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Talk:List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands

Antarctic Treaty System and UK/Argentina/Chile
The South Orkney Islands and South Shetland Islands appear as belonging to the UK in this article. In fact, these islands, as well as all territories and ice shelves south of the 60 S parallel, fall into the Antarctic Treaty, which freezes all territorial claims made by the signatory countries. So, even though these islands are claimed by Argentina, Chile and the UK, it is not correct to identify them as belonging to the UK or any other country.

Merging
I found that there is List of islands of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean article, too. Both articles exist for a long time. I think that this name is better. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 04:34, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I just merged the two articles. I thought that the title of this article here was the better title than the other one (List of islands of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean). So I decided to keep this article here and not the other one. -- Citylover 18:55, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This article/list is turning into a fabulous resource. Good work! Pcb21| Pete 12:03, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Just to note move
1. There is no List of antarctic islands; 2. There are no a lot of islands; 3. Some of island groups has islands in both categories. If list expands a lot, better way to classify them is by island groups. --Millosh 00:52, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Some islands are probably neither antarctic nor sub-antarctic
I really do not think that the Falkland Islands (51° 45' south) (more than 1200) are antarctic or subantarctic: They aren't fully covered in ice. There, it rains 200 days a year but there isn't so much snow and they are far more northern than 60° of southern latitude. If the Falkland Islands (51° 45' south) are sub-antarctic, then the city of Ushuaia (54° 48' south) and Cape Horn (55° 59' south) would also be antarctic or sub-antarctic. (content extension: Citylover 14:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC))

 * Someone added them. I don't think that they are even sub-anarctic... (even not so cold islands are sub-antarctic) Hmmm... Maybe some parallel (around 50°S) can be the definition for sub-antactic islands... --millosh (talk (sr:)) 4 July 2005 15:38 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, the following islands are not sub-antarctic islands because they are located too much in the north to be still considered as sub-antarctic: Amsterdam Island (37° south, very much in the north, but listed on the List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands), Falkland Islands (51° south), Gough Island (40° south), Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible Island and Nightingale Island (all three 37° south and all three islands are not listed anyway), Crozet Islands (46° south) and probably more islands. I think that all these islands should collectively be removed from the list or all these islands should collectively be listed (including the islands mentioned above (like Gough Island) not listed yet). -- Citylover 14:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that 60°S seems reasonable to become a limit (if it is not very close to South America; or if the island is northern but very close to Antarctic Peninsula). Northern islands should be moved to other lists. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 06:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree - Tristan da Cunha, should probably not be here.--MacRusgail 16:27, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

PULLING AND PUSHING ISLANDS ABOUT!

I'm surprised when reading other contributions that readers feel they can put island into or out of Sub-Antarctica because they are cold or a long way away. We don't have the option to 'think' into or out of a continent.

Question #1 Which continent are we talking about?

Question #2 Which country are we talking about (and this must be geographical)

The Falkland Isles are quite definitely South America and geographically belong there. Nobody would think of including them with Europe and the UK! The same logic applies to Greenland which belongs to the continent of North America - no matter how much Danish influence and guidance is in play and irrespective of the fact that the flight into and out of Greenland was (until this year) only via Europe

Let's do it properly guys and be academic about it and remember that ISO3166 already has country/island codes where appropriate e.g. Antarctic is AQ

SOUTH OF 60 DEGREES is the ANTARCTIC OCEAN AND CONTINENT

ANTARCTIC (aq)

including - South Shetland Isles - South Orkney Islands  - Anchorage Island (Davis Station AUS) - Balleny - Scott Il - Roosevelt Il - Thurston Il - Peter I Il (NO) - Palmer Il (US). Very good map of Chile peninsula islands at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Tca_map.png

There are masses more island and probable islands (hard to tell with all that ice) and take a look at the enlarged map of the Chilean Claimed Antarctica at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtica%2C_Chile and you will feel sick at the thought of having to include ALL islands

Meanwhile, and as a rough guide:

SUB-ANTARCTIC ISLANDS

- South Georgia Ils and South Sandwich Ils (gs) - Bouvet Il (bv) - Prince Edward and Marion Ils - Crozet Ils (tf) - Kerguelen Ils (tf) - Heard Il and McDonald Ils (hm)- Îles Amsterdam & Saint-Paul (tf) - Macquarie Il  -  Snares Il, Auckland Il, Campbell Il (NZ)- Bounty Il & Antipodes Il

Its a big subject but Tristan da Cunha with its islands and with Gough Island (a borderline case) are NOT sub-antarctic islands. Neither are the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

Please note that the expression (Britain) has no meaning. United Kingdom is appropriate and with "Britain", writers above presumably meant Great Britain. However that is the island composed of England, Wales and Scotland (plus applicable islands but without Isle of Man, and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey which are separate countries). Great Britain is also excluding Northern Ireland which IS part of the United Kingdom.

I'll be updating my http://travel.holidays.com soon and the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic will be found at http://travel.holidays.com/links2#antsubant whereas, the Eastern Atlantic and Indian Ocean Islands will be at http://travel.holidays.com/links2#indatisles (after Africa). The Falkland Isles are with South America.

Meanwhile, good roaming around the Ant and Sub-Ant - there is some great reading to be found online nowadays.

Gari Garigolf 18:19, 09 December 2007 (UTC)

Vote on sub-antarctic islands
Below is a voting about which islands are located south enough to be considered as sub-antarctic and which islands are located too much in the north. The islands are listed from north to south. A possible further idea of this discussion here might also be to create a List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands by latitude, where all islands are listed from north to south or vice-versa:

Maybe I have forgotten some islands. and here are two maps where you can search for more islands I did not find:

Islands located north of 37° south
North of Tristan da Cunha (37° 7'), there is a huge latitudinal gap, where not a single island is located whithin. Only at 33° 38', the Juan Fernández Islands follow, which seem to be already partially subtropical. Then, a smaller latitudinal gap of 2° 5' follows further north between the Juan Fernández Islands and Lord Howe Island. Between Lord Howe Island and the Kermadec Islands, there is another latitudinal gap of 2° 18', the last big latitudinal gap. Still further in the north, islands and groups of islands follow within considerably short latitudinal distances without any major latitudinal gap anymore, all of them becoming probably less sub-antarctic and gradually more temperate and then subtropical.

Islands located north of 23° 54'
North of 23° 54' (where Oeno Island, the northernmost of the Pitcairn Islands is located) follows a bunch of other islands, first the southernmost of the Austral Islands (except of the Bass Islands, which are located far off in the south, see there), then the Gambier Islands, then again some of the Austral Islands and then already the southernmost islands of the Tuamotus (all these islands belong to French Polynesia). Even further up in the north, the northernmost of the Austral Islands and the whole bunch of the Tuamotus and the whole bunch of other islands belonging to various countries in the Pacific Ocean (beginning with the southernmost islands of Tonga) would follow.

Ata Island (-22.3375°N, -176.20306°W) (one of the southernmost islands of Tonga) and the Minerva Reefs (-22.84667°N, -176.42444°W) (there might be still approximately two other geographical features more (like a reef, an islet or an island) in this area. If you have a close/enlarged look at the map at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dd/Tonga.jpg, two different features in the area of the Minerva Reefs are visible and there might even exist a very isolated feature more, probably also belonging to Tonga, located approximately at -24.08333°N, -174.66667°W.)

Mangareva (-23.10944°N, -134.96583°W) (and its surrounding islands Taravai (-23.13667°N, -135.02583°W), Aukena (-23.12833°N, -134.90028°W) and Akamaru (-23.18111°N, -134.91556°W)) (Gambier Islands, French Polynesia)

Morane (-23.15667°N, -137.11972°W) (located in the Gambier Islands or already in the extreme south of the Tuamotus, French Polynesia)

Temoe (-23.34611°N, -134.47444°W) (Gambier Islands, French Polynesia)

Rurutu (-22.48444°N, -151.33417°W) and Rimatara (-22.64028°N, -152.83778°W) (both islands are integral parts of the Austral Islands, French Polynesia)

Tropic of Capricorn 23° 26' 22" south

Tubuai (-23.38333°N, -149.45°W) and Raivavae (-23.86667°N, -147.66667°W) (both are the two southernmost islands of the Austral Islands (French Polynesia) and still being an integral part of the Austral Islands (unlike the Bass Islands, see below))
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * No way. This is bloody Oceania. --208.51.23.195 10:28, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

Islands located between 23° 54' and 26° south
Between 23° 54' and 26° south, only the Pitcairn Islands are located, whose latitude varies significantly within several degrees.

The Pitcairn Islands

Pitcairn Islands as a group of islands (-25.06667°N, -130.08333°W)
 * Pitcairn Island (main island) (-25.06667°N, -130.1°W)
 * Henderson Island (-24.36694°N, -128.31583°W)
 * Ducie Island (-24.66917°N, -124.78639°W)
 * Oeno Island and its associated islands
 * Oeno Island (-23.92389°N, -130.73417°W)
 * Sandy Island (-23.91222°N, -130.72694°W)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not a bloody chance these are "sub-antarctic." Oceania, again. --208.51.23.195 10:28, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

southernmost point of Madagascar (-25.61056°N, 45.18222°W)

Islands located between 26° and 29° south
Several islands, all of them in the Pacific Ocean, are located between 26° and 28°, followed by a small latitudinal gap of 1° between the Bass Islands and Norfolk Island.

The Desventuradas Islands

Desventuradas Islands ('Unfortunate Islands')
 * Isla San Félix and its surrounding islets
 * Isla San Félix (-26.28056°N, -80.095°W)
 * Islote Gonzalez or Isla Gonzales (-26.31667°N, -80.06667°W)
 * Roca Catedral (-26.26889°N, -80.11361°W)
 * Isla (de) San Ambrosio (-26.35°N, -79.88333°W)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Nyet. --208.51.23.195 10:28, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

Isla Sala y Gómez (-26.51528°N, -105.28417°W)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Nein --208.51.23.195 10:28, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

Easter Island (-27.12694°N, -109.36944°W)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * No. --208.51.23.195 10:28, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

The Bass Islands (part of the Austral Islands), the southernmost group of islands in French Polynesia, consisting primarily of the islands Rapa (-27.58333°N, -144.33333°W) and Marotiri (-27.91667°N, -143.43333°W)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * "Polynesia"??? Why not include Fraser Island while you're at it? --208.51.23.195 10:28, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

Islands located between 29° and 31° south
Between Marotiri, the southernmost of the islands still belonging to French Polynesia and Norfolk Island, an island off Australia lies a small, but still distinctive longitudinal gap of 1° 6'.

Norfolk Island (-29.03°N, 168.03583°W) and Philip Island (-29.115°N, 168.03389°W)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Considered part of Australia, inhabited, and actually votes as part of NSW. No.--208.51.23.195 10:28, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

The Kermadec Islands (-29.26667°N, -177.91944°W)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Nope. --208.51.23.195 10:28, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

Islands located between 31° and 37° south
Between the Kermadec Islands and Lord Howe Island, there is a distinctive latitudinal gap of 2° 18', the last latitudinal gap that big.

Lord Howe Island (-31.55556°N, 159.08889°W)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Nope. --208.51.23.195 10:28, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

The Juan Fernández Islands
 * Robinson Crusoe and its surrounding islets
 * Juananga, (Islote Juananga)
 * Robinson Crusoe (-33.63333°N, -78.85°W) (also known as Isla Más a Tierra), located closest to the mainland of continental South America
 * Santa Clara (-33.70194°N, -79.00139°W) (Isla Santa Clara), an islet located 1 km southwest of Robinson Crusoe
 * Alejandro Selkirk (-33.75528°N, -80.75111°W) (also known as Isla Más Afuera), 181 km further west.
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

Cape of Good Hope (-34.35639°N, 18.4875°W) (almost the southernmost point of the African mainland)

Cape Agulhas (-34.82872°N, 20.00254°W) (the southernmost point of the African mainland)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

Islands located between 37° and 41° south
Notice the huge latitudinal gap of 3° 28' between the Juan Fernández Islands (33° 38') and Tristan da Cunha (37° 7'), maybe here could also be the northern border of sub-antarctic islands. -- Citylover 09:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Tristan da Cunha (-37.11222°N, -12.28222°W) (98 km2) (probably no permanent ice/glacier) is a sub-antarctic island:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Inaccessible Island (-37.31667°N, -12.73333°W) (10 km2) ((probably no permanent ice/glacier) is a sub-antarctic island:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Nightingale Island (-37.43278°N, -12.47528°W) (1.8 km2) (probably no permanent ice/glacier) is a sub-antarctic island:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Île Amsterdam (-37.86667°N, 77.53333°W) (probably no permanent ice/glacier) is a sub-antarctic island:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Île Saint-Paul (-38.72194°N, 77.52889°W) (probably no permanent ice/glacier) is a sub-antarctic island:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

South Point (-39.13889°N, 146.37389°W) (the southernmost point of the Australian mainland)

Gough Island (-40.33333°N, -10°W) (Diego Alvarez) (91 km2) (probably no permanent ice/glacier) is a sub-antarctic island:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very North. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Islands located between 41° and 53° south
Notice the big gap in latitude (especially when the Chatham Islands are ignored) between Gough Island and the Crozet Islands, maybe here could also be the northern border of sub-antarctic islands. -- Citylover 09:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Maatsuyker Island (-43.65°N, 146.26667°W) (the southernmost island still close to the mainland of Tasmania)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Northern then it should be to be a sub-antarctic island. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

The Chatham Islands (-43.98806°N, -176.45361°W) (probably no permanent ice/glacier) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Northern then it should be to be a sub-antarctic island. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

The Crozet Islands (-46.21667°N, 50.36667°W) (probably no permanent ice/glacier) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Northern then it should be to be a sub-antarctic island. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

Slope Point (-46.67778°N, 169.00306°W) (the southernmost point of the South Island of New Zealand)

The Prince Edward Islands (-46.77306°N, 37.8525°W) (glacier-status unclear, but probably at least permanent ice: "Marion is the higher of the two islands, and State President Peak, it's highest point at 1,230m, is permanently covered in snow and ice.") are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Northern then it should be to be a sub-antarctic island. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

The Bounty Islands (-47.7°N, 179.06667°W) (glacier status unclear, but probably no permanent ice/glacier) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Northern then it should be to be a sub-antarctic island. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

The Snares (-48.01667°N, 166.53333°W) (permanent ice/glacier status unclear, but probably no permanent ice/glacier) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Northern then it should be to be a sub-antarctic island. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

The Kerguelen Islands (-49.33333°N, 70.33333°W) (ice/glacier-status ... ?) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Northern then it should be to be a sub-antarctic island. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

The Antipodes Islands (-49.68333°N, 178.8°W) (probably no permanent ice/glacier (?)) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Northern then it should be to be a sub-antarctic island. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

The Auckland Islands (-50.7°N, 166.08333°W) (probably no permanent ice/glacier (?)) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 14:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 14:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The Falkland Islands (-51.75°N, -59.16667°W) (ice/glacier status ... ?) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 14:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 14:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The Campbell Island group (-52.54°N, 169.145°W) (probably no permanent ice/glacier (?)) is a group of sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 14:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 14:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Islands located between 53° and 60° south
The border could also be here. Geographical features further up in the north are not featured in the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer anymore. -- Citylover 10:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Heard Island (-53.1°N, 73.51667°W) (partially covered by a glacier. Heard Island is the northernmost geographical feature that is still featured in the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer) is a sub-antarctic island:
 * Support
 * I support it because of its southern location and the glacier. -- Citylover 09:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The McDonald Islands (-53.05°N, 72.61667°W) (ice/glacier status ... ?, the McDonald Islands are still featured in the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Cape Froward (-53.93333°N, -71.33333°W) (the southernmost point of the contiguous mainland of South America)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Too close to South America. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

Bouvet Island (-54.43333°N, 3.4°W) (partially covered by a glacier; Bouvet Island is still featured in the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer) is a sub-antarctic island:
 * Support
 * I support it because of its southern location and the glacier. -- Citylover 09:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The main island of South Georgia (-54.25°N, -36.75°W) (there are glaciers on South Georgia but probably not on the South Sandwich Islands which lie paradoxically significantly further in the south. The main island of South Georgia is also part of the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer) is a sub-antarctic island:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The main island of South Georgia (-54.25°N, -36.75°W) and all its immediately surrounding islands including its northernmost islands like Welcome Islands (-53.96667°N, -37.48333°W), Shag Rocks (-53.55°N, -42.03333°W) and Black Rock (-53.65°N, -41.8°W) (These islands are all part of the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The main island of South Georgia (-54.25°N, -36.75°W) and all its immediately surrounding islands and its more remote islets like without its northernmost islands Welcome Islands (-53.96667°N, -37.48333°W), Shag Rocks (-53.55°N, -42.03333°W) and Black Rock (-53.65°N, -41.8°W) (These islands are all part of the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Macquarie Island (-54.61667°N, 158.85°W) (ice/glacier status ... ?, Macquarie Island is strangely NOT part of the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer) is a sub-antarctic island:
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure
 * My vote should be added to majority. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

False Cape Horn (-55.72694°N, -68.05444°W) (the southernmost point of all big islands which are located very close to the contiguous mainland of South America)

Cape Horn (-55.98333°N, -67.26667°W) (the southernmost island which is still located close to the mainland of South America)

The South Sandwich Islands (-57.75°N, -26.5°W) (glacier status ... ; there are glaciers on South Georgia but probably not on the South Sandwich Islands which lie paradoxically significantly further in the south. The South Sandwich Islands are part of the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * Unlike Faucland Islands, South Sandwich Islands are clear example of sub-antarctic islands. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose

Islands located south of 60° south
All islands north of 60° south (see above) belong to a country (alhtough they might still be disputed like for example the Falkland Islands). All islands south of 60° (see below) are under the Antarctic Treaty System.

The South Orkney Islands (-60.58333°N, -45.5°W) (ice/glacier status ... ? The South Orkney Islands are part of the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * I support it because their location is really in the south, so they are already sub-antarctic islands just because of their location. -- Citylover 09:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, enough on the South. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose

The South Shetland Islands (-62°N, -58°W) (ice/glacier status ... ? The South Shetland Islands are part of the USGS Antarctic Gazetteer) are sub-antarctic islands:
 * Support
 * I support it because their location is really in the south, so they are already sub-antarctic islands just because of their location. -- Citylover 09:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, enough on the South. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 12:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose

Low Island (-63.28333°N, -62.15°W (the southernmost big island of the South Shetland Islands still belonging to the South Shetland Islands and not already to the Antarctic Peninsula. Low Island lies already further in the south than D'Urville Island (see just below).)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

D'Urville Island (-63.08333°N, -56.33333°W) (the northernmost big island no longer belonging to the South Shetland Islands, but already to the Joinville Island group. The islands of the Joinville Island group are the northernmost islands belonging to the Antarctic Peninsula, lying northeast of the northernmost tip of the Antarctic Peninsula)
 * Support
 * Oppose
 * Not sure
 * Not sure
 * Not sure

Northernmost point of the Antarctic Peninsula/Mainland of Antarctica (-63.22361°N, -57.30194°W)

Antarctic Circle (66° 33' 38" south)

Cleanup
There appears to be some duplication in this list e.g. Saint Paul Island is here twice. Needs looking through by someone with more knowledge of the Antarctic than me SP-KP 19:56, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Latitude is not the best benchmark.
I think the break between "sub-antarctic" and "non-antarctic" islands is around the 50° S benchmark. But that's where it gets tricky. The Falkland_Islands may be slightly south of Heard_Island, but the former can be used for pastureland, while the latter is tundra and ice with a volcano sticking out of it. (The Falklands is also generally considerd an island off the coast of South America, rather than Antarctica.) So I'd include "Heard" as sub-antarctic at least, but wouldn't count the Falklands.

My thinking is that any benchmark for "sub-antarctic" or "antarctic" should be done on climatic grounds. Permanent ice? definitely. Trees? Immediate disqualification. A lot of this has to do with the Antarctic_Convergence: "where the cold, northward-flowing Antarctic waters sink beneath the relatively warmer waters of the sub-Antarctic." It makes a big difference to climate. Basically, it's a boundrary between the land strongly influenced by Anctarctica, and land less so. Islands south or near the boundary should be made "sub-anctartic" or "anctarctic" automatically. The Falklands lie North, which is a strike against it. Heard lies south, so count it in.

Mind you, I think we should also exclude all islands north of 45° S on principle. Otherwise, we'll be counting the South_Island of New Zealand and Tasmania as "sub-antarctic". That seems silly to me.

--Tphcm 15:51, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * yeah, I mean latitude isn't the be all and end all but you'd want to have a very good reason for excluding the Falklands but including Tristan de Cunha (some 1500 km to the north of the Falklands). That's how the article stands at present.Ordinary Person (talk) 13:43, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Referenced established classification
The above discussion would look more like original research with arguments in support of one definition or another, rather than adduced information from referenced sources (as the Wikipedian way is supposed to be, no?).

Here follows a brief comment based on my extensive record of Antarctic research -- both academic and field work -- together with the reference to an authoritative source.

(1) All the islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (not the Antarctic Circle!) are generally regarded as Antarctic rather than Subantarctic. (This includes in particular the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, and numerous other islands in the Antarctic Peninsula area as well as few islands off Eastern Antarctica north of the Antarctic Circle.)

(2) The Subantarctic islands.

(a) In a narrower sense these include the islands situated on or south of the Antarctic Convergence but north of 60 degrees south latitude:

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Britain); Bouvet Island / Bouvetøya (Norway); Heard and McDonald Islands (Australia); and Kerguelen (France).

(b) In a wider sense the Subantarctic islands include also (see the reference source below) the following islands situated north of the Antarctic Convergence (and thus not belonging to the world geographical region of Antarctica):

Prince Edward Islands (South Africa); Îles Crozet (France); Île Amsterdam & Île St.-Paul (France); Macquarie Island (Australia); Tristan da Cunha Islands (Britain); Gough Island (Britain); Campbell Island (New Zealand); Auckland Islands (New Zealand); Bounty Islands (New Zealand); Antipodes Islands (New Zealand); Snares Islands (New Zealand); Diego Ramirez Archipelago (Chile).

The Falkland Islands are out of the question; same for other southern islands such as Hoste, Navarino, Horn, Estados etc. located next south or east of Tierra del Fuego.

Reference:

P.R. Dingwall, Ed. (1995), Progress in Conservation of the Subantarctic Islands, IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, xvi+225pp. Apcbg 13:10, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Tierra del Fuego
If the Falklands can appear on this list, why not Tierra del Fuego?--MacRusgail 16:29, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Latady Island
The Wikipedia article on this island says it is 3300 km2. I don´t know if this is correct, but it is certainly larger than 700 km2, which is your estimate.Antipoeten 09:12, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I have noted on the talk page of Latady Island that the larger area given in that article is more plausible, at least if Google Maps can be trusted in this case. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 16:35, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

Bratina Island
Why is it not on this page? There is a Wikipedia article about it (Bratina_Island,_Antarctica).

 * ✅ Ljgua124 (talk) 23:26, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

Siple Island
There is no island on the given position; I'ved checked it with Google Earth. --84.176.206.38 11:55, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Siple is the sixth largest Antarctic island (see Wikipedia):

6 	Siple Island 	6,390 	3110 		73°44.S, 125°12.W

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antarctic_and_sub-antarctic_islands

Gari - Excuse, not signed in but at 17.50 UTC 09 December 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.65.248.5 (talk) 17:53, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Vote results
So have these results been collated and action taken? Tristan de Cunha is still there. At 37 degrees in latitude, it is no more sub-Antarctic than Sicily is sub-Arctic.Ordinary Person (talk) 03:16, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Deleting Tristan de Cunha
I'm deleting TdC and nearby islands. No one has defended its inclusion, and every defining point that people have raised indicates it is not sub-Antarctic. North of the Antarctic Convergence? Check. Trees? Check. (Phylica arborea) Warm-temperate climate? Check.

GoneskyOrdinary Person (talk) 14:07, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Introduction
Current introduction reads:

This is a List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands.

  * Sub-Antarctic islands are islands in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica north of the Antarctic Circle (66° 33' 38").    * Antarctic islands are the islands in the Southern Ocean or in the seas around Antarctica south of the Antarctic Circle.

Much of the rest of the article regards the 60 degree mark as the cut, including the table of the largest Antarctic islands, which includes several north of the AC. Maybe this intro should be revised.Ordinary Person (talk) 14:25, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The term subantarctic refers more to biological eco-systems and not to a geographic region. Islands sout of 60° S are definitely antarctic, those north of 60° S are not in the Antarctic region. --Matthiasb (talk) 13:03, 11 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The definition used in this article should be made consistent with that in Subantarctic. Goustien (talk) 22:22, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

Orphaned Antarctic island articles
Been slowly working my way through the cleanup page for WP:ISLANDS. There are many Antarctic islands articles that have been orphaned from 2010. I've been slowly adding them to this list as appropriate in order to remove these orphan tags. PaintedCarpet (talk) 15:03, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

Organization
This is an excellent list, though it is awkward to have islands listed twice, once alphabetically and once with an archipelago. Especially for the subantarctic islands, a sortable table with columns for island name, grouping, coordinates, sovereignty, and notes, would be more concise. -- Beland (talk) 10:09, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

More citations needed tag
There was a tag added to this article on Dec. 2020. Do any more experienced editors have suggestions for how we could go about addressing that in a list article like this? Are there citations we can put under references or do we need citations for every single island listed?? What source material would be good to cite? I’m happy to spend some time on this if I can be pointed in the right direction Chaozu42 (talk) 17:00, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

Does "Fabulous Island" actually exist?
When following the source for it, I could not find any reference to a "Fabulous Island" in the Auckland Islands, although all of the rest are true. I have also communicated with Citylover, who also has no idea where they got that from. As a precautionary measure, I'm going to remove that (as well as update the source link). If someone wants a nice rabbit hole to jump down, they can try to check again, in case I missed it. Bruberu (talk) 15:57, 11 November 2022 (UTC)


text:
Rocroi

Rocroi is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

The central area is a notable surviving example of a bastion fort.

History
Rocroi was fortified by Francis I of France and expanded by Henry II of France. Because of its strategic location in the north of France it changed hands a number of times during wars. It is best known for the Battle of Rocroi in 1643. In the 1670s the fortifications were re-modelled by the French engineer Vauban.

In 1815, two months after the Battle of Waterloo, the town was taken by Prussian and British forces (on 16 August).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rocroi


text:
Knox College, Toronto

Knox College is a postgraduate theological college of the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1844 as part of a schism movement in the Church of Scotland following the Disruption of 1843. Knox is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church in Canada and confers doctoral degrees as a member school of the Toronto School of Theology.

History
Controversy arising from the issue of state control in the Church of Scotland led to the Disruption of 1843 and the establishment of the Free Church of Scotland. In response, several Presbyterian ministers and congregations within the Canadian synod of the Church of Scotland switched their affiliation to the new denomination. Queen's College, a Presbyterian seminary in Kingston, decided in 1844 to remain affiliated with the Church of Scotland, prompting some of its students to defect and establish Knox College in Toronto. Named for Scottish Reformation theologian John Knox, the new college became affiliated with the Free Church.

The first class included 14 students and took place on November 5, 1844, in the home of Rev. Henry Esson on James Street, at the present site of Toronto Eaton Centre. For the next two years, Knox College transitioned to larger buildings acquired at Adelaide Street and later Front Street, at the present site of the Fairmont Royal York Hotel. Scottish minister Rev. Dr. Michael Willis, the founding president of the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada (1851), became the first principal of the college in 1857. Willis came to Toronto in 1846 from St. John's Renfield Church, Glasgow, where he followed Thomas Chalmers and took part in the Disruption of 1843. Knox was formally granted its charter from the colonial government in 1858, thereby possessing the authority to confer academic degrees.

In 1861, the Canada Presbyterian Church was created from the union of the Canadian synods of the Free Church of Scotland with the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Knox College absorbed the existing United Presbyterian Church theological college that was founded in London, Canada West in 1844. In 1867, Knox College assisted the establishment of The Presbyterian College, Montreal, as the second theological college affiliated with the Canadian Presbyterian Church. Knox College donated some of the books from its library collection, and several Knox alumni served as faculty of The Presbyterian College.

In 1875, Knox College moved to a new Gothic-revival building at 1 Spadina Crescent, and operated as the main seminary for the newly formed Presbyterian Church in Canada. Towards the end of the century, Knox began encouraging its students to attend non-divinity studies at the nearby University College of the University of Toronto. Knox College entered formal affiliation with the University of Toronto in 1885. In 1890, Knox College became part of the university within a federated governance structure. In 1915, Knox College moved to its present site adjacent to University College. During World War II, Knox College accommodated faculty and students from The Presbyterian College, Montreal, whose building was used for military training until 1946.

In 1969, Knox became a founding member of the Toronto School of Theology. By virtue of an amendment of its charter, Knox College has granted theology degrees conjointly with the university and the Toronto School of Theology since 1978. Ewart College, a women's college of the Presbyterian Church, was merged into Knox College in 1991. Founded in 1897, Ewart College was initially known as the Presbyterian Missionary and Deaconess Training School and then Ewart Missionary Training Home after Catherine Seaton Ewart in 1960. In 2005, Knox observed its 160th anniversary with a visit and lecture by Alison Elliot, the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

Campus and architecture
Knox college provides a number of facilities to the University of Toronto community, including Knox College Chapel. The chapel is noted for its Hellmuth Wolff organ. The chapel has a large south-facing window that is largely unobstructed by other buildings. As a result, natural sunlight streams in through the window. The glass is such that it softens the light to some degree, but without taking away its directionality. Seating is provided by two rows of pews on either side of the central aisle. There is a front piece in front of the frontmost pews for hymn books of those at the front of the congregation.

Chancel organ
This organ was built in 1915 by Casavant and is original to the building. It is split between two chambers at the front of the room and consists of 26 stops and 24 ranks. The console was replaced in 1959, and in 1974 a four-rank mixture was added to the Great. It has Ventil chests and electro-pneumatic action.

Gallery organ
In 1991, a second, 32-stop, three-manual instrument was added in a new rear gallery. (photo) (photo) It is an historically oriented organ in the North German baroque style, built as Opus 33 by Wolff & Associés of Laval, Quebec. The pipework is modelled on the Johan Niclas Cahman organ at Leufsta Bruk, Sweden from 1726/28. The case, though, is a modern interpretation of north-European style that does not refer to any particular historic instrument.

The key action and stop action are both mechanical. The two bellows can be pumped either by foot or with an electric blower.

Notably, the Wolff organ is tuned to a modified fifth comma meantone temperament devised by Harald Vogel following 17th-century Swedish theorists. This same tuning has been used for the Arp Schnitger organ in Norden, Germany.

Academics
Knox College is a graduate theological institution and seminary, conferring three basic degrees, four graduate degrees, and one diploma. It administers both academic programs for the general-interest study of theology and professional programs. The basic degree program comprises the degrees of Master of Divinity, Master of Pastoral Studies, Master of Theological Studies, and Certificate in Theological Studies. The advanced degrees of Master of Arts in Theology, Master of Theology, Doctor of Philosophy in Theological Studies and Doctor of Ministry are awarded conjointly with the University of Toronto.

 * Certificate in Theological Studies (C.T.S.)
 * Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
 * Master of Pastoral Studies (M.P.S.)
 * Master of Theological Studies (M.T.S.)
 * Master of Arts in Theology (M.A.[Th.])
 * Master of Theology (Th.M.)
 * Doctor of Philosophy in Theological Studies (Ph.D.[T.S.])
 * Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.)

Principals

 * Michael Willis (1857–1870)
 * William Caven (1873–1904)
 * William MacLaren (1904–1909)
 * Alfred Gandier (1909–1925; became principal of Emmanuel College)
 * Thomas Eakin (1926–1940)
 * Walter W. Bryden (1945–1952)
 * Stanley Glen (1952–1976)
 * Allan Farris (1976–1977 death)
 * J. Charles Hay (1978–1985)
 * Donald J. M. Corbett (1985–1990)
 * Arthur Van Seters (1992–1999)
 * J. Dorcas Gordon (1999–2017)
 * John A. Vissers (2017-2022)
 * Ernest van Eck (2022-)

A number of faculty have served as Acting Principal during vacancies and sabbaticals. The convener of the Board of Governors of Knox College is Randal Phillips.

In popular culture
In the Season 2, episode 12 of Star Trek: Discovery, "Through the Valley of Shadows", the college was used as a filming location for the Klingon monastery on Boreth.

title: Knox College, Toronto


text:
Password (disambiguation)

A password is a word, phrase or string of characters used to gain access to a resource, such as an object, area or information.

Password may also refer to:

Film

 * Password (2019 Bangladeshi film), starring Shakib Khan
 * Password (2019 Indian film), starring Dev
 * Password (2019 Nepali film), starring Anoop Bikram Shahi

Music

 * Passwords (band), a Canadian rock band
 * Password (record producer), Nigerian record producer
 * Passwords (album), a 2018 album by American folk rock band Dawes
 * Password, a 2000 album by Geoff Muldaur
 * "Password", a song by DRAM from his 2016 album Big Baby DRAM
 * "Password", a song by Kylie Minogue from her 2001 CD single Your Disco Needs You
 * "Password", a 1964 song by Kitty Wells

Television

 * Password (American game show), an American television game show
 * Password (British game show), a British panel game show based on the US version, 1963–1983
 * Password, a home version of the television game show Password

Other uses

 * Password (video gaming), a video game saving method
 * Passwords (2000), a book by French philosopher Jean Baudrillard, published in French as Mots de passe
 * European Strategic Program on Research in Information Technology (ESPRIT), a project researching X.509 technology, called "Password"

title: Password (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Frotz

Frotz Interpreter
Maybe I'm being picky, but this seems counterintuitive. The Frotz interpreter is featured as the primary subject of the article, while the spell it was named for is mentioned parenthetically at the bottom. Would it make more sense to move the blurb about the Frotz spell to the top (and then continue with "Frotz is also a Z-machine implementation...")?

If someone could scratch up enough information about the Frotz spell, this could even become a disambiguation page leading to separate articles. -DynSkeet 19:31, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Frotz Homepage
Is it only me or the link is broken?

It's not just you. The link is broken. Removed the link. -Cuervo7 02:12, March 22, 2006 (GMT+1)

I just noticed that the link to my Frotz page was removed. That link still does exist. The problem is some weird routing problem that prevents some people from connecting to that webserver. Someday Real Soon Now I'll move all my stuff there to somewhere with fewer problems. Frotz661 23:40, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

I've now moved the page to a "more reliable" machine, that is, I have root access and control the routing. This latest burp was my fault. I upgraded that machine and forgot to make sure that the webserver was running. Could someone please let me know about such things? Frotz 21:39, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

PROD
can't be deleted, since it's merged with Z-machine, and is a valid search term. So removed PROD - I suggest creating a dab page or redirecting to Z-machine.

76.66.197.2 (talk) 05:38, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frotz


text:
Karin's Face

Karin's Face (Swedish title: Karins ansikte) is a 14-minute film directed by Ingmar Bergman and focusing on Bergman's mother, Karin.

Content
The film consists of still photos of Bergman's mother and other family members shown over a simple piano score by Bergman's former wife, Käbi Laretei, with no narration.

Production
It was photographed by Bergman's longtime collaborator and neighbour, Arne Carlsson. It was completed in 1983 but first publicly shown on Swedish Television on 29 September 1986.

title: Karin's Face


text:
User:GSBertrand

Our hero.

Geekspotting, my home.

title: User:GSBertrand


text:
Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere

Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere, (1 January 1800 – 18 February 1857), known as Lord Francis Leveson-Gower until 1833, was a British politician, writer, traveller and patron of the arts. Ellesmere Island, a major island (10th in size among global islands) in Nunavut, the Canadian Arctic, was named after him.

Background and education
Ellesmere was born at 21 Arlington Street, Piccadilly, London, on 1 January 1800, the third son of George Leveson-Gower (then known as Lord Gower) and his wife, Elizabeth Gordon who was 19th Countess of Sutherland in her own right. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and then held a commission in the Life Guards, which he resigned on his marriage. In October 1803 his father became Marquess of Stafford, having shortly before inherited the considerable wealth (but not the titles) of Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, whose will provided that the Bridgewater estates should next pass to Francis, rather than his elder brother George.

Lord Francis Leveson Gower, MP
Egerton entered Parliament in 1822 as member for the pocket borough of Bletchingley in Surrey, a seat he held until 1826. He afterwards sat for Sutherland between 1826 and 1831, and for South Lancashire between 1835 and 1846. In 1835, a parliamentary sketch-writer said of his performance in the Commons: "He hardly ever speaks, and then but very indifferently… His voice is harsh and husky and not very strong. There is no variety either in it or in his gesture. Both are monotonous in a high degree... He is much respected by his own party, both for his personal worth, and for his high family connexions. "

In politics he was a Conservative who – as he later said – 'worshipped' Wellington; on specific policies his views usually led him to support Sir Robert Peel; the most obvious exception being his support of the Ten-Hour movement. In 1823, he was a junior member of the mission of FitzRoy Somerset sent by Wellington to Madrid. On the religious issues of the day, he held that the state and its institutions should remain Anglican, but that – provided that was done – other sects should be conciliated as far as was then possible. He opposed opening the ancient universities to Dissenters, arguing that they could get equally good education elsewhere; e.g. at London University, whose formation he had supported. In 1825 he was chosen to move the Loyal Address; later in the year he made and saw carried a motion for the endowment of the Roman Catholic clergy in Ireland, at a time when the government were pledged to seek the consent of the King before doing so: some suspected he did so at the behest of the government. Appointed a Lord of the Treasury in 1827, he was promoted to Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in February 1828 at the request of William Huskisson, having first to overcome the opposition of his father. When Huskisson resigned in May 1828, Egerton's father insisted upon Egerton's resignation; on Egerton's subsequent account because he thought the Wellington cabinet had lost its more enlightened elements and would now take a hard line against Catholic Relief. Egerton, however, was convinced that Wellington intended some measure of relief and soon rejoined the government; in June 1828 he was made a Privy Councillor and appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland,  a post he held until July 1830, when he became Secretary at War for a short time during the last Tory ministry. Daniel O'Connell, when alleging duplicity by the subsequent Whig administration, said "I never knew a gentleman more incapable of violating his promise than Lord Francis Leveson Gower" Sutherland was a pocket county of his family and when in 1831 his father supported parliamentary reform but Francis did not, his father presented the seat to a supporter of reform: in 1833 his father was made Duke of Sutherland.

The Bridgewater trust
His father, however, died within the year, and the estates he had inherited from Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater passed to Francis, who then took, by royal licence, the surname of Egerton. The Bridgewater estates were held under trust and gave an annual income reported to be £90,000, but the trust was drawn up to exclude Egerton from its day-to-day management. The principal assets were the Bridgewater Canal, and the collieries at Worsley, which also served as the headquarters of the canal.

Worsley
In a letter of 1837, Egerton spoke of the various undertakings at Worsley giving him influence over the immediate destinies of between three and four thousand people. The coal mines at Worsley were said in 1837 to employ 1,700 people. It was reported in 1842 that there had been 101 persons killed and injured in them in the previous three years One of the staff of the 1833 Factory Commission had noted that the Worsley mine "was said to be the best mine in the place" but concluded from what he saw that "the hardest labour in the worst-conducted factory is less hard, less cruel, and less demoralizing than the labour in the best of coal-mines"

One trustee lived in Worsley Old Hall and was the effective manager of the estates, but after he resisted inspection of the books by Egerton's auditor and man of business James Loch MP he was forced out and replaced by Loch. Egerton then made Worsley New Hall one of his principal residences, but soon demolished it and replaced it with a larger hall in Elizabethan style. He set about making Worsley a model estate village; within ten years a national newspaper, deploring the 'ignorance of the collier class' claimed "What may be done by a proprietor, what should be done by every proprietor, is illustrated in the case of Lord Francis Egerton and the Worsley colliers". Until Egerton had taken up residence at Worsley it had been "imperfectly provided with the means of moral and intellectual improvement for the people" but now "The population is nearly 6,000. For their use, two churches have been built, and a third is now in course of erection. Five clergymen have been provided, in addition to the one original incumbent. Seven-day schools have been established, with trained masters and mistresses, fully supplied with the best books and apparatus. A reading-room has been opened, containing the best periodicals of the day, and a considerable circulating library. The room is provided with fire and lights; is open every evening; and is much frequented by the labouring people, as an agreeable resort after their day's work. A large field, of not less than sixty acres, has been set apart as a recreation ground… Cricket, quoits, and other athletic games are encouraged; and the private band occasionally attends there on pay-days. In the centre, an ornamental building has been erected, in which the wages of all the labourers on that part of the estate are paid fortnightly. There are few public-houses and no beer-shops on the estate. The houses built for the workmen are convenient; most of them have four rooms and a pantry, back-yard and garden, at a rent of about £3 per annum, including rates"

Worsley Hall served as a suitable base for royal visits to Manchester (the first occurring in 1851) and Egerton presided at the 1842 meeting of the British Association of Science in Manchester but Egerton had little influence in Manchester; when his name was put forward for presidency of the Manchester Athenaeum, Richard Cobden was brought forward as an alternative candidate, and duly elected. Egerton's politics (Tory and protectionist) were not those of (Reform and Free Trade) Manchester, and his association with the Bridgewater trust also told against him.

The Bridgewater canal
The canal was highly profitable, and owed much of its profitability to price-fixing agreements with its rivals; this led to resentment in both Liverpool and Manchester of its wealth and influence (and hence that of Egerton). After 1810, when they had agreed to charge identical rates,  the canal and the Mersey and Irwell Navigation ('the Old Quay Company') had enjoyed a profitable duopoly of Manchester-Liverpool goods traffic (not because each had exclusive use of their waterway, but because each had a monopoly of Manchester warehouses with easy access to their waterway). The Liverpool and Manchester Railway had been promoted to allow greater volumes of traffic between the two towns, and to bring down transport costs. However, faced with strenuous opposition from Egerton's father, the railway's promoters had won him round to the extent that he had subscribed for over a fifth of the company's capital with a corresponding presence on the board. The shares had been inherited, not by Egerton, but by his brother, the 2nd Duke of Sutherland; Loch was also auditor and principal steward for the Duke, as well as personally holding shares in the railway. When the railway opened, the rates charged by two previous carriers settled down just below the maximum (ten shillings a ton) the railway was allowed to charge by its act of Parliament. When the Old Quay Company later significantly reduced its freight charges, they were bought out by Egerton personally (1843) and the previous charges reinstated: the Bridgewater trust then bought the company from him (for over half a million pounds) once they had obtained the requisite powers. After the railway was absorbed into the London and North Western Railway, there was a brief period of fierce competition for goods traffic, with the rate for transport of cotton from Liverpool to Manchester dropping by two-thirds. A more profitable modus vivendi was soon restored, however; in 1858, after the canal had joined the railway conference on freight rates, the Liverpool Mail thought it 'notorious that the exorbitant rates for railway and water carriage between Liverpool and Manchester are kept up by means of powerful combinations between the Railway interest and the Bridgewater Canal interest'

Hence, although Egerton offered on succeeding to the Bridgewater estate to pay for a large statue of the Duke of Bridgewater in Manchester if the town authorities would identify a suitable site for it the offer was never taken up.

The Right Honourable Lord Francis Egerton, MP
The Bridgewater estate was commercially important in South Lancashire; its landholdings and associated tenant farmers also made it a major power in South Lancashire parliamentary elections and Egerton's succession of his Whig father as beneficiary changed the political arithmetic of the constituency. At the 1835 general election, he and another Conservative candidate defeated the two sitting pro-Reform MPs; Egerton topped the poll. At the 1837 election, the Manchester Guardian pointed out that Egerton had voted in only twenty-seven of the 171 divisions in the preceding session of the Commons: nonetheless, Egerton again headed the poll, with his Conservative colleague second. In 1841, his election address claimed he was guided by the interests of manufacturing rather than agriculture: "I presume that the man who is in the centre of a strictly rural population will look to its wishes and apparent interests. I shall do likewise: and if he looks to his ricks I shall look to my chimnies and those of my neighbours"

He opposed repeal of the Corn Laws but thought it time for a 'full careful and dispassionate' revision of the current 'sliding scale'. He was returned unopposed and his victory speech put less stress on the need for revision, but deprecated cries of 'No surrender' on the Corn Law question; it was not a constitutional issue.

Egerton was Major commanding the Duke of Lancaster's Yeomanry, who were called out to support the civil power during the Plug Plot riots of 1842; Egerton and a troop of yeomanry served in Preston in the aftermath of the riot and fatal shootings there. He later intervened in a Commons debate to defend the conduct of the Preston magistrates and of the military whilst noting that Preston was an exceptional case: in the Lancashire disturbances there had been a "general absence of a sanguinary disposition, or a spirit of wanton violence"

In June 1844, Egerton's eldest son George came of age, and a rumour was promptly reported that Egerton was soon to be made Duke of Bridgewater, with George then to stand for South Lancashire. (However Egerton was not the nearest descendant of the last Duke and it was therefore unlikely that that title would be revived for him.) Later in the year, the electoral register was revised; consequently the Anti-Corn Law League which had coordinated a registration drive of voters favouring repeal of the Corn Laws became confident that they had secured a majority for 'free trade' in South Lancashire, and that Egerton would not be re-elected.

When in 1845 Egerton voted for an increase in the Maynooth Grant, he received many letters from his constituents complaining, and accusing him of betraying all he had stood for. He wrote to a Manchester paper to defend himself. His views had been consistent throughout his career, as witness his 1825 motion; nor had he sought to hide them - in 1835 he had drawn attention to having been nominated by a Catholic. He had no intention of changing his views: he would not seek re-election. However, he was not a martyr to Maynooth, but to disease: at the moment he was unable to write with his right hand. He regretted that his views differed from those of his constituents, but if "government was to be administered on the basis that our Roman Catholic fellow-citizens were idolaters", he would be glad to be free of any responsibility for the consequences.

Peel, who had decided upon the repeal of the Corn Laws against the previous policy of the Conservatives (and against the wishes of many Conservative MPs), chose Egerton to move the Loyal Address in January 1846. Doing so, Egerton admitted his views had changed; he now supported free trade. He did so not on any theoretical basis but from his own experience:

"I myself have been compelled to be a somewhat close observer of the connexion between the prices of provisions, and the employment and happiness of the people. Accident has cast my lot in the midst of a dense population, with respect to a large portion of which, this accident has made me a distributor of work and wages; and I have seen the operation of what I believe to be the connexion between the prices of provisions, and the happiness and employment of the people in various conditions."

The last period of high food prices in 1841–1842 had seen social unrest in the manufacturing districts of Lancashire, which no one who had witnessed it could wish to see return. Furthermore, government intervention on food supply and prices was politically unwise:

" ..my observation has led me to believe that if you, as a Government, undertake to control and regulate the supply of the means of subsistence to the community, you will find that it is difficult, nay, impossible for you, spread the public table with what profusion you may, to satisfy those who would still retire from the feast with appetites not altogether satiated, and with minds not fully convinced that they have had sufficient for their health, and that all that remains for them is to pray that they may be truly thankful. The abundance, which you call sufficient, but which no man can call excessive, is, after all, but matter of comparison. "

as would be prolonged and bitter argument on the question: "There are dark spots and weak places in various parts of our social system: let us not be blind to them, or neglect the duty of exposing them, with the view of mending and improving them. Let us not fling in one another's teeth difficulties, remedial or irremedial, for the sole purpose of party or of faction. Let us not fling in the face of one class a Wiltshire labourer; or a manufacturing labourer in the face of another. To meet the cases of both – to give them, in the first instance, food – to give them other luxuries which many of them still need – air, water, drainage – to give them all the physical and moral advantages possible; let that be our employment and our duty, and let us endeavour to perform that office by ridding the country of those subjects of angry discussion to which I have referred."

Earl of Ellesmere
In Peel's resignation honours (June 1846), Egerton was the only person raised to the peerage. He became Earl of Ellesmere and Baron Brackley (a revival of titles formerly held as subsidiary titles by the Earls of Bridgewater). The Times commented on Egerton's elevation: "The only other circumstance of a Ministerial 'going out' worth mention is the reported elevation of Lord Francis Egerton to the Upper House. His Lordship's position by birth and inheritance is so splendid, and so thoroughly sustained by his character and talents, that his accession to the Peerage seems little more than the correction of an accidental anomaly. He adds, at least, as much to the credit of the order as he can possibly receive in return."

Ellesmere served on the Commons Select Committee on the affairs of New Zealand in 1844, and was a member of the Canterbury Association from 27 March 1848. In 1849, the chief surveyor of the Canterbury Association, Joseph Thomas, named Lake Ellesmere in New Zealand after him.

Writings, travels and art patronage
Ellesmere's claims to remembrance are founded chiefly on his services to literature and the fine arts. Before he was twenty he printed for private circulation a volume of poems, which he followed up after a short interval by the publication of a translation of Goethe's Faust, one of the earliest that appeared in England; a further volume containing some translations of German lyrics and a few original poems soon followed. Egerton's translation of Faust ( which predates the publication of Faust (part two) by Goethe) was criticised by a subsequent translator as betraying incomprehension of the original and having sacrificed Goethe's sense and artistic judgement to Egerton's preference for a pretty rhyme. The Examiner seized on this, asking 'Why did he not learn German, and translate into prose?'.

Other literary translations by Egerton included Wallenstein's Camp, Hernani, and Catherine of Cleves (from the elder Dumas's Henri III et sa cour''): although these were published they had been originally made for use in Egerton's private theatricals. In 1831, Egerton put on in a private theatre at Bridgewater House (his town house) a production of his Hernani in which both he and Fanny Kemble appeared; Queen Adelaide and 'most of the Royal Family' attended. Egerton took the chair at the farewell dinner given by the Garrick Club to Charles Kemble when the latter retired from the stage.

A persistent sufferer from gout and lumbago, he spent the winter of 1839 in Rome for his health (and that of his eldest son), and in the spring and summer of 1840 visited the Holy Land, Egypt, and Greece subsequently recording his impressions in Sketches on the Coast of the Mediterranean (1843). He published several other works in prose and verse, including a translation of Raumer's History of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, illustrated by original documents: a review in Fraser's Magazine spoke favorably of it and of Egerton's oeuvre to date. When in 1838 he became rector of King's College, Aberdeen, the official speech of welcome claimed that even ignoring his illustrious birth, his literary reputation would still give him a good claim to the post; however Egerton eventually withdrew his literary works and forbade their re-printing. He was the first president of the Camden Society.

As an admirer of the Duke of Wellington, he became very interested in the historical writings of the Prussian military theorist General Carl von Clausewitz (1789–1831). He was involved in the discussion that ultimately compelled Wellington to write an essay in response to Clausewitz's study of the Waterloo campaign of 1815. Ellesmere himself anonymously published a translation of Clausewitz's The Campaign of 1812 in Russia (London: J. Murray, 1843), a subject in which Wellington was also deeply interested.

Lord Ellesmere was a munificent and yet discriminating patron of artists. To the collection of pictures which he inherited from his great-uncle, the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, he made numerous additions, and he built a gallery to which the public were allowed free access. Lord Ellesmere served as president of the Royal Geographical Society and as president of the Royal Asiatic Society (1849–1852), and he was a trustee of the National Gallery. He also initiated the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, by donating the Chandos portrait of Shakespeare.

Family
On 18 June 1822, at St George's, Hanover Square he was married to Harriet Catherine Greville, a daughter of Charles Greville (1762–1832), a great-great-granddaughter of the 5th Baron Brooke. The Archbishop of York officiated and the Duke of Wellington (whose private secretary was a brother of the bride) was one of the witnesses.

They had eleven children, including:
 * George Egerton, 2nd Earl of Ellesmere (15 June 1823 – 19 September 1862);
 * Hon. Francis Egerton (15 September 1824 – 15 December 1895), who became an admiral, and was a Member of Parliament for two constituencies; he married in 1865 (Lady) Louisa Caroline née Cavendish, daughter of the 7th Duke of Devonshire (by marriage); they had issue;
 * Hon. Algernon Fulke Egerton (31 December 1825 – 14 July 1891), who was a Member of Parliament for three constituencies, and married in 1863 Hon. Alice Louisa Cavendish, a niece of the 7th Duke of Devonshire; they had issue;
 * Hon. Arthur Frederick Egerton (6 February 1829 – 25 February 1866), who became Lieutenant-Colonel, and married in 1858 Helen Smith, daughter of Martin Tucker Smith and his wife, Louisa Ridley; they had issue;
 * Lady Alice Harriet Frederica Egerton (10 October 1830 – 22 December 1928), who married George Byng, 3rd Earl of Strafford in 1854; they had no issue;
 * Lady Blanche Egerton (22 February 1832 – 20 March 1894), who married John Montagu, 7th Earl of Sandwich in 1865 as his second wife; they had no issue;
 * Hon. Granville Egerton (baptised 28 October 1834 – 1851), who was killed by the bursting of his gun when shooting in California - at the time he was a midshipman on HMS Maeander returning from the East India station via California to collect treasure; unmarried, seemingly no issue.

In 1846 he was raised to the peerage as Earl of Ellesmere, of Ellesmere in the County of Salop, with the subsidiary title Viscount Brackley, of Brackley in the County of Northampton. Viscount Ellesmere and Baron Brackley had been subsidiary titles of the Earls of Bridgewater until the extinction of that title in 1829.

When in town, the family lived at Bridgewater House, St. James' Park; their country seats were Oatlands, which Egerton rented until 1843; Worsley, (from 1837) where Egerton later replaced the existing hall (described as neither commodious for the family, nor agreeable to his Lordship's taste ) at a cost of £100,000. After leaving Oatlands, their Surrey seat was Hatchford Park, Cobham, Surrey, where Lady Ellesmere laid out the gardens. Her mother, Lady Charlotte Greville (née Cavendish-Bentinck) died at Hatchford Park on 28 July 1862, aged 86.

Francis died on 18 February 1857 at Bridgwater House, St. James' Park; and was succeeded by his first son, George. On the extinction of the senior line of the Dukedom of Sutherland in 1963, his great-great-grandson, the fifth Earl, succeeded as 6th Duke of Sutherland.

title: Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere


text:
User talk:Tony Tremaine

Persistent criticism
Hi, I've noticed your persistent edits trying to publicize your opinion about Wikipedia. While I understand your perspective, your edits are being reverted primarily because of their tone, which is aggressive and defamatory. You can say anything you like on the talk pages, found by clicking the discussion tab, such as Wikipedia talk:Replies to common objections, and I assure you no one will delete content you place there.

Also, the issues you discuss are already addressed in this article, so to answer your complaints there would introduce redundancy. See these sections: Our argument is essentially that, although certainly our editors are less qualified than the editors of other works, our open process helps to make up for that by allowing many contributors to cooperate. Although errors are not always quickly fixed, we never advised anyone to trust Wikipedia unconditionally — no resource should be trusted by itself. A good researcher trusts only information corroborated by multiple reliable sources.
 * Replies to common objections
 * Replies to common objections
 * Replies to common objections

Also, it is a rule that editors should cite sources so that the information we supply can be verified, and although this rule is not followed often enough, there are active projects to check facts and add citations. For an example, take a look at my article on the complexity class SL.

I hope this mitigates some of your concerns. Deco 19:37, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tony Tremaine


text:
After the Rehearsal

After the Rehearsal (Efter repetitionen) is a television film, written and directed by Ingmar Bergman in 1984. The script contains numerous quotes from Strindberg's A Dream Play. The film was screened out of competition at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot summary
Rational, exacting, and self-controlled theater director, Henrik Vogler, often stays after rehearsal to think and plan. On this day, Anna comes back, ostensibly looking for a bracelet. She is the lead in his new production of Strindberg's A Dream Play. She talks of her hatred for her mother (now dead), an alcoholic actress who was Vogler's star and lover. Vogler falls into a reverie, remembering a day Anna's mother, Rakel, late in life, came after rehearsal to beg him to come to her apartment. He awakes and Anna reveals the reason she has returned: she jolts him into an emotional response, rare for him, and the feelings of a young woman and an older man play out.

Cast

 * Erland Josephson – Henrik Vogler (older)
 * Ingrid Thulin – Rakel Egerman
 * Lena Olin – Anna Egerman (older)
 * Nadja Palmstjerna-Weiss – Anna Egerman (younger)
 * Bertil Guve – Henrik Vogler (younger)

(Tartan DVD release of this film erroneously lists "Liv Ullmann" as one of the three main stars. Ullmann is not in this film)

Reception
After the Rehearsal received strongly positive reviews from critics, garnering a 91% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Vincent Canby wrote that it "may well be another Bergman classic." Roger Ebert gave it a full four stars and argued that the work "consists of unadorned surfaces concealing fathomless depths." The film ranked 4th on Cahiers du Cinéma's Top 10 Films of the Year List in 1985.

title: After the Rehearsal


text:
UNIX System III

UNIX System III (or System 3) is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system released by AT&T's Unix Support Group (USG).

AT&T announced System III in late 1981, and it was first released outside of Bell Labs in 1982. UNIX System III was a mix of various AT&T Unix systems: Version 7 Unix, PWB/UNIX 2.0, CB UNIX 3.0, UNIX/RT and UNIX/32V. System III supported the DEC PDP-11 and VAX computers.

The system was apparently called System III because it was considered the outside release of UNIX/TS 3.0.1 and CB UNIX 3 which were internally supported Bell Labs Unices; its manual refers to it as UNIX Release 3.0 and there were no Unix versions called System I or System II. There was no official release of UNIX/TS 4.0 (which would have been System IV) either, so System III was succeeded by System V, based on UNIX/TS 5.0.

System III introduced new features such as named pipes, the uname system call and command, and the run queue. It also combined various improvements to Version 7 Unix by outside organizations. However, it did not include notable additions made in BSD such as the C shell (csh) and screen editing.

Third-party variants of System III include (early versions of) HP-UX, IRIX, IS/3 and PC/IX, PC-UX, PNX, SINIX, Venix and Xenix.

title: UNIX System III


text:
Herman Snellen

Herman Snellen (, February 19, 1834 – January 18, 1908) was a Dutch ophthalmologist who introduced the Snellen chart to study visual acuity (1862). He took over directorship of the Netherlands Hospital for Eye Patients (Nederlandsch Gasthuis voor Ooglijders), after Franciscus Donders. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1894.

Early life
Herman Snellen studied medicine at Utrecht University under Donders, Gerardus Johannes Mulder and Jacobus Schroeder van der Kolk. He earned his medical degree in 1858 from Leiden University. He specialized in ophthalmology and worked as an assistant physician at the Netherlands Hospital for Eye Patients after he had completed his degree.

Director
He was named to succeed Donders as the institute's director in 1884, a position he served until 1903. In 1877, he was appointed as a professor of ophthalmology at Utrecht University. He did research on astigmatism, glaucoma and other eye diseases as well as research on correction of visual acuity using eyeglasses and ophthalmological surgery.

Chart
Although alternative versions had been developed before him, by Eduard Jäger von Jaxtthal and others, in 1862 Snellen developed his eye chart to measure visual acuity.

The first edition of Snellen's book was in German. Over more than two deades, he published at least seven more editions of his book. The eighth edition contains charts in English, Italian, French, German, and a  calligraphic hand of the Latin script of German. Snellen's charts became the global standard.

The most significant innovation was Snellen's use of what he called optotypes, specially designed characters generated on a 5x5 grid, rather than using standard fonts. They provide a physical standard measure that could be used when printing the chart. Standard vision was measured as the ability to correctly read a line of optotype characters when they subtended 5 minutes of arc and were separated by 1 minute of arc.

Since its inception, more copies of the Snellen Chart have been sold in the United States than any other poster. It remained a ubiquitous standard in medical offices into the 21st century.

title: Herman Snellen


text:
Kozhikode International Airport

Kozhikode International Airport, also known as Calicut International Airport (locally referred to as 'Karipur Airport), is an international airport serving the city of Kozhikode in the state of Kerala, India. It is located at Karipur near Kondotty of the South Malabar region. It serves the Malabar region, consisting of kozhikode, Malappuram, Wayanad and Palakkad. It is situated 28 km away from Kozhikode. The airport opened on 13 April 1988, and serves as an operating base for Air India Express]. It is tied with Hyderabad in terms of international traffic. It received the international airport status on 2 February 2006. It is one of the few airports in the country with a tabletop runway.

Early years
The airport was inaugurated on 13 April 1988. In 1977, the airport was sanctioned due to long periods of struggle under the leadership of the late freedom fighter, K. P. Kesava Menon. In the 1990s, Gulf Malayalis played an important role in the development of the airport - they collected funds for the purpose when the Union Government claimed it did not have any. This led to the inception of the Malabar International Airport Development Society, which helped raise funds for the airport's development. Consequently, major developments of facilities, such as an extension of the runway from 6,000 feet to 9,000 feet to facilitate the operation of large aircraft, were carried out with loans from the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO). It received the status of an international airport on 2 February 2006, which led to more development in its infrastructure, for handling the operation of international flights from its terminal. It is the 12th-busiest airport in India in terms of its passenger traffic and 11th-busiest in cargo handling.

Wide-body aircraft restrictions
Since 1 May 2015, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) imposed restrictions on the operation of wide-body aircraft such as Boeing 777 and 747 for a period of six months for runway recarpeting, which had been long overdue at this airport. As a result, Emirates, Saudia and two Air India Boeing 747 flight operations had to move temporarily to Cochin International Airport during this time. The airport authorities had expressed doubt about getting permission to operate wide-bodied aircraft from the airport, even after the completion of the recarpeting, for the runway in the airport is not large enough for the operation of jumbo aircraft. AAI had earlier instructed that all airports using widebody aircraft must have 240 m of Runway End Safety Area (RESA) in each direction, whereas that of Calicut Airport must have 90 m. The airport director K Janardhanan said the short runway was a major hurdle in operating wide-bodied aircraft from the tabletop runway and the runway length should be extended from the current 2,850 m to 3,150 m to operate wide-bodied aircraft, he added. The major hurdle in extending the runway is the delay in acquiring the land which requires a total of 385 acres of land for extending the runway and associated facilities. The state government has been finding the task difficult, for it requires relocation of 1,500 families living around the airport. As of 10 June 2016, not much action has been taken for land acquisition to help increase the runway length. The AAI decided to get a runway safety area to avoid the aircraft overrunning the end of the table-top runway. On 7 August 2020, wide-body aircraft have been banned from flying to CCJ after the crash of IX 1344, which overran the table-top runway. As of November 2020, the airport does not have the recommended Runway safety area or Engineered Materials Arresting System installed. The land acquisition procedures for runway development are progressing as of July 2022.

Reinstatement of wide-body aircraft operations
As advocated by various Malayali associations like KMCC, MCC and MDF and others, Gulf Malayalis, political parties, Kerala State Government and MPs from Malabar region, on 9 August 2018, DGCA gave approval for resuming wide-body aircraft (Code E category) operations from Calicut International Airport. In the beginning, Saudia has been given permission to start nonstop flights to Jeddah and Riyadh using Boeing 777-200LR and Airbus A330-300. After three and a half years, the wide-body aircraft (Airbus 330-300) of Saudi Arabian Airlines from Jeddah landed at Calicut International Airport at 11:04 (IST) on 5 December 2018. It flew back to Jeddah on the same day at 13:19 (IST). Saudia has also resumed its services to Riyadh from Calicut in December 2018. On 5 July 2019, Saudi Arabian Airlines flew with the Boeing 777-300ER and Airbus A330-300 to CCJ. DGCA gave approval for wide-body aircraft operations of Air India from Calicut International Airport using Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777-200LR, Boeing 777-300ER, and Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner. Emirates also secured approval from DGCA to operate Boeing 777-200LR and 777-300ER from Calicut.

On 7 August 2020, Air India Express Flight 1344, a COVID-19 repatriation flight on the Dubai-Kozhikode route, overran the tabletop runway upon landing in bad weather and crashed into the runway slope, killing 21 passengers. As a result, no wide-body aircraft has permission to fly to Kozhikode Airport, and as of 7 July 2022, runway renovation is in progress.

Cargo
The following cargo airlines fly to the airport:

 * SpiceXpress

Connectivity
Kozhikode International Airport is located between two National Highways. The closest one is National Highway 966 (NH-966) situated at a distance of 2.3 kilometres and the other one being National Highway 66 (NH-66) which is around 8 kilometres from the airport. NH-966 joins NH-66 at Ramanattukara, located 12 kilometres from the airport. This combined road network enables seamless connectivity to the north to Kozhikode, Kannur, and Wayanad, and towards the south to Malappuram,kondotty,Palakkad, Thrissur, and Coimbatore.
 * Road

Kerala State Road Transport Corporation operates FlyBus (low-floor AC bus) services to the city of Kozhikode from the airport. This is one of the cheapest available options to travel to the city. There are only a handful of these services so travellers looking for cheap options to travel can take an Auto-rickshaw to Airport Junction - kondotty (2.8 km away) where buses are available to Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad etc.
 * Buses

The closest railway stations are Feroke railway station (around 18 kilometres from the airport), Parappanangadi railway station (around 20 kilometres from the airport), Tanur railway station (around 28 kilometres from the airport), Kozhikode railway station (around 28 kilometres from the airport), Tirur railway station (around 34 kilometres away), and Angadipuram railway station (around 37 kilometres away), which are connected to all major cities in India.
 * Rail

Pre-paid taxi services are available at the airport. The airport is also serviced by Uber and Ola Cabs, online cab aggregators providing various options to Calicut city and for Outstation journeys.
 * Taxis

Accidents and incidents

 * On 17 January 1969, a Douglas C-47A VT-DTH of Hindu Publications crashed on take-off. The aircraft was operating a cargo flight. Both crew were killed. At the time the airport had been initialised as an air strip at "Chelari", a few kilometres away from the current location.
 * On 7 November 2008, Air India Flight 962, an Airbus 310 flying from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, scraped its right wingtip on the runway on landing. Parts of the plane's wing broke, leaving a mark on the runway.
 * On 9 July 2012, an Air India Express Boeing 737-800 skidded on landing, during heavy rain. The aircraft's landing gear impacted with runway beacons, breaking them. There were no casualties on board.
 * On 10 June 2015 an argument between Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Airports Authority of India (AAI) personnel at the airport escalated into firearm discharging, leading to one person's death and serious injuries to two others late on Wednesday night.
 * On 25 April 2017, Air India Flight 937, an Air India A321-200 suffered an engine failure during takeoff, the aircraft temporarily lost directional control due to asymmetric thrust resulting in a left tyre burst when it impacted the runway edge lighting. The takeoff was aborted and the flight cancelled.
 * On 4 August 2017, a SpiceJet Bombardier Dash 8 skidded on landing and damaged the ILS beacons.
 * On 7 August 2020, Air India Express Flight 1344 crashed upon landing at Calicut from Dubai during poor weather. After landing, the aircraft, a Boeing 737-800, overran the tabletop runway, skidding off the end of the runway and crashing into a gorge. A total of 21 people, including both pilots, were killed in the crash. 15 people out of the 169 survivors were critically injured. The aircraft had been carrying out a repatriation flight under the Vande Bharat Mission.

title: Kozhikode International Airport


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"Hi, I'm New Here"

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:46, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"Hi, I'm New Here"

 * Delete no encyclopedic value. --Randolph 19:40, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say weak delete or merge or redirect. Feydey 20:04, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic Dsmdgold 20:15, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * MERGE should probably be placed into the Internet Trolling article Cheese Grits 20:22, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Though it is true that newbies place those words on a forum, I just do not think it should be an article of its own. Admittedly, I didn't read the article before posting this opinion... Zscout370 21:22, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Our coverage of internet trolling phenomena is already pretty comprehensive. Slac speak up!  00:27, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unencyclopedic. Dave the Red (talk) 00:31, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Everything anybody ever said while trolling the net doesn't deserve a place in the trolling article.  RickK 00:45, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopaedic, trivial. Megan1967 10:40, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this really serves no purpose here Zechenia 10:38, 13 Apr 2005
 * Speedy delete, newbiecruft. ComCat 06:42, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to welcome page. --Spinboy 19:20, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, seems like simply a silly article written for amusement -Husnock 04:10, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:208.201.245.130

title: User talk:208.201.245.130