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Ottawa Valley English

Ottawa Valley English is Canadian English of the Ottawa Valley, particularly in reference to the historical local varieties of the area, now largely in decline. The accents of such traditional varieties are commonly referred to as an Ottawa Valley twang or brogue. The Ottawa Valley historically extends along the Ottawa River from northwest of Montreal through the city of Ottawa and north of Algonquin Park. The Atlas of North American English identifies an Ottawa Valley traditional dialect enclave in Arnprior, which lacks the Canadian raising of and strongly fronts  before, but neither feature is documented in the City of Ottawa itself or in other nearby urban areas, which speak Standard Canadian English.

In the 1980s, linguist Ian Pringle and colleagues claimed that there was a huge variation in dialect features throughout the thinly-populated Ottawa Valley, notably with large Hiberno-English influence; however, the nature of such variation has never been thoroughly described. At a general phonetic level, the Ottawa Valley twang of Irish-descended people is characterized by raising of and  in all contexts, as opposed to the Canadian English's more typical "Canadian raising", which is context-dependent. In terms of syntax, the twang features the use of "for to" in place of the "to" initiative. Additionally, various regions of the Ottawa Valley may possess their own vocabularies (lexical features) as well.

History
While the French were among the first to settle in the Ottawa Valley during the early-19th-century fur trade, they were later joined by the Irish and Scottish and they became the major cultural groups in the region. Work and trade opportunities and access to cheap land all made settlement in the Ottawa Valley attractive. The valley's population peaked in the years following 1891.

Although joined by Belgian, Swiss, Italian, German, Polish, and Loyalist settlers, those cultures managed to remain fairly distinct from one another. Concentrating in certain areas and preserving heritage languages and religions, the cultural pockets were what eventually led to the formation of the valley's townships. While the characteristics of the Ottawa Valley twang are evident throughout the Glengarry, Lanark, Renfrew, Grenville, Dundas, Stormont, Prescott, and Russell Counties, for example, each area also has its unique vocabulary and phonological traits as well.

Irish influence
The Irish were undoubtedly the most significant group of settlers in the Ottawa Valley in terms of numbers, as such they had the largest influence on the accents spoken there. In some townships, as many as 95% of the population claimed to be of Irish ethnicity in 1941. While much of Irish immigration can be attributed to the 19th-century famines, the Irish were also drawn to the Ottawa Valley for work opportunities, examples being in the thriving timber industry at the time as well as infrastructure projects.

Scottish influence
Following the Napoleonic Wars, Scottish groups settled primarily in the Glengarry, Lanark, and Renfrew Counties. Soldiers who had served the British Crown during the wars were offered free land grants throughout Upper Canada, particularly in the area known today as the Ottawa Valley. Over-represented in the British armed forces, Scottish men and their families received grants and ended up settling in the valley. Those who settled in Glengarry County were mostly Gaelic-speakers arriving from the Scottish Highlands, who eventually learned English from the neighbouring Loyalists to the west and the south. Many of Lanark County's residents, however, originated from the Scottish Lowlands. While Renfrew County was also a Scottish Highland settlement, many of its original settlers seemed to have already known English upon their arrival.

Phonological features
The fronting of before  and the consistent raising of  and  in any context, all of which is reminiscent of Irish and Scottish English, have been reported in traditional speakers of the Ottawa Valley. The north shore of the St. Lawrence Valley is home to Loyalist dialect pockets from the United States, including a dominant trend of the absence of the cot-caught merger, unlike most speakers of Standard Canadian English.

Lexical features
English in Glengarry features occasional borrowing from Gaelic words, an example being "gruamach" to describe a gloomy and overcast day. Some phonological features are also transferred from Gaelic, such as the marked devoicing of final voiced consonants as well as the alteration of consonant clusters.

Many residents of Lanark County originated from the Scottish Lowlands, bringing vocabulary elements of their heritage dialects as well. The term "ben," for example, is used to refer to what most Canadians would call a "living room" or what Ottawa Valley inhabitants would call a "parlour." "Rones" is used in place of "eavestroughs" and "gutters."

Phonologically, the English of Renfrew County is influenced by Polish-speakers in the region but also by a greater contact with Irish populations.

One of the strongest Irish influences on Ottawa Valley twang and the English of the area, in general, is the introduction of "for to." That is a syntactic feature where "for" is added to the "to" infinitive before verbs. The use of "for to" is an important characteristic of Belfast English, a prominent dialect spoken in Northern Ireland. While that is Irish-influenced, there has also been evidence of its use in Early English. Until around the 1600s, citizens of the poorer and lower classes have been known to use "for to" in their speech and dialogues. The following are common uses of the phrase: It can be used in statements of purpose ("I went to the shop for to get the cheese"), in exclamations ("For to tell her like that!"),  and sentences where the infinitive is featured as the subject ("For to stay here would just be as expensive"). This trait can also be found in another variety of Canadian English, namely Newfoundland English, as shown in popular Newfoundland folk songs such as Grey Foggy Day and The Prisoner of Newfoundland, with the former expressing that the singer would "come home for to stay" and the latter expressing that the singer was "consigned to Harvey's wharf a cargo for to land".

Current state
Although home to a large, diverse collection of heritages and cultures, the distinctive traits of the Ottawa Valley Twang are arguably in decline. Years ago in 1975, Chambers observed, "Little of this twang can be found today as most of the surrounding area and all the city have assimilated to General English." As a result, there is also a lack of literature in this subject. The study by Ian Pringle and Enoch Padolsky is among the only research entirely focused on Ottawa Valley and its linguistic features and characteristics.

Even though it is one of the most recognizable traits of the Ottawa Valley twang, the data available in regards to the use of "for to" is limited and susceptible to skewing. While speakers have historically used that syntactic feature, many sentences containing it are considered grammatically incorrect in today's Standard Canadian English. As a result, the use of "for to" may be underreported or even further denounced by what is sometimes referred to as "negative over reporting."

title: Ottawa Valley English


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Esperanto (car)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep (no consensus). There is no consensus to delete the article, but based on the debate one could argue that this article ought to be merged. I am in a slight predicament here however, because the suggested merge target is List of vehicles from Grand Theft Auto, an article which contains only the names of the vehicles, and no descriptions. Merging content from this article there would disrupt the "flow" of that article, and so merging this would amount to merely turning this article into a redirect. For now, I will let the article stay, and if anyone wants to do anything else with it, such as make a redirect or find a suitable target article which accomodates the car descriptions, they may go ahead and be bold. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:57, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Esperanto (car)

 * Delete - This article has absolutly no information content.
 * delete not even worth merging Bluemoose 11:01, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. - An interesting anecdote for those interested in Esperanto. More information should be obtainable, including possibly a screenshot, enough to make for a full (if brief) article.  Almafeta 06:32, 24 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this or make an article called List of automobiles in Grand Theft Auto games. --SuperDude 5 July 2005 02:40 (UTC)
 * Announcement; an article called List of vehicles from Grand Theft Auto has just been made. --SuperDude 5 July 2005 20:45 (UTC)
 * This nom was never added to a main VfD page; doing so now. Merge with the above.  JYolkowski // talk 22:14, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * merge as above or keep. Kappa 23:27, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I cannot fathom why a non-notable imaginary vehicle deserves an article. This may rate a passing mention in the article on the video game, but not as a break-out article. Denni ☯ 01:45, 2005 September 5 (UTC)
 * Delete - but it might have been easier to redirect to Grand Theft Auto to begin with.-- WCFrancis 02:22, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable gamecruft.  No expansion beyond a stub possible.  If it's worthy of mention at all it should go in the primary article. Quale 04:22, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge whatever that is salvageable to List of vehicles in Grand Theft Auto series. ╫ 25 ring-a-ding  19:01, 9 September 2005 (UTC) ╫
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Torii Mototada

Torii Mototada (鳥居 元忠) was a Japanese Samurai and Daimyo of the Sengoku period through late Azuchi–Momoyama period, who served Tokugawa Ieyasu. Torii died at the siege of Fushimi where his garrison was greatly outnumbered and destroyed by the army of Ishida Mitsunari. Torii's refusal to surrender had a great impact on Japanese history; the fall of Fushimi bought Ieyasu some time to regroup his army and eventually win the Battle at Sekigahara.

Early life
Torii was born in Okazaki, the son of Torii Tadayoshi. As a boy, he was sent as hostage to the Imagawa clan. The young Mototada served the then-Matsudaira Takechiyo as a page. After Ieyasu's return from the Imagawa clan, and his unification of Mikawa Province, Mototada served as one of his chief generals.

In 1572, Mototada succeeded the Torii family headship, following the death of his father.

Service under Ieyasu
He participated in the siege of Terabe Castle in 1558, and The Battle of Anegawa in June of 1570.

In 1573, He fought at the Battle of Mikatagahara and Battle of Suwahara Castle the following year and was wounded in the legs, which rendered walking difficult for him from then on.

In 1582, Tenshō-Jingo War broke out between the Tokugawa clan and Hōjō clan in a contest to gain control the area of Shinano Province, Ueno region, and Kai Province Kai Province (currently Gunma Prefecture),, which has been vacant since the destruction of Takeda clan and the death of Oda Nobunaga. Ieyasu lead an army of 8,000 soldiers entering Kai, Shinano Province, and Ueno, to annex it. In the battle of Wakamiko, 8,000-10,000 Tokugawa soldiers fought against around 50,000 soldiers of Hojo soldiers led by Hōjō Ujinao. This conflict lasted for 80 days. In the final phase of this conflict, Naomasa participated in the battle of Kurokoma, At some point of this war, Hōjō Ujikatsu leading a detachment of 10,000 soldiers encircling the rear of Tokugawa army to entrap them. Sensing this, Torii Mototada lead a raid group of 2,000 to repel their attempt, leading to the battle of Kurokoma. The Hōjō army also failed to launch trap Tokugawa's army from the rear.

Later, in 1585, he joined Ōkubo Tadayo and Hiraiwa Chikayoshi in laying siege to the Sanada clan's Ueda Castle. However, his forces were repulsed and suffered heavy losses.

Later during the confict between Toyotomi against Hōjō clan, Mototada participated in the siege of Iwatsuki Castle. After Ieyasu's move to the Kantō region, a former territory of Hōjō clan, Mototada was granted the 40,000 koku fief of Yasaku in Shimōsa Province, which made him a Daimyō.

Death
With the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1598, the remainder of the Council of Five Elders & the rest of the Toyotomi government, had Mōri Terumoto as its titular head, though he stayed entrenched in Osaka Castle, so leadership fell to Mitsunari in the field. In August 1600, Mototada was forewarned by spies that an army of 40,000 battle-hardened followers of Toyotomi Hideyori, now under Mitsunari formed a coalition against Tokugawa, and were annihilating everything in their path on their march to Fushimi Castle. Date Matsamune by Tokugawa Ieyasu's order, was holding off forces in the North against Uesugi Kagekatsu, while Ieyasu was racing east to Edo to gather his forces, but he needed time. All Ieyasu's hopes now rest on the fate of his castle at Fushimi, a fortress that controls all roads that lead east. Torii Mototada and his 1800 men garrison were badly outnumbered, and it should be mentioned that escape for the men inside was still possible.

In an act of loyalty to his lord Tokugawa Ieyasu, Torii chose to remain behind, honoring his friend & lord's request, pledging that he and his bastion would fight to the very end. When Ishida Mitsunari's army of 40,000 attacked, perhaps the greatest, most noble accomplishment in battle, in all of samurai history took place. Despite the insurmountable odds that Torii Mototada & his men faced, they defended Fushimi Castle for 12 days, killing several thousands of Mitsunari's army. They fought until there were only 10 of them left and committed ritual suicide.

In a last statement addressed to his son Torii Tadamasa, Mototada described how his family served the Tokugawa for generations and how his own brother had been killed in battle. In the letter, Torii stated that he considered it an honor to die first so that he might give courage to the rest of the Tokugawa warriors. He envisioned Tokugawa's reign remain far off into the future. He requested that his son raise his siblings to serve the Tokugawa clan "In both ascent and decline" and to remain humble desiring neither lordship nor monetary reward. When the order was given, the two lifelong friends, Torii Mototada and Tokugawa Ieyasu parted ways sadly knowing that they would never see each other again:

 * "It is not the Way of the Warrior to be shamed and avoid death even under circumstances that are not particularly important ... For myself, I am resolved to make a stand within the castle and to die a quick death. It would not take much trouble to break through a part of their numbers and escape, no matter how many tens of thousands of horsemen approached for the attack or by how many columns we were surrounded. But that is not the true meaning of being a warrior, and it would be difficult to account as loyalty. Rather, I will stand off the forces of the entire country here, and ... die a resplendent death."

Notable Action
Torii Mototada's actions had a great impact on the course of Japanese history. Tokugawa Ieyasu would raise an army of 90,000 and confront Ishida Mitsunari's forces at Sekigahara in what would be one of the bloodiest battles in the Sengoku period. 40,000 heads would be taken in the first hours of battle and 70,000 would perish in the next two days as the remnants of Mitsunari's vanquished army were hunted down and executed. The Battle of Sekigahara was a decisive one, resulting in the unification of Japan. Tokugawa's family would rule the entire country for the next 268 years.

Mototada's suicide at the fall of Fushimi is one of the most celebrated acts of seppuku in Japanese history.

Descendance
Among his descendants, Ōishi Yoshio (1659-1703), Karō (Chief retainer) of the Akō Asano clan, leader and hero of the Forty-seven Rōnin's revenge against Kira Yoshinaka, was his great-great-grandson, through Yoshio's father Ōishi Yoshiaki, maternal grandson of Torii Tadakatsu, fourth son of Torii Mototada.

title: Torii Mototada


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Last Days (2005 film)

Last Days is a 2005 American drama film directed, produced and written by Gus Van Sant. It is a fictionalized account of the last days of a musician, loosely based on Kurt Cobain. It was released to theaters in the United States on July 22, 2005 and was produced by HBO. The film stars Michael Pitt as the character Blake, based on Cobain. Lukas Haas, Asia Argento, Scott Patrick Green and Thadeus A. Thomas also star in the film. This is the first film from Picturehouse, a joint venture between Time Warner's New Line Cinema and HBO Films subsidiaries to release art house, independent, foreign, and documentary films. The film polarized critics.

Plot
A young musician named Blake sneaks out of a rehab clinic and walks home through a forest, also swimming through a lake then lighting a fire for the night. The next day, he gets home and changes his clothes. He walks around in the house with a shotgun, pointing it at his sleeping roommates Scott, Luke, Asia, and Nicole. He is greeted by Yellow Pages representative Thadeus A. Thomas who talks to him about placing an ad in the upcoming book. He receives a phone call from his record company telling him that he and his band have to do another tour and that it is important they make the booked dates, but Blake hangs up. He goes upstairs and falls asleep on the floor in one of the rooms. Asia awakes and finds him asleep as two LDS missionaries arrive at the door. Scott and Luke answer the door and the two missionaries talk to them about their church and its teachings. Blake changes into different clothes and leaves the house for the shed outside as the missionaries leave.

Scott, Luke, Asia, and Nicole leave and Blake goes back into the house. His friend Donovan and a private detective come to the house and Blake leaves as they look around the house for him. He waits for them to leave before he enters the house again. He messes with the guitars and drums putting them on loop with his vocals. He stops when his record executive (Kim Gordon) comes over and tries to have him leave with her but Blake refuses. Blake goes to a rock club that night where a friend of his comes up to him and tells him about how he went to a Grateful Dead concert. Blake leaves before his friend can finish telling the story. Blake goes back home where Scott takes some of his money and Luke asks for help from Blake on a song.

Scott tells Luke that Donovan had a private detective with him and that they should leave. After Scott and Luke have sex upstairs, Blake plays acoustic one last time before walking out to the shed where he sits quietly, watching his roommates leave. They spend the night at their friend's house, and awake the next morning to see the news announcing that Blake died by suicide and an electrician found his body. Scott, Luke, and Nicole get in a car and leave, driving down a highway while Luke plays the guitar in the back seat.

Relation to other Van Sant films
Last Days is the third and final installment in what Van Sant has frequently called his "Death Trilogy", which began with Gerry (2002) and continued with Elephant (2003). The dialogue and narration in all three films are minimal, and scenes do not proceed linearly. As in Elephant, scenes are revisited from new angles, starting at differing points in time, without a signal to viewers that the clock has been turned back and a previous scene is being revisited. In a later film, Paranoid Park (2007), Van Sant uses the same technique. Also as in the other films, many of the actors' character names are the same as their actual first names.

Background
Van Sant has stated he had contemplated the project for nearly a decade. At one time, he wanted to do a biographical film about Cobain but decided against the idea out of concern over the potential of a lawsuit by Cobain's widow, Courtney Love. Van Sant was unsure how Cobain's fans and family would react to Last Days; he spoke to Love several times over the years about his project and recently expressed his concern that it might be painful for her to see the film. Actress Asia Argento stated, "It's been written that I play Courtney Love, and it's not true. I'm so upset. I don't know why people say that. I feel very sorry for her. She's been demonized and I feel sorry for anybody that's lost like that. But no, I play a character that's very dorky."

Music
Last Days features two original compositions by Michael Pitt: an acoustic song entitled "Death to Birth" and an electric jam called "That Day". Lukas Haas composed another piece, "Untitled". Rodrigo Lopresti composed "Seen as None" and "Pointless Ride". The character Scott listens to "Venus in Furs" by The Velvet Underground. Blake, in one scene, watches the music video for "On Bended Knee" by Boyz II Men on television. "Venus in Furs" contains the lyric "...on bended knee". A soundscape piece called "Doors of Perception" ("Türen der Wahrnehmung") was composed by Hildegard Westerkamp.

Filming
The film was shot in the Hudson Valley region of New York, which, due in part to cinematographer Harris Savides' specialized treatment of the film stock, suggests the Pacific Northwest, where Van Sant is from.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 58% based on reviews from 119 critics, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's consensus says, "While the minimalist style is not for all viewers, those who prefer experimentalism will find Last Days hypnotic." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Leslie Felperin of Variety wrote: "Result is dead-on depiction of the hedonistic rock lifestyle, punctuated by sequences of haunting beauty but also quasi-religious imagery that borders on tacky."

Awards
The film was entered in the 2005 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Technical Grand Prize. It was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography, but failed to win any awards at the festival.

Legacy
The film was adapted into an opera of the same name by British composer Oliver Leith and visual artist Matt Copson, which premiered in 2022 at the Linbury Theatre as a coproduction of Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the Royal Opera House, featuring French actress Agathe Rousselle in the role of Blake.

Director Matt Reeves has said that this movie was an influence on the character of Bruce Wayne in The Batman (2022).

title: Last Days (2005 film)


text: User:ClockworkSoul/Templates/chemistry

title: User:ClockworkSoul/Templates/chemistry


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Chashan

Chashan is a town under the direct administration of the prefecture-level city of Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China. It is located 11.5 km northeast of the prefecture-level city centre.

Transport
There are buses connecting the city of Dongguan, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Dongguan other townships. Travel by bus is the best way to reach Chashan.

Railway

 * Dongguan railway station (Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway, Guangzhou - Shenzhen) (Dongguan train terminal commenced service on January 4, 2014)
 * 2 Dongguan Rail Transit Line
 * Though the Kowloon Canton Railway runs through Chashan, it is not a convenient way to travel from Guangzhou (Canton), Shenzhen or Kowloon in Hong Kong to Chashan due to the time required.

Highway

 * Wanlong Road (Dongguan city - Shilong)
 * Dan Dagong Road (Shilong Town - Da Lingshan Town)
 * Expressway east Dongguan (Songshan Songshan Lake Road Interchange fast - Bridge Town Bridge Long Road)
 * Tea Cross-Island Highway (Chashan - Hengli Town)

Travel

 * Dongyue
 * Nanshe Ming and Qing village
 * Mai village house

Notable fruit
Chashan is noted for its litchi fruit which comes from the litchi chinensis, a Chinese tree that bears bright red fruits, each with a single large seed. Litchi taste best between May and June.

title: Chashan


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User talk:RandyMantooth

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you.

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Academic Challenger 02:25, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Academic Challenger 02:26, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:RandyMantooth


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Peter J. Ganci Jr.

Peter James Ganci Jr. (October 27, 1946 – September 11, 2001) was a career firefighter in the New York City Fire Department killed in the September 11 attacks. At the time of the attacks, he held the rank of Chief of Department, the highest ranking uniformed fire officer in the department.

Early life
Peter James Ganci Jr. was born on October 27, 1946, and raised in Farmingdale, New York.

Career
Prior to joining the Fire Department, Ganci served in the 82nd Airborne Division. Having never been deployed, Ganci was on leave at home with a firefighter friend who told him about the death of four firefighters from Engine 18 in the 23rd Street Fire in Manhattan. Ganci, at that moment, realized that there is a dangerous aspect to fighting fires as well. While still a volunteer with the Farmingdale Fire Department, Ganci was with the same friend one day who told him he was planning to transfer to another station in the city. Following the conversation and his discharge from the Army in 1968, Ganci signed up and was accepted into the New York City Fire Department in 1968.

Ganci joined the New York City Fire Department in 1968, serving in engine and ladder companies in Brooklyn and the Bronx, beginning with Engine Company 92 in the Bronx and then subsequently Ladder Company 111. During this time in the FDNY, a time described by The New York Times as "an era of crisis", fire companies battled arson fires almost continually in the city's poorest neighborhoods. Ganci was promoted to lieutenant in 1977, captain in 1983, battalion chief in 1987, and deputy chief in 1993, when he was working in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. In 1994 Ganci was made the head of the Bureau of Fire Investigation following the appointment as fire commissioner of Howard Safir, who needed a uniformed chief to address conflicts between fire marshals and uniformed firefighters, a conflict whose resolution Safir credits to Ganci. In January 1997 Ganci replaced his boss Donald Burns as Chief of Operations, the second highest uniformed position in the Fire Department.

During the September 11 attacks

On the morning of the attacks, Ganci's best friend and executive assistant, Steve Mosiello, was going to drive Ganci to court, where Ganci had been scheduled for jury duty. However, immediately after American Airlines Flight 11 hit the North Tower (1 World Trade Center) at 8:46 a.m. Ganci, Mosiello, and Chief of Operations Danny Nigro rushed there from their command post in downtown Brooklyn. Driving there in Ganci's car, they arrived on the scene in less than 10 minutes, and set up a command post on a ramp leading to a garage near the North Tower, in time to see United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower at 9:03 a.m. According to Newsday, Ganci and others were in the basement of the South Tower when it collapsed at 9:59 a.m., but they dug themselves out of the rubble that had caved in on them. Ganci ordered his men to set up a different command post in a safer location, farther north of the buildings, and ordered Mosiello to acquire backup. However, Ganci himself returned to the buildings, coming to stand in front of 1 World Trade Center, where he was directing the rescue efforts with a multichannel radio, when the building collapsed. He and Mayor Rudy Giuliani had spoken just minutes before, when Giuliani had left for his command post, following Ganci's instruction to Giuliani for the fire commissioners and others to clear the area because it was apparent the North Tower would fall. However, Ganci himself did not evacuate the area, saying, "I'm not leaving my men", and remained at that location with First Deputy Commissioner William Feehan.

Ganci and Feehan were killed when the North Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m. After a rescue dog located Ganci's body, Ganci's fire team, including Mosiello, pulled it from beneath four feet of debris. Ganci's former supervisor, Howard Safir, commented that Ganci "would never ask anyone to do something he didn't do himself. It didn't surprise me that he was right at the front lines. You would never see Pete five miles away, in some command center."

Ganci was survived by his sisters, Mary Dougherty and Ellen Ganci, his brothers, Dan and Jim, his wife, Kathleen, their sons, Peter Ganci III (a firefighter assigned to Ladder Company 111 in Brooklyn) and Christopher (also a firefighter in the FDNY ), and their daughter Danielle, who lived with Ganci in Massapequa, New York.

Legacy and memorials
Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan was unofficially renamed for him as Ganci Air Base.

On Memorial Day in 2003, the post office at 380 Main Street in Farmingdale, New York, was named for him.

In 2003 Ganci's son, Chris Ganci, wrote a biography of Ganci.

At the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, Ganci is memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-17.

On September 8, 2020, it was announced that the James Gordon Bennett Medal for conspicuous bravery would be renamed for Ganci.

title: Peter J. Ganci Jr.


text: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Boneyard/Blank page 132


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Transit Center at Manas

Transit Center at Manas (formerly Manas Air Base and unofficially Ganci Air Base) is a former U.S. military installation at Manas International Airport, near Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan. It was primarily operated by the U.S. Air Force. The primary unit at the base was the 376th Air Expeditionary Wing. On 3 June 2014 American troops vacated the base and it was handed over back to the Kyrgyzstan military.

The base was opened in December 2001 to support U.S. military operations in the War in Afghanistan. The base was a transit point for U.S. military personnel coming from and going to Afghanistan. Recreation facilities included internet cafes, wireless internet, pool tables, free video games, and telephone lines via the DSN that allowed coalition forces to call their homes at little or no cost. The base had a large dining facility, a gymnasium, and a chapel. There was also a library where books and magazines were available for active duty airmen. It also hosted forces from several other International Security Assistance Force member states.

Several events, such as the shooting of a local civilian and rumors of fuel dumping, had led to strained relations with some of the local population. Powers such as Russia and China had been pushing for the closure of the base since 2005.

In February 2009, the Kyrgyz Parliament voted to close the base after the two governments failed to agree on a higher rent for the property. American and Kyrgyz officials continued negotiations after the announcement, and on 23 June a tentative agreement was reached. Under the new arrangement, the United States will pay $200 million, three times the previous rent, for continued use of the facilities. Before the handover to the Kyrgyz military, Kyrgyz forces handled security in the areas surrounding the facility, while American forces provided security for the facility, and the site was then called a "transit center" instead of an "air base".

All U.S. forces vacated the base in early June 2014, at which time control of the base was handed over to Kyrgyz authorities. The U.S. lease officially expired in July 2014.

Name
The installation was initially named after New York Fire Department Chief Peter J. Ganci, Jr., who was killed in the September 11 attacks. The all-ranks club/recreation center on base was known as "Pete's Place" in his honor.

Shortly after the U.S. Air Force had used the name "Ganci", it was found that an Air Force Instruction (AFI) dictated that non-U.S. air bases could not bear the name of any U.S. citizens (the former Clark Air Base in the Philippines pre-dated this instruction). Since that time the air base has been officially called Manas Air Base, after the name of Manas International Airport where it is located.

The name "Manas" refers to the Epic of Manas, a world-renowned Kyrgyz epic poem.

The facility was renamed "Transit Center at Manas" following a new agreement between the U.S. and Kyrgyz governments, signed in June 2009. Most English-language sources, however, continue to refer to it as "Manas Air Base".

History
The center opened on 16 December 2001.

Operation Enduring Freedom
In December 2001, the 86th Contingency Response Group out of Ramstein Air Base in Germany arrived at Manas to open the airfield for military use as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.

U.S. close air support aircraft deployed there included U.S. Air Force F-15Es and U.S. Marine Corps F-18s. In February 2002, a detachment of French Air Force Dassault Mirage 2000D ground attack aircraft and KC-135 air-refueling tankers deployed to Manas in support of ground forces in Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. In March of the same year, the Royal Australian Air Force stationed two B707 air-to-air refueling aircraft at the base. A Norwegian C-130 deployed there in early 2002; it was withdrawn in October 2002 when a tri-national detachment, known as European Participating Airforces (EPAF) of a total of 18 F-16s, 6 from the Danish, 6 from the Dutch and 6 from the Norwegian F-16 multirole aircraft took the place of the Mirages. Support for the new aircraft came in the form of one Netherlands KDC-10 tanker, and several American KC-135s, which remained assigned until June 2014. At the same time, Spain deployed two Superpuma rescue helicopters from its Army Aviation and at least two C-130s. Several of the servicemen from this unit were killed in an air crash on their way home from the base.

ISAF support

In September 2004, the Royal Netherlands Air Force again returned with 5x F-16 fighter/bomber to provide Close Air Support (CAS) for the ISAF mission, which now encompassed both Kabul and Northern Afghanistan. To supplement the small availability of tanker aircraft, a RNLAF KDC-10 was also deployed which flew regularly to supply Dutch F-16s with fuel. At that time, the Spanish Airforce was also giving support with a single C-130. The Dutch, commanded by LtCol Bob "Body" Verkroost, remained until the presidential elections of 9 October 2004 elected Hamid Karzai as president of Afghanistan. The last F-16 mission was flown on 19 November 2004 at which time the F-16s were withdrawn to their homebase of Volkel Airbase in the Netherlands, while the KDC-10 flew the personnel back to Eindhoven Airport. The Dutch returned with F-16s to the Afghan theatre in 2005 but at that time began operating out of Kabul Airport.

Tulip Revolution
The Tulip Revolution of March 2005 led to the toppling of Kyrgyz president Askar Akayev. However, American and allied personnel did not find themselves disrupted or affected, according to international news reports. One military member even indicated, "It's been business as usual...We did not miss a single flight."

In April 2006, Kyrgyzstan's new president, Kurmanbek Bakiyev, threatened to expel U.S. troops if the United States would not agree by 1 June to pay more for stationing forces in the Central Asian nation. He later withdrew this threat.

On 6 September 2006, U.S. Air Force officer Maj. Jill Metzger went missing after being separated from her group while visiting a shopping center in Bishkek. She was found three days later in the nearby city of Kant. After an Air Force investigation, it was confirmed in February 2012 that Metzger had indeed been kidnapped as she had claimed.

December 2006 shooting
On 6 December 2006, U.S. serviceman Zachary Hatfield fatally shot Alexander Ivanov, a Kyrgyz civilian, at a truck checkpoint at the base. A statement from the base stated the airman "used deadly force in response to a threat at an entry control checkpoint". Ivanov, a truck driver for Aerocraft Petrol Management, was waiting to finish the security check before proceeding into the U.S.-controlled area. According to a base spokesman, "As the airman approached the tent, the driver physically threatened him with a knife which was discovered at the scene. The airman drew his 9mm weapon and fired in self-defense." Hatfield fired two shots into Ivanov's chest, killing him.

The killing drew widespread condemnation from Kyrgyz authorities and they quickly demanded that Hatfield's immunity from local prosecution be revoked. In the meantime, U.S. authorities agreed to have Hatfield remain in Kyrgyzstan until the matter was resolved. Another issue to come out of the shooting was that of the compensation offered to Ivanov's family. His employer offered the family $50,000 while the U.S. government offered only around $2,000. Galina Skripkina, a lawyer representing Ivanov's widow, described the U.S. offer as "humiliating" and said that if it was not increased the family would take legal action. However, the U.S. embassy stated that this amount was an interim payment and that final compensation would be determined once the investigation into the shooting was concluded.

More detailed data about the hearings on the Hatfield case were published in late December 2010 via the web site Russian Reporter, which issued a series of dispatches from the State Department and U.S. embassies, supposedly originating from the WikiLeaks archive. "Junior Sergeant Hatfield was subject to severe administrative measures against him, which will have long-term effects and negatively affect his career," the dispatch stated though criminal charges against Hatfield never went to a military court. According to the dispatch, the officer authorized to initiate court-martial was General Arthur Lichte, a commander at the airbase, who, "after reviewing the report of the Article 32 investigation and considering the advice of his staff judge advocate...dismissed the charge against SrA Hatfield," the dispatch states. It said that Lichte had ruled for a non-prosecution based "on his own professional and impartial judgment of the facts of the case and the evidence that was available." The paper reported that Lichte was given the power of referral because he was not previously involved in the investigation of the case, nor in the chain of command relating to Hatfield. In the summer of 2009, after dismissing criminal charges against Hatfield, the U.S. military gave Ivanova's widow $250,000.

2009 threat of closure and restructuring
On 3 February 2009, Kyrgyzstan's President Kurmanbek Bakiyev announced that Manas Air Base would soon be closed. A bill calling for the closure of the base and the eviction of U.S. forces was passed by the Kyrgyz parliament by a vote of 78 to one on 19 February 2009. The following day, 20 February, an official eviction notice was delivered to the U.S. Embassy in Bishkek, according to the Kyrgyzstan Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The news of the base's closure followed the announcement of a new agreement between Russia and Kyrgyzstan in which Kyrgyzstan will receive $2 billion in loans and $150 million in financial aid from Russia. Most observers see the two events as connected, and believe that Russian financial assistance was offered on the condition that U.S. forces were expelled from Kyrgyzstan. As of 2009, the U.S. government provided $150 million in aid annually to Kyrgyzstan. According to General David Petraeus, head of U.S. Central Command, around $63 million of that sum is directly connected to the base. The larger Russian package is viewed by some analysts as an effort to "out-bid" the Americans.

Referring to the closure of Manas Air Base, Pentagon spokesman Geoff S. Morrell directly accused Russia of "attempting to undermine [American] use of that facility". U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates also said that, "The Russians are trying to have it both ways with respect to Afghanistan in terms of Manas. On one hand you're making positive noises about working with us in Afghanistan, and on the other hand you're working against us in terms of that airfield which is clearly important to us." However Russian President Dmitry Medvedev distanced his country from the announcement, saying that it was "within the competence of the Kyrgyz Republic" to decide how the Manas base functioned.

On 23 June 2009 a new deal was reached between the U.S. and Kyrgyz governments. It was ratified by the Kyrgyz parliament two days later, and signed into law by President Bakiyev on 7 July. Under the terms of the new agreement, U.S. payment for use of the facilities will increase from $17.1 million to $60 million. An additional $117 million will be given to the Kyrgyz government, including $36 million for upgrading the airport with additional storage facilities and aircraft parking, $21 million for fighting drug trafficking in the country, and $20 million for economic development.

The facility's official title also was altered under the new agreement. Instead of being referred to as "Manas Air Base", it became the "Transit Center at Manas International Airport". According to a Kyrgyz government spokesman, the facility will officially cease to be an air base in August 2009, after which point its legal status would be altered to a logistic center. Additionally, security around the base will now be handled by Kyrgyz personnel, as opposed to American servicemen.

Several local political observers believe that despite the changes in the new agreement, activities at the base will continue unaltered, and in fact, as of March 2010, operations had continued. In March 2010 the United States transported 50,000 NATO soldiers to Afghanistan via Kyrgyzstan as it represents the quickest and most efficient route. The new agreement does not appear to restrict the kind of materials U.S. forces can move into and out of the base.

According to Bill Gertz, US State Department officials reportedly overheard that China had asked the government of Kyrgyzstan to close the base to U.S. use in return for $3 billion in cash (a sum equal to a tenth of all Chinese foreign aid given from 1950 to 2009). According to Gertz, the Chinese ambassador to Kyrgyzstan subsequently denied to the U.S. ambassador that the covert cash offer had been made.

2010 Kyrgyzstan revolution
On 6 April 2010 a second revolution took place. The transit center itself saw few mishaps during the revolution. The 376th Expeditionary Security Forces and augmentees were initially called to combat duty when a Kyrgyz military armored personnel carrier (APC) was taken from a National Guard facility in Bishkek by revolutionaries was driven to the transit center with the intent to enter the base and stop any fleeing members of the former government. Small arms fire erupted in several locations around the base to include the flight line. The base commander Colonel Holt had all armed combat units and those that were transiting to or from Afghanistan in combat posture to defend the transit center.

Closure
On 8 November 2011, newly elected President Almazbek Atambayev announced that he would attempt to close the base when its lease ran out in 2014.

In September 2012, Atambayev repeated his view that "Manas should be a civil airport" which "should not be a military base for any country". He reaffirmed his stance that starting from 2014, Manas airport will only be used to transport passengers.

In 2014, American military flights began to fly out of Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport, Romania instead of Manas.

Incidents and accidents

 * On 26 September 2006, a USAF KC-135R, 63-8886, was damaged beyond economical repair when it was struck by a Tupolev Tu-154 of Altyn Air, EX-85718, while stopped on a taxiway after landing at Manas Airbase. The Tu-154 was taking off and its right wing struck the fairing of the KC-135R No. 1 engine. The force of the impact nearly severed the No. 1 engine, but destroyed a portion of the left wing and the resulting fire caused extensive damage to the KC-135. The Tu-154 lost about 6 ft of its right wingtip, but was able to get airborne and return to the airport for an emergency landing. The tanker crew had been directed to use Taxiway Golf, a taxiway which was not usable for night operations, and the controller failed to note that they reported "holding short" of that taxiway, rather than "clear of" the runway at that point. Both a contractor safety liaison employed by the U.S. Air Force and the air traffic control tower personnel failed to note that the KC-135 was not clear of the runway prior to clearing the Tu-154 for takeoff. The crew of the KC-135 evacuated the aircraft without serious injuries.
 * On 3 May 2013, a Fairchild AFB, WA air crew flying a McConnell AFB, KS (USAF) KC-135R, 63-8877, crashed about 8 minutes after taking off from Manas Airbase in Kyrgyzstan, killing three crew members. The aircraft was at cruise altitude about 200 km west of Bishkek when it lost altitude and crashed in a mountainous area near the village of Chorgolu, close to the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Videotape evidence seems to indicate that the fuselage was in flames as it descended from the clouds overhead, although the tail and some wreckage (left wing, vertical stabilizer, one engine, boom and boom drogue adapter) were not blackened by fire and landed some distance away. This may indicate an inflight explosion or structural failure, possibly related to thunderstorms in the area. Ultimately, the mishap board determined that a rudder system malfunction contributed to development of oscillatory instability, known as "Dutch roll." The aircrew did not adequately diagnose the problem and, by using rudder to maintain course, contributed to structural failure of the aircraft. Although one of the last -135 aircraft built, this airframe was 48 years and 10 months old at the time of its loss.

title: Transit Center at Manas


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Cahal Daly

Cahal Brendan Daly KGCHS (born Charles Brendan Daly, 1 October 1917 – 31 December 2009) was a Roman Catholic prelate, theologian and writer from Northern Ireland.

Daly served as the Roman Catholic Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh from late 1990 to 1996, the oldest man to take up this role for nearly 200 years. He was later created a Cardinal-Priest of S. Patrizio by Pope John Paul II in the consistory of 28 June 1991.

Early life
Charles Brendan Daly was born in Ballybraddin, Loughguile, a village near Ballymoney in County Antrim, the third child of seven born to Charles Daly and Susan Connolly. His father was a primary school teacher originally from Keadue, County Roscommon, and his mother a native of Antrim. He was educated at St. Patrick's National School in Loughguile, and then as a boarder in St. Malachy's College, Belfast, in 1930. The writer Brian Moore was a near contemporary.

Studies
Daly studied Classics at Queen's University in Belfast. He earned his (BA) with Honours and also the Henry Medal in Latin Studies in 1937 and completed his M.A. the following year. He entered St Patrick's College, Maynooth and was ordained to the priesthood on 22 June 1941. He continued studies in theology in Maynooth, from where he obtained a doctorate in divinity (DD) in 1944. His first appointment was as Classics Master in St. Malachy's College (1944–1945).

In 1945 he was appointed Lecturer in Scholastic Philosophy at Queen's University, Belfast, retaining the post for 21 years. In the academic year 1952–53 Queens granted him sabbatical leave, which he spent studying at the Catholic Institute of Paris where he received a licentiate in philosophy. He would return to France at many points, particularly for holidays. He persisted with his studies well into his retirement. He was a popular figure with the university and fondly remembered by his students. He was named a Canon of the Cathedral Chapter of Diocese of Down and Connor in 1966.

Episcopate
Daly was a peritus, or theological expert, at the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) to Bishop William Philbin during the first session of the Council and to William Cardinal Conway for the rest of the council. He dedicated himself to scholarship for 30 years, and published several books seeking to bring about understanding between the warring factions in Northern Ireland.

Daly was appointed Reader in Scholastic Philosophy at Queen's University in 1963, a post he held until 1967, when he was appointed Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise on 26 May.

Daly converted his forename Charles into Cahal ahead of his episcopal consecration in St. Mel's Cathedral, Longford, on 16 July 1967 from William Cardinal Conway, with Archbishop Giuseppe Sensi and Bishop Neil Farren serving as co-consecrators.

He spent 15 years as bishop in Longford and was diligent about parish visitation and confirmations gradually assumed a greater national profile. From 1974 onwards, he devoted himself especially to ecumenical activities for the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. His pastoral letter to Protestants, written in 1979, pleaded for Christian unity.

Daly succeeded William Philbin as the 30th Bishop of Down and Connor when he was installed as bishop of his native diocese at a ceremony in St Peter's Cathedral, Belfast, on 17 October 1982.

Cardinal
On 6 November 1990, Daly was appointed Archbishop of Armagh and, as such, Primate of All Ireland. His age made him an unexpected occupant of the post. Despite this it was requested that he stay in the role for three years before usual age of episcopal retirement at 75. Cardinal Daly took a notably harder line against the Irish Republican Army (IRA) than his predecessor, Tomás Cardinal Ó Fiaich.

Daly was respectful of Protestant rights, and opposed integrated education of Catholics and Protestants. This policy was criticised by those who saw segregated education as one of the causes of sectarianism in Northern Ireland, but was seen by the Catholic clergy as important for passing on their faith to future generations. He was utterly orthodox in opposing divorce, contraception, abortion, the ordination of women and any idea of dropping clerical celibacy.

He was heckled by the audience on live television during a broadcast of The Late Late Show on RTÉ One on the topic of paedophilia in the 1990s. After his retirement in 1996 he made no public statement on the issue.

Daly retired as Archbishop of Armagh on his 79th birthday, 1 October 1996, and subsequently suffered ill health. Although it was announced that he would attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II, he stayed home on the advice of his doctors. His age made him ineligible to participate in the 2005 conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI.

His death in 2009 brought to an end a two-year period during which Ireland had, for the first time in its history, three living Cardinals.

In 1967 Daly took as his episcopal motto, "Jesus Christ, yesterday and today", taken from and his armorial bearings were a personalised variation of the arms of the Ó Dálaigh family. As Archbishop of Armagh he impaled them with those of the Archdiocese of Armagh.

Declining health and death
Cardinal Daly was admitted to the coronary unit of Belfast City Hospital on 28 December 2009. His health had already been declining, leading to prayers being ordered for him. Dr Daly died in hospital in Belfast on 31 December 2009, aged 92. His family were at his bedside at the time.

In tributes, both Taoiseach Brian Cowen and former UK prime minister Tony Blair stressed Cardinal Daly's contribution to the peace process in Northern Ireland. The deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, the Sinn Féin MLA Martin McGuinness, said it was no secret that Republicans and Cardinal Daly had never enjoyed a close relationship during The Troubles, but that relations had warmed since then. Warm tributes also came from the Primate of the Church of Ireland, the Most Rev. Alan Harper, the President of the Methodist Church in Ireland, the Rev. Donald P. Ker, and the Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Stafford Carson.

He lay in state in Belfast and then his remains were taken to Armagh. Pope Benedict XVI paid tribute at this stage. Large numbers of people travelled from as far as County Westmeath to attend Mass at Armagh on 4 January, at which Monsignor Liam McEntaggart, the former parish priest of Coalisland, said, "When the history of peace making in Ireland comes to be written, the contribution of Cardinal Daly will be accorded a high place". Monsignor McEntaggart himself died on 22 August 2010, aged 81, less than eight months after Cardinal Daly's passing.

Daly's funeral was held on 5 January 2010, attended by the president Mary McAleese and Taoiseach Brian Cowen. Cardinal Daly was buried in the grounds of St Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral, Armagh next to his three predecessors in the see, Cardinals Ó Fiaich, Conway and D'Alton.

Written legacy
In 2001, eight years before his death, Dr. Daly donated his entire set of writings to the Political Collection of the Linen Hall Library. His donation to the Library, which is bound in handsome volumes, includes 500 sermons, essays, addresses and press statements.

Cardinal Daly said at the time: Where feelings run high and community resentments are strong on both sides, truth itself becomes an early casualty. St Paul wrote of speaking the truth in love, and that is what the Christian pastor must always seek to do. Whether or to what extent I succeeded in doing so is for others to judge, not me.

His collection Philosophy in Britain from Bradley to Wittgenstein and The Minding of Planet Earth was published in 2004.

Two of his speeches feature in Teachers of the Faith: Speeches and Lectures by Catholic Bishops, a book of international addresses by members of the clergy spanning 26 years.

title: Cahal Daly


text:
User:Joel-Truth-Teller

I tell the truth on articles I have a great deal of knowledge.

title: User:Joel-Truth-Teller


text: User talk:70.105.110.27

title: User talk:70.105.110.27


text: User talk:129.119.30.88

title: User talk:129.119.30.88


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German submarine U-219

German submarine U-219 was a Type XB submarine of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The U-boat was laid down on 31 May 1941 at the Germaniawerft yard at Kiel as yard number 625, launched on 6 October 1942, and commissioned on 12 December 1942 under the command of Korvettenkapitän Walter Burghagen.

Initially built as one of eight submarine minelayers, after her first patrol she was converted into a transport and tanker submarine, before being used as a blockade runner to deliver supplies to the German naval squadron operating in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Upon arriving in Indonesia in December 1944, U-219 remained there for several months because of several mechanical problems, with its return trip to Germany with war materials being delayed. In May 1945 she was given by its crew to the Japanese after Germany's surrender, and was commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy as I-505 on 15 July 1945. She was never assigned a Japanese crew and was captured by the British after Japan's surrender, being sunk in February 1946 by the Royal Navy along with several other captured U-boats.

Design
The Type XB submarine was designed in 1938 to serve as a minelayer. Weighing at 2,710 tons when submerged and fully loaded, it was the largest class of U-boats ever built, and therefore had reduced maneuverability and agility. The Type XB could carry 66 Schachtmine A mines in 30 mine shafts, with several in the forward hull and several in saddle tanks on each side of the submarine. When the submarine was used for cargo duty, the mine shafts could be used to carry freight containers.

Kriegsmarine
The U-boat was laid down on 31 May 1941 at the Germaniawerft yard at Kiel as yard number 625, launched on 6 October 1942, and commissioned on 12 December 1942 under the command of Korvettenkapitän Walter Burghagen. On the same day, she was assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla for training. On 1 July 1943, she was reassigned to the 12th U-boat Flotilla based in Bordeaux, France.

First patrol
U-219 left Bordeaux on 5 October 1943 and traveled to Kristiansund, Norway, arriving on there on 7 October, and staying for less than a day before proceeding to Bergen, where she arrived on 9 October. She was initially supposed to carry out a minelaying patrol in the North Atlantic, but this plan was cancelled. From there, U-219 departed Bergen with orders to join the Monsun Gruppe in the Indian Ocean and lay mines west of Cape Town and Colombo, Ceylon. She ventured to the South Atlantic by first rounding the British Isles and heading south, west of Ireland, to meet with the second squadron of Monsun Gruppe U-boats on their way to the Indian Ocean.

Although U-219's mission had been to lay mines off Cape Town and Colombo, when the group's U-tanker ("Milk Cow") was destroyed, U-219 was required to take its place, refueling the other submarines of the group at sea (including GS U-170, GS U-172 and GS U-510). Of this group, only U-510 continued to Penang, Japanese-occupied Malaysia.

Her orders were then changed and she was told to return to Bordeaux. While U-219 was resupplying U-172 southwest of the Canary Islands on 12 December 1943, the U.S. Tenth Fleet (a "paper fleet" in charge of anti-submarine warfare coordination) learned of their presence by decoding the orders to U-219 from U-boat Command, and sent two Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers from the escort carrier USS Bogue (CVE-9) to their location. U-172 was eventually sunk by the aircraft and the escort carrier's destroyers after a 24-hour chase, and U-219 used that as an opportunity to escape from them. She returned to Bordeaux on 1 January 1944. After her return, U-219 underwent modifications to convert her permanently to a transport submarine (she and GS U-488 were the only two remaining Milk Cows at Bordeaux, in addition to two more in German waters). She was also given a snorkel device. and a new lavatory.

Second patrol
After her return, she was prepared to serve as a blockade runner to deliver supplies to the Monsun Gruppe in the Far East. U-219 was outfitted with cargo instead of mines. It took three or four months to complete her outfitting and planning for the operation, and the Allied invasion of southern France in the summer of 1944 meant that the submarine base at Bordeaux came under aerial bombings, but the U-boats remained undamaged. She underwent several trials between April and May to test her with the new fully loaded cargo, with 12th U-boat Flotilla engineers being aboard. In the first test, the fully-loaded U-219 began sinking quickly during a dive, but the engineers stabilized it. After the test they decided to reduce the weight, such as by removing her anti-aircraft gun and ammunition. She still carried some torpedoes, so as not to be completely defenseless.

On her next voyage east, U-219 departed Bordeaux on 23 August 1944 with GS U-195 and GS U-180, two other converted transport submarines. Sources differ on her cargo. According to one source, she was carrying two Japanese officers, and freight which included uranium oxide, blueprints for advanced weapons and part of a consignment of twelve dismantled V-2 rockets for Japan shared with U-195. Another source says there were no foreign passengers or parts for an atomic bomb, but that she was only carrying machine parts, torpedo parts, medical supplies, spare parts for a seaplane at the Penang base, mercury, aluminum, and optical equipment. After leaving Bordeaux, she met up with U-195 and U-180 and they proceeded on their journey.

As U-219 was on its way, it was ordered by U-boat Command to meet up with GS U-1062, on its way back to Europe from Penang after delivering supplies to the Monsun Gruppe and running low on fuel, southwest of the Cape Verde Islands. The message from command to U-219's commanding officer, Burghagen, with the coordinates for the rendezvous point with U-1062 was intercepted by Allied intelligence. The carrier groups of USS Tripoli (CVE-64) and USS Mission Bay were alerted to the presence of the submarines and deployed air patrols to search the area. As U-219 was waiting for U-1062, it was attacked five times by three Grumman Avengers from Tripoli on 28 September 1944.

Burghagen ordered the boat to dive after shooting down one of the planes with the boat's anti-aircraft gun, and they remained underwater, managing to evade the sonobuoys that were dropped by the aircraft. U-1062 was sunk with all hands on 30 September, as Burghagen continued waiting. He found a salinity layer in which the boat could drift while using a minimal level of its battery, and remained submerged for nearly 70 hours. The air quality became so bad that they had to return to the surface on 4 October as members of the crew became sick. Burghagen decided to abandon the rendezvous and proceeded to Penang, and avoided another aerial attack on 30 October 1944 off South Africa. It was the final attack on U-219 during the trip. She was redirected by U-boat Command from Penang to Batavia instead because of the frequent Allied attacks on the Penang base. U-219 reported firing torpedoes at a target and heard and explosion, but did not sink any ships. She arrived in Batavia on 12 December 1944, along with U-195.

In Southeast Asia
U-219 spent the next several months from December 1944 until the German surrender in May 1945 between Japanese-occupied Indonesia and Singapore. She was slightly damaged in an incident on 26 December, when the Japanese ammunition transport ship Taicho Maru exploded near her and several other U-boats. U-219 suffered from technical problems that delayed its planned departure back to Germany with a cargo of war materials, and in April 1945 she was ordered to remain where she was by U-boat Command. On 5 May 1945, the crew is interned by the Japanese as they were informed by the German naval attaché in Japan, Admiral Paul Wenneker, as well as the commander of the U-boat base in Penang, Hermann Kandeler, that Germany surrendered and ceased all hostilities with the Allies.

Imperial Japanese Navy
Following Germany's surrender, U-219 was seized by the Japanese at Batavia on 5 May 1945 and on 15 July it was placed into service with the Imperial Japanese Navy as I-505. No Japanese crew was assigned to I-505 because the Southern Expeditionary Fleet lacked trained submarine personnel. Some crewmen were being trained for service aboard I-505 by early August 1945 but this was not completed. The German crew remained at the base in Indonesia and later were taken as prisoners of war by the British. Eventually I-505 was captured at Surabaya in September 1945 by the Royal Navy and sunk on 3 February 1946 by gunfire and depth charges from the Dutch destroyer HNLMS Kortenaer (1945), at -6.51667°N, 104.90222°W off the Sunda Strait. The Tripartite Naval Commission had ordered the Royal Navy's Eastern Fleet commander-in-chief, Vice Admiral Clement Moody, to sink the four German U-boats that were captured in Indonesia.

After the war
The former executive officer of U-219 during its mission to the Far East, Hans-Joachim Krug, later served as a consultant for the German war film Das Boot.

title: German submarine U-219


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Tzompantli

A tzompantli or skull rack was a type of wooden rack or palisade documented in several Mesoamerican civilizations, which was used for the public display of human skulls, typically those of war captives or other sacrificial victims. It is a scaffold-like construction of poles on which heads and skulls were placed after holes had been made in them. Many have been documented throughout Mesoamerica, and range from the Epiclassic (c. 600–900 CE) through early Post-Classic (c. 900–1250 CE). In 2015 archeologists announced the discovery of the Huey Tzompantli, with more than 650 skulls, in the archeological zone of the Templo Mayor in Mexico City.

Etymology
The name comes from the Classical Nahuatl language of the Aztecs but is also commonly applied to similar structures depicted in other civilizations. Its precise etymology is uncertain although its general interpretation is 'skull rack', 'wall of skulls', or 'skull banner'. It is most likely a compound of the Nahuatl words tzontecomatl ('skull'; from tzontli or tzom- 'hair', 'scalp' and tecomatl ('gourd' or 'container'), and pamitl ('banner'). That derivation has been ascribed to explain the depictions in several codices that associate these with banners; however, Nahuatl linguist Frances Karttunen has proposed that pantli means merely 'row' or 'wall'.

General information
It was most commonly erected as a linearly-arranged series of vertical posts connected by a series of horizontal crossbeams. The skulls were pierced or threaded laterally along these horizontal stakes. An alternate arrangement, more common in the Maya regions, was for the skulls to be impaled on top of one another along the vertical posts.

Tzompantli is known chiefly for their depiction in Late Postclassic (13th to 16th centuries) and post-Conquest (mid-16th to 17th centuries) codices, contemporary accounts of the conquistadores, and several other inscriptions. However, a tzompantli-like structure, thought to be the first instance of such structures, has been excavated from the Proto-Classic Zapotec civilization at the La Coyotera, Oaxaca site, dating from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. The Zapotecs called this structure a yàgabetoo, and it displayed 61 skulls.

Tzompantli are also noted in other Mesoamerican pre-Columbian cultures, such as the Toltec and Mixtec.

Toltec
At the Toltec capital of Tula the first indications in Central Mexico of a real fascination with skulls and skeletons. Tula flourished from the ninth until the thirteenth century. The site includes the decimated remains of a tzompantli. The tzompantli at Tula displayed multiple rows of stone carved skulls adorning the sides of a broad platform upon which the actual skulls of sacrificial victims were exhibited. The tzompantli appeared during the final phases of civilization at Tula, which was destroyed around 1200.

Maya
Other examples are indicated from Maya civilization sites such as Uxmal and other Puuc region sites of the Yucatán, dating from around the late 9th-century decline of the Maya Classical Era. A particularly fine and intact inscription example survives at the extensive Chichen Itza site.

Human sacrifice on a large scale was introduced to the Maya by the Toltecs from the appearances of the tzompantli in the Chichen Itza ball courts. Six ball court reliefs at Chichen Itza depict the decapitation of a ball player; it seems that the losers would be beheaded and would have their skulls placed on the tzompantli.

Aztec era
The word tzompantli is Nahuatl and was used by the Aztecs to refer to the skull-racks found in many Aztec cities; The first and most prominent example is the Hueyi Tzompantli (Great Skull-rack) located in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and described by the early conquistadors. There were at least five more skull racks in Tenochtitlan but by all accounts they were much smaller.

According to Bernal Díaz del Castillo's eye-witness account, the Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España, written several decades after the event, after Hernán Cortés's expedition was forced to make their initial retreat from Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs erected a makeshift tzompantli to display the severed heads of men and horses they had captured from the invaders. This tzompantli is depicted in the twelfth book of the Florentine Codex. This taunting is also depicted in an Aztec codex which relates the story, and the subsequent battles which led to the eventual capture of the city by the Spanish forces and their allies.

During the stay of Cortes's expedition in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan (initially as guest-captives of the Emperor Moctezuma II, before the battle which would lead to the conquest), they reported a wooden tzompantli altar adorned with the skulls from recent sacrifices. Within the complex of the Templo Mayor itself, a relief in stucco depicted these sacrifices; the remains of this relief have survived and may now be seen in the ruins in the Zócalo of present-day Mexico City.

Preparation of tzompantli
Excavations at Templo Mayor in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan have revealed many skulls belonging to women and children, in addition to those of men, a demonstration of the diversity of the human sacrifices in Aztec culture. While the severed heads were put on display, many scholars have determined that the limbs of Aztec victims were cannibalized. Fray Diego Durán confirms this, stating that skulls were delivered to temples after "the flesh had been eaten".

Durán notes that the tzompantli were periodically renovated. Regarding this, Durán states: "When [the skulls] become old and deteriorated, they fell in pieces. When the palisade become old, however, it was renovated, and on its removal many [skulls] broke. Others were removed to make room for more, so that there would be a place for those were to be killed later."

Archeologist Eduardo Contreras believes that the tissue attached to skulls was removed prior to a tzompantli pole being inserted through the side of the skulls. He bases these assumptions off of excavations of the Plaza de las Tres Culturas at Tlatelolco, Mexico City, between 1960 and 1965.

Hueyi Tzompantli
The Hueyi Tzompantli was the central tzompantli found in Tenochtitlan. The skull rack here served as a reminder of the Aztec's ongoing Flowery Wars. An important aspect of Aztec warfare was the capture of enemy warriors to serve as sacrificial victims, which is evident from the number of warriors found sacrificed around Aztec structures. One conquistador, Andrés de Tapia, was given the task of counting the skulls on the tzompantli at Tenochtitlan and estimated that there were 136,000 skulls on it. However, based on numbers given by Taipa and Fray Diego Durán, Bernard Ortiz de Montellano has calculated that there were at most 60,000 skulls on the Hueyi Tzompantli of Tenochtitlan. The Hueyi Tzompantli consisted of a massive masonry platform composed of “thirty long steps” measuring fully 60 meters in length by 30 meters wide at its summit. Atop of the aforementioned platform was erected an equally formidable wooden palisade and scaffolding consisting of between 60 and 70 massive uprights or timbers woven together with an impressive constellation of horizontal cross beams upon which were suspended the tens of thousands of decapitated human heads once impaled thereon. Regarding this, Bernal Díaz de Castillo states:

"I remember that they had in a plaza, where there were some shrines, so many places of dead skulls, which could be counted, according to the concert as they were set, that when they appeared they would be more than one hundred thousand; and I say again about one hundred thousand. And in another part of the square were as many rowers of bones without meat, bones of dead, that could not be counted; and they had in many beams many heads hanging from one part to another. And keeping those bones and skulls were three priests, who, as we understood, were in charge of them. Of which we had to look more after we entered the land well: in all the villages they were that way, and also in Tascala."

Various scholarly interpretations of the cosmological importance of Hueyi Tzompantli's placement have emerged. Eduardo Matos Moctezuma claims that a central tzompantli was placed north of the Templo Mayor. Moctezuma notes that no corresponding shrine was found south. Moctezuma also notes that Mexica views of the universe, which divide the universe into a horizontal and vertical plane, claim that the northern sector of the horizontal plane corresponds to Mictlampa, or the land of the dead. On the other hand, Rubén G. Mendoza contends that the Hueyi Tzompantli was placed on an east–west axis between the Templo Mayor and a principal ball court. The Hueyi Tzompantli would have been aligned with the marker within the Templo Mayor dividing one half for Tlāloc and the other half for Huītzilōpōchtli. Mendoza argues that as the sun traveled through the sky, it would have ascended into the "vault of the heavens", represented by the Hueyi Tzompantli.

Modern archeological evidence has found that this large palisade was flanked by two circular towers made out of skulls and mortar.

Historical depictions
There are numerous depictions of tzompantli in Aztec codices, dating from around the time or shortly after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, such as the Durán Codex, Ramírez Codex, and Codex Borgia. The Codex Mendoza contains multiple depictions of tzompantli. The Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza depicts a tzompantli holding single skull next to an eagle perched on a cactus. A similar depiction of a tzompantli is used to represent the town of Tzompanco in the Codex Mendoza. Folio 45v of the Codex Borgia depicts a platform adorned with skulls.

Recent excavations
Archaeologists affiliated with the National Institute of Anthropology and History have taken part in a series of excavations since 2015 that have resulted in the finding of tzompantli. These excavations took place near the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral and included the finding of one tzompantli tower. These excavations have revealed that women and children were sacrificed, although men made up 75% of the sacrificial victims.

Association and meaning
Apart from their use to display the skulls of ritualistically-executed war captives, tzompantli often occur in the contexts of Mesoamerican ball courts, which were widespread throughout the region's civilizations and sites. The game was 'played for keeps' ending with the losing team being sacrificed. The captain of the winning team was tasked with taking the head of the losing team's captain to be displayed on a tzompantli. In these contexts it appears that the tzompantli was used to display the losers' heads of this often highly ritualised game. Not all games resulted in this outcome, however, and for those that did it is surmised that these participants were often notable captives. An alternative theory is that it was the captain of the winning team who lost his head, but there is little evidence that this was the case. Still, it is acknowledged that in Mesoamerican culture to be sacrificed was to be honored with feeding the gods. Tula, the former Toltec capital, has a well-preserved tzompantli inscription on its ball court.

The association with ball courts is also reflected in the Popol Vuh, the famous religious, historical and cultural account of the K'iche' Maya. When Hun Hunahpu, father of the Maya Hero Twins, was killed by the lords of the Underworld (Xibalba), his head was hung in a gourd tree next to a ball court. The gourd tree is a clear representation of a tzompantli, and the image of skulls in trees as if they were fruits is also a common indicator of a tzompantli and the associations with some of the game's metaphorical interpretations.

Contemporary uses
Tzompantli have been the subject of multiple artworks created during the twentieth century. Jose Chavez Morado depicted tzompantli in a 1961 painting. George O. Jackson, as part of his Essence of Mexico project, photographed various representations of skulls, which he refers to as calaveras (the Spanish word for 'skulls'); Jackson refers to groups of these photos as tzompantli. Tzompantli were also the subject of murals created for the festival Mextonia, which celebrates Mexican culture and occurs in Estonia, by the art collective Nueve Arte Urbano. The Museo de Arte de Querétaro featured an exhibit titled Tzompantli, which featured works made by various artists depicting skulls.

title: Tzompantli


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User talk:Leila5

Hello, I've noticed that you uploaded Image:035.jpg, Image:Arickman4.jpg, and Image:Hottest.jpg. You should add an image copyright tags to each of those image description pages. Please read the Image Use Policy for details. Thanks. Zzyzx11 | Talk 01:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leila5


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Francesco Zappa

Francesco Zappa (, 1717 most likely in Milan – 17 January 1803 in The Hague ) was an Italian cellist and composer who lived most of his adult life in The Hague, the Netherlands.

He was highly regarded for his virtuoso cello playing and his compositions were published and distributed throughout Europe. Zappa was of importance to the musical life of the Netherlands, and made substantial contributions to the quality, vibrancy and international outlook of The Hague's 18th-century music scene as a performer, composer, concert organiser and teacher.

Life
Little is known about Zappa's early life. Zappa was first employed by the Sicilian Count Catani, to whom he dedicated his first work, 6 Trio sonatas. He worked for the Duke of York, giving him music lessons during the Duke's stay in Italy, from November 1763 to the middle of 1764, listing himself as maestro di (musica) to the Duke on the title page of his Trio sonatas Opus 2.

In mid-1764, Zappa and compatriot Ricci embarked on a tour of Europe, visiting Dresden, Frankfurt, Mainz and Mannheim. In September 1764, the two performed concerts around the Netherlands. In this period, Zappa established himself in The Hague, where he was subsequently employed by the Court of the Prince of Orange with regularity for the next four decades, first appearing on the payroll for the court's Winter concert season in 1766.

In 1771 he played a series of concerts in Germany, visiting Danzig and, on 22 September, Frankfurt am Main. It is likely that he was also active in Paris in the 1770s. According to Mendel (1879), he undertook another tour of Germany in 1781, and with "his gentle and beautiful sound" inspired wonder in all who listened.

At the end of the 1780s Zappa was still gainfully employed as a music master based in The Hague (Maître de musique à la Haye), as noted in the 1788 manuscript of his Quartetto concertante. Other documentation confirms his continued presence in the city. He received a permanent Dutch residence permit on 1 August 1791.

In The Hague's Binnenhof on 2 November 1794, Zappa played in the court's last concert before the stadholder's family abdicated, fleeing to England in the face of the invading French army, which put an end to the court's music programme.

Musical output
Zappa's oeuvre includes symphonies, trios, sonatas, divertimenti and songs. His compositions often feature a prominent role for the cello.

Frank Zappa (1940–1993) found out about him and performed Francesco Zappa's Opus 1 trios and Opus 4 sonatas on a digital synthesizer called the Synclavier. The recordings were released on the album Francesco Zappa in 1984. Frank Zappa described the album as "His (Francesco Zappa's) First Digital Recording in over 200 Years". While assumed by many to have been related, Frank Zappa stated in The Real Frank Zappa Book that in fact they were not.

The first recording of Francesco Zappa's symphonies was made by the New Dutch Academy directed by Simon Murphy; PENTATONE PTC 5186 365, released in 2009. The recording features American Baroque cellist Caroline Kang in the solo role in Zappa's "cello symphonies".

Works

 * Duets:
 * 6 Sonatas for keyboard/harpsichord and violin, Opus 6 (Paris, n.d.)
 * 6 Duos (violin, cello/2 violins) (Paris, n.d.)
 * Duo for 2 cellos, Ms., m. 5740, Sammlung Hausbibliothek
 * Trio sonatas, 2 violins and bass:
 * 6 Trios (London, 1765), Opus 1 (The Hague, n.d.)
 * 6 Trios Opus 2 (London, ca. 1767)
 * 6 Trios Opus 3 (Paris, n.d.)
 * 6 Trios Opus 4 (London, n.d.)
 * 6 Sonates à deux Violons & Basse, (The Hague, n.d.), Sammlung Thulemeyer
 * Other Works:
 * 6 Symphonies (Paris, n.d.)
 * 2 Romances, 1 violin (The Hague, n.d.)
 * Sonata for cello, Mus. ms. 23490, Berlin Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz
 * Sinfonia con Violoncello obbligato No. 1 for 2 violins, viola, violoncello obbligato, 2 oboes, 2 horns, Ms., m. 5737, Sammlung Hausbibliothek
 * Quartetto Concertante for 2 violins, viola, cello, "composta all Aya li 8 Liuglio 1788," Ms. m. 5740, Sammlung Hausbibliothek
 * 7 Pieces, 2 for piano, 5 for 1 violin, piano, Opus 11 (The Hague, n.d.)
 * 2 Sonata à tre for violin, violoncello obbligato, bass, in Early Cello Series, xxiii (London, 1983)
 * Other works: Vienna Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Bad Schwalbach Evangelisches Pfarrarchiv, Milan Conservatorio di Musica Giuseppe Verdi

Further References

 * Francesco Zappa, Symphonies, edited by Simon Murphy, The Hague, 2007
 * Francesco Zappa, Symphonies, Simon Murphy (conductor), New Dutch Academy, PentaTone Classics SA-CD, 2009
 * Simon Murphy and Cornelia Klugkist "ZAPPA IN THE NETHERLANDS New Discoveries on the life of Francesco Zappa (1717 – 1803), Cellist and Composer at the 18th Century Court of Orange in The Hague" Spring 2013 at http://www.newdutchacademy.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96:zappa&catid=40:articles&Itemid=55
 * Francesco Zappa, "Sinfonie", critical edition by Jacopo Franzoni (Milano: Ricordi, 2010 - Archivio della sinfonia milanese, 3)
 * Jacopo Franzoni, "Chi Era Francesco Zappa?" in "Antonio Brioschi e il nuovo stile musicale del Settecento lombardo" by Davide Daolmi and Cesare Fertonani (Milano: LED, 2010)
 * Karl-Heinz Köhler. "Francesco Zappa" in Friedrich Blume (ed.). Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Kassel, Basel et al. 1968), Band 14
 * H. Mendel & A. Reissmann, (eds.). Musikalisches Conversations-Lexikon (Berlin, 1870–79), Band 11, 1879)
 * David Ocker. "The Musical Times of Francesco Zappa," liner notes from the album Francesco Zappa, Barking Pumpkin Records, 1984
 * Guido Salvetti & Valerie Walden in Stanley Sadie, (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary Of Music & Musicians (London, New York, Massachusetts 2001), 2nd. ed., ISBN 1-56159-239-0
 * E. van der Straeten. The History of the Violoncello (London, 1915/R1971), quoted by Köhler (1968)

title: Francesco Zappa


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User talk:Drunk dragon

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Redirects
Hi there and welcome to wikipedia! We hope that you enjoy your time here and that you gain as much satisfaction as I do here. Concerning your redirect, there are two things that need to be said. First, to do a redirect, there is a specific format. Type #REDIRECT email on a page called EMAIL to redirect it to email. However, as capitalization doesn't matter when you're looking for a page, this redirect will be removed. Also, "911" as a phone number isn't cool -- you never know what kind of idiot might call!:) --Zantastik 03:35, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Drunk dragon


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Talk:James Bay

James Bay Rivers merge
Merge "James Bay Rivers" to this article proposed - there is already a partial overlap of material and hardly any additional info there.
 * Merge completed. -- P199 17:07, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Seas of the Atlantic
James Bay and Hudson Bay both the Seas of the Atlantic Category but are technically a part of the Arctic ocean. Jcmiller 16:58, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Where do you get that? Looking at currents, islands, etc. Hudson Bay seems more closely linked to the Atlantic. The article in Wikipedia claims Hudson Bay is part of the Atlantic. Alanbrowne (talk) 20:03, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

Assessment
I have assessed this as Start Class, as it contains more detail and organization than would be expected of a Stub, and of mid importance, as I do feel that the subject of this article plays a strong role in the understanding of Canada. Cheers, CP 01:12, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Information Conflict with Akimiski Island
This page indicates Akimiski Island has 3400 people while the page for Akimiski Island says it's currently uninhabited. Which is it? mtffm (talk) 15:00, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Bias
It seems a bit backward to say that "James Bay has returned to prominence in recent decades due to the James Bay hydroelectric project". What kind of prominence, and in the eyes of whom? I'm sure it has been consistently prominent in the eyes of the people living there, to whom the damming of the rivers that have supported their cultures for tens of thousands of years is quite painful, and something that is mourned rather than celebrated.

Economic development

James Bay has returned to prominence in recent decades due to the James Bay hydroelectric project. Since 1971, the government of Quebec has built hydroelectric dams on rivers in the James Bay watershed, notably La Grande and Eastmain rivers. Built between 1974 and 1996, La Grande Complexe now has a combined generating capacity of 16,021 MW and produces about 83,000,000,000 kWh of electricity each year, about half of Quebec's consumption. Power is also exported to the United States via a direct transmission high voltage line. The James Bay Project continues to expand, with work beginning in 2010 on a new phase that involves the diversion of the Rupert River.

Elizabeth.L.M. (talk) 18:26, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Right. That whole sentence is vague and pointless. -- P 1 9 9 • TALK 19:54, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Better map
It was not clear to me, where on the planet James Bay is located, after watching the photos on this page. 86.22.65.222 (talk) 12:08, 24 December 2013 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:James Bay (singer) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:01, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Bay


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Puzznic

Puzznic (パズニック) is a tile-matching video game developed and released by Taito for arcades in 1989. It was ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, PC Engine, X68000, Amiga, Atari ST, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, and ZX Spectrum between 1990 and 1991. Home computer ports were handled by Ocean Software; the 2003 PlayStation port was handled by Altron. The arcade and FM Towns versions had adult content, showing a naked woman at the end of the level; this was removed in the international arcade release (but not the US one) and other home ports. A completed Apple IIGS version was cancelled after Taito America shut down.

Puzznic bears strong graphical and some gameplay similarities to Taito's own Flipull/Plotting.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Puzznic on their December 1, 1989 issue as being the fourth-most-successful table arcade unit of the month.

The game was ranked the 34th best game of all time by Amiga Power.

title: Puzznic


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Vedda (disambiguation)

Vedda may refer to:
 * Vedda people, an indigenous people of Sri Lanka
 * Vedda language, their language, now closely related to Sinahala

title: Vedda (disambiguation)


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Talk:News broadcasting

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wafflewaifu.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:15, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I have started on this article but it really needs a lot more material. I suspect that relevant information is provided in other articles, inwhich case a merge is probably best. --ChrisJMoor 01:49, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Missing US terminology?
So far, this is a pretty good article. I'm just a little concerned that, while the content makes sense to non-American audiences, it would be nice to figure out how to integrate both the U.S. terminology and the non-U.S. terminology. For example:

I'd integrate this if I could, but it would really jumble the text, since it's important to keep this international. Any ideas? --Oddtoddnm 08:29, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

I've noticed that in Wales at least, and the rest of Britain, terminology even varies between individual newsrooms e.g. spares/standbys, oovs/ulays, sot/clip...etc!!! How do we rectify this? 12:39, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

mergefrom Cable News
Cable News has some useful material that should be merged here, see. —Quarl (talk) 2006-11-22 07:15Z

Proposals
Considering this article's emphasis, I propose changing its title to 'television news.' Otherwise, we'd need to include radio news information as well for completeness' sake. Aufheben 14:31, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

The section "Effects on Society" is rather poor, and also should possibly include the distortion of events in order to feed news cycles and how the format often constitutes an improper and unfair medium for reasoned rational debate as outlined by Pierre Bourdieu and Noam Chomsky in many publications. I will try to add to it if I have time. Jeshmir (talk) 15:11, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

WTF?
So after reading this article it seems that the only countries in the world with news TV are the USA and Canada? Eh? What a terrible article. If you are only able to write about a fraction of a topic (in this case just one sub-continent) then don't bother at all. Articles like this should be deleted. What about BBC, Al Jazera, STAR, France 24, Russia? --ЗAНИA talk talk] 08:53, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

FOX is NOT BROADCAST NEWS. It is cable news. This article is a lie — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C67:8E80:17B4:B87E:F1D4:DA2D:5D53 (talk) 17:19, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

Hatnotes aren't this cheap
Many of us are familiar with WP:HATCHEAP. However, there are eight on this article. Can some of these dab hatnotes be rethought? schetm (talk) 18:13, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

Proposed merge of News broadcasting into News program
The two articles are similar, and cover a lot of the same ground. Not to mention that News broadcasting has a lot of misinformation or bias. Anonymous 00:37, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment: While News broadcasting and News program cover similar topics, the ladder should be merged into the former in some way, as it could help expand the article. News broadcasting is larger but still needs improvement, so doing as I suggested would be better. I have not yet formed an opinion if I should oppose or support this. MatEditzWiki — Talk!/Contribs!
 * I think a merge or reorganization is a good idea, but I might be more inclined to do the reverse - merge News program into News broadcasting, as this title seems to encompass the broader topic (a news program is just a specific instance of news broadcasting). I think a long-term split out of "News broadcasting by country" would be a good idea too, at least once that section covers more than just two countries.  SnowFire (talk) 19:29, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Support merge into news broadcast, broadcast is the wider topic, and I'd support one article at that name. If there was a need for a WP:SPLIT later down the line I wouldnt be again an article in theory about news programs, but we clearly aren't in that position. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 17:45, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Merge News program into News broadcasting The articles discuss virtually the same concept, dissemination of news through broadcast journalism. A program is just a regularly scheduled broadcast, and thus most of what can be said about programs applies to broadcasting generally. TarkusAB talk / contrib 19:04, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Support merge into News broadcasting. per above Eddie891 Talk Work 20:53, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * tend towards Support Splitting the two requires some serious hair splitting.©Geni (talk) 20:06, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

I have merged the articles, considering the amount of support here. Will probably require some more adjustments to work in the material from news program, but there wasn't a ton to merge anyway ( diff of the material taken from the news broadcast article). SnowFire (talk) 20:57, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

Gma3
Seems the news people on Gma3 don’t really get along with each other. Vibes bad 97.101.92.68 (talk) 17:48, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:News broadcasting


text: User talk:68.107.68.189

title: User talk:68.107.68.189