text:
Meguro Line

The Meguro Line (目黒線) is a railway line operated by Japanese private railway company Tokyu Corporation. As a railway line, the name is for the section between Meguro and Den-en-chōfu in southwest Tokyo, but nearly all trains run to Hiyoshi on a quad-tracked section of the Tōyoko Line in Yokohama, Kanagawa. Additionally, the Meguro line interoperates with the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line and Toei Mita Line beyond Meguro.

History

 * 1923:
 * March 11: The line opens as the Meguro Line between Meguro and Maruko (now Numabe) (on the current Tamagawa Line).
 * October: Meguro-Fudōmae station is renamed to Fudōmae station.
 * November 1: The line is extended from Maruko to Kamata, and the line is renamed to the Mekama line.
 * 1924, June 1: Koyama becomes Musashi-Koyama.
 * 1926, January 1: Chōfu and Tamagawa stations are renamed to Den-en-Chōfu and Maruko-Tamagawa stations respectively.
 * 1928, August 1: Nishi-Koyama station opens.
 * 1931, January 1: Maruko-Tamagawa station is renamed again to Tamagawa-en-mae station.
 * 1977, December 16: Tamagawa-en-mae station is renamed yet again to Tamagawa-en station.
 * 1994, November 27: Den-en-Chōfu station moves underground.
 * 1997:
 * June 27: Ōokayama station moves underground.
 * July 27: Meguro station moves underground.
 * 1999, October 10: Fudōmae station is elevated.
 * 2000:
 * August 6: Service is split into two services, Meguro - Musashi-Kosugi and Tamagawa - Kamata. Tamagawa-en station is renamed to Tamagawa station and one-man operation begins.
 * September 26: Through service begins with the Tokyo Metro Namboku and Toei Mita Lines.
 * 2001, March 28: Through service begins with the Saitama Rapid Railway line via the Namboku line.
 * 2006:
 * July 2: As part of a grade separation project between Fudōmae and Senzoku, Musashi-Koyama and Nishi-Koyama stations move underground.
 * September 25: Express service commences.
 * 2008 June 22: Service extended to Hiyoshi.
 * 2022 April: Eight-car trains commence operation on the line. Platforms on Meguro Line were lengthened in order to accommodate 8-car trainsets and allow through services with Sōtetsu Shin-yokohama Line.
 * 2023 March 18: The through service onto the Sōtetsu Shin-yokohama Line began service. Since then, most express trains no longer terminate at Hiyoshi but instead either Shin-yokohama, Nishiya, Shōnandai, Yamato or Ebina. The majority of local trains still terminate at Hiyoshi.

Tokyu

 * 3000 series 8-car EMUs
 * 3020 series 8-car EMUs
 * 5080 series 8-car EMUs

Other operators

 * Toei 6300 series 6-car EMUs (Toei Mita Line)
 * Toei 6500 series 8-car EMUs (Toei Mita Line)
 * Tokyo Metro 9000 series 6/8-car EMUs (Tokyo Metro Namboku Line)
 * Saitama Rapid Railway 2000 series 6-car EMUs (Saitama Rapid Railway Line)

 * Sotetsu 21000 series 8-car EMUs (Sōtetsu Main Line or Sōtetsu Izumino Line, via the Sōtetsu Shin-Yokohama Line)

Former connecting lines

 * Okusawa station - A 1 km gauge line, electrified at 600 VDC, from Shin-Okusawa operated between 1928 and 1935, providing a connection to Yukigaya-Otsuka on the Tokyu Ikegami Line.

title: Meguro Line


text:
Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package

The Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package, better known as VASP, is a package written primarily in Fortran for performing ab initio quantum mechanical calculations using either Vanderbilt pseudopotentials, or the projector augmented wave method, and a plane wave basis set. The basic methodology is density functional theory (DFT), but the code also allows use of post-DFT corrections such as hybrid functionals mixing DFT and Hartree–Fock exchange (e.g. HSE, PBE0 or B3LYP ), many-body perturbation theory (the GW method ) and dynamical electronic correlations within the random phase approximation (RPA) and MP2.

Originally, VASP was based on code written by Mike Payne (then at MIT), which was also the basis of CASTEP. It was then brought to the University of Vienna, Austria, in July 1989 by Jürgen Hafner. The main program was written by Jürgen Furthmüller, who joined the group at the Institut für Materialphysik in January 1993, and Georg Kresse. An early version of VASP was called VAMP. VASP is currently being developed by Georg Kresse; recent additions include the extension of methods frequently used in molecular quantum chemistry to periodic systems. VASP is currently used by more than 1400 research groups in academia and industry worldwide on the basis of software licence agreements with the University of Vienna. Because VASP can be used for a wide range of applications such as phonon calculations and structure calculations, it is widely employed in the fields of condensed matter physics, materials science, and quantum chemistry.

Incomplete version history: VASP.6.3.2 was released on 28 June 2022, VASP.6.4.1 on 7 April 2023 and VASP.6.4.3 on 19 March 2024.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package


text:
Willow beauty

The willow beauty (Peribatodes rhomboidaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is a common species of Europe and adjacent regions (Near East and the Maghreb). While it is found widely throughout Scandinavian countries, which have a maritime climate, it is absent from parts of the former USSR which are at the same latitude but have a more continental climate.

Up to four subspecies are listed by some authors, while others consider the willow beauty a monotypic species or accept only rhomboidaria and sublutearia as distinct:
 * Peribatodes rhomboidaria corsicaria (Schawerda 1931)
 * Peribatodes rhomboidaria defloraria (Dannehl 1928)
 * Peribatodes rhomboidaria rhomboidaria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
 * Peribatodes rhomboidaria sublutearia (Zerny 1927)

Under its junior synonym Geometra rhomboidaria, the willow beauty is the type species of its genus Peribatodes. This was initially proposed as a subgenus of Boarmia but eventually elevated to full genus rank.

Description and ecology
The adult's wingspan is 40–48 mm. The wings of this species are whitish-grey or -yellowish, though they have a buff or grey appearance from a distance, as they are heavily speckled with brown or black dots. Running over the fore- and hindwings in a semicircle are the two blackish bands commonly found in Ennominae, but they are broken and somewhat indistinct in this species. A tell-tale characteristic is a single bulge in the forewing part of the outer blackish bands. Melanic forms (e.g. rebeli) sometimes occur. The sexes can be distinguished by their antennae, which are strongly feathered in the male, but almost smooth in the female. See similar species (below)

This moth inhabits woodland, gardens and similar habitat. Either one or two generations occur each year, depending on locality. The adults are on the wing during summer – e.g. June to September on the British Isles, while in the more continental climate of Austria they are rarely seen anymore in late August. They fly at night and are attracted to light.

The caterpillar larva is reddish-brown and feeds on a variety of trees and shrubs, but – despite its name – rarely or never on willows (Salix). The species overwinters as a small larva. As evidenced by the species distribution, it does not seem to tolerate severe and dry winters very well.

Recorded food plants
Willow beauty larvae are highly polyphagous and not adapted to a specific lineage of foodplants. Rather, they eat foliage of a wide range of eudicots, as well as some other plants. Recorded foodplants include:
 * Betula (birch)
 * Camellia sinensis (tea)
 * Clematis (clematises) – not in Finland
 * Crataegus (hawthorn)
 * Hedera (ivy)
 * Ligustrum (privet) – not in Finland
 * Malus (apple)
 * Prunus (plum, cherry, peach) – including blackthorn (P. spinosa) – not in Finland – and possibly others
 * Taxus (yew)
 * Vitis (grapevine)

Synonyms
Junior synonyms of the willow beauty include:
 * Geometra rhomboidaria Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775
 * Boarmia corsicaria Schawerda, 1931
 * Boarmia defloraria Dannehl, 1928
 * Peribatodes dragone de Laever & Parenzan, 1986
 * Boarmia psoralaria Millière, 1885
 * Boarmia syritaurica Wehrli, 1931

Similar species
Peribatodes rhomboidaria is difficult to certainly distinguish from its congeners. See Townsend et al.
 * Peribatodes secundaria ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
 * Peribatodes ilicaria (Geyer, 1833
 * Deileptenia ribeata (Clerck, 1759)
 * Alcis repandata (Linnaeus, 1758)

title: Willow beauty


text:
Tōkyū Tamagawa Line

The Tōkyū Tamagawa Line (東急多摩川線) is a commuter railway line in Japan owned by private railway operator Tokyu Corporation. It runs between Tamagawa and Kamata in southwest Tokyo, entirely within Ōta ward. The operator's name, Tōkyū, is included in the formal name of this line.

It was formed in 2000 from the western portion of the Tōkyū Mekama Line, which was then rerouted west of Tamagawa (former Tamagawa-en) station and renamed the Meguro Line.

This line should not be confused with the Tokyu Shin-Tamagawa Line (a section of track from Shibuya to Futako-tamagawa, (which has since been absorbed into the Tokyu Den-en-Toshi Line), or the Tamagawa Line tramway which preceded that (of which one of its branches now forms the Setagaya Line).

Station list
All stations are located in Ota.

Rolling stock
All the rolling stock is shared with Tokyu Ikegami Line.

Current

 * 1000 series 3-car sets (since 1990)
 * 7000 series 3-car sets (since 2007)

Former

 * 7600 series 3-car sets (until 2015)
 * 7700 series 3-car sets (until 2018)

History
The Tokyu Tamagawa Line was formed on 6 August 2000 with the splitting of the former Tokyu Mekama Line. Wanman driver-only operation also commenced on the line from this date.

Future plans
Plans exist to extend the line eastward by approximately 800 m from the southern terminus of the line at Kamata to Keikyu Kamata Station on the Keikyu Main Line and Keikyu Airport Line, a project known as the Kama-Kama Line. This would provide an interchange between the lines, improving accessibility to Tokyo's Haneda Airport ahead of the 2020 Summer Olympics. The plans did not materialize in time for the 2020 Summer Olympics. , Ōta Ward has agreed with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to pay 70% of the project cost of while having the city government responsible for the remaining 30%.

title: Tōkyū Tamagawa Line


text:
Amagasaki Station

Amagasaki Station (尼崎駅) may refer to:
 * Amagasaki Station (JR West)
 * Amagasaki Station (Hanshin)

title: Amagasaki Station


text:
User talk:Sezgin

Re: Some questions about Wikipedia
Hi, and welcome. Thanks for your question. The amount of time it takes for an article varies, although I'd say it's typically within a few minutes. Wikipedia users watch the recent changes to articles and examine the edits (that's how I found your vandalism, by the way, assuming you were the one vandalising Brad Pitt). Obvious vandalism like yours will be reverted very quickly. Sneaky vandalism, like you did at, might lurk for longer. Registered users can also set a watch on specific articles to watch for changes; for major articles it is likely that many people will be watching them and that bad edits will be quickly reversed. For smaller, less commonly edited articles, it may take longer to fix, although somehow Wikipedia stays remarkably free of vandalism. I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay, but please don't "test" Wikipedia's response by performing any more vandalism. I'd be happy to answer further questions. Oh, and when you are leaving comments, you can sign your name using four tildes:. — Knowledge Seeker দ 10:36, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hi,

i liked idea of wikipedia. However it does not seem so trusrtworty, i mean there must be millions of vandals like me...But still impressed that you could detect the last sneaky vandalism. How should I ask questions to you? Is it OK from here?

 * Traditionally, one leaves comments for someone on their talk page, not on one's own. This way the user sees the "You have new messages" box and other users also gain a sense of how the community interacts with the user. However, this fragments the discussion, so some prefer to keep both sides at the same talk page. I set a watch on your talk page, so you may feel free to reply here.

 * It is up to you to decide the trustworthiness of Wikipedia. It certainly is not as reliable as a source backed by an authority, such as the Encyclopædia Britannica. However, it also offers considerable advantages, such as being free of cost, up-to-date, and more comprehensive. You are correct in that there many vandals; however, with all the eyes watching the articles, the bad edits get picked up quickly. In addition, since they tend to come from the same users, those users can be blocked (incidentally, you were one edit away from being blocked, yourself). In my experience, Wikipedia has remained extremely accurate and is increasingly being used as a source for the press and other media. If you have concerns about the Wiki style of editing, you may be interested in Replies to common objections. — Knowledge Seeker দ 10:59, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If you are interested in the mechanics of and procedures behind Wikipedia, please do feel free to ask questions or experiment all you like in the Sandbox, but please do not perform test alterations or deletions on other pages just to see how the systems work; this is classed as vandalism, and recieves quite a harsh treatment if it is prolonged.
 * Yes there are millions of vandals, but Wikipedia as a whole is a creature that does not eat, does not sleep, and has countless pages in its collective watchlists. It will catch them ALL, sometimes it takes a long time, sometimes it's lightning-quick. Either way, please do so no further.
 * ...other than that, I hope you enjoy your stay with us. Have a nice day. Master Thief Garrett 12:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
And to help you get started: Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! — Knowledge Seeker দ 11:04, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Many thanks for your help...Firstly I will look through information for beginners on the wikipedia pages, before taking more of your time... But I want to ask one more question, Why did you change my alternation on antisemitism page? It was not a vandalism. Besides i still think that title of that article is misleading.

thanks

Sezgin 11:09, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Feel free to ask me what you don't understand. With regards to the Islam and anti-Semitism change, I reverted it because it seemed out of sync with the title of the article and contents of the paragraph. And because of your history of vandalism—edits by new anonymous users or by newly-registered users will usually be viewed with more suspicion, but as you make constructive edits people will trust you more. All contributors are valued, of course, but this is one way we keep our encyclopedia clean. You are free to change the section title back; I will not revert again. Someone else may, though. If you do so, you may wish to explain on the article's talk page. — Knowledge Seeker দ 19:32, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Re: Kalenderhane
Am I correct in assuming that you were able to solve the problem? It looks like you've been able to continue your work on Kalenderhane. If not, let me know and I will help you find the problem. Incidentally, may I make two suggestions? One is, to sign your name, please use four tildes, like this:. This inserts the time and date as well as your username. You can also customize it later if you wish (for instance, a link to your talk page or something like that). Also, when you ask someone about an article, it's nice to link to it by putting brackets around the title (e.g.  = Kalenderhane) as a courtesy. That way, those reading your comment can simply follow the link to the article. Make sense? — Knowledge Seeker দ 05:17, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sezgin


text:
User:Halibutt/events

TAGS
The tags we use / tagi do wykorzystania:

 * Missions - (id 1 - 799)

 * POL - Poland / Polska (id 1000 - 1999)
 * SOV - Bolsheviks / Bolszewicy (id 2000 - 2999)
 * RUS - the Whites and the Entente / Biali (id 3000 - 3999)
 * BLR - Belarus National Republic / Białoruś (id 4000 - 4999)
 * UKR - Ukraine / Ukraina (id 5000 - 5999)
 * LIT - Lithuania (id 6000 - 6999)
 * U00 - Makhnovshchina / Machnowszczyna (id 7000 - 7500)
 * U01 - Greater Poland / Wielkopolska (id 7501 - 7999)
 * U02 - Ober-Ost / Niemieckie garnizony (id 8000 - 8500)
 * U03 - Central Lithuania / Litwa Środkowa (id 8500 - 8999)
 * U04 - Western Ukraine / ZURL (id 9000 - 9500)
 * U05 - Republic of Tarnobrzeg./ Republika Tarnobrzegu (id ????/????)
 * U06 - Red Poland / Komunistyczna Polska (id 9500 - 9999)
 * LOT - Latvia / Łotwa (id 10200 - 10399)
 * EST - Estonia / Estonia (id 10400 - 10599)
 * ROM - Romania / Rumunia (id 10600 - 10799)
 * GER - Germany / Niemcy (id 10800/10899)

 * endgame - (id 800 - 899)
 * all - (id 900 - 999)
 * flavors - (id 10000 - 10099)
 * AI switch - (id 10100 - 10199)

NEEDED TO VERSION 1.0/NIEZBĘDNE DO WERSJI 1.0
MULTINATIONAL
 * UKR/U04/SOV/RUS Government changes / Zmiany rządów
 * U04/UKR/POL "Western Ukraine" granted to Poland by the Entente / Ententa przyznaje Polsce "Zachodnią Ukrainę"
 * UKR/SOV UkrSSR and the USSR / Ukraina Sowiecka - Jozi02
 * RUS/SOV/UKR/U02/U04 - Mobilization/Mobilizacja

POLAND
 * POL Haller's Blue Army / Błękitna Armia Hallera
 * POL Rail workers' strike in Ostrava / Strajk kolejarzy w Ostrawie
 * POL Supplies from the Entente / Pomoc materiałowa Ententy - Viader
 * POL Volunteer Army / Armia ochotnicza

WHITE RUSSIA
 * RUS Entente help / Pomoc Ententy
 * RUS Internal struggles for power / Walki o władzę

UKRAINE
 * UKR/U04 Internal struggle for power / Walki o władzę
 * UKR Alliance with Poland / Sojusz z Polską
 * UKR/U04 Unification of Ukraine / Połączenie Ukrain

multinational

 * POL/SOV Polish Revolutionary Committee / Komitet Rewolucyjny Polski
 * BLR/POL Bułak-Bałachowicz
 * POL/LIT Polish protests over the name of "Boguslaw Radziwill" Brigade / protesty w sprawie brygady imienia "Gnidy" Bogusława

 * POL/U04 Defence of Lvov / Obrona Lwowa - Wieslaw
 * POL/SOV Curzon Line / Linia Curzona - Viader'

Poland

 * POL Return of the Siberian Brigade / Powrót Brygady Syberyjskiej
 * POL Tank Regiment / Pułk Czołgów
 * POL Plebiscite in Masuria / Plebiscyt na Warmii i Mazurach -Larry2903
 * POL French and British Military Missions to Poland / francuska i brytyjska misja wojskowa
 * flavour: Charles de Gaulle, d'Abernon, Weygand, Henrys, Carton de Wiart
 * POL Sionists and the Polish government / Syjoniści a polski rząd
 * POL Tartars, Muslims and other nationalities in the Polish Army / Tatarzy, Muzułmanie i inni w Wojsku Polskim -Larry2903
 * POL Defense of Warsaw / Obrona Warszawy
 * POL Silesia - Grenzschutz / Śląsk - Grenzschutz
 * POL HQ Press Office Affair / Afera Biura Prasowego Sztabu

 * POL Kościuszko Escadrille / Eskadra kościuszkowska - Ufiak
 * UKR diplomatical relations of Ukraine / dyplomacja Ukrainy - Jozi02
 * POL Piłsudski and the Międzymorze confederation plan / Piłsudski i koncepcja Międzymorza - Jozi02
 * POL Conflict with Lithuania over Vilna / Konflikt z Litwą o Wilno - Jozi02
 * POL Conflict with Lithuania over Suwałki / Konflikt z Litwą o Suwałki - Jozi02
 * POL Supplies from the Entente / Pomoc materiałowa Ententy - Viader
 * POL Arrival of reinforcements to Lvov in March of 1919 / Przybycie do Lwowa posiłków z Wlkp. w marcu 1919 - Wieslaw
 * POL flavour: Korfanty - Wieslaw
 * POL 1019 - Polish support for the free Caucassus / Uznanie państw Kaukaskich - Jozi02
 * POL 1020 - Tytus Filipowicz's mission to the Caucassus / Misja Tytusa Filipawicza na Kaukaz - Jozi02
 * POL 1021 to 1023 - POL-UKR Alliance / Umowa POL-UKR - Jozi02
 * POL 1024 - Petliura's visit to Warsaw / Petlura w Warszawie - Jozi02
 * POL 1025 - Helsinki Conference / Konferencja w Helsinkach - Jozi02

Bolshevic Russia

 * SOV War production / produkcja wojenna
 * SOV Target: Vistula operation / Operacja Cel: Wisła
 * SOV Fights with religion / Walki z religiami
 * SOV New Economic Policy (NEP) / Nowa Ekonomiczna Polityka (NEP)
 * SOV Antonow Uprising / Powstanie Antonowa
 * SOV Socialist parties / Partie socjalistyczne
 * SOV Problems with Lenin's health / Problemy ze zdrowiem Lenina
 * SOV Black Ordothox Church and Tichon / Czarny Kościół Prawosławny i Tichon

 * SOV 2010 to 2014 - Successes in Siberia / Sukcesy na Syberii - by Sir Kaytek

Ukraine

 * UKR/U04 Internal struggle for power / Walki o władzę
 * UKR/U04 Unification of Ukraine / Połączenie Ukrain
 * UKR Reorganisation of Ukrainian Army / Reorganizacja armii ukraińskiej
 * UKR Alliance with Poland / Sojusz z Polską
 * UKR Semen Petlura - flavour
 * UKR/U04 Kiev taken / Zajęcie Kijowa
 * UKR Failed draft into the Ukrainian army / Fiasko zaciągu do armii
 * UKR Kiev lost / Utrata Kijowa
 * UKR flavour: Pavlo Skoropadsky
 * UKR Skoropadsky and the end of the Hetmanate / Skoropadski i koniec hetmanatu (14.12.1919)

Belarus

 * BLR Minsk lost / utrata Mińska
 * BLR Government in Exile / Rząd na wychodźstwie
 * BLR Lit-Biel

Makhnovshchina

 * U00 Makhnovshchina Moskal

Greater Poland

 * U01 flavour: Taczak and Dowbór-Muśnicki (16.01 1919)

 * U01 Greater Poland Uprising - Wieslaw
 * U01 Poznan liberated / Poznań wyzwolony (6.01 1919) - Wieslaw
 * U01 German offensive / Ofensywa niemiecka z poł. stycznia 1919 - Wieslaw

Ober-Ost

 * U02 Mass desertions / Masowe dezercje - Viader
 * U02 High dissent / wysokie niezadowolenie społ. - Viader
 * U02 Withdrawal from the East / Wycofywanie garnizonów - Viader
 * U02 Dockers' strike in Danzig / Strajk dokerów w Gdańsku - Viader

Central Lithuania

 * U03 Lucjan Żeligowski
 * U03 Vilnian Sejm Elections / Wybory do sejmu wileńskiego
 * U03 Too large army, too small state / Za duża armia, za mały kraj

Western Ukraine

 * U04 Fights over Lvov / Walki o Lwów
 * U04 Withdrawal to the other side of the Zbruch river / Odwrót za Zbrucz
 * U04 Grekov's counter-offensive / Kontrofensywa Grekowa (June 1919)

EVENTS WITHOUT DESC / EVENTY BEZ OPISÓW
Here we put numbers of events which don't have their descriptions, but are added to WERS packs. Note that we don't put number of these events which are only for AI or the country which would have it, is (and not will be) not-playable by human player.

 * POL 1136 - The Jew isolation camp - by Viader
 * POL 1137 - The Polish-Czechoslovakian border treaty - by Viader

 * SOV 2043 - Soviets gives Wilno to Lithuania - by Viader

READY EVENTS / GOTOWE EVENTY
This means the events that were submitted to forum and/or released in the latest build.

Total number of events/Całkowita liczba eventów: 218 events!

Missions
This is a list of mission event chains, regardless of the country the events are for.

 * Mission 1 to 10 - Polish-Ukrainian War - by Halibutt
 * Mission 11 to 14 - reserved by Halibutt

Endgame

 * 800 to 801 - Soviet victory - by Viader
 * 802 to 803 - Polish victory - by Viader
 * 804 to 805 - White Russian victory - by Viader
 * 806 to 807 - Ukrainian victory - by Viader
 * 808 to 809 - WUPR victory - by Viader
 * 810 to 811 - German victory - by Viader

Multinational

 * 900 to 902 - Sea tragedy by Sir Kaytek
 * 903 - Hidden Good by Sir Kaytek
 * 904 - Scuttling at Scapa Flow by Sir Kaytek
 * 905 - Difficulty levels by Viader

Poland

 * POL 1000 - Starting event - by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * POL 1001 - Virtuti Militari - by Jozi02
 * POL 1002 - Cavalry School in Grudziądz - by Jozi02
 * POL 1003 - Defence of Warsaw - by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * POL 1004 - Our independence is at stake - by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * POL 1005 - End game event - by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * POL 1006 - May 3rd, the Polish national feast - by Jozi02
 * POL 1007 - Czechoslovakia enters Cieszyn Silesia - by Jozi02
 * POL 1008 - Silesia divided - by Jozi02
 * POL 1009 - Tragic death of Stefan Bastyr - by Halibutt
 * POL 1010 - Pomerania granted to Poland - by Halibutt
 * POL 1011 - Pomerania to Poland - by Halibutt
 * POL 1012 - Wedding of Poland to the Sea - by Jozi02 & Halibutt
 * POL 1013 - Cross of the Valorous - by Jozi02
 * POL 1014 - 50th "Francesco Nullo" Infantry Regiment - by Halibutt
 * POL 1015 - 3rd Legions Infantry Division - by Halibutt
 * POL 1016 to 1018 - Żeligowski's 4th Rifles Division - by Halibutt
 * POL 1019 to 1020 - Recognition of Caucassian states - by Jozi02
 * POL 1021 to 1023 - Polish-Ukrainian Alliance - by Jozi02
 * POL 1024 to 1025 - reserved by Jozi02
 * POL 1026 - Conference in Spa by Viader
 * POL 1027 to 1028 - Agrarian reforms - by Viader
 * POL 1029 - Problem of Central Lithuania - by Viader
 * POL 1030 - The partition of Central Lithuania - by Viader
 * POL 1031 - Peace treaty with Lithuania - by Viader
 * POL 1032 to 1033 - The Wilno plebiscyte - by Viader
 * POL 1034 - Zeligowski and creation of Central Lithuania - by Viader
 * POL 1035 - Lithuanian-Belarussian Divisions - by Viader
 * POL 1036 - Council of National Defense - by Viader
 * POL 1037 to 1039 - reserved by Viader
 * POL 1040 - Parliamentary elections - by Viader
 * POL 1041 to 1042 - The rise and fall of Gabriel Narutowicz - by Viader
 * POL 1044 to 1045 - Polish constitution of 1921 - by Viader
 * POL 1047 - Tragic death of Mieczysław Garsztka - by Halibutt
 * POL 1048 to 1061 - 1st Tank Regiment series - by Halibutt and Ufiak
 * POL 1062 to 1070 - reserved by Ufiak
 * POL 1071 - Polish AAA detachment - by Halibutt and Przemo
 * POL 1072 to 1083 - reserved by Dziobak
 * POL 1084 - French Military Mission - by Halibutt
 * POL 1085 - Charles DeGaulle - by Halibutt
 * POL 1086 - French instructors - by Halibutt
 * POL 1087 - French Army manuals - by Halibutt
 * POL 1088 - Interallied Mission to Poland - by Halibutt
 * POL 1089 to 1090 - Broad gauge vs. standard gauge - by Halibutt
 * POL 1091 - Polish-German Agreement - by Halibutt
 * POL 1092 to 1097 - German garrisons withdrawn from Brześć, Suwałki, Kobryń... - by Halibutt
 * POL 1098 - Grodno to Poland - by Halibutt
 * POL 1099 - Polish-Bolshevik War - by Halibutt
 * POL 1100 - First dog-fight - by Sir Kaytek
 * POL 1101 - USA recognise Poland - by Viader
 * POL 1102 - France recognise Poland - by Viader
 * POL 1103 - Great Britain recognise Poland - by Viader
 * POL 1104 - The begin of Versailes Conference - by Viader
 * POL 1105 - The end of Versailes Conference - by Viader
 * POL 1106 to 1109 - The goverment changes - by Viader
 * POL 1110 - The Act of state of emergency - by Viader
 * POL 1111 - The murder of Russian Red Cross delegation - by Viader
 * POL 1112 - The American Relief Administration - by Viader
 * POL 1113 - American military help - by Viader
 * POL 1114 - The American humanitarian aid - by Viader
 * POL 1115 - Lidia and Luniniec to Poland - by Viader
 * POL 1116 to 1118 - Cipher Office - by Sir Kaytek
 * POL 1119 to 1120 - Create of HQ - by Sir Kaytek
 * POL 1121 - Lida & Luniniec to Poland - by Conquistador
 * POL 1122 to 1129 - FREE
 * POL 1130 - Coup attempt in Warsaw - by Viader
 * POL 1131 to 1132 - Polish communists and the Bolsheviks - by Viader and Halibutt
 * POL 1133 - The mobilization - by Viader
 * POL 1134 - Polish Red Cross - by Sir Kaytek
 * POL 1135 - Polish money - by Viader
 * POL 1136 - The Jew isolation camp - by Viader
 * POL 1137 - The Polish-Czechoslovakian border treaty - by Viader
 * POL 1138-1148 - Silesian Uprising by Wieslaw
 * POL 1150-1154 - Partition of German colonies after WWI - by Conquistador
 * POL 1160 to 1161 - Recognition of Polish Independence - by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * POL 1162 & 1163 - AI defends Lwow - by Conquistador
 * POL 1164 - Dockers' strike in Danzig - by Viader
 * POL 1165 - Greater Poland joins Poland - by Viader
 * POL 1166 - The pacification of Rep. of Tarnobrzeg - by Conquistador
 * POL 1168 - Muslims in Polish Army - by Larry2903
 * POL 1170 to 1172 - Polish-Lithuanian alliance - byConquistador
 * POL 1173 - Decline of WUPR - by Viader
 * POL 1174-1179 - Mobilization - by Vaider
 * POL 1180-1183 - Plebiscite in Masuria - by Larry2903
 * POL 1184 - Polish reaction on Romania's theft - by Larry2903
 * POL 1185 - Romania helps - by Larry2903
 * POL 1227 - Peace with Ukraine - by Larry2903

Bolshevist Russia

 * SOV 2000 - Polish-Bolshevik War - by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * SOV 2001 - End game events - by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * SOV 2002 to 2006 - Lenin's speeches - by Sir Kaytek
 * SOV 2007 - The First Hungarian Soviet Republic - by Sir Kaytek
 * SOV 2008 - Bolshevik aid for Soviet Hungary - by Sir Kaytek
 * SOV 2009 - Bolshevik alliance with Makhno - by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * SOV 2010 to 2014 - reserved by Sir Kaytek
 * SOV 2015 - Polish communists and peace with Poland - by Halibutt
 * SOV 2016 to 2024 - Lenin's speeches Mod - by Sir Kaytek
 * SOV 2025 to 2026 - Entente evacuates Archangel - by Sir Kaytek
 * SOV 2027 to 2028 - Broad gauge vs. standard gauge - by Halibutt
 * SOV 2029 - Target: Vistula - by Halibutt
 * SOV 2030 - Polish-Bolshevik War - by Halibutt
 * SOV 2031 to 2032 - Entente leaves Siberia - by Sir Kaytek
 * SOV 2033 to 2034 - reserved by Sir Kaytek
 * SOV 2035 to 2040 - Sea action by Sir Kaytek
 * SOV 2041 - The Polish Revolutionary Committee - by Viader
 * SOV 2042 - Communist regime in Poland - by Viader
 * SOV 2043 - Soviets give Wilno to Lithuania - by Viader
 * SOV 2045 & 2046 - AI defends Moscow and Leningrad - by Conquistador
 * SOV 2047 - Anarchist Machno - by Viader
 * SOV 2048 - Makhno partisans surrender - by Viader
 * SOV 2049 - War communism - by Viader
 * SOV 2050 - Food requisition - by Viader
 * SOV 2051 - Farmers' rebelion - by Viader
 * SOV 2052 - Kronsztad revolt - by Viader
 * SOV 2053 to 2054 - Lenin's weakning health - by Viader
 * SOV 2070 to 2075 - Mobilization - by Viader
 * SOV 2080 - Peace with Estonia - by Conquistador
 * SOV 2081 - FREE
 * SOV 2082 - West reinforcements - by Conquistador

White Russia

 * RUS 3000 - 4th Polish Rifles Division in Odessa - by Halibutt
 * RUS 3001 to 3002 - Entente evacuates Archangel - by Sir Kaytek and Halibutt
 * RUS 3003 - flavour: Kolchak - by Halibutt
 * RUS 3004 - flavour: Yudenich - by Halibutt
 * RUS 3005 - flavour: Wrangel - by Halibutt
 * RUS 3006 - flavour: Denikin - by Halibutt
 * RUS 3007 to 3008 - Entante left Siberia by Sir Kaytek
 * RUS 3009 - reserved by Sir Kaytek
 * RUS 3010 to 3015 - Sea action by Sir Kaytek
 * RUS 3017 to 3019 - Makhnovshchina Revolt by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * RUS 3020 to 3022 - Recognition of Polish Independence by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * RUS 3023 to 3024 - Internal struggles for power -  by Viader
 * RUS 3030 - Border dispute with Poland -  by Conquistador
 * RUS 3031 to 3033 - Alliance with Ukraine -  by Larry2903
 * RUS 3034 - War versus Ukraine -  by Larry2903

Ukraine

 * UKR 5000 to 5002 - Unification of Ukraines - by Jozi02
 * UKR 5003 to 5004 - Polish-Ukrainian Alliance - by Jozi02
 * UKR 5005 - Polish-Ukrainian Peace - by Larry2903
 * UKR 5006 to 5008 - Full unification of Ukraines - by Larry2903
 * UKR 5009 - Alliance with Whites - by Larry2903

Makhnovshchina

 * U00 7000 - Alliance with the Reds - by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * U00 7001 - Partisants troops
 * U00 7002 - Fights with Reds - by Viader
 * U00 151821 - flavour: Father Makhno / Bat'ka Machno by Moskal
 * U00 151822 Anarchism and the Black Army / Anarchizm i Czarna Armia by Moskal

Ober-Ost and Germany

 * U02 8000 to 8002 - Pomerania to Poland - by Halibutt
 * U02 8005 - Polish-Bolshevik War - What shall we do? - by Viader
 * U02 8006 - Monarchist revolution in Germany - by Viader
 * U02 8007 to 8008 - Communist revolution - by Viader
 * U02 8009 - Entente presures Germany - by Halibutt
 * U02 8010 - Polish-German agreement - by Halibutt
 * U02 8011 - Brześć to Poland - by Halibutt
 * U02 8012 - transfer of Białystok to Poland - by Halibutt
 * U02 8013 - Pińsk to Poland - by Halibutt
 * U02 8014 - Suwałki to Lithuania or Poland - by Halibutt
 * U02 8015 - Withdrawal from Grodno - by Halibutt
 * U02 8016 - Withdrawal from the East - by Viader
 * U02 8017 - High dissent - by Viader
 * U02 8018 - Mass desertions from the Ober Ost armies - by Viader and Halibutt
 * GER 8020 - Plebiscite in Masuria - by Larry2903
 * U02 8021 - Catching the Posen - by Viader

'''===Germany=== '''

Western Ukraine

 * U04 9000 - Unification of Ukraines - by Jozi02
 * U04 9001 - Lwów taken - by Halibutt
 * U04 9002 - reserved by Jozi02
 * U04 9003 to 9004 - Jewish Battalion of the UHA - by Halibutt
 * U04 9005 - Ceasefire with Poland - by Viader
 * U04 9006 to 9007 - Decline of WUPR - by Viader
 * U04 9010 to 9011 - AI
 * U04 9012 - Full unification of Ukraines - by Larry2903

Lithuania

 * LIT 6000 - War with Poland - by Viader
 * LIT 6001 - Polish-Lithuanian Union - by Viader
 * LIT 6002 - Zeligowski and creation of Central Lithuania - Lithuanian reaction - by Viader
 * LIT 6003 - The Fall of Wilno - by Viader
 * LIT 6004 to 6009 - FREE
 * LIT 6010 to 6013 - Polish-Lithuanian alliance - by Conquistador

Estonia

 * EST 10400 - 3rd Estonian Division - by Conquistador
 * EST 10401-10402 - peace with USRR - by Conquistador

Romania

 * ROM 10600 - Invasion on Pokucie - Larry2903
 * ROM 10601 - End of invasion on Pokucie - Larry2903

AI switch

 * SOV 10100 - >> WERS_SOV_Warsaw.ai - by Conquistador
 * POL 10101 - >> WERS_POL_1920.ai - by Conquistador
 * POL 10102 - >> WERS_POL_Warsaw.ai - by Conquistador
 * EST 10103 - >> WERS_EST_def.ai - by Conquistador

Flavor

 * 10000 to 10005 - Makhnovist info by Lt. Hilsdorf
 * 10006 - Rep. of Tarnobrzeg info by Conquistador

External link

 * WERS forum
 * WERS page

title: User:Halibutt/events


text:
Talk:Colin Todd

Untitled
For a VFD discussion about this article, see Votes for deletion/Colin Todd. sjorford →•← 10:37, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Its fair to say Colins a bit of a twat? Yes? Ilovecolintodd 13:58, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Colin Todd


text:
Lady Jane Grey Preparing for Execution (painting)

Lady Jane Grey Preparing for Execution is an 1835 oil painting by the American artist George Whiting Flagg which established his early fame. This fame was however to dwindle as a consequence of a decline in the role of historical painting in American art. It was originally meant to represent Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, but Flagg decided to change it to Lady Jane Grey in mid-work. In a letter to Lumen Reed on June 16, 1834, he said:

"I have changed the name of my picture to Lady Jane Gray [sic]. I find that Mary was too old at the time of her exicution [sic] to make an interesting picture."

A heroic Lady Jane, Protestant martyr, clad in royal purple, head held high, is blindfolded for execution by sympathetic executioners. Notably absent are any crucifixes, beads, medallions or other signs of "popery" distinguishing the religious life of Catholics from that of Protestants.

The painting appears to show her being blindfolded indoors, in reality she was executed outdoors and would probably only have been blindfolded after she was led onto the scaffold.


text:
Talk:Earl of Caithness

I believe there was a long period of overlap between the time of Caithness as a Norwegian or Danish earldom and Caithness as a Scottish earldom. I am wondering whether there is a date when the earldom can be said to have become exclusively Scottish. In his History of Caithness Calder says that the rule of Norwegian earls ended when Earl Magnus V died in 1331, but goes on to say that his successor, Henry St Clair, was invested by Haco VI of Norway. Also I am wondering whether and to what extent the Treaty of Perth (1266) made explicit reference to Caithness. (And what language was it in? French? Latin?) Laurel Bush 10:39, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC).

 * I think the earldom Henry St.Clair was invested to by Haakon, was that of Orkney. I think that already that time (if almost always) Caithness was regarded as scottish, whereas of course Orkney and Shetland were Norwegian until 1469. Marrtel 09:27, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl of Caithness


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Biasnewspaper

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete moink 12:08, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Biasnewspaper
Student newspapers can be notable, occasionally, but should usually just be merged into the school article. This student newspaper, OTOH, doesn't even go on sale until Tuesday, April 26, 2005. Delete w/o merging. Meelar (talk) 10:39, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think an encyclopedia should be complete with the most information possible and this article does not contain publicity or advertising and is simply informative, i don't see why it should be deleted. Francescob
 * User has ~15 edits, all related to this article (including listing it on List of newspapers...)
 * Sorry to tell you this, Francescob, but we generally object to vanity articles. Radiant_* 11:31, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, you're right, i will delete it now Francescob
 * Note: above user later blanked the page in question.--InShaneee 14:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable, vanity. --InShaneee 14:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not know how to delete the page, I thought that by blanking the page it would delete it, I'm sorry Francescob
 * Delete, I hadn't read the rules and I'm sorry Francescob 16:40 (GMT), 25 Apr 2005
 * Only admins can delete pages, so we will have to wait untill an admin does it. Jeltz talk  18:52, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable Dsmdgold 20:09, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 06:56, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - NN. Original author seems to agree with deletion.  SteveW | Talk 22:03, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You are such a bunch of lazy arses who sit all day in front of the computer. You have no idea what it means to have a life.

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Pitts Sanborn

Pitts Sanborn (1879– March 7, 1941), was born John Pitts Sanborn in Port Huron, Michigan. He dropped the "John" for most of his professional career. After graduating Harvard in 1900, he established himself as a music critic, writing for the New York Globe, New York Mail and finally New York World-Telegram. As a poet he was published in Trend, for which he served as an editorial staffer beginning in 1914. As a novelist, his 1929 novel Prima Donna was called by one New York Times critic “an amazing achievement; nothing quite like it has been done in this country before.” He went on to put Sanborn in the same league as Willa Cather, Edith Wharton and Thornton Wilder. Sanborn was remarked upon as one of the great originals of 1920s-1930s culture. Sanborn's wealth of connections in intellectual and cultural circles included Van Wyck Brooks, Rosa Ponselle, Mark Van Doren and Llewelyn Jones. His friendship with Wallace Stevens (whom he met at Harvard) had a great influence on Stevens’ interest in music and thus his poetry. He was a good friend and sometimes lover of Carl Van Vechten, whom he convinced to assume the editorship of Trend. He was also a radio commentator for the Philadelphia Orchestra. Sanborn died at 61 of an apparent heart attack in his Greenwich Village apartment a few hours after he had attended a performance at the Metropolitan Opera House. He had just completed the first paragraph of his review.

Bibliography
 * “Mortality,” the Harvard Advocate
 * Vie De Bordeaux. 1916. Nicholas L. Brown, Philadelphia. (Author's first book);
 * “Anatole France-The Host.” Nov. 5, 1924. The Nation, page 489;
 * “A Note on Gluck” Dec. 10, 1924. The Nation, page 661;
 * “Puccini and Faure.” Dec. 24, 1924. The Nation, page 714;
 * Prima Donna. 1929. The Book League of America. 2 vols.;
 * Greek Night. 1933. Lincoln Mac Veagh/Dial Press, New York;
 * Metropolitan Book of Opera. 1937;
 * Beethoven and His Nine Symphonies. 1939. Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York;
 * Brahms and Some of His Works. 1940. Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York

title: Pitts Sanborn


text:
Talk:Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote

Untitled
I have read elsewhere that Thomas Inskip did much to prepare the country for the 'Battle of Britain' by increasing the pre war production of fighter aircraft.Furthermore I have heard that his emphasis on fighters was opposed by Churchill and other ministers of the time.

Can anyone comment on this?

Dr Mike Inskip Family Doctor Dunedin NZ

PS I share the Viscount Caldecote's surname but our geneaolgical origins diverged some 4 centuries ago.

Shouldn't Lord Chancellor be under the Legal Offices rather than the political offices? It was a position in the government, but so were Attorney General and Solicitor General; the responsibilities as head of the Judiciary and immediate superior to Lord Chief Justice was just as important.--86.181.43.41 (talk) 02:37, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Can't comment on Inskip but it is true that the Government was spending an astonishing 45-50% of its budget on defence by the late 1930s (there was of course much less spending on health, education or social security in those days but nonetheless the idea that the government "failed to rearm" is almost pure mythology, put about both by Labour and by Tories who had backed Churchill). As for Churchill, it is certainly true that he favoured bombers and initially attacked the Hurricane fighter for its "excessive speed" and lack of a gun turret, which would make it difficult for it to take its place in the "line of battle" - he actually seems to have imagined that planes would fight in lines like eighteenth century warships. Robert Rhodes James ("Churchill, A Study in Failure", 1970) writes amusingly about Churchill's sometimes ignorance of military matters.Paulturtle (talk) 00:16, 30 July 2018 (UTC)


text:
Messeturm Köln

The Messeturm Köln (German for Fair Tower Cologne) is a highrise building which is 80 meters high, in Cologne, Germany. It is crowned by the sculpture Hermes-Gesichter (German for Faces of Hermes) by Hans Wissel, professor for sculpture and plastic arts at the Kölner Werkschulen. The tower's top floor featured a tower restaurant (now closed).

The tower got its name because it was erected besides the fair halls of Cologne. Faced with brick the finish of the buildings looks similar, but they were not built together. The halls opened with the first fair on May 11, 1924. The building of the tower was started in 1927 and it opened with a fair on May 12, 1928. Tower and halls were built on the banks of river Rhine in the borough Köln-Deutz just opposite Cologne Cathedral.

title: Messeturm Köln


text:
George Whiting Flagg

George Whiting Flagg (June 26, 1816 – January 5, 1897) was an American painter of historical scenes and genre pictures. He was from a family of artists including his brother, Jared Bradley Flagg, and uncle Washington Allston, with whom both brothers studied.

Early life
Flagg was born on June 26, 1816, in New Haven, Connecticut. He was one of seven children born to New Haven mayor Henry Collins Flagg and Martha (née Whiting) Flagg. Both Flagg brothers studied painting under their uncle, Washington Allston.

Through his sister Rachel and her first husband Abraham, he was the uncle of Alice Claypoole Gwynne, who married Cornelius Vanderbilt II in 1867. Through his brother Jared, he was the uncle of Beaux-Arts architect Ernest Flagg.

Career
Flagg's early work included Boy Listening to a Ghost Story, A Young Greek, and Jacob and Rachel at the Well.

A painting entitled the Murder of the Princes, from Richard Ill, procured Flagg the patronage of Luman Reed, a merchant and businessman from New York City, through whose aid he spent three years studying in Europe, and afterward lived for six years in London.

Another of Flagg's early paintings, Lady Jane Grey Preparing for Execution, was to make him famous. His fame quickly waned, however, as historical painting became progressively less fashionable.

Among his best known works should be mentioned Landing of the Pilgrims; Landing of the Atlantic Cable; Washington Receiving his Mother's Blessing, which has been frequently engraved; The Good Samaritan; and Columbus and the Egg (1867). Flagg's The Match Girl, Haidee, and The Scarlet Letter were painted while he was living in London.

In 1851, Flagg was elected to be a member of the National Academy of Design.

Later life
Later in life, Flagg studied theology and entered the ministry, but eventually he returned to painting, mainly portraiture, during his declining years.

Flagg lived his later years at his home located at 12 Westminster Street, on the island of Nantucket in Massachusetts. until his death in 1897. He continued to painting in a small studio next to this home. Above the fireplace in the upstairs bedroom, Flagg kept his work known as "He That Maketh Haste To Be Rich Shall Not Be Innocent".

Personal life
On February 14, 1849, Flagg was married to Louisa Henriques. Together they were the parents of four children, including:

 * George Allston Flagg (1849–1942), who married Thirza Mahalia Kisby (1853–1930).
 * Emanuel Henriques Flagg (1855–1936), who married Ella Martha Beegle (1858–1931) in 1885.

Flagg died on January 5, 1897, in Nantucket, Massachusetts.

title: George Whiting Flagg


text:
Ovens River

The Ovens River, a perennial river of the north-east Murray catchment, part of the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Alpine and Hume regions of the Australian state of Victoria.

Location and features
Formed by the confluence of the East and West Branches of the river, the Ovens River rises in the Victorian Alps, at the settlement of Harrietville, sourced by runoff from high slopes located within the Alpine National Park and the Mount Buffalo National Park. The river flows generally north by west and is joined by eighteen tributaries including Morses Creek at Bright, the Buckland River at, the Buffalo River and then the King River at. The river descends 405 m over its 191 km course. The Great Alpine Road follows much of the course of the river in its upper reaches.

Ovens Valley
The river flows through the Ovens Valley, which is a popular tourist destination servicing the ski fields of Mount Hotham, Mount Buffalo and Falls Creek, the Alpine National Park and the Mount Buffalo National Park. Air sports such as gliding and paragliding are also practised here, and there is a hedge maze at Wandiligong. A disused railway line has been converted to the Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail, a cycle trail which stretches from Wangaratta and Beechworth to Bright.

There are several wineries in the area, and many hops farms. The wineries are a popular stop for cyclists on their touring rides.

Tobacco was a major industry in the valley until 2006; that year saw the British American Tobacco and Philip Morris companies decide to no longer buy Australian tobacco, and the Federal Government began implementing a plan to transition growers out of this industry. Reminders of the valley's long and prosperous tobacco history continue to dot the valley, such as the many tobacco kilns.

Etymology
Hamilton Hume and William Hovell explored the area in 1824, naming the Ovens River in honour of Major John Ovens, the Secretary to Thomas Brisbane, the Colonial Governor of New South Wales.

In the Aboriginal Waywurru language, the river has two names: Burwang, with no clearly defined meaning; and Djerrang, meaning "leaf".

List of towns

 * Wangaratta
 * Beechworth
 * Everton
 * Myrtleford
 * Ovens
 * Bright
 * Wandiligong
 * Harrietville
 * Porepunkah

title: Ovens River


text: Category:Ensigns

title: Category:Ensigns


text: File:Nuovo PSI.png

title: File:Nuovo PSI.png


text:
Barneveldse Krant

The Barneveldse Krant is a local daily newspaper in the Netherlands. It is printed, published, and distributed by Royal BDU in Barneveld. The newspaper is printed 6 times per week, with a focus on advertisements on Thursday and special weekend pages on Saturday. The Thursday edition is free of charge. It became a daily only in 1967, with 5 issues a week at that time.

19th century
The newspaper first appeared as a weekly newspaper on 6 October 1871 as the Barneveldsche Courant, published and edited by Gerrit Boonstra. It would initially be published on Fridays.

By 1895 or earlier the publication day of the week had moved to Thursday in the afternoon. An issue of the newspaper was 6 guilder cents, a subscription in town 50 cents per 3 months. At 13 weeks times 6 cents, the quarterly subscription saved 28 cents versus single issues.

20th century
During the Second World War, editor-in-chief Aris Smit Jr. refused to print some National Socialist articles, including that of the publicist Max Blokzijl (executed after the war), and had to pay penalties in consequence. However, he also turned in a letter to the Reich Commissioner of the Press Department against an underground paper.

As Smit eventually became too compliant with the oppressor for the circumstances, after the war Smit was imprisoned for half a year and he received a 15-year professional ban. The publication of the newspaper was also temporarily ceased but was renewed after it became apparent that the publisher had printed for the Dutch underground.

By 1947 or earlier the newspaper was published twice a week. On 1 January 1967 publication frequency was increased from 3 times per week to 5 times per week.

21st century
In 2002 the editors of the newspaper received a nomination for Dutch Daily Journalistic Award for their coverage of the foot-and-mouth disease that was rampant at the time. In September 2005, the newspaper switched to the tabloid format and introduced color printing for the entire newspaper.

In 2006 the publisher of the newspaper BDU filed a lawsuit against the free newspaper Barneveld Vandaag, published by Wegener Publishing House and published four times a week, as BDU considered it misleading that it called itself a daily newspaper. BDU won the case.

Editor-in-chief

 * Aris Smit Jr. (1941–1945?)
 * R.H. Hardeman (late 1940s)
 * Dick Hörst (1960s)
 * Dirk Rebel
 * Hans Papenburg (2000-2005)
 * Jur van Ginkel (2005-2007)
 * Jos Scholten (2007–2011)
 * Daan Bleuel (2011–2013)
 * Norbert Witjes (since 2013)

Publisher

 * Gerrit Boonstra (1871–?)
 * Dirk Rebel
 * Wiljo Klein Wolterink (current in 2018)

title: Barneveldse Krant


text:
George Dern

George Henry Dern (September 8, 1872 – August 27, 1936) was an American politician, mining man, and businessman. He co-invented the Holt–Dern ore roasting process and was United States Secretary of War from 1933 to his death in 1936. He also served as the sixth governor of Utah for eight years, from 1925 to 1933. Dern was a progressive politician who fought for tax reform, public education, and social welfare. He was the grandfather of actor Bruce Dern and great-grandfather of actress Laura Dern.

Early life
George Henry Dern was born in Dodge County, Nebraska, on September 8, 1872. He was the son of John Dern, a pioneering Nebraska farmer, mine operator, and industrialist, and Elizabeth, whose maiden name was the same as her married name, Dern. His parents were German immigrants. John was president of the Mercur Gold Mining and Milling Company and no doubt had a profound influence on George, who would follow in his father's footsteps when he entered the mining business. Dern graduated from Nebraska's Fremont Normal College of Midland University in 1888 and from 1893 to 1894 attended the University of Nebraska.

Dern was also a talented athlete, serving as the University's football captain during that time. In 1894 he accompanied his family to Salt Lake City, joining the Mercur Gold Mining and Milling Company, which his father served as president. Rising rapidly from bookkeeper to company treasurer, he was promoted in 1901 to general manager of the company, which had been reorganized as the Consolidated Mercur Gold Mines Company.

Dern was co-inventor of the Holt-Dern roaster, a furnace for carrying out the Holt-Christenson roasting process, a technique for recovering silver from low-grade ores. Mercur Gold Mining and Milling shut down in 1913, however Dern's experience and passion for mining would be reflected later on in his political career.

On June 7, 1899, in Fremont, Dodge County, Nebraska, he married Charlotte "Lottie" Brown. They had six children: Mary J. (1902), John H., William B., Margaret, Elizabeth, and James G. Lottie died on September 5, 1952, in Chicago, and is buried next to her husband at Mount Olivet Cemetery, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Political career
Dern entered politics in 1914, running on a Democratic and Progressive fusion ticket in a Utah state senate district encompassing Salt Lake County. He was elected in 1914, serving until 1923 in the state senate, where he was twice selected as the Democratic floor leader. His tenure there was marked by strong advocacy of progressive legislation, including a landmark mineral leasing act that leased, rather than sold, Utah's mineral rights to private concerns. Dern gained the Democratic nomination for governor in 1924, and during the campaign he received backing from the Utah Progressive Party and an endorsement from Progressive presidential candidate Robert M. La Follette.

Challenging incumbent Republican governor Charles R. Mabey, Dern ran on the catchy slogan "We want a Dern good governor, and we don't mean Mabey." Since Mabey's election in 1920, Utah had leaned Republican and continued to do so throughout Dern's terms as governor. However, Dern led a swing to Democratic control of the state which began in 1933 and continued for nearly 20 years.

As governor, Dern focused on using Utah's rich natural resources to develop the state economy and devoted himself to education, social welfare, and tax reform, thus further embroidering his reputation as a progressive. Arguing that the general property tax was unfair as the sole source of state revenue, Dern secured the adoption of a state income tax and a corporate franchise tax against strong opposition. He also took a leading role in resolving important interstate problems related to the building of the Boulder Dam on the Colorado River. Dern, whose state had the disadvantage of being upstream from the dam, staunchly defended the theory that, with the exception of navigation, the waters of western streams were state rather than federal resources. This controversy brought him into direct conflict with U.S. secretary of commerce Herbert Hoover, who was attempting to mediate the dispute for the Calvin Coolidge administration.

In yet another demonstration of Dern's appeal to Republican voters, Dern was reelected governor in 1928 by a landslide 31,000 votes despite the fact that Utah voted for the Republican National ticket by a margin of 14,000 votes. He subsequently served from 1929 to 1930 as chair of the National Governors' Conference, where he worked with New York governor Franklin D. Roosevelt. Dern's record as a progressive western governor also commended him to Roosevelt, who after the November 1932 election to the presidency appointed Dern as his Secretary of War.

Secretary of War
Roosevelt initially wanted Dern for the post of Secretary of the Interior but settled on appointing him to the War Department. Although he had no military experience and was reputed to have pacifist leanings, Dern won the support of military circles by promoting greater efficiency and readiness, calling for a military structure that could be expanded quickly and easily in a crisis. He initiated a five-year plan to equip the army with newer airplanes, more tanks, semiautomatic rifles, and modernized artillery. He advocated increased strength for the army Air Corps and investigated charges of lobbying in the War Department, resulting in the court-martial and dismissal of two high-ranking army officers who were found guilty of lobbying. These reforms won him the support and admiration of most military leaders.

During Dern's tenure the War Department oversaw the administration of the Civilian Conservation Corps. Dern's department provided the CCC with food, clothing, transportation, and medical care for 300,000 unemployed who joined its ranks for work in the preservation and conservation of America's public lands. The army's Corps of Engineers began several important public works projects during Dern's tenure, including the dredging of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, the construction of the Florida ship canal. Under the aegis of the PWA, the Corps also built such projects as the Bonneville and Fort Peck dams; and began the aborted "Quoddy" Dam project. He worked closely with army chief of staff Douglas MacArthur on such projects and was often at odds with President Roosevelt over plans to coordinate water resource development, and in 1935 and 1936 he opposed legislation to establish a permanent National Resources Board, even though it was strongly supported by the New Deal administration. While still serving as Secretary of War, Dern died in Washington, D.C., from heart and kidney complications following a bout of influenza.

Legacy
Dern was fond of outdoor sports such as fishing and hiking and is remembered as a hard-working member of the Roosevelt cabinet, one who could also be an entertaining public speaker. Ultimately, George Dern served as Secretary of War during a rather inconsequential time period for that position. The country was in the midst of the Great Depression, and due to the financial crisis, had adopted an isolationist approach toward foreign policy. After years of tight military budgets and an isolationist foreign policy, the War Department was a relatively inconsequential post during Dern's tenure. While he was generally well liked by other members of the cabinet, he never played a decisive role in the determination of administration policies. This is why Dern's political career is less documented than someone who served in his same position during a time of war.

His wife was Charlotte "Lottie" Brown (the daughter of William Steele Brown and Ida Belle Martin); the couple had seven children. He was grandfather of Academy Award-nominated actor Bruce Dern, and the great-grandfather of Academy Award-winning actress Laura Dern.

title: George Dern


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Danny Grewcock

Daniel Jonathan Grewcock MBE (born 7 November 1972) is an English former rugby union player who played as a lock. He played for Coventry, Saracens and Bath. He won 69 caps for England and five for the British & Irish Lions.

Early life
Grewcock was born in Coventry and attended Templars Primary School in Tile Hill then the secondary in Eastern Green Woodlands School, Coventry, leaving school in 1989. His rugby career started with Barkers Butts and Coventry and he played for the Warwickshire U21 side at age 19.

He is a graduate of Manchester Metropolitan University.

Rugby career
In 1996–97 he moved into the professional ranks with Coventry. It was Coventry's most successful period of the modern era, coming within touching distance of the Premiership. Along the way, with Grewcock an ever-present, they beat a Newcastle Falcons side featuring 15 internationals by 19-18 at Coundon Road. They eventually finished third to Newcastle and champions Richmond, and lost a promotion play-off against London Irish despite taking a narrow first leg advantage to Sunbury. Despite their second-tier status, both Grewcock and teammate Rob Hardwick were capped by England in this era.

Grewcock's first cap for England came in the 1997 tour to Argentina, scoring his first international try in the test in Buenos Aires. He was sent off during England's 1998 trip to New Zealand, after kicking an All Blacks' player in the head. He joined Saracens later that summer but switched to Bath for the 2001–02 season.

He played in all three Test matches for the British & Irish Lions against Australia and in six of the ten tour matches overall.

He was only able to make one appearance during the 2003 World Cup after a toe injury, and breaking a hand in England's match against Uruguay. He was replaced in the squad by Simon Shaw. He received a World Cup winner's medal in December 2004.

Grewcock returned to domestic rugby with Bath and produced some outstanding rugby, which led to his international recall as the successor for Martin Johnson in the Six Nations. He started in all three Autumn 2004 tests.

He was selected for the 2005 Lions tour to New Zealand. He was suspended for two months after being found guilty of biting New Zealand hooker Keven Mealamu during the first Test on 25 June.

Grewcock continued to play for England in the Six Nations Championship, where he received a yellow card against Ireland. He received a suspension that ruled him out of the 2007 World Cup. Grewcock signed a one-year extension to his Bath contract, which kept him there until the end of the 2010–11 season.

Post Rugby Playing career
Danny retired in 2011 and took up a role with the Bath Academy, before working as Director of Sports at Oundle School.

In September 2019 joined Bristol Bears Academy in a dual role with Clifton College as High Performance Rugby Manager. He works alongside Matt Salter to develop the 1st & 2nd XV and 7s teams, working with Clifton College's high performing rugby players to help nurture their talent and to give them the best opportunity to move into a professional rugby environment at Bristol Bears.

Incidents on international duty
He earned a five-week ban for a kicking offence after being sent off in 1998 at Carisbrook and six years later he received a six-week suspension after being found guilty of reckless use of his boot on Daniel Carter. When he returned in 2005 with the Lions, Grewcock was banned for two months for biting Keven Mealamu's finger. The suggestion that Mealamu had been in the process of hooking Grewcock's mouth was not proven, but the length of suspension given to Grewcock was way below that usually given to a player found guilty of biting. He also kicked Wales scrum half Dwayne Peel in the face during Wales' 11–9 victory over England in 2005, for which he received a yellow card and a slap in the face from Alfie.

Incidents with Bath Rugby
On 8 September 2002 he was sent-off following a clash with his one-time flatmate Kyran Bracken in Bath's 28–3 Zurich Premiership defeat to Saracens. Grewcock was initially banned for five-weeks after being found guilty of reckless use of his boot. Bath appealed against the ban; with Bracken's support and new photographic evidence of the incident, the appeal was successful and Grewcock's ban quashed. In March 2003, he was cited by the RFU of two counts of striking another player during Bath's 27–10 Premiership defeat to Northampton Saints on 15 March 2003. Grewcock was found not guilty of both striking charges but the unsporting behaviour complaint, where he was accused of ripping up the scrum-cap of Northampton lock Mark Connors, was upheld and a fine of £500 issued. An eventful season culminated with the receipt of a red card for punching Lawrence Dallaglio, in Bath's 30–48 European Challenge Cup final defeat to London Wasps on 25 May 2003. A post-match disciplinary hearing saw Grewcock suspended for 14 days, with the suspension commencing on 1 June 2003 and consequently ruling him out of the New Zealand leg of England's summer tour of the Southern Hemisphere. Consequently, having originally been named in the original 37-man squad, he was replaced by Tom Palmer.

Following a citing, Grewcock pleaded guilty to stamping on Nathan Bonner-Evans in Bath's 18–16 home Guinness Premiership victory over Sale Sharks on 22 December 2006. He received a one-week suspension for the offence. The same season saw him cited a second time, this time for a punch on Thibault Privat in Bath's 22–16 defeat by Clermont Auvergne in the European Challenge Cup final on 19 May 2007. He was found guilty and suspended for the period 8 June – 15 September 2007 which, taking into account the close season of inactivity, meant that he was suspended from playing rugby for a period of seven weeks, the start of his season being judged to be 4 August 2007. He lodged an appeal against the ban but was unsuccessful.

After remaining trouble-free for over two years, he was cited for striking Neil de Kock in Bath's home Guinness Premiership 11–12 defeat to Saracens on 31 October 2009. He pleaded guilty to the charge and received a two-week suspension. On 23 January 2010, Grewcock received his third red card in Bath's colours when he stamped on the forearm of Ulster's Stephen Ferris in the club's 10–28 home Heineken Cup defeat; the dismissal saw him receive a seven-week suspension.

Honours
Grewcock was awarded an MBE in the Queen's 2003 New Year's Honours list, along with other players from Bath – Iain Balshaw, Mike Catt and Mike Tindall – who were in England's World Cup squad.

Personal life
He is a supporter of Coventry City FC.

title: Danny Grewcock


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Thomas Worthington (architect)

Thomas Worthington (11 April 1826 – 9 November 1909) was a 19th-century English architect, particularly associated with public buildings in and around Manchester. Worthington's preferred style was the Gothic Revival.

Early life
Worthington was born in Crescent Parade, Crescent, Salford, Lancashire, on 11 April 1826. He was the fourth of six sons of a Salford Unitarian cotton merchant, also called Thomas, and his second wife Susanna (1792–1869). He left school, aged 14, and was articled to Henry Bowman, architect (Bowman & Crowther). Before he was twenty he had won two medals: one for a church design (Royal Society of Arts) and one for an essay on "Brick" (Royal Institute of British Architects). After completing his articles in 1847, he assisted William Tite who was building Carlisle railway station. On the suspension of this work in 1848, he went on an eight-month study tour to France, Italy and Switzerland accompanied by a friend, Henry A. Darbishire. Their journey took them through Tuscany, Latium and Campania; Worthington's notes and sketches from the trip provided him with a first-hand knowledge of Italian Gothic and Renaissance architecture, which give him inspiration for his own later work.

After returning to Manchester in October 1848, Worthington spent a short time gaining experience of quantity surveying, before opening his own architectural practice in King Street the following year.

Social concerns
Worthington was strongly influenced by his Unitarian upbringing, becoming committed to social reform and joining numerous learned societies, including the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, the Portico Library and the Royal Manchester Institution.

Partly as a result of his social concerns, Worthington was often commissioned to design public buildings, ranging from public baths and hospitals to workhouses and Unitarian churches. These were often designed in a Gothic style, not dissimilar to that of his contemporary and rival Alfred Waterhouse.

Projects in Manchester and district

 * Estate Exchange, Overseers and Churchwardens Office, 46 Fountain Street (1852–1859); listed Grade II*
 * Greengate Baths, Collier Street (1856)
 * Mayfield Baths (1857–1940)
 * Albert Memorial (1862–1867)
 * The Memorial Hall, Albert Square (1863–1866)
 * City Police Courts, Manchester (1867–1873).
 * Chorlton Union Workhouse, afterwards Withington Hospital (1865)
 * Prestwich Union Infirmary, afterwards Delaunays Hospital (1866–1870)
 * The Towers, Didsbury (1868–1872), home to Manchester industrialist Daniel Adamson from 1874, this building was later (from 1920) used by the British Cotton Industry Research Association, later called the Shirley Institute
 * Brookfield Unitarian Church, Gorton (1870)
 * Monton Green Unitarian Church, Monton, Eccles (1875)
 * Flowery Field Church, Newton Street, Hyde (1876–1878)
 * Ellen Wilkinson High School, Ardwick, formerly Nicholl's Hospital (1879–1880)
 * Dovecote, Sale Old Hall (1880)
 * Arlington House, Salford, home to Kenworthy's Chambers (1880)
 * Peacock Mausoleum, Gorton (1890)
 * Diamond Jubilee Memorial Fountain, Albert Square (1896–1897)
 * Dunham Road Unitarian Chapel, Altrincham
 * Bloom

Other projects

 * Unitarian Chapel, Liverpool
 * Garlands Hospital, Carlisle (originally the Cumberland and Westmorland Lunatic Asylum, 1862)
 * Royal Albert Edward Infirmary (1870)
 * Sutton Oaks (a country house), London Road, Macclesfield, Cheshire (1875)
 * Rosslyn Hill Unitarian Chapel, Hampstead, added north aisle and chancel (1885)
 * Manchester College, Oxford (1889–1893)
 * Royal Bath Hospital, Harrogate
 * Royal Infirmary, Halifax

Legacy
His sons also trained as architects and worked in the family firm, Thomas Worthington & Sons. Hubert, later Sir Hubert Worthington (1886–1963) trained with Sir Edwin Lutyens and was professor of architecture at the Royal College of Art before becoming Slade lecturer in architecture at Oxford University. Percy Worthington (1864–1939), also worked for the firm.

Thomas Worthington lies buried at the churchyard of the Victorian gothic Brookfield Unitarian Church, Gorton, Manchester.

title: Thomas Worthington (architect)


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User:80N/sandpit/Labour Party (UK)/meta/linkname

 * Labour


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Tsukaguchi Station

Tsukaguchi Station (塚口駅) may refer to:
 * Tsukaguchi Station (Hankyu)
 * Tsukaguchi Station (JR West)

title: Tsukaguchi Station


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Lauma

Latvian Lauma or Lithuanian Laumė, or Yotvingian Łauma is a fairy-like woodland spirit, and guardian spirit of orphans in Eastern Baltic mythology or Yotvingian mythology. Originally a sky spirit, her compassion for human suffering brought her to earth to share our fate.

In Lithuanian mythology
Laumės are the very oldest goddesses of Lithuanian mythology. The image of these goddesses may have formed during the historical Mesolithic period, just after the Ice Age. Laumės could appear in the form of animals, as mares or as female goats, bears and dogs. Later, Laumės had an anthropomorphic appearance: they usually had birds’ claws for feet and appeared as women with the head or lower body of a female goat. Other forms included half-human/half dog or half mare, similar to centaurs. Like cyclops, Laumės often had only one eye. They also had large breasts with stone nipples; pieces of belemnitida found on the ground were called "Laumės nipples."

Laumės were dangerous, especially to men. They could tickle or tweak them to death and then eat their bodies, and in this way, they were similar to Lamia of Greek mythology. The Lithuanian myth also claimed Laumės kept huge cows which could be milked by all people. However, after very cold weathers, the cows died; pieces of belemnitida were considered to be the remains of their udders. Laumės were afraid of tools made from iron.

Laumės can be considered as atmospheric goddesses. It is said that Laumė was a beautiful goddess, who lived in clouds and had a diamond throne. Some myths claimed Laumė was a bride of thunder god Perkūnas; however, they did not marry because Laumė fell in love with the Moon, who was considered a male god in Lithuania. In other stories, the bride was stolen by the devil Velnias, named Tuolius. That's why Laumė liked moonshine. In other myth, the bride of Perkūnas was a Laumė called Vaiva. The rainbow was called the ribbon of Vaiva. Despite her marriage, she had a beloved singer named Straublys. Straublys had stolen the ribbon of Vaiva. During the rain, Straublys stretches the ribbon of Vaiva across the sky, while Perkūnas is angry and shouts in thunder. It was believed it is the rainbow that causes the rain, while Lithuanian shepherds had a prayer or curse by which the rainbow had to turn to pieces and make the rain go away. The other myth claimed Laumė fell in love with a beautiful young man down to earth. They had a son named Meilius (name derived from word 'Meilė' - love). Laumė descended to the sky to breastfeed her son from time to time. However, the highest God found out about the son of sacrilegious love, smashed him into the highest place of the sky and gave him a place between stars. After that he cut Laumės breasts, and so, stone pieces of it can be found on Earth.

Laumės descended from the sky to Earth. They lived nearby lakes, abandoned bath-houses, in islands of lakes or dense forests. Many names of water pools in Lithuania are named after the word Laumė. Laumės liked to gather near rivers, lakes, swamps, in meadows, there dew fell in the night in New Moon or Full Moon. They danced and enjoyed themselves, leaving circles (like Fairy Ring) in the grass. Usually, Laumės were most powerful at Friday of New Moon, at the rainiest days of the month in Lithuania. Laumės could cause hail, storm or rain by singing, dancing or by curses. Laumės song was traditionally performed during weddings up until the 19th century. The song was performed by girls dancing in a circle, with one in the middle. The dance and song was also said to cause rain.

The Rainbow was often called a ribbon lost by Laumės. That's how they were associated with weaving. Laumės usually appeared in groups of three. They were able to do women's work perfectly, as are especially skilled in weaving and spinning. They love children, respect industriousness and help those in need. They punish those who ridicule them, and those who are lazy. Following are two examples folk tales featuring Laumės:

Laumės (fairies) and the baby
A woman was harvesting a flower bed and had taken her child with her. She was so busy with her work that the child slept the day through, and she left the little one behind.

The woman went home at the end of the day to milk the cows and make dinner. She served her husband, who asked her "Where’s my son?" With terror, she whispered, "I have forgotten him!" She ran as fast as she could to the place in which she left her son, hearing a Laumé speak: "Čiūčia liūlia, forgotten child." The mother, from the distance, asked the Laume for her child back. The fairie said, "Come, come, dear woman, take your child, we have done nothing to him. We know that you work very hard, at many jobs, and that you didn’t want to leave your child behind."

The fairies then went on to shower the babe with much treasure, enough gifts to raise several children upon. The mother went home with her precious baby and with her gifts; she was greeted with great joy.

Another woman, hearing of her good fortune, was taken over by jealousy. She took to thinking, "I shall do the same as her, and also be showered in gifts." The next evening, at dusk, she took her child, left him in the fields and went home. She ate dinner, thoughtlessly, before pausing to think of her child—and the treasure.

When she approached the field, she heard the fairies, "Čiūčia liūlia, you left your child in greed." And the child screamed with such great pain, for he was pinched and tortured mercilessly. They continued their torture until the mother came. The fairies tossed the child at her feet. The babe was dead.

The Fairies foretell a newborn's future
A Laumė would come to a window and would yell, "Hundreds born, hundreds died, what of his fate?" Another would answer back, "Birth at night, death at night." And again they would yell and moan at the window. From within another would answer, "This nightly birth is a big work smarter not harder, to live well whole life long." Again, yelling at the window, "Hundreds born, hundreds dead, what of his fate?” Another answer: "Morning time born will be a strong worker". And again, after some time, begins the same questioning. The answer was "Noontime born is a very happy child, full of bubbles and envy for what is not strictly in accordance with wealth."

In Latvian mythology
In Latvian mythology Lauma is an assistant at birth, assuring the health and welfare of both mother and child. If the mother does not survive or gives the child up, she takes on the role of spiritual foster mother for the child. She spins the cloth of life for the child but weeps at the fate of some. The fact that the cloth can, to a degree, weave itself, indicates a higher power than Lauma.

Over the years, her image has gradually degraded. Accused of baby-snatching by disrespectful husbands (since she is unable to bear children of her own), her looks and sweetness were lost, turning her into an evil old hag. She weeps at her destined fate, hoping for the day when she will return to her former beautiful self.

In Yotvingian mythology
In Karol Kalinowski's comic book Łauma the main protagonist is guarded by Łauma, Yotvingian version of Lauma. Łauma appears also on the cover.

title: Lauma


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Old Rockville High School and East School

The Old Rockville High School and East School are a pair of historic former school buildings at School and Park Streets in the Rockville section of Vernon, Connecticut. Built in 1892 and 1870 respectively, the two buildings are good examples of late 19th-century school architecture, and the former high school is a particularly good example of Richardsonian Romanesque design. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. The high school now houses school administration offices, and the East School houses court offices.

Description and history
The Old Rockville High School and East School are located in the commercial downtown area of Rockville, on the north side of School Street extending eastward from the junction with Park Street. The high school is located at the corner, while the East School is separated from that building by a parking lot and parking garage. The high school is an asymmetrical masonry structure, built mainly out of red brick with granite trim. It exhibits most of the elements typical of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture, including large round-arch openings, bands of windows headed by stone lintels, and a four-story pyramidal tower. The East School is also of brick construction, but is considerably more plain, with a paired brackets in its gabled eaves, and a portico supported by paneled posts rising to rounded arches.

The East School was built in 1870, during a period of rapid growth in Rockville caused by the post-Civil War economic boom, and was designed to relieve crowding pressure on smaller district schools. The high school was built in 1892, to a design by Francis Richmond of Springfield, Massachusetts. The era in which it was built also coincided with Rockville's continuing economic prosperity, and was built to provide a higher level of education called for by the area's employers. Although it was state of the art at the time of its construction, it served the town as a high school only until 1924, and now houses school administrative offices.


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Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway

The Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway (CK&PR) was an English railway company incorporated by Act of Parliament on 1 August 1861, to build a line connecting the town of Cockermouth with the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) West Coast Main Line at Penrith. Arrangements for the use of the stations at either end (Cockermouth was already served by the Cockermouth and Workington Railway (C&WR)) were included. Passenger and goods traffic was worked by the LNWR and mineral traffic by the North Eastern Railway, both of whom had shares in the company (the NER inheriting its holding from the Stockton and Darlington Railway, which had encouraged the promotion of the line). The line was 31+1/2 mi in length, and had eight intermediate stations.

Early development

The company had its origins in a meeting at Keswick in September 1860 which agreed to promote a railway linking Keswick to existing railways at Cockermouth (to the West) and Penrith (to the East). A project for a railway linking the towns had been promoted during the Railway Mania, getting as far as a survey of the proposed route, but nothing had come of this (nor of a projected railway from Cockermouth to Windermere via Keswick). Consequently, a Keswick resident complained in 1857, "Here we are buried - shut out from the world, as it were - 15 hours from a morning paper while other people know at an instant what happens at the other end of the kingdom" However, the prospectus for the company argued, what would make the line profitable was not local traffic to Keswick, but potential two-way mineral traffic between the haematite orefield of West Cumberland and the coke-ovens of South Durham.

The project was supported by the London and North Western Railway (whose line would be joined at Penrith), and by the Stockton and Darlington Railway which had been behind a series of lines engineered by Thomas Bouch which together gave access from South Durham to the West Coast Main Line at Clifton just south of Penrith. The Cockermouth and Workington Railway, with which the CK&PR was to link at its western end, initially intended to support the CK&PR directly, but was not in a financial position to do so; instead many of the C&W directors took substantial shareholdings in the new line, with some sitting on its board. The company's Bill was unopposed, and its Act received its Royal Assent in August 1861.

Construction and opening
Work on the line began May 1862, the first sod being cut at Great Crosthwaite by the company chairman. The directors were able to make inspection trips to Keswick from either end of the line in May–June 1864; on their trip from Cockermouth they were accompanied by goods waggons, thereafter Keswick was "supplied with coal by rail from the Workington pits" (implying that the Cockermouth-Keswick section of the line was de facto open for mineral traffic). The line was officially opened for goods traffic on 1 November 1864; mineral traffic may have been running over it from 26 October 1864.

On 29 September 1864 passenger trains had been run from either end of the line to Keswick for an agricultural show there 'though the line is not yet officially open, owing to the punctilios of a certain government official' (free tickets were issued by the contractor for the line and the Cockermouth and Workington Railway lent carriages and staff). The Penrith-Keswick mail coach had ceased to run in mid-November 'being knocked off the road by ... the Railway Engine', but the railway was not officially opened for passenger traffic until 2 January 1865. Trains ran to and from a new joint station at Cockermouth. At first, they merely connected there with the C&WR service to Workington, but by April passenger trains were timetabled to work through from Penrith to Whitehaven along the CK&PR/C&WR route.

Operation
The CK&PR had agreed with its sponsoring railways that the LNWR was to work passenger and goods traffic on the line (receiving one-third of earnings) whilst the S&D was to work mineral traffic (the S&D to receive 35% of earnings, and the CK&PR to pay for waggons). The CK&PR also provided non-moving staff. The line was laid out by Bouch with the object of the utmost economy; although the bridges were permanent (stone and iron rather than timber trestles). The CK&PR joined the West Coast Main Line by a north-facing junction at Penrith; trains to or from the south would have had to go to Penrith and reverse direction, had the NER not built a 'loop line' (at Red Hills, south of Penrith) giving a south to west junction. The line was single throughout; when the LNWR recommended instead that the line be built from the start as double-track, the CK&PR board rejected this advice, preferring to delay doubling until actual receipts justified it. Furthermore, according to a pseudonymous contemporary critic, the engineering of the line, and the purchase of land made no provision for future doubling: consequently the line was "really a miserable affair, anything but a first-class line as it was originally boasted to be. Everything connected with it has been sacrificed to cheapness, which in this undertaking, as everyone must see, has been unquestionably carried too far. The line is single, the bridges are single; everything appertaining or belonging to it is single, and, strange to say, land has been taken up for a single line only."

With the adoption of 'absolute block' working in 1892 (at the insistence of the Board of Trade), the section between Thelkeld and Troutbeck had to be converted into two blocks (by the addition of a signal box just to the west of the Mosedale Viaduct) to prevent excessive delays. The line was eventually doubled over the heavy gradients between Threlkeld and Red Hills: doubling between Threlkeld and Troutbeck (west of the summit) was in effect by 1896; extension of this to Penruddock was undertaken in 1900, along with doubling east of the summit (Red Hills to Blencow) and was not completed until spring 1901.

Mineral traffic
It had been predicted that the mineral traffic over the line would (on its own) ensure dividends of at least 5% as soon as the line opened, but this proved to have been optimistic. The line cost more to build than anticipated, and the mineral traffic was not as large as predicted. The profitability was also low; through rates were effectively governed by those set by the Maryport and Carlisle Railway. These were deliberately set by the M&C at underpriced levels (as low as $5⁄8$d per mile) which should have deterred the construction of competing lines. Unlike the M&CR, the CP&KR had severe gradients (westbound a climb of 1 in 70 between Penrith and Blencow, eastbound 1 in $62 1/2$ between Threlkeld and Troutbeck) and therefore higher running costs; a CK&PR chairman claimed that a locomotive could haul on the M&CR a train three times as heavy as it could haul over the CK&PR. Nor did the CK&PR have the lucrative local colliery traffic of the M&CR. Passenger and goods traffic on the line were, however, sufficient to make the CK&PR profitable; eventually passenger traffic became the main revenue as mineral traffic declined further. Technological improvements in steelmaking reduced the dependence of the British steel industry on Cumbrian haematite. Blast furnaces were established close to the orefield, and processed much of the ore locally. Although, initially, they needed to import coke to do so, later improvements in coke-making allowed them to increasingly use coke made from local coal; considerable volumes of Welsh coke also began to reach West Cumbria by sea. Increased foreign production of iron and steel meant a loss of foreign markets and over-capacity in the British iron and steel industry.

Passenger traffic
Tourist traffic was a vital contributor to passenger revenue. In 1863, a shareholders' meeting authorised the expenditure of £11,000 on the construction of a first-class railway hotel; such a hotel, the directors had urged, was essential if Keswick was to compete with the Scottish lochs and Switzerland. By 1865, when the hotel had been built, it was evident that the capital cost of the railway had overrun to an alarming extent; the LNWR advised strongly (and the NER concurred) that railway hotels were not profitable when run by railway companies; furthermore it was now thought that the hotel needed to be extended before anyone could run it profitably. The hotel was therefore sold to a separate company, floated for the purpose, with a considerably overlapping directorate, and with railway shareholders being given first refusal on the hotel company shares. Keswick also attracted day trips (works outings, Sunday school treats) from Carlisle and industrial West Cumberland, and was a popular venue for Temperance demonstrations, although much depended on the weather:"Soon after the departure from Carlisle the rain commenced to fall in heavy showers, and continued throughout the whole of the day without the slightest perceptible abatement. Between eleven and twelve o'clock the whole of the excursion trains had arrived, and the streets of Keswick were literally crowded by an immense concourse of people, whose wet and weary appearance indicated the entire absence of enjoyment. It was impossible to look upon the drifting multitude without feelings of compassion. Those local places of interest which have given to Keswick an attractive reputation were unvisited, and the people seemed to wander from the tea rooms to the public-houses during the whole day  …   If the weather had been propitious, the Demonstration would have proved a marked success, for seldom has such a large number of people accompanied an excursion to Keswick. As the excursionists returned to the station towards evening, a more reliable estimate could be formed of the number present, which was represented by several thousands. Beyond a few expressions of sympathy with some loitering excursionists who missed the homeward train, nothing transpired in the shape of an accident to call forth regret save the serious weather, which reminded many of the not altogether groundless proverb that, 'it always rains at Keswick'"

Ownership
In return for subscribing for £25,000 of CK&PR shares, the LNWR had been granted running rights over the CK&PR in perpetuity. Although in the LNWR 'jumped over the head of' the CK&PR to absorb the Cockermouth and Workington Railway, and the Whitehaven Junction Railway in 1866 (almost as soon as they had been connected to the LNWR by the CK&PR), it made no similar offer for the CK&PR until 1890 when it offered to lease the CK&PR for 5%. The CK&PR's dividend had averaged 5% over the last four years, and its board held out for 6%, which the LNWR refused to offer. The LNWR also rebuffed subsequent attempts by the CK&PR to reopen negotiations, and the latter continued to operate as a separate company until the 1923 Grouping, when it was absorbed by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.

Closure
The line was closed west of Keswick in April 1966. The Keswick to Penrith section followed suit in March 1972, though freight trains continued to run to Flusco and Blencow, at the eastern end of the line, until the following June.

Keswick Museum and Art Gallery displays many items connected with the railway, including the barrow and spade used in the ceremony to cut the first sod for the railway on 21 May 1862, train tickets from the 19th century, and a platform guard's whistle.

The development of the A66 road used much of the former track path from Cockermouth to beyond Bassenthwaite Lake. Much of the section between Keswick and Penrith, through the National Park, has been made into a cycle and walking route, and is maintained as such by the park authority.

The future
There is a proposal to reopen the line as a modern railway and a feasibility study has been commissioned by CKP Railways plc to examine the business case. However, Eden District Council approved development in 2006 at Flusco Business Park to straddle the trackbed. A proposal to demolish the Mosedale Viaduct was cancelled by the British Rail Property Board in 1997 because of the plan to reinstate the line.

The project to reopen the railway has been dealt some serious blows, including numerous trackbed breaches, lack of funding and the NWRDA saying the case was not strong enough compared to other much more urgent projects. During floods in 2015, three bridges were damaged or destroyed in Storm Desmond in the Greta gorge. The railway footpath which uses these bridges was restored to service in 2020, but with two lightweight bridges, which makes it even more unlikely that the railway will be opened once more.

In January 2019, Campaign for Better Transport released a report identifying the line which was listed as Priority 2 for reopening. Priority 2 is for those lines which require further development or a change in circumstances (such as housing developments).

In March 2020, a bid was made to the Restoring Your Railway fund to get funds for a feasibility study into reinstating the line. the bid was unsuccessful.

Railway stations
From west to east:
 * Cockermouth: a joint station with the Cockermouth and Workington Railway, whose original station became the joint goods station.
 * Embleton (initially 'Lambfoot' in local property advertisements )
 * Bassenthwaite Lake (initially 'Peel Wyke' in local property advertisements ): the line skirted the lake for a considerable distance
 * Braithwaite
 * Keswick
 * Threlkeld
 * Troutbeck
 * Penruddock
 * Blencow
 * Penrith