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Mark Schubert

Mark Schubert is an American Hall of Fame swim coach best known as the coach of the USC Trojans from 1992-1996, and of Mission Viejo Nadadores swim club from 1972 to 1985, and 2016 to 2022. He was a long serving Olympic coach (1984-2008) and head swimming coach for the University of Texas women (1989-1992) and University of Southern California (1992-2006), taking his teams to three NCAA National titles.

Education
Schubert was first introduced to swimming by Dick Wells, his High School swim coach at Akron Ohio's Harvey S. Firestone High School. Mark swam the breaststroke and played trombone in the band. Securing a swimming scholarship, he swam for the University of Kentucky where he was an assistant coach his last two years. During his brief tenure, he helped guide the University of Kentucky Swim team to their most successful season in history up to that time. His first head coaching job was from 1971-1972 with Cuyahoga Falls High School in Ohio for one year.

Mission Viejo Nadadores
Starting with the Nadadores at only 23 in 1972, he grew the team from 50 to 500 members, with his swimmers winning 17 total Olympic medals, 124 National Championships, and five World titles. Swimmers from the Nadadores set 88 American, and 21 World records, and won a total of 44 national championship titles. He coached the team for thirteen years through 1985 before returning to the team in 2016. Due to the number of Olympians and world class swimmers he coached, his many years of coaching the Nadadores may have been the most significant part of his coaching legacy.

University of Texas
He coached the University of Texas Women's team from 1989 to 1992 where he mentored NCAA champions, including Leigh Ann Fetter and Whitney Hedgepeth. He took the team to NCAA Championships in 1990 and 1991.

During his career, his teams have won three NCAA Championships and 49 NCAA individual titles.

University of Southern California
He served as the head coach for both the University of Southern California men's and women's swim teams from around 1992-2006. In 1997, with the aid of such swimmers as Olympic gold medalist Lindsay Benko, he led the Women's team to his third NCAA championship.

After taking the reigns in 2006, he took a paid leave of absence from his role with USA Swimming in September 2010, and was later terminated from his position.

Late club coaching
Schubert was also the head coach for the Mission Bay Makos from 1985-1988 in Boca Raton, Florida, a large club where his teams won 9 national team titles. Schubert coached college swimming from 1989-2010. In 2011, Schubert coached Golden West Swim Club in Huntington Beach, California. In 2016, he returned to the Mission Viejo Nadadores as head coach, after working closely with Bill Rose who was retiring. Rose, who had been head coach since the 1990's, was admired and respected during his tenure. Schubert continued to drive the team to success through his retirement from the team in 2022. In early 2022, Schubert departed with some pro swimmers to coach at the Saddle Back El Toro (SET) Swim team. As of late 2022, Coach Schubert went to coach swimmers in China.

Olympic coaching
He has also served as one of the USA's Olympic Swimming Team coaches in: 1980 (which the USA did not attend), 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, and 2004. He served as part of the team staff for the 2008 Olympics as well.

Olympians coached
He has coached many swimming greats such as Shirley Babashoff, Brian Goodell, Mike O'Brien, Janet Evans, Tiffany Cohen, Cynthia Woodhead, Lenny Krayzelburg, and Jill Sterkel. More recent swimmers include Jarett Maycott, USA swimming managing director Lindsay Benko, Jessica Hardy, Erik Vendt, Larsen Jensen, Ous Mellouli, Bernard Mendez, Kristine Quance, Khoa Tran, Dara Torres and Kaitlin Sandeno.

Honors and leadership roles
In 1997, he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame (ISHOF) as an Honor Coach. Widely recognized, he has been named a “Coach of The Year” by American Swimming Coaches Association, United States Olympic Committee, United States Swimming, NCAA and Pac-10.

In late August 2021, Schubert resigned from his position on the American Swimming Association (ASA) Board of Directors. He has served as the Vice-President of the College Swim Coaches Association of America. With United States Swimming, he has served on the Steering, Olympic Operations and Technical Planning committees.

title: Mark Schubert


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Remand (court procedure)

Remand is when higher courts send cases back to lower courts for further action. In the law of the United States, appellate courts remand cases to district courts for actions such as a new trial. Federal appellate courts, including the Supreme Court, have the power to "remand [a] cause and ... require such further proceedings to be had as may be just under the circumstances." This includes the power to make summary "grant, vacate and remand" (GVR) orders.

Appellate courts remand cases whose outcome they are unable to finally determine. For example, cases may be remanded when the appellate court decides that the trial judge committed a procedural error, excluded admissible evidence, or ruled improperly on a motion. In common law jurisdictions, remand refers to the adjournment (continuance) of criminal proceedings, when the accused is either remanded in custody or on bail. Appellate courts are said to remit matters to lower courts for further consideration.

Details
When the United States Supreme Court grants certiorari and reverses a decision of a state supreme court or a Federal appeals court, it may remand the case. Likewise, an appeals court may remand a case to a trial court. A remand may be a full remand, essentially ordering an entirely new trial; when an appellate court grants a full remand, the lower court's decision is "reversed and remanded."

Alternatively, it may be "with instructions" specifying, for example, that the lower court must use a different legal standard when considering facts already entered at trial. A partial remand occurs when an appellate court affirms a conviction while directing the lower court to revisit the sentencing phase of the trial. Finally, it may remand a case upon concluding that the lower court made a mistake and also did not adjudicate issues that must be considered.

A federal court may also remand when a civil case is filed in a state court and the defendant removes the case to the local federal district court. If the federal court decides that the case was not one in which removal was permissible, it may remand the case to state court. Here, the federal court is not an appellate court as in the case above, and the case was remanded because the removal to the federal court was improper.

In federal tribunals in the United States, it is possible for an Article III court to remand a case to an Article I court, if the case was originally decided by the Article I court and then appealed to the Article III court, or for a higher-level administrative tribunal within an executive agency to remand a case to a lower-level tribunal within the same agency.

While Article III courts are allowed to remand a case back to Article I courts, there is a recent trend towards divesting U.S. magistrate judges from the power to remand cases back to state court. The same statutory basis for divesting magistrate judges of their power to remand may logically be applied to Article I judges.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Remand (court procedure)


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Total Recall 2070

Total Recall 2070 is a science fiction television series influenced by the work of Philip K. Dick. It was first broadcast in 1999 on the Canadian television channel CHCH-TV and later the same year on the American Showtime channel. It was later syndicated in the United States with some editing to remove scenes of nudity, violence and (in most cases) strong language.

The series was filmed in Toronto, Ontario. It was a Canadian/German co-production. A single season consisting of 22 episodes was produced.

Production
Total Recall 2070 was created by Art Monterastelli. The series is named after the 1990 film Total Recall, loosely based on Philip K. Dick's short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale", but it has been noted as sharing no major plot points or characters with it, other than the Rekall company and the concept of virtual vacations. Instead, a much larger influence in its plot elements and especially visual style has been recognized to be the 1982 film Blade Runner, itself a loose adaptation of Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. Series creator Art Monterastelli has admitted the stronger influence of Blade Runner over Total Recall, and explained, he thought doing a paranoid psychological thriller with a strong visual background reminiscent of Blade Runner, would be a better use of their limited budget, provide more creative opportunities to the writers, and even be more in line with the spirit of Dick's antihero storylines as found in his body of work, compared to the Total Recall action film. Despite the influence of his works to the series production, Dick is not credited on the series main or end titles.

Most of this series was filmed at the Downsview Park studio, at the location of a former Canadian Forces Base in north Toronto. The series futuristic cityscape was created by John Gajdecki and his company Gajdecki Visual Effects, blending computer-generated images with a live-action soundstage set. Two or three levels of entire futuristic environment were constructed for the production and later mixed with the CGI.

Story
Total Recall 2070 takes place in a dark, crowded, industrial and cosmopolitan setting, with a noir sci-fi aesthetic. The government bureaucracy is heavily influenced by a small number of extremely powerful companies called "the Consortium" (including computer memory and virtual-reality vacation provider Rekall and android manufacturer Uber Braun). David Hume is a senior detective for the Citizens Protection Bureau (CPB), a police agency focused on general public safety. After his partner is killed by self-aware androids, he is partnered against his wishes with Ian Farve, a naive officer new to the department, who is himself secretly an "Alpha Class" android—a model with a more complex psychological nature. Hume and the CPB often have conflicts with the Assessor's Office (the investigative agency that has sole jurisdiction over crimes related to the Consortium) and with the private security forces of Consortium companies. The main story arcs of the series concern the agendas of the Consortium, the mystery of Farve's origins, Hume's wife Olivia, whose memories have been tampered with, and the mysterious manufacturer of Alpha Class androids. Significant plot elements remain unresolved by the end of the series run, due to cancellation; a crucial story arc from the series was the suggestion that the memory expansion used on self-aware androids was part non-human DNA and that a material found by a remote base on Mars could create a hybrid of human and android DNA.

Main characters

 * Michael Easton as David Hume: A CPB Detective whose original partner was killed by rogue androids. His initial highly antagonistic attitude towards androids changes once he gets to know his new partner.
 * Karl Pruner as Ian Farve: Hume's android partner. Farve is an Alpha-class prototype android, an advanced model based on synthetic cloning technology. Farve is polite and very formal.
 * Cynthia Preston as Olivia Hume: Hume's wife. In the episode "Paranoid", she discovers that false memories were implanted on her before she met her husband, which leads to their separation.
 * Michael Anthony Rawlins as Martin Ehrenthal: Hume's superior at the CPB.
 * Judith Krant as Olan Chang: CPB forensic pathologist and computer specialist.
 * Matthew Bennett as James Calley: A representative for the Assessors Office (a more invasive future version of Internal Affairs), who often butts heads with Hume and Farve.

The Consortium
By the year 2070, Earth and Mars (as well as space stations) are ruled by a unified government known as the Interplanetary Council (IPC). However, much of the real power is held by the Consortium, composed of at least six multi-global companies that financed the colonization of Mars.

The known six companies are:
 * Rekall, the information technology powerhouse of the 21st century. Rekall also provides the Operating Systems for the Androids manufactured by Uber Braun.
 * Minacon, the energy supply company, provides both the oil on Earth and the deuterium on Mars.
 * Tashimo-Pacific, the transport company, created "Johnny Cab."
 * Uber Braun, the rocket and robotics corporation, build the service androids.
 * Variable Dynamics, the medical and bio-tech company, is interested in creating synthetic humans.
 * Tillman Heath advertising boards are around the city in the series. Tillman Heath is the agriculture and chemicals giant but its real purpose was not unveiled in the 1st series. Its slogan is "Bringing the world's food supply to you."

DVD releases
In 1999, the complete series was released on DVD in Japan (in English and dubbed in Japanese). The 2-hour series pilot ("Machine Dreams") has been available on region 1 DVD and VHS (Canada and the United States) since 2000. The series was broadcasting in Italy as of 2010 on Fantasy channel (Sky pay-TV), dubbed in Italian language.

On February 22, 2011, Alliance Home Entertainment released the complete series for the first time on DVD (uncut) in Canada only.

Online
Since September 2009, the entire 22-episode series (in the censored US versions, and with advertising) has been available in low-resolution Flash Video format via Comcast's official Hulu-based "FanCast" streaming video online service. The whole series was also formerly available online through the beta version of the Joost online TV content distribution system.

title: Total Recall 2070


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Maisonneuve—Rosemont

Maisonneuve—Rosemount (also known as Maisonneuve) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1979.

This riding was created in 1933 from parts of Maisonneuve riding.

The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Gamelin, Lafontaine and a new Maisonneuve riding.

The new Maisonneuve riding was created from parts of Hochelaga, Mercier and Maisonneuve—Rosemont ridings. The name of this electoral district was changed in 1970 to "Maisonneuve—Rosemont". It was abolished in 1976 when it was redistributed into Gamelin, Maisonneuve, Rosemont and Saint-Léonard ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Maisonneuve—Rosemont


text: User talk:81.152.24.50

title: User talk:81.152.24.50


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Mégantic—Frontenac

Mégantic—Frontenac was a federal electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1949.

This riding was created in 1933 from Mégantic and Richmond—Wolfe ridings. It consisted of:
 * the county of Mégantic except that part as is included in the municipalities of Leeds, Leeds East, St-Jacques-de-Leeds, Nelson, Ste-Anastasie-de-Nelson and the village of Lyster;
 * that part of the county of Frontenac as is included in the municipalities of Courcelles, St-Vital-de-Lambton, St-Evariste-de-Forsyth, St-Méthode-d'Adstock, St-Sébastien and the villages of Lambton and St-Evariste Station;
 * that part of the county of Wolfe as is included in the municipalities of Garthby, Stratford, Wolfestown, D'Israeli and the villages of Beaulac and D'Israeli.

It was abolished in 1947 when it was redistributed into Beauce, Compton—Frontenac and Mégantic ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Mégantic—Frontenac


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Totally Britney Live

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge content into Britney Spears and not leave a re-direct. Since the content was so short, I just copied it to Talk:Britney Spears to be merged and will now delete the listed article. moink 11:59, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Totally Britney Live
not worthy of mention. Or is it? Master Thief Garrett 02:40, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Mrs. Federline. (BTW, Garrett, you may want to avoid making nominations in the form of a question without a clear statement of your own vote. People have gotten in trouble for that sort of thing before, although I definitely don't suspect any bad faith on your part.) android↔talk 05:00, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I just said "or is it?" since many many times I've said what I thought and been shot down--look at Main Street, Dallas, Texas. I thought I'd spotted this line already in the core Britney article, but a further look shows I was mistaken. Other MTV stuff is there but not this... but I certainly wasn't intending it as a question. I'll have to remember not to do that...! Master Thief Garrett 05:26, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Britney Spears without merge. - Stoph 05:03, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Britney Spears without redirect. Master Thief Garrett 05:26, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Britney Spears without redirect--AYArktos 09:02, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Secretcurse 02:02, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/no redirect. Samaritan 15:56, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:22, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Montmagny—L'Islet

Montmagny—L'Islet was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1968.

This riding was created in 1933 from L'Islet and Montmagny ridings.

It initially consisted of:
 * the county of Montmagny, Île-aux-Grues and adjoining Islands, except such part of the said county of Montmagny included in the municipalities of Berthier and Saint-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud;
 * the county of L'Islet, except such part thereof as is included in the municipalities of Ashford, Sainte-Louise, Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies, Saint-Perpétue and Tourville.

In 1947, it was redefined to consist of:
 * the county of Montmagny (except the municipalities of Berthier and Saint-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud), and the town of Montmagny and the municipality of L'Île-aux-Grues;
 * the county of L'Islet except the municipalities of Ashford, Sainte-Louise, Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies, Sainte-Perpétue, Tourville and the territory included in the parish of Sainte-Félicité.

In 1952, it was redefined to consist of:
 * the county of Montmagny (except the parish municipalities of Berthier and Saint-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud), the town of Montmagny and the parish municipality of Saint-Antoine L'Ile-aux-Grues;
 * the county of L'Islet (except the township municipality of Ashford, the parish municipality of Sainte-Louise, the municipalities of Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies, Tourville and Sainte-Félicité) and that part of the parish municipality of Sainte-Perpétue included in lots 13 to 56 of Range VIII, Lafontaine Township.

It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Bellechasse and Kamouraska.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Montmagny—L'Islet


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Nicolet—Yamaska

Nicolet—Yamaska was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1968.

History
This riding was created in 1933 from Nicolet and Yamaska ridings.

It was defined initially to consist of:
 * the county of Nicolet except such part thereof as is included in the municipalities of Lemieux Ste-Cécile-de-Lévrard, St-Joseph-de-Blandford, Ste-Marie-de-Blandford, St-Pierre-les-Becquets, Ste-Sophie-de-Lévrard and the village of Manseau;
 * the county of Yamaska except that part of the parish and the village of St-Michel lying west of the river Yamaska.

In 1947, it was redefined to consist of:
 * the county of Nicolet, (except the municipalities of Lemieux, Ste. Cécile-de-Lévrard, St. Joseph-de-Blandford, Ste. Marie-de-Blandford, St. Pierre-les-Becquets, Ste. Sophie-de-Lévrard and the villages of Manseau and les Becquets), and the town of Nicolet;
 * the county of Yamaska;
 * that part of the county of Drummond included in the municipalities of St. Edmond-de-Grantham and St. Majorique-de-Grantham;
 * that part of the county of Arthabaska included in the municipalities of Ste. Anne-du-Sault and Maddington and the village of Daveluyville;
 * that part of the county of Richelieu included in the municipality of St. Marcel.

In 1952, it was redefined to consist of:
 * the county of Nicolet (except the municipality of Lemieux, the parish municipalities of Sainte-Cécile-de-Lévrard, Saint-Joseph-de-Blandford, Sainte-Marie-de-Blandford, Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets, Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard, and the village municipalities of Manseau and Les-Becquets), and the town of Nicolet;
 * the county of Yamaska;
 * that part of the county of Drummond included in the parish municipalities of Saint-Edmond-de-Grantham and Saint-Majorique-de-Grantham;
 * that part of the county of Arthabaska included in the parish municipality of Sainte-Anne-du-Sault, the township municipality of Maddington and the village municipality of Daveluyville;
 * that part of the county of Richelieu included in the parish municipality of Saint-Marcel.

It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Lotbinière, Drummond and Richelieu ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results

 * Droit vital personnel
 * H.-Georges Grenier
 * align=right|44

title: Nicolet—Yamaska


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Quebec West and South

Quebec West and South (Québec-Ouest-et-Sud) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1949.

This riding was created in 1933 from Quebec South and Quebec West ridings.

It was abolished in 1947 when it was merged into Quebec West riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Quebec West and South


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Richelieu—Verchères (federal electoral district)

Richelieu—Verchères was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1968.

This riding was created in 1933 from parts of Chambly—Verchères, Richelieu, St. Hyacinthe—Rouville and Yamaska ridings.

It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Chambly, Richelieu and Saint-Hyacinthe ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results

 * National Unity
 * Adrien Arcand
 * align=right|5,590

 * Radical chrétien
 * Rolland Corbeil
 * align=right|1,089


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Category:Buildings and structures in Leicestershire

Buildings and other structures in the county of Leicestershire, England.


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Pontifical secret

The pontifical secret, pontifical secrecy, or papal secrecy is the code of confidentiality that, in accordance with the Latin canon law of the Catholic Church as modified in 1983, applies in matters that require greater than ordinary confidentiality:

"Business of the Roman Curia at the service of the universal Church is officially covered by ordinary secrecy, the moral obligation of which is to be gauged in accordance with the instructions given by a superior or the nature and importance of the question. But some matters of major importance require a particular secrecy, called "pontifical secrecy", and must be observed as a grave obligation."

Pontifical secrecy is the subject of the instruction Secreta continere of 4 February 1974 issued by the Secretariat of State. The text is published in Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 1974, pages 89–92.

Its applicability in cases of accusations and trials involving abuse of minors or vulnerable persons and in cases of possession of child pornography by clerics was removed on 17 December 2019. Its use in such cases had been condemned by German Cardinal Reinhard Marx at the Meeting on the Protection of Minors in the Church held in the Vatican from 21 to 24 February 2019.

Matters covered by pontifical secret
The instruction Secreta continere lists ten classes of matters covered by the pontifical secret:
 * 1) Preparation of papal documents, if pontifical secrecy is expressly demanded
 * 2) Information obtained officially by the Secretariat of State in connection with questions requiring pontifical secrecy
 * 3) Notifications sent to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith about teachings and publications and the Congregation's examination of them
 * 4) Extrajudicial denunciations of crimes against the faith and morals or against the sacrament of Penance, while safeguarding the right of the person denounced to be informed of the denunciation, if his defence against it makes this necessary. The name of the person making the denunciation may be made known to him only if it is judged necessary to have a face-to-face confrontation between denouncer and denounced.
 * 5) Reports by papal legates on matters covered by pontifical secrecy.
 * 6) Information obtained officially with regard to the naming of cardinals
 * 7) Information obtained officially with regard to the naming of bishops and papal legates and the relative inquiries.
 * 8) Information obtained officially with regard to the naming of the chief officers of the Roman Curia.
 * 9) All matters concerning cipher systems and enciphered messages.
 * 10) Any matter that the Pope, a Cardinal in charge of a department of the Roman Curia, or a papal legate considers to be of such importance that it requires the protection of papal secrecy.

Matters excluded from the pontifical secret
The canon law instruction "On the confidentiality of legal proceedings" of 17 December 2019, excluded from the pontifical secret the accusations, trials and decisions in canonical investigations and trials involving:
 * 1) violence or abuse of authority in forcing sexual acts,
 * 2) sexual abuse of minors or vulnerable persons,
 * 3) paedophilia involving children under 18 years of age or with incapacitated subjects,
 * 4) concealment of those conducts from ecclesiastical or civil inquiries.

According to Archbishop Juan Ignacio Arrieta, Secretary of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts, the purpose of the Rescript of 17 December 2019 was to:

On its part, Prof. Giuseppe Dalla Torre, former president of the Vatican City State Tribunal, observed that the lifting of the Pontifical secret was due to the fact that:

According to Archbishop Charles Scicluna, adjunct secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the abolition of pontifical secrecy means that:

Sanctions for violation
While violation of pontifical secrecy, if deliberate, is a grave sin, and while an automatic excommunication may sometimes be imposed for violation of secrecy on particular matters, the general rule is only that, if the violation becomes known outside of Confession, a penalty proportionate to the wrongdoing and the damage caused is to be inflicted.

An example of the imposition of automatic excommunication for violation of secrecy was found in the 1962 instruction Crimen sollicitationis (in force until replaced by new norms in 2001), which imposed this penalty on members of a Church tribunal trying a priest accused of making sexual advances to a penitent in connection with the sacrament of Penance, if they violated secrecy about developments in the course of the ecclesiastical trial. A person to whom such advances were made was, on the contrary, subjected to excommunication if that person failed to denounce the priest within at most one month.

Thus the procedures of the Church tribunal were covered by papal secrecy (called at that time secrecy of the Holy Office), but the crime of the priest was not: "These matters are confidential only to the procedures within the Church, but do not preclude in any way for these matters to be brought to civil authorities for proper legal adjudication. The Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People of June, 2002, approved by the Vatican, requires that credible allegations of sexual abuse of children be reported to legal authorities."

title: Pontifical secret


text:
St. Johns—Iberville—Napierville

St. Johns—Iberville—Napierville was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1949.

This riding was created in 1933 from Laprairie—Napierville and St. Johns—Iberville ridings. It was abolished in 1947 when it was replaced by Saint-Jean—Iberville—Napierville riding.

It consisted of:
 * the county of St. Johns excluding the municipality of Notre-Dame du-Mont-Carmel, St-Bernard-de-Lacolle and the village of Lacolle;
 * the county of Iberville;
 * the county of Napierville.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: St. Johns—Iberville—Napierville


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark Schubert

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:14, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Mark Schubert
this is vain. 'nuff said. Master Thief Garrett 02:45, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, does not establish notability. Megan1967 04:38, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability. jni 07:00, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment even though I've never heard of him (or any other swim coach), he's been a coach of the US Olympic swim team more than once, his USC teams have won several NCAA championships, he's in the International Swimming Hall of Fame, has served on the board of the American Swimming Coaches Association, etc. Do we have notability guidelines for athletic coaches? —Wahoofive (Talk) 20:54, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * But does he deserve a mention *outside* of that list? Should we merge some of this info there... Master Thief Garrett 21:45, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, should be merged if a catagory exists for this. Adun 19:21, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Olympic coaches are notable. Kappa 04:05, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Coaches who have coached Olympic medallists are certainly notable. Capitalistroadster 05:01, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above. Radiant_* 09:16, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * since we have a (semi)-consensus, I now cast my vote: Merge, as above. Master Thief Garrett 10:21, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to what? —Wahoofive (Talk) 21:49, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:04, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I added to the article the NCAA championships he won at USC and I mentioned he has been the US Olympic coach. Zzyzx11 | Talk 05:22, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Coaches of Olympic medalists are no more automatically notable than parents of Olympic medalists. Based on the current facts presented about him, I have to vote delete though I might change my mind if we knew why he was in the International Swimming Hall of Fame (and if the article mentioned that).  Rossami (talk) 23:02, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. -Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  02:39, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep zellin 16:17, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Complex sales

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep (no consensus). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:08, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Complex sales
seems to be some sort of obscure dicdef...? Or neologism? Master Thief Garrett 02:45, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) Today I find that 'Sales' is locked and recommended for disection into multiple pages. I'm a newbie, so I'll just check back later to see what the decision is about this page. Lricci 17:05, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It is covered in as much detail in sales. Anilocra 08:56, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, now a better article has been identified... or Merge (w/ sales if cites etc. are added. Master Thief Garrett 10:14, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Potential for expansion. TigerShark 21:27, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I posted this entry because it is a phrase that is commonly used to search on my business website, so others are looking for definitions of it. It is well documented in the business press, and I was planning to add cites later this week. If it gets taken down, I guess you'll save me the trouble of posting cites. Laura Ricci
 * nonono, we allow and indeed encourage users to add to articles while they are up for Vfd!--indeed the changes may sway voters to change their votes. While we fully encourage expansion, perhaps this information you are providing could be covered under sales as a subsection? This page would then become a redirect to there, and people could find information about all types of sales, not just this, all in one categorised place. Master Thief Garrett 10:14, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep and hope for speedy citing of sources. Kappa 05:36, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into context at sales, and add the cites there. Radiant_* 09:16, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge is fine with me. Do I do this, or does someone else make the changes? It seemed that Sales was getting too long, but I don't know what page length you like to use. Lricci Apr 28 2005
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Verdun (federal electoral district)

Verdun (also known as Verdun—Saint-Paul, Verdun—Saint-Henri and Verdun—Saint-Henri—Saint-Paul—Pointe-Saint-Charles) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1949 and from 1953 to 2004.

Verdun—La Salle riding, which covered much of the same area, was represented in the House of Commons from 1949 to 1953.

History
The riding was created as "Verdun" riding in 1933 from parts of Jacques Cartier and St. Anne ridings. It was abolished in 1947 when it was redistributed into Jacques Cartier and "Verdun—La Salle" ridings.

Verdun—La Salle riding was created from Verdun riding in 1947, and was abolished in 1952 when it was redistributed into a new Verdun riding and into Jacques-Cartier—Lasalle.

"Verdun" riding was recreated in 1952 from parts of Verdun—La Salle riding. It was renamed "Verdun—Saint-Paul" in 1980, "Verdun—Saint-Henri" in 1996, and "Verdun—Saint-Henri—Saint-Paul—Pointe Saint-Charles" in 2000.

In 2004, the riding was merged into Jeanne-Le Ber riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Verdun (federal electoral district)


text: User talk:84.97.165.63

title: User talk:84.97.165.63


text:
Talk:Apache Groovy

Groovy Paradigms
Should "functional" be added to the list of Groovy Paradigms? It certainly seems to fit, given Groovy's extensive list of functional constructs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.82.29.25 (talk) 14:30, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Explanation of the Name "Groovy"

 * In slang and informal language, "groovy" is an adjective describing an unspecified fashionable or desirable quality. It can also be used as a generally positive exclamation. It originated in Britain, and largely remains a British word. "Groovy" has slightly outdated connotations in recent times, although it can still be used in everyday speech.

I removed this from the article because wikipedia is not a dictionary and the definition has no relation with the programming language discussed in the article. -- Taku 02:47, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

I agree, and I removed the following which is even less desirable -- MarkBrooks 03:12, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Groovy is an adjective to describe the state of being 'cool', 'hip', or generally 'awesome'

 * The lack of a sense of irony or tongue-in-cheek fun is a sad thing. The "definition" reflects the spirit of the originators of the language, and plays a valuable part in the encyclopedia entry. It's there not because Wikipedia is a dictionary but because we learn more about James Strachan and friends by seeing what the name means. We don't need the definition removed; we need it enhanced by an explanation of why they picked it.  Webmink 05:18, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You want grins and giggles, go read the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Seriously though, I came to this article as a user seeking information, and I felt that the lead-in as written didn't add anything to my knowledge, detracted from the article's tone, and was simply an unnecessary distraction.  Maybe somebody who didn't know what the word "groovy" meant would feel differently.  BTW, back when this word was in common usage, I don't think "awesome" would have been used in quite the same way.  Maybe you could quote the developer's reasons for choosing that name, to put the definition in context? -- MarkBrooks 09:22, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Attempts by several people to indicate the colloquial meaning of the term have now been discarded, not because they were bad or excessive like the original attempt (which I agreed was wrong) but simply because "wikipedia is not a dictionary". . Clearly there's demand for at least a nod towards the colloquialism. Are there any other editors of this page who wish to express an opinion? Webmink 03:43, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Personally, I think the original definition (the one at the top of this section) was superior to subsequent attempts and wouldn't object to its inclusion, particularly if a connection could be made with the choice of name for the programming language. Otherwise maybe a disambiguation page would be a better idea? -- MarkBrooks | Talk 01:36, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Since I know it would be hard to write a full article about the adjective groovy, I added the wiktionary link to satisfy those who just want a definition. Bkkbrad 12:15, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Cool, thanks. -- MarkBrooks | Talk 17:29, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Features of Groovy compared to those of Java
I believe Java does have native syntax for arrays. BDKosher 21:05, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

yes, it has --217.86.138.17 12:55, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

String[] list = { "Rod", "Carlos", "Chris" }; List shorts = new ArrayList; for (String item : list) { if (item.length <= 4) { shorts.add(item); System.out.println(item); } }

and the syntax comparison is neither side-by-side nor representative.

To be fair, the Groovy code is using a List and not an Array (which Groovy supports, as well). However, also to be fair, the Groovy code doesn't create a second List of the short Strings and then print them. It just prints them as it finds them. The above example gets rid of the iteration through the second List, but still instantiates it and adds Strings to it.

I propose that the Java code be changed to the following:

class Filter { public static void main(String[] args) { List list = Arrays.asList("Rod", "Carlos", "Chris"); for (String item : list) { if (item.length <= 4) { System.out.println(item); }        }     } }

Jerri Kohl 22:16, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

History of Groovy
Groovy was originally conceived in 2003(?) as a more Ruby-like language for the Java Virtual Machine. Groovy Beta 1.0 announcement on James Strachan's blog —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.138.72.243 (talk) 03:51, 3 January 2007 (UTC).

Redirect
Is there any particular reason why this article is at "Groovy (programming language)" rather than just at "Groovy", since the latter is just a redirect here? -- timc  talk   18:36, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see the point as well. Will create a disambig page.--sin-man 04:23, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Markup Language support--don't see how this makes Groovy special.
How is markup language support any more special in Groovy than any other language? The example provided can be accomplished in a whole array of other languages using their standard libraries. This seems a pretty weak example to demonstrate a differentiating feature. Can something more robust be demonstrated that truly differentiates Groovy markup support from other languages?

Ehogberg (talk) 19:45, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The language that Groovy intends to be a complement for/alternative to is Java. As a matter of fact, Groovy was designed to be easy to learn for Java programmers, while offering the more powerful features found at the time in other scripting/dynamic languages such as Python and Ruby. In this context, maybe the markup example should also be provided in Java? Ogourment (talk) 16:42, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a Java example (using the XML DOM libraries provided with the Sun JDK); if I'm understanding correctly what's supposed to be special about markup languages in Groovy, it's that there's an inline syntax for building documents that A) doesn't care what format the document will ultimately be in, as long as it can be expressed as a DOM tree, and B) doesn't require explicit method calls for setting up each element and attribute. e v i l d e a t h m a t h  16:50, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Upon further reflection, I am tempted to add this version to the article as well:

On the one hand, it's pedantic, silly, and poor programming practice; on the other hand, it's likely what 9 out of 10 programmers would do if all they needed was a short XML snippet. e v i l d e a t h m a t h 16:58, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

DOM Compliance
The article refers to an inline DOM syntax linked to DOM which is the w3c standard DOM. What i'm getting at is that DOM is an API standard whereas Groovy appears to implement it's own API, or rather allow xml construction using language features. Dylan.star (talk) 14:45, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Groovy's syntax can be made far more compact than Java
Are you serious? The shown examples just saves 6 or 8 characters. This is a bit more compact but not far more compact. --87.78.132.86 (talk) 09:36, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Currently it is a better example but I find my naïve intuition doubting the validity of the groovy code:

can be expressed in Groovy as:

"it" is spontaneously defined? No note is made to suggest whether the use of the key-word declares it or not (ie, it is pretty obvious that both instances of "it" are separate variables, but does Groovy reserve "it" as a local variable name? or could the variable name have been chosen differently in each loop?) Either way "it" is a neat effect, just not as clear as I would hope an encylopedia example to be. --—  r obbiemuffin  page talk 12:16, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

'it' is a defaulting name for a single argument closure (when none is provided). The following code is equivalent: Or: 86.184.48.155 (talk) 15:00, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

The Java's stream API and lambdas make Java quite similar: 82.128.254.60 (talk) 01:53, 20 October 2018 (UTC)

Superset?
I find the article's claim that "The Groovy language is largely a superset of the Java language. One can usually rename a .java file to a .groovy one and it will work (though there are a few incompatibilities)." fairly dubious. Looking at http://groovy.codehaus.org/Differences+from+Java, it seems that there are several major changes that will break existing Java code:
 * 1) Array literals
 * 2) == operator
 * 3) For loops with multiple indexes (i.e. for(int i = 0; j = 0; etc.)
 * 4) Changing the default accessibility from package-private to public (is there even a way to use package-private in Groovy)
 * 5) No inner classes (except their new closures)

Given all these, I would be surprised if any non-trivial Java project could be compiled as Groovy. Superm401 - Talk 05:32, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, of course Java allows you to use something like:

 * when you just want to create a new scope for whatever reason. This is considered ambiguous by Groovy's compiler. Superm401 - Talk 05:48, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Yep. Claims with vague terms like "largely" and "usually". The Wordpress.com blog referenced later in the section seems to be the source. It says "Much of the time you can simply rename a .java file with the .groovy extension - the Java syntax is mostly a subset of the Groovy syntax". I don't think it can be considered a reliable source, falling foul of limitations outlined at RS. FWIW, it's not my experience (calling your Java classes from Groovy is the way to go), so my personal scepticism of this self-published source is confirmed. William Avery (talk) 08:47, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

AFAIK, any Java code will be parsed correctly as Groovy code apart from anonymous inner classes (mainly due to the braces {} inside a method, that Groovy will consider a closure. AxiomShell (talk) 22:40, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

Groovy as a "standard"
I've marked this claim in the first paragraph as "dubious." The cited source makes the claim:

"Since the passage of JSR-241, Groovy is the second standard language for the Java platform (the first being the Java language)."

but if you visit the page for JSR-241, it is clearly marked as "inactive," which means it was never made "final." It seems to me that the only sense of the word "standard" that is accurate for the JCP is a JSR in "final" status. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.174.23.57 (talk) 19:52, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Wrong link
The link to Curly_bracket_programming_language redirects to a page that doesn't include any list of "curly bracket programming languages". 87.63.228.190 (talk) 09:51, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Developer
It doesn't seem appropriate to show Guillaume as the "developer" since his involvement is primarily as project manager. Either the project should be listed (for example Python lists the Python Software Foundation) or if individuals are going to be shown then the determination should be a few (as in no more than three I think) of the developers who have done the most work (such as Jochen and ???). — Preceding unsigned comment added by JamesPaulWhite (talk • contribs) 23:29, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

You're right, but the list of despots at http://xircles.codehaus.org/projects/groovy/members didn't seem to reflect the actual developers involved until a few months ago. By excluding Codehaus administrator Ben Walding, and adding Jochen's title "Tech Lead" in his Groovy mailing list signature, we should add "Jochen Theodorou (Tech Lead), Paul King, Cedric Champeau". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aptasii (talk • contribs) 13:55, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

Performance
a) the two links provided were just userspace blogs, being primary sources and directly failing WP:NOTA, b) none of the links provided have shown G2 with static compilation being faster than Java in any significant way above the confirmation threshold: blog 1 was obviously synthetic and got 0's in two test cases, and +/-3% for Java, Scala and G2 with CS (which constitute "almost as fast as" or "as fast as", but not "faster than"), blog 2  is much better in it's benchmark quality, yet resulting in 911ms vs 917ms, giving less than 1% of difference (again, not statistically relevant, taking into account the trial was below 1s and it was only a single benchmark algorithm, not a suite).

As such, until somebody can provide verifiable, credible and/or secondary source clearly showing G2/CS being either *significally* or *organically* (repetitively and consequently) faster, I've to remove the statement "or even faster than".

For reference, some example of proper benchmark pages (providing wide benchmarking suites on variety of hardware - thus being credible enough to use despite being primary source by itself): http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/ http://www.bioinformatics.org/benchmark/ http://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/ Poponuro (talk) 21:27, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

Groovy and Java Features
Just to be annoying, with the new Java 8 I created a one line method like the Groovy method: That means that Groovy syntax is not far more compact than java (only slightly :)

Please fix the reference. רן כהן (talk) 14:51, 2 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, the code above is not really a one line code (the 'if' and the 'return' should be on different lines). So this is a real one line Java 8 code:
 * רן כהן (talk) 08:29, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Metaprogramming
The examples given are clearly not meta-programming but reflection/prototype extensions mechanisms. Based on the examples, it doesn't appear that Groovy supports meta-programming at all, but instead has moderate (albeit verbose) ability to extend pre-defined definitions. If it does have true meta-programming abilities like C++, D, etc, then better examples should be given. If not, the section should be rewritten or simply removed. I don't know groovy and I'm not the one to make this change. 2601:204:C002:7081:BE5F:F4FF:FE35:1B41 (talk) 08:52, 10 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Since no one chimed in, I simply changed to to state prototyping (which it clearly is) and referenced the appropriate wikipedia article rather than the one that had literally nothing to do with Groovy's capabilities. The citations are still suspect though. 2601:204:C002:7081:BE5F:F4FF:FE35:1B41 (talk) 06:25, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

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Criticism
I'm rather experienced with programming languages and paradigms, having experience with dozens of languages such as Scala and Haskell. A went through all the Groovy documentation on their website today. It was sad to see there's very little criticism about the language in the article here. Here's a list of thoughts I came up with: I'm pretty sure there are articles and references related to each of these points. Gotta see if I have time to consider this more. 82.128.254.60 (talk) 02:06, 20 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I'd say most of the language features are tiny additions to the syntactic layer with both positive and negative effects.
 * For example, adding more implicit class imports might reduce the need for typing explicit imports, but compiling with those classes might affect the compile/runtime performance (e.g. loading).
 * Many of the operators and other minor features take a everything but the kitchen sink (featuritis) approach - instead of calling contains you can call in, instead of compareTo you have a spaceship. Saving 4 to 6 keypresses doesn't seem like a valid reason to add features.
 * Both the documentation and the article seem to compare Groovy with a dated version of Java. Now that Java has streams, basic local type inference, lambdas, static/private/default in interfaces etc., it's fair to say it has caught up Groovy quite well.

title: Talk:Apache Groovy


text:
Mount Hope, San Diego

Mount Hope is an ethnically diverse, hilly urban neighborhood of the City of San Diego, California. Located in the southeastern portion of the city, Mount Hope is named for the large municipal Mount Hope Cemetery, which encompasses approximately 115 acre of the community. The neighborhood contains a mixture of residential, industrial, commercial, and cemetery uses.

Background
In 1869, a citizen committee Led by well known San Diego real estate developer Alonzo Horton was formed and voted to establish a new municipal cemetery name Mount Hope at 3751 Market St. which officially opened in 1871 The cemetery is located on an unincorporated area encompassing the Greenwood Cemetery, a private cemetery. Within Greenwood Cemetery, is the Cathedral Mausoleum which was built in 1919, which grew to the largest single building mausoleum in the world.

Geography
State Route 94 (Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway) is the northern boundary, Interstate 805 is the eastern boundary, Interstate 15 is the western boundary, and Imperial Avenue is the southern boundary. The major San Diego thoroughfare Market Street runs through this community.

Demographics
Mount Hope is a diverse neighborhood and home to one of the highest concentrations of Latinos in the City. Current demographics for the neighborhood are as follows: people of Hispanic/Latino heritage make up 77.0%, followed by African-Americans at 10.0%, Asian at 7.2%, non-Hispanic Whites 4.8%, and Mixed Race at 1.0%.

Government
Mount Hope is located within the 9th City Council District, currently represented by Sean Elo-Rivera. It is part of the Southeastern San Diego Planning Area.

Notable People

 * The Toven Rapper/Producer/Song Writer
 * Sagon Penn Martial Arts Expert

Education
Mount Hope is served primarily by the San Diego Unified School District.

title: Mount Hope, San Diego


text:
Seal of confession in the Catholic Church

In the Catholic Church, the Seal of Confession (also known as the Seal of the Confessional or the Sacramental Seal) is the absolute duty of priests or anyone who happens to hear a confession not to disclose anything that they learn from penitents during the course of the Sacrament of Penance (confession). Even where the seal of confession does not strictly apply – where there is no specific serious sin confessed for the purpose of receiving absolution – priests have a serious obligation not to cause scandal by the way they speak.

Ecumenical councils
Canon 21 of the Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215), binding on the whole church, laid down the obligation of secrecy in the following words:

"Let the priest absolutely beware that he does not by word or sign or by any manner whatever in any way betray the sinner: but if he should happen to need wiser counsel let him cautiously seek the same without any mention of person. For whoever shall dare to reveal a sin disclosed to him in the tribunal of penance we decree that he shall be not only deposed from the priestly office but that he shall also be sent into the confinement of a monastery to do perpetual penance."

- Hefele-Leclercq, Histoire des Conciles at the year 1215; Mansi or Harduin, "Coll. conciliorum"

Gratian, who compiled the edicts of previous Catholic Ecumenical Councils and the principles of church law, published the Decretum about 1151. It includes the following declaration of the law as to the seal of confession: "Let the priest who dares to make known the sins of his penitent be deposed." Gratian goes on to say that the violator of this law should be made a lifelong, ignominious wanderer. Notably, neither the Lateran canon nor the law of the Decretum purports to enact for the first time the secrecy of confession. The 15th-century English canonist William Lyndwood speaks of two reasons why a priest is bound to keep secret a confession, the first being on account of the sacrament because it is almost (quasi) of the essence of the sacrament to keep secret the confession.

Thomist theology
The Summa Theologiae devotes one article to the seal of confession, explaining that the seal may not be violated, including regarding matters that might indirectly lead to the seal's violation, not even violated by those who hear the confession. Thomas gives two reasons for the seal's inviolability: the seal is divinely instituted and the seal prevents scandal.

Catechisms
According to the Roman Catechism, "the faithful are to be admonished that there is no reason whatever to apprehend that what is made known in confession will ever be revealed by the priest to anyone, or that by it the penitent can at any time be brought into danger of any sort[...] Let the priest, says the great Council of Lateran, take special care, neither by word or sign, nor by any other means whatever, to betray in the least degree the sinner."

Pope Pius X in his catechism taught that "the confessor is bound by the seal of confession under the gravest sin and under threat of the severest punishments both temporal and eternal."

The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches in paragraph 1467:

"Given the delicacy and greatness of this ministry and the respect due to persons, the Church declares that every priest who hears confessions is bound under very severe penalties to keep absolute secrecy regarding the sins that his penitents have confessed to him. He can make no use of knowledge that confession gives him about penitents' lives. This secret, which admits of no exceptions, is called the "sacramental seal", because what the penitent has made known to the priest remains "sealed" by the sacrament."

The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church elaborates that a confessor is bound to secrecy.

Apostolic Penitentiary
In Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal, the Apostolic Penitentiary explained that the sacramental seal is universally and permanently inviolable as a matter of de fide dogma, and as part of freedom of religion and freedom of conscience, despite civil law.

In practice
According to Roman Catholic canon law, "The sacramental seal is inviolable; therefore it is absolutely forbidden for a confessor to betray in any way a penitent in words or in any manner and for any reason." The confessor is always an ordained priest, because in the Catholic Church only ordained priests can absolve sins; lay confession is not recognized. Any person who overhears a confession is likewise bound by the seal.

Priests may not reveal what they have learned during confession to anyone, even under the threat of their own death or that of others. Punishment for breaking the seal of the confessional is conferred by the severity of the violation: "a confessor who directly violates the seal of the confessional," that is: explicitly connects a sin to a penitent, "incurs a latae sententiae excommunication." One who breaks the seal "indirectly" (that is, through their words and actions make known a particular penitent's sins and somehow connects those sins to the penitent) would be punished according to the "gravity of the delict." Both Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI made it a practice to attach a latae sententiae excommunication to indirect violations of the seal. Those who are privy to another person's confession either as an interpreter or by accidental circumstance are likewise punished according to the gravity of their delict "not excluding excommunication".

In the Early Modern period, some casuists (inter alia, Thomas Sanchez) justified mental reservation, a form of deception which does not involve outright lying, in specific circumstances including when such an action is necessary to protect secrecy under the seal of the confessional. Other casuists considered "grey areas" in which it was unclear whether or not the seal was being violated. A priest who says "I do not know" is thus to be understood "I do not know with knowledge outside the Seal of the Confessional"; Thomas Aquinas goes even further and says that the priest knows the confession "not as man, but as God knows it".

It is permissible (though by no means necessary) for a priest to talk indirectly about some information he has or has not heard in confessions over the years as part of a homily or teaching lecture as long as he says or does nothing that would connect this information to any specific person. For example, he could choose to mention "I've heard the confession of a sex offender," or "I've almost never heard anyone explicitly confess a failure to help the poor." However, the Catholic Church punishes with excommunication latae sententiae anyone who records by any technical means or divulges what is said by the confessor or penitent.

There are limited cases where portions of a confession may be revealed to others, but always with the penitent's permission and never by revealing the penitent's identity. This is the case, for example, with more serious offenses, as some excommunicable offenses are reserved to the Holy See and their permission to grant absolution must be obtained. In these cases, the priest hearing the confession asks the permission of the penitent to write a petition, using pseudonyms and containing the absolute minimum information necessary, to the bishop or to the Apostolic Penitentiary, the cardinal delegated by the Pope to handle such requests. This request may be forwarded, sealed, through the apostolic delegate or nuncio in a country (the Pope's ambassador), to be guarded by the privilege of a diplomatic pouch.

Recognition by civil authorities
The law of different jurisdictions in general requires people under certain circumstances to testify about facts known to them. In many cases, the rule of evidence of confessional privilege forbids judicial inquiry into communications made under the seal of confession.

There may be conflict between the obligation of confidentiality of confession and civil law. The Louisiana Supreme Court ruled in 2014 that a priest may be compelled to testify about what he was told in the confessional regarding a particular sexual abuse case, leaving the priest at risk of excommunication if he even confirms that a confession took place, or jail for contempt of court should he refuse to testify. However, the Court later ruled that a priest has no duty to report confidential information heard during a sacramental confession.

Martyrs
John of Nepomuk, Mateo Correa Magallanes, Fernando Olmedo Reguera and Pedro Marieluz Garces are martyrs of the seal of the confessional in the Catholic Church, choosing to die rather than violate the seal.


text:
William of Conches

William of Conches (Gulielmus de Conchis; Guillaume de Conches; c. 1090), historically sometimes anglicized as William Shelley, was a medieval Norman-French scholastic philosopher who sought to expand the bounds of Christian humanism by studying secular works of classical literature and fostering empirical science. He was a prominent Chartrain (member of the School of Chartres). John of Salisbury, a bishop of Chartres and former student of William's, refers to William as the most talented grammarian of the time, after his former teacher Bernard of Chartres.

Life

William was born around 1085–1090 in a small village near Évreux, Normandy. From his surname, that village is generally taken to have been Conches although it was possibly nearby Tilleul instead, the location of his later grave. At the time, Normandy was still uneasily controlled by Norman England in notional homage to France. William studied under Bernard of Chartres in Chartres, Blois, and became a leading member of the School of Chartres, early Scholastics who formed part of the 12th-century Renaissance. Less focused on Aristotle and medieval dialectic than Peter Abelard and his students at the University of Paris, the Chartrians primarily aimed to reconcile Christian morality and legend with Platonic philosophy, chiefly with reference to the Book of Genesis and Plato's Timaeus.

William began teaching around 1115–1120 and was primarily based in Paris and Chartres. He composed his De Philosophia Mundi around the period 1125 to 1130. He taught John of Salisbury at Chartres in 1137 and 1138, and John later considered him the most accomplished grammarian of his time or just after his master Bernard. John describes his method of teaching in detail, noting it followed Bernard and both followed Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria. There were lectures on classical with questions on parsing, scansion, and composition. Students practiced writing prose and poetry on classical models and undertook frequent discussion on set subjects with the aim of developing fluency and cultivating elegant diction. William of St. Thierry, who had previously encouraged Bernard of Clairvaux to prosecute Abelard, wrote another letter to the same cleric "on the errors of William of Conches" (De Erroribus Guillelmi de Conchis) in 1141, complaining of the modalist view of the Trinity implicit in the Philosophia. William had not explicitly upheld with Bernard Sylvestris that Plato's "world soul" (anima mundi; ψυχὴ τοῦ κόσμου, ) was essentially identical with the Holy Spirit, but had discussed the idea as a possibly valid reading. With Abelard's writings successfully condemned by Bernard at the Council of Sens for a litany of heresies the same year, William withdrew from public teaching. William's exemption from prosecution alongside his production of more orthodox revisions of some of his previous works, his departure from public teaching, and the bitterness of some of his discussion of clerics in his later works is suggestive of a compromise worked out between Bernard and his friend the papal legate Geoffroy de Lèves, who as bishop of Chartres would have overseen its affiliated school, but there is no explicit surviving record of such an arrangement.

William then sought the patronage and protection of Geoffrey Plantagenet, the learned and powerful count of Anjou. In 1143 or 1144, he became the personal tutor of Geoffrey's 9 to 11-year-old son Henry, later King HenryII of England. He also tutored Henry's brothers in the period from 1146 to 1149 and composed his Dragmaticon, a revision of his Philosophia in the form of a dialogue, sometime between 1144 and 1149. He dedicated it to Geoffrey. There are some hints in his works that he may have resumed teaching, possibly in Paris, during the 1150s but these are inconclusive.

He died in 1154 or shortly afterward, probably at Paris or the environs of Évreux. The funeral slab with his effigy has been moved from its original location at St Germanus's Church, Tilleul, to St Faith's Church in Conches.

Works
The number and attribution of works by William of Conches has been a persistent problem of medieval bibliography, as has the inaccuracy of the many manuscripts and editions.

It is now certain that William wrote two editions of the encyclopedic De Philosophia Mundi ("On the Philosophy of the World"), although it was previously variously attributed to Bede, William of Hirsau, Honorius of Autun, and Hugh of St Victor. Likewise, he wrote one edition of the related dialogue Dragmaticon, whose neological name has been variously emended to Dramaticon ("A Dramatization") and to Pragmaticon Philosophiae ("The Business of Philosophy") although William himself understood his transliteration of (δραματικόν) as meaning an interrogation (interrogatio) or question-and-answer format. The Dragmaticon continues to be largely considered a bowdlerized or revised edition of the Philosophia; however, from the 1980s, scholars have reconsidered this attitude, noting that only about 3–5% of the earlier work was removed against a rough doubling of content, with numerous additional Greek and Arabic sources. A "lost" treatise Magna de Naturis Philosophia ("The Great Philosophy of Nature"), considered his true masterwork by his early biographers and sometimes still attributed to him, was the product of an extensive series of mistakes based on a poor edition of Vincent of Beauvais's Mirror of Nature that began with an extract from William of Conches's work.

William is also credited with numerous glosses on classic texts. He wrote surviving overviews of commentaries on Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy (Glosae super Boetium) and Plato's Timaeus (Glosae super Platonem); 2 editions of his own commentary on Priscian's Institutes of Grammar (Glosae super Priscianum); and one or two editions of commentary on Macrobius's Commentary on the Dream of Scipio (Glosae super Macrobium); his other works also mention now-lost commentaries on Martianus Capella's On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury and on Boethius's On Education in Music. He was probably responsible for several surviving glosses of Juvenal's Satires and is credited by some with a lost commentary on Vergil's Aeneid. He is sometimes still credited as the author of Moralium Dogma Philosophorum ("Philosophers' Moral Teachings"), the first medieval treatise on philosophical ethics, although this attribution is more suspect. The gloss of the Gospels (Glosa super Evangelia) credited to him was either entirely spurious or a misattribution of content from William of Auvergne.

William's generally credited works are marked by special attention to cosmology and psychology and were among the first works of medieval Christian philosophy to devote considerable attention to Islamic philosophy and science, using the Latin translations produced by Constantine the African. They display the humanism, Platonism, and affinity for the natural sciences of other members of the School of Chartres, with whom William shared the tendency of analyzing his source texts through the lens of "covering" or "shieding" (integumentum) treating any apparent contradictions or heretical content within them as an allegory or metaphor for an underlying accurate and orthodox truth. In the passage of Plato's Timaeus stating that souls existed in the stars before birth, William opined that he really meant "nothing heretical, but the most profound philosophy sheltered in the covering of the words". He then glossed Plato's intended meaning as simply noting the accepted importance of astrology on human fate.

De Philosophia Mundi
William's chief work appears in manuscript as his Philosophy (Philosophia) but, owing to mistakes in transmission and comprehension, various recensions were published for centuries as Bede's Four Books of the Philosophy of the Elements (Elementorum Philosophiae Libri Quatuor), William of Hirsau's Three Books of Philosophical and Astronomical Instruction (Philosophicarum et Astronomicarum Institutionum Libri Tres), and Honorius of Autun's Four Books on the Philosophy of the World (De Philosophia Mundi Libri Quatuor). A separate recension rediscovered in the 20th century was a Compendium of Philosophy (Compendium Philosophiae) attributed to Hugh of St Victor. The "Honorius" recension being the most complete, it has become the general name for the work in modern scholarship. The correct title and attribution were finally discovered in 1722 by Remi-Casimir Oudin with additional points and considerations added by Charles Jourdain in 1838 and Jean-Barthélemy Hauréau in 1858. It has also been known as William's Lesser Philosophy (Philosophia Minor) by comparison with the misnamed, miscredited, and misdescribed Magna de Naturis Philosophia. More recently, Gregor Maurach produced partial and complete editions of the text compiled from numerous manuscripts before it was fully realized that William had composed two separate editions, one during his youth and another revised around the time of Bernard's attacks on Abelard and others. According to Paul Edward Dutton's tally, 68 manuscripts of the original edition and 16 of the revised edition are currently known to exist.

The first edition of the De Philosophia Mundi was divided into four books, covering physics, astronomy, geography, meteorology, and medicine. The revised edition expanded the first book and divided it into three parts, making up six books altogether.

William glosses the composition of the world as rooted in the four elements but follows Constantine the African in considering an element "the simplest and minimum part of any body—simple in quality, minimum in quantity". Therefore, he does not identify elemental fire, air, water, or earth with any of the composite forms in which they are experienced by humans. He argues that the pure forms of the elements cannot be perceived but only grasped by reason applied to abstracted division of sensible forms. He considers that these pure elements are defined by their intrinsic temperature and moistness: earth was cold and dry, water cold and moist, air hot and moist, and fire hot and dry. These traits compelled the atoms into certain movements, which he discusses in Aristotelian terms. In his later Dragmaticon, he responds to reductio ad absurdum objections against the infinities implicit in atomism with his belief that the atoms are infinitely divisible only in the sense that they are too miniscule for human apprehension and infinitely numerous only in the sense that their number is—for humans—incalculably large.

Discussing cosmology, William elaborates a geocentric universe. The terrestrial atmosphere is said to become less dense and colder as altitude increases. Its circulation is also compared to ocean currents. By the level of the moon, it has been replaced by the ether; with Plato, he considers this to be a form of fire rather than Aristotle's separate element. The sun, moon, and five known planets followed their own motions while the fixed stars simply followed the motion of the ether itself. William presented three arguments for the existence of God based on the order of the world. He identified the parts of the Trinity with their attributes: God the Father as Power, Jesus the Son as Wisdom, and the Holy Spirit as Will or Goodness. Unlike Abelard, he did not argue that God could not avoid creation but he did tend to limit the direct acts of God to creation, with angels otherwise intermediary between Heaven and this world. However, his understanding of the physical world did prompt him to reject various parts of scripture, including that there is water in or beyond the heavens or that Eve was created from Adam's rib.

The discussion of medicine deals chiefly with procreation and childbirth. William's treatment here and in the Dragmaticon includes various medieval European and Arab misconceptions, such as explanations for why premature infants born in the 8th month of pregnancy (supposedly) invariably died while those born in the 7th month sometimes lived. The supposed infrequency at which prostitutes gave birth was taken as evidence that pleasure was necessary for conception, while births from rape was then taken as proof that women derived carnal pleasure from the act despite their lack of rational consent. This work influenced Jean de Meung, the author of the second part of the Roman de la Rose. William's discussion of psychology was expressed in terms of the soul, which he considered to provide various powers when joined to the body. He believed that sense perception derived from the world, reason from God, and that memory preserved them both.

title: William of Conches