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SISDE

Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Democratica (Intelligence and Democratic Security Service), was the domestic intelligence agency of Italy.

With the reform of the Italian Intelligence Services approved on 1 August 2007, SISDE was replaced by AISI.

History
Since the end of World War II, Italian intelligence agencies have been reorganized many times in an attempt to increase their effectiveness and bring them more fully under civilian control.

The agency was established as part of a broader reform of the Italian intelligence community, which represented the latest in a long string of government attempts to effectively manage Italy's intelligence agencies.

In 1977, with Legislative Act n.801 of 24/10/1977, this came after a former chief of SID, Vito Miceli, was arrested for "conspiration against the State" (See Golpe Borghese), and the intelligence agencies were reorganized in a democratic attempt. This re-organization mainly consisted of:
 * The split of SID, the intelligence agency at that time, into two separate agencies with different roles: SISDE (the domestic one) and SISMI (the military one).
 * The creation of CESIS, with a coordination role between the two intelligence agencies and the Presidency of the Council of Ministers.
 * The creation of the Parliamentary Committee, COPACO, to oversee the activities of the two agencies.

In spite of these changes, in the early 1980s, several members of SISDE were involved in the Propaganda 2 masonic lodge scandal.

In 1992, SISDE member Bruno Contrada, who had led some intelligence cells in Palermo, was arrested for involvement with the Sicilian mafia. The service was also involved in the massacre of judge Paolo Borsellino in 1992. Investigations held by police telecommunication expert Gioacchino Genchi attested the presence of an undercover SISDE seat in the Castello Utveggio, a Liberty style castle on the Monte Pellegrino, a mountain overlooking Palermo and Via D'Amelio, the street in which Borsellino was killed. The circumstance was discovered by analyzing the phone calls of a mafia boss, Gaetano Scotto, who called a phone number owned by SISDE in the castle. After the revelation, Genchi was removed from investigations and the Castello Utveggio case archived by the Tribunal of Caltanissetta. Borsellino had also met Contrada in the Ministry of Interiors, in Rome, two days before his death.

Since 1 August 2007, with Legislative Act n.124 of 08/03/2007, following the reform of the Italian intelligence agencies, SISDE, SISMI and CESIS were replaced respectively by AISI, AISE and DIS, and the COPACO was granted additional oversight and control powers. SISDE's last director was prefect Franco Gabrielli.

Mission
SISDE's mission was targeted to the defence of the State and its Institutions against whoever tries to threaten them, and from all subversion attempts.

It shared responsibility for this task with SISMI, except in matters involving organized crime.

SISDE reported to the Ministry of the Interior, which attended to its regulations, supervised its activities, and designated its directors.

The directors

 * Giulio Grassini (1977–1981)
 * Emanuele De Francesco (1981–1984)
 * Vincenzo Parisi (1984–1987)
 * Riccardo Malpica (1987–1991)
 * Alessandro Voci (1991–1992)
 * Angelo Finocchiaro (1992–1993)
 * Domenico Salazar (1993–1994)
 * Gaetano Marino (1994–1996)
 * Vittorio Stelo (1996–2001)
 * Mario Mori (2001 - 15 December 2006)
 * Franco Gabrielli (16 December 2006 - 3 August 2007)

Motto and logo
SISDE's motto, as seen on its logo, was "Per aspera ad veritatem" (Latin for "Through difficulties towards the truth"). It was depicted for the first time only in the second version of its official logo, in 1982, and it was maintained in the third and last version, adopted in 2002.

It was chosen because, «by means of the balance between tradition and innovation, [it] emphasizes with full meaning the will of the Institution to address the challenges of modern society, characterised by new and emerging asperities and instabilities, with the purpose to defend national security with that kind of knowledge offering which founds the mission of every modern intelligence system».

title: SISDE


text:
Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan

Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan (شخبوط بن سلطان آل نهيان; 1 June 1905 – 11 February 1989) was the ruler of Abu Dhabi from 1928 to 1966. On 6 August 1966, Shakhbut was deposed by members of his family with assistance from Britain in a bloodless coup. His younger brother, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan succeeded him as the ruler of Abu Dhabi.

Early life
Shakhbut was born in 1905. He was the eldest son of Sultan bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan. His mother was Sheikha Salama bint Butti.

Reign
Sheikh Shakhbut succeeded his uncle Sheikh Saqr bin Zayed Al Nahyan in 1928, becoming the ruler of the emirate of Abu Dhabi. During his reign, he adopted an aggressively mercantilist strategy, keeping his reserves in gold.

After the discovery of oil in Abu Dhabi in 1958, Abu Dhabi's elites were frustrated by Shakhbut's refusal to spend the petroleum royalties. At the request of Abu Dhabi's elites, the British carried out a bloodless coup against Shakhbut, installing Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi in his stead. Shakhbut's reign lasted until 6 August 1966 when he was deposed in the bloodless coup by the Trucial Oman Scouts to the benefit of his brother Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.

Personal life
Shakhbut married twice. His first wife was his first cousin, Sheikha Fakhera bint Hazza Al Nahyan, and she was the mother of all his children. They had two sons, Saeed and Sultan. Both of his sons predeceased Shakhbut; they died in their youth while living in exile with their father. The elder son, Saeed, was married to his cousin, the daughter of his uncle Sheikh Zayed in Buraimi in 1963. He has a son named Tahnoun. Saeed's daughter, Fakhra is married to Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan. Sultan also had a son, Khalifa. Their descendants continue to live in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. In addition to his two sons, Sheikh Shakhbut also had four daughters, Osha, Mozah, Qoot and Rawdha. Shakhbut's second wife was Mariam bint Rashid Al Otaiba. They did not have children together.

After being deposed, Shakhbut and his family went into exile to Iran under his brother Zayed's orders. They resided in the Khuzestan province of Iran. They were hosted by Sheikh Abdulkarim Al-Faisali of the Banu Tamim tribe.

Honours
On 24 April 1966 King Hussein of Jordan awarded him the Nahda Order, then the highest Jordanian honour.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan


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User talk:ElBodhisattva

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 18:26, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Creating Articles w/ Categories
Good work creating new articles. When you create things, it helps tremendously to assign them to an accurate category (see WP:CG for info). If you're really not sure about categories, at least assign your new articles a stub category (see WP:SC for info). By assigning a category, you help make sure your new articles don't get lost as 'orphans' that are not associated with related topics. Feco

Michel Aoun
Hi there! I see you're new around here, so I'll speak softly this time. [1] Please DON'T upload joke images like Image:Example.jpg into articles. This is considered vandalism, and is not acceptable. [2] Wikipedia insists on a Neutral Point of View in all articles. That means that expressing opinions and taking sides is against the rules. Sorry. I agree with most of the POV opinions you've expressed, but we can't have them in Wikipedia. (It's okay to QUOTE opinions, however). David Cannon 11:07, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

And please stop hyper-correcting the English of the article -- there may be small infelicities of language but all the changes I have seen you make leave things even worse. I suggest you try improve your own English first -- though I assume you are not a native speaker of any form of English so perhaps your lapses are excusable. Could you also perhaps fill in some details about yourself in your personal user page -- it would be nice to see what your background and qualifications are. Stephen Hodge 23:40, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ElBodhisattva


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Romancing SaGa

Romancing SaGa is a 1992 role-playing video game developed and published by Square for the Super Famicom. It is the fourth entry in the SaGa series. It was subsequently released for the WonderSwan Color in 2001 and mobile phones in 2009. A remake for the PlayStation 2, subtitled Minstrel Song in Japan, was released in both Japan and North America in 2005 by Square Enix. A remaster of Minstrel Song was released worldwide in 2022 for Android, iOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5 and Windows.

The storyline follows eight different protagonists on quests through the world of Mardias, all culminating in a fight against the dark god Saruin. Gameplay features nonlinear exploration of the game world, with the turn-based battles featuring group formations. As with other SaGa titles, there are no experience points and character attributes and skills are dependent on actions taken in battle.

Production began in 1990, with Nintendo requesting Square develop a new SaGa entry for the in-production Super Famicom after the success of SaGa titles on the Game Boy. Series creator Akitoshi Kawazu acted as director, designer and scenario writer. The character designers were created by Tomomi Kobayashi in her first work for the series. The music was solely composed and arranged by Kenji Ito, who had previously co-composed music for Final Fantasy Legend II.

Later versions included cut content and features from later SaGa titles. The PS2 remake included redrawn artwork by Yusuke Naora and a redone soundtrack from Ito. The Super Famicom version sold over one million copies, and met with positive reception in the region. The PS2 remake sold 500,000 units across Japan and North America, seeing mixed reviews in the West due to its difficulty and art style. The remaster saw some praise for its updates, but several found it unwelcoming for series newcomers. Two more Romancing SaGa titles were developed, and gameplay elements from Romancing SaGa would be used in subsequent SaGa titles.

Gameplay
Romancing SaGa is a role-playing video game where the player takes on the role of eight different protagonists, playing through their narratives and an overarching story in a nonlinear style. After choosing a protagonist, the player explores the game's overworld freely, triggering narrative events, engaging in battles, and performing side activities. Over the course of the game a party of characters is built up, with some recruitable members being the unchosen protagonists. Progression of the main narrative is based on the number of events the player completes, their current strength, and speaking to certain characters. This free exploration is dubbed the Free Scenario System.

Battles trigger when the player encounters enemy sprites in field and dungeon environments. The party engages the enemy in a preset formation arranged on a 3x3 grid, which impacts both attack range and defence from enemies. Equipment for playable characters includes their current weapon and armour. Abilities use a pool of Battle Points (BP). There are no experience points, with character statistics raising at random based on actions in battle. New abilities are unlocked by using weapons enough times in battle. Winning the battle also grants the player money, used to buy items and equipment. If a party member falls, they will return to low health at the end of battle. If the entire party falls, the game ends.

The PlayStation 2 (PS2) remake Minstrel Song retains the original narrative and many gameplay concepts including non-linear exploration, but all environments are rendered in 3D and elements from later SaGa titles are incorporated. As with the original, once the protagonist is chosen, they can progress as they like through the scenario. The game uses a quick save function, creating a temporary save when the party is in field or dungeon environments. Hard saves can only be done in towns, where merchants selling new weapons and equipment can be utilised.

The player can customise their party through which characters they recruit, and character classes that impact abilities and statistics, magical schools that allow the blending of different elemental magic types, and weapon forging. In addition to statistics rising depending on battle actions, a character learns or upgrades their skills by using it multiple times in battle. If several party members focus on one enemy, they unlock a Combination attack. Character health is two-layered, with standard health and Life Points. LP are limited in number and only renewed by resting at an inn. A character loses LP by being knocked out enough times or through attacks which target LP; if the player character loses all LP, the game ends.

Synopsis
Romancing SaGa is set in the fictional world of Mardias. One thousand years before the game's opening, a war raged between three evil gods—Death, Saruin, and Schirach—and the benevolent deity Elore. By the end, Death and Schirach are stripped of their powers, while Saruin is imprisoned through the combined effort of ten Fatestones and the sacrifice of the hero Mirsa. The Fatestones become scattered through the world, and the powers of darkness gather themselves to free Saruin from his imprisonment.

The game focuses on eight characters, each with their own narrative who are drawn into the quest to recover the Fatestones and defeat Saruin once more. They are Albert, heir to a noble lord in the region of Rosalia; Aisha, a peace-loving member of the nomadic Taralians; Jamil, a thief operating in the city of Estamir; Claudia, a woman raised by a witch in the land of Mazewood; Hawk, a notorious pirate; Sif, a warrior from the snow-covered region of Valhalland; Gray, a treasure-seeking adventurer; and Barbara, member of a travelling band of entertainers.

While each character has their own personal quest, they are drawn into the quest for the Fatestones. In Minstrel Song, the characters are overseen in their quest by the Minstrel, a figure who is secretly an avatar of Elore. Once enough Fatestones are collected, the chosen protagonist faces the reawakened Saruin, defeating him for good. If Minstrel Song is cleared with all eight characters, a final scene shows them talking together, then setting out as a group watched over by the Minstrel.

Development
Production of Romancing SaGa began in 1990, when Nintendo approached series developer Square about developing a new SaGa title for their in-development Super Famicom. The request was due to the success of the previous SaGa titles on the Game Boy. Series creator Akitoshi Kawazu was pleased at Nintendo's request, as he could make substantial improvements to his gameplay design on better hardware. There was also demand for a third Game Boy SaGa, so two projects began in parallel; Kawazu led a team on Romancing SaGa, while Square's new Osaka studio developed Final Fantasy Legend III (known in Japan as SaGa 3: Jikuu no Hasha). During early production, Kawazu wanted to break away from the SaGa brand and call the game something different, but ultimately it retained the SaGa name. The game's "Romancing" title was suggested by Nobuyuki Inoue, inspired by the adventure movie Romancing the Stone. Kawazu was a little mixed on the impression given by the title, but the illustrations and music helped make the game more in line with the "romantic" style implied by the title. Kawazu acted as director, lead designer, and scenario writer. The producer was Masafumi Miyamoto, founder and former president of Square.

Production was difficult, as while Kawazu had a larger team to work with, they also faced new technical and design issues. Kawazu's aim was to change the gameplay style of having a single path players had to travel, instead creating multiple stories for players to experience at their own pace, giving birth to the Free Scenario System. The Free Scenario System was designed as a direct contrast to the linear story structure of Square's Final Fantasy series. The eight protagonists, with their own stories within the same world, drew inspiration from taiga dramas, with the number referencing the Japanese novel Nansō Satomi Hakkenden. Albert's scenario was the first to be written. The number of characters was also due to Kawazu's wish for the formation system. The narrative was difficult for Kawazu, as he needed to create a central plotline while crafting eight independent narratives. Due to Nintendo's strict cart size limitations, several planned elements had to be cut from the final product.

The characters were designed by artist Tomomi Kobayashi. Kawazu had been looking for a suitable illustrator for some time, and when he saw samples of Kobayashi's work contacted her about working with him. Romancing SaGa was Kobayashi's first video game work, so she had to get used to the large amount of creative freedom she had compared to her previous projects. She was only ever sent a name and some elements from Kawazu, but otherwise left to her own devices. Kawazu had a lot of input on what the characters were like, such as Albert being the only left-handed character, but could not have as much influence as he wanted due to other development needs. Hawk's design was inspired by the character Blood from Princess Knight. Kobayashi's favorite characters were Hawk and main antagonist Saruin. Kobayashi designed 40 unique characters, and at the height of her work was designing six per day.

The sprites were designed by Kazuko Shibuya, who had worked for the company since the 1980s and designed character sprites for the Final Fantasy series. She created the character sprites based on Kobayashi's designs. Due to their deep narrative connections, Kawazu asked Kobayashi to design the characters before any sprite work was done. An important part of the sprite design was keeping the "delicate" colours within the limited pixel art style of the game. The game made extensive use of kanji characters, as hiragana writing would take up too much space, but Kawazu needed to make sure the kanji was legible, making them extra-large and going against standard 8x8 pixel limit for writing. Yoshinori Kitase acted as the game's field map designer, creating the world map. The graphic design staff included Inoue, Tetsuya Takahashi and Hiroshi Takai, the latter of whom would work as a designer on future SaGa titles.

Release and versions
Romancing SaGa released on January 28, 1992. It was the second Super Famicom title released by Square, following Final Fantasy IV in 1991. Three guidebooks for the game were published by NTT Publishing under Square's supervision between February and May 1992. A further guidebook, Romancing SaGa Destiny Guide, was published on December 20, 2001, by DigiCube. The game received Virtual Console re-releases on the Wii in 2009, the Wii U in 2015, and the Nintendo 3DS in 2016. Gaming magazine GamePro reported that Romancing SaGa was going to be localised in 1993, releasing under a different title. Ultimately the Super Famicom version of Romancing SaGa went unreleased outside Japan, due to a combination of its potentially off-putting complexity and the amount of text needing translation. An English fan translation, which required an official retail cartridge to run, was released online in 2015.

In September 2000, Square announced it had begun development on an enhanced version of Romancing SaGa for the Bandai WonderSwan Color handheld system. The game was ported to the platform by Kan Navi. Square was one of the major supporters for the WonderSwan platform during its tenure. Its non-appearance on the equivalent Game Boy Advance was due to Square and Nintendo's long-standing enmity over Square's break from them to develop for Sony's PlayStation. According to the company, some of the original Super Famicom version's planned material was unable to be added during its original release due to memory restrictions, and that the new hardware would allow for a more "complete" version of the game. The gameplay balance was identical, but they added the ability to dash, avoiding enemy encounters. The newly added material includes an additional story scenario, as well as a side-quest that allows the player to gather all ten "Destiny Stone" items where previously only a few were accessible. The game was released in Japan on December 20, 2001. It formed part of a series dubbed "Square Masterpiece", a series of their classic titles for the WonderSwan platform.

Romancing SaGa was also ported to mobile platforms by Square Enix. This version was based on the WonderSwan port, with some of the graphics adjusted for mobile platforms. It released on March 5, 2009, for i-mode models, March 18 for SoftBank, and July 9, 2009, for EZweb. The mobile version closed in 2018, when the services for older mobile titles were shut down.

Romancing SaGa: Minstrel Song
A remake for the PlayStation 2, titled Romancing SaGa: Minstrel Song in Japan, was developed by Square Enix. Kawazu decided to produce the remake following the release of Unlimited Saga, which had received much feedback due to its experimental gameplay. The remake was developed by Square Enix's Product Development Division 2, carrying over the original staff while aiming to make the game more approachable than the original version. After the approach used in Unlimited Saga, Kawazu designed the game to be a more traditional role-playing experience. Kawazu added in many elements for the remake that he originally planned for Romancing SaGa. The remake featured a number of aesthetic and mechanical changes, originating after Kawazu told the team they could make as many changes as they pleased. Adjustments were made so that players could easily experience all eight character narratives. There were also additional tutorials to explain game mechanics. Kawazu described the purpose of the remake as "a functional compilation of the whole SaGa series" that would combine elements from previous SaGa titles into one definitive game. Kawazu acted as producer and director. Takai returned to help with the game's design.

The art style referenced the sprite design of the original game, which Kawazu called more original than the prevalent realistic style of series like Final Fantasy. It also emerged as an expression of the team's taste, without intending to appeal to the Japanese or international market. It was also described as more "explosive" and expressive than the graphical style of Unlimited Saga. The characters were redrawn by Yusuke Naora, lead artist of Unlimited Saga. A notable added character was the assassin Darque; Kawazu originally meant him as a new protagonist, but he ultimately became a new recruitable character. The graphical style made use of the "sketch motion" techniques used in Unlimited Saga, with the original artwork mapped onto 3D models. Kobayashi returned to create new art, including character sketches based on Naora's redesigns. The game's logo made reference to the Minstrel, a recurring figure in the game.

The game was announced in September 2004 via an issue of Jump, and released in Japan on April 21, 2005. A dedicated guidebook in Square Enix's Ultimania was released on July 17, containing gameplay explanations, a strategy guide, interviews with the production team, and a gallery of promotional and concept art. The Ultimania also included a novella written by Benny Matsumaya, a long-standing contributor to the SaGa series' additional media. The game later re-released through PlayStation Network for PlayStation 3 on April 9, 2015, as a PS2 Classic. Its release, together with a special edition which included a download code and a jigsaw with an artwork by Kobayashi, formed part of the company's 25th anniversary celebrations of the SaGa series.

A North American release was announced at E3 2005, featuring alongside other major titles from the company including Dragon Quest VIII, Final Fantasy XII and Kingdom Hearts II. The game released in North America on October 11. For its Western release, the "Minstrel Song" subtitle was dropped as the original had never released outside Japan. The English dub was handled by New Generation Pictures, who had collaborated with Square Enix on several titles within the Final Fantasy and Valkyrie Profile series. The localized version received no European release. Due to the existence of Minstrel Song and its Western release, the original title was not remastered as later Romancing SaGa titles were. A remaster of Minstrel Song was announced in May 2022 for Android, iOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5 and Windows. The remaster includes upscaled graphics, improved gameplay and additional elements. The game was released on December 1, 2022.

Music
The music of Romancing SaGa was composed and arranged by Kenji Ito, who had previously worked as co-composer for Final Fantasy Legend II (known in Japan as SaGa 2: Hihō Densetsu) alongside Nobuo Uematsu. Ito had helped with the sound design of Final Fantasy IV, and knew that much of the cartridge space had been taken up with the graphics, impacting the music's quality. Kawazu gave no specific instructions about songs, but often requested rewrites. Ito delivered most of the score before the final four months of production, and then had more rewrite requests. When creating the score, Ito broke away from the musical style of Final Fantasy IV, which had emulated fingerstyle playing, instead emulating slapping with help from sound designer Minoru Akao. Compared to the "smooth" sound of Final Fantasy, Ito described the score of Romancing SaGa as "rough", using different instruments to Uematsu's work. Ito was left completely burnt out after his work on the game. Two soundtrack albums were released in by NTT Publishing; the original soundtrack, and an arrange album. A remaster of the original album was reissued in 2019.

Ito returned as composer and arranger for the PS2 remake. Ito found returning to Romancing SaGa both enjoyable and painful due to the fan expectations and love surrounding the title. A part he enjoyed was allowing tracks to sound as they were intended outside the hardware limitations of the Super Famicom. Ito worked on the revised score for two years, joined in his work by Tsuyoshi Sekito and Kenichiro Fukui. The battle theme "Passionate Rhythm" featured vocal contributions from Kyoko Kishikawa, who had previously worked with Ito and other composers including Yasunori Mitsuda and Yoshitaka Hirota. Square Enix hired singer-songwriter Masayoshi Yamazaki to perform the remake's theme song "Minuet".

Original
Upon release, the game topped the Famitsu sales charts from February 1992  to March 1992. By 2002, Romancing SaGa had sold 970,000 copies in Japan, ranking as the fifth best-selling SaGa title at the time. As of 2004, the Super Famicom original has sold over 1.3 million copies worldwide; over 1.1 million were sold in Japan, with further overseas sales adding 150,000.

Famitsu magazine's panel of four reviewers faulted the game's graphics as inferior to those of Final Fantasy, but lauded the freedom of choice given to players through its narrative and gameplay progression. Super Famicom Magazine praised the game's Free Scenario System, which allowed players to repeatedly enjoy the game however they wished. In March 2006, readers of Famitsu voted it the 53rd best video game of all time as part of the magazine's "All Time Top 100" poll. Writing in a 2017 retrospective on the original game, Tristan Ettleman of Vice praised the game's ambitious open-ended structure compared to other titles of the time, but faulted its execution and confusing battle mechanics.

Remake
Minstrel Song was the top-selling game in that country between the weeks of May 2 and May 26, 2005. During the first week, it sold around 217,000, coming in ahead of Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance and Nintendogs, and completely selling out in some stores. The game sold enough copies to qualify for Sony's Ultimate Hits label, and was re-released in May 2006 at a budget price. As of January 2006, the game had sold 500,000 units; 450,000 were sold in Japan, and 50,000 in North America.

Famitsu was generally positive, noting the battle system's unconventional mechanics compared to other RPGs and enjoying the remake's faith to the original. While Minstrel Song met with positive reviews in Japan, in the West it saw a mixed response. The game holds a score of 58 out of 100 on review aggregate website Metacritic based on 23 reviews. The gameplay met with a mixed response, with praise going to the world's open-ended nature and battle system,  but faulting many design elements and battle mechanics. The reworked character designs were often questioned, with a few critics calling them unsettling or ugly. The music and voice acting divided opinion, with some critics enjoying it, and others faulting it as poor quality.

Jane Pinckard 1Up.com praised the environments, but faulted many other elements from art to mechanics as poorly or confusingly designed, feeling it did little to improve on the mixed reputation of Unlimited Saga. The three reviewers for Electronic Gaming Monthly saw potential in its battle system and world design, but generally faulted it as a poorly-constructed RPG. Game Informer's Joe Juba was highly critical, saying there were too many faults and unusual design choices to make the game worth playing. Andrew Reiner, in a second opinion, was still less positive and called the game "a measureless disaster". GamePro praised the art design, but faulted the soundtrack, and found the progression system and design confusing and difficult to enjoy. GameSpot's Greg Mueller called Romancing SaGa "a role-playing game without any substance", faulting its lack of narrative and confusing mechanics. Meghan Sullivan of IGN said the game would appeal to fans of the series, but thought that its unorthodox style and design would likely put off many gamers. By contrast with many reviews, RPGFan's Patrick Gann called it a refreshingly original RPG compared to the majority of titles on the market at the time.

Reviewing the remaster, Chris Shive of Hardcore Gamer noted that several elements of its design once innovative now appeared dated, additionally noting some outdated features such as the fixed camera angle that had not been addressed; he called the game a good offering for SaGa fans but a hard sell for many modern genre gamers. Nintendo World Rerport's Neal Ronaghan disliked the visuals and found some of its mechanics confusing, but praised the soundtrack and battle gameplay, calling it a good entry point into the SaGa series. Murillo Zerbinatto of RPGamer praised its replayability and updates for the remaster, but noted that some of its progression and mechanics would be offputting for casual gamers, summing Minstrel Song Remastered up as "a title packed with nuances and peculiarities that still stand the test of time."

Legacy
Romancing SaGa proved to be a popular and influential title within the series, popularising the SaGa series and introducing mechanics and a scenario structure which would be repeated by later entries. Following the success of Romancing SaGa, two further titles were released for the Super Famicom: Romancing SaGa 2 in 1993, and Romancing SaGa 3 in 1995. A manga series based on Romancing SaGa was released in two volumes by Tokuma Shoten in 1994 and 1995, written and illustrated by Saki Kaori.

title: Romancing SaGa


text:
Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino

Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino (18 October 1936 – 26 July 2019) was a Cuban prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Havana from 1981 to 2016. He was appointed to the College of Cardinals in 1994, the second Cuban to hold that distinction.

Early life and ordination
Ortega was born on 18 October 1936 in Jagüey Grande, Matanzas, Cuba. He studied for the priesthood at the Seminary of San Alberto Magno in Matanzas and at the Seminary of Foreign Missions in Laval, Quebec, Canada. He was ordained a priest on 2 August 1964 by Bishop José Domínguez Rodríguez of Matanzas. He was assigned to various parishes in the Diocese of Matanzas from 1964 to 1966. Ortega was imprisoned by the Communist government from 1966 to 1967.

From 1967 to 1969, Ortega was pastor of Jagüey Grande, his native city; like all the pastors in Cuba, due to a severe shortage of priests in those years, he served in several parishes and churches at the same time. He was also pastor of the cathedral of Matanzas, and at the same time, assisted the parish of Pueblo Nuevo and two other churches in the countryside; he was also president of the diocesan commission for catechesis and created an active apostolate with the youth of the diocese. In those years, which were even more difficult for the pastoral work of the church, he began a youth movement that included, among other forms of apostolate, a summer camp for the youth, and a work of evangelization through theatrical works performed by them.

At the same time, he was a professor at San Carlos y San Ambrosio Interdiocesan Seminary, Havana, where for several years he traveled every week to teach moral theology.

Bishop, archbishop and cardinal
On 4 December 1978, Pope John Paul II named him Bishop of the Diocese of Pinar del Río. He was consecrated bishop on 14 January 1979 by Mario Tagliaferri, Pro-Nuncio in Cuba, assisted by Francisco Oves-Fernandez, Archbishop of Havana, as well as José Domínguez Rodríguez, Bishop of Matanzas. He chose as his episcopal motto Sufficit tibi gratia mea, meaning 'My grace is sufficient for you', taken from.

He was appointed archbishop of Havana in 1981 and, on 26 November 1994, was made Cardinal Priest of Santi Aquila e Priscilla. He served as the president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of Cuba from 1988 to 1999 and again from 2001 to 2007.

Ortega y Alamino was one of the cardinal electors in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI and one of those who in the 2013 papal conclave elected Pope Francis.

On 15 June 2013, Pope Francis named Cardinal Ortega y Alamino as his special envoy to the closing ceremony of the National Eucharistic Congress in El Salvador, scheduled for 11 August 2013. On 26 April 2016, Pope Francis accepted his resignation as archbishop.

Death
Ortega was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2018. He died on 26 July 2019. Masses honoring the life of Ortega were held between 26 July and 28 July, and his funeral was held in the Havana Cathedral on 28 July. First vice-president Salvador Valdes Mesa, vice-president Roberto Morales, and Esteban Lazo, the head of the Cuban National Assembly, joined other Cuban government and Communist Party officials in attendance. Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel and former president, and also then-Cuban Communist Party leader, Raúl Castro, did not attend, but sent bouquets of flowers. Religious leaders from other nations, such as Miami Archbishop Thomas Wenski, Puerto Rico Archbishop Roberto Gonzalez Nieves and Cardinal Sean Patrick O'Malley of Boston, also attended Ortega's funeral. Ortega was afterwards buried in the Colon Cemetery in Havana.

Awards
In 2004, the Institution of Humanitarian Merit in Barcelona awarded him the "Gran Cruz al Mérito Humanitario". He held honorary degrees from the University of Saint Thomas, Fordham University, Barry University, University of San Francisco, Providence College, Boston College, St. John's University, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, and Creighton University.

Views
Ortega y Alamino was critical of both capitalism and communism. Like John Paul II, he urged his nation not to construct a post-communist future on the basis of hyper-capitalist principles. In 1998, he warned of the insidious influence in Cuba of a "species of American subculture that invades everything: It is a fashion, a conception of life." In September 1993 the Cuban Conference of Catholic Bishops, headed by Cardinal Ortega, published the message "El amor todo lo espera" ('Love endures all things'), extremely critical of the Cuban Communist government (for which he could have been imprisoned for) and asking for a new direction of the country. In April 2010 he said that Cuba was in crisis.

Political activism
On 20 May 2010,, Archbishop of Santiago de Cuba, and Cardinal Ortega met with Cuban President Raúl Castro to discuss issues concerning jailed political dissidents. Ortega said that there "will be a process and this process has to start with small steps and these steps will be made." The high-level meeting followed by a press conference was unusual. Cardinal Ortega met with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry on 14 August 2015, prior to Kerry's visit with the Cuban Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bruno Rodriguez; after visiting with Kerry, Ortega stated that the situation was improving.

During negotiations to renew diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba, Cardinal Ortega, without public announcement, visited the White House and hand-delivered a letter from Pope Francis to President Obama.

title: Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino


text:
File:Enchanter game box cover.jpg

Enchanter (computer game) game box cover.

Source: http://www.gue-network.com with permission

title: File:Enchanter game box cover.jpg


text:
Weasel sportive lemur

The weasel sportive lemur (Lepilemur mustelinus), also known as the greater sportive lemur, weasel lemur, or greater weasel lemur, is a species of lemur native to northeastern Madagascar. Its habitat includes rainforests and tropical rainforests. Its dorsal side is a reddish-brown colour, and greyish brown ventrally. Its colour darkens towards the tip of its tail. Individuals weigh from 0.8 to 1.2 kg It has long, soft fur. Its body length is approximately 22 – and a tail length of 23 –.

The weasel sportive lemur is predominantly a leaf-eater, although it supplements its diet with fruits and flowers. It is an arboreal species, and travels through the trees by leaping. As with other leaping primates, it has stereoscopic vision that enables it to determine distances precisely. Groups consist solely of a mother and its offspring; the males are solitary, and are very territorial. Each weasel sportive lemur occupies a territory of $1/2$ to 1‑$1/4$ acres (1500–5000 m2). Like some other lemurs, they are nocturnal.

title: Weasel sportive lemur


text:
George McGinnis

George F. McGinnis (August 12, 1950 – December 14, 2023) was an American professional basketball player who played 11 seasons in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Indiana Hoosiers, earning third-team All-American honors in 1971, before starting his pro career in the ABA with the Indiana Pacers. A three-time ABA All-Star with the Pacers, McGinnis was named the ABA Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1975 and won two ABA championships with the team. He was a three-time NBA All-Star with the Philadelphia 76ers. He was named to the ABA All-Time Team and inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.

Early life
George F. McGinnis was born in Harpersville, Alabama, on August 12, 1950, but grew up in Indianapolis, where he attended Washington High School. He and teammate Steve Downing led Washington to a 31–0 record and a state championship in 1969. McGinnis set an Indiana state tournament scoring record with 148 points in his final four games. He was also named Mr. Basketball for the state of Indiana that year.

College career
In the 1970–71 season at Indiana University Bloomington, McGinnis became the first sophomore to lead the Big Ten in scoring and rebounding. He averaged 29.9 points per game in his lone season with the Hoosiers, earning All-American and All-Big Ten Honors in 1971. He played for coach Lou Watson, the year before Indiana hired Bob Knight.

Indiana Pacers (1971–1975)
McGinnis immediately became one of the marquee players of the ABA, playing a key role on the Indiana Pacers' championship teams in each of his first two seasons with his hometown franchise. He was named the ABA Playoffs MVP in 1973, averaging 23.9 points and 12.3 rebounds in 18 playoff games to help the Pacers repeat as champs. His best season came in 1974–75, when McGinnis scored a career-high 29.8 points and also recorded a career-high 6.3 assists per game en route to ABA MVP honors. In the 1975 ABA Playoffs, he nearly averaged a triple-double (32.3 points, 15.9 rebounds, and 8.2 assists in 18 games), but the Pacers fell short of the title, losing to Kentucky in the ABA Finals. However, in these playoffs, McGinnis established multiple statistical feats. Against the San Antonio Spurs in Game 4 of the 1975 ABA Western Division Semifinals on April 12, 1975, McGinnis recorded the first 50+ point triple-double in NBA/ABA Playoff history with 51 points, 17 rebounds, and 10 assists, a feat later matched by Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2017.

McGinnis also became the first player in NBA/ABA history to record 200+ points, 100+ rebounds, and 50+ assists in a single playoff series, which he accomplished twice in back-to-back series. In six games against the San Antonio Spurs in the 1975 ABA Western Division Semifinals, registered totals of 230 points (38.3 per game), 113 rebounds (18.8 per game), and 55 assists (9.2 per game). In seven games against the Denver Nuggets in the 1975 ABA Western Division Finals, McGinnis registered totals of 214 points (30.6 per game), 103 rebounds (14.7 per game), and 61 assists (8.7 per game). Giannis Antetokounmpo of the Milwaukee Bucks is the only other player to replicate this, doing so in the 2022 Eastern Conference Semifinals. McGinnis became the first player in NBA/ABA history to lead the playoffs in total points (581), total rebounds (286), and total assists (148) — a feat matched only by Nikola Jokić of the Denver Nuggets in the 2023 NBA Playoffs.

Philadelphia 76ers (1975–1978)
Two years into his professional career, McGinnis was selected by the Philadelphia 76ers as the 22nd overall pick in the second round of the 1973 NBA draft. In October 1974, the 76ers were ready to send McGinnis' draft rights to the New York Knicks with the stipulation that the latter ballclub signs him before the agreed-upon deadline. The deal fell through when he decided to stay with the Pacers and signed a two-year contract with an $85,000 buyout clause which was exercised following the 1974–75 season. Preferring to play in New York City because of its financial endorsement opportunities, McGinnis sought a preliminary injunction and restraining order against the NBA on May 23, 1975, that would have permitted him to negotiate with any of the league's 18 teams. The lawsuit was dropped a week later on May 30 when he signed a six‐year $2.4 million contract with the Knicks in a challenge to the league's constitution. In his first action as new NBA commissioner on June 5, Larry O'Brien disapproved the contract and ordered the Knicks to forfeit its first selection in the 1976 NBA draft and reimburse the 76ers for all expenses relevant to the dispute. McGinnis signed a six‐year, $3.2 million guaranteed, no‐cut, no‐trade, no-option contract with the 76ers five weeks later on July 10, 1975.

McGinnis made the All-NBA First Team in his debut season with the 76ers in 1976, and was selected to two All-Star games in his three seasons with the team. While in Philadelphia, he teamed up with fellow ABA alumni Julius Erving and Caldwell Jones. McGinnis helped propel the 76ers through the playoffs to the NBA Finals in 1977 by averaging 14.2 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 3.6 assists per playoff game, where they lost in six games to the Portland Trail Blazers.

Denver Nuggets (1978–1980)
McGinnis was traded to the Denver Nuggets in 1978 for Bobby Jones, and was an All-Star again that season. On January 9, 1980, McGinnis scored an NBA career-high 43 points (His career high in combined ABA/NBA is 58 points in the ABA), along with grabbing 12 rebounds, in a game against the Houston Rockets.

Return to Indiana (1980–1982)
Hoping to boost sagging attendance in their early NBA years, the Pacers re-acquired McGinnis by trading away young forward Alex English. However, McGinnis was beyond his prime, averaging a comparatively low 13.1 points per game during the 1980-81 NBA season, and was unable to help the Pacers past their first round matchup against the 76ers in the 1981 NBA Playoffs, only scoring ten points in the two-game series, while English went on to be a multiple time all-star and franchise player for the Nuggets.

Legacy
McGinnis is one of four players (the others are Roger Brown, Reggie Miller, and Mel Daniels) to have his jersey (#30) retired by the Pacers. All four are also members of the Basketball Hall of Fame.

On April 1, 2017, it was announced that McGinnis was part of the 2017 class for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, alongside Tracy McGrady, Bill Self, and Rebecca Lobo. He was inducted on September 8.

Personal life
McGinnis married Lynda Dotson in 1976, and they were together until her death in 2019.

McGinnis's health declined in his last years, primarily due to back problems that required multiple surgeries. He died of heart complications at a hospital in Indianapolis, on December 14, 2023, at age 73.

ABA/NBA
Source

ABA and NBA achievements

 * Member of the 1972 and 1973 Indiana Pacers ABA championship teams.
 * 1973 ABA Playoffs MVP.
 * Second Team All-ABA selection in 1973.
 * Two All-ABA First Team selections (1974–1975).
 * Three ABA All-Star selections (1973–1975).
 * Selected as ABA Co-MVP, with Julius Erving, in 1975.
 * Won the ABA scoring title in 1975.
 * Recorded 14 known triple-doubles in the ABA, including 5 playoff triple-doubles, both of which are more than anyone else during the league's lifespan.
 * Led the NBA in triple-doubles with a total of 5 during the 1975–76 season, along with Alvan Adams of the Phoenix Suns and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar of the Los Angeles Lakers.
 * First Team All-NBA selection in 1976.
 * Second Team All-NBA selection in 1977.
 * Three NBA All-Star selections (1976, 1977, and 1979).
 * Member of the ABA's All-Time Team.
 * Number retired by Indiana Pacers.
 * Inducted into Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in September 2017.
 * Inducted into IU Athletics Hall of Fame in September 2023.

title: George McGinnis


text:
Talk:Gov't Mule

older entries
How do you pronounce the band name?

thanks 68.49.142.108
 * As i am aware, their name is pronounced "Goverment Mule" some one correct me if i am wrong. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 02:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, the band name is pronounced "Government Mule" even though it is spelled "Gov't Mule." Most of their fans simply call them "Mule" or "The Mule," however. KitHutch 21:49, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * According to the LIVE ... WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM OUR FRIENDS box set, the Mule version of "Afro-Blue" was inspired by John Coltrane.KitHutch 21:27, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Inspired by, yes...but Afro Blue is not a song written by Coltrane...its written by Mongo Santamaria....and they play no other Coltrane songs. MSherrick 23:16, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Contributors
Man, we really have to work on that section! Dave Schools the only outside contributor? What about Rob Barraco? Oteil? Chuck Leavell? Jimmy Herring? MSherrick 15:40, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Dave Schools is a major contributor to the group because he convinced the band NOT to break up in 2000. Schools convinced them to tour as the New School of Gov't Mule in 2001.

 * No doubt to that...but he's still not the only one who helped them out....nor is he the only one who helped Warren and Matt decide to carry on. MSherrick 23:16, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

two questions

 * Can we expand on the "famous rockstars love Mule" part, or leave it out? If its only James Hetfield, I dont think anyone cares.

 * Also, does anyone have citations for these "famous rockstars love Mule" parts? Bo-Anerges 06:29, 7 September 2006 (UTC)]

 * Can we get a more comprehensive list of Mule links other than the official sites and one "my way or the highway" yahoo group? There's plenty more out there that someone might think is interesting or relatable.

 * I'm actually looking for the historical reference for "Government Mule", the saying. Not the band.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.173.82.194 (talk) 21:03, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Proposal on categorizing "Taper-friendly bands"
Hi, I've created a proposal for categorizing "taper-friendly bands", aka "bands that allow taping" within Wikipedia, and I wanted to invite people interested in this article to offer comments and feedback, since the Mule are one of the most prominent bands in the category. The proposal is at User:Xtifr/BTAT, and I'd be very interested to hear what people have to say about my suggestions. Let me know whatcha think. Thanks, Xtifr 11:12, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DoseCD.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:DoseCD.jpg
Image:DoseCD.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:32, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DoseCD.jpg
Image:DoseCD.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 13:31, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Etymology
Whence the interesting name? Anything to do with mule (smuggling) or money mule? --BDD (talk) 04:31, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm quite certain that it's in reference to 40 acres and a mule. See above comments wherein someone else was likewise curious about this.RadioKAOS (talk) 07:02, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Unused sources don't belong in the external links section but they do belong here
These sources do not belong in External links. I have moved the link farm from there to this talk page where they do belong. Warning: I didn't check them to see if they follow criteria per WP policy, so be careful in choosing any potential references I've moved here. Thank you! --Leahtwosaints (talk) 14:11, 8 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Official Warren Haynes site
 * Official Concert Recordings
 * MULEbase, Gov't Mule setlist database
 * Mule Skinner Blues, Warren Haynes, The Gibson Interview
 * Warren Haynes micro-site with excellent video interview segments
 * Interview with Warren Haynes on Trilogy Rock (Spain)
 * Live Footage of Gov't Mule from 2008-2010 @ iclips.net

Discography
The discography could be expanded, even easily branched out to a sub-article, to include other appearances. The following come to mind: Hempilation, Welcome to Little Milton, the Hound Dog Taylor tribute, Bonnaroo/Austin City Limits/similar compilations, the Warren Haynes Christmas Jam compilations, etc. There are also promotional releases out there. RadioKAOS  –  Talk to me, Billy  23:24, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100123153952/http://www.rollingstone.com:80/artists/govtmule/articles/story/6414704/warren_haynes_gets_around to http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/govtmule/articles/story/6414704/warren_haynes_gets_around
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080828162709/http://livedaily.com/news/6033.html to http://www.livedaily.com/news/6033.html

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External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110926215620/http://www.independentmail.com/news/2008/dec/11/20th-annual-warren-haynes-christmas-jam-gonna-rock/ to http://www.independentmail.com/news/2008/dec/11/20th-annual-warren-haynes-christmas-jam-gonna-rock/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111009093507/http://www.xmasjam.com/2007/index.php to http://www.xmasjam.com/2007/index.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131215063740/http://www.hollywoodbowl.com/tickets/sgt-pepper039s-40a-beatles-celebration-featuring-cheap-trick/2007-08-10 to http://www.hollywoodbowl.com/tickets/sgt-pepper039s-40a-beatles-celebration-featuring-cheap-trick/2007-08-10
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111009093100/http://www.evilteen.com/about.html to http://www.evilteen.com/about.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110929190707/http://www.mule.net/tour/index.php to http://www.mule.net/tour/index.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110927005854/http://www.mule.net/islandexodus/ to http://www.mule.net/islandexodus

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1990'S Section
The band did not cover Nirvana, Pearl Jam or Soundgarden on their Live With A Little Help From Our Friends release. A check of the wikipedia page for the album clarifies that. They possibly did a cover now and again, but didn't do anything significant from either of those bands until Halloween 2008. There's nothing substantial claiming those acts as influences, either. 12.15.136.25 (talk) 21:54, 21 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Those groups have been removed from the 1990s section. KitHutch (talk) 02:45, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

Schools Never a Member
Dave Schools was never a member of Gov't Mule. He was one of the touring bassists during the Deep End Years. Even the Gov't Mule website says so. Read the following:

It’s also important to point out the people that helped keep Gov’t Mule alive; people like Chuck Leavell, Oteil Burbridge, Dave Schools, Rob Barraco, Mike Gordon, Les Claypool, Jason Newsted, George Porter Jr., Greg Rzab, Audley Freed, Karl Denson and Andy Hess — all who came on the road with us at a time when we weren’t sure if we could continue. Andy, of course, went on to join the band from 2003 to 2008, bringing his own personality to the music.

This comes from the following link:

Gov’t Mule discography
Somebody needs to add their Georgia Bootleg Box Set to the discography here. I looked at adding it myself but couldn't figure out how to. It is a six disc official release of their early live shows from '96 that came out in 2011. Can someone help me with this? Sj9041066 (talk) 12:34, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ — Mudwater (Talk) 15:17, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Very cool, thank you! Sj9041066 (talk) 19:16, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gov't Mule


text:
Igor Andreev

Igor Valeryevich Andreev (И́горь Вале́рьевич Андре́ев, BGN/PCGN: Andreyev, ISO 9: Andreev, ; born 14 July 1983) is a Russian coach and a former professional tennis player. He won three ATP Tour singles titles, reached the quarterfinals of the 2007 French Open and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 18 in November 2008.

2003
Andreev made his ATP debut in September 2003 in Bucharest, Romania as a qualifier and defeated top seed Nikolay Davydenko 7–5, 6–7, 6–0 in the first round, before losing in the next round to José Acasuso.

At the Moscow ATP tournament later the same month, Andreev defeated the top seed Sjeng Schalken in straight sets, 6–3, 6–1, and made his first ATP quarterfinal appearance, eventually losing to Paul-Henri Mathieu 6–2, 3–6, 5–7. He entered the St. Petersburg tournament in October 2003 as a wildcard, and defeated fourth seed Max Mirnyi 6–4, 7–6 before losing to Sargis Sargsian in the second round.

2004
Andreev finished in the top 50 of the ATP rankings for the first time in his career. During the same year, he also reached two ATP finals: Gstaad, Switzerland in July (losing to Roger Federer), and Bucharest, Romania in September (losing to José Acasuso). He won a personal best 28 matches in the year, and made his Davis Cup debut.

Andreev made his Grand Slam debut at the 2004 Australian Open, where he lost in the first round to France's Olivier Patience, 4–6, 4–6, 7–6(4), 6–1, 6–2. At the French Open, he knocked out defending champion Juan Carlos Ferrero in the second round before losing to eventual champion Gastón Gaudio 6–4, 7–5, 6–3 in the fourth round.

He won his first ATP doubles title in Moscow in October 2004 with Nikolay Davydenko, defeating Mahesh Bhupathi and Jonas Björkman 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 in the final.

2005: Three ATP titles
Andreev's first ATP singles title came in April 2005 in Valencia, Spain, beating Spaniard David Ferrer 6–3, 5–7, 6–3 in the final after having taken out Rafael Nadal in the quarterfinals. Andreev made the third round at both the French Open and Wimbledon, and reached the quarterfinal at the Pilot Pen Tennis Tournament in New Haven, Connecticut. He then reached the final of the event at Bucharest, losing to Florent Serra 6–3, 6–4.

Andreev continued his consistent performance of the year by winning the Palermo event in September 2005, beating Filippo Volandri of Italy 0–6, 6–1, 6–3 in the final, and the Kremlin Cup at Moscow in October, defeating Nicolas Kiefer 5–7, 7–6, 6–2 in the final.

2006
In the first half of the season, Andreev experienced seven first-round losses, and highlights included reaching the finals at Sydney and the quarterfinals at Indian Wells, losing both matches to James Blake. A knee injury forced Andreev to miss the second half of the clay court season, including Roland Garross.

2007: First Grand Slam quarterfinal

Andreev returned in 2007, and made an immediate impact with an impressive showing at the French Open. Unseeded, he beat former world no. 1 Andy Roddick 3–6, 6–4, 6–3, 6–4 in the first round, then Nicolás Massú, Paul-Henri Mathieu and Marcos Baghdatis in the fourth round to make his first Grand Slam quarterfinal, which he lost in straight sets to Novak Djokovic 6–3, 6–3, 6–3.

2008: Best ranking, world no. 18
Notable performances included reaching the quarterfinals of Buenos Aires, Dubai, Miami, and Monte Carlo.

2009
Heavily favored Russia was hosted by Israel in a Davis Cup quarterfinal tie in July 2009 on indoor hard courts at the Nokia Arena in Tel Aviv. Asked if he was nervous, Andreev replied with a smile: "Nervous? Why should I be nervous? Everything is fine." Harel Levy, world no. 210, then beat Andreev 6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–2 in the opening match. Dudi Sela (world no. 33) followed by beating Youzhny, and the next day Israelis Andy Ram and Jonathan Erlich beat Safin and doubles specialist Kunitsyn. With the tie clinched for Israel, best-of-three sets were played, with the outcomes of little to no importance. Dudi Sela hurt his wrist in the first set. Israel won 4–1.

2010: Injuries and ranking downfall
After the Australian Open, Andreev played the 2010 Brasil Open, his first clay court tournament of the year. Seeded no. 4 in the tournament, Andreev made a run to the semifinals and eventually lost to Łukasz Kubot 6–2, 2–6, 4–6.

His next successful tournament was the Malaysia Open where he reached the semifinals, taking out defending champion Nikolay Davydenko on the way before falling to Mikhail Youzhny in three sets.

2011–2013: Injuries and retirement
A knee injury thwarted Andreev in 2011, and in 2012 a shoulder injury prevented him from achieving decent results in almost every tournament. He lost ranking points and struggled to win a match in the qualifying round of small tournaments. The situation became worse in 2013. After not having played since the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters in April, he lost in every first round match of the qualifying draw of every tournament he tried to play until the French Open 2013. At Wimbledon 2013 Andreev appeared in the main draw as a protected ranking player and in the first round he faced Polish Łukasz Kubot losing 6–1, 7–5, 6–2. Andreev announced his final retirement from tennis due to the multiple injuries that ruined his career after 2010 and 2011.

Playing style & equipment
Andreev is an offensive baseliner. He possessed one of the more powerful forehands on tour. ATP professional Marcos Baghdatis describes Andreev's forehand as being "more deadly than Nadal's" Andreev is sponsored by Sergio Tacchini for clothes and Babolat Aero Pro Drive GT for racquets and Babolat All-Court III for shoes.

Personal life
He supports both FC Moscow and FC Dynamo Moscow and is an avid follower of the Russian national football team.

He was in a relationship with fellow Russian player Maria Kirilenko for several years, before they split in 2011.

Singles
Current till 2013 Wimbledon Championships.

title: Igor Andreev


text:
Justice Stone

Justice Stone may refer to:

 * Amherst W. Stone (1824–1900), associate justice of the Colorado Territorial Supreme Court
 * Clyde E. Stone (1876–1948), associate justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois
 * Edward Albert Stone (1844-1920), chief justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia
 * Frederick Stone (1820–1899), associate judge of the Maryland Court of Appeals
 * George W. Stone (1811–1894), chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court
 * Harlan F. Stone (1872–1946), associate justice and chief justice of the United States Supreme Court
 * Jesse N. Stone (1924–2001), associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court
 * John W. Stone (1838–1922), associate justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
 * Leonard Stone (judge) (1896–unknown), last British chief justice of the High Court of Bombay
 * Raymond Stone (fl. 1900s), associate justice of the Supreme Court of Guam
 * Royal A. Stone (1875–1942), associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Walter F. Stone (1822–1874), associate justice of the Ohio Supreme Court
 * Wilbur F. Stone (1833–1920), associate justice of the Colorado Supreme Court
 * William B. Stone (1797–1872), associate judge of the Maryland Court of Appeals
 * The Justice Stone, fictional artifact in The Monarchy (comics)

title: Justice Stone


text:
File:Sorcerer game box cover.jpg

Sorcerer (computer game) game box cover.

Source: http://www.gue-network.com with permission

title: File:Sorcerer game box cover.jpg


text: User talk:216.198.96.59

title: User talk:216.198.96.59


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Gov't Mule

Gov't Mule

 * previous FAC never submitted to WP:FAC


text:
Talk:Small beer

definition
I have cleaned this up a bit - small beer isnt under 1% alcohol for example, and the fact that it is not produced in the US is non-notable. Not sure that the sorghum beer is relevant either - dont think it is a small beer at all. This should be a historical article. Justinc 18:30, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right. I have removed it. Jooler 10:15, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Alcohol content
Hi folks, it would be interesting to know what the typical alcohol content of small beer was, though. Adetaylor 17:19, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Any one have any info on this? --173.79.190.48 (talk) 02:37, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

The source for the claim that medieval table beer was typically under 1% ABV is pretty weak - a blog-post on bonappetit with no source for its own claim. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.185.73.133 (talk) 18:43, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

small beer wasnt used because of unsafe water. it was widely drank because beer has a high caloric content (think in the realm of gatorade/energy drink) and because everybody was an alcoholic 97.120.235.10 (talk) 22:49, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

Origins
The article says that it was drunk in mediaeval times in Europe but it doesn't say why. Surely the primary reason is that it was safer to drink than water, by virtue of its having been boiled as part of the brewing process, though that was not appreciated at the time, of course. 92.40.170.109 (talk) 14:33, 25 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Done something - I think it was "appreciated at the time" in fact. Johnbod (talk) 14:55, 25 July 2021 (UTC)

- Can something on the association between small beer consumption and genetic variation be included? I'm aware of the argument that populations in Western Societies were selected for greater genetic tolerance to alcohol, including for genes which processed alcohol more swiftly, than populations in Eastern Societies, and that this was attributed to Western Societies using fermentation (small beer) to make water safe to drink, whereas Eastern Societies used boiling alone (in the form of tea) to produce drinkable water. It would be good to include both the evidence for and against this hypothesis; if the brewing process involved boiling this may complicate the argument somewhat, though I would imagine it would typically not be drunk soon after boiling, and so the antimicrobial properties of alcohol may still be a part of it.

- I removed the two blogs (seriously, blogs should not be cited) arguing for either position. I would also add a bit of original research here in that the antimicrobial properties of alcohol are irrelevant at the 2% we're talking about. It would primarily be the filtration and boiling of water that would help. For the most part, water would be fine to drink throughout history, but whenever you see outbreaks of disease (especially in larger cities), there should be noticeably less disease among the population that more regularly drinks beer than water from public sources. I'm going to look for actual research to cite (rather than blog posts), since as I recall from public health courses that this was a very real driver in investigating water-borne illness back in the 1800s, so it's not just a myth as the other blogpost claimed. For example, see this wiki article for properly cited research indicating that people did, slowly, come to understand that water could have illnesses and that boiling (such as when making beer) could resolve this issue: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation#Understanding_of_health_aspects. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.237.200.125 (talk) 18:19, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

Imperial pints
Workers did not drink ten imperial pints of anything during the Middle Ages, as asserted by the article. The imperial pint was not introduced until 1824. They may have drunk ten English pints, or an amount equal to ten imperial pints, but they cannot have drunk any imperial pints (nor any liters) per se. J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 20:03, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Small beer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Liberty Belle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:54, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Liberty Belle
Delete. This article about an alias of Blossom of the Powerpuff Girls isn't notable enough to have its own separate article.  Marcus2 18:31, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) *Merge/redirect. I remember this episode. This "character" appeared only once. - Lucky 6.9 22:56, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or keep per WP:FICT. Kappa 18:53, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to The Powerpuff Girls. Dave the Red (talk) 18:56, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite. Dave the Red (talk) 02:47, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete... on the one hand, Liberty Belle gets almost 40,000 Google hits, but for all different kinds of uses unrelated to the PP Girls. Let it die, and if there's another notable use, that can go in later. -- 8^D gab 18:57, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * Keep the DC Comics character article - the individual character is notable enough that it deserve not to be merged into some other page. -- 8^D gab 22:06, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * Merge content to The Powerpuff Girls and then Redirect to Liberty Bell as a possible mispelling. Zzyzx11 | Talk 22:49, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the article's makeover into one about the DC Comics character. Zzyzx11 | Talk 22:11, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect as per WP:FICT. Slac speak up!  00:31, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC) Keep rewrite. Good job, DS. Slac  speak up!  21:28, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, minor character, cruft. Megan1967 10:34, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not because of the Powerpuff Girls, but because Libby "Liberty Belle" Chambers is a genuine DC Comics character who's been around for several years - was part of the All-Star Squadron, married one superhero, gave birth to another. Article needs to be heavily rewritten, though, to reflect that fact (and I'll probably get to that this evening) - at most, the PPG thing should be mentioned at the bottom.DS 15:19, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep terrific new article on an actual DC superheroine. Barnstars for DS! - Lucky 6.9 22:07, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep DS's revised article. DC character is noteworthy, the Powerpuff Girls reference was not.  Barno 00:38, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep revised article. Welldone DS. Capitalistroadster 04:14, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep She's a well-remembered character who's been around since the mid-Forties. Chyel 04:17, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There is such a comic book character named Liberty Belle who is well-known. Marcus2 14:15, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.