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Caterham line

The Caterham line is a railway branch line running from Caterham in Surrey to Purley in South London. It operates as a commuter service to London.

The line was opened by local promoters as the Caterham Railway in 1856 primarily to convey firestone from quarries south of Caterham. There was intense rivalry and suspicion between the two main line railway companies at Purley, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) and the South Eastern Railway (SER), and this led to both of them obstructing successful operation of the Caterham Railway. In any case the local population was sparse and agricultural in character, and the Caterham Railway was loss-making.

It was acquired by the SER in 1859, but it was not until the latter years of the nineteenth century that residential development made the commercial situation of the line more buoyant. The line was doubled and a programme of station and infrastructure improvements was completed by 1900. The line was electrified in 1928.

After many years allied to the South Eastern Division of British Railways, the line is now operated by the Southern train operating company; a half-hourly service to London Bridge is operated.

Infrastructure and services
The Caterham line is a railway line in Surrey and Greater London, England. It runs for 4 mile from its terminus at Caterham to an at-grade junction with the Brighton Main Line at Purley station, 15 mi down the line from London Charing Cross. There are intermediate stations at Kenley, Whyteleafe and Whyteleafe South. The Tattenham Corner line branches from the Caterham line 10 ch south of Purley station. The maximum speed permitted on the branch is 60 mph. The line is electrified using the 750 V DC third-rail system and is double tracked throughout. Signalling is controlled from Three Bridges and Track Circuit Block is in operation. There are two level crossings on the line – one to the north and one to the south of Whyteleafe South station. The steepest gradient on the line, between Whyteleafe South and Caterham, is 1 in 90. The southern terminus is 131 m above ordnance datum.

The stations on the branch are managed by Southern, which operates all services. Purley has six operational platforms, of which three are connected to the Caterham line; the other four stations have two platforms each. The buffer stops at Caterham are 19 mile down the line from London Charing Cross, when measured via Norwood Junction.

The off-peak service pattern is two trains per hour in each direction between Caterham and London Bridge. At Purley, trains join with or split from a train travelling to or from Tattenham Corner. Most trains serve all stations between East Croydon and Caterham, but run non-stop between London Bridge and East Croydon. Off-peak trains from Caterham typically reach Purley on the Brighton Main Line in around 11 minutes and arrive at London Bridge in about 50 minutes. The entirety of the Tattenham Corner line is in Zone 6 of the London fare zones.

Proposal and authorisaton
A railway line to Caterham was proposed by local residents in the early 1850s. The primary aim was to transport stone from the quarries in the North Downs, around 1.5 mi to the south of the town, and providing a passenger service was a secondary concern. The first surviving record of the proposal is a letter written to the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) in October 1853, in which the promoters of the line note that the South Eastern Railway (SER) had not objected to the scheme.

Five years earlier, in July 1848, the SER and LB&SCR had agreed to divide south east England, to separate their operations and to prevent unnecessary conflict. As the Caterham Railway (CR) would be built to the east of the Brighton Main Line, it was in the territory of the SER, but the proposed line required the use of the LB&SCR Godstone Road station (now Purley). An added complication was that this station had been closed by the LB&SCR on 30 September 1847. The local railway historian, Jeoffry Spence, notes "the acrimonious and internecine warfare" between the SER and LB&SCR at this time and states that the two larger companies "spared no efforts to bring the history of their unfortunate victim [the CR] to a premature conclusion."

Neither the LB&SCR nor the SER objected to the CR proposal, but they provided no support in presenting the plans to parliament. The CR was granted authorisation to construct its line on 16 June 1854. A condition of the act was that the CR was not to cross the Brighton Main Line or to otherwise interfere with the operations and property of the LB&SCR.

Construction and opening
Construction of the Caterham line began with a formal ceremony on 5 March 1855. The line was built by the contractors, Furness and Fernandez, who were promised £19,000 for their work. The stations were designed by Richard Whittall in the cottage orné style with steep gables, patterned-tile roofs and a half-timbered upper storey, resembling the station buildings at Betchworth and Chilworth. The Caterham line was declared "ready for traffic" on 21 September 1855, but disputes with the other railway companies prevented it from opening for almost twelve months.

By March 1855, SER shareholders were becoming increasingly concerned that the CR would attract passengers from the Oxted and Westerham areas, who might otherwise have used Godstone and Edenbridge stations. There were suggestions that Alexander Beattie had a conflict of interest between his roles as an SER board member and CR chairman. The LB&SCR had also become hostile to the new line, repeatedly changing its requirements for the junction with the Brighton Main Line, refusing to reopen Godstone Road station and even asking the CR to build a new bridge over the Godstone Road, which was not required by the act of parliament.

The SER offered to work the Caterham line in May 1856, in exchange for 110% of the cost of operation. The CR rejected these terms and the following month requested a lease of traction and rolling stock, so that it could operate the line itself. The SER refused and the CR approached the LB&SCR, securing daily use of "an engine and two or three carriages" in July 1856. At the start of the following month, the Railway Times noted that the delay in opening had been due to "political" reasons and expressed concerned over the high proposed fares.

Regular services on the single-track Caterham line began on 5 August 1856, the LB&SCR having agreed a few days earlier to allow Caterham passengers to change trains at the still-closed Godstone Road station. Two intermediate stations, Warlingham (now Whyteleafe South) and Coulsdon (now Kenley), opened on the same day. Four return services were provided on weekdays between Caterham and Godstone Road, with the SER and LB&SCR each providing connections to two services to London. Godstone Road (now Purley) was renamed "Caterham Junction" when it formally reopened in November 1856.

Purchase by the SER and proposed extensions
The difficult relationships between the CR, LB&SCR and SER continued after the Caterham line had opened. The trains operated by the two larger companies were inconveniently timed to allow connections to be made at Caterham Junction. In November 1856, the CR brought a unsuccessful case at the Court of Common Pleas to force improvements in the timetable, ticketing arrangements and passenger accommodation at the junction station.

In the first eleven months of its operation, the CR lost £846. The line nearly closed on 7 May 1857, because a payment to LB&SCR had not been made, but the sum was cleared before bankruptcy proceedings could begin. However, the following year, George Furness, one of the partners of the firm that had built the line, sued for non-payment of debt. He was awarded possession of the railway that July. He offered to sell the line to the SER for £16,000, but the company refused, saying that it would pay a maximum price of £12,000.

In October 1858, the SER agreed to buy the line, but faced opposition from the LB&SCR in preparing the enabling bill for parliament. The latter wanted to ban the SER from stopping at Caterham Junction, but a compromise was reached to allow SER passengers to change between mainline and branchline trains, but not to enter or leave the station. The acquisition of the CR by the SER was authorised by parliament on 21 July 1859. The SER paid around £14,000 for the line – significantly less than its original construction cost of £30,000. The SER also made a payment to George Drew and Captain Wigsell for waiving their rights to stop trains on demand at Kenley.

In the 1870s, there were several proposals to extend the line southwards from Caterham: An independent company suggested a line to Riverhead, via Oxted and Westerham; the SER wanted to run to Maidstone via a similar route; the Caterham and Godstone Valley Railway (C&GVR) proposed a line to Godstone. Of the three schemes, only the C&GVR received authorisation from parliament, which was granted in 1876. The line, which faced opposition from both the SER and the LB&SCR, required four tunnels through the hills to the south of Caterham to reach Godstone. The following year, the SER agreed to work the line in exchange for 50% of revenue, but construction work never began. The opening of the Oxted line in 1884 reduced the financial incentive to extend the Caterham line southwards and no further schemes were proposed thereafter.

Later history
The junction with the Brighton Main Line at Purley was reconfigured in 1897, in part to accommodate services on the Tattenham Corner line, the first section of which opened in November that year. Between 1897 and 1899, the entire length of the Caterham line was doubled and Whyteleafe station was opened on 1 January 1900. Caterham station was rebuilt in 1900, with a wider island platform, a new station building and a larger goods yard. The infrastructure improvements stimulated development of the local area. A hotel opened opposite the terminus in 1902 and, by 1910, a small settlement, known as Caterham Valley, had grown up around it. Houses were built on the Domeywood Estate, around 1/2 mi from Caterham station, in the mid-late 1930s.

The Caterham line was included in the first phase of the Southern Railway DC electrification scheme. Electric trains began running on 25 March 1928. For the first three months, these services ran to the previous steam-hauled schedule, but a new timetable began on 17 June, doubling the frequency of trains. Portion working was introduced, allowing units from Caterham and Tattenham Corner to join at Purley, before continuing as one train to Charing Cross. Initially, three-coach electrical multiple units were used, which had been created from SER carriages. In 1952, Class 414 and Class 416 units were introduced to the line.

Goods services to Kenley ceased on 3 April 1961 and the yards at Whyteleafe and Caterham closed on 28 September 1964. The resulting redundant railway land at the terminus was sold that year.

Colour light signalling on the line was commissioned on 25 September 1983, the day that Caterham signal box closed. Purley signal box controlled the line for the next four months, until its closure in mid-January 1984, when control was transferred to Three Bridges area signalling centre.

title: Caterham line


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Park Inn by Radisson Berlin Alexanderplatz

The Park Inn by Radisson Berlin Alexanderplatz is the second tallest building in Berlin and the 42th-tallest building and tallest hotel-only building in Germany. The 37-floor skyscraper is in the northeast of Alexanderplatz in the central Mitte district and has a height of 125 m.

Foundation and early years
The complex was built from 1967 to 1970 in the course of the redevelopment of Alexanderplatz when it was located in East Berlin. It was designed by the team of Roland Korn, Heinz Scharlipp and Hans Erich Bogatzky. However, the design as built differs in the shape and location of the tower on the lot from that envisaged in the 1964 plan for redevelopment of the square. The four-star hotel opened as the Hotel Stadt Berlin, part of East Germany's Interhotel chain. There was a panorama restaurant on the 37th floor and unusually fast elevators for the time and place.

Development after the GDR
In 1993, after the German reunification and until 2003, it had been extensively refurbished and renamed Forum Hotel Berlin, then operated by IHG Hotels & Resorts.

In 2003, Rezidor Hotel Group became the operator of the hotel, which was renamed to Park Inn Berlin-Alexanderplatz and subsequently Park Inn by Radisson Berlin Alexanderplatz. A casino, the highest in Europe, was located in the restaurant until November 2010.

There is a public viewing platform on the roof. All the rooms were refurbished starting in 2001 at a cost of € 20 million. Between May and November 2005 the entire 15000 m2 façade was replaced; the 6,800 new mirror-glass panes cost €3 million. In October 2006, two 35 m antenna masts were erected on the roof, bringing the total height of the building to 149.5 m.

In December 2006 the hotel and the attached real estate parcels were acquired by Blackstone Group.

Base building
The base of the tower rises from a three-story commercial building with its largest tenants being Burger King and Primark amongst some smaller stores. The top floor offers direct access to the adjacent Galeria department store, which had been a Centrum Warenhaus in the GDR. For 15 years, the ground floor and basement levels housed Berlin's first Saturn electronics store (like Galeria, formerly a division of Metro), but in March 2009 this outlet relocated to a new adjacent building.

The future of the hotel and especially the base building are uncertain; plans to rebuild Alexanderplatz drawn up in the early 1990s envisage demolition of the hotel or at a minimum of the base building to enable erection of three new high-rises. a new high-rise building is under construction directly next to the base building without plans to affect it directly.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Expressivity (genetics)

In genetics, expressivity is the degree to which a phenotype is expressed by individuals having a particular genotype. Alternatively, it may refer to the expression of a particular gene by individuals having a certain phenotype. Expressivity is related to the intensity of a given phenotype; it differs from penetrance, which refers to the proportion of individuals with a particular genotype that share the same phenotype.

Variable expressivity
Variable expressivity refers to the phenomenon by which individuals with a shared genotype exhibit varying phenotypes. This can be further described as a spectrum of associated traits that can range in size, colour, intensity, and so forth. Variable expressivity can be seen in plants and animals, such as differences in hair colour, leaf size, and severity of diseases.

Mechanisms influencing expressivity
This variation in expression can be affected by modifier genes, epigenetic factors or the environment.

 * 1) Modifier genes can alter the expression of other genes in either an additive or multiplicative way. Meaning the phenotype that is observed can be a result of two different alleles (gene variants) being summed or multiplied. However, a reduction in expression may also occur in which the primary locus, where the gene is located, is affected.
 * 2) Epigenetic factors are heritable changes in the chromatin accessibility that affect the gene expression. Epigenetic factors can include:
 * 3) Cis-regulatory elements, which are regions of non-coding DNA that regulate transcription of genes, such as promoters or enhancers.
 * 4) Trans-regulatory elements, which are regulatory proteins, such as transcription factors (TFs) that bind to DNA to regulate gene expression.
 * 5) Histone modifications, which regulate the accessibility of chromatin for gene transcription.
 * 6) Chromatin variants, which are different states of chromatin.
 * 7) Genomic imprinting, which determines whether some genes inherited from the mother and father get expressed.
 * 8) The expressivity of a gene can be influenced by the environmental conditions. For example, pigmentation in the fur of Himalayan rabbits is determined by the C gene, the activity of which is dependent on temperature. During rearing of genetically identical rabbits, if a rabbit’s fur reaches a temperature higher than 35 oC, the fur will develop as white. If a rabbit’s fur stays at a temperature between 15 and 25 oC, the fur will develop as black.

Plants
Expressivity is commonly seen in plants and can be regulated by complex interactions between the environment, hormonal signalling, and genetics. An example of expressivity in plants caused by a rare gene is the variation in the number of branches. Initially identified in sorghum plants, this rare gene is called the Sorghum bicolor Axillary Branched Mutant (SbABM). Over several years of studies on SbABM in the rabi sorghum plant, researchers found that the progeny of the plants ranged from having 0 to 33 branches, even though they all had the same SbABM genotype.

Animals
A well-known example is polydactyly in Hemingway’s cats, which is the presence of extra toes. The number of extra toes can differ between cats, due to variable expressivity of the ZRS gene in the feline chromosome A2. ZRS enhances the activity of the SHH gene, which is involved in limb development, and this has been shown to cause extra toes. Although polydactyly is caused by an autosomal dominant allele, the variable expressivity (number of toes) of polydactyly in cats may be influenced by the tissues surrounding the region that would develop into toes.

Clinical application
Some common syndromes that involved phenotypic variability due to expressivity include: Marfan syndrome, Van der Woude Syndrome, and neurofibromatosis.

The characteristics of Marfan syndrome widely vary among individuals. The syndrome affects connective tissue in the body and has a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild bone and joint involvement to severe newborn forms and cardiovascular disease. This diversity in symptoms is a result of variable expressivity of the FBN1 gene found on chromosome 15 (see figure 2). The gene product is involved in the proper assembly of microfibrils, which are structures found in connective tissues to provide support and elasticity. In Marfan patients, different levels of FBN1 mRNA and FBN1 expression levels were observed. These varying levels were not associated with either sex or age. Lower levels of mRNA expression were associated with a higher risk for ectopia lentis, the displacement of the crystalline lens of the eye, and pectus deformity, an abnormality of the chest muscle, indicating that variation in expression could be due to levels of expressivity and not genotype.

Van der Woude syndrome is a condition that affects the development of the face, specifically a cleft lip, cleft palate or both (see Figure 3). Carriers of the rare allele can also have pits near the centre of the lower lip which may appear to be wet due to the presence of salivary glands. The resulting phenotypes expressed varies significantly among individuals. This variation can range so broadly that a study published by the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Athens showed that some individuals were unaware that they possessed the genotype for this condition until they were tested.

Neurofibromatosis (NF1), also known as Von Recklinghausen disease, is a genetic disorder that is caused by a rare mutation in the neurofibromin gene (NF1) on chromosome 17. This loss of function mutation in the tumor suppressor gene can cause tumors on the nerves called neurofibromas. These appear as small bumps under the skin. It is stipulated that the phenotypic variation is a result of genetic modifiers.

Some hemoglobinopathies (diseases of the blood) like Sickle Cell Anemia exist on a spectrum. Sickle Cell Anemia is an autosomal recessive, prototypical monogenic Mendelian disease, meaning that the disease follows Mendelian inheritance and is traced back to a single gene. Individuals with Sickle Cell Anemia present different severities of symptoms. Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF) concentration and the presence of alpha-thalassemia, a genetic blood disease in which the alpha globin subunit of the hemoglobin protein is underproduced, are thought to be major contributors to the genetic modification leading to the variable expressivity of hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) and increasing the severity of the disease.

title: Expressivity (genetics)


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User talk:212.219.94.237

February 2010
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title: User talk:212.219.94.237


text:
Night Watch (2004 film)

Night Watch (Ночной Дозор) is a 2004 Russian urban fantasy supernatural thriller film directed by Timur Bekmambetov and written by Bekmambetov and Laeta Kalogridis. It is loosely based on the 1998 novel The Night Watch by Sergei Lukyanenko.

It was Russia's submission to the 77th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee. The film received a limited theatrical release in the United States, where it grossed $1.5 million. It overperformed in the American home video market, generating more than $9.5 million in home video sales and $12 million in home video rentals. It received mixed reviews from critics.

A sequel, Day Watch, was released in 2006.

Plot
Since the beginning of time, there have been "Others" – humans endowed with supernatural abilities – and for just as long, the Others have been divided between the forces of Light and Dark. In Medieval times, the armies of both sides met by chance, and a great battle began. Seeing that neither side had a clear advantage, the two faction leaders, Geser and Zavulon, called a truce and each side commissioned a police-like force to ensure it was kept; the Light side's force was called the Night Watch and the Dark side's force was called the Day Watch.

In 1992 Moscow, Anton Gorodetsky (Антон Городецкий) visits a witch named Daria and asks her to cast a spell to return his wife to him, agreeing that she should miscarry her illegitimate child as part of it. Just as the spell is about to be completed, two figures burst in and restrain Daria, preventing her from completing the spell. When they notice that Anton is able to see them, they realize that he is also an Other.

Twelve years later, Anton has enlisted in the Night Watch. While policing Moscow, he encounters several portents that Geser says are linked to an ancient prophecy of an immensely powerful Other that will end the stalemate between Light and Dark, but will be more likely to join the Dark. Anton's investigations lead him to a nurse, Svetlana, whom disaster seems to follow everywhere, and a young boy named Yegor.

In the film's climax, Anton prevents a catastrophic storm from leveling Moscow, when he realizes that Svetlana is an Other, and begins teaching her to control her power. But in the process, Anton realizes that Yegor is his own son, and that his wife was pregnant with him when Anton tried to have a spell cast on her (believing, mistakenly, that the father of the child was his wife's lover, not himself). Learning that his own father tried to kill him before he was born turns Yegor – the Other of the prophecy – against Anton and towards Zavulon, which was the latter's plan all along. In helpless rage, Anton strikes Zavulon, while saying in voice over that, although the prophecy has come true and the Dark's victory seems inevitable, he will not give up.

Cast

 * Konstantin Khabensky as Anton Gorodetsky
 * Vladimir Menshov as Geser
 * Viktor Verzhbitsky as Zavulon
 * Mariya Poroshina as Svetlana
 * Galina Tyunina as Olga
 * Dmitry Martynov as Yegor
 * Aleksei Chadov as Kostya Saushkin
 * Yuriy "Gosha" Kutsenko as Ignat
 * Rimma Markova as Daria Shultz
 * Maria Mironova as Yegor's mother
 * Valeri Zolotukhin as Gennady Saushkin, Kostya's father
 * Zhanna Friske as Alicia Donnikova
 * Nikolay Olyalin as inquisitor Maksim
 * Ilya Lagutenko as Andrei
 * Aleksei Maklakov as Semyon
 * Aleksander Samoilenko as Ilya
 * Anna Slyu as Katya
 * Anna Dubrovskaya as Larisa
 * Sergei Prikhodko as Pyotr
 * Georgy Dronov as Tolik
 * Igor Savochkin as Maksim Ivanovich
 * Nurzhuman Ikhtymbaev as Zoar
 * Kirill Kleimyonov as himself

Production
In 2000, an independent Moscow company invited a director from St. Petersburg, Sergei Vinokurov, the script was written by Renata Litvinova. Artemy Troitsky was expected to star in the film as Anton Gorodetsky, and for the role of the light magician Geser Ivan Okhlobystin was chosen. But the work on the film stalled, which was largely in part of the tiny budget of 50 thousand dollars. And then Channel One, the government-owned TV channel, bought from the publisher the rights to adapt the novel and invited Timur Bekmambetov to write and direct the film.

Concerning the casting, Bekmambetov described that he needed an actor for the role of Gorodetsky who was handsome, slightly naive, slightly cunning and that "his eyes must show that he has a conscience".

Part of the challenge for such a big-budget fantasy film was creating hundreds of visual effects (VFX) shots to which a modern audience is accustomed. 16 Russian VFX studios and several freelancers were used, each chosen for their individual strengths. Many shots were created by different artists across different time zones, using the Internet to share data and images.

The film was the first big-budget Russian supernatural movie and one of the first blockbusters made after the collapse of the Soviet film industry. The film was produced by Channel One, with a budget of US$4.2 million. It was shot in a 1.85:1 aspect ratio.

Music
The film contains several songs from rock bands, e.g. "Jack" by the Belarusian group TT-34 and "Spanish" by Drum Ecstasy. The song played in the credits of the international version of the movie are "Shatter" and "Tender", both of which were performed by the Welsh rock band Feeder. The former track was a top 20 hit single in the United Kingdom charting at #11 in 2005, to coincide with the international release of the film. The song played during the end credits of the American release of Night Watch is "Fearless" by The Bravery and part of the movie's score. In the original Russian version it is a rap song Nochnoy dozor (Finalnyy rep) performed by Uma2rman.

The original score album by Yuri Poteyenko was released in 2021 by the Russian label Keepmoving Records in a limited edition with 300 copies. The score from the sequel (Day Watch) has been released in 2020 by the same label.

Russian release
After premiering at the Moscow Film Festival on 27 June 2004, it went on general cinema release across the CIS on 8 July 2004.

International release
The film attracted the attention of 20th Century Fox through its Fox Searchlight Pictures label, which paid $4 million to acquire the worldwide distribution rights (excluding Russia and the Baltic states) of Night Watch and its sequel Day Watch.

One year after the Russian release, the international distribution began. Other than a London premiere at the Odeon West End as part of the Frightfest horror film festival, that screened amid heavy security on 28 August 2005, the first European country outside CIS was Spain where it was released on 2 September 2005. By mid October it had been released in most European countries, and on 17 February 2006 it had a limited release in the United States, followed by a full release on 3 March. By 13 February 2006 (i.e. before the U.S. release) it had grossed US$32 million.

The "international version" of the film was largely re-edited from the Russian version. In the prologue and epilogue, the Russian voice-over has been dubbed in English, but the characters' dialogue was kept in Russian, with stylized subtitles appearing in odd places around the screen, often animated to emphasise or complement the action. For example, in a scene in which Yegor is being called by a Dark vampire, he is in a pool and the camera is underwater. The caption appears as blood red text that dissolves as blood would in water. In another scene, as a character walks across the scene from left to right, the caption is revealed as his body crosses the screen. In addition, many of the scenes that were present in the Russian theatrical release were omitted, while, at the same time, some scenes were re-cut or added. The International version is shorter by 9 minutes.

The film was released on a two-disc DVD in the UK by 20th Century Fox on 24 April 2006, which featured both the Russian theatrical cut, labeled as the "director's cut", and the international cut. An American DVD release followed on June 20, 2006, which only contained the international cut. The US DVD release is double-sided, with one side carrying more traditional subtitles, and the other containing the stylized subtitles. The German DVD release also features the Russian theatrical cut in addition to the international cut.

The International version of both Night Watch and its sequel, Day Watch, are now available in HD on Vudu. The HDX encodes are based on the International release and retain the original Russian dialog track with the stylized subtitles.

Box office
The film was extremely successful, becoming the highest-grossing Russian release ever, grossing US$16.7 million in Russia alone, thus grossing more in Russia than The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.

Critical response
Night Watch holds a 60% rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 130 reviews, with an average score of 6/10; the consensus states: "This Russian horror/fantasy film pits darkness and light against each other using snazzy CGI visuals to create an extraordinary atmosphere of a dank, gloomy city wrestling with dread." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Leslie Felperin from Variety noted the film's allusions to various classic sci-fi and horror pictures and praised the Moscow setting, eccentric characters, and lavish special effects.

Stephen Holden from The New York Times wrote that the picture is "narratively muddled and crammed with many more vampires, shape-shifters and sorcerers than one movie can handle, but it bursts with a sick, carnivorous glee in its own fiendish games".

Film directors Quentin Tarantino and Danny Boyle have highly praised the film.

In 2010, Empire published a list of one hundred best films in the history of world cinema — Night Watch took the hundredth place in it.

"Nochnoi Bazar" fan re-dub
In 2005, a "fan re-dub" was released under the title "Nochnoi Bazar" ("Night Chat"). The project was started by the writer Sergei Lukyanenko as a nod to popular (illegal) fan re-dubs by "Goblin" (Dmitry Puchkov). However, this fan redub was made with full consent of the filmmakers and copyright holders and released on DVD by Channel One Russia. The script was written by the Russian comedian Alexander Bachilo, the song parodies were written and composed by Alexander Pushnoy. The narration was done by Leonid Volodarskiy, a popular voiceover translator of pirated video releases in the Soviet Union.

Sequels
The sequel, Day Watch, was released across the CIS on 1 January 2006.

Franchise
A third film, titled Twilight Watch (previously Dusk Watch), was planned after 20th Century Fox bought the distribution rights to the first two movies, with the plan to have it be produced in English as opposed to Russian, however, production was ultimately halted when Timur Bekmambetov was hired to direct Wanted for Universal Pictures. He went on to say that Twilight Watch would be too much like Wanted, and so to avoid working in an artistic rut the project would need to be either distinctively changed, passed to another director, or simply delayed so that intervening projects could be completed.

title: Night Watch (2004 film)


text:
User:Friviere

Benvingut a la meva pàgina d'usuari a la Viquipèdia en anglès! Sóc un viquipedista de Catalunya.

Welcome to my user page at the English Wikipedia! I am a wikipedist from Catalonia.

Bienvenu à ma page d'utilisateur à la Wikipédia en anglais! Je suis un wikipédiste de la Catalogne.

Bienvenido a mi página de usuario en la Wikipedia en inglés! Soy un wikipedista de Cataluña.

Bonvenon al mia vikipediista paĝo en la Vikipedio en la angla lingvo! Mi estas vikipediisto el Katalunio.

’Ia ora na ’oe i ta’u ’api parau i te Vitipetia i te reo Paratāne! Vau i te hō’ē vitipetia ta’ata nō Tatarūnia e.

I will be mostly contributing with Catalan-related content.

Welcome to my User Page
I'm Catalan (from Catalonia) and this is my weblog: Galindaines where you can find what worries me, my travel pictures and all this stuff.

I'm not a regular contributor of the English Wikipedia. In fact I'm a regular contributor of the Catalan one, and just seldom link here relevant articles on the English one. So pls., excuse me if I do not read frequently any message, and cannot respond it.

You can jump to my Catalan user page. Please write there any urgent thing, even if I could seldom take some time to read it! :)

Featured contributions

 * Military history of Catalonia not finished. Translation and correction help needed
 * Templates: TiddlyWiki

Juníper Serra right spelling
Juníper Serra, Juniper Serra or Junipero Serra

I'm actually studying whether his name was Juniper o Junipero.

And found:

He's real name was Miquel Josep Serra i Ferrer Gran Enciclopeadia Catalana

And still investigating...
 * LEDA at Harvard Law School
 * American Revolution at University of Colorado
 * University of Notre Dame Archives
 * The Michigan State University Museum
 * Brown University
 * St. Bonaventure University
 * University of Florida History, Sainthood, and Society
 * The History Place American Revolution
 * Internet Medieval Sourcebook Project
 * Sender, Berl & Sons Inc.
 * Books bought...
 * UrbanDharma.org

Gaspar de Portolà right spelling
Gaspar de Portolà

The correct writing in his own signature is Gaspar de Portolà and not Gaspar de Portolá. I understand there may be some confussion for non accented language speakers. References to prove that are: And many other I can add upon request. Therefore, both pages should be swaped.
 * http://www.tvcatalunya.com/tvcmult/171381189.jpg Portolà's original Signature with the accent clearly being à and not á, from the:
 * http://www.tvcatalunya.com/historiesdecatalunya/documents/doc169904107.htm Diary of the Portolà Expedition (Please look at his original signature here!), keeped at the [Museo Naval de Madrid], where anybody could check it.
 * http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/~catalan/Catstudies.html Gaspar de Portolà Catalonian Studies Program at Berkeley University
 * http://www.casalcatala.org/ Gaspar de Portolà - Pere Fages, Casal Català del Nord de Callifòrnia at El Cerrito, CA
 * http://www.gportola.com/ Gaspar de Portolà Foundation
 * http://www.uoc.edu/in3/hermeneia/exemples/atles_catala/portola.htm Portolà Mapamundi
 * http://www.xtec.es/~jplanas3/socials/cs15pac2.htm

The Wiki Wiffle Bat is hereby awarded for exceptional skill in the areas of logic, rationality, dispute resolution, and a general attitude that betters Wikipedia as a whole, particularly in the face of flames and general animosity put forth by one particular user. Specific citation is given to the user's efforts in establishing the correct depiction of the name of Gaspar de Portolà, and other aspects of this article.--Pkuchinski 06:55, 14 May 2005 (UTC) Strike-through text

ca:Usuari:Friviere fr:Utilisateur:Friviere

title: User:Friviere


text: Category:Handball players

title: Category:Handball players


text:
Far North Line

The Far North Line is a rural railway line entirely within the Highland area of Scotland, extending from Inverness to Thurso and Wick. As the name suggests, it is the northernmost railway in the United Kingdom. The line is entirely single-track, with only passing loops at some intermediate stations allowing trains to pass each other. In common with other railway lines in the Highlands and northern Lowlands, it is not electrified and all trains are diesel-powered.

Route
The line links the city of Inverness, the largest city in the Scottish Highlands, with the towns of Wick and Thurso at the northeastern tip of Britain.

Like the A9 trunk road north of Inverness, the Far North Line broadly follows the east-facing coastline of the Moray Firth, with all three termini located on the coast. As such, the railway links many of the same places as the road.

Many more places were served by both the railway and the road before three new road bridges were built: across the Beauly Firth (between Inverness and the Black Isle), the Cromarty Firth and the Dornoch Firth. As a result, at some locations the railway is now a long way inland from the modern route of the A9.

The railway also loops a long way inland between Tain and Golspie, running via Lairg, which has never been on the A9; it was envisaged at the time of construction that this diversion would open the centre of Sutherland to trade. It also takes a large inland detour north of Helmsdale, running via the Flow Country, which the A9 also never passed through; this diversion was dictated by the unfavourable terrain of the Caithness coastline.

Inverness–Tain: through Ross-shire
The railway line begins at Inverness station, where passenger connections are available for the Highland Main Line (to Perth, Glasgow, Edinburgh and London) and the Aberdeen–Inverness line (to Inverness Airport, Elgin and Aberdeen), as well as for bus services to destinations throughout the Scottish Highlands. While the A9 leaves Inverness by crossing the Beauly Firth on the Kessock Bridge, the Far North Line instead heads west and runs alongside the Firth.

The single track crosses both the River Ness and the Caledonian Canal before it leaves Inverness and parallels the A862 road towards the village of Beauly. After 10 mi, the line crosses the River Beauly and then takes a sharp, almost 180° right turn (from a west-southwest heading to north-northeast); Beauly station is located halfway along this curve. Closed in 1960, the station reopened in 2002 and its single operational platform has the distinction of being the shortest on the National Rail network, at just 15.06 m.

The line then carries on north, crossing the historic county boundary from Inverness-shire into Ross and Cromarty just before reaching Muir of Ord station, which has two platforms and is the site of the first passing loop on the line. The line continues to parallel the A862 as it passes through Conon Bridge station, which reopened in 2013 in a similar style to Beauly and whose platform is just 2 cm longer than that at Beauly. Shortly afterwards, the line crosses the River Conon and passes through the village of Maryburgh before reaching Dingwall station – the busiest station on the line aside from Inverness, with just over 80 thousand passengers recorded in the 2019–20 financial year.

At Dingwall Junction just north of the station, the Kyle of Lochalsh line diverges to the west. The Far North Line, meanwhile, rejoins the coast and continues northeast along the shoreline of the Cromarty Firth; the railway meets the A9 again shortly after, at the north end of the Cromarty Bridge.

The next station on the line is Alness, which closed in 1960 but reopened 13 years later. After Alness the line turns gently eastwards to reach Invergordon station before turning northeast again. The line continues in this direction for nearly 10 mi without another station until Fearn. Located approximately 1.2 mi west of Hill of Fearn, the primary source of traffic at the station, it is also the nearest railway stop to the Seaboard Villages. The railway then takes a sharp turn to run northwest for approximately 3 mi until it reaches Tain station on the south side of the Dornoch Firth.

Tain–Helmsdale: Lairg loop and the Sutherland coast
A short distance west of Tain, the Far North Line and the A9 part ways again – while the road crosses the Dornoch Firth by means of a 900 m bridge, the railway line instead follows the coast of the Firth. In fact, the railway does not return to an open coastline for another 40 mi until Golspie, even though the distance between Tain and Golspie as the crow flies is only 11.1 mi. There have been many unsuccessful proposals to build a new, shorter railway line between the two villages via Dornoch, which led to the existing route via Lairg being sometimes unofficially called the "Lairg loop".

Soon after the A9 splits away, the line crosses the lieutenancy area boundary from Ross and Cromarty into Sutherland. The track follows the route of the A836 until the next station on the line, Ardgay, at the end of the Dornoch Firth. The station is in the village of Ardgay and also serves the slightly larger village of Bonar Bridge on the opposite side of the Kyle of Sutherland.

From Ardgay, the line runs northwards alongside the Kyle, and after just over 3 mi it reaches the first two request stops en route – Culrain and Invershin, which lie on either side of the Invershin Viaduct over the Kyle. At just 34 ch, the distance between these two stations is among the shortest in all of Britain. There is no direct road connection between the two sides of the Kyle at this location, and a public footpath was only built alongside the viaduct in 2000; prior to this, the railway was the only way to travel between the two stations without taking a 7 mi detour via Bonar Bridge. The Kyle once also marked the boundary between the historic counties of Ross and Cromarty and Sutherland; however, the modern boundary between the respective lieutenancy areas lies several miles to the south, putting both stations in modern-day Sutherland.

The track then continues northwards along the River Shin for another 5.5 mi until it reaches Lairg station, located about 1.6 mi south of the village itself. This is the furthest point away from the coast on the Lairg loop; beyond the station the line curves sharply eastwards and heads back towards the Moray Firth along Strath Fleet, now paralleling the A839 road. The line then passes through another request stop, Rogart, which actually lies in the small hamlet of Pittentrail and about 1.5 mi south of Rogart itself; the station briefly closed in 1960, only to be reopened less than 9 months later. Immediately east of the station there is an open level crossing – the only such crossing on the line. 4 mi after Rogart, the railway meets the A9 again, as it passes by Mound Alderwoods and Loch Fleet. This was once the site of The Mound station and a junction with the Dornoch Light Railway to Dornoch; both the station and the branch closed in 1960. The railway then turns northeast and returns to the coast at Golspie, with the station located at the western end of the village.

Just east of Golspie, the line meets Dunrobin Castle station, which was built as a private, single-platform halt for the Duke of Sutherland to serve Dunrobin Castle a short distance south of the track. The station closed in 1965 but reopened in 1985; today, the station is a public request stop, although it is only open during the summer months (one of only two such stations on the National Rail network, alongside Falls of Cruachan elsewhere in Scotland), corresponding to the castle's annual opening times. The station is also notable for its lack of lighting; as such, no trains are scheduled to call at the platform before 9 am or after about 6 pm.

The line continues along the coast for another 15 mi, occasionally coming just metres away from the shoreline, passing through Brora station before reaching the village of Helmsdale, located at the mouth of the river of the same name. Helmsdale station lies on the other side of the river from most of the village.

Helmsdale–Wick/Thurso: Strath of Kildonan and Caithness
Beyond Helmsdale, the railway is forced to divert away from the Moray Firth coast and from the A9 once again, avoiding the unfavourable terrain of the Ord of Caithness. Instead, the line takes a sharp turn northwest and heads inland towards the Flow Country – the largest expanse of blanket bog in Europe. This is by far the most remote section of the entire line: the majority of the intermediate stations along this stretch are request stops, and each station only serves a handful of isolated houses.

Initially, the single track follows the course of the Strath of Kildonan together with the A897. Kildonan station, one of the least-used stations on the line, lies approximately halfway along the Strath; the station was the site of a second open level crossing until early 2022, when it was replaced with a more standard barrier crossing (ABCL). The far end of the Strath, close to the point where the A897 meets the B871 road, marks the location of Kinbrace station.

Beyond Kinbrace, in stark contrast to the rest of the line (and most of the Scottish Highlands), the topography of the surrounding area becomes flat and low-lying, and will remain so until the railway's two northern termini. The line carries on northwards alongside the A897 for 7+1/2 mi until it reaches Forsinard station which, despite its isolation, is not a request stop. With two platforms, this station is the last place on the line where passenger trains running in opposite directions can pass each other. The station serves the Forsinard Flows National Nature Reserve, among other nearby parts of the Flow Country; an RSPB visitor centre is adjacent to the station platforms. At Forsinard, the line crosses the A897, turns east-northeast, and does not meet another public road for over 17 mi. Soon, the line leaves the county of Sutherland and enters Caithness.

As the track passes through Caithness countryside, it eventually reaches Altnabreac station. This single-platform halt is often listed as one of Britain's most geographically isolated railway stations, being about 18 km from the nearest village and 11 km from the nearest paved road. There are, however, a handful of houses in the immediate vicinity of the station, accessed by a private dirt road, which is marked as a public cycle trail on Ordnance Survey maps.

The line then turns gently to the northeast, passing by several small lochs en route, before passing under the B870 road (the first public road close to the line since Forsinard). This is the site of Scotscalder station, which is among the least-used stations on the line, typically averaging less than 1 passenger per day. After another 2+1/2 mi, the track passes south of Halkirk – the first unscattered village in over 44 mi, although there is no longer a railway station serving it (the old station having closed in 1960 along with 19 others on the line). The line reaches its penultimate station, Georgemas Junction, at the point where the line crosses the A9 again. Adjoining the station on the south side is a freight terminal built in 2012 by Direct Rail Services; this was used by trains taking nuclear material from Dounreay to Sellafield.

At Georgemas Junction, which is not a request stop, the lines to Thurso and Wick diverge; this is the northernmost railway junction in the United Kingdom. The Wick-facing Thurso branch curves north immediately west of the station and runs alongside the River Thurso, paralleling the A9 until it reaches Thurso station – the northernmost railway station in Britain, by the northern coast of Scotland. Thurso is the nearest station to the ferry terminal at Scrabster, which has ferry services to and from the town of Stromness in the Orkney Islands. Meanwhile, the main line to Wick continues in an east-southeasterly direction, sandwiched between the A882 and B874 roads, and terminates at Wick station on the east coast. At 18 mi, the distance between Georgemas Junction and Wick is the longest between any two adjacent stations on the line, although three other stations existed along this stretch until 1960. Wick is the nearest station to Wick Airport as well as to the village of John o' Groats (approximately 17 mi to the north) at the northeastern tip of mainland Britain, which is linked to the town by a bus service operated by Stagecoach Highlands.

Infrastructure
The full line between Inverness and Wick (excluding the Thurso branch) is 161 mi long; the Thurso branch has a length of 6 mi. The whole line is unelectrified. Despite its considerable length and passing through the mostly mountainous Scottish Highlands, there are no tunnels on the line.

The line is almost entirely single-track, but there are 10 double-track passing loops along the route, which allow trains to pass each other: these are at Muir of Ord, Dingwall, Invergordon, Tain, Ardgay, Lairg, Rogart, Brora, Helmsdale and Forsinard. The loops at Rogart and Brora are not timetabled to be the passing place for any scheduled passenger services, but they can be used as such during major disruption on the line.

The whole line north of the former Clunes station (about 7 mi west of Inverness), together with the Kyle of Lochalsh line, are signalled using the Radio Electronic Token Block system, which is very cost-effective in both implementation and maintenance, but significantly limits the capacity of the lines.

"Press & Ride" request stops
Between 2022 and 2023, the Far North Line became the first railway line in the United Kingdom to implement a new "Press & Ride" system for its request stops.

Under the traditional system (still in use on the rest of the National Rail network), passengers wishing to board the train at a request stop had to flag the train by raising their arm; this meant that the driver needed to reduce the train's speed before a request stop (to look out for any potential passengers on the platform and be able to stop if necessary), even if the platform was empty. The new system, developed by Transport Scotland, envisaged the installation of an automatic kiosk (with a button for passengers to press) at each request stop. This alerts the driver about any waiting passengers in advance; if there is no requirement to stop, the train can maintain line speed through the station, thus improving reliability on the whole line.

The first of these kiosks was installed at Scotscalder on 15 August 2022 on a trial basis. Following the successful trial, the system was expanded on 20 December 2022 to cover five more request stops on the line, namely Culrain, Invershin, Rogart, Kildonan and Kinbrace. A further kiosk was added at Dunrobin Castle in May 2023. The last kiosk, at Altnabreac, was also expected to be in operation from spring 2023; however, this has been delayed indefinitely, reportedly due to local homeowners blocking access to the station, and the kiosk is yet to be installed.

Pre-Nationalisation
The line was built in several stages:
 * Inverness and Ross-shire Railway - Opened 11 June 1862 between Inverness and Ardgay
 * Sutherland Railway - Opened 13 April 1868 between Ardgay and Golspie
 * Duke of Sutherland's Railway - Opened 1 November 1870 between Golspie and Helmsdale
 * Sutherland and Caithness Railway - Opened 28 July 1874 between Helmsdale and Wick / Thurso

Much of the work was done by the Inverness-based Highland Railway company or, when completed, taken over by that company. In 1923 the Highland Railway was grouped into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, under the Railways Act 1921.

Like railway lines generally in Britain, the line was not a product of any strategic plan, but was an ad hoc development, facilitated by Private Acts of Parliament (which were themselves a significant expense for developers) and dependent on cooperation between companies and individuals, each with their own private vested interests. The line became strategically important during World War I and World War II as part of a supply route for Scapa Flow, Orkney.

That the line extends beyond Ardgay in the county of Ross and Cromarty is due, to a large extent, to the railway enthusiasm (some might say madness) of the 3rd Duke of Sutherland. The duke realised his dream of running his own private train to and from his own station at Dunrobin Castle.

The duke's enthusiasm took the line as far as Gartymore, a little south of Helmsdale, in the county of Sutherland, but this development was more of a financial liability than an asset: the long-term viability of the line then depended on a Caithness willingness, not least from the 17th Earl of Caithness, to link the line to the population centres of Wick and Thurso.

North of Helmsdale the line was built by the Sutherland and Caithness Railway. Turning inland, it reaches Forsinard in the Flow Country. The building of the line through the Flow Country – one of the most scarcely populated parts of Scotland – was to avoid the Berriedale Braes. North of Helmsdale as far as Lybster, it would have been impractical to build a railway without massive civil engineering projects. Thus coastal villages such as Latheron and Lybster are not served by the line.

In 1902, under the provisions of the Light Railways Act 1896, the standard gauge Wick and Lybster Railway was built along the east coast of Caithness, running south from Wick to Lybster. This line was never profitable, and it closed in 1944.

Historic branch lines also served Dornoch and the Black Isle.

1989–90 flooding
On 7 February 1989, Ness Viaduct, just west of Inverness station, collapsed in unprecedented flooding. The remaining 270 mi of network to Kyle of Lochalsh and The Far North line had to be operated from a temporary maintenance site at Muir of Ord. A new viaduct was opened in time for the 1990 summer season on 14 May 1990.

Current passenger services
All passenger trains are operated by ScotRail using Class 158 "Express Sprinter" diesel multiple units. The exact stopping pattern varies between each station, as not all trains run the full length of the Far North Line. All passenger services on the line start or terminate at Inverness.

The service pattern is infrequent and very irregular, with intervals between consecutive trains at Inverness varying from just 15 minutes to as long as two-and-a-half hours. As of 2022, on weekdays (including Saturdays), there are 14 trains per day (tpd) arriving at Inverness from the north, and 12 northbound departures:
 * 1 tpd each way shuttling to and from Dingwall only;
 * 4 tpd to and from Kyle of Lochalsh (branching off the Far North Line at Dingwall);
 * 1 tpd to and from Invergordon;
 * 1 tpd to and from Tain;
 * 2 tpd arriving from Ardgay with 1 tpd in the opposite direction;
 * 1 tpd arriving from Lairg with no corresponding return service;
 * 4 tpd running the full length to and from Wick via Thurso.

On Sundays the services are even less frequent, with just 1 tpd (2 in the summer) to/from Kyle of Lochalsh, 1 tpd to/from Invergordon, 3 tpd to/from Tain, and just a single train each way running all the way to/from Wick.

With the exception of some Wick services, all trains are timetabled to stop at every intermediate station. Dunrobin Castle station is only open during the summer months; no services call there in the winter.

The stations at Culrain, Invershin, Rogart, Dunrobin Castle, Kildonan, Kinbrace, Altnabreac and Scotscalder are designated as request stops: passengers wishing to board the train at these stations must press a button at a designated kiosk on the platform (except at Altnabreac, where passengers need to flag the train by raising their arm – see above), while those wishing to alight must inform the on-board guard to arrange for the train to stop. If there are no passengers wishing to get on or off the train, it will pass through without stopping.

Since 2000, trains to and from Wick have run via Thurso. On arrival at Georgemas Junction from Inverness, trains reverse to serve Thurso, then reverse again from Thurso to run back to Georgemas Junction (stopping there for a second time) and continue on to Wick. This procedure is mirrored for Inverness-bound services.

Services between Inverness and Wick typically have a journey time of about 4 hours 20 minutes end-to-end.

Freight
Georgemas Junction has been used for freight handling and had a new railhead opened in 2012 for the transportation of nuclear flasks, but the terminal has not attracted any commercial operators since. In 2020, a trial project funded by a £195,000 grant from the Scottish Government saw timber transported from Georgemas Junction to a processing facility near Inverness by Victa Railfreight.

1923–1948 (London Midland and Scottish Railway)
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway introduced two titled trains in 1936, the Orcadian and John O'Groat.

1948–1997 (British Rail Scottish Region)
In 1963, the line was listed for closure on the Beeching Report; however, the Far North Line remained open due to pressure from protesters.

Following the elimination of steam traction by the early 1960s, trains on the line were normally hauled by Inverness allocated Class 24 diesel locomotives (D5114-32), then subsequently by Class 26 diesel locomotives. In the 1980s these were replaced by more powerful Class 37 locomotives, still with Mark 1 rolling stock. These were replaced by Class 156s in the 1990s by British Rail. Three trains each way per day (Mon-Sat) was the standard service pattern at this time.

1997–2004 (ScotRail)
The service provided by ScotRail replicated that provided in the latter years of BR Scottish Region. ScotRail was owned by ScotRail (National Express) until 17 October 2004 when First ScotRail took over the franchise.

Until 2000, when the line was served by s, trains to Caithness were split at Georgemas Junction – one half of the train would continue to Thurso and the other to Wick. This practice ended when s were introduced on the line, adopting the current calling pattern.

2005–2015 (First ScotRail)
Along the full length of the line there were four services each way Monday to Saturday, including a service allowing a connection from the Orkney ferry, and one service each way on Sundays. In the Winter 2008/9 timetable the number of trains to and from Wick was increased to four each way on Mondays to Saturdays.

First ScotRail also operated a number of shorter distance services on the line from Inverness terminating at Dingwall and Ardgay, as an alternative commuter route to Inverness in addition to the A9 road.

Passenger volumes
The statistics cover twelve-month periods that start in April.

Electrification
In the Scottish Government's National Transport Strategy, published in February 2020, it was stated that the section between Inverness and Tain would be electrified with overhead lines by 2035; an alternative to diesel traction - ostensibly hydrogen - would be used for the remainder of the route.

Delmore Loop
There are plans to construct a new passing loop between Inverness and Beauly.

Lairg loop bypass
For many years there have been proposals to bypass the Lairg loop with a line across the Dornoch Firth, linking Tain more directly with Golspie via Dornoch. British Rail attempted to get funding for this when the road bridge was built, but the government declined. On 6 March 1987 the government confirmed that it would not fund the project.

This project would involve building a new bridge over the Dornoch Firth, or making the existing A9 road bridge dual-purpose. Discussions have been held concerning the shortening of the Far North Line involving a bridge over the Firth and the possible use of the trackbed of the former light railway; however, there have been no confirmed plans for such a shortcut to date.

New stations
Following the successful campaigns to reopen the previously closed stations at Beauly in 2002 and at Conon Bridge in 2013, there have been several proposals to reopen more stations on the line. One campaign, supported by the Highland Council and HITRANS, seeks to build a new station at Evanton (between Dingwall and Alness), which was closed in 1960. The Friends of the Far North Line campaign group, meanwhile, proposes the reopening of Halkirk station near Georgemas Junction; it also looks into the possibility of constructing a new curve of track at Georgemas so that trains could serve the Thurso branch directly, without having to reverse at Georgemas Junction station.

title: Far North Line


text: Talk:Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Eldfell

Eldfell
This has been on peer review for several days with no comment. So, it's either just not very interesting, or there's not much that can be done to improve it. I'm hoping it's the latter, so I thought I'd give it a run past FAC. I think the eruption of Eldfell is a very interesting story, which I hope I've done justice. Worldtraveller 10:00, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support: I think it's interesting and has some brilliant photograph too. Giano | Talk 11:07, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It does have some nice pictures. And it is rather crufty. Should perhaps be more crufty, though. Lukewarm support. Everyking 11:17, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * What could be changed to make your support more enthusiastic? Worldtraveller 13:20, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Interesting subject, and nice pictures. — mark ✎ 12:58, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Very intersting, sorry I missed it on peer review. Sometimes it takes a couple weeks there. But this is great. - Taxman 14:52, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Great article, breath-taking photography. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 15:03, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Lovely article. One major and a few minor nitpicks though:
 * Text says the lava flows added land to the west of the island, but the map shows lava flows on the east of the island. One or the other is wrong.  I suspect from other context that the "North" arrow on the map is actually a "South" arrow.
 * On the map, I assume the white section is the town -- it should be labeled as such.
 * A couple non-SI units slipped in (I recall seeing "mile" somewhere); these should be fixed.
 * Coverage of submarine effects is spotty. Is there any more info available?
 * I'd love to see more info on national and international reaction. Was this a local disaster or was the whole of Iceland gripped by it?  What about internationally -- was this the top of international newscasts for weeks like the tsunami, for a few days, or mostly ignored?
 * Recovery: Was there government assistance in rebuilding homes and businesses? Insurance?
 * Looking ahead: how long do they expect the geothermal plants to continue to produce electricity and heat water? What are the expectations of future eruptions?  Has anything else changed (i.e. planning, evac procedures, etc.)?
 * - Bryan is Bantman 17:15, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks very much for those comments - my inability to tell east from west has been cruelly exposed! Always get those two confused.  The map is right, the text was wrong.  Town is now labelled, miles converted to kilometres, and a bit about funding of the recovery added.  It was certainly a major Icelandic news event and I'm pretty sure it was reported around the world as well, but would need to do a bit more research on that.  Likewise with the geothermal power.  I've mentioned that there's speculation that volcanic activity in the archipelago is increasing, can also give that a mention nearer the end.  I think I've covered pretty much all that's known about the submarine activity, all I can find in my sources anyway.  Worldtraveller 21:43, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Bantman, the media reaction where I live (Sweden) was very intense, with the slow-moving lava threat against the Heimaey harbor being top of the news day by day. I'd say it would have been like the tsunami coverage, if it hadn't had so much competition from breakthroughs being made in the Vietnam peace talks in Paris at the exact same time. I have some strong visual memories of newspaper front pages divided exactly in half between Heimaey and the peace talks, with world war typography used for both. Worldtraveller, possibly this media schizophrenia would even rate a mention in the article? (OK, now y'all know I'm really old, see if I care.)--Bishonen | talk 19:22, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Multiple untagged images which would appear to be copyright violations unless permission has been granted. 119 04:40, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The two untagged ones might have qualified as some sort of fair use, but to be on the safe side I've swapped them for two fully legit ones. Worldtraveller 11:06, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, but image copyright status does need to be established for the untagged images. I also think Bantmans commnents about media coverage of the event should be covered--nixie 04:59, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added a bit about the media coverage now. Worldtraveller 11:06, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Awesome. jengod 00:46, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. What Jengod said. Filiocht | Blarneyman 11:13, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, wonderful volcanocruft.--Bishonen | talk 19:22, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I have one minor suggestion: the article could include Imperial equivalents for the metric units, as suggested by the Manual of Style. As the subject is scientific, however, this is by no means necessary. Nevertheless, an excellent article. If Worldtraveller keeps up this rate of FA creation, I shall have quite some competition :) -- Emsworth 01:35, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the support and suggestion, I've added imperial equivalents for most things now (wasn't sure about giving gallons for litres as litres are pretty much universally understood I think). I think if you stop writing articles now, and I manage to keep on working at the rate I have been, I'll be catching up your FA total by about early 2007 :) Worldtraveller 10:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Velarization

Velarization or velarisation is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four diacritics: Although electropalatographic studies have shown that there is a continuum of possible degrees of velarization, the IPA does not specify any way to indicate degrees of velarization, as the difference has not been found to be contrastive in any language. However, the IPA convention of doubling diacritics to indicate a greater degree can be used: ⟨ˠˠ⟩.
 * A tilde or swung dash through the letter covers velarization, uvularization and pharyngealization, as in  (the velarized equivalent of )
 * A superscript Latin gamma after the letter standing for the velarized consonant, as in ⟨tˠ⟩ (a velarized )
 * To distinguish velarization from a velar fricative release, ⟨ᵚ⟩ may be used instead of ⟨ˠ⟩
 * A superscript $⟨w⟩$ indicates either simultaneous velarization and labialization, as in ⟨sʷ⟩ or ⟨pʷ⟩, or labialization of a velar consonant, as in ⟨kʷ⟩.

English
A common example of a velarized consonant is the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (or "dark L"). In some accents of English, such as Received Pronunciation and arguably General American English, the phoneme has "dark" and "light" allophones: the "dark", velarized allophone  appears in syllable coda position (e.g. in full), while the "light", non-velarized allophone  appears in syllable onset position (e.g. in lawn). Other accents of English, such as Scottish English, Australian English, and potentially standard U.S. and Canadian accents, have "dark L" in all positions.

Velarized /l/
For many languages, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or dentoalveolar, and clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.
 * Albanian phonemically contrasts light l and dark ll
 * Catalan dialect and allophonic variance
 * Portuguese dialect and allophonic variance
 * Turkish
 * Kurdish

Other velarized consonants

 * Danish realizes in some environments as a velarized.
 * Irish and Marshallese have velarized consonants that systematically contrast with palatalized consonants.
 * Similarly, Russian has velarized consonants as allophones of the non-palatalized (plain) series, especially prominent before front vowels and with labial and velar consonants as well as the lateral.
 * Scottish Gaelic has a three-way contrast in nasals and laterals between and
 * Kurdish has three velarized consonants (,, and ) which contrast with plain ones.
 * Gilbertese has three velarized consonants (/mˠ/, /pˠ/, and /βˠ/), two of which (/mˠ/ and /pˠ/) contrast with a plain form.

The palatalized/velarized contrast is known by other names, especially in language pedagogy: in Irish and Scottish Gaelic language teaching, the terms slender (for palatalized) and broad (for velarized) are often used. In Scottish Gaelic the terms are caol (for palatalized) and leathann (for velarized).

The terms light or clear (for non-velarized or palatalized) and dark (for velarized) are also widespread. The terms "soft l " and "hard l " are not equivalent to "light l " and "dark l ". The former pair refers to palatalized ("soft" or iotated) and plain ("hard") Slavic consonants.

title: Velarization


text:
Federigo Enriques

Abramo Giulio Umberto Federigo Enriques (5 January 1871 – 14 June 1946) was an Italian mathematician, now known principally as the first to give a classification of algebraic surfaces in birational geometry, and other contributions in algebraic geometry.

Biography
Enriques was born in Livorno, and brought up in Pisa, in a Sephardi Jewish family of Portuguese descent. His younger brother was zoologist Paolo Enriques who was also the father of Enzo Enriques Agnoletti and Anna Maria Enriques Agnoletti. He became a student of Guido Castelnuovo (who later became his brother-in-law after marrying his sister Elbina), and became an important member of the Italian school of algebraic geometry. He also worked on differential geometry. He collaborated with Castelnuovo, Corrado Segre and Francesco Severi. He had positions at the University of Bologna, and then the University of Rome La Sapienza. In 1931 he swore allegiance to fascism, and in 1933 he became a member of the PNF. Despite this, he lost his position in 1938, when the Fascist government enacted the "leggi razziali" (racial laws), which in particular banned Jews from holding professorships in Universities.

The Enriques classification, of complex algebraic surfaces up to birational equivalence, was into five main classes, and was background to further work until Kunihiko Kodaira reconsidered the matter in the 1950s. The largest class, in some sense, was that of surfaces of general type: those for which the consideration of differential forms provides linear systems that are large enough to make all the geometry visible. The work of the Italian school had provided enough insight to recognise the other main birational classes. Rational surfaces and more generally ruled surfaces (these include quadrics and cubic surfaces in projective 3-space) have the simplest geometry. Quartic surfaces in 3-spaces are now classified (when non-singular) as cases of K3 surfaces; the classical approach was to look at the Kummer surfaces, which are singular at 16 points. Abelian surfaces give rise to Kummer surfaces as quotients. There remains the class of elliptic surfaces, which are fiber bundles over a curve with elliptic curves as fiber, having a finite number of modifications (so there is a bundle that is locally trivial actually over a curve less some points). The question of classification is to show that any surface, lying in projective space of any dimension, is in the birational sense (after blowing up and blowing down of some curves, that is) accounted for by the models already mentioned.

No more than other work in the Italian school would the proofs by Enriques now be counted as complete and rigorous. Not enough was known about some of the technical issues: the geometers worked by a mixture of inspired guesswork and close familiarity with examples. Oscar Zariski started to work in the 1930s on a more refined theory of birational mappings, incorporating commutative algebra methods. He also began work on the question of the classification for characteristic p, where new phenomena arise. The schools of Kunihiko Kodaira and Igor Shafarevich had put Enriques' work on a sound footing by about 1960.

Works

 * Enriques F. Lezioni di geometria descrittiva. Bologna, 1920.
 * Enriques F. Lezioni di geometria proiettiva. Italian ed. 1898 and German ed. 1903.
 * Enriques F. & Chisini, O. Lezioni sulla teoria geometrica delle equazioni e delle funzioni algebriche. Bologna, 1915-1934. Volume 1, Volume 2, Vol. 3, 1924; Vol. 4, 1934.
 * Severi F. Lezioni di geometria algebrica : geometria sopra una curva, superficie di Riemann-integrali abeliani. Italian ed. 1908.
 * Enriques F. Problems of Science (trans. Problemi di Scienza). Chicago, 1914.
 * Enriques F. Zur Geschichte der Logik. Leipzig, 1927.
 * Castelnouvo G., Enriques F. Die algebraischen Flaechen// Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften, III C 6
 * Enriques F. Le superficie algebriche. Bologna, 1949.

Articles
On Scientia.
 * ed evoluzione
 * numeri e l'infinito
 * pragmatismo
 * principio di ragion sufficiente nel pensiero greco
 * problema della realtà
 * significato della critica dei principii nello sviluppo delle matematiche
 * della storia del pensiero scientifico nella cultura nazionale
 * dans la pensee des grecs
 * nella storia del pensiero
 * mathematique de Klein
 * connaissance historique et la connaissance scientifique dans la critique de Enrico De Michelis
 * filosofia positiva e la classificazione delle scienze
 * motivi della filosofia di Eugenio Rignano

title: Federigo Enriques


text: Talk:NC17 (album)

title: Talk:NC17 (album)


text:
User:BriteHumer

s407

title: User:BriteHumer


text: Talk:Self Title

title: Talk:Self Title


text:
User talk:BriteHumer

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
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-- utcursch | talk to me

Hi please stop with the vandalism. You've had your fun, but enough now. Cheers Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 10:32, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a forum for Web vandalism. Consider yourself warned; if you continue this pattern of behaviour you are likely to be permanently blocked from editing. -- Karada 10:33, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

And there, with your creation of multiple accounts to continue vandalism, you go! -- Karada 10:39, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:BriteHumer


text:
Venetian Pool

Venetian Pool is a historic U.S. public swimming pool located in Coral Gables, Florida. Completed in 1924, it was designed by Phineas Paist with Denman Fink.

History
Venetian Pool, opened in 1924 as "Venetian Casino," was created from a 4 acre old coral rock quarry, abandoned in 1921. The pool was founded by George Merrick as part of the development of Coral Gables, which was created in Mediterranean Revival style and utilized a large amount of coral for ornamental features of the community. The remaining quarry was reconfigured by architect Phineas Paist and designed by artist Denman Fink. Named for the Mediterranean city of Venice, Italy, the pool included a Venetian style bridge and classic mooring posts.

Venetian Pool has gone through several phases. A large additional island was created to allow Venetian-style gondolas to dock alongside, though the gondolas were later removed. A high diving platform was constructed above the grand waterfall and was also later torn down. Early in its history, the pool was regularly drained completely to permit the Miami Symphony to perform in it, taking advantage of the quarry's natural acoustic qualities. In 2001, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of Coral Gables, the pool was once again drained for an orchestral performance. A 1989 renovation restored many of the pool's original features.

In 1981, Venetian Pool was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and is the only pool listed on the register.

Description
The pool occupies a shallow quarry displacing some 820,000 USgal of fresh water daily from artesian wells, making it the largest freshwater pool in the United States.

The pool ranges in depth from four feet to depths of over eight feet near the grand waterfall, with a two-foot kiddy pool near the lifeguard station; the station is atop a bridge leading out to an island with two full size palm trees on it. A grotto, where natural water-filled caves stretch back over twelve feet into the hillside, is located across the pool from the island. There is a sandy sunning area for sunbathers and a café area that is commonly used for weddings and receptions. A walking path surrounds the whole complex.

The pool received a massive historical restoration in 1989. The pool had another major renovation (and was closed to the public) between September 8, 2008 and April 30, 2009.

Sustainability
The pool has come under criticism from environmentalists due to the massive amounts of fresh water it uses daily, raising concerns that the process of completely draining the pool every night and refilling it the following day was depleting the Floridian aquifers. In 1998 a solution was devised to drain the water back into the aquifer, using natural ground filtration, thus recycling the precious natural resource, while allowing the pool to maintain its fresh, clear water.

Hours of Operation
The Venetian Pools operate from Tuesday to Sunday from February 1, 2022, to March 19, 2022. Guests can attend the pool from the hours of 10 a.m to 4:30 p.m during these dates. The Venetian Pool's operation dates and times change frequently. From March 21 to May 29 of 2022, the pools hours of operation are 11 a.m to 4:30 p.m Tuesday through Friday. On Saturday and Sunday, the Venetian Pool is open from 10 a.m to 4:30 p.m. From May 30 to August 14 of 2022, the pool is open Monday through Friday from 11 a.m to 6:30 p.m and 10 a.m to 4:30 p.m for Saturdays and Sundays. From September 6 to October 23 of 2022 the Venetian Pool will be open from Tuesday through Friday from 11 a.m to 5:30 p.m. Lastly, From October 25 to November 27 of 2022, the Venetian Pool is open from 10 a.m to 4:30 p.m Tuesday through Sunday. The Venetian Pool is closed on certain holidays, which include: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Day, President’s Day, Thanksgiving Day, Day after Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve, and Christmas Day.

Admission
Admission varies, depending on whether or not the guest is a Coral Gables resident. For residents 13 years and older, admissions prices are $6.50. Any children ranging from ages 3 to 13 have an admissions price of $5.50. Non-residential children must pay $16 and adults $21 for admission. At the venue, lawn chairs and life jackets are readily available.

title: Venetian Pool


text:
Talk:Park Inn by Radisson Berlin Alexanderplatz

Untitled
Note: this hotel was the "Hotel Stadt Berlin" until around 1990 and since around 2002 (?) is the "Park Inn Alexanderplatz". Ianb 10:04, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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text:
User talk:Sboehringer

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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-- utcursch | talk to me

title: User talk:Sboehringer


text:
User talk:Saudijeans

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
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I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk to me

title: User talk:Saudijeans


text: Category:Ancient timelines

title: Category:Ancient timelines