text:
Skeena (federal electoral district)

Skeena was a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1917 to 2004.

Geography
This was a rural, mostly wilderness, riding in northwestern B.C. It consisted of the northwest corner of the province of British Columbia, including the towns of Prince Rupert, Smithers and Terrace, and Haida Gwaii.

History
This riding was created in 1914 from parts of Comox—Atlin. It was first used in the 1917 federal election. The district was abolished in 2003. It was merged with portions of Prince George—Bulkley Valley and Cariboo—Chilcotin to form Skeena—Bulkley Valley.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Skeena (federal electoral district)


text:
Talk:Troy Aikman

Untitled
Defintely biased: i.e. "Switzer knew Aikman had a great future, but it wasn't at Oklahoma. He called his friend Terry Donahue, and got him into pass-happy UCLA.". Shouldn't this simply say "Aikman then transferred to UCLA, a team better known for passing plays"

''In 1994, Dallas again won the Super Bowl, again blowing the Bills off the field. If they won again in 1995, they would become the first team in history to win three straight. But, Jones and Johnson couldn't keep their massive egos in check, each man taking credit for the team's success.''

"Blowing the Bills off the field"? "Massive egos"? This looks like something a 12-year old wrote.

I think even a neutral observer would agree that the Cowboys did blow the Bills off the field in both Super Bowls they played.

The article is rather brash in tone, reads rather like an American Football commentry. But as a brit with at least a passing interest in the game, and no particular team loyalty to be offended I'm probably as neutral an observer as you find. I don't see the NPOV issue. The piece shows Aikman in a favorable light, but then his achevements rather speak for themselves.. Probably the piece would be more useful on an international basis if it didn't assume quite as much background knowledge in US College football, the baseball draft, and football lingo generally, but I really don't see the NPOV issue. Shoka

--MJR 21:08, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Buffalo was leading at halftime in the second game.
 * Johnson and his massive ego was no longer coaching the team in 1994, it was Barry Switzer
 * As anyone who knows football can verify, it was turnovers that ruined Dallas' chances in the NFC Championship game. The 49ers got 21 points off of 3 turnovers in the first quarter.  While the defense held MVP Steve Young in check, the deficit was too much for the 'Boys to overcome.  Don't blame egos for Aikman's picks, Irvin's fumble, and whatever the name of that other guy who fumbled was.

 * His name was Kevin Anderson and I do blame a massive ego, that of owner Jerry Jones, because that's what led to Jimmy Johnson leaving as the Dallas coach. The consensus opinion is the 1994 team was not as well coached and consequently not as good under rookie pro coach Barry Switzer. The '94 season would be a training year for Switzer which was understandable since he had been out of coaching for years, never coached in the NFL and was known for winning with the run-dominated wishbone offense. Jerry Jones first brought up Switzer as a potential coach while intoxicated and the football world was pretty much in disbelief when he was hired to be the head coach. Yes, the three turnovers in the NFC Championship game's first quarter caused Dallas to be behind 21-0. However, poor coaching leads to turnovers created by errors like a receiver not running his pass route properly which was what happened that enabled Eric Davis to intercept Aikman's pass and return it for a touchdown. Discipline on the team was lax during Switzer's first year and the player that caused the next turnover, Michael Irvin, had been using cocaine heavily during the 1994 season. The Cowboys played sloppily in a number of games that year and under the circumstances, it was an accomplishment that the team made it to the Conference championship.--TL36 (talk) 06:15, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Why would the revolving personnel problems of the Eagles affect Aikman? Who is the mysterious "Westbrook", and what was the relevance of the player he took in the supplemental draft? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.94.69.131 (talk) 22:08, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Do his investments in a racing cars and something called pro trade seem rather trivial for the introduction?

 * Possibly the racing cars, but definitely the pro trade, which seems like link spam. Will remove the latter. --Claygate 03:23, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Mack Brown
Mack was the OC during aikman's tenure there. Aikman says so himself. Corpx 03:34, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Not true. Jim Donnan was the OC. Brown was OC in 1984, but had moved to Tulane in 1985.--Tjcthree 16:23, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Mack Brown was the OC in 1984, which was during Aikman's 'tenure'. Danny Bradley was the starting QB that year, though.  Jim Donnan was the OC in 1985, when Aikman went 3-1 as the OU starter before being injured in the Miami game. →Deser† sapper •≈ talk 16:30, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

No Picture?
Just curious.. why no picture? Jaymzyates 23:59, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * There have been a couple of different ones on the article but have been removed for reasons of copyright. A public domain image is needed. I thought the previous one was OK because it was a promotional image but others disagreed. --Claygate 01:35, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

I really think this site needs a picture. I find it hard to understand why it doesn't. If you say the first picture was OK then leave it. ETod09 22:33, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Come on....
I'm a lifelong Cowboys and Aikman fan, but crap like this needs to be removed: "...fans were taking notice of the blond-haired, blue-eyed leader...". It's like a damn magazine article. I'd edit it, but I don't want to screw up or do the article injustice. James 00:17, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Good point, has been removed and another irrelevant sentence about advertising was also edited. The paragraphs about the first couple of seasons are long and could stand further clean up. --Claygate 03:05, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Personal
Fixed Aikman's marriage information and children with citation. Negative/erroneous information removed. →Deser† sapper •≈ talk 16:32, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I can see the desire is there to throw Skip Bayless' claims about both Barry Switzer and Troy Aikman from his Hell-Bent book into a "non-biased" article about Aikman, but none of the claims were ever substantiated, even if they are carried in depth on several gay/lesbian websites. Whether Switzer insinuated that Aikman was gay or not, neither Aikman nor Switzer admitted it.  The claims were never substantiated by a third party.  In essence, Bayless made unsubstantiated claims that should not be represented as substantiated truths in a verifiable, non-biased article.  There is no need for anything beyond what is in the article right now. →Deser† sapper •≈ talk 21:45, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Oklahoma Sooners Accomplishments & Awards
Under the "Career Information" section, why is his association with Oklahoma under "College" always deleted; as well as his national championship with the team in 1985 (in which he started for and won games) in the "Career Highlights and Awards"? There is NO debate over this, it is a fact. So stop deleting it please. YOU DELETED IT AGAIN! So, I will keep editing it until you provide a reason. Who are you anyway? Some obsessed UCLA fan who can't accept that he played for another school, and actually won a national championship with them? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.91.133.148 (talk) 08:14, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Does anybody agree with me when I say he only got into the Hall of fame because of the Super Bowls, I mean look at his stats they werent any good, he only threw more than 20 TD's 1, thats ridiculous, and only threw 165 career, thats no HOF number to me, there are other QB's who have way better stats then him, Boomer Esiason had more TD's and yards, he aint in the HOF. OVERRATED!!--Rockies17 04:52, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

it's a well-known fact that aikman is one of the most overrated qb's in league history among most nfl historians and fans. he had highly mediocre to even below average stats, especially being surrounded by some of the best talent the game has known (michael irvin, emmitt smith, that beast offensive line). his success as a quarterback was largely due to the system he played in which generated an incredible amount of wins year after year, while also having the best running back in the game. (people talk about brady being a system quarterback, but the pats 3 superbowls are because of HIM. aikman's 3 superbowls were because of everything else that doesnt have to do with the passing game). merely because of 3 superbowl wins which were largely due to the inferior talent of the afc at the time and the rest of players surrounding him (the great defense and running game), doesnt mean he's the greatest. alot of people agree with u, rockies17, don't think ur losing ur mind, because ur correct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.118.71.19 (talk) 02:06, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

thank you, somebody has finally answered after more than 2 months and agreed with me, you are totally right, he actually kind of sucked when you think about it considering he couldnt throw at least 25-30 TD's each season with a receiver like Irvin and a back like Emmith-- Rockies 17 Holla at Ya Boy! 05:30, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

"Former hall of famer"
The page said that Aikman was a "former Hall of Fame quarterback." Unless his HOF induction has been revoked and I didn't hear aboutit, that's really bad grammar. I just removed "former" because the fact that he is a HOF'er implies that his playing career is behind him. 71.70.219.101 (talk) 15:38, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

 * It should have been "Hall of Fame former ... quarterback." Some HOF'ers can be active. Example: John Wooden was still coaching when he was inducted into the HOF as a coach. Ucla90024 (talk) 16:17, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

Aikman listed on NFL Top 100
Troy Aikman was ranked #80 on the NFL Channel's The Top 100 Greatest Players . (2010) Presenter: Drew Brees. Cjstanonis (talk) 19:06, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

Troy Aikman
Troy Aikman is a good man, loved him when he was on Dallas cowboys 192.76.1.122 (talk) 01:03, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

Middle name edit warring
According to two sources, Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/Troy-Aikman and the Pro Football Hall of Fame https://www.profootballhof.com/players/troy-aikman/ (click on "Career Capsule" to view), Aikman's middle name is Kenneth, not Orson. Xan747 (talk) 17:46, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Troy Aikman


text:
Schnellbomber

A Schnellbomber (German; literally "fast bomber") is a bomber that relies upon speed to avoid enemy fighters, rather than relying on defensive armament and armor.

Concept
The concept developed in the 1930s when it was believed that a very fast bomber could simply outrun its enemies. Omitting defensive armament allowed for significant reductions in drag (there would be no turrets, gondolas or gun barrels protruding from the fuselage) and weight (no guns, ammunition or manning crew members would be required on board) and resulted in improved performance.

Adolf Hitler was a staunch supporter of the Schnellbomber and directed the Luftwaffe to develop only medium bombers, but the Americans and the British developed both twin-engine medium bombers and four-engine heavy bombers. Twin-engine medium bombers, while best adapted as the Schnellbomber, lacked the payload and range of heavy bombers, which put them at considerable disadvantage for strategic bombing. In strategic bombing raids the Luftwaffe resorted to medium bombers with limited fighter escort from the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and its heavier twin-engine Bf 110 counterpart because of the lack of a truly long-range fighter. The Allies by contrast used slow but heavily-armed bombers such as the B-17 Flying Fortress deployed in combat box formation, with the long-range North American P-51 Mustang initially in escort and later in forward role conducting a "fighter sweep" to intercept attacking German fighters.

Development
The first aircraft adopted for the Schnellbomber role was the single-engine Heinkel He 70, but it soon was replaced by the twin-engine Dornier Do 17 in that role. In the 1937 air races in Switzerland the Do 17 won a number of speed records, apparently demonstrating the value of the concept. However, experience of the Spanish Civil War demonstrated that the Do 17's speed when loaded with military equipment was insufficient to escape interception, and armament had to be added to give it some defensive fighting capability.

Bomber development temporarily outpaced fighter development in the 1930s. The last generation of biplane fighters (like the Gloster Gladiator and Polikarpov I-15) that had been placed in service during that decade could not catch the privately created Bristol Type 142 twin-engined light bomber prototype in 1935. However by the end of the 1930s, low-wing monoplane fighters like the Hawker Hurricane and the Supermarine Spitfire had entered service, and they had the performance to catch up with the Schnellbomber, and dramatically outgun it by eight to one (only one gun would normally be able to fire back). The Do 17 suffered badly at the hands of the RAF during the Battle of Britain, and its production run ended in 1940.

Japan's air war in China
As World War II broke out in Asia with the Battle of Shanghai and Battle of Nanjing, the Imperial Japanese Navy dispatched dozens of their unescorted Mitsubishi G3M bombers in the schnellbomber strategy of Giulio Douhet's total war concept of attacks against Chinese Air Force assets as well as civilian targets, however, the strategy backfired as the Japanese underestimated the effectiveness of the Chinese air raid early-warning net and the numbers of experienced Chinese pilots leading their squadrons of Curtiss Hawk III (max-speed marginally slower than G3M) and Boeing P-26 Model 281 (max-speed marginally faster than G3M) fighters in a bloody rout against the Japanese bombers. Nonetheless, the total war strategy with the schnellbomber wasn't lost to the Japanese, as the Chinese lost many of their top fighter pilots by Fall of Nanking at the end of 1937, and with ever-growing Japanese blockade of war materials and high-octane aviation fuel particularly following the capture of Nanning in the Battle of South Guangxi, the increasing obsolescence of Chinese fighter aircraft burning low-grade fuel versus fast and high-flying massed bomber formations burning high-octane avgas continued to wreak havoc and devastation against Chinese cities for years to come, particularly in the Battle of Chongqing and Chengdu beginning in May 1939; eventually however, the United States enacted an oil and steel embargo against Japan in July 1941.

Germany's quest for "fast bombers"
The Germans nevertheless persisted in their attempts to create newer Schnellbombers, as opposed to large bombers with heavy defensive armaments which were favored by the RAF and USAAF. Other aircraft recognized as Schnellbombers by the Luftwaffe were the Junkers Ju 88, the first to be custom-designed for the role, three years before the start of the war, the Messerschmitt Me 410 Hornisse in 1943, and the jet-engined Arado Ar 234 Blitz (dubbed "the fastest bomber" – "Schnellstbomber").

Several other Luftwaffe aircraft were originally designed as fast bombers, but entered service in other roles; these include the Heinkel He 219 as a night fighter, and the Dornier Do 335 — meant to have a small, ventral weapons bay to accommodate droppable ordnance from the start — as a new Zerstörer heavy fighter, faster than any other piston-twin of World War II with a top speed of some 765 km/h (475 mph). The Bomber B high-speed medium bomber design competition for the Luftwaffe started in July 1939 was meant to create an updated design to take over the original Schnellbomber role by later in World War II, and function with a heavier bombload than the earlier Schnellbomber designs were capable of carrying, but due to the intractable development problems plaguing them, the continued unavailability of the needed pair of high power output engines of 1,500 kW (2,000 hp) and above each - primarily the complex, 24-cylinder multibank Junkers Jumo 222 - needed for such designs, no production aircraft were ever ordered under the Bomber B program.

de Havilland Mosquito
The most successful Schnellbomber of the war was the bomber version of the British de Havilland Mosquito. It retained a speed advantage over its enemies for much of the war and could be effectively countered only by specialist versions of various night fighter designs, with the pioneering Me 262A jet fighter being a true potential threat in 1944. The Mosquito ended the war with the lowest loss rate among any aircraft in RAF Bomber Command. The Germans considered the Mosquito as a superior implementation of their own Schnellbomber concept and as a potential inspiration for Focke-Wulf's own all-wood twin-engined, high-speed fighter design, the Focke-Wulf Ta 154 being given the name Moskito.

title: Schnellbomber


text:
Westminster District (federal electoral district)

Westminster District was a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1917 to 1921.

This riding was created in 1914 and was used only in the federal election of 1917. It was partly created out of the New Westminster and partly from the Yale—Cariboo electoral district. It was renamed "Fraser Valley" in 1919-1966.


text:
University of Karachi

The University of Karachi (ڪراچی يونيورسٹی; informally Karachi University, KU, or UoK) is a public research university located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Established in June 1951 by an act of Parliament and as a successor to the University of Sindh (which is now located in Jamshoro), the university is a "Sindh Government University" and designed by Mohsin Baig as its chief architect.

With a total student body of 41,000 full-time students and a campus size spanning over 1200 acres, Karachi University is one of the largest universities in Pakistan with a distinguished reputation for multi-disciplinary research in science and technology, medical, and social sciences. The university has over 53 Departments and 19 research institutes operating under nine faculties. There are over 893 academics and more than 2500 supporting staff working for the university.

In 2008, the university was named for the first time by THE-QS World University Rankings among the top 600 universities in the world. In 2009, the university was named as one of the top 500 universities in the world, while in 2016 it was ranked among the top 250 in Asia and 701st in the world. In 2019, it was ranked 801st in the world and 251st in Asia. The University of Karachi is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities of the United Kingdom.

History
At the time of establishment of Pakistan as a sovereign state in 1947, the means for higher education and research were negligible and diminished in the country. Responding to the impending requirement of higher learning, Pakistan Government started establishing educational institutions of higher learning and research and thus underwent rapid modernization under a policy guided by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Its first Vice-chancellor was Dr. ABA Haleem. In 1953 it started its teaching and research activities at two faculties: the Faculty of Arts and the Faculty of Science.

For the first two years, the University of Karachi remained an examination university for the affiliated colleges. Over the years, the enrollment expanded rapidly. Karachi University first intake was 50 students, the university now has 53 academic departments and 20 Research Centers and Institutes, under faculties of Social Sciences, Science, Islamic Studies, Engineering, Law, Pharmacy, Management and Administrative Sciences and Medicines. The enrollment of regular students at the campus is around 28,000. There are about 1,000 faculty members and more than 3,000 supporting staff.

Master Plan
From 1950s, Michael Ecochard designed the Karachi University master plan and campus buildings.

Campus
The university campus area is over 1279 acre of land, situated 12 km away from the city center of Karachi. The university has about four percent of International students who come from 23 different countries in the regions of Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East (West Asia) and Europe. The university has a high standard of teaching, with many professors being well-known scholars and academics of international repute. In a short span of 40 years, the university has risen to acquire a high status in the field of education in Pakistan as well as in the region.

On November 27, 2023, the Bohra community leader Dr Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin inaugurated a new state-of-the-art facility for law students on the Karachi University (KU) campus. The new School of Law building, spread over 45,000 square feet, features an Islamic ethos of positive change through education. With its large capacity, the building will allow a greater number of graduate and postgraduate students to pursue multiple law programs.

Academic emphasis
The most prestigious research center of the university is the International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences which has over 500 students enrolled for PhD in organic chemistry, biochemistry, molecular medicine, genomics, nanotechnology and other fields. The Husein Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Development and the Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research are an integral part of this multi-disciplinary research center. It was selected as the UNESCO Center of Excellence in 2016. The university's physics and statistics departments are claimed to be well known departments and its research output plays a vital role in the development of science and technology in the country.

Furthermore, the department of mathematical sciences is one of the largest departments in the Faculty of Science, which has a three-floor building consisting of an electronic laboratory for computational mathematics.

The department of architecture has produced award-winning designers, architects and artists, who are making their mark in the professional world.

Library system
The University of Karachi's library, known as "Dr. Mahmud Hussain Library", has houses well over 400,000 volumes dating back to the 1600s, for researchers as well as for use by students of advanced studies and faculty members. The library became the depository of the personal book collection of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. Established and constructed in 1952, the Dr. Mahmud Hussain Library is an imposing five story and basement structure firmly placed in the center of campus activities. Teachers from over 100 affiliated colleges frequent the university, along with scholars from 19 research institutions. A loan and resource sharing system exists with other academic entities in the Karachi area. A digital library enables scholars and students to access online books and journals. 25 librarians, 10 assistant librarians and around 90 nonprofessional staff help maintain the library. The building includes six reading rooms for general purposes and six for research. The International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences has within it the Latif Ebrahim Jamal Science Information Centre which is the national focal point for distance education.

Previously called the Karachi University Library, it was renamed the Dr. Mahmud Hussain Library by unanimous resolution of the Karachi University Syndicate on 12 April 1976— the first death anniversary of Prof. Dr. Mahmud Hussain Khan. Mahmud Hussain served as the university's Vice-Chancellor from 1971 to 1975 and the library was named in recognition of his contribution to the teaching of social sciences in Pakistan. Dr. Hussain was the first professor the university appointed to its faculty of International Relations and History. He introduced library science to Pakistan by instituting the Faculty of Journalism and Library Science at the university. He also actively worked to improve the status and pay scales of the library staff to make them at par with the university's other faculty members. The photos show that UoK remains seriously underfunded.

Karachi University Press
The university publishes books, texts, periodicals and other academic materials in-house through the Bureau of Composition, Compilation and Translation (BCC&T).

Faculties and departments
The University of Karachi has 9 faculties:

Research institutes and centres
• Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences

• Applied Economics Research Centre

• Area Study Center for Europe

• Center for Digital Forensic Science and Technology

• Center of Excellence for Women Study

• Center of Excellence in Marine Biology

• Center for Molecular Genetics

• Centre for Plant Conservation

• Confucius Institute

• Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry

• Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine

• Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research

• Dr. A.Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

• Dr. A.Q. Khan Research Laboratories

• Institute of Clinical Psychology

• Institute of Environmental Studies

• Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences

• Department of Main Communication Network

• Institute of Marine Science

• National Institute of Virology

• M.A.H.Q Biological Research Centre

• National Center for Proteomics

• National Nematological Research Centre

• Pakistan Study Center

• Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre

• Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics

• Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization

• Marine Reference & Research Collection Center

• Umaer Basha Institute of Technology

• Sardar Yasin Malik Professional Development Centre

• H H Dr Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin Building—School of Law

Alumnus and people
Since its establishment in 1951, the university has attracted prominent scholars and renowned educationist as its faculty members, researchers and associated scholars. Scholars and educationists such as Ravindra Kaushik, Iqbal Hussain Qureshi, Rafiuddin Raz, Mahmud Hussain, Saleemuzzaman Siddiqui, Abdul Qadeer Khan, I H Qureshi, Raziuddin Siddiqui, Atta-ur-Rahman, Mahreen Asif Zuberi, Prof.Khursheed Ahmed, Bina Shaheen Siddiqui are some of those, that have been affiliated with the institution. The faculty was drawn not only from Pakistan but also included eminent educationists from the United Kingdom and the United States. A visit has been made by English Higher Education Leader Chris Husbands to begin collaborative awarding.

Incidents
On April 26, 2022, four people including three Chinese nationals, were killed and four others were injured in a suicide attack outside the Confucius Institute located within the University of Karachi. A female suicide bomber was spotted in the attack footage, who was sent by a militant separatist group BLA Baloch Liberation Army operating from Balochistan.

title: University of Karachi


text:
Earhart Foundation

The Earhart Foundation was an American conservative private charitable foundation that funded research and scholarship since its founding in 1929 by oil executive Harry Boyd Earhart. Richard Ware served as the Foundation's longtime president.

History
The Philanthropy Roundtable said of the Earhart Foundation in 2004, "For 75 years, the Earhart Foundation has epitomized achievement in the humanities and social sciences. ... Harry B. Earhart started the foundation in 1929 with the fortune he made with White Star Oil Company." Among his foundation's early beneficiaries was well-known economist and philosopher, Friedrich von Hayek. Hayek penned the broadly read book, The Road to Serfdom and The Constitution of Liberty and taught at the London School of Economics.

Nine winners of the Nobel Prize in economics came from the ranks of Earhart Foundation Fellows. Other Nobel-winning economists who benefited from Earhart funding include Milton Friedman, Gary Becker, James M. Buchanan, Ronald Coase, Robert Lucas, Daniel McFadden, Vernon L. Smith, and George Stigler.

The Foundation sought to identify talent that reflects the mission of the Foundation: to support free-market scholars through a network of "Earhart professors" across the United States: "We find promising young men and women that we think would be ideal, not only from an intellectual but also from a character point of view, to be teachers and academic leaders in the future. And when we so identify them, we recommend them to the Earhart Foundation. They provide grants, and we continue to mentor these students as they go through graduate school."

In the 1980s the organisation funded the conservative American Enterprise Institute. It also funded the now defunct George C. Marshall Institute.

Since 1995, the Earhart Foundation has been engaged in the pursuit of publishing the collected works of Eric Voegelin. Between 1995 and 2002, the Earhart Foundation issued at least twelve grants totaling at least $115,000 "for (a) research assistance and (b) general operating support to continue preparation for publication of The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin."

In 2000, the Earhart Foundation reported total assets of $95 million (2000 IRS Form 990).

Funding from the Earhart Foundation has also helped promoters of Neo-Confederacy: between 1995 and 2005 the foundation awarded $10,000 to Clyde Wilson, $8,000 to Thomas Woods, $14,000 to Mark Royden Winchell, director of the League of the South, and $20,000 and $98,000, respectively, to League of the South–affiliated scholars Thomas DiLorenzo and James McClellan.

In 2015, the Earhart Foundation published a guide to the H. B. Earhart Fellowship Program listing the Foundation's trustees, officers, and members, as well as fellowship sponsors and grantees during the program's existence from 1952 to 2015.

Also in 2015, The Governing board decided to sunset the Earhart Foundation, and funds were dispersed by 2016.

title: Earhart Foundation


text:
Jean-François Allard

Jean-François Allard (1785–1839), born in Saint Tropez, was a French soldier and adventurer.

France
Allard served in Napoleon's Army, where he was twice injured. He was promoted to the rank of Captain of the French 7th Hussar Regiment.

Persia
After the Battle of Waterloo Allard drifted, going to Persia where he visited Abbas Mirza to propose his services. He was promised the rank of Colonel, but never actually received the troops corresponding to his function.

India
In 1820, Allard left for the Punjab, where in 1822 he entered the service of the Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He was commissioned to raise a corps of dragoons and lancers. On completion for this task, Allard was awarded the rank of General, and became the leader of the European officer corps in the Maharaja's service. While serving under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, he fell in love with Princess Bannu Pan Dei from the area that is now Himachal Pradesh. They married and eventually had seven children. In 1835, Allard returned to his hometown Saint-Tropez along with his wife and built "Pan Dei Palais" to commemorate their love. When he returned to India, to serve in Maharaja's army once again he left Pan Dei at Saint-Tropez, fearing that she might commit Sati, if he died in India for any reason.

Another European who took service in the Punjab with Allard in 1822 was the Italian Jean-Baptiste Ventura. They were joined four years later by the Neapolitan Paolo Di Avitabile, and the Frenchman Claude August Court. A Spaniard, by the name of Oms, also served with them for a period. Allard was a charming and gentle man, very different from some of the other European mercenaries in the Punjab. He made the effort to learn Persian, and is said to have composed poetry in his new language.

He was an amateur numismatist, and contributed greatly to the early study of Ancient Indian coins.

In June 1834, Allard returned to France on leave, going back to the Punjab 18 months later. He continued to serve the Maharaja until his death in 1839.

Awards

On 27 February 1814, Allard was awarded a Knight in France's Legion of Honour by Napoleon Bonaparte. On 5 November 1832, his rank was promoted to Officer. On 20 October 1835, his rank for this award was promoted to Commander.

Allard was awarded the Kaukab-i-Iqbal-i-Punjab (Persian for Bright Star of Punjab) by Ranjit Singh.

title: Jean-François Allard


text:
Benavente, Portugal

Benavente is a municipality and parish in Santarém District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 29,019 in an area of 521.38 km2.

History
In 1199, the fixation of foreign settlers on the left bank of the Tagus River created a town on a peninsula in the tagus estuary. Situated in the western limits of Coruche castle dominion, subordinate to the Order of Calatrava. This small settlement remained under the Seignory of this Military Order, which named it Benavente, the same name as a castle of the same Military order in the Kingdom of León (Benavente, Zamora). It received its foral on March 25, 1200, given by D. Paio (or Pelágio), master of the Military Order of Santa Maria of Évora. The foral was confirmed in Santarém in 1218 by Sancho I. King Manuel gave it a new foral on January 16, 1516.

The present Mayor is Carlos Coutinho, elected by the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Communist and Green coalition).

Benavente is crossed by National Road 118, which divides the town's historical centre on the west side, destroyed by an earthquake on 27 April 1909, and the new town built after the quake on the east.

The municipal holiday is Ascension Day.

Economy
Agriculture, livestock farming, forestry, and food industries are the main activities. The Companhia das Lezírias is headquartered in the municipality, in Samora Correia.

Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Barrosa
 * Benavente
 * Samora Correia
 * Santo Estêvão

Infrastructure

 * Mediumwave transmitter for 1035 kHz with a 125 metres tall guyed mast radiator at 38.911462 N 8.863436 W.

Notable people

 * Maria João Bastos (born 1975), a Portuguese actress, best known in Brazil.
 * Filipe Morais (born 1985), a UK based footballer with over 370 club caps
 * João Barradas (born 1992), a Portuguese accordionist and composer
 * Gonçalo Guedes (born 1996), is footballer with over 180 club caps and 23 for Portugal

title: Benavente, Portugal


text:
Ituano FC

Ituano Futebol Clube, commonly referred to as simply Ituano, is a Brazilian association football club in Itu, São Paulo. They currently play in the Série B, the second tier of Brazilian football, as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1, the top flight of the São Paulo state football league.

Founded on May 24, 1947, Ituano won the São Paulo State League twice.

The club's home colours are red and black and the team mascot is a rooster.

History
The club was founded on May 24, 1947, by employees of Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana (Sorocabana Railroad), based in Itu. When founded the club was originally known as Associação Atlética Sorocabana. In the 1960s, the club changed its name to Ferroviário Atlético Ituano and in the 1990s the club again changed its name, this time to Ituano Futebol Clube.

In 1977 a group of sportsmen of Itu unified the football of the city around Ferroviário Atlético Ituano (FAI) and reactivated the Liga Ituana de Futebol (Ituano Football League). In 1978 the club played in Série A3 the third level of the São Paulo state professional football championship. They were promoted to the Campeonato Paulista, the top-flight professional football league in São Paulo in 1989 after clinching the Série A2 championship.

In 2002, Ituano became one of the few teams from outside the São Paulo metroplex area to win the Campeonato Paulista.

In 2003, Ituano became the champion of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C after surpassing teams like Santo Andre who won the Copa Do Brasil one year later.

In 2007, Ituano were relegated back to the Brasileiro Serie C after finishing in last place and one year later were not playing in the Brazilian top 4 divisions.

In 2014, Ituano became one of the few teams outside of the São Paulo metroplex area to win the Campeonato Paulista twice beating Santos in the final.

Juninho Paulista, a former player from the club's academy and former Brazilian international, became the club's president in 2010. Juninho joined in a player-president capacity helping the team avoid relegation on the final day of the 2010 season with the decisive goal in a 3–2 victory.

In 2014, Ituano won the Campeonato Paulista, defeating the storied Santos Futebol Clube on penalty kicks.

In 2019, Arsenal signed young winger Gabriel Martinelli from the club and he quickly became a first-team regular.

Stadium
Ituano's stadium is Estádio Novelli Júnior, inaugurated in 1947. The stadium has a capacity of 18,000 people.

Mascot
The club mascot is a cock wearing the team kit. The nickname was received in 1957 when Sorocabana played against Club Atlético Ituano (Third Division champions in 1954–55, who have no connection with the current Ituano FC). On this occasion Sorocabana lost the match but the supporters said that the team had fought like a cock and from there the club received its nickname.

Rivalries
Ituano's biggest rival is Paulista Futebol Clube and they contest the Briga de Galo. Other major rivals are Ponte Preta and São Bento, representing the cities of Campinas and Sorocaba, respectively.

National

 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série C
 * Winners (2): 2003, 2021

State

 * Campeonato Paulista
 * Winners (2): 2002, 2014
 * Copa Mauro Ramos
 * Winners (1): 2002
 * Campeonato Paulista Série A2
 * Winners (1): 1989
 * Campeonato Paulista do Interior
 * Winners (2): 2017, 2022

title: Ituano FC


text:
Treaty of Jeddah

Treaty of Jeddah may refer to:
 * Treaty of Jeddah (1927), between the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz and the United Kingdom
 * Treaty of Jeddah (1974), between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates
 * Treaty of Jeddah (2000), between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Yemen
 * Treaty of Jeddah (2023), between the Rapid Support Forces and Sudanese Armed Forces of Sudan and the United States of America and Saudi Arabia.

title: Treaty of Jeddah


text: User talk:192.112.26.6

title: User talk:192.112.26.6


text:
William Penn University

William Penn University is a private university in Oskaloosa, Iowa. It was founded by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in 1873 as Penn College. In 1933, the name was changed to William Penn College, and finally to William Penn University in 2000.

History
Originally founded as Penn College, William Penn University opened on September 24, 1873. The college's name was changed to William Penn College in 1933. In 2000, the name was changed again from William Penn College to William Penn University.

In 1916, a fire destroyed the original campus and caused two deaths when a 4-ton bell crashed through the main building. Penn College's business manager Robert Williams and freshman student Harry Oakley were killed after being struck by the bell.

In 1995, William Penn's "College for Working Adults" was founded, which enrolls non-traditional students in an evening program of accelerated study. In January 2000 the university returned to the NAIA Division II. William Penn University is currently accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and a member of the North Central Association.

In 2007, Musco Lighting, an Oskaloosa based lighting manufacturer, donated $12 million to the school for various projects—the biggest single gift in the school's history. The money was to be used for 200000 sqft of new structures including student recreation, classrooms, laboratories, and a stand-alone Industrial Technology Center building called the Musco Technology Center (MTC), which is home for the expanding Digital Communication Program.

Historic district
Part of the campus has been set aside as a nationally recognized historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. At the time of its nomination, it contained ten resources, which included one contributing site, four contributing buildings, two contributing structures, two non-contributing buildings, and one non-contributing structure. The focus of the district is the Quadrangle, which is the main contributing site. Penn Hall (1917), Lewis Hall (1917), the Central Heating Plant (1917), and Spencer Memorial Chapel (1923) are the historic buildings. The historic structures are two Memorial Gates (c. 1918). Bloomington, Illinois architect A. T. Simmons designed the conceptual plan for the campus and the plans for individual buildings. He also designed the memorial gates; which were erected on May 20, 1918. The campus mainly features the use of Prairie School architecture.

Campus ministries
Per the school's website: "At William Penn University, students are encouraged, but not required, to participate in religious life programming. Programming sponsored by Campus Ministries is Christian in orientation and interdenominational in nature. Campus Ministry assists students to explore questions of faith in a nurturing environment and discover spiritual resources to face life's challenges."

Athletics
The William Penn athletic teams are called the Statesmen. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Heart of America Athletic Conference (The Heart) since the 2015–16 academic year. The Statesmen previously competed in the defunct Midwest Collegiate Conference (MCC) from 2001–02 to 2014–15 (when the conference dissolved); as well as in the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC; now known as the American Rivers Conference since the 2018–19 academic year) of the NCAA Division III ranks from 1962–63 to 2000–01 (which they were a member on a previous stint from 1922–23 to 1953–54).

William Penn competes in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, track & field, volleyball and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track & field, volleyball and wrestling; and co-ed sports include cheer & dance and shotgun sports.

Men's basketball
The men's basketball teams have had significant success, finishing as the runner-up in the 2013 NAIA Division II men's basketball tournament. In 2014 William Penn set a record for points scored in the NAIA National Basketball Tournament.

Notable people

 * Joseph Benavidez, professional mixed martial artist
 * Casey Fien, professional baseball player
 * John M. Haines, tenth Governor of Idaho from 1913 to 1915
 * Damon Harrison, professional football player
 * Barb Kniff McCulla, member of the Iowa House of Representatives
 * Jerry Kutzler, professional baseball player
 * Clarence E. Pickett, 20th-century American Quaker
 * Lilly Peckham Pickett, 20th-century American Quaker, graduated in 1908
 * Bruce Polen, college football player and coach
 * Kevin Ritz, professional baseball player
 * Andy Stokes, professional football player
 * Rob Taylor, Iowa House of Representatives
 * Ed Thomas, football coach
 * Antonio Pérez, educator
 * D. Elton Trueblood, 20th-century American Quaker
 * Abel Trujillo, four-time NAIA All-American wrestler; professional mixed martial artist
 * Kamaru Usman, professional mixed martial artist, former UFC Welterweight Champion
 * Thomas E. Watson, United States Marine Corps Lieutenant General, commander of the 2nd Marine Division during the Battle of Saipan in World War II
 * Mary Chawner Woody, president, North Carolina Woman's Christian Temperance Union
 * Wilbur Young, professional football player
 * Miriam Were, Nobel Peace Prize nominee

title: William Penn University


text:
Wikipedia:Wikifun/Round 8/Answers/Question 13

rents answer
This is the first question that I think I've actually gotten right so here goes. I searched for Wikipedia and Bevel on Yahoo and came across Bevel Lemelisk, some Star Wars guy. He created the death star or something like that by Geonosis. Okay anyway in 2002 Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones was realeased into theatres. In that movie there was a Battle of Geonosis where Jango Fett died. Jango Fett is my answer. Rentastrawberry 22:44, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * ''I wouldn't call the planet Geonosis a "village". So, I'm sorry, no. The villages in the question are located on earth (and Bevel is a village on earth as well). Eugene van der Pijll 16:13, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Netherlands?
A wikipedia search for +Bevel +village led to Heikant, a small village 1 km southeast of Bevel in Belgium. Heikant is apparently also the name of former villages in the Netherlands, in the municipalities of Cranendonck and Gilze en Rijen. Couldn't find anyone who died in either in 2002 though. Searching Deaths in 2002 for anyone Dutch yielded Claus von Amsberg, Hans Janmaat and Pim Fortuyn, but none apaprently died in those municipalities. Oh well. If this helps anyone else, good luck to them. -- Thejesterx 17:18, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Heikant lists a lot of Dutch villages, mostly in North Brabant. Another "former village" named Heikant is in Groesbeek. Not that I found anyone who died there either. FreplySpang (talk) 12:08, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Almost there....?
I did a search for keyword Nijlen, and found Heikant, a page that lists a LOT of villages named Heikant. I checked out all of the past tense villages with current links to municipalities and did not find any deaths there or throught 'what links here'. I don't have the time to check them all out, though, but will try to do so soon. Note that our esteemed/notorious Wikifun editor was a major contributor to the Heikant page. Also there are a list of former Heikant's without wikilinks about half-way down the page, if anyone wants to track them down. Good luck, y'all! JimCollaborator «talk» 00:18, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

Edsger Dijkstra
Ok, Edsger Dijkstra died in Nuenen, Gerwen en Nederwetten in 2002. A village called Heikant was within/near what is now Nuenen. JimCollaborator «talk» 01:30, May 4, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Penn College

Penn College may refer to two post-secondary schools in the United States:

 * William Penn University, a private university in Iowa previously called Penn College
 * Pennsylvania College of Technology, a college affiliated with the Pennsylvania State University whose name is commonly abbreviated to Penn College

title: Penn College


text:
Missing years (Jewish calendar)

The missing years in the Hebrew calendar refer to a chronological discrepancy between the rabbinic dating for the destruction of the First Temple in 422 BCE (3338 Anno Mundi) and the academic dating of it in 587 BCE. In a larger sense, it also refers to the discrepancy between conventional chronology versus that of Seder Olam in what concerns the Persian period during which time it exercised hegemony over Israel, a period which spanned 207 years according to conventional chronology, but only 34 years according to Seder Olam. Invariably, the resulting timeframe also affects the number of years the Second Temple stood, said by a late rabbinic tradition to have stood 420 years, but by conventional chronology 589 years.

Dating in academic sources
The academic datings in question are confirmed by a variety of Persian, Babylonian and Greek sources, which include records of datable astronomical observations such as eclipses, although there are disagreements among modern scholars, ranging from 1 to 2 years, over some of the dates in the conventional chronology.

Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)
Both the Babylonian Chronicles and the Bible indicate that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem. The Babylonian Chronicles (as published by Donald Wiseman in 1956) establish that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem the first time on 2 Adar (16 March) 597 BCE. Before Wiseman's publication, E. R. Thiele had determined from the biblical texts that Nebuchadnezzar's initial capture of Jerusalem occurred in the spring of 597 BCE, while other scholars, including William F. Albright, more frequently dated the event to 598 BCE.

Second siege and destruction of the First Temple
According to the Bible, Nebuchadnezzar installed Zedekiah as king after his first siege, and Zedekiah ruled for 11 years before the second siege resulted in the end of his kingdom.

Although there is no dispute that Jerusalem fell the second time in the summer month of Tammuz, Albright dates the end of Zedekiah's reign (and the fall of Jerusalem) to 587 BCE, whereas Thiele offers 586 BCE. Thiele's reckoning is based on the presentation of Zedekiah's reign on an accession basis, which was used for most but not all of the kings of Judah. In that case, the year that Zedekiah came to the throne would be his first partial year; his first full year would be 597/596 BCE, and his eleventh year, the year Jerusalem fell, would be 587/586 BCE. Since Judah's regnal years were counted from Tishrei in autumn, this would place the end of his reign and the capture of Jerusalem in the summer of 586 BCE.

Dating in traditional Jewish sources
A variety of rabbinic sources state that the Second Temple stood for 420 years. In traditional Jewish calculations, based on Seder Olam Rabbah, the destruction of the Second Temple fell in the year 68 of the Common Era, implying that it was built in about 352 BCE. Adding 70 years between the destruction of the First Temple and the construction of the Second Temple, it follows that the First Temple was destroyed in around 422 BCE. While acceptance of this chronology was widespread among ancient rabbis, it was not universal: Pirkei deRabbi Eliezer, Midrash Lekach Tov, and numerous rishonim disagree with the chronology of Seder Olam Rabbah.

The traditional Jewish date recognized by the rabbis as the "year of destruction" is approximately 165 years later than the accepted year of 587 or 586 BCE. This discrepancy is referred to as the "missing years".

Details of rabbinic chronology
According to the Talmud and Seder Olam Rabbah, the Second Temple stood for 420 years, with the years divided up as follows:
 * 103 years (35 BCE – 68 CE) = Herod's Dynasty.
 * 103 years (138–35 BCE) = Hasmonean Dynasty.
 * 180 years (318–138 BCE) = Grecian rule over Israel
 * 34 years (352–318 BCE) = Persian rule while the Second Temple stood (not including additional years of Persian rule before the Temple's construction).

The date of 318 BCE for the Greek conquest of Persia is evident from the Talmud, which implies that that Greek rule began six years before the beginning of the Seleucid era (which occurred in 312/11 BCE). (Note that in academic chronology, Alexander conquered the Persian empire between 334–330 BCE.)

Seventy years passed between the destruction of the First Temple and the building of the Second Temple in the seventy first year, so construction of the Second Temple in 352 BCE implies that the First Temple was destroyed in 423 BCE.

Similarly, Megillat Antiochus implies that the Second Temple was built in 352 BCE, and thus that the First Temple was destroyed in 423 BCE.

The figure of 420 years is likely derived from the prophecy of seventy weeks in. The rabbis interpreted this passage as referring to a period of 490 years which would pass between the destructions of the First and Second Temple—70 years between the Temples, plus 420 years of the Second Temple, starting in the 71st year after the destruction, though the passage can plausibly be interpreted in other ways.

Proposed explanations
If traditional dates are assumed to be based on the standard Hebrew calendar, then the differing traditional and modern academic dating of events cannot both be correct. Attempts to reconcile the two systems must show one or both to have errors.

Missing years in Jewish tradition
Scholars see the discrepancy between the traditional and academic date of the destruction of the First Temple arising as a result of Jewish sages miscounting the reign lengths of several Persian kings during the Persian Empire's rule over Israel. Modern scholars tally 14 Persian kings whose combined reigns total 207 years. By contrast, ancient Jewish sages only mention four Persian kings totaling 52 years. The reigns of several Persian kings appear to be missing from the traditional calculations.

Certain verses in the Bible itself suggest a longer Persian era, such as where six generations of priests are listed in the Persian period. However, as the Bible does not mention any significant events occurring in those additional years, the later rabbis may have consciously chosen to omit the years from their chronology.

Azariah dei Rossi was likely the first Jewish authority to claim that the traditional Hebrew dating is not historically precise regarding the years before the Second Temple,   and suggests that the Sages of Israel may have chosen to include in their chronology only those years of the period of Persian dominion that were clearly expressed or implied in the Bible. Additional time, the length of which was not clearly stated, was chosen to be ignored. Nachman Krochmal agreed with dei Rossi, pointing to the Greek name Antigonos mentioned in Pirkei Avot 1:3 as proof that there must have been a longer period to account for this sign of Hellenic influence. Dei Rossi and Krochmal argued that when the length of a historical period was unknown, Seder Olam Rabbah took the method of assuming the shortest possible length.

Astrologer and chronicler, Raḥamim Sar-Shalom, following the view of dei Rossi, suggests that the purpose of the author of Seder Olam was only to state the number of years of the Persian period that were included in the Bible, and that a lack of understanding of the purpose by the Amoraim is what caused them, among other things, to calculate the date from creation erroneously. The "missing years" not only offset the span of the Persian period, but also offset the number of years collected since the first man, Adam, walked the face of the earth.

Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport noted that the traditional Jewish chronology, when combined with another rabbinic tradition, places the Exodus from Egypt at exactly 1000 years prior to the Seleucid era (known in Jewish sources as "Minyan Shtarot"). He suggests that the authors of the traditional Jewish chronology intentionally omitted years from the Persian period to obtain the round number with the intent of allowing Jews who had counted years from the Exodus to easily switch to the Seleucid era system, used by Greek rulers at the time.

David Zvi Hoffmann points out that the Mishnah in Avot (1:4) in describing the chain of tradition uses the plural "accepted from them" even though the previous Mishnah mentions only one person. He posits that there must have been another Mishnah mentioning two sages that was later removed.

Shimon Schwab interpreted the Biblical words "seal the words and close the book" as a commandment to obscure the Biblical chronology so that it would not be possible to accurately calculate the time of the Messiah's arrival. Thus, according to Schwab, the traditional Jewish calendar intentionally omitted years from the Persian period. However, Schwab later withdrew that suggestion for numerous reasons.

A 2006 article in Ḥakirah journal suggested that the sages were concerned with the acceptance of the Mishnah. There existed a rabbinical tradition that the year 4000 marked the close of the "era of Torah". Thus, it is proposed, the sages arranged the chronology so that the redaction of the Mishnah should coincide with that date and thus have a better chance of acceptance.

Mordechai Breuer suggested that like other works of midrash, the tradition chronology in Seder Olam Rabbah was never meant to be taken literally but rather was intended to be symbolic.

Some Jewish thinkers, including Isaac Abarbanel, Chaim Hirschensohn and Adin Steinsaltz, have argued that the original Jewish chronology agreed with the academic chronology, but later misunderstandings or textual corruptions of Seder Olam Rabbah gave the impression that it refers to a shorter period of time. However, Seder Olam Rabbah's chronology is implicit in many different passages, and it is difficult to plausibly explain all of the passages in a way that agrees with the academic chronology.

Critiques of academic dating
Attempts have been made to reinterpret the historical evidence to agree with the rabbinic tradition. These advocates will sometimes accuse historians of overly trusting the historian Herodotus, although the standard dating is based on many things including archaeology and other historians. Mainstream scholarship has rejected these attempts.

Other advocates of alternative chronology will sometimes invoke the rabbinic tradition. David Rohl's New Chronology redates much of Egyptian history and he claims that his chronology matches the events of Exodus and other parts of the Bible better, as an example.

title: Missing years (Jewish calendar)


text:
Bačka Topola

Bačka Topola (Бачка Топола, ; Topolya, ) is a town and municipality located in the North Bačka District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The municipality is composed of 23 local communities and has a population of 33,321, while the town itself has 14,573 inhabitants.

Name
The name of the town is derived from the Serbian word topola (топола) ("poplar" in English). The first part of the name of the town was given to designate its location in the region of Bačka in contrast to places with similar names, like Topola in Šumadija or Banatska Topola in Banat.

History
The town was mentioned first in 1462 under name Fibaych. This settlement was a part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and was inhabited by Hungarians in the middle ages. The village was destroyed in the 16th century and new smaller settlement was later built at its location. Name Topola was first recorded in 1543, while according to the Ottoman defters from 1580, 1582, and 1590, it was mentioned as a village, whose population numbered between 21 and 23 houses. In this time, the inhabitants of the settlement were Serbs. In 1704, Topola was destroyed by kuruc rebels.

In 1731, Topola was mentioned as an uninhabited heath. In 1750, the new settlement was founded at this location and 200 Hungarian and Slovak families arrived here from Upper Hungary. It was a district center in Bács-Bodrog County as "Topolya" until 1918, when it became part of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929). It was part of Yugoslavia until 1991, with the exception of Hungarian occupation between 1941 and 1944 during World War II.

Inhabited places
Bačka Topola municipality includes the town of Bačka Topola and the following villages:
 * Bagremovo (Brazília or Bárdossyfalva)
 * Bački Sokolac
 * Bajša (Bajsa)
 * Bogaraš (Bodaras or Félváros)
 * Gornja Rogatica
 * Gunaroš (Gunaras)
 * Karađorđevo
 * Kavilo (Rákócitelep or Kavilló)
 * Krivaja
 * Mali Beograd
 * Mićunovo
 * Njegoševo
 * Novo Orahovo (Zentagunaras)
 * Obornjača (Nagyvölgy)
 * Pačir (Pacsér)
 * Panonija
 * Pobeda (Győztes)
 * Srednji Salaš
 * Stara Moravica (Bácskossuthfalva)
 * Svetićevo
 * Tomislavci
 * Zobnatica (Andrásnépe)

Note: For the inhabited places with an absolute or relative Hungarian ethnic majority, the names are also given in Hungarian.

Demographics
According to the 2022 census results, the municipality of Bačka Topola has a population of 26,228 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups

Local communities with a Hungarian majority are: Bačka Topola (Hungarian: Topolya), Bajša (Hungarian: Bajsa), Pačir (Hungarian: Pacsér), Stara Moravica (Hungarian: Bácskossuthfalva), Zobnatica (Hungarian: Andrásnépe), Bogaraš (Hungarian: Bogaras-Felváros), Obornjača (Hungarian: Nagyvölgy), Bagremovo (Hungarian: Brazília), Gunaroš (Hungarian: Gunaras), Novo Orahovo (Hungarian: Zentagunaras), and Kavilo (Hungarian: Rákóczifalu or Kavilló).

Local communities with a Serb majority are: Gornja Rogatica, Srednji Salaš, Panonija, Orešković, Bački Sokolac, Karađorđevo, Mićunovo, Njegoševo, Krivaja, Svetićevo, and Mali Beograd.

Pobeda (Hungarian: Győztes or Pobedabirtok) is an ethnically-mixed local community with a Hungarian relative majority. Krivaja, Mali Beograd, and Svetićevo have over 20% Hungarians, as well as other minorities, while Bačka Topola, Pačir, Zobnatica, and Pobeda have over 20% Serbs.

The ethnic composition of the municipality:

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2016):

Sport
The most popular local football team is TSC Bačka Topola, which plays in the Serbian SuperLiga (1st national tier).

Notable people

 * Branko Bošković former football player
 * Andrija Kaluđerović football player
 * Félix Lajkó violinist, zither player, composer, movie actor
 * Nikola Žigić former football player
 * György Mezey former football player and manager
 * Branislav Simić Greco-Roman wrestler, Olympic champion
 * Eleonora Wild former basketball player, Olympic and World Championship silver medalist
 * István Dudás former football player
 * Paul Kray soldier
 * Dušan Tadić football player

Twin towns — Sister cities
Bačka Topola is twinned with:
 * 🇭🇺 Belváros-Lipótváros, Hungary
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorgheni, Romania
 * 🇭🇺 Kiskunmajsa, Hungary
 * 🇸🇰 Rožňava, Slovakia
 * 🇭🇺 Szentes, Hungary

title: Bačka Topola


text:
Pierre Nkurunziza

Pierre Nkurunziza (18 December 1964 –8 June 2020) was a Burundian politician who served as the ninth president of Burundi for almost 15 years from August 2005 until his death in June 2020.

A member of the Hutu ethnic group, Nkurunziza taught physical education before becoming involved in politics during the Burundian Civil War as part of the rebel National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy (Conseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie – Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie, CNDD–FDD) of which he became leader in 2000. The CNDD–FDD became a political party at the end of the Civil War and Nkurunziza was elected president. He held the post controversially for three terms, facing bloody opposition, sparking significant public unrest in 2015.

He announced his intention not to stand for re-election in 2020 and instead ceded power to Évariste Ndayishimiye, whose candidacy he had endorsed. He died on 8 June 2020 shortly before the official end of his term. He was the longest-ruling president in Burundian history.

Childhood and teaching career, 1964–1995
Pierre Nkurunziza was born on 18 December 1964 in Bujumbura, the capital of Burundi, shortly after the country's independence from Belgian rule in 1962. He was one of six children born into a family from Buye in Mwumba, Ngozi Province, where Nkurunziza spent his early years. His father, Eustache Ngabisha, was a politician from the Hutu ethnic group and a Catholic. Ngabisha was involved in the nationalist politics under the ruling Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progrès national, UPRONA) and was elected to the National Assembly in 1965. Ngabisha became a provincial governor but was killed in the genocidal violence of 1972. Nkurunziza's mother, Domitille Minani, was an assistant nurse from the Tutsi ethnic group who was Protestant. Nkurunziza himself was considered to be Hutu.

Nkurunziza attended school in Ngozi and studied at the prestigious athénée in Gitega after his father's death. He enrolled at the Institute of Physical Education and Sports at the University of Burundi and obtained a degree in physical education in 1990. At the time, he was not known to be politically active. After graduating, he taught at a school in Muramvya before becoming an assistant lecturer at the university in 1992. He was also a football coach for Muzinga FC and Union Sporting in the country's first division. Alongside his other roles, he taught at the Higher Institute for Military Cadres (Institut supérieur des cadres militaires, ISCAM) where he made important personal contacts with officers in the Burundian National Army who would subsequently become leading figures within the major rebel groups during the Civil War. Nkurunziza married Denise Bucumi in 1994.

Burundian Civil War and CNDD–FDD, 1995–2005
The newly elected president Melchior Ndadaye was assassinated in an attempted coup d'état in October 1993. The killing sparked a wave of ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions and the start of the Burundian Civil War. Nkurunziza was still teaching at the University of Burundi but was forced to flee in 1995 after hundreds of Hutu students were killed. He spent several years in hiding in the bush and was himself sentenced to death in absentia by a government-backed court in 1998 for planting land mines. At the time, he became associated with the moderate rebel group National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy (Conseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie – Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie, CNDD–FDD), largely supported by ethnic Hutus. By 1998, he had risen to the position of General Secretary of the CNDD–FDD and was in charge of coordinating the political and military wings. He fought for their militia and gained the nickname "Pita". He was nearly killed near Gitega in 2001 but interpreted his survival as a sign that he was destined to lead the group. Nkurunziza himself became a born-again Protestant and supported the integration of Tutsis and other minority groups into the CNDD–FDD. All five of Nkurunziza's siblings were killed in the Civil War, three of whom while fighting for the CNDD–FDD.

Nkurunziza became the president of the CNDD–FDD on 28 August 2000 and presided over the movement as it moved towards a political compromise with the government. A series of agreements in 2003 paved the way for the CNDD–FDD to enter national politics, and allowed Nkurunziza to be reunited with his wife and surviving family members. He became Minister for Good Government and the General Inspection of the State in the transitional government of Domitien Ndayizeye which was considered "a springboard post at a moment when electoral preparations were under way to complete the transition". He was re-elected president of the CNDD–FDD, now a political party, in August 2004, and became its candidate for the forthcoming legislative and presidential elections. The elections brought Nkurunziza and the CNDD–FDD to power with a large majority of the vote. He succeeded Ndayizeye as the President of Burundi.

First term, 2005–2010
Nkurunziza's term as president began on 26 August 2005 and he soon adopted a number of popular policies. He presided over the reconstruction of the Burundian state on the basis of the inter-ethnic compromise enshrined in the Arusha Accords which mandated the partition of state positions between Tutsi, Hutu, and the minority Twa ethnic groups. The Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People –National Forces of Liberation (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu –Forces nationales de libération, PALIPEHUTU–FNL), the final Hutu rebel faction in the Civil War, was demobilised in 2008. Burundi became actively involved in the African Union and the state's outstanding public debt was cancelled in 2009 by the "Paris Club". However, Nkurunziza's reputation became increasingly tarnished in the face of political factionalism, corruption, and continued insecurity. Hussein Radjabu, a leading figure in the CNDD–FDD, was imprisoned for insulting Nkurunziza in 2008. However, Nkurunziza was re-elected for a second term in July 2010 with a big majority but was effectively unopposed, as the polls were boycotted by opposition parties.

Second term and unrest, 2010–2015

Nkurunziza's second term saw rising discontent with his leadership. Outdoor jogging was banned in June 2014 out of fear that group exercise might be used as cover for political meetings. Dissent came to a head with the public announcement on 25 April 2015 that Nkurunziza would stand for a third term in the presidential elections scheduled for June that year. This appeared to be contrary to the term limits established in the Arusha Accords and sparked widespread protests in Bujumbura and elsewhere which led to violent confrontations. However, the Constitutional Court ruled on 5 May that the projected third term was legal. The protests then escalated and dozens were killed.

A military uprising was attempted on 13 May 2015 by soldiers loyal to Godefroid Niyombare but collapsed after extensive fighting in Bujumbura. Assassinations of opposition politicians and critics took place and it was reported that detained protesters were tortured or raped at so-called "black sites" by regime loyalists from the National Intelligence Service (Service national de renseignement, SNR). The following months also saw the assassination of a number of CNDD–FDD officials and loyalists including Adolphe Nshimirimana. A rebel group emerged as the Republican Forces of Burundi (Forces républicaines du Burundi, FOREBU) and large numbers of civilians fled into exile. Despite the instability and a continuing opposition boycott, the elections took place in July and Nkurunziza was re-elected for a third term.

Third term, 2015–2020
Nkurunziza's third term saw the country's increasing isolation in light of international condemnation of the repression which accompanied the 2015 unrest. On 4 August 2015, he ordered the police to find the murderers of his ally, Lieutenant General Adolphe Nshimirimana, within ten days who was represented as the right-hand man of the president.

The East African Community and African Union attempted to mediate the conflict unsuccessfully and Nkurunziza's regime became increasingly isolated. Fearing an outbreak of genocidal violence, the African Union attempted to dispatch a peacekeeping force to Burundi in 2016 but this was blocked by Nkurunziza. 1,700 civilians were estimated to have been killed in the subsequent repression and 390,000 fled across the border into Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Poverty increased and many middle-class Burundians emigrated. Nkurunziza withdrew Burundi from the International Criminal Court in 2017 and advocated constitutional reforms which would allow longer presidential terms which were approved in a disputed referendum in May 2018. However, in June 2018 he announced that he would not be standing for a fourth term and that he would consequently step down in 2020. The same year, he was given the title of "Permanent Visionary" (Visionnaire permanent) by the CNDD–FDD.

In March 2019, three girls were arrested for drawing on the president's portrait. Global outrage, with denunciations from Human Rights Watch and an international campaign on networks under the Hashtag #FreeOurGirls, forced the government, which agreed to release the three girls.

Ahead of his resignation, Nkurunziza endorsed Évariste Ndayishimiye as his candidate for leadership of the CNDD–FDD ahead of the elections scheduled for 2020. Ndayishimiye was considered to be a "close ally" and it had been reported that Nkurunziza "wanted to run the country from behind the scenes" after his resignation using Ndayishimiye as a puppet ruler. The elections took place in May 2020 and resulted in a large majority in favour of Nkurunziza's candidate but occurred against the backdrop of criticism of Nkurunziza's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi in which Nkurunziza expelled representatives of the World Health Organization (WHO) from Burundi. Election monitors from the East African Community were also kept out. Local sources assured that the COVID-19 had aggravated his ailment and that is why he declined a fourth term.

Death
Nkurunziza died on 8 June 2020, aged 55, at the Fiftieth Anniversary Hospital of Karuzi. The Burundian government gave his cause of death as a heart attack, but it was widely suspected that he died of COVID-19. A week earlier, Kenyan newspaper The Standard reported his wife had flown without him to Nairobi, Kenya, for COVID-19 treatment.

Nkurunziza's death occurred after the 2020 elections, but ahead of the projected hand-over of power in August. It had been announced in May 2020 that he would continue to remain prominent in public life in the post of "Supreme Guide of Patriotism" (Guide suprême du patriotisme) with a retirement award of $540,000 (USD) and a villa provided by the government of Burundi. Seven national days of mourning were announced in Burundi following his death. Other states in the East African Community also observed official periods of mourning. One day of mourning was also observed in Cuba.

title: Pierre Nkurunziza


text:
Homer Simpson in: "Kidney Trouble"

"Homer Simpson in: 'Kidney Trouble" is the eighth episode of the tenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on Fox in the United States on December 6, 1998. In the episode Grampa's kidneys explode, leaving him in urgent need of a donor. His son Homer initially agrees to donate one of his kidneys, but after hearing of side effects of only having one kidney, he begins to have second thoughts about the operation.

"Homer Simpson in: 'Kidney Trouble was directed by Mike B. Anderson and written by John Swartzwelder, although the episode's premise was pitched by former staff writer George Meyer. Meyer also pitched the sequence involving the "ship of lost souls", which received mixed reactions from The Simpsons staff members. The episode contains references to Night of the Living Dead and North by Northwest.

In its original broadcast, the episode was seen by approximately 7.2 million viewers and finished in 54th place in the ratings the week it aired. Following the release of The Simpsons - The Complete Tenth Season, "Homer Simpson in: 'Kidney Trouble received mixed reviews from critics.

Plot
Homer takes the family to a ghost town tourist destination, complaining all the while about how far out of the way it is. Their car breaks down in front of the Springfield Retirement Castle, leading Grampa to wrongly assume they have come to visit him on his birthday. Homer is forced to take Grampa with them. Grampa drinks too much sarsaparilla, but Homer refuses to stop to let him use the bathroom, wanting to get home to watch an episode of Inside the Actors Studio. After several hours in the car without stopping, Grampa's kidneys explode.

Dr. Hibbert informs the family that the only way Grampa can be saved is if Homer donates one of his kidneys because Homer is a match for his dad. Homer agrees, to the admiration of his family, but becomes frightened after learning the risks from Moe, and runs away from the surgery room via the window.

Guilt-ridden, Homer deems himself unworthy of living amongst civilized people and decides to start a new life aboard Captain McAllister's ship. He meets several strange people who have their own tales of misery. Homer tells them about abandoning Grandpa, but the others are so disgusted that they throw him off the ship. Homer drifts back to shore, where he witnesses a father and son build a sandcastle and laments his relationship with his own father and children. Homer decides to rectify his mistake and takes off for the hospital.

Homer arrives in time, reconciling with Grampa and apologizing, but panics and flees again at the last minute. His mad dash from the hospital is stopped by an oncoming car carrier. While the driver, Hans Moleman, hits the brakes in time, one of its cars slides off and lands on Homer. Homer wakes up in a hospital bed and is greeted by Dr. Hibbert, Marge and the children. When Grampa appears in the doorway alive and well, Homer discovers that while he was unconscious and being treated for his injuries, the doctors took out one of his kidneys. Homer is angry at first and vows to get his kidney back as Grandpa mockingly dances his way out of the room, but he settles down after his family tells him he did the right thing for Grampa. They engage in a group hug, and Homer proceeds to give Bart's lower back (where a future donor kidney is located) a long pat. Bart silently realizes what this means as the episode ends.

Production
"Homer Simpson in: 'Kidney Trouble was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Mike B. Anderson. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 6, 1998. Although it was written by Swartzwelder, the idea for the episode was pitched by former staff writer George Meyer. Nevertheless, the episode still contains several "classic Swartzwelder moments" according to executive producer Ian Maxtone-Graham, including Homer escaping on a handcart and the line "this is everybody's fault but mine". Because the episode contained several scenes of the Simpsons driving, the animators "orchestrated" the scenes by using several different backgrounds. At one point in the episode's setpiece, an arranged gunfight is seen. In the gunfight, there would originally be a man saying "Look, up on the roof, it's a prostitute" and shoot her. Although he thought the gag was funny, Mike Scully, an executive producer and the showrunner for the episode, cut it because the word "prostitute" had already been uttered "at least a dozen times in the episode". According to Scully, the Fox censors objected to showing Grampa giving Homer NyQuil in order to sleep. Scully compromised it by not showing the NyQuil label in the episode. The music that plays during the establishing shot of Springfield Hospital is based on the theme music from Ben Casey, an American medical drama series from the 1960s.

The sequence involving the "Ship of lost souls" was also pitched by Meyer. It was the last part of the episode to be animated, and was completed in one week. The Simpsons staff were split on whether to include the sequence in the episode at all, with series creator Matt Groening being notably hesitant. "I was very worried about that when I saw the script," he said in the DVD commentary for the episode. Meyer was also unsure of the sequence: "You don't see it coming at least," he said, "I don't know if it was totally successful." Scully thought fondly of it, however, calling it "very inspired". The English soldier, the French man, and the Peter Lorre caricature were all portrayed by main cast member Dan Castellaneta, who also plays Homer among other characters in the series. The woman on the ship was voiced by American voice actress Tress MacNeille. Honeybunch, the name of the sea captain's boat, was pitched by Scully's brother Brian Scully. The name came from Scully's father, who used to call his wife Honeybunch as a term of endearment.

The title of the episode is a reference to the 1989 Roger Rabbit cartoon Tummy Trouble. In a scene in the episode, the Simpsons, outside the Springfield Retirement Castle, try to turn on their car, while Grampa is slowly walking towards them. The scene parodies the 1968 film Night of the Living Dead, with Grampa acting as a zombie from the film. The robot cowboy chasing the robot dancer around in a circle on the bar's balcony is a reference to a scene in the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland, where the pirates chased women similarly. The design and voice of the tuxedo-wearing man in the "Ship of lost souls" were based on Hungarian actor Peter Lorre. Also, the bride is loosely based on Miss Havisham from Charles Dickens’ novel Great Expectations. The scene of Homer nearly getting hit by a car during his second escape from the hospital is a reference to a scene in the 1959 Alfred Hitchcock film North by Northwest, in which Cary Grant's character is almost hit by an oncoming truck. American actor Larry Hagman is also mentioned in the episode, when Dr. Hibbert says that Hagman took all the kidneys and livers needed for donors, while Homer states his desire to watch the episode of Inside the Actors Studio featuring F. Murray Abraham. The hospital intercom calls for a "Doc Martens" and a "Dr. Bombay", referring to the British footwear brand and character from the sitcom Bewitched respectively.

Reception
In its original American broadcast on December 6, 1998, "Homer Simpson in: 'Kidney Trouble received a 7.2 rating, according to Nielsen Media Research, translating to approximately 7.2 million viewers. The episode finished in 54th place in the ratings for the week of November 22 – December 6, 1998. It tied with a new episode of the ABC program Brother's Keeper. On August 7, 2007, the episode was released as part of The Simpsons - The Complete Tenth Season DVD box set. Matt Groening, Mike Scully, George Meyer, Ian Maxtone-Graham, Ron Hauge and Mike B. Anderson participated in the DVD's audio commentary of the episode.

Following its home video release, "Homer Simpson in: 'Kidney Trouble received mixed reviews from critics.

Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood of I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide called it "An odd episode[...] that goes on a bit too long and could probably have done with an entertaining B story." They added that "Homer's running away is funny the first time, but by the second, it's lost its impact." They concluded by writing that "The biggest joke comes from Grampa's need to go to the lavatory on the way back from the ghost town. Which isn't that funny at all, really."

Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson described the episode as a "snag". He wrote: Kidney' offers all the components that should make it good, but it never quite achieves a level higher than average." He added that "Despite a few funny moments, this one largely leaves me cold."

Digital Entertainment News' Jake MacNeill wrote that the episode "runs out of steam" after its first act, and considered it to be one of the season's worst episodes.

However, giving the episode a positive review, Peter Brown of If described "Homer Simpson in: 'Kidney Trouble as one of the season's best episodes.

The episode's reference to North By Northwest was named the 24th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film ' s Nathan Ditum.

title: Homer Simpson in: "Kidney Trouble"


text:
Steve Soderstrom

Stephen Andrew Soderstrom (born April 3, 1972) is an American former Major League Baseball player who played for the San Francisco Giants in 1996.

Amateur career
A native of Turlock, California, Soderstrom attended Turlock High School and was drafted by the New York Mets in the 15th Round (402nd overall) of the 1990 amateur draft. He didn't sign, and went on to pitch for Fresno State University. In 1991, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Hyannis Mets of the Cape Cod Baseball League. In 1993, he was drafted by the San Francisco Giants sixth overall in the 1993 amateur entry draft.

Professional career
Soderstrom spent three years in the Giants' organization before getting to the major leagues. The 6'3", 215 pound right-hander made his major league debut on September 17, 1996. His stay in the majors lasted just 10 days, as his final MLB game was on September 27. Over those ten days, he started all three of the games he pitched in, compiling a 2–0 record while giving up 16 hits in 13$2/3$ innings and gaining an ERA of 5.27. He walked six and struck out nine.

Personal
Soderstrom currently owns and operates Backyard Sports Academy, a multi-sport instructional facility, in his hometown of Turlock.

His son, Tyler, was drafted number 26 overall in the 2020 Major League Baseball Draft by the Oakland Athletics. He is a catcher and attended the same high school as his father. They became the 10th father-son duo to be drafted in the first round. Another son, Tate, is an outfielder at the University of Arizona.

title: Steve Soderstrom


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Snugglitis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 09:41, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Snugglitis
This page has to be a joke. "Snugglitis" turns up 1 google hit, "Snuggle Deficiency Syndrome" turns up 0. R Calvete 22:48, 2005 Apr 24 (UTC)

 * Delete, zero Google hits. RickK 22:46, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - nonsense. No hits for "Snuggle Deficiency Syndrome".  I will admit to enjoying the odd snuggle, but I wouldn't say that it's a genetic disorder - someone has just written this as plausibly as possible to see how long it lasts.  SteveW | Talk 22:49, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, that's a joke --Sylvain Mielot 22:50, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What a lot of effort to put into a hoax.  Someone should thank the contributor by blocking him.  Postdlf 22:50, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I thought this had too do with too much exposure to fabric softener Klonimus 23:37, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Last Exit to Brooklyn

Last Exit to Brooklyn is a 1964 novel by American author Hubert Selby Jr. The novel takes a harsh, uncompromising look at lower class Brooklyn in the 1950s written in a brusque, everyman style of prose.

Critics and fellow writers praised the book on its release. Due to its frank portrayals of taboo subjects, such as drug use, street violence, gang rape, homophobia, prostitution and domestic violence it was the subject of an obscenity trial in the United Kingdom and was banned in Italy.

Synopsis
The stories are set almost entirely in what is now considered the Sunset Park section of Brooklyn; the location is widely misreported as Red Hook, where one story is set and parts of the 1989 movie were filmed. Last Exit to Brooklyn is divided into six parts that can, more or less, be read separately. Each part is prefaced with a passage from the Bible.
 * Another Day, Another Dollar: A gang of young Brooklyn hoodlums hang around an all-night diner and get into a vicious fight with a group of Army soldiers on leave.
 * The Queen Is Dead: Georgette, a sassy transgender prostitute, is thrown out of the family home by her homophobic brother and tries to attract the attention of a ruthless hoodlum named Vinnie at a benzedrine-driven party. Georgette dies of a drug overdose after the party.
 * And Baby Makes Three: A story told by an unknown narrator about a couple, Suzy and Tommy, who have a baby out of wedlock, and their wedding, and baby's christening party is quickly thrown by Suzy's parents.
 * Tralala: The title character of an earlier Selby short story, she is a young Brooklyn prostitute who makes a living propositioning sailors in bars and stealing their money. In perhaps the novel's most notorious scene, she is brutally gang-raped after a night of heavy drinking. She is left for dead in a vacant lot.
 * Strike: Harry, a machinist in a factory, becomes a local official in the union. He is a closeted gay man, he abuses his wife, and he tries to boast of his accomplishments and his high status to anyone who might listen to convince himself that he is a man. He gains a temporary status and importance during a long strike, and uses the union's money to entertain the young street punks and buy the company of drag queens and gay men. He is ultimately beaten viciously by the hoodlums from the opening chapter, after he forcibly fellates a 10-year-old boy.
 * Landsend: Described as a "coda" for the book, this section presents the intertwined, yet ordinary day of numerous denizens in a housing project.

Style
Last Exit to Brooklyn was written in an idiosyncratic style that ignores most conventions of grammar. Selby wrote most of the prose as if it were a story told from one friend to another at a bar rather than a novel, using coarse and casual language. He used slang-like conjunctions of words, such as tahell for "to hell" and yago for "you go." The paragraphs were often written in a stream of consciousness style with many parentheses and fragments. Selby often indented new paragraphs to the middle or end of the line.

Selby did not use quotation marks to distinguish dialogue but instead merely blended it into the text. He used a slash instead of an apostrophe mark for contractions and did not use an apostrophe at all for possessives.

Publication history
Last Exit to Brooklyn started as The Queen Is Dead, one of several short stories Selby wrote about people he had met around Brooklyn while working as a copywriter and general laborer. The piece was published in three literary magazines in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Tralala first appeared in The Provincetown Review in 1961, drawing criticism which resulted in an obscenity trial.

The pieces later evolved into the full-length book, which was published in 1964 by Grove Press, which had previously published such controversial authors as William S. Burroughs and Henry Miller.

Critics praised and censured the publication. Poet Allen Ginsberg said that it will "explode like a rusty hellish bombshell over America and still be eagerly read in a hundred years."

Trial
<!-- This section is linked from Hubert Selby Jr. -- for the British edition were acquired by Marion Boyars and John Calder and the novel ended up in the hands of the Director of Public Prosecutions. The manuscript was published in January 1966, received positive reviews and sold almost 14,000 copies. The director of Blackwell's bookshop in Oxford complained to the DPP about the detailed depictions of brutality and cruelty in the book but the DPP did not pursue the allegations.

Sir Cyril Black, the then-Conservative Member of Parliament for Wimbledon, initiated a private prosecution of the novel before Marlborough Street Magistrates' Court, under judge Leo Gradwell. The public prosecutor brought an action under Section 3 of the Obscene Publications Act. During the hearing the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate ordered that all copies of the book within the jurisdiction of the magistrates' court be seized. Not a single bookseller possessed a copy, but the publishing offices of Calder and Boyars, within the Bow Street Magistrate's jurisdiction, were discovered to be in possession of three copies. The books were duly seized, and Boyars was summoned to show cause why they should not be forfeited. Expert witnesses spoke, "unprecedentedly," for the prosecution: they included the publishers Sir Basil Blackwell and Robert Maxwell. On the defense side were the scholars Al Alvarez II, and Professor Frank Kermode, who had previously compared the work to Charles Dickens. Others who provided rebuttal evidence included H. Montgomery Hyde.

The order had no effect beyond the borders of the Marlborough Street Court, the London neighborhood of Soho. At the hearing Calder declared that the book would continue to be published and would be sold everywhere else outside of that jurisdiction. In response the prosecutor brought criminal charges under Section 2 of the Act, which entitled the defendants to trial by jury under Section 4.

The jury was all male. Judge Graham Rogers directed that the women "might be embarrassed at having to read a book which dealt with homosexuality, prostitution, drug-taking and sexual perversion." The trial lasted nine days; on November 23 the jury returned a guilty verdict.

In 1968, an appeal issued by lawyer and writer John Mortimer resulted in a judgment by Justice Geoffrey Lane that reversed the ruling. The case marked a turning point in British censorship laws. By that time, the novel had sold over 33,000 hardback and 500,000 paperback copies in the United States.

Film adaptation
In 1989, director Uli Edel helmed a film adaptation of the novel.

title: Last Exit to Brooklyn


text:
Talk:Sullom Voe

Untitled
Needs more on the issues surrounding development

Needs numbers on capacity at peak and through-put now

Needs notes on oil spills and environmental controls

Needs discussion of jobs

Needs some photos

Map
The map is indecipherable. It needs many clicks to get to the point where a small yellow centre to a black dot is visible. How about a big ====> ? Davidships (talk) 12:52, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sullom Voe


text:
Nedoceratops

Nedoceratops (meaning "insufficient horned face") is a controversial genus of ceratopsid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period Lance Formation of North America. It is known only from a single skull discovered in Wyoming. Its status is the subject of ongoing debate among paleontologists: some authors consider Nedoceratops a valid, distinct taxon, while others consider it to be an unusual specimen of Triceratops.

History of discovery
The nearly complete skull USNM 2412, the holotype specimen of Nedoceratops hatcheri, was found in eastern Wyoming in 1891, in Niobrara County near Lightning Creek.

The paper that described Nedoceratops was originally part of O. C. Marsh's magnum opus, his Ceratopsidae monograph. Marsh died in 1899 before the work was completed, and John Bell Hatcher endeavored to complete the Triceratops section. However, he died of typhus in 1904 at the age of 42, leaving the paper still incomplete. It fell to Richard Swann Lull to complete the monograph in 1905, publishing Hatcher's description of a skull separately and giving it the name Diceratops hatcheri; Diceratops means "two horned face."

Since the Diceratops paper had been written by Hatcher, and Lull had only contributed the name and published the paper after Hatcher's death, Lull was not quite as convinced of the distinctiveness of Diceratops, thinking it primarily pathological. By 1933, Lull had had second thoughts about Diceratops being a distinct genus and he put it in a subgenus of Triceratops: Triceratops (Diceratops) hatcheri, including T. obtusus; largely attributing its differences to being that of an aged individual.

Because the Diceratops name was already in use for a hymenopteran (Förster, 1868), Andrey Sergeevich Ukrainsky gave the animal its current name Nedoceratops in 2007. Unaware that Ukrainsky had already renamed the animal, Octávio Mateus coined another new name for it in 2008, Diceratus. Diceratus is thus a junior synonym of Nedoceratops.

Nedoceratops means "insufficient horned face". The "nedo" is the Russian prefix meaning "insufficient". The suffix "ceratops", common among ceratopsians, means "horned face". It was named in reference to its lack of a nasal horn.

Description
The nearly complete skull known as USNM 2412 is the only fossil attributed to Nedoceratops hatcheri. Superficially, it resembles that of Triceratops, but on closer examination, it differs: specifically, the brow horns stand almost vertically compared to typical Triceratops skulls, and there also are several holes in the frill (a unique feature of Triceratops proper is that it has a solid, unperforated fill). However, at least some of these holes show evidence that they are the result of injury or disease. The nasal horn of this specimen is low and rounded, compared with the larger, pointed nose horns of typical Triceratops specimens, though this feature appears to be within the known range of individual variation for Triceratops.

Classification
The type species is Nedoceratops hatcheri. Nedoceratops belonged to the Ceratopsia (the name is Latinised Greek for "horned faces"), a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous Period, which ended roughly 66 million years ago. All ceratopsians became extinct at the end of this era.

Several authors have suggested that Nedoceratops may be directly ancestral to Triceratops, or perhaps its nearest relative. An ongoing debate concerns the status of Triceratops, Torosaurus, and Nedoceratops. In a series of publications, John B. Scannella and John R. Horner (2010 and 2011 ) and claimed that the USNM 2412 skull (i.e., of Nedoceratops) belonged to a "young adult" Triceratops. Evidence for this hypothesis included the shapes of the epoccipital and squamosal bones, and a neck frill (parietal bone) that had "incipient" openings (contrasting with no openings in subadult Triceratops and large openings in adult Triceratops formerly assigned to Torosaurus). These authors suggested that all three "genera" actually represent different aged individuals of Triceratops. In 2012, Farke proposed a counterargument, and suggested that the bone surface texture and shape of the horns of Nedoceratops indicate an "old adult". A follow-up study by Leonardo Maiorino and colleagues in 2013 using morphometrics found support for Triceratops and Torosaurus being distinct, valid taxa, with Nedoceratops occupying variable positions with respect to the other two but generally outside the range of variation, concluding that "the size of USNM 2412 is a plausible intermediate, but the shape is not."

Another supposed difference between Nedoceratops and fossils referred to Triceratops horridus is the remarkably short, rounded nasal "horn". Scanella and Horner proposed that the nasal horn of the USNM 2412 skull could have been lost when the animal was alive or when it became fossilized. However, it has been noted the horns of ceratopsids show a great deal of variation between age groups and individuals, and some specimens more solidly attributed to T. horridus have a similar nasal horn shape. In most features- the short, saddle-shape frill, the s-shaped snout- the animal closely resembles Triceratops horridus.

It has been noted that many of the features that seem to separate Nedoceratops from Triceratops, and specifically Triceratops horridus, may be the result of pathology, injury, and/or deformation of the skull after burial. Two of the features that have been used to diagnose Nedoceratops - the position of the squamosal, and the upright brow horns- are seen on one side of the skull, but not the other. This, along with the fact that the entire skull can be seen to be twisted when seen head-on, have been used to argue that these features result from post-mortem distortion of the fossil, rather than reflecting the anatomy of the animal during life. Furthermore, the presence of numerous holes in the frill suggests pathology due to injury or illness, the supposedly unique 'parietal fenestrae' may therefore be the result of an injury. Tanke & Farke (2007) noted that the supposed parietal fenestra had an irregular shape with swollen margins and an irregularly vascularized texture. This is similar to a parietal hole, also interpreted as the result of an injury by Marshall & Barreto (2001), in a specimen of Torosaurus. The frill is only preserved on one side, which makes it difficult to test this hypothesis.

title: Nedoceratops