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Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)

The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (هيئة الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر, abbreviated CPVPV, colloquially termed hai’a (committee), and known as mutawa, mutaween and by other similar names and translations in English-language sources) is a government religious authority in Saudi Arabia that is charged with implementing the Islamic doctrine of hisbah in the country. Established in 1940, the body gained extensive powers in the 1980s and continued to function as a semi-independent civilian law enforcement agency for almost 35 years until 2016, when societal reforms driven by then-deputy crown prince Mohammed bin Salman led to limiting some of its authority through a royal decree by King Salman bin Abdulaziz, including the rights of pursuing, questioning, detaining, and interrogating suspects.

Tracing its modern origin to a revival of the pre-modern official function of muhtasib (market inspector) by the first Saudi state (1727–1818), it was established in its best known form in 1976, with the main goal of supervising markets and public morality, and was often described as Islamic religious police. By the early 2010s, the committee was estimated to have 3,500–4,000 officers on the streets, assisted by thousands of volunteers, with an additional 10,000 administrative personnel. Its head held the rank of cabinet minister and reported directly to the king. Committee officers and volunteers patrolled public places, with volunteers focusing on enforcing strict rules of hijab, segregation between the sexes, and daily prayer attendance; but also non-Islamic products/activities such as the sale of dogs and cats, Barbie dolls, Pokémon, and Valentine's Day gifts.

Names
The name of the committee has also been translated as Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Elimination of Sin, abbreviated CAVES. They are known colloquially as hai’a (literally "committee", also transliterated as Haia or Hayaa ).

In academic sources, committee officers or the volunteers have also been called by several Arabic terms derived from the root ṭ-w-ʿ, including mutaṭawwiʿūn (متطوعون, volunteers), muṭawwiʿ (مطوع, one who compels obedience), and muṭāwiʿa (no literal translation given). These words are etymologically related to the Quranically derived terms muṭṭawwiʿa and mutaṭawwiʿa (those who perform supererogatory deeds of piety). English-language press has used the names mutawa and mutaween.

History, structure, role
The committee's rationale is based on the classical Islamic doctrine of hisba, which is associated with the Quranic injunction of enjoining good and forbidding wrong, and refers to the duty of Muslims to promote moral rectitude and intervene when another Muslim is acting wrongly. In pre-modern Islamic history, its legal implementation was entrusted to a traditional Islamic public official called muhtasib (market inspector), who was charged with preventing fraud, disturbance of public order and infractions against public morality.

This office disappeared in the modern era everywhere in the Muslim world, including Arabia, but it was revived by the first Saudi state (1727–1818) and continued to play a role in the second (1823–87), due to its importance within Wahhabi doctrine.

Following the conquest of the Hijaz  in 1803 a chronicler records bonfires made from confiscated tobacco pipes and stringed instruments by enforcers of sharia (after a list had been made of the owners).
 * First state 1727–1818 (Emirate of Diriyah)

According to the US Library of Congress Country Studies, mutawwiin "'have been integral to the Wahhabi movement since its inception. Mutawwiin have served as missionaries, as enforcers of public morals, and as 'public ministers of the religion' who preach in the Friday mosque. Pursuing their duties in Jiddah in 1806, the mutawwiin were observed to be 'constables for the punctuality of prayers ... with an enormous staff in their hand, [who] were ordered to shout, to scold and to drag people by the shoulders to force them to take part in public prayers, five times a day.''" Robert Lacey describes them as "vigilantes". "The righteous of every neighbourhood [that] banded themselves together into societies for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice."

According to a study by Michael Cook, based on "Wahhabi writings and rulers' decrees" the role of commanding good and forbidding wrong developed a prominent place during the second Saudi emirate, and the first "documented instance of a formal committee to enforces the duty dates to 1926", when the official Saudi newspaper in Mecca published the news of its establishment. "One ruler orders his emirs to seek out people who gather together to smoke tobacco ... scholars and emirs should keep a check on the people of their towns with regard to prayer and religious instruction." Performance of hajj "is likewise to be monitored."
 * Second state 1823–1887 (Emirate of Nejd)

Under the third Saudi state, the most zealous followers of Ibn Sa'ud were appointed as muhtasibs. A foreign visitor reported that in Riyāḍ in 1922-23 flogging was "commonly" administered for "smoking, non-attendance at prayer and other such offenses". This severity caused conflict with the local population and foreign pilgrims when the Hijaz was conquered and Wahhabi strictness arrived. In response, committees were established in Riyadh and Mecca in 1932 to check their excesses. After their establishment in the Hijaz, the committees "rapidly spread" to the rest of the kingdom.
 * Third state (1902–)

Evidence that enforcement could "swing from a soft line to hard one and back again" comes from reports from Jeddah in early 1930, and summer of 1932, during a temporary move away from Wahhabi puritanism by King Ibn Saud early in his reign.

In 1976 the two formerly mutually independent directories in the Hijaz and Najd were united under an official of ministerial rank, acting under direct royal command, and, the Al al-Sheikh director of the committee gained a seat on the Saudi cabinet, strengthening its prestige. Its control extended to small towns as well as the cities. The unified Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice was then mainly responsible for supervising markets and public order and assisted by volunteers, who enforce attendance of daily prayers and gender segregation in public places.

Following the November–December 1979 Grand Mosque Seizure, when religion became more conservative in Saudi Arabia, "'people noticed that imams and religious folk seemed to have more money to spend ... with the religious police benefiting most obviously from government injections of cash. They started to appear in imposing new GMC vans, with their once humble local committees of mutawwa ... taking on the grander, 'Big Brother' aura of their original, collective name – Al Hayah, 'the Commission'. They developed attitude to match.'"

They were still, however, "essentially volunteers engaged in their own variety of social work."

In 2002, the deaths of 15 young girls in 2002 in Mecca after the mutaween's refused to let them leave a burning school was widely publicized and damaged the mutaween's image.

In May 2006 it was announced that the committee would no longer be allowed to interrogate those it arrests for behavior deemed un-Islamic. Prior to this, commission members enjoyed almost total power to arrest, detain, and interrogate those suspected of violating the Sharia.
 * Beginning of restrictions on power

In May 2006 the Interior Ministry issued a decree stating that "the role of the commission will end after it arrests the culprit or culprits and hands them over to police, who will then decide whether to refer them to the public prosecutor." In June 2007 the Saudi mutaween announced "the creation of a 'department of rules and regulations' to ensure the activities of commission members comply with the law, after coming under heavy pressure for the death of two people in its custody in less than two weeks". The governmental National Society for Human Rights criticised the behaviour of the religious police in May 2007 in its first report since its establishment in March 2004.

In August of that year Time magazine ran a report about the mutaween. It noted that "a campaign using text messages sent to mobile phones is calling on a million Saudis to declare that '2007 is the year of liberation.'" Despite statements of reform, the mutaween turned down Time's request for interviews.

In 2009, the committee created and formalized a special "Anti-Witchcraft Unit" to "educate the public about the evils of sorcery, investigate alleged witches, neutralize their cursed paraphernalia, and disarm their spells". The unit also had a hotline on the committee website for Saudis to report any magic to local officials.

At the beginning of October 2012, during the Arab Spring, Abdul Latif Abdul Aziz Al-Sheikh announced that the powers of the mutawiyin would be significantly restricted. According to Irfan Al-Alawi, "They will be barred from making arrests, conducting interrogations, or carrying out searches without a warrant from the local governor. They will no longer stand at the entrances of shopping malls to keep women out who do not adhere to the Wahhabi dress code or who are not accompanied by 'approved' men—husbands, siblings, or parents." "Community volunteers", who were the original mutaween, were forbidden from joining Hai’a men on their rounds and pursuing, chastising, and interrogating miscreants, as "a religious duty". Field officers were also ordered to "approach people with a smile," and forbidden from using their "private e-mails, cellphones, or social media accounts to receive and act on anonymous tips."

In January 2012, Abdul Latif Abdul Aziz al-Sheikh was appointed head of the mutaween. He "holds the rank of cabinet minister and reports directly to the king". His agency employs more than 4,000 "field officers" and reportedly has another 10,000 administrative personnel. Its 2013 budget was the equivalent of US$390 million.

However, in 2016, Mohammed bin Salman sharply curtailed the powers of the CPVPV (the committee). In a September 2019 article, Arab News (which has been described "reflecting official position" in Saudi Arabia), portrayed the time period from about 1979 to 2016 as an era when CPVPV "strayed" from its "original intent" of advising and guiding Saudi Muslims. Starting around 1979, the Sahwa or Islamic Awakening era commenced, "extremism ideology" flourished, and the powers of the CPVPV went "unchecked". Then, in 2016 (Arab News states), Mohammed bin Salman took an "unprecedented, risky yet necessary move" bringing the CPVPV to heel and returning it to its correct role as "society's spiritual guide".
 * Loss of power under MbS

The newspaper describes CPVPV before and after the curtailing of its power: "They destroyed musical instruments, raided beauty salons, shaved heads, whipped people, burnt books, and continued being unchecked — until an unexpected decision came out on April 11, 2016. The Saudi Cabinet issued a royal decree that stripped the religious police of its privileges, banning its members from pursuing, questioning, asking for identification, arresting and detaining anyone suspected of a crime. They are now obliged to report back to the police and security forces if need be."

Ahmad bin Qasim Al-Ghamdi (head of the Hai'a in Mecca) describes the post-2016 policy as one where the "“... CPVPV has managed to defuse the strife in the relationship between its past self and society. It has prevented the distortion and weak confidence that the people had in the procedures that were followed in the past, [which] damaged the reputation of the promotion of virtue and prevention of vice as a ritual, and the reputation of the Kingdom as a state that applies the provisions of Islam.”"

Enforcement
The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice enforces traditional Islamic morality by arresting or helping to secure the arrest of people who engage in conduct that violates Islamic principles and values. They are tasked with enforcing conservative Islamic norms of behavior defined by Saudi authorities. They monitor observance of the dress code and ensure that shops are closed during prayer times. In some instances, they broke into private homes on suspicion of untoward behavior, though this attracted criticism from the public and the government.

Upon being appointed head of the CPVPV, Abdul Latif Abdul Aziz al-Sheikh identified "five areas the religious police should focus on": preserving Islam, preventing blackmail, combating sorcery, fighting human trafficking, and ensuring that no one disobeys the country's rulers.

Saudi mutaween are often accompanied by the regular police, but also patrol without police escort. They launched a website on which un-Islamic behavior can be reported.

While on patrol, the duties of the Mutaween include, but are not restricted to:

 * ensuring that drugs including alcohol are not being traded.
 * checking that women wear the abaya, a traditional cloak.
 * making sure that men and women who are spotted together in public are related.
 * formerly, enforcing the ban on camera phones. This ban was enacted out of a fear that men would use them to secretly photograph women and publish them on the Internet without the consent of the subjects. The ban was enacted in April 2004 but was overturned in December that same year.
 * preventing the population from engaging in "frivolous" Western customs such as Valentine's Day.

The punishment for such offenses is severe, often involving beatings and humiliation, and foreigners are not excluded from arrest. The mutaween encourage people to inform on others they know who are suspected of acting unvirtuously, and to punish such activities.

In 2010, a 27-year-old Saudi man was sentenced to five years in prison, 500 lashes of the whip, and a SR50,000 fine after appearing in an amateur gay video online allegedly taken inside a Jeddah prison. According to an unnamed government source, "The District Court sentenced the accused in a homosexuality case that was referred to it by the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice (the Hai’a) in Jeddah before he was tried for impersonating a security man and behaving shamefully and with conduct violating the Islamic teachings." The case started when the Hai’a's staff arrested the man under charges of practicing homosexuality. He was referred to the Bureau for Investigation and Prosecution, which referred him to the District Court.

Among the Western practices suppressed by the mutaween is the celebration of Valentine's Day. Condemning the festivities as a "pagan feast", Mutaween inspect hotels, restaurants, coffeehouses, and gift shops on 14 February to prevent Muslim couples from giving each other Valentines or other presents. The sale of red roses, red stuffed animals, red greeting cards and other red gift items is banned, according to store owners. These items are confiscated, and those selling them subject to prosecution.

The children's game Pokémon was banned in 2001. The sale of the fashion doll Barbie was banned as a consumer product for posing a moral threat to Islam, stating: "Jewish Barbie dolls, with their revealing clothes and shameful postures, accessories and tools are a symbol of decadence to the perverted West. Let us beware of her dangers and be careful." Fulla dolls were designed and approved as more acceptable.

In 2006 the police issued a decree banning the sale of dogs and cats, also seen as a sign of Western influence. The decree which applies to the Red Sea port city of Jeddah and the holy city of Mecca bans the sale of cats and dogs because "some youths have been buying them and parading them in public," according to a memo from the municipal affairs ministry to Jeddah's city government. In 2013 two Saudi men were arrested for giving "free hugs to passersby".

In December 2010 it was reported by Arab News that the Hai'a had launched a massive campaign against "sorcery" or "black magic" in the kingdom. The prohibition includes "fortune tellers or faith healers". (Some people executed for sorcery following the announcement include a man from Najran province in June 2012, a Saudi woman in the province of Jawf, in December 2011, and a Sudanese man executed in September 2011. A Lebanese television presenter of a popular fortune-telling programme was arrested while on pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia and sentenced to death, though after pressure from the Lebanese government and human rights groups, he was freed by the Saudi Supreme Court.)

In May 2012, the head of the mutaween, Abdul Latif Abdul Aziz al-Sheikh, stated that anyone using social media sites, such as Twitter, "has lost this world and his afterlife".

According to authors Harvey Tripp and Peter North, mutaween became involved in the city planning of the Eastern Province industrial city of Jubail sometime in the 1980s and 1990s. Halfway through the construction of that city the mutaween visited the engineering drawing office several times, first to insist that all planning maps included the direction of Mecca. On their second visit they ordered that city sewage lines (already built) not flow in the direction of Mecca. After being convinced that the curvature of the earth prevented this, the mutaween returned to insist that the drainage pipes of toilets inside the city's buildings also not violate this principle. The mutaween's demands came despite the fact that no Saudi building code mentioned their requirement and no other Saudi cities met it. While a good deal of the planners' and engineers' time was spent responding to the mutaween's concerns, the mutaween never returned to approve the contractor's solution and no pipes ended up having to be unearthed and redirected, leaving Tripp and North to conclude that Mutaween's "point" was not to protect Mecca but to demonstrate the supremacy of religion in Saudi Arabia to foreign builders.

Exemptions
As of 2012, the offices of Saudi Aramco, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, and foreign embassies are off limits to mutaween. Not off limits are personnel of Saudi government agencies. Hai’a have been known to detain government officials, (A male government employee minder of American journalist Karen Elliott House was detained for mixing of the sexes, causing her to wonder that "a government employee following the instructions of his ministry runs afoul of that same government's religious police." )

2016 restriction of powers
On 11 April 2016, the Saudi Council of Ministers issued a new regulation that limits the jurisdiction of the Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice. They were ordered to work only during office hours, be "gentle and humane", to report violations of Islamic law to the civil police, and forbidden from pursuing, arresting or detaining members of the public.

The new regulation has 12 clauses; most notable of them are:

"The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice is expected to uphold its duties with kindness and gentleness as decreed by the examples of Prophet Mohammed."

"The Committee has the responsibility of reporting, while on patrol, to official authorities (depending on the suspected activity) any suspected crimes witnessed. Subsequent actions from pursuit of suspect, capture, interrogation and detainment will be left to the relevant official authorities."

"Neither the heads nor members of The Committee are to stop or arrest or chase people or ask for their IDs or follow them – that is considered the jurisdiction of the police or the drug unit."

Alleged abuses
One of the most widely criticized examples of mutaween enforcement of Sharia law came in March 2002, when 15 young girls died of burns or smoke asphyxiation by an accidental fire that engulfed their public school in Mecca. According to two newspapers, the religious police forcibly prevented girls from escaping the burning school by locking the doors of the school from the outside, and barring firemen from entering the school to save the girls, beating some of the girls and civil defense personnel in the process. Mutaween would not allow the girls to escape or to be saved because they were 'not properly covered', and the mutaween did not want physical contact to take place between the girls and the civil defense forces for fear of sexual enticement. The CPVPV denied the charges of beating or locking the gates, but the incident and the accounts of witnesses were reported in Saudi newspapers such as the Saudi Gazette and Al-Iqtisaddiyya. The result was a very rare public criticism of the group.

In May 2003, Al-Watan, a Saudi reform newspaper published several reports of people being mistreated by the police force, including the story of one woman from a remote southern town who had been beaten and held in solitary confinement for riding alone in the back of a taxi.

In May 2007, a man alleged to have alcohol in his home (Salman Al-Huraisi) was reported by Arab News to have been arrested and beaten to death in his own home by CPVPV members in the Al Oraija district of Riyadh. "The father of the deceased said that commission members continued to beat his handcuffed son, even though he was already covered in blood, until he died" at the Oraija CPVPV center in Riyadh. Another man who died while in custody of the CPVPV was Ahmed Al-Bulawi. He was a driver for a woman with whom he was accused of being in a state of seclusion (when a man and an unrelated woman are together) and died after being taken to a CPVPV center in Tabuk in June 2007. According to Irfan Al-Alawi, "in both cases, the families of the victims took the mutawiyin to court, and in both instances (as in others) charges against the mutawiyin were postponed indefinitely or dropped."

A case of "sorcery" that led to a sentence of death which was overturned was that of Ali Hussain Sibat, the Lebanese host of the popular TV psychic call-in show aired on satellite TV across the Middle East. Sibat was arrested in Medina by the CPVPV in May 2008, while visiting Saudi Arabia to perform the Umrah pilgrimage. Sibat was charged with "sorcery" for making predictions and giving advice to the audience on his show. On 9 November 2009, after court hearings not open to the public or a defense lawyer Sibat was sentenced to death. The case was upheld on appeal but after an international outcry was overturned by the Supreme Court on 11 November 2010. The case was controversial in part because neither the defendant or "victims" were Saudis, and the "crime" was not committed in Saudi Arabia.

Mutaween suppression of religious activity by non-Muslims in Saudi Arabia is also controversial. Asia News alleges that "at least one million" Roman Catholics in the kingdom are being "denied pastoral care ... none of them can participate in mass while they are in Saudi Arabia ... Catechism for their children – nearly 100,000 – is banned." It reports the arrest of a Catholic priest for saying mass. On 5 April 2006 a Catholic priest, "Fr. George [Joshua] had just celebrated mass in a private house when seven religious policemen (muttawa) broke into the house together with two ordinary policemen. The police arrested the priest and another person."

In August 2008, a young Saudi woman who had converted to Christianity was reportedly burnt to death after having her tongue cut out by her father, a member of the committee, though it was not an officially sanctioned act of punishment.

In January 2013, the CPVPV marched into an educational exhibit of dinosaurs at a shopping center, "turned off the lights and ordered everyone out, frightening children and alarming their parents". It was not clear why the exhibit—which had been "featured at shopping centres across the Gulf for decades"—was closed, and Saudis speculated irreverently as to the reason on Twitter.

In September 2013 the entrance of a Saudi religious police building "was intentionally set on fire by assailants", according to the Hai'a. No one was hurt and no further information was provided by the police. In early 2014, the head of Hai'a, Sheikh Abdul Latif al-Sheikh was quoted in the Okaz daily newspaper as saying that "there are advocates of sedition within the Commission" for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, and promised to remove them.

Internal dispute
In 2009, the head of the Hai'a in Mecca, Sheikh Ahmad Qasim al Ghamdi, stated that there was nothing wrong with men and women mixing in public places, and instructed his mutawa'a to not interfere with mixing. However religious conservatives pressured the national head of the Hai'a to fire him. Hours after the firing of the Sheikh Al Ghamdi, the Hai'a issued an embarrassing retraction: "The information sent out today concerning administrative changes at some Hai'a offices, particularly those concerning Mecca and Hail, was inaccurate and the administration has requested editors not to publish it." However the firing and the retraction of the firing became "major news". "Outraged conservatives went to Sheiksh Al Ghamdi's home, demanding to 'mix' with his females ... still other outraged opponents scrawled graffiti on his home," according to journalist Karen Elliott House.

Involvement in politics
Other accusations leveled at the CPVPV include that some of its members have been involved in political subversion, and/or are ex-convicts/prisoners who became Hafiz (i.e. memorized the Quran) to reduce their prison sentences. Author Lawrence Wright has written of a conflict between the Mutaween and at least one allied imam and Turki bin Faisal Al Saud, the head of the Presidency of General Intelligence (Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah) between 1977 and 2001. After an imam denounced a female charitable organizations run by some of Turki's sisters and accused them of being whores during a Friday sermon, Turki demanded and received an apology. He then "secretly began monitoring members of the muttawa. He learned that many of them were ex-convicts whose only job qualification was that they had memorized the Quran to reduce their sentences." But Turki believed they had become "so powerful" they "threatened to overthrow the government." (Another description of the social background of CPVPV members—by Ali Shihabi, "a Saudi financier and pro-Muhammed bin Salman commentator"—is that their ranks are drawn from "the losers in school" who having been ignored by "cute girls" and not invited to parties "no one wanted them at" during their time as students, then sought jobs where they could take revenge on the socially successful by harassing attractive women and breaking into parties and shutting them down.)

Another instance when the CPVPV has opposed the Saudi government came in 2005 when the Minister of Labor announced a policy of staffing lingerie shops with women. The policy was intended to give employment to some of the millions of adult Saudi women at home (14.6% of Saudi women work in the public and private sectors in the kingdom ), and to prevent mixing of the sexes in public (ikhtilat), between male clerks and women customers. Conservative Saudis opposed the policy maintaining that for a woman to work outside the house was against her fitrah (natural state). The few shops that employed women were "quickly closed" by the Hai'i who supported the conservative position.

However, in 2011, during the Arab Spring, King Abdullah issued another decree giving lingerie shops—and then shops and shop departments specializing in other products for women, such as cosmetics, abayas and wedding dresses—one year to replace men workers with women. Further clashes followed between conservatives and Hai'a men on the one hand, and the ministry, women customers and employees at female-staffed stores on the other. In 2013, the Ministry and the Hai'a leadership met to negotiate new terms. In November 2013, 200 religious police signed a letter stating that female employment was causing such a drastic increase in instances of ikhtilat, that "their job was becoming impossible."

Political use
According to one journalist with many years of experience in Saudi Arabia, Karen Elliott House, the Hai’a are sometimes used to balance the policies of the government; specifically a loose rein on the Hai'a acts to calm the displeasure of the strong religious conservative forces in Saudi society. When the king dismissed a member of the Council of Senior Religious Scholars in 2009 for condemning gender mixing at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, he compensated for it by doing "nothing to curb the country's religious police from roaming the kingdom's streets and harassing ordinary Saudis mixing with anyone of the opposite genders".

Other similar groups
Outside Saudi Arabia, in Iran, the Guidance Patrol functions as the country's main public religious police, imposing Islamic dress codes and norms in most public places. The Taliban regime, or Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, also has a "Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice" with very similar religious policing functions. The Taliban are thought to have borrowed the Saudi policing policy not only because they also had a strict Sharia law policy, but because of alleged financial and diplomatic support from Saudi Arabia. According to a Pakistani journalist who spent much time among the Taliban, the Taliban who had been to Saudi Arabia before taking power in Afghanistan "were terribly impressed by the religious police and tried to copy that system to the letter". One of the Taliban supporters, Bin Laden, was also from Saudi Arabia.

The second Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan re-established the ministry in 2021.

There is a type of police in Indonesia called the religious police; they enforce Islamic laws in the Islamic majority Aceh province. They are known for being very strict.


text:
Talk:Nane Annan

The Secretary-General is fluent in English, French and several African languages. He is married to Nane Annan, of Sweden, a lawyer and artist who has a great interest in understanding the work of the United Nations in the field. Two issues of particular concern to her are HIV/AIDS and education for women. She has also written a book for children about the United Nations. Mr. and Mrs. Annan have three children.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Nane Annan


text:
Midoriyama

Midoriyama may refer to:

 * Mount Midoriyama, production sites for acrobatic competitions:
 * in Japan; for Sasuke (TV series)
 * in Las Vegas, NV, USA; for American Ninja Warrior
 * in Germany; for Ninja Warrior Germany
 * in the UK; for Ninja Warrior UK
 * in Australia; for Australian Ninja Warrior
 * in Haifa, Israel; for Ninja Israel
 * in Poland; for Ninja Warrior Polska
 * In Binh Dương, Vietnam; for SASUKE Vietnam
 * Midoriyama Middle School in anime The Prince of Tennis

title: Midoriyama


text:
User talk:TDC/Archive 2

User_talk:TDC/Archive_1

Threats of banning
You are not an administrator. Please do not make threats of banning against other users. Snowspinner 17:47, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

Vandal attack
Really? It seems Turrican and the four IPs must be the same. They are making the exact same edits to virtually the exact same set of articles. Very Verily 06:21, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, I added a comment about User talk:Snowspinner re above. Very Verily 06:21, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The IP address are coming from two sources, Belgium and Uraguay. TDC 06:36, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * They're anonymous proxies. Very Verily 06:53, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

BTW, have you noticed that Pol Pot is also under attack? I've been fighting a lonely battle over there. Very Verily 06:54, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

You might want to add your name to the complaint against Turrican at Requests for arbitration. Very Verily 23:08, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Regarding your note on my page, I am trying to get temporary orders. If the proxies are simple vandals they can be blocked on that basis. Fred Bauder 23:18, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

Protections
After looking through the page histories, I protected those where it was clear to me that a sustained revert war is happening. For some of the articles, the recent contributions were from a number of different parties and it appeared to be a period of intense editing, but I couldn't be sure that page protection was warranted. I did not protect any particular versions of the articles, as with this volume of requests to evaluate, I'm not inclined to investigate the exact details of the content dispute. --Michael Snow 21:03, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Requests for comment Shorne
A few of us are talking about doing a RfC regarding Shorne. Before we can do that we must pass this threshold:

"Before listing any user conduct dispute here, at least two people must try to resolve the same issue by talking with the person on his or her talk page or the talk pages involved in the dispute. The two users must document and certify their efforts when listing the dispute. If the listing is not certified within 48 hours of listing, it will be deleted."

If you feel that any issues exist with respect to his edits, please enter into a dialogue on User talk:Shorne and see how much progress we can make through negotiation. Fred Bauder 18:51, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

I'm all alone on Pol Pot right now and could use help keeping it untrashed. Very Verily 23:26, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, it just got protected. Very Verily 23:33, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Winter Soldier
I protected the Winter Soldier Investigation article without prejudice. That is, I'm not endorsing your version; nor am I endorsing your claim that the anon's were vandals.

I'm trusting you, so ya better be right, man! --Uncle Ed (El Dunce) 20:45, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Can you come to the talk page please. I'm going to try and see if I can broker a compromise solution so that the protection can be lifted. Cheers Theresa Knott (Not the skater) 20:20, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Unverified image
Thanks for uploading the image I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the image and I'll tag it for you. Thanks, Kbh3rd 17:11, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Image:Kiss.jpeg

Image:HMruger 0924A.jpeg and Image:Wild eyed communist.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:HMruger 0924A.jpeg and Image:Wild eyed communist.jpg. Please leave a note on those pages about where you got the images because of copyright law. If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. --Ellmist 05:34, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Other untagged images

 * Image:F38.jpeg

– Quadell (talk) (help) 00:49, Jan 18, 2005 (UTC)

VVAW and WSI debate
Frankly, I find your comment to me ("where do you get off pushing your nose into this debate?") a bit strange. It's a wiki, you know. People are encouraged to push their noses into debates. I also note that my first edit to Winter Soldier Investigation predated yours by a few weeks, so you have even less cause to try to dismiss me as an interloper. Nor is promising that "this revert war will not end" very helpful. A more constructive approach would be to try to work out text that conveys the information, using available language that's in the public domain or appropriately licensed for use here, and rewriting any copyvio material. JamesMLane 05:42, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hey
What's your email? J. Parker Stone 04:25, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * he he, for me to know.... go to TDC@dodgeit.com, and I will send you my real one. Later. TDC 04:28, Jan 16, 2005 (UTC)

-looks at site- dubya tee eff? I sent an email but I don't know if it goes anywhere. J. Parker Stone 04:44, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dispute Resolution RFC, William M. Connolley
I started an RFC regarding user William M. Connolley, located here: Requests for comment/William M. Connolley. If you are interested, please comment or sign as appropriate. — Cortonin | Talk 12:24, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

FOX News
Just to let you know we have come pretty close to a concensus on trimming the FOX News section to about 1/2 the original size - there are a few things we haven't agreed on. Noticed you had contributed earlier and might want to throw in on the proposal. Trödel 22:40, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Winter Soldier Investigation, Vietnam Veterans Against the War
A request has been made by the anonymous user to unprotect both of these articles, which I find highly inappropriate. I believe it might be time that you take your case to WP:RFM if you have not done so, otherwise try WP:RFA -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:52, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Unsourced claim on 2003 Invasion of Iraq
I refer to your edit: "14:24, 28 Jan 2005 TDC (RV, if you are too lazy to look for the source in the talk archives, that is not my problem"

You're wrong in this instance. This is a project to create an encyclopedia, and statements in articles should be sourced. We're not engaged in a debate where someone who disagrees with your statement can be challenged to do his homework, as it were, we're engaged in producing factually true articles. Where, as in this case, even some of the editors cannot determine whether a statement in the article is true without trawling through discussion archives, the statement does not belong in the article until a proper source can be provided for it and placed in the article for the benefit of the reader. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:09, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

This issue, including the sources, was covered in the talk pages between myself and another user almost a year ago. I stand by my statement that if a user is too damn lazy to go to the talk archives and find it, then that is too bad for them. TDC 15:14, Jan 28, 2005 (UTC)

I am sure you realise that the result of your stance is that the statement, if true, will be lost from the article unless someone else comes up to provide a source. Couldn't you just bend a little and find the discussion and its resolution so that the reference can be inserted into the article to support the statement? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:27, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

2003 Invasion of Iraq: "Some individuals have claimed..."
Hi. In your edit summary of 2003 Invasion of Iraq, you said: "RV, if you are too lazy to look for the source in the talk archives, that is not my problem". I removed the text you reverted because there is no source for it listed in the article. This makes the text unverifiable to the average reader (see: Cite sources). A talk page archive is not a valid reference because the talk pages will not be available to a reader of:

 * an external project using WP data
 * a forked project
 * Wikipedia 1.0

Also, a casual reader will probably not be inclined to look through heaps of lengthy discussions to find a source of a particular statement.

Since your revert seems to indicate that you want to have the "Some individuals have claimed..."-text in the article, please add your sources to the article, or list them in the ongoing discussion on the talk page.

Thank you. --Plek 15:20, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Five reverts is a little over the top don't you think?
You've reverted Iraq Liberation Act five times today and removed the NPOV dispute tag each time. I'd appreciate if you followed Wikipedia procedure rather than throwing your toys. And you can keep your silly personal insults to yourself. Take care. --Christiaan 19:25, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

3RR violation
You have violated the Three revert rule by reverting Iraq Liberation Act 5 times. If you continue to revert this page, you will be blocked for up to 24 hours. Please be careful about this! Thanks. -Frazzydee|✍ 19:43, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hey, I found a picture of someone who beats your wild-eyed communist hands down. Here's a real meshugina. 172 22:12, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey TDC, your "blocked from editing" penalty should be lifted by now. Get your arse over to  where a significant conversation about you is ongoing, and say something in your defense.  Maybe, after a healthy knock-down, drag-out scuffle, we can come to some sort of productive discourse.  Oh, and as for User:172... quit feeding the god damned troll.  He's doing well enough on his own without your obsequious, fawning help. -Rob (TDC's favorite Wiki-Editor)
 * You know, if you got an account people could post stuff on your own talk page. Wikipedia is a collaborative project, so editors working in the same subject areas are supposed to communicate with each other. 172 05:30, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You've already been warned and blocked for violating the Three revert rule with regard to Iraq Liberation Act. —Christiaan 23:38, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Winter Soldier Investigation and Vietnam Veterans Against the War
These two articles have been unprotected. I am going to assume good faith. Please do not start another edit war on those articles. If you have a problem, go through the Dispute resolution process. I am going to make certain that you and the anonymous user follow Wikipedia guidelines on those two articles. -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:35, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

VVAW and WSI articles
I really do not know what to say on this subject other than there is no possible outcome for these articles other than another edit war. The Anon is unable to be negotiated with, and does not like people making edits to what he views are his articles. I would also remind you that these two articles are full of plagiarized material and past instances have shown me that this user is extremely uncooperative in removing such material. I think the only solution is that the article is blanked and started over again. Articles have been blanked in the past for large scale plagarism and dont see how this is an exception. TDC 13:45, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I suggest that you not involve yourself in deciding what is and what is not plagarism. If there is evidence to it, you may claim so at Copyright problems.  Understanding this, it is not your sole responsibility to see that articles are in line with Wikipedia policies. -- AllyUnion (talk) 18:10, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * To that effect, I highly suggest you do not continue to revert either article despite your objections. Like you said yourself, the best solution would be to claim the article is a copyright violation.  To meet those ends, follow the copyright problem procedure, and leave the article alone.  See: Copyright_problems.  If the anon user reverts it, he may be blocked for it, as investigations into copyright infringements should not be reverted until the investigation is complete.  Such a revert would be considered as vandalism.  Even though, it is an opportunity to rewrite the article from scratch, it still does not give you the right to start an edit war on the rewrite of the article. -- AllyUnion (talk) 18:23, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I am going to warn you that you should not revert any further on either article. Without discussion on the talk pages, an arbritation case against you... may prove that you were uncooperative. -- AllyUnion (talk) 21:51, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * First of all it seems like a pretty clear cut case to me that if text from the article matches text found in another source word for word, then it seems fairly clear cut that it is plagiarized. I would also point out, again, for like the umpteenth fucking time, that this user has been using plagiarized material repeatedly and only takes it out after being beaten over the head with it. Secondly, please do not threaten me with what might and might not be said in arbitration. Finally, in case you were not aware, an AOL IP cannot be blocked, so that is not any threat for the anon. TDC 23:12, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am well aware that an AOL IP cannot be blocked, but there are certain exceptions to this rule. Technically, if the matter went into arbitration... depending on who filed it... a clear guideline could be established as to whether the content added is a copyright violation or not.  And reverts could be then justified, depending on what the arbritation rules, I suppose.
 * I apologize for threating you, but the fact of the matter is, I would like to see this matter resolved and out of my hair. Having the article protected 5 or 6 times is unreasonable, and we can not permanently protect the articles either.  Despite my objections to keeping the articles protected, another administrator disagreed.  I gave up and unprotected the articles, however I only seem to be getting deeper and deeper into this debate that I clearly do not wish to be a part of. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:04, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * TDC, with regard to your statement that matching text shows plagiarism: It's not so clear as you seem to think. I once deleted some apparent copyvio material only to discover that the other site had copied from us rather than vice versa.  I doubt that's the case here, but the general lesson of avoiding dogmatism is applicable.  For example, perhaps Wikipedia and another site both used PD material from a third site.  Furthermore, some use of copyrighted material is protected as fair use.  Unfortunately, what we need to do is work through specific examples with attention to detail, rather than make blanket statements.  (Well, more precisely, that's what someone needs to do.  I'm with AllyUnion in getting in deeper into this 30-year-old ruckus than I want.) JamesMLane 16:22, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Deletion of Classical definition
Are you back in town? I haven't heard from you in a while. I need your help.

The Wikipedian community has saw fit to delete The Classical definition of republic. I found more corraborating evidence and, on the Votes for Undeletion, They are still voting to keep it deleted. I think this is highly unfair. Is there a cabal going around voting things off that they don't like? I have put external link to Wikinfo:Classical definition of republic and they delete that also. It has been deleted twice from Republic. What's going on here? Wikipedia is not "Free and Open-Content". There is a group controlling what gets said around here. I have been reading about "Republics" all my life. I even quote from a Modern Scholary work that used the term "Classical Republic". And they still delete. Something is not right here. WHEELER 14:54, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mislabelled edit on Fidel Castro
I really don't think it's conceivable that your recent edit on Fidel Castro could be understood by many people to be minor. Some of the sections seem to have been completely rewritten.

Please take care not to mislabel edits like this. Even when done by accident, it tends to give the impression that you are trying to do something dishonest. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:09, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

2003 Invasion of Iraq
Dear user,

I would like to say that I see the current revert war on 2003 Invasion of Iraq as very negative for the quality of the discussion, as well as for the article itself. May I please urge you to refrain from reverting further and discuss the situation on Talk:2003_Invasion_of_Iraq untill a solution can be found ? I look forward to reading your inputs there.

(this message is sent simultaneouslz to User:TDC and User:Christiaan)

Thank you very much ! Rama 23:12, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

PS: please allow me this is a general principle applicable also to, say, Hans Blix :P Rama 23:27, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

3RR block
As this is the second time that you violated the 3RR rule on the same article I have taken the liberty to block you from contributing to Wikipedia for one week. Refdoc 00:32, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Following discussion with other admins this block has been reduced to 24 hours. I do hope that this is the last block required Refdoc 14:04, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Pumpkin killings
You should remove this from your user page...it doesn't make you look very, ah, nice.

Talk:Noam Chomsky
I just spotted your edits on Talk:Noam Chomsky. It looks like you've probably got some good points, but they're almost entirely incomprehensible because you aren't using indentation, a signature, or italics to set your interpolated comments off from the text you're quoting. Please -- indent your entire response, italicize or blockquote the text you're referencing, and sign your post with four tildes. (Apologies if the edits to Propaganda Model weren't you -- I can't quite tell because the whole thing is unsigned). -Ben 21:14, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I spotted your edits on Talk:Noam Chomsky. You strike me as kind of an idiot. Pythag3

 * And do you think I give a flying fuck what some eurotrash asshole thinks? TDC 05:34, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * [LAUGHS]. Ah, you responded to my mild provocation, but not really in the way I intended. I meant to add "[mischevious smile]" after the comment, but obviously it didn't appear: I got distracted, or whatever.

 * You never responded to my post concerning the length of the Chomsky article, the creation of the Chomsky page, etc. I suggest a compromise: I think you should condense your two paragraphs into a couple of sentences, and then move the original paragraphs, in full, to the page devoted to the propaganda model, which -- again -- was not developed by Chomsky, and not particularly uncommon.

 * And for the record, my nationalist friend, I'm as American as apple pie, and hail from the Midwest. You were probably confused because of my e-mail address: I happen to speak German, and at the time I signed up for an account at Yahoo!, the European domains offered ten times as much space. My family's history in this country can be traced to the 17th century; the last European ancestor arrived in 1851, from Germany. But of course, that's irrelevant.

I stole your quote
Just wanted to tell you I liked the quote on your user page so much I added it to my talk page, see User_talk:Sam_Spade. (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 09:14, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Three revert rule
You have been blocked for 24 hours under the three revert rule. If you wish to appeal please contact another administrator or the mailing list. Carbonite | Talk 03:00, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I count 3 reverts by Chamaeleon on Anti-globalization, which is not in violation of the 3RR. If you believe I am incorrect, please post your diffs on Administrators' noticeboard/3RR for review by another admin. However, I would recommend trying to settle your differences rather than to continue to engage in edit wars. Just my $.02 Carbonite | Talk 14:00, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

RfC
See User_talk:Chamaeleon. I suggest you make a similar request on his talk page. (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 15:25, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Please see my talk page. Cheers, (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 18:27, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

drive-by POV-tagging
Some weeks ago, you added a POV tag to Fred Hampton and restored it after I removed it yesterday. For your information, NPOV dispute states that the POV tag

 * is meant to indicate that a discussion is ongoing, and hence that the article contents are disputed and volatile. If you add the above code to an article which seems to you to be biased, but there is no prior discussion of the bias, you need to at least leave a note on the article's talk page describing what you consider unacceptable about the article.

In recent months, there has been some sporadic discussion on the talk page, but the only contribution you have made is to claim the article "reeks of POV", which is about as useful as a dog pissing on a tree. If you don't have time to participate, that's fine, we all have our priorities, but until you list specific problems you have with text on the Talk page, then you don't have the "unalienable" right to tag it. Anytime you have constructive suggestions as to how to improve that article, I'd be most interested in hearing them. -- Viajero 16:29, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments on Christiaan's page?
Curious what your comment meant, and how it was related to what I said...no idea what is going on between the two of you, but since you seemed to be commenting on what I said I was curious. Thanks Guettarda 02:59, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Long story, I could fill you in tommorow, but the Family Guy is coming on. Toodles.
 * Ok, please do. Thanks.  Guettarda 03:44, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Davos Image
I was wondering if you have any source information for this image. Also, you should post an explanation for why you believe it is fair use on the image page. Please refer to Fair use rationale for instructions. Thanks. Kaldari 19:22, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Here is what I know about the picture. At the January 2003 meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos there were a number of protests. Along with a story on Yahoo about the WEF in general, there was a story about the protests in Davos along with the picture in question. Andrew Sullivan picked up on the picture, and wrote a quick blurb about it. Unfortunately the picture no longer exists on Yahoo, but fortunately I managed to save it at the time.

 * Here is a dead link to the original picture, as well as the original caption.

 * Demonstrators wearing masks with the faces of U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, right, and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, carry the 'Golden Calf,' during a demonstration against the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Switzerland, Saturday, Jan. 25, 2003.

 * The reason I believe it is fair to use should be pretty self explanatory. Here we have anti-globalization types protesting the WEF, using imagery that is grossly anti-Semitic. An argument could be made that it is not, but come on, Donald Rumsfeld the wannabe Jew lackey of Ariel Sharon, pulling the golden calf of capitalism with imagery reminiscent of Nazi era Germany? TDC 19:56, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

Kiss.jpeg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Kiss.jpeg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:12, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Wild eyed communist.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Wild eyed communist.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:12, 9 December 2006 (UTC) --Wgfinley 19:26, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Davos Switzerland G8 Summit.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Davos Switzerland G8 Summit.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:12, 9 December 2006 (UTC) Sorry, missed one. --Wgfinley 19:28, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

McCarthy
I read that entire article you listed as evidence of Lattimore's communist credentials and found none. There is a reference to an incident, but as the article explains, nothing in any of those actions was found to be reported to the Soviets or made Lattimore a communist. Did I miss something?--The Grza 05:06, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

3RR warning on Paul Robeson
Actually, that was your third revert, since your restoration of the paragraph removed by User:Mista-X was your first. I have no wish for this to turn into an unpleasant edit war, but I will block you for violating Three revert rule. Gamaliel 17:14, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)TDC - I see you are a man of uncommon sense on Wikipedia. I believe the time has come for non-Marxists to collaborate more effectively on Wikipedia. What do you think? Johnnyio 03:59, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of Stalinists
I think you have started creating the category. I see in the List of Stalinists document.--DuKot 23:28, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Neruda
If you disagree with my edits regarding Neruda's Stalinist sympathies, it is your right to revert them, but it is exceedingly rude to revert changes I have made to the text which have nothing to do with this. If you are too lazy to go through my edits and revert only the relevant ones, then do not revert any of them. Thank you. -- Viajero 19:14, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * In the words of that great entertainer Justin Timberlake; cry me a river!TDC 19:16, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

Three revert rule
You have been blocked for 24 hours under the three revert rule. If you wish to appeal please contact another administrator or the mailing list.Geni 22:17, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

COINTELPRO
Excellent work on that article, it's much more balanced now. What is it about the Bureau that attracts the angry. You should watch out for the reference to FBI assasinations which might have been in J.Edgar's vision of the Bureau but I doubt he actually got round to it. TonyMarvin 03:43, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

RfC TDC
I have opened a RfC on you. By now you know the score, you can respond here: Requests_for_comment/TDC-2 -- Viajero 14:17, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Norinco
Thanks for your support. I may be beating a dead horse on Russell Tribunal, but being a newbie its been a learning experience. Seems we may have some common interests. Perhaps you may take a look at Norinco and the Talk page, which I rescued off the ready to delete list. I been having trouble expanding the article beyond what it is, but have some interesting information about the company which anonymouse administrators won't let me post. They also have deleted source information I had on the Talk page, but I still have it. Thx again Nobs 16:13, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wow. Looks solid. We'll know in a few hours what the wikigods think. I got other material I'll show you later. Good job. Nobs 20:34, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rapid Deployment Force
I'm currently rewriting the Carter Doctrine page to show that the Gulf War and current Iraqi operations are infact outgrowths of the Carter Doctrine, but a proper foundation needs to be laid, i.e. the RDF which in 1983 became CENTCOM. Can you give any help here? Nobs 20:52, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Just a hint, make sure you are well versed with Wiki's no original research, and that there is not conflict with this. TDC 20:55, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Much is on the Carter Doctrine talk page, including Jimmy's Carter's Nobel speech were he takes credit for Gulf War as a continuation of "collective security" policy of his predecessor, Woodrow Wilson, also NSD-63, restatement of Carter Doctrine & creation of the RDF, plus numerous other sources (including Department of Navy) saying the Carter Doctrine is what has been use to fight both wars. Just need to link RDF to CENTCOM. Nobs 21:02, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mediation request
I have made a mediation request between you and me as agreed on the RFC. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:29, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TDC/Archive 2


text:
Cadbury Hill

Cadbury Hill is a small hill, mostly in the civil parish of Congresbury, overlooking the village of Yatton in North Somerset. On its summit stands an Iron Age hill fort, which is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

Background
Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the 1st millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose has been debated. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated "[the forts] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress [of an increasing population] burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn't see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".

Archaeology
In archaeological circles, the hill fort is known as Cadbury-Congresbury in order to differentiate it from the Cadbury Castle hillfort in South Cadbury. It appears to have been constructed in the Iron Age when one or more ramparts, with walls and ditches, were built on the steep slopes of the hill to defend an area covering some eight and a half acres. The remains of Iron Age round houses may still be seen inside. The hill fort was refortified around 400, after the urban collapse associated with the withdraw of Rome, and occupation extended into the sub-Roman period. Before c.500, there is evidence for the presence of a turf and timber watchtower, a timber hall and (sporadic) continued trade with Byzantium, perhaps selling tin.

It has been suggested that this was the monastery of Saint Congar after whom Congresbury was named.

Excavation took place between 1968 and 1973, and was published in 1992 Mediterranean imports were found with 173 A-ware and 547 B-ware sherds and around 48 glass vessels. These suggest that the hill was the site of an elite settlement.

Wildlife
Cadbury Hill is a designated Local Nature Reserve. In 2009, a 19th-century agricultural stock pond – previously hidden by undergrowth – was restored by the Yatton & Congresbury Wildlife Action Group (YACWAG). The Local Nature Reserve comprises ancient semi-natural woodland, scrub and unimproved grassland. Species of interest include marsh tit, noctule bat, slow worm, wood anemone, bluebell, betony, small scabious, rock rose, small leaved lime. On the northern limestone slope grow hundreds of common spotted orchids. The hill fort itself has many ant hills, which are visited by green woodpeckers.

The grassy plateau of the hill fort is owned and managed by Yatton and Congresbury Parish Councils and the rest, including a car park and former landfilled quarry, by North Somerset Council.

title: Cadbury Hill


text:
Regium Donum

The Regium Donum (Latin: "Royal Bounty") in British history was an annual grant to augment the income of poor Nonconformist clergy. There were separate grants for English Dissenters and for Irish Presbyterian clergy. The money originally came from the monarch's privy purse as an ex gratia donation, but it later became an annual grant voted by Parliament.

The Irish Regium Donum originated in a grant of £1,200 pa to Presbyterian clergy in the north of Ireland made by William III in 1690 as a reward for the loyalty of Presbyterians during the war in Ireland following the Glorious Revolution. Queen Anne, when instituting "Queen Anne's Bounty" to augment poor Anglican livings, also added another £800 pa to assist Presbyterian clergy in the rest of Ireland (an offer of similar assistance to English Dissenting Ministers was declined). The Irish Church Act 1869, whose main purpose was to disestablish the Anglican Church of Ireland, also discontinued the Irish Regium Donum (and the grant to the Roman Catholic St Patrick's College, Maynooth) from 1871; existing ministers continued to receive equivalent payment from the Church Temporalities Commission.

The English Regium Donum was instituted in 1723, originally £500 pa to allow the payment of pensions of widows of Dissenting Ministers, but later increased to £1,000 pa to also cover augmentation of income of living ministers. From Charles II onwards, there had been earlier royal donations to Dissenting clergymen, but political motives were suspected, and a proposed grant of £1,000 pa by Queen Anne was declined. The Regium Donum was originally not publicised, and one eighteenth-century critic saw it as a secret bribe to Dissenters to support Sir Robert Walpole and to buy off any agitation against the civil disabilities of Dissenters (e.g. the Test and Corporation Acts).

Reform of royal finances by Pitt the Younger resulted in the Regium Donum becoming a grant voted by Parliament, rather than a charge upon the Civil List. In principle, this changed it from an ex gratia payment to a forced donation by taxpayers (including those opposed to the religious views of those supported): the Regium Donum was therefore henceforth opposed (on the grounds of consistency) by some advocates of the disestablishment of the Church of England. There was growing opposition by organised Dissent; because of this, the government announced in 1851 that the Regium Donum would not be voted in subsequent years.

title: Regium Donum


text:
A.L.T.

Alvin Lowell Trivette (born May 17, 1970), known as A.L.T., is an American rapper. known for the 1991 hit "Lowrider (On the Boulevard)" (as a member of Latin Alliance) and the 1992 hit "Tequila" (No. 48 on the Billboard Hot 100).

Biography
Trivette is of Mexican and French descent. He joined the rap in which was supergroup Latin Alliance in 1991. After their first and only album, he went solo and released his debut album, Another Latin Timebomb in 1992, under the name A.L.T. & the Lost Civilization. The following year, he put out his second album, Stone Cold World.

In the movie Blast Trap, his song "Refried Beans" is heard in the background during the house party scene. A.L.T. makes a cameo appearance in the film. He is shown coming out of the bathroom and saying the line, "Yo man, there ain't enough TP in the house if EVERYONE is eating dem beans!" In 1995, A.L.T. teamed up with Kid Frost again and released the hit "East Side Rendezvous", which was an international hit. A.L.T. has written lyrics for many artists including Kid Frost, HWA, and Eazy-E. His music has appeared in many movies and television such as Touched by an Angel (CBS), The Real World (MTV) and movies like The Substitute starring Tom Berenger.

Studio albums

 * Another Latin Timebomb (1992)
 * Stone Cold World (1993)
 * 3 deep -Frost, Alt, Slow Pain, Eazy E (1994)
 * The Resurrection (2010)

Collaboration albums

 * Latin Alliance with Latin Alliance (1991)
 * Crime Stories with G'Fellas (1999)
 * Gangster 4 Life with G'Fellas (2001)

title: A.L.T.


text:
Portalegre District

Portalegre District (Distrito de Portalegre ) is located in the east of Portugal. The district capital is the city of Portalegre.

As of 2021, it is the least populous district of Portugal. It borders Spain.

Municipalities
The district is composed of 15 municipalities:

 * Alter do Chão
 * Arronches
 * Avis
 * Campo Maior
 * Castelo de Vide
 * Crato
 * Elvas
 * Fronteira
 * Gavião
 * Marvão
 * Monforte
 * Nisa
 * Ponte de Sor
 * Portalegre
 * Sousel

Summary of votes and seats won 1976–2022
!rowspan=2|Parties!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !colspan=2 | 1976 !colspan=2 | 1979 !colspan=2 | 1980 !colspan=2 | 1983 !colspan=2 | 1985 !colspan=2 | 1987 !colspan=2 | 1991 !colspan=2 | 1995 !colspan=2 | 1999 !colspan=2 | 2002 !colspan=2 | 2005 !colspan=2 | 2009 !colspan=2 | 2011 !colspan=2 | 2015 !colspan=2 | 2019 !colspan=2 | 2022 ! Total seats || colspan=8|4 || colspan=12|3 || colspan=12|2 ! colspan=33|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * - class="unsortable"
 * - class="unsortable" align="center"
 * align="left"| PS || style="background:#FF66FF;"|41.9 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|3 || 29.8 || 1 ||32.4 || 1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|38.5 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || 23.7 || 1 || 25.1 || 1 || 33.5 || 1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|50.5 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|51.2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|45.3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|54.9 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|38.3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|1 || 32.4 || 1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|42.4 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|44.7 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|47.2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2
 * align="left"| PSD || 10.1 || || align=center colspan=4|In AD || 19.1 || 1 || 20.9 || 1 || style="background:#FF9900;"|37.4 || style="background:#FF9900;"|1 || style="background:#FF9900;"|38.9 || style="background:#FF9900;"|2 || 23.4 || 1 || 22.5|| 1 || 30.6 || 1 || 20.2 ||  || 23.8 || 1 || style="background:#FF9900;"|32.5 || style="background:#FF9900;"|1 || align=center colspan=2|In PàF || 20.1 ||  || 23.2 ||
 * align="left"| PCP/APU/CDU || 22.0 || 1 || 29.4|| 1 || 26.1 || 1 || 28.7 || 1 || style="background:red;"|25.2 || style="background:red;"|1 || 20.9 || 1 || 15.2 || || 14.0 ||  || 15.0 ||  || 12.4 ||  || 12.1 ||  || 12.9 ||  || 12.8 ||  || 12.2 ||  || 8.1 ||  || 7.6 ||
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || style="background:#00FFFF;"|32.1 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|2 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|33.4 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|2 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 27.6 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| PCP/APU/CDU || 22.0 || 1 || 29.4|| 1 || 26.1 || 1 || 28.7 || 1 || style="background:red;"|25.2 || style="background:red;"|1 || 20.9 || 1 || 15.2 || || 14.0 ||  || 15.0 ||  || 12.4 ||  || 12.1 ||  || 12.9 ||  || 12.8 ||  || 12.2 ||  || 8.1 ||  || 7.6 ||
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || style="background:#00FFFF;"|32.1 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|2 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|33.4 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|2 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 27.6 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 27.6 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 27.6 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * }

title: Portalegre District


text:
Magalhães Pinto

José de Magalhães Pinto (28 June 1909 – 6 March 1996) was a Brazilian politician and banker.

Magalhães Pinto was born in Santo Antônio do Monte, in the state of Minas Gerais. He was the Governor of this state from 1961 to 1966. While governor, Magalhães Pinto became the leading civilian in the opposition movement. In 1964, Magalhães Pinto and Field Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, the chief of staff of the army, "emerged as the chief coordinators of the conspiracy" to depose President João Goulart by the Brazilian military. This conspiracy proved successful, and ushered in "two decades of strict military rule."

After leaving the governorship, he became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the military government. He later left the government to run for and serve in the Senate, and served as the President of the Senate from 1975 to 1977.

His name officially christens the Mineirão stadium (which hosted six matches of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, including the now famous Mineiraço).

title: Magalhães Pinto


text:
Nekomusume

Nekomusume (猫娘) means "the daughter of a cat". The literal translation, however, is actually "cat daughter" or "cat girl"; "neko" means "cat" in Japanese and "musume" means "daughter" or "girl". Nekomusume can refer to:

 * A specific transformation of the folkloric Bakeneko
 * Catgirls, female anime characters or cosplayers with nekomimi (cat ears) in Japanese popular culture
 * Neko-Musume, a character in manga and anime series GeGeGe no Kitarō

title: Nekomusume


text:
Coral sand

Coral sand is a form of aragonite sand particles originating in tropical and sub-tropical marine environments primarily from bioerosion of limestone skeletal material of marine organisms. Often, this is due to corallivores, such as parrotfish, which excrete sand after digestion. However, the term "coral" in coral sand is used loosely in this sense to mean limestone of recent biological origin; corals are not the dominant contributors of sand particles to most such deposits. Rather, coral sand is a mix of coral and/or remnant skeletal fragments of foraminifera, calcareous algae, molluscs, and crustaceans. Because it is composed of limestone, coral sand is acid-soluble.

Environmental issues
Coral sand mining is a significant industry in some areas, and can have damaging environmental effects. Over 500,000 tons of coral sand were mined annually from Mauritius until being banned in October 2001. Many Comoros beaches have been scarred by sand mining. Over 250 tons of shells and corals were exported from Tanzania in 1974. Exploitive collection has moved from the depleted areas off Tanzania and Kenya to the islands of Zanzibar and Mafia.

Such extensive mining can be very harmful to reef ecosystems and beaches. It is estimated that, at the current rate of consumption, the supply of living coral rock from inner atoll ‘faros’ in North Malé will be exhausted within 30 years.

title: Coral sand


text:
Butser Hill

Butser Hill is a hill and nature reserve in Hampshire, England. South-west of Petersfield, it is a 239.7 ha biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is a national nature reserve and a Special Area of Conservation. Part of it is a Geological Conservation Review site and an area of 84.8 ha is Oxenbourne Down, which is designated a Local Nature Reserve. Part of it is a Scheduled Monument.

It is a chalk hill and one of the highest points in Hampshire. It is also the highest point on the chalk ridge of the South Downs and the second highest point in the South Downs National Park after Blackdown in the Western Weald. Although only 271 m high, it qualifies as one of England's Marilyns. It is located within the borders of the Queen Elizabeth Country Park.

The name Butser comes from the Old English Bryttes Oran meaning Briht's slope. Oran or Ora is Old English for flat topped hill and/or steep slope.

The flat summit is surrounded by a number of spurs. Iron Age ditches and banks divide the spurs from the summit although the purpose of these earthworks is unclear.

There is evidence of lynchet farming on the southeast side of the hill. The age of the lynchets is unknown but Roman pottery has been brought to the surface by rabbit holes.

There are aerial masts on the hill.

The hill was purchased by Hampshire County Council in 1966. Prior to the purchase the summit was used for growing wheat but now the only farming activity is grazing. In December 2021 a £240,000 program was announced to restore grassland on the hill and improve trails.

Butser Hill has a rich variety of flora and fauna located upon the hill. Butser Hill is in the top twenty Hampshire chalk grassland sites for its rich vascular flora, and is the richest chalk grassland site in Hampshire in terms of its bryophyte (125 species) and lichen (82 species) flora. As well as this, over 30 species of butterfly have been recorded, including populations of Duke of Burgundy and the Silver-spotted Skipper, making the area an important conservation area for many butterfly species.

There is an annual Fell Run called the Butser Hill Challenge that involves running up and down the hill three times.

Miscellaneous
A spur of Butser Hill known as Little Butser was the original home of the Butser Ancient Farm experimental archaeology project.

Butser Hill has been a primary hang-gliding site since the early-1970s.

The 1986 Only Fools and Horses episode Tea for Three was filmed, in part, at Butser Hill.

title: Butser Hill


text:
Phyllanthus acuminatus

Phyllanthus acuminatus, the Jamaican gooseberry tree, is a herb-like plant of the family Phyllanthaceae, found in the Caribbean, Central America and South America.

Uses
This plant is used by the Choco as a piscicide.

title: Phyllanthus acuminatus


text:
Randolph Caldecott

Randolph Caldecott (22 March 1846 – 12 February 1886) was a British artist and illustrator, born in Chester. The Caldecott Medal was named in his honour. He exercised his art chiefly in book illustrations. His abilities as an artist were promptly and generously recognised by the Royal Academy. Caldecott greatly influenced illustration of children's books during the nineteenth century. Two books illustrated by him, priced at a shilling each, were published every Christmas for eight years.

Caldecott also illustrated novels and accounts of foreign travel, made humorous drawings depicting hunting and fashionable life, drew cartoons and he made sketches of the Houses of Parliament inside and out, and exhibited sculptures and paintings in oil and watercolour in the Royal Academy and galleries.

Early life
Caldecott was born at 150 Bridge Street (now No 16), Chester, where his father, John Caldecott, was an accountant, twice married with thirteen children. Caldecott was his father's third child by his first wife, Mary Dinah Brookes. In 1848, the family moved to Challoner House, Crook Street, Chester, and in 1860 to 23 Richmond Place, Boughton, a village just outside the city.

From his early childhood, Caldecott drew and modelled, mostly animals. His main education came with five years at the King's School, Chester, a grammar school then in the cathedral precinct in the city centre, which he left at the age of fifteen. In that same year, 1861, he first had a drawing published, a sketch of a fire at the Queen Hotel, Chester which appeared in the Illustrated London News, together with his account of the blaze.

On leaving school, Caldecott went to work as a clerk at the offices of the Whitchurch & Ellesmere Bank in Whitchurch, Shropshire, and took lodgings at Wirswall, a village near the town. When he was out on errands, he was either walking or riding around the countryside, and many of his later illustrations incorporate buildings and scenery of Cheshire and that part of Shropshire.

Caldecott's love of riding led him to take up fox hunting, and his experiences in the hunting field and his love of the chase bore fruit over the years in a mass of drawings and sketches of hunting scenes, many of them humorous.

Manchester
After six years at Whitchurch, Caldecott moved to the head office in Manchester of the Manchester & Salford Bank. He lodged variously in Aberdeen Street, Rusholme Grove and at Bowdon. He took the opportunity to study at night school at the Manchester School of Art and practised continually, with success in local papers and some London publications. It was a habit of his at this time, which he maintained all his life, to decorate his letters, papers and documents of all descriptions with marginal sketches to illustrate the content or provide amusement. A number of his letters have been reprinted with their illustrations in Yours Pictorially, a book edited by Michael Hutchings. In 1870, a painter friend in London, Thomas Armstrong, put Caldecott in touch with Henry Blackburn, the editor of London Society, who published a number of his drawings in several issues of the monthly magazine.

London
Encouraged by this evidence of his ability to support himself by his art, Caldecott decided to quit his job and move to London; this he did in 1872 at the age of 26. Within two years he had become a successful magazine illustrator working on commission. His work included individual sketches, illustrations of other articles and a series of illustrations of a holiday which he and Henry Blackburn took in the Harz Mountains in Germany. The latter became the first of a number of such series.

He remained in London for seven years, spending most of them in lodgings at 46 Great Russell Street just opposite the British Museum, in the heart of Bloomsbury. While there he met and made friends (as he did very readily) with many artistic and literary people, among them Dante Gabriel Rossetti, George du Maurier (who was a fellow contributor to Punch), John Everett Millais, and Frederic Leighton. His friendship with Frederic (later Lord) Leighton led to a commission to design peacock capitals for four columns in the Arab room at Leighton's rather exotic home, Leighton House, in Kensington. (Walter Crane designed a tiled peacock frieze for the same room.)

In 1869, Caldecott exhibited a picture in the Royal Manchester Institute. He had a picture exhibited in the Royal Academy for the first time in 1876. He was also a watercolourist and was elected to the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours in 1882.

In 1877, Edmund Evans, who was a leading colour printer using coloured woodblocks, lost the services of Walter Crane as his children's book illustrator and asked Caldecott for illustrations for two Christmas books. The results were The House that Jack Built and The Diverting History of John Gilpin, published in 1878. They were an immediate success; so much so that Caldecott produced two more each year for Evans until he died. Many of Evans’ original printing blocks survive and are held at St Bride Library in London. The stories and rhymes were all of Caldecott's choosing and in some cases were written or added to by himself. In another milieu Caldecott followed The Harz Mountains with illustrations for two books by Washington Irving, three for Juliana Ewing, another of Henry Blackburn's, one for Captain Frederick Marryat and for other authors. Among well known admirers of his work were Gauguin and Van Gogh.

Randolph continued to travel, partly for the sake of his health, and to make drawings of the people and surroundings of the places he visited; these drawings were accompanied by humorous and witty captions and narrative.

Marriage
In 1879, Caldecott moved to Wybornes, a house near Kemsing in Kent. It was there that he became engaged to Marian Brind, who lived at Chelsfield about seven miles away. They were married on 18 March 1880 and lived at Wybornes for the next two years. There were no children of the marriage. In the autumn of 1882, the Caldecotts left Kent and bought a house, Broomfield, at Frensham in Surrey; they also rented No 24 Holland Street, Kensington. By 1884, sales of Caldecott's Nursery Rhymes had reached 867,000 copies (of twelve books) and he was internationally famous.

Death
Caldecott's health was generally poor and he suffered much from gastritis and a heart condition going back to an illness in his childhood. It was his health among other things which prompted his many winter trips to the Mediterranean and other warm climates. It was on such a tour in the United States of America in 1886 that he was taken ill again and died. He and Marian had sailed to New York and travelled to Florida in an unusually cold February; Randolph was taken ill and died at St. Augustine. He was not quite 40 years old. A headstone marks his grave in the cemetery there.

Soon after his early death, his many friends contributed to a memorial, which was designed by Sir Alfred Gilbert. It was placed in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, London. There is also a memorial to him in Chester Cathedral.

Appreciation
Gleeson White wrote of Caldecott: "Caldecott was a fine literary artist, who was able to express himself with rare facility in pictures in place of words, so that his comments upon a simple text reveal endless subtleties of thought ... You have but to turn to any of his toy-books to see that at times each word, almost each syllable, inspired its own picture ... He studied his subject as no one else ever studied it ... Then he portrayed it simply and with inimitable vigor, with a fine economy of line and colour; when colour is added, it is mainly as a gay convention, and not closely imitative of nature."

G. K. Chesterton wrote in a Caldecott picture book that he presented to a young friend:
 * This is the sort of book we like
 * (For you and I are very small),
 * With pictures stuck in anyhow,
 * And hardly any words at all.
 * You will not understand a word
 * Of all the words, including mine;
 * Never you trouble; you can see,
 * And all directness is divine—
 * And all directness is divine—

 * Stand up and keep your childishness:
 * Read all the pedants’ screeds and strictures;
 * But don’t believe in anything
 * That can’t be told in coloured pictures.

For Maurice Sendak "Caldecott's work heralds the beginning of the modern picture book. He devised an ingenious juxtaposition of picture and word, a counterpoint that never happened before. Words are left out—but the picture says it. Pictures are left out—but the word says it." Sendak also appreciated the subtle darkness of Caldecott's work: "You can't say it's a tragedy, but something hurts. Like a shadow passing quickly over. It is this which gives a Caldecott book—however frothy the verses and pictures—its unexpected depth."

Sources and further reading

 * Alderson, Brian. Sing a Song for Sixpence: The English Picture Book Tradition and Randolph Caldecott (1987)
 * Blackburn, Henry. Randolph Caldecott: A Memoir of his Early Art Career. London: Low, Marston, Searle & Livingtston. 1890.
 * Engen, Rodney K. Randolph Caldecott: Lord of the Nursery (London: Bloomsbury Pub., 1988). ISBN 1-870630-45-9
 * Ray, Gorden Norton. The Illustrator and the Book in England from 1790 to 1914. Courier Dover. 1991. ISBN 978-0-486-26955-9
 * Sendak, Maurice. Caldecott & Co.: Notes on Books and Pictures (1988)

title: Randolph Caldecott


text:
Coimbra District

Coimbra District (Distrito de Coimbra, or ) is located in the Centro Region, Portugal. The district capital is the city of Coimbra.

Municipalities
The district is composed by 17 municipalities:

 * Arganil
 * Cantanhede
 * Coimbra
 * Condeixa-a-Nova
 * Figueira da Foz
 * Góis
 * Lousã
 * Mira
 * Miranda do Corvo
 * Montemor-o-Velho
 * Oliveira do Hospital
 * Pampilhosa da Serra
 * Penacova
 * Penela
 * Soure
 * Tábua
 * Vila Nova de Poiares

Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022
!rowspan=2|Parties!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !colspan=2 | 1976 !colspan=2 | 1979 !colspan=2 | 1980 !colspan=2 | 1983 !colspan=2 | 1985 !colspan=2 | 1987 !colspan=2 | 1991 !colspan=2 | 1995 !colspan=2 | 1999 !colspan=2 | 2002 !colspan=2 | 2005 !colspan=2 | 2009 !colspan=2 | 2011 !colspan=2 | 2015 !colspan=2 | 2019 !colspan=2 | 2022
 * - class="unsortable"
 * - class="unsortable" align="center"

! Total seats || colspan=6|12 || colspan=6|11 || colspan=12|10 || colspan=8|9 ! colspan=33|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * align="left"| PS || style="background:#FF66FF;"|40.9 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|6 || 35.1 || 5 || 35.9 || 5 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|45.3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|6 || 28.5 || 3 || 28.7 || 4 || 34.4 || 4 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|49.1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|6 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|47.2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|6 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|41.3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|5 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|45.4 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|6 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|38.0 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|4 || 29.2 || 3 || 35.3 || 4 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|39.0 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|5 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|45.2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|6
 * align="left"| PSD || 26.7 || 4 || align=center colspan=4 rowspan=2|In AD || 27.8 || 3 || style="background:#FF9900;"|29.5 || style="background:#FF9900;"|4 || style="background:#FF9900;"|50.0 || style="background:#FF9900;"|6 || style="background:#FF9900;"|49.9 || style="background:#FF9900;"|6 || 34.5 || 4 || 35.2|| 4 || 41.0 || 5 || 31.9 || 4 || 30.6 || 4 || style="background:#FF9900;"|40.1 || style="background:#FF9900;"|5 || align=center colspan=2 rowspan=2|In PàF || 26.6 || 3 || 29.1 || 3
 * align="left"| CDS-PP || 12.5 || 1 || 10.2 || 1 || 8.6 || 1 || 4.5 || || 3.5 ||  || 7.1 ||  || 6.0 ||  || 6.7 ||  || 5.5 ||  || 8.8 || 1 || 9.9 || 1 || 3.5 ||  || 1.5 ||
 * align="left"| PCP/APU/CDU || 7.3 || 1 || 11.2 || 1 || 9.9 || 1 || 10.7 || 1 || 10.1 || 1 || 7.2 || 1 || 5.0 || || 5.1 ||  || 6.1 ||  || 5.1 ||  || 5.5 ||  || 5.7 ||  || 6.2 ||  || 7.0 ||  || 5.6 ||  || 3.4 ||
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || style="background:#00FFFF;"|44.8 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|6 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|46.1 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|6 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PRD || colspan=8| || 16.9 || 2 || 3.5 || || colspan=20|
 * align="left"| BE || colspan=16| || 2.0 || || 2.4 ||  || 6.3 ||  || 10.8 || 1 || 5.8 ||  || 9.9 || 1 || 11.2 || 1 || 5.1
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|37.2 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|4 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || style="background:#00FFFF;"|44.8 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|6 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|46.1 || style="background:#00FFFF;"|6 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PRD || colspan=8| || 16.9 || 2 || 3.5 || || colspan=20|
 * align="left"| BE || colspan=16| || 2.0 || || 2.4 ||  || 6.3 ||  || 10.8 || 1 || 5.8 ||  || 9.9 || 1 || 11.2 || 1 || 5.1
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|37.2 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|4 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| BE || colspan=16| || 2.0 || || 2.4 ||  || 6.3 ||  || 10.8 || 1 || 5.8 ||  || 9.9 || 1 || 11.2 || 1 || 5.1
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|37.2 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|4 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || style="background:#00AAAA;"|37.2 || style="background:#00AAAA;"|4 || colspan=4|
 * }

title: Coimbra District


text:
Talk:Ellen Burstyn

Oscars
Ellen Burstyn *won* the Oscar for "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore". She was also nominated for Best Supporting Actress for "The Last Picture Show", nominated for Best Actress for "Same Time, Next Year", nominated for Best Actress for "Resurrection" and nominated for Best Actress for "Requiem for a Dream". —Preceding unsigned comment added by AxelDC (talk • contribs) 15:41, April, 2005 \

Awards
I've changed the title of the second paragraph from "Awards" to "Emmy Awards and controversy" because it describes more accutely the content, and because the previous paragraph ("Career") deals with the Academy Awards nominations, which was confusing. Nazroon 03:36, November, 2006 (UTC)

What's in a name?
The name Burstyn always seemed funny to me, until I recently started working on Wikipedia entries having to do with grain mills and milling. The preferred type of stone for making traditional millstones is known by geotechnical engineers as buhrstone, or from the German, Buhrstein. "Burstyn" appears to be a variation or corruption of Buhrstein. How the name came about is a bit of a mystery, as Ellen's former husband was born Neil Bernstein, Bernstein meaning amber in German. Was the name change from "amber" to "millstone" deliberate, or just an accident of spelling perpetrated by the actor's agent? —QuicksilverT @ 16:34, October, 2007 (UTC)

Too much about award controversy
This section is about half as long as her whole career, and she's been nominated for multiple oscars. Is there any way to trim the awards controversy section down, or merge it with another section. I think that a long vernon is fine on the emmys page, but here it seems like too much.Schnapps17 (talk) 23:41, November, 2011 (UTC) American Muslims Category; Based on the references, she appears to be connected to Universal Sufism, not Muslim Sufism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.246.49.90 (talk) 09:59, August, 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Add section about teaching at Actors Studio and New School ?
Add section about teaching at Actors Studio and New School ! .... 0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 10:33, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

Uncrefited in 1962 Gunsmoke “The w
Plays one of the wagon train girls, as Polly 1962 Gunsmoke “The Widow”. Uncredited. Name like — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.224.207.239 (talk) 18:10, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ellen Burstyn


text:
Remember, I Love You

Remember, I Love You is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Vic Chou's, of boy band F4, second Mandarin studio album. It was released on 2 January 2003 by Sony Music Taiwan. A second limited edition was released on 10 February 2003

The album was awarded one of the Top 10 Selling Mandarin Albums of the Year at the 2004 IFPI Hong Kong Album Sales Awards, presented by the Hong Kong branch of IFPI.

Track listing

 * 1) Remember, I Love You - 記得我愛你 (pinyin: Jì Dé Wǒ Ài Nǐ) (4:24)
 * 2) Your Body Temperature - 你的體温 (pinyin: Nǐ De Tī Wēn) (4:28)
 * 3) Try To Love Me For A Day - 試著愛我一天 (pinyin: Shì Zhù Ài Wǒ Yì Tiān) (4:04)
 * 4) Mama Said - 媽媽説 (pinyin: Mā Mā Shuì) (3:23)
 * 5) How To Forget - 怎麽忘 (pinyin: Zěn Me Wàng) (5:27)
 * 6) Guarantee Of Happiness - 幸福的保證 (pinyin: Xìng Fú De Bǎo Zhèng) (4:31)
 * 7) Why Didn't You Come - 為何你不来 (pinyin: Wéi Hé Nǐ Bú Lái) (4:22)
 * 8) Suddenly - 忽然 (pinyin: Hū Rán) (5:03)
 * 9) Message Of Three Thousand Years - 三千年的留言 (pinyin: Sān Qiān Nián De Liú Yán) (4:39)
 * 10) I Breathe You - 我呼吸你 (pinyin: Wǒ Hū Xī Nǐ) (4:54)

title: Remember, I Love You


text: User talk:70.22.44.68

title: User talk:70.22.44.68