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Wikipedia:Spoken articles

This page lists recordings of Wikipedia articles being read aloud, and the year each recording was made. Articles under each subject heading are listed alphabetically (by surname for people).

For help playing Ogg audio, see Help:Media. To request an article to be spoken, see Category:Spoken Wikipedia requests. For all other information, see the WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia page. Spoken articles marked with were featured articles at the time of recording. Similarly, spoken articles marked with were good articles at the time of recording.

There are  spoken articles in English.

Art, architecture and archaeology

 * One Times Square (2018)
 * 2 Broadway (2018)
 * 33 Thomas Street (2019)
 * The Astronomer (Vermeer) (2019)
 * Museum of Bad Art (2009)
 * Baden-Powell House (2006)
 * Bogor Palace (2022)
 * Matthew Brettingham (2020)
 * Capuchin Crypt (2019)
 * Carpenters' Hall (2018)
 * Castle Clinton (2018)
 * Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Portland, Maine) (2018)
 * CHIJMES (2006)
 * Claypotts Castle (2020)
 * David (Bernini) (2019)
 * Duffy Square (2019)
 * Droste effect (2019)
 * Easel (2024)
 * Equestrian statue (2019)
 * Feldherrnhalle (2014)
 * The Fighting Temeraire (2020)
 * Flatiron Building (2018)
 * Fraunces Tavern (2018)
 * Grand Central Terminal (2019)
 * Hofgarten (Munich) (2014)
 * Hundertwasserhaus (2006)
 * Imagism (2010)
 * Istana Negara (Jakarta) (2022)
 * Istana Negara, Jalan Istana (2010)
 * Kintsugi (2019)
 * Conference Center (LDS Church) (2007)
 * Library of Ashurbanipal (2019)
 * Lindow Man (2019)
 * Mansard roof (2019)
 * Merdeka Palace (2022)
 * Morgan Library & Museum (2018)
 * Nebra sky disk (2019)
 * Neuschwanstein Castle (2014)
 * Opaline glass (2006)
 * Palladian architecture (2006)
 * Portrait of a Lady (van der Weyden) (2010)
 * Salt Lake Assembly Hall (2007)
 * Salt Lake Tabernacle (2007)
 * Salt Lake Temple (2007)
 * Seagull Monument (2007)
 * Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada (2019)
 * Sorbie Tower (2020)
 * St Magnus Cathedral (2019)
 * The Three Brothers (jewel) (2020)
 * Temple Square (2007)
 * Theory of Colours (2008)
 * Tower of London (2018)
 * VJing (2010)
 * Warlugulong (2014)
 * Western (genre) (2006)
 * Westminster Abbey (2005)
 * Winter Garden Theatre (2018)
 * Xanadu Houses (2008)

Art, architecture and archaeology biographies

 * Edward Clifford (2012)
 * Hans Dahl (2005)
 * John Douglas (architect) (2010)
 * Adam Elsheimer (2006)
 * M. C. Escher (2016)
 * Louis Fancher (2018)
 * Annie French (2019)
 * Ima Hogg (2009)
 * Corky Lee (2024)
 * Hilda Rix Nicholas (2014)
 * Francis Petre (2005)
 * Michael Angelo Rooker (2018)
 * Sam A. Scribner (2015)

Biology

 * A History of British Fishes (2023)
 * Abiogenesis (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (Part 4) (2012)
 * Action potential (2005)
 * Amanita phalloides (2007)
 * Apophallation (2010)
 * Archaea (2020)
 * Balance disorder (2019)
 * Bioinformatics (2013)
 * Chemical synapse (2005)
 * Cladistics (2007)
 * Cleavage (breasts) (2009)
 * Cneoridium dumosum (Nuttall) Hooker F. Collected March 26, 1960, at an Elevation of about 1450 Meters on Cerro Quemazón, 15 Miles South of Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California, México, Apparently for a Southeastward Range Extension of Some 140 Miles (2023)
 * Disruptive eye mask (2023)
 * DNA (2007)
 * DNA repair (2005)
 * Ediacaran biota (2009)
 * Evolution (2007)
 * Fauna of Australia (2006)
 * Glasses (2008)
 * Glucagon (2019)
 * Hepatitis C (2014)
 * Introduction to evolution (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (Part 4) (2012)
 * Introduction to viruses (2011)
 * Macular degeneration (2005)
 * Mitochondrial Eve (2005)
 * Natural history museum (2019)
 * Neural network (2011)
 * Neurofibromin 1 (2023)
 * Nictitating membrane (2019)
 * Ossicone (2019)
 * Pair bond (2019)
 * Peyer's patch (2019)
 * Pimple (2010)
 * Seawater (2014)
 * Selleophytum (2015)
 * Sequence alignment (2012)
 * Sex (2022)
 * Sexual dimorphism (2019)
 * Tanner scale (2019)
 * Ten percent of the brain myth (2012)
 * Territory (animal) (2019)

Animals

 * Andalusian horse (2011)
 * American Cream Draft (2023)
 * American goldfinch (2009)
 * Antarctic krill (2005)
 * Arctic tern (2008)
 * Australian green tree frog (2006)
 * Australian ringneck (2007)
 * Bank myna (2009)
 * Barn owl (2024)
 * Bird (introduction) (2008)
 * Black-and-yellow broadbill (2023)
 * Black Russian Terrier (2010)
 * Black vulture (2008)
 * Blanket octopus (2019)
 * Blue whale (2006)
 * Bobcat (2009)
 * Buckhound (2024)
 * Cane toad (2006)
 * Cat (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (2007)
 * Cattle egret (2009)
 * Chicken (2024)
 * Common chiffchaff (2009)
 * Columbian mammoth (2016)
 * Cougar (2008)
 * Deinosuchus (2010)
 * Dinosaur (2005)
 * Elfin woods warbler (2009)
 * Elongate carpet shark (2016)
 * Emu (2006)
 * Eurasian beaver (2006)
 * Fin whale (2008)
 * Golden swallow (2018)
 * Green and golden bell frog (2006)
 * Guide dog (2006)
 * Human (2022)
 * Humans (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (Part 4) (2013)
 * Humpback whale (2005)
 * Hydrophis belcheri (2019)
 * Island fox (2010)
 * Jaguar (2008)
 * Jamaican red macaw (2019)
 * Kunekune (2024)
 * Lamellibrachia (2024)
 * Lovebug (2019)
 * Mantis (2016)
 * Mourning dove (2008)
 * Northern pintail (2009)
 * Norway lemming (2024)
 * Plumbeous water redstart (2013)
 * Poison dart frog (2019)
 * Puerto Rican amazon (2010)
 * Puppy (2019)
 * Ribbon eel (2019)
 * Ropica biroi (2016)
 * Short-beaked echidna (2006)
 * Song thrush (2018)
 * Spanish dancer (2019)
 * Tasmanian devil (2006)
 * Tawny owl (2009)
 * Triceratops (2007)
 * Weasel war dance (2022)

Individual animals

 * Shamu (2024)

Plants

 * Epacris impressa (2020)
 * Hypericum olympicum (2020)
 * Potentilla Indica (2024)

Biology biographies

 * John Fraser (botanist) (2012)
 * Masters and Johnson (2014)

Business, economics, and finance

 * Asian Century (2017)
 * Billboard (2006)
 * Commons-based peer production (2018)
 * Dun & Bradstreet (2020)
 * Embrace, extend, and extinguish (2012)
 * The Dilbert Principle (2005)
 * Economic Club of Canada (2016)
 * Economic Club of New York (2016)
 * Economics of coffee (2011)
 * Economy of Africa (2009)
 * Economy of Ontario (2012)
 * Fairness Project (2019)
 * Laissez-faire (2008)
 * The Livestock Conservancy (2012)
 * Measures for Justice (2019)
 * Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2016)
 * Peter principle (2019)
 * Post-scarcity economy (2018)
 * Precision marketing (2015)
 * Quantity theory of money (2006)
 * Rare Breeds Canada (2012)
 * Seacology (2016)
 * Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962 (2012)
 * Starve the beast (2024)
 * World Economic Forum (2016)

Companies

 * Angel (Company) (2011)
 * Bell Canada (Company) (2023)
 * Calvin Klein (company) (2020)
 * Dairy Queen (2023)
 * Deluxe Distribution (2010)
 * Elderly Instruments (2008)
 * Hanes (2019)
 * Icos (2010)
 * Vector Marketing (2011)
 * Virgin Galactic (2012)
 * Sega (2021)

Numismatics

 * 500 euro note (2012)
 * Gold Standard (2007)

Business, economics, and finance biographies

 * Louella Ballerino (2019)
 * Richard Branson (2012)
 * Peter Diamandis (2018)
 * Eugene Fama (2016)
 * Howard Hughes (2010)
 * Michael C. Jensen (2016)
 * Simon Kuznets (2016)
 * Kenneth Lay (2006)
 * Abbot Augustus Low (2013)
 * Alfred Nobel (2016)
 * Michael Joseph Owens (2019)
 * Henry F. Phillips (2008)
 * Michael Porter (2016)
 * Sir Robert Preston, 6th Baronet (2021)
 * Klaus Schwab (2016)
 * Joseph Stiglitz (2016)
 * Richard Topus (2016)
 * Paul Warburg (2019)

Chemistry and mineralogy

 * Chrysoberyl (2015)
 * Flame test (2012)
 * Hydrochloric acid (2005)
 * Menatetrenone (2012)
 * Raney Nickel (2006)
 * Phytomenadione (2012)
 * Soap Rebatching (2006)

Elements

 * Caesium (2010)
 * Helium (2009)
 * Hydrogen (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * Oxygen (Intro) (2008)
 * Plutonium (2009)
 * Silver (2005)
 * Titanium (2005)
 * Yttrium (2011)
 * Zinc (2012)

Computing

 * .fun (2024)
 * 2600: The Hacker Quarterly (2019)
 * Acid2 (2009)
 * Basic Latin (Unicode block) (2023)
 * Chosen-plaintext attack (2023)
 * Colocation center (2023)
 * Dell PowerEdge (2020)
 * Folding@home (2014)
 * HTTP cookie (2016)
 * Latin script in Unicode (2023)
 * Object Z (2023)
 * Parallel computing (2013)
 * Quality of Service (2008)
 * SeaMonkey (2005)
 * Search engine optimization (2008)
 * Storm botnet (2008)
 * Windows 1.0 (2024)

Culture and society

 * 2015 East Village gas explosion (2019)
 * Accessibility (2009)
 * Aggie Bonfire (2009)
 * Audio description (2007)
 * Bidet (2010)
 * Canadians (2013)
 * Chad (slang) (2019)
 * Child (2008)
 * China–Laos relations (2015)
 * Cleveland Street scandal (2009)
 * Constitution Day (2005)
 * Culture of Aruba (2005)
 * Daylight saving time (2008)
 * Demon Cat (2012)
 * Dewey Lake Monster (2016)
 * Disability rights movement (2009)
 * Earring Magic Ken (2014)
 * Exploding whale (2005)
 * Finnish sauna (2006)
 * Furry fandom (2006)
 * Hands Across Hawthorne (2021)
 * Hook 'em Horns (2005)
 * Idiot-proof (2019)
 * Immigration to Japan (2017)
 * Indigenous people of the Everglades region (2009)
 * Islamic feminism (2008)
 * Judy Garland as gay icon (2019)
 * Kandersteg International Scout Centre (2010)
 * Kimono (2009)
 * Krampus (2015)
 * Lip Plate (2019)
 * Mantra-Rock Dance (2011)
 * Nae Nae (2019)
 * Nobel Prize (2016)
 * Normcore (2014)
 * Oktoberfest (2013)
 * Pissing Contest (2020)
 * Project Gutenberg (2007)
 * Racial Harmony Day (2006)
 * Royal Automobile Club (2016)
 * Royal Order of Scotland (2006)
 * Saltine cracker challenge (2016)
 * Same-sex marriage in Spain (2008)
 * Scouts Canada (2011)
 * Siesta (2012)
 * Spätkauf (2021)
 * Suspension (body modification) (2010)
 * Swastika (2005)
 * Toilets in Japan (2006)
 * Triquetra (2005)
 * w00t (2006)
 * Whuppity Scoorie Day (2007)
 * Wood Badge (2008)

Human sexuality

 * 69 (sex position) (2022)
 * Balloon fetish (2023)
 * BDSM (Part 1) (Part 2) (2007)
 * Body Inflation (2020)
 * Breast torture (2022)
 * Bukkake (2010)
 * Butt plug (2014)
 * Cock and ball torture (2021)
 * Coitus interruptus (2023)
 * Conventional sex (2006)
 * Erotic spanking (2010)
 * Felching (2019)
 * Frot (2019)
 * Gokkun (2019)
 * Handjob (2006)
 * Mammary intercourse (2009)
 * MILF Pornography (2019)
 * Nipple stimulation (2010)
 * Pegging (sexual practice) (2011)
 * Pussy torture (2019)
 * Soggy biscuit (2010)
 * Urethral Intercourse (2019)

Internet culture

 * 4chan (2010)
 * All your base are belong to us (2005)
 * The "Blog" of "Unnecessary" Quotation Marks (2016)
 * Bongo Cat (2024)
 * David After Dentist (2010)
 * Friends International Support Group (2019)
 * Godwin's law (2005)
 * Golden Shield Project (2010)
 * Half-Life VR but the AI is Self-Aware (2020)
 * Homestuck (2023)
 * IGTV (2024)
 * Lolcat (2008)
 * Pronunciation of GIF (2024)
 * Red vs. Blue (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * SiIvaGunner (2020)
 * Tone indicator (2023)
 * Trollface (2024)
 * Utopia (marketplace) (2024)
 * Wiki (2007)
 * YouTube (2011)
 * YouTube Poop (2019)

Culture and society biographies

 * Doc Antle (2020)
 * Carole Baskin (2020)
 * Polly Bemis (2005)
 * D. B. Cooper (2008)
 * Joe Exotic (2020)
 * Terry Fox (2013)
 * Joe Root (Pennsylvania) (2012)
 * Omayra Sánchez (2013)

Education

 * AP Art History (2020)
 * AP Computer Science A (2020)
 * The Green (Dartmouth College) (2008)
 * International Baccalaureate (2023)
 * Leonard Independent School District (2016)
 * Medieval studies (2014)
 * Some Thoughts Concerning Education (2008)
 * Adrianne Wadewitz (2015)

Institutions

 * Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College (2009)
 * Bemidji State University (2010)
 * Birkdale School (2013)
 * Bnei Akiva Schools of Toronto (2006)
 * Eastern Connecticut State University (2024)
 * Lenoir-Rhyne University (2020)
 * University of Brasília (2012)
 * George Mason University (2006)
 * Indiana University Bloomington (2020)
 * Hunter College High School (2007)
 * Lee University (2010)
 * Monifieth High School (2007)
 * Oriel College, Oxford (2007)
 * Petrozavodsk State University (Part 1) (2016)
 * University of Rhode Island (2005)
 * Stuyvesant High School (2006)
 * Universal Business School (2015)
 * Western Reserve Academy (2005)
 * Wymondham College (2006)

Education biographies

 * William Feiner (2024)

Food and drink

 * Apple Juice (2024)
 * Baconnaise (2021)
 * Bakkwa (2019)
 * Banana bread (2019)
 * Berliner (doughnut) (2005)
 * Beverage-can stove (2006)
 * Birthday cake (2006)
 * Cabbage (2020)
 * Cake (2019)
 * Capitol Hill mystery soda machine (2023)
 * Cheese (2006)
 * Cheese and pickle sandwich (2023)
 * Clam dip (2021)
 * Coleslaw (2012)
 * Crop yield (2018)
 * Cupcake (2023)
 * Dim sum (2005)
 * Durian (2009)
 * Egg salad (2023)
 * Espresso martini (2020)
 * Fondue (2024)
 * Fork (2006)
 * Fried chicken (2021)
 * Futurist cooking (2015)
 * Gordon Ramsay Plane Food (2021)
 * Gumdrop (2024)
 * Gumball machine (2005)
 * Guzman y Gomez (2022)
 * Hamburger (2019)
 * Ice cube (2006)
 * Lard (2011)
 * Maid café (2013)
 * McDonaldland (2006)
 * Mojito (2020)
 * Pineapple Juice (2023)
 * Ribena (2009)
 * Sandwich (2024)
 * Sazerac (2019)
 * Sealed crustless sandwich (2005)
 * Silo (2019)
 * Spaghetti-tree hoax (2005)
 * Spanish omelette (2016)
 * Springform pan (2019)
 * Tequila sunrise (cocktail) (2020)
 * Tomato juice (2024)

Africa

 * African Union (2006)
 * Lake Nyos (2012)
 * Monrovia (2019)
 * Namibia (2009)
 * Nouakchott-Nord Region (2015)

The Caribbean and South America

 * Aruba (2005)
 * Christ Church, Barbados (2015)
 * Jamaica (Part 1) (Part 2) (2005)
 * La Paz (2005)

North America

 * Baie-Johan-Beetz, Quebec (2016)
 * Broad Creek, North Carolina (2016)
 * Canada (2008)
 * Chickasaw Turnpike (2016)
 * Clinton Hill, Brooklyn (2019)
 * Copetown, Ontario (2012)
 * Creagerstown, Maryland (2014)
 * Discovery Island (Bay Lake) (2024)
 * Fanno Creek (2021)
 * Flatiron District (2018)
 * Geography and ecology of the Everglades (2018)
 * Graveyard of the Atlantic (2005)
 * Hell, Michigan (2023)
 * Island Beach, New Jersey (2016)
 * Ivy, Virginia (2015)
 * Julesburg, Colorado (2010)
 * Lake Albany (2022)
 * Lewisville, Texas (2012)
 * List of Manhattan neighborhoods (2007)
 * Lithia Park (2005)
 * Lorne Park (2005)
 * Mayfield (Middletown, Delaware) (2015)
 * Midlothian, Illinois (2020)
 * Mill Ends Park (2006)
 * Minneapolis (2008)
 * Montreal (2005)
 * Montreat, North Carolina (2016)
 * Nickelodeon Studios (2024)
 * Old Man of the Mountain (2009)
 * Parks in Chicago (2006)
 * Pittsfield Charter Township, Michigan (2009)
 * Pointe-Claire (2012)
 * Portland, Oregon (2023)
 * Powder House Island (2022)
 * Rice, Minnesota (2008)
 * Rock Valley College Starlight Theatre (2024)
 * Sanford station (Amtrak) (2010)
 * Sims, North Dakota (2016)
 * Six Flags New Orleans (2024)
 * Stephens City, Virginia (2010)
 * Stoneham, Massachusetts (2009)
 * Teapot Rock (2019)
 * Tompkins County, New York (2009)
 * Vaughan, Ontario (2006)
 * Wakefield, Massachusetts (2013)
 * Warwick, Ontario (2006)
 * Yosemite National Park (Part 1) (Part 2) (2005)

Antarctica

 * Antarctica (2023)

Asia

 * Baishan (2019)
 * Bintulu (2010)
 * Lijiang (2007)
 * Mount Pinatubo (2006)
 * Sentosa (2006)
 * Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore (2006)
 * Trincomalee (2010)

The Middle East

 * Middle East (2008)
 * Nofit (2020)
 * Shahreza (2010)

Europe

 * Altrincham (2008)
 * Bar, Vinnytsia Oblast (2016)
 * Birchington-on-Sea (2008)
 * Blaaksedijk (2011)
 * Boulter's Island (2018)
 * British Empire (2014)
 * Brownhills (2008)
 * Brzeg (2017)
 * Cecina, Tuscany (2011)
 * RAF Daws Hill (2006)
 * Dorset (2005)
 * Elworth (2008)
 * Eppertshausen (2016)
 * Exmoor (2008)
 * France (2023)
 * Germany (2023)
 * Great Langton (2008)
 * Herne Bay (2008)
 * Jördenstorf (2018)
 * Kandersteg (2010)
 * Kharkiv (2016)
 * Krini, Greece (2016)
 * Košice (2009)
 * Lärz (2021)
 * Lurgy (river) (2021)
 * Manchester (Part 1) (Part 2) (2008)
 * Meuse (2023)
 * Mirow (2021)
 * Monument to the Great Fire of London (2012)
 * Munich (2014)
 * Müritz (2018)
 * Müritz National Park (2021)
 * Nico Ditch (2023)
 * RAF Northolt (2006)
 * Oldham (2008)
 * Peterborough (2007)
 * Pont du Gard (2023)
 * Rechlin (2020)
 * Reykjavík (Intro) (2008)
 * Rheinsberg (2021)
 * Röbel (2018)
 * Ruthin (2005)
 * Sápmi (2006)
 * Saint Petersburg (2011)
 * Sarajevo (2006)
 * Scout Moor Wind Farm (2009)
 * Shaw and Crompton (2007)
 * Sheerness (2008)
 * Sheffield (2007)
 * Soe, Viljandi County (2016)
 * Stretford (2008)
 * Suckley (2008)
 * Tallinn (2006)
 * Torcello (2010)
 * Trafford (2008)
 * Vignacourt (2015)
 * Westgate-on-Sea (2008)
 * Weymouth, Dorset (2007)

Oceania

 * Caversham, New Zealand (2021)
 * Raymond Island, Australia (2021)

Other

 * List of short place names (2024)

Geology and geophysics

 * 1755 Lisbon earthquake (2005)
 * 1900 Galveston hurricane (2005)
 * 1964 Alaska earthquake (2020)
 * 1968 Illinois earthquake (2009)
 * 1973 world oil market chronology (2016)
 * 2005 Atlantic hurricane season (2008)
 * 2005 Azores subtropical storm (2023)
 * 2006 Atlantic hurricane season (2008)
 * Climate (2023)
 * Climate change (2021)
 * Cyclone Elita (2012)
 * Cyclone Tracy (2005)
 * Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Lesser Antilles and South America (2008)
 * Eye (cyclone) (2023)
 * Gas reinjection (2012)
 * Hong Kong Observatory (2005)
 * Hurricane Claudette (2003) (2014)
 * Hurricane Dog (1950) (2009)
 * Hurricane Grace (2010)
 * Hurricane Hector (2018) (2023)
 * Hurricane Ismael (2009)
 * Hurricane Walaka (2023)
 * Jurassic (2010)
 * Meteorological history of Hurricane Ivan (2017)
 * Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina (2007)
 * Oil shale (2008)
 * Salt dome (2019)
 * Tinder Fire (2023)
 * Tropical Depression Ten (2005) (2011)
 * Waterfall (2019)

Health and medicine

 * AIDS (2012)
 * Alzheimer's Disease (2008)
 * Asperger syndrome (2016)
 * Elizabeth Blackwell (2012)
 * Blindness (2006)
 * Death erection (2009)
 * Epley maneuver (2019)
 * Fentanyl (2011)
 * Fetal trimethadione syndrome (2007)
 * Fluoxetine (2021)
 * Gaucher's Disease (2008)
 * G-Spot (2020)
 * Head mirror (2024)
 * Helicobacter pylori (2009)
 * Hickey (injury) (2011)
 * Management of multiple sclerosis (2008)
 * Pathogenic bacteria (2010)
 * Penectomy (2019)
 * Timothy E. Quill (2012)
 * Reflex hammer (2024)
 * Retinitis pigmentosa (2006)
 * Subarachnoid hemorrhage (2008)
 * Urethral sounding (2019)
 * Vertigo (2019)
 * Visual impairment (2020)

History

 * 1910 London to Manchester air race (2012)
 * 1964 Gabonese coup d'état (2017)
 * 1953 Iranian coup d'état (2017)
 * 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision (2012)
 * 1969 Libyan coup d'état (2017)
 * 1973 Chilean coup d'état (2017)
 * 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident (2023)
 * 1991 Hamlet chicken processing plant fire (2007)
 * Algiers putsch of 1961 (2017)
 * American Airlines Flight 11 (2012)
 * Arlington National Cemetery (2021)
 * Atrocities in the Congo Free State (2017)
 * Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan (2019)
 * Aztalan State Park (2006)
 * Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy (2009)
 * Berlin Conference (2017)
 * Ramón Emeterio Betances (2008)
 * Black Seminoles (2008)
 * Bone Wars (2018)
 * Bracari (2018)
 * Calcutta Flag (2006)
 * California Gold Rush (Part 1) (Part 2) (2008)
 * Civil Air Transport (2017)
 * Colonization of the Congo (2017)
 * Columbine High School Massacre (2019)
 * Confederate government of Kentucky (2008)
 * Convention of Kanagawa (2017)
 * Eastern Bloc (2012)
 * Emesa Helmet (2019)
 * England expects that every man will do his duty (2005)
 * Eureka Rebellion (2006)
 * First Crusade (2006)
 * Fourth Crusade (2011)
 * Golovnin Incident (2017)
 * Halberd (2018)
 * Han dynasty (2016)
 * History of New Jersey (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * History of Jordan (2008)
 * History of Lebanon (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (2008)
 * History of Russia (2012)
 * History of Saudi Arabia (2008)
 * History of Syria (2008)
 * History of the Grand Canyon area (Part 1) (Part 2) (2005)
 * History of the Middle East (2008)
 * History of the State of Israel (Part 1) (Part 2) (2008)
 * History of the world (2005)
 * Incident at Petrich (2005)
 * Iron Curtain (2013)
 * Ideology of the SS (2017)
 * Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 (2007)
 * Kengir uprising (2017)
 * Klaipėda Revolt (2012)
 * Laika (2011)
 * Lusitanians (2018)
 * Lower Swedish Cabin (2019)
 * Marshall Plan (2013)
 * Mayflower (2006)
 * Nazi Germany (2006)
 * Operation Entebbe (2017)
 * Operation Opera (2017)
 * Ottoman Empire (Part 1) (Part 2) (2008)
 * Pacification of Libya (2017)
 * Pax Mongolica (2017)
 * Peterloo Massacre (2008)
 * Renaissance (2006)
 * Rock Springs massacre (2008)
 * Roman dodecahedron (2019)
 * September 11 attacks (2019)
 * Siege of Antioch (2008)
 * Siege of Tyre (332 BC) (2011)
 * Sinking of the Titanic (2023)
 * Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (2023)
 * Soliferrum (2018)
 * Space Race (Part 1) (Part 2) (2005)
 * Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (Part 4) (2007)
 * Spanish Armada (2008)
 * Togoland Campaign (2017)
 * Treaty of Devol (2005)
 * United States Marine Corps (2007)
 * United States Sesquicentennial coinage (2016)
 * George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River (2011)
 * Wife Selling (English Custom) (2012)
 * Wilmington Insurrection of 1898 (2009)
 * X Article (2013)
 * Zhan Guo Ce (2006)

History biographies

 * Collyer brothers (2019)
 * Davy Crockett (2005)
 * Karl Dönitz (2017)
 * Angelo Fabroni (2007)
 * Helen Gandy (2005)
 * Adolf Hitler (2021)
 * James Wood Bush (2020)
 * Julius Caesar (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (2007)
 * Joseph Kittinger (2017)
 * Edward Low (2008)
 * Benjamin Loxley (2018)
 * James Parker (publisher) (2018)
 * Rosa Parks (2005)
 * Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (2019)
 * Samantha Smith (2005)
 * George Campbell Tinning (2016)
 * Wang Jingwei (2007)
 * George Washington (Part 1) (Part 2) (2008)
 * Yan Xishan (2007)

Language and linguistics

 * A (2023)
 * Alliterative verse (2008)
 * Antonomasia (2019)
 * Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo (2006)
 * Consonant (2005)
 * French language in Laos (2014)
 * Gemination (2005)
 * H (2021)
 * Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (2005)
 * Holonymy (2019)
 * Intonation (linguistics) (2006)
 * James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher (2023)
 * Language (2005)
 * Latin alpha (2023)
 * Longest word in English (2011)
 * Masha (2023)
 * Motherfucker (2018)
 * No homo (2019)
 * Nucular (2005)
 * Paraprosdokian (2015)
 * Rosetta Project (2006)
 * Split infinitive (2005)
 * Stuttering (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (2006)
 * Synecdoche (2019)
 * Three men make a tiger (2005)
 * Transliteration (2005)
 * Truthiness (2007)
 * Vowel (2005)
 * Voynich manuscript (2016)

Languages, dialects, and writing systems

 * Black American Sign Language (2017)
 * Mainland Chinese Braille (2011)
 * Esperanto (2010)
 * Milanese dialect (2005)
 * Sogdian language (2006)
 * Welsh language (2005)

Languages and linguistics bigraphies

 * William Labov (2006)
 * Hubert Blaine Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorff Sr. (2010)

Law and crime

 * Accurate News and Information Act (2012)
 * Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (2009)
 * Clip Joint (2024)
 * CSI Effect (2012)
 * Equal Protection Clause (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * Execution by elephant (2007)
 * Federalist No. 42 (2007)
 * First Amendment to the United States Constitution (2006)
 * Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (2017)
 * Fuck: Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties (2014)
 * Golden Dragon massacre (2020)
 * Harassment in the United Kingdom (2013)
 * Insider Trading (2012)
 * Law Reform (Year and a Day Rule) Act 1996 (2006)
 * Mootness (2006)
 * National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp. (2009)
 * Overcharging (law) (2020)
 * Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 (2006)
 * Rinderkennzeichnungs- und Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz (2007)
 * Roe v. Wade (2005)
 * Securities Act of 1933 (2019)
 * Sega v. Accolade (2014)
 * Signature (2006)
 * Street crime (2019)
 * Wyoming Department of Corrections (2016)

Law and crime biographies

 * Mumia Abu-Jamal (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (2007)
 * Steven Avery (2016)
 * Robert Garran (2007)
 * Jack the Ripper (2011)
 * Paul L. Kirk (2007)
 * Luka Magnotta (2012)
 * Elizabeth Needham (2009)
 * Elizabeth Peratrovich (2024)
 * Jack Sheppard (2011)

Literature and theatre

 * The Adventures of Tintin (2006)
 * The Aleph (short story) (2016)
 * The Apple Tree (2019)
 * Arctic Boosh (2007)
 * Atlanta Nights (2016)
 * Autoboosh (2007)
 * Calvin and Hobbes (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (2006)
 * Catholic Worker (newspaper) (2016)
 * Coco (musical) (2019)
 * The Coral Island (2015)
 * Cyberpunk (2006)
 * Dark romanticism (2016)
 * Disneyland with the Death Penalty (2012)
 * Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie? (2019)
 * Down to a Sunless Sea (2005)
 * The Economist (2006)
 * Flahooley (2019)
 * Flash (Barry Allen) (2008)
 * Forty winks (2007)
 * The Giver (2005)
 * Golden Boy (musical) (2019)
 * Golden Rainbow (musical) (2019)
 * The Grass Harp (2019)
 * The Gruffalo (2005)
 * Hamlet (2011)
 * The Happiest Girl in the World (2019)
 * Happy Hunting (musical) (2019)
 * The Happy Time (musical) (2019)
 * Harry Potter (2011)
 * The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Part 1) (Part 2) (2008)
 * How Now, Dow Jones (2019)
 * Hrafnkels saga (2008)
 * I Can Get It for You Wholesale (2019)
 * The Illuminatus! Trilogy (2007)
 * Investigative journalism (2010)
 * Kindred (novel) (2015)
 * The King's Stilts (2024)
 * Herbert J. Krapp (2018)
 * Knickerbocker Holiday (2019)
 * Kwamina (2019)
 * La Bête à Maît' Belhomme (2020)
 * Lady, Be Good (musical) (2019)
 * Lilith's Brood (2015)
 * Literary criticism (2006)
 * Make a Wish (musical) (2019)
 * Marie Christine (2019)
 * Maus (2005)
 * Me and Juliet (2019)
 * Mexican Hayride (musical) (2019)
 * The Mighty Boosh (1998 stage show) (2007)
 * Mom & Me & Mom (2014)
 * The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover (2024)
 * Naked Came the Stranger (2016)
 * Nat Tate: An American Artist 1928–1960 (2016)
 * Nyarlathotep (2016)
 * Peace journalism (2010)
 * Peking opera (2007)
 * Poetry (2005)
 * Politics and the English Language (2007)
 * Post Office (novel) (2012)
 * Preventive journalism (2010)
 * Quilters (musical) (2019)
 * Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa (2010)
 * The Raven (2014)
 * Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction (2016)
 * Holly Short (2008)
 * A Sound of Thunder (2012)
 * Sulabh Samachar (2019)
 * Tay Bridge Disaster (2005)
 * Three Laws of Robotics (2008)
 * Tiruvaymoli (2023)
 * The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power (2010)
 * To Kill a Mockingbird (Part 1) (Part 2) (2008)
 * Ulysses (poem) (2016)
 * Very Warm for May (2019)
 * Via Galactica (2020)
 * Watchmen (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (2006)
 * The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2006)
 * The World Without Us (2008)

Literature and theatre biographies

 * Douglas Adams (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * Shahnon Ahmad (2010)
 * Octavia E. Butler (2015)
 * Anton Chekhov (2012)
 * John Day (printer) (2005)
 * Zelda Fitzgerald (2011)
 * Charles Frohman (2019)
 * John La Touche (lyricist) (2019)
 * Alan Jay Lerner (2020)
 * C. S. Lewis (2005)
 * Archibald MacLeish (2013)
 * Michael Martone (2022)
 * William McGonagall (2005)
 * Robert Muchamore (2006)
 * Edgar Allan Poe (2008)
 * Thomas Pynchon (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * William Shakespeare (2008)
 * J. R. R. Tolkien (2005)
 * J. R. R. Tolkien (2022)
 * Mary Wollstonecraft (2007)

Mathematics

 * 0.999... (2006)
 * Cox-Zucker machine (2022)
 * De Moivre's formula (2021)
 * Limit (mathematics) (2021)
 * List of humorous units of measurement (2024)
 * Parity of zero (2013)
 * Pigeonhole principle (2021)

Mathematics biographies

 * Viktor Bunyakovsky (2016)
 * Euclid (2020)

Media

 * 1937 Fox vault fire (2016)
 * Announcer (2010)
 * BBC Radio 1 (2013)
 * BBC Radio 4 (2012)
 * Bitch (magazine) (2009)
 * The Boosh (radio series) (2007)
 * Buzz Out Loud (2006)
 * Chattanooga Times Free Press (2010)
 * CKSY-FM (2008)
 * Cyw (2007)
 * Digital Planet (2019)
 * Film noir (2019)
 * Garfield Minus Garfield (2009)
 * Hong Kong action cinema (2007)
 * Lasagna Cat (2020)
 * LibriVox (2007)
 * Mise-en-scène (2019)
 * Nicktoons (American TV channel) (2024)
 * Podcast (2005)
 * Pre-production (2007)
 * S4C (2008)
 * SFM Holiday Network (2007)
 * WBTV (2023)

Films

 * 300 (film) (2009)
 * A Farewell to Arms (1932 film) (2019)
 * All I Want for Christmas (film) (2016)
 * An Inconvenient Truth (2006)
 * Back to the Future (2023)
 * Bad Sister (1931 film) (2019)
 * The Bells of St. Mary's (2019)
 * But I'm a Cheerleader (2008)
 * The Cat in the Hat (film) (2011)
 * Caged (2019)
 * The Comedy of Terrors (2019)
 * Dracula (1931 English-language film) (2018)
 * Duffy's Tavern (film) (2019)
 * Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story (2016)
 * Fritz the Cat (film) (2009)
 * Fuck (film) (2014)
 * Greenwich Village (film) (2020)
 * Hallelujah, Baby! (2019)
 * Harry Potter (film series) (2011)
 * Has Anybody Seen My Gal? (film) (2019)
 * Hell's House (2019)
 * Hot Fuzz (2022)
 * Hotel Transylvania 2 (2024)
 * How Brown Saw the Baseball Game (2024)
 * I Could Go On Singing (2019)
 * In the Good Old Summertime (2019)
 * Kill Me, Deadly (2021)
 * Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye (film) (2019)
 * Love Actually (2009)
 * Metropolis (1927 film) (2019)
 * Miracle on 34th Street (2017)
 * Mrs. Doubtfire (2014)
 * The Mummy (1999 film) (2022)
 * Paint Drying (2023)
 * Palooka (film) (2019)
 * Polar Trappers (2024)
 * List of accolades received by Ratatouille (2016)
 * Royal Wedding (2019)
 * Shrek Retold (2020)
 * Speak Easily (2020)
 * Spellbound (1945 film) (2019)
 * Stage Door Canteen (film) (2019)
 * Stagecoach (1939 film) (2019)
 * Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (2011)
 * Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (2007)
 * Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2007)
 * Sweet (film) (2007)
 * Swing High, Swing Low (film) (2019)
 * Tarnished Lady (2020)
 * Tenet (Film) (2024)
 * Thoroughly Modern Millie (2018)
 * Till the Clouds Roll By (2019)
 * To Be or Not to Be (1942 film) (2019)
 * To Kill a Mockingbird (film) (2017)
 * Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory (2019)

Television shows

 * Avatar: The Last Airbender (2020)
 * Coronation Street (2007)
 * Countdown (game show) (2007)
 * Drake & Josh (2024)
 * Ford Nation (2016)
 * Green Wing (Series 1) (2008)
 * Haibane Renmei (2012)
 * Help Me Anthea, I'm Infested (2012)
 * Horrible Histories (2009 TV series) (2018)
 * Jeopardy! (2021)
 * LazyTown (2019)
 * List of Canadian Idol finalists (2016)
 * Lost (TV series) (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * Meerkat Manor (2014)
 * Not the Nine O'Clock News (2005)
 * The Quatermass Experiment (2005)
 * The Simpsons (2008)
 * SpongeBob SquarePants (2010)
 * Star Trek (2010)
 * Storm Chasers (TV series) (2024)
 * Sushi Pack (2017)
 * This is Wonderland (2006)
 * Unnatural Acts (TV series) (2007)
 * The West Wing (2008)

Episodes of television

 * A Streetcar Named Marge (2022)
 * Bart the Genius (2009)
 * Greatest Hits (Lost) (2008)
 * Good Times with Weapons (2024)
 * Hell Is Other Robots (2009)
 * Homer's Odyssey (The Simpsons) (2009)
 * Homer's Phobia (2007)
 * Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle (2016)
 * Lisa on Ice (2019)
 * Man's Best Friend (The Ren & Stimpy Show) (2024)
 * Marge Be Not Proud (2019)
 * Pilot (House) (2011)
 * Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire (2009)
 * Snuffy's Parents Get a Divorce (2024)
 * Some Enchanted Evening (The Simpsons) (2009)
 * SpongeBob, You're Fired (2017)
 * SpongeBob's Last Stand (2024)
 * There's No Disgrace Like Home (2009)
 * Worst Episode Ever (2016)
 * The Year of the Sex Olympics (2019)
 * You Only Move Twice (2019)

Media fictional characters

 * Kate Austen (2006)
 * Boone Carlyle (2006)
 * Eric Cartman (2021)
 * Ana Lucia Cortez (2006)
 * Ali G (2006)
 * Alan Harper (Two and a Half Men) (2008)
 * Desmond Hume (2009)
 * Jin-Soo Kwon (2006)
 * Mrs. Landingham (2021)
 * Libby (Lost) (2006)
 * Claire Littleton (2006)
 * List of characters in the Loud House franchise (Part 1) (Part 2) (2024)
 * Troy McClure (2008)
 * Hugo "Hurley" Reyes (2006)
 * Shannon Rutherford (2016)
 * Scar (The Lion King) (2016)
 * Jack Shephard (2006)
 * John Stewart (character) (2008)
 * Hikaru Sulu (2006)
 * Tabaluga (2006)

Media biographies

 * Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje (2006)
 * Adele Astaire (2019)
 * Nick Bakay (2007)
 * Julian Barratt (2007)
 * Tom Bosley (2006)
 * Dave Brown (comedian) (2007)
 * Julie Brown (2006)
 * Kira Buckland (2010)
 * Gower Champion (2019)
 * Annabel Chong (2007)
 * Jay Chou (2008)
 * Adam Curry (2005)
 * Cory Doctorow (2018)
 * Susan J. Douglas (2012)
 * John C. Dvorak (2005)
 * Luciano Ercoli (2012)
 * Etika (2024)
 * Michael Fielding (2007)
 * Noel Fielding (2007)
 * Rich Fulcher (2007)
 * Judy Garland (2018)
 * Jake Gyllenhaal (2007)
 * Oscar Hammerstein II (2020)
 * William Hanna (2019)
 * Jim Henson (2008)
 * Philip Seymour Hoffman (2019)
 * Katherine Jackson (2009)
 * Greg James (2010)
 * Pedr James (2005)
 * Peter Jennings (Part 1) (Part 2) (2008)
 * Mary Elizabeth McGlynn (2007)
 * Scott Mills (2010)
 * Chris Moyles (2010)
 * Kevin Rose (2005)
 * Troye Sivan (2013)
 * Julia Stiles (2006)
 * Studs Terkel (2008)
 * Uma Thurman (2006)
 * David Tomlinson (2019)
 * Tommy Wiseau (2011)
 * Maisie Williams (2014)

Music

 * 4AD (2018)
 * Chiptune (2020)
 * Choir (2005)
 * Drum (2005)
 * Flanging (2007)
 * Fusion Festival (2021)
 * Heavy Metal Umlaut (2006)
 * Ocarina (2012)
 * Piccolo trumpet (2024)
 * Roland RE-201 (2008)
 * Sousaphone (2019)
 * Timpani (2008)
 * Tin Pan Alley (2018)

Albums

 * Merry Christmas with Love (2016)
 * Song of Innocence (2015)
 * WOW Gospel 2000 (2010)
 * File:10 Songs For The New Depression.ogg (2024)

Songs

 * All I Want for Christmas Is You (Vince Vance & The Valiants song) (2016)
 * Aruba Dushi Tera (2005)
 * Baba O'Riley (2011)
 * Bad Apple!! (2023)
 * Beat It (2021)
 * Cool (Gwen Stefani song) (2018)
 * Glad Rag Doll (2019)
 * Leck mich im Arsch (2012)
 * Love Story (Taylor Swift song) (2023)
 * Merry Christmas Darling (2016)
 * Monkey Gone to Heaven (2010)
 * Puff, the Magic Dragon (2006)
 * (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction (2005)
 * Seasons in the Sun (2005)
 * Spinning Around (2014)
 * Subterranean Homesick Blues (2008)
 * Who Wants to Live Forever (2011)
 * Yellow River Cantata (2005)

Music biographies

 * 100 Gecs (2021)
 * Naya Ali (2022)
 * Bandits of the Acoustic Revolution (2006)
 * The Beatles (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (2015)
 * Kevin Bowyer (2012)
 * Michelle Branch (2007)
 * Vanessa Carlton (2007)
 * Phil Collins (2006)
 * Kid Cudi (2011)
 * Pete Doherty (2007)
 * Nick Drake (2012)
 * Bob Dylan (Part 1) (2008)
 * Kerry Ellis (2010)
 * Chang Fei (2006)
 * Fightin' Texas Aggie Band (2007)
 * Flanders and Swann (2006)
 * Dizzy Gillespie (2007)
 * Charles Ives (2005)
 * Michael Jackson (2018)
 * Blind Willie Johnson (2015)
 * Lady Gaga (2018)
 * Avril Lavigne (2010)
 * Peter Maffay (2007)
 * Arthur Miles (2019)
 * Christopher O'Riley (2006)
 * Oasis (band) (2006)
 * Roy Orbison (2005)
 * Pink Floyd (2015)
 * Henry Purcell (2006)
 * Rush (band) (2009)
 * The Smashing Pumpkins (2007)
 * Taliesin Orchestra (2007)
 * U2 (2011)
 * Vampire Weekend (2010)
 * Hayley Westenra (2007)
 * Slim Whitman (2006)
 * Yes (band) (2011)

Philosophy

 * Connectionism (2011)
 * Controversy (2013)
 * Fallacy of division (2019)
 * Free Will (2006)
 * Susan Haack (2012)
 * Hitchens's razor (2019)
 * Homunculus argument (2019)
 * Immortality (2006)
 * Inherently funny word (2020)
 * Logic (2023)
 * Omnipotence paradox (2007)
 * Paradox (2005)
 * Philosophical razor (2023)
 * Russell's Teapot (2012)
 * Sagan standard (2024)
 * Shit happens (2022)
 * Stoicism (2019)
 * Trolley Problem (2012)
 * Ubuntu philosophy (2006)

Physics and astronomy

 * Antikythera mechanism (2019)
 * Apollo 5 (2023)
 * Apollo 11 (2021)
 * Apparent horizon (2018)
 * Asteroid Belt (2012)
 * Babinet's principle (2011)
 * Big Bang (2011)
 * Binary star (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * Black (color) (2005)
 * Critical distance (2006)
 * Dyson sphere (2012)
 * Earth's magnetic field (2022)
 * Fermi paradox (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (2008)
 * Fermion (2021)
 * Gamma ray (2019)
 * Grandfather Paradox (2012)
 * GRB 970508 (2010)
 * Hubble Space Telescope (2006)
 * Introduction to General Relativity (2021)
 * Introduction to M-theory (2014)
 * Joule (2023)
 * Kilometre (2013)
 * Light-year (2005)
 * Manhattanhenge (2018)
 * Night (2006)
 * Nobel Prize in Physics (2016)
 * Nuclear weapon (2005)
 * Oort Cloud (2012)
 * Open cluster (2006)
 * Planetary habitability (2006)
 * Quadrupole mass analyzer (2012)
 * Quantum optics (2009)
 * Schrödinger's cat (2013)
 * Solar eclipse (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * Solar System (2021)
 * Space Elevator (2006)
 * Transit of Venus (2012)
 * Universe (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (Part 4) (2012)
 * Watt (2023)
 * Zero-point energy (2006)

Celestial objects

 * Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (2006)
 * Earth (2021)
 * Mercury (planet) (2008)
 * Pavo (constellation) (2023)
 * Saturn (2010)
 * 90377 Sedna (2014)
 * Sun (2021)
 * Supermassive black hole (2017)

Moons

 * Adrastea (moon) (2021)
 * Aegaeon (moon) (2010)
 * Amalthea (moon) (2021)
 * Anthe (moon) (2010)
 * Atlas (moon) (2010)
 * Calypso (moon) (2010)
 * Daphnis (moon) (2010)
 * Dione (moon) (2010)
 * Enceladus (moon) (2011)
 * Epimetheus (moon) (2010)
 * Helene (moon) (2010)
 * Hyperion (moon) (2010)
 * Iapetus (moon) (2010)
 * Ijiraq (moon) (2010)
 * Janus (moon) (2010)
 * Kiviuq (moon) (2010)
 * Methone (moon) (2010)
 * Metis (moon) (2021)
 * Mimas (moon) (2010)
 * Neso (moon) (2024)
 * Oberon (moon) (2010)
 * Paaliaq (moon) (2010)
 * Pallene (moon) (2010)
 * Pan (moon) (2010)
 * Pandora (moon) (2010)
 * Phoebe (moon) (2010)
 * Polydeuces (moon) (2010)
 * Prometheus (moon) (2010)
 * Rhea (moon) (2011)
 * Siarnaq (moon) (2010)
 * Tarqeq (moon) (2010)
 * Telesto (moon) (2010)
 * Tethys (moon) (2010)
 * Titan (moon) (2010)

Physics and astronomy biographies

 * Archimedes (2009)
 * George Gamow (2016)
 * Chris Hadfield (2005)
 * Michio Kaku (2007)
 * Lev Landau (2016)
 * Isaac Newton (2008)
 * Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (2016)
 * J. Robert Oppenheimer (2005)
 * Shen Kuo (2007)
 * Louis Slotin (2008)

Politics and government

 * 1878 North Lancashire by-election (2021)
 * Bhutanese Passport (2015)
 * Joint Chiefs of Staff (2015)
 * Finance and Expenditure Committee (2016)
 * Florida Highway Patrol (2007)
 * Livelihood (2019)
 * Missouri Department of Conservation (2015)
 * Monroe Doctrine (2019)
 * New Jersey Surcharge (2015)
 * Old City Hall (Toronto) (2006)
 * Paris Peace Accords (2019)
 * Plaid Cymru (2005)
 * Privy Council of the United Kingdom (2007)
 * Read my lips: no new taxes (2006)
 * Red Scare (2012)
 * Second Malaysia Plan (2014)
 * Stop Online Piracy Act (2012)
 * Supreme Court of the United States (2008)
 * Tower Block of Commons (2012)
 * United States Congress (2006)
 * United States House of Representatives (2006)
 * United States Secretary of State (2010)
 * United States Senate (2006)
 * Universal health care (2020)
 * Universal suffrage (2010)
 * Special administrative regions of China (2006)
 * Union of Democrats for Citizenship and Development (2019)
 * You forgot Poland (2005)

Politics and government biographies

 * John Adams (2019)
 * John Quincy Adams (2019)
 * Joseph Barondess (2016)
 * Paul Bremer (2017)
 * John Y. Brown (politician, born 1835) (2014)
 * John C. Calhoun (2019)
 * Jane Cobden (2014)
 * Martha Layne Collins (2012)
 * Gabriel Costa (2019)
 * Richard M. Daley (2005)
 * Benjamin Disraeli (2020)
 * Emily Donelson (2013)
 * Albert B. Fall (2019)
 * Benjamin Franklin (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (2008)
 * Alexander Hamilton (2020)
 * William Henry Harrison (2019)
 * Thomas Jefferson (2019)
 * Harry Jenkins Sr. (2011)
 * Frank Kendall III (2011)
 * George Lansbury (2013)
 * George Marshall (2017)
 * Robert McNamara (2017)
 * James Monroe (2019)
 * Malik Obama (2019)
 * David Orazietti (2005)
 * Edmund G. Ross (2006)
 * Roger Salengro (2014)
 * George Shultz (2017)
 * Pierre Trudeau (2010)
 * Justin Trudeau (2016)
 * Martin Van Buren (2019)
 * Larry Winn (2015)
 * Thomas Wynne (2018)
 * Ralph Yarborough (2005)
 * Habib Yunich (2023)

Psychology

 * Behavioral neuroscience (2006)
 * Big-fish–little-pond effect (2019)
 * Clarke's three laws (2019)
 * Cognitive dissonance (2019)
 * Curse of knowledge (2019)
 * Dunning–Kruger effect (2019)
 * False memory (2019)
 * Global Assessment of Functioning (2006)
 * Hanlon's razor (2019)
 * Hypochondriasis (2006)
 * Limerence (2005)
 * Meme (2019)
 * Mental illness (2005)
 * Milgram experiment (2005)
 * Self-handicapping (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) (Part 4) (Part 5) (2019)
 * Shyness (2006)
 * Social anxiety disorder (2006)
 * Terror management theory (2019)
 * Thought (2010)

Psychology biographies

 * Edwin B. Twitmyer (2024)

Religion, mysticism, and mythology

 * 2012 phenomenon (2012)
 * American Standard Version (2013)
 * Antidisestablishmentarianism (2008)
 * Canonical criticism (2019)
 * Catholic Church (2013)
 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (2007)
 * Council of Trent (2013)
 * Eucharistic theology (2013)
 * Greek mythology (2009)
 * Habemus papam (2009)
 * Latter Day Saint Movement (2006)
 * Liturgy of the Hours (2013)
 * Matthew 3:17 (2005)
 * Mission Praise (2006)
 * Mortara case (2016)
 * Mu (lost continent) (2014)
 * Rosary (2013)
 * Royal Maundy (Part 1) (Part 2) (2011)
 * Sola gratia (2006)
 * Transhumanism (2008)
 * Voluntary Human Extinction Movement (2012)
 * Week of Prayer for Christian Unity (2007)
 * Ys (2006)

Religious, mystic, and mythological figures and creatures

 * Brazen head (2019)
 * Chronos (2023)
 * God (2008)
 * Javan (2018)
 * Jesus (2013)
 * Nabia (2018)
 * Paul the Apostle (2019)
 * Saint Peter (2013)
 * Priapus (2009)
 * Radha (2016)
 * Trebaruna (2018)
 * The Twelve Imams (2008)
 * Wyvern (2005)
 * Xenu (2011)

Religion, mysticism, and mythology biographies

 * Pope Anacletus (2014)
 * Ezra Taft Benson (2007)
 * André Bessette (2006)
 * Pope Clement I (2014)
 * Pope Demetrius I of Alexandria (2006)
 * Demetrius of Thessaloniki (2006)
 * Michael Evans (bishop) (2011)
 * Pope Evaristus (2014)
 * Heber J. Grant (2007)
 * Gordon B. Hinckley (2007)
 * Howard W. Hunter (2007)
 * Harold B. Lee (2007)
 * Pope Linus (2014)
 * Martin Luther (2011)
 * David O. McKay (2007)
 * Bertrand de Montredon (2016)
 * Samuel Mulledy (2020)
 * George Albert Smith (2007)
 * Joseph F. Smith (2007)
 * Joseph Fielding Smith (2007)

Royalty, nobility and chivalry

 * Grace (Style) (2009)
 * Hereditary peer (2005)
 * House of Hanover (2005)
 * House of Windsor (2005)
 * House of York (2005)
 * Order of Canada (2012)
 * Order of the Bath (2005)

Royalty, nobility and chivalry biographies

 * Alexandra of Denmark (2005)
 * Anne, Queen of Great Britain (2005)
 * Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom (2010)
 * Princess Beatrice of York (2014)
 * Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (2014)
 * Edward VII (2014)
 * Elizabeth I of England (2015)
 * Elizabeth II (2023)
 * Princess Elizabeth of Clarence (2005)
 * Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples (2005)
 * George V (2014)
 * George VI (2014)
 * Prince William, Duke of Gloucester (2014)
 * Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (2005)
 * Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (2014)
 * John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut (2005)
 * Bona Sforza (2016)
 * Sophie, Countess of Wessex (2014)
 * Victoria Cross (Canada) (2018)
 * Queen Victoria (2014)
 * Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden (2016)

Sport and recreation

 * 1940 Mandatory Palestine v Lebanon football match (2022)
 * 1955 Southern 500 (2019)
 * 1956 Wilkes County 160 (2019)
 * 1959 Daytona 500 (2020)
 * 1964 Textile 250 (2023)
 * 1973 National 500 (2012)
 * 1994 San Marino Grand Prix (2007)
 * 1995 Japanese Grand Prix (2008)
 * 1995 Pacific Grand Prix (2008)
 * 2011 Wuxi Classic (2016)
 * 2014 Japanese Grand Prix (2021)
 * 2015 ABC Supply 500 (2021)
 * 2015 National League Championship Series (2023)
 * American football (2014)
 * Anfield (2012)
 * Apogee Stadium (2012)
 * Arsenal F.C. (2007)
 * Association football (Part 1) (Part 2) (2007)
 * Aston Villa F.C. (2007)
 * Backgammon (2007)
 * Baseball (2024)
 * Bobsleigh (2006)
 * Bridgehampton Polo Club (2015)
 * Burundi women's national football team (2012)
 * Buzkashi (2005)
 * Chelsea F.C. (2007)
 * Chess (2016)
 * Chinese Taipei men's national softball team (2012)
 * College football (2006)
 * Compulsory figures (2019)
 * Copa Libertadores (2006)
 * Cuba men's national softball team (2012)
 * Dover Athletic F.C. (2008)
 * Dungeons & Dragons (2008)
 * Eggbeater kick (2012)
 * Everton F.C. (2007)
 * Falcon's Fury (2016)
 * Finnish Paralympic Committee (2012)
 * Four-minute mile (2006)
 * The Game (mind game) (2010)
 * Gillingham F.C. (2007)
 * Goalkeeper (water polo) (2012)
 * Guam men's national softball team (2012)
 * Hockey Hall of Fame (2008)
 * Hogettes (2016)
 * Hot Wheels (2018)
 * Hungary at the 1988 Winter Olympics (2009)
 * Indonesia men's national softball team (2012)
 * Ipswich Town F.C. (2007)
 * Japan men's national softball team (2012)
 * Leek Town F.C. (2007)
 * Lego (2006)
 * Luton Town F.C. (2009)
 * Manchester City F.C. (2007)
 * Margate F.C. (2007)
 * Million Dollar Championship (2008)
 * Miss Meyers (2024)
 * Monster truck (2006)
 * New Zealand national rugby union team (2007)
 * Norwich City F.C. (2007)
 * Olympic flame (2006)
 * Over the Edge (1999) (2009)
 * Packers sweep (2019)
 * Papua New Guinea men's national softball team (2012)
 * Paralympics Australia (2012)
 * Paralympics New Zealand (2012)
 * Premier League (2007)
 * Rock–paper–scissors (2006)
 * Rynearson Stadium (2009)
 * S12 (classification) (2012)
 * Sheffield Wednesday F.C. (2007)
 * Singapore men's national softball team (2012)
 * Sporting Wheelies and Disabled Association (2012)
 * SummerSlam (2003) (2008)
 * Sunderland A.F.C. (2010)
 * Sydney Uni Water Polo Club (2012)
 * Tee (2012)
 * Trouble (board game) (2024)
 * United States men's national softball team (2012)
 * Virgin Islands men's national softball team (2012)
 * Women's squash in Australia (2012)
 * Women's surfing in Australia (2012)
 * Women's tennis in the United States (2012)
 * WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007) (2008)
 * WWE European Championship (2008)
 * York City F.C. (2007)
 * Zanzibar women's national football team (2012)
 * Zorbing (2013)

Sport and recreation biographies

 * Rene Ahrens (2012)
 * Dylan Alcott (2012)
 * Mark Altmann (2012)
 * Dennis Anderson (2006)
 * Michael Anderson (swimmer) (2012)
 * Troy Andrews (basketball) (2012)
 * Kieran Ault-Connell (2012)
 * Kate Bailey (2012)
 * Greg Ball (cyclist) (2019)
 * Petrea Barker (2012)
 * Kelly Barnes (2012)
 * Paul Barnett (swimmer) (2012)
 * Tracy Barrell (2012)
 * Ryley Batt (2012)
 * Moe Berg (2008)
 * Jean-Claude Bouttier (2016)
 * A. E. J. Collins (2005)
 * Charles Darrow (2017)
 * Christie Dawes (2011)
 * Jeremy Doyle (2011)
 * Louise Ellery (2011)
 * Bob Ferguson (infielder) (2009)
 * Kylie Gauci (2021)
 * Alex Harris (swimmer) (2011)
 * Brad Imes (2016)
 * Alice Ingley (2012)
 * Michael Jordan (2013)
 * Kensuke Kobayashi (2019)
 * Adrian Lowe (2012)
 * Max Malins (2019)
 * Yao Ming (2012)
 * Paul Mitchell (athlete) (2011)
 * Grant Mizens (2011)
 * David Munk (2011)
 * Gail Nicholson (2011)
 * Rodney Nugent (2011)
 * Chris Nunn (2011)
 * Kristin Otto (2012)
 * Daniel Polson (2011)
 * Rick Rude (2008)
 * Alexi Salamone (2011)
 * Casey Samuels (2012)
 * Sigi Schmid (2014)
 * Gilberto Silva (2007)
 * Megan Timpf (2011)
 * Sione Vailanu (2019)
 * Billy Walker (rugby union) (2019)
 * Andrew Watson (footballer, born 1856) (2010)
 * Art Wiebe (2016)

Technology

 * Airplane mode (2024)
 * Audio codec (2016)
 * Audio description (2007)
 * Caesar cipher (2005)
 * Carrier wave (2016)
 * Cascade amplifier (2016)
 * Clock (2019)
 * Clockwork (2009)
 * Cassette tape (2011)
 * Central processing unit (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * Colonization of Mars (2021)
 * Computational geometry (2013)
 * Computer accessibility (2006)
 * Digital audio (2016)
 * Dynamo (2020)
 * Extensible Data Format (2005)
 * Extension tube (2008)
 * FemTechNet (2014)
 * FriendFeed (2008)
 * Functional programming (2011)
 * gedit (2011)
 * IBM MQ (2011)
 * Interactive voice response (2010)
 * Java (software platform) (2013)
 * JavaScript (2013)
 * Markup language (2006)
 * Mattel Aquarius (2013)
 * Merkle Tree (2013)
 * Microsoft Bob (2012)
 * Microwave transmission (2005)
 * MIDI tuning standard (2016)
 * NeXT (2009)
 * Nine-segment display (2016)
 * Open Source Software CD (2015)
 * PHP (2011)
 * Pigeon photography (2014)
 * Play-Yan (2020)
 * Read-only memory (2005)
 * Repeating coil (2016)
 * Research and Development Establishment (2012)
 * Science News (2005)
 * Service-oriented architecture (SOA) (2011)
 * Shoe polish (2005)
 * Sholes and Glidden typewriter (2021)
 * Sound quality (2016)
 * Sustainable energy (2022)
 * Technological singularity (2010)
 * Technological utopianism (2018)
 * Tehachapi Energy Storage Project (2021)
 * Teledildonics (2009)
 * Titan (supercomputer) (2016)
 * Ubuntu (2006)
 * VLC media player (2019)
 * VoiceXML (2011)
 * Wii Shop Channel (2024)
 * Year 10,000 problem (2017)
 * Zalman (2006)

Technology biographies

 * Terry A. Davis (2019)
 * Dennis H. Klatt (2024)
 * Ray Kurzweil (2011)
 * Patrick Norton (2005)
 * Bob Parsons (2009)
 * Dennis Ritchie (2006)
 * Nikola Tesla (2021)
 * Ken Thompson (2006)
 * Larry Wall (2006)

Transport

 * 2012 Buenos Aires rail disaster (2012)
 * Atlantic City—Brigantine Connector (2023)
 * Third Avenue (2019)
 * Third Avenue Bridge (New York City) (2019)
 * 47th Street (Manhattan) (2018)
 * Adelaide Metro (2011)
 * Air-tractor sledge (2011)
 * American Airlines Flight 191 (2020)
 * Aston Martin DB9 (2024)
 * Austin–Bergstrom International Airport (2006)
 * Bicycle (2007)
 * Bicycle lighting (2005)
 * Blue Bridge (Saint Petersburg) (2006)
 * Breiðdalsvík Airport (2015)
 * Burns Municipal Airport (2016)
 * Camden Town tube station (2007)
 * Cavenagh Bridge (2006)
 * Center High-Mounted Stop Lamp (2005)
 * Chestnut Street (Philadelphia) (2018)
 * Civil Air Patrol (2005)
 * Cork Kent railway station (2006)
 * Crash test dummy (Part 1) (Part 2) (2006)
 * Deepwater Horizon (2014)
 * Docklands Light Railway (2007)
 * Dumb Iron (2015)
 * East Finchley tube station (2007)
 * Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan) (2018)
 * Esplanade Bridge (2006)
 * Finchley Central tube station (2007)
 * First Avenue (Manhattan) (2018)
 * Fleet Vehicle (2009)
 * General Motors railway station (2024)
 * Getlink (2019)
 * Hellingly Hospital Railway (2009)
 * High Barnet tube station (2007)
 * I-35W Mississippi River bridge (2008)
 * Icing conditions (2017)
 * Imperial Airlines Flight 201/8 (2012)
 * Instrument flight rules (2017)
 * Interstate 15 in Arizona (2009)
 * Interstate 35 (2010)
 * Indian Railways (2006)
 * M62 motorway (2008)
 * M-105 (Michigan highway) (2021)
 * M-185 (Michigan highway) (2014)
 * Madison Avenue (2019)
 * Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal (2008)
 * Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) (2006)
 * Mazda MX-5 (NA) (2020)
 * Menai Suspension Bridge (2006)
 * Montréal–Mirabel International Airport (2006)
 * Mornington Crescent tube station (2007)
 * New Jersey Route 83 (2019)
 * New York State Route 174 (2010)
 * NightRide (2007)
 * Oval tube station (2008)
 * Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 (2013)
 * Pearl Street (Manhattan) (2018)
 * RMS Titanic (2006)
 * S. A. Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897 (Part 1) (Part 2) (2007)
 * Sokolnicheskaya Line (2015)
 * Sound Transit (2009)
 * South Bridge Road (2006)
 * Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 (2005)
 * SS Ohioan (1914) (2009)
 * Submarine (2006)
 * Tenth Avenue (Manhattan) (2018)
 * Toyota Prius C (2021)
 * Transport in Andorra (2008)
 * Transport in Laos (2015)
 * Tulskaya (Moscow Metro) (2009)
 * Underground Electric Railways Company of London (2015)
 * Vaughan Metropolitan Centre (TTC) (2016)
 * West Finchley tube station (2007)
 * Winter service vehicle (2008)
 * Woodside Park tube station (2007)

Video gaming

 * Atari video game burial (2009)
 * Career mode (2018)
 * E3 (2021)
 * Flood (Halo) (2010)
 * Gamer (2021)
 * MissingNo. (2023)
 * Redbana Corporation (2010)

Video games

 * 0 A.D. (video game) (2020)
 * 1942 (video game) (2010)
 * 1943: The Battle of Midway (2010)
 * Age of Empires (2008)
 * Alleyway (video game) (2009)
 * Angry Birds (video game) (2018)
 * ATV Offroad Fury 3 (2024)
 * Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts (2023)
 * Barbie: Game Girl (2011)
 * Barney's Hide & Seek Game (2019)
 * Bastion (video game) (2019)
 * Battle City (2024)
 * Beavis and Butthead (video game) (2024)
 * Blast Corps (2022)
 * Clone Hero (2020)
 * Club Penguin (2019)
 * Cities XXL (2019)
 * Civilization II (2010)
 * Cookie Clicker (2023)
 * Custom Robo (2014)
 * Deep Rock Galactic (2022)
 * Detective Pikachu (video game) (2023)
 * Dirty Harry (1990 video game) (2015)
 * Dr. Mario World (2024)
 * E.V.O.: Search for Eden (2010)
 * Final Fantasy VI (2010)
 * Flow (video game) (2020)
 * Formula One: Built to Win (2013)
 * Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (video game) (2022)
 * Garfield Kart (2021)
 * Geometry Dash (2020)
 * Gotcha Force (2019)
 * Grim Fandango (2008)
 * Guitar Hero (video game) (2008)
 * Half-Life 2 (2024)
 * Half-Life 2: Episode One (2024)
 * Jetpac (2024)
 * Journey (2012 video game) (2019)
 * Killer Instinct Gold (2020)
 * Kirby's Adventure (2023)
 * Knight Lore (2019)
 * Lego Rock Raiders (video game) (2024)
 * Lemmings (video game) (2009)
 * The Longing (video game) (2020)
 * Mario Is Missing! (2024)
 * Mario Party (video game) (2024)
 * Microsoft Minesweeper (2021)
 * Minecraft (2012)
 * Monkey Island (series) (2009)
 * Moonbase Alpha (2024)
 * Myst (2009)
 * Myst III: Exile (2009)
 * Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit (2010 video game) (2011)
 * OneShot (2024)
 * Perfect Dark (2007)
 * Portal (video game) (2022)
 * Puyo Puyo Tetris 2 (2024)
 * Richard Scarry's Busytown (2011)
 * Rival Turf (2021)
 * Riven (2013)
 * Rocko's Modern Life: Spunky's Dangerous Day (2024)
 * RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 (2016)
 * Sabre Wulf (2019)
 * Side Pocket (2024)
 * Somari (2024)
 * Sonic Spinball (2019)
 * South Park: Phone Destroyer (2024)
 * Super Mario 64 (2006)
 * Super Mario All-Stars (2020)
 * Super Mario World (2020)
 * The Flintstones: The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy (2024)
 * ToeJam & Earl (2009)
 * Undercover Cops (2010)
 * Vib-Ribbon (2021)
 * Warzone 2100 (2020)
 * Wipeout 2048 (2022)
 * Wipeout 3 (2019)
 * Wrecking Crew (video game) (2024)
 * Zork (2023)
 * Zoop (2022)

Levels, puzzles, and expansion packs

 * The Goat Puzzle (2012)
 * Green Hill Zone (2019)
 * Half-Life 2: Lost Coast (2019)
 * Half-Life: Blue Shift (2019)

Video game consoles

 * Dreamcast (2011)
 * Magnavox Odyssey (2024)
 * Net Yaroze (2024)
 * PSX (digital video recorder) (2024)
 * Sega Genesis (Part 1) (Part 2) (2019)
 * Vectrex (2011)

Video gaming biographies

 * Gabe Newell (2019)
 * Satoru Iwata (2016)

War

 * 13th Airborne Division (United States) (2021)
 * Battle of Crete (2017)
 * Battle of the Bagradas River (255 BC) (2020)
 * Battle of the Denmark Strait (2017)
 * Battle of Fort Sumter (2017)
 * Battle of Fredericksburg (2015)
 * Battle of Leuctra (2010)
 * Battle of Wake Island (2016)
 * Bill Newton (2024)
 * Boshin War (2014)
 * Ceremonial ship launching (2005)
 * Cold War (2012)
 * Colonization of the Congo basin (2017)
 * Dawes Plan (2019)
 * Devil Eyes (2022)
 * Die Glocke (hoax) (2020)
 * Doolittle Raid (2016)
 * Duck and cover (2005)
 * Guinea-Bissau War of Independence (2017)
 * Kargil War (2006)
 * Krag–Jørgensen (2007)
 * Harry Aubrey de Vere Maclean (2006)
 * USS Missouri (BB-63) (2006)
 * Operation Barbarossa (2017)
 * Operation Sky Monitor (2021)
 * Operation Vengeance (2017)
 * Origins of the Cold War (2012)
 * Poison gas in World War I (2006)
 * Ship commissioning (2005)
 * Tank (2005)
 * War elephant (2005)
 * Washington Army National Guard (2016)

War biographies

 * James Brogan (Medal of Honor) (2016)
 * William Brydon (2007)
 * John By (2007)
 * Felix J. McCool (2023)
 * Robert Nimmo (2024)
 * Friedrich Paulus (2017)
 * Joachim Peiper (2017)
 * Chesty Puller (2006)
 * Otto Skorzeny (2017)
 * Lou Spence (2021)
 * John Van Arsdale (2020)
 * Felix von Luckner (2005)

Wikipedia–related

 * Listen to Wikipedia (2023)
 * Wikipedia:Bare URLs (2023)
 * Wikipedia:Five pillars (2021)
 * Wikipedia:Ignore all rules (2009)
 * Wikipedia:No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man (2008)
 * Wikipedia:Vanispamcruftisement (2007)
 * WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia/Article choice guidelines (2018)

title: Wikipedia:Spoken articles


text:
Miraculin

Miraculin is a taste modifier, a glycoprotein extracted from the fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum. The berry, also known as the miracle fruit, was documented by explorer Chevalier des Marchais, who searched for many different fruits during a 1725 excursion to its native West Africa.

Miraculin itself does not taste sweet. When taste buds are exposed to miraculin, the protein binds to the sweetness receptors. This causes normally sour-tasting acidic foods, such as citrus, to be perceived as sweet. The effect can last for one or two hours.

History
The sweetening properties of Synsepalum dulcificum berries were first noted by des Marchais during expeditions to West Africa in the 18th century. The term miraculin derived from experiments to isolate and purify the active glycoprotein that gave the berries their sweetening effects, results that were published simultaneously by Japanese and Dutch scientists working independently in the 1960s (the Dutch team called the glycoprotein mieraculin). The word miraculin was in common use by the mid-1970s.

Glycoprotein structure
Miraculin was first sequenced in 1989 and was found to be a 24.6 kilodalton glycoprotein consisting of 191 amino acids and 13.9% by weight of various sugars.

The sugars consist of a total of 3.4 kDa, composed of a molar ratio of glucosamine (31%), mannose (30%), fucose (22%), xylose (10%), and galactose (7%).

The native state of miraculin is a tetramer consisting of two dimers, each held together by a disulfide bridge. Both tetramer miraculin and native dimer miraculin in its crude state have the taste-modifying activity of turning sour tastes into sweet tastes. Miraculin belongs to the Kunitz STI protease inhibitor family.

Sweetness properties
Miraculin, unlike curculin (another taste-modifying agent), is not sweet by itself, but it can change the perception of sourness to sweetness, even for a long period after consumption. The duration and intensity of the sweetness-modifying effect depends on various factors, such as miraculin concentration, duration of contact of the miraculin with the tongue, and acid concentration. Miraculin reaches its maximum sweetness with a solution containing at least 4*10−7 mol/L miraculin, which is held in the mouth for about 3 minutes. Maximum is equivalent in sweetness to a 0.4 mol/L solution of sucrose. Miraculin degrades permanently via denaturation at high temperatures and at pH below 3 or above 12.

Although the detailed mechanism of the taste-inducing behavior is unknown, it appears the sweet receptors are activated by acids which are related to sourness, an effect remaining until the taste buds perceive a neutral pH. Sweeteners are perceived by the human sweet taste receptor, hT1R2-hT1R3, which belongs to G protein-coupled receptors, modified by the two histidine residues (i.e. His30 and His60) which participate in the taste-modifying behavior. One site maintains the attachment of the protein to the membranes while the other (with attached xylose or arabinose) activates the sweet receptor membrane in acid solutions.

As a sweetener
As miraculin is a readily soluble protein and relatively heat stable, it is a potential sweetener in acidic food, such as soft drinks. While attempts to express it in yeast and tobacco plants have failed, researchers have succeeded in preparing genetically modified E. coli bacteria that express miraculin. Lettuce and tomato have also been used for mass production of miraculin.

The use of miraculin as a food additive was denied in 1974 by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Since 2011, the FDA has imposed a ban on importing Synsepalum dulcificum (specifying 'miraculin') from its origin in Taiwan, declaring it as an "illegal undeclared sweetener". The ban does not apply to the use of manufactured miraculin in dietary supplements. Miraculin has a novel food status in the European Union. It is approved in Japan as a safe food additive, according to the List of Existing Food Additives published by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (published by the Japan External Trade Organization).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Miraculin


text:
Talk:Flag of Samoa

Flag colour meaning
I am doing a presentation... and I have been searching the internet for like every to know what the colors of the Samoa flag stand for! That includes the white, red coloring, the blue coloring, and what do the stars represent? I was told it represents 5 islands in Upolu... but now I'm not sure because someone else told me it is a map of how Samoa used to be before the islands split... ask me about that there, I have no idea... but I'm leaning more to the "it represents 5 islands in Upolu."

GiNNy

Its just the southern cross. nothing more, look at australia for example.

Earlier flag
The flag of German Samoa was not the first Samoan flag. In the 19th century, a nominally independent Samoan kingdom was recognised by Germany, the UK and the US. There was a Samoan flag by 1873, described as "a red flag with a white star". (see mention here, p.20) Aridd (talk) 19:51, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

NZ occupation
Samoa was under NZ military occupation, not "the control of NZ-forces".Royalcourtier (talk) 06:00, 11 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Samoa


text:
Colden

Colden may refer to:

People

 * Alexander Colden, first recorded Postmaster of New York City
 * Cadwallader Colden (1688–1776), physician, farmer, surveyor, botanist, and lieutenant governor of the Province of New York
 * Cadwallader D. Colden (1769–1834), Colonel in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, member of New York State Assembly, mayor of New York City, U.S. Representative, and member of New York State Senate
 * Cadwallader Colden Washburn (1818–1882), a founder of General Mills and a representative from Wisconsin to the United States Congress
 * Charles J. Colden (1870–1938), a representative from California to the Seventy-third United States Congress
 * Charles S. Colden (1885–1960), American lawyer and politician
 * Jane Colden (1724–1766), U.S. botanist
 * Trevor Colden (b. 1994), a U.S. skateboarder
 * Colden Earles (b. 2003)

England

 * Colden, West Yorkshire, a village in Calderdale
 * Colden Common, a village and civil parish in Hampshire

Isle of Man

 * Colden, a peak on the Isle of Man

United States

 * Colden, New York, a town in Erie County
 * Mount Colden, Adirondack Mountains, New York
 * Lake Colden a lake in the Adirondack High Peaks, New York

title: Colden


text:
Dahlhausen

Dahlhausen is a South-Western district of the city of Bochum in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It borders Essen and Hattingen. A large part of the border of Dahlhausen is formed by the river Ruhr. South of the Ruhr is the district of Burgaltendorf of the city of Essen. Dahlhausen houses the well known railway museum of Dahlhausen. The Dr. C. Otto & Comp. is an old company of international importance.

Bochum-Dahlhausen station is served by Line S 3 of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn. Tram line 318 of the Bochum Stadtbahn connects Dahlhausen to the historical centre of Bochum, which is similar in extent to the district of Gleisdreieck. Dahlhausen is in a way separate from the rest from the city, keeping a greater continuity than other parts of the city

title: Dahlhausen


text:
Carbonaceous chondrite

Carbonaceous chondrites or C chondrites are a class of chondritic meteorites comprising at least 8 known groups and many ungrouped meteorites. They include some of the most primitive known meteorites. The C chondrites represent only a small proportion (4.6%) of meteorite falls.

Some famous carbonaceous chondrites are: Allende, Murchison, Orgueil, Ivuna, Murray, Tagish Lake, Sutter's Mill and Winchcombe.

General description
C chondrites contain a relatively high proportion of carbon (up to 3%), which is in the form of graphite, carbonates and organic compounds, including amino acids. In addition, they contain water and minerals that have been modified by the influence of water.

The carbonaceous chondrites were not exposed to higher temperatures, so that they are hardly changed by thermal processes. Some carbonaceous chondrites, such as the Allende meteorite, contain calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs). These are compounds that emerged early from the primeval solar nebula, condensed out and represent the oldest minerals formed in the Solar System.

Some primitive carbonaceous chondrites, such as the CM chondrite Murchison, contain presolar minerals, including moissanite (natural silicon carbide) and tiny nanometer-sized diamonds that apparently were not formed in our solar system. These presolar minerals were probably formed during the explosion of a nearby supernova or in the vicinity of a pulsating red giant (more precisely: a so-called AGB star) before they got into the cloud of matter from which the Solar System was formed. Such star explosions release pressure waves that can condense clouds of matter in their surroundings, leading to the formation of new ones, stars and planetary systems.

Another carbonaceous chondrite, the Flensburg meteorite (2019), provides evidence of the earliest known occurrence of liquid water in the young Solar System to date.

Composition and classification
Carbonaceous chondrites are grouped according to distinctive compositions thought to reflect the type of parent body from which they originated. These C chondrite groups are now each named with a standard two-letter CX designation, where C stands for "carbonaceous" (other types of chondrites do not begin with this letter) plus a capital letter in the spot X, which is very often the first letter of the name of a prominent meteorite—often the first to be discovered—in the group. Such meteorites are often named for the place where they fell, thus giving no clue as to the physical nature of the group. Group CH, where H is for "high metal" is so far the only exception. See below for name derivations of each group.

Several groups of carbonaceous chondrites, notably the CM and CI groups, contain high percentages (3% to 22%) of water, as well as organic compounds. They are composed mainly of silicates, oxides and sulfides, with the minerals olivine and serpentine being characteristic. The presence of volatile organic chemicals and water indicates that they have not undergone significant heating (>200 °C) since they were formed, and their compositions are considered to be close to that of the solar nebula from which the Solar System condensed. Other groups of C chondrites, e.g., CO, CV, and CK chondrites, are relatively poor in volatile compounds, and some of these have experienced significant heating on their parent asteroids.

CI group
This group, named after the Ivuna meteorite (Tanzania), have chemical compositions that are close to that measured in the solar photosphere (aside from gaseous elements, and elements such as lithium which are underrepresented in the Sun's photosphere by comparison to their abundance in CI chondrites). In this sense, they are chemically the most primitive known meteorites.

CI chondrites typically contain a high proportion of water (up to 22%), and organic matter in the form of amino acids and PAHs. Aqueous alteration promotes a composition of hydrous phyllosilicates, magnetite, and olivine crystals occurring in a black matrix, and a possible lack of chondrules. It is thought they have not been heated above 50 °C, indicating that they condensed in the cooler outer portion of the solar nebula.

Five CI chondrites have been observed to fall: Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais, Tonk, and Revelstoke. Four others have been found by Japanese field parties in Antarctica. In general, the extreme fragility of CI chondrites causes them to be highly susceptible to terrestrial weathering, and they do not survive on Earth's surface for long after they fall.

CV group

This group takes its name from Vigarano (Italy). Most of these chondrites belong to the petrologic type 3.

CV chondrites observed falls:
 * Allende
 * Bali
 * Bukhara
 * Grosnaja
 * Kaba
 * Mokoia
 * Vigarano

CM group
The group takes its name from Mighei (Ukraine), but the most famous member is the extensively studied Murchison meteorite. Many falls of this type have been observed and CM chondrites are known to contain a rich mix of complex organic compounds such as amino-acids and purine/pyrimidine nucleobases. CM chondrite famous falls:
 * Murchison
 * Sutter's Mill
 * Aguas Zarcas
 * Jbilet Winselwan
 * Winchcombe meteorite

CR group
The group takes its name from Renazzo (Italy). The best parent body candidate is 2 Pallas.

CR chondrites observed falls:
 * Al Rais
 * Kaidun
 * Renazzo

Other famous CR chondrites:
 * Dar al Gani 574
 * El Djouf 001
 * Northwest Africa 801

CH group
"H" stands for "high metal" because CH chondrites may contain up to as much as 40% of metal. That makes them one of the most metal-rich of any of the chondrite groups, second only to the CB chondrites and some ungrouped chondrites such as NWA 12273. The first meteorite discovered was ALH 85085. Chemically, these chondrites are closely related to CR and CB groups. All specimens of this group belong only to petrologic types 2 or 3.

CB group
The group takes its name from the most representative member: Bencubbin (Australia). Although these chondrites contain over 50% nickel-iron metal, they are not classified as mesosiderites because their mineralogical and chemical properties are strongly associated with CR chondrites.

CK group
This group takes its name from Karoonda (Australia). These chondrites are closely related to the CO and CV groups.

CO group
The group takes its name from Ornans (France). The chondrule size is only about 0.15 mm on average. They are all of petrologic type 3.

Famous CO chondrite falls:
 * Ornans
 * Kainsaz
 * Warrenton
 * Moss

Famous finds:
 * Dar al Gani 749

CL group
Officially recognized in 2022 after minimum specimens (five) described. CL chondrites, named after type specimen(s) Loongana, are chondrite-rich, metal-rich, and volatile-poor.

C ungrouped
The most famous members:
 * Tagish Lake
 * Tarda

Organic matter
Most of the organic carbon in CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites is an insoluble complex material. That is similar to the description for kerogen. A kerogen-like material is also in the ALH84001 Martian meteorite (an achondrite).

The CM meteorite Murchison has over 96 extraterrestrial amino acids and other compounds including carboxylic acids, hydroxy carboxylic acids, sulphonic and phosphonic acids, aliphatic, aromatic and polar hydrocarbons, fullerenes, heterocycles, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, amines and amides.

Extraterrestrial amino acids
Amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites have important implications for theories describing the delivery of organic compounds to the early Earth and the subsequent development of life. Shortly after its fall and recovery in Australia in 1969, the Murchison meteorite was found to host five protein amino acids (glycine, alanine, valine, proline, and glutamic acid) in addition to 12 non-proteinogenic amino acids including α-aminoisobutyric acid and isovaline, which are rare on Earth. Since then, the number of characterized amino acids in the Murchison meteorite has risen to 96, including 12 of the 20 common biological amino acids, along with hundreds more that have been detected, but remain uncharacterized. While the abundance of amino acids present in terrestrial soils presents a potential source of contamination, most of the amino acids characterized in Murchison are terrestrially rare or absent.

Amino acids may be structurally chiral, meaning that they have two possible non-superimposable mirror image structures, termed enantiomers. Conventionally, these are referred to as left-handed (L) and right-handed (D) by analogy with glyceraldehyde. Living beings use L-amino acids, although there is no apparent reason why one enantiomer is favoured over the other as they behave equivalently in biological systems. In contrast with terrestrial biology, early laboratory studies, including the famous Miller-Urey Experiment, have shown that amino acids may form under a range of possible abiotic conditions with equal (racemic) mixtures of D- and L-enantiomers. Thus, the ratios between enantiomers for a given amino acid may discriminate between biotic and abiotic formation mechanisms. In the first characterization of amino acids in Murchison, all chiral examples were present in racemic mixtures indicating an abiotic origin. This is consistent with proposed sythetic pathways, as the formation of isovaline and other α-dialkyl amino acids in CM chondrites has been attributed to the Strecker synthesis which produces racemic mixtures of enantiomers. Ehrenfreund et al. (2001) found that amino acids in CI chondrites Ivuna and Orgueil were present at much lower concentrations than in CM chondrites (~30%), and that they had a distinct composition high in β-alanine, glycine, γ-ABA, and β-ABA but low in α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and isovaline. This implies that they had formed by a different synthetic pathway, and on a different parent body from the CM chondrites.

Enantiomeric excesses observed in extraterrestrial amino acids
More recently, amino acids from several carbonaceous chondrites have been identified with significant L-enantiomeric excesses. L-excesses from 3 – 15% in several non-protein α-dialkyl amino acids have been found in the Murchison and Murray meteorites. Their extraterrestrial origin is indicated by their absence in biological systems and significant heavy isotope enrichments in 13C and deuterium compared to terrestrial values. Further characterization of L-isovaline excesses up to 20.5% in a range of carbonaceous chondrite groups have supported a hypothesis that increasing hydrothermal alteration of the host meteorite correlates with increasing observed L-enantiomeric excess. Large L-excesses for α-H amino acids have also been reported, but these are more problematic due to the potential for terrestrial contamination. The ungrouped C2 chondrite Tagish Lake has L-aspartic acid excesses up to ~60%, with carbon isotope measurements indicating an extraterrestrial origin due to significant enrichments in 13C. In Tagish Lake, proteinogenic amino acids show both significant L-excesses, and racemic mixtures: glutamic acid, serine, and threonine were found to have ~50 – 99% L-excesses, while alanine was racemic.

It has been proposed that extraterrestrial amino acid L-excesses observed in carbonaceous chondrites are a result of differences in the crystallization behaviour of the enantiomers. Circularly polarized ultraviolet light has been shown to generate L-excesses in crystallizing amino acids for experimental conditions mimicking alteration on asteroids, and this is thought to be the dominant extraterrestrial source of chiral symmetry breaking (i.e., the favouring of one enantiomer over another). It is notable that only excesses of the L-enantiomer have been observed in extraterrestrial amino acids, suggesting that the abiotic process responsible for enantiomeric enrichments may be the original source of the L-amino acid selectivity currently observed in terrestrial life.

Implications for extraterrestrial biosignatures
NASA have proposed a “Ladder of Life Detection” threshold of >20% enantiomeric excess in amino acids to distinguish extraterrestrial biosignatures. But, as previously mentioned, recent studies of carbonaceous chondrites and complementary experimental investigations have demonstrated that even larger enantiomeric excesses may be produced by abiotic pathways. To identify chiral asymmetry (enantiomeric excess) of biological origin, Glavin et al. (2020) emphasize three criteria that must be met: chiral asymmetry, light 13C isotopic composition, and simplified distribution of structural isomers. If a distribution of amino acids in an extraterrestrial sample is found to be chirally asymmetric, display structural isomeric preference, and carry 13C, 15N, and D depletions relative to associated inorganic material, a compelling case may be made for its biological origin. With the current interest in sample return missions from carbonaceous asteroids (e.g., OSIRIS-REx) and Mars headed by NASA and other space agencies, the subsequent analysis of returned samples devoid of terrestrial contamination will provide the best opportunity to discover potential biosignatures in our Solar System.

title: Carbonaceous chondrite


text:
KJJO

KJJO may refer to:

 * KTNF, a radio station (950 AM) licensed to St. Louis Park, Minnesota, United States, which used the call sign KJJO from January 1981 to February 1989 and from March 1990 to December 1995
 * KZJK, a radio station (104.1 FM) licensed to St. Louis Park, Minnesota, United States, which used the call sign KJJO or KJJO-FM from January 1981 to May 1995

title: KJJO


text: Talk:New Belgium Brewery

title: Talk:New Belgium Brewery


text:
Smokey Yunick

Henry "Smokey" Yunick (May 25, 1923 – May 9, 2001) was an American professional stock car racing crew chief, owner, driver, engineer, engine builder, and car designer as well as being a pilot in the United States Army Air Corps in World War II. Yunick was deeply involved in the early years of NASCAR and is probably most associated with that racing genre. He participated in nearly every facet of the sport as a driver, designer, and held other jobs related to the sport, but was best known as a mechanic, engine builder, and crew chief.

Yunick was twice NASCAR mechanic of the year, and his teams would include 50 of the most famous drivers in the sport, winning 57 NASCAR Cup Series races, including two championships in 1951 and 1953.

He was renowned as an opinionated character who "was about as good as there ever was on engines," according to Marvin Panch, who drove stock cars for Yunick and won the 1961 Daytona 500. His trademark white uniform and battered cowboy hat, together with a cigar or corncob pipe, were a familiar sight in the pits of almost every NASCAR or Indianapolis 500 race for over twenty years. During the 1980s, he wrote a technical column, "Track Tech," for Circle Track magazine and wrote an occasional "Say, Smokey..." guest column for Popular Science magazine. In 1990, he was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.

Early life
A son of Ukrainian immigrants, Yunick grew up on a farm in Neshaminy Falls, Pennsylvania and had to drop out of school to run the farm at age 16, upon the death of his father. This, however, allowed him to exercise his talents for improvising and optimizing mechanical solutions, for example, constructing a tractor from the remains of a junked car. In his spare time, he built and raced motorcycles; this is where he got his nickname, "Smokey," derived from the behavior of one of his motorcycles.

Military service
As stated in a New York Times article, Yunick claimed that he joined the Army Air Corps in 1941 and piloted a B-17 Flying Fortress named "Smokey and his Firemen" on more than 50 missions over Europe. He was with the 97th Bombardment Group (Heavy) of the 15th Air Force, at Amendola Airfield, Italy. He reported that he was then transferred to the war's Pacific theater following VE Day.

Official military records from the National Archives reflect that Yunick was drafted from civilian life as a welder in January 1943, at the age of 19 in Philadelphia at the enlisted rank of Private. He served on active duty as from February 1944 to March 1946. Subsequently commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant, he was awarded one award, an Air Medal by the 15th Air Force in 1944. Although he reported that he was wounded in combat, there is no record of a Purple Heart being issued.

In 1946, Yunick married and moved to Daytona Beach, Florida, because "it was warm and looked good" when he had flown over it on training missions.

Smokey's Garage
Yunick ran "Smokey's Best Damn Garage in Town" at 957 N. Beach St in Daytona Beach, Florida, from 1947, when he opened the garage repairing trucks, until 1987, when he closed it, claiming that there were no more good mechanics. The garage property was sold according to his estate plan in 2003. Most of the buildings were taken down a few years later, leaving only a single building that erupted in flames on April 25, 2011, at about 7 p.m. and was destroyed.

Automobile racing
When Yunick's reputation as a good mechanic spread through the town, Marshall Teague, a local stock car race team owner, invited him to join the team, and Yunick accepted, despite being completely unfamiliar with stock car racing. He prepared a Hudson Hornet for driver Herb Thomas for the second running of the Southern 500 in Darlington, South Carolina, which won the race.

Between 1958 and 1973, Yunick also participated in Indianapolis 500 racing, his car winning the 1960 race. His innovations included the "Reverse Torque Special" of 1959, with the engine running in opposite rotation than usual, and the Hurst Floor Shifter Special, a car with the driver's capsule mounted as a "sidecar" in 1964. In 1962, one year after Art Malone set the world closed-circuit record at Daytona in Bob Osiecki's Kurtis-Kraft Indy roadster with two inverted wings, Yunick mounted a single wing on Jim Rathmann's Simoniz Vista Special Watson Roadster. The wing, designed to increase downforce, allowed Rathmann to reach cornering speeds never before seen at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway but created so much drag that it caused the car to record slower lap times. The United States Automobile Club (USAC) immediately banned the use of wings, but they soon began to appear on cars competing in Can-Am and Formula One. By 1972 USAC once again allowed their use. He also participated in drag racing.

Yunick's racing career brought him into contact with representatives of the automotive industry, and he became Chevrolet's unofficial factory race team, as well as heading NASCAR efforts for Ford and Pontiac. Much of the high-performance development of the Chevrolet Small-Block engine involved Yunick in design, testing, or both. Yunick raced Chevrolets in 1955 and 1956, Fords in 1957 and 1958, and Pontiacs from 1959 through 1963. It was with Pontiac that Yunick became the first team owner to win the Daytona 500 twice (1961 and 1962), as well as the first to put a driver, his close friend Fireball Roberts, on the pole three times (1960–1962); this also made Pontiac the first manufacturer to do so.

Following Fireball Roberts' 1964 crash at Charlotte — where after 40 days in pain from burns, he died — Yunick began a campaign for safety modifications to prevent a repeat of such disasters. After being overruled repeatedly by NASCAR's owner, Bill France Sr., Yunick left NASCAR in 1970.

As with most successful racers, Yunick was a master of the grey area straddling the rules. Perhaps his most famous exploit was his #13 1966 Chevrolet Chevelle, driven by Curtis Turner. The car was so much faster than the competition during testing that they were sure that cheating was involved; some aerodynamic enhancement was strongly suspected, but the car's profile seemed to be entirely stock, as the rules required. It was eventually discovered that Yunick had lowered and modified the roof and windows and raised the production car's floor (to lower the body). This car has many legends about it, and they were definitively debunked by the 2019 Dinner with Racers episode on Amazon Prime TV. Since then, NASCAR required each race car's roof, hood, and trunk to fit templates representing the production car's exact profile.

Another Yunick improvisation was getting around the regulations specifying a maximum size for the fuel tank by using 11-foot (3 meter) coils of 2-inch (5-centimeter) diameter tubing for the fuel line to add about 5 US gallons (18.9 liters) to the car's fuel capacity. Once, NASCAR officials came up with nine items for Yunick to fix before the car would be allowed on the track. The suspicious NASCAR officials had removed the tank for inspection. Yunick started the car with no gas tank and said, "Better make it ten," and drove it back to the pits. However, the story was not true. It is also claimed that he used a basketball in the fuel tank which could be inflated when the car's fuel capacity was checked and deflated for the race.

Yunick also used such innovations as offset chassis, raised floors, roof spoilers, nitrous oxide injection, and other modifications, often within the letter of the rule book, if not the spirit. "All those other guys were cheatin' 10 times worse than us," Yunick wrote in his autobiography, "so it was just self-defense." Yunick's success was also due to his expertise in the aerodynamics of racing cars.

In another incident, Yunick showed up for a race with stock fender wells still installed on his Chevelle, even though the rules stated they could be removed. After the car qualified well due to improved aerodynamics, fellow competitors complained. Yunick replied, "The rules say you MAY remove them. They don't say you HAVE to." After qualifying, Yunick promptly cut out the fender wells. After further complaints to NASCAR, Smokey said, "The rules don't say WHEN I can remove them."

Yunick also built a 1968 Camaro for Trans-Am racing. Although Yunick set several speed and endurance records with the car at Bonneville Speedway, with both a 302 cubic inch (~4942 cubic centimeters) and a 396 cubic inch (~6489 cubic centimeter) engine, it never won a race while Yunick owned it. It was later sold to Don Yenko, who did win several races. In typical Yunick fashion, the car, although superficially a stock Camaro, had acid-dipped body panels and thinner window glass to reduce weight, the front end of the body tilted downwards and the windshield laid back for aerodynamics, all four fenders widened, the front subframe Z'ed (to physically move the front suspension higher and lower the front of the car) and the floorpan moved up to lower the car, and many other detailed modifications. The drip rails were brought closer to the body for a tiny aerodynamic improvement. A connector to the engine oil system was extended into the car's interior to allow the driver to add oil from a pressurized hose during pit stops. The shoulder harness was modified to include a cable-ratchet mechanism from a military helicopter to give the driver enough freedom of movement. In 1993, Vic Edelbrock Jr. purchased and restored the car.

Contrary to popular opinion, Yunick designed the first "safe wall" race track barrier in the early 1980s using old tires between sheets of plywood, but NASCAR did not adopt his idea. Also, Yunick developed air jacks for stock cars in 1961, but NASCAR did not deem them appropriate.

Awards
He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1990 (inaugural year) and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America In 2000. Yunick is a member of over 30 Halls of Fame across the United States and the rest of the world. Some of his items, including hats, pipes, boots, engines, etc., are on display (loaned from family, most of them) at museums, from race tracks to the Smithsonian (history of racing).

Smokey was the NASCAR Mechanic of the Year twice.

Patents
Yunick is the inventor of at least nine US patents.

Author
His column "Say, Smokey" was a staple of Popular Science magazine in the 1960s and 1970s; it consisted of his responses to letters sent to him by readers regarding mechanical conditions affecting their cars and technical questions about how automotive performance could be improved and also about particularly tricky automotive issues. He also wrote for Circle Track magazine and published his autobiography Best Damn Garage in Town...The World According to Smokey in July 2001. The audiobook version, Sex Lies and SuperSpeedways volume 1, was narrated by a longtime friend John DeLorean.

In 1984, Yunick published Smokey's Power Secrets (ISBN 0931472067).

Legacy
After Yunick's death, his shop's contents were auctioned off, according to his wishes. He had witnessed his friend Don Garlits' difficulties developing and maintaining a museum. He did not want either his family to be saddled with such a burden or a "high roller" to gain control of his reputation. Instead, he preferred that his tools, equipment, cars, engines, and parts go to people who would use them, and before his death, he undertook to restore as much of it as possible to working conditions. The auction proceeds went to a foundation to fund innovations in motorsports.

A marker to honor Yunick was erected alongside Smokey Yunick Way, located in Holly Hill's Riverside Park alongside the former "best damn garage" property.

The character Smokey in Disney/Pixar's 2017 film Cars 3 is based on Smokey Yunick. He is portrayed by Chris Cooper.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: Smokey Yunick


text: Wikipedia:POTD/April 27, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/April 27, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/April 27, 2005


text: User talk:24.6.117.96

title: User talk:24.6.117.96


text:
Talk:Nursery (children)

"Nursery" vs. Nursery School
This article says that it precedes nursery school, but the nursery school article says that the thing it follows is something called Early Baby School. Which article is correct?? Georgia guy 21:58, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nursery (children)


text:
Mary Jane Rathbun

Mary Jane Rathbun may refer to:

 * Mary J. Rathbun (1860–1943), American zoologist
 * Brownie Mary (1922–1999), American medical cannabis activist

title: Mary Jane Rathbun