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Domingos Sequeira

Domingos António de Sequeira (Lisbon; 10 March 1768 – Rome; 8 March 1837) was a famous Portuguese painter at the Royal Court of King John VI of Portugal.

Biography
He was born in Belém, Lisbon, into a modest family. He later changed his family name from Espírito Santo to the more aristocratic Sequeira. He studied art first at the academy of Lisbon, before moving to Rome, where he was Antonio Cavallucci's pupil.

By the age of thirteen, he had evinced such marked talent that F. de Setubal employed him as an assistant in his work for the João Ferreiras Palace. Sequeira resided in Rome from 1788 to 1794, when he was made honorary member of the Academy of St Luke. After another two years and further study in Italy, he returned to his native country with such a great reputation that important commissions for churches and palaces were immediately entrusted to him: scriptural subjects, large historical compositions and cabinet pictures.

In 1802, he was appointed first court painter and, in this role, executed many works for the prince regent, for Dona Maria Teresa, and for members of the court. He designed the valuable silver service which was presented by the Portuguese nation to Wellington, and a monument that was erected in 1820 in the Rossio square at Lisbon. In 1823, he visited Paris where he is known to have tried his skill in lithography and etching. In 1825, he painted the "Death of Camões", which was considered by many to be the first proto-romantic or romantic Portuguese painting.

The last years of his life he spent in Rome, devoting himself chiefly to devotional subjects and to his duties as head of the Portuguese Academy. He saw a Turner exposition in the late 1820s, that served as inspiration for some of his best paintings, like his Adoration of the Magi (1828). He died in Rome in 1837.

Works
Among his best-known pictures are the Miracle of Ourique, Prince John Reviewing the Troops at Azumbuja, and The Adoration of the Magi. Numerous paintings by Sequeira are held at the Mafra National Palace, the Ajuda National Palace, and in the principal palaces and churches of Lisbon. The Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga (National Museum of Ancient Art), in Lisbon, has one of the best collections of his paintings.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Domingos Sequeira


text:
Talk:Sea-Land Corp.

OK, where did the Maersk Sealand article go? It's on my watchlist, and there is still a talk page with a comment from 2003, but the article doesn't exist any more. Mysterious. Noisy | Talk 11:11, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sea-Land Corp.


text:
Cos-B

COS-B was the first European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) mission to study cosmic gamma ray sources. COS-B was first put forward by the European scientific community in the mid-1960s and approved by the ESRO council in 1969. The mission consisted of a satellite containing gamma-ray detectors, which was launched by NASA on behalf of the ESRO on 9 August 1975. The mission was completed on 25 April 1982, after the satellite had been operational for more than 6.5 years, four years longer than planned and had increased the amount of data on gamma rays by a factor of 25. Scientific results included the 2CG Catalogue listing around 25 gamma ray sources and a map of the Milky Way. The satellite also observed the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3.

Launch

COS-B was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 9 August 1975 on a Delta 2913 rocket.

title: Cos-B


text:
Bounded set (topological vector space)

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a set in a topological vector space is called bounded or von Neumann bounded, if every neighborhood of the zero vector can be inflated to include the set. A set that is not bounded is called unbounded.

Bounded sets are a natural way to define locally convex polar topologies on the vector spaces in a dual pair, as the polar set of a bounded set is an absolutely convex and absorbing set. The concept was first introduced by John von Neumann and Andrey Kolmogorov in 1935.

Definition
Suppose $$X$$ is a topological vector space (TVS) over a field $$\mathbb{K}.$$

A subset $$B$$ of $$X$$ is called ' or just ' in $$X$$ if any of the following equivalent conditions are satisfied:  : For every neighborhood $$V$$ of the origin there exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$B \subseteq s V$$ for all scalars $$s$$ satisfying $$|s| \geq r.$$ $$B$$ is absorbed by every neighborhood of the origin. For every neighborhood $$V$$ of the origin there exists a scalar $$s$$ such that $$B \subseteq s V.$$ For every neighborhood $$V$$ of the origin there exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$s B \subseteq V$$ for all scalars $$s$$ satisfying $$|s| \leq r.$$ For every neighborhood $$V$$ of the origin there exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$t B \subseteq V$$ for all real $$0 < t \leq r.$$ Any one of statements (1) through (5) above but with the word "neighborhood" replaced by any of the following: "balanced neighborhood," "open balanced neighborhood," "closed balanced neighborhood," "open neighborhood," "closed neighborhood". For every sequence of scalars $$s_1, s_2, s_3, \ldots$$ that converges to $$0$$ and every sequence $$b_1, b_2, b_3, \ldots$$ in $$B,$$ the sequence $$s_1 b_1, s_2 b_2, s_3 b_3, \ldots$$ converges to $$0$$ in $$X.$$ For every sequence $$b_1, b_2, b_3, \ldots$$ in $$B,$$ the sequence $\left(\tfrac{1}{i} b_i\right)_{i=1}^{\infty}$ converges to $$0$$ in $$X.$$ Every countable subset of $$B$$ is bounded (according to any defining condition other than this one).

 * This was the definition introduced by John von Neumann in 1935.

 * e.g. Statement (2) may become: $$B$$ is bounded if and only if $$B$$ is absorbed by every balanced neighborhood of the origin.
 * If $$X$$ is locally convex then the adjective "convex" may be also be added to any of these 5 replacements.

 * This was the definition of "bounded" that Andrey Kolmogorov used in 1934, which is the same as the definition introduced by Stanisław Mazur and Władysław Orlicz in 1933 for metrizable TVS. Kolmogorov used this definition to prove that a TVS is seminormable if and only if it has a bounded convex neighborhood of the origin.

If $$\mathcal{B}$$ is a neighborhood basis for $$X$$ at the origin then this list may be extended to include:
Any one of statements (1) through (5) above but with the neighborhoods limited to those belonging to $$\mathcal{B}.$$

 * e.g. Statement (3) may become: For every $$V \in \mathcal{B}$$ there exists a scalar $$s$$ such that $$B \subseteq s V.$$

If $$X$$ is a locally convex space whose topology is defined by a family $$\mathcal{P}$$ of continuous seminorms, then this list may be extended to include:
$$p(B)$$ is bounded for all $$p \in \mathcal{P}.$$

There exists a sequence of non-zero scalars $$s_1, s_2, s_3, \ldots$$ such that for every sequence $$b_1, b_2, b_3, \ldots$$ in $$B,$$ the sequence $$b_1 s_1, b_2 s_2, b_3 s_3, \ldots$$ is bounded in $$X$$ (according to any defining condition other than this one).

For all $$p \in \mathcal{P},$$ $$B$$ is bounded (according to any defining condition other than this one) in the semi normed space $$(X, p).$$

B is weakly bounded, i.e. every continuous linear functional is bounded on B

If $$X$$ is a normed space with norm $$\|\cdot\|$$ (or more generally, if it is a seminormed space and $$\|\cdot\|$$ is merely a seminorm), then this list may be extended to include:
$$B$$ is a norm bounded subset of $$(X, \|\cdot\|).$$ By definition, this means that there exists a real number $$r > 0$$ such that $$\|b\| \leq r$$ for all $$b \in B.$$

$$\sup_{b \in B} \|b\| < \infty.$$
$$B$$ is a subset of some (open or closed) ball.

 * Thus, if $$L : (X, \|\cdot\|) \to (Y, \|\cdot\|)$$ is a linear map between two normed (or seminormed) spaces and if $$B$$ is the closed (alternatively, open) unit ball in $$(X, \|\cdot\|)$$ centered at the origin, then $$L$$ is a bounded linear operator (which recall means that its operator norm $$\|L\| := \sup_{b \in B} \|L(b)\| < \infty$$ is finite) if and only if the image $$L(B)$$ of this ball under $$L$$ is a norm bounded subset of $$(Y, \|\cdot\|).$$

 * This ball need not be centered at the origin, but its radius must (as usual) be positive and finite.

If $$B$$ is a vector subspace of the TVS $$X$$ then this list may be extended to include:
$$B$$ is contained in the closure of $$\{0\}.$$

 * In other words, a vector subspace of $$X$$ is bounded if and only if it is a subset of (the vector space) $$\operatorname{cl}_X \{0\}.$$
 * Recall that $$X$$ is a Hausdorff space if and only if $$\{0\}$$ is closed in $$X.$$ So the only bounded vector subspace of a Hausdorff TVS is $$\{0\}.$$

A subset that is not bounded is called.

Bornology and fundamental systems of bounded sets
The collection of all bounded sets on a topological vector space $$X$$ is called the or the

A or  of $$X$$ is a set $$\mathcal{B}$$ of bounded subsets of $$X$$ such that every bounded subset of $$X$$ is a subset of some $$B \in \mathcal{B}.$$ The set of all bounded subsets of $$X$$ trivially forms a fundamental system of bounded sets of $$X.$$

Examples
In any locally convex TVS, the set of closed and bounded disks are a base of bounded set.

Examples and sufficient conditions
Unless indicated otherwise, a topological vector space (TVS) need not be Hausdorff nor locally convex.

Finite sets are bounded.

Every totally bounded subset of a TVS is bounded.

Every relatively compact set in a topological vector space is bounded. If the space is equipped with the weak topology the converse is also true.

The set of points of a Cauchy sequence is bounded, the set of points of a Cauchy net need not be bounded.

The closure of the origin (referring to the closure of the set $$\{0\}$$) is always a bounded closed vector subspace. This set $$\operatorname{cl}_X \{0\}$$ is the unique largest (with respect to set inclusion $$\,\subseteq\,$$) bounded vector subspace of $$X.$$ In particular, if $$B \subseteq X$$ is a bounded subset of $$X$$ then so is $$B + \operatorname{cl}_X \{0\}.$$

Unbounded sets

A set that is not bounded is said to be unbounded.

Any vector subspace of a TVS that is not a contained in the closure of $$\{0\}$$ is unbounded

There exists a Fréchet space $$X$$ having a bounded subset $$B$$ and also a dense vector subspace $$M$$ such that $$B$$ is contained in the closure (in $$X$$) of any bounded subset of $$M.$$

Stability properties

In any TVS, finite unions, finite Minkowski sums, scalar multiples, translations, subsets, closures, interiors, and balanced hulls of bounded sets are again bounded.

In any locally convex TVS, the convex hull (also called the convex envelope) of a bounded set is again bounded. However, this may be false if the space is not locally convex, as the (non-locally convex) Lp space $$L^p$$ spaces for $$0 < p < 1$$ have no nontrivial open convex subsets.

The image of a bounded set under a continuous linear map is a bounded subset of the codomain.

A subset of an arbitrary (Cartesian) product of TVSs is bounded if and only if its image under every coordinate projections is bounded.

If $$S \subseteq X \subseteq Y$$ and $$X$$ is a topological vector subspace of $$Y,$$ then $$S$$ is bounded in $$X$$ if and only if $$S$$ is bounded in $$Y.$$

 * In other words, a subset $$S \subseteq X$$ is bounded in $$X$$ if and only if it is bounded in every (or equivalently, in some) topological vector superspace of $$X.$$

Properties
A locally convex topological vector space has a bounded neighborhood of zero if and only if its topology can be defined by a seminorm.

The polar of a bounded set is an absolutely convex and absorbing set.

$$

Using the definition of uniformly bounded sets given below, Mackey's countability condition can be restated as: If $$B_1, B_2, B_3, \ldots$$ are bounded subsets of a metrizable locally convex space then there exists a sequence $$t_1, t_2, t_3, \ldots$$ of positive real numbers such that $$t_1 B_1, \, t_2 B_2, \, t_3 B_3, \ldots$$ are uniformly bounded. In words, given any countable family of bounded sets in a metrizable locally convex space, it is possible to scale each set by its own positive real so that they become uniformly bounded.

Uniformly bounded sets
A family of sets $$\mathcal{B}$$ of subsets of a topological vector space $$Y$$ is said to be in $$Y,$$ if there exists some bounded subset $$D$$ of $$Y$$ such that $$B \subseteq D \quad \text{ for every } B \in \mathcal{B},$$ which happens if and only if its union $$\cup \mathcal{B} ~:=~ \bigcup_{B \in \mathcal{B}} B$$ is a bounded subset of $$Y.$$ In the case of a normed (or seminormed) space, a family $$\mathcal{B}$$ is uniformly bounded if and only if its union $$\cup \mathcal{B}$$ is norm bounded, meaning that there exists some real $$M \geq 0$$ such that $\|b\| \leq M$ for every $$b \in \cup \mathcal{B},$$ or equivalently, if and only if $\sup_{\stackrel{b \in B}{B \in \mathcal{B}}} \|b\| < \infty.$

A set $$H$$ of maps from $$X$$ to $$Y$$ is said to be $$C \subseteq X$$ if the family $$H(C) := \{h(C) : h \in H\}$$ is uniformly bounded in $$Y,$$ which by definition means that there exists some bounded subset $$D$$ of $$Y$$ such that $$h(C) \subseteq D \text{ for all } h \in H,$$ or equivalently, if and only if $\cup H(C) := \bigcup_{h \in H} h(C)$  is a bounded subset of $$Y.$$ A set $$H$$ of linear maps between two normed (or seminormed) spaces $$X$$ and $$Y$$ is uniformly bounded on some (or equivalently, every) open ball (and/or non-degenerate closed ball) in $$X$$ if and only if their operator norms are uniformly bounded; that is, if and only if $\sup_{h \in H} \|h\| < \infty.$

$$

Assume $$H$$ is equicontinuous and let $$W$$ be a neighborhood of the origin in $$Y.$$ Since $$H$$ is equicontinuous, there exists a neighborhood $$U$$ of the origin in $$X$$ such that $$h(U) \subseteq W$$ for every $$h \in H.$$ Because $$C$$ is bounded in $$X,$$ there exists some real $$r > 0$$ such that if $$t \geq r$$ then $$C \subseteq t U.$$ So for every $$h \in H$$ and every $$t \geq r,$$ $$h(C) \subseteq h(t U) = t h(U) \subseteq t W,$$ which implies that $\bigcup_{h \in H} h(C) \subseteq t W.$ Thus $\bigcup_{h \in H} h(C)$  is bounded in $$Y.$$ Q.E.D.

Let $$W$$ be a balanced neighborhood of the origin in $$Y$$ and let $$V$$ be a closed balanced neighborhood of the origin in $$Y$$ such that $$V + V \subseteq W.$$ Define $$E ~:=~ \bigcap_{h \in H} h^{-1}(V),$$ which is a closed subset of $$X$$ (since $$V$$ is closed while every $$h : X \to Y$$ is continuous) that satisfies $$h(E) \subseteq V$$ for every $$h \in H.$$ Note that for every non-zero scalar $$n \neq 0,$$ the set $$n E$$ is closed in $$X$$ (since scalar multiplication by $$n \neq 0$$ is a homeomorphism) and so every $$C \cap n E$$ is closed in $$C.$$

It will now be shown that $$C \subseteq \bigcup_{n \in \N} n E,$$ from which $$C = \bigcup_{n \in \N} (C \cap n E)$$ follows. If $$c \in C$$ then $$H(c)$$ being bounded guarantees the existence of some positive integer $$n = n_c \in \N$$ such that $$H(c) \subseteq n_c V,$$ where the linearity of every $$h \in H$$ now implies $$\tfrac{1}{n_c} c \in h^{-1}(V);$$ thus $$\tfrac{1}{n_c} c \in \bigcap_{h \in H} h^{-1}(V) = E$$ and hence $$C \subseteq \bigcup_{n \in \N} n E,$$ as desired.

Thus $C = (C \cap 1 E) \cup (C \cap 2 E) \cup (C \cap 3 E) \cup \cdots$ expresses $$C$$ as a countable union of closed (in $$C$$) sets. Since $$C$$ is a nonmeager subset of itself (as it is a Baire space by the Baire category theorem), this is only possible if there is some integer $$n \in \N$$ such that $$C \cap n E$$ has non-empty interior in $$C.$$ Let $$k \in \operatorname{Int}_C (C \cap n E)$$ be any point belonging to this open subset of $$C.$$ Let $$U$$ be any balanced open neighborhood of the origin in $$X$$ such that $$C \cap (k + U) ~\subseteq~ \operatorname{Int}_C (C \cap n E).$$

The sets $$\{k + p U : p > 1\}$$ form an increasing (meaning $$p \leq q$$ implies $$k + p U \subseteq k + q U$$) cover of the compact space $$C,$$ so there exists some $$p > 1$$ such that $$C \subseteq k + p U$$ (and thus $$\tfrac{1}{p}(C - k) \subseteq U$$). It will be shown that $$h(C) \subseteq p n W$$ for every $$h \in H,$$ thus demonstrating that $$\{h(C) : h \in H\}$$ is uniformly bounded in $$Y$$ and completing the proof. So fix $$h \in H$$ and $$c \in C.$$ Let $$z ~:=~ \tfrac{p - 1}{p} k + \tfrac{1}{p} c.$$

The convexity of $$C$$ guarantees $$z \in C$$ and moreover, $$z \in k + U$$ since $$z - k = \tfrac{-1}{p} k + \tfrac{1}{p} c = \tfrac{1}{p} (c - k) \in \tfrac{1}{p}(C - k) \subseteq U.$$ Thus $$z \in C \cap (k + U),$$ which is a subset of $$\operatorname{Int}_C (C \cap n E).$$ Since $$n V$$ is balanced and $$|1 - p| = p - 1 < p,$$ we have $$(1 - p) n V \subseteq p n V,$$ which combined with $$h(E) \subseteq V$$ gives $$p n h(E) + (1 - p) n h(E) ~\subseteq~ p n V + (1 - p) n V ~\subseteq~ p n V + p n V ~\subseteq~ p n (V + V) ~\subseteq~ p n W.$$ Finally, $$c = p z + (1 - p) k$$ and $$k, z \in n E$$ imply $$h(c) ~=~ p h(z) + (1 - p) h(k) ~\in~ p n h(E) + (1 - p) n h(E) ~\subseteq~ p n W,$$ as desired. Q.E.D.

Since every singleton subset of $$X$$ is also a bounded subset, it follows that if $$H \subseteq L(X, Y)$$ is an equicontinuous set of continuous linear operators between two topological vector spaces $$X$$ and $$Y$$ (not necessarily Hausdorff or locally convex), then the orbit $H(x) := \{h(x) : h \in H\}$ of every $$x \in X$$ is a bounded subset of $$Y.$$

Bounded subsets of topological modules
The definition of bounded sets can be generalized to topological modules. A subset $$A$$ of a topological module $$M$$ over a topological ring $$R$$ is bounded if for any neighborhood $$N$$ of $$0_M$$ there exists a neighborhood $$w$$ of $$0_R$$ such that $$w A \subseteq B.$$

title: Bounded set (topological vector space)


text:
Alexander Garden (disambiguation)

Alexander Garden extends along the Moscow Kremlin wall.

Alexander Garden may also refer to:

Other parks

 * Alexander Garden (Saint Petersburg), connects Palace Square and St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg
 * Alexandrovsky Sad (disambiguation) in several other towns
 * Alexander Garden (Novocherkassk), Novocherkassk, Rostov oblast, Russia

People

 * Alexander Garden (priest) (c. 1685–1756), born in Scotland, lived in South Carolina
 * Alexander Garden (naturalist) (1730–1791), his son, naturalist and physician, lived in Scotland, South Carolina, and England
 * Alexander Garden (soldier) (1757–1829), his son, born and died in South Carolina, educated in England and Scotland
 * Alexander Garden (politician) (1714–1785), Scottish politician representing Aberdeenshire; fourth cousin of the soldier
 * Alexander Garden (poet) (c. 1585–c. 1642), also known as Alexander Gardyne, lived in Scotland

title: Alexander Garden (disambiguation)


text: Category:Magazines published in Poland

title: Category:Magazines published in Poland


text:
Changzhi

Changzhi is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of Shanxi Province, China, bordering the provinces of Hebei and Henan to the northeast and east, respectively. Historically, the city was one of the 36 administrative areas (see Administrative Divisions of Qin Dynasty) extant under the reign of the first emperor of a unified China (see Qin Shi Huang).

Nowadays, Changzhi is a transportation centre in Shanxi. Transportations is facilitated by: four controlled-access highways, (Taiyuan-Changzhi, Changzhi-Jincheng, Changzhi-Linfen, and Changzhi-Handan); two railways, (Taiyuan–Jiaozuo Railway and Handan–Changzhi Railway ); three national highways, China National Highway 207, 208 and 309; and Changzhi Wangcun Airport (ITAT Code: CIH, ICAO Code: ZBCZ). Internal transportation also includes a bus and taxi network.

The city is a rising commercial and industrial centre in the southeastern area of Shanxi. In 2011, its GDP ranked 1st out of 11 prefecture-level cities in the province. According to the latest census, in 2020 the city was home to 3,180,884 residents whom 1,214,940 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Luzhou and Shangdang Districts. The other 2 urban districts Tunliu and Lucheng are not conurbated yet.

History
In ancient times the area around Changzhi (Including Jincheng) was known as Shangdang. Changzhi was the site of the 1945 Shangdang Campaign, the first battle between the Kuomintang and the People's Liberation Army after the end of World War II. The campaign began in August 1945 and lasted until October. It began when the local Shanxi warlord, Yan Xishan, attempted to retake the region from Communist forces. Yan's forces were eventually defeated by an army led by Liu Bocheng, who was later named one of China's Ten Great Marshals. Liu's political commissar was Deng Xiaoping, who later became China's "paramount leader". The campaign ended with the complete destruction of Yan's army (Jingsui army, 晋绥军), most of which joined the Communists after surrendering. Following the Shangdang Campaign, the Communists remained in control of the region until they won the civil war in 1949.

The area under the control of People's Government of Changzhi City is divided into 12 county-level administration zone. They are 4 districts Luzhou, Lucheng, Shangdang, and Tunliu; and 8 counties Xiangyuan County, Pingshun County, Licheng County, Huguan County, Zhangzi County, Wuxiang County, Qin County, and Qinyuan County.

 * Defunct - Jiao District is largely made up of suburban surround the city center of the metropolitan area.

Geography
Changzhi is located in southeastern Shanxi province, along the southern section of the Taihang Mountains. The majority of the city's area is mountainous, and much of the remaining geography is hilly in nature. The average elevation in the city is approximately 1000 m above sea level, with prominent peaks including Liyu Mountain and Shigao Mountain, reaching 2012 m and 2541 m above sea level, respectively.

Climate
Changzhi has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with cold and very dry winters, and very warm, somewhat humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −4.7 °C in January to 22.5 °C in July, and the annual mean is 9.89 °C. Typifying the influence of the East Asian Monsoon, a majority of the annual 547 mm of precipitation occurs from June to August.

Pollution
Changzhi's air quality index is monitored by China's Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) and city government. A record of daily air quality is published by the local government.

In 2013, a major chemical spill occurred at a fertilizer plant in Changzhi operated by Tianji Coal Chemical Industry Group, polluting major waterways in the region, and impacting areas downstream, such as the city of Handan. Government officials in Handan blamed the city government of Changzhi for covering up the spill for five days, and remaining silent on the spill for the subsequent two months. In February 2013, the Xinhua News Agency announced the results of an official investigation into the spill, resulting in the punishment of 39 people, including then-mayor of Changzhi, Zhang Bao, who was removed from his position.

In 2019, officials from the Shanxi Provincial Government publicly reprimanded officials from seven cities within the province, including Changzhi, following a noticeable spike in pollution.

Higher education

 * Changzhi Medical College
 * Changzhi College

High schools

 * Changzhi No.1 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.2 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.3 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.4 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.5 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.6 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.7 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.8 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.9 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.10 Middle School
 * Changzhi Experimental Middle School
 * Changzhi No.12 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.13 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.14 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.15 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.16 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.17 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.18 Middle School
 * Changzhi No.19 Middle School
 * Tai-Hang Middle School (Subsidiary Middle School of Changzhi College)

Expressways
Portions of three National Highways run through Changzhi: China National Highway 207, China National Highway 208, and China National Highway 309. National Highways 207 and 208 run along a north–south axis, while National Highway 309 runs along a west–east axis.

Other major expressways which run through Changzhi include the, and expressways which link the city to Handan, Jincheng, and Taiyuan. The also runs through the city.

Railway

 * Taiyuan–Jiaozuo Railway
 * Handan–Changzhi Railway

Airport

 * Changzhi Wangcun Airport

Notable people

 * Li Yueru, WNBA center for the Los Angeles Sparks

title: Changzhi


text:
The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone

The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone is a branch campus of the private culinary college the Culinary Institute of America. The Greystone campus, located on State Route 29/128 in St. Helena, California, offers associate degrees and two certificate programs in culinary arts and baking and pastry arts. The CIA at Greystone and the Culinary Institute of America at Copia make up the school's California branch.

The campus' primary facility is a 117000 sqft stone building, known as Greystone Cellars and built for William Bowers Bourn II as a cooperative wine cellar in 1889. Hamden McIntyre designed the gravity flow winery along with other wineries of the decade. The building changed ownership several times, and was notably owned by the Christian Brothers as a winery from 1945 to 1989. It was used as a winery until its sale to the school in 1993, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Establishment of Greystone Cellars

The Greystone campus is situated in and around the Greystone Cellars building, which William Bowers Bourn II conceived as a business concept. His father, William Bowers Bourn Sr., was wealthy from ownership of the Empire Mine gold mine, as well as co-ownership of a shipping company. Bourn II was a businessman with business interests and residences around California, although he had spent his summers during his youth at White Sulphur Springs Resort in St. Helena, before his parents bought Madroño, an estate in the town.

Around the 1880s, San Francisco wine dealers were purchasing wine from Napa Valley vintners at low prices (sometimes around 15 to 18 cents per gallon). The dealers had facilities to store and age wines that most Napa Valley vintners lacked, and thus were able to purchase wine from the vintners at low prices. Because of this, Bourn began a campaign to build the cooperative winery; he was in his early 30s at the time. He created a business partnership with another businessman, E. Everett Wise, who was of a similar age. Bourn then asked for support within the Napa County wine industry. Bourn met with Henry Pellet, president of the St. Helena Vinicultural Club, who endorsed the idea and encouraged his associates to do the same. Bourn and Wise ended up gathering enough support from the local wine industry, and they hired George Percy and Frederick F. Hamilton of the San Francisco architectural firm Percy & Hamilton to design the Greystone Cellars, along with Italian stonemasons to build the façades, and the Ernest L. Ransome firm to handle concrete work. The plans involved the use of new materials and technology of the time, including the relatively new Portland cement. The cement was used as mortar and also poured over the iron reinforcing rods built within the first and second floor elevations. The heavy timber construction of the third floor provided structural support for not only that floor's cask, barrel and bottle aging space but also for the gravity-flow crushing area located on the floor above. The architects planned for the cellars to hold two million gallons of wine at a time, with thirteen tunnels in the hillside behind the building to hold another million gallons. Those tunnels collapsed due to effects of water seepage and of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

A large number of men were hired for the building's construction, and local workers were chosen over non-locals. During the construction, many of the workers lived in tents beside their worksite, and cooked meals and stayed there when not working. The cornerstone was laid on June 15, 1888; beneath it was laid several bottles of wine, a copy of a St. Helena Star and San Francisco newspapers, and foreign and rare coins. The building, called the Bourn & Wise Wine Cellar, was completed around June 1889, along with a distillery north of the building and a superintendent's house to the south. In September of that year Everett Wise became too ill to work and sold his share in the winery to Bourn, who between that time and 1890 named the winery Greystone Cellars.

The building cost $250,000 ($ in ). At its completion, architect George Percy described Greystone Cellars as the largest wine cellar in California, if not the world. Greystone was also the first California winery to be operated and illuminated by electricity, produced by a boiler and gas generator located in a mechanical room below the building's central front wing. In the spring of 1894, a long-lasting phylloxera scourge made Bourn decide the winery was no longer profitable.

Subsequent uses
He sold the building at a low price that year, to Charles Carpy, who deeded the property to the California Wine Association. The association continued using the Greystone Cellars wine label. A year later, the Bisceglia brothers of San Jose purchased Greystone where they produced sacramental wine under the same label until 1930, and again beginning in October 1933. The Carpy family maintained part of the land, including a Victorian house nicknamed Albert's Villa south of the winery. The house burned down around 1929 and was replaced with a Spanish-style house that is now owned by the school.

In 1940, the Brothers of the Christian Schools (the Christian Brothers) leased the property, purchasing it in 1945, and using it for sparkling wine production from 1950 to 1989. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The Christian Brothers sold the property in 1989 because of declining market shares and vineyard yields, and the costs of seismically retrofitting Greystone. The Heublein Company of Canada purchased the property and marketing rights to the Christian Brothers' brands in 1990, shortly after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred. The earthquake damaged the Greystone Cellars building, rendering the northern portion of the building unusable.

Culinary Institute campus
In 1993, Heublein sold the property at about 10 percent of its $14 million ($ in ) valuation, $1.68 million ($ in ), to the Culinary Institute of America, which used $15 million ($ in ) to renovate the building and give it a seismic retrofit. After completing the work in August 1995, the school established the property as a branch campus. After initially offering certificate courses, in autumn 2006, the campus began offering associate degrees. In 2015, the college put in motion plans to purchase a portion of Copia, a museum in downtown Napa that operated from 2001 to 2008. The college intends to open a campus, the Culinary Institute of America at Copia, which will house the CIA's new Food Business School. The school, which was outgrowing the Greystone campus, purchased the northern portion of the property for $12.5 million (it was recently assessed for $21.3 million).

Architecture
The Greystone Cellars building stands on a terraced hillside site on the west side of 29/128, about a mile north of St. Helena's central business district. It has 117000 sqft, three stories, and a basement, and is around 400 ft long, 76 ft wide, and 66 ft tall,  with 22 in thick walls. As a wine cellar, it held 3.5 million gallons. The building was designed in the Richardson Romanesque style, with an arched entranceway and tower, stone mullions and transoms, a low sweeping roof, well-fitted stonework, and a large and simple stone façade. The building's exterior is made of local light gray volcanic stone put together with Portland cement; the trimmings are of a red stone. Bourne had insisted that gray stones were used in the east façade of the building (its main façade), with darker or other colored stones usable for the other sides of the building. The roof originally used black slate roof tiles.

The building has a front projection measuring 50 x 20 ft, which held the main entranceway and an office and sample room. The former office has walls and ceilings of quartered oak, and includes a stone fireplace and vault door. The former sample room has paneled mahogany walls and ceilings, a parquet floor, open bottle racks on walls, and two lockers of mahogany. The windows are polished plate glass with stained glass transoms. The tasting and sales rooms are still preserved in their original form. The projection also includes a 20 x 20 ft stone tower that extends one story above the roof and was built to hold a large water tank. A driveway wraps around the front and back of the building, where it is nearly level with the third floor.

The interior has two distinct wings with a large hallway between them, originally with an iron staircase and a hydraulic ram elevator both leading to the third floor. Each side of the hallway on each floor had three doors 8 ft wide. 4 in iron pipes were placed through the walls and floors every thirty feet in order to pipe wine from one part of the building to another, and into and out of the building.

Property changes since the original construction include the front terrace, entranceway and landscaping. The former front lawn and flower beds were paved over, and a new driveway was cut into the stone wall north of the original large stone arch over the first driveway.

Programs
The campus' programs include associate degrees in culinary arts and in baking and pastry arts, a master's degree program in wine management, and a 30-week culinary arts certificate program. Of the campus' 300 students, approximately 60 percent are in the culinary arts degree program, 23 percent in the baking and pastry arts degree program, and 17 percent in a certificate program, as of 2013.

School facilities
The primary school building is the Greystone Cellars building, which houses teaching kitchens, the Wine Spectator Greystone Restaurant, the Bakery Café by illy, the Spice Islands Marketplace (the campus store), the De Baun and Ecolab Theatres (auditoriums and cooking demonstration facilities, also used as lecture halls), and administrative offices. Adjacent to the teaching kitchens is the Margie Schubert Library.

Teaching kitchens
The 15000 sqft teaching kitchens at Greystone are on the third floor of the primary building. The space was designed without interior walls in order to facilitate ease of movement and open exchange of ideas. The kitchens vary from common stainless steel commercial kitchens by using materials including granite, stone, tile, and wood. The kitchens use Bonnet stoves and have a variety of cooking appliances, including rotisseries, appliances for induction cooking, a stone hearth oven, convection ovens, combi steamers, French tops, and numerous large mixers. The baking and pastry kitchen has 16 ft flecked granite and solid oak tables for pastry and dough preparation.

On the first floor, the 5000 sqft Viking Teaching Kitchen is designed for 36 to 40 students at a time. Its appliances and equipment were donated by Viking Range Corporation's founders and installed as part of a comprehensive redesign of the building's first floor in 2010. The redesign also involved the completion of a chocolate-making facility and the campus store and Flavor Bar.

Restaurants
The Gatehouse Restaurant, staffed by the school's degree program students, is a casual restaurant serving contemporary food with local ingredients. The Bakery Café by illy is run by Baking and Pastry Arts Certificate students. The café has sandwiches, salads, soups, and fresh pastries and breads, and also serves coffee, espressos, and teas.

Two former restaurants operated at the campus: the Conservatory Restaurant was led by students of the Farm-to-Table concentration in the CIA's bachelor's degree programs. The Wine Spectator Greystone Restaurant (WSGR) was run by students in the associate degree program in culinary arts. The restaurant focused on using local and seasonal ingredients, and the dining room had open cooking stations to give diners a full view of the working kitchen. The WSGR initially served food of the Mediterranean cuisines, and was at first professionally run. Later on, it became fully student-run, however changes in late 2015 led to lunch service staffed by students and dinner service staffed by employees. The restaurants closed around 2016 with the campus' reorganization after purchasing Copia.

Residence halls
The campus offers housing for 130 students, and has three residence halls: the 18-room Guest House, the 41-room Vineyard Lodge I, and the 30-room Vineyard Lodge II. The residence halls have single, double, and triple-occupancy rooms. The Guest House is located on-campus and the Vineyard Lodges are about 3/4 mi from the campus, with shuttle service to and from the buildings.

The campus' newest residence hall, Vineyard Lodge II, was built around 2009 as the campus expected to double its enrollment. The building has two-stories, 31 dorm rooms, a kitchen, an activity room, an outside deck and two manager's rooms. The school planned for an environmentally-oriented dormitory, with solar panels to cover some of the building's electrical needs, as well as a membrane system for waste water. The building also has board and batten siding, which lasts longer than wooden siding. The building, on Pratt Avenue in St. Helena, is the first building in the city to be metal-framed rather than wood-framed, to better prevent termites, mold, and fire. The school estimated costs of $4 million for a Napa-based construction company to construct the building. The company demolished a 1750 sqft laundry and facilities building in what was described as a green-oriented process. At the time of construction, the school annually enrolled 104 students; the new residence hall would allow the campus to enroll another 100 students.

Other facilities

 * The De Baun Theatre is a 48-seat demonstration kitchen that hosts cooking demonstrations for the public.
 * The Ecolab Theatre is a 125-seat amphitheater-style demonstration auditorium that rises through the first two levels of the building. It is designed for cooking demonstrations, lectures, food and wine tastings, and other special events. The auditorium's demonstration kitchen has a 22 ft cooking center, large video monitors, and fixed tables at every seat.
 * The Rudd Center for Professional Wine Studies, a two-story distillery building dating to around 1889, is used for the Professional Wine Studies program and was named after the Rudd family of Rudd Farms. The building has sensory analysis classrooms with wireless keypad response systems, built-in light boxes, and expectoration stations. The Rudd Center contains a pantry, a 4,000-bottle wine cave and private dining room, and a terrace. Karen MacNeil is the creator and chairman of the center. The building opened in 2003 for a wine professional credential; the school began its wine and beverage certification program in 2010. In 2013 the school began a wine, beverage, and hospitality concentration in its bachelor's degree program.
 * The Spice Islands Marketplace is the campus store, and offers culinary-related items (cooking equipment, cookbooks, uniforms, and food ingredients). Next to the store is a flavor bar that holds tasting exercises for guests.
 * The Ventura Center for Menu Research and Development has 8000 sqft of classrooms, a theater-style kitchen, and interactive audience response audio technologies.
 * The Williams Center for Flavor Discovery, in the former gatehouse, is used by students for the study of flavors and flavor development in food and wine. The results of tasting panels at the building are shared with members of the culinary industry to enhance understanding of flavor in food, cooking, and wine.


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Category:Female heads of government

This category is for women who have been or are a head of the government of a sovereign state. It should not include purely ceremonial heads of state.

title: Category:Female heads of government


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University of Regensburg

The University of Regensburg (Universität Regensburg) is a public research university located in the city of Regensburg, Germany. The university was founded on 18 July 1962 by the Landtag of Bavaria as the fourth full-fledged university in Bavaria. Following groundbreaking in 1965, the university officially opened to students during the 1967–1968 winter semester, initially housing faculties in Law and Business Sciences and Philosophy. During the summer semester of 1968 the faculty of Theology was created. Currently, the University of Regensburg houses eleven faculties.

The university actively participates in the European Union's SOCRATES programme as well as part of the Compostela-Group. Its most famous academic, the previous Pope Benedict XVI, served as a professor there until 1977 and formally retained his chair in theology.

History
Attempts to establish a university in Regensburg had been advocated since the late 15th century. In 1487, Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria and the Regensburg city council sent a petition to Pope Innocent VIII to establish a university within the city. The idea was rejected, failing for economic reasons. In 1562, Croatian Protestant reformer Matthias Flacius again advocated the creation of a university in the city, arguing that a university in Regensburg would spread the ideas of the Protestant Reformation to Slavic lands. Protestant intellectuals again tried to establish a university in 1633, though their attempts were blocked by the arrival of imperial troops from orders of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. Following the end of the Second World War, a group of concerned intellectuals and academics in Eastern Bavaria established the Association of the Friends of the University (Verein der Freunde der Universität Regensburg e. V.) in 1948, advocating the creation of a university for Regensburg and the Upper Palatinate region. The association's advocacy proved successful in 1962 when the Bavarian Landtag authorized the creation of the university.

Construction began with the official groundbreaking ceremony on 20 November 1965. The first lectures began during the 1967 winter semester, with the faculties of Law and Business Sciences and Philosophy as the first schools for students. The following year, the faculty of Catholic Theology opened to students. Since 1967, the university has expanded to twelve faculties, including medicine, biology, psychology, and chemistry. The German Research Association has deeply supported a number of research projects in the university, including the fields of biochemistry and microbiology.

The university's most famous faculty member is Pope Benedict XVI, who taught from 1969 until he was appointed Cardinal and Archbishop of Munich in 1977. In 2006, one year following his election to the papacy, Benedict XVI returned to the University of Regensburg to make a highly controversial lecture that garnered the university international attention. The Pope is still listed as a professor of the university.

Another famous former faculty member, Karl Stetter, worked as head of the Archaea Center and the Department of Microbiology between 1980 and 2002. Among his discoveries were Pyrococcus furiosus in 1986, Aquifex aeolicus, Aquifex pyrophilus, and Nanoarchaeum equitans, discovered in 2002.

Location and staff
Situated almost entirely on one central campus, the university is located south of Regensburg's inner city on a small incline south of the Danube River, and directly adjacent to the Regensburg University of Applied Sciences and the A 3 autobahn. The university itself consists of 150 hectares (280 acres) of land, encompassing a botanical garden and a stadium.

Including the affiliated university hospital, the University of Regensburg has approximately 4,200 employees including 312 professors, and teaches more than 20,000 students (summer term 2015). The university's reputation and attractiveness is enhanced by the 2,000-year-old town of Regensburg, its scenic countryside, the Donautal (Danube Valley), a high density of bars and the nearby heights of the Bavarian Forest. Brisk cultural life both in the city and on campus provide great recreational opportunities, enhanced by a number of nearby lakes.

Faculties
The university is structured into twelve faculties:

 * Faculty of Catholic Theology
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Business and Economics
 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Faculty of Informatics and Data Science
 * Faculty of Philosophy, Art History, History, and Humanities
 * Faculty of Psychology, Education, and Sport Science
 * Faculty of Languages, Literature, and Cultures
 * Faculty of Mathematics
 * Faculty of Physics
 * Faculty of Biology and Pre-Clinical Medicine
 * Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy

Degree Courses
With its twelve faculties, the university employs a wide variety of traditional programmes of study. The university was one of the first German universities to introduce modularized study programs following the Bologna model. Since 2000, most study programs have introduced bachelor's as well as master's degrees in recent years. Doctoral degrees can be obtained in most subjects as well.

Cross-disciplinary co-operation, the strengthening of key competences, project orientation, and a flexible study programme are the hallmarks of these new degree programmes, preparing students for many modern career options. For international students of law, the university offers an LL.M. course in German Law. All students, irrespective of their specialisation, are offered a number of programmes which can be taken to complement their main field of study. Among these are data processing, general language courses, specialised language courses (business, law etc.), courses in oral presentation and communication, and a programme in intercultural communication.

Research
Key fields of activity include the Natural Sciences (Mathematics, Physics, Bio-Sciences, Chemistry and Pharmacy), the Humanities (History, Philologies) and Medicine. The German Research Association (DFG) currently sponsors two collaborative research centres (the SFB 1085 "Higher Invariants -interactions between Arithmetic Geometry and Global Analysis" of the Faculty of Mathematics and the CRC/Transregio 55 "Hadron Physics from Lattice QCD" of the Faculty of Physics), four research units and five interdisciplinary graduate colleges. The university participates in well over 30 EU projects.

In detail: according to a recent documentation of the DFG, the physics faculty of the university in 2009 held the first place in Bavaria, and the third one in Germany, concerning the financial support. Moreover, the high-energy physicists of the faculty form the center of a large international cooperation on a basic theory in the field, the Quantum Chromodynamics, with a large special computer, called QPACE.

Due to its geographical location near the former Iron Curtain border of the Czech Republic, the university considers itself a bridge. between East and West, institutionalised in a Leibniz-Institute for East- and Southeast European Studies. Working with partners in Europaeum, the University of Regensburg has set up an interdisciplinary centre for research and teaching on all aspects pertaining to Central, Eastern and Southeastern European countries. As part of the focus on Eastern Europe the University of Regensburg offers degrees like Southeastern-European Studies and Eastern European studies. The university is also home for the Bavarian University Centre for Central, East and Southeastern Europe (BAYHOST) which works on deepening cooperation between universities of the region and the state of Bavaria. The university closely cooperates with other institutions focusing on Eastern Europe in the city like the Institute for Eastern and Southeastern European studies, the Ostrecht institute (institute for Easteuropean legal studies) and the Hungarian institute among others. These institutions are all part of the centre for competence on Eastern Europe Regensburg.

Rankings
The University of Regensburg has been featured in various international university rankings. According to the QS World University Rankings of 2024, it is ranked in the 741–750 range globally and holds the 38th position within Germany. Additionally, in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) of 2023, the University of Regensburg placed in the 401–500 category worldwide, and secured a position between 25 and 31 in the national rankings.

The Handelsblatt Ranking 2014, one of the most relevant rankings for business administration in Germany, ranked the university's Department of Business Administration among the best 25 in German-speaking Europe.

Service
On campus, students are provided with a large central cafeteria (Mensa) and several smaller ones, a pizzeria, a bank, a bookshop as well as various other shops. The open-access University Library, with its modern online catalogue and loan system, holds over 3.15 million books and periodicals. All students receive a PIN code for the computers, which grants free access to e-mail services and the Internet in all computer rooms throughout the campus. Students also have access to the services provided by the university's Computer Centre in any one of the more than 20 computer pools on campus and in most of the student dormitories.

Student residences, a number of which cater to students with special needs, are located in close proximity to the campus as well as in the city centre itself.

In addition to its academic function, the University of Regensburg encourages numerous extracurricular activities on campus. Various choirs, musical ensembles and art exhibitions (drawings, prints, sculpture and photography) testify to a dynamic cultural life on campus. Every year, more than ten student drama groups stage their productions in the theatre on campus. Well equipped audiovisual studios cater to students with an interest in film and music production.

The Sports Centre provides recreational courses for students. The choice of courses ranges from aikido to capoeira, and from kayaking to volleyball.

The university's International Office offers international students well developed orientation and integration programmes.

Points of interest

 * Botanischer Garten der Universität Regensburg, the university's botanical garden

Partner Universities
The university currently maintains links with over 130 European academic institutions. The number of partner universities in countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Cyprus and the Baltic States has steadily grown ever since the initiation of the programme for associated countries. The university now has over 20 partners in these countries. Favourite destinations for students are and have always been Great Britain, followed by France, Italy and Spain. Universities of Kanazawa, Japan and Korea University, Seoul provide opportunities for Regensburg students to partake in teaching programs in English language and, depending on their level of language training, as teachers themselves. Two Latin American universities, the Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela, and the Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico, provide several university places.

Notable people

 * Benjamin Appl (born 1982), German-British lyric baritone
 * May Ayim, alumna: psychology and education, 1986
 * Pope Benedict XVI, faculty member, theology, 1969–1977
 * Markus Brunnermeier, alumnus, economics, 1993
 * Felix Brych, alumus, public law 2004
 * Elli Erl, alumna, sports and medicine, 2005
 * Wolfgang A. Herrmann, alumnus, chemistry, 1973
 * Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens, alumnus, theology, 1978
 * Werner Jeanrond, alumnus, theology, 1979
 * Theophilos Kuriakose, Bishop of Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, alumnus, theology, 2001
 * Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, alumnus, theoretical physics, 1980
 * Sarah Straub, alumna, psychology (also for her work as a singer, songwriter, and musician), 2011
 * Udo Steiner, faculty member, public law
 * Karl Stetter, faculty member, microbiology, 2002
 * Edmund Stoiber, alumnus, criminal law, 1971
 * Wolfgang Wiegard, faculty, economics, 1999
 * Thomas F.A. Whitfield, scientist, inventor
 * Otto S. Wolfbeis, faculty member, chemistry
 * Micael Kalu Ukpong, Auxiliary Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Roman Catholic Diocese of Umua

title: University of Regensburg


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Internationalism

Internationalism may refer to:

 * Cosmopolitanism, the view that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality as opposed to communitarianism, patriotism and nationalism
 * International Style, a major architectural movement that was developed in the 1920s and 1930s
 * Internationalism (linguistics), loanwords that occur translingually with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology
 * Internationalism (politics), a political movement that advocates a greater economic and political cooperation among nations
 * Internationalism (Venezuela), a Venezuelan political party
 * Internationalist–defencist schism, a current within the socialist movement opposed to World War I
 * Multilateralism (international relations), multiple countries working in concert on a given issue
 * Proletarian internationalism, the Marxist view of internationalism

title: Internationalism


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Talk:University of Regensburg

This new article is being written and maintained by a group of students from the English department of the University of Regensburg. The initial text is a translation by D.S. of the article in the German Wiki. - G.Dunphy, 24 April 2005

changes
I have removed a sentence from the introduction stating that the University of Regensburg is "conservative compared to other German universities". In my view, this is definitely not NPOV, and is not supported by any source. One might add, though, that Regensburg is not among those newer German universities that are explicitly judged as "reform universites" like the University of Constance or the University of Bielefeld. But not being a reform university does not imply any conservativism. --ChWolff (talk) 16:17, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

made a few quick fixes, I think this page needs extending. - Sebastian (student, Uni Regensburg)

 * I have never heard the term "Benedict University of Regensburg". Furthermore, this claim does not appear on the German version. This needs to be substanciated or deleted.

Agreed. Delete it. This is probably a student joke. --Doric Loon 22:58, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Regensburg


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Talk:John Trenchard (politician)

Untitled
As John Trenchard (Secretary of State) and John Trenchard (writer) were earlier mixed as one person and one article, I'm not sure which one of them was a member of parliament for Taunton. If somebody knows or is able to check, please confirm or correct.

Year of birth - 1640 or 1649 or something else??
The article quotes DNB's YoB as 1640. However, History of Parliament - see http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/trenchard-sir-john-1649-95 - gives the more realistic year of 1649. Which is right? His parents apparently married 14 Jan 1638 at Crewkerne. If so, then he was their 3rd son (Thomas, Robert, John) born just two years after the parents' marriage (there are also Anne, Elizabeth and Mary before him !!). HoP also gives his matriculation at New College as 1665 - so aged 16 if you believe HoP or aged 25 if you believe DNB.

I give notice that I will change the YoB to be 1649 in a week's time, quoting HoP - but noting the error in DNB. OK? 86.188.102.76 (talk) 00:32, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

 * "b. 30 Mar. 1649, 4th but 3rd surv. s. of Thomas Trenchard† of Wolveton, Dorset by Hannah, da. of Robert Henley of Henley, Som.; bro. of Henry† and Thomas Trenchard†. educ. Winchester 1661–5; New Coll. Oxf. 1665–7; M. Temple 1667, called 1674; travelled abroad (Spain) 1677.  m. lic. 10 Nov. 1682, Philippa, da. of George Speke† of White Lackington, Som., sis. of John Speke*, 4s. 3da.  Kntd. 29 Oct. 1689; suc. bro. Henry 1694." 86.188.102.76 (talk) 00:38, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

Sorry - I've added this already. It's difficult to imagine him studying at secondary school, aged 25 !! 86.188.102.76 (talk) 15:07, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Trenchard (politician)


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Talk:John Trenchard (writer)

Untitled
As John Trenchard (Secretary of State) and John Trenchard (writer) were earlier mixed as one person and one article, I'm not sure which one of them was a member of parliament for Taunton. If somebody knows or is able to check, please confirm or correct.

This sentence seems unclear to me:

His works include A Short History of Standing Armies in England 1698 and 1731 and The Natural History of Superstition 1709.

If he died in 1723, "John Trenchard (1662–1723)", the publication date of his first book should be explained.

I have no knowledge of the subject. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.80.147.138 (talk) 23:45, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Trenchard (writer)


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User talk:Dancecity

hi my real name is emma joy but i called myself dance city becasue i loveeeeeeeeeeeeee dancin and go to itaia conti associates and do a show every yr so i love films about dancin i like music and i love doing it and in my world this is dance city and im in da middle of writing a book bout it al to and facts etc thank u

emma dancecity xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

title: User talk:Dancecity


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Assault course

An assault course (also called trim trail) is a trail (or course) that combines running and exercising. It is often used in military training. The prime use is to evaluate progress and weaknesses of the individual or the team involved. Another name for the Assault Course is the Obstacle Course. Confidence Courses is another term used. There are also specific Urban Obstacle Courses and Night Obstacles Courses. An Obstacle Course Race (OCR) is a civilian sporting and fitness challenge event which combines obstacles and cross country running.

Military training
Assault courses are used in military training to increase fitness, to demonstrate techniques that can be used for crossing obstacles, and to increase teamwork and self-confidence.

Military Assault Courses help develop: Physical Fitness: Strength; Stamina; Mobility. Technique: Such as how to climb over walls and lower oneself safely. Teamwork: Especially on obstacles that can only be crossed as a team such a high walls. Mental Ability: Overcoming challenges and fears by personal courage and determination.

Often military assault courses will be standardised, and will have, for example (in the UK), a six-foot and a ten-foot wall, a climbing net, some type of bar to climb over, and a high rope or net that must be crossed (these being or representing the most likely difficult terrain that a soldier will come across). The standardisation means that every course will be to the same quality, though it also means that there will be certain parts that may be familiar if practised.

Purpose and Types of Military Assault Courses
However, they have different purposes. For example, they can be short (less than a minute) with a rifle range on the end (e.g. Junior Leaders, Folkestone), or long (five minutes) as at Thetford. This is partially because of space restraints and training objectives. The short one can be run as an individual course and a warmup for the range. The long Thetford course is more of an exercise in endurance and teamwork.

Individual Obstacles can be for general fitness, of for quite specific task such as cargo nets which simulates soldiers climbing down nets from ships into Landing Craft for Beachhead Landings. Climbing through windows is a useful skill when operating in built-up areas, and climbing ladders and over walls proved useful on recent operations.

Worldwide common assault course obstacles include barbed wire or nets to crawl under, pipes or tunnels to crawl through, walls to climb over, beams, walls or planks to balance on, steps to climb up, walls with window size holes to climb through, and mazes to negotiate. Overhead traverse (monkey bars) are popular.

Whilst the primary role of a military assault course is to improve fitness, they are also used for the assessment of personnel to see if they are suitable for a specific role. For example in the British Military potential paratroopers have to complete the British Army’s Parachute Regiment’s Trainasium, as one of the test, to be allowed to progress to Parachute Training, and the Royal Marine’s Bottom Field Assault Course has to be completed as one of the test for the award of the Commando Green Beret. Both of these assault courses have obstacles which provide a physical and psychological challenge to those completing them, the Trainasium has a lot of high obstacles and Bottom Field include a lot of obstacles with water. The German Army's Einzelkampferlehrgang (Individual Battle Course), a combat survival course, uses a timed assault course as one of its entry test. For the Basic Einzelkampferlehrgang Course it must be completed in 2 min 15 sec, and for the Advanced Course in 1 min 50 sec.

International Military Assault Courses
The Conseil International du Sport Militaire’s (CISM) Military Pentathlon Obstacle Course: There are 5 parts of the CISM Military Pentathlon: Shooting; Obstacle Swimming; Grenade Throwing; Cross Country Running and an Obstacle Course. The Obstacle Course is the signature event of the Military Pentathlon, and is 500 metres long with 20 standard obstacles: Rope ladder; Double beam; Trip wires; Crawl; Stepping-stones; Vault; Balance beam; Sloping wall with rope; Horizontal beams; Irish table; Tunnel and twin beams; Four steps; Ramp and ditch; Low wall; 2m deep Pit; Vertical ladder; High wall; Zigzag balance beam; Chicane; Three low walls close together. The women’s competition omits the rope ladder, sloping wall with rope, four steps and vertical ladder. International Naval Obstacle Course Competitions are similar and have additional naval type task such as closing and securing hatches. These competitions are run in sports clothing, and can be individual or team events with each team member covering a section of the course. The Military Pentathalon Obstacle Course are completed in around 2 minutes. The CISM Obstacle Course design is used by many armed forces around the world.

China
The Chinese People's Liberation Army has a standard Assault Course Test which is 400m long and the soldier negotiates 16 obstacles. The Assault Course is 100m long with 8 obstacles. The Test starts with a 100m run along the side of the Assault Course and then turn about. Then 1: cross the stepping stones using only 3 in one row, 2: leap across a 2m wide, 2m deep vertical sided trench, 3: climb over a 1.1m high wall, 4: climb onto a 1.8m high platform, cross over on to two other lower platforms to, 5: move along the top of a horizontal ladder, 6: traverse the balance beam, 7: climb over the high wall, 8:crawl under six tripwires, then turn around, 9: step over six tripwires, 10: climb over the high wall,11: weave in and out of the 4 support post for the balance beam, 12: swing under the horizontal ladder, 13: cross two platforms to the 1.8m high platform and jump down, 14: climb through a 0.5m wide and 0.4m high hole in the low wall, 15: climb into the 2m wide 2m deep trench and out the other side, 16: cross all 5 stepping stones, then turn around and sprint the final 100m to the start/finish. The standard for under 24 year old's is 2 minutes and 35 seconds, with 2 minutes 20 seconds being good and 2 minutes 5 seconds being excellent. The 400m obstacle course is considered by Chinese soldiers to be harder than a 5km run, or a 5km speed march with 10kg. Artillery NCOs Zhang Heng and Li Xiaohoi have both achieved a time of 1 minute 23 seconds.

France
The standard French military Assault course is 500m long and has the following 20 obstacles: 5m high Rope Ladder; Double Beam 1 and 1.4m high; 6 Trip Wires 0.6m high 2m apart; 20m long Low Crawl under 0.5m; 5 Stepping Stones; 3 Bar Vault 2.3m high;  Balance Beam 1m high and 8.5m long; 5m high Vertical Ladder; Over and Under Beams 1.2m and 0.7m high; 2m high Irish Table; 0.8m high Low vault; 0.5m deep ditch; Ramp and Ditch; 1m Low wall; 0.7m deep ditch a 1.5 High Bund and a 0.7m Ditch; 2m High Wall; 2.2m deep Pit; 4m high Climbing Wall; 8m long Chicane; 3 Trenches the first narrow and 0.85 deep, the second 4m wide and 1.1m deep, the third narrow and 0.85 deep. Many of the obstacle are similar to those on the CISM (International Military Sports Council) obstacle course used for Military Pentathlon such as the Irish Table which is a plank 2m above the ground which requires both technique and strength to overcome. The 4m high climbing wall is particular to French assault courses and also requires good technique to climb.

Germany
The German Armed Forces’ Obstacle Course, 'Hindernisbahn-Bundeswehr', has 12 obstacles: a barricade of logs about .6m high; a log on 1.3m high metal post to roll over; 7 log steps to a height of 2.5m; 6 X shapes to climb over – like the US Army’s Tough Nut; 2 bar vault, the first bar .5m high, the second bar is .3m further and .8 m high; 2m high wooden wall; .5m vault, with a .5m deep ditch on the far side; balance log over a wide ditch; low wires to crawl under; trip wires to step over; a 1.8m deep and 1.8m wide trench to climb in and out of; a fox hole from which dummy grenades are then thrown at targets.

The former country of the German Democratic Republic’s (East Germany) standard Sturmbahn (storm course) was 200m long and had the following obstacles: 1: 20m of 10 thigh high bars to step over or 6 concrete-semi circles to crawl under. 2: Ditch 2 m wide. 3: Climb a 3m rope to a 15-20m long horizontal rope and then climb down. 4: Climb a 2 m wall. 5: Climb onto the side of a pipe, jump onto a small platform, and then onto the side of another pipe. 6: A 10m tunnel accessed by a short vertical shafts. 7: Two trenches, divided by a fence. Jump over the first trench onto the foundation of the fence, climbed over the fence and jump over the second section of the trench. 8: Gable wall with upper and lower window with a rope. Then cross a plank, jump onto a 3 m high concrete platform, then a 1.5 m high concrete platform. 9: Seesaw 10: Climb into a foxhole, throw hand grenade, put on a gas mask and run back to the start of the Sturmbahn.

India
India’s National Cadet Corps is a Tri Service Military Youth Organisation with cadet units at schools, colleges and universities. It has a standard Obstacle Course pattern consisting of 10 obstacles about 30 foot apart. The obstacles are suitable for cadets of a wide age range and are: 1: Straight Balance - a 12’ long 4’’ wide balance beam, 1.5’ above the ground. 2: Clear Jump – a 2’ bar to be cleared in one clear jump. 3: Zig-Zag balance – a 18’ long 3’’ wide 3 zig-zag beam starting at 1.5’ high and rising to 3.5’. 4: High wall – 6’ high brick wall 5: Double Ditch – 2 ditches about 6’ wide and about 4’ apart. 6:Right hand vault – a 3.5’ high bar which is vaulted supported by the right hand on the bar. 7: Left hand vault – a 3.5’ high bar which is vaulted supported by the left hand on the bar. 8: Gate vault – a 2 bar vault with the first bar at 3’ and the top bar at 5’. 9: Ramp - up to 4.5'. 10: Straight Balance again.

Russia
Russian Federation Army Assault Courses usually have: a chicane; walls with holes to crawl through; widely spaced steps representing a broken staircase; balance beams representing a broken bridge; tunnels and often include throwing a dummy Hand Grenade from the final trench. Russian Assault Courses' often have monkey bars in an inverted V shape, higher in the middle.

Singapore
The Republic of Singapore Army's Standard Obstacle Course (SOC) dates from 1967, in 2010, the SOC was redesigned to provide realistic obstacles which may be found in either the jungle or urban battlefield. 6 old obstacles were removed (including the Monkey Bars which were known on the SOC as the Swing Trainer) and 7 new obstacles added. The new SOC has 12 obstacles: Low wall, stepping stones, rubble, tunnels, dodging panels, low rope climb, ditch, corridor, balance bridge, window, apex ladder, and terrace.

Switzerland
The Swiss military assault course has 10 obstacles, the obstacles are similar to the CISM design: a double beam;  a long crawl; a pit; stepping stones; a 3-bar vault; a zigzag balance beam; 2 sets of over under bars; 4 steps; and a 3 m high ramp with rope. Whilst ideally 250m long, the course can be between 150m and 300m long dependant on available space.

United Kingdom
The British Army has two standard designs. Type A, for trained soldiers and Type B, for training establishments.

Type A, the design for trained soldiers has 18 different obstacles, and is usually wide enough to allow two teams to compete. The design includes: 4 steps up to 1.7m; monkey bars 5.4m long and 2.8m high; stepping-stones; 5.8m high cargo net; 10m long pipe crawl; rope swing over a 6.7m wide ditch; 4m high OBUA (Operations in Built Up Area) double wall with ladders up and between the walls with window openings; and 8m high climbing ropes.

Type B, the design for British Army training establishments has 9 different obstacles. Most obstacles are built with 3 levels of difficulty: the vault has heights of 1.2m, 1.5m, and 2m; the high wall has heights of 2.1m, 2.5m and 3m; this allows the recruit to progress form easier to more challenging versions of the same obstacle as they progress through their training. The design also includes ramps; ditches wet and dry; ropes and ladders to climb up 4.8m and then cross a rope or a rope bridge 7.3m long; and a 5m long maze. The maze is one of the newer obstacles and replaced a low knee high bar which could be either vaulted over or crawled under.

Both British designs are adjusted to fit the available space and terrain features, obstacles are built between 5 and 10 yards apart, not all obstacles are always used, and obstacles from Type A (Trained soldiers) may be used in a course at a Training Camp, for example the Assault Course used by British Army recruits at Pirbright has 10 obstacles, including a maze, 2 dry ditches and a cargo net, whilst the Assault Course at Worthy Down Camp has only 8 obstacles. The Royal Air Force uses the British Army designs, and has Assault Courses at RAF Honington, RAF Halton, and the Royal Air Force College at RAF Cranwell. HMS Collingwood, a Royal Navy, shore establishment has an Assault Course with suitable naval themed obstacles, it has water obstacles which are crossed with ropes and pulleys, as well as a wall to climb over and pipes, on a slope, to crawl up. HMS Raleigh (another RN shore establishment) also has an Assault Course.

Trim trail
The term "trim trail" has also been applied to a series of wooden exercise stations, scattered in parkland or other locations beside a jogging or walking trail, which can be used to develop balance, strength and coordination. They are suitable for both adults and children, and the individual stations have been scientifically designed to provide a range of exercises. A key difference between a Trim Trail and an Assault Course is that on a Trim Trail at each exercise station the exercise is usually repeated multiple times as an exercise set, on an Assault Course the obstacle is only crossed once.

title: Assault course


text:
Limes inferior

Limes inferior (Latin for lower limit) is a social science fiction dystopian novel written in 1982 by the Polish author Janusz A. Zajdel. Limes inferior, one of Zajdel's best-known works, is a dystopia showing a grim vision of a future society resulting from a merger of the two systems competing at the time - communism and capitalism. It is a seemingly free society, which is in fact tightly controlled through a system of electronic biometric ID cards (Keys), censored media and other forms of social control.

It was recognized as the best science fiction novel in Poland in 1982.

Setting
The story is set in a fictional 'Argoland'. All citizens in Argoland are divided into 7 social classes (numbered from 0 to 6) based on their IQ. 'Zeroes' are the top, governing class. The class of a citizen determines what job he gets, and his pay ('red, green and yellow points'). Only people with class between 0 and 4 get any jobs, any promotion is depending on the class more than achievement. This is further true because the economy seems to be centrally controlled government run socialism, that is private property is limited and small private enterprises operate only on the fringes of the general economy.

'Argoland' has an awkward monetary system - its currency are green, red and yellow points. Their value is different - red points are almost valueless - only basic items like basic food can be bought for them, green points have a bit higher value and only yellow points have real value. Conversely, only employed are paid any yellow points, the more the higher their class. That means only those with class over 4 (and practically 3 because there is a shortage of jobs for class 4 and no jobs for lower classes) can get any yellow points officially. Therefore, a black exchange market for points flourishes.

The 'points' are kept on a 'Key' which serves as an electronic wallet. The Key displays the class of its bearer and its other functions are activated by owner's touch on a built-in fingerprint reader. The Key is similar to modern PDAs serving as an ID card, credit card, a watch, a calculator and a biometric reader.

Argoland is a city-state, located on the shores of lake Tibigan. The countryside is said to be uninhabited with farms operated by robots. The novel alludes that the whole humanity lives in such cities and leaving a city is not possible (vehicles used by the citizens of Argoland cease to operate at the city borders). Travel between city-states is possible but restricted and therefore not available to general population. However, people at large seem not interested in leaving their city being sure that life in other city-states is exactly the same as in theirs.

Official government or economic structure of Argoland is not discussed in the book. Religion of any kind is also totally absent. However many aspects of social control like stupidators added to cheap food to keep lower classes under control, tracing people through their 'points' transactions etc. are discussed in detail.

Plot summary
The hero, Adi Cherryson, also known as Sneer (named after one of Zajdel's fellow science fiction writers Adam Wiśniewski-Snerg), is a lifter who "helps" people cheat during the computer controlled IQ exams by giving them the correct answers through a micro-radio communicator or taking the exam for them. Sneer, who is officially only a level 4, could easily become the top level 0, but he prefers his medium level which doesn't attract much attention. In addition to lifters a whole gallery of black market figures is presented - there are downers (who use their low IQ to provide realistic 'stupid' answers for those who want to keep their class artificially low like Sneer), chameleons (black market point dealers), key-makers (providing all sorts of illegal, special purpose Keys).

The story starts when Sneer is questioned by an undercover police agent on the street and unintentionally reveals his intelligence by his answers (or so Sneer thinks). As a result, a few hours later his Key is locked and he is told to report to a testing station for an IQ test. Knowing that in such situation "electro-hipnosis" is used to prevent subjects from hiding their true intelligence, he solicits help of a "downer". He finds a suitable specialist through another "lifter" - Karl Pron.

He goes to the testing station with the "downer", who takes his Key and goes inside, leaving Sneer waiting outside. A few minutes later Sneer sees the "downer" arrested.

Without his Key he faces the reality of not having a shelter and being able to even find anything to eat without points. Wandering through the city, he sees some of the misery of life in Argoland he didn't notice before. Finally, he meets mysterious Alice, who gives him shelter and some mysterious clues about a singer and a song about the lake Tibigan.

In the morning he meets the "downer" and learns how he secured his release through a ruse - he reported Sneer's Key as found on the street. Sneer goes to the central police station and retrieves his Key, but the experience makes him uncomfortable, and he starts to look at his world in a different way. He visits his parents and an old friend, a doctor, revealing to the reader the history of this world and some further facts about it. He also tries to listen to the song Alice told him about and discovers that theoretical freedom of press is in fact a fiction as some songs etc. can be prohibited.

Meanwhile, Sneer is hired by a government official (a 'zero') to monitor the scientific lab dealing with Keys - The Key Institute. Working undercover as a doorman, Sneer discovers to his amazement that the Key Institute that should know everything about the Keys, having designed them, is in fact studying them as if they were an alien object.

Meanwhile, his "lifter" friend Karl Pron tests a new counterfeited Key, which gives the owner an unlimited number of yellow points. This Key was ordered by the group of '0's – who in fact work in the lab on which Sneer is now spying upon.

When Sneer obtains the super Key, he is taken to the meeting with top officials of the local government, where he learns that the social system of 'Argoland' is, in fact, an experiment imposed upon the humanity by the Aliens. The 'over-zeroes' form a ruling class, which suppresses dissent fearful of the Aliens but permits all kinds of irregularities which they see as preserving the human nature of people.

The end is largely mystical, but it suggests that, with the help of Alice, Sneer succeeds in saving humanity, though it is not clear exactly how he achieves that.

Interpretation
As with much utopian and dystopian fiction in the former Soviet bloc countries, where open criticism of the government was dangerous and subject to censorship, this book was interpreted by many as in fact a criticism of the system disguised as an SF novel to evade censorship (the "aliens", who are military superpower and are simultaneously enforcing a social system invented by them and thought by them to be the best one for the entire universe, actually look strongly, from such a description made in the book, like the Soviets themselves). However, it can be interpreted more broadly as a novel on how would a system resulting from a mix or convergence of the main systems then competing - communism and capitalism - look like. Some argue that many of the author's visions - for example possibility of totalitarian control on a large scale through digital systems without tracking any single individual in particular - can be seen as existing in the current world.

Many aspects of the 'Argoland' society, seemingly fictional to the book's Western readers, represented an everyday situation in communist countries. For example, in the shortage economy, luxury goods were available from a state-run chain of shops (like Pewex) selling products only for hard-to-obtain foreign currency.

title: Limes inferior


text:
Talk:Ludwig Kaas

Untitled
Because of their length, the previous discussions on this page have been archived. If further archiving is needed, see How to archive a talk page.

Previous discussions:
 * Archive1 Robert McClenon 19:43, 3 February 2006 (UTC), restructured Str1977 21:59, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Archive2 Robert McClenon 22:34, 3 February 2006 (UTC), restructured Str1977 21:59, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Archive3 Str1977 21:59, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Archive4 Str1977 21:59, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Archive5 Str1977 21:59, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Archive6 Str1977 21:59, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

About this Editing Talk page
Please keep in mind that this is called "Editing Talk" and this is not a discussion board.

Recent edits
All my recent edits are based on

 * Ludwig Volk, Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933,
 * Chapter III. Die Reichskonkordatsansätze von 1924 und 1926/27 - Pacellis deutsche Mitarbeiter, pages 32-43.

Str1977 12:26, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ludwig Kaas


text: User talk:203.221.225.193

title: User talk:203.221.225.193


text:
User talk:Ylstan03

SGpedians' notice board
Our very own notice board is up! Do try to look through and contribute. :) --Huaiwei 11:34, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wah!! Will try to look through......:)Ylstan0324 Apr 2005

title: User talk:Ylstan03


text:
Talk:Justine Frischmann

What happened when Elastica were sued
As far as I am aware, Elastica settled out of court in their copyright case, see for example.

For the interested, we could try a comparison -- these may or may not work for more than the current session, but if they do, could be added to the main page: |Connection clip from Amazon, |Three Girl Rhumba clip from Amazon

--stochata 11:35, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Is she still really friends with Albarn? From all accounts, wasn't it a pretty acrimonious breakup?

Heroin?
What? Not a single mention of her heroin habit?? -- unsigned comment
 * Review on BBC, brief mention of drugs if anyone wants to use it as a citation http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/release/bxhj/
 * -- 86.47.161.201 (talk) 13:37, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Also came here to read more background about this (heard in a documentary that her heroin use put some pressure on the Blur as well, but I'm not up for adding it myself... Semitones (talk) 14:40, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

Yeah I doubt they're friends, I mean, just listen to "No Distance Left to Run." -- unsigned comment

Jewish?
I thought Germans usually used double "n's" in their surname.

Yeah, her father is Jewish.87.112.30.168 (talk) 17:05, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

Personal life?
Is there anything that verifies that she really dated Thom Yorke? I find it hard to believe - I've never heard anything to that effect whatsoever and searching around only turned up one other offhanded (and unsourced) mention. They're both rather high-profile musicians, so surely if this is true there's some definitive verification of it somewhere. If no one sources it soon I'm going to delete it. 68.193.61.248 (talk) 00:37, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Yeah, it's not true. Yorke has been with his current partner since university and I've never read this anywhere else. Whoops, I'm not logged in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.130.193.178 (talk) 05:12, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Father's occupation
Whilst it is true that her father is a structural engineer by training, he is also the chairman of a major engineering consultanty, Pell Frischmann. Someone who is more technically proficient than me can link to the PF wiki article. 87.112.30.168 (talk) 17:03, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Justine Frischmann. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130801185126/http://a1000livingpainters.wordpress.com:80/2012/02/28/justine-frischmann/ to http://a1000livingpainters.wordpress.com/2012/02/28/justine-frischmann/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:14, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

sources covering connection with M.I.A.
Unsourced content in article RE: M.I.A. (rapper) needs clean up that adheres more closely to what is stated in reliable sources. Start of list here:
 * https://pitchfork.com/features/article/9602-the-connection-is-made-elastica-goes-mia/
 * https://pitchfork.com/news/mia-shares-new-video-for-unreleased-song-reload-watch/
 * other sources exists regarding this content as well . . . Cedar777 (talk) 23:10, 5 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Justine Frischmann


text:
Don Lavoie

Donald Charles Lavoie (April 4, 1951 – November 6, 2001) was an American economist of the Austrian School. He was influenced by Friedrich Hayek, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Michael Polanyi and Ludwig Lachmann. He wrote two books on the problem of economic calculation. His first book on this subject was Rivalry and Central Planning (Cambridge University Press 1985). This book stressed the importance of the process of competitive rivalry in markets. His second book was National Economic Planning: What Is Left? (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1985). This book dealt with the problem of non-comprehensive planning.

Early life and education
Lavoie earned a BS in computer science in 1973 from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He then earned a PhD in economics in 1981 from New York University under Israel Kirzner. His thesis was entitled Rivalry and central planning: a re-examination of the debate over economic calculation under socialism.

Career
Don Lavoie joined the faculty of the economics department of George Mason University as an assistant professor in 1981. He was co-founder of the interdisciplinary unit known as the Program on Social & Organizational Learning at George Mason University.

As a young professor, he worked on the philosophy and practice of electronically mediated discourse. He knew the importance for organizations of new ways of cultivating interactive learning environments (groupware and hypertext software environments) in order to enhance communicative processes. He showed the fundamental nature of social learning processes, whether in market exchanges, in verbal conversations, or in hypertext-based dialogue.

As a scholar, he studied the philosophy of the social sciences (especially the application of hermeneutics to economics) and Comparative economic systems (especially Marxian theories of socialism). Along with Richard Ebeling and others, Lavoie pioneered the attempt to merge Austrian Economics with philosophical hermeneutics in the late 1980s, and in particular with the hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer. His effort drew criticism from several members of the Austrian School associated with the Mises Institute, especially Murray Rothbard and Hans-Hermann Hoppe.

In the book Culture and Enterprise: The Development, Representation and Morality of Business (New York: Routledge, 2000) written with Emily Chamlee-Wright, they take into account the important role of culture in a nation's economic development.

He also worked at the Cato Institute.

Students
Among his students, there are a number of "contemporary Austrian" economists: Peter Boettke, David Prychitko, Steven Horwitz, Thomas Rustici, Mark Gilbert, Ralph Rector, Emily Chamlee-Wright, Howie Baetjer and Virgil Storr.

Death and legacy
Lavoie was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the spring of 2001. He died of a stroke later that year. A conference was held in his honor after his death as well as a book of essays.

title: Don Lavoie


text:
Cała prawda o planecie Ksi

Cała prawda o planecie Ksi (1983) (The Complete Truth about Planet Xi) is a social science fiction novel by Polish writer Janusz A. Zajdel about the first colony of the Earth beyond the Solar System, whose hibernated settlers were taken over by terrorists during the flight. The colony is visited by the inspectors arriving in secret to discover why they do not answer any messages from the Earth. The novel covers the problems of political systems, terrorism and the manipulation of power, and includes multiple allusions at People's Republic of Poland.

Zajdel planned a continuation of the novel, however he abandoned the idea. Its sketch and three chapters were found in Zajdel's archives after his death. In 2011 the heirs of the author and the SuperNOWA publisher announced an open competition to complete the novel under the title of Drugie spojrzenie na planetę Ksi (A Second Look at the Planet Xi). In 2012 the winner was announced, Marcin Kowalczyk from Bydgoszcz, and his book was published in 2014.

title: Cała prawda o planecie Ksi


text:
Internationalism (linguistics)

In linguistics, an internationalism or international word is a loanword that occurs in several languages (that is, translingually) with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in "several different languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source". Pronunciation and orthography are similar so that the word is understandable between the different languages.

It is debated how many languages are required for a word to be considered an internationalism. Furthermore, the languages required can also depend on the specific target language at stake. For example, according to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, the most important languages that should include the same lexical item in order for it to qualify as an internationalism in Hebrew are Yiddish, Polish, Russian, French, German and English.

The term is uncommon in English, although English has contributed a considerable number of words to world languages, e.g., the sport terms football, baseball, cricket, and golf.

International scientific vocabulary is a class of terms that contains many internationalisms. For some of them it is known which modern language used them first, whereas for others it is not traceable, but the chronologic sequence is usually of limited practical importance anyway, as almost immediately after their origination they appeared in multiple languages.

Origins
European internationalisms originate primarily from Latin or Greek, but from other languages as well. However, due to English being the main lingua franca of the Western world, an increasing number of internationalisms originate from English. Many non-European words have also become international.

Diffusion
Internationalisms often spread together with the innovations they designate. Accordingly, there are semantic fields dominated by specific languages, e.g. the computing vocabulary which is mainly English with internationalisms such as computer, disk, and spam. New inventions, political institutions, foodstuffs, leisure activities, science, and technological advances have all generated new lexemes and continue to do so: bionics, cybernetics, gene, coffee, chocolate, etc..

Some internationalisms are spread by speakers of one language living in geographical regions where other languages are spoken. For example, some internationalisms coming from the English in India are bungalow, jute, khaki, mango, pyjamas, and sari.

Use in constructed IALs
Due to their widespread use, internationalisms are often loaned into international auxiliary languages. Many constructed IALs borrow vocabulary that is already known by learners, so that they are as easy as possible to learn.

Internationalisms that occur in many languages are usually eligible to be included in Interlingua. Early internationalisms, such as those from French and German, tend to be part of Interlingua's basic vocabulary. Later internationalisms, often from English, tend to be Interlingua loanwords. Among Asian languages, Arabic most often provides basic vocabulary, while Japanese contributes recent loanwords.

Examples

 * Academy
 * Airport
 * Ambulance
 * Ananas (pineapple in English)
 * Antenna
 * Athlete
 * Atom
 * Automobile
 * Baby
 * Bacon
 * Ballerina
 * Ballet
 * Bar
 * Blog
 * Bravo
 * Burger
 * Bus
 * Cabin
 * Cable
 * Centre (or center)
 * Chocolate
 * Coffee
 * Cola
 * Colony
 * Comedy
 * Computer
 * Copy
 * Corridor
 * Coupon
 * Delta
 * Design
 * Dictator
 * Diploma
 * Doctor
 * Foxtrot
 * Golf
 * Gorilla
 * Harmony
 * Hospital
 * Hotel
 * Inspection
 * International
 * Internet
 * Interview
 * League
 * Literature
 * Machine
 * Magnet
 * Mama
 * Margarine
 * Marmalade
 * Massage
 * Medal
 * Medicine
 * Menu
 * Metro
 * Microphone
 * Microscope
 * Motor
 * Number
 * Okay (or OK)
 * Olympiad
 * Operation
 * Papa
 * Party
 * Pedal
 * Pistol
 * Pizza
 * Police
 * Politics
 * Psychology
 * Quiz
 * Radio
 * Register
 * Sandal
 * Sardine
 * Satan
 * Sauna
 * Shock
 * Signal
 * Sport
 * Station
 * Stress
 * Studio
 * Taboo
 * Tango
 * Taxi
 * Telephone
 * Telescope
 * Television
 * Tennis
 * Test
 * Tokamak
 * Tomahawk
 * Tomato
 * Tractor
 * Transport
 * Tsunami
 * Uniform
 * Visa
 * Whiskey
 * X-ray

title: Internationalism (linguistics)


text: User talk:216.194.56.109

title: User talk:216.194.56.109


text:
Paradyzja

Paradyzja (English: Paradise, the World in Orbit) is a 1984 science fiction novel by Polish writer Janusz A. Zajdel.

It is a dystopian novel similar to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. The space colonies are more or less federated with the Earth. Human rights are observed and respected everywhere, but Paradise has not been verified for sure.

The main hero, writer Rinah Devi, is sent from Earth to Paradise to research that and the tragic death of a Terran sent to Paradise ten years before. Officially, though, the purpose of his visit is to write about Paradise.

It was recognized as the best science fiction novel of the year in Poland in 1984. In the Polish People's Republic, it was widely understood as a metaphor for the USSR: omnipotent state security services and propaganda, single state ideology and forced labour.

Plot
Paradyzja (from "paradise") is the story about the human colony on a space station orbiting a distant and mineral rich star system. The colony is controlled by a totalitarian regime. All human activity is tracked by electronic devices. It had been primarily devised as a ring in which the gravity force is simulated by the centrifugal force exerting upon all objects inside a ring tube in the direction opposite to the centre of the ring. The space station was built accidentally. The expedition had to settle on the planet Tartar in order to live there and exploit the natural goods. But General Cortazar, the leader of settlers, decided that Tartar was not suitable for settling because of a lack of good conditions for living, so the living place had to be built as a space station on the Tartar's orbit.

On Paradise, living rooms are made of transparent material and to get to some of them, one must pass through other living rooms. Personal watches are not allowed there; the only clocks are those in living rooms. Rinah Devi's first impression is that all people strictly adhere to the regime law, but he then discovers that they had devised various ways to work around the system. One of them is "the only language of truth", Koalang, an artificial poetic language invented by the inhabitants of Paradise to evade the electronic eavesdropping system.

The government and the safety service is trying to suppress every possible knowledge of physics, which could allow a verification of the statements about what Paradise is as presented to Paradisians. That is why every research in physics is blocked, especially every research about Coriolis force. The main hero discovered it when he was trying to check whether the forces really differ on every floor: all things that would be used to make such an experiment, even such as a spring from his ballpen, have been taken from him by the customs officers and no other things that would make such a simple experiment possible are accessible. Then, he discovers that minutes on clocks in living rooms are not equal in length.

Finally, he finds out that Paradise is not a ring-tube space station but a train of buildings lying on the surface of the planet. In addition, Tartar is a planet quite well suitable for settlement, and the group in charge built some buildings and gardens for itself and kept the majority of settlers in the fictional Paradise and made them believe that it was an artificial planet.

title: Paradyzja


text: User talk:81.155.132.188

title: User talk:81.155.132.188


text:
Talk:List of characters from American Dad

Closed deletion listing
This article was listed for deletion on 10 April, 2005. The discussion was closed with the result of no consensus. This article will not be deleted. You can view the discussion, which is no longer live: Votes_for_deletion/List of characters from American Dad. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:41, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Redirecting
As some of those who discussed the article observed, the list in the main article is more complete, so redirecting there for now (just me being bold--this is not a valid interpretation of the VfD result in my opinion). --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:45, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Interactional justice

Interactional justice is defined by sociologist John R. Schermerhorn as the "...degree to which the people affected by decision are treated by dignity and respect" (Organizational Behavior, 2013). The theory focuses on the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented.

Classification
Interactional justice, a subcomponent of organizational justice, has come to be seen as consisting of two specific types of interpersonal treatment (e.g. Greenberg, 1990a, 1993b). The first labeled interpersonal justice, reflects the degree to which people are treated with politeness, dignity, and respect by authorities or third parties involved in executing procedures or determining outcomes.

The second, labeled informational justice, focuses on the explanations provided to people that convey information about why procedures were used in a certain way or why outcomes were distributed in a certain fashion. Where more adequacy of explanation is prevalent, the perceived level of informational justice is higher (Sam Fricchione, 2006).

Within an organization
It is important that a high degree of interactional justice exists in a subordinate/supervisor relationship in order to reduce the likelihood of counterproductive work behavior. If a subordinate perceives that interactional injustice exists, then the subordinate will hold feelings of resentment toward either the supervisor or institution and will therefore seek to "even the score". A victim of interaction injustice will have increased expressions of hostility toward the offender, co-workers, or the entire organization which can manifest in actions of counterproductive work behavior and reduce the effectiveness of organizational communication.

Abuse directed toward a subordinate from a supervisor often stems from displaced aggression. In this case, the individual (supervisor) is unwilling to retaliate against the direct source of mistreatment and will therefore abuse a less threatening target such as a subordinate since the subordinate is incapable of retaliation. Thus, interactional injustice can essentially trickle-down from the top of an organization to the bottom due to displaced aggression that exists in the top ranks of the hierarchy.

title: Interactional justice