text:
Rednex

Rednex is a Swedish musical group whose style is a mix of American country music and modern Eurodance, with their appearance and stage names taking inspiration from the American redneck stereotypes. The band originally consisted of the lead singer Mary Joe (Annika Ljungberg), alongside Bobby Sue (Kent Olander), Ken Tacky (Arne Arstrand), Billy Ray (Jonas Nilsson) and Mup (Patrick Edenberg). Pat Reiniz (Patrick Edenberg) also served as the band's producer. The band has gone through multiple lineup changes throughout its existence, with none of the members having an uninterrupted tenure.

The group enjoyed success throughout the 1990s with novelty hits such as "Cotton Eye Joe", "Old Pop in an Oak", "The Spirit of the Hawk" and "Wish You Were Here", which often topped the charts in several European countries.

1994–1995: Formation and Sex & Violins
Rednex was initially the brainchild of Swedish producers Janne Ericsson, Örjan "Öban" Öberg, and Patrick Edenberg, who decided to try mixing American country and folk with modern dance and pop music. The name "Rednex" was chosen as a deliberate misspelling of the word "rednecks". The band originally consisted of the lead singer Mary Joe (Annika Ljungberg), alongside Bobby Sue (Kent Olander), Ken Tacky (Arne Arstrand), Billy Ray (Jonas Nilsson) and Mup (Patrick Edenberg).

In 1994, Rednex reworked the traditional folk song "Cotton-Eyed Joe", retitled "Cotton Eye Joe", as a Eurodance track, which became an international hit single. Edenberg was soon replaced by BB Stiff (Urban Landgren) after the "Cotton Eye Joe" release. The group's debut studio album titled Sex & Violins followed, spawning several more hit singles including "Old Pop in an Oak" and the ballad "Wish You Were Here". However, "Cotton Eye Joe" remains the group's only U.S. hit as of 2022 (#25 on the Billboard charts in March 1995). Two more tracks of the album, "Wild 'N Free" and "Rolling Home", have been released and became moderate hits. A promotional one-off single, the Nicole cover version "Ein Bisschen Frieden", has been released and labeled as "Collo Rossi" for the release.

1996–1997: Departure of Ljungberg and Riding Alone
In 1996, Rednex were featured on the charity single "Children", as part of the supergroup "Hand in Hand for Children". Later female lead singer Ljungberg was fired, partly due to disagreements with the other band members, and went on to pursue a solo career. The rest of the band took a break from live performance and started working on new material. In 1997, the remaining four men released one more single, "Riding Alone", out of Sex & Violins, two years after the previous release "Rolling Home". Arstrand started a side project that same year called Explode, a progressive power metal band, and released the debut studio album Live Forever in Sweden.

1998–2000: Farm Out and controversial lineup changes
In autumn 1998, Whippy (Mia Löfgren) became the new female vocalist. They released their first single "The Way I Mate" in 1999. Soon after that release, Arstrand left the band, reducing the quintet to a quartet. The second studio album entitled Farm Out followed in 2000 and found some success in Europe, with the most successful single from the album, the second release "The Spirit of the Hawk", peaking #1 in the German Singles Chart. The album spawned a third and final single, the ballad "Hold Me for a While", which became a moderate success. In 2000, in the wake of Napster's rising presence in the music industry, co-founder Edenberg outlined a new strategy for Rednex. The group would become an entertainment group rather than just a band, so not to be solely dependent on record sales. As he presented this idea to the performers during the video shoot for "Hold Me For A While" in Kenya, he was met by great scepticism. Nilsson replied: "We will not become a goddamn circus act!". The aftermath of this conflict resulted in the whole band, all four members, Löfgren, Olander, Nilsson and Landgren, being replaced for the first time.

2001–2004: The Best of the West and more lineup changes
As of January 2001, the group now consisted of the female lead singer Scarlet (Julie-Anne Tulley, formerly known as Jules Tulley from Dreamhouse) from England, alongside the three male members Dagger (Anders Sandberg) from Sweden, Joe Cagg (Roy van der Haagen) and Jay Lee (Jean-Paul Engeln) from the Netherlands. It was the first time the band were not all Swedish. In 2001, the single "The Chase", the first single out of their 2002 first compilation album The Best of the West, has been released and charted in Germany and Switzerland. In 2002, the second and final single out of the album, a reworked 2002 remix of "Cotton Eye Joe", was released and made the Top 30 in Austria. In 2003, the two Dutchmen van der Haagen and Engeln were replaced by Ace Ratclaw (Tor Penten) from Sweden and Boneduster Crock (Björn Scheffler) from Germany. In October 2004, Tulley resigned from the group due to exhaustion.

2005–2006: Return of Ljungberg and Comeback
In 2006, original female vocalist Ljungberg returned as Tulley's replacement in the group, she was assigned exclusive rights to license the Rednex trademark until January 1, 2009. During this period the group's focus shifted towards Scandinavia. In January 2005, Ljungberg fired Scheffler, replacing him with her husband Snake (Jens Sylsjö). In 2006, Sandberg was also fired and replaced by Maverick (Anders Lundström). Four former members, Scheffler and Sandberg, alongside Tulley and van der Haagen, and later in April 2007 joined by Penten, also a former Rednex member, began to tour under the name "Rednex Tribute".

Focusing on live performance in Scandinavia, Rednex appeared at the 2005 IAAF World Championships in Athletics, in Helsinki. On March 11, 2006, Rednex entered the song "Mama, Take Me Home" in Semifinal 4 of the Swedish Melodifestivalen in Gothenburg. They qualified for the final via the Second Chance Round, finishing an overall sixth in the final. "Mama, Take Me Home" was subsequently released as the first single in a few European countries. The band's Scandinavian comeback continued as they released the second single "Fe Fi (The Old Man Died)" in November 2006, after having performed it at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. The single was surprisingly successful, peaking #4 in the Swedish Single chart.

2009–2011: Second departure of Ljungberg and Singles
On January 1, 2009, after the end of Ljungberg's management licence, control of the Rednex brand returned to the band's founders. The remaining Rednex personnel Ljungberg, Lundström and Sylsjö were fired by the returning management following a dispute, and were replaced by members of the "Rednex Tribute" (Tulley, Sandberg, Penten and van der Haagen), all themselves former official Rednex. It was the second time the whole lineup had been replaced simultaneously. In January 2010, Rednex released a new single, "Devil's On The Loose", in a partnership with The Pirate Bay for free and legal download worldwide. A video for the track was recorded in August 2009 in Norrbyggeby, Sweden. The song was released as the first single from the planned album Saturday Night Beaver, which to date remains shelved due low single sales. Tulley soon also left Rednex for a second time, and was replaced by Dakotah (Nadja Flood), former singer in the Swedish dansband Nova, making her the fourth official female lead singer of Rednex.

2012–2014: Second departure of Tulley and Singles
In January 2012, Rednex announced that they had dissolved the concept of a permanent band, intending instead to use a larger pool of characters from which one female and three male performers would be chosen for each performance. Rednex claimed that this idea was "totally unproven and unheard of in the music industry". The pool of performers in 2012 included permanent members Flood, Sandberg, van der Haagen and Penten alongside possible replacements Scheffler, new male member Rufus Jones and new female vocalists Abby Hick and Misty Mae. At the time of the dissolution of the permanent Rednex lineup Tulley again left the band.

The second single "Racing" was released in May 2012. This was followed in November 2012 by "The End". The video for "The End" was recorded on September 2, 2012, at Garay Utca, the "ghetto of Budapest", and is a "flowumentary". Rednex refuted the notion that "The End" is related to 2012 doomsday theories. The band in these two videos now consisted of Flood, van der Haagen, Sandberg and Penten with Rufus Jones making a cameo appearance in "The End" video.

2015–2017: Return of Löfgren
In 2015, it was announced that second female singer Löfgren would replace Flood and rejoin the band. Also, Scheffler returned to the group. On New Year's Day, Rednex recorded a music video for "Innit for the Money". The single for "Innit for the Money" followed in 2016.

In February performers Cassidy, Rattler, and Pervis the Palergator joined the band. Cassidy left Rednex 3 months later.

Rednex made their debut on a North American stage in Carson City, Nevada, to honor fallen Deputy Carl Howell.

On New Year's Eve 2017, Rednex played for the fourth time at the Brandenburger Tor in Berlin, in front of an audience of more than one million.

2018–present: Manly Man, livestream and performer turbulence
In early 2018 the Rednex performer pool grew to include 17 people, the highest number so far. Added to the pool were Zoe, Moe Lester the Limp and Jiggie McClagganahan.

The single and video "Manly Man" was released in July 2018. The video was recorded in Jelcz-Laskowice, Poland. The main characters are Dagger and Misty Mae, though all 25 Rednex performers through history are featured at some point through video flashbacks.

During 2018, Rednex started a live streaming channel on Twitch. After a series of tests, the premiere happened on August 10 in connection to a show in Berlin. In the press release they claimed to be the first pop band, with a worldwide hit to their name, to live stream themselves 24/7 in connection to all their shows. During the same weekend, August 10-12th, Rednex performed with three different line-ups in three different territories, totaling 13 performers, which was a new record. Zoe, Moe Lester the Limp, Spades and Pervis the Palergator did shows in Romania and Hungary, while Billy Ray, Ace Ratclaw, Boneduster Crock, Misty Mae and Jiggie McClagganahan did shows in East Germany (Berlin & Schwerin), and Abby Hick, Rattler, Cash and Joe Cagg did shows in West Germany (Bonn & Frankfurt).

In September Abby Hick, Rattler, Boneduster Crock and Joe Cagg left Rednex. Whippy, Billy Ray and BB Stiff became reserves, reducing the pool to 10 performers. The band was still for sale for €2,000,000.

On New Year’s Eve 2023, the band was sold to Original Boneduster Crock’s son Hollerin’ Fox Duster Bonesteak to maintain and preserve the band’s legacy for a new generation of fans.

Musical style
Rednex is a mix of modern dance, pop and eurodance sounds with classical country, folk and bluegrass elements. Their dance tracks also features eurodance sounds, which were very famous and popular in Europe, Oceania and South America at that time. Rednex are best known for their dance country songs "Cotton Eye Joe", "Old Pop in an Oak", "The Way I Mate" or "Racing". The style of eurodance was dance music with a female singer for the refrain and a male rapper for the verses to follow a traditional verse-chorus structure. However Rednex reversed it, with the female singer singing the verses and the male vocalist singing the bridge and the refrain. Although there are also tracks from other genres featured, such as pop ballads like "Wish You Were Here", "Hold Me for a While", "Rolling Home" or "Anyway You Want Me" or classical country driven songs such as "Riding Alone", "Ranger Jack" or "Nowhere In Idaho" with less dance sounds. These tracks are not considered to be europop.

While their debut studio album Sex & Violins has the same amount on dance/country, classic country songs and ballads, their second album Farm Out is full of their dance/country style songs, except one ballad "Hold Me for a While" and one country song "Ranger Jack". Since 2006, Rednex returned with a more mature country pop sound such in "Mama, Take Me Home", "Fe Fi (The Old Man Died)" or "Football Is Our Religion". The lyrics are of tongue-in-cheek, innuendo and sexual topics.

Public image
Rednex usually perform as personas that parody the "redneck" stereotype. For events and promotions, but also for music videos and cover arts, the group is styled in the American redneck stereotypes. In live performances and interviews, the members usually appear in a rough, unrefined character. Each member has an individual redneck nickname (see "Members" area to see the nicknames). Since 2000, Rednex have functioned much like an entertainment troupe as like a band, with an ever-shifting lineup of performers representing the band. As of 2015, there have been 16 performers in the permanent band.

Permanent members

 * 1994: Bobby Sue (Kent Olander), Billy Ray (Jonas Nilsson), Ken Tacky (Anders Arstrand), Mup (Ranis Edenberg), Mary Joe (Annika Ljungberg)
 * 1994–1995: Bobby Sue, Billy Ray, Ken Tacky, Mary Joe, BB Stiff (Urban Landgren)
 * 1996–1997: Bobby Sue, Billy Ray, Ken Tacky, BB Stiff
 * 1998–1999: Whippy (Mia Löfgren), Bobby Sue, Billy Ray, Ken Tacky, BB Stiff
 * 2000: Whippy, Bobby Sue, Billy Ray, BB Stiff
 * 2001–2003: Scarlet (Julie-Anne Tulley), Dagger (Anders Sandberg), Joe Cagg (Roy van der Haagen), Jay Lee (Jean-Paul Engeln)
 * 2003–2004: Scarlet, Dagger, Ace Ratclaw (Tor Penten), Boneduster Crock (Björn Scheffler)
 * 2004–2005: Dagger, Ace Ratclaw, Boneduster Crock, Annika Ljungberg
 * 2005–2005: Dagger, Ace Ratclaw, Annika Ljungberg, Jens Sylsjö (Snake)
 * 2006–2006: Anders Lundström (Maverick), Penten, Sylsjö, Ljungberg
 * 2007–2008: Anders Lundström (Maverick), Sylsjö, Ljungberg
 * 2009–2012: Scarlet, Dagger, Ace Ratclaw, Joe Cagg

Pool member changes

 * 2012-13: Dakotah (Nadja Flood), Abby Hick, Dagger, Ace Ratclaw, Joe Cagg, Rufus Jones, Mup
 * 2014: Misty Mae joins.
 * 2015: Whippy (Mia Löfgren), Boneduster Crock, Spades, Billy Ray, BB Stiff join. Dakotah leaves.
 * 2017: Pervis the Palergator, Cash, Rattler and Cassidy join. Cassidy leaves. Dagger becomes reserve.
 * 2018: Zoe, Jiggie McClagganahan, Moe Lester the Limp join. Whippy, Abby Hick, Boneduster Crock, Joe Cagg, Rattler leave. Billy Ray, BB Stiff become reserves.

Other members

 * Göran Danielsson (Original studio singer of Ken Tacky's vocals); died 2021

Spin-offs and franchises
In January 2012, Rednex announced that they had dissolved the concept of a permanent band, intending instead to use a larger pool of characters from which one female and three male performers would be chosen for each performance. Rednex claimed that this idea was "totally unproven and unheard of in the music industry". In November 2012, Rednex began a franchise operation in Australia & New Zealand. Four new performers from Auckland and Wellington were recruited to form a second Rednex with a non exclusive license to perform in Australasia. Performers in the NZ/Australian lineup include: Rayanna Randy Payne (Theresa Murphy), Rawtooth Rick (Anthony Sibbald) and Slimboy (Pascal Roggen). A press release accompanying the franchise launch stated: "it's the first time an internationally known pop band has cloned itself".

 * 2003: Rednex Revival Band (Ljungbergs band in 2003, when she wasn't allowed to perform under the Rednex trademark before she rejoined Rednex)
 * 2005: Rednex Tribute (Tulley, Sandberg, van der Haagen, Penten, Scheffler, all former Rednex members, when they weren't allowed to perform under the Rednex trademark)
 * 2009: Cotton Eye Joe Show (Band name, when the Rednex lineup Ljungberg, Lundström and Sylsjö lost the rights to perform under the Rednex trademark)
 * 2012: Rednex NZ (An entire separate created Rednex group to perform in Australia and New Zealand consisting of Murphy, Sibbald and Roggen)

Use in media
"Cotton Eye Joe" is featured in the films The Negotiator, Space Truckers, Hood of Horror, Studentfesten, Les 11 Commandements, C'est la vie! (2017 film) and Milk Punch, in the TV series Malcolm in the Middle, My Name Is Earl, Peep Show, New Girl (s02e25), The Morgana Show, Lukas, Beavis and Butt-head, The Ranch and a season 13 episode of Family Guy, and in TV commercials by Telia and Telefonica. "Hittin' The Hay" and "Wild 'N Free" are featured in the film Barnyard. "Ride The Hurricane's Eye" was title track for German TV-series WinneToons. "Spirit of the Hawk" was title track for the German version of Fort Boyard in 2000.

Games
The Inbred With Rednex extended play features the interactive multimedia part "Inbred With Rednex" as the first track of the disc, which is a point 'n' click adventure game starring Rednex, playable only for Windows & Mac. The whole release is housed in an 18x23cm game box. "Cotton Eye Joe" has been featured in the video games Dancing Stage EuroMIX 2, Just Dance 3 by Nintendo Wii and Carnival Games. PlayStation's SingStar features the songs "Cotton Eye Joe" and "Old Pop in an Oak".

In popular culture

 * "Cotton Eye Joe" has been performed numerous times in various talent shows including American Idol. One of the more regionally famous performances being by Király L. Norbi in the Hungarian X-Faktor.
 * "Cotton Eye Joe" is frequently played at sports venues including the gold medal game in ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics and during the seventh-inning stretch at Yankee Stadium.
 * "Cotton Eye Joe" was used throughout the film Swiss Army Man, frequently sung by the main characters.
 * The music video for "Cotton Eye Joe" was featured in an episode of Beavis and Butt-head. The two make fun of it during the music video segment of the show.
 * "Cotton Eye Joe" is frequently played for a segment called "Coin Quest" in the Adult Swim television series FishCenter Live.

Discography

 * Sex & Violins (1995)
 * Farm Out (2000)
 * The Best of the West (2002)

title: Rednex


text:
Talk:Eleven Hundred Springs

Untitled
I am the original author of this text, which also appears online at. It is reproduced here and released with my permission. Cjthomas 01:04, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

Don't use Wikipedia as a promotional tool. It should be informational. Compare it to the Toadies entry, for example. rone 05:00, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Information by itself is not promotional; the Toadies article contains a lot of nice tables, but has less information. I disagree with your view. --Cjthomas 01:46, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Orgins of the name
What? No mention of where they get their name from? You'd think fans would wonder about that. Man, not even a Wiki link to the Pearl Brewing Company. Well, guess I'll just have to add that information myself. --Brownings 22:39, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Eleven Hundred Springs


text: Category:Prince Edward Island provincial electoral districts


text:
Category:Prince Edward Island federal electoral districts

The province of Prince Edward Island currently has 4 electoral districts represented in the House of Commons of Canada. This category is intended only for currently existing ridings.


text:
Essential dignity

Essential dignity, in the context of an astrological horoscope or natal chart, refers to the relative “strength” or “weakness” of a planet based on its zodiac sign and specific degree. This strength or weakness is referred to as the planet’s essence—what the 17th-century astrologer William Lilly called "the strength, fortitude or debility of the Planets [or] significators."

Background
Since most astrology centers around the unique energies of each planet, and their various effects on Earth, essential dignity is simply an extra tool for gauging any potential “pros” or ”cons” of a planet in a given horoscope chart. A specific planet may be more ”effective” in a horoscope based on the time of day or night the chart was cast, or an individual’s personal birth time, or simply what sign the planet is in. For example, the Sun is traditionally the ruler of Leo. The opposite sign of Leo is Aquarius. Thus, someone with the Sun in Aquarius will be said to have a “weakened” or “debilitated” Sun, or that their Sun is in detriment. The Sun’s effects for this person will not be as pronounced or felt as intensely. This is, of course, dependent on other factors unique to the individual, but the Sun and Leo represent the self, vitality, showmanship, loyalty and respect. Aquarius and its planetary ruler, Saturn, both represent necessary tasks, group success, detailed facts, and potentially difficult (but often needed) scenarios. In the Northern Hemisphere, Leo and the Sun are indicative of high summer. Aquarius, in January, is a zodiac sign of midwinter. The Sun in winter is lower in the sky, and thus weaker than in summer. However, not every planet in a horoscope will have an elevated or debilitated status; some planetary placements are purely “neutral”, so the perceived effects will be less noticeable or intense.

By comparison, accidental dignity indicates how much strength a planet or point derives from its position in a natal chart, such as its relation to the other factors in the chart:  for example, its proximity to other planets, or to the four angles of the chart, or to stars, as well as the aspects (or symmetrical angular connections) it forms with other planets or points in the chart.

For example, to find the essential dignity of Mars at 27° of Capricorn, one would first take into account the fact that the planet is already in a dignified position—Mars is said to be exalted in the sign of Capricorn—and also that it is the "bounds" ruler of the 27th degree of Capricorn and also the face ruler of the 27th degree of Capricorn. This is a considerably dignified Mars.

If the same horoscope featured an Aquarius first house—making Capricorn the twelfth house—Mars at 27° Capricorn would be placed in the twelfth house; Mars's accidental dignity would be poor, since it would be located in a weak or malevolent cadent house. The twelfth house symbolizes rest, respite, dreams, and fantasy, as well as deep sleep and escapism. These themes are contrary to the motivated, spirited, and determined energies of Mars as a planet, and of Capricorn as a sign. If Mars, in this horoscope, were to also be squared to a malevolent planet, such as Saturn, and would be receiving a dexter square aspect from malefic Saturn, ruler of Capricorn, this would further hinder Mars's strength and ability to operate benevolently. These accidental dignity factors would tend to weaken a Mars which is otherwise strong in essential dignity.

Traditional dignities
Traditionally the five essential dignities are:
 * Sign vs detriment
 * Exaltation vs fall
 * Triplicity
 * Terms (or "bounds")
 * Face (or "decan")

For post-Classical astrologers, such as Bonatti or Lilly, the dignities had a hierarchy. The most important dignity was sign rulership; slightly less important was exaltation. Triplicity rulerships were still fairly important in medieval astrology, but nowhere near as vital as they were for Hellenistic astrologers such as Ptolemy. Terms or bounds rulerships became very much diminished in importance, and face rulers were almost entirely ignored. (Lilly said that the only function face rulers served was to keep a planet from being entirely peregrine—that is, without any essential dignity whatever—which was considered a malefic condition.)

However, Hellenistic astrologers had a very different view of the dignities. To earlier astrologers, such as Ptolemy and Vettius Valens, sign rulership, exaltation, triplicity rulership and bounds rulership were all of equal strength in influence.

Many modern astrologers take little heed of essential dignities, with the exception of sign rulerships (see article on ruling planets.) This is most likely the result of the simplification of astrological technique that occurred when astrology lost popularity beginning in the eighteenth century (see History of astrology.)

Commonly used dignities
The most commonly used of the traditional essential dignities are listed in the table below.

Modern dignities
Many modern astrologers, eschewing the use of the other essential dignities, use the three outer planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto as the modern rulers of Aquarius, Pisces and Scorpio, respectively. The practice derives from the similarity between the nature of the planets with the nature of these signs. This as illustrated by the differences in the two "decans" tables above.

Bounds
In astrology, the bounds or terms are a subdivision of the zodiac into five unequal regions that are assigned to each of the five traditional planets. No subdivisions are assigned to the luminaries. The bounds may be traced back to as early as the middle of the first century on papyrus horoscopes. While the logic behind the creation of the bounds and interpretations of the earliest horoscopes they are featured on are unknown, they are now an important element of traditional astrology, being used as a form of essential dignity and being implemented in different concepts and techniques such as reception, primary directions, and length of life techniques.

Egyptian
The Egyptian bounds are one of the most commonly used models to organize the subdivisions of the zodiac, especially during the Hellenistic period. Astrologers such as Valens, Firmicus, and Paulus used this model. Despite being named “Egyptian,” these systems of bounds appear to have originated in ancient Babylonia.

Ptolemaic
The Ptolemaic bounds are another model to organize the subdivisions of the zodiac that was favored by scholar Claudius Ptolemy. Ptolemy acknowledged that the Egyptian bounds were the most commonly accepted but claimed they did not “preserve the consistency either of the order or of the individual quantity.” He then suggests the Chaldean as an alternate model for organizing the bounds. Ptolemy did not create this model; rather, he came across it in an ancient manuscript and adopted it for his own use, claiming “we have come upon an ancient manuscript, much damaged, which contains a natural and consistent explanation of their order and number, and at the same time the degrees reported in the aforesaid nativities and the numbers given in the summations were found to agree with the tabulation of the ancients.” This model seems to have gained more popularization during the middle ages and astrologers such as Lilly used this model.

Essential dignity
The bounds are used to determine the essential dignity of a planet, which refers to a planet's ability to express their significations. Some astrologers believe that different forms of essential dignity hold different “weight.” A planet in its own domicile is said to have +5, exaltation +4, triplicity +3, bounds +2, and decans +1. Some Arabic texts that may reflect the traditions put more importance on domicile and exaltation as forms of essential dignity over the bounds but put less emphasis on the terms, which might explain the origins of how each form came to be weighted. It does not appear that astrological literature from antiquity, however, has a ranking system of the different types of essential dignities; in fact, some astrologers believed that a planet in its own bound is just as powerful as being in its own domicile- Firmicus, for example, states “for when a planet is found in its own terms, it is just as if located in its own sign.”

Delineation
Delineations in the astrological context refer to the interpretation of charts. There are many things to evaluate when making a delineation, the bounds being one of them. Interpreting the bounds are made on a chart-by-chart basis and are contingent on many factors such as the sign and house it occupies, sect, aspects, etc. There are other factors to be examined as mentioned by astrologers throughout the tradition, including whether the bound lord is a benefic or malefic. Rhetorius gives some general guidelines for interpreting this claiming: “whenever one of the stars is found in the domicile of a benefic and in the terms of a benefic having significance for the nativity, it benefits the [native’s] fortune; and if it is found in the domicile of a benefic but in the terms of a malefic, it reduces the good of the fortune; but if it chances to be in the domicile of a malefic and in the terms of a malefic, it hurts and darkens his luck.” In addition to evaluating whether or not the bound lord is benefic or malefic, some astrologers have also provided their own delineations for each subdivision of the zodiac in the 12 signs. For example, Valens claims “The first 6° of Aries, those of Zeus, are temperate, robust, abundant in seed, benefic."

title: Essential dignity


text: User talk:210.9.15.50

title: User talk:210.9.15.50


text:
User:Crazzzy Man

hello all you others in cyber-space ! i am new to this site but love what these people are doing. its great that someone is doing something for students like me, we apreciate all the information in one spot. anyways ill be adding to this page and hopefully add to others as i learn how to edit things.

title: User:Crazzzy Man


text: Category:Yukon federal electoral districts


text: Category:Lysergamides

title: Category:Lysergamides


text:
User talk:Badjello

Please do not add offensive or irrelevant material to Wikipedia articles as you did to Nigger (word). It is considered vandalism and it will result in you being banned from Wikipedia. If you want to experiment with Wikipedia editing, please try the sandbox. FreplySpang (talk) 01:08, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Badjello


text:
Genesee Country Village and Museum

The Genesee Country Village and Museum is a 19th-century living history museum covering more than 600 acre located in the town of Wheatland, New York, United States, in the small hamlet of Mumford, about 20 mi from Rochester. On the museum property is the 19th-century village (the Historic Village), the John L. Wehle Gallery of Sporting Art, the Genesee Country Nature Center, the Carriage Museum, the Silver Baseball Park and the Heirloom Gardens. The facility offers special events and classes throughout the year.

Origin
The Genesee Country Village and Museum was conceived and founded by John (Jack) L. Wehle in 1966. He was a collector of art and recognized that another art form, the work of regional carpenters, master builders, and housewrights, was fast disappearing from the landscape. The proposed museum was to be a village of selected examples of 19th-century Genesee Country architecture that demonstrated not only form, but also function. The buildings would be showcases of the disciplines of cabinetry, weaving, pottery and other artisans which would be displayed in appropriate cultural context.

A site for this undertaking was chosen in Mumford, New York, a quiet corner of Monroe County. Much of the land, once cleared and farmed, had reverted to the wild state which greeted the first settlers. Stone fences trailing through the rolling woodlands and anchoring the hedgerows remained as evidence of the frontier farming venture.

For ten years the founder and the museum director, architectural historian Stuart Bolger, guided a corps of carpenters and masons in turning the long-neglected land to new uses in the form of a recreated village. During the first decade of development, some three dozen buildings of the style, type, and function found in the rural communities of western New York were acquired and placed in the configuration of an early Genesee Country hamlet. Vintage farm structures were moved in and placed alongside the village. With care and historical respect these buildings were restored.

Concurrently, the curatorial staff undertook the quest for relevant artifacts to furnish and equip the renewed buildings. The results of their quest are fully furnished houses, shops and farms supported by a large collection of antiques and historical pieces.

Historic Village

The Historic Village is the core of the museum. With the layout of a small 19th-century village, 68 restored and furnished buildings are available to walk through. A wide spectrum of buildings is presented, from the simple frontier cabin to an elaborate Victorian mansion, with professional, religious, and business buildings as well. Most buildings are staffed by costumed interpreters, providing information about the history of the building, the time period, and in certain instances, demonstrating a craft or trade.

Demonstrations occurring throughout the village

 * 19th-century games
 * Quilting
 * Weaving
 * Fabric dyeing
 * Wool spinning
 * Cooking
 * Broom making
 * Farming
 * Printing
 * Blacksmithing
 * Coopering
 * Pottery throwing
 * Woodworking
 * Gunsmithing
 * Tinsmithing

Silver Baseball Park
The most recent addition to the museum's grounds is Silver Baseball Park, built for games of vintage base ball. Silver Baseball Park is the first replica 19th-century baseball park in America, and began its operation on August 11, 2001. The park's name commemorates both Morrie Silver, the former owner, president, and general manager of the Rochester Red Wings; and the museum's twenty-fifth anniversary.

Annual tournaments have been held at the Baseball Park since 2003, covering a three-day weekend in August and drawing teams from across the United States. The games are played using 1868 rules, including a lack of gloves or protective equipment, the use of metal plates, underhand pitches, and the discretion of the umpire to call a pitch a ball or strike.

Heirloom Gardens
Spread throughout the museum's grounds are thirteen heirloom gardens. Eye-catching blossoms, fragrant herbs, luscious fruits and rows upon rows of colorful vegetables are the components of these gardens. Most of what is grown in the gardens is used regularly by village interpreters for preparing meals in the historic kitchens, dyeing fibers and making decorations or craft projects. During the spring and summer months, both adults and children can learn more through various educational programs, tours and demonstrations that are specific to gardening.

The John L. Wehle Gallery of Sporting Art
John Whele was an avid collector of sporting art. His collection, displayed in the gallery, includes wildlife and sporting art that spans four centuries - from the 17th to the 20th. Included are featured works by artists such as John James Audubon, Robert Bateman, Frederic Remington, Carl Rungius, Maud Earl, Bob Kuhn, Allan Houser and Bruno Liljefors. A large sculpture garden is located outside the gallery amongst the trees. The paintings and sculptures in this collection trace the social, artistic and ideological changes in the interaction between humans and animals.

The Carriage Museum
A range of horse-drawn carriages from the 19th and early 20th centuries fills the Carriage Museum. This unique collection presents a broad scope of two- and four-wheeled vehicles and sleighs. The collection includes the basic horse-drawn conveyance that characterized the 19th-century rural scene, utility vehicles, sporting rigs, pleasure carts, and veteran vehicles from the harness track. One drawing much interest is the 12-horse hitch wagon from the Genesee Brewing Company, a local brewer that is still in business in the region.

Genesee Country Nature Center
The Nature Center sits adjacent to the Historic Village on 175 acre of woodlands, old fields and meadows. Visitors can view the native flora and fauna, and explore educational programs and exhibits at the Nature Center building. There are a number of trails in the area for hiking and cross-country skiing or snowshoeing.

Special events
Special events are the highlight of the museum. They regularly occur throughout the year in both the Historic Village and Nature Center and are designed for all ages. Numerous classes are also available for both children and adults throughout the museum. A few offerings are listed below:

Historic Village events

 * Summer Sampler Children's Classes
 * Adult Craft Classes
 * Mother's and Father's Day events
 * 4th of July Celebration
 * War of 1812 reenactment
 * Civil War living history
 * Scottish Highland Games
 * Old Time Fiddlers Fair
 * Agricultural Society Fair
 * Halloween event
 * Yuletide in the Country

Nature Center events

 * Children's Summer Earth Camp
 * Birds of Prey event
 * Maple Sugaring
 * Trail Hikes
 * Stargazing

title: Genesee Country Village and Museum


text:
Saghani

Abu Hamid Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Saghani al-Asturlabi (, referred to by at least one source as Ṣāghānī, was a Persian astronomer and historian of science. His name means "the astrolabe maker of Saghan, near Merv". He flourished in Baghdad, where he died in 990.

Works
Al-Asturlabi wrote some of the earliest comments on the history of science. These included the following comparison between the "ancients" (including the ancient Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks and Indians) and the "modern scholars" (the Muslim scientists of his time):

""The ancients distinguished themselves through their chance discovery of basic principles and the invention of ideas. The modern scholars, on the other hand, distinguish themselves through the invention of a multitude of scientific details, the simplification of difficult (problems), the combination of scattered (information), and the explanation of (material which already exists in) coherent (form). The ancients came to their particular achievements by virtue of their priority in time, and not on account of any natural qualification and intelligence. Yet, how many things escaped them which then became the original inventions of modern scholars, and how much did the former leave for the latter to do.""

- Rosenthal

title: Saghani


text:
Talk:Robert Bolling

Disputed
The relationship with the Bush family is refuted in the Pocahontas article:

 * == Mistaken assumption about a Bush family relation ==
 * A number of genealogists have attempted to link Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush with Pocahontas, but this link has been proved to be based on the mistaken assumption that Robert Bolling, Jr. (a 10th generation ancestor of George W. Bush) was the son of Robert Bolling and Jane Rolfe (granddaughter of Pocahontas). This connection has been disproved by many reputable genealogists, who point out that Rolfe died in 1676, six years before the birth of the younger Bolling, who therefore could not have been her son.  He was evidently the son of Anne Stith, whom his father married after Jane Rolfe's death.  The Bush family, therefore, is not descended from Pocahontas.

If someone can make sense out of all this, please correct the article. Thanks. --ChrisRuvolo 01:08, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * From what I can find on Robert Bolling, President Bush is one of his descendants although not a descendant of Pocahontas. Dwain 22:44, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am going to remove the disputed accuracy tag because there is no problem according to the Pocahontas page. It says that Bush is descended from Robert Bolling and Anne Stith. Anne being Roberts second wife. What is the problem? Dwain 03:15, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * The current wording makes this much clearer. Removing disputed tag.  Thanks.  --ChrisRuvolo (t) 07:10, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Robert Bolling. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121125085715/http://www.americanarchaeology.com/aaaquis.html to http://www.americanarchaeology.com/aaaquis.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121125085715/http://www.americanarchaeology.com/aaaquis.html to http://www.americanarchaeology.com/aaaquis.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:13, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Bolling


text:
User talk:Number9~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Pharos 01:09, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Number9. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Number9~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:52, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:07, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Number9~enwiki


text:
Granulation (disambiguation)

Granulation is the process of forming grains or pellets from a powdery or solid (granular) material

Granulation can also refer to:

 * Granulation tissue, a product of healing in major wounds
 * Granulation (jewellery), small spheres of precious metal fused to a base piece

title: Granulation (disambiguation)


text:
Category:Saskatchewan federal electoral districts

The province of Saskatchewan currently has 14 electoral districts represented in the House of Commons of Canada. This category is intended only for currently existing ridings.


text:
Talk:New Bedford, Massachusetts

December 2021 Proposed Updates for New Bedford, Massachusetts
Hi, I have some suggestions for a few improvements to the lead section for this article about New Bedford, MA. I work for the city of New Bedford and therefore have a conflict of interest, so I can’t make these changes myself. Could an independent editor please review these proposed changes? Since you answered the last REs and are familiar with this article, I am alerting you as well. I do think it’s best if someone without a COI review updates. If you instruct me to implement specific REs here, and that will make it easier for you, I am happy to help.

1. The existing lead section for the New Bedford article does not conform to best practices for articles about cities, as can be seen by looking at Featured Articles for similar-sized American cities such as Hillsboro, Oregon, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Providence, Rhode Island The FA leads for city articles briefly highlight different parts of the article (history, demographics, etc), unlike here. Please delete the current one paragraph lead and replace it with the following three paragraphs, which incorporate pertinent content from the original. Most of the content and sourcing is already in the existing article.

1 New first paragraph. I have modeled this after the Providence, Rhode Island article since it is the closest in terms of both geography and history to New Bedford. Please delete the current first paragraph and replace it with:

New Bedford (Massachusett: Accushnet ) is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located on the Acushnet River in what is known as the South Coast region. Up through the 17th century, the area was the territory of the Wampanoag Native American people. English colonists bought the land on which New Bedford would later be built from the Wampanoag in 1652, and the original colonial settlement that would later become the city was founded by English Quakers in the late 17th century. The town of New Bedford itself was officially incorporated in 1787.

2. New second paragraph. In keeping with the structure of the lead section of the Providence article, I propose that the lead should have a new second paragraph concerning the city’s 19th century history. Much of the article’s current History section focuses on this period. Please delete….

During the first half of the 19th century, New Bedford was one of the world's most important whaling ports. At its economic height during this period, New Bedford was the wealthiest city in the world per capita. New Bedford was also a center of abolitionism at this time. The city attracted many freed or escaped African-American slaves, including Frederick Douglass, who lived there from 1838 until 1841. The city also served as the primary setting of Herman Melville's 1851 novel, Moby-Dick. From 1876 to 1900, New Bedford served as the initial home port for the Revenue Cutter School of Instruction, the precursor of the United States Coast Guard Academy.

3. New third paragraph. Again in keeping with the structure of the lead section for the Providence FA, I suggest a third paragraph for the lead section of this article that provides information about New Bedford in the present day:

As of the 2020 United States Census, New Bedford had a population of 101,079, making it the state's sixth-largest city and the largest of the South Coast region. The city is also known for its high concentration of Portuguese Americans. New Bedford remains known for its fishing fleet and accompanying seafood industry, which as of 2019 generated the highest annual value of any fishing port in the United States. The city is also home to the New Bedford Whaling Museum.

4. In the Economy section, the Fishing subsection contains information that is now out of date. To update this, I propose replacing the second sentence in the current subsection (which begins with “From 1999 to 2018, New Bedford has been the highest-valued port in the nation…”) with the following sentences:

From 1999 to 2019, New Bedford has been the most valuable commercial fishing port in the United States. In 2019 the port’s catch was worth a total of $451 million.

5. In the Economy section of the article, I propose replacing the third sentence in the current Fishing subsection (which begins “While volume is below that of other major ports...”) with the following sentence, which provides up-to-date information about the importance of scallops to New Bedford’s fishing industry:

Although New Bedford only brought in the 14th largest total volume of fish among American ports in 2019, its catch was still the highest-grossing because scallops accounted for 84% of the port’s annual fishing revenue.

Thank you for your consideration. Hudson2276 (talk) 16:51, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Hudson2276, I have only looked very briefly at these changes, but since you are open about your CoI, and since the changes don't seem to be controversial, or over-promotional, I don't see why you cannot make these yourself. I am actuaaly European and have little knowledge of the norms of articles about US places. Pincrete (talk) 15:06, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting keep.svg Go ahead: I have reviewed these proposed changes and suggest that you go ahead and make the proposed changes to the page. Yitz (talk) 04:56, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * (Some of the above requests weren't marked as approved, so I marked them as such because they look good to me.  Spencer T• C 23:16, 2 January 2022 (UTC))

 * Hi, I’ve completed these implementations. I also have a conflict of interest as an employee of the city of New Bedford. Please let me know if there are any problems with the implementation of my changes.HazelStanley99 (talk) 20:48, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

Famous people
Isn’t Aaron Lansky from New Bedford? 108.20.26.12 (talk) 22:11, 1 November 2022 (UTC)

Hideous Lead Image
This was done unilaterally by an unknown user with no consultation with the talk page. This picture is absolutely terrible and in no way accurately reflects the city. It's an historic, densely populated city of 100,000, not a highway rest stop. I will change this soon. Trilobright (talk) 23:45, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

Cheryl Araujo (Big Dan's Bar) Rape Victim.
I was wondering why Cheryl's story is not mentioned anywhere on the New Bedford Wikipedia page. Her story was made into a media sensation and reported both within the US and internationally (Canada and as far away as Japan) in 1983-84 when she was raped and the trial that followed. While this situation did cast a negative light on the Portuguese community at the time it still deserves at least a mention on this page as Cheryl did grow up and live in New Bedford for the majority of her all to short life...? This case was also the inspiration for the 1986 motion film "The Accused" starring Jodie Foster, which she won her first Best Actress Oscar for.

Thanks for your time and thoughts on this matter...

KNP1701C KNP1701C (talk) 02:43, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Bedford, Massachusetts


text: Category:Saskatchewan provincial electoral districts


text:
Option ROM

An Option ROM for the PC platform (i.e. the IBM PC and derived successor computer systems) is a piece of firmware that resides in ROM on an expansion card (or stored along with the main system BIOS), which gets executed to initialize the device and (optionally) add support for the device to the BIOS. In its usual use, it is essentially a driver that interfaces between the BIOS API and hardware. Technically, an option ROM is firmware that is executed by the BIOS after POST (the testing and initialization of basic system hardware) and before the BIOS boot process, gaining complete control of the system and being generally unrestricted in what it can do. The BIOS relies on each option ROM to return control to the BIOS so that it can either call the next option ROM or commence the boot process. For this reason, it is possible (but not usual) for an option ROM to keep control and preempt the BIOS boot process. The BIOS (at least as originally designed by IBM) generally scans for and initializes (by executing) option ROMs in ascending address order at 2 KB address intervals within two different address ranges above address C0000h in the conventional (20-bit) memory address space; later systems may also scan additional address ranges in the 24-bit or 32-bit extended address space.

Option ROMs are necessary to enable non-Plug and Play peripheral devices to boot and to extend the BIOS to provide support for any non-Plug and Play peripheral device in the same way that standard and motherboard-integrated peripherals are supported. Option ROMs are also used to extend the BIOS or to add other firmware services to the BIOS. In principle, an option ROM could provide any sort of firmware extension, such as a library of video graphics subroutines, or a set of PCM audio processing services, and cause it to be installed into the system RAM and optionally the CPU interrupt system before boot time.

A common option ROM is the video BIOS which gets loaded very early on in the boot process and hooks INT 10h so that output from the power-on self-test (POST) can be displayed. The video BIOS is almost always located in the memory segment beginning at, the start of the memory area reserved for option ROMs; this is because when the motherboard has a built-in VGA controller, the option ROM will reside in the BIOS – the BIOS knows where it is and shadows it into RAM at a fixed time. Other ROMs can be located from segments  all the way up to   in early PCs. The final search address was limited to segment or  in modern products. The BIOS Boot Specification requires that option ROMs be aligned to 2 kB boundaries (e.g. segments, etc.). The first two bytes of the ROM must be. The third byte indicates the ROM size in 512-bytes blocks (e.g.  for 16kB ROM). And the fourth byte is where the BIOS begins execution of the option ROM to initialize it before the system boots. Often this initialization is done by a 3 byte jump instruction starting with hexadecimal value.

Original usage of Option ROMs for booting through expansion cards
Prior to the development and ubiquitous adoption of the Plug and Play BIOS standard, an add-on device such as a hard disk controller or a network adapter card (NIC) was generally required to include an option ROM in order to be bootable, as the motherboard BIOS did not include any support for the device and so could not incorporate it into the BIOS's boot protocol. Such an option ROM would hook INT 19h, the BIOS boot interrupt, to preempt the BIOS boot loader and substitute their own boot loader. The boot loader on the option ROM would attempt to boot from a disk, network, or other boot program source attached to or installed on the adapter card; if that boot attempt failed, it would pass control to the previous boot loader (to which INT 19h pointed before the option ROM hooked it), allowing the system to boot from another device as a fallback strategy. Some adapters cards, such as certain SCSI adapters (e.g. some made by Adaptec), were available in versions that differed only in the presence or absence of the option ROM to enable booting from attached SCSI devices. As a result of the option ROM scanning protocol, the highest-addressed option ROM is the last one to be initialized and so the last one to hook any interrupts and the first one in those interrupt service routine (ISR) chains; thus the addresses of the option ROMs completely determine the boot priority between adapter cards that are enabled for booting, and the boot devices supported by the motherboard BIOS collectively have lowest priority, i.e. the system will attempt to boot from them only after attempting to boot from all boot-enabled adapter cards.

BIOS Boot Specification
The BIOS Boot Specification (BBS) was developed by a consortium comprising Compaq, Intel and Phoenix Technologies to standardize the initialization sequence of Plug and Play (PnP) BIOS and Option ROMs. The standard presents the notion of a Boot Connection Vector (BCV) table and BCV priority. The core principles of the standard make behaviour more defined and debuggable and gives BIOS manufacturers room to further dynamise boot device selection for the user, beyond the suggestions of the standard. The beginning of the PnP Expansion header is marked by the 4 byte ASCII signature  and a pointer to this is stored at offset +1Ah as a 2 byte little endian value.

After the basic POST checks are complete, the BBS specifies that the BIOS will detect and shadow all option ROMs that reside in the BIOS into the aforementioned region and it will traverse the PCI configuration space, filling in XROMBARs and copying the expansion card option ROMs from MMIO space to the region. The BIOS then scans the region, and if the option ROM has a PnP Expansion header, it does a far call to offset +03h in the option ROM header to initialize it. It then rescans the region after all the PnP option ROMs have been initialized (because, as appendix E states, the option ROM initialization routine may have chained more PnP expansion headers for individual disks the device owns). It adds the BCV pointer (if present) in the PnP Expansion headers it finds the BCV Table or the BEV pointer (if present) to the IPL priority table. The BCV entries in the BCV table are then called according to priority settable in NVRAM. The BCV table is full of BCV function pointers but has a fixed entry representing legacy option ROMs which is a pointer to a BIOS routine which calls +03h in all the remaining option ROMs that don't have a PnP Expansion header. The BCV function initializes the INT 13h and INT 19h hooks, which the BBS stipulates must not be done in the initialization routine at +03h. If a device has no PnP Expansion header, it may perform any hook in the routine at +03h, as it is a legacy card.

In the initial initialization routine, as the Option ROM points to a PCI data structure (not the same as the configuration space), the option ROM code knows the device and vendor ID is at a fixed offset from RIP. The beginning of this structure is marked by the 4 byte ASCII signature  and a pointer to this is stored at offset +18h as a 2 byte little endian value. This allows it to scan the PCI configuration space to find the correct device and BARs it needs to use. To prevent this scan, and in case of two identical cards in the system, the BIOS passes the PFA (bus/device/function) to the initialization routine in AX, and the card select number (CSN) for ISA option ROMs is passed in BX. It can then interact with the device using PMIO / MMIO to see how many disks it has and which ones are bootable by reading the MBR. The BIOS will have already combed the configuration space, allocated the BARs and filled in the ACPI table prior to the initialization routine call, so the option ROM would use the addresses allocated to its BARs. The BCV, however, hooks interrupt routines which interact with the device which are adjusted based on a base MMIO address location, disk information ascertained in the option ROM initialization routine and the current disk number in the BDA.

The BIOS INT 19h procedure then uses the IPL table priority in NVRAM to decide whether to call an entry containing a boot handler which will read the MBR of 00h (floppy disk BAID; the first device in the BCV table to register disk 00h), an entry containing a boot handler which will read the MBR of 80h (the hard drive BAID; the first device in the BCV Table to register disk 80h) or one of the BEV entries in the table. A device only has a BEV or a BCV if it is a bootable device.

SCSI
A SCSI controller card may hook INT 13h which is responsible for providing disk services. It will do so in its BCV if it is a PnP card. Once it has done this, any subsequent calls to INT 13h will be "caught" by the SCSI option ROM (or "SCSI BIOS"), allowing it to respond for disks that may exist on the SCSI bus. Before it had hooked the interrupt there may have been no disks on the system, but by intercepting the interrupt and altering the values returned, the SCSI BIOS can make all the disks on the SCSI bus visible to the system.

In this particular case, the BIOS itself may call INT 13h to provide a list of possible boot devices to the user, and because the SCSI BIOS has hooked the interrupt the user will be able to choose not only which standard system devices to boot from, but also which SCSI disks as well. This is because, as suggested in Appendix D of the Boot BIOS Specification, the BIOS could populate the IPL table with device and vendor information from INT 13h calls to the different disks, paired with the Hard Disk Number (80h, 81h ...), to allow any hard disk device to be booted from, rather than just the first disk of the first controller to hook INT 13h (the highest priority item in the BCV table), referred to as a BIOS Aware IPL Device (BAID) in the specification.

Multiple controllers can hook INT 13h at once. For instance, after the SCSI controller, an AHCI controller can also hook INT 13h by putting a call to the previous handler, which was stored in the IDT at entry 13h by the SCSI controller, at the end of its own handler, before it puts the address of its own handler into the IDT at entry 13h. The first controller to hook INT 13h will see that 0 disks have been installed by checking the byte at, which resides in the BIOS Data Area (BDA), and if it has 4 disks to enumerate, it will assign the range of disk numbers 80h–83h and store '4' in the BDA. If the second controller to hook INT 13h has 2 disks, it will read '4' from the BDA, assign the disk numbers 84h and 85h, and store '6' in place of the '4'. Now if INT 13h is called with DL = 83h, then the handler of the second controller, which did not assign disk number 83h, will relay the call to the previous handler; that handler, which did assign disk number 83h, will handle the call itself. With any number of controllers' ISRs hooked into INT 13h, the ISRs will each pass control to the next one until the one that assigned the specified drive number recognizes the number, handles the call, and returns from the interrupt.

Network boot ROM
Another common option ROM is a network boot ROM. The option ROM contains the program required to download the boot code. The original IBM Personal Computer ROMs hooked INT 18H (originally to invoke Cassette BASIC) and INT 19H, as these two interrupts were used for the boot process. INT 19h is called to initiate the boot process, and INT 18h was called to start Cassette BASIC from ROM when the boot process found that none of the possible boot devices was bootable. Originally, by hooking INT 18h, the network adapter ROM would try to boot from the network when all other boot devices (floppy drives, hard drives, etc.) had failed. By hooking INT 19H, the network adapter ROM would attempt to boot from the network before any other devices. The BBS specifies that the NIC option ROM does not hook INT 19h, but instead the BIOS 19h handler should call the BEV, which will then download the boot code.

Video
The Video BIOS provides some basic display services for BIOS and operating systems, for example INT 10H (Legacy BIOS), VBE (Legacy BIOS) and UEFI GOP. The original IBM PC BIOS included integrated support for the IBM CGA and MDA video adapters (and did not support option ROMs at all), so those video cards had no option ROMs. The CGA and MDA support in the BIOS proper was maintained through the IBM PC XT and PC AT product lines (which did support option ROMs), so that those cards worked (with full BIOS support) in those machines. The first PC video adapter card that had an option ROM was the IBM EGA, introduced in 1984 with the IBM PC AT. (The Hercules Graphics Card had no option ROM and no BIOS support except for its MDA-compatible features, for which it relied in the IBM-supplied MDA support in the main BIOS.) Most subsequent PC video adapters were supported by option ROMs, although VGA and MCGA integrated onto PS/2 motherboards may have used integrated BIOS support. Once integrated Super VGAs (SVGAs), integrated on clone PC motherboards, were being provided by separate companies than the systems themselves, it became common for the SVGA vendor-provided video BIOS to be included as a separate option ROM module on the same BIOS chip as the main system BIOS (provided by a third separate company).

UEFI Option ROMs
The PCI spec allows multiple option ROM images on the same device. These option ROMs could be Legacy x86 & UEFI. If the Option ROM format is set to "UEFI Compatible" in the UEFI Setup, the Driver Execution Environment (DXE) stage will load the newer UEFI Option ROM if one is present and the legacy Option ROM if one is not. UEFI can use legacy option ROMs when a Compatibility Support Module (CSM) is enabled. Note that when Secure Boot is enabled, execution of the Compatibility Support Module and legacy option ROMs is prohibited because legacy firmware drivers do not support authentication, which is a security hole.

title: Option ROM


text: User talk:70.112.175.109

title: User talk:70.112.175.109


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Batmen

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 18:16, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Batmen
Another un-signed former band. Article only claims they recorded a single demo tape. Only one hit for "The Batmen" jewett. Niteowlneils 01:12, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep Seems to have a certain "Rock Family Trees" interest, though arguably mergable.  Alai 04:09, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability not established, doesnt meet wiki music guidelines. Megan1967 05:47, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: If kept this should have a serious POV-ectomy. Mgm|(talk) 07:56, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no notability established per WP:MUSIC. Radiant_* 09:14, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Dan Jewett, perhaps (for the reason given by Alai)? Uppland 19:21, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CDC   (talk)  20:56, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
MMV

MMV may refer to:

 * 2005, in Roman numerals

People

 * Melissa Mark-Viverito (born 1969), American politician

Places

 * McMinnville Municipal Airport, McMinnville, Oregon, United States (FAA location identifier: MMV)

Companies and organizations

 * Marvelous Interactive, a Japanese developer and publisher of video games
 * Medicines for Malaria Venture, a not-for-profit public-private partnership

Entertainment and media

 * Stormblåst MMV, a 2005 re-recording of Stormblåst by the Norwegian Black metal band, Dimmu Borgir
 * MMV, a compilation album by Black metal band Venom

Other uses

 * Maryland Medal for Valor
 * Maximum majority voting, a voting method that selects a single winner using votes that express preferences
 * Medal of Military Valour, a Canadian decoration which grants recipients the ability to use the post-nominal letters MMV
 * Maize mosaic virus

title: MMV


text: User talk:206.71.120.1

title: User talk:206.71.120.1


text:
Category:Quebec provincial electoral districts

This category contains the list of current provincial electoral districts in the province of Quebec, Canada. Each district is represented by an elected politician of the National Assembly of Quebec, the provincial legislature which is located in the capital Quebec City.


text:
User talk:Nickpowerz

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Enjoy! Oleg Alexandrov 01:15, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Edit summary
When editing an article on Wikipedia there is a small field labelled "Edit summary" under the main edit-box. It looks like this:

 * [[Image:Edit_Summary-2.png|Edit summary text box]]

The text written here will appear on the Recent changes page, in the page revision history, on the diff page, and in the watchlists of users who are watching that article. See m:Help:Edit summary for full information on this feature.

When you leave the edit summary blank, some of your edits could be mistaken for vandalism and could be reverted, so please always briefly summarize your edits, especially when you are making subtle but important changes, like changing dates or numbers. Thank you. Oleg Alexandrov 01:15, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nickpowerz


text: User talk:216.58.17.114

title: User talk:216.58.17.114


text:
Category:Quebec federal electoral districts

The province of Quebec currently has 78 electoral districts represented in the House of Commons of Canada. This category is intended only for currently existing ridings.


text: User talk:202.124.37.190

title: User talk:202.124.37.190


text:
User talk:HawkFlies

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Meelar (talk) 01:18, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:HawkFlies


text:
Talk:Kessock Bridge

Not the first cable-stayed bridge in the UK
Removed the claim that the Kessock Bridge was the first cable-stayed bridge in the UK. The Erskine Bridge outside Glasgow was opened in 1971 a year before construction of the Kessock Bridge was started. The Dryburgh Abbey Bridge is even older (1817) though it no longer exists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.104.229.109 (talk • contribs) links added — Johan the Ghost seance 18:40, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Inverness Firth not Moray Firth.
The Kessock Bridge actually crosses the Inverness Firth - not the Moray Firth. Someone keeps changing it back. See :- and Admiralty Charts 1077 - (approaches to the Cromarty and Inverness Firths) and 1078 - Inverness Firth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.178.225.66  (talk • contribs)  21:47, 30 January 2007
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth#The_Firths_on_the_east_coast_of_Scotland_from_north_to_south
 * http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/features/featurefirst6305.html
 * http://www.invernessharbour.co.uk/information.htm

 * I was born and grew up in Inverness, and my family is from the area going back generations. My father's family is from North Kessock / Craigton, going back to (at least) the 1780's, when they were harbour pilots.   And I've never heard of the "Inverness Firth"!  To me, the bridge is on the boundary between the Moray Firth and Beauly Firth, and that's how I've seen it on every map.

 * I note that the first link you provide now says
 * The Firth of Inverness is rarely identified on modern maps, but forms a connection via the River Ness, Loch Ness and the other lochs of the Great Glen and stretches of the Caledonian Canal with the Firth of Lorne on the west coast of Scotland.
 * Sounds to me like the Inverness Firth is (was) basically the Great Glen. I think the way the article has it now:
 * The Kessock Bridge ... across the Beauly Firth, an inlet of the Moray Firth, ...
 * is right. johantheghost (talk) 14:58, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kessock Bridge


text:
Talk:Combine (Half-Life)

Rated B-class...
...but didn't pull it off the request list. Just a shout that it's still up for A as a result (I'm not familiar enough with the subject to say one or the other x_X')--Kung Fu Man (talk) 21:41, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

GA Review

 * This review is transcluded from Talk:Combine (Half-Life)/GA1. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

Good Article. With a capital A: I think it's good enough to pass the Good Article criteria. I especially like how the webcomic Concerned is mentioned. I digress: this is a good article, and is a nice read. Sceptre (talk) 21:30, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * Some work is needed to get it up to FA-standard prose, but it's okay for GA.
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars etc.:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * The rationales needs a bit of imagination. Instead of saying why it shouldn't be deleted, also say why it should be used. I'm okay with the fair use images, but some others may not be.
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * The rationales needs a bit of imagination. Instead of saying why it shouldn't be deleted, also say why it should be used. I'm okay with the fair use images, but some others may not be.
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:

Combine Soldier's uniform insignia.
Should it be mentioned that the insignia on the arm of a combine soldier is a yellow version of the US Army's 7th Infantry Division? Mr. Someguy (talk) 19:17, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Unless a reliable source has commented on the subject, that would be taken as original research, so we can't include it. -- Sabre (talk) 19:34, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I'll email Gabe tomorrow and ask if it was intentional. 68.39.248.115 (talk) 00:37, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid that's insufficient. The information has to have been published somewhere, Gabe emailing you isn't verifiable for the rest of us. If Gabe emailed IGN and they mentioned it in an article on their site, for instance, it would be sufficient as it is easily accessible to all without restriction or further measures to get the information. -- Sabre (talk) 09:29, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I see... What if I screencap the email? 68.39.248.115 (talk) 16:44, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * That unfortunately wouldn't work either - it still has to be part of a published source. See WP:V, that outlines how things should be sourced. -- Sabre (talk) 16:57, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Are combine police/soldiers human?
The only reference to this is the tag "Combine-Assimilated Human Being" at. Is this really enough to be sure they are human? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.237.6.99 (talk) 07:17, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Several times throughout, Combine Soldiers are referred to as Post-Human in the game; this, coupled with an image of an unmasked Combine Soldier in Nova Prospekt, make it abundantly clear that the Combine are indeed Human, or at least, were at some point.

--Otravalezviy (talk) 20:35, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

 * This is also confirmed by the Raising the Bar book written by the members of Valve, which confirm that the Combine soldiers and civil protection are humans who have been surgically altered into unthinking minions of the Combine.--Werthead (talk) 01:24, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Civil Protection Officers are actually unaltered humans, thought they can have their memory wiped and replaced as a way of rising up the ranks; They'll be shipped off to be surgically altered and turned in soldiers almost at random. This is mostly original research, though. --65.100.114.216 (talk) 16:54, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Notability of article
Very nice article and a good source of information on the topic. However it looks very questionable as a WP article since it is sourced almost only by the game itself. I don't feel like wasting my time by protesting however, but thought I should say something. Jaque Hammer (talk) 21:48, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * There are a lot of primary sources to cover much of the basic description, however, there is enough significant coverage in secondary sources for reception to justify an article. -- Sabre (talk) 13:15, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Regarding Civil Protection
"are human beings who have agreed to work on behalf of the Combine" I believe this is incorrect... while playing the game I remember coming across a poster comparing a cross section of a human head and a Civil Protection head - the CP head appeared to display the mask as part of the creature itself, organic material extended all the way into the mask. I don't recall what level the poster was on. Regardless, the quote could be phrased better, at least some background information as to why humans "agreed" to work with the combine, if this is the case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.30.176.16 (talk) 11:29, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The poster you refer to is of one of the transhuman soldiers, not a metrocop. From the whole canon thingymabob, comments made by Half-Life writer Marc Laidlaw in reply to fan emails and posted at various points around the Internet (like here) say that metrocops aren't altered. As for why they agree to work, that's not been touched upon, so we can't elaborate on that. -- Sabre (talk) 13:15, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 21:49, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

Combine (Half-Life) → The Combine – 21:42, 19 October 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by SalfEnergy (talk • contribs)

 * Oppose See Naming conventions (definite and indefinite articles at beginning of name). It is not called "The Combine", it is the "Combine", so "The" should not be part of the article title. The current format is correct. -- Sabre (talk) 23:40, 19 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose multiple uses of "The Combine", such as the Draconis Combine also called "The Combine" 70.24.251.158 (talk) 04:37, 20 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose for two reasons: 1) per WP:THE, "The" should only be in the title when it would be capitalised in running text, which is not the case here, and 2) even if point one is incorrect, it would have to be moved to The Combine (Half-Life) because simply "The Combine" is ambiguous. Jenks24 (talk) 14:41, 20 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. An unhelpful removal of an obviously helpful qualifier. N oetica Tea? 00:18, 22 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose pointless and confusing. Mezigue (talk) 10:16, 22 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Combine (Half-Life). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080913130612/http://www.actiontrip.com/rei/comments_news.phtml?id=090308_5 to http://www.actiontrip.com/rei/comments_news.phtml?id=090308_5

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:42, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Combine (Half-Life). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/68AXJKhvx?url=http://www.1up.com/reviews/half-life-2_4 to http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3138493&p=1&sec=REVIEWS

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:29, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

Gabe Newell listing
I don't think I'd say that Gabe Newell "Created" the Combine, in fact, I'd reckon he had little to do with a lot in not all of the development of hl2. Is there a better person we could assign the creation to? Adeeta (talk) 20:24, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Combine (Half-Life)


text: User:Voldemort

title: User:Voldemort


text:
Enterobacter

Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Cultures are found in soil, water, sewage, feces and gut environments. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised (usually hospitalized) hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation. The urinary and respiratory tracts are the most common sites of infection. The genus Enterobacter is a member of the coliform group of bacteria. It does not belong to the fecal coliforms (or thermotolerant coliforms) group of bacteria, unlike Escherichia coli, because it is incapable of growth at 44.5 °C in the presence of bile salts. Some of them show quorum sensing properties.

One clinically important species from this genus is E. cloacae.

Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the International Space Station (ISS) of five Enterobacter bugandensis bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that microorganisms on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for the astronauts.

Biochemical characteristics
The genus Enterobacter ferments lactose with gas production during a 48-hour incubation at 35-37 °C in the presence of bile salts and detergents. It is oxidase-negative, indole-negative, and urease-variable.

Virulent characteristics
For Enterobacter species, the flagella is used for adhesion, biofilm formation, and protein export as well as motility. Between the strains, the microbial genus produces endotoxins unique to the species.

As a gram negative bacterium, the lipopolysaccharide capsule helps to avoid phagocytosis and can initiate inflammatory response.

Symptoms
In patients, pathogenic strains were found in the sputum, blood, wounds, and stool. Enterobacter is associated with common nosocomial infections including respiratory, endocarditis, bacteremia, urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, among others. Enterobacter bacteremia presents as fever but can progress to SIRS and shock. For Enterobacter pneumonia, symptoms include coughing and shortness of breath.

Treatment
Treatment is dependent on local trends of antibiotic resistance. Enterobacter huaxiensis and Enterobacter chuandaensis are two recently discovered species that exhibit especially antibiotic resistant characteristics.

Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin from the β-Lactam antibiotic class. Imipenem (a carbapenem) is often the antibiotic of choice. Aminoglycosides such as amikacin have been found to be very effective, as well. Quinolones can be an effective alternative.

Linked to obesity
A 2012 study has shown that the presence of Enterobacter cloacae B29 in the gut of a morbidly obese individual may have contributed to the patient's obesity. Reduction of the bacterial load within the patient's gut, from 35% E. cloacae B29 to non-detectable levels, was associated with a parallel reduction in endotoxin load in the patient and a concomitant, significant reduction in weight. Furthermore, the same bacterial strain, isolated from the patient, induced obesity and insulin resistance in germfree C57BL/6J mice that were being fed a high-fat diet. The study concludes that E. cloacae B29 may contribute to obesity in its human hosts through an endotoxin-induced, inflammation-mediated mechanism.

title: Enterobacter


text:
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi

 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi (died between 982 and 994), also known as Masoudi, or Latinized as Haly Abbas, was a Persian physician and psychologist from the Islamic Golden Age, most famous for the Kitab al-Maliki or Complete Book of the Medical Art, his textbook on medicine and psychology.

Biography
He was born in Ahvaz, southwestern Persia, to a Persian family and studied under Shaikh Abu Maher Musa ibn Sayyār. He was considered one of the three greatest physicians of the Eastern Caliphate of his time, and became physician to Emir 'Adud al-Daula Fana Khusraw of the Buwayhid dynasty, who ruled from 949 CE to 983 CE. The Emir was a great patron of medicine, and founded a hospital at Shiraz in Persia, and in 981 the Al-Adudi Hospital in Baghdad, where al-Majusi worked. His ancestors were Zoroastrian (whence the nisba "al-Majusi"), but he himself was a Muslim. The name of his father was Abbas, and according to Iranica, is not the kind of name typically taken by a neophyte, a fact which suggests that conversion to Islam took place in the generation of his grandparents, if not earlier. He himself seems to have been lacking in Muslim zeal, since no mention is made of the prophet Moḥammad in his introductory remarks, while his argument for the excellence of medicine is based entirely on pragmatic reasoning without recourse to the Quran or the Sunna. Moreover, by calling himself "Ali b. Abbas Majusi", the author intentionally calls attention to his Zoroastrian background.

The Complete Art of Medicine
Al-Majusi is best known for his Kitāb Kāmil aṣ-Ṣināʿa aṭ-Ṭibbiyya (كتاب كامل الصناعة الطبية "Complete Book of the Medical Art"), later called The Complete Art of Medicine, which he completed circa 980. He dedicated the work to the Emir, and it became known as the Kitāb al-Malaki (كتاب الملكي, "Royal Book", or in Latin Liber Regalis or Regalis Dispositio). The book is a more systematic and concise encyclopedia than Razi's Hawi, and more practical than Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, by which it was superseded.

The Maliki is divided into 20 discourses, of which the first ten deal with theory and the second ten with the practice of medicine. Some examples of topics covered are dietetics and materia medica, a rudimentary conception of the capillary system, interesting clinical observations, and proof of the motions of the womb during parturition (for example, the child does not come out, but is pushed out).

In Europe a partial Latin translation was adapted as the Liber Pantegni by Constantinus Africanus (c. 1087), which became a founding text of the Schola Medica Salernitana in Salerno. A complete and much better translation was made in 1127 by Stephen of Antioch, and this was printed in Venice in 1492 and 1523. Haly's book of medicine is cited in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.

Medical ethics and research methodology
The work emphasized the need for a healthy relationship between doctors and patients, and the importance of medical ethics. It also provided details on a scientific methodology that is similar to modern biomedical research.

Neuroscience and psychology
Neuroscience and psychology were discussed in The Complete Art of Medicine. He described the neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology of the brain and first discussed various mental disorders, including sleeping sickness, memory loss, hypochondriasis, coma, hot and cold meningitis, vertigo epilepsy, love sickness, and hemiplegia. He placed more emphasis on preserving health through diet and natural healing than he did on medication or drugs, which he considered a last resort.

Psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi was a pioneer in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine. He described how the physiological and psychological aspects of a patient can have an effect on one another in his Complete Book of the Medical Art. He found a correlation between patients who were physically and mentally healthy and those who were physically and mentally unhealthy, and concluded that "joy and contentment can bring a better living status to many who would otherwise be sick and miserable due to unnecessary sadness, fear, worry and anxiety."

title: 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi


text:
Blue walleye

The blue walleye (Sander vitreus var. glaucus), also called the blue pike, was a unique color morph (formerly considered a subspecies) of walleye which was endemic to the Great Lakes of North America. Morphometric studies led biologists to classify the blue walleye as a separate species in 1926, although it was later downgraded to a subspecies. Listed as an endangered species by the United States in 1967, it was declared extinct in 1983.

Genetic analyses conducted in the 21st century show that the blue walleye was not genetically different from the yellow walleye (Sander vitreus), rendering the taxon invalid.

Species controversy
The blue walleye was long considered to be different from the yellow walleye. Based on morphological study, Carl Leavitt Hubbs declared the blue walleye to be a separate species in 1926. The species was later downgraded to a subspecies.

The blue walleye was a commercially valuable fish in the Great Lakes. Populations appeared to collapse quickly in the 1950s. Between 1950 and 1957, catches in the U.S. and Canada fluctuated between 2000000 lb and 26000000 lb a year. In 1959, however, just 79000 lb were caught, and in 1964 only 200 lb. The United States declared blue walleye an endangered species in 1967, and extinct in 1983.

A 2014 genetic study of 1,181 preserved "historic" walleye (70 to 90 years old), blue walleye/blue pike, and modern walleye found no evidence for concluding that blue walleye/blue pike were genetically distinct from other walleye. This rendered the taxon invalid.

Occasionally, grey-blue or steel-blue walleye are caught in Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the Ohio River drainage. Dark blue yellow perch are also sometimes caught in the same areas.

A turquoise-colored walleye exists in some waters of the Canadian Shield. A mucosal pigment, named "sandercyanin", was hypothesized to be the source of the color, but this has not been confirmed. This fish was also thought to be a separate subspecies of walleye, but genetic testing showed there is no difference between the turquoise walleye and yellow walleye.

Description
Sander vitreus "glaucus" also known as the "blue pike" is endemic to Lakes Erie and Ontario and co-occurred with Sander vitreus vitreus. It is compared to the walleye in many aspects however, the "blue pike" inhabits the deeper and cooler areas of Lake Erie but was also seen in shallow and warmer areas alongside the walleye. In comparison to the walleye the "blue pike" has a steel blue color, larger eyes placed bit higher than the walleyes eye placement, and the eye distance is smaller as well.

title: Blue walleye


text:
User:Mitsukai

=All About Me!= A budding manga-ka and novelist living near the 9th Circle of Hell. Working towards the launch of my Amerimanga, as well as the chance to publish some of the other works I've been writing. I've had the chance to live in a good portion of Asia and Europe (thanks to the great travel agency known as the US Navy). Originally from La-La-Land via Surf City.

I'm interested a variety of subjects, from anime, film, history, and politics to the military, Japanese culture, creative writing, photography and religion.

When not doing any of the above, for some reason, these guys like to give me a paycheck every couple of weeks.

Blame Me for This
Just some of the damage I've done around here:

Article Creation
Anime convention, Anime News Network, Anime USA, A Passage in Time (Dead Can Dance album), Beautiful., Bleach (musical), Cat-Man and Kitten, Characters in Bleach series, Contact (album), Create, Delights of the Garden, Desmond Williams, DJ Boy, Duck Rock, ElePaper Action, Fantastic Plastic Machine, Fantastic Plastic Machine (album), Fantastic Plastic Machine (movie), Fantastic Plastic Machine (soundtrack), Fate/stay night scenarios, Fictional chemical substances, A-M, Fictional chemical substances, N-Z, Fictional elements, isotopes and atomic particles, Funhouse, Ghost Stories, Glen Grant, Giles Tschudi, Harry Betts, Hisa-me, Imaginations, John Cronin (convict), Kaizo Konpaku, Kaneko, Katsucon, Kodama (spirit), List of characters in Astro City series, List of legendary creatures in Japanese mythology, List of multigenre conventions, Lilith Aensland, Luxury, Luxury (album), Michael Akins, Mitsuoka Orochi, Mujina, Noppera-bō, Normandy cemetery, Otogizoshi, One-Pound Gospel, Paloma Picasso, Pengo, Protoculture (anime), Right On, Rob & Fab, Sakakibara, Samaritan (comics), Special attack, Storyline method, St. Roch, Louisiana, Strange Free World, Taiga Fujimura, The Blinding of Isaac Woodard, The Cursed Videotape, The Innocence Mission (album), Themyscira, Tomoe (disambiguation), Too, Tsukumogami, Typographical personification, Umbrella (album), Valhalla Cemetery, VF-8 Logan

Disambiguations
Akimbo (disambiguation), Amaterasu (disambiguation), Ahriman (disambiguation), Ataxia (disambiguation), Bastion (disambiguation), Beatnik (disambiguation), Dark moon (disambiguation), Firestorm (disambiguation), Jack-in-the-Box (disambiguation), Kabuki (disambiguation), Kraken (disambiguation), Megami (disambiguation), Onmyoji (disambiguation), Protoculture (disambiguation), Richie Rich (disambiguation), Samaritan (disambiguation), Skyfire (disambiguation), The White Album (disambiguation), Tomoe (disambiguation), Victory garden (disambiguation)

Templates
Template:User Jmyth

Articles not in English
es:Nekomusume, it:Luigi Serafini

Article Rewrites
Akimbo, Alice, Amerimanga, AOD, Belial, Belle et Sébastien, Bill Bonner, Brute force, Carolee Schneemann, Codswallop, Company, Chega de Saudade (album), Decimation, Delta Meadows River Park, Démodé, Demond Wilson, Fab Morvan, Felicia, Felicia (video game character), Francis Konrad Schuckardt, Franklin the Turtle, Glomp, Gutter Sound, Hirono, Hollow, Isaac Woodard, Inter Mirifica, Invid, Izumo no Okuni, John Cronin, John Goodwin, John Harrington, Kanzashi, Kokusho Sōmokuroku, Kon, Kuchisake-onna, List of divinities in Japanese mythology, List of former Quality, Fawcett and Charlton characters that haven't appeared in DC comics, List of mythical objects, Live Code, Live on Breeze Hill, Love is Hell, Magatama, Major Matt Mason, Mexica, Michael Jackson (radio commentator), Midori, Military mail, Morrigan Aensland, Mutaween, Namco x Capcom, National Grid, National Grid (US), Nensha, Nevada-tan, Otogizoshi, Papillon Rose, Paris (album), Pershing Square, Prowl, Radioman, Real person fiction, Re-Boot: Live '98, Robert Haas, Rokurokubi, Rota, Spain, Sadako Yamamura, Sadamichi Hirasawa, Samara Morgan, Shigeru Mizuki, Shirokiya, Sister cities of Sao Paulo, Slacktivism, Social communication, SoftBank, Spatial referencing systems, Storyline, Studio 54, Studio Ironcat, Subzero, Suki na Mono wa Suki Dakara Shōganai!, The Brown Album, The Clayhanger Family, The Green Album, Three Sacred Treasures of Japan, Tomoe, Towel-Headed Man, Toyetic, United States National Grid, Velvalee Dickinson, Victory Gardens, VIZ Media, Wet moon, Yama-no-Kami, Zashiki-warashi

Disambiguations
Athena (disambiguation)

Templates
Template:Jmyth infobox

Articles Translated into English
Sophie Lalive de Bellegarde (fr),

Projects That Do Not Acknowledge My Existence

 * WikiProject Albums
 * WikiProject Anime and manga
 * WikiProject Japan
 * WikiProject Japanese mythology - started this one, mea culpa ^_^;;;
 * WikiProject Red Link Recovery
 * Disambiguation pages with links
 * Japan-related topics notice board

title: User:Mitsukai


text: User talk:67.188.77.0

title: User talk:67.188.77.0