text:
Buderim

Buderim is a town in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It sits on a 180 m mountain which overlooks the southern Sunshine Coast communities.

The name "Buderim" is usually believed to be derived from a local Kabi Kabi Aboriginal word for the hairpin honeysuckle, (Badderam) Banksia spinulosa var. collina. However, as the environment on the mountain before British occupation was one of dense rainforest not Banksia heath, the name may have come from the Yugambeh word budherahm meaning sacred or spiritual.

In the, the town of Buderim had a population of 58,956 people.

Geography
The urban area of Buderim is not strictly bounded, but in the, Buderim's urban area includes all or most of the land in the following suburbs:

 * Buderim
 * Forest Glen
 * Kunda Park
 * Mons
 * Mountain Creek
 * Sippy Downs
 * Tanawha

Historically, until the 2001 census, a section of Buderim within about 1 km of Sunshine Motorway, as well as Mountain Creek, were considered parts of the neighbouring Maroochydore urban centre.

History

Buderim is an Kabi word meaning honeysuckle or red soil. The name is also said to come from a Yugambeh word Budherahm, meaning sacred or spiritual.

In 1862, Tom Petrie set out from Brisbane with 25 Turrbal and Kabi Kabi men including Billy Dingy and Wanangga to search for cedar in the Maroochy area. They ascended Buderim mountain where they saw forests of fine timber, then had the satisfaction of being the first to cut a cedar tree there.' Buderim was seen as a resource for timbergetters, as huge stands of Beech and Australian Red Cedar grew across the mountain. Some trees were so large they were wasted due to the lack of transport to carry them down to the river for despatch to Brisbane. Once clear felled, the plateau was used for farming. The rich red volcanic soil found on Buderim made the area particularly suited to growing almost everything, from bananas to small crops. The most notable were ginger, the crop which made Buderim famous and coffee (in the 20th century).

Coffee was first grown commercially by Gustav Riebe in 1881 who grew the crops among rows of banana suckers on his 300 acres of land. Riebe was a tea merchant, established in Queen Street Brisbane, who was offering a variety of teas for sale at his Oriental Tea Warehouse. Mr Riebe obviously knew about tea and coffee, and even designed his own machinery to prepare the dried beans for market. Another Buderim coffee farming pioneer was E.J. Burnett who in 1899 sent coffee samples to Earl’s Court Exhibition in London winning a gold medal diploma. Previously Mr Burnett had sent coffee to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London in 1886 and received a certificate of merit and a bronze medal. By 1911, Buderim was the largest coffee growing area in the state.

Buderim Mountain Post Office opened on 1 June 1884 (a receiving office had been open from 1874). It was renamed Buderim by 1897.

In 1887, James Lindsay began to operate the Buderim Library from his home Ryhope. It is unclear when Buderim School of Arts was established but it was operating by 1889. In 1924 the old building was removed and a new building was constructed. The stump capping ceremony for the new building was held on Saturday 6 September 1924. The new building was officially opened on Friday 14 November 1924 by the Speaker of the Queensland Legislative Assembly William Bertram and the Buderim Library operated from the new building. The hall was renovated in 1989 enabling the library to double in size.

Buderim Methodist Church was established in 1907 on the corner of Gloucester Road and King Street. A new church was built in 1963. Following the amalgamation of the Methodist Church into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, it became the Buderim Uniting Church. The current church building was built in 1998. On 3 February 2013 the church established a Garden of Remembrance for the interment of cremated ashes.

On 5 May 1917, Reverend C. Tunstall (Vicar of Maroochy) performed the stump capping ceremony for the new Anglican church. St Mark's Anglican Church was dedicated on Saturday 25 July 1917 by Bishop Henry Le Fanu. It was rebuilt and re-dedicated in 1988.

In the middle of the 20th century, the largest ginger processing facility in the southern hemisphere was built, and operated as the Buderim Ginger Factory until 1980 when operations were moved to a new facility near Yandina. As the value of their produce was eroded, many farmers left the land to find work elsewhere.

The Buderim War Memorial Hall and Library was extended in 1966. The extension provided space for the Buderim branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association which moved into the extended facility.

In 2011, the average value of Buderim real estate was $475,000 and, largely due to its altitude, its proximity to the Sunshine Coast beaches and its pleasant climate, has increased to $595,000, and this has pressured many others out of the rural lifestyle, as housing development increased in and around Buderim Mountain. Thanks to the huge leap in real estate values during the first decade of 2000, steep land was developed that was previously deemed too expensive to engineer for housing. Due to these developments, the remainder of the farming land and much of the secondary growth rainforest on the escarpment has disappeared. Substantial rainforest remnants remain, especially in the protected area known as the Foote Sanctuary which provides well-maintained public walking paths and BBQ facilities. There is also access to the Buderim Falls. The area is home to an abundance of native wildlife, notably king parrots and lorikeets. Brush turkeys are also a common sight, as are families of kangaroos and wallabies.

Nowadays, the Mountain is notable for the enormous variety of its architectural styles, which range from the classic 'Queenslander' to ultra-modern one-off designs. Some homes, especially those 'on top' with ocean views, sell for seven-figure sums. One celebrated 'mansion', straddling four blocks, has recently been on the market for 'offers close to $20 million'.

Buderim contains a significant heritage relic of the early days in the form of Pioneer Cottage, restored and cared for by the Buderim Historical Society.

Between 1914 and 1935, a small gauge railway ran from Buderim to Palmwoods, to take produce from Buderim farms to market. The railway was closed down in 1935 when improved roads and truck transport made it economically redundant. A substantial section of the old track has been cleared and now provides a fine scenic walking trail running parallel to Mons Road. The magnificent old Krauss steam locomotive which previously hauled the carriages along this track is currently undergoing restoration and is planned for public display in the centre of Buderim, when sufficient funds are raised.

Along with a number of other regional Australian newspapers owned by NewsCorp, the Buderim Chronicle newspaper ceased publication in June 2020.

Heritage listings
Buderim has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 5 Ballinger Crescent: Pioneer Cottage
 * 12 Dixon Road: Canambie Homestead
 * 8–42 Main Street (-26.6845°N, 153.0523°W): Buderim Mountain State School
 * 10 Orme Road: Buderim House
 * Telco Road: Palmwoods-Buderim Tramway

Transport
Buderim's suburbs are served by Kinetic Group, who operate a transfer station at Buderim Market Place, and a bus station at University of the Sunshine Coast. Various bus routes connect Buderim to Maroochydore, Caloundra, Nambour and other centres.

Demographics
Census populations for the Buderim urban centre have been recorded since 1933. Due to a substantial redefinition of Buderim before the 2001 census, the first column records the UC/L population to 1996 and its component parts thereafter; the second records the SLA based on time series data.

Demographics
In the, the town of Buderim had a population of 29,355.

Education
The University of the Sunshine Coast is located near Buderim at Sippy Downs.

The area is exceptionally well-served for both state and private schools, including:

 * Buderim Mountain State School caters for Prep to Year 6. The school opened on 5 July 1875.
 * Chancellor State College (secondary 2004; primary 1997)
 * Mountain Creek State School (1994)
 * Mountain Creek State High School (1995)
 * Immanuel Lutheran College (1982)
 * Matthew Flinders Anglican College (1989)
 * Montessori International College (1982)
 * Siena Catholic Primary School (2001)
 * Siena Catholic College (1997)
 * Sunshine Coast Grammar School (1997)
 * Chevallum State School (1921)

A primary school operated in nearby Mons from 7 February 1916 to 31 December 1974.

Amenities
Buderim Library is at 3 Main Street (-26.6845°N, 153.0547°W). It is operated by volunteers and is funded by memberships and other fund railsing.

The Sunshine Coast Regional Council operates a mobile library service which visits Lindsay Road opposite the Post Office and North Buderim Boulevard.

The Buderim branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the QCWA Rooms at 3 Main Street.

St Mark's Anglican Church is at 7 Main Street (-26.6849°N, 153.0541°W). Services and other events are held Sunday to Thursday.

Buderim Uniting Church is at 2-10 Gloucester Road (-26.6838°N, 153.0557°W).

Attractions
The Buderim Heritage Walk introduces visitors to the history of Buderim through a walk through the historic places in the town.

Notable people

 * Bindi Irwin, actress, television presenter and conservationist, was born in Buderim
 * Robert Irwin, conservationist, was born in Buderim
 * Harri Jones, racing driver, was born in Buderim
 * Peggy Kelman, OBE Australian pioneer aviator, died in Buderim
 * Mitch Larkin, Australian Swimmer, born in Buderim
 * Tahlia Randall, Australian rules footballer, was born in Buderim
 * Russell Skerman, Supreme Court Judge, retired to Buderim
 * Edna Walling, landscape designer, retired to Buderim
 * Jessica Watson, OAM, Australian sailor, resident of Buderim

title: Buderim


text:
Second Italian War of Independence

The Second Italian War of Independence, also called the Sardinian War, the Austro-Sardinian War, the Franco-Austrian War, or the Italian War of 1859 (Italian: Seconda guerra d'indipendenza italiana; German: Sardinischer Krieg; French: Campagne d'Italie), was fought by the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of Italian Unification.

A year prior to the war, in the Plombières Agreement, France agreed to support Sardinia's efforts to expel Austria from Italy in return for territorial compensation in the form of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice. The two states signed a military alliance in January 1859. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859, and Austria mobilized on 9 April. On 23 April, Austria delivered an ultimatum to Sardinia demanding its demobilization. Upon Sardinia's refusal, the war began on 26 April. Austria invaded Sardinia three days later, and France declared war on Austria on 3 May.

The Austrian invasion was stopped by the arrival of French troops in Piedmont that had begun in late April. The Austrians were defeated at the Battle of Magenta on 4 June and pushed back to Lombardy, where the Franco-Sardinian victory at the Battle of Solferino on 24 June resulted in the end of the war and the signing of the Armistice of Villafranca on 12 July.

Austria ceded Lombardy to France, which, in turn, gave it to Sardinia. Exploiting the collapse of Austrian power in Italy, Sardinia annexed the United Provinces of Central Italy, consisting of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal Legations, on 22 March 1860. Two days later, Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France at the Treaty of Turin as compensation for its assistance.

Background
The Piedmontese, following their defeat by Austria in the First Italian War of Independence, recognized their need for allies. That led Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour to attempt to establish relations with other European powers, partially through Piedmont's participation in the Crimean War. In the peace conference at Paris after the Crimean War, Cavour attempted to bring attention to efforts for Italian unification. He found Britain and France to be sympathetic but refusing to go against Austrian wishes, as any movement towards Italian independence would threaten Austria's territory of Lombardy–Venetia. Private talks between Napoleon III and Cavour after the conference identified Napoleon as the most likely candidate to aid Italy although he was still uncommitted.

On 14 January 1858, Felice Orsini, an Italian, led an attempt on Napoleon III's life. The assassination attempt brought widespread sympathy for the Italian unity and had a profound effect on Napoleon III himself, who now was determined to help Piedmont against Austria to defuse the wider revolutionary activities, which governments in Italy might later allow to happen. After a covert meeting at Plombières on 21 July 1858, Napoleon III and Cavour signed a secret treaty of alliance against Austria on 28 January 1859.

France would help Piedmont-Sardinia, if attacked, to fight against Austria if Piedmont-Sardinia gave Nice and Savoy to France in return. The secret alliance served both countries by helping with the Sardinian-Piedmontese plan of unification of the Italian Peninsula under the House of Savoy. It also weakened Austria, a fiery adversary of Napoleon III's French Second Empire.

Cavour, being unable to get French help unless the Austrians attacked first, provoked Vienna by a series of military maneuvers close to the border. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859. Austria mobilised on 9 April 1859 and issued an ultimatum on 23 April demanding the complete demobilisation of the Sardinian Army. When it was not heeded, Austria started a war against Sardinia on 26 April.

The first French troops entered Piedmont on 25 April, and France declared war on Austria on 3 May.

Opposing forces
The French Army for the Italian campaign had 170,000 soldiers, 2,000 horsemen and 312 guns, half of the whole French army. The army, under the command of Napoleon III, divided into five corps: the I Corps, led by Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers; the II Corps, led by Patrice de MacMahon; the III Corps, led by François Certain de Canrobert, the IV Corps; led by Adolphe Niel, and the V Corps, led by prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte. The Imperial Guard was commanded by Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély.

Napoleon III participated in the war and showed up on the battlefield in the belief that it would motivate the French people during the war. That would prove successful.

The Sardinian Army had about 70,000 soldiers, 4,000 horsemen and 90 guns. It was divided into five divisions, led by Castelbrugo, Manfredo Fanti, Giovanni Durando, Enrico Cialdini and Domenico Cucchiari. Two volunteer formations, the Cacciatori delle Alpi and the Cacciatori degli Appennini, were also present. It was led by Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, supported by Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora.

The Austrian Army fielded more men with 220,000 soldiers, 824 guns and 22,000 horsemen. It was led by Field Marshal Ferenc Graf Gyulay.

The newly-formed United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia also supported the Franco-Italian alliance. Their ruler, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, was given 10,000 rifles and ammunition by Napoleon III. Napoleon III, with his unwavering and very genuine sympathy, also sent a military mission to Bucharest. Encouraged, Cuza formed a new military camp at Ploiești. As a result, Austria had to keep 30,000 troops in Transylvania, which could ill be spared from Italy.

War
The French Army, under Marshal François Certain Canrobert, moved into Piedmont in the first massive military use of railways. The Austrian forces counted on a swift victory over the weaker Sardinian Army before French forces could arrive in Piedmont. However, Count Gyulai, the commander of the Austrian troops in Lombardy, was very cautious and marched around the river Ticino in no specific direction until he crossed it to begin the offensive. Unfortunately for him, very heavy rains began to fall, which allowed the Piedmontese to flood the rice fields in front of his advance and slowed his army's march to a crawl.

The Austrians, under Gyulai, captured Novara on 30 April and Vercelli on 2 May and advanced on Turin from 7 May onward. The Franco-Sardinian move to strengthen the Alessandria and Po bridges around Casale Monferrato forced the Austrians to halt their advance on 9 May and to fall back on 10 May. Napoleon III left Paris on 10 May, landed at Genoa on 12 May and arrived in Alessandria on 14 May.

Napoleon then took the command of the operations of the war, whose first major clash was the Battle of Montebello on 20 May, between the Austrian IX Corps led by Karl von Urban (under the general command of Stadion) and Forey's division, part of the French I Corps under marshal d'Hilliers. The Austrians retreated after 9 hours of combat when the Sardinian Cavalry under De Sonnaz arrived, which made Gyulai even more cautious.

Napoleon III crossed the Ticino river after the Battle of Turbigo and entered Lombardy. He advanced with part of his force and sent many other troops to the north to flank the Austrians. The Austrians planned a resistance before Milan, however they were defeated at the Battle of Magenta on 5 May, which caused Gyulai to retreat east of the river Mincio to the quadrilateral fortresses, where he was relieved of his post as commander by the Emperor Franz Josef, who assumed the command himself.

The Piedmontese-French army took Milan and slowly marched further east to finish off Austria before Prussia could get involved.

During the retreat, the Austrians won one of their only victories of the war, when Karl von Urban defeated Giuseppe Garibaldi at the Battle of Treponti.

The Austrians found out that the French had halted at Brescia and decided that they should counterattack along the river Chiese. The two armies met accidentally around Solferino, which precipitated a confused series of battles.

A French corps held off three Austrian corps all day at Medole and kept them from joining the larger battle around Solferino, where, after a day-long battle, the French broke through. Ludwig von Benedek with the Austrian VIII Corps was separated from the main force and defended Pozzolengo against the Piedmontese part of the opposing army. It was successful, but the entire Austrian army retreated after the breakthrough at Solferino and withdrew back into the Quadrilateral.

Meanwhile, in the north of Lombardy, the Italian volunteers of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Hunters of the Alps defeated the Austrians at Varese and Como, and the Piedmontese-French Navy landed 3,000 soldiers and conquered the islands of Losinj (Lussino) and Cres (Cherso), in Dalmatia.

Peace
After the Battle of Solferino, a cease fire was agreed on 8 July. The two emperors met on 11 July at Villafranca di Verona and the armistice was signed on the following day - the Peace of Villafranca.

Napoleon III signed the armistice with Austria at Villafranca for a combination of reasons. The Austrians had retreated to the Quadrilateral, which would be very costly to overrun. His absence in France had made the country vulnerable to attack. His actions in Italy were being criticised in France. He did not want Cavour and Piedmont to gain too much power, mostly at the expense of his men. He feared involvement of the German states. Most of Lombardy, with its capital, Milan, excluding only the Austrian fortresses of Mantua and Legnago and the surrounding territory, was transferred from Austria to France, which would immediately cede the territories to Sardinia. The rulers of Central Italy, who had been expelled by revolution shortly after the beginning of the war, were to be restored.

The agreement, made by Napoleon behind the backs of his Sardinian allies, led to great outrage in Piedmont-Sardinia, and Cavour resigned in protest. However, the Villafranca terms never took effect. Although they were reaffirmed by the final Treaty of Zürich in 11 November, the agreement had become a dead letter. The central Italian states were occupied by Piedmont, which would not restore the previous rulers, and France was unwilling to force them to do so.

The Austrians were left to look on in frustration at the French failure to carry out the terms of the treaty. Austria had emerged triumphant after the suppression of liberal movements in 1849, but its status as a great power on the European scene was now seriously challenged and its influence in Italy severely weakened.

The next year, with French and British approval, the central Italian states (Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and part of the Papal States) were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia, and France took its deferred rewards of Savoy and Nice. This latter move was vehemently opposed by Italian national hero Garibaldi, a native of Nice, and directly led to Garibaldi's expedition to Sicily, which would complete the preliminary Unification of Italy. The annexation of Nice to France caused the Niçard exodus, or the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy, and the Niçard Vespers.

During the war, Prussia also mobilized 132,000 men, but never joined the fighting. The weaknesses laid bare during the mobilization caused the Prussian Army to initiate military reforms. These reforms were the basis for Prussia's rapid victories over Austria in 1866 and France in 1870-71, which led to a united Germany under Prussian dominance.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Second Italian War of Independence


text:
Miramar (Santurce)

Miramar is one of the forty subbarrios of Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico. It has many Spanish-style homes with patios and gardens.

History
The neighborhood is under the legal jurisdiction of Santurce in the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico. It first appears in the 16th century as a spring that fed water to the Spanish outpost of Old San Juan. During the Battle of San Juan (17 April – 2 May 1797), the town of Miramar was the site of the British ill-fated British assault on the Spanish colonial port city of San Juan de Puerto Rico during the 1796–1808 Anglo-Spanish War.

In the 17th century a wide public street, the Central Highway, (today Ponce de León Avenue) was built that ran through the spring. Commerce flourished since goods that arrived at the port of San Juan had to pass Miramar on their way to the rest of the island. Today two set of bridges known as San Antonio and Dos Hermanos connects the adjoining areas of Old San Juan and Condado. Its land area measures 0.24 sq. miles (0.62 km²), and has a resident population of 5,440 according to the 2000 United States Census.

Miramar, since its beginnings had large wooden plantation-style homes with expansive land lots. In the 1950s well known architects from the time period built extravagant homes in Miramar that are still preserved.

Miramar is home to several structures registered at the National Register of Historic Places, such as Casa Aboy-Lompré, a cultural center that was declared a historic building in the year 1989, focusing on the preservation and creation of photographic art. Another example is the Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel, declared a historic building in the year 1984. ''

Location
Miramar is situated on the northwestern part of Santurce, adjacent to Isla Grande where the Puerto Rico Convention Center is located to the west. Baldorioty de Castro Boulevard and Condado Lagoon are to the north, Alto del Cabro barrios and Gandul are to the east, and Hoare Street is to the south of Miramar.

Demographics
In 2000, Miramar had a population of 5,540.

In 2010, Miramar had a population of 4,412 and a population density of 18,383.3 persons per square mile.

Neighborhood
Miramar is an exclusive residential neighbourhood where primarily middle to upper-class families reside, characterized by quiet streets lined with large, mature shade trees. There are still a handful of historical residences with the charm and atmosphere from the bygone era including several Prairie School architectural style buildings by internationally renowned architect Antonin Nechodoma. Miramar's rich architectural legacy is now protected by law as it was designated an historical district of Puerto Rico. The government of Puerto Rico has passed a law declaring Miramar a Historic Town.

Miramar's Residents Association has had two legal triumphs in the court system that have helped define zoning laws and development sustainability.

The Justice Department of Puerto Rico (which can be seen in the picture, third condo from right to left, dark colored] is located in Miramar, and had plans to expand their facilities. Expropriation processes were begun for adjacent lots. The Association took the matter to court and simultaneously began lobbying in the Puerto Rico Legislature. Their endeavors resulted in the passing of a law declaring the historic value of the area, and officially declaring Miramar a historic district. Thus, the courts ruled such zoning laws pertaining to historic districts prohibited the proposed expansion plans. To this day, the adjacent lots are empty, but the department has abandoned their proposed expansion.

The second victory for the Residents was in the halting of construction of a four-lane expressway that was begun on the south part of Miramar. The proposed plans were considered to be an abuse of the environment (hundred-year-old trees would have been cut down), the highway would not meet noise emission levels in regular traffic hours (as established by law for historic districts), and various condos and houses would become isolated from the rest of the town. In an unexpected move, in 2010 Mayor Jorge Santini proposed that instead of building the highway, a green concept should be pursued and a light rail program called SaTour was to be built. The plan is part of the San Juan Walkable City proposed plan, which is intended to connect Miramar to the Train system already in place called Tren Urbano. When completed, Miramar will have a direct access through train with Hato Rey, Guaynabo, and Bayamón.

Miramar is home to the coeducational Catholic parochial school Academia del Perpetuo Socorro, the Puerto Rico Convention Center, the Isla Grande Airport, the Cruise ship Pan-American Cruise Pier, the luxurious yacht harbor of Club Nautico, and the Puerto Rico Conservatory of Music.

Miramar is located two miles from Old San Juan, three miles from shopping mecca Condado, and four miles from the international airport Luis Muñoz Marín.

Historical Battles
On 1797 Miramar witnessed the English Royal Navy under the reign of George III of the United Kingdom and led by the mighty Abercromby shell of the Fortín de San Gerónimo in Old San Juan.

title: Miramar (Santurce)


text:
Yandina, Queensland

Yandina is a rural town and locality in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Yandina had a population of 3,073 people.

Geography
Yandina is in the Sunshine Coast hinterland. The name originates from the Kabi language, "yan dhinang" meaning to "cross water by foot", marking the first upstream ford over the Maroochy River.

The Bruce Highway enters the locality from the south (Kulangoor / Parklands), bypasses the town of Yandina to the east, and exits the locality to the north (Bridges). The Yandina-Coolum Road and the Yandina-Bli Bli Road both exit to the east.

The North Coast railway line enters the locality from the south (Kulangoor), passes through the town which is served by the Yandina railway station (-26.561°N, 152.9582°W), before exiting the locality to the north (Bridges).

History
Aboriginal people have lived in the Yandina district for over 40,000 years. They belonged to the Gubbi Gubbi language group, which consisted of a number of tribes occupying traditional resource areas. Around Yandina, the Undandi tribal area was east of the present day railway line while the Nalbo area was west of the line. Legends, bora rings, pathways, grinding grooves, scarred trees and middens provide evidence of occupancy.

European settlement began in the 1850s and the town of Yandina was surveyed in 1870. It was the first town in the Maroochy district. Many of the original buildings and the heritage streetscape of Stevens Street have been preserved. The Anglican church, built initially as a community church and opened in 1880, is the oldest on the Sunshine Coast. It is part of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane. The Yandina hotel dates back to 1889 and was relocated using rollers and a bullock team in 1891 when the railway came through town. In the same year, the post office was moved to the new railway station. Privately owned Koongalba homestead is on the National Heritage List and is one of several historic homes in town. Yandina was originally planned to be the centre of the shire but as the local sugar mill was built in Nambour, more and more people who worked there moved closer.

Yandina Baptist Church opened in 1921. The Baptist congregation had previously been using the Anglican church for their services. In January 1921 the Baptists purchased the former union church in Pomona to relocate it to Railway Street in Yandina. The opening ceremony was held on Wednesday 16 March 1921.

Yandina Provisional School opened on 14 November 1889. On 4 February 1902, it became Yandina State School. A preschool was added in 1974.

The early timber getters logged beech, cedar, bunya pine and flooded gum. The timber industry remained important until the 1970s when a shortage of timber forced the closure on the Yandina mill. The fertile land around Yandina has been used for beef and dairy cattle, fruit growing, sugar cane and ginger.

Yandina Presbyterian Church was officially opened on Saturday 30 November 1940.

Nambour & District Reds (or Nambour Reds) soccer club was established in 1974. In 1997 Nambour Reds merged with Yandina Eagles to create Nambour Yandina United.

The Buderim Ginger Factory in Yandina was opened in April 1980 and also operates as a tourist attraction.

The town was bypassed by the Bruce Highway July 1997.

Yandina Baptist Church celebrated its centenary in 2021.

Today, Yandina officially endures as the oldest continuously inhabited town on the Sunshine Coast.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Yandina had a population of 2,221 people.

In the, the locality of Yandina had a population of 2,371 people.

In the, the locality of Yandina had a population of 3,073 people.

Heritage listings
Yandina has a heritage-listed site:
 * Koongalba, 12 Wharf Street (-26.5681°N, 152.9587°W)

Education
Yandina State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 48 School Road (-26.5522°N, 152.9579°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 289 students with 26 teachers (21 full-time equivalent) and 15 non-teaching staff (10 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

There is no secondary school in Yandina. The nearest government secondary school in Nambour State College in Nambour to the south.

Facilities
Maroochy River Fire Station is at 11 Branyandah Street (-26.5594°N, 152.9722°W).

Yandina Ambulance Station is at 2 Machinery Road (-26.5564°N, 152.9609°W).

There is a sewage treatment plant at 10 Focus Lane (-26.5531°N, 152.967°W).

Yandina Cemetery is at 33 Cordwell Road (-26.572°N, 152.9574°W).

Amenities
The Sunshine Coast Regional Council operates a mobile library service which visits Stevens Street.

The Yandina branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the Yandina Hall at 11 Stevens Street (-26.5614°N, 152.9569°W).

Yandina RSL Hall is at 24 North Street (-26.5583°N, 152.9539°W).

Wonga Park is a sportsground at 8 North Street (-26.558°N, 152.9532°W). It is the home ground of Nambour Yandina United, an association football club affiliated with Sunshine Coast Football.

Yandina has a number of churches including:

 * All Saints' Anglican Church at 3 Farrell Street (-26.5619°N, 152.9553°W)
 * Yandina Baptist Church at 31 Low Street (corner of Railway Street, -26.5596°N, 152.9572°W)
 * Yandina Seventh-Day Adventist Church at 23 North Street (-26.5588°N, 152.9536°W)

Attractions
Yandina is the home to the Buderim Ginger Factory (-26.5556°N, 152.9593°W) and Nutworks (-26.5545°N, 152.9615°W).

Yandina Historic House is a local history museum and visitor information centre at 3 Pioneer Road (-26.5579°N, 152.9595°W). It is leased from the Sunshine Coast Council and operated by the Yandina & District Historical Society.

Transport
Yandina Station on the Nambour and Gympie North Line has passenger train services to Brisbane.

In popular culture
Peter Carey describes the Yandina of 1972 in his novel His Illegal Self.

title: Yandina, Queensland


text:
Talk:The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)

Vivaldi Inspired Shakespeare???
Did I miss the invention of the time machine? 4shockblast (talk) 09:22, 05 March 2011 (UTC)

Thumbs up 81.157.173.173 (talk) 16:53, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

Media files incorrectly represent work
Seems like variations have been added to the media files. This doesn't match up with the original sheetmusic... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.226.230.36 (talk) 17:32, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Run time?
If anyone's got a copy, it would be nice to add the approximate length in minutes of the tune. (Assuming it doesn't vary too much by performance). -- stillnotelf   has a talk page  03:22, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

These are all from the Itzhak Perlman recordings from his CD entitled 'The Four Seasons':

Spring I  - 3:22

Spring II - 2:43

Spring III - 4:49

Summer I  - 6:14

Summer II - 2:45

Summer III - 3:06

Autumn I  - 5:22

Autumn II - 3:07

Autumn III - 3:20

Winter I  - 3:36

Winter II - 2:32

Winter III - 3:29

Eggness (talk) 01:17, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I have reverted vandalism in your paragraph ("kaka", twice) and corrected a misspelling ("Izthak" -> "Itzhak"). Thnidu (talk) 15:01, 22 May 2021 (UTC)

Media downloads broken
Under media, there are downloads for all twelve movements. The first link produced a correctly named but zero-length file. The third did the same. But the second link yielded a working file.

I haven't a clue what to do about this.

 * I've encountered a similar problem. 11 of the files downloaded well, but the third movement of La Primavera downloads as a 0-length file, both in Firefox and via wget. - Gilgamesh 12:17, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi. We've had a problem with our file upload server sometimes sending zero byte file bodies when it is under load. Our caches then would get these zero byte files stuck in them. I believe we have resolved this issue, although I am not totally sure yet. It is intermittent but we are able to reproduce it, so it will be solved if it isn't. Thanks for your patience. --Gmaxwell 02:15, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Yep, the same, got a zero-length file... Any way to fix this on my side? --Neikius 09:14, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

''This comment by User:GeoFan49 moved here from the article space:
 * 07 - Vivaldi Autumn mvt 1 Allegro - John Harrison violin.ogg

 * This file seems to be damaged. The file download is zero length.

 * 08 - Vivaldi Autumn mvt 2 Adagio molto - John Harrison violin.ogg

 * The sound volume level of this file does not match the others in this collection.

GeoFan49 10:20, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Citation
Why the heck does anyone need a citation when they say that music from the Four Seasons appear in a film??? How idiotic. 66.171.76.176 02:25, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Also, Why does it need a Citation to say the it makes sense to me? It does!! Do you need a citation to my brain or something?! GOSH HOW IDIOTIC. 66.171.76.176 02:25, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

The overview says "calling to mind icy rain, whereas "Summer" evokes a thunderstorm[...]" Does this constitute a violation of Wikipedia's article standards? It just seems less encyclopaedic and more speculative, almost. Perhaps if a critic was referenced as having said these, it would be more satisfactory. 66.235.20.42 (talk) 01:11, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Nomination at Featured sound candidates
Please see Featured sound candidates/The Four Seasons. Thanks.--Pharos 20:17, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Composition Date
I'm confused. Was it composed in 1723 or 1725? Was it composed in one and published in the other? Other places online seem to say 1725... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Greatal386 (talk • contribs) 05:15, 5 March 2007 (UTC).

programme
a- spring has arrived, b- and happily the birds welcome it in joyfull song, c- and the streams flow at the breath of zephyrs with sweet murmuring. d- meanwhile, the sky darkens and there is thunder and lightning. e- afterwards the little birds return and all sing anew. f- and so, on the plesent flowery meadow under the rustiling trees, the shepard sleeps with his faithful dog by his side. g- to the festival sound of county bagpipes nymphs and zephyrs dance under the glorious spring sky. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 194.125.54.245 (talk) 11:19, 13 May 2007 (UTC).
 * LOLWUT 66.171.76.176 02:25, 12 December 2006 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.91.131.143 (talk)

Notable Performances and Recordings
Wouldn't this be a nice section to have on this page? I'm surprised it's not already on there. Is there a wiki-rule against this? Kansaikiwi (talk) 05:50, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Sonnets
I appreciate that User:Billinghurst took the time to copy the sonnets to Wikisource, but there is no reason why they shouldn't remain in the article. Viriditas (talk) 08:52, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Article Source
I am flattered that part of the article has been taken from my Website but acknowledgement would have been appreciated.

As for the question on timings, with over 300 performances available on CD or LP every performer has their own approach and so each one is a different length. Roughly the four concertos take 40 minutes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.69.95.20 (talk) 08:23, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

IPhone version of page not working
The mobile version of this page didn't work when I tried to use it. It doesn't appear to be a problem on my part, as other mobile wikipedia pages work normally. Just letting people know, as I don't really have the time or knowledge to go about fixing it. Cheers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.238.144.255 (talk) 11:57, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Songs play too slow and sound like they were not performed correctly
As subject: The songs are played too slow and they sound as though they were not performed correctly.130.56.85.176 (talk) 22:48, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
 * They sound fine to me. Its a modern-instrument performance, perhaps a bit on the safe side, but its a free recording demonstrating to readers what the pieces sounds like.  At that task it succeeds brilliantly.  If you know of better recordings in the public domain let us know.DavidRF (talk) 03:44, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

John Harrison
Could anyone tell me who is the artist John Harrison playing the recordings posted on this wiki page. I google it for years (whenever I think of it) but still can not manage to find who he is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.75.18.246 (talk) 16:30, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * For details about John Harrison, see http://www.johnharrisonviolin.com/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.153.155.136 (talk) 15:22, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Lets put "in popular culture" chapter
i heard this song (spring in allegro,first movement)on Boating Buddies on Spongebob Squarepants.did you agree that ill gonna put "in popular culture" section because of these?let the others decide.and if you heard the The Four Seasons in other media(i mean,like shows),lets talk here John kaiser (talk) 03:37, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Where on earth would we stop ? Vivaldi's music has been used so very many times, on TV, in films, on radio, in advertisements, in lifts (elevators). Where would you suggest we draw the line? 13:27, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

 * It seems like the "Derivative Works" section has turned into this.DavidRF (talk) 02:43, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

Reference to Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione
The Four Seasons is a part of a set of twelve concertos called Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione (The Contest Between Harmony and Invention). There is a Wikipedia article about that work as well. It would be appropriate and interesting to refer to that work here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Burabil (talk • contribs) 18:49, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Curved Air
I intended to put this passage under "Derivative Works" for 1970.

 * Progressive rock band Curved Air released several adaptions of "L'estate"/"Summer": "Vivaldi" and "Vivaldi (With Cannons)" on their 1970 debut album, Air Conditioning, and "Ultra-Vivaldi" on their third, 1972's Phantasmagoria. None of these pieces credit Vivaldi as a composer in any capacity: "Vivaldi" is credited to Darryl Way, while "Vivaldi (With Cannons)" and "Ultra-Vivaldi" are credited to Way and Francis Monkman.

I declined to enter it yet because I have yet to find a source that describes these songs explicitly as adaptions of "The Four Seasons". I've heard some reviewers (on ProgArchives, for example) call them original pieces, influenced by Vivaldi's work. However, to my ears, "Summer" seems to be more than an influence but a basis for the compositions. I suppose I could simply write that the pieces were influenced by "The Four Seasons", but again I have not found a reference online that supports this statement. Anyone have any advice? Krobertj (talk) 20:46, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

Vandalism
It looks as though someone has been vandalizing this page, as the formatting is completely off and the article literally begins with: "Vivaldi was a sick man bruv. so cool i mean he pulled all the birds know what i mean." Someone should address this ASAP. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.246.105.100 (talk) 15:57, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Missing verbiage
The opening section end with these words: "Vivaldi separated each concerto into three movements, fast-slow-fast, and likewise each linked sonnet into three sections. His arrangement is as follows:"

And that's all there is. Something has been edited out, for whatever reason. This needs fixing. Opus131 (talk) 06:52, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

Recording by Wichita State University Chamber Players
Why is the player highlighted in the article? Is it a notable recording?

Editing: intro vs. "Sonnets and allusions"
The section provides little new info that is not already provided by the introduction. Suggest to elaborate in this section. 73.152.131.12 (talk) 18:31, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

Century gap??
§Derivative works details a rich history of over eighty works from "1726 (or 1734)" to 2021, but nothing' at all in the nineteenth century, jumping directly from 1775 to 1969. This cannot possibly be correct, and suggests vandalism at some point. --Thnidu (talk) 14:27, 22 May 2021 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't assume just based on that that it's vandalism. It could be that people very familiar with 18th century and modern music have added details they're aware of but the 19th century never got similar attention.  Or a well-intended user could have accidentally blanked part of the list while adding something to it.  I'd d recommend browsing the history to see if the article ever had anything in that era in the list.
 * On the other hand, I'd also say that this list is already far too exhaustive, delving into the realm of trivia. I think it should be trimmed down to only the most notable works (If include Vivaldi's own and Bach's variations, probably the modern recording with Latrick Stewart reading the sonnets, and the Max Richter work for certain, but I'm sure several others would be considered particularly notable.
 * Dayv (talk) 21:30, 22 July 2022 (UTC)-
 * Dayv (talk) 21:30, 22 July 2022 (UTC)-

Musical Sources (Vivaldi's borrowings)
Don't get me wrong, I'm an ENORMOUS fan of Vivaldi, whom I think is a great deal more varied and original than he is given credit for - eg the Muslim-inspired section in one of the Viola D'Amore and mandolin concerti, the very modernistic and minimalist writing in three other concerti.

But: 'Though three of the concerti are wholly original..'? Oh come on. The main theme of the Allegro from 1 is straight out of Corelli, and the progression in 'Winter' is directly from Purcell's 'Cold Song' from 'King Arthur'. And pleeease don't tell me Vivaldi wouldn't have known either. Corelli was the greatest violin virtuoso in Europe immediately before Vivaldi was the greatest violin virtuoso in Europe; it would be incredible if Vivaldi hadn't personally heard him, probably met him, and had a deep familiarity with his repertoire. As for Purcell, he was the regarded as perhaps the greatest composer in Europe when Vivaldi was a teen; Vivaldi had an English agent, sold a lot of music in England, and was regularly visited by and was good mates with English musicians some of whom would have known Purcell purconally (sry sry couldn't resist). It would surprise me very much if some material in the other Seasons wasn't also borrowed. To misquote Peter Schickele talking of P.D.Q. Bach, Vivaldi didn't regard it as stealing, he regarded it as recycling. Indigocat (talk) 08:36, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

John Wick: Chapter 3
Should we mention the featuring of "Winter" in this film? ——DP

basso continuo
describing the basso continuo as a "kind of groovy bass line" is dated and quite a disservice to Vivaldi, Baroque music, and the classical genre in general. Please update the terminology and try to avoid such dated and unnecessary colloquialisms. Thank you. Rev. Vincent O. Holland-Gonzalez, Sr. 2601:6C1:582:A850:ED15:9363:1763:1FF0 (talk) 20:58, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

Copied material from Encyclopedia Britannica
Several paragraphs of this article appear to be lifted verbatim from the Encyclopedia Britannica article. This isn't allowed, right? I assume the proper thing would be to paraphrase the information and add a proper citation? (The copied material was originally introduced in this revision - note that the user who made that edit also vandalized the page several times in the same day.) 2601:805:8200:807:3C33:5B97:8FF9:CB38 (talk) 04:25, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)


text: Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Jilin


text:
Category:Cities in Jilin

Cities in Jilin province include:

title: Category:Cities in Jilin


text:
Talk:1000Fryd

Untitled
Very much a work in progress - please give it a few days and I (the originator) will have other people add info...

See also: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Aalborg-Denmark/1000Fryd/258154360230?v=photos (note: not sure what is the sharing status of pictures put on facebook?) 77.213.98.162 (talk) 07:39, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:1000Fryd


text:
Zalantun

Zalantun (Manchu J̌alan Ai"l or Jalan Tun) or Zhalantun (Mongolian: ), is a city and administrative division of Hulunbuir Prefecture-level city, Inner Mongolia, China. It is in the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia, in the southeastern foothills of the Greater Khingan mountains, bordering Heilongjiang province to the east. It is an area which has a number of forests and streams, as well as the Yalu River, not to be confused with the Yalu River on the Sino-Korean border. It is known for its hunting and fishing.

History
Zalantun was formerly known as Butha, and the city was made into an administrative centre in the Kangxi era. In 1929, Buteha was renamed as Yalu county because the Yalu River runs through it, but in 1933 it became the Zalantun Banner. In 1983, Zalantun ceased to be a banner and became a part of Hulunbuir, remaining so today.

Administrative divisions
Zalantun is made up of 7 subdistricts, 8 towns, 1 township, and 3 ethnic townships.

Climate
Zalantun has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa/Dwb), with long frigid winters, very warm summers, and short transitional seasons. The monthly mean temperature ranges from −16.5 °C in January to 21.7 °C in July, while the annual mean is 3.65 °C. Typifying the influence of the East Asian Monsoon, on average, a majority of the annual 501 mm of precipitation falls in July and August alone.

Economy
Zalantun's economy is based primarily on tourism and agriculture, livestock and forestry. The Harbin-Manzhouli Railway traverses the district. It is rich in food grains, particularly wheat, soy and corn, as well as cattle, sheep, horse and other livestock. It has an industrial base in paper production, candy production, and wool. It has an annual average temperature of 2 °C and an average annual precipitation of 480mm. The northwest portion of the district consists of natural forests in the Greater Khingan mountains.

Transport
Zhalantun Chengjisihan Airport was opened in December 2016.

title: Zalantun


text:
2001–02 in Scottish football

The 2001–02 season was the 105th season of competitive football in Scotland.

Key events
Celtic, domestic treble winners a year earlier, retain their Premier League title.

After failing to win anything the previous season, Rangers won the Scottish Cup and League Cup under their new manager Alex McLeish.

Airdrieonians, who narrowly missed out on promotion to the Premier League as First Division runners-up, went out of business of 1 May with debts of nearly £3million. Later that month, however, a new club representing the town of Airdrie - Airdrie United - was formed, with ambitions of gaining Scottish league status for the 2002–03 season.

Livingston, in the Premier League for the first time, finished third and qualified for the UEFA Cup. Livingston, who were known as Meadowbank Thistle until relocating from Edinburgh to Livingston in 1995 and played their first season in their new location as a Third Division club.

Falkirk avoided relegation from the First Division and Stenhousemuir avoided relegation from the Second as a result of the league losing a member. The vacant place in the Third Division was occupied by Gretna, who until then had played in the English non-league system.

Despite Gretna beating Airdrie United to the vacant league place, Airdrie United still gained a league place for the 2002–03 season – in the Second Division – as they bought out the debt-ridden club Clydebank.

Queen of the South won the Second Division league title for the first time in 51-years since they won the Division B league title in season 1950–51. These were the only two occasions that the Dumfries club had won a league title in their history, that was up until they won their third ever league title in season 2012–13, when they won the Second Division once again.

Scottish Premier League
The 2001–02 Scottish Premier League was won by Celtic. Rangers finished second and therefore qualified for a UEFA Champions League place alongside Celtic. Livingston, in their debut season in Scotland's top division, qualified for the UEFA Cup along with Aberdeen. St Johnstone were relegated to the First Division.

Scottish clubs in Europe
Average coefficient - 6.625

Scotland national team
Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * WCQG6 = World Cup Qualifying - Group 6

title: 2001–02 in Scottish football


text: Category:Politics of Lebanon

title: Category:Politics of Lebanon


text:
Category:Genealogists

A collector or researcher in Genealogy

title: Category:Genealogists


text: Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Shaanxi