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User talk:Satanicbowlerhat

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 02:31, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, the welcome is overdue. Zzyzx11 | Talk 02:32, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Satanicbowlerhat


text:
Talk:List of United States Navy ghost fleets

Untitled
This article should be consolidated with "Reserve Fleet". Leonard G. 02:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I believe you're right, with a redirect from "ghost fleet."Bbpen 12:30, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No, the present Reserve Fleet describes Navy (DoD) facilities. This page (and others) are MARAD (DoT) facilities. However some cleanup is definately called for as "Reserve Fleet" is ambiguous. And Ghost fleet can refer to both Navy and MARAD fleets, I think. --J Clear 13:53, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Upon further review RF isn't totally Navy. --J Clear 23:55, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Hudson
Until 1969 or so, there was a MARAD Reserve Fleet in the Hudson River. This should be added to this page, to allow linking from historical ship pages. --J Clear 13:53, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:YendorMej

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

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Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 02:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of SIDSPACE

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title: User talk:YendorMej


text:
Talk:Reserve fleet

This article should be consolidated with "Ghost fleet". 21:53, 11 January 2007 User:Buckshot06 | talk

Boneyard
I deleted the reference incorrectly joining "bone yard" and "skeleton crew." A boneyard is a place where equipment, vehicles, aircraft or vessels are stored while being cannibalized "to the bare bones" for parts to keep other equipment running. 68.178.65.194 22:58, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

redundant?
"Recycling is another option as in the case of the Ghost Fleet of San Francisco the boats of which are set to be stripped of their paint, cut into pieces before being recycled."

Err, scrapping is recycling. Solicitr (talk) 17:51, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Merge with In ordinary?
This article and in ordinary seem to be the same topic. I would recommend merging if I was more knowledgable in this area. Since I am not, I am placing this post here and a similar one on the talk page of the other article. Hopefully somebody else who is more confident in their knowledge could chime in at some point. Dugan Murphy (talk) 13:08, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reserve fleet


text:
Aurora College

Aurora College, formerly Arctic College, is a college located in the Northwest Territories, Canada with campuses in Inuvik, Fort Smith and Yellowknife. They have learning centres in 23 communities in the NWT. The head office for Aurora College is located in Fort Smith.

Aurora College is the only post-secondary institution within the Northwest Territories.

Programs
Aurora College delivers programs at three campuses, 21 community learning centres and other community sites in the Northwest Territories. Aurora College delivers community-centred post-secondary programs that accurately reflect northern culture and the needs of the northern labour market. Aurora offers several certificate and diploma programs as well as the Bachelor of Education degree program and the Bachelor of Science in nursing program.

Athletics
Aurora College provides intramural sports, such as basketball, volleyball, soccer, badminton and hockey and recreational programs. Before the new Aurora Campus was built the old gymnasium (now torn down) in Inuvik was the largest in the Northwest Territories.

Residence
Aurora College provides a limited supply of accommodation for single students and for those with families.

Aurora College Community Learning Centres
The Aurora College has community learning centres in several communities, which deliver academic upgrading and community-based courses and programs, depending on demand and funding. Community learning centres are located in Aklavik, Deline, Fort Good Hope, Fort McPherson, Ulukhaktok, Norman Wells, Tulita, Tuktoyaktuk, Tsiigehtchic, Fort Providence, Fort Resolution, Fort Simpson, Hay River, Lutselk'e, Fort Liard and Hay River Reserve, Behchoko, Whatì, Gamèti, Wekweeti, and Dettah/N'Dilo.

Partnerships
Aurora programs prepare students for further education through university partners.

Scholarships and bursaries
The Government of Canada sponsors an Aboriginal Bursaries Search Tool that lists over 680 scholarships, bursaries, and other incentives offered by governments, universities, and industry to support Aboriginal post-secondary participation. Aurora College scholarships for First Nations, Inuit and Métis students include: Gail Marie Jones Scholarship; ATCO Continuous Academic Effort Scholarships; Enbridge Pipelines (NW) Inc. Bursaries; Town of Inuvik Scholarship; Diavik Diamond Mines Inc. Trades and Technology Bursaries; ATCO Developmental Studies Scholarships; ConocoPhillips Scholarship; Aurora Research Institute Awards and Fellowships.

History
In the 1970s, the Adult Vocational Training Centre (AVTC) was established. In 1981, the Adult Vocational Training Centre (AVTC) was declared a college and renamed Thebacha College. In 1984, Arctic College was established with campuses in Fort Smith and Iqaluit. The college grew to include campuses in each region of the Northwest Territories. The mandate was to deliver adult and post-secondary education.

In preparation for Nunavut's establishment as an independent territory, Arctic College was divided on January 1, 1995. Nunavut Arctic College was established to assume responsibility for Arctic College's operations in Nunavut with remaining Arctic College facilities in the western Arctic renamed to Aurora College. The Science Institute of the Northwest Territories was amalgamated with Aurora College in January 1995 and was renamed the Aurora Research Institute.

title: Aurora College


text:
Whilce Portacio

William "Whilce" Portacio (born July 8, 1963) is a Filipino American comic book writer and artist noted for his work on such titles as The Punisher, X-Factor, Uncanny X-Men, Iron Man, Wetworks and Spawn. Portacio was also one of the seven co-founders of Image Comics, though he did not become a full-partner in the company, and is therefore not a member of its board of directors.

Early life
Whilce Portacio was born July 8, 1963 in Sangley Point, Cavite City, Philippines. He grew up in places such as Midway Island and New Mexico before his family settled in San Diego, California. He began reading comic books at the age of ten, when his neighbor decided to get rid of her husband's collection, and through this, he discovered the work of creators such as Jack Kirby and Neal Adams, who were the two most important influences on Portacio's art. Though Portacio dreamed of becoming an astronaut, his height and eyesight did not meet the necessary requirements, which determined that art would be his vocation. In high school, he continued to create his comic books with his long-time friend, Scott Williams, who would one day be a prolific comic book inker in the industry.

Career
Portacio attended his first comic book convention in San Diego, where Marvel Comics editor Carl Potts, upon seeing Portacio's portfolio, offered him the job inking over Frank Cirocco and Chris Warner's pencils on the 1984 series Alien Legion. The following year, he inked over Art Adams' pencils on the 1985 miniseries Longshot.

Later he was given assignments as a penciller, and became noted for his work on such titles as The Punisher, X-Factor, and The Uncanny X-Men, for which he co-created the character Bishop with John Byrne. Bishop first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #282, published in November 1991.

Stan Lee interviewed Portacio in the 1991 documentary series The Comic Book Greats.

In 1992, Portacio left Marvel to co-found Image Comics with six other high-profile artists. He quickly withdrew from Image due to his sister's illness. He eventually published his title Wetworks through Jim Lee's Wildstorm imprint in 1994. Other notable series that Portacio worked on include Stone and Marvel's controversial Heroes Reborn storyline within Iron Man. At this time Portacio's artwork is notable for his impressive, action-packed splash pages with one character dominating the page borders.

In 1998, he started Avalon Studios with Brian Haberlin.

In August 2000, Portacio fell into a diabetic coma as a result of a failing pancreas. He woke up a week later, thirty pounds lighter, and unable to walk, stand or even draw. Only six months later was he able to pick up a pencil and draw. According to his blog, "My mind could see what I wanted to draw but my hand couldn't accomplish it."

In 2006, Portacio returned to his artistic duties at Wildstorm on Wetworks vol. 2, which was being written by Mike Carey. Portacio left the book with issue #6. He also began art duties on the monthly DC Comics series Batman Confidential.

On June 9, 2008, it was announced that Portacio would be the new artist on Spawn starting in October 2008 with issue #185, providing pencils with Spawn creator Todd McFarlane returning as co-writer with Brian Holguin as the new creative team.

Following his run on Spawn, he has done more work with Marvel. He contributed pencils to Hulk #18 in 2008 and had a run on The Uncanny X-Men.

Two pages of Portacio and Arthur Adams' Longshot were up for auction in the 2021 April 1–4 Comics & Comic Art Signature Auction in Dallas, where the starting prices were $2,600 and $6,250, respectively.

In July 2021, Marvel announced that Portacio was one of the various Asian artists for the book Marvel's Voices: Identity #1, in which he would contribute the art for the character Wave (Pearl Pangan).

DC

 * Authority, vol. 2, #14 (2004)
 * Authority, vol. 3, #6 (2005)
 * Batman Confidential #1–6 (2007)
 * Batman: Gotham Knights (Batman Black and White) #47 (2004)
 * Coup D'Etat: The Authority (2004)
 * Eye of the Storm Annual #1 (2003)
 * Stormwatch: Team Achilles #1–10 (2002–03)
 * Superman/Batman #57–59 (2009)
 * Wetworks vol. 2, #1–6 (2006–07)

Image / Top Cow

 * Artifacts, limited series, #5–8 (2011)
 * Darkness #84 (2010)
 * Deathmate #Black (among other artists) (1993)
 * Non Humans, miniseries, #1–4 (2012–13)
 * Image United #1–3 (2009–2010)
 * Spawn #185–192, 194–195, 197 (2008–2009)
 * Stone #1–4 (1998–1999)
 * Stone, vol. 2 #1–4 (1999–2000)
 * Tales of the Darkness #1–2 (1998)
 * Wetworks vol. 1, #1–9, 11–12, 14 (1994–96)

Marvel

 * Cable and X-Force #8 (variant cover) (2013)
 * Champions vol 2 #1 (variant cover) (2016)
 * Conan the Barbarian (cover) #243 (1991)
 * Daredevil Annual #5 (1989)
 * Darth Vader #1 (variant cover) (2015)
 * Deadpool: Black, White & Blood #1 (2021)
 * Deadpool: Seven Slaughters #1 (2023)
 * Fantastic Four, vol. 2, #4 (cover inks) (1996)
 * Hulk, vol. 3, #18 (2009)
 * Incredible Hulk, vol. 3, #2 (along with Marc Silvestri and Billy Tan), 4–7 (2011–12)
 * Iron Man, vol. 2, #1–3, 4 (cover), 6–8, 11 (1996–97)
 * Journey into Mystery #628–629, 631 (2011)
 * Kanan - The Last Padawan #1, 4 (variant cover) (2015)
 * Legion of Night #1–2 (1991)
 * Major X #3 (2019)
 * Marvel's Voices: Identity #1 (2021)
 * New Avengers, vol. 2, #18 (2011)
 * Prelude to Deadpool Corps, miniseries, #2 (2010)
 * Power Pack #46 (1989)
 * Punisher vol 1, #8–18 (1988–89); (cover) #19 (1989); vol 11 #7 (variant cover) (2017)
 * Spider-Gwen #1 (variant cover) (2015)
 * Spider-Man/Deadpool #9 (variant cover) (2016)
 * Strange Tales (Cloak & Dagger) #12 (1988)
 * Strikeforce: Morituri #1, 10, 16 (1986–87); (cover) #17 (1987); (cover inks) #19 (1988)
 * Stryfe's Strike File, one-shot (among other artists) (1993)
 * Uncanny Avengers vol 3 #3, 15 (variant cover) (2015-16)
 * Uncanny Inhumans #3, 15 (variant cover) (2016-17)
 * Uncanny X-Men vol 1(cover inks): #201 (1986); (full art): #267, 281–286, 289–290, 522, 526 (1990–92, 2010); (along with Leonard Kirk): #527–529 (2010); vol 4 #6 (variant cover) (2016)
 * X-Factor #63–69 (1991)
 * X-Force (full art): #102–105; (along with Paco Medina): #106, 107 (cover), 108, 109 (cover) (2000)

title: Whilce Portacio


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bro. Larry Timmons

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep (and move to better title) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:03, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bro. Larry Timmons
Non-notable person, improper title, highly POV, article does not corroborate accusations that the government was involved in his death, all speculation. RickK 02:35, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and improve. Compare Oscar Romero. Gazpacho 02:40, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The Romero article substantiates the accusations. This does not.  RickK 02:42, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, POV essay. Megan1967 07:40, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The article as currently written does not accuse the government of his death, but rather reports others accusations: "The Nakuru Diocese claimed in the local newspaper...". The governments version is also reported. The article seems to me to be NPOV.  The account of in the article is largely cooroborated by this report. This source also implies that Timmons might be considered a martyr. The article of course can be moved to a better title. Which leaves the issue of notability.  His case seems to have at least attracted the attention of the US State Dept. (here also and the European Parliament.  Dsmdgold 11:42, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep POV concerns have been addressed, verifiable incident. However article should be renamed - Brother Larry Timmons? -- Lochaber 10:49, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, much improved. However, I would echo Lochaber's concerns about the article name. -- Dcfleck 15:34, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Soil food web

The soil food web is the community of organisms living all or part of their lives in the soil. It describes a complex living system in the soil and how it interacts with the environment, plants, and animals.

Food webs describe the transfer of energy between species in an ecosystem. While a food chain examines one, linear, energy pathway through an ecosystem, a food web is more complex and illustrates all of the potential pathways. Much of this transferred energy comes from the sun. Plants use the sun’s energy to convert inorganic compounds into energy-rich, organic compounds, turning carbon dioxide and minerals into plant material by photosynthesis. Plant flowers exude energy-rich nectar above ground and plant roots exude acids, sugars, and ectoenzymes into the rhizosphere, adjusting the pH and feeding the food web underground.

Plants are called autotrophs because they make their own energy; they are also called producers because they produce energy available for other organisms to eat. Heterotrophs are consumers that cannot make their own food. In order to obtain energy they eat plants or other heterotrophs.

Above ground food webs
In above ground food webs, energy moves from producers (plants) to primary consumers (herbivores) and then to secondary consumers (predators). The phrase, trophic level, refers to the different levels or steps in the energy pathway. In other words, the producers, consumers, and decomposers are the main trophic levels. This chain of energy transferring from one species to another can continue several more times, but eventually ends. At the end of the food chain, decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead plant and animal material into simple nutrients.

Methodology
The nature of soil makes direct observation of food webs difficult. Since soil organisms range in size from less than 0.1 mm (nematodes) to greater than 2 mm (earthworms) there are many different ways to extract them. Soil samples are often taken using a metal core. Larger macrofauna such as earthworms and insect larva can be removed by hand, but this is impossible for smaller nematodes and soil arthropods. Most methods to extract small organisms are dynamic; they depend on the ability of the organisms to move out of the soil. For example, a Berlese funnel, used to collect small arthropods, creates a light/heat gradient in the soil sample. As the microarthropods move down, away from the light and heat, they fall through a funnel and into a collection vial. A similar method, the Baermann funnel, is used for nematodes. The Baerman funnel is wet, however (while the Berlese funnel is dry) and does not depend on a light/heat gradient. Nematodes move out of the soil and to the bottom of the funnel because, as they move, they are denser than water and are unable to swim. Soil microbial communities are characterized in many different ways. The activity of microbes can be measured by their respiration and carbon dioxide release. The cellular components of microbes can be extracted from soil and genetically profiled, or microbial biomass can be calculated by weighing the soil before and after fumigation.

Types of food webs

There are three different types of food web representations: topological (or traditional) food webs, flow webs and interaction webs. These webs can describe systems both above and below ground.

Topological webs
Early food webs were topological; they were descriptive and provided a nonquantitative picture of consumers, resources and the links between them. Pimm et al. (1991) described these webs as a map of which organisms in a community eat which other kinds. The earliest topological food web, made in 1912, examined the predators and parasites of cotton boll weevil (reviewed by Pimm et al. 1991). Researchers analyzed and compared topological webs between ecosystems by measuring the web’s interaction chain lengths and connectivity. One problem faced in standardizing such measurements is that there are often too many species for each to have a separate box. Depending on the author, the number of species aggregated or separated into functional groups may be different. Authors may even eliminate some organisms. By convention, the dead material flowing back to detritus is not shown, as it would complicate the figure, but it is taken account in any calculations.

Flow webs
Miosis build on interconnected food chains, adding quantitative information on the movement of carbon or other nutrients from producers to consumers. Hunt et al. (1987) published the first flow web for soil, describing the short grass prairie in Colorado, USA. The authors estimated nitrogen transferral rates through the soil food web and calculated nitrogen mineralization rates for a range of soil organisms. In another landmark study, researchers from the Lovinkhoeve Experimental Farm in the Netherlands examined the flow of carbon and illustrated transfer rates with arrows of different thicknesses.

In order to create a flow web, a topological web is first constructed. After the members of the web are decided, the biomass of each functional group is calculated, usually in kg carbon/hectare. In order to calculate feeding rates, researchers assume that the population of the functional group is in equilibrium. At equilibrium, the reproduction of the group balances the rate at which members are lost through natural death and predation When feeding rate is known, the efficiency with which nutrients are converted into organism biomass can be calculated. This energy stored in the organism represents the amount available to be passed on to the next trophic level.

After constructing the first soil flow webs, researchers discovered that nutrients and energy flowed from lower resources to higher trophic levels through three main channels. The bacterial and fungal channels had the largest energy flow, while the herbivory channel, in which organisms directly consumed plant roots, was smaller. It is now widely recognized that bacteria and fungi are critical to the decomposition of carbon and nitrogen and play important roles in both the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle.

Interaction web
An interaction web, shown above right, is similar to a topological web, but instead of showing the movement of energy or materials, the arrows show how one group influences another. In interaction food web models, every link has two direct effects, one of the resource on the consumer and one of the consumer on the resource. The effect of the resource on the consumer is positive, (the consumer gets to eat) and the effect on the resource by the consumer is negative (it is eaten). These direct, trophic, effects can lead to indirect effects. Indirect effects, represented by dashed lines, show the effect of one element on another to which it is not directly linked. For example, in the simple interaction web below, when the predator eats the root herbivore, the plant eaten by the herbivore may increase in biomass. We would then say that the predator has a beneficial indirect effect on the plant roots.

Bottom-up effects
Bottom-up effects occur when the density of a resource affects the density of its consumer. For example, in the figure above, an increase in root density causes an increase in herbivore density that causes a corresponding increase in predator density. Correlations in abundance or biomass between consumers and their resources give evidence for bottom-up control. An often-cited example of a bottom-up effect is the relationship between herbivores and the primary productivity of plants. In terrestrial ecosystems, the biomass of herbivores and detritivores increases with primary productivity. An increase in primary productivity will result in a larger influx of leaf litter into the soil ecosystem, which will provide more resources for bacterial and fungal populations to grow. More microbes will allow an increase in bacterial and fungal feeding nematodes, which are eaten by mites and other predatory nematodes. Thus, the entire food web swells as more resources are added to the base. When ecologists use the term, bottom-up control, they are indicating that the biomass, abundance, or diversity of higher trophic levels depend on resources from lower trophic levels.

Top-down effects
Ideas about top-down control are much more difficult to evaluate. Top-down effects occur when the population density of a consumer affects that of its resource; for example, a predator affects the density of its prey. Top-down control, therefore, refers to situations where the abundance, diversity or biomass of lower trophic levels depends on effects from consumers at higher trophic levels. A trophic cascade is a type of top-down interaction that describes the indirect effects of predators. In a trophic cascade, predators induce effects that cascade down food chain and affect biomass of organisms at least two links away.

The importance of trophic cascades and top-down control in terrestrial ecosystems is actively debated in ecology (reviewed in Shurin et al. 2006) and the issue of whether trophic cascades occur in soils is no less complex Trophic cascades do occur in both the bacterial and fungal energy channels. However, cascades may be infrequent, because many other studies show no top-down effects of predators. In Mikola and Setälä’s study, microbes eaten by nematodes grew faster when they were grazed upon frequently. This compensatory growth slowed when the microbe feeding nematodes were removed. Therefore, although top predators reduced the number of microbe feeding nematodes, there was no overall change in microbial biomass.

Besides the grazing effect, another barrier to top down control in soil ecosystems is widespread omnivory, which by increasing the number of trophic interactions, dampens effects from the top. The soil environment is also a matrix of different temperatures, moistures and nutrient levels, and many organisms are able to become dormant to withstand difficult times. Depending on conditions, predators may be separated from their potential prey by an insurmountable amount of space and time.

Any top-down effects that do occur will be limited in strength because soil food webs are donor controlled. Donor control means that consumers have little or no effect on the renewal or input of their resources. For example, aboveground herbivores can overgraze an area and decrease the grass population, but decomposers cannot directly influence the rate of falling plant litter. They can only indirectly influence the rate of input into their system through nutrient recycling which, by helping plants to grow, eventually creates more litter and detritus to fall. If the entire soil food web were completely donor controlled, however, bacterivores and fungivores would never greatly affect the bacteria and fungi they consume.

While bottom-up effects are no doubt important, many soil ecologists suspect that top-down effects are also sometimes significant. Certain predators or parasites, when added to the soil, can have a large effect on root herbivores and thereby indirectly affect plant fitness. For example, in a coastal shrubland food chain the native entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis marelatus, parasitized ghost moth caterpillars, and ghost moth caterpillars consumed the roots of bush lupine. The presence of H. marelatus correlated with lower caterpillar numbers and healthier plants. In addition, the researchers observed high mortality of bush lupine in the absence of entomopathogenic nematodes. These results implied that the nematode, as a natural enemy of the ghost moth caterpillar, protected the plant from damage. The authors even suggested that the interaction was strong enough to affect the population dynamics of bush lupine; this was supported in later experimental work with naturally-growing populations of bush lupine.

Top down control has applications in agriculture and is the principle behind biological control, the idea that plants can benefit from the application of their herbivore’s enemies. While wasps and ladybugs are commonly associated with biological control, parasitic nematodes and predatory mites are also added to the soil to suppress pest populations and preserve crop plants. In order to use such biological control agents effectively, a knowledge of the local soil food web is important.

Community matrix models
A community matrix model is a type of interaction web that uses differential equations to describe every link in the topological web. Using Lotka–Volterra equations, that describe predator-prey interactions, and food web energetics data such as biomass and feeding rate, the strength of interactions between groups is calculated. Community matrix models can also show how small changes affect the overall stability of the web.

Stability of food webs
Mathematical modeling in food webs has raised the question of whether complex or simple food webs are more stable. Until the last decade, it was believed that soil food webs were relatively simple, with low degrees of connectance and omnivory. These ideas stemmed from the mathematical models of May which predicted that complexity destabilized food webs. May used community matrices in which species were randomly linked with random interaction strength to show that local stability decreases with complexity (measured as connectance), diversity, and average interaction strength among species.

The use of such random community matrices attracted much criticism. In other areas of ecology, it was realized that the food webs used to make these models were grossly oversimplified and did not represent the complexity of real ecosystems. It also became clear that soil food webs did not conform to these predictions. Soil ecologists discovered that omnivory in food webs was common, and that food chains could be long and complex and still remain resistant to disturbance by drying, freezing, and fumigation.

But why are complex food webs more stable? Many of the barriers to top-down trophic cascades also promote stability. Complex food webs may be more stable if the interaction strengths are weak and soil food webs appear to consist of many weak interactions and a few strong ones. Donor controlled food webs may be inherently more stable, because it is difficult for primary consumers to overtax their resources. The structure of the soil also acts as a buffer, separating organisms and preventing strong interactions. Many soil organisms, for example bacteria, can remain dormant through difficult times and reproduce quickly once conditions improve, making them resilient to disturbance.

Stability of the system is reduced by the use of nitrogen-containing inorganic and organic fertilizers, which cause soil acidification.

Interactions not included in food webs
Despite their complexity, some interactions between species in the soil are not easily classified by food webs. Litter transformers, mutualists, and ecosystem engineers all have strong impacts on their communities that cannot be characterized as either top-down or bottom-up.

Litter transformers, such as isopods, consume dead plants and excrete fecal pellets. While on the surface this may not seem impressive, the fecal pellets are moister and higher in nutrients than the surrounding soil, which favors colonization by bacteria and fungi. Decomposition of the fecal pellet by the microbes increases its nutrient value and the isopod is able to re-ingest the pellets. When the isopods consume nutrient-poor litter, the microbes enrich it for them and isopods prevented from eating their own feces can die. This mutualistic relationship has been called an “external rumen”, similar to the mutualistic relationship between bacteria and cows. While the bacterial symbionts of cows live inside the rumen of their stomach, isopods depend on microbes outside their body.

Ecosystems engineers, such as earthworms, modify their environment and create habitat for other smaller organisms. Earthworms also stimulate microbial activity by increasing soil aeration and moisture, and transporting litter into the ground where it becomes available to other soil fauna. Fungi create nutritional niche for other organisms by enriching nutritionally extremely scarce food – the dead wood. This allows xylophages to develop and in turn affect dead wood, contributing to wood decomposition and nutrient cycling in the forest floor. In aboveground and aquatic food webs, the literature assumes that the most important interactions are competition and predation. While soil food webs fit these sorts of interactions well, future research needs to include more complex interactions such as mutualisms and habitat modification.

While they cannot characterize all interactions, soil food webs remain a useful tool for describing ecosystems. The interactions between species in the soil and their effect on decomposition continue to be well studied, but much remains unknown about soil food webs stability and how food webs change over time. This knowledge is critical to understanding how food webs affect important qualities such as soil fertility.

title: Soil food web


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wikipedia is Communism

Delete. This was a user who attempted to vandalise articles. He is counter-productive to the wikipedia spirit and therefore it is foolish to try to restore his destructive and POV message. Users who have been blocked indefinitely do not have the privelege of having their own user pages. He invalidly asserted that Wikipedia and communism's goal is to be totalitarian; neither of these are correct. In truth, both ideals closely represent that of a gift economy, one is of free software and the GFDL, and one has principles of egalitarianism - just that the latter applies in more narrow situations. There is a danger though. People like these endanger Wikipedia and free software so his original user page must not be allowed to exist. It is people like him who spread the insiduous issue of software patents and endanger Wikipedia and free software itself. -- Natalinasmpf 02:35, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Umm, you can't delete a user through VfD. android↔talk 02:55, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * But you can delete the user page. Although the user has been blocked, the user page still remains, and is contrary to the wikipedia spirit, and should be removed. Why do you people defend and endorse pro-vandal message? -- Natalinasmpf 02:56, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Slow down, kemosabe. "We people" (???) aren't "defending" or "endorsing" anything. The guy's obviously a troll. I just misunderstood your intentions, especially since this VfD nomination is improperly formatted and doesn't appear to be listed on the main page. android↔talk 02:59, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Invalid VfD. User pages are not deleted via this process. Nataliasmpf has been blocked for 24 hours for repeated vandalism of this User page, even though he/she was warned. RickK 03:02, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Invalid listing as per RickK. Zscout370 18:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Listing is invalid - the existence of vandal's userpages hardly implies support of them. Slac speak up!  00:24, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.177.171.52

title: User talk:69.177.171.52


text:
Rock music in Lithuania

Rock music has been performed and heard in Lithuania since the mid-1960s. At first, repression by the Soviet authorities meant that rock was performed only at illegal gatherings, while music from the West was available on Radio Luxembourg or smuggled records. As pressure eased somewhat, rock musicals began to be released, such as Velnio nuotaka ('The Devil's Bride') and Ugnies medžioklė su varovais.

Leading bands of the 1980s included Foje and Antis, and this period also saw the emergence of punk rock. Rock became less popular during the 1990s, although bands in a variety of genres were showcased in the annual Blogiausių grupių festivalis (Worst Bands Festival). A revival began around 2005, and prominent bands include SKAMP, the gothic rock band Siela, and the folk metal band Žalvarinis. A number of rock music festivals take place each year, including Mėnuo Juodaragis and Kilkim žaibu.

1960s-1970s
During this period, the Communist government of the Lithuanian SSR confronted rock music, which was considered a decadent and corrupting cultural invasion from the West. The younger post-World War II Lithuanian generation under Soviet rule had few means to get acquainted with popular Western music. One was Radio Luxembourg, the only radio station available on Soviet frequencies that played current, popular rock. Another means was to smuggle LPs of popular Western bands into Lithuania and copy them onto magnetic tape.

The Beatles were one of the first influences on Lithuanian rock musicians. The first local rock bands started to emerge around 1965 and included Kertukai, Aitvarai and Nuogi ant slenksčio in Kaunas, and Kęstutis Antanėlis, Vienuoliai, and Gėlių Vaikai in Vilnius, among others. Most of these bands did nothing more than play covers of The Beatles and Rolling Stones, sometimes adapting Lithuanian lyrics to these songs.

The dominance of covers bands started to change around 1968, when local artists started to explore original songwriting.

Such bands were popular at student parties, known as sessions. These parties were deemed illegal by the communist establishment, which considered them a corrupting influence. The most famous session of the time took place in Vilnius in 1971, when major local and Latvian bands performed before a crowd of several hundred - a huge number of people to attend such an event at that time. After the concert, its organizers were persecuted by the KGB.

In addition, a distinct genre of song formed during this period. Musicians like Vytautas Kernagis and Vytautas Babravičius created intimate acoustic ballads featuring their own lyrics and those of other Lithuanian poets.

Due to conditions imposed by the totalitarian regime, almost no records from this period survive to this day.

Despite the regime's stance against invasive Western culture, some musicals influenced by rock-and-roll managed to surface. For example, Andrew Lloyd Webber's rock-opera 'Jesus Christ Superstar' was staged by Lithuanian composer Kęstutis Antanėlis on December 25, 1971 at the Vilnius Academy of Art. It was the first staging of 'Jesus Christ Superstar' in Europe.

Lithuania's first and most popular movie musical 'Velnio nuotaka' ('The Devil's Bride'), written by Viačeslavas Ganelinas, was released in 1975. Its catchy melodies combine traditional folk motifs with a rock-and-roll rhythm. Spirited and emotional, The Devil's Bride tells the supernatural story of an impish devil who used to be an angel but got tired of singing Hosannah, and was thus condemned to live on Earth. From his home in a windmill, he pursued love and happiness in a hilarious and sometimes tragic tale of turmoil that affects the whole countryside.

Shortly afterwards, in 1976, another musical was staged. 'Ugnies medžioklė su varovais', with the music of composer Giedrius Kuprevičius and participation of Vytautas Kernagis and Gintarė Jautakaitė. This musical proved to be a huge success - during the period from 1976 to 1983 it was performed 185 times in cities and towns across Lithuania and the Soviet Union.

1980s
The emergence of home-grown rock and pop music in the 1960s and 70s was built upon with enthusiasm in the 1980s, during which time several influential Lithuanian bands emerged.

Hiperbolė
Somewhere around 1982 the band Hiperbolė started to gain popularity on the dancefloors of Lithuania. They played melodic tunes comparable to those of British band Smokie. Eventually, under heavy Soviet scrutiny, the group split up in 1985 but made a well-received comeback, with an album and several concerts, in 1996. They split up again in 1999.

Foje
1983 saw the emergence of one of the most famous, influential and popular Lithuanian rock groups, Foje. The group cited several influences, including the sound of The Stranglers, as well as the 1980s post-punk movement (for example the notable nod to Depeche Mode on Foje's 1990 electronica album Žodžiai į Tylą). These influences were combined with the often gloomy, desperate lyrics of the band's mastermind Andrius Mamontovas.

Foje became stars of national importance in 1986 after their appearance in the festival Lituanica 86 and a musical movie Kažkas Atsitiko (Something Happened). The group retained their star status until their split in 1997. Their farewell show in Vilnius on May 17, 1997, was attended by some 60,000 fans. Frontman Andrius Mamontovas pursues a successful solo career to this day. During his two-decade career both as a leader of Foje and as a solo artist he has written and recorded more than 20 platinum albums, as well as masterminding the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 entry We Are the Winners by LT United.

Antis
Antis was formed by a group of young architects in 1984. At their inception the band, led by frontman Algirdas Kaušpėdas, engaged in punkish experiments, but things changed considerably in early 1986 when the group developed an impressive horns section.

Petras Ubartas became responsible for the music of the band while Kaušpėdas concentrated on writing lyrics, which were full of irony and satire on the Soviet way of life.

Antis began to play in various semi-underground events and soon became well-known across the country - not least for their extravagant glam image. But the real hour of glory struck for Antis after they played in rock festival Lituanica 86.

Although the music of Antis embraced many aspects of new wave, they developed a unique and original style and sound of their own. Despite this, one of the group's biggest ever hits was Zombiai, a reworked cover of Men at Work song Down Under. In their late period, Antis began experimenting with complicated and hard-to-grasp jazz-rock structures.

The band released their first album in 1987, followed by their second and last in 1989 before the group split in 1990.

Antis staged many live shows in front of huge crowds in Lithuania and the Soviet Union, and toured throughout Europe and United States in 1989/1990.

Antis' first comeback took place in 1996 when they performed three big concerts in major Lithuanian cities. The second comeback occurred in 2003 on the occasion of the release of their four CD anthology Visa Antis. In December 2003, Antis performed a sell-out concert in Vilnius - their last appearance on the stage to date. In 2007 Antis reunited and have released two albums since reuniting.

Bix
Another phenomenon of the Lithuanian rock scene, Bix was formed in 1987 in Šiauliai. Built on ska riffs with Latin beats and socially-oriented, brave and ironic lyrics, the group soon became one of the most interesting local acts.

Bix were also well received by European audiences during 1993-1994, particularly in France, thanks to their intense touring. However, due to the declining interest in rock music in Lithuania they practically ceased their musical activity. Now Bix give gigs with a reformed line-up (though the frontman Saulius Urbonavičius is the same) on an occasional basis.

Katedra
Katedra - best known Lithuanian heavy metal band that formed in 1986 and year later became one of the most popular bands at the time. Its first record Mors Ultima Ratio got pretty well known in Europe. Katedra's success ended in the early 1990s when singer Povilas Meškėla left the band, though the band is still active to this day.

Punk scene
1986-1987 marked the appearance of the punk-scene in Lithuania. Bands like Už Tėvynę, SKAT, and Erkė Maiše were citing old fashioned punk 77, while others like 33% kiaulių pakeliui į Vatikaną and Turboreanimacija were more inclined towards hardcore punk (HC) stylistics. Turboreanimacija can undoubtedly be regarded as the most influential HC band of Lithuania, which in its time was well received by such fanzines as Maximum Rock 'n Roll in the US.

Their first up-tempo albums reminded listeners of early records from Scottish HC legends the Exploited, while later Turboreanimacija embarked on the power-punk road.

Turboreanimacija was disbanded in 1997 after granting themselves status of a cult-band among the Lithuanian underground.

More recent acts of this genre are ska-punk band 'Dr. Green' (who are famous for their numerous DIY activities and intensive touring through the punk scenes of Europe), street-punkers Toro Bravo and hardcorists Bora and Mountainside.

1990s
The 1990s in Lithuania can be described as a dead period with regard to rock music. The audience began to lose interest in rock in favor of local pop music. Therefore, almost the entire rock scene, with very few exceptions, went underground.

The main rock music event of this period was the annual Blogiausių grupių festivalis (Worst Bands Festival), in which underground rock bands were presented with a unique opportunity to introduce themselves to the public.

Some bands of this period were trying to build upon the music scene emerging in Manchester at the time (e.g. Lygiai Lyja, Šiaurės Kryptis) - often fairly successfully; while others preferred grunge, noise and psychedelic experiments (for example, SH, Empti, Blyškūs Veidai, Summerland, Dogbones). Skylė from Vilnius became the favorites of Lithuanian philology students due to their often acoustic, intimate sound and poetic lyrics. Airija (the name is Lithuanian for Ireland) from Alytus skillfully combined rock music with Irish folk melodies. Leader of Airija Darius Mileris currently resides in Dublin, Ireland and plays similar music to that of his former band in an outfit called Nojus.

Also during the 1990s, Fun-Punk bands Kamštis from Utena and Armatūra from Vilnius had huge success.

2000s
In the early 2000s, several new names appeared on the scene, including Britpop-influenced Lemon Joy, Merlin and Biplan. Lemon Joy and Merlin drifted to the side of pop/electronic music shortly after the release of their debut albums, while Biplan have stayed rather successfully with rock.

SKAMP is one of the most popular bands in Lithuania since its inception in 1998 and is well-known abroad. SKAMP blends Pop, Rock, Hip Hop, and Reggae genres into a unique alternative sound.

Pop-rockers Relanium formed in 1999. After signing a contract with Koja records, the band was renamed Laura And The Lovers. In 2005, Laura And The Lovers participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with a song titled Little by Little, but failed to achieve significant success.

2005 marked the beginning of the recovery of Lithuanian rock music. The number of rock festivals has increased while new bands are slowly finding their way into the Lithuanian media, not to mention the hearts of the listeners. These include funky Saulės Kliošas, Bitės, and Inculto; rockers IR, Brainers, Gravel, Sportas, Arbata amongst others.

The Lithuanian gothic scene is not very big, but has strong support from Lithuanian Goths. There are several bands representing this style. Siela and Mano Juodoji Sesuo are considered the pioneers of gothic music in Lithuania. Saprophytes, from the small town of Pabradė play emotional metal with lucid references to New York metallers Type O Negative.

Many rock bands claim folk influences. Žalvarinis is a folk metal band from Vilnius. Their music is typically very slow-paced with exclusively Lithuanian lyrics. Another folk-rock band Atalyja is worth mentioning in this context.

Annual rock music festivals include Mėnuo Juodaragis (summer festival of Baltic culture, alternative music, folk music and experimental music), Kunigunda Lunaria (gothic/darkwave/industrial festival in Vilnius); Naujas Kraujas (new bands' festival); Kilkim žaibu (Baltic folk, pagan and black metal festival); DevilStone (Extreme rock'n'roll).

Zona
The first independent record company of Lithuania, Zona, started its record label operations back in 1991, with Baltic releases of artists like Joy Division, Pixies, Cocteau Twins, Dead Can Dance, Sugarcubes and many other notable foreign acts. Zona's work with local performers included releases from the most famous Lithuanian rock bands Antis and BIX, Russian cult bands Va Bank and Avia, as well as several compilations of young Baltic and Eastern European alternative artists. Zona’s full back catalogue features a total of over 80 releases and co-releases.

In the late 80s to early 90s, the company's head, Dovydas Bluvšteinas, made efforts to organize concerts in Vilnius by such alternative music icons as Sonic Youth, Sugarcubes, Pop Will Eat Itself, The Fall and many others. That contributed remarkably to the establishment of an interesting local alternative scene.

Zona's efforts were finally recognized and rewarded in early 2006 with the 'Life-time award' by the annual local music awards Radiocentro Apdovanojimai.

Koja
Koja Records Group is one of the oldest and biggest record companies in Lithuania. Originally it was founded in 1995 as a dance music label. Early on, the company focused not only on their local repertoire, but also on international licensing in Lithuania and other former Soviet territories. In 1998 Koja Records Group decided to exert all of its efforts on finding and developing local artists. Alongside this, the label has broadened to become a pop/dance-music record company.

title: Rock music in Lithuania


text:
Red Squad

In the United States, Red Squads were police intelligence units that specialized in infiltrating, conducting counter-measures and gathering intelligence on political and social groups during the 20th century. Dating as far back as the Haymarket Riot in 1886, Red Squads became common in larger cities such as Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles during the First Red Scare of the 1920s. They were set up as specialized units of city police departments, as a weapon against labor unions, communists, anarchists, and other dissidents.

History
In New York, former City Police Commissioner Patrick Murphy traced their origin there to an "Italian Squad" formed in 1904 to monitor a group of Italian immigrants under suspicion. However, it is their association with fighting communism which provides the basis for the name "Red Squad." They became more commonplace in the 1930s, often conceived of as a countermeasure to Communist organizers who were charged with executing a policy of dual unionism—namely, building a revolutionary movement in parallel with membership in above-ground labor organizations. Similar units were established in Canada in this period, although only the Toronto police under Chief Dennis Draper used the name.

After the civil unrest during Johnson's administration, Watergate during Nixon's administration, and the public exposure of COINTELPRO by a dissident organization in 1971, widespread criticism of the Red Squads for illegal and undemocratic tactics emerged. In 1975, in the wake of both the Watergate scandal and the exposure of COINTELPRO, the Church Committee was formed to investigate overstepping on the part of federal law enforcement and intelligence gathering agencies. Following the recommendations of that committee, the U.S. Congress passed Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) in 1978, placing limits on the power of police and Federal agencies. This ended the official use of Red Squads.

Since 1978, the term "Red Squad" has resurfaced repeatedly to describe any action by police or Federal agencies that is deemed to be oppressive to a social or political group.

The term "Red Squad" has been used to describe New York City Police Department infiltration of liberal groups, first in preparation for the 2004 Republican National Convention and then continuing until today.

Connections to conspiracy theories
It has been alleged by those who believe in the "Gang Stalking" conspiracies that Red Squad-style social control activity has reemerged. Individuals who believe they are being targeted claim that members of Red Squads are harassing them or organizing the harassment. Former FBI agent Ted Gunderson, who believed in a wide range of conspiracy theories, submitted an affidavit supporting the theory two months before his death at age 82.

In popular culture
The TV series Aquarius fictionalizes activities of the Los Angeles Red Squad concerning the Black Panthers and the Manson Family in the late 1960s.

On the NBC drama series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, during the fourteenth episode of season two, titled “Paranoia,” Det. John Munch (Richard Belzer) mentions the NYPD Red Squad during one of his conspiracy theory rants.

In Martin Cruz Smith's novel Gorky Park, NYPD Detective William Kirwell is a member of the Red Squad.

title: Red Squad


text:
Talk:Soil food web

Untitled
I'm wondering if this should be put under the category of entire food web, rather than just the soil, but also the ocean, etc.

People wanting to know why this soil food web entry was created should look at the Sustainable Agriculture article.

--169.229.13.117 02:36, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The sustainable agriculture article no longer appears to exist. I would vote for at least copying (if not moving) much of this article to the currently rather sad Food web article, since so much of this article is not specific to soils. Justinleif 01:56, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Critique?
The "soil foo web"-movement appears to be or wishes to create a movement of some sort, and is thus worthy of an extra critical appreciation. I read the book, came here for a critique, and did not find any. Sad :-( — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.150.84.121 (talk) 22:05, 18 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Soil food web


text:
Colonel (U.S. honorary title)

The honorable title prefix and style of "Colonel" is designated legally for various reasons by US governors in common law to citizens, employees, travelers and visitors within their states. The origins of the titular colonelcy can be traced back to colonial and antebellum times when men of the landed gentry were given the title to commission companies or for financing the local militias without actual expectations of command. This practice can be traced back to the English Renaissance when a colonelcy was purchased by a lord or prominent gentleman but the actual command would fall to a lieutenant colonel, who would deputize its members for the proprietor.

There is an aristocratic tinge to the social usage of the title "Colonel", which most often today designates a Southern gentleman, and is archetypal of the Southern aristocrat from days past. There is also a different perceptive level of respect for colonels that are reciprocally addressed as "Honorable" or "Colonel" in writing style. While the honor of colonel in the civil usage has no actual military role, the title did evolve from the military.

By state
The US states that have conferred this title as an honor within the last half-century are Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee and Utah. Some of the titles hold different levels of authority and some expire at the end of the term of the governor. The most popular and widely awarded type of colonelcy is the "Kentucky Colonel".

 * Alabama Colonel – Alabama honor specifically makes one a colonel in the state militia.
 * Georgia Colonel – Georgia's honorary title give its members a rank as aides-de-camp on the governor's staff codified in Official Code of Georgia Annotated 38-2-111;
 * second to it is the rank of Georgia Lieutenant-Colonel
 * Kentucky Colonel
 * Tennessee Colonel – The highest honor of Tennessee is "Colonel, Aide-de-camp". Those who receive this award are recorded by the Secretary of State of Tennessee with those who have been commissioned into the State Guard and Tennessee National Guard.
 * Utah - the "Honorary Colonel's Corps of Utah" is a position offered to those who "promote the objectives" of the Utah National Guard; nominees can be military personnel or civilians.

Defunct or inactive examples include:
 * Texas once bestowed the honor as well, Texas Colonelcy was replaced with the honor of Admiral in the Texas Navy.

 * From 2005 to 2015 Illinois allowed for the Governor of the State to make appointments to the Governor's Regiment of Colonels, but no appointments were ever made.

 * Many states have provisions in their articles or bills concerning state defense forces which allow the governor to grant honorary membership of the officer ranks or granting honorary colonelcy to civilians in the common law of Colonial America.

Notable uses
There are over 1,000 businesses in the United States that use or have used the term "colonel" as part of their corporate name.

"The Colonel" is also often a shorthand reference to restaurateur Colonel Harland David Sanders, the founder of the Kentucky Fried Chicken ("KFC") chain of franchised restaurants, whom Ruby Laffoon, Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, commissioned a Kentucky colonel in 1935. There are well over 300 major celebrities that have been recognized with colonelcy; many of them never use the title.

Another famous "colonel" was Colonel Tom Parker, Elvis Presley's manager, who received his title from Governor Jimmie Davis of Louisiana as a reward for Parker's help in Davis's political campaign to be elected governor.

Col. Edward Mandell House was an American diplomat, and an advisor to President Woodrow Wilson. He was known by the nickname "Colonel House", although he had performed no military service as a Texas Colonel. He was a highly influential back-stage politician in Texas before becoming a key supporter of the presidential bid of Wilson in 1912.

Many other prominent people in the South used the title dating back to before the American Revolutionary War, the title was used frequently in all of the Thirteen Colonies.

title: Colonel (U.S. honorary title)


text:
Talk:Alfonso Gagliano

Scandal category
Alfonso Gagliano is not a "Canadian political scandal", he is a human being allegedly involved in a "Canadian political scandal". Should not this category be removed? --Liberlogos 02:38, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think the categories have to be narrowly interpreted. For example,  Category:Nuremberg Trials includes the trials themselves and articles about the various participants.  --Lee Hunter 16:51, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Minor correction

The school board is Jérôme-LeRoyer. In the end, he was President.

References

http://vipsgov.chez.com/canada-e.htm http://www.cga-canada.org/en-ca/AboutCGACanada/CGAMagazine/1998/May/Pages/ca_1998_05_ft4.aspx

Lmerrette (talk) 19:00, 9 November 2012 (UTC)lmerrette

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Talk:Barron v. Baltimore

Untitled
At the end of the article, it is stated/implied that the entirety of the Bill of Rights now applies to the states. This is untrue. Certain Supreme Court cases have set precedent such that specific rights offered by the Bill of Rights apply to states. Someone ought to do something about this. :]
 * I fixed it, but it's not really perfect. -68.100.68.23 23:16, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Barron v. Baltimore made it so that the 5th Amendment's "due-process" clause wasn't applicable to the states.

Doesn't the full citation belong in wikiSource? Rklawton 20:42, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think so. -68.100.68.23 23:16, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

"The case is particularly important in terms of American government because it stated that the freedoms guaranteed by the Bill of Rights could not be selectively incorporated." But this isn't true either. The Seventh Amendment's civil jury guarantee, wasn't incorporated against the States. Am I missing something, or should this sentence be changed? ConDissenter 22:32, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Barron vs. Baltimore
wasn't the reason barron sued baltimore in the first place because the city of baltimore was conducting pavement construction that caused his wharf to fill with sand? the article is not very clear and makes it seem as if barron filed suit for no good reason other than to recover lost funds that were in no way associated with baltimore.

Taney
One of the attorney's in this case is a Marylander name Taney. Could that be Roger Taney before he became Chief Justice? --Daysleeper47 14:45, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

"Important quotations"
I clipped the following section from the article just now. Wikipedia articles should not be quote dumps. There's Wikiquote for that.

---
 * "The constitution was ordained and established by the people of the United States for themselves, for their own government, and not for the government of the individual states."

 * The people of the United States framed such a government for the United States as they supposed best adapted to their situation, and best calculated to promote their interests. The powers they conferred on this government were to be exercised by itself, and the limitations on power, if expressed in general terms, are naturally and necessarily applicable to the government created by the instrument. They are limitations of power granted in the instrument itself, not of distinct governments framed by different persons and for different purposes."

 * "Had the framers of these amendments intended them to be limitations on the powers of the state governments, they would have imitated limitations on the powers of the state governments, they would have imitated the framers of the original constitution, and have expressed that intention."

---
 * "These amendments contain no expression indicating an intention to apply them to the state governments. This court cannot so apply them. We are of opinion that the provision in the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution declaring that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation is intended solely as a limitation on the exercise of power by the Government of the United States, and is not applicable to the legislation of the states."

I'm not sure any of these need to be re-added to the article. Dumping them here so they're not completely lost to the page history. --MZMcBride (talk) 03:29, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

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It was a Jurisdictional Issue
The significance of Barron v Baltimore is solely attributable to the lack of the 14th Amendment to the US Const. regarding State Action, in this case, a municipality taking private property without due process of law, under color of eminent domain. Taking of property by State action without due process of law is expressly proscribed by the 14th A. US Const. So Barron v Baltimore involved a threshold jurisdictional issue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blazintommyd (talk • contribs) 12:16, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

 * That's not true. The 14th amendment did not incorporate the bill of rights. An incorrect interpretation of the 14th amendment from the 20th century incorporated parts of the bill of rights. When the 14th amendment was ratified, Congress specifically stated that the 14th amendment does not mean the bill of rights when it's talking about privileges and immunities Pepper-0 (talk) 12:10, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barron v. Baltimore


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Llanybydder

Llanybydder (, sometimes formerly spelt Llanybyther) is a market town and community straddling the River Teifi in Carmarthenshire, West Wales. At the 2011 Census, the population of the community was 1638, an increase from 1423 at the 2001 Census.

Llanybydder is situated around 5 mi southwest of Lampeter where the University of Wales Trinity Saint David is located. The Mynydd Llanllwni (383m), Mynydd Llanybydder (408m) and Mynydd Pencarreg (415m) mountains are located to the south and east of Llanybydder.

Etymology
The name may be a corruption of 'Llanbedr', the church dedicated to St Peter; or of 'Llanybyddair', the church of the Ambuscade. Alternately, the town's name is a combination of Welsh llan "church" + y "the" + byddair, the plural form of byddar "deaf", meaning "the church of the deaf ones". This may be in reference to a congregation whose deaf ears were opened by the call of the preacher or who remained deaf even upon hearing it.

History
There is evidence of an Iron Age settlement on the hill that overlooks the town. Highmead, formerly the country mansion Dolau Mawr, built in 1777, was most recently a centre of religious studies for the Muslim faith but is unoccupied as of early 2017.

Llanybydder gained a connection to the national rail network on the Manchester and Milford Railway in 1867; this was originally part of an ill-fated scheme to link Manchester to the deepwater port at Milford Haven. However, financial pressures led the route to be diverted to Aberystwyth, and it remained a cross country route, with passenger services running until flooding severely damaged the line south of Aberystwyth in December 1964. The cost of repairs to a little-used rural line was deemed prohibitive, and although a limited service continued running from Carmarthen to Tregaron for another few months this was the era of the Beeching Axe. The line was closed to passengers in February 1965.

Llanybydder is notable for the horse fairs held there on the last Thursday of each month. These attract dealers and buyers from all parts of the UK and Ireland; the biggest are held in September and October. Of particular interest are the sales of local Welsh cobs.

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north east to Pencarreg. The total population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 2,807.

The community is bordered by the communities of: Pencarreg; Llansawel; Llanfihangel Rhos-y-Corn; and Llanllwni, all being in Carmarthenshire; and by Llanwenog in Ceredigion.

Dunbia
, Dunbia (Dungannon Meats) was the largest business in Llanybydder, an abattoir, providing around 650 jobs. Dunbia is based in Ireland and supplies meat to several supermarket chains. The Llanybydder depot specialises in Welsh lamb; the business was formerly known as "Oriel Jones"—a family-run business owned by a local farmer. Some 350 migrant workers, mostly Poles but also Slovaks and Czechs, have been employed there, and the presence of the Polish community has been identified as having an impact on the rural community, resulting in a report on substance abuse being commissioned by the Dyfed-Powys Drug Intervention Programme.

At one time there were seven bakeries in the village, and at least ten pubs. only one bakery and three pubs remained. Other businesses include cafes, farmers' co-operatives, a post office, a solicitor's practice, and a hotel in the village square. The National Farmers Union also has a small office in the village.

Highmead Dairies
Highmead Dairies Ltd was a milk processing plant in Llanybydder for nearly 60 years. It processed in excess of 5 million litres a year of fresh milk and operated distribution depots in Aberystwyth and Carmarthen. It had six refrigerated lorries delivering to a total of 50 milkmen throughout West Wales together with schools, hospitals and other catering establishments.

The business was founded in 1957 by William Davies (1929–2014) of Llanybydder. Davies was from a dairy farming family and saw an opportunity to sell milk locally. Using the family farm, Llygadenwyn, as a base, he started delivering milk to local homes and eventually to other milkmen in the wider locality. The business grew over the years and in the 1960s moved to a building in the centre of Llanybydder to pasteurise the milk. In 1965 the business relocated and was expanded as turnover grew. William Davies's son, Timothy Davies subsequently took over management of the business.

In 2010, the company became part of a consortium campaigning for more milk from local suppliers to be drunk by school pupils. A new recyclable 1/3 pint bottle was designed for supplying local schools.

In 2011, the company was sold to the Tewkesbury-based Cotteswold Dairy.

Sport
The town's rugby union team competes in the SWALEC Division 4 (West). Llanybydder's soccer teams play in Division 1 and (reserves) Division 2 of the Costcutter Ceredigion League.

Notable residents

 * Lewys Glyn Cothi (ca.1420 – 1490), one of Wales's most important medieval poets, is thought to have been born in the parish.
 * Dafydd Jones (1803–1868), a Welsh balladeer a.k.a. Dewi Dywyll
 * John Gwenogvryn Evans (1852–1930), a Welsh palaeographic expert and literary translator.
 * Derek Thomas (theologian) (1953 - ), born and raised in the area.

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John Africa

John Africa (July 26, 1931 – May 13, 1985), born Vincent Leaphart, was the founder of MOVE, a Philadelphia-based, predominantly black organization active from the early 1970s and still active. He and his followers were killed at a residential home, which served as the headquarters of MOVE, in a fire after the Philadelphia Police Department bombed the house with C4-explosive, and deliberately let the fire rage until it was out of control following a standoff and firefight between MOVE and police.

Life
Born Vincent Leaphart on July 26, 1931, in the Mantua neighborhood of West Philadelphia. His father, Frederick Leaphart was a handyman while his mother Lennie Mae was a homemaker. He was one of ten children. Lennie Mae died suddenly in her early 40s, and Africa would later blame the hospital for her death. As a child he was "painfully thin" and underweight. At age 9 he was transferred to a school for slow learners to learn simple trades. He would continue to struggle in school and dropped out at age 16.

Drafted by the US Army during the Korean War, Leaphart would serve over a year in an infantry unit. He would later remark on the contrast between the sunrise over the Korean mountains and the ugly gunfire of war. Upon his return he met Dorothy Clark and they were married shortly thereafter at the age of 29. She would later describe their marriage as ordinary and friends described Leaphart as levelheaded and dependable, also noting that Dorothy would help him with his reading and writing skills.

In 1971 he moved his family to Powelton, a polyglot neighborhood in West Philadelphia, close to the University of Pennsylvania. Community Housing Inc., was a cooperative in which members pooled money together to buy a handful of buildings to live in with an idea to rebel against an oppressive society that bulldozed homes to make way to build more academic housing. Although the area had a large majority of academic residents, Leaphart was seen as eccentric yet tolerable as the area was diverse. Faced with foreclosure, the co-op stepped in and purchased his home so he could remain living there. In 1972, Leaphart changed his name to John Africa to represent the continent where life began.

Africa managed to attract people in Philadelphia area who were willing to believe in his ideologies. He later met Donald Glassey, a social worker from the University of Pennsylvania, who was so intrigued by Africa's teachings that he volunteered to write and compile the illiterate Africa's thoughts into a book. Glassey's notes were eventually the basis of a document called "The Guidelines". With Glassey, Africa moved his new organization to a house on Pearl Street in West Philadelphia. After parting ways with Glassey due to differing ideology, Africa made "The Guidelines" the primary source for his teachings and the principles of MOVE, founded in 1972 as Christian Movement for Life. The Guidelines articulated teachings such as strict vegetarianism and the inherent value of all living things.

MOVE accepted members regardless of their past and taught lessons on corruption, racism, and the need for individuality in an increasingly technological society. Further, the organization protested animal cruelty in zoos, the education system, and police brutality. Consequently, the police engaged in heavy surveillance around members of MOVE. According to Let the Fire Burn, a documentary released in 2013, a member of the Philadelphia police revealed that between 1972 and 1978, 193 arrests of MOVE members and 93 subsequent court cases occurred.

On August 8, 1978, the Philadelphia police attempted to evict the MOVE organization from their home on Pearl Street. A standoff occurred, resulting in an eventual shootout, and the death of one police officer, James J. Ramp, as well as several injuries. Nine MOVE members were arrested and the organization was removed from their home on Pearl Street. The home was immediately demolished and the "MOVE 9" were convicted over the police officer's death. Merle Africa and Phil Africa died in the Pennsylvania prison system. The last of the remaining members were released in February 2020.

Glassey, after being found in possession of weapons, was later arrested. He implicated Africa and other MOVE members in various crimes. On July 23, 1981, in a Philadelphia federal court, Africa and his co-defendant Alfonso Africa (representing themselves) were tried and acquitted on weapons and conspiracy charges by a jury that deliberated for almost six days.

After MOVE, John Africa moved to a new location on Osage Avenue in West Philadelphia, law enforcement officials obtained permission from the Mayor's office to evict members of MOVE due to neighborhood complaints of obscenity and arrest warrants. On May 13, 1985, they attempted to evict MOVE and execute arrest warrants. Non-compliance by MOVE developed into an armed standoff and firefight.

Eleven MOVE members, including John Africa, five other adults and five children died in the resulting fire. Although the members were all huddled in the basement with access to a back alley, the alley was under police gunfire. The lone surviving woman described bullets flying all around during her first escape attempt, and the lone surviving child described hearing the sound of automatic gunfire when they tried to flee from the fire. Police officers at the scene denied these claims. Only Ramona and Birdie Africa survived, though both suffered severe burns. Birdie was released but Ramona was convicted and sentenced to serve the maximum sentence of 7 years in prison. She served the full time. Despite the fact that the Philadelphia Police and Fire Departments were found guilty of negligence by the Philadelphia Special Investigation Commission (MOVE), no criminal charges were ever filed against any of the perpetrators of the bombing, arson, and resulting deaths.

Teachings
John Africa has been classified as an anarcho-primitivist. His teachings emphasized the importance of all life and the ways in which capitalism, war, racism, and other social forces serve as direct opposition to this reality. He encouraged strict vegetarianism, raw food, and communal living. According to MOVE's website, "John Africa despises prejudice, despised the man-made standard of inferior-superior," and "John Africa teach MOVE people to believe in and love life, to understand the absolute necessity of life and protect all life equally, meaning all living beings (people, animals, water, soil, air)".

Influence on others
Philadelphia activist Mumia Abu-Jamal has followed the teachings of John Africa, and was a supporter of the MOVE organization. During Abu-Jamal's 1982 murder trial for the death of a police officer, Abu-Jamal made repeated requests to be represented by Africa. The judge denied these requests as Africa was not a licensed attorney.

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User:Existent80

Jillian Murray, Yorkville,_Manhattan resident and Latin teacher.

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Wikipedia:Peer review/Battle of Chalons/archive1

Battle of Chalons
I wrote the original draft of this article a couple of years ago with more of an intent to avoid copyright problems. While it's been a solid article (if not FAC material), there were some points that bothered me because they needed verification. A recent dispute with an anon editor who insisted on putting some implausible & unverifiable statistics finally forced me to do the necessary research to address my concerns -- & led me to correct some parts that I didn't realize were wrong. Is the article now strong enough to consider nominating for FAC? -- llywrch 02:41, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Not bad. I like the use of footnotes. The lead could use some expantion, 5 lines with a battlebox is rather small. It could definetly do with a picture - or a pictures - if not of a battle itself, then of involved personalities. Plus a map of the battle. Please compare with Battle of Alesia - another Roman battle which is FA now and try to adapat anything you can from that article. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 11:29, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I expected that someone would bring up the issue of pictures for this article. My experience in looking for relevant illustrations has been that there are surprisingly few -- if any -- for this famous engagement. I have one of Aetius (I believe it's covered by Fair Use) that I could upload to EN, but I haven't come across any for Theodorid, nor any for the battle itself -- Fair Use, PD or GPL. Am I looking in the wrong places? (Consider this a general request for help!) -- llywrch 18:05, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The older the topic, the less graphical sources there are (you did try Google Images, right?). One thing to do is to follow all ilinks from the main body and see if any subarticles have useful pictures. Sometimes, a general picture - like that of typical Roman legionnare or German barbarian, for example - may be used to a good effect. And do try to obtain or create a map. For a battle, it is almost a 'must'. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 10:28, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)