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Tohru Honda

Tohru Honda (本田 透) is a fictional character in the manga and anime series Fruits Basket by Natsuki Takaya. She is the main protagonist, noted for her cheerful optimism, altruistic nature, and great sympathy for others. Takaya created her with an unusual perspective on the world, to balance her empathy.

Tohru, age 16, is an orphaned high school student who, after meeting Yuki, Kyo, and Shigure Sohma, learns that thirteen members of the Sohma family are possessed by the animals of the Chinese zodiac and turn into their animal forms if they are embraced by anyone of the opposite sex or when their bodies come under a great deal of stress or are greatly weakened. As the series progresses, Tohru meets the rest of the zodiac and the family's mysterious head, Akito Sohma, and resolves to break the curse that burdens them.

Development
According to Natsuki Takaya in interviews, Tohru Honda was the first character she created for the series, with Yuki and Kyo Sohma soon after. When asked how she came up with Tohru's personality and background, she said: "I thought that for a girl to accept other people's feelings so wholeheartedly, she'd have to have a slightly unusual way of looking at things so that she wouldn't be crushed by having so much empathy. But I still worried that I needed something else to flesh her out. And then the thought, 'Oh, yeah--I'll make her use super-polite language, and use it incorrectly!' came to me all at once. After that, her character was completed in no time." Takaya gave Tohru a name normally used only for men because she likes to give masculine names to female characters "to balance them out." In addition, Takaya chose to have other characters address her as "Tohru-kun", using an honorific typically used for boys, because she thought it was "a more dignified form of address."

Laura Bailey, the English voice actor for Tohru, said in an interview that the aspect of Tohru's character she most related to was her optimism, while the most difficult was her formality. According to her, Akitaro Daichi, the director of the Japanese anime series, was particularly concerned that Tohru's "sweetness and formal nature didn't get lost in translation"; Bailey acknowledged that English does not have the same kind of speech formality as Japanese, but claimed Tohru's "humble nature can still be communicated through inflections and tone." Bailey reported using the original Japanese performance of Yui Horie as a basis for Tohru's mannerisms and inflections.

It is said that Tohru's father Katsuya Honda named her Tohru because "it brought out her hidden flavor, like adding salt to sweet things."

Personality
Tohru is depicted as polite, optimistic, extremely kind, and selfless. Several other characters, including her friends Kyo, Rin, and Hanajima, tell her she needs to look out for her own interests and not shoulder everyone else's burdens. At the start of the series, she is living in a tent rather than staying with her friends, Arisa Uotani and Saki Hanajima, to avoid being a burden to them, and she has an after-school job as an office janitor to pay her tuition fees so that her grandfather does not have to. Yuki once describes her as not the sort who sees her life as a "glass half-empty." Tohru is so kind-hearted that she cannot make herself say mean things while playing a wicked stepsister in a class production of Cinderella, and when her mother told her the bedtime story of how the cat was excluded from the Chinese zodiac, in sympathy she declared she wished to be born in the year of the cat.

Tohru describes herself as an excellent artist who loves cooking and cleaning. In the original Japanese, Tohru habitually speaks formally (see Honorific speech in Japanese), but not always correctly. She picked up this habit from her dead father, Katsuya, after he died when she was three, as a way of replacing him in her mother's eyes and from her father's family's statements that she was probably the daughter of a man her mother had an affair with. Tohru tends to be especially concerned for people with minor illnesses. This comes from the circumstances of her father's death, when Katsuya was originally diagnosed with a fever but eventually died of pneumonia.

She was raised by her mother, Kyoko, until Kyoko died in a car accident shortly after Tohru entered high school, a few months before the series starts. Tohru treasures her mother's photograph and vowed at her death to keep Kyoko the most important person in her life. Tohru is distressed whenever she feels she is being "unfaithful" to her mother, for example, when she gets failing marks on end-of-term exams, thus endangering her promise to graduate high school, or when she falls in love with Kyo. Tohru eventually realizes that her vow is an attempt to cling to the past, and that Kyoko would have wanted her to move on and fall in love with someone else.

Life with the Sohmas
A few months before the series begins, Tohru's mother died in a car accident, leaving her an orphan in the care of her grandfather. When his house needs remodeling, she moves into a tent on land that turns out to belong to the Sohmas. When her tent is buried in a landslide during a rainstorm, Shigure convinces her to move in with him and Yuki as housekeeper in exchange for room and board. As she settles in, Kyo Sohma arrives to challenge Yuki to a fight. In the confusion, Tohru accidentally embraces him and he transforms into a cat, and when she stumbles into Yuki and Shigure, they transform as well into a Rat and Dog, respectively. The Sohmas explain that their family is cursed, and they are possessed by spirits of the Chinese zodiac plus the cat legend says would have been included if it had not been tricked by the Rat into missing the induction feast (see Zodiac origin stories). Tohru promises to keep their secret, under the threat of having her memories of them erased—a compromise agreed to by Akito Sohma, the mysterious head of the family, who orders Kyo to live with Shigure as well.

Tohru is soon friends with the three Sohmas—especially her classmates Yuki and Kyo, who she hopes will become friends themselves —and they in turn are slowly affected by her presence. Yuki is especially touched by Tohru's request that, if her memory is suppressed, he will remain her friend, which no one had asked him before. Kyo initially appears to dislike Tohru, but he, like Yuki, is "drawn" to her kind heart and gentle demeanor. However, his inability to express his feelings results in frequent impulsive angry comments to Tohru, for which he usually ends up apologizing. Gradually Tohru meets the other cursed members of the Sohma family, and through her kindness and sympathy is able to help Hatori, Ayame, Kisa, Hiro, and Ritsu. Her encouragement to Kisa also helps Yuki face his own self-doubts and accept becoming president of the student council; in addition he knows, by a cap Tohru treasures, that she is the lost little girl he once led home, an act that showed him that he was not as unneeded by others as Akito claimed. Tohru becomes particularly close to Kyo after his foster-father Kazuma Sohma forces him to reveal the monstrous "true form" of his curse; although initially repulsed, Tohru stays with him even after he violently tries to push her away. Both Yuki and Kyo fall in love with her, though neither tells her.

As she learns more about the zodiac curse, Tohru becomes increasingly distressed by its cost to her friends—especially Momiji Sohma's separation from his little sister, Momo, who does not even know (but suspects) they are siblings, and her friend Arisa's longing for Kureno Sohma, who cannot see her because he is bound to Akito. When she learns that the feared Akito is the "god" of the zodiac and of the bet he made with Kyo, which could result in the cat being confined for life, she resolves to break the curse. Tohru asks for help from Kazuma, Rin, and Kureno. Despite setbacks and being warned off by Rin—who also seeks to break the curse, in order to free Hatsuharu—Tohru refuses to give up her goal. She eventually receives encouragement and hints from Shigure, who is using Tohru to weaken the curse for his own reasons.

Meanwhile, Tohru's feelings for Kyo develop and she eventually admits he is the Sohma she wants the most to free, because she loves him. This, however, only distresses her further, as she feels she is being unfaithful to her mother's memory. However, when Tohru finally confesses to Kyo, he tells her he knew her mother when he was a child, and that he could have saved Kyoko from the car that killed her except it would have revealed his curse and Kyoko's final word "I won't forgive you!" (Later it is understood that she meant to say "I won't forgive you if you don't take care of Tohru!") But Tohru doesn't believe her mother would say that but if she did she would have to go against it because she loves him. Unable in his guilt to accept Tohru's feelings, he says her love is an illusion and runs away. As she follows him, she meets Akito, who believes that Tohru's kindness to and acceptance of the cursed zodiac members has made them unfaithful to her, weakening their "bond" to the point that Momiji and Hiro have been freed from the curse. As she angrily confronts her, however, Tohru realizes that she is trapped by the past as much as she herself has been, by clinging to her mother's memory, and she extends her hand in friendship to Akito and introduces herself as a new start. However, before Akito can accept, Tohru falls down a nearby cliff when the ground collapses in the rain. The accident makes Kyo realize how much he values Tohru, and also allows Akito to finally break away from the roles she has held for most of her life.

Tohru survives the fall and is hospitalized. As she recovers, Akito accepts Tohru's friendship, and comes to accept both the person she is, instead of the god she has believed her father wished her to be, and the woman she was born as, instead of the man she was raised to be. Meanwhile, Yuki, who has realized that what he wants from Tohru is an unconditional "motherly" love, not the love of a woman, convinces Kyo to reconcile with Tohru when she is discharged from the hospital. But Tohru takes off in a dash once she see Kyo because she feels as if she has been rejected, but Kyo chases after her. After catching up with her, Kyo confesses his feelings for her. This acceptance of the cat, the first friend of the god of the zodiac, breaks the zodiac curse and all the Sohmas are freed. In the last chapter, she and Kyo are shown packing to move to another city to continue his martial arts training, so that eventually he can inherit Kazuma's dojo, and in the final pages, it is revealed that they got married and had a son and a granddaughter.

Reception
Tohru has been cited by reviewers as key to the appeal of the series, especially the manga version. Her cheerfulness and sympathy for other characters is frequently commented on: "Tohru is the essence of cheerfulness and faces hardships with a positive attitude while being extremely compassionate to everyone around her." However while "Tohru is notorious in the series for being happy and cheerful even in times of great taxation", as a reviewer at Anime News Network put it, her characterization is seen as more complex than that even at the start of the series, and more so as series progresses. Her unusual personality is seen by reviewers as a product of her upbringing: "[Her parents'] approach to family life and parenting is informed by their own failings as members of destroyed families, and the result is exactly the kind of family that would produce someone like Tohru." She is also seen as resembling her mother as she grows up.

title: Tohru Honda


text:
VM Labs

VM Labs was a semiconductor and platform company, founded in 1995 in Los Altos, Silicon Valley, California.

Products
The company's technology and NUON brand was used in DVD players from Toshiba, Samsung and RCA, as well as the Streamaster IP set-top box from Motorola.

The Nuon platform was featured in the specialized media for the 3D video game titles it would bring to DVD players and set-top boxes, as well as for the features that were not available on other DVD players when playing standard DVD-formatted titles. Notable embedded features included Jeff Minter's Virtual Light Machine (VLM) for music, real-time zoom, gamma-correction and smooth reverse shuttle.

Although Nuon DVD technology was initially supported by various Hollywood studios with plans to release several enhanced DVD titles, only four were ultimately released, including Bedazzled and Planet of the Apes.

History
The founder of VM Labs, Richard Miller, was a former vice president of Atari Corporation, and several prominent VM Labs employees (including Jeff Minter and John Mathieson) were also associated with Atari Corporation. VM Labs was headquartered in Los Altos, California.

After critical funding collapsed shortly after September 11, 2001, VM Labs was sold to Genesis Microchip after a brief period in Chapter 11.

Genesis Microchip planned to integrate the Nuon and Faroudja technologies for the DVD market, and ultimately used the NUON technology in HDTV chipsets. As an expanded DVD format and video game platform, as of November 2004, there were no Nuon-enabled DVD players shipping and no new Nuon software titles.

Timeline
1995 – Company founded in Los Altos, CA. Seed financing and non-exclusive license agreement with Motorola for media processor design.

1996 – First Nuon Media Processor design delivered to Motorola for layout

1997 – Prototype silicon received. Second silicon (Quad-core "Oz") delivered to customers.

1999 – Production shipments of quad-core "Aries-1" silicon, operating system and firmware to Motorola, Samsung, RCA and others.

2000 – "Aries-2" begins production

2001 – "Aries-3" silicon (first fully designed at VM Labs) begins production. This design was faster, lower cost, lower power and more highly integrated than the Motorola versions, and fabricated at TSMC.

Feb 2002 – Genesis Microchip acquires VM Lab's assets and hires 50 remaining employees

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: VM Labs


text:
User:Plonk420

Wikipedia
items in chronological order

Things to keep track of / Beta Profile

 * Orbital (band) -- templatize to create article on V*Enna
 * E-type work on it...

Wikipedia Friends

 * Slant
 * SoothingR -- Thanks for the Wikipedia tips! :)

Created Pages

 * The Shane Company
 * Mossimo (a few bugs but too lazy to fix)
 * PI error started, needs context
 * PO error started, needs context
 * DirecTV (List of US Channels)
 * CD WOW! — in my quest to find out if this site sold legit music/DVDs (nothing i hate more than pirated media that is sold), i came across interesting material. and a lame ass corperate spamming oozing praise for CD WOW! on Wikipedia. try googling "CD WOW! legit" (without quotes, of course ;)

Contributions

 * The Prodigy (history section reguarding Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned)
 * Santoku (photo)
 * List of warez groups
 * Fairlight (group) Awards section
 * DirecTV (split the cumbersomely large US channel list from main article)
 * Talk:Xbox 360 HUGE cleanup/organization of talk page topics old new
 * GeForce 7 Series added some of the 7800GS specs. go go anandtech :D

Really Minor Contributions

 * Akira (film)
 * Spontaneous Human Combustion Investigator Mariko!
 * List of dorama Investigator Mariko!
 * Nightwish CoralCached the article as the Nightwish server is getting owned by Letter views. pointed link back to original article instead of wikisource article. courtesy to the webmaster. # of page views is an ego boost :)
 * KAD Reverted vandalism

title: User:Plonk420


text:
Anti-personnel obstacle breaching system

The anti-personnel obstacle breaching system (APOBS) is an explosive line charge system that allows safe breaching through complex antipersonnel obstacles, particularly fields of land mines. The APOBS is a joint DOD program for the U.S. Army and the United States Marine Corps.

History
The anti-personnel obstacle breaching system originated as an operational requirements document published by the US Army Engineer School, Fort Leonard Wood, MO. The joint requirements document was signed by the Army and the Marines in April 1994. The system was developed by the United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command – Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (RDECOM-ARDEC), Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, and produced by Ensign-Bickford Aerospace and Defense. During preliminary test and evaluation, the original explosive grenade attachment scheme proved inadequate, resulting in program delay and the Naval Surface Warfare Center sponsoring a complete line-charge analysis and manufacturing redesign. The subsequently proposed and highly successful woven nylon over-wrap is currently employed on the Mk 7 Mod 1, fielded in 2002, and the Mod 2 fielded in 2006.

Use
The APOBS is used to conduct deliberate or hasty breaches through enemy antipersonnel minefields and multi-strand wire obstacles. It is light enough to be carried by two soldiers with backpacks and can be deployed within two minutes.

Once set in place, the APOBS rocket is fired from a 35-meter standoff position, sending the line charge with fragmentation grenades over a minefield or wire obstacle. The grenades neutralize or clear the mines and sever the wire, clearing a 45-meter-long footpath for troops.

The APOBS replaces the Bangalore torpedo, which is heavier when all sections are used together, takes significantly longer to set up, and cannot be deployed from a standoff position. It reduces the number of soldiers required to carry and employ the system to two, as opposed to as many as 12 for a Bangalore torpedo using all sections.

The 125-pound system includes these features:
 * Delay and command firing modes
 * Deployable within 90 seconds
 * Deployable from a 35-meter standoff
 * Clears antipersonnel mines and complex wire obstacles
 * Clears a footpath up to 1 meter by 45 meters

As a certified insensitive munition, the APOBS is safe to employ and transport.

Current usage
The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps have used the APOBS to clear improvised explosive devices in southern Afghanistan.


text:
Maidstone Barracks railway station

Maidstone Barracks railway station is one of three railway stations which serve the town of Maidstone in Kent, England. Originally opened as Barracks station, it is named after the nearby Invicta Park Barracks and lies on the Medway Valley Line, 42 mi from London Charing Cross via Strood between Aylesford and Maidstone West. The station and all trains serving it are operated by Southeastern.

The station has been unstaffed since September 1989 and the booking office on the Strood-bound platform was subsequently demolished. A PERTIS (permit to travel) passenger-operated self-service ticket machine was installed on the Strood-bound platform in 2007–08.

Services
All services at Maidstone Barracks are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Strood
 * 2 tph to Paddock Wood via Maidstone West

A small number of morning, mid afternoon and late evening trains continue beyond Paddock Wood to Tonbridge.

On Sundays, the service is reduced to hourly in each direction.

title: Maidstone Barracks railway station


text:
User talk:Wkelley

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! andy 08:05, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Wkelley


text:
União do Vegetal

The Beneficent Spiritist Center União do Vegetal (Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal ; or UDV) is a religious society founded on July 22, 1961 in Porto Velho (Rondônia) by José Gabriel da Costa, known as Mestre Gabriel. The UDV seeks to promote peace and to "work for the evolution of the human being in the sense of his or her spiritual development", as is written in its bylaws. The institution today has over 18,000 members, distributed among more than 200 local chapters located in all the states of Brazil, as well as in Peru, Australia, several countries in Europe, and the United States. The translation of União do Vegetal is Union of the Plants referring to the sacrament of the UDV, Hoasca tea, also known as Ayahuasca. This beverage is made by boiling two plants, mariri (Banisteriopsis caapi) and chacrona (Psychotria viridis), both of which are native to the Amazon rainforest.

In its sessions, UDV members drink Hoasca tea for the effect of mental concentration. In Brazil, the use of Hoasca in religious rituals was regulated by the Brazilian federal government's National Drug Policy Council on January 25, 2010. The policy established legal norms for the religious institutions that responsibly use this tea. The Supreme Court of the United States unanimously affirmed the UDV's right to use Hoasca tea in its religious sessions in the United States, in a decision published on February 21, 2006.

U.S. Supreme Court case
Hoasca tea made from Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis (the only two ingredients used in the UDV's preparation of Hoasca) was shipped to the American membership from Brazil. U.S. Customs agents seized a shipment and raided a UDV member's office, finding over 30 gallons of Hoasca tea in 1999. The UDV sued in 2000, seeking exemption from the Controlled Substances Act and equal treatment under the law.

In 2001, the 10th Circuit Court of New Mexico granted a preliminary injunction preventing the government from interfering with UDV's religious use of Hoasca. The government appealed and the appeals court stayed the injunction of the lower court. In December 2004, the Supreme Court lifted a stay thereby allowing the church to use Hoasca tea in their sessions. The Supreme Court heard oral arguments for the case on November 1, 2005.

On February 21, 2006, the Supreme Court issued its ruling on the case. The court ruled, unanimously, that the lower courts had not erred in holding that the federal government had failed to prove the "compelling interest" in barring UDV use of Hoasca required under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the opinion in the case, in the second opinion he authored as a member of the Court.

One of the active compounds of Hoasca is DMT, which is produced by the human body and in many plants. DMT is classified in the United States as a Schedule I drug. Plants, animals, and humans containing DMT are not. Neither Banisteriopsis caapi nor Psychotria viridis are listed in any schedule of the Controlled Substances Act.

Health of UDV members
A study of UDV members by psychiatrist Charles Grob of the UCLA School of Medicine found them to be psychologically and physically healthier than average, and he has recommended ayahuasca as a treatment for depression.

title: União do Vegetal


text: User talk:64.231.170.177

title: User talk:64.231.170.177


text:
Talk:The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor

Untitled
User:Pmanderson "reordered to place non-spoiler information first". I don't think that's a good idea: You don't want to read in detail about the publication history of a mystery novel ("a detective story with a difference" etc.) without having any idea what the book is about. Aren't users mature enough to skip the plot outline if they really want to do so?  22:13, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yup that was a bad - assessment. Too overworked - yes. If anyone disagrees with the assesements. Just indicate "briefly" why and make the change. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page) / (Desk)  07:46, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

1974 Julian Symons revealed the real author - hmm, my german translated edition (Scherz paperback, first edition) is from 1969 and reads Ernest Borneman as author... 91.62.125.10 (talk) 12:07, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:07, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Translations
Probably the author of article refers to 1937 when said "The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor saw eight reprints in various pocket editions and also appeared in French and German translations but was never brought out in the United States". It's no clear to me but please note now there is an italian version. SM — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.35.252.84 (talk) 09:35, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor


text:
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam

Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, released internationally as Straight From the Heart, is a 1999 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. The film stars Salman Khan, Ajay Devgn, and Aishwarya Rai. Based on Rashtriyashayar Jhaverchand Meghani's play Shetal ne Kathe, the film narrates the story of a newlywed man who discovers that his wife is in love with another man and decides to unite them. The film has also been described as a loose adaptation of Maitreyi Devi's Bengali novel Na Hanyate, although the film itself does not credit it as a source.

It was filmed throughout the Gujarat-Rajasthan border region, in addition to Budapest, Hungary, which was used to represent Italy. The film premiered in the Indian Panorama section at the 1999 International Film Festival of India. The Bengali film Neel Akasher Chandni was inspired by this movie.

The film was a commercial success and emerged as one of the highest-grossing Indian films of the year, earning inr 510000000. It received predominantly positive reviews from critics. Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam received 17 nominations at the 45th Filmfare Awards, including Best Actor (Khan and Devgn), and won 7 awards, including Best Film, Best Director (Bhansali), Best Actress (Rai), and Best Male Playback Singer (Udit Narayan).

Plot
Nandini is the daughter of Pundit Darbar, a renowned proponent of Indian classical music. It is announced that a young man named Sameer will be arriving to stay with the Darbar family, as he wants to grasp the intricacies of Indian classical music under the guidance of the Pundit. He is accommodated in Nandini's room, causing her to shift elsewhere and dislike Sameer. At first, the two tease and prank one another, but soon enough, they fall deeply in love—they share romantic moments during family events, including weddings and festivals.

One day, the couple is caught rehearsing their wedding vows by the Pundit. The old man is enraged since he has already planned Nandini's wedding with the young lawyer Vanraj, who had fallen in love with her during her cousin Anu's wedding. Sameer is banished from the household, and the Pundit quits singing since he believes Nandini has brought shame to the family. Sameer is made to vow that he'll never meet Nandini again. Although he initially acquiesces and leaves for Italy, he soon starts writing letters to Nandini, asking her to join him, but his letters do not reach her. After a futile suicide attempt, Nandini reluctantly weds Vanraj. He attempts to show her affection as is customary for consummating their marriage, but Nandini acts coldly toward him. He asks her why she has been so distant towards him, but she chooses to remain silent.

Nandini finally receives Sameer's letters, and Vanraj walks in on her reading them. He is enraged and initially decides to return her to her parents, but soon realizes that since she is in love with another man, the right thing to do is unite the pair. Vanraj seeks his parents' consent, which they give after disagreeing at first. Nandini and Vanraj arrive in Italy but come up against dead ends searching for Sameer. During their search, they are mugged, and Nandini is shot in the arm. Moved by Vanraj's gentleness and affection towards her, Nandini begins to warm up to him. Eventually, they can locate Sameer through his mother, and Vanraj dutifully arranges their meeting on the night of Sameer's debut concert. He then bids farewell to Nandini and walks away, heartbroken.

Meeting Sameer, she apologizes to him and tells him she has come to love Vanraj. She reflects upon the unwavering love and devotion that Vanraj has showered upon her throughout their relationship and realizes that Vanraj is her true soul mate. Sameer observes that Nandini no longer has the love for him that he once saw in her. Heartbroken, Sameer lets her go back to Vanraj, which she readily accepts, and Sameer breaks down after she leaves, and his mother consoles him. She returns to Vanraj and tells him she cannot live without him. Vanraj adorns a mangala sutra around her neck, and they embrace each other.

DVD
In 2000, Video-sound company in the United States, released the official DVD edition of the film with a "making of" segment. The main feature was presented in an aspect ratio of 1.85 and the original Dolby Digital 5.1 mix.

The second release was by Digital Entertainment Inc. This was a collectors' edition two-disc set, filled with supplementary features. These included:
 * Making of the film
 * IIFA 2000 and Zee Gold awards, 2000
 * Television Promos
 * Theatrical Trailer
 * Subtitles in English, Spanish, French, Japanese and Arabic
 * Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Audio
 * Anamorphic Widescreen Presentation
 * Information Booklet

Shemaroo and Eros International released single-disc editions in the India market, sans supplementary features.

The movie was released under its English title Straight From The Heart. This DVD was released by Pathfinder Home Entertainment, which was a port of the Digital Entertainment Inc. edition, sans supplementary features.

OTT
Eros International holds rights to this film and has released it in VCD and DVD formats, but without any picture and sound enhancement. The high-definition version of this film is available on the Eros Now website in its uncut format, with improved picture and sound quality.

World television premiere
The film's television premiere was on Sony Entertainment Television.

Reception
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam was well received by most critics — especially for its emotional content, cinematography and soundtrack — as well as the performances of the lead actors and a surprising performance by guest star Helen.

Ken Eisner said "this three-hour spectacular is stuffed with songs, romance, comedy, devotional material, and color-soaked dance numbers that are huge even by Hindi standards." Michael Dequina writing for TheMovieReport.com said of the three leads "Rai, in a luminous, award-winning performance (largely considered her big dramatic breakthrough—and justifiably so), fills in the conflicted emotional shades that Khan fails to bring with his one-dimensional presence; and Devgn's soulful subtlety does its job in suggesting Sameer to be a more formidable romantic adversary than viewers would see him as being." The reviewer for Filmfare felt it was a "once-in-a-decade type of extravaganza" and wrote, "Cinematographically, the movie is flawless and by virtue of this fact alone, a must-see. It aims at capturing poetry on screen without becoming pretentious. The music by Ismail Darbar is simply enchanting. The film juxtaposes Indian thematic content with exotic foreign locales."

A huge hit at the Indian box office, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam became the third highest-grossing Bollywood film of 1999 with over $200 million. It also did well at the foreign box office, with ₹ 85 million.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack had lyrics by Mehboob Kotwal and music by Ismail Darbar. Voices on the soundtrack include those of Kavita Krishnamurthy, Alka Yagnik, Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan, Hariharan, Vinod Rathod, Sultan Khan, Shankar Mahadevan, KK, and others. It received nine Filmfare Award nominations in the music and singing categories and produced some winners as well. Vikas Bhatnagar of Planet Bollywood gave the soundtrack 10 out of 10 stars and said it has "cemented it's [sic] place in the history books of greatest ever Hindi soundtracks." According to the Indian trade website, box office India the film's soundtrack sold 3.5 million units sold, this films soundtrack was the third highest selling album of the year. The song "Albela Sajan" was reinterpreted in the movie Bajirao Mastani (2015), which was also directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. Bhansali composed the soundtrack of Bajirao Mastani as well.

title: Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam


text: User talk:69.217.206.179

title: User talk:69.217.206.179


text:
Talk:City Brewing Company

External links modified
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kuubeer maxamed camal(duduble)
beeshe kuulbeer waa beel aad u way waxa ayna dagtaa gobolka mudug Gallayr (talk) 18:19, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:City Brewing Company


text:
1910 World Missionary Conference

The 1910 World Missionary Conference, or the Edinburgh Missionary Conference, was held on 14 to 23 June 1910. Some have seen it as both the culmination of nineteenth-century Protestant Christian missions and the formal beginning of the modern Protestant Christian ecumenical movement, after a sequence of interdenominational meetings that can be traced back as far as 1854.

Edinburgh 1910
Major Protestant and Anglican denominations and missionary societies, predominantly from North America and Northern Europe, sent 1,215 representatives to Edinburgh, Scotland. Delegation was usually based on the annual expenditure of the missionary societies; one hundred additional special delegates were appointed by the British, Continental, and American Executive Committees. No Eastern Orthodox or Catholic missionary organizations were invited. Only 18 delegates were from non-Westerners. Ango-Catholics agreed to participate only after the British Executive Committee agreed to add the subtitle “to consider Missionary Problems in Relation to the Non-Christian World” to the conference title and to define the non-Christian world as excluding areas of the world that were Christian but mostly non-evangelical, such as Latin America.

Lord Balfour of Burleigh, of the Church of Scotland, a former Unionist cabinet minister, was the President of the World Missionary Conference. American John R. Mott, an American Methodist layperson and leader of both the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions and the World Student Christian Federation, chaired its proceedings. The main organiser was Joseph Oldham, a leader in the Student Christian Movement. The conference was held in the Assembly Hall of the United Free Church of Scotland.

The formal title of this conference should be called the "third ecumenical missionary conference," because the first and the second had already taken place in London in 1888 and New York in 1900 respectively.

Before the conference convened, eight assigned commissions, each with twenty members, conducted two years of research on their assigned topic. Each commission produced a single volume report, which was distributed to all of the delegates before they headed to Scotland and discussed at the assembly during the Conference.

The Eight Commissions and their date of presentation at the Conference are as follows:
 * 1) Carrying the Gospel to all the Non-Christian World (June 15, 1910)
 * 2) The Church in the Mission Field (June 16, 1910)
 * 3) Education in Relation to the Christianization of National Life (June 17, 1910)
 * 4) Missionary Message in Relation to the Non-Christian World (June 18, 1910)
 * 5) The Preparation of Missionaries (June 22, 1910)
 * 6) The Home Base of Missions (June 23, 1910)
 * 7) Missions and Governments (June 20, 1910)
 * 8) Co-Operation and the Promotion of Unity (June 21, 1910)

A ninth volume, containing the proceedings and major speeches, was published after the conclusion of the Conference. For one, a notable German medical missionary, Gottlieb Olpp, described "the work that has commenced auspiciously in Germany" and ended his address with reverence to "the great missionary, Livingstone" and "our Lord Jesus Christ."

The spirit of the Conference was driven by the watchword of the Protestant Christian Missionary community at the time: "The Evangelization of the World in This Generation." Thus, sentiments of obligation and urgency drove many of the commission reports, discussions and speeches at the Conference. A call to unity among Protestant missionaries was also a common desire expressed at the Conference, although no common liturgy was celebrated among the delegates while in Edinburgh. In his 1947 book What Must the Church Do?, Robert S. Bilheimer used the phrase "New Reformation" to refer to the ecumenical movement that resulted from the conference, and this usage became commonplace thereafter.

Subsequent events
In the years following the Conference, Mott was especially energetic in promoting indigenisation of the evangelisation process. A Continuation Committee was formed under his leadership and he recruited thirty five members to carry out this mission. One important member was the only representative from China to speak at the conference, Cheng Jingyi, whose address to the Conference had been especially fervent on the issue of turning leadership of mission organizations to native leaders.

In the next few years, members of this committee, under Mott's direction, headed to India, Burma, Malaysia, China, Korea, and Japan to gather information. The work of the Continuation Committee was interrupted by World War I, but formed the foundation for the establishment of the International Missionary Council, established in 1921. Later, in 1948, the World Council of Churches formed.

Centennial 2010 meetings
In celebration of its 100-year anniversary, a new World Missionary Conference was held in Edinburgh in 2010. Like the 1910 original, it was preceded by discussions on reports written by nine appointed study groups. There was a delegate conference in Edinburgh from 2–6 June 2010, which included representatives of the Evangelical, Protestant, Orthodox and Pentecostal churches, and the Catholic Church. It produced a common call to mission. Recognising the global nature of modern Christianity and the wide appreciation of the Edinburgh 2010 legacy across churches and mission bodies, many other events and study processes took place throughout the year. The whole process was co-ordinated through the Edinburgh 2010 website, where documents, videos, photos, etc. are available.

Also in 2010, three other major conferences were held to commemorate Edinburgh 1910. The first was held in Tokyo as a gathering of global mission leaders, from May 11–14th, called the Global Mission Consultation. The next gathering, the Third International Congress of the Lausanne Movement, was held in Cape Town, South Africa, from 16–25 October 2010. The third gathering was held in Boston, from November 4–7. Each of these four gatherings reflected on the significance and outcomes of Edinburgh 1910 over the last century. They also looked to the future of the Church's global mission in the century ahead. The meetings in Edinburgh and Boston were more ecumenical in representation, and the meetings in Tokyo and Cape Town were primarily evangelical. The Tokyo meeting was organized and designed for evangelical mission leaders, and the Cape Town meeting was organized and designed for a broad representation of Church and mission leaders.

title: 1910 World Missionary Conference


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User talk:Dominic Widdows

Welcome!

Please join us for the next Bootcamp every night at midnight EST (2100 PST, 0500 UTC) to learn the ropes, or leave a message on our talk pages around that time for on-wiki help.

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, ! I hope you like the place and decide to keep contributing. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * How to edit a page
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question at the village pump or feel free to ask me on my Talk page. One more quick tip: to sign your name on a Talk page like I did below, the easiest way is just to type four tildes (~~~~). To customize your signature, look here. And remember:Be Bold!
 * — Asbestos | Talk  22:15, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dominic Widdows


text:
User:Dominic Widdows

Dominic Widdows is a researcher and software engineer in mathematics, linguistics and branches of informatics, living in Bellevue, Washington and working with the Bing Local Search team.

He is the author of Geometry and Meaning, a book about the use of geometric models for representing meaning in natural language, numerous scientific articles, and some music and poetry that can be found at http://www.puttypeg.net.

His contributions to the open source community include the Infomap NLP Software, and the more recent SemanticVectors Package.

title: User:Dominic Widdows


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Edward Gardner Lewis

Edward Gardner Lewis (March 4, 1869 – August 10, 1950) was an American magazine publisher, land development promoter, and political activist. He was the founder of two planned communities that are now cities: University City, Missouri, and Atascadero, California. He created the American Woman's League (1907), a benefits fund for women who sold magazine subscriptions, as well as the American Woman's Republic (1911), a parallel organization designed to help women prepare themselves for a future in which they would have the right to vote. He also founded the People's University and its associated Art Academy in University City, as well as two daily newspapers and two banks.

Early history
Edward Gardner Lewis, commonly known as "E.G. Lewis", was born in Connecticut in 1869. After attending private schools, he got his bachelor's degree at Trinity College.

Lewis Publishing Company and University City, Missouri

Lewis moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in the late 1890s, where he worked as a salesman of insect extermination products and medicines that were said to be highly questionable. He bought a local magazine called Winner and renamed it Woman's Magazine. He quickly built its circulation to a million and a half, amassing a fortune in the process. He also acquired another periodical, the Woman's Farm Journal.

In 1902, Lewis purchased 85 acres near the construction site for the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, which became the nucleus of what is now University City, Missouri. In 1903, when his publishing operation outgrew its downtown St. Louis location, he began building a new Lewis Publishing Company headquarters and Press Annex at this site. After incorporating University City in 1906, he served three terms as mayor.

People's University and People's Bank
Between 1903 and 1915, Lewis continued to acquire surrounding parcels and develop subdivisions, building the octagonal Woman's Magazine Building (now City Hall) and an exotic, windowless Egyptian Building across the street (since destroyed).

In 1909, he founded a college called People's University. Only one of its three planned buildings was completed: the art building, designed in the Classical Revival style by St. Louis architects Eames & Young and built in 1909 and 1910. The school was most noted for its Art Academy, where such artists Adelaïde Alsop Robineau, Frederick Hurten Rhead, and Taxile Doat worked. Its director was Hungarian immigrant George Julian Zolnay, who was known as the "sculptor of the Confederacy".

Lewis also established two daily newspapers and two banks, one of which — the "People's Bank" — was shut down by Postmaster General George B. Cortelyou because it would have offered mail-order services in direct competition with U.S. postal money orders.

American Woman's League
Penny-per-pound postage rates and Rural Free Delivery had brought Lewis a large rural readership for his two magazines, and mail order ads in the magazines allowed him to sell annual subscriptions for pennies and still make money. However, Lewis attracted the enmity of Postmaster General Cortelyou, who claimed that the magazines primarily functioned as advertising and therefore did not qualify for the magazine rate. Cortelyou accused him of defrauding the Post Office, and Lewis spent much of 1907 fighting the Post Office in court.

Although Lewis eventually won the right to mail his periodicals at the magazine rate, he had lost many subscribers along the way. In 1907, in an effort to rebuild circulation, he founded the American Woman's League (AWL). At the time, magazine publishers often paid individuals a small fee to sell magazine subscriptions. In Lewis's plan, women who sold a certain base number of subscriptions would earn a free membership in the AWL. Their subscription fees would go into the AWL, funding a pool of benefits such as education and pensions to which all AWL members were entitled. The AWL proved to be a very popular concept and some 700 chapters were formed across the United States. However, the AWL struggled to make its funding model work, and it folded in 1912.

American Woman's Republic
In 1911, Lewis founded the American Woman's Republic (AWR) as a parallel organization to the American Woman's League. Funded by membership fees, the AWR was a kind of model republic designed to help women educate themselves in government and otherwise prepare themselves for a future in which they would have the right to vote.

The AWR held its first convention the following year, ratifying a declaration of equal rights. AWR members took part in other suffrage organizations and became involved with the Women's Peace Army during World War I.

Shortly after founding the AWR, Gardner decided to establish a new agrarian colony for the republic in what is now Atascadero, California (see next section). Although the capitol of the AWR was designated as University City until 1916, the rest of the republic's various ventures moved to Atascadero much sooner.

Not much is known about the AWR's activities after 1916, even though it was intended to remain politically active until American women won the right to vote, which did not happen until 1919.

Atascadero, California, and World War I
In 1913, Lewis put together a group of investors to buy up land in San Luis Obispo County, California, starting with Rancho Atascadero. He intended to establish a utopian colony there for the American Woman's Republic. Starting in 1914, the land was subdivide, thousands of acres of orchards were planted, and a road was built from Atascadero to the Pacific coast at Morro Bay that is now a section of State Route 41.

The first building in the new community was a print shop that had the first rotogravure presses west of Chicago. The Atascadero Printery is now a listed building on the National Register of Historic Places. The architectural centerpiece of the town was the city hall and museum, an Italian Renaissance–style building built of local-clay bricks that was damaged in the 2003 San Simeon earthquake. It is no. 958 on the list of California Historical Landmarks.

In Atascadero, Lewis also built what was claimed to be the "largest dehydrating plant in the world," which supplied the U.S. Army with dehydrated vegetables. Profits from this venture went towards the acquisition of 16,000 acres of leases in Wyoming, where he drilled for oil with scant success. When the war ended, the U.S. government canceled the dehydrating plant contract and Lewis found himself once more in dire financial straits.

Palos Verdes Project
Around 1922, Lewis acquired options to buy 16,000 acres of land on the Palos Verdes peninsula from banker Frank A. Vanderlip. He drew up plans for a new city on the peninsula, the construction of which was to be financed by the sale of sale of trust indenture notes. Although the project generated much publicity and thousands of people attended sales meetings in 1922, the project's detractors managed to create a great deal of controversy around it. Lewis's involvement with the project ended in 1923, and he declared bankruptcy in 1924.

Later life and death
In 1927, Lewis was indicted for the second time for conspiracy to use the U.S. mail system to defraud people. Acting as his own attorney, he was found guilty and sentenced to five years at the McNeil Island Federal Prison.

Little is known about Lewis's subsequent life. He died on August 10, 1950.

Legacy
A number of landmarks and events are named after Lewis in University City and Atascadero. In University City, a marker in front of City Hall describes Lewis as a "banker, planner, developer, builder, publisher, inventor, artist, dreamer, [and] visionary" who "left us with a remarkable legacy."

The section of California State Route 41 between Atascadero and Morro Bay is now officially designated the "E.G. Lewis Highway".

title: Edward Gardner Lewis


text:
Josh (2000 film)

Josh is a 2000 Indian Hindi-language romantic action film directed and co-written by Mansoor Khan. The film stars Shah Rukh Khan, Aishwarya Rai, Chandrachur Singh and Sharad Kapoor. The film, which is primarily in Hindi with occasional Konkani, was set and filmed in Goa. The film has some plot points inspired by the 1961 musical West Side Story. The film is set in the year 1980, amidst the backdrop of real estate deals and communal violence in Goa.

Josh released on 9 June 2000, and emerged as a commercial success at the box office, grossing inr 350600000 worldwide. It received mixed reviews from critics upon release, with praise for its soundtrack and cast performances, but criticism for its story and screenplay.

At the 46th Filmfare Awards, Josh received 5 nominations, including Best Film and Best Director (Mansoor).

Plot
In the town of Vasco in Goa, there exist two rival street gangs - the Bichhoos (Scorpions), who are local residents, and the Eagles, who are immigrant. The leader of the Bichhoos is Prakash Sharma (Sharad Kapoor), while the Eagles are led by Max Dias (Shah Rukh Khan). Prakash is a local enforcer, who uses his gang to engage in underhanded activities within the Vasco real estate market. Max, along with his educated twin sister Shirley (Aishwarya Rai), are orphans who belong to a rowdy motorcycle crew, together with the other members of the Eagles. The gangs are sworn enemies and have demarcated the town in order to avoid altercations. They are usually stopped from fights by Father Jacob or the town Police Inspector (Sharat Saxena).

Prakash's brother Rahul (Chandrachur Singh) is a well-educated Masterchef working in Mumbai. He comes to visit Vasco after two years, intending to take his family back to Mumbai with him. Rahul decides to tour Vasco and rediscovers his love for the city. While in the territory of the Eagle Gang, he spots Shirley and eventually develops a deep attraction forher, deciding to settle in Vasco and open a pastry shop. Meanwhile, he unknowingly becomes part of the Eagle - Bichchoo rivalry and gets closer to Shirley. However, Max and the Eagles, not approving of Rahul having moved in, destroy the shop and put Rahul in severe debt to the landlord who permitted him to use his shop for his business.

Prakash, in desperate need of money, plans to take over the village ground. The ground historically belonged to Alberto Vasco (Raymond Albuquerque), the landlord of the entire village and the man after whom the town is named. Rahul finds out that the ground was passed from Alberto to a woman named Mary Anne Louise. Unaware of his brother's schemes, Rahul visits the address listed for Mr. Vasco, and it is revealed that Mary was a renter in the Rose villa at 13, Churchill Road which belonged to Lady D'Costa (Nadira), twenty-two years ago. Rahul learns from Mrs. D'costa that Mary is Max and Shirley's mother and the twins are the illegitimate children of Alberto Vasco, born in 1958.

Having developed a close relationship with Shirley, Rahul plans to reveal this information to her in the form of a letter, however, it falls into the hands of Prakash. Prakash plots to get Rahul married to Shirley, and in the meantime murder Max, in order to receive Alberto Vasco's valuable land worth Rs. 20 lakhs. When he tries to execute his plan, and kill Max, a bloody fight breaks out between the two, and Max accidentally shoots Prakash while defending himself. Max is arrested by the police, and his trial puts a rift between Shirley and Rahul, as he believes Prakash went to Max just to ask Shirley for him and Max murdered him for no real reason. Before Max receives his verdict, Rahul learns the truth and hence, defends Max in court, and acknowledges his late brother's real intentions, by providing documents which proved, the plot which the latter tried to obtain, were Max and Shirley's legacy, as Alberto Vasco, their real father who distanced himself from his children, put it in their mother's name. Upon hearing this, the judge concludes Max's action as an act of self-defense. Max is released and asks Rahul for forgiveness and his hand in marriage with Shirley, thereby uniting the Eagles and Bichhoos with each other. The film ends on a happy note, with scenes from Rahul and Shirley's wedding.

Cast

 * Shah Rukh Khan as Max Dias
 * Aishwarya Rai as Shirley Dias (Max's sister) twin.
 * Chandrachur Singh as Rahul Sharma
 * Sharad Kapoor as Prakash Sharma (Rahul's brother)
 * Priya Gill as Rosanne
 * Raymond Albuquerque as Alberto Vasco
 * Aastha Gill as Holly
 * Anjan Srivastav as Mr.Mascarenhas
 * Vivek Vaswani as Savio
 * Ruhshad Nariman Daruwalla
 * Sharat Saxena as Police Inspector
 * Puneet Vashisht as Michael
 * Sushant Singh as Ghotya
 * Nadira as Lady D'Costa
 * Suhas Joshi as Rahul's mom
 * Ali Asgar
 * Rajesh Khera
 * Manav Gohil
 * Shraddha Nigam as Prakash's girlfriend
 * Saandesh B.Nayak
 * Jaspal Sandhu
 * Maqbool Khan

Production
Director Mansoor Khan made a triumphant return to filmmaking with Josh after a hiatus of five years. Director Mansoor Khan was initially considering Salman Khan for the role of Max Dias, but things didn't work out as he was dating Aishwarya Rai, and he signed on Shah Rukh Khan. Mansoor has revealed he was keen on bringing Shah Rukh Khan and Aamir Khan together for Josh, but the latter rejected the film. Aamir Khan was apparently offered the role of Rahul Sharma. Mansoor also offered the role of Shirley to Kajol, who declined.

Actor Puneet Vashist, who played the role of Michael in the film, has since claimed that his screentime, as well as that of fellow co-actors Aishwarya Rai, Sharad Kapoor & Chandrachur Singh, was reduced in the editing room, with Vashist claiming that almost fifty per cent of his scenes were cut out. Filming began in March 1999.

To enhance his on-screen resemblance to Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan donned blue contacts for the film. The production journey of "Josh" spanned four years, unveiling a meticulous creative process.

Music
A. R. Rahman was signed in as the music composer first, but he opted out, due to scheduling conflicts with other films. After Rahman opted out, Mansoor Khan roped in Anu Malik to complete the music fast, and release the film on time. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India. The song "Hai Mera Dil" is based on "Sealed with a Kiss" written by Peter Udell and Gary Geld, and "Djobi Djoba" performed by Gipsy Kings. In a notable debut, Shah Rukh Khan showcased his vocal talent by singing the song 'Apun Bola.'

Box office
Josh grossed inr 300500000 in India and $1.127 million (₹5.01 crore) in other countries, for a worldwide total of inr 350600000, against its inr 160000000 budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of inr 88200000, and grossed inr 158100000 in its first week. It is the 6th-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2000 worldwide.

In India, the film opened on Friday, 9 June 2000, across 300 screens, and earned inr 12500000 nett on its opening day. It grossed inr 37100000 nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of inr 72500000 nett. The film earned a total of inr 178299999.99999997 nett, and was declared "Average" by Box Office India. It is the 5th-highest-grossing film of 2000 in India.

Among overseas territories, Josh had an opening weekend of $575,000 (₹2.55 crore) and went on to gross $800,000 (₹3.56 crore) in its first week. The film earned a total of $1.127 million (₹5.01 crore) at the end of its theatrical run. Overseas, It is the 9th-highest-grossing film of 2000.

Critical reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Planet Bollywood gave the film 7.5/10 and wrote, "Mansoor [Khan] succeeds as a director in keeping the movie fast and interesting, though it is the characters who come out much stronger than the film". Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama noted "On the whole, Josh is a well-made film with great performances and a hit musical score. But the Goan ambience will restrict its prospects in some states due to lack of identification. Also an average second half and a weak climax are major limitations".

Awards

 * 46th Filmfare Awards :

Nominated

2nd IIFA Awards:
 * Best Film – Ratan Jain
 * Best Director – Mansoor Khan
 * Best Villain – Sharad Kapoor
 * Best Music Director – Anu Malik
 * Best Female Playback Singer – Alka Yagnik for "Haaye Mera Dil"

Won

 * Best Art Direction – Nitin Chandrakant Desai

Nominated

 * Best Director – Mansoor Khan
 * Best Supporting Actor – Chandrachur Singh
 * Best Villain – Sharad Kapoor
 * Best Music Director – Anu Malik
 * Best Story – Mansoor Khan

title: Josh (2000 film)


text:
Wildlife conservation

Wildlife conservation refers to the practice of protecting wild species and their habitats in order to maintain healthy wildlife species or populations and to restore, protect or enhance natural ecosystems. Major threats to wildlife include habitat destruction, degradation, fragmentation, overexploitation, poaching, pollution, climate change, and the illegal wildlife trade. The IUCN estimates that 42,100 species of the ones assessed are at risk for extinction. Expanding to all existing species, a 2019 UN report on biodiversity put this estimate even higher at a million species. It is also being acknowledged that an increasing number of ecosystems on Earth containing endangered species are disappearing. To address these issues, there have been both national and international governmental efforts to preserve Earth's wildlife. Prominent conservation agreements include the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). There are also numerous nongovernmental organizations (NGO's) dedicated to conservation such as the Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife Fund, and Conservation International.

Habitat destruction
Habitat destruction decreases the number of places where wildlife can live in. Habitat fragmentation breaks up a continuous tract of habitat, often dividing large wildlife populations into several smaller ones. Human-caused habitat loss and fragmentation are primary drivers of species declines and extinctions. Key examples of human-induced habitat loss include deforestation, agricultural expansion, and urbanization. Habitat destruction and fragmentation can increase the vulnerability of wildlife populations by reducing the space and resources available to them and by increasing the likelihood of conflict with humans. Moreover, destruction and fragmentation create smaller habitats. Smaller habitats support smaller populations, and smaller populations are more likely to go extinct. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant shift in human behavior, resulting in mandatory and voluntary limitations on movement. As a result, people have started utilizing green spaces more frequently, which were previously habitats for wildlife. Unfortunately, this increased human activity has caused destruction to the natural habitat of various species.

Deforestation
Deforestation is the clearing and cutting down forests on purpose. Deforestation is a cause of human-induced habitat action destruction, by cutting down habitats of different species in the process of removing trees. Deforestation is often done for several reasons, often for either agricultural purposes or for logging, which is the obtainment of timber and wood for use in construction or fuel. Deforestation causes many threats to wildlife as it not only causes habitat destruction for the many animals that survive in forests, as more than 80% of the world's species live in forests but also leads to further climate change. Deforestation is a main concern in the tropical forests of the world. Tropical forests, like the Amazon, are home to the most biodiversity out of any other biome, making deforestation there an even more prevalent issue, especially in populated areas, as in these areas deforestation leads to habitat destruction and the endangerment of many species in one area. Some policies have been enacted to attempt to stop deforestation in different parts of the world, like the Wilderness Act of 1964 which designated specific areas wilderness to be protected.

Overexploitation
Overexploitation is the harvesting of animals and plants at a rate that's faster than the species' ability to recover. While often associated with Overfishing, overexploitation can apply to many groups including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and plants. The danger of overexploitation is that if too many of a species offspring are taken, then the species may not recover. For example, overfishing of top marine predatory fish like tuna and salmon over the past century has led to a decline in fish sizes as well as fish numbers.

Poaching
Poaching for illegal wildlife trading is a major threat to certain species, particularly endangered ones whose status makes them economically valuable. Such species include many large mammals like African elephants, tigers, and rhinoceros (traded for their tusks, skins, and horns respectively). Less well-known targets of poaching include the harvest of protected plants and animals for souvenirs, food, skins, pets, and more. Poaching causes already small populations to decline even further as hunters tend to target threatened and endangered species because of their rarity and large profits.

Ocean Acidification
As carbon dioxide levels increase concentration in the atmosphere, they increase in the ocean as well. Typically, the ocean will absorb carbon from the atmosphere, where it can be sequestered in the deep ocean and sea floor; this is a process called the biological pump. Increased carbon dioxide emissions and increased stratification (which slows the biological pump) decrease the ocean pH, making it more acidic. Calcifying organisms such as coral are especially susceptible to decreased pH, resulting in mass bleaching events, inevitably destroying a habitat for many of coral's diverse inhabitants. Research (conducted through methods such as coral fossils and ancient ice core carbon analysis) suggests ocean acidification has occurred in the geological past (more likely at a slower pace), and correlate with past extinction events.

Culling
Culling is the deliberate and selective killing of wildlife by governments for various purposes. An example of this is shark culling, in which "shark control" programs in Queensland and New South Wales (in Australia) have killed thousands of sharks, as well as turtles, dolphins, whales, and other marine life. The Queensland "shark control" program alone has killed about 50,000 sharks — it has also killed more than 84,000 marine animals. There are also examples of population culling in the United States, such as bison in Montana and swans, geese, and deer in New York and other places.

Pollution
A wide range of pollutants negatively impact wildlife health. For some pollutants, simple exposure is enough to do damage (e.g. pesticides). For others, its through inhaling (e.g. air pollutants) or ingesting it (e.g. toxic metals). Pollutants affect different species in different ways so a pollutant that is bad for one might not affect another.

 * Air pollutants: Most air pollutants come from burning fossil fuels and industrial emissions. These have direct and indirect effects on the health of wildlife and their ecosystems. For example, high levels of sulfur oxides (SOx) can damage plants and stunt their growth. Sulfur oxides also contribute to acid rain, harming both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Other air pollutants like smog, ground-level ozone, and particulate matter decrease air quality.
 * Heavy metals: Heavy metals like arsenic, lead, and mercury naturally occur at low levels in the environment, but when ingested in high doses, can cause organ damage and cancer. How toxic they are depends on the exact metal, how much was ingested, and the animal that ingested it. Human activities such as mining, smelting, burning fossil fuels, and various industrial processes have contributed to the rise in heavy metal levels in the environment.
 * Toxic chemicals: There are many sources of toxic chemical pollution including industrial wastewater, oil spills, and pesticides. There's a wide range of toxic chemicals so there's also a wide range of negative health effects. For example, synthetic pesticides and certain industrial chemicals are persistent organic pollutants. These pollutants are long-lived and can cause cancer, reproductive disorders, immune system problems, and nervous system problems.

Climate change
Humans are responsible for present-day climate change currently changing Earth's environmental conditions. It is related to some of the aforementioned threats to wildlife like habitat destruction and pollution. Rising temperatures, melting ice sheets, changes in precipitation patterns, severe droughts, more frequent heat waves, storm intensification, ocean acidification, and rising sea levels are some of the effects of climate change. Phenomena like droughts, wildfires, heatwaves, intense storms, ocean acidification, and rising sea levels, directly lead to habitat destruction. For example, longer dry seasons, warmer springs, and dry soil has been observed to increase the length of wildfire season in forests, shrublands and grasslands. Increased severity and longevity of wildfires can completely wipe out entire ecosystems, causing them to take decades to fully recover. Wildfires are a prime example of the direct negative effect climate change has on wildlife and ecosystems. Meanwhile, a warming climate, fluctuating precipitation, and changing weather patterns will impact species ranges. Overall, the effects of climate change increase stress on ecosystems, and species unable to cope with the rapidly changing conditions will go extinct. While modern climate change is caused by humans, past climate change events occurred naturally and have led to extinctions.

Illegal Wildlife Trade
The illegal wildlife trade is the illegal trading of plants and wildlife. This illegal trading is worth an estimate of 7-23 billion and an annual trade of around 100 million plants and animals. In 2021 it was found that this trade has caused a 60% decline in species abundance, and 80% for endangered species.

This trade can be devastating to both humans and animals. It has the capacity to spread zoonotic diseases to humans, as well as contribute to local extinction. The pathogens to humans may be spread through small animal vectors like ticks, or through ingestion of food and water. Extinction can be caused due to non-native species being introduced that become invasive. An example of how this may happen is through by-catch.These new species will outcompete the native species and take over, therefore causing the local or global extinction of a species.

Due to the fittest animals in the species being hunted or poached, the less fit organisms will mate, causing less fitness in the generations to come. In addition to species fitness being lowered and therefore endangering species, the illegal wildlife trade has ecological costs. Sex-ratio balances may be tipped or reproduction rates are slowed, which can be detrimental to vulnerable species. The recovery of these populations may take longer due to the reproduction rates being slower.

The wildlife trade also causes issues for natural resources that people use in their everyday lives. Ecotourism is how some people bring in money to their homes, and with depleting the wildlife, this may be a factor in taking away jobs.

Illegal wildlife trade has also become normalized through various social media outlets. There are TikTok accounts that have gone viral for their depiction of exotic pets, such as various monkey and bird species. These accounts show a cute and fun side of owning exotic pets, therefore indirectly encouraging illegal wildlife trade. On March 30, 2021, TikTik joined the Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online. They, along with other big social media companies work to protect species from illegal, harmful trade online. Research has shown that machine learning can filter through social media posts to identify indications of illegal wildlife trade. This filtration system is able to search for keywords, pictures, and phrases that indicate illegal wildlife trade, and report it.

Species conservation
It is estimated that, because of human activities, current species extinction rates are about 1000 times greater than the background extinction rate (the 'normal' extinction rate that occurs without additional influence). According to the IUCN, out of all species assessed, over 42,100 are at risk of extinction and should be under conservation. Of these, 25% are mammals, 14% are birds, and 40% are amphibians. However, because not all species have been assessed, these numbers could be even higher. A 2019 UN report assessing global biodiversity extrapolated IUCN data to all species and estimated that 1 million species worldwide could face extinction. Conservation of a select species are often prioritized on several factors which include significant economic and ecological value, as well as desirability or attractiveness. Yet, because resources are limited, sometimes it is not possible to give all species that need conservation due consideration.

Leatherback sea turtle
The leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) is the largest turtle in the world, is the only turtle without a hard shell, and is endangered. It is found throughout the central Pacific and Atlantic Oceans but several of its populations are in decline across the globe (though not all). The leatherback sea turtle faces numerous threats including being caught as bycatch, harvest of its eggs, loss of nesting habitats, and marine pollution. In the US where the leatherback is listed under the Endangered Species Act, measures to protect it include reducing bycatch captures through fishing gear modifications, monitoring and protecting its habitat (both nesting beaches and in the ocean), and reducing damage from marine pollution. There is currently an international effort to protect the leatherback sea turtle.

Habitat conservation
Habitat conservation is the practice of protecting a habitat in order to protect the species within it. This is sometimes preferable to focusing on a single species especially if the species in question has very specific habitat requirements or lives in a habitat with many other endangered species. The latter is often true of species living in biodiversity hotspots, which are areas of the world with an exceptionally high concentration of endemic species (species found nowhere else in the world). Many of these hotspots are in the tropics, mainly tropical forests like the Amazon. Habitat conservation is usually carried out by setting aside protected areas like national parks or nature reserves. Even when an area isn't made into a park or reserve, it can still be monitored and maintained.

Red-cockaded woodpecker
The red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) is an endangered bird in the southeastern US. It only lives in longleaf pine savannas which are maintained by wildfires in mature pine forests. Today, it is a rare habitat (as fires have become rare and many pine forests have been cut down for agriculture) and is commonly found on land occupied by US military bases, where pine forests are kept for military training purposes and occasional bombings (also for training) set fires that maintain pine savannas. Woodpeckers live in tree cavities they excavate in the trunk. In an effort to increase woodpecker numbers, artificial cavities (essentially birdhouses planted within tree trunks) were installed to give woodpeckers a place to live. An active effort is made by the US military and workers to maintain this rare habitat used by red-cockaded woodpeckers.

Conservation genetics
Conservation genetics studies genetic phenomena that impact the conservation of a species. Most conservation efforts focus on managing population size, but conserving genetic diversity is typically a high priority as well. High genetic diversity increases survival because it means greater capacity to adapt to future environmental changes. Meanwhile, effects associated with low genetic diversity, such as inbreeding depression and loss of diversity from genetic drift, often decrease species survival by reducing the species' capacity to adapt or by increasing the frequency of genetic problems. Though not always the case, certain species are under threat because they have very low genetic diversity. As such, the best conservation action would be to restore their genetic diversity.

Florida panther
The Florida panther is a subspecies of cougar (specifically Puma concolor coryi) that resides in the state of Florida and is currently endangered. Historically, the Florida panther's range covered the entire southeastern US. In the early 1990s, only a single population with 20-25 individuals were left. The population had very low genetic diversity, was highly inbred, and suffered from several genetic issues including kinked tails, cardiac defects, and low fertility. In 1995, eight female Texas cougars were introduced to the Florida population. The goal was to increase genetic diversity by introducing genes from a different, unrelated puma population. By 2007, the Florida panther population had tripled and offspring between Florida and Texas individuals had higher fertility and less genetic problems. In 2015, the US Fish and Wildlife Service estimated there were 230 adult Florida panthers and in 2017, there were signs that the population's range was expanding within Florida.

Wildlife Monitoring
Monitoring of wildlife populations is an important part of conservation because it allows managers to gather information about the status of threatened species and to measure the effectiveness of management strategies. Monitoring can be local, regional, or range-wide, and can include one or many distinct populations. Metrics commonly gathered during monitoring include population numbers, geographic distribution, and genetic diversity, although many other metrics may be used.

Monitoring methods can be categorized as either "direct" or "indirect". Direct methods rely on directly seeing or hearing the animals, whereas indirect methods rely on "signs" that indicate the animals are present. For terrestrial vertebrates, common direct monitoring methods include direct observation, mark-recapture, transects, and variable plot surveys. Indirect methods include track stations, fecal counts, food removal, open or closed burrow-opening counts, burrow counts, runaway counts, knockdown cards, snow tracks, or responses to audio calls.

For large, terrestrial vertebrates, a popular method is to use camera traps for population estimation along with mark-recapture techniques. This method has been used successfully with tigers, black bears and numerous other species. Trail cameras can be triggered remotely and automatically via sound, infrared sensors, etc. Computer vision-based animal individual re-identification methods have been developed to automate such sight-resight calculations. Mark-recapture methods are also used with genetic data from non-invasive hair or fecal samples. Such information can be analyzed independently or in conjunction with photographic methods to get a more complete picture of population viability.

When designing a wildlife monitoring strategy, it is important to minimize harm to the animal and implement the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement). In wildlife research, this can be done through the use of non-invasive methods, sharing samples and data with other research groups, or optimizing traps to prevent injuries.

Vaccine administration
Distributing vaccinations to wildlife who are particularly vulnerable is useful in conservation to prevent or decelerate extreme population declination in a species from disease and also decrease the risk of a zoonotic spillover to humans. A pathogen that has never once been exposed to a specific species' evolutionary pathway can have detrimental impacts on the population. In most cases, these risks escalate in conjunction to other anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change or habitat loss, that ultimately lead a population to extinction without human intervention. Methods of vaccination varies depending on both the extent and efficiency of limiting the transmission of disease, and can be applied orally, topically, intranasally (IN), or injected either subcutaneously (SC) or intramuscularly (IM). Conservation efforts regarding vaccinations often only serve the purpose of preventing disease related extinction. Rather than completely cleansing the population of the pathogen, infection rates are limited to a smaller percentage of the population.

Case study: Ethiopian WolfThe Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis), a canid native to Ethiopia, is an endangered species with less than 440 wolves remaining in the wild. These wolves are primarily exposed to the rabies virus by domestic dogs and are facing extreme population declines, especially in the southern Ethiopia region of the Bale Mountains. To counter this, oral vaccinations are administered to these wolves within favorable bait that is widely distributed around their territories. The wolves consume the bait and with it ingest the vaccine, developing an immunity to rabies as antibodies are produced at significant levels. Wolves within these packs who did not ingest the vaccine will be protected by herd immunity as fewer wolves are exposed to the virus. With continued periodic vaccinations, conservationists will be able to spend more resources on further proactive efforts to help prevent their extinction.

Government involvement
In the US, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was passed to protect US species deemed in danger of extinction. The concern at the time was that the country was losing species that were scientifically, culturally, and educationally important. In the same year, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) was passed as part of an international agreement to prevent the global trade of endangered wildlife. In 1980, the World Conservation Strategy was developed by the IUCN with help from the UN Environmental Programme, World Wildlife Fund, UN Food and Agricultural Organization, and UNESCO. Its purpose was to promote the conservation of living resources important to humans. In 1992, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was agreed on at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (often called the Rio Earth Summit) as an international accord to protect the Earth's biological resources and diversity.

According to the National Wildlife Federation, wildlife conservation in the US gets a majority of its funding through appropriations from the federal budget, annual federal and state grants, and financial efforts from programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program, Wetlands Reserve Program and Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program. A substantial amount of funding comes from the sale of hunting/fishing licenses, game tags, stamps, and excise taxes from the purchase of hunting equipment and ammunition.

The Endangered Species Act is a continuously updated list that remains up-to-date on species that are endangered or threatened. Along with the update of the list, the Endangered Species Act also seeks to implement actions to protect the species within its list. Furthermore, the Endangered Species Act also lists the species that the act has recovered. It is estimated that the act has prevented the extinction of about 291 species, like bald eagles and humpback whales, since its implementation through its different recovery plans and the protection that it provides for these threatened species.

Non-government involvement
In the late 1980s, as the public became dissatisfied with government environmental conservation efforts, people began supporting private sector conservation efforts which included several non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Seeing this rise in support for NGOs, the U.S. Congress made amendments to the Foreign Assistance Act in 1979 and 1986 “earmarking U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) funds for [biodiversity]”. From 1990 till now, environmental conservation NGOs have become increasingly more focused on the political and economic impact of USAID funds dispersed for preserving the environment and its natural resources. After the terrorist attacks on 9/11 and the start of former President Bush's War on Terror, maintaining and improving the quality of the environment and its natural resources became a “priority” to “prevent international tensions” according to the Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2002 and section 117 of the 1961 Foreign Assistance Act.

Non-governmental organizations
Many NGOs exist to actively promote, or be involved with, wildlife conservation:

 * The Nature Conservancy
 * World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
 * Conservation International
 * Fauna and Flora International
 * WildTeam
 * Wildlife Conservation Society
 * Audubon Society
 * Traffic (conservation programme)
 * Born Free Foundation
 * African Wildlife Defence Force
 * Save Cambodia's Wildlife
 * WildEarth Guardians
 * Zoological Society of London

title: Wildlife conservation


text: User talk:66.41.52.66

title: User talk:66.41.52.66


text:
Talk:Nikolai Yudenich

Yudyonich
In some old English books on Russian Civil War I'vee seen the transcription of his name as "Yudyonich", which would mean to transcribe "Юдёнич". Can it be the name was corrupted, just like it happened with Khrushchev and Chebyshev? Mikkalai 22:16, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

On the other hand,it sounds as a russification of the Latvian name Judeņš. Does anybody know this family name roots/etymology? `'Míkka>t 23:54, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Kavkaz = Caucaus...
"the new government removed him from the Caucusus and sent him to the unimportant Kavkaz front in March"

Uhm.. Kavkaz is Russian for the Cacusus...
 * Shouldn't it be Central Asia? (Caucasus_Campaign) --Hardscarf 12:38, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * In March-April of 1917 Russian Caucasian Army was reformed to Caucasian Front (Kavkazskiy Front in Russian). And Caucasian Army Commander became Caucasian Front Commander. LOL RamBow 21:56, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Latinized Form
Nikolai Judenitsh. Kept his headquarters in Hotel Societenhaus at Helsinki / Helsingfors in Finland in 1919 until transferred it to Reval / Tallinn in Estonia before started his attack against Petrograd in September 1919. All details of his attack is detailed in old Estonian history with good maps showing clearly the stages of his successes to Pulkova hills, and the retreat back to Estonian soil after November 1, 1919. At least available in Helsinki University, Baltic Library with many other books of this battle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.112.187.166 (talk) 16:44, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

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Andy Fletcher (musician)

Andrew John Fletcher (8 July 1961 – 26 May 2022), also known as Fletch, was an English keyboard player and founding member of the electronic band Depeche Mode. In 2020, he and the band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Early life
Fletcher was the eldest of four siblings born to Joy and John Fletcher. The family moved to Basildon from Nottingham when he was two years old, when his father, an engineer, was offered a job at a cigarette factory. He was active in the local Boys' Brigade from an early age, primarily to play football.

Depeche Mode
Fletcher, and acquaintances Vince Clarke and Martin Gore, were in their mid-teens when punk rock arrived on the music scene. Fletcher said this was "obviously the perfect age to experience it", noting that "we were very lucky in life". Fletcher and Clarke formed the short-lived band No Romance in China, in which Fletcher played bass guitar. In 1980, Fletcher, Clarke and Gore, the trio now all on synthesisers, formed another group called Composition of Sound. Influences on their work included Siouxsie and the Banshees, the Cure, Kraftwerk, the Human League and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD). Clarke served as chief songwriter and also provided lead vocals until singer Dave Gahan was recruited into the band later in 1980, after which they adopted the name Depeche Mode at Gahan's suggestion. Clarke left the group in late 1981, shortly after the release of their debut album Speak & Spell. Their 1982 follow-up album, A Broken Frame, was recorded as a trio, with Gore taking over primary songwriting duties. Musician and producer Alan Wilder joined the band in late 1982 and the group continued as a quartet.

In 1989, while the band was preparing Violator, Fletcher suffered from anxiety and depression. He had a relapse in 1993 during the recording of Songs of Faith and Devotion. One year later, he had to leave the Exotic Tour/Summer Tour '94 due to a nervous breakdown, and the band played without him in South America and the United States.

After Alan Wilder left the band in 1995, the band's core trio of Gahan, Gore, and Fletcher remained active up to the release of their 2017 album Spirit and ensuing world tour.

Role
Fletcher's role within Depeche Mode was often a topic of speculation. In early incarnations of the band, he played (electric and later synth) bass. As the band evolved after Vince Clarke's departure in 1981, Fletcher's role changed as each of the band members took to the areas that suited them and benefited the band collectively. In a key scene in D. A. Pennebaker's 1989 documentary film about the band, Fletcher clarified these roles: "Martin's the songwriter, Alan's the good musician, Dave's the vocalist, and I bum around." In his review of 2005's Playing the Angel, long after Wilder's departure from the band, Rolling Stone writer Gavin Edwards riffed upon Fletcher's statement with the opening line: "Depeche Mode's unique division of labour has been long established, with each of the three remaining members having a distinct role: Martin Gore writes the songs, Dave Gahan sings them and Andy Fletcher shows up for photo shoots and cashes the checks." Fletcher was the only member of the band with no songwriting credits. With the band having not always employed a full-time manager, Fletcher handled many of the band's business, legal, and other non-musical interests over the years. In the press kit for Songs of Faith and Devotion, he discussed being genuinely interested in many of the business aspects of the music industry that other performing musicians shy away from, and as such, he took over a lot of the business management aspects of the band. In later years, this included acting as the band's "spokesman", with Fletcher often being the one to announce Depeche Mode news (such as record album and tour details).

He was also said to be the member who was "the tiebreaker" and the one who "brings the band together". According to interviews, Fletcher built the compromise between Gahan and Gore that settled their serious dispute following 2001's Exciter album and the subsequent Exciter Tour over future songwriting duties within Depeche Mode.

In the studio and during live shows, Fletcher contributed a variety of supporting synthesizer parts, including bass parts, strings, and drone sounds, and various samples. Fletcher was the only member of Depeche Mode who did not often sing. Although he can be seen singing in videos of Depeche's past live performances, usually Fletcher's vocals were either mixed very low or heard only through his own stage monitors. Fletcher sang on the interlude "Crucified" on Violator. According to Alan Wilder, every band member participated in the choir on the song "Condemnation" from Songs of Faith and Devotion and Wilder confirms this on the press kit of the same album. During a live event in 2023, producer Gareth Jones analyzed all the single elements of the song "Told You So", revealing Fletcher singing backing vocals during the last middle eight section of the song.

Toast Hawaii
In 2002, Fletcher launched his own record label, a Mute Records imprint called Toast Hawaii (named after the dish), and signed the band Client. He coordinated the recording of their eponymous 2003 debut and 2004's City, while also producing "extended remixes" for their subsequent singles "Price of Love", "Rock and Roll Machine", "Here and Now", "In It for the Money", "Radio", and "Pornography" (featuring Carl Barât of the Libertines).

Client left the label in 2006 and no further activity with Toast Hawaii was held or announced.

DJ career
Initially to support Client's live shows, Fletcher began touring as a DJ. Whenever he was on hiatus from Depeche Mode, Fletcher played occasional festivals and club gigs, and was known to include various exclusive Depeche remixes in his sets.

Personal life
Fletcher was married to Gráinne Fletcher (née Mullan) for approximately 30 years. The couple had two children.

While Depeche Mode were touring with the band Blancmange in the early 1980s, Fletcher was renowned for his skill at chess. Neil Arthur of Blancmange has mentioned in interviews "never winning a game of chess with Andy Fletcher!" During the 1990s, Fletcher owned a restaurant called Gascogne located on Blenheim Terrace in St. John's Wood, London. He made a series of bad investments in the mid-1990s that led to a number of financial settlements involving Lloyd's of London and Daniel Miller.

Fletcher experienced anxiety and depression in 1989 when Depeche Mode was preparing Violator. His bandmates recommended that he seek in-patient treatment. Fletcher attributed his mental health struggles to an obsessive–compulsive disorder he inherited from his father and the loss of his sister in her early twenties. Fletcher had a mental health relapse in 1993, and a nervous breakdown during the band's Exotic Tour in 1994.

Death
Fletcher died on 26 May 2022, aged 60, following an aortic dissection while at home. His bandmates Gahan and Gore stated, "we are shocked and filled with overwhelming sadness with the untimely passing of our dear friend, family member and bandmate Andy 'Fletch' Fletcher". Former Depeche Mode member Alan Wilder stated that learning of Fletcher's death was "a real bolt from the blue".

Lol Tolhurst of the Cure wrote, "I knew Andy and considered him a friend. We crossed many of the same pathways as younger men. My heart goes out to his family, bandmates, and DM fans. RIP Fletch."

Pet Shop Boys stated, "We're saddened and shocked that Andy Fletcher of Depeche Mode has died. Fletch was a warm, friendly and funny person who loved electronic music and could also give sensible advice about the music business."

Other artists who expressed condolences following Fletcher's death included OMD, Alison Moyet, Gary Numan, Limmy and Erasure (the latter of whom was founded by former Depeche Mode bandmate Vince Clarke).

Album discography with Depeche Mode

 * Speak & Spell (1981)
 * A Broken Frame (1982)
 * Construction Time Again (1983)
 * Some Great Reward (1984)
 * Black Celebration (1986)
 * Music for the Masses (1987)
 * Violator (1990)
 * Songs of Faith and Devotion (1993)
 * Ultra (1997)
 * Exciter (2001)
 * Playing the Angel (2005)
 * Sounds of the Universe (2009)
 * Delta Machine (2013)
 * Spirit (2017)

title: Andy Fletcher (musician)