text:
Hilding Rosenberg

Hilding Constantin Rosenberg (June 21, 1892 – May 18, 1985) was a Swedish composer and conductor. He is commonly regarded as the first Swedish modernist composer, and one of the most influential figures in 20th-century classical music in Sweden.

Life and career
Born in Bosjökloster, he was an organist (completing his examinations in 1909), and as a young man a concert pianist and music teacher. In 1915 he began studying at the Stockholm Conservatory under Ernst Ellberg. Later teachers included Wilhelm Stenhammar (counterpoint) and Hermann Scherchen (conducting). Stenhammar included several of Rosenberg's early works in concerts he arranged. After the First World War, he toured Europe and became a prominent conductor. In 1920 he studied on a scholarship in Berlin, Dresden, Vienna and Paris, which brought formative contacts with Arnold Schönberg and Paul Hindemith.

In 1932 he was appointed coach and assistant conductor of the Royal Swedish Opera, becoming its chief conductor two years later, although from this point composing began to take a prominent part in his life to conducting.

While his earlier works display the influence of Sibelius, he soon led the way for Swedish composers to move away from the late Romantic style and became considered as somewhat radical. His output covered all genres, from his 14 works for string quartet (1920–1972) and eight symphonies (1917–1974, including his symphony no. 2 Grave, symphony no. 4 Johannes Uppenbarelse, fifth symphony Örtagårdsmästaren and sixth Sinfonia Semplice) as well as Piano Concerto no. 2 to songs. He wrote a considerable body of work for the theatre (around 50 scores in total), including nine operatic works.

He taught composition privately to amongst others Karl-Birger Blomdahl, Ingvar Lidholm, and Daniel Börtz. He opined that "One creates out of what has been before, out of the experiences of others, as well as those of oneself, out of everything one knows, has read, or been acquainted with".

His violin concerto features as part of the sound track of the 1936 film Intermezzo, directed by Gustaf Molander and starring Ingrid Bergman and Gösta Ekman. He also composed music for the 1944 film Hets (known in English as either Torment or Frenzy), directed by Alf Sjöberg from a screenplay by Ingmar Bergman.

Rosenberg was Vice-President of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1951–1953, received a honorary doctorate from Uppsala University in 1951 and was a honorary member of the International Society for Contemporary Music. He died in Bromma, Stockholm.

Symphonies

 * Symphony (no. 0) (1915–1916, withdrawn)
 * Symphony no. 1, op. 5 (1919, revised 1932, 1971)
 * Symphony no. 2, op. 62 Sinfonia grave (1934)
 * Symphony no. 3, The Four Ages of Man (1939, rev. 1943; 1949 with new third movement)
 * Symphony no. 4, The Revelation of John, for baritone, choir and orchestra (1940; Bible, Hjalmar Gullberg)
 * Symphony no. 5, Örtagårdsmästaren, for alto, mixed choir and orchestra (1944; Bible)
 * Symphony no. 6, Sinfonia semplice (1951)
 * Symphony no. 7, (1968, rev. 1968)
 * Symphony no. 8, In candidum, for mixed choir and orchestra (1974; Vilhelm Ekelund; rev. 1980 as Sinfonia serena)

Concertante

 * Suite in D major, op. 13 (1922, version for violin and orchestra)
 * Violin concerto no. 1, op. 22 (1924)
 * Trumpet concerto, op. 47 (1928)
 * Variation macabre över eget tema for violin and orchestra (1929, from the music of Dåren och döden, op. 50, revised in 1953 for violin and small orchestra)
 * Piano concerto (1930; unfinished, two movements)
 * Sinfonia concertante for violin, viola, oboe, bassoon and orchestra (1935)
 * Cello concerto no. 1 (1939)
 * A Small Piece for cello, strings and organ (1940)
 * Viola concerto (1942, rev. 1945, 1964; for viola and string orchestra)
 * Piano concerto (1950)
 * Violin concerto no. 2 (1951)
 * Cello concerto no. 2 (1953)
 * Riflessioni no. 1 for violin and string orchestra (1959)
 * 5 pieces for piano and string orchestra (1965)

Other orchestral music

 * 3 Fantasies for orchestra, op. 6 (1918)
 * Variations and passacaglia for large orchestra (1922)
 * Sinfonia da chiesa no. 1, op. 15 (1923, rev. 1950)
 * Chamber symphony, C major, op. 18 (1923)
 * Sinfonia da chiesa no. 2 (1924)
 * Suite on Swedish songs for string orchestra, op. 36 (1927)
 * Suite on De skapade intressena, op. 35 for chamber orchestra and organ (1927)
 * Suite no. 1 on De skapade intressena (Marionetterna) op. 31a for small orchestra and harp (1927)
 * Funeral music, op. 43 (1927; for Wilhelm Stenhammar)
 * Prelude to Yttersta domen (The Last Judgment) for small orchestra (1929)
 * Suite from Yttersta domen (The Last Judgment) for string orchestra (1929)
 * Suite no. 1 from Yttersta domen (The Last Judgment) op. 49 for large orchestra (1929)
 * Suite no. 2 for small orchestra from Marionetterna op 31b (1930)
 * Suite no. 1 from Livet en dröm for salon orchestra (1930)
 * Suite no. 2 from Livet en dröm for large orchestra (1930)
 * Suite from Moralitet (1930)
 * En festmarsch (1930)
 * De glada resenärerna (arr. for string orchestra) after Resa till Amerika (Voyage to America) (1932)
 * Symphonic Suite from Resa till Amerika (Voyage to America) (1934)
 * Overtura Piccola from Hus med dubbel ingång (1934, arr. for military band)
 * Dance Suite from Resa till Amerika (Voyage to America) for small orchestra (1935, arr. Yngve Sköld)
 * Dance Suite from Resa till Amerika (Voyage to America) (version for string orchestra) (1936, arr. Yngve Sköld)
 * Bergslagsbilder (Bergslagen Pictures) op 72, suite from film music for Bergslagsfolk (1937; Edvard Åkerberg)
 * Overture to Marionetter (1938)
 * Dance suite from Marionetter (1938)
 * Taffelmusik (Divertimento) for chamber orchestra (1939; revision of Taffelmusik for violin, cello and piano)
 * Dance Suite I Bergakungens sal, from De två konungadöttrarna (1940)
 * Djufar, suite for orchestra (1942)
 * Vindarnas musik, suite from Lycksalighetens for orchestra (1943)
 * Music from the ballet Orfeus i sta'n (Orpheus in the City) (1945)
 * Overtura Bianca-nera for string orchestra (1946)
 * Concerto no. 1 per orchestra d'archi (1946)
 * Partita for orchestra from Josef och hans bröder (Joseph and his brothers), (1947)
 * Concerto no. 2 for large orchestra (1949)
 * Concerto no. 3, Louisville Concerto (1954, rev. 1968)
 * Ingresse solenne del premio Nobel, festive overture (1952)
 * Lento per orchestra d'archi Elegie – Ungernkrisen (Elegy – Hungarian Crisis) (1956)
 * Riflessioni no. 2 for string orchestra (1960)
 * Riflessioni no. 3 for string orchestra (1960)
 * Metamorfosi sinfoniche no. 1 for large orchestra, from the ballet Salome (1963)
 * Metamorfosi sinfoniche no. 2, Andantino and theme with 7 variations from the ballet Salome (1963)
 * Metamorfosi sinfoniche no. 3, from the ballet Sönerna (The Sons) (1964)
 * Concerto no. 4 for string orchestra (1966)

String quartets
Violin and piano Other chamber music
 * String Quartet no. 1 op. 9 (1920, rev. 1923, 1955)
 * String Quartet no. 2 op. 21 (1924, rev. 1955)
 * String Quartet no. 3 op. 28 Quartetto pastorale (1926, rev. 1955)
 * String Quartet no. 4 (1939)
 * String Quartet 1942 (1942, unfinished)
 * String Quartet no. 5 (1949)
 * String Quartet no. 6 (1953)
 * String Quartet no. 7 (1956)
 * String Quartet no. 8 (1957)
 * String Quartet no. 9 (1957, rev. 1964)
 * String Quartet no. 10 (1957)
 * String Quartet no. 11 (1957)
 * String Quartet no. 12 Quartetto riepilogo (1957)
 * 6 Moments musicaux for string quartet, Carl Nielsen in memoriam (1972)
 * Suite for violin and piano in D major, op. 13 (1922)
 * Sonata for violin no. 1 op. 32 (1926)
 * Sonata for violin no. 2 op. 85 (1940)
 * Piano quintet in D major op. 3 (1917)
 * Trio for flute, violin and alto op. 11 (1920)
 * Sonatine for flute and piano op. 19 (1923)
 * Prelude and aria for violin and piano op. 25 (1925)
 * Trio for oboe, clarinet and bassoon op. 42 (1927)
 * Divertimento for string trio, op. 67 (1936)
 * Taffelmusik for violin, cello and piano (1939)
 * Serenade for flute, violin and viola op. 82 (1940)
 * Brass quintet (1959, rev. 1968)

Piano sonatas

 * Piano sonata no. 1 op. 17 (1923)
 * Piano sonata no. 2 op. 27 (1925)
 * Piano sonata no. 3 op. 20 (1926)
 * Piano sonata no. 4 op. 35 (1926)

Other piano music

 * 3 intermezzos for piano op. 1 (1916)
 * 8 plastiska scener (8 plastic scenes) for piano op. 10 (1921)
 * Suite for piano op. 20 (1924)
 * 11 small études for piano op. 24 (1925)
 * 2 pieces for piano (1927)
 * Improvisations for piano (1939)
 * Theme and variations for piano (1941, 17 variations)
 * 6 polyphonic études for piano (1945)
 * 11 new small études for piano (1949)
 * Sonatine for piano (1949)
 * De kära sekunderna (1962)

Organ

 * 4 choral preludes op. 38 (1927)
 * Fantasia and Fugue (1941)
 * Prelude and Fugue (1948)
 * Toccata, Aria Pastorale, Chaconne (1952)
 * Sequence 40 (1961)
 * Chorale Variations on the hymn Lover Gud i himmelshöjd (1965)
 * Fantasia in D minor

Violin

 * Sonata no. 1 for solo violin op. 12 (1920, rev. 1966)
 * Sonata no. 2 for solo violin (1953)
 * Sonata no. 3 for solo violin (1963, rev. 1967)

Other

 * Legend för valthor (1929)
 * Sonata for solo flute (1959, rev. 1965)
 * Sonata for solo clarinet (1960)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hilding Rosenberg


text:
Frood

Frood may refer to:

People

 * Elizabeth Frood, New Zealand Egyptologist and academic
 * Geoff Frood (1906–1995), Australian rules footballer
 * Herbert Frood (1864–1931), English inventor, industrialist and entrepreneur
 * Oren Frood (1889–1943), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Frood Fouladvand, Iranian monarchist who disappeared in 2007

Other uses

 * Frood Mine, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

title: Frood


text: User talk:209.204.75.202

title: User talk:209.204.75.202


text:
Talk:Monotone (software)

Untitled
Great article and improvement, Wmahan. Nicely timed to coincide with the announcement regarding Bitkeeper and the Linux kernel too, good show :) --Hooloovoo 18:48, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I hope the article expands further if and when Monotone becomes famous as the official tool of the kernel developers. :) Wmahan. 19:00, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)
 * Do you think that worth mentioning? I mean that Linus expressed an interest in the software on the kernel list, we could link to that post at the bottom? --Hooloovoo 19:21, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Good idea. I added a sentence to the article. If you notice anything else that I missed, feel free to add it. Wmahan. 19:53, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)
 * Shall do, much obliged :P --Hooloovoo 20:25, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ignorant Spout
I'm learning monotone myself and I find my learning process is more rigorous if I spout off as if I know what I'm saying. I've tried to check (or better yet, steal) most of my statements but I might have made a howler or two. Introduced the software infobox and removed passages that had become redundant as a result. Tried to slant the lede more toward monotone's distinguishing concepts/features/approach/controversies. If something looks seriously wrong it probably is, so go right ahead and fix it. Earlier I added Linus's comments about the badness of cherry picking. There seems to be a persistent misunderstanding among the casual users of SCM tools that more features is better, but with distributed systems, the feature that seemed like a good idea at first can come back and bite you in the foot. The McVoy comment about corruption leaking through the network and requiring $36,000 to fix could also be introduced here in reference to the extensive (and slow) integrity checks. Maybe once my understanding is deeper I'll flesh this out in a Monotone vs the world section, compare and contrast. Also took the opportunity to incorporate some new information as of the major 0.26 release. MaxEnt 09:45, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

--None] 13:07 3 Dec 2007 There is now a gui interface to monotone, called mtteam. We should put this in the article. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned comment added by 130.235.35.150 (talk) 12:08, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Monotone (software). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060829084117/http://oandrieu.nerim.net/monotone-viz/ to http://oandrieu.nerim.net/monotone-viz/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:21, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monotone (software)


text:
File:CodexManesseFol184vHartmannVonAue.jpg

Portrait of Hartmann von Aue from the Codex Manesse.

From here


text:
Lee Chi Ching

Lee Chi Ching (born 1963) is a Hong Kong manhua illustrator with the pen name "清兒". Lee began drawing comics and graphic novels in 1981. In 1992, he won an award for his watercolors at the Hong Kong Contemporary Art Biennial and had his work housed at the Hong Kong Museum of Art. He is the first cartoonist from Hong Kong to have his work published in Japan. His speciality is in historical manga, usually based on pre-existing classic novels, including the works of wuxia writer Louis Cha. His major works include Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin.

His works are usually published by CultureCom Comics, a Hong Kong publishing house.

His work Sun Zi's Tactics won the first International Manga Award that Japanese Government sponsored in 2007.

Manga works

 * Records of the Three Kingdoms (三國志) - based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms
 * Justice Bao (包青天)
 * Nameless Hero (無名英雄)
 * Strange Book (怪異集)
 * Sun Zi's Tactics (孫子攻略/孫子兵法)
 * Lie Shen (烈神)
 * The Eagle God (驚神)
 * Ghost Legend (鬼異傳奇)
 * Outlaws of the Marsh - based on Water Margin
 * The Legend of the Condor Heroes (射雕英雄傳) - based on The Eagle-Shooting Heroes
 * The Smiling, Proud Wanderer (笑傲江湖) - based on the novel of the same name

title: Lee Chi Ching


text: User talk:66.50.65.79

title: User talk:66.50.65.79


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Foreign Military One

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:34, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Foreign Military One
It's a made-up callsign in the film Die_Hard_2:_Die_Harder. Not notable enough for an entire article about it; not even notable enough for a mention in the article about the movie itself. delete. Ponder 18:49, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

 * I support deletion.
 * Point of notice, the progenitor of the article has removed the VFD notice from the page. —  THOR 19:05, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, movie trivia. Insufficient significance to merge to Die_Hard_2:_Die_ Fuckin' _Harder_With_A_ Goddamn _Vengeance_And_Gratuitous_Cursing.  Barno 20:11, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * nuke it, terminate it, just make it go away.  ALKIVAR ™ 20:41, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, trivial, cruft. Megan1967 02:43, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The creator of the article also added links to it from the articles about real presidential aircraft. Perhaps he believes it's true. --Calton | Talk 03:48, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: I am not made wiser by this article. Quite the opposite. Asriel86 06:00, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Extremely trivial movie trivia, at best. -- ChrisO 15:42, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I will not go back to this frownland.-Ashley Pomeroy 11:47, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Organized crime events

title: Category:Organized crime events


text:
Wan Air

Wan Air is a French airline based at Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia, France. It now operates privately for the pearl industry and has ceased public transport operations.

History
The airline was established and started operations in 1987. It operated mainly passenger charter services, but also operated some scheduled services to nearby islands - Bora Bora, Huahine and Raiatea, as well as to outer islands including the Marquesas Islands, Austral Islands and Tuamotus. On 28 November 2004, Wan Air stopped public transport operations and now operates privately for the pearl industry.

Fleet
As of August 2006 the Wan Air fleet includes:

title: Wan Air


text:
Jay Tavare

Jay Tavare is a Native American actor. He is known for portraying Vega in the 1994 film adaptation of the video game Street Fighter, and its video game tie-in.

title: Jay Tavare


text: Category:Organized crime terminology

title: Category:Organized crime terminology


text:
Brecon Cathedral

Brecon Cathedral (Eglwys Gadeiriol Aberhonddu), in the town of Brecon, Powys, is the cathedral of the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon in the Church in Wales and seat of the Bishop of Swansea and Brecon. Previously the church of Brecon Priory and then the Parish Church of St John the Evangelist, it became Brecon Cathedral following the disestablishment of the Church in Wales in 1920 and the creation of the diocese in 1923.

History
Because of the characteristic round shape of its churchyard, the cathedral is thought to be on the site of an earlier Celtic church, of which no trace remains. A new church, dedicated to St. John, was built on the orders of Bernard de Neufmarché, the Norman knight who conquered the kingdom of Brycheiniog in 1093. He gave the church to one of his followers, Roger, a monk from Battle Abbey, who founded a priory on the site as a daughter house of Battle. The first prior at Brecon was Walter, another monk from Battle. Bernard de Neufmarché also endowed the priory with lands, rights and tithes from the surrounding area, and, after his death, it passed to the Earls of Hereford, so giving it greater prosperity. The church was rebuilt and extended in the Gothic style in about 1215, during the reign of King John. In the Middle Ages, the church was known as the church of Holy Rood or Holy Cross, because it owned a great "golden rood" which was an object of pilgrimage and veneration until it was destroyed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century. The smoke-blackened roof of its hall was built between 1237 and 1267.

In 1538 the Prior was pensioned off, and the priory church became the parish church. Some of the surrounding buildings were adapted for secular use; and others, such as the cloisters, were left to decay and later demolished. By the 19th century, the church was in poor repair and only the nave was in use. Some restoration took place in 1836, but major renovation of the church did not start until the 1860s. The tower was strengthened in 1914.

The cathedral is a Grade I listed building.

In recent years, some of the buildings in the cathedral close have been converted into a diocesan centre, a heritage centre and exhibition, as well as a shop and "the Hours" restaurant.

Charles Lumley (1824–1858), awarded the Victoria Cross during the Crimean War, was buried in the cathedral churchyard.

Deans of Brecon
The present Dean is Paul Shackerley, who was appointed in September 2014, in succession to Geoffrey Marshall who retired earlier that year.
 * From the diocese's erection until 1939, the bishop was ex-officio dean; Roberts was Sub-Dean.
 * 1939–1949 (ret.): Edward Roberts, Vicar of Brecon
 * 1950–1964 (res.): William Jones, Vicar of St Mary's, Brecon
 * 1964–18 February 1967 (d.): Gwynno James, Vicar of St Mary's, Brecon and Battle
 * 1967–1978 (ret.): Ungoed Jacob, Vicar of St Mary's, Brecon and Battle
 * 1979–1982 (res.): Alwyn Rice Jones (became Bishop of St Asaph; later Archbishop of Wales)
 * 1982–1993 (res.): Huw Jones, Vicar of Brecon, Battle and Llanddew (became assistant bishop in Diocese of St Asaph; later Bishop of St Davids)
 * 1993–1998 (ret.): John Harris, Vicar of Brecon with Battle and Llanddew
 * 1998–2000 (ret.): Geraint Hughes
 * 2000–2008 (res.): John Davies (became Bishop of Swansea and Brecon)
 * 2008–2014 (ret.): Geoffrey Marshall
 * 2014–present: Paul Shackerley

Organists
A specification of the pipe organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

Organists

 * 1923 John Humphrey Carden
 * 1956 David Gwerfyl Davies (formerly organist of The Church of St. Nicholas, Kings Norton)
 * 1963 Michael Bryan Hesford (later organist of St Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray)
 * 1966 David Patrick Gedge
 * 2007 Mark Duthie
 * 2017 Stephen Power

Bells
There are ten bells, rung in the traditional full-circle manner of ringing, the tenor weight being 16 cwt.

title: Brecon Cathedral


text: User talk:68.100.42.10

title: User talk:68.100.42.10


text:
Talk:Active Desktop

If you're interested, I've included a formatted version on my user page. However I don't think that should be in the article. The unformatted version makes for a compact example. As an example the formatted version is too complex, so I'll just leave a note on this talk page. Shinobu 18:57, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

why are widgets so big right now and why didn't the chanels gain a comparable success?
 * Availability of useful ones. In the basics MacOS X widgets and Active Desktop items provide roughly the same functionality. The Mac does it a little better on the graphical side, but that's it. However, when AD was introduced it was not accompanied by a set of items that people actually wanted, or if there were, they were not advertised well. Whereas the Mac comes with widgets which the Mac users find useful. And that's why the Active Desktop is almost forgotten and widgets are in, I think. Shinobu 15:53, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Active Desktop Portal
I was working on this program last year, and I'm picking up on it. It's called Active Desktop Portal. It is a PHP/MySQL/Apache server that changes the wallpaper to a PHP script.

Advantages include: Using JPEG's for wallpaper (All versions of Windows convert JPEG images to BMP, even though you don't realise it) Dynamic Content (widgets) Snow, Rain, Flowers, etc. (animate your desktop) Compatibility (Works on 98/2000 and up - should work on Vista) http://adp.sourceforge.net/
 * Sounds interesting, although it should be noted that when the Active Desktop is turned on JPEGs can be used as a wallpaper directly. Of course, at some point a bitmap will have to be created for actual display, but that happens in memory. Shinobu 10:46, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Vista Replacement
The following should be important to note:

http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/windows-vista/bounty-program-success-active-desktop-replacement-for-vista/

I have no particular knowledge in how to add such a relatively important thing to the wiki, so i'll leave it up to someone with some seniority. --Vylen 13:40, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Turning Active Desktop off
"Turning Active Desktop off saves a bit of memory and improves the performance of low-memory PCs. There is a checkbox in Window's Display Properties dialog box to do this." -- I am sorry, but there is no such checkbox in my Window's Display Properties dialog box (Windows 98SE) -- 84.226.61.100 (talk) 20:11, 22 August 2008 (UTC) I agree - I am running Windows XP SP2 and IE 7 and do not have the option to enable or disable Active Desktop. I believe it is disabled in Group Policy. I would be interested to know what two settings in TweakUI would disable it.Hoturu (talk)

Wikipedia's search-box on the desktop
"a user could copy the following code to display Wikipedia's search-box on the desktop:" - Where to copy? -- 84.226.18.31 (talk) 22:43, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Windows98.png
The image Image:Windows98.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --05:53, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Active Desktop. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Active Desktop


text:
File:CodexManesseFol364rGottfriedVonStrassburg.jpg

Portrait of Gottfried von Strassburg from the Codex Manesse (Folio 364r).

From here


text:
The Smiling, Proud Wanderer

The Smiling, Proud Wanderer is a wuxia novel by Jin Yong (Louis Cha). It was first serialised in Hong Kong in the newspaper Ming Pao from 20 April 1967 to 12 October 1969. The Chinese title of the novel, Xiao Ao Jiang Hu, literally means to live a carefree life in a mundane world of strife. Alternate English translations of the title include The Wandering Swordsman, Laughing in the Wind, The Peerless Gallant Errant, and The Proud and Gallant Wanderer. Another alternative title, State of Divinity, is used for some of the novel's adaptations.

Plot
In the jianghu (martial artists' community), there is a highly coveted martial arts manual known as the "Bixie Swordplay Manual", which is the heirloom of the Lin family who runs the Fuwei Security Service in Fuzhou. The Qingcheng School's leader, Yu Canghai, leads his followers to massacre the Lins and attempts to seize the manual but does not find it. Yue Buqun, the leader of the Mount Hua School, — a member of the "orthodox" Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance — saves Lin Pingzhi, the Lin family's sole survivor, accepts him as an apprentice and trains him in swordplay.

The novel's protagonist is Yue Buqun's most senior apprentice, Linghu Chong, an orphaned, happy-go-lucky but honourable swordsman who has a penchant for alcoholic drinks. He befriends the notorious bandit Tian Boguang and saves Yilin, a nun from the (North) Mount Heng School, from Tian's lecherous advances. In the meantime, Liu Zhengfeng of the (South) Mount Heng School announces his decision to leave the jianghu and invites his fellow martial artists to witness his retirement ceremony. The event turns into a bloodbath when Zuo Lengchan, the chief of the Mount Song School, and other "orthodox" schools accuse Liu Zhengfeng of being unfaithful to their alliance by befriending Qu Yang, an elder of the "evil" Sun Moon Holy Cult. Liu Zhengfeng and Qu Yang are cornered by Zuo Lengchan and his men and eventually commit suicide. Before dying, Liu Zhengfeng and Qu Yang give Linghu Chong the score of "Xiaoao Jianghu" ("Laughing Proudly in the Jianghu"), a musical piece they composed together. (The Chinese title of the novel comes from the name of this fictional musical piece.)

Lin Pingzhi's entrance into the Mount Hua School causes Linghu Chong's romantic feelings for Yue Lingshan, Yue Buqun's daughter, to subside because she starts falling in love with Lin Pingzhi. At the same time, Linghu Chong's friendship with Tian Boguang leads him into trouble as it is against the Mount Hua School's rules to associate oneself with any jianghu lowlife or person from an "evil" school. His master punishes him by making him stay alone for a year in a secluded area on Mount Hua to reflect on his "misdeeds". During this time, he discovers carvings of swordplay techniques in a cave, practises them, and unknowingly familiarises himself with the skills of the other four sword schools and the counter-moves. He also encounters Feng Qingyang, a reclusive Mount Hua School swordsman, who teaches him the powerful skill Nine Swords of Dugu.

The self-proclaimed righteous Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance, though seemingly united, is constantly troubled by politicking and infighting among its members. Linghu Chong gets entangled in the conflicts and sustains serious internal injuries while using his newly mastered skill to defend his Mount Hua School fellows from attacks by Mount Song School members in disguise. The other schools mistake the Nine Swords of Dugu for the Bixie Swordplay, and wrongly accuse Linghu Chong of stealing the "Bixie Swordplay Manual" and keeping it for himself. Yue Buqun also becomes suspicious and secretly jealous of his apprentice's sudden leap in swordplay prowess.

While accompanying his master and Mount Hua School fellows on a trip to Luoyang, Linghu Chong encounters Ren Yingying, a key figure of the Sun Moon Holy Cult and falls in love with her. He also meets several jianghu lowlifes, who are friendly towards him and try to heal him. By then, Yue Buqun has grown tired of Linghu Chong's association with jianghu lowlifes so he abandons his apprentice. Linghu Chong also helps Ren Yingying fend off enemies of the Sun Moon Holy Cult and his injuries worsen over time. Eventually, she brings him to the Shaolin School to seek help. Linghu Chong later learns from Fangzheng, the Shaolin abbot, that Yue Buqun has publicly announced that he has expelled Linghu Chong from the Mount Hua School.

Linghu Chong sinks into despair as he is now an outcast of the "orthodox" side of the jianghu. After leaving Shaolin, he meets a stranger, Xiang Wentian, whom he saves from dozens of enemies. Xiang Wentian becomes sworn brothers with Linghu Chong and brings him to a manor in Hangzhou, where they find Ren Woxing (Ren Yingying's father), the former leader of the Sun Moon Holy Cult who was ousted from power by his deputy, Dongfang Bubai. Ren Woxing breaks out of captivity by knocking out Linghu Chong and using him as a decoy. While trapped inside the dungeon, Linghu Chong discovers carvings of Ren Woxing's infamous Cosmic Absorbing Power and learns the skill by chance. Ren Woxing returns to save Linghu Chong later and tries to persuade him to join the Sun Moon Holy Cult by offering him Ren Yingying's hand in marriage. Linghu Chong declines to join, but still helps Ren Woxing defeat Dongfang Bubai and regain control of the cult.

Linghu Chong becomes the new head of the (North) Mount Heng School, whose members are all nuns, after he unsuccessfully tries to save its leaders from a masked assassin. He attends a special assembly of the Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance called for by Zuo Lengchan, who attempts to coerce the other four schools into merging into the Mount Song School under his leadership. However, Zuo is defeated and blinded by Yue Buqun, who uses the Bixie Swordplay against him. Yue Buqun becomes the new leader of the alliance.

After leaving the assembly, Linghu Chong and Ren Yingying see Lin Pingzhi brutally slaying members of the Qingcheng School to avenge his family, and overhear a conversation between him and Yue Lingshan, who is now his wife. Lin Pingzhi reveals that both he and Yue Buqun have mastered the Bixie Swordplay, which is considered "unorthodox" because they need to castrate themselves to fulfill the prerequisite for learning it. Linghu Chong also learns that Yue Buqun, his respectable former master, is actually a villainous hypocrite who planned an elaborate scheme against Lin Pingzhi to seize the swordplay manual in the hope of dominating the jianghu. Lin Pingzhi then stabs Yue Lingshan to prove his loyalty to Zuo Lengchan, who is plotting revenge against Yue Buqun. Before Yue Lingshan dies, she makes Linghu Chong promise to spare Lin Pingzhi's life as she still loves him. Linghu Chong reluctantly agrees after considering his past romantic feelings for Yue Lingshan.

Yue Buqun schemes to kill Lin Pingzhi, who knows his secret, and seeks to silence him. Linghu Chong, despite his reluctance to be enemies with his former master, ultimately chooses to stop Yue Buqun and protect the innocent from his evil machinations. The finale climaxes with the members of the Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance being trapped in the cave on Mount Hua owing to Yue Buqun's treachery. The schools slaughter each other out of paranoia and distrust, ultimately leading to the alliance's dissolution. Linghu Chong defeats Lin Pingzhi and spares his life as he had promised Yue Lingshan, but permanently disables Lin Pingzhi to prevent him from hurting others again. Meanwhile, Yue Buqun is killed by Yilin while fighting with Linghu Chong during the frenzy.

After the collapse of the alliance, Ren Woxing plans an attack on the scattered and fragmented "orthodox" schools in order to unite the jianghu under the control of his "evil" Sun Moon Holy Cult. He tries to force Linghu Chong to join him, but dies at a crucial moment from a stroke. Ren Yingying becomes the new leader of the Sun Moon Holy Cult and successfully negotiates a truce between the "orthodox" and "evil" sides of the jianghu. Three years later, she passes the leadership to Xiang Wentian and marries Linghu Chong and they live happily ever after.

Sun Moon Holy Cult
The Sun Moon Holy Cult is based on Black Woods Cliff (in present-day Xibaipo, Hebei). Its origin is unclear, Martial artists in the jianghu often refer to the Sun Moon Holy Cult as the "Demonic Cult", as they previously did to the Ming Cult. Considered eccentric and heretical, the cult is a common enemy of the orthodox schools. Its members are known for engaging in various types of cult-like activities and committing heinous crimes. It was led by Ren Woxing until Dongfang Bubai ousts the former from power in a scheme. Dongfang treats his followers cruelly, forcing them to consume poison pills and giving them antidotes to temporarily ease their agony only if they obey him. Ren Woxing practises the "Cosmic Absorbing Power", which allows him to drain and absorb an opponent's inner energy, while Dongfang Bubai is said to be invincible after he mastered the skills in the Sunflower Manual.

Others

 * Qingcheng School
 * Fuwei Security Service
 * Shaolin School
 * Wudang School

Themes
In the afterword, Jin Yong mentions that The Smiling, Proud Wanderer can be read as a political allegory disguised as a wuxia novel. As an allegory, it can happen in "any dynasty or organisation". Jin Yong also stated in the afterword that after the novel was published, Vietnamese politicians had once used the names of Yue Buqun and Zuo Lengchan as derogatory terms against one another in parliamentary sessions.

Comics
A total of 26 volumes of the manhua series by Lee Chi Ching, titled State of Divinity, were published by Ming Ho in Hong Kong and M&C (Gramedia Group) in Indonesia.

Stage productions
In 2006, the Hong Kong Dance Company adapted the novel into a stage play, starring Rosanne Wong, Race Wong, Liu Yinghong, Su Shu, Chen Lei and Mi Tao, as a jubilee presentation to celebrate the company's 25th anniversary.

In 2010, the Yangtze Repertory Theatre of America presented the premiere of Laughing in the Wind: A Cautionary Tale in Martial Arts in New York City. The play was adapted and directed by Joanna Chan and featured 18 actors playing 26 roles.

Video games

 * From 2000 to 2002, Interserv International Inc. published three games adapted from the novel using a 3D engine.
 * Swordsman Online is a MMORPG developed by Perfect World. The game also features additional schools that do not appear in the novel.
 * Linghu Chong was a playable character in the 2008 PC fighting game Street Fighter Online: Mouse Generation.

title: The Smiling, Proud Wanderer


text:
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.

Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971), was a court case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States on December 14, 1970. It concerned employment discrimination and the disparate impact theory, and was decided on March 8, 1971. It is generally considered the first case of its type.

The Supreme Court ruled that the company's employment requirements did not pertain to applicants' ability to perform the job, and so were unintentionally discriminating against black employees. The judgment famously held that "Congress has now provided that tests or criteria for employment or promotion may not provide equality of opportunity merely in the sense of the fabled offer of milk to the stork and the fox."

Facts
In the 1950s, Duke Power's Dan River Steam Station in North Carolina had a policy restricting black employees to its "Labor" department, where the highest-paying position paid less than the lowest-paying position in the four other departments. In 1955, the company added the requirement of a high school diploma for employment in any department other than Labor, and offered to pay two-thirds of the high-school training tuition for employees without a diploma.

On July 2, 1965, the day the Civil Rights Act of 1964 took effect, Duke Power added two employment tests, which would allow employees without high-school diplomas to transfer to higher-paying departments. The Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test was a test of mechanical aptitude, and the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test was an IQ test measuring general intelligence.

Whites were almost ten times more likely than blacks to meet these new employment and transfer requirements. According to the 1960 Census, while 34% of white males in North Carolina had high-school diplomas, only 18% of blacks did. The disparities of aptitude tests were far greater; with the cutoffs set at the median for high-school graduates, 58% of whites passed, compared to 6% of blacks.

First instance and appeal
The federal district court initially ruled in favor of Duke Power, accepting that Duke Power's former racial discrimination policy has been abandoned. On referral to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, the appellate court upheld the ruling that the intelligence tests administered by Duke Power did not reflect any discriminatory intention, and so they were not unlawful under the Civil Rights Act.

Supreme Court
The Supreme Court ruled that under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, if such tests disparately impact ethnic minority groups, businesses must demonstrate that such tests are "reasonably related" to the job for which the test is required. Because Title VII was passed pursuant to Congress's power under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, the disparate impact test later articulated by the Supreme Court in Washington v. Davis, 426 US 229 (1976) is inapplicable. (The Washington v. Davis test for disparate impact is used in constitutional equal protection clause cases, while Title VII's prohibition on disparate impact is a statutory mandate.)

As such, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits employment tests (when used as a decisive factor in employment decisions) that are not a "reasonable measure of job performance," regardless of the absence of actual intent to discriminate. Since the aptitude tests involved, and the high school diploma requirement, were broad-based and not directly related to the jobs performed, Duke Power's employee transfer procedure was found by the Court to be in violation of the Act.

Chief Justice Burger wrote the majority opinion.

"Warren e burger photo.jpeg]] The Court of Appeals' opinion, and the partial dissent, agreed that, on the record in the present case, 'whites register far better on the Company's alternative requirements' than Negroes. This consequence would appear to be directly traceable to race. Basic intelligence must have the means of articulation to manifest itself fairly in a testing process. Because they are Negroes, petitioners have long received inferior education in segregated schools, and this Court expressly recognized these differences in Gaston County v. United States, 395 U.S. 285 (1969). There, because of the inferior education received by Negroes in North Carolina, this Court barred the institution of a literacy test for voter registration on the ground that the test would abridge the right to vote indirectly on account of race. Congress did not intend by Title VII, however, to guarantee a job to every person regardless of qualifications. In short, the Act does not command that any person be hired simply because he was formerly the subject of discrimination, or because he is a member of a minority group. Discriminatory preference for any group, minority or majority, is precisely and only what Congress has proscribed. What is required by Congress is the removal of artificial, arbitrary, and unnecessary barriers to employment when the barriers operate invidiously to discriminate on the basis of racial or other impermissible classification.

Congress has now provided that tests or criteria for employment or promotion may not provide equality of opportunity merely in the sense of the fabled offer of milk to the stork and the fox. On the contrary, Congress has now required that the posture and condition of the job seeker be taken into account. It has—to resort again to the fable—provided that the vessel in which the milk is proffered be one all seekers can use. The Act proscribes not only overt discrimination, but also practices that are fair in form, but discriminatory in operation. The touchstone is business necessity. If an employment practice which operates to exclude Negroes cannot be shown to be related to job performance, the practice is prohibited.

On the record before us, neither the high school completion requirement nor the general intelligence test is shown to bear a demonstrable relationship to successful performance of the jobs for which it was used. Both were adopted, as the Court of Appeals noted, without meaningful study of their relationship to job performance ability. Rather, a vice-president of the Company testified, the requirements were instituted on the Company's judgment that they generally would improve the overall quality of the workforce.

The evidence, however, shows that employees who have not completed high school or taken the tests have continued to perform satisfactorily, and make progress in departments for which the high school and test criteria are now used. The promotion record of present employees who would not be able to meet the new criteria thus suggests the possibility that the requirements may not be needed even for the limited purpose of preserving the avowed policy of advancement within the Company. In the context of this case, it is unnecessary to reach the question whether testing requirements that take into account capability for the next succeeding position or related future promotion might be utilized upon a showing that such long-range requirements fulfill a genuine business need. In the present case, the Company has made no such showing.

The Court of Appeals held that the Company had adopted the diploma and test requirements without any 'intention to discriminate against Negro employees'. 420 F.2d at 1232. We do not suggest that either the District Court or the Court of Appeals erred in examining the employer's intent; but good intent or absence of discriminatory intent does not redeem employment procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as 'built-in headwinds' for minority groups and are unrelated to measuring job capability.

The Company's lack of discriminatory intent is suggested by special efforts to help the undereducated employees through Company financing of two-thirds the cost of tuition for high school training. But Congress directed the thrust of the Act to the consequences of employment practices, not simply the motivation. More than that, Congress has placed on the employer the burden of showing that any given requirement must have a manifest relationship to the employment in question.

The facts of this case demonstrate the inadequacy of broad and general testing devices, as well as the infirmity of using diplomas or degrees as fixed measures of capability. History is filled with examples of men and women who rendered highly effective performance without the conventional badges of accomplishment in terms of certificates, diplomas, or degrees. Diplomas and tests are useful servants, but Congress has mandated the common sense proposition that they are not to become masters of reality."

Significance
Griggs v. Duke Power Co. also held that the employer had the burden of producing and proving the business necessity of a test. However, in Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio (1989), the Court reduced the employer's (Wards Cove Packing Company) burden to producing only evidence of business justification. In 1991, the Civil Rights Act was amended to overturn that portion of the Wards Cove decision—although legislators included language designed to exempt the Wards Cove company itself.

David Frum writes that Griggs redefined discrimination from meaning unequal treatment to meaning failure to make special allowances for the historically-imposed circumstances of protected groups.

Although private employers with 15 or more employees are subject to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, it was held in Washington v. Davis (1976) that the disparate impact doctrine does not apply to the equal protection requirement of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Thus, lawsuits against public employers may be barred by sovereign immunity.

title: Griggs v. Duke Power Co.


text:
Talk:Wool

What is wool? It is never mention in the article, anywhere.
All the article talks about is where wool comes from, how we use it, and what we think about it. No where is there any sign at all of the chemical composition of wool. Let alone how wool keratin protein differs from that of human hair, for example. Or what role grease plays. Odd! (Trumpism) --77.175.246.205 (talk) 22:57, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

Superwash wool yarn
Could we add something about superwash wool? As I understand it there are two methods which result in a wool which won't shrink or felt. Also, we should add the pros and cons of superwash wool. KannD86 (talk) 18:37, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I have the same question. What is the process to create washable wool? Kingturtle (talk) 02:33, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Cgoodwin. Thanks! Kingturtle (talk) 04:16, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I should have included it earlier. Cgoodwin (talk) 04:52, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Picture?
That picture of the sheep is overlapping some words. (This unsigned comment left at 17:13, 19 January 2006 by 147.222.188.230) sorry — Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.202.39.15 (talk) 11:22, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

Flocculent
sorry to jump in to your comments here my computer seems to be in charge. my question i looked up flocculent??? wool??? (This unsigned comment left at 21:15, 20 January 2006 by 24.17.78.245)

 * This is what used to be at the flocculent page before it was changed to point here: flocculent is an adjective describing something appearing fluffy or woolly. Compare flocculant. --Ali@gwc.org.uk 23:10, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I was researching flocculents yesterday and instead of going to a page on them at Wikipedia my entry of "flocculent" redirected me to wool. The redirect for "flocculent" should be to the Wikipedia page on Flocculation here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculation, rather than wool, the above adjectival relation notwithstanding.  A link at the latter to the former would suffice.  I do not know how to do/undo redirects.  Who can correct this and/or offer advice on how-to.  Thank you.  Wikiuser100 (talk) 12:30, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Fire resistance?
Unlike synthetic fibers, is wool fire resistant/retartant? (This unsigned comment left at 15:55, 28 January 2006 by 216.254.113.62)
 * Not significantly afaik; its chief advantage in fires (which it shares with other natural fibres) is that it will burn cleanly rather than melting onto skin, seats, etc. Incidentally, please type ~ at the end of your posts to sign them. /blahedo (t) 21:13, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

According to the wool scientists, wool is harder to ignite than all untreated sysnthetic fibres used in equivalent products (higher ignition temperature); it has lower rate of flame spread; low heat release and low heat of combustion; doesn't melt or drip; forms a char which is insulating and self-extinguishes; and contributes less to toxic gases and smoke than other flooring products when used in carpets. Wool carpets are specified for high safety environments such as trains and aircraft. Wool is often specified for fire-fighter garments. PeterBaxter 08:27, 4 October 2006 (UTC) Wearability of wool near heat is the topic I believe the average reader would need to know. It is worn for cold weather. The article does not mention its PRIMARY use. And I have not seen it used as a flame retardant. This is not an article about random facts about wool. This should be what an average person should know. Wear wool for a fire and what will you wear in COLD WEATHER? COLD WEATHER calls for a warm product. WOOL IS NOT HYPO ALLERGENIC. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.102.171.99 (talk) 02:27, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

Virgin wool/new wool?
Hoping that someone might be able to add some content that explains what Virgin Wool is. Thanks. --Sferrier 19:04, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It is wool not used before; wool not processed or woven before. Eagle 20:33, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Most british wool isnt virgin wool... incidently most british wool comes from Wales :D Wolfmankurd 19:53, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Garments can be pulled apart and the wool reused; such wool is not virgin wool; recycled wool however is a small part of the industry.Charles Esson 04:42, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Is virgin wool a synonym for new wool? I've been buying yarn marked "pure new wool" from the UK for ages and never known what that meant. PoetrixViridis 02:38, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Virgin wool is a wool that has not previously been used in manufacture. Virgin wool is wool which has not been used before by anyone other than the sheep. It's sheared, cleaned, spun, and turned into the garment you have before you without ever having been another garment or fabric. The idea of recycled wool in one's clothing is alien to many these days. These days clothing is cheap and raw materials plentiful. If you walk into a department store and look at a selection of sweaters in a rainbow array of colors, chances are very few will be labeled "virgin wool" but at the same time not one will have a single recycled fiber in it. It wasn't always so, however. [see http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1772730]

"A bale of raw wool, or grease wool, straight fromt he sheep, can contain as little as 50 percent wool, the rest being wool grease, burs, seeds, and other vegetable matter, body salts, and dirt". In Wool, Fabric of History - National Geographic, May 1988. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.180.109.105 (talk) 14:01, 29 December 2007 (UTC) My understanding of the term virgin with wool is how many times it is combed or carded. If it is combed many times, it is a softer babylike, if you will, product. That is where the term comes from. Virgin used with olive oil is how many times it has been filtered. First run and original is used with new manufacture on other products. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.102.171.99 (talk) 02:36, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

Redirect?
Why does Fleece redirect here? → A z a  Toth 21:36, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Answer #1: Because it's just a name for unprocessed wool, so it doesn't deserve its own article.
 * Answer #2: Oh, unless you mean the synthetic material. :)  I've changed it from a redirect to a dab.  If there's yet another kind of fleece you were looking for, feel free to add it over there. /blahedo (t) 02:08, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Reverted Page
Someone changed the second paragraph maliciously, (changed wool to drool, inserted the word 'gay' a couple of times) so I changed it back to whatever it was right before that. I also put a brief definition of 'virgin wool' in the 'Uses' section. Cicatrix 04:03, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Systemic bias
I'm adding a systemic bias tag to this article, as it is clearly centered on the western tradition of a global concept. An article about wool should be about wool in general, providing an overview of sheep and goat wool and also alpaca wool, and derivative concepts like steel wool, and refer to the relevant main articles. Most of the current content should be moved to sheep wool. -Ahruman 09:51, 10 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Ahruman, this article *is* about sheep wool. There is a statement in the first paragraph to that effect:
 * "This article deals with the wool produced from domestic sheep."
 * And there is an otheruses tag included up the top also. I don't think it is an exclusively Western concept that "Wool" refers to sheep wool first. In English anyway it does. And for alpaca wool and steel wool, etc there are separate articles. Most people think of wool as sheep wool first. I think sheep wool being by far the most common sort of wool shuold stay in this article here. And discussion about other sorts of wool should go elsewhere. What do you think?
 * I changed the above sentence to say "explicitly" just to make it clearer and also added another sentence with links to the other fibres that use "wool" in their name or other animal furs called wool. I also removed the tag you put on. If your argument is that this article deals with sheep wool from a Western-only viewpoint then feel free to put it back. Thanks for raising all the same — Донама 02:20, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Production question
Why are details given about sheep flocks in the US when it produces just .77% of the global wool clip? It would be alright to leave the details about the US, but only if details are also given about countries that have significant levels of production, eg China and New Zealand. --Colourblind 04:29, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Because there are more English Wikipedia editors in the US than anywhere else. To bring back a balance I agree with you -- attention needs to be paid to add information about sheep husbandry outside the US. — Donama 04:50, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * If you have such information, write it in.PrometheusX303 07:03, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Wool contains Carbon Dioxide?
Maybe I just don't know wool science but the statement that wool contains carbon dioxide seems suspect such CO2 is a gas. I did some google searchs and found nothing about this. If this is is true it needs more explanation and a source (I was unable to find anything about it after a short google search) -- 67.101.146.57 20:00, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Glass fleeces is also a term to be included here. It can be used for immobilization of biomolecules

 * Wool does not contain Carbon Dioxide but it is a sink for carbon dioxide and glass fleece is based on glass fibers not on wool. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.180.109.105 (talk) 13:23, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Wool being made of protein molecules contains carbon and will produce Co2 when burned. It also contains hydrogen and produces water when burned. 98.164.72.24 (talk) 04:49, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

11/06 Overhaul
I've been making some pretty heavy changes to this page. I pretty much overhauled the references section, since there were, I think, three cited sources, and they were not cited consistently or in keeping with current standards. I did try to keep & update the sources that were there, but it was patchy guesswork in some instances, so please contribute if you have any insights on them.

As for new sections, I haven't even looked at the history or uses parts. I was in the middle of making a stub section on common breeds, but my browser ate it, and I don't know too much about breeds, other than they exist, so I was having trouble paring down the huge lists I found as sources into summaries anyway. I also found a better source (http://www.textilelinks.com/author/rb/971021.html) for the quality section than the somewhat scattered stuff that is there now - I'll try to integrate/re-do it when I have time.

Hopefully nobody takes offense at anything I've done I'm not much of an expert in this area, and appreciate any feedback you have in making this page better.

--Spyforthemoon 22:14, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

This http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/pubs/mt8380ag.pdf looks to be a good source to for grading information. Will do myself when I get time, or feel free to take initiative.--Spyforthemoon 16:45, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Fleece to yarn statistics

I have been researching the manufacturing process for wool and have been trying the answer the question "how many jumpers does a sheep produce per year".

Statistically on average sheep produce 8lb of fleece per anum. This site has been very informative about how wool is converted and the manufacturing process but it doesn't have any data on weight loss/gain between the two.

Spelling.
I am not the one who is trying to change the spelling. I am simply keeping others from changing its established and orginal spelling per WP:ENGVAR. I also corrected a few inconsistent spellings per WP:ENGVAR. --VMS Mosaic 22:21, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Strange that your corrections are always to the American version. Looks like bias

 * If you check my change history, you will find articles where I changed to the British spelling. I make the changes based strictly on WP:ENGVAR. Looks can be deceiving. --VMS Mosaic 22:35, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Have done. Thats why I said it looks like bias.

 * Please see Red Cabbage for a change I made to British. --VMS Mosaic 22:44, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Merge?
I suggest that virgin wool should be merged into this article - there's almost do information there, and what is there makes no sense. - PKM 03:58, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

The sentence there makes no sense- wool spun on the shoddy? Based on the linked definition, shoddy is reused wool or fabric, and one wouldn't spin on that. Also, the link for 'spun' is bad. I think the article is not worth saving- maybe make it redirect here? Loggie 03:04, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I second the motion to move the Virgin wool article into the Wool article. -- Blind  Eagle  talk ~ contribs  12:55, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. - PKM 16:31, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Introduction
This sentence bothers me: "It's kind of an itchy substance, and also pretty hot, too." While I agree that it would be useful information to include in the introduction, I think it could be said in a more encyclopedia-like and objective way. I suggest "Wool fibers are commonly used in winter clothing, as they are not a good conductor of heat. A downside to this, however, is the common itchiness that wearers of wool clothing experience." I don't know wether that loses some clarity, however. If anyone can improve that sentence, it would be greatly appreciated by all. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Miggyb (talk • contribs).
 * I removed the poorly worded sentence and added a fact tag for the last paragraph. -- Blind  Eagle  talk ~ contribs  15:52, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Hair of all camelides can be used: guanacos (albeit rare) and llamas too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.149.48.42 (talk) 13:56, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Perhaps there could be clearer distinction between sheep breeds and "fine animal hairs" given the growing issues with fraud and need for consumer protection.  US Customs and Border Protection Laboratory (CBPL) Methods chapter 51  indicates the distinction between fibers: 51-07 "Wool or Mohair"; 51-18 "Analysis of Wool, Fine or Coarse Animal Hair; Horsehair Yarn, and Woven Fabric". Substantial confusion on the issue may be minimized by providing a summary of the following with associated fact tags... "Specialty wool fibers" under the "Wool Names" section in the Wool Act states,"Although the specialty fibers listed above may be called simply wool, they also may be identified by their specialty fiber names: mohair, Cashmere, camel, alpaca, llama, vicuna. If the name of a specialty fiber is used, the percentage of that fiber must appear on the label."  The Federal Trade Commission indicates,"There is a three percent tolerance for fiber content claims on labels... No tolerance is allowed if the label states that a product contains one fiber (exclusive of allowed amounts of ornamentation or decorative trim)... The Wool Act and Rules do not provide any tolerance for the content of wool products."  (4DEdu (talk) 06:51, 20 February 2011 (UTC))

A woollen rug has protected a horse from severe burns when his trailer caught alight
This sort of statement is not a proper entry for an encyclopedia, specially because there are no references to such a fact. Even if properly referenced, such a statement does not belong to an encyclopedia. Please remove it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.180.109.105 (talk) 14:09, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Removed along with most of that section Geoff Plourde (talk) 04:39, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

There was a very amazing photo of this horse that saved from severe burns on the area covered by his woollen rug. The uncovered area and his trailer mate (rugged with a rug made from another fibre) were badly burned. Unfortunatley I did not keep a copy of the article which appeared in a Sydney Saddlery Catalogue. The "Firies" are kitted out in woollen garments for this reason as well as many others that may happen to be caught in a fire. Cgoodwin (talk) 10:10, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Why did someone delete my addition?
Why did someone delete my addition? I found that out in the vatican library. Please apoligise. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.144.54.105 (talk) 19:10, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Spelling
As per "Strong national ties to a topic". "An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation uses the appropriate variety of English for that nation" and this case nations!Cgoodwin (talk) 05:54, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but that is not the way WP:ENGVAR works. Wool did not originate in either AU or NZ. Your claim does not even come close to meeting the "strong ties" requirement.  VMS Mosaic (talk) 08:18, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The US supplies LESS than 1% of the world's woool and this is surely does not meet a "strong ties" requirement. Other Eng speaking countries supply about 38% of the world's wool. I dispute your comment that the world at large simply does not associate wool strongly with any particular nation(s). In this regard Australia distinctly leads in both quality and volume. Cgoodwin (talk) 21:50, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
 * First, I did not claim that the article has "strong ties" to any nation (e.g. the US). I am claiming that it doesn't have "strong ties" to any nation. My edit which started this issue is based on the "Retaining the existing variety" section of WP:ENGVAR. The article has been on my watch list since 2007, but I did not catch the newest non-consistent spellings until now because I have been down with back problems since October and am still recovering from back surgery, otherwise I would have fixed the spellings within a day or two.  I did not just come across the article and decide that it should have some particular dialect; instead I simply did what was needed to maintain its existing dialect.

 * Secondly, you are missing the point of the "Strong national ties to a topic" section of WP:ENGVAR:

An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation uses the appropriate variety of English for that nation. For example:

* Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (British English) * American Civil War (American English) * Institutions of the European Union (British or Irish English) * Australian Defence Force (Australian English) * Vancouver, B.C. (Canadian English)
 * In all of the examples, the articles are very clearly (aka strongly) nation(s) specific. Examples of wool articles which would be "strongly" nation specific:

* Australian wool production * Association of Australian wool producers * Australian wool standards
 * WP:ENGVAR is not intended to be used simply as an excuse to change the spelling dialect of an article to an editor's preferred dialect. The section you are attempting to apply is only meant to be used in cases that would be indisputable to an objective observer.  This article has been here seven years without anyone else claiming it is nation specific. When I made my first edit to it in 2007, Australia and New Zealand were barely mentioned except for in the section on production.

 * If you want, we can ask for a third opinion on whether wool is nation specific. VMS Mosaic (talk) 05:25, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I would appreciate a third opinion. I'm sure that you will be able to find to someone agree with you, probably ignoring the fact that ANZ did not have the advantage of the early web connections that the US had. Cgoodwin (talk) 04:55, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Hi, I'm your third opinion. I'd tend to agree that wool is not tied to any nation or language area, even though a lot of it is produced in AU+NZ. That hasn't always been true however, and it won't always be true. According to sheep they originated in mesopotamia. Anyway, long story short, I don't see any significant country tie here, so I think the MoS says the spelling that was first used in the article should be used? --fvw *  07:08, 15 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Hello, just thought I would give a comment on this as well since I saw this on the request page for third opinions. I agree that there is no strong tie to a particular nation.  Due to the historical and current use of wool virtually worldwide, saying it is a nation-specific topic in general would not be following the guidelines of WP:ENGVAR.  This is not like an article about a British king, or a city in the United States, it is a product which is wide ranging across many nations.  Just because production of wool is currently concentrated in certain countries does not make the entire general topic specific to those countries.  For that reason, according to the MoS, the original version of English used should stand.  Theseeker4 (talk) 18:16, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Stretch
That entire ph sounded like an ad for wool. Recovers its shape? Streches more than any synthetic fiber? Nonsense. The first ref I pulled up says that Spandex streches 600% and recovers its shape - that's 3x the claim made for wool. Deleted because even a fact tag wasn't going to save this ph. Bob98133 (talk) 17:57, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Static Resistant? Or Not?
I need to know if wool collects static electricity for a knitting project. This article says that wool does NOT collect static electricity. After doing some research on the web, I have found contradictory information. At it says that wool has the capacity to develop high positive electrostatic charges. In the wikipedia article it specifically mentions that wool carpet is less likely to create a static shock. The electrostatics.net site specifically mentions wools carpets as being more likely to create static shock. Now I am not sure which reference is correct. Can someone please clarify if wool truly does resist static or is inclined to create a positive static charge? If it does indeed have a high positive charge, then I believe the article should be changed. Thanks! Bgirl029 (talk) 18:33, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Marketing adjustment
I just updated the wool marketing australia section to include electronic trading and adjust the private treaty number sales % which is incorrect. I will put in the sources for the stats shortly. Someone should beef up the direct to mill section too. Tony Benson (talk) 05:10, 5 Jan 2010 (UTC)

ELs to be removed
These two ELs serve little purpose and provide little info. They should be removed. Posted per request in article to discuss prior to removal or addition of ELs.

 * Natural Colored Wool Growers Association
 * Australian Wool Fashion Awards

Bob98133 (talk) 14:48, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Title?
Perhaps this article should be renamed Wool (sheep) to avoid confusion with the many other forms of wool which have nothing to do with the commonest form of wool. Some of these include supposed other animal wools, steel wool, bronze wool, cotton wool, mineral wool and so on. Thoughts? Cgoodwin (talk) 02:11, 31 December 2010 (UTC)
 * A user looking for "wool" is most likely to be looking for sheep's wool; per PRIMARYTOPIC Wool is the correct title for this article. - PKM (talk) 03:51, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

MORE EXTERNAL LINKS NEEDED
This article should be better substantiated, so here are some links I have found:

 * "wool." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011.
 * "wool." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011.
 * "wool." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/wool
 * "wool." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/wool
 * "Textiles: Wool." Fabric Online. ThinkQuest, 2000. http://library.thinkquest.org/C004179/wool.htm 30 Jul. 2011
 * "Wool: the warm, cozy and incredibly soft fabric." Fabrics.net http://www.fabrics.net/fabric-facts/wool/ 30 Jul. 2011
 * Wool. (2011, April 14). New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved 09:15, July 30, 2011 from http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Wool?oldid=950777.

Why hasn't anyone used these links?114.73.173.89 (talk) 09:25, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

 * This article really needs more external links. ONLY ONE LINK?  I was not able to get my questions answered (Is wool anti-microbial?  Does wool minimize body odor?  What are its wicking properties?) and was frustrated by not getting further suggestions of where to go.  The Internet is a miasma of marketing hype and misinformation.  I understand that the page was subject to spamming efforts, but someone with editorial privileges PLEASE post some of the links mentioned here above and maybe the two I would suggest.  An inquiring public needs the facts:
 * http://www.dmoz.org/search?q=wool
 * http://www.pbs.org/weta/roughscience/series3/shakers/handcream.html
 * Star-lists (talk) 00:51, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

Scales?
The article doesn't really explain what is meant when it says wool has scales, and talks about scaling. Mohair says "While it has scales like wool, the scales are not fully developed, merely indicated.[2] Thus, mohair does not felt as wool does." What does that mean? Felt doesn't really explain that either. So really all three articles could use some work to make that more clear. Rifter0x0000 (talk) 03:11, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

 * An uncommon property of wool fibers is that they have microscopic barbs running along the length. Mechanical agitation such as hammering or agitating in a washing machine causes the barbs to link together, similar to Velcro.  Thus the felting is an irreversible and it causes shrinkage in all directions.  Any mention of "thickening" in this article is suspect.  I am familiar with this property of wool because it was used to make the press felts for paper machines.  These are the fabrics that transported the wet paper web through the press rolls and onto which the expressed water was absorbed.  I added a statement about this under the characteristics section, but no longer have the reference because wool for paper machine felts was replaced by synthetics decades ago.  Perhaps someone in the industry can supply a reference. [User:Phmoreno|Phmoreno]] (talk) 02:51, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

Hypoallergenic?
If wool is hypoallergenic, then why does it cause hives, which are usually allergic reactions? Is there another mechanism involved, and if so, could the article discuss this? 173.66.211.53 (talk) 19:29, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

I wondered about that too. I am violently allergic to it. Can't offer documentation to that effect, however. :P — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.187.100.202 (talk) 01:47, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

History
In the third paragraph in the section "History", there is a sentence that begins, "Both pre-industries". It is not completely clear to what, exactly, this refers. Three areas of production are mentioned earlier in this same paragraph: the Champagne Fairs and nearby production in places like Provins, production in the Low Countries, and production in central Italy. Something needs to be added to make it clear which pre-industries are meant by "Both pre-industries". Perhaps someone who knows the history could clarify this. – CorinneSD (talk) 17:40, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

Carbon footprint
I'm just wondering whether a section for "Carbon footprint" is necessary. I don't recall seeing this type of section in articles on other materials. The information just added to this article is encyclopedic. Perhaps it could be added to another existing section. CorinneSD (talk) 01:39, 5 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. Many things have carbon footprints, but I don't think it would be appropriate to add a similar section to the articles for every manufactured item. Mike Christie (talk - contribs -  library) 01:42, 5 July 2014 (UTC)

incomplete
You're not ready to use the wool when you have scoured it. You still have to comb, card, spin, dye, maybe some other things. They need to be discussed in this article in the order they have to be done. 108.18.136.147 (talk) 21:44, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

English / German Sheep Market
Sorry, this information is incorrect: The German wool market – based on sheep of Spanish origin – did not overtake British wool until comparatively late. - The german wool market start by a edict of Karl the great around 790 AD. In the middle of 15th. was the german family of Fugger start in wooltrading and wool clothes and exported it in a europe with many wars. They was a weaver, a Copper trading was her business for a short time. Around 1700-1750 the france king declared a import stop for german sheeps and slauther sheep in france. German sheeps was to cheap. German wool producer send now her sheeps about Flandern, Amsterdam and other nl citys. It was ideal connected and the complicated structures of german countrys find a clever way to break this france import stop. the center of wool was next to nl boarder, many floor names shows connection to wool productions.

A base of german sheeps in spain is nonsense, middle age races of german sheeps are genetic far away from spanish source but near to hanse network in baltic and northsea. They was not very fine, mostly the wool was used for army and poor peoples. the fine cloth market was in the hand of venedic or other italian citys and spain merino monopol. The spanish merino sheeps based of a moslem/arabian sheep import and was the finest in europe. They builded a merino monopol from 13-18th after the reconquista, was is broken around 1835 or so. To this time, in germany was more sheeps then humans incl. east prussia, silesia and polish pommern, but the live siuation for the workers was very very hard. A old gilde system from 13th-18th was the ground for this working situation. The last wolf is shot to this time. Many revoltes around 1835-1848 force the wool producers to outsourcing (juni 1844 the silesian revolte, background of The Silesian Weavers by Heinrich Heine, a other Author of "the capital" Karl Marx fleed 1844 in London exil, his friend friedrich engels was a clothing producer, settled 1845 in bruessel, than london and died in london exil). In only 4 years 1844-1848 germany has lost 95% of his sheeps, more than 6 mio was lost and in same time a plus of 6 mio sheeps in england. The english producers imported many merino sheeps from spain and remixed with old english races for better wool. The sheep breeding grew rapidly and many modern sheep races was created with fine merino wool. A second factor whas the industral revolution and with him came the manchester capitalism. England has now more than 8 mio sheeps for a short time. Result of this was the Factory Act of 1847, this bad image force the wool production to outsourced outside of england around 1845-1870 e.g. irland, island, america, australia and all other english colonies. 100% of australian sheep race based of english merino sheeps, many of american sheeps and sheep dogs came per import from england, they all have the same merino genetic with sources in spain merino sheep. around 1870 australia has more than 40 mio Sheeps, around 1890 was the highest sheep time with more than 68 mio sheeps, more than all other countrys in the world. The woldwide sheep production has exploded in not more than 30 years. Around 1844-1848 the german fortyniners (revoluzzer) arrived america in follow of german revolution of 1848, around 1850-1870 came a big wave of irish migration to america. Info: the german textil production is has a very very bad documentation, but i found a old studie from 1975 about this time with concrete information and i hope this can help to understand a realistic image of this time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.142.56.161 (talk) 21:17, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry. I cannot understand this. -Roxy, the PROD. . wooF 21:27, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

genetics and origin
Wool differs in several obvious ways from the fir or hair of most animals. It does not shed to maintain a constant length, but continues to grow, like human head hair. It is not straight like the hair of its wild relatives, and it is even-grained, lacking the coarse longer guard hairs over a fine downy layer in most other animals. It would be good to have something about the genetics controlling the various woolliness mutations in animals, and their relationship to domestication, and what selects against it in wild populations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Martino3 (talk • contribs) 17:27, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

Natural purpose of wool
This article doesn't explain why sheep and other mammals naturally grow wool and why wool protects such animals. Rather this article is more concentrated on human use and consumption. How does wool affect and benefit animals in summers and winters especially? George Ho (talk) 19:28, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wool


text:
User:Carnildo/Nospam

Please do not spam my talk page to solicit my support for either side in a WP:VFD, WP:IFD, WP:CFD, WP:TFD, WP:RFD, WP:VFU, or other deletion-related vote. Thank you.

title: User:Carnildo/Nospam


text:
Hearn Generating Station

The Richard L. Hearn Generating Station (named after Richard Lankaster Hearn) is a decommissioned electrical generating station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The plant was originally fired by coal, but later converted to burn natural gas. The plant has been described as "Pharaonic in scale", and encompasses 650 thousand cubic metres of space—large enough to fit 12 Parthenons inside. The plant is located at 440 Unwin Avenue in Toronto's Port Lands area, directly south of the foot of Carlaw Avenue, across the shipping channel and next to the recently opened Portlands Energy Centre. The Richard L. Hearn Generating Station, together with the nearby Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant sewage sludge incinerator stack and the Commissioners Street waste incinerator stack, stand as towering landmarks of a bygone industrial era in the Portlands area of Toronto (all three facilities are no longer in operation, but their towering smokestacks still stand). The property was sold to Studios of America in 2018.

History
The R. L. Hearn Generating Station was the site of Canada's first 100 MW steam turbo-generator set. The station sits in what was once Ashbridge's Bay, a shallow marsh that was filled in with rubble from downtown construction sites from 1911 to 1950s. The station was officially opened on October 26, 1951, by Leslie Frost, Premier of Ontario, with the first two units in service. Four units were in operation by 1953. The plant originally burned coal which was transported on ships through the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The station was designed by Stone & Webster. The turbine generators were built by Parsons in England and the boilers were made in Canada by Babcock & Wilcox (Cambridge, Ontario) and Combustion Engineering (Montreal, Quebec).

Construction on the station was not even finished in the 1950s when Hydro officials and the government began to talk about phasing out the plant with nuclear power and closing it. The early years were marked by difficult labour relations and several near strikes. Several unions were involved in conflicts with management and each other during the life of the station. The R. L. Hearn station was one of the founding locals of the Canadian Union of Operating Engineers and General Workers (CUOE Local 100) in 1960.

Operation as a coal-fired plant
The Richard L. Hearn plant reached full capacity of 1 200 MW for the first time on March 22, 1961. At full load the boilers burned about 400 tonnes of coal per hour, and the turbines and other equipment required about 36 million gallons of cooling water from Lake Ontario per hour. Total construction cost was CA$156 million. The turbine hall was almost 300 metres long and was an impressive sight, viewed from the visitor gallery on the west side of the plant where the offices were located. Units 1–4 (100 MW) had one turbine-generator each. The 200 MW units (5–8) had two turbine-generators per unit—an arrangement called tandem cross-compound—so there were a total of 12 turbine-generator sets in the turbine hall. At the peak of the R. L. Hearn's operation in the 1960s the station employed up to 600 people. Many Ontario Hydro (later Ontario Power Generation) operators, maintainers, technicians and professionals began their careers, and were trained at the station and then went on to work at other plants and Ontario's CANDU nuclear stations.

The station at first had four smaller chimneys, one for each of the four boilers. The construction of the four 200 MW units added four more chimneys. The last three were a bit taller than the first five. The eight short chimneys were a source of air pollution in local neighborhoods and downtown Toronto and also fly ash and other particulates. The station contributed to Toronto's smog problem.

The eight chimneys were demolished and electrostatic precipitators were added for the 200 MW units when the large smokestack was built. The new single tall smokestack was built in response to pressure to reduce smog in Toronto by the emerging environmental movement in the late 1960s. It stands 215 metres tall and was one of the tallest in the world, costing $9 million when it was completed in 1971. Air pollution in Toronto from the station was greatly reduced and the area around the plant became known as a good fishing and recreation spot.

Conversion to natural gas
By the end of 1971, the entire plant was converted to burn natural gas with four units retaining the option to burn coal. In December 1972, Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed called the billion cubic metres of Alberta natural gas the station was burning annually "an appalling waste of natural gas" at the price of about $0.035 per cubic metre, and he charged that Ontario was getting a "cheap ride" at Alberta's expense.

The station operated burning natural gas until 1983. Units 1–5 were mothballed between 1978 and 1979. Conversion to natural gas reduced pollution but increased operating costs and the plant's efficiency was much lower than today's combined cycle and cogeneration plants. The last three 200 MW units at the plant resumed burning coal along with natural gas but they were phased out of operation in July 1983, due to concerns about increased air pollution in Toronto and an abundant energy supply in the province. The staff level had been reduced to around 180 when power production stopped in 1983. Many of the workers took early retirement and others were transferred to other sites. Some of the generators were operated as synchronous condensers to improve power quality in Toronto and the electrical control room and switchyard continued to operate until 1995, with a staff of about 10.

In October 1985, Premier David Peterson's Liberal government proposed the re-opening the station using natural gas. It was only the first of numerous proposals to restart the plant, involving cogeneration, tri-generation, garbage incineration and eventually gas turbine combined cycle plants as new technologies were developed.

In June 1987, Ontario Progressive Conservative Party (PC) energy critic Philip Andrewes pushed the governing Liberal government to have the Hearn re-opened as a "non-polluting" natural gas power plant. In October 1988, PC member of provincial parliament Donald Cousens called for the addition of scrubbers to the Hearn and proposed to return the station to service.

On March 16, 1990, Ontario Hydro announced the restart of two units (7 & 8) to meet demand for the winter of 1991. The restart had a projected cost of $69 million. Work on the restart was well underway when the new New Democratic Party government of Premier Bob Rae cancelled the project.

Redevelopment plans
The site was designated as protected for future electricity development by the Mike Harris- and Ernie Eves-led Ontario Progressive Conservative Party. This was also done with all other existing publicly owned electrical generating stations during the deregulation of the Ontario electrical power system. The plant had all of the asbestos insulation removed and site remediation work was done in the 1990s. Former premier Mike Harris later mentioned his plans to build the Portlands Energy Centre on the site of the Hearn, but the actual plant, opened in 2008 sits next to Hearn.

In 2002, Ontario Power Generation announced that Studios of America and Comweb Group (headed by Paul Bronfman) would be leasing the property of the former generating station and had plans to construct a 28 thousand square metre multipurpose film production studio called Great Lakes Studios on the site. Most of the boilers and a large amount of other equipment were removed and sent to the scrapyard. This movie studio project was abandoned in 2006. Although the station did not become a movie studio, the R. L. Hearn interior and grounds were used in a number of movie productions over the years. , Studios of America still has long-term lease obligations for the Hearn site (32.5 years, according to the City of Toronto's Waterfront Secretariat, or 20 years, according to Studios of America). Subsequent reports indicated that the lease-holders are Paul Vaughan of Studios America and real estate developer Mario Cortellucci, with no reference to Comweb Group.

The Ontario government announced in April 2005 that the Portlands Energy Centre would not be part of the approved 2 500 MW of new power production in Ontario coming online in the next few years. The Independent Electricity System Operator warned of rolling black-outs in Toronto if 250 MW are not added by 2008, with an additional 250 MW required by 2010. However, in February 2006 this decision was reversed, a new plan emerged proposing a new plant be built next to the Hearn site. Toronto mayor David Miller lobbied to have Hearn restored in some capacity to provide that power rather than build a second plant, while nearby residents opposed any kind of power generation plant in the area.

A proposal was made by Enwave (the former Toronto District Heating Corporation) and Constellation Energy to install advanced gas turbines and cogeneration inside the station and restore the station's control rooms, turbine hall and building exterior as a historical, filmmaking and education centre. The Minister of Energy, Donna Cansfield rejected the proposal.

On September 18, 2006, an agreement was signed between the Provincial government, Ontario Power Generation and TransCanada Corp. to construct a gas-fired plant next to Hearn. The Portlands plant may eventually be co-generation, however it is being built as a combined cycle plant due to inability to negotiate contracts for cogeneration energy sales. The Portlands Energy Centre opened in June 2008 with simple cycle production and combined cycle operation scheduled for mid-2009. Extensive demolition of previously preserved areas of the station including the turbine hall began once Studios of America abandoned their plans for a film studio.

In 2006, proposal to build a $600 million transmission corridor from the Portlands plant to connect with higher voltage transmission lines north of Toronto was being discussed and opposed by resident and other groups. The transmission system that the R.L Hearn station supplied was a 115 kV network of buried and overhead lines and transformer stations in Toronto. The city has been supplied by stepdown transformer stations from the east and west since the R. L. Hearn closed, which are becoming overloaded, especially in the summer.

On June 21, 2010, architecture firm Behnisch Architekten presented a proposal for converting the Hearn site into a three-pad arena. This plan did not proceed. The facility remains in the hands of the lease-holders with options that include extensions lasting until 2041. The property is not suitable for residential development because it is too close to the Portlands natural gas generating plant.

Other uses
The nearly abandoned plant attracted photographers and urban explorers who published their work on websites and in photography exhibits in recent years. On June 15, 2008, Ryan Nyenhuis, an urban explorer trespassing in the plant fell three storeys into a coal chute, and was trapped for three hours when he became pinned under a steel plate. He suffered serious injuries and died two days later in hospital.

During the 1990s the Hearn Generating Station was used as a filming location in many Canadian television productions, including Goosebumps (it served as the Dark Falls Chemical Factory on the Season 2 episode Welcome to Dead House), Once a Thief and Animorphs. It was usually used to substitute as an industrial factory because of its basic industrial appearance and its iconic tall smokestack. This trend decreased in the early 2000s but the generating station still appears on TV from time to time, including in 12 Monkeys from 2015 to 2018 as Raritan Valley National Laboratory, the home of a time machine in a post apocalyptic world. In 2010, the station was used as the backdrop for the climactic scene of the movie RED, other scenes of which were shot in the Toronto area. In 2018, the station was also used for a location shoot for the Star Trek: Discovery episode "Brother". Additionally, it was used as a film location for Shazam! (film). Furthermore, the station was also used as a filming location for Disney Channel original films (DCOM) Zombies 2, known formally in the Disney trilogy as Seabrook Power and is where the musical number 'Flesh & Bone' takes place.

On June 5, 2014, the building was used for the Toronto Luminato Festival Big Bang Bash, their 2nd annual fundraising gala. It also featured the Yves Saint Laurent Opening Night Party later that evening. In 2015 the building was used for UNSOUND hosted by Luminato Festival. In 2016 Luminato Festival used the building for its festival hub where Sunn O))) performed for the first time.

title: Hearn Generating Station


text:
Chudnovsky brothers

David Volfovich Chudnovsky (born January 22, 1947, in Kyiv) and Gregory Volfovich Chudnovsky (born April 17, 1952, in Kyiv) are Ukrainian-born American mathematicians and engineers known for their world-record mathematical calculations and developing the Chudnovsky algorithm used to calculate the digits of $\pi$ with extreme precision.

Careers in mathematics
As a child, Gregory Chudnovsky was given a copy of What Is Mathematics? by his father (Volf Grigorovich Chudnovski, a Soviet-Ukrainian professor of technical sciences) and decided that he wanted to be a mathematician. As a high schooler, he solved Hilbert's tenth problem, shortly after Yuri Matiyasevich had solved it. He received a mathematics degree from Kyiv State University in 1974 and a PhD the following year from the Institute of Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

In part to avoid religious persecution and in part to seek better medical care for Gregory, who had been diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disease, the Chudnovsky family applied in 1976 for permission to emigrate from the Soviet Union. Although the family was harassed by the KGB for attempting to leave the country, the brothers were eventually able to secure their emigration with the help of United States Senator Henry M. Jackson and mathematician Edwin Hewitt.

A 1992 article in The New Yorker quoted the opinion of several mathematicians that Gregory Chudnovsky was one of the world's best living mathematicians. David Chudnovsky works closely with and assists his brother Gregory.

Despite their accomplishments and the attention brought to them by their profile in The New Yorker, the Chudnovsky brothers largely worked alone for decades. A 1997 Karen Arenson article in The New York Times theorized that this was due to some combination of the brothers' lack of a specialization (they worked on topics including number theory, applied physics and computers), Gregory's medical condition, their refusal to leave New York City and their insistence on being hired together. In the summer of 1997, they were hired as professors at Polytechnic University in Brooklyn after borough president Howard Golden helped find funding for their salaries.

The Chudnovsky brothers have held records, at different times, for computing π to the largest number of places, including two billion digits in the early 1990s on a supercomputer they built (dubbed "m-zero") in their apartment in Manhattan. In 1987, the Chudnovsky brothers developed the algorithm (now called the Chudnovsky algorithm) that they used to break several π computation records. Today, this algorithm is used by Mathematica to calculate π, and has continued to be used by others who have achieved world records in pi calculation.

The brothers also assisted the Metropolitan Museum of Art around 2003 in the merging of a series of digital photographs taken of The Hunt of the Unicorn tapestries during their cleaning. PBS aired a program on its science show Nova, hosted by Robert Krulwich, that described the difficulties in photographing the tapestries and the math used to fix them.

The brothers later became Distinguished Industry Professors at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering, where they work on subjects such as graph isomorphism. Gregory was awarded the MacArthur Fellowship (also known as the "Genius Grant") in 1981.

title: Chudnovsky brothers


text:
Yngling (disambiguation)

The Ynglings were one of the oldest known Scandinavian dynasties.

Yngling or similar terms may also refer to one of the following:

 * Yngling (keelboat), a type of sailboat.
 * Ynglinga saga
 * Ynglingatal
 * The Yngling, a novel and serial by John Dalmas

title: Yngling (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Vincent Gigante

Untitled
I'm sorry to bother the author of this article but I was curious as to why Genovese Crime Family article is redirected here. Shouldn't it be redirected to the Genovese Family article (or vice versa ?) 209.213.71.78 19:08, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Question
Is that a typo where one paragraph he weighs 126 pounds and then the very next he weights 300 pounds with no mention of anything in between? REGULAR-NORMAL (talk) 05:04, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Feigning?
The article is unequivocal about the idea that Gigante was feigning his illness. Was this ever proven? presumably it was legally since he went to prison but shouldn't the article be more equivocal about the reality of his insanity?
 * In 2003 he acknowledge that he was faking it as part of a deal to avoid further charges. Clippership (talk) 13:35, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Costello
There is no mention of Gigante's attempted assassination of Frank Costello on May 2, 1957 while Gigante was Vito Genovese's driver. What's up with that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.199.250.34 (talk) 19:54, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Clean up
I have cleaned this article up to bring it in line with Manual of Style, including: Ground Zero | t 11:44, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * remove repeated links and links to plain English words per WP:CONTEXT
 * reduce length of links to actual article title by eliminating abuse of link piping
 * remove links to date per MOS:SYL
 * removed links to acronyms
 * fixed capitalization of headings per WP:MOS

Family Life
"...Yolonda Santasilia-Gigante (1902-May 10, 1997), a seamstress and maternal nephew of Dolores Santasilia." It appears to be an error since Vincent Gigante's mother Yolanda is described as a "nephew" and of what significance is Dolores Santasilla? Dick Kimball (talk) 17:25, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Vincent or Vincente?
What is the correct name? --Chricho ∀ (talk) 02:06, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Vincent. --Ted87 (talk) 02:36, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Minor detail
The article says Gigante would wear a bathrobe, slippers, and pajamas as he was walking around Greenwich Village. In fact, my dad, who was a federal prosecutor during the 80's, says that during this time period Gigante was infamous for wearing a bathrobe and slippers, with nothing underneath, and flashing FBI agents that attempted to question him; this was apparently so that they would have to put the fact that he had "exposed himself" in their reports. This may be a small detail, but I think it goes to showing just how elaborate Gigante's hoax was and why it was so difficult to prosecute him. I really wish I could find a source for this. Quodfui (talk) 23:18, 2 October 2013 (UTC)
 * He was probably referencing this incident: "An official who tried to serve Gigante with a subpoena once entered his mother's apartment and found the gangster naked in the shower--with an umbrella over his head." Quodfui (talk) 23:35, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vincent Gigante


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