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Basilica of St. John the Baptist

The Basilica-Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador is the metropolitan cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland and the mother church and symbol of Roman Catholicism in Newfoundland. The building sits within the St. John's Ecclesiastical District, a National Historic District of Canada.

The Basilica-Cathedral was the largest building project to its date in Newfoundland history. Construction lasted from the excavation of the ground in May 1839, through the laying of the cornerstone in May 1841, until the completion and consecration on September 9, 1855. At this time, it was the largest church building in North America and remains the second largest church in Canada after Saint Joseph's Oratory in Montreal and the largest cathedral church in Canada. The Basilica-Cathedral is one of the few buildings in St. John's to survive the Great Fire of 1892.

On October 17, 2007, Bishop Martin Currie of the Diocese of Grand Falls was appointed archbishop of St. John's. He assumed his position on November 30, 2007, and retired on 29 January 2019. On December 12, 2018, Bishop Peter Hundt of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Corner Brook and Labrador was appointed archbishop of St. John's. He took canonical possession of the diocese on 29 January 2019.

History

Built between 1839–1855, the Basilica-Cathedral is located on the highest ridge overlooking the city of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. The church is not oriented on an east-west axis, nor does it face toward the narrows that form the entrance to St. John's harbour, but rather, it was constructed on an orientation with its facade facing the line of the rising sun on the Winter Solstice, and the setting sun at the Summer Solstice, just as the medieval Chartres Cathedral is oriented on a solstitial axis.

The Basilica-Cathedral of St. John the Baptist is built in the form of a Latin cross and in the Lombard Romanesque style of a Roman basilica. It was designed for Bishop Michael Anthony Fleming by the architect of the Danish government, Ole Joergen Schmidt, resident at Altona on the Elbe (Hamburg) though Fleming also had some plans prepared by the distinguished Irish architect John Philpot Jones of Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland, and also consulted with James Murphy, a native of Dublin, Ireland, on plans for the cathedral. Construction was initially supervised by the Waterford contractor Michael McGrath, but later superintended by stonemason and sculptor James Purcell of Cork, Ireland, who also designed and built a small wooden church, Christchurch, at Quidi Vidi near St. John's.

Construction took place under the watchful eye of the Irish-born Bishop Michael Anthony Fleming, the Vicar-Apostolic and first Bishop of Newfoundland and later under the eye of his successor, Bishop John Thomas Mullock. The Basilica-Cathedral of St. John the Baptist is unusual among North America's 19th century public buildings in that it was constructed using limestone and granite imported from Galway and Dublin, Ireland, as well as 400,000 bricks from Hamburg, as well as local sandstone and Newfoundland bluestone quarried from St. John's and Kelly's Island in Conception Bay, giving the Cathedral its characteristic grey colour. The St. John's Basilica-Cathedral was contemporary with and part of the great boom in church construction which surrounded the era of Daniel O'Connell and Catholic emancipation in Ireland and Newfoundland. For its day, the St. John's Basilica was the largest Irish cathedral anywhere outside Ireland. No other building of the Irish diaspora in North America can boast of such intimate influences from or upon Ireland, and no other building had such an international reputation in its day.

During its centenary celebration in 1955, Pope Pius XII raised the cathedral to the rank of minor Basilica. The Basilica was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1983, to recognize its architectural uniqueness as one of the earliest North American examples of the Romanesque revival style, and its central role as the spiritual and cultural home of Newfoundland Roman Catholics. The building has also been designated as a Registered Heritage Structure by the Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador. Its builder, Michael Anthony Fleming, was designated a Person of National Historic Significance in 2005.

In 2021, Diocesan officials announced that the Basilica was among properties being assessed for potential sale to compensate men who were sexually abused at the former Mount Cashel Orphanage. In July 2022, the diocese and the Basilica Heritage Foundation, a non-profit consortium which has pledged to protect the historic properties, announced that the foundation would purchase the Basilica, along with several other adjacent properties. The Basilica will continue as the main Catholic church for the city.

Architecture
The Basilica-Cathedral is built in the Lombard Romanesque style, based on visual features typically associated with the churches of northern Italy. The building is built with grey limestone and white granite quarried in Galway and Dublin, Ireland and grey sandstone from St. John's and Kelly's Island, Conception Bay, Newfoundland. The exterior is 260 ft long and 220 ft wide; the two towers rise 150 ft from street level. The total capacity of the Basilica is around 2,500 people, though during the visit of Pope John Paul II in September 1984, 3600 educators gathered in the Basilica-Cathedral to greet the Roman Pontiff. When completed in 1855, the Basilica-Cathedral of St. John The Baptist was the largest church building in North America.

The East Tower contains a single bell, the largest in the church. Called the St. John Bell, this two-ton bell was purchased by Bishop Mullock in February 1850. Cast by John Murphy of Dublin, it was the largest ever cast in Ireland at that time, and won a Gold Medal at the Dublin Exhibition of Irish Manufacturers. There are eight bells in the West Tower. The three largest bells were cast by Murphy in 1854 and 1857. The five smaller bells were cast in 1906 by Matthew O'Byrne of the Fountain Head Bell Foundry in Dublin, Ireland. The Basilica-Cathedral contains twenty-eight stained glass windows which adorn the upper walls (clerestory) and are of English and French workmanship. The windows were the gifts of patrons and religious societies, such as the Society of the Holy Rosary and were installed between 1859 and 1905. The 35 stained glass windows in the ambulatory all date from 1954–55 and were the work of Gerard Earley and Company of Dublin; they constitute the largest collection of mid-20th Century Irish Arts and Crafts style stained glass windows in one building in the western hemisphere.

Interior
The Altar of Sacrifice, which stands at the front of the Sanctuary, enshrines one of the most revered and important pieces of statuary in the Basilica, The Dead Christ, sculpted in Carrara marble by renowned Irish neoclassical sculptor John Hogan in 1854. Having seen earlier versions of this work by Hogan in Dublin and Cork, Bishop Fleming left funds and directions in his last will and testament that a "Dead Christ by Hogan" be purchased for the Cathedral. Prior to coming to Newfoundland, Fleming's successor, Bishop Mullock, also had a version of the Hogan Dead Christ installed in his own chapel, the South Chapel {St. Finbar's} in Cork. Mullock commissioned this rendering of the work in 1854 and placed it beneath the table of the High Altar on 19 March 1855. The statue is Hogan's greatest masterpiece and is the final of three similar statues created by Hogan in the early 19th century and the only one located outside Ireland. The Basilica also features works by Ireland's most eminent expatriate sculptor, John Edward Carew, whose famous bas-relief The Death of Nelson is located on the plinth at Nelson's Column, Trafalgar Square, London. The Sacred Heart Altar and the Altar of the Immaculate Conception, located on the west and east sides of the High Altar in the Sanctuary, respectively, are constructed from the same Egyptian travertine that was used by Pope Gregory XVI, to decorate the high altar of the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls in Rome. A small quantity of this stone remained in Rome and, of this, two portions were offered by the Pope to Bishop Mullock, who subsequently brought the stone to St. John's in 1856 to complete the interior of the Basilica.

In 1955, the parish installed a great pipe organ from the Casavant Frères firm of St-Hyacinthe, Québec and dedicated it in memory of the parishioners who died in World War I and World War II. The 66 stop organ with 4,050 pipes is the largest instrument in Newfoundland, and is one of the largest pipe organs east of Montreal.

Basilica Museum
The Basilica Museum is open seasonally, and is located in the Episcopal Library attached to the Archbishop's Palace. Exhibits include religious art, historic and religious artifacts of the Basilica, pictures of bishops and archbishops of St. John's, and furniture and decorations of several period rooms in the Palace. Both the Episcopal Library and Archbishop's Palace are in their own rights National Historic Sites of Canada.

Burials

 * Buried in the crypt under the High Altar are:
 * Archbishop of St. John's:
 * Edward Patrick Roche
 * Bishop of St. John's:
 * Thomas Scallan
 * John T. Mullock
 * Thomas Joseph Power
 * Michael Anthony Fleming

title: Basilica of St. John the Baptist


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Singapore Portrait Series currency notes

The Portrait Series of currency notes is the fourth and current set of notes to be issued for circulation in Singapore. It was first introduced on 9 September 1999 by the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore (BCCS), whose role was since taken over by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) post-merger.

This series features the portrait of Yusof bin Ishak, the first president of Singapore. The design has been simplified and new security features were introduced. Polymer versions of this series were released for general circulation by MAS as of 4 May 2004.

History
The Portrait Series was first released by the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore (BCCS) on 9 September 1999 to welcome the new millennium, designed by local artist Eng Siak Loy. The series has a total of seven denominations in general circulation; the denominations $1 and $500 were not carried forward from the previous Ship Series. The colour for denominations up to $50 have been retained, a tradition kept since the era of the Malaya and British Borneo dollar. A more standardised approach is adopted across all banknote denominations, with features noticeably differing from all previous series. For example, the watermark no longer features the lion head symbol. Due to design considerations, the dollar sign was considered redundant and is no longer included in this series. In addition, the note printing company no longer appears on any part of the portrait note.

On 31 March 2003, the BCCS merged with the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), which took over the responsibility of banknote issuance. On 4 May 2004, the MAS started issuing polymer versions of the sgd10 note for general circulation; polymer versions of the sgd2 and sgd5 notes were subsequently released. Higher denomination banknotes (sgd50, sgd100, sgd1,000 & sgd10,000) are still printed on paper. The paper version of the lower denomination banknotes remain in active circulation alongside the polymer version, though the number of sgd2 and sgd5 paper notes have dwindled significantly since the introduction of polymer notes.

On 2 July 2014, the Monetary Authority of Singapore announced that it would stop printing sgd10,000 notes starting from 1 October 2014, to reduce the risk of money laundering. MAS would also stop producing the sgd1,000 banknote as well from 1 January 2021 onwards, which has the same reason of withdrawing sgd10,000 notes and because the demand of these notes is low except for bank account maintenance (currently the notes that are in high demand are sgd50 and sgd100 notes). The MAS has said that the higher denomination notes (beyond $100) will continue to remain legal tender.

Security features
Previous security features in the Ship Series were carried over to the Portrait Series, and new ones incorporated into the banknote. The two most prominent security features are the engraved portrait of Yusof bin Ishak (which contains fine lines that are difficult for counterfeiters to mimic) and the Kinegram (a printed security hologram); MAS states that banknotes with missing or mutilated portrait or/and Kinegram command no value. Paper versions issued by BCCS features its logo and the face value, while those issued by the MAS features its logo with the Merlion (a mythical creature and national symbol) and the face value. Polymer versions of the banknote have the Kinegram replaced by an image of the Singapore lion symbol with the face value, showing the coat of arms of Singapore when tilted at varying degrees.

Other security features include lithographic print (the resulting background hinders camera counterfeiting), anti-copying line structures, perfect registration, microprinting, asymmetrical serial numbers and windowed security threads (thin ribbons woven into the paper). Polymer versions of the banknote include two clear windows and other security features that substitute its paper version. Several features that are invisible to the naked eye appear when both versions of the banknote are exposed under UV light.

Banknotes in general circulation
The banknote's obverse features the portrait of the first president of Singapore, Yusof bin Ishak, and the reverse contain secondary themes that are linked to his life. The background on the obverse of the Portrait Series feature a different cowrie (sea snail whose shell was often used as currency) for each denomination. The banknotes are signed by the BCCS chairman and later by the MAS chairman, and the signatories include former Finance Minister Richard Hu, Prime Minister (and former Finance Minister) Lee Hsien Loong, former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong, and President (former Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister) Tharman Shanmugaratnam.

$2 banknote
The money cowrie is featured on the obverse background of the $$2$ banknote. Its reverse carries the theme of education and features three buildings, the Victoria Bridge School (now known as Victoria School), Old Raffles Institution Building at Bras Basah Road, and College of Medicine Building. Yusof received his primary education in 1923 at Victoria Bridge School, and his secondary education in Raffles Institution; His father, Ishak bin Ahmad insisted that his children be English-educated. He was also the Chancellor of the National University of Singapore between 1965 and 1970.

$5 banknote
The gold-ringed cowrie is featured on the obverse background of the $$2$ banknote. Its reverse carries the theme of Garden City and features the 200-year-old tembusu tree at Singapore Botanic Gardens, as well as Singapore's national flower Vanda Miss Joaquim. Yusof was a keen-gardener who once made a living growing Orchids in Gombak, Kuala Lumpur before his appointment as president.

$10 banknote
The wandering cowrie is featured on the obverse background of the $$5$ banknote, the most-commonly found cowrie in Singapore. Its reverse carries the theme of sports and features sportsmen playing badminton, soccer, sailing, jogging and swimming. Yusof was an active sportsman in his secondary school days, and won the national boxing title and the lightweight weightlifting championship. The $$5$ banknote was the first denomination in the series printed in polymer. 10 million bills were first released to the general public as a trial, and were the first in Singapore to be successfully dispensed from Automated teller machines (ATMs) and be used in payment involving machines. With the successful trial, MAS decided to release polymer versions of the $$10$, $$10$ and $$10$ for circulation.

$50 banknote
The cylindrical cowrie is featured on the obverse background of the $$10$ banknote. Its reverse carries the theme of Arts and features two paintings and four musical instruments. The pipa, kompang, veena and violin represent the musical instruments for different cultures in Singapore. Cheong Soo Pieng (creator of Drying Salted Fish) and Chen Wen Hsi (creator of Gibbons Fetching the Moon from the Water) are two artists who created a new type of fine arts in Singapore that influenced other local artists, in which their two paintings are featured.

$100 banknote
The swallow cowrie is featured on the obverse background of the $$2$ banknote. Its reverse carries the theme of youth and features a National Service officer with his ceremonial sword standing against the tower of the SAFTI Military Institute, uniformed youths representing Singapore Red Cross, St John's Ambulance Brigade, Singapore Scout Association and the National Police Cadet Corps.

$1,000 banknote
The beautiful cowrie is featured on the obverse background of the $$5$ banknote. Its reverse carries the theme of government featuring the buildings of the three branches of government: The Parliament House, Old Supreme Court Building and Istana, representing the Legislative, Judiciary and Executive powers respectively. The Istana is the president's official residence, built in 1869 which first housed the colonial governor. The entire national anthem's lyrics are included as microprint, which is a unique feature to the $$10$ banknote.

$10,000 banknote
The onyx cowrie is featured on the obverse background of the $$50$ banknote. Its reverse carries the theme of economy featuring Singapore as a knowledge-based economy – biotechnology, R&D and silicon wafer. Yusof was a businessman who started the first Malay newspaper for the masses, Utusan Melayu.

It was one of the highest-value banknote in the world in terms of absolute value (worth approximately US$7,250 as of July 2022) that was in public circulation.

Millennium $$50$ banknote
In celebration of the Millennium 2000, five million $$100$ bills were printed with the Millennium 2000 logo replacing the prefix of the serial number normally found in other notes under general circulation.

Overprinted banknotes
Three commemorative limited issues have been made for the Portrait Series (including the $$100$ issue below). 10,000 sets of the $$1,000$ polymer was issued with the overprint 'Commemorative First Issue by MAS' with the prefix MAS. 5,000 sets of $$1,000$ banknotes signed by PM Lee Hsien Loong have been stamped with overprint commemorating the merger of the BCCS and MAS.

$20 banknote
On 27 June 2007, the governments of Singapore and Brunei celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Currency Interchangeability Agreement (an agreement allowing citizens of both countries to use currency from either nation interchangeably) by issuing commemorative $$1,000$ notes, that are yellow, 149 × 72 mm in size, and made of polymer. The obverse of the Singaporean version is similar to the current Portrait Series, whereas the obverse of the Brunei version is similar to the $$10,000$ and $$10,000$ of the 2004 series. The reverses are almost identical except that the Brunei version has their state title in Jawi script, while the Singaporean version has the state title of Brunei in Latin script.

A limited edition set was offered for sale, which consisted of both versions in a folder, with matching serial numbers. The notes have "40th Anniversary Currency Interchangeability Agreement" overprinted on the obverse side. In addition, the Singaporean version has the two countries' state crests above the commemorative text. Only 12,000 sets were available, 10,000 from the Monetary Authority of Singapore, and 2,000 from the Brunei Currency and Monetary Board. The circulation version was made available from 16 July 2007.

SG50 banknotes
Five $$2$ and one $$2$ polymer commemorative banknotes were made available from 20 August 2015. They are part of Singapore's Golden Jubilee (SG50) celebrations. 20 million pieces were printed for the $$20$ commemorative SG50 banknote, while 15 million pieces of each $$10$ commemorative SG50 design banknote were printed. There was an oversupply of these SG50 banknotes; by February 2016 only about less than half of them were actually issued.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Toxidrome

chart
What does "pupils up" mean? Could someone make the chart on the page more descriptive rather than something copied from classroom notes? --74.179.121.14 (talk) 15:27, 10 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It's explained in the article - 'up' refers to dilated pupils, 'down' refers to constricted pupils. Nonagonal Spider (talk) 16:30, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

Expansion
This article needs much more information than it does now. Either link to the individual substances' pages, or provide information here - history and progression of symptoms, differentials (especially non-toxidrome differentials), possible antidotes, supportive treatment, etc. Nonagonal Spider (talk) 16:34, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

Chemical weapons
10.1056/NEJMra1705224 JFW | T@lk  09:32, 26 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toxidrome


text: User talk:68.225.153.110

title: User talk:68.225.153.110


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Oilskin

Oilskin is a waterproof cloth used for making garments typically worn by sailors and by others in wet areas. The modern oilskin garment was developed by a New Zealander, Edward Le Roy, in 1898. Le Roy used worn-out sailcloth painted with a mixture of linseed oil and wax to produce a waterproof garment suitable to be worn on deck in foul-weather conditions. Oilskins are part of the range of protective clothing also known as foul-weather gear.

History
Waterproofed cloth garments were in use from the late 18th century. Various methods of waterproofing were used over the years. Some early sou'westers and rain capes were handmade of sailcloth waterproofed with a thin layer of tar, while other methods involved canvas duck coated with multiple applications of linseed oil and paint. While durable, these methods of waterproofing did not possess the breathable qualities of Le Roy's process.

Modern oilskins may be made of flexible PVC-coated synthetic fabric, while advanced materials for extreme conditions such as yacht racing may be used. Also known as "foul weather gear", contemporary oilskins include such innovations as DWR-coated nylon on their low end and Gore-Tex and other proprietary waterproof membranes on the high.

A Sou'wester, a traditional form of collapsible oilskin rain-hat, is longer in the back than the front to fully protect the neck. Sou'westers sometimes feature a gutter front-brim.

Design

Today's oilskins (or oilies) typically come in two parts, jackets and trousers.

Oilskin jackets are generally similar to common rubberized waterproofs. The chief difference is a high spray collar. Some have hoods, often in a high-visibility colour to increase visibility if a wearer falls overboard. Retroreflective patches are also strategically placed, and jacket tails are extra long to keep water off the legs and out of the joint where waterproof trousers meet.

Oilskin trousers – also known also as "bibs" – are very high-cut to provide a large overlap with the jacket. They are held up by braces, and typically feature straps around the bottom of the legs to cinch around seaboots. This semi-watertight seal does not allow them to be used like fishing waders, but a wave sweeping briefly across the deck will generally be kept out. All but the cheapest brands are reinforced across the seat and knees.

In moderate weather often only the trousers are worn. Although a few all-in-one, boilersuit-shaped oilskin suits are available, most sailors prefer the flexibility of a separate jacket and trousers.

The cuffs of better oilskin jackets include an inner seal at the wrist similar to that on a scuba diver's drysuit to prevent water from being forced up the sleeve. Pockets on trousers and jackets are often lined with quick-drying synthetic fleece that is warm even when soaked. A recent innovation is removable soft linings, which enables them to be washed.

Some oilskin jackets include a built-in harness, typically a strap around the chest to clip into a lifeline. While convenient, this is not nearly as safe as a separate multi-point harness, often provided with an integrated lifejacket. Some models of high-end oilskin jackets contain flotation and may also function as lifejackets; survival equipment such as lights, flares, and emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station (EPIRB) are also available as integrated accessories.

title: Oilskin


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Fuzzing

In programming and software development, fuzzing or fuzz testing is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program. The program is then monitored for exceptions such as crashes, failing built-in code assertions, or potential memory leaks. Typically, fuzzers are used to test programs that take structured inputs. This structure is specified, e.g., in a file format or protocol and distinguishes valid from invalid input. An effective fuzzer generates semi-valid inputs that are "valid enough" in that they are not directly rejected by the parser, but do create unexpected behaviors deeper in the program and are "invalid enough" to expose corner cases that have not been properly dealt with.

For the purpose of security, input that crosses a trust boundary is often the most useful. For example, it is more important to fuzz code that handles the upload of a file by any user than it is to fuzz the code that parses a configuration file that is accessible only to a privileged user.

History
The term "fuzz" originates from a fall 1988 class project in the graduate Advanced Operating Systems class (CS736), taught by Prof. Barton Miller at the University of Wisconsin, whose results were subsequently published in 1990. To fuzz test a UNIX utility meant to automatically generate random input and command-line parameters for the utility. The project was designed to test the reliability of UNIX command line programs by executing a large number of random inputs in quick succession until they crashed. Miller's team was able to crash 25 to 33 percent of the utilities that they tested. They then debugged each of the crashes to determine the cause and categorized each detected failure. To allow other researchers to conduct similar experiments with other software, the source code of the tools, the test procedures, and the raw result data were made publicly available. This early fuzzing would now be called black box, generational, unstructured (dumb or "classic") fuzzing.

According to Prof. Barton Miller, "In the process of writing the project description, I needed to give this kind of testing a name. I wanted a name that would evoke the feeling of random, unstructured data. After trying out several ideas, I settled on the term fuzz.".

A key contribution of this early work was simple (almost simplistic) oracle. A program failed its test if it crashed or hung under the random input and was considered to have passed otherwise. While test oracles can be challenging to construct, the oracle for this early fuzz testing was simple and universal to apply.

In April 2012, Google announced ClusterFuzz, a cloud-based fuzzing infrastructure for security-critical components of the Chromium web browser. Security researchers can upload their own fuzzers and collect bug bounties if ClusterFuzz finds a crash with the uploaded fuzzer.

In September 2014, Shellshock was disclosed as a family of security bugs in the widely used UNIX Bash shell; most vulnerabilities of Shellshock were found using the fuzzer AFL. (Many Internet-facing services, such as some web server deployments, use Bash to process certain requests, allowing an attacker to cause vulnerable versions of Bash to execute arbitrary commands. This can allow an attacker to gain unauthorized access to a computer system. )

In April 2015, Hanno Böck showed how the fuzzer AFL could have found the 2014 Heartbleed vulnerability. (The Heartbleed vulnerability was disclosed in April 2014. It is a serious vulnerability that allows adversaries to decipher otherwise encrypted communication. The vulnerability was accidentally introduced into OpenSSL which implements TLS and is used by the majority of the servers on the internet. Shodan reported 238,000 machines still vulnerable in April 2016; 200,000 in January 2017. )

In August 2016, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) held the finals of the first Cyber Grand Challenge, a fully automated capture-the-flag competition that lasted 11 hours. The objective was to develop automatic defense systems that can discover, exploit, and correct software flaws in real-time. Fuzzing was used as an effective offense strategy to discover flaws in the software of the opponents. It showed tremendous potential in the automation of vulnerability detection. The winner was a system called "Mayhem" developed by the team ForAllSecure led by David Brumley.

In September 2016, Microsoft announced Project Springfield, a cloud-based fuzz testing service for finding security critical bugs in software.

In December 2016, Google announced OSS-Fuzz which allows for continuous fuzzing of several security-critical open-source projects.

At Black Hat 2018, Christopher Domas demonstrated the use of fuzzing to expose the existence of a hidden RISC core in a processor. This core was able to bypass existing security checks to execute Ring 0 commands from Ring 3.

In September 2020, Microsoft released OneFuzz, a self-hosted fuzzing-as-a-service platform that automates the detection of software bugs. It supports Windows and Linux. It has been archived three years later on November 1st, 2023.

Early random testing
Testing programs with random inputs dates back to the 1950s when data was still stored on punched cards. Programmers would use punched cards that were pulled from the trash or card decks of random numbers as input to computer programs. If an execution revealed undesired behavior, a bug had been detected.

The execution of random inputs is also called random testing or monkey testing.

In 1981, Duran and Ntafos formally investigated the effectiveness of testing a program with random inputs. While random testing had been widely perceived to be the worst means of testing a program, the authors could show that it is a cost-effective alternative to more systematic testing techniques.

In 1983, Steve Capps at Apple developed "The Monkey", a tool that would generate random inputs for classic Mac OS applications, such as MacPaint. The figurative "monkey" refers to the infinite monkey theorem which states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will eventually type out the entire works of Shakespeare. In the case of testing, the monkey would write the particular sequence of inputs that would trigger a crash.

In 1991, the crashme tool was released, which was intended to test the robustness of Unix and Unix-like operating systems by randomly executing systems calls with randomly chosen parameters.

Types
A fuzzer can be categorized in several ways:
 * 1) A fuzzer can be generation-based or mutation-based depending on whether inputs are generated from scratch or by modifying existing inputs.
 * 2) A fuzzer can be dumb (unstructured) or smart (structured) depending on whether it is aware of input structure.
 * 3) A fuzzer can be white-, grey-, or black-box, depending on whether it is aware of program structure.

Reuse of existing input seeds
A mutation-based fuzzer leverages an existing corpus of seed inputs during fuzzing. It generates inputs by modifying (or rather mutating) the provided seeds. For example, when fuzzing the image library libpng, the user would provide a set of valid PNG image files as seeds while a mutation-based fuzzer would modify these seeds to produce semi-valid variants of each seed. The corpus of seed files may contain thousands of potentially similar inputs. Automated seed selection (or test suite reduction) allows users to pick the best seeds in order to maximize the total number of bugs found during a fuzz campaign.

A generation-based fuzzer generates inputs from scratch. For instance, a smart generation-based fuzzer takes the input model that was provided by the user to generate new inputs. Unlike mutation-based fuzzers, a generation-based fuzzer does not depend on the existence or quality of a corpus of seed inputs.

Some fuzzers have the capability to do both, to generate inputs from scratch and to generate inputs by mutation of existing seeds.

Aware of input structure
Typically, fuzzers are used to generate inputs for programs that take structured inputs, such as a file, a sequence of keyboard or mouse events, or a sequence of messages. This structure distinguishes valid input that is accepted and processed by the program from invalid input that is quickly rejected by the program. What constitutes a valid input may be explicitly specified in an input model. Examples of input models are formal grammars, file formats, GUI-models, and network protocols. Even items not normally considered as input can be fuzzed, such as the contents of databases, shared memory, environment variables or the precise interleaving of threads. An effective fuzzer generates semi-valid inputs that are "valid enough" so that they are not directly rejected from the parser and "invalid enough" so that they might stress corner cases and exercise interesting program behaviours.

A smart (model-based, grammar-based, or protocol-based ) fuzzer leverages the input model to generate a greater proportion of valid inputs. For instance, if the input can be modelled as an abstract syntax tree, then a smart mutation-based fuzzer would employ random transformations to move complete subtrees from one node to another. If the input can be modelled by a formal grammar, a smart generation-based fuzzer would instantiate the production rules to generate inputs that are valid with respect to the grammar. However, generally the input model must be explicitly provided, which is difficult to do when the model is proprietary, unknown, or very complex. If a large corpus of valid and invalid inputs is available, a grammar induction technique, such as Angluin's L* algorithm, would be able to generate an input model.

A dumb fuzzer does not require the input model and can thus be employed to fuzz a wider variety of programs. For instance, AFL is a dumb mutation-based fuzzer that modifies a seed file by flipping random bits, by substituting random bytes with "interesting" values, and by moving or deleting blocks of data. However, a dumb fuzzer might generate a lower proportion of valid inputs and stress the parser code rather than the main components of a program. The disadvantage of dumb fuzzers can be illustrated by means of the construction of a valid checksum for a cyclic redundancy check (CRC). A CRC is an error-detecting code that ensures that the integrity of the data contained in the input file is preserved during transmission. A checksum is computed over the input data and recorded in the file. When the program processes the received file and the recorded checksum does not match the re-computed checksum, then the file is rejected as invalid. Now, a fuzzer that is unaware of the CRC is unlikely to generate the correct checksum. However, there are attempts to identify and re-compute a potential checksum in the mutated input, once a dumb mutation-based fuzzer has modified the protected data.

Aware of program structure
Typically, a fuzzer is considered more effective if it achieves a higher degree of code coverage. The rationale is, if a fuzzer does not exercise certain structural elements in the program, then it is also not able to reveal bugs that are hiding in these elements. Some program elements are considered more critical than others. For instance, a division operator might cause a division by zero error, or a system call may crash the program.

A black-box fuzzer treats the program as a black box and is unaware of internal program structure. For instance, a random testing tool that generates inputs at random is considered a blackbox fuzzer. Hence, a blackbox fuzzer can execute several hundred inputs per second, can be easily parallelized, and can scale to programs of arbitrary size. However, blackbox fuzzers may only scratch the surface and expose "shallow" bugs. Hence, there are attempts to develop blackbox fuzzers that can incrementally learn about the internal structure (and behavior) of a program during fuzzing by observing the program's output given an input. For instance, LearnLib employs active learning to generate an automaton that represents the behavior of a web application.

A white-box fuzzer leverages program analysis to systematically increase code coverage or to reach certain critical program locations. For instance, SAGE leverages symbolic execution to systematically explore different paths in the program (a technique known as concolic execution). If the program's specification is available, a whitebox fuzzer might leverage techniques from model-based testing to generate inputs and check the program outputs against the program specification. A whitebox fuzzer can be very effective at exposing bugs that hide deep in the program. However, the time used for analysis (of the program or its specification) can become prohibitive. If the whitebox fuzzer takes relatively too long to generate an input, a blackbox fuzzer will be more efficient. Hence, there are attempts to combine the efficiency of blackbox fuzzers and the effectiveness of whitebox fuzzers.

A gray-box fuzzer leverages instrumentation rather than program analysis to glean information about the program. For instance, AFL and libFuzzer utilize lightweight instrumentation to trace basic block transitions exercised by an input. This leads to a reasonable performance overhead but informs the fuzzer about the increase in code coverage during fuzzing, which makes gray-box fuzzers extremely efficient vulnerability detection tools.

Uses
Fuzzing is used mostly as an automated technique to expose vulnerabilities in security-critical programs that might be exploited with malicious intent. More generally, fuzzing is used to demonstrate the presence of bugs rather than their absence. Running a fuzzing campaign for several weeks without finding a bug does not prove the program correct. After all, the program may still fail for an input that has not been executed, yet; executing a program for all inputs is prohibitively expensive. If the objective is to prove a program correct for all inputs, a formal specification must exist and techniques from formal methods must be used.

Exposing bugs
In order to expose bugs, a fuzzer must be able to distinguish expected (normal) from unexpected (buggy) program behavior. However, a machine cannot always distinguish a bug from a feature. In automated software testing, this is also called the test oracle problem.

Typically, a fuzzer distinguishes between crashing and non-crashing inputs in the absence of specifications and to use a simple and objective measure. Crashes can be easily identified and might indicate potential vulnerabilities (e.g., denial of service or arbitrary code execution). However, the absence of a crash does not indicate the absence of a vulnerability. For instance, a program written in C may or may not crash when an input causes a buffer overflow. Rather the program's behavior is undefined.

To make a fuzzer more sensitive to failures other than crashes, sanitizers can be used to inject assertions that crash the program when a failure is detected. There are different sanitizers for different kinds of bugs:
 * to detect memory related errors, such as buffer overflows and use-after-free (using memory debuggers such as AddressSanitizer),
 * to detect race conditions and deadlocks (ThreadSanitizer),
 * to detect undefined behavior (UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer),
 * to detect memory leaks (LeakSanitizer), or
 * to check control-flow integrity (CFISanitizer).

Fuzzing can also be used to detect "differential" bugs if a reference implementation is available. For automated regression testing, the generated inputs are executed on two versions of the same program. For automated differential testing, the generated inputs are executed on two implementations of the same program (e.g., lighttpd and httpd are both implementations of a web server). If the two variants produce different output for the same input, then one may be buggy and should be examined more closely.

Validating static analysis reports
Static program analysis analyzes a program without actually executing it. This might lead to false positives where the tool reports problems with the program that do not actually exist. Fuzzing in combination with dynamic program analysis can be used to try to generate an input that actually witnesses the reported problem.

Browser security
Modern web browsers undergo extensive fuzzing. The Chromium code of Google Chrome is continuously fuzzed by the Chrome Security Team with 15,000 cores. For Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer, Microsoft performed fuzzed testing with 670 machine-years during product development, generating more than 400 billion DOM manipulations from 1 billion HTML files.

Toolchain
A fuzzer produces a large number of inputs in a relatively short time. For instance, in 2016 the Google OSS-fuzz project produced around 4 trillion inputs a week. Hence, many fuzzers provide a toolchain that automates otherwise manual and tedious tasks which follow the automated generation of failure-inducing inputs.

Automated bug triage
Automated bug triage is used to group a large number of failure-inducing inputs by root cause and to prioritize each individual bug by severity. A fuzzer produces a large number of inputs, and many of the failure-inducing ones may effectively expose the same software bug. Only some of these bugs are security-critical and should be patched with higher priority. For instance the CERT Coordination Center provides the Linux triage tools which group crashing inputs by the produced stack trace and lists each group according to their probability to be exploitable. The Microsoft Security Research Centre (MSEC) developed the !exploitable tool which first creates a hash for a crashing input to determine its uniqueness and then assigns an exploitability rating:
 * Exploitable
 * Probably Exploitable
 * Probably Not Exploitable, or
 * Unknown.

Previously unreported, triaged bugs might be automatically reported to a bug tracking system. For instance, OSS-Fuzz runs large-scale, long-running fuzzing campaigns for several security-critical software projects where each previously unreported, distinct bug is reported directly to a bug tracker. The OSS-Fuzz bug tracker automatically informs the maintainer of the vulnerable software and checks in regular intervals whether the bug has been fixed in the most recent revision using the uploaded minimized failure-inducing input.

Automated input minimization
Automated input minimization (or test case reduction) is an automated debugging technique to isolate that part of the failure-inducing input that is actually inducing the failure. If the failure-inducing input is large and mostly malformed, it might be difficult for a developer to understand what exactly is causing the bug. Given the failure-inducing input, an automated minimization tool would remove as many input bytes as possible while still reproducing the original bug. For instance, Delta Debugging is an automated input minimization technique that employs an extended binary search algorithm to find such a minimal input.

List of popular fuzzers
The following is a list of fuzzers described as "popular", "widely used", or similar in the academic literature.

title: Fuzzing


text: Talk:NVH

title: Talk:NVH


text:
Talk:Nova remnant

New 2007 Update
This translation template version can now be removed, as I have significantly updated the text. Furthemore, I had to rely more on primary references, as articles on these events are few and far between, mostly likely as novae events are not frequent. Furture updates could expnad this further, but it might be better improving the specific examples givenin the document. Thanks Arianewiki1 (talk) 12:30, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Nova remnant


text:
User:Nui6882

I am a PhD candidate at Northwestern University. I study film and media history in the Screen Cultures Department.

title: User:Nui6882


text:
Attorney General v X

Attorney General v X, [1992] IESC 1; [1992] 1 IR 1, (more commonly known as the "X Case") was a landmark Irish Supreme Court case which established the right of Irish women to an abortion if a pregnant woman's life was at risk because of pregnancy, including the risk of suicide.

Background
The case involved a fourteen-year-old girl (named only as "X" in the courts and the media to protect her identity) who was a ward of the state and who had been the victim of a statutory rape by a neighbour in December 1991 and became pregnant. X told her mother of suicidal thoughts because of the unwanted pregnancy, and as abortion was illegal in the state, the family planned to travel abroad for an abortion. Before the planned abortion was carried out, the family asked the Garda Síochána (police) if DNA from the aborted foetus would be admissible as evidence in the courts, as the neighbour was denying responsibility. The garda asked the Attorney General's office for advice. Attorney General Harry Whelehan sought an injunction under Article 40.3.3 of the Constitution of Ireland (which guaranteed "the right to life of the unborn") preventing her from having the procedure carried out. The injunction was granted by Declan Costello in the High Court in February 1992.

The High Court injunction was appealed to the Supreme Court, which overturned it by a majority of four to one (Hederman J. dissenting) in March 1992. The majority opinion (Finlay C.J., McCarthy, Egan and O'Flaherty J.J.) held that a woman had a right to an abortion under Article 40.3.3 if there was "a real and substantial risk" to her life. This right did not exist if there was a risk to her health but not her life; however, it did exist if the risk was the possibility of suicide. X miscarried shortly after the judgement. In 2013 Justice O'Flaherty, now retired, said that the X Case was "peculiar to its own particular facts", since X miscarried and did not have an abortion, and this rendered the case moot in Irish law. According to O'Flaherty, his reasoning for agreeing to uphold X's right to travel to the United Kingdom for an abortion because of suicidal ideation, "The stark situation is, if someone who is pregnant commits suicide, you lose the mother and the child."

"The man in the X case", unnamed at the time to protect X's identity, was named in 2002 as Sean O'Brien (b.1949/50). In 1994 he was tried and convicted of defilement of a girl under 15 and sentenced to 14 years in prison, reduced on appeal to four years. He was released in 1997 and obtained a taxi driver's licence. In 2002 he was tried and convicted for the 1999 sexual assault and false imprisonment of a 15-year-old girl in his taxi; his three-and-a-half-year sentence was handed down the day before another abortion referendum.

Constitutional amendments
In late 1983 the eighth amendment had passed, to ensure that abortion would not be introduced by the judiciary, in a similar manner to the US case of Roe v. Wade. The X case resulted in three proposed amendments to the Irish constitution on the issue of abortion, which were submitted to three referendums all held on 25 November 1992. These were the
 * Twelfth Amendment – on the so-called substantive issue. This proposed that the prohibition on abortions would apply even in cases where the pregnant woman was suicidal.
 * Thirteenth Amendment – specified that the prohibition on abortion would not limit the freedom of pregnant women to travel out of the state
 * Fourteenth Amendment – specified that the prohibition of abortion would not limit the right to distribute information about abortion services in foreign countries.

The thirteenth and fourteenth amendments were ratified but the twelfth was rejected. In 2002 an attempt to overturn the suicide grounds was again defeated, in the Twenty-fifth Amendment.

In 2018 the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland provided a clear result, allowing abortions to be performed in Ireland, with the X Case frequently cited before the vote as a reason for amending the Constitution.

European law
Ireland joined the EEC in 1973 (now the European Union), and an express provision in the relevant treaties was and is the principle of free movement of people within the EU. As far back as 1964 the Costa v ENEL case had established that European law had primacy over national laws. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty allowed Ireland an exemption in respect of its laws on abortion. At the time of the Maastricht negotiations, it was thought that this exemption meant that the EU could never impose abortion laws upon Ireland. The X case showed that the Irish government understood that its laws against abortion extended much further, even to a denial of the basic European law right of the free movement of people within the EU.

In the 2010 case of A, B and C v Ireland the European Court of Human Rights found that Ireland has breached the European Convention on Human Rights by failing to provide an accessible and effective procedure by which a woman can have established whether she qualifies for a legal abortion under current Irish law, which led to the passing of the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013.

Political outcomes
Whelehan was later appointed a senior judge, but his office's stance on the X case, coupled with its lengthy delaying of the extradition from Northern Ireland of Brendan Smyth, on multiple charges of abuses against children, was met with severe and widespread criticism. The issue split and eventually brought down the coalition government of the time. Under political pressure, Whelehan served as a High Court judge for just six days.

There were regular calls, in subsequent decades, to "legislate for the X case", meaning to amend or replace the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 to permit and regulate abortion within the limited circumstances allowed by the 1992 judgment. This was eventually effected by the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013.

TV interviews in 2010
The Scannal programme by RTÉ was broadcast on 22 February 2010, suggesting that the underlying divisions of opinion still exist, and that the facts of the case were too difficult and unique for a simple resolution at the time. Some quotations appeared on RTÉ's website:
 * Harry Whelehan said that: "The problem was stark. There was an unborn child with a constitutional right to life. There was nobody to advocate the right of that child to be born other than the Attorney General".
 * "The State was going to force a child to bear a child for her rapist" said Fintan O'Toole, journalist.
 * "You can't use the constitution for certain issues and not others. It is black and white – Harry Whelehan implemented the constitution and I believe he did the right thing." – Cathal Mac Coille, RTÉ journalist.
 * "I remember Albert saying 'we're up to our necks in it now Diggy, they're all out to get us', and he was so right" – Seán Duignan, government press secretary in 1992.

title: Attorney General v X


text: User talk:80.221.195.95

title: User talk:80.221.195.95


text:
Talk:Nota bene

Punctuation
Minute issue, but 'nb' without full stops / periods is becoming very common in British English, not sure where to get a reference source for this though so didn't make any changes... Perhaps someone could oblige?!

Redirect
Don't see this becoming a non-stub any time soon, should it be redirected to the Latin phrases page? Richard001 22:51, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Do so! Robert Greer (talk) 23:41, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, also, there's no reason to give some obscure software program free ad space. 69.181.202.132 (talk) 15:28, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I've addressed this particular problem (see here). Nota Bene is actually a quite notable word processor. —J.P. Doul (TALK/CONTRIBUTIONS) 20:28, 15 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Just to second that: the Nota Bene software suite is highly regarded in academia. (No surprise to see it dissed on Wikipedia, then!) – Brunellus (talk) 19:38, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

2007-02-8 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 09:31, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Software and Yale Texts
Information about the Nota Bene word processor and Yale University texts belong in seperate articles. I'm creating the word processor page. I don't know if the Yale texts are notable or not, but that information doesn't belong here. —J.P. Doul (TALK/CONTRIBUTIONS) 19:44, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Correct pronunciation
Italian and latin correct pronunciation for "nota bene" is only one (it is the same for every italian word). You should correct this page as I did: somebody has reverted my edit, nobody knows why. user:88.58.4.130 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.58.4.130 (talk) 13:25, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I didn't revert your edit but I've added English IPA . I'm not sure we need the alternative pronunciation for this phrase but have left them in anyway in case anyone can think of a good reason. Benchamoneh (talk) 10:57, 22 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I would say that in Italian pronunciation there is no "ʊ", neither "ː". :-) (Take a look at Italian phonology.) — Mikhail Ryazanov (talk) 04:35, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I fully agree. No diphtongs here. Sadly, English seems to have a tradition of imposing its own phonology on foreign words. One might better adapt to this tradition until some general reform arise. However, the rest of the world has the tradition of more closely following the original pronunciation, so it would be educative for English readers to see and thus be able to comprehend that one, too. Providus (talk) 16:32, 9 January 2020 (UTC)

Addition of disambig link to WP formatting command page - question?
I added an explicit disambiguation link to the WP formatting page for making a nb reference link ([Template:Markup#Examples]). The reason is that I would imaging that many beginning editors (myself included) wanting to know how to create such a note go to Google (or wha(tever) and type in "Wikipedia note bene" or something similar. This not surprisingly, brings up this article as the first or second best "bone in the pile" of search results.  Hence my edit..  What are the general policies for including such disambig links pointing to wikipedia formatting/help pages?  I don't see them much, leading me to think there is a policy against adding such.  Useful as I think they might be for beginning editors, I won't get into an edit war over it (perhaps there should be a "Wikimedia Help Only" checkbox on the search page (there isn't, nor does a "nota bene" search bring up the Formatting page..) Jimw338 (talk) 16:42, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

where are examples of typical use of each form mentioned in this article?

 * NB
 * Note that this form is not currently in the article....
 * Note
 * N.B.

108.28.184.34 (talk) 16:31, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

Usage before 1721
N.B. seems to have been used to Joseph Addison's "No.102" (1711). Yet article says "circa 1721"? 2605:E000:1610:8132:8480:5591:FA18:4EBD (talk) 05:42, 5 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Nice catch! -- Kendrick7talk 03:56, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

Hfhawthorne (talk) 14:04, 25 October 2019 (UTC)

It's been found as early as 1651 (see the recently revised entry for NB in the Oxford English Dictionary: 1651 J. French tr. J. R. Glauber Descr. New Philos. Furnaces 124 "N.B. If the black stinking oyle be rectified from the calcined Caput Mortuum, it will be clear and subtle.")

Relation to 'reference mark' ※
In Chinese/Japanese/Korean ※ (reference mark) is used in a similar way to NB in English (and other languages). Would it be appropriate to have a section here on equivalents to NB in other languages? I have suggested in the talk page for ※ that the connection to NB should be drawn somehow. --- Stephen.G.McAteer (talk) 22:13, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

N.B listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect N.B. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 12:38, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nota bene


text:
Ollie Campbell

Seamus Oliver Campbell (born 5 March 1954) is an Irish former rugby union player. He played flyhalf for Ireland from 1976 to 1984. He is most well known for his role in orchestrating Ireland's Triple Crown victory at the 1982 Five Nations Championship, breaking a drought of over 30 years. Campbell has been described as Ireland's most complete flyhalf since Jackie Kyle.

Old Belvedere's sportsground on Anglesea Road in Dublin was renamed Ollie Campbell Park in his honour in 2019.

Youth and club rugby
Campbell was educated at Belvedere College, a famous Irish rugby school in Dublin, where he was on the teams that won the Leinster Schools Senior Cup twice in a row in 1971 and 1972. Campbell played for Old Belvedere at club level and represented Leinster at provincial level, although prior to the professional era. While playing for Old Belvedere, he traveled to the United States in 1978, where he played in New York City against the Old Maroon Rugby Club.

International career
Campbell won a total of 22 caps for Ireland from 1976–1984, scoring 217 test points. Campbell's international career was more brief than this span suggests, however, as Campbell played only four full seasons for Ireland from 1980–84. Of his career totals, he won 22 caps and scored 182 points in the Five Nations tournament. He toured twice with Ireland, to Australia in 1979 and to South Africa in 1981.

Campbell won his first cap for Ireland at the age of 21 against Australia in 1976, but did not secure another cap with Ireland until 1979. Campbell had to battle for the No.10 jersey with Tony Ward, European player of the year in 1978 and 1979. Campbell's next cap was during Ireland's 1979 tour to Australia. He set an Irish record on the 1979 tour to Australia when he scored 60 points, 19 of them in Brisbane which was an Irish record for points in a match against.

The defining moment in Campbell's career came in 1982, with Campbell as the architect-in-chief of Ireland’s 1982 Triple Crown victory, Ireland's first since 1949. Ireland entered the tournament winless in its past eight matches. Campbell started the 1982 Five Nations by scoring eight points in Ireland's 20–12 win against Wales, and also playing a major hand in all three of Ireland's tries. He then scored another eight points in the following match, a 16–15 win against England. In Ireland's third match, Campbell kicked all of Ireland's 21 points (including a career best 6 penalties) against Scotland at Lansdowne Road to secure the Triple Crown. Campbell was the leading scorer in the 1982 Five Nations with 46 points.

In the 1983 Five Nations Championship, leading Ireland to a joint Five Nations Championship shared with France. Campbell was again the tournament's leading scorer with 52 points, and scored 21 points against England to set an Irish record for most points against England in a Five Nations match. Campbell played his last match for Ireland in 1984 against Wales.

Campbell was also capped seven times for the British and Irish Lions. He earned three caps in the 1980 Lions tour to South Africa, where he was the Lions' leading scorer in the last two tests with six and five points respectively. He earned another four caps in the 1983 Lions tour to New Zealand, where he was the Lions' leading scorer in the four test matches with 15 points. He scored 184 points in total for the Lions.

Retirement
Campbell retired from rugby in 1986 following two years of struggles with hamstring injuries.

In 2007 Ollie Campbell was presented with the Newbridge RFC Legend in Rugby Award along with the Irish Rugby Squad which won the 1982 Triple Crown and elected an Honorary Life Member of Newbridge RFC.

Campbell has worked in the family clothing business since retirement from rugby in 1984.

title: Ollie Campbell


text:
Talk:Manifestation

Untitled
Translated in Wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.104.116.138 (talk • contribs) at 03:12, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

This is a dictionary entry, shouldn't it be a disambiguous page to the different types that points to articles that can expand on each? Tmtoulouse 21:44, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manifestation


text:
Talk:Master class

Merge with Clinic (music)
Hi, from my experience these seem to be two different things. When I go to a master class I expect to either be a participant or an observer. If I am a participant then I am getting a private lesson with an audience watching. If I am an observer then all I am doing is watching. A clinic on the other hand is usually more group oriented and is often focused on a particular topic. --Amazzing5 15:51, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

I wholly agree with the above comment. A clinic is basically a lecture by an artist, whereas, in a masterclass the artist gives one-on-one instruction to an advanced student, while the other students learn by watching. The articles should remain seperate.

I agree as well, they are entirely different. --KevRus 05:39, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Please also note that the term Masterclass is used in many fields, not just music, so to merge it with Clinic (music) would not be right. Greyskinnedboy  Talk  00:07, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

Sentence
Master classes for musical instruments tend to focus on the finer details of attack, tone, phrasing, and overall shape, and the student is expected to have complete control of more basic elements such as rhythm and pitch.

How is a pianist supposed to control the pitch? The pitch is set by the piano. I think something different is meant by that. --2.245.126.83 (talk) 23:06, 27 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I noticed that too. I can't venture a guess what it is that is actually meant by "pitch". Were other instruments instead of the piano explicitly implied in the description of 'pitch'? 63.248.183.82 (talk) 03:44, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:MasterClass which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:50, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Master class


text:
DJB

DJB may refer to:

 * Daniel J. Bernstein (born 1971), American mathematician.
 * DJB Foundation
 * Enough is Enough (Dosta je bilo), a political party in Serbia
 * IATA code for Sultan Thaha Airport
 * German Judo Federation (Deutscher Judo-Bund)

title: DJB


text:
Kathy Leander

Kathy Leander (born 24 May 1963) is a singer from the Canton of Jura, Switzerland.

She represented her country at the 1996 Eurovision Song Contest in Oslo, singing the ballad "Mon cœur l'aime", placing 16th.

After Leander, now calling herself Catherine Leander, came third in the talent show Merci, on vous écrira organised by Swiss TV station SSR, her first solo album, Je m'ennuie de vous, was released in May 2007.

title: Kathy Leander


text:
User:Tim Robinson

Tim Robinson

title: User:Tim Robinson


text:
Talk:Mediopassive voice

This original def:

 * The mediopassive voice is a grammatical voice in which the actor of a stative verb is not expressed. This is a special type of passive voice, which is the general phenomena of the actor of a verb not being expressed.

Is just plain wrong. Benwing 06:14, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

-tur is the THIRD person!

"Classical Armenian had a mediopassive form which was marked by changing the verb's thematic vowel instead of with a unique conjugation like in other Indo-European languages." What does this mean? Isn't changing the verb's thematic vowel just one way of constructing forms inside a conjugation? And does Armenian only do this with verbs with thematic inflections (which sounds a bit weird off-hand to me), or does Armenian only have thematic verbs?Bantaar (talk) 22:05, 25 December 2007 (UTC

Icelandic
Icelandic is Scandinavian, but it has three voices: active, middle, and passive. For instance: This should be added. Siúnrá (talk) 13:09, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * kyssa: to kiss
 * kyssast: to kiss (one another, on the lips)
 * vera kyssað: to be kissed

I agree... somehow. However, as you point out, Icelandic makes a formal distinction between the middle and the passive voice. So, in spite of having a very valid point, your correction doesn't really belong in an article about the MEDIOPASSIVE voice, since languages with a mediopassive voice conflate the middle and the passive voice. Icelandic is more sophisticated than that, having different forms for the middle and the passive. Bantaar (talk) 18:23, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

 * True. But one has to take into account, that the active is the basic form. The passive is not a conjugation per se but is always formed with the help of auxiliary verbs plus the past participle. The mediopassive not only has a separate set of conjugation rules, but can also lead to a drastic change in meaning.
 * A few examples: Fara (to go) vs. farast (dying from external, natural, but not biological causes, for instance farast á sjó, meaning die at sea.) Koma (come) vs. komast (make ones way to some goal). Drepa (kill) vs. drepast (to die miserably). The list goes on.85.220.22.139 (talk) 18:55, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

Danish citation
"Reciprocal: "Vi ses" is the everyday expression equivalent in Danish to the English "See you." The present active is "vi ser" (we see); the mediopassive (commonly called passive) form is historically derived thus: de ser sig ("they see themselves") → de ses ("they are seen" or "they see themselves/see each other" or "we will be seen by each other". The meaning is reciprocal, one of the medial uses: "We'll be seeing each other.""

I don't think that it's quite right to translated "de ses" to "we will be seen by each other". "De ses", first off, is third person ("they are seen/see themselves"). Further, the future progressive -- which I'll confess to have introduced here in the first place -- is not really good, I think, in the way it's used now. Danish verbs don't really have any distinction of aspects, its tenses are mainly about tempus. (To explicitly distinct the progressive present from the plain present in Danish, you'd have to use an rephrasing outside the verbal system itself, like "jeg sidder og læser" or "jeg er ved at læse" for "I'm reading".) Anywayz... as I first introduced this bit myself, making a leap in the name of economy of words, I'll make yet another edit in an attempt to brush out the confusion I feel has introduced since then. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bantaar (talk • contribs) 19:04, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

Spanish

 * Spanish is an example of a modern language with a mediopassive voice, normally indicated by the use of a reflexive pronoun.

Now wait a minute, when you use a reflexive pronoun, it isn’t a mediopassive, now is it? It is simply a reflexive verb. If a reflexive verb counts as a mediopassive, then German has a mediopassive, too. --Tom S. Fox (talk) 09:07, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

 * In Spanish the middle voice can be expressed with reflexives (El barco se hundió).

 * For a sentence to fit into the categorization of medio-passive, it must satisfy these three conditions:
 * 1. The PATIENT must be the grammatical SUBJECT of the sentence (as in the passive voice).
 * 2. The AGENT can not be added, as opposed to the passive (El barco se hundió por los piratas is not grammatical). If the agent can be added, perhaps it is simply a passive construction (El barco fue hundido por los piratas) and if the agent is the PATIENT itself, then it is a typical MIDDLE-voice (El barco se hundió solo/por sí mismo).
 * 3. It can be translated as a passive-voice construction (hence the name medio-PASSIVE).

 * Are there such sentences in German?

--EsperantoItaliano (talk) 16:35, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

Se necesita editor
This paragraph is incomplete, hard to understand and contradicts itself:

 * An example sentence is El padre se enojó al ver a su hijo romper la lámpara. The English translation is "The father became angry upon seeing his son break the lamp." The verb se enojó is said to be mediopassive because it comprises the reflexive pronoun se and the simple verb enojó, which together literally mean "angered himself." This would be literally translated "The father angered himself upon seeing his son break the lamp." Pragmatics quickly rejects the middle-voice meaning for the intended mediopassive-voice meaning, translated above as "got angry," because the mediopassive voice is rarely used. Many intransitive Spanish verbs behave that way: me caí, I fell; me cansé, I became tired.

Can we correct it, complete it or give a better example?

--EsperantoItaliano (talk) 00:54, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

Croatian part is about Reflexive Voice
Hello

in the Croatian part of this article there is text about reflexive voice

Reflexive Voice (Verb) is "reflexive verb is, loosely, a verb whose direct object is the same as its subject; for example, "I wash myself"."

That's exactly what's in croatian part, so it should be in this article rather than here

Have a nice day — Preceding unsigned comment added by KtośNapewnoToJest (talk • contribs) 17:35, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mediopassive voice


text: Talk:Perched water table

title: Talk:Perched water table


text:
User:Tim Robinson/Main Page (Proposal)

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Welcome to Wikipedia, the free-content encyclopedia that anyone can edit.  In this English version, started in 2001, we are currently working on Special:Statistics articles.  Culture | Geography | History | Life | Mathematics | Science | Society | Technology Browse Wikipedia · Article overviews · Alphabetical index · Other category schemes Wikipedia in other languages You may read and edit articles in many different languages:

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title: User:Tim Robinson/Main Page (Proposal)


text:
Coahuilteco language

Coahuilteco was one of the Pakawan languages that was spoken in southern Texas (United States) and northeastern Coahuila (Mexico). It is now extinct.

Classification
Coahuilteco was grouped in an eponymous Coahuiltecan family by John Wesley Powell in 1891, later expanded by additional proposed members by e.g. Edward Sapir. Ives Goddard later treated all these connections with suspicion, leaving Coahuilteco as a language isolate. Manaster Ramer (1996) argues Powell's original more narrow Coahuiltecan grouping is sound, renaming it Pakawan in distinction from the later more expanded proposal. This proposal has been challenged by Campbell, who considers its sound correspondences unsupported and considers that some of the observed similarities between words may be due to borrowing.

Vowels
Coahuilteco has both short and long vowels.

Syntax
Based primarily on study of one 88-page document, Fray Bartolomé García's 1760 Manual para administrar los santos sacramentos de penitencia, eucharistia, extrema-uncion, y matrimonio: dar gracias despues de comulgar, y ayudar a bien morir, Troike describes two of Coahuilteco's less common syntactic traits: subject-object concord and center-embedding relative clauses.

Subject-Object Concord
In each of these sentences, the object Dios 'God' is the same, but the subject is different, and as a result different suffixes (-n for first person, -m for second person, and -t for third person) must be present after the demonstrative tupo· (Troike 1981:663).

Dios tupo·-n naxo-xt'e·wal wako·

God DEM-1CON 1pS-annoy CAUS

'We annoyed God'

Dios tupo·-m xa-ka·wa xo e?

God DEM-2CON 2S-love AUX Q

'Do you love God?'

Dios tupo·-t a-pa-k'tace·y

God DEM-3CON 3S-SUB-pray(PL)

'that (all) pray to God'

Center-embedding Relative Clauses
Troike (2015:135) notes that relative clauses in Coahuilteco can appear between the noun and its demonstrative (NP → N (Srel) Dem), leading to a center-embedding structure quite distinct from the right-branching or left-branching structures more commonly seen in the world's languages.

One example of such a center-embedded relative clause is the following:

saxpame· pinapsa·i [xami·n ei-Obj xa-p-xo·] tupa·-n

sins you (OBJ) {} 2-sub-know DEM-1C

‘the sins (which) you know’

The Coahuilteco text studied by Troike also has examples of two levels of embedding of relative clauses, as in the following example (Troike 2015:138):

pi·lam apšap’a·kani [ei-SUBJ pi·nwakta·j [Dios (∅) pil’ta·j a-pa-ta·nko] tuče·-t a-p-awa·y] tupa·-t

people good.PL {} things God (DEM) pronj 3-sub-command DEM-3C 3-sub-do.PL DEM-3C

‘(He will carry to heaven) the good people [who do the things [that God commands]]’.|undefined

title: Coahuilteco language


text:
Talk:Rumination syndrome

Viral Video
There's been a certain video going around the internet that features a girl who has an... "ability" to do exactly what this article is describing. Maybe that girl has this syndrome. If you know what I'm talking about, great, let's discuss. If not, forget you even read this. ShihoMiyano (talk) 23:03, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Parenthetical comments, qualifications, expressed skepticism
I'm sorry to have to say it, but this article looks like a mess. Why is it peppered with parenthetical comments such as "(unsubstantiated theory/hypothesis)," "(necessarily)," "(personal experience)?" NONE of this belongs within the body of the article. The text should not serve as a critique of itself. Issues that are disputed or questioned should be discussed here on the discussion page, OR the text should be edited so that it is SUBSTANTIATED by cited sources, and NOT BASED ON PERSONAL EXPERIENCE that would amount to Original Research. I don't know what is, or what isn't substatiated, I don't know whose supposed "personal experience" is being referenced, and I know nothing about the subject. I came to read and learn from the article, and stumbled into a catastrophe of qualifications and skepticism. Someone please clean this up. zadignose (talk) 18:38, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've removed much of the material which was unsourced and heavily dependent on qualifying parenthetical comments. I've also removed statments whose factual nature has been in question at least since being tagged last December.  It looks cleaner and simpler now.  Add back only what can be credited to a reliable source. zadignose (talk) 05:49, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately for an article of this nature, personal experience IS neccessary. This is a condition that practically every doctor on the planet ignores in favour of a diagnosis of Bulimia. My girlfriend suffers from a variety of this syndrome, and I will be adding my personal research. It is just as valid, important, contributing, and truthful as an article off the web (If anything, it's more truthful) - Floydian 01:19, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Makeover vs. 3
I have rewritten this article based upon an information sheet I have from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. The article has been divided into categories, and proper information has been added.

Some information is of my own research. While I am not a licenced doctor, I have witnessed my significant other suffer with this for several years now. Every doctor is so quick to prove their intelligence as a doctor that rather than listening and looking deeper, they dismiss it as bulimia. There is little, if any, accurate information on non-infant non-handicapped sufferers available.

Qualified or not, my "original research" is based on a sufferer, and may be of great assistance to other sufferers. I will fight to retain what I have added. - Floydian (talk) 02:39, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Your qualifications are irrelevant. Wikipedia's mandatory policy, WP:No original research, is at issue.  You may not include your own original research because it is not WP:Verifiable, even if it is 100% true.  Wikipedia includes what is "verifiable, not True™".  WhatamIdoing (talk) 15:27, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Everything is or will be backed up. The adjectives I use and the way things are described may be based on my accounts, but the facts will all be backed up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Floydian (talk • contribs) 07:18, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

 * By what? Wikipedia is made from unbiased accounts from reliable sources. Whether your account is truthful or not doesn't matter if it cannot be verified. ShihoMiyano (talk) 22:23, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Transfer to Rumination Syndrome
Since this condition does have an actual name, I have decided to move it to a page titled Rumination Syndrome, to adknowledge that fact. To list it as Rumination (eating disorder) is to simply say that the symptom of rumination is an eating disorder, when the actual condition is far more complicated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Floydian (talk • contribs) 22:32, 8 June 2009

Assessment
Please do not blank the WPMED assessments just because you're working on the article. The importance of this rare syndrome (to WPMED as a whole) won't change, even if the article is perfect; the quality can be reassessed on request by leaving a note at WP:MEDA. Thanks, WhatamIdoing (talk) 15:25, 9 June 2009 (UTC).

 * Rare because nobody comes forward and because it's so underdiagnosed. - Floydian (talk) 18:05, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

To Do
This is a checklist for myself. Others need not worry unless they are brave and want to tackle the challenge :)

Will cross out as completed --  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  03:40, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

As someone who "suffers" from Rumination "Syndrome," I'd like an explanation of why, exactly, it is considered a disease. It seems more like a physical skill that not everyone possesses, like wiggling one's ears or touching one's nose with one's tongue. I've had Rumination Syndrome for probably ten years, and my teeth enamel is in fine shape. Also, since I developed this ability, I rarely have heartburn. I read and reread the article, and I couldn't find anything beyond the tooth-enamel thing that would classify this as a disease. (In my case, it hasn't affected my weight at all.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Serop2 (talk • contribs) 18:09, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It's not a disease. Diseases are caused by pathogens. Rumination is a disorder, as those with it are unable to eat as intended. I'm not sure if I mistakenly labelled it as a disease or not (as far as I remember it only mentions disorder). Tooth enamel was merely stated in a study. In my case there is no damage to the enamel either. Actually, now that you mention it, my significant other has never experienced heartburn in the past several years.

You should fix also on line 4 the sentence that is missing a subject and a capital letter in the beginning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.252.88.138 (talk) 17:25, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

 * However, my intention here is recognition by getting it on the main page, which means sticking to the "facts" published in the one or two studies done on this disorder, unfortunately. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  20:09, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

Is the long citation string in the first line necessary
I felt it necessary to strongly emphasize the lack of awareness of this disorder whatsoever within the public or medical community. Every paper cited in that string contains some mention of the fact that there is very little knowledge of the disorder and very little awareness of it. There are only two places in North America that treat the disorder, and not many more that have ever heard of it. These citations back up the usage of the word "severely." -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  17:42, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Article Reassessment for WikiProject Medicine
Hello. I am a member of WikiProject Medicine, a Wikipedia wide project that maintains and improves articles that fall under the scope of medicine. Since your article is already under has our tag, I have now reassessed it to make sure if is in the right WikiProject. Upon reassessment of the article, I'd like to make a few points, as shown below: Leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions. I'm glad this article could fall within our scope, and I hope to see it grow large! Many thanks! Renaissancee (talk) 17:18, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Reassess article with class and importance factors
 * Reassessed tags for correct placements
 * Your article is very clearly written..I would suggest trying out for GA in the very near future!

Wording
Could you give use exact numbers rather than severely under-diagnosed Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 00:36, 7 September 2009 (UTC)
 * No. There are no numbers because there's only one place in North America that treats it, and they have no way of knowing how much more prevalent the condition is. They probably won't for a while because the condition is by and large ignored by doctors, who consider it (get this) benign (which is probably because the pharmaceutical companies can't make money off selling a breathing technique, but that's just my humble opinion there). -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  01:39, 7 September 2009 (UTC)
 * So if there are no exact numbers, how can it be definitively stated that it is "severely under-diagnosed?" Sounds like speculation.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.6.97.20 (talk) 12:16, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It would be if the sources used in the article didn't state it verbatim. I believe it's in Papadoupolis et al. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  12:53, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

suggestions
Hi, I saw the note on WT:MED about how you're thinking of taking this to FAC soon and requesting input. Looks good, well referenced and refs are of high quality. But I do have a few suggestions:

 * Occasionally too technical and fancy language--opt for the simplest way of saying something to make the article readable by the widest audience. e.g. amongst -> among, postprandially -> after eating, ingested -> eaten.
 * Definitely on this one. I've heard a few times that the medical terminology is daunting... Though I disagree with which ones need dumbing down. Postprandially seems to flow better in many cases and is wikilinked at its first occurrence to wiktionary, and changing ingested to eaten in most cases reads very very strange (This vomiting occurs several hours after the meal is eaten vs. This vomiting occurs several hours after the meal is ingested).
 * Well, in that example you could just say "...after the meal." That would reduce the wording (redundant and unnecessary wording is a common thing to get trouble for at FAC, and you can expect the reader to figure out what the patient does to the meal).  Check out User:Tony1/How to improve your writing for more on that.    delldot   ∇.  05:22, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Say what the disorder is in the first sentence. Leave the epidemiolgy info in the first and second sentences till later in the para.  If the third sentence info is presented first (maybe pared down), the current first, second and fourth sentences will flow better together.
 * Done... My grammar is absolutely terrible, so you may wish to look over the change
 * Looks good! delldot   ∇.  05:32, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Some material needs to be better referenced or more loyal to given references. e.g. no mention of some of the diagnostic criteria in the list ref'd to ref 8 .  e.g. no mention of belching.  That ref says 'is usually not...nausea', this article says 'is not'.
 * Will add more references. There are two or three different nosologies that give slightly different criteria.
 * Done. The reason for this is that I used a direct reference to a picture contained in another reference (ref 1, J of Postgrad). The criteria picture used very absolute wording, but the prose in the accompanying article explained the nuances. Regardless, I've sourced each point.

 * This sentence is out of place and should be integrated into the previous para discussing success of the technique: Patients who successfully use the technique often notice an immediate change in health for the better.
 * Done

 * This sentence is also out of place and probably doesn't belong in Treatment: Past studies of rumination syndrome have described it as benign.[17] However, more recent studies have described otherwise.
 * Agreed. I couldn't decide which section it fit in, but after hearing it is 'benign' from a doctor at the mayo clinic, it really needs to be somewhere in there that it is not a benign condition (Tell them to live with vomiting every meal and call it benign). Any suggested location that would flow better?
 * Possibly in the lead after Like most eating disorders, rumination can adversely affect normal functioning and the social lives of afflicted individuals. (or before.)  Normally you wouldn't put info in the lead that's not in the body, but this may be an exception since it's such a simple point about the general nature of the condition.  Since there's no classification section, there's not really a place for discussion of what this condition is.  The closest thing is Diagnosis, but I don't see anywhere in there where this sentence would flow with the rest of it.   delldot   ∇.  05:32, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Done

 * Awkward: can lead to the child becoming malnourished. How about can lead to malnutrition?  or can cause the child to become...?
 * Done

 * Turn the ref in the caption for the epidemiology image into a footnote like the other refs.
 * Done

 * I can't see the numbers in the epidemiology image. Any way you could enlarge the numbers so I can see them without leaving the article?
 * I can try...There's a lot of numbers and it may look really terrible, but I'll see what I can do.

 * Can you provide PMIDs for the journal refs? (Search the article title in pubmed, then copy the number at the bottom of the abstract)
 * Will do. Done.

That's all I got for now. delldot  ∇.  18:17, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Cool. I've already made most of the changes already. Some I will do shortly, and others I left a comment for. Thanks -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  19:01, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Alrighty. Pretty much done minus some small changes left to be done to Diagnosis (the list), and the request you made on the picture. I put the nomination through since I'll probably have a month if it's backlogged like GAN. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  16:21, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Also per your request at WT:MED:
 * 1) More visuals; maybe a pic of the upper GI tract with relevant landmarks highlighted, or a pic of Barrett's esophagus if applicable, something. Or several somethings.
 * 2) Don't rely so heavily on your first two sources, even it they're awesome.
 * In the FA review, I'm being told to use it more in place of older sources. The papadopolus source is a review of all the studies before then (2007)  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢
 * I don't think this is that big of a problem. If not much is written on this, of course you're going to rely heavily on a few sources.  Obviously, try to get as diverse sources as you can, but don't opt for a poorer source just to avoid citing a better one "too much".   delldot   ∇.  18:21, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

 * 1) Cite your basis for calling it under-diagnosed clearly, because that's easily and often said about many conditions but hard to prove sometimes.
 * Every single source says that is under diagnosed and needs more awareness amongst doctors and the public.  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢

Finally I would also condense the intro substantially, but that's just my personal stylistic preference. Kudos and keep up the good work. - Draeco (talk) 06:19, 14 September 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) The sentence in the DDx section that says Bulimia nervosa and gastroparesis are especially prevalent among the misdiagnosis of rumination is confusing to me... it sounds like you're saying a disease is incorrectly diagnosed as rumination, when in fact it should be BN or GP, but I think you probably mean the opposite.

 * Thanks for the suggestions. A few of them I'm torn on because different editors are telling me the opposite, not to use studies from the late 90's when the 2007 review can be used. Never thought of the whole barretts esophagus thing... Good idea. Thank you -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  15:36, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

I haven't read through the whole talk page to see if it's been discussed, but have you considered changing the In other animals heading to something shorter? Not exactly sure what you'd do here, but it just sounds sort of awkward. Strombollii (talk) 15:33, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. In Animals sounds much better, but In other animals is the heading given at WP:MEDMOS -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  15:55, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Journal
If anyone is able to retrieve the full text to Rumination documented by using combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and manometry, I have a feeling it may contain a diagram, or information useful in drawing a diagram of the actual regurgitation process. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  09:01, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * What's the PMID? Strombollii (talk) 21:09, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Wait, wait. Nevermind. Will look later. Strombollii (talk) 21:13, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, meant to link directly to the pubmed entry. It's fixed. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  21:22, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Haha yeah, I had found it. But it's a journal that I don't have access to here at school. Sorry. Strombollii (talk) 23:17, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

ice cream
I find it easy to accidentally bring up recently swallowed icecream, would that be an example of regurgitation or more likely just incomplete swallowing? (I suspect I have a hiatal hernia) Also, is there a term for being able to easily inhale air into the stomach (not just swallowing air)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.70.113 (talk) 02:14, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Those tend to be disorders of the glottis or cardia, the two sphincters in the esophagus which keep food in the stomach and cause the urge to burp. Usually those who can bring stuff up have some conscious degree of control over both. I'd be surprised if you couldn't do it with other liquids if your tried.

I have no idea if there is a medical term for this, but those sphincters are where you'd want to start your research. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  22:50, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Differential: Achalasia
Hi there - can I ask if there is a reason why there is no differential or discussion on how this disease compares to, and differs from, Achalasia. Just to give you a quick quote (from Wikipedia): "Achalasia is characterized by difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, and sometimes chest pain." and further "The main symptoms of achalasia are dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), regurgitation of undigested food, chest pain behind the sternum, and weight loss." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.2.142.226 (talk) 18:42, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

Contradiction in lead?
There is no [...] odour, These symptoms include [...] halitosis

Seems confusion here... Lesion 10:22, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

 * The vomit is odourless, but halitosis is a common result of everything. -  Floydian  τ ¢  13:43, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Ah, thanks for that clarification. Maybe the halitosis is the result of increased bacterial activity in the retentive surface created by (o)esophageal erosions... Lesion  14:34, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I'm totally not qualified medically to know (I only wrote this article because my s.o. at the time was afflicted by it, only to be told again and again by pompous non-curious doctors that she was doing it to herself; regardless she didn't have any halitosis)... but I'd hazard to guess that it's either destroying helpful bacteria or regurgitating odour-causing bacteria. -  Floydian  τ ¢  22:08, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Rumination syndrome


text:
Template talk:TES

Is the Encyclopedia in Russian or Tatar? If in Russian, can you please let me know what it's name in Russian is? Thanks.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 19:07, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:TES


text: User talk:80.108.238.55

title: User talk:80.108.238.55


text:
Talk:Showgirl

Neutrality
"...no entertainment or dance skills". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Johnny 42 (talk • contribs) 00:16, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

Racism
This page is racist --- "Showgirls are often associated with Latin music and dance, particularly samba[citation needed]." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2804:14C:878F:842E:F994:F957:D7C3:E226 (talk) 01:18, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

 * That was sometimes the case in the 1950s. Not sure why it's "racist" to report on it, but it does seem out of place in the top section of the article... AnonMoos (talk) 15:14, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Showgirl