text:
Captain-class frigate

The Captain class was the designation given to 78 frigates of the Royal Navy, constructed in the United States, launched in 1942–1943 and delivered to the United Kingdom under the provisions of the Lend-Lease agreement. They were drawn from two classes of the American destroyer escort (originally "British Destroyer Escort") classification: 32 of the GMT (Evarts) Type and 46 of the TE (Buckley) Type. Upon reaching the UK the ships were substantially modified by the Royal Navy, making them distinct from the US Navy destroyer escort ships.

Captain-class frigates acted in the roles of convoy escorts, anti-submarine warfare vessels, coastal forces control frigates and headquarters ships for the Normandy landings. During the course of World War II this class participated in the sinking of at least 34 German submarines and a number of other hostile craft; 15 of the 78 Captain-class frigates were either sunk or written off as a constructive total loss.

In the post-war period, all of the surviving Captain-class frigates except one (HMS Hotham which was used as a power station and for powerplant experiments) were returned to the US Navy before the end of 1947 in order to reduce the amount payable under the provisions of the Lend-Lease agreement; the last Captain-class frigate was returned to United States custody in March 1956.

Naming
It was the intention of the Admiralty that these ships would be named after captains who served with Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, but as building continued it became necessary to delve back further into history for the names of well-regarded admirals and captains.

Of the 78 frigates, 66 bore names that had not been allocated to earlier Royal Navy ships. Lawford, Louis, Manners, Moorsom, Mounsey, Narborough, Pasley and Seymour had been used for destroyers during World War I. HMS Rupert (K561) was the fifth of that name since 1666. Torrington was the fourth of that name since 1654. Holmes had been used once before in 1671 and Fitzroy had previously been used for a survey vessel in 1919.

Early history

In June 1941 the British government, seeking to take advantage of the US Lend-Lease program, asked the United States to design, build and supply an escort vessel that was suitable for anti-submarine warfare in deep open ocean situations. The requested particulars were a length of 300 ft, a speed of 20 kn, a dual purpose main armament and an open bridge. The United States Navy had been looking into the feasibility of such a vessel since 1939, and Captain E. L. Cochrane of the US Navy's Bureau of Ships – who, during his visit to the United Kingdom in 1940, had looked at Royal Navy corvettes and Hunt-class destroyers – had come up with a design for such a vessel. This design anticipated a need for large numbers of this type of vessel, and had sought to remove the major production bottleneck for such vessels: the double helical reduction gearing required for the steam turbine machinery of destroyers. The production of reduction gears could not be easily increased, as the precision machinery required for their construction alone took over a year to produce. Therefore, a readily-available and proven layout of diesel-electric machinery, also used on submarines, was adopted. When the United Kingdom made its request, Admiral Stark of the US Navy decided to put these plans into motion and recommended that the British order be approved. Gibbs and Cox, the marine architects charged with creating working plans, had to make several alterations to the production methods and to Captain Cochrane's original design, most notably dropping another production bottleneck – the 5-inch/38-caliber gun – and replacing it with the 3-inch/50-caliber gun, which allowed adding a superfiring third gun (at the "B" position, forward); also, the original design specified eight engines for 24 kn but other priority programs forced the use of only four with a consequent shortening of the hull and reduction of the ship's maximum speed by an estimated 4 kn. The design had relatively light armour with for example the steel plate used on the Buckleys ranging from 1/2 inch to 7/16 inch with 1/4 inch plate being used for the majority of the hull and deck plating.

The result was a vessel that could be produced quickly (for example Halsted was built in just 24 and half days) at half the cost of a fleet destroyer, ($3.5 million compared to $10.4 million for a 1,620-ton destroyer such as the US Benson-class destroyer or $6.4 million for British Hunt-class destroyer.)

On 15 August 1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorised the construction of 50 of the new Evarts-class design as BDE 1–50 (British destroyer escort) as part of the 1799 program. The turbo-electric powered Buckley class were not part of the first order and were authorised later by Public Law 440 effective 6 February 1942. The Royal Navy placed orders in November 1941 with four shipyards: the Boston Navy Yard, the Mare Island Navy Yard, the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and the Puget Sound Navy Yard. When the United States entered the war, they too adopted the BDE design. The BDE designation was retained by the first six destroyer escorts (BDEs 1, 2, 3, 4, 12 and 46) transferred to the United Kingdom. Of the initial 50 ordered, these were the only ones the Royal Navy received; the rest were reclassified as destroyer escorts (DE) on 25 January 1943 and taken over by the United States Navy. By the end of World War II the Royal Navy had received 31 Evarts from Boston Navy Yard, 1 from Philadelphia Navy Yard and 46 Buckleys from Bethlehem-Hingham.

The Royal Navy classified these ships as frigates, as they lacked the torpedo tubes needed for a destroyer classification. For those used to Admiralty-designed ships the Captains were unfamiliar: they had no break forward of the forecastle but instead had a graceful shear to deck-line from the forecastle to midship, and the Evarts had raked cowls on top of the funnels. Those who served on these ships came to view these features as being very handsome. Amongst the differences with British-designed vessels were using bunks instead of hammocks and welds instead of rivets.

Propulsion
The Evarts subclass had diesel-electric machinery, based on an arrangement used for submarines. There were two shafts. Four Winton 278A 16-cylinder engines, with a combined rating of 7040 bhp, drove General Electric Company (GE) generators (4,800 kW) that supplied power to two GE electric motors, with an output of 6000 shp, for a speed of 20 kn. It had been intended to provide another set of this machinery for an output of 12000 shp, to make the design speed of 24 kn, but hull production greatly outstripped that of the machinery; therefore, only one set of machinery was used per ship.

In order to make the designed speed, the Buckley subclass had turbo-electric machinery. Two Foster Wheeler Express "D"-type water-tube boilers supplied steam to GE 13500 shp steam turbines and generators (9,200 kW). Electric motors for 12000 shp drove the two shafts, each fitted with a three-bladed propeller of solid manganese-bronze that was 8 ft in diameter. This all-electric drivetrain was considered particularly innovative at the time, although the Auk-class minesweepers (known as Catherine class in RN) had a similar arrangement.

Royal Navy alterations
The first port of call in the United Kingdom for most of the Captain-class vessels was Pollock Dock, Belfast where the ships were modified in order to match Admiralty requirements. In all there were 109 items in the alterations and additions list for the Evarts and 94 for the Buckleys.

One major design difference between the Royal Navy Buckley-class frigates and the US Navy Buckley-class destroyer escorts was that the Royal Navy frigates did not mount torpedo tubes. (The Evarts class was not designed to carry torpedoes.) The resulting reduction in top weight combined with the previous reduction in the gun battery resulted in excessive stability, causing sharp and violent rolling behaviour in the relatively short North Atlantic swells. Several solutions were discussed including reshipping the torpedo tubes and replacing the American 3"/50 caliber guns with heavier British 4.5 inch but all proved impractical due to production bottlenecks and wartime congestion in British shipyards. The problem was ultimately addressed by increasing the number of depth charges stowed on the upper deck and fitting larger bilge keels, which tamed the roll to manageable levels.

Further alterations were:

Sea-keeping equipment
A crow's nest was affixed to the mainmast. A standard Royal Navy 27 ft whaler was fitted on the port side of the funnel in addition to the US-issue ship's boat on the starboard side; additional Carley lifesaving rafts were also fitted: big ones on sloping launch skids aft of the funnel and small ones aft of the searchlights. Wind deflectors were fitted on the leading edge of the bridge area and a canvas-covered shelter was installed on the quarterdeck to provide better weather protection for depth charge crews. Oiling fairleads were fitted to the edge of the hull by the anchor winch. The bilge keels were lengthened and made deeper (a process that took a minimum of three weeks).

Gunnery
More 40 mm Bofors and Oerlikon 20 mm guns were mounted in place of the removed torpedo tubes, and the MK IV elevating column Oerlikon mountings were replaced with the simpler MK VIA mountings; those ships that were to serve as Coastal Forces control frigates hunting E-boats had extra guns fitted. On some ships, either gun shields were fitted to the main armament, or a spray and blast shield was fitted to the B gun. Two-inch rocket flare projectors were fitted to the B gun: six if the spray and blast shield was fitted, three if not. A 40 mm QF 2-pounder Mk VIII "pom-pom" was fitted as bowchaser to ships that were to serve as Coastal Forces control frigates.

The bridge layout was significantly altered; the biggest alteration was the addition of a two-tier director control tower that improved visibility and gave better protection to the equipment. Vertically fired "snowflake" parachute flare projectors were fitted to the bridge wings.

Anti-submarine
More depth charges were fitted on the upper deck of each side of the ship, allowing for about 200 in total; Royal Navy smoke floats were fitted above the depth charges in addition to the US Navy chemical smoke cylinders fitted to the stern of the Captains. A medium frequency direction finding antenna (MF/DF) was fitted in front of the bridge and a high-frequency direction finding (HF/DF, "Huffduff") Type FH 4 antenna was fitted on top of the mainmast; furthermore, a radio-receiving set tuned to the frequencies used for ship-to-ship communication by German U-boats and E-boats was fitted and a German-speaking rating carried. The Captains were eventually given Type 144 series Asdic (sonar) sets, an upgrade from the original Type 128D, and a Foxer was fitted to the aft of the Captains (and most other Atlantic escort vessels) during 1944 to counter the new G7es acoustic torpedoes.

Navigation and communications
The steel parts around the binnacle (the enclosure containing the compass) were replaced by non-ferrous materials. In addition to the standard US Navy long-range position-fixing set (LORAN), a Royal Navy GEE short-range position-fixing set was fitted. A radar interrogation system was installed that was able to challenge ships at sea (only ships likewise fitted with the system would be able to reply), along with four coloured fighting lights (signalling lamps installed on the yardarm to aid recognition by friendly forces during night fighting).

Camouflage and insignia
Following standard Royal Navy protocols, all of the Captains had large pennant numbers painted on the sides and stern of the hull, usually in blue, red or black. The escort groups to which most Captains were assigned had their own individual insignia; these distinctive and colourful designs were painted on the side of the ship's funnel, and if the ship was home to the escort group's senior officer it would also have a coloured band painted around the top of the funnel (usually in blue or red). The ship's waterline was always in black.

A total of five different ship camouflage schemes were employed on the Captains. The ships came from the shipyards in white with light blue polygons, the US Navy's camouflage pattern for northern latitudes. For those ships assigned to the North Atlantic, a scheme consisting of light and dark blues and greens with some soft white was adopted as it was believed that this would blend with the sea colour in bad weather. Ships assigned to the English Channel in 1944 (Coastal Forces control frigates and those assigned to Operation Neptune as headquarters ships) received a design in black, blue, light grey and white. For ships assigned to the 16th Flotilla (Harwich) and 21st Flotilla (Sheerness) operating in the North Sea and English Channel, a scheme consisting of horizontal upper deck divisions of light and dark grey (as used by the US Navy) was used. Early in 1945, a scheme was adopted that was to be common to all Royal Navy ships, consisting of white with a sky-blue stripe along the hull.

Modifications to Normandy landing HQ ships
HMS Dacres, HMS Kingsmill and HMS Lawford were converted to headquarters ships for use during Operation Neptune (the Normandy landings). These ships had their aft three-inch (76 mm) gun and all the depth charge gear removed, and the superstructure extended, to provide accommodations for extra Staff Officers; two deckhouses were built for the additional radios needed and a smaller extra mainmast was added to support the many additional aerials. Four more Oerlikons were fitted bringing the total to 16, and a number of radar sets fitted (Type 271 centimetric target identification and Type 291 air warning, and the associated Types 242 and 253 IFF sets). The complement was reduced to 141, but with a headquarters staff of 64.

Ships' companies
The Captains had a typical crew of either 156 (Evarts) or 186 (Buckley) officers and ratings. The bulk of the ratings enlisted after the outbreak of World War II, thus having little military or seafaring experience, and had to be trained in whichever branch of the Navy they chose to serve; after about six weeks drilling, marching and generally getting physically fit they went into specific job training. Many of the senior non-commissioned officers were pre-war Royal Navy ratings who had been promoted.

Engineering personnel were faced with the added complication of power plants not normally found in the Royal Navy. Initially, they were trained alongside US Navy personnel at purpose-built facilities in the General Electric Company factories at Cleveland and Syracuse, and were awarded certificates at the end of their training; later, training was provided in the United Kingdom.

Ship's companies were shipped over to the US by them taking passage from the Clyde or Liverpool to New York on ocean liners such as RMS Queen Mary. On arriving in New York, the crews were initially assigned to HMS Saker until they were reassigned to a Captain-class frigate. Later, some of the Captains were ferried across the Atlantic by crews of the Royal Canadian Navy coming to the United Kingdom to collect River-class frigate frigates ordered by the Canadians.

Operations
These ships were primarily deployed to Escort Groups that were then used to provide anti-submarine cover to the convoys that they escorted. The four or more ships in an escort group, by operating together under a single commander, were able to use group tactics so that with the issue of a single short command the various ships of the group, often out of sight of each other, could be relied upon to act in a co-ordinated fashion.

A small number of Captains were converted to act as headquarters ships during Operation Neptune (the Normandy landings) and as coastal forces control frigates. Captains who operated with Coastal Forces (motor torpedo boats, motor gun boats and US Navy PT boats) sank at least two two-man submarines, and were involved in the destruction of at least 26 E-boats, one KFK patrol vessel (coastal escort vessels constructed so as to resemble a fishing-vessel), two minesweepers, and the shooting down of a Junkers Ju 88 aeroplane.

Collectively, the Captain class gained battle honours for service in Arctic (Russian) Convoys, Atlantic, Biscay, English Channel, Normandy (D-Day on 6 June 1944 and subsequent related operations), North Foreland and Walcheren. During the course of World War II they destroyed more German submarines than any other Royal Navy ship class.

Post-war
At the end of World War II, most of the surviving Captains were returned to the US Navy as quickly as possible to reduce the amount payable under the provisions of the Lend-Lease agreement. The last of the Captains returned was Hotham, which in the post-war period served as a floating power station in Singapore until early 1948, when she sailed for Portsmouth, becoming the base for a Royal Navy Engineering research team experimenting with gas turbine engines. Hotham was returned on 25 April 1952 and simultaneously transferred back to the United Kingdom under the Mutual Defence Assistance Program. The partially stripped vessel was returned to United States custody on 13 March 1956.

In film
Much of the Robert Mitchum film The Enemy Below (1957) was filmed in USS Whitehurst (DE-634), a Buckley-class destroyer escort, of the same type as the Captain class. The rest of the film is set in the U-boat that it is hunting. USS Alfred A. Cunningham (DD-752) has a cameo in the final burial scene.

Memorial
On 17 April 2005 a memorial to the Captain class, those who served and those killed in action while serving in them was dedicated at the National Memorial Arboretum near Alrewas, Staffordshire.

"Today we come in thanksgiving for all who served on Captain-Class Frigates in the Royal Navy in the Second World War.

In particular we give thanks to those who made the supreme sacrifice on behalf of us all.

We remember all those who were shore-based, especially the Wrens who gave valuable support to those who served at sea, and who are represented here today."

title: Captain-class frigate


text: User talk:69.153.164.246

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.153.164.246


text:
User talk:Snowspinner~enwiki/Personal attacks

'''If you are interested in making a personal attack against me, please feel free to do so here. I promise, I won't complain to the arbcom, RfC, or anyone else. I ask also that nothing on this page be considered in any arbcom cases against anyone else.'''

Personal Attacks Here
You are an English-speaking person, and your mother smelt of elderberries. Uncle Ed 20:18, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

YUO ARE A ROUGE SYSOP AND YO MOMMA SO FAT SHE GET EDIT CONFLICTS WHEN ... oh, OK, my heart's not in this --David Gerard 22:33, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Do you actually expect anyone to use this page? —Charles P. (Mirv) 23:05, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You smell like cheese. Of course, I rather like cheese, but you don't have an "I like your odd smell" page. Rock on. – ClockworkSoul 01:38, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for submitting to be a punching bag for someone who is in a bad mood. Consider yourself personally attacked, I just called you a punching bag. Cheers. :-) --Sjakkalle 08:55, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your mother was a gerbil, and your father smelt of elderberries! --maru 19:53, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, your personal attacks page is poorly formatted!
 * Err- I meant 'hamster'. As in, 'Your mother was a hamster'. --maru 19:54, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Consider this a lime-flavoured personal attack... >:) --Thecosmos 15:19, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

I've stole your Personal Attack page, take that, you smartass Gnomz007 8 July 2005 05:00 (UTC)

You're a jerk, Snowspinner. A complete kneebiter. Friday 02:38, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

All the snow you spin... It will all melt away when your smug etc etc etc. JFW | T@lk  17:36, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

You are Lir! that's right! BURNAGE! =) Sasquatch′↔T↔C 04:46, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

HOW DARE YOU SUPPORT MY RFA!!! kmccoy (talk) 05:12, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Snowspinner the Human Sponge
I'm reminded of something the editor of The Sun (a British tabloid, not that I've ever read it) did to his deputy editor Stuart Higgins, who had crossed swords with him. He published Higgin's photograph and telephone number in the newspaper, telling readers: "Want someone to yell at? Scream at? Fume at? Ring Higgy the Human Sponge. He'll soak it up." After several months of hell, Higgins went on to become editor. What doesn't kill you makes you stronger. ;-) --SlimVirgin (talk)  00:06, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

I like cheese.

Oh yes, "crossed swords", the phrase Paul Beardsell use so often, the world must be upside down, when SlimVirgin is not Paul Beardsell.

As this here supposed to be a place to gather personal attacks, then I would offer a personal attack in Paul Beardsell/Matthew Stannard style:

"You are not an authoritative source to talk to people, and scientifically one may even argue that you have no ability to think."

This personal attack was constructed based on Paul Beardsell's personal attack, and based on Matthew Stannard's explanation, that considering me not a conscious entity was a talk about science. I hope it's entertaining.Tkorrovi 20:08, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Tkorrovi ONCE AGAIN (tellingly) misunderstands: SnowSpinner is not granting him immunity from all personal attacks on anybody.  If you insult someone else here they can validly complain.  That I am SlimVirgin or vice versa is a repeated false allegation which he MUST be making knowingly.  I.e. I say it's a deliberate lie.  Paul Beardsell 21:12, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yo
Go back to the cabal. It's the only place you can troll. And please read WP:DICK; you're a fucking dick. --SPUI (talk) 14:53, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Control or Independence
Why do you control me? You do not have absolute power over me and i strongly disbelieve that user pages are public property! I'm tired of you after you blocked me 3 times (including one without warning) and i do not want you in my way anymore! You are one of the administrators who is against me! -- Eddyward Telerionus 20:08, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Snowspinner
Stop spinning snow, snow spinner or I will report you! --AI 19:41, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Fuck You
Fuck you! I don't know why I'm saying this... oh YEAH, NOW I know.... you invited us to make personal attacks.... so....You are a wussfucking borksucker from the planet Ork, you have hissed my mystery lecture, and shall leave by the town drain, and/.... I don't know you very well, you cheapskate! :)   — Rickyrab | Talk 20:40, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Closing Remarks
'''Now that you've personally attacked me, you can go on to do something useful. If you think there really is a problem with my conduct, consider WP:RFC or WP:RFAR as appropriate places to take your complaint. If you're just venting, I hope you feel better. Why don't you go look at this now and see if there's something you can contribute?'''


text:
Ebbe

Ebbe is a Scandinavian masculine given name. The feminine version is Ebba. It is mainly now found in Denmark and Sweden and may refer to:

 * Ebbe Carlsson (1947–1992), Swedish journalist and publisher
 * Ebbe Frick, Swedish sprint canoer
 * Ebbe Gilbe (1940–2008), Swedish documentary filmmaker and director
 * Ebbe Grims-land (1915–2015), Swedish composer, viola and mandolin player
 * Ebbe Gyllenstierna (1911–2003), Swedish Army officer and modern pentathlete
 * Ebbe Hamerik (1898–1951), Danish composer
 * Ebbe Hertzberg (1847–1912), Norwegian professor, social economist and legal historian
 * Ebbe Hoff (1906–1985), American physiologist
 * Ebbe Carsten Hornemann (1784–1851), Norwegian politician
 * Ebbe Kornerup (1874–1957), Danish painter and writer
 * Ebbe Langberg (1933–1989), Danish actor and film director
 * Ebbe Lieberath (1871–1937), Swedish military officer, writer and pioneer of Swedish Scouting
 * Ebbe Nielsen (1950–2001), Danish entomologist
 * Ebbe Parsner (1922–2013), Danish rower
 * Ebbe Rode (1910–1998), Danish actor
 * Ebbe Roe Smith (born 1949), American actor and screenwriter
 * Ebbe Rørdam (1925–1945), member of the Danish resistance during WWII
 * Ebbe Sand (born 1972), Danish footballer
 * Ebbe Schön (1929–2022), Swedish author, folklorist and associate professor in literature
 * Ebbe Schwartz (1901–1964), Danish football administrator
 * Ebbe Siönäs (born 1995), Swedish ice hockey goaltender
 * Ebbe Skovdahl (1945–2020), Danish football coach and manager
 * Ebbe Ulfeldt (c. 1600–c. 1670), Danish landscape painter
 * Ebbe Wallén (1917–2009), Swedish bobsledder

Ebbe is also a surname:
 * Dean Ebbe (born 1994), Irish footballer

title: Ebbe


text:
Tim Carvell

Tim Carvell is an American writer and television producer known for his work on the TV satirical news series Last Week Tonight with John Oliver and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, as well as for his print work in publications including Mad, Slate, and The New York Times.

Career
For the first nine years after he graduated from college, Carvell wrote for a number of New York-based publications, including Fortune, Sports Illustrated for Women and Entertainment Weekly. He also contributed humor pieces to McSweeney's Quarterly Concern and the op-ed page of The New York Times.

Carvell stumbled into a comedy career "by accident". He heard about an opening on the TV comedy series The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from Steve Bodow, one of the writers on that show. He submitted a writing sample that consisted of the headlines that Jon Stewart reads at the desk and dialogue between Stewart and correspondents. Carvell was then interviewed by the show's head writer and the executive producer. He joined the show in March 2004, just as the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign was becoming a common news topic. Describing the subsequent meeting with Stewart as "surreal", Carvell says, "it felt uncannily like I was suddenly a guest on the show, only without a book or movie to promote." In 2011, Carvell became the series' head writer. As a staff writer for the show, he won six Emmy Awards between 2004 and 2012.

Since 2005, he has written the "Planet Tad" column for Mad magazine. In 2012, he wrote a book based on the column, also called Planet Tad. In 2014, Carvell followed John Oliver to his new HBO series Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, where he serves as showrunner for the series.

Personal life
Tim Carvell is a native of Bloomfield Hills, a suburb of Detroit. He entered Columbia University in 1991, majoring in history. While there, he wrote news and features for Spectator which he described as "as good a journalism education as you could get. It allowed you to learn by making mistakes, without suffering real consequences." He graduated in 1995.

Carvell married his partner, Thomas Keeton, on June 28, 2014.

title: Tim Carvell


text: User talk:68.94.233.38

title: User talk:68.94.233.38


text:
Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

The Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (Latviešu evangeliski luteriska Baznica Amerika; LELBA) is a Lutheran denomination, formed in 1957 as a federation, and reorganized in 1975 as a formal denomination. In 1978 Lauma Lagzdins Zusevics was ordained as the first woman to serve as a full-time minister for the LELBA. In 2014 she became the first female Lutheran bishop in Latvian history, as the Church of Latvia proper does not recognize women's ordination.

As of 2007, 12,000 congregants and 68 congregations of the church were present in the United States. It is headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.


text:
Dictee

Dictée is a 1982 book by Korean American author Theresa Hak Kyung Cha. Considered to be Cha's magnum opus, the book, a genre-bending poetry collection, focuses on several women: the Korean revolutionary Yu Gwan Soon, Joan of Arc, Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, Demeter and Persephone, Cha's mother Hyun Soon Huo, and Cha herself. All these women are linked by their struggles and the way that nations have affected and twisted their lives.

Publication history
The book was first published in 1982, the year Cha was murdered. The book was out of print for a while, but due in part to the publication of an edited collection on her novel, Writing Self, Writing Nation (1994), Cha's work began to receive critical attention. In 1997, with the resurgence of Asian American studies and Third-wave feminism, the book was brought back into print by Norma Alarcón and Third Woman Press.

Genre
Critics contend that Dictée, though considered a novel, is difficult to define by genre. It has an unorthodox structure, and consists of descriptions of the struggle to speak, uncaptioned photographs, tellings of the lives of saints and patriots, and mysterious letters that seem not to relate to the other material. Cha "borrows from avant garde and film editing techniques such as jagged cuts, jump shots, and visual exposition", based on her experience in the video and performing arts. The work "deviates from genres, themes, and styles" and fails to fit a single descriptor or label with clarity. It has been described as auto-ethnography, due to its highly subjective view of heritage and the past. "It is part autobiography, part biography, part personal diary, part ethnography, part auto-ethnography, part translation. And all these genres are presented with an intertextual mix of photographs, quotations, translations, and language so as to create a history. Cha's move in Dictée is to collage multiple voices American, European, and Asian---so as to build a history". Cha uses a lot of photographs to engage the reader and create a certain atmosphere. Dictee is composed of various genres, such as autobiography, fiction, history, and poetry and this diversity not only reflects on genre, but also on culture and language.

Cha criticizes the prejudice towards and oppression of women, which greatly affects the genre. She “not only challenge[s] the traditional autobiographic ethnic mode," but "also disturbs the reader’s expectations by breaking down the boundaries between genres and playing with them”. The narrator's fragmented memories suggest an ambiguous Korean identity contending with the presence of an awkwardly fashioned American one.

Structure and critical observations
Dictée is organized into nine parts, a structure that arises from the nine Greek muses. These include Clio, Calliope, Urania, Melpomene, Erato, Elitere, Thalia, Terpischore, and Polymnia. The nine muses are the titles of nine chapters of Dictee. Cha's use of nine muses is derived from Hesiod, who first used them. But Cha's employment is a subversive revision because of her "feminist intervention and patriarchal order." The catalogue of nine muses Cha examines with nine women characters, vary widely from "Greek goddesses to a Korean shamanistic matriarch and from historical figures to fictional ones". The meaning of the muses is shown with nine women who all reject patriarchal roles and cannot have a voice for themselves for different reasons, because of unhappy marriage, exile, turbulence and immigration. At the end of chapter "POLYMNIA SACRED POETRY", Cha writes "Tenth, a Circle within a circle, a series of concentric circles"(Cha 175). Cha uses this image to describe how the women always come together and the child becomes the mother and the mother will have a child and it is like a circle, a life circle for women. At the same time, trauma from the mother's generation is always passed on to the next generation. So this circle is both physical and mental.

The novel is mainly written in English and French, but some Korean and Chinese characters can be seen in the pictures posed to support the text. Unexplained Chinese characters as well as Korean words lead incomprehension visually and linguistically. Cha wants to keeps a realist ideal of equivalence and deliberately get rid of the sense of foreignness without extra translation, though these characters stand outside the textual order, instead, they create "self-contained diatinction and feeling of otherness". Cha didn't want to disturb readers’ reading experience by doing this—on the contrary, she wanted the readers to join her. For the Korean people, the process of reading this book was to call on them to resist the colonial ambitions of Japan. So this book could be called a book with a history of blood and tears.

The stories of the women in the book (including Yu Guan Soon, Joan of Arc, Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, and her mother Hyun Soon Huo) focus on patriotism and exile identity. Cha's purpose of using multimedia and how do visual elements is to attract the readers' attention in different approaches. Though it is uncaptioned, the photograph of Cha's biological mother, Hyung Soon Huo, conveys the ways the past speaks to "escape the capture of discursive language" with this historical character. And in a deep sense, it also "clear[s] a way for what Dictée understands as the necessary reply to not repeat history in oblivion". She also uses a still from the silent French movie called The Passion of Joan of Arc to give readers a direct concept of what is going on in the text. So readers could think about the reliability of narration and focalization, multimedia and art, the ambiguity and authenticity in photography taking, and the boundary between fiction and nonfiction.

Critics have read the book as a social discourse, aiming at informing the readers of the world about the history of the Japanese Colonial Period. The trauma suggested is also the product of nationalism, patriarchal forces, and colonialism during that period. What's more, it also shows the struggles that Asian Americans have been through in terms of their culture identity. Cha managed to call the public's attention to this kind of special group; at the same time, she also invites those who have the same experience or background to find their own cultural identity.

Dictée is famous for its unique print format and typographic design, using untranslated French, Korean, Chinese, collage and fragmented text in the book. Not only the title of the book is dictation, but much of the book is also written in strict accordance with the dictation format. Cha's Dictée carries it out of melancholia into mourning, by working through multiple personal and political traumas as an outstanding work of postmodernity.

Reviews and criticism
When Dictée was originally published in 1982 it received average reviews. Contemporary reviews for Dictée have been rather positive, with Carole Maso quoted in Spin Magazine commenting, "Dictée enlarges the notion of what a book is... because it is ephemeral, fragile, fierce, and indelible, because it is subversive, because it yearns and is luminous." Dictée is now a common part of the curriculum in feminist or Asian-American studies.

Historical context
Dictée mainly embodies two periods, The Japanese Colonialization of Korea (1910-1945) and Liberation, Division and The Korea War (1945-1953).

In 1919, Korea active nationalists drafted and distributed a declaration of independence of Korea and planned a large demonstration of independence. To gather a large number of people into demonstration, they turned the funeral for King Kojong into a protest against Japanese. "Demonstrations supporting the declaration of independence quickly spread throughout the country. It is estimated that more than a million of Korea's 20 million people participated in street demonstrations." This movement is called March 1st Movement. Women and Children were beaten and killed by the police and soldiers. Yu Guan Soon, who was a student of Korea and an organizer of March 1 Movement. She "passed out copies of the declaration and led demonstrations in her hometown area south of Seoul. She was arrested, imprisoned, and tortured, and after a year she died in prison."

Japan used a variety of policies to control and assimilate Korea since 1930s, especially through education policies. "In 1934 Ugaki introduced a new curriculum in Korean schools that featured increased instruction in Japanese language, ethics, and history. The new curriculum eliminated the study of Korean and the use of Korean in general instruction. Eventually, the colonial government would insist that only the Japanese language be used in all public offices, and by the 1940s all businesses and banks were forced to keep records exclusively in Japanese."

After the end of World War II, Japan lost the war and control of Korea, Korea was free from Japanese occupation. However, Soviet and U.S. troops moved into Korea from north and south, they occupied Korea after Japan left. "The responsible bodies in Washington suggested to the President that the Japanese forces north of the 38th parallel surrender to the Soviet forces and those south of the 38th parallel surrender to the US forces. The two colonels who had prepared the decisions — one of them being the later Secretary of State Dean Rusk — had chosen the 38th parallel because it left the capital Seoul under US control.3 This line had already been mentioned in internal dis-cussions of the US military at Potsdam when they had envisaged the military occupation of Korea for the first time. The suggestion to choose the 38th parallel as dividing line became part of an instruction, approved by the Presi-dent, to General MacArthur, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces. This instruction was also communicated to the British and Soviet government." "The 38th parallel was considered to be a temporary line to fix military responsibilities. Therefore, it has been called a "military expedient". Yet, once Soviet troops had entered the northern part of Korea, facts were established which could not be removed." Two different governments were established under Soviet and U.S.'s support, and they had a few conflicts after establishment. June 25, 1950, the Korean War started. North Korean Army with China's help and South Korea Army with U.S.'s help started a war in Korea Peninsula. The war ended on July 27, 1953.

title: Dictee


text:
Talk:Leixlip

Vandalism?
"Leixlip is famous for their beer but also their celebrties especially Niall OGrady. He has directed and starred in numerous films. he is their pride and joy."??? Never heard of this guy. Is this vandalism? Also, I wouldn't say Leixlip is famous for it's beer either. It does have a crap bus service though. 'Not famous for it's beer', home of Guinness? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.207.56.200 (talk) 15:41, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

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Madeleine Sophie Barat

Madeleine Sophie Barat, RSCJ, (12 December 1779 – 25 May 1865), was a French saint of the Catholic Church who founded the Society of the Sacred Heart, a worldwide religious institute of educators.

Early life and family
Barat was born on the night of 12 December 1779, in Joigny, France, next door to a house fire at a neighbor's home. The stress and the terror of the fire caused Sophie's mother, Madeleine Fouffé Barat (1740–1822), then pregnant with her third child, to go into labour. Born two months premature, Madeleine Sophie was considered so fragile that she was baptised early the next morning in Sainy Thibault Church, just a few yards from the Barat family home. Although her parents had arranged godparents in advance, there was no time to call them to the church and so at five o'clock on the morning of 13 December 1779, Louise-Sophie Cédor, a local woman on her way to early Mass, and Sophie's older brother, Louis, stood in as her godparents.

Barat was born into a financially-comfortable family whose ancestors had lived in Joigny for generations and were proud of their roots in the region. Her father, Jacques Barat (1742–1809), was a cooper and vine-grower. Both professions were respected trades, with centuries of French culture behind them. The Barats were Jansenist Catholics, which is said to have shaped Sophie's spirituality profoundly. She was always willing to help people in need and to pray for others.

Education
Barat's older brother Louis was a serious boy and a brilliant student. Their parents encouraged his interest in studies and employed a tutor for him at home. Shortly after entering the Collège Saint-Jacques in Joigny at the age of nine, Louis decided to become a Catholic priest. In 1784, at the age of 16, Louis left Joigny to begin his studies for the priesthood at the seminary at Sens. Louis was ordained a deacon, but because he was too young to be ordained, he was obliged to return home until he was 21. Louis became a teacher of mathematics at his old school and decided to take on Sophie's education. He taught her Latin, Greek, history, natural science, Spanish, and Italian providing Sophie with an education that was rarely available to young women and girls at the time.

French Revolution
In 1789, Louis Barat became involved in the debate surrounding the pending Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which required all priests to swear allegiance to the new revolutionary state. Louis took the oath of loyalty in January 1791, but on learning that the pope had condemned the Constitution, he renounced his oath in May 1792. That renunciation had immediate consequences. Louis first tried to hide in his family's attic but soon fled to Paris, for the danger had become too great both for himself and his family. In Paris, he was arrested in May 1793, imprisoned there for two years and escaped the guillotine only through the brave intervention of a friend.

After her brother was released in 1795, he briefly returned home to Joigny. Louis then went back to Paris to seek ordination and exercise his ministry in secret. He brought sixteen-year-old Sophie with him to further her education. After arriving in Paris, Sophie and Louis lived in a safe house belonging to one Madame Duval. Sophie worked as a seamstress and became an excellent embroidress. Louis continued to say Mass and teach Sophie the Fathers of the Church, mathematics, Latin, and the Scriptures. While living in Paris, at about the age of 18, Sophie decided to become a Carmelite nun. That would be impossible, however, for the Carmelites had, along with many other religious communities, been abolished in 1790. For five years, she lived in Paris a life of prayer and study and taught catechism in secret to the children of The Marais quarter. In 1800, Sophie briefly returned home to help her family with the vine harvest.

Founding of Society of the Sacred Heart
When Barat returned to Paris, she was introduced to Joseph Varin. He wanted to found a religious order of women devoted to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and involved in the education of young women that would complement the work of the Fathers of the Faith. On 21 November 1800, at the age of 20, she abandoned her dream of becoming a Carmelite and, along with three other women living in the Paris safe-house, took her vows as one of the first members of this new religious congregation, marking the foundation of the Society of the Sacred Heart. However, because the French authorities had prohibited devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, the society was initially known as Dames de la Foi ("Ladies of the Faith") or de l’Instruction chrétienne (" ...of Christian instruction").

The first school was opened in Amiens in northern France in September 1801 and Sophie traveled to the provincial city in order to teach. She made her vows, 7 June 1802. The new community and school grew quickly. A school giving classes to the poor of the town was opened. In December 1802, at the age of twenty-three, Sophie became Superior of the Society of the Sacred Heart.

Expansion
In November 1804, Barat traveled to Sainte-Marie-d’en-Haut, near Grenoble, in southeastern France, to receive a community of Visitation nuns into the Society. Among them was Philippine Duchesne, who would later introduce the Society to America and was canonized a saint in 1988. A second school was then established at Grenoble, followed by a third at Poitiers in western France. Father Varin envisioned an entire network of such schools and, after the first establishments in France, foundations were established in North America (1818), Italy (1828), Switzerland (1830), Belgium (1834), Algiers (1841), England (1842), Ireland (1842), Spain (1846), Holland (1848), Germany (1851), South America (1853), Austria (1853) and Poland (1857).

Barat is credited with the twofold gift of intuition in the choice of persons fitted for office and trust of those in responsible posts. New foundations were always entrusted to other hands.

In January 1806, Barat was elected Superior General of the Society of the Sacred Heart. In 1820, she called all of the superiors together in a council at Paris to establish a uniform course of studies for the quickly expanding network of Sacred Heart schools. The studies were to be serious, to cultivate the mind, and to create young women who would be devoted to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and perform good deeds in God's name. As foundations continued to multiply, Sophie saw the need for a greater degree of unity and sought the approval of the Vatican in Rome. By 1826, the Society of the Sacred Heart had received its decree of approbation from Rome.

In 1818 she founded Children of Mary of the Sacred Heart in Paris. She established another chapter of the same group in 1832 Lyons, with the alternate name "Congregation of the Children of Mary."

In 1840, Barat averted a potential schism between the Vatican and the Archbishop of Paris. All of her sisters pressured her to choose sides, Sophie refused to do so and was able to heal the breach. Over the course of her 65 years as the superior general, Sophie and her Society survived the regime of Napoleon, saw France undergo two more revolutions, and witnessed Italy's struggle to become a full-fledged nation.

The Sacred Heart schools quickly earned an excellent reputation.,She dreamed of educating all children regardless of their parents' financial means. For almost every new school established, a corresponding “free” school was opened to provide the poorer children of the area with a high-quality education, which they would not otherwise have received.

Death
During her 65-year leadership, the Society of the Sacred Heart grew to include more than 3,500 members educating women in Europe, North Africa, North and South America. Barat died at the general motherhouse in Paris on Ascension Day, May 25, 1865. In 1879, she was declared venerable and was beatified on May 24, 1908. On May 24, 1925, she was canonized by Pope Pius XI.

Barat's mortal remains are located in an ornate reliquary in the Church of Saint-François-Xavier, Paris.

Barat was known to refuse to have her photograph or portrait taken, and it had been believed that no portrait of her existed from her lifetime, but there is photograph of her on her deathbed. In 1992, a portrait was discovered during a restoration at the convent of Sante Rufina e Seconda in Rome by the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of Ivrea. It is believed to have been painted prior to her beatification and sent from Italy to the Mother House in Paris in 1879. It currently hangs in the General Archives of the Society of the Sacred Heart.

One of Barat's earliest biographers was Louis Baunard, who wrote Histoire de la vénérable Mère Madeleine-Sophie Barat, fondatrice de la Société du Sacré-Cœur de Jésus.

Quotes
“We don’t live with angels; we have to put up with human nature and forgive it.”

“Before making any change take counsel.... Prudence and a wise slowness are necessary in the beginning.”

“More is gained by indulgence than by severity.”

"Be humble, be simple, bring joy to others."

"For the sake of one child, I would have founded the Society."

"Your example, even more than your words, will be an eloquent lesson to the world."

"Give only good example to the children; never correct them when out of humor or impatient. We must win them by an appeal to their piety and to their hearts. Soften your reprimands with kind words; encourage and reward them. That is, in short, our way of educating."

"Let us leave acts, not words. Nobody will have time to read us."

About her
“It was her way to think well of people until forced to do otherwise.”

“She loved people through their faults to the core of their best selves.”

Legacy

A number of Barat's students founded their own religious congregations. Eugénie Smet, a pupil of Lille, founded the Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls. Anne de Meeûs, a pupil in Paris, wrote the constitutions of her congregation of Religious of Perpetual Adoration at the little Château in Jette. Henriette d'Osseville, a pupil in Paris, founded the Sisters of Our Lady of Fidelity. The legacy of Barat can be found in the more than 100 schools operated by her Society of the Sacred Heart, institutions known for the quality of the education made available to the young. She founded the Society of the Sacred Heart, which would focus on schools for the poor as well as boarding schools for young women of means. Today, co-educational Sacred Heart schools can be found as well as schools exclusively for boys.

The Sophie Barat School in Hamburg, Germany, an independent non-fee-paying co-educational grammar school, is run by the Society of the Sacred Heart.

Barat College, in Lake Forest, Illinois, the descendant of the Academy of the Sacred Heart, was founded on Wabash Avenue in 1858 and relocated to Lake Forest in 1904. It received its charter from the State of Illinois in 1918. Barat College merged with DePaul University in 2001 and was closed in 2005.

The Barat Education Foundation, an independent nonprofit organization, was established in 2000 prior to the sale of Barat College to DePaul University. At the time, the foundation was charged with the development and support of innovative educational programs and services that reflected the values and educational tradition of Barat College. When DePaul University closed Barat College in June 2005, the board of directors voted to perpetuate and build upon the Barat legacy of education, leadership and advocacy. Today, the Barat Education Foundation is committed to continuing and adapting the heritage and legacy of Barat College to the 21st-century world.

The "Saint Madeleine Sophie Barat Tribute and Memorial Scholarship" is available annually to two new or returning students attending Oak Hill School in St. Louis, Missouri. The scholarship is funded by tribute and memorial contributions, and the amount of assistance varies each year.

In popular culture
Sophie the Giraffe, a French children's toy, is indirectly named after Madeleine Sophie Barat, because the first toy went into production on May 25, 1961, St. Sophie's day.

title: Madeleine Sophie Barat


text: User talk:71.106.232.115

title: User talk:71.106.232.115


text:
David McWilliams (economist)

David McWilliams (born 1966) is an Irish economist, writer, and journalist. Since 1999, he has been a broadcaster, writer, economic commentator and documentary-maker. He has written five books, The Pope's Children , The Generation Game, Follow the Money, The Good Room and Renaissance Nation, and written regular columns for the Irish Times and Irish Independent.

McWilliams has a reputation for explaining economic ideas with memorable phrases or stock characters, most famously "breakfast roll man".

Early and private life
McWilliams was born in Dún Laoghaire in 1966 and was raised in Windsor Park, Monkstown, Dublin. His father worked in a chemical and paint factory. His Cork-born mother was a teacher. He is married to Sian Smyth, a former corporate lawyer, who is from near Belfast. They live in Dublin.

Education
McWilliams attended Blackrock College in Dublin. He then graduated from Trinity College Dublin, with a degree in economics (1988). His Masters in economics is from the College of Europe, Belgium (1989).

Early career: 1990s
Between 1990 and 1993 he worked as an economist at the Central Bank of Ireland, a period which covered German reunification, the Maastricht Treaty, Bertie Ahern's term as Minister for Finance and Black Wednesday. Watching these phenomena unfold from the perspective of a Central Bank official shaped his opinions, and these events would be revisited in his writings, especially the triangular relationship between access to credit in Ireland, the retirement funds of an ageing German workforce, and European monetary policy.

Move to London: Early warnings about Celtic Tiger
McWilliams moved to London to work at UBS as a senior European economist and head of Emerging Markets research for Banque Nationale de Paris. He was one of the economists at the time credited with coining or popularising the phrase "Celtic Tiger" in an analysis that compared the Republic of Ireland to the Tiger economies of Asia, predicting threefold growth per annum in the Irish market in the years 1995–2000. He credited what he described as "an economic miracle" to spending cuts by Charles Haughey's 1987 government, "which laid the foundations for the impressive growth in the 1990s".

During this time he was identified as an outlier among economists interested in Ireland in warning that the housing market in the Republic was running a price bubble similar to that of the housing markets in Boston in the 1980s and Thailand in the early 1990s. In 1996 he predicted a recession by 2005, noting that EMU meant that Ireland would enjoy low interest rates tailored to European neighbours with far lower economic growth than Ireland. In 1998 he specified that in the event of a world recession, Irish house prices would drop by 20%. and predicted a crash by the year 2000. While the Irish Independent described him as "alarmist" in relation to these comments in 1998, the same article also added that mainstream Irish economists who disagreed with him were overly complacent.

From 1999 to 2002, he was an emerging markets strategist with a New York-based hedge fund, Rockwest Capital.

In 2000 – the year he had previously predicted that the Celtic Tiger would end - he warned of a "Hong Kong style property market collapse" in the not too distant future, noting that Ireland was experiencing labour shortages, rising asset prices and high borrowing (five times the then European rate and four times the then US rate). Brendan Keenan of the Irish Independent described him as "the best known critic of the Irish economy" at the time. During 2001 Ireland experienced a foot and mouth outbreak which had an impact on the economy, with some commentators declaring the Celtic Tiger to be dead. However, when the impact to the economy turned out to be less negative than anticipated, his critics dismissed his analysis of the fragile Irish economy as alarmist.

2000s: Writing and broadcasting
Since returning to work in Ireland, he presented a current affairs programme called Agenda on TV3, a breakfast radio show on NewsTalk 106 from 2002 to 2004 and a topical afternoon discussion programme called The Big Bite on the television station RTÉ One. All these shows were cancelled after relatively short runs. However, in 2005 McWilliams published his first book, The Pope's Children, which became a significant bestseller and firmly established his place as a household name in Ireland, well known enough to be referenced in the Ross O'Carroll-Kelly books and imitated on the satire TV show Irish Pictorial Weekly.

In The Pope's Children, McWilliams applied ideas which he saw used with great effect in Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There by American conservative writer David Brooks to Ireland, creating neologisms to describe certain economic actors as stock characters – HiCo and Breakfast Roll Man, for example. He wrote three more bestsellers: The Generation Game, Follow the Money and The Good Room.

Post 2008
Following the 2008 Financial Crisis, McWilliams was seen as having been finally proven right by many and became a more prominent presence in the Irish media. He wrote and presented documentaries in Ireland and Australia, mostly on economics topics but also exploring the Republic of Ireland's relationship with Britain and contributing to RTÉ's Ireland's Greatest series, arguing on behalf of President Mary Robinson. In 2010, he staged "Outsiders" a part stand up, part discussion, part social observation at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.

McWilliams hosted Leviathan: Political Cabaret, a live discussion, political cabaret and satire event which featured at the Electric Picnic festival every year from 2005 to 2013.

 * Kilkenomics & Dalkey Book Festival

In 2010, McWilliams co-founded two annual events: the Dalkey Book Festival with his wife, Sian, and Kilkenomics a festival-style conference which combines economics with standup comedy.

McWilliams has worked with another way of looking at current events in economics using his Punk Economics Series of animated videos published on YouTube and also uses animations, music and video in his online economics course Economics without Boundaries.

 * Global Irish Forum

McWilliams conceived The Global Irish Forum, an event modelled on the World Economic Forum in Switzerland and inspired in part by Israel's social and economic ties to Jewish communities in trading partner nations (he has frequently referred to harnessing the power of a 'Global Tribe' ). It is an event where businesses and leaders, both at home and abroad can work together and contribute to Ireland's economic recovery, and to examine ways in which Ireland and its global community could develop a more strategic relationship with each other, particularly in the economic sector.

 * Podcast (2019-)

Following an appearance on a live episode of The Blindboy Podcast, McWilliams decided to launch his own weekly podcast in 2019.

Political and economic views
While he has refrained from publicly supporting any political party in Ireland, he hinted at running as an Independent in the 2011 Irish General Election and raised awareness of individual candidates such as Dylan Haskins, Evelyn Cawley as well as Stephen Donnelly who would go on to become Health Minister with Fianna Fáil. He has also mentioned a belief in Schumpeterian economics.

Ireland and the 2008 recession
McWilliams had stated on multiple occasions in the 1990s that the circumstances were in place to create a housing bubble in Ireland, and had predicted a massive crash in the early 2000s which did not happen at that time; after Ireland recovered from the economic shock of 9/11 and the foot and mouth crisis, and his predictions were dismissed as alarmist, he expanded on his initial theory by describing Ireland's housing boom as a "confidence trick" by "an unholy alliance of bankers, landowners and a pliant political class" which would collapse resulting "in a generation in negative equity" on RTÉ. McWilliams was one of a number of commentators criticised for talking down the economy and damaging consumer sentiment. In 2008 and 2009, the Irish economy was especially exposed to the global economic downturn in a manner very similar to that predicted by McWilliams.

Bank guarantee
McWilliams was initially supportive of the bank guarantee of September 2008, describing Brian Lenihan's action as a "masterstroke" and claiming that by "coming up with a unique, Irish plan -- guaranteeing all deposits -- instead of importing a failed solution from abroad, he has instilled confidence in the Irish financial system." McWilliams even predicted that it would "obliterate[s] " the hedge funds who were short selling the Irish financial sector. It subsequently emerged that McWilliams had advised Lenihan on this policy.

Regarding the specific implementation of the bank guarantee, he explained in 2011 that his view was that it should have been rescinded (as originally envisaged) rather than prolonged, saying: "Rescind the guarantee. It was due to expire last September and was always supposed to be temporary. This guarantee should not have been open-ended and all-encompassing. It should have copied the Swiss and Swedish model, where those countries lent the credibility of the state to the banks. Unfortunately, our Government didn't so much lend the State's credibility to the banks as give it to them unconditionally".

NAMA
McWilliams said that, providing the banks were reformed, some sort of "bad bank" would be necessary. One idea is to divide our banks into good and bad banks. We could set up one or two bad banks, which would be "financial skips" into which we throw bad loans. In 2009 McWilliams criticised NAMA as proposed, and was in turn criticised by Brian Lenihan.

Economic and Monetary Union
During the post 2008 Financial Crisis, McWilliams questioned Ireland's continued participation in the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union in his books. In an interview with Irish broadcaster Marian Finucane, on RTÉ (17 January 2009) and reported in the international press, McWilliams argued: "What I am saying is, that in Europe, if Ireland continues hurtling down this road, which is close to default, the whole of Europe will be badly affected, the credibility of the euro will be badly affected. .. It is very essential that we go to Europe and say we have a serious problem. … the way we get out of this is either – there are two options – either, we default, or we pull out of the euro. If we have a single currency, there are obligations and responsibilities on both sides. The idea that France and Germany can just hang us out to dry – as has been the talk the past few days – should not be taken lying down."

Williams is a member of the Advisory Panel of DiEM25

Brexit and Euroscepticism
McWilliams has frequently suggested that Ireland should leave the Euro and argued that the European Union is dominated by economies like Germany with very different priorities to Ireland. Despite hoping for a Remain vote and acknowledging that Brexit is a worse option for Britain, financially, he has expressed an understanding for why the British people might have voted for it with regards to issues like the desire for independence, noting that Switzerland and Norway pay handsomely to have access to the common market while remaining independent of the political union because they value the "feeling" of sovereignty.

Ireland and Israel
McWilliams, who briefly worked in Tel Aviv, has frequently suggested Israel as an economic and social role model for Ireland, arguing that the Republic should prioritise ties with the Irish diaspora around the world over EU member states with no historical connections to Ireland. In an article after 2023 Israel–Hamas war, McWilliams stated that "in postcolonial Ireland, we have the most pro-Palestinian population in Europe yet the most pro-American economy in the world. The Irish street is Palestinian, while the Irish boardroom is American... Ireland needs the West to be strong and unified."

Although McWilliams has defended and praised Israel in his writings, he has denied that he is a 'Friend of Israel' stating that he is "just somebody who is prepared to see an Israeli point of view".

Controversies and criticisms

 * During the late 2000s, comments were occasionally made on McWillams' capacity for self-publicity, with the Irish Independent writing in 2006 "when you strip away the clever catchphrases, the cliched buzz words and the soundbite economics, what's left?". In one instance he was described in Phoenix Magazine as the David Beckham of Irish media.
 * McWilliams has been criticised for publicly pointing out flaws in projects that he has been involved in. While working for the Central Bank he admitted writing magazine articles criticising speeches he had written for then Finance Minister Bertie Ahern. In 2009 while promoting Follow The Money he declared that Brian Lenihan turned up at his house, looking dishevelled and chewing raw garlic, seeking advice on the bank guarantee. McWilliams claimed that he offered advice on this matter, subsequently writing that the idea was "a masterstroke" before going on to criticise it because McWilliams believed it was not implemented in the fashion he advised. Lenihan and McWilliams disagreed on the details of "garlic-gate".
 * While promoting Follow The Money, McWilliams made comments about senior RTÉ journalist Miriam O'Callaghan where he accused her of flirting with and effectively trying to seduce her guests, writing "Miriam winks, with a faint pout and the casual lick of those hyper-glossed lips. You're mine now, boy, she signals. This is my web you've just walked into. Clothes on or off". This was widely criticised as sexist at the time, and McWilliams subsequently apologised.

Awards
In January 2007, McWilliams was selected as one of 250 Young Global Leaders by the World Economic Forum.

title: David McWilliams (economist)


text: User talk:70.26.44.141

title: User talk:70.26.44.141


text:
Endaural phenomena

Endaural phenomena are sounds that are heard without any external acoustic stimulation. Endaural means "in the ear". Phenomena include transient ringing in the ears (that sound like sine tones), white noise-like sounds, and subjective tinnitus. Endaural phenomena need to be distinguished from otoacoustic emissions, in which a person's ear emits sounds. The emitter typically cannot hear the sounds made by his or her ear. Endaural phenomena also need to be distinguished from auditory hallucinations, which are sometimes associated with psychosis.

title: Endaural phenomena


text:
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation

The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) is a United States federally chartered corporation created by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) to encourage the continuation and maintenance of voluntary private defined benefit pension plans, provide timely and uninterrupted payment of pension benefits, and keep pension insurance premiums at the lowest level necessary to carry out its operations. Subject to other statutory limitations, PBGC's single-employer insurance program pays pension benefits up to the maximum guaranteed benefit set by law to participants who retire at 65 ($6,750 a month ). The benefits payable to insured retirees who start their benefits at ages other than 65 or elect survivor coverage are adjusted to be equivalent in value. The maximum monthly guarantee for the multiemployer program is far lower and more complicated ($12,870 a year for a participant with 30 years of credited service).

In fiscal year 2022, PBGC added 32 more failed single-employer plans. PBGC's inventory was 5,110 plans, and paid $7.042 billion in benefits to 963,097 retirees in those plans. That year, PBGC also paid $226 million in financial assistance to 115 multiemployer pension plans on behalf of 93,525 retirees. The agency has a total of $90.252 billion in obligations and $127.887 billion in assets for an overall surplus of $37.629 billion, an improvement of $6.214 billion since the prior year. The multiemployer program has a surplus of $1.055 billion and the single employer program a surplus of $36.574 billion.

Revenues and expenditures
PBGC is not funded by general tax revenues. Its funds come from four sources:

 * Insurance premiums paid by sponsors of defined benefit pension plans;
 * Assets held by the pension plans it takes over;
 * Recoveries of unfunded pension liabilities from plan sponsors' bankruptcy estates; and
 * Investment income.

PBGC pays monthly retirement benefits to more than 800,000 retirees in nearly 5,000 terminated single-employer defined benefit pension plans. Including those who have not yet retired and participants in multiemployer plans receiving financial assistance, PBGC is responsible for the current and future pensions of about 1.5 million people and insures the pensions of more than 35 million participants in ongoing plans.

Investment policy
The Agency has a stated goal of using a liability-driven investment strategy to minimize volatility and achieve its stated income goals. As a result, the heaviest target weightings in its portfolio are aimed at investment grade U.S. bonds and money market funds.

As of its April 2019 Investment Policy Statement the agency had approved target ranges for its Investment Trust as follows:

Return-Seeking Assets:

U.S. Equities, including publicly traded U.S. REITs: 0% to 15%

International Equities (Developed and Emerging): 0% to 15%

U.S. and International Bonds (High Yield, Developed, and Emerging Markets): 0% to 10%

Private Equity and Private Real Estate (from terminated plans): No range specified

Liability-Hedging Assets: U.S. Bonds (Nominal and Real) and Money Market: 65% to 90%

The investment statement adds that as the funded ratio improves the weighting toward liability hedging assets should also increase, in accordance with the agency's LDI investment strategy.

While there is no target allocation for private equity, debt, or real estate investment, the agency does allow for inherited investments from absorbed plans due to their illiquid nature.

As of September 30, 2019 the trust's asset allocation stands at 81.72% fixed income investments, 14.82% equity securities, and 3.46% other securities including private equity, private debt, real estate investments, REITs and insurance contracts.

Smaller Asset Managers Pilot Program

Since 2016 the agency has implemented a program to allow smaller asset managers to oversee investment mandates within the Trust, covering U.S. investment grade bond allocations. The program was aimed at providing opportunities to asset managers with at least $250 million in assets under management, but less than the billions previously required by the agency.

C. S. McKee, LM Capital Group, Longfellow Investment Management, New Century Advisors, and Pugh Capital Management were awarded the inaugural U.S. core fixed income mandates in the program.

As of September 30, 2019, the total allocation awarded to five managers within the program totaled less than 1% of the total trust's assets.

Revolving Funds

The agency also maintains seven revolving funds, though only three are operational, which were authorized under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to hold premiums paid by single employer and multiemployer pension sponsors, transfers from the larger trust fund portfolio for benefit payments, and returns on investments from the fund itself. Federal law mandates that these specific funds only be invested by U.S. Treasury securities.

Pension insurance programs
The single-employer program protects 30 million workers and retirees in 22,000 pension plans. The multiemployer program protects 10 million workers and retirees in 1,400 pension plans. Multiemployer plans are set up by collective bargaining agreements involving more than one unrelated employer, generally in one industry.

Plan terminations
An employer can voluntarily ask to close its single-employer pension plan in either a standard or distress termination. In a standard termination, the plan must have enough money to pay all accrued benefits, whether vested or not, before the plan can end. After workers receive promised benefits, in the form of a lump sum payment or an insurance company annuity, PBGC's guarantee ends. More than 145,000 plans have gone through PBGC's standard termination process between 1975 and 2019. In a distress termination, where the plan does not have enough money to pay all benefits, the employer must prove severe financial distress – for instance the likelihood that continuing the plan would force the company to shut down. PBGC will pay guaranteed benefits, usually covering a large part of total earned benefits, and make strong efforts to recover funds from the employer.

In addition, PBGC may seek to terminate a single-employer plan without the employer's consent to protect the interests of workers, the plan or PBGC's insurance fund. PBGC must act to terminate a plan that cannot pay current benefits.

For multiemployer pension plans that are unable to pay guaranteed benefits when due, PBGC will provide financial assistance to the plan, usually a loan, so that retirees continue receiving their benefits.

Terminations are covered under Title IV of ERISA.

Missing Participants Program
When a plan sponsor chooses to terminate their pension plan through the standard termination process, arrangements must be made to distribute benefits to each participant. When participants cannot be located or otherwise are not responsive, the termination process is delayed. Since 1996 sponsors of terminating insured single-employer defined benefit (DB) plans have the option to transfer the benefits for their "missing participants" to the PBGC or to purchase annuities from insurance companies and notify PBGC of the details. In 2018, PBGC expanded the Missing Participants Program (MPP) making it available to terminating defined contribution (DC) plans, multiemployer defined benefit plans and certain single-employer DB plans not covered by Title IV of ERISA.

PBGC indicates they are searching for more than 80,000 "lost" plan participants who are owed pensions. Individuals can call a dedicated toll-free number, 1-800-229-LOST (5678), to find out if they are due pension payments.

Premium rates
Pension plans that are qualified under the U.S. tax code pay yearly insurance premiums to the PBGC based on the number of participants in the plan and the funded status of the plan.

The Bipartisan Budget Act, which was signed by President Obama on November 2, 2015, set PBGC premiums as follows for single-employer pension plans:

Flat-rate premium
 * $64 per participant for plan years starting in 2016
 * $69 per participant for plan years starting in 2017
 * $74 per participant for plan years starting in 2018
 * $80 per participant for plan years starting in 2019

The variable-rate premium, which is $30 per $1,000 of unfunded vested benefits for 2016, will continue to be indexed for inflation, but were scheduled to increase by an additional $3 for 2017, $4 for 2018, and $4 for 2019.

Maximum guaranteed benefit
The maximum pension benefit guaranteed by PBGC is set by law and adjusted yearly. For plans that ended in 2023, workers who retired that year and at age 65 would receive up to $6,750.00 per month (or $81,000 per year) under PBGC's insurance program for single-employer plans.

Benefit payments starting at ages other than 65 are adjusted actuarially, which means the maximum guaranteed benefit is lower for those who retire early or when there is a benefit for a survivor. Alternatively, benefits are higher for those who retire after age 65. Additionally, the PBGC will not fully guarantee benefit improvements that were adopted within the five-year period prior to a plan's termination or benefits that are not payable over a retiree's lifetime.

Other limitations also apply to supplemental benefits in excess of normal retirement benefits, benefit increases within the last five years before a plan's termination, and benefits earned after a plan sponsor's bankruptcy.

For the multiemployer plans, the amount guaranteed is based on years of service. For plans that terminated after December 21, 2000, the PBGC insures 100 percent of the first $11 monthly payment per year of service and 75 percent of the next $33 monthly payment per year of service. For example, if a participant works 20 years in a plan that promises $19 per month per year of service, the PBGC guarantee would be $340 per month, rather than $380. $$

A second example, which exceeds the $44 monthly payment per year of service: If a participant works 20 years in a plan that promises $100 per month per year of service, the PBGC guarantee would be $715 per month, rather than $2,000. $$

Multiemployer plans that terminated after 1980 but before December 21, 2000, had a maximum guarantee limit of 100 percent of the first $5 of the monthly benefit accrual rate and 75 percent of the next $15.

Leadership
PBGC is headed by a Director, who reports to a board of directors consisting of the Secretaries of Labor, Commerce and Treasury, with the Secretary of Labor as chairman.

Under the Pension Protection Act of 2006, the Director of the PBGC is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Under prior law, PBGC's Board Chairman appointed an "Executive Director" who was not subject to confirmation.

Pensions and bankruptcy
Several large legacy airlines have filed for bankruptcy reorganization in an attempt to renegotiate terms of pension liabilities. These debtors have asked the bankruptcy court to approve the termination of their old defined benefit plans insured by the PBGC. Although the PBGC resisted these requests, ultimately it assumed the plans.

The PBGC would like minimum required contributions to insured defined benefit pension plans be considered "administrative expenses" in bankruptcy, thereby obtaining priority treatment ahead of the unsecured creditors. The PBGC has generally lost on this argument, sometimes resulting in a benefit to general unsecured creditors.

In ''National Labor Relations Bd. v. Bildisco'', 465 U.S. 513 (1984), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Bankruptcy Code section 365(a) "includes within it collective-bargaining agreements subject to the National Labor Relations Act, and that the Bankruptcy Court may approve rejection of such contracts by the debtor-in-possession upon an appropriate showing." The ruling came in spite of arguments that the employer should not use bankruptcy to breach contractual promises to make pension payments resulting from collective bargaining.

General bankruptcy principles hold that executory contracts are avoidable in practice, because neither party has fulfilled its part of the bargain and thus breach by either party only gives rise to expectation damages. Damages awards after commencement of a bankruptcy filing results in claims that take after more senior creditors. They are relegated to the status of general creditors because while breach would occur after filing of the bankruptcy petition, the contract was entered into before the filing. If a creditor is a general unsecured creditor and there is not enough money, they usually are not paid; so as a matter of practical economics, if the downturn in a company's fortunes which resulted in bankruptcy makes the performance of an executory contract less valuable than its breach, the rational company would breach. There would be no negative monetary consequences of such breach because there would be no money left for the other contract party to take because in practice general unsecured creditors are left with nothing.

In Bildisco, the Court also ruled that under the Bankruptcy Code as written at that time, an employer in Chapter 11 bankruptcy "does not commit an unfair labor practice when, after the filing of a bankruptcy petition but before court-approved rejection of the collective-bargaining agreement, it unilaterally modifies or terminates one or more provisions of the agreement." After the Bildisco decision, Congress amended the Bankruptcy Code by adding a subsection (f) to section 1113 (effective for cases that commenced on or after July 10, 1984):

"(f) No provision of this title shall be construed to permit a trustee to unilaterally terminate or alter any provisions of a collective bargaining agreement prior to compliance with the provisions of this section."

According to commentator Nicholas Brannick, "Despite the appearance of protection for the PBGC's interest in the event of termination, the Bankruptcy Code frequently strips the PBGC of the protection provided under ERISA. Under ERISA, termination liability may arise on the date of termination, but the lien that protects the PBGC's interest in that liability must be perfected [to be protected in bankruptcy]." The retention of title as a security interest, the creation of lien, or any other direct or indirect mode of disposing of or parting with property or an interest in property is a "transfer" for purposes of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (see ). Some transfers may be avoidable by the bankruptcy trustee under various Code provisions. Further, under ordinary principles of bankruptcy law, a lien or other security interest that is unperfected (i.e., a lien that is not valid against parties other than the debtor) at the time of case commencement is generally unenforceable against a bankruptcy trustee. Once the bankruptcy case has commenced, the law generally stays any act to attempt to perfect a lien that was not perfected prior to case commencement (see ). Thus, the PBGC with a lien that has not yet been perfected at the time of case commencement may find itself in the same position as the general unsecured creditors.

Annual Pension Insurance Data Book
PBGC has published the Pension Insurance Data Book since 1996 to present detailed statistics for the single-employer and multiemployer plans that the agency insures.

The single-employer section gives all data and statistics on single-employer programs.

 * Section S-3 through S-19 are the claims tables. These tables show all of the claims brought by single-employer DB plans to PBGC.
 * Section S-20 through S-29 are the payment table. These tables show how much PBGC is paying out every year in insurance protection.
 * Section S-30 through S-38 are the insured tables. These tables show how many participants are insured under the PBGC.
 * Section S-40 through S-43 are the premium tables. These tables show how much premiums insured pension plans are paying.
 * Section S-44 though S-52 show the underfunded Plans, overfunded Plans, and the funding ratios by NAIC business code, state, and participant count.
 * Section S-54 through S-59 provide statistics on plan partial risk transfer activity.

The multiemployer section, the M section, follows a similar organization.

Pension Protection Act of 2006
The Pension Protection Act of 2006 represents the most significant pension legislation since ERISA. Some of the provisions of the Act that affect the PBGC include:

 * The method for calculating the "variable-rate" PBGC premium is changed.
 * If PBGC takes over a terminated plan, the guarantee of employees' pension benefits is frozen as of the date of the plan sponsor's bankruptcy filing, which may be months or years before the plan terminates.
 * The PBGC's guarantee of pension benefits that become payable on a plant shutdown is limited if the shutdown occurred within five years of the bankruptcy filing.
 * The complicated rules that govern the PBGC's pension guarantee for business owners are simplified.
 * If PBGC takes over a terminated plan, the plan sponsor is required to pay a "termination premium" of $1,250 per participant per year for three years.

No insurance for defined contribution plans
One reason Congress enacted ERISA was "to prevent the 'great personal tragedy' suffered by employees whose vested benefits are not paid when pension plans are terminated." When a defined benefit plan is properly funded by its sponsor, its assets should be approximately equal to its liability, and any shortfall (including benefit improvements) should be amortized in a relatively short period of time. Before ERISA, employers and willing unions could agree to increase benefits with little thought to how to pay for them. A classic case of the unfortunate consequences of an underfunded pension plan is the 1963 shutdown of Studebaker automobile operations in South Bend, Indiana, in which 4,500 workers lost 85% of their vested benefits. One of ERISA's stated intentions was to minimize underfunding in defined benefit plans.

Defined contribution plans, by contrast and by definition, are always "fully funded" so Congress saw no need to provide insurance protection for participants in defined contribution plans. The Enron scandal in 2001 demonstrated one potential problem with defined contribution plans: the company had strongly encouraged its workers to invest their 401(k) plans in their employer itself, violating primary investment guidelines about diversification. When Enron went bankrupt, many workers lost not only their jobs but also most of the value of their retirement savings. Congress imposed fiduciary liability upon employers inside Section 404 of ERISA.

title: Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation


text:
Konstantinos Kallias

Konstantinos Kallias (July 9, 1901 – April 7, 2004) was a Greek politician.

He was born in Chalkis. He co-founded with Panagiotis Kanellopoulos the National Unionist Party. He served in many ministerial positions, including Minister for Justice (1958) and vice-president of New Democracy under Konstantinos Karamanlis (1975–1976).

In the first Greek elections to the European Parliament, he was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). In 2003 he entered the Guinness Book of Records as the oldest active writer of an autobiography, at the age of 102. He died, aged 102, in Athens on April 7, 2004.

title: Konstantinos Kallias


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peekee

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:40, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Peekee
Peekee +makeup gets three Google hits, none of them relevant. Peekee +foncé gets zero Google hits. RickK 22:35, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not demonstrating notability. --Fuzzball! (talk) 02:11, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I might take heed to the request on the article's discussion page if it used, like, grammar. Asriel86 05:44, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Promotional Peekeecruft. -- 8^D gab 15:50, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peekee


text:
Pentax K1000

The Pentax K1000 (originally marked the Asahi Pentax K1000) is an interchangeable lens, 35 mm film, single-lens reflex (SLR) camera, manufactured by Asahi Optical Co., Ltd. from 1976 to 1997, originally in Japan. The K1000's extraordinary longevity makes it a historically significant camera. The K1000's inexpensive simplicity was a great virtue and earned it an unrivalled popularity as a basic but sturdy workhorse. The Pentax K1000 eventually sold over three million units.

Description
The K1000, introduced in 1976, is the simplest member of Asahi Optical's Pentax K-series 35mm SLRs. The other members are the Pentax K2, KM, and KX, introduced in 1975, and the K2 DMD of 1976. All have the same basic body design, but with differing feature levels, electronics, and controls. The K1000 was the KM with the self-timer, depth of field pre-view and some other features removed to save cost.

It uses a horizontal travel, rubberized silk cloth focal plane shutter with a speed range of 1/1000 second to 1 second, along with Bulb and a flash X-sync of 1/60 second. It is 91.4 millimetres (3.6 inches) tall, 143 mm (5.6 in) wide, and 48 mm (1.9 in) deep, and weighs 620 grams (21.9 ounces). The body was finished in black leather with chrome trim only, although early production Pentax K1000 SE bodies had brown leather with chrome trim.

The introductory US list price for the K1000 body with SMC Pentax 55 mm f/2 lens was $299.50. In 1983, a K1000 with SMC Pentax-M 50 mm f/2 lens listed for $220; in 1988, the body was $210, but $290 with SMC Pentax-A 50 mm f/2; in 1993, the body was $263. The body was priced at $315 in 1994 and remained there until discontinued. Note that SLRs usually sold for 30 to 40 percent below list price.

Features
The K1000 is an almost-all metal, mechanically (springs, gears, levers) controlled, manual-focus SLR with manual-exposure control. It is completely operable without batteries. Batteries are only required (one A76 or S76, or LR44 or SR44, silver oxide 357 or 303) for the light metering information in the viewfinder. This consists of a centre-the-needle exposure control system using a galvanometer needle pointer moving between vertically arranged +/– over/underexposure markers to indicate the readings of the built-in full-scene averaging, cadmium sulfide (CdS)battery light meter versus the actual camera settings. The meter does not have an on/off switch and the lens cap must be attached to the lens to prevent draining the K1000's battery when it is not in use. The K1000 comes with its own simple, black camera strap out of the box. Conventional for the time, there is a film advance lever on the right and a rewind crank on the left on the top plate.

There is a basic hot shoe for an electronic flash unit, and also a PC flash lead socket, of X type synchronisation. There are no flash dedication features.

The viewfinder has a focusing screen with a microprism spot focusing aid. The Pentax K1000 SE substituted a split image rangefinder plus microprism collar focusing screen. Later (non-Asahi) SE models had top and bottom plates made from plastic, painted to look like metal. The K1000 SE is otherwise identical to the regular K1000, except that the SE's from the first two years of production in late 1977 to 1978 used a Black Diamond patterned leatherette (Pre 780XXX serial number) for approximately 2500 units and then a brown leather instead of black after that on the later early SE models.

The K1000 has a Pentax K bayonet mount, a type introduced with the K Series. Originally it was usually sold with the budget SMC Pentax 50mm f/2 lens, and it accepts any other manual focus lens with the K mount. This includes the SMC Pentax, SMC Pentax-M and SMC Pentax-A types. In addition, almost all lenses with the Pentax K-AF and K-AF2 autofocus lens mounts (introduced 1987 and 1991, respectively) also work in manual focus mode. The exceptions are Pentax's newest SMC-Pentax FA J (1997) and SMC-Pentax DA (2004) types which lack an aperture control ring, and K mount lenses designed for APS-C cameras; these can be mounted but with restricted functionality. There are also adaptors to allow older screw mount lenses to be used on K mount cameras (with limitations). In all, there are vast numbers of Pentax and third party lenses that can be used with the K1000 and other K mount camera bodies.

As a budget camera, the K1000 has fewer features than other mid-1970s SLRs. In particular it lacks a self timer, which can limit its appeal to family users. The sparse information in the viewfinder can make taking photos a little ponderous, as the camera might need to be removed from the eye to check settings, on top of which the meter is slow to respond, even by 1976 standards. The K1000 is a completely manual camera, requiring more expertise in use than some of its contemporaries.

The K1000 gained popularity because of its low cost, and then for the reputation it won for ruggedness and reliability. Its spartan lack of certain features are regarded by some as a good feature in itself. In addition, for many years it was the camera recommended or mandated to students starting art or photography courses, because its manual controls forced users to learn about exposure - even after better (and even cheaper) manual cameras came along. Today, good used versions fetch higher prices than its originally more costly and better featured K Series siblings, partly because those others, made in far fewer numbers, are overlooked or have been forgotten.

Design history
In 1975, Asahi Optical replaced its Spotmatic series of 35mm SLR cameras with three cameras of the K-series, the Pentax K2, KM and KX. They continued the successful Spotmatics' general style and handling but with the use of a new bayonet mount, the K Mount, in place of the previous M42 screw mount. The KM in particular was otherwise identical to the old Spotmatic F model apart from some top plate styling. The top of the range K2 had an aperture priority auto and manual modes, while the KX and KM were metered manual only, but the K2 and KX were more technically advanced than the KM. A range of SMC Pentax K mount lenses were introduced at the same time.

These three original K-Series cameras had relatively short production lives, because at that time the market trend was towards much smaller cameras, led by the Olympus OM-1, and away from heavy mechanical cameras - robust and reliable though they were. At the same time electronics was beginning to revolutionise camera design, and buyers were increasingly expecting automation in place of (or in addition to) manual metering. In 1976 Asahi therefore introduced the first of its small M-Series of 35mm SLRs and soon the M-Series had become the Pentax mid-range cameras. But, to salvage something from the K-Series, Asahi added features to the K2 to create the professional grade K2-DMD, and removed features from the KM to create the K1000 aimed at the lower end of the market; in both these markets the fashion for smallness was of less concern.

The K1000 was thus a Spotmatic F with a K mount, but with the self-timer, depth of field preview, film reminder dial, and the FP flash socket (by now redundant) removed. In creating it, Asahi achieved their aim of making the cheapest big-brand 35mm SLR on the market, on its introduction at least. The "1000" in the K1000's name was a reflection of the camera's fastest shutter speed. This follows from the naming of the previous Spotmatic cameras, the SP1000 and SP500, which had top speeds of 1/1000 and 1/500 respectively.

Production continued until 1997 when manufacturing costs of its older design and supply of its mechanical and electronic parts (especially precision analogue microgalvanometers for the light meter) finally became untenable. It was replaced by the highly computerized Pentax ZX-M (also called MZ-M) in 1998.

Changes
Production of the largely hand assembled camera was moved from Japan, first to Hong Kong in 1978 and then to China in 1990, to keep labor costs down. The "Asahi" name and "AOCo" logo was removed from the pentaprism cover to de-emphasize the company name in keeping with the rest of the "Pentax" line. The meter components changed as Asahi Optical searched for suitable supplies. The metal in the wind shaft was downgraded from steel. Cheaper plastic was substituted for the originally satin-chromed brass top and bottom plates and aluminum and steel film rewind assembly. Note that the use of lighter plastic lowered the weight of the Chinese-assembled K1000s to 525 g.

title: Pentax K1000


text:
Campanario

Campanario or Campanário may refer to:

Places

 * El Campanario y Oradel, Tamaulipas, a city in the municipality of Nuevo Laredo, Mexico
 * Proyecto Campanario, a private biological station and wildlife reserve in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
 * Campanário, Madeira, a parish in the municipality of Ribeira Brava, Madeira, Portugal
 * Campanário, Minas Gerais, a municipality in Minas Gerais, Brazil
 * Campanario, Badajoz, a town in Extremadura, Spain

Geology

 * Campanario Formation (Neogene), geological formation of Neogene age in Central Chile and western Argentina
 * Campanario Formation (Cambrian), a geological formation of Cambrian age in the Argentine Northwest

Brands

 * Pisco Campanario

Other

 * Belfry (architecture), a bell tower (in Italian or Spanish)

title: Campanario


text: User talk:195.138.145.149

title: User talk:195.138.145.149