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The Ultimate Fighter

The Ultimate Fighter is an American reality television series and mixed martial arts (MMA) competition produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) and Pilgrim Media Group currently airing on ESPN+. It previously aired for fourteen seasons on Spike TV. The show features professional MMA fighters living together in Las Vegas, Nevada, and follows them as they train and compete against each other for a prized six-figure contract with the UFC. The series debuted on January 17, 2004, with its first episode, "The Quest Begins". To date, there have been thirty one seasons of the show, two per calendar year, some years having only one season. Each season features either one or two weight classes in the tournament.

The historic Forrest Griffin vs. Stephan Bonnar fight in the first season drew millions of viewers to the show and launched the sport into the mainstream. Because of this success, The Ultimate Fighter was regarded as instrumental to the survival and expansion of the UFC and mixed martial arts into the mainstream. Many current and past UFC fighters are alumni of the show, with some competitors going on to become coaches in future seasons. The show has undergone multiple format changes since its inception, including the introduction of the wildcard bout. Many winners have gone on to compete for UFC championships with some becoming UFC champions.

History
The Ultimate Fighter was originally an experimental series financed by the former owners of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), Lorenzo and Frank Fertitta III. The series was aired on Spike TV as a last resort measure to gain mainstream exposure for mixed martial arts (MMA).

During the early days of Spike TV, the channel wanted sports programming, but had no budget for sports licensing fees. Spike TV founder Albie Hecht began a search to find programming with broad appeal that the network could afford. In the end, Spike narrowed its choices down to the UFC and K-1. Hecht flew to Japan to meet with the head of K-1, but the meeting did not go well. Weeks later, Hecht met with Lorenzo Fertitta in Las Vegas. Hecht was impressed by the UFC's celebrity following, its plan to acquire and consolidate smaller promotions into the UFC, and with Dana White's ability to be a "Vince McMahon"-like personality.

Hecht saw K-1 as a safer bet, given it had more international notoriety. He was also not a fan of the grappling aspects of MMA, but the UFC rebuffed his suggestion to change the rules of the sport to accommodate striking. Hecht credits Kevin Kay and his editorial collaboration with the UFC for highlighting the show's story lines, which he believes helped drive its ratings success.

Airing after World Wrestling Entertainment's flagship show WWE Raw, The Ultimate Fighter's debut episode was able to garner a 57% retention rate in viewers from Raw, which was double the usual rate for Spike TV. It is believed by some that WWE's Vince McMahon had to approve The Ultimate Fighter following Raw, but this is incorrect. According to Hecht, McMahon did not have the final say, but given his stature and Raw's' importance to Spike TV at the time, the network wanted McMahon to "be on board" with the program lineup. At the time, Hecht believes the WWE did not see the UFC as a challenge.

The live finale for the first season saw the historic bout of Forrest Griffin vs. Stephan Bonnar. Now widely regarded as the most influential fight in MMA history, the bout took place in what was the first ever MMA event on live and free television. The bout ended in a unanimous decision victory for Griffin and led to the show's renewal on Spike TV. Regarding the success of the show, UFC president Dana White said, "It's amazing to think.... how close we came to not being here today. If it weren't for what these guys did, I don't know if there would even be a UFC. I'll never forget these guys. Ever."

The renewal of the show saw UFC produce two more series, before subsequent renewals. In order to garner more attention for the sport, The Ultimate Fighter utilizes gimmicks: one notable example, in the ninth season, employed a country vs. country theme, with the United States competing against the United Kingdom. These gimmicks enabled the UFC to appeal to fans that had been recently introduced to the sport during UFCs penetration into the European market. The Ultimate Fighter also drew record viewing figures for Spike TV when YouTube sensation Kimbo Slice participated in the tenth season. Slice's fight against veteran Roy Nelson attracted viewers to the sport, drawing an audience of 6.1 million, making it one of the most viewed MMA fights in history.

As part of a new broadcasting relationship between the UFC and Fox Sports, The Ultimate Fighter moved to FX beginning in season 15. Season 14 was the final season of the series to air on Spike, who considered the relationship to be "incredibly beneficial in building both our brands.” In September 2013, the series moved to Fox's new mainstream sports network Fox Sports 1.

Because of the need to keep the fight results secret until the airing of the episode, each fight on The Ultimate Fighter is officially an "exhibition", and as such does not count towards the fighters overall record.

Seasons 1–4

For the first four seasons, prospective UFC fighters from two different weight classes were selected to compete. The fighters are divided into two teams, irrespective of weight class, with each team coached by a current UFC headliner. The teams then compete (in a manner which varies by season), with the loser being eliminated from the competition. Often, incentives are provided for the team of a winning fighter. This can include the right for their team to select the next matchup, in order to pick off fighters from the opposing team by selecting favourable matchups.

At the end of a season, the two remaining fighters of each weight class are placed in a single-elimination fight at Ultimate Fighter Finales, such as The Ultimate Fighter 1 Finale where the title of Ultimate Fighter is awarded to the winner. Seasons five to seven and ten to twelve have featured fighters from just one weight class each, with the other seasons focusing on two weight classes.

The show features the daily preparations each fighter makes to train for competition at the UFC training center, and the interactions they have with each other living under the same roof. Day-to-day events on the show are overseen by UFC president Dana White.

With the exception of the season finales, fights on The Ultimate Fighter are sanctioned by the Nevada Athletic Commission as exhibition matches and do not count for or against a fighter's professional record. This is done to keep the results from going public before the air date. However, going into the semi-final stage of each series, fights are scheduled for the full professional three rounds, as opposed to two rounds (with the possibility of a sudden victory round) for all stages prior. Though officially exhibition fights, the UFC chooses to record the results of semi-final matchups. For example, the seventh season winner Amir Sadollah has one more win on his UFC record than on his official record due to his victory in his season's semi-final round.

Changes
The first six seasons featured sixteen fighters, in either one or two weight categories. The first two seasons, however, were very different from each following season. The original format for The Ultimate Fighter saw each team compete in challenges, such as hoisting their respective coach up on their shoulders and sprinting down a beach, or a team tug-of-war. These challenges resulted in eliminations of fighters who hadn't fought, until late in the season when the challenge incentive was to select the next fight where fighters would be eliminated, having lost the fight. In the first two seasons, fighters would also leave the house for good upon losing and this often resulted in odd numbers for teams, which forced the moving of fighters to opposing teams.

Beginning in season four, fighters were no longer removed from the house after losing their fights and did not switch teams except in extraordinary cases, such as being kicked off a team by the head coach. In the seventh season, instead of the usual sixteen fighters, thirty-two fighters participated. This new rule introduced a preliminary fight, in order to get into the house, which gave the coaches an early evaluation.

The final change to date was the introduction of the "wild card" for seasons 11–13. In seasons 11 & 12, 28 fighters competed in the preliminary round, with the winning fourteen entering the house. A "wild card" bout would take place at the end of the "round-of-fourteen" featuring two of the losing fighters. The winner of the wild card bout would then be included in the quarterfinal round of eight fighters. This format proved highly successful for middleweight fighter Kris McCray, who took part in season 11's wild card bout. Having lost his opening match in the house, he won the wild card bout to reach the quarter-finals and went on to win his next two bouts, reaching the tournament final. The wild card bout was instituted one last time in season 13, which only featured 14 fighters in the house & no preliminary fights.

Contract award
The winners of the first three seasons of The Ultimate Fighter competition, and certain runners-up depending on their performance in their competition finals, receive the touted "six-figure" contract to fight in the UFC. These contracts are specifically three-year contracts with a guaranteed first year. Each year consists of three fights, the first year's purse per fight consists of $12,000 guaranteed with a $12,000 win bonus (a maximum of $24,000 per fight). The second year's purse per fight is $16,000 with a $16,000 win bonus (a maximum of $32,000 per fight) and the third year's purse per fight is at $22,000 with a $22,000 win bonus (a maximum of $44,000 per fight).

A TUF winner who goes 9–0 can earn $300,000 total on the contract, but only $150,000 is guaranteed for all three years if nine fights are fought. Some TUF competitors who did not win the series were also offered UFC contracts, although not on as attractive terms.

Coaches involvement
With the exception of seasons 2, 4, 11, 13, 15, 16, 22 and season 1 of TUF: Brazil the coaches fought each other after the conclusion of the show. Season 2 featured Rich Franklin and Matt Hughes, who were in different weight categories, eliminating the possibility for a post-season fight. Season 4 saw multiple guest coaches take the lead, differing from other seasons with two clearly designated coaches. Season 22 did not feature a fight between coaches Conor McGregor and Urijah Faber since McGregor was the UFC Interim Featherweight Champion and had an automatic title unification with Featherweight Champion José Aldo next. As such, these seasons did not feature their respective coaches in competition. Season 11 coaches Tito Ortiz and Chuck Liddell's fight was cancelled due to Ortiz's need for neck fusion surgery. Season 13 saw the fight between Brock Lesnar and Junior dos Santos cancelled after Lesnar was diagnosed with his second bout of diverticulitis. 2012 saw the cancellation of a bout between season 15 coaches Dominick Cruz and Urijah Faber, due to a torn ACL for Cruz. In addition, the expected fight between the TUF: Brazil coaches Vitor Belfort and Wanderlei Silva did not occur after Belfort sustained a broken hand while preparing for the fight. Season 16 was supposed to feature a fight between coaches Roy Nelson and Shane Carwin, though this was also cancelled after Carwin suffered a knee injury.

In addition to the seasons which did not feature post-season fights between the coaches, several seasons have been impacted, forcing postponements. Due to injuries to the season six coaches Matt Serra and Matt Hughes, their fight was postponed. Serra suffered a herniated disc in his lower back and Hughes later suffered a torn MCL before the fight finally took place at UFC 98. The fight between season ten coaches Rashad Evans and Quinton Jackson took place at UFC 114 with Rashad Evans winning by unanimous decision. The fight was postponed by five months due to Jackson's A-Team filming commitments and his temporary decision to retire from fighting.

Though rarely taking place at the live finales, the coaches' fights are an important part of each season of The Ultimate Fighter. With each season effectively hyping the fight and the individuals for multiple weeks, the fights are usually the focal point of the pay-per-view event in which they are featured. The coaches' fights have resulted in the following matchups and results:

Season synopses
The first season of The Ultimate Fighter was the last attempt by the UFC to capture public interest in the sport. The Stephan Bonnar and Forrest Griffin bout saved the sport according to many journalists and Dana White. Despite his loss, Bonnar was also awarded a coveted contract live on the air, after White declared that "There were no losers in this fight." Griffin and Diego Sanchez are also regarded as the original Ultimate Fighters, after their wins at the finale.
 * Season 1–3

The second season saw welterweights and heavyweights compete, featuring coaches Rich Franklin and Matt Hughes. The final saw Rashad Evans defeating Brad Imes and Joe Stevenson defeating Luke Cummo.

The third season highlighted the long-standing rivalry between Tito Ortiz and Ken Shamrock. It was also the first season to feature competitors from outside of North America, after the addition of Michael Bisping and Ross Pointon. The season saw a format change, when the team-games were eliminated in favour of a conventional knockout style tournament format. The final fights saw Michael Bisping become the first non-American winner, defeating Josh Haynes and Kendall Grove defeat Ed Herman.

The fourth season was different from others before it, as it was the "comeback" season. Past UFC fighters who hadn't had the success they were expected to have, were invited back, to compete in the show, with the winner receiving a guaranteed title shot. This season was also the only one to date to not feature team coaches. Instead, the show had guest coaches each week. The final saw Matt Serra defeat Chris Lytle and Travis Lutter defeat Patrick Côté to receive their guaranteed title shots.
 * Season 4–7

The fifth season was coached by Jens Pulver and B.J. Penn, as the company attempted to kickstart the lightweight division. The show featured many of the future stars of the lightweight division such as Nate Diaz, Joe Lauzon, Gray Maynard, Matt Wiman and Cole Miller. Despite the fact that Team Pulver won 5 out of the first eight fights, the 3 fighters who made it through the quarterfinals on Team Penn are still in the UFC which are Gray Maynard, Matt Wiman and Joe Lauzon while Cole Miller, Manvel Gamburyan, and Nate Diaz from Team Pulver are still in the UFC. The final was contested by Nate Diaz and Manvel Gamburyan, with Gamburyan falling to a shoulder injury early on.

Former winner Matt Serra returned to the show in the sixth season to coach alongside Matt Hughes and oversaw a group of welterweight fighters. The final saw veteran Mac Danzig defeat Tommy Speer to become The Ultimate Fighter, before he dropped to the lightweight division. Arguably, only George Sotiropoulos has gone on to have any success post-TUF, having gone on a 7 fight win streak after The Ultimate Fighter, while season winner Danzig has hovered around the .500 mark since his season win.

The seventh season saw another format change, as fighters had to compete to be official castmembers. Instead of the usual 16 fighters, the season had 32 fighters after Dana White claimed that he was tired of fighters coming onto the show for airtime. This season was coached by UFC Light Heavyweight champion Quinton Jackson and challenger Forrest Griffin, the first season's winner. The season's final was due to be competed between Amir Sadollah, who hadn't competed in a professional fight before the show, and Jesse Taylor. However, Taylor was kicked off the show after filming had completed, when he kicked the window out of a limosine in Las Vegas. His slot was taken by C.B. Dollaway who defeated Tim Credeur for the right, but Sadollah won in the final to become The Ultimate Fighter.

The eighth season was coached by UFC Interim Heavyweight champion Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira and Frank Mir, with lightweights and light heavyweights being the focus for the season. The show was largely dominated by the actions of Junie Browning, who would regularly get drunk and act in an aggressive manner towards his fellow castmates. The two fights at the final saw Efrain Escudero defeat Phillipe Nover and Ryan Bader defeat Vinny Magalhães.
 * Season 8–12

The ninth season saw a United States vs. United Kingdom theme for the show, with Dan Henderson and Michael Bisping coaching the respective sides. The two sides contrasted, with the UK side showing close friendship (with many coming from Team Rough House), whilst the US team appeared fractured. The lightweight final saw Team Rough House teammates Andre Winner and Ross Pearson face off for the contract, with Pearson coming out on top via decision. The welterweight final saw James Wilks defeat DaMarques Johnson via submission in the opening round, handing the UK team a 2–0 victory.

The tenth season was the first season to feature only heavyweights and was largely built around the internet sensation Kimbo Slice and former NFL players. The two coaches were former UFC Light Heavyweight champions Quinton Jackson and Rashad Evans who squabbled throughout the entire season, hyping their eventual fight further. However, midway through the airing of the season, it was announced that Jackson was filming The A-Team, as its lead character B. A. Baracus, leading to the postponement of the coaches' fight. The season also featured several former NFL players, with one - Brendan Schaub - making the final of the show. Additionally, the season was occasionally criticised after the cardio of the heavyweights came into question. The final saw MMA veteran Roy Nelson and Brendan Schaub, with Nelson winning via first-round knockout.

The eleventh season saw former UFC Light Heavyweight champions Tito Ortiz and Chuck Liddell coach the two teams. Unlike previous seasons, the number of competitors in the house was reduced to 14, with 7 progressing to the quarter-finals. An eighth was added via a "wildcard" bout - a bout between two losers from the round of 14. The slots went to Kyacey Uscola and Kris McCray, which saw McCray win via submission. McCray would then go on to avenge his earlier defeat, in the semi-finals, defeating Josh Bryant. The season was blighted by injuries to multiple competitors, such as the withdrawal of Nick Ring, after he required knee surgery. After Rich Attonito pulled out of the competition, his quarter final place was taken by Court McGee. Court McGee and Kris McCray met in the final, where McGee would win via submission to become The Ultimate Fighter.

The twelfth season saw the UFC Welterweight champion Georges St-Pierre coach alongside former opponent and number one contender to the title, Josh Koscheck. The season saw the continuation of the wildcard format and 14-man tournament bracket. The show's number one pick was Marc Stevens, who would go on to lose in one of the quickest submissions (via guillotine choke) in the show's history. The wildcard slots went to Marc Stevens and Aaron Wilkinson, with Wilkinson handing Stevens his second successive guillotine choke loss. The show was dominated by Josh Koscheck's attempts to annoy Georges St-Pierre, with St-Pierre's paramedic getting involved in the arguments with Koscheck. The finale was a match between Jonathan Brookins and Michael Johnson on December 4, 2010, which resulted in Brookins winning via unanimous decision.

The thirteenth season was coached by former UFC Heavyweight champion Brock Lesnar and Junior dos Santos, who would later go on to win the same title. This season featured welterweights and removed the elimination bouts to get into the house, with 14 fighters immediately gaining entry into the house. The first day of training saw Myles Jury pull out of the competition with a knee injury. The wildcard made another appearance, with Javier Torres and Chuck O'Neil getting the slots, leading to a submission victory for O'Neil. The final of this season saw Tony Ferguson defeat Ramsey Nijem via KO in the first round.
 * Season 13–16 (and regional versions)

The fourteenth season featured bantamweights and featherweights for the first time, with Michael Bisping coaching for the second time, with Jason Miller opposing him. The cast was considered to be one of the most notable in several seasons of the Ultimate Fighter, perhaps owing to this season being the first for the weight classes. Fighters once again had to compete to get into the house, but during the preliminary round, Dana White announced end-of-season bonuses for the best knockout, submission and fight. The awards went to John Dodson, Dennis Bermudez and Dustin Pague vs. Louis Gaudinot respectively. The eventual winners of the season were John Dodson (who defeated T.J. Dillashaw at bantamweight) and Diego Brandao (who defeated Dennis Bermudez at featherweight).

The fifteenth season was the first season to air on FX and moved to a live format. The season was coached by UFC Bantamweight champion Dominick Cruz and Urijah Faber and featured the lightweight division. The entry fights consisted of just one round, as opposed to the usual two with the possibility of a sudden death victory. During the first week in the house, Michael Chiesa - one of the participants - was told that his father had died. Despite this, he was able to continue in the competition and ultimately won after defeating Al Iaquinta at the finale. The live season aired at the same time as TUF Brazil, which was the first regional version of the show. That season was coached by Vitor Belfort and Wanderlei Silva and featured featherweights and middleweights. This season featured a scrambling of the teams, as seven of the Team Vitor fighters had won for only one of the Team Wanderlei fighters. The finalists for the show were Rony "Jason" Mariano Bezerra and Godofredo Pepey in the featherweight division and Cezar "Mutante" Ferreira and Daniel Sarafian in the middleweight division. However, Sarafian was forced to withdraw from the finale, making him the first and (to-date) only finalist to ever withdraw through injury. He was replaced by Sergio "Serginho" Moraes, the man he had defeated via KO in the semi-final round. The eventual winners were Bezerra and Ferreira, with both winning via decision.

Main seasons
A. For this season instead of coaches, prominent trainers and UFC fighters acted as advisors.

B. Tito Ortiz was replaced in the final episode by Rich Franklin.

C. This season is the first to feature a gym vs. gym format as each team is composed of fighters from the same gym and their head coaches are also the teams' head coaches.

D. There was no individual tournament for the season. After a round of 12 fights, divided into points (the first four fights were 25 points, the next 50 and the last were 100 points), American Top Team emerged victorious and won $200,000. Then, each team picked a representative to fight at the finale for $300,000 and the tournament trophy.

E. Saul Rogers was scheduled to be part of the finale, but was pulled due to Visa issues and was replaced by Ryan Hall.

F. Sijara Eubanks was scheduled to be part of the finale, but was pulled on the day of the weigh ins for medical reasons and was replaced by Roxanne Modafferi.

G. Brad Katona was originally on Team Chandler, but switched to Team McGregor in the semi-final round.

International versions
These versions did not have a stand-alone The Ultimate Fighter final.

H. Daniel Sarafian was scheduled to be part of the finale, but was injured and replaced by Sergio Moraes.

I. Santiago Ponzinibbio was scheduled to be part of the finale, but was injured and replaced by Leonardo Santos.

J. For this season Cung Le served as a mentor and chief coach.

K. Hailin Ao left the show after the 4th episode for personal reasons. His staff took over his duties.

L. Anderson Silva was removed from the show on episode 3 due to his failed pre-fight drug test for UFC 183. He was replaced by Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira.

Post-show success
The Ultimate Fighter has created many successful fighters. As of October 2019, ten TUF contestants have won UFC titles. However, some fighters have also had success in the sister promotions World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC) or Strikeforce. The following fighters have competed for a UFC, Strikeforce or WEC championship:

 * Season 1

 * Season 2

 * Season 3

 * Season 4

As part of season four, Travis Lutter and Matt Serra received automatic and immediate title shots, though non-winners can also compete for titles. Lutter was scheduled to compete for the UFC Middleweight Championship at UFC 67: All Or Nothing, but weighed in over the limit. He still competed against the champion and lost a non–title fight.

 * Season 5

 * Season 13

 * Season 14

 * Season 15

 * Season 17

 * Season 18

 * Season 20

Season 20 was the first season of The Ultimate Fighter to crown a champion. All fighters of the season were competing to win the inaugural UFC Women's Strawweight Championship. Most of the competitors from the division came from TUF 20.

 * Season 21

The winner of Season 24 won a fight with Demetrious Johnson. Tim Elliott won the tournament and fought Johnson for the main event on the finale.
 * Season 24

 * Season 26

All fighters of the season were competing to win the inaugural UFC Women's Flyweight Championship. Most of the competitors from the division came from TUF 26.

 * The Smashes

Robert Whittaker was scheduled to defend his UFC Middleweight Championship against Yoel Romero at UFC 225: Whittaker vs. Romero 2. However, Romero weighed in over the limit. Whittaker would go on to win a non-title fight.

 * Brazil Season 2

 * Brazil Season 3

 * Latin America

T.U.F. winners who have fought each other
Many of the TUF winners have gone on to fight each other.
 * Rashad Evans (season 2 winner) def. Michael Bisping (season 3 winner) - UFC 78
 * Rashad Evans (season 2 winner) def. Forrest Griffin (season 1 winner) - UFC 92
 * Diego Sanchez (season 1 winner) def. Joe Stevenson (season 2 winner) - UFC 95
 * Joe Stevenson (season 2 winner) def. Nate Diaz (season 5 winner) - TUF 9 Finale
 * Mac Danzig (season 6 winner) def. Joe Stevenson (season 2 winner) - UFC 124
 * Mac Danzig (season 6 winner) def. Efrain Escudero (season 8 winner) - UFC 145
 * Robert Whittaker (Smashes winner) def. Colton Smith (season 16 winner) - UFC 160
 * Court McGee (season 11 winner) def. Robert Whittaker (Smashes winner) - UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Kampmann 2
 * Michael Chiesa (season 15 winner) def. Colton Smith (season 16 winner) - UFC: Fight for the Troops 3
 * Norman Parke (Smashes winner) drew. Leonardo Santos (Brazil 2 winner) - UFC Fight Night: Shogun vs. Henderson 2
 * Diego Sanchez (season 1 winner) def. Ross Pearson (season 9 winner) - UFC Fight Night: Henderson vs. Khabilov
 * Leonardo Santos (Brazil 2 winner) def. Efrain Escudero (season 8 winner) - UFC Fight Night: Bigfoot vs. Arlovski
 * Antônio Carlos Júnior (Brazil 3 winner) def. Eddie Gordon (season 19 winner) - UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. Romero
 * Ryan Bader (season 8 winner) def. Rashad Evans (season 2 winner) - UFC 192
 * Ross Pearson (season 9 winner) def. Chad Laprise (Nations: Canada vs. Australia winner) - UFC Fight Night: Hunt vs. Mir
 * Kamaru Usman (season 21 winner) def. Warlley Alves (Brazil 3 winner) - UFC Fight Night: Bader vs. Nogueira 2
 * Elias Theodorou (Nations: Canada vs. Australia winner) def. Cezar Ferreira (Brazil winner) - UFC Fight Night: Lewis vs. Browne
 * Kelvin Gastelum (season 17 winner) def. Michael Bisping (season 3 winner) - UFC Fight Night: Bisping vs. Gastelum
 * Tatiana Suarez (season 23 winner) def. Carla Esparza (season 20 winner) - UFC 228
 * Michael Chiesa (season 15 winner) def. Diego Sanchez (season 1 winner) - UFC 239
 * Julianna Peña (season 18 winner) def. Nicco Montaño (season 26 winner) - UFC Fight Night: de Randamie vs. Ladd
 * Robert Whittaker (Smashes winner) def. Kelvin Gastelum (season 17 winner) - UFC on ESPN: Whittaker vs. Gastelum
 * Nate Diaz (season 5 winner) def. Tony Ferguson (season 13 winner) - UFC 279

title: The Ultimate Fighter


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Just a Friend

"Just a Friend" is a song written, produced and performed by American hip hop artist Biz Markie. It was released in September 1989 as the lead single from his album The Biz Never Sleeps. It is Markie's most successful single, reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1990.

Background
The song interpolates the 1968 song "(You) Got What I Need" recorded by Freddie Scott, whose basic chord and melody provided the base for the song's chorus. Markie's lyrics describe romantic frustration after pursuing a woman who is actually romantically involved with another man who she falsely claims is "just a friend." Due to the widespread popularity of the song along with its acclaim and its influence on pop culture (and Markie's failure to have another charting Hot 100 song), Biz was classified by VH1 as a one-hit wonder, and "Just a Friend" was ranked 81st on VH1's 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders in 2000, and later as number 100 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop in 2008. Karma, a staff record producer for Cold Chillin' Records, told Vibe magazine in 2005 that he produced the single, but never received credit. The single was certified platinum on April 12, 1990. In 2021, it was ranked at No. 480 on Rolling Stone's "Top 500 Best Songs of All Time".

Music video
The music video, directed by Lionel C. Martin, acts out the lyrics humorously and includes a scene of Biz Markie singing the chorus dressed as Mozart in 18th-century clothing with a powdered wig in a candlelit room while playing the piano.

Legacy
In November 2010, actor Jeff Goldblum performed the song in a duet with Markie on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. The duet was highly requested by fans of the show and was set up by Fallon and the Roots. In June 2023, his widow Tara Hall, announced the Just a Friend Foundation and confirmed a documentary about Biz Markie’s life, All Up in the Biz, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival. In 2019, American rock band Tally Hall covered Just a Friend.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Just a Friend


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toronto—Danforth

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:34, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Toronto—Danforth
This is a redirect to a page called "Toronto(mdash character)Danforth" - I can't even get it to show up correctly. It seems to me the original page ought not to use the long dash in its name, settling for a plain old - character, and this redirect page should go away completely. -- Dcfleck 01:30, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * Redirects should be discussed on Redirects for deletion. RickK 02:10, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * True enough. But as long as we're discussing it ...

 * Keep This page exists for a practical reason: on many computers, the Wikipedia dash symbol is represented on the screen during edits by the following symbols: & m d a s h ; (no spaces in the original). There are many redirects like this on Wikipedia, all pointing toward the pages with "proper" symbols.

 * Also, Elections Canada uses a dash (rather than a hyphen) to spell the riding's name.

 * In other words, this is all above board. CJCurrie 02:13, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Harmless and useful redirect. Should have been listed on Redirects for deletion. —Markaci 2005-04-15 T 23:17 Z
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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In the Navy

"In the Navy" is a song by American disco group Village People. It was released as the first single from their fourth studio album, Go West (1979). It was a number one hit in Canada, Flanders, Japan and the Netherlands, while reaching number two in Ireland, Norway and the UK. In 1994, a remix charted at number 36 in the UK. "In the Navy" was the last top 10 hit for the group in the United States.

Background, writing and video
After the enormous commercial success of their 1978 hit "Y.M.C.A.", which unexpectedly became the unofficial hymn and powerful advertising tool for the YMCA, the group took on another national institution, the United States Navy. The Navy contacted group manager Henri Belolo to use the song in a recruiting advertising campaign for television and radio. Belolo gave the rights for free on the condition that the Navy help them shoot the music video. Less than a month later, the Village group arrived at Naval Base San Diego where the Navy provided them with access to film on the deck of the berthed frigate USS Reasoner; in the end, the Navy did not use the video, choosing to remain with the traditional "Anchors Aweigh".

In a landmark ruling in 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of California ruled that under the Copyright Act of 1976, co-writer Victor Willis (Village People's "Cop"/"Naval officer") can recover his share of the copyrights to songs co-written by him. Willis now owns 33% of his songs.

Another music video for the song was made during production of the 1996 comedy movie Down Periscope, featuring the movie's cast and clips from the movie. The music video is shown during the movie's end credits.

Critical reception
According to Billboard Magazine, "In the Navy" is an "upbeat dance effort [which] showcases the group's familiar theme and sound with this comedic spoof on the Navy." Cash Box said it has "a vibrant beat, powerful horns, sweeping strings and another knock-out campy lyric." Record World called it a "pounding disco number with a chuckle in the lyrics."

In popular culture
In the Black Mirror episode "Loch Henry", characters create a parody of "In the Navy" where they change the song's lyrics as a form of gallows humor while describing a site where murders had taken place. It was also used in The Simpsons episode "Simpson Tide".

title: In the Navy


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title: User talk:67.81.250.59


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Alfred Whitmore

Major Alfred Whitmore (1876–1946) was an English pathologist who, together with C.S. Krishnaswami, identified Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis (also known as "Whitmore's disease") in opium addicts in Rangoon in 1911. He differentiated it from Burkholderia mallei, the causative agent of glanders, by clinical and microbiological features.

He was initially a Captain, and later a Major, in the Indian Medical Service. Later, he also became director of the Rangoon Medical School.

title: Alfred Whitmore


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Talk:Shadow Warrior (1997 video game)

Box art
Can anyone find some better quality box art for this game, or clean up the current one? -- Quoth 01:32, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. – Quoth 06:06, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

More/better weapon and enemy info
I started working on the weapon and enemy info using the following sites: http://rtcm.thecomitatus.com/knowledge-base/build-games/shadow-warrior.html#weapons http://rtcm.thecomitatus.com/knowledge-base/build-games/shadow-warrior.html#enemies http://www.3drealms.com/sw/weapons.html http://www.3drealms.com/sw/enemies.html I can't finish right now, have to go, so of course feel free to pick up where I left.

Retodon8

Article needs some serious cleanup
This article seems to be poorly written, with numerous sloppy or POV statements such as, "just stick one on an enemy and watch the fun." If this was copied directly from the manual it should be noted as such, but otherwise statements like that have got to go.

I agree that it is reasonable to merge the Lo Wang character entry with this one, but this still needs to be tagged for cleanup. CyberRaptor 04:19, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Cleaned it up some. Kat, Queen of Typos 15:56, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

I tested my new editing skills on the plot section. The grammar is bad. 24.125.216.63 (talk) 18:24, 28 June 2014 (UTC)

Regarding the honorable graduate of the University of British Columbia, Robert Parungao.
Ok so basically some nobody university graduate of Chinese descent didn't have anything to do his thesis about so he criticized a ten years old game because the developers chose a Chinese name to a Japanese character, among a few other games. Big deal. Just because a single person criticized a single unimportant aspect of the game and wrote an academic thesis about it doesn't mean it should be in this article. I'm taking this down because it's plainly and utterly moronic. 89.1.190.179 (talk) 15:20, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Do you think maybe you could have worded what you said more politely? Calling somebody a "nobody" and calling something "plainly and utterly moronic", that's very sophisticated. Your bias is showing.

Then again, you'll probably never see this since you never touched Wikipedia again after dropping in to make this one rude comment. So I'm of half a mind to just erase your comment right now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.69.89.216 (talk) 09:09, 29 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm a bit late to reply to this, but the criticism by that person was an example of how Shadow Warrior was criticised for racial stereotyping - he wasn't the only person. Of course, proving that a general group of people criticised it for racism would be difficult, so I don't have a problem with the criticism being removed. --Teggles (talk) 11:13, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I replaced the word Controversy with Criticism to make it more accurate. I also removed the last sentence because I think it is false. The student does not call the protagonist a villain because of shouting something. He calls the protagonist a villain for no reason at all, therefore I think it's more a mistake from the student rather than his view. This makes the whole paragraph quite short though, so I don't have a problem with the criticism being removed either. Kvintessents (talk) 15:26, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I have inserted a short passage on the controversy and added to the part of the section which refers to general criticism of the game. I feel that the section should be retained because (a) the controversy was launched in a major gaming magazine, (b) the developer, 3D Realms, took it seriously enough to respond (multiple times) and (c) a five minute search turned up two serious pieces of academic writing which both referenced the controversy and criticised the game along similar lines. Furthermore the criticism goes beyond the naming of "Lo Wang" to include other negative elements, both in his portrayal and that of the game's wider milieu, and how they play into the wider portrayal of Asian peoples in American popular culture. MasterPrudent (talk) 13:42, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * What do politics have to do with Shadow Warrior?
 * I'm sorry but you can't actually just dismiss a piece of academic writing because you think the author is a "nobody", this is actually post-graduate work we're refering to here, so it by nature is actually significant. And neithe rcan you simply dismiss it as "for no reason at all". When attempting to refute academic work, you need to do so at an academic level, and further this would be original research and thus wikipedia innapropriate. The correct channel is to publish a refutation in the appropriate academic literature to a quality that passes peer-review muster, and THEN return to wikipedia, and cite it. 121.45.240.54 (talk) 04:34, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Sources for changes
Shadow Warrior iOS: [] Develover Digital: [] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.85.52.191 (talk) 19:47, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

Expansion to reception category
Reviews for this game's original 1997 release are hard to come by, but I have managed to find a few. Most notable is the January 1998 issue of Computer Gaming World, which I have a physical copy of and will source. Also of note are user-review platforms Metacritic and GOG.com, provided by another user on this talk page. Also of note are MobyGames and GameSpot. I am unsure if user reviews qualify for use for this particular article, but I had seen them used on other articles. If they do not, feel free to remove them. Camarouge (talk) 04:50, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

No Mention of Classic Redux
I was redirected here when looking for information on Shadow Warrior Classic Redux, yet found no mention of it in the article. It's warranted a mention, as it's a remaster of the original I believe. "Shadow Warrior Classic Redux features remastered visuals, a remixed soundtrack, the original game and two expansion packs, Wanton Destruction and Twin Dragon. It's available now on Steam for PC and Mac" -from an article from Joystiq Note that this is in fact different from the Shadow Warrior reboot and is the original 1997 game remastered for modern computers. I apologize for any errors in my post, I just made an account to bring this up. Noctimor (talk) 04:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Just edited this, as I realized it appears that posts with newer dates go on the bottom. Also a link to the game on Steam is probably something I should've mentioned. Noctimor (talk) 05:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Attempted to fix sourcing for 3drealms.com/catalog/sw/

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Jan Jaka Jan crossover
The 1992 ELF Corporation had artwork similar to what appeared in this game as someone has pointed out in this 2014 thread (NSFW, contains nudity) does anyone know if any reliable sources have reported on that so we could the articles? Ranze (talk) 17:14, 29 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Although it seems to be correct, it is just an Easter egg after all. It is not really notable and seemingly no secondary source has said something about it. Therefore, I believe the inclusion is unreasonable. Lordtobi  ( ✉ ) 19:07, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

Source

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20160322191222/http://scans.roushimsx.com/PCGamer_1996_10_pg052.jpg https://web.archive.org/web/20160322185055/http://scans.roushimsx.com/PCGamer_1996_10_pg053.jpg

title: Talk:Shadow Warrior (1997 video game)


text:
Talk:Full Sail Brewing Company

Annual volume
The stat about their annual volume come from the following line on their website: "On an average day we bottle approximately 250,000 bottles of beer or about 10,000 cases" Assuming they truly mean an average day, and using a standard 12 oz. bottle, I calculate it as somewhere in the neighborhood of 275,000 barrels a year. --Sean κ. ⇔ 01:51, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm.. that can't be right. I suppose they only operate 5/7 days of the year.  Still... their claim can't be true.  Perhaps they meant 25,000 bottles of beer a day? --Sean κ. ⇔ 04:43, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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"First Commercially successful" claim?
From the article:
 * ...first commercially successful craft brewery to bottle beer in the Pacific Northwest for retail sale...

Uh... Pretty much however you want to define "commercial", "success", "craft", "bottle", "Pacific Northwest", or "retail", Widmer beat Full Sail to the punch. Look, I like Full Sail more than Widmer, but this claim is just wrong. 71.193.198.115 (talk) 05:54, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Full Sail Brewing Company


text: User talk:194.66.175.72

title: User talk:194.66.175.72


text:
Talk:A rationibus

Comments
This is a very strange name for a person...it's dative/ablative plural! I can imagine that the office was "for the accounts", but was this actually the person's title? I would expect "ratio" instead. Adam Bishop 01:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * a rationibus is the title and office held in the early empire. All of the English translations I have all spell it this way. There are many references to a rationibus being replaced by comes sacrarum largitionum. Argonaut

 * Weird...thanks! Adam Bishop 02:29, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Just stumbled across this discussion: Argonaut seems to be saying that the title is a rationibus, i.e. "from the accounts", which is grammatically reasonable, so Adam Bishop is correct in his confusion. I don't read Argonaut's comment as meaning that the official was a rationibus, but rather an a rationibus - strange title, yes, but at least not grammatically incorrect.  Jpaulm 22:36, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * There is nothing strange in it, simply (vir) a rationibus = (a man) of accounts. There was also ab epistulis etc. The article should be moved to A rationibus. 212.87.13.78 (talk) 18:38, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Erm, this seems to be identical to Rationalis. Should they be merged, and if so, what is the exact difference between the two declensions? -- 202.63.39.58 (talk) 02:59, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The difference is that a rationibus is apparently an earlier title than rationalis. Suetonius mentions a rationibus and ab epistulis as positions in Claudius' court. -212.87.13.78 (talk) 04:38, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 9 July 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. Natg 19 (talk) 19:15, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

Rationibus → A rationibus – Please move to "A rationibus" as discussed previously. --Relisted. George Ho (talk) 22:54, 16 July 2015 (UTC) 89.65.87.100 (talk) 14:05, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Support - the current title is nonsense. This should have been a technical request. Sovereign Sentinel (talk) 07:16, 19 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:A rationibus


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Roma (1972 film)

Roma (also known as Fellini's Roma or Federico Fellini's Roma) is a 1972 semi-autobiographical comedy-drama film depicting director Federico Fellini's move from his native Rimini to Rome as a youth. The film was directed by Fellini from a screenplay by himself and Bernardino Zapponi. It is a homage to the city, shown in a series of loosely connected episodes set during both Rome's past and present. The plot is minimal, and the only "character" to develop significantly is Rome herself. Peter Gonzales plays the young Fellini, and the film features mainly newcomers in the cast.

Plot
Federico Fellini recounts his youth in Rome. The film opens up with a long traffic jam to the city. Once there, scenes are shown depicting Rome during the Fascist regime in the 1930s as well as in the 1970s.

A young Fellini moves into a vivacious guesthouse inhabited by unusual people (including a Benito Mussolini lookalike) and run by a sick obese woman. He visits two brothels—one being dilapitated and overcrowded and the other one more stylish and luxurious—and seemingly falls in love with a prostitute working in the latter one. Other attractions in Rome are shown, including a cheap vaudeville theatre, streets, tunnels, and an ancient catacomb with frescos that get ruined by fresh air soon after the excavators discover it.

The most famous scene depicts an elderly solitary noblewoman holding an extravagant liturgical fashion show for a Cardinal and other guests with priests and nuns parading in all kinds of bizarre costumes. The film eventually concludes with a group of young motorcyclists riding into the city and a melancholic shot of actress Anna Magnani, whom the film crew met in the street during shooting and who would die some months afterwards.

Cast

 * Peter Gonzales as Federico Fellini (age 18)
 * Stefano Mayore as Federico Fellini (child)
 * Fiona Florence as Dolores, a young prostitute
 * Britta Barnes
 * Pia De Doses as Princess Domitilla
 * Marne Maitland as guide in the catacombs
 * Renato Giovannoli as Cardinal Ottaviani
 * Elisa Mainardi as pharmacist's wife / cinema spectator
 * Raout Paule
 * Galliano Sbarra as music hall compère
 * Paola Natale
 * Ginette Marcelle Bron
 * Mario Del Vago as widowers' member at teatrino
 * Alfredo Adami as widowers' member at teatrino

Uncredited
 * Dennis Christopher as hippie
 * Anna Magnani as herself
 * Marcello Mastroianni as himself
 * Feodor Chaliapin Jr. as actor playing Julius Caesar
 * Alberto Sordi as himself
 * Gore Vidal as himself
 * John Francis Lane as himself
 * Elliott Murphy as extra
 * Federico Fellini as himself
 * Cassandra Peterson

Historical contrasts and modern alienation
Fellini repeatedly contrasts Roman life during wartime Fascist Italy with life in the early 1970s. The wartime scenes emphasize the congregation of neighbors in Rome's public places, such as street restaurants, a variety show, and a bomb shelter. With the exception of hippies and a conversational scene with Fellini bemoaning the loss of Roman life with radical students, the analogous congregations of the 1970s are between automobiles and motorcycles. Fellini makes a comparison between the parade of prostitutes at wartime brothels and a fantasy runway fashion show featuring clerical garb and a papal audience.

Narrative devices
The plot (such as it is) centers on two journeys to Rome by the director. The first is as a young man in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The second is as the director of a film crew creating a film about Rome. The film alternates between these two narratives.

Deleted scene
During editing, a scene with Alberto Sordi was cut because it was considered too immoral and cruel. Sordi played a rich man sitting at a bar watching some poor children playing ball. A poor man, blind, sick and lame, comes to cross the street, preventing the rich man from viewing the scene. Alberto Sordi, annoyed, begins shouting insults at the blind man: "Get out of the way, you ugly old man! Get out!".

Release
The film was screened at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival but was not entered into the main competition. The film was also selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 45th Academy Awards but was not accepted as a nominee. The film is currently available on DVD and Blu-ray through The Criterion Collection.

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Roma holds an approval rating of 67% based on 19 reviews, with an average score of 6.6/10.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars out of four; praising Fellini's direction in the film he wrote, "Fellini isn't just giving us a lot of flashy scenes, he's building a narrative that has a city for its protagonist instead of a single character." Ebert ranked the film 9th in his 10 Best Films of 1972 list.

Accolades

 * 1972 Cannes Film Festival, Technical Grand Prize (Grand Prix de la Commission Supérieure Technique), won (ex-aequo)
 * 27th British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA), Best Production Design for Danilo Donati, nominated
 * 30th Golden Globe Awards, Best Foreign Language Film, nominated

title: Roma (1972 film)


text:
User:D.W.Rowan

Yeah, its me.

I am a video editor for a television station. I am a photographer and amature genealogist. I am a Dad. I am a member of the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

I am about 40 years old.

title: User:D.W.Rowan


text:
Talk:Quakers/Archive 1

Undated discussion
1. Should Richard Foster be included among famous Friends? I believe he's the author of Celebration of Discipline, a book about prayer, and other books, and teaches at a Friends college (Friends University??) in Wichita, Kansas. Assuming he is personally a Quaker, I believe he's still relatively well known in Evangelical circles at the very least. --Wesley

I guess the question remains: Is Foster a Quaker? If so, is he "notable"?

2. I don't know who wrote the Quaker article (maybe many different people?), but I think it is really solid, well-informed and balanced. Thanks.

 * Ok, a quick Google search turned up this link: http://www.quakerinfo.com/article1091.html, which says this:
 * Perhaps the best known Quaker in the world today is Richard J. Foster, although many are at most dimly aware that he is associated with the Religious Society of Friends. He is clearly one of the leading contemporary writers and speakers on Christian spirituality. While maintaining his ties with Friends, Foster deliberately speaks to a much broader audience.

 * Looks to me like he's worth adding. I also happen to have enjoyed at least a couple of his books. :-) Wesley

re: non-christian quakers

I feel that the categories programmed/unprogrammed are inadequate. Perhaps a better set would be Universalist, Programmed (is there a better label as some of these would in fact be unprogrammed, i think, and Evanjelical (sp). Our unprogramd meeting has a "programmed" worship group for example.

 * Well, that's an interesting question. If I am not mistaken, I think that Evangelical Quakers have a period of unprogrammed silence in a typical meeting (I'm not positive on this, but this is my recollection).  I am sure you can slice up the Quakers a lot of ways, for example, in the U.S. you have Hicksite, Orthdox, Wilburite, Beanite, and so forth.  The modern liberal/univeralist Quakers are mostly the desecndents of the Hicksite movement (except on the West Coast, where they are mostly Beanites).  It all gets a little confusing.  Programmed and Unprogrammed are two different ways of conducting a meeting, but you have a point that it isn't exactly a perfect way to divide up Quaker meetings.  I'll be honest that yours is the first meeting I've heard of where you conduct both types of meeting (programmed and unprogrammed).  I would have thought that almost all meetings conduct their service one way or the other.  For example, unprogrammed meetings don't have a paid pastor.  So does your programmed worship group have a pastor?  I would be inclined to keep the programmed/unprogrammed division as at least one way to describe the divisions between Quakers, because I think it is important although certainly there are other ways Quakers are divided that could be elaborated on, since they are also elaborate.  Maybe we need a more elaborate history of the various splits that occured in the history of US Quakerism? It is worth pointing out also that in the UK, these divisions don't really exist.  I don't know that there are any programmed Quaker meetings in the UK. soulpatch

 * our "programmed" worship group has scheduled hymns. They sing for 1/2 hour then go into silent worship for 1 hr. They love singing. (They have a piano for accompaniment.) They don't have a paid pastor. Another meetings that I have heard of do things like have a query decided upon by M&C and then read about 10 m into service. These certainly aren't major programming like the official programmed meetings. Within http://www.quakerinfo.com/forum/ I believe I have read of something in the UK about a programmed meeting. They also, I believe, mention unprogrammed meetings in a more christ-centered tradition. Karl

 * Oh, in that case, I've definitely run across that type of "programmed" meeting before. That is really not the same thing as what they have in the evangelical churches, although it isn't technically how a true unprogrammed meeting is supposed to work either.   As for more Christ-centered unprogrammed meetings, they also do exist.  :)  I think that the so-called "Wilburite" meetings are more Christ-centered but unprogrammed, for example.  soulpatch

 * I'm interested in the use of the word "service" to describe Quaker worship. In the UK, I've always had it referred to simply as "meeting" (sometimes subdivided into meeting for worship and meeting for business). "Service" might be an appropriate term to described some programmed worship, but unprogrammed worship (which I believe to be the predominant type in the UK, at least at lower levels) 82.43.172.50 18:23, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I found a couple of good histories of the North American Quaker splits (although neither of them mention the Beanite groups on the West coast, who were probably similar to the "Hicksites" in theology and practice but who have a different origin and history). The histories are at: http://www.strecorsoc.org/docs/amerquakers.html http://www.strecorsoc.org/docs/fracture.html

I was suprised to see you listing a clerk as attending to silent meetings. In all the ones I know it has been M&C. Karl

 * Well, maybe you have a clearer understanding of the role of a clerk than I do. Every unprogrammed meeting I've been to has had a clerk who had what I believed to be an administrative role.  Is this not your understanding of the role of a clerk?  soulpatch

 * The clerk of the meeting will chair business meetings, answer correspondance, etc. The recording clerk records the spirit of the meeting during business meetings. M&C deals with opening/closing and spiritual health of the meeting. Unfortunately, I don't have my quaker faith and practice handy. Unless you know differently, I would list it as M&C. That is what it is in our meeting, and I & my wife are fairly certain in our yearly meeting. Karl

 * No, I don't know better, and I will defer to you on this point, because you are probably much more active than I am. However, I wonder if it might differ from yearly meeting to yearly meeting.  Which yearly meeting are you part of?  My experience (or at least my understanding) with the clerk is that they had a certain role as the representative of the meeting to the outside world.  Also, at the meeting I attend now, the clerk is the one who reads the announcements after the "good mornings" are exchanged at the end of Sunday worship.  That doesn't necessarily mean that they bear any responsibility for the health of the meeting, of course, and I am not saying that I have ever known that to be the case.  The first meeting I attended was so small, it didn't really have any permanent standing committees, so perhaps that wasn't a good example anyway.  The YMs that I have attended monthly meetings for are Pacific, InterMountain, and New England.  But I admit that I am probably less familiar with this matter than you are, so perhaps my understanding is simply wrong on the matter.  soulpatch

 * I am part of Canadian Yearly Meeting. I am a recording clerk. I do not have experience outside of CYM. Our monthly meeting is quite small, and has a certain amount of associated problems. Normally someone of my experience would not be recording clerk. Lets leave it and let someone else do the edit if it needs it. - encourage outsiders to become active :)

 * That sounds fine. soulpatch

''Maybe we need a more elaborate history of the various splits that occurred in the history of US Quakerism? It is worth pointing out also that in the UK, these divisions don't really exist. I have access to a copy of the Pacific Yearly Meeting's Faith and Practice'' published in 2001 which contains such an history, pp. 2-9. (PYM is one of the yearly meetings sometimes known as Beanite.) PYM's Faith and Practice is explicitly copylefted on the reverse of the title page with the following statement: ''We gratefully acknowledge the generosity of Friends who have permitted us to use material for this Faith and Practice. In the same spirit, we gladly offer other Friends the use of anything in this book. None of it is copyrighted by Pacific Yearly Meeting. Seven pages is a lot to type in, so I'm adding this entry to this talk page as a reminder for me to look for PYM's Faith and Practice'' online so I can bring the text of this more elaborate history into the discussion later on. Eric Forste 02:21, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

- Regarding the origin of the word "Quaker", George Fox in his journal specifically identified Justice Bennet (one of the judges who persecuted him) as the first person to use the word to describe the movement, in 1650. Is there any reason to doubt that this is the origin of the term? soulpatch

 * sounds more authoritative than my entry. Karl

regarding clerk vs. ministry and council (vs overseers)
First, I find this page a great discussion of quakerism.

In the hicksite (liberal) meetings with which I am familiar, including my own, the clerk is responsible for, in essence, recognizing the will of the meeting. That may sound odd, but that's the clerk's primary function in essence. She/He will also function as the primary contact for the meeting, and as a de facto central individual.

The committee of ministry and council, or in the case of my meeting, the overseers, will be the prime contact for spiritual or religious issues. We have a committee of ministry and worship (analagous to the ministry and council) who guide in religious issues, but the closest we have to spiritual guidance (which is still very loose unless it is asked for) is the committee of overseers. Of course, there are the trustees, which handle our property and assets, but that's another matter!

 * In my experience (in medium-sized Hicksite meetings) the clerk's role is to facilitate communication - reading announcements, dealing with correspondence, and most importantly moderating the business meeting and taking the minutes thereof - rather than guiding the meeting in any other way. Ministry & Council (a.k.a. Ministry & Oversight) deals with spiritual guidance and assistance to members, and may read queries etc. during Meeting for Worship and/or choose topics for outside discussion. A worship service can certainly take place with neither a clerk nor any M&C members being present. Both clerks and M&C are volunteer positions, generally nominated for their status as well-respected or "weighty" Friends, and are periodically rotated out. If this all makes sense to all here, shall I make the edit, being sure to acknowledge the wide variety among Meetings? --Hob 10:06, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

In the Organization section, there were some back-and-forth edits changing M&O to M&C and vice versa. I've updated it to include both names, since both are very widely used. (I used the spelling "counsel" which I believe is more common and somewhat more correct, though I've seen "council" sometimes.) --Hob 18:21, 2004 Aug 1 (UTC)

Also, I took out the wiki links to the nonexistent articles "Ministry & oversight" and "Religious Society of Friends:Clerk". There is not currently enough material for a whole article on these subjects, until someone digs up some detailed history; and I think the links were poorly named (surely we don't need a whole RSOF: namespace)... but anyone who wants to go ahead and writes the articles can overrule me. --Hob 18:21, 2004 Aug 1 (UTC)

Peace Testimony
I'm afraid it is a bit simplistic to state "The Peace Testimony is the closest thing to a static testimony. It is also the best known Quaker testimony. In its short form it reads:"

The quoted passage is from the declaration to Charles II in 1661. At the time the Quakers were trying to dissociate themselves from the English Civil War, and specifically from the 5th Monarchists, who were advocating a violent introduction of Christ's kingdom on earth.

While this was in it's beginning a simple statement by several leading Quakers, including George Fox, in quickly became a generally accepted Quaker expression. It is not a "short form" of anything, however, as that would imply a creed or static position. The Quaker peace testimony has evolved significantly over the years. In it's early stages, it was a rejection of violence on a personal level, while recognizing the existance, and in some cases, the necessity, of violence in the world. Early Quaker writings, in Barbados, Rhode Island (during King Phillips war), and elsewhere encouraged the magistrates to do their duty, which may include violence. Through the years, this has evolved to a general rejection of violence on all levels. There is much work to be done investigating this evolution of the quaker peace testimony.

I have a page studying the Quaker Peace testimony through quotes, at least as I see it. Reference http://www.folsoms.net/peace.shtml

I apologize for not appending my name to my previous post regarding clerks v. committees of ministry and council. I am:

Al Folsom alan@folsoms.net

 * Since you seem to be knowledgable on the subject, I think it would be best if you made some changes to reflect that. Please, improve the page. Be bold. --MadEwokHerd 12:38, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)

grammar
"  In the midst of this split, the "Beanite" or independent Quakers, who sort of resemble an alloy of Hicksite and Wilburite Quakers, some adopting the label of "Christ-Centered Universalism".   "

 * This is a sentance in the article found at the end of the section here. It is ungrammatical, but I can't fix it easilly, since it appears to be lacking some information and I am only now learning in depth about this topic. Assistance from a capable source would be appreciated :) Sam Spade 02:55, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well I've tidied up the grammar. How factually correct it is I cannot say. Shantavira 17:40, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

proposed reshuffling from History
I don't want to move lots of stuff without asking, but the transition from "History" to other sections looks wrong to me. I propose to move the second half of the History section, starting with "Early Quakerism was full of a sense of spiritual egalitarianism", to go after the Testimonies section, under a new heading, "Other Practices" or something like that... since the testimonies describe basic principles from which the specific practices are derived. The "Historical Business Meetings" section should probably be merged into that too; it's a bit confusing where it is. I'd like to flesh out the History section some more but right now it's an awkward mix of historical narrative and other things. --Hob 10:06, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Be Bold! But don't delete if at all possible! Sam Spade 05:07, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll do this when I get a chance - btw, the stuff you restored just now hadn't been deleted! I had just added a paragraph before it; I guess the wiki diff didn't see that it was the same para, because there were slight textual changes too. So now we've got two of the same paragraph - I'm deleting one of them now, please don't restore it! --Hob 15:35, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

' Fox was equally critical of many aspects of English culture outside of religious dogma, particularly those that he saw as symptoms of pride and misuse of authority. He saw violence as a corrupting force no matter how noble the goal, and saw Cromwell's military takeover of church and state as a grave spiritual error. Fox's criticisms of his society were similar to those of the Seekers, Ranters, and Levellers, and he drew followers from all of these groups (as well as from dissatisfied members of Cromwell's movement), but differed from them in his urgent call for a revival of what he saw as original Christian faith and practice, based on obedience to God, mutual support, and public resistance to injustice. Fox believed that the proper response to injustice was neither violence nor acquiescence, but peaceful non-cooperation. '

 * where is this then, pray tell? Sam Spade 19:04, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks to me like it's the fourth paragraph in the History section. older ≠ wiser 19:30, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Right right, didn't see that for some reason, carry on, thanx. Sam Spade 19:39, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Famous Quakers
I noticed that someone has added brief descriptions to the list at Religious Society of Friends. While there is not a hard-and-fast rule, It seems like we normally don't add such things, since they tend to be uneven (by their very nature) and can be a source of minor conflict, and that infomation should generally live in the appropriate article. I'm proposing that they be removed. What do people think?

Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 11:57, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not unheard of in "list" articles, e.g. List_of_ministers_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany, but note that in that article the descriptive text is specific to the subject of the article & shows how it applies to each person listed... which isn't true in this case. So I'd support removing the descriptions - but I'd also support moving the whole list to a separate "List of Quakers" article. The RSOF article is getting pretty big. --Hob 16:02, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Huh?
''Worship is conducted every Sunday, and business meetings come once a month. Thus a meeting for worship is also known as a Monthly Meeting.''

This doesn't make sense to me. Josh Cherry 01:34, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems pretty clear to me. Worship occurs every week. Once a month there is a business meeting in conjunction with the weekly worship. The occasions when monthly business meetings occur are known as a Monthly Meeting. older ≠ wiser 01:47, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I was genuinely confused by this, and I suffer from no major cognitive deficiencies. So the weekly worship things are not meetings?  In any case, the text says "X happens every week.  Meetings for Y happen once a month.  Therefore a meeting for X is known as a Monthly Meeting."  This will leave some readers wondering "don't they mean 'Therefore a meeting for Y is known as a Monthly Meeting'?" The following sentence helps a little, but it's after the fact.  Why not just make it clearer? Josh Cherry 02:48, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure, I suppose it could be written more clearly. Be bold. older ≠ wiser 02:59, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, I be bold. But I make sure I have the facts straight first.  Are the weekly worship things not meetings? Josh Cherry 03:06, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, let's see, folks gathered together for a purpose--I suppose that could be called a meeting. 'Course, I'm not really sure if they actually do call it that. But I'm pretty sure someone else will update it if you get something not quite right. older ≠ wiser 03:23, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Ahh the phrasing of Quaker Meetings. Let's see if I can help this any- The word meeting can be subsituted by church, to say "I am going to go to meeting(church)". It can also be the service, to say "I didn't speak during meeting today". It can also be the monthly meeting, or business meeting, like "During monthly meeting today, we decided to pay 2000 dollars for landscaping". The weekly worships are normally called meetings- but once a month, in addition to your weekly worship, there is also "Monthly meeting" or a business meeting. Now don't get me started if you have to go to regular meetings before and after the service ;) Lyellin 09:18, Jul 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * I just tried to clear it up- see if that is any better. Lyellin 09:25, Jul 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, it's not the event of meeting for worship that's referred to as a monthly meeting; it's the unit of organization. The local meetinghouse for a particular area is where people generally meet for worship once a week, and meet for business once a month - so it's a monthly meeting as far as the business of the Society is concerned.  A larger area will have a quarterly (business) meeting made up of several monthly meetings in that area; to conduct the business of an even broader area, there's a yearly meeting.

 * This is another thing where phrasing varies. In my home meeting I can say "The Monthly meeting", which would refer to Horsham Friends Meeting, the unit. I could also say "the Quarterly Meeting", which would refer to Abington Quarter. On the other hand, I could say "I'm going to monthly meeting", refering to the business meeting, or "I'm going to Quarterly Meeting", refering the 4-times a year business meeting of the Quarter. Lyellin 09:57, Jul 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, that's the same thing I was trying to say. What I meant to emphasize was that if I normally attend, say, Brooklyn Monthly Meeting, I would not say "I'm going to the monthly meeting" if I was going to (weekly) Meeting for Worship at Brooklyn MM.  That's mostly to address Josh Cherry's question above. --Hob 04:11, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yea- I was just trying to make sure I said everything clear- It's confusing sometimes, so I wanted to clarify again. As long as we all agree. :-) Lyellin 10:38, Jul 8, 2004 (UTC)

I've edited the Organization section again to try to clarify the weekly/monthly/quarterly/yearly thing; the previous text still seemed unclear on the (admittedly confusing) usage of "Meeting" as an organization unit vs. an event, and it left out quarterly meetings. --Hob 18:33, 2004 Aug 1 (UTC)

Nixon, Dave Matthews, etc
We'eve included Richard Nixon who was born/raised Quaker, but I believe converted (to born again christian?), later in his life. On that precedent, would including Dave Matthews, who grew up in a QUaker household, but who now fluctuates between Quakerism and Agnosticism, be appropiate? Lyellin 10:46, Jul 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know anything about Dave Matthews, but "fluctuates between Quakerism and agnosticism" would describe a very sizable proportion of the membership of many meetings...

 * Very true... Lyellin 15:30, Jul 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * As for Nixon, he didn't convert to anything, he just palled around with Billy Graham a lot as part of his outreach efforts to religious conservatives. He continued to call himself a Quaker (when anyone asked) to his dying day, though it was unclear - to put it mildly - what this meant to him, in light of his policies w/r/t war and truth. --Hob 13:33, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh? I had thought at some point I heard he converted. Good to know he continued to call himself Quaker. *shrugs* Lyellin 15:30, Jul 8, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quakers/Archive 1


text: User talk:69.250.160.103

title: User talk:69.250.160.103


text: User talk:165.155.160.151

title: User talk:165.155.160.151


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Nights of Cabiria

Nights of Cabiria (Le notti di Cabiria) is a 1957 drama film co-written and directed by Federico Fellini. It stars Giulietta Masina as Cabiria, a prostitute living in Rome. The cast also features François Périer and Amedeo Nazzari. The film is based on a story by Fellini, who expanded it into a screenplay along with his co-writers Ennio Flaiano, Tullio Pinelli and Pier Paolo Pasolini.

In addition to the best actress award at the Cannes Film Festival for Giulietta Masina, Nights of Cabiria won the 1957 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. This was the second straight year Italy and Fellini won this Academy Award, having previously won for La Strada, which also starred Masina.

In 2008, the film was included on the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage’s 100 Italian films to be saved, a list of 100 films that "have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978."

Plot
Prostitute Cabiria and her lover Giorgio playfully chase each other through a field and up to the bank of a river. Oblivious to Giorgio's criminal intentions, Cabiria stands close to the edge of the water, before being pushed in to the river, and having her purse and money stolen. She is quickly saved by a group of onlooking bystanders who prevent her from drowning.

Cabiria returns to her small home, but Giorgio has disappeared. She is bitter, and when her best friend and neighbor, Wanda, tries to help her get over him, Cabiria shoos her away and remains disgruntled. One night, she is outside an upscale nightclub and witnesses a fight between famous movie star Alberto Lazzari and his girlfriend. The irritated Lazzari takes the starstruck Cabiria to another club where they dance the mambo, before returning to the movie star's house, where Cabiria is astounded by its opulence. The two share an intimate moment in Lazzari's bedroom, but are quickly interrupted by the intrusion of Lazzari's previous girlfriend. Cabiria is told to wait out the night in the bathroom, and ends up watching Lazzari and his girlfriend reconcile their relationship through the keyhole of the bathroom door.

The following day, a church procession passes by the street where Cabiria and her friends hang out. As her associates mock the Church, Cabiria is drawn to the procession. Just as she is about to join the procession, a man driving a truck pulls up and offers her a ride home. As she heads home later that night, she sees a man giving food to the poor people living in caves near her house. She has never seen this man before, but she is both impressed and confused by his charity toward others.

The following day, Cabiria and some of her friends attend a church mass, where she pleads the Virgin Mary for a better life. After the procession ends, Cabiria expresses sadness at the fact that her friends seemed to have not changed anything about their lives.

Cabiria goes to a magic show, and the magician drags her up on stage and hypnotizes her. As the audience laughs, she acts out her desires to be married and live a happy life. Furious at having been taken advantage of for the audience's amusement, she leaves in a huff. Outside the theatre, a man named Oscar is waiting to talk to her. He was in the audience, and he says he agrees with her that it was not right for everyone to laugh, but believes that fate has brought them together. They go for a drink, and at first she is cautious and suspicious, but after several meetings she falls passionately in love with him; they are to be married after only a few weeks. Cabiria is delighted and sells her home and takes out all her money from the bank. The sum of more than 700,000 lire in cash represents her dowry, and when she shows it to Oscar in a restaurant, he advises her to keep it in the purse. However, during a walk in a wooded area, on a cliff overlooking a lake, Oscar becomes distant and starts acting nervous. Cabiria realizes that just like her earlier lover, Oscar intends to push her over the cliff and steal her money. She throws her purse at his feet, sobbing in convulsions on the ground and begging for him to kill her as he takes the money and abandons her.

She later picks herself up and stumbles out of the wood in tears. In the film's last sequence, Cabiria walks the long road back to town when she is met by a group of young people riding scooters, playing music, and dancing. They happily form an impromptu parade around her until she begins to smile, as a single black tear falls down her face.

Production
The name Cabiria is borrowed from the 1914 Italian film Cabiria, while the character of Cabiria herself is taken from a brief scene in Fellini's earlier film, The White Sheik. It was Masina's performance in that earlier film that inspired Fellini to make Nights of Cabiria. However, no one in Italy was willing to finance a film which featured prostitutes as heroines. Finally, Dino de Laurentiis agreed to put up the money. Fellini based some of the characters on a real prostitute whom he had met while filming Il Bidone. For authenticity, he had Pier Paolo Pasolini, known for his familiarity with Rome's criminal underworld, help with the dialogue.

Nights of Cabiria was filmed in many areas around Italy, including Acilia, Castel Gandolfo, Cinecittà, Santuario della Madonna del Divino Amore, Porta Maggiore, the Baths of Caracalla and the Tiber River.

Critical response
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 45 reviews, and an average rating of 8.9/10. The consensus states: "Giulietta Masina is remarkable as a chronically unfortunate wretch with an indomitable spirit in Federico Fellini's unrelentingly bleak – yet ultimately uplifting – odyssey through heartbreak."

At the time of the film's first American release, The New York Times critic Bosley Crowther gave the film a mixed review: "Like La Strada and several other of the post-war Italian neo-realistic films, this one is aimed more surely toward the development of a theme than a plot. Its interest is not so much the conflicts that occur in the life of the heroine as the deep, underlying implications of human pathos that the pattern of her life shows...But there are two weaknesses in Cabiria. It has a sordid atmosphere and there is something elusive and insufficient about the character of the heroine. Her get-up is weird and illogical for the milieu in which she lives and her farcical mannerisms clash with the ugly realism of the theme." Upon its original 1957 release, on the other hand, French director François Truffaut thought Cabiria was Fellini's best film to date. The film ranked third on Cahiers du Cinéma's "Top 10 Films of the Year List" in 1957.

Forty years later, The New York Times carried a new review by Crowther's successor, Janet Maslin. She called the film "a cinematic masterpiece", and added that the final shot of Cabiria is worth more than "all the fire-breathing blockbusters Hollywood has to offer." This has stood by far as the most prevalent assessment of the artistic achievements of the film.

Film critic Roger Ebert reviewed mainly the plot and Fellini's background: "Fellini's roots as a filmmaker are in the postwar Italian Neorealist movement (he worked for Rossellini on Rome, Open City in 1945), and his early films have a grittiness that is gradually replaced by the dazzling phantasms of the later ones. Nights of Cabiria is transitional; it points toward the visual freedom of La Dolce Vita while still remaining attentive to the real world of postwar Rome. The scene involving the good samaritan provides a framework to show people living in city caves and under bridges, but even more touching is the scene where Cabiria turns over the keys of her house to the large and desperately poor family that has purchased it." He gave the film four stars out of four and included it in his Great Movies list.

In 1998, the film was re-released, newly restored and now including a crucial 7-minute sequence (with the man giving food to the poor people living in caves) that censors had cut after the premiere. The Village Voice ranked Nights of Cabiria at number 112 in its Top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list in 1999, based on a poll of critics.

In January 2002, the film (along with La Strada) was voted at No. 85 on the list of the "Top 100 Essential Films of All Time" by the National Society of Film Critics. The film was included at number 87 on BBC's 2018 list of "The 100 Greatest Foreign-Language Films", voted by 209 film critics from 43 countries around the world.

Awards
Wins
 * Cannes Film Festival: Best Actress, Giulietta Masina; OCIC Award – Special Mention, Federico Fellini; 1957.
 * David di Donatello Awards, Italy: David, Best Director, Federico Fellini; Best Production, Dino De Laurentiis; 1957.
 * San Sebastián International Film Festival: Zulueta Prize, Best Actress, Giulietta Masina; 1957.
 * Academy Awards: Oscar, Best Foreign Language Film, Italy; 1957. Recipients- Federico Fellini & Dino De Laurentiis
 * Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists: Silver Ribbon, Best Actress, Giulietta Masina; Best Director, Federico Fellini; Best Producer, Dino De Laurentiis; Best Supporting Actress, Franca Marzi; 1958.
 * Sant Jordi Awards, Barcelona, Spain: Best Foreign Actress, Giulietta Masina; Best Foreign Director, Federico Fellini; Best Foreign Film, Federico Fellini; Best Foreign Screenplay, Ennio Flaiano, Tullio Pinelli and Pier Paolo Pasolini; 1959.
 * Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain: CEC Award, Best Foreign Film, Italy; 1959.

Legacy
The American musical Sweet Charity (and its film adaptation) is based on Fellini's screenplay.

title: Nights of Cabiria


text:
Jimmy Raye III

Jimmy Arthur Raye III (born November 24, 1968) is an American football former professional wide receiver and current team executive in the National Football League (NFL).

Early years
Raye is the son of Jimmy Raye II, who was the offensive coordinator for seven different NFL teams, most recently the San Francisco 49ers. He attended Irvine High School in Irvine, California during his high school years.

College career
A wide receiver for the Aztecs of San Diego State University (SDSU) from 1986 to 1990, Raye earned a bachelor's degree in public administration. He left SDSU tied for eighth on the school's all-time receiving list with 111 catches.

National Football League career
Raye's National Football League career began when he signed a free agent contract with the Los Angeles Rams in 1991. He ended up playing in the final two games of the season.

He was the offensive quality control coach for the Kansas City Chiefs in 1995. He joined the San Diego Chargers as a scout from 1996–1999, and served as the team's director of college scouting from 2000–2007. He was the Chargers' director of player personnel from 2008–2012.

In 2012, Chicago Bears general manager Jerry Angelo was fired, and Raye was one of four candidates for the job.

In 2013, Raye was hired as VP of Football Operations for the Indianapolis Colts, and held the post from 2013–2016.

In 2017, he was hired as VP of player personnel/assistant general manager for the Houston Texans.

In 2018, Raye was hired as Senior Personnel Executive for the Detroit Lions. On March 5, 2021, Raye parted ways with the Lions.

On June 16, 2022, Raye was hired by the Cleveland Browns as a senior executive advisor to the general manager.

title: Jimmy Raye III


text:
All She Wants to Do Is Dance

"All She Wants to Do Is Dance" is a song written by Danny Kortchmar and performed by Don Henley, co-lead vocalist and drummer for Eagles. It was released as the second single from Henley's second studio solo album, Building the Perfect Beast (1984), and was Henley's sixth solo single overall. It was one of Henley's most commercially successful singles, peaking at No. 9 on Billboard Hot 100 and also became his third song to top the Top Rock Tracks chart.

History
The song critiques the US intervention in Central America, particularly in the then-ongoing Contra War, in which the Reagan administration funded the right-wing rebel group Contras to overthrow the socialist Sandinista National Liberation Front government in Nicaragua.

Backing vocals for the song was provided by Patty Smyth of the band Scandal, and Martha Davis, lead singer of the Motels.

When Kortchmar was asked about the song, he said, "I had the groove and the music going. That record was made back when the technology had just started to really take over in music. I had one of the first Yamaha DX7s, which was a keyboard that was used a ton in the '80s, but we ended up luckily getting one of the first ones in the United States. It's a synthesizer keyboard, and I used it to get that sound that you hear the record starting with."

The commercial U.S. 7" vinyl version has a slightly different intro than the LP version from Building the Perfect Beast.

The "protest song" element
This was Henley's attempt at a protest song. When Kortchmar was writing the lyrics, he drew on two specific books for inspiration:

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald (1925)
 * Kortchmar said: "You've got this really rich couple that's oblivious to what's going on around them."

The Ugly American by Eugene Burdick and William Lederer (1958)
 * Kortchmar said: "A book about Americans coming into third-world countries, and acting like they own the place."

Some very introspective words stood in contrast to a deliciously danceable tune. It explores the idea of escapism and the desire for temporary pleasure and distraction, in the midst of chaos and social injustice around the world. The song addresses various themes including political corruption, rebellion, and the search for excitement and romance.

The song is a scathing takedown of American political apathy and governmental gun-running; it paints a picture of Americans focusing on their own selfish needs amid the Iran-Contra affair of the Reagan administration, and it features allusions to gun-running, and the corrupting influence of money and drugs. The lyrics are often interpreted as a critical observation of the rebel side of youth culture in America -- kids more interested in partying than in their professed aims to change the world. The mid-Reagan years were seen as a period where -- to twist an old metaphor -- Rome fiddled while Nero burned. Every (American) generation has had this said of their own protest movements, from the Yippies of the 1960s to 4chan's "Anonymous" in the early 2000s. Despite this backdrop, there is a woman who only seeks to dance and enjoy herself, emphasizing the desire for temporary relief and entertainment, amidst difficult circumstances.

World events at the time are referenced in the song's lyrics:

They’re pickin’ up the prisoners / and puttin ’em in a pen... Molotov cocktail, the local drink / They mix ’em up right in the kitchen sink... Crazy people walkin’ 'round with blood in their eyes... Wild-eyed pistol wavers who ain’t afraid to die... Well the government bugged the men’s room / in the local disco lounge To keep the boys from sellin’ / all the weapons they could scrounge

...and we Americans still have the inclination to do NOTHING. We know there are problems out there -- shady dealings still take place, and Americans might even be in danger -- but too many of us say nothing and do nothing, so we can stay absorbed in our own little worlds, fat and happy, oblivious to crimes, danger, and/or human rights violations. Henley exudes a frustration that so many of us are willing to do nothing -- unless it affects us directly.

The final verse takes a more personal perspective, as the protagonist narrates their departure by flight. They barely make it to the airport, with the people shouting not to return. Despite the negative sentiment, the protagonist suggests that if they were to come back, they'd bring more money. This line could be interpreted as a commentary on the desire for materialistic indulgence and the pursuit of pleasure, overriding social and political consequences. The song ends with these lyrics:

Never mind the heat / comin’ off the street She wants to party / she wants to get down All she wants to do is dance / And make romance All she wants to do is dance

Although it was a protest song, it was also ironically a huge dance hit... and very few Americans noticed the protest nature of the song in the first place.

Critical reception
John Leland from Spin magazine wrote "...this mother whomps from the git with punchy electronic drums and a mix that keeps one foot off the ground for a full seven-and-a-half minutes. Henley's post-hedonist vision of apocalypse is twisted."

Personnel

 * Don Henley – lead and harmony vocals, drums
 * David Paich – synthesizers
 * Steve Porcaro – programming
 * Danny Kortchmar – guitars
 * Martha Davis – harmony vocals
 * Patty Smyth – harmony vocals

Other versions
The single "All She Wanna Do Is Dance" by David Guetta and Niles Mason uses samples of this song.

title: All She Wants to Do Is Dance


text:
Giulietta Masina

Giulia Anna "Giulietta" Masina (22 February 1921 – 23 March 1994) was an Italian film actress best known for her performances as Gelsomina in La Strada (1954) and Cabiria in Nights of Cabiria (1957), for which she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival.

Cinema historian Peter Bondanella described Masina's work as "masterful" and "unforgettable", and Charlie Chaplin, with whose work Masina's is often compared,  called her "the actress who moved him most".

Both La Strada and Nights of Cabiria won Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film and were described as having been "inspired" by Masina's "humanity".

Life
Giulia Anna Masina, the eldest of four children, was born in San Giorgio di Piano, Italy. Her father was a violinist and her mother was a schoolteacher. When Masina was four, her uncle took her to meet the Italian playwright Luigi Pirandello, who was later to win the Nobel Prize in literature. A few years later, when this uncle died, his widow, Masina's aunt, asked Masina's parents if they would allow her to come to Rome to stay with her. Masina's parents agreed, in part because they believed that in Rome Masina would have more success in the arts for which she was already demonstrating a unique talent.

Masina attended an Ursuline convent school and took lessons in voice, piano, and dance. Her first experiences acting took place during World War II as part of the theater section of Rome's Gruppi Universitari Fascisti, a state-sponsored but university-student-led arts organization. She graduated with a degree in Literature from Sapienza University of Rome. She found work as a voice actress in radio during the war, which earned her more money and attention than stage acting. It was as a radio artist that Masina met Federico Fellini, a radio scriptwriter. They married in 1943, and a few months later, Masina suffered a miscarriage after falling down a flight of stairs. In 1944, she became pregnant again; Pierfederico (nicknamed Federichino) was born on 22 March 1945 but died from encephalitis 11 days later. Masina and Fellini had no other children.

Career
Working together with her husband, Masina made the transition to on-screen acting. Half of her Italian films, the more successful projects, were either written or directed by her husband. Masina made her film debut in an uncredited role in Roberto Rossellini's Paisà (1946), which was co-written by Fellini. She received her first screen credit in Alberto Lattuada's Without Pity (Senza pietà, 1948), which was an adaptation co-written by Fellini, and played opposite John Kitzmiller.

She starred with Anthony Quinn in Fellini's La Strada (1954), playing the abused stooge of Quinn's travelling circus strongman. She won the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival for her portrayal of the title role in Fellini's Nights of Cabiria (1957). She played a prostitute who endures life's tragedies and disappointments with both innocence and resilience of biblical proportions. Both films received the Academy Award for Best Foreign-Language Film. In a 1998 New York Times review, Janet Maslin wrote that there is more "grace and courage" in Masina's performance than "all the fire-breathing blockbusters Hollywood has to offer." Masina's career was damaged by the critical and box office failure of The High Life (1960) directed by Julien Duvivier. Subsequently, she became dedicated almost entirely to her personal life and marriage. Nonetheless, she again worked with Fellini in Juliet of the Spirits (1965), which earned both the New York Film Critics award (1965) and the Golden Globe award (1966) for Best Foreign Language Film. Roger Ebert stated that "Fellini lore has it that the master made 'Juliet Of The Spirits' as a gift to his wife".

Masina performed in The Madwoman of Chaillot (1969), her first film in English, which also starred Katharine Hepburn. After almost two decades, during which she worked sporadically only in television, Masina appeared in Fellini's Ginger and Fred (1986) with Marcello Mastroianni in which the leads play Italian impersonators of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers reuniting for a television special. She then rejected outside offers to attend to her husband's precarious health. Her last film was Jean-Louis Bertuccelli's A Day to Remember (1991). In the late 1960s, Masina hosted a popular radio show, Lettere aperte, in which she addressed correspondence from her listeners. The letters were eventually published in a book. From the 1970s on, she appeared on television. Two performances, in Eleonora (1973) and Camilla (1976), respectively, were particularly acclaimed.

Death
Masina died from lung cancer on 23 March 1994 at age 73, five months after her husband's death on 31 October 1993. For her funeral, she requested that trumpeter Mauro Maur play "La Strada" by Nino Rota, a poignant leitmotif from the film. Masina is buried with Fellini and their son, Pierfederico, in a bronze sepulchre sculpted by Arnaldo Pomodoro in the Monumental Cemetery of Rimini.

Awards

 * Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists: 4 Nastro d'Argento awards.
 * Best Actress: Nights of Cabiria (1957), Ginger and Fred (1986)
 * Best Supporting Actress: Without Pity (1948), Variety Lights (1950).
 * She was twice nominated for a BAFTA Film Award for Best Foreign Actress.
 * David di Donatello: David awards
 * David di Donatello for Best Actress award, for Juliet of the Spirits (1965)
 * David di Donatello for Best Actress award, for Ginger and Fred (1986)
 * Honorary award (1986).
 * Cannes Film Festival Best Actress award, for Nights of Cabiria (1957).
 * San Sebastián film festival Best Actress award, for Nights of Cabiria (1957).

title: Giulietta Masina