text:
User talk:Monado

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Connie Willis
Do we really need stubs for each one of her books? Maybe it could all be incorporated into one article on Connie, and then break it up later if the article gets too long. Having all of these stubs seems a hard way to learn about her books, because of all the clicking one would have to do. Maybe just put a synopsis of each book on her main page, making a separate page only for books where you (or anyone else for that matter) have a lot to say about it, or, again, if the main page gets too big. Just a suggestion... Chuck 05:00, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Chuck! I'm not sure how to get a reply to you. I just saw that the stubs were there, for the most part, so thought I'd fill them. I think it's a good idea to have the books all on the Connie Willis page. Do you want to move them? I'm planning to go to bed very soon. Mona --Monado 05:05, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
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Word Salad
Re: Word salad article

"Hi, Jake. I don't feel strongly about this, but as an information designer I felt that the information in the article could be scanned more quickly if the two uses of the term were grouped, contrasting the more technical sense of deliberately misleading content with the everyday use as diagnosing faulty thought. Let's say that I would have understood it more quickly if it had been so grouped. I might even move the everyday meaning to the beginning of the article. Please let me know if this makes sense to you."
 * That is fine. Looking closely, I don't know why I reverted your edit.  I removed the above warning and rolled back my changes.  Cheers,  Jake Wartenberg talk 15:19, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Abortion
As you raised the issue at Talk:Abortion, perhaps you'd care to weigh in on the resulting discussion? KillerChihuahua ?!?Advice 22:21, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Autism
Please see WP:MEDRS regarding the use of primary studies versus high-quality secondary reviews befitting of a featured article; it might be helpful if you would raise your suggestions on Talk:Autism before making changes to the article. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:53, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Oh, excellent! I wanted to use a well-written secondary source but I thought it wouldn't be considered authoritative enough. Monado (talk) 00:04, 29 April 2010 (UTC)
 * This article explains how to find high-quality secondary reviews (which to my knowledge have all been incorporated into the autism article), such as expected in a FA-level article. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 00:06, 29 April 2010 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, the information that I added, which someone objected to because it was original research," was the source of the graph that was already featured on the page, supposedly showing an increase in autism. What I added showed that the apparent increase was (a) the result of trade-offs with other diagnoses and (b) trivial compared to other disabilities.

Dead Runners Society
I've removed the following Books LLC reference: See: User:Fences and windows/Unreliable sources and Amazon.com controversies. °°Playmobilonhishorse (talk) 05:48, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Recognition: The DRS has a chapter in the book: http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Running-Clubs/Books-LLC/e/9781155892900 (Books LLC, 2010)
 * OK. I thought it was a kind of odd-looking company but wanted some sourced running plans, etc. and couldn't find anything specifically wrong with it. Monado (talk) 14:46, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

Abortion compared to childbirth
I removed your edits to medical abortion and abortion that compared abortion mortality rates to childbirth mortality rates. I think that what you added was a bit overkill for something that can just be summarized in a few sentences at most. I am curious though about one thing: childbirth morbidity and mortality rates likely differ quite a bit based on whether the child is born at a medical facility of not. Do you happen to know what those individual statistics might be? NW ( Talk ) 04:52, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, that explains why, when I went to delete part of it that I thought was too much detail, it wasn't there. Thanks, loads. I've seen too much propaganda about how dangerous abortion is, as well as the wholly-made-up "Abortion causes breast cancer" crap, to think that it's entirely irrelevant. What we need are more up-to-date figures. And no, I do not. Since they supposedly covered U.S. abortions over six years I imagine that the researchers did their best to minimize sources of bias. Monado (talk) 04:58, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Sure, I definitely agree that the sources you cited are pretty good, even if the JAMA ones are a bit outdated. I just think we already covered it fine in the first paragraph of Abortion. (Incidentally, abortion–breast cancer and abortion–mental health are mentioned just a few subsections down from that section). Do you think we should add a bit more? NW ( Talk ) 05:02, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I noticed that they had been addressed. I would like to see that specific point made, that illegal abortion is more dangerous (covered) and legal abortion in early pregnancy is safer. That's not generally made explicit, nor is the next point, that late abortions are more dangerous than childbirth, so doctors don't do them without a damn good reason. And consequently, people who try to delay or block abortions are endangering women, some of whom will die. To me, it's part of a complete discussion. Maybe this would be a good place for a graph.
 * It would certainly be interesting to have two side-by-side graphs (or one overlapping graph) showing the risk of death of both week-by-week. If you know where I could find such data, I would be happy to make such a graph. NW ( Talk ) 15:03, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

Notability flag on Garson Romalis page

 * Notability tag was added somewhat overzealously. Removed. Archaios (talk) 13:06, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks! --Monado (talk) 17:23, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

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Edghill
Thank you for improving / expanding the article on Rosemary Edghill. Good work. DS (talk) 22:36, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

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Awesome job!
I love your edits to abortion! Good job. Triacylglyceride (talk) 13:14, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks!

May 2013
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 * Some nice person fixed it within 15 minutes! Monado (talk) 20:26, 29 May 2013 (UTC)

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Re: Ralph Buchsbaum
No worries. After I found your edit to Sexual reproduction, I checked out your contribs and found you'd removed a dead ref ... which is one of my pet peeves here. So I went to recover it – I eventually found it by doing a Google search for the title, after having no luck at the Wayback Machine. I was trying to juggle two things at once while doing this work, hence the rushed nature of the reverts. Seems to have been all sorted now. Graham 87 06:15, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

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 * catfish]]. It has the L-number L049. It is possibly a junior synonym for Peckoltia vittata Steindachner, 1881. {{cite web |url = http://fishbase.sinica.edu.tw/Summary/

Michael Shermer discussion
Hi. Can you offer your opinion in this discussion? Thanks. Nightscream (talk) 17:56, 20 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I think people are resolving it fine without me. Monado (talk) 02:12, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Monado


text: Category:Norwegian archaeologists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Norwegian archaeologists


text:
Talk:2005 in British music

Comments
Question - I'm not too sure who it is on here who puts the sales figures up each week, but I was just wondering where they got the sales figures from. Thanks! - PiffPuffPickle
 * I get them from the CoolClarity forums. BillyH 06:14, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Please avoid posting new number 1's before they have been officially announced, it's illegal!! David 5000 19:56, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * In what way is it "illegal"? Note that a number of websites, including Virgin (the ISP, not the music stores) list them many, many hours before Radio 1 reads them out. Its not like the Radio 1 show is "the charts". --Kiand 15:39, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have heard of other websites being threatened with legal action by the Official Charts Company for listing them early, I didn't want it to happen to Wikipedia - I wonder how the websites you mentioned have avoided this. David 5000 17:13, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Those sites are displaying the full top 40 without a licence, and are UK based. Wikipedia is neither. --Kiand 17:15, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Renaming
I have raised the issue of renaiming this page and it fellows at Talk:Music of the United Kingdom. - SimonP 21:28, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

Franz Ferdinand
Somebody is making things up, Franz Ferdinand did not have the #1 album of 2005. It was James Blunt and Franz Ferdinand's album only went 1 time Platinum and ended up behind the debut.

Marcus Bowen 10:19, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:2005 in British music


text:
The Veiled Virgin

The Veiled Virgin is a Carrara marble statue carved in Rome by Italian sculptor Giovanni Strazza (1818–1875) depicting the bust of a veiled Virgin Mary. The exact date of the statue's completion is unknown, but it was probably in the early 1850s. The veil gives the appearance of being translucent, but is carved of marble. The technique is similar to Giuseppe Sanmartino's 1753 statue Veiled Christ in the Cappella Sansevero in Naples.

The statue was transported to Newfoundland in 1856, as recorded on December 4 in the diary of Bishop John Thomas Mullock: "Received safely from Rome, a beautiful statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary in marble, by Strazza. The face is veiled, and the figure and features are all seen. It is a perfect gem of art". It was then kept at the Bishop's Palace next to the Catholic Cathedral in St. John's until 1862, when Bishop Mullock presented it to Mother Mary Magdalene O'Shaughnessy, the Superior of the Presentation Convent. The bust has since remained under the care of Presentation Sisters, in Cathedral Square, St. John's.

In the context of the Risorgimento, the Veiled Virgin was intended to symbolize Italy.

Marble busts of veiled women were a popular theme among Strazza's contemporaries, the most important of whom were Pietro Rossi and Raffaelle Monti.

title: The Veiled Virgin


text:
Bohus Fortress

Bohus Fortress lies in Kungälv, Bohuslän, Sweden, north east from Hisingen where the Göta river splits into two branches (20 km north of Gothenburg). It commands the surrounding area from a cliff 40 m high, with the river forming a natural moat around it. The fortress used to be situated along the old Norwegian–Swedish border.

Initial construction
The construction of Bohus Fortress (Båhus festning, Bohus fästning) began in 1308 under King Haakon V Magnuson, king of Norway from 1299 to 1319. Håkon V also initiated construction of Norwegian fortresses at Akershus and Vardøhus as part of a broader defensive policy. At the time Bohuslän (Båhuslen) was Norwegian territory and served as the main Norwegian defence against Sweden, along the coast as well as the strong point for the Bohuslän region from 1308 to 1658.

Medieval castle
According to architect Guthorm Kavli:

Fortress
The fortress was attacked or besieged 14 times, but was never captured. During the Northern Seven Years' War, in 1563–1570, it was seriously damaged. This occurred in 1566, when Swedish forces successfully stormed the 'Red Tower' in the northeast of the fortress. Two men from the garrison volunteered to detonate the tower's magazine, causing a massive explosion (the "Bohus Bang") which killed hundreds of Swedish soldiers and thwarted the attack. As a reward the family of one of the volunteers received a piece of land which is still owned by his descendants.

The Norwegians rebuilt the fortress of stone and brick, and reinforced it substantially. The reconstruction immediately after the war was directed by Hans Paaske (Påske) from the Netherlands. On 1 January 1590 James VI of Scotland and his wife Anne of Denmark came to Bohus. They gave Henrik Gyldenstierne, Captain of Bohus, a ring and a gold chain worth 3,000 Danish dalers.

In 1593–1604, similar to the construction then undertaken at Akershus in Oslo, Bohus was upgraded to a bastion fortress. A new outer fortification was raised. This construction was one of the early works of Hans van Steenwinckel, also from the Netherlands, who later became noted for his Dutch Renaissance style design in Denmark.

As Swedish invasions continuously threatened Norwegian Båhuslen during this time period, the improvement of the fortifications went on for years. For example, starting in the summer of 1651 and until the autumn of 1652, the Dutch engineer Isaac van Geelkerck supervised the construction of two corner towers along the south façade and a new ring wall that was constructed around the arsenal building.

Loss to Sweden
Under the terms of the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Denmark–Norway ceded the Danish provinces of Scania, Blekinge and Halland (the latter was agreed to belong to Sweden for a period of 30 years after the Peace of Brömsebro, but was given to Sweden permanently in the treaty of Roskilde) and the Norwegian provinces Trøndelag and Bohuslän (including the Bohus Fortress).

Last Siege
After an unsuccessful attempt to recapture the fortress in 1676, a Norwegian army under the command of Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve returned in June 1678. Some 850 defenders faced 16.000 attackers, who fired 20-30.000 iron gun shots, 2265 "bombs" with chemical and biological content, 384 explosive grenades, 384 "great stone boulders", 161 glowing fire shots, 79 sacks filled with grenades and 600 "great mortar rounds". Also a number of mines was exploded under the outer walls. After six weeks of constant battering, the fortress was saved by an approaching Swedish detachment. At this time, there was 400 survivors in the fortress, 300 dead, and 120 wounded "who had their arms and legs shot off". The fortress itself was almost completely ruined and the repairs went on for some 50–70 years, but with small financial support and only the most important work was done.

After Denmark–Norway ceded the territory which included Bohus Fortress, Fredriksten Fortress was constructed in Fredrikshald on the newly established Norwegian-Swedish border.

Since the Bohus Fortress no longer lay on the border, it was of small use to Sweden, which relied on the existing New Älvsborg at Gothenburg and the new Carlsten Fortress built at Marstrand.

Prison
Instead the fortress was used as a prison. The most noted prisoner was the radical pietist Thomas Leopold, who spent 42 years of his life behind bars, 32 of those at Bohus, for his alleged heresies. His stone-clad cell still exists in the castle.

In the tower Fars Hatt, the original dungeon is still visible from above. A report from the 18th century states this as "a great depth, which has a floor of an iron net, upon which the delinquent has to walk and sleep. The floor accepts all their faeces, but then returns an unbearable stench, that soon makes the poor prisoner confess whatever crime he has committed". In those days, you were only put in prison until you confessed - then you got your immediate punishment: fine, shame, dismembering or death. Today the floor is more forgiving, but it still gives you a hint on what it might have been to sit "in the tower".

In the tower of Sven Hall, an old medieval dungeon has also been discovered, but it is hardly visible today. Probably it was no better than the one mentioned above, since evidence suggest that it was along the sewer exit from the fortress. Today it can be reached only by professionals, and is not visible except from the small daylight opening.

Modern times
At the end of the 18th century, it was decided that the now unused fortress should be demolished. Demolition crews worked at the fortress for two months, after that the money allocated for the job had run out. Residents of the nearby town of Kungälv used the dressed stone from the fortress to build houses. However, much of the fortress is still intact, including the large northern tower, Fars hatt ("Father's hat"). , the fortress is a museum open to visitors during summer.

title: Bohus Fortress


text:
Old Nordic

Old Nordic may refer to:
 * Old Norse (Old Scandinavian), the most usual meaning
 * Proto-Norse

title: Old Nordic


text:
Talk:Gyrfalcon

"falcon species"?
in the first sentence, is it right to call "falcon" a species or should it be referred to as a genus? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.160.186.252 (talk) 01:39, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Untitled
And how is it pronounced?
 * The 'g' is pronounced as 'j' in "jet". Anthony Appleyard 09:23, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

gyros
Gyros is actually Greek, maybe there's a Latin word derived, but it should be Greek. --Selach (talk) 12:21, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

And it has nothing to do with the gyrfalcon, which in Latin is "gryfalcus". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.30.35.12 (talk) 14:58, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

"Gyrfalcon" vs. "Gyr falcon"
It seems to me that Gyrfalcon is the far more common of the two spellings. I'm not a falconer, though I do know some, but I rarely see it written as two words. Should the title of the article be changed to reflect this, or am I wrong? 198.105.45.201 06:34, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * FWIW, The Once and Future King uses gyrfalcon exclusively. In either case, the article needs to be consistent; as it stands, both spelings are present on the page. I think we should standardize to gyrfalcon unless there are pressing objections. Isopropyl 16:53, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't think the above source is particularly authorative, Google is about 50/50, but my field guides use Gyr Falcon, which better shows the affinity with other falcons, all of which are spelt as two words (eg Amur Falcon). jimfbleak 04:57, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The "standard" HBW/BirdLife name is the one-word variant. Dysmorodrepanis 04:39, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Big Beautiful Bird: Spotted What is it?
I watched an awesome spectacle yesterday from the deck of a cottage on Lake Megunticook just inland off Penobscot Bay [estuary of Penobsot River], Maine [USA] It was a sunny, unseasonably warm [over 80 degrees F] day for late September in Maine, but the water was much cooler than the air.

I was sitting lookin up from the cottage front deck to a tall waterfront white pine [about 100 feet high] when a big beautiful bird with alternating black and white feathers landed high up near the top of the tree. It had a windspan [I estimate] of about 4 feet.

When this large bird landed it quickly disappeared among the pine tree branches and pine needles but I sensed it was still in there somewhere, although I couldn't see it.

A few minutes later it suddenly came out of the tree and dove headfirst into the water, disappearing beneath the surface for several minutes.

Then it emerged, took wing and flew away. I didn't see any fish in its mouth, or talons, when it came out of the water.

In trying to identify it I naturally thought it was an osprey, but checking the photos of osprey, it did not have the bright white breast and white wings like the osprey pictures. From the photos the gyrfalcon looks like a better match than the osprey images I have found. It had a greyish breast with black spots and alternating black and white feathers of the wings, tail, and head.

The behaviour however looked more like what an osprey would do than a gyrfalcon. I don't see any reference to gyrfalcon diving into lakes like osprey do. Was it diving for fish? Or maybe it was hot and just wanted to take a quick swim to cool off. Could it have been a gyrfalcon? What do you think? Do gyrfalcon go after fish? Do they take dives into lakes? Rrrrprrrr 02:25, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Try asking at the Reference desk. You'll have better luck there than on an article's talk page. Tim Q. Wells 19:24, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Wingspan too great
The 130–160 cm span reported by some authors is incorrect, virtually outside true range in fact; see pages 31–32 here. Likewise, Mullarney, Svensson & Zetterström give a span of 109–134 cm. --Anshelm '77 (talk) 18:50, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

GA review (1)
{

$($Talk:Gyrfalcon/GA1}}

missing information
A lot of information is missing. There isn't a section on range, nor is there enough on breeding. Nowhere in the article does it state when the breeding season is, nor anything on the range of the bird aside from a few sentences in the lead section. I don't know enough about the topic to add to it, but I'm hoping someone else can. 2603:8000:9903:663C:7DFC:7C75:B28F:27B6 (talk) 23:47, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gyrfalcon


text:
Talk:Jussi Jääskeläinen

The first sentence of the Personal life section doesn’t make sense. ‘Both’ should be doesn’t work for 3 sons. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.186.55.192 (talk) 13:42, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

Untitled
The correct spelling of his name is Jussi Jääskeläinen. Should the page be renamed?

His original home team is Mikkelin Palloilijat (from Mikkeli), not VPS.

Isn't Mark Schwarzer the longest current serving non-English Premier League player? He started with Bradford, then a Premier League team, in 1996, a year before Jussi, and has been playing Premier League ever since.

Mark must also be the oldest player in the Premier League at 41 although he is now second keeper behind Chelsea's Petr Cech.

These are all dubious statistics to have as a player but it shows how dedicated and good these two keepers are.Douglasvdg (talk) 09:36, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 23:02, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Testimonial
There was also a legends match immediately prior to the game against Hibs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.242.216.15 (talk) 03:09, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jussi Jääskeläinen


text: User talk:66.99.115.29

title: User talk:66.99.115.29


text:
1-K pot

A 1-K pot (i.e. 1-kelvin pot) is a cryogenic device used to attain temperatures down to approximately 1 kelvin.

The 1-K pot is a small vessel in a cryogenic system that is filled with liquid helium. Usually it is a few cubic centimeters in size with a pickup-tube extending into the primary liquid helium bath of the dewar. When a vessel containing liquid helium is connected to a vacuum pump, the vapor pressure above the liquid surface drops, thereby allowing the more energetic helium molecules to evaporate out of the liquid. As the particles evaporate and are pumped away from the liquid, they carry heat energy with them, so the remaining fluid tends to cool. This technique is known as evaporative cooling.

At atmospheric pressure, 4He (the more abundant isotope of helium) liquefies at 4.2 K. By employing evaporative cooling, temperatures down to 1 K can be easily produced. While this technique is fairly simple to operate, it is inefficient for large helium baths because about 50% of the liquid helium must evaporate to attain to the lowest temperatures. If only a small volume needs to be cooled to 1 K, the 1-K pot is used. Only the surface of the small 1-K pot is pumped, leaving the rest of the liquid helium bath at atmospheric pressure.

While this method is commonly used in simple cryogenic systems to cool objects down to 1 K, it is also fairly popular in more complicated cryogenic systems to bootstrap to lower temperatures. For example, in a 3He refrigerator, condensed 3He (a rare isotope of helium) is evaporatively cooled and can attain temperatures as low as 200 mK. But the 3He must be condensed to a liquid first, and a 1-K pot is typically used for this purpose.

Another example is a dilution refrigerator, where a mixture of 3He and 4He forms a phase boundary in a mixing chamber and can cool down to a few millikelvins. Dilution refrigerators typically use a 1-K pot to condense the 3He/4He mixture.

title: 1-K pot


text:
Princess Charles

Princess Charles may refer to:

 * Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997), first wife of King Charles III
 * Queen Camilla (born 1947), second and current wife of King Charles III

title: Princess Charles


text:
Cream pie

A cream pie, crème pie, or creme pie is a type of pie filled with a rich custard or pudding that is made from milk, cream, sugar, wheat flour, and eggs and typically topped with whipped cream.

Cream pies are usually what is used for pieing, or throwing a pie in someone's face.

Variations
Notable versions include the banana cream pie. Cream pies are made in many other flavors, including vanilla, lemon, lime, peanut butter, coconut, and chocolate.

Ingredients
Most cream pies have a custard filling and a whipped cream topping. The custard filling is related to crème patissière, a key component of French cakes, and tarts. It is a one-crust pie, where the crust covers the bottom and sides but not the top. The crust may be a standard pastry pie crust, or made with crumbled cookies or a graham cracker crust.

Most cream pies are made with a cooked custard filling. The "Magic Lemon Cream Pie", invented at Borden and attributed to their fictional spokesperson, Jane Ellison, is instead thickened by the room-temperature curdling of a mixture of sweetened condensed milk, eggs, and lemon juice. This later evolved into Key lime pie.

Pieing
Pieing, or throwing a pie -- usually a cream pie -- has its origins in the "pie in the face" gag from slapstick comedy. It appears on stage in the music hall sketches of the English theatre impresario Fred Karno. The practice is also used to express disapproval of politicians or other public figures and is sometimes done lightheartedly at charity events, where someone in a position of authority will volunteer to receive a pie in the face from the winning bidder.

Dishes with similar names

 * Boston cream pie is an American cake that in the past has been referred to locally as a chocolate cream pie
 * Sugar cream pie is an American custard pie

title: Cream pie


text:
Talk:USS Tunny (SSN-682)

Anecdote
As a crewman aboard the USS Tunny (SSN 682), I can share some things about this ship. I was a Nuclear Machinst Mate from May 1994-March 1998, I served onboard until the very last day she was in commission. Most of the parts from this ship went to the special ops boat, USS Parche (SSN 683), which was also stationed out of Washington State. Tunny was parted out while in dry dock number 2 in Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. The rest of the boat was cut up and sent for recycling. It was a massive uptaking to cut the ship into pieces. If memory serves me right, there were three other ships being decommissioned at the same time as Tunny. They were the Ben Franklin (old boomer), Pintado, and Aspro. I could be wrong there. In terms of the nuclear core, it went to Hanford, Washington via heavily armoured train cars under the cover of night and US Marine close support. Operationally, the ship was in a fair to poor shape. The air conditioning units (R-134a Carrier brand) were on their last legs (we had to adjust the output via visegrips). The reactor core was showing signs of maybe becoming xeon precluded, although I can't confirm this now. All I know is we were doing a lot of pull and waits before steaming for San Diego for the last time. Some stuff that may not get reported Jane's Fighting Ships, EM2 John Peterson, saved Tunny from MAJOR damage when a very inept WEPS almost rammed Tunny into the pier in Pearl Harbor. Peterson got a NAM for that one. I, and not Michael Schermerhorn, was the very last SNOB (shortest nuke on board). Schermerhorn reenlisted and I did not. The SNOB book now sits in Davey Jones locker in the bottom on Puget Sound midway between Seattle and Bainbridge Island. I wanted to put that behind me. Overall Tunny was a great ship and had a fanastic last captain. The LiBr unit worked like a champ.

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:14, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * USS Tunny (SSN-682).jpg

title: Talk:USS Tunny (SSN-682)


text: User talk:149.150.236.53

title: User talk:149.150.236.53


text:
Cursus publicus

The cursus publicus (Latin: "the public way"; δημόσιος δρόμος, dēmósios drómos) was the state mandated and supervised courier and transportation service of the Roman Empire, whose use continued into the Eastern Roman Empire. It was a system based on obligations placed on private persons by the Roman State. As contractors, called mancipes, they provided the equipment, animals, and wagons. In the Early Empire compensation had to be paid but this had fallen into abeyance in Late Antiquity when maintenance was charged to the inhabitants along the routes. The service contained only those personnel necessary for administration and operation. These included veterinarians, wagon-wrights, and grooms. The couriers and wagon drivers did not belong to the service: whether public servants or private individuals, they used facilities requisitioned from local individuals and communities. The costs in Late Antiquity were charged to the provincials as part of the provincial tax obligations in the form of a liturgy/munus on private individual taxpayers.

The Emperor Augustus created it to transport messages, officials, and tax revenues between the provinces and Italy. The service was still fully functioning in the first half of the sixth century in the Eastern Empire, when the historian Procopius accuses Emperor Justinian of dismantling most of its sections, except for the route leading to the Persian border. The extent of the cursus publicus is shown in the Tabula Peutingeriana, a map of the Roman road network dating from around AD 400.

Structure
The cursus publicus was only accessible to the government or the military. Citizens could only use the cursus publicus if the government permitted it. People who were not allowed to use the services of the cursus publicus would use slaves or acquaintances to carry their mail. The government would give a special permit to these individuals which would signify that they were allowed to use the Cursus Publicus's services. This diploma, issued by the emperor himself, was necessary to use the services supplied by the cursus publicus. They would contain the name of the person who had been awarded this privilege, the time frame it was valid in, the means of travel, the route, and the lodgings. Abuses of the system existed, for governors and minor appointees used the diplomata to give themselves and their families free transport. Forgeries and stolen diplomata were also used. Pliny the Younger and Trajan write about the necessity of those who wish to send things via the imperial post to keep up-to-date licenses. If there was a dispute on the validity of one of these diplomas a judge would be asked to settle the conflict. These documents were handed out rarely due to the high cost in using and maintaining the cursus publicus. This organization would deliver mail, military equipment and taxes. Alongside this, they also worked as an imperial intelligence agency.

Although the government supervised the functioning and maintenance of the network of change stations with repair facilities (mutationes) and full service change stations with lodging (mansiones), the system was not a postal service in the same way as the modern British Royal Mail, nor a series of state-owned and operated hotels and repair facilities. As Altay Coskun notes in a review of Anne Kolb's work done in German, the system "simply provided an infrastructure for magistrates and messengers who traveled through the Empire. It consisted of thousands of stations placed along the main roads; these had to supply fresh horses, mules, donkeys, and oxen, as well as carts, food, fodder, and accommodation." The one who was sending a missive would have to supply the courier, and the stations had to be supplied out of the resources of the local areas through which the roads passed. As seen in several rescripts and in the correspondence of Trajan and Pliny, the emperor would sometimes pay for the cost of sending an ambassador to Rome along the cursus publicus, particularly in the case of just causes. Alongside this, there were relay points or change stations (stationes) provided horses to dispatch riders and (usually) soldiers as well as vehicles for magistrates or officers of the court. The vehicles were called clabulae, but little is known of them. Despite this, they carried out their duties on foot.

Augustus, at first, followed the Persian method of having mail handed from one courier to the next, but he soon switched to a system by which one man made the entire journey with the parcel. Although it is possible that a courier service existed for a time under the Roman Republic, the clearest reference by Suetonius states that Augustus created the system. Suetonius states:

"To enable what was going on in each of the provinces to be reported and known more speedily and promptly, he at first stationed young men at short intervals along the military roads, and afterwards post-chaises. The latter has seemed the more convenient arrangement, since the same men who bring the dispatches from any place can, if occasion demands, be questioned as well."

Another term, perhaps more accurate if less common, for the cursus publicus is the cursus vehicularis, particularly in the period before the reforms of Diocletian. At least one praefectus vehiculorum, Lucius Volusius Maecianus, is known; he held the office during the reign of Antoninus Pius. Presumably, he had some sort of supervisory responsibility to ensure the effective operation of the network of stations throughout the Empire and to discourage abuse of the facility by those not entitled to use it. There is evidence that inspectors oversaw the functioning of the system in the provinces, and it may be conjectured that they reported to the praefectus in Rome. However, the office does not seem to have been considered a full-time position because Maecianus was also the law tutor of the young Marcus Aurelius, apparently his main function. The praefectus vehiculorum was tasked with managing the cursus publicus in Italy. Outside of Italy, local governors and officials managed the organization.

Following the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine I, the service was divided in two sections: the fast (Latin: cursus velox, Greek: ὀξὺς δρόμος) and the regular (Latin: cursus clabularis, Greek: πλατὺς δρόμος). The fast section provided horses, divided into veredi ("saddle-horses") and parhippi ("pack-horses"), and mules, and the slow section provided only oxen. The existence of the cursus clabularis service shows that it was used to move heavy goods as well as to facilitate the travel of high officials and the carriage of government messages. Maintenance was charged to the provincials under the supervision of the governors under the general supervision of the diocesan vicars and praetorian prefects.

Most members of the Cursus publicus were recruited from the military. Usually members of the Cursus publicus were formerly speculatores (members of a reconnaissance agency).

History
The Romans adapted their state post from the ancient Persian network of the royal mounted couriers, the angarium. As Herodotus reports, the Persians had a remarkably efficient means of transmitting messages important to the functioning of the kingdom, called the Royal Road. The riders would be stationed at a day's ride along the road, and the letters would be handed from one courier to another as they made a journey of a day’s length, which allowed messages to travel fast. It was established by Augustus to replace the system of private couriers which was used during the Roman Republic.

Tacitus says that couriers from Judea and Syria brought news to Vitellius that the legions of the East had sworn allegiance to him, and this also shows that the relay system was displaced by a system in which the original messenger made the entire journey. Augustus modified the Persian system, as Suetonius notes, because a courier who travels the whole distance could be interrogated by the emperor, upon arrival, to receive additional information orally. That may have had the additional advantage of adding security to the post, as one man had the responsibility to answer for the successful delivery of the message. That does not come without a cost, as the Romans could not relay a message as quickly as they could if it passed from one rider to the next.

The cursus publicus was run by municipal magistrates until the reign of Nerva, who reformed the systems so it would be run by the Res mancipi. Many Roman roads were constructed or expanded to facilitate the movement of the cursus publicus. After the fall of the Roman Empire the Cursus Publicus survived in the Byzantine Empire and the former territories of the Western Roman Empire. Under the Byzantine Empire the agentes in rebus supervised the cursus publicus and ensured they had the necessary supplies and lodgings. They were also tasked with ensuring the legal validity of the diplomas their users possessed.

Speed of post
Procopius provides one of the few direct descriptions of the Roman post that allows an estimation the average rate of travel overland. In the 6th century, he described earlier times: The earlier Emperors, in order to obtain information as quickly as possible regarding the movements of the enemy in any quarter, sedition, unforeseen accidents in individual cities, and the actions of the governors or other persons in all parts of the Empire, and also in order that the annual tributes might be sent up without danger or delay, had established a rapid service of public couriers throughout their dominion according to the following system. As a day’s journey for an active man they fixed eight ‘stages,’ or sometimes fewer, but as a general rule not less than five. In every stage there were forty horses and a number of grooms in proportion. The couriers appointed for the work, by making use of relays of excellent horses, when engaged in the duties I have mentioned, often covered in a single day, by this means, as great a distance as they would otherwise have covered in ten. If the distance between change stations is known, and five to eight is the typical number, the speed of the cursus publicus can be calculated. A. M. Ramsey writes, "It appears from the Jerusalem Itinerary that the mansiones, or night quarters on the roads, were about twenty-five [Roman] miles [23 mi] apart, and, as Friedlander points out, the distance between Bethlehem and Alexandria (about 400 Roman miles [368 mi]) was reckoned to be sixteen mansiones, that between Edessa and Jerusalem (by Antioch nearly 625 [Roman] miles [574 mi]) twenty-five mansiones. Although no Itinerary gives a complete list of mutationes and mansiones for any road, the general rule seems to have been two mutationes between each two mansiones or 37 km (23 miles). This would make the 'stage' about eight and a third Roman miles [7.7 mi]." The typical trip was 38 to(-) per day or 5 to 8 stages. But this is in normal, not emergency, conditions, when a single rider could cover 160 km (100 miles) or more in a day.

There are several cases in which urgent news or eager officials traveled at a faster rate. There is the journey of Tiberius mentioned by Valerius Maximus, the news of the mutiny of Galba as recorded by Tacitus, and the news of the death of Nero as described by Plutarch. In the last two cases, it is worth keeping in mind that bad news traveled faster than good news, and quite explicitly: a laurel was attached to the correspondence with news of victory, but a feather, as indicating haste, was fixed to the spear of a messenger carrying bad news. In all three cases, as A. M. Ramsey points out, the journey is especially urgent, and the time of travel may be recorded because of its exceptional rapidness. Such cases could not be used to find a typical speed of the Roman post for carrying the vast majority of items.

Ramsey, following Wilcken, illustrates the speed of the Roman post over land with examples of the amount of time it would take a message to travel from Rome to Egypt about the accession of a new emperor (in a season other than summer, when the message would travel by sea from Rome to Alexandria). In the case of Pertinax, news of the accession, which took place on January 1, AD 193, took over sixty-three days to reach Egypt, being announced on March 6 in Alexandria. Since the route that would be taken over land consisted of about 3177 km—1400 km from Rome to Byzantium, including the sea crossing and almost 1800 km from Byzantium to Alexandria)—and since it took about sixty-three days or a little more for the message to arrive in Alexandria, this confirms an average rate of about 32 mi per day for this journey.

Another example, based on a Latin inscription, is cited by Ramsey. Gaius Caesar, grandson of Augustus, died on February 21, AD 4, in Limyra, which is on the coast of Lycia. The news of death is found on an inscription dated April 2 at Pisa. The amount of time that the message took to arrive at Pisa is not less than thirty-six days. Since a voyage by sea would be too dangerous at this time of year, the message was sent over land, a distance of about 1345 mi. This confirms the calculation of an average rate of about fifty km per day.

In his article “New Evidence for the Speed of the Roman Imperial Post,” Eliot agrees with A. M. Ramsey that the typical speed was about 50 mi per day and illustrates this with another instance, the time that it took news of the proclamation of the emperor Septimius Severus to reach Rome from Carnuntum.

These estimates are for journeys that took place over land, making use of the cursus publicus (or, cursus vehicularis). Lionel Casson, in his book on ancient sea travel, gives statistics for the amount of time that sixteen voyages took between various ports in the Roman Empire. These voyages, which were made by and recorded by the Romans, are recorded specifically as taking place under favorable wind conditions. Under such conditions, when the average is computed, a vessel could travel by sail at a speed of about 5 kn or 120 mi per day. Casson provides another table of ten voyages made under unfavorable conditions. With these voyages, the average speed is about 2 kn or 50 mi per day.

Area of operation
The cursus operated in Italy and the more advanced provinces. There was only one in Egypt and one in Asia Minor, as Pliny's letters to Trajan attest. It was common for a village to exist every 12 mi or so, and there a courier might rest at large, privately owned mansiones. Operated by a manceps, or a business man, the mansiones provided food and lodging, and care and a blacksmith for the horses. The cursus also used communities located along the imperial highways. These towns very often provided food and horses to messengers of the Legions, theoretically receiving reimbursement, and were responsible for the care of their section of the Roman roads. Disputes arose naturally, and for a time the central administration participated more directly.

Financial costs
Costs for the cursus publicus were always high, and its maintenance could not always be guaranteed. Around the time of Nerva, in the late first century, the general cost was transferred to the fiscus (Treasury). Further centralization came during the reign of Hadrian, who created an actual administration under a prefect, who bore the title praefectus vehiculorum. The cursus publicus provided the infrastructure of change stations and overnight accommodation that allowed for the fairly rapid delivery of messages and especially in regard to military matters. The private citizen, however, sent letters and messages to friends across the sea with slaves and travelling associates. Most news reached its destination eventually.

In an effort to restrict abuse of the post, Julian (emperor 361–363), restricted the granting of passes to the praetorian prefects and himself. This was unworkable. He granted twelve to vicars and two to governors, one for use within the province and the other for communication to the emperor. Four each were issued to the three proconsuls of Asia, Africa and Achaea. The counts of the Treasury and Crown Estates could obtain warrants whenever they needs since these two departments supplied revenue in gold and the private income of the emperors respectively, matters of the greatest importance. The highest-ranking generals and frontier generals were issued passes, especially those at danger points like Mesopotamia.

Fate
Notwithstanding its enormous costs, in the Eastern Roman Empire the service was still fully functioning in the first half of the sixth century, when the historian Procopius charges Emperor Justinian with the dismantlement of most of its sections, with the exception of the route leading to the Persian border (Secret History 30.1–11). The dromos continued to exist throughout the Byzantine period, supervised for much of it by the logothetēs tou dromou, although this post is not attested before the mid-eighth century and a revival of the service may then have occurred after a substantial gap. It was by then a much reduced service, restricted essentially to the remains of the old oxys dromos. The logothetes ton agelon, the overseer of the herds, was also an important figure as he provided many horses and other pack animals from the stud ranches (metada) of Asia and Phrygia. By the eleventh century, the upkeep of the dromos had become duty of local peasants, similar to military units in active service. These producers who contributed to the maintenance were inscribed in a special category in the fiscal register, freed from other state burdens, and were called exkoussatoi dromou.

In the west, it survived under the Ostrogoths in Italy, as Cassiodorus reports Theodoric the Great's correspondence.

title: Cursus publicus


text:
Talk:List of Late Antique, Early and Medieval Christian art monuments

Just moved this to a more accurate name. I couldn't find a non-European, non-Christian Medieval piece. --Irishpunktom\talk 20:04, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Lewis chessmen, Sutton Hoo buckle, Sutton Hoo Purse lid, Sutton Hoo Shoulder Clasps, Equestrian Statue of Charlemagne, Bayeux Tapestry, I.33. Dsmdgold 23:04, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Schatzkammer

Schatzkammer, a German word which means "treasury" or "treasure chamber", is a term sometimes used in English for the collection of treasures, especially objets d’art in precious metals and jewels, of a ruler or other collector which are kept in a secure room and often found in the basement of a palace or castle. It also often included the wider types of object typical of the Renaissance cabinet of curiosities. A very small but evocative Renaissance room in a tower at Lacock Abbey was designed for keeping and viewing the treasures of the newly rich owner.

Well-known examples are:

 * The Imperial Treasury at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria.
 * The collection of the royal regalia and treasures of the Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty, housed in the Residenz Palace in Munich, Germany.
 * The vast collection of the Wettin Monarchs of Saxony, kept in the Green Vault at Dresden Castle in Dresden, Germany.
 * The Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom in the Tower of London.
 * A display of Bourbon treasures in the basement of the Museo del Prado, Madrid.
 * The Waddesdon Bequest, a 19th-century collection of mostly Renaissance treasures now displayed together in the British Museum.
 * The Waddesdon Manor permanent display of the Treasury displays more than 300 precious objects reflecting generations of Rothschild collecting.
 * Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen displays objet de vertu in silver, ivory and other precious materials, some in the cabinets and treasure rooms (porcelain room, glass room) specially constructed over the centuries by the Kings of Denmark for their display. The Crown Jewels and the Danish Crown Regalia are displayed in a series of modern galleries built inside an enormous vault in the basement.

Church establishments also had treasuries where similar objects were kept, which are often now open as museums. Especially important and largely intact examples are:
 * The treasury of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
 * The treasury of San Marco, Venice, which retains a unique collection of Byzantine art, looted during the Fourth Crusade.
 * The Trier Cathedral Treasury
 * The Essen Cathedral Treasury
 * The Aachen Cathedral Treasury at the Aachen Cathedral (Germany), one of the most important collections of church cultural artefacts in Europe
 * The Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius in Maastricht, a church treasury with some fine specimens of Medieval Mosan metalwork

Examples outside Western Europe include:
 * The Treasury of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague, Czech Republic
 * The Russian Crown treasury at the Diamond Fund of Moscow Kremlin.
 * The Treasure Rooms of Topkapi Palace display Ottoman treasures.

title: Schatzkammer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Campus Atheists and Secular Humanists

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:42, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Campus Atheists and Secular Humanists
Atheist student group at the University of Minnesota. A VfD tag was added but then improperly removed the next day by another editor because a vote page wasn't created. I abstain from voting because I personally know one of the former group presidents listed in the article. Postdlf 20:06, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC) I challenge the voters for deletion to come up with more than suggestions for improvement (read: not reasons for deletion), and the unfounded "NN" (see above) or "student group" (not a reason for deletion). Otherwise, it seems you are guilty of mere ideological deletion fanaticism. In other words, many of these arguments for deletion are "Not Notable". Shall we delete them? Mikepjones 21:02, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The U of M has about a billion student groups. This is one of them. Nothing in the article explains why it's important to the University community or to atheism/humanism at large – it's just a big puffed-up history piece with far too many redlinks. android↔talk 20:40, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable Dsmdgold 02:22, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain because I have been involved with the group, but to respond to android: the U of M has many student groups (over a thousand are listed but almost all of those are defunct, so a reliable estimate is difficult), but this is one of the oldest and best established, as well as one of the most vocal in local media. It is also one of the very few (~20) that receive direct annual funding from the University. Also, nationwide, it is one of the largest and most notable student freethought groups - in fact, it could even be counted among the most notable American local freethought groups altogether. CASH deserves an article not by a raw calculus of its size, but by a more nuanced examination of it relative position within its unique and certainly articleworthy movement (perhaps the solution to "too many redlinks" would be to create new articles, not delete them). Your suggestions for improvement belong on the article's Talk page, not a VfD. --Epistaxis 06:28, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN student group. Radiant_* 07:21, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete, student group whose notability hasn't reached WP standards in my view after reading Epistaxis' reasoning. I'd have to see several citations in nationwide publications before I'd change my vote.  Every campus has a number of groups whose members think they're changing the world but actually don't displace a butterfly at the edge of the quad.  This vote isn't from a religious person, by the way.  Barno 19:47, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no claim that the article subject thinks it causes world change, just the hope of some level of change. The lack of world change the article subject affects is not a valid judgement on the notability of the article.  Tell me about the world change attributed to Ekans. Mikepjones
 * Delete, student organisations are not inherently notable, this one soes not apper to be either.--nixie 04:35, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I am the creator of the article, clearly I think it belongs here. The voters for deletion cite NN as their rationale.  Importance lists 7 categories that include NN topics:
 * 1) It is patent nonsense  The article is sensible.
 * 2) It is original research  There are no theories involved.
 * 3) It is unverifiable  All facts listed are, in fact, on record at the University of Minnesota.
 * 4) It is uninformative  The article is full of information.
 * 5) It is unexpandable  The article is well beyond a stub and still has much potential for expansion.
 * 6) The subject is of potential interest to only a small numebr of people (e.g. 100 people)  There are 850 people on our mailing list.  We are contacted by the largest student-run and written college newspaper, the Minnesota Daily, several times throughout the year.  As far as can be determined, we are the oldest college freethought organization in existence.  Members of our organization are leaders and even founders of national freethought organizations.
 * 7) It does not otherwise belong in Wikipedia  This is another list of reasons, none of which, I feel, apply to the article.
 * Note: user has 25 units, by far the most of which to this article or VfD.
 * Don't bite the newbies. Also, this has changed somewhat, as I'm finding more topics of which I am knowledgable. Mikepjones 21:21, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: the 850 people on your mailing list aren't necessarily all interested. I'm on a lot of mailing lists for groups I couldn't care less about, let alone want to read about in Wikipedia. —Wahoofive | Talk 00:13, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I mean, really, the 100-person standard means 100 people might want to read about the topic in an encyclopedia. Using the mailing-list level of interest, every organization, and indeed, pretty much every human being on earth meets the 100-person standard. —Wahoofive | Talk 00:28, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Importance is not official policy, as the bright yellow box at the top readly says. --cesarb 17:33, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I am simply citing precendent. If it is not useful or applicable to the conversation, as you imply, then all non-notable charges are as useless. Mikepjones 21:21, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Random student group. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:05, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is a topic that is potentially of interest to ~40,000 students at this institution. Deletion would serve no useful purpose.
 * Unsigned comment by User:65.25.219.227; IP's second edit. Postdlf 23:05, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - notable only to people at Univ. of Minnesota, who already have websites and guides to their student groups. FreplySpang (talk) 16:42, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Organization represents grassroots group dedicated to topic of national interest. 69.170.17.193 7:48 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:70.146.36.174

title: User talk:70.146.36.174


text:
Fawcett Publications

Fawcett Publications was an American publishing company founded in 1919 in Robbinsdale, Minnesota by Wilford Hamilton "Captain Billy" Fawcett (1885–1940).

It kicked off with the publication of the bawdy humor magazine Captain Billy's Whiz Bang and expanded into a magazine empire with the first issue of Mechanix Illustrated in the 1920s, followed by numerous titles including True Confessions, Family Circle, Woman's Day, and True. Fawcett Comics, which began operating in 1939, led to the introduction of Captain Marvel. The company became a publisher of paperbacks in 1950 with the opening of Gold Medal Books.

In 1953, the company abandoned its roster of superhero comic characters in the wake of declining sales and a lawsuit for infringement by the Captain Marvel character on the copyright of the Action Comics character Superman, and ended its publication of comic books. It was purchased by CBS Publications in 1977 and subsequently underwent dismantling and absorption by other companies.

Captain Billy's Whiz Bang
At the age of 16, Fawcett ran away from home to join the Army, and the Spanish–American War took him to the Philippines. Back in Minnesota, he became a police reporter for the Minneapolis Journal. While a World War I Army captain, Fawcett's experience with the Army publication Stars and Stripes gave him the notion to get into publishing. His bawdy cartoon and joke magazine, Captain Billy's Whiz Bang, became the launchpad for a vast publishing empire embracing magazines, comic books, and paperback books.

The title Captain Billy's Whiz Bang combined Fawcett's military moniker with the nickname of a destructive World War I artillery shell. According to one account, the earliest issues were mimeographed pamphlets, typed on a borrowed typewriter and peddled around Minneapolis by Captain Billy and his four sons. However, in Captain Billy's version, he stated that when he began publishing in October 1919, he ordered a print run of 5,000 copies because of the discount on a large order compared with rates for only several hundred copies. Distributing free copies of Captain Billy's Whiz Bang to wounded veterans and his Minnesota friends, he then circulated the remaining copies to newsstands in hotels. With gags like, "AWOL means After Women Or Liquor", the joke book caught on, and in 1921, Captain Billy made the highly inflated claim that sales of Whiz Bang were "soaring to the million mark."

The book Humor Magazines and Comic Periodicals notes: "Few periodicals reflect the post-WW I cultural change in American life as well as Captain Billy’s Whiz Bang. To some people [it] represented the decline of morality and the flaunting of sexual immodesty; to others it signified an increase in openness. For much of the 1920s, Captain Billy’s was the most prominent comic magazine in America with its mix of racy poetry and naughty jokes and puns, aimed at a small-town audience with pretensions of 'sophistication'." Captain Billy's Whiz Bang has been immortalized in the lyrics to the song "Ya Got Trouble" from Meredith Willson's 1957 Broadway musical The Music Man: "Is there a nicotine stain on his index finger? A dime novel hidden in the corncrib? Is he starting to memorize jokes from Captain Billy's Whiz Bang?"

The publication, delivered in a 64-page, saddle-stitched, digest-sized format, soon saw a dramatic increase in sales. By 1923, the magazine had a circulation of 425,000 with $500,000 annual profits. With the rising readership of Captain Billy's Whiz Bang, Fawcett racked up more sales with Whiz Bang annuals, and in 1926, he launched a similar publication, Smokehouse Monthly. The popularity of Whiz Bang peaked during the 1920s. It continued into the 1930s, but circulation slowed as readers graduated to the more sophisticated humor of Esquire, founded in 1933. It had an influence on many other digest-sized cartoon humor publications, including Charley Jones Laugh Book, which was still being published during the 1950s.

In some issues of Whiz Bang, Captain Billy wrote about his vacations in Los Angeles, Miami, New York and Paris, along with items about his celebrity friends, including Jack Dempsey, Sinclair Lewis, and Ring Lardner.

March of the magazines
During the 1930s, Fawcett and his sons established a line of magazines which eventually reached a combined circulation of ten million a month in newsstand sales. True Confessions alone had a circulation of two million a month. However, during the World War II paper shortages Fawcett folded 49 magazines and kept only 14. Magazines published by Fawcett over the decades included Battle Stories, Cavalier, Daring Detective, Dynamic Detective, Family Circle, Hollywood, Motion Picture, Movie Story, Rudder (later merged with Sea), Screen Secrets, Secrets, Triple-X Western and True. Woman's Day, added to the line-up in 1948, had a circulation of 6,500,000 by 1965.

The flagship of Fawcett magazines was Mechanix Illustrated. It began in the 1920s as Modern Mechanics and Inventions, was retitled Modern Mechanix and Inventions, shortened to Modern Mechanix and then altered to Mechanix Illustrated before it became Home Mechanix in 1984. Acquired by Time Inc., it was retitled yet again to become Today's Homeowner in 1993.

The illustrator Norman Saunders became a Fawcett staffer in 1927 after doing some spot illustrations for Fawcett editor Weston "Westy" Farmer, and Saunders' first cover illustration was for the August 1929 issue of Modern Mechanics and Inventions. He continued to do covers for Fawcett into the 1930s, and when Fawcett opened Manhattan offices in 1934, Saunders and other staffers relocated to New York. Larry Eisinger, the workshop and science editor of Mechanix Illustrated, spearheaded the national "do-it-yourself" movement as the editor-in-chief of Fawcett's How-To book series and special interest magazines. He created Fawcett's Mechanix Illustrated Do-It-Yourself Encyclopedia and The Practical Handyman's Encyclopedia, which had combined sales of almost 20 million copies. In 1959 Electronics Illustrated was created for the hobbyist. It was merged into Mechanix Illustrated at the end of 1972.

After the huge growth during the early 1930s, Fawcett Publications relocated its offices to both New York City and Greenwich, Connecticut in 1940. Corporate headquarters was in Greenwich, and the book publishing division, known as Fawcett World Library, operated out of New York City, at 67 West 44th Street.

Fawcett Comics
Wilford Fawcett's sons continued the expansion of the company after their father's death on February 7, 1940. That same month was the cover date of the first comic book released under the aegis of Fawcett Comics. Fawcett writer William Parker and Fawcett staff artist Charles Clarence Beck devised Captain Marvel, who was introduced in Whiz Comics #2 (released in December 1939 with a February 1940 cover date ). The character caught on quickly, moving from Whiz Comics into his own title, Captain Marvel Adventures, early in 1941. The success prompted spin-off characters, beginning with Captain Marvel Jr. in 1941 and Mary Marvel in 1942. Fawcett's line of comics expanded with such colorful characters as Captain Midnight, Bulletman and Bulletgirl, Nyoka the Jungle Girl and Spy Smasher (who became Crime Smasher after World War II). The circulation of Captain Marvel Adventures continued to soar until it outsold Superman during the mid-1940s. Captain Marvel Jr. had such an impact on Elvis Presley that he borrowed the character's poses, hairstyle and lightning flash chest insignia, as described in Elaine Dundy's biography, Elvis and Gladys.

A declining comics market in the 1950s, along with a major lawsuit (National Comics Publications v. Fawcett Publications), resulted in Fawcett folding its line of comic books. Lash Larue, Nyoka, Strange Suspense Stories and other titles were sold to Charlton Comics. In 1972, DC Comics (by then a subsidiary of Warner Brothers as it is today) licensed Captain Marvel, featuring him in new stories. In 1991, DC purchased the entire Marvel Family and related characters outright.

Gold Medal Books
Fawcett was also an independent newsstand distributor, and in 1945, the company negotiated a contract with New American Library to distribute their Mentor and Signet titles. This contract prohibited Fawcett from becoming a competitor by publishing their own paperback reprints. In 1949, Roscoe Fawcett wanted to establish a line of Fawcett paperbacks, and he felt original paperbacks would not be a violation of the contract. In order to test a loophole in the contract, Fawcett published two anthologies – The Best of True Magazine and What Today's Woman Should Know About Marriage and Sex – reprinting material from Fawcett magazines not previously published in books. When these books successfully sailed through the contract loophole, Fawcett announced Gold Medal Books, their line of paperback originals. It was a revolutionary turning point in paperback publishing. Fawcett's editor-in-chief was Ralph Daigh, who had been hired by Captain Billy in 1928, and the art director for Gold Medal was Al Allard, who also had been with Fawcett since 1928.

Gold Medal's first editor was Jim Bishop, a former Collier's editor later known for his series of best-selling non-fiction titles: The Day Lincoln Was Shot, The Day Christ Died and The Day Kennedy Was Shot. When Bishop left after a year, he was replaced by William Charles Lengel (1888–1965), a veteran magazine editor, agent, short story author and novelist (Forever and Ever, Candles in the Wind). In February 1951, former Hollywood story editor Richard Carroll signed on as an editor with Gold Medal. Carroll was once described as "the Maxwell Perkins of Gold Medal."

Another early Gold Medal editor was former literary agent Knox Burger, who recalled, "Through its Gold Medal series, Fawcett was able to give many now well-known authors a chance at book publication early in their careers – among them John D. MacDonald and Kurt Vonnegut. It also gave established writers like William Goldman and MacKinlay Kantor a chance to flex their creative muscles under pseudonyms."

Radcliffe graduate Rona Jaffe, who joined the company in the early 1950s as a file clerk, was promoted to an associate editor position. After four years at Fawcett, she left to pursue a writing career. Her best-selling 1958 novel, The Best of Everything, obviously drawn from her experiences at Fawcett and Gold Medal, was adapted for a 1959 film and a 1970 TV series. At the time of Jaffe's departure from Fawcett in 1955, the new associate editor who stepped in was Leona Nevler, formerly with Little, Brown but best known in 1950s publishing circles as the person who saw the potential of Grace Metalious' best-selling Peyton Place after picking it from the slush pile at publisher Julian Messner. During her 26 years at Fawcett, Nevler became the editorial director in 1972.

Beginning their numbering system at 101, Gold Medal got underway with Alan Hynd's We Are the Public Enemies, the anthology Man Story (102) and John Flagg's The Persian Cat (103). Writing about the demise of pulp magazines in The Dime Detectives, Ron Goulart observed, "Fawcett dealt another blow to the pulps when, in 1950, it introduced its Gold Medal line. What Gold Medal specialized in was original novels. Some were merely sleazy, but others were in a tough, hard-boiled style that seemed somehow more knowing and more contemporary than that of the surviving pulps. Early Gold Medal authors included John D. MacDonald, Charles Williams and Richard S. Prather." Others were Benjamin Appel, Bruno Fischer, David Goodis, Day Keene, Dan J. Marlowe, Wade Miller, Jim Thompson, Lionel White and Harry Whittington.

Interviewed by Ed Gorman in 1984, MacDonald recalled, "In late 1949, I wrote a long pulp novelette. My agent, Joe Shaw, asked me to expand it. I resisted, but complied. I hate puffing things. Cutting is fine. Everything can use cutting. But puffing creates fat. Gold Medal took it for their new line of originals. It was titled The Brass Cupcake." Numbered as Gold Medal 124, The Brass Cupcake was John D. MacDonald's first novel.

Gold Medal 129 was an unusual graphic novel experiment, John Millard's Mansion of Evil, an original color comic book story packaged as a paperback. Other 1950 Gold Medal originals included the Western Stretch Dawson by William R. Burnett and three mystery-adventure novels – Nude in Mink by Sax Rohmer, I'll Find You by Richard Himmel. After Donald E. Keyhoe's article "Flying Saucers Are Real" in True (January 1950) created a sold-out sensation, with True going back to press for another print run, Keyhoe expanded the article into a top-selling paperback, The Flying Saucers Are Real, published by Fawcett that same year.

Sales soared, prompting Ralph Daigh to comment, "In the past six months we have produced 9,020,645 books, and people seem to like them very well." However, hardcover publishers resented Roscoe Fawcett's innovation, as evidenced by Doubleday's LeBaron R. Barker, who claimed that paperback originals could "undermine the whole structure of publishing."

With an increase from 35 titles in 1950 to 66 titles in 1951, Gold Medal's obvious success in issuing paperback originals revolutionized the industry. While Fischer, MacKinlay Kantor, Louis L'Amour, John D. MacDonald, Richard Matheson and Richard Prather were joining Gold Medal's roster of writers, other paperback publishers were soon asking agents for original manuscripts. Literary agent Donald MacCampbell stated that one publisher "threatened to boycott my agency if it continued to negotiate contracts with original 25-cent firms."

Prather had a bank account of $100 when his wife handed him a telegram from literary agent Scott Meredith on July 7, 1950 indicating his first sale. Although Prather's first novel was unsold, Gold Medal liked his second novel and his Shell Scott character enough to offer a four-book contract, and Prather's Case of the Vanishing Beauty soon set sales records.

In 1950, Bruno Fischer's House of Flesh sold 1,800,212 copies. In 1951, Charles Williams' Hill Girl sold 1,226,890 copies, Gil Brewer's 13 French Street sold 1,200,365 and Cassidy's Girl by David Goodis sold 1,036,497. Authors were attracted to Gold Medal because royalties were based on print runs rather than actual sales, and they received the entire royalty instead of a 50-50 split with a hardback publisher. Gold Medal paid a $2000 advance on an initial print run was for 200,000 copies. When a print run increased to 300,000, the advance was $3000.

Mickey Spillane's I, the Jury paperback bestseller got a huge boost from Fawcett, as Spillane explained to interviewer Michael Carlson: "Now at that time you had to go through hardback. So I wrote I, the Jury and turned it in to E. P. Dutton. It had been rejected by four different publishers, saying no, no, this is too violent, too dirty ... and it was picked up by Roscoe Fawcett, Fawcett Publications. He was a distributor, doing comic books, but he saw the potential, and he went to New American Library, which was Signet Books, and he said "If you print this book, I'll distribute it." Now they can't get distribution, so it's a win-win thing for them, but they have to get it published in hardback, so they go to Dutton and say if you print this, we'll do the paperback. So now it's win-win-win, and they offer me $250, and I say no, I need a thousand dollars to build a house in Newburgh, so I get a $1,000 advance, which was unheard of. So Roscoe ordered a million copies, and that was unheard of! So somebody in his outfit says, oh, that wasn't what he meant, he must've meant a quarter million. So they bring out a quarter of a million at the wrong time, cause books sell great at Christmas time, but my book came out between Christmas and New Year, which is death, and it went straight to the top, because it was word of mouth, and it's sold out, and Fawcett says get the rest of them out, and the guy says there aren't any more and Roscoe says whaddaya mean, I ordered a million, and a guy got fired!"

In 1952, when their contract with NAL expired, Fawcett immediately began doing reprints through several imprints. Red Seal started April 1952 and published 22 titles before it folded a year later. Launched September 1955, Premier Books offered non-fiction titles, such as The Art of Thinking by Ernest Dimnet. Crest Books, which also premiered in September 1955, spanned all genres with an emphasis on Westerns and humor, including Best Cartoons from True and Lester Grady's Best from Captain Billy's Whiz Bang, and one successful Crest title was their movie tie-in edition of Robert Bloch's Psycho. Fawcett Crest was perhaps best known for their many abridged collections issued during the 1960s and 1970s of the Peanuts comic strip titles originally published by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. The managing editor of Fawcett Crest and Premier was Leona Nevler.

Between 1960 and 1993, Gold Medal was the exclusive American publisher of Donald Hamilton's Matt Helm spy novel series. In the early 1960s, John D. MacDonald's Travis McGee series got underway after Knox Burger contacted MacDonald: "At the request of Knox Burger, then at Fawcett, I attempted a series character. I took three shots at it to get one book with a character I could stay with. That was in 1964. Once I had the first McGee book, The Deep Blue Good-by, they held it up until I had finished two more, Nightmare in Pink and A Purple Place for Dying, then released one a month for three months. That launched the series."

After his retirement in 1972, Daigh recalled, "From our entrance into the paperback business, we paid authors at a more generous rate than had been the custom. In 1955, when we started the Crest line to reprint hardcover books, we extended this practice to what we offered for softcover rights. It caused quite a sensation in the trade when we paid $101,505 for James Gould Cozzens' By Love Possessed and later $700,000 for James A. Michener's The Source. Giving the author a bigger share of the pie paid off handsomely. However, I gather that the practice has been overdone in recent years and has led to some of the book industry's current troubles."

The Fawcett family
Captain Billy and Claire Fawcett had four sons and a daughter: Roger (died 1979), Wilford (died 1970), Marion Claire, Gordon Wesley and the youngest, Roscoe. As a boy, Roscoe Kent Fawcett (February 7, 1913 – December 23, 1999) attended Minneapolis schools and was assigned tasks such as dusting furniture and beach cleaning at his father's Breezy Point Resort before he became a vice president and circulation manager for the family publishing company.

Roscoe Fawcett was a veteran of World War II, serving in the anti-aircraft division of the U.S. Army, and later was in charge of entertainment for Camp Haan in Riverside, California. He was married twice, had four sons and died at the age of 86 in Brainerd, Minnesota. One of his sons, Roscoe Fawcett Jr., became the publisher of American Fitness magazine.

Born in Minneapolis in 1912, Gordon Fawcett graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1934. He married Vivian Peterson in 1935 and moved to Los Angeles where he was Fawcett Publications' office manager. He held the title of secretary-treasurer when the company moved to Greenwich, Connecticut in 1940, and he was 81 when he died in West Palm Beach, Florida, on January 16, 1993. Gordon Fawcett had four children.

Acquisition and recent history
In 1970, Fawcett acquired Popular Library from Perfect Film & Chemical Corporation. Fawcett Publications was bought by CBS Publications in 1977 for $50 million. Ballantine Books (a division of Random House) acquired most of Fawcett Books in 1982 (Popular was sold to Warner Communications ) it inherited a mass market paperback list with such authors as William Bernhardt, Amanda Cross, Stephen Frey, P. D. James, William X. Kienzle, Anne Perry, Daniel Silva, Peter Straub and Margaret Truman. Fawcett also became the official home of Ballantine's mass market mystery program. The imprint stopped being used on new books at the beginning of the 21st century. The Fawcett imprint is still a common law trademark using the domain name, FawcettBooks.com, which directs to the Penguin corporate webpage.

In 1987, Fawcett senior executive Peter G. Diamandis and a management team negotiated a $650 million leveraged buy out, then sold six titles to raise $250 million. Diamandis Communications, Inc. was then sold the next year to Hachette Publications for $712 million.

An annual four-day festival held in Robbinsdale, Minnesota, is Whiz Bang Days. Robbinsdale's city celebration, recalling the glory years of Fawcett Publications, began during World War II. The original Fawcett Publications building, which remained standing in Robbinsdale for decades, was torn down during the mid-1990s. It was located at what is now the terrace for the restaurant La Cucina di Nonna Rosa's, at 4168 West Broadway Avenue.

title: Fawcett Publications


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Talk:Strafgesetzbuch

extraneous dialogue
Is this impoverished and orphaned fragment actually a subsection of Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch? --Wetman 20:07, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, that is the civil law, this article refers to the criminal law. Valiantis 01:05, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone wrote that German prosecutors can 'prostitute' crimes against humanity etc. I have edited that.

EuroSoviets 11:32, 29 November 2007 (GMT)

StGB 32 should be commented. Unknown to many the right to self defense is extremely far reaching. --87.162.222.77 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 15:55, 6 November 2008 (UTC).

§§ 86, 86a, 130 StGB
When exactly were these sections/paragraphs and provisions added into the Strafgesetzbuch? Did it happen during the Allied occupation, or after West Germany was established in May 1949? I'm trying to look through sources on the history of these criminal laws, and the information I come across appears to be quite fuzzy on this. 2601:8C:4500:4D00:51BD:6100:B5E9:651 (talk) 22:56, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

I’ve been trying to look for the same thing. Internet resources I can find don’t seem to ever cover when they were codified into law just “after the 3rd reich” or “after WWII” which isn’t exactly helpful when trying to discuss post-war germany and if/when nazi symbols would have been removed EliotWL (talk) 13:53, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Strafgesetzbuch


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Avas

The Avas is a hill of volcanic origin in Miskolc, Hungary. Its top (234 m above sea level, 104 m above the city) is the highest point of Miskolc proper (although other parts, annexed to the city later, lie higher up in the Bükk mountains). On the top stands a TV tower with observation deck which is a former symbol of the city and provides a nice panorama.

The name of the hill is an archaic Hungarian word meaning "forbidden". It was named that at a time it was forbidden for shepherds to graze their herds there because the old wine cellars threatened with caving in.

In the early 20th century several prehistoric artefacts were found in the Avas, proving that a people belonging to the Neolithic Szeleta culture lived here. (The culture itself was named after Szeleta Cave, in Lillafüred, where many important archaeological finds were found.)

The limestone caves of Avas, that were once used by prehistoric men, are now used as wine cellars; the narrow, winding streets give a Mediterranean atmosphere to this part of Avas Hill.

On the northern part of the hill, close to downtown Erzsébet Square, stands the Gothic Protestant Church of Avas, the oldest building of Miskolc proper (the other oldest building is the Castle of Diósgyőr) and its belfry (16th century). There are also several wine cellars dug in sandstone nearby, in the so-called Kis-Avas ("Little Avas") district.

The TV tower is 72 meters high and was built in 1963. The previous tower was made of wood and was designed by Bálint Szeghalmi, who also designed the Wooden Church; it was destroyed by Soviet soldiers during the revolution in 1956.

The southern part of Avas, also called Avas-South, is where the largest housing estate of the city stands, with 10-storey Socialist-style concrete blocks of flats providing homes for about one-third of the city's population. The district has five primary and four secondary schools, two post offices and a police station.

title: Avas


text:
Mary Grace Canfield

Mary Grace Canfield (September 3, 1924 – February 15, 2014) was an American theatre, film and television actress.

Early life and career
Mary Grace Canfield was born in Rochester, New York, the second child of Hildegard (née Jacobson) and Hubert Canfield. She grew up in Pittsford, New York. She had a sister, Constance, who was two years older.

Acting mostly in small theatre companies and regional theatre between 1952 and 1964, she appeared in several Broadway plays, but most ran for no more than a month. Her Broadway credits include The Waltz of the Toreadors and The Frogs of Spring.

Canfield's first credited performance on television was in March 1954 when she portrayed Frances in the episode "Native Dancer" on Goodyear Playhouse. After making additional television appearances, she played housekeeper Amanda Allison on the sitcom The Hathaways during the 1961-1962 season. As Thelma Lou's "ugly" cousin in an episode of The Andy Griffith Show, she had an arranged blind date with Gomer Pyle, played by Jim Nabors. Her name on this episode was her actual name, Mary Grace. The episode was originally scheduled to air on November 25, 1963, but it was preempted by the coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy three days earlier.

Green Acres
Canfield was best known for her recurring role on the hit comedy series Green Acres as Ralph Monroe, the all-thumbs carpenter who greeted her fellow Hootervillians with her signature "Howdy Doody!" She appeared in more than 40 episodes of the show during its six-season run from 1965 to 1971. She reprised the role in the 1990 TV movie Return to Green Acres. Recalling the Ralph character in a 2006 interview, she said "To be remembered for Ralph kind of upsets me—only in the sense that it was so easy and undemanding." She added "It's being known for something easy to do instead of something you worked hard to achieve."

Other roles
She guest-starred on The Eleventh Hour. In 1966, Canfield played Abner Kravitz's sister Harriet on four episodes of Bewitched. Actress Alice Pearce, who played Abner's wife, Gladys Kravitz, had died from ovarian cancer, and her successor as Mrs. Kravitz (Sandra Gould) had yet to be hired. During the early 1970s, Canfield and actress Lucille Wall shared the role of Lucille March on General Hospital. Canfield appeared in feature films such as Pollyanna (as "Angelica"), The St. Valentine's Day Massacre and Something Wicked This Way Comes.

Later life and death
Canfield made her last public appearance in 2005 when she attended Eddie Albert's funeral with Green Acres co-stars Sid Melton and Frank Cady. Canfield died at age 89 from lung cancer on February 15, 2014, in Santa Barbara, California.

title: Mary Grace Canfield