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Economy of the Empire of Japan

The Economy of the Empire of Japan refers to the period in Japanese economic history in Imperial Japan that began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and ended with the Surrender of Japan in 1945 at the end of World War II. It was characterized by a period of rapid industrialization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the dominance of a wartime economy from 1938 to 1945.

The proto-industrial base
The Tokugawa Japan during a long period of “closed country” autarky between the mid-seventeenth century and the 1850s had achieved a high level of urbanization; well-developed road networks; the channeling of river water flow with embankments and the extensive elaboration of irrigation ditches that supported and encouraged the refinement of rice cultivation based upon improving seed varieties, fertilizers and planting methods especially in the Southwest with its relatively long growing season; the development of proto-industrial (craft) production by merchant houses in the major cities like Osaka and Edo and its diffusion to rural areas after 1700; and the promotion of education and population control among both the military elite (the samurai) and the well-to-do peasantry in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

At the time, Japan's agricultural productivity was high enough to sustain substantial craft (proto-industrial) production in both rural and urban areas of the country prior to industrialization.

Policies

The official government entities that guided the Japanese national economy were the Economy and Finance Ministry, the Bank of Japan, and the Industry and Commerce Ministry. For military spending, there was the Navy Ministry and the Ministry of the Army.

Domestic investment
Domestic investment in industry and infrastructure was the driving force behind growth in Japanese output. Both private and public sectors invested in infrastructure, national and local governments serving as coordinating agents for infrastructure build-up.

Private Banking
The Ministry of Finance created the Bank of Japan in 1882, laying the foundations for a private banking system backed up a lender of last resort.

The Noguchi Family made their principal investments in banking, commerce, and industry in Korea during the Japanese occupation. With their funds, the zaibatsu and the Japanese government founded the Bank of Chosen, the central banking institution in the province, which was linked with the Central Bank of Manchou.

Naval construction
In 1893 naval construction was in the range 177,000 to 1,528,000 tonnes. In 1913 this increased to 3,565,000 tonnes. In 1924 with 237 500-tonnes vessels and 11 10,000-tonnes and reaching 4,140,000 tonnes in 1928. The Japanese Navy was third in the world behind British and American Navies and dominated the West Pacific area before the war. The first modern Shipyard was built in 1891, and since then naval construction rapidly advanced. Japanese boats of more than 100 tonnes represented a total registered tonnage of 5,007,000 tonnes out of 1,198,000 corresponding to naval construction of 1936–1938. This put Japan in third place between maritime powers, a notable realization in such a short time. The old vessels were destroyed or disarmed which is why the regular fleet was efficient and modern. Without a scarcity of petrol at the time, many of these modern vessels were designed for that energy source.

Military industry

 * Navy: Aichi, Kawanishi, Showa/Nakajima, Nihon, Maeda, Yokosuka, Watanabe, Kyūshū, Kugisho, Mizuno, and Funryu.
 * Army: Nikkoku, Yokoi, Maeda, Rikugun/Kokukosho, Rikugun/Kogiken, Tachikawa, Kawasaki, Kokusai, and Kayaba.
 * Both: Nakajima, Mitsubishi
 * Manchukuo: Manshū and other related companies.

Forestry
Local forestry represented a production of 14,000,000 meters of wood with a value of ¥75,000,000, a total value of ¥50,000,000 in cut wood, ¥3,000,000 in bamboo and other secondary wood products for a total value of ¥100,000,000. The local forests covered 200,000 km2, 90,000 km2 under State administration or Imperial Family reserves. And, taking part in scientific forest research during the latter years. Coal of wood was valued at 100,000,000 yen. Sugi (Cryptomeria) represented a quarter of the total quantity, Pine more than 20% in quantity and value and the Hinoki (Chamaecyparis Obtusa) only 1/4% of quantity, but more than 9% in value.

Despite many forests and their importance, Japan continued to buy wood overseas. In accordance with the other dates, Japan had 200,000 km2 of forest, 100,000 km2 in private hands, the other 75,000 km2 in state control and 12,000 km2 owned by the Imperial House. Wood exports were made to the rest of the Japanese empire and to foreign markets.

Paper and cellulose industry
Since ancient times, Japan has manufactured assorted paper types by hand. A modern mechanized industry appeared in 1872 and became one of the most important industries in the nation. The total production was about 1,000,000 tonnes of paper and cardboard. cellulose paste, the principal prime material, was made in Shikoku, Hokkaidō and Karafuto. The Cellulose production resulted in 8% of U.S. manufacture; the Cellulose industry in Japan developed in Shikoku, North Honshū, Hokkaidō, Chosen, Manchukuo and Karafuto. In Karafuto was the Shiretoru Cellulose Factory, the most advanced installation dedicated to the cellulose industry in all of East Asia. The first place where European-type paper was manufactured in Japan was in the city of Shikuka. Additionally, to complement this local production, these products were sold in Canada and the United States of America.

Fishing
The important Okhotsk fisheries had a value of ¥50 million. Other fisheries in Chosen, Karafuto, South Mandate and Formosa came to ¥122,000,000 and ¥358,000,000 from Japan proper, for a total of ¥480,000,000 (1938 figures). Secondary products from fishing had a value of ¥150 million to ¥200 million. (From another source, fishing values were of ¥235,000,000 and ¥275,000,000 from 1919 to 1913, more than the British.)

In 1932, Japan invested $550,000,000 in Korea, along with $320,000,000 in 1938. This investment produced a return of 400% in industrial monetary value. In the fishing industry, Japan extracted a value of $20,000,000 annually, comprising 15% of world fishing volumes at the time.

Coastal fishing represented 61% of the total value, with a fleet of 364,260 small boats, of which 20% had engines; the rest were sailing boats. High seas fishing represented 28% of the industry, with whaling, coral and pearl collecting and pisciculture on land making up the rest. The high seas vessels operated in the North Pacific area (Alaska coasts), to the South Pacific. During Japanese administration, the fishing in the Kwantung leased territory was 61,000 tonnes.

In 1938, the fish factory vessels packed 204,000,000 packages of crab and 370 packages of sea salmon. In the same year, four whale hunting vessels fished in the waters around the Antarctic. Factories were built in Chisima, Hokkaidō, Karafuto, Taiwan, Chosen, Kyūshū, Shikoku and other coastal areas to process fish products.

The Japanese and Russian oil wells, in the same oil zone, were strictly controlled to ensure equitable exploitation. The pits stayed in direct connection with the Moskalvo port on the west coast of Ohka through a network of oil pipelines.

In 1925, the Soviet Government granted Japan petroliferous and carbonaceous concessions in North Sakhalin to Mitsubishi, Itoh-Korada, Mitsui and other Japanese Companies for a period of 45 years. By Protocols and agreements signed in Moscow in May 1944, these concessions expired 26 years before the accorded time in 1970, while a new Japanese-Russian accord over fishing conventions agreed to the formal retirement of some Japanese fisheries in the Far East to Japanese concessors, the right of Soviet Organizations to buy annually and for auction 10% of Japanese fish shares, and a supplementary payment in gold for Japanese owners.

When modifying these fishing conventions in 1928, according to the activities of Soviet Fishing Organizations, citizens were subject to substantial reductions. The Japanese-Russian accord of March 1944 cancelled all restrictions previously observed.

Japanese subjects and foreigners were banned from fishing in certain maritime zones in the Far East under an agreement made with the Soviet Government in July 1941. The Japanese Government also guaranteed that fishing rights on the East Coast of Kamchatka and Olyutorsk were not taken up by the Japanese.

Others
Other significant industries were chemicals (30%) along with metal and machinery (10%) with a total 1,000,000 of workers in these areas, plus woodworking, textiles, foods, and handicrafts.

Use of occupied territories
From 1937, during the Japanese military occupation of territories in China, they controlled certain mineral deposits in those areas. They fall into three sectors:

Deposits of tungsten, tin and manganese, also.
 * Zhejiang: coal reserves were 101 million tonnes and extraction 250,000 tonnes in 1934. There were certain soils rich in bauxite.
 * Fujian: coal reserves of 500 million tonnes in 1934.
 * Guangdong: 421 million tonnes of coal reserves and production was 338,000 tonnes in 1934. Iron reserves in Hainan, with 400 million tonnes of iron of high grade in 1934. A small tungsten production, also.
 * Guangxi: coal reserves of 300 million tonnes, and production of 30,000 tonnes in 1940. There were some sources of tungsten, manganese (production of 1,246 tonnes in 1940) and a tin production of 417,000 tonnes too.
 * Hunan: coal reserves were 1,793 million tonnes and extraction of 1,050,000 tonnes in 1940. Some deposits of tungsten, mercury, antimony (Hsikwangshan mine), manganese and gold.
 * Guizhou: coal reserves were 1,549 million tonnes, and extraction 360,750 tonnes in 1940. Deposits of mercury, copper, antimony, and sulphur also.

Military occupation of South East Asia by Japanese forces added further resources and strategic locations.

 * Burma: in the Irrawaddy river zone, there were the Yenangyaung and Chauk oil fields, 300 miles (500 km) north of Rangoon. These sources and other in Singu extracted 260,000,000 gallons in 1938, and there was an unexploited coal deposit. This nation had other minerals: amber and jade (nefrite stone), lapis lazuli, lazurite, rubies, extraction 141490 carat in 1937, sapphires, etc. in Shan Mesete. There was a major mine in Bawdwin, producing silver, lead, zinc, nickel and copper. This deposit produced 72,000 tonnes of lead and ones 5,000,000 ounces in 1933, rock with content 20% of lead and zinc as a mineral. In Mergui and Tavoy (Tenasserin area) mines produced tungsten and tin from 1910. Tin extraction rose to 6,623 tonnes in 1937.
 * Thailand: in its ranges were abundant sources of tin, which were extracted for mining, and from rivers. On the south coast guano was mined for fertilizer production.
 * French Indochina: in Honggay (near Haipong) extracted ones 2,308,000 tonnes of coal in 1937. Minerals included Tungsten, Chromium, Tin, antimony and manganese in the northern area and Phosphate rock in the southern area. These minerals were extracted to export in bulk for processing abroad.
 * Malacca: Tin extraction was in the hands of its Chinese citizens; production in 1939 was 55,950 tonnes or some 30% of world production. There were tin factories in Singapore and Penang for processing local extractions, and those of Thailand, Burma and Indochina. In the same area, Japanese pre-war investment had related to bauxite, iron and manganese. The Kelantan, Trengganu and Johore iron mineral extractions represented 1,944,701 tonnes in 1939; the manganese was from Kelantan and Trengganu and Bauxite provided from Johore in the same year. Other Japanese mining investments were in the Dutch island of Bintang and existing coal deposits.
 * Dutch Indies: Its minerals were scarce but had important value. The oil in the Palembang (Sumatra), Djambi, Medan and Borneo fields in Balikpapan and Tarakan produced 7,938,000 tonnes in 1940; perhaps a greater yield than California and Iran. Coal was in Sumatra and Borneo, with 1,456,647 tonnes mined in the same year. Additionally, there were sulphur and manganese in Java, and nickel in Celebes. Tin came from Banka and the Billington Islands, which extracted 43,900 tonnes in 1940. The Japanese mining business in the Bintang Island tin deposits produced 275,000 tonnes that year, supposedly one sixth of world production.
 * Philippines: Its mining industry had spectacularly developed during the U.S. administration. It produced more gold than Alaska, or any other American state apart from California. Gold extraction in 1941 represented 1,109,000 troy oz (34,500 kg), five times more than in 1931, and silver associated with gold ore at the same level. These extractions proceeded mostly from the Benget district in Baguio, Luzon. Iron deposits were rapidly developed and during 1941 1,191,641 tonnes was exported to Japan. Iron sources were located in North Camarines (Luzon), Samar Island and Surigao in Mindanao island. In the last of these, the iron reserves were estimated as 500 million tonnes; Laterithic minerals with the content of silicon, sulphur, phosphorus, and iron content of 48% were of easy extraction from coastal areas. Chromium was not discovered until 1935, but the Philippines in 1939 produced 164,000 tonnes and had a fifth place, or 11%, of world production. Sources were in Zambales (Luzon) with its extraction of 10 million tonnes, chrome oxide with a high 50% of chrome content. Manganese was abundant but of medium quality, and was sent to the US from 1935; the local production was 58,038 tonnes in 1940. There were also copper, lead, zinc and coal.

In total or partial control:
 * New Guinea: certain Gold deposits in Bulolo (East New Guinea) with other minerals in these islands.
 * Nauru: certain sources of phosphates.
 * Gilberts: are other deposits of phosphates.
 * Salomon: sources of gold, copper and phosphates.
 * Palau Islands: Source of bauxite

Due to the great transportation distances, the frequent sinking of Japanese merchant vessels, the downing of transport aircraft, guerrilla and local resistance movements' strikes against mines, centers and transport lines as well as allied aerial attacks against occupied areas and colonial administrative difficulties in managing these large territories outside Japan, the Japanese Empire could not take advantage of these natural resources and many mineral exports were not available to Japanese markets and industries during the Pacific War.

State General Mobilization Law
On 24 March 1938, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe legislated the State General Mobilization Law, where the government increasingly nationalized the private sector to create an effective war economy.

title: Economy of the Empire of Japan


text:
Talk:Jokerit

Goons and fighters and not-to-be-forgottens
Aren't the goons and fighters redundant and meaningless inclusions? Many of those guys didn't even fight, let alone as much as many unmentioned players. Also the list of "Not to be forgotten" should probably be split into sub categories such as Jokerit legends and Jokerit NHL players. 88.114.255.32 16:45, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It has been decided that "Not to be forgotten" shouldn't be included in articles for a NPOV. I'll delete the whole section. --Krm500 20:49, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Why did you delete the Jokerit NHL alumni section, though? That's definitely not NPOV. It's not okay to make stupid edits just because "it has been decided"! Elrith 12:52, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jokerit.png
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External links modified
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Retrospective
This reads like a retrospective The Mo-Ja'al (talk) 04:44, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
Anyone? Seems like it’d be useful to add the name's pronunciation to the article, but I’m not qualified to do it because I don’t know a thing about the phonetic symbols Wikipedia uses. I grew up with the phonetic symbols in the "Basic Goals in Spelling" series of textbooks that were common in the USA in the 1960s–1970s. 1995hoo (talk) 01:32, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jokerit


text:
Khrueang sai

Wong khrueang sai (วงเครื่องสาย,, literally "string ensemble") is a musical ensemble in Thai classical music which consists primarily of string instruments. A typical khrueang sai ensemble features two two-string fiddles, one high and one low (saw duang and saw u), a three-string zither called jakhe, a vertical duct flute called khlui, hand drums, and various cymbals. Depending on the size of the ensemble, instruments may be doubled or left out. A three-string spike fiddle called saw sam sai may be added as well. The khim (hammered dulcimer) has become popular and is also used in this ensemble. In the 20th century, Western instruments such as the violin or organ have also occasionally been integrated into khrueang sai ensembles.

Playing context
The khrueang sai is one of the quietest and most intimate ensembles in Thai classical music. It is used to accompany singing, dances, and holidays. It also used in impromptu occasions requiring music.

Varieties
The following are some of the ensemble types, depending on the occasion:

 * Khrueang sai wong lek
 * Khrueang sai khrueang khu
 * Khrueang sai pi chawa
 * Khrueang sai prasom

Here is the definition of the khrueang sai according to the NIU South East Asia Studies department:

Sound clips are available at the website above for all Thai ensembles.

Khrueang sai diao
Wong khrueang sai diao (วงเครื่องสายเดี่ยว) is an ensemble consisting of one each of the following instruments:

 * 1) ching - timekeeper of ensemble
 * 2) saw duang
 * 3) saw u
 * 4) khlui
 * 5) thon and rammana - secondary timekeeper
 * 6) jakhe

This kind of ensemble is used when there is limit of space. It is also called wong khrueang sai wong lek (วงเครื่องสายวงเล็ก) or wong khrueang sai khurang diao (วงเครื่องสายเครื่องเดี่ยว).

Khrueang sai khu
Wong khrueang sai khu (วงเครื่องสายคู่) is an ensemble consisting of instruments as described in the khrueang sai diao ensemble, but double in number (except ching, thon, and rammana). It is also called wong khrueang sai wong yai (วงเครื่องสายวงใหญ่).

Khrueang sai prasom
Wong khrueang sai prasom (วงเครื่องสายประสม หรือ วงเครื่องสายผสม) is an ensemble arranged by mixing khrueang sai diao or khrueang sai khu with other instruments, such as organ, ranad ek, khim and also mixed with the piphat ensemble to create new ensemble called khrueang sai prasom piphat (เครื่องสายประสมปี่พาทย์).

Khrueang sai pi chawa
Wong khrueang sai pi chawa (วงเครื่องสายปี่ชวา) is an ensemble arranged by adding pi chawa (ปี่ชวา), glong khaek (กลองแขก), and krap (กรับ) to the wong khrueang sai diao. It is usually played in funeral ceremonies.

title: Khrueang sai


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Polar set

In functional and convex analysis, and related disciplines of mathematics, the polar set $$A^{\circ}$$ is a special convex set associated to any subset $$A$$ of a vector space $$X,$$ lying in the dual space $$X^{\prime}.$$ The bipolar of a subset is the polar of $$A^\circ,$$ but lies in $$X$$ (not $$X^{\prime\prime}$$).

Definitions
There are at least three competing definitions of the polar of a set, originating in projective geometry and convex analysis. In each case, the definition describes a duality between certain subsets of a pairing of vector spaces $$\langle X, Y \rangle$$ over the real or complex numbers ($$X$$ and $$Y$$ are often topological vector spaces (TVSs)).

If $$X$$ is a vector space over the field $$\mathbb{K}$$ then unless indicated otherwise, $$Y$$ will usually, but not always, be some vector space of linear functionals on $$X$$ and the dual pairing $$\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle : X \times Y \to \mathbb{K}$$ will be the bilinear   defined by $$\langle x, f \rangle := f(x).$$ If $$X$$ is a topological vector space then the space $$Y$$ will usually, but not always, be the continuous dual space of $$X,$$ in which case the dual pairing will again be the evaluation map.

Denote the closed ball of radius $$r \geq 0$$ centered at the origin in the underlying scalar field $$\mathbb{K}$$ of $$X$$ by $$B_r := B_r^{\mathbb{K}} := \{s \in \mathbb{K} : |s| \leq r\}.$$

Absolute polar
Suppose that $$\langle X, Y \rangle$$ is a pairing. The polar or absolute polar of a subset $$A$$ of $$X$$ is the set: $$\begin{alignat}{4} A^{\circ}
 * =& \left\{y \in Y ~:~ \sup_{a \in A} |\langle a, y \rangle| \leq 1\right\} ~&& \\[0.7ex]

=& \left\{y \in Y ~:~ \sup |\langle A, y \rangle| \leq 1\right\} ~&& \text{ where } |\langle A, y \rangle| := \{|\langle a, y \rangle| : a \in A\} \\[0.7ex] =& \left\{y \in Y ~:~ \langle A, y \rangle \subseteq B_1\right\} ~&& \text{ where } B_1 := \{s \in \mathbb{K} : |s| \leq 1\}.\\[0.7ex] \end{alignat}$$

where $$\langle A, y \rangle := \{\langle a, y \rangle : a \in A\}$$ denotes the image of the set $$A$$ under the map $$\langle \cdot, y \rangle : X \to \mathbb{K}$$ defined by $$x \mapsto \langle x, y \rangle.$$ If $$\operatorname{cobal} A$$ denotes the convex balanced hull of $$A,$$ which by definition is the smallest convex and balanced subset of $$X$$ that contains $$A,$$ then $$A^{\circ} = [\operatorname{cobal} A]^\circ.$$

This is an affine shift of the geometric definition; it has the useful characterization that the functional-analytic polar of the unit ball (in $$X$$) is precisely the unit ball (in $$Y$$).

The prepolar or absolute prepolar of a subset $$B$$ of $$Y$$ is the set: $${}^{\circ} B
 * = \left\{x \in X ~:~ \sup_{b \in B} |\langle x, b \rangle| \leq 1\right\}

= \{x \in X ~:~ \sup |\langle x, B \rangle| \leq 1\}$$

Very often, the prepolar of a subset $$B$$ of $$Y$$ is also called the polar or absolute polar of $$B$$ and denoted by $$B^{\circ}$$; in practice, this reuse of notation and of the word "polar" rarely causes any issues (such as ambiguity) and many authors do not even use the word "prepolar".

The bipolar of a subset $$A$$ of $$X,$$ often denoted by $$A^{\circ \circ},$$ is the set $${}^{\circ}\left(A^{\circ}\right)$$; that is, $$A^{\circ \circ} := {}^{\circ}\left(A^{\circ}\right) = \left\{x \in X ~:~ \sup_{y \in A^{\circ}} |\langle x, y \rangle| \leq 1\right\}.$$

Real polar
The real polar of a subset $$A$$ of $$X$$ is the set: $$A^r := \left\{y \in Y ~:~ \sup_{a \in A} \operatorname{Re} \langle a, y \rangle \leq 1\right\}$$ and the real prepolar of a subset $$B$$ of $$Y$$ is the set: $${}^r B := \left\{x \in X ~:~ \sup_{b \in B} \operatorname{Re} \langle x, b \rangle \leq 1\right\}.$$

As with the absolute prepolar, the real prepolar is usually called the real polar and is also denoted by $$B^r.$$ It's important to note that some authors (e.g. [Schaefer 1999]) define "polar" to mean "real polar" (rather than "absolute polar", as is done in this article) and use the notation $$A^{\circ}$$ for it (rather than the notation $$A^r$$ that is used in this article and in [Narici 2011]).

The real bipolar of a subset $$A$$ of $$X,$$ sometimes denoted by $$A^{r r},$$ is the set $${}^{r}\left(A^r\right)$$; it is equal to the $$\sigma(X, Y)$$-closure of the convex hull of $$A \cup \{0\}.$$

For a subset $$A$$ of $$X,$$ $$A^r$$ is convex, $$\sigma(Y, X)$$-closed, and contains $$A^{\circ}.$$ In general, it is possible that $$A^{\circ} \neq A^r$$ but equality will hold if $$A$$ is balanced. Furthermore, $$A^{\circ} = \left(\operatorname{bal} \left(A^{r}\right)\right)$$ where $$\operatorname{bal} \left(A^{r}\right)$$ denotes the balanced hull of $$A^r.$$

Competing definitions
The definition of the "polar" of a set is not universally agreed upon. Although this article defined "polar" to mean "absolute polar", some authors define "polar" to mean "real polar" and other authors use still other definitions. No matter how an author defines "polar", the notation $$A^{\circ}$$ almost always represents choice of the definition (so the meaning of the notation $$A^{\circ}$$ may vary from source to source). In particular, the polar of $$A$$ is sometimes defined as: $$A^{|r|} := \left\{y \in Y ~:~ \sup_{a \in A} |\operatorname{Re} \langle a, y \rangle| \leq 1\right\}$$ where the notation $$A^{|r|}$$ is standard notation.

We now briefly discuss how these various definitions relate to one another and when they are equivalent.

It is always the case that $$A^{\circ} ~ \subseteq ~ A^{|r|} ~ \subseteq ~ A^r$$ and if $$\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle$$ is real-valued (or equivalently, if $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are vector spaces over $$\R$$) then $$A^{\circ} = A^{|r|}.$$

If $$A$$ is a symmetric set (that is, $$-A = A$$ or equivalently, $$-A \subseteq A$$) then $$A^{|r|} = A^r$$ where if in addition $$\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle$$ is real-valued then $$A^{\circ} = A^{|r|} = A^r.$$

If $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are vector spaces over $$\C$$ (so that $$\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle$$ is complex-valued) and if $$i A \subseteq A$$ (where note that this implies $$-A = A$$ and $$i A = A$$), then $$A^{\circ} \subseteq A^{|r|} = A^r \subseteq \left(\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} A\right)^{\circ}$$ where if in addition $$e^{i r} A \subseteq A$$ for all real $$r$$ then $$A^{\circ} = A^r.$$

Thus for all of these definitions of the polar set of $$A$$ to agree, it suffices that $$s A \subseteq A$$ for all scalars $$s$$ of unit length (where this is equivalent to $$s A = A$$ for all unit length scalar $$s$$). In particular, all definitions of the polar of $$A$$ agree when $$A$$ is a balanced set (which is often, but not always, the case) so that often, which of these competing definitions is used is immaterial. However, these differences in the definitions of the "polar" of a set $$A$$ do sometimes introduce subtle or important technical differences when $$A$$ is not necessarily balanced.

Specialization for the canonical duality
Algebraic dual space

If $$X$$ is any vector space then let $$X^{\#}$$ denote the algebraic dual space of $$X,$$ which is the set of all linear functionals on $$X.$$ The vector space $$X^{\#}$$ is always a closed subset of the space $$\mathbb{K}^X$$ of all $$\mathbb{K}$$-valued functions on $$X$$ under the topology of pointwise convergence so when $$X^{\#}$$ is endowed with the subspace topology, then $$X^{\#}$$ becomes a Hausdorff complete locally convex topological vector space (TVS). For any subset $$A \subseteq X,$$ let $$\begin{alignat}{4} A^{\#} := A^{\circ, \#}
 * =& \left\{f \in X^{\#} ~:~ \sup_{a \in A} |f(a)| \leq 1\right\} && \\[0.7ex]

=& \left\{f \in X^{\#} ~:~ \sup |f(A)| \leq 1\right\}  ~&& \text{ where } |f(A)| := \{|f(a)| : a \in A\} \\[0.7ex] =& \left\{f \in X^{\#} ~:~ f(A) \subseteq B_1\right\}  && \text{ where } B_1 := \{s \in \mathbb{K} : |s| \leq 1\}.\\[0.7ex] \end{alignat}$$

If $$A \subseteq B \subseteq X$$ are any subsets then $$B^{\#} \subseteq A^{\#}$$ and $$A^{\#} = [\operatorname{cobal} A]^{\#},$$ where $$\operatorname{cobal} A$$ denotes the convex balanced hull of $$A.$$ For any finite-dimensional vector subspace $$Y$$ of $$X,$$ let $$\tau_Y$$ denote the Euclidean topology on $$Y,$$ which is the unique topology that makes $$Y$$ into a Hausdorff topological vector space (TVS). If $$A_{\cup \operatorname{cl} \operatorname{Finite}}$$ denotes the union of all closures $$\operatorname{cl}_{\left(Y, \tau_Y\right)} (Y \cap A)$$ as $$Y$$ varies over all finite dimensional vector subspaces of $$X,$$ then $$A^{\#} = \left[A_{\cup \operatorname{cl} \operatorname{Finite}}\right]^{\#}$$ (see this footnote for an explanation). If $$A$$ is an absorbing subset of $$X$$ then by the Banach–Alaoglu theorem, $$A^{\#}$$ is a weak-* compact subset of $$X^{\#}.$$

If $$A \subseteq X$$ is any non-empty subset of a vector space $$X$$ and if $$Y$$ is any vector space of linear functionals on $$X$$ (that is, a vector subspace of the algebraic dual space of $$X$$) then the real-valued map

 * $$|\,\cdot\,|_A \;:\, Y \,\to\, \Reals$$ defined by  $$\left|x^{\prime}\right|_A ~:=~ \sup \left|x^{\prime}(A)\right| ~:=~ \sup_{a \in A} \left|x^{\prime}(a)\right|$$

is a seminorm on $$Y.$$ If $$A = \varnothing$$ then by definition of the supremum, $$\, \sup \left| x^{\prime}(A) \right| = -\infty \,$$ so that the map $$\, |\,\cdot\,|_{\varnothing} = -\infty \,$$ defined above would not be real-valued and consequently, it would not be a seminorm.

Continuous dual space

Suppose that $$X$$ is a topological vector space (TVS) with continuous dual space $$X^{\prime}.$$ The important special case where $$Y := X^{\prime}$$ and the brackets represent the canonical map: $$\left\langle x, x^{\prime} \right\rangle := x^{\prime}(x)$$ is now considered. The triple $$\left\langle X, X^{\prime} \right\rangle$$ is the called the associated with $$X.$$

The polar of a subset $$A \subseteq X$$ with respect to this canonical pairing is: $$\begin{alignat}{4} A^{\circ}
 * =& \left\{x^{\prime} \in X^{\prime} ~:~ \sup_{a \in A} \left|x^{\prime}(a)\right| \leq 1\right\} ~&& \text{ because } \left\langle a, x^{\prime} \right\rangle := x^{\prime}(a) \\[0.7ex]

=& \left\{x^{\prime} \in X^{\prime} ~:~ \sup \left|x^{\prime}(A)\right| \leq 1\right\} ~&& \text{ where } \left|x^{\prime}(A)\right| := \left\{\left|x^{\prime}(a)\right| : a \in A\right\} \\[0.7ex] =& \left\{x^{\prime} \in X^{\prime} ~:~ x^{\prime}(A) \subseteq B_1\right\} ~&& \text{ where } B_1 := \{s \in \mathbb{K} : |s| \leq 1\}.\\[0.7ex] \end{alignat}$$

For any subset $$A \subseteq X,$$ $$A^{\circ} = \left[\operatorname{cl}_X A\right]^{\circ}$$ where $$\operatorname{cl}_X A$$ denotes the closure of $$A$$ in $$X.$$

The Banach–Alaoglu theorem states that if $$A \subseteq X$$ is a neighborhood of the origin in $$X$$ then $$A^{\circ} = A^{\#}$$ and this polar set is a compact subset of the continuous dual space $$X^{\prime}$$ when $$X^{\prime}$$ is endowed with the weak-* topology (also known as the topology of pointwise convergence).

If $$A$$ satisfies $$s A \subseteq A$$ for all scalars $$s$$ of unit length then one may replace the absolute value signs by $$\operatorname{Re}$$ (the real part operator) so that: $$\begin{alignat}{4} A^{\circ} = A^r
 * =& \left\{x^{\prime} \in X^{\prime} ~:~ \sup_{a \in A} \operatorname{Re} x^{\prime}(a) \leq 1\right\} \\[0.7ex]

=& \left\{x^{\prime} \in X^{\prime} ~:~ \sup \operatorname{Re} x^{\prime}(A) \leq 1\right\}. \\[0.7ex] \end{alignat}$$

The prepolar of a subset $$B$$ of $$Y = X^{\prime}$$ is: $${}^{\circ} B := \left\{x \in X ~:~ \sup_{b^{\prime} \in B} \left|b^{\prime}(x)\right| \leq 1\right\} = \{x \in X : \sup |B(x)| \leq 1\}$$

If $$B$$ satisfies $$s B \subseteq B$$ for all scalars $$s$$ of unit length then one may replace the absolute value signs with $$\operatorname{Re}$$ so that: $${}^{\circ} B = \left\{x \in X ~:~ \sup_{b^{\prime} \in B} \operatorname{Re} b^{\prime}(x) \leq 1\right\} = \{x \in X ~:~ \sup \operatorname{Re} B(x) \leq 1\}$$ where $$B(x) := \left\{b^{\prime}(x) ~:~ b^{\prime} \in B\right\}.$$

The bipolar theorem characterizes the bipolar of a subset of a topological vector space.

If $$X$$ is a normed space and $$S$$ is the open or closed unit ball in $$X$$ (or even any subset of the closed unit ball that contains the open unit ball) then $$S^{\circ}$$ is the closed unit ball in the continuous dual space $$X^{\prime}$$ when $$X^{\prime}$$ is endowed with its canonical dual norm.

Geometric definition for cones
The polar cone of a convex cone $$A \subseteq X$$ is the set $$A^{\circ} := \left\{y \in Y ~:~ \sup_{x \in A} \langle x, y \rangle \leq 0\right\}$$

This definition gives a duality on points and hyperplanes, writing the latter as the intersection of two oppositely-oriented half-spaces. The polar hyperplane of a point $$x \in X$$ is the locus $$\{y ~:~ \langle y, x \rangle = 0\}$$; the dual relationship for a hyperplane yields that hyperplane's polar point.

Some authors (confusingly) call a dual cone the polar cone; we will not follow that convention in this article.

Properties
Unless stated otherwise, $$\langle X, Y \rangle$$ will be a pairing. The topology $$\sigma(Y, X)$$ is the weak-* topology on $$Y$$ while $$\sigma(X, Y)$$ is the weak topology on $$X.$$ For any set $$A,$$ $$A^r$$ denotes the real polar of $$A$$ and $$A^{\circ}$$ denotes the absolute polar of $$A.$$ The term "polar" will refer to the polar.

The last two results explain why equicontinuous subsets of the continuous dual space play such a prominent role in the modern theory of functional analysis: because equicontinuous subsets encapsulate all information about the locally convex space $$X$$'s original topology.
 * The (absolute) polar of a set is convex and balanced.
 * The real polar $$A^r$$ of a subset $$A$$ of $$X$$ is convex but necessarily balanced; $$A^r$$ will be balanced if $$A$$ is balanced.
 * If $$s A \subseteq A$$ for all scalars $$s$$ of unit length then $$A^{\circ} = A^r.$$
 * $$A^{\circ}$$ is closed in $$Y$$ under the weak-*-topology on $$Y$$.
 * A subset $$S$$ of $$X$$ is weakly bounded (i.e. $$\sigma(X, Y)$$-bounded) if and only if $$S^{\circ}$$ is absorbing in $$Y$$.
 * For a dual pair $$\langle X, X^{\prime} \rangle,$$ where $$X$$ is a TVS and $$X^{\prime}$$ is its continuous dual space, if $$B \subseteq X$$ is bounded then $$B^{\circ}$$ is absorbing in $$X^{\prime}.$$ If $$X$$ is locally convex and $$B^{\circ}$$ is absorbing in $$X^{\prime}$$ then $$B$$ is bounded in $$X.$$ Moreover, a subset $$S$$ of $$X$$ is weakly bounded if and only if $$S^{\circ}$$ is absorbing in $$X^{\prime}.$$
 * The bipolar $$A^{\circ\circ}$$ of a set $$A$$ is the $$\sigma(X, Y)$$-closed convex hull of $$A \cup \{0\},$$ that is the smallest $$\sigma(X, Y)$$-closed and convex set containing both $$A$$ and $$0.$$
 * Similarly, the bidual cone of a cone $$A$$ is the $$\sigma(X, Y)$$-closed conic hull of $$A.$$
 * If $$\mathcal{B}$$ is a base at the origin for a TVS $$X$$ then $$X^{\prime} = \bigcup_{B \in \mathbb{B}} \left(B^{\circ}\right).$$
 * If $$X$$ is a locally convex TVS then the polars (taken with respect to $$\left\langle X, X^{\prime} \right\rangle$$) of any 0-neighborhood base forms a fundamental family of equicontinuous subsets of $$X^{\prime}$$ (i.e. given any bounded subset $$H$$ of $$X^{\prime}_{\sigma},$$ there exists a neighborhood $$S$$ of the origin in $$X$$ such that $$H \subseteq S^{\circ}$$).
 * Conversely, if $$X$$ is a locally convex TVS then the polars (taken with respect to $$\langle X, X^{\#} \rangle$$) of any fundamental family of equicontinuous subsets of $$X^{\prime}$$ form a neighborhood base of the origin in $$X.$$
 * Let $$X$$ be a TVS with a topology $$\tau.$$ Then $$\tau$$ is a locally convex TVS topology if and only if $$\tau$$ is the topology of uniform convergence on the equicontinuous subsets of $$X^{\prime}.$$

Set relations

 * $$X^{\circ} = X^{|r|} = X^r = \{0\}$$ and $$\varnothing^{\circ} = \varnothing^{|r|} = \varnothing^r = Y.$$
 * For all scalars $$s \neq 0,$$ $$(s A)^{\circ} = \tfrac{1}{s} \left(A^{\circ}\right)$$ and for all real $$t \neq 0,$$ $$(t A)^{|r|} = \tfrac{1}{t} \left(A^{|r|}\right)$$ and $$(t A)^r = \tfrac{1}{t} \left(A^r\right).$$
 * $$A^{\circ\circ\circ} = A^{\circ}.$$ However, for the real polar we have $$A^{r r r} \subseteq A^r.$$
 * For any finite collection of sets $$A_1, \ldots, A_n,$$ $$\left(A_1 \cap \cdots \cap A_n\right)^{\circ} = \left(A_1^{\circ}\right) \cup \cdots \cup \left(A_n^{\circ}\right).$$
 * If $$A \subseteq B$$ then $$B^{\circ} \subseteq  A^{\circ},$$ $$B^r \subseteq  A^r,$$ and $$B^{|r|} \subseteq  A^{|r|}.$$
 * An immediate corollary is that $$\bigcup_{i \in I} \left(A_i^{\circ}\right) \subseteq \left(\bigcap_{i \in I} A_i\right)^{\circ}$$; equality necessarily holds when $$I$$ is finite and may fail to hold if $$I$$ is infinite.
 * $$\bigcap_{i \in I} \left(A_i^{\circ}\right) = \left(\bigcup_{i \in I} A_i\right)^{\circ}$$ and $$\bigcap_{i \in I} \left(A_i^r\right) = \left(\bigcup_{i \in I} A_i\right)^r.$$
 * If $$C$$ is a cone in $$X$$ then $$C^{\circ} = \left\{ y \in Y : \langle c, y \rangle = 0 \text{ for all } c \in C \right\}.$$
 * If $$\left(S_i\right)_{i \in I}$$ is a family of $$\sigma(X, Y)$$-closed subsets of $$X$$ containing $$0 \in X,$$ then the real polar of $$\cap_{i \in I} S_i$$ is the closed convex hull of $$\cup_{i \in I} \left(S_i^r\right).$$
 * If $$0 \in A \cap B$$ then $$A^{\circ} \cap B^{\circ} \subseteq 2 \left[(A + B)^{\circ}\right] \subseteq 2\left(A^{\circ} \cap B^{\circ}\right).$$
 * For a closed convex cone $$C$$ in a real vector space $$X,$$ the polar cone is the polar of $$C$$; that is, $$C^{\circ} = \{y \in Y : \sup_{} \langle C, y \rangle \leq 0\},$$ where $$\sup_{} \langle C, y \rangle := \sup_{c \in C} \langle c, y \rangle.$$

title: Polar set


text:
King and Barnes

King and Barnes was a family-owned English brewery in Horsham, Sussex.

History
The brewery, founded around 1800 as Satchell & Co., was later bought out by maltster James King and renamed King & Sons. In 1906, another Horsham brewer, G.H. Barnes and Co., merged with King & Sons thus forming King and Barnes. The company was taken over in 2000 by Hall and Woodhouse. The brewery building was sold off and demolished for housing.

The pubs are now managed by Hall and Woodhouse, while the Hall and Woodhouse Badger Brewery acquired the rights to the King & Barnes brand names. The brewery's cask ales were very popular in the local area; while King & Barnes had also gained a wider reputation for their bottle-conditioned beers.

In 2001, Bill King of King & Barnes formed a small brewery in Horsham, WJ King & Co. The ex-head brewer Andy Hepworth also formed a brewery in the town which as well as their own beers contract-brews and bottles for other companies.

Notable beers

 * Sussex Bitter
 * Festive
 * Broadwood
 * Old Ale
 * Mild

title: King and Barnes


text: Talk:Vaasan Sport

title: Talk:Vaasan Sport


text: Category:Sport in Suffolk

title: Category:Sport in Suffolk


text:
Talk:Germany men's national ice hockey team

Fair use rationale for Image:Germanyjerseylogo.PNG
Image:Germanyjerseylogo.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:57, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Germanyjerseylogo.PNG
Image:Germanyjerseylogo.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:00, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hockeygermany.PNG
Fair use rationale completed. Flibirigit (talk) 14:27, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Results of "West Germany"
In the results table the results of the West Germany team are not included, but instead a link to West_German_national_ice_hockey_team is given. This page doesn't exist but instead leads back to this page. This way the results of West Germany cannot be found. Maybe include the results of West Germany in this page or create a page for the West Germany team? --83.128.21.244 (talk) 01:55, 18 February 2010 (UTC)
 * There have been several attempts to move the 1950-1990 results of several German sports teams to hypothetical "West German" teams. As I have replaced the separate article, which was merely a stub anyway, with a redirect, I've looked up an older version with the results, and added them here. -- Matthead Discuß   03:17, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Retired Numbers
A retired numbers section should be added, or at least mentioned. Number 20 used by Robert Dietrich is retired. Also the numbers 4, 14, 23 and 80. Check from the German Wikipedia. I don't know how to do it. 88.113.110.174 (talk) 17:45, 28 July 2014 (UTC)


text: Talk:Ice hockey in Slovakia

title: Talk:Ice hockey in Slovakia


text:
Talk:Slovakia men's national ice hockey team

Czechoslovakian breakup
One area I'd really like to see covered in this article is why Slovakia didn't send a team to the 1993 world championships, why they had to start in the C pool, and why the Czech's inherited Czechoslovakia's spot in the A pool. Unfortunetly, I do not know the answer and I can't seem to find the info anywhere. It is perhaps also worth mentioning briefly in the Czech and Czechoslovakian national team pages. --Sarke 02:06, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure either. All breakaway republics had to start over except for Russia and the Czechs. -- [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Earl Andrew - talk 02:30, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I found the info . Here's a copy of the relevant text:
 * In the case of the former Czechoslovakia, the IIHF ruled that since its national team had always been made up mostly of Czech players, the Czech Republic would remain in the A pool of the World Championship. Slovakia protested, but to no avail and was placed in the C pool of the 1994 World Championship.
 * Now, should we mention this in all three articles, or what? --Sarke 06:43, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've added the discussion to the article. I think the discussion of the Cold War's end and its effect on the IIHF should be discussed in the IIHF article. I will write some text. -- Mre5765 23:49, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I added the discussion of the impact of the cold war ending to the IIHF WC article and added a reference. -- Mre5765 01:07, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hockeyslovakiafederation.PNG
Fair use rationale completed. Flibirigit (talk) 14:56, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hockeyslovakia.PNG
Fair use rationale completed. Flibirigit (talk) 14:56, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Bartecko
Bartecko plays for Färjestad BK in Sweden. Can't change that because i can't find the original file 217.21.232.230 (talk) 11:32, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:10, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
 * ROU Bucharest Flag.png


text:
Talk:Swedish Hockey League

Notable players
I was thinking that the notable players section should only include players who has spent the majority of their career playing in Elitserien. Otherwise the section will sooner or later be filled with Forsbergs, Zetterbergs and Lundqvists (ie: career NHLers). --Krm500 09:37, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I looked at how the Notable players section on the NHL article was witten and it included the best scoring players from the past season. It also lists "legends" in NHL, so to speak, and I believe that would be appropriate for this article aswell. If a Swedish player played four, five seasons in Elitserien and then moved on to NHL and succeeded over there I think it could be noted also. But, I also agree with you that the "legends of Elitserien" should make up most of the Notable players section. --claes 09:44, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Access dates

 * ^ Kap 1 ALLMÄNNA BESTÄMMELSER (Swedish). Swedish Ice Hockey Association. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
 * ^ De längsta matcherna genom tiderna (Swedish). Swedish Ice Hockey Association. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.

Both instances of 2007-03-17 are obviously typos, but I don't know for sure wether it's supposed to be 02-17 or 03-07, so I can't correct it myself. -- x -Flare- x {{sup|{Talk)}} 09:40, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I added them yesterday. I've corrected the date in the article. --claes 09:45, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Winners before 1976
I don't think winners before 1976 fit in on this page. It's more interesting with previous regular season winners and the older winners may jump to Swedish ice hockey champions or something like that (see Swedish football champions for example) // S MARTSKAFT | ¿ 22:03, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * As far as I know the top division of Swedish hockey has always been known as Elitserien. Maybe rename the section to Swedish Champions instead? --Krm500 10:37, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, that's not the case; the Swedish top division has been named "Klass I", "Elitserien", "Svenska Serien", "Division 1 Norra" and "Division 1 Södra" (two top divisions), and, from 1975/76 onwards, once again "Elitserien".
 * The vintage "Elitserien" from 1927-28 to 1932-33 was a series of four, six, seven and eight teams but only existed for six seasons. Perhaps it should have a reference added to the history section (and maybe a link to a stub for it). But then the other top divisions should have references in the article of the current. --Bamsefar75 17:16, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I've thought about expanding the history section of this article further (akin to NHL) but I haven't got around to it yet. If you have the time, energy and will to do so, then please do. I think the vintage "Elitserien" (and all other names of the top division(s)) is too insignificant to have an own article on the English language Wikipedia. -- x -Flare- x {{sup|{Talk)}} 10:33, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Smartskaft that the Swedish Ice Hockey Championships ("Svenska mästerskapen i ishockey", see Nu börjar jakten på Le Mat) should have its own article. For example, the quote below (taken from this article) is only true if you count Championships since Elitserien was formed, but that doesn't make much sense to me, because an "SM-guld" claimed prior to the 1975/76 season is worth just as much as one claimed after. Djurgårdens IF are (wether we like it or not) "Mesta mästarna", with 14 titles.

 * Färjestads BK are the most successful team with seven Swedish Championships, called SM-guld in Swedish. The next most successful team is Djurgårdens IF with six SM-guld.
 * --  x -Flare- x {{sup|{Talk)}} 12:38, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. I think the sentences could be changed to include what you have written here, i.e. adding a sentence to the above that it only is in regard of Elitserien since 1976, and then add a section about Djurgården having the most SM-guld counting from the 1920s. --claes 13:41, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I added info about number of SM-guld since 1922 also. What do you think? Is it less npov now? --claes 08:35, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, now it gives fair balance to both points of view (ie. it is more neutral point of view ;-) ). Great! (I removed the POV tag)
 * (By the way, I realize I was wrong about Djurgården's Championship count (I wrote 14 instead of 16); in fact I didn't even bother counting them but took the first figure that came to mind). -- x -Flare- x {{sup|{Talk)}} 10:27, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Task Force
Since we are a whole bunch of swedes who edits hockey articles related to sweden - how about starting a Task Force within the WikiProject Ice Hockey or the WikiProject Sweden? --Krm500 21:56, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Why not? Maybe we can include more aspects of sport in Sweden than ice hockey? // S MARTSKAFT | ¿ 14:15, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't have to be limited to hockey. There has been a large improvment in the swedish ice hockey related articles. And there is a group of editors that constantly improve these articles. I was just thinking that it would be a good idea to have a "forum" for discussions and to being able to collaborate. But it doesn't have to be limited to hockey. --Krm500 22:28, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Sounds very good. --claes 06:47, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I did not understand the "task force" concept but I guess it could be compared to the Nordic military history Task Force of the Military history WikiProject. Given the limited number of comments here, perhaps it would also benefit from a larger scope, such as Nordic or even European. On the other hand, European ice hockey could be too large for simply a task force considering teams like Amur Khabarovsk on the other side of asia in the Russian league. --Bamsefar75 11:06, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm not sure how to proceed with this idea but I'll post a question on the WikiProject Sweden. I think that it's important that we get this started as soon as possible. --Krm500 23:09, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * In the meantime, perhaps some Topic Co-ordination method and the Todo Template could be used to make an overview of the article progress on current teams, historically significant teams, famous players, well-known venues, and so on. I haven't done such a thing before but sounds simple enough to maintain. --Bamsefar75 23:30, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I totally forgot about this. I guess we could just start up a talk page on WP:HOCKEY where we can co-ordinate our effort in improving Swedish hockey related articles. --Krm500 23:55, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but is there any other talk-only subpages at WT:HOCKEY except archives? I get a bit anxoius since there aren't really an example of that fashion. The WP:HOCKEY activity appears to be very much about on North America (besides some concerns about article formatting in general from time to time), but seems to co-ordinate directly under the project itself, without the need of NHL, AHL, USA, Canada talk-subpages. I think the idea is to make a reference from each article talkpage to a central article talkpage, not to a WikiProject talkpage. If coordination is to be made inside the WikiProject, then it should be a Task Force, no doubt. But there are not any taskforces on WP:HOCKEY (yet), which I take as a hint to lowering the aim a bit. I feel this Elitserien talk page is as central as it gets (more Sweden-talk than on WT:HOCKEY isnt it?), coordination could be done here. Might make a list of the 12 current teams and their status, add a reference box to each team's talk page, and update as the articles grow. They're all assesed so far. I could be wrong also, since I'm still only familiar with how WP:HOCKEY works and make no comparisions to other WP's. Task forces could be more powerful than they seem to me. --Bamsefar75 00:33, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well the idea is to have a place to talk and coordinate our efforts, using this talk page for exmaple might not be such a good idea. It will just clutter up this talk page. WP:HOCKEY doesn't have any task force yet but if I recall correctly there's a bunch of task forces at WP:SOCCER. --Krm500 00:45, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I just checked out WP:SOCCER and they have a bunch of task forces, even for individual teams, see WikiProject Munich/Task Force/FC Bayern Munich. I'll but up a request to start a task force within WP:HOCKEY, I don't think anyone will mind. --Krm500 00:49, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Sweden task force is now started. Please add yourself to the participants list and give some suggestions on the talk page about what we can do. --Krm500 23:58, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Brynasif.gif
Image:Brynasif.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:17, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I've added a fair use rationale to this image, and also to Image:Luleahf.gif and Image:SkellefteaAIK.gif. Also to the other images on this page that I have uploaded myself. --Bamsefar75 10:32, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Seems Image:Brynasif.gif is gone now anyway. Does it make sens uploading it again? --Bamsefar75 12:14, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, upload it again. If I understand correctly you are allowed to use logos on Wikipedia according to the template Template:Non-free logo. The bot doesn't seem to understand that. --claes 13:29, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * As I have understood it, logos are only allowed if the article is about the company using the logo for example. In this case, the Elitserien logo is the only acceptable in the Elitserien article. // S MARTSKAFT | ¿ 15:40, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Since the same image is used on Brynäs IF but now deleted, my guess is that the bot added the image to an automatic process queue for deletion somewhere (speedy?) which did not check if the description page was changed. I'll upload the logo again soon, with similar rationale, unless someone else beats me to it. :) --Bamsefar75 16:12, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Logotypes under the new policy
I haven't checked the details about policy and its dates, but my guess is that there are fair use rationale problems with images on Djurgårdens IF, Frölunda HC, MODO Hockey and Mora IK (and the ones here which are not always the same) similar to the Image:Brynasif.gif image (above). (I've added a rationale to the other 8 team logos) --Bamsefar75 19:09, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Vastrafrolundahc.gif
Image:Vastrafrolundahc.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:56, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Globen or Hovet
I recall that Djurgården will be playing the majority of their home games at Hovet next season. Hovet will be their official home arena and Globen will only be used occasionally. Isn't it better to list Hovet as their home arena in the list? --Krm500 00:05, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I updated this article, Djurgårdens IF Hockey and Template:Swedish Elite League Arenas accordingly. Thanks for catching it. -- Jao 08:42, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, I should have paid attention to see that there was a capacity figure. Thanks for catching that too. -- Jao 14:43, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * More changes made. Yesterday I updated Stockholm Globe Arena which still said it was the home arena, updated the capacity on Hovet / Elitserien, and added the (Arenas) template to Hovet. Globe Arena should remain in the template, to be (mutually) removed after next season unless Djurgården change their plans. --Bamsefar75 15:33, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Template changes
Template:Swedish Elite League Arenas has been combined into Template:Swedish Elite League, converted to navbox format, and expanded. Template:Allsvenskan (ice hockey) has been converted to navbox format, and expanded. Flibirigit 05:23, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Swedish Elite League
The claim that the unofficial name in English is "Swedish Elite League" looks vague at best. At the present, the only source is a broken link. As the link isn't working, it's impossible to know what it said although the title makes it clear that its topic was not the Swedish league. Even if the league was called the "Swedish Elite League" in that article, it still doesn't make the case that that is the unofficial name. The "X-nationality Elite League" is a pretty standard way to refer to the top tier league, the name of which few readers are likely to know. As such, the case that there is a standard unofficial name in English remains unproven.Jeppiz (talk) 00:52, 26 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry I did not see that you started a discussion here at the talk page, my last comment in the edit summary should have been placed here instead. But my point stands, Linkrot clearly states that the reference is valid despite being a dead link. The article used as a reference was on history of ice hockey in Sweden, and if I remember correctly it said something very similar to the statement used in this article. Furthermore it was written by Bill Meltzer, a known and respected writer on hockey in Europe, and published on NHL.com, which make it a highly reliable source. But if you want more proof, see, etc... —Krm500 (Communicate!) 02:13, 26 November 2009 (UTC)
 * With all due respects, this starts to look a bit disruptive (I'm talking about both of us, not just you) and doesn't do anyone of us any favour. I don't doubt your word, but even if that is what Bill Meltzer said (and as I said, I take your word for it), the opinion of one single journalist is hardly enough to claim that there is one widely accepted and commonly used unofficial English name. Having said that, these other sources are better and had you inserted them instead of just reverting my edit, I would not have reverted you either. Seems like both of us are too trigger-happy :-) I'll revert myself for now, but would appreciate a continued discussion on the topic. Claiming one single and widely used English name remains dubious, in my opinion. I don't see what it adds to the article, to be quite honest.Jeppiz (talk) 02:30, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

Stefan Liv Memorial Trophy
I've added a page for the Stefan Liv Memorial Trophy. One reference is avaliable there, here's another:. Any improvements to the article is appreciated. Ho-ju-96 (talk) 10:35, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

related Move proposal
FYI. Talk:Elitserien_(disambiguation) In ictu oculi (talk) 07:09, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Season MVP - Guldpucken or Guldhjälmen winner?
In the infobox for each SHL/Elitserien season article, we've usually put in the winner of the Guldpucken award as Season MVP. However, I believe this is incorrect. MVP stands for "Most Valuable Player", and according to what I've understood, Guldpucken is awarded to the player of the year, not the player considered the most valuable for his team. Guldhjälmen appears to be the award targeting the most valuable player. For what it's worth, the Swedish Ice Hockey Association (SIHA) states here (Google Translate) that "Gold puck is awarded by the Expressen and Swedish Ice Hockey Federation since 1979 to a Swedish ice hockey player who was the best and most valuable during the season." Should we state Season MVP as the Guldpucken or Guldhjälmen winner? Hey mid  (contribs) 20:32, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I think we're nitpicking if we differentiate between "player of the year" and "MVP". Sure, maybe they're a difference, but in practice I don't have a problem with calling the winner of Guldpucken "MVP".  I don't believe Guldhjälmen is appropriate, as this is voted by the players rather than the league itself, and normally when it comes to MVP, you expect that to refer to something awarded by the league/media (like the Hart) and that the award chosen by the players will be called something else. —  Swedishpenguin  | Talk 21:41, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swedish Hockey League


text:
Talk:Sweden men's national ice hockey team

2006 Olympic roster
Peter Forsbergs club should stay Nashville Predators, because he was traded there the same day as the ice hockey tournament started. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Autosol (talk • contribs) 09:29, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Hm... Checking... No, Forsberg was traded February 15, 2007 which was one year later than the Olympics. He played the entire 2005–06 season with Philadelphia Flyers. --Bamsefar75 (talk) 22:47, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hockeyswedenjersey.PNG
Image:Hockeyswedenjersey.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:38, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sweden logo.gif
Image:Sweden logo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:08, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hockeysweden.PNG
Fair use rationale completed. Flibirigit (talk) 15:00, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Table footnotes
What's with the table footnotes? Jönsson's 273 games is a total, and includes a lot of games that are neither WCH nor Olympic. -- Jao (talk) 19:44, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

2010 Olympics roster
It could just be my browser but the table for the 2010 roster cuts into the side summary table. I figured I would bring this up incase it isn't just my browser. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.0.180.44 (talk) 20:22, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * In my browser and resolution the table is pushed below the infobox so there is a huge gap between the section header and the table itself. --Bamsefar75 (talk) 06:23, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

Infobox & Roster inconsistant
Who's the Captain? Lidstrom or Alfredsson. GoodDay (talk) 22:02, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

That's weird, somebody fixed the problem, yet there's no evidence of it in the edit history, go figure. GoodDay (talk) 01:23, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Height & weight
The players' height & weight should be given in metric units, since they are used in Sweden. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.197.139.129 (talk) 19:33, 2 May 2011 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Y Cyrff Girlie

Interesting contribution on LLawenydd_Heb_DDiewdd. How about adding translations of the track titles, if your Welsh is up to that? Mine isn't! Diolch yn fawr. Chelseaboy 15:36, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:TNBLAENAU.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:TNBLAENAU.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me or ask for help at Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. Thank you. -- Carnildo 13:19, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:TNBLAENAU.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:TNBLAENAU.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. CLW 15:18, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:TNBLAENAU.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:TNBLAENAU.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Y Cyrff Girlie! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 18:29, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Mark Roberts (singer) -

Proposed deletion of Llawenydd Heb Ddiwedd

The article Llawenydd Heb Ddiwedd has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unreferenced since 2008. Searches find zero coverage in reliable sources, just wikimirrors, primaries and download sites.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Yunshui 雲水 10:14, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Y Cyrff Girlie


text:
Porto Recanati

Porto Recanati is a town in the province of Macerata in the Marche region of Central Italy. It was made an independent town on 15 January 1893, due to a decree issued by King Umberto I causing the coastal hamlets of the town to be separated from Recanati.

With a population of approximately 12,500 inhabitants, Porto Recanati is located near Mount Conero. The town's seaboard extends for about 2 km from the mouth of the Musone River to beyond the Potenza River. The central part of the town is formed by gravel beaches and steep, deep-bottom seas, unlike nearby towns Potenza Picena and Civitanova Marche.

History
The area seem to have been inhabited since Bronze Age, as findings on the top of Montarice's hill, hailing from period called Apennine Medium Bronze and  dating from the 15th-14th centuries BC have confirmed. In the same areas fragments of the 6th century BC Attic pottery have been recovered, witnessing the early commercial trade in the area.

Main sights
The Castello Svevo (Hohenstaufen Castle), built during the 13th through 15th centuries as a rampart against Turkish pirates attacks, is home to the Municipal Art Gallery, that in nine rooms collects paintings, mainly from 1850 to the early 20th century.

Among its churches is the parish church of San Giovanni Battista, and the small chapel of Chiesetta della Banderuola.

Tourism
Porto Recanati is home to a large number of family-run restaurants and shops that cater to the tourism industry. Porto Recanati serves a spring-summer tourist town, with a beach and an annual Aeronautica Militare airshow.

Porto Recanati's restaurants offer a large selection of locally caught seafood including lobster, sea bass and calamari. A local specialty is the brodetto di Porto Recanati, a traditional fisherman's dish. The town also features a large fish market located on the outskirts of town.

Twin towns

 * 🇩🇪 Kronberg im Taunus, Germany
 * 🇦🇷 Mar del Plata, Argentina

title: Porto Recanati


text:
Swami Haridas

Swami Haridas (, also spelt Svāmī Haridās) was an Indian spiritual poet and classical musician. Credited with a large body of devotional compositions, especially in the Dhrupad style, he is also the founder of the Haridasi school of mysticism, still found today in North India. His work influenced both the classical music and the Bhakti movements of North India, especially those devoted to Krishna's consort Radha.

Biography
There are rival versions of the biography of Haridās, owing to the fact that his following was divided in the 1600s among the hereditary householder gosvāmīs and ascetic sādhus. Modern scholars state that he lived in the 1500s. The gosvāmīs claim he was born in Haridāspur and that his father was from Multān, but the sādhus claim he was born in Rājpur next to Vr̥ndāvan. The gosvāmīs claim that his father was Aśudhir, a Sārasvat Brahmin, but the sādhus claim that Haridās was a Sanathya Brahmin and that Haridās was only the pupil of Aśudhir, not his son. The gosvāmīs claim that Haridās was once a married man but later became a sādhu in the Viṣṇusvāmī sampradāya, but the sādhus claim that Haridās was never married and that he was a member of the Nimbārka sampradāya. Modern scholars state that Haridās was likely not initiated into any sect and that he followed his own independent devotional path of sakhībhāva in Nidhiban, although he might have been influenced by the two sects. It is in Nidhiban that he discovered the deity Bāṅke Bihārī, whose worship was later managed by a priest named Jagannāth. The gosvāmīs and sādhus agree that the gosvāmis are the descendants of Jagannāth, who the gosvāmīs claim was the younger brother of Haridās, but the sādhus claim was merely a Sarasvat priest who attended Haridās' Kr̥ṣṇa idol. His most prominent ascetic follower was Viṭṭhal Vipul.

Haridās composed Braj Bhasha poetry, collected in two works called Aṣṭadaś Siddhānta and the Kelimāl. Haridās sung in the dhrupad style, and the content of his work solely consisted of describing and praising the forest līlās of Kr̥ṣṇa-Kuñjbihārī and Rādhā-Śyāmā.

According to popular tradition Haridās was the teacher of Miyān Tānsen, who sang at the court of Akbar, however scholars consider this to be unlikely.

title: Swami Haridas


text:
Vivekananda Setu

Vivekananda Setu (also called Willingdon Bridge and Bally Bridge) is a bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It links the city of Howrah, at Bally, to Kolkata, at Dakshineswar. Completed in 1931, it is a multispan truss bridge that was built to primarily to provide direct road and rail connectivity between the Calcutta Port and the major railhead at Howrah railway station on the West bank of the Hooghly River. It is 2887 ft long having 9 spans in total. The famous Dakshineswar Kali Temple is situated on the banks of the Hooghly River near the bridge. The bridge is one of the four bridges linking Howrah and Kolkata. A new road bridge, the Nivedita Setu, was constructed 50 m downstream in 2007 due to weakening of the Vivekanada Setu caused by its ageing.

Naming
The bridge was originally named Willingdon Bridge after Viceroy of India, Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon. It was eventually renamed as Bally Bridge, before officially renamed as Vivekananda Setu.

Construction
The erection and caissoning of the bridge was done by the noted Kutchi-Mestri railway contractor and industrialist Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja. His nameplate can still be seen on each girder of the bridge. The construction of bridge started in year 1926 and was completed in year 1931. The fabrication of the bridge was done at works of Braithwaite & Company, Calcutta.

The viaduct consists of 22 spans of 30 ft girders built of masonry piers, whose foundations have been piled with reinforced concrete piles 40 to 50 feet long. The bridge itself consists of seven 350 ft main spans and two 80 ft land spans. The eight main piers in the river are founded on octagonal steel caissons, 70 feet by 37 feet, having two dredging holes each 19 feet in diameter. The caissons were all floated into position and founded by loading with concrete, sustaining the load on compressed air buoyancy and releasing the air on a suitable falling tide. The length of the bridge is almost half a mile with 10 km long approach roads on both sides. The foundation was laid with well-sinking 100 ft down the river beds. Girding, erection of abutments and arching were all done by Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja. This railway bridge is also important in the annals of history of railways in India because the railway for the first time crossed over River Hooghly and reached Calcutta at Sealdah Terminus thus connecting the East and West banks of the river.

The bridge was by far the most expensive and the most difficult of the railway bridges to be constructed in India up to that time. The bridge was constructed at a total cost of inr 11399999.999999998

The first train that ran across the bridge was named Jagmal Raja Howrah Express by the British, acknowledging the feat of Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja. The bridge cost over inr 10000000 in those years.

Usage
The bridge serves both road and rail:
 * Rail - the railway line through the bridge forms a part of the Calcutta Chord link line which connects Sealdah Station with the Howrah–Bardhaman chord line and Howrah–Kharagpur line.
 * Road - the bridge connects the Grand Trunk Road (Howrah side - West bank) with the Barrackpore Trunk Road (Kolkata side - East bank).

The bridge had become weak as a result of ageing, and with heavy traffic, even repairs became difficult. Thus a second road bridge, the Nivedita Setu was constructed parallel to it and around 50 m downstream. It was opened to traffic in 2007. Following this the Vivekananda Setu allows traffic movement for light vehicles, namely passenger vehicles, while the Nivedita Setu helps traffic movement of heavy vehicles, like trucks. While trucks and other heavy vehicles are not allowed on the Vivekananda Setu, two and three wheelers are not allowed on the toll bridge of Nivedita Setu.

title: Vivekananda Setu


text:
London Underground coaching stock

The London Underground coaching stock is the coaching stock of the London Underground in London, United Kingdom.

History
In 1989, the first 'Steam on the Met' event took place, and London Underground, hired British Rail coaching stock for the excursions. It was found that it was actually cheaper to buy the coaches instead of hiring them. Thus, London Underground has acquired numerous former British Rail coaching stock for these special excursion trains on the Metropolitan line, usually hauled by either steam locomotives, or the preserved electric locomotive No. 12 "Sarah Siddons".

The fleet consisted of several Mark 1 and Mark 2 vehicles, and eight former British Rail Class 438 electrical multiple unit trailer set vehicles. The two coaches bought in the late 1980s were initially painted in red, white and blue of LUL. After the acquisition of more coaches in 1992, all vehicles were painted in the maroon livery of the Metropolitan Railway. They were normally based at West Ruislip depot.

Even though the last 'Steam on the Met' event took place in 2000, the fleet remained in use until 2003, when all vehicles were stored. In 2005, Metronet decided to dispose of its coaching stock. The Mark 2 vehicles and one four-car trailer set have been sold for preservation, and the rest remained advertised for sale. However, after the refurbishment of 'Sarah Siddons' by Metronet in 2007, the remaining coaching stock is now being used on occasional specials with the Met loco. They are now painted in London Transport Maroon.

Vehicles
The full list of vehicles is given below.

Trailer control units
These are former Class 438 4TC vehicles, and were purchased in 1992.

Between 1992 and 2003, one vehicle, TFK no. 70855 was used as a support coach for locomotives. The remaining seven vehicles were marshalled into two coaching sets. The three-car unit was formed of 76298+70823+76322, whilst the four-car unit was formed of 76297+70824+71163+76324.

Coaches
These vehicles were used as standard locomotive-hauled coaching stock. Mark 1 BSK 35011 and Mark 2 3152, prior to purchase by London Underground, were used as brake force runners, and numbered 977588 and 977547 respectively.

title: London Underground coaching stock


text: User talk:143.235.169.41

title: User talk:143.235.169.41


text:
Thomas Graham Jackson

Sir Thomas Graham Jackson, 1st Baronet (21 December 1835 – 7 November 1924) was one of the most distinguished British architects of his generation. He is best remembered for his work at Oxford, including the Oxford Military College at Cowley, the university's Examination Schools, most of Hertford College (including the Bridge of Sighs over New College Lane), much of Brasenose College, ranges at Trinity College and Somerville College, the City of Oxford High School for Boys, and the Acland Nursing Home.

Life and career
Jackson was born in Hampstead, but moved with his parents and sister Emily Jackson to Sevenoaks, Kent in 1872.

Much of his career was devoted to the architecture of education, and he worked extensively for various schools, notably Giggleswick and his own alma mater Brighton College. Jackson designed the former town hall in Tipperary Town, Ireland. He also worked on many parish churches and the college chapel at the University of Wales, Lampeter. He is also famous for designing the chapel (amongst other things) at Radley College.

He was educated at Brighton College and then Wadham College, Oxford, of which he wrote a history, before being articled as a pupil to Sir George Gilbert Scott.

Jackson was a prolific author of carefully researched works in architectural history, often illustrated with sketches made during his extensive travels. Jackson's travels in Dalmatia, in which he was accompanied by his intrepid wife, would result in Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria with Cettigne in Montenegro and the island of Grado (3 volumes), published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, in 1887. It remains today a fundamental source of knowledge of the geography, art, architecture and social life of Dalmatia in those years.

He and Norman Shaw edited Architecture, A Profession or an Art published in 1892, to which William H. White replied by publishing The Architect and his artists, an essay to assist the public in considering the question is architecture a profession or an art.

This had been part of the course of events which resulted in the passing of the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938 which established the statutory Register of Architects and monopolistic restrictions on the use of the vernacular word "architect", imposed with threat of penalty on prosecution for infringement.

In 1889, Jackson was elected as a member of the Art Workers' Guild, and went to be elected Master of the Guild in 1896. In 1892, he was elected as an associate member of the Royal Academy before becoming an elected full member of the Academy in 1896, and holding roles of senior Royal Academician and treasurer.

In 1919, Jackson wrote a collection of supernatural stories, Six Ghost Stories. These stories were written under the influence of M. R. James, and Jackson expressed admiration for James' work in the book's introduction.

A stone memorial tablet to Sir Thomas was erected in the chapel of Brighton College, part of which he had built as a First World War memorial in 1922–23. For that school's chapel he had also designed many memorials during the 1880s and 1890s. The other concentrated group of mural tablets by Jackson is to be found in the antechapel of Wadham College in Oxford.

Jackson's pupils and assistants included Evelyn Hellicar.

Jackson was created a baronet, of Eagle House in Wimbledon in the County of Surrey, on 10 February 1913.

Examples of his work

 * Additions to increase the capacity of All Saints, Botley in 1892 and 1895
 * Emily Jackson Children's Hip Hospital, Sevenoaks circa 1900, which he designed for his sister Emily's children's hospital

title: Thomas Graham Jackson


text:
Nea Penteli

Nea Penteli (Νέα Πεντέλη) is a small municipal unit - village in the northeastern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Penteli, of which it is a municipal unit.

Geography
Nea Penteli is situated at the southwestern foot of the Penteli mountains, at 410 m elevation. The municipal unit has an area of 3.230 km2. It is 14 km northeast of Athens city centre. At the centre of the village is a small hill named Profitis Ilias, after the small church constructed on top of it. Nea Penteli has one primary school and a high school.

title: Nea Penteli


text:
Stress hyperglycemia

Stress hyperglycemia (also called stress diabetes or diabetes of injury) is a medical term referring to transient elevation of the blood glucose due to the stress of illness. It usually resolves spontaneously, but must be distinguished from various forms of diabetes mellitus.

It is often discovered when routine blood chemistry measurements in an ill patient reveal an elevated blood glucose. Blood glucose can be assessed either by a bedside ‘fingerstick’ glucose meter or plasma glucose as performed in a laboratory (the latter being more efficacious). A retrospective cohort study by the Mayo Clinic held that bedside glucometry was a reliable estimate of plasma glucose with a mean difference of 7.9 mg/dL, but still may not coincide with every individual. The glucose is typically in the range of 140–300 mg/dl (7.8-16.7 mM) but occasionally can exceed 500 mg/dl (28 mM), especially if amplified by drugs or intravenous glucose. The blood glucose usually returns to normal within hours unless predisposing drugs and intravenous glucose are continued.

Cause
Stress hyperglycemia is especially common in patients with hypertonic dehydration and those with elevated catecholamine levels (e.g., after emergency department treatment of acute asthma with epinephrine). Steroid diabetes is a specific and prolonged form of stress hyperglycemia.

People who have experienced stress hyperglycemia during severe illness have a threefold risk of developing diabetes in subsequent years, and it may be appropriate to screen for diabetes in survivors of critical illness.

Diagnosis
Diagnosing patient can be complex, as there are no guidelines that specifically define stress hyperglycemia.

Treatment
One of the most sweeping changes in intensive care unit (ICU) and post-surgical care in recent years is the trend toward more aggressive treatment of stress-induced hyperglycemia. The 2008 guidelines from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommend insulin therapy in critically ill patients.

A number of research studies have demonstrated that even mildly elevated blood glucose levels (110 mg/dL or 6.1 mmol/L) in a hospital intensive care unit (ICU) can measurably increase the morbidity and mortality of such patients. According to a randomized control trial of over 1500 surgical ICU patients, controlling patients’ blood glucose below 110 mg/dL or 6.1 mmol/L significantly decreased mortality from 8% with conventional treatment to 4.6%, and also decreased morbidity from bloodstream infections by 46%, acute renal failure requiring dialysis or hemofiltration and critical illness polyneuropathy (Van den Berghe, 2001). A subsequent randomized control trial of 1200 medical ICU patients found that intensive insulin therapy significantly reduced morbidity but not mortality among all patients in the medical ICU. On the other hand, several studies failed to show benefit or demonstrated harmful effects (mainly from hypoglycemia) of intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. A meta-analysis of studies on this topic could not demonstrate an advantage of tight glycemic control, while there was an increase in hypoglycemia. This questions the validity of current guidelines.

Most recently, the largest randomized control trial to date (with 6104 enrolled patients) comparing the effects of intensive glucose control vs. conventional glucose control in ICU patients found that tight glucose control significantly increased mortality at 90 days after admission to the ICU as compared to conventional glucose control (2.6% increase in the absolute risk of death). In this trial (the NICE-SUGAR Study), patients randomised to the intensive glucose control group had a target blood sugar range of 4.5 to 6.0 mmol/L while those placed in the conventional glucose control group had a blood glucose target range of 8.0 to 10.0 mmol/L (as compared to 10.0 to 11.1 mmol/L in Van den Berghe, 2001). Patients were enrolled from mixed ICU wards (as compared to a surgical ICU in Van den Berghe, 2001). The NICE-SUGAR trial may very well change our approach to the management of stress-induced hyperglycemia in the ICU.

title: Stress hyperglycemia