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Perth railway station (Scotland)

Perth railway station is a railway station located in the city of Perth, Scotland, on both the Glasgow to Dundee line and the Highland Main Line. It is managed by ScotRail, who provide almost all of the services (along with LNER and the Caledonian Sleeper).

It is sited 151 mi from Carlisle, measured via Stirling, Cumbernauld and Motherwell, and approximately 47 mi from Ladybank (thus approximately 86 mi from Edinburgh Waverley via Kirkcaldy and Inverkeithing).

Openings
The station was opened (as Perth General Station) by the Scottish Central Railway (SCR) in 1848 to a design by William Tite. Originally the terminus of the SCR main line from Greenhill Junction near Glasgow, it soon became a junction of some importance with the arrival of the Dundee and Perth Railway from Dundee (following the completion of Tay Viaduct, a bridge across the River Tay), the Edinburgh and Northern Railway (E&NR) from Ladybank on the Fife coast and the Scottish Midland Junction Railway (SMJR) from Forfar within months. Subsequent construction by the Perth and Dunkeld Railway (P&DR) and the Perth, Almond Valley and Methven Railway added further lines into/out of the city, with the former becoming part of what is now the Highland Main Line to Inverness. The SMJR meanwhile would become part of a through route to Aberdeen by 1856, thus giving Perth travellers easy access to all of the major Scottish cities.

All of these lines, apart from the E&NR, were eventually taken over by the Caledonian Railway, though the Highland Railway (which took over the P&DR) and North British Railway (NBR; which absorbed the E&NR) also had access by means of running powers from Stanley Junction and Hilton Junction respectively.

The NBR would subsequently open a more direct route to the Scottish capital than the Caledonian's route via Stirling and the central lowlands in 1890 - this left the existing Ladybank line at Bridge of Earn and headed south via Glenfarg to Mawcarse, where it joined the Fife and Kinross Railway's line to Kinross. Trains could then travel via Cowdenbeath, Dunfermline and the newly opened Forth Rail Bridge to reach Edinburgh.

Closures
The Almond Valley line to Crieff and Methven was an early post-nationalisation casualty, closing to passengers in October 1951. The Ladybank service followed suit in September 1955. The major losses though came as the result of the Beeching Axe and its aftermath in the mid-to-late 1960s, with the main line to Aberdeen (that is, the ex-SMJR main line to Kinnaber Junction via Coupar Angus and Forfar) being closed to passenger traffic on 4 September 1967. Aberdeen services were thereafter routed via Dundee and the former NBR route via Montrose. The Aviemore to Forres section of the Highland Main Line had already been closed two years earlier, and several local stations in the area were also shut down around this time.

A further significant (and controversial) closure came on 5 January 1970, when the main line to Edinburgh via Glenfarg, Kinross and Cowdenbeath was abandoned in favour of the older but less direct line via Stirling. The Glenfarg route had been recommended for retention and development in the Beeching Report, but its removal allowed the planned M90 motorway to occupy its former alignment in the Glenfarg area when the motorway was built a few years later. However, the longer journey via Stirling proved unpopular with Edinburgh travellers and so in 1975, the old E&NR line to Ladybank was reopened by British Rail to provide a slightly quicker alternative. This is the route followed by most Edinburgh services today, but the daytime and overnight trains to London (see below) still run via Stirling and Falkirk as the line via Ladybank and Kirckaldy is served by the Aberdeen to London services.

Location
Perth bus station is situated approximately 100 metres northeast along Leonard Street, part of the A989, from the railway station.

Platform layout
The station has seven active platforms, but they are split into two distinct sections:

 * Platforms 1 and 2 sit on the eastern side (the old Dundee & Perth Railway part of the station) and are the busiest in the station as they handle the Glasgow to Dundee and Aberdeen trains. These platforms are 20 mi from Dundee. The two platform lines then become single further east to cross the bridge spanning the Tay. Platform 3, which adjoins platform 2, is a through platform that sees a few terminating services from the south, although it can be accessed form the north from the Highland Main Line.
 * The remainder of the platforms (4–7) sit under the main train shed, the former HR/SMJR platforms once used by the Coupar Angus main line as well as services to the Highlands. These platforms are an island in the shape of the letter H, with two long platforms along each side - the present platforms 4 and 7. Platforms 5 and 6 are the bays at the southern end of the island. Originally, there were also two bay platforms at the northern end which are no longer used, but part of the track is now a siding for fuelling trains. These disused bay platforms are the zero point for the Highland Main Line, although mileposts do not change until Stanley Junction (158 mi from Carlisle and 7 mi from Perth). Platforms 4–7 now are used only by around a dozen trains per day each way on the Highland Main Line, and some terminating services.

There was once an extensive goods yard at Perth, along with an engine shed and carriage sidings but only a small engineers depot remains in the greatly downsized yard.

Services
Passenger services are operated by ScotRail, Caledonian Sleeper, and London North Eastern Railway.

There are two main routes passing through the station - the Glasgow to Dundee & Aberdeen Line, and the Highland Main Line, whilst there is now also a regular service to/from Edinburgh via the Fife Coast. Services on weekdays are as follows:

 * 40 trains per day to Glasgow Queen Street
 * 35 trains per day to Dundee, with 15 extending to Aberdeen, three to Arbroath, one to Inverurie and one to Inverness
 * 26 trains per day to Edinburgh, including the LNER Highland Chieftain, and the Caledonian Sleeper
 * 11 trains per day to Inverness, including the LNER Highland Chieftain, and the Caledonian Sleeper

On Sundays, services are reduced to:

 * 13 trains per day to Glasgow Queen Street
 * 10 trains per day to Aberdeen
 * 8 trains per day to Edinburgh including the LNER Highland Chieftain, and the Caledonian Sleeper
 * 7 trains per day to Inverness, including the LNER Highland Chieftain, two of which extend to Elgin
 * 1 train per day to Dundee

Cultural references
The movie The Railway Man was filmed at Perth station. Platform 3 was used to pose as Crewe, and Platform 5 used to pose as Edinburgh, both set during the 1960s.

Perth station was nominated the Carbuncle Award in 2015, which recognizes the worst planning decision. The award was due to the fact a new footbridge had to be built at the southern end of the station which has stair and lift access to all platforms to comply with disability laws. Local newspaper The Courier reported on the news and interviewed Paul Tetlaw from the campaign Transform Scotland. He said:

"'It's an off-the-shelf structure that has desecrated the station environment, imposed from London by 'standards bound' Network Rail designers and has no fit with the largely Victorian surroundings. To add insult to injury, it's virtually unused, as the alternatives within the station building are vastly more convenient for the overwhelming majority of passengers. This tacky and inappropriate new structure is thought to have cost in excess of £1m — money which would have been better spent on opening a new station in nearby Newburgh, which has none, with cash left over for a feasibility study of recreating a direct Perth-Edinburgh link, as advocated by our inter-city express campaign.'"

Future proposals
In March 2016, Transport Scotland announced a package of timetable improvements for the Scottish rail network that would see additional trains operated from Perth to Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee & Inverness from 2018. There would be a two-hourly service between both Edinburgh & Glasgow and Inverness over the Highland Main Line (combining to give an hourly frequency north of Perth) and additional regional services from Arbroath & Dundee to Glasgow serving Gleneagles, Dunblane & Stirling on top of the current Aberdeen to Glasgow route (which will be accelerated by cutting some of the existing intermediate stops). As of May 2022, these improvements have still not taken place.

title: Perth railway station (Scotland)


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Talk:Hutchinson River Parkway

Untitled
You boys want to explain the point of this little pissing match over highway numbers? --Calton | Talk 05:26, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm keeping it sorted according to its number. I don't know what Gene's doing. --SPUI (talk) 05:45, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

907W vs. 908A sorting key
OK, so I added the other reference route (my source is List of New York State Reference Routes), but now I'm wondering what to do about the sorting key. I suppose it doesn't even really matter, because the sorting key isn't visible and the Hutch's order in Category:New York state highways is the same regaurdless of which of the two is chosen. I'm just wondering if there's some way it can be sorted by both. (I don't see any reason why one of the two is better than the other.) Any ideas? --Engleman 05:00, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would put 908A, as the 907W does not match the region it is in (Region 10 number, but it is in region 8). Rmsuperstar99 03:42, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Toll Road Status
The Hutch used to be a Toll Road. The toll booth was located just over the Bronx/Westchester county line and was removed in recent (~10 years or so) time. Maybe someone can look into this? Rob110178 23:18, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * "The reconstruction project was completed on October 31, 1994, when the 25-cent Pelham Manor toll plaza between EXIT 7 (US 1 / Boston Post Road) and EXIT 8 (Sanford Boulevard) was removed." from http://www.nycroads.com/roads/hutchinson/. I am adding this to the article This seems to be correct, as I have a map from 1993 that does show a toll, and a map from 1995 that does not have it. Rmsuperstar99 03:46, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

the Hutch ends under the Whitestone Bridge
The article says it ends at the Bruckner Interchange, but if you continue south to the Bronx-Whitesone Bridge and take the last exit before the toll, you find yourself on a road signed as "Hutchinson River Parkway" which allows access to Ferry Point Park and loops around under the bridge to get you northbound on I-678 again. 47.20.162.46 (talk) 13:23, 14 August 2015 (UTC)captcrisis

If you look at a map or any source it will say the Hutchinson River Parkway ends at the Interchange. It becomes I-678 when it goes under the ramps. Exit 1 is the merge onto the Bruckner. AmericanAir88 (talk) 16:12, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

If you actually drive along the loop, as I have many times, it is signed "Hutchinson River Parkway". It is also signed as such on Google Maps. 68.196.3.202 (talk) 17:45, 24 January 2020 (UTC)captcrisis

Nycroads.com is self-published
The website nycroads.com is a self-published source. I suggest that it be replaced by a better source if this article is to be nominated for GA. epicgenius (talk) 22:49, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I have replaced all references to nycroads and to another blog with primary sources.--Kew Gardens 613 (talk) 00:14, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

History section of article
The history section of this article needs work. I am familiar with Robert Moses, but the description that he "decided to build more parkways in the Bronx" is a gross-oversimplification. Despite his power, he could not simply build whatever he decided to. The word choice and phrasing is off. The second sentence in that paragraph is written better and more appropriately to reflect that it was his leadership (and also his skillful maneuvering in Albany to get funds) that got it built.

Also, the article currently states that the "bridges on the parkways...were planned and built...before Robert Moses became involved in state government" is false. The article states only that construction began in 1924, there is nothing int he article about when it was designed and planned, or by who. Besides that, Moses entered state government when Al Smith was elected governor in 1922, and in 1924 (the year the article states construction began), Moses was already the president of the Long Island State Park Commission and the Chairman of the New York State Council of Parks. There is no assessment as to what role the NYS Council of Parks, which " The council served to plan development and set standard policies for all New York state-owned parks, reservations, and historic sites that were not under the authority of the New York State Conservation Commission...", had on the HRP. Without such assessment, any broad claim that the HRP is unrelated to Moses is premature.

Further on this point, the third paragraph about Robert Moses and the overpass heights needs clarifications. Both statements in that paragraph can be true--it can be true that Moses deliberately build parkway overpasses low on other parkways and that he had no role in planning or setting the height of the HRP overpasses. But to imply the HRP stands in rebuttal of Caro's writing in The Power Broker takes it a step too far. That parkways in Westchester exonerate Moses of Caro's claims is a sweeping and unsubstantiated claim in light of the uncertainty of his involvement in the planning of the HRP.108.21.182.146 (talk) 16:57, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The history section doesn't need that much work. While it's true that Moses wasn't the only driving force behind the parkway's extension, he had a large role. I removed the bit about parkway bridge heights - the second part of the paragraph is unsourced, and the first portion assumes that Moses was advocating for lower bridge heights including on the HRP. epicgenius (talk) 21:09, 2 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 April 2020
Add new exit numbers per 216.165.95.86 (talk) 16:57, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

 * ❌. It's not clear what changes you want to make. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 17:20, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hutchinson River Parkway


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vulpine

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to fox. – ABCD 23:59, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Vulpine
Substub dicdef. +sj +  05:27, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I would say Wiktionary but there's already an article there, Vulpine, which contains the same information.
 * Be bold and redirect to fox, this in not a vfd matter --nixie 07:09, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree: redirect to fox. Fg2 07:18, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to fox, per nixie and Fg2. -- 8^D gab 15:31, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vulpine


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Risaldar

Risaldar, meaning the commander of a risala or risalah (a body of horse, regardless if troop or regiment ) in Persian, is a mid-level rank in cavalry and armoured units of the Indian and Pakistan Army. In other arms, such as the infantry, the equivalent rank is subedar.

Risaldar was also a Viceroy's commissioned officer's rank in the British Indian Army, until 1947.

Indian and Pakistan Armies
The Indian Army and Pakistan Army have a unique set of ranks, called junior commissioned officers (JCO). They stand between non-commissioned officers and commissioned officers. A risaldar ranks above a naib risaldar and below a risaldar major.

British Indian Army
The JCO evolved from the Viceroy's commissioned officers (VCO), established during the British Raj in 1885. The VCOs themselves succeeded the so called native officers holding a commission of the Governor General.

In the late 19th century, the spelling risaldar was uncommon, and the rank was usually listed as ressaldar or russuldar (e.g. in the Bombay Cavalry). During World War I, the spelling rissaldar became common.

A rissaldar was roughly equivalent to a native captain and ranked between risaldar-major and ressaidar (later jemadar). But like all VCOs, they were always outranked by the most junior officer with a King's or Queen's commission.

title: Risaldar


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Katuutire Kaura

Katuutire Kaura (3 February 1941 – 22 January 2022) was a Namibian politician. He was president of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) from 1998 to 2013 and was the official leader of the opposition from 2000 to 2005.

Life and career
Kaura was born in Ombujondjupa in South West Africa, then administered by the Union of South Africa (today the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia). He went into exile in the United States during the 1970s and taught at Nyack High School in Upper Nyack, New York from 1972 to 1978; he also taught at Rockland Community College from 1973 to 1975. During the same period, Kaura attended the universities of Long Island and Columbia.

From 1989 to 1998, Kaura was vice president of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA). After DTA President Mishake Muyongo expressed support for Caprivi secession in 1998, he was suspended from the DTA in August 1998, and Kaura became DTA president. He called for Muyongo, who had fled into exile, to be brought back to Namibia and put on trial.

Immediately prior to independence, Kaura was a member of the Constituent Assembly, which was in place from November 1989 to March 1990. He has served as a member of the National Assembly of Namibia from independence in 1990 until 2015. He ran for President of Namibia in 1999 and 2004, receiving 9.6 percent and 5.12 percent of the vote, respectively. Following the 1999 election, he became leader of the official opposition (composed of the DTA and the United Democratic Front) in April 2000.

In the 2013 DTA elective central committee meeting, McHenry Venaani defeated Kaura by a margin of 96 to 52 and assumed the party presidency. After publicly criticising Venaani's leadership, Kaura was brought before a DTA disciplinary committee and expelled from the party in February 2014. He was also to lose his seat in the National Assembly in the process to Venaani, but a court case brought by Kaura days after the decision was not contested by the DTA, and Kaura was reinstated both as parliamentarian and party member. He left the National Assembly at the end of his term in March 2015 and joined the ruling SWAPO party in November 2017.

Kaura died at Roman Catholic Hospital in Windhoek at the age of 80 from COVID-19.

title: Katuutire Kaura


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Talk:Suicide note

J. Clifford Baxter
The Wikipedia article on J. Clifford Baxter says that his cause of death is undecided and his death certificate unsigned and left open, and doesn't mention anything about him leaving a suicide note. I don't know which is correct, this article or the Baxter one, but someone who does know what actually happened ought to fix the inconsistancy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.190.196.64 (talk • contribs) 23:09, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

203.40.101.140 (talk) 16:12, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

Kurt Cobain
Get that note off the front page. First of all, Kurt didn't commit suicide. Second of all, even if he did, it is stupid to have his note on there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.2.253.216 (talk • contribs) 05:30, 15 April 2005 (UTC)

LET ME DELETE THIS OFF OF HERE, AND KEEP IT LIKE THAT-- EVEN IF HE DID KILL HIMSELF, IT IS DISRESPECTFUL TO PUT HIS SUICIDE NOTE ON AN ENCYCLOPEDIA!. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.2.253.216 (talk • contribs) 05:00, 19 April 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but the VERY commonly held view is that he did commit suicide. The note is entirely appropriate for an article on suicide notes. Suicide notes are often part of a person's efforts to end their lives. If you don't think a suicide note from someone who people believe committed suicide is appropriate, then pray tell what person who committed suicide do you think we should disrespect by publishing their suicide note here? Sorry, the note is reinstated. --Durin 14:26, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It says "alleged suicide note" and serves as a fine example whether it's authentic or not. Also, having a famous person's writing (even claimed one) can be somewhat better interpreted/felt/understood than a completely fictional or "unknown" person's. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.231.240.27 (talk • contribs) 12:47, 11 June 2005 UTC

I suggest the removal of the word 'only' from the fact about Dead's suicide. His suicide note was about a paragraph long. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.203.144.161 (talk • contribs) 23:46, 26 April 2005 (UTC)
 * Then remove it! :) "be bold" --Durin 20:41, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Enough with the argumentum ad populum! It wasn't a suicide note. It's been made painfully obvious that the last few lines were added by Courtney. It was a note about his intentions to leave Courtney and the music business. It was common knowledge at the time that Kurt planned on leaving Nirvana quite soon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.49.88.69 (talk • contribs) 23:05, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * This is very POV. I think the note is appropriate.  I don't care if you personally feel it's immoral, let's stop living in fantasy land.  People committ suicide, Cobain among them, and this article is here to document this very real occurrence.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.149.203.252 (talk) 07:06, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

"Alleged" in image caption
I am removing the "alleged" part of "Kurt Cobain's alleged suicide note" and I suggest it remain that way unless someone can give a very good reason as to why it should be there. I understand there many conspiracy theorists on the subject of his death, but the fact remains that the vast majority of the population accept this as a suicide (and I assume by extension that "they" accept this note as his handwriting). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.173.204.87 (talk • contribs) 23:07, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

So an ENCYCLOPEDIA should conform solely to the most widely preferred POV? It's not Kurt's suicide note, the last few lines were written in COURTNEY LOVE's handwriting. You want facts, there you go. Regardless, to use the old saying, if the "vast majority" jumped off a cliff, would you do it? (70.49.89.207 22:48, 30 November 2006 (UTC))

I concur with the above. It shouldn't be here since this is a category about suicide note. This is simply an ALLEGED suicide note. There aren't "many consdpiracy theories", there's one "theory" that's relatively simple and obvious. Encyclopedia's cannot be governed by argumentum ad populum, and I TIED a while ago to add a handwriting analysis for consideration, but surprise, it was removed. This is one of those instances where Wikipedia fails to live up to it's NPOV claims.

I apologize if I seem harsh, I am merely frustrated with the lack of consideration for other theories that have legitimate basis.

A "vast majority" is irrelevant, but that's just me repeating myself. However that point does need to be stressed. I can see I'm on identical terms to the above reply, I was about to type the exact same saying.

I believe I've posted this before but:

Fact: The official toxicology report showed Kurt had three times the lethal dose of heroine. Proponents of the suicide theory will claim that severe addicts have greater tolerance, which is true, but note that the maximum lethal dose has been proven to be 75-80mg for a 150 PB SEVERE ADDICT (Platt, J.J., Heroin Addiction: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2nd edition, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, USA, 1986.) Yet Kurt weghed 115 pbs at the time of his death, amd had been at rehab for a while, which would have altered his tolerance for sure. Larger figures may also be provided by those who fail to take into account the near-instant transformation into morphine as heroine enters the blood.

Fact: Little could be found at the scene, yet Kurt allegedly shot himself in the head. While it is true that heroine slows the blood flow, head wounds tend to bleed excessively.

Fact: Sgt. Cameron of the Seattle police Department admitted 2 years later that there were no markings on Kurt's hands indicating he had fired the weapon.

Fact: In the "Rome Incident", Kurt survived the Rohypnol/alcohol combination, though he couldn't remember what happened, a side-effect of Rohypnol abuse. Rohypnol is an odourless drug which dissolves quite easily, hence it's nickname, the "date-rape drug". The prescription was Courtney's, and Private Investigator Tom Grant found empty packets of the prescription with her name on it when he searched the Cobain home on April 7th.

Fact: Eldon Hoke (aka "El Duce"), singer of a band called the Mentors, claimed he was offered $50,000 by Courtney Love three months earlier to kill her husband. On March 6, 1996, Hoke was administered a polygraph test by Dr. Edward Gelb, who is one of the country's leading polygraph experts. He was also teaching the advanced polygraph course for the FBI. Hoke passed a lie detector test with 99.7% certainty that he was telling the truth. He spread this informatiob through the documentary "Kurt & Courtney". 8 days later he was found dead.

Fact: Courtney canceled his credit card right after he used it to purchase a flight back home to Seattle on April 1st, and according to the police report, all 4 tires of his car were flat.

Fact: In the summer of 1993, Kurt experienced what he called "a miracle". After years of consulting specialists about his debilitating stomach pain, he found a doctor who finally diagnosed the problem - a pinched nerve relating to his scoliosis. From this point on, many people detected a change in Kurt's personality; "Kurt became a new person after that. He stopped retreating into the dark side that everybody came to associate with him and actually seemed cheerful. Part of it was Frances, I think, but the stomach thing was the most important". (Dylan Carlson, "Who Killed Kurt Cobain?" page 86).

Some unanswered questions:

Were any trajectory tests done to show what the position of the shotgun was when it was fired? If not why weren't they done?

Why did Courtney pretend to be Kurt's mother when calling in the missing person's report to the SPD on April 4th?

Lastly: Handwriting analysis, 70.49.88.69 23:48, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Sentence in intro
"Research indicates that suicide notes have a profound effect on the grief of those who read them." In what way? Positive or negative? Can someone clarify this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.173.204.87 (talk • contribs) 23:09, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, the very next section takes care of that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.173.204.87 (talk • contribs) 23:11, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It does not - it says that one reason against leaving a suicide note is that it might act to increase the grief of those left behind. Does the research support this?  Where's the links to the research, anyway? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.12.79.249 (talk • contribs) 14:01, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Right. Very annoying. Who wrote that section anyway? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.216.19.86 (talk • contribs) 16:36, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

O.J. Simpson
Has OJ Simpson commited suicide? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.66.202.23 (talk • contribs) 09:44, 1 December 2005 (UTC) But it is not truly a suicide note if he didn't follow through. I mean, I could write my own suicide note, with no intentions of following through with it, simply to get attention. How do you know this isn't what O.J. did? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.194.14.203 (talk • contribs) 09:19, 5 May 2006 (UTC)
 * No, but he did write a suicide note. --Durin 16:20, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

List of Suicide notes?
I was wondering if it's possible to create a list of suicide notes (with their contents) on Wikipedia (or would it go in Wikiquote or Wikisource)? I'm not sure if it violates the GFDL or any other policy. Gflores Talk 02:00, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Stats
Some stats on what percent of folks leave notes would be nice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.102.136.198 (talk • contribs) 07:14, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've added some stats from a book I got out of the library. How many leave notes depends on the country. In the US, where TV has led people to believe that all suicides leave notes, about 25 to 30% do. In most other countries it's between 5 and 15%. It's nowhere near as common as pop culture would have people believe. That's why authorities don't pay attention when families scream and rage that their loved one couldn't have committed suicide, no way no how, because they didn't leave a note: most suicides don't. -- Charlene 02:04, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Sid Vicious
It is highly debatable as to whether or not Sid Vicious committed suicide - most people think he just ODed on heroin by accident. It's not like it hadn't happened before. In fact, some people believe his own mother gave him the fatal overdose. In any case, he either needs to be taken off the front page as having written a "suicide note" or he needs to be prefaced as only a "possible suicide." It is irresponsible to leave this as-is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.125.41.24 (talk • contribs) 04:48, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Edited. The quote from the poem was even off. Sheesh. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.125.41.24 (talk • contribs) 04:54, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Copyright status
Over on Wikisource, there's a category for Public Domain suicide notes: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:PD-suicide. I've never heard that suicide notes might be in the public domain; does anyone know what this belief is based on? --Gwern (contribs) 04:43, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Arguments that do not have consensus on the English Wikisource. --Benn Newman 22:22, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

R Budd Dwyer
Was the note he actually read the suicide note or what the note given to his wife completely different? Mfullererie 04:39, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Online Suicide Notes
If there any information on the number of people who publish their own suicide notes online, in forums or blogs? 86.29.245.0 16:23, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

According to Dr. Lenora Olson ...
Why is that needed? Her article is a stub and doesn't do much to establish notability. There are lots of American academics and folks who do doctoral dissertations on various topics. - Ageekgal (talk) 21:59, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Mitchell Heisman
Why does Mitchell Heisman lose his specific entry while every single other person under the "Famous notes" headings has their own separate page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.248.10.11 (talk) 16:59, 19 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Probably because it's so recent that it's hard to gauge notability. There's a discussion about it here — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  18:25, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

I'm still lost as to why Wikipedia refused to approve a page on Mitchell Heisman. He has written what has the potential to be one of the most notable philosophy papers of our time. It is extremely well researched and written and although the circumstances on which it arisen are controversial, being a suicide, the book should not be ignored. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.100.254.153 (talk) 18:09, 23 March 2011 (UTC) If you read the pdf paper her predicted that his findings would be suppressed — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.185.47 (talk) 00:46, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

 * @129.100.254.153 here I am nearly 12 years later wondering why it is that he still has no wikipedia page. I was hoping to find more information about the events surrounding his death and his work on the book (note) in the years prior. 2600:6C4C:667F:F315:8EE:9C02:6ADC:50A6 (talk) 01:47, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Suicide note


text:
Talk:Morgan Stanley

Orphaned FEMA reference to Morgan Stanley case study (#25)
I tried to retrieve the reference #25: "Morgan Stanley Case Study" (PDF). FEMA. Retrieved April 27, 2020. But the landing page for the link turned out to be a 404 "not found" page.

I tried to search using the search feature on the site and ultimately found the (supposed) content at https://www.ready.gov/business/business-testimonials which features a section that matched the context for the reference quite well and also provides a link to a PDF containing the specific section only.

Hopefully some more experienced editors/moderators would be able to review and verify the above and update the said reference or ask me to it.

Manish Jhawar (talk) 11:22, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

Who are the former vice presidents?
My brother told me that our grandmother was a vice president or Morgan Stanley and I haven't been able to prove or disprove it since I haven't been able to find out who the former vice presidents were. 2601:197:4500:5BF0:6CCF:9D44:9E2D:ED7B (talk) 03:51, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

Lawsuits section
This is a laundry list of very specific and (relative to the overall history of the company) minor events and violates WP:SUMMARYSTYLE. Any suggestions on how to cut it down? 129.67.116.23 (talk) 13:41, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morgan Stanley


text:
User:Eireannmor

Eireannmor is a combination of two Gaelic words, 'Éireann' and 'mór.' Their respective meanings are 'Ireland' and 'great.'  They are also my first two names.

I live in Minnesota and write poetry, sew clothing and toys, and wonder about the world.

title: User:Eireannmor


text:
Subedar

Subedar is a military rank in the militaries of South Asia roughly equivalent to that of a warrant officer. Historically classes in the British Indian Army as a Viceroy's commissioned officer, the rank was retained in the Indian Army and Pakistan Army after independence. The rank of subedar is classed as a junior commissioned officer rank in India and Pakistan.

History
Subedar or subadar was the second-highest rank of Indian officer in the military forces of British India, ranking below "British Commissioned Officers" and above "Local Non-Commissioned Officers". Indian officers were promoted to this rank on the basis of both lengths of service and individual merit.

Under British rule, a Risaldar was the cavalry equivalent of a Subedar. A Subedar / Risaldar was ranked senior to a Jemadar and junior to a Subedar Major / Risaldar Major in an infantry / cavalry regiment of the Indian Army. Both Subedars and Risaldars wore two stars as rank insignia.

The rank was introduced in the East India Company's presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army) to make it easier for British officers to communicate with Indian troops. It was thus important for subedars to have some competence in English. In an order dated November 1755 the structure of an infantry company in the HEIC's newly raised infantry regiments provided for one subedar, four jemadars, 16 NCOs and 90 sepoys (private soldiers). This was to remain the approximate proportion until the number of British junior officers in a regiment increased later in the 18th century.

Until 1866, the rank was the highest an Indian soldier could achieve in the army of British India. A subedar's authority was confined to other Indian troops, and he could not command British troops. Promoted from the ranks and usually advanced through seniority based on long service; the typical subedar of this period was a relatively elderly veteran with limited English, whose extensive regimental experience and practical knowledge was not matched by formal education or training.

Before the Partition of India, subedars were known as Viceroy's commissioned officers (VCOs). After 1947, this term was changed to junior commissioned officers. It was not until the 1930s that significant numbers of Indian cadets began to be appointed as King's Commissioned Officers (KCOs) from either Sandhurst or the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun.

Until 1858, subedars wore two epaulettes with small bullion fringes on each shoulder. After 1858, they wore two crossed golden swords, or, in the Gurkha regiments, two crossed golden kukris, on each side of the collar of the tunic or on the right breast of the kurta. After 1900, subedars wore two pips on each shoulder. A red-yellow-red ribbon was introduced under each pip after World War I. After World War II, this ribbon was moved to lie between the shoulder title and the rank insignia (two brass stars on both shoulders).

During the period of British rule, subedars and other VCOs wore distinctive uniforms that combined features of both British and Indian military dress.

After independence
After independence, which came in 1947 with the Partition of India, the former Indian Army was divided between India and Pakistan.

Indian Army
In the Indian Army the rank has been promoted to second senior-most JCO with a ribbon band on the shoulder strap of two gold stars with a gold-red-gold stripe below. The Junior Commissioned Officers of the Indian Army are equivalent to Group-B Gazetted Officers in India.

Pakistan Army
In the Pakistan Army, the rank has been retained as a senior JCO, but the distinguishing ribbon band on the shoulder strap is now red-green-red.

title: Subedar


text:
File:Alex Lifeson Victor AC.jpg

Used on Wikipedia under fair use guidelines:
 * Low resolution copy of the album cover

RedWolf 05:32, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: File:Alex Lifeson Victor AC.jpg


text:
Talk:Eightfold way (physics)

Nice diagrams
I've got some nice diagrams made up for this page of the baryon octet etc. that I just need to finalize and upload, but it probably won't happen until after the semester's over. --Laura Scudder | Talk 05:33, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Redirect?
I've changed the article back to it's original state - plus a mention of quark model in first paragraph and nice images I'd forgotten about to come in a few minutes - because it predates the quark model and has enough relavent information to be said on it that doesn't fit there as it is fundamentally phenomenological. It is an outdated, pure categorization scheme for particles that we now understand better, but discussion is warranted before becoming only a redirect.--Laura Scudder | Talk 05:57, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Delta spin
The Delta ( (uuu)) has the spin of all three quarks aligned. What is the particle formed when one of the quarks is anti-parallel to the others? It should have spin 1/2, yet doesn't appear in the octet. Why is that? --Michael C. Price talk 10:03, 19 October 2010 (UTC)
 * uuu in anti-parrallel configuration is forbidden by Pauli. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 20:02, 19 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't get that. They have different colours, so Pauli exclusion can't apply. --Michael C. Price talk 21:03, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Mistake found in SuperMultiplet pic (see 'File:Baryon Supermultiplet using four-quark models and half spin.png')
Chi particle on bottom-right should feature ZERO charge, not PLUS (see 'File:Baryon decuplet.png') — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.3.126.106 (talk) 08:50, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eightfold way (physics)


text:
Black Knight (film)

Black Knight is a 2001 American fantasy adventure buddy comedy film directed by Gil Junger and starring Martin Lawrence with Marsha Thomason, Tom Wilkinson, Vincent Regan, and Kevin Conway in supporting roles. In the film, Lawrence plays Jamal, a theme park employee who is transported through time to medieval England. The film was shot at various locations in North Carolina, mainly Wilmington and Carolina Beach. Black Knight was theatrically released on November 21, 2001 to negative reviews and grossed $39.9 million against a production budget of $50 million.

Plot
Slacker Jamal Walker works at Medieval World theme park, which is about to have big competition from Castle World. Mostly Jamal’s boss is disappointed in him for running away from responsibility. While cleaning the moat, he tries to retrieve a medallion and gets sucked into 1328 England.

Meeting the drunkard Knolte, then finding what he believes is Castle World, he goes to investigate. They believe he is a French Moor, from Normandy, as he says he is from Florence and Normandie, a famous intersection in LA.

Jamal is taken to King Leo, who assumes he is the Normandy messenger he's expecting to unite England and Normandy. He realizes it isn't a theme park after witnessing the beheading of a rebel leader. Introducing himself as Jamal "Sky" Walker, his high school basketball nickname, he gains the king's trust by accidentally preventing his assassination and is made a lord and head of security.

Nubian Chambermaid Victoria tells Jamal the king overthrew the former queen, but he tells her he can't help. Debating with her, she insists his medallion deems him to be a man of honor. However she leaves, frustrated with his cowardice.

Later that night, Princess Regina, the king's daughter who is infatuated with Jamal, sneaks into his bed. He believes she is Victoria, so sleeps with her. The real Norman messenger arrives, seeking Princess Regina's hand in marriage for his liege, so Jamal is exposed as a fraud. The infuriated king throws him into the dungeon to be executed.

In the dungeon, two failed assassins talk of the Black Knight, who could not be bought nor bribed, and fought for justice. He had been swallowed whole with a gold sword by a fierce dragon, so he cut himself from its belly and could then breathe the fire of the dragon.

Brought forth for execution, as a last resort Jamal claims to be a sorcerer and attempts to scare the superstitious onlookers to escape. As the executioner begins to choke on an apple, the crowd believes Jamal cast a spell of death upon him. In the commotion, he saves him with the Heimlich Maneuver.

Using this distraction and flaming arrows fired from outside the walls, Jamal escapes the castle with Victoria and Knolte's aid. He learns that Knolte had been the former queen's knight who was disgraced when she lost her throne. Jamal soon understands he must help overthrow King Leo and help restore the queen.

With some effort, Jamal convinces the decimated rebels and townsfolk to overthrow the king together while noting that King Leo is no King Arthur. Using modern-day tactics from American football and pro wrestling, he gives the peasants the means to fight the armed and armored king's guards. Out of gratitude, Knolte teaches Jamal some basic sword-fighting manoeuvres, and also suggests a way to have an advantage in the upcoming battle.

The next day, Knolte and the rebels storm the castle, only to be surrounded by guards and Leo's bodyguard, Percival. Seemingly outmatched, the rebels are pushed back. The tide turns briefly when the legendary Black Knight charges in, breathing fire and scattering the guards, but he falls from his horse and is revealed to be Jamal.

Using their newfound skills, the peasants overpower the guards. But Percival's longbow severely wounds Knolte, and he takes Victoria hostage. When a scared King Leo asks Percival for safety, seeing Leo as pathetic and weak, Percival kills Leo and he is thrown into the moat. Charging to the rescue, Jamal surprises Percival with his fighting skills, knocking him out and rescuing Victoria. However, Percival comes to and is then shot dead by Knolte before he can kill Jamal. Jubilation abounds when the rebels are victorious.

After the queen's reign is restored, Jamal is knighted. During the dubbing, he awakes back at Medieval World surrounded by his co-workers and a medical team, who saved him from the moat, implying that his entire adventure was a dream. Jamal's whole attitude changes from his experience, and he helps to improve Medieval World, so they won't go out of business.

Later on, walking around the new Medieval World, Jamal meets Nicole, who looks just like Victoria. They talk a little, and he asks her out to lunch. Unfortunately, he forgets to get her number, and when he runs after her, he accidentally falls back into the moat, waking up in the Colosseum of Ancient Rome, where he is about to be devoured by lions, so he runs.

Cast

 * Martin Lawrence as Jamal Walker/"Sky" Walker, a Medieval World worker who ends up in Medieval times.
 * Marsha Thomason as:
 * Victoria, a chambermaid.
 * Nicole, a woman in the present day who resembles Victoria.
 * Tom Wilkinson as Sir Knolte of Marlborough, a knight who allies with Jamal.
 * Kevin Conway as King Leo, a tyrannical king.
 * Vincent Regan as Percival, King Leo's bodyguard.
 * Daryl Mitchell as Steve
 * Michael Countryman as Phillip
 * Jeannette Weegar as Princess Regina, the daughter of King Leo.
 * Erik Jensen as Derek
 * Dikran Tulaine as Dennis
 * Helen Carey as the unnamed Queen who was overthrown by King Leo.
 * Robert Alan Harris as King Leo's Squire
 * Richard Fullerton as Will

Development
The film was announced to release on November 21, 2001 by Fox.

Box office
The film opened at #4 at the U.S. box office on its opening weekend with $11.2 million. Black Knight grossed $39.9 million worldwide against a $50 million budget, making it a box office bomb.

Critical response
Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.

The film has also drawn attention from scholars. Addressing it as one of the few contemporary films that cast African American characters in medieval settings, Laurie A. Finke and Martin B. Shichtman noted that the film provided commentary on early 21st-century race relations in the United States, noting that despite his triumphs in the medieval setting, by the end, Jamal "continues to live in white America, which requires hybridity, not dominance, from African American men. He may be a better man for his excellent medieval adventure, but he is still black, poor, underemployed, and living in the hood.”

Motion Picture Sound Editors

 * Nominated for Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing - Music - Feature Film, Domestic and Foreign

title: Black Knight (film)


text:
Sparkline

A sparkline is a very small line chart, typically drawn without axes or coordinates. It presents the general shape of a variation (typically over time) in some measurement, such as temperature or stock market price, in a simple and highly condensed way. Whereas a typical chart is designed to professionally show as much data as possible, and is set off from the flow of text, sparklines are intended to be succinct, memorable, and located where they are discussed. Sparklines are small enough to be embedded in text, or several sparklines may be grouped together as elements of a small multiple.

History
In 1762 Laurence Sterne used typographical devices in his sixth volume of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman to illustrate his narrative proceeding: "These were the four lines I moved through my first, second, third, and fourth volumes,–".

The 1888 monograph describing the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa shows barometric signatures of the event obtained at various stations around the world in the same fashion, but in separate plates (VII & VIII), not within the text.

In 1983, Edward Tufte had formally documented a graphical style, then called "intense continuous time-series", encouraging extreme compaction of visual information. In early 1998, interface designer Peter Zelchenko introduced a feature called "inline charts", designed for the PC trading platform Medved QuoteTracker. This is believed to be the earliest known implementation of sparklines. In 2006, the term sparkline itself was introduced by Edward Tufte for "small, high resolution graphics embedded in a context of words, numbers, images". Tufte described sparklines as "data-intense, design-simple, word-sized graphics".

Subsequent to his origination the term "sparkline", in 2020 Tufte attributed the origination of "sparkline-like inline graphics" to Donald Knuth's  "METAFONTbook".

On May 7, 2008, Microsoft employees filed a patent application for the implementation of sparklines in Microsoft Excel 2010. The application was published on November 12, 2009, prompting Tufte to express concern at the broad claims and lack of novelty of the patent. On 23 January, 2009, MultiRacio Ltd. published an OpenOffice.org extension "EuroOffice Sparkline" to insert sparklines in OpenOffice.org Calc. On March 3, 2022, LibreOffice developer Tomaž Vajngerl announced a new implementation of sparkline for LibreOffice Calc, including the support to import sparklines from OOXML Workbook format, and this is landed at 7.4 release.

Usage
Sparklines are frequently used in line with text. For example: "The Dow Jones Industrial Average for February 7, 2006 Sparkline dowjones new.svg."

The sparkline should be about the same height as the text around it. Tufte offers some useful design principles for the sizing of sparklines to maximize their readability.

title: Sparkline


text:
Nine Saints

The Nine Saints were a group of missionaries who were important in the initial growth of Christianity in what is now Ethiopia during the late 5th century. The names of the Nine Saints are:

 * 1) Abba Aftse
 * 2) Abba Alef
 * 3) Abba Aragawi
 * 4) Abba Garima (Isaac or Yeshaq)
 * 5) Abba Guba
 * 6) Abba Liqanos
 * 7) Abba Pantelewon
 * 8) Abba Tsahma
 * 9) Abba Yem'ata

Rugare Rukuni and Erna Oliver identify the Nine Saints as Jewish Christians, and attribute the Judaic character of Ethiopian Christianity, in part, to their influence.

Origins
Although frequently described as coming from Syria, only two or three actually came from that province; according to Paul B. Henze, others have been traced to Constantinople, Anatolia, and even Rome.

The Ethiopian historian Taddesse Tamrat speculates that they may have been connected with the anti-Monophysite and anti-Miaphysite persecutions that followed the Council of Chalcedon, which adopted Dyophysitism. Their activities spread Christianity beyond "a narrow corridor between Adulis and Aksum along the caravan routes."

Founding of monasteries
Besides converting the local inhabitants to Christianity, they also founded a number of monastic houses that followed the rule of Saint Pachomius: Abba Aftse founded the monastery at Yeha; Abba Alef the northernmost establishment at Bi'isa on the south bank of the Mareb River; the foundation of the important monastery of Debre Damo is attributed to Abba Aragawi; Abba Liqanos and Abba Pantelewon are credited with establishing Pentalewon Monastery in Axum; Abba Garima founded Abba Garima Monastery north of Adwa; Abba Guba the one at Madara; Abba Tsahma the one at Sedenya; and Abba Yem'ata founded the southernmost one of the group in the Gar'alta, noted for its Abuna Yemata Guh church named after him.

Abba Garima and the Garima Gospels
Recent radiocarbon dating supports the tradition of Saint Abba Garima's arrival at the Abba Garima Monastery in 494. The Garima Gospels, which Garima is said to have written, is now regarded as "the world's earliest illustrated Christian manuscript" and the oldest surviving Ethiopian manuscript of any kind.

title: Nine Saints


text:
John Wheeler-Bennett

Sir John Wheeler Wheeler-Bennett (13 October 1902 – 9 December 1975) was a conservative English historian of German and diplomatic history, and the official biographer of King George VI. He was well known in his lifetime, and his interpretation of the role of the German Army influenced a number of British historians.

Early life
Wheeler-Bennett was born in Kent, the son of the prosperous importer John Wheeler-Bennett and his Canadian-born wife, Christine ( McNutt). He was educated at Wellington House school in Westgate on Sea and then at Malvern College and did not regard his youth as a happy one. His health was poor; he did not attend university or join the military.

In the early 1920s he worked as an aide to Major-General Sir Neill Malcolm in the Middle East and Berlin, then from 1923 to 1924 was in the publicity department of the League of Nations in Geneva. After that, he was appointed as director of the information department of the Royal Institute of International Affairs and was editor of its Bulletin of International News between 1924 and 1932.

Wheeler-Bennett and Pre-War Nazi Germany
Wheeler-Bennett lived in Germany between 1927 and 1934 and witnessed at first-hand the final years of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Nazi Germany. During his time in Berlin, he became an unofficial agent and advisor to the British government on international events. He also enjoyed some success as a horse-breeder.

In 1933, Wheeler-Bennett told the Royal Institute of International Affairs:

Wheeler-Bennett abandoned this view after reading Mein Kampf, which caused him to recognize that Hitler had more radical goals. He published a biography of Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg, and his book The Forgotten Peace was a study of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

In the years before the Second World War, Wheeler-Bennett befriended or was on speaking terms with a number of significant people in Europe. He had contact with Heinrich Brüning, Basil Liddell Hart, Franz von Papen, Lord Tweedsmuir, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, Leon Trotsky, Hans von Seeckt, Max Hoffmann, Lewis Bernstein Namier, Benito Mussolini, Robert Bruce Lockhart, Karl Radek, Sir Robert Vansittart, Kurt von Schleicher, Isaiah Berlin, Tomáš Masaryk, Engelbert Dollfuss, the former Kaiser Wilhelm II, Adam von Trott zu Solz, Louis Barthou, Lord Lothian, Winston Churchill, and Edvard Beneš.

After the war, Wheeler-Bennett was a critic of Appeasement, and ten years after the Munich Agreement he wrote a book condemning it.

Wartime and post-war career as a government official
In 1939, Wheeler-Bennett went to the United States to serve as a lecturer on international relations at the University of Virginia. He was strongly pro-American, and the South was always his favourite part of the United States.

From 1940 onward, Wheeler-Bennett helped to establish the British Information Service in New York City, an agency charged with trying to persuade the United States to enter the war on the Allied side and better present the British case to the US press. He was a supporter of the German Resistance to Hitler and became friendly with Adam von Trott zu Solz.

In 1942, Wheeler-Bennett returned home to take up a position in the Political Warfare Department of the British government's Foreign Office in London. He was promoted to Assistant Director General of the Political Intelligence Department, later serving in the Political Adviser's Department in SHAEF in 1944–1945. In 1945–1946, he assisted the British prosecutors at the Nuremberg Trials.

Views on the German Resistance
As a member of the Foreign Office's Political Intelligence Department, Wheeler-Bennett wrote on 25 July 1944 that:

Wheeler-Bennett's views on Germany and the German Resistance caused unease to some of his wartime colleagues, and an internal paper of his of February 1944 was condemned by Professor Thomas Marshall, of the Foreign Office Research Department, as a "vitriolic little paper" and "hardly worthy of its distinguished author."

Career after 1945
In 1945 Wheeler-Bennett married an American, Ruth Risher, and after the end of the Second World War they settled at Garsington Manor, near Oxford. Despite his lack of a university education and his non-academic status as a historian, Wheeler-Bennett was appointed to teach International Relations at St Antony's College and also taught at New College, Oxford, from 1946 to 1950.

In 1946 the British government's Foreign Office appointed Wheeler-Bennett as the British editor-in-chief of Documents on German Foreign Policy. This publication was based on the captured archives of the German Foreign Office, which had fallen into British and American hands in April 1945, and was a tripartite project of British, American, and French historians. In 1947, in his capacity as editor-in-chief Wheeler-Bennett convened a group called the Joint Consultative Committee. Its self-defined task was to advise the British Foreign Office on all matters pertaining to captured German records. Wheeler-Bennett himself was adamantly opposed to returning any captured records to Germany, and the committee complied with this policy. The project was reconstituted in 1959, after which the West Germans continued it on a quadripartite basis under the title Akten zur deutschen Auswaertigen Politik.

After the death of King George VI in 1952 Wheeler-Bennett was appointed as his official biographer, and his biography appeared in 1958. In History in Our Time, David Cannadine criticized the book as "courtly and obsequious", the history of "an icon rather than of an individual," and a "sanitised sarcophagus".

The Nemesis of Power
Wheeler-Bennett was best known for his The Nemesis of Power (1953), which documented the German Army's involvement in politics and reiterated Wheeler-Bennet's hostile views on the German Resistance. His thesis was that under Seeckt's leadership during the Weimar period, the Reichswehr had formed a "State within the State" that largely preserved its autonomy from the politicians in Berlin, but did not, however, play an active role in day-to-day politics.

After Seeckt's downfall in 1926, which had been engineered by Schleicher, the Reichswehr became increasingly engaged in political intrigues. In Wheeler-Bennett's view, Schleicher was the "Gravedigger of the Weimar Republic" who succeeded in undermining democracy but failed completely to build any sort of stable structure in its place. Thus, by a mixture of cunning, intrigue, and inept manoeuvres, Schleicher had inadvertently paved the way for Adolf Hitler.

In 1964 a revised edition of The Nemesis of Power appeared, in which Wheeler-Bennett continued his narrative up to the 20 July Plot of 1944. He contended that under the leadership of Werner von Blomberg and Werner von Fritsch, the German Army had chosen to acquiesce to the Nazi regime as the kind of government best able to achieve what the Army wanted; namely a militarised society that would ensure in the next war that there would be no repeat of the "stab in the back" (an explanation of the collapse of Germany in November 1918 supported by Hitler and others). By agreeing to support the Nazi dictatorship, the Army had tolerated a regime that quietly and gradually dismantled the "State within the state". After Blomberg's and Fritsch's fall in 1938, the Army had increasingly become a tool of the Nazi regime rather than the independent actor that it had been before. Despite his hostility to the German generals, in the book Wheeler-Bennett acknowledged the courage of Claus von Stauffenberg and others. Overall, he concluded that the conservative opposition within the Wehrmacht had done too little, too late, to overthrow the Nazis.

He was also critical of Germany's largest right-wing party before the Nazi era, the German National People's Party, saying that their failure to accept the Weimar Republic was "more influenced by feelings of disloyalty to the Republic than of loyalty to the Kaiser," and ultimately led them to prop up Hitler.

Final decades
An Anglican, Wheeler-Bennett enjoyed life in the English countryside. In 1958 he became founding chairman of the Ditchley Foundation, the Anglo-American conference group. From 1959 until his death he served as historical adviser to the Royal Archives. In 1972 he was elected to the British Academy.

Wheeler-Bennett was a follower of the Great Man school of history, and his writings usually explained historical events in terms of the leading personalities of the period. This view of history, together with his own conservative outlook, inclined him to make Winston Churchill a principal hero of his writings, as shown in his well-illustrated book The History Makers: Leaders And Statesmen of The 20th Century (1973).

Sir John Wheeler-Bennett died of cancer in London on 9 December 1975, aged 73.

Cultural depictions
Wheeler-Bennett was portrayed by Tristan Sturrock in season 2, episode 6 ("Vergangenheit") of the historical drama television series The Crown (2017).

Works
vol 2 online edition;
 * Information on the Reduction of Armaments, with an introduction by Major-General Sir Neill L. Malcolm, 1925. online edition
 * Information on the Renunciation of War, 1927–1928 with an introduction by Philip H. Kerr, 1928. online edition
 * Disarmament And Security Since Locarno 1925–1931; Being The Political And Technical Background of the General Disarmament Conference, 1932, New York: Macmillan, 1932.
 * The Wreck of Reparations, Being The Political Background of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932, 1933. online edition
 * Documents On International Affairs: 1933 editor online
 * The Pipe Dream Of Peace: The Story Of The Collapse Of Disarmament, William Morrow and Company, 1935. online edition
 * Hindenburg: The Wooden Titan, London: Macmillan and Company, 1936. online free
 * Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 1918, 1938. online free
 * The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and Germany's Eastern Policy, Clarendon Press, 1939.
 * The Defeat of the German Army, 1918, with Cyril Falls, Special Service Division: Army Service Forces, 1943.
 * Munich: Prologue To Tragedy, 1948.
 * The Nemesis Of Power: The German Army In Politics, 1918–1945, 1953, revised edition 1964. online free
 * King George VI, His Life and Reign, St. Martin's Press, 1958. online free
 * John Anderson, Viscount Waverley, St. Martin's Press, 1962. online edition
 * A Wreath To Clio: Studies In British, American and German Affairs, St. Martin's Press, 1967. online edition
 * Action This Day; Working With Churchill. Memoirs by Lord Norman Brook (And Others), edited with an introduction by Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, London: Macmillan and Co., 1968.
 * The Semblance Of Peace: The Political Settlement After The Second World War, with Anthony Nicholls, W.W. Norton and Company, 1972. excerpt
 * The History Makers: Leaders And Statesmen of The 20th Century, edited by Lord Frank Pakenham Longford and Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, chronologies and editorial assistance by Christine Nicholls, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973.
 * Knaves, Fools And Heroes: In Europe Between The Wars, (Macmillan, 1974). online edition; autobiography vol 1
 * Special Relationships: America In Peace And War, New York: Macmillan, 1975. autobiography
 * Friends, Enemies, And Sovereigns, New York: Macmillan, 1976 online free; autobiography vol 3

title: John Wheeler-Bennett


text:
Talk:Alfons Gabriel

Untitled
I copied and posted the text on Alfons Gabriel from a page in my site (http://www.aliparsa.com/rig/gabriel.html). So, I think there is no copyright problem, as I am the copyright owner. Please tell me if this is not the case. I'll try to add to the content anyway. Ali Parsa (no Wiki-ID yet).
 * This was repeated in a personal e-mail to me from the same address listed as the contact on the website—that's good enough for me. Postdlf 07:29, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * For me too. Thanks. Ali Parsa

title: Talk:Alfons Gabriel


text: Template:Aggressive class minesweeper

title: Template:Aggressive class minesweeper


text:
Talk:Uses and gratifications theory

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Georgetown University supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 15:26, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Untitled
what are peoples views on the uses and gratifications approach?

 * The article seems to be crying out for the "lacks context for those unfamiliar with the subject" tag.
 * The UG approach would also be an example of how the 'social sciences' attract scorn from those who favour the hard sciences -- an attempt to explain something which doesn't need explaining. But as a 'hard scientist' (well ... an Engineer, actually) I'll concede that's possibly uncharitable.

Anyway, the article has attracted a lot of edits, most of which were done by bots or were not adequately explained at the time. Pavium (talk) 06:51, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Also The information is partailly incorrect at places, and only shows the selective retention approuch of uses and gratification. —Preceding unsigned comment added by X-Nancy-Boy-X (talk • contribs) 20:23, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that the article seems to need serious work. I've tagged it with the appropriate tags. Yworo (talk) 19:23, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Hi all, I'm working on this page for a course at Georgetown. I would like to start by restructuring the article a bit. What do you think about this format for the content? I'm going to start editing it since the article hasn't had an active talk page in about 3 years now and only minor edits, possibly some by bots, have been done on this page. I will check into the article talk page frequently as I make these revisions to make sure that we're all on board with the edits! Thanks in advance for your help.

Proposed Organization:

 * 1.Lead
 * 2.Table of Contents
 * 3.Uses and Gratifications Model
 * 4.History of Theory
 * -Stages
 * -Development
 * 5.Research Examples
 * -New Media
 * -other interesting applications of the theory in research across psychology to motivation theory
 * 6.Theory criticism
 * 7.See Also (links within Wikipedia and elsewhere on the web)
 * 8.References

Wikisyzygy (talk) 16:19, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

The Maslow date of 1970 - seems way off?108.31.118.170 (talk) 02:07, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Yukillovesu (talk) 01:57, 20 October 2021 (UTC)Overall this Wikipedia page looks very good. The structure and logic are obvious. When the author talked about the different motivations of using and choosing media, I suggest that attaching a graph here makes it clear. Also, in the gratification sought (GS) vs. gratification obtained (GO) section, the author explains it in one sentence, which is not enough. The author should provide clear definitions of each aspect. Perhaps, giving some examples could help readers understand the differences. And, this section needs citation. In the Morden research section, I think the author needs to supply more citations. For example, it suggested a gender difference in using mobile phones, but there is no citation to prove it. Yukillovesu (talk) 01:57, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 13 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): YiwenWu777. Peer reviewers: Yukillovesu, Atw58.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:11, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Peer Review
This article is definitely pretty developed. The content seems to all be there, and the organization makes sense. There are ample references as well. One thing missing right off the bat, however, are any sort of visuals. I don't know if any visuals exist that could be included on the page, but that could help visitors better understand the concept. The lead paragraph is great, but it's a bit long compared to other articles. I don't think it necessarily needs to be changed but if you do change it, maybe make it more concise. The tone is neutral and nothing seems particularly biased. I noticed that the most recent additions came from several months ago, including added references. I know that references for this article is going to be hard since there are already so many, so I would suggest knocking out a couple of those sources by adding visuals. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Atw58 (talk • contribs) 13:47, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

What is a process gratification?
Explain in details 197.187.104.3 (talk) 18:43, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Advanced Communication Theory
— Assignment last updated by Natalie750 (talk) 21:07, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CMN2160B
— Assignment last updated by Xinyue Hu (talk) 13:29, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Communication Theory
— Assignment last updated by Emm075 (talk) 19:55, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uses and gratifications theory


text:
Talk:Schuyler

Untitled
To who included "Schuyler Anderson": establish who this is before including him on this disambiguation page. --DanielNuyu 05:43, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Book
There is a book by E.L. Konigsburg titled The Outcasts of 19 Schuyler Place. Mention? -- Glimmer721  talk  00:52, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Schuyler


text:
Parody music

Parody music, or musical parody, involves changing or copying existing (usually well known) musical ideas, and/or lyrics, or copying the particular style of a composer or performer, or even a general style of music.

In music, parody has been used for many different purposes and in various musical contexts: as a serious compositional technique, as an unsophisticated re-use of well-known melody to present new words, and as an intentionally humorous, even mocking, reworking of existing musical material, sometimes for satirical effect.

Examples of musical parody with completely serious intent include parody masses in the 16th century, and, in the 20th century, the use of folk tunes in popular song, and neo-classical works written for the concert hall, drawing on earlier styles. "Parody" in this serious sense continues to be a term in musicological use, existing alongside the more common use of the term to refer to parody for humorous effect.

Etymology
The word "parody" derives from the post-classical Latin parodia, which came from the Greek παρῳδία (lit. "burlesque poem" or song).

Renaissance
The earliest musical application of this Greek term was only in 1587, on the title-page of a parody mass by the German composer Jakob Paix, as the equivalent of the previously usual Latin expressions missa ad imitationem or missa super …, which were used to acknowledge the source of borrowed musical material. Such preferences for Greek terms were a product of Renaissance humanism, which was strong in Germany by that time though the word's use was infrequent and casual. It was only in modern times that the term "parody technique" came into general use as a historical musicological term, especially after the publication of Peter Wagner’s Geschichte der Messe in 1913. Although the practice of borrowing preexisting polyphonic textures dates back to the 14th century, these earlier manifestations are closer to the technique of contrafactum than to the parody of 16th-century music. In the latter part of the 15th century, composers began to include the other voices of a polyphonic model in basically cantus firmus structures, such as Jacob Obrecht's Missa Fortuna desperata and Missa Rosa playsante. In Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Michael Tilmouth and Richard Sherr write of the genre: "The essential feature of parody technique is that not merely a single part is appropriated to form a cantus firmus in the derived work, but the whole substance of the source – its themes, rhythms, chords and chord progressions – is absorbed into the new piece and subjected to free variation in such a way that a fusion of old and new elements is achieved."

Many of the most famous composers of the 16th century, including Victoria, Lassus and Palestrina, used a wide range of earlier music in their masses, drawing on existing secular as well as religious pieces.

Baroque
After the beginning of the Baroque period, there continued to be parodies with serious intent, an example being J. S. Bach's reuse of three cantatas in his Christmas Oratorio. As musical fashions changed, however, there was little cause to re-use old modal tunes and compositional styles. After the middle of the 17th century, composers sought to create "a unique musical treatment appropriate to the text and the circumstances of performance". Thereafter the serious parody became rare until the 20th century.

Concert works and opera
The parodic elements of Bach's "Cantate burlesque", Peasant Cantata are humorous in intent, making fun of the florid da capo arias then in fashion. Thereafter "parody" in music has generally been associated with humorous or satiric treatment of borrowed or imitative material. Later in the 18th century, Mozart parodied the lame melodies and routine forms of lesser composers of his day in his Musical Joke. A century later, Saint-Saëns composed The Carnival of the Animals as a musical joke for his friends; several of the movements contain musical parody, radically changing the tempo and instrumentation of well-known melodies. Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra (1943) features the appearance (followed by a trombone raspberry) of a theme from Shostakovich's Leningrad Symphony.

In theatrical music, the 18th century ballad opera, which included satirical songs set to popular melodies of the time, involved some of the broadest musical parodies. In Così fan tutte Mozart parodied the elaborate solemnities of opera seria arias. His own The Magic Flute was the subject of Viennese parodies in the decades after his death. Parodies of Wagner range from Souvenirs de Bayreuth by Fauré and Messager (sending up music from the Ring cycle by turning the themes into dance rhythm) to Anna Russell's Introduction to the Ring, which parodies the words and music of the cycle by presenting their supposed absurdities in a mock-academic lecture format.

Offenbach, a frequent parodist (of among others Gluck, Donizetti and Meyerbeer), was himself parodied by later composers from Saint-Saëns to Sondheim. In the Savoy operas, Sullivan parodied the styles of Handel, Bellini, Mozart, Verdi and others. His own music has been parodied ever since. The parodic use of well-known tunes with new lyrics is a common feature of Victorian burlesque and pantomime, British theatrical styles popularised in the 19th century.

Serious parody was revived, in modified form, in the 20th century, with such works as Prokoviev's Classical Symphony and Stravinsky's neo-classical works including The Fairy's Kiss and Pulcinella. However, Tilmouth and Sherr comment that although these works exhibit "the kind of interaction of composer and model that was characteristic of 16th-century parody", they nevertheless employ "a stylistic dichotomy far removed from it". The same authors comment that the use of old music in the scores of Peter Maxwell Davies similarly "engenders a conflict foreign to the total synthesis that was the aim of 16th-century parody".

Parody in popular music
Popular music has used parody in a variety of ways. These include parodies of earlier music, for comic or (sometimes) serious effect; parodies of musical and performing styles; and parodies of particular performers.

Before the 20th century, popular song frequently borrowed hymn tunes and other church music and substituted secular words. "John Brown's Body", the marching song of the American Civil War, was based on the tune of an earlier camp-meeting and revival hymn, and was later fitted with the words "Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord", by Julia Ward Howe. This practice continued into the First World War, with many of the soldiers' songs being based on hymn tunes (for instance "When this lousy war is over", to the tune of "What a Friend We Have in Jesus" and "We are Fred Karno's Army", to the tune of "The Church's One Foundation").

Folk song has often been written to existing tunes, or slight modifications of them. This is another very old (and usually non-humorous) kind of musical parody that still continues. For instance, Bob Dylan took the tune of the old slave song "No more auction block for me" as the basis for "Blowin' in the Wind".

Parodies of earlier works in popular music
In the 1940s Spike Jones and his City Slickers parodied popular music in their own way, not by changing lyrics, but adding wild sound effects and comedic stylings to formerly staid old songs. The 1957 Broadway musical Jamaica parodied the then very fashionable commercial variety of Calypso music. A musical using heavy parody was the 1959 show Little Mary Sunshine, which poked fun at old-fashioned operetta.

Parodists of music from the concert hall or lyric theatre have included Allan Sherman, known for adding comic words to existing works by such composers as Ponchielli and Sullivan; and Tom Lehrer, who has parodied Sullivan, folk music, ragtime and Viennese operetta. The pianist Victor Borge is also noted for parodies of classical and operatic works.

The musical satirist Peter Schickele created P. D. Q. Bach, a supposedly newly discovered member of the Bach family, whose creative output parodies musicological scholarship, the conventions of Baroque and classical music, as well as introducing elements of slapstick comedy.

Parodies of performing styles and performers
Stan Freberg created parodies of popular songs in the 1950s and 1960s, mocking the musical conventions of the day,Elvis Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel". The bandleader and pianist Paul Weston and his wife, singer Jo Stafford, created the musical duo, "Jonathan and Darlene Edwards", as a parody of bad cabaret acts. The British group The Barron Knights became famous for their parodies of pop performers in the 1970s, whilst The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican currently perform comedy parodies of popular songs from a wide of genres primarily on folk instruments.

Parodists with differing techniques have included "Weird Al" Yankovic and Bob Rivers, who have generally put new lyrics to largely unchanged music, and Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine or The Lounge Kittens keeps the lyrics intact but alters the musical style, performing rap, metal, and rock songs in a lounge style. Country Yossi, a pioneering composer and singer in the Jewish music genre, reworks the lyrics of country music and other mainstream hits to convey Orthodox Jewish themes. Another example of musical parody is Mac Sabbath, a Black Sabbath tribute band who utilize McDonald's-themed props and costumes with altered lyrics satirizing the fast food industry. parody in the 21st century has included the 2005 musical Altar Boyz, which parodies both Christian rock and the "boy band" style of pop.

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources

title: Parody music


text:
Talk:Jeffrey Maier incident

Untitled
Anyone know more about Jeffrey Maier's whereabouts these days? I found a 2003 article which mentioned him as a sophomore at Wesleyan University, which means he's probably graduating soon. Has he been drafted by any teams? Is he still playing the game? --Feitclub 05:46, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * According to this article, he's in the class of 2006 (so he'll be a senior this year), and an All-NESCAC centerfielder. And according to this, he "hit .350 and led his team in slugging, on-base percentage, hits, runs, double[s], and triples" in the 04-05 school year. -- Plutor 16:50, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * he's interviewing for my company tomorrow morning and i am an orioles fan
 * Did your company hire him? 47.137.185.87 (talk) 21:59, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

Updated Picture
Does anyone have a picture with him, on Sportscenter he had a goatee--Levineps 22:19, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It probably violates fair use to put it on the page, but here's a link in case you were just wondering. 70.178.93.149 02:27, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Dubious?
I doubt the recent addition about the Orioles is true. If it is, it needs citation. Arod14 13:04, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

I also thought he did in fact catch the ball. I've never heard that he didn't. --Locarno 15:22, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * He didn't catch the ball. I have modified the claim about the Orioles.  There was speculation, and Angelos commented on it, but there is no indication they were ever serious about it.--Wehwalt 21:03, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Tony Tarasco was not in position to catch the ball anyway. The MLB commissioner's office ruled this and it is clear by looking at the picture where the glove was in relation to where the ball would have it on the wall.

--No, MLB commisioners office ruled that the play was not reviewable because it's a judgement call.

--Ticars 18:47, 9 August 2006 (UTC)Actual MLB didn't rule on it at all as it was a judgement call

And I think everyone in the world thought it was an easy putout with the exception of Garcia. Why do you think that Tony Tarasco didn't even bother jumping??? Has anyone ever seen a baseball play where an OF'er just stood against the wall while the ball bounced off the wall out of his reach??? Finally, if a ML OF'er is waiting for a ball against the Right Field wall in Yankee Stadium there are only 3 options, it's a HR, it's an out or it's an error. I don't think anyone believes that it's a home run, as the ball was already underneath the wall, and it was still falling. So the alternatives left are an error or an out. If you want to argue that you know that Tarasco was going to commit an error, then so be it.

Page name: Jeff or Jeffrey?
When his famous incident happened, he was going by Jeffrey, as the current title of the article indicates. In news reports since then, he's been called Jeff Maier. I will place a redirect from Jeff Maier to Jeffrey Maier for now, but should the article be moved to Jeff Maier? --Idont Havaname (Talk) 20:03, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Odds are his legal name has always been Jeffrey. I think the article should properly be here.  I doubt if his legal name has become (or always was) Jeff.--Wehwalt 20:19, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Media reaction to play
Another editor keeps reverting my edits which leaves it an open question whether the ball was catchable or not. I think what I have been posting is not POV, whereas the other editor wants to establish it, as a fact, but without proper citation, that the ball would have been caught and there was a universal belief in the media regarding same. I suggest we discuss a proper phrasing here.--Wehwalt 17:42, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

I've put a couple of media quotations in the article. I hope this helps. I think there is fairly universal belief (based on the photo, if nothing else) that it was incorrectly ruled a HR. The question then becomes, would it have been caught? That, I don't find universal opinion on, and I think it is safe to say that it is disputed and leave it at that.--Wehwalt 18:02, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Birthday
Is there any citation for his birthday? I had a friend say that they changed it a while back as an April Fools joke. I looked back, and indeed found on April 1 2007, the edit for his birthday that had previously been unlisted was changed to September 24. Then on April 16, the same user who changed it tried to change it back to nothing, and it was restored back to September 24. I'm guessing that's not his real birthday, unless the sheer luck of him getting the right day out of 366 (since it was a leap year). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sholt113 (talk • contribs) 22:04, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

Rumours of Death
Before adding a date of death can we have a good reference such as an obituary.--Racklever (talk) 09:26, 31 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Whoever did that must have been a Baltimore fan. 47.137.185.87 (talk) 21:57, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Nationality
The article says that Maier's nationality is American. Shouldn't it be Jewish?47.137.185.87 (talk) 21:56, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jeffrey Maier incident


text:
Talk:Liancourt Rocks/Archive 2

Reverts
Did you revert the Dokdo page? I was correcting it. Liancourt rocks is a vougous name. It is by western 'discovery'. If I call Netherlands as 'Jong's flat land', the people in Netherlands won't like it. The same applies to Dokdo. It is an official and proper name (regardless of any dispute) for the moment. So, we should keep Dokdo as the prime name for Liancourt's rocks. --Jong 12:29, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry about that, but the name "Dokdo" is controversial when taking in account the Japanese claim to the islets. As I mentioned on your discussion page, Wikipedia is obliged to adhere to a NPOV stance when regarding articles that are obviously not neutral. -- Leonhart

 * Even if it is controversal, the present occupants are Koreans. The official name is Dokdo. If it is really controversal (legally as UN is investigating or some international lawsuit is going on), then, either the name Takeshida or Dokdo should be used. NOT Liancourt's rocks. How arrogant the western people are on other cultures and sovereignty!. As I noted above, it is not an issue of Japan and Korea, but an issue of correct naming an Asian islands.
 * Also, I personally do not mind either Japan or Korea occupies the islets. I was putting the facts based on present legal and practical occupation. The dispute part should go down at the historical part and other issue part. --Jong 12:25, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I am going to say this to you for the very last last time: STOP TURNING WHAT I REVERTED INTO REDIRECTION PAGES!!!!!!!!!!!! THAT'S NOT THE POINT! YOUR ARTICLES ARE RIDICULOUSLY BIASED AND MAKE NO SENSE GRAMMATICALLY WHATSOEVER! IF YOU WOULD PLEASE STOP AND LISTEN TO COMMON SENSE, YOU'LL REALIZE WHAT YOU'RE DOING IS OUT OF ORDER HERE! (deep breaths) Just leave the "Liancourt Rocks" article the way it is. It's perfectly balanced and does not lean towards your nationalist viewpoints. Unless you haven't noticed, not everybody in the world is a Korean. People are entitled to their own opinions for an issue as serious as this one, so it would be better if you just left them alone to decide independently instead of changing every artcicle concerning Korean-Japanese issues to fit you point of view. -- Leonhart

Most countries are governed not by common sense but by laws. Your common sense is not necessarily common to others. I am not nationalistic. I was putting the point that some 1800 French whaler's name 'Liancourt's rocks' is not a proper title for an island that has been mapped, governed and charted. It is in dispute due to recent Japanese claim. That is understandable. However, the name Liancourt rocks is not correct. Under international laws, Liancourt's rocks is Korean territory. Unless there is any true dispute such as international legal case, it should be noted that way. I am not fitting the name to my point of view. Could you check if you are not putting your own way of thinking to this matter (I know you think you are reasonable and commen sensical with your not very civilized way of speech)? --Jong 12:35, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The page on the Diaoyu islands is named "Sensaku," since Japan currently administers the islands. Likewise, since Dokdo is administered by Korea, it should be referred to by its Korean name. On another note, Leonhart, it is grammatically and stylistically incorrect to use all capitalised letters. --Zippie

In which case, we should definitely also change the names of the articles for the Paracel Islands and Snake Island to the names used by the countries which administer/occupy them, not to mention a lot of other entries on the Territorial dispute page (since we're trying for consistency here.) --Zonath 10:55, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

And since the English common name is Liancourt "Rocks," Liancourt Rocks is the best bet for the title of the article. And no more "redirect war", which causes nothing but endless disputes. --Puzzlet Chung 13:20, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Speak that to your compatriot, plz.Commonsenses 14:11, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Official name of article's political entity
According to Proper_names, the page title should be 'Liancourt Rocks'. But also Proper_names mentions that the official name of article's political entity should be the bolded name in the introductory paragraph. The most of the cases, the offical name is used in the article's context even there exists an english name.

What is the official name of Liancourt Rocks's political entity? 1. According to wikipedia, the Liancourt Rocks are administrated by the government of Republic of Korea. 2. the political entity of Liancourt Rocks is the government of Republic of Korea. 3. The offical name of the political entiry of Liancourt Rocks is 'Dokdo'. I think it is the 'NPOV' to follow the guideline of wikipedia. Gene203 10:09, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Then Greece should be "Elládha" as the Greek people call it. Common romanization of "People's Republic of China" in Chinese is Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó(中华人民共和国; 중화인민공화국). Why do they have the article South Korea and North Korea as those incorect titles while Koreans have Daehan Minguk(대한민국) and Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk(조선민주주의인민공화국), and why don't they move "South Korea" to "South Corea" when the majority of South Koreans (twenties and thirties at least) would prefer "Corea"?
 * Beacuse it's the English Wikipedia, and they are the common name in English.
 * Speaking of Korean Wikipedia, it has ko:&(Daemado) for Tsushima Islands. Tsushima is administrated by Japan, and the territorial claim from Korea for the island had been defunct. However, Korean Wikipedia uses it since "Daemado" is more common name in Korea, where the majority of speakers of Korean language lives.
 * Suppose the dispute in Dokdo is finally solved and Korea owns it. If Japanese still refers to it "Takeshima" as they have called it, they call it. It's the common name, and no Japaneses have to do about it. And in English, "Liancourt Rocks" is the common name, so the Wikipedia article also tends to have that name. Until Korean government advertises the new name "Dokdo" and "トクト" among the diplomacy, like the government of Seoul introduced "首爾" for the Chinese name of Seoul.
 * Now back to reality, Korean government doesn't seem to advertise the name that much, and the island is still in dispute by the third person's view, (Korea officialy claims the island and so does Japan – it's the dispute,) and the island's common name in English is "Liancourt Rocks." What do you gonna say?
 * --Puzzlet Chung 01:56, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The Korean Wikipedia is irrelevant. It has its own policies.

 * The point you're missing, though, is that "Liancourt Rocks" is not the common English name. In the English media, the islands are more commonly referred to as "Dokdo" or "Takeshima" than "Liancourt Rocks". A simple Google search should be enough to convince yourself of this. --Xiaopo ℑ 04:10, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, the official name thing doesn't work very well with countries, since just about every country has an official English name which it uses in international relations (like the UN). --Zonath 08:33, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liancourt Rocks/Archive 2


text:
Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior

The Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior (or São Paulo Youth Football Cup, in English), also known as Copa São Paulo de Juniores (São Paulo Youth Cup) and Copinha (Little Cup), is a cup competition played by Brazilian under-20 association football teams (until the 2006 edition, it was contested by under-21 teams), most of them from the state of São Paulo. It is organized by the Paulistan Football Federation and is considered one of the most traditional and important under-20 sport competitions in Brazil. Its final is usually held on January 25, the anniversary of São Paulo City's founding.

Format
In the first stage, the 128 teams are divided in 32 groups. The top 2 of each group qualify to the knockout stage. The final is always played on 25 January, the date of the foundation of the city of São Paulo. All matches are played in the São Paulo state.

List of champions

 * Notes

Player of the Tournament
Following is the list with the award for best player in the competition:

Supercopa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior
The Supercopa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior was a tournament organized by the São Paulo Football Federation bringing together 16 teams that until then had been champions and runners-up of the Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior and played by Brazilian under-20 football teams.

It was held in 1994 and 1995.

Other

 * RSSSF Brasil
 * Gazeta Esportiva
 * Tudo pronto pro início da Copa São Paulo de Futebol Juniores - São Paulo City Government (January 2, 2007)

title: Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior


text:
Tropical mockingbird

The tropical mockingbird (Mimus gilvus) is a resident breeding bird from southern Mexico to northern and eastern South America and in the Lesser Antilles and other Caribbean islands.

Taxonomy and systematics
The tropical mockingbird has sometimes been considered conspecific with its closest living relative, the northern mockingbird (Milvus polyglottos) and forms a superspecies with it. The critically endangered Socorro mockingbird (M. graysoni) is also much closer to these two than previously believed.

The tropical mockingbird has these ten subspecies:

 * M. g. gracilis Cabanis, 1851
 * M. g. leucophaeus Ridgway, 1888
 * M. g. antillarum Hellmayr & Seilern, 1915
 * M. g. tobagensis Dalmas, 1900
 * M. g. rostratus Ridgway, 1884
 * M. g. melanopterus Lawrence, 1849
 * M. g. gilvus (Vieillot, 1808)
 * M. g. tolimensis Ridgway, 1904
 * M. g. antelius Oberholser, 1919
 * M. g. magnirostris Cory, 1887

M. g. antelius and M. g. magnirostris have been suggested as separate species but morphological and vocal evidence for the potential splits are weak.

Description

Adult tropical mockingbirds are 23 to 25.5 cm long. The mean weights of various subspecies vary greatly. Adults of the nominate subspecies are gray on the head and upper parts and have a whitish supercilium and a dark stripe through the eye. The underparts are off-white and the wings are blackish with two white wing bars and white edges to the flight feathers. They have a long dark tail with white feather tips, a slim black bill with a slight downward curve and long dark legs. Juveniles are browner and their chest and flanks have dusky streaks.

The subspecies vary in overall size and the length of wings and tail, the intensity of their plumage colors, the extent of pale markings, and eye color. M. g. magnirostris is the largest and has a significantly heavier bill than the others; M. g. tolimensis is also larger than the nominate.

Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of the tropical mockingbird are distributed thus:

 * M. g. gracilis, southern Mexico south to Honduras and El Salvador
 * M. g. leucophaeus, the Yucatán Peninsula and Cozumel and other offshore islands
 * M. g. antillarum, the Lesser Antilles from Antigua south
 * M. g. tobagensis, Trinidad and Tobago
 * M. g. rostratus, southern Caribbean islands from Aruba east to Blanquilla
 * M. g. melanopterus, northern and northeastern Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil's Roraima state
 * M. g. gilvus, Suriname and French Guiana
 * M. g. tolimensis, western and central Colombia south to extreme northern Ecuador; El Salvador to Panama
 * M. g. antelius, coastal northeastern and eastern Brazil south to Rio de Janeiro state
 * M. g. magnirostris, San Andrés Island off eastern Nicaragua

The population of M. g. tolimensis in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama are descendants of escaped cage birds imported from Colombia.

The tropical mockingbird is common in most open habitats, including around human habitation. Examples include scrublands, savannas, parks, and farmlands. It avoids closed forests and mangroves. It is a bird of the lowlands to middle elevations; it reaches about 2500 m in Central American and the northern Andes. It has been found as high as 2600 m in Colombia and 3100 m in northern Ecuador.

Feeding
The tropical mockingbird forages on the ground or low in vegetation; it also captures flying insects such as swarming termites on the wing. It is omnivorous; its diet includes a variety of arthropods (such as spiders, grasshoppers, and beetles), seeds, small fruits and berries, larger cultivated fruits (such as mangoes and sapodillas), lizards, bird and lizard eggs, the contents of bird feeders, and human food.

Breeding
The tropical mockingbird generally nests from late in the wet season through the transition period into the early wet season. During that long period, it often will produce three broods. It is monogamous but cooperative breeding has been recorded with the young of the previous brood acting as helpers. It aggressively defends its territory against birds of its own and other species, and predatory animals as well. Both sexes build the nest using coarse twigs lined with softer material and place it low in a shrub or tree. The clutch size ranges from two to four but is usually three. The female does most of the incubation during the 13- to 15-day period. Chicks are fed by both parents (and helpers) in the nest for up to 19 days and beyond that after fledging.

Vocalization
The tropical mockingbird's song is "a varied and long-continued sequence of diverse mellow to harsh notes, trills, with considerable repetition of phrases". It will often sing through the night. It apparently rarely mimics other species. Its calls include "a resonant 'pree-ew'" and "a harsh 'chick' or 'chek'".

Status
The IUCN has assessed the tropical mockingbird as being of Least Concern. It is "common and conspicuous nearly throughout [its] range". Its range has expanded in some areas, such as northward in the Lesser Antilles, but has contracted in southeastern Brazil due to habitat loss and illegal trapping.

title: Tropical mockingbird