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Samuel Roth

Samuel Roth (1893 - July 3rd, 1974) was an American publisher and writer. He was the plaintiff in the landmark 1957 case Roth v. United States, in which the United States Supreme Court redefined the constitutional test for determining which constitutes obscene material unprotected by the First Amendment. It became a template for the liberalizing First Amendment decisions in the 1960s.

Roth spent nine years in jail on state and federal obscenity convictions, spending eight years in Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary.

Background
Roth was born in 1893 in Nuszcze, then Galicia, now in Ukraine. His Hebrew name was "Mshilliam" (Meshulam). The family emigrated to the Lower East Side of Manhattan when he was four in 1897. He started working at age eight as an egg chandler, at 10 as a newsboy, and at 14 as a baker. By the age of 16, he was working for the New York Globe as a Lower East Side correspondent. When the paper folded, Roth became homeless but continued writing and publishing and attended Columbia University for a year on scholarship.

Successes (1920s)
Roth's early poetry was praised by Edwin Arlington Robinson, Louis Untermeyer, Maurice Samuel, and Ezra Pound, among others. It appeared in several respected magazines, such as The Maccabean and The Hebrew Standard, and in anthologies. His sequence of 18 sonnets, "Nustscha" (composed c. 1915-18) is an elegy to his hometown. His "Sonnets on Sinai" in The Menorah Journal depict the speaker of the poems planning to visit Sinai in order to return the Ten Commandments to God, after they have failed to obey God's covenant.

After World War I, Roth founded a bookshop. In 1921, he traveled to London to interview European writers with the hope of selling his essays to magazines. During this time, he wrote two books on the state of the "two worlds" (Europe and America) and the situation of Jews on both continents. Europe: A Book for America (Boni & Liveright, 1919) is a lengthy, prophetic poem on the decay of Europe and the promise of America. Now and Forever (McBride, 1925) is an imaginary "conversation" between Roth and British writer Israel Zangwill on the merits of Diaspora and Zionism for the Jewish people. Zangwill praised Roth for his "poetry and pugnacity."

In the mid-1920s, with money earned by establishing a school for teaching immigrants English, Roth founded four literary magazines. These included Beau, a forerunner of Esquire and perhaps the first American "men's magazine.” The most important products in his short-lived magazine empire were the quarterly Two Worlds and Two Worlds Monthly. He chose to publish (in some cases, without permission) some sexually explicit, contemporary authors, including (in Two Worlds Monthly), segments of James Joyce's Ulysses. Joyce won an injunction to stop Roth from printing these expurgated installments. Joyce's publisher Sylvia Beach, at the writer's urging, engineered an international protest in 1927 against Roth, although the nature of copyright law at the time made the charge of piracy debatable. Due to the well-organized protest of 167 authors against him, Roth became an international literary pariah, and Random House won its case to "de-censor" Ulysses in 1934.

Roth soon after published pirated editions of Lady Chatterley's Lover, most likely the first American to do so. After a raid on his Fifth Avenue warehouse by the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice in 1929, Roth spent over a year in prison on Welfare Island, and in Philadelphia, for distributing material deemed obscene.

Written under the pressures of bankruptcy, he published Jews Must Live, described by some critics as an example of Jewish self-hatred.

Jail (1930s)
Roth did well with his William Faro imprint in the early 1930s. His expurgated version of Lady Chatterley's Lover was a big seller, as were reprints of classic erotica (especially Mirbeau's Diary of a Chambermaid), from which books' explicit sex was excised. In 1931, Roth published an exposé of Herbert Hoover (The Strange Career of Mr. Hoover Under Two Flags) which sold extremely well.

However, he began to run afoul of the law as early as October 1929, when Roth, his brother Max Roth, and Henry Zolinsky (later known as Henry Zolan, an Objectivist poet who had edited The Lavender student poetry magazine at the City College of New York from 1923 to 1926 ) were arrested at a warehouse owned by the Golden Hind Press in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, a distribution point near New York City.

After 1933, due to a lack of money, Roth began distributing strictly banned pornography. He received illustrated books and pamphlets and sometimes left them in subway lockers for trusted customers. The FBI traced the works back to Roth, who therefore spent 1936 to 1939 in Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary. He also spent the years 1957 to 1961 there due to his conviction for distributing what was considered obscene and pandering to prurience in his advertisements.

Overall, his incarcerations included: There were several other cases where the charge was dismissed. In 1954, police raided the office of the Seven Sirens Press on Lafayette Street as well as Roth's apartment on the upper West Side, led by an assistant District Attorney. All books, correspondence, and furniture were removed from the office. Roth attempted to leave the apartment to make a telephone call and an altercation with a police officer occurred. After Roth promised not to sue, the case was dismissed due to vagueness of the search warrant and illegal methods of search and seizure.
 * 1928: 3 months in New York "workhouse" for possessing indecent materials with intent to sell
 * 1929: 6 months imprisonment in "Detention Headquarters, NYC" for violation of parole: occurred after NY Society for the Suppression of Vice raided Roth's Fifth Avenue warehouse and found copies of Lady Chatterley's Lover, Ulysses, Fanny Hill, other titles and pictures
 * 1930: 2 months in Moyamensing Prison, remanded after serving time in New York for selling obscene books (including Ulysses) in Philadelphia
 * 1934: $100 fine (otherwise 20 days in jail)
 * 1936-1939: incarceration at Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary
 * 1957-1961: incarceration at Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary

Hiss Case connections (1940s)
In the mid-1920s, Roth received poems by Whittaker Chambers (common friend of Henry Zolinsky and Louis Zukofsky) in his magazine Two Worlds Quarterly.

During the 1940s, Roth had David George Plotkin write a number of books for him. In 1946, Plotkin published The Plot Against America, an exposé of U.S. Senator Burton K. Wheeler. Though Roth did not publish the book, an incensed Wheeler asked the FBI to investigate, which shared Plotkin's file with the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). In the process, the government made a connection between Plotkin and Roth. In 1948, Roth wrote one of the attorney's of Alger Hiss and offered to testify before HUAC that Whittaker Chambers had written poems for Roth during the 1920s under the alias "George Crosley"–the only person aside from Hiss himself ever willing to testify such. The Hiss defense team chose not to use Roth's deposition. (One of Roth's daughters later claimed that Roth had offered this testimony at least partly because of his "hatred for Communism and Communists.")

During United States v. Alger Hiss (1949), the Hiss defense team used "Tandaradei," an erotic poem of Chambers' that Roth had published in June 1926, to imply that Chambers was homosexual.

Mail order (1940s)
After 1940, Roth conducted most of his business via mail order. Using a combination of literary reprints, celebrity worship, criminal exploits, and political exposes, all touted as daringly salacious, he brought the Times Square entertainment carnival to every corner of America. Since the postal inspectors periodically declared "unmailable" letters to and from the business names he used, he changed those frequently. "Dame Post Office," as he referred to the Post Office Department, had to set up a special unit solely for his enterprises. By the time he re-entered Lewisburg as a result of his conviction in the 1957 case Roth v. United States, he had devised over 60 names for his "presses" or "book services." During this time, he published My Sister and I (1953), supposedly written by Friedrich Nietzsche when he was in a mental hospital near the end of his life. Another book was ghost-written by scholar of erotica Gershon Legman: The Sexual Conduct of Men and Women (1947). My Life and Loves in Greenwich Village (1955) was allegedly written by Maxwell Bodenheim, whom Roth employed during his last years. One of Roth's strangest publications was an exploitation of Marilyn Monroe's suicide, Violations of the Child Marilyn Monroe by "Her Psychiatrist Friend" (1962). Legman and his first wife also did a translation of Alfred Jarry's Ubu Roi, published under the title King Turd in 1953. George Sylvester Viereck's Men into Beasts (1955) was an account of his years in federal prison during World War II. Viereck was apparently a German agent. He was one of the anti-Semitic writers Roth befriended (Fritz Duquesne was another), although Roth continued to be an orthodox Jew throughout his life. Milton Hindus' fine study of Louis-Ferdinand Celine, The Crippled Giant, appeared in 1950; playwright Arthur Sainer's The Sleepwalker and the Assassin: A View of the Contemporary Theatre in 1964 (Roth continued publishing after his last stint in federal prison). Roth self-published his own works during the 1940s and 50s, including a novel about a naïve, virginal Italian immigrant discovering the plight of the working class in America, Bumarap (1947). While in prison for the last time, he wrote a fictionalized version of the ministry and crucifixion of Jesus, My Friend Yeshua (1961). The narrator, clearly a version of Roth, is given the mission of reconciling the Jewish and Christian peoples in the 20th century, a frequent theme in the 19th and earlier part of the 20th century.

Roth v. United States (1957)
Roth v. United States,, along with its companion case Alberts v. California, was a 1957 landmark case before the United States Supreme Court, which redefined the Constitutional test for determining what constitutes obscene material unprotected by the First Amendment.

Personal life and death
Roth may have been bisexual. He married Pauline Roth on May 18, 1917. They had three children together. During his career he used several aliases, including "Norman Lockridge" and "David Zorn."

Roth died age 79 on July 3, 1974, of complications from diabetes.

Legacy
Roth fought censorship laws. However, because he had no money or status and because of international protest, he was ignored by established writers and outbid by wealthier, better-connected publishers (Alfred A. Knopf, Thomas Seltzer, Bennett Cerf, and Horace Liveright). Roth did not ask for permission from some of the most famous writers he published not only in his underground publications but also in his trade imprint, William Faro, Inc.

Works
Books:
 * Broomstick Brigade (New York: Bloch Publishing, 1914)
 * "First Offering: A Book of Sonnets and Lyrics"
 * Europe: A Book for America (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1919)
 * Now and Forever: A Conversation with Mr. Israel Zangwill on the Jew and the Future, 1925
 * Stone Walls Do Not: The Chronicle of a Captivity, 1930
 * Lady Chatterley's Husbands: An Anonymous Sequel to the Celebrated Novel, Lady Chatterley's Lover (New York: William Faro, 1931)
 * Lady Chatterley's Lover: A Dramatization of His Version of D.H. Lawrence's Novel (New York: William Faro, 1931)
 * The Private Life of Frank Harris (New York: William Faro, 1931)
 * Songs Out of Season (New York: William Faro, 1932)
 * Jews Must Live: An Account of the Persecution of the World by Israel on All the Frontiers of Civilization (New York: The Golden Hind Press, 1934)
 * Dear Richard: A Letter to My Son in the Fighting Forces of the United States (New York: Wisdom House, 1942)
 * Peep-Hole of the Present: An Inquiry into the Substance of Appearance (New York: Philosophical Book-Club, 1945)
 * Bumarap: The Story of a Male Virgin (New York: Arrowhead Books, 1947)
 * Apotheosis: The Nazarene in Our World (New York: Bridgehead Books, 1957)
 * My Friend Yeshua (New York: Bridgehead Books, 1961)

Editing:
 * New Songs of Zion: A Zionist Anthology (New York: Judean Press, 1914)

Magazines edited:
 * Two Worlds Monthly; Devoted to the Increase of the Gaiety of Nations (New York: Two Worlds Publishing, 1926-????)
 * Two Worlds: A Literary Quarterly Devoted to the Increase of the Gaiety of Nations, 1925
 * Good Times: A Revue of the World of Pleasure, 1954-1956

Poems edited:
 * "Yahrzeit" (poem), The Nation (May 8, 1920)

Other:
 * "A Letter to Mr. J. C. Squire," The Nation (November 10, 1920)

title: Samuel Roth


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Geof Darrow

Geofrey "Geof" Darrow (born October 21, 1955) is an American comic book artist, best known for his work on comic series Shaolin Cowboy, Hard Boiled and The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot, which was adapted into an animated television series of the same name. He worked as a concept artist and storyboarder for The Matrix series of films. Darrow's approach to comics and art has been cited as an influence by a multitude of artists including Peter Chung, Frank Quitely, Seth Fisher, Eric Powell, Frank Cho, Juan José Ryp, James Stokoe, Chris Burnham, Aaron Kuder, Nick Pitarra,

Early life
Geofrey Darrow was born on October 21, 1955, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He attended a Catholic school for thirteen years. Darrow read comics, mostly DC, from an early age, but he only decided to pursue a career in illustration after first seeing Jack Kirby's work in Fantastic Four Annual #3. As a teenager, he encountered Maurice Horn's The World Encyclopedia of Comics, which contained excerpts from Lieutenant Blueberry illustrated by Jean Giraud, whose art further affected his outlook on comics. Darrow sought out all available Blueberry volumes, gradually moving to other European works, such as Jean-Claude Mézières' Valérian and Greg and Hermann's Bernard Prince.

Career
After graduating from Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, Darrow worked as a freelance illustrator for various advertising agencies. In the late 1970s, he moved to Los Angeles and joined Hanna-Barbera, where he worked as a character designer on a number of cartoon series, including Super Friends in its various incarnations. During his time in animation, Darrow became acquainted with such comic and animation industry figures as Jack Kirby, Alex Toth, Tex Avery and Dave Stevens. In 1982, Darrow met French comic book creator and his artistic idol Mœbius, who was staying in Los Angeles while working on Tron for Disney. Upon learning that Darrow is an artist interested in creating comics, Mœbius arranged a meeting for him with Les Humanoïdes Associés, the publisher of French science fiction anthology Métal Hurlant, and offered to collaborate on some sort of project. Eventually, Darrow moved to France to be able to work with Giraud more closely as the two were planning to produce a comic strip written by Mœbius and drawn by Darrow, but Giraud had left France for Tahiti two weeks after Darrow's arrival. Despite that, they were able to produce an art portfolio titled La Cité Feu, penciled by Darrow, inked and colored by Mœbius, published in 1984 by Éditions Ædena. The meeting with Les Humanoïdes Associés resulted in Darrow's first published comics work which was also the debut of his character Bourbon Thret. The following year, the story was reprinted in Geof Darrow Comics and Stories along with a new one, also starring Bourbon Thret, and several pin-ups colored by Mœbius, Tanino Liberatore and François Boucq. The volume was also released as a limited edition accompanied by Darrow Magazine, which mostly consisted of illustrated private jokes from various French comic artists. Mistaking the Magazine for an actual periodical publication, a number of artists contacted Darrow and sent him their portfolios in hopes of doing artwork for the magazine.

During one of their stays in Los Angeles, Mœbius introduced Darrow to Frank Miller, which led to a friendship and a number of comics collaborations. Darrow, Miller and Steve Gerber started developing a Superman series as part of the Metropolis proposal, then after the idea fell through, Miller offered Darrow to work on a Daredevil story he was writing that would delve into the character's origin. Eventually, Miller realized he didn't want to be the person to bring Darrow into the world of Big Two work-for-hire, and the two focused on developing their own story. As Darrow has never worked with a writer before, he often strayed from the script, prompting Miller to make a number of significant changes to the story. Between 1990 and 1992, Dark Horse published the three-issue mini-series titled Hard Boiled, which earned Miller and Darrow the 1991 Eisner Award in the "Best Writer/Artist Team" category. After Hard Boiled, Darrow wanted to do a superhero story, specifically, an Iron Man story, although Marvel wasn't interested. Miller and Darrow started developing the concept into their next project, The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot. This time, they worked in the so-called "Marvel style": Miller wrote a few paragraphs describing the general plot, from which Darrow drew the eighty-page story, which Miller then wrote the dialogue over. Between 1993 and the series' first issue, released in 1995, the characters of Big Guy and Rusty appeared in a number of Darrow-illustrated posters and pin-ups, occasionally crossing over with other creator-owned characters such as Spawn and Ash. In 1994, Dark Horse started a new imprint titled Legend, spear-headed by Frank Miller and John Byrne and encompassing works by various creators including Art Adams, Mike Mignola and Darrow. The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot was published in two issues in 1995 and 1996 under the Legend imprint. Between the release of the first and the second issues, the characters also appeared in two issues of Mike Allred's Madman, which was also published under the Legend imprint at the time. The comic book was later adapted into a 26-episode animated series of the same name, produced by Columbia TriStar Television and Dark Horse Entertainment, airing for two seasons from 1999 to 2001.

After finishing Big Guy and Rusty, Darrow decided to return to his Bourbon Thret character but felt he needed to "adapt" him for the American audience.

I've always liked the character, and I wanted to do it again, but I thought "well, that’s an odd name. No one in the United States will like it, it’s just too odd. What can I call him?" I like Westerns and I like martial arts movies, so it's like taking a page from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. It's an odd two things to put together, so that's what I decided to call him. Shaolin Cowboy instead of Bourbon Thret. <...> I told Frank Miller I wanted to do something like a western, and Frank says "whatever you do, don’t put cowboy in the title! That doesn’t sell!" So of course I followed his advice.

Meanwhile, relative unknowns the Wachowskis (having only directed the 1996 film Bound, as a low budget "audition piece"), impressed by Darrow's art for Hard Boiled, wanted to work with him on their production for The Matrix. Warner Bros. contacted Darrow, and after reading the script he agreed to work on the film. Wachowskis also brought comic book artist Steve Skroce from their short stint on Epic Comics' Ectokid, and the two proceeded to work on the concepts and storyboards which, when finished, played a pivotal role in getting the movie greenlit and financed. The Wachowskis later brought in Darrow as the conceptual designer on Speed Racer, although his contributions were significantly smaller compared to The Matrix trilogy. In 1999, shortly after the release of the first Matrix film, the Wachowskis announced they'll be working on an animated adaptation of Hard Boiled but the project was cancelled due to Miller not wanting to see his creation as an animated film. In 2019, Warner Bros. announced that Darrow and Skorce will be returning as storyboard artists and concept designers for the production of the fourth installment of The Matrix.

After finishing work on The Matrix trilogy, the Wachowskis set up a publishing house, Burlyman Entertainment, for which Darrow provided the logo illustration. Burlyman's output consisted of two paperbacks of The Matrix Comics collecting the short comic stories from The Matrix website, as well as seven issues of Darrow's Shaolin Cowboy, published between 2005 and 2007, and six issues of Doc Frankenstein, a Wachowskis-written and Skroce-drawn series originating from a concept developed by Darrow, which he described as "Doc Savage meets Citizen Kane".

In 2009, it was announced that the Wachowskis and Circle of Confusion were producing an animated feature of Shaolin Cowboy, subtitled Tomb of Doom, written and co-directed by Darrow, and animated by Madhouse. Darrow spent a year living in Japan and working on the production which was halted after the American financiers, The Weinstein Company, backed out. Around half of the footage was finished, and some of the completed scenes and pencil tests were shown at San Diego Comic Con in 2012 and Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo in 2015. The film was supposed to feature a sequence animated by Masaaki Yuasa. In 2012, Shaolin Cowboy resumed publication at Dark Horse with a 96-page book stylized as a pulp magazine containing a Shaolin Cowboy prose story written by Andrew Vachss (with whom Darrow has had a working relationship dating back to the early 90s) with spot illustrations by Darrow, a prose story by Michael A. Black with spot illustrations by Gary Gianni and one-page strips written and drawn by Darrow. The book was followed by The Shaolin Cowboy, a four-issue mini-series subtitled Shemp Buffet for the collected edition, and The Shaolin Cowboy: Who Will Stop the Reign?, another four-issue mini-series, which incorporated some the visual ideas from the unfinished animated feature.

In 2015, DC Comics announced Darrow as the artist for the supplemental mini-comic to the third issue of Frank Miller and Brian Azzarello's The Dark Knight III: The Master Race, as well as the variant covers for issues 3 and 4, though none of his contributions were ultimately realized. Meanwhile, Dark Horse issued a press release announcing the first English-language collection of the Bourbon Thret strips, to be partially re-colored by Dave Stewart. Since then, Dark Horse has re-released Hard Boiled and The Big Guy and Risty the Boy Robot with new coloring by Stewart as well as the entirety of Shaolin Cowboy in a uniform format. As of 2019, the Bourbon Thret collection still hasn't been released.

Over the course of his career, Darrow has contributed storyboards and conceptual designs for a number film productions, many of which ended up cancelled, including J. J. Abrams' Superman: Flyby, an animated feature by Ridley Scott, one of Hollywood's attempts at adapting Akira and Alex Proyas' adaptation of Paradise Lost. Outside of comics and film, Darrow has contributed artwork to a number of trading card series, including Magic: The Gathering, Star Wars Galaxy, Witchblade, The Shadow and Madman, as well as promotional posters, CD covers and role-playing games. Darrow also serves on the national advisory board of PROTECT: The National Association to Protect Children.

Awards

 * 1991: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest Artist (for Hard Boiled - Dark Horse)
 * 1991: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinnerBest Writer/Artist or Writer/Artist Team (with Frank Miller, for Hard Boiled - Dark Horse)
 * 1996: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinnerBest Penciller/Inker (for The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot - Dark Horse/Legend)
 * 2005: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest Best Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment)
 * 2005: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest New Series (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment)
 * 2006: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinnerBest Writer/Artist (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment)
 * 2012: PROTECT Messenger Award
 * 2012: Inkpot Award

Influences
Darrow has stated in interviews that he considers Jack Kirby, Hergé, Mœbius (to whom he dedicated The Shaolin Cowboy: Who Will Stop the Reign?), Jean-Claude Mézières, Hermann, François Boucq, Osamu Tezuka, Katsuhiro Otomo, Sanpei Shirato, Vaughn Bode, Jack Davis, Richard Corben, as well as the films of Anthony Mann  as his artistic influences. Shaolin Cowboy in particular was inspired by the television series Kung Fu, Akira Kurosawa’s Yojimbo and Shintaro Katsu's portrayal of Zatoichi.

Television
Darrow contributed character designs to a number of Hanna-Barbera cartoon shows: He's also credited as "model designer" for CBS' Garbage Pail Kids (1987) and "monster designer" for the adaptation of The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (1999–2001).
 * Super Friends (1981–1983)
 * Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984)
 * The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985)
 * Richie Rich (1982)
 * Pac-Man (1983)
 * The Biskitts (1983)
 * Pink Panther and Sons (1984)

Early work

 * La Cité Feu (eight-plate full-color portfolio created in collaboration with Mœbius, Ædena, 1984)
 * Métal Hurlant #101: "Bourbon Thret: Terreur Paroissiale" (w/a, anthology, Les Humanoïdes Associés, 1984)
 * A colorized version of the story with rearranged layouts was reprinted in English as "Bourbon Thret: Parochial Terror" in Heavy Metal vol. 8 #12 (1985)
 * A recolored version of the story with the Heavy Metal layouts was reprinted in French as "La Paroisse Infernale" in Geof Darrow Comics and Stories (1986)
 * L'Univers de Gir: "Hommage à Gir" (black-and-white illustration for an interview with Mœbius conducted by Darrow, 94 pages, Dargaud, 1986, ISBN 2-2050-2945-2)
 * La bande à Renaud: "Au pays des Gavroches" (two-page full-color illustration, anthology graphic novel, 44 pages, Dargaud, 1986, ISBN 2-9061-8701-1)
 * Airboy vol. 2 #12: "I Don't Need My Grave, Part Two" (inks on Bill Jaaska, written by Chuck Dixon, co-feature, Eclipse, 1986)
 * East Meets West (ten-plate full-color portfolio story about the adventures of Bourbon Thret and Clint Eastwood, Ædena, 1986)
 * Geof Darrow Comics and Stories (w/a, full-color, 55 pages, Ædena, 1986, ISBN 2-9050-3534-X)
 * Contains a new Bourbon Thret story, "Les Requins aussi aiment le Cola-Cola", and several pin-ups.
 * Reprinted by Dargaud under the Neopolis imprint as Bourbon Thret (45 pages, 1995, ISBN 2-8405-5053-9)
 * Les Magiciens d'eau: "Sead" (w/a, anthology graphic novel, 44 pages, Bandes Originales, 1987, ISBN 2-9071-3200-8)
 * A black-and-white version of the story with rearranged layouts was reprinted in Dark Horse Presents #19 (Dark Horse, 1988)
 * Original version of the story was reprinted in black and white in Crisis Presents #3: Second Xpresso Special (Fleetway, 1991)
 * Strip AIDS U.S.A.: "Untitled" (w/a, one-page story, anthology graphic novel, 140 pages, Last Gasp, 1988, ISBN 0-8671-9373-5)
 * Pilote et Charlie #27: "Un Américain à Paris" (two-page full-color illustration for an article, anthology, Dargaud, 1988)
 * The Rocketeer Adventure Magazine #2–3 (uncredited art assist to Dave Stevens, Comico, 1988; Dark Horse, 1995)

Dark Horse Comics

 * Cheval Noir (black-and-white anthology, 1989–1991):
 * Title page illustrations in #1–2, 4, 6, 9–10, 12 and 14.
 * Back cover illustrations in #1–6, 8–9, 11, 13–15, 17 and 18.
 * Table of Contents illustrations in #1–2, 4–5, 7–8, 11, 13, 16–17 and 19.
 * Humorous one-page stories about Darrow's career (written and illustrated by Darrow) in #3 and 4.
 * The Godzilla Portfolio #2 (one black-and-white plate reproducing a pin-up from Geof Darrow Comics and Stories, 1989)
 * Hard Boiled #1–3 (a, with Frank Miller, 1990–1992) collected as Hard Boiled (tpb, 128 pages, 1993, ISBN 1-8785-7458-2, hc, 144 pages, 1993, ISBN 1-5697-1049-X)
 * An unlettered and uncolored version of the story was released in an oversized edition titled Big Damn Hard Boiled (tpb, 128 pages, 1998, ISBN 1-5697-1323-5)
 * A recolored version of the story was released as part of a series of Darrow reprints (hc, 136 pages, 2017, ISBN 1-5067-0107-8)
 * Another Chance to Get It Right (black-and-white illustrations for the novella written by Andrew Vachss, among other artists):
 * 18-page sequence in the first edition of the book (sc, 64 pages, 1992, ISBN 1-5697-1115-1, hc, 1993, ISBN 1-8785-7435-3)
 * Additional 4 full-page illustrations for the third edition (sc, 88 pages, 2003, ISBN 1-5697-1832-6)
 * Hard Looks (black-and-white illustrations for prose stories written by Andrew Vachss):
 * "Head Case" (in #8 of the anthology series, 1993)
 * "Half Breed: Death Trap" (in the third edition of the tpb, 208 pages, 2002, ISBN 1-5697-1831-8)
 * Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot #1–2 (a, with Frank Miller, Legend, 1995–1996) collected as Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (tpb, 80 pages, 1996, ISBN 1-5697-1201-8)
 * An unlettered and uncolored version of the story was released in an oversized edition titled King-Size Big Guy and Rusty (tpb, 72 pages, 1997, ISBN 1-5697-1191-7)
 * A recolored version of the story was released as part of a series of Darrow reprints (hc, 104 pages, 2015, ISBN 1-6165-5853-9)
 * Art Adams' Creature Features (foreword for the collection, 108 pages, 1996, ISBN 1-5697-1214-X)
 * Aliens: Havoc #1 (one page, inks on Gary Gianni, written by Mark Schultz, 1997)
 * Dark Horse Presents (anthology, 2011–2017):
 * Black-and-white back cover and spot illustrations (in vol. 2 #1–15, 17–36 and vol. 3 #1–33)
 * Black-and-white and full-color illustrations for Andrew Vachss-penned prose stories (in vol. 2 #10–11 and 13)
 * "A Conversation with Geof Darrow" (interview conducted by Mike Richardson; in vol. 2 #22 and on Dark Horse's blog)
 * "Terror Comes Forth on the Fourth!!!!!!" (w/a, Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot short story + a pin-up gallery, in vol. 3 #1)
 * Shaolin Cowboy (w/a):
 * The Adventure Magazine (with Andrew Vachss, Michael A. Black and Gary Gianni, 96 pages, 2012, ISBN 1-6165-5056-2)
 * The Shaolin Cowboy #1–4 (2013–2014) collected as Shaolin Cowboy: Shemp Buffet (hc, 136 pages, 2015, ISBN 1-6165-5726-5)
 * Who'll Stop the Reign? #1–4 (2017) collected as Shaolin Cowboy: Who'll Stop the Reign? (hc, 128 pages, 2017, ISBN 1-5067-0365-8)
 * Usagi Yojimbo Volume 27: A Town Called Hell (foreword for the collection, hc, 208 pages, 2013, ISBN 1-5958-2969-5; tpb, ISBN 1-5958-2970-9)
 * Lead Poisoning: The Pencil Art of Geof Darrow (artbook with commentary from various comic industry creators, 128 pages, 2017, ISBN 1-5067-0364-X)

Other publishers

 * XXXenophile #9: "Tales of the Velvet Fist: Occupational Hazard" (inks on Phil Foglio, anthology, Palliard Press, 1994)
 * Shi: Senryaku #1 (of 3) (two-page illustration for a prose story written by Gary Cohn, among other artists, Crusade, 1995)
 * A Fall of Stardust: Portfolio (one full-color plate, Green Man Press, 1999)
 * Bits and Pieces of Information (a, with the Wachowskis, webcomic, Warner Bros., 1999) collected in The Matrix Comics Volume 1 (tpb, 160 pages, 2003, ISBN 1-9327-0000-5)
 * The Art of the Matrix (includes conceptual designs and storyboards created by Darrow for the film accompanied by his commentary, 488 pages, Gardners, 2000, ISBN 1-8402-3173-4)
 * Shaolin Cowboy #1–7 (w/a, Burlyman Entertainment, 2004–2007) collected as Shaolin Cowboy (tpb, 208 pages, 2014, ISBN 1-9327-0040-4; hc, Dark Horse, 2018, ISBN 1-5067-0903-6)
 * TOME Volume 1: "Ben Templesmith in Conversation with Geof Darrow" (anthology graphic novel, 200 pages, IDW Publishing, 2013, ISBN 1-6314-0459-8)
 * DMFAO + DMFAO Too + DMFAO Tree + DMFAO For (series of self-published sketchbooks sold at the San Diego Comic-Con, 2013–2016)
 * Frank Cho's Women: Selected Drawings and Illustrations Volume 2 (foreword for the artbook, hc, 80 pages, Image, 2013, ISBN 1-6070-6636-X; sc, ISBN 1-6070-6751-X)
 * Where We Live: "Ordinary Devotion" (illustration for a prose story written by Jennifer Battisti, anthology graphic novel, 336 pages, Image, 2018, ISBN 1-5343-0822-9)

Cover illustrations
• Daredevil/The Punisher: Child's Play tpb (Marvel, 1988)

• Dark Horse Presents #19, 100-3, 135 (Dark Horse, 1988–1998)

• Dark Horse Futures #2 (Dark Horse, 1989)

• Cheval Noir #2 (Dark Horse, 1990)

• Comics' Greatest World: Vortex #3 (Dark Horse, 1993)

• Ray Winninger's Underground (Mayfair Games, 1993)

• Madman Adventures tpb (jam cover) (Tundra, 1993)

• Ammo Armageddon gn (Atomeka, 1993)

• Showcase '94 #11 (DC Comics, 1994)

• Wizard #31 (jam cover) (Wizard Entertainment, 1994)

• Madman Comics #6–7 (with Mike Allred) (Legend, 1995)

• Andrew Vachss' Cross #0–6 (Dark Horse, 1995–1996)

• Concrete: Think Like a Mountain #1–6 (Dark Horse, 1996)

• Oblivion #3 (Comico, 1996)

• The Warrior of Waverly Street #1–2 (Dark Horse, 1996)

• Transmetropolitan #1–3, 22–24 (Helix/Vertigo, 1997–1999)

• Here Come the Big People #1 (Event, 1997)

• Shattered Europe Sourcebook (Onyx Path, 1998)

• The Terminator Special #1 (Dark Horse, 1998)

• Inhumans vol. 2 #2 (Marvel Knights, 1998)

• Tincan Man #1 (Image, 1999)

• Rodéo #582 (Semic, 2000)

• Hard Looks tpb (3rd ed.) (Dark Horse, 2002)

• Another Chance to Get It Right sc (3rd ed.) (Dark Horse, 2003)

• The Matrix Comics Volume 1 tpb (Burlyman Entertainment, 2003)

• Doc Frankenstein #1 (Burlyman Entertainment, 2004)

• The Last Christmas #1 (Image, 2006)

• Daredevil #500 (Marvel, 2009)

• The War That Time Forgot #11 (DC Comics, 2009)

• Fallout: New Vegas – All Roads gn (Dark Horse, 2010)

• G.I. Combat featuring Haunted Tank #1 (DC Comics, 2010)

• Fantastic Four #579 (Marvel, unreleased)

• Marvel Zombies 5 #4 (Marvel, 2010)

• First Wave #4 (DC Comics, 2010)

• Superman #704 (DC Comics, unreleased)

• Conan the Cimmerian #25 (Dark Horse, 2010)

• The Incredible Adventures of Doc Atlas (Oak Tree, 2011)

• Godzilla: Gangsters and Goliaths #1, 5 (IDW Publishing, 2011)

• Jurassic Park: Dangerous Games #1 (IDW Publishing, 2011)

• Dark Horse Presents vol. 2 #4, 22 (Dark Horse, 2011–2013)

• Hawken #5 (IDW Publishing, 2012)

• Wolverine #300 (Marvel, 2012)

• Hit-Girl #4 (Icon, 2012)

• Deadpool vol. 3 #1–5 (Marvel, 2013)

• Peter Panzerfaust #15 (Shadowline, 2013)

• God Hates Astronauts #1 (Image, 2014)

• Ant-Man #2 (Marvel, 2015)

• New MGMT #1 (Dark Horse, 2015)

• Big Man Plans #3 (Image, 2015)

• Uncanny Avengers vol. 2 #1 (Marvel, 2015)

• Dark Horse Presents vol. 3 #24, 27 (Dark Horse, 2016)

• Rumble #15 (Image, 2016)

• Skybourne #1 (Boom! Studios, 2016)

• Ragnarök #11 (IDW Publishing, 2016)

• Monsters Unleashed vol. 2 #1 (Marvel, 2017)

• Aliens: Dead Orbit #1 (Dark Horse, 2017)

• Usagi Yojimbo vol. 4 #6 (IDW Publishing, 2019)

• Frankenstein Undone #5 (Dark Horse, unreleased)

• Post Americana #1 (Image, 2020)

Other work
• Cheval Noir #9 (fold out poster, Dark Horse, 1990)

• Superman Special (pin-up, DC Comics, 1992)

• Madman Adventures #3 (pin-up, Tundra, 1993)

• Spawn #11 (insert poster featuring Big Guy and Rusty, Image, 1993)

• SDCC Comics #2 (two-page Big Guy and Rusty pin-up, Dark Horse, 1993)

• The Shadow: In the Coils of the Leviathan #3 (poster, Dark Horse, 1994)

• The Sandman: A Gallery of Dreams (two-page pin-up, Vertigo, 1994)

• A Death Gallery (pin-up, Vertigo, 1994)

• Fantastic Four promotional poster (Marvel, 1994)

• Madman Comics #7 (pin-up featuring Rusty, Legend, 1995)

• Ash #3 (two-page pin-up featuring Big Guy and Rusty, Event, 1995)

• Dream Team (Sludge/Apocalypse pin-up, one-shot, Malibu, 1995)

• The Vertigo Gallery: Dreams and Nightmares (Shade, the Changing Man pin-up, 1995)

• Scud the Disposable Assassin #10 (black-and-white pin-up, Fireman Press, 1995)

• Hellboy Christmas Special (two-page Bourbon Thret pin-up, Dark Horse, 1997)

• Little White Mouse #1 (back cover illustration, Caliber, 1997)

• Metamorphosis (short animation for vachss.com, 1998)

• Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror #4 (two-page pin-up, Bongo, 1998)

• The Matrix Has You (pin-up for whatisthematrix.com, Warner Bros., 1999)

• Tony Millionaire's Sock Monkey vol. 2 #2 (black-and-white pin-up, Maverick, 1999)

• Hell and Back (A Sin City Love Story) #3 (black-and-white pin-up, Maverick, 1999)

• Gas Giants – From Beyond the Back Burner (CD cover, Atomic Pop Records, 1999)

• The Art of Usagi Yojimbo (black-and-white pin-up, Dark Horse, 2004)

• Dynamite Ham – I Believe in You (CD cover, La Di Da Records, 2005)

• Honey's Butterfly (illustration for The Zero's anniversary gallery, 2006)

• The Halo Graphic Novel (two-page pin-up, Marvel, 2006)

• Mouse Guard: Winter 1152 #1 (pin-up, Archaia, 2007)

• Daredevil #500 (two-page pin-up, Marvel, 2009)

• Rocketeer Adventures #2 (two-page pin-up, IDW Publishing, 2011)

• Monstrosis! #2 (black-and-white Shaolin Cowboy pin-up, SLG, 2011)

• Monsters & Dames #2 (pin-up featuring Shaolin Cowboy, Emerald City Comic-Con, 2011)

• Assassin's Creed (piece for an art exhibition held at Nakano Broadway, Ubisoft, 2012)

• Prophet Strikefile #2 (inside cover illustration, Extreme Studios, 2014)

• Tenth Annual Fantastic Fest poster (Alamo Drafthouse Cinema, 2014)

• Ennio Morricone – Big Gundown (CD cover, Mondo Records, 2015)

• Hellboy Winter Special #2 (pin-up, Dark Horse, 2017)

• John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum (poster, Summit Entertainment, unreleased)

• Godzilla vs. Hedorah (Blu-ray cover, part of the Criterion Godzilla box set, 2019)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Geof Darrow


text:
Agra division

Agra division is one of the 18 administrative geographical units of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It contains 4 districts i.e. Agra, Firozabad, Mainpuri and Mathura districts. The population of Agra Division was 11,304,646 as of 2011 census. Agra city is the headquarters of this division.

Districts

 * Agra
 * Mathura
 * Firozabad
 * Mainpuri

History
During the formation of state of Uttar Pradesh after independence, Agra division included districts of Agra, Aligarh, Mathura, Etah and Mainpuri. Firozabad district was created from Agra district on 2 February 1989. Later, Hathras district was carved out from Aligarh district on 3 May 1997. The then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Mayawati created a separate Aligarh division which contained the districts of Aligarh, Hathras, Etah and a newly created Kasganj district from Etah district on 15 April 2008.

title: Agra division


text:
ModiLuft

ModiLuft was a private airline based in Delhi, India. It operated on domestic routes until it shut down in 1996. It maintained high standards in flight safety, ground maintenance, and on-time performance owing to support from Lufthansa. ModiLuft's aircraft were configured in First, Business and Economy Class, making it the only private airline in India during its time to fly a three class configuration on domestic routes. It used Boeing 737-200 aircraft leased from Lufthansa and had an incident-free track record of flying.

History

ModiLuft was among the first of India's first post-deregulation airlines, launched in April 1993 by the Indian industrialist S. K. Modi, in technical partnership with the German flag carrier Lufthansa. The German airline provided pilots and trained ModiLuft's Indian staff including pilots, cabin crew, mechanics, and city and ground passenger handling staff. Lufthansa Technik provided maintenance, overhaul, and spares support. The airline project, started in February 1993 by Modi, Ashutosh Dayal Sharma, Yash Kohli, and Kanwar K. S. Jamwal, first flew from New Delhi to Mumbai on 5 May 1993. The airline commenced operations within three months of its conception. Kanwar K. S. Jamwal, General Manager Projects, was responsible for setting up the airline and its operations and put together a team of Indian and German engineers and pilots. Capt. R L. Kapur was the Managing Director, and Wing. Cdr. S. Raj (Retd.) Capt. Manoj Airon along with a team of able airline experts, R. K. Anand and Kavita Batra, helped in meeting the aviation industry standards and in conforming to the Indian Aircraft Rules set by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. The first two batches of the cabin crew were trained at Lufthansa's flight crew training facility at Frankfurt. Modiluft was the only airline to achieve an average aircraft utilisation of a minimum 12 hours per day and an on-time departure CSAT score of 98.8% in India.

The two companies parted ways after the Indian partner accused Lufthansa of not abiding by its funding commitment. In turn, the German airline alleged that ModiLuft had defaulted on lease payments for the four Lufthansa aircraft. The relationship between the two parties soured in mid-1996 after Modi began putting pressure on Lufthansa to take a stake of up to 40 per cent in the Indian carrier. In May 1996, Lufthansa announced that they had decided to terminate their agreement with ModiLuft. The aircraft belonging to Lufthansa were grounded due to the litigation and ModiLuft acquired Boeing 737-400 aircraft from Air UK as replacements. The future of ModiLuft, however, was already sealed and the airline ceased operations in 1996.

ModiLuft eventually returned Lufthansa's aircraft by 30 September 1997 as part of an out-of-court settlement. The airline ownership changed hands due to lack of funds and was renamed Royal Airways, an airline that never got off the ground. ModiLuft's Air operator's certificate (AOC) had not lapsed and was eventually used by a different set of promoters for the Low-cost carrier SpiceJet.

Destinations

 * 🇮🇳 India
 * Delhi (Indira Gandhi International Airport), hub
 * Jammu (Jammu Airport)
 * Leh (Leh Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport)
 * Srinagar (Srinagar Airport)
 * Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport)
 * Bengaluru (HAL Bangalore International Airport)
 * Hyderabad (Begumpet Airport)

Historical fleet

 * 4 Boeing 737-201
 * 2 Boeing 737-400
 * 1 Boeing 727-200

title: ModiLuft


text:
User:Musser

Jonathan Musser
Jonathan Musser lives in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada where he works as a Professional Engineer. He holds a Masters of Applied Science degree in Environmental Engineering from the University of Waterloo.

title: User:Musser


text:
Talk:IDVD

Discontinued?
I can see no evidence to suggest that iDVD has been discontinued. The reference cited in the text simply states that it is no longer installed on new Macs and that it can be purchased as part of iLife '11. Longwayround (talk) 14:06, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:IDVD


text:
Action of 16 May 1797

The Action of 16 May 1797 was a naval battle that took place near Tripoli in Ottoman Tripolitania (present-day Libya). The Danish squadron was attacked by a Tripolitan squadron that outnumbered them in number of vessels. The result was a strategic victory for Tripoli.

Background
After the newly appointed Bey of Tripoli, Sidi Yussuf, demanded an increased tribute, which essentially constituted a bribe to stop Tripolitans preying on Danish merchant ships. He also captured two Danish vessels, whose crews he sold into slavery. As a result Denmark sent Captain Lorenz Fisker in the 40-gun frigate Thetis to Tripoli. He had two missions: first, to escort the annual "gift ship" to Algiers, and second, to secure the freedom of the two Danish vessels and their crews. He arrived at Tripoli on 30 August 1796, but failed to free the captured sailors, or even agree on a ransom price.

The Action
The Danes, therefore, decided to make a second attempt. They sent Captain Steen Andersen Bille in the frigate Najaden 40 under Captain John Hoppe to Malta, where she arrived on 2 May 1797. There the Danes met up with the brig Sarpen 18, under Captain Charles Christian De Holck. They also hired a xebec of six guns, which was then sailed by a Danish crew under Lieutenant Hans Munck (or Munk), of Sarpen. This squadron then sailed from Malta for Tripoli. On 12 May, off the coast of Lampedusa, they met with Fisker and Thetis. Fisker transferred command of Danish forces in the Mediterranean to Bille and sailed for home. Bille's small squadron sailed past the forts guarding Tripoli on 15 May 1797. Among the guns firing on the Danish vessels from the forts were four Danish cannons that the Libyan envoy Abderahman al Bidiri had obtained from the King of Denmark in 1772.

On 16 May Najaden sailed into the harbour and attacked the six armed vessels there. The Tripolitan forces consisted of the 28-gun xebec Meshuda, two other xebecs of similar size and three smaller vessels. Although the Danish cannon fire caused extensive casualties among the Tripolitans, the latter nevertheless got close to the Danish vessels and almost managed to board Najaden. Hoppe's deft manoeuvring forestalled defeat. Although the two smaller Danish ships were more of a hindrance than a help, the Tripolitans retreated after two hours. Danish casualties were one killed and one wounded. Subsequent negotiations resulted in a peace treaty on 25 May. Denmark agreed to continue to pay tribute.

Aftermath
Bille remained in the Mediterranean until 1801 with a force that the Danish government increased to three frigates and two brigs. After the Danish government recalled him to become the chief of the naval defence, the Danish flotilla remained, continuing to protect Danish shipping for a few more years. Bille went on to command a division of the navy in the Battle of Copenhagen.

The Norwegian Poul S. Stub, who was held in slavery in Tripoli after his merchant ship Providentia had been captured, observed the battle from the land and wrote up his impressions.

Denmark-Norway

 * Najaden 40 (flag)
 * Sarpen 18
 * Unnamed xebec

Tripolitania

 * Meshuda 28
 * 2 other xebecs of 28 guns
 * 3 smaller vessels

title: Action of 16 May 1797


text:
Prayagraj division

Prayagraj division, formerly known as Allahabad division, is one of the 18 administrative geographical units (i.e. division) of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, with the city of Prayagraj being the administrative divisional headquarters.

In 2000, when Uttar Pradesh was reorganised by forming Uttaranchal out of its northern areas, Allahabad division and the district was majorly reorganised too. The Etawah, Farrukhabad, Kanpur Nagar and Kanpur Dehat districts of the Allahabad division were made into a separate Kanpur division. Parts of the western areas of Allahabad district were carved out to create a new district named Kaushambi. At the same time, Pratapgarh district, that falls in the Awadh region, was included in the Allahabad division.

Since 2000, Prayagraj division consists of the following districts:-
 * Prayagraj
 * Fatehpur
 * Kaushambi
 * Pratapgarh

Prior to 2000, Allahabad division consisted of all the districts of the lower Doab:-
 * Allahabad
 * Etawah
 * Farrukhabad
 * Fatehpur
 * Kanpur

title: Prayagraj division


text:
List of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status

A number of United Kingdom food and drink products have been granted protected geographical status under UK law and European Union law. Protection of geographical indications is granted to names that indicate geographical origin both inside and outside the United Kingdom. A number of geographical indications for food and drink products originating in the Crown dependencies, which are not part of the UK, are also protected under the British law. These are also listed in this article.

The stated purpose of the quality schemes is to protect the reputation of regional products, promote traditional and agricultural activity and to eliminate non-genuine products, which may mislead consumers or be of inferior or different character; for example, producers cannot refer to their product as Scotch whisky unless it has been produced within Scotland, following particular methods. The quality schemes include two types of geographical indicators: "protected designation of origin" (PDO) (which are appellations of origin) and "protected geographical indication" (PGI) (which are geographical indications). These two types of designations are available for food, agricultural products and wines. For spirit drinks and aromatised wine, the equivalent designation to a PGI is called a "geographical indication" (GI). In addition, the quality schemes also include "traditional specialities guaranteed" (TSG), which are designed to promote and protect names of quality agricultural products and foodstuffs without requiring any reference to geographical origin.

The United Kingdom and the Crown dependencies together have a total of 94 products with protected status. This is relatively few when compared with Portugal (195 protected status products), France (758) and Italy (882). However, the UK and Crown dependencies have considerably more designations than many other countries, including Ireland (11), Sweden (18) or (for example) the United States, Japan or Korea (none). Most of the products hold either PGI (51 in the UK and 49 in the EU) or PDO (32 in the UK, 31 in the EU) status, with 4 products being designated as TSG.

This list, is compiled according to the eAmbrosia European Commission database and the UK 'Protected geographical food and drink names' database. They list all registered products, as well as all products which were formerly registered or for which registration has been applied.

Introduction as EU member state (applicable in the UK until 2021)
The schemes were introduced by the European Union, while the United Kingdom was a member, in 1993. From 2012 they were governed by Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council, in part to overhaul and regulate the protected status system. Spirits, fortified wines and aromatised wines, described by the European Commission as "spirit drinks", were governed by a separate regulation, Regulation (EC) No 110/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council.

The EU uses three different protected status schemes, which provide differing characteristics and levels and types of protection.
 * Protected Designation of Origin (PDO): this designation covers products that are "produced, processed and prepared" in a specific area, using a particular, usually traditional, method.
 * Protected Geographical Indication (PGI): this designation covers products whose "production, processing or preparation" takes places in a specific area.
 * Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG): this designation covers products with a "traditional character" or "customary names", distinguishing them from similar products. Unlike PDO and PGI, these products do not need to be connected to a specific area or method of production. In order to be considered for TSG status, a product must demonstrate that the materials and methods used in its production has been consistent for a minimum of 30 years.

Application under UK law (applicable in England, Scotland and Wales since 2021)
After the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union and the transition period (which ended on 31 December 2020), the UK initiated a separate scheme governed by the same rules, which applies in England, Scotland and Wales.

The designations in effect on 31 December 2020 under the EU scheme (from any country), are since 2021 governed by UK law, which is an amended version of Regulation 1151/2021. Designations applied for under UK law since 1 January 2021, are not recognized in the EU, although an application for registration under EU law can still be made.

Application under EU law in the UK (applicable in Northern Ireland since 2021)
As a result of the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland of the Withdrawal agreement, Northern Ireland remains covered by the EU scheme, and not the UK scheme. This means that for existing indications on 31 December 2020 the same indications are applicable as in other parts of the UK. However, new designations under EU law are automatically protected in Northern Ireland, while that is not the case for new designations under UK law. Furthermore, in Northern Ireland manufacturers are required to print the EU logos for the indications, rather than the UK logos.

Products with protected status
The categorisation below is based on the format used in the Database of Origin and Registration and E-Bacchus databases. The year is the year of first registration in either the UK or EU.

In 5 cases the EU registered a name of 2 products under the same entry, whereas they were registered under separate entries in the UK. In that case the UK-naming convention is followed.

List by country
PGI and PDO are linked to a geographical region and thus can be linked to a country. This is not necessarily the case for TSG products, where this is not a requirement. In the list below the geographical indications are grouped by country. For TSG, the grouping is with the location with which the product has most affinity.


text:
Azamgarh division

Azamgarh division is one of the 18 administrative geographical units (i.e. division) of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was formed on 15 November 1994 after being separated from Gorakhpur division and Varanasi division, with Azamgarh city being the divisional headquarters. Azamgarh division consists of 3 districts:-

 * Azamgarh
 * Ballia
 * Mau

title: Azamgarh division


text:
Talk:Neural circuit

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 12 August 2020 and 25 November 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): MGBare.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:08, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Biological neural network
I made some changes (hopefully you will see them as improvements) in the first few paragraphs. I think this is a good start! --Smithfarm 11:26, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I saw it, thanks a lot! Ben (talk) 11:32, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

An idea how to rename the section "earlier models", or maybe a more general idea about how to structure the article? Ben (talk) 11:45, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Another naming issue
Why the use the plural Biological neural networks instead of Biological neural network? Besides being consistent with Artificial neural network, the latter seems to better follow the naming conventions. Wmahan. 03:15, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)

 * right, my mistake. I'll rename it. Ben (talk) 05:59, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

next rough sketch

 * I think the structure of the article is now more or less clear. I think the most important parts (and where I plan to work on) will be "connections" and "representations", especially theories of neuronal coding. I also put some new links in the external links section they will give some fast information on some topics. Ben talk contr 11:45, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

history section
The section could use material from articles in the Category:History of neuroscience. Anybody? Ben T/C 06:36, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Potassium channels?
In the description of the electrochemical mechanisms responsible for precluding the backpropagation of AP's along the axon toward the soma, you neglect to mention the involvement of voltage-gated potassium channels, instead choosing to focus exclusively on sodium. Might you consider mentioning the role of K+ channels in engaging repolarization and undershoot, creating the time-delay that helps prevent backfiring? Or would that be more than this article needs to cover?

 * I'm not sure of the terminology in neuroscience literature, but the papers I read that focus on the biophysics of neuronal nets use backpropagation to refer to the propagation of an action potential back through the dendritic arbor, which does occur in some areas of the brain and has been observed since the 1950s. See neural backpropagation for details. In the meantime, I will add a clarifying paragraph. SamuelRiv (talk) 00:23, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Serious issues with first paragraph
The opening sentence reads terribly. Contrast this: "In neuroscience, a neural network is a bit of conceptual juggernaut: the conceptual transition from neuroanatomy, a rigorously descriptive discipline of observed structure, to the designation of the parameters delimiting a 'network' can be problematic." as an opening sentence, with a possible alternative introduction: "In neuroscience, a neural network is a population of neurons whose inputs or signalling targets define a recognizable circuit." Does anyone else agree? AdamSebWolf 00:30, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Sound, not electrical impulses
Newer research by the physicists Thomas Heimburg and Andrew Jackson at the University of Copenhagen, the neural impulses are made of sound, not electricity. The elctricity is just a bi-product. Maybe worth to mention in the article. 217.68.114.116 (talk) 15:34, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * No, there's already mention on WP. See soliton model. Also, you have the wrong idea about the importance of electricity in the model - they make no statement of the sort that ion currents are a byproduct. Finally, it has not yet been applied to network models. SamuelRiv (talk) 22:53, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Proposal to rename and restart
I've been working on the ecology article for a number of years. I recently (two days ago) migrated over to food web and want to improve that page. I was looking to make a wikilink to network, because a food web is a kind of biological network. There is no page on biological networks. Hence, I am going to take a bold move and rename this page neural network and create a new page called biological network. Networks are used extensively throughout biology - including evolutionary biology (phylogenetic trees) and ecology (food webs).Thompsma (talk) 18:15, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually...I did a bit of research and found the problem. The disambig page for network only links here, but there is already a page called network biology. I think it should be renamed biological network and will try to fix this network of terms.Thompsma (talk) 18:15, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I just tagged neural network for a Criteria for speedy deletion. This page should be renamed neural network. The other pages include: Biological network, Ecological network, and Artificial neural network. It makes sense to rename this page neural network. I'll hunt down the process for doing this.Thompsma (talk) 19:26, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move
Biological neural network → Neural network – This page is about neural networks, there are other pages for Biological network and Artificial neural network. I recently tagged neural network for a speedy deletion because it duplicated these pages and was causing confusion. The names were redundant and duplicative.Thompsma (talk) 19:23, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose the move per se, although I'm receptive to the ideas behind it. The CSD at the other page has been challenged by multiple editors, so it's not going to go through, which makes the rationale for a move pretty much moot. As discussed at Talk:Neural network, which please see, the consensus seems to be, instead, to use content merges to accomplish whatever may need to be done. Now, that said, I think there is, indeed, a good case that it's redundant to have "Biological neural network" in addition to "Neural network". Most readers would logically look for "Neural network", without the "biological". --Tryptofish (talk) 19:59, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Perhaps there is need for a distinction between artificial neural networks (or neural network models) and biological neural networks? The way that these network pages are organized and titled is confusing and it needs to be threaded together. This book (Neural networks: an introduction, Volume 1 By Berndt Müller, Joachim Reinhardt, Michael Thomas Strickland) defines neural networks:

 * "Neural network models are algorithms for cognitive tasks, such as learning and optimization, which are in a loose sense based on concept derived from research into the nature of the brain."
 * Here is the catch - they didn't define neural network - but neural network models. Perhaps this should be the title to prevent confusion? There are real neural networks in biology - interconnected neurons or neural groupings:

 * "In his book Mind and body (1873), Bain set out an account in which he related the processes of associative memory to the distribution of activity in neural groupings—or neural networks as they are now termed."
 * This paper (A sense of history. TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution Vol.16 No.3  March 2001) defines a neural network as follows:

 * "A neural network is a mathematical model, run on a computer, which learns to distinguish patterns. It mimics a real neural system and consists of layers of highly interconnected cells (neurons). A simple network comprises an input layer where each neuron is or is not activated by the stimulus, a ‘hidden’ layer for processing and an output layer."
 * Hence, there are neural network models that mimic biological neural networks (or neural networks for short). Neural networks are biological, neural network models are algorithms. A solution needs to be made to prevent this confusion.Thompsma (talk) 20:55, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I had read Talk:Neural network, which is what got me into action here. I posted some discussion there as well. Here are the list of terms: neural network, neural network model, artificial neural network, biological neural network. Neural network can mean any one of the latter three. A neural network model and artificial neural network are the same thing. Biological neural networks are also called neural networks - so I guess I agree with keeping the title of this page as it is. However, I think that the page currently listed as neural network should be merged, deleted, or turned into a simple paragraph that explains this distinction. Some of the papers I linked too above can be added in here - because this page lacks citations.Thompsma (talk) 21:18, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose: Artificial neural networks are a major research topic. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 22:37, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * There is a page for Artificial neural network already. I'm not disputing that it isn't a major research topic - the naming convention used in wikipedia is confusing and redundant. People are free to oppose, but please offer an alternative fix - because there is a real problem here.Thompsma (talk) 22:45, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't see the problem. Neural network is currently a page that describes both biological neural networks and artificial neural networks—kind of an expanded disambiguation page. That seems reasonable to me. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 23:32, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose neural nets, the artificial ones, are the primary topic. 65.94.47.63 (talk) 05:35, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

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Requested move 1 June 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. No objections after over a week. Cúchullain t/ c 17:27, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

Biological neural network → Neural circuit – It is a simpler name. It is the name more usually used (Purves) for one; and Google search will only bring up those related to biology. This would leave a clear separate entry page for Artificial neural networks (as Neural network if wanted) and avoid all the disambiguation issues. Iztwoz (talk) 10:45, 1 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. I think that's an excellent idea! I was uncomfortable when, a few days ago, Neural network was changed back to a separate page from having been a redirect, because I am not really convinced that that was the consensus, and it strikes me as very redundant. My inclination would be to leave Artificial neural network as it is, with Neural network a redirect to it (and maybe some content merged there from the reestablished redirect). But having Neural circuit as the pagename makes excellent sense, and avoids the current problem of needing to specify "biological" for something that is obviously biological (and of course Biological neural network would redirect to Neural circuit). We would still have Neural network (disambiguation). --Tryptofish (talk) 18:45, 1 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I just noticed that we also have Large scale brain networks. I'm just noting that here for completeness, not sure yet what, if anything, we should do with it. --Tryptofish (talk) 17:53, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Lead
I don't think that the lead sentence should have "neural network" in bold, and I do think it should be blue-linked later in the lead, because Neural network is currently a separate standalone page, in addition to Neural network (disambiguation). I'm not convinced that it should be a separate page, however. --Tryptofish (talk) 20:34, 12 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Have made changes. Re the stand alone page - think that was done to prevent the neural network page defaulting to artificial neural network - so its removal now would probably be OK. --Iztwoz (talk) 08:04, 13 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks, good. As for Neural network, what do you think would be best? Would a merge and redirect be appropriate? --Tryptofish (talk) 19:15, 13 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think that will resolve things.Thanks --Iztwoz (talk) 07:08, 14 June 2018 (UTC)

"Specific function when activated?"
So does that above phrase imply that general intelligence networks are not networks? Perhaps meta-networks? But that is doesn't seem accepted terminology. So it seems when staying in commonly accepted terminology one would conclude that general neuronal nets are also networks. 2A02:3036:2E0:26A5:C5E1:7EAB:1ADE:433D (talk) 09:34, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

Possible error in Early Study section
The Early Study section mentions "In 1959, the neuroscientists, Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts published the first works on the processing of neural networks." I believe this to be factually incorrect. Specifically, I think this should be written as, "In 1943, the neuroscientists, Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts published the first works on the processing of neural networks."

McCulloch and Pitts published their seminal neural networks paper "A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" in 1943. In this paper, the authors characterized the function of simple networks of binary threshold neurons in terms of logical operations.

Currently, the text points to their 1959 paper "What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain". However, in this context it seems to be a mistake. The 1959 paper does not discuss the processing of neural networks. Therefore, I believe the appropriate fix would be to update the date within the text from 1959 to 1943 and replace the reference appropriately. The correct reference is given below:

McCulloch, Warren; Walter Pitts (1943). "A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity". Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. 5 (4): 115–133. doi:10.1007/BF02478259. FNel (talk) 19:40, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

 * My first entry only addresses the incorrect reference and date. However, I am currently working through the published work of Ken Aizawa, whose work seems to indicate that McCulloch and Pitts were not the first to publish works on the processing of neural networks. Once the previous issue has been confirmed, I will continue with this new topic. FNel (talk) 23:28, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neural circuit


text:
Bareilly division

Bareilly division is one of the 18 administrative geographical unit (i.e. division) of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Bareilly city is the administrative headquarters of the division. Part of the Rohilkhand region, Bareilly division consists of four major districts in western Uttar Pradesh - Bareilly, Badaun, Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur.

Bareilly is the medical hub of Uttar Pradesh, one of the biggest industrial areas and the third fastest developing city of Uttar Pradesh.

Budaun is a politically sensational and historical city and has many historical sites, one of the oldest existing city of India, and was the capital of India during Iltutmish's rule. It is also the sixth fastest developing city in Uttar Pradesh.

Shahjahanpur is also one of the main cities of western Uttar Pradesh.

Currently, the division consists of 4 districts:-
 * Bareilly
 * Badaun
 * Pilibhit
 * Shahjahanpur

Major cities

 * Bareilly
 * Budaun
 * Shahjahanpur
 * Ujhani
 * Pilibhit
 * Puranpur
 * Faridpur
 * Sahaswan
 * Nawabganj
 * Bisalpur, Pilibhit

title: Bareilly division


text:
Suspended roller coaster

A suspended roller coaster (not to be confused with an inverted roller coaster) is a steel roller coaster model in which passengers are seated in open-top, boat-like gondolas that hang under the track. Traveling beneath the rolling stock, each gondola is affixed to a pivoting fulcrum or hinge assembly, allowing for the entire car to swing outwards and side-to-side as the train makes sharp turns along the course. Riders are typically secured with over-the-shoulder restraints. Due to the nature of the ride and the swinging effect, suspended roller coasters do not feature inversions, and are generally considered “family” rides; certain suspended roller coasters may be considered more or less intense than others, however.

History
One of the earliest suspended roller coasters was known as Bisby's Spiral Airship, built in Long Beach, California in the early 1900s. Riders on Bisby's Spiral Airship rode in square gondolas suspended from the track above, which were then carried via lift hill to the top of a tower. The gondolas then rolled down the track, which spiraled down the tower back to the loading platform. The attraction operated at least until the mid 1910s.

In 1975, German aircraft manufacturer Messerschmitt debuted Alpenflug at the annual Oktoberfest fair in Munich, Germany. Featuring multi-car trains and a 2700-foot twisting, spiraling layout, Alpenflug was a hit during the 16-day fair. However, the design was scrapped after analysis revealed significant stress in the track, whose curves were not banked, and in the wheel assemblies, as the train's brake fins were located at the bottom of the train's gondolas instead of near the track itself.

The first permanent modern suspended roller coaster was The Bat at Kings Island. Built by Arrow Development, The Bat opened April 21, 1981, but it was soon plagued with problems. The problems included: excessive stress on the support springs due to the unbanked curved track sections and stress on the wheels because the brakes were mounted at bottom of the swinging cars. Kings Island's US$3.8 million ride closed in 1983 and was later scheduled for demolition. The Bat's former site was occupied by the Arrow designed looping coaster Vortex until its demolition in 2019. The suspended coaster would return to Kings Island in 1993 with the addition of Top Gun, which. after a period of being called Flight Deck, was renamed The Bat in 2014, a reference to the original 1981 coaster.

Arrow-Huss refined its suspended roller coaster designs, culminating in the debut of The Big Bad Wolf at Busch Gardens Williamsburg and XLR-8 at Six Flags Astroworld in 1984. After 1984, as Arrow Dynamics, they manufactured ten suspended roller coasters, including Iron Dragon at Cedar Point, Ninja at Six Flags Magic Mountain, Vampire at Chessington World of Adventures, and Vortex at Canada's Wonderland.

Other manufacturers have also constructed their variations on the suspended roller coaster. Before contacting Arrow-Huss for The Big Bad Wolf, Busch Gardens contacted Anton Schwarzkopf to design a suspended coaster, dubbed the "Flugbahn". However, Schwarzkopf went bankrupt, completing only a model and the footers of the actual coaster. Dutch designer Vekoma manufactured a suspended model dubbed "Swinging Turns," of which three copies were constructed. Vekoma offers both Arrow-style traditional car designs as well as floorless cars where the riders' feet dangle, similar to Vekoma's inverted coasters but the cars are able to swing. In 2001, Vampire at Chessington World of Adventures was modified to use Vekoma's floorless trains. Caripro, another designer based in The Netherlands, manufactured twelve suspended roller coasters and American designer Setpoint manufactured four.

Installations

* Operates with Vekoma trains

** Never operated

title: Suspended roller coaster


text: Talk:Donkey Kong Country

title: Talk:Donkey Kong Country


text:
Chopper (electronics)

In electronics, a chopper circuit is any of numerous types of electronic switching devices and circuits used in power control and signal applications. A chopper is a device that converts fixed DC input to a variable DC output voltage directly. Essentially, a chopper is an electronic switch that is used to interrupt one signal under the control of another.

In power electronics applications, since the switching element is either fully on or fully off, its losses are low and the circuit can provide high efficiency. However, the current supplied to the load is discontinuous and may require smoothing or a high switching frequency to avoid undesirable effects. In signal processing circuits, use of a chopper stabilizes a system against drift of electronic components; the original signal can be recovered after amplification or other processing by a synchronous demodulator that essentially un-does the "chopping" process.

Comparison (step down chopper and step up chopper)
Comparison between step up and step down chopper:

Applications
Chopper circuits are used in multiple applications, including:

 * Switched mode power supplies, including DC to DC converters.
 * Speed controllers for DC motors
 * Driving brushless DC torque motors or stepper motors in actuators
 * Class D electronic amplifiers
 * Switched capacitor filters
 * Variable-frequency drives
 * D.C. voltage boosting
 * Battery-operated electric cars
 * Battery chargers
 * Railway traction
 * Lighting and lamp controls

Control strategies
For all the chopper configurations operating from a fixed DC input voltage, the average value of the output voltage is controlled by periodic opening and closing of the switches used in the chopper circuit. The average output voltage can be controlled by different techniques namely:
 * Pulse-width modulation
 * Frequency modulation
 * Variable frequency, variable pulse width
 * CLC control

In pulse-width modulation the switches are turned on at a constant chopping frequency. The total time period of one cycle of output waveform is constant. The average output voltage is directly proportional to the ON time of chopper. The ratio of ON time to total time is defined as duty cycle. It can be varied between 0 and 1 or between 0 and 100%. Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load. The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.

In frequency modulation, pulses of a fixed amplitude and duration are generated and the average value of output is adjusted by changing how often the pulses are generated.

Variable pulse width and frequency combines both changes in the pulse width and repetition rate.

In current limit control (CLC) technique, duty cycle is controlled by controlling the load current between maximum and minimum values. The chopper is switched ON and OFF periodically so that the load current is maintained between predetermined maximum and minimum values.

Chopper amplifiers
One classic use for a chopper circuit and where the term is still in use is in chopper amplifiers. These are DC amplifiers. Some types of signals that need amplifying can be so small that an incredibly high gain is required, but very high gain DC amplifiers are much harder to build with low offset and $$1/f$$ noise, and reasonable stability and bandwidth. It's much easier to build an AC amplifier instead. A chopper circuit is used to break up the input signal so that it can be processed as if it were an AC signal, then integrated back to a DC signal at the output. In this way, extremely small DC signals can be amplified. This approach is often used in electronic instrumentation where stability and accuracy are essential; for example, it is possible using these techniques to construct pico-voltmeters and Hall sensors.

The input offset voltage of amplifiers becomes important when trying to amplify small signals with very high gain. Because this technique creates a very low input offset voltage amplifier, and because this input offset voltage does not change much with time and temperature, these techniques are also called "zero-drift" amplifiers (because there is no drift in input offset voltage with time and temperature). Related techniques that also give these zero-drift advantages are auto-zero and chopper-stabilized amplifiers.

Auto-zero amplifiers use a secondary auxiliary amplifier to correct the input offset voltage of a main amplifier. Chopper-stabilized amplifiers use a combination of auto-zero and chopper techniques to give some excellent DC precision specifications.

Some example chopper and auto-zero amplifiers are LTC2050, MAX4238/MAX4239 and OPA333.

Step Up Chopper
Take a general step-up chopper with voltage source $$V_s$$ which is in series with the inductor $$L$$, diode and the load with average voltage $$V_{ave}$$. The chopper switch would be in parallel with the series diode and load. Whenever the chopper switch is on, the output is shorted. Using Kirchhoff Voltage Law in determining inductor voltage,

$$L\frac{di}{dt}=V_s$$

and taking the average current within the turn-off time,

$$\frac{\Delta i}{T_{ON}}=\frac{V_s}{L}$$

where $$T_{ON}$$is the time were a load voltage is present and $$\Delta i$$ the change current with respect to $$T_{ON}$$. Whenever the chopper switch is off and using Kirchhoff Voltage Law in determining inductor voltage with respect to average current within the turn-on time,

$$\begin{align} L\frac{di}{dt}&=V_{ave}-V_s \\ \frac{\Delta i}{T_{OFF}}&=\frac{V_{ave}-V_s}{L}. \\ \end{align}$$

where $$T_{OFF}$$is the time were a load voltage is zero. Equating both average current and taking the duty cycle $$\alpha=\frac{T_{ON}}{T_{ON}+T_{OFF}}$$,

$o$

where $$V_{ave}$$is the average output voltage.

Step-down chopper
Taking a general step-down chopper with voltage source $$V_s$$ which is in series with the chopper switch, inductor, and the load with voltage $$V_o$$. The diode would be in parallel with the series inductor and load. The same way by equating the average inductor current during the turn-on and turn-off time, we can get the average voltage by

$$

where $$V_{ave}$$is the average output voltage, $$\alpha$$is the duty cycle and $$V_s$$is the source voltage.

Step-up / step-down chopper
Taking a general buck-boost chopper which works as stepup and down chopper, let the voltage source $$V_s$$ be in series with the chopper switch, reverse biased diode, and the load with voltage $$V_o$$. The inductor would be in parallel with the series diode and load. The same way by equating the average inductor current during the turn-on and turn-off time, we can get the average voltage by

$$

where $$V_{ave}$$ is the average output voltage, $$\alpha$$is the duty cycle and $$V_s$$is the source voltage.

Literature

 * C. Enz, G. Temes, - Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 84 No. 11, Nov. 1996
 * A. Bilotti, G. Monreal, Chopper-Stabilized Amplifiers with a Track-and-hold Signal Demodulator - Allegro Technical Paper STP 99-1
 * A. Bakker, K. Thiele, J. Huijsing, - IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35 No. 12, Dec 2000

title: Chopper (electronics)


text:
Basti division

Basti division is one of the 18 administrative geographical units (i.e. division) of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Basti city is the administrative headquarters of the division.

Basti division consists of the following 3 districts:-
 * Basti
 * Siddharthnagar
 * Sant Kabir Nagar

title: Basti division


text:
Perico

Perico may refer to:

People

 * Gabriele Perico (born 1984), Italian footballer
 * Laura Perico (born 1989), Colombian actress
 * Miguel Ángel Alonso or Perico Alonso (born 1953), father of Xabi Alonso
 * Perico (Spanish footballer) (born 1985), Spanish footballer
 * Perico Fernandez (1952–2016), professional boxer from Zaragoza, Spain
 * Perico Sambeat (born 1962), Spanish jazz saxophonist
 * Simone Perico (born 1989), Italian footballer
 * Perico (elder), leader of the Acaxee tribe and their rebellion against the Spanish

Places

 * Perico, Cuba, a city in Matanzas Province
 * Perico, Texas, a ghost town in the United States
 * Ciudad Perico, a city in the Province of Jujuy, Argentina

Other uses

 * Perico (dish), a popular Venezuelan and Colombian dish based on scrambled eggs and various vegetables
 * Perico (book), of short stories by Uruguayan writer Juan José Morosoli
 * Perico, Spanish for parakeet

title: Perico


text:
Chitrakoot division

Chitrakoot division is one of the 18 administrative geographical units (i.e. division) of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Banda, Uttar Pradesh is the administrative headquarters of this division. Historically part of the Bundelkhand region, it includes the 4 districts of:-
 * Banda
 * Chitrakoot
 * Hamirpur
 * Mahoba

Until a few years ago, this was a part of the Jhansi division, but due to administrative requirements, this division was established on 21 November 1997. Chitrakoot division is one of the most backward areas of the country, which is full of natural raw materials like moram, ballast, granite etc.

Three major rivers are part of this division:
 * Ken
 * Betwa
 * Yamuna

title: Chitrakoot division


text: User talk:66.161.194.22

title: User talk:66.161.194.22


text:
Talk:Murad Velshi

Untitled
I seem to recall that Murad Velshi's wife was to be one of Jean Chretien's directly appointed candidates in 1993 but something happened and she wasn't (in any case there's no Velshi listed as a candidate at parl.gc.ca). Anyone have any details? AndyL 11:37, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Murad Velshi