text:
Colin Murray

Colin Murray (born Colin Wright on 10 March 1977) is a radio and television presenter from Northern Ireland. He is best known for hosting the Channel 4 game show Countdown.

Born and raised in Dundonald, east of Belfast, Murray first trained and worked as a news journalist. With a passion for both music and sport, he later moved into music journalism and publishing, before making his national radio debut in 1999 on Radio 1 in a short spell co-hosting The Session music show. This was followed by a television debut in 2002 as one of six co-presenters on Channel 4's short-lived morning show RI:SE. From 2003 onwards Murray established himself as a music radio presenter on the weekday daytime Colin and Edith show, alongside Edith Bowman.

In 2006, Murray began his first role on BBC Radio 5 Live, hosting the sports-themed Saturday morning comedy panel game Fighting Talk, and also began presenting Channel 5's live UEFA Cup football coverage on midweek evenings. In 2006, he moved shows on Radio 1, departing Colin and Edith to front the late-night weekday evening music vehicle The Colin Murray Show. In 2008, he also began presenting The Late Show with Colin Murray, a once-a-week late-night music show for Radio Ulster. The next year, he left Radio 1 to take on additional roles at 5 Live, hosting Kicking off with Colin Murray on Friday nights, and 5 Live Sport on Sunday afternoons. In 2010, he moved from presenting live football on Channel 5 to fronting the BBC's Match of the Day 2 Sunday night highlights show.

In 2007, he was named 'Music Broadcaster of the Year' at the Sony Radio Academy Awards. In 2010, he became host of BBC Television's Match of the Day 2 on BBC Two, while still anchoring shows on BBC Radio 5 Live, including 5 Live Sport and Fighting Talk and was still presenting on BBC Radio Ulster. He has previously hosted regular Channel 5 television and BBC Radio 1 shows.

In 2013, Murray announced he was leaving BBC Radio 5 Live to move to commercial rival Talksport, taking up the 10am – 1pm slot vacated by Richard Keys and Andy Gray. Murray announced via Twitter in July 2016 that he was to leave Talksport in September 2016, following the takeover of the station by News Corp. He stated that the concomitant business links between Talksport and The Sun meant that, after the scandal of the Hillsborough disaster and of its coverage by The Sun, his position would be untenable owing to the feelings of Liverpool fans (including himself) towards that newspaper.

Since August 2017, Murray has hosted the Saturday night EFL television highlights show, first for Channel 5 in the 2017/18 season and since August 2018 for Quest on EFL on Quest.

1977–1993: Early life
Murray was born in 1977 in the Ulster Hospital in Dundonald, a suburb of East Belfast, Northern Ireland, and grew up in Dundonald's Ballybeen estate. He said on the 5 September 2022 edition of Countdown that for two days his name was Luke Wright, until "a family member pointed out that was a direction"; he later took his stepfather's surname. He was educated at the Regent House Grammar School in Newtownards, and later at Dundonald High School, leaving after GCSEs. Hyperactive since childhood, Murray was asked to leave the grammar school owing to what was perceived by teachers as a tendency to disruption – always asking awkward questions or telling jokes – traits he later identified as ideal for his future career in presenting, and which he felt should really have been nurtured by teachers.

1994–2002: Early career and radio debut
After leaving school, Murray went on to study journalism full-time. He started work as a news journalist, working both in Northern Ireland as a trainee for The News Letter, before in 1994 moving to Toronto, Canada, for a year, working on a fellowship for the Toronto Sun. After returning from Toronto he moved into music journalism, writing for newspapers about rock and pop bands, including establishing a long-standing column in the Irish Sunday People, before moving into the music magazine business with a new title called Blank. After Murray set it up and acted as co-publisher, Blank became the highest circulating music magazine in Ulster. After Blank was merged with another title, Murray left the magazine.

Next, Murray joined BBC Radio 1 on 2 September 1999 to co-present the weekly live music programme Session in Northern Ireland on BBC Radio 1, alongside BBC Radio Ulster presenter Donna Legge, broadcast only in Northern Ireland. He had initially thought the audition was for a show on BBC Radio Ulster. That was followed by six months in 1999 presenting the main national The Session programme from Tuesdays to Thursdays. Spells deputising for hosts of other major Radio 1 shows also followed.

By 2002, Murray's work in radio and television earned him an audition as one of six co-presenters of Channel 4's new national breakfast television show, RI:SE. Having initially auditioned as the entertainment presenter, Murray was instead chosen as a news presenter. While at RI:SE he continued to co-host the evening session in Northern Ireland with Donna Legge one day a week, commuting between the province and the Channel 4 studios near Heathrow. His time with RI:SE was brief and unhappy, with Murray later stating it "scared me off TV for a long time".

2003–2008: Radio career
By 2003 Murray had teamed up with Edith Bowman (his former co-hostess from RI:SE) to work together on Radio 1, presenting their own Colin and Edith show. It began in September 2003 in the weekend late-morning slot, but from March 2004 it was moved to the weekday afternoon slot. The partnership increased the listener figures to a decade high of 5.5 million.

In 2006 Murray became the new presenter of BBC Radio 5 Live's Saturday morning comedy sports panel quiz show, Fighting Talk, his first regular show on 5 Live. His first show was on 4 February. Also in February 2006, Murray became the anchor for Channel 5's midweek evening live European UEFA Cup football television coverage, with former anchor John Barnes acting as a roving reporter.

That year Murray left the Radio 1 Colin and Edith show to start The Colin Murray Show, a new music show on the same station beginning in September, showcasing new and alternative music in the Mondays-to-Thursdays 10pm – midnight slot, with Bowman remaining in the lunchtime slot. He was inevitably compared with the late holder of the slot, John Peel; Murray stated "What I like is that it's always represented honesty, and never been influenced by what's supposed to be cool at the time. Peel played music he liked; I just play music I like". In 2007, there was a year-on-year increase in listeners to the slot of 160,000.

From February 2008 Murray also began presenting a weekly late-night music show on BBC Radio Ulster in Northern Ireland. After failing to find a suitable sound location, he actually presents the show from his own house, in his bedroom, drawing on his extensive music collection as well as new music downloaded onto iTunes. It began as a Saturday night show, but later moved to Fridays.

2009–2013: Departure from Radio 1, move to 5 Live and television career
In 2009 Murray resigned from his Radio 1 late night show to expand his work at BBC Radio 5 Live, becoming the new presenter of 5 Live Sport on Friday evenings and Sunday afternoons, in time for the start of the 2009/10 football season. The Friday slot was a weekend preview show, Kicking Off with Colin Murray, while the Sunday show comprises six hours of live sports coverage. Kicking Off saw an increase in listeners after its first year of almost 20 per cent, according to 5 September 2011 figures. With Murray having taken a self-imposed two months of holiday from work before starting at 5 Live, the 5 Live shows had to start without him while he recovered from a bout of H1N1 swine flu.

In 2010, he left Channel 5's football coverage team to replace Adrian Chiles as presenter of the BBC's Match of the Day 2 football highlights television programme, broadcast on Sunday nights on BBC Two as a companion show to the flagship Saturday night Match of the Day show on BBC One. He also hosted the BBC Two nightly highlights show for the 2010 FIFA World Cup hosted in South Africa through June and July.

In sports television, Murray has also presented coverage of late-night American Football and the European Poker Tour for Channel 5. From January 2010, Murray has also presented the BBC's televised coverage of the annual BDO World Darts Championship, alongside Bobby George. In music television, Murray has co-hosted Glastonbury Festival coverage for both BBC Three and Radio 1, presented a late-night music show Ear Candy on Channel 4 (under the 4music strand) and guest-presented the BBC music show Top of the Pops. He has also presented ITV2's coverage of the Brit Awards. In documentary television, in 2010 Murray co-wrote and presented the BBC Two documentary Davis v Taylor: The '85 Black Ball Final, commemorating the 25th anniversary of the 1985 World Snooker Championship final.

As a game show presenter, Murray has co-presented the Channel 4 challenge show Born Sloppy with Sara Cox; he also fronted the Sudoku-based game show Street-Cred Sudoku broadcast on UKTV G2 in 2005 and the Channel Five quiz show Payday in 2007. Other TV work has included presenting shows on BBC Three such as EastEnders Revealed, a companion show to the popular soap series. As a narrator, Murray has appeared on the BBC television series Can't Take It With You, and Boys Will Be Girls on E4. He has also provided the narration for the gameshow Scream if You Know the Answer! on Watch, alongside host Duncan James.

As a celebrity contestant/participant on various television shows, Murray has appeared as Mark Knopfler on Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes in 2005, performed in Comic Relief does Fame Academy in 2007, competed in the Celebrity MasterChef in 2009, and been the Dictionary Corner guest on the Channel 4 game show Countdown.

In October 2011 he presented Driving Wars on digital television channel Dave.

2013–2016: Departure from 5 Live and move to Talksport
On 22 January 2013 it was announced that Murray would be replaced as presenter of Match of the Day 2 by Mark Chapman, the change commencing at the end of the 2012–13 season. At the end of the 2013 season, Colin Murray announced he was leaving BBC Radio 5 Live to host a new mid-morning show from 10am to 1pm on its commercial rival Talksport, replacing Richard Keys and Andy Gray, and therefore he would be leaving his Kicking Off show and Fighting Talk. His departure from Fighting Talk was the result of a controversy after he joked on the programme about being able to "turn" Claire Balding. Murray expressed deep regret for the line and stated that he did not come up with it, but that it had been written on his autocue. In an interview with the Guardian, he said, "The second I said it, I knew it was too much." The episode concerned was a special live outside broadcast, as opposed to the usual recorded studio format; consequently, the habitual advance checks on content had not been performed. The episode has been removed from all online playback sources.

Murray made his Talksport debut on 12 August 2013 on a new show entitled Colin Murray and Friends. Murray hosted alongside Stuart Pearce and Perry Groves on Monday (previously Mike Tindall), Des Kelly and Michael Gray on Tuesday, Steve Bunce and Didi Hamann on Wednesday, Daley Thompson and Danny Murphy on Thursday (previously Kelly Sotherton), and Bob Mills and Perry Groves on Friday. The show had features such as top talking points from 10am to 10:30am, "Murray Meets.." with a 30-minute interview from 11am to 11:30am, a phone-in from 12pm to 12:30pm and the Sports Brief from 12:30pm to 1pm.

Despite leaving BBC Radio, he continued hosting the BDO World Darts Championship for BBC Television in January 2014, 2015 and 2016, alongside Bobby George and Talksport commentator Jim Proudfoot (who occasionally guests on his show), and also hosted occasional music programmes for BBC Radio 6 Music. In 2013, he hosted the two NFL International Series Matches for Channel 4, alongside Nat Coombs, Mike Carlson and Vernon Kay, and hosted the 2014 Super Bowl for the channel — its first Super Bowl in 16 years.

2016–present: Departure from Talksport and return to 5 Live
Despite a popular and successful run with Talksport, Murray announced he would be leaving the station with his final show being on 2 September 2016. Murray's decision to leave was triggered by the purchase of Talksport by Rupert Murdoch's News Corp, who in turn owns The Sun. Murray, a Liverpool fan, stated that he was concerned by the "inevitable closer association of the Station with the Sun newspaper". On September 12, Murray announced via his Twitter feed that he would be returning to BBC Radio 5 Live to host Fighting Talk. In early 2023, Murray announced his resignation from Fighting Talk and Rick Edwards took over from its return from summer recess in September 2023. During the coronavirus pandemic, Colin co-hosted 5 live "Coronavirus Call-In's" on BBC Radio 5 with Dr. Chris Smith. Murray also hosted the late evening show from 22.30 to 1.00 Monday to Thursday until January 2023, which (during lockdown) included a virtual pub called The Lock-Inn which was broadcast via radio and Zoom.

Other work
Murray has continued his journalism work into his presenting career by writing a monthly 'radio diary' piece for The Guardian newspaper. In 2005, he created a radio documentary, The Trouble With Drugs. In October 2009 he published his first book, A Random History of Football, ISBN 978-1-4091-1290-7, through Orion Publishing, a compendium of random and relatively unknown stories about football. In 2007 Murray directed magician Chris Cox's Edinburgh Fringe Festival show, Everything Happens for a Reason. Murray has also compèred at the Leeds Festival since 2004. In 2003, he co-hosted the Kerrang! Awards with Edith Bowman. From 2015 to 2021, Murray co-hosted Eurosport UK's coverage of competitive snooker, along with renowned players Ronnie O'Sullivan, Jimmy White and Neal Foulds: he decided to step down from this role at the end of the 2020-21 snooker season.

Outside the UK, Murray has been a weekly fixture on The Fan 590's breakfast programme in Toronto, Canada. He appears on Fridays with frequent FT panelist Greg Brady and Jim Lang wherein he discusses the week's big sporting topics in the UK, as well as the upcoming weekend's Premier League (or either international, FA Cup or League Cup) action.

Murray is credited as the interviewer for "Lock the Box", a 40-minute video interview with Noel and Liam Gallagher of Oasis, which discusses the tracks selected for the band's retrospective album Stop the Clocks.

On 7 November 2020, it was announced that Murray would replace Nick Hewer as host of Countdown as the second coronavirus lockdown precluded Hewer, 76, from being able to travel to the set. Murray's first regular episode as presenter was shown on Channel 4 on 13 January 2021 and he hosted it until Hewer returned permanently on 16 March. Murray returned to Countdown as permanent host on 14 July 2022, following Anne Robinson's departure, staying until at least early November, where he would take a short hiatus while four guest presenters presented each week in honour of the programme's 40th anniversary. Murray's contract as Countdown presenter was later extended to the end of 2024.

Personal life
Murray has been a fan of Liverpool F.C. and the Northern Ireland national team since childhood. He got five stars tattooed on his arm when Liverpool won the European Cup for the fifth time. He has also stated he is a Chester F.C. fan after falling in love with the club following their rise from closure and fronted by the fans. He was guest of honour at their end-of-season awards. On his role as both a football presenter and a fan, Murray said in 2009 that "The biggest stick I get when I'm presenting football is from Liverpool fans", and in 2010 "I like a laugh but I am serious also about football and the impartiality required to respect all football fans." Murray is also the Irish Football Association's Football for All ambassador.

Whilst living in Toronto, Canada, Murray became a supporter of the baseball team Toronto Blue Jays and a fan of Major League Baseball in general, and has since spent his annual summer holidays in North America watching MLB games. Murray is also a season ticket-holder at the Welsh club Pontypridd Town, with whom he has promoted tours across Spain, where Pontypridd played pre-season fixtures against Villarreal and Valencia.

Murray stated on his R5 show on 21 December 2020, following a reference to paganism, that he was an atheist.

Murray married Carly Paradis in 2012. They separated in 2022.

Awards
Murray has won three Gold Sony Radio Academy Awards. In the 2007 Sony Awards he was named 'Music Broadcaster of the Year'; in the 2005 Awards he was given the Feature Award for a documentary, entitled The Trouble with Drugs, while in 2011 he took gold for best sport programme, for Fighting Talk.

In 2002 Murray was named IPR Northern Ireland Entertainment Journalist of the Year, for his long-running music column in the Irish Sunday People.

title: Colin Murray


text: Talk:Shabeg Singh

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Shabeg Singh


text:
ISO 10303-28

For product and manufacturing information, STEP-XML is a short term for ISO 10303-28, Industrial automation systems and integration—Product data representation and exchange—Part 28: Implementation methods: XML representations of EXPRESS schema and data. STEP-XML specifies the use of the Extensible Markup Language (XML) to represent EXPRESS schema (ISO 10303-11) and the data that is governed by those EXPRESS schema. It is an alternative method to STEP-File for the exchange of data according to ISO 10303.

The following specifications are within the scope of ISO 10303-28:
 * Late Bound XML markup declaration set, independent of all EXPRESS schemas, to describe the XML representation of the data governed by each schema
 * Early Bound XML markup declaration sets, for each of the schemas, to describe the XML representation of the data governed by that specific schema
 * The mapping between the schema-specific and schema-independent XML markup declarations
 * The form of XML documents containing EXPRESS schemas and/or data governed by EXPRESS schemas
 * The XML markup declarations that enables XML representation of EXPRESS schemas
 * The representation of EXPRESS primitive data type values as element content and as XML attribute values.

The following specifications are outside the scope of ISO 10303-28:
 * XML markup declarations that depend on the semantic intent of the corresponding EXPRESS schema
 * The mapping from an XML markup declaration to an EXPRESS schema. Note:  Given an XML markup declaration set and its corresponding data set(s), it is possible to create an EXPRESS schema that captures the semantic intent of the data. However, this would requires an understanding of the meaning and use of the data that may not be captured by the XML markup declarations.
 * The mapping from an XML representation of an EXPRESS schema back to the initial EXPRESS schema
 * The mapping from the XML markup declarations that have been derived from an EXPRESS schema back to the initial EXPRESS schema
 * The mapping of the final use of an XML schema.

title: ISO 10303-28


text:
Talk:Leka, Crown Prince of Albania

Untitled discussions: heading added to bring contents box to top of page
Renamed this page per Wiki stylebook re naming of former and deposed monarchs/royalty. Mowens35 13:27, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Added quite some content, and also removed several items that seemed misplaced, ie.: Rdavout 12:34, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * "Leka's father King Zog I, overthrew Fan Noli - anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Leka%2C_Crown_Prince_of_Albania Albanian priest, poet, and intellectual, but an inept political leader. Fan Noli was exiled to the U.S., dying in Boston." &
 * "It should be noted Albania does not have a long tradition of monarchies as Great Britain and Monaco (among others) have."

Please do not deny His Majesty King Leka his appropriate Royal titles, these are recognised and standard practice amongst exiled monarchs is that they do retain their prefixes. No matter how republican you may be this doesn't take away from the fact that Leka Zogu is HM King Leka I of the Albanians!(129.234.4.10 22:22, 9 May 2006 (UTC)) ko He never reigned as sovereign so he has no monarchical titles. Period. FearÉIREANN \(caint)|undefined 22:43, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Really do you know anything about precedence within exiled Royal circles? No. Well I do. If head of a royal house one is entitled to be called a King. He is ruling a Royal Court in exile. Further to this he is King of the Albanians, all of them, not just Albania. At the very least could you compromise to calling him the titular King, or at least His Royal Highness Crown Prince Leka? Please respect what I have said. (129.234.4.10 11:10, 10 May 2006 (UTC))

 * Thanks for that input. Different titles for an individual are a form of POV, and we should reflect all POV. We just need to have a reliable source for each. -Will Beback 11:20, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

A reliable source is the Almanach de Gotha, I own numerous editions, he and his family are in it. It is regarded as the difinitive source of world Royal families and is used to oust any false royal claimants. King Leka is also recognised by Burkes' Royal Families of the World. What's more he is recognised by thousands throughout the world. There is no doubt. (129.234.4.1 18:46, 10 May 2006 (UTC))

 * It appears that the editor of Burkes' Royal Families of the World was actually a friend of Leka's. -Will Beback 20:17, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

That has nothing to do with it. You cannot accuse a leading world authority of bias, it's ridiculous. He may well have been a friend of Prince Charles also! (129.234.4.76 07:15, 11 May 2006 (UTC))

Really he IS a King, and recgnised, by anyone who knows the protocol of Royal Houses, as such! At the very least he should be referred to as the "titular King of the Albanians", he has not been a Crown Prince since the death of his father. To deny someone the title of King because they no longer have a country is to deny an aristocrat their title because they on longer live in the family seat! (Couter-revolutionary 11:07, 12 May 2006 (UTC))

The title of king or queen (regnant) is exclusively linked to a throne. A throne is a constitutional position. If a throne is abolished, then someone cannot hold it and so they cannot be called king. Where a throne is abolished, the existing monarch continues to be referred to as king or queen as a courtesy title, not a constitutional office, for their lifetime. The title then dies with them and cannot be inherited by anyone else.

In Albania, the monarchy was legally abolished during the lifetime of Zog, Zog remained King Zog of Albania as a courtesy title, not a constitutional office. As the monarchy had been abolished by Zog's death, Leka could not possibly have been king and is not entitled to be called king as a courtesy title. Just as his father's last constitutional title turned courtesy title was king, Leka's was crown prince. He did not, and could not, become king unless the monarchy is recreated. It is elementary constitutional law. FearÉIREANN \(caint)|undefined 18:28, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Trust me, I know about these things. This has very little to do with constitutional law. As head of a Royal House, which that of Zogu-Mati clearly is, he is entitled to the title of King, even if this is titular King of Albania, or King-in-waiting perhaps. Please take note that King Leka has his own Albanian Royal Court-in-exile, and travels under a passport issued by it. Fact. Further to this he is King of the Albanians, not Albania, this throne cannot be legally abolished without wiping out the Albanian people. Royalty transcends geography and political entities, as you say, it's basic constitutional law. (Couter-revolutionary 21:52, 12 May 2006 (UTC))

Clearly you neither know about the rules on Wikipedia nor the rules followed generally. Any deviations from them get reverted automatically by other Wikipedians. FearÉIREANN \(caint)|undefined 23:26, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

I most certainly do know about the rules followed generally and I am arguing that Leka is still a King, and believe this is an undeniable right. The Wikipedia guidelined you have sent me state that monarchs should be known by their highest title, King..., other articles on reigning monarchs do not do this, I will see to it that they do. On the subject of King Leka, you obviously consent to him being a Crown Prince, therefore the article should begin Crown Prince Leka I, NOT Leka Zogu. It shall then follow Wikipedia guidelines I believe. I also believe it should then make reference to him as "titular King of the Albanians", not a pretender. (Couter-revolutionary 07:12, 13 May 2006 (UTC))

Gideline number 8 states: "No family or middle names, except where English speakers normally use them. No cognomens (nicknames) in article titles – they go in the first line of the article." It should not, therefore, read Leka Zogu, rather just Leka. (Couter-revolutionary 12:07, 13 May 2006 (UTC))

Yes it should be just Leka. The format used on WP would be Leka, Crown Prince of Albania and has been changed to say that. As he never inherited a throne he cannot be called king. The highest title he had constitutionally was crown prince. As he was not a king but is a claimant to a throne is always referred to as a pretender. That is standard. FearÉIREANN \(caint)|undefined 17:28, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Firstly he does rule over the Albanian people, the Albanians, of which he is King. Secondly his royal court is diplomatically recognised and, finally, may I refer you to this article [], which I think may prove he should be referred to as the Titular King of Albania, or the extant claimant King when the throne is restored.  This article no longer needs locked, I will not attempt to edit it without reaching an agreement. (Couter-revolutionary 20:32, 13 May 2006 (UTC))

 * We'd need to some proof of his rule. Does he sign laws? Does he open parliament? Is his image on the postage stamps and currency? Is the country considered a monarchy? What other countries recognize him as the king?
 * The CIA World Factbook, considered a standard reference, calls Albania a "republic", which means it has no monarch. It says that the head of state is the president. -Will Beback 20:15, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Technically you are correct, Albania, as a political entity is a republic. When the monarchy was created it was the as King of the Albanians, not of Albania, this was an action of dynastic foresight on King Zog's part which meant that, technically it couldn't really be abolished, even if they no longer politically ruled Albania. Leka was recognised in Egypt, South Africa, Rhodesia, Spain and more diplomatically. The Queen of England recognises the Orders of Merit which he has granted. Albania itself let him into the country on his Royal Passport as have the other countries mentioned above. His Royal Court-in-exile has been describes as a "phantom state". Here are some extracts from the Albanian constitution: Art. 50. The King of the Albanians is His Majesty Zog I, of the illustrious Albanian family of Zogu.

Art. 51. The Heir to the Throne shall be the King's eldest son. and the succession shall continue generation after generation in the direct male line.

Art. 56. The King, in the. presence of Parliament, shall take the following oath: "I, -, King of the Albanians, on ascending the Throne of the Albanian Kingdom and assuming the Royal powers, swear in the presence of God Almighty that I will maintain national unity, the independence of the State, and its territorial integrity, and I will maintain and conform to the statute and laws in force, having the good of the, people always in mind. So help me God!”

Art. 98. The King's title is «His Majesty»; that of the Heir to the Throne, «Prince of the Albanians,» «His Highness»; that of the Queen-Mother and of the Queen, «Her Majesty»; that of the brothers on the father's side and of the King's sons, «Prince»; of the sisters on the father's side and of the daughters of the King, «Princess.» These two latter titles do not pass by descent, and in case of need they may be cancelled by a Royal decree.

Other than the above, no titles of nobility may be conferred on or held by Albanians in Albania. (Couter-revolutionary 21:04, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

By the way if this page did use Royal styles his would be His Highness, not His Royal Highness. (Couter-revolutionary 21:37, 15 May 2006 (UTC))

The use of a title linked to people, not territory, is what is known as a popular monarchy. The King of the Belgians and the King of the Hellenes are just two examples. Monarchies don't however exist in perpetuity. They exist within a constitutional framework. A constitutional methodology can terminate a popular monarchy just as it can a contitutional monarchy or absolute monarchy. As Albania became a republic during Zog's lifetime Leka could not succeed to an abolished throne, so legally and constitutionally he cannot be a king. Otherwise, as he also reigned with a "popular monarchy", Constantine II is still King of Greece. No-one, not even Constantine, believes that. He is referred to as King Constantine II of Greece as a courtesy title, not a constitutional office. Leka holds the courtesy title of crown prince. Just as he cannot inherit a defunct throne and no longer existing title, neither can Leka's son inherit the title crown prince. The title "king" died with Zog. The title "crown prince" will die with Leka. That is international constitutional law and precedent.

The legal constitution of Albania, enacted in 1998, is quite explicit.

Albania is a parliamentary republic. (Article 1.1)

The President of the Republic is the Head of State and represents the unity of the people. (Article 86.1)

All other previous constitutions are invalidated by the enactment of new constitutions under international law.

Clearly Albania is a republic, not a kingdom. Therefore Leka could not be its king. He remains, as with all deposed crown princes, known by that title for his lifetime at which point that title dies with him, just as the title king died with King Zog. It is in law and politics an open and shut case. Wikipedia can't call him by a title he doesn't have. FearÉIREANN \(caint)|undefined 22:51, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The old constitution required that the king swear an oath before parliament. I'd be surprised if that has been done by the subject. -Will Beback 23:48, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No evidence of it. FearÉIREANN [[Image:Map of Ireland's capitals.png|15px]]\(caint)|undefined 00:04, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

As a constitutional lawyer and one with an intimate knowledge of the workings of a Royal Court-in-exile, I understood the oath before Parliament clause to be required before powers can be exercised. Leka does not try to exercise power over Albania. He is the head of a royal house and, therefore the titular King, I believe the article should make this clear.(Couter-revolutionary 06:55, 16 May 2006 (UTC))

Being head of a royal house does not mean one is called "titular king". Either one is a king or one isn't. The evidence shows unambiguously that he isn't. FearÉIREANN \(caint)|undefined 17:40, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

He is the titular King, this means that if the country was politically a monarchy then he would be it's rightful ruler, that's all. If you look at other relevant articles this has been noted. (Couter-revolutionary 20:15, 16 May 2006 (UTC))

 * He's not in exile, is he? I thought he was living in Albania now. How does Leka assert his title? -Will Beback 20:52, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

He is not in exile, no. He lives in Albania, the authorities recognise him as having special status to a certain degree, however he still asserts he is the legitimate ruler []. He did this through his political parties, however he has withdrawn from public life of late. (Couter-revolutionary 06:27, 17 May 2006 (UTC))

 * Does Leka maintain a court? Has he named officials of his court, does his wife have ladies-in-waiting, does he ever dress up and "hold court", does he bestow honors or engage in other royal activities? If so, it might be interesting to record a summary of those activities. However his recent activities appear more political than regal. -Will Beback 06:35, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

He does maintain a Court and does have positions of Court yes, including Ministers, body guards and a staffed Secretariat. Queen Susan has passed away so she does not have ladies in waiting. He does occasionally wear military uniform, yes. I believe that he has issued orders of merit although his Constitution prevents bestowing noble titles, and especially selling them. I hope this helps. I do not think it appropriate, however, to include such details in this context. (Couter-revolutionary 12:57, 17 May 2006 (UTC))

Numerous claimants to thrones set up their own courts. But they still aren't called "kings". The Comte de Chambord in mid to late 19th century set up his own court. So did various claimants to the Russian thrones. Pretenders to the British crown do it all the time. Emperor Norton I of the United States had a court of sorts (well two dogs and his own currency anyway. Even the police saluted him on the streets!). But they aren't presumed to be kings by anyone other than a small number of supporters. Yes it is interesting and newsworthy to mention that Leka has done that, but it still doesn't mean he is a king. FearÉIREANN \(caint)|undefined 14:12, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

I agree, as much as I want Leka to be a King and be known as one; in fact I will always call him King Leka personally, it would be rude not to, I think Wikipedia guidelines dictate his being called Crown Prince. I was just answering Will Bebeack's questions. For the purposes of this article his title is Crown Prince, but we ought to include his being known as King also. Oh and on Emperor Norton I personally think he did develop a certain amount of legitimacy! (Couter-revolutionary 14:18, 17 May 2006 (UTC))

 * I understand. BTW have a glance at the Emperor Norton I article. It is a gem. It is one of the best articles on Wikipedia, a masterpiece of writing that manages to be funny, serious, respectful, tongue-in-cheek and factual at the same time, a very difficult task. There are few better articles on Wikipedia. On such a topic it could have been a mess. Somehow the writers produced what in my view is a masterpiece of writing. FearÉIREANN [[Image:Map of Ireland's capitals.png|15px]]\(caint)|undefined 14:44, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Improvement drive
I have tried to add refs and make improvements to this article about this fascinating figure. Considering how active Leka has been in trying to return as King, more so than most other claimants to abolished thrones, I think this article is a bit threadbare and could do with further sourcing and possibly expansion. I have added fact tags in appropriate places to try and encourage this, not as an indication that I don't think the statements are true - the article needs clean-up but doesn't seem to suffer from NPOV issues in content or tone. --SandyDancer 11:57, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * A lot of the information, which you are referring to as unsourced, has been added to me. It was found in various books, other documents and through conversation. Thus it is not possible to link the facts to internet sources.  I shall, however, attempt to compile a bibliography, if this would be appropriate.--Couter-revolutionary 12:11, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You can't add unverified statements to biographies on Wikipedia, so yes, naming your sources and linking to them with footnotes would be appropriate. You will see I removed the addition you made to the intro re: "even the Albanian prime minister calls him King". I must be honest and say I thought this a rather strange addition, reliability of the source aside, Wikipedia is not somewhere to make claims that abolished monarchies still exist and that the royal status of ex-royals somehow cannot be abolished ... that seems to be why that sentence and source was added ... --SandyDancer 13:00, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I am not saying the PM thinks he exits, he calls him that out of courtesey. Read the source, that is what it says. It is useful for people to know how he is trated in Albania, you have to look at the wider picture, Mr. Blair would not call him this, but his own PM apparently does.--Couter-revolutionary 13:07, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Regardless of that, what does it add? Don't you see how strangely what you wrote read? Some of your edits are making articles read as if they are arguments in favour of your views on the divine right of kings. That is unhelpful. --SandyDancer 13:13, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I merely think people would appreciate knowing how Leka I is treated within Albania. If a source says that the PM of Albania referred to him as King I think this is notable.  The intro. says he is referred to as King by Monarchists.  Apparently it's not just monarchists...As you seem to dislike this fact you have removed it.  Please appreciate a useful source.--Couter-revolutionary 13:17, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The source doesn't explicitly say that and the source is unreliable anyway. --SandyDancer 13:31, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Why is it unreliable? Because it says something, which you do not want to hear? I do hope you can give me a better reason.--Couter-revolutionary 13:32, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Because it appears to be self-published. I have already said that. Look at it. Get a third party involved if you think I am being unreasonable. I am not. --SandyDancer 13:41, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Titles of deposed monarchs vs. titles of pretenders: How can he be "King" Leka?
My understanding is that we do not customarily call anyone "King So-and-So" unless he himself is actually reigning (King Carl XVI Gustav, King Juan Carlos, King Abdullah II), or unless he himself formerly reigned (King Constantine II, King Michael, King Simeon II, King Mohammed Zahir Shah). I gather that the only exceptions to that general practice are abdicated kings who have been granted another title instead of king (the Duke of Windsor).

It is surely not the proper custom to refer to the heir of a reigning or deposed king as "King So-and-So" unless that heir has actually reigned as king himself. If he hasn't, he's called by some other title (the Comte de Paris, the Crown Prince of Ethiopia, or Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia).

If this is the case, and it seems to be, then the supposed King Leka has pretentiously usurped a style to which common practice does not entitle him. To boot, it doesn't matter if his "followers", or even the Prime Minister of the Albanian Republic, choose to call him King Leka. A usurpation of a right does not create a right, and he has no business calling himself anything more exalted than Prince Leka at most, until Albania changes its constitution to that of a monarchy and designates him as its king.

I'm not saying this out of any antipathy toward this gentleman. I simply can't see how else to read the situation. Tom129.93.17.195 23:01, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

King Leka's Coronation was held on the 15 April 1961, at the Hotel Bristol in Paris, in the Presence of Royal Albanian Deputies of Parliament and 70 chosen delegates from the Albanian Diaspora. The national Assembly officially called upon according Acts 51 and 55 of the Royal Albanian Constitution declaring His Royal Highness Crown Prince Leka I, King of the Albanians. Then according to Act 56 He committed His oath before the National Assembly and invited dignitaries as the sovereign, Leka I, King of the Albanians. (ref:www....albanianroyalcourt.al just look under king Leka) The Albanian Royal constitution, foresees this point, making for an exception. The title of this page thus is incorrect and although arguments may be based for other royals, this is not the case for the Albanian Royal family!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.69.2.219 (talk) 10:06, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

when did the monarchy end
This page and the article note that the monarchy was abolished during Zog's lifetime but the succession box says the monarchy was abolished in 1961. Which is correct. ]] 20:21, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The monarchy ended in 1939 officially, but King Zog remained "King" all his life, until 1961 (the year of his death). Thus Leka became King (in pretence at the least) in 1961. --Counter-revolutionary 01:35, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * That's what I thought. Succession box amended.  Barliner 13:55, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Skanderbeg
Who said that Skanderbeg's sister married into the Zogu famly? I thought she married into the Toptani family? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.202.100.23 (talk) 22:47, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Egypt
<> I thought they lived in Egypt AFTER they lived in England? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.202.100.23 (talk) 23:07, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

fortune?
<> I thought the business deals were because the money had run out? Hardly reinforcing a fortune? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.202.100.23 (talk) 23:12, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:34, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Age
The table reads that he was aged 69 when he was born. Are you sure? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.4.106.212 (talk) 00:48, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Quite sure. --Counter-revolutionary (talk) 10:17, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the anon is misreading the template - he's 69 now. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 10:31, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * ...which is obvious to any idiot!--Counter-revolutionary (talk) 10:56, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

First paragraph makes no sense
He is the heir to the Albanian throne. King Leka I, and is often referred to as such, including by monarchists and members of the media [1]. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.167.107.112 (talk) 10:35, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Copyright
Part of the section about his flight from Spain is either a copy and paste or close paraphrase of the Telegraph obit of Susan and needs work...Hack (talk) 12:30, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

Prime Minister
There are useful comments form the Prime Minister here: http://www.keshilliministrave.al/?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=15635&gj=gj2 ChilternGiant (talk) 12:23, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Prince Leka of Albania which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:15, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 11:01, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

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Requested move 31 March 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move to the pages as proposed at this time, per the discussion below. However, two of the articles (Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1939) and Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1982)) have been reverted to the titles previously determined by consensus. Please initiate new requests before moving those pages from the titles established by previous discussion. Dekimasu よ! 10:46, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

– Good morning. I have come across some strange article naming for some Albanian and Montenegrin royals, namely:
 * Leka I, Crown Prince of Albania → Leka, Crown Prince of Albania
 * Leka II, Crown Prince of Albania → Leka, Prince of Albania
 * Nicholas, Crown Prince of Montenegro → Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro
 * Boris Petrovitch Njegosh → Prince Boris of Montenegro
 * Peter, Hereditary Prince of Yugoslavia → Prince Peter of Yugoslavia
 * Nicholas, Crown Prince of Montenegro, current pretender to the Montenegrin throne, born after the end of the monarchy;
 * Boris Petrovitch Njegosh, Prince Nicholas' son;
 * Leka I, Crown Prince of Albania, former pretender to the Albanian throne, son of King Zog I, born just before Zog I's exile;
 * Leka II, Crown Prince of Albania, Crown Prince Leka's son.

It seems to me that royals who were Crown Princes at the end of the monarchy maintain the title on the article name, while royals who claim the title after the end of the monarchy should not have it. At least, that's the praxis here on Wikipedia, isn't it? I would also like to ask for your opinion on Peter, Hereditary Prince of Yugoslavia, if it should be moved to Prince Peter of Yugoslavia, as he was also born after the end of the monarchy (son of Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia). Anotherwikipedianuser (talk) 11:38, 31 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose all: The two Lekas have been moved out of process from titles decided by Talk:Leka II, Crown Prince of Albania and so the current titles should be changed. However, the suggested targets in this discussion are ambiguous: there are two (Crown) Prince Lekas of Albania. I don't think the numerals should be used because that places undue weight on their claims and there are more reliable sources calling them "Leka Zogu". The sources calling them "King Leka II" or "Crown Prince Leka" are sources like the Daily Mail, blogs and other self-published sites, such as the subject's own. Consequently, I would support Leka Zogu (1939–2011) and Leka Zogu (born 1982) for the two Lekas as a first choice, and the titles decided at Talk:Leka II, Crown Prince of Albania as a second.
 * Nicholas I of Montenegro was also Prince Nicholas of Montenegro and Peter II of Yugoslavia was Prince Peter of Yugoslavia, so these titles also need to be disambiguated. Boris's common name is the version with the surname per sources at Talk:Boris Petrovitch Njegosh. DrKay (talk) 12:46, 31 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment: Alternatively, I would accept not moving Boris and support moving Leka II to Leka, Prince of Albania (born 1982), Nicholas to Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro (born 1944) and Peter to Prince Peter of Yugoslavia (born 1980). Anotherwikipedianuser (talk) 14:21, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:37, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Mbretijpg.jpg

"passed out of" British school.
Does this mean he was graduated or was failed out? --142.163.195.239 (talk) 17:20, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

Graduated; a term somewhat particular to the RMA Sandhurst, I think. --Counter-revolutionary (talk) 10:03, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:07, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
 * King Leka.jpg

Requested move
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1939) → Leka Zogu I — The current title is an absolute mouthful, as is his son's article Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1982), which should also be moved to Leka Zogu II.

My proposed changed would make for an article title that is shorter & more to the point. It also makes more sense to use a generational suffix, as opposed to a birth year, to differentiate between a father and son with the same name.

Additionally, their respective articles on the Albanian Wikipedia already refers to them as Leka Zogu I & Leka Zogu II.

Here is an article by Reuters which refers to him as Leka Zogu I, and a Vice article which refers to his son as Leka Zogu II.

- Ageofultron 7:48, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

Sems sensible. Counter-revolutionary (talk) 10:02, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose - as neither of them were Albanian monarchs. BTW, hello, it's been a long time. GoodDay (talk) 16:07, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Not sure I understand your opposition here, Zogu is his surname. His regnal name, as a pretender, would be Leka I, not Leka Zogu I. Leka Zogu I is just his first name, last name, & generational number. This is already used for non-monarchs on Wikipedia, see Henry Lee I, Henry Lee II, Henry Lee III, & Henry Lee IV. Ageofultron, 11 September 2022

Requested move 17 September 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Move as described by Presidentman: Lekas and Ella as prescribed, Nicholas to an alternate title. -  UtherSRG (talk) 14:40, 2 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I also moved the original Leka, Prince of Albania to Leka, Prince of Albania (disambiguation), though I don't know that having that is absolutely needed. - UtherSRG (talk) 14:46, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

– This is my attempt to standardize the article titles of these Albanian and Montenegrin royal claimants, according to normal procedure used in similar situations. The older Leka was indeed the Crown Prince of Albania when his father was deposed. The younger Leka and his wife, Elia, never were and are not the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Albania, as his father never was the King of Albania. The younger Leka is just the current head of the Royal House of Albania. The same applies to Nicholas, he never was and is not the Crown Prince of Montenegro, as his father (properly titled Michael, Prince of Montenegro) never was the King of Montenegro. Nicholas is just the current head of the Royal House of Montenegro. Anotherwikipedianuser (talk) 13:41, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1939) → Leka, Crown Prince of Albania
 * Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1982) → Leka, Prince of Albania
 * Elia, Crown Princess of Albania → Elia, Princess of Albania
 * Nicholas, Crown Prince of Montenegro → Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro
 * I invite you to this move discussion. Anotherwikipedianuser (talk) 13:50, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Comment: With the exception of Elia, I don't see how the suggested titles are feasible because they are ambiguous: with each other in the case of the Albanians and with his great-grandfather in the case of Nicholas. DrKay (talk) 14:24, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I recognize that there is room for ambiguity, but I prefer to use Wikipedia's ways to disambiguate than to leave these titles as they are right now: misleading, inconsistent, innaccurate. Anotherwikipedianuser (talk) 15:10, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I suggest removing that redirect at Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro to Nicholas I of Montenegro. After being the Prince of Montenegro, he was the King of Montenegro, and he is remembered as such, I guess. Anotherwikipedianuser (talk) 15:35, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I think Nicholas I is the primary topic, but a discussion can be opened at WP:RFD if required. DrKay (talk) 15:46, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Done! RfD opened. Anotherwikipedianuser (talk) 16:24, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I support moving the two Lekas and Elia as proposed per nom. This will align these articles with common practices on Wikipedia (see, e.g., Wilhelm, German Crown Prince (the son of Wilhelm II) and Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (his descendant and current head of the House of Hohenzollern)). For Nicholas, I suggest move to Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro (born 1944). As I stated at the RFD, the primary topic for Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro appears to be Nicholas I who held that time as the nominator notes. Thus, moving as proposed by the nominator would be inappropriate IMO, but the nominator is correct in that the person currently denoted by WP as "Crown Prince of Montenegro" was in fact never titled as such AFAICT. (Ping me if Montenegrin sources say otherwise). - Presidentman talk · contribs (Talkback) 20:03, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
 * That's exactly my point. I am willing to drop the RfD and support moving Nicholas to Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro (born 1944). Anotherwikipedianuser (talk) 21:20, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Both Lekas are/were crown princes, and both are/were princes. So the proposed disambiguation is simply not WP:PRECISE. Best leave the titles as is. I also don't see a reason to remove "Crown" from Elia or Nicholas when the others have it. Far from being "misleading, inconsistent, innaccurate", the current titles are precise and accurate, while the proposals are inaccurate. — Amakuru (talk) 21:14, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The younger Leka and his wife would only be Crown Prince and Crown Princess if the older Leka had been King before abolition. The monarchy was abolished, the King was Zog I and the older Leka was the Crown Prince. The younger Leka may be called "Crown Prince", but he's not. It is done this way in several monarchies, only Albania and Montenegro are contradicting the norm. I reinforce that I accept moving Nicholas to Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro (born 1944). Anotherwikipedianuser (talk) 21:20, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

I am a designated employee of the Albanian royal Family. So any official referrals please contact the office of the Royal Court through the official website.

1. The Royal titles of the Albanian Royal family abide to the constitution of 1928. The titles are not “of Albania”, but of the plural form, “of the Albanians”. This is similar to the title, “King of the Belgiums”. 2. The title Crown Prince used for Crown Prince Leka is the official protocol, used not only by the Royal House but the Republic of Albania. The Albanian Royal family has a status within the Republic of Albania by parliamentary decree (Albanian Republic, Law Nr.9063, 08/05/2003, “Për Statusin e Trashëgimtarëve të Ish-Familjes Mbretërore).” Albpasion (talk) 18:24, 24 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Please note that Wikipedia policy is to pay attention to independent reliable sources, not official or legal declarations. — BarrelProof (talk) 17:45, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Leka, Crown Prince of Albania


text:
Amed

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title: Amed


text: User talk:194.135.49.64

title: User talk:194.135.49.64


text:
Rail transport in South Australia

The first railway in colonial South Australia was a line from the port of Goolwa on the River Murray to an ocean harbour at Port Elliot, which first operated in December 1853, before its completion in May 1854.

During the following seven decades construction continued, by stops and starts, often to encourage agricultural development or to ameliorate unemployment. Very little additional trackage was built from the 1920s onwards. In 1966, the total was 3991 km, comprising 2657 km of and 1334 km of.

Following almost total closure of regional lines in South Australia in the last decades of the twentieth century, today the state's rail network comprises standard gauge links to other states,  broad gauge suburban railways in Adelaide, a narrow-gauge gypsum haulage line on the Eyre Peninsula, and both copper–gold concentrate and coal on the standard-gauge line in the Adelaide–Darwin rail corridor north of Tarcoola.

History
The first railway in colonial South Australia was the horse-drawn tramway from Goolwa to Port Elliot opened in 1854, providing a rail link from the port of Goolwa on the Murray River to an ocean harbour at Port Elliot. It was later extended to a safer harbour at Victor Harbor. This line was used to move freight between the shallow-draft vessels navigating the Murray, and coastal and ocean-going vessels, without either having to traverse the narrow and shallow mouth of the river with unpredictable currents.

The first of the Railways in Adelaide was built in 1856 between the city and the port. The Adelaide railways were all built as broad gauge of. Gradually, a network of lines spread out from Adelaide. These were initially built to carry ore, particularly copper, then later freight from the Murray River, and grain from the broadacre lands. In the first half of the 20th century, most of these lines carried passengers as well as freight.

The main line to Melbourne was opened after a bridge was built at Murray Bridge in 1886. It was the first railway line between colony capitals to not have a break-of-gauge. It was also the last of these to be converted to standard gauge in 1995.

Gauge
In 1847, the Parliament of South Australia passed an act confirming adoption of the newly termed "standard gauge" (originally "Stephenson gauge") of – the first Australian colony to do so. In 1848 the Colonial Secretary in London, Lord Grey, recommended all the Australian colonies adopt that gauge. However, the company building the first railway in New South Wales decided to adopt the "Irish" broad gauge gauge of. Soon afterwards, Victoria and South Australia ordered locomotives and rolling stock to the wider gauge. New South Wales changed back to preferring standard gauge, but it was too late for Victoria and South Australia to change yet again. Thus began Australia's "mixed gauge muddle", which persists to this day.

The first main line railway in Adelaide was built in 1856 between the city and the port. The main line to Melbourne was opened after a bridge was built at Murray Bridge in 1886. It was the first railway line between Australian capital cities not to have a break-of-gauge – but it was to be 109 years before it was converted to standard gauge in 1995, the last inter-capital line to be converted.

Narrow gauge
Influenced by Queensland Railways' successful adoption of the narrow gauge for cost reasons (opened 1865), and influenced by the advocacy of people such as Abraham Fitzgibbon, South Australia changed the gauge of the Port Wakefield line in the middle of construction. The Port Wakefield line, opened 1870, was originally horse drawn.

Because the narrow gauge lines of started out as isolated lines from independent ports at Port Wakefield, Port Pirie, Port Augusta, Port Lincoln, Port Broughton, Beachport, Kingston SE and Wallaroo, and a private tramway from Whyalla, the problems of the nascent break of gauge was not immediately apparent. When the broad and narrow systems finally met at Hamley Bridge, Terowie, Wolseley and Mount Gambier endless complaints started. There may have been even more breaks of gauge, as the original bridge at Murray Bridge was designed for narrow gauge.

The horse-drawn narrow gauge Port Broughton railway line on the Yorke Peninsula was never connected to the main system.

The lines on the Eyre Peninsula Railway and throughout the mid-north were built to narrow gauge. Once the narrow gauge from Port Pirie to Broken Hill was converted to standard gauge, the narrow gauge from Terowie was converted to broad gauge to Peterborough. Peterborough became the change of gauge station for Broken Hill Adelaide express. The narrow gauge line was retained north from Peterborough to Quorn.

The main interstate links from Adelaide to Perth, Darwin, Melbourne, and Sydney are all of standard gauge.

Operators
The country railways were initially owned by South Australian Railways. The narrow gauge lines north and west of Quorn were handed over to the Commonwealth Railways in 1926, though the Commonwealth had had financial responsibility for these lines since 1911. The Commonwealth Railways later merged with the SAR to become the Australian National Railways Commission (ANR) in 1978.

The metropolitan railway lines are now owned and operated by Adelaide Metro, interstate passenger services operated by Journey Beyond, intrastate freight by One Rail Australia, and interstate freight by a number of companies including Bowmans Rail, One Rail Australia, Pacific National and SCT Logistics.

Passenger services
Passenger services in South Australia have declined since the days of the South Australian Railways, today the only services are the Adelaide Metro suburban services; and the Journey Beyond operated The Overland between Adelaide and Melbourne, the Indian Pacific between Perth and Sydney via Adelaide, the Great Southern between Adelaide and Brisbane, and The Ghan from Adelaide to Darwin, via Alice Springs. No country passenger rail services have operated in South Australia since 1990.

Railway preservation
Port Adelaide is home to the National Railway Museum, the largest undercover railway museum in Australia. The SteamRanger Heritage Railway in the Adelaide Hills has restored a number of steam and diesel locomotives for tourist services on the Victor Harbor railway line, operating between Mount Barker and Victor Harbor. The Pichi Richi Railway Preservation Society based in Quorn operates on part of the former Central Australia Railway. The Steamtown Heritage Rail Centre is a static railway museum based in the former railway workshops in Peterborough.

Other heritage operations have included the Lions Club of YP Rail (Wallaroo–Kadina), Limestone Coast Railway (on the Mount Gambier railway line from Mount Gambier railway station), Cobdogla Steam Friends, Steamtown Peterborough Railway Preservation Society (Peterborough–Eurelia) and the Australian Society of Section Car Operators (accreditation in SA surrendered in 2010).

Timeline

 * 1854: Horsedrawn tram from Goolwa to Port Elliot
 * 1856: First broad gauge line from Adelaide to Port Adelaide opens
 * 1857: Adelaide–Gawler opened
 * 1860: Gawler line extended through Roseworthy to Kapunda
 * 1862: Private broad gauge horse-drawn tramway between Wallaroo and Kadina
 * 1864: Horsedrawn tram extended to Victor Harbor
 * 1866: Wallaroo line extended to Moonta
 * 1869: First narrow gauge line opens from Port Wakefield through Balaklava to Hoyleton – isolated from broad gauge system. Originally horse-drawn railway
 * 1870: Roseworthy junction created, with line through Hamley Bridge and Riverton to Burra, South Australia
 * 1876: Narrow gauge line from Kingston SE to Naracoorte
 * 1876: Port Broughton railway line between Port Broughton and Mundoora
 * 1877: Wallaroo lines acquired by South Australian Railways
 * 1878: Port Wakefield to Kadina narrow gauge opened and continued to Wallaroo adjacent to the broad gauge line.
 * 1878: Narrow gauge branch from Balaklava to Hamley Bridge, creating the state's first break of gauge
 * 1878: Kapunda line extended to the Murray River at Morgan
 * 1878: Semaphore railway line opened
 * 1879: Kadina junction to Snowtown opened
 * 1879: Narrow gauge between Beachport, Millicent and Mount Gambier
 * 1879: Narrow gauge line from Port Augusta reaches Quorn.
 * 1880: Broad gauge lines reach Terowie and Gladstone
 * 1881–1882: Narrow gauge built from Peterborough south to Terowie and north through Orroroo to Quorn
 * 1883: South Line reaches Nairne through the Adelaide Hills
 * 1883: Great Northern Line extended from Quorn to Hergott Springs (Marree)
 * 1884: South Line reaches Murray Bridge
 * 1884: Victor Harbor tramway strengthened to carry steam trains and extended to meet the South Line at Mount Barker Junction. A branch was also built from Sandergrove to Milang.
 * 1886: Branch from Monarto on the South Line to Cambrai
 * 1887: Railways of South Australia and Victoria meet at Serviceton
 * 1887: Narrow gauge Mount Gambier to Naracoorte and Wolseley creating break-of-gauge junction at Wolseley on the Melbourne line
 * 1888: Narrow gauge line built from Port Pirie to Broken Hill, New South Wales
 * 1891: Great Northern Railway extended from Hergott Springs to Orroroo
 * 1894: Snowtown branch extended to Brinkworth joining the Hamley Bridge-Gladstone railway line
 * 1906: Pinnaroo railway line opened
 * 1907: The first stage of Eyre Peninsula Railway opened from Port Lincoln to Cummins
 * 1908: Port Adelaide line extended to Outer Harbor
 * 1911: Gawler junction created, with Barossa line to Angaston
 * 1913: Paringa railway line opened through Karoonda and Alawoona to the Brown's Well district near the state border, then extended north to Paringa by the end of the year
 * 1914: Loxton railway line opened from Alawoona
 * 1914: Waikerie railway line opened from Karoonda
 * 1914: Peebinga railway line opened from Karoonda
 * 1914: Robertstown railway line opened from Eudunda
 * 1915: Willunga railway line completed
 * 1917: First standard gauge line completed between Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, requiring a break-of-gauge at Terowie, Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie to reach Perth
 * 1917: broad gauge from Mount Gambier to Heywood near Portland in Victoria
 * 1918: Branch from Balhannah on the Melbourne line to Mount Pleasant
 * 1919: Railways of South Australia and New South Wales meet at ,Broken Hill with a break-of-gauge
 * 1919: Branch from Riverton to Clare
 * 1919: Sedan railway line opened from Monarto South
 * 1922: Clare line extended to Spalding
 * 1925: Moorook railway line opened from Wanbi on the Paringa line
 * 1925: Junction at Salisbury on the Gawler line to Redhill
 * 1927: Yorke Peninsula lines converted from narrow to broad gauge to connect to the line from Salisbury, along with the Hamley Bridge-Gladstone line
 * 1928: Paringa railway line extended over the Murray River to Renmark, Berri and Barmera
 * 1929: Great Northern Line extended to Alice Springs and renamed to Central Australia Railway
 * 1937: Trans-Australian Railway extended to Port Pirie Junction and the broad gauge railway from Adelaide to Redhill extended to Port Pirie Ellen Street
 * 1940: Finsbury railway line opened
 * 1940: Hendon railway line opened
 * 1941: Penfield railway line opened
 * 1950: Port Broughton-Mundoora closed
 * 1950s: Southeastern narrow gauge lines converted to broad gauge, except that Beachport–Millicent and Wandilo–Glencoe were closed in 1957
 * 1957: Standard gauge Marree railway line replaced the narrow gauge line on a route west of the Flinders Ranges
 * 1963: Balhannah-Mount Pleasant closed
 * 1964: Monarto South-Sedan curtailed to Cambrai
 * 1969: Willunga railway line closed from Hallett Cove
 * 1969: Morgan line curtailed to Eudunda
 * 1970: Port Pirie to Broken Hill standard gauge line officially opened, completing the Sydney – Perth rail link, and creating triple-gauge stations at Gladstone and Peterborough (once Terowie–Peterborough was converted from narrow to broad gauge)
 * 1971: Moorook railway line closed
 * 1970s: Southeastern lines closed or abandoned
 * 1972: Whyalla railway line opened from Port Augusta (standard gauge)
 * 1978: Noarlunga Centre railway line extended from Hallett Cove
 * 1978: Semaphore railway line closed
 * 1979: Finsbury railway line closed
 * 1980: Tarcoola to Alice Springs standard gauge railway opened, first stage of the Tarcoola-Darwin line
 * 1980: Hendon railway line closed
 * 1982: Adelaide to Crystal Brook standard gauge railway opened to replace broad gauge from Salisbury to Port Pirie, connecting Adelaide to the standard gauge network
 * 1984: Riverton-Spalding closed
 * 1987: Kingston–Naracoorte closed
 * 1987: Monarto South-Cambrai curtailed to Apamurra
 * 1990: Waikerie and Peebinga lines closed
 * 1990: Robertstown line closed
 * 1991: Penfield railway line closed
 * 1994: Eudunda line curtailed to Kapunda
 * 1995: Adelaide to Melbourne gauge converted from broad gauge to standard gauge under the Federal Government's One Nation project (isolated broad gauge southeastern lines stopped being used)
 * 1998 Pinnaroo and Loxton lines converted to standard gauge to reconnect at Tailem Bend
 * 2005: Monarto South-Apamurra closed
 * 2008: State Government announces budget which includes plans to electrify the Noarlunga, Outer Harbor and Gawler lines
 * 2014: Noarlunga Centre line extended to Seaford and electric trains commence service along the Seaford and Tonsley lines
 * 2014: Barossa Valley line closed
 * 2015: Pinnaroo and Loxton lines mothballed
 * 2019: Eyre Peninsula Railway line closed
 * 2022: Gawler line is electrified

The first South Australian steam-operated line was built as a broad gauge line in 1856 between the city and Port Adelaide stopping at Bowden, Woodville and Alberton. This line is now part of the Adelaide suburban network and has been proposed for standardisation and conversion to light rail. It was extended as the Outer Harbor line to Outer Harbor in 1908. A branch was built to Grange in 1882. It was extended as the Henley Beach line to Henley Beach in 1894 and closed in 1957.

Southern Lines
The South Line, through the Adelaide Hills, was opened to Aldgate, Nairne in 1883, Murray Bridge in 1884 and Bordertown and Serviceton, Victoria, connecting with Victorian Railways in 1887. This line was standardised in 1995.

A branch line was built to Marino in 1913, and extended to Willunga in 1915. The section from Hallett Cove to Willunga was closed in 1969. In the 1970s the line was extended south from Hallett Cove, becoming what is now the Adelaide Metro Seaford railway line. It reached Christie Downs in 1976, Noarlunga Centre in 1978, with a further extension to Seaford in 2014.

The beginnings of the Victor Harbor line was a horse-drawn broad gauge tramway built from the port of Goolwa on the Murray River to an ocean harbour at Port Elliot in 1854. This line was used to move freight between the shallow-draft vessels navigating the Murray, and coastal and ocean-going vessels, without either having to traverse the narrow and shallow mouth of the river with unpredictable currents. It was later extended from Port Elliot to Victor Harbor in 1864 and from Goolwa to Strathalbyn in 1869. It was extended to Mount Barker Junction on the South Line in 1884 and strengthened to carry steam trains.

A branch from the South Line between the Mount Lofty Ranges and Murray River was built to Monarto and Cambrai in 1886. It was shortened to Apamurra near Palmer before being converted then closed briefly due to the standardisation of the Adelaide – Melbourne line in 1995. The line was then converted to standard gauge later in 1995 until it then closed again in 2005.

In the Murray Mallee, the Pinnaroo line was built from Tailem Bend to Pinnaroo in 1906. This was connected with the Victorian Railways at the Victorian border and Ouyen by 1915. The South Australian part of this line was converted to standard gauge in 1998 to reconnect it with the Adelaide – Melbourne line. This created a break-of-gauge at Pinnaroo. The last traffic on the line was transporting grain from silos to Port Adelaide. Viterra announced that no more grain would be carried by rail on this line after 31 July 2015, with the 2015 harvest to be entirely transported by road.

The Barmera railway line opened from Tailem Bend through Karoonda to Wanbi on 6 January 1913, extended to Paruna on 1 May and Meribah on 7 May 1913 (both in the Brown's Well district). Even while this line was still being built, the Government of South Australia approved several spur lines from it to open up over a million acres of farmland. These were: The government expected these lines to not recover the cost in the short term, but to open up land for farming wheat to "strengthen the backbone of South Australia". They were built using second-hand rails, and were the first in the state to use steel sleepers.
 * Waikerie railway line Karoonda north to Waikerie (opened December 1914) closed 14 March 1990 to Galga, 4 March 1994 to Karoonda
 * Alawoona north to Loxton (opened February 1914) closed 2015
 * Brown's Well north to Paringa (opened October 1913), closed to Alawoona December 1990 then Tailem Bend August 2015
 * The Peebinga railway line east from Karoonda covering the gap between the Pinnaroo and Brown's Well lines, opened 18 December 1914, closed 7 December 1990.

Later, the Moorook railway line was opened from Wanbi to Yinkanie (near Moorook) in September 1925, but closed in 1971. In 1928 the line was opened from Paringa to Renmark and Barmera; it closed in 1990.

The last of these lines was the Loxton railway line which was converted to standard gauge in 1998. It closed with the transfer of the grain traffic to road after July 2015. Viterra announced that no more grain would be carried by rail in the region after 31 July 2015, with the 2015 harvest to be entirely transported by road.

Southern narrow gauge lines

In 1876 a narrow gauge line known as the Kingston-Naracoorte railway line was built from Kingston SE to Naracoorte. In 1879, a railway was built between Beachport, Millicent and Mount Gambier. In 1887 they were linked by a line from Mount Gambier to Naracoorte and Wolseley on the broad gauge Melbourne–Adelaide railway, creating a break-of-gauge junction at Wolseley. It later had a branch line added from Wandilo to Glencoe.

The Mount Gambier-Heywood railway line, a broad gauge line, was opened between Mount Gambier and Heywood near Portland in 1917. From 1953 to 1956, the southeastern lines were converted to broad gauge, with the exception of the Beachport – Millicent and the Wandilo – Glencoe line, which were closed down in 1957. The Kingston – Naracoorte was closed on 28 November 1987. The other southeastern lines, including the line to Heywood, have been out of use since the standardisation of the Adelaide – Melbourne and Maroona – Portland lines on 12 April 1995. There are regular calls for their standardisation.

Broad gauge lines
In 1857 the 42 km Gawler line was built to Gawler station, which was rural at the time, and extended to Roseworthy, Kapunda in 1860. The main line left the Kapunda branch at Roseworthy and proceeded to Hamley Bridge, Riverton, Burra in 1870. The Kapunda branch was extended to Morgan in 1878. The Burra line was extended to Terowie in 1880.

The Barossa Valley railway line was built from Gawler Junction, north of Gawler station, through what is now Gawler Central station, to Nuriootpa and Angaston in the Barossa Valley in 1911. A further branch was constructed from Nuriootpa to Stockwell and Truro. The Penrice branch to the quarry from near Stockwell was the last destination to operate beyond Gawler Central.

A branch line was built from Riverton to Clare in 1919 and Spalding in 1922. This line was lifted in the early 80s and parts of it have been restored as the Rattler Trail (Riverton to Auburn) and Riesling Trail (Auburn to Clare), a bicycle and walking trail through the Clare Valley.

In 1925, a broad gauge line was built from Salisbury to Redhill and in 1937, it was extended to Port Pirie to meet the extension of the standard gauge from Port Augusta. This line was converted to standard gauge in 1982, including a deviation at the northern end to move the rail junction from Port Pirie to Crystal Brook.

Western Division narrow gauge lines
The lines in the Mid North (generally north of Goyder's Line, which is the limit of 10" annual rainfall) were built to narrow gauge.

Upper Yorke Peninsula lines
The first narrow gauge line ran from Port Wakefield to Hoyleton, opened in 1870 and branched from Balaklava to Hamley Bridge in 1878, creating Australia's first break-of-gauge on the government railways.

A horse-drawn tramway was built by the Kadina and Wallaroo Railway and Pier Company between Wallaroo and Kadina in 1862 and extended to Moonta in 1866. This was acquired by the South Australian Railways in 1877 and a new narrow gauge line was built along its route and connected to Port Wakefield in about 1878. A line was built from Brinkworth to Snowtown, Bute and Kadina in 1879. These lines were converted to broad gauge in 1927. All the lines west of the Adelaide–Crystal Brook standard gauge line and the line from Snowtown to Brinkworth were closed after the Adelaide – Crystal Brook line was opened in 1982, despite proposals to convert some of them to standard gauge.

There are calls to convert the Wolseley to Mount Gambier line to standard gauge. This partly reflects the lifting of restriction on the road transportation of grain Australia-wide that followed recommendations of the 1986-88 Royal Commission into grain storage, handling and transport. This particularly affected South Australian railways because of the short distances between the growing areas and its various wheat exporting ports. The Snowtown to Wallaroo Broad Gauge was converted to Dual Gauge (Standard/Broad) during the late 1980s.

North Mount Lofty Ranges lines
A line was built from Balaklava to Brinkworth and Gladstone by 1880 and later extended to Wilmington. The Hamley Bridge – Balaklava – Brinkworth – Gladstone line was converted to broad gauge in 1927, making Gladstone a break-of-gauge junction. In 1969, when the line from Port Pirie to Broken Hill was converted to standard gauge, Gladstone became a three-gauge break-of-gauge junction (together with Peterborough and succeeding Port Pirie, which had been reduced to two gauges). In the 1980s, the broad gauge line north of Balaklava and the narrow gauge line were closed, leaving Gladstone as a purely standard gauge station.

A narrow gauge line was built from Terowie to Peterborough in 1881, creating a break-of-gauge at Terowie, although the enforced train change created an opportunity for General Douglas MacArthur to deliver his famous line "I shall return" at Terowie station on 20 March 1942. The break-of-gauge was not overcome until the Terowie – Peterborough line was converted to broad gauge in 1970, to meet new the standard gauge from Port Pirie to Broken Hill, but it was abandoned by 1988.

The narrow gauge line was extended to Orroroo also in 1881 and Quorn in 1882, connecting with the new line from Port Augusta. This line has now been abandoned.

A narrow gauge railway was built from Port Pirie to Gladstone, Peterborough and Broken Hill, in 1888 to serve the Broken Hill silver and lead mine, which was becoming the largest and richest of its kind in the world. Since the New South Wales Government would not allow the South Australia railway to cross the border, the last 30 km was built by a private company as a tramway, the Silverton Tramway from Cockburn to Silverton and Broken Hill. In 1970 the line was converted to standard gauge, completing the standard transcontinental gauge line from Sydney to Perth.

The Great Northern Railway
The Great Northern Railway was completed from Port Augusta across the Pichi Richi Pass to Quorn in 1879, Hergott Springs (now known as Marree) in 1883 and Oodnadatta in 1891. It was extended to Alice Springs by the Commonwealth Railways in 1929, when it was renamed the Central Australia Railway.

In 1957, the new standard gauge line was built from Stirling North (near Port Augusta) to Marree on a new alignment west of the Flinders Ranges and the narrow gauge line between Hawker and Marree was abandoned. The remainder of the narrow gauge line between Stirling North, Quorn and Hawker was abandoned in 1972, although the Stirling North – Quorn section has been taken over by the Pichi Richi tourist railway (with a more recent extension into the town of Port Augusta completed in 2001). The narrow gauge line from Marree to Alice Springs was abandoned with the opening of the new standard gauge railway from Tarcoola to Alice Springs in 1980. The standard gauge line from Stirling North has since been abandoned north of the Leigh Creek Coalfield.

Eyre Peninsula lines
The isolated SAR Port Lincoln Division was built to narrow gauge, all of it lightly built since its purpose was to promote agricultural development of the area. Construction started with a railway between Port Lincoln and Cummins, opened in 1907. The network grew until 1950, when its length was 767 km. It was vitally important in its early days since roads were few and unmade; communities throughout the Eyre Peninsula relied totally on the SAR for transport of their produce to port, supplies for their everyday needs, and passenger transport. As roads improved, however, "roadside goods" traffic declined, usually to one train a week, and passenger services ceased in 1968. Meanwhile, from the mid-1960s, a transition took place from bagged grain traffic in open wagons to bulk grain hopper wagons in point-to-point unit trains, vastly improving efficiency. The system ended in 2019 when grain distributor Viterra moved to road haulage. , the only remaining operational part of the original Port Lincoln Division was the 65 km long Lake Macdonnell–Thevenard railway, on which Aurizon ran three gypsum unit trains a day.

The steel industry company, BHP, developed two separate systems on the peninsula. The so-called BHP Whyalla Tramway, a 112 km long heavy-haul iron ore line from the Middleback Range to the Whyalla Steelworks, opened in 1901 and is still operational. The Coffin Bay Tramway, also a heavy-haul line but built to, opened in 1966 and closed in 1989. It conveyed mineral sand 39 km from Coffin Bay to Proper Bay on the outskirts of Port Lincoln.

Northern Territory railway

The Northern Territory was part of South Australia from 1863 to 1911, when it was transferred to Commonwealth control.

The Palmerston and Pine Creek Railway was a narrow gauge railway and ran from Darwin, once known as Palmerston, to Pine Creek.

The John Cox Bray Government in South Australia introduced the Palmerston and Pine Creek Railway Bill in 1883. The £959,300 contract went to C & E Millar of Melbourne on the proviso that they could use Asian labourers. The line reached Pine Creek in 1888 and was officially opened on 30 September 1889. Singhalese and Indian gangs did the grubbing and earthwork and 3,000 Chinese labourers laid over 1 km of track per day. A total of 310 bridges and flood openings were built.

The Commonwealth Government took over the line in 1911 and renamed it the Northern Territory Railway. The line was extended to Katherine in 1917. Further extensions in the 1920s saw it eventually reach Birdum, just south of Larrimah, in 1929, when it was further renamed the North Australia Railway, to distinguish it from the Central Australia Railway, which reached Alice Springs from the south in the same year.

Although a railway line from Alice Springs to Darwin had been discussed for many years, the North Australia Railway was closed in 1976. However eventually the standard gauge Adelaide to Darwin Railway was finally completed on 17 September 2003 with the line between Alice Springs and Darwin. The first freight train reached Darwin on 17 January 2004.

Adelaide suburban network
Adelaide's metropolitan rail network was the last of Australia's five major cities to be electrified. Almost $500 million in funding was provided in the 2008-09 State Budget for electrification and gauge conversion.

However, not all lines have finished electrification, and at this stage, the Belair line will not be electrified.

Mid North

 * Morgan railway line: Adelaide – Kapunda (1860), extended to Morgan in 1878, with junctions at Gawler and Roseworthy (now closed and dismantled beyond Kapunda)
 * Port Wakefield railway line: Port Wakefield – Balaklava – Hoyleton (opened 1870, closed and dismantled)
 * Port Broughton railway line: Port Broughton – Mundoora (1876) was horse-drawn uphill, and gravity-powered to carry bagged wheat down to the port (now closed and dismantled)
 * Peterborough railway line: Roseworthy – Burra (1870), later extended to Terowie (1880), then Peterborough, with junctions at Hamley Bridge and Riverton (now closed and dismantled beyond Burra)
 * Gladstone railway line: Hamley Bridge – Balaklava, continuing through Brinkworth to Gladstone (now closed and dismantled beyond Balaklava)
 * Balaklava–Moonta railway line: Balaklava – Kadina – Wallaroo – Moonta (1862 horse-drawn between Wallaroo and Kadina, 1878 to Port Wakefield, now closed and dismantled)
 * Brinkworth–Kadina railway line: Brinkworth – Snowtown – Bute – Kadina (1879, now closed)
 * Robertstown railway line: Eudunda - Robertstown (now closed and dismantled)
 * Barossa Valley railway line: Gawler to Penrice and Angaston in the Barossa Valley, the Penrice Stone Train carried limestone from a quarry at Penrice to soda works at Osborne, near Port Adelaide until June 2014 – (now mothballed)
 * Spalding railway line: Riverton to Clare and Spalding – closed, the easement is now used for the Riesling and Rattler rail trails through the lower Mid North and Clare Valley
 * Adelaide-Port Augusta railway line (part): Adelaide – Port Pirie

Branches from the Melbourne line

 * Mount Pleasant line (1918): Balhannah to Mount Pleasant via Oakbank, Woodside, Mount Torrens and Birdwood. Closed 1963 (tracks have since been totally removed)
 * Victor Harbor line: Mount Barker to Goolwa and Victor Harbor
 * Milang line (1884–1968): Sandergrove to Milang via Nurragi. A 13 kilometre spur line opened in 1884 and closed in 1970 (line dismantled)
 * Sedan line (1919): Monarto South north to Sedan (shortened to Apamurra before being closed). The rails from that section were reused in 2001 by the Pichi Richi Railway to extend their narrow gauge track from Stirling North to Port Augusta
 * Pinnaroo line (1907): Tailem Bend (south east of Murray Bridge) to Pinnaroo continuing into Victoria to Ouyen (mothballed in 2015)
 * Barmera railway line (1913): Tailem Bend – Karoonda – Meribah with later extensions to Paringa (Oct 1913), Renmark and Barmera(closed and dismantled)
 * Waikerie line: Karoonda to Waikerie (closed and dismantled)
 * Moorook line: Wanbi – Yinkanie (near Moorook) (Closed and dismantled)
 * Loxton line: Alawoona – Loxton (mothballed in 2015)
 * Peebinga line: Karoonda – Peebinga (near the state border between the Brown's Well district and Pinnaroo)
 * Mount Gambier line: Wolseley (between Bordertown and the state border) through Naracoorte to Mount Gamber. (closed pending standard gauge conversion)
 * Naracoorte – Kingston SE opened 1877, now closed and dismantled.
 * Wandilo – Glencoe opened 1904, now closed and dismantled.                   **Mount Gambier – Beachport to the west via Tantanoola and Millicent. Opened 1878, now closed and dismantled from Adelaide Road, Millicent to Beachport.
 * Mount Gambier – Heywood to the east, linking into the Victorian network, near Portland. (closed pending standard gauge conversion)

North

 * Port Pirie – Broken Hill (in stages from 1875, completed 1888, standard gauge since 1970)
 * Central Australia Railway: Port Augusta – Quorn (1879) – Marree (1883) – Oodnadatta (1891) – Alice Springs (1929) (narrow gauge) – closed in 1980
 * Peterborough–Quorn railway line: Peterborough – Port Augusta via Orroroo and Quorn (1881)
 * Port Pirie – Port Augusta (1937)
 * Stirling North to Marree line (standard gauge) (1957) replaced the narrow gauge line to Marree. Used to haul coal from Leigh Creek to power stations at Port Augusta until 2016.
 * Trans-Australian Railway: Port Augusta – Kalgoorlie, Western Australia – the first standard gauge line, built in 1917
 * Port Augusta to Whyalla line (1972) standard gauge
 * Tarcoola-Alice Springs line: Tarcoola – Alice Springs (1980)

Eyre Peninsula
Aurizon owns the Eyre Peninsula Railway lines
 * Port Lincoln – Thevenard (west of Ceduna) with junctions at Cummins and Yeelanna.
 * Thevenard to Penong (Via Kevin) (Kevin – Penong Surrendered to the Minister for Transport.no longer serviceable)
 * Cummins – Buckleboo (north of Kimba) (Kimba – Buckleboo Dormant)
 * Yeelanna – Kapinnie (Dormant)

Aurizon manages the BHP Whyalla Tramway
 * Whyalla – Iron Knob (private – owned by Arrium) – narrow gauge, opened 1901, carries iron ore
 * Whyalla (109 km) – Iron Baron (private – owned by Liberty House Group) opened 1930, extended to Iron Duke in 1990

BHP owned the Coffin Bay Tramway
 * Proper Bay (near Port Lincoln) to Coffin Bay to carry lime sand between 1960 and 1989

title: Rail transport in South Australia


text:
Ter Apel

Ter Apel (Gronings: Troapel) is a village with a population of 9,914 residents in the municipality Westerwolde in the northern Netherlands, in the province Groningen in the region Westerwolde. The town lies on the stream Ruiten Aa, which has the valley that together with the Ter Apeler forest belongs to the national network of nature reserves, the Ecologische Hoofdstructuur. An accommodation centre for refugees is located at Ter Apel, functioning as a "departure centre" for rejected refugees and a registration point, operated by the Centraal Orgaan opvang Asielzoekers. Ter Apel lies on the roads N366, N976 and N391. It forms the southern point of the border between Groningen and Drenthe, the Semslinie.

History
The town was founded at a monastery, which from the thirteenth century was a chief work of the Premonstratensians and from 1465 an institution of the Order of the Holy Cross. It was closed in 1594 due to the Protestant Reformation. In 1619 ownership of Westerwolde passed to the city of Groningen, with the monastery and its grounds included. Over time the city planted forests on these grounds. In 1931-1933 the remaining parts of the monastery were restored. In 1976 ownership of the monastery and the forests passed to the state forest managers, Staatsbosbeheer. The agricultural land was also purchased after 1976.

Since the 19th century, built-up strips have also formed due to Peat production from bogs along the Stads-Ter Apel canal in the direction of Stadskanaal, the Weerdingermond in the direction of Nieuw-Weerdinge, and in the direction of Emmer-Compascuum. In 1916 the Ruiten Aa canal was completed, which as of 2004 is again navigable for recreational boating. In the first half of the 20th century it was a hub for the rail and tram routes operated by the Eerste Drentsche Stoomtramweg Maatschappij (EDS), the Eerste Groninger Tramway-Maatschappij (EGTM), the Dedemsvaartsche Stoomtramweg-Maatschappij (DSM), the Stoomtramweg-Maatschappij Oostelijk Groningen (OG), and the Groningsch-Drentsche Spoorweg Maatschappij (Stadskanaal - Ter_Apel - national border) (STAR). Of these rail lines, in 2005 the aardenbaan in the forests at Ter Apel is still recognisable.

title: Ter Apel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lorna Nogueira

 * Votes for deletion/Lorna Nogueira/vote1 30 January, 2005
 * Votes for deletion/Lorna Nogueira/vote2 10 April, 2005
 * Votes for deletion/Lorna Nogueira/vote3 22 May, 2005


text:
Katri Helena

Katri Helena Kalaoja (born 17 August 1945) is a Finnish singer.

Career
Katri Helena released her first songs in 1963 and has since sold over 630,000 certified records, which makes her the second-best-selling female soloist in Finland behind Madonna and places her also among the top 20 best-selling music artists in the Finnish market. She has represented Finland twice in the Eurovision Song Contest: in 1979 with her song "Katson sineen taivaan" and in 1993 with "Tule luo". She also took part in the Sopot International Song Festival in Poland in 1969, singing "Valssi".

Personal life
Katri Helena has been married three times. She had two daughters and a son with her husband Timo Kalaoja, who died of a heart attack in 1988. His death affected her so much that she withdrew from public view and stopped performing and recording for four years. Her only son, Juha Kalaoja, died at age 33 on 29 April 2009.

Albums

 * Vaalea valloittaja (1964)
 * Puhelinlangat laulaa (1964)
 * Katri Helena (1966)
 * Katupoikien laulu (1967)
 * Paikka auringossa (1968)
 * Ei kauniimpaa (1969)
 * Kai laulaa saan (1971)
 * Lauluja meille kaikille (1972)
 * Kakarakestit (1973)
 * Kun kohdattiin (1973)
 * Paloma blanca (1975)
 * Lady Love (1976)
 * Ystävä (1978)
 * Katson sineen taivaan (1979)
 * Sydämeni tänne jää (1980)
 * Kotimaa (1981)
 * Minä soitan sulle illalla (1982)
 * Kirje sulle (1984)
 * On elämä laulu (1986)
 * Almaz (1988)
 * Juhlakonsertti (1989)
 * Anna mulle tähtitaivas (1992)
 * Lähemmäksi (1993)
 * Vie minut (1995)
 * Hiljaisuudessa (1996)
 * Missä oot (1998)
 * Leidit levyllä (2000)
 * Tässä tällä hetkellä (2004)
 * Elämänlangat (2006)
 * Hiljaisuudessa (2006)
 * Tulet aina olemaan (2009)
 * Valon maa (2011)
 * Sinivalkoinen (2012)
 * Taivaan tie (2014)
 * Niin on aina ollut (2015)

Singles

 * "Vasten auringon siltaa" (1974)
 * "Katson sineen taivaan" (1979)
 * "Tule luo" (1993)
 * "Vierellesi kaipaan" (with Jari Sillanpää; 2007)
 * "Taivaan tie" (2014)

title: Katri Helena


text:
Stewartia

 * Stewartia as described by Philibert Commerçon is a synonym of Dombeya.

Stewartia (sometimes spelled Stuartia   ) is a genus of 8-20 species of flowering plants in the family Theaceae, related to Camellia. Most of the species are native to eastern Asia in China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, with two (S. malacodendron, S. ovata) in southeast North America, from Virginia and Kentucky south to Florida and Louisiana.

They are shrubs and trees, mostly deciduous, though some species (e.g. S. pteropetiolata) are evergreen; the evergreen species form a genetically distinct group and are split into a separate genus Hartia by some botanists, but others retain them within Stewartia. The Asian species include both shrubs and trees, growing to 3–20 m tall, while the American species are shrubs growing 3–5 m tall, rarely becoming small trees. The bark is very distinctive, smooth orange to yellow-brown, peeling in fine flakes. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, serrated, usually glossy, and 3–14 cm long. The flowers are large and conspicuous, 3–11 cm diameter, with 5 (occasionally 6-8) white petals; flowering is in mid to late summer. The fruit is a dry five-valved capsule, with one to four seeds in each section.

The species are adapted to acidic soils, and do not grow well on chalk or other calcium-rich soils. They also have a high rainfall requirement and will not tolerate drought.

Etymology
The genus was named in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus to honour John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. Owing to a transcription error, Linnaeus was given the name as 'Stewart', and consequently spelled the name "Stewartia" (and continued to do so in all his subsequent publications). Some botanists and horticulturists, mainly in the past  but still widely in the UK    have interpreted Article 60 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature to consider "Stewartia" an orthographical error to be corrected to Stuartia, but this type of correction has been discouraged by changes to the code in recent times.

During the 19th century, the spelling Stuartia was "almost universally" used. However, the original spelling "Stewartia" has been accepted by virtually all systematic botanists in recent treatments of the family and genus   as well as in numerous influential horticultural publications.

Cultivation and uses
Several species of Stewartia are grown as ornamental plants for their very decorative smooth orange bark and their flowers produced at a time of year when few other trees are in flower.

Species
The following species are accepted:

 * Stewartia acutisepala P.L.Chiu & G.R.Zhong
 * Stewartia calcicola T.L.Ming & J.Li
 * Stewartia cordifolia (H.L.Li) J.Li & T.L.Ming
 * Stewartia crassifolia (S.Z.Yan) J.Li & T.L.Ming
 * Stewartia densivillosa (Hu ex Hung T.Chang & C.X.Ye) J.Li & T.L.Ming
 * Stewartia laotica (Gagnep.) J.Li & T.L.Ming
 * Stewartia malacodendron L.
 * Stewartia medogensis J.Li & T.L.Ming
 * Stewartia micrantha (Chun) Sealy
 * Stewartia monadelpha Siebold & Zucc.
 * Stewartia obovata (Chun ex Hung T.Chang) J.Li & T.L.Ming
 * Stewartia ovata (Cav.) Weath.
 * Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim.
 * Stewartia pteropetiolata W.C.Cheng
 * Stewartia rostrata Spongberg
 * Stewartia rubiginosa Hung T.Chang
 * Stewartia serrata Maxim.
 * Stewartia sichuanensis (S.Z.Yan) J.Li & T.L.Ming
 * Stewartia sinensis Rehder & E.H.Wilson
 * Stewartia sinii (Y.C.Wu) Sealy
 * Stewartia tonkinensis (Merr.) C.Y.Wu ex J.Li
 * Stewartia villosa Merr.

title: Stewartia