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John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1558–1634)

John Erskine, 2nd Earl of Mar (c. 1558 – 14 December 1634) was a Scottish politician, the only son of another John Erskine and Annabella Murray. He is regarded as both the 19th earl (in the 1st creation) and the 2nd earl (in the 7th).

History
John Erskine was born in 1558, though the precise date is unknown. Together with King James VI of Scotland he was educated by George Buchanan. He succeeded to the earldom of Mar on the death of his father in 1572. After attaining his majority he was nominally the guardian of the young king, who was about seven years his junior, and who lived with him at Stirling; but he was in reality something of a puppet in the hands of the regent, James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton; and he lost power and position when Morton was imprisoned.

He married his first wife, Anne Drummond (1555 – 1587) in October 1580. Anne was the daughter of Lord David Drummond (d. 1571) and Lilias Ruthven (d. 1579). Their marriage was cut short by Anne's early death in 1587, but the marriage did produce John's son and heir, John Erskine.

He was concerned in the seizure of James VI in 1582 (a plot known as the Raid of Ruthven); but when James escaped from his new custodians the earl fled into the west of Scotland. Then leaving his hiding-place the Earl of Mar seized Stirling Castle, whereupon James marched against him, and he took refuge in England. Queen Elizabeth I interceded for him, but in vain.

In October 1584 James VI gave a gift of Mar's clothes to Thomas Stewart, a brother of Alexander Stewart of Garlies. The clothes included cloaks, doublets, breeches, and other items in cloth-of-silver, figured velvet, satin and other rich fabrics. They had been seized from a ship than ran aground near Whithorn. Mar made an unusual arrangement with his Edinburgh tailor John Murdo and his wife Mause Balgaskry, giving them an income in teinds of cereal crops in exchange for making his clothes with further payment.

After some futile communications between the governments of England and Scotland in 1585 the Earl of Mar and his friends gathered an army, entered the presence of the king at Stirling, and were soon in supreme authority. The Earl of Mar was restored to his lands and titles. Henceforward he stood high in the royal favour, becoming governor of Edinburgh Castle and then tutor to James's son, Prince Henry. His great achievement was the recovery of the Mar estates, alienated by the Crown during the long period that his family had been out of possession, including Kildrummy, the seat of the earldom.

In May 1592 he met James VI at Fenton Tower in East Lothian, the new home of the Captain of the Guard Sir John Carmichael, to discuss the keepership of Edinburgh Castle following the death of Sir James Home. The office had also been offered to the Duke of Lennox but Home had requested it go to Mar. In December 1592 he married his second wife Marie Stewart, daughter of Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox at Holyroodhouse. The marriage was intended to be held at Dalkeith Palace but was delayed by Mar's illness, the match was opposed by many because Mary was a Catholic. Their daughter, Lady Mary Erskine, married William Keith, 5th Earl Marischal.

On 21 February 1594 Mar was appointed Keeper and Governor of the heir apparent, Prince Henry, who was to stay at Stirling Castle. Mar performed in the tournament at the baptism of Prince Henry dressed as a "Christian Knight" in a team with the king and Sir Thomas Erskine. His keeping of the Prince at Stirling led to disagreement with Anne of Denmark. James VI wrote a note to Mar in June 1595 instructing him, in the event his death, not to deliver Henry to Anne of Denmark or the Parliament of Scotland until he was 18 and gave the order himself. Over several days at Linlithgow Palace in June 1595, James VI and Anne had discussions about the keeping of their son Prince Henry by Mar, but Anne refused to talk to Mar when he came to Linlithgow. In September 1595 the queen would not look at Mar when he was in the same room with her at Falkland Palace.

Diplomacy with England
Mar kept up a correspondence with the Earl of Essex and in December 1595 mentioned to Essex he had heard a rumour that David Foulis carried a message "to his disgrace", damaging to Mar's reputation. In 1596 Queen Elizabeth, via the Earl of Essex and his secretary Anthony Bacon, sent her miniature portrait by Nicholas Hilliard to Prince Henry, and this was received by Mar at Stirling.

In 1601, the earl was sent as envoy to London; here Elizabeth I assured him that James should be her successor, and his mission was conducted with tact and prudence. After the embassy the sum paid as a subsidy to James VI was increased, by the persuasion of Sir Robert Cecil. Elizabeth gave him a silver basin and laver set with mother-of-pearl and rubies.

Mar was involved in the "secret correspondence of James VI", an initiative to help put James on the throne of England. Mar and other members of a select group kept up a dialogue with English diplomats.

Union of the Crowns
In 1603 Elizabeth I died and James VI became king of England, the event known as the Union of the Crowns which Mar had hoped for. James travelled to England. Mar remained at Stirling Castle with Prince Henry. While Mar was away from Stirling on business connected with death of his mother, on 7 May 1603 Anne of Denmark came to take away Prince Henry. The Countess, his wife Marie Stewart, and his son Lord Erskine refused to allow this. Anne of Denmark had a miscarriage at the castle. According to the lawyer Thomas Hamilton, she told Lady Paisley and her physician Martin Schöner that she had taken "balm water". There were suggestions that this miscarriage or abortion was self-induced, perhaps by use of the "balm water".

While Anne of Denmark was recovering, Mar returned to Stirling and made his apology for the events to members of the Scottish Privy Council who had assembled at the castle. He told them he had heard of a plot to take Prince Henry away from the castle during his absence. A letter from Mar to Cecil on 20 May expressed his hopes that the king thought his "young son and honest poor friends have done nothing but served him faithfully".

The Earl of Montrose, Lord Chancellor of Scotland, made efforts to calm the controversy and help set Anne of Denmark on her way to England in June. One difficulty was a previous command of James that Mar should convey the Prince to England in the Queen's company. Anne refused to travel with Mar. He returned to the king at London before Anne started her journey.

Mar had also alleged that he had heard of a plot to take Prince Henry from Stirling while he was absent in May. In a letter to Anne of Denmark, King James emphasised that Mar had not made counter-accusations against her suggesting the events at Stirling were part of a wider plot, a supposed "Spanish course". James wrote that Anne should share his confidence in Mar, and obey his instructions "whether ye were a king's or a cook's daughter". Mar apologised to Anne of Denmark on 5 July at Windsor Castle.

The French ambassador the Marquis de Rosny identified Mar as an influential courtier, and gave him a hatbadge or enseigne in the form of a bouquet of flowers set with diamonds, rubies and other stones. Mar joined the English privy council. He was granted several manors in England, including Hundon and Chipley in Suffolk, for which he was given £15,000 in 1611 when they were sold to William, Lord Cavendish. In November 1603 the Spanish ambassador, the Count of Villamediana, invited the Duke of Lennox and the Earl of Mar to dinner, and according to Arbella Stuart asked them "to bring the Scottish ladies, for he was desirous to see some natural beauties." These included Jean Drummond and Anne Hay, with Elizabeth Carey.

In September 1606, Mar was with the court at Beaulieu Abbey but fell ill with a burning fever. For fear of contagion, he was taken to Southampton where he recovered. In January 1608, Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton, formerly one of the "secret correspondents", wrote to Mar asking for the recipe that would restore his favour with Anne of Denmark. In April 1608, Mar was summoned to court in London. He made a will making Marie Countess of Mar his executor, leaving her a jewel bought from William Herrick, and reserving to his eldest son by his first wife important items including the silver basin set with mother-of-pearl which had been a gift from Queen Elizabeth, and a jewel given to him by the King of France.

The Earl of Mar was created Lord Cardross in 1610; he was a member of the Court of High Commission and was Lord High Treasurer of Scotland from 1615 to 1630.

In September 1612 Mar asked King James if the Laird of Findlater could be made a Baron. The King wrote that there were too many Scottish noblemen already, which caused discontent in England, and was prejudicial to the Union.

King James came to Scotland in 1617 and during his return journey he wrote to Mar on 16 August from Hoghton Tower asking him to send a couple of terriers or earth dogs for fox hunting. In 1620 Mar, as treasurer, was to pay the expenses of the king's falconer travelling to Orkney and Shetland for hawks. In 1621 King James requested fir tree seeds for the Marquis of Buckingham to plant at Burley on the Hill.

The depute-treasurer Gideon Murray died in 1621, and Mar wrote to King James in July assuring him that Murray's good management would continue, and that he himself had visited Linlithgow Palace to see the new north range being built.

Mar died at Stirling on 14 December 1634. He was buried at Alloa on 7 April 1635.

A portrait of Mar by Adam de Colone of 1626 gives his age as 64 years. The painter used a fine but old linen tablecloth as a support rather than canvas.

Mar and the King's Jewels
From time to time James would lodge jewels with Mar for safety and as pledges for loans. In December 1601 Mar returned several pieces including a cross set with seven diamonds and two rubies, a hat string with 89 diamonds, a "feather" jewel to wear in a hat in the shape of a capital letter "A" for Anne of Denmark made with 110 diamonds, and other pieces.

Gardens of Stirling Castle
King Charles sent a warrant in June 1625 for Mar and Archibald Napier, treasurer-depute, to appoint a "skillfull and well experimented gardener in England" to reside at Stirling Castle and repair the orchards. William Watts was appointed. In 1629 fruit trees for the gardens at Stirling were shipped from London in the Unicorn of Kirkcaldy to Alloa and delivered to Mar's gardener there, David Erskine.

Marriages and family
John Erskine and Anne Drummond had a son:
 * John (c. 1585–1654), who succeeded to his earldom.

John Erskine and his second wife, Marie Stewart, had five sons, including:
 * James Erskine (died 1640)
 * Henry Erskine, Master of Cardross and Commendator of Dryburgh (died 1628), whose son David Erskine succeeded to the barony of Cardross
 * Charles Erskine, ancestor of the earls of Rosslyn
 * Alexander Erskine, in 1626 his father wrote to Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia declining a plan for his marriage.

One of Mar's sons was baptised at Stirling on 20 July 1595 with James VI as a godparent.

In November 1614 Viscount Fenton discussed the marriage of Mar's second daughter Anna Erskine to a son of the Earl of Rothes, later John Leslie, 6th Earl of Rothes. Although Rothes was an ancient and noble house, Fenton would not have advised that Mar's eldest son's should marry a daughter of Katherine Drummond, the "last Lady Rothes that was".

title: John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1558–1634)


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Efyra

Efyra (Εφύρα) is a village and a community in the western part of Pineia municipal unit, Elis, Greece. It lies at an altitude of 121 metres, and covers an area of 12 km², of which 55% is arable and 20% is forest. It is situated southeast of the Pineios reservoir, and west of the river Pineakos Ladonas, which also flows into the Pineios reservoir. Efyra has a church dedicated to St. George. The community includes the village Pirio. Efyra is 2 km southeast of Kampos, 5 km west of Simopoulo and 21 km northeast of Pyrgos.

History
Ephyra was a city of Ancient Elis, located on the river Selleeis (the present Pineakos Ladonas), and on the road to Lasion. Ephyra is mentioned by Homer as the home of the mother of Tlepolemus (Iliad) and as the place from where Telemachus brought poison (Odyssey).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Efyra


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Information model

An information model in software engineering is a representation of concepts and the relationships, constraints, rules, and operations to specify data semantics for a chosen domain of discourse. Typically it specifies relations between kinds of things, but may also include relations with individual things. It can provide sharable, stable, and organized structure of information requirements or knowledge for the domain context.

Overview
The term information model in general is used for models of individual things, such as facilities, buildings, process plants, etc. In those cases, the concept is specialised to facility information model, building information model, plant information model, etc. Such an information model is an integration of a model of the facility with the data and documents about the facility.

Within the field of software engineering and data modeling, an information model is usually an abstract, formal representation of entity types that may include their properties, relationships and the operations that can be performed on them. The entity types in the model may be kinds of real-world objects, such as devices in a network, or occurrences, or they may themselves be abstract, such as for the entities used in a billing system. Typically, they are used to model a constrained domain that can be described by a closed set of entity types, properties, relationships and operations.

An information model provides formalism to the description of a problem domain without constraining how that description is mapped to an actual implementation in software. There may be many mappings of the information model. Such mappings are called data models, irrespective of whether they are object models (e.g. using UML), entity relationship models or XML schemas.

Information modeling languages
In 1976, an entity-relationship (ER) graphic notation was introduced by Peter Chen. He stressed that it was a "semantic" modelling technique and independent of any database modelling techniques such as Hierarchical, CODASYL, Relational etc. Since then, languages for information models have continued to evolve. Some examples are the Integrated Definition Language 1 Extended (IDEF1X), the EXPRESS language and the Unified Modeling Language (UML).

Research by contemporaries of Peter Chen such as J.R.Abrial (1974) and G.M Nijssen (1976) led to today's Fact Oriented Modeling (FOM) languages which are based on linguistic propositions rather than on "entities". FOM tools can be used to generate an ER model which means that the modeler can avoid the time-consuming and error prone practice of manual normalization. Object-Role Modeling language (ORM) and Fully Communication Oriented Information Modeling (FCO-IM) are both research results developed in the early 1990s, based upon earlier research.

In the 1980s there were several approaches to extend Chen’s Entity Relationship Model. Also important in this decade is REMORA by Colette Rolland.

The ICAM Definition (IDEF) Language was developed from the U.S. Air Force ICAM Program during the 1976 to 1982 timeframe. The objective of the ICAM Program, according to Lee (1999), was to increase manufacturing productivity through the systematic application of computer technology. IDEF includes three different modeling methods: IDEF0, IDEF1, and IDEF2 for producing a functional model, an information model, and a dynamic model respectively. IDEF1X is an extended version of IDEF1. The language is in the public domain. It is a graphical representation and is designed using the ER approach and the relational theory. It is used to represent the “real world” in terms of entities, attributes, and relationships between entities. Normalization is enforced by KEY Structures and KEY Migration. The language identifies property groupings (Aggregation) to form complete entity definitions.

EXPRESS was created as ISO 10303-11 for formally specifying information requirements of product data model. It is part of a suite of standards informally known as the STandard for the Exchange of Product model data (STEP). It was first introduced in the early 1990s. The language, according to Lee (1999), is a textual representation. In addition, a graphical subset of EXPRESS called EXPRESS-G is available. EXPRESS is based on programming languages and the O-O paradigm. A number of languages have contributed to EXPRESS. In particular, Ada, Algol, C, C++, Euler, Modula-2, Pascal, PL/1, and SQL. EXPRESS consists of language elements that allow an unambiguous object definition and specification of constraints on the objects defined. It uses SCHEMA declaration to provide partitioning and it supports specification of data properties, constraints, and operations.

UML is a modeling language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts, rather than processes, of software systems. It was conceived originally by Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, and Ivar Jacobson. UML was approved by the Object Management Group (OMG) as a standard in 1997. The language, according to Lee (1999), is non-proprietary and is available to the public. It is a graphical representation. The language is based on the objected-oriented paradigm. UML contains notations and rules and is designed to represent data requirements in terms of O-O diagrams. UML organizes a model in a number of views that present different aspects of a system. The contents of a view are described in diagrams that are graphs with model elements. A diagram contains model elements that represent common O-O concepts such as classes, objects, messages, and relationships among these concepts.

IDEF1X, EXPRESS, and UML all can be used to create a conceptual model and, according to Lee (1999), each has its own characteristics. Although some may lead to a natural usage (e.g., implementation), one is not necessarily better than another. In practice, it may require more than one language to develop all information models when an application is complex. In fact, the modeling practice is often more important than the language chosen.

Information models can also be expressed in formalized natural languages, such as Gellish. Gellish, which has natural language variants Gellish Formal English, Gellish Formal Dutch (Gellish Formeel Nederlands), etc. is an information representation language or modeling language that is defined in the Gellish smart Dictionary-Taxonomy, which has the form of a Taxonomy/Ontology. A Gellish Database is not only suitable to store information models, but also knowledge models, requirements models and dictionaries, taxonomies and ontologies. Information models in Gellish English use Gellish Formal English expressions. For example, a geographic information model might consist of a number of Gellish Formal English expressions, such as:

- the Eiffel tower Paris - Paris city whereas information requirements and knowledge can be expressed for example as follows: - tower geographical area - city geographical area Such Gellish expressions use names of concepts (such as 'city') and relation types (such as $⟨is located in⟩$ and $⟨is classified as a⟩$) that should be selected from the Gellish Formal English Dictionary-Taxonomy (or of your own domain dictionary). The Gellish English Dictionary-Taxonomy enables the creation of semantically rich information models, because the dictionary contains definitions of more than 40000 concepts, including more than 600 standard relation types. Thus, an information model in Gellish consists of a collection of Gellish expressions that use those phrases and dictionary concepts to express facts or make statements, queries and answers.

Standard sets of information models
The Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) provides a standard set of information models for various enterprise domains under the general title of the Common Information Model (CIM). Specific information models are derived from CIM for particular management domains.

The TeleManagement Forum (TMF) has defined an advanced model for the Telecommunication domain (the Shared Information/Data model, or SID) as another. This includes views from the business, service and resource domains within the Telecommunication industry. The TMF has established a set of principles that an OSS integration should adopt, along with a set of models that provide standardized approaches.

The models interact with the information model (the Shared Information/Data Model, or SID), via a process model (the Business Process Framework (eTOM), or eTOM) and a life cycle model.

title: Information model


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Baptists in the history of separation of church and state

Separation of church and state is one of the primary theological distinctions of the Baptist tradition.

History
Originally, Baptists supported separation of church and state in England and America. Some important Baptist figures in the struggle were John Smyth, Thomas Helwys, Edward Wightman, Leonard Busher, Roger Williams (who was a Baptist for a short period but became a "Seeker"), John Clarke, Isaac Backus, and John Leland.

English Baptists
In 1612 John Smyth wrote, "the magistrate is not by virtue of his office to meddle with religion, or matters of conscience". That same year, Thomas Helwys wrote that the King of England could "command what of man he will, and we are to obey it," but, concerning the church—"with this Kingdom, our lord the King hath nothing to do." In 1614, Leonard Busher wrote what is believed to be the earliest Baptist treatise dealing exclusively with the subject of religious liberty.

American Baptists
The Danbury Baptist Association of Danbury, Connecticut sent a letter, dated October 7, 1801, to the newly elected President Thomas Jefferson, expressing concern over the lack in their state constitution of explicit protection of religious liberty, and against a government establishment of religion.

In their letter to the President, the Danbury Baptists affirmed that "Our Sentiments are uniformly on the side of Religious Liberty":

As a religious minority in Connecticut, the Danbury Baptists were concerned that a religious majority might "reproach their chief Magistrate... because he will not, dare not assume the prerogatives of Jehovah and make Laws to govern the Kingdom of Christ," thus establishing a state religion at the cost of the liberties of religious minorities.

"Make no law"
Thomas Jefferson's response, dated January 1, 1802, concurs with the Danbury Baptists' views on religious liberty, and the accompanying separation of civil government from concerns of religious doctrine and practice.

This doctrine, known as the "wall of separation" or "strict separationism," would later become highly influential in 20th century Supreme Court understandings of the relationship between church and state. The phrase "separation of church and state" does not appear in the United States Constitution, despite its wide use and origin from a founding father. The relevance of this reply is a subject of heated debate, with scholars such as Robert Boston emphasizing its importance, and others such as Mark David Hall arguing that the letter was a historical outlier.

Contemporary Baptist views in America
In the U.S. today, a group of Baptists believe the United States was formed as a Christian nation by the Founding Fathers. There is neither a unifying nor a codified doctrinal position among American Baptists. Interpretations of the meaning of "separation of church and state" vary among different Baptist affiliations.

However, many Baptists in the United States still believe in the wall of separation and support maintaining it. For example, fifteen Baptist organizations, representing collectively over ten million Baptists in America, collaborate with one another to protect religious liberty and the separation of church and state through their funding of the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty. Freedom of conscience is a historic Baptist distinctive, and many Baptists continue to believe the best course for obtaining and securing freedom of conscience is through the separation of church and state.


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List of Unix daemons

This is a list of Unix daemons that are found on various Unix-like operating systems. Unix daemons typically have a name ending with a d.

title: List of Unix daemons


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Talk:David Lipscomb

Untitled
This article does contain some minor and serious errors. One that claims that Lipscomb's pacifist and antiwar views were possibly shaped by the Northern occupation of Nashville is ignorant that his position was firm and well stated before the Civil War. The destruction of the war did tend to help others agree with Lipscomb, but didn't change his beliefs.

The statement that there were few objectors to WW1 within the Churches of Christ is clearly false because the Churches of Christ were the largest religious group of objectors to WW1. Carltonh 17:07, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Football
The comment on Lipscomb's opposition to football is misleading. Even if accurate, it gives a false impression of him because of how different football is today than it was over 100 years ago. In the early years, there were players who specialized in trying to physically injure the opponent's star players to gain advantage. There was far less safety and the violence was more real than just the shoving and tackling through protective uniforms of today. The effect of the comment seems to be a POV attempt to trivialize his pacifism, though it may have been unintentional. The comment could remain, but clarification would have to be made, yet would then seem like a tangent. Carltonh 14:56, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It doesn't seem at all trivial to me. While certainly better-regulated, the violence of American football is very real, even today.  It always seem incongruous to me that schools like Easter Mennonite played football, even in a Christian conference.

The incongruity that you perceive does not count as evidence of David Lipscomb's opinion, which has so far gone uncited. Josh a brewer 18:01, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Nancy or Ann Lipscomb
Can anyone help confirm the name of Granville Lipscomb Sr.'s first wife (David Lipscomb's mother, who died in Illinois)? Some sources say Nancy, one says Ann. Nancy Ann? Or is Ann a nickname? Not to make an endless geneaology or nothin' :) Alan Canon 14:42, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Anit-war activist?
Isn't it wrong to say that Lipscomb was an anti-war activist? I don't think that Lipscomb was an activist in any modern sense.

 * The category was originally "Category:Anti-war people" but there was objection to the name as being to broad (isn't everyone anti-war?). You can see the discussion here. Unfortunately there are people, as you note, that aren't considered activists, but are still noted for their opposition to war in other ways. The category renaming may have solved one problem and created another. Maybe its the best we can do for now? JonHarder 21:38, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually since Lipscomb encouraged people (Christians) to refuse to sign up for Selective Service (the draft), it is fair to call him an anti-war activist. The CoC was punished for such beliefs on occasion, until it "gave in" on the issue.  Tolbert Fanning was convicted of treason, and Gospel Advocate and other writers were directly threatened by government, especially immediately after the death of Lipscomb in 1917. Carltonh 16:12, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think readers can understand that saying someone was an activist doesn't mean they always have done the same thing. Newton was a scientist, yet didn't have access to a computer. Lipscomb was an activist yet would find modern street protests very bizarre indeed. The same role can change through history, but the word often still applies. - cohesion 05:22, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

April 1872
What are the chances of this ever becoming a page? Isn't this a likely "permanent" redlink, or is there now a project to write an article on every month of the CE? Rlquall 20:54, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a discussion of partial dates at WP:DATE that offers no opinion about the appropriateness of such a link, other than that month/year articles exist for January 2000 on and that date links should only be used if they are relevant to the context. Personally I would not link it, nor would I link individual years. Who selects a year to get further information? I don't. JonHarder 22:09, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Lipscomb's Anarchism
The changes made by Josh a brewer contain some errors and POV. Lipscomb was not a premillenialist. You might say he bridged the line between amillenialism and postmillenialism with influences from each. If anything, he argued against dogmatic speculation on future prophecy. So a reference to premillenialism, especially in this section, seems unjustified. If I am wrong, please show Lipscomb's premillenialism AND its relevance to this section.

Further, Josh has made changes giving the false stereotype of anarchists as violent bomb-throwers. This is unwarranted POV. Many were pacifists like Lipscomb, especially Christian anarchists. Other changes Josh has made are really unnecessary repetition stated in other sections. If there are no other objections I think I should reverse most of his changes. Carltonh 22:50, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I totally agree. Lipscomb was skeptical of government, but probably not an anarchist (for one thing, he did advocate payment of taxes).  He might legitimately be considered a postmillenialist (Campbell definitely was one), but not a premillenialist. I doubt whether either term truly belongs in the article and "premillenialist" most definitely does not.  Lipscomb was still alive during the major time that premillenialism was debated in the Churches of Christ and did nothing to prevent its eventual supression from the pages of the GA.  I would I also don't know if the "legend" about football and the university is verifiable or encyclopedic, although I have heard it and always heard how the high school had to buy adjacent property to build its stadium so as not to violate his will donating the campus.  I also think that we need a published reference on some Lipscomb and Harding faculty members not voting, more than just that it has been stated. A lot of the recent edits seem to me to be little more than unverifiable POV Rlquall 18:37, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Okay, Carltonh, I agree with you about the fact that the millennialism issue tends to obfuscate the discussion of anarchism and pacifism. It should be excluded here, included elsewhere.

Re: my “stereotype” of anarchists: Sacco and Vanzetti were not stereotypes. Anarchists have been known to throw bombs, and I was trying to distinguish David Lipscomb from the coercive type of anarchist and emphasize his pacifism. Anarchism’s long association with violence is well known, but as a pacifist, Lipscomb did not subscribe to that kind of anarchy. Of course Christian pacifists/anarchists don’t subscribe to violence. Everyone knows this.

Perhaps the main problem here is the segregated discussions of these issues. I think that the “Pacifist and anarchist beliefs” section should be incorporated into the “Lipscomb and anarchism” section, or vice versa. Also, the section on “Influence and Legacy” contains sentences germane to the discussions of pacifism and anarchism. Maybe this is just a matter of organizational problems?

Rlquall, I agree with you that the term “anarchist” need some clarification when used to describe Lipscomb. See the paragraph above.

If you need confirmation about the pacifist beliefs of a teacher at Lipscomb University, consider the work of the historian Richard Goode: http://hpp.lipscomb.edu/page.asp?SID=70&Page=1081

Also, you should consider the websites and lectures of political science professor, Mark Elrod: http://www.harding.edu/USER/elrod/WWW/links.htm http://www.harding.edu/USER/elrod/WWW/links.htm.

Needless to say, both of these professors illustrate how liberals at these institutions must keep their notions about war muted or understated. They don’t do a lot of publishing as radical activists for non-violent causes, because this would be frowned upon by their administrations, and it might even get them fired. Josh a brewer 19:01, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I've put the discussions of pacifism and anarchism together in order to cut down on redundancy and to consolidate two sections that did not need to be apart. I maintain that the term "anarchist" is problematic.  Someone with the time and inclination should work on finding a better word or explanation of Lipscomb's position, though I've done some of this work myself.Josh a brewer 18:21, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Premillenialism?
Having read much of Lipscomb over the years, though not recently, I think the claims that he was related to premillenialism should either be referenced with evidence or deleted. Unlike Campbell's postmillenialism, Lipscomb preferred to not speculate about prophetic texts. I don't think he could be called amillenialist, postmillenialist, or premillenialist. He was influenced by postmillenialists, had some similarities with future amillenialists and preterists, and had a radical nature that can be compared to some proto-premillenialists, but I think he should be considered an agnostic on millenialism itself. The Boll time frame before Lipscomb died should be evidence too. Carltonh 20:45, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Lipscomb's writing
This article needs to cite Lipscomb's actual writing. Secondary sources are important and necessary in wikipedia, but we also need to ground the facts of Lipscomb's doctrine in his own words. Perhaps people at colleges and universities where there are libraries with plenty of early resources can help us by citing old numbers of the Gospel Advocate and other primary source material.Josh a brewer 16:13, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Section management
The only part of the "Church of Christ" section that is currently relevant could be placed under the "Influence and legacy" section. Right now people are trying to use the "Church of Christ" section to define "liberalism" and to shape Lipscomb's legacy. This article is not the place for that. Liberal and conservative are unhelpful, anachronistic terms in this article. Josh a brewer 18:44, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Pacifist and anarchist beliefs
An unregistered user deleted a statement about Fanning being convicted of treason. I reverted the text, posted a citation needed, and began this talk page for it. I did not create this sentence, nor am I familiar with the issue. From a quick search a found an online paper/thesis citing the Treason of Fanning. The research paper makes this claim on pg36 Federal government convicted Fanning of treason, confiscated his possessions, and burnt his property (Wilburn, 1969:217–9; West, 1954:78) and cites ''West, Earl (1954) The Life and Times of David Lipscomb. Henderson TN: Religious Book Service.'' as its source. The paper is not exactly a reputable source, but the book that it references is. I have read that Fanning was accused of treason, but not convicted. The person that created the post and the person that tried to delete the post should talk about it. --Trackn (talk) 04:14, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on David Lipscomb. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080922082629/http://www.therestorationmovement.com:80/lipscomb,bio.htm to http://www.therestorationmovement.com/lipscomb,bio.htm

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:45, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Lipscomb


text:
Talk:Newton's law of gravity

Shouldnt this article be a redirect to Law of universal gravitation? Edgecombe 17:08, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Newton's law of gravity


text:
Val Doonican

Michael Valentine Doonican (3 February 1927 – 1 July 2015) was an Irish singer of traditional pop, easy listening and novelty songs, who was noted for his warm and relaxed vocal style.

A crooner, he found popular success, especially in the United Kingdom where he had five successive Top 10 albums in the 1960s as well as several hits on the UK Singles Chart, including "Walk Tall", Elusive Butterfly and If the Whole World Stopped Loving.

The Val Doonican Show, his eponymous variety programme, featured his singing and a selection of guests, and it had a long and successful run on BBC Television from 1965 to 1986. Doonican won the Variety Club of Great Britain's BBC-TV Personality of the Year award three times.

Early life and career
Doonican was born on 3 February 1927 in Waterford, Ireland, the youngest of the eight children of Agnes (née Kavanagh) and John Doonican. He was from a musical family and played in his school band from the age of six.

When his father died in 1941, the teenage Doonican had to leave De La Salle College Waterford to get factory jobs fabricating steel and making orange and grapefruit boxes. He began to perform in his hometown, often with his friend Bruce Clarke, and they had their first professional engagement as a duo in 1947.

Doonican appeared in a summer season at Courtown Harbour, County Wexford. He was soon featured on Irish radio, sometimes with Clarke, and appeared in Waterford's first-ever television broadcast.

Career in Britain
Doonican moved to England in 1951 and joined the Four Ramblers who, in addition to touring the variety stages, were featured on the BBC radio serial the Riders of the Range. In the radio serial, Doonican played one of a number of bunk-house boys who were heard crooning cowboy songs in the gaps between the action. The serial ended in September 1953, and the Ramblers continued to tour the variety theatres, being billed as Ireland's Ambassadors of Song. They also began performing at United States Air Force bases. The Ramblers kept busy for most of the 1950s and in 1960 they supported Anthony Newley on his tour. Recognising Doonican's talent and potential as a solo act, Newley persuaded him to leave the singing group and go solo.

He was auditioned for radio as a solo act and appeared on the radio show Variety Bandbox. Soon after his solo career started, he picked up his own radio show in the afternoons on the BBC Light Programme in 1961 called Your Date with Val. In 1962, he had also had a weekly show on Irish TV called Presenting Val Doonican. Variety and cabaret appearances increased, and he received good reviews following his appearance at London's Astor Club in March 1963.

In the late 1950s, Doonican became one of the artists managed by Eve Taylor, the self-described "Queen Bee" of show business, who remained his manager until her death.

After seeing him in cabaret in London in 1964, impresario Val Parnell booked him to appear on Sunday Night at the Palladium on 31 May 1964. Most unusually, Doonican returned to the show the following week as well.

As a result of his performances, Bill Cotton, then Assistant Head of Light Entertainment at the BBC. offered Doonican his own regular show, Singalong Saturday, starting on 27 June 1964. The series was a success and he was given another series on BBC1 called "Date with Doonican" starting on 22 February 1965. The TV shows were produced by Yvonne Littlewood and lasted for over 20 years. At their peak the shows attracted audiences of some 19 million viewers. The shows featured his relaxed crooner style, sitting in a rocking chair wearing cardigans or jumpers, sometimes performing comedic Irish songs including "Paddy McGinty's Goat", "Delaney's Donkey" and "O'Rafferty's Motor Car", as well as easy listening and country material on which he accompanied himself on acoustic guitar. Doonican's songs about O'Rafferty were popular enough for the BBC to publish a book, Val Doonican Tells The Adventures of O'Rafferty, which retold five of the tales, in 1969.

As his were variety shows, his TV programmes gave a number of other performers, such as Dave Allen, early exposure. Regular guests included Bernard Cribbins, Bob Todd, the Norman Maen Dancers, the Mike Sammes Singers, and the Kenny Woodman Orchestra. At its height The Val Doonican Show, which featured both American and British acts, had 20 million viewers. In the United States, The Val Doonican Show aired on ABC on Saturday evenings at 8:30 p.m. (7:30 p.m. Central) from 5 June to 14 August 1971.

The Palladium performance also kick-started his recording career. Between 1964 and 1973, Doonican was rarely out of the UK Singles Chart, his greatest successes including the singles "Walk Tall", "The Special Years", "Elusive Butterfly", "What Would I Be" (Decca), "If The Whole World Stopped Loving" (Pye), and "Morning" (Philips); and the albums 13 Lucky Shades of Val Doonican (Decca), and Val Doonican Rocks, But Gently (Pye) which reached Number 1 in the UK Albums Chart in December 1967. The 1966 single release "Elusive Butterfly" reached a UK chart peak of #5 and #3 in Ireland. In all, he recorded over 50 albums. After a spell with Philips records in the seventies he also recorded for RCA. He also sang the theme song to the film Ring of Bright Water.

Behind the scenes, Doonican was described as "a perfectionist who knew his limitations but always aimed to be 'the best Val Doonican possible.'" He was sometimes compared to American singer Perry Como, though he claimed his main influence was Bing Crosby. He appeared in three Royal Variety Performances. On 31 December 1976, Doonican performed his hit song "Walk Tall” on BBC One's A Jubilee of Music, celebrating British pop music for Queen Elizabeth II's impending Silver Jubilee.

Doonican won the BBC Television Personality of the Year award in 1966. He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1970. Eamonn Andrews, a fellow Irishman met him at the 18th green of the South Herts Golf Club as Doonican played a round of golf. He wrote two volumes of autobiography, The Special Years (1980) and Walking Tall (1985)

Personal life
Doonican met his future wife, Lynette Rae, when both she and the Ramblers supported Anthony Newley on tour. The couple married in 1962. They had two daughters, Sarah and Fiona, and two grandchildren, Bethany and Scott. In later years they lived at Knotty Green in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire.

Doonican officially retired in 1990 but was still performing in 2009. He had a second home in Spain, and was a keen golfer and a talented watercolour painter. Another hobby he enjoyed was cooking. In June 2011, he was recognised by the Mayor of Waterford, who bestowed on him "The Freedom of the City".

Death and tributes
Doonican died at a nursing home in Buckinghamshire on 1 July 2015, aged 88. His daughter Sarah told The Guardian: "Until 87, he was as fit as a flea. It was just old age, I'm afraid — the batteries ran out." Leading tributes to Doonican, fellow entertainer Bruce Forsyth said, "It is very sad. He was always a lovely man to work with ... He was a very warm person and number one in his field. He brought a lovely warmth with his personality and was a very popular man." Elaine Paige commented on Twitter, "Sad to hear of Val Doonican's passing ... RIP Val", while BBC disc-jockey Tony Blackburn said "So sad to hear that Val Doonican has passed away. He was a lovely man and a true professional who I worked with on several TV shows R.I.P."

In popular culture

 * Comic actor Russ Abbot parodied Doonican in his TV creation crooner "Val Hooligan".
 * He appears as himself in the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band's "The Intro and the Outro", saying "hello there" over the general hubbub.
 * Doonican's 1965 song, "I'm Gonna Get There Somehow", has been used in adverts for Irish toy store Smyths. The same song was used in a Boots Christmas advert in 2023.
 * "Walk Tall" is quoted in the series Monarch of the Glen (series 1, episode 7)
 * Since 2006, his name has also been used by the Barnsley comedy-folk band The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican, who celebrate Val's image, wearing loud-knitwear as part of their larger-than-life stage personas.

Albums

 * The Lucky 13 Shades of Val Doonican (Decca, 1964, UK album chart #2)
 * Gentle Shades of Val Doonican (Decca, 1966, UK album chart #5)
 * Val Doonican Rocks, But Gently (Pye, 1967, UK album chart #1)
 * Val (Pye, 1968, UK album chart #6)
 * The World of Val Doonican (Decca, 1969, UK album chart #2, AUS album chart #24 )
 * Sounds Gentle (Pye, 1969, UK album chart #22)
 * Especially For You (Contour, 1970)
 * If The Whole World Stopped Loving (Contour, 1970)
 * Gentle On My Mind (Contour, 1970)
 * The Blue And The Grey – Songs From The American Civil War (with the George Mitchell Singers, World Record Club, 1970)
 * The Magic of Val Doonican (Philips, 1970, UK album chart #34)
 * This Is Val Doonican (Philips, 1971, UK album chart #40)
 * This Is Val Doonican, Vol.2 (Philips, 1971)
 * Just A Sittin' And A Rockin' (Philips 1971)
 * Morning In The Country (Philips, 1972)
 * Morning Has Broken (Philips, 1972)
 * Rocking Chair Favourites (Philips, 1973)
 * I Love Country Music (Philips, 1975, UK album chart #37)
 * Life Can Be Beautiful (Philips, 1976)
 * Some of My Best Friends Are Songs (Philips, 1977, UK album chart #29)
 * Mr. Music Man (Pickwick, 1981)
 * Quiet Moments (RCA, 1981)
 * Val Sings Bing (RCA, 1982, AUS album chart #84 )
 * 20 Shades of Green (J&B, 1983 AUS album chart #24 )
 * At His Very Best (J&B, 1983 AUS album chart #33 )
 * Some of My Best Friends Are Songs (J&B, 1986 AUS album chart #63 )
 * Songs From My Sketchbook (Parkfield, 1990, UK album chart #33)
 * The Very Best of Bing Crosby & Val Doonican (J&B, 1991 AUS album chart #85 )
 * The Very Best of Val Doonican (UMTV, 2008, UK album chart #33)

Source:

Other sources

 * Legends – Val Doonican, (BBC Four), December 2007
 * Brooks, T. and Marsh, E. The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows (1998)

title: Val Doonican


text: Category:Emperors of Trebizond

title: Category:Emperors of Trebizond


text:
Manuel I of Trebizond

Manuel I Megas Komnenos (Μανουήλ Κομνηνός; died March 1263) was Emperor of Trebizond from 1238 until his death. He was the son of Emperor Alexios I and his wife, Theodora. At the time Manuel reigned, the Empire of Trebizond comprised a band of territory stretching along the southern coast of the Black Sea. Although Michael Panaretos, a 14th-century Trapezuntine chronicler, calls Manuel "the greatest general and the most fortunate" and states he ruled "virtuously in the eyes of God", the only event he documents for Manuel's reign is a catastrophic fire striking the city of Trebizond in January 1253. The major events of his reign are known from external sources, most important of which is the recovery of Sinope in 1254, which had been lost to the Sultanate of Rum forty years before.

Manuel and the Mongols
In 1243, a Trapezuntine army is recorded as assisting the Seljuk Turks, along with a detachment from the Nicaean Empire, against the Mongols of Persia at the Battle of Köse Dağ. Despite this, the Seljuk forces were shattered, and both the Seljuks and their allies had to settle their own submission to the victorious Mongols. Manuel visited in person the court of the Great Khan Güyük as early as 1246; this was an important act, as Rustam Shukurov notes, for the personal visit of a vassal ruler to the Khan’s camp was regarded as an indispensable ceremony; it brought these persons into the "family" of the Great Khan. "Seljuk Anatolia was under tight Mongol control," Shukurov writes. "Any serious change in social and political life (including appointments to key offices) required Mongol approval and sanction, which was embodied, in particular, in yarlighs."

On 24 June 1254, Manuel recaptured Sinope, and made Ghadras archon of the Black Sea port. Kurškanskis suggests that Manuel had obtained a yarligh prior to this attack, although he admits doing so would have been inconsistent with the practices of the Trapezuntine emperors. For the years Manuel held this port, the Seljuk Turks were landlocked, making Trebizond once again the major naval power in the Black Sea.

Shukurov argues with Kurškanskis that Manuel had been given a yarligh by the Ilkhanite Mongols to recover Sinope, and argues further that it was done to embarrass the Golden Horde, who were the masters of the Seljuk Turks; the governor of Sinope at the time Manuel captured the port was ra’is al-bahr Shuja al-Din 'Abd al-Rahman, the Seljuk naval commander-in-chief, who had taken part in the Seljuk embassy to Batu Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde in 1253, where he received Batu's yarligh investing him with the office of na'ib. A few years later, in October 1256, one of the three brothers who inherited the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, Kaykaus II, was defeated by Baiju and fled to sanctuary in the Nicaean Empire, moving Anatolia from the sphere the Golden Horde controlled firmly into the Ilkhanite.

Manuel Megas Komnenos died in March 1263, having "recommended and chosen"—to use Panaretos' words—his oldest son Andronikos as his successor.

Embassy to Louis IX of France
In 1253, Manuel sent envoys to King Louis IX of France, who was then at Sidon after his defeat at the Battle of Fariskur, seeking to marry a daughter of his house. "The King had no French princesses with him on the crusade," writes William Miller, "but recommended Manuel to make a matrimonial alliance with the Latin Empire of Constantinople, to which the aid of 'so great and rich a man' would be useful against Vatatzes, the Greek Emperor of Nicaea." Jean de Joinville testifies to Manuel's wealth, stating he sent Louis "a present of various jewels, and also, among other things, some bows made of cornel-wood. The notches for the shafts were screwed into the bows, and when these shafts were loosed, you could see they were very sharp and well-made."

Although Miller fails to offer a reason for Manuel's overtures to King Louis, two more recent writers have, and these are not exclusive. Kuršanskis has pointed out that the timing of the embassy would make sense if his first wife, a Trapezuntine noblewoman Anna Xylaloe, had died before that year and thought a matrimonial alliance with the French king was desirable; and after Louis sent his regrets, Manuel wed Irene Syrikaina. If this is correct, it provides a badly-needed anchor point in the chronology of Manuel's Life. The other possible reason was suggested by Rustam Shukurov: it is well known that Manuel's Mongol overlords were favorable towards Christianity, and perhaps Manuel was encouraged by this favor to seek a connection with the "undisputed head of the crusader movement and indefatigable warrior against Islam."

Manuel's coinage
Manuel's reign is notable for being the first Emperor of Trebizond to issue large numbers of coins. This is important for two reasons: the first is that issuing coins in a precious metal, such as silver or gold, is commonly considered a demonstration of sovereignty by a ruler; the second is that the volume of coins issued by a ruler is frequently used as an indicator of economic activity. Although some copper scyphates have been identified as coming from Andronikos I Gidos' mint, according to Otto Retowski over 200 types of silver aspers—the characteristic coin of the Empire—were struck then, more than any other ruler of Trebizond, in addition to other silver and bronze currency. (John II is a distant second, having struck around 138 types of aspers during his reign.) Trapezuntine coins circulated widely outside the empire, especially in Georgia. His coins became so common there that his name became the generic word in Georgian for money; kirmaneoul is derived from "kuros' Manuel" or "Caesar Manuel".

The cause of this sudden explosion in the volume of currency is not clearly known. Certainly not all of them came from Manuel's silversmiths. Both Wroth and Retowski identified a number of coins minted as imitations in Georgia to meet demand there. Michel Kuršanskis has suggested some of these types were struck during the reigns of Manuel's successors—Andronikos and George—because their Mongol overlords forbade them from minting silver coins in their own names. Nevertheless, this leaves the vast majority of the coins with his name on them as being struck during his reign.

Some writers attribute this large number of aspers to a change in the route of the Silk Road during Manuel's reign. The destruction of Baghdad by Hulagu Khan in 1258 revived the trade route running north from Armenia and the upper Euphrates valley to Erzerum and then through the Zigana Pass to Trebizond, instead of to the Mediterranean. However, Anthony Bryer has pointed out the volume of trade carried on this route was minuscule, and taxes and duties extracted from the goods passing through Trebizond (known as the kommerkion) would at most have been 30% of the Empire's total revenues in a busy year, and more often 6%. Another author has pointed out that the silver mines in the region of Gümüşhane were within the borders of the Empire of Trebizond during the 13th century, and could provide the raw material for these coins; but further investigation has shown that these silver mines were not heavily exploited before the 18th century. Kuršanskis has suggested that these coins represent the tribute extracted by the dominant Mongols of Persia, although this does not explain the care taken in minting all of these coins: most of this tribute would, following its delivery to the Mongol overlords, have been melted down and either used to produce other coins or jewelry.

Legacy
Manuel rebuilt the Hagia Sophia monastery in Trebizond between 1250 and 1260. Eastmond describes Manuel's church as "the finest surviving Byzantine imperial monument of its period." When Michael VIII Palaiologos recaptured Constantinople from the Latin Empire in 1261 he unsuccessfully demanded that Manuel abandon his claim to the title of "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans", the one commonly used by the Byzantine Emperors.

Family and succession
Manuel was the second son of Alexios I, the first emperor of Trebizond; his older brother, John I Axouchos, was his predecessor as Emperor. During the Siege of Sinope, one of the sources states that Alexios has "grown sons in Trebizond who are capable of governing", so it is likely that Manuel was born before 1214.

Manuel had children by three different women; four of his children reigned after him. Older scholars, like Miller and Finlay, assumed all three women were his wives, but more recently Michel Kuršanskis has argued that only two were his wives, and that Rusudan of Georgia was simply his mistress.

By his first wife, Anna Xylaloe, a Trapezuntine noblewoman he had: By Rusudan of Georgia, he had: By his Irene Syrikaina, his last wife and another Trapezuntine noblewoman, he had four known children:
 * Andronikos II, who succeeded as emperor.
 * Theodora
 * George, later Emperor
 * Anonymous daughter, who married King Demetre II of Georgia
 * Anonymous daughter
 * John II, later Emperor

title: Manuel I of Trebizond


text:
Mahasti

Eftekhar Dadehbala (November 16, 1946 – June 25, 2007), known by her stage name Mahasti (مهستی), was an Iranian singer of Persian classical, folk, and pop music with a mezzo-soprano vocal range. She was active for more than four decades.

Early life and career
Khadijeh Eftekhar Dadehbala was born on November 16, 1946, in Tehran, Iran. She was the younger sister of Iranian singer Hayedeh. Their parents later divorced and married other people. Mahasti started her career on the Persian traditional music radio program "Gol hâ ye Rangârang" ( "Colorful Flowers") in 1963, with the song "Ân ke Delam Râ Borde Khodâyâ" composed and arranged by maestro Parviz Yahaghi with lyrics by Bijan Taraghi.

In the beginning, Mahasti's family was reluctant to allow her to pursue a career in entertainment because it was not an appreciated career for women in Iran at that time. However, Mahasti overcame this stigma providing Iran with a new image for women within the entertainment industry.

Mahasti created an image of a "gentle-woman" singer, a lady with great manners. Her enormous success in music opened the pathway for many other women, including her elder sister, Hayedeh, who started her work 5 years after Mahasti. The two sisters had tremendous contributions to improving the image of female singers in Iran and in transitioning the Iranian music from where it was to where it is now.

In 1979, before the Iranian Revolution. she emigrated to the United Kingdom, and then to the United States in 1981, where she lived thereafter.

Death and burial

In March 2007, Mahasti publicly announced that she had been battling colon cancer for four years. She hoped that her experience would raise awareness within the Iranian community regarding cancer and the importance of regular physical examinations. She was then living in Santa Rosa, California with her daughter, Sahar, her husband, Naser, and their two children, Natasha and Natalie, her only grandchildren. She died on June 25, 2007, aged 60, in Santa Rosa.

Mahasti was interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, California on June 29, 2007, the same cemetery where her sister Hayedeh was also buried.

Her funeral was broadcast live on Persian Broadcasting Company Tapesh and was attended by many Persian celebrities and stars and other artists including the mayor of Beverly Hills Jimmy Delshad and designer Bijan Pakzad.

Every year, her fans honor her memory on her birthday or the anniversary of her death in the virtual space or at her grave.

Albums

 * Parandeye Mohajer (1981)
 * Eyde Shoma Mobarak (1982) with Sattar & Manoucher Cheshmazar
 * Moj (1983)
 * Yeki Ra Doost Midaram (1983) with Hayedeh & Houshmand Aghili
 * Asheghaneha (1983) with Hayedeh
 * Zendegi (1985) with Hayedeh
 * Tou Bezan ta Man Beraghsam (1985)
 * Gol-haye Ranga-Rang (1988)
 * Sepideh Dam (1990)
 * Masti (1990)
 * Asir (1990)
 * Ziyafat (1991)
 * Mosafer (1991)
 * Ghasam (1993)
 * Gole Omid (1993)
 * Nameh (1994)
 * Ashofteh (1994)
 * Beganneh (1994)
 * Havay Yaar (1994)
 * Parandeha (1995, with Leila Forouhar, Shahram Solati)
 * Hagheghat (1995)
 * Bazm Mahasty & Sattar (1996)
 * Saraabe Eshgh (1996)
 * Labkhand (1996) with Shahram Solati
 * Havaye Asheghi (1998)
 * Avazak (1999)
 * Hamishe Ashegh (1999)
 * Gole Gandom (2000, with Sattar)
 * Deldadeh (2001)
 * Hamisheh Sabz (2003)
 * Az Khoda Khasteh (2004)

Also appeared on:
 * Khatereh 2 (1983) with Hayedeh & Homeyra
 * Nargez Shiraz(1984) with Sattar, Hayedeh
 * Entekhabi 2 (Sarbaz Kocholoo) (1984)
 * Entekhabi 3 (Ghanari) (1985)
 * Khatereh 4 (1985) with Ebi, Sattar, Hayedeh
 * Khatereh 5 (1986) with Hayedeh, Sadegh Nojouki, Hooshmand Aghili
 * Entekhabi 7 (Gozashtehaye Shirin) (1986)
 * Entekhabi 8 (Kieh Kieh) (1986)
 * Entekhabi 9 (Ya Mowla) (1987)
 * Tanine Solh (1987)
 * Saghare Hasti (1987) with Moein, Hayedeh, Bahram Forouhar
 * Ganjineh 1 (1987) with Moein, Sattar, Hayedeh
 * Parastooha (1988) with Sattar, Hayedeh
 * Entekhabi 11 (Bi Nazir) (1991)
 * Hamsafare Eshgh (1993) with Sattar, Delaram, Fataneh, Ahmad Azad
 * Khaneh Ashgegh Koojast (1993) with Homeyra, Sattar, Shohreh, Martik, Emad Ram

Singles

 * 2007: Music (with Leila Forouhar, Andy, Aref)
 * In May 2023, 16 years after her passing, her voice was used by artificial intelligence and placed on Shadmehr Aghili's song Tamasha, sparking quite a bit of interest from music fans because of the sense of nostalgia and futurism the song provides at the same time

title: Mahasti


text:
Talk:Assistant Language Teacher

Merge with JET Programme?
This should really be merged and redirected to JET Programme. Exploding Boy 17:13, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would disagree... the JET Programme is starting to slow, and many towns/villages are turning to so-called "Private AETs." Not to mention, many people refer to people who work for NOVA, ECC, etc as AETs. If anything, this article should be made a little less JET-centric. That's my two cents anyhow. Yoroshiku. Jeshii 03:40, May 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, the article as stands has a significant JET POV. Use of non-JET Programme ALT's is spreading in Japan and I am wondering if the term ALT may be used in other countries as well.  The Hokkaido Crow 13:33, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

This article reads more like a list of Union grievances against dispatch companies, and doesn't say much about the ALT system, or the nature of the work.220.111.60.113 04:05, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * There are not many JET program ALTs these days. Most ALTs are hired through dispatch companies at much lower pay and fewer benefits now. Ghostofnemo (talk) 13:08, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Definition of JET/ALT
A person who usually comes over to Japan and makes an ass out of him or herself by doing gymnastics on the subway or singing and dancing in public while his friends shake their heads in shame and embarassment.

Interac and the LDS church
I've heard the rumor that Interac is owned and run by the Mormon church, and it may very well be true, but such claims need to be properly sourced. According to Reliable sources, "Posts to bulletin boards, Usenet, and wikis, or messages left on blogs, should not be used as sources. This is in part because we have no way of knowing who has written or posted them, and in part because there is no editorial oversight or third-party fact-checking." Until reliable sources are supplied, the material should not be added to the article. — BrianSmithson 02:29, 7 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The same anonymous user added some links that show that Interac is owned or affiliated with a company called Selnate, but none of those links show that Selnate or Interac is owned by the LDS church. This information has thus been removed once again. -- BrianSmithson 01:37, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Again, we have links showing that Selnate owns Interac and that Selnate recruits through Brigham Young University. None of the links provided shows that Interac or Selnate are owned by the LDS church (and a link to an Amazon book page doesn't cut it). Do you have a quote from this book that says that Interac is owned by the Mormons? If so, then there's no problem. As it is, though, you're making leaps of logic that aren't borne out by the sources you're providing. Per WP:V and WP:RS, this isn't acceptable in the encyclopedia. — BrianSmithson 08:31, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Of course it is hard to prove black on white that Interac is owned by LDS. Interac/Selnate avoids to state that obvious connection because it would obviously be bad PR for them. It might even get them in trouble with their main client. The Japanese government. A religious group not only feeding but almost controling the stream of English teachers for Japanese Schools? This is food for newspapers and substantially dangerous for Interac. Also, which teacher wants to work for the mormons?

However, it is proven that Interac is owned by Selnate who runs Maxceed and Selti. Selnate.co.jp clearly states it. And it is obvious that American Selnate with its headquarters in Mormon capital Provo Utah - incident? No Selnate's offices are at the BYU University - and the mormon University BYU work together.

It is a proven fact that the mormon church engages in the very same business in China. As for the comment about LOTs of rumours. This is clearly an Interac manager trying to protect his company.
 * Cast accusations against me all you want. Wikipedia's policies are there for a reason, and if you want to take issue with them, this is not the appropriate place to do so. I will continue to remove any rumors added to the article until such a time as a reliable source is found to support those rumors (and one that does not require leaps of logic as the ones you have provided). Now back to the temple to plot the overthrow of the world and laugh evilly. — BrianSmithson 10:57, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * That was not against you, it was against the ALT company manager writing below. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 124.101.219.53 (talk) 11:38, 13 January 2007 (UTC).

I think this is proof enough though: Interac is "owned, operated and controlled by a prominent LDS family in Japan".
 * Sorry, but this is not a reliable source per Wikipedia's guidelines. There is no indication that there is any editorial oversight of this webpage. In fact, the disclaimer implies that there is none: "The information in the Lost Parent Pages has been posted by a left behind parent who claims that it is accurate." I'm fully in favor of including information about LDS owning Interac, but you're going to have to do better than that. — BrianSmithson 11:04, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

How about this: Roice is co-founding manager of Interac-Japan, one of the largest training organizations in Japan.　Roice Krueger is an ultra Mormon
 * That establishes that one of the co-founders of Interact is a Mormon, not that Interac is owned by the LDS church. Someone's religious and business life can be separate; you need to find something that explicitly states that this is not the case with Interac. — BrianSmithson 11:15, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Brian, this is getting kind of ridiculous. A co-founding manager IS an owner. And mormonism is not just some private religious belief. It's a lifestyle. If you've ever been to Utah you know what I mean. Keep in mind that 10 percent of every obedient Mormon's income is given to his church unhesitatingly, because he is confident that he is giving to God. And Roice is not just some member, according to his profile Roice is an "Elder" which is not just an older member or something. Elder is a Mormon euphemism that actually means missionary:

 * Elder. Definition: The proper title given to holders of the Melchizedek Priesthood. The title is used for members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Quorum of the Seventy and for full time missionaries. Pronunciation: [L-dur] • (noun) Also Known As: Missionary. Examples: To serve a mission, a man must become an Elder and receive the Melchizedek Priesthood.

Which underlines one more time what has been stated in an earlier version of the article. Interac was founded by two Elders (=Mormon missionaries) as an covered mission of the LDS church. As it is forbidden to actively recruit church members, Interac started as a phony English for free institution teaching LDS vocabulary as regular English. All sponsored by the LDS church. In the mean time Interac is a mainly a money maker for LDS Japan. However, a great number of LDS teachers come from BYU, which, as you know are 95% mormons.
 * You've established that Interac is owned by a Mormon with the title of Elder and that it recruits through BYU. If you want to add that information, go ahead. The rest of your conclusions, while defensible, are your own interpretations, and thus are not appropriate for the encyclopedia (per No original research). — BrianSmithson 09:14, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

The titles are quite important. Elder means missionary. But I've got more for you. Once you start reading the Japanese stuff it gets really good. The current President and other co-founder of Interac is called Yasuo Niiyama. He is another Elder ranked Mormon that goes by the title of "President".

 * That's also good circumstantial evidence. You should write a book about this. :) But it's still drawing a conclusion, which Wikipedia is not allowed to do. I think we're justified to say that "Interac's founders have ties to the LDS church", but nothing much stronger than that until you find a source that alleges direct ownership of Interact by the LDS church. It's the only way we won't run afoul of WP:NOR policy. — BrianSmithson 22:49, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It's surprising how hard it can be to get something black on white that is so obvious if you have a little insider knowledge. Now, how would you prove once and for all that Selnate/Interac is owned by the LDS? You need their business registry documents. Yet the business registry documents will not name LDS, they will name Niiyama and Roice (two mormon missionaries). What else do you need? Financial proof. To prove that money goes from Interac to LDS you need to have access to their books or tax declarations. Well, noone can deliver that evidence unless he has access to the accounting. And even then. They will definitely declare their contribution to LDS as a "donation to a religious institution". Which for tax matters is much smarter than just transfering money through ownership. Or how do you think sects and religious groups finance themselves? Maybe I should write that book... Or maybe not. Maybe I should just write a letter to the tax office and the BOE. Or get a journalist on the story. Looking for evidence for the evident I discovered more than I expected... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 125.207.252.118 (talk) 02:55, 16 January 2007 (UTC).

This article has been vandalised by some Interac guy. Please go back to the original version.

 * Ownership of a company by a Mormon, who then takes his/her salary and donates it to a church, does not mean the same thing as a company owned by said church. The LDS Church does not own the entire Marriot chain of hotels, although it is controlled by a prominent Mormon family as well. Same thing for Huntsman_corporation. The Mormon church does own and operate a number of companies outright, and declares themselves to be such owners in articles of incorporation. Interac's founder, owner, and president is a very senior LDS church authority, one of the most senior in Japan. However it goes without saying that almost all Mormon leadership is a "lay ministry," meaning working for the church without compensation while holding a day job. He is actually NOT an Elder but a Seventy. (However such people are typically addressed as "Elder"). You seem to have an axe to grind against Interac for other reasons, and are using this connection to imply that Interac is involved in a sinister plot to brainwash all Japanese children, to make them more susceptible to Mormon missionaries I suppose. You have yet to provide any evidence that their curriculum--all of which is written by non-Mormon staff members or, in most cases, simply adopted from the local BOE's required reading lists--contains any kind of "hidden messages" designed to further Mormon theology. You make these tenuous connections because you are unhappy with Interac for other reasons, and want to somehow make them into something more sinister. They are a company like any other, and not entirely free from making errors of judgement, creating disgruntled employees, or putting other, smaller companies out of business in a free market. That does not make them The Borg. Furthermore, while there are many underground churches operating in China, the LDS Church has absolutely no official policy of subverting official Chinese law with respect to foreign churches. There are LDS branches meeting in the larger cities in China, but attendance at these churches is strictly limited to those holding passports of foreign countries; Chinese nationals are barred from attending (even fully-fledged members who joined the church overseas). There is absolutely no concerted effort to use ESL in China as a back-door attempt to win converts. Can you provide any proof of this at all? ***In the interest of full disclosure, I was never an employee of Interac but I recruited for them for North America from 2004-2006. I  did some editing and contributing to the Wikipedia entry on ALTs back in 2006. I also happen to be a Mormon. However, ALL of the management and the overwhelming majority of ALTs employed by Interac are NOT LDS. This is personal information, and thus only belongs on a "talk" page. N8Ma

There is a LOT of rumor taking the place of fact here...
I work as the manager of a major private ALT providing company in Japan, and a lot of this stuff seems to have been written by ALTs or former ALTs going on common rumor. For example, 250,000 yen a month being an actual minimum wage, etc. I cleaned a bit of it up already.

Also, there is a lot of language seemingly written for the purpose of ALTs instead of the readership at large. Let's make this article more encyclopedic.

I have intimate knowledge on all aspects of this business that a lay ALT typically gets misunderstood, and would be happy to offer any information needed in this article and supply sources to back them up. Please leave a message on my talk page any time. Smoove K 07:31, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm looking at my paycheck right now, for 180,000 yen, and if it weren't irritating (especially since I was told I'd be paid more and signed a contract for more) I'd be laughing at your 250,000 yen assertion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.145.36.242 (talk) 01:53, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It's not rumors, it's facts that you don't like others to hear. Let me guess for which company you work...

 * I do not work for Interac. I work for their largest competitor in Kanto. I feel that the article does not do justice to Interac's various harms against ALTs and its dishonesty but I also know that it is impossible to prove what is obvious with actual sources. My previous comment was related to certain laws claimed ("minimum monthly salary") and the structure of the company-school board relationship. I ammended both of these as well as a few other minor parts of the article beofre making the comment. Smoove K 05:09, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Hey smoove, which company do you work for? Im trying to think of a large despatch company in Kanto, I can only think of that morally bankrupt company in Mito, that pays some ALTs less than 200k/month, gives them 15yr old broken/dangerous company cars and lies to teachers, telling them they have the contract for certain BOE, so they dont go to another company, when in reality they dont know which contracts they will have for the following school year..

its not that company is it?Sennen goroshi 11:12, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Company and management issues?
As much as I think Interac needs to come out for what it is and it is important for people to know the controversies involving the industry, I think the article should be written with only the actual job in mind. I would support a seperate article concerning seperate issues with a short relevent section and link to that article placed in this one. Thoughts? Also, recent edits with potentially provable facts being made without sources should not continue. Smoove K 22:41, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see a problem with this article covering both the job of being an ALT and the industry behind the job. However, you are right that all edits should be backed up by solid, non-self-published sources. There seems to be a lot of anti-Interac rumors out there that people keep bringing up here over and over. — Brian ( talk ) 22:37, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Contractual Term Limits:
"JET Programme ALTs have a limited number of years to be contracted, while private companies have no such restriction in most cases. BOEs tend to set the terms of the contract and usually limit it to one year. Larger private companies can guarantee employment indefinitely no matter what the BOE chooses to do regarding individual contracts."
 * This reads as if private ALTs have open-ended or lifelong contracts which is not true at all. In fact, most (or all) private ALTs sign yearly contracts. Yes, it is possible that they could be renewed. They may also not be renewed.219.166.179.99 (talk) 08:32, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I've heard if you work for the same school district as a dispatched employee for three years, they have to hire you directly. Can anyone back this up?Ghostofnemo (talk) 02:06, 19 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Workers in Japan are either under contract or not. Workers not under contract have so-called "lifetime employment." Workers under contract can have a maximum contract length of 1 year under labor laws.  Even if an employee is hired by a BOE, the contract still be 1 year.  The JET Programme is the same.  They don't offer a 3 or 5 year contract, but rather 1 year contracts with options to renew 2-4 times, each time for 1 year. KeroroGunso (talk) 01:53, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * But if you work for the same employer under a contract for a certain length of time, I heard they have to offer you a permanent job or let you go, i.e. they can't keep you on contract indefinitely. True or false? Ghostofnemo (talk) 05:18, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm not aware of an automatic requirement to do that. On the other hand, I have heard that after a certain number of successive contracts, it becomes difficult for the employer to not continue with an employee, even if they are under contract.KeroroGunso (talk) 09:18, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

POV tag in Job Duties Section
The tag says this is a discussion topic on the talk page, but I don't see anything here. What is being challenged as POV? Ghostofnemo (talk) 13:04, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

I've undone the deletion of the lines about the atomic bombing story. Those lines are referenced to the junior high school textbook where the story appears, and the reference gives the title of the story and the publisher of the textbook. This textbook is VERY widely used in Japan. I had to read this story to some of my classes, and I'm a U.S. citizen. Ghostofnemo (talk) 13:25, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

I've added a wikilink in the reference to the New Horizon textbook article. Ghostofnemo (talk) 13:29, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

I've added a second reference to the atomic bombing story lines, which gives the text of the story and another ALT's similar reaction to it. Ghostofnemo (talk) 13:44, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Since no one has responded, I'm removing the POV tag. 180.25.116.202 (talk) 02:41, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Looks like someone has replaced the POV tag. What exactly is under dispute? Ghostofnemo (talk) 05:29, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Once again, in the absence of any articulated reason for the tag, I am removing it. Ghostofnemo (talk) 13:42, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

Deletion of atomic bomb story from Job duties section
It's a fact that ALTs in some schools are required to read heart breaking stories about atomic bomb victims. This is not a normal job duty (to ask teachers to read stories aloud about war crimes their countries have committed), and the stories do not even mention the war, which makes it seem incomprehensible to the students. It would be highly irregular, not to mention cruel, to ask a Japanese person to read a story about the horrible deaths of prisoners or massacre victims in China or about Pearl Harbor victims aloud to a class of students. Also, this line is sourced with references. It doesn't seem arguable that this material is irrelevant to the topic of the article. Ghostofnemo (talk) 10:15, 1 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Due to the lack of a response, I've restored this line. Ghostofnemo (talk) 00:09, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

As an ALT I do many activities I would not do back in my own country, but most of these are not necessary for this article. This paragraph does nothing to improve the quality of information available here. It displays an experience had by only a very small number of English speaking teachers here, and is written in a fashion that feels very out of place on a Wiki article. Furthermore not all ALTs are Americans. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.212.247.173 (talk) 01:28, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

Although I see the comment has been improved to read more in the style of Wiki, the rest of my comment still stands. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.212.247.173 (talk) 01:30, 5 November 2013 (UTC)
 * But it does occur (I'm from the U.S., and I was personally threatened with being fired when I complained, and was forced to do it several more times!). It's notable because it is highly irregular to make someone read stories aloud to classes about crimes committed by their countries. And it's sourced. It's factual, notable, and relevant to the article. Ghostofnemo (talk) 02:53, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

The story "A Mothers Lullaby" is NOT a dictation of war crimes. In fact, America is not even mentioned at all. The story simply states that "A big bomb fell on the city of Hiroshima." It's about a tree who watches a girl and her brother die. The purpose of the story is to make the students think about how terrible war is and to promote peace. You can find many examples of peace promotion in Japanese education. There is really nothing irregular about reading stories with historical references in them. The above commenters are right that it doesn't do anything for this article. It seems more like you using this article as a way to personally "get revenge" on your school... 121.83.129.3 (talk) 07:18, 10 June 2014 (UTC)
 * This story appears in a textbook used in many Japanese junior high schools, and ALTs are asked to read this story aloud to classes, even if they are from the U.S. These are not isolated incidents perpetrated by rogue Japanese teachers. The only possible interpretation of this story is that it is about the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, and it is notable because it is HIGHLY irregular to ask teachers to read aloud stories about war crimes committed by their countries to students. Can you imagine a Japanese teacher in China being asked/required to read a story that begins, "First the bombs and shells fell, and then the soldiers came. Our country had been invaded and gangs of soldiers roamed our town after it fell, killing many people. My younger brother had been hacked with a sword, and I held him beneath an old tree and sang a lullabye to him until he stopped breathing." Please note that this information is referenced. Ghostofnemo (talk) 06:33, 28 June 2014 (UTC)

Since it is about a bombing in world war 2 how is it not mentioning world war 2?124.38.229.241 (talk) 10:28, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

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