text:
Talk:The Valeyard

Sweep needed
A sweep needs to be done of this article. As much as the information is useful, as it is, it's mostly a synopsis of Trial of a Time Lord when it really needs to be reduced to information relevant to the Valeyard. Some of the information can be moved/merged with the other Trial articles and excised from this so as to leave only items that pertain directly to the subject at hand. Also, as this is a character article and not a story synopsis, it should be in the past tense. I'll do just that later in my day when I get the chance. --khaosworks 14:18, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok I have changed it to the past tense. I did try to stick to details which directly concern the character of the Valeyard, but some details of the story I found necessary to include so that the whole thing makes sense. There are certainly many aspects of the four serials which I did not include (for example Queen Katya). Tim! (talk) 16:51, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not saying it's all irrelevant, just that I think some of it can be condensed and we can leave it up to the individual serials for more information. I'm not knocking the work you've done - it's all good - just that for a character study it needs to be tighter. --khaosworks 20:31, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'd like to see, in the Doctor who breakout box, a reference to some of the quasi doctors. The Valleyard is a perfect example - we reference the Cushing Doctor, but neither the Watcher nor the Valleyard.Jahenderson 8:47 EST 8 March 06
 * It's a good point, but I guess ultimately it's also a measure of notability as well as whether they are recognisable as the Doctor - the Watcher being this mysterious figure that only Nyssa said was the Doctor (how does she know?) and the Valeyard only revealed in the end as an evil "potential" incarnation. The others are incontrovertibly (in thet context) the Doctor. That and the fact that the Watcher doesn't really deserve his own article and that by identifying the Valeyard in the breakout box we're spoilering The Ultimate Foe... --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 02:19, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * We are a encyclopedia. We don't worry about 'spoilers'.;)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by JohnSmith5000100 (talk • contribs) 22:24, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

I'm just a little surprised there hasn't been speculation that "John Saxon" in the current season of Doctor Who might not be the Valeyard. Or, if there is, might it not belong here? Zahir13 16:22, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, even if there is, it doesn't belong on WP anyway. (And isn't it Harold Saxon?) Peeper 18:26, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Pronounciation
Actually, it's pronounced with 3 syllables, as in Valley-ard. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 13:48, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * it depends on which character is saying it too - Baker pronounces it Valyard.Mmm commentaries (talk) 12:15, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Just what the Valeyard is
This is something the novels seem to avoid covering. Is the Valeyard a renegade future incarnation (as he appears to have originally been planned and seems to be in Eric Saward's unused script for the last Trial episode), an interim projection, a separated off part of the Doctor (as the dialogue about wanting to be free of the Doctor suggests) or even a darker version created by accident (as was planned in early drafts of State of Change)? Timrollpickering 23:58, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The novelizations tend to use the original scripts and the Trial of a Time Lord one has the Master say "The Valeyard, Doctor, is your penultimate reincarnation ... Somewhere between your twelfth and thirteenth regeneration" For people not familiar with the relationship between regeneration and incarnation this can be confusing but simply put each regeneration results in the next incarnation.  Take this sequence of the first four Doctors as an example, 1st incarnation (William Hartnell)->1st regeneration-->2nd incarnation (Patrick Troughton)->2st regeneration->3rd incarnation (Jon Pertwee)->3rd regeneration->4th incarnation (Tom Baker).

 * The "Twin Dilemma" revealed that Time Lords do have a 13th regeneration but because there is no 14 incarnation using this last regeneration is normally fatal. By saying the Valeyard is between your twelfth and thirteenth regeneration the Master not only states that the Valeyard is the Doctor's 13th incarnation but that the Doctor will hijack a body just as the Master did (which the Valeyard does at the end of the story.) Again the sequence: 12th incarnation->12th regeneration->13th incarnation (Valeyard)->13th regeneration->Death (normally)/another incarnation if a body can be hijacked--BruceGrubb (talk) 05:41, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Just a heads-up...in the literature "nth regeneration" usually means an incarnation rather than the process, that is the 5th regeneration means the 6th incarnation rather than the 5th regeneration process shown on screen. Admittedly, sometimes writers get confused by the terminology; sometimes they say 5th regeneration to mean 5th incarnation.  All in all, it's a little confusing what anyone actually means.  Oh well, nothing that can be done about that other than to question the writers themselves. DonQuixote (talk) 14:44, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Sadly in this case talking to the writer in question is impossible. Robert Colin Holmes died in May of 1986 while the episode in question was shown December 1986.  Given that Anthony Ainley has also passed away it may be impossible to find out if the difference in the original script line and what was said was a last minute script change or a line flub that the director decided wasn't worth reshooting.  Also writers in the past have also played fast and loose often contradicting themselves (UNIT continuity for example is a total FUBAR or the Time Lord CIA which contrary to the current writer DID interfere with other cultures.)--BruceGrubb (talk) 10:01, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The recording scripts presumably still exist and it's possible one of the in-depth studies of this story in variously Doctor Who Magazine, In Vision or the like does cover any significant line changes between the script and what was broadcast (although "somewhere between your twelfth and final incarnation" sounds like a deliberate attempt to make it more open ended and indeed in his DWM memoirs John Nathan-Turner explicitly said he asked for a change to avoid wasting a future incarnation on the Valeyard). If Eric Saward's part fourteen script is anything to go by then Holmes was presumably still working on the assumption that the Valeyard was literally the Doctor's future self trying to rewrite his own past and hijack extra lives, but this was changed after Saward's departure. Timrollpickering (talk) 22:18, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Aren't we moving into murky territory by referencing what is in a shooting script? I appreciate the desire to get to the bottom of this but if we are to present the findings of such an investigation on a Wiki page as fact, then we can only go by what is seen on screen, any other reference is conjecture, musings and just plain mis-leading.  It's nice to have this extra info, but if you find something that contradicts the on-screen evidence in the shooting script, the onscreen interpretation will always win out.  The Valeyard, according to on-screen evidence, appears somewhere in the Doctor's 13th incarnation - and I have always taken it to mean that some form of seperation occurs, rather than the Doctor himself changing into the Valeyard.Mmm commentaries (talk) 01:48, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The onscreen evidence is frankly as clear as mud and numerous different interpretations have been taken by those writing on this, so I don't think any one interpretation can be presented as fact. There are several different interpretations in both published guides and novels. Timrollpickering (talk) 02:14, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Genocide of the Vervoids
I think that the statement in the main article that the Valeyard manipulated the evidence to make it appear the Doctor had committed genocide is incorrect. While the Valeyard certainly mainpulated the evidence to make it appear the Doctor was sending Mel into danger or performing sabotage, the total destruction of the Vervoids most certainly was the Doctor's intent. He had already observed that coexistence with the Vervoids was impossible and that hence there was a 'kill or be killed' situation. He did deliberately destroy every Vervoid, as he admitted himself, in order to prevent them reaching Earth. The Doctor, during the trial, pointed out several instances where he saw alterations in the evidence, but made no such comment regarding the destruction of the Vervoids, clearly regretting that it was necessary. The Valeyard simply seized on that to change the charge to genocide. 82.26.65.159 23:33, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I thought this was a strange charge as in "Genesis of the Daleks" the Doctor is given the task of averting the creation of the Daleks which when you get right down to is would be genocide. This is ignoring his killing of Set the last of the Osirians in "Pyramids of Mars" or the death of Eldrad in "Hand of Fear" (also the last of his race)--BruceGrubb (talk) 01:00, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Presentation of information
The article needs to state in the introduction that he's an incarnation of the Doctor. At the moment it reads as the plot of Trial of a Time Lord, and you have to wade through the plot to find out this info. I'll have ago at changing it. Totnesmartin (talk) 23:52, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Dreamlord
As the Dreamlord from the series 5 episode Amy's Choice is essentially a adversary formed from the Doctor's own subconscious, I think he is essentially similar enough to enjoy inclusion on the page - at the very least to make sure the two are not confused. AlexanderJBateman (talk) 01:33, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

It's the Valeyard. I'm be most suprised, if not disappointed, were it not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.193.106.174 (talk) 19:45, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your speculation. Now if you can provide a reliable source saying the same thing, then it'll be perfect. DonQuixote (talk) 20:17, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
 * To clarify, I do not believe it is the Valeyard, (or at the very least can be proven to be so at the time) - What I do believe is that as a very similar being, it should be addressed under the premise of improving wikipedia and preventing confusion between the two. Obviously if later information comes to light linking the two, that then would take precedence. But up until that point, a neutrally worded statement noting the similarities qualified with the fact that the Valeyard name was not used would seem to stop the matter dead with recourse to continual editing.AlexanderJBateman (talk) 04:19, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

I agree. While I acknowledge that there is an argument to say the Dreamlord is/becomes the Valeyard (I have to admit my money is on it) at the moment that is pure speculation and has no place on wikipedia. However, I also agree that the Dreamlord is similar enough to deserve a mention. Essentially, they are the same concept, both being personifications of the Doctor's evil side, and that similarity should be acknowledged.

In my opinion, there could possibly ( and I emphasise the word possibly) be a case to suggest the article should very briefly note that the idea they are the same cannot presently be ruled out, but that is hugely debatable. The main thing is whether the Dreamlord should be mentioned as a seperate but similar character, and I would suggest he should.

Merge to The Trial of a Time Lord
'''I have closed this discussion as the consensus seemed to be to keep the article separate AlexanderJBateman (talk) 16:37, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

After looking a this page, its seems it purpose is to summarise the events of a single series of the show, with a list of other media appearances tacked on for good measure. I do not see why, as a one time Foe, the Valyard is deserving of his own page. He is hardly the most famous or most notable of the Doctor's foes, indeed I doubt many people have even heard of him. Indeed, every single reference on the page bar one refers to the write up of Trial of a Time Lord.AlexanderJBateman (talk) 04:30, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

User:Finister2 - I think the article should stay seperate, as the Valeyard, whilst not a major enemy, is an incarnation of the Doctor. Also, Trial of a Time Lord was like, six-7 maybe, episodes long. So the Valeyard appeared in more than just one episode. —Preceding undated comment added 17:18, 17 May 2010 (UTC).

 * Keep seperate: I say keep it seperate. Although he has only appeared in one story, he is a very important character. magnius (talk) 17:21, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Keep separate: at least until the end of the current Season, given the plot of "Amy's Choice". If he doesn't show up again, we can look at merging then.--SarekOfVulcan (talk) 13:52, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

"Somewhere between twelfth and final incarnation" - during Tennant/Smith regeneration?
Well we saw the between-twefth-and-final nearly eight years ago (though we only found out that was it on Xmas day 2013) Tennant's Doctor had been developing symptoms of megalomania (The Waters Of Mars) and had just come off a run-in with his own people gone corrupt, so maybe the Valeyard comes from during this regeneration - especially if his paymasters are "Last Of ..." Time Lords interfereing in their own society's past. 86.133.86.30 (talk) 18:21, 30 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Please cite a reliable source that says any of the above. DonQuixote (talk) 19:19, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

"twelfth and final..."
It should be made clearer in the article that in 1986, "final" meant "Thirteenth" and that it is only because of retroactive knowlege that the line has taken on a deeper meaning and significance than intended in 1986. Paul Benjamin Austin (talk) 14:16, 4 April 2019 (UTC)
 * One simple way would be to hyperlink "twelfth" and "final" to the article on the Tenth Doctor and Eleventh Doctor respectively.Romomusicfan (talk) 15:50, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Valeyard


text:
Jordanian Communist Toilers Party

Jordanian Communist Toilers Party (in Arabic: Hizb al-Shaghghilah al-Shuyu'iyah al-Urduni, حزب الشغّيلة الشيوعية الأردني) was a communist political party in Jordan. The party was founded in 1997, through a split in the Jordanian Communist Party (JCP). The party used the name Jordanian Communist Party until it registered with the Jordanian authorities with the name Jordanian Communist Toilers Party. The party was considered more orthodox in its ideology than JCP. It reunited with the JCP in 2008.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jordanian Communist Toilers Party


text:
EMPRETEC

EMPRETEC is a United Nations programme established by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) to promote the creation of sustainable, innovative, and internationally competitive small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

Programme
EMPRETEC is an integrated capacity building programme of UNCTAD in the area of SMEs and entrepreneurial skills promotion. It is dedicated to helping promising entrepreneurs put their ideas into action and fledgling businesses to grow. The programme is part of UNCTAD's mandate on enhancing productive capacity and international competitiveness for the benefit of economic development, poverty eradication and equal participation of developing countries and transition economies in the world economy.

The name EMPRETEC - the Spanish acronym for emprendedores (entrepreneurs) and tecnología (technology) - was first introduced in Argentina in 1988. Since its inception, the EMPRETEC programme has been initiated in 36 countries. Early counties were Brazil, Venezuela, Chile and Uruguay in South America and Ghana, Nigeria and Zimbabwe in Africa.

EMPRETEC's core product, the Entrepreneurship Training Workshop, is based on the research conducted by a psychologist from Harvard University, Professor David McClelland, who had done extensive work on entrepreneurship since the late 1950s. His Need theory proposes that everyone is driven by three needs. The participants in the programme are selected through focused interviews on the basis of both their personal proven entrepreneurial competencies and innovative approach to business. The EMPRETEC programme has a capacity to address other target groups of entrepreneurs (ranging from business leaders and public sectors to entrepreneurs with limited literacym as well as women entrepreneurs). This can be done through a range of customized products that are available upon request.

UNCTAD installs the programme at the requests of its member States and in cooperation with the national public and private sector organizations that are responsible for and contributing to SME development in the country. Although the implementation of the EMPRETEC programme depends on the needs of the beneficiary country, there are several necessary steps to take toward the implementation of the EMPRETEC programme. After the implementation of an EMPRETEC Centre's sustainability through the provision of revenue generating activities such as Business Development Services (BDS) and UNCTAD's Business Linkages programme.

Awards
Since 2006 the programme has resulted in the Women in Business Awards which are given every two years to the leading woman who has achieved success after EMPRETEC training.

title: EMPRETEC


text:
Jordanian Communist Party

The Jordanian Communist Party (JCP; الحزب الشیوعی الاردنی, al-Hizb al-Shuyu'i al-Urduni) is a communist party in Jordan, founded in 1948. Its current general secretary is Saud Qubailat. It publishes al-Jamahir (الجماهير, lit. "The Masses").

History
In June 1952, the Palestinian communists in the West Bank, then organized in the Palestinian National Liberation League, joined JCP. During the years to come the main stronghold of the party was in the West Bank, and the party leadership was predominantly Palestinian. Prior to the merger into JCP, the Palestinian communists had opposed the annexation of the West Bank by Jordan. However, in 1951, that policy was reversed and JCP recognized the West Bank as part of Jordan.

The main leaders during the initial period were Fu'ad Nassar, Fahmi al-Salfiti and Fa'iq Warrad. The party gained influence amongst urban intellectuals in Nablus and Jerusalem. In particular, the party developed a strong position in the Salfit village outside of Nablus, from where many prominent JCP leaders hailed. Other areas in which the party was active were Ramallah, Bethlehem and amongst refugees near Jericho. The main party organ was al-Muqawamah ash-Shabiya (المقاومة الشعبية, "People's Resistance"), a monthly publication.

The party faced harsh repression from the Jordanian state. On December 29, 1951, Fu'ad Nasser was arrested. He was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. In 1953, a legislation was passed that ordered forced labor for JCP cadres. However, the party continued to work in a clandestine way.

The party built up mass organizations, such as the Democratic Youth Association and the Peace Partisans. In May 1954, it formed the National Front, through which the party took part in the elections that year. In that election the National Front won one parliamentary seat, Abd al-Qadir Salih from Nablus.

The party reached the peak of its influence in 1956–1957, following the Suez Crisis and during the mobilizations against the Anglo-Jordanian Treaty. In the 1956 elections, the National Front won three seats. Salih retained his seat, and Fa'iq Warrad won in Ramallah and Yaqub Ziyadin won a seat in Jerusalem. Following the elections, there was a brief opening for the party. Salih was appointed as Minister of Agriculture in the government of Nablusi. Prisoners, like Fu'ad Nassar, were released from jail. The party press could be circulated openly. Its main opponent at the time was the Ba'ath Party, which also sought to make inroads amongst the secular sectors.

The opening would however become very short. In January 1957, Hussein of Jordan harshly attacked the party and the communists were accused of collaborating with Israel. Ziyadin and Warrad were arrested by the government after having their parliamentary immunities removed. They were sentenced to 19 and 16 years' imprisonment respectively. The party activities nearly halted, except for internal cadre schooling and publication of al-Muqawamah ash-Shabiya.

In the mid 1960s, the United States Department of State estimated the party membership to be approximately 500.

At the same time, the party suffered from internal divisions. The acting General Secretary in Amman, Fahmi al-Salfiti led the right wing sections of the party. He favored collaboration with the Hashemite dynasty. He vehemently opposed guerrilla struggle and expressed a will that King Hussein would take the leading role in the struggle against Israel. The al-Salfiti fraction supported Resolution 242 of the United Nations Security Council. Al-Salfiti was opposed by the exiled leadership, led by the party general secretary Fu'ad Nassar.

After the Six-Day War (5–10 June 1967), the party organization in the West Bank was led by Na'im al-Ashhab, Suleiman Al Najjab, 'Arabi 'Awwad and later, Bashir Barghuti. In the West Bank, the party started publishing al-Watan (الوطن, "The Fatherland"). Under al-Ashhab's rule, the West Bank communists remained cautious of armed struggle, claiming that it was premature under existing conditions. However the changed political scenario in the West Bank would force the local activists to review their stands. The pro-Jordanian positions of the party and its ambiguity towards the armed struggle were becoming more and more problematic. The West Bank communists moved closer to the Palestinian liberation movement. By 1973, the West Bank communists supported the formation of an independent Palestinian state of the West Bank and Gaza. These developments strained the relations between the West Bank communists and their formal leadership in Amman.

In exile, Fu'ad Nassar built up an armed militia for the Palestinian communists, the al-Ansar Forces, in March 1970. In theory the al-Ansar Forces would remain under the supervision of the JCP, the Syrian Communist Party and the Iraqi Communist Party. In practice, the group would not play a major role, largely due to the passivity and betrayal of the JCP. By 1975, the structure was disbanded.

In 1975, the West Bank communists split in two separate organizations. The pro-Salfiti branch formed the Palestinian Communist Youth Organization. The group which remained in JCP was reorganized as the "Palestinian Communist Organization", which achieved autonomous status within JCP.

On February 10, 1982, after much debate, the Palestinian Communist Organization was separated from JCP. The Palestinian Communist Party was constituted as a separate party, merging the JCP branch in the West Bank and the Palestinian Communist Organization in Gaza.

The JCP remained "illegal" until 1993.

In May 2006, the party organized a "Unity Conference of Jordanian Communists", merging sectors that had left the party. However, the main splinter group, the Jordanian Communist Toilers Party, did not attend. They eventually did reunite in 2008.

title: Jordanian Communist Party


text:
User:Qswitch426

William L. Weaver, Ph.D.  Visiting Associate Professor of Analytical Chemistry  University of Maryland Eastern Shore

 30665 Student Services Center  Princess Anne, MD 21853  mailto:wlweaver@umes.edu  Twitter: @williamlweaver  http://https://www.linkedin.com/in/williamlweaver/

Education
1988 Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania
 * B.S. with double major in Chemistry and Physics

1992 The Ohio State University
 * Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry with concentration in Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Data acquisition, and Data analysis

Interests
General Systems Theory, Systems Thinking, Informatics, Agile Software Development, Data Mining, Intelligent Systems, Swarm Intelligence

Personality Type
I am hopelessly ENTP and should probably seek counseling to moderate my expression of the type.

Secret to a long, happy life
It's very simple...

title: User:Qswitch426


text:
Airplane II: The Sequel

Airplane II: The Sequel (titled Flying High II: The Sequel in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Japan, and the Philippines) is a 1982 American parody film written and directed by Ken Finkleman in his directorial debut and starring Robert Hays, Julie Hagerty, Lloyd Bridges, Chad Everett, William Shatner, Rip Torn, and Sonny Bono. A sequel to the 1980 film Airplane!, it was released on December 10, 1982.

The team who wrote and directed the original Airplane! (Jim Abrahams, David Zucker, and Jerry Zucker) had no involvement with this sequel. Paramount, having faced a similar situation with Grease 2 earlier in that year, hired Finkleman, who wrote Grease 2, to write and direct Airplane II as well. Ultimately, the film received mixed reviews from critics and was a commercial disappointment, grossing $27.2 million against a $15 million budget. A third film, Airplane III, was announced in a post-credit message, but was cancelled due to the film's lackluster performance.

Plot
Sometime in the near future, the Moon has been colonized and supports a station on its surface. The XR-2300 lunar shuttle, known as Mayflower One, is being rushed to launch from Houston for its inaugural commercial flight. The head of the ground crew, The Sarge, does not like what is occurring, but he defers to airline management. Meanwhile, in the terminal, the head of the space center, Bud Kruger, argues with the commissioner about the spacecraft’s still-pending government approval, explaining that the ship failed to meet safety regulations, but the commissioner stresses that “the board” is under pressure to keep the launch on schedule.

The ship's computer officer, Elaine Dickinson, expresses her concerns about the shuttle’s poor test results, but her fiancé Simon Kurtz, a member of the flight crew, reminds her that the reports were filed by her former lover, Ted Striker, a test pilot who lost his credibility after suffering a mental breakdown. Having been committed to the Ronald Reagan Hospital for the Mentally Ill after a lawsuit following a test flight that Ted piloted and in which the lunar shuttle crashed, Ted reads a newspaper headline about the imminent shuttle launch, concluding that his hospitalization was meant to silence him regarding dangerous safety issues related to the lunar shuttle. Although he suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from his actions in "The War" – specifically the loss of his entire squadron above "Macho Grande" – resulting in a relapse of his "drinking problem", he crash-landed a commercial 707 airplane in 1980, on which Elaine was a flight attendant. Later that evening, he escapes from the asylum, determined to save her and the other passengers.

Ted encounters Elaine just before she boards and declares that the shuttle must be stopped, but she declines. Although the flight is full, he buys a ticket from a scalper and boards the spacecraft. As Captain Clarence Oveur, navigator/co-pilot Unger, and first officer/flight engineer Dunn prepare the shuttle for takeoff, he tries to convince her to terminate the mission. Once airborne, Ted takes his seat and details the court case that ensued from his complaints about the lunar shuttle to his elderly seatmate. At the trial, Simon blamed Ted’s incompetence for the shuttle test crash, but Ted insisted the plane was a “flying death trap," and survivors from the 707 crash landing testified to Ted’s heroism.

Back in the cockpit, the crew discovers the spaceship’s core is overheating due to a short circuit, and Elaine realizes the artificially intelligent computer system, R.O.K., is overriding her orders. While attempting to rewire the system and extinguish a fire, Dunn and Unger are blown out of the airlock. Thrown off course, the ship enters an asteroid field headed toward the Sun. The insurgent computer system releases gas through cockpit vents, which kills Captain Oveur and leaves Elaine to pilot the runaway vessel alone. After Simon abandons Elaine and escapes in the sole escape pod, air traffic controller Steve McCroskey reveals that passenger Joe Seluchi had boarded with a briefcase containing a time bomb that he had purchased at a gift shop, intent on committing suicide to provide an insurance payout for his wife. Just before the ship reaches the Sun, Ted manages to wrestle the bomb from Joe, detonates ROK with it, and successfully regains manual control of the ship, setting course for the Moon as originally intended.

As ROK's destruction has caused collateral damage to the shuttle, the flight is not yet out of danger. En route to the Moon, flight control shifts to the Alpha Beta Lunar Base, headed by Commander Buck Murdock, one of Ted's wartime comrades. Contemptuous of Ted because of Macho Grande, he nonetheless agrees to help and attempts to talk Ted through the landing process, but the ship approaches the Moon too quickly. As a last resort, Ted jams Elaine’s hair pin into the control panel, shorting the system and destroying the auxiliary engines, and the ship crashes through the base, safely landing on the Moon's surface. As the passengers frantically evacuate, Ted and Elaine passionately embrace each other and are eventually married. After the wedding, Joe looks into the cockpit and requests that his briefcase be returned to him.

Production
Most of the first film’s cast agreed to return for the film while Jerry Zucker, Jim Abrahams, and David Zucker were involved in the early stages of development. However, Abrahams and the Zuckers decided to make the television series Police Squad! instead, starring Leslie Nielsen from the original movie, and publicly distanced themselves from the sequel during its marketing.

Filming began June 2, 1982, in Los Angeles and lasted eight weeks, with double the budget of the first film.

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 42% based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 based on nine critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Variety remarked, "It can't be said that Airplane II is no better or worse than its predecessor. It is far worse, but might seem funnier had there been no original". Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, saying it "never really seems to know whether it's about a spaceship. It's all sight gags, one-liners, puns, funny signs and scatological cross-references".

Airplane II opened in the United States the same weekend as The Toy and 48 Hrs. and finished second for the weekend behind The Toy with a gross of $5,329,208 from 1,150 screens. Grosses dropped 45% the following week and the film went on to earn only $27.2 million in the United States and Canada, compared to the original's $83 million box office total.

title: Airplane II: The Sequel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Magic sword

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Postdlf 00:19, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Magic sword
Delete. Another nanostub from SamuraiClinton/SuperDude115. If Wikipedia needs a separate article on magical swords, this ain't it. android↔talk 14:26, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Axe it. —Korath (Talk) 15:30, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC) Keep now, of course. —Korath (Talk) 22:41, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm strongly opposed to fancruft and articles on items from specific games, but magic swords have a presence throughout mythology, fantasy literature and role-playing games, so I think there is potential for an article with enyclopedic value. Martg76 15:42, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We need an article on magic swords, but this isn't it. Keep as re-written. --Carnildo 17:33, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree on both points. An article about magic swords would be useful, perhaps even overdue, but this is not that article.  I mean, where's Excalibur?  I'll bet Japanese mythology is loaded with references to enchanted samurai swords, which is ironic given the name of the user who posted this article in the first place.  I'd like to see this deleted to get it out of the edit history, but I'll abstain for now since I might turn this into something resembling a stub article later instead of what we currently have, namely a few fragments of fact gleaned from someone's mind.  Where else but Wikipedia can you learn that a magic sword can be used to stab the enemy? - Lucky 6.9 17:38, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — current article is highly non-informative. But I agree that magical swords are a common element in mythology, history, and in fantasy literature and games. So it could use a proper article, or at least a section on the sword page. — RJH 17:52, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * OMFG Keep!!! Magic swords are, like, soooo freakin' awesome!!! Seriously, I added a few mythos refs - of which there are plenty. -- 8^D gab 17:54, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * Rewrite - the video game Magic Sword is fairly notable, but this article is nearly unusable in its original form. Firebug 18:02, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Who says VfD isn't cleanup? Sonofagun, we have a new short article with references to the term!  I've cleaned up some of the style while I was in there.  Keep rewritten article and expand.  Fantastic job, all.  That includes the original contributor for uncovering a glaring red link. - Lucky 6.9 19:12, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as rewritten. Postdlf 19:28, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm still not convinced that this article ought to stand on its own, but it is now in at least good enough shape to be merged somewhere at some point. I withdraw the nomination. android↔talk 19:30, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as re-written. Jayjg (talk) 21:48, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as re-written by BD2412, Lucky 6.9 and other contributors. Capitalistroadster 23:25, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Cap. Usually I'm the one thanking you for the rescue (blush)! - Lucky 6.9 04:47, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as rewritten. Shimmin 00:28, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. N-Mantalk 11:40, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have just reworked the article Tyrfing and the two articles complete each other.--Wiglaf 21:34, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've gotta admit, I like the fact that VfD frequently inspires people to be bold and clean up an article that could be useful. --MikeJ9919 00:22, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. No original opinions. -- Kizor 16:50, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Lupin/coords

I don't know the longitude and latitude of the following British towns. If you know or can find them, please add them!

(I'm working my way through the counties and have got to Essex so far).

Alternatively, if there's a place you'd like me to make a map for, please add it.

The preferred format is:

 * -01.58 53.07 Wirksworth

(meaning 53.07°N 1.58°W). This makes it easier to feed to my scripts for map generation.

Buckinghamshire

 * Marlow, Buckinghamshire
 * Try -0.46 51.34 --Phil | Talk 16:05, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

Cambridgeshire
Lat: 52:13:23N (52.2231) Lon: 0:04:40W (-0.0778) Lupin 18:23, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Cambourne (in Cambridgeshire, not Cornwall)
 * or or . Why on earth do you want Lat & Long when we have a superb National Grid? -- RHaworth 18:13, 2005 Apr 23 (UTC)
 * Thanks! The reason for wanting lat/long is that my map-generating script understands them. In this case, multimap gives

 * Welney
 * 0.14 52.31 NB multimap says it's in Norfolk --Phil | Talk 16:14, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wisbech
 * 0.09 52.39 --Phil | Talk 16:14, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

Cumbria

 * Roose
 * -3.19 54.11

Devon

 * Maristow
 * -4.150 lat=50.464

Essex

 * Ongar
 * 0.244 51.705

Oxfordshire

 * Thame (there seem to be 3 in Oxfordshire + one in Bucks - which is the article about?)

 * - -  - are all just bits of the River Thame
 * (on your list but SP 710 060 is better) - is the town. -- RWH

Norfolk

 * Walsingham - - The OS gazetteer has them under Great Walsingham and Little Walsingham (the larger of the two!) and is too thick to find them under Walsingham. RHaworth 05:35, 2005 May 11 (UTC)

title: User:Lupin/coords


text:
Action of 29 April 1616

The action of 29 April 1616 took place near Euboea when a Tuscan galley force defeated a similar Turkish force.

Six Tuscan galleys, under Montauto, had left Livorno at the end of March 1616. On 29 April, they met 6 Turkish galleys near Euboea and captured the 2 flag-galleys. The remaining 4 fled. The galley San Francesco was damaged and took no part. Tuscan casualties were 32 killed and 312 wounded.

title: Action of 29 April 1616


text:
Talk:Calcium hydroxide

A healthy food source of mineral Calcium ?
Humans need 1 g of it per day. It is much cheaper/convinient to eat this (Calcium hydroxide) than milk for calcium. Please advice. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vwalvekar (talk • contribs)

Ksp
The values of Ksp and solubility do not get along. They are related by Ksp=4x^3 or x=(Ksp/4)^(1/3)

If Ksp=4.68 you get 1.05E-2 M or 0.6145 g/L or 0.06145 g/100 mL. This is much less than the smallest of all numbers given.

Other sources, e.g. http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/kpt.html show Ksp=5.02E-6, producing 1.079E-2 M or 0.6291 g/L or 0.06291 g/100 mL.

Alternatively, if you use 0.173 g/100mL or 1.73 g/L you get 0.02338 M (Ca(OH)2 saturated concentration, or Ksp=5.11E-5 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.193.173.17 (talk) 20:44, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

Flue Gas Desulfurization
There is no mention under industrial applications of wet scrubbing flue gas desulfurization. Granted, Calcium Hydroxide is not the initial principle reagant for that, CaO is, but by the time the flue gas comes in contact with the sorbent, it is Calcium Hydroxide.Woahmid (talk) 00:09, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Lutefisk
Lutefisk literally translates as "lye fish" so someone should check if it's lime or lye that is used. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.91.183.133 (talk) 02:21, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

hazards
The impression you get from reading the hazards is that this stuff is dangerously toxic, it is not, however. I think this should be changed. 194.53.253.51 (talk) 08:15, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Can cause bad burns
True - not especially toxic - but can cause very bad burns - and while an acid burn hurts right away - if you get some in your shoe - with a little sweat or moisture it will feel slightly uncomfortable while it digests your skin - (Found out the hard way - removed my socks to find skin missing and bleeding - took a month to heal.). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.243.106.82 (talk) 15:14, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

Error Redirect
I wrote in Calcium Hydrate, and was redirected to Calcium Hydroxide. These are not the same thing. Calcium Hydrate is Ca·6H2O [or Ca(aq)] (i believe - I actually came to check the number of water molecules per calcium ion), while Calcium Hydroxide is Ca(OH)2. I would stop the redirect, but I don't know how. :( -  Baribeau 01:38, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Ca.6H2O exists only in solution. If you dissolve CaCl2 in water, you'll probably get Ca2+ . xH2O. But in solid form, the only thing that you can get is the hydroxide, probably with a lot of water in the crystal structure.
 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.53.253.51 (talk) 08:15, 2009 April 22 (UTC)

article division
There should be separate articles for slaked lime, lime water, milk of lime and common applications, and Calcium hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide with Chemistry etc. Same goes for Calcium Oxide / lime (mineral). Comments please PeterGrecian 14:26, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * isn't slaked lime the same thing as Calcium hydroxide. If so, why does it need its own article? --Duk 17:55, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree with this proposal. Put your effort into fleshing out this article and cleaning it up, as the tag asks us to.  In the unlikely event that this one gets unwieldy, something could later be split out.  Gene Nygaard 18:52, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrated_lime
 * There are identical articles for calcium hydroxide, slaked lime and hydrated lime. Is triplication necessary or just a waste of reading time, not to mention confusing?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaked_lime

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide GGBiscuit (talk) 20:22, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

clean up.
I agree with your comments. Also... the formatting of the article is poor with lines chopped in two. Perhaps it has been copied from somewhere - and there are copywrite issues? Also what on earth is polikar! It looks like something Russian? CustardJack 16:55, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

further cleanup
I have tried to cleanup the grammar and style problems, although a few clunky bits remain. In particular, I was unsure as to whether to change the word "drug" to "chemical" or "preservative" in the last line of the "Uses" section. Also, the line "Because of its strong basic properties, calcium hydroxide has many varied uses as:" is very cumbersome and should be edited further. I also believe the phrase "but unrelated to the citrus fruit (lime)" should be removed and a link to a lime disambiguafication page placed at the top of the article, but I'm running out of time for editing right now. -Paul Foster 9:08, 23 May 2005 (EST)

One question: As to the dangers through overdose section, can't the difficulty breathing and internal bleeding be explained by the hypotension? - Guest 4:09, 3 Feb 2007 (Pacific Time)

The article states: "When heated to 512 °C, the partial pressure of water in equilibrium with calcium hydroxide reaches 101 kPa and decomposes into calcium oxide and water." This sentence needs to be edited, but since I don't have access to the reference, I can't do it. As this sentence reads now, the partial pressure of water decomposes into calcium oxide and water, which is nonsensical. Partial pressures don't decompose. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.26.143.229 (talk) 23:29, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Tweaked. Materialscientist (talk) 23:34, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

Production
Are their any methods of production that are cheap and don't produce CO2 Ozone 19:16, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

No!! . . . LinguisticDemographer 13:39, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * There are expensive methods, which does not produces CO2 (but produces SO2). Starting material there would be calcium sulfate. SO2 is worse for environment than CO2, and in such case it could not be filtered, because the cheapest material for removing SO2 from waste gas stream is calcium hydroxide itself. -Yyy (talk) 07:55, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Link
would it be possible to add an shortcut for Ca(OH)2?because not everybody looks for Calcium Oxide...

Merger with Portlandite
There might be some argument for merging Portlandite (which is the crystalline mineral) into this, but not vice versa. Its crystalline mineral nature is just one of many attributes of calcium hydroxide. . . . LinguisticDemographer 13:45, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Celts and hair
Now, I've heard that the celts washed their hair with slaked lime, or Calcium hydroxide, and so made it stiff and, also, bleached it. However, I'm struggling to find out if you can actually do this with lime alone, or if there were other ingredients involved, or what?

The details, unfortuantely, are not particularly thick on the ground. Here's a couple of links with most of what I know -

http://www.celticcoins.com/pages/131106.html

' "Their hair is blond, and not only naturally so, but they also make it their practice by artificial means to increase the distinguishing colour which nature has given it. For they are always washing their hair in lime-water, and they pull it back from the forehead to the top of the head and back to the nape of the neck with the result that their appearance is like that of Satyrs and Pans, since the treatment of their hair makes it so heavy and coarse that it differs in no respect from the mane of horses" '

http://www.123freehost.co.uk/sites/adam7daviesessays/

' The Celts bleached and spiked their hair with lime – one ancient writer wrote that each spike of hair was so sharp that an apple could be impaled on one! '

- I'd be very interested in knowing more about this, if anyone has the time to research it more deeply than I have.

41.243.78.15 15:15, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Calcium Hydroxide is listed as the primary active ingredient in depilitory creams such as Nair. It seems doubtful that "The Celts" would be able to take a mineral form of this and use it on their hair, and still have hair. That's why we don't use just any random sources from the internet. Angryredplanet (talk) 20:05, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Decomposition
One paragraph says Ca(OH)2 decomposes at 512 C, and the chembox at right says 580 C. Which is it? 97.82.247.200 10:02, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Vapor pressure
In the intro there is a footnote that claims that 512°C is the temperature at which H2O vapor pressure reaches 101 kPa. What on earth is meant here? At 100°C the vapor pressure of water reaches 101 kPa and it boils. Maybe this is meant to refer to the partial pressure of H2O over Ca(OH)2? --Slashme (talk) 10:22, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, it must be the partial pressure of H2O in the equilibrium Ca(OH)2 -> CaO + H2O(g). --Itub (talk) 13:02, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

sea water
Is it possible to make by reaction with sea water, instead of pure water? If so, what additional substances would be made. 86.30.179.100 (talk) 18:17, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Metal and slaked lime
What happens if metal comes into contact with slaked lime?199.33.32.40 (talk) 02:46, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The result depends on the metal, but for most commonly encountered metals, nothing would happen rapidly. In contact with base (such as Ca(OH)2) and water, most metals corrode to the oxides.--Smokefoot (talk) 14:19, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

Lutefisk? Really?
I'd like to see a cite about lutefisk made with calcium hydroxide, as opposed to lye. I'm skeptical that calcium hydroxide would even work. Francis Lima (talk) 21:31, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

Use in Mass Graves
I've read a lot about the use of lime for mass graves of plague victims, and have just been reading about the mass graves in the Holocaust. Nothing is mentioned of this usage here and I don't know enough about it to comment (or whether this is the right page!) - any help would be great. Jess xx (talk) 22:12, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

use in food
So ... It has a level 3 for health, but "has many practical uses, including food"? uh .... can someone explain/correct this? UNIT A4B1 (talk) 23:47, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
 * according to this site http://www.jainworld.com/jainfood/silverfoil.asp it is not suitable for use in paan because it is made from the shells of living animals.--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 17:49, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

Niche uses: Bulleting under Calcium Stearate
Under 'Niche Uses", the bulleting is tabbed in under Calcium stearate, so it appears that the following 8 bullets pertain to Calcium stearate. I have checked 4 of the items and they are still seem to be referring to Ca(OH)2. (Neither Ca stearate or Ca hydroxide is mentioned in brake pad or Ebonite wiki entries?). I was interested in the use of Ca hydroxide as an pesticide and had to check to see if it was in fact the stearate or hydroxide being referred to. This is my first entry on Wiki, so can someone else review and/or edit if necessary? Cornyvet (talk) 04:10, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

calcium hydroxide -- slaked lime: gesso?
I am trying to find a source for the slaked lime used to make gesso and it would be helpful to know if food grade calcium hydroxide is used for traditional gesso -- often called gesso sotile. It isn't mentioned in the many uses discussed on this page, but if it is the same thing, then it would make my search for a source very easy and it would also be useful to be included on the page in case other gilders or tempera artists are also looking. I was hoping that someone would know. Pbfasks (talk) 16:51, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

Rewrite this entire article
This article is dysfunctional or semi-functional at best. Can someone please take it upon themselves to do a rewrite (from scratch)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gibson88 (talk • contribs) 12:49, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

Quote: “Because it is produced on a large scale, is easily handled, and is cheap, myriad niche and even large-scale applications have been described. A partial listing follows:”

Have been described where? Applications have been described because it is cheap etc.? If this is a section for Niche Uses why has the phrase “…and even large-scale applications…” been included? I have amended this sentence to at least agree with the section heading:

“Calcium Hydroxide is produced on a large scale, is easily handled and is cheap. Numerous niche applications are in use. A partial listing follows:”

although I suspect that not all the applications listed are “niche”. For instance, the use of hydrated lime in making mortar is hardly a niche application. One of the standard mortar mixes in the UK building industry is 1:1:6  cement : hydrated lime: sand.

To differentiate between large-scale and niche applications one presumably needs information on the tonnage of material used in each application listed. Where is exactly is the dividing line between the two categories to be drawn? In the absence of tonnage information, I think it would probably be best to remove the Niche Uses section title completely and reorganise the various listed uses into several broad categories for the moment.

Altogether, this is a rather mixed-up section making up a major part of the article. I agree with the foregoing comment – a rewrite is needed. Freeman501 (talk) 07:58, 23 August 2014 (UTC)

Picture caption
It seems to me that the caption for the two types of corn kernels is reversed. The white ones have been treated and the yellow ones have not. The page on hominy has it right.

- Metricator — Preceding unsigned comment added by Metricator (talk • contribs) 01:04, 6 April 2015 (UTC)

pKb
pKb values in article are invalid and non-verifiable, due to the fact the referred content is not an original research neither gives any further references.

IUPAC buffers suggests for a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution at 25°C ph=12.45 - http://www.ph-meter.info/pH-electrode-calibration-buffers

By making approximation that Ca(OH)2 dissociated only once in the solution and concentration of calcium hydroxide ion [Ca(OH)+] approximately equals to concentration of hydroxide ion [HO-] ( Ca(OH)2 <=> Ca(OH)+ + HO- ), we can see that:

Water self ionization at 25°C Kw = [HO-][H+] = 1.0×10-14 (1), logKw = 14.0 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water ;

Kb = [Ca(OH)+]×[HO-] / [Ca(OH)2] ;

Provided concentration of calcium hydroxide ion [Ca(OH)+] approximately equals to concentration of hydroxide ion [HO-] ( due to Ca(OH)2 <=> Ca(OH)+ + HO- ), we get Kb = [HO-]2 / [Ca(OH)2] (2)

Combining the two equations (1) and (2) we can derrive the Kb values from [H+]:

Kb = (Kw/[H+])2 / [Ca(OH)2]

pKb = -log Kb, pKw = - log Kw, solubility of Ca(OH)2 at 25°C is approximately 1.67 g/L, yielding molar solubility of 22.5×10-6 mol/L, and pCa(OH)2 = -log[Ca(OH)2] = 4.65

Substituting the values with their negative logarithms we get:

pKb = (pKw - pH) × 2 - pCa(OH)2 = (14.0 - 12.45) × 2 - 4.65 = - 1.55

This value is not a first dissociation constant of calcium hydroxide (pKb1), it is lower than pKb1 due to the fact that second dissociation happens and because concentration of hydroxide ion is not equal to the concentration of calcium monohydroxide ion. Anticipated values of the first dissociation constant pKb1 for calcium hydroxide is in the range of -1.0..0.5, but measurements in this range are complicated and values vary from source to source.

IUPAC publication Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution (1969) at p. 151-152 provides a collection of the references for different measurements of pKb values for Ca(OH)+ ion, with most values in the range of 1.02..1.51.

I'm going to edit the article and incorporate the final numbers and references into the article. 193.110.114.207 (talk) 03:18, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

update: looking at concentrations of dissolved Ca(OH)2 ( 22.5×10-6 mol/L ) against concentration of hydroxide ( 35.5×10-3 mol/L ) it becomes clear, that many assumptions I've made are not appliacble due to the fact there's much more insoluble substance taking part in the reaction. So dissociation constant is not applicable to the first dissociation of calcium hydroxide and solubility product shall be used instead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.110.114.207 (talk) 06:06, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

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CO2 absorption
Since the issue here seems a little difficult to grasp for certain people: a) "reliable sources" does not include a crowdsourced homework help page. b) Even if this were a defensible statement, the lede is there to summarize article content, not add new material. You either treat this in the body, at a length that then justifies inclusion in the lede, or you leave it out entirely.

Stupid posturing is not a suitable replacement for addressing these issues,. And if I continue to see you revenge-revert my edits in other articles, you've got some exercise coming.-- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 13:25, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

Retrograde solubility
The following was removed from the article: Where is this from? No citation. -->According to Hopkins and Wulff (1965), the decrease of calcium hydroxide solubility with temperature was known since the works of Marcellin Berthelot (1875) and Julius Thomsen (1883) (see Thomsen–Berthelot principle), when the presence of ions in aqueous solutions was still questioned. Since, it has been studied in detail by many authors, a.o., Miller and Witt (1929) or Johnston and Grove (1931) and refined many times (e.g., Greenberg and Copeland (1960); Hopkins and Wulff (1965); Seewald and Seyfried (1991); Duchesne and Reardon (1995) ).

The reason for this rather uncommon behavior is that the dissolution of calcium hydroxide in water involves an entropy decrease, due to the ordering of water molecules around the doubly charged calcium ion, This counter-intuitive temperature dependence of the solubility is referred to as "retrograde" or "inverse" solubility. The variably hydrated phases of calcium sulfate (gypsum, bassanite and anhydrite) also exhibit a slight retrograde solubility due to the presence of the calcium ion. However, other calcium salts like calcium chloride show an increase in solubility since the enthalpy change is larger and dominates the free energy change during dissolution. In all cases, the dissolution is exothermic.

--Smokefoot (talk) 20:35, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose to merge limewater into calcium hydroxide. The only content that is not overlapping directly is the structure of solid Ca(OH)2. All behavior of limewater is the chemistry of calcium hydroxide. But maybe I am missing some counter argument. --Smokefoot (talk) 23:06, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Support. Looking at both pages, many of the things I would expect on a specific limewater page - e.g. culinary uses, use of solution as pesticide - already have more details on the calcium hydroxide page than they do on limewater. While some aqueous solutions do merit their own pages, there's a world of difference between slaked lime/limewater and e.g. hydrogen chloride/hydrochloric acid. Fishsicles (talk) 18:54, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calcium hydroxide


text:
Zelenogorsk

Zelenogorsk (Зеленогорск) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

 * Urban localities
 * Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a closed town in Krasnoyarsk Krai
 * Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg, a municipal town in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg

 * Rural localities
 * Zelenogorsk, Mari El Republic, a settlement in Zelenogorsky Rural Okrug of Morkinsky District in the Mari El Republic; 56.51667°N, 48.78333°W

title: Zelenogorsk


text: User talk:64.80.89.15

title: User talk:64.80.89.15


text:
User:GagHalfrunt

日本の文化を破壊してやろうという、一部在日の人々の悪意が、外国人参政権の確立を遠のかせているのが、判らんのか！？ 自分は、それなりにリベラルな価値観の人間だが、はっきりいってあなたの様な人がいる限り、絶対に在日外国人参政権には賛成しない！というか、実際問題として、恐ろしくて賛成できない・・・.
 * This is the English Wikipedia. Please write in English.--GagHalfrunt (talk) 13:20, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User:GagHalfrunt


text:
Talk:Boishakh

Stubs
This page is incorrectly being stubbed as india-stub or reli-stub.... This has NO relation to religious calendars or India. If you stub it as Bangla-stub, that may be correct. Please stop the overly enthusiastic stub-sorting, and do it correctly. --Ragib 14:28, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't mean to be offensive, but you sure criticize a lot for somebody who is contributing with nothing to the article, to the point where I just placed a period on the end of the one-liner sentence you have been reverting for three days. The article STATES that this is used in some parts of India, doesn't it? Then it relates to India and therefore is, in some level, an India-stub. If the information is incorrect, then remove it. Instead of critizing us, please expand the article. I am reverting it to a substub, since that's what it qualificates as. --Sn0wflake 00:59, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. However, I did start the article and a host of other articles related to Bangladesh and its culture, and am adding content to them gradually. Also, your logic that if something is used in parts of India, it allows that article to be marked India-stub - is quite flawed. English is used in parts of India, so would you qualify an article on the English language as India-stub? I don't mind marking the article sub-stub or whatever else, I do mind doing it incorrectly. Someone else marked it as reli-stub while the calendar doesn't have anything to do with religion. In any case, I'll definitely be adding more content to the article, but please don't mark my niche for correctness as undue criticism. That would be quite wrong. --Ragib 01:25, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, to make everyone happy, I have created a new stub template called Bangladeesh-stub. I hope the original intentions of stub sorting would be achieved thru this, and no more misclassifications would occur. --Ragib 05:22, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * What about Nepal? Baisakh is one of the Nepalese months too, which this article fails to discuss in any detail. BovineBeast 20:17, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * If you look into Bikram Sambhat, you'd see that the month articles are different. What you need to create is Baisakh (Nepali calendar). thanks. --Ragib 23:32, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

by sohel

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Jordanian Democratic People's Party

Jordanian Democratic People's Party (حزب الشعب الديمقراطي الأردني Hizb Al-Sha'ab Al-Dimuqrati Al-Urduni, HASHD), is a communist party in Jordan. HASHD was formed in 1989, when the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine separated their branch in Jordan to become a separate party.

HASHD publishes the weekly newspaper Al-Ahali. In the past, the party published the weekly newspaper al Lajna al Shaabiya.

title: Jordanian Democratic People's Party


text:
Ruddles Brewery

Ruddles Brewery (G. Ruddle & Co) was a brewery in Rutland, England. The brand is now owned by Greene King who still brew beers under the Ruddles name in Suffolk, although the current recipes are not those used at the original brewery.

The brewery, established in 1858 in Langham, Rutland, was bought by George Ruddle in 1912. Langham remained the home of the brewery until its closure in 1999. The company lost its independence in 1986 and passed into the ownership of Watneys, and then Grolsch in 1992. The value of the brewery and brands had dropped to £4.8m when it was sold to Morland & Co in 1997. Morlands moved production to Abingdon only for that site to be closed by Greene King which took over Morlands in 2000.

The local Langham well water was said to give the beer a unique character and quality which enhanced the brewery's reputation. The difficulty in reproducing elsewhere the taste of the beers has led to the premier beer being jocularly referred to as "Ruddles Counterfeit".

In 1996, Rutland bitter was the third of British beers to have achieved Protected Geographical Indication status; this followed an application by Grolsch Ruddles. Since Greene King closed the Langham brewery, they cannot take advantage of the registration. However, in 2010 former Ruddles head brewer Tony Davis revived Rutland Bitter, brewed at his Grainstore Brewery in Oakham, Rutland.

A television commercial for Ruddles in 1993 featured the last appearance of Vivian Stanshall narrating as Hubert, brother of Sir Henry Rawlinson of Rawlinson End played by Mel Smith and a cross-dressing Dawn French.

In 1996, Ruddles Best won the gold medal in the ordinary bitter category at the first World Beer Cup. Ruddles Best took silver in the bitter category at the Champion Beer of Britain in 1997.

Greene King have now inverted the horseshoe emblem on Ruddles branding.

Ruddles also are part of Aldi's ‘Inspired Cuisine' line with their beer in the Beef filled Yorkshire Pudding.

Beers

 * Ruddles County
 * Ruddles Best
 * Ruddles Organic
 * Ruddles Rhubarb

In popular culture
Being regarded as one of England's cheapest beers, it is used as a reference in the HBO series Veep.

title: Ruddles Brewery


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Urban Dance Squad

Urban Dance Squad was a Dutch rap rock band formed after what was originally intended as a one-time jam-session at a festival in Utrecht on December 20, 1986. The band consisted of a guitarist, bassist, drummer, rapper, and DJ. Urban Dance Squad was one of the most successful Dutch bands of the nineties, releasing five studio albums.

Career
Urban Dance Squad first got together in 1986, at a jam session in De Vrije Vloer, a club in Utrecht, a jam which resulted in the first Dutch rock band with a rapper (they borrowed the name from Parliament-Funkadelic's Urban Dancefloor Guerillas); a song, "Struggle for Jive"; and the blending of white and black music in the Netherlands, at the same time that Fishbone, Living Colour, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Faith No More, and the Beastie Boys were doing the same in the United States. The band recorded its first album, Mental Floss for the Globe, in Brussels in 1989 (produced by Jean-Marie Aerts, of TC Matic), and came to instant success. It won an Edison Award, and the single "Deeper Shade of Soul" was a hit in Europe, and in the United States, where it charted at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100. Two more singles were released from the album, and Urban Dance Squad toured the US in 1991, opening for Living Colour. The UDS had always been a volatile unit with the band members frequently arguing, and this came to a head while touring as the opening act for U2, after the release of Life 'n Perspectives of a Genuine Crossover, when DJ DNA quit abruptly.

In the middle of the band's career, to capitalize on the success of grunge and alternative rock, Urban Dance Squad released Persona Non Grata in January 1994. All of the tracks feature heavy use of distortion and guitar. The singles "No Honestly" and "Candy Strip Exp." were released, the latter single being released as a radio edit that cuts most of the pre-song noise.

Artantica saw release in 1999, and was a return to the band's hip-hop roots, and received critical acclaim. Urban Dance Squad disbanded the following year, though they did perform together again as late as 2006.

Musical style and influence
The Pittsburgh Press described Urban Dance Squad's music as "refried Zeppelin riffs and neo-Hendrix guitar solos complete with sound effects and old soul records to produce an exceedingly loud, densely packed, dissonant garage-rock stew." In 2021, Metal Hammer named UDS as one of "10 funk metal bands that time forgot". AllMusic described UDS as a "sample-heavy, groove-happy rap-rock band"; biographer Heather Phares wrote, "Urban Dance Squad's mix of rock, rap, funk, ska, folk, hip-hop, and soul signaled the trend toward genre-bending that prevailed in '90s music." In the site's review of their album Artantica, writer Rick Anderson wrote, "For those who think of rap metal fusion as something invented by bands like Korn and Limp Bizkit, Urban Dance Squad is back to remind you that they've been doing it for ten years now".

Band members

 * Rudeboy Remington (Patrick Tilon) - vocals
 * Tres Manos (René van Barneveld) - guitar
 * Silly Sil (Silvano Matadin) - bass guitar
 * Magic Stick (Michel Schoots) - drums
 * DJ DNA (Arjen de Vreede) - turntables (1987-1993, 1997-2000, 2006)
 * U-Gene - keyboards (1996-1997)

Albums

 * Mental Floss for the Globe (1989)
 * Life 'n Perspectives of a Genuine Crossover (1991)
 * Persona Non Grata (1994)
 * Planet Ultra (1996)
 * Beograd Live (1997)
 * Artantica (1999)
 * The Singles Collection (2006)

Extended plays

 * Mental Relapse (1991) – US only

Film

 * "Fast Lane" appears in the 1990 film Pump Up the Volume but does not appear on the soundtrack album.
 * The song "Good Grief" appears on the soundtrack of the 1995 film Hackers, and the band has a cameo appearance in the film with the same song.
 * The song "Demagogue" appears on the soundtrack of the 2001 film Crazy/Beautiful and in 2003 on Gigli.

Documentary

 * 5 jaar wanorde (5 years of mayhem) is a two-part documentary about Urban Dance Squad by director Bram van Splunteren for VPRO's Onrust, originally broadcast in 1992.

title: Urban Dance Squad


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Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party

Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party (حزب الوحدة الشعبية الديمقراطي الأردني Hizb Al-Wahdah Al-Sha'abiyah Al-Dimuqratiyyah Al-Urduniy), commonly known as Wihda, is a political party in Jordan. The party was formed in 1990, when the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine separated their branch in Jordan to become a separate party. The party often critiques Jordan's lack of political reform, particularly of its electoral law. As a result, they boycotted both the 2010 and 2013 elections. Although, they are primarily focused on implementing a socialist Jordan and securing Palestinian independence. Other goals include eradicating settler colonialism, strengthening labor unions, allowing freedom of speech, preventing government corruption, expanding social services, and promoting higher education. Its current secretary general is Dr. Saeed Dhiyab.

The editor-in-chief of their website is Hisham Alqam.

Beliefs
The party's objectives are as follows: "Establishing national democratic rule, where people are the source of authorities, thus achieving the state of law and institutions in order to stabilize the concepts and values of justice, freedom, creativity, thinking, and national unity. ... Deepening the progressive social content of the social revolution, especially in the field of equality between men and women. Defending the country against any foreign ambitions, especially the expansionist ambitions of the Zionist entity. ... achieving a free democratic unity upon the establishment of an independent Palestinian state on the Palestinian land."

It's official strategic goals are: "to build a socialist Jordanian society as part of a unified Arab socialist society, and the party affirms that socialism is still the optimal social system for resolving the economic, social, political and cultural dilemmas facing humanity, and socialism represents the optimal social system and the historical humanitarian alternative to the system." They aim to, "liberate Palestine from Zionist settler colonialism and establish a democratic Palestinian state on the entire land of Palestine with Jerusalem as its capital."

On the 2023 conflict in Israel and Gaza, the party has reiterated its condemnation of Zionism and its commitment to an independent Palestine. They continue to be extremely vocal about the conflict, arguing for "Adopting resistance in all its forms, most notably armed struggle, as the only feasible and fruitful approach to confronting the Zionist aggression and displacement project, and as a natural, human, religious, and national duty and right approved by international conventions and laws; Its legitimacy is above any demonization, controversy, or attempt at confusion and distortion intentionally by the global colonial powers." Demands include stopping the aggression in the region and opening the Rafah crossing. They call for the canceling of the Wadi Araba Agreement and argue for the removal of foreign military bases on Jordanian soil. Additionally, they hope to protect the Al-Aqsa Mosque and restore compulsory conscription.


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Jonathan Stroud

Jonathan Anthony Stroud (born 27 October 1970) is a British writer of fantasy fiction, best known for the Bartimaeus young adult sequence and Lockwood & Co. children's series. His books are typically set in an alternative history London with fantasy elements, and have received note for his satire, and use of magic to reflect themes of class struggle. The Bartimaeus sequence is the recipient of the Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire and Mythopoeic Fantasy Awards. Stroud's works have also been featured on ALA Notable lists of books for children and young adults. In 2020, Netflix announced a TV series based on Lockwood & Co., with filming initiated in July 2021.

Biography and career
Born in 1970 in Bedford, England, Stroud began to write stories at a very young age. He grew up in St Albans where he attended Wheatfields Junior School and St Albans Boys' School. He enjoyed reading books, drawing pictures, and writing stories. He attributes his love of reading and writing to being ill between the ages of seven and nine. To escape boredom, he would occupy himself with books and stories. After he completed his studies of English literature at the University of York, he worked in London as an editor for publishers Walker Books. During the 1990s, he started publishing his own works and quickly gained success.

Among his works are the best-selling Bartimaeus Trilogy, which has received note for its satire and use of magic to explore themes of class struggle. By narrating the story from the perspective of Bartimaeus, a sarcastic and slightly egomaniacal djinni, Stroud examines the stereotypes and ethics of the magician class and the enslaved demons. The books in this series, his first to be published in the United States, are The Amulet of Samarkand, The Golem's Eye, Ptolemy's Gate, and prequel The Ring of Solomon.

In 2013, the first book in the Lockwood & Co (which is about a ghost hunter agency in a ghost-ravaged England) series, Lockwood & Co.: The Screaming Staircase was released, and achieved critical acclaim, with Rick Riordan calling Stroud a "genius". The second book, The Whispering Skull, was released in September 2014. A third novel, titled The Hollow Boy, was announced through a competition orchestrated by Stroud, asking readers to send in an idea for a ghost to feature in the third story. The fourth book, The Creeping Shadow, was published in 2016, and the last book in the series, The Empty Grave, was published in 2017.

In late 2020, Netflix announced that Stroud's Lockwood & Co. series would be made into a television show produced by Nira Park, Rachael Prior, and Joe Cornish. Filming began in July 2021 in London.

His new series, The Outlaws Scarlett and Browne, which currently consists of two books, is about two outlaws and their infamous heists.

Personal life
Stroud lives in St Albans, Hertfordshire, with his wife Gina and their three children.

Teen and YA
Heroes of the Valley was featured on the VOYA Magazine's Perfect Tens list in 2009.

Bartimaeus Sequence
The Amulet of Samarkand was given a starred review by Booklist and Publishers Weekly in 2003, recommended on Texas Lone Star's YA reading list in 2005, and given commendation for Great Graphic Novels for Teens in 2011.

Lockwood & Co.
The Screaming Staircase has been recommended by Capitol Choices: Noteworthy Books for Children and Teens (audiobook) and Children and Teens (ten to fourteen) (2014); Texas Lone Star Reading List (2014); Cooperative Children's Book Center (2014); Look! Hoo's Reading (2014), and Amazing Audiobooks for Young Adults (2014). The Whispering Skull was selected by the CCBC Choices (2015) and the Junior Library Guild (2015) and was given a starred review by Booklist (2014), Kirkus (2014), and School Library Journal (2014). The Hollow Boy was selected by the CCBC Choices (2016) and the Junior Library Guild (2016) and was given a starred review by Booklist (2015) and School Library Journal (2015). The Creeping Shadow was given a starred review by Booklist (2016) and was selected by the Junior Library Guild as their mystery/adventure novel of 2017. The Empty Grave was given a starred review by Booklist in 2017.

title: Jonathan Stroud


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Jean-Louis Tauran

Jean-Louis Pierre Tauran (5 April 1943 – 5 July 2018) was a French cardinal of the Catholic Church. When he died, he had been the president of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue since 2007 and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church since the end of 2014. He was made a cardinal in 2003 and was the Cardinal Protodeacon from 2011 to 2014. His earlier career included almost thirty years in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and several years as the Vatican's chief archivist and librarian.

Early life and church service
Born in Bordeaux, France, Tauran studied at Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Italy, earning licentiates in philosophy and theology and a doctorate in canon law. He also studied at Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in Rome and Catholic University of Toulouse, France. He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Marius Maziers on 20 September 1969 and worked as a curate in the Archdiocese of Bordeaux before entering the Vatican's diplomatic service in 1975. He was secretary of the nunciatures to the Dominican Republic (1975–1978) and to Lebanon (1979–1983). Tauran became an official of the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church in 1983, and then participated in special missions in Haiti (1984), and Beirut and Damascus (1986). He was also a member of the Vatican delegation to the meetings of the Conference on European Security and Cooperation, Conference on Disarmament in Stockholm, and Cultural Forum in Budapest and later Vienna.

Secretary for Relations with States
On 1 December 1990, Tauran was appointed Secretary for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State and Titular Archbishop of Thélepte by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1991 from John Paul II himself, with Archbishops Giovanni Battista Re and Justin Francis Rigali serving as co-consecrators, in St. Peter's Basilica. As Secretary, Tauran essentially served as the foreign minister of the Vatican. In regards to the Iraqi conflict, he once emphasized the importance of dialogue and the United Nations, and said that "a unilateral war of aggression would constitute a crime against peace and against the Geneva Conventions".

Cardinal-Deacon, Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church
Tauran was created Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Apollinare alle Terme by Pope John Paul II in the consistory of 21 October 2003. On the following 24 November, he was named Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church, overseeing the Vatican Secret Archives and Vatican Library. In late 2003, Tauran drew attention to the "second-class" treatment of non-Muslims in "many Muslim countries", especially Saudi Arabia.

Representing the Pope, Tauran attended the March 2005 dedication of the new Holocaust museum at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. Tauran was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. He was also one of the cardinal electors in the 2013 conclave that elected Pope Francis. In the days prior to the 2013 conclave, the Vaticanologist John L. Allen Jr. viewed Tauran as a "long-shot" papabile. Allen remarked: "On paper, Tauran profiles as virtually the perfect anti-candidate, meaning someone who really shouldn't be in the running at all: a history of health scares, a career bureaucrat with zero pastoral experience, and a delicate personality at a time when many cardinals are seeking a strong governor."

As the Cardinal Protodeacon (senior Cardinal-Deacon) at the 2013 conclave, he announced the election of the new pope on 13 March 2013 and bestowed the pallium on Pope Francis at his papal inauguration on 19 March. In his role as Protodeacon for the 2013 conclave Tauran said that "people asked 'How do you prepare yourself for the Habemus Papam?' I'd say 'No, I'm preparing myself for the conclave.' The conclave is not like the parliament with a campaign. It's a spiritual meeting. You have to remember the conclave is a liturgical celebration particularly from the morning to the evening. It's a spiritual experience. It was very deep for me. It's the manifestation of the singularity of the Catholic Church. You can feel the richness of the life of the church and how the positive aspects are greater than the negative ones".

Cardinal Tauran exercised his option to be promoted to cardinal-priest and accordingly on 12 June 2014, Pope Francis elevated Tauran to the title of Cardinal-Priest. He was succeeded as Protodeacon by Cardinal Renato Raffaele Martino.

President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue
Although he had Parkinson's disease, Tauran was appointed president of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue on 25 June 2007, effective 1 September. In addition to his duties as president of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, he was a member of the Secretariat of State (Second Section); the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith; the Congregation for the Oriental Churches; the Congregation for Bishops; the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity; the Pontifical Council for Culture; the Apostolic Signatura; the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See; the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, and the Cardinal Commission for the Supervision of the Institute for Works of Religion (IOR).

Tauran was a friend of Anglican John Andrew (1931–2014), former rector of St. Thomas Church in New York City. For the fiftieth anniversary of Andrew's ordination in late June 2007, Tauran served as a guest preacher. He was a friend of the Anglican priest Roger Greenacre, former precentor of Chichester Cathedral in England. For Greenacre's fiftieth anniversary of his ordination at Michaelmas (the Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael) of 2005, Tauran traveled to Chichester and served as a guest preacher. He was also present at Greenacre's Memorial Requiem at Chichester Cathedral on 23 September 2011.

In an April 2012 message marking the upcoming Buddhist celebration of Vesakh, a feast commemorating the key events in the life of the Buddha, Tauran said that "Young people are an asset for all societies" and called for education about varieties of religious practice in order to allow them to "advance together as responsible human beings and to be ready to join hands with those of other religions to resolve conflicts and to promote friendship, justice, peace and authentic human development".

Tauran described his role as president of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, saying: "[Y]ou have to remember that interreligious dialogue is not dialogue between religions. It's dialogue between believers. It's not a theological, philosophical exercise. First you have to accept that we live in a world that's plural: culture, religion, education, scientific research. Every human being has a religious dimension. Between believers we try first of all to know each other. And the first thing you have to do is to proclaim your faith because you can not build that dialogue on ambiguity. When we are understood, we have to see what separates us and what unites us and to put those commonalities at the service of society. Dialogue is not for the consumption of the community. It's at the service of society. And remember that man doesn't live only on bread. There are spiritual dimensions. Believers have a special role to play in the public dialogue."

In June 2013, Pope Francis named Tauran a member of the five-person Pontifical Commission investigating the Institute for the Works of Religion.

Camerlengo
Pope Francis named Tauran to replace Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone as Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church on 20 December 2014. Tauran was sworn in as Camerlengo, in the presence of Pope Francis, on 9 March 2015.

Death
Tauran showed evidence of Parkinson's disease as early as 2003, but his condition had stabilized sufficiently by 2007 for him to take on the Pontifical Council presidency. Tauran died aged 75 on 5 July 2018 in Hartford, Connecticut, where he had been hospitalized for treatment of Parkinson's. His remains were transferred to Rome where he received the customary funeral rites of a cardinal of the Roman Curia.

War in Iraq
Tauran was a "fierce critic" of U.S. plans to invade Iraq in 2003, which he said would constitute a "crime against peace" and a violation of international law. In August 2007 he said that the facts speak for themselves on Iraq, and that Christians had been better protected under Saddam Hussein.

Interfaith relations
Each year, the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue sends a message, signed by its president, to Hindus for the festival of Diwali, which is celebrated during the month of October. In the 2017 message, Tauran called for the promotion of integral development, protection of human life and respect for the dignity and fundamental rights of the person. The Council sends similar messages each year on the occasion of the feasts of Eid ul-Fitr (Islam) and Vesak (Buddhism).

Sharia
In a breakfast meeting with journalists in March 2008, Tauran said Rowan Williams, the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, had been "mistaken and naive" for suggesting that some aspects of Sharia law in Britain were unavoidable. He also lamented the fact that relations with Islam so dominated interreligious dialogue, and that all religions needed to be addressed on equal terms with none assigned second-class status.

title: Jean-Louis Tauran


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User:Witkacy

Bajki i przypowieści (Fables and Parables) "Wstęp do bajek" ("Foreword to the Fables") by Ignacy Krasicki

Bajki i przypowieści (Fables and Parables) "Kulawy i ślepy" ("The Blind Man and the Lame") by Ignacy Krasicki

pl:Wikipedysta:Witkacy

title: User:Witkacy


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Wallaceburg

Wallaceburg (2016 population 10,098) is an unincorporated community in the municipality of Chatham-Kent in Southern (Southwestern) Ontario, Canada. Originally a small settlement, it was recognized for its significant contribution to the lumber and boat building industries and strategic location along the banks of the scenic Sydenham River. In more recent years, 1895–1999, the town was known for its glass making industry. For that reason, Wallaceburg is locally known as the "glass town of Canada".

Wallaceburg is the home of WAMBO (Wallaceburg Antique Motor and Boat Outing), an annual antique car, boat, bus, and fire truck show that began in 1988.

History
The town was founded in the early 19th century and named after Scotland's national hero, Sir William Wallace. It was incorporated as a village in 1875 and then as a town in 1896. In 1998, it was amalgamated into the new municipality of Chatham–Kent.

The Baldoon settlement
The first settlers to the Wallaceburg area came in 1804. They initially settled along the Snye River at a location they called the Baldoon Settlement. Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, provided an opportunity for poor farmers and peasants from Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland to come to what is now known as Wallaceburg to build better lives for themselves. He is often considered a great philanthropist for his efforts working with his poor countrymen. Unfortunately, the early Baldoon settlers faced a plethora of difficulties: malaria, harsh winters, marshland, lack of food, and American invaders during the War of 1812. By the 1820s, the settlement was deemed a failure by Lord Selkirk and other interested parties. The Baldoon settlers, however, did not give up; many of them contributed to the early success and development of the town of Wallaceburg.

The Baldoon mystery
The Baldoon Mystery is one of Ontario's greatest haunting stories, handed down by word of mouth. The strange events of this case are alleged to have occurred between 1829 and 1840, within a few kilometres of Wallaceburg, Ontario.

Industrial history
The town's first major industry was the lumber trade. It was highly successful during the mid- to late 19th century. The most notable business that developed during this era was the Wallaceburg Cooperage Company. It was opened by David Alexander Gordon and his uncle Captain James Steinhoff in 1887. By the end of the 19th century it was difficult to make large profits off of a declining hardwood supply. Industrialists needed to find other business ideas to sustain the local economy.

When historians think of Wallaceburg they often remember its three major modern industries: glass, brass, and sugar. In 1894 the Sydenham Glass Company began. The glassmaking industry in Wallaceburg lasted over 100 years. The factory closed in 1999. This left approximately 1000 workers unemployed.

Another notable industry was the Canadian and Dominion Sugar Company. It was opened in 1901. The company was known for producing raw sugar from sugar beets. It closed in 1960.

The Wallaceburg Brass Company was the third staple industry. It opened in 1905 and was famous for creating brass faucets and plumbing supplies. The company later merged with Kindred industries, founded by Robbert Hartog, and was known thereafter as known as Waltec. The factory stopped manufacturing in Wallaceburg as late as 2006.

The Lee rifle prototype
In 1878, James Paris Lee (1832–1904) and his brother John perfected a rifle with a box magazine in Wallaceburg. This rifle later became an antecedent to the famous Lee–Enfield rifle. A well-trained person could fire approximately 15 to 30 shots a minute. The prototype was tested successfully in Wallaceburg and is currently housed at the Wallaceburg and District Museum.

Tourist attractions
Wallaceburg is home to a number attractions and yearly events. Tourists come to Wallaceburg to experience fishing, hunting, golf, and pleasure boating. Fishers enjoy a variety of species, including bass, walleye, perch, pike, muskie, trout, and panfish. Hunters take pleasure in searching for the area's abundant population of water fowl, deer, and rabbits. Boaters enjoy a vast array of rivers and lakes. There is still water for knee boarders and wake boarders. There is also open water nearby for those who enjoy sailing and scuba diving.

The Wallaceburg and District Museum documents the history of Wallaceburg, starting with the area's First Nations groups dating back thousands of years. It then moves to the first European settlement started by Lord Selkirk's Baldoon settlers, in 1804. However, the museum's current major focus is on the community's rich industrial heritage. Some of the major industries highlighted include glass, brass, and sugar.

The museum is also home to the Wallaceburg Sports Hall of Fame and a number of other temporary and rotating exhibits. Arguably the most internationally significant artifact on display is the Lee Rifle prototype, the precursor to the Lee–Enfield Rifle. This dates back to 1878 and was invented and perfected in Wallaceburg by James Paris and John Lee. The first shots of the rifle were believed to be taken at the Lee Foundry on the banks of the Sydenham River.

The community also hosts a number of annual events that attract people from around North America. WAMBO is the most notable and is commented on at length below. Live theatre can be experienced at various times during the year. The Jeanne Gordon Theatre puts on at least two productions annually.

Wallaceburg is only minutes from Uncle Tom's Cabin, and is within an hour's drive of Blenheim, Point Pelee National Park, and Rondeau Provincial Park.

WAMBO
The Wallaceburg Antique Motor and Boat Outing is Wallaceburg's largest annual summer festival and was started in 1988. It is the largest transportation show in Canada. It takes place on the second weekend in August every year. The event attracts approximately 30 000 visitors to see the boats, cars, motorcycles, airplanes, fire trucks, tractors, and various other antique vehicles.

In addition to antique vehicle exhibitions, WAMBO also includes a number of other significant events, including a car dream cruise, soap box races, a toy show, art in the park, live bands, food vendors, art and craft vendors, pioneer crafts at the museum, camping in Crothers Park, and free admission to the Wallaceburg and District Museum.

Education
School boards serving the community include Lambton Kent District School Board, the St. Clair Catholic District School Board, the Conseil scolaire catholique Providence (CSC Providence), and the Conseil scolaire Viamonde.

Wallaceburg has six elementary schools and a high school. The public elementary schools are A. A. Wright, and H. W. Burgess. The Catholic elementary schools include St Elizabeth, Holy Family, and Christ the King. There is also Wallaceburg Christian School. Wallaceburg District Secondary School is the town's high school. It accommodates children from Wallaceburg and the surrounding rural communities. In 2018 Edward International Academy opened in the former D. A. Gordon Public school as a private high school with boarding available for foreign and domestic students.

Healthcare
Wallaceburg and Chatham-Kent as a whole are served by the Chatham-Kent Health Alliance. The Public General Hospital and St. Joseph Hospital in Chatham were moved to a single campus in 2004, while the former Sydenham District Hospital remains in Wallaceburg. The Sydenham District Hospital was opened in 1957 after many years of lobbying. Wallaceburg is one of the few smaller communities in Ontario that has a fully functioning facility. It has an emergency room, surgical department, x-ray facility, laboratory, and several qualified doctors and surgeons.

Sports
Wallaceburg is home to an assortment of amateur sports teams. The Wallaceburg Thunderhawks are the local Junior C hockey team. The Wallaceburg Red Devils are the local Junior B lacrosse team. Other teams include the Wallaceburg Warriors, men's and women's baseball teams, and the Wallaceburg District Secondary School Tartans. In 2001, the Wallaceburg Red Devils won the Founders Cup, the national Championship for Canadian Junior B lacrosse.

Wallaceburg was one of the stops on the historic Olympic Torch Relay (Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics) on Christmas Eve, 2009 (Day 56).

In 2011, Wallaceburg was selected to win a community grant of $25,000 from TSN and Kraft Foods to refresh outdoor lacrosse fields. Many town members spent hours voting continuously over that 24-hour span, and even booked the local UAW hall in town to hold a voting session. Some townspeople also had friends in Australia, England, the United States and South Korea voting for the town.

Transportation
Wallaceburg is linked to Chatham, Blenheim, Sarnia and the Blue Water Bridge to the United States by Highway 40. The Sydenham River runs through the town of Wallaceburg, and provides a water connection to Lake St. Clair and the rest of the Great Lakes water basin. The Sydenham River is dredged to a depth of approximately 20 ft.

Print

 * The Wallaceburg Courier Press is a local paper owned and operated by Postmedia Network. It was owned by Gary O'Flynn from its debut in September 1972 to 1991. O'Flynn was a former mayor of the town (1989–1991). The Courier Press continues to print weekly and is online.

 * The Wallaceburg News was a local paper owned and operated by the Osprey Media Group. It was the oldest paper in Wallaceburg. It closed in 1996, and later reformed in 1999 as the Wallaceburg Community News. It became the Wallaceburg News in 2003. The Wallaceburg News shut down in October 2007, and closed their office after a four-year newspaper war with the Courier Press.

Radio

 * CKXS-FM is Wallaceburg's only local radio station, which launched on October 20, 2009. The station broadcasts at 99.1 FM with an adult contemporary format.

Politics
In the November 2006 municipal election Tom McGregor and Sheldon Parsons were elected as Ward Five Chatham-Kent councillors. These two men are responsible to constituents in the Wallaceburg area. Go to Chatham-Kent Municipal Council for a list of other municipal politicians.

Previous representatives:
 * 2003–2006 Chip Gordon and Tom McGregor
 * 2000–2003 Chip Gordon and Tom McGregor
 * 1997–2000 Chip Gordon and Jeff Wesley

Following is a partial list of Wallaceburg Mayors prior to amalgamation into Chatham-Kent:
 * 1991–1997 Jeff Wesley
 * 1989–1991 Gary O'Flynn
 * 1981–1989 Don Truan
 * 1977–1981 Lou Stonehouse
 * 1976 Joseph Taylor
 * 1970–1975 Cecile Bechard
 * 1966–1969 Nigel Savage
 * 1963–1965 Alan B. Cousins
 * 1962 George Clement
 * 1959–1961 Robert Newberry
 * 1957–1958 Jack Thompson
 * 1952–1956 William Collins
 * 1951 Wilfred Picard

Community organizations
Wallaceburg is home to a number of strong community organizations, including the Wallaceburg & District Chamber of Commerce, the BIA, Rotary (1945–2020), Knights of Pythias, Knights of Columbus, Royal Canadian Legion, and Kinsmen.

Notable residents

 * Brigitte Belton (1970-) - Canada convoy protest founder
 * David Corrente (1983–) – former Minor League Baseball player and coach; member of Canada's Olympic Baseball Team at the Beijing Olympics in 2008
 * David Alexander Gordon (1858–1919) – Liberal Party MP, Wallaceburg mayor; co-founder of Sydenham Glass Company
 * Jeanne Gordon (1885–1952) – Metropolitan Opera singer, daughter of D. A. Gordon
 * Seth Griffith (1993–) – NHL player for Buffalo Sabres
 * Tim Landeryou (1984–) – racquetball player
 * John Lee – co-inventor of the Lee rifle (1878)
 * Stef Sanjati (1995–) – YouTube personality and vlogger
 * Doug Shedden (1961–) – NHL player, EV Zug head coach
 * Shaun Suisham (1981–) – Pittsburgh Steelers player (placekicker)

title: Wallaceburg