text:
Cóiced Ol nEchmacht

Cóiced Ol nEchmacht is an ancient name for the province of Connacht, Ireland and including the area of County Clare.

Etymology and extent
Cóiced Ol nEchmacht may be translated as the portion/fifth/province of the Ol nEchmacht, also called the Fir Ol nEchmacht ("Fir" means "men"). The name nEchmacht has been linked by some scholars to the tribe called Nagnatae on Ptolemy's 2nd century AD world map.

They were divided into three main tribes: the Fir Craibe, or Fir na Criabe; the Tuatha Taiden; and the Gamanraige. Each tribe ruled respective kingdoms within Ol nEchmacht.

This territory seems to have been Ol nEchmacht proper.
 * The kingdom of the Fir Craibe extended from Limerick to the Palace of Fidach, a place thought to be located in north-eastern Aidhne. In later centuries the territory south of Aidhne, Thomond, would be annexed by Munster, which it is still counted as part of.
 * The kingdom of Tuatha Taiden extended from Fidach eastwards to and across the Shannon towards Tara, and was probably co-extensive with Hy-Many at its greatest extent.
 * The Gamanraige ruled the territory between the Gallimhe or Galway river, to the Drowes and Duff rivers in the north-east. Their capital was Rath Eochaidh, later called Cruachan.

It was only with the rise of the Connachta dynasty that the term Fir Ol nEchmacht was dropped and the province was renamed Connacht.

Nations of Ol nEchmacht
Nations known to have resided in Ol nEchmacht during this era included:

 * Badhna            - uncertain
 * Bunrath       - north of Athenry/south-west of Tuam
 * Cairpre       - around Drumcliffe in County Sligo
 * Calraige          - border of County Sligo/County Leitrim
 * Cattraige         - uncertain
 * Ciarraige         - central Mayo
 * Clann Úmóir       - Aran Islands, Galway and Mayo
 * Conmaicne     - west coast, and northern areas of, County Galway
 * Corco Fhir Trí    - south County Sligo
 * Corco Moga        - north-east County Galway
 * Dál nDruithne     - east of Loughrea
 * Dartraige     - north-west County Leitrim
 * Delbhna       - south County Roscommon, and both sides of the Corrib
 * Erdini        - County Leitrim/County Cavan
 * Fir Craibe    - County Clare (then part of Connacht) and south-west Galway
 * Fir Domnann   - west coast of Mayo
 * Gabraige          - along the River Suck
 * Gamanrad          - west shore of Killala Bay
 * Gailenga          - central County Mayo
 * Luigne        - east County Mayo & south County Sligo
 * Mairtine Mór  - branch of a Munster nation, possibly located in Connacht
 * Medraige          - nowadays the townlands of Maree, Oranmore
 * Nagnatae      - County Sligo
 * Óic Bethra    - area around Clarenbridge
 * Partraige         - in Connemara and Partry, County Mayo
 * Senchineoil   - centered on what is now Ballinasloe
 * Soghain       - most of east-central County Galway
 * Tuatha Taiden - east Galway and south Roscommon
 * Uaithne       - County Roscommon/County Galway (likely Ptolemy's Auteini)
 * Uí Mail           - the area around Clew Bay

title: Cóiced Ol nEchmacht


text: File:1K ZX Chess - Sinclair - ZX81.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:1K ZX Chess - Sinclair - ZX81.jpg


text:
File:Chirst the Redeemer by Andrey Rublev.jpg

Andrei Rublev. Christ the Redeemer. From the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow.

Since the Master have gone more than 500 years ago, this image certainly belongs to the Public Domain.


text:
Talk:Wychwood Brewery

=Comments=

I have removed the poorly written bit at the end about refresh and marstons. Wychwood are now owned my refresh uk who are oowned by marstens (or is it the other way round i can never remember). There is a press release on the wychwood website that could be used to write a littlee about this, I would do it myself but I don't have timeGeorgeryall (talk) 16:56, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on Wychwood Brewery
Cyberbot II has detected links on Wychwood Brewery which have been added to the blacklist, either globally or locally. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed or are highly inappropriate for Wikipedia. The addition will be logged at one of these locations: local or global If you believe the specific link should be exempt from the blacklist, you may request that it is white-listed. Alternatively, you may request that the link is removed from or altered on the blacklist locally or globally. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. Please do not remove the tag until the issue is resolved. You may set the invisible parameter to "true" whilst requests to white-list are being processed. Should you require any help with this process, please ask at the help desk.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.circlemakers.org
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:15, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Wychwood Brewery. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070528025232/http://www.refreshuk.com/ to http://www.refreshuk.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:55, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wychwood Brewery


text:
Broadgate

Broadgate is a large, 32 acre office and retail estate in the Bishopsgate Without area of the City of London. It is owned by British Land and GIC and managed by Savills.

History
The original developer was a joint venture of Rosehaugh and Stanhope plc: it was built by a Bovis / Tarmac Construction joint venture and was the largest office development in London until the arrival of Canary Wharf in the early 1990s. The original scheme was designed by Arup Associates, Team 2, which was headed by Peter Foggo, who later left Arup to set up his own practice Peter Foggo Associates, where he completed the initial phase of works.

Location
The modern and mainly-pedestrianised development is located on the original site of Broad Street station (closed in 1986) and beside and above the railway approaches into Liverpool Street station. The perimeter of the managed estate is Bishopsgate to the east, Sun Street, Appold Street and the eastern part of Worship Street to the north, the southern part of Wilson Street to the west and Eldon Street and Liverpool Street to the south. Included in the estate are Broadgate Circle and Exchange Square.

Boundary changes which came into effect in 1994 now place the entire estate within the Bishopsgate Without ward of the City of London, previously was in the Shoreditch, in the London Borough of Hackney.

Ownership
Several different companies such as British Rail have participated in the development of the estate. Between 2003 and 2009 the whole estate was owned by British Land, which has been involved since 1984. Statistics from British Land indicate that the estate provides 360000 m2 of office, retail and leisure accommodation spread over 129000 m2 and more than 30,000 people are employed there. In October 2009, British Land sold a 50% share of the estate to the Blackstone Group. In 2014, GIC agreed to acquire the 50% interest in Broadgate owned by the Blackstone Group.

Buildings
The 538 ft Broadgate Tower, the 5th-tallest building in the City after the Heron Tower, Tower 42, The Leadenhall Building and 30 St Mary Axe was completed in 2008 and has added more than 820000 sqft of commercial floorspace to the estate. This building stands over the railway tracks out of Liverpool Street station.

In early 2011 there was controversy over the redevelopment of the site of a Peter Foggo building, when it was suggested by the City of London's Chief Planning Officer Peter Rees and Ken Shuttleworth that Peter Foggo would have been pleased that the building would be demolished.

The headquarters of Swiss bank UBS are situated at 5 Broadgate, a steel-clad groundscraper designed by Ken Shuttleworth of Make Architects.

Events
On 7 August 2010, Broadgate became host to the twice-monthly Broadgate Farmers' Market.

In the winter months Broadgate Circle used to host Broadgate Ice; London's only turn up and skate ice rink. In November 2017, Broadgate installed their first Christmas market.

Arts Programme
In 2012, Broadgate announced the Broadgate Art Trail which would showcase 16 artworks over a 32-acre plot.

title: Broadgate


text:
Talk:Kelham Island Brewery

Dave Wickett
Is he sufficiently notable for an article? Chemical Engineer (talk) 15:59, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Kelham Island Brewery. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080627171209/http://www.camra.org.uk/page.aspx?o=cbob to http://www.camra.org.uk/page.aspx?o=cbob
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040413001136/http://www.kelhambrewery.co.uk/index2.htm to http://www.kelhambrewery.co.uk/index2.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:31, 8 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kelham Island Brewery


text:
Sepidan

Sepidan (, which means "The Whiteland" in Persian) may refer to:
 * Sepidan County, an administrative subdivision of Fars Province, Iran
 * Ardakan, capital of Sepidan County, Fars Province, Iran
 * Beyza, a city in Sepidan County, Fars Province, Iran
 * Esfidan, village in Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran

title: Sepidan


text:
Talk:Atharvaveda

Capitalisation
I'm curious about the unorthodox capitalization here - is this SAMPA or something? Could we use IPA unicode instead, if it's important to convey the nuances of pronunciation?

-Peter — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.164.104.153 (talk) 10:28, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

.
The whole "popular misconceptions" (!) section desperately needs an NPOV screening. Wikipedia isn't a platform for privileging any religious ideas over another, whether 'misconceived' or otherwise. I'd prefer not to do the rewrite myself, however, since my knowledge of the Vedas is insufficient. QuartierLatin1968 13:23, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

remove that section. At least points 1-3 are entirely consistent with academic communis opinio. dab (ᛏ) 14:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

cleanup
Thanks for the IASTification Miljoshi :) I think we will be able to remove the "attention" tag soon. The article preserves much material from a major anon edit  in Sept 2003 . This should still be sourced and verified, I hope I can get to that sometime. Also, see Talk:Rig_Veda; I propose to move the articles on the four Vedas back to Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda (on grounds of their being tatpurusha compounds, these names should be considered single words, not appositions). dab (ᛏ) 16:27, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, its was a bit tough to work-around in absence of original Devnagari words, but have used some common Sanskrit grammar rules to figure out what-it-would-had-been :-). Oh well, I'm afraid I already removed the notice! On the naming point, Agree, all the four are spelled as one word in Sanskrit (I'm reading from their book-covers). --rgds. Miljoshi | talk 17:21, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

article history
this article was copy-paste moved in the past. Part of the edit history is now at Atharva-Veda. dab (ᛏ) 16:27, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The history was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=Atharvaveda merged back in August 2009] by . Graham 87 11:34, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

Junk giant quotations?
This page seems to have had several giant quotations from the source material dumped into it, obscuring the actual article. Perhaps they should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.54.47.136 (talk) 22:58, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Having waited a few days, I (the poster of this question) went ahead and deleted them; I think the article is much better this way. 128.54.44.136 17:25, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Internet "Birds of the Same Nest" Myth
Its quite a popular internet myth that the following text appears in the Atharva Veda, though it does not:

Birds of the Same Nest "We are the birds of the same nest, We may wear different skins, We may speak different languages, We may believe in different religions, We may belong to different cultures, Yet we share the same home - OUR EARTH. Born on the same planet Covered by the same skies Gazing at the same stars Breathing the same air We must learn to happily progress together Or miserably perish together, For man can live individually, But can survive only collectively."--Atharva Veda

 * I get all of four google hits for this, so calling it "popular" is rather stretching things. A lot of unfounded nonsense floats around on the internet at large. --dab (𒁳) 14:59, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

- it is possible, that those two birds actually refer to jiva-atma and Parma-atma - both sitting just like two birds on one tree - material body. So yoga is meditation of jiva-atma onto Paramatma. That text is found in different parts of Vedas. Of course, it is not that heart is like "Earth" as in those phrase above. It is simply said that there is aham-kara - false ego, and real 'ego', self, soul - that is jiva-atma. And there are other material elements, additionaly to false ego: mind, intellect, and also ether, air, fire, water, and earth. They keep conditioned jiva-atma for many lifetimes in material world. So another bird, Paramatma, is waiting for jiva-atma that he would direct attention to Paramatma. Finally, jivaatma is expected to realize Bhagavan and serve Him - by serving devotees of His devotees - in bona-fide chain of disciplic succession (Vaisnava sampradaya). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vedicsciences (talk • contribs) 13:15, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

why do we don't anything about Atharvaveda in detail from anywhere....? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.98.68.113 (talk) 21:05, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

article quality
these edits apparently fall under WP:COI. Referenced criticism of a scholar with the same name as the editor was replaced by an unreferenced eulogy. Somebody may want to fix this. --130.60.142.82 (talk) 09:55, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Atharvaveda. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf to http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf
 * Added tag to https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:58, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

"Atharva Veda" or "Atharvaveda"
One is used in the title. The other is used in the first sentence.

Which is it to be?

It currently looks amateurish. 86.180.11.200 (talk) 20:46, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atharvaveda


text:
Komsa culture

The Komsa culture (Komsakulturen) was a Mesolithic culture of hunter-gatherers that existed from around 10,000 BC in Northern Norway.

The culture is named after Mount Komsa in the present-day Alta Municipality in Finnmark county, where the remains of the culture were first discovered. The term was first used by the Norwegian archaeologist Anders Nummedal (1867–1944) after the discoveries he made on Mount Komsa in 1925. The distinction between a "Komsa" type of stone-tool culture north of the Arctic Circle and a "Fosna" type from Trøndelag to Oslofjord was rendered obsolete in the 1970s. Nowadays both phenomena are ascribed to different types of tools of the same culture.

Recent archaeological finds from Finnish Lapland were originally thought to represent an inland aspect of the Komsa culture equally old as the earliest finds from the Norwegian coast. However, this material is now considered to be affiliated with the contemporary Post-Swiderian culture of North Central Russia and the eastern Baltic and thus to represent a separate early incursion into northernmost Scandinavia.

The commonly held view today is that the earliest settlement of the North Norwegian coast originated on the western and southwestern coast of Norway and ultimately in the final Palaeolithic Ahrensburg culture of northwestern Europe. The Komsa are thought to have followed the Norwegian coastline when receding glaciation at the end of the last ice age (between 11,000 and 8000 BC) opened up new areas for settlement. It was formerly believed that some elements may have moved into modern-day Finnmark from the northeast, possibly coming from ice-free coasts of the Kola Peninsula. However, recent research indicates that a number of the coastal sites in the Varangerfjord area previously attributed to the second phase of the "Komsa" continuum actually represent an early incursion from the southeast (northwestern Russia) and are related to the early Post-Swiderian influx discovered in northernmost Finnish Lapland.

Archaeological evidence indicates that the Komsa culture was almost exclusively sea-oriented, living mainly off seal hunting and being able boat-builders and fishermen. In comparison to the southern Norway's contemporary Fosna variety of this same culture, stone tools and other implements appear relatively crude. This has been explained with a paucity of flintstone in the region.

Other sources

 * Clark, Grahame   (2009) The Earlier Stone Age Settlement of Scandinavia (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 978-0-521-10767-9
 * Hansen, Lars Ivar and Bjørnar Olsen (2004)  Samenes Historie: Fram til 1750 (Cappelen Akademisk) ISBN 978-82-02-19672-1
 * Olsen, Bjørnar  (1994) Bosetning og samfunn i Finnmarks forhistorie    (Universitetsforlaget) ISBN 978-82-00-21941-5
 * Olsen, Bjørnar  (1997)   Fra ting til tekst: Teoretiske perspektiv i arkeologisk forskning  (Universitetsforlaget)  ISBN 978-82-00-22890-5

title: Komsa culture


text:
Talk:Spruce beer

beer / non-beer
Recently edits have been made to this article shifting the subject from an attempt at a balanced beer/soda discussion to a de-emphasis of the beer style and emphasis of the soda/non-beer beverages. The following text was removed: "Spruce has been a traditional flavoring ingredient throughout the upper latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere where it is found, often substituting for ingredients otherwise not available, such as hops." This was added: "Spruce beer, despite its name, is - like Ginger beer and Root beer - not a type of beer."  I think this is an overly dismissive treatment of spruce as used in traditional beer and ale. I would just revert, but the edits appear to be made with good intentions so I thought we could discuss here. Maybe it could be made more clear that the term "spruce beer" has several different meanings that vary by geography and culture? I know that some places have a tradition of "non-beer" spruce beer, but that shouldn't invalidate the use of spruce in true beers and ales. Here are some refs regarding spruce used in beer and ale that can be worked into the article:

 * The Joy of Homebrewing may also mention spruce beer...
 * The Joy of Homebrewing may also mention spruce beer...
 * The Joy of Homebrewing may also mention spruce beer...
 * The Joy of Homebrewing may also mention spruce beer...
 * The Joy of Homebrewing may also mention spruce beer...

--BlueCanoe (talk) 18:02, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Northern Europe and Scandinavia
Even if there is a source for this info: "Norway Spruce is used for making spruce beer widely in northern Europe.[8] In Scandinavia it is used to flavor fermented ales in the absence of hops." I'd say that "widely" is nonsense. I have lived in Northern Europe, Scandinavia and Finland all my life and never even heard of spruce beer. And I used to drink a lot of beer, lol. --86.60.222.33 (talk) 21:14, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Yep, that part is bogus. I'm going through the results of a 1950s survey of farmhouse brewing in Norway, where one of the questions to brewers is what flavourings they use. All the answers so far are "juniper and hops". Nothing else. Matti Räsänen summarized a similar survey of Finnish farmhouse ale (sahti) and there it's the same thing: juniper only. I have several accounts of Danish farmhouse brewing, and again there's no spruce (nor any juniper). I have recipes from Jämtland and Gotland in Sweden, and they used juniper only. Räsänen summarizes brewing in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia, too, and again there is no spruce whatsoever. I'm pretty sure the authors of that 1966 book either confused juniper with spruce, or they simply made it up. LarsMarius (talk) 21:18, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Spruce beer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100727033956/http://williamsbrosbrew.com/historicales.php?id=44 to http://www.williamsbrosbrew.com/historicales.php?id=44
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131203102427/https://www.beaus.ca/beer/pro-am/spruce_moose to https://www.beaus.ca/beer/pro-am/spruce_moose
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110917032440/http://www.wigrambrewing.co.nz/Menu/Our-Beer.php to http://www.wigrambrewing.co.nz/Menu/Our-Beer.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:48, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

Relevance of image?
What is the relevance of the 'Canada food icon' with this post? Evert (talk) 12:32, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spruce beer


text:
Sydney Walker

Sydney Walker (May 5, 1921 – September 30, 1994) was an American character actor of stage and screen and voice artist, with a career that spanned over five decades.

Early life
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Walker developed an interest in drama from attending films as a child. He was especially enamored of death scenes, sometimes enacting them to entertain others. When he was 15, he began acting in little theater productions. He gained more experience through an apprenticeship with the Hedgerow Theatre in Pennsylvania. He left there to serve in World War II and then returned. He developed his skills further by studying at the Conservatory of Music and Dramatic Art in Paris, focusing on pantomime and singing.

Career
Walker was primarily a stage actor. After he studied in Paris, he performed at the Pasadena Playhouse and La Jolla Playhouse. His professional debut was in 1960 and he featured in twenty-eight Broadway plays between 1961 and 1973. In 1967, he was nominated for a Tony Award as "Best Featured Actor in a Play" for his performance in The Wild Duck.

Between 1966 and 1969 Walker was a principal player in Ellis Rabb's APA-Phoenix Repertory Company in New York City working with an extraordinary group including Rosemary Harris, Donald Moffet, Keene Curtis, Paul Sparer, Nancy Marchand, all of whom were to have significant careers in movies, television and theatre.

As a character actor in motion pictures, he appeared as Dr. Shapeley in the 1970 blockbuster film Love Story, and also appeared in The Way We Live Now and Puzzle of a Downfall Child the same year. His most prominent film role came in the 1992 movie Prelude to a Kiss, in which he was featured as a dying elderly man who switches bodies with a newlywed portrayed by Meg Ryan. He had a small role in the 1993 hit Mrs. Doubtfire as the bus driver who finds a small attraction to Mrs. Doubtfire, and played Mr. Wankmueller in the 1994 Macaulay Culkin and Ted Danson comedy Getting Even with Dad. He also acted in the television soap opera The Guiding Light for the 1970–71 season.

Walker also provided the voice for the children's toy "Grampa Time" (a toy that had a nightlight and told bedtime stories).

His many television appearances included The Phil Silvers Show. For a good part of his career (late 1970s through the 1980s), Walker was a teacher and principal actor at the Geary Theatre in San Francisco. He taught acting at the American Conservatory Theater (A.C.T.) there. He also immortalized roles such as Scrooge in A Christmas Carol, Lord Porteus in Somerset Maugham's The Circle, and Ash in The National Health by Peter Nichols, among many others.

Death
On September 30, 1994, Walker died of cancer in San Francisco, California. He never married.

title: Sydney Walker


text:
1K ZX Chess

1K ZX Chess is a 1982 chess program for the unexpanded Sinclair ZX81.

Description
1K ZX Chess's code takes up only 672 bytes in memory, but implements chess rules except for castling, promotion, and en passant, including a computer opponent. It was the smallest implementation of chess on any computer at the time. Developer David Horne discussed 1K ZX Chess and published the full source code as a type-in program in a series of articles in Your Computer in 1982 and 1983.

Reception
Popular Computing Weekly in 1982 called 1K ZX Chess "one of the most interesting ZX tapes to pass through our office in recent weeks". It approved of the computer displaying moves while considering them and noted "the skills which went into writing a chess program in 1K of machine code. Is there anyone reading this who could even contemplate doing the same?" The magazine concluded, "Despite the limitations this is one cassette, at £3, which I would recommend." Sinclair User in 1983 stated that "it takes some technical wizardry to squeeze this kind of game into the unexpanded ZX81". The magazine praised the game's quick loading speed, and found that it "makes its moves very fast for the amount of memory available for it". Home Computing Weekly gave the game three out of five stars, criticizing the confusing user interface but stating that "it still produces play which needs some thought to beat". Tim Harding wrote in a 1985 book on computer chess that "the man who did it must be some sort of genius". While describing 1K ZX Chess' quality of play as "so appalling that it would be hard to make it beat you" and criticizing the backward algebraic notation, he concluded that "the program is nevertheless a fantastic technical achievement".

1K ZX Chess came in second place for best software in a poll of ZX81 users. Retrogaming Times Monthly described it as "history's greatest game programming feat"; Kuro5hin agreed, calling 1K ZX Chess "the greatest program ever written". BootChess author Olivier Poudade praised 1K ZX Chess's code, stating that at first writing a smaller chess program "seemed impossible ... Horne had nailed it so much already". Poudade acknowledged replicating some of Horne's methods as he could not improve them.

title: 1K ZX Chess


text:
Niger State

Niger is a state in the North Central region of Nigeria. It is the largest state in the country by area. The state capital is Minna. Other major cities are Bida, Kontagora and Suleja. Niger state was formed in 1976 when the then North-Western State was divided into Niger State and Sokoto State. It is home state of two former Nigerian military heads of state— Ibrahim Babangida and Abdulsalami Abubakar. The Nupe,Adara, Gbagyi, Kamuku, Kambari, Gungawa, Hun-Saare, Hausa and Koro form the majority of numerous indigenous tribes of Niger State.

The state is named after the River Niger. Two of Nigeria's major hydroelectric power stations, the Kainji Dam and Shiroro Dam, are located in Niger State, along with the new Zungeru Dam. The Jebba Dam straddles the border of Niger state and Kwara state. The famous Gurara Falls is in Niger State, and Gurara Local Government Area is named after the Gurara River, on whose course the fall is situated. Also situated there is Kainji National Park, the largest National Park of Nigeria, which contains Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve and the Zugurma Game Reserve.

Government
Like most Nigerian states, Niger State is governed by a democratically-elected Governor, who is currently Mohammad Umar Bago. The governor works with the Niger State House of Assembly. The capital city is Minna.

The state has three Senatorial Zones/Districts: Niger East, Niger North, Niger South.

Electoral system
The governor is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

Local government
The state has 25 Local Government Areas, each headed by a local government chairman. They are divided into districts, each with a district head while villages are headed by village heads.

The local government areas are: • Agaie

• Agwara

• Bida

• Borgu

• Bosso

• Chanchaga

• Edati

• Gbako

• Gurara

• Katcha

• Kontagora

• Lapai

• Lavun

• Magama

• Mariga

• Mashegu

• Mokwa

• Munya

• Paikoro

• Rafi

• Rijau

• Shiroro

• Suleja

• Tafa

• Wushishi

Education
Tertiary educational institutions in Niger state include:

 * Federal College of Education, Kontagora
 * Federal Polytechnic, Bida
 * Federal University of Technology Minna
 * Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai
 * Niger State College of Education Minna
 * Niger State Polytechnic, Zungeru

Transport
Federal Highways are:
 * A1 north from Ilorin in Kwara State across the Niger River by a four-lane bridge at Jebba for 388 km as part of the African Unity Road (TAH2: Trans-African Highway 2) to Kontagora, then via Ibeto to Yelwa in Kebbi State.
 * A125 continuing TAH2 east from A1 at Kontagora via Tegina to Kaduna State at Gishiri.
 * A124 east from A1 north of Mokwa via Bida and Agaie as the Bida-Abuja Rd to Abuja, FCT at Kudan.

Two roads to Benin: Other Major Roads include:
 * The Wana-Babana Rd at Babana to Basso.
 * Agwara Tungar Jatau Swate Maje Rd from Agwarra via Konkwesso to RNIE 7 to Ségbana.
 * The Minna-Tagbari Rd northeast to Kaduna State as the Chibian-Zazaga-Sarkin Pawa Rd
 * The Minna-Bida Rd
 * The Mararaba-Makutu-Mapi Rd southeast from Minna via Matumbi and Paiko to A124 at Daga
 * Yelwa-Mokwa Rd across the Niger River by a bridge from Kato to Jinjima

Railways:

the Western Line north from Lagos via Ibadan and Ilorin across the Niger River at Jebba by a 547 m bridge (1915) via Minna to Kaduna, with a branch line from Minna 155 km to the port of Baro on the Niger River, which is connected with Kano by the Northern Line.

Airports:
 * Minna Airport

Natural resources
Niger State has abundant natural resources, including:

• Uranium

• Coal

• Gold

• Iron ore

• Tin

• Phosphate

• Crude oil

• Molybdenum

• Salt

• Gypsum

Languages
Languages of Niger State listed by LGA:

Climate
The state has very warm climate with a yearly average of 34° Celsius. It is warm or hot all year, but there are few typically tropical and sultry months, although humidity is sometimes uncomfortably high in June to September. The best time for traveling is from November to April, when there is less rain. The rainiest days occur in May to October. September has the rainiest days, and December the least. January is the sunniest month, and August the least sunny.

title: Niger State


text:
Misuse of Drugs Act (Belize)

The Misuse of Drugs Act is a national drug control law of Belize that divides drugs into three classes. There does not seem to be any mechanism for adding, removing, or transferring drugs between classes without amending the statute. Like the Misuse of Drugs Acts of other nations, this statute is designed to implement the provisions of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and its supplementary drug control treaties.

title: Misuse of Drugs Act (Belize)


text:
User:Sparkit/capitalization

I'm going with the Oxford Dictionary of Art capitalization. -->>sparkit| TALK << 01:21, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Capitalization comparisons

 * The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
 * The Oxford Dictionary of Art 1988 ISBN 0192800221
 * Grove Dictionary of Art and The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms: both available on Oxford Art Online
 * Association of Art Editors Style Guide (2006, rev. 2013)

Art movements/styles
Note: ''I've gone with capitalizing art movement names. It just seems clearer.

 * New Hart's Rules: "Capitalize the names of institutions, organizations, societies, movements, and groups"... e.g. "the Ashcan School"... "The tendency otherwise is to use lower case unless it is important to distinguish a specific from a general meaning"... "Classicists... will often capitalize Classical to define, say, sculpture in the fifth century BC as opposed to that of the Hellenistic era" (p. 92).
 * The Guardian and Observer Style Guide: "art movements are generally lowercase, eg art deco, art nouveau, cubism, dadaism, expressionism, gothic, impressionism, pop art, surrealism, etc, but note Bauhaus, Modern (in the sense of Modern British, to distinguish it from "modern art", pre-Raphaelite, Romantic (to differentiate between a romantic painting and a Romantic painting)".

Name spelling
Guillaume Apollinaire

Frédéric Bazille

Georges Braque

André Breton

Eugène Boudin

Paul Cézanne

Gustave Courbet

Salvador Dalí

Edgar Degas

André Derain

Marcel Duchamp

Raymond Duchamp-Villon

Rrose Sélavy

Jules Dupré

Antoni Gaudí

Marcel Janco

Édouard Manet

Henri Matisse

Joan Miró

Claude Monet

Gustave Moreau

Berthe Morisot

Edvard Munch

Georgia O'Keeffe

Francis Picabia

Camille Pissarro

Auguste Rodin

Georges Rouault

Théodore Rousseau

Georges-Pierre Seurat

Sophie Täuber

J. M. W. Turner

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

James Turrell

Tristan Tzara

Jacques Villon

Artwork names
Le déjeuner sur l'herbe - The Luncheon on the Grass

Impression, soleil levant - Impression, Sunrise

Other
Musée National d'Art Moderne

plein air

Salon d'Automne

Salon des Indépendants

Salon des Refusés - Salon of the Refused

Société des Artistes Indépendants

title: User:Sparkit/capitalization


text:
Norsk Målungdom

Norsk Målungdom (NMU, literally The Norwegian Language Youth) is an organization of youth working for the Nynorsk written standard of Norwegian and the Norwegian dialects. It is the youth organization of Noregs Mållag.

title: Norsk Målungdom


text:
Talk:Heraclides Ponticus

Untitled
Quote: Speusippus, before his death in 339 BCE, had chosen Xenocrates as his successor but Xenocrates narrowly triumphed in an ensuing election against Heraclides and Menedemus

Who was chosen and who triumphed? If Xenocrates was chosen as successor and also triumphed in the election, the word but seems out of place.

Quote: A punning on his name, dubbing him Heraclides "Pompicus," suggests he may have been a rather vain and pompous man and the target of much ridicule.

I read somewhere else that the pun was actually "Pompikos" meaning stately and magnificent. This conveys a very different meaning. Which was is correct? Were they both used. On a more general note, is this informatin important enough to include in the entry.

192.117.103.141 13:28, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

City Dionysia
According to this page a Herakleides won first prize in tragedy at the Dionysia. That page redirects here. Is it the same guy? -- Walt Pohl (talk) 11:36, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

East to West or West to East?
The articles says:

He is best remembered for proposing that the earth rotates on its axis, from east to west, once every 24 hours

But the earth rotates west to east (i.e. east sees sunlight first). (This isn't just me, I'm third in a mail chain about this, so I've got two people who support me on this). I can't find the reference but I can't believe HP would have made such an obvious error. So I've decided to "be bold", assumed the original editor transcribed it wrongly from the reference, and change it to say west to east. Adpete (talk) 06:39, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heraclides Ponticus


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-11/From the editor

I continue to get lots of positive feedback from many people about The Signpost, and it's gratifying to know that so many interested readers enjoy our efforts. Erik Zachte, who told me he only discovered The Signpost after I wrote an article about the return of his Wikipedia statistics, called it, "Another proof that Wikipedia is just too large to keep track of all new interesting developments." I might add, also another proof of why we need something like The Signpost.

As I've pointed out before, I can't do this alone, and I thank all those who have passed on news tips or written the occasional story. In particular, I appreciate Worldtraveller's dedication in writing regular articles about Wikipedia's press coverage. With all of the important news over the past week, much of this week's issue is his work.

One of the particular problems with anything that's a "one-man show" is how to continue the show without that person. After next week's issue, I will be traveling in Europe on vacation, and for about a month I won't have much computer access. That means I won't be available to write several articles each week as I have been doing, but I'm hoping that the community remains interested in keeping The Signpost going during my absence.

The primary goal of Wikipedia is to work on the encyclopedia, and I don't want to undermine that. One of the reasons The Signpost exists is to save people from having to spend as much time tracking down all of the community news personally, so they have more time for the real work. If several people would each commit to writing just one article a week for The Signpost, we could easily cover as much news as I manage to do on my own. Please contact me if you are interested in helping.

--Michael Snow


text:
James McBride (writer)

James McBride (born September 11, 1957) is an American writer and musician. He is the recipient of the 2013 National Book Award for fiction for his novel The Good Lord Bird.

Early life
McBride's father, Rev. Andrew D. McBride (August 8, 1911 – April 5, 1957) was African-American; he died of cancer at the age of 45. His mother, Ruchel Dwajra Zylska (name changed to Rachel Deborah Shilsky, and later to Ruth McBride Jordan; April 1, 1921 – January 9, 2010), was a Jewish immigrant from Poland. James was raised in Brooklyn's Red Hook housing projects until he was seven years old and was the last child Ruth had from her first marriage, the last child of Rev. Andrew McBride, and the eighth of 12 children.

McBride states: "I'm proud of my Jewish history....Technically I guess you could say I'm Jewish since my mother was Jewish...but she converted (to Christianity). So the question is for theologians to answer. ... I just get up in the morning happy to be living.'"

His memoir, The Color of Water: A Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother (1995), describes his family history and his relationship with his mother.

McBride graduated from Oberlin College in 1979, and received his journalism degree from Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1980.

Books and screenplays
McBride is well known for his 1995 memoir, the bestselling book The Color of Water, which describes his life growing up in a large, poor American-African family led by ethnically Jewish mother. She was strict and the daughter of an Orthodox rabbi. During her first marriage, to Rev. Andrew McBride, she converted to Christianity and became a devout Christian. The memoir, which won an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, spent more than two years on The New York Times bestseller list, and has become an American classic. It is read in high schools and universities across America, has been translated into 16 languages, and sold more than 2.1 million copies.

In 2002, McBride published a novel, Miracle at St. Anna, drawing on the history of the overwhelmingly African-American 92nd Infantry Division in the Italian campaign from mid-1944 to April 1945. The book was adapted into the 2008 movie Miracle at St. Anna, directed by Spike Lee.

In 2005, McBride published the first volume The Process, a CD-based documentary about life as lived by low-profile jazz musicians.

His 2008 novel Song Yet Sung is about an enslaved woman who has dreams about the future, and a wide array of freed black people, enslaved people, and whites whose lives come together in the odyssey surrounding the last weeks of this woman's life. Harriet Tubman served as an inspiration for the book, which gives a fictional depiction of a code of communication that enslaved people used to help runaways attain freedom. The book, based on real events that occurred on Maryland's Eastern Shore, also featured notorious criminal Patty Cannon as a villain.

In 2012, McBride co-wrote and co-produced Red Hook Summer (2012) with Spike Lee.

In July 2013, McBride co-authored Hard Listening (2013) with the rest of the Rock Bottom Remainders (published by Coliloquy). In August 2013, his The Good Lord Bird, a novel, was released by Riverhead Books. The work details the life of notorious abolitionist John Brown. It won the 2013 National Book Award for fiction.

On September 22, 2016, President Barack Obama awarded McBride the 2015 National Humanities Medal "for humanizing the complexities of discussing race in America. Through writings about his own uniquely American story, and his works of fiction informed by our shared history, his moving stories of love display the character of the American family." In December 2020, Emily Temple of Literary Hub reported that his novel Deacon King Kong had made 16 lists of the best books of 2020, while in February 2021 it won the Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction. Deacon King Kong received the 2021 Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for fiction and was selected for Oprah's Book Club.

In 2023, he released The Heaven and Earth Grocery Store about the intertwining lives of African American, Jewish, immigrant, and white residents in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, largely taking place in the 1920s and 30s. The novel was named 2023 Book of the Year by both Amazon and Barnes and Noble. It was also awarded the Kirkus Prize for Fiction and the 2024 Jewish Fiction Award.

Saxophonist and composer
McBride is the tenor saxophonist for the Rock Bottom Remainders, a group of best-selling authors who are also musicians. "Hopefully", McBride says, "the group has retired for good." He also toured as a saxophonist with jazz legend Little Jimmy Scott and has his own band that plays an eclectic blend of music. He has written songs for Anita Baker, Grover Washington Jr., Pura Fé, and Gary Burton. McBride composed the theme music for the Clint Harding Network, Jonathan Demme's New Orleans documentary Right to Return, and Ed Shockley's off-Broadway musical Bobos.

McBride was awarded the American Music Theater Festival's Stephen Sondheim Award in 1993, the American Arts and Letters Richard Rodgers Award in 1996, and the inaugural ASCAP Richard Rodgers Horizons Award in 1996.

Personal life
McBride is a Distinguished Writer-in-Residence at New York University. He has three children with his ex-wife and lives in New York City and Lambertville, New Jersey.

Filmography

 * Miracle at St. Anna (2008)
 * Red Hook Summer (2012)
 * The Good Lord Bird (2020)

title: James McBride (writer)


text:
Murashige and Skoog medium

Murashige and Skoog medium (or MSO or  MS0 (MS-zero)) is the most popular plant growth medium used in the laboratories worldwide for cultivation of plant cell culture.

MS0 was invented by plant scientists Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog in 1962 during Murashige's search for a new plant growth regulator. A number behind the letters MS is used to indicate the sucrose concentration of the medium. For example, MS0 contains no sucrose and MS20 contains 20 g/L sucrose. Along with its modifications, it is the most commonly used medium in plant tissue culture experiments in the laboratory.

As Skoog's doctoral student, Murashige originally set out to find an as-yet undiscovered growth hormone present in tobacco juice. No such component was discovered; instead, analysis of juiced tobacco and ashed tobacco revealed higher concentrations of specific minerals in plant tissues than were previously known. A series of experiments demonstrated that varying the levels of these nutrients enhanced growth substantially over existing formulations. It was determined that nitrogen in particular enhanced growth of tobacco in tissue culture.

According to recent scientific findings, however, MS medium is not suitable as a nutrient solution for deep water culture or hydroponics.

Major salts (macronutrients) per litre

 * Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 1650 mg/l
 * Calcium chloride (CaCl2 · 2H2O) 440 mg/l
 * Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 · 7H2O) 180.7 mg/l
 * Monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) 170 mg/l
 * Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 1900 mg/l.

Minor salts (micronutrients) per litre

 * Boric acid (H3BO3) 6. 2 mg/l
 * Cobalt chloride (CoCl2 · 6H2O) 0.025 mg/l
 * Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 · 7H2O) 27.8 mg/l
 * Manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO4 · 4H2O) 22.3 mg/l
 * Potassium iodide (KI) 0.83 mg/l
 * Sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4 · 2H2O) 0.25 mg/l
 * Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O) 8.6 mg/l
 * Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ferric sodium (FeNaEDTA) 36.70 mg/L
 * Copper sulfate (CuSO4 · 5H2O) 0.025 mg/l

Vitamins and organic compounds per litre

 * Myo-Inositol 100 mg/l
 * Nicotinic Acid 0.5 mg/l
 * Pyridoxine · HCl 0.5 mg/l
 * Thiamine · HCl 0.1 mg/l
 * Glycine 2 mg/l
 * Tryptone 1 g/l (optional)
 * Indole Acetic Acid 1-30 mg/l (optional)
 * Kinetin 0.04-10 mg/l (optional)

title: Murashige and Skoog medium


text:
Talk:Steelman language requirements

SPL/1
Does anyone know which is the SPL/1 language referenced in the Steelman? I would like to add an article of that SPL/1 to Wikipedia, but I cannot find much information about it. I've found some info about SPL/I, but I'm not sure whether that is the language referenced at the Steelman. Also, I've found that there are some programming languages called SPL, and one of these (the "Space Programming Language") was used by the US Air Force. Can someone give me more information about this? Thanks --suruena 13:29, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * Yes, the Intermetrics/Naval Reasearch Laboratory Signal Processing Language One is the SPL/I of Steelman: See §3.6 "SPL/I Evaluation" of the Language Evaluation Coordinating Committee's January 14, 1977 Executive Summary Report to the High Order Language Working Group. AHMartin (talk) 03:17, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steelman language requirements


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-18/Arbitration report

Activity in arbitration cases continued at a slower pace last week, as the Arbitration Committee closed one case while its caseload did not change significantly, since no new complaints were submitted.

Irate was banned for three months in a decision issued on Sunday. The arbitrators found that Irate violated the policy of no personal attacks on various occasions, including a number after the case began and Irate made a promise to "act in a more restrained manner".

In considering the length of the ban, the arbitrators voted on different options of three, six, or twelve months. Some voted for more than one option, indicating which of the three was their preference. However, since these preferences did not coincide, this caused some confusion when the ruling was issued, but ultimately it was settled that the shorter three-month ban would apply.

In addition to the ban, the decision included a "suspended parole" for personal attacks after the ban ends. This would be a typical personal attack parole for twelve months, but the parole will not be immediately in force. Instead, it is suspended when he returns but can be "unsuspended" by the Arbitration Committee upon notice that Irate continues to make personal attacks (notice can apparently be made using the Committee's new requests for clarification procedure).

One of the parties, Matt Crypto, questioned why the parole was suspended and not imposed directly, saying this made it seem like "a very insubstantial measure". In opposing the suspended parole, arbitrator The Epopt said he expected that "a stiffer sentence will be required to get [Irate's] attention". However, the measure still passed by a vote of 7-1.

Some newish cases waiting to start
Nobody submitted any new cases to arbitration last week, although a few complaints remain outstanding on the requests for arbitration page, either because the arbitrators are still considering the request, or because the request has yet to be processed and either accepted or rejected.

Two new cases have enough votes to be accepted, although the arbitration case pages have yet to be officially opened. One involves Instantnood and a wide-ranging dispute on how to refer to China and Taiwan, while the other is a complaint about abusive behavior by STP. A request against B1link82 also has the required four votes to accept, but presumably will not be heard because the account has been banned indefinitely for vandalism.

The matter involving Instantnood marks the first arbitration case to have AMA advocates representing parties on both sides. Wgfinley and Wally are teaming up to represent Instantnood, while Snowspinner, who has now joined the AMA after previously starting the parallel Association of Member Investigations (see archived story), brought this request for arbitration on behalf of jguk and persuaded the arbitrators to merge a previous stalled request into the case.

Also this week: Editor's note — Dworkin scoop — Tax exemption — Search — Spoken articles — Encarta digs — Design contest — T.R.O.L.L. — Features and admins — Press coverage


text:
Holy Trinity Icon

The Holy Trinity is an important subject of icons in Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and has a rather different treatment from depictions in the Western Churches. There are two different types of Holy Trinity icons: the Old Testament Trinity and the New Testament Trinity (Троица Ветхозаветная and Троица Новозаветная in Russian).

Old Testament Trinity
Although this is not its traditional title, this icon is sometimes called "Old Testament Trinity" because of its relationship to Genesis 18:1-15. In Genesis 18:1-15 three individuals appear to Abraham at the Oak of Mamre. The interpretation that this appearance is related to the Trinity is a Christian interpretation of the Hebrew scriptures. Consequently, the title of "Old Testament Trinity" is interpreting the Genesis narrative as much as it is naming the icon. From certain Christian theological perspectives calling this icon "Old Testament Trinity" is a form of Supersessionism.

New Testament Trinity
The "New Testament Trinity" depicts the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit distinctly, and although far more familiar from Western models, is actually of Greek origin. Christ may be shown either as an adult, (in this case he is sitting to the right of his Father) or as an infant sitting on his Father's knees, which is the norm in early Greek depictions. This type is also called the Paternity icon, and is found from the 11th century onwards, although it did not become widespread in Orthodox art until after the Fall of Constantinople, under Western influence, when an adult Christ is the norm. The Father is painted as the Ancient of Days, a white-bearded man with a very special type of nimbus (it contains two rombic figures: one is red, another is blue, or is a triangle). The Holy Spirit is shown as a white dove with a halo of the same type as Father has. The dove may be placed between the Father and the Son (if they sit near each other at the same level), or the dove may be shown in a beam of light from the mouth of the Father, as if the Holy Spirit was just sent by Him.

It is interesting that in Russian Orthodoxy, depictions of God the Father are prohibited. However, when the movement of antitrinitrarians became strong in medieval Novgorod, a new type of iconography appeared: Spas Vethiy Denmi - The Savior Old with Days or Christ as the Ancient of Days. In this type of icon, Jesus Christ is depicted as an old white-haired man. The basis of this iconography is consubstantiality - the doctrine that Jesus and the Father are one. This very image of God the Father is used in New Testament Trinity icons; until the Great Synod of Moscow in 1667 it was a matter of theological debate whether the Ancient of Days from the Book of Daniel was Christ or God the Father. In the Western churches the Ancient of Days remains the basis and justification for depictions of God the Father, as made clear by, for example, a pronouncement by Pope Benedict XIV in 1745.

The Second Council of Nicea in 787 confirmed that the depiction of Christ was allowed because he became man; the situation regarding the Father was less clear. The usual Orthodox representation of the Trinity was through the "Old Testament Trinity" of the three angels visiting Abraham - said in the text to be "the Lord" (Genesis:18.1-15). However post-Byzantine representations similar to those in the West are not uncommon in the Greek world. The subject long remained sensitive, and the Russian Orthodox Church at the Great Synod of Moscow in 1667 finally forbade depictions of the Father in human form, although other Orthodox churches sometimes do not follow this ruling. The canon is quoted in full here because it explains the Russian Orthodox theology on the subject:

Chapter 2, §44: It is most absurd and improper to depict in icons the Lord Sabaoth (that is to say, God the Father) with a grey beard and the Only-Begotten Son in His bosom with a dove between them, because no-one has seen the Father according to His Divinity, and the Father has no flesh, nor was the Son born in the flesh from the Father before the ages. And though David the prophet says, "From the womb before the morning star have I begotten Thee" (Ps.109:3), that birth was not fleshly, but unspeakable and incomprehensible. For Christ Himself says in the holy Gospel, "No man hath seen the Father, save the Son" (cf. ). And Isaiah the prophet says in his fortieth chapter: "To whom have ye likened the Lord? and with what likeness have ye made a similitude of Him? Has not the artificier of wood made an image, or the goldsmiths, having melted gold, gilt it over, and made it a similitude?". In like manner the Apostle Paul says in the Acts, "Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold or silver or stone, graven by art of man's imagination." And John Damascene says: "But furthermore, who can make a similitude of the invisible, incorporeal, uncircumscribed and undepictable God? It is, then, uttermost insanity and impiety to give a form to the Godhead" (Orthodox Faith, 4:16). In like manner St. Gregory the Dialogist prohibits this. For this reason we should only form an understanding in the mind of Sabaoth, which is the Godhead, and of that birth before the ages of the Only-Begotten-Son from the Father, but we should never, in any wise depict these in icons, for this, indeed, is impossible. And the Holy Spirit is not in essence a dove, but in essence he is God, and "No man hath seen God", as John the Theologian and Evangelist bears witness and this is so even though, at the Jordan at Christ's holy Baptism the Holy Spirit appeared in the likeness of a dove. For this reason, it is fitting on this occasion only to depict the Holy Spirit in the likeness of a dove. But in any other place those who have intelligence will not depict the Holy Spirit in the likeness of a dove. For on Mount Tabor, He appeared as a cloud and, at another time, in other ways. Furthermore, Sabaoth is the name not only of the Father, but of the Holy Trinity. According to Dionysios the Areopagite, Lord Sabaoth, translated from the Jewish tongue, means "Lord of Hosts". This Lord of Hosts is the Holy Trinity, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. And although Daniel the prophet says that he beheld the Ancient of Days sitting on a throne, this should not be understood to refer to the Father, but to the Son, Who at His second coming will judge every nation at the dreadful Judgment.

The New Testament Trinity subject may be actually introduced into any icon where the Christ is shown: for this purpose the painter needs only to add the Father and the dove at the upper side of the icon.

The New Testament Trinity is not popular in official Orthodoxy in Russia nowadays, though it was popular in Novgorod earlier. Among Popovtsy Old Believers this type of an icon is very widespread, since the New Testament Trinity is depicted above any crucifixion icon (without the Son, since he is on the Cross in this case). The New Testament Trinity also appears on the wonder-working icon of Our Lady of Kursk (also without the Son, since in this case Mary holds him on her knees).

title: Holy Trinity Icon


text: User talk:209.221.83.64

title: User talk:209.221.83.64


text:
Talk:PDMU

Untitled
I've removed this notice because it seems inappropriate and irrelevant. I don't see how any organization can order people to stop writing about it. --Lee Hunter 13:31, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Important notice regarding this ORG-STUB tag PDMU authorities in México have ordered its members to stop works on the corresponding Spanish Wikipedia article, until they have sanctioned its contents and resolved some internal administrative issues, related to interpretations or citations made of institutional documents. We ask Wikipedia contributors not to extend this English article nor translate the Spanish one until the warning notices at the beggining of the latter are removed by the PDMU officer who inserted them, or a Wikipedia webmaster (confirm that looking at its history.

--Above unsigned comment by 200.76.254.64

You are not quite clear on how a Wiki works, methinks. Paul, in Saudi 13:12, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on PDMU. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090125010802/http://pentathlondeportivo.org.mx/ to http://www.pentathlondeportivo.org.mx/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100725183144/http://www.seccionb.org.mx/ to http://www.seccionb.org.mx/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:42, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:PDMU


text:
Misuse of Drugs Act 1977

The Misuse of Drugs Act 1977, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1984, Misuse of Drugs Act 2015 and the Criminal Justice (Psychoactive Substances) Act 2010 are the acts of the Oireachtas regulating drugs in Ireland. The acts define the penalties for unlawful production, possession and supply of drugs.

In 2015 the 1977 act was declared unconstitutional, immediately legalizing many drugs in Ireland including ecstasy, ketamine, and crystal meth. The situation lasted 24 hours before emergency legislation closing the loophole could take effect.

Regulations
The act provides for the Minister for Health to make regulations scheduling drugs according to their use perceived medical usability and their risk to the public. Additionally, these regulations outline the requirements for distribution and monitoring of the listed substances. The principal regulations are Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1988 (SI 328/1988) as amended by Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (SI 342/1993), Misuse of Drugs (Amendment No. 1) Regulations 1999 (SI 273/1999), Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (SI 53/2006), Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations 2007 (SI 200/2007), Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (No. 1) Regulations 2009 (SI 63/2009), Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2009 (SI 122/2009) and Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2010 (SI 200/2010).

Schedule 1
The substances (and certain derivatives thereof) considered by the state to have no medicinal or scientific value with consideration given regarding their likelihood of their being abused and thus would be considered illegal drugs.

Substances

 * 1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-pentanone (i.e. MDPV, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 1-Benzylpiperazine (added by 2010 Regulations, replacing '1-benzylpiperazinc (BZP)', added by 2009 Regulations)
 * Bufotenine
 * Cannabinol (except where contained in cannabis or cannabis resin)
 * Cannabinol derivatives
 * cannabis and cannabis resin (hashish)
 * Cathinone
 * Coca leaf
 * Concentrate of poppy-straw
 * [2,3–Dihydro–5–methyl–3–(4–morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1, 2, 3–de]–1,4–benzoxazin–6–yl]–1–naphthalenylmethanone (i.e. WIN 55,212-2, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 3–Dimethylheptyl–11–hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (i.e. canbisol, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Eticyclidine
 * Etryptamine (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 1-(2-Fluorophenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one (i.e. 2-FMC, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 1-(3-Fluorophenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one (i.e. 3-FMC, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one (i.e. flephedrone, by 2010 Regulations)
 * 9-(Hydroxymethyl)–6, 6–dimethyl–3–(2–methyloctan–2–yl)–6a, 7, 10, 10a–tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen–1–ol (i.e. HU-210, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * [9–Hydroxy–6–methyl–3–[5–phenylpentan–2–yl] oxy–5, 6, 6a, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10a octahydrophenanthridin–1–yl] acetate (i.e. levonantradol, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Khat (being the leaves of Catha edulis (Celastraceae)) (added by 1993 Regulations)
 * Lysergamide
 * Lysergide (and other N-alkyl derivatives of lysergamide) (i.e. LSD)
 * Mescaline
 * Methcathinone (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)propan-1-one (i.e. methedrone, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 2-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)butan-1-one (i.e. butylone, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 2-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-1-one (i.e. methylone, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 4-(Methylthio)phenethylamine (i.e. 4-MTA, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one (i.e. mephedrone, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Psilocin
 * Raw opium
 * Rolicyclidine
 * Tenocyclidine
 * N,N-Diethyltryptamine
 * N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
 * N-(1-Benzyl-4-piperidyl)propionanilide
 * N-(1-(2-(2-Thienyl)ethyl)-4-piperidyl)propionanilide
 * 2,5-Dimethoxy-α,4-dimethylphenethylamine
 * N-Hydroxytenamphetamine and 4-Methyl-aminorex (added by 1993 Regulations)

Schedule 2
Strictly controlled medicinal products (and derivatives thereof) or drugs used for scientific purposes which have a high likelihood of their being abused. Exemptions are provided to cover legitimate use for professional purposes by doctors, pharmacists, vets etc. and in other specified circumstances.

Substances and products

 * Acetorphine
 * Acetylmethadol
 * Alfentanil
 * Allylprodine
 * Alphacetylmethadol (i.e. levacetylmethadol)
 * Alphameprodine
 * Alphamethadol
 * Alphaprodine
 * Anileridine
 * Benzethidine
 * Benzylmorphine (3-benzylmorphine)
 * Betacetylmethadol
 * Betameprodine
 * Betamethadol
 * Betaprodine
 * Bezitramide
 * Carfentanil
 * Clonitazene
 * Cocaine
 * Codoxime
 * Desomorphine
 * Dextromoramide
 * Diampromide
 * Diethylthiambutene
 * Difenoxin
 * Dihydroetorphine (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Dihydromorphine
 * Dimenoxadole (presumably Dimenoxadol)
 * Dimepheptanol
 * Dimethylthiambutene
 * Dioxaphetyl butyrate
 * Diphenoxylate
 * Dipipanone
 * Drotebanol
 * Ecgonine (and any derivative of ecgonine which is convertible to ecgonine or to cocaine)
 * Ethylmethylthiambutene
 * Etonitazene
 * Etorphine
 * Etoxeridine
 * Fentanyl
 * Furethidine
 * Heroin
 * Hydrocodone
 * Hydromorphinol
 * Hydromorphone
 * Hydroxypethidine
 * Isomethadone
 * Ketobemidone
 * Levomethorphan
 * Levomoramide
 * Levophenacylmorphan
 * Levorphanol
 * Lofentanil
 * Medicinal opium
 * Metazocine
 * Methadone
 * Methyldesorphine
 * Methyldihydromorphine (6-methyldihydromorphine)
 * Methylphenidate
 * Metopon
 * Morpheridine
 * Morphine
 * Morphine methobromide (morphine N-oxide and other pentavalent nitrogen morphine derivatives)
 * Myrophine
 * Nabilone
 * Nicomorphine
 * Noracymethadol
 * Norlevorphanol
 * Normethadone
 * Normorphine
 * Norpipanone
 * Oripavine (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Oxycodone
 * Oxymorphone
 * Pethidine
 * Phenadoxone
 * Phenampromide
 * Phenazocine
 * Phencyclidine
 * Phenomorphan
 * Phenoperidine
 * Piminodine
 * Piritramide
 * Proheptazine
 * Properidine
 * Racemethorphan
 * Racemoramide
 * Racemorphan
 * Remifentanil (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Sufentanil
 * Tapentadol (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Thebacon
 * Thebaine
 * Tilidine
 * Trimeperidine
 * 4-Cyano-2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylbutane
 * 4-Cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine
 * 2-Methyl-3-morpholino-1,1-diphenylpropanecarboxylic acid
 * 1-Methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid
 * 1-Phenylcyclohexylamine
 * 4-Phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
 * 4-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)morpholine
 * 1-Piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile
 * 1-(1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidine
 * 4-(1-(-2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl)morpholine

Substances

 * Acetyldihydrocodeine
 * Amineptine (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Amphetamine
 * Amphetaminil (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Benzphetamine
 * Buprenorphine
 * Butorphanol
 * Codeine
 * Dexamphetamine
 * Dextropropoxyphene
 * Dihydrocodeine
 * Ethylmorphine (3-ethylmorphine)
 * Fenethylline
 * Glutethimide
 * Lefetamine
 * Mecloqualone
 * Methaqualone
 * Methylamphetamine
 * Methylphenidate
 * Nalbuphine
 * Nicocodine
 * Nicodicodine (6-nicotinoyldihydrocodeine)
 * Norcodeine
 * Phendimetrazine
 * Phenmetrazine
 * Pholcodine
 * Propiram
 * Quinalbarbitone
 * N-Ethylamphetamine
 * Zipeprol (added by 2010 Regulations)

Schedule 3
Controlled medicinal products (and certain derivatives thereof) have a high likelihood of their being abused. Exemptions are provided to cover legitimate use for professional purposes by doctors, pharmacists, etc. and are frequently prescribed to the public for common ailments.

Substances

 * Cathine
 * 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(3-chloropropyl)piperazine (i.e. CCP, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine (i.e. mCPP, added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Chlorphentermine
 * Diethylpropion
 * Ethchlorvnol (presumably Ethchlorvynol)
 * Ethinamate
 * Flunitrazepam (moved up from Schedule 4 by 1993 Regulations)
 * 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid (added by 1993 Regulations)
 * Ketamine (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Mazindol
 * Mephentermine
 * Meprobamate
 * Methyprylone
 * Pemoline
 * Pentazocine
 * Phentermine
 * Pipradrol
 * Temazepam (moved up from Schedule 4 by 1993 Regulations)

Schedule 4
Controlled medicinal products (and certain derivatives thereof).

Substances

 * Alprazolam
 * Aminorex (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Bromazepam
 * Brotizolam (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Camazepam
 * Chlordiazepoxide
 * Clobazam
 * Clonazepam
 * Clorazepic Acid
 * Clotiazepam
 * Cloxazolam
 * Delorazepam
 * Diazepam
 * Estazolam
 * Ethyl loflazepate
 * Fencamfamin
 * Fenproporex
 * Fludiazepam
 * Flurazepam
 * Halazepam
 * Haloxazolam
 * Ketazolam
 * Loprazolam
 * Lorazepam
 * Lormetazepam
 * Medazepam
 * Mefenorex
 * Mesocarb (added by 2010 Regulations)
 * Midazolam (added by 1993 Regulations)
 * Nimetazepam
 * Nitrazepam
 * Nordazepam
 * Oxazepam
 * Oxazolam
 * Pinazepam
 * Prazepam
 * Propylhexedrine
 * Pyrovalerone
 * Selegiline (moved down from Schedule 2 by 1993 Regulations)
 * Tetrazepam
 * Triazolam
 * Zolpidem (added by 2010 Regulations)

Schedule 5
Products containing a relatively small proportion of certain substances listed in schedules 1-4 (e.g. cough medicines containing codeine) and are usually administered by a doctor or pharmacist.

Schedule 8
Schedule 8 (inserted by the 2007 Regulations) lists the drugs that can be prescribed by a registered nurse within schedules 2 and 3 for pain relief in hospitals, palliative care, midwifery and neonatal care in hospital and the particular method of administration of these drugs.

title: Misuse of Drugs Act 1977


text:
User:Davidcannon/Cemetery

Articles which I wrote, but which were deleted
Occasionally, I have the unpleasant experience of learning that an article I created wasn't deemed "encyclopedic." There is a powerful deletionist lobby that seeks to remove all articles about topics not deemed "notable." Instead of letting them be deleted outright, I have moved them to my user space. This preserves their edit histories, so that if circumstances or opinions later change and the topic somehow becomes "notable," it can simply be moved back to the main article space.

 * Topical Indices

 * Hierarchypedia: An online encyclopedia about the world's political, economic, military, and religious power structures. As it turned out, the decision of the authorities to delete this article proved to be in the right: within weeks, the website that this article featured was shut down.
 * List of born-again Christian laypeople: A list of well-known individuals who are known as born-again Christians. I should have known how controversial this list would prove to be, with others (nonbelievers) insisting on removing huge numbers of names.  In the end, it got deleted.

title: User:Davidcannon/Cemetery


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-18/From the editor

As you read The Signpost this week, you may notice a few new features, which we hope will help make it an even more useful resource. One change is that we've added a newsroom page, which you can see linked next to the archive at the bottom of our slightly different layout. The newsroom will give us a place to organize each week's issue, and as part of the page there is a section for you to make suggestions about stories we should be covering. In the past, many people have been dropping me a note when they have a news tip to pass on; now we have a place specifically for this kind of information.

The newsroom is a tool for reporters, but another new feature is designed for our readers. To make navigation easier, we've added a template to each article with links to the other articles for this week's issue. This will make it simpler for you to read through an issue, by just clicking on to the next story after you finish reading.

During my vacation, I've asked Sj, the editor-in-chief of the Wikimedia Quarto, to fill in as guest editor. I appreciate everyone who has volunteered to help out, and I encourage more people to participate, as many hands make light work. I look forward to seeing what has happened on Wikipedia when I come back, and I'm sure The Signpost will be a big help in the catching up I'll need to do upon my return.

--Michael Snow

Also this week: Editor's note — Dworkin scoop — Tax exemption — Search — Spoken articles — Encarta digs — Design contest — T.R.O.L.L. — Features and admins — Press coverage


text:
Plateau State

Plateau State is a north central Nigerian state. It is located near the centre of Nigeria and includes a range of hills surrounding the Jos Plateau. Plateau State is described as "The Home of Peace and Tourism". The state has a population of around 4.7 million people. Its capital city is Jos.

Boundaries
Plateau State is located in the North Central Zone out of the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. With an area of 26,899 km2, the state has an estimated population of about three million people. It is located between latitude 8°24' N and 10°30' N and longitude 8°32' E and 10°38' E. The state is named after the Jos Plateau, a mountainous area in the north of the state with rock formations. Bare rocks are scattered across the grasslands, which cover the plateau. The altitude ranges from around 1200 m to a peak of 1829 m above sea level in the Shere Hills range near Jos. Years of tin and columbite mining have left the area strewn with deep gorges and lakes.

Adjacent states

 * Bauchi State – to the north east for 360 km (224 miles),
 * Kaduna State – to the north west
 * Nasarawa State – to the south west for 219 km (136 miles)
 * Taraba State – to the south east for 202 km (126 miles)

Climate
Although situated in the tropical zone, the higher altitude gives the state a near-temperate climate, with an average temperature between 13 and 22 °C. Harmattan winds cause the coldest weather between December and February, with the warmest temperatures usually in the dry season months of March and April. The mean annual rainfall varies between 1317 mm in the southern part to 1460 mm on the plateau, with the highest rainfall during the wet season in July and August. The cooler climate has led to a reduced incidence of some tropical diseases such as malaria. The Jos Plateau is the source of many rivers in northern Nigeria, including the Kaduna, Gongola, Hadeja and Damaturu rivers.

Geology
The Jos Plateau is thought to be an area of younger granite which was intruded through an area of older granite rock, making up the surrounding states. These "younger" granites are thought to be about 160 million years old. This creates the unusual scenery of the Jos Plateau. There are numerous hillocks with gentle slopes emerging from the ground like mushrooms scattered with huge boulders. Also, volcanic activity 50 million years ago created numerous volcanoes and vast basaltic plateaus formed from lava flows. This also produces regions of mainly narrow and deep valleys and pediments (surfaces made smooth by erosion) from the middle of rounded hills with sheer rock faces. The phases of volcanic activities involved in the formation of Plateau State have made it one of the mineral rich states in the country.

Tourism
Plateau State is officially nicknamed The Home of Peace and Tourism. Although the tourism sector is not thriving due to perennial security issues and state government failure, its natural endowments are still attractions to tourists, mostly from within Nigeria.
 * The Wildlife Safari ParkWildlife_Park_Jos,_Plateau_Entrance.jpg sits in the middle of 8 km2 of unspoiled savanna bush, about 4 km from Jos.
 * The National Museum in Jos was founded in 1952. It is known for its archaeology and pottery collections, and with some fine Nok terracotta heads and artefacts dating from 500 BC to 200 AD.
 * The Museum of Traditional Nigerian Architecture is adjacent, with life-size replicas various of buildings, from the walls of Kano to a Tiv village. Items from colonial times relating to the railway and tin mining are on display.
 * Solomon Lar Amusement Park in Jos cityView_from_inside_Solomon_Lar_Amusement_Park.jpg is named after Chief Solomon Lar, a former governor of Plateau State.
 * Jos Zoo was established in 1957 and has a good stock of animals, birds and reptiles.
 * Assop Falls is perhaps, the most notable of Nigeria's many waterfalls. Located at the edge of the Jos Plateau, about 40 mi from Jos city, on the road to Abuja. It is used as a filming location for soap operas and advertisements.
 * Kurra Falls is a tourist area some 77 km southeast of Jos and is the location of the state's first hydroelectric power station.
 * Wase Rock is a dome-shaped inselberg which juts out of the ground to a height of 450 meters. It is located about 216 km southeast of Jos, near Wase town. It is one of only five breeding sites of the white pelican in Africa. Because of this, the government now protects about 321 acre around the rock as a bird sanctuary and for wildlife development.
 * Kerang highlands.jpg Kerang highlands are located about 88 km from Jos. These volcanic hills are the source of natural mountain springs, which are use for bottled spring water.
 * The Shere Hills include some of the plateau's highest peaks. They are a range of hills to the east of Jos which have views of the city below and attract mountain climbers and hill walkers.
 * Riyom Rock is a rock formation 25 km southwest of Jos, near Riyom town.
 * Pandam Game Reserve is a largely unspoiled wildlife sanctuary with hippopotami, crocodiles, and several snake species. Park rangers track game on foot and guide the visitors.
 * Kahwang Rock Formation of basalt rocks, is located in Bangai village in the Bachi district of Riyom.

Natural resources
Natural resources in the state include: barite, bauxite, bentonite, bismuth, cassiterite, clay, coal, emeralds, fluoride, granite, iron ore, kaolin, lead / zinc, marble, molybdenite, pyrochlore, salt, tantalite / columbite, and tin / wolfram.

History
Plateau state has been adjusted to its present borders many times. Colonial manipulation was from a desire to protect the railway construction and guarantee safe passage of mined tin to the coast. There was also an attempt initially to create a province of largely non-Muslims under one Resident. Later alterations came from strong local desires for self-government.

The British began to exert colonial control of Nigeria in the early 20th century. At that time, much of Plateau State was part of Bauchi Province. In 1926, Plateau Province, made up of Jos and Pankshin Divisions, was carved out of Bauchi. The border changed several times in subsequent years as the government sought not to split ethnic groups. In May 1967, Benue and Plateau Provinces were merged to form the large Benue-Plateau State. At this time Nigeria had twelve states.

Following the civil war, Benue-Plateau State was one of several large states which were further split up following pressure on the federal government. Under the military administration of General Yakubu Gowon, the country was further divided into nineteen states in 1976 and Plateau State was created from Benue-Plateau covering the area of the original Plateau Province. In 1996, Plateau State was further subdivided to create Nasarawa State which was carved out of the western half of Plateau State by Sani Abacha's military regime.

Tin mining activities began in 1902 under the British and continue to the present day.

21st century conflicts
During the 21st century, there have been several major attacks in Plateau State, including in the capital city of Jos, including riots and bombings by jihadist Boko Haram insurgents. Plateau State has been a venue of clashes between the minority Muslim Hausa-Fulani herders and predominantly Christian farmers like the other states of Middle Belt area of Nigeria. In June 2018, ethnic violence in Jos killed 86 people. The group Christian Solidarity Worldwide reported that 238 people were killed by Fulani herders in one weekend in June 2018 alone, and 1,061 were killed in the first three months of 2018. In November 2021, Al Jazeera reported that while said clashes in the state are often viewed through an ethnic and religious lens, some analysts point to climate change and land scarcity as exacerbating tensions. In 2022, a bandit gang attacked several villages. In December 2023, at least 200 died during a series of new massacres.

Government
The Plateau State administrative structure consists of the state cabinet, the House of Assembly and local government areas.

The state government is run by the governor (chief executive), deputy governor, secretary to the state government, commissioners (cabinet members), special advisers, permanent secretaries, board chairmen and general managers. The current governor is Caleb Manasseh Mutfwang. He was sworn in on 29 May 2023 under the party PDP.

The House of Assembly consists of 25 members and 11 special advisers. The current Speaker of the house is Rt. Hon. Moses Sule who was elected on 13 June 2023 by the members of the 10th assembly.

The local government is headed by a chairman, who is the chief executive, while his cabinet consists of elected councilors who make up the legislative arm.

Plateau State is also divided into 17 local government areas, each encompassing ethnic groups who share common affinities or distant bloodlines. Leaders of these local government areas are elected by the people from amongst several contestants who may not be related to any past chiefdom leaders.

Local government areas
In 1976, Plateau State consisted of fourteen local government areas (LGAs). New LGAs were carved out of the large ones in 1989, 1991 and 1996, so that the new Plateau State is subdivided into the following seventeen LGAs:

 * Barkin Ladi
 * Bassa
 * Bokkos
 * Jos East
 * Jos North
 * Jos South
 * Kanam
 * Kanke
 * Langtang North
 * Langtang South
 * Mangu
 * Mikang
 * Pankshin
 * Qua'an Pan
 * Riyom
 * Shendam
 * Wase

Demographics
The state has over forty ethno-linguistic groups. Some of the indigenous ethnic groups in the state are:

• Afizere

• Amo

• Anaguta

• Aten

• Atyap

• Bache

• Berom

• Bijim

• Bogghom

• Buji

• Fier

• Goemai

• Irigwe

• Jarawa

• Jipal

• Jukun

• Kadung

• Kofyar (comprising Doemak, Kwalla and Mernyang)

• Miship

• Montol

• Mushere

• Mwaghavul

• Ngas

• Piapung

• Pyem

• Ron-Kulere

• Talet

• Tarok

• Youm

These ethnic groups are predominantly farmers and have similar cultural and traditional ways of life. People from other parts of country have come to settle in the state; these include the Idoma, Igbo, Yoruba, Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw, and Bini.

Each ethnic group has its own distinct language, but as with the rest of the country, English is the official language in the state. Hausa is also a common medium of communication and commerce as is the case in most parts of the state.

Religion
Plateau state residents are predominantly Christians with a Muslim minority.

The Roman Catholic Church includes 830,714 faithful in the Archdiocese of Jos (1934) with 60 parishes under Archbishop Matthew Ishaya Audu (2020), and two suffragan dioceses of Pankshin (2014) with 32 parishes under Bishop Michael Global Gokum (2014), and Shendam (2007) with 31 parishes under Bishop Philip Davou Dung (2016).

The Anglican Diocese of Jos (1980) within the Province of Jos, is led by Bishop Benjamin Kwashi (2008).

Federal Highways
A3 highway (Nigeria) northeast from Kaduna State at Jenta via Makera, Bukuru and Jos to Bauchi State at Rafin Jaki A236 highway (Nigeria) northwest from Jos as the Kakwonka-Tudun Wada Rd via Mista Ali and Jere to Kaduna State at Jengre as the Pambeguwa-Jengre Rd.

Other major roads

 * south from A3 at Mararaba Jama'a via Ban, Heipang, and Kassa Hausawa, to Barakin Gangare.
 * the Baarakin Ladi-Pankshin Rd east from Barakin Gangare via Doorowa, Soko Ca Futa, Mongu, Mangu, Duwop, and Vodni to Angwan Sarki.
 * the Jos Rd continues southeast from Angwan Sarki via Duk, Gwolong, Kabwir, Amper and Rek to Langtang
 * the Langtang-Zamko-Yelwa Rd south from Langtang via Zamerum and Zamko to Inshar.

 * south from Inshar via Ajikemai, Yamini and Mato to Taraba State at Ikputu.
 * the Amper-Bachumbi Rd west from Taraba State at Zurak via Zok, and Gaji to Bashar
 * the Langtang-Wase-Bashar Rd south via Angwan Nasarawa and Yola to Wase,

 * the Mavo Wase Rd east from Wase via Mavo Wase to Gwiwan Kpgi,

 * the Lafia-Shandam Rd west from Inshar via Lonvel, Shendam, Pershiep, Shepwan, Der, Kurgwi, Kwande, Layi, Taram and Namu to Nasarawa State at Ungwan Mai,

 * west from A3 at Makera via Kwakwi to Garuwa,

 * the Jos Kafanchan Rd from Kaduna to Garuwa,

 * the Kagoro-Dutsen Kato Rd north and east from Garuwa continuing the Jos-Kafanchan Rd as the Vom Rd to A3 at Bukuru.

Railways
The 1067 mm Cape Gauge Eastern Line north from Lafia in Nasarawa State via Jos to Bauchi State.

Airport
Yakubu Gowon Airport in Jos with flights to Abuja and Lagos.

Education
Tertiary institutions in Plateau State include:

 * College of Education, Gindiri
 * Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Vom
 * Federal College of Education, Pankshin
 * National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies
 * Plateau State Polytechnic
 * Plateau State University
 * University of Jos

Languages
Languages of Plateau State listed by LGA:

Notable people

 * M.I Abaga – (born 1981), hip hop recording artist and record producer
 * Barr Caleb Manesseh Mutfwang – present Governor of Plateau State.
 * Dachung Musa Bagos
 * Domkat Bali
 * Solomon Dalung – (born 1964), politician, lawyer and academic
 * Joshua Chibi Dariye – (born 1957), former Governor of Plateau State
 * Yusuf Adamu Gagdi
 * Joseph Nanven Garba – (1943–2001), general, diplomat, and politician who served as president of the United Nations General Assembly
 * Yakubu Gowon – (born 1934), Nigerian army general, former military leader and Head of State of Nigeria
 * Joseph Gomwalk – (1935–1976), police commissioner and first Military Governor of Benue-Plateau State
 * Jeremiah Gyang – (born 1981), singer-songwriter, instrumentalist and record producer
 * Ruby Gyang
 * Jesse Jagz
 * Jonah David Jang
 * Simon Lalong
 * Solomon Lar
 * Rimini Makama: Nigerian lawyer, entrepreneur, and the Communications Director at Africa Practice
 * Angela Miri
 * Caleb Mutfwang (born 1965) Governor elect of Plateau State.
 * Simon Davou Mwadkwon
 * Panam Percy Paul
 * Ice Prince
 * Sim Shagaya
 * John Nanzip Shagaya
 * Pauline Tallen
 * Jeremiah Useni:He was the former Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (1993–1998).
 * Ahmed Idris Wase
 * Muhammadu Abdullahi Wase

title: Plateau State


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-18/In the news

Extensive coverage in The Guardian
Wikipedia made the pages of UK broadsheet newspaper The Guardian twice on the same day last week, not long after that paper found itself being scooped by Wikipedia on a news story (see related story). On Thursday, the paper's weekly IT section included an interview with Jimmy Wales, and also listed the article on Pope John Paul II as one of the six best web resources on the late pontiff.

In the short interview, Jimmy Wales outlined the origins of the project as an offshoot of Nupedia (the newspaper, dubbed The Grauniad by satirical magazine Private Eye for its frequent typos, calls it Newpedia), and makes the common observation that the switch to a wiki-based model led to Wikipedia producing as much content in two weeks as Nupedia had in two years.

Wales also said that the wiki ethos was truer to the origins of the Internet, a point recently made by the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee (see archived story). He credited the success of Wikipedia in part with the time of its arrival, which came at the end of the dot-com boom at a time when people were becoming disillusioned with the internet. "People talked about free knowledge and the ability to share ideas but then it seemed to be all about pop-up ads and porn spam", he said. "We came on to the scene when people were getting disillusioned. Hopefully they thought it was an attempt to create something positive".

The continuing credibility conundrum
The much-discussed issue of Wikipedia's credibility and reliability (see archived stories here, here and here) was revisited this week by technology magazine IT Week. The magazine looks at the two opposing views of Wikipedia, with supporters touting it as a vehicle for democratising encyclopaedias, while detractors claim it is an "unreliable amateur resource of unverified content".

The article says that the lack of a bibliography on articles may lead to a lack of trust in the content by users. While citing sources is now a basic requirement for featured articles, many other articles still lack source information. IT week also suggests that lack of biographical information on editors is a problem.

The article concludes that Wikipedia is something like a microcosm of the Internet, with content on a vast and diverse range of subjects. As such, it saves users from carrying out a mass of searches, but like the Internet, it is up to the user to judge the trustworthiness of the information. The article says that Wikipedia could become "a powerful resource for information professionals in the future".

Douglas Adams usurps Jimmy Wales (again)
Last week, The Guardian credited Douglas Adams with inspiring Wikipedia, and this week the BBC are at it. In an article about a new mobile edition of h2g2, which is hosted on BBC servers, the BBC's Internet controller Tony Ageh says that Adams was "years ahead of his time", and the article notes that "In some respects the way that the H2G2 website was put together pre-figures the idea of the wikipedia". The mobile h2g2 contains 7,000 entries, covering Life, the Universe and Everything.

Citations this week
Among the citations this week are Liverpool FC supporter's magazine quoting from the Hillsborough disaster article on the 16th anniversary of the tragedy in which 96 people died ; the BBC looking at podcasting in an article about high-tech trends in US politics ; nbc4 and numerous other US outlets talking about the phenomenon of wardriving ; and Cincinnati news site wcpo.com (WCPO) listing the hazards posed by acetone in an article about a chemical spill in the city.

Also this week: Editor's note — Dworkin scoop — Tax exemption — Search — Spoken articles — Encarta digs — Design contest — T.R.O.L.L. — Features and admins — Press coverage


text:
MKV

MKV may refer to:

 * .mkv, a filename extension for the Matroska multimedia container format
 * Mittelschüler-Kartellverband, an Austrian male fraternity organization
 * Multiple Kill Vehicle, U.S. missile defense program
 * Mavea language, ISO 639-3 language code mkv

title: MKV


text:
Herwig van Staa

Herwig van Staa (born 10 June 1942) was the governor of Tyrol from 2002 to 2008.

Van Staa was born in Linz, Upper Austria. His father, who came from the Rhine area, worked as a technician in the steelworks in Linz and died in a sick bay in 1943 after military action on the Eastern Front. His mother came from an Austrian family and worked as a midwife. Van Staa attended primary school in Bad Leonfelden (Mühlviertel) and completed his secondary school studies in Wels, where he passed his 'A' levels in 1960.

Academic life
Van Staa has been living in Innsbruck since 1960. He studied law, social and economic science, folklore, sociology and medicine. He completed his studies with the following titles: PhD, LLD., Mag.rer.soc.oec. During his studies, he was an active member in Catholic organisations and held a mandate of the Austrian Students' Association. He also took an active part in social and environmental issues. He was co-founder and first chairman of the Association for Construction and Promotion of Health and Social Districts in Tyrol.

From 1970 onwards, van Staa was managing director of the Institute for Rural Development, working especially in the field of social and regional research. In 1974, he became university assistant at the Institute for Alpine Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Innsbruck and has been assistant professor and head of this institute since 1980. Assisted by Ing. Josef Willi, he established the internationally renowned Research Department for Agricultural Ecology at the Institute. Since 1976, he has also been a contract teacher for social science at the Academy of Social Work.

Political life
In 1989, van Staa was elected member of the town council of Innsbruck. In December 1993, together with other like-minded members of this council, he founded the political association For Innsbruck. On 24 April 1994, the next elections of the municipal council of Innsbruck took place. Van Staa and his For Innsbruck movement came out as surprising winners and, as a result, he was elected mayor of Innsbruck by the town council with a majority of 35 out of 40 votes.

In spring 1995, van Staa was elected vice president of the Austrian Towns Association. Since July 1995, he has been president of the Austrian Town Platform for the Austrian People's Party and president of the European Local and Regional Government Association of the European People's Party.

In July 1996, van Staa was elected vice president of the Chamber of Local Authorities of the Congress of the Council of Europe. In 1998, he became president of the Chamber of Local Authorities of the Congress, and in May, 2002, President of the Congress. Since May 2004 he has served as past president of the Congress.

In October 2002, he was elected governor of the Tyrol Region; in October 2003 he was re-elected governor. Since February 2004, he has been vice president of the Committee of the Regions and leader of the Austrian delegation.

In the 2008 state election, he was ousted as Governor of Tyrol by Günther Platter, but went on to be elected President of the regional parliament (Landtag).

He is imperial Knight of Honor of the Order of St. George.

title: Herwig van Staa