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Tom Campbell Black

Tom Campbell Black (December 1899 – 19 September 1936) was an English aviator.

He was the son of Alice Jean McCullough and Hugh Milner Black. He became a world-famous aviator when he and C. W. A. Scott won the London to Melbourne Centenary Air Race in 1934.

Early years
Tom Campbell Black attended Brighton College and the records for the period summer 1915 to summer 1917 indicate that he entered Hampden House, May 1915, was appointed House Prefect, January 1917 and played Second XI Football, 1915 to 1916 and 1916 to 1917. Campbell Black attended Army Class II and entered the RN College at Greenwich and attained a commission in the R.N.A.S. (Naval Air Service). He served first as a pilot in the Naval Air Service and later in the RAF during the Great War, rising to the rank of captain. Arriving in Africa as a soldier settler in 1922, he joined his brother, Frank Milner Black, who had been stationed as a soldier in Kenya and decommissioned in 1920. Black family history has it that Tom and his brother managed a coffee plantation in British East Africa, in the 1920s. Their farm was between the towns of Rongai and Eldama Ravine, in the Rift Valley, about 110 mi northwest of Nairobi. Tom was a noted horseman who was an award-winning show jumper, winning a competition in 1925. He later bred and raised race horses, which remained a passion of his throughout his life.

It is stated in the Shuttleworth Collection Records, England, that an aircraft currently in their collection, a de Havilland DH.51, was built in 1925 and shortly after John Evans Carberry bought and shipped it to Mombasa. The DH.51 first flew in Africa on 4 April 1926. In June 1928, Tom Campbell Black, G. Skinner and A. Hughes bought the aircraft and on 10 September 1928, it became the first aircraft to be registered in Kenya. Named Miss Kenya, it was first registered G-KAA, but with the change in the registration system, it was re-registered VP-KAA.

Wilson Airways
After flying with Campbell Black in February 1929, Florence Kerr Wilson was encouraged by his enthusiasm to form Wilson Airways Ltd., in Kenya. At inception later in the same year, her airline possessed a single Gypsy Moth aircraft, primarily piloted by Campbell Black. The airline grew into a comprehensive air carrier across Kenya. Captain Hugo Dunkerley, the editor of Aeroken and the special correspondent of the East African Standard, accompanied Campbell Black in the first flight from Nairobi to Mombasa and back in a single day, on 21 November 1929. He also accompanied Tom in November 1930 on a roundtrip flight from Nairobi to Dar es Salaam, Mombasa, and back to Nairobi in just over nine hours. Tom Campbell Black was the managing director/chief pilot of Wilson Airways, but in March 1932, he resigned from Wilson Airways and left Kenya to take up an employment offer made by Lord Marmaduke Furness, a renowned horse breeder, to be his personal pilot and live back in England.

While the company was profitable, Wilson Airways was disbanded in 1939 with the outbreak of the Second World War.

The Ernst Udet rescue
In the 20 October 1934 Time Magazine report of the London to Melbourne Air Race, a mention is made of an incident that happened concerning Black: "Captain T. Campbell Black [was] famed for his spectacular rescue of Ernst Udet, German War Ace, in the desert wastes of the treacherous Nile country three years ago." A reference to this act is found in Ernst Udet's Ace of the Iron Cross.

An account of the rescue follows: "While flying for Wilson Airlines in 1931, Tom Black arrived in Juba, Sudan, some 250 km northwest of the Kenya, Uganda and Sudan borders. An aircraft had left Juba but had not reached its destination, the Shell agent expressed concern for the safety of the two German crew members. Tom Black carrying fresh drinking water took off in search of the two fellow airmen. He located the crippled aircraft and landed in the treacherous desert terrain. The two airmen had draped a tarpaulin over their aircraft and were lying under it to protect themselves from the searing sun, one of the men was seriously ill.

After two days without fresh drinking water and food they gratefully welcomed Tom Black and his supplies. Tom introduced himself as Campbell Black. The German pilot was Ernst Udet, Knight of the Iron Cross, a highly revered flying ace of World War I and adventurer. An adventurer saved by an adventurer. Ernst described his situation as The heat is unbearable, the brain dehydrated. Slowly, a dull despair takes hold. A sick friend, no food, and the unfriendly natives."

The London to Melbourne Centenary Air Race

In 1934, Campbell Black and C. W. A. Scott were entered in the London to Melbourne Air Race, officially known as the "MacRobertson Air Race". Recorded as Captain T. Campbell Black in the starters list for the race, Campbell Black and C. W. A. Scott won the "Speed Section" of the race in an extraordinary time of 71 hours, and won the First Place Prize of 10,000 pounds. They also won the "Handicap Section" but the race rules didn't allow them to win the two sections. Black and Scott were awarded "The Britannia Trophy" and a gold medal by the Royal Aero Club, England, presented "For the British Aviator or Aviators accomplishing the most meritorious performance in aviation during the previous year."

The Manx Air Race
The following report was made on an air race held at the Isle of Man: Manx Air Race 1932. Held Saturday, 18 June, total Island course: 108 mi. At the end of the two laps it was Ashwell Cook with Tom Campbell Black as navigator, who came through to win in a Cirrus Moth aircraft averaging 102 mi/h. The following references to Tom Black are recorded in the history of "Firbeck Hall", an elegant country home in England dating from c. 1585, that in the mid-1930s was converted into one of the country's most exclusive sporting country clubs.

"An aerodrome had been constructed to the west of the hall under the direction of Capt. Tom Campbell Black the joint winner of the 1934 Mildenhall-Melbourne Air Race. Cyril Nicholson had funded the purchase of a de Havilland DH.88 Comet in 1935 at a cost of 10,000 pounds for Campbell Black to attempt further endurance flights. It was intended to name the aircraft Firbeck and start many of the flights from Firbeck following the extension to the length of the aerodrome to accommodate the heavily laded aircraft during takeoff.

Lady Fielding convinced Cyril Nicholson to name the aircraft Boomerang as it would always come back. Boomerang did not live up to her name and in a near fatal accident over Africa the Comet was written off and Campbell Black's aspirations of flying from Firbeck to the Cape and back in a weekend came to an end. It was Tom Campbell Black's previous connections with the Prince of Wales during their flights looking for game in Africa that persuaded the Prince equerry to alter the itinerary of a royal engagement to Sheffield and visit the club."

Beryl Markham
Campbell Black also had a long-term affair with Beryl Markham, an aviator who lived in Kenya who had been introduced to aviation by Campbell Black. He subsequently became her flight instructor, which Markham describes in her memoir West with the Night. In September 1936, Beryl Markham achieved fame by being the first solo female aviator to fly the Atlantic Ocean from East to West (from England to America), against the prevailing winds.

The Schlesinger Race and Death
In the same year, Tom Campbell Black entered an air race from England to Johannesburg, South Africa, "The Schlesinger Race", flown from 29 September 1936 to 1 October 1936. The race offered a prize of £10,000 to the winner. Campbell Black was one of the three favourites to win the race, all flying Percival E2H Mew Gulls.

On 19 September 1936, while preparing for the race, he was killed at Liverpool, Speke Airport, in a ground collision. A RAF bomber that had landed ran into Black's Mew Gull as he taxied out for take off. Black was reputed to have been looking down at his map at the time. The propeller of the large biplane tore through the side of Black's cockpit, striking and mortally wounding him in the chest and shoulder. He died on the way to hospital. He left a widow, the English actress Florence Desmond, whom he had married in 1935.

The winners of the "Schlesinger Race" were C. W. A. Scott, (Black's co-pilot in the 1934 MacRoberts Race) and Giles Guthrie.

Fatal incident at Speke Airport
The following is a transcript of Incidents Report at Speke Airport: "On the 19th of September, 1936 Flying Officer Peter Stanley Salter who was the Assistant Adjutant and Chief Flying Instructor of No. 611 Squadron collided in his Hawker Hart No. K3044 with the Percival Mew Gull G-AEKL piloted by Mr. Tom Campbell Black whilst taxiing on aerodrome after landing resulting in the death from his injuries of Mr. Tom Campbell Black as he was waiting to take off. Mr Tom Campbell Black who was best known for winning the air race held in 1934 from England to Australia, co-piloting the DH Comet Racer G-ACSS Grosvenor House.

Percival Mew Gull G-AEKL had just been named Miss Liverpool in a ceremony when the accident occurred. This aircraft was to have been used in an air race from England to South Africa that had been announced in 1936. The aircraft was sponsored by Mr. John Mores of Littlewoods. K3044 was written off but G-AEKL was repaired only to be destroyed in an air raid at Lympne on the 3rd. July 1940. Status, Pilot, Flying Officer, Peter Stanley Salter, OK. Status, Civilian, Tom Campbell Black, Killed."

title: Tom Campbell Black


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Talk:Wally Backman

Comments
This article needs to be cleaned up to take out the POV language. RickK 04:51, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC) Has Realatives in Hawaii —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.43.202.117 (talk) 01:47, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

"After outfielder Doc Brooks was ejected for arguing balls and strikes"
I heard about batters that argue strikes, but never heard of ANY batter arguing balls... Brooks said that all he every said to the umpire was "is that as far as you're goin'" - so he never argued any balls, and since he never saw a strike at his at bat, he certainly could never have argued one in the first place. -- Hoffmansk 20:32, 23 January 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hoffmansk (talk • contribs)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Wally Backman


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User:Illuminatus Primus

I am Illuminatus Primus; I lurk on the StarDestroyer.net BBS and prefer to work on social science, science, and sci-fi articles on the Wikipedia.

title: User:Illuminatus Primus


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Markos Botsaris

Markos Botsaris (Μάρκος Μπότσαρης; 1790 – 21 August 1823) was a Souliot chieftain, general of the Greek revolutionary army and hero of the Greek War of Independence. He played a key role in relieving the First Siege of Missolonghi in 1822–1823 and was awarded the title of General of Western Greece by the revolutionary Greek government. He was killed during the Battle of Karpenisi and was buried in Missolonghi with full honors. Today Botsaris is among the most revered national heroes in Greece.

Family and early life (1790–1820)
Markos was born in 1790 in Souli, the fifth child of Kitsos Botsaris from his first marriage with Chrysoula, one of the daughters of Papazotos Yotis, the priest of Variades, a village of Lakka (Tsarkovista). The Souliots spoke Albanian originally, but during the eighteenth century they learnt to also use Greek via communication with their mostly Greek-speaking surroundings. Marko's native language was a dialect of Albanian and not Greek, as such, he was known by his Albanian name, Marko Boçari, rather than by Markos Botsaris, though he certainly also spoke Greek. Markos was born into the most powerful Souliot fara, the Botsaris clan (fara Boçari, γένος Μπότσαρη), which up until the end of the Greek Revolution was known in Greek as "Botsarates" (Μποτσαράτες, Boçarenjtë). According to an unclear narrative recorded by Christoforos Perraivos, which is considered implausible by contemporary historiography, the Botsaris clan came from the village of Dragani (today Ambelia), near Paramythia. Botsaris clan were one of the oldest clans which settled in Souli. Their name may be related to the Albanian word buzë as hinted by written variants of the name in the 19th century. The patron saint of the clan was Donatus of Euroea. The Botsaris had built a church dedicated to Saint Donatus in the areas of Souli they directly controlled.

They were the biggest of the Souliot clans which negotiated and eventually collaborated with Ali Pasha. Perraivos (1815) is one of the contemporary historians who recorded the collaboration with Ali Pasha since the spring of 1800. Perraivos attributes this shift to the "madness of greed" of George Botsaris (grandfather of Markos Botsaris) whom he calls a "paid traitor". Other historians of the 19th century follow the same assessment. In modern historiography, the explanation of his political stance through "greed" is considered an oversimplification. Like all other Souliot clans, the Botsaris first and foremost worked for the interests of their own clan, and sought to improve the wealth and political position of their clan, hence the stance of George Botsaris and all Souliot leaders is interpreted in this framework. For the Botsaris clan, since 1799 when Ali Pasha took control of the villages of Lakka Souli which were previously under the sphere of influence of the Botsaris clan, integration in the Ottoman system was the only viable political option. In 1800, George Botsaris received a large sum and the position of the armatolos of Tzoumerka, and the Botsaris clan left Souli and settled in Vourgareli of Arta. This was the first time that a Souliot clan became part of the Ottoman political system. The departure of the Botsaris clan weakened Souli as they were a significant part of its force and Souli was led to surrender to Ali in 1803, after a three-year siege. Thirteen year-old Markos used his limited literacy to record his anguish for the besieged Christians of Souli in a remembrance note of November 3 on the book cover of a Menaion of a chapel of Palaiokatouna (Voulgareli).

After the surrender of Souli, Souliot clans chose divergent paths but many were ultimately led to move to the Ionian Islands and in south Greece. Kitsos Botsaris who had succeeded his father as armatolos of Tzoumerka became a target. Botsaris gathered his clan and 1,200 Souliots who retreated to Agrafa. In January 1804, they were attacked by Ali Pasha's army under Beqir Bey with support from the local armatoloi Zikos Michos, Tzimas Alexis and Poulis. As the Botsaris clan was given the important armatolik of Tzoumerka, other armatoloi had targeted them. The Souliots were besieged for 3 months on the grounds of the monastery of the Assumption of Mary. In the final battle, on 7 April, most Souliotes were killed and of those who survived many were taken hostage. About 80 escaped from this battle. Ali Pasha at the same time published a firman which targeted the Botsaris clan which was hunted down. Kitsos Botsaris and his family with a few others managed to escape to Parga and later settled in the Ionian Islands. He returned to the Pashalik of Yanina in 1813 when Ali Pasha gave him again the armatolik of Tzoumerka but as soon as he returned he was murdered by a Gogos Bakolas.

Markos Botsaris lived since the age of fourteen in the Ionian Islands, in particular in Lefkada where the family resettled. In Lefkada he lived in the same household (corporate household/extended patrilineage) like his father Kitsos who headed the household even after Markos was married, his father's third wife, his own wife (Eleni Karakitsou), his brothers and sisters, his deceased uncle's widow (Zoitsa Bakopani) and their housemaid. Kitsos was married three times and had in total 18 children; 12 of them survived into adulthood. Markos was married for the first time in 1806 to the daughter of A. Karakitsos, Eleni. They were divorced a few years later ca. 1810. Botsaris accused his wife of cheating in the petition to get a divorce, she defended herself by claiming that her father-in-law (Kitsos) would have killed her as is the custom of the Albanians (nomos eis tous Alvanitas) if such an accusation was true. The real reason of the divorce possibly had to do with her not being able to bear children, which was seen as extremely important in Souliot society. Markos eventually was remarried, this time to Chrysoula Kalogerou, the daughter of Christos Kalogeros, commander of the third order of the Albanian Regiment, where Markos's father served as a major.

Markos Botsaris had joined with other Souliots the Albanian Regiment of the French army at an early age. He served the regiment until 1813 and also became one of the regiment's officers. In 1815 he returned to Epirus, and settled with his family at Kakolakkos Pogoniou, which was granted to him by Ali Pasha.

Epirus (1820–1821)
In 1820, with other Souliotes and his uncle Notis Botsaris, he came back to Epirus and fought against Ali Pasha and the Ottoman army at the Siege of Ioannina, but soon the Souliotes changed side and fought the Ottoman army together with the troops of Ali Pasha, in exchange for a promise of regaining their former region, Souli.

Botsaris, with about 300–350 men appeared on Mount Satovetza, opposite the sultan's camp, and attacked in December 1820. Then, he captured the fortress of Variades and fortified himself in it (7 December 1820). From there, at the head of 200 horsemen, he attacked a sultan's convoy at Kompsades (22 December 1820). Immediately afterwards he occupied the position of "Pente Pigadia", a junction between Arta and Ioannina, where he crushed a force of 5,000 Albanians sent against him. In January 1821, an anti-Ottoman coalition was formed between the Souliot chieftains and Ali Pasha's lieutenants, aiming to break the siege of Ioannina. Negotiations began with the Ottomans and continued until March 1821, when Christoforos Perraivos arrived at Epirus and informed the Souliotes about the existence of Filiki Eteria and the upcoming war of independence.

Greek War of Independence

In 1821, Botsaris took part in the revolution against the Ottoman Empire. He and other Souliot captains, including Kitsos Tzavelas, Notis Botsaris, Lampros Veikos, and Giotis Danglis only enlisted fellow Souliot kin into their bands. At the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, he distinguished himself by his courage, tenacity and skill as a leader of the Souliots. Several battles took place at Bogortsa, Variades, Pente Pigadia and Derviziana; in the latter, Botsaris used an elaborate plan to terminate a Turkish mercenary regiment from Macedonia. Meanwhile, several fortresses, such as those of Lelova and Riniassa fell, and in early May 1821 even the city of Preveza was put in danger.

Despite the pressure of Ali Pasha for the immediate breaking of the siege of Ioannina, Botsaris avoided for a few months more intensive actions, aiming the extension of the siege for the interest of the revolution. During autumn of 1821, Botsaris participated in the siege of Arta, which eventually led to the termination of the cooperation between Ali and the Souliots, when the lieutenants of the former were informed of the atrocities committed by the Greek revolutionaries against Muslim populations.

Ali's lieutenants eventually deserted to the Ottomans, and during winter of 1822 he was put to death. Shortly after his demise, Hurshid Pasha’s troops besieged Souli. Botsaris sought reinforcements from the Greek revolutionaries and gained the support of Alexandros Mavrokordatos. The latter’s expedition that followed resulted in the battle of Peta, which proved to be disastrous for the revolutionary cause. By September 1822, Souli surrendered once more and Botsaris fled to Missolonghi.

On 12 October 1822, Botsaris was promoted to general of Western Central Greece upon the request of Alexandros Mavrokordatos. On 25 October 1822, Missolonghi was besieged for the first time by the forces of Omer Vrioni and Kütahı. Instead of attacking at once, the Ottomans preferred to negotiate for the city’s surrender. Botsaris exploited this and prolonged the negotiations, thus giving time to reinforcements coming from Morea. In early November, Moreot troops disembarked in the city, the negotiations ceased, and the Ottoman leaders found themselves in a difficult situation since winter was approaching and their troops wanted to return in their homeland. After their failed attempt to take the city by assault on Christmas Eve, the siege was lifted.

Death
During summer of 1823, Mustafa Pasha of Shkodër, leading 10,000 Ottoman Albanian soldiers, campaigned against Western Greece to conquer Missolonghi per the sultan’s orders. At this time, the revolutionaries were divided because many unranked chieftains and warlords (most notably the Tzavellas clan) were infuriated with Botsaris's promotion to generalship. In order to end all the disputes, the prefect of Aetolia-Acarnania, Konstantinos Metaxas, promoted all the chieftains to generals. In protest, Botsaris tore apart his own certificate of rank, also stating that he never sought higher commanding offices, but solely the revolution's success.

Finally, Botsaris moved northwards, to Karpenisi, where Mustafa Pasha and his army were located, in order to halt the Ottoman advance before it reached Missolonghi. The rest of the Greek revolutionary chieftains followed him soon afterwards, thus assembling a force of about 1,200 men. On 9 August 1823 (21 August N.S.), shortly after midnight, Botsaris assaulted with 350-450 men Mustafa’s vanguard of approximately 5,000 soldiers. Mustafa Pasha's army was ill prepared for an attack and suffered serious casualties by the Souliots. However, Botsaris was killed by being shot in the head and the revolutionaries were forced to withdraw. His body was carried back to Missolonghi and buried with full honors. After the Ottomans captured the city, in 1826, his grave was desecrated by Ottoman Albanian groups.

Family and companions
Many of his family members became key figures of the Greek political establishment. Markos' brother Kostas (Constantine) Botsaris, who also fought at Karpenisi and completed the victory, lived on to become a respected Greek general and parliamentarian in the Greek kingdom. He died in Athens on 13 November 1853. His daughter, Katerina "Rosa" Botsari, was in the service of Queen Amalia of Greece. Markos's son, Dimitrios Botsaris, born in 1813, was three times minister of war Kings Otto and George I. He died in Athens on 17 August 1870.

Evangelis Zappas, the renowned benefactor and founder of the modern Olympic Games, was the aide-de-camp and close friend of Markos Botsaris.

Dictionary
Botsaris is also widely considered to be the author of a Greek–Albanian lexicon written in Corfu in 1809, at the insistence of François Pouqueville, Napoleon Bonaparte's general consul at the court of Ali Pasha in Ioannina. The dictionary is of importance for the knowledge of the extinct Souliot dialect. However, although the book is known as the Botsaris dictionary, linguist Xhevat Lloshi has argued in several works that Botsaris couldn't have possibly written that dictionary by himself, both because of his young age, and because of a note of Pouqueville that clearly says that the dictionary was drafted under the dictation of Marko's father, uncle, and future father-in-law. According to Doris Kyriazis, Botsaris transcribed the lexicon, but he was not the author of it. All of the dictionary's Greek entries are copies of the Greek translations of Italian words from an Italian-Greek dictionary of book publisher Antonio Bortoli, probably the 1775 Venice edition, which was ordered alphabetically in Italian. Botsaris's dictionary includes Greek entries corresponding to the translation of Italian entries from Bortoli's dictionary up to letter "r" in the same sequence as the translations are found in Bortoli's dictionary. Lexicologist Dinos Georgoudis concludes that Botsaris was not responsible for compiling the dictionary, but for writing down what was dictated to him and for contributing information about its Albanian part, and that the dictionary is not useful as a proof of the language spoken in Souli in the early 19th century or of Botsaris's Greek education.

The Albanian part is connected to the Tosk Albanian dialect with many archaic elements which are related to Arbëresh dialects of southern Italy. The closest existing variant of Souliotic Albanian is that of the village Anthousa (Rapëza) and also Kanallaki. This dialect is spoken only by few people in modern times. The Greek part of the dictionary is influenced both by the Greek of Epirus and the Greek of Corfu and the Ionian Islands, where the dictionary was written and Botsaris lived for many years. Jochalas notes that the presence of phenomena of Greek syntax in part of the Albanian phrases of a Greek-Albanian dictionary co-authored by Botsaris could be interpreted as evidence either of Markos and his co-contributors having Greek as their mother tongue or of the great influence of Greek on the Albanian spoken in Souli, although lack of further documents by Botsaris make the investigation of influence of Greek in Souliotic Albanian difficult. For Jochalas who edited and published the dictionary, despite the influence of Greek on Souliotic Albanian in the entries, it is evident that Botsaris and his family members who helped him lacked structural knowledge of Greek and were very inexperienced in writing. Similar lack of knowledge of Greek grammar, syntax and spelling is observed for all of the very few written documents by Souliotes.

According to Doris Kyriazis, the dictionary of Botsaris belongs to the pre-ethnic phase of the history of the Balkans. Jochalas noticing that some Greek words are translated into Albanian in more than one way, believes that Botsaris was writing the Greek words and the elders were translating into Albanian. He thinks that many of the entries seem unlikely to be useful for the Souliotes or the Albanians of that time and circumstances, and as such the dictionary was composed after Pouqueville's initiative, possibly as a source for a future French-Albanian dictionary.

Legacy
Many Philhellenes visiting Greece had admired Botsaris' courage and numerous poets wrote poems about him. American poet Fitz-Greene Halleck wrote a poem entitled Marco Bozzaris, Juste Olivier also wrote an award-winning poem for him, in 1825. The national poet of Greece, Dionysios Solomos, composed a poem titled "On Markos Botsaris", in which he likens the mourning over Botsaris' body to the lamentation of Hector, as described in the last book of the Iliad. Markos is honoured in poems of Kalvos, Palamas, Balaorites as well as in plays of Zampelios, Alkeos and Soutsos. In Greek music, the Zakynthian composer Pavlos Carrer composed in 1858 the opera "Marco Bozzari" to his honour. In 1858 excerpts from the opera were performed in Athens in the presence of King Otto. The monthly periodical Apollon, based in Piraeus, published a poem in May 1889 in honour of the Princess Alexandra on the occasion of her engagement to the son of the Russian emperor, Alexander II. The 13-pages poem was written in Albanian, with the Greek translation placed in the adjacent column and with the following frontispiece: "I extol you in Albanian, in a heroic language, which was spoken by the admiral Miaoulis, Botsaris and all of Souli'".

His memory is still celebrated in popular ballads in Greece. The Greek Vlachs also sing the heroic deeds of Markos Botsaris, in Greek language. Another mid 19th c. Greek song from Epirus mentions Botsaris' widow lamenting the loss of her husband. Also, there are several folk songs dedicated to Botsaris, including a Tsamiko from Central Greece, named (Song) Of Markos Botsaris (του Μάρκου Μπότσαρη), and from the Greek minority of southern Albania (Καημένε Μάρκο Μπότσαρη). Popular dramas and school plays were written soon after his death. The Song of Marko Boçari is an Albanian folk song of the 19th century that narrates and laments his death.

Botsaris was depicted on the reverse of the Greek 50 lepta coin of 1976–2001. He often adorns posters in Greek classrooms, government offices, and military barracks, as a member of the Greek pantheon of national heroes.

Botzaris station in Paris, France is named after him.

title: Markos Botsaris


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Latest Version Game Player

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 04:21, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Latest Version Game Player
Non-notable bootleg Famicom/NES clone. There are literally dozens of these out there; individually, the vast majority are simply not noteworthy. The article indicates that this one hasn't even been released yet. Delete. Firebug 04:57, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This article was moved from Latest Version Power Player game cartridge in an attempt to circumvent this VfD. android↔talk 12:36, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. —tregoweth 15:22, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unnotable. Nestea 01:01, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bikini line

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 18:46, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

Bikini line
DicDef that has been Transwikied to Wiktionary and is unencyclopedic. Kevin Rector (talk) 04:58, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, just being an informal term for a personal area doesn't make it unencyclopedic. Kappa 05:27, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You've got to be kidding me, Kappa. Delete, not encyclopedic.  RickK 06:36, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think a dictionary is the right place to discuss dipilatory methods and consequences, or trends in bikini design and social acceptance. Kappa 09:53, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Changing my vote. We have an article on depilation.  Merge and redirect this there.  RickK 19:05, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * DeleteXmarkX 08:58, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Seems like a worthwhile stub but should be cleaned up.  People come here to look up information on just about any subject, and "bikini line" is certainly a common topic. —  Stevie is the man!  Talk 14:16, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect to depilation, per RickK. CDC   (talk)  23:49, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable body area. Concur with Kappa. Wiki aint Paper. Klonimus 06:37, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Somewhat notable but the article needs expansion. Megan1967 07:18, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per RickK. Wiki aint toilet paper. Radiant_* 08:46, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * weak Keep Notable, important to many people. The real question is, will it be big enough for it's own page? I think we could fill it to a good size, but it could work either way. Merging to depilation would make some sense, but I think keep would be better, and allow for more expansion.-LtNOWIS 02:07, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That is an irrelevant criteria. There is no minimum size for an article. Oliver Chettle 04:22, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Size of article is a legitimate consideration when deciding whether to merge or keep. I note that LtNOWIS doesn't propose to delete it. Kappa 18:05, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It is not a dictionary definition. Oliver Chettle 04:22, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per RickK--nixie 04:00, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Someone should ad an image diagraming the line. Let us not be prude!!! Psychofox 23:37, May 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge with Bikini waxing. Remove Remington reference. --Marianocecowski 10:51, 10 May 2005 (UTC)
 * What's wrong with the Remington reference? Kappa 11:16, 10 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Unnecessary reference to a brand name to exemplify a electric razor with an article that talks mainly about Computers? Just a comment --Marianocecowski 11:45, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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PGA Tour (video game series)

PGA Tour is a series of golf video games developed and published by Electronic Arts - and later their EA Sports sub-label - since 1990. The series primarily features courses featured on the U.S. PGA Tour, and other notable courses (such as those that have hosted majors).

In 1998, EA began publishing their golf games with the endorsement of Tiger Woods. Following the Tiger Woods 99 PGA Tour Golf release, subsequent titles were named Tiger Woods PGA Tour and released yearly.

Although EA Sports developed most games in the series internally, some SKUs have come from outside developers including the first edition, Tiger Woods 99 PGA Tour Golf, which Adrenalin Entertainment developed in conjunction with EA for the PlayStation and Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2001 for the PlayStation, which was developed by Stormfront Studios. IOMO also produced versions of the game for mobile phones for the 2002, 2004, and 2005 editions.

In October 2013, EA ended its relationship with Woods, being replaced with Rory McIlroy, then top golfer in the world, who became the new title athlete of the franchise. The game, Rory McIlroy PGA Tour, was released in 2015.

The series was responsible for several innovations in the genre, such as the now standard three-click swing method. In 1995 a critic stated in GamePro that "The PGA series flies high above the rest for two reasons: You can completely control a shot, and you play on the best courses around." However, unlike other games in the EA Sports label, the series was often shadowed by other competitors such as the Jack Nicklaus series, Links series, Microsoft Golf or The Golf Pro.

PGA Tour has brought in almost $771 million during the time it was named for Tiger Woods from 1999 to 2013.

Tiger Woods
Starting in 1998, Tiger Woods was the star and face of the series. The deal with Woods was worth $6.2 to 7 million a year at the height of his 15 years at EA Sports.

Both parties had agreed to incorporate the Masters into a video game for several years, but Augusta National Golf Club agreed only when the presentation and playability of the course was perfect. It took EA Tiburon's 80-person development team three years of work from 2009 to 2011 to make Augusta National available in Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12.

In January 2012, EA announced that there would be no more releases on the Wii, with the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 editions would continue to receive new online and social features. They also said that the Xbox 360's Kinect and the PlayStation 3's PlayStation Move have both made "significant advances in motion gaming."

In February 2013, EA announced that there will be no Wii U version of Tiger Woods PGA Tour.

Rory Mcllroy
According to Kotaku, Electronic Arts reportedly planned to outsource Tiger Woods PGA Tour 15 and give the in-house team at EA Tiburon two years to make Tiger Woods PGA Tour 16 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One (the title would see release as Rory McIlroy PGA Tour). However, when CEO John Riccitiello resigned March 2013, this plan was dropped to save costs.

In October 2013, EA's partnership with Woods and a licensing agreement with Augusta National Golf Club reached an end. According to EA, the split is a mutual decision.

The agreement with HB Studios comes after a similar long-term licensing agreement between the PGA Tour and Electronic Arts came to an end. EA had dominated electronic golf games thanks to a partnership with 15-time major tournament winner Tiger Woods. From 1999 to 2013 Tiger Woods PGA Tour was the top video golf game on the market. After EA and Woods ended their agreement in 2013, EA developed a similar game in 2015 in a partnership with Rory McIlroy. Rory McIlroy PGA Tour, running on the Frostbite engine, did not fare nearly as well as the previous EA versions featuring Woods. The game was pulled from all digital storefronts in May 2018.

In September 2018, EA relinquished its agreement with the PGA Tour in what appears to be a move away from golf games. In August 2018, PGA Tour licensing director Matt Iofredo said the new partnership with HB Studios is part of the sport's on-going efforts to introduce golf to a wider audience.

EA's return to the PGA Tour
On March 29, 2021, EA announced a new golf video game was in development. The game would use the Frostbite engine and was announced as EA Sports PGA Tour. The game takes advantage of next-generation technology. This will be through a new long-term agreement signed this year with the PGA TOUR.

EA announced on April 7, 2021, a day before the 2021 Masters, that the Masters and its home, Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, will be playable exclusively in EA Sports PGA Tour. It would be released under the name EA Sports PGA Tour: Road to the Masters and along with the Masters event, EA Sports PGA Tour will feature the PGA Championship, the U.S. Open and the Open Championship, making it the only video game to feature all four major men's professional golf tournaments.

Facing pressure from 2K's recent releases, EA announced further innovations would be introduced in EA Sports PGA Tour, one of which was scanning each golf course via aerial means; this was demonstrated with the Augusta National course. On May 17, 2021, a delay was announced pushing the title's release date a year later to coincide with the 2022 Masters' Tournament, before removing its release date by November 2021.

On March 22, 2022, Electronic Arts announced the delay of EA Sports PGA Tour by one year to spring 2023. EA did not give a reason for the delay, nor did they announce the game's platforms; on January 19, 2023, a gameplay trailer was released alongside a release date of March 24, 2023, releasing on PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X and Series S, and Microsoft Windows. Further delays were announced on March 3, 2023, with the game releasing on the week of the Masters Tournament, with an early access release on Tuesday, April 4, and a worldwide launch on Friday, April 7, allowing the developers, EA Tiburon, to polish the game further before launch.

Course scanning
During development of Tiger Woods PGA Tour 10, in order to scan and faithfully reproduce the golf courses, the developers spent seven to ten days on each of the game's 16 courses and used a 3D laser scanner made by Leica. The developers took the equipment to each hole and placed it and did a 360-degree scan of the entire course to map the terrain of each hole with a high level of accuracy that allows the player to "play the hole and the course exactly as [they] would in real life."

The development of Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12 saw the usage of a new state-of-the-art laser scanning technology that took 10 days at Augusta National Golf Club to laser scan every hole in the game, allowing for significantly higher detail than in the previous titles.

The development of EA Sports PGA Tour saw the usage of custom LiDAR helicopter flights over each of the game's courses, flying scans at lower altitudes and slower speeds to achieve a greater density of data points and a higher level of realism than scans from public sources. And they meticulously mapped the courses, using advanced technologies such as photogrammetry, drone technology and GPS for high accuracy.

PGA Tour Golf (1990)
Information needed

PGA Tour Golf II (1992)
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PGA Tour Golf III (1994)
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PGA Tour 96 (1995)
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PGA Tour 97 (1996)
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PGA Tour 98 (1997)
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Tiger Woods 99 PGA Tour Golf (1998)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2000 (1999)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2001 (2000)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2002 (2001)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 (2002)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2004 (2003)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005 (2004)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 (2005)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07 (2006)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 08 (2007)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 09 (2008)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 10 (2009)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 11 (2010)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12 (2011)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13 (2012)
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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 14 (2013)
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Rory McIlroy PGA Tour (2015)
Rory Mcllroy PGA Tour was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on July 14, 2015, and is notable for being the first EA Sports game to run on the Frostbite engine. Following a hiatus after the release of the previous title, EA announced that PGA Tour 14 was the last to feature Tiger Woods as the title athlete, replacing him with Rory McIlroy

EA Sports PGA Tour (2023)
EA Sports PGA Tour was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X and Series S on April 7, 2023.

PGA European Tour (1994)
Developed and published by Electronic Arts for the Amiga, Sega Genesis, and Amiga CD32 in 1994, for the Game Boy in 1995, and for the SNES and MS-DOS in 1996. The SNES version supports the TeeV Golf club peripheral. GamePro gave the Game Boy version a rave review, saying that it "delivers almost everything that made its 16-bit relative the best." They applauded the selection of courses, effective controls, strong realism, and the graphics, going so far as to state that when played on the Super Game Boy the game looks "almost as good as the Genesis version."

PGA Tour Pro (1997)
Developed by EA Sports and published by Electronic Arts for Windows PC in 1997. The game received a score of 5.8 ("mediocre") from GameSpot.

Tiger Woods PGA Tour a.k.a. Tiger Woods PGA Tour Mobile (2009)
Developed by Exient Entertainment and published by Electronic Arts under the EA Sports branding on April 23, 2009, for iOS. The game features commentary by Sam Torrance and Kelly Tilghman. The game offers five golfers: Tiger Woods, Vijay Singh, Retief Goosen, Annika Sörenstam, and Natalie Gulbis. For courses, it has Pebble Beach Golf Links, Old Course at St Andrews, TPC Sawgrass, The K Club, Doral Golf Resort & Spa, Fancourt Links, and TPC Boston.

Tiger Woods PGA Tour Online (2010)
Tiger Woods PGA Tour Online was an online streaming version of the Tiger Woods franchise.

Players took part in single player modes or in tournaments. Tournaments were split into weekly and daily competitions, sometimes based on events then happening in the PGA Tour. For example, during the US Open, the courses that have had the US Open had a discount on points.

Players chose between monthly and yearly subscriptions with unlimited access, or chose to pay for individual rounds through microtransactions. Players who didn't subscribe were still allowed to compete, although they were usually allowed to play only one or two rounds each day.

On September 6, 2011, it became integrated with the Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12 PC version. EA Sports retired Tiger Woods PGA Tour Online on July 6, 2013.

title: PGA Tour (video game series)


text: Talk:Severance

title: Talk:Severance


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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2000

Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2000 is a sports video game developed by EA Redwood Shores for the PlayStation version, Xantera for the Game Boy Color version and Rainbow Studios for the Microsoft Windows version and published by EA Sports for PlayStation in 1999 and Game Boy Color and Microsoft Windows in 2000.

Expansion
A three-course expansion pack for the Windows version of the game, titled Buick PGA Tour Courses, was released on July 6, 2000. The expansion pack was developed by Xantera. The pack included Callaway Gardens, Torrey Pines Golf Course, and Warwick Hills Golf and Country Club. The pack was also compatible with Tiger Woods 99 PGA Tour Golf.

Reception
The game received "mixed or average" reviews on all platforms according to video game review aggregator GameRankings.

PGA Tour 2000's computer version received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

title: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2000


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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2001

Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2001 (also known as Tiger Woods PGA Tour Golf for the PlayStation version) is a sports video game developed by Headgate Studios for the Microsoft Windows version, Stormfront Studios for the PlayStation version, and EA Redwood Shores for the PlayStation 2 version, and published by EA Sports for Windows and PlayStation in 2000 and PlayStation 2 in 2001. The latter console version was ported to Japan and published by Electronic Arts Square on June 21, 2001.

Reception
The game received "mixed or average reviews" on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

The PC version sold 230,000 units in the U.S. and earned $5.5 million by August 2006, after its release in November 2000. It was the country's 92nd best-selling computer game during this period.

title: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2001


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Walter Folger Brown

Walter Folger Brown (May 31, 1869 – January 26, 1961) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the Postmaster General of the United States from March 5, 1929, to March 4, 1933, under Herbert Hoover's administration.

Early & personal life
Brown was born in Massillon, Ohio, to Lavinia (née Folger) and James Marshal Brown. He was educated in Toledo Public Schools and Western Reserve Academy. He married Katherin Hafer on September 10, 1903. Brown had no children.

Education
He graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1892 and later attended Harvard Law School from 1893 to 1894. While living in Ohio he studied law as an apprentice and eventually earned a law license.

Legal career
He practiced law with his father in Toledo from 1894 to 1905. From 1905 to 1927 he practiced law with the firm of Brown, Hahn & Sanger.

Political career
From 1911 to 1912 he was a member of the Ohio Constitutional Convention and later chairman of the Congressional Joint Committee on Reorganization of Executive Departments from 1921 to 1924. In 1927, President Calvin Coolidge appointed him to be the United States Assistant Secretary of Commerce. He held that position until he took the office of Postmaster General on March 5, 1929.

He served as President Hoover's Postmaster General from 1929 until 1933. He was best known from his involvement in the Air Mail scandal. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention in Ohio in 1940 and 1944, and served as the president of the Toledo Humane Society from 1911 until 1961.

Brown died at age 91 in Toledo on January 26, 1961. He was buried next to his wife Katherin Hafer in Woodlawn Cemetery.

title: Walter Folger Brown


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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2002

Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2002 (also known as Tiger Woods PGA Tour Golf for the Game Boy Advance version) is a sports video game, developed by Headgate Studios for the Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 2 versions and Rebellion Developments for the GBA version, and published by EA Sports in 2001. It was the first edition of the series released for the Game Boy Advance.

Reception
The PC and PlayStation 2 versions received "favorable" reviews, while the Game Boy Advance version received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

title: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2002


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Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003

Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 is a sports video game developed by EA Redwood Shores for the Xbox, PlayStation 2 and GameCube versions and Headgate Studios for the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS versions and published by EA Sports.

Reception
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 received "critical acclaim" on the GameCube and PC and "generally favorable" reviews on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, according to review aggregator Metacritic. GameSpot named PGA Tour 2003 the second-best computer game of November 2002. It was also runner-up for the publication's annual "Best Sports Game on PC" award, which went to Madden NFL 2003.

PGA Tour 2003 was nominated for Computer Gaming World's 2002 "Sports Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Madden NFL 2003. The editors of Computer Games Magazine named PGA Tour 2003 the seventh-best computer game of 2002, and wrote, "Featuring the best swing interface ever created and the most successful career mode yet implemented, it's the biggest step forward in the genre since Links 386." It was a runner-up for GameSpot's annual "Most Improved Sequel on PC" and "Best Traditional Sports Game on Xbox" awards. During the AIAS' 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, PGA Tour 2003 received a nomination for "Computer Sports Game of the Year", ultimately losing to Madden NFL 2003.

title: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003


text:
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2004

Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2004 is a sports video game developed by EA Redwood Shores for the GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions, Headgate Studios for the Microsoft Windows version, and Backbone Emeryville for the Game Boy Advance and N-Gage versions, and published by EA Sports for GameCube, PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox, Game Boy Advance and N-Gage.

Reception
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2004 received "generally positive" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. GameSpot named it the best PlayStation 2 game of September 2003.

Edge gave the GameCube, PS2, Xbox and PC versions a score of eight out of ten and stated: "This relaxed, arcade-like approach makes for something that's not so much about simulation, but more emulation; letting you thwack the ball with all the verve of an expert, without the worry of any homework. Fun, then, and lots of it." During the 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated PGA Tour 2004 for "Console Sports Simulation Game of the Year" and "Computer Sports Game of the Year", both of which were ultimately awarded to Madden NFL 2004.

The game's PlayStation 2 version received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. By July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version had sold 1 million copies and earned $43 million in the United States alone. Next Generation ranked it as the 51st highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined sales of Tiger Woods PGA Tour games released in the 2000s reached 5 million units in the United States by July 2006.

title: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2004


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Grant Tambling

Grant Ernest John Tambling, AM (born 20 June 1943) is an Australian politician. He was a member of the House of Representatives from 1980 to 1983 and then a Senator for the Northern Territory from 1987 to 2001, representing the Country Liberal Party. In federal parliament, he sat with the National Country Party, later renamed National Party. He later served as Administrator of Norfolk Island from 2003 to 2007.

Early life
Tambling was born in Wondai, Queensland and raised in Darwin in the Northern Territory. He attended Darwin High School and Adelaide Boys' High School, returning to Darwin before moving to Sydney for work.

Politics
After a stint in local government on the Darwin City Council, Tambling was elected to the first Northern Territory Legislative Assembly as the Country Liberal Party member for Fannie Bay. Tambling served as Executive Member for Community Development in that first parliament. Executive members were the equivalent of ministers in later years, though that title was not used until self-government was granted in 1978.
 * }

In 1975, he became deputy leader of the CLP and hence Deputy Majority Leader (deputy premier) under Majority Leader Goff Letts. Despite that, Tambling was defeated at the 1977 election by Labor Party candidate Pam O'Neil, and began a career in business. He served as the member for the Northern Territory electorate in the House of Representatives from 1980 to 1983, but was again defeated by an ALP rival, John Reeves. He sat with the parliamentary National Country Party like his predecessor Sam Calder.

After four years out of parliament, Tambling was once again elected—this time to the Senate—at the 1987 federal election. He replaced Bernie Kilgariff, who he had earlier replaced as Deputy Majority leader. Unlike Kilgariff who sat with the Liberal Party, Tambling continued to sit with the parliamentary National Party (since renamed from National Country Party), as he did previously as member for Northern Territory. He is the only Territorian to have served in both houses of federal parliament. He was also the deputy National Party leader in the Senate between 10 April 1990 and 23 March 1993, and a second time between 11 May 2000 and 9 November 2001. He also spent almost six years as parliamentary secretary in the Howard government, between 11 March 1996 and 26 November 2001.

Tambling spent fourteen years as a Senator before being disendorsed by the CLP at the 2001 election for voting in favour of anti-Internet gaming legislation. Tambling subsequently retired from politics and worked for two years in private consultancy.

Norfolk Island
Tambling was appointed as the Administrator of Norfolk Island, for a term lasting from 1 November 2003 to September 2007.

Personal life
He is married with two children.

title: Grant Tambling


text: Category:Daysend albums

title: Category:Daysend albums


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barefoot and pregnant

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this  page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:15, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Barefoot and pregnant
DicDef of an expression that has been Transwikied to Wiktionary. Kevin Rector (talk) 05:03, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dictionary definition. Megan1967 08:22, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--nixie 04:02, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dictionary definition + waffle != encylopedia article. -- The Anome 15:01, May 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Waffle"? What is that supposed to mean? 205.217.105.2 16:50, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it seems like a good article and is informative 66.0.121.112 17:38, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — encyclopedic subject, good initial research, plenty of potential to expand ➥the Epopt 18:23, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.--Silversmith 19:50, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * What is the deal with people voting "Delete" and not giving any rationale? 205.217.105.2 20:06, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Agree with the Epopt. CarsonDailyCity 20:22, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep because it has been expanded after it was placed here on VFD. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 20:27, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete waffling on a dicdef-subject, unencyclopedic, tabloidy.--Fenice 05:48, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Obviously, has been expanded to go far beyond a dicdef. -- AlexR 05:58, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. While it's a potentially notable topic, this article is pure nonsense. Ambi 07:21, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I almost just changed my vote to keep, but then thought, is there anything this article says that is worth keeping, that couldn't be covered in the Human pregnancy article which already says: "Edema, or swelling, of the feet is common during pregnancy. For the sake of comfort, many pregnant women wear larger shoes or go without. This may have something to do with the origin of the phrase "barefoot and pregnant."? --Silversmith 08:51, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

i didn't know about the merge option- i guess that would be fine also- as long as it will exist somewhere. can i just ask one question to wiki addicts: before the creation of wikipedia what did your lives center around? how forunate that it came to be, now i guess your existence will have some meaning.
 * Keep this article has validity and is informative and should be kept. Let me be clear in saying that you are the bane of wiki's existence, you so-called 'deletionists'- what makes you think your contributions are important and why don't you squander the fruitless hours of your lives somewhere else?
 * Selfless people do like to donate their time to worthy causes, whilst they also work very hard in their professions.--Silversmith 16:02, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * above is from user:Tparker393. They've been around since December but this was their 13th total edit and first to a VfD. Thryduulf 13:05, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge the picture and the small amount of non-waffle into a (short) paragraph on Human pregnancy, then redirect. Thryduulf 13:05, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * fascinating, but I'm afraid it's a Delete for me Merge if possible, as above, otherwise my delete still counts. This is just a thing that some mothers decide to do. It's not article-worthy, it's just an "eccentricity", albeit one of those old wives' tales sort of things that a lot would swear by. But come on... what next, Nude in winter? Master Thief Garrett 14:10, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Pilgrim Jäger

Pilgrim Jäger (ピルグリム・イェーガー) is a Japanese manga series written by Tow Ubukata and illustrated by Mami Itoh. It was serialized in Shōnen Gahōsha's seinen manga magazine Young King OURs from 2001 to 2006, with its chapters collected in six tankōbon volumes. In North America, the manga was published in English by Media Blasters, who only released the first three volumes before canceling it.

Plot
Set in Europe in the year 1521, at the time of the Protestant Reformation, the story follows two women, Adele the acrobat and Karin the fortuneteller. Afraid of being accused of witchcraft, they disguise their special powers, working as common performers (professionisti) to earn enough money to buy indulgences from the Catholic Church that will hopefully free them from their sins. However, their powers soon get them involved in a great religious battle involving the Medici family, the Este family, Girolamo Savonarola's "prophecies," and many others.

Savonarola's prophecies or the Friar's Predictions are the main basis for the series. These prophecies made many predictions about the Catholic Church; even the demise of Rome. Before all these predictions, a battle was to take place.

Characters

 * Adele
 * A street performing acrobat that teams up with Karin. Adele also carries around flint to produce flames for her performances (they are said not to burn/hurt those who touch it). She wields a long, cross-like spear that is supposed to symbolize the Alpha Cross or Fennel Stalk. Throughout the first two volumes, there are rumors leading to this spear causing the holders' soul to divide into many. The previous carrier was said to have twelve souls/personalities.

 * Karin
 * Adele's traveling partner and a fortune teller. There are sharp daggers, knives, needles, and nails that come out of her hands in order to predict the intensity and importance of what she foresees. Karin was trained by her grandmother. At a young age, her mother sold her to a nunnery where she met Adele. Karin and Adele later left the nunnery due to a fire that may have been started by themselves.

Publication
Written by Tow Ubukata and illustrated by Mami Itoh, Pilgrim Jäger was serialized in Shōnen Gahōsha's seinen manga magazine Young King OURs from 2001 to 2006. Shōnen Gahōsha collected its chapters in six tankōbon volumes, released from May 29, 2002, to November 27, 2006. The series was canceled after the six volumes and Ubukata expressed in an Otaku USA interview a desire to finish it someday.

In North America, the manga was licensed by Media Blasters; they only released the first three volumes, from November 2004 to July 2005,  before announcing in 2007 that they had canceled its publication.

title: Pilgrim Jäger


text:
Mud wrestling

Mud wrestling is defined as physical confrontation (fighting, wrestling, etc.) that occurs in mud (or mud-like substances) or a mud pit. The popular modern interpretation specifies that participants wrestle while wearing minimal clothing and usually going barefoot, with the usual emphasis on presenting an entertaining spectacle as opposed to physically injuring or debilitating the opponent to the point where they are unable to continue the match.

History
The primal activity itself dates back to time immemorial, with a sport similar to mud wrestling called pale recorded in Ancient Greece at least c. 4th century BC. The first professional mud wrestling organization was formed in Akron, Ohio in the 1930s by Michael Wittrock and Tyler Carroll. The first women's match occurred there on 7 January 1938.

title: Mud wrestling


text:
Marion B. Folsom

Marion Bayard Folsom (November 23, 1893 – September 27, 1976) was an American government official and businessman. He served as the U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare from 1955 to 1958 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Biography
Folsom was born in McRae, Georgia. He was the son of William Bryant Folsom and Margaret Jane (née McRae). Folsom graduated from the University of Georgia in 1912, and he received a master's degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration in 1914.

In 1914, Folsom joined the Eastman Kodak Company. After serving with the Army as a captain in World War I, he returned to Kodak as its statistical secretary. As early as 1921, he proposed that Kodak create a private unemployment insurance program. During the Great Depression, he was the architect of the 1931 Rochester Plan, a program by 14 Rochester employers to pay unemployment insurance to any of their laid-off workers. The plan would cover 26,000 workers beginning in 1933. Only eight of the companies involved managed to save enough money for payments, which proceeded from 1933 until 1936. The failure of the program to attract stronger support from the business community convinced Folsom that worker benefits should be provided by the government rather than private enterprise.

In 1934, Folsom was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a member of an Advisory Council on Economic Security, which laid the foundation for the present Social Security program. He served from 1935 to 1953 as a Treasurer of the Eastman Kodak Company.

After resigning from Eastman Kodak, he became the Under Secretary of the Treasury from 1953 to 1955. In this position, he wrote a complete revision of the federal tax code. He served as the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare with President Dwight D. Eisenhower from August 1, 1955, following the resignation of Oveta Culp Hobby, until July 31, 1958.

Folsom married Mary Davenport, on November 16, 1918, with whom he had three children, Jane McRae, Marion Bayard Jr. and Frances Folsom. He died in Rochester, New York, on September 27, 1976. Folsom was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia.

title: Marion B. Folsom


text:
Talk:Application server

Application Server definition
See here for details.--Tim Stamper (talk) 14:05, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

 * That's from the perspective of JavaEE. "Appserver" as a term predates JavaEE, and to muddy the waters, it was an horribly ill-defined buzzword.  Everything from Google to Napster was spoken of as an Appserver, and as such I told all my guys (and marketing) to never use it.  It means absolutely nothing concrete, and only caused incredible confusion among customers and investors.  How I wish it never came to be in the first place.Tgm1024 (talk) 21:02, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Application server


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South Cushitic languages

The South Cushitic or Rift languages of Tanzania are a branch of the Cushitic languages. The most numerous is Iraqw, with half a million speakers. Scholars believe that these languages were spoken by Southern Cushitic agro-pastoralists from Ethiopia, who began migrating southward into the Great Rift Valley in the third millennium BC.

Urheimat
The original homeland of Proto-South Cushitic was in Southwest Ethiopia. South Cushitic speakers then migrated south to lake Turkana and further south, entering Tanzania in 2000BC.

Classification
The Rift languages are named after the Great Rift Valley of Tanzania, where they are found.

Hetzron (1980:70ff) suggested that the Rift languages (South Cushitic) are a part of Lowland East Cushitic. Kießling & Mous (2003) have proposed more specifically that they be linked to a Southern Lowland branch, together with Oromo, Somali, and Yaaku–Dullay. It is possible that the great lexical divergence of Rift from East Cushitic is due to Rift being partially influenced through contact with Khoisan languages, as perhaps evidenced by the unusually high frequency of the ejective affricates and, which outnumber pulmonary consonants like. Kießling & Mous suggest that these ejectives may be remnants of clicks from the source language.

The terms "South Cushitic" and "Rift" are not quite synonymous: The Ma'a and Dahalo languages were once included in South Cushitic, but were not considered Rift. Kießling restricts South Cushitic to West Rift as its only indisputable branch. He states that Dahalo has too many East Cushitic features to belong to South Cushitic, as does Ma'a. (The Waata and Degere may once have spoken languages similar to Dahalo.) He deems Kw'adza and Aasax in turn insufficiently described to classify as even Cushitic with any certainty.

Iraqw and Gorowa are close enough for basic mutual intelligibility. Alagwa has become similar to Burunge through intense contact, and so had previously been classified as a Southern West Rift language. Aasax and Kw'adza are poorly attested and, like Dahalo, maybe the result language shift from non-Cushitic languages.

Several additional and now extinct South Cushitic languages are deduced from their influence on the Bantu languages that replaced them. Two of these, Taita Cushitic, appear to have been more distinct from the current Rift languages than other related languages. They are similar to an earlier form of Rift, which Nurse (1988) calls "Greater Rift".

title: South Cushitic languages


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Dahalo language

Dahalo is an endangered Cushitic language spoken by around 500600 Dahalo people on the coast of Kenya, near the mouth of the Tana River. Dahalo is unusual among the world's languages in using all four airstream mechanisms found in human language: clicks, implosives, ejectives, and pulmonic consonants.

While the language is known primarily as “Dahalo” to linguists, the term itself is an exonym supposedly used by Aweer speakers that itself essentially means “stupid” or “worthless.” The speakers themselves refer to the language as numma guhooni.

Overview
The Dahalo, former elephant hunters, are dispersed among Swahili and other Bantu peoples, with no villages of their own, and are bilingual in those languages. Children no longer learn the language, which would make it moribund, and it may be extinct.

Dahalo has a highly diverse sound system using all four airstream mechanisms found in human language: clicks, ejectives, and implosives, as well as the universal pulmonic sounds. Nguni languages such as Xhosa and Zulu also use all four airstream mechanisms, although the ejective consonants in these languages are weak, and vary between speakers.

In addition, Dahalo makes a number of uncommon distinctions. It contrasts laminal and apical stops, as in languages of Australia and California; epiglottal and glottal stops and fricatives, as in the Mideast, the Caucasus, and the American Pacific Northwest; and is perhaps the only language in the world to contrast alveolar lateral and palatal lateral fricatives and affricates.

It is suspected that the Dahalo may have once spoken a Sandawe- or Hadza-like language, and that they retained clicks in some words when they shifted to Cushitic, because many of the words with clicks are basic vocabulary. If so, the clicks represent a substratum.

Dahalo is also called Sanye, a name shared with neighboring Waata, also spoken by former hunter-gatherers. The Waata may once have spoken a language more like Dahalo before shifting to Oromo.

The classification of Dahalo is obscure. Traditionally included in South Cushitic, Tosco (1991) argues instead that it is East Cushitic, and Kießling (2001) agrees that it has too many Eastern features to be South Cushitic.

Consonants
Dahalo has, by all accounts, a large consonant inventory. 62 consonants are reported by Maddieson et al. (1993), whereas Tosco (1991) recognizes 50. The inventory according to the former is presented below:

 * 1 The dental clicks are most commonly written ⟨ǀ⟩, but that can be misread as ⟨l⟩. Thus, for legibility, the alternative letter ⟨ʇ⟩ is used here; this is found in a few sources such as Elderkin. They may freely vary as lateral clicks.

Tosco's account differs in not including the labialized clicks, the palatal laterals, and the voiceless prenasalized consonants (on which see below), analyzing as, and adding ,  and  (which Maddieson et al. believe to be an allophone of ).

This typologically extraordinary inventory appears to result from extended contact influence from substratal and superstratal languages, due to long-running bilinguality. Only 27 consonants (shown in bold) are found in the final position of verbal stems, which Tosco suggests represents the inherited Cushitic component of the consonant inventory.

Several phonemes can be shown to be recent intrusions into the language through loanwords: Additionally, several consonants are marginal in their occurrence. Five are only attested in a single root: Less than five examples each are known of.
 * is only found in recent loans from Bantu and can be nativized as.
 * is only found in loanwords from Swahili.
 * is only found in loanwords from Swahili and Somali.
 * , in 'place where maize is seasoned'
 * , in 'centipede'
 * , in 'to pinch'.
 * , in 'mother'.
 * , in 'mother'.

The prenasalized voiceless stops have been analyzed as syllabic nasals plus stops by some researchers. However, one would expect this additional syllable to give Dahalo words additional tonic possibilities, as Dahalo pitch accent is syllable-dependent (see below), and Maddieson et al. report that this does not seem to be the case. Tosco (1991) analyzes these as consonant clusters, on the grounds that Dahalo allows long vowels in open syllables only, and that while words such as /tʃaːⁿda/ 'finger' can be found, only short vowels occur preceding the alleged voiceless prenasalized consonants. He additionally reports fricative and glottalized clusters:, , and.

Allophony
The laminal coronals are denti-alveolar, whereas the apicals are alveolar tending toward post-alveolar.

When geminate, the epiglottals are a voiceless stop and fricative. In utterance-initial position they may be a partially voiced (negative voice onset time) stop and fricative. However, as singletons between vowels, is a flap or even an approximant with weak voicing, whereas  is a fully voiced approximant. Other obstruents are similarly affected intervocalically, though not to the same degree.

are often opened to approximants or weak fricatives  between vowels (sometimes a retraction diacritic is used as in ⟨d̠⟩, serving merely to emphasize that it is further back than ). Initially, they and are often voiceless, whereas  are fortis (perhaps aspirated). has little rounding.

There is a lot of variability in the voicing of clicks, so this distinction may be being lost. The nasal clicks are nasalized prior to the click release and are voiced throughout; the voiceless clicks usually have about 30ms of voice onset time, but sometimes less. There is no voiceless nasal airflow, but following vowels may have a slightly nasalized onset. Thus these clicks are similar to glottalized nasal clicks in other languages. Voiceless clicks are much more common than voiced clicks.

Vowels
Dahalo has a symmetric 5-vowel system of pairs of short and long vowels, totaling 10 vowels:

Phonotactics
Dahalo words are commonly 2–4 syllables long. Syllables are exclusively of the CV pattern, except that consonants may be geminate between vowels. As with many other Afroasiatic languages, gemination is grammatically productive. Voiced consonants partially devoice, and prenasalized stops denasalize when geminated as part of a grammatical function. However, lexical prenasalised geminate stops also occur.

The consonants and  are systematically excluded from the word-initial position.

(It is likely that the glottals and clicks do not occur as geminates, although only a few words with intervocalic clicks are known, such as .)

Dahalo has pitch accent, normally with zero to one high-pitched syllables (rarely more) per root word. If there is a high pitch, it is most frequently on the first syllable; in the case of disyllabic words, this is the only possibility: e.g. head,  pierce.

Status of clicks
Dahalo is one of very few languages outside southern Africa to have phonemic clicks (the others being Sandawe and Hadza in Tanzania and Damin, a ceremonial register of Lardil formerly spoken on Mornington Island in Australia). The clicks in Dahalo are not Cushitic in origin, and may be a remnant of a shift from a non-Cushitic language. Ten Raa shows some slight evidence that speakers of Dahalo once spoke a language similar to Sandawe, which does have clicks. This might explain why clicks are only present in about 40 lexical items, some of which are basic (e.g. "breast," "saliva," and "forest").

Ehret reported that different words had either dental and lateral clicks, while Elderkin reported that these were allophones. It's not clear if an old distinction has merged, or if the place of articulation is variable because there is no distinction to maintain.

title: Dahalo language


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Linear grammar

In computer science, a linear grammar is a context-free grammar that has at most one nonterminal in the right-hand side of each of its productions.

A linear language is a language generated by some linear grammar.

Example
An example of a linear grammar is G with N = {S}, Σ = {a, b}, P with start symbol S and rules
 * S → aSb
 * S → ε

It generates the language $$\{ a^ib^i \mid i \geq 0\}$$.

Relationship with regular grammars
Two special types of linear grammars are the following: Each of these can describe exactly the regular languages. A regular grammar is a grammar that is left-linear or right-linear.
 * the left-linear or left-regular grammars, in which all rules are of the form A → αw where α is either empty or a single nonterminal and w is a string of terminals;
 * the right-linear or right-regular grammars, in which all rules are of the form A → wα where w is a string of terminals and α is either empty or a single nonterminal.

Observe that by inserting new nonterminals, any linear grammar can be replaced by an equivalent one where some of the rules are left-linear and some are right-linear. For instance, the rules of G above can be replaced with
 * S → aA
 * A → Sb
 * S → ε

However, the requirement that all rules be left-linear (or all rules be right-linear) leads to a strict decrease in the expressive power of linear grammars.

Expressive power
All regular languages are linear; conversely, an example of a linear, non-regular language is { $a^{n}b^{n}$ }. as explained above. All linear languages are context-free; conversely, an example of a context-free, non-linear language is the Dyck language of well-balanced bracket pairs. Hence, the regular languages are a proper subset of the linear languages, which in turn are a proper subset of the context-free languages.

While regular languages are deterministic, there exist linear languages that are nondeterministic. For example, the language of even-length palindromes on the alphabet of 0 and 1 has the linear grammar S → 0S0 | 1S1 | ε. An arbitrary string of this language cannot be parsed without reading all its letters first which means that a pushdown automaton has to try alternative state transitions to accommodate for the different possible lengths of a semi-parsed string. This language is nondeterministic. Since nondeterministic context-free languages cannot be accepted in linear time, linear languages cannot be accepted in linear time in the general case. Furthermore, it is undecidable whether a given context-free language is a linear context-free language.

A language is linear iff it can be generated by a one-turn pushdown automaton – a pushdown automaton that, once it starts popping, never pushes again.

Positive cases
Linear languages are closed under union. Construction is the same as the construction for the union of context-free languages. Let $$L_1, L_2$$ be two linear languages, then $$L_1\cup L_2$$ is constructed by a linear grammar with $$S \to S_1|S_2$$, and $$S_1, S_2$$ playing the role of the linear grammars for $$L_1, L_2$$.

If L is a linear language and M is a regular language, then the intersection $$L \cap M$$ is again a linear language; in other words, the linear languages are closed under intersection with regular sets.

Linear languages are closed under homomorphism and inverse homomorphism.

As a corollary, linear languages form a full trio. Full trios in general are language families that enjoy a couple of other desirable mathematical properties.

Negative cases
Linear languages are not closed under intersection. For example, let $$L_1 = \{a^nb^nc^m \mid n, m \geq 0\}, L_2 = \{a^nb^mc^m \mid n, m \geq 0\}$$, then their intersection is not only not linear, but also not context-free. See pumping lemma for context-free languages.

As a corollary, linear languages are not closed under complement (as intersection can be constructed by de Morgan's laws out of union and complement).

title: Linear grammar


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Yuri Bashmet

Yuri Abramovich Bashmet (Юрий Абрамович Башмет; born 24 January 1953) is a Russian conductor, violinist, and violist.

Biography
Yuri Bashmet was born on 24 January 1953 in Rostov-on-Don in the family of Abram Borisovich Bashmet and Maya Zinovyeva Bashmet (née Krichever). His paternal grandmother, Tsilya Efimovna, studied singing at the conservatory for two years in her youth. His maternal grandmother, Darya Axentyevna, interpreted native Hutsul songs.

In 1971, he graduated from the Lviv secondary special music school. From 1971 till 1976, he studied at the Moscow Conservatory. His first viola teacher was Professor Vadim Borisovsky; after whose death in 1972 was succeeded by Professor Fyodor Druzhinin. Druzhinin was also the tutor of Yuri Bashmet for the probation period and for his postgraduate study at the Moscow Conservatory (1976–78).

In 1972, Bashmet purchased a 1758 viola made by Milanese luthier Paolo Testore, which he uses for his performances to date. In the late 1970s through to the early 1980s, Bashmet developed his career as a solo performer. He began his active concert activities in 1976, with a tour of Germany with the Moscow Chamber Orchestra founded by R. Barshay. He has performed in leading concert halls the world over: in Europe, USA, Canada, Latin America, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. He was the first violist to perform a solo recital in such halls as the Amsterdam Concertgebouw, the Barbican in London, the Berlin Philharmonic, La Scala of Milan, the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatoire, and the Great Hall of the Leningrad Philharmonic.

Yuri Bashmet has performed under many noted conductors, including Rafael Kubelík, Mstislav Rostropovich, Seiji Ozawa, Valery Gergiev, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Colin Davis, John Eliot Gardiner, Yehudi Menuhin, Charles Dutoit, Neville Marriner, Paul Sacher, Michael Tilson Thomas, Kurt Masur, Bernard Haitink, Kent Nagano, Simon Rattle, Yuri Temirkanov, and Nikolaus Harnoncourt.

He started his conducting activity in 1985, consistent with his reputation as a bold contemporary artist unafraid of taking risks.

In 1992, Bashmet reconstituted the orchestra featuring some of the most talented young musicians of Russia who are graduates and postgraduate students of the Moscow Conservatory. This orchestra performs in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory and has toured extensively abroad. Its performances have been recorded for broadcast by major radio companies, including the BBC, Bayerischer Rundfunk, Radio France, and Radio Luxembourg. The orchestra has recorded several CDs, among these a recording of the Alfred Schnittke Triple Concerto (EMI Records), soloists: Gidon Kremer, Yuri Bashmet and Mstislav Rostropovich. Another CD, of the Thirteenth String Quartet by Shostakovich and the quintet by Brahms (Sony Classics), was acclaimed "Best Album of 1998" by The Strad magazine, and was nominated for a Grammy Award.

As a soloist and a conductor, Bashmet has performed with leading symphony orchestras: Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. Berlin Philharmonic, Berlin Symphony, New York Philharmonic, Вауrische Rundfunk, San Francisco Symphony, Chicago Symphony, Boston Symphony, Vienna Philharmonic, French Radio Philharmonic Orchestra, Paris Orchestra, etc. Repertoire with these orchestras has included the symphonic works of Brahms, Haydn, Schubert, Mozart, Tchaikovsky, and Beethoven. A particularly noted concert at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow featured Shostakovich's Symphony No. 13.

Bashmet has performed recitals, as well as his joint performances together with noted musicians including Mstislav Rostropovich, Gidon Kremer, Sviatoslav Richter, Isaac Stern, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Martha Argerich, Evgeny Kissin, Mischa Maisky, M. Portal, Shlomo Mintz, Oleg Kagan, Roberto Carnevale, Viktor Tretiakov, and Maria João Pires. Of particular note were Bashmet's performances in collaboration with Sviatoslav Richter, two performers of different generations but with common artistic views. They performed together at the "December Evenings" festival in the Pushkin museum in Moscow, as well as on world tours. Another of Bashmet's longstanding artistic friendships, personal and in performance, is with Mstislav Rostropovich.

Numerous modern composers have composed works especially for Yuri Bashmet or dedicated to him, including 50 viola concertos and other works: A. Schnittke – "Concerto", "Monologue"; S. Gubaidullina – "Concerto", E. Denisov -"Concerto", D. Tavener – "The Myth Bearer"; M. Pletnev – "Concerto", A. Golovin – "Sonata-breve". A. Raskatov – "Sonata"; V. Sharafyan - "Surgite Gloriae" viola concerto with duduk, descant, baritone and orchestra, G. Kancheli – "Liturgy " and "Styx"; A. Tchaikovsky – two "Concertos"; Barkauskas – "Concert", A. Eshpay – "Concert"; P. Ruders – "Concerto". A. Schnittke – "Concerto for three" (dedicated to Mstislav Rostropovich, Yuri Bashmet, Gidon Kremer), and many others. Yuri Bashmet has transcribed the "String Trio" by A. Schnittke for string orchestra; this work was issued by "Sikorsky" (Vienna) under the name "Trio – Sonata". Particular works for which Bashmet is known include the Chaconne by J.S. Bach, Arpeggione Sonata by F. Schubert, Sinfonia Concertante for violin and viola by W. A. Mozart, Viola Sonata by D. Shostakovich, and the Concerto for viola and orchestra by A. Schnittke.

Yuri Bashmet has participated in many festivals all over the world: Tanglewood (USA), Tours, Bordeaux, Biarritz, Menton (France), Brussels, Kainuu, Mikkeli (Finland), Kroyt (Germany), Siena, Sorrento, Camerino, Streza (Italy), and "March Music Lias" (Ruse, Bulgaria). He is an artistic director and one of the organizers of the festivals in Rolandseck (Germany), and Elba Island (Italy). He is a regular participant of the Promenade Concerts in Royal Albert Hall (London, UK). The highest appraisal of Bashmet's talent was his appointment to the position of the art director of the "December evenings" music festival in Moscow, a position held for 17 years by Sviatoslav Richter.

Since 2006 Yuri Bashmet together with famous Belarusian pianist Rostislav Krimer has held the annual Yuri Bashmet International Music Festival in Minsk (Belarus), which has become one of the most prominent events in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Yuri Bashmet is a founder and a Jury Chairman of the International Contest of Violists in Moscow, the only event of its kind in Russia. He is the President of the Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition in Great Britain, the member of Jury for the violists' contests in Munich and "Maurice Vie" in Paris.

Cinema and TV broadcasting companies of different countries (Great Britain, France, Russia) have filmed several movies about his art. Several times his CDs won prestigious European awards, including the "Diapason d'Or" and "Choc".

Yuri Bashmet has participated in many large-scale charity actions of the international importance, in Carnegie Hall (with Elton John and Stevie Wonder), in London (in the memory of Princess Diana); in the concerts, whose proceeds were transferred to the funds aimed to help the victims of the natural disasters in Armenia, Japan, and to the funds helping handicapped children.

The International Charity Fund, established by Yuri Bashmet, has established the Dimitri Shostakovich International Award for outstanding achievements in the field of the international art. This award was granted to Gidon Kremer, Thomas Quasthoff, Victor Tretiakov, Valery Gergiev, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Olga Borodina, Irina Antonova, Natalia Gutman, and Evgeny Kissin.

In March 2014 he signed a letter in support of the position of the President of Russia Vladimir Putin on Russia's military intervention in Ukraine.

According to a statement from the Lviv National Music Academy (LNMA) on 12 March 2014, Yuri Bashmet has been stripped of his title as honorary professor at the LNMA in response to his signing of an open letter in support of Russia's military intervention in Crimea, Ukraine, the country where he grew up.

As educator
Since 1978, Yuri Bashmet has taught students of the Moscow Conservatoire. In 1988 he attained the position of docent, and in 1996 he was made a professor. Since 1980, Bashmet has conducted master classes in Japan, Europe, USA, and Hong Kong. He teaches summer courses at the Accademia Chigiana (Siena, Italy) and at the academy of Tours (France). His students have won many of the international contests and now are performing in orchestras worldwide. In 1996, he created and headed the "Experimental Chair of Viola", where in addition to the works of solo viola repertoire, the curriculum includes extended studies of the viola parts in the chamber, operatic and symphonic music, as well as advanced study of the performance styles of the past and the present. Yuri Bashmet leads national education projects, as a presenter and art director of the TV programs The Station of Dream and Music in the Museums of the World.

Moscow Soloists
In 1986, Yuri Bashmet founded the Moscow Soloists chamber orchestra. In 1991, when the orchestra was on tour in France, Bashmet, as Art Director, signed a temporary contract with the administration of the city of Montpellier. Afterwards the musicians of the orchestra decided to stay in France, a decision untenable for Bashmet himself, who was committed contractually to return to Russia. He consequently resigned his position with the orchestra, while inviting the musicians to return to Russia with him. Soon after that the orchestra disbanded, and its members have joined other ensembles abroad.

Bashmet re-established the Moscow Soloists, after returning to Moscow, with new musicians. In 2000, Bashmet conducted the first modern performance of the Symphony for Strings by Georgy Sviridov.

Honours and awards
When he was a student, Bashmet was granted the Second Award at the International Contest of Violists in Budapest (1975) and Grand Prix at the ARD International Music Competition in Munich (1976), attaining worldwide recognition.

His artistry has won recognition in various awards and regalia in Russia and abroad. He has been granted the high titles of the Honorary Artist of RSFSR (1983), Honorary Artist of the USSR (1991), State Award of the USSR (1986), State Awards of the Russian Federation (1994 and 1996), Аward-1993 "Best Musical Instrument Performer of the Year" (a title comparable to the "Oscar" in cinema). Yuri Bashmet is an Honorary Academician of the London Academy of Arts.

In 1995, he was awarded one of the most prestigious awards in the world, of the "Sonnings Musikfond" in Copenhagen. Previous recipients include Igor Stravinsky, Leonard Bernstein, Benjamin Britten, Yehudi Menuhin, Isaac Stern, Arthur Rubinstein, Dmitri Shostakovich, Mstislav Rostropovich, Sviatoslav Richter, and Gidon Kremer.

In 1999, by the Act of the Minister of Culture of the Republic of France, Yuri Bashmet was granted the rank of the Officer of Arts and Literature. In the same time the Prime Minister of Lithuania marked his invaluable impact to the Art by granting Bashmet the highest honor of the Republic of Lithuania. In 2000 the President of Italy granted him an honor "For Contribution to Motherland", and in 2002, the president of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin presented him the honor "For Contribution to Motherland", 3rd grade. In 2003, Yuri Bashmet was granted the rank of Commander of the French Légion d'honneur.

In 2000, the Russian Biographic Society granted Yuri Bashmet the honorary title "The Man of the Year", in 2001 – "Zealot of the Enlightenment". In 2003, Bashmet became the laureate of the "Olympus" National Award.

 * Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1983)
 * USSR State Prize (1986)
 * People's Artist of the USSR (1991)
 * State Prize of the Russian Federation (1993, 1995, 2000)
 * Sonning Award (1995; Denmark)
 * Officer of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania, 18 June 1999)
 * Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2000, France)
 * Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy 2000)
 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class (15 April 2002) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national art
 * Officer of the Légion d'honneur (2003, France)
 * Order of Merit (Ukraine), 3rd class (19 April 2004) – a significant personal contribution to the development of cultural ties between Ukraine and the Russian Federation, many years of fruitful creative activity
 * Honorary Professor of Moscow State University (2004)
 * Honorary Citizen of Rousse, Bulgaria (2005)
 * Order of Honour (6 February 2008) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national music and many years of creative activity
 * Grammy Award (February 2008; USA) – with the orchestra "Soloists of Moscow" – for the execution of works by Stravinsky and Prokofiev in the category "Best performance by small ensembles"
 * Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music, London.
 * Order of Francisc Skorina (Belarus)

title: Yuri Bashmet