text:
Everton

Everton may refer to:

Australia

 * Everton, Victoria
 * Electoral district of Everton, Queensland

Canada

 * Everton, Ontario

South Africa

 * Everton, part of Kloof, KwaZulu-Natal

United Kingdom

 * Everton, Bedfordshire, England
 * Everton, Hampshire, England
 * Everton, Liverpool, a district of Liverpool, England
 * Everton (ward), a Liverpool City Council Ward
 * Everton, Nottinghamshire, England

United States

 * Everton, Arkansas
 * Everton, Indiana
 * Everton, Missouri

Sport

 * Everton F.C., an English football club based in Liverpool, England
 * Everton F.C. (women), an English women's football team playing in the FA Womens Super League
 * Everton Tigers, former name of Mersey Tigers, a basketball franchise formerly owned by the football club
 * Everton de Viña del Mar, a Chilean football team named after the original British football team
 * Everton F.C. (Trinidad and Tobago), a former Trinidad and Tobago football team

Given name

 * Éverton Barbosa da Hora (born 1983), Brazilian footballer
 * Everton Blender (born 1954), Jamaican reggae singer and producer
 * Everton Camargo (born 1991), Brazilian-born Hong Kong footballer
 * Éverton Cardoso da Silva (born 1988), Brazilian footballer
 * Everton Guimarães Ferreira (born 1986), Brazilian footballer
 * Everton Fox (born 1964), British weather presenter
 * Everton Luiz (born 1988), Brazilian footballer
 * Éverton Paulo Strieder (born 1993), Brazilian footballer
 * Everton Ramos da Silva (born 1983), Brazilian footballer
 * Éverton Ribeiro (born 1989), Brazilian footballer
 * Everton Silva (born 1988), Brazilian footballer
 * Everton Soares (born 1996), Brazilian footballer
 * Everton Weekes (born 1925), West Indian cricketer

Surname

 * Clive Everton (born 1937), Welsh snooker commentator, journalist and author
 * John Scott Everton (1908–2003), American college president and diplomat
 * Loren D. Everton (1915–1991), American Marine officer, flying ace and Navy Cross recipient

title: Everton


text:
Vilém Flusser

Vilém Flusser (May 12, 1920 – November 27, 1991) was a Czech-born Brazilian philosopher, writer and journalist. He lived for a long period in São Paulo (where he became a Brazilian citizen) and later in France, and his works are written in many different languages.

His early work was marked by discussion of the thought of Martin Heidegger, and by the influence of existentialism and phenomenology. Phenomenology would play a major role in the transition to the later phase of his work, in which he turned his attention to the philosophy of communication and of artistic production. He contributed to the dichotomy in history: the period of image worship, and period of text worship, with deviations consequently into idolatry and "textolatry".

Life
Flusser was born in 1920 in Prague, Czechoslovakia into a family of Jewish intellectuals. His father, Gustav Flusser, studied mathematics and physics (under Albert Einstein among others). Flusser attended German and Czech primary schools and later a German grammar school.

In 1938, Flusser started to study philosophy at the Juridical Faculty of the Charles University in Prague. In 1939, shortly after the Nazi occupation, Flusser emigrated to London (with Edith Barth, his later wife, and her parents) to continue his studies for one term at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Vilém Flusser lost all of his family in the German concentration camps: his father died in Buchenwald in 1940; his grandparents, his mother and his sister were brought to Auschwitz and later to Theresienstadt where they were killed. The next year, he emigrated to Brazil, living both in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. He started working at a Czech import/export company and then at Stabivolt, a manufacturer of radios and transistors.

In 1960 he started to collaborate with the Brazilian Institute for Philosophy (IBF) in São Paulo and published in the Revista Brasileira de Filosofia; by these means he seriously approached the Brazilian intellectual community. Flusser had as his friend and closest interlocutor the Brazilian philosopher Vicente Ferreira da Silva. Flusser and Vicente Ferreira da Silva met in São Paulo in the 1960s and began a close intellectual dialogue that continued until Ferreira da Silva's death in 1963. Flusser wrote several essays on Ferreira da Silva's work and that Ferreira da Silva's concept of "Fundamental ontology” had a significant impact on Flusser's understanding of the nature of reality. During the 60s Flusser published and taught at several schools in São Paulo, being Lecturer for Philosophy of Science at the Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo and Professor of Philosophy of Communication at the Escola Dramática and the Escola Superior de Cinema in São Paulo. He also participated actively in the arts, collaborating with the Bienal de São Paulo, among other cultural events.

Beginning in the 1950s he taught philosophy and worked as a journalist, before publishing his first book Língua e realidade (Language and Reality) in 1963. In 1972 he decided to leave Brazil. Some say it was because it was becoming difficult to publish because of the military regime. Others dispute this reason, since his work on communication and language did not threaten the military. In 1970, when a reform took place at the University of São Paulo by the Brazilian military government, all Lecturers of Philosophy (members of the Department of Philosophy) were dismissed. Flusser, who taught at the Engineering School (Escola Politécnica), had to leave the university as well. In 1972 he and his wife Edith settled temporarily in Merano (Tyrol). Further short stays in various European countries followed until they moved to Robion in southern France in 1981, where they remained until Flusser's death in 1991. To the end of his life, he was quite active writing and giving lectures around media theory and working with new topics (Philosophy of Photography, Technical Images, etc.). He died in 1991 in a car accident near the Czech–German border, while trying to visit his native city, Prague, to give a lecture.

Vilém Flusser is the cousin of David Flusser.

Philosophy
Flusser's essays are short, provocative and lucid, with a resemblance to the style of journalistic articles. Critics have noted he is less a 'systematic' thinker than a 'dialogic' one, purposefully eclectic and provocative (Cubitt 2004). However, his early books, written in the 1960s, primarily in Portuguese, and published in Brazil, have a slightly different style.

Flusser's writings relate to each other, however, which means that he intensively works over certain topics and dissects them into a number of brief essays. His main topics of interest were: epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, ontology, language philosophy, semiotics, philosophy of science, the history of Western culture, the philosophy of religion, the history of symbolic language, technology, writing, the technical image, photography, migration, media and literature, and, especially in his later years, the philosophy of communication and of artistic production.

His writings reflect his wandering life: although the majority of his work was written in German and Portuguese, he also wrote in English and French, with scarce translation to other languages. Because Flusser's writings in different languages are dispersed in the form of books, articles or sections of books, his work as a media philosopher and cultural theorist is only now becoming more widely known. The first book by Flusser to be published in English was Towards a Philosophy of Photography in 1984 by the then new journal European Photography, which was his own translation of the work. The Shape of Things, was published in London in 1999 and was followed by a new translation of Towards a Philosophy of Photography.

Flusser's archives have been held by the Academy of Media Arts in Cologne and are currently housed at the Berlin University of the Arts.

Philosophy of photography
Writing about photography in the 1970s and 80s, in the face of the early worldwide impact of computer technologies, Flusser argued that the photograph was the first in a number of technical image forms to have fundamentally changed the way in which the world is seen. Historically, the importance of photography had been that it introduced nothing less than a new epoch: 'The invention of photography constitutes a break in history that can only be understood in comparison to that other historical break constituted by the invention of linear writing.'

Whereas ideas might previously have been interpreted in terms of their written form, photography heralded new forms of perceptual experience and knowledge. As Flusser Archive Supervisor Claudia Becker describes, "For Flusser, photography is not only a reproductive imaging technology, it is a dominant cultural technique through which reality is constituted and understood". In this context, Flusser argued that photographs have to be understood in strict separation from 'pre-technical image forms'. For example, he contrasted them to paintings which he described as images that can be sensibly 'decoded', because the viewer is able to interpret what he or she sees as more or less direct signs of what the painter intended. By contrast, even though photography produces images that seem to be 'faithful reproductions' of objects and events they cannot be so directly 'decoded'. The crux of this difference stems, for Flusser, from the fact that photographs are produced through the operations of an apparatus. And the photographic apparatus operates in ways that are not immediately known or shaped by its operator. For example, he described the act of photographing as follows:

"The photographer's gesture as the search for a viewpoint onto a scene takes place within the possibilities offered by the apparatus. The photographer moves within specific categories of space and time regarding the scene: proximity and distance, bird- and worm's-eye views, frontal- and side-views, short or long exposures, etc. The Gestalt of space–time surrounding the scene is prefigured for the photographer by the categories of his camera. These categories are an a priori for him. He must 'decide' within them: he must press the trigger."

Roughly put, the person using a camera might think that they are operating its controls to produce a picture that shows the world the way they want it to be seen, but it is the pre-programmed character of the camera that sets the parameters of this act and it is the apparatus that shapes the meaning of the resulting image. Given the central role of photography to almost all aspects of contemporary life, the programmed character of the photographic apparatus shapes the experience of looking at and interpreting photographs as well as most of the cultural contexts in which we do so. Flusser developed a lexicon of terms that have proven influential and that continue to be useful for thinking about contemporary photography, digital imaging technologies and their online uses. These include: the 'apparatus' (a tool that changes the meaning of the world in contrast to what he calls mechanical tools that work to change the world itself); the 'functionary' (the photographer or operator of the camera who is bound by the rules it sets); the 'programme' (a 'system in which chance becomes necessity' and a game 'in which every virtuality, even the least probable, will be realized of necessity if the game is played for a sufficiently long time'); the 'technical image' (the first example of which is the photograph, with its particular kind of significant surface that looks like a traditional image but harbours encoded and obscure concepts that cannot be 'immediately' deciphered ). While Flusser did write a number of short essays on the work of specific photographers, his major focus was the critical and philosophical need to understand late 20th-century media culture and the emergent possibilities and threats presented by the larger forces at work in an increasingly technical and automated world. Flusser's Vampyroteuthis Infernalis has also been interpreted as a fable about photography.

Concept of Home and Homelessness

Flusser was deeply influenced by the loss of his native Prague, and his relocations throughout his life which can be seen in his writings and causing him to proclaim his homelessness, "because there are so many homelands that make their home in me". His personal biography was particularly helpful for his studies in interpersonal communication and how to facilitate it. Communication, which are the gaps between different positions, is part of a cultural phenomenon relying on unconsciously learnt patterns at home. Language therein is a major influence on ones thinking. Flusser asked what are the consequences of the loss of one's home and traditional connections? He differentiated between the two meanings of home originating in the German language, "Heimat" understood as a homeland and "Wohnung" understood as in house, and argued that home cannot be understood as an eternal value transcending time and space. A person is bound to its "Heimat" through invisible threads such as connections to people, tradition and language, which all lay beyond the consciousness. Only when a person is removed from their home they become aware of the ties which reveal themselves as unconscious judgements. These unconscious "habits prevent bits of information from being perceived" and make the habitual environment comfortable and therefore pretty. For Flusser this substantiates the "love for a fatherland".

The homeless person must not only consciously learn the habits of a new home but also must forget them again as if they become conscious, these habits reveal themselves as banal, threatening to expose the true nature of the home of the natives. The developing polemic dialog distinguishes between the "ugly stranger" who can unveil the truth (Aletheia) and the "beautiful native" who fears the otherness as it threatens their habit. Flusser used his experience in Brazil during a time of massive immigration to demonstrate the possibility to set oneself free of the unconscious habits of the homeland to form new voluntary connections which lead up to the creation of a new homeland.

However, opposed to the homeland one can free himself off, the home understood as in house is a necessary part of human existence. It gives a person the mental ability to process information as it divides the sphere of existence into habit or home and unusual or new information. The habitual environment is a prerequisite to recognize the unusual which comes into one's home. Flusser refers in this regard to Hegel's dialectic analysis between home and the unusual or generally speaking of consciousness.

Monographs

 * Angenommen. Eine Szenenfolge, Göttingen: Immatrix, 1989.
 * What If? Twenty-Two Scenarios in Search of Images, trans. Anke Finger and Kenneth Kronenberg, University of Minnesota Press, 2022.
 * Das XX. Jahrhundert. Versuch einer subjektiven Synthese, 1950s, c200 pp. Unpublished. (in German)
 * Língua e realidade, São Paulo: Herder, 1963, 238 pp; São Paulo: Annablume, 2004; 2009, 232 pp. (in Portuguese)
 * Jazyk a skutečnost, trans Karel Palek, Triáda, 2005, 200 pp. Introduction. (in Czech)
 * Language and Reality, trans Rodrigo Maltez Novaes, Univ Of Minnesota Press, 2018, 220pp. (in English)
 * A história do diabo, São Paulo: Martins, 1965, 216 pp; São Paulo: Annablume, 2010. (in Portuguese)
 * Die Geschichte des Teufels, ed. Andreas Müller-Pohle, Göttingen: European Photography, 1993; 2nd ed., 1996, 200 pp. (in German)
 * Příběh ďábla, trans. Jiří Fiala, Galerie Gema, 1997, 185 pp. (in Czech)
 * The History of the Devil, trans. Rodrigo Maltez Novaes, Univocal, 2014, 220 pp.
 * Da religiosidade: a literatura e o senso de realidade, São Paulo: Conselho estadual de cultura, 1967, 147 pp; São Paulo: Escrituras, 2002. (in Portuguese)
 * La force du quotidien, trans. Jean Mesrie and Barbara Niceall, Paris: Mame, 1973, 146 pp; 1989. Preface by Abraham Moles. (in French). Review.
 * Le monde codifié, Conférence du 3 Mai 1973, Paris: Institut de l'Environment/Centre de Formation Permanente pour les Arts Plastiques, 1974, 48 pp. (in French)
 * O mundo codificado, São Paulo: Cosacnaify, 2007. (in Portuguese)
 * Orthonature/Paranature, Institut Scientifique de recherche paranaturaliste, 1978. (in French)
 * Natural:mente: vários acessos ao significado da natureza, São Paulo: Duas Cidades, 1979, 148 pp; 2011, 164 pp. (in Portuguese)
 * Vogelflüge: Essays zu Natur und Kultur, Munich: Carl Hanser, 2000, 136 pp. (in German)
 * Natural:Mind, trans. Rodrigo Maltez Novaes, Univocal, 2013, 150 pp.
 * Pós-história: vinte istantâneos e um modo de usar, São Paulo: Duas Cidades, 1983, 168 pp. (in Portuguese)
 * Post-History, trans. Rodrigo Maltez Novaes, Univocal, 2013, 167 pp.
 * Für eine Philosophie der Fotografie, European Photography, 1983, 58 pp; 1989; 1997; 2006. (in German)
 * Towards A Philosophy of Photography, ed. Derek Bennett, Göttingen: European Photography, 1984, 62 pp.
 * Filosofia da caixa preta. Ensaios para uma futura filosofia da fotografia, trans. Vilém Flusser, São Paulo: Hucitec, 1985, 92 pp; Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumara, 2002. (in Portuguese)
 * Per una filosofia della fotografia, trans. Chantal Marazia, Torino: Agorà, 1987; Milan: Bruno Mondadori, 2006, 128 pp. (in Italian) Review.
 * For fotografiets filosofi, Horten: Preus Fotomuseum, 1987. (in Norwegian)
 * En filosofi för fotografin, trans. Jan-Erik Lundström, Göteborg: Korpen, 1988, 112 pp. (in Swedish)
 * Hacia una filosofía de la fotografía, trans. Eduardo Molina, 1990. (in Spanish)
 * A fotográfia filozófiája, trans. Panka Veress and István Sebesi, Budapest: Tartóshullám – Belvedere – ELTE BTK, 1990. (in Hungarian)
 * Bir fotoğraf felsefesine doğru, Istanbul: Agac, 1991; Ankara: Med-Campus, 1994; trans. Ihsan Derman, Istanbul: Hayalbaz Kitap, 2009, 97 pp. (in Turkish)
 * 写真の哲学のために : テクノロジーとヴィジュアルカルチャー, trans. Fukagawa Masafumi, Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1992; 1999. (in Japanese)
 * Za filosofii fotografie, trans. Božena Koseková and Josef Kosek, 1994; 2nd ed., trans. Božena and Josef Kosek, Prague: Fra, 2013, 104 pp. (in Czech)
 * Taipei: Yuan-Liou, 1994. (in Chinese)
 * Pour une philosophie de la photographie, Paris: Circé, 1996. (in French)
 * Ensaio sobre a fotografia: para uma filosofia da técnica, Lisbon: Relógio d'Água, 1998. (in Portuguese)
 * Thessaloniki: University Studio Press, 1998. (in Greek)
 * 사진의 철학을 위하여, Seoul: Communication Books, 1999. (in Korean)
 * Za filozofiju fotografije, trans. Tijana Tubić, Belgrade: Kulturni Centar Beograda, 1999; 2005, 80 pp. (in Serbian)
 * Towards A Philosophy of Photography, trans. Anthony Mathews, London: Reaktion Books, 2000.
 * Una filosofía de la fotografía, Madrid: Síntesis, 2001, 192 pp. (in Spanish)
 * Za edna filosofia na fotografiata, Plovdiv: Horizonti, 2002. (in Bulgarian)
 * Pentru o filosofie a fotografie, Bucharest: Idea Design & Print, 2003. (in Romanian)
 * Za edna filosofia na fotografira, Moscow, 2002. (in Russian)
 * Ku filozofii fotografii, trans. Jacek Maniecki, Katowice: Akademia Sztuk Pięknych w Katowicach, 2004; Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Aletheia, 2015. (in Polish)
 * Filozofija Fotografije, Zagreb: Scarabeus, 2007. (in Croatian)
 * Een filosofie van de fotografie, Utrecht: Uitgeverij Ijzer, 2007. (in Dutch)
 * Za filosofiyu fotografii [За философию фотографии], trans. G. Khaydarova, St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University, 2008, 146 pp. (in Russian)
 * K filozofiji fotografije, Ljubljana: ZSKZ, 2010. (in Slovenian)
 * Ins Universum der technischen Bilder, Göttingen: European Photography, 1985; 1992; 1996. (in German)
 * A technikai képek univerzuma felé, trans. József Maleczki, 2001; revised trans. Dalma Török, 2011. (in Hungarian)
 * Do universa technických obrazů, trans. Jiří Fiala, Prague: OSVU, 2002, 162 pp. (in Czech)
 * O universo das imagens tecnicas. Elogio da superficialidade, São Paulo: Annablume, 2010. (in Portuguese)
 * Into the Universe of Technical Images, trans. Nancy Ann Roth, University of Minnesota Press, 2011, 224 pp
 * Hacia el universo de las imagenes technicas, Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 2011. (in Spanish)
 * Die Schrift, Göttingen: Immatrix Publications, 1987, as a book and on 2 floppy disks; repr. as Die Schrift. Hat Schreiben Zukunft?, Göttingen: European Photography, 2002. (in German)
 * Az írás. Van-e jövője az írásnak?, trans. J.A. Tillmann and Lídia Jósvai, Balassi Kiadó – BAE Tartóshullám – Intermedia, 1997. (in Hungarian)
 * 글쓰기에 미래는 있는가, Seoul: Imprima Korea Agency, 1998. (in Korean)
 * A Escrita. Ha futuro para a escrita?, São Paulo: Annablume, 2010. (in Portuguese)
 * Does Writing Have a Future?, trans. Nancy Ann Roth, University of Minnesota Press, 2011, 208 pp.
 * with Louis Bec, Vampyroteuthis infernalis. Eine Abhandlung samt Befund des Institut Scientifique de Recherche Paranaturaliste, Göttingen: Immatrix Publications, 1987, 65 pp; Göttingen: European Photography, 2002. (in German)
 * Vampyroteuthis infernalis, São Paulo: Annablume, 2011. (in Portuguese)
 * Vampyroteuthis Infernalis, trans. Rodrigo Maltez Novaes, New York: Atropos, 2011, 160 pp. Foreword by Abraham A. Moles.
 * Vampyroteuthis Infernalis: A Treatise, with a Report by the Institut Scientifique de Recherche Paranaturaliste, University of Minnesota Press, 2012, 112 pp.
 * Krise der Linearität, ed. G.J. Lischka, Bern: Benteli, 1988, 43 pp. (in German). Lecture delivered on March 20, 1988, at Kunstmuseum Bern.
 * "The Crisis of Linearity", trans. Adelheid Mers, Boot Print 1:1 (2006), pp 19–21.
 * Angenommen. Eine Szenenfolge, Göttingen: Immatrix Publications, 1989; Göttingen: European Photography, 2000. (in German)
 * with Jean Baudrillard and Hannes Böhringer, Philosophien der neuen Technologien, Berlin: Merve, 135 pp, 1989. (in German)
 * Gesten. Versuch einer Phänomenologie, Bensheim and Düsseldorf: Bollmann, 1991, 1993 (in German)
 * Gestures, University of Minnesota Press, trans. Nancy Ann Roth, 2014, 224 pp.
 * Bodenlos: Eine philosophische Autobiographie, Bensheim and Düsseldorf: Bollmann, 1992, 295 pp; Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1999. (in German)
 * Bezedno: filosofická autobiografie, Prague: Hynek, 1998, 225 pp. (in Czech)
 * Bodenlos: Uma autobiografia filosofica, São Paulo: Annablume, 2010. (in Portuguese)
 * A Dúvida, Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará, 1999; São Paulo: Anna Blume, 2011 (In Portuguese)
 * On Doubt, Trans. Rodrigo Maltez Novaes, Minneapolis: Univocal, 2014 Foreword by Rainer Guldin 100pp. (in English)
 * O Último Juízo: Gerações Vols. 1 & 2, São Paulo: É Realizações, 2017 (in Portuguese)

Book chapters, papers, articles (selection)

 * "Filosofia da linguagem", Ita-Humanidades 2 (1966), pp 133–210. (in Portuguese)
 * "Auf der Suche nach Bedeutung", trans. Edith Flusser with Vera Schwamborn, Tendenzen der aktuellen Philosophie in Brasilien in Selbstbildnissen 27 (1975), São Paulo: Loyola. (in German). Autobiographical essay, written in English and Portuguese in October–November 1969 in São Paulo. See also Bodenlos, 1999.
 * "Em busca do significado", in Stanislaus Ladusãns, Rumos da filosofia atual no Brasil em auto-retratos, São Paulo: Loyola, 1976, pp 493–506. (in Portuguese)
 * "In Search of Meaning (Philosophical Self-portrait)", in Writings, 2002, pp 197–208.
 * "The Photograph as Post-Industrial Object: An Essay on the Ontological Standing of Photographs", Leonardo 19:4 (1986), pp 329–332.
 * "Fernsehbild und politische Sphäre im Lichte der rumänischen Revolution", trans. Almuth Carstens, in Von der Bürokratie zur Telekratie. Rumänien im Fernsehen, ed. Peter Weibel, Berlin: Merve Verlag, 1990, pp 103–114. (in German)
 * "On Memory (Electronic or Otherwise)", Leonardo 23:4 (1990), pp 397–399. Adapted from a presentation at Ars Electronica, September 14, 1988.
 * "Die Stadt als Wellental in der Bilderflut", in Nachgeschichten, 1990. Written in 1988. Repr. in Arch+ 111 (March 1992), pp 58–63 ; Die Revolutionen der Bilder, 1995; Medienkultur, 1997, pp 178–179.
 * "The City as Wave‐Trough in the Image‐Flood", trans. Phil Gochenour, Critical Inquiry 31:2 (Winter 2005), pp 320–328.
 * "Projektion statt Linearität", in Strategien des Scheins. Kunst Computer Medien, eds. Florian Rötzer and Peter Weibel, Munich, 1991, pp 93–95. (in German)
 * "Räume", in außen räume innen räume. Der Wandel des Raumbegriffs im Zeitalter der elektronischen Medien, ed. Heidemarie Seblatnig, Vienna: Universitäts Verlag, 1991, pp 75–83; repr. in Raumtheorie. Grundlagentexte aus Philosophie und Kulturwissenschaften, eds. Jörg Dünne and Stephan Günzel, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2006, pp 274–285. (in German)
 * "L'image-calcul. Pour une nouvelle imagination", in Penser l'image II. Anthropologies du visuel, ed. Emmanuel Alloa, Dijon: Les presses du réel, 2015, pp 43–56 (in French)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vilém Flusser


text: User talk:70.105.73.193

title: User talk:70.105.73.193


text:
John, Old Lord of Beirut

John of Ibelin (c. 1179 – 1236), called the Old Lord of Beirut, was a powerful crusader noble in the 13th century, one of the best known representatives of the influential Ibelin family. The son of Balian of Ibelin and the dowager queen Maria Comnena, he had close ties with the nobility of both Cyprus and Jerusalem, since he was the half-brother of Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem. Before he was 20, he was appointed constable of Jerusalem, and a few years later became lord of Beirut. John rebuilt Beirut after Saladin's conquest, and established the grand Ibelin family palace. He served as regent of Jerusalem on behalf of his niece Maria of Montferrat from 1205 to 1210 after her mother, Queen Isabella, died. He was also regent for Isabella's grandson Henry I of Cyprus from 1228 until Henry came of age in 1232. John was known as a principled man, and was seen as the natural leader of the Christian barons in the Holy Land. He resisted the power-seeking of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in Cyprus, and opposed the imperial forces until King Henry came of age.

Early years
He was the son of Balian, Lord of Nablus and Ibelin, and Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem, widow of Amalric of Jerusalem. By 1198 he had become constable of Jerusalem; the fact that he was the half-brother of Isabella, Queen of Jerusalem gave him considerable influence. At the time he was a vassal of Ralph of Saint-Omer, who was exiled from the kingdom after being accused of attempting to assassinate King Aimery of Cyprus. John attempted to mediate, but Aimery would not back down.

Lord of Beirut
Sometime before 1205 John relinquished the office of constable in exchange for the lordship of Beirut, which became the home of the Ibelin family for the rest of the century. He rebuilt the city, which had been completely destroyed during Saladin's conquest of the Jerusalem kingdom. He also constructed an opulent palace with art from both Muslim and Byzantine influences. A German ambassador in 1212, Wilbrand of Oldenburg, wrote an impressive account of the castle, describing fresco paintings, mosaics on the floors, and a marble fountain in the courtyard. Historian Peter Edbury described the ambassador's account as "A feature of the public rooms were the Trompe-l'œil effects achieved with marble inlays, with a floor resembling the sea and a ceiling 'painted with such life-like colours that clouds pass across, the west wind blows, and there the sun seems to mark out the year and the months, the days and the weeks, the hours and the moments by its movement in the zodiac'. A marble fountain with a dragon as the centre-piece stood in the central hall, its jets cooling the air and the murmur of the water giving an altogether soothing effect." Beirut Castle was so well fortified, that in 1231–1232, it withstood a siege lasting several months.

Beirut was effectively an independent state under John's rule; in 1207 John added Arsuf to his territory through his marriage to Melisende of Arsuf, making him one of the wealthiest nobles in the kingdom.

Regent
From 1205 to 1210 John served as regent in Acre, the new capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, for Maria of Montferrat, Queen Isabella I's daughter. As regent, John helped arrange the marriage of Amalric II's son Hugh I of Cyprus to Alice of Champagne, daughter of Amalric's predecessor as King of Jerusalem, Henry II of Champagne. In 1210 he also helped arrange Maria of Montferrat's marriage to John of Brienne, who was suggested by king Philip II of France.

By 1217 John and his brother Philip of Ibelin had become involved in the politics of the Kingdom of Cyprus as well. They had apparently alienated themselves from John of Brienne, but the two represented Cyprus at a council in Acre, which met to plan for the arrival of the Fifth Crusade. When Hugh I died in 1218, Philip became regent for Hugh's son Henry I of Cyprus, Philip's nephew. When Philip died in 1228, John took over the same office. Although both Philip and John were closely related to Henry I, as his uncles, they were still opposed on Cyprus by supporters of the Lusignan family, of which Henry was also a member; his grand-uncle Guy of Lusignan, and grandfather Amalric, were the first two kings of Cyprus.

Battle for Cyprus
In 1228, the power struggle was amplified when Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II arrived in Cyprus on the Sixth Crusade. Frederick was connected to the Jerusalem nobles by being married to Isabella II, John of Brienne's daughter, and Frederick attempted to use this to take power. He claimed the kingship of Jerusalem and the overlordship of Cyprus, as well as John of Ibelin's lordship of Beirut, which John naturally refused. When lured to a banquet and then confronted with Frederick's armed guards, John was forced to hand over the regency, and Cyprus, to Emperor Frederick's control, under Amalric Barlais. However, this was temporary, as John later resisted with military force. After Frederick departed from the island in April, John's forces defeated the remaining imperial bailiffs in a battle outside Nicosia on July 14, 1229, thus beginning the War of the Lombards. Frederick sent an army in 1231, under the marshal of the Empire, which attempted to invade Cyprus. John was able to repel the invasion at the Battle of Agridi, but the imperial fleet sailed to John's power center of Beirut, which they besieged and almost captured. The imperial marshal, Richard Filangieri, was able to establish himself in Jerusalem and Tyre, which he had regained by treaty in 1229, but not in Beirut or the capital in Acre.

In Acre, John's supporters formed a commune, of which John himself was elected mayor when he arrived in 1232. The Commune of Acre was able to relieve the siege of Beirut, but in John's absence from Cyprus, the supporters of the Lusignans took control. In any case, the boy Henry I of Cyprus came of age in the same year, and John's regency was no longer necessary. When Henry I succeeded to the throne, both John and Riccardo immediately raced back to Cyprus, where the imperial forces were defeated in battle on June 15. Henry became undisputed king of Cyprus, and since he supported the Ibelins over the Lusignans, John's family remained influential.

Conflict continued, as Filangieri remained in control of Jerusalem and Tyre, and had the support of Bohemund IV of Antioch, the Teutonic Knights, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Pisan merchants. John, for his part, was supported by his nobles on Cyprus, and in his continental holdings in Beirut, Caesarea, and Arsuf, as well as by the Knights Templar and the Genoese merchant community. Neither side could make any headway, and in 1234 Pope Gregory IX excommunicated John and his supporters. This was partly revoked in 1235, but still no peace could be made.

In the last year of his life, John of Ibelin, as did many other elderly barons, joined the order of the Knights Templar, so that he could die as a Templar. His family was opposed to this, but John insisted, and was honored with a grand funeral in Acre in 1236.

Family
John was married twice. His first wife, in 1201/1202, was Helvis of Nephin. Little is known of the marriage except that the couple had five sons, all of whom died before Helvis died as well.

In 1207, John married Melisende, Lady of Arsuf, with whom he had five sons and a daughter:
 * Balian of Beirut (d. 1247), who succeeded him as Lord of Beirut, and fathered John II of Beirut
 * John of Arsuf (c. 1211–1258), lord of Arsuf and constable of Jerusalem, father of Balian of Arsuf (1239–1277)
 * Hugh of Ibelin (died 1238)
 * Baldwin of Ibelin (died 1266)
 * Guy of Ibelin, constable of Cyprus
 * Isabella, who became a nun

title: John, Old Lord of Beirut


text: Category:Northern Athabaskan languages

title: Category:Northern Athabaskan languages


text:
The Medium Is the Massage

The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects is a book co-created by media analyst Marshall McLuhan and graphic designer Quentin Fiore, with coordination by Jerome Agel. It was published by Bantam Books in 1967 and became a bestseller with a cult following. The U.K. edition was published by Allen Lane Penguin Books using cover art by Newsweek photographer Tony Rollo.

The book is 160 pages in length and composed in an experimental, collage style with text superimposed on visual elements and vice versa. Some pages are printed backwards and are meant to be read in a mirror. Some are intentionally left blank. Most contain photographs and images both modern and historic, juxtaposed in startling ways.

Origin of the title
The title is a play on McLuhan's often-quoted phrase "The medium is the message." The book was initiated by Quentin Fiore. McLuhan adopted the term "massage" to denote the effect of numerous media in how they massage the human sensorium.

According to biographer, W. Terrence Gordon: "By the time it appeared in 1967, McLuhan recognized his saying was a cliché, and welcomed the opportunity to throw it back on the compost heap of language to recycle and revitalize it. But the new title is more than McLuhan indulging his insatiable taste for puns, more than a clever fusion of self-mockery and self-rescue — the subtitle is 'An Inventory of Effects,' underscoring the lesson compressed into the original saying."However, the FAQ section on the website maintained by McLuhan's estate says Gordon's interpretation is incomplete and makes its leap of logic for McLuhan to leave it as is:

"Why is the title of the book The Medium is the Massage and not The Medium is the Message? The title is a mistake. After the book came back from the typesetter's, it had on the cover 'Massage'. The title was supposed to read The Medium is the Message, but the typesetter made an error. After McLuhan saw the typo, he exclaimed, 'Leave it alone! It's great, and right on target!' Now there are four readings for the last word of the title, all of them accurate: Message and Mess Age, Massage and Mass Age."

The "Environment"
"Because McLuhan's terminology is specific in his use of “environment” and “counterenvironment” from 1965 onward (when he returns to this concept as a way of clarifying his saying “the medium is the message”), one must emphasize that in his usage “environment” is not essentially a spatial term, nor one that relates to nature, or even necessarily to place".

Summary
Marshall McLuhan argues that technologies—from clothing to the wheel to the book and beyond—are the messages, rather than the content of the communication. Basically, in its fundamental essence, The Medium is the Massage is a graphical and creative representation of his "medium is the message" thesis explored in Understanding Media.

By playing on words and using the term "massage," McLuhan suggests that modern audiences enjoy mainstream media as soothing, enjoyable, and relaxing. However, the pleasure we find in these media is deceiving, as the changes between society and technology are incongruent, perpetuating an "Age of Anxiety"."All media work us over completely. They are so pervasive in their personal, political, economic, aesthetic, psychological, moral, ethical, and social consequences, they leave no part of us untouched, unaffected, unaltered. (p. 26)."The Medium is the Massage demonstrates the ways the mainstream media are extensions of human senses; they ground us in physicality, but expand our ability to perceive our world to an extent impossible without them. These extensions of perception contribute to McLuhan's theory of the global village, which would bring humanity full-circle to an industrial analogue of tribal mentality.

Finally, McLuhan describes points of change in how people view their universe and the ways in which those views are affected and altered by the adoption of new mainstream media. "The technique of invention was the discovery of the [19th century]," brought on by the adoption of fixed points of view and perspective by typography; while "[t]he technique of the suspended judgment is the discovery of the twentieth century," brought on by the bard abilities of radio, movie, and television programming.

Fiore, at the time a prominent graphic designer and communications consultant, composed the visual illustration of these effects compiled by Jerome Agel. Near the beginning of the book, Fiore adopted a pattern in which an image demonstrating a MainStream media effect was presented with a textual synopsis on the facing page. The reader experiences a repeated shifting of analytic registers—from "reading" typographic print to "scanning" photographic facsimiles—reinforcing McLuhan's argument in this book: each mainstream medium produces a different "massage" or "effect" on the human sensorium.

Related project
An audio recording based on the book was released by Columbia Records in 1967, produced by John Simon but otherwise keeping the same credits as the book. The recording consists of a pastiche of statements made by McLuhan interrupted by other speakers, using various phonations and falsettos, discordant sounds and incidental music in what could be considered a deliberate attempt to translate the disconnected images seen on TV into an audio format, resulting in the prevention of a connected stream of conscious thought. Various audio recording techniques and statements are used to illustrate the relationship between spoken, literary speech and the characteristics of electronic audio media. McLuhan biographer Philip Marchand called the recording "the 1967 equivalent of a McLuhan video."

title: The Medium Is the Massage


text:
Stony Plain, Alberta

Stony Plain is a town in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region of Alberta, Canada that is surrounded by Parkland County. It is west of Edmonton adjacent to the City of Spruce Grove and sits on Treaty 6 land.

Stony Plain is known for its many painted murals representing various periods, events and people throughout the town's history. The town was originally known as Dog Rump Creek.

History
The name of the town is believed to have come from one of two possible origins. The first is that the Stoney people camped in the area historically. The second possibility is that Dr. James Hector, a geologist on the Palliser Expedition, noticed boulders scattered across the area. The official name for the settlement was adopted in 1892. Alex McNabb and McPherson were the first homesteaders in the area.

Climate
has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) It falls into the NRC Plant Hardiness Zone 4a.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Stony Plain had a population of 17,993 living in 7,134 of its 7,475 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 17,189. With a land area of 35.45 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

The population of the Town of Stony Plain according to its 2019 municipal census is 17,842, a change of NaN% from its 2015 municipal census population of 16,127.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Stony Plain recorded a population of 17,189 living in 6,641 of its 6,954 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 15,051. With a land area of 35.72 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Arts and culture
Stony Plain is home to many colourful murals that depict important figures and events of local history. The Town held a mural project in 2006 where artists were selected through open competition to paint two murals. The Parkland Potters Guild & Crooked Pot Gallery is also located within Stony Plain.

Cultural institutions in the town include the Stony Plain Public Library, the Multicultural Heritage Centre, and the Stony Plain Pioneer Museum.

Stony Plain celebrates Farmers' Days in the first week of June each year, complete with the Farmers' Days Parade, the Kinsmen rodeo, a pancake breakfast and fair grounds. The town also plays host to the Great White North Triathlon in the first week of July.

In the summer, Stony Plain hosts two major festivals — the Blueberry Bluegrass and Country Music Festival, which is held in early August and is the largest bluegrass event in western Canada, and the Cowboy Poetry and Country Music Gathering held in late August.

In December, the town sets up a large Christmas tree on Main Street and is lit throughout the Christmas season. To celebrate New Year's Eve, the town holds its Family Fest event at Heritage Park. Family Fest features outdoor ice skating, hot chocolate and fireworks.

Attractions
The Town of Stony Plain jointly owns and operates the TransAlta Tri Leisure Centre sports complex located within neighbouring Spruce Grove. The town is also home to the Multicultural Heritage Centre, the Pioneer Museum, and multiple parks including Shikaoi and Rotary, a skate park, a BMX park and a green path system running through town.

Government
The town is governed by one mayor and six councillors.

Infrastructure
Stony Plain is home to the WestView Health Centre, a 68-bed public hospital.
 * Health care

Education
Parkland School Division operates five schools and an outreach centre within the town. Evergreen Catholic Separate Regional Division No. 2 operates a school for students in kindergarten through grade 8. There are also a variety of small private schools and home schooling organizations.

Sports
The Stony Plain Eagles of Allan Cup Hockey West play out of Glenn Hall Arena.

Media
Newspapers covering Stony Plain include the Stony Plain Reporter and the Tri Area News. On the radio 88.1 The One '

Notable people

 * Brett Kulak – ice hockey player for the Edmonton Oilers
 * Cornelia Lucinda Railey Wood - Canadian politician, Social Credit MLA (1959–1967), former mayor of Stony Plain

Sister town
Stony Plain is twinned with Shikaoi, Hokkaido, Japan.

title: Stony Plain, Alberta


text:
User talk:LeifEricson

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Ruakh 02:18, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

I reverted your change to Inflection, because Wikipedia does not have a bias between different forms of Standard English. While you are of course welcome to use British English in your own contributions, it is considered rude to systematically convert American English to British (or vice versa). Further, your change was inaccurate: both "inflection" and "inflexion" are Standard English spellings, as "Standard English" does not by any means exclude Standard American English. I hope that you will not take this reversion personally, and will find it fruitful to continue contributing to Wikipedia. Welcome! Ruakh 02:18, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:LeifEricson


text: User talk:65.115.123.226

title: User talk:65.115.123.226


text:
Talk:Mass Storage

Maybe we can best start off the newbie by explaining a bus trace?

We could fill out an outline such as:

1) plug in, describe drive 2) wait for disc 3) spin up 4) describe disc 5) ask to eject, wait for spin down 6) unplug

In the end, the bus trace is what's real. If we can build a structure of English on that foundation, then we can let people stay as high and broad or go as deep and narrow as they please.

Details like whether the trace is SCSI or ATA, or whether the disc is ever actually absent, or which traditions the ops are drawn from ... those are details, which we can bury behind links that people can skip over or click thru at will.

[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=mass+storage+rationale]

tells us relevant pages include:

...

[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Storage]

[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_storage]

[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-storage_device]

[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Mass_Storage_Rationale]

[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_mass_storage_device_class]

[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage]

[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_storage]

... The first two links differ only in upper/lower case!

Noticing that fact - that this wiki is actually case sensitive in the confusing way of letting more than one object have the same spelling except for case - makes it possible to rediscover another relevant page:

[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/USB_Mass_Storage_Rationale]

1 of 7)

> A good place to start ...

Thank you! Hi!

2 of 7)

> When is it time to bid adieu to legacy and make a new start with a (relatively) clean slate?

Never.

Agreed the legacy is fragile. I remember I especially liked how the 199X-2005 USB chair put this:

... ... ... By defining SCSI thru USB, we have added another floor to a house of cards ... ... ...

But if we look across USB, nobody actually has started clean, despite all the marketing to the contrary. Mice, keyboards, and modems pretend to be serial ports. Printers pass thru the same old proprietary byte stream page descriptions. Migration cables pretend to be Ethernet.

Legacy works. Especially when booting. Especially when booting some obscure embedded host that the device designer never heard of. Legacy compatible is mostly interoperable with the installed base, by definition.

3 of 7)

> The SCSI spec. was originally written referring to magnetic disk drives obviously.

The SCSI spec for PDT in x 0E 07 04 00, aye. That work built on the legacy of the storage designed for IBM mainframes in the late 1960's. But SCSI is device independent: PDT x05 is C/DVD, PDT x01 is Tape, etc.

4 of 7)

> So when one designs a semiconductor memory storage element, who/what decides how to translate the disk drive commands to support the new technology?

In work for hire, the paying client rules.

Most of the clients sponsoring peripheral storage design work sell mostly into Windows, which as you know Microsoft distributes mostly in binary code only. So device people pay to independently reverse engineer how Windows defines SCSI, closely hold the results as trade secrets, and make devices that work that way. Host people pay to reverse engineer Windows too, but so that they can learn to emulate Windows, so that their traffic doesn't surprise the devices.

The Linux "USB gadget" source is an unusually open effort to discover what SCSI thru USB means in Windows. We can read there, for example, that Windows corrupts the CDB length of an auto sense, passing thru 12 rather than 6 to go with op x03 "Request Sense". To work interoperably, the device has to learn to tolerate such unconscionable abuse.

I imagine Microsoft fell into that design error by accident: simply by working in a closed way. The less peer review, the more errors, naturally.

5 of 7)

> My experience suggests a lot gets brushed under the carpet in the name of "legacy".

Not sure what you mean, sorry.

6 of 7)

> To someone who did not work with the original disk drives,

Welcome!

> the "legacy" mostly looks like gibberish,

Yes.

> when flash drives attempt to define "spin-up" time in response to a host command!

We could dig down into this example, if you like, or not, as you please.

Part of the trouble with legacy compatible is that the merely public specs are more broad than real. For example, we might find published paper to say that a spin up time may range between 0 and xFFFF:FFFF milliseconds ... but then find significantly many installed hosts that actually choke in surprise unless the device claims spinup takes between 1 and x0000:7FFF milliseconds.

7 of 7)

I don't yet see how we can turn the above discussion into an article? Maybe I've missed the point?

I arrived myself in storage in 1994 - and discovered maybe thirty years of legacy had preceded me.

People arriving now in 2005 are looking at more like forty years of legacy. But I don't think the experience is all that different: be it thirty or forty, it's still more than most careers. Most of the people responsible for the foundation of our house of cards have long since retired, indeed by now many have died, and few to zero are here now in wiki mass storage.

I don't think there's any fixing that situation. The public service to interoperability that we can collaborate together to construct is not so much a defence of why legacy matters, but instead an explanation of what legacy has survived to constrain the designs we make today, such as the Linux source for a USB storage device.

I have begun the article by cross-referencing five highly relevant [TLA]'s: UFD SCSI ATA USB IDE.

A good place to start would be here -

The SCSI spec. was originally written referring to magnetic disk drives obviously. So when one designs a semiconductor memory storage element, who/what decides how to translate the disk drive commands to support the new technology? My experience suggests a lot gets brushed under the carpet in the name of "legacy".

To someone who did not work with the original disk drives, the "legacy" mostly looks like gibberish, when flash drives attempt to define "spin-up" time in response to a host command!

When is it time to bid adieu to legacy and make a new start with a (relatively) clean slate?

Ask a question, or suggest an outline, and we'll keep moving.

Myself, I learn by talking.

What you clearly know here that I do not is what is least obvious to the new student of mass storage.

Sorry, no, that's not what I meant. I meant only to refer to what I now discover is already said in this page as:

1) "If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, do not submit it."

2) "You're encouraged to create, expand, and improve upon articles; however, bad edits to articles are watched for and will be quickly removed."

I mean to say Wikipedia hosts a community of people choosing to cooperate in presenting a rapidly readable neutral point of view on a encyclopaedic variety of topics. Wikipedia is a not a place to put words in the hope that they will endure, connected by ever more links. Wikipedia is a place to put knowledge in the hope it will grow.

Have we yet persuaded you to contribute the fresh perspective of a new student of mass storage?

Thanks. The page mentions that newbie words are replaced over time. Elaborate please? If they are going to be replaced, it renders the effort moot. The point is to for newbies to benefit.

Be aware, en.wikipedia.org does signs all edits with the IP address of the ISP via which they arrived. Thus contributing is "free", but not quite anonymous.

Pages that do not exist, such as the Talk page of the Wikipedia Conversation page, suggest:

If you are new to Wikipedia, please read the tutorial before creating  your first article, and only use the  sandbox for editing experiments.

Offline I hear:

+++

The RBC spec. goes to great pains to define "shall" and "may" and Arabic numerals and Hexadecimal numbers. Yet, when it goes on to talk about removable medium devices and refers to de-mounting a device and how media that is not ready to be accessed should return a sense key of "NOT READY" and a ASC of "Logical unit not ready", it makes absolutely no sense.

+++

I agree Wikipedia would be a great place to fix that. I have just enough Wikipedia experience to know newbie words are welcomed but likely to be replaced. I'm creating this pair of Article and Discussion pages to show what I mean.

title: Talk:Mass Storage


text: Template:User el-2

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Template:User el-2


text:
Wikipedia:Transclusion costs and benefits

There are some concerns that the template transclusion feature of the MediaWiki software may not always be used wisely. Transclusion is a simple idea, but all of its consequences may not be immediately apparent to users with a less technical background. Although templates make many tasks easier, there are risks associated with their use—as there are with any tool. Therefore there is a cost that is paid for the benefits of templates. This includes a direct cost in terms of increased machine resources; because of this, template limits are imposed by the software. Even within those limits, there are some additional costs. This article is an explanation of these costs and benefits.

Costs and benefits
Transclusion is a tool, and like any tool, provides benefits and incurs costs. The exact values of these costs and benefits vary according to wise or foolish design and use, and is the subject of debate. It is not possible to pretend that anyone can give a perfectly neutral statement of these costs and benefits; both are largely subjective and extremely difficult to measure.

Social
There is a social cost of transclusion, the total expectation over time of the risk that a transcluded template page may be vandalized. If a popular template's content is replaced by gibberish, that same gibberish may momentarily appear on every page in which the template is transcluded—just as would any edit. This also adds to the burden borne by the engine—as does any edit. Most very heavily used templates are protected to prevent vandalism usually with this.

Offsetting this cost is the fact that template vandalism is as easy to revert as to commit. The offending material is removed and the former content restored. There is, again, another imposition on the engine.

If a great deal of text, appearing on many pages, is kept in a template and transcluded in all of the targets, then there are some savings in storage, but generally there is little, if any, benefit to the machine granted by transclusion.

Users, however, may find transclusion very useful, and in many ways, some of them quite unexpected. Almost any type of text, markup, HTML or CSS code can be transcluded; if that text or code is used in several places, templates make manual labor much easier. Not only that, but by reducing errors in otherwise repetitive typing, templates help to lower Wikistress and reduce the amount of janitorial work.

Comparison
A basic principle of graphic design—of almost any design—is to standardize presentation. For example, if on several pages it is thought to be desirable to present a certain list of items, then all such lists should look alike. Even if the items vary somewhat from page to page, there is often a clear advantage to making them appear similarly.

There is no technical reason to do this, as the engine will function just as well if every list is a little bit different from the last. But a standard appearance contributes greatly to a professional impression on human readers. Changes to the mere layout of the lists are easy to implement across all occurrences of the list by simply changing the layout as opposed to changing every list.

The same Wikipedia logo and other basic site navigation elements, for example, are all transcluded onto every page in order to create a consistent look and feel across millions of pages. Changes to the logo, navigational, or other language elements of the site can be performed from a central location and take effect on every page at the cost of rendering time for every page. However, this social functionality outweighs the resource costs of maintaining the uniform look.

Double transclusion
Since almost any page can be transcluded, why can't we transclude one page in another, and then transclude that page in a third? The answer is, we can.

Some master templates are designed to be used with other subtemplates. When master template B is transcluded within target page A, the subtemplate C is transcluded, too.

Since both links are "live", if the subtemplate is edited, the target page is also changed. This could be carried even further; page C could transclude some page D, and the content on page A would be an instance of triple transclusion. When page D is edited, page C changes, so page B changes, so page A changes—right on down the line.

Geometric effect of multiple transclusion
Costs and benefits of double transclusion increase geometrically (in a loose sense of the term). Say a template X is transcluded on 5 other templates; and say each of those templates is itself transcluded on 5 target pages. The template X is doubly transcluded onto 25 pages. An edit to X appears on a total of 31 pages: X, the 5 templates, and the 25 targets.

There is no limit to the number of targets for a given template, nor to levels of transclusion, so it is possible that X be doubly or triply transcluded over hundreds, thousands or even millions of pages. Thus double transclusion is extremely powerful and the technique in itself has become an object of dispute.

How substitution works
MediaWiki provides the  command, which simply substitutes one page within another. This is very different from transclusion, although the difference will usually be invisible on the first edit.

To substitute a page, use this code instead:

(The same syntax applies as in the case of transcluded pages.)

When you preview a page containing a substitution, you will still see the code in the edit box; you can change it if you like. But when you save the target page, the engine substitutes, or replaces, the code with whatever is on the source page. If you edit the target again, then you will see that the substitution code is gone; the content of the source page has replaced it directly.

The link from the target to the source is not merely broken; it does not exist at all. Now, if the source page changes, the target page will not change. The substituted content is frozen in time, in the form it had at the moment the page was saved.

Substitution and transclusion can be used together, and often this is a good idea. Instead of using double transclusion, you might substitute one page in another, then transclude that page in a target page. Or, you might find that a page transcludes another; you choose to substitute the transcluding page in a target, rather than force a double transclusion.

On the other hand, double transclusion can be very useful, and may be justified or even demanded in certain contexts. Each case is different, and can only be decided after careful, informed consideration of the technical and social situation.

Tagging
A very common use of templates is to "tag" a page—to insert on it some snippet of text, often boxed, often seen at the very top or bottom of a page. A tag does not contain content, but metacontent: information about the page itself. An example is FAC.

There are hundreds of tags, each with a different function, many transcluded onto hundreds of pages. Thus tags represent a non-negligible fraction of server resources devoted to transclusion (conversely, tags are, by design pretty lightweight - offsetting the number of transclusions). Many tags include category references, which automatically include pages on which they are transcluded within a category.

Article pages are rarely transcluded, so tagging them presents few problems—the same goes for Talk pages, Wikipedia namespace pages, and indeed most pages. When a page is so tagged, the tag appears only in that one place; if it refers to "this page", it is clear what is meant.

However, Template namespace pages are intended to be transcluded and substituted, so tagging them—for any reason—is problematic.

 * Whatever tag is applied to a template page is applied to every target where the template is used. If the tagged template is substituted, then the transclusion code of the tag will "fall out loose" into the markup of the target page—including any category reference. This results in such inanity as users being nominated for deletion. Note that modern template design has largely obviated this problem.
 * No matter whether the tagged template is transcluded or substituted, it may be visible on the target for all to see. This may be embarrassing, destructive, annoying, or merely appear childish. Depending on the text of the template so tagged, it may be quite impossible to see, when looking at the target, what has been tagged. In general, the casual reader will have no idea what is meant.
 * Any text or markup may be transcluded, within very broad bounds; and some templates are highly technical, especially those intended as sub- or master templates, with nested parameter calls, or used to manage other templates. Altering even a single character within such a template may not only cause it to break, but cause a cascade of broken templates and damaged pages. Tagging such a template almost guarantees it will no longer function as intended.
 * Tagging templates is a class of double transclusion, at the least; if either tag or template are already involved in double transclusion, the result—as seen on a target page—may be triple or quadruple transclusion. All the costs of double transclusion apply in these cases, and may be intensified.

There are cases in which tagging a template may be less destructive; however, it is very difficult to isolate them—to ensure that a tag will cause no problems.

Therefore: Most tags should not be placed on most Template namespace page bodies. If a certain tag seems to apply to a template, there are various options: sometimes the tag can be placed on its associated Talk page or /doc page (if any), or it can be <noinclude>d onto the template. Some tags, such as, are specifically designed to be visibly included on templates in order to draw editorial attention.

Other kinds of inclusion
Other types of markup and engine function also cause content to be included in a rendered page, similar in effect to transclusion or substitution:

 * Images are transcluded in rendered pages.
 * Signatures and datestamps (generated with multiple tildes) are substituted in pages when saved.
 * If the signature markup contains a template call, the template call is substituted and the template contents transcluded on each appearance of the sig. If the signature markup contains an image call, the image is transcluded on each appearance. Template calls are currently (2011) prevented from being included in signatures by the software configuration.
 * The main site logo Image:Wiki.png is on every page rendered with some skins. All pages transclude some standard links and text.


text:
Netravati River

The Netravati River or Netravathi Nadi has its origins at Bangrabalige valley, Yelaneeru Ghat in Kudremukh in Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka, India. This river flows through the famous pilgrimage place Dharmasthala and is considered one of the holy rivers of India. It merges with the Kumaradhara River at Uppinangadi before flowing to the Arabian Sea, south of Mangalore city. This river is the main source of water to Bantwal and Mangalore.

Earlier in the 20th century it was known as the Bantwal River; the important town of Bantwal is seen on its banks. A reference to the River Netravati, as unfordable during the South-West Monsoon, can be seen in the Gazetteer of Southern India,, published in 1855. It has an apparent breadth of about 200 yards with a bed encumbered by large rocky masses, chiefly of hornblende rock, containing spangles of mica and small garnets. Sienites also occur, as fragments of a beautiful pegmatite with flesh coloured feldspar are seen in the beds of rivulets. The Netravati River is navigable by small country craft for many miles. The train Netravati Express, passing through Mangalore, is named after this river.

Often Bantwal has been submerged in bygone years during the monsoon by overflowing river Netravati. Many residents left the town, settled elsewhere, and prospered. The major floods remembered by the elders of the town occurred in 1928 and 1974.

Course
Netravati river originates in the Western Ghats in Bangrabalike forest Valley in Yellaner Ghats of Kudremukha range in Karnataka State. The river drains an area of about 1,353 square miles. The Kumaradhara River, which originates in the Subramanya range of Western Ghats, meets the Netravati river at Uppinangadi. Every year nearly around more than 100 tmc of water flowing to Arabian sea.

Agriculture and fishing
The main occupations of the people who have settled on the bank of this river are agriculture and fishing. This river is the main source of water for agriculture during off monsoon. The river is rich in water life. Majority of the people settling around the river have practiced fishing which provides bread to many families. People also trade fine sand which is used for construction. This sand is taken from the bed of the river.

Controversy
Many mini hydroelectric projects and diversion project have been set up on this river, causing damage to environment of this ecologically sensitive region; and more projects are in the planning stages and some are implemented. A recent controversy has arisen, from a proposal to change the path of the river so that the dry land areas above the Western Ghats can be irrigated. Changing the path of the river might lead to unforeseen environmental disasters according to some experts. For example, it might affect the marine life due to reduced outflow of freshwater and the subsequent decline of nutrients flowing into the sea. This apart from the loss in contiguity of rainforests in Western Ghats. Also some opposition has arisen to the proposed hydro electric projects on Netravati river.

title: Netravati River


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rita Monaldi & Francesco Sorti

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 00:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rita Monaldi & Francesco Sorti
I get no hits for publications for either of them in the academic Harmonie Press Music Index Online. A google seach shows that they've written 2 da vinci code like novels. --nixie 02:20, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 08:50, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Coolcaesar 19:20, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Zachary Antonelli

Monday morning, Mike Greenberg and Mike Golic return back and better than ever from the Bristol, CT studios on ESPN Radio, ESPNRadio.com and ESPN2.

Joining Greeny and Golic will be ESPN MLB Insider Buster Olney (6:45 a.m. ET) and ESPN NFL analysts Cris Carter (7:30 a.m.), Merril Hoge (7:45 a.m.), Mike Ditka (8:15 a.m.) and Eric Mangini (9:30 a.m.).

title: User:Zachary Antonelli


text:
CBPP

CBPP may refer to:

 * CBPP, a radio station in Prince Edward Island, Canada
 * Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, a lung disease
 * Commons-based peer production
 * Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
 * Cholesterol-binding pancreatic proteinase, an enzyme

title: CBPP


text:
Teacher's Pet (comics)

Teacher's Pet was a British strip appearing in the 1970s comic book Cor!!. The strip began in the first issue in June 1970, and usually appeared on colour on the back page. Norman Mansbridge drew it throughout.

Most strips follow a simple formula. The irritatingly bossy pupil Patsy, always depicted in a red dress with a huge red bow in her hair, goes to extreme lengths to please her female (unnamed) Teacher, which annoys the other pupils no end. But Patsy's schemes always backfire, either causing Teacher to punish her or resulting in a humiliating accident for Patsy, much to the other pupils' delight.

None of Patsy's classmates is ever named, but they usually include another girl and two boys of different heights.

title: Teacher's Pet (comics)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Awpwhore

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 00:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Awpwhore
Vanity and/or non-notable. Revived 02:23, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC) Is well known in gaming community. Possible new slang? not sure about notability. DEL Who 02:41, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia isn't the place for possible new slang, delete--nixie 07:10, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity neologism. Megan1967 08:52, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to CounterStrike where it will find the context it so sorely needs. "Awp whore" is already mentioned on that page. FreplySpang (talk) 14:55, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Tempshill 22:30, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above. --Carnildo 22:31, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * is this gamecruft, or just a neologisim?, whatever, del BigFatDave 23:01, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism, gamecruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:51, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Neologism Dsmdgold 23:53, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:66.98.241.201

title: User talk:66.98.241.201


text:
Talk:Ambon, Maluku

Factual accuracy/neutrality
This article contains several paragraphs of overt and subliminal bias/slander. For it to remain in Wikipedia, as an encyclopædic entry, this article must be written objectively.--Cyberjunkie 02:24, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I have excised from the article the following:
 * The Chronology:
 * On the day, a drunk christian guy made some trouble in bus station, and got beaten by some muslim guys. this drunk man went home and got some of his friends, they went back to the bus station and did a revenge to the muslim guys. these Muslim guys also got their friends,... and in few turns it became a fight between big group, and not only between group, it became unrest between suburbs. one thing led to another, someone spread rumour that there is a fight between Muslim and Christian. things got worst when they started throwing stones at houses. Then they started setting fire on houses, and somehow some people were using traditional hand-made bombs to terror. Things were getting worst since some people died (you wouldn't just stay still if someone killed your friend) and houses were burnt. REVENGE is the key why it was getting bigger and bigger. Things were calming down for a while, but just because of some simple things, it would come up again. When there was a road accident, a mini-bus hit a Muslim kid and he died, because the driver was Christian, they started it again. They just needed a simple excuse, and it could turn to war again.
 * It was POV, un-encyclpædic and downright bizarre.--Cyberjunkie 08:02, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Separate article
Somebody should move the conflict to a separate [Conflict in Ambon] page, as it's not strictly about Ambon city.

I was thinking to do so, but then I thought most people might want to know about that too. Ambon was quite unpopular before the riot, somehow the incident brought it up on news. It was a nice cornered place for tourism, especially for Dutch and European tourists. This information might be useful for tourists to monitor the latest condition before making decision to visit it. ( BlueCall 01:02, 26 January 2007 (UTC) )

Stub
Assessed - inadequate WP:RS in current state - please help to expand article with good sources SatuSuro 23:46, 6 August 2008 (UTC)+

Hospital ship photo wrong
It's a beautiful photo, but it's not correctly labeled. The ship in the photo is off Ternate. I'm not certain how to correct; just bringing it to the attention of a more technically knowledgeable person, hopefully. Thanks.Alisterus (talk) 16:36, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Ambon, Maluku. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit User:Cyberpower678/FaQs for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:18, 9 June 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 17 March 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the pages at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 15:52, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

– This city of Ambon in Indonesia is the primary topic. Most Google results with the keyword refer to the city. It has a population of over 427,934 people according to Statistics Indonesia, and has been an important city historically since the 16th century. Bluesatellite (talk) 05:54, 17 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Ambon, Maluku → Ambon
 * Ambon → Ambon (disambiguation)

 * Oppose per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC (i.e., there is none). Google Books results refer more to the island than to the city.  |Ambon_Island Pageviews for the two pages are about the same.  (nb id:Ambon)  —  AjaxSmack  02:40, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose – clearly there's a lot of ambiguity and no clear primarytopic here. Dicklyon (talk) 04:55, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:07, 1 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Flag of Maluku.png

title: Talk:Ambon, Maluku


text:
Capcom Fighting All-Stars

Capcom Fighting All-Stars: Code Holder is a cancelled 3D fighting game developed by Capcom for arcade and PlayStation 2. The game would have featured characters from various Capcom franchises fighting to prevent a massive bomb from exploding. The game was canceled in 2003 due to poor feedback during its testing period, though it would influence the release of Capcom Fighting Evolution the following year.

Gameplay
Capcom Fighting All-Stars was designed to translate mechanics from Capcom's 2D fighting games into a 3D environment, similar to their Street Fighter EX series. Characters had three life bars that would cause a brief pause each time one was depleted, similar to the Darkstalkers series. The super combo gauge was also linked with the life system: while on their first life bar, characters would only be able to gain up to one of their gauge's three tiers, preventing them from using more than their most basic super attack. Each time one of a character's life bars was depleted, the next tier of their super gauge would unlock, allowing them to gain more meter and use more powerful super attacks. The game would also allow players to perform finishing moves.

Characters
Capcom Fighting All-Stars was intended to feature 16 playable characters, consisting of 11 characters from other Capcom franchises such as Street Fighter and Final Fight, along with four original characters and one guest character from SNK's ''King of Fighters franchise. • Akira (Rival Schools)

• Akuma (Street Fighter)

• Alex (Street Fighter)

• Batsu (Rival Schools)

• Charlie (Street Fighter)

• Chun-Li (Street Fighter)

• D.D. (original)

• Death (original)

• Demitri (Darkstalkers)

• Luke (original)

• Haggar (Final Fight)

• Ingrid (original)

• Kyo (The King of Fighters)

• Poison (Final Fight)

• Ryu (Street Fighter)

• Strider Hiryu (Strider)

Story
A terrorist named Avel, under the code name "Death", threatens to destroy Metro City using a small atomic bomb known as "Laughter Sun". To prevent anyone from stopping the bomb, Death locks the disarm function behind a set of codes. Each of these codes are held by the eponymous "Code Holders", humans with special powers: D.D. ("Ogre"), Luke ("Fallen Angel"), and Ingrid ("Isis"). Faced with this crisis, Metro City Mayor Mike Haggar contacts several other fighters for help, and orders them to retrieve the codes, defeat Death, and prevent Metro City's destruction. The story had multiple endings, determined by the amount of time the player takes to finish the game.

Development
Following the release of Capcom vs. SNK 2 in 2001, Capcom began work on a third entry in the Capcom vs. SNK series. However, the game was cancelled due to SNK facing bankruptcy at the time. As a result of changes brought on by SNK's financial situation, a team of roughly 20 staff members left the company to join Capcom, including director Toyohisa Tanabe. This team decided to repurpose the assets created for Capcom vs. SNK 3 into a new project, which became Capcom Fighting All-Stars. The presence of several of their former staff on the team led SNK to grant Capcom permission to feature one of their characters, Kyo Kusanagi, as a special guest.

Between 2002–2003, Capcom held a series of limited location tests for the arcade version, where they received negative feedback from players. After several more months in development, the game was canceled in August 2003. Outside of a few minor details and limited screenshots and footage over the years, very little about the game would be publicly known until 2017, when Capcom published an interview with Tanabe on their Street Fighter V website that went into more detail about the game's development and cancellation, along with a pair of articles revealing previously unpublished artwork and screenshots.

Legacy
While Capcom Fighting All-Stars was never received released, the idea of a crossover fighting game focused on Capcom's own characters would later inspire the release of Capcom Fighting Evolution in 2004, which included one of Capcom Fighting All-Stars' original characters, Ingrid, in its roster. Ingrid would go on to reappear in other Capcom games, including as a playable character in Street Fighter Alpha 3 MAX and Project X Zone 2, and as a costume for Karin Kanzuki in Street Fighter V. Ingrid, D.D. and Luke also made cameo appearances in the 2013 Rhythm RPG Otoranger.

title: Capcom Fighting All-Stars


text:
John of Ibelin (jurist)

John of Ibelin (Jean d'Ibelin, 1215 – December 1266), count of Jaffa and Ascalon, was a noted jurist and the author of the longest legal treatise from the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was the son of Philip of Ibelin, bailli of the Kingdom of Cyprus, and Alice of Montbéliard, and was the nephew of John of Ibelin, the "Old Lord of Beirut". To distinguish him from his uncle and other members of the Ibelin family named John, he is sometimes called John of Jaffa.

Family and early life
His family was the first branch of Ibelins to have their seat in Cyprus, due to his father's regency there 1218–1227. In 1229 John fled Cyprus with his family when Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor seized the Ibelin territories on the island. They settled temporarily in northern Palestine, where the family had holdings. He was present at the Battle of Casal Imbert in 1232, when his uncle John the "Old Lord of Beirut" was defeated by Riccardo Filangieri, Frederick's lieutenant in the east. Around 1240 he married Maria of Barbaron (d. 1263), the sister of Hethum I of Armenia and sister-in-law of King Henry I of Cyprus. In 1241 he was probably responsible for drafting a compromise between the Ibelins and the emperor, in which Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester would govern the kingdom. This proposal was never implemented, and Simon never came to the Holy Land; the Ibelins continued to quarrel with the representatives of the Hohenstaufens, and in 1242 they captured Tyre from their rivals. John participated in the siege.

Participation in the Crusades
Shortly thereafter, sometime between 1246 and the beginning of the Seventh Crusade, John became count of Jaffa and Ascalon and lord of Ramla. Ramla was an old holding of the Ibelins, but Jaffa and Ascalon had belonged to others, most recently to the murdered Walter IV of Brienne, whose son John, Count of Brienne (king Henry's nephew) was supplanted by this Ibelin acquisition. This probably occurred when king Henry, John's first cousin, became regent of Jerusalem, and distributed continental lands to his Cypriot barons to create a loyal base there. Jaffa was by now a minor port and Ascalon was captured from the Knights Hospitaller by the Mamluks in 1247.

In 1249 John joined the Seventh Crusade and participated in Louis IX of France's capture of Damietta. Louis was taken prisoner when Damietta was recaptured, but John seems to have escaped the same fate. Louis was released in 1252 and moved his army to Jaffa. Louis' constable and chronicler Jean de Joinville portrays John very favourably; he describes John's coat-of-arms as "a fine thing to see...or with a cross pateé gules". John was by now an extremely famous lord in the east, corresponding also with Henry III of England and Pope Innocent IV, who had confirmed Henry I's grant to John.

Henry I died in 1253, and Louis IX left for France in 1254, leaving John as bailli of Jerusalem. John made peace with Damascus and used the forces of Jerusalem to attack Ascalon; the Egyptians besieged Jaffa in 1256 in response. John marched out and defeated them, and after this victory he gave up the bailliage to his cousin John of Arsuf.

Meanwhile, the Genoese and Venetian trading communities in Acre came into conflict, in the "War of Saint Sabas." John supported the Venetians. In order to bring some order back to the kingdom, John and Bohemund VI of Antioch summoned Dowager Queen Plaisance of Cyprus to take over the regency of the kingdom for the absentee king, Conradin. Nevertheless, the Venetians defeated the Genoese in a naval battle in 1258 and the Genoese left Acre. With Plaisance and Hugh in Acre, the Ibelin family began to decline in importance, but around 1263 John began a scandalous affair with Plaisance, possibly prompting Pope Urban IV to send an official letter in protest, De sinu patris. John's wife and children were believed to have been living apart from him at the time. Maria was visiting her family in Cilicia in 1256 and 1263, and died after visiting her father, Constantine of Baberon, on his own deathbed.

John could do little while Baibars, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, fought with the Mongols in Palestine. Baibars may have reduced Jaffa to vassalage, and certainly used its port to transport food to Egypt. John's truce with Baibars did not last, and he himself died in 1266. By 1268 Baibars had captured Jaffa.

Treatise
From 1264 to 1266, John of Ibelin wrote an extensive legal treatise, now known as the Livre des Assises, the longest such treatise known from the Levant, dealing with the so-called Assizes of Jerusalem and the procedure of the Haute Cour It also included details about the ecclesiastical and baronial structure of the Kingdom, as well as the number of knights owed to the crown by each of the kingdom's vassals.

Marriage and children
With Maria of Armenia (sister of Hethum I, King of Armenia and daughter of Constantine of Baberon), John had the following children:
 * James (c. 1240– July 18, 1276), count of Jaffa and Ascalon 1266, married Marie of Montbéliard c. 1260
 * Philip (d. aft. 1263)
 * Guy (c. 1250–February 14, 1304), titular count of Jaffa and Ascalon 1276, married his cousin Marie, Lady of Naumachia c. 1290
 * John (d. aft. 1263)
 * Hethum
 * Oshin
 * Margaret (c. 1245– aft. 1317), Abbess of Notre Dame de Tyre, Nicosia
 * Isabelle (c. 1250– aft. 1298), married Sempad of Servantikar c. 1270
 * Marie (d. aft. 1298), married firstly Vahran of Hamousse, secondly Gregorios Tardif October 10, 1298

title: John of Ibelin (jurist)


text:
Shire of Livingstone

The Shire of Livingstone is a local government area located in the Capricornia region of Central Queensland, Queensland, Australia, to the immediate north and east of the regional city of Rockhampton. The shire, administered from the coastal town of Yeppoon, covers an area of 11758 km2, and existed as a local government entity from 1879 until 2008, when it amalgamated with several other councils to become the Rockhampton Region. The Shire was re-established on 1 January 2014 following a successful de-amalgamation referendum in 2013.

Industry within the shire is diverse. Timber is harvested from extensive pine plantations near Byfield in the north. Significant pineapple production takes place within the shire, as well as other agricultural crops. Tourism is increasingly becoming a mainstay of the area, with Keppel Bay and the nearby islands a major drawcard, and more than half of the Shire's population lives in the coastal area centred on Yeppoon and Emu Park. The coastal strip within the shire is known as the Capricorn Coast. The Shoalwater Bay Military Training Area is also located within the shire.

In the, the Shire of Livingstone had a population of 39,398 people.

History
On 11 November 1879, the Gogango Division was established as one of 74 divisions around Queensland under the Divisional Boards Act 1879 with a population of 5023. It covered an area of 16239 km2 surrounding but not including the town of Rockhampton—an area significantly greater than the modern Rockhampton Regional Council covers. Its administrative centre was in North Rockhampton.

Capital and people came to the area in greater numbers after the discovery of gold in 1882 at Mount Morgan, about 20 km south of Rockhampton.

A bridge was built spanning the Fitzroy River in 1882, and a year later in September 1883, the Borough of North Rockhampton was proclaimed.

On 3 March 1892, part of subdivision 2 of the Broadsound Division was transferred to subdivision 3 of the Gogango Division, while another part of subdivision 2 of the Broadsound Division was transferred to the Duaringa Division.

On 6 April 1899, the part of the Gogango Division south of the Fitzroy River split away to form the Fitzroy Division.

With the passage of the Local Authorities Act 1902, Gogango Division became the Shire of Gogango on 31 March 1903, and on 8 August 1903 it was renamed Shire of Livingstone.

On 1 July 1984, the neighbouring City of Rockhampton grew to include some of its outer suburbs which had previously been within the Shire of Livingstone.

On 15 March 2008, under the Local Government (Reform Implementation) Act 2007 passed by the Parliament of Queensland on 10 August 2007, the Shire of Livingstone merged with the City of Rockhampton and the Shires of Mount Morgan and Fitzroy to form the Rockhampton Region.

In 2012, a proposal was made to de-amalgamate the Shire of Livingstone from the Rockhampton Region. On 9 March 2013, the citizens of the former Livingstone shire voted in a referendum to de-amalgamate. The Shire of Livingstone was re-established on 1 January 2014.

Proposed name change
Since de-amalgamation from Rockhampton Regional Council, there has been regular proposals for the shire to change its name. The name of Livingstone is believed to have been derived from Livingstone County in New South Wales which was named after Scottish explorer David Livingstone. However, because of the name's lack of geographical context, it's been argued by local government leaders and local organisations that the shire suffers from poor name recognition.

In March 2023, Livingstone mayor Andy Ireland requested a report detailing the positives and negatives associated with a name change. He expressed frustration at regularly being asked to explain where the Shire of Livingstone was, including during meetings with senior Australian Defence Force personnel and cabinet ministers from the Federal Government. Former mayor Bill Ludwig had previously expressed a similar sentiment in 2018, stating: "In Brisbane, people would be flat out knowing where Livingstone is, but as Capricorn Coast Regional Council, they would know it's a coastal destination."

Ireland also said that a change to the Capricorn Coast Region would assist with tourism marketing, with local tourism operators and organisation already having expressed a preference for such a name. However, this proposal has already received opposition from residents of rural towns situated away from the coast such as The Caves, Marlborough and Ogmore. The associated costs with changing the name of Livingstone has also prompted concern from the community.

Towns and localities
The Shire of Livingstone includes the following settlements:

Rockhampton area:
 * Glendale
 * Glenlee
 * Ironpot
 * Lakes Creek1
 * Mount Chalmers
 * Nankin
 * Nerimbera
 * Rockyview

Yeppoon-Keppel area:
 * Adelaide Park
 * Bangalee2
 * Barlows Hill
 * Barmaryee
 * Causeway Lake
 * Cooee Bay
 * Coral Sea
 * Emu Park
 * Farnborough
 * Hidden Valley
 * Inverness
 * Joskeleigh
 * Keppel Sands
 * Kinka Beach
 * Lammermoor
 * Meikleville Hill
 * Mulambin
 * Pacific Heights
 * Rosslyn
 * Taranganba
 * Taroomball
 * Yeppoon
 * Zilzie

Other areas:
 * Barmoya
 * Bondoola
 * Bungundarra
 * Byfield
 * Byfield NP
 * Canal Creek
 * Canoona
 * Cawarral
 * Cobraball
 * Coorooman
 * Coowonga
 * Etna Creek
 * Great Keppel Island
 * Greenlake
 * Jardine
 * Kunwarara
 * Lake Mary
 * Marlborough
 * Maryvale3
 * Milman

 * Mount Gardiner
 * Mulara
 * Ogmore
 * Princhester
 * Rossmoya
 * Sandringham
 * Shoalwater
 * Shoalwater Bay
 * Stanage
 * Stockyard
 * Tanby
 * The Caves
 * The Keppels
 * Thompson Point
 * Tungamull
 * Wattlebank
 * Weerriba
 * Woodbury
 * Yaamba

1 - shared with Rockhampton Region 2 - not to be confused with Bangalee in the Gladstone Region 3 - not to be confused with Maryvale in the Southern Downs Region

Climate
The city has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw), marking the southern boundary of this climatic zone, more precisely in the Byfield National Park.

Libraries
The Livingstone Shire Council operates public libraries in Byfield, Marlborough, Emu Park, and Yeppoon. It also supports volunteer-operated libraries in Mount Chalmers and Stanage Bay.

Chairmen and mayors
Incorporating non-consecutive terms into the years of representation, the following were the chairmen and mayors of the Shire of Livingstone from its beginnings as the Gogango Divisional Board in 1879 to the end of its first incarnation in 2008:

 * 1880 – 1898: Henry Jones
 * 1882 – 1883: William Pattison
 * 1883 – 1888: John Murray
 * 1885 – 1886: Robert Lyons
 * 1888 – 1902: James Atherton
 * 1889 – 1891: John O'Shanesy
 * 1891 – 1901: Henry Beak
 * 1893 – 1895: Duncan McDonald
 * 1900 – 1901: Jabez Wakefield
 * 1902 – 1910: William Toft
 * 1904 – 1909: Arthur Leslie Macdonald
 * 1905 – 1908: Arthur Horatio Parnell
 * 1910 – 1911: Thomas Henry John Atherton
 * 1911 – 1913: Roderick Thomas Haylock
 * 1913 – 1930: Thomas Smith
 * 1915 – 1917: Samuel Thomasson
 * 1921 – 1927: William Beak
 * 1930 – 1933: William Francis Clayton
 * 1933 – 1936: Owen Daniel
 * 1936 – 1961: William Todd
 * 1961 – 1982: Henry Robert Beak
 * 1964 – 1970: John Barrett Hinz
 * 1976 – 1985: Royston Warwick Wall
 * 1985 – 1986: Lindsay Hartwig
 * 1986 – 1991: Thomas Arthur John Bowen
 * 1991 – 2000: Barbara Ann Wildin
 * 2000 – 2008: Bill Ludwig

The following were the mayors of Shire of Livingstone from the beginning of its second incarnation in 2014 to the present day:
 * 2014 – 2020 : Bill Ludwig
 * 2020 – 2024: Andrew Darryl Ireland
 * 2024 – present : Adam John Belot

title: Shire of Livingstone


text: AOLbonics

title: AOLbonics


text: Template:User el-1

title: Template:User el-1


text: Template:History of New York City

title: Template:History of New York City


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Forex2u

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 00:33, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Forex2u
Delete as advertising for a non-notable site. 290 google hits. Aside from that, retail forex trading (the topic of this site) isn't for the wise or the faint of heart. Feco 02:32, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * note that the article has been expanded with info about what foreign exchange is, but this is already covered in the related, encyclopedic articles on various aspects of the forex market. Feco 06:46, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable, reads like an ad. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:01, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as advertising. --Carnildo 22:33, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable, advert. Tempshill 22:34, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad. SeventyThree 22:37, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Forex2u