text:
Football Digest

Football Digest was a sports magazine for fans interested in professional American football, with in-depth coverage of the National Football League (NFL). The magazine modeled the Reader's Digest idea, to bring the best in football journalism from newspapers and magazines that the fans would have otherwise not had an opportunity to read.

The final issue was published in November 2005.

It also had its own independent All-Rookie team which began in 1971 and its own All-pro team which began in the 1980s. The All-Pro team was chosen by the editorial staff which gave them the freedom to choose otherwise less-publicized players on the second-team selections. By interviewing coaches and players the editors felt they got the inside "scoop" on who the "sleepers" were for an All-Pro Team.

The magazine's issues from 1971 to 1981 are available at the Internet Archive.

NFL Player of the Year

 * 1973: O. J. Simpson, RB, Buffalo Bills
 * 1974: Ken Stabler, QB, Oakland Raiders
 * 1975: O. J. Simpson, RB, Buffalo Bills
 * 1976: Ken Stabler, QB, Oakland Raiders
 * 1977: Walter Payton, RB, Chicago Bears
 * 1978: Earl Campbell, RB, Houston Oilers
 * 1979: Dan Fouts, QB, San Diego Chargers
 * 1980: Brian Sipe, QB, Cleveland Browns
 * 1981: Ken Anderson, QB, Cincinnati Bengals
 * 1982: Joe Theismann, QB, Washington Redskins
 * 1983: Joe Theismann, QB, Washington Redskins
 * 1984: Dan Marino, QB, Miami Dolphins
 * 1985: Marcus Allen, RB, Los Angeles Raiders
 * 1986: Lawrence Taylor, OLB, New York Giants
 * 1987: Jerry Rice, WR, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1988: Boomer Esiason, QB, Cincinnati Bengals
 * 1989: Joe Montana, QB, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1990: Randall Cunningham, QB, Philadelphia Eagles
 * 1991: Barry Sanders, RB, Detroit Lions
 * 1992: Steve Young, QB, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1993: Emmitt Smith, RB, Dallas Cowboys
 * 1994: Barry Sanders, RB, Detroit Lions
 * 1995: Brett Favre, QB, Green Bay Packers
 * 1996: Brett Favre, QB, Green Bay Packers
 * 1997: Barry Sanders, RB, Detroit Lions
 * 1998: Terrell Davis, RB, Denver Broncos
 * 1999: Kurt Warner, QB, St. Louis Rams
 * 2000: Marshall Faulk, RB, St. Louis Rams
 * 2001: Kurt Warner, QB, St. Louis Rams
 * 2002: Rich Gannon, QB, Oakland Raiders
 * 2003: Peyton Manning, QB, Indianapolis Colts
 * 2004: Peyton Manning, QB, Indianapolis Colts

NFL Defensive Player of the Year

 * 1992: Junior Seau, ILB, San Diego Chargers
 * 1993: Deion Sanders, CB, Atlanta Falcons
 * 1994: Charles Haley, DE, Dallas Cowboys
 * 1995: Merton Hanks, S, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1996: Bruce Smith, DE, Buffalo Bills
 * 1997: Dana Stubblefield, DT, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1998: Junior Seau, ILB, San Diego Chargers
 * 1999: Warren Sapp, DT, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * 2000: Ray Lewis, MLB, Baltimore Ravens
 * 2001: Brian Urlacher, MLB, Chicago Bears
 * 2002: Derrick Brooks, OLB, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * 2003: Ray Lewis, ILB, Baltimore Ravens
 * 2004: Ed Reed, S, Baltimore Ravens

NFL Defensive Back of the Year

 * 1973: Jack Tatum, Oakland Raiders
 * 1974: Jake Scott, Miami Dolphins
 * 1975: Mel Blount, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1976: Monte Jackson, Los Angeles Rams
 * 1977: Louis Wright, Denver Broncos
 * 1978: Thom Darden, Cleveland Browns
 * 1979: Lemar Parrish, Washington Redskins
 * 1980: Nolan Cromwell, Los Angeles Rams
 * 1981: Nolan Cromwell, Los Angeles Rams
 * 1982: Nolan Cromwell, Los Angeles Rams
 * 1983: Nolan Cromwell, Los Angeles Rams
 * 1984: Kenny Easley, Seattle Seahawks
 * 1985: Wes Hopkins, Philadelphia Eagles
 * 1986: Ronnie Lott, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1987: Ronnie Lott, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1988: Joey Browner, Minnesota Vikings

NFL Defensive Linemen of the Year

 * 1973: Alan Page, Minnesota Vikings
 * 1974: Joe Greene, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1975: Joe Greene, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1976: Wally Chambers, Chicago Bears
 * 1977: Harvey Martin, Dallas Cowboys
 * 1978: Bubba Baker, Detroit Lions
 * 1979: Lee Roy Selmon, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * 1980: Randy White, Dallas Cowboys
 * 1981: Joe Klecko, New York Jets
 * 1982: Mark Gastineau, New York Jets
 * 1983: Doug Betters, Miami Dolphins
 * 1984: Mark Gastineau, New York Jets
 * 1985: Howie Long, Los Angeles Raiders
 * 1986: Reggie White, Philadelphia Eagles
 * 1987: Reggie White, Philadelphia Eagles
 * 1988: Dan Hampton, Chicago Bears

NFL Linebacker of the Year

 * 1973: Lee Roy Jordan, Dallas Cowboys
 * 1974: Mike Curtis, Baltimore Colts
 * 1975: Jack Ham, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1976: Jack Lambert, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1977: Jack Ham, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1978: Randy Gradishar, Denver Broncos
 * 1979: Randy Gradishar, Denver Broncos
 * 1980: Ted Hendricks, Oakland Raiders
 * 1981: Lawrence Taylor, New York Giants
 * 1982: Lawrence Taylor, New York Giants
 * 1983: Lawrence Taylor, New York Giants
 * 1984: Lawrence Taylor, New York Giants
 * 1985: Mike Singletary, Chicago Bears
 * 1986: Lawrence Taylor, New York Giants
 * 1987: Andre Tippett, New England Patriots
 * 1988: Mike Singletary, Chicago Bears

NFL Offensive Lineman of the Year

 * 1973: Ron Yary, Minnesota Vikings
 * 1974: Larry Little, Miami Dolphins
 * 1975: Dan Dierdorf, St. Louis Cardinals
 * 1976: John Hannah, New England Patriots
 * 1977: Art Shell, Oakland Raiders
 * 1978: John Hannah, New England Patriots
 * 1979: John Hannah, New England Patriots
 * 1980: John Hannah, New England Patriots
 * 1981: Anthony Muñoz, Cincinnati Bengals
 * 1982: Anthony Muñoz, Cincinnati Bengals
 * 1983: John Hannah, New England Patriots
 * 1984: Russ Grimm, Washington Redskins

NFL Running Back of the Year

 * 1973: O. J. Simpson, Buffalo Bills
 * 1974: Otis Armstrong, Denver Broncos
 * 1975: O. J. Simpson, Buffalo Bills
 * 1976: O. J. Simpson, Buffalo Bills
 * 1977: Walter Payton, Chicago Bears
 * 1978: Earl Campbell, Houston Oilers
 * 1979: Earl Campbell, Houston Oilers
 * 1980: Earl Campbell, Houston Oilers
 * 1981: Tony Dorsett, Dallas Cowboys
 * 1982: Marcus Allen, Los Angeles Raiders
 * 1983: Eric Dickerson, Los Angeles Rams
 * 1984: Eric Dickerson, Los Angeles Rams
 * 1985: Marcus Allen, Los Angeles Raiders
 * 1986: Eric Dickerson, Los Angeles Rams
 * 1987: Eric Dickerson, Indianapolis Colts
 * 1988: Roger Craig, San Francisco 49ers

NFL Receiver of the Year

 * 1973: Paul Warfield, Miami Dolphins
 * 1974: Cliff Branch, Oakland Raiders
 * 1975: Lynn Swann, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1976: Cliff Branch, Oakland Raiders
 * 1977: Drew Pearson, Dallas Cowboys
 * 1978: Lynn Swann, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1979: John Jefferson, San Diego Chargers
 * 1980: John Jefferson, San Diego Chargers
 * 1981: Kellen Winslow, San Diego Chargers
 * 1982: Wes Chandler, San Diego Chargers
 * 1983: James Lofton, Green Bay Packers
 * 1984: Roy Green, St. Louis Cardinals
 * 1985: Mike Quick, Philadelphia Eagles
 * 1986: Jerry Rice, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1987: Jerry Rice, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1988: Anthony Carter, Minnesota Vikings

NFL Quarterback of the Year

 * 1973: Bob Griese, Miami Dolphins
 * 1974: Ken Stabler, Oakland Raiders
 * 1975: Fran Tarkenton, Minnesota Vikings
 * 1976: Ken Stabler, Oakland Raiders
 * 1977: Bob Griese, Miami Dolphins
 * 1978: Terry Bradshaw, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1979: Dan Fouts, San Diego Chargers
 * 1980: Brian Sipe, Cleveland Browns
 * 1981: Ken Anderson, Cincinnati Bengals
 * 1982: Joe Theismann, Washington Redskins
 * 1983: Joe Theismann, Washington Redskins
 * 1984: Dan Marino, Miami Dolphins
 * 1985: Dan Marino, Miami Dolphins
 * 1986: Dan Marino, Miami Dolphins
 * 1987: Joe Montana, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1988: Boomer Esiason, Cincinnati Bengals

NFL Specialists of the Year

 * 1974: Terry Metcalf, St. Louis Cardinals
 * 1975: Billy (White Shoes) Johnson, Houston Oilers
 * 1976: Rick Upchurch, Denver Broncos
 * 1977: Billy (White Shoes) Johnson, Houston Oilers
 * 1978: Rick Upchurch, Denver Broncos
 * 1979: Rich Mauti, New Orleans Saints
 * 1980: J. T. Smith, Kansas City Chiefs
 * 1981: Mike Nelms, Washington Redskins
 * 1982: Rick Upchurch, Denver Broncos
 * 1983: Billy (White Shoes) Johnson, Atlanta Falcons

NFL Kicker of the Year

 * 1974: Chester Marcol, Green Bay Packers
 * 1975: Jim Bakken, St. Louis Cardinals
 * 1976: Jim Bakken, St. Louis Cardinals
 * 1977: Ray Guy, Oakland Raiders
 * 1978: Ray Guy, Oakland Raiders
 * 1979: Toni Fritsch, Houston Oilers
 * 1980: Dave Jennings, New York Giants
 * 1981: Pat McInally, Cincinnati Bengals
 * 1982: Mark Moseley, Washington Redskins
 * 1983: Ali Haji-Sheikh, New York Giants

NFL Coach of the Year

 * 1974: Don Coryell, St. Louis Cardinals
 * 1975: Ted Marchibroda, Baltimore Colts
 * 1976: Chuck Fairbanks, New England Patriots
 * 1977: Red Miller, Denver Broncos
 * 1978: Walt Michaels, New York Jets
 * 1979: Dick Vermeil, Philadelphia Eagles
 * 1980: Chuck Knox, Buffalo Bills
 * 1981: Bill Walsh, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1982: Joe Gibbs, Washington Redskins
 * 1983: Joe Gibbs, Washington Redskins
 * 1984: Chuck Knox, Seattle Seahawks
 * 1985: Mike Ditka, Chicago Bears
 * 1986: Bill Parcells, New York Giants
 * 1987: Jim Mora, New Orleans Saints
 * 1988: Mike Ditka, Chicago Bears
 * 1989: Lindy Infante, Green Bay Packers
 * 1990: Don Shula, Miami Dolphins
 * 1991: Jimmy Johnson, Dallas Cowboys
 * 1992: Bobby Ross, San Diego Chargers
 * 1993: Dan Reeves, New York Giants
 * 1994: Bill Parcells, New England Patriots
 * 1995: Ray Rhodes, Philadelphia Eagles
 * 1996: Dom Capers, Carolina Panthers
 * 1997: Marty Schottenheimer, Kansas City Chiefs
 * 1998: Dan Reeves, Atlanta Falcons
 * 1999: Dick Vermeil, St. Louis Rams.
 * 2000: Andy Reid, Philadelphia Eagles
 * 2001: Dick Jauron, Chicago Bears
 * 2002: Jeff Fisher, Tennessee Titans
 * 2003: Bill Belichick, New England Patriots

NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year

 * 1971, Jim Plunkett, QB, New England Patriots
 * 1972, Franco Harris, RB, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1973, Boobie Clark, RB, Cincinnati Bengals
 * 1974, Don Woods, RB, San Diego Chargers
 * 1975, Mike Thomas, RB, Washington Redskins
 * 1976, Sammy White, WR, Minnesota Vikings
 * 1977, Tony Dorsett, RB, Dallas Cowboys
 * 1978, Earl Campbell, RB, Houston Oilers
 * 1979, Ottis Anderson, RB, St. Louis Cardinals
 * 1980, Billy Sims, RB, Detroit Lions
 * 1981, George Rogers, RB, New Orleans Saints
 * 1982, Marcus Allen, RB, Oakland Raiders
 * 1983, Eric Dickerson, RB, Los Angeles Rams
 * 1984, Greg Bell, RB, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1985, Kevin Mack, RB, Cleveland Browns
 * 1986, Herschel Walker, RB, Dallas Cowboys
 * 1987, Bo Jackson, RB, Oakland Raiders
 * 1988, Keith Jackson, TE, Philadelphia Eagles
 * 1989, Barry Sanders, RB, Detroit Lions
 * 1990, Johnny Johnson, RB, Phoenix Cardinals
 * 1991, Leonard Russell, RB, New England Patriots
 * 1992, Carl Pickens, WR, Cincinnati Bengals
 * 1993, Rick Mirer, QB, Seattle Seahawks
 * 1994, Marshall Faulk, RB, Indianapolis Colts
 * 1995, Terrell Davis, RB, Denver Broncos
 * 1996, Eddie George, RB, Houston Oilers
 * 1997, Warrick Dunn, RB, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * 1998, Randy Moss, WR, Minnesota Vikings
 * 1999, Edgerrin James, RB, Indianapolis Colts
 * 2000, Mike Anderson, RB, Denver Broncos
 * 2001, Chris Chambers, WR, Miami Dolphins
 * 2002, Clinton Portis, RB, Denver Broncos
 * 2003, Anquan Boldin, WR, Arizona Cardinals

NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year

 * 1971, Isiah Robertson, LB, Los Angeles Rams
 * 1972, Tommy Casanova, DB, Cincinnati Bengals
 * 1973, Wally Chambers, DE, Chicago Bears
 * 1974, Jack Lambert, LB, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 1975, Robert Brazile, LB, Houston Oilers
 * 1976, Mike Haynes, CB, New England Patriots
 * 1977, A. J. Duhe, LB, Miami Dolphins
 * 1977, Bob Baumhower, NT, Miami Dolphins
 * 1978, Al "Bubba" Baker, DE, Detroit Lions
 * 1979, Jim Haslett, LB, Buffalo Bills
 * 1980, Buddy Curry, LB, Atlanta Falcons
 * 1981, Lawrence Taylor, LB, New York Giants
 * 1982, Vernon Dean, DB, Washington Redskins
 * 1983, Vernon Maxwell, LB, Baltimore Colts
 * 1984, Rick Bryan, DT, Atlanta Falcons
 * 1985, Reggie White, DT, Philadelphia Eagles
 * 1986, Leslie O'Neal, DE, San Diego Chargers
 * 1987, Shane Conlan, LB, Buffalo Bills
 * 1988, Erik McMillan, S, New York Jets
 * 1989, Steve Atwater, LB, Denver Broncos
 * 1990, Mark Carrier, S, Chicago Bears
 * 1991, Mike Croel, LB, Denver Broncos
 * 1992, Santana Dotson, DT, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * 1993, Dana Stubblefield, DE, San Francisco 49ers
 * 1994, Antonio Langham, CB, Cleveland Browns
 * 1995, Hugh Douglas, DE, New York Jets
 * 1996, Zach Thomas, MLB, Miami Dolphins
 * 1997, Peter Boulware, LB, Baltimore Ravens
 * 1998, Charles Woodson, CB, Oakland Raiders
 * 1999, Jevon Kearse, DE, Tennessee Titans
 * 2000, Brian Urlacher, LB, Chicago Bears
 * 2001, Kendrell Bell, LB, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 2002, Julius Peppers, DE, Carolina Panthers
 * 2003, Charles Tillman, CB, Chicago Bears

title: Football Digest


text:
LEMO

LEMO is an electronic and fiber optic connector manufacturer, based in Écublens, Switzerland. It is known for producing the push-pull connectors. LEMO connectors are used in medical, industrial, audio/visual, telecommunications, military, scientific research and measurement applications. The company, founded in 1946, started as a manufacturer of contacts in noble and rare metals. The company took its name from the company founder, engineer Léon Mouttet.

LEMO has set several connector standards. The 3K.93C connector has been adopted by the American (SMPTE 304M), Japanese (ARIB BTAS-1005B) and European (EBU R100-1999) standards organisations for HDTV fiber links for the broadcast market.

While LEMO connectors were generally developed as proprietary designs, the legal status of many of the older designs is not clear. For example, the LEMO website itself shows a standardisation date of 1970 for the LEMO 00 model. The "chocolate plate" design of the connector's shell grip is, however, trademarked.

LEMO's REDEL connectors are used in medical and aviation environments. Most Cirrus aircraft use REDEL 6-pin connectors.

In July 2014, LEMO acquired Northwire Inc., a US company that makes specialty cables for medical, aerospace, defense, energy, and industrial markets. The acquisition of Northwire allows LEMO to provide a complete cable-connector solution.

LEMO holds two addresses in Japan (Tokyo and Osaka), another one in Singapore, and two in the USA. LEMO also holds offices in Vienna and Budapest.

In 1994, LEMO entered into Chinese market through a distributor. In 2004 LEMO set up a subsidiary company in Shanghai. Besides Shanghai, LEMO China has offices in more than 14 cities, they are as follows: Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Changsha, Chengdu, Wuhan, Taiyuan, Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Xi'an, Nanjing and Zhengzhou.

In Écublens, one of 3 offices in Switzerland, R&D is performed in a test laboratory with a climatic chamber.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: LEMO


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Fushitsusha

Fushitsusha (不失者) is a Japanese rock band specialising in experimental and psychedelic rock genres. The band consists of electric guitarist and singer Keiji Haino, and a shifting cast of complementary musicians. The group released the majority of its material in the 1990s.

History
Haino formed Fushitsusha in 1978, although their first LP was not released until 1989. The band initially consisted of Haino on guitar and vocals, and Tamio Shiraishi on synthesizer. After the departure of Shiraishi, Ayuo joined briefly in 1979 before Fushitsusha became a trio with the addition of Jun Hamano (bass) and Shuhei Takashima (drums). The lineup soon changed, adding Yasushi Ozawa (bass) and Jun Kosugi (drums) throughout the 1990s. Their 1993 album Allegorical Misunderstanding was released on John Zorn's record label, Avant, although most of their albums have come out on independent label PSF and on major label Tokuma.

Fushitsusha recently returned to duo status, with Haino supplementing percussion with tape loops, though the band is believed to have been on hiatus since 2001.

In February 2008, longtime bassist Yasushi Ozawa died.

In August 2015, bassist Chiyo Kamekawa was dismissed because he plays in another band MANNERS. Later, Yasumune Morishige joined as a bassist.

In 2018, Mitsuru Nasuno joined as a bassist.

Music
The band's sound is influenced by German krautrock bands of the 1970s and British psychedelic music of the 1960s and 1970s. They are generally considered part of the Japanese psychedelic music scene alongside bands like Ghost and Acid Mothers Temple. Their music occasionally ventures to the more aggressive "Japanoise" end of the sonic spectrum, but usually remains haunting and contemplative.

Filmography

 * 1991.9.26 – VHS (1992) (Reissued on DVD, 2006)

title: Fushitsusha


text:
User:Ichudov

I am Igor Chudov, occasionally I feel that I could add a little bit to this project.

title: User:Ichudov


text:
Heald Green

Heald Green is a suburb of Stockport, in Greater Manchester, England. It is located in the south-west of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, near to Manchester Airport and within the boundaries of the historic county of Cheshire. Heald Green is bordered by Gatley and Cheadle to the north, Cheadle Hulme to the east, Handforth and Styal to the south, and Moss Nook and Peel Hall to the west.

Population
At the 2001 Census, Heald Green had a population of 12,640, of whom 6,520 (51.6%) were female and 6,120 (48.4%) male, 2,494 (19.7%) aged 16 and under and 2,409 (19.1%) aged 65 and over.

Ethnicity
Ethnic white groups (British, Irish, other) account for 90.4% (11,440 people) of the population, with 9.6% (1200 people) being in ethnic groups other than white. Of the 9.6% (1200 people) in non-white ethnic groups:
 * 144 (12%) belonged to mixed ethnic groups
 * 881 (73.4%) were Asian or Asian British
 * 47 (3.9%) were Black or Black British
 * 128 (10.7%) were Chinese or other ethnic groups

Religion

 * Christian – 77.1% (9,741 people)
 * Buddhist – 0.2% (23 people)
 * Hindu – 1% (126 people)
 * Jewish – 0.8% (106 people)
 * Muslim – 6.1% (770 people)
 * Sikh – 0.2% (20 people)
 * Other religions – 0.3% (43 people)
 * No religion – 8.3% (1,089 people)
 * Religion not stated – 5.7% (722 people)

Transport
Heald Green railway station is a stop on the Styal Line, which provides regular trains to Manchester Piccadilly, Manchester Airport, Liverpool Lime Street, Crewe, Blackpool North and Windermere.

Bus services are operated by Stagecoach Manchester and D&G Bus. Key routes that serve Heald Green include:
 * 42C between Manchester and Handforth Dean, via Didsbury and Cheadle
 * 130 between Manchester Airport and Macclesfield, via Wythenshawe and Wilmslow
 * 368 between Stockport and Manchester Airport, via Cheadle Hulme and Wythenshawe
 * 378/9 between Stockport and Grove Lane, via Bramhall.

Notable people
Famous residents have included:
 * World snooker champion Alex Higgins
 * Lancashire cricket players Johnny Briggs and Clive Lloyd
 * Sarah Harding from Girls Aloud
 * Coronation Street's Simon Gregson
 * Manchester City players Paul Dickov and Derek Jeffries
 * 1990s band Northern Uproar.

title: Heald Green


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Allgäu

The Allgäu ( Standard ) or Allgovia is a region in Swabia in southern Germany. It covers the south of Bavarian Swabia, southeastern Baden-Württemberg, and parts of Austria. The region stretches from the pre-alpine lands up to the Alps. The main rivers flowing through the Allgäu are the Lech and Iller. Allgäu is not an administrative unit.

The alpine regions of the Allgäu rise over 2,000 metres in elevation and are popular for winter skiing. The Allgovian area is notable for its beautiful landscapes and is popular for vacations and therapeutic stays. It is well known in Germany for its farm produce, especially dairy products including Hirtenkäse ("herdsman's cheese") and Bergkäse ("mountain cheese").

Besides tourism and dairy products, another important economic sector is the building of industrial equipment and machines. Fendt tractors, developed and produced in Marktoberdorf are one of the most famous products of the region. The castle of Neuschwanstein in Hohenschwangau is in the eastern part of the Allgäu.

The Allgäu is dominated in the south by the Allgäu Alps, which are not part of the Allgäu themselves. The Allgäu is formed mainly by glaciers and glacial debris. Many hills and lakes are remnants of former glaciers.

Notable people

 * Michael Bredl (1916–1999), a singer and collector of traditional German Volksmusik
 * Stephan Huber (born 1952), a sculptor and object artist
 * Rainer W. Bussmann (born 1967), ethnobotanist and vegetation ecologist

title: Allgäu


text:
William Reid Dick

Sir William Reid Dick, (13 January 1878 – 1 October 1961) was a Scottish sculptor known for his innovative stylisation of form in his monument sculptures and simplicity in his portraits. He became an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1921 and a Royal Academician in 1928. Dick served as president of the Royal Society of British Sculptors from 1933 to 1938. He was knighted by King George V in 1935. He was Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland to King George VI from 1938 to 1952, then held the post under Queen Elizabeth until his death in 1961.

Early life
Born into a working-class family in the Gorbals, Glasgow, Dick was apprenticed to a firm of stonemasons at the age of twelve and during the next five years he learned to carve stone and took evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art. In 1892, under the supervision of George Frampton, Dick worked on some of the external carvings for the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and completed his apprenticeship in 1896. From 1904 to 1907, Dick returned to the Glasgow School of Art to take a mixture of day and evening classes in drawing and sculpture. In 1907, he graduated and accepted a teaching position at the Bellshill Academy in Lanarkshire but moved to London in 1908. There Dick took evening classes at the South London Technical School of Art whilst working as a studio assistant for the sculptor Edwin Whitney-Smith. Also in 1908, Dick had his first work exhibited at the Royal Academy in London. He earned further recognition in 1911 with a marble bust of Harry Lauder which was also shown at the Royal Academy.

In 1914 Dick married Catherine Emma Treadwell, with whom he had three children. The couple lived in the St John's Wood area of London until 1938 when they purchased a large house and studio in Maida Vale, where they lived for the rest of their lives.

World War I
In September 1914 Dick joined the Territorial Army and from 1915 to 1919 served with the Royal Engineers in both France and Palestine. When Dick enlisted in September 1914 he joined the 5th London Field Ambulance section of the Royal Army Medical Corps and subsequently transferred to the 3rd Army Field Survey Co, part of the Royal Engineers and then the 7th Field Survey Co. He was described as a photographer with the 7th Field Survey Co. His Army Service record shows his profession as "sculptor". He was awarded the 1914-15 Star and the British War and Victory Medals. While serving in northern France, Dick produced a number of small statuettes by using the local clay deposits.

Post-war career
Dick designed several war memorials notably at Bushey, at Rickmansworth and the eagle sculpture atop the Royal Air Force Memorial on the Victoria Embankment in London. He received a major commission for the Kitchener Memorial Chapel (1922–25) in St Paul's Cathedral, London. The focal point of this design was a Pièta, which won a gold medal at the Paris International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in 1925. These works secured his reputation and election to the Royal Academy in 1928, having been elected an Associate member in 1921. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1935 Dick was Knighted and elected President of the Royal Society of British Sculptors, a post he held until 1938. From 1938 to 1952 Dick served as King's Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland and then, from 1952 until his death, Dick was the Queen's Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland. He attended numerous royal events and created several portraits and memorials to members of the Royal Family plus several busts of political and artistic figures of the time.

Alongside the public monuments and memorials Dick created he also sculpted busts and statuettes which he exhibited on a regular basis at the Royal Academy, at the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts, the Royal Scottish Academy, the Royal Scottish Watercolour Society and at the Paris Salon. Dick was elected to the Royal Scottish Academy in 1939. Throughout his career, Dick served on numerous committees, among these the Royal Fine Art Commission (1928–42), the Royal Mint Advisory Committee (1936–53), and the Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery (1934–41).

Dick died at his home in Maida Vale and was cremated at Golders Green crematorium. In October 1963 a memorial tablet to him was unveiled in the crypt of St Pauls' Cathedral. His archives are held by the Tate Gallery.

Other works

 * Bust of Lady Rhoda Birley in 1908?.
 * A series of figures for St Andrew's House in Edinburgh, 1939, representing Architecture, Statecraft, Health, Agriculture, Fisheries and Education
 * Harry Dwight Ripley Monument, St. Marylebone Cemetery and Crematorium.
 * Bronze bust of Winston Churchill, 1943.
 * A bust of George V for the Mansion House in London.
 * A marble bust of Edwin Lutyens, 1932, for the Marble Hall of Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi
 * Bust of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother in Bolton Town Hall, c. 1946
 * Bust of Adelaide Stoll, London Coliseum

Several public galleries, including the Tate in Britain and the Art Gallery of New South Wales in Sydney, hold collections of works by Dick.

title: William Reid Dick


text:
Talk:Surrey County Cricket Club in 2005

Purge the cache

title: Talk:Surrey County Cricket Club in 2005


text: User talk:209.159.218.15

title: User talk:209.159.218.15


text:
User:Davion

Welcome on Davions Userpage.

Check back to see more.

Utilities

 * de:Benutzer:Duesentrieb/csv2wp - convert a table in CSV-format into HTML or the WikiMedia format for tables.

To Do

 * Hilbernation - http://www.expage.com/page/mrsgwinter2
 * Orangery

title: User:Davion


text:
Yodo-dono

Yodo-dono (淀殿) or Yodogimi (淀君) (1569 – June 4, 1615), also known as Lady Chacha (茶々), was a Japanese historical figure in the late Sengoku period. She was the concubine and the second wife of Japanese ruler Toyotomi Hideyoshi. As the mother of his son and successor Hideyori, she acted as Hideyori's guardian in the restoration of the Toyotomi clan after the fall of the Council of Five Elders, and alongside her son, led the last anti-Tokugawa shogunate resistance in the siege of Osaka.

She was the daughter of Oichi and sister of Ohatsu and Oeyo. When her two younger sisters became prominent members linked to the Tokugawa clan, Oichi's three daughters were vital to maintaining a diplomatic relationship between the two most powerful clans of the time, Toyotomi and Tokugawa. Her sister, Oeyo, was the wife of the second shogun, Tokugawa Hidetada, and matriarch of the successive shoguns' lineage, thus receiving the political title Omidaidokoro.

Due to the attempt to exalt the Tokugawa Shogunate, Yodo-dono was frequently portrayed as a "wicked and wanton" woman who planned the Toyotomis' death. After the death of Hideyoshi in 1598, she took the tonsure, becoming a Buddhist nun and taking the name Daikōin (大広院). She was the founder of the temple Yogen-in (養源院).

Her time period being that of large turmoil and overhaul, Yodo-dono had an interest toward both politics and administration. The great wealth and changing fortunes of her family affected Yodo-dono's life as well. Surviving record books from luxury goods merchants provide insight into patterns of patronage and taste amongst the privileged class of women like Yodo-dono and her sisters.

Genealogy
Yodo-dono, also called Chacha (茶々) in her youth, was the eldest of three daughters of the Sengoku period daimyō Azai Nagamasa. Her mother, Oichi was the younger sister of Oda Nobunaga.

After Nagamasa's death, Toyotomi Hideyoshi became the adoptive father and protector of Chacha. Her status changed when she became his concubine, and again when she became the mother of his heir.

Lady Okurakyo no tsubone (Ono Harunaga's mother), Lady Aeba no tsubone (the second daughter of her grandaunt, Kaitsu-dono), and Otsubone (a wife of Sawaki Yoshiyuki and brother of Maeda Toshiie) were Chacha's wet nurses.

Yodo-dono's middle sister, Ohatsu, was the wife of Kyōgoku Takatsugu and the mother of Kyōgoku Tadataka.

Yodo-dono's youngest sister, Oeyo, also known as Ogō, was the principal wife of Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada and the mother of his successor Tokugawa Iemitsu.

Early years
In 1570, Chacha's father, Nagamasa, broke his alliance with Oda Nobunaga and there was a three-year period of fighting until 1573 when Nobunaga's army surrounded Nagamasa at Odani Castle. Nobunaga, however, requested the safe return of his sister, Oichi. Chacha, along with her mother and her two sisters, left the castle with her. Odani castle fell, and amongst those who died were Nagamasa and Manpukumaru, Chacha's only brother.

Nobunaga's death in 1582 caused open hostilities between Shibata Katsuie and Hashiba Hideyoshi over the issue of succession. Katsuie's forces were defeated at the Battle of Shizugatake, and he was forced to retreat to Kitanosho castle. With Hideyoshi's army laying siege to his home, Katsuie set the castle ablaze; he and Oichi perished in it.

Before Oichi died, she passed Chacha, Oeyo, and Ohatsu to the care and protection of Hideyoshi. She was skilled with Waka poetry and was regarded as the highest ranked princess of the Azai family. She treated her sisters and other relatives well though it is said that she was also a passionate speaker regarding the Toyotomi's future.

Concubine of Hideyoshi
In 1588, Yodogimi became pregnant. Hideyoshi, who did not yet have a son, was greatly pleased. Hideyoshi's younger brother Toyotomi Hidenaga remodeled the Yodo castle in March 1589. After this, Hideyoshi gave Yodo castle to Chacha. Hideyoshi's wife Nene was said to have been unable to conceive, and thus Lady Yodo inherited many of her privileges. She had two sons with Hideyoshi, Tsurumatsu (d. 1591) and Hideyori (b.1593), who became Hideyoshi's designated successor. After giving birth to Hideyori, she gave the important posts of guarding him to Okurakyo no Tsubone and Aeba no Tsubone.

In 1594, the family moved to Fushimi Castle, but tragedy fell when Hideyoshi died in 1598. As a result, the Toyotomi clan lost much of its influence and importance. Yodo-dono founded the temple Yogen-in (養源院) in memory of her father Azai Nagamasa and her mother Oichi, and she contributed to the restoration of temples in Koya-san Mountain and others. Yodo-dono then moved to Osaka Castle with her son Hideyori and plotted the restoration of the Toyotomi clan. She intervened in politics as Hideyori's guardian and became the de facto head of Osaka Castle.

Sekigahara Campaign (1600)
After the death of Hideyoshi in 1598, Hideyori became the successor of Hideyoshi and Yodo-dono became the mother of paramount. Hideyori, still a child, could not manage the retainer, and the conflict between front generals and administrative staff became serious. Tokugawa Ieyasu stirred up the conflicts of both parties and supported the front generals.

In 1600, news spread that Ishida Mitsunari, one of the former Five Commissioners, along with Otani Yoshitsugu, was planning a rebellion against Tokugawa Ieyasu, who was leading an expedition toward Aizu. In response to this, Yodo-dono and the three commissioners, Masuda Nagamori, Nagatsuka Tadashi, and Maeda Gensaku, urgently sent a letter to Ieyasu to hasten his journey to Kyoto to quell the crisis.

Subsequently, when Mori Terumoto entered Osaka Castle as the overall commander of the Ishida faction (Western Army) and the three commissioners also aligned with this decision, Yodo-dono maintained a stance of vigilance on behalf of the Toyotomi family. She did not allow actions such as issuing the warrant of approval for Hideyori, which the Ishida side had hoped for, or Hideyori's deployment. Although she acknowledged the movements of the Ishida faction, she refrained from active participation.

Ieyasu used the letters from Yodo-dono and others as evidence to convince other feudal lords that Ishida and Otani's actions constituted a rebellion. Later, the three commissioners signed the "Internal Council Oath" condemning Ieyasu, but the absence of a document to retract the earlier letter from Yodo-dono also compelled Ieyasu to maintain the noble cause "for the sake of Hideyori."

After the victory of the Tokugawa side (Eastern Army) in the Battle of Sekigahara on September 15, Ieyasu sent Ono Harunaga to Osaka Castle to express his belief that Yodo-dono and Hideyori were not involved with the Western Army. In response, Yodo-dono expressed her gratitude. Following Mori Terumoto's withdrawal from Osaka Castle, Ieyasu entered the castle. When Yodo-dono entertained Ieyasu and offered her sake cup, she insisted that he pass it on to Hideyori. Ieyasu publicly declared himself as Hideyori's surrogate father.

Even though Yodo-dono did not actively participate in the Battle of Sekigahara it is said that more than 2,000 Toyotomi vassals participated in the battle and relations between Tokugawa-Toyotomi declined. Ieyasu distributed the Toyotomi family area as a prize for Sekigahara, and the Toyotomi family had less control. After the Battle of Sekigahara, she confronted Ieyasu who started to construct a military government in Edo, and refused his requirement for Hideyori to show his vassalage and go to the capital, Kyoto City.

In 1601, Yodo-dono's "depression" intensified, and she suffered from chest pains, eating disorders, and headaches. Gensaku Makunaose prescribed medicine for her as documented in "Gensakudo Sanpoyakuroku".

Formation of the Tokugawa Shogunate
In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu was named as Shogun by the emperor, Yodo-dono began to actively resist the Tokugawa. Hideyori still kept Osaka castle and married with Princess Senhime, the daughter of Tokugawa Hidetada who was the son of Ieyasu, there was no room for two rulers. Even though having secured the Osaka castle and inherited huge amount of property from Hideyoshi, former retainers of Hideyori now supported Edo Shogunate and Hideyori's position became quite weak.

In 1605, on May 8, Ieyasu, through the mediation of Kodai-in (Nene), demanded that Hideyori demonstrate his allegiance to the Tokugawa clan by paying homage. Although Yodo-dono, in her effort to preserve the Toyotomi clan's status, expressed her regret despite territorial reductions, she declined the meeting. However, Ieyasu sent his sixth son, Matsudaira Tadatoki, to Osaka, seeking reconciliation and harmony.

In 1611, Hideyori finally left Osaka, meeting with Ieyasu for two hours at Nijō Castle. Ieyasu was surprised by Hideyori's behavior, contrary to popular belief that the boy was just "useless". This belief had been spread by Katagiri Katsumoto, Hideyori's personal guardian since 1599 assigned by Ieyasu, and who had the intention of dissuading any aggression against the heir.

Incident of Hoko-ji Bell
In 1614, the Toyotomi clan rebuilt Osaka Castle. At the same time, the head of the clan sponsored the rebuilding of Hōkō-ji in Kyoto. These temple renovations included the casting of a great bronze bell, with inscriptions that read "May the state be peaceful and prosperous" (国家安康 kokka ankō), and "May noble lord and servants be rich and cheerful" (君臣豊楽 kunshin hōraku). The shogunate interpreted "kokka ankō" (国家安康) as shattering Ieyasu's name (家康) to curse him, and also interpreted "kunshin hōraku" (君臣豊楽) to mean "Toyotomi's force (豊臣) will rise again," which meant treachery against the shogunate. Tensions began to grow between the Tokugawa and the Toyotomi clans, and only increased when Toyotomi began to gather a force of rōnin and enemies of the shogunate in Osaka. Ieyasu, despite having passed the title of Shōgun to his son in 1605, nevertheless maintained significant influence.

After the Hoko-ji Temple Bell Incident, Yodo-dono sent Lady Okurakyo, Lady Aeba and Katagiri Katsumoto to Sunpu to see Tokugawa Ieyasu. In this meeting, Ieyasu hatched a plot to induce a split among the people of the Toyotomi family. On one hand, Ieyasu proposed, humbly, a generous demand towards Lady Okurakyo. On the other hand, Ieyasu made severe demands on Katagiri Katsumoto, who represented the moderates and had been separately asking Ieyasu to save the Toyotomi family.

Katagiri Katsumoto overthrow
Despite Katagiri Katsumoto's attempts to mediate the situation, Ieyasu found the ideal pretext to take a belligerent attitude against Yodo-dono and Hideyori. The situation worsened in September of that year, when the news reached Edo that a large number of rōnin were grouping in Osaka at the invitation of Hideyori. Katsumoto proposed that Yodo-dono be sent to Edo as a hostage with the desire to avoid hostilities; she either flatly refused, or ultimately accepted but was denied by Hideyori. Suspecting Katsumoto of trying to betray the Toyotomi clan, Yodo-dono finally banished him, Oda Urakusai, and several other servants accused of treason from Osaka castle. Following their banishment they entered the service of the Tokugawa clan and any possibility of reaching an agreement with the shogunate was dissolved. This led to the beginning of the siege of Osaka.

Siege of Osaka

Tokugawa Ieyasu, who seized control from Hideyori after the death of Hideyoshi, now viewed Hideyori as an obstacle to his unification of Japan. In 1614, Ieyasu laid siege to Osaka Castle. Yodo-dono defended the castle with her son, actively participating in the siege. When the Tokugawa army bombed her room and killed two of her maids, Yodo-dono emerged from her mansion with a group of armed and armored women. Later she told the warriors to make a peace treaty. She met with Lady Acha, who was accompanied by Honda Masazumi and Ohatsu (Yodo-dono's younger sister); the peace treaty was accepted by both sides.

However, in 1615, Ieyasu broke the truce and once again attacked Osaka Castle. Subsequently, Yodo-dono and her son Hideyori committed suicide in the flames of Osaka castle, ending the Toyotomi legacy. There are no eyewitness accounts or records detailing her final moments, and her body was never found. This has given rise to a multitude of legends and theories about what happened to her after the fall of the Toyotomi clan. Some legends suggest that Yodo-dono and Hideyori managed to escape and survive. Speculations about her escape route vary, with some claiming she sought refuge with the Shimazu clan in Satsuma Province, while others suggest she may have fled as far as Utsunomiya in Ueno Province.

Family

 * Father: Azai Nagamasa (1545-1573)
 * Mother: Oichi (1547-1583)
 * Adopted mother: Nene (d. 1624)
 * Husband: Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598) (Hideyoshi also is her adopted father)
 * Sons:
 * Toyotomi Tsurumatsu (1589–1591)
 * Toyotomi Hideyori (1593-1615)
 * Adopted Daughter:
 * Toyotomi Sadako (1592–1658), daughter of Oeyo later married Kujō Yukiie

Cultural references
A fictional character based on Yodo-dono appears in James Clavell's Shōgun. This contrived protagonist is Lady Ochiba, who dislikes Toranaga (Tokugawa Ieyasu) because he presumably suspected her son was not fathered by the Taikō (Toyotomi Hideyoshi). However, she admires and trusts the Taikō's widow, Yodoko (Nene), who urges both her and Toranaga to marry so that Japan would remain united, and when the heir, Yaemon (Toyotomi Hideyori) comes of age, he can safely take control. In James Clavell's later novels it is revealed that, just as in real history, Toranaga eventually besieged Ochiba and Yaemon in their castle, prompting them to commit suicide.

In the 2011 Taiga drama, Gō: Hime-tachi no Sengoku, Cha-cha was portrayed by Japanese actress Rie Miyazawa.

In board games, she appears as one of the characters of the expansion Rising Sun of the card game Samurai Sword by Emiliano Sciarra.

title: Yodo-dono


text:
Arch Pafford

Arch C. Pafford is a former Canadian politician in New Brunswick.

In the 1988 federal election, he ran for office as a candidate of the Confederation of Regions Party of Canada (CoR). He placed third with 10.7 per cent of the vote in the riding of Miramichi. CoR did surprisingly well in New Brunswick, with 4.3 per cent of the popular vote, considering it was a Western Canada-based party whose national results were less than one-half of one per cent.

Due to this success, Pafford and other CoR supporters founded the New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party, a party to contest provincial elections. The party attracted a lot of support in anglophone areas of the province because of the collapse of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick in the 1987 election, and resentment against PC Premier Richard Hatfield's support of official bilingualism.

The CoR party won eight seats in the 1991 New Brunswick election, and formed the official opposition. Pafford did not win a seat, finishing in third place in his Newcastle riding. As a result, Pafford resigned the leadership.

In 1995, Pafford ran for mayor of the new city of Miramichi, but was defeated. He largely withdrew from the political scene but participated with other former CoR members in founding the Grey Party of Canada in 2001. He re-entered politics in 2004 when he again ran for mayor of Miramichi. He finished in a distant fourth of four candidates with 9.6 per cent of the vote, while the other three candidates were virtually tied with approximately 30 per cent of the vote each.

Pafford is retired from the Canadian Forces and is president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Miramichi.

title: Arch Pafford


text:
Nabor Carrillo Flores

Nabor Carrillo Flores (23 February 1911, in Mexico City – 19 February 1967) is the third son of Mexican composer Julián Carrillo Trujillo, and younger brother of Antonio Carrillo Flores. He did his first studies in Mexico City and he continued them in New York City. On his return to Mexico, he made his studies of preparatory and those of civil engineering at the National University (UNAM), where he graduated in 1939. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1940, and his PhD from Harvard University, where he had also received his MSc in 1941. He taught and did scientific research at UNAM. He represented Mexico in the atomic test of the atoll of Bikini in 1946. He was named technical advisor of the Mexican delegation in the Commission on Atomic Energy of the United Nations for the pacific use of atomic energy. He was Rector of the UNAM from February 14, 1953, to February 13, 1957, and reelected for a second period, the first reelection in UNAM's history, from that same date to January 13, 1961. During his administration the transfer of the university that was scattered around the city to Ciudad Universitaria CU (University City) was carried out, acquired the Van de Graaff equipment, the first one in Latin America for atomic studies, and the publication of the Newspaper of the university began. He promoted the Nuclear Center of Mexico that would be inaugurated after his death. Executive Advisor of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy. From 1943 it was dedicated to the study of the scientific problems of the movements of the subsoil in the Valley of Mexico. He received the National Prize of Sciences in 1957 and among other foreign distinctions, the Legion of Honor of France. He received Doctor Honoris Causa by several national and foreign universities.

Nabor Carrillo died in Mexico City on 1967. His body was placed next to his father's, in the Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres (the Rotunda of the Illustrious) of the Panteón de Dolores in Mexico City.

The lunar crater Carrillo is named after him.

title: Nabor Carrillo Flores


text:
WTVO

WTVO (channel 17) is a television station in Rockford, Illinois, United States, affiliated with ABC and MyNetworkTV. It is owned by Mission Broadcasting, which maintains joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with Nexstar Media Group, owner of Fox affiliate WQRF-TV (channel 39), for the provision of certain services. The two stations share studios on North Meridian Road in Rockford, where WTVO's transmitter is also located.

History
The station signed on May 3, 1953, as the market's first television outlet and is the oldest continuously operating UHF station in the northern portion of Illinois. It originally aired an analog signal on UHF channel 39 but moved to channel 17 in 1967. WQRF has operated from channel 39 since first signed on in November 1978. WTVO was originally a primary NBC affiliate and shared secondary ABC status with WREX-TV (channel 13).

When WCEE-TV (channel 23, now WIFR) signed on in 1965, it took the CBS affiliation, sending ABC to WREX and leaving WTVO with just NBC. The station was owned by Winnebago Television (the station's call sign stands for "Winnebago Television Organization"), which was partially owned by the H & E Balaban Corporation (which later became Balaban Stations), until 1988 when Young Broadcasting of New York State purchased it. After a 42-year run as the local NBC station, it swapped network affiliations with WREX, taking the ABC affiliation on August 14, 1995. According to Variety, ABC pulled its programming from WREX not long after Quincy Newspapers bought the station. ABC was perturbed at Quincy's decision to switch the affiliation of its South Bend station WSJV from ABC to Fox earlier that year. The replacement ABC affiliate for South Bend, W58BT (now WBND-LD), began broadcasting on October 18, two months after WTVO affiliated with ABC. The deal may also have been facilitated by the fact that ABC had bought a minority stake in Young the year before.

Another ownership change came on November 22, 2004, when Mission Broadcasting (a de facto subsidiary of Irving, Texas–based Nexstar Broadcasting) bought WTVO from Young for $21 million. This made the station a sister to Nexstar-owned WQRF. Although WQRF was nominally the senior partner of the agreement, the combined operation was based at WTVO's studio, and WTVO produces programming for WQRF. The same was completed in January 2005. Shortly before the sale was completed, WTVO was one of the Young-owned stations that preempted an uninterrupted Veterans Day broadcast of the 1998 movie Saving Private Ryan.

For a number of years, WTVO carried selected Chicago Cubs telecasts originating from WGN-TV. However, in 1988, those telecasts moved to WIFR. During its days as an NBC affiliate, WTVO preempted a good number of network shows, particularly in weekday and Saturday daytime. It also preempted the Saturday edition of the NBC Nightly News in the 1980s.

A significant figure in its history was news anchor Bruce Richardson. He spent over 35 years at the station from 1956 until his retirement in June 1992, longer than any anchorman in the history of Rockford television. Harold Froelich, one of WTVO's founders, served as general manager for 37 years from sign-on until his retirement in 1990. In 1953, Froelich was one of the youngest general managers in television.

In November 2016, WTVO's ratings rose to first place in its 5 p.m., 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. newscasts according to comScore, its success featured in the online television trade publication TVNewsCheck in an article entitled, "From 3rd to 1st, How WTVO Became News Leader".

Newscasts
In March 2006, WTVO began producing the market's second prime time newscast on WQRF known as Fox 39 News at 9. The broadcast only aired on weeknights unlike the area's original prime time show that was seen every night on cable-only WB affiliate "WBR" (produced by WREX). This distinction made WQRF's news Rockford's first over-the-air newscast at 9. Competition between "WBR" and WQRF was short-lived because, in late 2007, the former had its news canceled by WREX for an unknown reason. The time slot is currently used to replay the NBC outlet's weeknight 6 o'clock show on what is now CW affiliate WREX-DT2.

Another addition to local newscasts on WQRF occurred January 14, 2008, when WTVO launched Fox 39 Evening News at 6:30. Eventually, WQRF expanded Fox 39 News at 9 to a seven-night operation and lengthened the weeknight version to a full hour. That station would eventually drop the 6:30 show for an unknown reason.

WQRF's weeknight prime time newscast maintains a separate news anchor but features the same meteorologist and sports anchor as seen WTVO. On March 5, 2012, WTVO launched a two-hour-long extension of its weekday morning show on WQRF. Known as Fox 39 More Local in the Morning, this can be seen from 7 until 9 offering a local alternative to the national morning programs that air on the area's big three outlets.

WIFR was the first television station in Rockford to upgrade its newscasts to high definition followed by WREX on December 12, 2010. On December 18, 2012, WTVO and WQRF debuted a brand new set, news music package, and graphics scheme that is based on the Eyewitness News branding seen on other Nexstar/Mission television stations. Unlike most ABC affiliates, this outlet does not air a midday newscast during the week. As part of its schedule, MyNetworkTV affiliate WTVO-DT2 offers repeats of local news from the main channel.

On April 24, 2013, WTVO and WQRF moved to high definition, becoming the last television stations in Rockford to do so. Ben Hutchison, Matt Rodewald, and Chief Meteorologist Candice King anchored the final standard definition news broadcast in Rockford history.

In June 2013, WTVO became the first station in the Rockford market to air a Spanish-language newscast hosted by anchor/reporter Alma Valenzuela and airing on channel 17.2. It began as a 15-minute newscast and was then expanded to a half-hour. The newscast was discontinued in 2017 due to low ratings.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

WTVO's secondary programming service launched on September 22, 2003, carrying UPN. Branded as "Rockford UPN 16", WTVO-DT2 replaced WHPN (now WIFS) in Madison, Wisconsin, on Rockford area cable systems.

Access to UPN was actually lost a year earlier in 2002 after a change in WHPN’s ownership prompted an affiliation switch to The WB. That station's new owner, Acme Communications, was a major station group involved in The WB. Since UPN moved to a similar secondary programming service in Madison (known as "UPN 14"), Rockford cable systems imported Chicago's WPWR-TV (now a MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated station) into the market as the de facto UPN affiliate for Rockford until WTVO added "Rockford UPN 16". In September 2006 with the merger of UPN and The WB, WTVO-DT2 joined the other new network debuting at the time (MyNetworkTV) which is actually a sister operation to Fox that is seen on WQRF.

As of November 2014, MyNetworkTV-affiliated WTVO-DT2 channel 17.2 began broadcasting in high definition, utilizing the programming service's standard 720p format.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WTVO shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 17, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 16, using virtual channel 17.

title: WTVO


text: Category:Runiform scripts

title: Category:Runiform scripts


text:
Alaşehir

Alaşehir is a municipality and district of Manisa Province, Turkey. Its area is 971 km2, and its population is 104,717 (2022). It is situated in the valley of the Kuzuçay (Cogamus in antiquity), at the foot of the Bozdağ Mountain (Mount Tmolus in antiquity). The town is connected to İzmir by a 105 km railway.

Founded in antiquity as Philadelphia (Φιλαδέλφεια, i.e., "the city of him who loves his brother"), the town was known as such until it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1390.

Alaşehir stands on elevated ground commanding the extensive and fertile plain of the Gediz River (Hermus in antiquity), presenting an imposing appearance when seen from a distance. It has about 45 mosques. There are small industries and a fair trade. From one of the mineral springs comes a heavily charged water popular around Turkey.

Within Turkey, the city's name is synonymous with the dried Sultana raisins, although cultivation for the fresh fruit market, less labour-intensive than the dried fruit, has gained prominence in recent decades. As Philadelphia, Alaşehir was a highly important center in the Early Christian and Byzantine periods. It remained a strong center of Orthodox Christianity until the early 20th century, and remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.

Name
The Turkish name Alaşehir, which translates as "multicolored town", is first attested in the memoir of the 13th-century historian Ibn Bibi. The town was founded by King Attalus II Philadelphus ((r. 159 – 138)) of Pergamon with the Greek name "Philadelphia". According to numismatic evidence, Philadelphia was briefly given the Latin name "Neocaesarea" during the reigns of the Roman emperors Caligula ((r. 37 – 41)) and Claudius ((r. 41 – 54)). The town reverted to its original name Philadelphia after Claudius, but under Emperor Vespasian ((r. 69 – 79)), the town used the Latin appellation Flavia to honor the imperial house (i.e. "Flavia Philadelphia"). The town remained known as Philadelphia until the Ottoman conquest in 1390.

Geography
Philadelphia was historically located in Lydia near the northeast foot of Mount Tmolus (modern-day Bozdağ) in the rich valley of the Cogamis river, which was a southern tributary of the Hermus River (modern-day Gediz). It was located in southern Catacecaumene, on the road connecting Sardis and Laodicea. Philadelphia was well known for its vulnerability to earthquakes.

History
Ancient episcopal sees of the late Roman province of Lydia are listed in the Annuario Pontificio as titular sees:

Ancient Philadelphia
Alaşehir began as perhaps one of the first ancient cities with the name Philadelphia. It was established in 189 BC by King Eumenes II of Pergamon (197–160 BC). Eumenes II named the city for the love of his brother, who would be his successor, Attalus II (159–138 BC), whose loyalty earned him the nickname, "Philadelphos", literally meaning "one who loves his brother". The city is perhaps best known as the site of one of the seven churches of Asia in the Book of Revelation.

Lacking an heir, Attalus III Philometer, the last of the Attalid kings of Pergamum, bequeathed his kingdom, including Philadelphia, to his Roman allies when he died in 133 BC. Rome established the province of Asia in 129 BC by combining Ionia and the former Kingdom of Pergamon.

Roman Philadelphia
Philadelphia was in the administrative district of Sardis (Pliny NH 5.111). In AD 17, the city suffered badly in an earthquake, and Roman Emperor Tiberius relieved it of having to pay taxes (Tacitus Annales 2.47, cf. Strabo 12.8.18, 13.4.10, John Lydus de mensibus 4.115). In response, the city granted honors to Tiberius. Evidence from coinage reveals that Caligula helped the city; under Vespasian, Philadelphia received his cognomen, Flavia. Under Caracalla, Philadelphia housed an imperial cult. Its coins bore the word Neokoron (literally, "temple-sweeper", caretaker of the temple). A small theatre, located at the northern edge of Toptepe Hill, is all that remains of Roman Philadelphia.

Philadelphia in the Book of Revelation
Although several ancient cities bore the name of Philadelphia, it is generally agreed to be the one listed among the seven churches written to by John in the Book of Revelation. Philadelphia is listed as the sixth church of the seven. A letter specifically addressed to the Philadelphian church is recorded in. The city's history of earthquakes may lie behind the reference to making her church "a pillar in the temple".

Aside from the fact that Smyrna was warned of temptation lasting "ten days", and Philadelphia was promised a total exemption, or preservation, from temptation, Philadelphia shares with Smyrna the distinction of receiving nothing but praise from Christ. That explains why modern Protestant churches sometimes use "Philadelphia" as a component in the local church's name as a way of emphasizing its faithfulness.

Philadelphia in Patristic literature
Philadelphia remained a major Christian center also after the New Testament period. One of Ignatius of Antioch's epistles in early 2nd century was addressed to the Christians of that city.

Byzantine Philadelphia
Philadelphia was a prosperous Byzantine city that was called the "little Athens" in the 6th century AD because of its festivals and temples. Presumably, that indicates that the city was not entirely converted to Christianity. Ammia, the Christian prophetess, was from Philadelphia, however. In about 600, the domed Basilica of St. John was built, remains of which are the main archaeological attraction in the modern city. The Byzantine walls that once surrounded the city have all but crumbled away. A few remnants are still visible at the northeast edge of town, near the bus stand. The city was taken by the Seljuk Turks in 1074 and 1093–1094. In 1098, during the First Crusade, it was recovered by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I. In the 11th to the 15th centuries AD, it was the seat of the doux (governor) and stratopedarches (military commander) of the Thrakesion theme.

It was the centre of several revolts against ruling Byzantine emperors: in 1182, led by John Komnenos Vatatzes, and 1188–1205 or 1206, led by Theodore Mangaphas, a local Philadelphian, against Isaac II Angelos. At that time, the bishopric of Philadelphia was promoted to metropolis. In the 14th century, Philadelphia was made the metropolis of Lydia by the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople, a status that it still holds. It was granted this honour because the city did not capitulate to the Ottomans. The city was prosperous especially in the 13th and 14th centuries: there was a Genoese trading colony, and the city was an important producer of leather goods and red-dyed silk (whence, perhaps, its Turkish name, which probably means "red city"). By the 14th century, the city was surrounded by Ottoman emirates but maintained nominal allegiance to the Byzantine emperor. The city remained prosperous through trade and its strategic location.

Philadelphia was an independent neutral city under the influence of the Latin Knights of Rhodes, when it was taken in 1390 by Bayezid I. Prior to Bayezid I's conquest, it was the last Byzantine Greek stronghold in Asia Minor. Twelve years later, it was captured by Timur, who built a wall with the corpses of his prisoners. Later, it passed into the rule of Junayd until it was ultimately captured by Murad II.

Modern period
From 1867 until 1922, Alaşehir was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. In 1890, its population consisted of 17,000 Muslims and 4,000 Greeks according to Vital Cuinet. Through the end of the Greco-Turkish War, Alaşehir was severely affected by a fire that broke out. Patrick Kinross wrote, "Alaşehir was no more than a dark scorched cavity, defacing the hillside. Village after village had been reduced to an ash-heap." It is estimated that some 3,000 people died, and 4,300 out of 4,500 buildings were destroyed in the burning of Alaşehir.

A suburb of Athens, Nea Filadelfia ("New Philadelphia"), is named from the Greek refugees from Alaşehir (in Greek known as "Philadelphia") who settled there following the war and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1923.

The city was the site of the Alaşehir Congress in 1919.

In 1969, a magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck the city and killed 53 people.

Archaeological remains
For survey of remains see Erdoğan (2015).
 * Ancient Theater (38.34593°N, 28.51397°W)
 * Ancient Stadium (38.34563°N, 28.51127°W)
 * Ancient Temple (38.34551°N, 28.51456°W)
 * Necropolis and hypogea (38.34818°N, 28.50796°W)
 * Byzantine city walls (38.35056°N, 28.5236°W)
 * Basilica of St John (38.34919°N, 28.51743°W)

Composition
There are 87 neighbourhoods in Alaşehir District:

 * Akkeçili
 * Alhan
 * Aydoğdu
 * Azıtepe
 * Badınca
 * Bahadır
 * Bahçedere
 * Bahçeliköy
 * Baklacı
 * Barış
 * Belenyaka
 * Beşeylül
 * Caberburhan
 * Caberfakılı
 * Caberkonaklı
 * Çağlayan
 * Çakırcaali
 * Çamlıbel
 * Çarıkbozdağ
 * Çarıkkaralar
 * Çarıktekke
 * Çeşneli
 * Dağarlar
 * Dağhacıyusuf
 * Delemenler
 * Erenköy
 * Esentepe
 * Evrenli
 * Fatih
 * Girelli
 * Göbekli
 * Gülenyaka
 * Gülpınar
 * Gümüşçay
 * Gürsu
 * Hacıbey
 * Hacıhaliller
 * Horzumalayaka
 * Horzumembelli
 * Horzumkeserler
 * Horzumsazdere
 * Ilgın
 * Ilıca
 * Işıklar
 * İsmailbey
 * İsmetiye
 * İstasyon
 * Karacalar
 * Karadağ
 * Kasaplı
 * Kavaklıdere
 * Kemaliye
 * Kestanederesi
 * Killik
 * Kozluca
 * Kurtuluş
 * Kurudere
 * Matarlı
 * Menderes
 * Narlıdere
 * Örencik
 * Örnekköy
 * Osmaniye
 * Piyadeler
 * Şahyar
 * Sakarya
 * Sarıpınar
 * Sarısu
 * Selce
 * Serinköy
 * Serinyayla
 * Şeyhsinan
 * Sobran
 * Soğanlı
 * Soğuksu
 * Soğukyurt
 * Subaşı
 * Tepeköy
 * Toygarlı
 * Türkmen
 * Uluderbent
 * Üzümlü
 * Yeni
 * Yenice
 * Yeniköy
 * Yeşilyurt
 * Yuvacalı

Notable people from Alaşehir

 * Joannes Laurentius Lydus (b. 490) ancient Greek administrator and writer
 * Theodore Mangaphas known also as Morotheodoros (born in 12th century), Byzantine Greek military officer and usurper
 * Kenan Evren, Turkish president and general

Notable bishops

 * Cyriacus (at the Council of Philippopolis, 344)
 * Theodosius (deposed at the Council of Seleucia, 359)
 * Theophanes (at the First Council of Ephesus, 431)
 * John (at the Third Council of Constantinople, 680)
 * Theoleptus of Philadelphia (1283–1322): led defense of the city against Turkish attack in 1310; writings include religious poetry, monastic treatises, anti-Arsenite writings, letters
 * Macarius Chrysocephalas (1336–1382): candidate for patriarchate in 1353, wrote Rhodonia (anthology of proverbs and gnomai), catenae ("chains", quotations from theologians attached to Bible verses) on Matthew and Luke, homilies, and a vita of St. Meletios of Galesios
 * Gabrius Severus (1577) wrote works against the Latins
 * Gerasimus Blachus (1679), author of numerous works
 * Meletius Typaldus (1685), deposed for becoming a Catholic

Philadelphia remains the seat of the Metropolis of Philadelphia, which has been a titular see since the Greco-Turkish population exchange.

Although the Philadelphia area was an Orthodox area, the Roman Catholic Church have maintained a rival titular bishop of Philadelphia since the 1500s. Catholic bishops have included:
 * Bernardo Jordán, (14 Apr 1535 Appointed – 1539)
 * Philippe Musnier (15 Jun 1545 –)
 * Marcus Lyresius (8 Jan 1603 Appointed – 28 Jun 1611)
 * Georg Christoph Rösch (16 Jul 1612 Appointed – 30 Nov 1634)
 * Michael Dalmeras (23 Oct 1623 Appointed – 13 Dec 1629)
 * William Giles (9 Sep 1904 Appointed – 28 Jul 1913)
 * Domenico Pasi (9 Sep 1913 Appointed – 15 Dec 1919)
 * Francis Vazhapilly (7 Apr 1921 Appointed – 21 Dec 1923)
 * Agnello Renzullo (11 Apr 1924 Appointed – 20 Oct 1925 )
 * Luigi Mazzini (24 Jun 1926 Appointed – 13 Dec 1950 Died)
 * Pietro Zuccarino (5 Jan 1951 Appointed – 29 Nov 1953)
 * João de Deus Ramalho, (9 Dec 1953 Appointed – 25 Feb 1958 )
 * Augustin Arce Mostajo (22 May 1958 Appointed – 26 Nov 1970)

title: Alaşehir


text:
Eritrean–Ethiopian War

The Eritrean–Ethiopian War, also known as the Badme War, was a major armed conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea that took place from May 1998 to June 2000.

After Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in 1993, relations were initially friendly. However, disagreements about where the newly created international border should be caused relations to deteriorate significantly, eventually leading to full-scale war. According to a 2005 ruling by an international commission, Eritrea broke international law and triggered the war by invading Ethiopia. By 2000, Ethiopia held all of the disputed territory and had advanced into Eritrea. The war officially came to an end with the signing of the Algiers Agreement on 12 December 2000; however, the ensuing border conflict would continue on for nearly two decades.

Eritrea and Ethiopia both spent considerable amount of their revenue and wealth on the armament ahead of the war, and reportedly suffered between 70,000–300,000 deaths combined as a direct consequence thereof, excluding an indeterminate number of refugees. The conflict ultimately led to minor border changes through final binding border delimitation overseen by the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

After the war ended, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission, a body established by the Algiers Agreement, concluded that Badme, the disputed territory at the heart of the conflict, belongs to Eritrea. On 5 June 2018, the ruling coalition of Ethiopia, headed by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, agreed to fully implement the peace treaty signed with Eritrea in 2000, with peace declared by both parties in July 2018, twenty years after the initial confrontation.

Background
From 1961 until 1991, Eritrea fought a long war of independence against Ethiopia; during this period, the Ethiopian Civil War also began on 12 September 1974, when the Derg staged a coup d'état against Emperor Haile Selassie. Both conflicts lasted until 1991 when the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) – a coalition of rebel groups led by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) – overthrew the Derg government, and installed a transitional government in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa. During the civil war, the groups fighting the Derg government had a common enemy, so the TPLF allied itself with the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF).

In 1991, as part of the United Nations-facilitated transition of power, it was agreed that the EPLF should set up an autonomous transitional government in Eritrea and organize a referendum. This referendum was held in April 1993, and the vote was overwhelmingly in favour of independence, leading to the establishment of a new state joining the United Nations. Also in 1991, the transitional government of Eritrea and the TPLF-led transitional government of Ethiopia agreed to set up a commission, to look into any problems that arose between the two former wartime allies over the foreseen independence of Eritrea. This commission was not successful, and during the following years relations between the governments of the two sovereign states deteriorated. Eritrea soon began a practice of forcibly expelling Ethiopians from its territory. As early as 1991, about 30,000 wives and children of Ethiopian soldiers stationed in Eritrea were bused by Eritrean forces across the border, and crowded into camps in Adigrat, Adwa and Axum, with the EPLF telling relief officials to expect 150,000 more Ethiopian civilians. Reportedly, many of the deportees were people who were being dismissed from their jobs, some of them longtime residents of Eritrea.

Determining the border between the two states also became a major source of conflict. In November 1997, a committee was set up to try to resolve it. Before Eritrean independence, the border had been of minor importance, as it was only a demarcation line between federated provinces, and initially, the two governments tacitly agreed that the border should remain as it had been immediately before independence. Upon independence, however, the border became an international frontier, and the two governments could not agree on where, specifically, the border should be demarcated; they looked back to colonial-era treaties between the Italian Empire and Ethiopia as a basis for the precise boundaries between the states. Problems then arose, because they could not agree on the interpretation of those agreements and treaties, and it was not clear, under international law, how binding colonial treaties were on the two states.

Analysis
Writing after the war had finished, Jon Abbink postulated that President Isaias Afewerki of Eritrea realised that his influence over the government in Ethiopia was slipping, and "in the absence of a concrete border being marked," calculated that Eritrea could annex Badme. If successful, this acquisition could have been used to enhance his reputation and help maintain Eritrea's privileged economic relationship with Ethiopia. However, because Badme was in Tigray Province – the region from which many of the members of the Ethiopian government originated (including Meles Zenawi, the Ethiopian prime minister) – the Ethiopian government came under political pressure from within the EPRDF, as well as from the wider Ethiopian public, to meet force with force.

6 May 1998 – 22 February 1999
After a series of armed incidents in which several Eritrean officials were killed near Badme, on 6 May 1998, a large Eritrean mechanized force entered the Badme region along the border of Eritrea and Ethiopia's northern Tigray Region, resulting in a firefight between the Eritrean soldiers and a Tigrayan militia and Ethiopian police they encountered. On 13 May 1998, Ethiopia, in what Eritrean radio described as a "total war" policy, mobilized its forces for a full assault against Eritrea. The Claims Commission found that this was, in essence, an affirmation of the existence of a state of war between belligerents, not a declaration of war, and that Ethiopia also notified the United Nations Security Council, as required under Article 51 of the UN Charter.

The fighting quickly escalated to exchanges of artillery and tank fire, leading to four weeks of intense fighting. Ground troops fought on three fronts. On 5 June 1998, the Eritrean Air Force attacked an elementary school in Mekelle that killed 49 of the students and their parents and the neighbors that came to help immediately. Four more people died after reaching hospital. The victims ranged from a three-month-old baby to a 65-year-old man. The Ethiopian Air Force launched air attacks on the airport in Asmara as a retaliation. Eritreans also attacked the airport of Mekele. These raids caused civilian casualties and deaths on both sides of the border. The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1177 condemning the use of force and welcomed statements from both sides to end the air strikes.

There was then a lull as both sides mobilized huge forces along their common border and dug extensive trenches. Both countries spent several hundred million dollars on new military equipment. This was despite the peace mediation efforts by the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and a US/Rwanda peace plan that was in the works. The US/Rwanda proposal was a four-point peace plan that called for withdrawal of both forces to pre-June 1998 positions. Eritrea refused, and instead demanded the demilitarization of all disputed areas along the common border, to be overseen by a neutral monitoring force, and direct talks.

22 February 1999 – 12 May 2000
With Eritrea's refusal to accept the US/Rwanda peace plan, on 22 February 1999, Ethiopia launched a massive military offensive to recapture Badme. Tension had been high since 6 February 1999, when Ethiopia claimed that Eritrea had violated the moratorium on air raids by bombing Adigrat, a claim it later withdrew. Surveying the extensive trenches the Eritreans had constructed, Ethiopian General Samora Yunis observed, "The Eritreans are good at digging trenches and we are good at converting trenches into graves. They, too, know this. We know each other very well".

Ethiopia's offensive, codenamed Operation Sunset, began with an air attack on Assab airport by four Ethiopian fighter jets, followed by a massive artillery barrage against Eritrean positions on the Tsorona front, which was meant as a diversion to make the Eritreans prepare for an Ethiopian offensive against eastern or southern Eritrea. The following day, the Ethiopian ground attack began. Three Ethiopian divisions broke through the Eritrean defenses in the Biyukundi area and then advanced toward Dukambiya, 20 kilometers southeast of Barentu, before turning east and hitting an Eritrean division north of Badme in the flank, taking the Eritreans by surprise. The Eritrean division was almost totally destroyed and the Ethiopians continued their advance toward Dukambiya. Realizing that they were about to be cut off, the remaining Eritrean units deployed in the Badme area hastily retreated, abandoning nearly 100 kilometers of fortifications and most of their heavy weapons. Ethiopian Mi-24 helicopter gunships attacked the fleeing Eritreans with rockets.

After five days of heavy fighting, Ethiopian forces were 10 kilometers (six miles) deep into Eritrean territory. Eritrea accepted the OAU peace plan on 27 February 1999. While both states said that they accepted the OAU peace plan, Ethiopia did not immediately stop its advance, because it demanded that peace talks be contingent on an Eritrean withdrawal from territory occupied since the first outbreak of fighting. The widespread use of trench warfare by both sides resulted in comparisons of the conflict to the trench warfare of World War I. According to some reports, trench warfare led to the loss of "thousands of young lives in human-wave assaults on Eritrea's positions".

On 16 May, the BBC reported that, after a lull of two weeks, the Ethiopians had attacked at Velessa on the Tsorona front-line, south of Eritrea's capital Asmara and that after two days of heavy fighting, the Eritreans had beaten back the attack, claiming to have destroyed more than 45 Ethiopian tanks; although not able to verify the claim, which the Ethiopian Government dismissed as ridiculous, a BBC reporter did see more than 300 dead Ethiopians and more than 20 destroyed Ethiopian tanks. In June 1999, the fighting continued with both sides in entrenched positions.

12 May – 18 June 2000
Proximity talks broke down in early May 2000, with Ethiopia accusing Eritrea of imposing "unacceptable conditions." On 12 May, Ethiopia launched a massive combined arms offensive on multiple fronts involving four armored divisions and 22 infantry divisions, extensive artillery and close air support. The Ethiopians used pack animals such as donkeys for logistical support for their infantry, and, due to their cumbersome logistical chain, primarily relied on infantry assaults to capture Eritrean positions. They held their tanks in reserve, then brought them forward to secure positions captured by the infantry. Ethiopian forces initially struggled to exploit the gaps they had torn in the Eritrean positions, often at great cost in frontal assaults against Eritrean trenches. The Ethiopians broke through the Eritrean lines between Shambuko and Mendefera, crossed the Mareb River, and cut the road between Barentu and Mendefera, the main supply line for Eritrean troops on the western front of the fighting.

Ethiopian sources stated that on 16 May, Ethiopian aircraft attacked targets between Areza and Maidema, and between Barentu and Omhajer, and that all aircraft returned to base, while heavy ground fighting continued in the Da'se and Barentu area and in Maidema. The next day, Ethiopian ground forces (with air support) captured Da'se. Barentu was taken in a surprise Ethiopian pincer movement on the Western front. The Ethiopians attacked a mined but lightly defended mountain, resulting in the capture of Barentu and an Eritrean retreat. Fighting also continued in Maidema. Also on 17 May, due to the continuing hostilities, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1298 imposing an arms embargo on both countries.

By 23 May, Ethiopia claimed that its "troops had seized vital command posts in the heavily defended Zalambessa area, about 100 km south of the Eritrean capital, Asmara". But the Eritreans claimed they withdrew from the disputed border town of Zalambessa and other disputed areas on the central front as a goodwill' gesture to revive peace talks" and claimed it was a 'tactical retreat' to take away one of Ethiopia's last remaining excuses for continuing the war; a report from Chatham House observes, "the scale of Eritrean defeat was apparent when Eritrea unexpectedly accepted the OAU peace framework." Having recaptured most of the contested territories – and having learned that the Eritrean government would withdraw from any other territories it occupied at the start of the conflict, in accordance with a request from the OAU – Ethiopia declared the war was over on 25 May 2000.

Cessation of hostilities
On 18 June 2000, the parties agreed to a comprehensive peace agreement and binding arbitration of their disputes under the Algiers Agreement. On 31 July 2000, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1312 and a 25-kilometer-wide Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) was established within Eritrea, patrolled by the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) from over 60 countries. On 12 December 2000 a peace agreement was signed by the two governments.

Casualties
Eritrea officially claimed that 19,000 Eritrean soldiers were killed during the conflict; Ethiopia claims to have lost between 34,000–60,000 and killed up to 67,000 Eritrean soldiers. Meanwhile, Voice of the Democratic Path of Ethiopian Unity, a clandestine political opposition group, alleged that 123,000 Ethiopians were killed, while other reports place the number of Eritrean deaths at around 150,000. Most international reports put the total war casualties from both sides as being around 70,000, but some analysts within the region suggested that the overall death toll may have been as high as 300,000. All these figures have been contested, and other news reports simply state that "tens of thousands" or "as many as 100,000" were killed in the war.

War conduct
Eritrea accused Ethiopia of using "human waves" to defeat Eritrean trenches. But according to a report by The Independent, there were no "human waves" because Ethiopian troops instead outmanoeuvred and overpowered the Eritrean trenches.

Displacement, abuse and torture
The fighting led to massive internal displacement in both countries as civilians fled the war zone – by the end of May 2000, Ethiopia occupied about a quarter of Eritrea's territory, displacing 650,000 people, and destroying key components of Eritrea's infrastructure.

The Eritrean government forcibly expelled an estimated 70,000 Ethiopians according to the report by Human rights Watch. Ethiopia expelled 77,000 Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean origin it deemed a security risk, thus compounding Eritrea's refugee problem. The majority of those were considered well off by the Ethiopian standard of living. They were deported after their belongings had been confiscated. Ethiopians living in Eritrea were interned, and thousands of others were deported. After the retaliatory bombings of Asmara Airport by Ethiopia on 5 and 6 June 1998, many Ethiopians working in Eritrean towns were sacked, apparently as a reprisal, and subsequently lost their rented housing through losing their means of income or, in some cases, by being evicted for being Ethiopian. Many Ethiopians were forced to sleep on the streets outside the Ethiopian embassy in Asmara, in church compounds or elsewhere according to a report by Amnesty International. In July 1998, Ethiopia alleged that up to 60 Ethiopians had died in Assab after being locked in a shipping container by the Eritrean police in daytime temperatures of over 40C. According to Human Rights Watch, detainees on both sides were subject in some cases to torture, rape, or other degrading treatment. This was believed to be a continuation of the 1991–93 expulsions of 125,000 Ethiopians from Eritrean territory.

Use of child soldiers
According to the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, there were "credible reports" that the Ethiopian armed forces used thousands of children during the war:"Testimonies of former child soldiers, NGOs and journalists provide evidence of child deployment on the front lines and in massive waves across mine fields... Recruitment reportedly focused on Oromos and Somalis... and on grades 9 to 12 of secondary schools."Children were also forcibly recruited in groups from public places. The lack of a functioning birth registration system has made it difficult to estimate the number of children affected, but it is clear that the use of children was widespread; for example, most Ethiopian prisoners of war in one large POW camp in Eritrea were estimated to be aged 14–18.

Economic disruption
The economies of both countries were already weak as a result of decades of cold-war politics, colonialism, civil war and drought. The war exacerbated these problems, resulting in food shortages. Prior to the war, much of Eritrea's trade was with Ethiopia, and much of Ethiopia's foreign trade relied on Eritrean roads and ports. According to former Eritrean official Fathi Osman, Eritrea attempted to alleviate its money problems by issuing war bonds to the Eritrean diaspora, as they lacked other means to fund their military operations.

Ethiopia engaged in a 6-year long disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programme for the over 148,000 veterans who fought in the war. In total, the programme cost $174 million; the Ethiopian government could only pay around $3.1 million themselves, and had to pay the rest back with a $170 million loan from the World Bank.

Regional destabilization
The fighting also spread to Somalia as both governments tried to outflank one another. The Eritrean government began supporting the Oromo Liberation Front, a rebel group seeking independence of Oromia from Ethiopia that was based in a part of Somalia controlled by Mohamed Farrah Aidid. Ethiopia retaliated by supporting groups in southern Somalia who were opposed to Aidid, and by renewing relations with the Islamic regime in Sudan—which is accused of supporting the Eritrean Islamic Salvation, a Sudan-based group that had launched attacks in the Eritrea–Sudan border region—while also lending support to various Eritrean rebel groups including a group known as the Eritrean Islamic Jihad.

Continued tensions
On 14 April 2002, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission that was established under the Algiers Agreement in collaboration with Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague agreed upon a "final and binding" verdict. The ruling awarded some territory to each side, but Badme (the flash point of the conflict) was awarded to Eritrea. Martin Pratt writes: "'However, as it became clear that the boundary identified by the commission placed the village of Badme inside Eritrea, satisfaction gave way to triumphalism within Eritrea and dismay within Ethiopia. Despite its tiny size and lack of any apparent strategic or economic value, Badme—the location of the spark that ignited the conflagration—had taken on great symbolic significance over the course of the war; previous research (Hensel and Mitchell, 2005) indicates that symbolically valued territory may be especially prone to violent conflict. For many people in both countries, Badme's fate became the primary indicator of whether the enormous loss of life during the fighting had been justified.'"

Analysis

 * Connell, Dan Eritrea-Ethiopia War Looms, Foreign Policy in Focus 21 January 2004
 * Connell, Dan Eritrea-Ethiopia War Looms, Foreign Policy in Focus 21 January 2004
 * Connell, Dan Eritrea-Ethiopia War Looms, Foreign Policy in Focus 21 January 2004

title: Eritrean–Ethiopian War


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Magel

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:44, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Magel
Non-notable (no google hits) possibly vanity --Doc Glasgow 19:28, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC) NOTE: if you look at the edit history, it seems they can't even agree on which town he was raised in! Master Thief Garrett 23:47, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No (real) content and possibly vanity. Linuxbeak 22:51, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If Google hasn't heard of him, he's a nobody. It doesn't even say why he's in Wikipedia to begin with! If it went on to tell a sad story of him being in a concentration camp and all his relatives dying there and then he hides on a cargo ship and works in New York for a shady car dealership dude for 50 cents a week, then yes it would probably have a home here (again, with accompanying Google hits) but as it is, at least needs a reason WHY he's here. Master Thief Garrett 23:11, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this nobody boy. Vanity?
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Magel


text:
Capital of Texas

The capital of Texas usually refers to Austin, Texas, the capital of the present-day U.S. state. Several other locations served as the capital of Texas prior to statehood:

Pre-Republic

 * Monclova, first provincial capital of Texas, 1686, and again in 1833
 * Los Adaes (modern day Robeline, Louisiana), 1721 to 1772
 * San Antonio, 1772 to 1824
 * San Felipe de Austin, now the San Felipe de Austin State Historic Site, headquarters of the Colony of Texas

Republic of Texas

 * Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, March 1, 1836 to March 17, 1836
 * Harrisburg, Texas, March 21 to April 1836
 * Velasco, Texas, April 1836 to September 1836
 * Columbia, Texas, October 1836, first capital of the elected government of the Republic of Texas
 * Houston, Texas, 1837 to 1839

Modern-day Texas

 * Austin, Texas, designated in 1839

title: Capital of Texas


text:
Great Camanoe

Great Camanoe is a small island just north of Beef Island and northeast of Tortola in the British Virgin Islands, a group of islands that forms part of the archipelago of the Virgin Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea.

Great Camanoe is primarily a residential island, divided into two communities, Indigo Plantation and The Privateers, on the southern half of the island. Access to the island is by boat only. Visitors often anchor at Lee Bay or Cam Bay, a national park and good snorkeling site.

History and name
A 1793 Spanish map of the Virgin Islands refers to Great Camanoe island as Cayman Grande and Little Camanoe island as Caiman Chico. These names are obvious references to American crocodiles (cayman or caiman) which inhabited the area when the islands were first explored by Christopher Columbus and to this day are still found on Cuba, Hispaniola and other Caribbean locations. In Columbus' native tongue, Italian, the word cayman is spelled caimano.

title: Great Camanoe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rufio and the lost boys

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Rufio and the lost boys and Rufio and the Lost Boys and Image:Smallrufio.jpg
Not globally notable, not an encyclopedic topic. -- Curps 19:30, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

NOTE: the image Image:Smallrufio.jpgMUST BE DELETED ALSO or it will become an orphan. Master Thief Garrett 07:54, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: Note astroturfing campaign at Talk:Rufio and the Lost Boys and Talk:Rufio and the lost boys. -- Curps 20:15, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity, no potential to become encyclopedic, supported by lame astroturfing anon's on talk pages. Barno 20:34, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both. I've left word on the talk pages. - Lucky 6.9 20:55, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, not notable, possible hoax -- three Google hits, and none of them seem to be related. --Carnildo 20:58, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Please note this user has so many edits he clearly has nothing else in his life. Ignore his vote everyone else does.
 * You sure about that? I'm just barely in the list of the top thousand contributers. --Carnildo 03:50, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I gave them a chance by marking Rufio and the Lost Boys with immediately after it was created.  Alas, they refused to listen and change this vanity. Zzyzx11 | Talk 21:00, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. José San Martin 21:27, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, this is part of a vanity campaign that includes transparent attempts at astroturfing.
 * Delete, not notable, vanity, promo. Megan1967 01:48, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Speedy Keep Rufio has become an important part of popular culture, this article will clearly be the start of something big. ALtough on the other hand I love the word astroturfing, this is to be commended.Zenupassio 02:12, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: User's seventh edit. --Carnildo 02:17, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This is just vicious anti elitism. Zenupassio 03:22, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it's a note about possible drive-by voting. --Carnildo 03:50, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Very Strong Speedy Delete *does drive-by voting* die mutha****ing Ballas dawgs! Sorry, couldn't resist. Seriously now, Delete. As said above. Master Thief Garrett 07:50, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, vanity. It's pretty bad when the first Google hit for a supposed meme is the Wikipedia VfD page.  RickK 21:59, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity Dsmdgold 18:28, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn. vanity. Vandal supported. jni 20:20, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Casito/Vandal known

You have been vandalizing Wikipedia. You should know that your actions are futile and only makes you look silly. Most vandalism to Wikipedia is fixed within 5 minutes, and there is no way for you to cause any permanent damage. Despite what you may think, what you are doing is not challenging, comical, or rebellious. Please stop or your account will be recorded on the vandalism in progress page, if it is not already there. You can rest assured that if you do not stop vandalizing pages after being warned, you will be blocked. Trying to evade this block to continue vandalizing will only prompt somebody to report you to your ISP. Consider this your only warning.

If you decide to change your behavior and contribute positively and constructively to Wikipedia, your contributions will be greatly appreciated, regardless of your past behavior.

title: User:Casito/Vandal known


text:
User talk:Raylopez99

(William M. Connolley 19:31, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)) I *think* that User:Raylopez99 is a page that just happens to be called User:something rather than a proper user page. RL, if you're reading this, you need to create an account properly.

Welcome
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Arktos talk 23:46, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Raylopez99 17:11, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Tired of Global Warming bias and cabal mentality? Help collect the evidence
Please feel free to add examples of bias you have encountered by the pro-Global Warming crowd at my page...I am accumulating all of the evidence for various actions throughout Wikipedia for the pages, users, etc and your help with the footwork is appreciated. -- Tony of Race to the Right 15:32, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Raylopez99 is the Subject/headline here
Raylopez99 is the Subject/headline here (repeated)

Raylopez99 19:24, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Spam
Hi. Don't spam us; we have enough traffic alredy William M. Connolley (talk) 16:17, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

December 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia! I am glad to see you are interested in discussing a topic. However, as a general rule, talk pages are for discussion related to improving the article, not general discussion about the topic. If you have specific questions about certain topics, consider visiting our reference desk and asking them there instead of on article talk pages. Thank you. Kim D. Petersen (talk) 16:38, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The above could just as well have been for personal attacks on another editor. Please follow the rules for wikipedia, or step away until you've calmed down enough to be able to do so. --Kim D. Petersen (talk) 16:39, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * To put it more bluntly, your personal attacks such as this and this are not acceptable. Stop it or be blocked. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 16:43, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Re : Please use the talk page for talk. That's what it's for. I'm not threatening you, I'm warning you (if you insist, "in my capacity as a Wikipedia administrator"). Comments like this are unacceptable on Wikipedia. I don't care about your history with William, or the phase of the moon, or whatever - if you want to invite him to a meeting with pistols in the morning, that is your personal issue. But here on Wikipedia comments like yours are unacceptable under WP:CIVIL, one of Wikipedia's core policies. I'll warn or block any user I see who persists in such comments, although I have to say that I rarely have seen such incoherent aggression before. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 16:43, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

AN/I
Since I'm "probably not the best person", I've asked for neutral administrator input at Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 20:23, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

You have been for attempting to harass other users. If you believe this block is unjustified, you may contest the block by adding the text below, but you should read our guide to appealing blocks first. Vsmith (talk) 01:12, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Raylopez99! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are  Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to these articles, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 18:30, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Max Fogiel -
 * 2) John F.W. Rogers -

Battle of Greece
Για το απρεπές σχόλιο σου, δεν έχω πολλά να πω. Μάλλον δεν κοίταξες καν τις references, για να δεις αν έχω χρησιμοποιήσει ξένες πηγές ή όχι. Κρίμα ...--Yannismarou (talk) 16:46, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

See also the section I opened here concerning your edit. Your comments are needed. Thanks in advance!--Yannismarou (talk) 17:10, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Max Fogiel

The article Max Fogiel has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unsourced for 18 months, orphaned, bare claim of notability.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  Will Beback   talk    03:09, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

Kinnosuke Ogura
A couple of points. Firstly, since you "picked up just the facts on Ogura from a book on mathematicians", please add that as a reference, otherwise the article is unsourced. Secondly, it is not a good idea to give your own articles Feedback, as you did here. Deltahedron (talk) 07:56, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raylopez99