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The New Freedom

The New Freedom was Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform in the 1912 presidential election, and also refers to the progressive programs enacted by Wilson during his time as president. First expressed in his campaign speeches and promises, Wilson later wrote a 1913 book of the same name. After the 1918 midterm elections, Republicans took control of Congress and were mostly hostile to the New Freedom. As president, Wilson focused on various types of reform, such as the following:

 * 1) Tariff reform: This came through the passage of the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913, which lowered tariffs for the first time since 1857 and went against the protectionist lobby.
 * 2) Labor reform: This was achieved through measures such as the Eight Hour Law for Women of the District of Columbia, the Seaman’s Act, Workmen’s Compensation for Federal employees, the Federal Child Labor Bill, and the Adamson Act. During the 1912 campaign Wilson spoke in support of workers organizing into unions while endorsing "the betterment of men in this occupation and the other, the protection of women, the shielding of children, the bringing about of social justice.”
 * 3) Business reform: This was established through the passage of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, which established the Federal Trade Commission to investigate and halt unfair and illegal business practices by issuing "cease and desist" orders, and the Clayton Antitrust Act.
 * 4) Agricultural reform: This was achieved through measures such as the Cotton Futures and Smith-Lever Acts of 1914, the Grain Standards and Warehouse Acts of 1916, and the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917.
 * 5) Banking reform: This came in 1913 through the creation of the Federal Reserve System and in 1916 through the passage of the Federal Farm Loan Act, which set up Farm Loan Banks to support farmers.

Campaign slogan in 1912
Wilson's position in 1912 stood in opposition to Progressive party candidate Theodore Roosevelt's ideas of New Nationalism, particularly on the issue of antitrust modification. According to Wilson, "If America is not to have free enterprise, he can have freedom of no sort whatever." In presenting his policy, Wilson warned that New Nationalism represented collectivism, while New Freedom stood for political and economic liberty from such things as trusts (powerful monopolies). Wilson was strongly influenced by his chief economic advisor Louis D. Brandeis, an enemy of big business and monopoly.

Although Wilson and Roosevelt agreed that economic power was being abused by trusts, Wilson and Roosevelt were split on how the government should handle the restraint of private power as in dismantling corporations that had too much economic power in a large society. Wilson wrote extensively on the meaning of "government" shortly after his election.

Wilson in office
Once elected, Wilson rolled out a program of social and economic reform. Wilson appointed Brandeis to the US Supreme Court in 1916. He worked with Congress to give federal employees worker's compensation, outlawed child labor with the Keating–Owen Act (the act was ruled unconstitutional in 1918) and passed the Adamson Act, which secured a maximum eight-hour workday for railroad employees. Most important was the Clayton Act of 1914, which largely put the trust issue to rest by spelling out the specific unfair practices that business were not allowed to engage in. The legislative environment was favourable to Wilson, with progressive Democratic majorities in Congress during his first term in office.

By the end of the Wilson Administration, a significant amount of progressive legislation had been passed, affecting not only economic and constitutional affairs, but farmers, labor, veterans, the environment, and conservation as well. The reform agenda actually put into legislation by Wilson, however, did not extend as far as what Roosevelt had called for but had never actually passed, such as a standard 40-hour work week, minimum wage laws, and a federal system of social insurance.

This was arguably a reflection of Wilson's own ideological convictions, who according to Elizabeth Warren and Herbert Hoover, was an adherent of Jeffersonian Democracy (although Wilson did champion reforms such as agricultural credits later in his presidency, and championed the right of Americans to earn a living wage and to live and work "in sanitary surroundings" in his 1919 State of the Union Address).

Nevertheless, Wilson identified himself with progressive politics throughout much of his life. During his time as governor of New Jersey, a number of reform laws were passed by the New Jersey legislature and signed by Wilson. This included laws providing “for at least one-half hour meal time after six continuous hours of labor” and the appointment of commissioners on old age pensions and old age Insurance, together with laws concerning working hours and health and safety. Wilson also spoke out in support of legislation benefiting labor, stating in one of his annual messages:

"We have done much toward securing justice and safety for the workingmen of the State in our factory laws, our tenement-house legislation, and our Employers' Liability act, but we have not done enough. Our workmen very justly demand further legislation with regard to the inspection and regulation of factories and workshops, and I recommend legislation of this kind to your very careful and earnest consideration. I recommend, moreover, the passage at an early date of an act requiring the railways operating within this State to provide their trains with adequate crews. Our sister State of Pennsylvania has adopted legislation of this kind, and the railways whose lines cross from Pennsylvania into New Jersey actually carry full crews to the border of this State, and then send their trains on through New Jersey with diminished crews, to the jeopardy, as I believe, of life and property; requiring more of the small crew than it can safely and thoroughly do."

In his acceptance speech for the Democratic nomination, Wilson argued in favor of labor legislation, stating that

"The working people of America, — if they must be distinguished from the minority that constitutes the rest of it, — are, of course, the backbone of the Nation. No law that safeguards their lives, that improves the physical and moral conditions under which they live, that makes their hours of labor rational and tolerable, that gives them freedom to act in their own interest, and that protects them where they cannot protect themselves, can properly be regarded as class legislation or as anything but as a measure taken in the interest of the whole people, whose partnership in right action we are trying to establish and make real and practical."

In his work The State, Wilson had advocated a welfarist role for the state, arguing amongst its functions to be the provision of German-style insurance for workmen and care "for the poor and incapable." Wilson was also a supporter of teacher's pensions and mothers’ pensions (cash allowances for poor mothers), with he and his daughter inviting Henry Nell (“father of mothers’ pensions”) to discuss “means for spreading the mothers’ pension gospel.” Wilson’s views on welfare were expressed on another occasion in his Notes for Five Lectures on Municipal Government (given at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences in November and December 1898), in which he described various functions that he said municipal government must undertake, which included welfarist functions like Sanitation (“including parks, housing of poor and labouring classes etc.”) and “Guardianship and relief of destitute and helpless classes ruined by the city pressure”). In the same notes Wilson argued that “Charities, e.g., should be taken from the sphere of private, voluntary organization and endeavour and made the imperative legal duty of the Whole. Relief of the poor, and a bettering of the conditions in which they live is as much a governmental function as Education (coming under the head, not only of human duty , but also of social sanitation). Private charities need not be prohibited.” While serving as governor of New Jersey, Wilson's views on welfare were arguably reflected in the platform adopted by the New Jersey Democratic Party in 1912, the authorship of which has been attributed to Wilson, which included a plank calling for more intervention in the field of health and welfare:

"We also favour and endorse the efforts which our State and its various institutions are making for the preservation of the public health, and for the purpose of effectually coping with the problem of tuberculosis we believe in the establishment of a system of expert medical inspection of all schoolchildren and the enlargement under expert supervision of a sanitarium for those affected with incipient tuberculosis. To those unfortunates who by reasons of defect of intellect, poverty or enforced confinement are at the present time wards of the State we favour their maintenance and the bestowal upon them of all care possible, so that their deficiencies may be remedied or their condition at least ameliorated.”"

Wilson expressed similar views in 1913, arguing that workers had the right to a living wage and noting:

"There can be no equality of opportunity, the first essential of justice in the body politic, if men and women and children be not shielded in their lives, their very vitality, from the consequences of great industrial and social processes which they can not alter, control or singly cope with. Society must see to it that it does not itself crush or weaken or damage its own constituent parts. The first duty of law is to keep sound the society it serves. Sanitary laws, pure food laws, and laws determining the conditions of labor which individuals are powerless to determine for themselves are intimate parts of the very business of justice and legal efficiency. One of the most hopeful signs of the times is the fact that we are beginning to hear and to understand this 'solemn moving undertone of our life,' and our social legislation is showing signs of an earnest desire to alleviate the dead burden of misery under which our toilers stagger and groan. The State is gradually growing, through the development of its so-called police power, into the stature and dignity of 'parens patrae,' guardian or custodian of the public welfare."

In various campaign speeches in 1912, Wilson spoke of the need for greater social justice in America. In one speech he argued how

"we must see to  it  that  there  is  no  overcrowding,  that  there  is  no  bad  sanitation, that  there  is  no  unnecessary  spread  of  avoidable  diseases, that  there  is  every  safeguard  against  accidents,  that  women  are not  driven  to  impossible  tasks  and  children  not  permitted  to spend  their  energy  before  it  is  fit  to  be  spent,  that  all  the  hope of  the  race  must  be  preserved,  and  that  men  must  be  preserved according  to  their  individual  needs  and  not  according  to  the programs of  industry  merely."

In another speech, Wilson put forward a similar case for greater government intervention in society, arguing that

"A government is  intended  to  serve  the  people  that  live  under it.  Now,  there  are  a  great  many  ways  in  which  to  serve  the  people that  live  under  it,  and  our  government  has  neglected  some  of those  ways.  We  are  only  just  now  beginning  to  learn  how  to  take care  of  our  people,  to  prevent  accidents,  where  accidents  are  obviously apt  to  occur  in  a  great  many  employments,  to  prevent  unreasonable hours  of  labor,  to  prevent  women  [from]  being  overworked, to  prevent  young  children  from  being  worked  at  all.  There  are  a  score  of  things  which  nowadays  we  regard  as  the function  of  the  government,  but  government  has  been  neglectful  of  these  things  because  it  has  been  taking  care  of  the  particular groups  of  people  and  not  thinking  of  the  life  of  the  people  as  a whole.  And  now  the  American  people,  high  and  wide,  are  looking directly  at  the  government,  are  putting  away  all  notions  about  it."

Wilson also spoke of the need to lift people out of poverty, stating in a speech he made in December 1912

"'God knows that the poor suffer enough in this country already, and a man would hesitate to take a single step that would increase the number of the poor, or the burdens of the poor, but we must move for the emancipation of the poor, and that emancipation will come from our own emancipation from the errors of our minds as to what constitutes prosperity. Prosperity does not exist for a nation unless it be pervasive. Prosperity is not a thing which can be consumed privately or by a small number of persons, and the amount of wealth in a nation is very much less important than the accessibility of wealth in a nation. The more people you make it accessible to the more energy you call forth, until presently, if you carry the process far enough, you get almost the zest of a creative act.”"

Although the role of government under Wilson did expand in a progressive direction, the New Freedom did not go as far as his rhetoric suggested it would. For instance, while seemingly supportive of benefits for workers such as pensions, injury compensation, and profit-sharing plans (noting in his book "The New Freedom" how various companies had introduced such benefits "in good faith" to their employees), Wilson and his administration never pushed legislation through Congress extending these benefits to the entire workforce, while a national health insurance system of the kind advocated by Roosevelt was never established, despite the fact that Wilson, according to one study, "promoted Roosevelt’s policy of universal health insurance coverage when he was elected president." Despite this, the New Freedom did much to extend the power of the federal government in social and economic affairs, and arguably paved the way for future reform programs such as the New Deal and the Great Society.

Legislation and programs
Note: This listing contains reforms drawn up by the Wilson Administration as part of its New Freedom program together with wartime reforms and reforms drawn up by individual Congressmen. The latter two have been included because it is arguable that the progressive nature of these reforms was compatible with the liberalism of the New Freedom.

Farmers

 * According to one journal, when David F. Houston became the head of the Department of Agriculture in 1913 ‘he expressed the “progressive movement” ferment by systematically broadening the department's policies directing them into the fields of distribution, into the broader economic problems of rural life, into the questions of fair prices to farmers and unfair prices to consumers, into the problems of farm management and home management.’
 * A provision of the Federal Reserve Act, approved on December the 23rd 1913, authorized national banks to lend money on farm mortgages.
 * For farmers there was a provision in the Federal Reserve Act in which the Federal Reserve Board "was given power to define the paper which would be eligible for discount, to make agricultural paper eligible, and to give it a maturity of six months as against ninety days for ordinary commercial paper."
 * The 1914 Smith–Lever Act led to the support of the federal government to support farm cooperatives, bringing about a system of country agents to assist farmers in conducting more efficient and scientific stock-raising and crop-growing.
 * The Cotton Warehouse Act (1914) authorized the federal government to license warehouses. The intention of this legislation was to ensure that the better handling of crops "would make warehouse receipts more readily acceptable by banks as collateral for loans."
 * The establishment of the regional banking system and the administration of the Comptroller of the Currency resulted in a general reduction of interest rates by from 1 to 3%.
 * Money was furnished by the Secretary of the Treasury in abundance at low rates to move crops.
 * The appropriation for eradication of the cattle tick was doubled, while that for the control of hog cholera was increased from $100,000 to $360,000. In addition, the foot-and-mouth disease was eradicated at a cost to the government of $4,500,000.
 * A market and live stock news service was established.
 * In a revision of the tariff special attention was paid to the special necessities of farmers, with various articles peculiarly used by farmers placed on the free list. This included articles such as machinery for use in the manufacture of sugar, cotton gins, threshing machines, cultivators, horserakes, mowers, agricultural drills and planters, reapers, harvesters, tooth and disk harrows, plows, and wagons and carts.
 * A survey of farm women was carried out in 1913, which was instrumental “in determining early Extension System policies and establishing priorities that affected farm women and men for at least the next two decades.”
 * The Agricultural Extension Act (1914) authorized federal grants-in-aid to the state agricultural colleges for the purpose of supporting a program of extension work in farm areas.
 * The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 provided federal credit to small farmers via cooperatives.
 * The Warehouse Act of 1916.
 * The Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916.
 * The Grain Standards Act of 1916 mandated the grading and inspection of grains under federal license.
 * Under a special appropriation provided by the Food Production and Control Acts of 1917 seeds were purchased and sold to farmers at cost while fertilizer was also distributed. In addition, the Agriculture Department started inspecting agricultural products at central markets that year, while a program of licensing warehouses, fertilizer producers, farm equipment companies and stockyards was also launched.
 * From 1918 to 1931 emergency seed loans were provided through the Secretary of Agriculture by Congress. These loans were made “to assist farmers in designated areas that had suffered unusual hardships, such as droughts and floods, and could not obtain credit elsewhere.”

Labor

 * A senatorial investigation into industrial dispute in the West Virginia coal fields resulted in gains such as the provision of check weighmen, an 8-hour day, and the right of organization guaranteed.
 * In 1914, an 8-hour provision was approved “for employees under the Alaskan coal act.”
 * The Locomotive boiler inspection act was extended to cover locomotive engines and tenders (1915).
 * Leave of absence with pay to employees of government printing office employees was increased from 26 to 30 days per year (1915).
 * In 1915, licensed officers, including pilots, mates and masters, were guaranteed the right to quit and protected “when reporting defects of their vessels to government inspectors.”
 * The Bureau of Mines Act was extended and strengthened, with the provision of 7 new safety stations and 10 new experiment stations (1915).
 * Steadier work was assured to employees of Government naval yards.
 * The wages of the metal-trade mechanics employed by the Government were increased.
 * An investigation of industrial disputes in the Colorado gold fields and Michigan copper region exposed intolerable labor conditions.
 * Piecework in the Post Officer Department, Washington, D.C. was prohibited.
 * More adequate appropriations were made to the Department of Labor during Wilson's first term to carry on its work.
 * A reduction in wages and installation and collection of rents for employees on the Panama Canal Zone were prevented.
 * Taylor system, stop-watch and speeding up methods were prohibited in United States torpedo stations, gun factories, navy yards, and arsenals (1914).
 * The Federal 8-hour law, which was applicable to contractors doing work for the US Government, was greatly strengthened, “particularly in reference to the basic wage for an eight - hour standard day, and minimum overtime rates for employees of such government contractors.”
 * In regards to unemployment, Wilson raised his administration’s record in tackling this problem during his first term, stating during a Jackson Day speech at Indianapolis in January 1915 "that he regarded the efforts of the department of Labor to deal with the problem as one of the greatest accomplishments of his administration.”
 * In 1915, the first federal government monthly unemployment figures were issued “from payroll data collected from a few industries.”
 * The growth and increase in activities of the Public Health Service emphasized the need for a corresponding increase in the number of trained officers for Federal public health work, which Congress recognized “by increased appropriations for the pay of additional commissioned officers for the fiscal year 1915, although only to the extent of one-half the estimate submitted by the department.”
 * Post Office employees were brought into the reach of the Compensation for Injuries Act (1914).
 * The La Follette–Peters Act (1914) mandated an eight-hour workday for most women workers in the District of Columbia.
 * The Seamen's Act of 1915 aimed to protect merchant seamen. It outlawed their exploitation by officers and ship owners by practices such as indefinite hours, inadequate food, poor wages, and abandonment in overseas ports with back pay owing.
 * The Adamson Act gave railroad workers on interstate runs an eight-hour workday.
 * The Clayton Act strengthened antitrust regulation while exempting agricultural cooperatives and labor unions, thus putting an end to the court's habitual rulings that boycotts and strikes were “in restraint of trade.”
 * A law was passed fixing minimum wages for women and children in the District of Columbia (1918).
 * The Women's Bureau Act of 1920 established a Women's Bureau to “formulate standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employment.”
 * In 1918, the first use “of federal government contracts to restrict the use of child labor took place.”
 * A Child Labor Tax Law (1919) assessed a 10% tax on the net profits of factories and mines employing children "to offset any competitive advantage" employers thereby gained. The legislation introduced a minimum age of 14 for workers in most jobs, and of 16 for mining and night work. The legislation also required documentary proof of age and, like the previous Keating–Owen Act, limited working hours for minors. From 1919 to 1922 (the year when the Supreme Court declared the legislation to be unconstitutional), arguably as a result of, or partly because of, this legislation, the number of working children fell by 50%.
 * The Workingmen's Compensation Act (Kern–McGillicuddy Act).
 * According to one senator, much had been done for the benefit of labor during Wilson's first term, arguing that “It is now freely admitted by independent thinkers that more constructive legislation of real benefit to the people at large has been enacted during the three and a half years of President Wilson’s administration than during the forty years that have gone before.” The same senator has argued that one of “the many significant acts of President Wilson which will bring large relief to the united workers is the result of the hearings of the United States Commission on Industrial Relations whose members lie appointed, with Frank P. Walsh of Kansas City as its chairman. This commission went extensively into the underlying conditions which affect vitally the wage earners of the nation and has published reports and the evidence which will be of incalculable benefit.” In addition, “The Federal Government in the administration of the laws, are engaged more assiduously than ever in assisting the States and employers by studying carefully the problems of mines and the protection of workingmen in mines. The general system of protection in factories is also a matter of concern to the officers in the Federal Government and it stands ready to assist any community or employer to put into operation the most approved methods of protection.”
 * The Keating–Owen Act
 * The Kern Resolution of 1913.
 * The Saboth Act of 1913.
 * The Newlands Labor Act of 1913.
 * The Federal Boiler Inspection Act of 1915.
 * The Occupancy Permits Act of 1915.
 * The Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916.
 * The Merchant Marine Act of 1920.
 * The Esch–Cummins Act of 1920.

Health and welfare

 * According to one study, Wilson's administration ‘had laid the foundation for a “welfare state” by providing for the matching of federal funds with those of the states to equalize certain facilities through the nation; new taxes had been levied to make this possible.’
 * A Democratic campaign text-book from 1916 emphasized various initiatives in public health under Wilson. During its first term the Wilson administration’s “took up the question of sanitary conditions in rural communities for the protection of the health of farmers.” According to one estimate typhoid fever was reduced by 80%, while in some localities the Public Health Service made investigations. It was also estimated that other studies had reduced the prevalence of malaria as much as 50 per cent.” During Wilson’s first term extensive investigations were inaugurated by the Public Health Service of the occupational hazards of industry. An industrial laboratory, for instance, “has been equipped in the Pittsburgh district for the study and prevention of occupational and industrial diseases and thorough investigations have been made elsewhere of the occupational risks of various industries.” The hazards of miners were also investigated and the methods to be adopted for the improvement of hygienic conditions and the better sanitation of mines were outlined and followed, “such, for instance, as the prevention of tuberculosis among the zinc miners of Missouri. In many other instances it has been possible to recommend and adopt measures which have led to a reduction in illness and the saving of many lives.”
 * The Cutter Service Act of 1914
 * The Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
 * The Rural Post Roads Act of 1916
 * The Sundry Civil Appropriations Act authorized $200,000 for the newly formed Division of Scientific Research for the United States Public Health Service.
 * An Act of June 24, 1914 provided for the furnishing of medical aid to fishing crews.
 * An Act was passed (1916) authorizing hospital and medical services to government employees injured at work.
 * An anti-narcotics law was passed (1914).
 * A federal bill setting minimum housing standards in the District of Columbia was passed (1914), the result of efforts by President Wilson's first wife Ellen Wilson.
 * An Act of October the 22th 1914 provided that “where the wife of a homestead settler or entryman, while residing upon the homestead claim and prior to the submission of final proof, has been abandoned and deserted by her husband for more than 1 year, she may submit proof (by way of commutation or otherwise), on the entry and secure patent in her own name, being allowed credit for all residence and cultivation had and improvements made, either by herself or by her husband.”
 * Health benefits and disability insurance were introduced for lighthouse keepers (1916).
 * A cooperative Federal-State program of cash grants for public health services was established (1917).
 * According to a 1914 report, “Owing to additional authority  and  larger  appropriations  granted, the year  just ended marks the  beginning  of  a new  epoch  in  the  development of investigations  of  public  health  matters. These  investigations, either newly begun or enlarged, have related  to diseases of man, rural  sanitation, school  hygiene,  industrial  hygiene,  sanitary  organization  and administration,  pollution  of navigable  waters,  and  disposal  of  sewage  and  wastes.”
 * An Act of June the 23rd 1913 authorized the use of the “epidemic fund” for trachoma prevention.
 * A system of life insurance and medical care for federal employees was initiated.
 * The Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) required prescriptions for products exceeding the allowable limit of narcotics and mandated “increased record-keeping for physicians and pharmacists who dispense narcotics.”
 * In 1916 funds were appropriated by Congress for studies in rural sanitation “formally establishing cooperation between the States and Public Health Service.”
 * The Children's Bureau was appointed by President Wilson, the efforts of which were directed toward ascertaining the relations between poverty, disease and mortality.
 * In 1918, the first Federal grants to States for public health services were made available.
 * A retirement plan for lightkeepers was introduced (1918)
 * In 1918, the first federal loans were offered to shipbuilding companies to house their workers.
 * A federal leprosy hospital was authorized (1917).
 * Congress extended “the use  of  the  special  fund  and  authorizing  acceptance  of  gifts  under  the  Rehabilitation  of  Disabled  Soldiers'  Act.”
 * Legislation Provided six months’ gratuity to  dependents  of  deceased sailors in  the  navy.
 * The Civil Service Retirement System was established (1920) to provide pensions to retired civilian federal employees.
 * The Death on the High Seas Act (1920) aimed at compensating the wives of sailors who had died at sea. The legislation enabled survivors “to recover pecuniary damages, or the lost wages of their relatives on whom they depended upon financially.”
 * Corporate welfare work was encouraged by the Wilson Administration.

Wartime measures

 * A National War Labor Board was established, which improved working conditions in factories by insisting on an eight-hour workday, no child labor, and better safety conditions.
 * In 1918, the Working Conditions Services was established, which sought to “improve working conditions for defense workers during the war.” This was the first federal agency to promote occupational safety.
 * The United States Housing Corporation was established (1918) to build housing projects for wartime workers.
 * The Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1918
 * The Cantonment Adjustment Commission established boards to handle labor relations problems during the war, which led to widespread use of the prevailing wage by the federal government. According to one study, “This also marked the first time that the federal government used contracts to institute social change.”
 * On the anniversary of the United States’ entry into the war (the 6th of April 1918), the Children's Bureau, funded with $150,000 from the President's Defense Appropriation, launched a national health education program called “Children’s Year.” This campaign, which was repeated the following year, provided information “on the feeding and care of babies for their mothers and involved the weighing and measuring of some six million infants.” The effects of the campaign were not temporary, as various states set up child hygiene divisions in their public health departments, and the state of California itself established 22 permanent health centres as a result of the bureau's initiative. This program led to the postwar passage of the 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act, which also came about, according to one study, “largely as a result of the stimulus provided by the second White House Conference on Child Welfare, called by President Woodrow Wilson in 1919.”

Veterans

 * The War Risk Insurance Act of 1914.
 * The War Risk Insurance Act of 1917.
 * The Rehabilitation Law of 1919 provided disabled veterans with tuition, books, and a monthly subsistence allowance of between $90 and $145.
 * In 1917 and 1918 legislation was passed by Congress to provide funding for farm colonies for disabled soldiers, and colonies were established by the Veteran's Bureau in Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota and Minnesota. According to one study however, “like so many other domestic colonial schemes they did not succeed for long.”
 * The Public Health Service was made directly responsible for the hospitalization of veterans under the War Risk Insurance Act (1919).
 * During Wilson's first term pension amendments were signed into law “that provided more liberal provisions to war widows, especially those who had married after 1890 and whose husbands had not died from causes originating from military service.”
 * The Smith-Sears Vocational Rehabilitation Act (1918) supported programs to help veterans with disabilities return to civilian employment following the end of the First World War.
 * The Bureau of War Risk Insurance was set up to provide direct assistance to the families of soldiers. By the end of the First World War, the bureau was sending regular checks to 2.1 million families.

Education

 * The 1914 Smith–Lever Act tied vocational education in home economics and agriculture to the land-grant college system.
 * The Smith–Hughes Vocational Education Act extended the Smith-Lever provisions of 1914 and supported teacher training and other instruction in industrial occupations, home economics, and agriculture.
 * The Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Fess Act) authorized a joint federal-state vocational rehabilitation program for handicapped civilians.
 * Under the Industry Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Bankhead Act), Congress began providing federal funds for cooperation with the states in the vocational rehabilitation of persons disabled in industry.

Constitutional

 * The Jones Act (Philippines) of 1916
 * The Jones-Shafroth Act 1917 bestowed US citizenship upon the people of Puerto Rico.
 * The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created the federal income tax.
 * The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provided for the direct election of senators, who had previously been chosen by their state legislatures.
 * The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed (1920), granting women the right to vote.
 * Mother's Day was made an official national holiday (1914).

Environment and public works

 * The River and Harbors Act of 1914
 * The River and Harbors Act of 1915
 * The River and Harbors Act of 1916
 * The Irrigation District Act of 1916 (Smith Act)
 * The Flood Control Act of 1917 (Ransdell-Humphreys Act)
 * The Federal Water Power Act of 1920 (Esch Act)

Conservation

 * A federal act established the National Park Service, bringing together the many historical sites, monuments, and national parks into one agency.
 * The Glacier National Park Act of 1914.
 * The Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916.
 * The Acadia National Park Act of 1919.
 * The Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919.

Books
In 1913 Woodrow Wilson's book The New Freedom was published, detailing his thoughts about the concepts and program. He had previously written two other books, Congressional Government published in 1900, followed in 1901 by When a Man Comes to Himself.

title: The New Freedom


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Candidates in the 2005 New Zealand general election by electorate

This page lists candidates in New Zealand's 2005 general election, grouping them by the electorate that they contested. See also candidates by party and party lists.

East Coast
open seat - incumbent Labour MP Janet Elsdon Mackey retired in 2005

Invercargill
open seat - Sitting MP Mark Peck retired in 2005

Kaikoura
open seat - incumbent National MP Lynda Scott retired in 2005

Tamaki
Incumbent Clem Simich is standing down to contest Mangere

Wairarapa
Incumbent Labour MP Georgina Beyer stood as a list only candidate in 2005

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Party lists in the 2005 New Zealand general election

This page provides the party lists put forward in New Zealand's 2005 election. Party lists determine (in the light of proportional voting) the appointment of list MPs under the mixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system. Electoral law required submission of all party lists by 23 August 2005.

Parliamentary parties
The following parties gained representation:

ACT New Zealand
Initially, ACT's list also included Andy Poulsen at 9th place and Roger Greenslade at 21st, but both candidates subsequently withdrew.

Labour Party
Eight sitting Labour MPs chose not to take list positions, namely: Tim Barnett, Clayton Cosgrove, Harry Duynhoven, George Hawkins, Nanaia Mahuta, Damien O'Connor, Ross Robertson, and John Tamihere. Rumour stated that the Labour Party initially gave George Hawkins a list placing, but that he withdrew after receiving a lower ranking than he had wanted.

Six candidates contested electorates without appearing on the list, namely: Sally Barrett, Julian Blanchard, Paul Chalmers, Tony Dunlop, Errol Mason, and Pauline Scott.

In addition, the Labour Party removed one candidate (Steven Ching) from the list after its first announcement. Ching originally had the ranking of number 42.

Māori Party
Hone Harawira contested Te Tai Tokerau as an electorate-only candidate.

United Future New Zealand
For the 2005 election, United Future affiliated with Outdoor Recreation NZ and the WIN Party. Both parties stood their member or members as United Future members instead of standing under their own party banner.

Initially, Paul Adams and his daughter Sharee Adams appeared on the list, ranked 10th and 17th, respectively. Adams later decided to stand as an independent, however, and his daughter also withdrew.

Unsuccessful registered parties
The following registered parties did not gain representation:

Democrats For Social Credit
For the 2002 election, the Democrats for Social Credit had been part of Jim Anderton's Progressive Coalition, but split shortly after that election.

Libertarianz
The Libertarianz party did not contest the 2002 general election. The 'previous rank' and 'change' columns above compare against the 1999 list.

New Zealand Family Rights Protection Party
Susi Pa'o Williams was on the party list for Jim Anderton's Progressive Coalition in 2002, where they were ranked ninth.

Outdoor Recreation
In the 2005 elections, Outdoor Recreation NZ stood in affiliation with United Future, and all Outdoor Recreation candidates stood under the United Future banner. Outdoor Recreation therefore had no list of its own. However, the United Future section of this page identifies those candidates attached to Outdoor Recreation.


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The Independent Florida Alligator

The Independent Florida Alligator is the student newspaper of the University of Florida. The Alligator is one of the largest student-run newspapers in the United States, with a circulation of 14,000 and readership of more than 21,000. It is an affiliate of UWIRE, which distributes and promotes its content to their network.

The paper prints every Monday during the spring, summer, and fall semesters. The Alligator has been financially and editorially independent from the university since 1973. The Alligator has been owned by non-profit, student-controlled 501(c)(3) Campus Communications Inc. since its independence. Students from UF and Santa Fe College, also located in the city of Gainesville, Florida, are allowed to work at the paper. Only college students are allowed to work in the editorial department or be advertising representatives or interns.

The Alligator is distributed free on campus and around Gainesville and contains a mix of campus and local news coverage, as well as national and international stories from wire services. It also contains a sports and entertainment sections, the latter of which, known as "The Avenue". The Alligator prints on 11 x 14 inch paper, somewhat smaller than a tabloid size, closer in size to the compact format of The Times of London and the Chicago Sun-Times.

Early history
The Alligator began as an independent student-run newspaper called The University News on October 19, 1906. The paper came together in time to report on the University of Florida's opening ceremony in its new permanent home in Gainesville. Much of the first issue was devoted to reprinting word-for-word the farewell speech given by then-Florida Governor Napoleon B. Broward. The Alligator remained independent until 1912, when it became part of the university and was renamed the Florida Alligator after the university's mascot, the Florida Gators.

For the next six decades, the university's Office of Student Publications supervised the paper. The office was also responsible for the university's Seminole yearbook (later renamed The Tower), Florida Magazine, the Orange Peel humor magazine, and other recurring publications. Alligator staffers often worked on several of these at the same time. (None of the other publications still exist.) The Alligator also had a radio news show on campus station WRUF for many years.

Until the 1950s, the university's student body selected the editor-in-chief in campus-wide elections, similar to student government. Candidates slated to political parties, published campaign ads, and debated each other not unlike today. The editor was roughly on the same level of prestige as the student body president, and various fraternities controlled the newspaper at one time or other.

By the early 1960s, the rapid post-World War II growth of the university, which had started with the G.I. Bill and continued with the decision to admit women in 1947 and to admit blacks in 1958 caused The Alligator to grow. The newspaper printed in broadsheet until 1962 (except during World War II, when paper was in short supply). In 1962, the paper switched to the smaller tabloid format, which it still uses today. Around this time, The Alligator was one of the first college newspapers in the nation to switch from hot type printing to the more modern offset standard.

In 1963, Ed Barber started working at The Alligator, as a student writer. By 1972 he became general manager of the paper.

Barber left the paper in 1973 to become Director of Publications for the university but returned as general manager in 1976 and became president of Campus Communications, Inc. Barber now holds the title of president emeritus of The Alligator and is executive director of the Alligator Alumni Association. Patricia Carey, a veteran manager of the newspaper, succeeded Barber as general manager of The Alligator and president of Campus Communications.

Originally, the Office of Student Publications was located in the basement of the old Florida Union (today Dauer Hall), which was then the student union, in the north part of campus. In 1968, the paper moved into a new suite of offices on the third floor of the new union, the J. Wayne Reitz Union, directly adjacent to Student Government administrative offices.

Events leading to independence
The tumult of the late 1960s featured the resignation of editors who disagreed with an editorial denouncing the university's public tenure hearing for Marshall Jones, a professor who was accused of being a communist by the university administration. He was forced from the university. The university's crowded public hearing on Jones was denounced in Florida newspapers as reminiscent of the McCarthyist Red Scare of the 1950s. The editorial, written after the first hearing by journalism student and reporter Michael Abrams (who later became a journalism professor), was censored by the university's Board of Student Publications, and a blank space with the word "Censored" run in its place. Several of the student editors of the newspaper resigned over what they saw as the tone of the editorial and its anti-administration bent.

A national controversy ensued. Columnist Drew Pearson came to campus and gave strong support to the remaining staff. Editor Steve Hull, who also remained, assembled a new set of student editors. Throughout this time, the School of Journalism and Communications won a series of Hearst Journalism Awards, and many Alligator reporters and editors ultimately became well known in their professions.

The newspaper continued to do investigative reporting including stories about low wages paid to maintenance employees. It was during this time the newspaper was awarded the Pacemaker award as the best college paper in the nation. Among the key writers of the Alligator at the time were James Cook, later an attorney, who wrote the "Uncle Javerneck" column, and Joe Torchia, later a novelist, who intercepted humorous letters from "God" to various people, sparking an uproar among some religious readers.

Many copies of the final edition of the newspaper, with its somewhat racy collage of farewell pictures including the university president in a less than auspicious pose, were seized by those who supported the university administration.

Controversy ensued with a new set of editors being selected by the board, and an off-campus newspaper, University Report, published by Hull, Abrams, and Scott DeGarmo, a master's student in history. The paper exposed spying on students by government officials and law enforcement agents and was an outspoken critic of the administration of Stephen C. O'Connell, the former Florida Supreme Court justice and University President. One of its stories told of a government agent "Palmer Wee" who was apparently hired to watch radical students. The headline read "Wee is watching you." The paper printed several issues and was typeset on an old typesetting machine that was somewhat larger than a typewriter and sat on a living room floor. It was published out of town, as at least one local printer refused to print it.

The university administration continued to simmer over radical editors. In late 1971, editor Ron Sachs approved an insert to be published in The Alligator that printed the addresses of known abortion clinics. At the time, not only was abortion illegal in Florida, but even the printing of abortion information violated state law. The insert, a deliberate challenge by Sachs in protest of laws against abortion, threw the university into a firestorm. Both Sachs and university president Stephen C. O'Connell faced intense public pressure. When O'Connell discovered that Sachs was protected by federal First Amendment case law, he started working to disavow any connection between the university and The Alligator.

To defuse the hostile situation, Florida Attorney General Robert Shevin ruled that to protect students' First Amendment rights, the university and The Alligator should split. At the time, O'Connell declared that never again would UF sponsor a student newspaper on campus. As a further compromise agreement between the university and the newspaper's staff, the students were allowed to take The Alligator private and off campus. Sachs' challenge of the abortion law was successful; his criminal prosecution ended when the law was declared unconstitutional. Sachs later won an Emmy Award as a television producer in Miami, for his documentary Cocaine: The Lady is a Killer.

History after independence
The newspaper changed its name to The Independent Florida Alligator and took several years to find a permanent home. New owners Campus Communications moved in 1982 to the former Tau Epsilon Phi fraternity house two blocks east of campus on University Avenue.

Alligator writers and photographers won a dozen Hearst Awards during the period 1971 to 1979, a period when the paper also won several awards from the Associated Collegiate Press and the Society of Professional Journalists. Until the mid-1990s, Alligator alumni had won more Hearst writing and photo awards than any other student newspaper. (It now ranks second behind the Daily Northwestern of Northwestern University).

The Alligator also was one of the first college papers on the Internet, hosting a bulletin board system as early as 1985 and a website beginning in 1994.

In 1990, Campus Communications bought the High Springs Herald, the weekly newspaper of High Springs, Florida, about 30 miles outside the university. The High Springs Herald was sold in February 2009 to Ronald Dupont Jr.

In May 2016 The Alligator moved operations from its former location on University Avenue, where it had operated for over 30 years, to the same building as The Gainesville Sun.

The George A. Smathers Libraries currently hold microfilms of the early issues of The Independent Florida Alligator.

The George A. Smathers Library has digitized all issues of The University News, The Florida Alligator and The Independent Florida Alligator.

Alumni
Former Alligator staffers work at major newspapers, magazines, and news agencies, including the Miami Herald, the Los Angeles Times, the Florida Times-Union, the Palm Beach Post, the Associated Press, and The New York Times, among others.

Alligator photographer and editor Robert Ellison (1944–1968) died in Vietnam while covering the Battle of Khe Sanh for the newspaper. His work, later published in Newsweek as "The Agony of Khe Sanh," won several posthumous awards.

Rivals and related publications
Since Stephen C. O'Connell stepped down as UF president in 1973, several rivals to The Alligator have set up shop. Most of these publications were started or actively encouraged by the university Student Government.

One notable contender was Campus Leader, a monthly alternative newspaper started in 1983. Sponsored by Student Government and edited by W.H. "Butch" Oxendine, Jr., it lasted somewhat less than a year as a direct competitor. Losing his sponsorship, Oxendine changed the magazine's focus, limiting it to students and education and renaming it Florida Leader. Florida Leader was distributed at nearly every college and university in the state and also published a separate high school edition. The magazine printed until 2006.

Another rival was The Orange and Blue, a twice-weekly newspaper in operation from August 1999 to July 2002. The Orange and Blue was similar in format to and was started by the publishers of, FSView, a student newspaper at Florida State University in Tallahassee that won a long-running battle with a rival FSU newspaper, the Florida Flambeau.

In 2000, confusion with a university publication also called The Orange and Blue led the newspaper to change its name to The Gator Times. Although Student Government leaders quickly supported the new paper, the Times did not survive. (The name Gator Times is also used by the administration as the title of its email newsletter and in promotional material).

In popular culture

 * In the February 7, 2018, episode of the television game show Jeopardy!, one of the clues was, "The Independent Florida Alligator is a newspaper aimed at college students in this city."

title: The Independent Florida Alligator


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/C.A.L.M.

I'm entirely curious why an article about C.A.L.M., a free and non-commercial health care center, could ever be considered an advertisement. CALM is a center where thousands of people have received free health care and never, ever been sent a bill or harassed for payment. Further, CALM has given free training to people who express interest in health care training.

CALM functions at the annual Rainbow Gatherings in the summers. It is an entirely non-commercial event. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bstone (talk • contribs) 03:13, 21 April 2005 (UTC).


text: User talk:129.93.65.62

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St. Hilda's College

St Hilda's College may refer to:

 * St Hilda's College, Oxford, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom
 * St. Hilda's College, Toronto, the women's section of the University of Trinity College, itself a federated college of the University of Toronto in Canada
 * St Hilda's College (University of Melbourne), a residential college at the University of Melbourne in Australia

title: St. Hilda's College


text: Category:History of Hungary

title: Category:History of Hungary


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The University News

The University News may refer:

 * The University News (Saint Louis University) at Saint Louis University
 * The University News (University of Missouri–Kansas City), at the University of Missouri–Kansas City
 * The Independent Florida Alligator (formerly The University News), at the University of Florida
 * The University News (Moscow), a Russian newspaper that covers information about all universities
 * University News (FPU), see Fresno Pacific University
 * The University News, University of Dallas student-run newspaper

title: The University News


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Scott Clifton

Scott Clifton Snyder (born October 31, 1984), better known as Scott Clifton, is an American actor and video blogger. He played Dillon Quartermaine in General Hospital (2003–2007), Schuyler Joplin in One Life to Live (2009–2010), and Liam Spencer in The Bold and the Beautiful (2010–present). He has won three Daytime Emmy Awards.

Early life and family
Clifton was born on October 31, 1984, the only child of Ron and Faye Snyder, in Los Angeles, United States. His father is of "Russian Yiddish" descent and his mother has Scottish ancestry. He was raised in the Greater Los Angeles Area of southern California, including the Santa Clarita Valley and the San Fernando Valley.

Early roles and success
Clifton started acting in commercials at the age of 16. His early roles included appearances on shows such as Roswell, Undressed, and Judging Amy.

He is best known for playing Dillon Quartermaine in General Hospital (2003-2007), Schuyler Joplin in One Life to Live (2009-2010), and Liam Spencer in The Bold and the Beautiful (2010–present). His role in B&B earned him three Daytime Emmy Awards in 2011, 2013, and 2017.

Musical career
Clifton is also a singer, guitarist, and songwriter.

In an initial bid to launch his musical career, he uploaded several songs to the internet, and later compiled these songs among previously unpublished material on his first EP album, Untitled. He later released a second EP, Unbeautiful, as well as two full-length albums, So Much for the Nightlife (in 2006) and Mannequin. Each was produced by Jeff Pescetto. He then released Girl Go Home.

Personal life
Clifton married his longtime girlfriend Nicole Lampson on October 20, 2012. Their wedding was attended by some The Bold and the Beautiful co-stars: John McCook, Don Diamont, Ronn Moss, Adam Gregory, Kim Matula, Jacqueline MacInnes Wood and many others. On May 6, 2016, they welcomed their first child, a son. In February 2023, Clifton announced his separation from Lampson.

Clifton is an atheist. On July 19, 2020, he co-hosted episode 24.29 of The Atheist Experience with Matt Dillahunty. Clifton also has a YouTube channel where he discusses arguments made by theists.

Film and television performances

 * (2002): Terminal Error as Jock
 * (2004): Arizona Summer as Brooke
 * (2006): The Death Strip as Mike Kohler

title: Scott Clifton


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Talk:Battle on the Irpin River

Untitled
How is this article in any way related to the category German history?? From the text, no German states took part --203.52.130.138 03:17, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I didn't notice someone added the German history template. Removed. Irpen 15:18, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:23, 25 October 2021 (UTC)
 * VKL-1462-ru.png

title: Talk:Battle on the Irpin River


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Kampo

Kampo or Kanpō medicine (漢方医学), often known simply as Kanpō (漢方), is the study of traditional Chinese medicine in Japan following its introduction, beginning in the 7th century. It was adapted and modified to suit Japanese culture and traditions. Traditional Japanese medicine uses most of the Chinese methods, including acupuncture, moxibustion, traditional Chinese herbology, and traditional food therapy.

Origins
According to Chinese mythology, the origins of traditional Chinese medicine are traced back to the three legendary sovereigns Fuxi, Shennong and the Yellow Emperor. Shennong is believed to have tasted hundreds of herbs to ascertain their medicinal value and effects on the human body and help relieve people of their sufferings. The oldest written record focusing solely on the medicinal use of plants was the Shennong Ben Cao Jing which was compiled around the end of the first century B.C. and is said to have classified 365 species of herbs or medicinal plants.

Chinese medical practices were introduced to Japan during the 6th century A.D. In 608, Empress Suiko dispatched E-Nichi, Fuku-In and other young physicians to China. It is said that they studied medicine there for 15 years. Until 838, Japan sent 19 missions to Tang China. While the officials studied Chinese government structures, physicians and many of the Japanese monks absorbed Chinese medical knowledge.

Early Japanese adaptation
In 702 A.D., the Taihō Code was promulgated as an adaptation of the governmental system of China's Tang dynasty. One section called for the establishment of a university (daigaku) including a medical school with an elaborate training program, but due to incessant civil war this program never became effective. Empress Kōmyō (701–760) established the Hidenin and Seyakuin in the Kōfuku-Temple (Kōfuku-ji) in Nara, being two Buddhist institutions that provided free healthcare and medicine for the needy. For centuries to come Japanese Buddhist monks were essential in conveying Chinese medical know-how to Japan and in providing health care for both the elite and the general population.

In 753 A.D., the Chinese priest Jianzhen (in Japanese Ganjin), who was well-versed in medicine, arrived in Japan after five failed attempts in 12 years to cross the East China Sea. As he was blind, he used his sense of smell to identify herbs. He brought medical texts and a large collection of materia medica to the imperial palace in Nara, which he dedicated to the Emperor Shōmu in 756, 49 days after the emperor's death. They are kept in a log-cabin-style treasure house of the Tōdai-Temple (Tōdai-ji) known as Shōsōin.

In 787 A.D., the "Newly Revised Materia Medica" (Xinxiu Bencao, 659 A.D.), which had been sponsored by the Tang Imperial Court, became an obligatory text in the study of medicine at the Japanese Health Ministry, but many of the 844 medicinal substances described in this book were not available in Japan at the time. Around 918 A.D., a Japanese medical dictionary entitled "Japanese names of (Chinese) Materia Medica" (Honzō-wamyō) was compiled, quoting from 60 Chinese medical works.

During the Heian period, Tanba Yasuyori (912–995) compiled the first Japanese medical book, Ishinpō ("Prescriptions from the Heart of Medicine"), drawing from numerous Chinese texts, some of which have perished later. During the period from 1200 to 1600, medicine in Japan became more practical. Most of the physicians were Buddhist monks who continued to use the formulas, theories and practices that had been introduced by the early envoys from Tang China.

Early revision
During the 15th and 16th centuries, Japanese physicians began to achieve a more independent view on Chinese medicine. After 12 years of studies in China Tashiro Sanki (1465–1537) became the leading figure of a movement called "Followers of Later Developments in Medicine" (Gosei-ha). This school propagated the teachings of Li Dongyuan and Zhu Tanxi that gradually superseded the older doctrines from the Song dynasty. Manase Dōsan, one of his disciples, adapted Tashiro's teachings to Japanese conditions. Based on his own observation and experience, he compiled a book on internal medicine in eight volumes (Keiteki-shū) and established an influential private medical school (Keiteki-in) in Kyōto. His son Gensaku wrote a book of case studies (Igaku tenshō-ki) and developed a considerable number of new herb formulas.

From the second half of the 17th century, a new movement, the "Followers of Classic Methods" (Kohō-ha), evolved, which emphasized the teachings and formulas of the Chinese classic "Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders" (Shanghan Lun, in Japanese Shōkan-ron). While the etiological concepts of this school were as speculative as those of the Gosei-ha, the therapeutic approaches were based on empirical observations and practical experience. This return to "classic methods" was initiated by Nagoya Gen'i (1628–1696), and advocated by influential proponents such as Gotō Gonzan (1659–1733), Yamawaki Tōyō (1705–1762), and Yoshimasu Tōdō (1702–1773). Yoshimasu is considered to be the most influential figure. He accepted any effective technique, regardless of its particular philosophical background. Yoshimasu's abdominal diagnostics are commonly credited with differentiating early modern traditional Japanese medicine from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

During the later part of the Edo period, many Japanese practitioners began to utilize elements of both schools. Some, such as Ogino Gengai (1737–1806), Ishizaka Sōtetsu (1770–1841), or Honma Sōken (1804–1872), even tried to incorporate Western concepts and therapies, which had made their way into the country through physicians at the Dutch trading-post Dejima (Nagasaki). Although Western medicine gained some ground in the field of surgery, there was not much competition between "Eastern" and "Western" schools until the 19th century, because even adherents of "Dutch-Studies" (Rangaku) were very eclectic in their actual practice.

Traditional medicine never lost its popularity throughout the Edo period, but it entered a period of rapid decline shortly after the Meiji Restoration. In 1871, the new government decided to modernize medical education based on the German medical system. Starting in 1875, new medical examinations focused on natural sciences and Western medical disciplines. In October 1883, a law retracted the licenses of any existing traditional practitioner. Despite losing legal standing, a small number of traditional physicians continued to practice privately. Some of them, such as Yamada Gyōkō (1808–1881), Asada Sōhaku (1813–1894), and Mori Risshi (1807–1885), organized an "Association to Preserve [Traditional] Knowledge" (Onchi-sha) and started to set up small hospitals. However, by 1887, the organization was disbanded due to internal policy dissent and the death of leading figures. The "Imperial Medical Association" (Teikoku Ikai), founded in 1894, was short-lived too. In 1895, the 8th National Assembly of the Diet vetoed a request to continue the practice of Kampō. When Azai Kokkan (1848–1903), one of the main activists, died, the Kampō movement was almost stamped out.

Era of Western influence
Any further attempt to save traditional practices had to take into account Western concepts and therapies. Therefore, it was graduates from medical faculties, trained in Western medicine, who began to set out to revive traditional practices. In 1910, Wada Keijūrō (1872–1916) published "The Iron Hammer of the Medical World" (Ikai no tettsui). Yumoto Kyūshin (1876–1942), a graduate from Kanazawa Medical School, was so impressed by this book that he became a student of Dr. Wada. His "Japanese-Chinese Medicine" (Kōkan igaku), published in 1927, was the first book on Kampō medicine in which Western medical findings were used to interpret classical Chinese texts. In 1927, Nakayama Tadanao (1895–1957) presented his "New Research on Kampō-Medicine" (Kampō-igaku no shin kenkyū). Another "convert" was Ōtsuka Keisetsu (1900–1980), who became one of the most famous Kampō practitioners of the 20th century.

This gradual revival was supported by the modernization of the dosage form of herbal medicine. During the 1920s, the Nagakura Pharmaceutical Company in Osaka began developing dried decoctions in a granular form. At about the same time, Tsumura Juntendō, a company founded by Tsumura Jūsha (1871–1941) in 1893, established a research institute to promote the development of standardized Kampō medicine. Gradually, these "Japanese-Chinese remedies" (wakan-yaku) became a standard method of Kampō medicine administration.

In 1937, new researchers such as Yakazu Dōmei (1905–2002) started to promote Kampō at the so-called "Takushoku University Kampo Seminar". More than 700 people attended these seminars that continued after the war. In 1938, following a proposal of Yakazu, the "Asia Medicine Association" was established. In 1941, Takeyama Shinichirō published his "Theories on the Restoration of Kampō Medicine" (Kampō-ijutsu fukkō no riron, 1941). In that same year, Yakazu, Ōtsuka, Kimura Nagahisa, and Shimizu Fujitarō (1886–1976) completed a book entitled "The Actual Practice of Kampō Medicine" (Kampō shinryō no jissai). By including Western medical disease names he greatly expanded the usage of Kampō formulas. A new version of this influential manual was printed in 1954. This book was also translated into Chinese. A completely revised version was published in 1969 under the title "Medical Dictionary of Kampō Practice" (Kampō Shinryō Iten).

In 1950, Ōtsuka Keisetsu, Yakazu Dōmei, Hosono Shirō (1899–1989), Okuda Kenzō (1884–1961), and other leaders of the pre- and postwar Kampō revival movement established the "Japan Society for Oriental Medicine" (Nippon Tōyō Igakkai) with 89 members (2014: more than 9000 members). In 1960, raw materials for crude drugs listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (Nippon Yakkyoku-hō) received official drug prices under the National Health Insurance (NHI, Kokumin kenkō hoken).

Approved Kampō medicines
Today in Japan, Kampō is integrated into the Japanese national health care system. In 1967, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approved four Kampō medicines for reimbursement under the National Health Insurance (NHI) program. In 1976, 82 Kampō medicines were approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. This number has increased to 148 Kampō formulation extracts, 241 crude drugs, and 5 crude drug preparations.

Rather than modifying formulae as in traditional Chinese medicine, the Japanese Kampō tradition uses fixed combinations of herbs in standardized proportions according to the classical literature of Chinese medicine. Kampō medicines are produced by various manufacturers. However, each medicine is composed of exactly the same ingredients under the Ministry's standardization methodology. The medicines are therefore prepared under strict manufacturing conditions that rival pharmaceutical companies. In October 2000, a nationwide study reported that 72% of registered physicians prescribe Kampō medicines. New Kampō medicines are being evaluated using modern techniques to evaluate their mechanism of action.

Herbs
The 14th edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP, Nihon yakkyokuhō) lists 165 herbal ingredients that are used in Kampō medicines. Lots of the Kampō products are routinely tested for heavy metals, purity, and microbial content to eliminate any contamination. Kampō medicines are tested for the levels of key chemical constituents as markers for quality control on every formula. This is carried out from the blending of the raw herbs to the end product according to the ministry's pharmaceutical standards.

Medicinal mushrooms like reishi and shiitake are herbal products with a long history of use. In Japan, the Agaricus blazei mushroom is a highly popular herb, which is used by close to 500,000 people. In Japan, Agaricus blazei is also the most popular herb used by cancer patients. The second most used herb is an isolate from the shiitake mushroom, known as active hexose correlated compound.

Outside Japan
In the United States, Kampō is practiced mostly by acupuncturists, Chinese medicine practitioners, naturopath physicians, and other alternative medicine professionals. Kampō herbal formulae are studied under clinical trials, such as the clinical study of Honso Sho-saiko-to (H09) for treatment of hepatitis C at the New York Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C at the UCSD Liver Center. Both clinical trials are sponsored by Honso USA, Inc., a branch of Honso Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan.

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Barry Strickland

Barry Peill Strickland (October 20, 1923 – May 4, 1968) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served as a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1958 to 1966.

Strickland was born in Hamiota, Manitoba, the son of Peill Strickland and Myrtle M. Hanna. He was educated in Hamiota schools, and worked as a real estate and insurance agent. Strickland served as a Flying Officer in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II, and was the director of the Hamiota Community Development Corporation. In 1947, he married Irene R. Purdy. Strickland was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1958 provincial election, defeating Liberal-Progressive candidate W.T. Wherrett by 402 votes in the constituency of Hamiota. He was re-elected over LP candidate James Scott in the 1959 election by 241 votes, and by a greater margin over Liberal candidate Frank Taylor in the 1962 election. He served as a backbench supporter of Dufferin Roblin's government during his time in office.

Strickland lost to Liberal Earl Dawson by 151 votes in the 1966 election.

Strickland died in 1968.

title: Barry Strickland


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Model of computation

In computer science, and more specifically in computability theory and computational complexity theory, a model of computation is a model which describes how an output of a mathematical function is computed given an input. A model describes how units of computations, memories, and communications are organized. The computational complexity of an algorithm can be measured given a model of computation. Using a model allows studying the performance of algorithms independently of the variations that are specific to particular implementations and specific technology.

Models
Models of computation can be classified into three categories: sequential models, functional models, and concurrent models.

Sequential models
Sequential models include:
 * Finite state machines
 * Post machines (Post–Turing machines and tag machines).
 * Pushdown automata
 * Register machines
 * Random-access machines
 * Turing machines
 * Decision tree model

Functional models
Functional models include:
 * Abstract rewriting systems
 * Combinatory logic
 * General recursive functions
 * Lambda calculus

Concurrent models
Concurrent models include:
 * Actor model
 * Cellular automaton
 * Interaction nets
 * Kahn process networks
 * Logic gates and digital circuits
 * Petri nets
 * Synchronous Data Flow

Some of these models have both deterministic and nondeterministic variants. Nondeterministic models correspond to limits of certain sequences of finite computers, but do not correspond to any subset of finite computers; they are used in the study of computational complexity of algorithms.

Models differ in their expressive power; for example, each function that can be computed by a Finite state machine can also be computed by a Turing machine, but not vice versa.

Uses
In the field of runtime analysis of algorithms, it is common to specify a computational model in terms of primitive operations allowed which have unit cost, or simply unit-cost operations. A commonly used example is the random-access machine, which has unit cost for read and write access to all of its memory cells. In this respect, it differs from the above-mentioned Turing machine model.

title: Model of computation


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12th Dalai Lama

Trinley Gyatso (also spelled Trinle Gyatso and Thinle Gyatso; 28 December 1856 – 25 April 1875) was the 12th Dalai Lama of Tibet.

His short life coincided with a time of major political unrest and wars among Tibet's neighbours. Tibet particularly suffered from the weakening of the Qing Dynasty which had previously provided it with some support against the British Empire, which was aiming to influence Tibet as an expansion from its colonisation of India.

He was recognised as a reincarnation of the Dalai Lama in 1858 and enthroned in 1860. During his period of training as a child, Tibet banned Europeans from entering the country because of wars Britain was fighting against Sikkim and Bhutan, both of whom were controlled to a considerable degree by the lamas in Lhasa. These wars were seen as efforts to colonise Tibet—something seen as unacceptable by the lamas. Also, with missionaries threatening to enter Tibet via the Mekong and Salween Rivers, Tibetans tried to emphasize the Qing Dynasty's authority over Tibet in the 1860s.

Trinley Gyatso was fully enthroned as Dalai Lama on 11 March 1873 but could not stamp his full authority on Tibet because he died of a mysterious illness on 25 April 1875.

 * "During the period of the short-lived Dalai Lamas—from the Ninth to the Twelfth incarnations—the Panchen was the lama of the hour, filling the void left by the four Dalai Lamas who died in their youth."

title: 12th Dalai Lama


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Melendi

Ramón Melendi Espina (born 21 January 1979), known as Melendi, is a Spanish singer-songwriter. His specialties are rock, flamenco, and rumba styles.

Early life
He was born in Oviedo, Asturias. He went to class with Formula One race car driver Fernando Alonso, to whom he dedicated the song "Magic Alonso". He also did racing for a while but he realized very quickly that he was not made for racing nor studying, but he was good at football. He played in the lower ranks of Astur CF, at the time a reserve team for Real Oviedo. Afterwards, he worked as a waiter in several bars and spent all night out, living experiences that would later go on to make up the lyrics of his songs. In 2001, he joined a group called "El bosque de Sherwood", and soon after recorded a demo with only three songs, "Sin noticias de Holanda", "El informe del forense", and "Vuelvo a traficar".

2003–2006: Career beginnings
In February 2003, Melendi released his first solo disc called "Sin noticias de Holanda", with twelve songs. In December 2003, this disc was rereleased with two new songs, "Asturias" and "Moratalá". However, he reached true fame with the 2004 Vuelta a España chose his song "Con la luna llena" as its official theme. In May 2004, he started a small tour around Spain, selling 50,000 copies of his CD, making it a Gold Album.

In 2005, he released his second solo CD, "Que el cielo espere sentao", which has sold more than 200,000 copies. Later that same year, he rereleased the album with three new songs, "El Nano", "La dama y el vagabundo" and "Carlota", and a Live concert DVD recorded in Oviedo. He also became a father that year, and received the Onda award for Best Song of the Year for "Caminando por la vida". In November 2005, he received seven Platinum Discs for his two albums. "Sin noticias..." received four and "Que el cielo..." three.

In 2006, it was announced that he would be one of the main stars in the PSP game "Gangs of London". Melendi played Mr. Big, an evil gangster. He also wrote the song "Gangs of London" for the occasion, going on to film a video amidst police lights and sirens. The videogame was launched on 1 August of that year in the UK and on 6 September in Spain; EMI stepped in to distribute his CDs worldwide. He also wrote the song "Volveremos" (We Shall Return) for Real Oviedo. The singer is also involved in the production of the film "Vuelvo a traficar: The Film" (I'm Dealing Again). "Mientras no cueste trabajo" was released on 13 November 2006, in two formats: a normal CD with 12 songs, and a special edition, with 16 songs and a DVD with extras. The disc was rereleased on 29 October 2009, with four new songs, "Firmes", "El rey de la baraja", "La aceituna", and "Me gusta el fútbol".

2007–2010: Curiosa la cara de tu padre and Volvamos a empezar
In 2007, he received the "Best Tour" award from the "Premios de la Música" ceremony held in Cordoba. He also did an advertising campaign for Canal+ Spain entitled "Me gusta el fútbol" (I Like Football), for which he wrote a song of the same name. In 2007, he stood trial for provoking an incident while under the influence of alcohol on a flight from Madrid to Mexico City that required the pilot to return to Madrid two hours after takeoff. He was released after testifying. Soon after, he was given the "Left Foot" award from Spanish radio station Cadena 100 for this incident.

Currently, Melendi directs his Blue Donkey Music company, helping young singers start their careers. He's offered contracts to four groups, Algunos Hombres Buenos, Rasel, La Dama y Belo, and Los Susodichos. This last group was nominated for a Latin Grammy for Best Rock Vocals. Algunos Hombres Buenos left the label in 2008. On 9 August 2008, he presented his new single, "Un violinista en tu tejado" from his album Curiosa la cara de tu padre on Spanish radio station Los 40 Principales. The album was released on 16 September 2008. On 12 December, Los 40 Principales awarded him their award for this album.

On 17 December 2009, he released a new double CD, Aún más curiosa la cara de tu padre, including the original disc and another with nine new songs and links to exclusive content on his website.

2011–2015: Lágrimas desordenadas, Un alumno más and Directo a septiembre
In 2011, he recorded a cover of "True colours" by Cyndi Lauper in Catalan called "Ulls dolços", for the CD of TV3's telethon La Marató.

On 13 November 2012, he released a new album called Lágrimas desordenadas and went on a tour of Spain and Latin America later that same year to celebrate the 10th anniversary of his first solo album.

His latest album, Un alumno más was released on 25 November 2014. Over the four months before the album was released, two songs from the album were released as lyrics videos, one was released as a single (Tocado y hundido), and one was released in an acoustic version.

2016–2018: Quítate las gafas and Ahora
In 2016, he issued Quítate las gafas, which featuring collaboration with ChocQuibTown. The first single from the album was "Desde Que Estamos Juntos"; released on 23 September 2016. The other songs released were "La Casa No Es Igual", "Destino o Casualidad" and "Yo Me Veo Contigo". On 2 June 2017, he released remix version of "Destino o Casualidad" with American duo Ha*Ash, along with the music video. On 8 December 2017, he released a second compilations albums Yo me veo contigo. The album includes a set of 11 songs, and would be made available on 4 CD and DVD.

Qúitate las gafas album:
 * Flores de agua y plomo
 * Destino o casualidad
 * Hijos del mal
 * Desde que estamos juntos
 * La casa no es igual
 * Mi mayor fortuna – Feat. Choc quib town
 * Soy tu superhéroe
 * Existen los ángeles
 * Quítate las gafas
 * Yo me veo contigo

Ahora album:
 * Mírame
 * El arrepentido (con Carlos Vives)
 * Lo que nos merecemos
 * Para que no se escapen tus mariposas
 * Tiempos de re-evolución
 * Déjala que baile (con Alejandro Sanz y Arkano)
 * Mi código postal
 * Negro sin ti
 * Habitaciones de un mismo planeta
 * Lo nuestro fue muy top
 * Como el agua y el aceite

2019–present: 10:20:40
In October 2019, the singer joined as coach of the second Mexican season of La Voz Kids by Televisa. On 29 November 2019, he released a new album called 10:20:40, which featuring collaboration with Cali y El Dandee.

Private life
In his early years, the fake news announcing his alleged death from an overdose or in the middle of shootings were also known. In 2005, Melendi became the father for the first time of a girl named Carlota.

In 2014 he met the Argentine actress and dancer Julia Nakamatsu, who later appeared in the singer's video "La promesa".

In 2023 Melendi revealed that his grandfather is originally from Camaguey, Cuba.

Collaborations

 * José Avilés Bas: "Volveremos Real Oviedo" (2013)
 * Los Chunguitos: "Con la luna llena" (2004).
 * Pablo Moro: "María" (2005).
 * Algunos Hombres Buenos: "Salta" (2006).
 * Seguridad Social: "Quiero tener tu presencia" (live, unedited).
 * Belo: "Al gallo que me cante" (live, unedited).
 * Un tributo a Brasil: "Adiós tristeza".
 * Rasel "Mil razas" (2007).
 * Guaraná: "De lao a lao" (2008).
 * Pignoise: "Estoy enfermo" (2009).
 * Fernando Tejero: "So payaso" (2010).
 * Porretas: "Dos pulgas en un perro" (2011).
 * Juanes: "Me enamora" (2011; live, unedited).
 * Mojinos Escozíos y Ariel Rot: "Al carajo" (2011).
 * Pablo Motos: "Marco" (2011).
 * Malú: El apagón (2011) (live, unedited).
 * Leonel García: "Para empezar" (2011; live, unedited).
 * Pablo Alborán, Dani Martín, Malú, Carlos Baute, Rasel y La Dama: "Cuestión de prioridades por el cuerno de África" (2012).
 * Malú: "Amigo" (2012).
 * Lolita Flores: "Arriba los corazones", by Antonio Flores (live, unedited).
 * Malú: "Con solo una sonrisa" (live, unedited).
 * La Dama: "Corazón de peón" (live, unedited).
 * Rasel: "Por qué" (2013).
 * La Dama: "Estrella fugaz" (2014).
 * Margarett: "Por ti" (2014).
 * Laura Pausini: "Entre tú y mil mares" (2014).
 * Antonio Orozco, Manuel Carrasco, Malú, Alejandro Sanz: "Mi Héroe" (2016)
 * Ha*Ash: "Destino o Casualidad" (2017)
 * Carlos Vives: "El Arrepentido" (2018)
 * Beret :"Desde Cero" (2019)

title: Melendi


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Lindze Letherman

Lindze Lanae Letherman (born November 2, 1988) is an American actress, equestrian, trick rider, and general manager. She is known for her roles as Molly in Toothless, Virginia Lofton in Virginia's Run, and Georgie Jones in General Hospital.

Career
Letherman was born in Fresno, California. She appeared on General Hospital as Georgie Jones, the daughter of soap opera supercouple Frisco and Felicia Jones and one-half of the popular teen couple "Dillon and Georgie".

Letherman had a small role in the 2002 movie Clockstoppers as Kelly Gibbs, and has made guest appearances on TV shows, talk shows, and game shows.

Letherman left General Hospital in December 2007, when her character was killed off. She temporarily returned on March 26, 2010, and March 29, 2010, as a ghost. She once again appeared temporarily returned to speak to Maxie Jones on July 11–12 and December 5, 2013, once again as a ghost.

Letherman also starred in an Independent film in 2007 entitled Stamped! which was filmed with Higher Definition Media, Inspiration Studios and Frontier Film, and was released on February 27, 2009.

Personal life
Lindze Letherman married Adam Etchegoyen on Saturday October 18, 2014. The couple exchanged vows at Stolpman Vineyards in Santa Barbara, CA. Lindze retired from acting in 2018 after she left "General Hospital" and moved to Aspen, Colorado. Today Lindze Letherman is a general manager for Hooch.

title: Lindze Letherman


text:
Ignacio Serricchio

Ignacio Ariel Serricchio (born April 19, 1982) is an Argentine actor. He is known for his role as Diego Alcazar on General Hospital and as Alejandro "Alex" Chavez on The Young and the Restless. Other roles include Lifetime's Witches of East End, seasons 9-12 of Bones, and the Netflix reboot of Lost in Space.

Life and career
Serricchio was born in Lanús, Argentina, and is a graduate of Syracuse University's drama department. In October 2004, Serricchio joined the cast of the ABC daytime soap General Hospital as troubled youth Diego Alcazar. He left the soap in November 2006. He returned as Diego on February 22, 2008, until his character was killed off on March 5, 2008. In 2005, Serricchio portrayed a streetwise Mormon missionary in the critically acclaimed film States of Grace. In 2007, he appeared in 6 episodes of Ghost Whisperer, where he played the character Gabriel Lawrence. In 2008, he portrayed Luis in the CW's Privileged. The show stopped filming on February 24, 2009, and was cancelled on May 19, 2009. From December 2012 to January 2014, he played the recurring role of police detective Alex Chavez on the CBS daytime soap The Young and the Restless. In 2014, he played the recurring role of medic Tommy Cole during the second and final season of the Lifetime drama series Witches of East End. In the summer of 2015, Serrichio was cast in the role of Miguel on the BET sitcom, Zoe Ever After starring Brandy Norwood. He played Dr. Rodolfo Fuentes on Bones, seasons 9-12. Starting in 2018, he appeared as Don West in Lost in Space, the Netflix remake of the 1965 TV series.

Personal life
Ignacio has described himself as “Italian” and “Hispanic”. He also speaks fluent Italian.

title: Ignacio Serricchio


text:
Sugarloaf Mountain (Florida)

Sugarloaf Mountain is the fifth-highest named point and the most prominent point in the U.S. state of Florida. At 312 feet (95.0976 m) above sea level it is also the highest point on the geographic Florida Peninsula. The hill is in Lake County, near the town of Clermont.

Geography
Sugarloaf Mountain, located along the western shore of Lake Apopka in Lake County, Florida, is the northernmost named upland associated with the Lake Wales Ridge, a series of sand hills running south to Highlands County. The mountain, really a ridge with rolling dome-like peaks, rises abruptly from the surrounding flat terrain. Its prominence is thought to be 245 ft, with its highest peak having a local prominence of about 200 ft relative to the surrounding ridge. Sugarloaf Mountain's summit is the most prominent peak in the state, though it is about 10 percent lower than Florida's highest point, Britton Hill, which rises to 345 ft above sea level in the Florida Panhandle.

Sugarloaf is more prominent than the most prominent hills in Louisiana or Delaware, two other low-lying states.

History
Before the 20th century, Sugarloaf Mountain was a wilderness dominated by sandhill and flatwood pine forests. By the 1920s, logging had stripped the mountain of its hardwood vegetation, permanently altering its native environment. Scrub began to grow on the mountain's slopes, in addition to grapes, which were planted mostly to the south of the mountain for a decade or so.

By the 1940s, grape farming had declined because of fungal diseases, and it was replaced by citrus farming. Citrus groves flourished on the flanks of Sugarloaf Mountain, providing the basis for the local economy until the 1980s, when freezes began to devastate local groves. As the citrus industry faded, property on the mountain was rezoned for residential development, with value seen in the mountain's panoramic views of the surrounding area. Other lands abutting the mountain, primarily along Lake Apopka, were preserved with the intention of restoring long-absent ecologies. Only a few citrus plantations and vineyards managed to persist to the present day.

Geology
Sugarloaf Mountain's geology is tied to the formation of Florida's sand ridges, specifically the Lake Wales Ridge. The mountain consists of relict sand ridges and dunes formed in a marine shoreline environment about 2 million years ago during the Pleistocene epoch. Since the Pleistocene, the sands comprising the mountain have probably been uplifted due to isostatic rebound of the crust beneath the Florida Platform. The uplift is attributed to the karstification/erosion of the platform, which is reducing the weight on the underlying basement rock, triggering a process similar to post-glacial rebound.

Recreation
The state of Florida designated the Green Mountain Scenic Byway, which primarily traverses the eastern side of the mountain. The route offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape and access to newly acquired ecological preserves and historic sites.

Biking along the Byway as well as on other roads on the mountain has become popular, due to the challenge imposed by the relatively rugged terrain of the mountain compared to the surrounding area.

Sugarloaf Mountain also had a golf course. Designed by the firm of Coore & Crenshaw to take advantage of the relatively prominent topography, the course was to be part of the proposed private Sugarloaf Mountain Golf Club residential development. The golf course was closed in 2012 due to low turnout and slow development in the wake of the 2008 housing bubble.

Mentions in Fiction
In the speculative fiction novel, American War by Omar El Akkad, Sugarloaf Mountain is turned into an island by climate change related flooding and repurposed as a Guantanamo Bay-esque detention facility in a Second American Civil War.

title: Sugarloaf Mountain (Florida)


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title: File:Coa playbill.jpg


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James Mills (Manitoba politician)

James Thomas Mills (June 22, 1914 in Winnipeg, Manitoba – February 15, 1997) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served as a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1963 to 1966.

Mills was educated at Immaculate Conception School and St. Paul's High School in Winnipeg, and worked as a merchant in Winnipeg after his graduation. He served as a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police from 1939 to 1945, and was active in the local rotary clubs and Knights of Columbus.

His election to the legislature occurred under unusual circumstances after two recounts in the 1962 election in Kildonan. Mills was the Progressive Conservative candidate in this election, and defeated New Democratic Party incumbent A. J. Reid by a mere four votes. Mills was a backbench supporter of Dufferin Roblin's government during his time in office.

In the 1966 election, and Mills lost to Peter Fox of the NDP by 836 votes. He did not seek a return to the legislature after this time.

Mills was also a city alderman in the former City of East Kildonan at the time of his election to the legislature, and a member of the Metro Winnipeg election committee. In 1968, he moved to Victoria, British Columbia where he operated a lady's wear store and then became a real estate agent. He died there at the age of 82.

title: James Mills (Manitoba politician)


text: User talk:219.77.77.72

title: User talk:219.77.77.72


text: User talk:168.122.166.38

title: User talk:168.122.166.38


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Vyacheslav Shtyrov

Vyacheslav Anatolyevich Shtyrov (Вячеслав Анатольевич Штыров; born 23 May 1953) is a Russian businessman who ran the diamond mining giant Almazy Rossii – Sakha (Alrosa) from 1996 to 2002. In 2004 it was reported that he owns 0.14% of Alrosa.

Born on 23 May 1953 in Khandyga village, Tomponsky District, Yakut Autonomous Republic. Ethnically Russian. His father was counter admiral Anatoly Tikhonovich Shtyrov (1929–2014), First Deputy Chief of Intelligence of the Pacific Fleet, Deputy Chief of the Naval Directorate of the South-West Command. In 1975 Vyacheslav graduated from the Far Eastern State Technical University. After graduating, he was sent to work in the Construction Department "Gokstroy" of VilyuyGESstroy of the USSR Ministry of Energy. He spent 11 years at Gokstroy, moving to the post of deputy director.

From 1986 to 1988, he was Deputy Head of the Construction Department of the Yakutia Regional Committee of the CPSU. In 1991, he was appointed Minister of Construction and Investments of Yakutia.

From 1991 to 1997, Shtyrov served as Vice President of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) under Mikhail Nikolayev. From 1992 to December 1994, he combined the posts of Vice President and Chairman of the Government of Sakha. In 1995, he became the director of Diamonds of Russia — Sakha JSC, which was renamed into Alrosa a year later. In 2002, Shtyrov was elected second president of Sakha and left Alrosa.

He took office on 27 January 2002 after being elected in an election which took two rounds. He received 52.25% of the vote in the runoff. He left office on 31 May 2010 for personal reasons. Later he became a Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council at the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

Family
Shtyrov is married to Liliya Ivanovna Shtyrova, They have two daughters. Yuliya and Tatiana.

Wealth
In 2004, his wealth was estimated to be $410 million (12.5 Billion Rubles).

title: Vyacheslav Shtyrov