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Talk:North Downs

Landscape
I think "Due to the porous nature of the underlying chalk, the North Downs is generally a treeless landscape" is purely conjecture and indeed factually incorrect. Many many species of tree like good drainage.

Much of the downland is indeed treeless but this is due to them having been cleared of trees in the distant past and the regrowth being suppressed by grazing as can be witnessed by the increase in scrubland when grazing reduced. Mixed deciduous forrest is the climax vegetation.

Living as I do at he bottom of Wrotham Hill I can assure you that trees will happily grow on the North Downs if left to their own devices. Indeed before the intervention of man the downs were almost entirely forrested.

I agree, most of Ranmore, Boxhill, Reigate Hill and the Greensand hills of Leith Hill, Holmbury Hill and Pitch Hill are covered in trees. Also, the North Downs in many places consists of two sub-parallel ridges a few miles apart. The northernmost hills being chalk overlaying clay, the southernmost being greensand. The latter set of hills also now has a long distance path called 'the Greensand Way'. I shall consider a re-write over the next few weeks.

The Ends of the North Downs
Okay, the White Cliffs of Dover are pretty definitive, but where's the Hampshire end generally considered to be? 82.36.26.229 17:23, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Navi/Compass boxes along the route

 * Good point. I have put navigation boxes along all villages that have sprung up below the North Downs all the way to Winchester so including the Hampshire Downs along the (shortest) route, as far as I can, if anyone else would like to add any more then that would be appreciated, especially near Chilham. Adam37 (talk) 17:39, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

Re-written Article
I have re-written the article to place information under relevant headings. I have removed the "Towns near the North Downs" section as it is difficult to define and would be better placed under a catagory. If anyone is unhappy with the changes then they are welcome to edit or revert to the previous article. Spagus thank you

Chalk ridge only?
Are the greensand hills that form a parallel ridge to the south of the chalk downs not considered part of the North Downs? They were created as a result of the same geological process. St. Martha's hill, which is mentioned in the article as part of the downs, is part of this greensand ridge, along with Leith Hill, Holmbury Hill and Pitch Hill.Robruss24 14:30, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not an authority on this but I thought the greensand ridge was part of the upper weald. --LiamE 15:11, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * This is disputed. The greensand ridge is often referred to as part of the North Downs and Leith Hill is often quoted as the highest point on the Downs. Peter Brandons book on the North Downs also writes about the Greensand ridge. The Greensand ridge also are included in both the Kent Downs AONB and Surrey Hills AONB. Furthermore, the North Downs Way also traverses St Martha's Hill which is part of Greensand Ridge. However, the NDW does not pass along the higher sandstone hills (Blackdown, Leith Hill or Toys Hill). The greensand does not form such an apparent ridge in the southern half of the weald (in Sussex) as it does in the northern half and unless anyone can correct me I believe that the South Downs refers exclusively to the chalk uplands from Eastbourne to Winchester. For consistancy with the South Downs article it would perhaps be best that the North Downs should refer solely to the chalk and a seperate article should cover the Greensand Ridge. GkgAlf 09:58, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Is it a geographical error though (as stated in the 'Leith Hill' article)? I don't know how far the fact is true that it is only chalk hills which determine the name North Downs. Can you cite evidence?
 * Can the National Trust ,the National Trails website, The Leisure Guide be so wrong? I will say the Surrey Wildlife Trust does state:
 * "The highest point in south east England, Leith Hill sits upon the Greensand Ridge that runs parallel with the North Downs through Surrey".
 * Then the "Surrey Hills" website combines all the locations under the catch-all title "Surrey Hills", but then carries on:
 * "there are numerous other locations along the North Downs and Greensand Hills that afford a view over the surrounding countryside"
 * The point I am making is, has it been established that the North Downs consist of chalk hills and chalk hills only, or is it conceivable that other types of soil/geological formations may be part of the name "North Downs". Can you actually cite any sources that this is so? I am afraid you will have to now that so many different opinions seem to be abroad. Or is it just a matter of 'you pays your money and takes your choice'?
 * Personally, I think you might be hard put to disprove that the two different types of hill are that far removed from one another in as far as types of formations are concerned.
 * This was part of the talk page of the Leith Hill article, which I have now included in this talk page. Dieter Simon 00:25, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay - The NT clearly seperates the ND and GSR. From their site... "The North Downs is a chalk ridge that runs from the Hampshire border, eastwards through Surrey and Kent to the White Cliffs of Dover." The Leith Hill site says nothing either way that I can see. The Leisure Guide must be discounted. It is a circular reference quoting wikipedia. The other two quotes you have posted clearly differentiate between the 2. Put simply, the North Downs are a single 100+mile chalk cuesta running from Dover through Kent and Surrey and on to the Hampshire border. In comparison the GSR is a small feature and is both physically and geologically seperate. The OED specifies "Chalk uplands of SE England" for Downland. If it aint chalk, it aint the downs. Any other confusions that I can see stem from trying to use walks and AONB's to try and define the downs, which is of course bound to fail as it is never their purpose to do anything of the kind. --LiamE 01:01, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The point I am making, Liam, about the National Trust is, it includes Leith Hill in its North Down list, that's all I am saying. Ok, discount the Leisure Guide, I agree I should have noticed our own source there. However, are you now going to discount our own articles, such as Greensand:
 * "Upper Greensand and Lower Greensand, these strata tend to occur just beneath the Chalk and can be separated by...", or Geography of Kent:
 * "The (Wealden) dome was formed of an upper layer of chalk, above subsequent layers of upper greensand, upper clay, lower greensand..."?
 * What I am saying, it isn't so much that Leith Hill happens to be on a ridge called Greensand Ridge but that greensand is in fact intimately connected and associated with chalk, every time there is a chalk upland involved you will find greensand being one of the layers either under or even above the chalk layers. None better than the gov. uk. website about the South Downs:
 * [], which when you scroll down to NI.2 tells you:
 * "The Blackdown to Petworth Greensand Hills form a prominent ridge of hills with steep escarpments that enclose the Milland Basin. This ridge of hills includes Black Down which, at 280m, is the highest point in the South Downs."
 * So, you see, the divide is really only in the mineralogical composition of chalk and greensand, but not in where the different layers of chalk and greensand may be found, and that they actually go together where they occur. I am sorry, that really includes Leith Hill as one of the North Down hills on a ridge called Greensand Ridge.
 * As for the OED, an admirable source of English, they will also quote what umpteen other dictionaries state, namely: "Chalk uplands of SE England", and I agree with that. The Greensand Ridge, however, is an outcrop of greensand among the many geological layers of the North Downs. Dieter Simon 23:53, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The point is that the chalk that forms all of the north and south downs is a single entity. Yes it overlays greeensand but that is neither here nor there to my mind. If you try reversing the argument you may see the fallacy. Instead of trying to include Greensand Ridge hills in the North Downs, how about including say, Box hill and Detling Hill in the Greensand ridge? They are not made of Greensand so they cant be, in the same way that hills not made of chalk cannot be part of the North or South Downs. The single overriding feature of the downs is that they are chalk hills. --LiamE 18:27, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

I am not trying to include anything at all. I am citing a source, such as the 'Southdowns gov uk' website which states that the Blackdown Greensand Hills are part of the South Downs, and that the Blackdown is the highest point in the South Downs, in other words is part of the South Downs. I am not claiming anything. I am doing, what all Wikipedians are supposed to be doing, cite sources. These are not my ideas, but are facts which have been established by official bodies. This is one of the principles we in Wikipedia have: do not do own research but cite established sources. Please read up on the various articles which point this out. Please read also the sources I have mentioned which you don't seem to have done. Dieter Simon 00:35, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * You do yourself a diservice by suggesting that I havn't read the sources. I have. And they are directly contradictory. Some say the North Downs include several hills that simply are not on the North Downs and some differentiate. I would suggest that you take a step back and look at what you are doing. You have quoted 2 refs to support Leith Hill being on the North Downs, one is hardly an authority and the other DIRECTLY contradicts your claim. Utterly ridiculous. May I quote from your source "The North Downs is a chalk ridge..." --LiamE 00:53, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * If nothing further is forthcoming I'll remove the contradiction from the article tomorrow. --LiamE 14:33, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I must say to you at this stage that "Leith Hill" in this article is linked to Leith Hill in which it states that it is the highest point in the North Downs. I don't know how you are going to reconcile this fact with the fact that you are taking out your so-called "contradictions". But there we are. Dieter Simon 18:00, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * What do I mean by so called contradictions? How about 1 (not particulary strong) source saying that Leith Hill is is part of the North Downs and and one saying the North Downs is a chalk ridge. Surely you will concede that Leith Hill is not on the chalk ridge that is the North Downs? I can see you will not agree with me on this, but if I cannot make you understand that a sandstone hill is by definition not part of a chalk feature some compromise must be found. I'll have a go now. --LiamE 14:05, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree, we should find a compromise, and for that reason I have added a complementary item, citing from the Greensand article, re narrow bands of greensand in chalk and clay. Dieter Simon 21:44, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify Greensand does not appear in the chalk or gualt clay - they are sperate entities laid down at diferent times. The greensand is the oldest, there is then a fairly thin layer of gault clay and then later the chalk was laid on top. Deformation that produced the now weathered away wealden dome anticline means that these strata reach the surface at an angle rather than laying horizontal hence layers that were on top of each other are now side by side. It should further be noted that there is no causal link between the greensand and chalk, it was simply that conditions to create chalk were preceded by the conditions to create greensand. Although at first glance the greensand/gault/chalk occuring 1000's of miles apart in Europe and America may suggest that there must be some link between the layers when one considers that these rocks were laid down before the existance of the Atlantic as we know it today one can easily see why the same formation appears so far apart, namely that a single formation has been pushed apart by the nacent spreading ocean. --LiamE 22:32, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Hello. The following extracts are from the Wealden District volume of the British Regional Geology series published by the National Environment Research Council's Institute of Geological Sciences (4th Ed. 1965). You should be able to borrow a copy from the local public library. Page 39 "The Weald proper is surrounded by the chalk downs, the North Downs extending from Farnham to Dover and the South Downs extending from Petersfield to Eastbourne. The greater part of the chalk downland is occupied by Upper Chalk; Middle Chalk and Lower Chalk crop out chiefly in the scarped slopes of the North and South Downs, and at the bottom of some valleys." P67 "...the Lower Greensand escarpment which reaches nearly 1000 ft OD in the Leith Hill district of Surrey includes the highest part of the Weald... The Chalk Downs encircle the Lower Greensand hills from which they are separated by a narrow belt of low-lying ground... In contrast to that of the Lower Greensand the chalk escarpment is remarkably constant in height throughout its length..." P69 "The district includes the four well-known hills of Leith Hill, Holmbury Hill, Coneyhurst Hill and Winterfold Heath, and forms the highest part of the Lower Greensand outcrop of the Weald, the top of Leith Hill being 965 ft above sea level." I think that these extracts show that the British Geological Survey consider that the Greensand Ridge is not part of the North Downs and that the North Downs are purely a Chalk formation.Mertbiol 16:52, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank God for a decent source. Thanks very much Mertbiol. --LiamE 17:17, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Two further references. (They are both from specialist academic geology books, so it may be difficult to obtain copies.)

 * Benninson GM and Wright AE (1969) The geological history of the British Isles Published by Edward Arnold (London)

"Chert is important in the western outcrops and so reinforces the lower Greensand that it forms a higher outcrop at Leith Hill than that of the chalk Downs nearby." page 321
 * Dines HG and Edmunds FH (1933) The Geology of the country around Reigate and Dorking published by the Department of Science and Industry Research

"The chalk hills or North Downs form a bold and striking feature rising abruptly on the north side side of Holmsdale and continuing except where broken by gaps across the district." page 1 If you would like to challenge this then you need to provide a peer-reviewed publication which explicitly says that the name North Downs is also used for the Greensand Ridge. The chalk and greensand outcrops may well be closely associated, but that does not mean that the same name is used for both. Mertbiol 12:35, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I should also add that the National Trust groups its countryside properties together under the control of a Head Warden and Property Manager. Leith Hill is grouped with other Surrey properties under the control of the North Downs office at Headley Farm, Box Hill. i.e. The use of "North Downs" in this instance solely reflects the local organisation of the NT. Mertbiol 14:21, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Hi, Mertbiol and LiamE, I wish to apologise about the discussion on my part and that your points were absolutely correct. I should like to cite the reply I received to my query from Dr Donald T Aldiss, of the British Geological Survey as per the next section. Dieter Simon 01:09, 8 November 2007 (UTC) I have replied to Dr Aldiss and mentioned the two articles involved, 'North Downs' and 'Leith Hill'. So, if you find anything in the articles that is missing in the light of what he has said, please complement them. Hope that this will be satisfactory to everyone concerned. I shall also add this to the article "Leith Hill". Dieter Simon 00:06, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Now if we could get the good doctor editing these articles we'd be laughing. Good work Dieter. Any chance of getting his comments on the greensand article too as that still needs a rewrite. --LiamE 00:20, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Email of Dr Aldiss of the British Geological Survey
Dear Mr Simon Thank you for your enquiry of 1 November 2007. You wrote: Three queries have been thrown up in a couple of Wikipedia articles: 1. Is it true that both the North Downs as well as the South Downs are pure chalk hill ranges and nothing but chalk hills?

2.Is the Greensand Ridge, for example, a purely vertical and separate inclusion and has no horizontal layers of greensand either underlying or overlaying layers of chalk in the Downs?

3. Is Leith Hill which is on the Greensand Ridge therefore not classified as being part of the North Downs at all?

I would be grateful if you could clear this up and allow me to quote your reply whatever it may be.

Reply from Dr Aldiss

1 One should be aware of a distinction between the rock type (lithology) 'chalk' (no capital letter), which is a type of rather pure fine-grained limestone, and the lithostratigraphic unit, the 'Chalk Group' (always with a capital letter), which is a succession of rock strata of Upper Cretaceous age. The Chalk Group is composed mostly of chalk but includes other rock types such as flint and 'marl' (clay-rich chalk).

In general, downland topography is formed by the Chalk, including both the North Downs and the South Downs. The Chalk in these hills is in some places overlain by superficial deposits such as gravels or the clay-with-flints, but otherwise it is true that the North Downs and South Downs are formed of nothing but the Chalk. 2 The Greensand Ridge is separate from the Downs. Again, one has to be aware of the distinction between 'greensand' (typically glauconitic sand or sandstone; literally 'green sand') and 'the Greensand', a lithostratigraphic term which usually refers to the Lower Greensand Group (of Lower Cretaceous age). The Lower Greensand does contain some greensand, but also much silt, clay and limestone: most of it is neither green nor sand. It forms a distinct layer below the Gault Formation and the Upper Greensand Formation which directly underlie the Chalk Group. The 'Greensand Ridge' typically refers to one of a series of escarpments formed by the Lower Greensand. In Surrey, the Upper Greensand is thin and is not separately marked by rising ground, but elsewhere (in Sussex and Berkshire, for example) it too forms an escarpment. These groups and formations each occur in separate layers. In Surrey these dip northwards, generally at an angle of 2 degrees or less but increasing to as much as 55 degrees in the Hogs Back area, west of Guildford. No greensand occurs above the Chalk, except in the sense that there are some thin beds of green glauconitic sand in the Lambeth Group and other Palaeogene-age deposits of the London Basin. If you need further information about the stratigraphic units named here, please refer to the BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon_intro.html 3 Leith Hill forms part of the Greensand Ridge, not part of the North Downs as most people would use the term. If you wish to quote this information, please acknowledge that its source is the British Geological Survey. I would be interested to know which Wikipedia articles have thrown up these questions, please. yours sincerely Don Aldiss D T Aldiss, PhD CGeol District Geologist, London and the south-east

British Geological Survey Keyworth Nottingham NG12 5GG >

Improving article
I am hoping to expand the North Downs article over the next few days/weeks to add more information and references etc. I think the article on the Mendip Hills is a good template to use. --GkgAlf (talk) 15:40, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Good to hear it. The article can always do with it. However, source material should not be removed. Dieter Simon (talk) 01:05, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Dan Tuson's excellent Kent Downs (Tempus, 2007) provides considerable valuable content that could be used to strengthen this article. I am working my way through this and adding relevant citations to articles I am familiar with (Wormshill and Frinsted for example). I shall continue to edit here where applicable. --John Gibbard (talk) 20:52, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, I recieved this for Christmas and it is a very interesting and informative read. I am hoping to spend more time expanding this article in the next few days. --GkgAlf (talk) 22:56, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

St Martha's Hill (again)
As we seem to have concluded that Leith Hill is not part of the North Downs, due to it being of the greensand ridge, all reference to St. Martha's hill being part of the North Downs should also be removed. Anyone who has walked there can confirm it is most definitely part of the greensadn ridge too.Robruss24 (talk) 10:20, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Jarre

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Turkish Land Forces

The Turkish Land Forces (Türk Kara Kuvvetleri), or Turkish Army (Turkish: Türk Kara Ordusu), is the main branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The army was formed on November 8, 1920, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Significant campaigns since the foundation of the army include suppression of rebellions in Southeast Anatolia and East Anatolia (also known as Turkish Kurdistan or Turkish Armenia) from the 1920s to the present day, combat in the Korean War, the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus and the current Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War, as well as its NATO alliance against the USSR during the Cold War. The army holds the preeminent place within the armed forces. It is customary for the Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces to have been the Commander of the Turkish Land Forces prior to his appointment as Turkey's senior ranking officer.

Alongside the other two armed services, the Turkish Army has frequently intervened in Turkish politics, a custom that is now regulated to an extent by the reform of the National Security Council. It assumed power for several periods in the latter half of the 20th century. It carried out coups d'etat in 1960, 1971, and 1980. Most recently, it maneuvered the removal of an Islamic-oriented prime minister, Necmettin Erbakan, in 1997.

From late 2015, the Turkish Army (along with the rest of the Armed Forces) saw its personnel strengths increased to a similar level as the previous decade. Factors that contributed to this growth include the Turkish occupation of northern Syria, as well as a renewal of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict.

History
The Turkish Army traces its origin to the Ottoman Army. A theory accepted officially was that the Ottoman Armed Forces had been founded in 1363, when the Pençik corps (the predecessor of the Janissary Corps, the first full time professional military force established in Europe after the Roman legions) had been formed and, in this context, on 28 June 1963, it celebrated the 600th anniversary of its foundation. In the same year, one of the prominent Pan-Turkists, Nihal Atsız, asserted that the Turkish Army had been founded in 209 BC, when Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu is thought to have formed an army based on the decimal system. In 1968, Yılmaz Öztuna proposed this theory to Cemal Tural, who was the Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey at the time. In 1973, when the Turkish Army celebrated the 610th anniversary of its foundation, Nihal Atsız published his claim again. After the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, the Turkish Army formally adopted the date 209 BC as its year of foundation.

The foundations of the modern Turkish Army were laid during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II. After the Janissary Corps, which was outdated and could not adapt to the times, was abolished with the Auspicious Incident (June 15, 1826), Sultan Mahmud II ordered the establishment of Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye (Victorious Soldiers of the Prophet Muhammad). By embarking on a rapid modernization effort that took the military and technical developments in Europe as an example, the new army decree was approved by Sultan Mahmud II on July 7, 1826, and the Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye Army, the modern army of the empire, was established. After this date, Sultan Mahmud II accelerated his reform efforts and started to establish schools and institutions to support the new army. The Seraskerlik institution, a high military command, was established by Mahmud II in 1826 to fulfill the duties of the commander-in-chief, and on 14 March 1827, Imperial Military School of Medicine, which is the basis of Turkey's first  medical faculty and modern military hospital Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, was established to meet the army's need for physicians and surgeons. Harbiye Military School was later established in 1834 as a modern officer school modeled on the French and Prussian armies, taught by European instructors.

The name of the army was changed to Asâkir-i Nizâmiye-i Şâhâne (Royal Regular Army) by Sultan Abdülmecid on 14 June 1843. From this date onwards, the army began to be known simply as the Nizami Ordu (Regular Army). Kuleli Military High School was opened in 1845. In 1848, Erkan-ı Harbiye Military Academy  was opened to train Staff Officers. In 1880, Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Umûmiye Riyaseti, which is equivalent to today's  General Staff, was established. In 1908, the name of the Seraskerlik institution was changed to the Ministry of War and the reform efforts reached their peak.

War of Independence
The Turkish War of Independence (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. These campaigns were directed against Greece in the west, Armenia in the east, France in the south, loyalists and separatists in various cities, and British and Ottoman troops around Constantinople (İstanbul).

The ethnic demographics of the modern Turkish Republic were significantly impacted by the earlier Armenian genocide and the deportations of Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian Rum people. The Turkish National Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate native Christian populations—a continuation of the Armenian genocide and other ethnic cleansing operations during World War I. Following these campaigns of ethnic cleansing the historic Christian presence in Anatolia was destroyed, in large part, and the Muslim demographic had increased from 80% to 98%.

While World War I ended for the Ottoman Empire with the Armistice of Mudros, the Allied Powers occupied parts of the empire and sought to prosecute former members of the Committee of Union and Progress and others involved in the Armenian genocide. Ottoman military commanders therefore refused orders from both the Allies and the Ottoman government to surrender and disband their forces. This crisis reached a head when Sultan Mehmed VI dispatched Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a well-respected and high-ranking general, to Anatolia to restore order.

With Anatolia in practical anarchy and the Ottoman army being questionably loyal in reaction to Allied land seizures, Mehmed VI established the military inspectorate system to reestablish authority over the remaining empire. Encouraged by Karabekir and Edmund Allenby, he assigned Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) as the inspector of the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate –based in Erzurum– to restore order to Ottoman military units and to improve internal security on 30 April 1919. Mustafa Kemal was a well known, well respected, and well connected army commander, with much prestige coming from his status as the "Hero of Anafartalar"—for his role in the Gallipoli Campaign—and his title of "Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan" gained in the last months of WWI. He was a nationalist and a fierce critic of the government's accommodating policy to the Entente powers. His new assignment gave him effective plenipotentiary powers over all of Anatolia which was meant to accommodate him and other nationalists to keep them loyal to the government. Mustafa Kemal became an enabler and eventually leader of Turkish National Movement against the Ottoman government, Allied powers, and Christian minorities. on 3 May 1920, Birinci Ferik Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak) was appointed the Minister of National Defence, and Mirliva İsmet Pasha (İnönü) was appointed the Minister of the Chief of General Staff of the government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA). The modern Turkish Army has its foundations in nine remnant Ottoman Army corps.

In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies persuaded Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos to launch an expeditionary force into Anatolia and occupy Smyrna (İzmir), beginning the Turkish War of Independence. A nationalist Government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA)led by Mustafa Kemal was established in Ankara when it became clear the Ottoman government was backing the Allied powers. The Allies soon pressured the Ottoman government in Constantinople into suspending the Constitution, shuttering the Parliament, and signing the Treaty of Sèvres, a treaty that the "Ankara government" declared illegal.

In the ensuing war, Kuva-yi Milliye irregular militia defeated the French forces in the south, and undemobilized units went on to partition Armenia with Bolshevik forces, resulting in the Treaty of Kars (October 1921). The Western Front of the independence war was known as the Greco-Turkish War, in which Greek forces at first encountered unorganized resistance. However İsmet Pasha's organization of militia into a regular army paid off when Ankara forces fought the Greeks in the First and Second Battle of İnönü. The Greek army emerged victorious in the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir and decided to attack Ankara, stretching their supply lines. On 3 August 1921, the GNA fired İsmet Pasha from the post of Minister of National Defence because of his failure at the Battle of Afyonkarahisar–Eskişehir and on 5 August, just before the Battle of Sakarya, appointed the chairman of the GNA Atatürk as commander-in-chief of the Army of the GNA. The Turks checked the Greek advance in the Battle of Sakarya and counter-attacked in the Great Offensive, which expelled Greek forces from Anatolia in the span of three weeks. On August 26, 1922, the Army of the Grand National Assembly (Büyük Millet Meclisi Ordusu) launched the general offensive known as the Great Offensive (Büyük Taarruz) against the Greek forces around Kara Hisâr-ı Sâhip. Nurettin Pasha's 1st Army and Yakup Şevki Pasha's 2nd Army encircled the main body of Major General Nikolaos Trikoupis's group and defeated it near Dumlupınar. Fahrettin Pasha's V Cavalry Corps entered Smyrna (İzmir) on September 9, 1922. Şükrü Naili Pasha's III Corps entered Constantinople (Istanbul) peacefully on October 6, 1923. Subsequent to the founding of the Republic of Turkey, the Army of the GNA was reorganized into three army inspectorates (ordu müfettişliği, 1st, 2nd and 3rd army inspectorate).

The war effectively ended with the Turkish capture of Smyrna and the Chanak Crisis, prompting the signing of the Armistice of Mudanya.

The Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923. The Allies evacuated Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, the Ottoman government was overthrown and the monarchy abolished, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. With the war, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the abolition of the sultanate, the Ottoman era came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms, the Turks created the modern, secular nation-state of Turkey. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was also abolished.

First Kurdish rebellions and lead-up to Second World War
There were several Kurdish rebellions in the South-East of Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s, the most important of which were the 1925 Sheikh Said rebellion and the 1937 Dersim rebellion. All were suppressed by the TAF, sometimes involving large-scale mobilisations of up to 50,000 troops. Associated atrocities against civilians include the Zilan massacre.

In 1935, Turkey purchased 60 T-26 modified 1933 light tanks from the USSR (also, two twin-turreted T-26 mod. 1931 were presented to the Turkish government in 1933–1934), along with about 60 BA-6 armoured cars to form the 1st Tank Battalion of the 2nd Cavalry Division at Lüleburgaz. The Armoured Brigade of the Turkish Army consisted of the 102nd and the 103rd Companies armed with the T-26 mod. 1933 tanks (four platoons in a company, five tanks in the platoon) at the end of 1937. The reserve group of the brigade had 21 T-26 tanks also. At the beginning of 1940, the Turkish Army had the Armoured Brigade in Istanbul, which belonged to the 1st Army, and the 1st Tank Battalion, which belonged to the 3rd Army. Turkish T-26 tanks were taken out of service in 1942.

The Annual Report of the British Embassy in Ankara for 1937 said that the Army's manpower included 22 divisions but "progress in mechanization was slow." The shortage of tanks and other armoured vehicles was marked: "units are known to have been transported from Thrace to Anatolia for manoeuvres and reviews." The total strength of the forces was given as 120,000. Exercises were held in the İzmir area to practice defence against a landing from a hostile country "tacitly recognized as Italy." Separately, when war broke out, another report said that the motorised transport of the army consisted of 28 different types of old lorries.

World War II
During World War II, Turkey mobilized more than a million personnel. The Turkish Army order of battle in 1941 shows a number of formations. Turkey had been severely stretched by its actions in World War I and the leadership wished to avoid such a costly commitment. Neutral for most of the war, Turkey declared war on Nazi Germany in February 1945, after being given an ultimatum by the Allies of World War II to do so by March 1, 1945, if Turkey wanted a seat in the future United Nations.

Cold War era
In August 1947, the American Military Mission for Aid to Turkey (later prefixed Joint, thus becoming JAMMAT) was established in Ankara. Hastened by the Soviet threat during the Turkish straits crisis, large amounts of United States military aid began arriving. JAMMAT began giving significant amounts of advice on the reorganisation and modernisation of the Turkish Army.

In December 1948 the Turkish Army was described as three armies, 13 army corps, 35 infantry divisions; three cavalry divisions, six armoured brigades, and four fortress commands at 33% of war strength; and 309,300 strong. There were also additional security troops.

The command of the Turkish Army was formed on July 1, 1949, and Nuri Yamut was appointed as the first commander of the Turkish Army.

Korean War
The Turkish Army participated in the Korean War as a member state of the United Nations. Of the 5,000 soldiers of the Turkish Brigade there, 731 were killed. They fought in the Battle of Wawon where it was credited with saving the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division from encirclement. The brigade also fought at Gimnyangjang-ni, 'Operation Ripper,' or the Fourth Battle of Seoul, and the Battle of the Hook.

"By 1960, with the military already deeply involved in political affairs because of the government's use of martial law to enforce its policies, the senior command concluded that the government had departed from Kemalist principles and that the republic was in imminent danger of disintegration. On May 27, 1960, Turkish army units, under the direction of the chief of General Staff, Cemal Gürsel, seized the principal government buildings and communications centers and arrested President Bayar, Prime Minister Menderes, and most of the DP representatives in the Grand National Assembly, as well as a large number of other public officials. Those arrested were charged with abrogating the constitution and instituting a dictatorship. The coup was accomplished with little violence and was accepted quickly throughout the country."

The Turkish Land Forces became deeply involved in Counter-Guerrilla. Counter-Gurrilla was the Turkish component of the US/NATO "Operation Gladio" covert preparation for resistance against any Soviet/Warsaw Pact occupation of Western Europe. During the 1970s, the Special Warfare Department was run by General Kemal Yamak. In his memoirs he stated that the United States had set aside around $1m worth of support; part munitions, part money. This arrangement continued until 1973–1974, when Yamak decided the munitions did not meet the department's needs. Yamak wrote the Americans said that the U.S. were footing the bill, and therefore could choose the munitions. Yamak left the meeting and expressed his concerns to the Chief of General Staff, Semih Sancar, and the agreement was subsequently annulled.

Turkish invasion of Cyprus
In July 1974, Turkey landed substantial forces suddenly in Cyprus. The invasion followed a coup organized by EOKA-B and led by Nikos Sampson who ousted the democratically elected Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III in order to establish Enosis (Union) between Cyprus and Greece. The coup was backed by the Greek military junta in Athens.

The 1974 Turkish military operations in Cyprus can be divided into two distinct Turkish offensives, the first being "Atilla 1", which commenced in the early hours of July 20, 1974, with an amphibious landing force, directed by the 6th Corps, forming a beachhead at Kyrenia's Five Mile Beach. It comprised only infantry troops, but was supported by rolling air and naval artillery attacks, and met with limited resistance from the Cyprus National Guard, which was in disarray as a result of the July 15, 1974 coup. The majority of fighting ceased on the 23rd of July, though sporadic clashes continued after this date until the 14th of August. "Atilla 1" successfully achieved its objective of forming a bridgehead with the Turkish Cypriot enclave of Agyrta-Nicosia.

The second Turkish offensive began on August 14, 1974, as Greek and Turkish Cypriot representatives met in Geneva to discuss the situation on the island. Though a United Nations ceasefire was in place (several had already been disregarded), the Turkish Army, massively reinforced from weeks of build-up, launched an all-out surprise attack on ill-prepared Greek Cypriot and Greek units. With little answer to the masses of armour, mechanised units, artillery, and air support that the Turks could bring to bear, virtually all Greek Cypriot defences collapsed in a matter of days, and by August 16, 1974, Turkish forces, spearheaded by the 28th and 39th Infantry Divisions, had extended to capture some 37% of the island, including the towns of Famagusta, Varosha and Morphou.

The conflict in Cyprus resulted in the de facto division of the island between the Turkish Cypriot controlled north and the Greek Cypriot controlled south. Turkey still maintains troops in Cyprus, since a political solution could not yet be achieved and since many members of the Turkish Cypriot community fear a return to the intercommunal violence which occurred between 1963 and 1974.

Historical units and structure

The Turkish Army has since the mid-1960s operated on a corps-division-brigade system, with a varying number of divisions and brigades assigned to a corps. The IISS Military Balance 1966–67 recorded a total strength of 360,000, with 16 infantry divisions (14 NATO assigned), 4 armoured brigades (Zırhlı tugay) with M47 Patton tanks, armoured cavalry regiments, and two parachute battalions. At some point in the 1960s the Army apparently utilised the Pentomic structure for a period, before adopting the American ROAD divisional organisation. Back in the early 1970s, there was a 6th Infantry Division based at Istanbul.

The U.S. Area Handbook for the Republic of Turkey, written by Thomas Roberts, said in late 1968 that the army had 425,000 men (p. 385), three field armies (First: Istanbul, Second: Konya, Third: Erzurum), thirteen infantry divisions, one armoured division (with M-47s and M-48s), four armoured brigades (M47 Patton tanks), two armoured cavalry regiment, two mechanised infantry brigades, and two parachute battalions. There was a trained reserve of 450,000.

In 1971 the Army with the other branches of the Armed Forces imposed the military memorandum to change the civilian government's policies.

According to official British military reports in 1974, the Turkish Army included the First Army (2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 15th Corps), Second Army (4th, 6th, and 7th) and Third Army (8th, 9th and 11th Corps). There were also three Interior Zones with three recruit training divisions and four recruit training brigades. For a long period, these formations were grouped under the NATO headquarters Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe (LANDSOUTHEAST) in İzmir, led by a Turkish Army four-star General.

In mid-1982, the Army had two mechanised infantry divisions, and fourteen Infantry Divisions, six armoured brigades, and four mechanised brigades, with 3,000 M48 MBTs, 500 M47 MBTs, as well as 50 Leopard 1A3s, plus another 20 on order, for a total of 3550 main battle tanks. There were another 100 M26 Pershing heavy tanks.

Until the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1990, the Army had a static defense mission of countering any possible attack on Thrace by Soviet/Warsaw Pact forces and deterring Greece, and any attack by the Soviet Transcaucasus Military District on the Caucasus frontier. The Third Army was responsible for holding the Caucasus line with about a third of the Army's total strength of one armoured, two mechanised, and fourteen infantry divisions (1986 data). Soviet forces immediately facing the Third Army in the Caucasus were the 31st Army Corps in the Georgian SSR and the 7th Guards Army in the Armenian SSR. Together the 31st Corps and 7th Guards Army had six divisions (roughly three Category "B" and three "C") plus some immobile fortified defence areas.

Nigel Thomas's NATO Armies 1949–87, published in 1988, attributed the 2nd, 3rd Corps, 5th, and 15th Corps to the First Army; the 6th and 7th Corps to the Second Army, the 4th, 8th, and 9th Corps to the Third Army, and the 11th Corps to the Aegean Army. He wrote that the 11th Corps comprised the 28th and 39th Divisions.

"During 1992 the army introduced a sweeping reorganization, shifting from a predominantly divisional and regimental structure to one based on corps and brigades. The personnel strength of the army was reduced in 1994 to about 393,000 (including about 345,000 conscripts)." When the General Staff attempted to shift 120,000 troops to the frontier with Iraq in 1990, they discovered that there were serious deficiencies in the Army's ability to respond to crises that could erupt suddenly in distant regions.

After the fall of the Soviet Union LANDSOUTHEAST in İzmir became Joint Command Southeast for a period, before becoming Allied Air Component Command Izmir in 2004. The headquarters' land-focused roots were revived in the 2010s when NATO's two air commands were reduced into one (at Ramstein, Germany) and Allied Land Command was established at the site.

Modernization and current status

Towards the end of the 1980s, a restructuring and modernization process has been initiated by the Turkish Armed Forces, which still continues today. The final goal of Turkey is to produce indigenous military equipment and to become increasingly self-sufficient in terms of military technologies.

The then-Army Commander, Gen. Büyükanıt, said of further modernization efforts in 2006: "The Land Forces aim at being equipped with new opportunities and capabilities in order to carry out its duty in full strength against a large variety of threats, varying from classical threats to asymmetrical ones.

The targets for our land forces are to be realized through 'Forces 2014' project. This project aims to shrink the forces without undermining its combat capabilities. On the contrary, under the plan, the efficiency of the force will increase.

Within this period of time, the Land Forces will gradually decrease by 20 to 30 percent in terms of the number of personnel and forces formations. It will be equipped with modern arms and war devices as the distinct features of this new formation. Thus the battle capability will be given to high-ranking brigades. Moreover, with the Combat Zone Management System, the land tactical map will be numerically formed in real-time or close to real-time and a constant tracking will be provided."

At present, the primary main battle tanks of the Turkish Army are the Leopard 2A4 and the M60T. There are also around 400 Leopard 1 and 750 M60 Patton variants in service (excluding the M60T which were upgraded with the 120 mm MG253 guns), but the Turkish Army retains a large number of older vehicles. More than 2,800 M48 Pattons are still in service (upgraded with the 105 mm M68 guns) though only around 1,300 of these are stored as reserve MBTs. The rest of the M48s are mostly transformed into other types of military vehicles (such as cranes, MBT recovery vehicles and logistical support vehicles) or used as spare parts resources.

Turkey plans to build a total of 1,000 new Otokar Altay MBTs, in four separate batches of 250 units, with the MİTÜP Turkish National Tank Project. The tanks will be produced by the Turkish firm Otokar, and share some of the systems that are used in the K2 Black Panther main battle tank of South Korea.

Turkey has signed an agreement with the US to buy fourteen CH-47F Chinook helicopters, for $400 million. Because of financial constraints, however, the Undersecretariat for the Defense Industry, or SSM, Turkey's procurement agency, later wanted to buy only six CH-47Fs, five for the Army and one for the Special Forces, leaving a decision on the remaining eight platforms for the future. Contract negotiations between the SSM, the U.S. government and Boeing were launched last year.

The length of compulsory military service is six months for private and non-commissioned soldiers (the service term for reserve officers chosen among university or college graduates is 12 months). All male Turkish citizens over the age of 20 are required to undergo a one-month military training period, but they can obtain an exemption from the remaining five months of their mandatory service with a paid exemption option.

Turkey has chosen a Chinese defence firm to co-produce a US$4 billion long-range air and missile defence system FD-2000, rejecting rival bids from Russian, US and European firms. The Turkish defence minister announced the decision to award the contract to China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corp (CPMIEC) in a statement on Thursday, September 26, 2013. NATO has said that missiles should be compatible.

In 2017, Turkey has bought the anti-aircraft S-400 missile system from Russia.

The TLF has seen frequent recent combat around and beyond its borders. It is fighting a conflict in south-eastern Turkey against the prolonged Kurdish PKK insurgency, and monitoring ISIS, Russian intervention in Syria, the Kurdish YPG, as well as multiple other elements, in Syria. It commanded Regional Command Capital within the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan for a long period. Thus the TLF has had extensive combat experience.

Structure
The structure of the Turkish Army has historically had two facets: operational and administrative. The operational chain consists of the field fighting formations, and the administrative the arms and service branches – infantry, armour, artillery etc.

Operational organisation
The army's 14 armoured brigades were the most powerful brigades after the reorganization of the early 1990s; each includes 2 armoured, 2 mechanised infantry and 2 self-propelled artillery battalions. In late 1994 the 17 mechanised brigades each have 1 armoured, 2 mechanised and one artillery battalion. The army's nine infantry brigades each had 4 infantry battalions and one artillery battalion, while the 4 commando brigades had 3 commando battalions.

From 1992 the Army began to change from a corps-division-regiment structure to a corps-brigade arrangement, retaining only three divisions. Divisions remained on Cyprus and for certain special other cases, such as for NATO's reaction forces. In accordance with NATO's new strategy in the early 1990s, Turkey agreed to commit forces to NATO's ACE Rapid Reaction Corps. Therefore, the decision was made to create a new division. The old 1 Inf Div which had been abolished many years ago was reactivated and renamed as 1 TU Mech Inf Div and attached to 4 TU Corps on 30 November 1993. This division appears to have been replaced within 3rd Corps by the 52nd Armoured Division, formed later on.

The Military Balance, 1994–1995 also lists the following units: the Presidential Guard Regiment, an infantry regiment, 5 border defense regiments (Brigades (?)), and 26 border defense battalions. The fate of these independent units under the reorganization remains unclear.

In late 2002 the 3rd Corps, with its headquarters near Istanbul, was certified as one of the six NATO High Readiness Force-Land (HRF-L) headquarters and gained the additional title of the Rapidly Deployable Turkish Corps (RDTC). A year later, Jane's Defence Weekly reported on 9 July 2003 that as part of force restructuring, its 4 existing armies would be reorganized into a Western Army, in Istanbul, and the Eastern Army would replace 2nd Army in Malatya. This plan does not appear to have been carried out.

The Army announced plans in mid-2004 to abolish four brigades across Turkey. The arms and equipment of the brigades closed were to be kept in depots. The plan involved the disbandment of:
 * The 33rd Mechanized Brigade in Kırklareli on the north-west border
 * The 7th Mechanized Brigade in Kars/Kağızman near the eastern border with Armenia
 * The 10th Infantry Brigade in Van/Erciş on the eastern border with Iran
 * The 9th Armoured Brigade in Çankırı in central Anatolia

The IISS Military Balance 2008 listed the Turkish Land Forces with four Army headquarters (HQ), 10 corps HQ, 17 armoured brigades, 15 mechanised infantry brigades, two infantry divisions, 11 infantry brigades, one Special Force command HQ, five commando brigades, one combat helicopter battalion, four aviation regiments, three aviation battalions (totalling 1 transport and 2 training battalions), and 4 training/artillery brigades.

By 2022 the force included four army HQs, nine corps HQs, eight commando brigades, one mountain commando brigade, one commando regiment, one armoured division, seven armoured brigades, two mechanised divisions, 14 mechanised brigades, one motorised infantry division with three motorised regiments, seven motorised infantry brigades, two artillery, one training artillery brigades, six artillery regiments, two engineer regiments, four aviation regiments, and four aviation battalions.

List of formations and units
A basic organigram on the official Turkish Land Forces website shows the First, Second, Third, and Aegean Armies, the 4th Corps, the force in Northern Cyprus, the Training and Doctrine Command, and the Logistics Command as directly subordinated to the Chief of the Land Forces.

The Turkish Army is organised into the following commands:

 * Land Forces Command (Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı (KKK)) – Ankara
 * 1st Army (Istanbul)
 * 2nd Corps (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)
 * 4th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Keşan)
 * 8th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Tekirdağ)
 * 18th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Çanakkale)
 * 95th Armored Brigade (Malkara)
 * 102nd Artillery Regiment (Uzunköprü)
 * 41st Commando Brigade (Vize)
 * Corps Engineer Combat Regiment (Gelibolu)
 * 3rd Corps (NATO Rapid Deployment Corps, Şişli, Istanbul)
 * 52nd Tactical Armored Division (Hadımköy, Istanbul)
 * 2nd Armored Brigade (Kartal)
 * 3rd Armored Brigade (Çerkezköy)
 * 66th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Istanbul)
 * 23rd Tactical Motorized Infantry Division (Hasdal, Istanbul)
 * 6th Motorized Infantry Regiment (Hasdal, Istanbul)
 * 23rd Motorized Infantry Regiment (Samandıra, Istanbul)
 * 47th Motorized Infantry Regiment (Metris, Istanbul)
 * 5th Corps (Çorlu, Tekirdağ)
 * 1st Armored Brigade (Babaeski)
 * 54th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Edirne)
 * 55th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Süloğlu)
 * 65th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Lüleburgaz)
 * Corps Armored Cavalry Battalion (Ulaş)
 * 105th Artillery Regiment (Çorlu)
 * Corps Engineer Combat Regiment (Pınarhisar)
 * 15th Infantry Division (Köseköy, İzmit)
 * 2nd Army (Malatya)
 * 4th Corps(Ankara)
 * 28th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Mamak)
 * 58th Artillery Regiment (Polatlı)
 * 1st Commando Brigade (Talas)
 * 2nd Commando Brigade (Bolu)
 * 6th Corps (Adana)
 * 5th Armored Brigade (Gaziantep)
 * 39th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (İskenderun)
 * 106th Artillery Regiment (Islahiye)
 * 7th Corps (Diyarbakır)
 * 3rd Tactical Infantry Division (Yüksekova)
 * 34th Border Brigade (Şemdinli)
 * 16th Mechanized Brigade (Diyarbakır)
 * 20th Mechanized Brigade (Şanlıurfa)
 * 70th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Mardin)
 * 172nd Armored Brigade (Silopi)
 * 2nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (Lice)
 * 6th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Akçay)
 * 3rd Commando Brigade (Siirt)
 * 107th Artillery Regiment (Siverek)
 * Hakkari Mountain Warfare and Commando Brigade (hakkari)
 * 3rd Army (Erzincan)
 * 8th Corps (Elazığ)
 * 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Doğubeyazıt)
 * 12th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Ağrı)
 * 10th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Tatvan)
 * 34th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Patnos)
 * 49th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Bingöl)
 * 51st Motorized Infantry Brigade (Hozat)
 * 4th Commando Brigade (Tunceli)
 * 108th Artillery Regiment (Erciş)
 * 17th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Kiğı)
 * 9th Corps (Erzurum)
 * 4th Armored Brigade (Palandöken)
 * 14th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Kars)
 * 25th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Ardahan)
 * 9th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Sarıkamış)
 * 48th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Trabzon)
 * 109th Artillery Regiment (Erzurum)
 * Aegean Army (İzmir)
 * Cyprus Turkish Peace Force
 * 28th Infantry Division – headquartered at Asha (Paşaköy) to the northeast of Nicosia, and the
 * 39th Infantry Division – headquartered at Camlibel within the district of Girne.
 * 14th Armored Brigade – in Kythrea with M48 Patton tanks.
 * A Special Force Regiment
 * An Artillery Regiment
 * Naval units
 * Logistics Division (Balıkesir)
 * 57th Artillery Training Brigade (İzmir)
 * 19th Infantry Brigade (Edremit)
 * 11th Motorised Infantry Brigade (Denizli)
 * 5th Army Aviation School Command (Muğla)
 * 2nd Infantry Regiment (Muğla)
 * Commando Training School Command (Isparta)
 * Training and Doctrine Command (Ankara)
 * As of 2018, three infantry training brigades, including 15th Infantry Training Brigade at General Hikmet Akinci Barracks, Amasya, which includes two infantry training regiments.
 * 3rd Infantry Training Brigade (Antalya)
 * 1st Infantry Training Brigade (Manisa)
 * Logistics Command (Ankara)
 * Turkish Military Academy (Ankara)
 * Turkish Army Aviation Command
 * General Staff controlled units (Güvercinlik Army Air Base, Ankara)
 * Special Aviation Group Command
 * General Staff Electronic Systems (GES) Aviation Group Command
 * Mapping General Command
 * Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Center Command (Batman Air Base)
 * Army Aviation Command
 * Army Aviation School Command (Güvercinlik Army Air Base)
 * 5th Main Maintenance Center Command
 * 1st Army Aviation Regiment (Güvercinlik Army Air Base)
 * 2nd Army Aviation Regiment (Malatya Erhaç Airport)
 * 3rd Army Aviation Regiment (Gaziemir Air Base, İzmir)
 * 4th Army Aviation Regiment (Samandıra Army Air Base, Istanbul)
 * 7th Army Aviation Group Command (Diyarbakır Air Base)
 * Northern Cyprus Turkish Army Aviation Unit Command (Karter Air Base, Pınarbaşı)

Administrative branches
Combatant
 * General Staff
 * Infantry
 * Cavalry
 * Armoury
 * Army aviation

Battle Supporting
 * Artillery
 * Bulwark
 * Air defence
 * Correspondence
 * Intelligence

Battle Supporting & Service
 * Communications
 * Ordnance
 * Supplies
 * Personnel
 * Cartography
 * Transportation
 * Finance
 * Instructor
 * Legal
 * Military Band
 * Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Corps
 * Veterinary Corps
 * Engineer, Chemist and Technician Corps

Insignia and ranks
Turkish Land Forces has NATO-compatible rank system.
 * Officers 1-10 (OF 1-10)

 * Other Ranks 1-9 (OR 1-9)

 * Non-Turkish speakers might like to know that OF3, OF2, and OR2 literally translates as "Head of 1000", "Head of 100", and "Head of 10", respectively.

title: Turkish Land Forces


text:
Talk:Lord Speaker

Old discussions
My fault for not spotting this article yesterday, otherwise I would have moved it rather than creating a parallel article at Speaker of the House of Lords. Which article should be merged into the other? Schedule 6 of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 uses the term Speaker of the House of Lords not Lord Speaker. However, I see this page uses both terms, and there is some discussion in this PDF. The discussion in this Hansard extract is also fascinating. -- ALoan (Talk) 14:09, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the two articles should be merged, possibly this one redirecting to the Speaker of the House of Lords one. But the Speaker will be called the "Lord Speaker" in the same way as it's "Mister Speaker" in the Commons. But we'll find out in the next Parliament what's really going to happen! David

Merge can now take place
The Speaker of the House of Lords article should now be redirected automatically to this article. David.

bizzare title
Surely when the merge was made the wrong title was chosen? I presume that just as the "speaker of the house of commons" is referred to as "Mr/Madam Speaker" so likewise will the "speaker of the house of lords" (or perhaps "lord speaker of the house of lords") only be referred to as "the lord speaker." Shouldn't this article's title be analagous to Speaker of the House of Commons, and refer to the office's actual name, not the familiarized form? Doops 20:48, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Lo and behold, many months later — no comments? Doops | talk 17:44, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * We shouldn't do anything until the Lord High Chancellor himself decides to actually change the rules of the House of Lords and remove his office from being automatically the Lord Speaker. When that will happen, I do not know... David 19:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title again
I repeat my earlier objection: shouldn't this page be at Lord Speaker of the House of Lords (or possibly just Speaker of the House of Lords)? Surely "Lord Speaker" will just be his form of address and the moniker he's known by in the house itself; but that doesn't make it a suitable title for an article. cf Mister Speaker and Speaker of the House of Commons. Doops | talk 16:26, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * While there is more than one "Speaker" around the world, I think we're going to have the only "Lord Speaker". David 18:37, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Here we go!!
The position of Lord Speaker is about to become a reality - BBC News - Lord Speaker David 19:24, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Information can be found here:
Please see the following PDF document for the official information about the role and office of Lord Speaker.

David 19:03, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Lady Speaker?
Is a woman holding the office of 'Lord Speaker' to be refered to as 'Lady Speaker'? Or does it stay Lord Speaker (like Lord Mayor)? (Alphaboi867 06:05, 13 July 2006 (UTC))

Order of precedence
Has the Lord Speaker been officially added to the United Kingdom order of precedence? Surely such an office would end up being quite high up the order, at least being about the same as the Speaker of the Commons? David 18:10, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Move
This really, definitely, certainly does not belong at this title. This point has been raised several times above but no one has moved the article. We don't have the Commons Speaker at Mister Speaker. This should be moved to Speaker of the House of Lords, so can someone do it now please? 86.136.0.145 22:39, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, the common usage does seem to be "Lord Speaker", whatever the Act says. As an additional datapoint, the relevant page at the Parliament website,, uses "Speaker of the House of Lords" as a heading and then uses "Lord Speaker" on every other occasion, even when comparing the Lord Speaker and the Speaker of the House of Commons. -- ALoan (Talk) 22:46, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The position is this:
 * The Standing Orders referred to a "Speaker of the House", and provided that "It is the duty of the Lord Chancellor ordinarily to attend the Lords House of Parliament as Speaker of the House; and in case the Lord Chancellor be absent, his place on the Woolsack may be taken either by a Deputy Speaker, authorised under the Great Seal from the Queen to supply that place, or by a Deputy Chairman, appointed by the House; and if neither a Deputy Speaker nor a Deputy Chairman be present, the Lords may then choose their own Speaker during that vacancy". The term Lord Speaker was previously used in some standing orders to refer to the Lord Chancellor or other Speaker of the House pro tempore.
 * The Act has simply replaced the words "Lord Chancellor" in various Acts of Parliament with the words "Speaker of the House of Lords". It was not known at the time what provisions the Lords would make for the speakership of the House.
 * The Committee reported ' “Lord Speaker” is the existing title. It is the title used in the Standing Orders and the Companion. It is the title used in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Baroness Boothroyd and Lord Weatherill have confirmed their view that it is the appropriate title, and should not lead to any confusion.'
 * The House of Lords have now amended Standing Order 18 to read "It is the duty of the Lord Speaker ordinarily to attend the Lords House of Parliament as Speaker of the House; and in case the Lord Speaker be absent, his place on the Woolsack or in the Chair may be taken either by a Deputy Speaker, authorised under the Great Seal from the Queen to supply that place, or by a Deputy Chairman, appointed by the House; and if neither a Deputy Speaker nor a Deputy Chairman be present, the Lords may then choose their own Speaker during that vacancy", and provided a new standing order 18A for the first and subsequent elections of the Lord Speaker. The old standing orders which referred to the Lord Speaker are untouched.
 * So, there is a position of "Speaker of the House (of Lords)" or "Lord Speaker" (in the older standing orders) which includes both the principal office holder and his deputies. There is also a "Lord Speaker" who is a single person parachuted into the standing orders to replace the Lord Chancellor, who ordinarily but not always acts as Speaker of the House (or Lord Speaker). So the Lord Speaker is not always the Lord Speaker. Confusing, isn't it? I'm not sure the Lords considered the possibility of referential failures like this when they drafted the new amendments.
 * We have to decide whether this article is about the speakership of the House of Lords or the individual office of Lord Speaker, i.e. do we include Deputy Speakers and Deputy Chairmen in this article? Andrew Yong 01:23, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Good stuff. So "Lord Speaker" could refer to Baroness Hayman (as the holder of the principal office), or Baroness Hayman and her deputies (as the person on the Woolsack actually exercising the office)?

 * As a point of fact, the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 does not include the term "Lord Speaker" - Section 18 and Schedule 6 are entitled "Speakership of the House of Lords",, and Schedule 6 substitutes the term "Speaker of the House of Lords" in various other statutes. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:00, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Okay, thanks for the research, you've set out a good case. I can see now that it would be better to wait until usage is established in this area, once people have had time to get used to the new arrangements. 86.136.0.145 12:17, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

State Opening of Parliament
"The Lord Speaker will assume most of the duties that the Lord Chancellor used to have in relation to his Parliamentary role, including ceremonial duties such as the State Opening of Parliament."

Now that there has been a State Opening of Parliament since the first Lord Speaker was elected, what role did she play at the event? I'm pretty sure the Lord Chancellor handed the Queen the Speach. I didn't really see the Lord Speaker at all. David 21:34, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

role
There is plenty on what she does not do (call the house to order, rule on procedure) but very little on what she does. Is the article lacking or does she actually have very little to do. Elsewhere it is suggested that she doesn't even do much at the opening. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.206.112.162 (talk) 14:39, 20 April 2007

Interregnum
I think there was also a Lord Speaker for a limited period during the Interregnum. Could this be clarified, and if so added. PatGallacher (talk) 01:44, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Next election ?
I heard that the speaker is elected in an early period of a new parliament, but the term limit is 5 years. When is the next election, soon (because of the general eletion) or in the summer of 2011 ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.6.3.134 (talk) 07:17, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Older references to the post - 17th century
There is a reference in Sir Robert Atkyns to his holding the post of 'Speaker of the House of Lords' at the end of the 17th century. Therefore the office has been existed in the past. Ender's Shadow Snr (talk) 22:52, 8 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Prior to 2006 the role of Speaker in the House of Lords fell to the Lord Chancellor. From 1689 to 1693 the office of Lord Chancellor was placed in commission (meaning that the duties of the office were shared between a group of individuals known as "Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal"). Atkyns was given the role of Speaker during that time. Road Wizard (talk) 23:07, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Brilliant - thanks for the clarification; makes a lot of sense. Could make for an absurdly hard pub quiz question.... Ender's Shadow Snr (talk) 12:15, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

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Lord Chancellors
Someone has gone back and added LC's as 'Lord Speaker' in an unknown number f articles. see William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield under political offices. This needs stopping if people see it. The LC presided but was not LS Garlicplanting (talk) 13:36, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lord Speaker


text:
Tsk

Tsk or TSK may refer to:

 * "tsk!", a dental click
 * Tsk Tsk Tsk, an Australian music, art and performance group
 * "TSK", a song by Nas from Magic 3, 2023
 * Galoter process, shale oil extraction technology
 * San-in Chūō Television Broadcasting, a Japanese TV station
 * Takagi-Sugeno-Kang, a system of Fuzzy logic
 * Terrace step kink, a model to describe the thermodynamics of crystal surface formation
 * The Sleuth Kit, computer forensics tools
 * Tiger Schulmann's Karate
 * Tomsk Avia (ICAO: TSK), a Russian airline
 * Transmission security keys
 * Tseku language (ISO 639:tsk), a language of Tibet
 * Turkish Armed Forces (Turkish: Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri)

title: Tsk


text:
File:Skyhawk.gif

Summary
Southridge High School (Beaverton) Skyhawk mascot

title: File:Skyhawk.gif


text:
Nina Bang

Nina Henriette Wendeline Bang née Ellinger (6 October 1866 – 25 March 1928) was a Danish social democratic politician and historian. In 1924 she was appointed Minister for Education, becoming one of the world's first female ministers. She resigned as minister in 1926.

Biography
Bang was born and died in Copenhagen. She grew up in a right-wing middle-class family, but unlike her brother the politician and physicist Heinrich Oscar Günther Ellinger, who became a member of the Landsting for the conservative party Højre, she became a marxist while studying history at the University of Copenhagen in the 1890s. When she graduated in 1894, she became one of the first women in Denmark to get an academic degree. She had specialized in 16th-century trade and in particular the extensive records in the possession of the Danish National Archives on the Sound toll collected at Kronborg Castle from the 1420s until 1857. Bang saw the records of the ships that passed through Oresund and the type and value of their cargo throughout centuries as unique historical documents to the economic history of England, the Netherlands, the Hanseatic League and the Baltic states. Analyzing the large amount of documents was a huge project, and she published the first two volumes of Tabeller over Skibsfart og Varetransport gennem Øresund (Tables of Shipping and Transport of Goods through the Sound) in 1906 and 1922. The project produced seven volumes in all, but Bang was responsible only for the first two.

Bang's political career began in 1903 when she became a member of the executive committee of the Social Democratic Party, where she was the only woman until the arrival of Marie Nielsen in 1918: only three women had previously been members. In the 1918 Landsting election—the first under the Constitution of 1915 which enfranchised women—she was elected to the Landsting, and she remained a member until her death in 1928. She was a member of the finance committee of the Landsting, and she participated in several international socialist conventions as a substitute for Thorvald Stauning.

When Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning established his first government—the first Danish social democratic government, the Cabinet of Stauning I—in 1924, Bang was appointed Minister for Education, which made her the first female minister in Denmark and one of the first in the world. Bang's primary ambitions as minister was to democratize the school system and to improve the teacher training. Despite being the first woman to reach the top of the political system in Denmark, Bang never engaged in the women's movement but considered the situation of women a part of the regular political struggle, and criticised the right-wing women's movement for obscuring differences between the classes of society.

Bang stirred up quite a commotion when at the 50th anniversary of the new building for the Royal Danish Theatre in 1924, she forbade the playing of the overture to Elves' Hill and thus the royal anthem Kong Kristian. When a group of students sang the anthem anyway, addressing it directly to King Christian X of Denmark, she refused to stand up as tradition dictated and as the entire audience did. Some of the other ministers had trouble deciding whether to sit or stand, but only Bang remained fully seated. As a politician, she was uncompromising and aggressive, characteristics that earned her the nicknames "Our Lady of Denmark" and "the only real man in the government".

When Stauning's government resigned in 1926, Bang continued as a member of the Landsting, but due to illness her activity was limited. She died in 1928.

Posthumous honours

 * Nina Bang Bjerg, a mountain in Greenland, was named after her.
 * Nina Bang award, awarded annually to a young, promising female politician.

title: Nina Bang


text: User talk:66.144.185.52

title: User talk:66.144.185.52


text:
Speke's gazelle

Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei) is the smallest of the gazelle species. It is confined to the Horn of Africa, where it inhabits stony brush, grass steppes, and semi deserts. This species has been sometimes regarded as a subspecies of the Dorcas gazelle, though this is now widely disregarded. Severe habitat fragmentation means it is now impossible to assess the natural migratory or nomadic patterns of G. spekei. Its numbers are under threat, and despite an increase in population, the IUCN in 2007 announced its status had changed from vulnerable to endangered. A captive population is maintained, and the wild population exists in the lower tens of thousands. As of 2008, this gazelle is classified as endangered under the IUCN Red List.

Speke's gazelle is named after John Hanning Speke, a British explorer of Central Africa.

title: Speke's gazelle


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Color/Strategy

To do

 * Re-establish project
 * Complete project page (may evolve as the project progresses)
 * Recruit (or re-recruit) members (left notes on talk pages of previous members --Laura S 01:10, 19 May 2006 (UTC))
 * Remove "inactive" tag
 * Post note on Community_Portal?

 * Update project template - needs link to the project!
 * Create userbox (low priority)
 * Determine other color-related articles? (See Article assessments)
 * Bring Color to FA. It looks really good so far, maybe some improvements and a peer review are in order?
 * Decide on a list of "major" colors and work on those articles. Organize "minor" colors into the main articles.
 * Update infobox: normalize numbers, decide on which spaces to use (RGB, CMYK, etc.), add caveat about monitor differences, change swatches per talk page.
 * Initial strategy is to sweep through list of colors: for each entry, I shall normalise the values and ensure that the entries in the table correspond to the appropriate article. (from previous listing - older, but worth keeping)

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Color/Strategy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/9/11 complicity

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedily deleted as a recreation of 9/11 open questions. Rhobite 02:38, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

9/11 complicity
Crackpot conspiracy theory, combined with spam. Delete. - Mike Rosoft 14:14, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur, not really an encyclopedic reference. delete - TheDaveRoss 14:25, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, substantially similar to 9/11 open questions, an article created by the same user and deleted based on the discussion at Votes for deletion/9/11 open questions. --Michael Snow 16:27, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete recreated deletia. This may be sourced, but the sources, aren't all as reliable as they should be. Mgm|(talk) 19:39, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Substantially this a recreation of a previously deleted article. Dsmdgold 23:23, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as re-creation of 9/11 open questions --Carnildo 23:40, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as re-creation of 9/11 open questions, with the only apparent differences being for the worse. -- Antaeus Feldspar 01:30, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Category talk:Artists

Untitled
It makes little sense in my opinion to have such complex categorisation and sub-categorisation in this area.

I would suggest that since Art most often refers to the visual or Fine Arts, that the subject is clarified with a top-level category of Art followed by subsections such as Artist, Media, perhaps in the following hierarchy, or something similar:

Art Artist Artists Contemporary Artists Painters Sculptors 20th Century Artists Artists by nationality Artists by medium Artists by period ...  Art Media Two dimensional art painting painting media oil painting watercolour painting ...     drawing printmaking printmaking media lithography intaglio ...     photography ...     graphic design illustration ...   Three dimensional art Sculpture sculpture media plaster clay ...      Ceramics Ceramic sculpture Functional ceramics ...   Four dimensional art Film Video Performance ... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Duncanssmith (talk • contribs) 14:15, 13 April 2005 (UTC)

Art categories
A page is created at Wikipedia:WikiProject Visual arts/Art categories to plan art categories. Previous discussions are at Category talk:Art, Category talk:Visual arts and Category talk:Artists (there are likely more that I haven't found). The current schema on Wikipedia:WikiProject Visual arts/Art categories combines much of what is in previous discussions. --sparkit (talk) 16:01, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Artists


text:
Talk:Felicia (Darkstalkers)

Untitled

 * Support. Less unambiguity, and is in style with many other articles. — Apostrophe 02:22, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Makes sense as there could be other video game characters called "Felicia". — VederJuda 03:01, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There are other Felicias in video games, but they're mostly minor characters. I support the move.--Mitsukai 03:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support as per all that junk they said. - A Link to the Past (talk) 07:22, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. Dragons flight 04:00, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
I am deleting the reference to Cham Cham as it is irrelevant. For the record, Darkstalkers and Samurai Shodown II were released mere months apart, so it is highly unlikely that either character's development influenced the other. Besides, do they really have that much in common? I don't think so. --Feitclub 14:15, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * The reason they are compared so much is that the both games came out around the same time, and both are catgirls. That's many people wonder who came out first and if they influenced each other. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 205.188.116.68 (talk • contribs).

 * I HIGHLY doubt one influenced the other. I spent a LOT of time with these two games back in the day and never ONCE made the connection. In fact it's on this very wikipedia page that I'm first seeing this nonsense about "they are compared so much." 100% BS. Utils 19:24, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd phrase it more politely myself, but ... well, either way, it's completely unverifiable and an opinion, and the creators of Wikipedia have a thing about not liking either. —Yar Kramer 16:27, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Felicia(Darkstalkers).jpg
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 03:06, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Felicia (Darkstalkers)


text:
City Hall, Cardiff

City Hall (Neuadd y ddinas) is a municipal building in Cardiff, Wales, UK. It serves as Cardiff's centre of local government. It was built as part of the Cathays Park civic centre development and opened in October 1906. Built of Portland stone, it is an important early example of the Edwardian Baroque style. It is a Grade I listed building.

History
The complex was commissioned to replace Cardiff's fourth town hall on the western side of St Mary's Street, which was completed in 1853. Following a design competition, the firm of Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards was selected to design the city's fifth town hall and adjacent law courts in the Edwardian Baroque style. The contractor, E. Turner and Sons, used the world's first all-electrically operated building site, including eight 5-ton cranes to lift the stone blocks. The total building cost was £129,708 (with the concurrently-built courts costing £96,583). As Cardiff received its city charter in 1905 while construction was underway, the current building is known as City Hall. The new building was officially opened by Lord Bute on 29 October 1906.

Clock tower
The distinctive clock tower is 59 m in height and has a 3.7 m gilded dial on each of its four faces. The clock mechanism includes an hour bell and four quarter bells which are each inscribed with mottoes in English or Welsh.

Fountains and pool.
In front of the entrance portico is a rectangular pool with fountains. The fountains were created to mark the investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales in July 1969.

Memorials
On the southern side of the building are two memorials: the memorial on the right is dedicated to victims of the Second World War while the one on the left is dedicated to the Polish soldiers, airmen and sailors who gave their lives during that war.

Marble Hall
The first floor landing of City Hall is decorated with statues in Pentelicon marble of famous figures from Welsh history. These were funded by a gift from David Alfred Thomas, 1st Viscount Rhondda; the individuals commemorated were decided by a competition in the Western Mail newspaper. The Marble Hall with completed statues was unveiled by David Lloyd George, then Secretary of State for War, on 27 October 1916.

The figures portrayed are as follows:

In July 2020, Cardiff Council voted to remove the marble statue of Sir Thomas Picton, on account of his links to slavery.
 * Boudica (1st-century queen of the Iceni) by James Havard Thomas
 * Saint David (6th-century patron saint of Wales) by Sir William Goscombe John
 * Hywel Dda (king and codifier of Welsh law, 10th century) by F. W. Pomeroy
 * Gerald of Wales (scholar and writer in the 12th and 13th centuries) by Henry Poole
 * Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf (Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last ruling Prince of Wales) by Henry Alfred Pegram
 * Dafydd ap Gwilym (Welsh poet of the 14th century) by W. W. Wagstaff
 * Owain Glyndŵr (Welsh patriot and warrior of the 14th and 15th centuries) by Alfred Turner
 * Henry VII (founder of the Tudor dynasty, 15th and 16th centuries) by Ernest Gillick
 * Bishop William Morgan (translated the Bible into Welsh in the 16th century) by Thomas John Clapperton
 * William Williams, Pantycelyn (revivalist and hymn writer, 18th century) by Leonard Stanford Merrifield
 * Sir Thomas Picton (general at Waterloo, 18th and 19th centuries) by T. Mewburn Crook

Assembly Room
This room has hosted royalty, international statesmen and diplomats, and can seat 500 diners. It is used for various ceremonies, conferences and events during the year. It is decorated with mouldings picked out in gold leaf, of mermaids and other sea creatures. Three large bronze chandeliers are contemporary to the original architects' design.

Council Chamber

This is located above the main entrance portico and directly below the main dome of the building. Hanging from the dome is a bronze chandelier designed by Edwin Alfred Rickards. The arrangement is unusual in that the seating is set in a circular pattern, whereas normally British council chambers have semicircular seating. The chamber was designed to host Cardiff's Council meetings (which have subsequently been relocated to County Hall in the Atlantic Wharf area). The dome of City Hall is supported by four massive pillars of Italian marble with bronze Ionic capitals. The chamber is paneled throughout in oak. The plaster work is by G.P. Bankart and the stained glass window depicts a personification of the City of Cardiff by Alfred Garth Jones, dated 1905.

In popular culture
The cover of the Catatonia single "Mulder and Scully" has a UFO above the building similar to the movie poster for Independence Day.

title: City Hall, Cardiff


text:
Josip Bozanić

Josip Bozanić (born 20 March 1949) is a Croatian prelate of the Catholic Church who was the Archbishop of Zagreb from 1997 to 2023. He was previously Bishop of Krk from 1989 to 1997. He was made a cardinal in 2003.

Early life and ordination
Josip Bozanić was born in Rijeka, Yugoslavia (now Croatia), the eldest of four children of Ivan Bozanić and Dinka Valković. He attended the minor seminary of Pazin and the Theological Faculties of Rijeka and Zagreb, where he obtained a Master's degree in theology. He was ordained to the priesthood on 29 June 1975 by Bishop Karmelo Zazinović, whom he then served as private secretary until 1976.

Pastoral work
He was a parish priest for three years before furthering his studies in Rome from 1979 to 1985. He earned a licentiate in dogmatic theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University and a licentiate in canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University.

Upon his return to Yugoslavia, he served as chancellor (1986–1987) and vicar general (1987–1989) of the Diocese of Krk. He also taught dogmatic theology and canon law at the Theological Institute of Rijeka from 1988 to 1997.

Bishop
On 10 May 1989, Bozanić was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Krk by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 25 June from Cardinal Franjo Kuharić, with Archbishop Josip Pavlišić and Bishop Zazinović serving as co-consecrators, at Assumption Cathedral. At the age of 40, he was one of the youngest bishops in Europe. He succeeded as bishop of Krk on 14 November 1989. One of his ancestors, Bartol Bozanić, served in the same post from 1839 to 1854.

He was apostolic administrator for the Archdiocese of Rijeka-Senj from June to November 1996. and was named the eighth Archbishop of Zagreb on 5 July 1997. He was president of the Croatian Bishops' Conference from 1997 to 2007 and the vice-president of the Council of European Bishops' Conferences from 2001 to 2006.

Cardinal
Pope John Paul made him cardinal-priest of San Girolamo dei Croati in the consistory of 21 October 2003. Bozanić was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI.

Within the Roman Curia, he was named a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, the Congregation for Catholic Education (renewed on 11 December 2010), the Pontifical Council for the Laity, and the Special Council for Europe of the Synod of Bishops. On 5 January 2011 he was among the first members of the newly created Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelisation. On 29 December 2011 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications.

On 18 September 2012, Pope Benedict XVI included him among his appointees to participate in the October 2012 Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization.

He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that selected Pope Francis. Pope Francis confirmed his appointment as a member of the Congregation for Catholic Education on 30 November 2013.

In 2013, he intervened in the political campaign to alter the Croatian referendum so that it more explicitly defined marriage only as a union between a man and a woman. He issued a pastoral letter to be read in all Catholic churches across the country reminding parishioners that "Marriage is the only union enabling procreation". The referendum's approved by a vote of 66% to 34% was regarded as a major victory for the Church.

Pope Francis accepted Bozanić's resignation as archbishop of Zagreb on 15 April 2023. He had submitted his resignation at age 74, a year earlier than required. He was immediately succeeded by his coadjutor, Archbishop Dražen Kutleša.

title: Josip Bozanić


text:
Soho media and post-production community

Much of the British independent film, television and post-production industry is based in London's Soho area. Many of the people who work in the industry form a village-like community, with the various companies hiring and re-hiring one another's employees, and, like many other villages, having a lively social life that revolves around gossip and the eighty or so pubs in Soho.

Post-production companies in Soho include:
 * Ascent Media
 * Double Negative
 * Film Cut Post Production
 * Framestore CFC
 * Goldcrest Post-Production
 * Moving Picture Company
 * Evolutions Television
 * Reliance MediaWorks Ltd
 * Rushes
 * TVC Soho
 * The Yard
 * Dragonfly Video Production Company

Locations
The above listed "Cinesite" company is near London's Piccadilly Circus, though there is also a non-graphical department based at Pinewood Studios, who made some of mechanical props for the Harry Potter films, amongst other productions.

"The Mill" is at the western end of Dean Street and is in a white 3-storey building with a purple door. Whereas a rival Co "Framestore-CFC" is just a minutes walk away along the same road, being midway along, on a corner, with a large windowed frontage along its ground-floor.

Also, though not media related, but CGI related, is Sony's PlayStation game creation department of Europe, which is also located in London's Soho, specifically off Golden Square, the latter having a sleeping-giant sculpture that is opposite the front door of SCE. This video-game studio is housed in a large stone-built building with a brass plaque out front.


text:
User:Neildogg

My favorite canceled TV

 * 2ge+her
 * The Andy Dick Show
 * Bug Juice
 * Dave's World
 * Due South
 * Early Edition
 * Fastlane
 * Freaks and Geeks
 * Gargoyles (TV series)
 * Get Smart
 * Greg the bunny
 * Hey Dude
 * Invader Zim
 * The Joe Schmo Show
 * Keen Eddie
 * MacGyver
 * Mister Bean
 * Mister Rhodes
 * Mister Wizard
 * My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance
 * Murder in Small Town X
 * The Norm Show
 * The Pretender
 * The Restaurant
 * Roswell
 * Salute Your Shorts
 * Saved by the Bell
 * Sports Night
 * The Tom Green Show
 * Thundercats
 * Undeclared
 * Upright Citizens Brigade
 * Welcome Freshmen

title: User:Neildogg