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List of monarchs who lost their thrones before the 13th century

This is a list of monarchs who lost their thrones before the 13th century.

Kingdom of Abkhazia

 * Adarnase of Abkhazia, ruled from 880 to 887/888, deposed and executed by Bagrat I.
 * Bagrat I of Abkhazia, ruled from 887/88 to 898/99.
 * Theodosius III of Abkhazia, forced to abdicate in 978.

Alamannia and Rhaetia (Swabia)

 * Charles the Fat, King of Alamannia and Rhaetia 876–887, deposed, died 888.

Duchy of Amalfi

 * Manso, Prefect of Amalfi, Prefect of Amalfi from 898 to 914, retired to a monastery.
 * Sergius II of Amalfi, 1007–1028, deposed.
 * Manso II of Amalfi, 1028 to 1029, from 1034 to 1038, and from 1043 to 1052.
 * John II of Amalfi, 1029–1069 with many interruptions.
 * John III of Amalfi, 1073, deposed.
 * Marinus Sebastus of Amalfi, 1096–c. 1100. Deposed.

County of Anjou

 * Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou, 1060–1068, deposed 1068 and imprisoned, but freed by the intervention of the Pope, died in 1096.
 * Fulk of Jerusalem, 1106–1129, died 1143.

Duchy of Apulia

 * Roger II of Sicily, 1127–1130, deposed when his duchy became a part of his new Kingdom of Sicily.

Duchy of Aquitaine

 * Waiofar, deposed 760.
 * Ebalus, Duke of Aquitaine, deposed 892, restored 902. Died 935.

County of Aragon

 * Aznar Galíndez I, 809–820, died 839
 * Andregoto Galíndez, 922–925, died after 926.

County of Arles

 * Boso, Margrave of Tuscany, 895–911 and 926–931.

County of Armagnac

 * Bernard II Tumapaler, 1020 to 1061, died 1064/1090.

Kingdom of Armenia

 * Tigranes V of Armenia, ruled 6-12, deposed by rebels.
 * Mithridates of Armenia, 35–37 and 42–51.
 * Tiridates I of Armenia, 53 and 54–56.
 * Rhadamistus, 51–53 and 53–54.
 * Tigranes VI of Armenia, from 58 to 63, forced to abdicate.
 * Erato of Armenia, reigning three times.

Kingdom of Asturias

 * Bermudo I of Asturias, abdicated 791.
 * Nepotian of Asturias, 842.

Assyria

 * Ashur-nirari V, King of Assyria 755–745 BC, overthrown.
 * Marduk-apla-iddina II, King of Assyria 722–710 BC, died 702.

County of Auvergne

 * Firminus, Count of Auvergne c. 555 or 558, deposed, restored, 560–571.

Kingdom of Aksum

 * Kaleb of Axum, said to have abdicated c. 520.
 * 'Anbasa Wedem, in the 9th–10th century, deposed.

Babylonia

 * Marduk-zakir-shumi II, King of Babylon 703 BC, overthrown.
 * Marduk-apla-iddina II, King of Babylon 722–710 BC, and 703–702 BC. Deposed and later retreated to Elam.
 * Sennacherib, King of Babylon 705–703 BC and 689–681 BC.
 * Bel-ibni, King of Babylon 703–700 BC, deposed 700 BC.
 * Nergal-ushezib, King of Babylon 694–693 BC, deposed and defeated by Assyria in 693 BC.
 * Nabonidus, King of Babylon, deposed in 539BC due to the conquest of Babylon by the Persians.

Bavaria

 * Grifo, Duke of Bavaria 748, deposed 748, died c. 753.
 * Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria 748 to 787, deposed 787, died c. 796.
 * Louis the German, King of Bavaria 817–843, lost Bavaria after the Treaty of Verdun, died 876.
 * Engeldeo, Margrave of Bavaria 890–895, deposed 895.
 * Eberhard, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria 937 – 938, deposed 938.
 * Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria 955–976 and 985–995.
 * Henry III, Duke of Bavaria, 983–985, deposed 985, died 989.
 * Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Bavaria 995–1005.
 * Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Bavaria 1026–1041.
 * Conrad I, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria 1049–1053, deposed 1053, died 1055.
 * Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria 1070–1077 and 1096–1101.
 * Otto of Nordheim, Duke of Bavaria 1061–1070, deposed 1070, died 1083.
 * Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Bavaria 1053–1054, 1055–1061, 1077–1096.
 * Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria 1120–1126, abdicated 1126 and died shortly thereafter.
 * Henry II, Duke of Austria, Duke of Bavaria 1141–1156, displaced 1156, died 1177.
 * Henry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria 1156–1180, deposed 1180, died 1195.

County of Barcelona

 * Humfrid, deposed, 865, died after 872.
 * Bernard of Gothia, deposed, 878.
 * Sunyer, Count of Barcelona, abdicated 947, died 950.
 * Berenguer Ramon II, Count of Barcelona, abdicated 1097.

Béarn

 * Mary, Viscount of Béarn, 1170–1171, died after 1187.

Duchy of Benevento

 * Grimoald I of Benevento, Duke 651–662, died 671.
 * Audelais of Benevento, Duke 732–733, deposed.
 * Liutprand of Benevento, Duke 749–758, deposed, died after 759.
 * Radelchis II of Benevento, Prince 881–884 and 897–900, died 907.
 * Landulf IV of Benevento, Prince 981, died 892.

Duchy of Bohemia

 * Boleslaus III (999–1002)
 * Boleslaus III (1003), second time
 * Jaromir (1003)
 * Boleslaus (IV) (1003–1004) (Piast; he was duke Boleslaus I of Poland)
 * Jaromir (1004–1012), second time
 * Oldřich (1012–1033)
 * Jaromir (1033–1034), third time
 * Oldrich (1034), second time
 * Bořivoj II (1101–1107)
 * Vladislaus I (1109–1117)
 * Borivoj II (1117–1120), second time
 * Vladislaus I (1120–1125), second time
 * Vladislaus II (1140–1172, king from 1158)
 * Frederick (1172–1173)
 * Soběslav II (1173–1178)
 * Frederick (1178–1189), second time
 * Wenceslaus II (1191–1192)
 * Ottokar I (1192–1193)
 * Vladislaus III Henry (1197)
 * Ottokar I (1197–1198)

Duchy of Bouillon

 * Godfrey I the Captive 959–964, died 995.
 * Godfrey V, 1076–1095, died 1100.

Bulgarian Empire

 * Sevar, 738-753, deposed
 * Kormisosh, 753-756, deposed and murdered
 * Vinekh, 756-762, deposed and murdered
 * Telets, 762-765, deposed and murdered
 * Sabin, 765–766, deposed, fled to Constantinopole.
 * Umor, 766, deposed, fled to Constantinople.
 * Toktu, 766-767, deposed and murdered near the Danube.
 * Pagan, 767-768, deposed and murdered near Varna.
 * Telerig, 768–777, forced to flee into exile.
 * Boris I, 852–889, abdicated 889 died 907.
 * Vladimir-Rasate, 889–893, deposed, blinded and imprisoned by his father.
 * Peter I of Bulgaria, 927-969, abdicated 969, died January 970.
 * Boris II, 969-971, abdicated 971
 * Roman, 976-991 (997), captured by the Byzantines in 991, died in captivity in 997.

White Croats

 * Sobjeslav, ruler of the White Croats c. 990s, died 1004.

Byzantine Empire

 * Heraklonas, deposed 641.
 * Justinian II, deposed 695, restored 705.
 * Leontios, deposed 698.
 * Tiberios III, deposed 705.
 * Philippikos Bardanes, deposed 713.
 * Anastasios II, deposed 715.
 * Theodosios III, deposed 717.
 * Constantine VI, deposed 797.
 * Irene, deposed 802.
 * Staurakios, deposed 811.
 * Michael I Rangabe, deposed 813.
 * Romanos I Lekapenos, deposed 944.
 * Michael V Kalaphates, deposed 1042.
 * Michael VI Bringas, deposed 1057.
 * Isaac I Komnenos, abdicated 1059.
 * Romanos IV Diogenes, deposed 1071.
 * Michael VII Doukas, deposed 1078.
 * Nikephoros III Botaneiates, deposed 1081.
 * Andronikos I Komnenos, deposed 1185.
 * Isaac II Angelos, deposed 1195, restored 1203, deposed again 1204.
 * Alexios III Angelos, deposed 1204.
 * Alexios IV Angelos, deposed 1204.
 * Alexios V Doukas, deposed 1204.
 * John IV Laskaris, deposed 1258.
 * Andronikos II Palaiologos, deposed 1328.

Umayyad Caliphate

 * Ibrahim ibn al-Walid, 744, abdicated.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * Al-Qahir, 932–934, died 950.
 * Al-Muttaqi, 940–944, deposed and blinded.
 * Al-Mustakfi, 944–946, deposed and blinded.

Camerino

 * Hubert, Duke of Spoleto, Margrave of Camerino 943–946, deposed 945/946, died 967/970.

Cappadocia

 * Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia, King of Cappadocia Ruler of Cappadocia c. 101 BCE – 96 BCE, deposed several times throughout his rule.
 * Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia, King of Cappadocia, deposed several times throughout his reign.
 * Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios of Cappadocia, King of Cappadocia from 95 BCE to c. 63 or 62 BCE, abdicated.

Principality of Capua

 * Lando II of Capua, Count of Capua 861, deposed
 * Pandenulf of Capua, Count of Capua 862–863 and 879–882
 * Landenulf I of Capua, Count of Capua 885–887.
 * Laidulf of Capua, Prince of Capua 993–999, deposed.
 * Adhemar of Capua, Prince of Capua 1000, deposed by his own people.
 * Pandulf IV of Capua, Prince of Capua 1016–1022, 1026–1038 and 1047–1050.
 * Pandulf V of Capua, Prince of Capua 1022–1026, surrendered in 1026.
 * Guaimar IV of Salerno, Duke of Gaeta 1038–1047, died 1052.

Duchy of Carinthia

 * Berthold, Duke of Bavaria, 927–938, united Carinthia with the duchy of Bavaria in 938.
 * Henry III, Duke of Bavaria, 976–978 and 985–989.
 * Otto I, Duke of Carinthia, 978–985 and 1002–1004.
 * Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, 1039–1047.

Cerdanya

 * Galindo Aznárez I, Count of Cerdanya 824–834, died 867.

China (Han dynasty)

 * Prince He of Changyi, Emperor of China 74 BC, deposed, died 59 BC.
 * Ruzi Ying, Emperor of China AD 6–AD 9, deposed, died 25.
 * Liu Bian, Emperor of China 189, deposed, poisoned 190.

County of Conflent

 * Aznar Galíndez I, 809–820, died 839.

Kingdom of Connacht

 * Domnall Ua Conchobair, deposed 1106.
 * Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, deposed 1186.

Denmark

 * Eric III of Denmark, abdicated 1146.

Dublin

 * Blácaire mac Gofrith King of Dublin 940 - 945 and 947 - 948.
 * Amlaíb Cuarán King of Dublin 945 - 947 and 952–980.
 * Godred Crovan King of Dublin 1079–1095, driven out of Dublin.
 * Domnall mac Muirchertaig ua Briain King of Dublin c.1094–1102 and 1103–????.
 * Ascall mac Ragnaill King of Dublin 1160–1171, driven out and later killed.

Duklja

 * Dobroslav II, King of Duklja 1101–1102, deposed and blinded.
 * Dobroslav III, King of Duklja 1102, deposed, blinded and castrated.
 * George I of Duklja, King of Duklja 1113–1118 and 1125–1131, deposed 1118, restored in 1125.

County of Edessa

 * Baldwin I of Jerusalem, count of Edessa 1098–1100,died 1118.
 * Baldwin II of Jerusalem, count of Edessa 1100 to 1118, died 1131.
 * Joscelin II, Count of Edessa, count of Edessa 1131–1150, died 1159.

Ancient Egypt

 * Teos of Egypt, Pharaoh 362–360 BC, overthrown, died in exile.
 * Nectanebo II, Pharaoh 360–343 BC, deposed by the Persian conquest, fled into exile.

Ayyubid Egypt

 * Al-Aziz Uthman, 1193–1198, died 1200.

Kingdom of England

 * Aethelred the Unready, deposed 1013, regained the throne shortly before his death.
 * Edger II, the Ætheling, 1066, deposed, died 1126

Kingdom of Essex

 * Sæbbi of Essex, 664 to 694, abdicated 694
 * Offa of Essex, ?-709, abdicated 709
 * Sigeric, abdicated in 798.
 * Sigered of Essex, 798-825, ceded his kingdom to Wessex

Francia

 * Charles the Fat, deposed 887.
 * Charles the Simple, deposed 922.
 * Hugh Capet, Duke of the Franks, 956–987, merged into the French Crown 987, died in 996.

Duchy of Friuli

 * Ansfrid of Friuli, 694, blinded and exiled.
 * Ratchis, 739–744, died after 756.
 * Eberhard of Friuli, 846 to 863, died 866.
 * Berengar I of Italy, 874–890, died 924.

Duchy of Gaeta

 * John V of Gaeta, 1012–1032, deposed in 1032, died 1040.
 * Guaimar IV of Salerno, 1040–1041, died 1052.

Kingdom of Galicia

 * Hermeric, 406 or 419–438, abdicated 438, died 441.
 * Eboric, 583–584, deposed by Andeca.
 * Andeca, 584–585, deposed 585.
 * Malaric, 585, deposed and captured.
 * Alfonso Fróilaz, 925–926, driven out 926.
 * Alfonso IV of León, 929–931, abdicated, died 933.

Galilee

 * Tancred FitzRobert, Prince of Galilee 1099–1101 deposed or abdicated, restored 1109–1112, died 1112.
 * Joscelin I, Prince of Galilee, ? –1109, deposed or abdicated, restored 1112–1118.

Duchy of Gascony

 * Bernard II Tumapaler, 1039 to 1052, died 1064/1090.

Ghaznavid Empire

 * Ismail of Ghazni, 997–998, deposed by his brother Mahmud of Ghazni.
 * Muhammad of Ghazni, 1030–1031 and 1039–1041, died 1041.

Goguryeo

 * Bojang of Goguryeo, King 642–668, deposed 668, died 682.

Eastern Turkic Khaganate

 * Illig Qaghan, 621–630, captured in 630.

Seljuk Empire

 * Ahmad Sanjar, 1118–1153, deposed 1153, died 1157.

Himyarite Kingdom

 * Rabiah ibn Mudhar, deposed in the early 6th century.

Holy Roman Empire

 * Charles the Fat, deposed 887.
 * Lambert II of Spoleto, deposed 896.
 * Louis the Blind, deposed 905.
 * Berengar I of Italy, deposed 924.

Kingdom of Hungary

 * Peter Orseolo, 1038–1041, 1041–1044 died 1046.
 * Solomon, King of Hungary, 1063–1074, died 1087.
 * Stephen III of Hungary, 1161–1162, 1163–1172, died 1172.
 * Stephen IV of Hungary, 1163, died 1165.

Caucasian Iberia

 * Nerse of Iberia, ruling prince of Iberia from c. 760 to 772 and again from 775 to 779/80.

Iraq

 * Sultan al-Daula, Buyid Amir of Iraq 1012–1021, deposed 1021, died 1024.
 * Al-Malik al-Rahim, Buyid Amir of Iraq 1048–1055, died 1058/9.

Ireland

 * Mael Seachlainn II Mór, High King of Ireland, deposed by Brian Ború in 1002, restored in 1014.

March of Istria

 * Henry I of Istria, 1077–90, died 1127.
 * Engelbert II of Istria, 1103–34, died 1141.
 * Engelbert III, Margrave of Istria, 1134–71, died 1173.

Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

 * Charles the Fat, 879–887, deposed, died 888.
 * Louis the Blind, 900–905, deposed 905, died 928.
 * Rudolph II of Burgundy, 922–926, deposed 926, died 937.
 * Berengar II of Italy, 950–963, deposed 963, died 966.
 * Conrad II of Italy, 1093–1098, deposed 1098, died 1101.

Japan

 * Empress Kōgyoku, 642–645 and 655–661.
 * Empress Jitō, 686–697, died 702.
 * Empress Genmei, 707–715, died 721.
 * Empress Genshō, 715–724, died 748.
 * Emperor Shōmu, 724–749, died 756.
 * Emperor Junnin, 758–765, deposed and died shortly thereafter.
 * Empress Kōken, 749–758 and 764–770, died 770.
 * Emperor Kōnin, 770–781, died 782.
 * Emperor Heizei, 806–809, died 824.
 * Emperor Saga, 809–823, died 842.
 * Emperor Junna, 823–833, died 840.
 * Emperor Seiwa, 858–876, died 880.
 * Emperor Yōzei, 876–884, died 949.
 * Emperor Uda, 887–897, died 931.
 * Emperor Daigo, 897–930, abdicated 930 and died shortly thereafter.
 * Emperor Suzaku, 930–946, died 952.
 * Emperor Reizei, 984, died 991.
 * Emperor Kazan, 984–986, abdicated 986, died 1008.
 * Emperor Ichijō, 986–1011, abdicated 1011, and died shortly thereafter.
 * Emperor Sanjō, 1011–1016, abdicated 1016, died 1017.
 * Emperor Go-Suzaku, 1036–1045, abdicated 1045, died shortly thereafter.
 * Emperor Go-Sanjō, 1068–1073, abdicated, died shortly thereafter.
 * Emperor Shirakawa, 1073–1087, abdicated 1087, died 1129.
 * Emperor Toba, 1107–1123, abdicated 1123, died 1156.
 * Emperor Sutoku, 1123–1142, deposed or abdicated 1142, died 1164.
 * Emperor Go-Shirakawa, 1155–1158, abdicated 1158, died 1192.
 * Emperor Nijō, 1158–1165, abdicated 1165 shortly before his death.
 * Emperor Rokujō, 1165–1168, deposed 1168, died 1176.
 * Emperor Takakura, 1168–1180, abdicated 1180, died 1181.
 * Emperor Go-Toba, 1183–1198, abdicated 1198, died 1239.

Kingdom of Jerusalem

 * Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem, 1131 to 1153, died 1161.

Jibal

 * Fakhr al-Dawla, Buyid amir of Jibal 976–980 and 984–997, died 997.

Kingdom of Judah

 * Jehoahaz of Judah, 609 BC, deposed by Necho II, died in exile.
 * Zedekiah, 597 BCE – 587 BCE, deposed, captured, blinded and taken into captivity.

Kashmir

 * Nirjitavarman, King of Kashmir 907 and 923–924, deposed or abdicated 907, restored 923, died 924
 * Partha, King of Kashmir 907–923 and 936, deposed or abdicated 923, restored 936, died 936.
 * Chakravarman, King of Kashmir 935–936 and 936–938. Deposed 936, but restored shortly afterwards.
 * Sussala, King of Kashmir 1113–1120 and 1120–1127. Deposed 1120, but restored shortly afterwards. Died 1127.

Kingdom of Kent

 * Hlothhere of Kent, exiled in 685.
 * Eadberht III Præn, 796–798. Deposed and captured by Cœnwulf of Mercia.
 * Ceolwulf I of Mercia, 821 to 823, deposed 823.
 * Baldred of Kent, until 825, when he was expelled by Æthelwulf of Wessex.

Greater Khorasan

 * Muhammad ibn Tahir, governor of Khurasan, from 862 until 873, deposed, died around 890.

Pannonian Croatia

 * Ljudevit Posavski, ruler of Khoruska within the Carolingian Empire, deposed 820, died 823.

Kievan Rus'

 * Iziaslav I of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev 1054–1068 and 1069–1073, 1076–1078.
 * Vseslav of Polotsk, Grand Prince of Kiev in 1068–1069, deposed 1069, died 1101.

Kingdom of León

 * Alfonso IV of León, King of León 925–931, abdicated, died 933.

Lesser Armenia

 * Cotys IX, King of lesser Armenia, reigned 38 to until at least 47, forced to abdicate.

Lombardy

 * Perctarit, King of the Lombards 661–662 and 671–688.
 * Garibald, King of the Lombards 671, deposed in favour of his uncle Perctarit.
 * Cunipert, King of the Lombards 688–689 and 689–700.
 * Ratchis, King of the Lombards 744–749.

Lotharingia/Lorraine

 * Charles the Fat, King of Lotharingia 882–887, deposed, died 888.
 * Charles the Simple, King of Lotharingia 911–922, deposed 922, died 923.
 * Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Lorraine 939–940, deposed 940, died 955.

Lower Lorraine

 * Conrad II of Italy, Duke of Lower Lorraine 1076–1087, died 1101.
 * Henry, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Duke of Lower Lorraine 1101–1106, deposed 1106, died c. 1119.
 * Godfrey I of Leuven, Duke of Lower Lorraine 1106–1128, deposed, died 1139.

Lusatia

 * Conrad, Margrave of Meissen, Margrave of Lusatia 1136–1156, retired to a monastery and died 1157.

Lydia

 * Croesus, King of Lydia, 560 BC – 547 BC, deposed by the Persians, 547 BC.

Macedon

 * Amyntas IV, King of Macedon, deposed 359 BC
 * Antipater II, King of Macedon, deposed 294 BC.
 * Demetrius I Poliorcetes, King of Macedon, deposed 288 BC.
 * Meleager (king), King of Macedon 278 BC, deposed in that same year.
 * Pyrrhus, King of Macedon and Epirus, deposed 285 BC, restored 274 BC.
 * Antigonus II Gonatas, King of Macedon, deposed 274 BC, restored 272 BC.
 * Perseus, deposed 168 BC.

County of Maine

 * Fulk of Jerusalem, 1110–1126, died 1143.

Median Empire

 * Astyages, 585 BCE–550 BCE, overthrown in 550.

Margraviate of Meissen

 * Gunzelin, Margrave of Meissen, 1002–1009, deposed 1009, died c. 1017.
 * Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, 1046
 * Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen, 1068–1090, deposed from Meissen 1090 and died soon thereafter.
 * Conrad, Margrave of Meissen, 1123–1156, retired to a monastery and died 1157.

Mercia

 * Æthelred of Mercia King of Mercia 675–704, abdicated 704
 * Coenred of Mercia King of Mercia 704-709, abdicated 709
 * Beornred of Mercia King of Mercia in 757, deposed and fled 757
 * Ceolwulf I of Mercia King of Mercia 821 to 823, deposed 823
 * Wiglaf of Mercia King of Mercia 827-829 and 830–839
 * Burgred of Mercia King of Mercia 852–874, deposed 874
 * Ælfwynn Lady of the Mercians, deposed 918

County of Mons

 * Godfrey I, Count of Verdun, 974–998, deposed, died 1002.
 * Reginar IV, Count of Mons, 973–974 and 998–1013.

Sultanate of Morocco

 * Al-Hasan ibn Kannun, 954–974, deposed, died 985.
 * Hammama Ibn El Moez, 1026–1033 and 1038–1040.

Mortain

 * Henry II of England, Count of Mortain 1151–1153, died 1189

Nanyue

 * Zhao Jiande, King of Nanyue 112–111 BC, deposed by China in 111 BC.

Duchy of Naples

 * Stephen II of Naples, 755–766, died 799.
 * Theoctistus of Naples, 818–821, replaced by Byzantium.
 * Contardus of Naples, 840, deposed by his people.
 * Sergius II of Naples, 870–877, deposed and blinded by his brother.

Principality of Nitra

 * Pribina, Prince of Nitra 839–861, expelled by Rastislav.

Kingdom of Northumbria

 * Eadwulf I of Northumbria, 704-705, deposed and exiled
 * Ceolwulf of Northumbria, 729–737, being deposed for a brief time in 731 or 732. He abdicated in 739 and entered a monastery
 * Eadberht of Northumbria, 737 or 738–758, abdicated, died 768
 * Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria, 759-765, deposed 765
 * Alhred of Northumbria, 765-774, deposed and went into exile
 * Æthelred I of Northumbria, 774-779 and 788/789-796
 * Osred II of Northumbria, 789 to 790, deposed and went into exile
 * Osbald of Northumbria, 796, abandoned by his people and went into exile
 * Eardwulf of Northumbria, 796 to 806, deposed 806
 * Æthelred II of Northumbria, c. 854-c. 858
 * Amlaíb Cuarán, twice, 941-944
 * Eric Bloodaxe, c. 948 and 952–954

Numidia

 * Jugurtha, King of Numidia 117 to 105 BC, captured in war by Romans and executed in Rome 104 BC.
 * Hiempsal II, King of Numidia 88 to 60 BC, deposed by the Numidians in 81,restored by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.

Paris

 * Odo of France, count of Paris until 888, died 898.

Parthian Empire

 * Mithridates III of Parthia, 70–57 BC, deposed 57, died 53 BC.
 * Vonones I, 8–12, deposed 12, died 19.
 * Artabanus II of Parthia, 10–35 and 36–38, deposed 35, restored 36, died 38.
 * Tiridates III of Parthia, 35–36 AD, deposed and fled to Syria.
 * Vologases II of Parthia, 77–80, deposed.

Persian Empire

 * Arsames, allegedly briefly king of Persia, deposed by Cyrus II.
 * Bessus (Artaxerxes V), ruling over small parts of Persia 330–329 BC, ordered the killing of Darius III. He was deposed and handed over to Alexander by his own people.

Kingdom of Pontus

 * Polemon II, king of Pontus and Cicilia 38–62, forced to abdicate in Pontus by Nero.

Qin

 * Qin Shi Huang, King of Qin 246 BCE – 221 BCE, title merged into the imperial title of China 221 BCE, died 210 as Emperor of China.

Rascia

 * Uroš II Prvoslav Prince of Rascia 1140-around 1155 and 1155–1161
 * Desa of Serbia Prince of Rascia 1155, 1162–1166

Rashtrakuta Kingdom

 * Govinda IV, King of Rashtrakuta 930–935, deposed 935.

Rhine

 * Henry II, Duke of Austria, Count Palatine of the Rhine 1140–1141, deposed 1141, died 1177.

Rome

 * Vitellius, Emperor of Rome 69, abdicated a couple of days prior to execution.
 * Valerian, Emperor of Rome 253–260, deposed and captured in 260.
 * Diocletian, Emperor of Rome 284–305, abdicated 305, died 311.
 * Maximian, Emperor of Rome 285–286, 286–305, 306–308, 310.

Saffarid amirate

 * Tahir I, Saffarid amir 901–908, deposed and imprisoned in Baghdad.
 * Al-Layth, Saffarid amir 909–910, deposed, died 928.
 * Mohammed I of Persia, Saffarid amir 910–911, deposed.

Principality of Salerno

 * Sico of Salerno, 851–853, died 855.
 * Adhemar of Salerno, 853–861, deposed by his own people.
 * Manso I of Amalfi, 981–983, died 1004.
 * John I of Amalfi, 981–982, died 1007.
 * Gisulf II of Salerno, (1052–1077), died around 1090.

Samanid Empire

 * Mansur II, 997–999, deposed and blinded.

Duchy of Saxony

 * Theoderic, Duke of Saxony, 743–744, captured 744.
 * Albert the Bear, 1138–42, abdicated 1142, died 1170.
 * Henry the Lion, 1142–80, deposed 1180, died 1195.

Seleucid Empire

 * Antiochus Hierax, separatist ruler of parts of the Seleucid empire 246–before 226 BC, waging war to govern all of Anatolia; he was defeated and expelled to Egypt, where he was killed by robbers.

Kingdom of Scotland

 * Duncan II, deposed 1094.
 * Donald III, deposed 1097.

Kingdom of Sicily

 * William III, deposed 1194.

Sistan

 * Abdallah ibn Ahmad, Amir of Sistan 922–923, deposed and captured.

Kingdom of Sweden

 * Halsten Stenkilsson, King of Sweden 1067–1070 and 1079–1084.

Tabaristan

 * Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir, Ziyarid ruler 977–981, deposed, died 1012.

Taranto

 * Bohemond II of Antioch, Prince of Taranto 1088–1128, died 1131.
 * Roger II of Sicily, Prince of Taranto 1128–1131, died 1154.

Tuscany

 * Boniface II, Margrave of Tuscany, Margrave of Tuscany 828–834, deposed 834, died 838.
 * Lambert, Margrave of Tuscany, Margrave of Tuscany 929–931, deposed 931, died after 938.
 * Boso, Margrave of Tuscany, Margrave of Tuscany 931–936, deposed 936, died 936.
 * Rainier, Margrave of Tuscany, Margrave of Tuscany 1014–1027, deposed 1027 by Conrad II of the Holy Roman Empire.
 * Welf II, Duke of Bavaria, Co-Margrave of Tuscany with his wife Matilda of Tuscany since 1089, left her side in 1095, died 1120.
 * Engelbert III, Margrave of Istria, Margrave of Tuscany 1135–1137.
 * Welf VI, Margrave of Tuscany 1152–1160 and 1167–1173.

Upper Lorraine

 * Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Duke of Lower Lorraine 1044–1047, deposed, died 1069.

Urgell

 * Galindo I Aznárez, Count of Urgell, 834.

Visigoths

 * Wittiza (Achila), King of the Visigoths, deposed by Roderic in 710.

Western Chalukya

 * Someshvara II, King of Western Chalukya 1068–1076, deposed 1076.

Wessex

 * Ceawlin of Wessex king of Wessex 560–592, deposed 592 and died 593
 * Cenwalh of Wessex king of Wessex 643–645 and 648–674
 * Centwine of Wessex king of Wessex 676–685/686, abdicated 685/686.
 * Cædwalla of Wessex king of Wessex 685 - 688, abdicated 688, died 689
 * Ine of Wessex king of Wessex 688 to 726, abdicated 726.
 * Sigeberht of Wessex, 756–757, deposed and ultimately killed.
 * Æthelwulf of Wessex King of Wessex 839 – 856, gave over control of western Wessex to his son Æthelbald of Wessex . Died 858

Wei

 * Xian Wen Di, King of Wei 465–471, deposed or abdicated 471, died 475.

Wu

 * Modi of Wu, King of Wu 264–280, deposed or abdicated 280, died 281.
 * Jingdi of Wu, King of Wu 555–556, deposed or abdicated 556, died 558.
 * Lin Hai Wang, King of Wu 566–568, deposed or abdicated 568, died 570.
 * King Fuchai of Wu, King of Wu 495 BC – 473 BC, deposed 473 and committed suicide.
 * Yu Chung-Kuang, King of Wu 961–976, deposed 976, died 978.

Zhao

 * King Youmiu (幽繆王), King of Zhao 236 BC–228 BC, captured and deposed by Qin.
 * King Dai (代王), King of Zhao 228 BC–222 BC captured and deposed by Qin.


text:
Type certificate

A type certificate signifies the airworthiness of a particular category of aircraft, according to its manufacturing design (type design). Certification confirms that the aircraft of a new type intended for serial production is in compliance with applicable airworthiness requirements established by the national air law.

For up to three seats, primary category aircraft certification costs around US$1 million, US$25 million for a general aviation aircraft and hundreds of millions of dollars for a commercial aircraft; certification delays can cost millions of dollars and can decide a program's profitability.

Authority
A type certificate (TC) is issued to signify the airworthiness of the approved design or "type" of an aircraft to be manufactured. The TC is issued by a regulatory authority, and once issued, the design cannot be changed unless at least part of the process for certification is repeated to cover the changes. The TC reflects a determination made by a regulatory authority that the type design is in compliance with airworthiness requirements. Examples of regulatory authorities are the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Transport Canada, Brazil’s Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC).

When changes are needed to an airframe or on-board equipment, there are two options. One is to initiate a modification by the type design holder (manufacturer), and the other is to request a third party Supplemental type certificate (STC). The choice is determined by considering whether or not the change constitutes a new design (i.e. introduces risk not considered in the first type design). If so, then type design holder must develop and approve a modification to the type design. If the regulatory authority agrees the change does not introduce new risk, the STC option is available. An STC is less expensive because the design change can be developed by a specialized design organization, a generally more flexible and efficient process than going through the original manufacturer. The STC defines the product design change, states how the modification affects the existing type design, and lists serial numbers of the aircraft affected. It also identifies the certification basis for regulatory compliance for the design change.

The TC implies that aircraft manufactured according to the approved design can be issued an airworthiness certificate. To meet those requirements the aircraft and each sub-assembly must also be approved. For example, in the U.S. these sub-assemblies must meet requirements in the applicable Technical Standards Order (TSO). To meet those requirements the design documents are examined for compliance with the applicable Minimum Operating Performance Standards (MOPS) applicable to that sub-assembly. MOPS are published by expert industry groups such as: RTCA Inc., EUROCAE, and SAE.

When aircraft are produced to meet a given TC, each one need not be tested as rigorously but the confidence demonstrated by the TC is conferred, when the aircraft has been assigned a certificate of airworthiness (CoA). A CoA is issued for each aircraft that is properly registered if it conforms to its type design and ready for safe operation. The CoA is valid and the aircraft may be operated as long as it is maintained in accordance with the rules issued by the regulatory authority.

History
The concept of a 'type certificate' was introduced by the "Air Navigation Regulations" published in May 1919 by the UK's Secretary of State for Air, Winston Churchill.

The Buhl-Verville CA-3 Airster was the first aircraft to receive a type certificate in the US, (i.e. A.T.C. No. 1) issued by the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce on March 29, 1927.

Prototype
Initially, the applicant design organisation submits documents to their local aviation regulating body, detailing how the proposed aircraft type design would fulfill the airworthiness requirements. After investigations by the regulator, the final approval of such documents (after the required comments and amendments in order to fulfill the laws), becomes the basis of the certification. The firm follows it and draws a proposed timetable of actions required for certification tests. With the application, the regulations to be applied will usually be frozen for this application for a given amount of time in order to avoid a situation where the applicant would have to change the design as a result of changed regulation.

An initial design sample known as a prototype is built. This refers to either the aircraft, the engines or the propeller, depending on the basis of the certification. For the purpose of illustration, the discussion shall be limited to the aircraft. Normally a few prototypes are built, each subject to different tests. The prototypes are first used for ground and system tests. One of the prototypes (known as the "static airframe") is subject to destructive testing, i.e., the prototype is subject to stress beyond normal and abnormal operations until destruction. The test-results are compared with initial submitted calculations to establish the ultimate structural strength.

Other prototypes will undergo other systems tests until the satisfaction of the regulators. With all ground tests completed, prototypes are made ready for flight tests. The flight tests are flown by specially approved flight test pilots who will fly the prototypes to establish the ultimate flight limits which should be within the airworthiness rules. If a long range airliner is tested, the flight tests may cover the whole world. Tests may also cover different environments - high and low altitude, freezing and hot climates, and so on, to confirm correct performance throughout the aircraft's design envelope.

In parallel with aircraft testing, the applicant firm also draws up maintenance program to support continuous airworthiness after approval of the design. The program is drawn with inputs from tests results and also from initial customers' engineering departments. The proposed maintenance program is submitted to the regulators for comment and approval.

After successful completion of ground and flight tests, along with an approved maintenance program, the prototype is approved, and the firm is granted the TC for the prototype (as understood that it should include all furnished equipment for its intended role). The legal term for the firm is now the "type certificate holder". Subsequently, the prototype now serves as a template for serial aircraft production and the aircraft rolling out of the factory should be identical to the prototype within the frames outlined in a TC data sheet, and each given a serial number (a "series aircraft").

Aircraft maintenance
As the aircraft enters into service, it is subject to operational wear and tear which may cause performance degradations. The set of processes by which an aircraft, engine, propeller or part complies with the applicable airworthiness requirements and remains in a condition for safe operation throughout its operating life called continuing airworthiness. A maintenance program is issued by the aircraft operator and approved by the regulatory authority of the state of registry to maintain the airworthiness of the aircraft of the type owned by the operator. Maintenance tasks outlined in the maintenance program have to be scheduled and timely accomplished in order for the airworthiness certificate of their aircraft to remain valid.

Other continuing airworthiness activities include additional tasks associated with the maintenance program and design changes to be accomplished via:
 * Airworthiness directives (ADs)
 * Service bulletins (SBs)

Airworthiness directives
Sometimes during service, the aircraft may encounter problems that may compromise the aircraft's safety, which are not anticipated or detected in prototype testing stages. The aircraft design is thus compromised. The regulators will now issue an airworthiness directive to the type certificate holder and to all owners globally. The directives normally consists of additional maintenance or design actions that are necessary to restore the type's airworthiness. Compliance is mandatory and thus if an operator does not comply with an AD, then the datum aircraft is not considered airworthy and further operation of the affected aircraft type would be unlawful, making the operator liable to legal action by the relevant national aviation authority, and rendering null-and-void any of the operator's insurance policies relating to the type, such as hull loss and accident third party coverage. ADs may also be raised with changes of the local or global aviation rules and requirements, e.g., the requirement to fit armored cockpit doors for all passenger airliners after the September 11 attacks.

The certifying authority issues an AD when an unsafe condition is found to exist in a product (aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance) of a particular type design. ADs are used by the certifying authority to notify aircraft owners and operators of unsafe conditions and to require their correction. ADs prescribe the conditions and limitations, including inspection, repair, or alteration under which the product may continue to be operated.

Service bulletins
With increasing in-service experience, the type certificate holder may find ways to improve the original design resulting in either lower maintenance costs or increased performance. These improvements (normally involving some alterations) are suggested through service bulletins to an aircraft owners/operators as optional (and may be extra cost) items. The owner/operator shall exercise their discretion whether or not to incorporate the bulletins and report the decision to the regulatory authority of the state of the aircraft registry. Sometimes SBs can become mandated by relevant ADs.

Changes to type certificate
Often the basic design is enhanced further by the type certificate holder. Major changes beyond the authority of the service bulletins require amendments to the type certificate. For example, increasing (or decreasing) an aircraft's flight performance, range and load carrying capacity by altering its systems, fuselage, wings or engines resulting in a new variant may require re-certification. Again the basic process of type certifications is repeated (including maintenance programs). However, unaltered items from the basic design need not be retested. Normally, one or two of the original prototype fleet are remanufactured to the new proposed design. As long as the new design does not deviate too much from the original, static airframes do not need to be built. The resultant new prototypes are again subjected to flight tests.

Upon successful completion of the certification program, the original type certificate is amended to include the new variant (normally denoted by a new model number additional to the original type designation). Typical examples are; the Boeing 737NG (737-600, 737-700, 737-800 and 737-900) which replaced the 737 Original family (737-100 and 737-200) and the 737 Classic family (737-300, 737-400 and 737-500) and the Airbus A340-500 and the A340-600 which is based on the Airbus A340-200 and the A340-300.

Supplementary/supplemental type certificate (STC)
Any additions, omissions or alterations to the aircraft's certified layout, built-in equipment, airframe and engines, initiated by any party other than the type certificate holder, need an approved supplementary ("supplemental" in FAA terminology) type certificate, or STC. The scope of an STC can be extremely narrow or broad. It could include minor modifications to passenger cabin items or installed instruments. More substantial modifications may involve engine replacement, as in the Blackhawk modifications to Cessna Conquest and Beechcraft King Air turboprops, or a complete role change for the aircraft, such as converting a B-17 or Stearman into an agricultural aircraft. STCs are applied due to either the type certificate holder's refusal (frequently due to economics) or its inability to meet some owners' requirements. STCs are frequently raised for out-of-production aircraft types conversions to fit new roles. Before STCs are issued, procedures similar to type certificate changes for new variants are followed, likely including thorough flight tests. STCs belong to the STC holder and are generally more restrictive than type certificate changes.

Validity
The TC holder remains responsible for the continued integrity of the approved aircraft type design and must continue to be the focal point for resolving issues that may require corrective action. This requires the continued capability, or access to a capability, of providing appropriate technical solutions for service difficulties or mandatory corrective action. If the holder is no longer capable or if the TC is transferred to another holder a regulatory authority should take appropriate action in accordance with the national legislation. In the case of the TC being transferred to another holder the new holder shall be capable of fulfilling the TC holder responsibilities in following ADs and providing technical support to keep the type design current with the applicable airworthiness requirements, even after the production of the aircraft type has stopped but many out-of-production aircraft continue useful lives. STCs are also bound by the same rules. When the holder decides to stop supporting the aircraft type without the transfer of TC holder responsibilities, the TC is returned to the issuing regulatory authority and the remaining aircraft fleet can be grounded by the current states of registry until further decisions on the registered aircraft continuing airworthiness. In this manner the whole Concorde fleet was finally grounded when Airbus SAS surrendered its TC.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Type certificate


text:
Declaration of financial interests

Declarations of financial interests are a means of making conflict of interests of people in public office known and to reduce them by making them public.

European Parliament
Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are required to declare their financial interests or assets that could create a situation of conflict in the performance of their duties.

As in a majority of the Member States, Members of the European Parliament have an obligation to declare their financial interests at the moment of taking office as well as orally when a Member has an interest in one of the issues being debated at a sitting.

Members of the European Parliament are also required to update their declaration of financial interests every year. Their declarations are included in the public register kept by the Quaestors. The register is public and may be consulted by anyone in Parliament's three places of work (Strasbourg, Luxembourg and Brussels) via the Internet on the MEP's page in the online register.

In vote on March 11, 1999, about the report A4-0070/99 (Corbett, Gutiérrez Diaz, Palacio Vallelersundi) was adopted, numerous changes to the Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament designed to enable Parliament to adjust to the workings of the Amsterdam Treaty have been adopted:

MEPs voted to tighten the rules relating to the declaration of financial interests. The rule thus stipulates that the names of members who have not completed the register within the due time limit will be published in the minutes after due warning. The rule then goes on to state "if the member continues to refuse to submit the declaration after the infringement has been published,The President shall take action in accordance with Rule 124 to suspend the member concerned."

The original proposal to oblige members to declare all benefits above .100 was not approved, but another amendment designed to exclude members not completing the register from office in the Parliament did go through as did the amendment obliging chairmen of intergroups and other unofficial grouping to declare all forms of financial or secretarial support.

title: Declaration of financial interests


text:
Talk:Type certificate

Initial article based on knowledge and experience.Fikri

I'm removing the sentence about 'ETOPS may require testing in remote areas' - as far as I know, ETOPS operations are permitted based on meeting training, equipment and reliability standards, and no ETOPS testing is conducted. Cerireid (talk) 12:35, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Other certification agencies
Aviaregister of the Interstate Aviation Committee (AR MAK) www.mak.ru (former Aviaregister of the USSR)
 * 🇦🇿 • 🇦🇲 • 🇧🇾 • • 🇰🇿 • 🇰🇬 • 🇲🇩 • 🇷🇺 • 🇹🇯 • 🇹🇲 • 🇺🇿 • 🇺🇦
 * 🇺🇦 State Department of Aviation Transport of Ukraine (Ukraviatrans) www.ukraviatrans.gov.ua
 * 🇨🇳 Aviaregister of the Ministry of Civil Aviation of People's Republic of China (CAAC-AAD) www.gov.cn

There are other. I think they are notable enough, huh? --Yuriy Lapitskiy ~ 14:17, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

STC
Why was the STC redirected to here? Doesn't seem like wiki would want both discussed in same2busy2chat (talk) 03:43, 23 May 2008 (UTC)2busy2chat

Bad grammar
The second sentence makes no sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.246.1.87 (talk) 05:08, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

Standard Airworthiness Certificate
The article included a reference to another WP article entitled, Standard Airworthiness Certificate". The definition for the latter may not be applicable in the US, refers to "states" which appears to be a reference to "Nation State", not to the meaning it has in the US.  Refering to it, didn't seem necessary after making changes so I removed the reference. Kernel.package (talk) 14:10, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

Paragraphs after #2
These paragraphs should be moved to another article. The processes followed in the US is essentially the same as in other countries. The prevailing legislative and enforcement bodies may differ. Another factor to consider is that only military in the U.S. is subject to different standards than non-mil. Also, NASA is subject to these same rules, as are Telecommunications satellites. That is: They apply to everything that's in the air, and that we hope either stays in the air or falls to the ground in a predictable way. Kernel.package (talk) 14:28, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

TCDS
What is "TCDS"? (See article for reference to the acronym). Kernel.package (talk) 14:43, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Type Certificate Data Sheet. Dolphin  ( t ) 00:55, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for drawing this acronym to our attention. I have changed the statement so it now says an airworthiness certificate is issued if an aircraft conforms to its type design, which is the correct terminology. A Type Certificate Data Sheet is not a document or a standard to which an aircraft can "conform". Dolphin  ( t ) 05:45, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

 * The Type Certificate just ensures that all subsequent production aircraft produced conform to the same design as that of the sample aircraft subjected to examination, and are manufactured by the same method.

 * The type certification process was a result of World War I, where large numbers of military aeroplanes were produced, often by non-aviation companies - such as furniture companies - some of whom produced aircraft that were shoddily-built, often with "improvements" incorporated to ease manufacture, such as using an alternative material, that were detrimental to the safety of the aeroplane and its crew. This led to a number of deaths. The certificating process was introduced to make sure that aircraft being flown were actually safe, or as safe as was reasonably possible at the time.

 * The certification of a type ensures that once a certificate has been issued a manufacturer cannot significantly change the design of the type or method of manufacture without the inspection and approval of a qualified and independent third body. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.150.18.150 (talk) 10:25, 21 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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RAeS podcasts on certification testing
Here are some Royal Aeronautical Society podcasts of interviews recorded in the 1990s with D. P. 'Dai' Davies, head UK ARB test pilot from 1949 to the 1980s who tested a large number of civil aircraft for UK type certification including the 707, 747, and Concorde:

Comets, Boeing 707, Britannia & Brabazon

Boeing 747, the Trident, VC10, One Eleven & the Boeing 727

Concorde and the V-bombers

Dai Davis was also the author of a popular airline pilot's book, "Handling The Big Jets". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.53.134 (talk) 08:35, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Type certificate


text:
Riley RM

The Riley RM is a series of executive cars and compact executive cars that were made by Riley Motors from 1945 until 1955. They were the last models developed independently by Riley before its parent company, Nuffield, merged with Austin to form BMC. The RM series was produced in Coventry until 1949, when production moved to the MG works at Abingdon. Until 1952, models were marketed as the Riley 1½ Litre and the Riley 2½ Litre. the term RM has been used retrospectively to encompass models produced before 1952.

There were four types of RM vehicles produced. All used Riley engines with four cylinders in-line, hemispherical combustion chambers and twin camshafts mounted high at the sides of the cylinder block.

The RMA was a large saloon, and was replaced by the RME. Both used a 1.5 L (1,496 cc) 12 hp (RAC Rating), developed before WWII.

The RMB was a longer car, and it was replaced by the RMF. Both cars used a larger engine, new in 1937, a 2.5 L 16 hp (RAC Rating) "Big Four".

The RMC and RMD were limited-production cars, an open 2 or 3-seater Roadster and a 4-seater drophead.

The Riley Pathfinder was the RMH, and was the last saloon to be built with the Riley Big Four engine.

Kestrel
The RM was inspired by Riley Motors' successful and stylish pre-war 1.5 and 2.5 Litre Kestrel saloons, but with a new chassis, which with its Riley "torsionic" independent front-wheel suspension incorporated the experience of the wartime years.

The RM series was a new design, because air raids on Coventry destroyed the patterns of dies for the pre-war models.

Riley RMA
The RMA was the first post-war Riley. It was announced in August 1945 with the news it would become available in the autumn. It used the 1.5 L engine and was equipped with hydro-mechanical brakes and an independent suspension using torsion bars in front. The body frame (not to be confused with the chassis) was made of wood in the English tradition, and the car featured traditional styling. The car was capable of reaching 75 mi/h. The RMA was produced from 1945 until 1952 when it was replaced by the RME.

Riley RMB
The 2.5 L (2443 cc) RMB was a lengthened RMA launched a year later in 1946.

It used the 2.5 L (2443 cc) "Big Four" engine with twin SU carburettors, starting with 90 hp (67 kW) but increasing to 100 hp (75 kW) for 1948 with a 95 mi/h top speed.

The wheelbase was 6.5 in longer and the overall length was a full 7 in longer. The RMB was replaced by the RMF for 1952.

The RMB 2½ Litre models have light blue bonnet and bootlid badges, differentiating them from the RMA 1½ Litre models which have dark blue badges.

A car tested by The Motor magazine in 1949 had a top speed of 90 mph and could accelerate from 0–60 mph in 16.8 seconds. A fuel consumption of 19.6 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £1224 including taxes.

Riley RMC
The RMC (Roadster) was an open 2-door, single bench seat, 2/3-seater version of the RMB, with a large rear deck area and fold-flat windscreen. Announced in March 1948, it was delivered to Geneva just too late to be exhibited at the Geneva Motor Show. Primarily designed for the North American export market, it was normally built with left-hand drive, with the gear change lever on the steering column. The bonnet and radiator were lowered and the bonnet catches were arranged to be operated internally. Extra over-riders were fitted to the bumpers and the fuel tank was enlarged to 20 impgal.

Eighteen months later, in September 1949, Riley announced future production would include a small quota of cars with right-hand drive. Riley attributed that to a slight increase in the supply of steel.

Instead of side windows it was supplied with flexible celluloid-glazed side curtains with a hole for hand signals and, when deployed, flimsy synthetic roofing over a light metal frame. It shared that car's 2.5 L 100 hp engine, and could reach 100 mph.

Just over 500 were built from 1948 until 1951. Both the and  of the car bear a remarkable likeness to a 1934 Ford V8.

Riley RMD
The RMD (drophead) is a traditional 2-door cabriolet, and was the last Riley cabriolet. It uses the same 2.5 L 100 hp engine as the RMB, on which it was based. Just over 500 were produced between 1949 and 1951.

This model was first displayed in October 1948 at London's Earls Court Motor Show.

Riley RME
Launched in 1952, the RME was an improved RMA. It uses the same 1.5 L four-cylinder engine, and has a fully hydraulic braking system. The body has a larger rear window, with curved glass. To improve acceleration, the rear axle ratio was changed from 4.89:1 to 5.125:1.

When the 2.5 L (2443 cc) RMF ended production in October 1953, many details of the RME were revised. These included dispensing with running boards, and introducing entirely re-shaped front mudguards.

The RME was discontinued in 1955. It was succeeded in 1957 by the Riley One-Point-Five, which had been designed as a replacement for the Morris Minor, but never launched as such. This is a BMC design, unrelated to the RM series. It is much shorter than the RME, and was also badge-engineered as the Wolseley 1500, and in Australia as the Morris Major and Austin Lancer.

An RME tested by The Motor magazine in 1952 had a top speed of 75 mph and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in 29.5 seconds. A fuel consumption of 24.2 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £1,339 including taxes.

Riley RMF
The RMF replaced the RMB in 1952. It has the same 2.5 L Big Four engine, plus mechanical updates shared with the RME. RMF 2½ Litre models have light blue bonnet and boot-lid badges, whereas the RME 1½ Litre models have dark blue badges. In 1953 the RMH Riley Pathfinder replaced the RMF. This is the last car built with the Riley Big Four engine, and is thus considered to be the last "real" Riley by purists. It continued in production until 1957.

Riley 2½-litre Big Four engine
The Big Four engine is a four cylinder 2.5 litre engine rated at 16.07 h.p. under the British RAC formula. It was designed in a matter of months, under difficult financial conditions, and announced in the summer of 1937. It followed existing Riley practice, similar to their 1.5 litre engine, but with each cylinder completely surrounded by a water jacket. The fully counter-weighted and balanced crankshaft ran in three main bearings. Pre-war power output was at first 80 bhp, then raised to 85 bhp. In its final Riley Pathfinder form, it developed 110 bhp, and was produced until the end of Riley Pathfinder production in February 1957.

title: Riley RM


text:
Riley Pathfinder

The Riley Pathfinder is an automobile which was produced by Riley Motors Limited in the United Kingdom from 1953 to 1957. It was first presented at the London Motor Show in October 1953 and replaced the RMF as Riley's top-line model.

Designed as the "RMH" just before the 1952 merger of Riley-parent, the Nuffield Organization, with Austin to form BMC, the Pathfinder is seen as the last proper Riley car. It used Riley's 110 bhp, 2.5-litre — 2443 cc — twin-cam, "Big Four" straight-4 engine fitted with twin SU carburettors and had a separate all-steel chassis with coil spring rear (this was changed to leaf springs towards the end of production) and front torsion bar independent suspension. From 1956, an overdrive gearbox became optional. The 12 in Girling drum brakes had a Clayton Dewandre Vac Hydro Servo fitted as standard.

In the front, buyers could choose between two single seats and the optional full width bench seat, with the front corner of the seat squab contoured so as to accommodate the gear lever and allow seating for three. The rear seat had a fold down centre armrest and leather covers were used. A heater was fitted as standard. The car was available in black, maroon, green, blue or grey finish. The gear lever was floor mounted by the driver's door, so drivers in right hand drive markets had to change gear with their right hand. The handbrake was operated by a lever under the dashboard in both bench and individual front seat versions.

The body was similar in appearance to the Wolseley 6/90, although there were detail differences such as the Riley's opening bonnet including the radiator grille, whereas the Wolseley's grille was fixed. The Riley was launched in 1953 and the Wolseley in 1954, and both were designed by Morris' Gerald Palmer for the Nuffield Organization before the merger. All Pathfinders featured the front independent suspension developed from the RMF, but the sophisticated Riley rear suspension was replaced by a conventional leaf spring type in the last few examples. An essential part of the location of the rear axle was a Panhard rod which on some early examples sheared on hard cornering resulting in the unfortunate 'Ditchfinder' nickname.

A car tested by The Motor magazine in 1955 had a top speed of 99.5 mph and could accelerate from 0-60 mph in 16.8 seconds. A fuel consumption of 19.5 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £1240 including taxes.

The Pathfinder was replaced by the short-lived Wolseley 6/90-derived Riley Two-Point-Six in 1957.

Die-cast models

 * Corgi No. 205 (production 1956–61), Riley Pathfinder, approximately O scale (1:44).
 * Corgi No. 205M (production 1956–59) Riley Pathfinder, approximately O-scale (1:44) with friction drive.
 * Corgi No. 209 (production 1958–61), Riley Pathfinder Police car, approximately O-scale (1:44).
 * Base Toys produced a 00 scale model of the Riley Pathfinder

title: Riley Pathfinder


text:
Category:Riley vehicles

This category is for vehicles made by the British automobile manufacturer Riley.

title: Category:Riley vehicles


text:
Talk:Photovoltaic cell

Merge with Solar cell
It was decided that this was a good thing to do (see Talk:Solar cell), so I am doing it. I haven't heard about the recycling of solar cells. Whilst this seems like a nice idea, I doubt it is actually practical, and I'm fairly sure that nobody is actually doing it. As such, I think it is misinformation and I will not be merging this section with solar cell. I include it here in case anybody really wants to reinstate it.

Recycling
When photovoltaic cells have to be replaced, the silicon can be reused. Only the coating materials need to be renewed.

Photovoltaic cells are often made from refined silicon that is a by-product of semiconductor production. The limited supply of such relatively cheap by-product is an often-overlooked obstacle to the widespread production of photovoltaic cells.

Merger with solar cell
I'm not exactly sure how to go about turning this page into a redirect to solar cell. Does someone else want to tell me how to do it, or just do it themsemves? darkside2010 16:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

what i do:

 * 1) cut and paste everything from here into solar cell
 * 2) add an  tag at the top of solar cell and save it
 * 3) make this page say #REDIRECT(Solar cell)
 * 4) clean up solar cell and merge all the information together nicely - Omegatron 18:12, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Photovoltaic cell


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Holland Landing

Holland Landing is a community in the town of East Gwillimbury, located in the northern part of the Regional Municipality of York, in south-central Ontario, Canada. Its major road is Yonge Street (bypassed by the former Highway 11) and the community has bus service by GO Transit route 68 and York Region Transit route 52 (Monday to Saturday service). The East Gwillimbury GO train station is in the southeast corner of Holland Landing, providing weekday commuter train service. The East Holland River runs through the community and has several marinas for recreational boats.

Most of Holland Landing's internal economy is based on the service industry, and some manufacturing.

History
In 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe came across what would be the future site of Holland Landing, then known as St. Albans. He believed the area would make an ideal portage route and defence point between York (now Toronto) and Georgian Bay. Holland Landing was named after Samuel Holland, first Surveyor-General of British North America, who had served on HMS Pembroke, under Captain John Simcoe, father of Governor Simcoe, for whom Lake Simcoe is named.

Holland Landing was the northernmost point on the original alignment of Yonge Street. North of the town the Holland River is easily navigable, and the location was selected as a well sited inland port for Lake Simcoe, via the river. It was intended that Yonge Street, in combination with the similar Penetanguishene Road further north, would provide access to the upper Great Lakes from the city of York. Holland Landing would be a major point on this route.

However, it never served this intended role in any real capacity. The closest it came was during the War of 1812, when the British decided to retake the entire lake system through the construction of a number of first-rate ships in Kingston and Penetanguishene. A large anchor, over fifteen feet (roughly 4.6 m) long and weighing approximately 4000 lbs (about 1 816 kg), for the frigate under construction at Penetanguishene was shipped from England and had made it as far as Holland Landing when the war ended. It was abandoned and is currently on display at Anchor Park. From approximately 1833-1853, Holland Landing was a destination for steamboats carrying freight and passengers along the west branch of the Holland River. By 1845, Holland Landing a brewery, a distillery, and multiple taverns patronized by locals and visitors from the waterway.

The town itself was not formed until the early 19th century, settled by the same Quaker immigrants as nearby Newmarket and Aurora. In 1815, a population of settlers from Selkirk, Manitoba arrived in Holland Landing after a conflict between them and the Métis.

Samuel Lount, a martyr of the 1837 Rebellion led by William Lyon Mackenzie, farmed and operated a smithy here. Lount was captured later, convicted of treason, and hanged on April 12, 1838.

The idea for a canal linking to Lake Simcoe and the Trent-Severn Waterway was approved and construction started in 1906. Holland Landing would connect Newmarket and Bradford. It was almost complete in the summer of 1912 – three lift locks, three swing bridges and a turning basin – when the new government of Robert Borden cancelled the project. The project was abandoned, earning it the name "The Ghost Canal". It continues to serve as a historical landmark.

Demographics

 * Population:
 * 2006: about 8,500 - estimate based on the census population of East Gwillimbury, and the town's data which indicate 41% of its residents are in Holland Landing.
 * 2015: about 9,000

Education
The community has four primary schools; Holland Landing Public School (YRDSB), Park Avenue Public School (YRDSB) and Good Shepherd Catholic School (YCDSB) and École élémentaire catholique Jean-Béliveau (a French-language Catholic school). There are no higher education institutions in Holland Landing, or indeed in East Gwillimbury. Students from Holland Landing typically attend one of the high schools in Newmarket.

Notable people

 * Sam Bennett, ice hockey player, currently playing with the Florida Panthers of the NHL.
 * Darrin Madeley, former ice hockey player, who had a brief stint with the Ottawa Senators of the NHL.
 * Kevin Pangos, basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the NBA.

Nearest communities

 * Bradford, northwest
 * Queensville, northeast
 * Sharon, east
 * Newmarket, south
 * Kettleby, southwest
 * Ansnorveldt, west
 * Keswick, north

title: Holland Landing


text:
Microsoft Pascal

Microsoft Pascal is a discontinued implementation of the Pascal programming language developed by the Microsoft Corporation for compiling programs for running on its MS-DOS and Xenix operating systems and, in later versions, on OS/2 (like many other Microsoft programming tools, albeit they are only capable of generating 16-bit programs for the latter).

Overview
Microsoft Pascal version 1.0 was released in 1980. The last version of Microsoft Pascal to be released was version 4.0 in 1988, when Microsoft Pascal was superseded by Microsoft QuickPascal, a cheaper development tool that Microsoft produced in order to compete with Borland's Turbo Pascal.

Microsoft Pascal was priced at US$300, whereas QuickPascal was priced between $$25$, and the differences between the two were similar to those between Microsoft BASIC Professional Development System and Microsoft QuickBASIC.

Unlike the ISO compliant Microsoft Pascal product, QuickPascal went after the ultimate compatibility with Turbo Pascal. This included not only source-level compatibility, but rather complete binary compatibility with widely available unit libraries for the competitor's compiler. To achieve this level of compatibility, QuickPascal moved away from the common file format (OBJ) and tool set (LINK, LIB) shared by Microsoft's other compilers.

title: Microsoft Pascal


text:
Krehberg

The Krehberg is a 576 m high hill in the Odenwald, 10 km west of Lindenfels.

On the Krehberg there is the Krehberg transmission tower for FM, TV and directional radio services, consisting of a lattice tower with a guyed mast on the top.

title: Krehberg


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Japan/Bibliography task force/Imperial Japan and its colonies

This is a bibliography of sources on the Empire of Japan.

General Geography

 * Cressey George B."Asia's Lands and Peoples",X Chapter :"Natural Basis of Japan"(P.196-285),1946
 * Book "Asia",Chapter X "Japanese Empire"(p.633-716),1946
 * Trewartha, Glenn T. "A Reconnaissance Geography of Japan", New York, American Geography Society, (1943).
 * Smith, Guy Harold, Good Dorothy & McCune Shannon. "Japan, A Geographical View", New York, American Geography Society, (1943).
 * Sion, Jules. "Assie Des Moussons", Enciclopedy, Paris, Ed Armand Collin(1928) Vol. I (Chine-Japan), P. 189-266. (Chapter X "The Nature of Japan")
 * "Reconossaince Geographical of Japan", (Wisconsin University,"Studies in Social Sciences and History"),1934
 * G.T.Trewartha, Geographical Review (general geography), vol. XXIV,1934,P.400-403
 * Idem,"Japan, a Physical, Cultural and Regional Geography",Wisconsin University,1948.

Ancient History and Historic Geography

 * Bishop, Carl W. "The Historical Geography of Early Japan", Geographical Review, XIII, (1923), P.40-62.* Durant, Will. "The History of Civilization", New York, Simon & Schuster, (1935), pp. 826-938.
 * Katsuoro Hara,"Historie du Japon",Paris 1926.
 * Lafcadio Hearn,"Le Japon",Paris,1904-"Japan and attempt at interpretation",London,1905.
 * H.Matsumoto,"Notes on the stone age people of Japan"(American Anthropologist, XXIII,1921,P.50)
 * Al. Matsumura,"A contribution to the physical antropology of Japan"(Journal Faculty of Sciences, Imperial University of Tokyo, section V, I,1925)
 * Miss De La Mazeliere,"Le Japon. Histoire et Civilization",Paris,1907-1923,8 vol.
 * G.Montandon,"Notice preliminaire sur les Ainou"(Archives Suisses d'antropologie generale, IV, num.3,1921,P.233)
 * J.Murdoch,"A history of Japan,3,vol, London,1926.
 * O.Nachod,"Geschichte von Japan",Gotha,1906.
 * Ph. Fr.von Siebold,"Nippon. Archiv für Beschreibung von Japan",Wurzburg and Leipzig,1897,2 vol.

Geomorphology and Sysmology

 * Watanabe, Akira & Burnett, Robert. "Landforms of Japan", Papers, Science & Arts Academy of Michigan. XVIII, (1932), P.157-207.
 * Smith, Guy-Harold. "Notes on a Physiographic, Diagram of Japan", Geographical Review, XXIV, (1934), P.400-403.
 * Trewartha, Glenn T. "A Reconnaissance Geography of Japan", University of Wisconsin, Studies in the Social Science and History, N°22, (1934).
 * Cushing, Summer W. "Coastal Plain and Block Mountains in Japan", Annals of American Geographers Association, III, (1913), P.43-61.
 * Davidson, Charles. "The Japanese Earthquake of 1923", London, Ed. Thomas Murby, (1931).
 * Idem. "The Japanese Earthquake of 1 September 1923", Geographical Journal, LXV, (1925), P.41-61.
 * Trewartha, Glenn T. "Suwa Basin a Specialized Sericiculture in the Japanese Alps", Geographical Review, XX, (1930), P.224-244.
 * Idem. "A Geographic Study in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan", Annals of American Association of Geographers, XVIII, (1928), P.211-259.
 * Hall, Robert Burnett. "Yamato Basin, Japan", Annal, of Association of American Geographers, XXII, (1932), P.243-290.
 * Trewartha, Glenn T. "The Iwaki Basin; Reconnaissance Field Study of a Specialized Apple District in Northern Honshu, Japan", Annals of American Geographers, XX (1930), P.196-223.
 * I.Byrd, Mrs Bishop,"Unbeaten Trakcs in Japan",London 1880-1900
 * "Bulletin of The Imperial Earthquake Investigation Comitee",Tokyo.
 * Toyokitsi Harada,"Die Japanishce Inseln. Eine Topograpish-geologische Ubersicht",Berlin,1890
 * Japanese Journal of geology and geography, Tokyo, I,1922 (Geology overall)
 * W.Weston "Exploration des Alpes Japonaises",Geogr. Journal, VII,1896,P.125-149,XXVII,1906,P.18-35,XLVI,1915,P.188-200)
 * "A wayfarer in unfamiliar Japan",London,1925
 * N.Yamasaki,"Morphologische Betrachtung des Japanischen Binnenmeers Setouchi"(Petermanns Mittlei. XLVIII,1902,P.245-253)
 * Phisiographical studies of the great eartquake of Kwanto district,1923 (Journal Faculty of Sciences, Imperial University of Tokyo, section II, ii,1926)

Vegetation in Japan

 * B.Hayata,"The vegetation of Mt. Fuji",Tokyo,1911
 * S.Honda,"Description des forestieres du Japon",Paris,1900
 * Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,"Forestry of Japan",Inform, Tokyo,1926 (Vegetation zones)
 * M.Revon, La Vegetation au Japon (Annals of Geography.,XIV,1905,P.52-53)

Meteorology and Climates

 * Okada, T. "The Climate of Japan", Bulletin, Meteorological Central Observatory of Japan, IV, (1934), P.89-416.
 * Warren, C. "The Climates of Japan", Geographical Review, XXIV, (1934), P.494-496.
 * Clayton, H.Helm. "World Weather Records", Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, LXXIX y XC, (1927 and 1924).
 * E.M.Sanders,"The Climate of Japan and Formosa"(Monthly Weather Review, XLVIII,1920,P.404-408)
 * Monthly Weather Review, July,1920
 * "Climatic Map of Japan",Geographical Review(Climate), vol. XI,1921,P.146

Roads & Ways

 * Hall, Robert Burnett. "Tokaido: Road and Region", Geographical Review (1937), 363-377.

Settlement

 * Idem. "Some Rural Settlement Forms in Japan", Geographical Review, XXI (1931), P.93-123.
 * Ibidem. "A Map of Settlement Agglomeration and Dissemination in Japan", Papers, Science & Arts Academy of Michigan, XXII, (1937), P.365-367.
 * Idem. "The Cities of Japan-Notes on Distribution and Inherited Form", Annals of Association of American Geographers, XXIV (1934), P.175200.
 * Trewartha, Glenn T. "Japanese Cities, Distribution and Morphology", Geographical Review, XXIV(1934), P.404-422.
 * Davies, Darrel H. "Some Aspects of Urbanization in Japan", Journal of Geography, XXXIII(1934), P.205-221.

Farming

 * E.Ch. Semple,"Influence of conditions upon Japanese Agriculture"(Geogr. Journal, XL,1912,P.589-607)
 * Russel, Joseph A. "The Teas of Uji", Economic Geography, XV (1940), P.211224.
 * "Official Guide of Japan", Japanese Government General Publication.
 * Semple, Hellen C. "Influence of Geographical Conditions upon Japanese Agriculture", Geographical Journal, XL, (1912), P.589-607.
 * Penrose, E.F. "Food Supply and Raw Materials in Japan", Chicago, Chicago University Press, (1929).
 * King, F.H. "Farmers of Forty Centuries", New York, Ed Harcourt (1926)
 * Orchard, Dorothy E. "Agrarian Problems of Modern Japan", Journal of Political Economy, XXXVII, (1929), P.129-149, 285-311.
 * Hall, Robert Burnett. "Agricultural Regions of Asia, Part VII, The Japanese Empire", Economic Geography, X, (1934), P.323-347;X, (1935), P.33-52, 130-147.
 * Ladejinski, W. "Agrarian Unrest in Japan", Foreign Affairs, XVI (1939), P.426-433.
 * Idem. "Japan's Food Self-sufficiency", Foreign Agriculture, IV, (1940), P.355-376.
 * Dawson, O.L. & Ladejinski, W. "Recent Japanese Agricultural Policies", Foreign Agriculture, III, (1939), P.263-274.
 * "Agriculture au Japon"(L´)Inform. (L Exposition d Paris,1900), Paris,1900.
 * Department of Agriculture and Commerce,"Outlines of Agriculture in Japan, Mining of Japan",Tokyo,1910,2.vol
 * R.B.Hall,"Agricultural Regions of Asia, The Japanese Empire",Economic Geography, vol XI,1935, P.40-43
 * "Farming Atlas of Japan",published by "Imperial Farmers Association",Tokyo,1928.
 * R.B.Hall, Economical Geography, (Agriculture), vol. XI,1935,P.130-147

Japanese Oceanography and Hydrography

 * Cushing, Summer W. "Coastal Plain and Block Mountains in Japan", Annals of American Geographers Association, III, (1913), P.43-61.
 * Ak. Tanaka,"Archipel du Nippon"(Bull. Soc. Roy. Belge de Geogr.,1894,P.502-525;1895,P.24-25) (specially for Japanese coasts and littorals)
 * "The Hydrographie Department",Imperial Japanese Navy,"On The form of Japan Trench"(Record of Oceanographic Works in Japan, Tokyo, vol. I, March 1928,P.25-26)

Fishing

 * Barnes, Kathleen. "Fisheries, Mainstay of Survey of Soviet-Japanese Friction", Far Eastern Survey, IX, (1940), P.75-81.

Population

 * Penrose E.F. "Population Theories and Their Application", Stanford University Food Research Institute, (1934)
 * Jefferson, Mark. "The Distribution of People in Japan in 1913", Geographical Review, II, (1916), P.386-373.
 * Nasu, Shiroshi. "The Problems of Populations and Food Supply in Japan", Problems of The Pacific, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, (1928).
 * Crocker, W.R. "The Japanese Population Problem: the Coming crisis", London, Ed Allen & Unwin(1931).
 * Orchard, John E. "The Pressure of Population in Japan", Geographical Review, XVIII, (1928), P.374-401.
 * Freeman, T.W. "Recent and Contemporary Japanese Migration", Scottish Geographical Magazine, LIII, (1937), P.323-325.
 * E.Dennerg,"La superpopulation Japonaise"(Ann. de Geographie,1929)

Economical & Industrial Evolution

 * Financial and Economic Annual of Japan, Tokyo,1927
 * Dautremer, J. L Empire japonaise et sa vie economique, 1910.
 * Griffis, W.E., Mikado Empire, New York, 11° Edition, 1906.
 * Ibidem. The Japanese Nation in Evolution. Steps in The progress of a great people, New York, 1907.
 * Maibon, A. Le Japon d'aujourd hui, Paris, 1924.
 * Naudeau, L. Le japon moderne, Paris, 1909.
 * Weston, W. Japan, London, 1926. (Japanese modern society)
 * Weulersse, Le Japon d'aujourd hui, Paris, 1904.
 * Brenner, H. Les Progres de l exportation et de Industrie japonaise, depuis la guerre, Bulletin, Comite de l Asie fr., XVIII, 1918, P.74-87.
 * Niski, Hikitaro., Die Baum wollspinnerei in Japan (Zeitchrift fur die gesammte Staatswissenschaft, Erg. Heft, XL, 1911.)
 * Robertson Scott, J.W. The foundations of Japan, London, 1922.
 * Uyehara, S. The Industry and Trade of Japan, London, 1926.
 * Bureau de La Statistique Generale, Resume Statistique de l Empire du Japan, Tokyo, (annual)
 * Ministere des Finances, Annuaire financer et economique du japon, Tokyo, (annual)
 * Reviews Far Eastern Survey, Pacific Affairs and Troubles of Pacific, Published by Institute of Pacific Relations, New York (1930s/40s)
 * Oseki, K. "The Economic Geography of Japan", Scottish Geographical Magazine, XXXI (1915), P.449-465 and P.519-531.
 * Nitobe, Inazo. "Japan, Some Phases of Her Problems and Development" London, Benn (1931)
 * Idem:"Lectures on Japan; An Outline of The Development of Japanese People and Their Culture", London Ed. Benn (1937)
 * Orchard, John. "Economic Consequences of Japan's Asiatic Policy", Foreign Affairs, XII (1933), pp. 71-85.
 * S.Uyehara,"The Industry and Trade of Japan",London, King Ed.1926.
 * "Japan's Economical Position",New York,1930
 * Utley, Freda "Japan s Feet of Clay",London,1936
 * "Japan s Hafen"("Mittleilungen der Geogr. Gesell.") Hamburg, vol. XLII,1931
 * Geographical Review, (economy)vol. XIX,1929,P.177-200

Mining

 * Departament of Agriculture and Commerce, Outlines of agriculture in Japan; Mining in Japan, Tokyo, 1910, 2, Vol.
 * Japan Geographical Review (from 1930s and 1940s)
 * Japanese Geology and Geography Review (same period)
 * Department of Agriculture and Commerce,"Outlines of Agriculture in Japan, Mining of Japan",Tokyo,1910,2.vol
 * M.Fesca,"Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Japanischen Landwirstchafy,2.vol, Berlin,1890-1833
 * "The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Japanese Empire, Tokyo,1926 (for use wit revised edition of "Geological Map of Japanese Empire" at Scale 1/2.000.000)

Political Administration in Exterior Provinces

 * Aubert, L., Paix Japonaise, Paris, 1906.
 * Idem, Americains et japonais, Paris, 1908.
 * Challaye, F., La Chine et Le Japon politique, Paris, 1921.
 * Semple, Ell. Ch., Japanese Colonial Methods, Bulletin, American Geography Society, XLV, 1913, pp.255-275.
 * Wertheirmer, Fr. Die Japanische Kolonial Politik, Hamburg, 1910.

Cultural Aspects

 * Sansom, G.B. "Japan A Short Cultural History", London, The Cresset Press (1931)
 * Longford, Joseph H. "The Evolution of New Japan", New York, Putnam (1913)
 * Pratt, Helen. "Japan, Where Ancient Loyalties Survive", New York, American Council of Pacific Relations (1937).
 * Reviews Amerasia, Far East Survey and Asia Magazine (1930s/40s)
 * Little, Archibald. "The Far East", Oxford, Clarendon Press (1905), pp.279-317
 * Old Editions of National Geographic Magazine (30s and 40s Years)

Manchukuo

 * Lattimer, Owen. "Manchuria, cradle of Conflict", New York, Ed. Mcmillan (1932).
 * Idem. "Chinese Colonization in Manchuria", Geographical Review, XXII, (1932), P. 177-195.
 * Cressey, George. "China's Geographical Foundations", Ed. McGraw-Hill, (1934).
 * Lattimore, Owen. "The Mongols of Manchuria", London, 1935.
 * Murakoshi, N./Trewartha, G.T. Geographical Review(Climate), Vol XX, 1930, P. 480-93.
 * The Pioneer Fringe (various authors), American Geography Society.
 * Ahnert, E.E.& C., Walter Young. "Pioneer Settlement"(Serie), New York, American Geographical Society, (1932).
 * Deasy, George F. "The Future of Manchurian Agriculture", Journal of Geography, XXXVII, (1938), P.20-27
 * Idem. "The Soy Bean in Manchuria", Economic Geography, XV, (1935), P.303-310.
 * Hall, Robert B. "The Geography of Manchuria", Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, CLII, (1930), p.278-292.
 * Appleton, John B. "Economical and Commercial Development of Manchuria", Bulletin of Geographical Society of Philadelphia, XXXII, (1934), P.75-87.
 * McCune, Shannon. "Harbin, Manchoukou", Journal of Geography, XXXIX, (1940), P.187-196.
 * Ladjinsky, W. "Agriculture in Manchuria", Foreign Agriculture, I, (1937), P.157-182.
 * Plaetschke, Bruno. "Das Bergland der nordwestlichen Mandschurei", Ed. Petermanns Mittleilungen, Erganzungscheft 232, (1937).
 * Keyselring, Hermann. "Travel Diary of Philosopher", London, Ed. J.Cape & New York, Ed. Harcourt(1925)
 * Franck, Harry A. "Wandering in Northem China", New York, Ed. Century, (1923).
 * Japan-Manchukuo Yearbook (1930s period)
 * Southern Manchurian Railway Company,"Progress in Manchuria"(Report),1929

Kwantung territory & South Manchurian Railway Zone

 * Hall, Robert D. "The Economic and Commercial Develop of Manchuria", Bulletin of Geographical Society of Philadelphia, XXXII, (1934), P.75-87.
 * Deasy, George F. "Recent Trends in Manchoukoan Trade", Economic Geography, XVI, (1940), P.162-170.
 * Turtley, R.T.& Collier, C.T. Southern Manchurian and Korea, Geographical Journal, XXIII, 1904, P.473-492.
 * For other references about the area see the previous bibliography

Chosen (Korea)

 * McCune, Helen. "Chosen, Japan's Land Possession", Journal of Geography, XXXIV (1935), P.305-317.
 * Lord Curzon, "In Diamons Mountains, Adventures among the Buddhist Monasteries of Eastern Korea", Art. National Geographic Magazine, XLVI (1924), P.353-374.
 * Baylor, J.W. The Geography of Chosen, Economical Geography, Vol VII, 1931, P.238-251.
 * Bishop, Is. L.B. Korea and her Neighbours, London, 1892, Vol.2
 * Bour-Daret Em. En Coree, Paris, 1904.
 * Deniker, J. La Coree, d'apres un recent ouvrage russe, La Geographie, V, 1902, P.116-121.
 * Ducrocq G. Pauve et douce Coree, Paris, 1904.
 * Genthe, S. Korea. Reiseschilderungen, Berlin, 1905
 * Griffis, W.E. Corea the Hermit Nation, New York, 1907.
 * Hamilton, A. En Coree, Paris, 1904.
 * Keir, M. Modern Korea, Bulletin, American Geographers Society, XLVI, 1914, P.756-769, 817-830.
 * Koto, B. An Orographic Sketch of Korea, Journal College, of Sc. Imperial University, Tokyo, XIX, 1, 1903.
 * Idem, Journeys Through Korea, Ibid, XXVI, 2, 1909, XXVII, 12, 1910.
 * Longford, J.H. The history of Korea, London, 1911.
 * Nocentini, L. Materiali per la geografia dela Core. Rendic. Accad. Lincei, V, 1896, P.111-138, 234-249.
 * Lee, Hoon K. "Land Utilization and Rural Economy in Korea", Shangai, Ed. Kelly and Walsh, Institute of Pacific Relations, (1936).
 * Ladejinski, W. "Chosen's Agriculture and Its Problems", Foreign Agriculture, IV, (1940), P.95-122.
 * McCune, Shannon. "Climatic Regions of Korea and Their Economy", Geographical Review, XXXIV, (1941), P.95-99
 * Idem. "Recent Development of Piongyang, Korea", Economic, Geographical Review, XIX, (1943), P.148-155.
 * McCune, Shannon & Robinson, Arthur. "Notes on a Physiographical Diagram of Tyosen(Korea)"; Geographical Review, XXXI, (1941), P.653-658.
 * Ibidem. "Climate of Korea, Research Monograph on Korea", (Three Bulletins), 1941.
 * J.W.Baylor,"The Geography of Chosen",Econ. Geogr.vol. VII,1931,P.238-251
 * R.B.Hall,"Agricultural Region"(Chosen Region), Econ. Geogr.vol. XI,1935,P.44-52.
 * J.W.Coulter & B.Bong Hee Kim,"Land Utilization Maps of Korea",Geogr. Review, vol. XXIV,1934,P.418-422
 * "Japan-Manchukuo Yearbook",1935,Chapter XXXV(Chosen).
 * J.D.Van Buskirk,"The Climate of Korea and its probably effect on Human Efficiency",Trans. Korea Branch Royal Asiatic Society, vol. X,1919.
 * "The New Korea"(E.P.Dutton & Co.,New York,1926)

Hokkaidō & Chishima Archipelago

 * W.D.Jones,"Hokkaido, the Northland of Japan"Geog. Review, vol. XI,1921,P.16-30.
 * D.H.Davis,"Present Status of Settlement in Hokkaido",Geo. Review, vol. XXIV,1934,P.386-399
 * Jones, Wellington. "Hokkaido, the Northland of Japan", Art, Geographical Review, XI (1921), P.16–30.
 * Davis, Darrel H. "Type Occupance Patterns in Hokkaido", Annals of Association of American Geographers, XXVI (1934), P.201–223.
 * Ibidem. "Present Status of Settlement in Hokkaido", Geographical Review, XXVI (1934), P.386–399.
 * Jones, W. D. "Hokkaido", Geographical Review, XI (1921), P.16–30.
 * Lasard, R. "La Colonisation de Hokkaido", Revue du Pacifique, IV (1925), P. 1027–1031.
 * M. Muller, "Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insel Hokkaido" (Zeitschrift Ges. fur Erdkunde zu Berlin (1915), P.601–624, (1916), P. 34–50; 95–111)
 * Takaoka, K. "Die innere Kolonisation Japan's Hokkai-do, " Leipzig, 1904.
 * Davis, Darrel. "Present Status of Settlement in Hokkaido", Geographical Review, XXVI (1934), P. 386–399.
 * Ibidem. "Agricultural Occupation of Hokkaido", Economic Geography, X (1934), P. 348–367.

Karafuto/Sakhalin

 * Firms, Herian. "Pioneer Economy of Sakhalin Island", Economic Geography, XV, (1939), P. 55-79.
 * Kobayashi, Gichiro. "Preliminary Report on The Geology of the Oil Fields in North Sakhalin", Art, Bulletin of American Association of Petroleum Geologists, X, (1926), P.1150-1162.
 * Krasnov, A. Vegetation de Sakhaline (Annals de Geographie, II, 1892, P.492-432)
 * Labbe, L.L Ile de Sakhaline, Paris, 1903.
 * Funke, M. "Sachalin", Halle, 1906.
 * Muller, "Der Japanische Kolonie Karafuto (Sachalin)", (Petermanns Mitteil, LXII, 1916, P.175-178;215-221.)
 * Tolmachoff, I.P. "The Results of Oil Prospecting on Sakhalin Island by Japan in 1910-1925", Bulletin of American Association of Petroleum Geologists, X, (1926), P.1163-1170.
 * Sokolov, D. "Russkii Sakhalin", (Zemlevedenie, XIX, 1912, vyp. I-II, P.80 162, III-IV, P.47-112).
 * Karafuto Nichi-Nichi Shimbun (now Sakhalin Times), ancient 30s and 40s edition examples.
 * Riku Manmitsu Dainikki (Confidential manuscripts and documents concerning the Russo-Japanese War filed by the Departament of the Japanese Imperial Army Staff), Official Documents of Karafuto Guards/88th Division; Defense Agency Military History Laboratory
 * Yonosuke Suzuki, Nichirosenso niyoru senryochi shisei ikken Karafuto nobu (Report on Policy Measures in the occupied territory after the Russo-Japanese War (Karafuto); as Diplomatic Record Office of The Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
 * Kametaro Ito; Civil Contracts papers of Ito-Gumi Corporation; archive of Ito-Gumi Construction Company
 * Shokuinroku (Directories of Government officials through Japan); National Archives, Printing Bureau of Finance Ministry
 * Karafuto-Cho Shokuinroku (Directories of Local Karafuto-Cho Government); official Publication of Karafuto Government from 1930, 1934, 1935, 1938 and 1943
 * Yoshio Kaizuka Memoirs; as writing of the most important Japanese architect in Karafuto. Described the architectural, engineering and common life in period.
 * Yoshikazu Nakamura; Old Believers in Southern Sakhalin under Japanese Rule.
 * John J. Stephan, "Sakhalin: A History". Oxford UP,1971
 * Tosiyuki Akizuki, "Russo-Japanese Relations and Sakhalin a Territorial Issue in the Last Years of Bakufu and the First Years of Meiji'. (in Jap.), Tokyo, 1994.
 * A. P. Chekhov, "Complete Works of A. P. Chekhov in 30 Vol." --"Literary Works". Vol. 14-15, Moscow, 1978, pp. 212-214.
 * Valerii F. Lobanov, "Staroobryadchestvo na Dal'nem Vostoke", "Ocherki istorii rodnogo kraya". Khabarovsk, 1993, p.128.
 * Valerii F. Lobanov "Dal'nii Vostok. Amurskaya oblast' i ostrov Sakhalin". Moscow, 1909.
 * Miki, Masafumi."Reclamation Work in Karafuto as a Japanese Settlement Colony and the Construction of its Capital City, Toyohara",Department of Geography, Nara University.
 * Abe, Yasuhisa."Employment Policies toward Chinese Workers and Regional Development in Sakhalin(Karafuto) during the 1920s, JSPS Research Fellow, Nagoya University.
 * Japan-Manchukuo Yearbook, (1930-40s period) (Chapter "Karafuto")

Formosa (Taiwan)

 * Campbell, W. "Formosa under the Japanese", Scottish Geographical Review, XVIII, (1902), P.561-576
 * Bunsen, E.H.of, "Formosa", Art, Geographical Journal, LXX, (1927), P.266287.
 * Frank, Harry. "Glimpses of Japan and Formosa", New York, Ed. Century (1924).
 * Walton, Murray W.H. "Scrambles in Japan andFormosa", London, Ed. E.Arnold & Co.(1934).
 * Davidson, J.D. "The island of Formosa", London, 1903.
 * Fischer, Ad. "Steifsuge durchu Formosa", Beriln, 1900.
 * Hoffman, A. Aus Formosa, (Miteil.kais.kon. Geograpik Ges. Wein, LV, 1912, P.600-638)
 * IMBAULT-HUART, L ile Formose, Paris, 1893.
 * Mackay, G.L. From Formosa, London, 1896.
 * Torh, R. Etudes anthropologiques. Les aborigenes de Formose, Journal College, of Sc., Imp. Univ. Tokyo, XXVIII, 6, (1910); XXXIII, 4, (1912).
 * Yamasaki, N. Unsere geographischen Kenntnisse von der Insel Taiwan (Formosa) (Petermanns Mitteil., XLVVI, 1900, P. 221-234.
 * E.M.Sanders,"The Climate of Japan and Formosa"(Monthly Weather Review, XLVIII,1920,P.404-408)

South Seas

 * Uyehara, Yukio. "Ryu-Kyu Islands, Japan", Economic Geography, IX, (1933), P.395-405.
 * Yanahihara, Tadao. "Pacific Islands under Japanese Mandate", New York, Institute of Pacific Relations, (1939).
 * Chamberlain B.H. "Luchu islands and Their Inhabitants", Geographical Journal, V, 1895, P.289-319, P.446-462; P.534-545.
 * Hobbs, W.H. Cruises Along byways of the Pacific (Micronesia), Boston, 1923.
 * Clide, Paul. "Japan's Pacific Mandate", New York, Ed Mcmillan, (1935).
 * Samson, Gerald. "Warnings of Asia", London, Ed. R.Hale(1940).
 * Roosevelt, Nicholas. "The Restles Pacific", New York, Ed Scribner, (1928).
 * Rittlinger, Herbert."Der Masslosle Ozean"(The Great Ocean), Sttutgart, Germany,1939
 * Riesemberg, Felix. "The Pacific Ocean", New York, Ed. Whittlesey, (1940).
 * Hawthorne, Daniel: "Island of The Pacific", New York, Ed. Putnam, (1943).
 * Mitchell, Kate. "Industrialization of the Western Pacific", American Consell, of Pacific Relations Institute, (1942).

American-Japanese differences in Pacific zones (American Analysis)

 * Peltzer, Greene & Philips. "Economical Survey in The Pacific Area", (2 Vols.) (1941-42)
 * Dietrich Ether B. "Far Eastern Trade of The United States", New York, Institute of Pacific Relations (1940).
 * Commerce Department. Foreign Commerce Yearbook, Washington. (40s years)
 * Hall Robert B. "American Raw Material Deficiences and Regional Dependence", Geographical Review, XXX, (1940).
 * Far Eastern Survey (review), (40s Years)

About Japan's place in the world

 * Lederer, Emil. "Japan in the World Economics", Social Researches, IV (1937), P.1-32.
 * Parkins, A.E. "How Big is Japan", Economic Geography, XI, (1935), P.338346.
 * Utley, Freda. "Japan's Feet of Clay", London, Ed. Faber, (1936).
 * Le Clair, John C. "Japan's Trade with the Netherlands indies", Foreign Affairs, XV, (1937), P.381-383.
 * U.S.Commerce Department, Foreign Research Yearbook, (1938).
 * Orchard, John E. "Japan's Economic Position", Washington, Ed. Brookings(1931) and New York, Ed. Whittlesey (1930).
 * Idem. "Can Japan Develop Industrially?", Geographical Review, XIX(1929), P.177-200.
 * Moulton, Eugene. "Japan, an Economic and Financial Apprisal", Washington, Ed. Brookings(1931)
 * U.S.Interior Department. "Mineral Yearbook", (40s Years)
 * Roush, G.A. "Mineral Industry", New York, Ed. McGraw-Hill, (same times)
 * Imperial Geological Department. "The Geology and Mineral Resources of Japanese Empire", (1926)
 * Acts, Guides, and Summary "Scientific Japan". Third Congress of Pacific Science. (1926), Tokyo.

Maps and atlases of the Japanese Empire

 * Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai. Geographical Physical Mural Map in Scale 1:2.000.000, Tokyo, (1937)
 * Imperial Cadastral Department. Geographical Physical Mural Map in Scale 1:2.000.000, Tokyo, (1931)
 * Kan-Ichi Uchida, Kobunsha Co. "Land Use Map" in Scale 1:8.000.000, Tokyo.
 * Imperial Geological Department of Japan. "Geological Map of Japanese Empire", in Scale 1:4.000.000, Tokyo, (1926).
 * Imperial Geological Survey of Japan,"Maps of applied geology of Japan",compiled by K.Inouye, Tokyo, in Scale 1:3.000.000,1922.
 * Geographical Society of Tokyo. "Geological Atlas of Eastern Asia" in Scale 1:2.000.000, Tokyo, (1929).
 * Heekim, Bong Bernice & Coulter Wesley. "Land Utilization Maps of Korea", Geographical Review, XXIV, (1934), pp.418-422.
 * "A Dot Map of Distribution of Population in Japan", Geographical Review, XVI, (1926), pp. 283-284.
 * "Climatic Map of Japan",Geographical Review, vol. XI,1921,P.146
 * "Farming Atlas of Japan",published by "Imperial Farmers Association",Tokyo,1928.
 * J.W.Coulter & B.Bong Hee Kim,"Land Utilization Maps of Korea",Geogr. Review(atlas), vol. XXIV,1934,P.418-422


text:
Riley Two-Point-Six

The Riley Two-Point-Six is an automobile produced by British Motor Corporation Limited (BMC) from August 1957 until 1959. It replaced the Pathfinder as Riley's flagship model when it was announced on 23 August 1957. While its predecessor retained the renowned Riley four-cylinder twin-cam cross-flow engine, coil rear suspension and gearbox, the Two-Point-Six was virtually identical to the Wolseley Six-Ninety Series III. It featured both monotone and duotone paintwork, as did the last of the Pathfinders. As per the Wolseley Six-Ninety Series III, right hand drive cars with a manual gearbox had a right hand gear lever; LHD cars a left hand gear lever. An automatic transmission and an overdrive for the manual gearbox were available as options.

Externally the most obvious differences from the Pathfinder were the bonnet arrangement – while the Pathfinder's grille lifted with the bonnet, the Two-Point-Six, in common with the 6/90, had a fixed grille – and the wheel arches having a raised edge.

It used the BMC C-Series straight-6, an engine that produced 101 hp. This was actually less than the 2½ Litre Riley "Big Four" straight-four engine it replaced. The Two-Point-Six was sold to a specific clientele and was never intended to be mass-produced. It sold at the same pro-rata rate as the previous Riley Pathfinder until the end of production in May 1959. It was the last large Riley, although BMC kept the badge alive in replacing it with the Farina-styled Riley 4/68, similar to the Wolseley 15/60 and MG Magnette.

Engine:
 * 2.6 L (2639 cc) C-Series straight-6, 101 hp

title: Riley Two-Point-Six


text:
Talk:Hot Water Music

Complete Discog
Would anybody else be up for collaborating on a complete discography for every HWM release? Including every pressing, color, number of copies, release date, etc. Gainesvillebandpage.com (gristlejaw as I knew him) used to keep a very concise record of everything No Idea (and other labels) released by HWM. I'm sure there is still a demand for this sort of information, plenty of people (myself included) have collected HWM vinyl. This info needs to be available somewhere, so perhaps if others are interested in collaborating, we can combine information. I have some pressing information, though it is a few years out of date. Perhaps No Idea would cooperate and dig through their pressing archives. Again, if you're interested in helping or just interested seeing pressing info, say something here.

e.g. this ones entirely missing: http://www.punkhardcore.com/albums_details.cfm?EID=3132 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.178.87.173 (talk) 11:47, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Bukowski's book
It is named after the book. I read somewhere that one of the band members (I think it was Chris Wollard, but I wouldn't put my mortgage on it) had the book in his hand when the band were still searching for a name, and said "how about that?". The other band members agreed on it. The "logo" that Hot Water Music use (a picture of a flame, over water waves, over the word "music") was also taken from the front cover on the book, which had the Arabic symbols for fire, water, and the word "music" beneath it written in Arabic. Scott Sinclair aka SINC, an artist (as in a drawing artist) and friend of the band redesigned the two symbols for them and put the word "music" at the bottom written in English.

Band break up
I don't think it should be finalized that the band no longer exists, because there are differing stories. For example, in an interview, Chuck says "We're not going to be the hardcore road warriors that everybody knows us to be, [...] God willing it will most definitely happen. I love those guys more than anything and I would love to be standing on a stage, 60 years old trying to what we've been doing. So it's kind of one of those things where we're all family and it's just a transition period." But Jason Black says "We had been talking about taking a break with Hot Water for a while and we toured very little on Caution, where we would have done more tours and kind of finishing up the cycle. And so that didn’t really happen. We only really did two and a half tours." Further, Chuck also said, in a different interview, that "My friends, Hot Water Music as we all knew it is no longer. A great chapter in our lives has come to a close. We must say so long, and farewell. This is not to say by any means that we will never take a stage again together or find our way onto some tracks together, but where we are in our lives at this moment, it won't be anytime soon." So I think the whole situation is more of a hiatus than a break up. Just because it's so confusing.

spritzy
Is "spritzy" and encyclopedic word? I'm totally gay, and I'm not even sure its a real word ad 8:32 11-11 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.62.33.207 (talk) 01:32, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Very out of date
This article seems really out of date with text talking about upcoming releases that have now been out for 10 years and most of the lede is about the band breaking up in the early 2000's. Any objection to me doing a bit of updating? I haven't technically been involved with the band since the mid 90's so I think there is enough distance and I really just want to make the text more current and remove the dated references. Seanbonner (talk) 23:34, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hot Water Music


text:
Katlehong

Katlehong is a large township in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. It is 28 km south-east of Johannesburg and south of Germiston between two other townships of Thokoza and Vosloorus next to the N3 highway. It forms part of the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality.

History
In the early 1990s just before 1994 elections, Katlehong was one of the townships that experience political tensions between members of the African National Congress (ANC) and Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP).

Katlehong was established on the site where the Palmietfontein Airport, which was the airport that was temporary serving Johannesburg whilst the new Jan Smuts International Airport was being built, was located.

Culture and lifestyle
Katlehong is home to multiple musicians, actors and event brands. Including the likes of Kwesta, Reason, Emmanuel Ngobese.

Just like most of the townships in the East Rand Soccer is the most popular sport in the township, Which is the reason it is also the birth place of some of the country's professional soccer players, like Emmanuel Ngobese.

Notable people
Katlehong is home and gave birth to some of the South Africa's celebrated personalities and sports players, notably:
 * Sibusiso Khumalo, professional soccer player
 * Kwesta, rapper
 * Nkosinathi Ngema, footballer
 * Emmanuel Ngobese, professional soccer player
 * Reason, rapper
 * Nthati Moshesh, actress
 * Lindokuhle Sobekwa, documentary photographer

title: Katlehong