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Republic of China Army

The Republic of China Army (ROCA), also known as the ROC Army and unofficially as the Taiwanese Army, is the largest branch of the Republic of China Armed Forces. An estimated 80% of the ROC Army is located on Taiwan, while the remainder are stationed on the Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, Dongsha and Taiping Islands.

Since the Chinese Civil War, no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed, so as the final line of defense against a possible invasion by the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the primary focus is on defense and counterattack against amphibious assault and urban warfare.

Organization

The ROC Army's current operational strength includes 3 armies, 5 corps. As of 2005, the Army's 35 brigades include 25 infantry brigades, 5 armoured brigades and 3 mechanized infantry brigades. All infantry brigades stood down and transferred to Reserve Command after 2005.

This update reflects the ROCA order of battle at the conclusion of the Jinjing Restructuring Plan in 2008.

A new type of unit called defense team (守備隊) is being introduced. These are formed by elements of de-activated brigades under each area defense command. The strength of a defense team may vary from one or more reinforced battalions, making it roughly equal to a regiment. The team CO is usually a full colonel.

In the event of war most of the high command would retreat to underground bunkers, tunnel complexes, and command posts.

Republic of China Army Command Headquarters

 * The ROC Army CHQ (中華民國國防部陸軍司令部) is headed by a 3-star general and is responsible for overall command of all ROC Army assets. Army GHQ is subordinate to the Chief of the General Staff (military), the Minister of National Defense (civilian) and the ROC President.
 * Internal Units: Personnel, Combat Readiness and Training, Logistics, Planning, Communications, Electronics and Information, General Affairs, Comptroller, Inspector General, Political Warfare.
 * ROC Army Aviation Special Forces Command.png Aviation and Special Forces Command (航空特戰指揮部)
 * 601 Air Cavalry Brigade (original special force battalion assigned transferred back to 862nd Brigade)
 * 602 Air Cavalry Brigade (original special force battalion assigned transferred back to 862nd Brigade)
 * 603 Air Cavalry Brigade (this is a phantom unit, only exists on paper, no manpower, units, helicopters assigned)
 * 101st Reconnaissance Battalion (better known as Sea Dragon Frogman, has a company station in Kinmen, Matsu, 3 in Penghu, and other frontline islands)
 * Special Forces Command (特戰指揮部) In charge of 3 training centers
 * Army Airborne Training Center (大武營「陸軍空降訓練中心」)
 * Army Special Forces Training Center (谷關「陸軍特戰訓練中心」)
 * Army Winter and Mountain Training Center (武嶺寒訓中心)
 * Special Forces Command (originally 862nd Special Operation Brigade)
 * Special Force 1st Battalion
 * Special Force 2nd Battalion
 * Special Force 3rd Battalion
 * Special Force 4th Battalion
 * Special Force 5th Battalion

 * Badge of the 6th Army Corpse, ROC Army.png 6th Army Corps (第六軍團指揮部): Northern Taiwan
 * Badge of Guandu Area Command, ROC Army.jpg Guandu Area Command
 * Badge of the Lanyang Area Command, ROC Army.jpg Lanyang Area Command
 * Badge of the 269 Mechanized Infantry Brigade, ROC Army.jpg 269 Mechanized Infantry Brigade
 * 542r.png 542 Armor Brigade
 * 584r.png 584 Armor Brigade
 * 21 Artillery Command
 * 53 Engineer Group
 * 73 Signals Group
 * 33 Chemical Warfare Group

 * Badge of the 8th Army Corps, ROC Army.png 8th Army Corps (第八軍團指揮部): Southern Taiwan
 * 333 Mechanized Infantry Brigade
 * 564r.png 564 Armor Brigade
 * 43 Artillery Command
 * 54 Engineer Group
 * 75 Signals Group
 * 39 Chemical Warfare Group

 * Badge of the 10th Army Corps, ROC Army.png 10th Army Corps (第十軍團指揮部): Central Taiwan
 * 234 Mechanized Infantry Brigade (will receive CM-32 "Clouded Leopard" wheeled IFV beginning of 2011)
 * 586r.png 586 Armor Brigade
 * 58 Artillery Command
 * 52 Engineer Group
 * 36 Chemical Warfare Group
 * 74 Signals Group

 * ROC Army Huadong Defense Command.png Hua-Tung Defense Command (花東防衛指揮部): Eastern Taiwan
 * Hualien (花蓮) Defense Team
 * Taitung (台東) Area Command

 * ROC Army Kiman Defense Command.png Kinmen Defense Command (金門防衛指揮部)
 * Jindong (金東, Kinmen East) Defense Team
 * Jinshih (金西, Kinmen West) Defense Team
 * Shihyu Defense Team
 * Artillery Group

 * ROC Army Penghu Defense Command.png Penghu Defense Command (澎湖防衛指揮部)
 * 1 Armored Battalion, 1 Armored Infantry Battalion, 1 Armored Cav Battalion, 1 mixed Artillery Battalion.

 * ROC Army Matsu Defense Command.png Matsu Defense Command (馬祖防衛指揮部)
 * Nangan (南竿) Defense Team
 * Beigan (北竿) Defense Team
 * Juguang (莒光) Defense Team

 * ROCA Dongyin Area Command.png Dongyin Area Command (東引地區指揮部)

 * Logistics Command (後勤指揮部)
 * Education, Training and Doctrine Command (教育訓練暨準則發展指揮部)
 * Republic of China Military Academy, Training & Command Schools, Chemical Warfare Corps, Engineering Corps, Arsenal Development.

 * Flag of the Republic of China Reserve Command.svg Armed Force Reserve Command (後備指揮部)
 * 11 active infantry brigades, 24 Reserve brigades (Activated only in time of war)

ROC Army's former Army Missile Command was transferred to ROC Air Force in 2006.

Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Training
The Republic of China Military Academy, established in 1924, trains officers for the army in a four-year collegiate course of study, after which they graduate with an officer's commission and a bachelor's degree.

History
The Republic of China Army originated from Chinese National Revolutionary Army, which was founded by Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang (KMT) in 1924, when the Whampoa Military Academy was established with Soviet military assistance. Whampoa Military Academy, which was presided by Chiang Kai-shek, was tasked with the objective of training a professional Chinese revolutionary army (革命軍人) to unify China during the Warlord Era. It participated in the Northern Expedition, the Second Sino-Japanese War (during World War II) and the Chinese Civil War before withdrawing with the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949.

After 1949, the ROC Army has participated in combat operations on Kinmen and the Dachen Archipelago against the PLA in the Battle of Kuningtou, and in the First and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. In addition to these major conflicts, ROCA commandos were regularly sent to raid the Fujian and Guangdong coasts. Until the 1970s, the stated mission of the Army was to retake the mainland from the People's Republic of China. Following the lifting of martial law in 1987 and the democratization of the 1990s, the mission of the ROC Army has been shifted to the defense of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu from a PLA invasion.

With the reduction of the size of the ROC armed forces in recent years, the Army has endured the largest number of cutbacks as ROC military doctrine has begun to emphasize the importance of offshore engagement with the Navy and Air Force. Subsequent to this shift in emphasis, the ROC Navy and Air Force have taken precedence over the ROC Army in defense doctrine and weapons procurement. Recent short-term goals in the Army include acquisition and development of joint command and control systems, advanced attack helicopters and armored vehicles, Multiple Launch Rocket System and field air defense systems. The Army is also in the process of transitioning to an all volunteer force.

During the COVID-19 pandemic Army chemical warfare units were used to disinfect public areas and to do spot disinfections around known disease clusters. In January 2021 the 33rd Chemical Warfare Group was deployed to Taoyuan City to deal with a cluster of infections around a hospital there.

Equipment
From the 1990s onwards, the Republic of China Army launched several upgrade programmes to replace outdated equipment with more advanced weapons, also increasing its emphasis on forces that could be rapidly deployed and were suited for combat in Taiwan's heavily urbanized environment. Orders were placed with the United States for M60A3 Patton tanks, M109A5 "Paladin" howitzers and AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopters, as well as updating existing equipment.

Along with the other ROC military branches, the ROC Army has extensive experience in the construction and utilization of tunnels and bases gained during the People's Republic of China's bombardments of Kinmen and Matsu during the Cold War and many facilities are rumoured to be located underground in undisclosed locations.

The U.S. Government announced on October 3, 2008, that it plans to sell $6.5 billion worth of arms to Taiwan ending the freeze of arms sales to Taiwan. Amongst other things, the plans include $2.532 billion worth of 30 AH-64D Apache Longbow Block III Attack helicopters with night-vision sensors, radar, 173 Stinger Block I air-to-air missiles and 1000 AGM-114L Hellfire missiles. and 182 Javelin missiles will also be available with 20 Javelin command launchers and is estimated to cost $47 million.

On January 29, 2010, US Government announced 5 notifications to US Congress for arms sales to Taiwan. Of the total 6.392 billion US dollars in the 5 announcements, ROC Army will receive 60 UH-60M and other related things for cost of 3.1 Billion.

Helicopters
In July 2007 it was reported that the ROC Army would request the purchase of 30 AH-64E Apache Guardian attack helicopters from the US in the 2008 defence budget. In October 2015 it was announced that 9 AH-64E had been grounded due to oxidation of components in the helicopters' tail rotor gearboxes and comprehensive safety checks were made on all Apaches. The 2008 defense budget also listed a request for 60 UH-60M Black Hawk helicopters as a partial replacement for the UH-1Hs currently in service.

Main battle tanks
As of 2019, the ROC army has 480 M60A3s, 450 CM11s (modified M48 turrets mated to M60 chassis), and 250 CM12s (CM-11 turrets mated to M48 hulls). The design and technology used in the tanks date back to the 1940s and 1950s, including their 105mm rifled gun and utilizing traditional steel armor plating rather than composite materials used in modern armored fighting vehicles. It is expected that the majority of the ROC Army's armored units would continue to be equipped with legacy tanks in upgraded form after the army acquires the newer modern tanks. As of 2015, some CM11 tanks are observed to be upgraded with explosive reactive armor around the turret and hull.

In October 2017, Taiwan announced an upgrade program for 450 M60A3s consisting of replacing the main gun with a new 120 mm weapon, as well as upgrading the ballistics computer, turret hydraulics, and other systems. Testing and evaluation are expected to be completed in 2019 and application of new features to start in 2020. However, in July 2018 the Ministry of National Defense renewed its interest in acquiring Abrams, and had set aside US$990 million to purchase 108 M1A2s while modernization of existing M60A3s in service continues.

On June 7, 2019, Taiwan's Ministry of National Defense confirmed that Taiwan has signed a $2 billion weapons deal with the Trump administration, which includes a purchase of 108 M1A2T (M1A2C export variant for Taiwan) Abrams battle tanks. Taiwanese defense officials intend to use the M1A2T Abrams battle tank to replace its army's M60A3 and M48H CM11 tanks. On July 8, 2019, the U.S. State Department approved the sale of new M1A2T Abrams tanks to Taiwan despite criticism and protest of the deal from the People's Republic of China (PRC). The deal includes 122 M2 Mounted Machine Guns, 216 M240 machine guns, 14 M88A2 HERCULES vehicles, and 16 M1070A1 Heavy Equipment Transporters. General Dynamics Land Systems will build the tanks at Anniston Army Depot, Alabama, and at Joint Systems Manufacturing Center in Lima, Ohio. The final signing of the Letter of Offer and Acceptance (LOA) was confirmed on December 21, 2019. The tanks represent the first sale of new tanks to the ROC Army in decades from the US. Surplus M1A1 tanks were previously rejected by previous US administrations, including George W. Bush in 2001. Current ROC tanks include used M60A3 tanks and locally manufactured M48 tanks in which the initial variants were first produced between the 1950s and 1960s.

Some criticisms were made of these M1 Abrams purchases, some analysts expressed that Taiwan's terrain and some of its bridges and roads are unsuitable for the 60-tonne M1A2. However, Taiwan's current tanks have older 105-millimeter rifled guns that may not be able to readily penetrate the frontal armor of modern People's Liberation Army (PLA) Type 96 and Type 99 tanks, which can easily penetrate the Patton's old-fashioned steel armor with their smoothbore 125mm ZPT-98 main gun. The M1A2T tank's 120mm gun is capable of destroying PLA tanks without reliance on anti-tank missiles. Moreover, tanks can be used as mobile reserves for counterattacks against PLA beach landings, which was successful during the Battle of Guningtou. ROC Army Chief of Staff, Yang Hai-ming, said that China's best tank, the heavy Type 99 tank, would not be able to be transported in an amphibious invasion during a potential war with Taiwan and the PLA would have to rely on the much lighter 20-ton Type 63A tanks. Due to this logistics issue for the PLA there is less concern about the M1A2T tanks having to deal with China's most modern tanks during an amphibious invasion.

Infantry vehicles
CM-32 Yunpao, an 8x8 armoured personnel carrier locally manufactured, will replace ageing M113s and V-150 armoured vehicles. It is a modular vehicle platform capable of accepting various configurations for specific combat requirements. As of 2019, an IFV version of Yunpao armed with Orbital ATK 30mm Mk44 Bushmaster II cannons, CM-34, is planned for production. Production of a version with a 105-mm assault gun, which is modeled on that of the CM-11 Brave Tiger main battle tank, is also scheduled to be completed by 2023.

Air defense
Long and medium range air defense systems are operated by the Republic of China Air Force with the Army assuming much of the SHORAD mission. The most modern air defense system of the Army is the US-made Avenger.

The ROCA is in the process of fielding the Surface-to-Air TC-2 medium range air defense system. Development of a surface launched TC-2 began with the ROCN in 1994.

On June 7, 2019, Taiwan's Ministry of National Defense confirmed that Taiwan has signed a $2 billion weapons deal with the Trump administration, which includes a purchase of "250 surface-to-air Stinger missile systems." Taiwan's ROC Army already has 2,223 Stinger missile systems.

Artillery
On September 23, 2019, former Defense Minister Yen De-fa (嚴德發) confirmed the Republic of China Armed Forces has requested the purchase of M109A6 Paladin self-propelled howitzers from the United States. On August 4, 2021, the Biden administration approved a potential $750 million sale of 40 M109A6 self-propelled howitzers and other supporting equipment, including up to 1,698 kits for precision-guided munitions. However, the M109A6 is reportedly delayed until 2026 or later due to crowded production line forcing the Republic of China Armed Forces to look for alternatives. As of March 2023, the Republic of China Armed Forces is reportedly attempting to acquire hundreds of missile trucks and self-propelled howitzers from the Czech Republic.

As of 2019, the ROC Army's current tube artillery in service consists of M109A2 and M109A5 systems, 8 inch M110A2 self-propelled howitzers and 155mm M114 towed howitzers. These systems have exceeded their service life with the oldest being the M114, which has been in service for 68 years, while the youngest artillery system, the M109A5, has been in service for 21 years. The last artillery system that entered service is the M109A5s, which are ordered in 1996 and taken delivery in 1998.

The ROC Army also maintains a large force of rocket artillery vehicles. There are a handful of Kung Feng VI 117mm rocket launchers still in service, but these are being phased out in favour of the more capable RT-2000. Testing is underway for long-range rockets capable of being fired by the RT-2000 from Taiwan and reaching inland targets on the Chinese mainland. In 2021, Taiwan purchased 11 M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS) from the U.S. to be delivered in 2024, along with the first batch of M1A2T Abrams tanks. A second order of 18 HIMARS is expected to be delivered in 2026.

title: Republic of China Army


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Winair

Winair (short for Windward Islands Airways International NV) is a government-owned Dutch regional airline based in Sint Maarten. Founded in 1961 by Georges Greaux and Hippolyte Ledee, It has a fleet of six aircraft serving twelve destinations, mostly within the Leeward Islands group of the Lesser Antilles in the North East Caribbean. It has its headquarters on the grounds of Princess Juliana International Airport. Since 1 March 2023, it has been a part of the Flying Blue frequent flyer programme.

History
Windward Islands Airways was founded in 1961 by Georges Greaux with additional investments from Hipployte Ledee, Chester Wathey, Louis Richardson, and a handful of others. The airline required short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft to service certain airports such as Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport on Saba. The December 1, 1963, Windward Islands Airways timetable lists flights between St. Maarten and Saba operated with STOL-capable Dornier Do-28 aircraft. Winair began flying de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters in January of 1967.

Destinations
Winair operates services to the following scheduled destinations:

Codeshare agreements
Winair has interline and codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

 * Air Antilles
 * Air Caraïbes
 * Air France
 * British Airways
 * Caribbean Airlines
 * Copa Airlines
 * Corsair International
 * Delta Air Lines
 * KLM
 * United Airlines
 * Virgin Atlantic
 * Surinam Airways

Current Fleet
The Winair fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of summer 2024):

Historic Fleet
According to the December 1, 1963 Windward Islands Airways timetable the airline was operating STOL-capable Dornier Do-28 as well as Piper Apache aircraft. Additionally, Winair has perviously operated Britten-Norman BN-2 Islanders, Fokker F-27s, Beech Twin Bonanzas, and NAMC-YS 11s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Winair


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Wikipedia talk:Countdown deletion/JRM's preemptive rebuttals to obvious objections

JRM's preemptive rebuttals to obvious objections
These are just my personal ideas on common objections and the replies to them. This doesn't mean my answers are necessarily right, and the proposal is of course still editable.

 * What if people use sockpuppets to get around the single-user-editing policy?
 * Sockpuppeteering is, as always, illegal. This policy is not meant to keep out dedicated trolls and vandals, only to lighten the load of VfD.

 * Shouldn't we make a difference between registered and unregistered users somewhere?
 * Traditionally, we have been very careful to make such distinctions only when absolutely necessary, to keep the wiki as open and accessible as possible. Anons may be disallowed from voting if there is enough concern—they can still improve the article, which is the proper way of dealing with it anyway.

 * Aren't inclusionists just always going to vote Improved at the end? Aren't deletionists always going to vote Not improved? Why is this different from preliminary deletion?
 * Because it's embedded in much more obvious criteria. Whether or not an article has been improved since it was created is much easier to judge (and much more likely to be judged fairly) than whether an article should be kept according to your interpretation of current policy. No deletion policy can ever fully protect against zealots from either side, but this one is much less controversial. We all know good articles when we see them. Only the most dishonest of inclusionists would vote Improved for an article that's clearly still crap. Only the most dishonest of deletionists would vote Not improved just to get an article out that people are honestly improving. This is the baseline; if you can't keep people honest here, forget about any other deletion policy.

 * According to this, a countdown delete will always take either seven or ten days. That's way longer than even most VfDs. Isn't this just going to be an even bigger burden?
 * No, for two reasons. The first week has to be spent on improving the article. In the case of advertising, hoaxes, obvious vanity and unexpandable substubs, the article is unlikely to ever be edited again and will get deleted painlessly. You can just look at it, shrug, and move on, no resources wasted. In the case of political speech, what could be better than NPOVing it? If you can't, then leave it alone—if everyone does because it's beyond saving, then again, no resources wasted.
 * Second, see above: after the vote, the article is either definitely deleted if we all agree that no improvement has taken place, or there is at least some improvement and deletion (or even a VfD listing) is by no means certain. In both cases, there is definite progress. VfD listings can just be navel-gazed to death without anyone lifting a finger to do something constructive for the offending article.

 * I see a problem with the editing rule. Some cases of vandalism aren't clear. Is a revert war vandalism? What if, after the revert war, the article's still the same? Is it deleted?
 * This is actually part of the vandalism policies. In general, you should not revert anything that, assuming good faith, isn't clear vandalism (just because someone writes something you don't consider an improvement, that's no reason for wholesale reverting). That goes double for articles on countdown: reverting to the original with the explicit goal of getting the article to fail countdown, rather than helping to improve it, is a Very Bad thing to do. You better have a damn good reason for reverting things on countdown, or the admins are gonna come-a gunnin' for ya. JRM 00:28, 2004 Nov 8 (UTC)


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Talk:1799–1800 papal conclave

Old talk page post
"Henry Benedict Stuart, duke of York, bishop of Frascati" is both a POV listing and within it's POV arguably wrong. At this point he considered himself to be Henry IX of England and Ireland and Henry I of Scotland and the York Dukedom would have merged with the crown (yet another case of it not being inherited after the first creation). However this assumes the Jacobite line as legitimate - something other Wikipedia articles do not. Timrollpickering 23:21, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree and you have amended. Settled. --Oldak Quill 00:30, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Date span
This article (1799-1800) needs an EN-rule in its title (1799–1800). Ericoides (talk) 12:19, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Infobox
The infobox needs a slight spacing added round the edges, for legibility.--Wetman (talk) 19:57, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Vetoes
The contributor who thinks there were two vetoes at this conclave is wrong. There were NO vetoes. Bellisomi was excluded by votes; he simply couldn't get beyond 19 votes. The voting tally of Cardinal Gerdil shows this: http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/Conclave-1800-votes.html     Hrzan did not need to use a formal veto at all, though he would have used it on Bellisomi if Bellisomi's candidacy showed any prospect of succeeding. But why set off your one and only bomb if you don't have to?? As for Gerdil's candidacy, the statistics show that he reached his maximum of 14 on December 19, 1799--nowhere near what he needed. His name came up a second time, when a compromise was being sought in the second week of March, 1800. The accounts of both Cardinal Maury (Read his letters, please!) and Ercole Consalvi (Mémoires du Cardinal Consalvi seconde édition (Paris: Plon 1866), 255-258.) show that Hrzan merely stated that "Gerdil would receive a veto." No veto was actually presented, because it was not needed. Gerdil had no chance without Hrzan's votes and cooperation, and all he needed to do was indicate his disapproval for the compromise that was being contemplated to fall apart. See Ludwig Wahrmund, Das Ausschliessungs-recht (jus exclusivae) der katholischen Staaten Österreich, Frankreich und Spanien bei den Papstwahlen (Wien 1888) 230-231. Unless somebody has better evidence, I propose to delete the references to an actual veto as being contrary to double-sourced evidence of participants.

Vicedomino (talk) 08:03, 7 August 2009 (UTC)Vicecomino

List of Cardinals
The list of cardinals is obviously taken from Salvador Miranda, and contains the names of 34 participants. This is wrong. There were 35 participants. This is indicated by the official list of Cardinals and their Conclavists attached to the usual bull of privileges granted by the new pope [Bullarii Romani Continuatio 15 (1846) pp. 10-12]. Also, Cardinal Herzan, in one of his conclave letters mentions having to deal with 34 colleagues [Charles van Duerm, SJ, Un peu plus de lumière sur le Conclave de Venise et sur les commencements du Pontificat de Pie VII. 1799-1800 (Louvain: Ch. Peeters 1896), p. 234]. The thirty-fifth cardinal was cardinal Carlo Livizzani Forni, who is listed by Salvador Miranda as "absent".

Vicedomino (talk) 01:41, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

Longest Conclave
I deleted the following sentence, "At 105 days (30 November–14 March) this was the longest conclave to date since 1775, when the Conclave lasted from October 5, 1774, until February 15, 1775, — a total of 133 days." What is the point of the statement? The Conclave of 1774-5 was the previous conclave. Of course it was the longest conclave since 1774--a conclave of one day would have been the longest since 1774. The author of the section seeks to manufacture uniqueness where there is none. 1799-1800 was the last Conclave to be held outside of Rome. True, but not "unique". Many conclaves were held outside Rome. It's just a provisional statement. Vicedomino (talk) 13:12, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

An unusual conclave
In that section the statement is made: "Foremost, it was the last to be held outside Rome, in this case Venice."

I admit I dislike the Gee-whiz trivia of the entire section, and would like to see it all disappear. Toward that goal, I would point out that, since 1929, all the conclaves have been held outside Rome! They take place in a separate individual State called the State of Vatican City, not in Rome (which is a part of Italy). If we are to have this trivia, let it at least be accurate. This is an encyclopedia.

--Vicedomino (talk) 02:23, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Graph
IMHO, the graph appears to be original research. And yet it is not usable research. It does not account for the historical vagaries that had made one conclave well-attended and another conclave not. Improved transportation is one factor in the rise in attendance in the 19th century. And the French Revolution has a good deal to do with the decline in 1799–1800. I can find no representation of this graph anywhere. As I said of other material in the section in which the graph appears, this is trivia, and inaccurate. It should all be removed. --Vicedomino (talk) 07:43, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

 * After 8 months, there is no comment, and no objection. I am deleting the section, on the grounds that it is original research and unreferenced.
 * --Vicedomino (talk) 20:28, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:1799–1800 papal conclave


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User talk:Vitor119

Hello new user and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date
 * Ask questions on Village pump
 * Have fun.

-- fbjon4649( talk ) 13:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image source
Thank you for uploading Image:Br500.JPG. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you. fbjon4649( talk ) 13:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vitor119


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xrost.com

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 19:53, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Xrost.com
Delete. Unadulterated advertising. FreplySpang (talk) 13:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete one of the most obvious ads I've seen here yet. In fact it might even be copied from other ad materials. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:57, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - reasons provided by the submitter. --Anonymous Cow 13:59, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Advert/copyvio from company homepage; delete --DDerby 14:12, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Lorely Burt

Lorely Jane Burt, Baroness Burt of Solihull (born 10 September 1954) is a British politician, who was the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Solihull from 2005 to 2015. She received a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours. She is a patron of Humanists UK.

Early life
Burt attended High Arcal Grammar School, Dudley (1966–71) and Dudley Technical College (A-levels 1971-73) before going to University College, Swansea, where she attained a BSc degree in Economics. She later received an MBA degree from The Open University.

Employment before Parliament
After graduating in economics, Burt began her career in the Prison Service as an Assistant Governor at HM Prison Holloway before working for several national companies in personnel and training. She later set up a training company and worked as a director in the marketing and financial services sector. She started part-time consultancy work when she became the prospective Liberal Democrat candidate for Solihull.

Political career
Burt's political career began on Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council, where she served from 1998 to 2003. She stood for election in Dudley South at the 2001 general election. She also stood for the West Midlands region at the 2004 European Parliament election.

Member of Parliament
In the run up to the 2005 general election, Burt campaigned on various local issues affecting Solihull, and succeeded in overturning incumbent John Taylor's 9,407 majority to a 279 majority in her favour.

Following her election, Burt became a Liberal Democrat Spokesperson on Northern Ireland, an Opposition Whip, and served on the Treasury Select Committee. Following the election of Sir Menzies Campbell to the leadership of the party in 2006, Burt became the Liberal Democrat Spokesperson on Small Business and Women and Equality. In 2007 she moved to become the Spokesperson for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform.

In October 2007, she was elected as the party's first female Chair of the Liberal Democrats' Parliamentary Party, defeating John Thurso and Andrew George in a poll of MPs.

In the 2010 general election, boundary changes had made her seat notionally Conservative. She held Solihull by 175 votes over her Conservative opponent Maggie Throup.

In 2013 Burt was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Danny Alexander, the Chief Secretary to the Treasury. Upon taking this new role she resigned from her positions as BIS Co-Chair and Chair of the Parliamentary Party.

In April 2014 she was appointed the government's Ambassador for Women in Enterprise.

In November 2014 Burt was appointed to be an Assistant Government Whip.

She lost her seat to the Conservative Julian Knight in the 2015 General Election. Burt and her supporters were criticised for pushing away reporters as she left her election count following her defeat.

She was announced as a new peer in the 2015 Dissolution Honours and on the afternoon of 9 October she was created Baroness Burt of Solihull, of Solihull in the County of West Midlands.

Campaigns
Burt has campaigned on a number of issues both locally and nationally. Locally, she has campaigned to prevent Shirley parkland from being developed, to save Solihull's NHS Walk-In Centre, to save Shirley Library from closure and for a better ambulance service.

Personal life
Burt is married to Richard, who himself has been a Liberal Democrat parliamentary candidate several times, and has a daughter and a stepson.

She is an honorary associate of the National Secular Society and a Vice Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group.

title: Lorely Burt


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Wikipedia talk:Countdown deletion/Should countdown deletion be independent or a filter for VfD?

Should countdown deletion be independent or a filter for VfD?
I think maybe countdown could just be a preliminary filter for VFD. Maurreen 06:32, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Countdown deletion as a filter for VfD seems unnecessary: people are already supposed to do something to make sure the article no longer qualifies for deletion when they see the VfD. In practice, they spend the time talking about the article rather than editing it. That said, CD would have a different "flavor" to it, so maybe people would be more motivated to do something. I can't see definite arguments for and against, but it's worth considering to remove the auto-delete feature and just hoist it to VfD after the time passes. After that, most articles will be clear-cut deletes or clear-cut keeps. JRM 08:31, 2004 Nov 10 (UTC)
 * Ow, no, please, no filtering and hoisting! Don't use CD to throw any more instruction creep, process creep, and complication creep at VfD. The virtue of CD in my eyes is as a slick, low-labor alternative to VfD, for cases where the complexities of VfD just aren't needed. Using it as a filter would turn it into what RickK, below, calls "just another level of interference". Bishonen|Talk 08:41, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I no longer agree with my comment at all. VfD is overloaded both in burden and in meaning; we need clearer separation of concerns. No additional mechanism should defer to VfD at all. I can now see definite arguments against. JRM 18:07, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Peer review/1799–1800 papal conclave/archive1

Papal conclave, 1800
I have been working on this article since yesterday and am rather pleased with its progress, I certainly have learnt alot. Now, I am stuck; I am not sure what else to do with the article to make it perfect, perhaps people could provide suggestions. --Oldak Quill 13:49, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You could compare it to the other conclaves listed in the Category:Papal conclaves and see what it is lacking. For example, the Papal conclave, 1878 page has a pretty nice summary table at the end. You might also fix the category so that it sorts under '1800' instead of 'P'. — RJH 05:33, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I have corrected the category. The contents of the table in 1878 is more than replicated in the table at the top of the article. Further, the conclave is acutely compared with others throughout the course of the article - last not in Rome, etc. Do you mean a section discussing its uniqueness and difference? --Oldak Quill 10:37, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope. I'm not sure I agree, but I don't want to debate the matter. Good luck. — RJH 19:04, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I have amended this now, adding an entire section comparing it to other conclaves. --Oldak Quill 23:47, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The intro paragraph attributes the occupation of Rome and the "kidnapping" of Pius VI to "Napoléon I". A couple of points: (1) Napoleon did not become Emperor of the French until 1804; before that, he was known as "Napoleon Bonaparte."  (2) Napoleon did not occupy Rome; that was done by Berthier in 1798, at a time when France was still ruled by the Directory, and Bonaparte was engaged in the invasion of Egypt.  (In fact, in 1796, after Bonaparte did defeat the Papal army, he defied the Directory's order to occupy Rome and dethrone the Pope, correctly anticipating that this would provoke opposition among both the French and Italian populations.) There are some other references in the "Historical Context" section that also attribute things to Bonaparte that he didn't do. (Also, you could stand some spell-checking.) RussBlau 17:22, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have corrected all of the factual inaccuracies you have kindly pointed out, and also all mistakes. Perhaps you could tell me which factual inaccuracies remain in the Historical Context secion. Thanks, Oldak Quill 19:29, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've made a few more minor edits to the historical section, and think it is now in very good shape. RussBlau 15:24, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

Very will researched article - I learned a let. However, IMHO the prose is a little stodgy and unclear in places - it could do with rephrasing. Sorry I can't help - but I know nothing about the subject matter, so I'd only get it wrong. --Doc Glasgow 09:44, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Obie (disambiguation)

Obie usually refers to the Obie Award, an off-Broadway theater award.

Obie may also refer to:

People

 * Obie Baizley (1917-2000), politician in Manitoba, Canada
 * Renaldo Benson (1936-2005), American soul and R&B singer and songwriter
 * Obie Bermúdez (born 1981), Puerto Rican Latin pop, salsa singer and composer
 * Obie Bristow (1900–1969), professional football player in the early National Football League
 * Obie Fernandez, Ruby and Ruby on Rails developer
 * Obie Graves, former Citrus College and Cal State Fullerton football player
 * Obie Etie Ikechukwu (born 1987), Nigerian footballer who plays as a midfielder
 * Bob O'Billovich (also "Obie"; born 1940), east regional scout for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League
 * William Obanhein (also "Officer Obie"; 1924–1994), chief of police for the town of Stockbridge, Massachusetts
 * Obie Oberholzer (born 1947), South African photographer
 * Obie Patterson (born 1938), American politician
 * Obie Trice (born 1977), American rapper and songwriter
 * Obie Trotter (born 1984), American-Hungarian professional basketball player
 * Obie Scott Wade, American producer, director and screenwriter
 * Obie Walker (1911–1989), professional boxer
 * Obelit Yadgar (aldo Obie Yadgar; born 1945), Assyrian-American radio personality
 * Young Jessie (Obediah Donnell "Obie" Jessie; born 1936), African American R&B and jazz singer and songwriter

Other uses

 * Catch light, a video camera-mounted light also referred to as Obies, invented by Lucien Ballard

title: Obie (disambiguation)


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Georg Ratzinger

Georg Ratzinger PA (15 January 1924 –1 July 2020) was a German Catholic priest and musician, known for his work as the conductor of the Regensburger Domspatzen, the cathedral choir of Regensburg. He was the elder brother of Pope Benedict XVI. Their grand-uncle was the German politician Georg Ratzinger.

Early life and military service
Ratzinger was born in Pleiskirchen, Bavaria, to Joseph Ratzinger, Sr. (1877–1959), a police officer, and Maria Ratzinger, née Peintner (1884–1963). His younger brother is Joseph Ratzinger (1927–2022), who later reigned as Pope Benedict XVI from 2005 to 2013, and they had an elder sister, Maria (1921–1991). Early in his life he showed musical talent, playing the church organ already at the age of 11. In 1935 he entered the minor seminary in Traunstein and had professional musical instruction there. In 1941 he encountered for the first time the choir of the Regensburger Domspatzen, which he would later direct, when they performed in Salzburg on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Mozart's death.

During World War II, in the summer of 1942, Ratzinger was drafted to the Reichsarbeitsdienst and the same autumn to the Wehrmacht. On 12 June 1944, he was shot through the arm during a fight in Bolsena, Italy. At the end of the war, he was a prisoner of war of the U.S. Army in the vicinity of Naples, but was soon released and arrived home in July 1945.

Education and ordination
In January 1946, he and his brother Joseph entered the seminary of the archdiocese of Munich and Freising to study for the priesthood. At the same time he pursued his musical studies. Georg and Joseph were ordained priests in 1951 by Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber. Afterwards, Ratzinger studied Church music in Munich, while serving in different priestly functions for the diocese.

Regensburger Domspatzen
Ratzinger completed his studies in 1957 and became chorus director in his home parish in Traunstein. In February 1964 he was made musical director, Domkapellmeister, at St. Peters Cathedral in Regensburg, thereby becoming the chorus master of the cathedral choir, the Regensburger Domspatzen.

In 1977 Ratzinger conducted the Domspatzen at his brother Joseph's consecration as Archbishop of Munich and Freising. They sang in honor of Queen Elizabeth II at her state visit in 1978, and at Pope John Paul II's visit to Munich in 1980. They also gave a concert for the state guests at the NATO summit in 1982 under the auspices of President of Germany Karl Carstens.

In 2010 Ratzinger indicated he would be prepared to testify to aid investigations into claims of abuse at the Regensburger Domspatzen choir in Germany. The Regensburg Diocese said that a former singer came forward with allegations of sexual abuse in the early 1960s, predating Ratzinger's tenure from 1964 to 1994.

Allegations of sexual and physical abuse under his directorship
A man who lived in the choir-linked boarding school until 1967 contended that "a sophisticated system of sadistic punishments in connection with sexual lust" had been installed there. Der Spiegel quoted the man, the composer Franz Wittenbrink, as saying it would be inexplicable that the pope's brother did not know anything about it.

Ratzinger admitted slapping pupils in the face. He commented: "At the start, I also slapped people in the face, but I always had a bad conscience". He said he had been relieved when corporal punishment was forbidden in 1980. Ratzinger denied any knowledge of sexual abuse. A Vatican spokesperson stated that the allegations on sexual abuse, particularly the Regensburg case, are a campaign aimed against the pope and the Roman Catholic Church comparable to Nazi propaganda.

A lawyer commissioned by the choir to look into the accusations concluded that over 200 young singers were abused to various degrees, with at least 40 of the cases involving sexual violence, and that he must assume that Ratzinger had known. A report in 2017 faulted Ratzinger "in particular for 'looking away' or for failing to intervene" and also stated that, "with a high degree of plausibility", between the years 1945 and 1992, 547 boys were victims of physical or sexual abuse, or both.

Later life
Ratzinger retired from his position as director of the choir in 1994 and was made canon in Regensburg on 25 January 2009. In 2005, during a visit to his brother in Rome, symptoms of heart failure and arrhythmia led to a brief admission at the Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic.

On 29 June 2011, Ratzinger celebrated 60 years as a priest and gave an interview on the topic, during which he noted that during the ordination ceremony, "My brother was the second to youngest, though there were some who were older." He also noted that "I have the stole and the cassock from that day". He celebrated his 90th birthday in 2014 with Benedict XVI in the Vatican. His birthday party was organized by Vatican journalist Michael Hesemann and the guests included American religion journalist Lauren Green, who played the piano, Georg Gänswein and Gerhard Ludwig Müller. The celebrations included a personal letter written by Maria Elena Bergoglio to Ratzinger.

Illness and death
On 18 June 2020, Ratzinger was reportedly "seriously" unwell while his brother Benedict XVI visited him in Regensburg. He died two weeks later on 1 July 2020, aged 96.

Honours and awards

 * Black Wound Badge (1944)
 * Iron Cross 2nd Class (1944)

 * Bavarian Order of Merit (1983)

 * Protonotary apostolic (1993)

 * Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class (2004)
 * Honorary citizen of Castel Gandolfo (2008)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (2009)
 * Pontifikalvesper of Bishop Gerhard Ludwig Müller of Regensburg Cathedral (2009)
 * Award of the Fondazione Pro Musica e Arte Sacra (2010)

title: Georg Ratzinger


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Mick Harvey

Michael John Harvey (born 29 August 1958) is an Australian musician, singer-songwriter, composer, arranger and record producer. A multi-instrumentalist, he is best known for his long-term collaborations with Nick Cave, with whom he formed The Boys Next Door, The Birthday Party and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds.

Early life
Born in Rochester, Victoria, Australia, Harvey moved to the suburbs of Melbourne in his childhood. His father was a Church of England vicar, and the family lived adjacent to the father's church; first in Ormond and later in Ashburton. Harvey sang in the church choir from an early age.

Harvey, his elder brother Philip, and younger brother Sebastian all attended the private boys' school Caulfield Grammar School. It was at school in the early 1970s that Harvey met fellow students Nick Cave and Phill Calvert, as well as Tracy Pew. A rock group was formed with Cave (vocals), Harvey (guitar), Calvert (drums), and other students on guitar, bass and saxophone. The band played at parties and school functions, with a repertoire of Lou Reed, David Bowie, Roxy Music, Alice Cooper and the Sensational Alex Harvey Band, among others. Harvey was also a member of the school choir (conducted by actor Norman Kaye), and took extracurricular lessons from Bruce Clarke, the jazz guitarist.

The Birthday Party
After their final school year in 1975, the band decided to continue with Pew as bassist. Greatly influenced by the punk explosion of 1976, which saw Australian bands The Saints and Radio Birdman make their first recordings and tours, The Boys Next Door, as Harvey's band was now called, began performing fast, original new wave material. Harvey's guitar style was influenced by James Williamson of The Stooges and Paul Weller of The Jam. The Boys Next Door regularly played at Melbourne pubs between 1977 and 1980. Rowland S. Howard joined the band in 1978, bringing with him a chaotic feedback guitar style.

After extensive touring, recordings, and moderate success in Australia, the Boys Next Door relocated to London, England in 1980, and changed their name to The Birthday Party. Harvey's girlfriend Katy Beale followed the band to London. This period was defined by innovative and aggressive music composition, underpinned by Harvey's guitar playing. The band moved to West Berlin, Germany in 1982, but without Calvert; Harvey transitioned from guitar to drums.

Crime and the City Solution
After the breakup of The Birthday Party while initiating the early recordings of what would become The Bad Seeds with Nick Cave, Harvey contacted his friend Simon Bonney, with whom he reformed Bonney's old Australian band Crime & the City Solution. Rowland S. Howard, Harry Howard (bass) and Epic Soundtracks (drums), all of whom a few years later would form the basis of These Immortal Souls, also participated. This line-up of the band found its peak and demise with its appearance in the Wim Wenders film Wings of Desire. Bonney then stayed in Berlin and formed the next line-up of the band with his partner Bronwyn Adams, Harvey (drums), Alexander Hacke of Einstürzende Neubauten (guitar), Chrislo Haas of Liaisons Dangereuses and D.A.F. (synthesiser), and Thomas Stern (bass). This line-up made three studio albums and toured until 1991.

Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds
Harvey and Cave formed Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds in 1983. Harvey was principally the drummer on the first two albums before Thomas Wydler became a full-time member. After the departure of Barry Adamson, Harvey was primarily a bass guitarist for several years until the arrival of Martyn P. Casey in 1990 when Harvey moved back to guitar, his original instrument. In all versions of the band, Harvey also played keyboards, xylophone and other instruments as needed, and also sang backing vocals.

Throughout the '80s and '90s Harvey was the band member usually charged production of the recordings along with Cave. His co-wrote many songs, and his arrangement skills also saw him putting together most of the band’s string arrangements and other orchestration. Harvey was often perceived as a musical director for the Bad Seeds. He also managed much of the band’s business affairs right up until his departure. Harvey remained with the Bad Seeds for 25 years until his last show in Perth, Australia on 20 January 2009, when he cited both professional and personal factors as reasons for leaving. Regarding Cave, Harvey informed the media: I'm confident Nick [Cave] will continue to be a creative force and that this is the right time to pass on my artistic and managerial role to what has become a tremendous group of people who can support him in his endeavours, both musically and organisationally.

In 2010, Harvey explained further how his frustration with song arrangements strained his relationship with Cave. A desire to spend time with family was also a significant reason for his decision to leave the Bad Seeds. The split marked the end of a 36-year-long collaboration between Harvey and Cave.

Anita Lane
Harvey worked extensively with Nick Cave’s muse and partner of many years on two albums - Dirty Pearl (1993) and Sex O’Clock (2001).

The Wallbangers
In 2007, the Spanish label Bang! Records released a four-track EP by Harvey's retro rock band The Wallbangers, called Kick the Drugs featuring songs written by Harvey alone, and songs he co-wrote with Tex Perkins and Loene Carmen. Harvey sings and plays guitars.

Solo
After Bonney left Crime & the City Solution for a solo career in the United States, Harvey recorded two solo albums of Serge Gainsbourg songs, translated from French into English: Intoxicated Man (1995) and Pink Elephants (1997). He has also collaborated with UK rock musician PJ Harvey (no relation), and produced for other Australian artists, including Anita Lane, Robert Forster, Conway Savage and Rowland S. Howard. Harvey's third solo release, One Man's Treasure, was issued in September 2005.

He undertook his first solo tours of Europe and Australia in 2006, accompanied by fellow Bad Seeds Thomas Wydler and James Johnston, as well as Melbourne-based double bassist Rosie Westbrook. His next solo record, 2007's Two of Diamonds, was recorded with this group, as was the 2008 live album Three Sisters – Live at Bush Hall.

In February 2008, Harvey and Westbrook played as a support act for PJ Harvey on her Australian tour, with both Harveys also performing on stage together. Prior to the tour, Harvey had worked extensively with PJ Harvey over a 12-year period: he was a recording musician on her albums To Bring You My Love and Is This Desire?, and co-produced the album Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea in 2000. In both 2008 and 2009, he joined the five remaining members of The Triffids for a series of performances at the Sydney Festival, Arts Centre Melbourne and Perth International Arts Festival, celebrating the music and the memory of David McComb. Harvey is also a contributor to the 2009 edited collection, Vagabond Holes: David McComb and the Triffids, edited by Australian academics Niall Lucy and Chris Coughran.

During 2008 and 2009 Harvey worked on what would be Rowland S. Howard’s last album Pop Crimes playing drums with his future close collaborator J.P. Shilo providing bass and violin. The album was released just a few months before Howard succumbed to liver cancer in late 2009.

Harvey released Sketches from the Book of the Dead—the first solo album written entirely by himself—in early 2011 on the Mute record label. The 11-track album was recorded in Melbourne, between a Port Melbourne studio and his own Grace Lane music room. Harvey played most of the instruments, while Westbrook played double bass, Shilo played accordion, violin and occasional guitar, and Xanthe Waite contributed backing vocals. Harvey explained in a promotional interview that he does not perceive himself as a "songwriter" in the traditional sense, whereby the practice is: "something they [actual songwriters, as perceived by Harvey] have done historically and something they've worked on as central to what they are as an artist". He also confirmed that the opening track, "October Boy", is about Rowland S. Howard.

Harvey once again co-produced and recorded for PJ Harvey during the creation of her eighth studio album, Let England Shake. The 2011 release was supported by a world tour in the same year, which also included Harvey as a touring musician.

His sixth solo studio album, titled FOUR (Acts of Love), released on Mute in 2013, features original compositions by Mick Harvey alongside a song by PJ Harvey ("Glorious") and interpretations of The Saints’ "The Story of Love", Van Morrison’s "The Way Young Lovers Do", Exuma’s "Summertime in New York" and Roy Orbison’s "Wild Hearts (Run Out of Time)". FOUR (Acts of Love) was recorded at Grace Lane, North Melbourne and Atlantis Sound, Melbourne, and features regular collaborators Westbrook on double bass and Shilo on guitar and violin.

Delirium Tremens (2016) is the third instalment in Harvey's project of translating Serge Gainsbourg's songs into English, after Intoxicated Man and Pink Elephants. Delirium Tremens was recorded in Melbourne with Harvey's Antipodean-based core live band. 10 songs were tracked at Birdland Studios; the project then relocated to Berlin, where a further nine songs were recorded with Toby Dammit (The Stooges, The Residents) and Bertrand Burgalat (of French label Tricatel), who was the string arranger on the first two volumes.

Harvey again collaborated with PJ Harvey in early 2015, playing and singing on her album The Hope Six Demolition Project. The following year he joined PJ on tour promoting the album, which was released in April 2016.

Harvey continued his dedication to the works of Serge Gainsbourg with Intoxicated Women. The album focuses on Gainsbourg's duets and songs from the 1960s, which he wrote specifically for renowned singers such as France Gall, Juliette Greco, and Brigitte Bardot. To realise this project, Harvey collaborated with a number of guest musicians: Xanthe Waite, German singer Andrea Schroeder, Jess Ribeiro, Sophia Brous, Cambodian singer Kak Channthy, Lyndelle-Jayne Spruyt, and his son Solomon Harvey. The album was released in 2017 via Mute Records.

In 2018, Harvey released the album The Fall and Rise of Edgar Bourchier and the Horrors of War in collaboration with author Christopher Richard Barker.

Personal life
Harvey divides his time between Europe and Melbourne. He has one son with his partner, Katy Beale, who is a painter. As of 2014, the family resided in the inner-city Melbourne suburb of North Melbourne.

As part of his interview with Brisbane writer Andrew McMillen for the book Talking Smack: Honest Conversations About Drugs, Harvey concluded with his perspective on illicit drug use:

"Because I’ve been so surrounded by [illicit drug use], I've seen a lot of the problems that come with it. But I've also seen a lot of people, as well, who've used in different ways and not had problems. So the point about banning it across the board is that then you remove that freedom of choice of those people, too. I mean, why does alcohol remain available when other things aren't? It's not a great drug, at all."

Other appearances

 * "Just a Little Bit of Rain" for Where Joy Kills Sorrow (1997)
 * "I Ate the Knife" for A Tribute to Rowland S Howard (2006)
 * "The Snow Country" for We Are Only Riders: The Jeffrey Lee Pierce Sessions Project (2010)
 * "Sonny Boy" and "St. Mark's Place" for The Journey Is Long: The Jeffrey Lee Pierce Sessions Project (2012)
 * "First Street Blues" for Son-of-a-Gun and More from the Lee Hazlewood Songbook (2016)
 * "Funny Face" for Something Else: A Tribute to the Kinks (2017)
 * "4'33" for STUMM433 (2019)
 * "Come into My Sleep" for The Good Songs (2020)

Albums produced for other artists

 * Robert Forster, Danger in the Past (1990)
 * Once Upon a Time, In the Blink of an Eye (1992)
 * Anita Lane, Dirty Pearl (1993)
 * The Cruel Sea, The Honeymoon Is Over (1993) (co-producer) (AUS No. 4, also ARIA award for "Best Album" 1994)
 * Congo Norvell, Music to Remember Him By (1994, co-producer)
 * PJ Harvey, Dance Hall at Louse Point (1996, co-producer)
 * PJ Harvey Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea (2000, co-producer) (UK No. 23, US No. 42, AUS No. 20, and winner of the Mercury Prize 2001)
 * Anita Lane, Sex O'Clock (2001)
 * Rowland S. Howard, Pop Crimes (2009)
 * Hunter Dienna, self-titled EP (2010)
 * The Nearly Brothers, You Can't Hide from Your Yesterdays (2010)
 * Brian Henry Hooper, Trouble (2010)
 * PJ Harvey, Let England Shake (2011, co-producer) (UK No. 8, US No. 32, AUS No. 6, and winner of the Mercury Prize 2011)
 * Bambi Lee Savage, Darkness Overshadowed (2012)
 * Mazgani, Common Ground (2013, with John Parish)
 * Wagons, Acid Rain & Sugar Cane (2014)
 * Jess Ribeiro, Kill It Yourself (2015)

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

!scope="row"| Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album
 * 1997
 * To Have & to Hold (with Blixa Bargeld and Nick Cave)
 * To Have & to Hold (with Blixa Bargeld and Nick Cave)

!scope="row"| Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album
 * Won
 * 2003
 * Australian Rules
 * Australian Rules
 * Won

 * 2001 Mercury Prize: Best Album: PJ Harvey Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea (Mick Harvey: co-producer)
 * 2006 AFI Awards: Best Original Music Score (Suburban Mayhem)
 * 2011 Mercury Prize: Best Album: PJ Harvey Let England Shake (Mick Harvey: co-producer)

title: Mick Harvey


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User:Violetriga/Templates/fac

This is a current featured article candidate – you may wish to support or object to its nomination. (what is this?)

title: User:Violetriga/Templates/fac


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Wikipedia talk:Countdown deletion/What constitutes significant improvement?

What constitutes significant improvement?
While each voter will judge whether any improvement is significant or not, it must be clear that the test is not whether there have been any improvement, but rather whether there has been significant improvement. OK, simple cleanup is not significant (presumably, if the article was good enough before the cleanup, it should not be threatened with deletion anyway), but writing brilliant prose, providing context and adding sources is significant. How much prose? How many references? Would an extra sentence be significant? Or one external link? -- ALoan (Talk) 12:06, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There is somewhat of a circularity, yes. How can we talk about voting on "significant" improvement if we define "significant" as "what you think is significant"? As you say, don't we need to specify it some more? Shouldn't we provide some bottom line?
 * This immediately raises a simple question: what bottom line do you have in mind? Are we going to write "one external link is not significant improvement"? Is that debatable? If it's not, why are we adding instruction creep? If it is, why are we putting it in there? To make it foolproof? But then we'll just get better fools who demand we also lay down how many words added are significant, how many improvement points we assign to a reference (0 for weblog, 1 for website, 2 for website with high Alexa ranking, 3 for book...) That way lies madness.
 * It boils down to this: if you think "significant" is too ill-defined in the present version (and I'm not saying it couldn't be made a bit more explicit without immediately falling into the instruction creep trap), go ahead and edit! This proposal is not written in stone. The version that's there at any time is not final. If we break it, that's fine, we can just un-break it afterwards. JRM 14:42, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC)

I think that 'significant' may be a red herring here. The key issue is whether the article is sufficiently improved to merit survival. Each person passing comment is making a judgement about whether the article has been adequately improved; has the article changed enough to satisfy the individual making the judgement? --Theo (Talk) 15:41, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Good - that is the point that I was trying thrash: it is a personal test of "significance" (although this means that some people could find relatively inconsequential edits "significant"). -- ALoan (Talk) 16:56, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I agree. "Significant" suggests an objectivity there is not. I don't like it that we've added "significant" to the vote options, however. This is obviously not akin to "strong" on VfD, expressing that the voter believes policy fundamentally agrees with them, because there is no real policy on improvement. So "significant" would instead just strengthen the vote—but really, this complicates makes vote tallying for no obvious reason. Does a vote of "not significantly improved" mean I agree it has improved somewhat, and that my vote may be overridden if enough people vote "improved"? I've removed that for now, but feel free to put it back in if you can add clarification to it. JRM 18:15, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC)

 * Sorry, the point is whether a voter should be deciding whether an article was improved or not, or significantly improved or not (I was not seeking to have four voting options, "Improved", "Not Improved", "Significantly improved", "Not significantly Improved"). Perhaps it is a red herring, and people will vote how they want anyway, but I think a vote "Improved" should indicate that the voter thought that the article was significantly improved (not merely improved).  Although the test is still subjective, it is clearly a higher hurdle. -- ALoan (Talk) 19:01, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Would 'material' be a more neutral word than 'significant'? The voter is noting that the article has undergone improvement that is relevant to this process (with format improvements being irreleveant in this context) rather than assessing the level of importance of the change. --Theo (Talk) 19:33, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The only thing that is slightly jarring to me is the unusualness of the word "material" in this meaning, which is repeated throughout. Maybe that's just a consequence of my personal idiom. How about "substantive", which is subtly different yet subtly similar?
 * That we're talking about what words to use may also suggest we're still not quite where we need to be in terms of clarity. It's better to explain than to rely on precise meanings of individual words. I don't see an obvious way of improving what we have, though. If it boils down to whether to use "significant", "material", "substantive" and whatever anyone else can come up with, we might do with a quick straw poll—but maybe that's taking things too far. JRM 22:17, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC)

 * This use of the word 'material' is legal. It means relevant to the matter at hand; in this case, 'relevant to the decision to delete'.  To my mind 'substantive' means 'essential', 'fundamnental', 'heavy duty' or 'pertaining to the heart of the matter', which is rather tougher than mere relevance. Loosely speaking, a material change affects the effect of something (it changes the way that the thing works); a substantive change affects the nature of something (it changes what the thing is).  The choice of such words seems important to me because they establish the tone of the policy and so influence the approach taken by the implementors.  Choosing the most appropriate word and then explaining it seems like the best approach to me—all I am changing here is the key word. --Theo  (Talk) 22:50, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Nymphetamine

Nymphetamine (Special Edition)
There is no need to have a seperate article for a re-release. Jkelly 01:03, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, pretty much sums it up. Just add a small section to cover the tracks on the Special Edition disc.--User:anime2000z 19:48, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Would you mind doing it? Jkelly 21:26, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

"Metal Top Ten"
The article states that "Gilded Cunt went to number one on the Metal Top Ten". What is the metal top ten? It isn't a U.S. chart that I am aware of. I checked the article on the UK Charts, but it makes no mention of a metal top ten, either. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by PearlTheater (talk • contribs) 03:27, 10 December 2006 (UTC).

 * Got rid of the Metal Top 10 bit, since I can't find a source for it either. Sourced the Grammy statement and the Dani quote, BUT... here's something I haven't come across before.  I added the Dani quote myself some time ago, and I definitely remember that it came from a press release on both the Roadrunner site and the official Cradle site.  However, Roadrunner now has practically nothing pre-Thornography, and Cradle's redesigned website has got rid of the news archive, and the only other sites that use that quote (according to a quick google) are quoting us!  What's the Wiki etiquette for sources that used to be correct but no longer contain the relevant info, I wonder?  Cardinal Wurzel 12:42, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * That's why, when sourcing websites, you should list the date you took it from the page and the date it was updated, since it would then be possible to look up the page on the Way-Back Machine and prove that it once said that. VegJed

Portmanteau
Nymphetamine is an obvious Portmanteau of Nympho and Methamphetamine. "a drug-like addiction to the woman in question" from the article, Nympho is hypersexuality, and Methamphetamine is a drug (obviously). I dunno if I should put this anywhere, just wondering —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Masterm900 (talk • contribs) 00:42, 13 April 2007 (UTC).

Yes. I like it. Cardinal Wurzel 18:02, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Gilded
does anyone know the meaning behind gilded cunt? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Feel pine (talk • contribs) 08:14, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It's about a guy who's sick to death of a woman that isn't as beautiful as she once was. Comes from the phrase "gild the lily", which means to pointlessly adorn something that's already beautiful.  There was a quote at the time of release (Metal Hammer I think - usually is) where Dani said something like "You can't gild a lily, but you can gild a cunt."  Mutton-dressed-as-lamb sort of thing.  Not entirely feminist. :-)  Cardinal Wurzel 18:37, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

definition
okay the definition of nymphetamine is nymphette and amphetamine (dont contradict me haunted angel i know your lie and that you are watching this page) the addiction to a nymphette so much that it is like a drug(amphetamine stuff is actually quite hard to quit) hence nyphetamine i rest my case

Hail Satan 15:26, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Why would I lie, when all I wish to do is improve Wikipedia? I've heard it said in many interviews that it's not Nymphette. ≈  The Haunted Angel  [[Image:Grognardexribbon.jpg|30px]] 20:00, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

as you try and make our point you fail i would never lie about cradle of filth information through the many definitions i have been through only some have had nymphomaniac listed many others have had nymphette i would like to not have another battle over wiki so i shall let others believe your FILTHY LITTLE LIES

Hail Satan 14:26, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * You fail to explain why I would lie about Cradle though? ≈  The Haunted Angel  [[Image:Grognardexribbon.jpg|30px]] Review Me! 18:52, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Chart Position
I noticed that nowhere on this page is it listed where this album, if at all it deputed on the billboard 200. Does anyone know where it deputed or did it just not crack the 200? I'm wondering since this information should probably be listed since it's atleast a *little* important

Liv Kristine
Hi! I wanna make you realize something about Liv Kristine on the album Nymphetamine: she recorded her voice on the tracks 7 and 8 too. I'd like you to listen to these tracks before editing the voice Credits again... Liv Kristine voice is unmistakable! --Donbu (talk) 17:59, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

PS: I'm italian and I can't correctly speak english XD I wish you understand.

 * You are mistaken. Please check the album credits in the CD booklet.  Cardinal Wurzel (talk) 19:05, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The female choir on the tracks 7 and 8 is absolutly performed by Liv Kristine, we have to write RIGHT informations, the contents of the CD booklet are unimportant. Can I eventually propose to write Liv Kristine - backing voclas? --Donbu (talk) 21:02, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

It isn't Liv Kristine, and I think the credits on the album are quite a reliable source... If you think it's otherwise, you need to prove this with a reliable source. Until you can do that, stop changing the page. Cardinal Wurzel (talk) 22:40, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Unfortunatly I can't to prove this source. My only witnesses are my ears =) --Donbu (talk) 22:44, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nymphetamine


text:
User:Violetriga/Templates/peerreview

There is a current peer review request for this article (what is this?)

title: User:Violetriga/Templates/peerreview


text:
Son of Kong

The Son of Kong (also known and publicized simply as Son of Kong) is a 1933 American Pre-Code adventure monster film produced by RKO Pictures. Directed by Ernest Schoedsack and featuring special effects by Willis O'Brien and Buzz Gibson, the film stars Robert Armstrong, Helen Mack and Frank Reicher. The film is the sequel to King Kong, being released just nine months after and is the second entry of the King Kong franchise.

Plot
A month after the destruction in New York City by Kong, filmmaker Carl Denham has been implicated in so many lawsuits that he is almost bankrupt. Denham leaves the city aboard the Venture with Captain Englehorn, who knows he too will be similarly prosecuted if he stays, but their efforts to make money shipping cargo around Asia are not successful. After arriving in the Dutch East Indies port of Dakang, Denham and Englehorn attend a show of performing monkeys, which ends with a song ("Runaway Blues"), sung by a young woman, Hilda Petersen, whom Denham is immediately attracted to.

That night, Mr Petersen, Hilda's father who runs the monkey show, stays up drinking with a Norwegian skipper, Nils Helstrom, who had lost his ship under questionable circumstances. The two men argue and fight, during which Petersen is killed and his tent burns down. Distraught, Hilda releases all the monkeys from their cages. Soon after, Denham and Englehorn meet Helstrom, who was the man who had sold to Denham the map to Kong's island. Helstrom convinces them that there is a treasure on the island and they agree to sail to find it. Later, Denham meets Hilda while she is trying to recapture her monkeys and tries to cheer her up. Despite pleas for her safety, Denham refuses to take her with him when he sets sail from Dakang. However, shortly after the ship leaves, Hilda is found having stowed away on board.

Helstrom talks Hilda into silence, then incites a mutiny on board the Venture, but the sailors want no more captains and force him along with Denham, Englehorn, Hilda, and Charlie the cook away in a lifeboat. The group land on Skull Island and discover that the natives now blame Denham for Kong's destruction in their village, forcing them to retreat into the interior of the island, where they split up into two groups. Denham and Hilda encounter a giant albino gorilla, smaller than Kong, but still over twice the height of a man. The giant ape is stuck in quicksand, so Denham helps him out and bandages the ape's injured finger, establishing trust with the ape. Denham tells Hilda that he believes the ape is Kong's son and names him "Little Kong". Later, Englehorn, Charlie and Helstrom are attacked by a Styracosaurus which chases them into a cave. Denham and Hilda are attacked by a giant cave bear, but "Little Kong" fights it and forces it away. Helstrom had actually made up his treasure-story to get a free ride away from Dakang, but with the ape's help, Denham and Hilda find a real treasure - a huge jewel on the head of a seemingly abandoned giant stone idol, which he takes. Little Kong, Denham, and Hilda are attacked by a Nothosaurus, but "Little Kong" fights and kills it. A storm ensues and Helstrom tries to escape in the lifeboat, but is killed by an Elasmosaurus. Englehorn, Hilda and Charlie quickly retrieve and board the lifeboat, but a violent earthquake and hurricane strikes the island and it begins to sink into the ocean. The water soon surrounds Denham and "Little Kong" atop a tall mound and as the ape's foot gets stuck in the cracking mound, he sacrifices himself to save Denham by holding him above the water. The group in the boat reach Denham just in time, as the ape's hand, with Denham's bandage still on his finger, sinks below. On the deck of a rescue ship, Denham and Hilda contemplate the tragic fate of Kong's son and of their future together, but Denham shows Hilda the jewel he salvaged, assuring her that it will provide financial security for all of them. It was Denham's intention to split the fortune four ways (Denham, Hilda, Englehorn and Charlie), but Hilda says that three ways is just fine, indicating that she is throwing her fortunes in with Denham for the long haul.

Production
The film was produced and released in 1933, immediately following the success of King Kong (1933), and was a modest success. Script writer Ruth Rose intentionally made no attempt to make a serious film on the logic that it could not surpass the first. She stated, "If you can't make it bigger, make it funnier." For his part, Denham's actor, Robert Armstrong, preferred the second film, saying that the sequel offered more character development for Carl Denham. In other words, his character Denham gets the young girl at the end.

The script/screenplay featured scenes of tribal warfare and a climactic dinosaur stampede during the massive cyclone/earthquake that sinks Skull Island at the film's end. The stampede was going to utilize the models that had been built for Creation (1931) (most being used in the earlier King Kong). However, these sequences were never filmed due to the film's tight budget and shooting schedule.

Helen Mack's character is never referred to as "Hilda" in the film. The name "Hilda" is used in the credits and her father refers to her as "La Belle Helene" during the show. Denham just calls her "kid".

Little Kong was referred to as "Kiko" during production, but this name is never used in the film or in publicity materials.

Some of the stop-motion models used for King Kong were also used for The Son of Kong. The non animated "long face" Kong armature, from the log bridge and Tyrannosaurus fight sequences, was also used for "Little Kong". Of the two known existing model-armatures of Kong, one is currently owned by film historian and collector Bob Burns, and the other is owned by director Peter Jackson, who remade King Kong in 2005. Also, the same Brontosaurus model used for the raft scene in King Kong can be glimpsed in the sea as the island is sinking. The stop motion animation in the film (done by Willis O'Brien who also did the effects in King Kong) is not as extensive as in the original, but included is a sequence where a Styracosaurus chases the explorers through the jungle. Today, the original Styracosaurus model, along with other original 1933 "Kong" dinosaurs, is also now owned by director Peter Jackson. An interesting giant bear is added to the creatures “Little Kong” challenges.

Creatures

 * "Little Kong": Kong’s son, who’s much smaller, has all white fur, and a much happier face & personality. At the end of the film, in order to save the life of Carl Denham, the shady movie producer from the first film, "Little Kong" sacrifices himself in flooding water when the island sinks to the ocean during an earthquake.
 * Archaeopteryx: A prehistoric bird seen flying around the island.
 * Rhamphorhynchus: A prehistoric flying pterosaur seen flying around the island.
 * Styracosaurus: A gigantic ceratopsian that chases Charlie, Englehorn, and Helstrom into a cave. The stop-motion model was originally used in test-filming for, but not included in, King Kong (1933 film).
 * Triceratops: A gigantic dinosaur in a deleted scene. This was another stop-motion model that was originally used in test-filming for, but not included in, the original King Kong.
 * Cave bear: A gigantic prehistoric mammal that chases Denham and Hilda, which is fought and forced away by "Little Kong".
 * Nothosaurus: A prehistoric reptile that attacks Denham, Hilda and "Little Kong" after they uncover the treasure, and which is killed by "Little Kong".
 * Elasmosaurus: A gigantic prehistoric aquatic reptile that attacks and kills Helstrom when he attempts to escape in the lifeboat. The scene of the Elasmosaurus snapping its jaws is similar to the Brontosaurus snapping-jaws scene in the original King Kong.
 * Brontosaurus: A gigantic dinosaur that appears roaring during the earthquake and storm. The stop-motion model was also originally used in the original King Kong.

Home media
The Son of Kong was released on VHS by Nostalgia Merchant in the 1980s and again in 1991 by Turner Home Entertainment.

In 2005 it received a DVD release and was available both by itself and as part of a collector's set alongside King Kong (1933) and Mighty Joe Young (1949), with commentary by Ray Harryhausen. In the UK and in Italy it was released on DVD in 2010.

In 2014 it was featured on Warner Archive Instant, a streaming service dedicated to the classic films and animation properties owned by Time Warner, Inc.

Warner Bros released a Blu-ray version on October 27, 2015.

Critical response
The film received mixed reviews. In the New York Times review of the film, they described it as a "low melodrama with a number of laughs" that were deemed to be satisfying, though they added that the vision of comedy by the producers would be open to discussion. Variety described it as "fair entertainment". Among modern critics, review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes reported that 42% have given the film a positive review based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 4.90 out of 10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 50 out of 100 based on 6 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". It made a profit of $133,000.

Legacy
The notion of King Kong’s son is referenced in the film King Kong Lives, the sequel to the 1976 remake of King Kong, where Kong encounters a female giant ape, and their pairing leads to the birth of a baby ape.

Another variation of the son of Kong would be referenced in Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire, the fifth Installment in the MonsterVerse, where Kong explores further regions of the Hollow Earth, discovering a juvenile giant ape named Suko whom he subsequently raises as his son.

title: Son of Kong


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Talk:Democracy Movement (UK)

Untitled
Where is the page for the Democracy Movement in China during 1989? (Anna)

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User talk:Sightid

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - Trampled 14:00, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Sightid


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Talk:Act of Settlement 1662

This is my first draft and needs more work. It doesn't explain adequately that the Parliament of Ireland immediately post Restoration had a majority of Puritans and reduced the extent of the King's declaration to Ormond. The Act of Explanation needs a lot more work. --Red King 14:00, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hi, have to point out an inaccuracy here. The Act of 1652 doesn't say everyone has to leave eastern Ireland regardless of political or religious affiliation. What is says (paragraphs VI, VII VIII) is that anyone who fought against the parliament would lose some lands.
 * If they surrendered within the time allowed they would be pardoned for their life, but lose up to two thirids of their estates.
 * If they didn't surrender within the time allowed they could stand to lose all their lands and even their lives.
 * If they were "of the Popish religion" and had not taken any part in the wars they would still lose a thrid of their lands unless they had actually fought for the parliament.

In practice Protestant royalists cold avoid confisaction by paying fines, Catholics could not. One other point, the act only applied to landowners. Although some Parliamentarians talked about deported all of the Irish to Connacht, in fact, they only ever got arouind to the land owning class. Jdorney

 * I think you just volunteered to revise it! (You've already done most of it!)  --Red King 14:45, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

God damn it...!

Ok Jdorney

 * Great! Now all you have to do is explain what the King promised Ormonde (to request the Act), what was the composition of the Irish Parliamment of the time so they chopped it back, what happened when the Irish Royalists went to Westminster to whinge about not getting the full deal etc etc. :)

--Red King 11:06, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Holy sh..! What a can of worms! Ok I'll get on it. i'll have to look up some books though Jdorney

 * Quite! There are various sources on the net, but they contradict each other and sometimes even contradict themselves! And very PPOV too.  --Red King 19:54, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ok, I've done some of that work. Couldn't find the exact terms of the act - ie who was named. Most of the info comes from the "Jacobite Ireland". I've also made a start on articles about the earlier colonisation in Turdor re-conquest of Ireland and Plantations of Ireland, both of them still need a bit of work, especially the second one, which only has an intro so far. Jdorney 14:09, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

That should be Tudor re-conquest of Ireland

Which parliament passed it?
There is a conflict between this article, under "Background": "When the Long Parliament in London passed the Act of Settlement 1652" and the article by that name ("Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652") which says: "The act was passed on 12 August 1652 by the Rump Parliament of England" Hedles (talk) 10:20, 10 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Rump Parliament says The Rump Parliament is the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 so by 1652 the Long Parliament was defunct. Well spotted. The source was wrong. I shall fix it. --Red King (talk) 18:14, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

The Unkinde Desertor
The unkinde desertor by French isn't about the King, it's about the 1st Duke of Ormond.132.230.124.52 (talk) 13:23, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

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Cathedral Church of St. Paul (Boston)

The Cathedral Church of St. Paul, Boston is the historic cathedral church of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. Located at 138 Tremont Street near Downtown Crossing, directly across from Boston Common and Park Street Station, the cathedral is adjacent to the diocesan offices. On April 22, 2018, Amy E McCreath was named the ninth dean and first female dean of the Cathedral Church of St. Paul, and was installed as dean on September 29, 2018. The church, designed by Alexander Parris and Solomon Willard and built in 1819, was the first Greek Revival church in New England, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 for its architectural significance.

19th century
St. Paul's was founded in 1819. when there were two other Episcopal parishes in Boston, Christ Church (better known as Old North Church), and Trinity Church. Both had been founded before the American Revolution as part of the Church of England. The founders of St. Paul's wanted a totally American parish in Boston. The Cathedral was the first building with Greek Revival architecture in Boston.

Unusually for that time, for a church building, St. Paul's was built in the Greek revival style. Its architects were Alexander Parris, best known for Quincy Market, and Solomon Willard, best known for the Bunker Hill Monument. Its granite exterior and sandstone temple front have changed little since its construction. A carving of St. Paul preaching before King Agrippa II was intended to be placed in the pediment over the entrance but was never executed.

Congregants included Daniel Webster.

20th century
In 1912, after its neighborhood had become mainly non-residential, the diocese named St. Paul's as its cathedral. Then its chancel was remodeled with a coffered and gilded half-dome, elaborately carved wood reredos, a chancel organ and choir benches. The new chancel's architect was Ralph Adams Cram, known for such landmark Gothic churches as All Saints', in the Ashmont neighborhood of Boston, and the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City.

From the 1880s to 1980, St. Paul's had a choir of men and boys, who sang introits, hymns and anthems at Sunday morning worship services. Their founding choirmaster was Warren Andrew Locke, concurrently the organist and choirmaster at Harvard University from 1882 to 1910. The choir's final organist and choirmaster was Thomas Murray, who later became University Organist and Professor of Music at Yale University.

Design
The design in the center of the cathedral is The Labyrinth, which is meant to meditate and was modeled after one in Ravenna, Italy. The stones that make up the outside of the building were from St Paul's Cathedral's in London and St. Botolph's in Boston, England. In 2014, the Cathedral began extensive interior renovations which were complete during the fall of 2015. During this time the skylights on the ceiling were added for natural light, the curving ramp surrounding the altar was made accessible, and stained glass windows and other features were remodeled inside the chapel.

Ministers

 * Sam Jarvis, 1820–1825
 * Alonzo Potter, 1826–1831
 * John S. Stone, 1832–1841
 * Alexander Vinton, 1842–1858
 * William Nicholson, c. 1860s
 * Treadwell Walden, 1873
 * William Newton, 1877–1882
 * Frederick Courtney, 1882 accepts call to be the eight rector
 * John Summerfield Lindsey, 1889 ninth rector
 * Thomas Augustus Jaggar, 1906 tenth rector
 * William Faulkerner, 1908 eleventh rector
 * Edmund Swett Rousmaniere, 1909 installed as the twelfth and final rector, and named as the first Dean of the Cathedral 1912
 * Philemon Fowler Sturges, 1926 named as the second Dean of the Cathedral
 * Edwin Jan Van Etten, 1940 the third Dean of the Cathedral
 * Charles Henry Buck, 1953 the fourth Dean of the Cathedral
 * John Bowen Coburn, 1980, elected fifth Dean of the Cathedral
 * Thomas Kennedy, 1985 sixth Dean of the Cathedral
 * David Elliot Johnson, 1986 named himself seventh Dean of the Cathedral,
 * Jep Streit, 1996 installed as the eight Dean of the Cathedral
 * Amy E. McCreath, 2018 installed as the ninth, and first female Dean of the Cathedral

title: Cathedral Church of St. Paul (Boston)


text:
Regensburger Domspatzen

The Regensburger Domspatzen (literally: Regensburg Cathedral Sparrows) is the cathedral choir at the Regensburg Cathedral in Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany. The boys' choir dates back to 975, and consists of boys and young men only. They perform in liturgy and concert, and have made international tours and recordings.

History and organization
The Domspatzen, literally "Cathedral Sparrows", trace their origins back to the year 975 when bishop Wolfgang of Regensburg founded a cathedral school that – among other things – instructed boys to sing in the liturgy. It is the oldest choir in the world. The boys choir has seen various ups and downs during its history of more than a thousand years. In the 20th century, however, the Domspatzen became world-famous, especially through the achievement of the two directors who were to shape them over the course of 70 years: Theobald Schrems (Domkapellmeister 1924 to 1964) and Georg Ratzinger (1964–1994).

Schrems laid the foundations that enabled the choir's success by giving the Domspatzen their current institutional makeup: a boarding school for boys aged 10–19, a private secondary school with emphasis on musical education, and the choir at the center of the structure. In this way the boys can practise singing together and learn under the same roof, which allows for greater efficiency and thus also helps to avoid exhaustion of the students. Ratzinger oversaw the choir becoming a stable concert presence and consolidated and enhanced its quality. Since 1994, Roland Büchner has been Domkapellmeister; the first layman after centuries of conductors from the clergy.

Domkapellmeister

 * 1551–1568: Johann Simon
 * 1679–1691: Johann Georg Reichwein
 * 1769–1801: Fortunatus Cavallo
 * 1801–1834: Wenzeslaus Cavallo
 * 1838–1839: Johann Evangelist Deischer
 * 1839–1871: Joseph Schrems
 * 1871–1882: Franz Xaver Haberl
 * 1882–1882: Michael Haller
 * 1882–1885: Ignaz Mitterer
 * 1885–1891: Max Rauscher
 * 1891–1924: Franz Xaver Engelhart
 * 1924–1963: Theobald Schrems
 * 1964–1994: Georg Ratzinger
 * 1994–2019: Roland Büchner
 * since 2019: Christian Heiß

Corporal punishment and sexual abuse scandals
In the wake of worldwide scandals, cases of sexual abuse at the choir school became public in March 2010, some of them dating back to 1958. The two named perpetrators both died in 1986. Former choir director Georg Ratzinger has denied knowledge of sexual abuse. The case has taken additional prominence because Georg Ratzinger is the brother of Pope Benedict XVI. A report in 2017 stated that at least 547 boys were victims of physical abuse, sexual abuse or both between the years 1945 and 1992. Current bishop Rudolf Voderholzer announced plans to offer victims compensation of between 5,000 and 20,000 euros ($5,730 US and $22,930) each by the end of the year. The report faulted Ratzinger "in particular for 'looking away' or for failing to intervene." The report also stated that former bishop Gerhard Ludwig Müller, whom Pope Benedict XVI later named prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, bears "clear responsibility for the strategic, organizational and communicative weaknesses" for his poor efforts to investigate claims of past abuse when they surfaced. In 2022, the Roman Catholic Church allowed girls to form a choir and perform in the Regensburger Cathedral.

Recordings and tours
The choir has made numerous recordings (e.g. Bach's Christmas Oratorio, his motets, Psalmen Davids by Heinrich Schütz, and Handel's Messiah. It made concert tours throughout the world, including the United States, Scandinavia, Canada, Taiwan, Japan, Ireland, Poland, Hungary and the Vatican, in addition to an annual tour in Germany.

Performances
The choir performed in honor of Queen Elizabeth II on the occasion of her State Visit to Germany in 1978, and at Pope John Paul II’s visit to Munich in 1980. They also gave a concert in Bonn for the state guests at the NATO summit in 1982 under the auspices of then German president Karl Carstens. In 2006 they gave a concert in the Vatican City for Pope Benedict XVI, the brother of the former Domkapellmeister Georg Ratzinger. The main purpose of the choir, however, remains the music in the liturgy of Regensburg Cathedral, where the religious services of Holy Week constitute the prime event of the liturgical, and thus also the musical year.

title: Regensburger Domspatzen


text: Category:Sudanese politicians

title: Category:Sudanese politicians


text: Category:Streetlight Manifesto albums

title: Category:Streetlight Manifesto albums


text:
Kankroli

Kankroli is a twin City with Rajnagar, located in the district of Rajsamand in Rajasthan, India. It is located about 42 mi north of Udaipur and forms a twin town with Rajsamand. Rajsamand is famous for Rajsamand lake built by Maharaja Raj Singh - I. Along the Rajsamand lake is the Kankroli town. It is known for its beautiful Dwarkadhish Ji Temple devoted to Lord Krishna.

History
Kankroli was an Jagir in the erstwhile Mewar state, consisting of 21 villages, granted to Gosain of the Dwarkadhish Temple as free grant. Dwarkadhish temple is 3rd peeth of Shuddhadvaita pushtimarg found by Jagadguru Vallabhcharyaji. Dwarkadhish was brought to Mewar in 1669 AD by descendants of Vallabhcharya and in 1671 AD village of Asotiya was granted to construct temple for Dwarkadhish. After construction of Rajsamand was completed in 1676 AD, Dwarkadhish Temple was shifted to its current location. Dwarkadheesh Temple is Third Peeth of Vallabh Sampraday.

Demographics
As per Census India 2011, the Rajnagar Nagar Parishad has a population of 67798 in 2011.

Civic administration
Rajsamand municipal board was created in 1956, which was promoted to Rajsamand Nagar Parishad in 2012.

Transportation
The town lies on NH-48 (old NH-8) Udaipur-Ajmer. Kankroli is a railway station on the meter gauge route between Mavali-Marwar Junction.

Economy
Kankroli is famous for the JK Tyre plant, which is one of the leading Tyre Manufacturers in India. A whole village is named after it known as JayKay Gram. The city is emerging as an administrative co-industrial center, with increasing businesses related to building materials and marble.

title: Kankroli


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mahadreck

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 20:12, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mahadreck
This article about a rabbi seems non-notable, if not completely fictional. 0 hits on google. --DDerby 14:06, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Update: author has cleaned up pov and provided name, but that still receives no info from google. Still asking him for support. If none is provided, will ask for deletion of the similar article Creedmoor chassidism.
 * Same text has appeared at Mahadrek; I have added a vfd box pointing to this entry. FreplySpang (talk) 20:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ditto for Creedmoorer; these are all posted by same range of IPs. Added vfd tag pointing here. See also Creedmoor chassidismDDerby 20:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Also note Thoraziner Chassidism --Mike C | talk 19:27, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unnoticed was Onan ben Drusoy. Jayjg (talk) 20:07, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong Keep Mahadreck is one of the leading Conservative Jewish thinkers of today!
 * First two contributions ever by are this vote here and a vote at the Creedmore chassidism Vfd. -- Curps 11:01, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless evidence is provided of his existence and notability. (Giving his real name in addition to his title would be a good start.)If such evidence is provided, the page still needs to be NPOVed. --Angr/comhrá 16:09, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The creator tried blanking this page also. Someone might want to take a look at what the anon added at Creedmoor. Xezbeth  17:08, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * reposted the vfd tag. I also just reverted the Creedmoor site, originally a disambig page which the user, from a dynamic IP, posted an antisemitic but factual-sounding article which Mahadreck is related to. DDerby 18:54, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I assume that, if this relates to some actual person, "Mahadreck" is a pejorative distortion of that person's actual name or title. FreplySpang (talk) 20:36, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of existence on the Web, Usenet, Jewish encyclopedias and Jewish search engines. Solver 14:28, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, POV. Megan1967 04:20, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Ladies and gentlemen, may I invite you to another vote on an article by the same artist? Rl 19:18, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Creedmoor article is also a hoax. -- Curps 19:24, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vandalism, hoax.  Alai 22:54, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is more than a hoax. The author of this hoax wrote this as a libellous personal attack. RK 20:57, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. It's not exactly a personal attack per se, though this particular one is a dig at the Conservative movement.  "Mahadreck" stands for "Moreinu HaRav Dreck", or "our teacher the Rabbi Sh*t".  This article and the others are the kind of silly stuff people often write for Purim. Jayjg (talk)  22:07, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - But leave it there till the period for voting is over. --Irishpunktom\talk 13:41, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User talk:Violetriga/statusdevelopment/vfd

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