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Tenth Doctor

The Tenth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. He is played by David Tennant in three series as well as nine specials. The character has also appeared in other Doctor Who spin-offs and later returns as the fourteenth incarnation of the Doctor.

Within the series' narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old alien Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time and space in the TARDIS, frequently with companions. At the end of life, the Doctor regenerates; as a result, the physical appearance and personality of the Doctor changes. Tennant's portrayal of the Tenth Doctor is of an outwardly charismatic and charming adventurer whose likable and easygoing attitude can quickly turn to righteous fury when provoked. Preceded in regeneration by the Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston), he is followed by the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith).

This incarnation's companions include some who travelled with his previous incarnation: working-class shop assistant Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), her boyfriend Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke), and former "Time Agent" Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), as well as medical student Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman) and fiery temp worker Donna Noble (Catherine Tate). He eventually parts ways with them all by the end of the 2008 series finale, "Journey's End", after which he attempts to travel alone for the duration of the 2008–2010 specials before being accompanied by Donna's grandfather Wilfred Mott (Bernard Cribbins) on his final adventure in "The End of Time".

Tennant also played the Fourteenth Doctor, who bears the same form as the Tenth.

Overview
Executive producer Russell T Davies revived Doctor Who after a 16-year absence with the premiere of "Rose" in 2005. Following the BBC's announcement of a second series being commissioned, the story broke that Christopher Eccleston, who played the titular Ninth Doctor, would not be returning for the second series. On 16 April 2005, the BBC announced that David Tennant had been selected for the role of the Tenth Doctor. His first appearance in the series was for 20 seconds following the Ninth Doctor's regeneration at the end of "The Parting of the Ways". His first full episode as the Doctor, barring an appearance in a "mini-episode" during the 2005 Children in Need show, was the 2005 Christmas Special, "The Christmas Invasion". He then appeared in the 2006, 2007 and 2008 series. Rather than a traditional series run, 2009 and early 2010 featured Tennant in a series of four specials. He also guest-starred in the 2009 two-part The Sarah Jane Adventures story The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith. Tennant also appears in two animated serials The Infinite Quest and Dreamland. In 2013, Tennant reprised his role as the Tenth Doctor for the 50th anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor", and returned to Doctor Who as the Fourteenth Doctor in 2023 for three 60th anniversary specials.

Personality
The Tenth Doctor speaks with an Estuary English accent, rather than the Lancashire dialect (Christopher Eccleston's own dialect) that the Ninth Doctor used, the Received Pronunciation of most earlier Doctors, or Tennant's natural Scottish English. David Tennant told SFX magazine in 2006 that Russell T Davies had asked him to drop his natural Scottish accent, because he felt "we'd like to not go for another obvious regional accent, because I suppose they'd done that". In a 23 December interview on BBC Radio 1, Tennant explained that a line had been scripted for the Christmas special explaining that the newly regenerated Doctor had imprinted on Rose Tyler's accent "like a chick hatching from an egg", but the line was cut from the final episode.

In the audiobook The Last Voyage, the Tenth Doctor states that he is not neurotypical. The depictions of the personalities of the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors shared certain similarities e.g. both being youthful, energetic, friendly, childlike, "good boyfriend Doctors", as Steven Moffat described them and, according to Mark Gatiss "very human Doctors" when compared to other incarnations.

Appearance
The Doctor complains that his tenth incarnation is not "ginger". However, this incarnation was happy to have sideburns and to have more hair than his previous incarnation. He wears his own brown hair in various ways throughout the series (unstyled in "The Christmas Invasion", a 1950s-style quiff in "The Idiot's Lantern", and flattened forwards in "The Runaway Bride" and "The Day of the Doctor") but mainly styled it in a spiked-up fashion throughout most of the series, with this style being described by friend and later one-time companion Wilfred Mott as being a "modern style sort of hair. All sticky-uppy". He has dark brown eyes and is perceived by most, including companions and other characters such as his future incarnation as "slim and a little bit foxy".

His costume was unveiled on 27 July 2005. He generally wears either a dark brown (with blue pinstripes) or a blue (with rust red pinstripes) four-buttoned suit with a shirt and a tie, or a shirt and t-shirt, a light brown faux-suede duster coat (which he claims was given to him by Janis Joplin), and different coloured pairs of Converse All-Star trainers, depending on his suit. According to an interview on Parkinson, David Tennant and Russell T Davies got the idea for the Tenth Doctor's costume from an outfit Jamie Oliver had worn on Parkinson just after Tennant had taken the role. David Tennant has commented that he would vary the combination of the buttons he fastened on his jacket in different episodes. Tennant thought the look was very geek chic.

The Doctor dons a pair of dark tortoise-shell rectangular frame glasses, an affectation (along with his signature footwear) borrowed from the Fifth Doctor. On one occasion, he wears a pair of Red-Cyan 3D glasses, both as a joke and for practical reasons. Despite appearing in only one story, the glasses became an accessory commonly associated with Tennant's incarnation of the character. The Tenth Doctor's costume became so popular that it has spawned numerous recreations (including a BBC-licensed replica of the Tenth Doctor's overcoat by AbbyShot Clothiers and a white/red version worn by Tennant when he co-hosted Comic Relief), and has been cited by costume designer Louise Page as the costume she is most proud of from her time on Doctor Who.

Television
The Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston) regenerates into the Tenth Doctor at the climax of the first-series (2005) finale, "The Parting of the Ways"; he then reintroduces himself to his companion Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) in a Children in Need mini-episode called "Born Again". In the 2005 Christmas special, "The Christmas Invasion", he is in a comatose state for most of the episode, following his regeneration. After eventually waking up, he defeats the alien Sycorax and saves Earth; in the process, he loses a hand, which regrows owing to his recent regeneration. Amongst other second-series (2006) adventures, the Doctor and Rose save Queen Victoria (Pauline Collins) from a werewolf in "Tooth and Claw", resulting in the creation of the anti-alien Torchwood Institute. In "School Reunion", the Doctor shares an adventure with two former companions, journalist Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) and robot dog K9 (voiced by John Leeson), before taking on Rose's boyfriend Mickey (Noel Clarke) as a second companion. The TARDIS slips through a crack in the Time Vortex causing them to be stranded on a parallel Earth, where they encounter the Cybermen in the episode, "Rise of the Cybermen". After saving parallel Earth, Mickey decides to stay and help stop the Cybermen around the world despite The Doctor telling him he can never return in "The Age of Steel". He and Rose become stranded on a planet orbiting around a black hole in "The Impossible Planet", where the Beast is waiting, with a Torchwood team. While there, in "The Satan Pit", the Beast taunts the Doctor and Rose about Rose's death. During the 2012 Olympic Games in "Fear Her", The Doctor picks up the Olympic flame and carries it to the end, starting the Games. The series finale takes place in contemporary London, where modern-day Torchwood is the scene for war between the evil alien Daleks and parallel-universe cyborgs the Cybermen; saving the Earth costs the Doctor Rose, who is stranded in a parallel universe, along with Mickey and her mother, in "Doomsday".

In the closing scene of "Doomsday", a mysterious bride called Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) inexplicably appears in his TARDIS. The 2006 Christmas special, "The Runaway Bride" sees The Doctor and bride-to-be Donna save the Earth; Donna saves The Doctor from going too far in his revenge against the alien Racnoss, and although she declines his offer of companionship, she tells The Doctor he may need a new companion to keep him in check. In the third series (2007), The Doctor takes on Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman) as his new companion. Together, they witness the mysterious Face of Boe (Struan Rodger) prophecy to The Doctor that "you are not alone", in "Gridlock". They are rejoined by former companion Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) in a three-episode adventure beginning with "Utopia", where presumed-deceased archenemy and fellow Time Lord The Master (John Simm) becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and ages The Doctor. Martha's plan sees The Doctor infused with the world's psychic energies, and he easily defeats The Master, who then bribes The Doctor Into Destroying the world with a Black Hole Converter. The Master Then seemingly refuses to regenerate and dies in The Doctor's arms. Following this adventure, in the dénouement of series finale "Last of the Time Lords", Jack and Martha both depart the TARDIS, and The Doctor is shocked to see what appears to be the RMS Titanic crash into it. Set moments prior, another Children in Need mini-episode, "Time Crash", features a brief encounter between Tennant's Tenth Doctor and the Fifth Doctor (Peter Davison), containing meta-humour surrounding the fact David Tennant had watched and loved Davison's Doctor as a child. In parallel with the third series, Tennant lends his voice to the animated serial The Infinite Quest.

The 2007 Christmas special, "Voyage of the Damned", sees The Doctor and a waitress, Astrid Peth (Kylie Minogue), save the Earth from the impending crash of the starship Titanic; Astrid dies heroically, and The Doctor encounters Wilfred Mott (Bernard Cribbins) for the first time. In the premiere episode of the fourth series (2008), "Partners in Crime", The Doctor is reunited with Donna Noble, Wilfred's granddaughter, who becomes his regular companion. In "Planet of the Ood", the alien Ood prophesy the Tenth Doctor's demise. Martha accompanies them for three episodes; in two, entitled "The Sontaran Stratagem" and "The Poison Sky", The Doctor battles the war-hungry alien Sontarans, and last of which sees him become a father of sorts to Jenny (Georgia Tennant), in "The Doctor's Daughter". He meets archaeologist and future companion River Song (Alex Kingston) for the first time from his perspective in the two-parter, "Silence in the Library" and "Forest of the Dead"; she dies, but he stores her consciousness to a hard drive to live on forever, after accepting that one day she will come to mean a lot to him. After Donna encounters Rose in a parallel world in "Turn Left", the Doctor realises that Rose's words to Donna — "Bad Wolf" — must herald the end of the world. In finale episodes "The Stolen Earth" and "Journey's End" (which cross over with spin-offs Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures), the Doctor and Donna reunite with former companions Rose, Sarah Jane, Martha, Jack, and Mickey to save the universe from Davros (Julian Bleach), the creator of the Daleks. The Doctor was fatally wounded during the event, causing him to regenerate, although he chooses to maintain his current self while transferring residual energy into his previously severed hand. This results in a metacrisis that creates a half-human Doctor (with Donna's DNA) called the Meta-Crisis Doctor who would leave to have a romantic relationship with Rose in the parallel universe while imbuing Donna with a Time Lord's mind, forcing the Doctor to erase his companion's memories to save her life and leave her with her family. A Doctor Who Prom mini-episode, "Music of the Spheres", features a lone Doctor composing his musical Ode to the Universe before being interrupted by the small alien Graske (Jimmy Vee).

In lieu of a 2009 series, Tennant appears as the Tenth Doctor, without a regular companion, in several special episodes over the course of 2008 and 2009, the last of which aired on New Year's Day, 2010. In the Christmas special "The Next Doctor", The Doctor mistakenly believes he has met a later incarnation of himself in an amnesiac Londoner (David Morrissey), with whom he saves Victorian-era London. "Planet of the Dead" (Easter 2009) features jewel thief Lady Christina de Souza (Michelle Ryan) as The Doctor's one-off companion, and The Doctor is presented with a prophecy of his imminent death, with a woman telling him 'he will knock four times'. Tennant makes a crossover appearance in a The Sarah Jane Adventures two-parter, "The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith", in which a powerful being known as The Trickster (Paul Marc Davis) also alludes to the Tenth Doctor's impending demise. In "The Waters of Mars", The Doctor tries to alter history and avert the death of one-off companion Adelaide Brooke (Lindsay Duncan); when she commits suicide, he begins to feel his mortality weigh down upon him. In the animated serial Dreamland, The Doctor is joined by two one-off companions in 1950s Roswell, New Mexico. In the two-part send-off "The End of Time", The Doctor confronts the Ood about their original prophecy and is led to contemporary Earth where, in the second part, the again-resurrected Master restores Gallifrey and the Time Lords to existence, although he redeems himself by assisting The Doctor to defeat Time Lord President Rassilon (Timothy Dalton) before disappearing alongside the other Time Lords. However, Wilfred finds himself trapped in a chamber that is about to be flooded with radiation. He knocks on the glass door four times, fulfilling the prophecy of the Doctor's death. The Doctor sacrifices his life to prevent Wilfred's death, exposing himself to 500,000 rads of deadly radiation and triggering his regeneration. He holds it back and is shown visiting several companions. He gives Donna a winning lottery ticket on her wedding day, buying it with money he borrowed from her late father in the past, saves Martha and Mickey from a Sontaran sniper, saves Sarah Jane's son Luke (Tommy Knight) from a car, introduces Jack to a romantic interest (Russell Tovey), and finally, just before regenerating into the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith), informs Rose in 2005 that she is about to have a "great year". As he begins regenerating once in the TARDIS, his last words are "I don't want to go".

Tennant reprised the role for the show's 50th anniversary in "The Day of the Doctor" (2013), appearing alongside his future incarnation the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith), future companion Clara Oswald (Jenna Coleman) and a forgotten past incarnation, the War Doctor, played by John Hurt. In the special, which from the Tenth Doctor's perspective takes place between the 2008–2010 specials "The Waters of Mars" and "The End of Time", the Doctor unintentionally marries Queen Elizabeth I (Joanna Page) while luring out a Zygon. He helps the other Doctors in saving Gallifrey at the Time War's conclusion, but will not retain memories of the event. His final words are, once again "I don't want to go" after being told that he will die on Trenzalore.

At the conclusion of the 2022 specials, the Thirteenth Doctor regenerates into the Fourteenth Doctor, who bears the same form as the Tenth.

Spoofs
David Tennant has also made numerous cameo appearances as The Doctor outside of Doctor Who, frequently in spoof appearances. Singer and actress Charlotte Church spoofs Doctor Who alongside an actor playing the Tenth Doctor in her own The Charlotte Church Show (2006). In an appearance on The Friday Night Project in 2007, Tennant plays a female companion to the Tenth Doctor (Justin Lee Collins) on the Pink Planet, where they are confronted by the alien Gay Lord (Alan Carr). When the show became The Sunday Night Project, Catherine Tate appeared in a skit playing the Tenth Doctor. Tennant starred opposite Catherine Tate in her own The Catherine Tate Show special (2007) as Lauren Cooper's (Tate) teacher Mr. Logan, whom Cooper teases for his resemblance to the Doctor; eventually, he reveals himself to be the Tenth Doctor and shrinks Cooper into a 5" Rose Tyler action figure. In the final episode of Extras (December 2007), a brief scene shows The Doctor and an unidentified Wren companion attacked by Schlong, a slug-like alien played by Andy Millman (Ricky Gervais). The Tenth Doctor is also featured in political satire; in a 2007 episode of Dead Ringers, when faced by the question of Gordon Brown's succession, Tony Blair (impressionist Jon Culshaw) regenerates into David Tennant after promising "New Labour is all about renewal", later vowing 100 more years of power. Tennant modifies his first line in "The Parting of the Ways" ("New teeth, that's weird"), to "New Labour, that's weird" and proceeds to address the public in a Tony Blair impression resembling Culshaw's. Tennant also guest-voiced his incarnation of The Doctor in an episode of Family Guy (2016). He later played the role in full costume for a sketch with The Muppets in a live performance at The O2 Arena in 2018.

Literature
As the face of the Doctor Who franchise for 2005–2010, the Tenth Doctor appears extensively in Doctor Who spin-off media; in the majority of these series, the character simply takes after the place of the Ninth Doctor, and in turn is replaced by the Eleventh following the debut of the 2010 series. Novels featuring the Tenth Doctor are all published by BBC Books. The character appears in New Series Adventures novels spanning from The Stone Rose (April 2006) to The Krillitane Storm (September 2009). A number of Decide Your Destiny novels were published between July 2007 and March 2008, as well as five books published as a part of Quick Reads Initiative, a government-sponsored adult literacy project. BBC Children's Books released their own 10-part series, The Darksmith Legacy, supported by an interactive tie-in website. Additionally, short stories are frequently published in Doctor Who Magazine, The Doctor Who Storybook series (2007–2010 editions), the BBC website, and annuals and suchlike; one example is the story "The Lodger" by Gareth Roberts, later adapted into an Eleventh Doctor television episode of the same name. National newspapers The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Times have each published one Christmas-themed Tenth Doctor short story. Additionally, the Tenth Doctor appears in a novelisation of his The Sarah Jane Adventures crossover appearance. The Tenth Doctor also appears extensively in comic books, replacing the Ninth Doctor in those published in Doctor Who Magazine, and the younger-audience Doctor Who Adventures and Doctor Who: Battles in Time. American comic book publisher initially published a 2008 Tenth Doctor and Martha Jones miniseries between January and June 2006. This was later followed by a truly ongoing Tenth Doctor series in July 2009, set during the 2008–2010 specials and lasting sixteen issues before relaunching with the Eleventh Doctor. In stories set after "Journey's End", The Doctor is accompanied by numerous one-off and recurring companions who do not feature in the television series.

Outside of Doctor Who literature, penciller Georges Jeanty includes a cameo of the Tenth Doctor and Rose in a panel of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight story arc "No Future for You". The Tenth Doctor was utilised in the American satirical political cartoon strip, This Modern World. Arriving in 2003, the Doctor hints to Sparky the Wonder Penguin (the strip's main character) that in five years' time, the next President could be a black man, with the middle name Hussein, whose father was a Muslim. The character also appeared in a story arc of the webcomic PvP, in which character Brent Sienna hallucinates materialising in the TARDIS.

Audio drama
As is the case with the BBC Books novels, the Tenth Doctor replaced the Ninth as the face of the Doctor Who audiobook series, beginning with Pest Control in May 2008 and ending with Dead Air in March 2010. The majority are read by David Tennant, save one read by Michelle Ryan and two by Catherine Tate. A number of Tenth Doctor novels were also abridged to become audiobooks, again featuring David Tennant's voice alongside other cast members such as Freema Agyeman and television series guest stars such as Georgia Tennant, Reggie Yates and Anthony Head; the last of these scheduled is Judgement of the Judoon, for December 2010.

On 26 October 2015, it was announced Tennant would reprise his role for The Tenth Doctor Adventures, a series of full-cast audio stories produced by Big Finish Productions. The first volume of stories had the reprise of Catherine Tate as Donna Noble, consisting of Technophobia, Time Reaver, and Death and the Queen, which were released in May 2016. The second volume of stories saw Billie Piper reprise her role as Rose Tyler alongside Tennant. The stories consisted of Infamy of the Zaross (with Camille Coduri as Jackie Tyler), Sword of the Chevalier, and Cold Vengeance, which were released in November 2017. A third volume was released in May 2019, once again with Catherine Tate as Donna Noble, in the stories No Place (with as Jacqueline King as Sylvia Noble and Bernard Cribbins as Wilfred Mott), One Mile Down and The Creeping Death.

Outside of The Tenth Doctor Adventures, David Tennant has appeared as the Doctor for several special Big Finish releases. He made brief cameos at the end of the Jenny – The Doctor's Daughter series and the final story of Big Finish's multi-Doctor anniversary special The Legacy of Time. The Tenth Doctor made a significant appearance in the final story of the Donna Noble: Kidnapped! spin-off series starring Catherine Tate as Donna Noble. In 2020, Tennant appeared alongside Tom Baker as the Fourth Doctor in the first story of the Out of Time trilogy and co-starred in three audio plays opposite Alex Kingston as River Song in The Tenth Doctor and River Song. Tennant also made an uncredited cameo in series eight of The Diary of River Song as the Doctor.

In 2021, as well as starring in the nine-part Dalek Universe saga (which sees the Tenth Doctor trapped in the pre-Time War universe and separated from the TARDIS), Tennant reprised the Tenth Doctor for the second part of the Out of Time trilogy, fighting Cybermen with the Fifth Doctor (Peter Davison) in The Gates of Hell. As part of the multi-platform Time Lord Victorious storyline, Tennant co-starred in Echoes of Extinction alongside Paul McGann as the Eighth Doctor. He was set to be the first Doctor to appear in the spin-off series Torchwood, reuniting Tennant with John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness and Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones, for Absent Friends. However, while this story was recorded, its release was cancelled in May 2021.

The Out of Time trilogy concluded in June 2022 with Wink, featuring the Tenth Doctor and the Sixth Doctor battling Weeping Angels. In the same month, Tennant appeared as the Doctor in the seventh series of The War Master opposite Derek Jacobi as The Master. In September 2022, Big Finish released the Tenth Doctor, Classic Companions special, which reunites the Doctor with K9, Ace, Leela and Nyssa; he retrieves K9 from a temporal anomaly, helps an alternate version of Leela save a village, rescues Nyssa from a criminal using Time Lord technology as part of a scam, and subsequently leaves K9 with Ace after they stop Axos ("The Claws of Axos") from escaping its time loop prison.

Marking Doctor Who's 60th anniversary, Big Finish released the Once and Future series, in which an unspecified incarnation of the Doctor (later revealed to be the War Doctor) is attacked with a weapon that causes them to switch randomly between past and future incarnations. Tennant appears as the Tenth Doctor for The Martian Invasion of Planetoid 50 alongside Michelle Gomez as Missy. This production was recorded in October 2020, long before Tennant was cast as the Fourteenth Doctor for the television 60th anniversary specials.

The Tenth Doctor has made other Big Finish appearances that did not involve Tennant, using other actors to voice the Doctor. In April 2018, The Tenth Doctor Chronicles featured four new stories and starred voice actor Jacob Dudman as the Doctor and narrator; Jacqueline King and Michelle Ryan reprised their roles as Sylvia Noble and Lady Christina de Souza respectively. The Churchill Years featured stories of the show's portrayal of Winston Churchill – played by Ian McNeice narrating in-character – meeting various incarnations of the Doctor, including the Tenth Doctor in the episodes Hounded and Churchill Victorious. Likewise, the Tenth Doctor appears in three episodes of Tales from New Earth voiced by Kieran Hodgson.

In the Short Trips range, the Tenth Doctor appeared in the two-part story The Jago and Litefoot Revival alongside the Eleventh Doctor, narrated by Christopher Benjamin and Trevor Baxter. Camille Coduri reprised her role as Jackie Tyler to narrate a pair of stories featuring the Tenth Doctor's meta-crisis clone in The Siege of Big Ben and Flight into Hull set on the parallel Earth.

Video games
The Tenth Doctor appears alongside his fellow incarnations as a playable character in the 2015 toys-to-life crossover game LEGO Dimensions. He is shown wearing his duster coat and brown pinstripe suit. The character uses voice lines taken from the BBC archives. His TARDIS interior is a location that players can explore.

He, as well as the Thirteenth Doctor, appears as a playable character that users could purchase for free from the Avatar Shop within Roblox for a limited time, which also featured the Pting as a shoulder accessory, and the TARDIS in the form of a backpack. These items were added as part of a sponsorship between the Roblox Corporation and the BBC to promote the series finale of Series 12.

Reception
Tennant's tenure as the Tenth Doctor is highly regarded among fans of the show and his character received critical acclaim for his complexity and humanity. He is generally considered one of the greatest incarnations of the Doctor, often ranked alongside Tom Baker's Fourth Doctor. The BBC went as far as to consider ending the show in 2010, thinking it would fail without Tennant. In 2006, readers of Doctor Who Magazine voted Tennant's Doctor "Best Doctor" over perennial favourite Tom Baker. He also won the National Television Awards award for Most Popular Actor in 2006 and 2007, and the award for Outstanding Drama Performance in 2008 and 2010. In a poll conducted by Radio Times in March 2007, Tennant's Doctor was named the "coolest character on television". IGN ranked the Tenth Doctor the best Doctor in 2011. In 2013, IGN again ranked Tennant as the best Doctor, along with the Daily Mirror and Radio Times, with Billie Piper also being voted as best companion. Users of Plusnet also voted David Tennant as the best Doctor in 2013. Users of DoctorWhoTV also voted Tennant as 'Ultimate Doctor' in 2013. Voters on Digital Spy also rated Tennant as the greatest Doctor in 2013 with 50.05% of the votes, and again in 2015. Readers of The Telegraph voted Tennant as the greatest actor to play the Doctor in 2014.

Jenna Coleman, who played Clara Oswald and appeared with Tennant in "The Day of the Doctor", said that he was her favourite Doctor, along with Tom Baker. Writer Terry Pratchett considered Tennant's portrayal to be the greatest Doctor.

In 2016, Digital Spy readers voted the Tenth Doctor the best TV character of the 21st century.

title: Tenth Doctor


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User:Jammydodger/Britannican General Election, 1986

Election

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Media studies

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 2 April 2020 and 11 June 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Gracewang0424.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:45, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CMN2160B
— Assignment last updated by Xinyue Hu (talk) 13:29, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

Adding to Bibliography
Start of bibliography to expand the Origin and Canada sections:

Kuskis, Alexander (2012-07-10). "Marshall McLuhan as Educationist: Institutional Learning in the Postliterate Era". Explorations in Media Ecology. 10 (3): 313–333. doi:10.1386/eme.10.3-4.313_1. ISSN 1539-7785.

Eid, M. (2008). Editorial: Mapping communication and media studies in canada. Global Media Journal, 1, 3-n/a.

Zhou, M., 2019. Marshall McLuhan’s Mosaic: Probing the Literary Origins of Media Studies, Elena Lamberti (2012). Explorations in Media Ecology, [online] 18(3), pp.317-319.

Krodg093 (talk) 18:19, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

An Image of the Mass-Media?
If, as it looks, the image of the "girl with a newspaper featuring landing on the Moon" is found to be setup, should it not be deleted? Then again, might it not be used to highlight just how false the mass-media can be? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.166.178 (talk) 20:47, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Advanced Communication Theory
— Assignment last updated by Ianborton (talk) 22:10, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Media studies


text: Category:Transport in Kent

title: Category:Transport in Kent


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Boost (chocolate bar)

Boost (formerly known as Moro, sold as Moro Gold in Australasia) is a brand of chocolate bar manufactured by Cadbury. The bar is sold in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. It consists of milk chocolate with a caramel and biscuit filling.

History
Boost was introduced in the UK in 1985 as Coconut Boost, a coconut and caramel bar coated in chocolate. In 1989 the peanut and caramel Starbar was rebranded as Peanut Boost. A biscuit and caramel version was also launched. The coconut bar was discontinued in 1994 and the peanut version was again rebranded as Starbar. The biscuit version is now the standard Boost bar.

An energy version, Boost Guarana, was launched in the UK in 2002 along with Boost Glucose. Both were marketed with the slogan "gives you the edge".

In 2009, the Boost packaging was redesigned and the Boost Duo was also launched: two smaller Boost bars in one wrapper. Cadbury Boost Bites, bitesize bars sold in a 108g bag, were introduced in August 2015.

Boost+ Protein was introduced in 2018 containing caramel, "protein crisps", and less sugar than the standard bar. In 2019 a peanut version of this was also released.

Boost was the most popular snack among construction workers working on the 2012 London Olympics.

Following increased commodity prices and legislation from the Government, the Boost bar in the United Kingdom was shrunk from 60g down to 48.5g in 2013. In 2014, the Boost Duo version also shrank by 10g to 68g. The wrapper was notably updated to reflect the new Reference Intakes and use of Palm and Shea fat in the product. The boost Duo has shrunk yet again to 63g which is only 3g more than the original bar from 1985.

Marketing
In the 1990s Boost was advertised on television by comedy duo Reeves and Mortimer with the unconventional advertising slogan "It's slightly rippled with a flat under-side." Cadbury's Boost then went on to sponsor the successful Yamaha team in the British Superbike Championship. It has also been marketed using the slogan "charged with glucose".

title: Boost (chocolate bar)


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Action of 1595

The action of 1595 was an indecisive naval battle between forces of Malta, then under the protection of the Order of Saint John, and Bizerte, then part of the Ottoman Empire.

The battle took place in late June or early July 1595, after five Maltese galleys sailed south from Syracuse and encountered three Bizertine galleys off Longina. Two Maltese galleys failed to engage and the Bizertines escaped. There was some damage on both sides.

Malta

 * Capitana
 * San Fede
 * San Croce
 * Vittoria
 * San Placido

Bizerte
3 galleys

title: Action of 1595


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Roßwein

Roßwein is a town in the district of Mittelsachsen, Saxony, Germany.

title: Roßwein


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Sonja Hogg

Sonja Hogg (born December 20, 1945) is the former women's basketball program head coach at Louisiana Tech University and Baylor University. She posted an overall record of 307–55 at Louisiana Tech. Her record at Baylor in the Southwest Conference era was 24–33 overall (7–21 in conference). Hogg's record at Baylor in the Big 12 conference era was 59–58 overall (27–37 league mark). Her overall record at Baylor for all years was 83–91. Her combined overall record for her entire coaching career was 390–146.

Hogg was a physical education teacher at Ruston High School when she interviewed at Louisiana Tech for a position in its P.E. department. School president Dr. F. Jay Taylor remarked that several students had approached him about starting a women's basketball team. He asked if she would be interested, and she agreed.

When Hogg began putting together the team, she nicknamed it the "Lady Techsters." She felt the school's longtime nickname of Bulldogs was unfeminine, and disliked the idea that her players might be called "bitches" (a term for female dogs). She insisted that her players maintain standards and act like ladies off the court.

Hogg won the 1981 Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women title, beating Tennessee to finish the season undefeated at 34–0. Her team won the first NCAA women's title in 1982. From 1982 to 1985, she was co-head coach with her former top assistant, Leon Barmore, and completely turned over the reins to Barmore in 1985. Hogg coached at Deer Park High School from 1986 to 1988. She came out of retirement in 1994, and coached at Baylor for six years.

In 1986, Hogg was inducted into the Louisiana Tech University Athletic Hall of Fame. She received the 2004 Women's Naismith Outstanding Contribution to Basketball Award. In 2009, she was inducted to the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame, located in Knoxville, Tennessee. In June 2009, she was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame.

Head coaching record
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title: Sonja Hogg


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Judah Alkalai

Judah ben Solomon Chai Alkalai (1798 – October 1878) was a Sephardic Jewish rabbi, and one of the influential precursors of modern Zionism along with the Prussian Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer. Although he was a Sephardic Jew, he played an important role in a process widely attributed to the Ashkenazi Jews. Alkalai became noted through his advocacy in favor of the restoration of the Jews to the Land of Israel. By reason of some of his projects, he may justly be regarded as one of the precursors of the modern Zionists such as Theodor Herzl.

Biography
Yehuda Alkalai was born in Sarajevo in 1798. At that time Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Ottoman Empire.

He studied in Jerusalem, which also belonged to the Ottoman Turkish Empire, under different rabbis and came under the influence of the Kabbalah.

In 1825 he became reader and teacher at the Sephardic community of Semlin, and then its rabbi a few years later. Semlin, today's Zemun district of the Serbian capital Belgrade, was at that time part of the Austrian Empire's Military Frontier. At the time of Alkalai's arrival, the region was experiencing strong nationalist movements, and the Serbian War of Independence, which led to the creation of a new Serbian state after centuries of Ottoman occupation, gave impetus to new nationalistic ideas among Balkan Jews such as Alkalai.

In 1852, Alkalai established the Society of the Settlement of Eretz Yisrael in London.

In 1871 Alkalai visited Jerusalem and established another short-lived colonization society. In 1874, at the age of 76, he moved there with his wife. He died in 1878, days after his native Bosnia was occupied by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and was buried in the ancient Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery.

Influence on Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl's paternal grandfather, Simon Loeb Herzl, reportedly attended Alkalai's synagogue in Semlin and the two frequently visited. Grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl "had his hands on" one of the first copies of Alkalai's 1857 work prescribing the "return of the Jews to the Holy Land and renewed glory of Jerusalem." Contemporary scholars conclude that Herzl's own implementation of modern Zionism was undoubtedly influenced by that relationship.

Religious base for activism
Alkalai's view of Jewish return to the Land of Israel was a religious one. He maintained, based on an ample body of religious literature, that the coming of the Messiah and divine redemption of the Jews required their return to the Promised Land. His Kabbalistic view made him specifically assert that the year 1840 was the Year of Redemption, which was not a single year, but "a century, from this day until 1939", representing the "days of the Messiah". Unless powerful practical steps were taken, this opportunity would be lost, and the next extended "year" starting in 1940 would be one of great hardship when "with an outpouring of wrath will gather our dispersed". The outcome - the return to the Promised Land - would be the same, but under much harsher circumstances.

Political proto-Zionism
Alkalai's began by writing in Ladino, which limited his outreach to the rather small European Sephardic community. Only later did he adopt the much wider understood Hebrew language, and he only intensified his political work after the age of 60, at a time when a wider audience seemed to be ready to accept his ideas.

In his Shalom Yerushalayim (The Peace of Jerusalem), 1840, he replies to those who attacked his book, Darkhei No'am (The Pleasant Paths), which treated of the duty of tithes. Another work, Minchat Yehudah (The Offering of Judah), Vienna, 1843, is a panegyric on Montefiore and Crémieux, who had rescued the Jews of Damascus from a blood libel accusation. The 1840 Damascus Affair reassured Alkalai that the Jews needed a land of their own to act as a safe haven, but at the same time the positive effects of the intervention by the European powers and by a united front of European Jewish notables also convinced him about the usefulness of foreign support to the success of such an enterprise. In Raglei mevasser he specifically wrote that "The salvation of Israel lies in addressing to the kings of the earth a general request for the welfare of our nation and our holy cities, and for our return in repentance to the house of our mother... our salvation will come rapidly from the kings of the earth."

His plan called for the creation of a representative "Assembly of Jewish Notables" who would advocate the case of a Jewish return to the Land of Israel, and for the settlement of the land using funds collected from Jewish communities in form of a tithe, a tenth of one's income, a practice called halukka and already used for supporting the religious groups inhabiting the Jewish Four Holy Cities. In Minchat Yehudah Alkalai proposes a return to the roots: the restoration of Hebrew as the Jewish national language, the recovery of land of Israel by purchasing it much like Abraham did with the cave and field of Machpelah in Hebron, and agriculture as the basis for renewed Jewish settlement. For practical reasons and in spite of being a traditionalist who opposed Reform Judaism, Alkalai attempted to achieve national unity. Eventually Zionism would apply several of Alkalai's principles, such as the revival of Hebrew, the purchase of land, the pursuit of agricultural labour (though motivated by a "return to the land" of the Jews, seen as alienated from manual work, nature, and their ancestral land, rather than just as a means of immigrant integration and sustenance), and a political effort towards receiving support from the world powers, and for uniting all Jews behind Zionist ideals.

Apart from creating an impressive literary output, Alkalai also toured Western Europe in 1851–1852, including Great Britain, and spread his message among local communities. The success was small among fellow Jews, not least due to other rabbis who considered his idea of human acts constituting a catalyst for the coming of the Messiah as heretical, but British Christian Zionists helped him found a short-lived colonisation society.

His work, Goral la-Adonai (A Lot for the Lord), published in Vienna in 1857, is a treatise on the restoration of the Jews to their ancestral homeland, and suggests methods for the betterment of conditions in the Land of Israel. After a somewhat able homiletical discussion of the Messianic problem, in which he shows considerable knowledge of the traditional writers, Alkalai suggests the formation of a joint-stock company, such as a steamship or railroad trust, whose endeavor it should be to induce the Ottoman sultan to cede Land of Israel to the Jews as a tributary country, on a plan similar to that on which the Danubian Principalities were governed. To this suggestion are appended the commendations of numerous Jewish scholars of various schools of thought. The problem of the restoration of Palestine to the Jews was also discussed by Alkalai in Shema' Yisrael (Hear, O Israel), 1861 or 1862, and in Harbinger of Good Tidings (compare Jewish Chronicle, 1857, p. 1198, where his name is spelled Alkali).

Alkalai joined the first Jewish organisation for the agricultural settlement of the Land of Israel, the Kolonisations-Verein für Palästina (Association for the Colonisation of Palestine), established in Frankfurt (Oder) in 1860 by Chaim Lorje. Although Alkalai and others, such as Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer, put much energy into promoting its goals, the association couldn't reach any tangible results and soon dispersed.

title: Judah Alkalai


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Mamercus Aemilius Scaurus

Mamercus Aemilius Scaurus (died AD 34) was a Roman rhetorician, poet and senator. Tacitus writes that Scaurus was "a man of distinguished rank and ability as an advocate, but of infamous life." He was suffect consul from July to the end of the year AD 21, with Gnaeus Tremellius as his colleague.

Scaurus was a member of the patrician Aemilia gens. His father was Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. The younger Scaurus was married twice. His first wife was Aemilia Lepida, who bore him a daughter; Lepida was accused of adultery and attempting to poison Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, found guilty, and exiled. After Lepida had died, or Scaurus divorced her, he married Sextia.

Life
The first mention of Scaurus in historical literature comes in AD 14, at the time of Tiberius' accession to the throne. Both Scaurus and Quintus Haterius gave speeches of congratulation, which the new emperor suspected of being insincere. While Tiberius responded to Haterius' comments with invective, he passed over what Scaurus said in silence.

Scaurus appears periodically in Tacitus' Annales afterwards. In the year 21, when Corbulo complained on the Senate floor that a young noble, Lucius Sulla, had not shown him respect at a gladiatorial show despite being an ex-praetor, much older and more respected by the older senators, Scaurus, Lucius Arruntius, and other kinsmen of the young Sulla defended him. Arguments followed and were only ended when Drusus intervened and brought the body back to order. Both Sulla and Scaurus apologized to Corbulo.

The following year Scaurus appears in the Senate joining in the prosecution of Gaius Junius Silanus for extortion while proconsular governor of Asia, sacrilege and violating the law of majestas towards Tiberius. This prosecution resulted with Silanus exiled to the island of Cynthus.

Scaurus' final episode in the Senate began in the year 32, when Servilius and Cornelius Tuscus accused him and a number of other senators of treason. While some were saved by the intervention of one of the tribunes of the urban cohorts, Tiberius postponed Scaurus' case intending to handle it himself; Tacitus notes the emperor "affixed some ominous marks to the name of Scaurus." When Tiberius considered Scaurus' case two years later, his enemy the praetorian prefect Naevius Sutorius Macro added the charge that certain verses in a tragedy Scaurus had written could be interpreted to disrespect Tiberius. At the suggestion of his wife Sextia, Mamercus Aemilius Scaurus took his own life; she followed suit shortly after.

title: Mamercus Aemilius Scaurus


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AISB

AISB may stand for:
 * American International School of Bucharest in Bucharest, Romania
 * American International School of Budapest in Budapest, Hungary
 * American International School of Bamako in Bamako, Mali
 * American International School of Bolivia in Cochabamba, Bolivia
 * Apathy is Boring, also known as A is B
 * Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour

title: AISB


text:
User:Martinoza

I am a Slovak, living in Sydney, Australia and Prague, Czech Republic. Check www.martinoza.sk or www.tm91.net for more information.

cs:Wikipedista:Martinoza de:Benutzer:Martinoza fr:Utilisateur:Martinoza it:Utente:Martinoza pl:Wikipedysta:Martinoza pt:Usuário:Martinoza ru:Участник:Martinoza sk:Redaktor:Martinoza sl:Uporabnik:Martinoza

title: User:Martinoza


text:
Talk:Detention

VfD
On April 3 2005 this article was nominated for deletion. The result of the debate was that this article be KEPT. The debate is on Votes for deletion/Detention. Sjakkalle 12:34, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

mildest form of punishment
On the contrary, I would describe detention as the strongest form of punishment that does not involve preventing a pupil from attending school. Am I the only person who looks at it from this angle?
 * Depends on whether your school system paddles students. -- BD2412 talk 16:08, 2005 May 18 (UTC)

The article's structure is a mess
The detention in schools is undoubtfully the second, the minor meaning of the term. What is it doing in the intro? Ukrained 00:26, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Detention is definitely the minor meaning. Facts&moreFacts 04:45, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Detention


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Beer in India

Beer in India has been prepared from rice or millet for thousands of years. In the 18th century, the British introduced European beer to India. Beer is not as popular as stronger alcoholic beverages like desi daru and Indian-made foreign liquor, such as Indian whiskey. The most popular beers in India are strong beers.

Beer-like sura has been produced in India since the Vedic era (c. 1500–1200 BCE, Rig Veda), rice beer has been produced by the native tribes since ancient times, European beer imports to India from England started in 1716, introduced by the British raj. Lion beer, produced continuously since the 1820s, is Asia's first beer brand, and the first Indian brewed European style beer.

Traditional beer

The Vedas mention a beer-like drink called sura. It was the favourite of the god Indra. Sura is also mentioned in the Ramayana. Megasthenes has recorded usage of rice beer in India. Kautilya has also mentioned two intoxicating beverages made from rice called Medaka and Prasanna.

Rice beer or handia has been traditionally prepared by various indigenous tribes of India, in which Ruellia suffruticosa is sometimes added for flavor. Rice beer also has ceremonial use among the Asur people. Millet beer is also prepared by some tribes. According to biologist J. B. S. Haldane, local beer helped in keeping diseases like beri beri checked in these tribes. Recently, government and social workers have been trying to curb alcohol usage among these tribes. Elephant herds have been known to attack villages to drink this rice beer for which they have acquired a taste.

European beer
European-style beer was introduced in India by the British. By 1716, pale ale and Burton ale were being imported to India from England. To protect the beer from spoiling during the long journey, it had to have high alcohol content and hops were added to it. This led to the invention of India pale ale in about 1787 by Bow Brewery.

In 1830, Edward Abraham Dyer, father of Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer of Jallianwala Bagh massacre, travelled to India and set up India's first brewery, the Kasauli Brewery. It produced the beer brand Lion, which is still available. In 1835,  the beer production at Kasauli brewery was moved to Solan Brewery at Solan in a swap when Kasauli Brewery started producing India's first single malt whisky, the Solan No. 1. In 1885, it was incorporated as Dyer Breweries. Later, more breweries were built across India, Burma and Sri Lanka, and added to it. Later, H. G. Meakin bought the Solan brewery and added some more. It came to be known as Dyer-Meakin & Company. By the year 1882, there were 12 breweries in India in all, including one in Rangoon.

In the year 1892, 4,831,127 gallons of beer were produced in India. Out of this 2,748,365 gallons were purchased by commissariat and rest was left for consumption by the civilian population. But, British soldiers reportedly did not like local beer and preferred imported beer which they were able to acquire cheaply. In 1967 the price was only 6.5 rupees.

In 1937, Burma was separated from India and the company lost its Burmese assets. The company was restructured and renamed as Dyer Meakin Breweries. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange. In 1949, N. N Mohan acquired all the assets of Dyer Meakin Breweries and added a few more units. In 1967, the company was renamed to Mohan Meakin Breweries.

Modern
Established in 1969, Lilasons Breweries in Madhya Pradesh is known for their strong beer brand Khajuraho. It is considered the first super-strong beer brand in India. In recent years, foreign companies have been entering India and acquiring local businesses. In 1999, United Breweries floated a subsidiary called Millennium AlcoBev. It was a joint venture between United Breweries, UK-based Scottish & Newcastle and Ravi Jain. In 2000, SABMiller India entered Indian market by acquiring Narang Breweries. In June 2001, it acquired the Mysore Breweries. In 2003, SABMiller India acquired 50% stake in local Shaw Wallace's beer business. In November 2002, SABMiller India acquired Rochees Breweries.

In May 2005, SABMiller India acquired Shaw Wallace's beer assets for ₹600 crore. Also in 2005, Carlsberg entered India with its local venture, South Asian Breweries. Also in 2005, Singapore-based Asia Pacific Breweries acquired a 76% shared the local Aurangabad Breweries. In late 2005, UK-based Cobra Beer entered the Indian market by beginning negotiations with in December. In 2006, SABMiller India acquired Foster's Indian assets.

In February 2006, Anheuser-Busch Inbev, the makers of Budweiser, entered a partnership with Hyderabad-based Crown Beers. Also in 2006, Ravi Jain divested his holdings in Millennium AlcoBev. In 2010, United Breweries consolidate its assets, merging Millennium AlcoBev and other units back into itself. In 2011, United Breweries announced that they would produce the Heineken brand beer in India. In 2012 after India allowed foreign-direct investment from Pakistan, Murree Beer representatives stated that they were seeking to export their brand to India. The Rawalpindi-based Murree Beer, which was established in 1861, has been trying to enter the Indian market since 2003.

"Oktoberfest Goa", a beer, food and electronic music festival, has been held every year since 2011 in Goa.

The Competition Commission of India found United Breweries Limited (UBL), Anheuser Busch InBev India Ltd. (AB InBev) and Carlsberg India Private Limited (CIPL) guilty of price fixing and imposed fines in September 2021. UBL and CIPL were fined inr 7500000000 and inr 1200000000 respectively, while AB InBev was given a 100% benefit of reduction in penalty.

Brands and breweries
The largest selling India beer brand is Kingfisher. Other major Indian brands are Hunter, Kalyani, Haywards, Knock Out and Zingaro. The largest brewery in India by market share is the Bangalore based United Breweries. Other major breweries in India are Carlsberg, SABMiller India, B9 Beverages (Bira 91) Som Distilleries and Breweries Ltd and Anheuser-Busch Inbev. In 2013, United Breweries had a market share of 55% and SABMiller India had a share of 23%. SABMiller India owns the Haywards brand, KALS breweries owns Foster's Indian units.

Although imported beer brands like, Corona, Singha, Tsingtao, Victoria Bitter, Geist and, are available in India, they are costly due to high import duties reaching up to 100%. Carlsberg's Tuborg Booster Strong brand (8% ABV) and Anheuser-Busch Inbev's Budweiser Magnum (6.5% ABV) are sold only in India. United Breweries' Kingfisher Strong (8% ABV) is India's best selling brand.

Some of the major beer brands in India by market share are:

Craft beer
Modern craft beer came relatively late to India. The first Indian brewpubs opened in Pune (Doolally) and Gurgaon Ahirwal (Howzat) in 2009. Also around the same time, India's first bottled craft beers were launched by the Martin Judd's brewery in Maharashtra, and Australian owned "Little Devils" in Ghaziabad. While the bottling ventures proved short-lived, and closed down within a years time, brewpubs have since become a successful format and common sight, especially in India's large cities. In 2019, India counts more than 200 brewpubs, of which about 60 each are located in Bangalore and Gurgaon, respectively.

Bottled Indian craft beer became available again after a long break in 2016, when the White Rhino brewery opened in Gwalior, and soon after started selling their beers in Haryana and Delhi. Since then, new packaging craft breweries have opened in Bangalore and Goa.

Due to restrictive Indian liquor manufacturing laws, some entrepreneurs have chosen to manufacture their beer outside of India. Among them was Bira91, an Indian witbier brand, which became extremely popular across the country, and has since shifted its production back to India.

Sales and consumption
In 2014-15 financial year, the beer market in India grew by 6% to 22.3 million hectolitres (or to 286 million cases). On the one hand, this rate is twice faster as compared to the 2013-14-year; on the other hand, it is half than the average rate over the preceding decade. The per capita consumption of beer is 1.6 litres. Due to the increase in disposable income and discerning consumers, the potential is high. The industry has been growing over the last few years and this growth is attributed to the growing middle class. The increased consumption has raised the price of barley in India.

Indians prefer stronger alcoholic drinks, like whiskey, over beer, because it is cheaper and has a higher alcohol content. Indians mostly consume stronger brews. Strong beer with alcohol content in the 5-8% range accounted for 83% of the total beer sales in 2012. Beer accounts for only 5% of the total alcohol consumed. The low consumption is attributed to high cost, availability and stringent regulations. Karnataka and Kerala are the only two state in India which has a lower tax rate for beer compared to other alcoholic beverages. Maharashtra has the highest tax on alcohol, at 43%. The latest entrant into the Indian market is the Bira 91 brand with its headquarters in Delhi, making a steady rise in the beer market.

Domestic-market beer is packaged in 650-ml bottles and come in cases of 6. Export-market beer come in 330-ml Standard European or 625-ml (22 imp. oz.) bottles. They come in mild (4% to 5% ABV) and strong (6% to 8% ABV) lagers.

title: Beer in India


text:
Willie Thrower

Willie Lee Thrower Sr. (March 22, 1930 – February 20, 2002) was an American football quarterback. Born near Pittsburgh in New Kensington, Pennsylvania, Thrower was known as "Mitts" because of his large hands and arm strength, which stood in contrast to his 5' 11" frame. He was known to throw a football 70 yards. Thrower was a part of the 1952 Michigan State Spartans that won the national championship. He became the first National Football League (NFL) African American quarterback in the modern era, playing for the Chicago Bears in 1953.

Early life
Thrower played halfback in the single-wing formation for New Kensington High School (present-name: Valley High School) as a freshman just after the end of World War II, in 1945. Single wing halfbacks received a direct center snap, and then had run, handoff or pass options. The team lost two games in 1945. In subsequent seasons head coach Don Fletcher installed the T formation and moved Thrower to quarterback.

From his sophomore to senior years, New Kensington won 24 straight games, including the 1946 and 1947 Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League (WPIAL) Class AA championships. As a dual-threat quarterback, Thrower was also an All-WPIAL and all-state first team honors and was named captain for an All-American scholastic selection covering the nation east of the Mississippi River. His final high school record was 35–3–1.

Despite his accomplishments, Thrower still experienced racism. In 1947, the Peanut Bowl, played at A. J. McClung Memorial Stadium, the home of the University of Georgia's football team, featuring a top high school team from the East against a top team from the South, rescinded the invitation it had extended to New Kensington High School to play in the annual January 1 prep classic game when organizers saw a photograph of its star player, Thrower. In addition, many colleges opted not to extend Thrower a scholarship when they discovered his ethnicity.

College football
After graduating, Thrower chose to play collegiate football for the Michigan State Spartans alongside some of his high school teammates William Horrell, Joseph Klein, Renaldo Kozikowski, Vincent Pisano and the Tamburo brothers, Harry and Richard. He would remain in East Lansing from 1949–1952, competing for playing time at quarterback with All-Americans Al Dorow and Tom Yewcic. Under head coach Clarence "Biggie" Munn, Thrower became the first black quarterback to play in the Big Ten Conference, in 1950, his first year of varsity eligibility (NCAA rules dictated no freshmen on varsity teams, thereby preventing Thrower, who was a freshman in 1949, to play) although during the first two years of his varsity career, he had only attempted 14 passes.

During the 1952 championship season, Thrower was an integral part of the title run, completing 59 percent of his passes (29-of-43) for 400 yards and five touchdowns. In a crucial game with Notre Dame, Thrower stepped in for an injured quarterback Tom Yewcic and threw a touchdown in a 21–3 win. In his final game in a Spartan uniform, Thrower completed seven of his 11 attempts for 71 yards and a touchdown, and added a rushing touchdown in a dominating 62–13 win over Marquette that sealed the nation's Number 1 ranking and championship, for Michigan State.

National Football League (1953)
In the 10th minute of the period, (Joe) Perry fumbled and (Dick) Hensley recovered on the 49ers' 16. Willie Thrower, former Michigan State Negro quarterback star making his major league debut, passed 12 to (Jim) Dooley, putting the ball on the 4.

(George) Blanda and (Fred) Morrison came into the game with a resounding razzberry. They wanted Willie to put it over. But Morrison did it on a blast off tackle. The boos changed to cheers.

Although Thrower was not drafted in 1953, he was offered a one year, $8,500 contract with the Chicago Bears. He became the backup quarterback and roommate to future Pro Football Hall of Famer George Blanda.

He did not play until October 18, 1953 against the San Francisco 49ers. Bears coach George Halas was unhappy with Blanda's play and pulled him, sending in Thrower. He moved the team to the 15-yard line of the 49ers, but was denied a chance to score a TD when Halas put Blanda back into the game. The Bears eventually lost the game 35–28. Thrower completed 3 out of 8 passes for 27 yards, and had one interception. He would only play one more game for the Bears, who released Thrower after the 1953 season.

Thrower played the next three seasons in the Canadian Football League with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and for a semi-pro team in Toronto, but a shoulder injury ended his career.

Military service
Thrower was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army and served during the Korean War.

Subsequent Life and Death
Thrower returned to New Kensington from Canada and married a childhood neighbor. They then moved to Yonkers, NY where he worked as a social worker, but returned to New Kensington, where they raised three sons. In New Kensington, he worked in construction and as an entrepreneur, operating The Touchdown Lounge.

Thrower died of a heart attack in New Kensington on February 20, 2002, at the age of 71. His funeral was held at the Mount Calvary Missionary Baptist Church in New Kensington, where 150 people mourned.

Legacy
In 1979, Thrower was elected to the Westmoreland County Sports Hall of Fame. In 1981, he was inducted into AK Valley Hall of Fame. In 2011, he was inducted into the WPIAL Hall of Fame.

Being the first African-American quarterback in the NFL, in 2002 Thrower told The Valley News Dispatch of Tarentum, Pa, "I look at it like this: I was like the Jackie Robinson of football. A black quarterback was unheard of before I hit the pros."

In 2006, a statue of Thrower was erected near Valley High School in New Kensington to honor his accomplishments. The statue was unveiled during a Valley High School football game in September attended by Pittsburgh Steelers owner Dan Rooney as well as Thrower's family. Willie Thrower was also mentioned by former NFL quarterback Warren Moon in his Pro Football Hall of Fame acceptance speech. Moon thanked Thrower, among others, for giving him inspiration during a time when few African-Americans played the quarterback position in the NFL.

In 2003, the Willie Thrower Historical Marker was erected on the road that runs past the high school Thrower attended in New Kensington.

In 2021, the Willie Thrower Award Foundation debuted an award for the top quarterback in the WPIAL and City League by honoring a top quarterback from the 2020 season. The award is a replica of the statue of Thrower.

October 12, 2023 has been designated Willie Thrower Community Day in New Kensignton, as part of a four-day celebration of the 70th anniversary of Thrower's play for the Chicago Bears.

title: Willie Thrower


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Graham Johnson (musician)

Graham Johnson OBE (born 10 July 1950) is a British classical pianist and Lieder accompanist.

Biography
Johnson was born in Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia. His father played the piano and the saxophone. In 1967, Johnson began studies at the Royal Academy of Music (RAM), where his teachers included Harry Isaacs and John Streets. Johnson has acknowledged a 1972 live recital by Peter Pears and Benjamin Britten as key in directing his musical career ambitions towards being an accompanist. After leaving the RAM in 1972, he continued studies with Gerald Moore and Geoffrey Parsons.

Johnson was the official pianist at Peter Pears's first masterclasses at the Snape Maltings, which brought him into contact with Benjamin Britten. In 1976, he formed The Songmakers' Almanac to explore neglected areas of piano-accompanied vocal music, along with founder singers Felicity Lott, Ann Murray, Anthony Rolfe Johnson and Richard Jackson. The Songmakers' Almanac has given over 200 programmes throughout its history and has recorded commercially for such labels as Hyperion Records.

Johnson has a long-standing artistic relationship with the Wigmore Hall, as an accompanist and in programming concert series. He devised and accompanied concerts in the hall's re-opening series in 1992, and in its centenary celebrations in 2001. He has been a member of the jury for the Wigmore Hall Song Competition since its inception.

Johnson is especially noted for his commercial recordings of Lieder, in particular for the Hyperion label, and for his scholarship in his liner notes for these recordings. His first recording for Hyperion was the album Voices of the Night (1980). His single largest and most renowned project for Hyperion was a series of 37 CDs of the complete Lieder of Franz Schubert. Hyperion reissued their complete Schubert Edition in 2005 with 3 supplemental CDs of Lieder by contemporaries and friends of Schubert. Before completion of the Hyperion Schubert Edition Johnson undertook recording, devising the programmes for each disc, and writing the liner notes for the Complete Songs of Robert Schumann, and initiated a recorded cycle of the Lieder of Johannes Brahms. He has also served as accompanist to recordings of French songs. Johnson has also recorded commercially for Sony Classical, BMG, harmonia mundi, Forlane, Collins Classics (later reissued on Naxos), EMI Classics and Deutsche Grammophon.

Johnson is Senior Professor of Accompaniment at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and has led a biennial scheme for Young Songmakers since 1985. He is the author of several books, including The Songmakers' Almanac: Twenty Years of Recitals in London (Thames Publishing), The French Song Companion (Oxford University Press; 2000), Britten, Voice & Piano: Lectures on the Vocal Music of Benjamin Britten (Guildhall; 2003) and Gabriel Fauré – The Songs and Their Poets (Guildhall; 2009). In 2014, Yale University Press published Johnson's three-volume study of Schubert songs and vocal ensembles, and their poets.

In 1997 Johnson met the American baritone Brandon Velarde, with whom he entered into a civil partnership in 2005.

Honours
Johnson was created an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1994 Birthday Honours list. He was the Royal Philharmonic Society's Instrumentalist of the Year in 1998. In June 2000, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. In 2002, he was created Chevalier in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government. He was granted Honorary Membership in the Royal Philharmonic Society in 2010.

Awards for his recordings include the Gramophone solo vocal award in 1989 (with Dame Janet Baker), 1996 (Die schöne Müllerin with Ian Bostridge), 1997 (for the inauguration of the Robert Schumann series with Christine Schäfer) and 2001 (with Magdalena Kožená).

In February 2013 Graham Johnson received a special citation and medal from the Jerusalem Music Centre in Jerusalem, Israel, where he also gave master classes in piano accompaniment and took part in several concerts of Lieder by Franz Schubert.

In 2018 Graham Johnson was awarded the Schubert Prize by the German Schubert Society for his life's work.

In February 2021 Graham Johnson was awarded the Cross of the Order of Merit (Bundesverdienstkreuz) by the Federal Republic of Germany in recognition of his “outstanding contribution to the art of German song in Britain.” German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier praised the British pianist’s “tireless commitment to advancing the careers of young talent” and “special contribution to British-German musical friendship”.

title: Graham Johnson (musician)


text:
User talk:Jmcmegamega

This is my talk. I am JMC from Italy, I'm an engineer in electronics, I was born in 1982 and I joined the wikipedia community on 15th April 2005.

Welcome!
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Gkhan 12:44, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, I assume that it was you that signed my talk-page. You had forgot to log in and you signed with your IP instead (but good that you signed, many new users forget). If you wonder how i noticed you so quickly, it was because I was on what is called RC patrol. If you go to the page called Special:Recentchanges you'll see the latest 50 changes to wikipedia. There I saw that you'd created your page, and I'd thought I'd welcome you (usually I go on RC patrol to spot vandalism and revert it, its actually quite satisying, but every once in a while I welcome new users). If you have any questions regarding wikipedia, feel free to ask, I'm here to help. Oh, and by the way, that whole Vandalism of my Userpage-thing, it's just a badge of pride, like the old saying "If people hate you, you must be doing something right" (not that people hate me, it's just one dude) :D Gkhan 16:59, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jmcmegamega


text:
Talk:Chinese honey bee

VfD
Page is a redirect per a VfD debate. That debate is at Votes for deletion/Chinese honey bee. Sjakkalle 12:41, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese honey bee


text:
Talk:Fritjof Capra

A little biased?
Those last two paragraphs read like an advertisement.

Agreed: deleted one unreferenced phrase re: Capra's latest book on Leonardo, which is patently hype: "the first book to present a coherent account of the scientific achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, and to cogitate them from the perspective of 21st-century scientific and philosophical thought." -- Paulscrawl (talk) 06:54, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

New comment from 203.29.175.148
Im totally new to this editing thing but i just wanted to comment. I have been doing a bit of reading and research lately and i think Fridjof Capra deserves something a bit more comprehensive for an article. I dont think im yet qualified to do it myself but i know this guy is an incredible person whos ideas and projects deserve much more publicity and recognition than they have. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.29.175.148 (talk) 02:23, 22 November 2006

 * If you haven't by now, you should read How to edit a page and How to log in. These should answer your questions about Wikipedia. Logging in has several benefits, including allowing you to watch page, so that you know if they are changed. Welcome. (I share your thoughts about the importance of Capra! --Bhuston 11:45, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Call to participation
This comment is left on the understanding that Fritjof Capra, or somebody who knows him, will read it. He is probably among the very few people who will understand the fractal similarities of process that operate on many levels of ecosystem: cell, human body, human community. He will understand that certain processes as division operate on all three levels, and that this has implications for ethics, civics and politics. Therefore, he and anybody else who graps these concepts is invited to participate with the embodiment wiki: http://www.embodimentwiki.org/

criticism
i removed the following passage because it is to strongly worded for the introduction and i don´t quite know what to do with it, the provided ref does not say what is said in passage and to call the sceptical inquirer as some scientific observers is a little misleading:

His works all share a similar subtext: that "there are hidden connections between everything". Huge numbers of this book have been sold, but Capra's views are dismissed by some scientific observers as being unfalsifiable and therefore of little interest to them. trueblood (talk) 17:37, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

removed section
i removed the following section, it is badly written and does not provide references, saying that capra thougtht that quantum mechanics proves mysticism is a bit simplified, is it not

Revision of the Original Stance
Capra's latest stance has detracted away from his original position. Capra no longer claims that Quantum mechanics proves mysticism but rather that there are important parallels. Mysticism cannot substitute quantum mechanics or vice versa. During the original publication of the Tao of Physics, Capra attempted to draw parallels between Hinduism's Indra's Net of Jewels, or Buddhist interpenetration and the bootstrap model. Now that the bootstrap model is out of vogue in the physics community, Capra has considerably revised his stance. trueblood (talk) 17:26, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Pseudoscientific claims
It's interesting that here in Wikipedia, authors like Fritjof Capra, Jean Charon and others "from the same team" don't receive any criticism or accusations of practicing bad philosophy or bad science. 186.204.26.39 (talk) 15:56, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Because critisim should be basen on reliable sources, not personal thoughts of editors. If you give some lingk to scientific criticism, i think it will be added. Cathry (talk) 18:05, 13 January 2015 (UTC)

Reception, citations
For a longstanding biography of a living person (created in 2002), this article is extremely sparsely cited. The IP above was on the right lines - the article should summarize reliably published criticism and praise of Capra, neutrally and with sources. This could be done in a separate Reception section covering his published works, or worked into the biography to provide sources for the claims made there. Or, of course, both. Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:36, 23 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fritjof Capra


text: Category:Education in Kent

title: Category:Education in Kent


text:
User talk:Smalins

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Smoddy (tgeck) 12:43, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Smalins


text:
Talk:Maurice Hilleman

NY Times article 2013-05-06
Those interested in this subject may want to consider adding content from this NY Times article: "A Forgotten Pioneer of Vaccines". RCraig09 (talk) 16:36, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

Autism discredit
Hilleman was the inventor of the multi-vaccine that was later "proven" by Wakefield to cause autism, published in 1998. The article was later found to be totally false and the autism connection disproven, but only after much publicity. The journal later retracted the article in 2010 or thereabouts. Wakefield was later discredited for his methods and eventually lost his license to practice medicine. However this was a huge tarnishing of Hilleman's name and likely resulted in his not receiving the Nobel prize that he deserved for his work (It is said that Hilleman saved more lives than any other medical researcher in history). Yet this Wiki article about him contains nothing about this "scandal" its almost as though Wiki is trying to hide this shameful episode: there is no mention of wakefield, the journal article of Hilleman's later vindification, or of the bogus vaccine-autism connection and the dis-proving of such. This event really needs to be included along with the eventual outcome as it was a significant part of this man's life, resulting in his receiving hate mail instead of the Nobel prize. Not to mention that the autism scare still persists in some people's minds even today. There is no mention of it in the Wiki not even a reference to the autism scare (that may properly be in a separate Wiki article altogether). 2601:342:0:E3D0:8C33:846B:7582:1348 (talk) 07:01, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I am unaware of nomination for a Nobel prize or one being withdrawn. If you have any reliable sources about that, or hate mail, or anything else about it, please provide a link. MartinezMD (talk) 01:32, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maurice Hilleman


text:
Pam Bowers

Pamela Ann Bowers (born February 8, 1949) is an American basketball coach. She was the head coach for women's basketball at Baylor University from 1979 to 1994.

Early life and education
Pam Bowers was born in Ennis, Texas. She graduated in 1970 from Dallas Baptist College.

Coaching career
Bowers was the first women's basketball coach at McLennan Community College in Waco for four seasons beginning in 1975, achieving an 80–30 record and three North Texas Junior College Conference championships.

She was hired by Baylor in 1978 after McLennan beat them. In 1980–81 Baylor had a 29–11 record and went to the National Women's Invitational Tournament. Over fifteen years, Bowers's record was 168–257 with three winning seasons,  and she was a member of the board of directors of the District 6 Women's Basketball Coaches Association.

In 1993–94 Bowers was fired, re-hired and fired again after the team went 15-16 for the season. Two weeks later she filed suit against the university alleging violations of the federal Title IX prohibition on sex discrimination and retaliation for her reporting violations of NCAA regulations by men's basketball coach Darrel Johnson. In August 1995 she and Baylor reached an out-of-court settlement.

Bowers worked at a junior high school in Waco after leaving Baylor. In 2004 she was hired as girls' basketball coach at Morton Ranch High School in Katy.

title: Pam Bowers


text: Template:Baix Vinalopó

title: Template:Baix Vinalopó


text: Category:Religion in Kent

title: Category:Religion in Kent


text:
Talk:Will Marion Cook

Untitled
Am i mistaken in recalling Will Marion Cook as a mentor of Duke Ellington? No mention i can find in either article. --Jerzy (t) 12:47, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)

Alex Ross' article "Learning the Score" in The New Yorker Sept. 4, 2006 states that Cook was a mentor of Duke Ellington. He does not cite a source.Casssnider 21:15, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Regarding the uncited claim that Cook studied overseas, I found mention in the New York Age (7 May 1908, p. 6) that Cook's mother "sent him abroad to study, and he had returned well-equipped to compete with the best in his line..." Unfortunately, no further details are given.

https://www.newspapers.com/image/34494494

mendali 22:45, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Will Marion Cook


text:
Palazzo Pamphilj

 * See also Palazzo Doria Pamphilj and Pamphilj Palace (Albano)

Palazzo Pamphilj, also spelled Palazzo Pamphili, is a palace facing onto the Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy. It was built between 1644 and 1650.

Since 1920, the palace has housed the Brazilian Embassy in Italy. In October 1960, it became the property of the Federative Republic of Brazil in a purchase negotiation led by Ambassador Hugo Gouthier de Oliveira Gondim. The roof terrace is open to the public, with a renowned restaurant and bar that showcases the Roman skyline, and frequent concerts, often featuring Italian opera.

History
In 1644, Cardinal Giambattista Pamphilj of the powerful Pamphilj family, who already owned a palace between the Piazza Navona and the Via Pasquino, became Pope Innocent X. With this election came the desire for a larger more magnificent building to reflect his family's increased prestige. Further land was bought, the architect Girolamo Rainaldi received the commission and construction began in 1646. The new project was to incorporate some existing buildings, including the former palace of the Pamphilj (whose decoration by Agostino Tassi was partially preserved) and the Palazzo Cibo. The building work was overseen and managed by Pope Innocent X:s sister-in-law, Olimpia Maidalchini. While the Pope had his apartment facing the Piazza Navona, Olimpia had her apartment on the opposite side facing the Piazza di Pasquino - both with a direct connection to the huge gallery going through the whole width of the building.

In 1647, the Baroque architect Francesco Borromini was consulted about the design and he made a series of new proposals for the palace. However, the prevailing preference was for Rainaldi's more staid and conservative design. Borromini's limited contributions included the stucco decoration of the salone (the main room) and design of the Gallery, located at first floor level between the rest of the palace and the church of St. Agnese next door. The Gallery extends through the width of the block with a large Serliana window at either end.

Between 1651 and 1654, the painter Pietro da Cortona was commissioned to decorate the Gallery vault. His secular fresco cycle depicts scenes from the life of Aeneas, the legendary founder of Rome, as recounted by Virgil. The Pamphili claim to be descended from Aeneas. Unlike the large spacious volume of the Palazzo Barberini in which he had painted his fresco celebrating the reign of Innocent's predecessor, Urban VIII Barberini, the Pamphilj Gallery was long with a low vault which meant that a single viewpoint to see the frescoes was not possible. So Cortona devised a series of scenes around a central painted framed ‘Apotheosis of Aeneas’ into the Olympian heavens. The elaborate doorframes regularly spaced along the longer walls of the Gallery display a combination of motifs typically used by Borromini and by Cortona

The plan has three courtyards. The rooms on the piano nobile (the first floor) have frescoes and friezes by artists such as Giacinto Gimignani, Gaspard Dughet, Andrea Camassei, Giacinto Brandi, Francesco Allegrini, and Pier Francesco Mola.

Carlo Rainaldi, the son of Girolamo, completed the building around 1650.

The new palazzo was also the home of Innocent's widowed sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini, who was his confidante and advisor and, more scurrilously, reputed to be his mistress. She was the mother of Camillo Pamphilj, the one time cardinal, who through his marriage came into the possession of the Palazzo Aldobrandini, now known as the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj.

Confusingly, until the unification of the Doria and Pamphilj surnames both palazzi were known as Palazzo Pamphilj, or in the case of today's Doria Pamphilj sometimes "Palazzo Pamfilio". Both spellings Pamphilj and Pamphili are in common Italian usage, even though the family prefers Pamphilj.

title: Palazzo Pamphilj


text:
User:Linnea

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fi:Käyttäjä:Linnea __NOINDEX__

title: User:Linnea