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Daniel E. Barbey

Vice Admiral Daniel Edward Barbey (23 December 1889 – 11 March 1969) was an officer in the United States Navy who served in World War I and World War II. A graduate of the Naval Academy, he participated in the 1912 United States occupation of Nicaragua and the 1915 United States occupation of Veracruz. While serving with the War Plans Section of the Bureau of Navigation in Washington, D.C. between the World Wars, developed an interest in amphibious warfare. In 1940 he produced Fleet Training Publication 167 – Landing Operations Doctrine, United States Navy, which would become the Navy's "bible" of amphibious operations, and would remain in use throughout World War II.

As commander Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet in 1940 and 1941 he supervised amphibious training and conducted Fleet Landing Exercises. In May 1942, Barbey was appointed to organize a new Amphibious Warfare Section within the Navy Department, which was charged with responsibility for the coordination of amphibious training and the development and production of the new generation of landing craft. In January 1943 he assumed command of Amphibious Force, Southwest Pacific Force, which became the VII Amphibious Force. He planned and carried out 56 amphibious assaults in the Southwest Pacific Area between September 1943 and July 1945. After the war, he commanded the Seventh Fleet and Fourth Fleet.

World War I
Daniel Edward Barbey was born in Portland, Oregon on 23 December 1889. He graduated from the Naval Academy and was commissioned an ensign in June 1912. His first assignment was aboard the armored cruiser USS California (ACR-6), which participated in the 1912 United States occupation of Nicaragua. In May 1914 he was transferred to the destroyer USS Lawrence (DD-8) as engineering officer, participating in the United States occupation of Veracruz. He remained on Lawrence, where he was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on 8 June 1915, serving first as engineering officer, and later as executive officer and commanding officer. In October 1916 he became engineering officer of the gunboat USS Annapolis (PG-10), serving in Central American and Mexico waters. He received a Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy for the ship's service during the Mexican Revolution. Barbey was involved in the fitting out of the destroyer USS Stevens (DD-86) from December 1917 to May 1918, becoming its executive officer when it was commissioned on 24 May. Under an accelerated wartime promotion system, he was promoted to Lieutenant on 8 June 1918.

Between the wars
Barbey was assigned to the Naval Base at Cardiff, Wales in January 1919, becoming the Naval Port Officer at Cardiff from July to August 1919, when he was transferred to the U.S. Naval Headquarters in London. In November 1919 he became Naval Port Officer, Constantinople, Turkey. In October 1920, he also became operations officer and flag secretary to Rear Admiral Mark L. Bristol, Commander U.S. Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters and High Commissioner to Turkey. Barbey ceased to be Naval Port Officer in July 1921, but continued as flag secretary to Admiral Bristol. During this time, Barbey served as the U.S. delegate on the Allied Commission for the Control of Trade with Turkey and as an observer with the White Army in the Crimea.

Returning to the U.S. in February 1922, he served briefly on the cargo ship USS Capella (AK-13) before becoming assistant engineering officer of the battleship USS Oklahoma (BB-37) in the Pacific. He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 15 October 1922. Continuing the pattern of alternating duty afloat and ashore, he then spent two years as Officer in Charge of the Portland Navy Recruiting Station, before returning to the Atlantic as engineering officer of the light cruiser USS Cincinnati (CL-6) in June 1925. From February 1927 to June 1928, he was executive officer of the oil tanker USS Ramapo (AO-12). He then spent the next three years as aide to the Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy, Rear Admiral Samuel S. Robison. From June 1931 to June 1933 he commanded the destroyer USS Lea (DD-118). He then spent two years as an inspector of ordnance at the Mare Island Naval Ammunition Depot in California, where he was promoted to the rank of commander in September 1933. In February 1935, he was posted to the battleship USS New York (BB-34) as damage control officer. He briefly commanded the USS Ramapo (AO-12) before becoming Commander of Destroyer Division 17 in the Pacific.

In June 1937 Barbey was assigned to War Plans Section of the Bureau of Navigation in Washington, D.C. During this assignment, he worked on mobilization plans, and developed an interest in amphibious warfare from studying reports of Japanese amphibious operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War. He was particularly intrigued by photographs of special landing craft with hinged bow ramps. In 1940 he produced Fleet Training Publication 167 – Landing Operations Doctrine, United States Navy (FTP 167). This would become the Navy's "bible" of amphibious operations, and would remain in use throughout World War II. He was promoted to captain in February 1940.

Amphibious warfare
Barbey assumed command of USS New York (BB-34) in the Pacific but in January 1941 he returned to the Atlantic to become Chief of Staff to Rear Admiral Randall Jacobs, Commander Service Force, Atlantic Fleet. This included the embryo Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet. In 1940 and 1941 he supervised the amphibious training of the 1st Marine Division and the 1st Infantry Division, conducting Fleet Landing Exercises along the coast of North Carolina. In May 1942, Admiral Ernest King, Commander in Chief U.S. Fleet appointed Barbey to organize a new Amphibious Warfare Section within the Navy Department. Barbey was charged with responsibility for the coordination of amphibious training and the burgeoning amphibious craft construction program. He became involved with the development and production of the new generation of landing craft. He was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in December 1942.

On 8 January 1943 Barbey assumed command of Amphibious Force, Southwest Pacific Force. He established his headquarters aboard the attack transport (APA) USS Henry T. Allen (APA-15) on the Brisbane River and set about building up his small training command into a major amphibious force capable of carrying out the strategy of the Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA), General Douglas MacArthur, for an amphibious advance from Australia to the Philippines. On 15 March 1943, "by a stroke of Admiral King's pen," the Southwest Pacific Force became the Seventh Fleet and its Amphibious Force became the VII Amphibious Force. On meeting Barbey for the first time, MacArthur had only one question: "are you a lucky officer?"

The VII Amphibious Force inherited the Royal Australian Navy amphibious training center HMAS Assault at Port Stephens, New South Wales and a Combined Training School at Bribie Island and nearby Toorbul Point in Queensland. There was only one APA, the USS Henry T. Allen (APA-15), which was in a poor state of repair and trailed an oil slick wherever it went, precluding its use in a combat zone, but VII Amphibious Force had three Australian assault transports, known as Landing Ships, Infantry (LSI): HMAS Manoora (1935), HMAS Kanimbla (1936) and HMAS Westralia (1939). For the moment, they were too valuable to risk in forward areas. They were augmented by a flotilla each of the new beaching craft, Landing Ships, Tank (LST), Landing Craft, Infantry (LCI) and Landing Craft, Tank (LCT). There were also a small number of high speed transports (APD). MacArthur directed that the two navies would use a common doctrine, FTP 167. However, this was written with the assumption that APDs would be available and carry beach parties. Doctrine therefore required modification from the start.

New Guinea campaign
Operation Chronicle, the landings at Kiriwina and Woodlark Islands, was the VII Amphibious Force's first operation, presented no great difficulty as the islands were known to be unoccupied. However half the assault troops experienced seasickness, problems were encountered with clearing the sand bar at the entrance to Guasopa Harbor, and Barbey's decision to land at night and withdraw before dawn in order to avoid encountering Japanese aircraft highlighted the inexperience of his crews and deficiencies in their training. Unloading activities on the coral-fringed Kiriwina dragged on for a fortnight.

For the landing at Lae, Barbey elected to make a night approach and a dawn landing. As the LCIs approached the beach, they were set upon by three Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bombers which score a bomb hit and two near misses on USS LCI-339. Badly damaged and riddled by strafing bullets and fragments, the ship was beached but became a total loss. That afternoon, six LSTs were attacked by a force of about 80 Japanese aircraft. Some 48 Lockheed P-38 Lightnings were vectored to assist but USS LST-471 and USS LST-473 were hit, killing 57 crewmen and Australian troops.

A few weeks later Barbey was called upon to make a landing at Finschhafen. Not confident of the promised air support, Barbey decided to make another night landing, with the landing ships clearing the beach before dawn. Major General George Wootten, the commander of the assault troops, doubted that the VII Amphibious Force could find the correct beach in the dark, and was proven correct by events; the VII Amphibious Force was not yet proficient enough to conduct night landings. Fortunately, this time Japanese air attacks failed to sink or damage any amphibious ships. For his part in the landings at Lae and Finschhafen, Barbey was awarded the Navy Cross. His citation read:

"The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Rear Admiral Daniel Edward Barbey (NSN: 0–7930), United States Navy, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commander, Amphibious Force, Seventh Fleet, during attacks on Japanese-occupied Lae and Finschafen in New Guinea, on 4 September and 22 September 1943. With singular skill and inspiring courage, Rear Admiral Barbey personally led his forces to the beachheads under relentless air attacks and expertly directed the brilliantly executed landings which ultimately resulted in victory to our forces. The sound tactical knowledge, fearless leadership and inspiring devotion to duty displayed by Rear Admiral Barbey were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service."

The Battle of Arawe and the Battle of Cape Gloucester involved a number of "firsts" for the VII Amphibious Force. It marked the first use of an Australian LSI, HMAS Westralia (1939), in combat, and the first appearance in SWPA of a Landing Ship, Dock (LSD), USS Carter Hall (LSD-3). The LSD was used to carry amtracs, also making their debut in SWPA, which were necessary to cross the coral reefs. Fire support was provided by two LCIs equipped with rockets. This proved so successful that Barbey had another six modified for the purpose. Casualties were evacuated using specially modified LCTs and LSTS equipped as hospital ships. For the first time, Beach Party 1 participated, providing a fully trained naval beach party for the first time. Contrary to doctrine, it was not affiliated with a particular APA. The Arawe operation also saw the first use of another innovation of Barbey's, the landing craft control officers. However, an attempt to land a force in rubber boats was a total failure, and was not repeated. Afterward, Barbey received his first properly equipped amphibious command ship, the USS Blue Ridge (AGC-2). He also acquired an experienced deputy in Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler. Fechteler commanded the assault on the Admiralty Islands, in which APDs were employed in order to meet the Army's requirement for a reconnaissance in force.

Western New Guinea campaign
During Operations Reckless and Persecution, Barbey personally directed the landing at Tanahmerah Bay. The beaches there proved to be unsuitable, and Barbey diverted the follow-up forces to Humboldt Bay. MacArthur told war correspondent Frazier Hunt that Barbey was "just about the number one amphibious commander in the world," but Admiral Chester Nimitz was more critical. VII Amphibious Force carried nearly 80,000 personnel, 50,000 tons (56,000 m3) of stores and 3,000 vehicles to the area but the resulting accumulation of stores on and immediately behind the beach included dumps in which fuel and ammunition were stored together. A lone Japanese aircraft bombed a dump and set off fires and explosions. Twenty men were killed and over a hundred wounded, and twelve LST loads of stores were destroyed. Meanwhile, three Japanese bombers attacked and torpedoed the cargo ship USS Etamin (AK-93). The ship was severely damaged and towed back to Finschhafen with half its cargo still on board. For these operations, Barbey was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. His citation read:

"The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Rear Admiral Daniel Edward Barbey (NSN: 0–7930), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility as Commander of the Amphibious Forces of the Seventh Fleet from 8 January 1943 to 12 May 1944. Skillfully building and developing an organization from men and material untried in battle, Rear Admiral Barbey succeeded in bringing the forces under his command to the high state of combat readiness within a few months which enabled them to enter upon the New Guinea operation at the peak of their efficiency. Working in closest cooperation with associated Army Commanders and ably planning for determined aggression, he aided essentially in overcoming Japanese resistance during numerous landing operations and rendered invaluable support for forces until they were firmly established in various strategic positions in this vital area. An inspiring and forceful leader, Rear Admiral Barbey contributed immeasurably to the success of the campaigns in New Britain, New Guinea and the Admiralties and his brilliant administration of exacting responsibilities throughout this period reflects the highest credit upon the United States Naval Service."

Philippines campaign

Barbey paid a visit to Washington, D.C. in June 1944 to discuss his needs but his trip was mistimed, for the Joint Chiefs of Staff had left for Europe to observe the Invasion of Normandy and Barbey had to wait for Admiral King to return. In their discussions, King emphasised that it was his intention that MacArthur's advance would proceed no further than Mindanao. This was scuttled in September 1944 by his own admirals, who recommended a descent on Leyte. By July enough amphibious ships had arrived in SWPA to allow Barbey to divide the VII Amphibious Force. Fechteler assumed command of Amphibious Group 8, while Amphibious Group 9 was formed under Rear Admiral Arthur D. Struble. In 1945, a third group, Amphibious Group 6, was formed under Rear Admiral Forrest B. Royal. For the invasion of Leyte, MacArthur and his naval commander, Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid expected that Barbey would continue in command of the amphibious forces, but Nimitz preferred the commander of the III Amphibious Force, Vice Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson, who was senior and in Nimitz's opinion, more experienced. In the end, a compromise was reached, with both amphibious forces participating, and Kinkaid in overall command. For his part, Barbey was awarded a second Navy Distinguished Service Medal. His citation read:

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Vice Admiral Daniel Edward Barbey (NSN: 0–7930), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility as Commander of the Amphibious Forces of the Seventh Fleet, in action against enemy Japanese forces in the Southwest Pacific Area from 2 July 1944 to 1 February 1945. Initiating a series of ably executed operations, Vice Admiral Barbey and the intrepid forces under his command effected successful surprise landings at Noemfoor on 2 July, at Sansapor on 30 July, and at Morotai on 15 September 1944, thereby establishing Southwest Pacific Air Forces within effective striking distance of the Philippines. As Commander of the Northern Attack Force at Leyte on 20 October, he participated with distinction in the highly successful operation which gained lodgment for our forces in the Philippine Islands and, as Commander of the Northern Attack Force at Lingayen Gulf on 9 January 1945, he again shared equally with the Commander Southern Attack Force the credit for the brilliant amphibious operation which finally assured the re-conquest of Luzon and the Philippine Archipelago. By his inspiring leadership and outstanding performance of duty in the planning and execution of these vital operations, Vice Admiral Barbey upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service."

Promoted to vice admiral on 9 December 1944, Barbey directed 30 more assaults in 1945, mostly in the southern Philippines and Borneo. He conducted the last amphibious operation of the war, the landings at Balikpapan, Borneo on 1 July 1945. In all, "Uncle Dan", as he was known, planned and conducted 56 amphibious operations, landing more than one million Australian and American soldiers and marines. For his wartime service in the Southwest Pacific, the U.S. Army awarded Barbey the Army Distinguished Service Medal. On Australia Day in 1948 the Australian government honored him with an honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire, which was presented at the Australian embassy in Washington by Norman Makin, the Australian Ambassador to the United States.

Post-war
After the war, Barbey replaced Kinkaid as commander of the Seventh Fleet. He continued the task of landing occupation forces in South Korea and North China. While providing training, transportation and support to the Chinese Nationalist Party forces, he attempted to prevent his own forces from becoming embroiled in the Chinese Civil War, which was engulfing North China. In March 1946 he became Commander Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet. In September he became commander of the Fourth Fleet. He briefly returned to the Far East in February 1947 as Chairman of the Joint Military Board on fact-finding mission to evaluate strategic requirements there. He returned to the U.S. in March to become Commandant of the 10th Naval District and commander of the Caribbean Sea Frontier from 1 May 1947 until 10 October 1950. His final assignment was as Commandant of the 13th Naval District. He retired as a vice admiral on 30 June 1951.

Retirement and last years
In retirement, Barbey published his memoirs of his wartime service as MacArthur's Amphibious Navy in 1969. He died at the Naval Hospital in Bremerton, Washington on 11 March 1969. His papers are in the Naval Historical Center at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. The Navy named a Knox-class frigate, USS Barbey (FF-1088) in his honor, which was launched at the Avondale Shipyards in Westwego, Louisiana by his widow on 4 December 1971.

Decorations
Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey's ribbon bar:

title: Daniel E. Barbey


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Eichstädt

Eichstädt is a village in Brandenburg, Germany. It is not to be confused with Eichstätt, Bavaria.

History
Eichstädt was first mentioned in 1350, when the village was given as a fief to Ulrich von Lindow. In the late Middle Ages it was a castle fief belonging to Bötzow; in 1474 a knight's estate with four hectares and peasant estates with 13 hectares were recorded. From the 16th century two manors existed in the village, belonging to the von Hünnicke and von Krämer families, which subsequently determined the history of Eichstadt. By the end of the 18th century three more manors were added, but all manors in Eichstädt were again united in one hand in 1805, when the village had 323 inhabitants. In the first half of the 19th century the hereditary servitude of the peasants was abolished and the manors came into bourgeois ownership. As a result, the number of inhabitants grew steadily and in 1885 the village had 467 inhabitants; after the Second World War the number was about 600. During the time of the GDR, a machinery lending station was established for the farmers and a new housing estate was developed. After 1990, a commercial area was added and the infrastructure was extensively renewed. The old sheep barn was converted into a trotting stud farm, currently Germany's most successful. Effective May 18, 1998, the municipality of Eichstädt was absorbed into the newly formed municipality of Oberkrämer.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eichstädt


text: Talk:Eichstädt

title: Talk:Eichstädt


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User talk:Croatnik

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! And thanks for your contributions to the Naruto articles! ~ MDD4696 (talk • contribs) 04:46, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
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You might want try 1 big edit
Multiple small edits will trigger anti vandalism bots which is bad... its just something to note -- Tawker 07:33, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

RE: Characters of Naruto
I noticed that you've been changing the article to link to the description of the characters on a separate article (Hi no Kuni (Land of Fire)). If you could change each of the new links to point directly to the section with the character's name, that would probably be helpful for visitors. (That is, Nawaki should link to Hi no Kuni (Land of Fire) .) Also, you might try updating the entire article at once. Doing so many small edits at once can trigger various vandalism bots, as well as flooding the history of the article/distracting people who have the article on their watchlist. I'll put your page on my watchlist, so if you have any questions, just respond here and I'll be glad to answer them. Happy editing, Seqsea (talk) 07:41, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Please stop linking to the main article Hi no Kuni (Land of Fire) when you replace links on the Characters of Naruto page. It will be much easier if you link directly to the character via the anchor. You are creating unnecessary work for another editor. Seqsea (talk) 07:47, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

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Kunzang Palyul Choling

Kunzang Palyul Choling (KPC) is an organization for Buddhist study and practice in the Nyingma tradition (Palyul lineage) that is located in Poolesville, Maryland and Sedona, Arizona, with smaller groups in Santa Barbara, California and across Australia. KPC was founded by Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo and later given to Penor Rinpoche. KPC was Penor Rinpoche's first Dharma Center in the US. Guidestar non-profit tracker lists its transparency as a platinum level, candid organization.

Teachers
Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo Rinpoche is the KPC resident lama. She was enthroned as a lineage holder in 1988 by Penor Rinpoche. Khenpo Pem Tsheri Sherpa from Namdroling monastery is a returning teacher, in residence several months out of the year. The monks and nuns and Ahkon Lhamo's daughter Atira teach beginning classes.

Prayer vigil
KPC was established in 1985 to house the 24-hour prayer vigil begun in Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo's basement, and to create a temple that was open 24 hours a day. Participants maintain two-hour prayer shifts, doing practices in the Nyingma tradition. The vigil is dedicated to the end of suffering and has remained unbroken. In 1999, Kunzang Palyul Choling (KPC) began another 24-hour prayer vigil in the new location in Sedona, Arizona.

Founding
In 1988, Penor Rinpoche enthroned Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo during the Rinchen Terzod cycle of esoteric empowerments at Kunzang Palyul Choling. At that time he ordained 25 monks and nuns, creating a large ordained community. In 1990, the temple purchased 65 acres of land and built prayer wheels and statues which Yangthang Rinpoche consecrated following the Nyingtig Yabshi empowerments. Ahkon Lhamo later moved to Sedona, Arizona, and the temple expanded there. She returned to Maryland in the early 2000's.

Historically, the temple has hosted Buddhist teachers of the Nyingma lineage. Gyaltrul Rinpoche gave Nam Cho, generation stage, and tsa lung teachings. Jigme Phuntsok gave his own discovered teachings (terma), Kusum Lingpa gave the Yeshe Lama trekchod and togyal teachings, and Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche gave his Red Tara teachings. Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche was briefly in residence, and Khenpo Palden Sherab and Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal returned frequently to teach.

Poolesville, Maryland
Kunzang Palyul Choling's main temple is located in suburban Maryland surrounded by the McKee-Beshers Wildlife Management Area. The main shrine is an antebellum-style mansion renovated into a Tibetan Buddhist style temple situated on 17 acres to one side of River Road, with 65 acres of walking trails in the Peace Park. There are over twenty stupas, many Tibetan prayer wheels, gardens, and Buddha statues throughout the property. The largest stupas are the 36' Enlightenment and the 38' Mingyur Dorje stupas, the latter of which houses a relic from Tulku Mingyur Dorje and is located in the middle of the Peace Park. In 2022, a large statue of Guru Rinpoche was consecrated at the main entrance of the Peace Park.

The main temple structure has been closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the residence area has been closed to public activities awaiting renovations to comply with Montgomery County's Building Use and Occupancy Code. The prayer room, which is separate from the main building, remains open and houses all teachings and activities. The organization raised $1 million for the building of the new temple. The first wastewater phase of the renovations was completed spring 2023.

Sedona, Arizona
KPC's Sedona, Arizona location has a community of Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo's students who built the 36' Amitabha Stupa, which has become a tourist destination at the base of Thunder Mountain. The Sedona center is home to Dakini Valley, a large tract of undeveloped land.

Australia
KPC's Australian students are spread widely over the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Victoria. They sponsor visits from teachers from Namdroling monastery in India, such as Khenpo Pem.

Teachings and practices
Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo teaches twice a week, Sundays and Wednesdays, and podcasts Buddhism for Beginners. Atira Zeoli, Ahkon Lhamo's daughter, teaches a beginning class twice monthly, while the monks and nuns teach shamatha meditation on weekends based on Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo's book Stabilizing the Mind.

The Mingyur Dorje Institute started by Khenchen Tsewang Gyatso has been continued by Khenpo Pem Tsheri Sherpa, who teaches a regular series of classes on such topics as Shantideva's Bodhisattva's Guide (Bodhicharyavatara).

Visiting teachers give esoteric empowerments. Kuchen Rinpoche and Khenpo Norgay give empowerments necessary for students to begin many traditional Vajrayana Buddhist practices. In addition, students attend the annual Palyul summer retreat in McDonough, NY.

Monastic community
Kunzang Palyul Choling has a large community of monks and nuns, many of whom have remained ordained since 1988. A small number live at the temple while the majority live in households of three and four nearby.

KPC Buddhist Relief: feeding people
In response to growing food insecurity during the pandemic, in 2020 the temple received a grant from Montgomery County and dedicated 2,400 feet of lawn to a teaching garden. Since May 2021, it has produced hundreds of pounds of food that have been donated to help shelters and the food insecure throughout the region. In addition to the garden, KPC Buddhist Relief purchases approximately 1,000 lbs of food per day to supply Backpack Bites for kids, WUMCO food bank, the local Little Free Pantry, Germantown Hub, and Shepherd's Table's meals for the homeless. A recent grant from Montgomery County’s Office of Food Systems Resilience (OFSR), Manna Food Center (Manna) and the Morningstar Foundation for refrigeration space will aid harvests and enable larger bulk supplies.

KPC Buddhist Relief addresses urgent needs for refugees such as food, clothing, and household items, and helps those who fall through the cracks in the social safety net.

Animal rescue
Caring for animals is a large part of the temple activities. The Garuda Aviary was founded in 1998 to help abused, neglected, or abandoned parrots. Its focus is on desperate cases where birds have become "unadoptable" due to past mistreatment or abuse, and birds taken into the sanctuary have a life-long home. The Aviary aims to educate the public on the exotic bird trade that takes parrots from their natural habitat. It is open to visitors in good weather, where people can view the birds and hear their caretaker give a presentation on the challenges faced by exotic birds. To save the many pets left behind after Hurricane Katrina, in 2006, the temple ran Tara's Babies to rescue them, and continued to take in fearful and unadoptable animals from shelters, housing them on property near the Sedona, Arizona location.

Licensed through the State of Maryland Department of Environmental Protection, since 1988 the temple has had Maryland's first and only constructed wetlands, treating its own wastewater and relieving pressure on municipal infrastructure. The wetlands are the brainchild of temple member David Bailey. They are made up of planted sand and gravel ponds, which naturally filter wastewater, which is further treated with aerators, filters, and ultraviolet light. In 2023 they were upgraded with a new, state-of-the-art underground nitrogen-removing tank.

Monks and nuns from the temple, answering letters from prisoners who were interested in Buddhism, joined the ministerial program at various prisons in Maryland. Monks and nuns are trained by the prison system on their rules and restrictions, and visit to teach meditation.

Recording and publication
Palyul Productions records video, audio, and transcripts of teachings given at Kunzang Palyul Choling in order to preserve and disseminate them.

Blinded by View, which was originally known as Skydancer, produces Ahkon Lhamo's music.

title: Kunzang Palyul Choling


text:
Windsor Great Park

Windsor Great Park is a Royal Park of 2020 ha, including a deer park, to the south of the town of Windsor on the border of Berkshire and Surrey in England. It is adjacent to the private 265 ha Home Park, which is nearer the castle. The park was, for many centuries, the private hunting ground of Windsor Castle and dates primarily from the mid-13th century. Historically the park covered an area many times the current size known as Windsor Forest, Windsor Royal Park or its current name. The park is managed and funded by the Crown Estate, and is the only royal park not managed by The Royal Parks. Most parts of the park are open to the public, free of charge, from dawn to dusk, although there is a charge to enter Savill Garden.

Except for a brief period of privatisation by Oliver Cromwell to pay for the English Civil War, the area remained the personal property of the monarch until the reign of George III when control over all Crown lands was handed over to Parliament. The Park is owned and administered by the Crown Estate, a public body established by Act of Parliament in which the monarch and family members associated with its particular parts have non-executive, advisory roles. The Grade I listed park is on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. Windsor Forest and Great Park is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Windsor Great Park is a nationally important site for fungi. Over 1,000 species have been found on the park's territory, including 43 species confined exclusively to Windsor. Several of Britain's rarest and most endangered species of fungi occur on the park's territory.

Geography
The Great Park is a gently undulating area of varied landscape. It has sweeping deer lawns, small woods, coverts and areas covered by huge solitary ancient oak trees. There is a small river in the north of the park called the Battle Bourne running to the Thames near Datchet. The River Bourne runs through a number of ponds to the south. Chief amongst these are Great Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond, near the great lake of Virginia Water. The most prominent hill is Snow Hill and the avenue of trees known as the Long Walk runs between here and Windsor Castle. The area is accessed by a number of gates: Queen Anne's Gate, Ranger's Gate, Cranbourne Gate, Forest Gate, Sandpit Gate, Prince Consort's Gate, Blacknest Gate, Bishop's Gate and Bear's Rails Gate and the original medieval park pale can still be seen in places. The main road known as Sheet Street (A332) into Windsor runs through the northeast of the park. On the western side of the park is The Village, built in the 1930s to house Royal estate workers. It has a village shop and infant/junior school. Other buildings include the Royal Lodge, Cumberland Lodge, the Cranbourne Tower and Norfolk Farm. The park lies mostly within the civil parish of Old Windsor, though the eastern regions are in the Borough of Runnymede and there are small areas in the parishes of Winkfield and Sunninghill. Areas associated with or attached to the Great Park, but not officially within its borders include the Home Park, Mote Park, Flemish Farm, Cranbourne Chase, Forest Lodge and South Forest.

Windsor Great Park has one of the largest collections of ancient oaks remaining in Western Europe. The oldest is a huge pedunculate oak known as King Offa's Oak, which grows in a private area of the estate. Tree experts estimate the tree's age as 1,300-1,500 years old, making this ancient tree the oldest oak in the United Kingdom since the collapse of the Pontfadog oak, surpassing the 1,000 year old Bowthorpe Oak, and the 1,200-year old Marton Oak in Cheshire, the latter of which also being the widest tree in the UK. Other famous and ancient trees in the park include the popular Conqueror's oak in Cranbourne Park.

Formation
Windsor Castle was begun in the 11th century by William the Conqueror as it afforded a good defensive point over the River Thames. A vast area of Windsor Forest to the south of the castle became reserved by the King for personal hunting and also to supply the castle with wood, deer, boar and fish. It was not until later that it became necessary to formally define this area. In 1129, the first parker was appointed, and in 1240, King Henry III officially set out the borders of the "Park", a region many times larger than the current Great Park. The castle was a mere fortress at this time and, when hunting, King Henry would have been resident at the more comfortable manor house of Old Windsor (what later became known as Manor Lodge). The title "Parker" exists today as "Ranger of the Park", the current title-holder being Charles III. Kings Edward I and Edward III used the park for jousts and tournaments and the latter had his Royal stud there to supply horses for the Hundred Years' War. The moat at Bear's Rails contained the manor house of Wychamere, the home of William of Wykeham while he was building the castle. It was later used for bear-baiting.

Development
By the 18th century, the food value of the parkland to Windsor had decreased in importance and the new Hanoverian monarchs preferred to build on and garden the land rather than hunt in it. The Long Walk had been laid out by King Charles II and the planting of its trees completed by William of Orange in the 1680s, with double rows of elms which lasted until World War II, but the Georges extended it and built numerous features and monuments, such as the Copper Horse (depicting George III) and the Obelisk (in honour of William, Duke of Cumberland). George III had a set of 2,000-year-old Roman ruins imported from Libya and placed in the park.

Virginia Water was begun in 1746 by William, Duke of Cumberland who was then Ranger of the Park. Few details are recorded of the building of the lake; however it has been suggested that prisoners of war from the recent Jacobite risings, who were encamped at the nearby Breakheart hill, were involved. The original lake was much smaller than the current form, and was destroyed in a flood in 1768. In 1780, Paul and Thomas Sandby began construction of a much larger lake at the site, and went on to add an artificial waterfall, Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond. The lake replaced a small stream of the same name which was probably named after Queen Elizabeth I, who was known as the "Virgin Queen".

Victorian expansion
Queen Victoria created the park that still exists. The Windsor Castle Act 1848 was implemented to reform land use and rights around Windsor Castle. This led to the removal of existing roads and the creation of new ones to redirect people away Home Park. The changes were the result of the death of Prince Albert, when Queen Victoria largely withdrew from public life. At Frogmore she built a Royal Mausoleum for Albert. She was later buried there upon her own death, along with a number of other subsequent members of the royal family.

During the 19th and early 20th century, one of the main events for farmers near and far was the Christmas sale of stock from the Royal Windsor Estates. Held on the same week as the Smithfield Show, buyers came from all over the country to buy something from the monarch. The sale in 1850 was held on 17 December by Messrs Buckland & Sons of Windsor. It included Superior Fat Heifers for £20 each; 10 fat ewes, fed by Prince Albert, for 33/10; Fine Old Wether Sheep, fed by His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, for 40/6. The sale made a total of £226. On 12 December 1894, Messrs Buckland & Sons were proud to announce:

Aviation
The Smith's Lawn area of the Park began to be used for flying in the 1920s, an activity which continued in various forms until the early 1950s. Improvements were made to the grass landing area in the mid 1930s, when it was used by the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII). He operated several different types of aircraft from here, including several types of de Havilland airplanes, ranging from Moths to Dragon Rapides.

On 29 April 1931, Gordon Olley landed a large (for the time) twin-engine Imperial Airways airliner, the Armstrong Whitworth Argosy ("City of Glasgow"), at Smith's Lawn.

In 2016, the Duke of Edinburgh unveiled a memorial at Smith's Lawn to its use as an airfield. He himself had made his first solo flight from there in 1952, after regular use of the site as an airfield had ceased.

Second World War
During the war, aviation related activities included a factory dispersal site (to minimize the risk of Luftwaffe bombing) for Vickers-Armstrongs, who built and maintained Wellington bombers here. Other wartime aviation activities included use as a Relief Landing Ground for de Havilland Tiger Moth trainers at nearby No. 18 Elementary Flying Training School at Fairoaks.

The Smith's Lawn area of the Park was also used for housing troops. During the 1940s, much of the deer park was ploughed and farmed for food, which involved the felling of hundreds of ancient trees. Over 200 large bombs fell on the land, including several V-2 rockets. During the 1948 Summer Olympics, the park was used as the road cycling venue. In the 1950s, the Park was gradually turned into the recreation area open to the public that it is today. This involved the re-planting of Savill Gardens (which had been allowed to run wild during the war) and the new Valley Gardens. In 1951, a large wall for creeping plants was built at Savill using bricks from bombed-out London buildings. In 1958, a Totem pole was installed nearby, a gift from British Columbia to the Queen.

Protests
In 1972 the Irish anarchist Ubi Dwyer organised the "People's Free Festival", the first of the Windsor Free Festivals in the Park, attended by 700 people. A co-organiser Sid Rawle claimed that Windsor Great Park has been common land until the 18th century, and illegally inclosed (made private) by George III. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was reported to be "furious". Ubi and his allies repeated the festival in 1973 with at least 1,400 in attendance. In 1973, the Windsor Great Park regulations were introduced. In 1974, 7,000 people turned up but it was violently broken up by police, who made 220 arrests, and the festival was banned. Dwyer was jailed the next year for distributing leaflets to promote another festival and Rawle was given three months for reproducing parts of Ubi's leaflets in the underground newspaper International Times.

Features
The modern enclosed deer park is at the northern end of the Great Park. It is home to a large herd of semi-wild red deer, reflecting the original medieval purpose of the park.

The Long Walk
The tree-lined 2.64 mi avenue known as the Long Walk was originally a path from Windsor Castle to Snow Hill. The high ground is said to have been the location where Henry VIII waited to hear the news that his second wife, Anne Boleyn, had been executed. Following the Restoration in 1660, Charles II had double rows of elm trees planted along the entire length of the path. The king was inspired to develop Windsor Castle and the surrounding parkland after he lived at the Palace of Versailles during his exile from Britain when it was the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. The creation of the Long Walk was one of his first improvement plans.

In 1710 Queen Anne had the path through the centre of the trees replaced by a road so coaches could use the route to enter and leave Windsor Castle.

The Copper Horse
The Long Walk runs south from Windsor Castle to The Copper Horse statue of King George III atop Snow Hill. The cast statue, which was erected 1829, is 2.65 mi from the George IV Gateway at Windsor Castle to The Copper Horse. Other equestrian statues in the park include one of the Prince Consort, to the west of the polo grounds, and one of Queen Elizabeth II near the Village.

The Royal Lodge
The Royal Lodge was built in the centre of the park as the Deputy Ranger's house. It was made into a retreat for the Prince Regent from 1812, but was largely pulled down after his death. The remains were renovated, in the 1930s, as a home for the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. It is now the official residence of Prince Andrew, Duke of York and not accessible by the public.

The Royal Chapel of All Saints
The Royal Chapel of All Saints was built after the chapels of the Royal and Cumberland Lodges proved too small for growing numbers of household staff. The chapel was built in 1825 by Jeffry Wyattville and regularly used by George IV during the refurbishment of Windsor Castle. It was later remodelled in the Gothic Revival style by Samuel Sanders Teulon and Anthony Salvin. Queen Victoria often attended the chapel as did the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. It was regularly used by Queen Elizabeth II when she was in residence at Windsor.

Cumberland Lodge
Other notable buildings in the park include Cumberland Lodge, built in 1652 during the Commonwealth. After the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the Lodge quickly became the home of the Ranger of the Great Park, an office in the gift of the sovereign. Each Ranger made his – or in one case, that of Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, her – own mark on the features of the house and its surroundings.

Throughout her life Queen Victoria was a frequent visitor. Her daughter Princess Helena of the United Kingdom lived at the Lodge for over fifty years, presiding over elaborate re-building after a major fire in 1869 and extensive alterations in 1912. Lord FitzAlan, last British Viceroy of Ireland, was the last private person to be entrusted with the Lodge. It was in his time, in 1936, that the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, discussed the crisis over King Edward VIII's desire to marry Wallis Simpson, talks which led to his abdication of the crown a few weeks later. In 1947, the King made the Lodge available to the newly established St. Catharine's Foundation, later known as the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Foundation of St Catharine's. Today the organisation is simply known as Cumberland Lodge. Cumberland Lodge today is an educational charity dedicated to initiating fresh debate on questions facing society. The grounds are not generally open to the public, but the house is continually holding conferences, open days and lectures.

Cranbourne Tower
The private Cranbourne Tower is easily viewed from surrounding paths. It is all that survives of Cranbourne Lodge, the residence of the Keeper of Cranbourne Chase. It is thought to date back to the 16th century.

Savill Garden
In the south-east of the park, near Englefield Green, are the Savill Garden Garden and Valley Gardens which were designed and built by Eric Savill in the 1930s and 1940s. They include an extraordinary range of flowers and trees from around the world. Smith's Lawn and Polo Grounds are also nearby, as is the tranquil Heather Garden. The Savill Garden Visitor Centre houses a gift shop; toilets; restaurant; coffee shop; ice cream counter; and a shop selling many plants found in the garden. The gardens are open to visitors between 10:00 and 16:30 in the winter and 10:00 and 18:00 in the summer.

Virginia Water Lake
Virginia Water Lake, in the south of the park, is an artificially-created lake of around 1 km2 dating from the 1740s. Among the lakeside features are the 100 ft high Canadian totem pole, carved by Mungo Martin, Henry Hunt, and Tony Hunt Sr., commemorating the centenary of British Columbia, and a collection of ornamental Roman ruins, transported from the site of Leptis Magna (modern-day Al-Khums) in 1816 and installed at Virginia Water in 1826.

The Obelisk
Beside a smaller lake, known as the Obelisk Pond, is the Obelisk memorial to the Duke of Cumberland. This is inscribed This Obelisk raised by command of King George the Second commemorates the services of his son William Duke of Cumberland The success of his arms and the gratitude of his father

This tablet was inscribed by His Majesty King William the Fourth.

It was originally inscribed "Culloden" but this was erased on Queen Victoria's orders and replaced with "Cumberland", inscribed within an inset in the masonry.

Wildlife
Due to the presence of ancient trees and ancient grasslands, Windsor Great Park is an important wildlife site in the UK, and is nationally important for its fungal diversity. 250 rare species have been found in the park, some of which are confined exclusively to the park and occur nowhere else. Windsor Great Park is regarded as an important bolete site by mycologists, and a few nationally rare species occur here, including Imperator rhodopurpureus, Rubroboletus legaliae and Butyriboletus fuscoroseus, although the latter of which has not been encountered for many years. Windsor Great Park is the only place in the UK where a confusing form of R.legaliae with entirely yellow pores occurs, and is the type locality for Boletus immutatus, as suggested by Ainsworth et al. a variable colour morph of Neoboletus luridiformis with metabolic abnormalities, which occurs exclusively at Windsor Great Park and nowhere else in the UK, and has not been recorded in Europe as well. Collection of fungi for consumption has been long forbidden in the park to safeguard the population of rare fungi, with significant sanctions in place if this law is ignored, much like with Epping Forest. Other fungi which have been reported from the park include Boletus aereus, Gyroporus castaneus and six species of tooth fungi such as Hericium coralloides, a species protected by law in the UK. It is currently considered for inclusion in the SSSI register due to the diversity of fungi.

The park has a healthy population of Red kite, which can be seen soaring all over the park on sunny days, and seeing and hearing Ring-necked parakeet is commonplace. Other birds recorded from the park include the nationally threatened Lesser spotted woodpecker and Mandarin duck.

Visiting
A new visitor centre designed by Glenn Howells Architects and Buro Happold was opened in June 2006, and was nominated for the 2007 Stirling Prize. Park access via Rangers Gate is strictly for authorised vehicles only. There are several other road, horse and foot entrances. Access to some of the private areas of the Great Park is available, on application, for an annual key rental fee. Access to the park is governed by Windsor Great Park Regulations 1973.

Events
Every five or six years since 1993 Windsor Great Park has been home to the Scout and Girlguiding camp WINGS (Windsor International Guides and Scouts camp), last held in August 2014.

At the 15th World Conference of WAGGGS it was decided to mark the centenary of the birth of Lord Baden-Powell, the founder of Guiding, by holding a World Camp with four locations — Doe Lake, Ontario, Canada; Quezon City, Philippines; Lac de Conche, Switzerland; and Windsor Great Park, from 19 January to 2 February 1957.

Filming location
The Crown Estate has allowed the use of Windsor Great Park as a filming location. The park was used in the production of the following:

 * Elton John's 1978 album A Single Man featured the park on the cover and inner booklet.
 * Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Part 1 and Part 2)
 * Pirates of the Caribbean
 * Robin Hood (2010)
 * Snow White and the Huntsman
 * Into the Woods (2014)
 * The King's Speech made extensive use of Cumberland Lodge.
 * King Arthur: Legend of the Sword was on location in the South Forest in early 2015
 * The Huntsman: Winter's War used various locations during May and June 2015
 * Bridget Jones's Baby was filming on location on Duke's Lane in October 2015
 * Flowers from Channel 4 was filming in December 2015 in South Forest and Penslade Bottom, and Windsor Great Park
 * Cinderella (2015)
 * The Legend of Tarzan (2016)
 * Virginia Water
 * Countryfile
 * Midsomer Murders
 * Scenes from the film Annihilation were shot in South Forest in April 2016
 * The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle in June 2018

title: Windsor Great Park


text:
User talk:Avandormolen

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Zzyzx11 | Talk 20:40, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Avandormolen


text:
Eton Choirbook

The Eton Choirbook (Eton College MS. 178) is a richly illuminated manuscript collection of English sacred music composed during the late 15th century. It was one of very few collections of Latin liturgical music to survive the Reformation, and hence is an important source. It originally contained music by 24 different composers; however, many of the pieces are damaged or incomplete. It is one of three large choirbooks surviving from early-Tudor England (the others are the Lambeth Choirbook and the Caius Choirbook).

The Choirbook was compiled between approximately 1500 and 1505 for use at Eton College; its present binding dates from the mid 16th century. 126 folios remain of the original 224, including the index. In the original, there were a total of 93 separate compositions; however only 64 remain either complete or in part. Some of the 24 composers are known only because of their inclusion in the Eton Choirbook. John Browne has the most compositions (10), followed by Richard Davy (9) and Walter Lambe (8).

Stylistically, the music contained in the Eton Choirbook shows three phases in the development of early Renaissance polyphony in England. The first phase is represented by the music of Richard Hygons, William Horwood and Gilbert Banester. Most of the music of this early phase is polyphonic but non-imitative, with contrast achieved by alternation of full five-voice texture with sections sung by fewer voices. The second phase, which includes music by John Browne, Richard Davy and Walter Lambe, uses imitation, cantus firmus techniques, and frequent cross-relations (a feature which was to become a distinctive sound in early Tudor polyphony). The final phase represented in the choirbook includes music by William Cornysh and Robert Fayrfax, composed around 1500. Points of imitation are frequent, cantus firmus techniques disappear, and in general the sound of the music is more Continental.

Contents
All of the compositions in the book are sacred vocal music in Latin. According to the index, it initially contained 93 works. However, part of its content was lost and only 64 works have survived, a few of them incomplete. They consist of:
 * 54 motets
 * 9 Magnificats
 * 1 Passion

The following inventory represents the contents as enumerated by the index, with folio numbers for the works that survive.
 * 1. f. 1v-4: O Maria salvatoris mater - John Browne (i)
 * 2. f. 4v-8: Gaude flore virginali - Hugh Kellyk
 * 3. f. 8v-9v: O Maria plena gratiae - Walter Lambe
 * 4. f. 10-11: Gaude flore virginali - Richard Davy
 * 5. f. 11v-14: Stabat mater dolorosa - ?John Browne (ii)
 * 6. f. 14v: O regina caelestis gloriae - Walter Lambe
 * 7. f. 15-17: Stabat virgo mater Christi - ?John Browne (i)
 * 8. f. 17v-19: Stabat juxta Christi crucem - ?John Browne (i)
 * 9. f. 19v-22: O regina mundi clara - ?John Browne (i)
 * 10. f. 22v-25: Gaude virgo mater Christi - Sturton
 * 11. f. 25v: O virgo prudentissima - Robert Wilkinson [incomplete]
 * 12. missing: Gaude flore virginali - Robert Wilkinson
 * 13. missing: Salve regina vas mundiciae - Fawkner
 * 14. f. 26: Gaude flore virginali - William Cornysh (senior) [incomplete]
 * 15. f. 26v-29: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Wilkinson
 * 16. f. 29v-30: Salve regina mater misericordiae - William Brygeman
 * 17. f. 30v-32: Salve regina mater misericordiae - William Horwood
 * 18. f. 32v-34: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Richard Davy
 * 19. f. 34v-36: Salve regina mater misericordiae - ?William Cornysh (senior)
 * 20. f. 36v-38: Salve regina mater misericordiae - ?John Browne (ii)
 * 21. f. 038v-40: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Walter Lambe
 * 22. f. 40v-042: Salve regina mater misericordiae - John Sutton
 * 23. f. 42v-44: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Hacomplaynt
 * 24. f. 44v-46: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Nicholas Huchyn
 * 25. f. 46v-48: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Wilkinson
 * 26. f. 48v-50: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Fayrfax
 * 27. f. 50v-52: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Richard Hygons
 * 28. f. 52v-54: Salve regina mater misericordiae - ?John Browne (i)
 * 29. f. 54v-56: Salve regina mater misericordiae - John Hampton
 * 30. f. 56v-59: O Domine caeli terraeque creator - Richard Davy
 * 31. f. 59v-62: Salve Jesu mater vera - Richard Davy
 * 32. f. 62v-65: Stabat mater dolorosa - Richard Davy
 * 33. f. 65v-68: Virgo templum trinitatis - Richard Davy
 * 34. f. 68v-71: In honore summae matris - Richard Davy
 * 35. f. 71v-74: O Maria et Elisabeth - Gilbert Banester
 * 36. f. 74v-76: Gaude flore virginali - William Horwood
 * 37. f. 76v-77v: Gaude virgo mater Christi - William Horwood
 * 38. missing: O regina caelestis gloriae - Walter Lambe
 * 39. missing: Gaude flore virginali - Walter Lambe
 * 40. missing: Virgo gaude gloriosa - Walter Lambe
 * 41. missing: Stabat mater dolorosa - Robert Fayrfax
 * 42. missing: Ave cuius conceptio - Robert Fayrfax
 * 43. missing: Quid cantemus innocentes - Robert Fayrfax
 * 44. missing: Gaude flore virginali - John Dunstaple
 * 45. missing: Ave lux totius mundi - ?John Browne (i)
 * 46. missing: Gaude flore virginali - ?John Browne (i)
 * 47. missing: Stabat mater dolorosa - ?William Cornysh (senior)
 * 48. f. 78-80: Stabat mater dolorosa - ?William Cornysh (senior)
 * 49. f. 80v-82: Gaude virgo salutata - Fawkner
 * 50. f. 82v-85: Gaude rosa sine spina - Fawkner
 * 51. f. 85v-87: Gaude flore virginali - Edmund Turges
 * 52. f. 87v-88: Nesciens mater virgo virum - Walter Lambe
 * 53. f. 88v: Salve decus castitatis - Robert Wilkinson
 * 54. f. 89: Ascendit Christus hodie - Nicholas Huchyn
 * 55. f. 89v-91v: O mater venerabilis - ?John Browne (i)
 * 56. missing: Ad te purissima virgo - ?William Cornysh (senior)
 * 57. f. 92v-93v: Ave lumen gratiae - Robert Fayrfax
 * 58. missing: O virgo virginum praeclara - Walter Lambe
 * 59. f. 94-95: Gaude virgo mater Christi - Robert Wilkinson
 * 60. f. 95v-97: Stabat virgo mater Christi - ?John Browne (i)
 * 61. f. 97v-99: Stella caeli extirpavit que lactavit - Walter Lambe
 * 62. f. 99v-101: Ascendit Christus hodie - Walter Lambe
 * 63. f. 101v-103: Gaude flore virginali - Walter Lambe
 * 64. f. 103v-105: Gaude flore virginali - Edmund Turges
 * 65. f. 105v-106: Ave Maria mater Dei - ?William Cornysh (senior)
 * 66. f. 106v-108: Gaude virgo mater Christi - ?William Cornysh (senior)
 * 67. f. 108v-110v: Gaude virgo salutata - Holynborne
 * 68. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i)
 * 69. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Richard Davy
 * 70. f. 111: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Nesbet
 * 71. f. 111v-113: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Horwood
 * 72. f. 113v-116: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Hugh Kellyk
 * 73. f. 116v-118: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Walter Lambe
 * 74. f. 118v: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i)
 * 75. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Fayrfax
 * 76. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Brygeman
 * 77. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Wilkinson
 * 78. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Mychelson
 * 79. f. 119-119v: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Wilkinson
 * 80. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Cornysh (Junior)
 * 81. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i)
 * 82. f. 120-120v: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Sygar
 * 83. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i)
 * 84. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Edmund Turges
 * 85. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Edmund Turges
 * 86. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Baldwin
 * 87. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Sygar
 * 88. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Baldwin
 * 89. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Edmund Turges
 * 90. f. 121: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Richard Davy
 * 91. f. 121v-123: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Stratford
 * 92. f. 124-126: Passio Domini - Richard Davy
 * 93. f. 126v: Jesus autem transiens - Robert Wilkinson

The composers represented in the manuscript are: John Browne (10 works), Richard Davy (9), Walter Lambe (8), Robert Wilkinson (7), William Cornysh (5), William Horwood (4), Robert Fayrfax (2), John Fawkyner (2), Nicholas Huchyn (2), Hugh Kellyk (2), Edmund Turges (2), Gilbert Banester, Brygeman (1), Robert Hacomplaynt (1), John Hampton (1), Holynborne (1), Richard Hygons (1), Nesbet (1), Edmund Sturton (1), John Sutton (1), Sygar (1) and William Stratford (1).

Other composers as Baldwyn, John Dunstable and Mychelson also appear in the index, but their works were lost.

Recordings
Harry Christophers, The Sixteen: 'Eton Choirbook'' Volumes I-V
 * The Rose and The Ostrich Feather, CORO: CD COR16026.
 * The Crown of Thorns, CORO: CD COR16012.
 * The Pillars Of Eternity, CORO: CD COR16022.
 * The Flower of All Virginity, CORO: CD COR16018.
 * Voices of Angels, CORO: CD COR16002.

Stephen Darlington, Choir of Christ Church Cathedral Oxford: Music from The Eton Choir Book, volumes 1-5
 * More Divine Than Human, Avie: AV2167.
 * Choirs of Angels, Avie: AV2184.
 * Courts of Heaven, Avie: AV2314
 * The Sun Most Radiant, Avie: AV2359
 * The Gate of Glory, Avie: AV2376

Other groups:
 * Music from the Eton Choirbook, Tonus Peregrinus, Antony Pitts, Dir. Naxos 8.572840
 * Richard Davy: Passion According To St. Matthew. (Eton Choirbook, Record 1). Purcell Consort of Voices, Choristers of All Saints, Margaret Street, Dir. Grayston Burgess. Vinyl LP, Argo ZRG 558.
 * Eton Choirbook, Record 2. Purcell Consort of Voices, Choristers of All Saints, Margaret Street, Dir. Grayston Burgess. Vinyl LP, Argo ZRG 557.
 * The Eton Choirbook Huelgas Ensemble, Dir. Paul Van Nevel. 2012 DHM: CD 88765408852.

title: Eton Choirbook


text:
Bishop Douglass Catholic School

Bishop Douglass Catholic School is a Roman Catholic co-educational secondary school and sixth form, situated in East Finchley area of the London Borough of Barnet, England. Its current Headmaster is Martin Tissot, a former pupil at the school.

History
Bishop Douglass opened with voluntary aided status as a mixed secondary modern Roman Catholic school in Hamilton Road in 1963. In 1969 it merged with the independent Manor House Convent School in the nearby East End Road, which thereafter housed the sixth form of the expanded school. New buildings were added in Hamilton Road in 1969, 1973, 1976 and 1982, when there were 1,140 pupils on the roll.

The founding headmaster, Michael Caulfield, was at the time of his appointment the youngest of any school in the UK. He was succeeded by his deputy, John Meadows in the early 1990s, who retired in 2001. After a year with a temporary head and the school was faced with closure, Angela Murphy became the school's first headmistress in 2003. At the time of Murphy's appointment in 2003 the school was under 'special measures'.

Since this date standards have consistently improved. Bishop Douglass was taken out of special measures following HMI inspection in December 2005 and in its most recent inspection Ofsted described it as “a Good school of which students, parents, staff and governors are proud of”

In 2007, the school was granted Specialist Science College status, and was renewed in 2010. Under the Academies Act 2010, in 2016, Bishop Douglass became an academy under the trusteeship of the Cardinal Hume Academies Trust. The school's current headmaster, former pupil Martin Tissot, is also Headmaster of the other schools in the Trust – St George's Roman Catholic Secondary School in Maida Vale and St Thomas More Catholic School, Wood Green.

Bishop Douglass' curriculum
The pupils study Religious Education, Mathematics, Science, English Language and Literature, Spanish, French, History, Geography, Music, Art, Physical Education, Drama, Technology, ICT and Citizenship. The pupils carry on their selected GCSE subjects to Key Stage Four where additional subjects such as Sociology, Fine Art, Graphic Design, Business Studies and Computer Science are available. By Key Stage 4, the Science GCSEs are separated into Biology, Chemistry and Physics.

At sixth form, pupils choose A level subjects, including many traditional subjects, which they can continue from GCSE, such as Mathematics, Natural Sciences, English Literature and Philosophy as well as new subjects, such as Psychology, Engineering, Theology and Economics.

School uniform
From the founding of the school until 1969 the school uniform was light grey and white. When the school became a comprehensive, at the time of the merger with Manor House Convent, until 2001, the Bishop Douglass uniform for girls consisted of a long royal blue skirt, grey V-neck jumper and a royal blue blazer. This would be worn with a blouse of the same colour as the house they were in. The girl's uniform blazer was originally collarless and double breasted. In the 1990s, it became a standard jacket similar to the boy's uniform. Originally, a navy bow-tie was worn with the blouse, but this was abandoned around 1974, at around the same time that the summer dress in blue and white dog tooth check was discontinued. Prior to 1977, first year girl students ("Discovery Year") wore a navy blue "gym slip" dress with their house blouse, rather than the skirt. The boys' uniform consisted of dark grey trousers, a white shirt, a grey V-neck jumper and royal blue blazer. This would be worn with a blue tie with stripes of the same colour as their house. The Sixth Form uniform for girls was navy skirt and navy sweater with a white blouse and for the boys it was black trousers, black sweater, black jacket and white shirt. The sixth form tie for boys was black, with the school emblem stitched in white. Later, the uniform was renewed to its current form, defined by its distinctive Royal Blue. It consists of a white shirt, a royal blue v-neck jumper, worn in the winter, and a royal blue blazer, bearing the emblem of the school. Girls wear a Royal Blue and basil green kilt, or may choose dark trousers, which were allowed after 2001. Boys wear dark trousers. All pupils wear a tie of colour corresponding to the colour of their house (see House colours below). Sixth form students wear a dark blazer, dark trousers or skirts (for girls), a white inner shirt and a striped white and black tie.

In 2001, a new uniform was implemented, the most noticeable change being in the new girls' uniform: a green Douglass Tartan Kilt, a white shirt, a royal blue blazer and a blue tie with stripes of the same colour as their house. A new option was that the girls were now allowed to wear black trousers instead of the skirt. The boys' uniform remained the same except for a darker shade of blue for their blazers.

School houses
Before the merger with Manor House Covent there were four houses: Bourne, Godfrey, Griffen and Hindsley. After the merger, a further two were established. Each house is named after a Christian Martyr, canonised by the Roman Catholic Church and has a distinctive colour which pupils of the house wear on their uniform. Each House supports its chosen social causes, ideas and charities. Inter-house competitions, such as poetry, chess, art and sport, take place throughout the academic year.
 * Campion House 's namesake is Saint Edmumd Campion and bears the colour Royal Blue. Campion's work in spreading and supporting the Roman Catholic faith, which lead to his death by capital punishment in Anglican England, is widely championed and he was canonised by Pope Leo XIII in 1886.
 * Fisher House 's namesake is Saint John Fisher and bears the colour Yellow. Fisher's contributions to the faith, academia and society are widely celebrated, eventually being imprisoned for his faith, and he was canonised by Pope Pius XI in 1935.
 * Line House 's namesake is Saint Anne Line and bears the colour pink. Line became a prominent protector and provider of shelter to clandestine Roman Catholic Priests in Anglican England, for which she faced capital punishment under Queen Elizabeth I. She was canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1970.
 * More House 's namesake is Sir Thomas More and bears the colour orange. More was a statesman and advisor to King Henry VIII who refused to accept the King's separation from the Roman Catholic Church and was thus convicted of treason. He was canonised by Pope Pius XI in 1935.
 * Owen House 's namesake is Saint Nicholas Owen and bears the colour green. Owen was a builder of hiding shelter for Catholic Priests in the 1500s, when Catholics were persecuted in Anglican England, he was duly captured and tortured. He was canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1970.
 * Ward House 's namesake is Saint Margaret Ward and bears the colour lilac. Ward was martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for her support of the Catholic fath after receiving capital punishment for helping a Priest escape from prison. She was canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1970.

House colours:  Campion, Fisher , Line , More , Owen , Ward

Originally, each house had a "Head of House" teacher and a deputy. In 1974, houses were paired together with one "Head of House" for each pair and two deputies. The pairings were Campion & Ward, Fisher & Line and More & Owen. The "Head of House" role was later superseded by the "Head of Year".

Additionally, there are two houses that do not bear the name of Catholic Saints nor colours: All-Saints and Southwell. These houses were introduced after 2013, primarily for administrative purposes, to allow for the expansion of the sixth form and are only used in the sixth form.

In addition to school houses, for many years the form years were named. First year students were classified as "Discovery" Year students in recognition of their new status in the school. Second year was named "Exploration"; the third year was "Understanding"; the fourth year was "Preparation" – as they prepared for their examination years; and the fifth year was "Appreciation" – a somewhat arrogant statement that the students were appreciating all the school had done for them. The sixth form was named Lower and Upper Sixth years. The naming convention was abandoned in 2002.

Notable former pupils

 * Steve Ellis (b. 1950) - songwriter and singer
 * Dominic Letts (b. 1957) - actor (notably The Woman in Black)
 * Sir Mark Caulfield (b. 1960) - professor of Clinical Pharmacology, knighted in 2019
 * John Kennedy O'Connor (b. 1964) - author and broadcaster (notably Eurovision Song Contest)
 * Charlotte Lewis (b. 1967) - actress (television and film)
 * Tina Hobley (b. 1971) - actress (television, notably Holby City)
 * Filipe Morais (b. 1985) - professional football player
 * Michael Obiora (b. 1986) - actor (television, notably Hotel Babylon)
 * Dappy (b. 1987) - songwriter, rapper/singer
 * Kaya Scodelario (b. 1992) - actress
 * Crispin Letts, actor (notably Coronation Street, Skyfall)
 * Breffni McKenna, actor (notably Crossroads King's Oak, The Crying Game)

Niamh Parker-Arnull, headmistress of nearby Finchley Catholic High School, was a former pupil. Actor Anthony Smee was briefly a P.E. teacher at the school in 1979. Rugby coach Geoff Richards was one of the P.E. teaching staff in the 1970's.

title: Bishop Douglass Catholic School