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UEFA coefficient

In European football, the UEFA coefficients are statistics based in weighted arithmetic means used for ranking and seeding teams in club and international competitions. Introduced in 1979 for men's football tournaments (country rankings only), and after applied in women's football and futsal, the coefficients are calculated by UEFA, who administer football within Europe, and the Asian parts of some transcontinental countries.

The confederation publishes three types of rankings: one analysing a single season, a five-year span, and a ten-year span. For men's competitions, three sets of coefficients are calculated:

 * National team coefficient: used during 1997–2017 to rank national teams, for seeding in the UEFA Euro qualifying and finals tournaments. UEFA decided after 2017, instead to seed national teams based on the:
 * Overall ranking of the biennial UEFA Nations League for the seeded draw of groups in the UEFA Euro qualification stage.
 * Overall ranking of the UEFA Euro qualification stage for the seeded draw of groups in the UEFA Euro final tournament.
 * Association coefficient: used to rank the collective performance of the clubs of each member association, for assigning the number of places, and at what stage clubs enter the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Conference League
 * Club coefficient (since 1990): used to rank individual clubs, for seeding in the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (until 1999) and UEFA Conference League (since 2021). For the expanded format of the 2025 FIFA Club World Cup, UEFA has used a mixed style of seeding for the competition, with the winners of the 2021–2024 Champions League each receiving a place and the other 8 teams being chosen based on their UEFA Club Coefficient.

Men's association coefficient
The association coefficient is used to rank the football associations of Europe, and thus determine the number of clubs from an association that will participate in the UEFA Champions League, the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Conference League.

The UEFA ranking determines the number of teams competing in the season after the next, not in the first season after the publication of the ranking. Thus, the rankings at the end of the 2022–23 season determine the team allocation by association in the 2024–25 (not 2023–24) UEFA season. This is unrelated to the selection of teams which will fill each allocation through the individual association leagues and national cups (which is decided in the preceding season).

This coefficient is determined by the results of the clubs of the associations in the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Conference League games over the past five seasons. Two points are awarded for each win by a club, and one for a draw (points are halved in the qualifying rounds). Results determined by extra time do count in determining the allocation of points, but results determined by penalty shootouts do not affect the allocation of points, other than for bonus points given for qualification into the latter rounds. The number of points awarded each season is divided by the number of teams that participated for that association in that season. This number is then rounded down to three decimal places (e.g. $2 2/3$ would be rounded to 2.666).

To determine an association's coefficient for a particular season, the coefficients for the last five seasons are added. Bonus points are added to the number of points scored in a season. Bonus points are allocated for:

Bonus Points

UEFA uses this coefficient system to decide which teams gain automatic entry to the league phase and which teams must go through qualifying. For instance, the teams who occupy the top four league places in the associations ranked 1 to 4 in UEFA competition, the top two teams of the association ranked 5 and 6, and the champions in the associations ranked 7 to 10 gain automatic entry into the league phase for the following season's Champions League competition.

Current ranking
The ranking below takes into account of each association's performance in European competitions from 2020–21 to 2024–25, with the 2024–25 season underway. The final ranking at the end of the 2024–25 season will be used to determine the minimum number of places for each association in the 2026–27 UEFA club competitions.

The two highest annual coefficients from the 2023–24 season and onward will be used to determine two additional European Performance Spots in the Champions League for the next season.

As of 18 July 2024, the coefficients are as follows:

{{legend|#BBF3BB|Indicates active associations which have all their teams still competing in this season's UEFA club competitions (i.e. Champions League, Europa League or Conference League).|border=1px solid #aaa}} {{legend|#FFFFBB|Indicates active associations which have some teams still competing in this season's UEFA club competitions.|border=1px solid #aaa}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Indicates associations which have no teams remaining in this season's UEFA club competitions.|border=1px solid #aaa}}

Notes

Further information on Liechtenstein's status and similar cases
According to the UEFA regulations a National League needs to consist of at least eight clubs to be considered valid, otherwise no participants of such a league will be allowed to enter European competitions.
 * There are only seven clubs that are active in Liechtenstein, all of which play in neighbouring Switzerland's league competitions.
 * Prior to the introduction of the Welsh Premier League, now known as Cymru Premier, in 1992, Wales also had a single participant in European competitions, the winner (or best placed Welsh team as several English teams also competed) of the Welsh Cup, in the now defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, two-legged ties in the knockout stages of the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League and 2019–20 UEFA Europa League, and in the qualifying stages of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League and 2020–21 UEFA Europa League, were changed to single-leg matches. In those cases where there was such a change in format, the following points were awarded instead: This translates to the original system (2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss) by considering the "unplayed leg" as a draw.
 * 3 points for a win (1.5 points for qualifying and play-off matches)
 * 2 points for a draw (1 point for qualifying and play-off matches)
 * 1 point for a loss (0.5 points for qualifying and play-off matches)

2024–27
The following is the default access list for the 2024–25 and future seasons. Rankings in table exclude Liechtenstein.

2021–24
The following was the default access list from the 2021–22 season through the 2023–24 season. Rankings in table exclude Liechtenstein.

History
Following the introduction of the UEFA Cup in 1971, the competition began to grow in complexity having more clubs than the European Champions Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup, reaching up to four from a single country. UEFA began to publish association rankings in 1979, to identify the number of participants for each association in the UEFA Cup.

Subsequently, for statistical purposes, various rankings were introduced to portray the history of the associations. According to the prorated (extended) calculation system, only four associations have succeeded in being ranked as the top European association.

Following the Heysel Stadium disaster, all English teams were banned from UEFA competitions in 1985. The ban was only lifted after five seasons, with the knock-on effects continuing to impact on English football for a total of nine years from 1986 to 1994. Having been top in 1985, England were un-ranked in 1990 and would not regain the top position until 2008.

Top associations by period
The following data indicates the three top-ranked associations in each five-year period. Data prior to 1975–1979 period has been calculated, but precedes the first published by the Confederation and has merely informative value. Note that the table take into account the results from the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a non-UEFA competition that took place until 1971, whose teams in the first editions were representing cities instead of clubs.

The table shows the ranking of nations with respect to the total number of years in the top three of the rankings:

Current ranking
The ranking below takes into account of each association's performance in European competitions from 2020–21 to 2024–25, with the 2024–25 season currently taking place.

The final ranking at the end of the 2024–25 season will be used to determine the number of places for each association in the 2026–27 UEFA Women's Champions League.

As of 7 July 2024 the coefficients are as follows:

{{legend|#BBF3BB|Indicates active associations which have all their teams still competing in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.|border=1px solid #aaa}} {{legend|#FFFFBB|Indicates active associations which have some teams still competing in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.|border=1px solid #aaa}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Indicates associations which have no teams remaining in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.|border=1px solid #aaa}}

Notes

Top associations by period
The following data indicates the three top-ranked women's associations in each five-year period.

The table shows the ranking of nations with respect to the total number of years in the top three of the rankings:

Men's club coefficient
Introduced first in 1990 with various calculation principles applied throughout the years, currently the club coefficient is either the sum of the points earned by the club in the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and UEFA Conference League over the previous five seasons or 20% of the club's association coefficient over the same period, whichever coefficient is higher. This ranking is used by UEFA to determine a club's seeding in club competition draws, including the qualifying and group stages of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Conference League, and FIFA Club World Cup.

The clubs receive two points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a defeat in games of the main stages of the Champions League, Europa League and Conference League. Results determined after extra-time are included in this method, however results determined after penalty shoot-outs are not (the result is considered a draw). Bonus points for entering the Europa League or Conference League group stage / league phase are not additional to win/draw points; they provide a minimum points allowance for participating clubs, whereas bonus points for entering the Champions League group stage / league phase (and those for qualifying to the knockout stage) are additional to win/draw points.

Qualifying round results are only taken into account if the club is eliminated in one of the rounds (see table below). Otherwise, the qualifying round results are taken into account only for the calculation of the association's coefficient and are halved. The clubs do not receive any points for elimination in the Champions League or Europa League qualifying because those clubs move to the Europa League and/or Conference League and receive points from participation in that competition.

Current club ranking
The ranking below takes into account of each club's performance in European competitions from 2020–21 to 2024–25, with the 2024–25 season to begin July.

The top 25 clubs as of 2 June 2024 are as follows.

{{legend|#BBF3BB|border=1px solid #aaa|Indicates clubs still active in this season's Champions League.}} {{legend|#BBF3FF|border=1px solid #aaa|Indicates clubs still active in this season's Europa League.}} {{legend|#FFFFBB|border=1px solid #aaa|Indicates clubs still active in this season's Conference League.}} {{legend|#DFDFDF|border=1px solid #aaa|Indicates clubs from active associations in this season's UEFA club competitions.}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|border=1px solid #aaa|Indicates clubs from associations which have no teams remaining in this season's UEFA club competitions.}}

2018–19 through 2020–21 seasons
Prior to the 2018 club rankings, teams received the sum of their points earned over the last five seasons plus 20% of the club's association coefficient.

Before 1999 a number of strong teams in the UEFA Cup were seeded such that those teams did not meet in the first two rounds. To determine these teams, the sum of the ratio of the number of points achieved to the number of games played by each team, was calculated for the past five seasons

Top club by period
The following data indicate the top-ranked clubs in each 5-year period. Data prior to 1975–1979 period has been calculated, but precedes the first published by the Confederation and has merely informative value.

Top-rated clubs listed by number of times they were top-ranked over a 5-year period since the first period officially analysed (1975–1979):

Women's club coefficient
The season coefficient of a club is calculated by adding the total number of points it obtains in a given season and 20% of its association's coefficient for that same season. A club's five-season coefficient is the cumulative total of its five season coefficients from the reference period and 20% of its association's five-season association's coefficient. This ranking is used by UEFA to determine a club's seeding in club competition draws, including the qualifying and group stages of the UEFA Women's Champions League.

The distribution of points is symmetrical to the distribution of points in association ranking.

Current team ranking
The ranking below takes into account of each team's performance in European competitions from 2020–21 to 2024–25, with the 2024–25 season starting 4 September 2024.

The top 25 clubs as of 4 July 2024 are as follows:

{{legend|#BBF3FF|border=1px solid #aaa|Indicates teams still active in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.}} {{legend|#DFDFDF|border=1px solid #aaa|Indicates teams from active associations in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|border=1px solid #aaa|Indicates teams from associations which have no teams remaining in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.}}

Top club by period
The following data indicate the top-ranked women's clubs in each 5-year period.

Top-rated women's clubs listed by number of times they were top-ranked over a 5-year period since the first period officially analysed (2001–2005):

Men's amateur coefficient
UEFA calculates coefficients for each association that takes part in the UEFA Regions' Cup. These coefficients are calculated to compile ranking lists that are used to determine the round in which each team enters the competition and to seed the teams for the draws. The coefficient ranking list is established for the preliminary and intermediate round draws on the basis of the associations’ results in the three most recent completed seasons at the time of the draws. For the 2022–23 competition, the coefficient ranking list is therefore based on the associations' results in the seasons 2014–15, 2016–17 and 2018–19.

As of 8 December 2021 the coefficients are as follows: Points are awarded for each match played in the qualifying competition. Match points are awarded in accordance with the final scores as ratified by UEFA. Final tournament matches and penalty shoot-outs are not taken into consideration. In addition to the match points, the bonus points are awarded for each season.The points are given as follows:

Men's national team
Since 2020 FIFA Futsal World Cup qualification, the UEFA coefficients are based on the Elo rating system and are constantly updated to all non-friendly matches. This ranking is used to seed national teams on UEFA competitions and to decide the number of clubs from an association that will participate in the UEFA Futsal Champions League. The rating below is the situation after the UEFA Futsal Euro 2022 qualifications have been played:

2020 ranking
The coefficients from 2020 used for the seeding and pot placements in the draw for UEFA Women's Futsal Euro 2022, were based on results on 2019 edition.

Men's futsal club coefficient
The club coefficient, used to determine seeds and entrance round on the UEFA Futsal Champions League, is the sum of the points earned by the club in that competition on the previous three seasons and 50% of the club's association coefficient over the same period. The association coefficient is the sum of the points earned by all the clubs of the association. Even though all calculation procedures are public for association and club coefficients, UEFA only publishes the coefficients of the clubs competing in the next season of UEFA Futsal Champions League. The coefficients for the top 16 teams competing on 2022–23 UEFA Futsal Champions League are as follows:

Criticisms
The UEFA coefficient system has been criticised for being likely to preserve the status quo for rankings and seedings, as well as for favouring teams from stronger leagues.

title: UEFA coefficient


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Talk:Pontiac Trans Sport

Can somebody put a picture of the Chevrolet Trans Sport?
I know, it sounds akward, but in Europe they sell a Pontiac Trans Sport with a Chevrolet badge (see the -European Market- section), so can somebody please put a picture there? Go to Google, type in Chevrolet Trans Sport and click on a picture and please figure out how to put the picture here. That would be a huge help, thanks!

Actually, completely different
No, actually they are completely different vehicles. For example, the Chevrolet Venture with the Chevrolet Uplander, they are completely different vehicles. How is a 3.4-litre V6 that has 185 hosepower at 5,200 rpm similiar to a brand new, redesigned, and remastered 3.9-litre V6 that has 240 horsepower at 6,000 rpm?? Plus, space is still bigger, and almost all of the things are different. Same for the Chevrolet Lumina APV and Chevrolet Venture.

Layout
Why was the layout changed again? Not enough awkward, gaping white space? --Tysto 12:43, 2005 August 4 (UTC)

I'm of course biased, but I liked it better before..... Rawja 21:35, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Two things need to be discussed here - the infobox and the rest of the article. I re-did the infobox in accordance with just about every other Wikipedia article about a multi-generation vehicle.  I think this is good.  As for the rest of the article, I was trying to match up the pictures with the text that referred to them.  If you wish to change that part, be my guest.  Personally, I think the article is a bit long on images considering its size...  --SFoskett 19:30, August 8, 2005 (UTC)

Geekout
Even as a wikipedia user that spends hours and hours sifting through this site I am overcome with a wave of "geek embarrasment" as I read this page. It leaves me with the distinct feeling that its author also knows what material Han Solo was frozen in...

Great job explaining every last tidbit about the Pontiac Transport... but did the world really need to know all this?

 * Yes, actually, we did need to know all this. The Pontiac Trans Sport is the greatest van ever created in the history of humanity, nay, the best vehicle ever designed. Do not upset the Trans Sport.
 * here here! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.4.74.65 (talk) 14:06, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Trans Sport Concept
Someone needs to put a pic of the concept Trans Sport Concept on here. It is one of the coolest concepts of the 80's. Check it out http://www.highperformancepontiac.com/features/hppp_0605_1986_pontiac_trans_sport/photo_06.html  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Billheller (talk • contribs) 18:29, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pontiac Trans Sport


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User:Cabed

my webpage is www.msn.com

title: User:Cabed


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Pilar Ayuso González

María del Pilar Ayuso González (born 16 June 1942 in Badajoz) who served as a Spanish politician and Member of the European Parliament with the People's Party, part of the European People's Party.

Education

 * 1965: Agricultural engineer
 * 1970: PhD in Agricultural Engineering
 * Diploma in European Community studies

Early career

 * Researcher, Director of agrarian research projects at the National Agrarian Research Institute in Madrid
 * 1996-1999: Director-General for Food Policy and Agri-food Industries, Ministry of Agriculture

Career in national politics

 * 1981-1984: Secretary of the PP National Committee on Agricultural Studies
 * 1991-1996: Member of the Castile-La Mancha Regional Parliament for Ciudad Real
 * Member of the National Executive Committee of the People's Party
 * Member of the Executive Committee of the PP for Castile-La Mancha
 * Member of the Ciudad Real Provincial Executive Committee of the PP
 * Member of the European Union of Women and Vice-Chairwoman of the Association of Women for Democracy

Member of the European Parliament, 1999–2019
Ayuso joined the European Parliament in the 1999 European elections. Throughout her time in parliament, she served on the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. In this capacity, she was her parliamentary group's rapporteur on the fuel quality directive (FQD) in 2007. She was also a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. In 2018, she joined the temporary Special Committee on the Union's authorisation procedure for pesticides.

In addition to her committee assignments, Ayuso was a member of the Delegation for relations with Mercosur and of the European Parliament Intergroup on Children's Rights.

Political positions
In September 2018 Gonzalez voted against the European Union triggering article 7 procedure against Hungary, due to the country's government posing a “systematic threat” to democracy and the rule of law.

Recognition

 * Civil Order of Agricultural Merit

title: Pilar Ayuso González


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics/Phonetics/Phonology template

A short introduction on the general aspects of the language, major dialects and what makes it unique in terms of sound inventory, phonotactics, etc.

Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet is encouraged. (Standard transliteration schemes like SAMPA are OK but not preferred.) Surround phonemic/phonetic symbols with the IPA template, like this:

 * ("shoot") for phonemic transcription
 * ("rant") for phonetic transcription

Even if the IPA symbols are part of the normal Latin script (as in /bid/ "bead", /ki/ "key"), the IPA template should be used to force a consistent style and flag IPA text as such for your browser.

The should be placed on or near the top of the page.

Use the standard orthography for the language where appropriate, but explain how orthography maps to actual phonetics in a different place. This may be on the main language page, or another page called "xxx orthography" (eg Russian orthography). Do not start by explaining phonetics in terms of the written form ("the letter D is pronounced /d/"). Speech came first, and then writing.

All examples of tables and transcriptions here are based on the American English section of the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ISBN 0-521-63751-1.

Consonants
A table containing the consonant phonemes. Using a modified version of the IPA tables is recommended. The table below can be copied, deleting the sounds, rows and columns which are not required.

Vowels
If possible, draw a vowel chart based on available literature. Examples of these can be found at Dutch, Sindhi and Swedish. Otherwise, make a table like this one:

Diphthongs need to be in a separate table. How best to organize them depends on what diphthongs are present in the language's phonemic inventory. If almost any monophthong can be followed by or, consider treating them as vowel + glide sequences rather than as monophonemic diphthongs.

Phonotactics
Describe syllable structure, consonant clusters, etc. See phonotactics.

Phonological processes
Describe aspects such as allophones, assimilation, epenthesis, elision and vowel harmony.

Prosody
Describe prosodic features such as intonation, tone, rhythm, and stress.

Samples
A sound sample spoken by a native speaker consisting of a shorter text with a complete IPA-transcription, preferably one broad (phonemic) and one narrow. Make sure to note the age, sex and the dialect of the speaker. A recommended text to read is a translation of the fable "The North Wind and the Sun", traditionally used by the IPA. The following, taken from the IPA Handbook, was read by a speaker of California English.

Orthographic version
"The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took his cloak off. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two."


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Colin Thubron

Colin Gerald Dryden Thubron (born 14 June 1939) is a British travel writer and novelist. In 2008, The Times ranked him among the 50 greatest postwar British writers. He is a contributor to The New York Review of Books, The Times, The Times Literary Supplement and The New York Times. His books have been translated into more than twenty languages. Thubron was appointed a CBE in the 2007 New Year Honours. He is a Fellow and, between 2009 and 2017, was President of the Royal Society of Literature.

Early years
Thubron is the son of Brigadier Gerald Thubron and of Evelyn (née Dryden), a collateral descendant of the poet John Dryden and of Samuel Morse, inventor of the Morse Code. He was born in London and educated at Eton College. Before becoming a writer he worked for five years in publishing in London and New York City, and made independent documentary films that were shown on BBC television. He is married to the Shakespeare scholar Margreta de Grazia.

The Middle East
Thubron's first travel book, Mirror to Damascus, was published in 1967, the first such book on the city for a century. It was followed the next year by The Hills of Adonis: A Quest in Lebanon, a lyrical account of a journey through the country, pre-civil war, and the next year by Jerusalem. While starting a parallel career as a novelist, he completed a travel book on Cyprus, Journey into Cyprus, in 1974, just before Turkey invaded the island.

Russia and the Far East
In 1981, during the Brezhnev era, Thubron broke with his earlier work (on cities and small countries) and travelled by car into the Soviet Union, a journey recorded in Among the Russians. This was followed in 1987 by Behind the Wall: A Journey Through China (winner of the Hawthornden Prize and the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award), and in 1994 by The Lost Heart of Asia, the record of a journey through the newly independent nations of Central Asia.

In 1999 his book In Siberia (Prix Bouvier, France), an exploration of the farthest reaches of the ex-Soviet Union, was published. In an episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme Bookclub in 2018, Thubron discussed the book with the presenter James Naughtie and answered questions from the audience. His book, Shadow of the Silk Road (2007), describes a 7,000-mile journey from China to the Mediterranean encompassing cultures in which Thubron has been particularly interested: Islam, China, the former Soviet Union, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey. His latest work is The Amur River: Between Russia and China (2021).

Writing
Most of Thubron's novels are notably different from his travel books. Several describe settings of enforced immobility: a psychiatric hospital, a prison, an amnesiac's mind. Notable among them are Emperor (1978), a study of the conversion of Constantine, A Cruel Madness (winner of the PEN/Macmillan Silver Pen Award), and Falling (1989). Others, however, use travel or a fictional abroad: Turning Back the Sun (1991) and an imaginary journey to Vilcabamba, Peru in To the Last City (2002), long-listed for the Man Booker Prize. It has been described as a "Heart of Darkness narrative" in a "Marquezian setting". His most recent novel, Night of Fire, is his most ambitious: a multi-layered study of time and memory, which several reviewers named his masterpiece.

Thubron says that he was influenced by Palgrave's Golden Treasury as a schoolboy, and was initially inspired by the travel writing of Patrick Leigh Fermor, Jan Morris and Freya Stark. He admires the English novelist William Golding and chose Victor Gollancz's anthology A Year of Grace as his book for Desert Island Discs.

Travel Writing

 * Mirror to Damascus – Heinemann, 1967
 * The Hills of Adonis: A Quest in Lebanon – Heinemann, 1968
 * Jerusalem – Heinemann, 1969
 * Journey into Cyprus – Heinemann, 1975
 * Jerusalem – Time-Life, 1976
 * Istanbul – Time-Life, 1978
 * The Venetians – Time-Life, 1980
 * The Ancient Mariners – Time-Life, 1981
 * The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden – Hamish Hamilton, 1982
 * Among the Russians – Heinemann, 1983
 * Where Nights Are Longest: Travels by Car Through Western Russia – Atlantic Monthly Press, 1984
 * Behind the Wall: A Journey through China – Heinemann, 1987
 * The Silk Road: Beyond the Celestial Kingdom – Simon & Schuster, 1989
 * The Lost Heart of Asia – Heinemann, 1994
 * In Siberia – Chatto & Windus, 1999
 * Shadow of the Silk Road, Chatto & Windus, 2006
 * To a Mountain in Tibet, Chatto & Windus, 2011
 * The Amur River: Between Russia and China, Chatto & Windus, 2021

Forewords:
 * Views from Abroad: The Spectator Book of Travel Writing, edited by Philip Marsden-Smedley & Jeffrey Klinke – Grafton, 1988
 * The Lycian Shore by Freya Stark – John Murray, 2002
 * The Road to Oxiana by Robert Byron – Penguin, 2007
 * Stalin's Nose – by Rory MacLean – Tauris Parke, 2008
 * The Travels of Marco Polo – Everyman, 2008

Novels

 * The God in the Mountain - Heinemann, 1977
 * Emperor – Heinemann, 1978
 * A Cruel Madness – Heinemann, 1984
 * Falling – Heinemann, 1989
 * Turning Back the Sun – Heinemann, 1991
 * Distance – Heinemann, 1996
 * To the Last City – Chatto & Windus, 2002
 *  Night of Fire - Chatto & Windus, 2016

Radio adaptations, stage and television

 * Emperor - BBC Radio 4, September 1984, with Martin Jarvis as Constantine and Juliet Stevenson as Fausta.
 * Great Journeys: The Silk Road – BBC 2 Television, presenter, 1989
 * The Prince of the Pagodas - ballet scenario, the Royal Opera House, 1989, choreographed by Kenneth MacMillan
 * A Cruel Madness – BBC Radio 4, May 1992, with Robert Glenister as Pashley and Harriet Walter as Sophia
 * The South Bank Show – Time seen as a Road, on Colin Thubron, ITV television, 1992

Prizes and awards

 * 1967 Book Society Choice, Mirror to Damascus
 * 1969 Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
 * 1985 PEN/Macmillan Silver Pen Award, A Cruel Madness
 * 1988 Hawthornden Prize, Behind the Wall: A journey through China
 * 1988 Thomas Cook Travel Book Award, Behind the Wall: A Journey through China
 * 1991 Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society
 * 2000 Mungo Park Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society
 * 2001 Lawrence of Arabia Memorial Medal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs
 * 2002 Hon.D Lit University of Warwick
 * 2003-9 Vice-President, The Royal Society of Literature
 * 2007 Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), New Year's Honours
 * 2008 Society of Authors Travel Award
 * 2009–2017 President, The Royal Society of Literature
 * 2010 Prix Bouvier, France, In Siberia
 * 2011 Ness Award of the Royal Geographical Society
 * 2014 International Prize, Spanish Geographical Society
 * 2019 Edward Stanford Outstanding Contribution to Travel Writing Award
 * 2020 RSL Companion of Literature
 * 2021 Lifetime Achievement Award, Premio Chatwin, Italy
 * 2021 Stanford Dolman Travel Book of the Year: The Amur River
 * 2023 Travel Book of the Year, Premio Chatwin, Italy: The Amur River

title: Colin Thubron


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bojinka 3.5

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 01:41, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Bojinka 3.5
Not notable, zero Google hits, relates to article on Desimation KFP 15:08, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 05:13, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Air horn

An air horn is a pneumatic device designed to create an extremely loud noise for signaling purposes. It usually consists of a source which produces compressed air, which passes into a horn through a reed or diaphragm. The stream of air causes the reed or diaphragm to vibrate, creating sound waves, then the horn amplifies the sound making it louder. Air horns are widely employed as vehicle horns, installed on large buses, semi-trailer trucks, fire trucks, trains, and some ambulances as a warning device, and on ships as a signaling device.

Operation

An air horn consists of a flaring metal or plastic horn or trumpet (called the "bell") attached to a small air chamber containing a metal reed or diaphragm in the throat of the horn. Compressed air flows from an inlet line through a narrow opening past the reed or diaphragm, causing it to vibrate, which creates sound waves. The flaring horn serves as an acoustic impedance transformer to improve the transfer of sound energy from the diaphragm to the open air, making the sound louder. In most horns it also determines the pitch of the sound. When vibrated by the diaphragm, the column of air in the horn vibrates in standing waves. The length of the horn determines the wavelength of the sound waves generated, and thus the fundamental frequency (pitch) of the note produced by the horn. The longer the horn, the lower the pitch.

Larger air horns used on ships and foghorns function similarly to a whistle; instead of a diaphragm the air escapes from a closed cylindrical resonator chamber through a precisely shaped slit directed against a knife edge (fipple). The air blowing past the knife edge oscillates, creating sound waves. The oscillations excite standing waves in the resonator chamber, so the length of the chamber determines the pitch of the note produced.

Trucks and buses
In trucks and buses, the air horn is powered with compressed air from the vehicle's air brake system. In trucks, a cord mounted on the ceiling of the operator's cab is pulled or in buses,  a valve lever on the side of the dashboard is pushed down or pulled up to open the valve, supplying varying amounts of air to the horn. Thus, an outstretched hand reaching upward and pumping is a signal to the driver of an air horn equipped vehicle, requesting a toot. In modern trucks and buses, the horn is actuated by a button on the steering wheel (just like a normal car horn). Some trucks and buses have both electric and air horn, selectable by a switch on the dashboard. This is to prevent the use of the powerful air horn in populated areas.

Emergency vehicles
Many fire trucks, ambulances, and other large emergency vehicles operate air horns as a means of warning vehicles to clear the right-of-way.

There are also electronic horns for emergency vehicles, which produce a similar easily recognizable sound. These are typically integrated into the same system as the vehicle's electronic siren, and sound through the same speakers. In the last several decades, electronic sound systems with more widely varying frequencies have been chosen as common supplemental warning systems.

Locomotives

Originally, diesel locomotives were equipped with truck horns. After an accident in which a driver mistook a train for a truck, the need for a unique-sounding train horn became clear. Consequently, North American trains now have at least two horns with different tones forming the airhorn, that sound simultaneously, creating a harmonic interval or  chord. Each individual horn is called a "chime". Three and five-chime configurations are the most common, but two chime horns also exist.

Fifteen to twenty seconds before entering a level crossing, federal law requires locomotives to sound their horns in a standard warning sequence. This succession consists of two long, one short, and one long horn sounding repeated as necessary until the locomotive clears the crossing. Exceptions to federal law occur in locations with established quiet zone ordinances that prohibit sounding locomotive horns.

In recent years, it has become a fad for bicycle, car, and truck enthusiasts to install large air horns on their vehicles. Some jurisdictions do not allow an airhorn to be attached, whether or not it can be activated.

Cyclist Yannick Read attached a train horn to his bicycle and set the Guinness World Record for the world's loudest bicycle horn.

Portable or personal air horns

Portable air horns are also readily available packaged with a can of compressed gas as the air source. These are often sounded by fans at sporting events such as American football, basketball, ice hockey, and association football, and at other events such as graduations, and political conventions.

Small versions are sometimes used as bicycle horns, since they yield a louder warning sound than traditional bicycle bells or bulb reed horns.

Another use is as a non-lethal weapon for self-defense, mainly as an auditory distraction to get away from an attacker. For outdoor activities like hiking, hunting, cross-country skiing, canoeing, fishing, an air horn can be handy to frighten away unwanted or aggressive wildlife, signalling for help and to announce one's location.

Additionally, air horns (especially those that contain fluorocarbons) have the potential to be abused as a substitute for recreational drugs since many such refrigerants can be inhaled for a quick and dangerous intoxication.

Use in sports
The air horn is used for signaling goals, home runs, touchdowns, and other points in various sports: NHL arenas normally employ two horns—a high-pitched horn (or a siren, as in the home arenas of the Boston Bruins and Montreal Canadiens) that announces the end of the period (or the start of instant replay reviews), and a much louder horn sounded when the home team scores and/or wins a game. Some MLB and NFL stadiums use horns for similar purposes, such as when a member of the home team hits a home run or touchdown. In many places, air horns are used for signaling the end of the period or quarter on scoreboard systems.
 * Ice hockey
 * The National Lacrosse League (NLL)
 * Major League Baseball (MLB)
 * Indoor soccer (Especially in the MISL)
 * The National Football League (NFL)

The idea of a goal horn in NHL ice hockey is said to have begun in 1974, when Bill Wirtz, then-owner of the Chicago Blackhawks, liked the sound of the Kahlenberg Q-3 on his yacht so much that he had another Q-3 mounted inside of the team's home arena, Chicago Stadium, to be sounded whenever the Blackhawks scored a goal. Since then, every NHL, AHL (with the exception of the Chicago Wolves, who instead use a siren and fireworks), ECHL, SHL, and CHL team has picked up a horn, including many more leagues.

In mixed martial arts, an air horn is commonly used to signal the end of a round as opposed to the bell used in boxing and professional wrestling. However, CZW, GCW, and other independent wrestling companies allow air horns, while major companies such as WWE and IMPACT Wrestling have banned them.

Use in music
The air horn is a popular sample in reggae music. Jamaican dancehall music was the first musical genre to use the effect, and has been using the airhorn sample for over 26 years, in live shows as well as on mixtape recordings, and in Puerto Rican reggaeton, a reggae hybrid genre since the late '80s and '90s. The sound effect has recently been used in hip hop music as well.

The "Air Horn Orchestra" gathered at the North Carolina Governor's Mansion every Wednesday for 30 weeks from April 13, 2016, until November 2, 2016, to protest the state's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act, also known then as House Bill 2, and Governor Pat McCrory by making a loud, disruptive noise. The 30th and final performance on November 2 was expected to set the Guinness World Record for the number of simultaneously sounding air horns, having had 342 participants. This was the last performance owing to the gubernatorial election six days later.

title: Air horn


text:
Klapka

Klapka (feminine Klapková) is a Czech surname. Notable people include:

 * Adam Klapka, Czech ice hockey player
 * Dalimil Klapka, Czech actor
 * György Klapka (1820–1892), Hungarian soldier
 * Filip Klapka (born 1981), Czech footballer
 * Kateřina Klapková, Czech tennis player
 * Rudolf Klapka, Czech footballer
 * Jerome Klapka Jerome (1859-1927), English humourist and writer

title: Klapka


text:
Talk:European microstates

Luxembourg
Is Luxembourg not a microstate?

 * Hmmm, it takes half an hour or so to drive across Luxembourg as I recall, whereas somewhere like Monaco you can walk all over. Luxembourg is big enough to appear as a patch rather than a dot on a reasonably-scaled map of Europe (a very unscientific way of thinking about it I know). I'd say Luxembourg is a good cut-off: if you're that size or bigger you're not a microstate. However, not all microstates are the same: Andorra is the biggest on the present list at about one fifth of the size of Luxembourg, and is very much bigger than the likes of Monaco and Vatican City. 86.136.90.241 06:07, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've often wondered what the cut-off point should be myself. I think it's a little strange to classify Luxembourg as a 'proper' state while discounting Malta or Iceland. A few criteria I've considered would be a population below 100,000; sovereignty over their own defence (even Malta and Luxembourg have symbolic militaries, Iceland has disbanded its military, but is still a NATO member) -to the best of my knowledge Andorra, San Marino, the Holy See and Monaco all rely on France, Spain and Italy for their military defence); and a 'realistic' possibility of joining the EU or NATO if they desired (obviously this would limit the definition to European microstates). Any of these definitions would, even though fairly arbitrary, set a more common-sense definition of the term, as most people apply it. --Maverick XIII 08:33, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I personally would be inclined to include Luxembourg and make that the large-end cut-off point. It does share certain characteristics with the microstates as well as the larger states.  Iceland is simply too large to be a microstate, though, even if its quite small in terms of population. matt91486 01:16, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Just caught this discussion - I think Luxembourg should be included, if Andorra is. Malta is pretty small too. --MacRusgail (talk) 15:55, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Robynthehode has tried to delete a question regarding Luxembourg, which is said to share some of the characteristics of the four microstates identified, namely Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino and Monaco. The question was that if Luxembourg got these characteristics, what about Malta, Iceland, Cyprus or Montenegro? 112.120.39.238 (talk) 09:59, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Cyprus isn't really a European country though. If Japan joins the EU, I don't think people will classify it as a European country. 2001:8003:9008:1301:D986:7DE0:BBC7:6B1A (talk) 09:07, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

EU and microstates
"Because of these special economic policies, the microstates have not joined the European Union but have special agreements with it" How does not joining the EU help the microstates??

 * They are not subjected to most of the EU policies. Besides, their power in the EU would be minimal. For example, Monaco has no personal taxes. The Vatican is not democratic. Andorra operates with low tariffs. Tax havens,...
 * --Error 00:00, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

I find it amusing that the intro says "no microstate is likely to ever join the EU", and then in the list of microstates, it includes a current EU member (Malta).

 * This is because Malta is not a microstate at all in a political/cultural sense. It should be taken off the list IMHO. 140.180.190.116 (talk) 17:04, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Kaliningrad, Kosovo
Should Kaliningrad Oblast be included as Aland and Feroer? Is Kosovo micro-enough? --Error 4 July 2005 00:13 (UTC)

 * Kalingrad is not a microstate, it is an integral part of the largest country in wht world, it just happens to be detached from the rest of the country--Captdoc 21:38, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Kosovo is still considered to be part of Serbia even though they don't have any control over it these days. Furthermore it's about four times the size of Luxembourg. 86.136.90.241 06:07, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Why is the map showing Kosovo as separate from Serbia?? This is very much disputed and this article should not take it upon itself to take positions in the debate. A vast majority of the world still doesn't recognize Kosovo as independent. This map needs to be altered. --24.150.77.3 (talk) 04:03, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Most western europe countries consider it a country, and so do the US, canada, and Australia who's citizens come here most often. Also, considering Serbia doesn't have anything to say about Kosovo anymore, it is independent, and the other countries are just idiotic for not recognising it. CountriesRecognizingKosovo.svg Mijzelffan (talk) 18:49, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

 * But its declaration of independence is unilateral which violates international law. 2001:8003:9008:1301:D986:7DE0:BBC7:6B1A (talk) 09:11, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

Sovereign Military Order of Malta and Mount Athos
The SMOM has claims to be the smallest state (but many would regard it as borderline). Mount Athos is technically within the EU. Jackiespeel 18:06, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * These entities aren't countries/states. 2001:8003:9008:1301:D986:7DE0:BBC7:6B1A (talk) 09:12, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

Microstates in history
This area could be developed somewhat. Given the discussion over on the Danzig/Gdansk page I am putting both names in, but in this context the former name is the correct one. Jackiespeel 18:06, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Berwick-upon-Tweed was never independent, instead it frequently changed hands between soveriegn states. For this reason I have removed it. Sorry, the above was me, I didn't know how to add my username--Captdoc 10:00, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

I know about one more, Dubrovnik. Jancikotuc 20:57, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Republic of Malta / Malta shouldn't be here!
I noticed that the Republic of Malta (not the same entity as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta) is no longer listed on this page. Considering that it is indeed smaller than some of the other entities listed on this page, there is no good reason for it not to be included. Rhialto 11:58, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. Malta is smaller than Andorra.  Why is it not a microstate? Inkan1969 21:02, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the determining factor is more population than size. Malta's population -- 400,000 people or so -- is an order of magnitude greater than most of the microstates.  It would fall into the larger category of "small states" that would also include Cyprus, Luxembourg, and Iceland (the latter not being small physically but having a relatively tiny population.) --Jfruh (talk) 22:23, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * But Malta's population density is lower than Monaco's. Monaco at least is heavily urbanized. Inkan1969 18:17, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * you're right, whoever removed it did so incorrectly. microstate refers to size, nothing else.  malta is no where near any limit that could be given.  malta(316) is smaller than an independent state: andorra(468); two dependencies: isle of man(572) and faroe islands(1,399); and both of the next two largest states that people tend to argue over: luxembourg(2,586) and cyprus(9,250)

 * An anonymous commentator above says "microstate refers to size, nothing else." Says who?  It's population that creates economic and political power, which is why the five real microstates (Vatican, Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein) have special economic and political relations with a larger neighbor or neighbors.   Malta (like other "small states" such as Montenegro, Cyprus, and Iceland -- the latter being quite large physically but with a population of just over 300,000) deals with other nations more as equals.
 * In terms of land area, there really isn't a firm cutoff between microstates and regular sized states. But there is a definite jump in terms of population: Monaco's population, 35,000, is an order of magnitude less than Iceland's at 305,000. --Jfruh (talk) 22:28, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * So what you've got against Malta is that too many people live there?
 * So far as I can tell, it's treated as a microstate academically. It's included in the book "Secrets of the Seven Smallest States in Europe".  Of course, Luxembourg is as well, and there seems to be plenty of debate on their inclusion. matt91486 01:14, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that Malta is a small state, not a microstate. The other five are anomalies of history, while Malta's geography as an island is what limits its size.  Besides, as pointed out above, its population is a full order of magnitude larger than the microstates, making it comparable to Cyprus, Iceland, Montenegro or Luxembourg.  Also unlike the microstates, it is also above the apparent size threshold for consideration for membership in the EU (which it joined in 2004).  I think by including Malta in the list, the article misses out on the essence of what makes these microstates unique.  The microstates all question what the true definition of a state should be.  They exist more like personal property that is not subject to the sovereignty of another state.  Malta has its own unique culture, military, currency (for now) and (sort of) language.  None of the microstates ever truly had many of the characteristics of countries, despite their international recognition as independent states.  They are unique from Malta and other small states in many regards and when Malta is included in the list, that uniqueness is blurred.  Alcuin 21:18, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * So why is Malta still on this page? It's a full member of the EU.  It's larger in population than Iceland, nearly the population of Montenegro and Luxembourg, and unlike Montenegro and Luxembourg it's a logical grouping of islands, not a remnant of border fights between empires.  It's about the same area as several other island nations.
 * Or put the other way around, why is Luxembourg excluded from this list? Should Kosovo be added?  Randall Bart    Talk   19:34, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

"Unique"
How can five things all be "unique survivors"? I suggest changing this to "the only survivors", "unusual survivors" or "rare survivors" as appropriate. - Trezatium 15:50, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

In fact the whole sentence ("These states are unique survivors of earlier times in European history") is quite meaningless. I suggest cutting it out. Trezatium 18:31, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Åland
if Åland is to be included, then we don't have much of a choice than to include luxembourg and cyprus. and there wouldn't be a good reason for keeping out montenegro, as it's only a tiny bit larger than Åland. if there are persons who argue luxembourg is not small enough, what do we do about cyprus, montenegro and aland? is it not reasonable to ask that a "microstate" be at least smaller than 10,000km2?

Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey as (British) Crown dependencies
Should not the states that hold Crown dependency status be included here? They are the Isle of Man, the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey. These states are independent of the British government in Westminster but are possessions of the British Crown. They are not members of the European Union. --Thefrood 19:21, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

OK, we now have a Dependencies section in which are listed "small autonomous territories, which are under the sovereignty of another state or monarch" - I still think this is wrong, a Crown dependency is not autonomous of the British government it is independent of the British Government having its own legislative, judiciary and executive. The confusion I think comes from the executive branch of government. The executive branch for the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey is the Duke of Normandy and the executive branch for the Isle of Man is the Lord of Mann, both the Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann have their own Privy councils independent of any Privy council related to the British monarchy. Now just because the holder of the titles Duke of Normandy and the Lord of Mann is also the British monarch does not mean that a Crown dependency is governed by the British monarch. Remember it was the Duke of Normandy that seized the English crown by force of arms in 1066. --Thefrood 14:12, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There is no reliable source cited in the article which provides that microstates have to be sovereign states. Quite the contrary Bremen has been referred to as a microstate within Germany's context (which Robynthehode has tried to "conceal" from this article). Whereas globally speaking there are references to Bermuda, Guam and so on as microstates. There is no reason on hand not to include dependent territories, like Gibraltar mentioned below. 203.145.94.36 (talk) 10:06, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

The islands relate directly to the person that is also the British monarch. Queen Elisabeth II is, for example, also head of state in Australia, which nevertheless qualifies as a independant state without doubt. So the link to the British monarch does not contradict independance status in my view. For example, if Great Britain should abolish monarchy, the three islands would probably still remain to be "dependencies" of Elisabeth II (or her successor), while having lost much of their link to the remaining state of Great Britain. If two of the three entities would also abolish monarchy, Elisbeth II or her successor Charles or William could remain to be head of state in the last entitiy, with the title of Duke of Normandy or Lord of Mann (as the case might be. In that situation, there would be little doubt about sovereignity. So why doubt it now? --Meerwind7

Canary Islands
Why are the Canary Islands included as a dependency? Just because they are an autonomous region? All of Spain is composed of autonomous regions. Currently Spain is organized in 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities. So it makes no sense that the Canary Islands are there. Other regions as, for example, the Basque Country enjoy a higher degree of autonomy. --Knorpel 03:43, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Should not the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (it is a British overseas territories located within Cyprus) be included in the Dependencies section? --Thefrood 14:23, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

I reckon so and I added them. Long live British Cyprus! YourPTR! (talk) 08:55, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It is a dependent territory, not a country/state. 2001:8003:9008:1301:D986:7DE0:BBC7:6B1A (talk) 08:48, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

Sealand
How about sealand? It's recognised by the Brit Gov.--86.139.49.174 (talk) 10:53, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Sealand is not a microstate rather it is a micronation. It claims it was recognized by the British Government, but that not mutual agreed to. In fact no country recognizes Sealand. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shocktm (talk • contribs) 17:55, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

"Sealand" was annexed by the UK in the 1980's when the UK extended its territorial waters to include the terriotry. "Sealand" is part of Britain. YourPTR! (talk) 08:57, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that the government of the Principality of Sealand hold the same views as the UK government regarding the Legal status of Sealand. --Thefrood (talk) 22:41, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Self-proclaimed micronations are not countries. 2001:8003:9008:1301:D986:7DE0:BBC7:6B1A (talk) 08:50, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

Republic of Ragusa
I think that Republic of Ragusa should not be listed here. There were in the past centuries plenty of small states, especially in Germany and Italy, and none of them is listed here. After the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1808, these small states could not even be considered part of the Holy Roman Empire. Laurusnobilis (talk) 20:54, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Re: microstate vs ministate
I did two Google Books searches for "micro-state/microstate" and "mini-state/ministate", using the names of the first five states listed in the Microstate article. The results showed that the difference in frequency between these two sets of terms is not significant (187 to 146), according to Wikipedia's naming conventions (WP:UE, at least). Thus, I thought it proper to give them equal billing in the first sentence. SamEV (talk) 18:44, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

"Cradel" is violating POV rule
Cradel, an avid supporter of Kosovo independence, has made it a point to create a map for this article that shows Kosovo as separate from Serbia. This is completely against the spirit of Wikipedia's article on Kosovo which aknowledges that the issues is still highly contested and debated, and that Wikipedia will not make the decision whether to take one side over the other. A vast majority of the world does NOT recognize Kosovo as independent so Cradel is clearly violating Wikipedia's rules. --24.150.77.3 (talk) 00:29, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I think this article should use a map with a dashed (- - -) Kosovo-Serbia border, instead of a solid one. SamEV (talk) 01:12, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Pointless... Then we have to discuss Ossetia, Transnistria, Abkhazia, and all of those complicated situations... When Kosovo enters all world maps, or at least the majority, we can talk about adding a dashed border. --  G OD OF  J USTICE 18:45, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't be ridiculous. None of those other entities you named have achieved such broad recognition as has Kosovo. SamEV (talk) 01:09, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
 * 2/3 of the world sees Kosovo as an integral part of Serbia. It doesn't come even close to the independence that all other states mentioned have (including UN membership - with Kosovo probably never becoming fully recognized as a country)... If it's a competition, more states see Kosovo as a Province. --  G OD OF  J USTICE 01:30, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
 * There you go: Kosovo is recognized by one third of all independent nations; Abkhazia, S Ossetia, and Transdniestria are not. Since that large a fraction of the world's countries is notable, some way to depict that amount of recognition should be found. A dashed line seems a quite sensible compromise to me.
 * But you would prefer an edit war, instead. Well, good luck with that. SamEV (talk) 02:45, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
 * So, I either share your POV, or else you're against me? ;)
 * Yes, Kosovo is recognized by more countries than S.O. and A., but not recognized by ALL countries, like the states mentioned in this article. If you add Kosovo, that opens the question of "where's the line"... if you understand what I mean. What's the "cut-off" number, which countries are "important enough", etc. And that is an endless discussion. Right now, only a minority of UN states recognize Kosovo as independent. Even if a majority did, it would still be open for discussion. Now is not the time to add in Kosovo. --  G OD OF  J USTICE 02:52, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I may not be able to tell you what the cut-off is, but I do know that one third of anything is notable. SamEV (talk) 03:04, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
 * P.S. Yes, I'm not on your side, but thanks, but no, thanks on the edit war. SamEV (talk) 03:13, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Did I mention the word "edit war"? What are you trying to say with that? If this is your attempt at confusing readers who look at the discussion, I can't say you're working in good faith. One third is notable, but it doesn't make Kosovo an internationally recognized state, such as the ones on the list. --  G OD OF  J USTICE 06:25, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The question is whether you are trying to confuse readers. Because I never said you spoke of edit war; it is clear that I was the one who called your choice to turn down a possible compromise as being (in effect) a choice for edit war. I did based on the very evidence before me: you're battling a certain Cradel, each changing the other's preferred map. So accusing me of trying to sow confusion smells of red herring.
 * The second, and I hope last point I'll have to make, is that it is precisely because I know that Kosovo is not as fully recognized as the other microstates that I proposed that a middle ground between Cradel's and your map would be one wherein Kosovo's boundaries are dashed. Good day. SamEV (talk) 07:01, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Memelland (Klaipéda)
Doesn't Klaipėda Region belong on this page, under "Historical Small Territories"? I can't find size data, but it would seem to be small enough to qualify. Jperrylsu (talk) 01:32, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Gibraltar is basically a microstate
We all agree. Thank you

Secondly, just because it takes 30mins to cross Luxembourg it doesn't mean it is not a microstate. I can assure you - it takes longer to cross Malta than Luxembourg..... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.34.140.221 (talk) 02:29, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Akrotiri, Dhekelia, and Gibraltar are possessions of the UKoGBaNI. They are not microstates because they are not states.  Man, Jersey, and Guernsey are independent states in personal union with the British Crown.  Lumping them both under the category "Dependencies" is not accurate.    Randall Bart    Talk   22:15, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

 * See above. 203.145.94.36 (talk) 10:07, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Man, Guernsey and Jersey are not independent. They have internal self-government, but their foreign affairs are run by the UK government. Also, the UK Home Secretary, as a minister to the Crown, has the right to intervene in the affairs of the islands. While Gibraltar's position is historically and constitutionally different, in practice it is much the same. The sovereign bases in Cyprus are in no sense comparable. They enjoy no self-government whatever and are most nearly comparable to Guantanamo Bay. Escoville (talk) 15:36, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Nope, Gibraltar is a dependent territory. It is not a country or state. 2001:8003:9008:1301:D986:7DE0:BBC7:6B1A (talk) 08:50, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

Sources?
This article reads pretty much like original research from the firt line to the last. Based on what are these six states in particular singled out as microstates? Malta's population is much larger than Iceland's, so I guess it's not population at any rate. Regardless of what it is, it's obvious that it's not sourced. At the moment, all this article represents is some Wikipedia user's opinions about which states are defined as "European microstates", and that is neither interesting nor relevant. Unless some good sources can be found for this artcile, it should be nominated for AfD as there is nothing to suggest it's noteworthy, relevant or even correct.JdeJ (talk) 14:30, 1 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Perhaps some of the users who voted keep in the AfD-discussion would care to address this point. In the discussion, it was claimed that there are a lot of such sources available, although none was presented that would define these six states as the European microstates. The article remains the personal opinion of some user.JdeJ (talk) 10:59, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Malta actually mentions this in the opening sentence. The only logic for it being considered a microstate seems to be the fact it's so mentioned on this article! I agree that both mis-uses of the term should be put right unless a definitive source officially listing Malta as a microstate is found. Pietru (talk) 11:06, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Malta is a microstate. All states smaller than 1000 km2 are micro. It's about surface, not population. Look, Monaco is the most densily populated state in the world (!!!) but it's still a microstate. And yes, I would also want to see some sources for the info in this article. But I searched the web myself and, except for Wikipedia, I haven't found anything! --93.122.133.83 (talk) 16:03, 22 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Can you give me a cite for the < 1000 km2 being the definition of microstate? If the source of the definition is Wikipedia this is original research.    Randall Bart    Talk   22:08, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Vevcani municipality
I've removed the section about the Vevcani municipality, since its independence appears to be no more than a joke. Unlike the other entities mentioned in the article, there doesn't seem to be any serious claim to its being a state or state-like entity. --Levin (talk) 18:41, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Reorganisation of the article
It seems that author abandoned this article so I guess we should rewrite it ourself. I think because there is no clear definition or list of microstates it will be good to put Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Monaco and Vatican as 5 undisputed microstates because they meet all possible criteria (population, area, special relationship with neighbors) and make section about proposed microstates where put Malta, Iceland, Luxembourg, Cyprus and Montenegro and discuss why they can be considered as microstates and why not. Please comment what you think about this idea. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thorbins (talk • contribs) 05:10, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Luxembourg, redux
One of the overlooked reasons for the inclusion of Luxembourg (but not Cyprus) as a microstate in English-language sources is size, as measured prior to the late 1970s. The United States, Great Britain, Ireland, and Canada all used the imperial system of measurement far longer than most of the rest of the world, (until the late 1970s at the very least), and Luxembourg is 999 square miles. If a figure of 1,000 square miles was established as the cutoff for a microstate, Luxembourg would qualify, as would Malta; Iceland, Cyprus, and Montenegro would not, as their area exceeds the 1,000 square mile figure. Consider that tables and charts of the 1960s and 1970s listed countries by size in thousands of square miles, with special notation used to indicate those of less than 1,000 square miles; this would be justification to list Luxembourg with the smaller states.  Horologium  (talk) 04:15, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

Disputing the status of Liechtenstein as 'the sole remaining polity of the Holy Roman Empire'.
Can't the same description be applied to Luxemborg, which was a grand duchy within the Holy Roman Empire? A duchy must be a part of a kingdom or empire; I think that Luxemborg was held to the Holy Roman Emperors, but others may be able to correct me. Ender's Shadow Snr (talk) 00:43, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Luxembourg is not considered the case, as within the German Confederation (i.e. 19th century successor of HRE as considered today) it was held by the Dutch monarch (this situation lasted until 1890, after German unification), and was therefore excluded from German unification as a foreign holding. Liechtenstein remained for a different reason, because of its location as non-bordered to the entities that have accepted the union. --Phanthanhtom (talk) 08:45, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The Free and Hanseatic cities of Bremen and Hamburg (mow Federal states within Germany) were also polities of the HRE. Luxembourg was taken away from that as a Duchy by the French in 1793. It was restored as a Grand Duchy within both the German Confederation and the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1814 as the successor (in a dynastic sense) to the Principality of Nassau-Orange which was lost to the Dutch King in that year. So whether the present Grand Duchy which became a sovereign state only in 1839 can be considered a former polity of the HRE is at least debatable. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 13:26, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Which is it?
"The Holy See is a unique sovereign entity under international law distinct from Vatican City with the pope as the head of both" "Unlike the Holy See, which is sovereign over the Vatican City, the Order has no territory."

Which is it? Is the Holy see distinct or is it the sovereign? The first is quoted from the Vatican city section and the second from Sovereign Military Order of Malta section. They conflict. Is the Holy See landless as first suggested or is it not?Serialjoepsycho (talk) 05:56, 23 February 2014 (UTC)
 * The Holy See (which is occupied by the Pope) is in charge of the State of the Vatican City. Much like the British Crown is sovereign over the UK of Greatbritain and Northern Ireland, so there's no real distinction. The Pope is the sovereign of the State of the Vatican City in his capacity as the one seated on the Holy See. The fact that ambassadors are accredited by the Holy See is no different from the fact that ambassadors to other countries are accredited to the sovereigns or heads of state of other nations. (to the Court of St. James for instance, or to the King of the Netherlands). The Holy See is simply the power that rules the State of The Vatican City. And the Pope (occupying that See)is the Sovereign of that State. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 13:16, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

 * There is no distinction between the Crown of the UK and the UK in international Law. While Elizabeth exists as the Crown of Multiple States there is no distinction between the crowns and their states. The Vatican and the Holy See are either distinct or they are not.Serialjoepsycho (talk) 18:02, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

 * The State and its sovereign or it's Head of State are two different things, even if International Law doesn't make a distinguishment between them. The Kingdom of Belgium is another thing than the King of the Belgians or even the People of Belgium. The Holy See (and it's temporary occupant) holds sovereignty over the State of the Vatican City. The Holy See is of course more that that as it also is the leading body of the worldwide RC Church. But it is still also the sovereign power over that particular state. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 19:32, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

 * It's sovereignty over the Vatican is clear. However the sovereignty of the Vatican City and the Sovereignty of the Holy See are separate and distinct. What is even more puzzling however is the inclusion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta which is distinctly not a state. It seems someone may be mistaking sovereignty with statehood.Serialjoepsycho (talk) 22:49, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Microstates linked to Russia
Shouldn't the Russian-sponsored microstates be mentioned here too, of course with the caveat that almost nobody else recognises them? Or are they not micro enough? I mean Transdnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh. 129.67.116.76 (talk) 06:08, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

 * There is a separate article on "de facto" states, which seems like a more appropriate place to discuss these entities. In one of the sources referenced here ("Microstates as Modern Protected States: Towards a New Definition of Micro-statehood), it is argued that while de facto states do indeed display certain similarities to microstates, their key unique feature is the lack of international recognition and all its political and economic consequences. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tehlirian (talk • contribs) 02:52, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

 * De facto states are not proper countries. Besides, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Nagorno Karabakh are located south of the Greater Caucasus, they are geographically parts of Asia, not Europe. 2001:8003:9008:1301:D986:7DE0:BBC7:6B1A (talk) 08:54, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

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Malta, Montenegro, Luxembourg, and Iceland
I wonder what is the inclusion criteria for European microstates? Why is Malta considered a European microstate? Its population (525,285) is 7-16 times more than the other five European microstates. Malta also has a bigger population than Iceland (366,425) and it is no too far behind Luxembourg (632,275) and Montenegro (621,718) either. Why wouldn't Iceland, Luxembourg, and Montenegro be classified as European microstates too? 2001:8003:9008:1301:D986:7DE0:BBC7:6B1A (talk) 08:47, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:European microstates


text:
Talk:Angua

Untitled
The fact that Angua is a werewolf is a spoiler for Men at Arms. We should shift the fact out of the introduction (though it is going to make saying anything else about her rather difficult). DJ Clayworth 15:12, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * ...who on Earth would consider this part of "WikiProject Dogs"!? o.O ETA: FOr clarification, I do realize they have a "if it was a dog, even if only briefly..." descriptor. But she's NOT a dog. She turns into a WOLF, which is somewhat different. Wolves are closely related, to the point of technically being capable of interbreeding at times, but they're NOT dogs.

title: Talk:Angua


text:
Greater German People's Party

The Greater German People's Party (German Großdeutsche Volkspartei, abbreviated GDVP) was a German nationalist and national liberal political party during the First Republic of Austria, established in 1920.

Foundation
After World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the German nationalist and "German-Liberal" camp, which was fragmented into many splinter parties and factions, formed the largest group in the Provisional National Assembly of German Austria with 102 representatives, ahead of the Socialists and the Catholic Christian Socials. In 1919, the 17 different groupings and clubs formed a federation, the Greater German Association (Großdeutsche Vereinigung), led by the former Linz mayor Franz Dinghofer. As delegate of the Provisional Assembly, Dinghofer was elected one of its three presidents on 21 October 1918, together with the Socialist Karl Seitz and the Christian Social politician Jodok Fink. Under his presidency, the assembly voted for the accession to the German Reich and declared German Austria a republic.

On a 1920 convention in Salzburg, the Greater German Association was transformed into a single party, the German nationalist and antisemitic Greater German People's Party. The only nationalist parties which did not join were the German Workers' Party and the rural Landbund. The party did not have a strong organisation but instead was supported by people who were nationalistic but not generally involved or interested in politics. The party received strong support from students, teachers and bureaucrats.

Ideology
The party supported the creation of a Volksgemeinschaft or people's community. They called for the unification of Austria with Germany and free trade.

Support
During the First Republic the party never won more than 17% in elections. However, from 1921 to 1932, it was the junior partner of the Austrian Federal Government, in a coalition with the Christian Social Party, providing the Vice-Chancellors in the cabinets of Johann Schober, Ignaz Seipel and Rudolf Ramek. From 1927, the similar oriented Landbund took the Greater Germans' position as coalition partner.

Chancellor Johann Schober (in office 1921–22, 1930–31), although not a party-member, was considered to be close to the German nationalists. With the rise in support for the Austrian Nazi Party in the early 1930s, the Greater German People's Party lost numerous members to the Nazis and the paramilitary Heimwehr forces. On 15 May 1933, the party's radicalised remnants formed an action group ("Kampfgemeinschaft") with the National Socialists and eventually merged with the Nazi party during 1933–34. With the implementation of the Austrofascist dictatorship of the Federal State of Austria in 1934, all parties were banned. Upon the 1938 Anschluss to Nazi Germany, many former members joined the German Nazi Party.

Legacy
The Greater German People's Party represented the Austrian "Third Camp" (Drittes Lager) which traditionally has embraced pan-German nationalists and national liberals (in Austria "German-Liberals"). The Third Camp was revived after World War II in form of the Federation of Independents and later the Freedom Party of Austria.

title: Greater German People's Party


text:
Talk:Turing degree

Untitled
How does the Turing degree relate to other measures of computability, such as the arithmetical, analytical, or polynomial hierarchy? The answer to "Post's problem", mentioned in the article, indicates that there are Turing degrees between the recursive problems and the halting problem, but how do these in-between degrees map onto the arithmetical, analytical, or polynomial hierarchies? Does anyone know? (I apologize if my question is confused, btw). Thank-you to anyone who answers! :-)

 * The polynomial hierarchy is entirely computable (it is a hierarchy of complexity, not computability), so it does not relate in any interesting way to Turing degrees. The arithmetical and analytical hierarchies, on the other hand, are directly related to Turing degrees.  I don't have the time or the material (at hand or in memory) to write the details here, but basically, if I am not mistaken, a set is arithmetical iff it is computable from a finite interation of the Turing jump (starting with recursive sets); Post's problem is at level 1 of the arithmetical hierarchy, it is simply not universal for it (so it is not the Turing jump of 0).  The analytical hierarchy is more complicated to understand in such terms, but it is also closely related.  For more details, see the final chapters in Roger's book (ISBN 0262680521). --Gro-Tsen 02:58, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * :I only had time to check this again now. Thank-you, Gro-Tsen!

plans for clean up
This article is listed as needing cleanup. Since it is such a well-known topic, not just in mathematics but in computer science, some discussion before editing is probably worthwhile. Here is a possible outline for an improved version. I also think we could redirect [Post's problem] to this page, after the edit.
 * Intro paragraph
 * Definition of Turing reducibility and Turing degree. C.e. degrees.
 * Semilattice operations; ideals.
 * Survey of structural properties. With references to nontrivial results.
 * Post's problem; the priority method. Nontechnical overview of this classical topic.
 * Important results.  Statements only.  References to published surveys.
 * Other degree structures.
 * References.

I hope that someone else has some opinions about what should go in this article. CMummert 18:44, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

I have now implemented some of the ideas above. I removed the cleanup tag, because I think that I have accomplished that goal. Once more articles about degree structures are available, I will add some links to them. I decided not to include ideals because any nontrivial discussion of them would be too technical, and I was hoping to get the article to a level that is readable by someone who took an undergrad CS course in computability.

I intentionally used HTML entities instead of TeX so that the article would be more readable; please discuss before changing everything to TeX.  CMummert 14:34, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Great work!
Thanks to CMummert for rewriting this article! I very much enjoyed reading it. One minor point: could you clarify what is meant by "Not all finite lattices can be embeded in the r.e. degrees." (naïvely, one might wonder whether the "embedding" is supposed to preserve meets and joins or just the partial order). --Gro-Tsen 15:39, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Confusing
I think this article could use a brief introduction explaining in simple mathematical language what precisely is being described here. I am hardly math- illiterate, but this was very difficult to understand. I would appreciate it if this article could be clarified and introduced better. Thanks RSido 03:20, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comment. I still don't see quite which sections of the article you're asking about ("the whole thing" isn't helpful).  Is the first section, entitled Turing equivalence, readable? If not, why not? Is there another section you had in mind? CMummert · talk 03:34, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I edited the introduction. Absent any more specific comments, I'll remove the confusing template in a few days. CMummert · talk 04:39, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Turing degrees densely ordered?
This article makes the claim that Turing degrees are not densely ordered. But in his review of A New Kind of Sceince (http://www.rudyrucker.com/pdf/wolfram_review.pdf), Rudy Rucker states that "not only are the Turing degrees densely ordered, they fail to be linearly ordered" (page 858). I take the latter to be an indication that they are partially ordered, but the former seems to contradict this article pretty directly. Anyone have any insights about this problem? Am I misreading something? Solemnavalanche (talk) 16:21, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It's a theorem of Clifford Spector that there is a minimal non-zero Turing degree. That is to say that there is a set M such that M is not recursive and for any X recursive in M, either M is recursive in X or X is recursive.  Consequently, the Turing degrees are not densely ordered.  Mon_oncle (talk) 16:41, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll take your word that it's a theorem, but in that case, what did Rucker mean? Perhaps he meant that some subsets of the Turing degrees are densely ordered? That seems to be implied later in this article (in the section on r.e. degrees). I'm just confused because, you know, it's in a peer reviewed journal and all, even if that particular article may not have been subjected to strict peer review.

 * Also, If my inference is correct (i.e. that the Turing degrees are not densely ordered, but include densely ordered subsets), shouldn't it be explicitly stated in the article somewhere? Solemnavalanche (talk) 17:08, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The Sacks Density Theorem asserts that the Turing degrees of the recursively enumerable sets are dense. Possibly, that is what is meant in the Rucker article, but the article is incorrect as written.  Mon_oncle (talk) 17:42, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

0″
On Computable number page it is said that decision problem "Given Turing machine, determine whatever it computes total function" is Turing degree 0″. Is it true? Maybe it is truly degree 0′ 83.23.20.209 (talk) 16:56, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Yes, it is true. Determining whether a Turing machine computes a total function is a ∀∃ (i.e., Π2) type question, because one must decide whether for all input there exists an execution trace showing that the machine halts, and it is pretty obvious that any ∀∃ question can be reduced to this kind; now the halting problem for 0′, that is 0″, is ∃∀, because to say that a 0′ machine halts means that there exists an execution trace showing that for all "does not halt" reply the halting oracle gave the corresponding Turing machine indeed does not halt (for all time). So this halting problem can be reduced to asking whether a certain Turing machine does not compute a total function. There is probably a more intuitive way of saying it which makes the Turing machine more explicit, but 0″ is undoubtedly the correct degree. --Gro-Tsen (talk) 12:01, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * [ Be careful about using double-prime in Wiki markup, as it is considered to be a mark of italics. I fixed your question. ]

Not a lattice?
The article currently states There are pairs of degrees with no greatest lower bound. Silly me, I don't understand. Isn't every degree greater than zero? User: Linas (talk) 03:05, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

 * 0 is always a lower bound, but in general not the greatest lower bound (=infemum). --Gro-Tsen (talk) 11:53, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Dohh, thanks. I wonder how this could be clarified; it seems like an important point. User: Linas (talk) 17:32, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

Not every degree less than 0′ is an r.e. degree.
Who did prove that and when? --Jobu0101 (talk) 18:01, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

Is this an example of intermediate turing degree problem?

 * https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/92503/how-strong-consistent-guessing-problem-is
 * http://people.csail.mit.edu/andyd/cg.pdf
 * https://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=710

If so, should that be placed on the page as an example of such a problem that has intermediate Turing degree? --70.31.88.62 (talk) 22:08, 3 March 2019 (UTC)

 * The consistent guessing problem is a set of languages; some of these languages have intermediate degree, but others have the same degree as the halting problem. So probably not worth mentioning as an example of intermediate degree, although it might be worth mentioning as a "zero injury" proof. (Actually, it's not clear to me that the language in question is computably enumerable, or even that it is reducible to the halting problem. So it might not have intermediate degree.) Ben Standeven (talk) 08:31, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Result contradicting quote in article?
I might be wrong but I think I have found a result refuting a sentence from the Order properties section. The article says "no infinite, strictly increasing sequence of degrees has a least upper bound", but supposedly Sacks's Degrees of Unsolvability (1963) proves that any countable set of Turing degrees has a minimal upper bound. (I don't have a copy of the original, I got this citation via a reference from Maximal Chains in the Turing Degrees.) If we were to take some countable strictly increasing chain of degrees, and look at the set of members of that sequence, by Sacks wouldn't it have a least upper bound? C7XWiki (talk) 02:26, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

 * For an infinite strictly increasing sequence of Turing degrees, a minimal upper bound always exists, but is never unique, hence there is no least upper bound. I added a sentence to that effect to the article. Dmytro (talk) 03:53, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Turing degree


text:
Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXI, alternatively 21st Dynasty or Dynasty 21) is usually classified as the first Dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian Third Intermediate Period, lasting from 1077 BC to 943 BC.

History
After the reign of Ramesses III, a long, slow decline of royal power in Egypt followed. The pharaohs of the Twenty-first Dynasty ruled from Tanis, but were mostly active only in Lower Egypt, which they controlled. This dynasty is described as 'Tanite' because its political capital was based at Tanis. Meanwhile, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes effectively ruled Middle and Upper Egypt in all but name. The later Egyptian Priest Manetho of Sebennytos states in his Epitome on Egyptian royal history that "the 21st Dynasty of Egypt lasted for 130 years".

title: Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt


text:
Kizil

Kizil may refer to:

People

 * Bahar Kizil (born 1988), German singer-songwriter

Places

 * Kizil Caves, Buddhist rock-cut caves located near Kizil Township
 * Kızıl Kule, main tourist attraction in the Turkish city of Alanya
 * Kızılırmak River, longest river in Turkey
 * Kyzyl, capital of the Tuva Republic in Russia
 * Kizil, a former name for Ștefan Vodă city, Moldova

title: Kizil