text:
Hong Kong cuisine

Hong Kong cuisine is mainly influenced by Cantonese cuisine, European cuisines (especially British cuisine) and non-Cantonese Chinese cuisines (especially Hakka, Teochew, Hokkien and Shanghainese), as well as Japanese, Korean and Southeast Asian cuisines, due to Hong Kong's past as a British colony and a long history of being an international port of commerce. Complex combinations and international gourmet expertise have given Hong Kong the labels of "Gourmet Paradise" and "World's Fair of Food".

Background
Modern Hong Kong has a predominantly service-based economy, and restaurant businesses serve as a main economic contributor. With the fourth-densest population per square metre in the world and serving a population of 7 million, Hong Kong is host to a restaurant industry with intense competition. Due to its small geographical size, Hong Kong contains a high number of restaurants per unit area.

With Cantonese ethnicity making up 94% of the resident population, Cantonese cuisine is naturally served at home. A majority of Chinese in Hong Kong are Cantonese in addition to sizable numbers of Hakka, Teochew and Shanghainese peoples, and home dishes are Cantonese with occasional mixes of the other three types of cuisines. Rice is predominantly the main staple for home meals. Home ingredients are picked up from local grocery stores and independent produce shops, although supermarkets have become progressively more popular.

Hong Kong homes and kitchens tend to be small due to a high population density, and traditional Chinese cuisine often requires the freshest possible ingredients, so food shopping is undertaken frequently and in smaller quantities than is now usual in the West. Take-out and dining out is also very common, since people are often too busy to cook with an average 47-hour work week.

19th century: Colonial origins
The cuisine of Hong Kong traces its origins to its founding as a British colonial outpost in 1841. Soon after the colony was founded, many Western merchants along with Chinese emigrants from nearby Canton flocked there to conduct business. Initially, Hong Kong society consisted of expatriate upper-class Westerners, working-class Chinese coolies, farmers and fishermen, and middle class Chinese merchants. The simple peasant cuisine was rudimentary compared to the cuisine of 19th century Canton (now commonly known as Guangzhou).

As the colony developed, there arose a need for meals to entertain businessmen. Some Chinese restaurants were founded in the late 19th century and early 20th century as branches of renowned restaurants in Canton and offered elaborate meals consisting of traditional Chinese "eight main courses and eight entrees" (八大八小) types of banquets for 2 taels of silver, at the time equal to a clerk's monthly wage. Before 1935 when prostitution was still legal in Hong Kong, female escorts often accompanied diners to restaurant meals, especially those of a business entertainment nature. Until the Second World War, opium was also offered. For the majority of Chinese who were not part of the merchant class, dining out in restaurants was non-existent and consisted of simple Cantonese country fares. Meat only appeared in festive occasions and celebrations such as birthdays were often done by catering services who prepared the meals at the celebrant's home. The restaurant scene for Europeans in Hong Kong remained separate from Chinese dining. Elaborate Western-style restaurants existed at the likes of Hongkong Hotel and subsequently Gloucester Hotel.

1920s: Cantonese influence
Hong Kong's dining lagged behind the then-leader of Chinese cuisine, Canton, for a long time and many Hong Kong chefs spent their formative years in Canton. Canton was renowned for its food, and there was a traditional saying of "The food is in Canton" (食在廣州). Cantonese cuisine in Canton reached its peak during the 1920s and was renowned in the care in preparation even for peasant fares such as Char siu or boat congee. Dasanyuan was renowned for its braised shark fin dish that charged 60 silver yuan, equivalent to 6 months' wage for a working-class family. The Guandong cooking style eventually trickled down to the culinary scene in Hong Kong.

1949: Shanghainese and Western influences
The victory of Chinese Communists in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 created a wave of refugees into Hong Kong. A sizeable number of refugees were from non-Cantonese speaking parts of China, including the Yangtze River Delta, and introduced Shanghai cuisine to Hong Kong. On the other hand, most renowned chefs of Canton, now known as Guangzhou in pinyin romanisation, settled in Hong Kong to escape from Communist rule in mainland China.

Prostitution and opium had by then long faded from the restaurant scene, and to survive, many restaurants started to tap into profitable new markets by offering yum cha and wedding banquets, which coincided with an increasing interest in Western fare by the Chinese in Hong Kong.

Egg tarts and Hong Kong-style milk tea soon became part of Hong Kong's food culture. It could be argued that the seeds of Hong Kong society as understood today were not sown until 1949, and the cuisine of Hong Kong has its direct roots in this period.

1960s–1980s: Prosperity
By the 1960s, Hong Kong was past the worst of the economic depression, and there was a long and continuous period of relative calm and openness compared to the Communist rule in Mao Zedong-era China and martial law isolation in Taiwan. The Cantonese cuisine in Hong Kong had by then surpassed that of Guangzhou, which had witnessed a long period of decline after the Communists came to power. The rising prosperity from the mid-1960s had given birth to increasing demand for quality dining. Many of the chefs, who spent their formative years in pre-Communist Guangzhou and Shanghai, started to bring out the best of fine dining specialties from pre-1949 Guangzhou and Shanghai. Families had largely abandoned catering services and resorted to restaurants for celebratory meals. Seafood started to become specialised delicacies in the 1960s, followed by game in the 1970s.

This wave of prosperity also propelled Hong Kong Chinese's awareness of foreign food trends, and many were willing to try foreign ingredients such as asparagus and crayfish from Australia. Foreign food styles such as Japanese and Southeast Asian cuisine started to influence local food, and the pace of change accelerated during the late 1970s and early 1980s. This gave birth to nouvelle Cantonese cuisine that incorporated foreign dishes such as sashimi into Cantonese banquets. For the first time, many Hong Kong Chinese started to have the economic means to visit many Western restaurants of the domain of mainly wealthy expatriate Westerners such as Gaddi's of the Peninsula Hotel. During these years, there was great wealth growth from stock market investments, and one visible manifestation of the resultant nouveau riche mentality in 1970s Hong Kong were sayings such as "mixing shark fin soup with rice".

1980–1990s: links with mainland China and Taiwan
China initiated economic reforms when Deng Xiaoping came to power after Mao Zedong died. The opening up of the country gave chefs from Hong Kong chances to reestablish links with chefs from mainland China severed in 1949 and opportunities to gain awareness of various regional Chinese cuisines. Many of these cuisines also contributed to nouvelle Cantonese cuisines in Hong Kong. The lift of martial law in Taiwan in 1987 jump-started Taiwanese links with mainland China and has caused a proliferation of eateries specialising in Taiwanese cuisine in Hong Kong as Taiwanese tourists and businessmen used Hong Kong as a midpoint for visits to mainland China. From 1978 until 1997 there was no dispute Hong Kong was the epicenter of Chinese, not only Cantonese, cuisine worldwide, with Chinese restaurants in mainland China and Taiwan, and among overseas Chinese communities, racing to employ chefs trained or worked in Hong Kong and emulating dishes improved upon or invented in Hong Kong. Hong Kong–style Cantonese cuisine became a coinword for innovative Chinese cuisine during this period. It was even unofficially rumoured the Chinese government had secretly consulted the head chef for the Peking Garden Restaurant of Hong Kong, part of the Maxim's restaurant and catering conglomerate, to teach chefs back at the renowned Quanjude restaurant in Beijing how to make good Peking duck, Quanjude's signature dish, in the early 1980s as the skills to produce the dish were largely lost during the Cultural Revolution.

Post-1997
After Hong Kong was returned to China in 1997, the Asian financial crisis and SARS epidemic led to a decade-long depression. The boom in Hong Kong culinary scene came to a halt and many restaurants were shuttered, including a number of renowned eateries such as Sun Tung Lok. It is argued that the catch up in prosperity among populations from coastal regions of China, particularly the nouveau riche (derogatory Chinese: daai foon 大款) and corrupted officials (derogatory Chinese: daai ye 大爺), has driven up the demand of many delicacies such as abalone and grouper, and many celebratory dishes have become outrageously expensive that they are beyond the reach of even many upper-middle class Hong Kong families. At the same time, Hong Kong people's tastes have become cosmopolitan when compared with one generation ago. Many are now able to appreciate specific European cuisines rather than one generic "Western cuisine", and appreciation of other Asian cuisines, especially Japanese cuisine and Thai cuisine has been ever increasing. These have produced a proliferation of many specialist ethnic cuisine restaurants geared towards young middle class couples on one hand, and a consolidation of fine-dining Cantonese restaurants on the other.

As of the early 21st century Hong Kong, notwithstanding the partial recovery of Hong Kong's economy from the slump in 2003 due to the SARS epidemic, many pundits argue that contemporary Hong Kong's economy is heavily skewed towards real estate development and financial services. This provides prosperity to only a select few minority and an uncertain long-term economic fortune vis-a-vis more diversified mega-rich cities in China such as Shanghai and Guangzhou, and the territory therefore no longer possesses the economic base to support mass-level super fine-dining that is required to sustain an active dining culture. A common perception of Hong Kong's current culinary culture is one being in decline and resting on past laurels. For example, culinary magazines such as Eat and Travel Weekly report fewer fundamentally new dishes being invented in Hong Kong post-2000 than the 1980s heyday, and many restaurants tend to resort to popularise haute dishes invented in the 1980s. Modern Hong Kong's labour market has also disrupted the traditional ways of grooming Chinese chefs, which henceforth been trained in a very long and drawn one-to-one practical apprenticeships. Very few chefs are willing to sacrifice their time and effort to produce traditional cooking that discourages cutting corners, and emphasises techniques over ingredients' net economic worth. On the other hand, a minority of optimistic pundits argue Hong Kong may well develop a foodie culture similar to other developed economies and preserve the best of traditional cooking.

Historically, Hong Kong's food source came from a combination of mini stores instead of supermarkets. Some of the stores included: rice dealers, serving as mini rice storage warehouses; wine shops , which offered beverages; convenient stores (, Cantonese rendering of "store"), which were single convenient stores, most notable for serving fresh baked bread. The main component was wet markets – one of the first market gatherings in Hong Kong was Central Market that began in the 1840s.

The idea of a single facility or supermarket that provided all food ingredients did not take place until the early 1970s when Wellcome, a local grocery chain, changed its format into a supermarket. Air-conditioned supermarkets did not become standardised until the 1980s. The early 21st century Western environmentalism- or sustainability-inspired food trends, such as natural food, organic food, non-genetically modified food, local food, and farmer's markets, have been ignored by a majority of Hong Kong's populations. The Western farmer's market share some similarities with the traditional Chinese wet markets, however support of wet markets is largely based on traditional Chinese cultural preference rather than sustainability, and wet markets contain many features that are condemned by modern Western environmentalists on the grounds of "animal cruelty" (live animals sold for food) and "high food miles" (fruits and seafood from another continent).

Eating habits
Most restaurant serving sizes are considerably small by international standards, especially in comparison to most Western nations like the United States and Canada. The main course is usually accompanied by a generous portion of carbohydrates such as rice or mein (noodles). People generally eat 5 times a day.

Ingredients
Similar to Cantonese cuisine elsewhere, Hong Kong's cooking uses a wide variety of ingredients and the common ones include:

Hawker

These are basically streetside food stalls, operated by usually one or two people pushing a cart. The carts are usually very mobile, allowing the business freedom to sell snacks in whichever area is most populated at a particular point in time. While they have been popular in the 1970s and 1980s, tight health regulations and other forms of lease versus licensed hawker restrictions have put a burden on this mobile food culture. The term Jau Gwei became associated with the hawkers trying to avoid restrictions.

Examples include:
 * Fish ball
 * Put chai ko (port cake or )
 * Egg waffle
 * Roasted chestnuts

Cantonese cuisine

As the most predominant cultural group in Hong Kong, Cantonese food forms the backbone of home cooking and dine-out scenes. Many early celebrated Cantonese restaurants, including Tai San Yuan, Luk Yu Tea House, were originally Hong Kong branches of the famed Guangzhou-based restaurants, and most chefs in Hong Kong until the 1970s had spent their formative years working in the restaurant industry in Guangzhou. Most of the celebrated dishes in Hong Kong were introduced into the territory through Guangzhou, often refined with awareness of international tastes. Cantonese food prices perhaps cover the widest range, from the small businesses lou mei to the most expensive abalone delicacies.

One well developed dish in Cantonese cuisine is dim sum. Waiters cart around stacks of steamer baskets or small plates of food for customers to choose. Dim sum includes dishes based on meat, seafood, vegetables, as well as desserts and fruit. The term yum cha (lit. 'drink tea') is synonymous with eating dim sum for Hong Kong people. It is customary for families to eat dim sum on weekends. Most foods are steamed, traditionally.

Examples include:
 * Cart noodle
 * Siu mei
 * Cha siu bao
 * Shaomai
 * Ha gow
 * Steamed meatball
 * Lo mai gai
 * Fun guo
 * Tofu skin roll
 * Spring roll
 * Rice noodle roll
 * Crispy fried chicken
 * Seafood birdsnest
 * Pork knuckles and ginger stew

Hot pot

This hot pot cuisine, known as daa bin lou in Cantonese, is unique in the sense that everyone is a chef. A boiling pot of water (soup-based, and customers can choose their preferred soup taste), is placed in the center of the table, and essentially everyone boils their own ingredients in that pot. This is highly popular and is usually accompanied with a bottle of cold beer or soda. This style is common during frigid winter times, since people are essentially huddled around a fire. This format is also considered entertaining.

Examples include:
 * Boiling broth
 * Beef, pork, chicken
 * Crab, prawns, and clams
 * Chinese cabbage, carrots and lettuce
 * Fish balls and beef balls
 * Tofu

Hong Kong–style drinks
Non-alcoholic beverages are particularly associated with Cha chaan teng, a unique kind of restaurants in Hong Kong. Since drink recipes are not franchise based, most drinks can vary depending on the restaurant. Rock sugar and syrup are commonly used to add sweetness.

Some beverages that originated in the tea culture of Taiwan, such as bubble tea and honey green tea, had been brought to Hong Kong and become part of Hong Kong's beverage culture.

Examples include:
 * Hong Kong-style milk tea
 * Coffee
 * Yuenyeung
 * Red bean ice
 * Soy milk
 * Sugarcane juice
 * Lemon tea
 * Ovaltine
 * Milo (drink)
 * Horlicks
 * Almond Milk

Chinese tea

A large wide variety of tea leaves and combinations are used for Chinese tea. In the 1950s and 1960s, citizens would go to tea houses accompanied by their pet birds locked in a bird cage. Noon tea was an essential break in the middle of the day. Tea nowadays goes along with any meal.

Examples include:
 * Chrysanthemum tea
 * Bolay
 * 24 flavors

Hong Kong-style Western cuisine
Dishes derived from cuisines of the Western world, but not classified into a particular country, belong in this category. It is known in Hong Kong as sai chaan (, 'Western cuisine'), and outside of Hong Kong as Hong Kong-style Western cuisine or Canto-Western cuisine. Restaurants that offer this style of cuisine are usually cha chaan teng (, Hong Kong-style diners) at the popular end, and sai chaan teng (, 'Western restaurants') at the more upscale range. Restaurants that have come to expect tourists will likely offer both east and west menus. Most dishes are localised with Chinese tastes and contain Chinese and specifically Cantonese influences, such as steak marinated in soy sauce, served in a gravy dominated by soy sauce, and with fried rice or pasta on the side.

Examples include:
 * Egg tart
 * Macaroni in broth with sausage or thinly-sliced ham, and fried egg
 * Fried chicken wings, sometimes served with French fries and salad
 * Swiss sauce chicken wings
 * Instant noodles with sausages, fried eggs, or thinly-sliced ham
 * French toast, called "sai do si" (, 'Western toast', shortened from, transliteration of French toast) in Chinese
 * Baked pork chop rice, baked with fried pork chop and fried rice, usually served with tomato sauce and cheese
 * Hong Kong-style borscht soup (cooked with tomatoes, but usually without beetroot or sour cream)
 * Hong Kong-style milk tea, a beverage made of Ceylon tea, black tea, and milk
 * Lemon tea (black tea with slices of fresh lemon), served hot or cold, usually with syrup

title: Hong Kong cuisine


text: Category:Rivers of Eritrea

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Rivers of Eritrea


text:
Manifest (convention)

Melbourne Anime Festival, colloquially known as "Manifest", was a three-day fan convention held in Melbourne, Australia. It focused on the art of anime and manga, East Asian culture, and its associated fandoms. Manifest was held at the Parkville campus of the University of Melbourne until 2009, when it moved to the Melbourne Showgrounds. It was held in August each year. Following the 2013 convention, Manifest closed.

Manifest was run by the not-for-profit organisation MAFI (Melbourne Anime Festival Inc.) and staffed entirely by volunteers. The organising committee held regular meetings to plan and organise the event, and was made up of 30-75 people. In addition, more than a hundred individuals volunteered their time on the event weekend to help run the convention.

History
Manifest was originally held at the University of Melbourne until 2009, when it moved to the Melbourne Showgrounds. On 1 December 2013, it was announced that Manifest would not be running again in 2014 due to financial and staffing issues.

title: Manifest (convention)


text:
Talk:Sultanate of Golconda

Vepachedu information
Some of the material on this page was copied from a page on the Vepachedu Educational Foundation. This text is released under the GFDL, and is not a copyright violation.

The president and CEO of the Vepachedu Educational Foundation is named Sreenivasarao Vepachedu, PhD, JD, LLM. I e-mailed him, asking for permission to use text from the foundation on Wikipedia. Here is the text of my e-mail to him:

 Dear Sreenivasarao Vepachedu, chairman of the Vepachedu Educational Foundation,

I wanted to let you know that I am very impressed with the depth of information found in Mana Sanskriti and the many webpages included there. I came across it while doing research for the free online encyclopedia "Wikipedia", and thought that much of this information would be a valuable inclusion in our living and growing document. Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org) is an encyclopedia that is collaboratively edited by volunteers from around the world. Our goal is to create a comprehensive knowledge base that is not only available at no charge, but is also freely distributed. It is one of many projects of the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation.

I am seeking your permission to use some of the text in Mana Sanskriti. I'd like to include your materials in articles such as: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf And others. (To get a sense of the freedom of Wikipedia, you yourself can edit any of these pages without registration, if you like.)

We can only use your material if you are willing to grant permission for it to be used under terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. This means that although you retain the copyright and authorship of your own work, you are granting permission for all others (not just Wikipedia) to use, copy, and share your materials freely -- and even potentially use them commercially -- so long as they do not try to claim the copyright themselves, or try to prevent others from using or copying them freely. You can read this license in full at: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GFDL (To keep things simple, we do not use Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts, or Back-Cover Texts.)

Note that your contributions may not remain intact as submitted; this license, as well as the collaborative nature of our project, also entitles others to edit, alter, and update them at will, i.e., to keep up with new information, or suit the text to a different purpose. However, the license also expressly protects authors "from being considered responsible for modifications made by others" while ensuring that those authors get credit for their work. There is more information on our copyright policy at: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights

We choose the GNU FDL license because it is the best available tool for ensuring that our encyclopedia is and can remain free for all to use, and for providing credit to everyone who donates text and images. It may or may not be compatible with your goals in creating the materials available on your website -- that's for you to choose. Please be assured that if permission is not granted, your original materials will *not* be used at Wikipedia -- we have a very strict policy against copyright violations.

If you do agree to grant permission for use, we will credit you for your work in the resulting article's references section by stating it was based on your work and is used with your permission, and by providing a link back to your website.

You are obviously an expert in your field, and we invite your active collaboration in writing and editing articles on this subject and any others that might be attractive to you. If you are interested, please see: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Welcome%2C_newcomers for more information!

Thank you for your time.

He e-mailed me back, saying:

 Thanks for your request. The purpose of my foundation is to impart education to the world free. Our goals are same. Please feel free to use the materials by acknowledging and refering to the original articles.

Best Regards,

Sreenivasarao Vepachedu

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 19:21, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Turkoman
please change ((Turkoman)) to ((Turkmens|Turkoman))
 * Yes check.svg Done clpo13(talk) 23:37, 17 April 2016 (UTC)

Map provided is false
The description given for the map of the territorial extent of the Sultanate of Golconda states that it shows the holdings of the kingdom in year 1733. This is incorrect as the kingdom was absorbed into the Mughal Empire in 1687 and the Qutb Shahi Dynasty ended. The map has also clearly been altered as it highlights only a portion of the territories of the kingdom and does not show the true territorial extent of the state as if you look closely at the map provided the real borders of the Sultanate of Golconda have been illustrated and are much larger than the portion highlighted. 49.205.227.167 (talk) 09:49, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Predecessors
The Infobox lists successors and predecessors to the polity the dynasty ruled over, It's not a dynastic chronology. The Qara Qoyunlu monarchy ceased existing in 15th century. The Mughal Empire article similarly doesn't list the Timurids as a polity predecessor for the same reason. FutureFlowsLoveYou (talk) 20:55, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Noted, sorry for the trouble. Pruehito (talk) 21:06, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * No trouble. :) FutureFlowsLoveYou (talk) 22:05, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Adil Shahi dynasty which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:48, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sultanate of Golconda


text:
BBC Master

The BBC Master is a home computer released by Acorn Computers in early 1986. It was designed and built for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and was the successor to the BBC Micro Model B. The Master 128 remained in production until 1993.

Design
The Master series featured several improvements over earlier BBC Micro models. Rather than the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor used by the Model B, Master series models used the slightly improved 65C12. Fabricated using CMOS technology, the 65C12 used less power than the 6502 and offered somewhat better performance, reportedly "almost as fast" as the original 3 MHz 6502 second processor for the BBC Micro. The systems had $128 KB$ of dynamic RAM as standard, alleviating the shortage of available RAM which had previously discouraged use of the display modes offering the highest quality graphics on earlier models. Of the total 128 KB of RAM, 64 KB was provided as standard RAM, being used for applications, screen memory and system workspace. Another 64 KB was provided in the form of four 16 KB bank-switched pages of sideways RAM.

Of the 64 KB standard RAM, the lower region of 32 KB was employed in a fashion familiar from earlier models, providing workspace for languages, applications and the system, also hosting screen memory for many programs, particularly games. While the 65C12 ensured software compatibility with the Model B, it perpetuated the architectural limitations of the earlier models, with a 16-bit address bus providing direct access to only 64 KB of memory at a time, thus necessitating the use of paging mechanisms to make additional RAM available. Access to the upper 32 KB region of standard RAM was provided by one such mechanism to take over some of the demands made on the lower memory region by the system. It was divided into three separate regions, each with a codename, following Acorn's architectural traditions:

20 KB of this upper region could be assigned as shadow RAM to host the screen memory, freeing up the conventional screen memory region for applications. The remaining 12 KB was available to the system for workspace, freeing up memory that would normally be claimed by ROMs such as filing systems. The cumulative effect of enabling shadow RAM and using the upper memory for workspace made almost 29 KB available for normal programs and was said to "transform the machine" from its predecessors.

Use of the 64 KB of sideways RAM favoured the installation of ROM images into each of the 16 KB banks, with Acorn having announced a "ROM licencing scheme" to authorise the use of the company's ROM-based software in RAM. However, a version of BASIC known as BAS128, previously released for the BBC Model B+ 128, was provided on disk and was able to use the full 64 KB of sideways RAM as workspace, thus expanding the memory available to BASIC considerably. Other Acorn languages did not support this arrangement, however.

Although the extra instructions of the 65C12 permitted slightly greater code density, the OS and BBC BASIC ROMs, still limited by the memory architecture to 16 KB each, were augmented by additional ROMs. In total, the updated OS, known as MOS 3.2 occupied 35 KB and incorporated features previously introduced in the Graphics Extension ROM for the BBC Micro, along with additional commands and system calls plus a variety of enhancements. The improved version of BBC Basic was named Basic 4, fixing bugs in the earlier Basic 2 and introducing enhancements and new functionality such as a TIME$ variable yielding the current date and time in a concise but human-readable format. The inclusion of a real-time clock to keep the date and time was a notable built-in feature of the Master 128 and derived models, together with 50 bytes of battery-backed CMOS RAM to retain details of the machine's configuration while powered off.

To hold the expanded OS and BASIC, the Master 128 was fitted with a ROM device having a capacity of one megabit, or 128 KB. Alongside the OS and BASIC, a text editor suitable for writing programs was included, DFS and ADFS provided filing system support to access files stored on disk, the View and ViewSheet applications respectively offered word processing and spreadsheet functionality. A terminal emulator was also included to support serial communications over the machine's RS423 port or the optional internal modem.

The Master series largely carried forward many of the core architectural features of the earlier BBC Micro models. The sound chip used in earlier models was retained, but the dedicated speech interface was omitted, with a "plug-in speech cartridge" anticipated by one reviewer for the Master 128. Although chips such as the 6522 VIA and 6845 CRTC were retained in the Master series, much of the discrete logic of earlier models was consolidated into CMOS gate array chips to perform tasks such as handling the keyboard, input/output and some display functions. This left an impression of the inside of the Master 128 being "another world" compared to the original BBC Micro, featuring fewer but larger chips.

In terms of expansion ports, the Master 128 retained all of the standard interfaces of the BBC Micro. One notable addition to the Master 128 was that of an internal modem socket permitting the installation of a modem without occupying the machine's RS423 serial port. An Econet interface could also be fitted internally at a relatively low cost of £49 including VAT. However, the main addition to the Master 128's expansion capabilities was the inclusion of an internal connector for second processor expansions employing Acorn's Tube interface. The first of such internally connected second processors, known as co-processors, was the Turbo co-processor featuring a 4 MHz 65C102 and 64 KB of RAM, later followed by the Master 512 upgrade board featuring a 10 MHz 80186 and 512 KB of RAM.

Outwardly, the Master series models added a numeric keypad alongside the familiar keyboard, and the Master 128 and its variants incorporated two cartridge slots behind the keypad, these employing sockets that provided a superset of the Acorn Electron Plus 1 cartridge interface capabilities, supporting the use of physically compatible Electron cartridges, but also supporting enhanced electrical characteristics for some of the cartridge connector pins.

Although the Master series was intended to be compatible with "legally written" software for the older models, there were some problems running older programs, particularly games. Conversely, although few programs were ever targeted specifically at Master series machines (except the Master 512), many later BBC games (and Master versions of earlier classics such as Elite) included enhanced features which took advantage of the extra memory.

ROM upgrade
An upgrade to the Master 128 operating system ROM was released by Acorn in early 1990, providing bug fixes and some performance and functionality enhancements, with the filing systems benefiting in particular. View, Viewsheet and Edit applications all saw various levels of enhancement. One notable feature was the introduction of "relocatable" language (or application) ROM support, permitting appropriately written ROM-based software to automatically take advantage of a second processor, if fitted. Priced at around £45, it was noted that since the copyright message in the ROM was dated 1988 and the manual dated October 1989, such an upgrade might have been more widely adopted by users (and the relocatable ROM feature adopted by software producers) had it been released earlier, with the Master Compact ROM having already benefited from some of the featured improvements, such as direct entry of "foreign characters" or "top-bit-set characters" from the keyboard.

Battery charging hazard
Acorn issued a safety warning for the Master 128 and ET models in 1986 related to the battery installed in the machine. This battery was fitted in a circuit that permitted the charging of the battery "contrary to the recommendations of the battery manufacturer". Due to the risk of combustion with this particular lithium battery arrangement, Acorn introduced a remedy involving its replacement with a different solution using three alkaline batteries fitted next to the power supply.

Models

The Master series consisted of several different models, all of which apart from the Master Compact were variants of the same basic design.

Master 128
This was the "foundation of the new BBC range" when launched. The 128 in the name referred to its 128 KB of RAM, though it also featured 128 KB ROM. A disc interface was fitted, but the drives themselves were not included in the base product, these being offered by third parties and by Acorn as an official expansion.

Master Turbo
This was a Master 128 with 4 MHz 65C102 coprocessor card (which could be either bought with the machine or added to an existing Master 128).

Master AIV
The Master AIV (Advanced Interactive Videodisc) was essentially a Master Turbo model with a SCSI interface and a VFS (Videodisc Filing System) ROM added, and formed the basis of the BBC Domesday System. Although normally supplied as part of a Domesday System, with LaserVision player, Domesday videodiscs, monitor and trackerball included, an upgrade kit was also available to turn a normal BBC Master into a Domesday System.

Master ET
The ET (Econet Terminal) system was designed for use in a network and as such had no interfaces except RGB and Composite video, plus an Econet interface module and ANFS fitted as standard (it was usually an option). It used the same main circuit board as the Master 128, but the components for missing interfaces were simply not fitted (though there was nothing stopping them being added later by someone with appropriate soldering skills). The internal ROM also contained much less software than that of the Master 128.

Master 512
This system boasted a coprocessor card with a 10 MHz Intel 80186 and 512 KB memory. It also had the ability to run DOS Plus and the GEM graphical user interface. The coprocessor card was introduced at £499 as an upgrade to the Master 128, but its price was subsequently reduced to £399.

The competitiveness of the Master 512 was constrained by its compatibility with various DOS applications, with this being limited by "protection and direct use of IBM hardware" by some applications. The additional memory requirements of DOS Plus, when compared to those of PC DOS, and the requirements of the GEM desktop caused potential problems when running some applications, although memory expansions existed to mitigate such problems. System call compatibility was only assured for MS-DOS and PC DOS 2.1, but other DOS versions were not supported, and undocumented system call usage ("fairly rare, but does include some Microsoft packages") could cause applications to run incorrectly. Software written for later GEM versions would also not necessarily run correctly.

A product by Shibumi Software called Problem Solver aimed to address various compatibility issues related to the increased speed of the coprocessor relative to a traditional IBM PC, display and keyboard differences (also supporting the BBC Model B keyboard for users of that machine with the co-processor attached), the behaviour of "memory resident packages" such as Sidekick, and the behaviour of particular applications. The product reportedly allowed well-known programs such as Ashton Tate's dBase III and Borland's Turbo C and Turbo Prolog to work on the coprocessor.

To remedy compatibility issues caused by a lack of memory, one company, Essential Software, provided an upgrade service augmenting the fitted RAM of the Master 512 upgrade with four 1 megabit devices providing 512 KB to yield a total of 1 MB of RAM. Priced at £99, and also compatible with Problem Solver, the upgrade overcame the elevated memory requirements of DOS Plus relative to MS-DOS and also allowed the system to meet the requirement of some applications to have 640 KB of memory available. Consequently, GEM 3, Ventura Publisher, WordPerfect 5.0 and dBase IV were all reported as being compatible. The company also produced a selection of utilities for the Master 512, including the Co-Processor Filing System (CPFS) which allowed the 512 KB of coprocessor memory to be used as a RAM disc by the computer when operating in its "native" BBC Micro mode.

Along with compatibility issues, the pricing of the Master 512 upgrade also inhibited its competitiveness. The estimated price of an IBM PC clone of £500–800 compared "very favourably with the £900 needed for a complete Master 512", this being the Master 512 upgrade together with the base system, monitor and disk drives, considering that the clone would also include a monitor and drives in the price. The price was further reduced to £199 plus VAT in early 1987, with GEM Desk Top, GEM Write and GEM Paint being provided free with the upgrade, and a "final price cut to £99" was reported in 1989, effectively exhausting the remaining stocks. Although largely abandoned by Acorn as the company shifted its emphasis to the Archimedes range, one commentator considered it "one of the most exciting products Acorn has ever developed".

Master Scientific
The Master Scientific was announced at the time of the BBC Master's launch, but was not produced. It was to have an 8 MHz 32016 coprocessor with 32081 floating point processor and 512 KB of RAM, running the PANOS operating system. This was similar to the previous external 32016 Second Processor. Ultimately, Acorn dropped the Scientific due to unspecified technical problems with the co-processor, also indicating that 512 KB of RAM appeared to be insufficient for the target audience, whose applications tended to need 1 MB of RAM, this already being provided by the upgraded 32016 Second Processor product known as the Cambridge Co-Processor.

Master Compact

This model is, as the name indicates, a compact version of the Master 128 (ostensibly known as the "Baby B" during development ) with some expansion functionality removed and other expansion options added, and with different bundled software. Unlike previously released Acorn microcomputers, it was sold by Acorn as a complete system bundled with disk drive and monitor (and the first high-volume system from Acorn to do so, preceded by the unreleased Acorn Business Computer and low-volume Acorn Cambridge Workstation), aiming to provide a "one plug" solution that had, at the time of release, been successfully popularised by manufacturers such as Amstrad. Indeed, one reviewer gave credit to Amstrad for having engineered the delivery of "an innovative, cheap machine for education" – the Compact – through robust competition with Acorn in the sector.

Although the Compact has a "three box" arrangement, the main functionality of the system is actually provided in the keyboard unit, much like the Master 128, but rather reduced in size in comparison to the Master 128 and Model B, being styled on the Acorn Communicator. The unit under the monitor housed a $3 1/2$-inch floppy disk drive and the system power supply. Both monitors supplied with the Compact were Philips models: a "green screen" monochrome monitor for high-resolution applications connected using "an Electron-style phono socket", whereas the colour monitor provided a 0.42mm dot pitch "generally billed as high resolution" and offered the traditional RGB monitor connector used by previous Acorn machines. However, the colour monitor also provided a SCART connector, anticipating "future applications" employing more colours and even "overlaying video pictures". The Master Compact was also sold as a "TV system" bundling a PAL television adapter that was also sold separately.

The cartridge and cassette ports were removed as a space saving measure, and RS-232 hardware not populated on the circuit board as standard. A multifunction mouse and joystick port was provided as a 9-pin D type with its function configured in software. A Centronics printer interface was also provided. The 1 MHz bus and analogue port were not provided on the Compact. Additionally, no internal sockets were provided for adding a co-processor or 2nd processor. However, the machine did include a 50-way expansion edge connector on the right side of the keyboard, that was similar to cartridge socket #3 on a Master 128.

Various third-party suppliers restored some of the removed expansion functionality via the expansion connector, such as support for Electron and Master 128 cartridges and the provision of various BBC Micro expansion connectors. Some suppliers instead chose to adapt existing peripherals to the built-in ports of the machine. For example, Morley Electronics employed the mouse/joystick port to attach their teletext adapter to the Compact. Such adaptations were facilitated by the availability of the User Port signals via pins provided by the joystick port, together with three signals (PB5, PB6 and PB7) provided by the general expansion connector.

Acorn reportedly designed the Compact to appeal to home users and to primary education, with the single-plug power connection regarded as more convenient for setting up a machine that might be moved around in a school, and the choice of $3 1/2$-inch discs using the ADFS format was regarded as conducive to "handling many small files" and "distinguishing between different topics or users on the same disc". Amongst the bundled software, Acorn's adoption of Logotron's Logo implementation was seen as particularly welcome. In an effort to increase sales of the Compact to education, Acorn reduced the price of the machine in late 1987, bundling the Mertec Compact Companion interface with it to provide the BBC range's traditional expansion connectors, pricing it at £344 including VAT without monitor.

Unlike the other models in the series which provided a battery-backed clock and memory for configuration settings, the Compact utilised EEPROM storage for its configuration with support for only a limited number of writes, making the EEPROMs "a consumable, like a battery" requiring "replacement at intervals". Hence, it had no built-in real-time clock facility, although the time could be fetched via Econet where available, being applied to ADFS file timestamps. As a result of this, the  and   commands returned dummy values. Only the ADFS Version 2 filing system was supplied as standard, running via a Western Digital 1772 chip (a faster version of the widely used 1770), though it is possible to load a 1770 DFS ROM into sideways RAM, or to insert a ROM or EPROM containing it.

The keyboard on the Compact was the first to move away from using the traditional "sprung-key" keyswitch design used by the rest of the BBC Micro family. Instead, it used a rubber-plastic moulding membrane. An input method was provided to permit the input of "foreign characters" or "top-bit-set characters" – character codes in the range from 128 to 255 – from the keyboard.

The chip-count was also reduced vs. the rest of the Master range, via the use of 4x custom gate array chips.

The version of BASIC on the Compact included re-coded mathematical routines, said to provide a 30% speed increase over the version included in the rest of the Master series. This version of BASIC was called Basic4(1986), aka 'BASIC41'. This was later replaced with version 'BASIC42' in 1987. This later BASIC ROM included the updated message (vs previous BBC BASIC ROMs):

"Roger Wilson & R.A. Sack"

The Compact included Acorn's first publicly available GUI. Little commercial software, beyond that included on the Welcome disk, was ever made available for the system, despite the claim by Acorn at the time that over 100 titles would be "set for distribution on 3.5in disc format for the Compact launch". The most avid supporter of the Master Compact appeared to be Superior Software, who produced and specifically labelled their games as Master Compact compatible. Software for the Compact was comparatively expensive (typically £20 for a game) due to the much lower demand for the $3 1/2$-inch disk format ($5 1/4$-inch was the standard for the Master and earlier BBC Micro).

The machines were built by Rank Xerox in Hertfordshire. Ultimately, the Compact was discontinued in 1989 with "over eighty thousand Compacts and Olivetti's Prodest version" having been sold, with Acorn shifting its focus to the Master 128 as "its core 8-bit machine".

Olivetti Prodest PC 128 S
Olivetti were named as being interested in releasing a version of the Master Compact in Italy under the Olivetti Prodest brand, subsequently announcing the model as the PC 128 S aimed at the home and small business markets. Unlike the Compact, the PC 128 S was bundled with a mouse, the Nidd Valley Digimouse.

In the UK the Digimouse was sold with Clares' Artroom, an illustration package, later being made available to purchase on its own. Clares' Artroom was localised for the PC 128 S and sold under the name Project.

In addition to the localisation of the system itself, various applications were localised for the PC128S including View, ViewSheet, ViewPlot, and ViewIndex, along with a number of games including Aviator, Revs, XOR, and Doctor Who and the Mines of Terror. Pricing for the PC 128 S started at 995,000 lire for a system with monochrome monitor or 1,295,000 lire with a colour monitor (equivalent to € and € respectively in, adjusted for inflation).

Specifications

Several of the inputs were directly wired to specific registers in order to allow the hardware to do some of the heavy lifting. For example, the light-pen input would directly halt a counter which was started by the start of the vertical sweep of each display refresh, making calculation of where the lightpen was touching the screen little more than a simple divide/remainder operation. Likewise, the motor control relay for the audio cassette tape was controlled by a simple command and could be readily used in numerous control applications.

Code page layout (BBC Master microcomputer)
This character set was used in the BBC Master microcomputer.

title: BBC Master


text:
Talk:Pontifical Anthem

External link
External link doesn't work. --80.58.8.107 18:43, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Multiple songs?
This article seems to describe at least two, possibly four songs: the Italian anthem ("inno") by Allegra, the "marcia pontificale", the Latin anthem, and the old anthem by Vittorino Hallmayr. If that is the case, perhaps it should be split into three separate articles. If some of those songs are just translations or parts of the same song, that should be made more clear in the article. Jorge Stolfi 05:54, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * There seems to be a little confusion even at the Vatican about this. Their website says:

 * The Pontifical Hymn : On the occasion of the 1950 Holy Year, His Holiness Pius XII decided that Charles Gounod's (1818-1893) Pontifical March should become the official hymn, executed for the first time as such on 24 December 1949. The Pontifical March, as it was called by the Author (and according to some also known as Religious March), took on the new title of Pontifical Hymn, thus replacing the old Anthem composed by Vittorino Hallmayr in 1857 in the style of that period.  Gounod, a man of sincere faith, had composed for the Priestly Jubilee Anniversary of His Holiness Pius IX the above-mentioned march, which was performed for the first time in his presence on 11 April 1869 by 7 military bands in Saint Peter's Square.  In spite of the success, it did not substitute the old Hallmayr's Anthem for 81 years.
 * Grove 5 says "Marche religieuse" was an orchestral piece dated 1878. Maybe that was the date of publication, if it is the same piece that was performed in 1869.
 * It is unclear whether both parts of the current anthem were composed by Gounod. If not, who wrote the Hymn?
 * Or, maybe the title of our article is wrong. Maybe the anthem is called "Pontifical Hymn" as the website says, not "Hymn and Pontifical March".  JackofOz 08:11, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

The more I look at this, the more confusing it gets. The sequence seems to be this:
 * Vittorino Hallmayr composed an anthem in 1857, which was the official anthem until 1950. (It would be good to get more information about this work, the composer's biography, and details of when by which Pope it was decreed the official anthem.  That's a separate exercise).
 * In 1869, Pope Pius IX had his Golden Jubilee. For this, Gounod composed a "Pontifical March", also known as "Religious March".  It had words, starting with "Salve, salve" (translated as "Hail, O Rome").  We do not know who wrote the words (and for the purposes of this article, we don't need to know).  It was performed in 1869 in St Peters Square.
 * In 1949, Pope Pius XII declared a new anthem. This was Gounod's "Pontifical March", given a new name as "Pontifical Hymn".  New words were used.  These were written by Antonio Allegra and Raffaello Lavagna.
 * The texts shown in the article at the moment are a mixture of Lavagna's Latin, Allegra's Latin and Italian, and the original words to Gounod's March, in Latin and English. The original words have no place here because according to the Vatican's website they were replaced by new words when it became the official anthem.
 * However, I have an old photocopy of music that purports to be the Vatican anthem. It is called "Inno and Marcia Pontificale" (music by Gounod, words by Allegra).  The Inno starts with the words "Roma immortale", which agrees with the Vatican's website as Allegra's words.  The "Marcia Pontificale" starts with "Salve, salve", which according to the website are the original 1869 words, which Allegra could not have written.  And there's no mention of Lavagna or his words ("Felix Roma") at all.
 * I don't know where that leaves us. JackofOz 08:58, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Lyrics
I've added a "citation needed" tag on the claim that there are no lyrics to the anthem, this does not seem to be explicitly stated on the Holy See websites referenced in the article. (In fact, it is mentioned that there are lyrics to be found easily at the Vatican's site!) Also, the lyrics for the previous pontifical anthem seem to be simply the Italian lyrics of the current anthem (no longer used), for one they don't seem to fit the music of the previous anthem at all. --Canuckguy (talk) 01:41, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The websites of the Holy See and Vatican City give the (quite different) lyrics that two individuals have written for Gounod's music, but do not say that either has been adopted officially. The recordings given on the two sites are of the music only.  An official act in 1949 made Gounod's music the official papal anthem.  There seems to have been no declaration making Allegra's Italian text official.  Nor is there any evidence that Lavagna's 1991 Latin text has ever been declared official.
 * However, because of the difficulty of finding a source that explicitly says that neither these nor any other lyrics have been officially adopted, I have removed from the article the statement that there is no official text. I believe that the statement is true, but it is unsourced.
 * Where did you find the music of the previous anthem? I would be interested in hearing it.  For my part, I find it difficult to fit to Gounod's music the text (a very simple structure of two-line strophes plus a two-line refrain) that the Holy See site says was sung to the music of the previous anthem.  Lima (talk) 14:53, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The previous anthem melody can be found at (melody only, no words).  A MP3 of the current Vatican anthem with the lyrics can be heard at this site.  My original assertation stands, though, if the Vatican puts lyrics on its page, it must have some kind of intent - while unofficial lyrics have been written for Spain and San Marino's anthems (among others), I don't beleive the official web sites for those governments have any lyrics on them because officially, there are none (and government websites are all about official-ness!)  --Canuckguy (talk) 17:31, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * You have, at least largely, convinced me. Certainly about the "old text of the Papal March".  But to avoid being accused of unsourced Original Research, we cannot state in the article that the lyrics given by the Press Officce of the Holy See on its website are official, unless we find a source that says so.  The Press Office may perhaps give those texts merely as of interest, without declaring them any more official than, say, Marcos Barbosa's lyrics in Portuguese.  Perhaps you can find a source that states explicitly that these two different lyrics, one in Italian, the other in Latin, have both been made official.  Lima (talk) 20:02, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, it seems more prudent to remove those "old lyrics" until we clear up this mess (see subsection below). Isn't there any authoritative source that is not derived from that Vatican site (or from Wikipedia?) All the best, --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 21:21, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Old "Old Lyrics" section
Since Hallmayer's composition is usually referred to as the Triumphal March, and Gounod's as the Papal March (or, since 1950. the Papal March and Anthem), the text that the Press Office of the Holy See gives in its article Inno Pontificio as "the old words of the Papal March" may have been associated with Gounod's music before 1950, when Allegra's text gained preference over it.

 * The Italian original
 * Salve, Salve Roma, patria eterna di memorie,
 * Cantano le tue glorie, mille palme e mille altari.

 * Roma degli Apostoli, Madre guida dei Redenti,
 * Roma luce delle genti, il mondo spera in te!

 * Salve, Salve Roma, la tua luce non tramonta,
 * Vince l'odio e l'onta lo splendor di tua beltà.

 * Roma degli Apostoli, Madre e guida dei Redenti,
 * Roma luce delle genti, il mondo spera in te!

 * An English translation
 * Hail, O Rome, eternal abode of memories;
 * A thousand palms and a thousand altars sing your praises.

 * Rome of the Apostles, Mother and guide of the Redeemed,
 * Rome, light of the nations, in you the world finds hope!

 * Hail, O Rome! Your light will never fade;
 * The splendour of your beauty is victorious over hatred and shame.

 * Rome of the Apostles, Mother and guide of the Redeemed,
 * Rome, light of the nations, in you the world finds hope!

Longer Latin version?
I have temporarily removed the sentence which said
 * There is also a longer Latin text by the same writer and a more elaborate musical arrangement by the same composer, intended for choral performance.

since the Latin lyrics above it are marked to be sung by a four-voice choir. Are there indeed two versions of the Latin lyrics? All the best, --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 21:21, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Source for the "first eight bars" info
For the record, the source for the claim about eight-bars-on-flag-raising is the Italian version of the vatican site:
 * L'Inno Pontificio viene inoltre intonato allorché la bandiera vaticana viene issata, in forma solenne ed è eseguito, per intero, solo alla presenza del Santissimo Sacramento, del Santo Padre o in occasione del ricevimento ufficiale di Capi di Stato esteri, unitamente all'inno nazionale dei rispettivi Paesi, nonché fuori del Vaticano quando il Papa si reca in Visita Apostolica ad una Nazione, o quando un Legato Pontificio viene ricevuto ufficialmente in un Paese estero. Solo le prime otto battute vengono suonate alla presenza della bandiera dello Stato.  Quando gli onori poi sono resi da reparti armati, l'inno viene preceduto da tre squilli di attenti.

My translation:
 * "The Pontifical Anthem is also played whenever the Vatican flag is raised, in solemn way and is performed, in full, only in the presence of the Most Holy Sacrament, of the Holy Father, or on occasion of the official reception of foreign Heads of State, together with the national anthem of the respective Countries, not to mention outside the Vartican when the Pope goes on an Apostolic Visit to a Nation, or when a Pontifical Delegate is received officially in a foreign Country. Only the first eight bars are played in presence of the State flag. When the honors are given by armed corps, the hymn is preceded by three [trumpet] notes of attention."

My translation may not be very good, but the Italian wording is a bit jumbled too. Nevertheless the meaning seems clear enough. The English translation of that page is visibly shorter, and apparently omits the paragraph above. All the best, --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 02:03, 23 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Lima (talk) 12:40, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

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Lavagna Latin lyrics
On 23 May 2016, an IP changed the Latin lyrics to a version not included in the source. Where do these other lyrics come from? What's the difference between the two? Should we include just the sourced one or both? - Alumnum (talk) 09:57, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:53, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Vatican City.ogg

title: Talk:Pontifical Anthem


text: User talk:68.254.180.171

title: User talk:68.254.180.171


text:
Pattern (devotional)

A pattern (pátrún) in Irish Roman Catholicism refers to the devotions that take place within a parish on the feast day of the patron saint of the parish, on that date, called a Pattern day, or the nearest Sunday, called Pattern Sunday. In the case of a local folk saint from Celtic Christianity, there may be archaeological remains traditionally associated with the saint, such as holy wells reputed to have healing powers. Often the parish priest will say Mass or lead prayers at such a site, sometimes processing between several locations. In some parishes, Pattern Sunday coincides with Cemetery Sunday, an annual ancestor veneration observance held in cemeteries which typically includes the cleaning and decoration of family graves as well as religious rituals.

Tradition
The name pattern is a corruption of patron, as in "patron saint".

In the earlier days of the Church, festivities began with religious devotions at the church, but this came to an end with the confiscation and/or destruction of Roman Catholic churches between the 1540s and the 1690s, during the Reformation. By 1700, the devastation was such that very few, if any, churches in Ireland remained under Catholic control and public religious ceremonies almost disappeared. With the passage of the Penal Laws, the institutional church was an outlawed religious society; its churches few, its clergy scarce. With the central location of their devotions gone, people found alternative ways to honour their saint's feast day. While many of the faithful paid homage at the saint's shrine or in the ruins of their local church, most devotions took place at a nearby holy well, celebrated for its curative power. The earliest reference to the Pattern in Ardmore can be found in the calendar of State Papers of June 12, 1611, which mention "a grant of a fair to be held at Ardmore Co. Waterford, on St. Declan's Eve or Day. Before 1800 St. Declan's Stone and the Oratory containing his skull formed the centre of the festivities on St. Declan's Day. Other places noted for large attendance include St. Patrick's Purgatory and Croagh Patrick.

Priests would often assign making a pattern at a local well as a penance for sins; pilgrimages to such sites as Croagh Patrick also had a penitential purpose. The largest patterns would attract thousands of people. Although held in rural areas, the patterns attracted crowds from nearby towns. People would “pay rounds” by circumambulating a Holy Well a prescribed number of times in a clockwise or sunwise direction, reciting a rosary during each round, replicating an ancient Celtic rite known as the deiseal. At some sites participants would proceed to various "stations", such as a small oratory, the saint's grave, or a Celtic cross in a predetermined and customary order. Having completed the religious devotion participants would also engage in activities such as gaming, singing, dancing, and horse racing. Some patterns lasted for several days.

Decline
Patterns were a common part of Irish rural tradition until the reforms of Cardinal Paul Cullen in the 1850s. Eventually, the clergy began to oppose the excesses of these popular festivals—the fighting, the drunkenness, and immorality. They also criticized the popular pious belief in the magical powers of the wells and other holy sites. This opposition gained momentum in the late eighteenth century as bishops began to issue edicts forbidding the people to participate in such wild festivals. Pilgrimages did in fact decline but this was due to the Famine and social change. This coincided with a decline in the Irish language and the expansion of popular education. As the Gaelic language and culture waned, the traditional lore and rituals faded as well.

Modern patterns
At one time almost every parish in the country celebrated a patron day, but only a small number still survive. The early 1900s saw a revival in the practice of patterns. Pattern Sunday is often a local summer festival with secular activities such as music and dance. Examples include:
 * Ardmore, County Waterford — on the eve and feast of Declán of Ardmore (July 24)
 * Ballyheigue, County Kerry - on the feast of the Nativity of Mary (September 8)
 * Brideswell Pattern Festival in County Roscommon is on Garland Sunday, the Sunday before Lughnasadh.
 * Clonmacnoise, on St. Ciaran's Day (September 9)
 * Tuosist, County Kerry — on the feast of Saint Killian (July 8)
 * Kilmovee, County Mayo — the Pattern of Urlaur on the feast of Saint Dominic (August 4)
 * Ballylanders, County Limerick - on the feast of the Assumption of Mary (August 15)
 * Inishmore, Aran Islands. - Patrún Naomh Éanna. Last weekend of June

title: Pattern (devotional)


text:
Autonomous consumption

Autonomous consumption (also exogenous consumption) is the consumption expenditure that occurs when income levels are zero. Such consumption is considered autonomous of income only when expenditure on these consumables does not vary with changes in income; generally, it may be required to fund necessities and debt obligations. If income levels are actually zero, this consumption counts as dissaving, because it is financed by borrowing or using up savings. Autonomous consumption contrasts with induced consumption, in that it does not systematically fluctuate with income, whereas induced consumption does. The two are related, for all households, through the consumption function:

 * $$C = c_0 + c_1 Y_d$$

where
 * C = total consumption,
 * c0 = autonomous consumption (c0 > 0),
 * c1 = the marginal propensity to consume (the gradient of induced consumption) (0 < c1 < 1), and
 * Yd = disposable income (income after government taxes, benefits, and transfer payments).

title: Autonomous consumption


text: Category:Russian geologists

title: Category:Russian geologists


text:
Caesar Creek State Park

Caesar Creek State Park is a public recreation area located in southwestern Ohio, five miles (8 km) east of Waynesville, in Warren, Clinton, and Greene counties. The park is leased by the State from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, who in the 1970s erected a dam on Caesar Creek to impound a 2830 acre lake. The total park area, including the lake, is 7530 acre.

Fossil collection is allowed at Caesar Creek State Park with the following restrictions: No tools allowed, no fossil collecting for commercial use, all fossils kept must fit in the palm of your hand, and all fossil collection must take place in the designated fossil collection zone.

Amenities

 * The park has 43 mi of hiking trails and 31 mi of bridle trails.
 * Caesar's Creek Pioneer Village - a collection of over 15 log cabins and other structures that are open during special events. The village is maintained and operated by a private non-profit organization. The buildings include a Quaker meetinghouse, a broom shed, a pioneer school house, blacksmith shop, carpenter shop, toll house and many family houses. They do many programs throughout the year including a maple syrup making program.
 * Caesar Creek Nature Center - Adjacent to the Pioneer Village, the nature center features exhibits on the area's cultural and natural history. Nature education programs are offered year round, including campouts, hikes, cast iron cooking classes, and wildlife education.

Dam
The dam is an earth and rock fill dam 165 ft high and 2750 ft long. The Army Corps site is an area of 10550 acre. The watershed above the dam has an area of 237 sqmi. Construction started in 1971 and was finished in 1978.

The Army Corps site states:
 * "Congress authorized Caesar Creek Lake under the Flood Control Act of 1938. The Louisville District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers designed, built, and operates Caesar Creek Lake.
 * "During the fall and winter months, the lake level is lowered to prepare for the storage of heavy spring rainfall. If heavy rains occur, surface water runoff is stored in the lake until the swollen streams and rivers below the dam have receded. Once they can handle the discharge of the stored water without damage to lives or property, the extra water is released."

The site is in the Warren County townships of Massie and Wayne.

Flooding of New Burlington
The construction of the Caesar Creek Lake flooded the small farming village of New Burlington, Ohio in 1978. The history of the community was collected through stories, letters, and journals in the book New Burlington: The Life and Death of an American Village by John Baskin.

title: Caesar Creek State Park


text: Category:Russian paleontologists

title: Category:Russian paleontologists


text:
Pope Stephen

There have been nine popes of the Roman Catholic Church named Stephen.

 * Pope Stephen I (died 257), Bishop of Rome from 254 to 257
 * Pope-elect Stephen (died 752), elected pope but died before his consecration; called Stephen II in sources prior to the 1960s
 * Pope Stephen II (III) (died 757), pope from 752 to 757
 * Pope Stephen III (IV) (720–772), pope from 768 to 772
 * Pope Stephen IV (V) (died 817), pope from 816 to 817
 * Pope Stephen V (VI) (died 891), pope from 885 to 891
 * Pope Stephen VI (VII) (died 897), pope from 896 to 897
 * Pope Stephen VII (VIII) (died 931), pope from 929 to 931
 * Pope Stephen VIII (IX) (died 942), pope from 939 to 942
 * Pope Stephen IX (X) (c. 1020–1058), pope from 1057 to 1058

title: Pope Stephen


text:
Talk:Andrew Wyeth

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Edits summary
I made a number of edits to the article, so I thought I would summarize what I did,
 * provided citations for uncited content, rewording content from the cited source
 * under "Works", I made two new subsections, "Windows" and "Portraits"
 * moved paintings from "Other main paintings" to the relevant subsections (like Brown Swiss to Kuerner Farm)
 * Bibliography and sfns for Duff references (there were at least three different types of citations)
 * Grouped items "In popular culture" so that it's easier to read / comprehend
 * Cleaned up items in "Further reading" - eliminating sources already used in the article and eliminating duplicate books / versions
 * Cleaned up "External links" - eliminating links that don't provide much or additional info, removing dead link, and grouped a bit. Moved two links to "In popular culture"

There may not be consensus for the approach that I took, so it would be good to hear if there are some better approaches for any of these edits.–CaroleHenson (talk) 05:37, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I also changed "Other main paintings" to "Approaches over time" and changed it from bullets to prose, in chronological order. It may be that it would be best to merge this into the first four paragraphs or so of "Works".–CaroleHenson (talk) 05:47, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ I went ahead and merged the two sections.–CaroleHenson (talk) 06:09, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

External media - too much? not enough?
I have added links to Wyeth's works using External media, but I am not sure about the quantity. Is it too much? not enough?–CaroleHenson (talk) 20:27, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrew Wyeth


text:
List of islands of Bulgaria

This is a list of islands of Bulgaria.

Islands in the Danube

 * Aleko Island
 * Batin Island
 * Belene Island (also known as Persin Island)
 * Bogdan Island
 * Chayka Island
 * Devnya Island
 * Dobrina island
 * Dovlek Island
 * Golya Kutovo Island
 * Golyam Bliznak Island
 * Golyam Brashlen island
 * Golyama Barzina Island
 * Gradina Island
 * The Haiduk island
 * Island Bezimenen
 * Island Florentin
 * Kalimok Island
 * Kicha Island
 * Kozloduy Island
 * Lakat Island
 * Lyulyak Island
 * Magaritsa Island
 * Malak Bliznak Island
 * Malak Brashlen island
 * Malak Vardim Island
 * Malka Barzina Island
 * Milka Island
 * Mishka Island
 * Oreh island
 * Palets Island
 * Pozharevski ostrovi (Golyamо Pozharevo and Malко Pozharevo)
 * Predel Island
 * Radetski Island
 * Skomen Island
 * Timok Island
 * Tsibar island
 * Tsibritsa Island
 * Tutrakan Island
 * Vardim Island
 * Vazhetoarya Island
 * Vetren Island

Islands in the Black Sea

 * St. Anastasia Island (formerly Bolshevik Island)
 * St. Cyricus Island
 * St. Ivan Island
 * St. Peter Island
 * St. Thomas Island (also known as Snake Island, not to be confused with another Snake Island, also in the Black Sea)

title: List of islands of Bulgaria


text:
Cienciano

Club Cienciano, more commonly known as Cienciano, is a Peruvian professional football club based in Cusco, that currently plays in the Peruvian Primera División. It gained worldwide recognition after defeating River Plate in the finals of the 2003 Copa Sudamericana and Boca Juniors in the 2004 Recopa Sudamericana. The club plays their home games at Estadio Garcilaso which has a capacity of 45,000. The club shares the stadium with other clubs from Cusco, Cusco FC and Deportivo Garcilaso.

The club was founded in 1901 by a group of students of the Colegio Nacional Ciencias del Cusco. They decided to give the club its name based on the word Ciencias, which means "Science". The club is nicknamed El Papá de América, the Father of America. It has a large, longstanding rivalry with FBC Melgar of Arequipa known as El Clasico del Sur. Its mascot is a donkey.

To this day, Cienciano is the only Peruvian club to win an international competition. Despite being the only club from Peru to win two international tournaments, they have yet to win the Peruvian Primera División. Cienciano has won 1 Copa Sudamericana and Recopa Sudamericana, 1 Peruvian Segunda División and the Torneo Apertura 2005 and Torneo Clasura in 2001 and 2006.

Beginnings
Cienciano was founded on 8 July 1901 by a group of students from the National School of Science of Cusco (Colegio Nacional Ciencias del Cusco). It participated in several leagues and tournaments of the region. They played their first official match on 27 July 1902 against Atletic Club in Cusco. Cienciano soon won its first trophy, winning the 1903 Liga Departamental del Cusco, and would go on to win it 27 times from 1912 to 1983.

In 1966 Hector Ladrón de Guevara was the inaugural Cienciano player to be named captain of the Peru national team. In 1972, it began to play in the Peruvian First Division; however, the club was relegated four years later.

The Cienciano team was managed by the teachers of the Cienciano Alma Mater School until the mid-sixties, when after the creation of the Copa Perú, football in Peru became more competitive. And in 1973, when Cienciano left the Cusco League and the Copa Peru behind to participate for the first time in the Peruvian First Division, it was understood that the authorities should no longer depend on the College for the attention that a competitive soccer team requires, which is why Waldo Callo, another of Cienciano's precursors, is stepping away from the presidency to make way for businessmen willing to invest and support the team.

Cienciano remained in the First Division until 1977, where they were relegated to the Peruvian Second Division. In 1988, the FPF invited the club to play in a tournament of the southern region. In 1991, Cienciano won the tournament and in 1992 it once again played in the First Division. Since then, the club has always played in the First Division.

First League title
In 2001, Cienciano celebrated its 100 year anniversary by winning its first title with the 2001 Torneo Clausura of the Peruvian Primera División, although it lost the superfinal (played between the winners of the Apertura and Clausura tournaments) to Alianza Lima. Cienciano qualified for the 2002 Copa Libertadores for the first time and reached the Round of 16 but was eliminated by Club América of Mexico.

Copa Sudamericana win
In 2003, Cienciano, led by Peruvian coach Freddy Ternero, qualified to the Copa Sudamericana for the first time in its history, after beating Sporting Cristal in an internal qualifying tournament. The team went through every later knockout round as the clear underdog defeating Peru's Alianza Lima in the Peru preliminary, Chile's Universidad Católica in the Chile-Peru Zone to enter the quarter-finals, Colombia's Atlético Nacional (once Copa Libertadores champion) in semi-finals and Brazil's Santos (twice Copa Libertadores champion) and in the quarter-final, to get to the finals. Once at the finals the team faced one of the biggest teams in South American football, River Plate of Argentina (twice Copa Libertadores champion). After a 3–3 draw in Buenos Aires, Cienciano went on to win 1–0 in Peru with a free-kick goal by Paraguayan defender Carlos Lugo, which put the aggregate score at 4–3 in its favor to win the final. The game was played at Estadio Monumental de la UNSA in Arequipa (home of Cienciano's rivals Melgar, some of whose fans actually attended the match to root for River Plate) because of the insufficient capacity for a CONMEBOL final of the Estadio Garcilaso (which has been expanded since then in 2013). As a result to winning the Copa Sudamericana, Cienciano qualified for the Copa Libertadores but lost to C.D. Guadalajara of Mexico in the qualifying round, 8-2 on aggregate.

This was the first international championship for a Peruvian team in history; only two other Peruvian teams had advanced to the finals of an international tournament, which was in the Copa Libertadores (Universitario in 1972 and Sporting Cristal in 1997). Both teams were defeated in the finals. The win was considered a severe upset because Cienciano had never been the Peru national champion (the team did win one half-year tournament in 2001 but lost the national championship title through a penalty shootout to the winner of the second tournament, Alianza Lima, in the year in which both celebrated their centenary. The situation was repeated in 2006, but reversed: Cienciano won the second tournament but lost the final to Alianza Lima on aggregate.

Recopa Sudamericana win
After winning the Copa Sudamericana, Cienciano went on to play against Boca Juniors of Argentina, another South American giant, for the 2004 Recopa Sudamericana, this being just one match, much like the UEFA Super Cup, which was disputed between the winners of both South American Cups of the previous season: the Copa Sudamericana and the Copa Libertadores. After a 1–1 draw, Cienciano went on to win the title 4–2 on penalties. The match was played at Lockhart Stadium in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Soon after the clubs win in the Recopa Sudamericana, the Guatemala national football team organized a friendly against the club. Cienciano won the friendly three goals to zero. As a result of winning the Recopa Sudamericana, Cienciano participated in the 2005 Copa Libertadores but were eliminated in the preliminary round to C.D. Guadalajara of Mexico.

More league titles and superfinal runner-ups
In 2005, the Cusco-based club won the Torneo Apertura, but lost the superfinal to Sporting Cristal. The following year, it won the 2006 Clausura, but lost the superfinal again to Alianza Lima, the same team that had beaten them in the 2001 national championship final. After winning the 2006 Torneo Apertura, Cienciano qualified for the Copa Libertadores once again, but were eliminated in the group stage after placing last with four points. In 2007, Cienciano qualified for the 2007 and 2008 Copa Libertadores after winning the 2006 Torneo Clausura and being the third placed team, and finished third in its group both editions. A year later, they qualified again for the Copa Sudamericana but were eliminated in the Round of 16. Since then, Cienciano has not qualified for the Copa Libertadores.

Relegation and comeback
In 2015, the club was relegated after finishing in the bottom three of the aggregate table. The club finished third and was one point off from the title play-off in the 2016 season. In 2018, the club won third place in the league and participated in the promotion play off group, where the top two teams get promoted to the 2019 Liga 1. Cienciano placed third with four points. In 2019, it was finally promoted back to the first division after winning the 2019 Liga 2, winning their first national competition.

After the 2021, 2022 Liga 1 seasons, Cienciano qualified for the 2022 and 2023 Copa Sudamericana after placing in the Top 8 of the league. The club was eliminated in the first stage in both editions.

Kit and crest
Cienciano's traditional kit is a red shirt with white shorts and either white or red socks. Its away colours are usually navy blue with white shorts. Since 2020, the club added a third kit which is a white or yellow shirt and either white or black shorts and socks.

The club's badge was designed by the publicist Santiago Guillén Covarrubias in 1938. It consists of a navy badge outlined in white, with a white double C representing the clubs name. Its two stars resemble the clubs two international titles, being the Copa Sudamericana and Recopa Sudamericana.

Stadium

Cienciano plays its home games in Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega which is in Centre of Cusco. It was named after the Peruvian Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. When first inaugurated in 1950, it had a spectator capacity of 22,000 and had a running track. In 2004, the stadium's capacity was expanded to 42,000, losing its running track. Because of Cienciano's success in international tournaments, it would be a venue in the 2004 Copa América. The stadium hosted only one match of the tournament, being the third place play-off between Uruguay and Colombia. The stadium is known as the most beautiful in South America, with its seating in a rainbow and representing the colors of Cusco.

In 2004, the stadium's capacity was expanded to 42,000, losing its running track. Because of Cienciano's success in international tournaments, it would be a venue in the 2004 Copa America, which was hosted by Peru. In 2013, there was another renovation which expanded the stadium to 45,000 and added new luxury boxes, seating and a new exterior. The initial renovation was meant to add a roof and modern wall around the stadium as well, but was not implemented due to a low budget.

Supporters
Cienciano supporters are among the largest in Peru and second to Deportivo Garcilaso in Cusco. In terms of number of supporters on the national level, Cienciano competes with their rivals, Melgar, for the top five most supported teams in Peru. They also compete with their city rivals, Cusco FC and Deportivo Garcilaso for the majority of supporters in Cusco. In 2023, Cienciano was ranked fourth in terms of most supported teams of the season, containing 4% of the countries population.

Rivalries
Cienciano has had a long-standing rivalry with FBC Melgar, Cusco FC and Deportivo Garcilaso. Ciencianos rivalry with Deportivo Garcilaso, along with Cusco FC, is known as the Clásico Cusqueño.

Cienciano also has another rivalry with Melgar known as Clásico del sur. Cienciano has a total of 42 wins, with Melgar having 25. The largest defeat was in 1990, where Cienciano lost 5-0. Ciencianos largest result against Melgar was a home win of 5-2 in 2000. Both teams are one of the oldest in Peru. The rivalry is often considered the third largest in Peru.

Current squad
.

Other titles
Titles won in lower divisions:

Friendly/Invitational

 * Copa El Gráfico-Perú:
 * Winners (2): 2004, 2005
 * Copa Callao:
 * Runners-up (1): 2007

Performance in CONMEBOL competitions

 * Copa Libertadores: 6 appearances
 * 2002: Round of 16
 * 2004: First Round
 * 2005: Preliminary Round
 * 2006: Second Round
 * 2007: Second Round
 * 2008: Second Round

 * Copa Sudamericana: 5 appearances
 * 2003: Winner
 * 2004: Preliminary Round
 * 2009: Round of 16
 * 2022: First Stage
 * 2023: First Stage

 * Recopa Sudamericana: 1 appearance
 * 2004: Winner

Notable players

 * 🇵🇪 Sergio Ibarra
 * 🇵🇾 Carlos Lugo
 * 🇵🇪 Santiago Acasiete
 * 🇵🇪 Juan Carlos Bazalar
 * 🇵🇪 Germán Carty
 * 🇵🇪 Paolo de la Haza
 * 🇵🇪 Julio García
 * 🇵🇪 Óscar Ibáñez
 * 🇵🇪 Carlos Lobatón
 * 🇵🇪 Alessandro Morán
 * 🇵🇪 Ramón Rodríguez

Managers

 * 🇵🇪 Eloy Campos (1977)
 * 🇵🇪 Diego Agurto (1986–87)
 * 🇨🇴 Gualberto Martínez Sarabia (1991)
 * 🇵🇪 Ramón Quiroga (1992)
 * 🇵🇪 Hector Berrío Vega (1993)
 * 🇵🇪 Luis Roth (1993)
 * 🇵🇪 Freddy Ternero (1994)
 * 🇵🇾 César Cubilla (1994)
 * 🇵🇪 Victor Bustamante (1995–96)
 * 🇺🇾 Francisco Bertocchi (1995)
 * 🇵🇪 Ramón Quiroga (1996–98)
 * 🇺🇾 Antonio Alzamendi (1998)
 * 🇵🇪 Freddy Ternero (2000–01)
 * 🇺🇾 Carlos Jurado (1999-2000 / 2001)
 * 🇵🇪 Teddy Cardama (2002)
 * 🇵🇪 Freddy Ternero (2003–04)
 * 🇪🇨 Carlos Sevilla (2005)
 * 🇵🇪 Wilmar Valencia (1 Jan 2005 – 26 Mar 2006)
 * 🇵🇪 Julio César Uribe (1 Jan 2007 – 8 Mar 2007)
 * 🇦🇷 José Basualdo (19 March 2007 – 27 Sept 2007)
 * 🇵🇪 Franco Navarro (2007-2008)
 * 🇵🇪 Julio César Uribe (2008-2009)
 * 🇦🇷 Marcelo Trobbiani (2009)
 * 🇨🇴 José Torres (2009)
 * 🇨🇴 Edgar Ospina (2010)
 * 🇦🇷Sergio Ibarra (interim) (2010)
 * 🇦🇷 Marcelo Trobbiani (2011)
 * 🇺🇾 Carlos Jurado (2011-2012)
 * 🇲🇽 Raúl Arias (2012)
 * 🇺🇾 Mario Viera (2013-2014)
 * 🇵🇪 Paul Cominges (2015–2016)
 * 🇦🇷 🇵🇪 Óscar Ibáñez (2016)
 * 🇵🇪 Fredy García (2017)
 * 🇦🇷 🇵🇪 Sergio Ibarra (2017-2018)
 * 🇺🇾 Gustavo Roverano (2018)
 * 🇵🇪 Duilio Cisneros (2019)
 * 🇦🇷 Marcelo Grioni (2019-2021)
 * 🇵🇪 Víctor Rivera (2021)
 * 🇦🇷 Gerardo Ameli (2021-2022)
 * 🇦🇷 César Vigevani (2022)
 * 🇨🇴 Leonel Álvarez (2023)
 * 🇦🇷 Gerardo Ameli (2023-)

title: Cienciano


text: Talk:To the Extreme

title: Talk:To the Extreme


text:
Talk:The Aquabats

Recent edits from Mcbatcom
This is in response to Mcbatcom's recent major edits to the page. I've kept some of them, but removed those which I found immediately objectionable.

Departure from ska genre ---> deleted

There is absolutely no reason to delete this, as it is sourced and pretty factual. You can't just remove major sections without notice, nor can you deliberately re-word direct quotes from interviews like you did in your last edit. The majority of this section are direct, sourced quotes from the band members, so I don't see how it would be contentious to keep up.

"these references and Parker Jacobs' 'revisionist' history is inaccurate. I would know. I am his older brother. I had the correct history up last night but someone deleted my comments."

Whether or not your claims are true, it still needs to be sourced. According to this 1997 LA Times article, which quotes the band members directly, "we happened upon a ska show in O.C.". Since the article doesn't specify any specific band but DOES specify a ska show, I've re-worded this section to exclude the G13 reference but still include the Christian Jacobs quotes.

"there is a bunch of other stuff that I revised but this is more accurate. We did not meet at church. We had mutual friends and were introduced that way. Crash also played Trombone the first two shows."

Since I'll err on the side of caution, I'll remove the direct reference to the church. All that matters is that it's made clear which members started the band.

And, while it's true that Crash started on trombone, he was at least playing bass by the time Midget Punchers was recorded. I thought about including the trombone fact somewhere in the article, but since it was only for two shows, I think it's enough that it's mentioned on Crash's own article.

 It was then decided they'd start a 'psudeo'ska band instead..

Read the Not really ska bit above. Also, what is a "pseudo ska band"? Either you're playing ska or you're not, and The Aquabats were (predominantly) playing ska in the 1990s. A parody ska band is still a ska band.

''Re-titled it... the Label was forced out of business.. title is misleading. Goldenvoice is still a great friend to the band.''.

I'm going to accept this because I can't find any reference which states otherwise, and it seems to be supported by the Mish-Mash interview. However, "Death of a label" sounds a bit too awkward, so I changed the heading to simply "Career decline", for now, at least.

If you have any objections or feedback, please feel free to leave them on this page.

title: Talk:The Aquabats


text:
Tacnazo

The Tacnazo was a military coup launched by then Peruvian Prime Minister, General Francisco Morales Bermúdez against the administration of President Gen. Juan Velasco Alvarado in 1975. This led to what is known in Peru as the "Second Phase" of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces, which lasted until the elections of 1980.

Background
On February 5, 1975, there was a police strike and an attempted coup that turned into riots and looting in the historic center of Lima, which were then violently suppressed by the Peruvian Army. This event continued to destabilize the Velasco administration, already unstable after growing discontent and demands for economic reform from the public.

On the morning of Thursday, August 28, 1975, the annual ceremony commemorating the return of the Province of Tacna to Peru took place, with the presence of then Prime Minister Francisco Morales Bermúdez and the heads of the military and without the presence of President Juan Velasco Alvarado, who was in Lima.

Coup
The coup was planned at the Tarapacá barracks as a military uprising in the southern city of Tacna, and was supported unanimously by several of the most prominent members of the Armed Forces. The next day, at 2:00 am, neighboring Chilean radios received the news regarding the coup.

After an improvised speech in the main square of Tacna, General Morales Bermúdez urged President Velasco to leave office peacefully and avoid a direct confrontation. President Velasco, already having come down with illness, resigned after realising that little could be done to resist. He died in 1977.

Aftermath
The Morales Bermúdez administration proved unable to continue with the original leftist military government program. President Morales Bermúdez did not continue with what was supposed to be the "Revolution", but his own program, which was supposed to mitigate the pseudo-Communist experiments of Velasco's administration. A purge in the Army saw most of Velasco's supporters forced to resign or leave their commissions.

He was forced to call a Constitutional Assembly (which was led by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre) and new elections.

title: Tacnazo