to Maastricht
In 1991 the finish of the Amstel Gold Race moved to Maastricht, Limburg's capital city, and in 1998 the start also moved there. The character of the race was more and more defined by the hilly area in the south of the province. Only two Dutch riders, Michael Boogerd and Erik Dekker, have won the race in the last two decades before Mathieu van der Poel's win in 2019. Both Boogerd and Dekker beat American Lance Armstrong in a two-man sprint in Maastricht, in 1999 and 2001 respectively. The 2001 race only had 37 finishers of a 190-strong pack, the lowest number in modern times. Boogerd shares the record of seven podium finishes with Jan Raas, having achieved one victory, four-second places, two third places and several other top-ten finishes.

Cauberg finish
From 2003 to 2016, the finish was shortly after the top of the Cauberg climb in Valkenburg. Kazakh rider Alexander Vinokourov won the first uphill-finish edition with an attack before the Cauberg. In 2013 the finish was moved 1.8 km away from the top of the Cauberg, near the centre of Valkenburg, resulting in a mainly flat, straight finish. In 2017 the race organisers moved the finish so that the final climb of the Cauberg came 19 km from the finish, hoping for a "more open" race. The most successful rider in recent years has been classics specialist Philippe Gilbert. The Belgian won the race four times between2010 and 2017, basing his victories on late bursts of speed and power on the Cauberg. Therefore, earned the nickname of ‘Mister Cauberg’ and ‘Amstel Gilbert Race’ came up. In 2015 Polish rider Michał Kwiatkowski became the first reigning world champion to win the race since Bernard Hinault in 1981. Kwiatkowski won again seven years later, when he outsprinted Benoît Cosnefroy in the finish of the 2022 edition.

Route
Although the Netherlands are known for their flat, wind-affected roads, the Amstel Gold Race takes place in the hilly southern region of Limburg. The route twists through the rolling Limburg countryside, often turning abruptly to climb as many hills (bergen) as possible. The most notable climb is the Cauberg, which is covered up to three times, and has sometimes been in the last few kilometres of the race. The Keutenberg and the Eyserbosweg are two other renowned climbs of the race.

Course changes
Although the race is younger than many other cycling classics, the course changed considerably over the years. The race's inaugural edition started in Breda in North Brabant, but quickly moved closer to the hilly region. From 1971 to 1997 the start was in Heerlen. The race started since 1998 on the central market square in Maastricht's Inner City and returns there in 2024 after the starts at Vrijthof square between 2019 and 2023.

Since 2005 the race is run entirely within the boundaries of Dutch Limburg, except right after the Vaalserberg climb, there is a short passage through Gemmenich in Belgium. Past editions in the 90’s had covered significant parts of Liège in Belgium, addressing the Côte de Hallembaye, meant to include a larger selection of climbs.

From 1991 until 2002 the race ended in Maastricht as well. The finish was on the Maasboulevard, keeping the flat run-in to the finish. In 2000 sprint specialist Erik Zabel won the race, leading out the sprint of a 20-strong group.

From 2003 to 2012 the finish was at the top of the Cauberg climb, in the Valkenburg municipality, close to Maastricht. The finale was redesigned in 2013 and the finish was moved west, near the hamlets of Vilt and Berg en Terblijt, 1.8 kilometres from the top of the Cauberg. The altered finish mirrors the location that was used for the 2012 UCI Road World Championships in Valkenburg. Since 2017 The last (4th) climb of the Cauberg was removed so that the Geulhemmerberg and Bemelerberg (7.4 km from the finish) are the last climbs now. It was done so that things would opened up more the character of the race.

Ardennes Week
Although the race location in Limburg is not part of the Ardennes, neither geographically nor geologically, it is often considered the opening race of the Ardennes Week. In 2004 the Amstel Gold Race has swapped places with Liège–Bastogne–Liège on the international calendar. Ever since, the race is organised on the Sunday after the cobbled classic Paris–Roubaix and before the Ardennes classic Flèche Wallonne the next Wednesday.

Until 2002, the Amstel Gold Race had a more flat run-in to the finish and was sometimes won by riders excelling in the cobbled classics, notably the Tour of Flanders. In recent decades, organizers chose to shift the focus of the race some more to the hills and it changed the character of the race. The peloton is usually made up of the same riders starting in the Ardennes races. Classics riders with sufficient climbing abilities as well as Grand Tour specialists.

The Dutch hills, in the very south of Limburg, are the Netherlands' only hilly region. The chalk–loess relief was formed by the foothills of the neighbouring Ardennes and Eifel low mountain ranges. The hills define the character of the race: they are generally shorter and not as high as in the Ardennes, but come in much higher frequency than in Liège–Bastogne–Liège. The highest point of the region and the race is Vaalserberg at 322.7 m above sea level; the top of the Cauberg is at 133.7 m altitude.

Hills
The present course features more than 30 short climbs which come in faster succession as the race progresses, meaning riders have little time to recover in between the hills. 25 climbs are covered in the last 165 kilometres of the race, with eight coming in the final 45 kilometres. The steepest are the Cauberg, Keutenberg and Eyserbosweg. Some ascents are as steep as 22% (Keutenberg), others are more gently sloped. In contrast to the cobbled bergs in the Tour of Flanders, the hills in Limburg are all asphalted.

Attempting to explain the difficulty of the course Peter Easton recounts a mathematician's calculations: ...applying logic to overcome a sense of incomprehension is the key to understanding this race. And there is truth in numbers. Six of the climbs come in the first 92 kilometers — one every 15.2 kilometres. The remaining 25 come over the final 165 kilometres. That's one every 6.6 kilometres. Breaking it down further, the final hour of racing has eight climbs in 42 kilometres. Now we're down to one every 5.25 km. At 40 km/h, that's one every 7 ½ minutes. Not overly funny, and definitely all business.

The hills in the 2015 Amstel Gold Race:

Nervous course
The race is the Netherlands' largest professional race but is frequently criticized for the danger of its course. The route runs on narrow roads, through often densely-populated suburbs and villages. Due to its high population density and the high cost of land, many Dutch houses do not have garages and cars are left parked in the street. Much of the course is urban, with many traffic-calming devices such as speed bumps, pinches, bollards, ramps, chicanes, refuge islands and roundabouts, prompting Scotland's Robert Millar to call it the Tour of the Roundabouts. Crashes are common in the race.

Multiple winners
Riders in italics are still active.

Women's race

From 2001 to 2003, three editions of the Amstel Gold Race for elite women were held. In 2003, it was part of the UCI Women's Road World Cup. The race started in Maastricht 30 minutes after the men's. It was run over 114 km, taking in nine climbs and similarly finishing on top of the Cauberg. The race was discontinued after the third edition, because organization on the same day and on largely the same roads as the men's race was considered too difficult on the irregular circuits.

After a 14-year hiatus, the women's race returned in 2017, organized on the same day as the men's race at approximately half the distance. Likewise, the race starts in Maastricht and finishes in Vilt/ Berg en Terblijt, Valkenburg. It features 17 categorized climbs, including four ascents of the Cauberg. Olympic road race champion Anna van der Breggen won the race with an attack at 8 km from the finish.

Cyclosportive
Since 2001 there is a Cyclosportive Amstel Gold Race, organized annually on the day before the professional event. Cycling fanatics and recreational bike riders can ride trajectories of 60, 100, 125, 150, 200 or 240 km. Every distance finishes on the location of the professional race, immediately after the climb of the Cauberg. The number of participants is restricted to 12,000, in order to secure riders' safety. In 2009 the official website crashed, because of a run on the tickets. In 2010 all 12,000 tickets were sold in just 38 minutes.

title: Amstel Gold Race


text: Category:Companies of Peru

title: Category:Companies of Peru


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire. The Lord Lieutenant is the King's personal representative in each county of the United Kingdom. Historically the Lord Lieutenant was responsible for organising the county's militia, but it is today a largely ceremonial position, usually awarded to a retired notable, military officer, nobleman, or businessman in the county.

The current office-holder is Amanda Parker of Browsholme Hall, the first woman to ever have been appointed to the position.

Deputy lieutenants
A deputy lieutenant of Lancashire is commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire. Deputy lieutenants support the work of the lord-lieutenant. There can be several deputy lieutenants at any time, depending on the population of the county. Their appointment does not terminate with the changing of the lord-lieutenant, but they usually retire at age 75.

18th Century

 * 19 November 1791: Thomas Townley Parker
 * 19 November 1791: William Farrington

19th Century

 * 28 November 1826: Le Gendre Nicholas Starkie
 * 28 November 1826: Charles Towneley
 * 28 November 1826: Peregrine Edward Towneley
 * 10 May 1834: John Towneley
 * 19 November 1847: James Heywood
 * 10 April 1888: Sir John Hardy Thursby

20th Century

 * 2 November 1935: Leonard Green

21st Century

 * 27 January 2012 : Bill Beaumont
 * 5 October 2023 : Miranda Carruthers-Watt

title: Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire


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Arts Tower

The Arts Tower is a building at 12 Bolsover Street in Sheffield, England, belonging to the University of Sheffield and which opened in 1965. A spokesperson for English Heritage described it as "the most elegant university tower block in Britain of its period". At 78 m tall, it is the second-tallest building in the city, after the 101 m St Paul's Tower on Arundel Gate, which was topped out in 2009. Mitchell Construction a British civil engineering firm, built the Arts Tower. Photographs from their topping out ceremony in October 1964 help to document a different era in UK working conditions.

Architecture
Designed by architects Gollins, Melvin, Ward & Partners (GMW), construction of the tower started in 1961 and lasted four years. Contrary to popular belief, there is no documentary evidence to suggest that the design was directly inspired by the similar, but much larger, Seagram Building in New York City, or for the theory linking it to the CIS Tower and New Century House in Manchester, England - although the similarity of aesthetics between the four buildings is undeniable. When asked about the possible inspiration of Mies van der Rohe's buildings in the United States, GMW project architect Robert Smith explained instead that the form of the building came from the surrounding context.

Entry to the building was originally made by a wide 'bridge' between fountains over a shallow pool area in front of the building. This pool was eventually drained and covered over when it was found that strong down drafts of wind hitting the building on gusty days caused the fountain to soak people entering and exiting the building.

Circulation is through two ordinary lifts and a paternoster lift which, at 38 cars, is the largest of the few surviving in the United Kingdom.

A bridge at the mezzanine level links the tower to Western Bank Library. This building was also designed by Gollins, Melvin, Ward & Partners—the two buildings are intended to be viewed together. The Arts Tower and Library are Grade II* listed buildings.

The buildings can be visited during office hours, although visitors may have to sign a register and show identification.

Original accommodation
The building was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother, in June 1966; it has 20 storeys and a mezzanine level above ground. These housed the Departments of Landscape, Modern Languages, Philosophy, Biblical Studies, and Architecture, as well as the library administration, before the building's refurbishment. As its name suggests, the building originally housed all 18 of the university's arts departments, which had far fewer students in the 1960s. Noticeboards for long rehoused departments such as History and Social Science survive in the basement foyer area. There are also two floors below ground level that house nine lecture theatres. The building contains a café in the basement. It has a student computer room on the 10th floor, and a self-service language teaching centre on the second.

Refurbishment
In December 2007, the university announced plans for a major refurbishment of the Arts Tower. The refurbishment saw a major re-organisation of the building's interior, as well as a new façade, and coincided with the move of the modern languages departments to the Jessop West building, on the former Jessop Hospital site. The building was vacated in April 2009, with refurbishment taking approximately two years to complete. The work was finished in time for the beginning of the 2011–12 academic year; the building is still used for teaching, with the top nine floors allocated to the university's School of Architecture and Departments of Landscape.

title: Arts Tower


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Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire. Since 1694, all Lords Lieutenant have also been Custos Rotulorum of Nottinghamshire.

 * Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland 1552–1563?
 * Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland 1574–1587?
 * John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland 3 December 1587 – 24 February 1588
 * George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury 31 December 1588 – 8 November 1590
 * vacant
 * William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Newcastle 6 July 1626 – 1642
 * Interregnum
 * William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 30 July 1660 – 25 December 1676
 * Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 28 March 1677 – 28 March 1689
 * William Pierrepont, 4th Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull 28 March 1689 – 17 September 1690
 * vacant
 * William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire 6 May 1692 – 4 June 1694
 * John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 4 June 1694 – 15 July 1711
 * vacant
 * Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 28 October 1714 – 15 January 1763
 * Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull 15 January 1763 – 12 September 1765
 * Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 12 September 1765 – 17 November 1768
 * Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 28 December 1768 – 22 February 1794
 * Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 2 May 1794 – 17 May 1795
 * William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland 19 June 1795 – 30 October 1809
 * Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 8 December 1809 – 10 May 1839
 * John Lumley-Savile, 8th Earl of Scarbrough 10 May 1839 – 29 October 1856
 * Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 4 December 1857 – 18 October 1864
 * Edward Strutt, 1st Baron Belper 6 December 1864 – 30 June 1880
 * William Beauclerk, 10th Duke of St Albans 25 August 1880 – 10 May 1898
 * William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland 2 June 1898 – 10 October 1939
 * William Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland 10 October 1939 – 17 May 1962
 * Sir Robert Laycock 17 May 1962 – 10 March 1968
 * Robert St Vincent Sherbrooke 7 June 1968 – 13 June 1972
 * Philip Francklin 6 October 1972 – 9 February 1983
 * Sir Gordon Hobday 9 February 1983 – 11 February 1991
 * Sir Andrew Buchanan, Bt 11 February 1991 – July 2012
 * Sir John Peace, July 2012 – March 2024
 * Professor Veronica Pickering MBS HAC - March 2024 - Present

Deputy lieutenants
A deputy lieutenant of Nottinghamshire is commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire. Deputy lieutenants support the work of the lord-lieutenant. There can be several deputy lieutenants at any time, depending on the population of the county. Their appointment does not terminate with the changing of the lord-lieutenant, but they usually retire at age 75.

19th Century

 * 20 December 1803: Charles Pierrepont, 2nd Earl Manvers
 * 15 February 1842: Francis Thornhaugh Foljambe

title: Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire


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Geoffrey the Baker

Geoffrey the Baker (died c. 1360), also called Walter of Swinbroke, was an English chronicler. He was probably a secular clerk at Swinbrook in Oxfordshire.

He wrote a Chronicon Angliae temporibus Edwardi II et Edwardi III, which deals with the history of England from 1303 to 1356. From the beginning until about 1324 this work is based upon Adam Murimuth's Continuatio chronicarum, but after this date it contains information not found elsewhere, and closes with a detailed account of the Battle of Poitiers. The author obtained his knowledge about the last days of Edward II from William Bisschop, a companion of the king's alleged murderers, Thomas Gurney and John Maltravers.

Geoffrey also wrote a Chroniculum from the creation of the world until 1336. His writings have been edited with notes by Sir Edward Maunde Thompson as the Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke (Oxford, 1889). Some doubt exists concerning Geoffrey's share in the compilation of the Vita et mors Edwardi II, usually attributed to Sir Thomas de la More, or Moor, and printed by William Camden in his Anglica scripta.

It has been maintained by Camden and others that More wrote an account of Edward's reign in French, and that this was translated into Latin by Geoffrey and used by him in compiling his Chronicon. Nineteenth-century scholarship, however, asserts that More was no writer, and that the Vita et mors is an extract from Geoffrey's Chronicon, and was attributed to More, who was the author's patron. In the main this conclusion substantiates the verdict of William Stubbs, who has published the Vita et mors in his Chronicles of the reigns of Edward I and Edward II (London, 1883). The manuscripts of Geoffrey's works are in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.

title: Geoffrey the Baker


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User talk:Thoughtcriminal

Clear Channel UK and Live Nation
I see you had a go at Clear Channel UK and I see also that user:tearlach has tagged it for clean-up (I've asked that he give his reasons on the discussion page). So I suspect that you know something about it, so could I ask that you do something about splitting the article in to ClearChannel Advertising and a new article Live Nation (UK) that takes all the stuff that was ClearChannel Entertainment. (See main Live Nation article). I don't know anything about it, except that they have the lease on the National Bowl (Milton Keynes). --Concrete Cowboy 17:55, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thoughtcriminal


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Italian school of criminology

The Italian school of criminology was founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) and two of his Italian disciples, Enrico Ferri (1856–1929) and Raffaele Garofalo (1851–1934).

Lombroso's conception of the "atavistic born criminal"
The central idea of Lombroso's work came to him as he autopsied the body of a notorious Italian alleged criminal named Giuseppe Villella. Villella's label as a criminal is disputed as northern Italian racism toward southern Italians. As he contemplated Villella's skull, he noted that certain characteristics of it (specifically, a depression on the occiput that he named the median occipital fossa) reminded him of the skulls of "inferior races" and "the lower types of apes, rodents, and birds". The term Lombroso used to describe the appearance of organisms resembling ancestral (prehuman) forms of life is atavism. Born criminals were thus viewed by Lombroso in his earliest writings as a form of human sub-species (in his later writings he came to view them less as evolutionary throwbacks and more in terms of arrested development and degeneracy). Lombroso believed that atavism could be identified by a number of measurable physical stigmata, which included protruding jaw, drooping eyes, large ears, twisted and flattish nose, long arms relative to the lower limbs, sloping shoulders, and a coccyx that resembled "the stump of a tail." The concept of atavism was glaringly wrong, but like so many others of his time, Lombroso sought to understand behavioral phenomena with reference to the principles of evolution as they were understood at the time. If humankind was just at one end of the continuum of animal life, it made sense to many people that criminals — who acted "beastly" and who lacked reasoned conscience — were biologically inferior beings. Thus understood, atavism became a popular concept, used for instance by the novelist Émile Zola in the Rougon-Macquart.

Typology of criminals
In addition to the "atavistic born criminal", Lombroso identified two other types: the "insane criminal", and the "criminaloid". Although insane criminals bore some stigmata, they were not "born criminals"; rather they become criminal as a result "of an alteration of the brain, which completely upsets their moral nature." Among the ranks of "insane criminals" were alcoholics, kleptomaniacs, nymphomaniacs, and child molesters. "Criminaloids" had none of the physical peculiarities of the "born" or "insane criminal", became involved in crime later in life, and tended to commit less serious crimes. "Criminaloids" were further categorized as "habitual criminals", who become so by contact with other criminals, the abuse of alcohol, or other "distressing circumstances." This category included "juridical criminals", who fall afoul of the law by accident; and the "criminal by passion", hot-headed and impulsive persons who commit violent acts when provoked.

Ferri's penology
Ferri was instrumental in formulating the concept of "social defense" as a justification for punishment. This theory of punishment asserts that its purpose is not to deter or to rehabilitate, for how could behavior not based on rational calculus be deterred, and how could born criminals be rehabilitated? Given the assumptions of biological positivism, the only reasonable rationale for punishing offenders is to incapacitate them for as long as possible so that they no longer posed a threat to the peace and security of society. This theory of punishment provides us with an example of how anthropological assumptions drive policies for dealing with crime and criminals. He was, however, an ardent proponent of measures to prevent crime among "occasional criminals" through social reform, and of efforts to rehabilitate them.

Garofalo's "natural" definition of crime
Garofalo is perhaps best known for his efforts to formulate a "natural" definition of crime. Classical thinkers accepted the legal definition of crime uncritically; crime is what the law says it is. This appeared to be rather arbitrary and "unscientific" to Garofalo (like the British-American system of linear measurement) who wanted to anchor the definition of crime in something natural (like tying linear measurement to the circumference of the earth, as in the metric system). Garofalo felt that definitions of crime should be anchored in human nature, by which he meant that a given act would be considered a crime if it were universally condemned, and it would be universally condemned if it offended the natural altruistic sentiments of probity (integrity, honesty) and pity (compassion, sympathy). Natural crimes are evil in themselves (mala in se), whereas other kinds of crimes (mala prohibita) are wrong only because they have been defined as such by the law.

Garofalo rejected the classical principle that punishment should fit the crime, arguing instead that it should fit the criminal. As a good positivist, he believed that criminals have little control over their actions. This repudiation of free will (and, therefore, of moral responsibility) and fitting the punishment to the offender would eventually lead to sentencing aimed at the humane and liberal goals of treatment and rehabilitation. For Garofalo, however, the only question to be considered at sentencing was the danger the offender posed to society, which was to be judged by an offender's "peculiarities."

By "peculiarities," Garofalo was not referring to Lombrosian stigmata, but rather to those particular characteristics that place offenders at risk for criminal behavior. He developed four categories of criminals, each meriting different forms of punishment: "extreme", "impulsive", "professional", and "endemic". Society could only be defended from extreme criminals by swiftly executing them, regardless of the crime for which they are being punished. Here Garofalo departed from Lombroso and Ferri, both of whom were against the death penalty, although Lombroso gradually came to accept it for born criminals and for those who committed particularly heinous crimes. Impulsive criminals, a category which included alcoholics and the insane, were to be imprisoned. Professional criminals were psychologically normal individuals who utilize the hedonistic calculus before committing their crimes, and thus require "elimination," either by life imprisonment or transportation to a penal colony overseas. "Endemic crimes", by which Garofalo meant crimes peculiar to a given location or region (mala prohibita), could best be controlled by changes in the law, not by imposing harsh punishments on offenders.

title: Italian school of criminology


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Talk:Italian school of criminology

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title: Talk:Italian school of criminology


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Talk:Job shop

Should this be moved to "Job shop"? Avocado 15:52, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

This entry seems to undesirably straddle two definitions for the term drawn from different domains. The first is a business meaning, according to which a job shop is a particular qualitative kind of factory. The second is an operations research scheduling meaning, according to which a "job shop" is a specific abstract model of manufacturing scheduling. It is this latter meaning that leads to the mentioning of NP hardness. A particular class of UK factory enterprise can't be NP hard! It's the abstract mathematical problem that's NP hard.Rpgoldman (talk) 19:45, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Picture
There's exactly ONE picture of a job shop in the wikimedia commons. Lbertolotti (talk) 15:15, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Job shop


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Lord Lieutenant of Devon

The Office of the Lord Lieutenant was created during the reign of Henry VIII (1509–1547), taking over the military duties of the Sheriffs and control of the military forces of the Crown. From 1569 there was provision for the appointment of Deputy Lieutenants, and in 1662 the Lord-Lieutenant was given entire control of the militia. The Regulation of the Forces Act 1871 transferred this function back to the Crown, and in 1921, the office lost its power to call upon men of the county to fight in case of need. Since 1711 all the Lord Lieutenants have also been Custos Rotulorum of Devon.

Appointment and current duties
Lord Lieutenants are appointed by the King for each county in the United Kingdom, to represent the Crown. They are non-political and retire at the age of 75. The post is unpaid.

The five main duties of the Lord Lieutenant are:
 * Arranging visits to the county by members of the royal family and escorting royal visitors;
 * Presenting medals and awards on behalf of His Majesty, and advising on honours nominations;
 * As Custos Rotulorum of Devon, leading local judicial bodies as Chairman of the Advisory Committees on Justices of the Peace and General Commissioners of Income Tax;
 * Liaising with local units of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Army (and Territorial Army), Royal Air Force and associated cadet forces; and
 * Participating in civic and voluntary activities.

List of Lord Lieutenants of Devon
The following persons served as Lord Lieutenant of Devon:

 * John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford 1552–1555 of Bedford House, Exeter and of Chenies in Buckinghamshire;
 * John Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Bath 1556–1561, of Tawstock, Devon
 * Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford 1584 – 28 July 1585
 * William Bourchier, 3rd Earl of Bath 12 September 1586 – 12 July 1623 (son-in-law of his predecessor Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford), of Tawstock, Devon
 * Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford 18 July 1623 – 9 May 1641 jointly with
 * William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford 30 March 1637 – 1642
 * Interregnum
 * George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle 23 July 1660 – 3 January 1670, of Potheridge, Devon
 * John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath 10 February 1670 – 1675, of Stowe, Kilkhampton, Cornwall and of Bideford, Devon;
 * Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle 2 December 1675 – 1685, of Potheridge, Devon
 * John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath 7 December 1685 – 1696 jointly with
 * Charles Granville, 2nd Baron Granville 6 May 1691 – 1693
 * Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford 24 April 1696 – 1702
 * John Poulett, 1st Earl Poulett 21 July 1702 – 1714
 * Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet 4 December 1714 – 1716, of Powderham, Devon
 * John Carteret, 2nd Baron Carteret 13 July 1716 – 1721
 * Hugh Fortescue, 14th Baron Clinton 9 August 1721 – 1733, of Castle Hill, Filleigh, Devon
 * Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford 9 May 1733 – 31 March 1751, of Heanton Satchville, Petrockstowe, Devon (which he never visited) and of Houghton Hall, Norfolk
 * John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford 23 April 1751 – 5 January 1771
 * Vere Poulett, 3rd Earl Poulett 6 February 1771 – 14 April 1788
 * Hugh Fortescue, 1st Earl Fortescue 21 May 1788 – 1839, of Castle Hill, Filleigh, Devon
 * Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue 15 November 1839 – 14 September 1861, of Castle Hill, Filleigh, Devon
 * Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset 9 November 1861 – 28 November 1885, of Stover, Teigngrace, Devon and of Berry Pomeroy, Devon;
 * Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh 20 January 1886 – 12 January 1887, of Pynes, Upton Pyne, Devon
 * Charles Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 20th Baron Clinton 16 February 1887 – 29 March 1904, of Heanton Satchville, Huish
 * Hugh Fortescue, 4th Earl Fortescue 22 April 1904 – 1928, of Castle Hill, Filleigh, Devon
 * Francis Bingham Mildmay, 1st Baron Mildmay of Flete 30 June 1928 – 1936, of Flete, Holbeton, Devon
 * Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue 5 May 1936 – 14 June 1958, of Castle Hill, Filleigh, Devon
 * Massey Lopes, 2nd Baron Roborough 16 July 1958 – 5 October 1978, of Maristow, Tamerton Foliot
 * Sir Richard Amyatt Hull 5 October 1978 – 10 May 1982
 * John St Aubyn Parker, 6th Earl of Morley 10 May 1982 – 16 September 1998 of Saltram, Plympton
 * Sir Eric Dancer 16 September 1998 – 17 April 2015
 * David Fursdon since 17 April 2015

Deputy lieutenants
A deputy lieutenant of Devon is commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of Devon. Deputy lieutenants support the work of the lord-lieutenant. There can be several deputy lieutenants at any time, depending on the population of the county. Their appointment does not terminate with the changing of the lord-lieutenant, but they usually retire at age 75.

19th century

 * 25 January 1831: John Quicke
 * 25 January 1831: William Nation
 * 25 January 1831: John Milford
 * 25 January 1831: Samuel White
 * 25 January 1831: John White Abbott
 * 25 January 1831: Charles Holman
 * 25 January 1831: George Truscott
 * 25 January 1831: William Browning

title: Lord Lieutenant of Devon


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PDP-4

The PDP-4 was the successor to the Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-1.

History
This 18-bit machine, first shipped in 1962, was a compromise: "with slower memory and different packaging" than the PDP-1, but priced at $65,000 - less than half the price of its predecessor. All later 18-bit PDP machines (7, 9 and 15) are based on a similar, but enlarged instruction set, more powerful than, but based on the same concepts as, the 12-bit PDP-5/PDP-8 series.

Approximately 54 were sold.

Hardware
The system's memory cycle is 8 microseconds, compared to 5 microseconds for the PDP-1.

The PDP-4 weighs about 1090 lb.

Mass storage
Both the PDP-1 and the PDP-4 were introduced as paper tape-based systems. The only use, if any, for IBM-compatible 200 BPI or 556 BPI magnetic tape was for data. The use of "mass storage" drums - not even a megabyte and non-removable - were an available option, but were not in the spirit of the “personal” or serially shared systems that DEC offered.

It was in this setting that DEC introduced DECtape, initially called "MicroTape", for both the PDP-1 and PDP-4.

Software
DEC provided an editor, an assembler, and a FORTRAN II compiler. The assembler was different from that of the PDP-1 in two ways:
 * Unlike the PDP-1, macros were not supported.
 * It was a one-pass assembler; paper-tape input did not have to be read twice.

Photos

 * PDP-4

title: PDP-4