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Interference fit

An interference fit, also known as a pressed fit or friction fit, is a form of fastening between two tightfitting mating parts that produces a joint which is held together by friction after the parts are pushed together.

Depending on the amount of interference, parts may be joined using a tap from a hammer or forced together using a hydraulic press. Critical components that must not sustain damage during joining may also be cooled significantly below room temperature to shrink one of the components before fitting. This method allows the components to be joined without force and produces a shrink fit interference when the component returns to normal temperature. Interference fits are commonly used with aircraft fasteners to improve the fatigue life of a joint.

These fits, though applicable to shaft and hole assembly, are more often used for bearing-housing or bearing-shaft assembly. This is referred to as a 'press-in' mounting.

Tightness of fit
The tightness of fit is controlled by amount of interference; the allowance (planned difference from nominal size). Formulas exist to compute allowance that will result in various strengths of fit such as loose fit, light interference fit, and interference fit. The value of the allowance depends on which material is being used, how big the parts are, and what degree of tightness is desired. Such values have already been worked out in the past for many standard applications, and they are available to engineers in the form of tables, obviating the need for re-derivation.

As an example, a 10 mm shaft made of 303 stainless steel will form a tight fit with allowance of 3 – 10 μm. A slip fit can be formed when the bore diameter is 12 – 20 μm wider than the rod; or, if the rod is made 12–20μm under the given bore diameter. An example:

The allowance per inch of diameter usually ranges from 0.001 to 0.0025 in (0.1–0.25%), 0.0015 in (0.15%) being a fair average. Ordinarily the allowance per inch decreases as the diameter increases; thus the total allowance for a diameter of 2 in might be 0.004 in, 0.2%), whereas for a diameter of 8 in the total allowance might not be over 0.009 or 0.010 in i.e., 0.11–0.12%). The parts to be assembled by forced fits are usually made cylindrical, although sometimes they are slightly tapered. Advantages of the taper form are: the possibility of abrasion of the fitted surfaces is reduced; less pressure is required in assembling; and parts are more readily separated when renewal is required. On the other hand, the taper fit is less reliable, because if it loosens, the entire fit is free with but little axial movement. Some lubricant, such as white lead and lard oil mixed to the consistency of paint, should be applied to the pin and bore before assembling, to reduce the tendency toward abrasion.

Assembling
There are two basic methods for assembling an oversize shaft into an undersized hole, sometimes used in combination: force and thermal expansion or contraction.

Force
There are at least three different terms used to describe an interference fit created via force: press fit, friction fit, and hydraulic dilation.

Press fit is achieved with presses that can press the parts together with very large amounts of force. The presses are generally hydraulic, although small hand-operated presses (such as arbor presses) may operate by means of the mechanical advantage supplied by a jackscrew or by a gear reduction driving a rack and pinion. The amount of force applied in hydraulic presses may be anything from a few pounds for the tiniest parts to hundreds of tons for the largest parts.

The edges of shafts and holes are chamfered (beveled). The chamfer forms a guide for the pressing movement, helping to distribute the force evenly around the circumference of the hole, to allow the compression to occur gradually instead of all at once, thus helping the pressing operation to be smoother, to be more easily controlled, and to require less power (less force at any one instant of time), and to assist in aligning the shaft parallel with the hole it is being pressed into. In the case of train wheelsets the wheels are pressed onto the axles by force.

Thermal expansion or contraction
Most materials expand when heated and shrink when cooled. Enveloping parts are heated (e.g., with torches or gas ovens) and assembled into position while hot, then allowed to cool and contract back to their former size, except for the compression that results from each interfering with the other. This is also referred to as shrink-fitting. Railroad axles, wheels, and tires are typically assembled in this way. Alternatively, the enveloped part may be cooled before assembly such that it slides easily into its mating part. Upon warming, it expands and interferes. Cooling is often preferable as it is less likely than heating to change material properties, e.g., assembling a hardened gear onto a shaft, where the risk exists of heating the gear too much and drawing its temper.

title: Interference fit


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Georgina Hale

Georgina Hale (4 August 1943 – 4 January 2024) was a British film, television and stage actress, known for her roles in the films of Ken Russell, including Mahler, for which she received a British Academy Film Award. She received a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for her performance in the original London production of Steaming. In 2010, she was listed as one of ten great British character actors by The Guardian.

Early life and education
Georgina Hale was born in Ilford, Essex, to publicans Elsie (née Fordham) and George Robert Hole. She later said that she had:

"...a really bad education. I couldn't write, spell, or read, so it was a real problem, because that sort of thing wasn't acknowledged then. There was a real shame in it, and you were the dunce of the class, always getting whacked around the head. We were on the move a lot as well, so going to so many schools, always being the new girl, it was so frightening and so nerve-wracking as a kid, and it really affected me."

As a teenager, she worked as an apprentice hairdresser and studied Stanislavski's method approach to acting at a fledgling studio, the Chelsea Actors' Workshop, in London, and subsequently was accepted into the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where she graduated in 1965.

Stage
In 1965, Hale made her professional debut playing unnamed parts with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1965. She appeared in repertory theatre at Canterbury, Windsor and Ipswich, then at the Playhouse in Liverpool, in 1967, where her parts included the title role in Gigi and Juliet in Romeo and Juliet. At the Thorndike Theatre in Leatherhead in October 1975, she played Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion, followed by a portrayal of Nina in Chekhov's The Seagull at the Playhouse in July 1976, making her West End debut in the production when it transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre in August 1976. Other roles included Marie Caroline David in The Tribades (Hampstead Theatre Club, May 1978); Melanie in Boo Hoo (Open Space Theatre, July 1978); and Bobbi Michele in Neil Simon's Last of the Red Hot Lovers (Royal Exchange, Manchester, April 1979 – transferring to the Criterion Theatre in November 1979).

In 1981, Hale played the leading role of Josie in Nell Dunn's play Steaming at the Comedy Theatre in London and received a nomination for a 1981 Olivier Award. In 1982, she appeared with Annette Crosbie and Richard O'Callaghan in a production of Noël Coward's Star Quality at the Theatre Royal, Bath. In April 1983 she starred opposite Glenda Jackson and Gary Oldman in Summit Conference at the Lyric Theatre, London, playing Benito Mussolini's mistress Clara Petacci. Later that year, she starred with Colin Blakely, Jane Carr and Paul Eddington in the play Lovers Dancing, directed by Donald McWhinnie, at the Noël Coward Theatre. She followed with roles in two productions at The Old Vic: Aricia in Phédre (1984) and Crystal Allen in The Women (1985).

In 1991, Hale starred opposite Glenda Jackson in Mourning Becomes Electra by Eugene O'Neill,at the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. In 1993, she appeared in a production of Alan Ayckbourne's Absurd Person Singular at the Theatre Royal, Bath. In 1994, she appeared opposite Rupert Everett in a production of Tennessee Williams' The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore at the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. In 1997, she appeared opposite Alan Bates in Life Support by Simon Gray at the Aldwych Theatre in London. Critic Sheridan Morley wrote in The New York Times that Hale, as the bed-bound Gwen, was "supremely touching even in almost total paralysis".

Other stage appearances include The Guardsman at the Noël Coward Theatre (2000), where critic Sheridan Morley noted that Hale added "superbly timed comic support", Semi-Monde at the Lyric Theatre (2001), Britannicus and as Madame Ranevsky in The Cherry Orchard at the Glasgow Citizens Theatre (both 2002), and Chéri and Take a Chance on Me at the New End Theatre (both 2003).

Hale's final stage role was that of Nell in a production of Samuel Beckett's Endgame at the Gate Theatre, Dublin and then the Barbican Centre, London, as part of the Beckett Centenary Festival in May 2006.

Film
In 1971, Hale made her film debut as Betsy Balcombe in the historical drama Eagle in a Cage. Roger Greenspun of The New York Times noted that, at age 24, Hale displayed "a kind of mature intensity that argues for at least 30 years' experience on the stage".

Hale appeared as Alma Mahler in Ken Russell's Mahler (1974), opposite Robert Powell as Gustav Mahler. Her performance was called "excellent" by both Time Out and Radio Times, and earned her the 1975 BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles. Stephen Farber of Film Comment wrote:

"Georgina Hale gives an electric performance as Alma. She is touchingly vulnerable in all the flashback sequences, while in the scenes on the train she presents a completely different side of Alma’s character-a supremely bitter, savagely sarcastic shrew. Alma’s imperious, ice-cold facade is the mask she has chiseled to conceal her frustration and disappointment over the stifling of her creative potential. The tension is palpable: We can feel the anger and pain seething beneath her sardonic exterior."

Hale also made appearances in a number of Russell's other films, with roles in The Devils (1971), The Boy Friend (1971), Lisztomania (1975), Valentino (1977), and Treasure Island (1995). Russell later referred to Hale as "an actress of such sensitivity that she can make the hair rise on your arms".

Hale played a supporting role in the romantic drama The World is Full of Married Men (1979), based on the novel of the same name by Jackie Collins. Variety noted that Hale was "effective as a laconic wife who’s come to terms with the sexcess scene".

Hale had a small role in the film The Watcher in the Woods (1980), starring Bette Davis. Hale took the role of the younger version of Davis' character largely because of her admiration for Davis.

Her other film appearances included supporting roles in Butley (1974), Sweeney 2 (1978), McVicar (1980), Castaway (1986), Preaching to the Perverted (1997), Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont (2005), and Cockneys vs Zombies (2011).

Television
Hale's television career spanned six decades. Her first major television appearances were supporting roles in plays filmed for The Wednesday Play, ITV Playhouse and ITV Play of the Week. Recurring roles in primetime series followed, first opposite Adam Faith in Budgie (1971) as his wayward wife, and then as Lili Dietrich in the miniseries The Strauss Family (1972).

In 1973, she starred in A.D.A.M. as a physically disabled woman who develops an unusual relationship with the sentient computer system that controls her home. Directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, the drama was broadcast as part of the ITV Sunday Night Drama anthology strand. In 1975, Hale appeared in two television plays written by Simon Gray, broadcast as part of the ITV series Play for Today. These were Plaintiffs and Defendants and Two Sundays. In 1978, Hale appeared with Michael Gambon in the BBC Play of the Month adaptation of Anton Chekhov's The Seagull. In 1980, Hale portrayed Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in the UK, in an episode of the drama series Ladykillers.

In 1990, Hale succeeded Elizabeth Estensen in the eponymous role of T-Bag, the villainous, tea-drinking sorceress in a succession of children's adventure series produced by Thames Television. Hale played the role in four series and two Christmas specials broadcast between 1990 and 1992.

In December 1992, Hale appeared in two television plays produced by Simon Curtis, broadcast as part of the anthology series Performance. These were Luigi Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author and Terence Rattigan's After the Dance.

In 1994, Hale appeared in the sitcom pilot The Honeymoon's Over, written by Paul Whitehouse and Charlie Higson, broadcast as part of the Comic Asides anthology strand on BBC Two.

In 2007, Hale made a guest appearance in the crime drama The Commander. Television critic Nancy Banks-Smith noted in The Guardian that Hale "was able to do wonders with a mere sliver of a scene".

Other television appearances include guest starring roles in Upstairs, Downstairs (1975), Minder (1980), Hammer House of Horror (1980), the Doctor Who serial The Happiness Patrol (1988), One Foot in the Grave (1990), Murder Most Horrid (1994), The Bill (2002), Emmerdale (2006), Hollyoaks (2010–2011), Crime Stories (2012) and Holby City (2016).

Personal life and death
Hale married actor John Forgeham in 1964, but they later divorced.

She died on 4 January 2024, at the age of 80.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Georgina Hale


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Evelyn Martin (cricketer)

Commander Evelyn George Martin (22 March 1881 – 27 April 1945) was a British sailor, writer and cricketer. He was educated at Eton and New College, Oxford, where he was awarded a cricket Blue, and served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during the First World War. He was born in Upton-on-Severn, Worcestershire.

Sailing
A 6' 7" tall bachelor of independent means with family connections to Martin's bank (merged with Barclays Bank in 1969), his interest in working boats under sail was kindled by his trips on Brixham trawlers. In 1923 he purchased the French pilot cutter Jolie Brise and sailed her to victory in the first Fastnet Race of 1925. He was the founder and first Commodore of the Ocean Racing Club (RORC), and later Admiral until he died.

After selling Jolie Brise he worked Thames barges on England's east coast.

Martin wrote many articles for Yachting World and three books: Deep Water Cruising (1928); Sailorman (1933); Helmsmanship (1934).

Martin died from heart failure in Hadleigh, Suffolk at the age of 64.

Cricket
Most of Martin's first-class appearances came for Oxford University, but he also played three games for Worcestershire and one for H. D. G. Leveson-Gower's XI.

Martin played a number of times for Eton, and in 1899 he took ten wickets in the match against Harrow at Lord's. His first-class debut came in May 1903, for Oxford against Gentlemen of England at The Parks; he claimed five wickets in the match including that of centurion Bernard Bosanquet. In a total of ten first-class games that season he took 37 wickets at 19.18, including two for his first and only County Championship match, for Worcestershire against Somerset. (He went wicketless against the Gentlemen of Philadelphia on his other appearance for the county that year. )

In the next two seasons he played 15 first-class games, all for Oxford, and picked up 29 and 32 wickets respectively. This period included his best innings return: 7/81 against Kent at Oxford's Christ Church ground in late May 1905. He appeared twice more in 1906, scoring his only first-class half-century in hitting 56 from number 11 in the University Match at Lord's (adding 90 for the last wicket with Wilfred Curwen), and in 1907 played two final matches, both against Oxford: once for Worcestershire, and once for H. D. G. Leveson-Gower's XI.

title: Evelyn Martin (cricketer)


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Colin Todd

Colin Todd (born 12 December 1948 ) is an English football manager and former player. He was most recently the manager of Esbjerg fB. As a player, he made more than 600 appearances in the Football League, playing as a defender for Sunderland, Derby County, Everton, Birmingham City, Nottingham Forest, Oxford United and Luton Town, and also played in the North American Soccer League for the Vancouver Whitecaps. He won two Football League titles with Derby County during the 1970s, and won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award in 1975. He was capped by England on 27 occasions.

He has managed English league clubs Middlesbrough, Bolton Wanderers, Swindon Town, Derby County, Bradford City, Darlington and Danish Superliga side Randers FC. He took Bolton Wanderers to the Division One title with 98 points and 100 goals, although he was unable to establish them in the Premier League. Todd was also portrayed in the 2009 movie, The Damned United.

Club career
The young Todd had opportunities to sign for Newcastle United and Middlesbrough, but chose Sunderland "because of their tradition for youth". He was a member of the youth team coached by Brian Clough in 1965, and played a major part in Sunderland's 1967 victory in the FA Youth Cup. By then Todd was already a first-team regular. He made his debut as substitute for Charlie Hurley in a 1–1 draw away against Chelsea in the First Division on 10 September 1966, and by mid-season had established himself in the starting eleven. He missed only three league games in the next three seasons, at the end of which Sunderland were relegated from the top flight. After 191 appearances and three goals in all competitions for Sunderland, Todd rejoined Clough at Derby County in February 1971.

On joining Derby, he had cost them a British record transfer fee for a defender of £175,000. When linked with the club, Brian Clough famously remarked "We're not signing Colin Todd, we can't afford him". He then signed him that same day. Clough sent the chairman Sam Longson a telegram informing him of the signing and the size of the fee: £175,000. He formed a defensive partnership with fellow England international Roy McFarland, winning two league titles together. Under Clough, Todd helped Derby win the First Division title in his first full season at the Baseball Ground and collected a second title winner's medal under Clough's successor Dave Mackay in 1975.

He won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award in 1975 – the same year that he won his second league title.

He later played for Everton, Birmingham City, Nottingham Forest, and Oxford United, finally retiring from playing in 1984 after a brief spell with Luton Town.

International career
He won 27 England caps. He made his international debut was against Northern Ireland on 23 May 1972, and his last appearance came on 28 May 1977, also against Northern Ireland.

Middlesbrough
Todd entered management in March 1990 with Middlesbrough, succeeding Bruce Rioch. He had coached the club from the Third Division to First Division in successive seasons but on taking the manager's job, Middlesbrough were struggling in the Second Division and facing the real threat of moving from the Third to First Division and back again in successive seasons. Todd kept the club in the Second Division and they qualified for the play-offs a year later, although they were denied the chance of promotion after losing to eventual winners Notts County in the semi-finals and Todd quit soon afterwards.

Bolton Wanderers
He moved on to Bolton Wanderers in 1992 as assistant to his predecessor at Middlesbrough, Bruce Rioch. After Rioch left to manage Arsenal, having achieved promotion in the 1994–95 season, McFarland moved to Bolton as joint-manager alongside Todd.

Bolton struggled to cope with the Premier League and McFarland was dismissed in early 1996, leaving Todd in sole charge. He was unable to prevent Bolton's relegation but guided them back to the top-flight by winning the First Division in the 1996–97 season, ensuring Bolton's new stadium would host Premier League football. Despite strengthening the squad with new signings, Bolton struggled in the top flight and were relegated again at the end of the season. Todd led the club to the play-off final in 1999 but lost to Watford, and he resigned seven games into the 1999–2000 season following the sale of Per Frandsen to Blackburn Rovers.

Despite Bolton's status as a yo-yo team in the mid-1990s, Todd's team is remembered with affection amongst the Wanderers support.

Swindon Town
Todd returned to management with Swindon Town. His spell at Swindon was unsuccessful as poor results meant the club faced a relegation battle when it had been hoped to gain promotion. Todd won only five out of twenty games with the club.

Derby County
Todd resigned as Swindon manager in November 2000 to return to Derby as assistant manager to Jim Smith. When Smith resigned in October 2001 Todd was promoted to manager but he was sacked after just three months having failed to improve the struggling club's form.

Bradford City
Todd joined Bradford City in 2003 as assistant to manager Bryan Robson. When Robson left at the end of the 2003–04 season, Todd was named his successor. It was the fourth time he had been promoted from assistant to manager. He became the longest serving Bradford manager for twenty years, and led the club to several mid-table finishes. After only winning once in ten games, Todd was sacked in February 2007. Shortly afterwards, the club was relegated to League Two and Todd pointed to the departure of key players and lack of funds for new signings as reasons for Bradford's demise.

Randers FC
Todd became manager of Danish side Randers FC in the summer of 2007, replacing the former Danish 1992 European champion Lars Olsen who had signed with Odense Boldklub. Todd said that lack of job opportunities in England led to him managing Randers FC in Denmark, saying: "Even though I'm coming up to 59, I still get a buzz. The hardest thing is being out of football. It hits you badly. So I'm enjoying working in Denmark." Todd was due to leave Randers at the end of June 2009, to be replaced by another 1992 European champion former Arsenal player John Jensen. However, in January 2009 Todd and Randers agreed to go separate ways. Jensen then took over as manager.

Darlington
Todd was announced as the new manager of League Two Darlington on 20 May 2009. He replaced Dave Penney who left the club to join League One side Oldham Athletic as a result of Darlington's administration. Todd brought Dean Windass, a player whom he had at Bradford City, as his assistant player manager. Darlington made a poor start to the 2009–10 season, and having picked up just one point from eight league games, Todd agreed with chairman Raj Singh that he would leave the club if they failed to win their ninth game against Grimsby Town. Darlington drew 1–1 with Grimsby and Todd, as well as Windass, left the club. They had won only one of their 11 games in charge, and none in the league—the club's worst start to a season.

After leaving Darlington, Todd is believed to have applied for the manager's job at English-based Scottish Football League Third Division side Berwick Rangers.

In 2012, Todd was scouting for his former club Birmingham City.

Second spells at Randers
On 5 June 2012, it was announced that Colin Todd would replace Michael Hemmingsen as caretaker for Randers F.C., until a replacement has been found for the club. On 3 August 2012, it was announced that Todd would continue as a more permanent manager at least until 31 December 2012. On 8 February 2013, UEFA recognised Todd's Coaching Diploma as valid, which meant that Randers could announce him as their permanent manager. On 4 May, Randers FC announced that Todd would leave the club following the 2015–16 Danish Superliga season. Initially, Todd hinted that he would retire from professional football. However, later that same day, he informed Danish press that he would consider another managerial position if he was approached.

Esbjerg fB
On 8 July, just 40 days after his final game in charge of Randers FC, Todd was announced as the new manager of the Superliga club Esbjerg fB, signing a one-year contract. On 17 July, Todd made his debut as Esbjerg manager in a 4–0 loss away to Brøndby IF. On 8 August, Todd got his first point in charge of Esbjerg, drawing 2–2 at home with AGF, having led the game 2–0. One week later, Esbjerg were handed a 2–1 defeat away to AaB, tying the worst start to a Superliga season in the club's history, having also just recorded one point in the first five games back in the 2010–11 edition of the tournament, back then ultimately resulting in relegation. One week later, Todd managed his first win in charge of Esbjerg, beating OB 3–2 at Blue Water Arena.

Following a tough half year as manager Todd was sacked on 5 December 2016 with Esbjerg being last in the league.

Personal life
Todd was born into a mining family in Chester-le-Street, County Durham. As a boy he was a fan of Newcastle United and could have signed for them, but he chose Sunderland because he preferred their approach to youth development. His son Andy is an assistant manager, having previously appeared under his father's management for Middlesbrough and Bolton.

Managerial statistics
* – ''Todd underwent a bypass operation in February 2014 and therefore missed the first five games of the spring season. His assistant Thomas Thomasberg was in charge in those games resulting in 3 draws and 2 defeats.''

As a player
Sunderland
 * FA Youth Cup finalist: 1965-66

Derby County
 * First Division Title winner: 1971–72, 1974–75
 * Texaco Cup winner: 1972
 * FA Charity Shield winner: 1975

Oxford United
 * Second Division Title winner: 1984–85

Individual

 * Rothmans Golden Boots Awards (Substitute): 1973, 1974
 * PFA Players' Player of the Year winner: 1974–75
 * World XI: 1975, 1976
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1973-1974, 1974-1975, 1975-1976

As a manager

 * Bolton Wanderers
 * First Division Title winner: 1996–97

Individual

 * League One Manager of the Month: October 2004

title: Colin Todd


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Inherent powers (United States)

In United States law, inherent powers are the powers that a state officer or entity purports to hold under a general vesting of authority, even though they are neither enumerated nor implied.

President of the United States
The theory of inherent powers of the President derives from the loosely worded statements in the Constitution that "the executive Power shall be vested in a President" and the president should "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (defined in practice, rather than by constitutional or statutory law). Under this theory, first articulated in 1793 by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, the authority of the president extends to all decisions and acts of the United States as a sovereign state that are not exclusively vested elsewhere.

The limits of such inherent powers were articulated in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. This case was a Supreme Court decision limiting the power of the president to seize private property in the absence of either specifically enumerated authority under Article Two of the United States Constitution or statutory authority conferred on him by Congress. However, Justice Black's majority decision was qualified by separate concurring opinions of five other members of the Court; this made it difficult to determine the details and limits of the president's power to seize private property in emergencies. Justice Jackson's concurring opinion stated that the president may not arrogate legislative power under the cover of executive power, but is obligated to seek enabling legislation, and to refrain from doing what Congress has chosen not to enable.

Judiciary
Courts in the United States are recognized to have inherent powers to ensure the proper disposition of cases before them. At the federal level these include the powers to punish contempt, to investigate and redress suspected frauds on the court, to bar a disruptive person from the courtroom, to transfer a case to a more appropriate venue (forum non conveniens), and to dismiss a case when the plaintiff or prosecutor fails to pursue it.

In re Debs was a Supreme Court decision involving Eugene V. Debs and labor unions. Debs (president of the American Railway Union) was involved in the Pullman Strike earlier in 1894, and challenged the federal injunction ordering the strikers back to work. The injunction had been issued because of the hindrance to transportation of mail. However, Debs refused to end the strike, was cited for contempt of court, and appealed. The main question being debated was whether a federal court had a right to issue the injunction, which dealt with both interstate and intrastate commerce and shipping on rail cars. The court ruled that the government had a right to regulate interstate commerce and ensure the operations of the Post Office, along with a responsibility to "ensure the general welfare of the public."

title: Inherent powers (United States)


text:
Gustave Aimard

Gustave Aimard (13 September 1818 – 20 June 1883) was the author of numerous books about Latin America and the American frontier.

Aimard was born Olivier Aimard in Paris. As he once said, he was the son of two people who were married, "but not to each other". His father, François Sébastiani de la Porta (1775–1851) was a general in Napoleon’s army and one of the ambassadors of the Louis Philippe government. Sébastiani was married to the Duchess de Coigny. In 1806 the couple produced a daughter: Alatrice-Rosalba Fanny. Shortly after her birth the mother died. Fanny was raised by her grandmother, the Duchess de Coigny. According to the New York Times of July 9, 1883, Aimard’s mother was Mme. de Faudoas, married to Anne Jean Marie René de Savary, Duke de Rovigo (1774–1833).

Aimard was given as a baby to a family that was paid to raise him. By the age of nine or twelve he was sent off on a herring ship. Later, around 1838, he served for a short while with the French Navy. After one more stay in America (where, according to himself, he was adopted into a Comanche tribe), Aimard returned to Paris in 1847 – the same year his half-sister, Duchess de Choiseul-Pralin, was brutally murdered by her noble husband. Reconciliation with, or acknowledgement by, his biological family did not happen. After having served for a short while at the Garde Mobil Aimard left again for the Americas. This time he was among the 150 miners hired by Duke de Raousset-Boulbon, who wanted to mine in Mexico. However, mining permits were not issued, and the duke decided ‘to free’ the poor people of Mexico. He conquered Hermosillo on 13 October 1852. The duke fell severely ill on the first night of his conquest, and the Hermosillo villagers right away re-took their village. The miners fled and Aimard again returned to France.

In 1854 he married Adèle Lucie Damoreau, an ‘artiste lyrique’, and wrote about seventy books, many about them about American Indians. Most of his Indian books were translated into over ten languages. Their reviews mostly deal with the question whether they would harm children or not or whether they are too bloody or not. However, between the lines of his books many autobiographical, anthropological, and historical facts are hidden. Writing about the French-German war, in which his country had been defeated, caused Aimard to lose his readership. His 1852 Mexican adventure is described in Curumilla; the history of the murder of his half-sister Fanny in Te Land en Te Water I & II.

In 1870 Aimard and other members of the press participated in the Franco-Prussian war and in the short-lived success at the Battle of Le Bourget.

In 1879 Aimard visited Rio de Janeiro where he was received by the Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil and feted by the literary community. His journal of the journey appeared as Mon Dernier Voyage, Le Brésil Nouveau (1886).

Works

 * The Frontiersmen (1854)
 * The Border Rifles: A Tale of the Texan War
 * The Indian Scout: A Story of the Aztec City
 * Stronghand; or, The Noble Revenge
 * The Buccaneer Chief: A Romance of the Spanish Main
 * The Trail-Hunter: A Tale of the Far (1861)
 * The Freebooters: A Story of the Texan War
 * The Red River Half-Breed: A Tale of the Wild North-West (1860-1855)
 * The Guide of the Desert (1863-1855)
 * The Treasure of Pearls: A Romance of Adventures in California (1863-1885)
 * The Flying Horseman (1863-1885)
 * The Prairie Flower: A Tale of the Indian Border (1874)
 * The Red Track: A Story of Social Life in Mexico (187?)
 * The Pirates of the Prairies: Adventures in the American Desert
 * The Pearl of the Andes: A Tale of Love and Adventure (1884)

title: Gustave Aimard


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Toucouleur people

The Toucouleur people or Tukulor people (توكولور, Toucouleur), also called Haalpulaar (Ajami:, Adlam: ), are a West African ethnic group native to the Futa Toro region of Senegal. There are smaller communities in Mali and Mauritania. The Toucouleur were Islamized in the 11th century; their early and strong Islamic heritage, which is seen as a defining feature, is a "matter of great pride for them". They were among the first Muslims in the area that became Senegal. They were influential in the spread of Islam to West Africa in the medieval era.

They founded the vast Toucouleur Empire in the 19th century under Omar Saidou Tall who led a religious war against the neighboring ethnic groups and the French colonial forces.

The Toucouleur are traditionally sedentary, settled primarily in the Senegal River valley, with farming, fishing and raising cattle as their main activities. The Toucouleur society has been patrilineal, polygynous and with high social stratification that included slavery and caste system. There are an estimated 1 million Toucouleur people in West Africa.

Distribution
They are found primarily in the northern regions of Senegal where they constitute 15% of the population. This region is irrigated by the Senegal River valley, overlaps southern Mauritania. During the colonial era, and in the modern times, some of the Toucouleurs resettled in western Mali. They are about a million Toucouleur people in Senegal River valley area, and about 100,000 in Mali.

Identification and language
Besides Toucouleur, they are variously referred to as Torooɓe, Futanke, or Haalpulaar (French literature). The name Toucouleur is of unclear origin, with some sources stating it as a French derivation meaning "of every color", which itself may be a folk etymology. More likely it is a deformation of tekruri, a precolonial term meaning "people from Takrur".

The supposed distinction between Toucouleurs and Fula people more generally was invented by French ethnographers in the 19th century. They differentiated between supposedly sedentary, agricultural, fanatical, and anti-European Toucouleurs on one hand and nomadic, pastoralist, docile and cooperative Peulhs on the other, but the dichotomy is false.

Toucouleurs speak the Pulaar language, a dialect of Fula, an Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family of languages.

History
According to the oral traditions of the Toucouleur and Serer, the Toucouleurs are descendants of Serer and Fula ancestors. This tradition is supported by many scholars including Foltz and Phillips. A mutually acceptable bantering-style interaction, called the joking relationship by anthropologists, exists between the Serers and Toucouleurs.

The Toucouleur people have long inhabited the Senegal River area, with roots of an organized Tekrur kingdom tracing back to the 5th century. They were part of the 10th to the 18th century kingdom, but led by non-Toucouleur rulers from other ethnic groups. In the 18th century, a Toucouleur empire emerged which reached its peak influence in the 19th century under the Islamic leader Omar Saidou Tall. Omar was born in a Toucouleur clerical family in 1797. During his visit to Mecca in 1827, Omar was designated as the "Caliph of Black Africa." He returned to West Africa in 1833, and subsequently learned political and state building strategies from his father-in-law in the Sokoto Caliphate.

Omar returned to Senegal in 1845, where he began preaching Islam among the Toucouleur. He obtained weapons from Europe, then mobilized the Toucouleur to pursue an Islamic holy war in 1854 against the non-Muslim ethnic groups and those Muslims who had strayed. The Toucouleur armies succeeded. The Toucouleur Empire grew and extended from Senegal to much of Mali over the next ten years. His son Mustafa reigned over this empire and the Toucouleur between 1864 and 1870, followed by Omar's second son, Ahmadu Tall. The rule of Ahmadu, state Gallieni and Joffre, was a "Toucouleur-Muslim despot" over the Mandinka people and Bambara people. The empire collapsed in the 1880s as the Fulani, Tuaregs and the Moors attacked the Toucouleurs, and a civil war between local Toucouleur leaders engulfed the region. The empire ended in 1891, after the French colonial forces invaded the region.

People and society
The Toucouleurs speak the Futa Tooro dialect of Pulaar. They call themselves Haalpulaar’en, which means "those who speak Pulaar". They are Muslims. Culturally, the Toucouleur differ from other Fula people by the sedentary nature of their society.

Social stratification
Toucouleur society is patriarchal and divided into strict and rigid caste hierarchies.

The highest status among the five Toucouleur castes is of the aristocratic leaders and Islamic scholars called Torobe. Below them are the Rimbe, or the administrators, traders and farmers. The Nyenbe are the artisan castes of the Toucouleur society. The fourth caste strata is called the Gallunkobe or the slaves or descendants of slaves "who have been freed". The bottom strata among the Toucouleurs are the Matyube or slaves. The slaves were acquired by raiding pagan ethnic groups or purchased in slave markets, or the status was inherited.

The hierarchical social stratification has been an economically closed system, which historically has meant a marked inequality. Property and land has been exclusively owned by the upper caste members. Occupations and caste memberships are inherited. The Toucouleur castes have been endogamous, segregated and intermarriage has been rare. The clerics among Toucouleur like the Wolof people formed a separate group. The religious leaders were not necessarily endogamous nor an inherited post in Toucouleur people's long history, but it has been rare for lower caste people to become religious specialist, states Rüdiger Seesemann, as they were viewed as not sufficiently adhering to the "clerical standards of piety".

Marriage
Marriage among the Toucouleurs requires a bride price payable to the bride's family. A girl from high social status family such as of noble lineage expects substantially higher payment than one of lower status such as artisan castes or with slave lineage.

The marriage is validated by a mosque. The bride comes to live with her husband's joint family. Traditionally, before the marriage is consummated, the bride's aunt checks if the girl is a virgin, then bathes and massages her. The bride and groom then join in a wedding feast where the village members join in, marking the start of a new couple.

Childbirth and naming
One week after pémbougale (childbirth), the baby is named and a gorgol (sister of the father) cuts its hair. The father tells the marabout the name he has chosen, after which the marabout whispers the name in the infant's ear and prays. Following this, the marabout informs a gawlo (griot) of the name that has been chosen, and the griot announces the name to the village.

title: Toucouleur people


text:
Royal Aruban Airlines

Royal Aruban Airlines was an airline based in Aruba. It filed for bankruptcy in September 2002.

Code data

 * IATA code: V5 (originally R8)
 * ICAO code: RYL
 * Callsign: Royal Aruban

title: Royal Aruban Airlines


text:
Bobby Rackard

Robert "Bobby" Rackard (6 January 1927 – 19 October 1996) was an Irish hurler who played as a right corner-back for the Wexford senior team.

Rackard made his first regular appearance for the team during the 1947 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement before the 1957 championship. During that time he won two All-Ireland medals, four Leinster medals and one National Hurling League medal. Rackard was an All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions.

At club level Rackard was a four-time county club championship medalist with Rathnure.

Rackard's brothers, Nicky and Billy, also experienced All-Ireland success with Wexford. Survived by his infamous grandson, Nicky Rackard, who is known around the Big Apple for wearing his signature look, a palm tree button down.

Club
Rackard played his club hurling with Rathnure and enjoyed much success in a lengthy career.

In 1948 he was a key member of the defence as Rathnure reached only their second championship decider ever. A 3–5 to 0–2 trouncing of reigning champions St. Aidan's gave Rackard his first championship medal.

After failing to retain their title the following year, Rathnure were back in the county decider once again in 1950. Another convincing 5–10 to 2–6 defeat of old rivals St. Aidan's gave Rackard his second championship medal.

It was 1955 before Rathnure qualified for another championship decider and four-in-a-row hopefuls St. Aidan's provided the opposition once again. A close game developed, however, a 2–9 to 2–5 victory gave Rackard a third championship medal.

After a number of years out of the limelight Rathnure reached the county final once again in 1961. A fourth defeat of St. Aidan's gave Rackard, who scored two goals from his full-forward berth, a fourth and final championship medal.

Inter-county
Rackard first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Wexford minor hurling team in the early 1940s. He enjoyed little success in this grade but was called up to the senior team in 1947.

After losing the provincial final in 1950, Rackard was at centre-back the following year as Wexford faced Laois in the eastern decider. A 3–12 to 4–3 victory gave him his first Leinster medal as Wexford claimed the provincial crown for the first time since 1918. The subsequent All-Ireland decider saw three-in-a-row hopefuls Tipperary providing the opposition. Nicky Rackard's goal-scoring ability was quelled by Tipp goalkeeper Tony Reddin, while Séamus Bannon, Tim Ryan and Paddy Kenny scored key goals which powered Tipp to a 7–7 to 3–9 victory.

After back to back Leinster defeats over the next two years, Wexford faced Dublin in the 1954 decider. A huge 8-5 to 1–4 victory gave Rackard his second Leinster medal. A record crowd of 84,856 attended the subsequent All-Ireland decider with Cork providing the opposition. Wexford had a four-point lead with seventeen minutes left to play, however, history was against Rackard's side when Johnny Clifford scored the winning goal for Cork with just four minutes left. A 1–9 to 1–6 victory secured a third successive All-Ireland for Cork.

In 1955 Wexford continued their provincial dominance with Rackard collecting a third Leinster medal following a 5–6 to 3–9 defeat of Kilkenny in a replay of the Leinster final. Galway, who got a bye into the final without picking up a hurley, provided the opposition and took a half-time lead. A Tim Flood goal nine minutes from the end clinched a 3–13 to 2–8 victory and a first All-Ireland medal for Rackard. It was Wexford's first All-Ireland triumph in forty-five years.

Rackard added a National Hurling League medal to his collection in 1956 as Tipperary were bested by 5–9 to 2–14. The subsequent championship campaign saw Wexford reach the provincial final once again. A narrow 4–8 to 3–10 defeat of Kilkenny gave Rackard his fourth and final Leinster medal. Galway fell heavily in the All-Ireland semi-final, allowing Wexford to advance to an All-Ireland final meeting with Cork. The game has gone down in history as one of the all-time classics as Christy Ring was bidding for a record ninth All-Ireland medal. The game turned on one important incident as the Wexford goalkeeper, Art Foley, made a miraculous save from a Ring shot and cleared the sliotar up the field to set up another attack. Nicky Rackard scored a crucial goal with two minutes to go giving Wexford a 2–14 to 2–8 victory. In spite of Cork's loss Wexford's Nick O'Donnell and Rackard, in an unparalleled display of sportsmanship in any game, raised Christy Ring onto their shoulders and carried him off the field. Wexford had won the game and Rackard had collected his second All-Ireland medal but there was no doubt in their minds that the real hero was Ring.

A farm accident in 1957 brought an end to Rackard's inter-county career.

Inter-provincial
Rackard also had the honour of being selected for Leinster in the inter-provincial series of games and enjoyed some success.

In 1956 he lined out in his only inter-provincial decider. A 5–11 to 1–7 trouncing of Munster gave Rackard a Railway Cup medal.

Post-playing career
In retirement Rackard, along with his brothers Nicky and Billy, came to be regarded as one of the greatest hurling families of all-time. In 1984, the centenary year of the foundation of the Gaelic Athletic Association, he was named on the Hurling Team of the Century selection. In 1992 both Billy and Bobby Rackard's brilliance was recognised when they were presented with the All-Time All-Star Award for hurling. Rackard was also posthumously named on the Hurling Team of the Millennium in 1999.

Team

 * Rathnure
 * Wexford Senior Club Hurling Championship (1): 1948, 1950, 1955, 1961

 * Wexford
 * All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1955, 1956
 * Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (4): 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956
 * National Hurling League (1): 1955–56

 * Leinster
 * Railway Cup (1): 1956

title: Bobby Rackard


text: Category:Blackpool

title: Category:Blackpool


text:
Blackpool Tramway

The Blackpool Tramway runs from Blackpool to Fleetwood on The Fylde in Lancashire, England. The line dates back to 1885 and is one of the oldest electric tramways in the world. It is operated by Blackpool Transport Services (BTS) and runs for 18 km. It carried 4.9 million passengers in 2022/23.

It is the second-oldest electric tramway in the United Kingdom, the first being Volk's Electric Railway in Brighton, which opened two years earlier and similarly runs on a reserved track along the seafront. These are also the two surviving first-generation town tramways in the UK, though the majority of services on the line have since 2012 been operated by a fleet of modern Bombardier Flexity 2 trams. A 'heritage service' using the traditional trams operates year-round on weekends, certain weekdays and bank holidays, as well as during the Blackpool Illuminations. Excluding museums, it is one of only a few tramways in the world to still use double-deck trams, the others including the Hong Kong Tramways as well as some in Alexandria, Egypt.

Initial launch and expansion (1885–1910s)
The first section opened on 29 September 1885, a conduit line from Cocker Street to Dean Street on Blackpool Promenade. It was one of the first practical electric tramways in the world, just six years after Werner von Siemens first demonstrated electric traction. The inauguration was presided over by Holroyd Smith, the inventor of the system and Alderman Harwood, the Mayor of Manchester.

It was operated by the Blackpool Electric Tramway Company until 1892, when its lease expired and Blackpool Corporation took over. A line was added in 1895 from Manchester Square along Lytham Road to South Shore, extended to South Pier with a line on Station Road connecting Lytham Road to the promenade in 1897.

Conduit operation, in which trams took electricity from a conduit below and between the tracks, though very successful in locations such as town or city centres, proved to be very problematic on a line so close to the coast. During bad weather, sea water washed over the track and into the conduit where it short circuited the traction supply and operated the circuit breakers in the power station. Sand from the beaches was blown across the tracks and filled up the conduits. It was constantly necessary to remove this sand, as the addition of sea water would leave the conduits filled with wet sand which short circuited the supply. Another problem was that electrical resistance was greater than anticipated and the voltage in portions of the conduit was far less than that generated at Blundell Street – 230V dropped to 210V at the junction with the main line on the Promenade, 185V at Cocker Street and 168V at South Pier (then Victoria Pier).

In 1899, 550VDC overhead wiring was installed and the conduit removed. In 1900, the line was extended north to Gynn Square where it linked up with the Blackpool and Fleetwood Tramroad. In 1901, the Marton loop was opened, connecting Talbot Square and Central Station along Church Street, Devonshire Square, Whitegate Drive, Waterloo Road and Central Drive. A new depot was built on Whitegate Drive in Marton. A line was added from Talbot Square along Talbot Road to Layton in 1902. By 1903, the promenade line had reached the Pleasure Beach.

Expansion and contraction (1920s–1960s)
In 1920, Blackpool Corporation took over the tramroad, gaining 8 mi of track and three depots, two in Fleetwood and one in Bispham. The small Bold Street Depot in Fleetwood was closed and a loop constructed at Fleetwood Ferry. Blackpool Corporation also gained all 41 trams from the tramroad.

A larger depot site was developed on Rigby Road in 1920 due to the original Blundell Street Depot having become too small. Rigby Road Depot was built in 1935. Along the line to Fleetwood, between Rossall and Broadwater a more direct line was built in 1925. The final tramway extension was in 1926, along the promenade to Clifton Drive at Starr Gate where a connection was made with Lytham St. Annes Corporation Tramways.

In the 1930s, manager Walter Luff, as part of a five-year plan for modernisation, introduced a fleet of modern streamlined tramcars including the enclosed Railcoaches, the single-deck open-topped Open Boats and the English Electric double-deck Luxury Dreadnoughts (later known as 'Balloons'). These formed the backbone of the fleet into the 21st century. In 1936, route closures began with the Central Drive and Layton routes. Lytham Road closed in 1961, Marton in 1962 and the tramroad line on Dickson Road to North Station in 1963. Marton and Copse Road Depots closed in 1963 and Bispham Depot in 1966. This left the line from Starr Gate to Fleetwood, which remains. Blackpool Borough Council transferred the operation of the tramway and buses to Blackpool Transport Services Limited in 1986.

Blackpool was the only town in the UK that retained its trams and, between 1962 and 1992, it had the only urban tramway in the UK. (The last English city to lose its conventional trams was Sheffield in 1960. The last in the UK was Glasgow in 1962. The 1992 opening of the Manchester Metrolink heralded a revival.)

Difficult trading (1970s–2007)
During the 1970s, the tramway was struggling to remain open, so one-person-operated (OMO) tramcars were developed in order to reduce costs. This included rebuilding older tramcars into OMO cars and Jubilee cars, followed by the purchase of the Centenary cars.

Another innovation during the 1970s was the application of all-over adverts on tramcars to increase earnings. Advertising on Blackpool tramcars first appeared on the Conduit cars in the early years of the tramway, with upper deck decency panels utilised for this purpose. Some trams such as the Blackpool and Fleetwood Racks and Boxes had side panels fitted to the roof for advertising purposes. Various trams have since had adverts applied on the cab-ends and sides upon their liveries. In 1965, Coronation tram No. 310 was fitted with illuminated advert panels at the cab ends on the roof. This was followed by larger rectangular boxes in the 1960s on various Coronations, English Electric Railcoaches, Brush Railcoaches and OMO trams and remained a feature on some of them until the mid-1990s. In 2010, Brush Railcoach tram No. 632 had new advertising boxes fitted to recreate this feature. All-over adverts first appeared in 1975. Balloon tram No. 707 was the first tram to carry an all-over advert for Empire Pools. Brush Railcoach tram No. 622 was the first single-deck tram to carry an all-over advert for Blackpool Zoo in 1975. The English Electric Railcoaches, Brush Railcoaches, OMO trams and Centenary trams which carried adverts had their towers panelled over to provide more space for advertising. Various all-over adverts have since appeared on several tramcars.

Following the Government's pledge in 2000 to build 25 new tram networks by 2010, a £1billion bid for a Government grant was launched by Blackpool Council and Lancashire County Council in 2002 to expand the tram network to St Annes to the south and new housing estates in Fleetwood to the north, with a possible further phase to Poulton-le-Fylde and Thornton. In 2004, campaigners behind the bid expressed disappointment that nothing had been done to take the plans forward in two years. By November 2007, there was no further development.

For the first time the entire tramway was closed in November 2007 for five months of essential repair work, the second phase of an £11.8million upgrade. In January 2007, the City Class 611 prototype "supertram" was being tested on the tramway when it caught fire as it approached Central Pier, causing extensive damage. The driver escaped when the electrical console in the cab reportedly blew up. The tram, manufactured by Merseyside based Tram Power, was being tested as part of a bid to replace the current trams. The tramcar was rebuilt at a cost of £150,000 but was not permitted to resume trials; it is currently scheduled to form part of a trial park and ride tram line in Preston. The same tram had derailed on 30 May 2006 at Starr Gate loop during previous trials. A Rail Accident Investigation Branch report stated that the derailment was due to wear and tear on the track with a contributory factor being the new type of running gear on the tram.

Upgrading of track and fleet (2012)
On 1 February 2008, it was announced that the Government had agreed to the joint BTS and Blackpool Council bid for funding toward the total upgrade of the track. The Government were to contribute £60.3M of the total £85.3M cost. Blackpool Council and Lancashire County Council would each provide about £12.5M. The Government's decision meant that the entire tramway was upgraded and 16 Bombardier Flexity 2 trams replaced the fleet in 2012.

The tramway resurfacing works and construction of a tram shed at Starr Gate meant no trams operated south of the Pleasure Beach from 2009 until the new trams entered service in April 2012 and track work at Cleveleys halted services north of Little Bispham. A replacement bus service operated.

In 2011, the line voltage was raised to 600VDC in anticipation of the arrival of the new rolling stock. The last day of running for the traditional tram fleet was 6 November 2011. The tramway reopened on 4 April 2012 with Flexity 2 cars providing day to day services. Some of the traditional fleet has been retained and some restored, with unmodified trams being part of the 'Heritage Fleet' and modified, widened Balloon trams as part of the main fleet. The depot at Starr Gate houses the Flexity 2 fleet. Rigby Road Depot, near Manchester Square, is where the traditional trams are kept. Much work has been put in to make sure that the traditional trams have a safe future in Blackpool.

North Station Extension (2024)
An extension of the tramway along Talbot Road to Blackpool North railway station opened on 12 June 2024 following several delays. The new line connected to the Promenade line at Talbot Square, increasing the tramway's routes to three total with a new service from each of the existing termini to the station.

Enabling for the extension began on 6 November 2017, with the demolition of a homeware store in September 2020 to make way for the terminus and testing beginning on 16 March 2022. A new tram terminal was provided as part of the project, with an underpass providing access to the rail network.

Routes
The tramway runs from Starr Gate in Blackpool in the south, to the Ferry Terminus in Fleetwood in the north, mostly along the Fylde Coast sea front, turning inland at Cleveleys for the last few miles before ending at the coast in Fleetwood. There is a spur in Blackpool Town Centre to link to a terminus at Blackpool North Railway Station. Some services, especially in busy periods such as during Blackpool Illuminations or on bank holidays, start or terminate short at Cleveleys, Little Bispham, Bispham, or the Pleasure Beach to allow a more intensive service through the centre of Blackpool. During the Illuminations, decorated trams carry passengers on the promenade along the illuminated area, running from Pleasure Beach to Bispham.

There are four loops: at Starr Gate (although not generally used during service), opposite the Pleasure Beach, Little Bispham and Fleetwood, as well as links to Rigby Road Depot.

The Flexity 2 trams now operate the main services, with modified English Electric Balloon double-deck trams available if necessary.

A 'heritage service' provided by unmodified, traditional trams operates on select weekdays, weekends, bank holidays and summer months, as well as on tours during the illuminations. They stop only at special 'heritage stops' next to normal tram stops at Pleasure Beach, North Pier, Cabin, Bispham, Cleveleys and Fleetwood Ferry. Temporary 'heritage stops' are also used for the traditional trams during select special events, such as at Starr Gate.

Fleetwood Transport Festival
Each year the Fleetwood Transport Festival, known locally as Tram Sunday, is held on the third Sunday in July. It celebrated its 21st anniversary in 2005. It attracts thousands of visitors, and takes place on the full length of the main street, Lord Street. There are vintage tram rides from Fishermans Walk to Thornton Gate. In 2007, the festival, despite its popularity, was nearly cancelled due to a lack of support organising the day. A last-minute appeal for help resulted in the festival being saved.

Current fleet
Blackpool Tramway has the following main operational fleet (as of July 2021): The fleet is divided into three parts as regards Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations (RVAR): the 'A' fleet, of 18 Flexity 2 trams, fully compliant with the RVAR; the 'B' fleet, (originally) nine converted double-deck trams that have partial exemption through partial conversion to improve accessibility; and the 'C' fleet, the exempt heritage fleet.

The standard livery for the main fleet, introduced on the Flexity 2 trams, has purple fronts, with white sides, black window frames and a purple criss-cross pattern on the lower sides. Two of the modified Balloon trams have also been painted into the purple livery.

Bombardier Flexity 2
As part of the upgrade, 16 Bombardier Flexity 2 trams were ordered and were numbered 001–016. The worldwide launch of this type of tram including showing the first new tram occurred on 8 September 2011 at the new Starr Gate depot.

These state-of-the-art trams include many improvements, such as 100% step-free access from platform to tram, dedicated wheelchair spaces, higher seating and standing capacity, faster acceleration and quieter running. They have audio-visual 'next stop' displays.

Two further Flexity 2 units, numbered 017 and 018, arrived on 1 and 15 December 2017 respectively after being ordered to assist with service demands when the extension to Blackpool North railway station opens. They entered service on 4 March 2018.

The Flexity 2 trams are all accommodated at the depot at Starr Gate.

Modified 'Balloon' double-deck cars
Nine of the Balloon cars numbered 700, 707, 709, 711, 713, 718, 719, 720 and 724, were modified between 2009 and 2012. This work included widening of the door section, such that they would be compatible with the new tram stop platforms, and be available for both stage carriage duties, and as additional trams for the heritage service. Only six such examples are now believed to be fit for operation.

Heritage fleet

Blackpool has an extensive history of tramcars. A large fleet of vehicles that were retained from previous generations of the town's tramway operations, as well as some from other locations, are now operated as Blackpool Heritage Tram Tours.

The heritage tramcars mostly use the traditional green and cream livery of BTS in various styles from the 1930s to the 1990s, with some cars using red and cream/ white liveries and other assorted liveries. Some trams carry colourful all-over advertisements.

Track
The route is made up of four different types of track:
 * Street running, open to all traffic – along Lord Street and North Albert Street in Fleetwood and along Talbot Road in Blackpool town centre to North Station. There is also a stretch in Blackpool from Rigby Road Depot to the Promenade along Hopton Road and Lytham Road used for trams entering and leaving service only. A short stretch on the Promenade in Blackpool behind the Metropole Hotel was previously in this form, but was converted to reserved track during the 2011/12 tramway upgrade.
 * Paved reserved track alongside a road, open to pedestrians but not road traffic – along most of the route between Starr Gate and Cabin.
 * Reserved ballasted track, open to trams only – from Cabin to Rossall and along Radcliffe Road in Fleetwood.
 * Interurban style, not following a road and open to trams only – from Rossall to Radcliffe Road, Fleetwood.

Power supply
The tramcars are powered by 600VDC overhead line with electricity transmitted to the tramcars by pantograph and a few vintage trams by trolley pole.

Depots
There are two active depots:
 * Rigby Road Depot was built in 1935 and is still in use. It has a capacity of 108 trams. It was designed to replace the Bispham and Blundell Street depots and has been modernised several times. In 1955, tracks 15 to 18 were enclosed by a partition to be used as an electrical compound and in 1962, a tram-washing plant was built, along with the replacement of the roller-blind doors by folding aluminium doors. It has also been used to house some buses.
 * Starr Gate Depot was built in 2011 by VolkerFitzpatrick as part of the complete network refurbishment and cost £20M. It officially opened in Easter 2012 and has a maximum capacity of 20 articulated trams. It was built to house the first 16 Flexity 2 trams, including an additional two added to the fleet in 2017. An expansion with a public attraction to display heritage units was planned when Rigby Road Depot was due to be disposed of, but was not built, with Rigby Road Depot being retained for the heritage trams.

Previous depots
There were five further depots that are now closed, mainly demolished:
 * Bispham Depot was built in 1898 and extended in 1914 by Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad Company, to house 36 trams on six tracks. A substation was built to the side of the depot. The depot was used to receive pantograph cars in 1928 and Brush Railcoach cars in 1940. It closed on 27 October 1963 and was used as a store until the mid-1970s. It was demolished to make way for a Sainsbury's supermarket and the depot's headstone was installed at Crich's National Tramway Museum.
 * Bold Street Depot opened in January 1899 and had a capacity of four cars on two tracks. It was used only by the last two trams to Fleetwood in the evening and the first two trams in the morning. After Blackpool Corporation took over the tramroad in 1920, the depot was closed. Wires were taken down in 1924 when the Fleetwood loop was built. After World War II the depot was used by Fisherman's Friend. It was demolished in 1973 to make way for flats.
 * Blundell Street Depot opened in 1885 to house ten conduit trams. It was extended in 1894 and 1896 and in 1898 when the roof was raised to accommodate overhead wiring. After extension, the depot housed 45 trams on five tracks. The depot became a store in 1935 when the new central depot opened at Rigby Road. The inspection pits were filled in after World War II and after 1956 the building was used as a bus garage. The depot was reopened for trams in March 1963 after the closure of Marton depot. A new entrance was built in July 1964 but capacity was restricted by the presence of an ambulance station in the building. Following damage to the central roof caused by a gale, the depot was demolished on 4 November 1982.
 * Copse Road Depot was built in 1897 by the Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad Company with six tracks, capable of housing 18 trams. It was originally used as a store and service depot. After passing to Blackpool Corporation Tramways it was used to dismantle old trams. Between 1925 and 1949 a line connected the depot with the railway and was used to shunt wagons. After Blackpool Corporation sold the depot, it was used as a car showroom. The substation still fed the Fleetwood line section during this time. The depot was demolished in 2016 after a scheme to convert the building into a tram museum failed, due to the poor condition of the building.
 * Marton Depot was built in 1901 to accommodate 50 trams. It was used for central routes but declined in use after the closure in 1936 of the Layton and Central Drive sections. It closed for tram use between 1939 and 1944 due to World War II and accommodated aircraft of the Vickers Aircraft Company. It closed on 11 March 1963, with the last car to leave being Standard car No. 48. The front half was demolished with the rear half in commercial use. A petrol station is now on the site.

Fares and ticketing
Tickets are purchased from the conductor on board, with daily, three-day, seven-day and monthly 'saver' tickets also available, which can be used on trams (excluding heritage trams) and Blackpool Transport buses. Heritage tram tickets are available for a round trip tour between Pleasure Beach and Cabin. Group day tickets are also available for up to 5 passengers including Adults, Children and Dogs. In addition to heritage tours, heritage day tickets can also be used on all Blackpool Transport trams and buses as well as autumn illumination tours.

National Rail tickets to Blackpool stations with a Plusbus add-on includes unlimited tram travel between Thornton Gate and Starr Gate.

Ownership and structure
The Tramway is operated by Blackpool Transport Services Limited (BTS), which was set up in accordance with the provisions of the Transport Act 1985, and operates passenger transport service in the Fylde coast area through its bus and tram operations. BTS is wholly owned by Blackpool Council, which leases the tramway and associated premises to BTS.

Business trends
Full financial and operational figures are not published for Blackpool Tramways. Blackpool Council, and its operating subsidiary Blackpool Transport Services Limited, both produce annual accounts, but figures for the tram operations are not shown separately. The key available trends in recent years for Blackpool Tramway are (years ending 31 March):

Activities in the financial year 2020/21 were severely reduced by the impact of the coronavirus pandemic; the shortfall in fare income was funded by a grant from the UK central government's Department for Transport.

Future developments
There have been several proposals for further extensions of the tramway, most notably along the South Fylde Line (to Lytham St Annes) and the Fleetwood Branch Line (to Poulton-le-Fylde). Blackpool Council, Fylde Council and Wyre Council have each applied for £800,000 in order to pursue a feasibility study which would investigate a "Tram Loop" proposal encompassing the two branch lines.

Popular culture
In a 1989 episode of the television soap opera Coronation Street, character Alan Bradley was killed when he was hit by a Bispham-bound tram outside the Strand Hotel on North Promenade.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 22 July 1980, Balloon trams 705 and 706 collided head-on on the turning loop at the Pleasure Beach. 705 was bound for Starr Gate whilst 706 was stationary on the loop. 705 was on the wrong line due to the points being incorrectly set and ran into 706, about to depart for Fleetwood. Both trams were severely damaged and 6 people were injured, including driver Darrell Pierre, then the only full-time black employee at Blackpool Transport. 705 was scrapped, the only Balloon to meet this fate until 2009 when 722 was scrapped due to collision damage. 706 was rebuilt as an open-topped Balloon. A County Court judgement in 1982 found that Blackpool Corporation were 80% to blame for the collision, contrary to initial reports implicating Pierre; however, Pierre did not get his name cleared until November 2010, 15 months after his death.
 * On 13 March 2004, Centenary tram 644 derailed and collided with a wall on the promenade near Gynn Square. One of the poles from the Illuminations had been deliberately placed in the groove of the left-hand rail of the northbound line. 644 narrowly missed a pedestrian walking along the promenade and went through the wall, knocking debris onto the walkway below. The tram was balancing on the wall, but did not fall off.
 * On 24 January 2007, Citytram prototype 611, while undergoing a trial run, caught fire near Foxhall, causing severe damage to one end of the cab. No-one was injured, but it did not return to Blackpool when repaired.
 * On 5 August 2009, a pedestrian, Maureen Foxwell age 70, was killed by a speeding driver at a designated crossing. The driver, who was travelling at over three times the speed limit near tram stops of 4 mph, was sentenced to 15 months in prison.
 * On 4 April 2012, on the very first day of Flexity 2 operation, tram 006 working the very first journey with passengers derailed at Fleetwood Ferry due to a buildup of sand in the groove of both tracks.
 * On 24 September 2016, BTS heritage tram 272 caught fire due to failure of the rubber insulation on one of its cables; all of its passengers and staff were unhurt, except for a conductor who injured his hand breaking a glass panel to access a fire extinguisher.
 * On 24 November 2021 a pedestrian was in a collision with a tram in Fleetwood Road just south of the Anchorsholme Lane stop, later dying from his injuries. The Rail Accident Investigation Branch report a year later found that insufficient lighting meant the tram driver did not see the pedestrian, and that it was unclear why the pedestrian was not apparently aware of the tram's presence.

title: Blackpool Tramway


text:
Category:Airlines of Aruba

See Also: List of airlines and List of defunct airlines

title: Category:Airlines of Aruba


text: File:Sliveralbum.jpg

title: File:Sliveralbum.jpg


text:
CSL Mobile

CSL Mobile Limited is a Hong Kong telecommunications company, which operates mobile network brands of "csl", "1O1O" and "Club SIM". CSL is a subsidiary of Hong Kong Telecom (HKT) and was Hong Kong's first mobile communications operator established in 1983, and also the first network to launch the world’s first dual band 4G LTE network with DC-HSPA+.

The brand CSL was under different legal person in its operating history, namely Communication Services Limited, which known as Hong Kong Telecom CSL Limited from 1990 to 1999, and then Cable & Wireless HKT CSL Limited from 1999 to 2001, and then Hong Kong CSL Limited from 2001 (it became a subsidiary of CSL Limited after the formation of CSL New World Mobility), CSL Limited (formerly known as New World PCS) and CSL Mobile Limited; The current legal person of the brand, CSL Mobile Limited, was formally known as PCCW Mobile HK Limited. It was the result of the merger of the brands CSL and PCCW Mobile.

History
In the 1990s, CSL was a company of PCCW (formerly HKT). In 2002, PCCW sold CSL. In 2005, PCCW re-entered the mobile network operator business by acquiring SUNDAY and setting up a new brand "PCCW Mobile". In 2014, HKT (a member of PCCW Group) acquired CSL New World Mobility and its subsidiaries such as CSL Limited and New World Mobility. In 2014, the legal person of PCCW Mobile was renamed into CSL Mobile Limited. However, it used the brand CSL instead.

CSL was an abbreviation for Communication Services Limited and their original branding of "Create a Simple Life". The CSL brand, logo and corporate colour (green) were all updated in August 2011 and again in recent year.

Timeline

 * 1980: Communication Services Limited was incorporated.
 * 1984: CSL, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hong Kong Telecom, launches Hong Kong's first public mobile radiotelephone service using NEC's Advance Mobile Telephone System.
 * July 1993: CSL launches its GSM service.
 * June 1997: CSL launches its GSM 1800 network.
 * December 1997: CSL acquires Pacific Link Communications. The acquisition included the digital cellular phone services (D-Amps), PCS (GSM1800) and radio paging services.
 * 2000: PCCW Limited buys HKT, including subsidiary CSL (known as Hong Kong Telecom CSL Limited at that time), for an estimated US$38 billion from Cable & Wireless.
 * February 2001: PCCW sells 60% of CSL to Telstra for $3.05 billion, in a joint venture called "Regional Wireless Company" (RWC).
 * July 2002: Telstra purchases PCCW's 40% stake in RWC for A$1.1billion, giving Telstra 100% ownership of CSL.
 * March 2006: CSL & New World PCS merge to become the CSL New World Mobility. The enlarged group owned the brands CSL, 1010, One2Free and New World Mobility, and was majority owned by Telstra; New World Mobile Holdings was a minor shareholder.
 * January 2007: New World Mobile Holdings agrees to sell its quarter stake of CSL New World Mobility to its parent company New World Development, for US$321 million.
 * March 2009: CSL launches the international award winning Next G™ network. Next G™ is an all-IP HSPA+ commercial mobile broadband network capable of download speeds up to 21 Mbit/s and provides the widest coverage in Hong Kong (as at 1 Dec 2011).
 * November 2010: Launches the world's first LTE/DC-HSPA+ network in partnership with ZTE.
 * June 2012: CSL and SK Telecom, the largest mobile operator in Korea, launches the world’s first 4G LTE international roaming between their two markets – Hong Kong and Korea.
 * December 2013: CSL launches the first VoLTE (Voice over LTE) network in Hong Kong.
 * December 2013: Telstra and New World Development have agreed to sell CSL New World Mobility to HKT, a listed unit of PCCW for $2.43B USD, essentially selling it back to PCCW. Telstra owns 76.4% of CSL, New World Development owns the rest 23.6%.
 * May 2014: The Communications Authority agree to the sale of CSL, subject to conditions.
 * September 2014: The brand New World Mobility was renamed to Sun Mobile, and owned by HKT and Telecom Digital
 * December 2014: CSL launches the first LTE Advanced network in Hong Kong.
 * April 2020: Become one of the three operators in Hong Kong to launch 5G network.

title: CSL Mobile


text:
User talk:Pvbees

Welcome!

title: User talk:Pvbees


text:
User talk:Superchemist

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:37, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Superchemist


text:
Causeway Point

Causeway Point is the seventh largest suburban shopping mall in Singapore. It is operated by Frasers Property. Causeway Point is located in the town centre of Woodlands, a town in the north of Singapore. Completed in 1998, it is located beside the Woodlands MRT station and the underground Woodlands Bus Interchange. It has 250 retail outlets spread over five floors and a basement.

History
In 1995, Centrepoint Properties Limited (CPL) bidded $309 million for a plot of land in Woodlands Town Centre and won the bid. The site was zoned commercial and can be used for a mix of retail, entertainment, food and beverage and office space but CPL decided to build an entertainment and shopping centre, Causeway Point.

Causeway Point was estimated by CPL to cost the company $500 million to build while The Business Times, a Singapore newspaper, estimated the cost to be at $550 million.

Causeway Point was completed in November 1998 as the first major shopping mall to open in Woodlands, therefore officially opened on 30 May 1999. Back then, it had a 10 screen cineplex operated by Studio Cinemas, which was taken over by Cathay as the former went bust, and was reduced to 7 screens in 2001, John Little and Metro department stores, a Cold Storage supermarket, a Courts store and more than 250 specialty shops.

In late 2010, Causeway Point underwent a $72 million facelift lasting 30 months. These renovation works were aimed to increase net property income by 22 per cent to $51.5 million. During these renovation works, it added a dry playground at Level 2 and a wet playground at Level 7. The dry playground was demolished in late 2019. The main food court was relocated from Level 5 to Level 4 as part of its tenant remixing works. John Little vacated the mall shortly before renovation works commenced and was replaced by newer stores. In September 2021, Cotton On merged the former Cotton On Kids stores and Rubi Shoes store, the latter was replaced by G2000.

Major tenants include Cathay Cineplexes, FairPrice Finest, Metro, Food Republic, Cantine by Kopitiam, Cotton On, Courts, G2000, Sephora and Uniqlo.

title: Causeway Point


text:
Talk:Oak Island

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 January 2021 and 21 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Xzones15.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:31, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Bad Date
This date is wrong, Quote: Oak Island Tours eventually dissolved, and in February 2019, it was announced that a new partnership had been formed with a company called the "Michigan Group".[17]

If you look at reference 17, it does indeed give February 2019 as the date that the web page was posted. But the change in partnership had to be much older. It should be noted that the current website is a reconstruction of a previously expired and lost website. The TV show first aired in 2014 at which point the new partnership was fully formed and active. Also reference 17 says Quote: The treasure trove licence is in Mr. Tobias’ name, but the new group will be looking to transfer the licence, which is valid until July of 2008. <<<  This strongly implies that the change in partnership happened prior to 2008. During a quick look I was unable to determine the correct date, so did not make any changes to the article. (too lazy to login, old codger). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.17.129.190 (talk) 09:21, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

Vibe check
What’s a vibe check you ask?......

Let me Telepathically text you to see if your worthy. .........

Well you passed the vibe check! Haha you had no idea I was actually tricking you by vibe Checking you! Now you know what it is :)(: — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.249.64.108 (talk) 02:38, 25 January 2020 (UTC)

Documented discoveries
Some mention needs to be made of several discoveries that add to the "mystery" of Oak Iasland. Here is a partial list of items that should be mentioned: 1. Discovery of European and Middle Eastern human bones from core drillings obtained below 90 foot depth. 2. Determination that the Triangle Swamp is historically young...about 400 years old, and contains within it several human constructed cobble stone paved areas. 3. Discovery of buried wood works at Smithe's Cove that pre-date any documented human activity. 4. Need commentary about the kind of workforce required to carry out the above mentioned discoveries.

Larry Kipp — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C5E:537F:4292:D41B:A4D8:5D33:2672 (talk) 03:18, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

Lead

 * Oak Island is a 57 hectare privately owned island in Lunenburg County on the south shore of Nova Scotia, Canada. The tree-covered island is one of about 360 small islands in Mahone Bay and rises to a maximum of 11 metres above sea level. The island is located 200 metres from shore and connected to the mainland by a causeway and gate. The nearest community is the rural community of Western Shore which faces the island, while the nearest village is Chester. The island is best known for various theories about buried treasure or historical artifacts, and the associated attempts to explore the site.

I am moving this here for now for the record as the measurements are not sourced. Feel free to add these bits into the article's body if you can find the WP:RS for them. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 14:42, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oak Island


text:
Talk:Jacques Brel

Cohen?
Re: "he [Brel] became a major influence on English-speaking songwriters and performers such as David Bowie, Alex Harvey, Leonard Cohen, Marc Almond and Rod McKuen."

I've read and listened to countless lengthy interviews with Cohen, including a book of collected interviews, read two biographies of Cohen, read nearly all of his Cohen's published poems and his first novel, and own all of his recordings. I've never encountered any reference to Brel in any of this. (As for Bowie, he borrowed at bit of "Jef" for his "Rock and Roll Suicide" and performed a couple of other Brel songs. That doesn't make Brel a major influence on Bowie.) TheScotch (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 09:36, 18 May 2017 (UTC)

Additionally, Edith Piaf never recorded or sang publicly any song by Brel. In the summer of 1963 she rehearsed "Je m'en remets sur toi", but this went no further. Perhaps the most famous French interpreters of Brel are Barbara and Juliette Greco. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.151.160.222 (talk) 09:07, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Memorable performance on YouTube in 1973
Something wrong with the link. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sciken (talk • contribs) 14:08, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Section starts with conjecture
Final years and death section starts with the conjecture that the reader had already have the information. Can be better. 31.140.200.163 (talk) 08:36, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jacques Brel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paris Presley

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:56, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Paris Presley
Clearly a vanity article trying to make the person sound important. Do a search on him and you see why. --Anonymous Cow 17:39, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. One would think though that if you were to say "Paris" you would be thinking of Paris Hilton, not this person. Megan1967 19:53, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ParisPresleycruft. Non-notable - most google hits for the term refer to Elvis tours (e.g. while in Paris, Presley ate lots of french fries). -- 8^D gab 20:03, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Delete. More likely hoax than vanity: The "Paris Pepi Show"?? — Asbestos | Talk  22:08, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: If this was true, the article would be fine. However, it seems not to be. --Asriel86 23:39, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Delino DeShields

Delino Lamont DeShields (born January 15, 1969), also nicknamed "Bop", is an American former professional baseball second baseman. He played for 13 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Montreal Expos, Los Angeles Dodgers, St. Louis Cardinals, Baltimore Orioles, and Chicago Cubs between 1990 and 2002. He is currently the manager of the minor league Harrisburg Senators, the AA team for the Washington Nationals.

His son Delino DeShields Jr. plays for the Charleston Dirty Birds and his daughter Diamond DeShields plays for the Chicago Sky.

Early life
DeShields was born in Seaford, Delaware where he was raised by his mother and grandmother. He was an All-American in baseball and basketball at Seaford High School. DeShields signed a letter of intent to play college basketball at Villanova University. However, after being selected as the 12th overall pick in the 1987 MLB draft, he chose a career in baseball; he signed for $130,000 with the Montreal Expos.

Career
DeShields made his Major League debut on Opening Day of the 1990 season for the Expos. He recorded four hits in his debut, the most for a debutant in the National League since Mack Jones 29 seasons earlier. He became the regular second baseman for the Expos in 1990, finishing in second place for the NL Rookie of the Year award. He suffered from a sophomore slump in 1991, but went on to post his two best years in 1992 and 1993, hitting .294 and averaging 45 stolen bases.

On November 19, 1993, DeShields was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for then-prospect Pedro Martínez. In retrospect, this is considered one of the worst trades in Dodgers history. DeShields hit .241 during his three years in Los Angeles, while Martinez went on to win three Cy Young Awards and established himself among the greatest pitchers of all time.

In 1996, DeShields signed as a free agent with the St. Louis Cardinals, and later played with the Baltimore Orioles and Chicago Cubs. In 2001, he was the last out in Hideo Nomo's no-hitter against the Baltimore Orioles.

Post-playing career
DeShields is the co-founder of the Urban Baseball League. He also travels with Oil Can Boyd to promote baseball in African American communities.

DeShields was the manager for the Dayton Dragons, a single-A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds organization for the 2011 and 2012 seasons. On December 12, 2012, it was announced that DeShields would become the manager for the Cincinnati Reds Double–A minor league team, the Pensacola Blue Wahoos for the 2013 season. On December 1, 2014, DeShields became manager of the Louisville Bats, replacing Jim Riggleman.

After spending the 2022 season as the Cincinnati Reds' first base and baserunning coach, DeShields was fired on October 6, 2022, following a season that saw Cincinnati lose 100 games.

In 2023, he became the manager of the Harrisburg Senators, the AA team of the Washington Nationals.

Personal
DeShields is married to Michelle Elliott DeShields, an educator and television host for the PBS series Georgia Traveler airing on Georgia Public Broadcasting. He has five children; two from his first marriage, Delino Jr. and Diamond, along with three from his current marriage, D'Angelo, Denim and Delaney. Two children from his earlier marriage followed in his footsteps and became professional athletes. Delino Jr. was an outfielder who played for the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball (MLB) and Diamond is a basketball player for the Chicago Sky of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).

Highlights

 * Named State Baseball Player of the Year in 1986.
 * Placed second in Rookie of the Year Award voting in 1990
 * Led National League in triples (14, 1997)
 * Nine-time top 10 finisher among NL base stealers (1990–98)
 * His career 463 stolen bases ranks him 44th on the all-time list
 * Wore his socks just below the knee, to honor the players of the defunct Negro leagues
 * Inducted into the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame in 2006.
 * Inducted into the Eastern Shore Baseball Foundation Hall of Fame and Museum in 2010.

title: Delino DeShields


text:
Max Emanuel Ainmiller

Maximilian Emanuel Ainmiller (14 February 1807, Munich – 9 December 1870) was a German artist and glass painter.

Under the tutorage of Friedrich von Gärtner, director of the royal Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory, Ainmiller studied glass painting, both as a mechanical process and as an art, at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich. In 1828 he was appointed director of the newly founded royal painted-glass manufactory at Munich. The method which he gradually perfected there was a development of the enamel process adopted in the Renaissance, and consisted in actually painting the design upon the glass, which was subjected, as each colour was laid on, to carefully adjusted heating.

The earliest specimens of Ainmiller's work are to be found in the cathedral of Regensburg. With a few exceptions, all the windows in Glasgow cathedral are from his hand. Specimens may also be seen in St Paul's Cathedral and Peterhouse, Cambridge, and the Cologne Cathedral contains some of his finest productions. Ainmiller had considerable skill as an oil-painter, especially in interiors, his pictures of the Chapel Royal at Windsor Castle and of Westminster Abbey being much admired, the latter of which is displayed in the gallery of the Neue Pinakothek in Munich. He is buried in the Alter Südfriedhof in Munich.

Maximilian was also mentor to many famous painters, including future son-in-law David Dalhoff Neal, and grandfather to dramatist Max Neal, and composer Heinrich Neal who was born a few months prior to his death. A street, Ainmillerstrasse, named in his memory, is located in the Munich district of Schwabing

title: Max Emanuel Ainmiller


text:
Goofyfoot

Goofyfoot is an EP by folk singer-songwriter Phranc, released in 1995.

Recorded in Olympia, Washington with session musicians including Donna Dresch and Tobi Vail, as well as members of Satan's Pilgrims, Goofyfoot is an independent tribute to the surfer-punk ethic of the Californian coast. It covers "Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter" and "Ode to Billie Joe" as well as the popular live favourite "Bulldagger Swagger".

Track listing

 * 1) "Surferdyke Pal" (Phranc) – 2:38
 * 2) "Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter" (Trevor Peacock) – 3:11
 * 3) "Bulldagger Swagger" (Phranc) – 2:49
 * 4) "Ode to Billy Joe" (Bobbie Gentry) – 4:20
 * 5) "Goofyfoot" (Phranc) – 2:46

Personnel

 * Phranc - Producer, vocals, guitar
 * Warren Bruleigh - Producer
 * Kaia Kangaroo - Guitar
 * Dave Pilgrim - Guitar
 * Scott Pilgrim - Guitar
 * Donna Dresch - Bass guitar
 * John Pilgrim - Bass guitar
 * Patty Schemel - Drums
 * Tobi Vail - Drums
 * John Goodmanson - Engineer
 * Tom Smurdon - Assistant engineer
 * Greg Calbi - Mastering
 * Carol Chen - Art direction, design

title: Goofyfoot


text:
William Mong

William Mong Man-wai GBS (, 7 November 1927 – 20 July 2010) was the chairman of the Shun Hing Group, the distributor of Matsushita products (National, Panasonic, Technics) in Hong Kong.

He attended La Salle College in Hong Kong. Mong Man-wai died from cancer on 20 July 2010, aged 82. Many buildings in Hong Kong universities are named after him.

title: William Mong


text:
Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough

Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough, 28 September 1610 to 10 January 1667, was the younger son of Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon, one of the most powerful landowners in Leicestershire. He fought with the Royalist army in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and narrowly escaped execution after being captured at Colchester in 1648. He spent the next twelve years with the Stuart court in exile, and became a leading member of the Sealed Knot, a body set up to co-ordinate Royalist plots against The Protectorate. Hastings returned home after the 1660 Stuart Restoration, and was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire in 1661, a position he retained until his death in January 1667.

Personal details
Henry Hastings was born 28 September 1610 at Ashby de la Zouch Castle, the family home in Leicestershire, fifth child and second son of Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon (1586–1643), and his wife Elizabeth (1588–1633). His siblings included, Lady Alice Hastings, Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon (b. 1608), Lady Elizabeth Hastings and Lady Mary Hastings (b. 1612). His mother, at one time, was fourth-in-line to inherit England's throne. She was a great great granddaughter of Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk.

He was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War in 1642, Hastings declared himself a supporter of King Charles I and the family home, Ashby-de-la-Zouch castle, became a vital link between the Royalist south-west and the north – particularly as much of the rest of Leicestershire supported the Parliamentary cause. Hastings was made High Sheriff of Leicestershire that same year (1642) by King Charles.

Hastings, therefore, as Colonel Hastings, became engaged in various skirmishes between the opposing forces, seeing action at the Battle of Hopton Heath, fighting a small battle at Cotes Bridge near Loughborough and later losing an eye to a pistol shot after an exchange near Bagworth, all in 1643. He was thereafter known as Blind Henry Hastings by the Parliamentarians, who refused to recognise his new title. Later that year, his forces captured and lost the town of Burton upon Trent.

In May 1645 Hastings supported Prince Rupert in the siege and the storming of Leicester and was subsequently appointed the governor of Leicester by the King on 2 June. Following the Royalist defeat at the Battle of Naseby the Royalist garrison at Leicester was itself besieged by the parliamentarian general Sir Thomas Fairfax. After a brief siege Hastings negotiated articles of surrender and the garrison marched out of Leicester on 18 June.

As the war progressed and Royalist fortunes waned, Ashby—already the target of action in 1644—was subject to a prolonged siege between September 1645 and its surrender in March 1646. Hastings, ennobled as the first Baron Loughborough on 23 October 1643, for his services to Charles I, marched out with the honours of war. The castle was later partly demolished, with the remaining Hastings family moving to Donington Hall near Derby.

In the Second Civil War he and Arthur, Lord Capell in raising troops for the Royalists, joined the Earl of Norwich, Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle in Essex and took part in the Siege of Colchester. He surrendered with the others on 28 August 1648 and was exiled by Parliament (he fled to Holland) on 18 November 1648. In this he was fortunate as Capell, Lucas and Lisle were all executed for their part in the rebellion.

Upon the Restoration (for which he had worked secretly as a founder member of The Sealed Knot), Hastings was able to return to England and was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire in 1661 although he only ever lived in London from then on, in a Manor House in Lambeth Wick he renamed Loughborough House. He died in 1667.

Several streets and a railway station in the Brixton area of London perpetuate his name.

title: Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough