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Swedish literature

Swedish literature (Svensk litteratur) is the literature written in the Swedish language or by writers from Sweden.

The first literary text from Sweden is the Rök runestone, carved during the Viking Age circa 800 AD. With the conversion of the land to Christianity around 1100 AD, Sweden entered the Middle Ages, during which monastic writers preferred to use Latin. Therefore, there are only a few texts in the Old Swedish from that period. Swedish literature only flourished after the Swedish literary language was developed in the 16th century, which was largely due to the full translation of the Christian Bible into Swedish in 1541. This translation is the so-called Gustav Vasa Bible.

With improved education and the freedom brought by secularisation, the 17th century saw several notable authors develop the Swedish language further. Some key figures include Georg Stiernhielm (17th century), who was the first to write classical poetry in Swedish; Johan Henric Kellgren (18th century), the first to write fluent Swedish prose; Carl Michael Bellman (late 18th century), the first writer of burlesque ballads; and August Strindberg (late 19th century), a socio-realistic writer and playwright who won worldwide fame. In Sweden, the period starting in 1880 is known as realism because the writing had a strong focus on social realism.

In the 1900s, one of the earliest novelists was Hjalmar Söderberg. The early 20th century continued to produce notable authors, such as Selma Lagerlöf (Nobel laureate 1909) and Pär Lagerkvist (Nobel laureate 1951). A well-known proletarian writer who gained fame after World War I was Vilhelm Moberg; between 1949 and 1959, he wrote the four-book series The Emigrants (Swedish: Utvandrarna), often considered one of the best literary works from Sweden. In the 1960s, Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö collaborated to produce a series of internationally acclaimed detective novels. The most successful writer of detective novels is Henning Mankell, whose works have been translated into 37 languages. In the spy fiction genre, the most successful writer is Jan Guillou.

In recent decades, a handful of Swedish writers have established themselves internationally, such as the detective novelist Henning Mankell and thriller writer Stieg Larsson. Also well known outside of Sweden is the children's book writer Astrid Lindgren, author of works such as Pippi Longstocking and Emil of Maple Hills.

There is also a strong tradition of Swedish as the literary language of the Finnish nobility; after the separation in the start of the 19th century, Finland has produced Swedish-language writers such as Johan Ludvig Runeberg, who wrote the Finnish national epic The Tales of Ensign Stål, and Tove Jansson.

Old Norse

Most runestones had a practical, rather than a literary, purpose and are therefore mainly of interest to historians and philologists. Several runic inscriptions are also nonsensical by nature, being used for magical or incantatory purposes. The most notable literary exception is the Rök runestone from circa 800 AD. It contains the longest known inscription, and encompasses several different passages from sagas and legends, in various prosodic forms. Part of it is written in alliterative verse, or fornyrdislag. It is generally regarded as the beginning of Swedish literature.

Middle Ages
The Christianization of Sweden was one of the main events in the country's history, and it naturally had an equally profound impact on literature.

The Gök runestone is a case in point of how the older literature dissolved. It uses the same imagery as the Ramsund carving, but a Christian cross has been added and the images are combined in a way that completely distorts the internal logic of events. Whatever the reason may have been, the Gök stone illustrates how the pagan heroic mythos was going towards its dissolution, during the introduction of Christianity.

Literature now looked to foreign texts to provide models. By 1200, Christianity was firmly established and a Medieval European culture appeared in Sweden. Only a selected few mastered the written language, but little was written down. The earliest works written in Swedish were provincial laws, first written down in the 13th century.

Most education was provided by the Catholic Church, and therefore the literature from this period is mainly of a theological or clerical nature. The majority of other literature written consists of law texts. An exception to this are the rhyming chronicles, written in knittelvers.

Reformation literature
Swedish Reformation literature is considered to have been written between 1526 and 1658. However, this period has not been highly regarded from a literary point of view. It is generally considered a step back in terms of literary development. The main reason was King Gustav Vasa's wish to control and censor all publications, with the result that only the Bible and a few other religious works were published. At the same time, Catholic monasteries were plundered and Catholic books were burnt. The king did not consider it important to reestablish higher education, so Uppsala University was left to decay.

There were comparatively few groups of writers during this time. The burghers still had little influence, while the Church clerics had had their importance severely reduced. The Protestant Reformation of the 1520s left priests with a fraction of their previous political and economic power. Those Swedes who wanted higher education usually had to travel abroad to the universities of Rostock or Wittenberg.

Apart from Christian Reformation literature there was one other significant ideological movement. This was Gothicismus, which glorified Sweden's ancient history.

While contributions to Swedish culture were sparse, this period did at least provide an invaluable basis for future development. Most importantly, the Swedish Bible translation of 1541, the so-called Gustav Vasa Bible, gave Sweden a uniform language for the first time. Secondly, the introduction of the printing press resulted in literature being spread to groups it had previously been unable to reach.

Renaissance literature

The period in Swedish history between 1630 and 1718 is known as the Swedish Empire. It partly corresponds to an independent literary period. The literature of the Swedish Empire era is regarded as the beginning of the Swedish literary tradition.

Renaissance literature is considered to have been written between 1658 and 1732. It was in 1658 that Georg Stiernhielm published his Herculus, the first hexametrical poem in the Swedish language.

When Sweden became a great power, a stronger middle class culture arose. Unlike the age of the Reformation, education was no longer solely a matter of ecclesiastical studies such as theology. During this era, there was a wealth of influences from the leading countries of the time, namely Germany, France, Holland and Italy. It was symptomatic that the man who came to be known as Sweden's first poet, Georg Stiernhielm, was more acquainted with Ancient philosophy than with Christian teachings.

Gothicismus also gained in strength. During the Swedish Empire period, it developed into a literary paradigm, the purpose of which was to foster the idea that Sweden was a natural great power.

18th century

The 18th century has been described as the Swedish Golden Age in literature and science. During this period, Sweden produced authors and literature of a much higher standard than ever before. One key factor was the political period known as the Age of Liberty (1712–1772), and the first Swedish freedom of the press act written in 1766 (see Constitution of Sweden). It meant the ultimate breakthrough of secular literature.

Naturally, the impulses that invigorated Swedish cultural life had their origin in the European Age of Enlightenment. The main influences came from Germany, England and France, and these were reflected in Swedish literature. The Swedish language became enriched by French words, and ideas of liberalization were based on the English model.

Swedish literature consolidated around 1750; this is considered the start of a linguistic period called Late Modern Swedish (1750 – circa 1880). The first great works of the age were those of Olov von Dalin (1708–1763), and in particular his weekly Then Swänska Argus, based on Joseph Addison's The Spectator. Dalin gave a sketch of Swedish culture and history using language which had an unprecedented richness of sarcasm and irony. In the 1730s and 1740s, Dalin was unrivalled as the brightest star in the Swedish literary sky. He was the first to refine the language for practical purposes, in comparison with the laboured poetry of the 17th century, and he was the first author to be read and appreciated by the general public.

In the 18th century, Latin rapidly declined in popularity in favour of the national language. One of the first authors to aim his books directly at the general public was the world-renowned botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). Later key figures included the poets Johan Henrik Kellgren (1751–1795) and Carl Michael Bellman (1740–1795).

The 18th century was also the century when female writers first gained widespread recognition. Sophia Elisabet Brenner (1659–1730), Sweden's first professional female writer, had started her career in the 17th century, but it continued into the following century. Later, Anna Maria Lenngren's (1754–1817) often satirical writings proved to have lasting influence, and it remains a point of debate to this day how exactly to interpret "Några ord till min k. Dotter, i fall jag hade någon" ('A few words for my beloved daughter, if I had had one') – are the exhortations to remain at home and not get involved in literature or politics serious or satirical?

Romanticism

In European history, the period circa 1805–1840 is known as Romanticism. It also made a strong impression on Sweden, due to German influences. During this relatively short period, there were so many great Swedish poets that the era is referred to as the Golden Age of Swedish poetry. The period started around 1810 when several periodicals were published which rejected the literature of the 18th century. An important society was the Gothic Society (1811), and their periodical Iduna, a romanticised look back towards Gothicismus.

One significant reason was that several poets for the first time worked towards a common direction. Four of the main romantic poets who made significant contributions to the movement were: the professor of history Erik Gustaf Geijer, the loner Erik Johan Stagnelius, the professor of Greek language Esaias Tegnér and the professor of aesthetics and philosophy P.D.A. Atterbom.

Early liberalism
The period between 1835 and 1879 is known as the early liberal period in Swedish history. The views of the Romantics had come to be perceived by many as inflated and overburdened by formality. The first outspoken liberal newspaper in Sweden, Aftonbladet, was founded in 1830. It quickly became the leading newspaper in Sweden because of its liberal views and criticism of the current state of affairs. The newspaper played its part in turning literature in a more realistic direction, because of its more concise use of language.

Several authorities would regard Carl Jonas Love Almqvist (1793–1866) as the most outstanding genius of the 19th century in Sweden. Beginning in 1838, he published a series of socially and politically radical stories attacking both marriage and clerical institutions. Several of his ideas are still interesting for modern readers, in particular the work Det går an (1839) which reached the German bestseller list as late as 2004.

Naturalism, or realism

Naturalism is one name for the literary period between 1880 and 1900. In Sweden, however, the period starting in 1880 is known as realism. This is partly because the 1880s had such a strong focus on social realism, and partly because the 1890s was a period of its own, the "90s poets".

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Scandinavian literature made its first impression on world literature. From Sweden, the main name was August Strindberg, but Ola Hansson, Selma Lagerlöf and Victoria Benedictsson also attained wider recognition.

The breakthrough of realism in Sweden occurred in 1879. That year, August Strindberg (1845–1912) published The Red Room (Röda Rummet), a satirical novel that relentlessly attacked the political, the academic, the philosophical and the religious worlds.

August Strindberg was a writer world-famous for his dramas and prose, noted for his exceptional talent and complex intellect. He would continue to write several books and dramas until his death in Stockholm. He also was an accomplished painter and photographer.

The 90s poets
The Swedish 1890s is noted for its poetic neo-romanticism, a reaction to the socio-realistic literature of the 1880s. The first key literary figure to emerge was Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940); his literary debut came in 1887 with the collection of poetry Vallfart och vandringsår (Pilgrimage and Wander-Years). A few years later, Gustav Fröding made his debut. While controversial in his own time, Fröding has proven to be Sweden's most popular poet. The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1931.

The novelist Selma Lagerlöf (1858–1940) was arguably the brightest star of the 1890s, and her influence has lasted up to modern times. Two of her major works, which have been translated into several languages, are The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1906–1907) and Gösta Berlings saga (1891), but she also wrote several other highly regarded books. Lagerlöf was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1909, mainly for her storytelling abilities.

20th century
It was in the 1910s that a new literary period began with the ageing August Strindberg, who published several critical articles, contesting many conservative values. With the advent of social democracy and large-scale strikes, the winds were blowing in the direction of social reforms.

The modern novel

In the 1910s, the dominant form of literary expression was now the novel. One of the earliest novelists was Hjalmar Söderberg (1869–1941). Söderberg wrote in a somewhat cynical way, at times with Nietzschean overtones, disillusionment and pessimism. In 1901 he published Martin Birck's Youth. It was appreciated by many for its literary qualities, but an even greater aspect was its depiction of Stockholm, which is widely regarded as the best portrait of Stockholm ever written. His most highly regarded work was yet to come however: Doctor Glas (1905), a tale of vengeance and passion, viewed by some as the best and most complete of all Swedish novels. Margaret Atwood, for example, has said of Doctor Glas: "It occurs on the cusp of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, but it opens doors the novel has been opening ever since". Söderberg's 1912 novel Den allvarsamma leken (The Serious Game) is also acknowledged as a classic in Swedish literature and is still widely read. It has been called the only romance novel of any worth in Swedish literature and has been translated to at least fourteen different languages.

Contemporary to Söderberg was Bo Bergman. Further development of the novel is associated with writers such as Gustaf Hellström, Sigfrid Siwertz, Elin Wägner and Hjalmar Bergman.

Modernism
Pär Lagerkvist was one of the first modernists in Sweden. His expressionistic poem Ångest (Anguish, 1916) introduced modernist literature in Sweden. Lagerkvist also wrote prose and plays in works that addressed the great existential questions. In 1951 Lagerkvist was awarded The Nobel Prize in Literature.

Another early modernist was Birger Sjöberg whose controversial expressionistic book of poems Kriser och kransar (Crises and Wreaths) appeared in 1926. The anxiety-ridden poems was an unexpected contrast to Sjöberg's earlier success with the idyllic and popular Fridas visor (1922). Both Lagerkvist and Sjöberg had an influence on the modernist poets of the 1930s and 1940s.

Karin Boye was influenced by modernism and psychoanalysis. Boye is one of the most widely read poets in Sweden and is also known for the dystopic novel Kallocain (1940).

Proletarian literature
In 1929 Artur Lundkvist, Harry Martinson, Erik Asklund, Josef Kjellgren and Gustav Sandgren published the highly influential modernist poetry anthology Fem unga (Five Young Men).

Swedish agriculture had a system with labourers called statare, who were paid in kind only, with product and housing, comparable with the Anglo-Saxon truck system. Among the few people with this background who made an intellectual career were the writers Ivar Lo-Johansson, Moa Martinson and Jan Fridegård. Their works were important to the abolition of the system.

With works such as the novel Godnatt, jord (Goodnight, earth, 1933) that portrayed statare, Ivar Lo-Johansson became a dominating figure in Swedish proletarian literature. Moa Martinson's novels focused on poor women farm laborers and factory workers. An autobiographical novel series beginning with Mor gifter sig (My mother gets married, 1936) is widely read.

Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson developed the Swedish autobiograpichal novel with works such as Johnson's novel series Romanen om Olof (1934–1937) and Martinson's Flowering Nettles (1935). Johnson also took a stand against nazism in his novel trilogy Krilon (1941–1943) and wrote acclaimed historical novels. Martinson became known as one of Sweden's finest nature poets and in 1956 he published his poetic space epic Aniara. In 1974 Johnson and Martinson shared the Nobel Prize in Literature.

A well-known proletarian writer was Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973). He usually wrote about the lives of ordinary people and in particular the peasant population. Moberg's monumental work was published shortly after the Second World War: the four-volume The Emigrants series (1949–1959), about the Swedish emigration to North America. In this work, Moberg sentimentally depicted a 19th-century couple during their move to the New World; and the many struggles and difficulties they had to endure.

Bourgeois literature
Bourgeois literature in the 1930s was written by Agnes von Krusenstjerna, Olle Hedberg and Fritiof Nilsson Piraten. Krusenstjernas portrayal of her class in the Von Pahlen-series (1930–1935) resulted in a furious debate. Notable poets of the era was Johannes Edfelt, Hjalmar Gullberg and Nils Ferlin.

The 1940s and 1950s
In the 1940s modernist literature known as fyrtiotalism was typically pessimistic with recurring themes like anguish and guilt and the works became increasingly experimental. Stig Dagerman and novelist Lars Ahlin are the best known prose writers of this era while Erik Lindegren and Karl Vennberg were the leading poets. Some acclaimed female authors such as Stina Aronson, Ulla Isaksson and the poet Elsa Grave also appeared in the 1940s.

The literature of the 1950s continued some of the themes of the 1940s but became more ironic and playful with writers such as Lars Gyllensten, Willy Kyrklund and Lars Forssell. Birgitta Trotzig, a major modernist writer whose work focus on existential questions of a religions nature made her breakthrough with De utsatta (The Exposed) in 1957. Poets associated with the 1950s are Werner Aspenström who became one of the most widely read poets in Sweden and the highly influential Tomas Tranströmer who made his debut in 1954 with 17 dikter (17 Poems).

The 1960s and 1970s
In the 1960s a new socially critical literature emerged that often focused on global perspective and anti-war themes. Journalistic documentary books was a significant literary trend with writers such as Jan Myrdal, Sven Lindqvist and Per Wästberg. Sara Lidman, a celebrated novelist of the 1950s also turned to such political writing in the 1960s, but later returned to writing novels centred on life in a small village in northern Sweden. Authors such as Per Olof Sundman and Per Olov Enquist turned to pseudo-documentary novels. Enquist later had international success with the historical novel Livläkarens besök (1999, The Visit of the Royal Physician). Lars Gustafsson, best known for his partially autobiographical novel series Sprickorna i muren (1971–78; "The Cracks in the Wall"), railed against the bureaucratic Swedish welfare state in multilayered, often metafictional novels. P. C. Jersild mixed social realism with the fantastic. Sven Delblanc wrote a series of four acclaimed historical novels about his childhood region, depicting the rural Swedish society in an unidealized way. Per Anders Fogelström had huge success with a series of widely read historical novels that followed a working-class family in Stockholm from the 1860s to the 1960s, beginning with Mina drömmars stad (City of My Dreams, 1960).

Late 20th century
Göran Tunström's novels marked a return of the joy of storytelling after the political themes of the 1970s. His novels, rich of fantasy and humour and set in his home region Värmland, reached a highpoint with Juloratoriet (1983; The Christmas Oratorio). Torgny Lindgren is one of the internationally most successful Swedish writers. His novels, set in the remote countryside of northern Sweden often deals with questions of power, oppression, and the nature of evil, such as Ormens väg på hälleberget (1982; The Way of a Serpent). Another leading novelist of the 1970s to the 1990s was Kerstin Ekman.

Lars Norén who had debuted as a poet in the 1960s emerged as a celebrated dramatist. Stig Larsson was the leading postmodern writer. Kristina Lugn was an acclaimed poet and dramatist. Katarina Frostenson, Ann Jäderlund and Birgitta Lillpers revitalized poetry.

Klas Östergren had a major breakthrough with the novel Gentlemen in 1980. A prolific author of epic novels as well as short stories Östergren became regarded as one of the leading writers. Majgull Axelsson was noted for the novel Aprilhäxan (April Witch, 1997) that mixed social realism with magic realism. Autobiographical and confessional writing had an upswing with writers such as Agneta Pleijel, Ernst Brunner and Carina Rydberg. Peter Kihlgård, Sigrid Combüchen and Inger Edelfeldt appeared as other prolific prose writers.

Poetry

In the 1930s and 1940s, poetry was influenced by the ideals of modernism. Distinguishing features included the desire to experiment, and to try a variety of styles, usually free verse without rhyme or metre.

The leading modernist figure soon turned out to be Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961). He wrote many mystical and Christian-influenced collections, such as Andliga övningar (Spiritual Exercises, 1932) and others. After a poetical break 1942–1952, he resurfaced with a new style in the 1950s. Atheistic on the surface, it was influential for the younger generation.

Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968) has been described as Sweden's first surrealistic poet, due to his first poetry collection, the nihilistic Sent på jorden (1932), a work hardly understood by his contemporaries. But Ekelöf moved towards romanticism and with his second poetry collection Dedikationen in 1934 he became appreciated in wider circles. He continued to write until his old age, and was to attain a dominant position in Swedish poetry. His style has been described as heavy with symbolism and enigmatic, while at the same time tormented and ironical.

Another important modernist poet was Harry Martinson (1904–1978). Harry Martinson had an unparalleled feeling for nature, in the spirit of Linnaeus. As was typical for his generation, he wrote free verse, not bound by rhyme or syllable-count. He also wrote novels, a classic work being the partly autobiographical Flowering Nettles, in 1935. His most remarkable work was, however, Aniara, 1956, a story of a spaceship drifting through space.

Arguably the most famous Swedish poet of the 20th century is Tomas Tranströmer (1931–2015). His poetry is distinguished by a Christian mysticism, moving on the verge between dream and reality, the physical and the metaphysical. At the same time there in the Sixties developed a strong tradition influenced by the historical avant-garde, and the Swedish movement of concrete poetry became one of the three global representants for experimental poetry at this time, with representatives like Öyvind Fahlström (who seemingly published the first manifesto for concrete poetry in the world 1954: "Hätila ragulpr på fåtskliaben"), Åke Hodell, Bengt Emil Johnson, and Leif Nylén. In a reaction against the experimental Sixties one in the Seventies took up the beat-tradition from the US, in a continued avant-garde effort which resulted in little magazines publishing poetry, a stencil movement out of which one of Swedish main poets of today – Bruno K. Öijer – grow, and developed a lyrical performance with inspiration from Antonin Artaud's "Theatre of cruelty", rock'n'roll and the avant-garde performance.

Dan Andersson (born 6 April 1888 in Skattlösberg, Grangärde parish (in present-day Ludvika Municipality), Dalarna, Sweden, died 16 September 1920 in Stockholm) was a Swedish author and poet. He also set some of his own poems to music. Andersson married primary school teacher Olga Turesson, the sister of artist Gunnar Turesson, in 1918. A nom de plume he sometimes used was Black Jim. Andersson is counted among the Swedish proletarian authors, but his works are not limited to that genre.

Drama
Several writers of drama surfaced after World War II. In the 1950s, revues were popular; some names of the era were the comedians Povel Ramel and Kar de Mumma. The Hasse & Tage duo continued the comedic tradition in 1962 and became something of an institution in the Swedish revue world for twenty years, encompassing radio, television and film productions.

With the late 1960s came a breakthrough for alternative drama of a freer nature, and theatre became more of a venue for popular tastes. In the 1970s and 1980s, the two most noted playwrights were Lars Norén (1944–) and Per Olov Enquist (1934–2020).

Children's literature
In the 1930s a new awareness of children's needs emerged. This manifested itself shortly after World War II, when Astrid Lindgren published Pippi Longstocking in 1945. Pippi's rebellious behaviour at first sparked resistance among some defenders of cultural values, but eventually she was accepted, and with that children's literature was freed from the obligation to promote moralism.

Astrid Lindgren continued to publish many best-selling children's books which eventually made her the most read Swedish author, regardless of genre, with over 100 million copies printed throughout the world and translations into over 80 languages. In many other books Lindgren showed her fine understanding of children's thought and values; in The Brothers Lionheart about death, as well as a tale of bravery; in Mio, My Son, a fairy tale about friendship. But not all her stories had deep messages. Three books on Karlsson-on-the-Roof (1955, '62, '68) are about a short, chubby and mischievous man with a propeller on his back, who is befriended by a boy. Lindgren wrote twelve books about Emil of Maple Hills, a boy living in the Småland countryside in the early 1900s, who continuously gets intro trouble because of his pranks, yet in later life becomes a responsible and resourceful man, and the Chairman of the Municipality Council.

One of the few fantasy writers in Swedish literature apart from Lindgren was the Finnish writer Tove Jansson (1914–2001), who wrote, in the Swedish language, about the Moomins. The Moomins are trolls who live in an economically and politically independent state, without any materialistic concerns. The Moomins have appealed to people in many different countries and Jansson's books have been translated into over 30 languages.

Crime fiction
Before World War II, the Swedish detective novel was based on British and American models. After World War II, it developed in an independent direction. In the 1960s, Maj Sjöwall (1935–2020) and Per Wahlöö (1926–1975) collaborated to produce a series of internationally acclaimed detective novels about the detective Martin Beck. Other writers followed.

The most successful writer of Swedish detective novels is Henning Mankell (1948–2015), with his series on Kurt Wallander. They have been translated to 37 languages and have become bestsellers, particularly in Sweden and Germany. Mankell's detective stories have been widely praised for their sociological themes, examining the effects on a liberal culture of immigration, racism, neo-Nazism etc. Many of the stories have been filmed no less than three times, twice by Swedish companies and most recently in an English-language series starring Kenneth Branagh. But Mankell has also written several other acclaimed books, such as Comédia Infantil (1995), about an abandoned street boy in the city of Maputo.

Several other Swedish detective writers have become popular abroad, particularly in Germany; for example Liza Marklund (1962–), Håkan Nesser (1950–), Åsa Larsson, Arne Dahl, Leif G. W. Persson, Johan Theorin, Camilla Läckberg, Mari Jungstedt and Åke Edwardson. From 2004 and onwards, the deceased Stieg Larsson caused an international sensation with the Millennium Trilogy, continuing as a series with new novels being written by David Lagercrantz.

In the spy fiction genre, the most successful writer is Jan Guillou (1944–) and his best-selling books about the spy Carl Hamilton, many of which have also been filmed. Of Guillou's other works, the two most notable are his series on the Knight Templar Arn Magnusson and the semi-autobiographical novel with the metaphorical title Ondskan (The Evil).

Ballads
The Swedish ballad tradition had been initiated by Bellman in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, poetic songwriting fell into decline with the rise of university student choirs, until it was again revived in the 1890s. Poets increasingly continued the tradition of having their poetry set to music to give it a wider audience. In the early 1900s, a lot of poetry of the 90s poets Gustaf Fröding and Erik Axel Karlfeldt had been put to music.

Arguably the most renowned Swedish troubadour of the 20th century was however Evert Taube (1890–1976). He established himself as a performing artist in 1920 and toured Sweden for about three decades. He is best known for songs about sailors, ballads about Argentina, and songs about the Swedish countryside.

Between 1962 up until his death, the most highly regarded singer-songwriter in the Swedish ballad tradition was Dutch immigrant Cornelis Vreeswijk (1937–1987). Some of his songs were leftist protest songs where he took it upon himself to speak for society's underdogs but he himself hated to be called a protest singer. His musical universe was much broader and he was for instance heavily influenced by the rich Swedish literature. After his death, Vreeswijk also gained appreciation for his poetic qualities.

Literature in pop music lyrics
This literary period began in Sweden in the 1960s, influenced by artists from England and the U.S. At first, the literary quality in Swedish pop music was little more than an imitation of foreign models, and it took until the 1970s for an independent movement to emerge. In that decade, youth grassroots music reached unprecedented popularity, and opened the possibility for unestablished artists to have their music published. Because of the common political message these bands often presented, they are classified as Progg (short for "progressive"). While few Progg-artists actually produced anything worthwhile, there were some acts who stood out. Nationalteatern were significant because they were not only a musical group, but also theatre performers; and in the talented leftist artist Mikael Wiehe (1946–) of Hoola Bandoola Band, there was a renewal of Swedish ballad writing, in the direction of high quality proletarian lyrics.

One of the rebels of the 1970s was Ulf Lundell (1949–) who abandoned the grass root movement for rock 'n roll. In 1976, he broke through in literature with his debut novel Jack, a beatnik novel that came to represent a whole generation. While critics were not impressed, the novel sold in great numbers and is still appreciated by many.

Finland
The Swedish language is an official language in Finland, with approximately 5.6% of the population having it as their mother tongue. Hence Swedish language literature has a considerable following in Finland, with several well-known Swedish-speaking Finnish writers, such as Bo Carpelan, Christer Kihlman and Tove Jansson. Jansson, perhaps best known for her Moomin books for children, wrote novels and short stories for adults, including Sommarboken, (1972, The Summer Book).

Finland-Swedish literature emerged in the late 19th century. Karl August Tavaststjerna (1860–1898) is considered to be first Finland-Swedish author. In the early 20th century, Edith Södergran, Elmer Diktonius and Gunnar Björling appeared as prominent modernist poets that had a strong influence on Modernist Swedish literature. Contemporary novelists include Ulla-Lena Lundberg, Kjell Westö and Monika Fagerholm.

A cultural body representing such literature is the Society of Swedish Literature in Finland, which describes itself as "a versatile and future-oriented cultural institution of Finland-Swedish literature, culture and research." The Society is also a leading investor in the global equity and debt markets and a staunch defender of Finnish national interests, most recently against incursions by Swedish investors. This stance has caused some disquiet among Society members committed to the project of pan-Nordic literary appreciation.

21st century
Authors who have emerged in the 21st century include Sara Stridsberg, Jonas Hassen Khemiri, Lena Andersson, John Ajvide Lindqvist and Linda Boström Knausgård. Mikael Niemi and Fredrik Backman had international success with the bestselling novels Popular Music from Vittula and A Man Called Ove respectively. Several writers of crime fiction have had international success as part of the Nordic noir literary wave.

Nobel laureates
Swedish writers awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the year it was awarded to them:

 * Selma Lagerlöf, 1909 — "In appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"
 * Verner von Heidenstam, 1916 — "In recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"
 * Erik Axel Karlfeldt, 1931 — "For the poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt". The acceptance speech elaborates: " The Swede would say that we celebrate this poet because he represents our character with a style and a genuineness that we should like to be ours, and because he has sung with singular power and exquisite charm of the tradition of our people, of all the precious features which are the basis for our feeling for home and country in the shadow of the pine-covered mountains.".
 * Pär Lagerkvist, 1951 — "For the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"
 * Eyvind Johnson, 1974 (joint) — "For a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"
 * Harry Martinson, 1974 (joint) — "For writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"
 * Tomas Tranströmer, 2011 — "Because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"

Notes and references
All page number references to "Gustafson" are made to the Swedish language edition of his book.

 * Algulin, Ingemar, A History of Swedish Literature, published by the Swedish Institute, 1989. ISBN 91-520-0239-X
 * Gustafson, Alrik, Svenska litteraturens historia, 2 volums (Stockholm, 1963). First published as A History of Swedish Literature (American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1961).
 * Hägg, Göran, Den svenska litteraturhistorian (Centraltryckeriet AB, Borås, 1996)
 * Lönnroth, L., Delblanc S., Göransson, S. Den svenska litteraturen (ed.), 3 volumes (1999)
 * Olsson, B., Algulin, I., et al, Litteraturens historia i Sverige (2009), ISBN 978-91-1-302268-0
 * Warburg, Karl, Svensk Litteraturhistoria i Sammandrag (1904), p. 57 (https://runeberg.org/svlihist/ Online link], provided by Project Runeberg). This book is rather old, but it was written for schools and is probably factually correct. However, its focal point differs from current-day books.
 * Nationalencyklopedin, article svenska
 * Swedish Institute website, accessed 17 October 2006
 * Tigerstedt, E.N., Svensk litteraturhistoria (Tryckindustri AB, Solna, 1971)

title: Swedish literature


text:
Darcy

Darcy, Darci or Darcey may refer to:

Science

 * Darcy's law, which describes the flow of a fluid through porous material
 * Darcy (unit), a unit of permeability of fluids in porous material
 * Darcy friction factor in the field of fluid mechanics
 * Darcy–Weisbach equation used in hydraulics for calculation of the head loss due to friction

People

 * Darcy (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name)

Men

 * Darci Afonso Jacobi Júnior (born 1979), Brazilian footballer
 * Darcy Blake (born 1988), Welsh footballer
 * Darcy Dallas (born 1972), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
 * Darcy Cameron (born 1995), Australian rules footballer
 * Darcy Daniher (born 1989), Australian rules footballer
 * Darci Frigo, Brazilian activist
 * Darcy Furber, Canadian politician
 * Darcy Gardiner (born 1995), Australian rules footballer
 * Darcy Hordichuk (born 1980), professional ice hockey player
 * Darcy Kuemper (born 1990), professional ice hockey player
 * Darcy Lang (born 1995), Australian rules footballer
 * Darcy Lear (1898–1967), Australian rules footballer
 * Darcy Lussick (born 1989), Australian rugby league player
 * Darcy McDougall (1886–1952), Australian rules footballer
 * Darci Menezes (born 1949), Brazilian footballer
 * Darcy Moore (born 1996), Australian rules footballer
 * Darci Luiz Simon (born 1966), Brazilian footballer
 * Darci Miguel Monteiro (1968-2018), Brazilian footballer
 * Darcy Ribeiro, (1922–1997), Brazilian anthropologist and politician
 * Darcy Tucker (born 1975), professional ice hockey player

Women

 * Darcey Bussell (born 1969), English ballerina
 * Darci Lynne (born 2004), American singing ventriloquist
 * Darci Kistler (born 1964), American ballet dancer
 * Darcy LaPier (born 1965), American actress
 * Darcy Sterling (born 1969), American actress

Fictional characters

 * Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, from Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice
 * Mark Darcy, from Helen Fielding's novel Bridget Jones's Diary
 * Lord Darcy (character), a detective created by Randall Garrett
 * Diane Darcy, racing car driver, in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo
 * Darcy Edwards, student on Degrassi: The Next Generation
 * Darcy (Winx club), a witch from animated series Winx Club
 * Darcy Doll, an android companion created by the Toyman in Superman: The Animated Series
 * Darcy Hudson, a character in the Australian drama series A Country Practice
 * Darcy Lewis, a character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe
 * Darcy Wu, the nickname used by The Core when possessing Marcy Wu in the television series Amphibia
 * Darcy, a tunnel-boring driller in the British educational TV show Thomas & Friends and its reboot, Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go!

Other uses

 * Darcy v. Allein, the first court case to result in a judgement against monopoly
 * Darci, a doll in the Groovy Girls line

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Darcy


text: User talk:212.201.55.6

title: User talk:212.201.55.6


text:
User:Chrille~enwiki

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User:Chrille~enwiki


text:
User:Demi/Notability

Definition
To me, notable means something which is known outside of a narrow interest group or constituency, or should be because of its particular importance or impact. It's an extension of the notion of "notoriety" for biographical articles.

Justification
I've heard it argued that "notability" is not a criterion for deletion, because (among other things) this isn't specifically stated in the Deletion policy; and since Wikipedia is not paper with (in theory) no size limits, there's no reason we shouldn't include "everything" that fits in with our other criteria, such as verifiability and no original research. In other words, a subject's perceived "importance" or "fame" is no criterion for deletion or inclusion.

I propose that notability, while directly pertaining to importance and fame, is also a useful surrogate for the notions of verifiability and original research, since those, in turn, go hand-in-hand with notability--at least, by my definition.

Since Wikipedia is not a primary or secondary source, much less a vehicle for publication of direct observation, non-notable subjects do not belong in it. Inclusionists have said, "Why not write an article on your next door neighbor's dog, as long as it's verifiable and NPOV?" Well, for one, because it's original research--your direct observations of the dog. If the dog appears in a reputable publication, that's another story.

Notability also speaks to verifiability. There is a level of ease with which facts can be checked that must be maintained in order to be verifiable in a practical sense: theoretical verifiability isn't enough. Your garage band in Seattle may consist of Mike, Jeff, Scott and Mike, and that may theoretically be verifiable (if I traveled to Seattle); but that's not enough. I need to be able to look it up in a book, or on the web or something. And not just any source: blogs, zines, e-zines, stuff you printed up, CDs you recorded yourself, etc. don't count as "sources."

And a single source isn't really enough. No context or comparison is possible with a single source. The standard could apply to things which are public record (after all, many of us have birth certificates but that doesn't make us notable) or are mentioned once or twice in public works. Notable subjects will provide a choice of sources--even if only one is cited to begin with, future editors have the opportunity to counter, compare and revise according to information in other sources. Without this choice of sources, this isn't possible. (It's also a principal reason why Wikipedia is not a reference to fictional worlds).

Edge cases and precedents
I'm not convinced by the argument that if a line (such as a line for notability for some particular class of subjects) is ambiguous or hard to draw, then it's not worth having a line. Drawing these lines is precisely why we have mechanisms like VFD; I think the wrangling Wikipedia-style process for drawing ambiguous limits gives good results. My own policy is that edge cases (as I perceive them--that is, subjects which are edge cases to me) stay. When in doubt, don't delete.

I find it even less convincing to argue "if we can have an article on... then we can have this." First, just because you make a mistake once does not mean you are doomed to make the same mistake again and again for the sake of consistency. Second, I don't really see any value in consistency for its own sake.

Deletion
"Deletion" is an unfortunate term. Deletion and transwiki-ing are the same thing, and they mean "this information doesn't belong here, because this is an encyclopedia." That doesn't mean it doesn't belong somewhere else. We say transwiki because Wikimedia hosts other projects, and so we can say (at the same time that something is deleted) that it belongs somewhere else, because we know something about those other places.

Deletion is a charged word that makes it sound like I want to destroy information. I prefer "exclusion." If I vote delete it doesn't necessarily mean I think the information shouldn't exist; just that it doesn't belong here and I don't (within the context of this project and its sisters) know where it should go.

title: User:Demi/Notability


text:
User talk:Atso Eerikainen

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Eagleamn 05:40, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Re your own article
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- Eagleamn 06:00, 16 December 2005 (UTC) PS: If you have a dispute regarding the vote, go to its page and add your comments, but do not remove the tag.

title: User talk:Atso Eerikainen


text:
Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences

The Marianna Brown Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences (Dietrich College) is the liberal and professional studies college and the second-largest academic unit by enrollment (after the Carnegie Mellon College of Engineering) at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. The college emphasizes study through rigorous analysis and technology of the behaviors, institutions, and beliefs that constitute the human experience, describing itself as “not an ordinary liberal arts school.” The college was named for Marianna Brown Dietrich, the mother of philanthropist William S. Dietrich II, after his donation of $265 million to the university in 2011 – the largest single donation in Carnegie Mellon history.

The Dietrich College offers more than 60 majors and minors through its academic departments and specialized degree programs.

About the Dietrich College
The College of Humanities and Social Sciences admitted its first freshman class in 1969, following the announcement of the pending closure of the Margaret Morrison Carnegie College, although roots of the college can be traced to the Division of Applied Psychology, founded in 1915 and led by Walter Van Dyke Bingham and Walter Dill Scott as the first research-oriented department within Carnegie Mellon. The administrative offices of the Dietrich College are located in Baker Hall. Most of the classes offered by the Dietrich College are held in Baker Hall and Porter Hall, but some classes, particularly the smaller recitation classes, are held in various locations throughout the campus. All undergraduate students at Carnegie Mellon are required to take several Dietrich classes (at least two, but usually more) as part of their program's General Education requirements. Dietrich College's general education program has been called "the most creative general education program of any American university" by The New York Times. The founding Dean of the Dietrich College was Erwin Steinberg. Past deans include John Patrick Crecine, Stephen Fienberg, Joel A. Tarr, Peter Stearns, and John P. Lehoczky. The current Dean is Professor of Philosophy Richard Scheines, who began his term on July 1, 2014. In December 2014, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation awarded the Dietrich College a $2 million grant to develop training in digital humanities for Ph.D. students in the departments of English, History, Philosophy, and Modern Languages.

On September 7, 2011, William S. Dietrich II, the former chairman of Dietrich Industries, Inc., a subsidiary of Worthington Industries, Inc., pledged a gift of $265 million. In response to this gift, Carnegie Mellon renamed the College of Humanities and Social Sciences to the Marianna Brown Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences after William Dietrich's mother.

Departments and programs
Dietrich College manages seven departments, one institute, one center, and four interdisciplinary programs.

Areas of study
Undergraduates can earn a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science in the following fields of study. Additional majors and minors are available in most fields as well. Graduate programs at the master's and doctorate levels are also available through the college. In addition, undergraduate students can define their own major through consultation with their academic advisor.

Jointly administered undergraduate degree programs
The Dietrich College jointly administers the Bachelor of Humanities and Arts (BHA) and Science and Humanities Scholars (SHS) degree programs with the College of Fine Arts and the Mellon College of Science, respectively.

Pre-professional advising
The office of Carnegie Mellon's Pre-law Advising Program is located in the Dietrich College Academic Advisory Center in Baker Hall. Because it is a university program, all interested undergraduate students of the university are welcome to make use of the services offered by the program. Similarly, all interested students of the university, not just science students, can meet with the advisor for the Health Professions Program, located in Doherty Hall.

Rankings
Several of the Dietrich College's graduate programs have been ranked in national and international surveys. U.S. News & World Report national rankings for graduate programs place the college's program in economics at 20th, English 51st, history 44th, statistics 8th, and psychology 17th. The graduate program in cognitive psychology is especially highly ranked at 5th in the country.

The 2020 Times Higher Education Supplement world university rankings placed Dietrich College at 55th in social sciences and 60th for arts and humanities.

Research
The Dietrich College has particular strengths in the interdisciplinary fields of cognitive science, decision science, logic, rational choice, technical writing, history and policy, and cognitive neuroscience.


text: User talk:137.163.21.53

title: User talk:137.163.21.53


text: User talk:84.66.95.175

title: User talk:84.66.95.175


text: User talk:202.124.40.26

title: User talk:202.124.40.26


text:
Injured list

In Major League Baseball (MLB), the injured list (IL) is a method for teams to remove their injured players from the roster in order to summon healthy players. Before the 2019 season, it was known as the disabled list (DL).

General guidelines
Players are placed on the 10-day/15-day injured list or the 60-day injured list, usually depending on the severity and/or recovery time of the injury. By rule, position players must spend a minimum of 10 days on the injured list while pitchers must spend a minimum of 15 days on the IL. The 15-day period was the standard for all players prior to 2017 when the period was shortened to 10 days. The minimum period was restored to 15 days for pitchers for the 2020 season, though the full implementation of the rule was pushed back to May 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Placing a player on the injured list opens a spot on the active roster. Another player from the minor leagues, free agent pool, a traded player, or a recovered player coming off the injured list may be used to fill this spot. This allows a team to avoid the disadvantage of playing with an incapacitated player on the bench.

A player on the 10-day/15-day injured list does not count toward the active roster, but does keep that player as part of the team's expanded 40-man roster, whereas a player on the 60-day injured list does not count towards either the team's active roster or its 40-man roster; however, a team's 40-man roster must be full in order for the option of a placement on the 60-day injured list to be available. A player may be shifted from the 10-day/15-day injured list to the 60-day injured list at any time, but not vice versa.

The rule about rejoining the active roster only applies to eligibility to play in a game. Players are permitted to stay with the team and attend games, though players may leave the team to focus on treatment, to avoid traveling with the team on a road trip, or for short term minor-league rehabilitation assignments to prepare for their return to the active roster.

Alternatively, instead of placing a slightly injured player on the injured list, a team may elect to keep him on the roster but list him as 'day-to-day' to indicate that the medical staff is unable to determine when the player can resume full playing activities. If the injury turns out to be minor, then the player may resume playing immediately without having to serve the minimum term on the injured list. This also allows a valuable, slightly injured player to continue to contribute in a limited role, such as pinch hitting. However, depending upon the circumstances, the team may find itself effectively shorthanded in the meantime.

Retroactive placement on the IL may be made a maximum of three days before the player is placed on the IL so long as he has not appeared in a game since the retroactive date. This allows a club to defer the decision to place a player on the injured list until more information can be learned about the extent and impact of the injury.

Starting with the 2011 season, Major League Baseball instituted a new, shorter injured list: a 7-day injured list specifically for concussions. The idea is to prevent long-term brain damage which may take up to seven days by current standards, without having to serve the minimum duration (10 days or 15 days) on the regular IL. A player who remains on the concussion injured list for an extended duration is automatically transferred to the 10-day/15-day injured list as applicable.

Players recovering from an injury may appear in a limited number of minor-league games while still on the injured list in order to prepare for reactivation. Pitchers may play on a minor-league club for up to 30 days; position players for up to 20 days.

Paternity list
Also in 2011, Major League Baseball instituted a paternity list. This allows a team to replace a player who is an expectant father for 1–3 days on the roster to be available for the birth of his child.

Bereavement list
A player may be placed on the bereavement list upon attending to a seriously ill member in the player's immediate family or to a death in the family. The bereavement list may span from a minimum of three to a maximum of seven games. Umpiring's bereavement list for death in the immediate family may span up to a full season.

Minor League Baseball
Minor League Baseball uses a 7-day injured list, with players on this list counting toward a parent major league club's domestic reserve list limit, as well as 60-day and full-season injured lists, players on which do not count against a major league team's domestic reserve list limit. Players who are on the 40-man roster but become injured while on optional assignment with a minor league team are placed on the minor league IL, but not on the major league IL. One problem this poses is that a player who is injured in the minors and who would be placed on the major league 60-day IL cannot be placed on the 60-day, meaning the 40-man roster spot is not freed up. The exception to this would be if a team recalled the player and immediately put the player on the Major League 60-day IL. This would free up the 40-man roster spot, but in exchange the player would accumulate service time and a Major League salary he would not otherwise receive if on the Minor League IL.

A free roster spot on an MLB club can be strategically valuable, leading to occasional creative use of injured lists by MLB teams and their minor league affiliates (similar to teams strategically appealing or dropping an appeal of a disciplinary suspension, in order align the timing of the sentence to optimize player contribution). Poor performing, slightly injured players might be put on the IL to be assigned to the minors for rehab, when the MLB club might really want them reassigned primarily because of performance, but might not otherwise be able to reassign them due to service time, lack of options, contract stipulations, etc. The Collective Bargaining Agreement between the players and the league contains rules against blatantly "gaming the system."

Development list
Minor League Baseball also has a development list, which does not exist in MLB. Players may only be placed on this list for development or conditioning reasons, not for injury rehabilitation or disciplinary reasons. Such players cannot compete in games, but can remain with the team and can optionally act as a bullpen catcher, batting practice pitcher, or coach. Players must be placed on this list for a minimum of seven days.

History
The term "disabled list" was used as far back as 1887, and was common terminology in MLB for over 100 years until being changed to the current "injured list" prior to the 2019 season. The name was changed after MLB was requested to do so by disability advocates, and also allows the term to be consistent with other professional sports that use an "injured reserve list". Players on the "injured list" are not necessarily injured, some being ill or unable to play for other reasons.

The categories and variety of disabled lists have changed numerous times over the years. The 15-day disabled list was introduced in 1966, joining 10-day, 21-day and 30-day options, and the 60-day disabled list in 1990. Prior to 1990, the number of players who could be placed on each list was limited, players with major league contracts were not allowed to go to the minor leagues for rehabilitation, and there was less flexibility about when they could return to action. The 10-day disabled list was dropped in 1984 but restored for the 2017 season (replacing the 15-day option), and the 21-day and 30-day options were dropped in 1990 with the introduction of the 60-day disabled list.

title: Injured list


text:
User talk:Fritz9000

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 07:42, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Fritz9000


text: User talk:195.250.188.62

title: User talk:195.250.188.62


text:
Great Wall of China hoax

The Great Wall of China hoax was a faked newspaper story concocted on June 25, 1899 by four reporters in Denver, Colorado about bids by American businesses on a contract to demolish the Great Wall of China and construct a road in its place. The story was reprinted by a number of newspapers.

In 1939, an urban legend began when Denver songwriter Harry Lee Wilber claimed in a magazine article that the 1899 hoax had ignited the Boxer Rebellion of 1900. The radio commentators Paul Harvey and Dwight Sands perpetuated the legend. Variations have been incorporated into sermons about "the power of the tongue," a morality tale used by preachers to highlight the consequences of lying.

In fact, however, there was never any such connection, and Boxer activity intensified in response to the German invasion in Shandong during March 1899—before the hoax was invented. No Chinese history reference relates the hoax to the Boxer Rebellion.

The cultural historian Carlos Rojas comments that the original hoax being perpetuated by a second hoax, a "metahoax," illustrates the ability of the Great Wall to "mean radically different things in different contexts."

Background
The hoax was created at the height of imperialism during late 19th Century. In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease for the New Territories, extending the Hong Kong colony that had been ceded in 1841. Britain also sent a fleet into the Bohai Sea and forced the Chinese to lease Weihaiwei. Germany seized the Chinese port of Qingdao and used it for a military base. The French leased Guangzhouwan from China. Also, in the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan defeated China. Xenophobia in China was widespread.

Beginning
The hoax began with four Denver newspaper reporters, Al Stevens, Jack Tournay, John Lewis, and Hal Wilshire, who represented the four Denver newspapers—the Post, the Republican, the Times, and the Rocky Mountain News. The four met by chance at Denver Union Station where each were waiting in hopes of spotting someone of prominence who could become a subject for a news story. Seeing no celebrities and frustrated with no story in sight and deadlines due, Stevens remarked, "I don't know what you guys are going to do, but I'm going to fake it. It won't hurt anybody, so what the Devil." The other three men agreed to concoct a story and walked on 17th Street toward the Oxford Hotel to discuss possible ideas.

Some stories, such as New York detectives tracking kidnappers of a rich heiress or the creation of a powerful company that would compete with the equally powerful Colorado Fuel and Iron Company were ruled out, as stories set in the United States were more likely to be checked and verified. The reporters then began running through countries such as Germany, Russia, and Japan until one of the reporters suggested China. John Lewis grew excited and exclaimed, "That's it, the Great Wall of China! Must be 50 years since that old pile's been in the news. Let's build our story around it. Let's do the Chinese a real favor. Let's tear the old pile down!"

The four reporters concocted a story in which the Chinese planned to demolish the Great Wall, constructing a road in its place, and were taking bids from American companies for the project. Chicago engineer Frank C. Lewis was bidding for the job. The story described a group of engineers in a Denver stopover on their way to China.

Although one of the reporters worried about the consequences of such an invented story, he was eventually overruled by the other reporters. Leaving the Oxford Bar, they went to the Windsor Hotel, signed four fictitious names to the register and told the desk clerk to say to anyone who asked that reporters had interviewed four men before they left for California.

The reporters swore they would stick to this story as fact as long as any of the others were still alive. The next day, all four major Denver newspapers, the Times, Post, Republican, and Rocky Mountain News featured the fabricated tale on their front pages. In the Times, as well as the other three papers, this was a typical headline:

"Great Chinese Wall Doomed! Peking Seeks World Trade!"

Although the Denver papers dropped the story after a few days, the story did not die. Two weeks after the Denver headlines, John Lewis noticed that a large Eastern U.S. newspaper had picked up the story and included information not even in the original story. This newspaper included quotes from a Chinese mandarin confirming the story, with illustrations and comments about the tearing down of the wall. Eventually the story spread to newspapers all across the country and then into Europe. Although the story developed into different versions, the essence remained: Americans were going to China to tear down the Great Wall.

Ten years later, the last surviving reporter of the hoax, Hal Wilshire, confessed the secret.

Harry Lee Wilber
The alleged Boxer Rebellion connection originated many years later with Denver songwriter Harry Lee Wilber (1875–1946). Wilber embellished the original tale when he wrote an article "A Fake That Rocked the World," for the North American Review in 1939. Wilber's article claimed that when the "pure canard" reached China, the newspapers there published it with "shouting headlines" and the Boxers, "already incensed, believed the yarn" and "all hell broke loose."

Wilber's article was reprinted 17 years later in Great Hoaxes of All Time (1956), edited by Robert Medill McBride and Neil Pritchie. Wilber, who composed the music for "Back to Dear Old Denver Town" (1912), was the first manager of the Fox Fullerton Theater (Fullerton, California) after it was constructed in 1924–25. The legend was also told in More of Paul Harvey's The Rest of the Story (1981).

Legacy
In 2012, the Denver Theater Center presented "The Great Wall Story," a play by Lloyd Suh, based on the incident.

title: Great Wall of China hoax


text:
Venus and the Seven Sexes

"Venus and the Seven Sexes" is a science fiction story by American writer William Tenn. It was first published in the anthology The Girl with the Hungry Eyes, and Other Stories (Avon Publishing) in 1949, and then in 1953 in the anthology Science-Fiction Carnival by Fredric Brown and Mack Reynolds (Shasta Publishers).

The story was reprinted in 1968 in The Seven Sexes, an anthology of William Tenn's short stories published by Ballantine Books. It also appeared in the 2001 anthology of William Tenn's works titled Immodest Proposals, published by NESFA Press.

Plot
On the planet Venus, the native Plookhs are a delicacy eaten by the many ravenous carnivores on the planet, so delicious that even herbivores will take time to eat them. In order to survive, the Plookh reproduce with the participation of seven different sexes, ensuring constant mixing of their genes. The story is narrated by a nzred, one of the sexes, describing his past glories to his children.

Years after first contact, human "bottle-conjugating" film director Hogan Shlestertrap arrives on Venus. A nzred, shafalon, is assigned to meet with him. Considering the posting to be punishment for a failed movie, Shlestertrap intends to make an epic that will make him powerful in Hollywood once again. As the nzred describes the Plookh's complex reproduction, Shlestertrap decides to produce a love story, "Srob meets mlenb, tkan loses guur, flin gets blap".

He sends shafalon off to collect the most beautiful among the race to form the cast. The movie is quickly made with the help of robot servants and a computerized score. In the film, which shafalon notes includes the senses of sound, sight and smell, but not brotch or griggo, the guur leaves the family in a huff before rejoining it just in time to attack and kill a great spotted snake. All ends happily with a new brood.

In order to illustrate to his superiors that he is indeed working as a cultural helper, and not self-serving, Shlestertrap gives shafalon three projectors and tells him to travel the world and show the film to Plookh far and wide. Plookh civilization is nearly destroyed. As the Plookh view the instructions on how to reproduce, prepared for them by the vastly superior humans, the Plookh are slaughtered as they attack the snakes. One snake eats so many families that he can no longer move, leading to a new system in which families attack en masse and smother the snakes with their bodies, leaving remnants that can form at least one family.

Budget cuts lead to Shlestertrap being recalled to Earth, but before he leaves he gives shafalon a new film, constructed entirely of bits of the original, a technique he calls "The Old Switcheroo". In this version, it is the other six sexes that leave and the guur arrives just in time to save them from the snake. The Plookh are mystified at first, but the guur eventually conclude that the first version shows the Plookh living in civilization and the second, barbarity. The other sexes draw their own conclusions, and a schism develops. The narrator concludes the only solution is to give up on the multiple-sexes reproductive system entirely.

Reception
Don D'Ammassa has described it as "quite funny", while Nick Gevers considered it to be a "scathing [analysis] of militarism and cargo-cult culture possessing great bite even now". Io9 called it "off-kilter" and "humorous. Inc. editor George Gendron has compared the Plookh reproductive cycle to the difficulties of running a startup.

title: Venus and the Seven Sexes


text: User talk:128.122.89.57

title: User talk:128.122.89.57


text: Category:272 deaths

title: Category:272 deaths


text: Category:241 deaths

title: Category:241 deaths


text:
Calgary East

Calgary East was a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1917 to 1953, 1979 to 1988, from 1997 to 2015. It was a lower income urban riding in Calgary, with a sizable visible minority population.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, this riding will be restored at the first election held after April 22, 2024. It will be created out of Calgary Forest Lawn south of 16 Ave NE plus part of Vista Heights, and part of Calgary Shepard north of a line following 130 Ave SE to 52 St SE to Glenmore Trail.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Languages: 70.3% English, 5.3% Tagalog, 4.1% Vietnamese, 2.7% Arabic, 2.0% Spanish, 1.8% French, 1.4% Cantonese, 1.2% Tigrigna

Religions: 48.2% Christian (23.2% Catholic, 2.9% United Church, 2.3% Christian Orthodox, 1.8% Anglican, 1.2% Pentecostal, 1.1% Lutheran, 1.0% Baptist, 14.7% Other), 37.1% No religion, 8.5% Muslim, 3.6% Buddhist

Median income: $38,400 (2020)

Average income: $46,880 (2020)

History
This riding was originally created in 1914 as East Calgary from the electoral districts of Calgary and Macleod. The riding's name was changed in 1924 to Calgary East.

It was abolished in 1952 when its territory was redistributed between Calgary North, Calgary South, and Macleod, with a small section going to Bow River.

It was re-created in 1976 from parts of Calgary North, Calgary South, and Palliser ridings.

It was again abolished in 1987 when its territory was redistributed between Calgary Centre, Calgary Northeast, Calgary Southeast, Calgary Southwest, and Crowfoot ridings.

This electoral district was again created in 1996 from the ridings of Calgary Centre, Calgary Northeast, Calgary Southeast, and Wild Rose.

In 2013, Calgary East was abolished a third time. Most of the riding became part of Calgary Forest Lawn, with smaller portions transferred to Calgary Shepard and Calgary Centre.

This electoral district was created for a fourth time in 2023 from the ridings of Calgary Forest Lawn, and Calgary Shepard.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Calgary East, 1997 - 2015
Total number of votes:

Note: Conservative vote is compared to total of Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to Reform vote in 1997.

Calgary East, 1925 - 1952
Note: Progressive Conservative vote is compared to National Government vote in 1940.

Note: National Government vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1940.

title: Calgary East


text:
Talk:Muhammad XII of Granada

Scope of word "Boabdil"
Although he is referred to as "Boabdil" in Spanish the word itself is a Spanish "corruption" and not a "rendering", this is a mis-statement. Moughera (talk) 12:21, 25 August 2019 (UTC)

Untitled
The place where Boabdil turned to look at his beloved Granada for the last time is actually called "El Suspiro del Moro" (the sigh of the Mooor)

David Santamaria, 20-Apr-05

Question : there is a question about the place of his death and resting place. His grave is said by the inhabitants of Tlemcen (Algeria) and Fes (Marocco) to be in their respective cities. In Tlemcen, the gravestone is said to have been taken by the french in Tlemcen (1847) and sent to the international exhibition in Paris (1898) where it would have misteriously disappeard (source : Mr. El Hassar Bénali). Does anybody knows something about this controversy ? We lack so much sources about the life of Muhammad XII of Gharnata...

Jibrîl 09-apr-2006

Date of Death?

The article starts by listing his lifespan as:

 (1460?–1527)

But later on says:

... but he soon crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to Fez, where he died in 1533.

--Aapold 01:50, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Aixa and Ferdinand: Sources?
I'm trying to find sources for this union, or even the existence of Aixa, and haven't yet found anything but links back to other Wikipedia articles. The footnote here is not to a reliable source, but to someone's blog entry. Given that Boabdil's life has been highly mythologized, it wouldn't surprise me that Aixa is another legend, though not one than I can source at all.

- Eileen R 161.184.107.221 (talk) 03:24, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Usage of "Spain"
Given the period described, perhaps "Spain" should be replaced by the names of the relevant political entities (Catholic Monarchs, Kingdom of Aragon, Kingdom of Castile) or geographic denominations (Iberia, Southern Iberia, Iberian Peninsula and so forth) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.124.65.6 (talk) 13:00, 11 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Someone once told me that the reason Wikipedia uses modern names instead of contemporary names is because of WP:ASTONISH, but I haven't found the rule confirming it, but the editor in question wouldn't stop reverting my edits in the name of this rule when I used contemporary names in another article so I'd say that there is a reason why modern names are used.
 * Sincerely, --86.81.201.94 (talk) 22:15, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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XI?
Is the numbering XI or XII? Seeing multiple sources which list him at XI (e.g. Collins English Dictionary and Larousse). Gotitbro (talk) 14:40, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Omitting "of Granada"
Was Boabdil really the only Muhammad XII? Because the latter title seems a bit ambiguous. Snowstormfigorion (talk) 11:43, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Despite the many monarchs named Muhammad, I can't seem to find another "Muhammad XII", at least not one that is notable enough to come up in searches (and thus this might be the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for that name either way). Even in Bosworth's fairly thorough "New Islamic Dynasties", he appears to be the only one. As stated, WP:NCROY would seem to apply here: "Only use a territorial designation (e.g. country) when disambiguation is needed." R Prazeres (talk) 17:14, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

 * If that's the case, then I suppose. Snowstormfigorion (talk) 17:38, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

 * The guideline is disputed: see Requests for comment/Titles of European monarchs. I would not remove "of Granada". Srnec (talk) 15:18, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

Infobox image
@Snowstormfigorion: on what basis are you claiming that this image is a "later copy"? The new file actually has a source with background information on the painting, unlike the other file. Perhaps @Saguescabe can comment if they know anything more. Even if it were a copy, what difference does it make when it's clearly a higher quality image of exactly the same thing? R Prazeres (talk) 16:50, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The current painting was definitely made prior, which is made clear and elaborated on the image's talk page on Commons, thus the other is a later copy; also the original's quality is sufficient and is by no means subpar. It's also the most well known and most associated painting with Muhammad XII and what the readers would expect to see, in contrast to the other image. Snowstormfigorion (talk) 17:24, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * What is said on the Commons talk page says is that this is a 19th-century engraving based on an older oil painting. We now have sources describing this as a 17th-century oil painting. Unless  (who wrote the explanation at the Commons talk page) can clarify otherwise, this would appear to be the original painting. So it's the other way around, the black-and-white image is a much later copy in a different medium from the original. R Prazeres (talk) 17:49, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Also, File:El_rey_chico_de_Granada.jpg was uploaded from here, source which also gives the date as being of 17th century and that it's from a private collection.
 * If you see the file's talk page, you will see that the painting belonged to Count Anatoly Demidov's collection until it was sold as lot 208 in Collections de San Donato in 1870, and the date was erroneously given as being 15th century. His collection was dispersed in Paris between 1863 and 1870, where Hôtel Drouot is located. It was purchased by the Marquis of San Carlos, and was probably resold until the Countess of Paris, which is mentioned on Drouot website, sold her collection and this painting to auction. It is also said that it was on a private collection, on 16 September 2023. This was published on 21 September. So I'm sure this is the original painting. Saguescabe (talk) 18:24, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I guess I skimmed through that seeing that I was basing this on the "Spanish School, 15th century" listing date on the file's description template. Although, R Prazeres, what you mentioned I should've made clear above; which is that this needs more clarification as it's not backed by any sources, thus, it's not evident which of the paintings came first. Regardless, as stated, the fact that the current painting is the most widely associated with Muhammad XII is the foremost in this. Snowstormfigorion (talk) 18:30, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I understood your last reply. It is obvious from the sources given above that the image uploaded by Saguescabe is the original painting in question, or certainly more verifiable in its origin. There is no basis for claiming the black-and-white image is older or "most widely associated" with Muhammad XII, because Wikipedia is not a reliable source and there is nothing outside the Wiki Commons description to support this, which is certainly an editor's mistake and should be ignored as unverifiable. (It's highly implausible that any version of the image dates to the 15th century either way.) A 17th-century full-colour oil painting is clearly not based on a black-and-white engraving. Saguescabe's image should be restored, and I am sure that the wider community would agree if we these are the two options available.
 * Alternatively, since no contemporary depiction of the person is available, we could remove the infobox image altogether (e.g. compare with featured articles Muhammad II of Granada, Muhammad III of Granada, Ismail I of Granada). The oil painting could be included further below in the article instead (while removing one of the other non-contemporary paintings if needed). Optionally, we could move the image of the coin to the infobox instead, which is a common choice for other pre-modern Islamic rulers (e.g. Yusuf I of Granada, Muhammad V of Granada, Harun al-Rashid, al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, etc). R Prazeres (talk) 22:32, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I would like to add a comment, I ended up finding an entire book (I haven't read the it yet), about the "true portrait" of him, said to date back to the 15th century (La batalla de Lucena y el verdadero retrato de Boabdil, estudio historico-artístico). It depicts him imprisoned with a crown, it has similarities with the oil portrait, which seems to have been inspired by this one, and this one really seems to have been made prior. I think it would be a better alternative between these two, or if not, a coin from his reign. Saguescabe (talk) 01:06, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * haven't read it yet* Saguescabe (talk) 01:07, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Prazeres, the painting's association with Muhammad XII predates its presence on Commons and Wikipedia, with it being repeatedly used more than any other portrait in historical texts, academic publications, and other reputable sources. And again, which of the paintings came first cannot be definitively proven; also, both are historical paintings of the subject, which of the two we simply have more sources for is impertinent, and the assertion that other painting is "clearly not based on a black-and-white engraving" is erroneous; as oil paintings that are recreations or based on other forms of work though uncommon have existed throughout history. Again and as stated, the current painting's use in representation of the subject in academic contexts far surpasses the other. Snowstormfigorion (talk) 13:54, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Re: "Historical texts, academic publications, and other reputable sources": what sources? Please provide them. R Prazeres (talk) 17:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

The current caption calls the image both an engraving and a painting. This does not inspire confidence. I would restore the oil painting. The title at the top of the engraving would seem to indicate it is of a painting. I suppose the oil painting could be a recreationg based on an engraving, but then what reason is there to prefer the engraving over the painting if it all goes back to a lost painting? Srnec (talk) 15:17, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Still waiting, but unless @Snowstormfigorion produces evidence to support their last statement above, then it seems there's no support for keeping the black-and-white image. R Prazeres (talk) 22:02, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Every source I've looked into uses the current portrait, with a minority using the one with subject in a crown. Thus, the first criterion of MOS:LEADIMAGE, which states that "Lead images should be natural and appropriate representations of the topic; they should not only illustrate the topic specifically, but also be the type of image used for similar purposes in high-quality reference works, and therefore what our readers will expect to see.", applies here. Though–on a merely representational level–of all the portraits of Muhammad XII, using one of him with bloodshot eyes should be a last approach; I'd even go on to say that the MOS's "appropriate representation" could be argued on this. Snowstormfigorion (talk) 16:12, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * You haven't answered my question: what sources? R Prazeres (talk) 16:29, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Every source on the matter that uses any sort of visual representation? See Google Books, WorldCat, etc.; are there any that use the previous image? Snowstormfigorion (talk) 16:14, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * What the hell are you talking about? Our entire discussion was about two images of the same portrait, of which the only sources presented so far are the places where the files were extracted, neither of which support your claims. Then out of blue you replied that the old black-and-white image is well-established in academic sources outside Wikiepdia . I have read on the Nasrids in many scholarly sources and as far as I've seen none include or mention this portrait (either version of it).
 * So either you provide the sources you're talking about that support your claim that this is the original work or, as the only editor opposing this simple and obvious improvement, you are WP:STONEWALLING, exactly like I warned you on your talk page, which is a form of disruptive behaviour. R Prazeres (talk) 17:22, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Prazeres, what are you talking about? I didn't refer the current image's established status "out of the blue"; I only stated it following the realization and consensus that neither images have reliable sources evidencing their date of creation, thus acknowledging that my previous statement about the current file being the original is erroneous; and that despite this, the image's established use in sources is the primary reasoning. Yes, the mention of portraits of Muhammad XII is rare in publications, though when done, it's almost always in reference to the one currently in use, followed by the one of Boabdil sporting a crown; a such and as outlined above, MOS:LEADIMAGE evidently applies. Snowstormfigorion (talk) 20:52, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Place of Boabdil's death
Several historians affirm that Boabdil died in Tlemsen and not in Fez here are some sources: https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Compl%C3%A9ment_de_l_histoire_des_Beni_Zeiya/EYcBAAAAMAAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=asile+tlemcen+boabdil&pg=PA403&printsec=frontcover https://cths.fr/an/savant.php?id=109835 https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Jews_Christians_and_Muslims_in_the_Medit/hZfrAgAAQBAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=%22boabdil%22+%22tlemcen%22&pg=PA56&printsec=frontcover https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k320790b/f427.image.r=boabdil%20tlemcen%20%C3%A9pitaphe?rk=150215;2 The Moor's Last Stand How Seven Centuries of Muslim Rule in Spain Came to an End By Elizabeth Drayson

so it would be better to specify that he died in North Africa rather than in a specific place to avoid problems and debates 2A01:E0A:13C:64E0:F91E:8E1B:44B7:970A (talk) 16:36, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I've removed the death place from the infobox entirely, as indeed the article already describes this and other possible scenarios, which would be impractical to summarize in an infobox. Even the death date is uncertain. R Prazeres (talk) 20:14, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muhammad XII of Granada


text:
User talk:Althani~enwiki

hi this will be a talk page for me Althani from qatar

Qatari Woman
Hi. The text you posted on the Qatari Woman article was copyrighted (by Qatar MOFA, here) and has now been removed. Please read Copyrights for more. --Jonnabuz 09:25, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Althani. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Althani~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Althani~enwiki


text:
Life Is Killing Me

Life Is Killing Me is the sixth studio album by gothic metal band Type O Negative. It was released on June 17, 2003, and was their final studio album released through record label Roadrunner Records.

The album's title and content refers primarily to frontman Peter Steele's dissatisfied life outlook and experiences with mental illness at the time of writing and production, with lyrics concerning relationship problems and the illness and death of his parents.

The album reached No. 39 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 27,000 copies in its first week, and received positive reviews from music critics, who noted a more melodic sound in comparison to previous records. "I Don't Wanna Be Me" was released as a promotional single, for which a music video was produced.

Recording
Life Is Killing Me was recorded at Systems Two Recording Studio in Brooklyn, New York.

Vocalist and bassist Peter Steele used a custom Fernandes Tremor bass guitar for the recording of the album, an instrument which was built to his exact specifications under his sponsorship with the company.

This is the last album by the band to make use of programmed drums, which had previously been used on October Rust and World Coming Down; the band's next and final studio album, Dead Again, would feature only studio drums.

Content
Describing the inspiration behind the title and theme of the record, Steele responded in an interview: "I guess I am going through some sort of midlife crisis being 41 years old now. And all the things I took for granted, my health, my life, people I love dying, people I loved walking away. I was with a girlfriend for 10 years but she left. It is like my dreams are dead." The album's title was originally going to be The Dream Is Dead.

The album contains a cover of the song "Angry Inch" from the off-Broadway musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch. The track "Thir13teen" is a cover of music featured in the TV show The Munsters.

Lyrical themes
Billboard described the record's lyrical themes as "infidelity, death and depression".

"Todd's Ship Gods (Above All Things)" was written by Steele about his father.

"I Like Goils" is described by Steele as "poking fun at PC" (political correctness), with lyrics centred on Steele's frustration with having homosexual men make sexual advances towards him following his 1995 Playgirl photoshoot, which, at the time, Steele agreed to pose for, unaware of the composition of the magazine's readership.

The album's title track further references Steele's father's death, while "Nettie" was written about his mother.

Musical style
AllMusic wrote "guitarist Kenny Hickey's passages have grown increasingly melodic, and the keys of Josh Silver possess a timeless melancholy" despite "how bleak or odd the lyrical proceedings get". Loudwire described it as "the most uplifting sounding album of their career".

Release
Life Is Killing Me was leaked onto the internet before release, upsetting keyboard player Josh Silver to the point that he released a message online complaining that the leak essentially took revenue from the band. The album was officially released on June 17, 2003, on CD as well as cassette in some regions. In Europe, the album was also released with a bonus CD.

The album reached No. 39 on the US Billboard 200 chart.

The album was favorably received by music critics. Exclaim! wrote "Life Is Killing Me pays tongue-in-cheek homage to the world and the women that have screwed Steele over so badly. But musically, the disc is pure pop-rock bliss."

"(We Were) Electrocute" was featured on the soundtrack to the 2003 horror film Freddy vs. Jason.

Legacy
"I Don't Wanna Be Me" was covered by European death metal band Meridian Dawn for their debut 2014 release The Mixtape. The song was later covered by Trivium.

Credits
Type O Negative

 * Peter Steele – lead vocals, bass guitar, additional electric guitar and keyboards
 * Kenny Hickey – backing vocals, co-lead vocals (on "...A Dish Best Served Coldly", "How Could She?" and "Angry Inch"), electric guitar
 * Josh Silver – backing vocals, keyboards, sound effects, drum programming
 * Johnny Kelly – backing vocals, drums, percussion

Additional personnel

 * The Bensonhoist Lesbian Choir (actually the band members themselves) – backing vocals
 * Paul Bento – sitar (on "Less Than Zero (<0)"), tamboura, drum machine (on "Less Than Zero (<0)", "Electrocute (We Were)" and "Anesthesia"), lead guitar (on "How Could She?")
 * Pandit Kinnar K. Seen – tabla (on "Less Than Zero (<0)")
 * Sal Abruscato – backing vocals (on "I Like Goils")

Technical personnel

 * Mike Marciano – engineering, mixing
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Rebecca Waterfall – sleeve design
 * Daniel Moss – sleeve photography

title: Life Is Killing Me


text: User talk:66.74.222.128

title: User talk:66.74.222.128


text:
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, 1987–1990

This is a list of members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1987 to 1990.

 * Ian Tuxworth was elected as an NT Nationals member by a margin of 19 votes at the March election, but had his victory annulled by the Court of Disputed Returns after a successful challenge from losing independent candidate Maggie Hickey. On 5 September, he won a by-election, again defeating Hickey, who was now representing the ALP.
 * CLP member Ray Hanrahan resigned on 15 August 1988; NT Nationals candidate Enzo Floreani won the resulting by-election on 10 September.
 * CLP member Don Dale resigned on 27 July 1989; Labor candidate John Bailey won the resulting by-election on 19 August.
 * CLP member Col Firmin lost preselection prior to the 1990 election and became an independent.


text:
User talk:Gblaz

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

It's a good idea to press the "Show preview" button before saving. Your edits to the Sicilian Defense left it with two introductions, two sections on the Najdorf and so on. It is now corrected. Sjakkalle 07:54, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hmm, you 'd me on my talk page... I know you removed it shortly thereafter, but may I ask why you originally placed it? Just curious. :P — flamingspinach | (talk) 01:53, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)

Lubawa County
My answer. Cheers! Vuvar1 30 June 2005 15:29 (UTC)

Lubawa County
My answer. Cheers! Vuvar1 30 June 2005 15:29 (UTC)

Why obscure a photo?
"previous content was unverifiable" - OK, fair enough.

But we're left with "for security reasons" which means nothing at all. A 'weasel phrase'. In real life, you never do something 'for security reasons'.

e.g. when you go on holiday you don't tell your kids to "turn the TV off for security reasons" you say 'turn it off lest it catch fire.' You don't lock your door for security reasons, you lock it to stop burglars getting in. And you don't pixelate a photo for security reasons, you do it to stop somebody deriving information that you're worried about them knowing. Everything has a reason.

So either we have a reason for the pixelated photos or we don't. "Security" isn't a reason. Maybe "..has been pixelated for fear of people seeing it" or nothing at all would be better. Ojw 6 July 2005 20:06 (UTC)

Thankyou
Dear Gblaz, Thanks very much for your introductory info. I feel confident I wil get involved with Wikipedia.user:jazborocketman

Thanks
Hey, thanks for the intro stuff. I've read most of it off of the frontpage links but it's useful to have on hand.Existentializer 15:31, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

RI 138 and Jamestown Bridge
Thanks for adding an article about the Jamestown Bridge. I added some categories to it just for clarity. Also, thanks for editing the RI 138 article to fix the link. Cheers! --K1vsr 20:18, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

Dirty joke
The article was repeatedly vandalised by User:24.98.36.103. However, I see no reason why, with proper support, it cannot grow into an adequate entry. VfDing is, I feel, premature.jglc | t | c 14:20, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

"newcomers"???
Thanks for your welcome-message, but do you really think that someone who has started 11 articles is still a "newcomer"?? DelftUser 18:59, 2005 July 22 (UTC)
 * Plus instead of copy/pasting the information you can just use the template, as you can see at my talk page. DelftUser 19:03, 2005 July 22 (UTC)

Off-color humor
I echo your sentiments, and wish you the best of luck. This could have been really ugly and ad hominem, but we kept it clean (no pun intended), and I think things got sorted out to everyone's satisfaction. I look forward to continuing to contribute and build the article. jglc | t | c 20:54, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the introduction
Thank you.--KentingKid 02:57, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for fixing my user page. Bobbybuilder 08:56, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Quick
Gblaz, you left me a message on my talk page that I had listed a page for VfD but hadn't completed all the steps. I was in the middle of doing so when you left me the message. That was a quick pick-up! Chuck 21:44, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Canderson7's RFA
Thanks for supporting my RFA, I really appreciate it! If you ever need administrator assistance as part of your own anti-vandalism efforts don't hesitate to let me know. --Canderson7 17:00, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hey Gblaz, thanks for instantaneously reverting the vandalism on my talk page. Cheers, --MarkSweep 05:58, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for your vote of support on my recent RfA. I was quite surprised by the amount of support I received, and wish to extend my thanks to you for taking the time to support my nomination for adminship. -- Longhair | Talk 12:19, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

kmccoy's RFA
Hey, Gblaz,

Thanks for supporting my RFA. :) kmccoy (talk) 03:50, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support
Thank you for supporting my recent RfA. I was surprised and humbled by the number of positives votes. I'll be monitoring RfA regularly from now on and will look for a chance to "pay it forward". Cheers, --MarkSweep 02:10, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
That doggone "Sir Ducksworthy" is toast. It's some idiot kids in Australia working from a school proxy. I finally had to block them from my own e-mail! Permanently blocked. I'l worry about "paperwork" later. - Lucky 6.9 00:15, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

My RFA
Thanks for your support. I've now been made an administrator. I'll do my best not to let you down :) --Sherool (talk) 02:45, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your help
Thank you for your help on the Single-grain experiment article. It was DYK on October 12. I really appreciated it. Chris 01:57, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gblaz