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Daptomycin

Daptomycin, sold under the brand name Cubicin among others, is a lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of systemic and life-threatening infections caused by Gram-positive organisms.

Daptomycin was removed from the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines in 2019. The World Health Organization classifies daptomycin as critically important for human medicine.

Medical uses
In the United States, daptomycin is indicated for use in adults for skin and skin structure infections caused by Gram-positive infections, S. aureus bacteraemia, and right-sided S. aureus endocarditis. It binds avidly to pulmonary surfactant, so cannot be used in the treatment of pneumonia. There seems to be a difference in working daptomycin on hematogenous pneumonia.

Adverse effects
Common adverse drug reactions associated with daptomycin therapy include:
 * Cardiovascular: low blood pressure, high blood pressure, swelling
 * Central nervous system: insomnia
 * Dermatological: rash
 * Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, abdominal pain
 * Hematological: eosinophilia
 * Respiratory: dyspnea
 * Other: injection site reactions, fever, hypersensitivity

Less common, but serious adverse events reported in the literature include
 * Hepatotoxicity: elevated transaminases
 * Nephrotoxicity: acute kidney injury from rhabdomyolysis

Also, myopathy and rhabdomyolysis have been reported in patients simultaneously taking statins, but whether this is due entirely to the statin or whether daptomycin potentiates this effect is unknown. Due to the limited data available, the manufacturer recommends that statins be temporarily discontinued while the patient is receiving daptomycin therapy. Creatine kinase levels are usually checked regularly while individuals undergo daptomycin therapy.

In July 2010, the FDA issued a warning that daptomycin could cause life-threatening eosinophilic pneumonia. The FDA said it had identified seven confirmed cases of eosinophilic pneumonia between 2004 and 2010 and an additional 36 possible cases. The seven confirmed cases were all older than 60 and symptoms appeared within two weeks of initiation of therapy.

Mechanism of action
Daptomycin has a distinct mechanism of action, disrupting multiple aspects of bacterial cell membrane function. It inserts into the cell membrane in a phosphatidylglycerol-dependent fashion, where it then aggregates. The aggregation of daptomycin alters the curvature of the membrane, which creates holes that leak ions. This causes rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis, which results in bacterial cell death.

It has been proposed that the formation of spherical micelles by daptomycin may affect the mode of action.

Microbiology
Daptomycin is bactericidal against Gram-positive bacteria only. It has proven in vitro activity against enterococci (including glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE)), staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), streptococci, corynebacteria and stationary-phase Borrelia burgdorferi persisters.

Daptomycin resistance
Daptomycin resistance is still uncommon, but has been increasingly reported in GRE, starting in Korea in 2005, in Europe in 2010, in Taiwan 2011, and in the United States, where nine cases have been reported from 2007 to 2011. Daptomycin resistance emerged in five of the six cases while they were treated. The mechanism of resistance is unknown. A four-million year-old strain of Paenibacillus isolated from soil samples in Lechuguilla Cave was found to be naturally resistant to daptomycin.

It has been suggested that co-administration of daptomycin with at least another active antibiotic might help prevent the emergence of resistance and increase the bactericidal effect. Data from in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that a tailored approach should be used taking into account both the causative agent and the site of infection.

Efficacy
Daptomycin has been shown to be non-inferior to standard therapies (nafcillin, oxacillin, flucloxacillin or vancomycin) in the treatment of bacteraemia and right-sided endocarditis caused by S. aureus. A study in Detroit, Michigan compared 53 patients treated for suspected MRSA skin or soft tissue infection with daptomycin against vancomycin, showing faster recovery (4 versus 7 days) with daptomycin.

In Phase III clinical trials, limited data showed daptomycin to be associated with poor outcomes in patients with left-sided endocarditis. Daptomycin has not been studied in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis or meningitis.

Biosynthesis

Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces filamentosus. Daptomycin consists of 13 amino acids, 10 of which are arranged in a cyclic fashion, and three on an exocyclic tail. Two nonproteinogenic amino acids exist in the drug, the unusual amino acid L-kynurenine (Kyn), only known to daptomycin, and L-3-methylglutamic acid (mGlu). The N-terminus of the exocyclic tryptophan residue is coupled to decanoic acid, a medium-chain (C10) fatty acid. Biosynthesis is initiated by the coupling of decanoic acid to the N-terminal tryptophan, followed by the coupling of the remaining amino acids by nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) mechanisms. Finally, a cyclization event occurs, which is catalyzed by a thioesterase enzyme, and subsequent release of the lipopeptide is granted.

The NRPS responsible for the synthesis of daptomycin is encoded by three overlapping genes, dptA, dptBC and dptD. The dptE and dptF genes, immediately upstream of dptA, are likely to be involved in the initiation of daptomycin biosynthesis by coupling decanoic acid to the N-terminal Trp. These novel genes (dptE, dptF ) correspond to products that most likely work in conjunction with a unique condensation domain to acylate the first amino acid (tryptophan). These and other novel genes (dptI, dptJ) are believed to be involved in supplying the nonproteinogenic amino acids L-3-methylglutamic acid and Kyn; they are located next to the NRPS genes.

The decanoic acid portion of daptomycin is synthesized by fatty acid synthase machinery (Figure 2). Post-translational modification of the apo-acyl carrier protein (ACP, thiolation, or T domain) by a phosphopantetheinyltransferase (PPTase) enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a flexible phosphopantetheine arm from coenzyme A to a conserved serine in the ACP domain through a phosphodiester linkage. The holo-ACP can provide a thiol on which the substrate and acyl chains are covalently bound during chain elongations. The two core catalytic domains are an acyltransferase (AT) and a ketosynthase (KS). The AT acts upon a malonyl-CoA substrate and transfers an acyl group to the thiol of the ACP domain. This net transthiolation is an energy-neutral step. Next, the acyl-S-ACP gets transthiolated to a conserved cysteine on the KS; the KS decarboxylates the downstream malonyl-S-ACP and forms a β-ketoacyl-S-ACP. This serves as the substrate for the next cycle of elongation. Before the next cycle begins, however, the β-keto group undergoes reduction to the corresponding alcohol catalyzed by a ketoreductase domain, followed by dehydration to the olefin catalyzed by a dehydratase domain, and finally reduction to the methylene catalyzed by an enoylreductase domain. Each KS catalytic cycle results in the net addition of two carbons. After three more iterations of elongation, a thioesterase enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis, and thus release, of the free C-10 fatty acid.

To synthesize the peptide portion of daptomycin, the mechanism of an NRPS is employed. The biosynthetic machinery of an NRPS system is composed of multimodular enzymatic assembly lines that contain one module for each amino acid monomer incorporated. Within each module are catalytic domains that carry out the elongation of the growing peptidyl chain. The growing peptide is covalently tethered to a thiolation domain; here it is termed the peptidyl carrier protein, as it carries the growing peptide from one catalytic domain to the next. Again, the apo-T domain must be primed to the holo-T domain by a PPTase, attaching a flexible phosphopantetheine arm to a conserved serine residue. An adenylation domain selects the amino acid monomer to be incorporated and activates the carboxylate with ATP to make the aminoacyl-AMP. Next, the A domain installs an aminoacyl group on the thiolate of the adjacent T domain. The condensation (C) domain catalyzes the peptide bond forming reaction, which elicits chain elongation. It joins an upstream peptidyl-S-T to the downstream aminoacyl-S-T (Figure 7). Chain elongation by one aminoacyl residue and chain translocation to the next T domain occurs in concert. The order of these domains is C-A-T. In some instances, an epimerization domain is necessary in those modules where L-amino acid monomers are to be incorporated and epimerized to D-amino acids. The domain organization in such modules is C-A-T-E.

The first module has a three-domain C-A-T organization; these often occur in assembly lines that make N-acylated peptides. The first C domain catalyzes N-acylation of the initiating amino acid (tryptophan) while it is installed on T. An adenylating enzyme (Ad) catalyzes the condensation of decanoic acid and the N-terminal tryptophan, which incorporates decanoic acid into the growing peptide (Figure 3). The genes responsible for this coupling event are dptE and dptF, which are located upstream of dptA, the first gene of the Daptomycin NRPS biosynthetic gene cluster. Once the coupling of decanoic acid to the N-terminal tryptophan residue occurs, the condensation of amino acids begins, catalyzed by the NRPS.

The first five modules of the NRPS are encoded by the dptA gene and catalyze the condensation of L-tryptophan, D-asparagine, L-aspartate, L-threonine, and glycine, respectively (Figure 4). Modules 6–11, which catalyze the condensation of L-ornithine, L-aspartate, D-alanine, L-aspartate, glycine, and D-serine are encoded for the dptBC gene (Figure 5). dptD catalyzes the incorporation of two nonproteinogenic amino acids, L-3-methylglutamic acid (mGlu) and Kyn, which is only known thus far to daptomycin, into the growing peptide (Figure 6). Elongation by these NRPS modules ultimately leads to macrocyclization and release in which an α-amino group, namely threonine, acts as an internal nucleophile during cyclization to yield the 10-amino-acid ring (Figure 6). The termination module in the NRPS assembly line has a C-A-T-TE organization. The thioesterase domain catalyzes chain termination and release of the mature lipopeptide.

The molecular engineering of daptomycin, the only marketed acidic lipopeptide antibiotic to date (Figure 8), has seen many advances since its inception into clinical medicine in 2003. It is an attractive target for combinatorial biosynthesis for many reasons: second generation derivatives are currently in the clinic for development; Streptomyces roseosporus, the producer organism of daptomycin, is amenable to genetic manipulation; the daptomycin biosynthetic gene cluster has been cloned, sequenced, and expressed in S. lividans; the lipopeptide biosynthetic machinery has the potential to be interrupted by variations of natural precursors, as well as precursor-directed biosynthesis, gene deletion, genetic exchange, and module exchange; the molecular engineering tools have been developed to facilitate the expression of the three individual NRPS genes from three different sites in the chromosome, using ermEp* for expression of two genes from ectopic loci; other lipopeptide gene clusters, both related and unrelated to daptomycin, have been cloned and sequenced, thus providing genes and modules to allow the generation of hybrid molecules; derivatives can be afforded via chemoenzymatic synthesis; and lastly, efforts in medicinal chemistry are able to further modify these products of molecular engineering.

New derivatives of daptomycin (Figure 9) were originally generated by exchanging the third NRPS subunit (dptD) with the terminal subunits from the A54145 (Factor B1) or calcium-dependent antibiotic pathways to create molecules containing Trp13, Ile13, or Val13. dptD is responsible for incorporating the penultimate amino acid, 3-methyl-glutamic acid (3mGlu12), and the last amino acid, Kyn13, into the chain. This exchange was achieved without engineering the interpeptide docking sites. These whole-subunit exchanges have been coupled with the deletion of the Glu12-methyltransferase gene, with module exchanges at intradomain linker sites at Ala8 and Ser11, and with variations of natural fatty-acid side chains to generate over 70 novel lipopeptides in significant quantities; most of these resultant lipopeptides have potent antibacterial activities. Some of these compounds have in vitro antibacterial activities analogous to daptomycin. Further, one displayed ameliorated activity against an E. coli imp mutant that was defective in its ability to assemble its inherent lipopolysaccharide. A number of these compounds were produced in yields that spanned from 100 to 250 mg/liter; this, of course, opens up the possibility for successful scale-ups by fermentation techniques. Only a small percentage of the possible combinations of amino acids within the peptide core have been investigated thus far.

History
Daptomycin, originally designated as LY 146032, was discovered by researchers at Eli Lilly and Company in the late 1980s from the actinomycete Streptomyces roseosporus. LY 146032 showed promise in phase I/II clinical trials for treatment of infection caused by Gram-positive organisms. Lilly ceased development because high-dose therapy was associated with adverse effects on skeletal muscle, including myalgia.

The rights to LY 146032 were acquired by Cubist Pharmaceuticals in 1997, which following U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in September 2003, for use in people older than 18 years, began marketing the drug under the trade name Cubicin. Cubicin is marketed in the EU and in several other countries by Novartis following its purchase of Chiron Corporation, the previous licensee.

title: Daptomycin


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Citicasters Tower Holiday

Citicasters Tower Holiday is a 417.4 m guy-wired aerial mast for the transmission of FM radio and television programs in Holiday, Florida, United States (Geographical coordinates: 28.1825°N, -82.76806°W). Citicasters Tower Holiday was built in 1996. This tower is located nearby another tower owned by Pacific and Southern Company. The Pacific Co. tower is used for similar purposes, and although it is older than the Citicasters tower, they bare a striking comparison in both height and appearance.

Due to the height of this tower, as well as its twin tower, they can be seen with the naked eye from as far away as 15 miles or more in most cases.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Citicasters Tower Holiday


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Toyota Carina

The Toyota Carina (トヨタ・カリーナ) is an automobile which was manufactured by Toyota from December 1970 to December 2001. It was introduced as a sedan counterpart of the Celica, with which it originally shared a platform. Later, it was realigned to the Corona platform, but retained its performance image, with distinctive bodywork and interior — aimed at the youth market and remaining exclusive to Japanese Toyota dealerships Toyota Store. It was replaced in Japan by the Toyota Allion in 2001 and succeeded in Europe by the Toyota Avensis.

The inspiration for the name Carina came from the constellation Carina, sharing a naming inspiration with the Celica, which is ultimately derived from the Latin word coelica meaning "heavenly" or "celestial".

First generation (A10/A30; 1970–1977)
The first-generation Carina was manufactured from December 1970, and sold at Toyota Store dealership channels in Japan, sharing its platform with the Toyota Celica sports coupe. Its European release took place in October 1971. Toyota was able to save development and tooling costs by building a family sedan and a sports car on the same platform and in the same factory. The Carina was a junior sedan and coupe to the larger Crown, and was similar sized to the Corona. Features included reclining seats with built-in head restraints, radio, clock, reversing lights and servo-assistance on the brakes.

In 1971, the Carina 1600GT coupe was introduced as an alternative to the Corona 1600GT, using a 2T-G type 1600 DOHC engine shared with the Celica GT. The Corona 1600 GT was exclusive to Toyopet Store locations, the Carina 1600GT was exclusive to Toyota Store locations, and the Celica GT was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store locations. The chassis code was A10, with A15, 17 and 18 being reserved for hardtop coupés. Excepting the anomalous RA16 hardtop, A16 and 19 were used on vans (utility wagons). Beginning in 1975, A30-series numbers were used for some hardtop coupés. The wagons/vans of the first generation were not regularly exported. Carina vans entered production in December 1975.

The A10 Carina was also exported to the US; its introduction and disappointing sales coinciding with the introduction of a 10% import duty. Cars destined for export were increasingly directed to European and other markets; US exports stopped after only two years; and Toyota continued its plans to manufacture in the USA.

The original model usually featured a choice of a 1407 cc OHV (T) or 1588 cc OHV (2T) engine, choice of a four-speed manual gearbox, two-speed automatic gearbox or three-speed automatic gearbox and front-wheel disc brakes (drum brakes on the lowest model). It was revised in 1972 with a restyled body, new rear light cluster, filler cap repositioned in the rear quarter panel, restyled front grille and fascia. The specification was once again revised in 1974 including sealed cooling system, improved brakes, restyled wheels with flared wheel arches, and restyled interior fittings.

In late October 1975 (on sale 1 November), the Carina received a new front and rear-end styling, dual-line braking system with servo, and a repositioned handbrake and gear lever in a modified dashboard. The wheelbase and tread were increased slightly, as for the sister Celica series. Some chassis codes were accordingly changed, and the Japanese market cars received a plethora of altered engines, ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 liters.

Vehicles installed with engines with displacement at 1.5 litres or larger obligated Japanese owners to pay more annual road tax, and were considered top trim level packaged cars. Toyota introduced the "TTC-V" (Toyota Total Clean-Vortex) on the 19R engine only, using an exhaust gas recirculation implementation to comply with recently enacted emission regulations passed by the Japanese Government. The 1.4 was dropped from sedans and coupés, and a mid-range 1.8 was added at the time of the late 1975 facelift.

In December 1975 a Van version was developed, featuring the same facelifted front end. The new rear end uses the cargo door of the 30-series Corolla wagon. The Carina Van also received a very unusual opera-style side window in the cargo area, and was available with the 1400 or 1600 T-J/2T-J engines with 80 or. The Carina Van was generally not exported. The Van's TA16V/TA19V chassis codes continued to be used for the next-generation Van (which used the same rear axle and wheelbase), until the Van was facelifted again in August 1979. To bring these models in line with the second-generation Carina, they then received a new TA49 chassis code.

Second generation (A40/A50; 1977–1981)
Released in Japan August 1977, the next-generation Carina was available in Germany in December 1977 and in other European countries during 1978. The chassis was mostly the same as that of the facelifted late Carinas of the first generation; the Van versions actually continued to use the old TA16/19 chassis codes in spite of receiving the new bodywork as they retained the old Van's underpinnings. In most markets Carinas were fitted with the same 1,588 cc 2T engine as its predecessor. In the Carina, an output of 75 PS DIN was claimed. The option of automatic transmission was new to many export markets. Japanese actor Sonny Chiba was the spokesman for the Carina in Japanese commercials for several decades.

An estate car model was introduced to export markets for the first time, with the same heavy-duty leaf-spring rear suspension that had been seen on the late appearing first generation Carina Van, as it was intended for commercial use in Japan. In 1980, all models had revised front- and rear-end styling and headlights, and also received improved interiors. The following year, saloon and coupé models (but not the estate) were fitted with five-speed gearboxes as standard, still with optional automatic transmissions.

Starting with this generation, fuel injection was available optionally on top level models. In November 1977, the 3T-U 1,800 cc engine emissions are updated. In May 1978, the GT 1600 cc was added, and a three-speed automatic transmission became available. The 1600GT 2T-GEU engine was made to comply with the Showa 53 (1978) emissions regulation, while output improved from 110 PS to 115 PS. The options list was updated to include a urethane bumper for impact improvement.

In September 1978, the 3T-EU engine (1,770 cc OHV EFI) was installed in the ST-EFI and SR-EFI models, initially only with a five-speed manual. At the same time, the 2000GT with DOHC 18R-GU and the 18R-GEU EFI engine, fit 1978 exhaust emission regulations, as did the 18R-U and 21R-U engines. The emblem was changed to "TOYOTA" from "TOYOTA CARINA". The 2000GT hardtop coupe shared a platform with the Celica, which gave Toyota the ability to sell the Celica at a different Japanese Toyota dealership called Toyota Store as the Celica was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store locations.

In August 1979, the front of the vehicle received a major change that now included four headlamp lights rather than the previous setup, with the Van remaining with four round lamps. The rear received a changed license plate mounting to give it a new style. 3T-EU and 21R-U engines were now available with the four-speed automatic transmission. These two, along with the 18R-GEU, were now the only engines offered (in Japan). The rear suspension became of the semi-trailing type, becoming the A50 series Carina in the process. The Super Deluxe two-door sedan was discontinued, as was the 1400 Van. The 1600 Van received the 12T-J engine and the option of an automatic transmission, along with a chassis code now in line with the remainder of the Carina range (TA49V).

As of August 1980, the EFI specification 1800 Hard Top (ST-EFI, SR-EFI) was the only engine offered in the sedans/coupés.

Celica Camry (1980–1982)
Toyota utilised the A40/A50 series Carina as the basis for the Celica Camry, a four-door sports sedan launched in Japan during January 1980, and sold at Toyota Corolla Store dealerships. It was a companion to the Carina which was exclusive to Toyota Store locations. Positioned as the sedan counterpart to the Toyota Celica (A40 and A50) two-door coupé and three-door liftback, the Celica Camry shared few components with this model. Instead, Toyota altered the front-end of its Carina, incorporating styling cues resembling those of the 1978–1981 Celica XX (known as the Celica Supra in export markets). From August 1980, the Celica Camry also went on sale through Toyota's recently introduced Vista dealership chain.

Powered by either a 1.6-liter 12T-U engine producing 88 PS JIS and 128 Nm or a 1.8-litre 13T-U engine producing 95 PS and 147 Nm, Toyota also offered a fuel-injected 1.8-litre (105 PS) and a 2.0-litre (21R-U) with producing the same power. Towards the end of its model lifecycle, Toyota introduced a sports version of the Celica Camry equipped with the double overhead camshaft 2.0-litre 18R-GEU engine from the Celica producing 135 PS.

It has an identical 2500 mm wheelbase to the Celica and Carina, while all three models (as well as the Corona) have near identical exterior dimensions. During its model cycle, over 100,000 units were sold in Japan. The Celica Camry was also exported to a number of markets using the Carina name, replacing the front-end styling of the second-generation Carina in these markets. These export market hybrids used a different rear-end design and were also available with station wagon bodywork. The performance image of the Celica Camry was shared with the Toyota Chaser, which was exclusive to Toyota Auto Store Japanese dealerships.

Third generation (A60; 1981–1988)

In its third incarnation, the Carina followed the fashion of the time with a still more angular overall look and four square headlights. The Coupé was no longer a hardtop and was updated with halogen rectangular headlights, which were also installed on the Carina Surf (wagon) and were used in export, while the Carina Van received twin, round headlamps set in a black plastic surround. The car followed its predecessors in retaining a front-engine rear-wheel-drive configuration even though by then competitor manufacturers were following a trend of switching to front-wheel drive in this class. The third generation was first released two months after the related Celica, in September 1981, and was the last Carina to use rear-wheel drive. More precise rack and pinion steering replaced the recirculating ball used in previous generations; the A60 Carina used a MacPherson struts up front and a five-link, solid rear axle – except for the more powerful, fuel injected versions which have independent (semi-trailing arm) suspension at the rear. The RWD Corona shared its chassis with this vehicle, when it was updated the succeeding year. The Carina was famously used by private teams racing for Japan in the Dakar Rally in the two-wheel-drive class for both 1981 and 1982. The Carina managed to achieve four championships in the marathon class divisions.

In February 1982, a five-door wagon series based on the Van was added, marketed as the "Carina Surf" (SA60G) in Japan. In export markets, wagons had been available since the introduction of the van model. The 1C diesel engine was also added to the lineup at this time. This 1839 cc unit had a claimed output of 65 PS at 4500 rpm and was offered in markets where fuel pricing and availability rendered it appropriate. This engine was available to European buyers, along with the 75 PS 2T (1.6) and 86 PS 3T or 80 PS 3T-C (1.8) petrol engines. The European Carinas all received the independent rear suspension reserved for higher-end models in Japan, although the station wagon retained the live rear axle. Introduced in Europe for 1982, the rear-wheel-drive Carina was typically replaced by the Carina II in early 1984.

The Japanese market 1800SE had power windows, and an 1800SE "Extra Edition" trim level was added in June 1982. In May 1982, the better equipped 1500 SE trim level was added. In October 1982, the Turbo DOHC engine (3T-GTEU, 1770 cc and 160 PS in the Touring Super Coupé trim level) with the "GT-TR" trim level was added. Celica and Corona were released with the same powerplant simultaneously. Conversely, the 18R-GEU-engined 2000GT hardtop coupé was no longer available, and was replaced by the next-generation Carina ED four-door hardtop in 1985.

In May 1983, minor changes were done to the whole range, excepting the vans. Power mirrors were added, while the front grille and the taillights were redesigned. The 1600GT sports model replaced the 2T-GEU engine with the all new 4A-GEU engine, also a 1600 cc DOHC unit but now with 16 valves. The 3T-EU engine was no longer offered.

In August 1983, a series of minor changes to the Carina Van took place. The 12T-J 1600 cc OHV engine was replaced with the lighter and more economical 1.5-liter 5K-J type.

In May 1984, the front-wheel-drive four-door sedan "Carina FF" (T150 chassis) was introduced in addition to the rear-wheel-drive sedan range. Coupé, Surf (Wagon), and vans were sold continuously. Minor changes also took place, including body-coloured bumpers for higher grade models. In August 1985, the trim levels were changed to shift the Sports models (1600GT, 1600GT-R, 1800GT-T, 1800GT-TR) into the front-wheel-drive range. Rear-wheel-drive coupé sales were terminated at the same time. The sedan lineup was now reduced to 1500 standard, DX, SG, and 1800 SG trim levels. Surf and van sales continued as heretofore. Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive Carinas continued to be produced alongside the new T150 series until May 1988 in Surf, van, and sedan models.

Fourth generation (T150; 1984–1988)
Starting from the fourth generation, the Carina shared the Corona's front-wheel drive platform for four-door sedans, differing only in having more angular sheet metal. The Carina RWD platform of the Carina Surf, and Carina Van continued to use the Toyota "A" series platform until 1988. The Carina continued to be exclusive in Japan to Toyota Store locations, while the Corona remained exclusive to Toyopet Store locations. After the Carina platform was realigned to the Toyota Corona "T" platform, shared with the Celica coupé and hatchback, the rear-wheel-drive Carina Coupé was cancelled once the Carina ED "four-door coupé" was introduced in August 1985. Between the Carina and Corona lines, Toyota expected a three-to-two proportion of front-wheel-drive to rear-wheel-drive models.

In May 1984, the Carina FF four-door sedan (T150 series) was introduced. The styling echoed that of the previous generation, using four headlights and grille setup. The upper trim level model has aerodynamic headlight option. Rather than replace the entire line-up all at once because sales of the previous generation were still good, Toyota gradually introduced the replacement Van and Wagon models in stages. The 1,800 cc engine has electronically controlled distributorless ignition, and a 2,000 cc diesel is added. Other 1600 cc EFI "4A-ELU" engine, and a carburetor is used on the 1500 cc with "3A-LU" type engine. The 1800SE models were still offered.

August 1985, the Sport model 1600GT, 1600GT-R, and 2000GT-R were added to the lineup. All with twin-cam engines, they received the T160 chassis code. The 1.6s use the "4A-GELU" engine while two-litres use the "3S-GELU" engine. The sport models had altered chassis, also the wheels were upgraded from four lug nuts to five.

May 1986, had minor changes to the entire range. The design of the grille and taillights was changed. Due to the success of the 1800SE trim level, the similarly equipped but smaller-engined 1500SG Extra was added.

Carina II

For the European market, the closely related Corona (T150) was sold as the Toyota Carina II.

Carina ED (ST160 series)

The Toyota Carina ED was a Japanese compact car created in 1985 as a companion to the 1984 Carina sedan. It was positioned as the 4-door Celica coupé and stepped in when the Carina hatchback coupe was discontinued. The Carina ED ushered in a new direction for the styling and appearance of Toyota products. It gave Toyota Store dealerships an alternative to buyers who desired the luxury of the larger Toyota Crown pillared hardtop without the tax obligations of a car that exceeded Japanese Government regulations for vehicles larger than the "compact" class. Its design sought to emulate the hardtop styling of large American and European sedans, resulting in a small, low cabin with longer front and rear ends. The ED was a genuine hardtop and was not installed with a B-pillar connected to the roof. "ED" is the initials of "Exciting" and "Dressy".

Fifth generation (T170; 1988–1992)
This generation was released in May 1988. The exterior sheet metal received rounded contours, as was in line with the fashionable design of products at that time. The Surf (wagon) and Van versions also underwent a full model change to bring them in line with their siblings. 4S-Fi is an 1800 cc engine type, 1600 cc of the 4A-GE and the specification for higher-power higher-cam-4A-FHE car, 1500 cc of the 5A-F type, 2000 cc diesel-2C. The 3E engine was fitted to the 1500 cc Van, which was also available with the 2000 cc diesel 2C engine.

In December 1988, a full-time All-Trac AWD system with a center differential was added to the sedan (chassis code AT175). The 1587 cc 4A-FE is the only engine available for this new AWD model.

In August 1989, the "G Limited" with the high-performance and high-compression 4A-GE engine is added; it has 140 PS.

In May 1990, only minor changes. The Toyota emblem in the back is changed to a bright tail lamp lenses bulging from three places and was changed from the previous split design (The front of the van was not changed). The previous generation was a gasoline car engine and is still using the 1800 cc the 4S-FE, 1500 cc with a 5A-FE type. For the front-wheel-drive vehicle 1600 cc 4A-FHE the horsepower is increased from 105 to 110 PS. 4WD vehicles are still equipped with the 4A-FE type. Surf Wagon 2,000 cc 2C has been changed to a diesel (CT170G type). It could be fitted with a driver-side airbag as an option.

Wagons and commercial vans were sold until March 10, 1992, when they were replaced with the Caldina.

European versions included a 4-door saloon, 5-door hatchback and a station wagon. They came with either the 1.6 L 4A-FE or the 2.0 L 3S-FE engine. Earlier models were very basic, and the biggest differences were interior and the presence of a tachometer. In late 1989 the top models had huge upgrades, getting electric mirrors, electric windows, central locking, heated front windscreen, and updated trim.

Carina II
For the European market, the T170-series Corona continued to be sold as the Toyota Carina II.

Carina ED (ST180 series)

The restyled second generation was introduced 1989 and luxury equipment content increased. Four-wheel steering appeared on the top level offering and styling was updated more closely resemble the Corona EXiV. Electronic fuel injection was made standard on all engines offered.

Sixth generation (T190; 1992–1996)
The sixth-generation Carina appeared in August 1992 and was only available with a four-door sedan body style, while the five-door van/wagon models were replaced by the new Caldina. The size was also bigger than the previous model. Most of the 1.5–1.8-litre DOHC petrol engines from the previous generation were available in this generation. 2.0-litre petrol and diesel engines with 4WD system were also available.

A facelift came in August 1994. The old 1.8-litre 4S-FE engine was replaced by the newly developed 1.8-litre 7A-FE engine. This generation was discontinued in 1996.

Carina E
The Carina E was the European version of the Toyota "T" platform. It was produced in the United Kingdom at the new Burnaston plant near Derby from 16 December 1992 until 1998.

Carina ED (ST200 series)
The Carina ED 4-door hardtop ended production in 1998

Seventh generation (T210; 1996–2001)
The seventh generation Carina was limited to a sedan version produced only for the Japanese market. The car shared few similarities with its sister model the Corona Premio which was marketed in some Asian countries. The T190 model inherited the system as the basic platform.

In 1996, along with the base "Ti" model (1500 cc-2200 cc), a sports "GT" version was introduced with the 5 valves per cylinder 4A-GE 'black top' engine and 5-speed C56 manual transmission. Beginning in 1998, the GT was equipped with a 6-speed C160 manual transmission. The station wagon/commercial van was no longer offered, having been replaced by the Toyota Caldina, and Toyota offered the Toyota Ipsum, a five-door wagon in the style of a MPV as an alternative. The Ipsum offered front-wheel drive, with optional AWD, borrowed from the Caldina. Besides, the rare 4WD model "Si" ST215, equipped with 3S-FE engine and optitron instrument panel existed. Suspension parts was shared with the Caldina ST215 4WD.

Front and door panels, seats and the instrument panel of the T210 Corona Premio was shared with the Carina. With the new Corona Premio, Toyota's first collision-safety body "GOA" was adopted. The 7A-FE engine was a lean-burn type 1.8-litre engine, the 5A-FE was 1500 cc, and the 2C-TE series was equipped with a 2000-cc turbo-diesel. The 1600-cc version of the lean-burn 4A-FE engine was no longer offered.

A "GT" sports version was based on the AT210 model. The engine was shared with the top-of-the-line AE111 Corolla Levin and Toyota Sprinter Trueno (a high-revving 4A-GE producing 165 PS and red-lining at 8000 rpm, known as the "black top"). The GT spec came with an optional manual transmission found in the AE101-AE111 Corolla Levin/Trueno of that period, which was a 5-speed manual transmission (C56-transmission series). In 1997, a Limited model equipped with few extra features was introduced, known as the "GT PIERNA". This was the only Carina GT version to be offered in black.

August 1998 brought minor changes in design. The headlamps and tail lights were given a makeover for a refreshing look and feel. Slight alterations were also made to the bumpers. The 2000 cc diesel engine of the Ti model was increased to 2200 cc.

The GT model was distinguished by the front grille where, instead of the "CARINA" emblem in the middle, the letters "GT" were placed in red, black, and nickel. In addition, the GT was equipped with the same 6-speed short-shifter manual transmission as the Corolla Levin/Trueno C160-series which came with a limited-slip differential (LSD). The diameter of the disc brake was increased and the wheel diameter was increased to 15 inches. Tyre size for the stock GT was 195/55 R15. Along with a front strut bar, reinforcements to the rear part of the vehicle were added to bind the left and right rear sash to a support and the rear back head. These came stock and were aimed to improve overall stiffness and handling of the vehicle. The GT version came with a stylish stock front bumper body kit, side skirts and rear bumper spoilers and an optional large rear spoiler. A darker sporty fabric was used for the upholstery to match the sporty and aggressive appeal of the vehicle.

In December 2001, production of the Carina ended after.

European naming
In 1984 in Europe, the Corona was rebadged as the "Carina II". This continued with the new model introduced in 1988 and, subsequently, the "Carina E" introduced in 1992 which was also a Corona. The so-called "Avensis" replaced the European Carina range in 1997.

title: Toyota Carina


text:
Maximo (software)

Maximo is enterprise asset management software originally developed by Project Software & Development (later MRO Software) with the first commercial version released in 1985. Purchased by IBM in 2006, it was branded as IBM Maximo Asset Management. With the release of version 8 in July 2021 the product was renamed to IBM Maximo Manage.

Maximo is designed to assist an organisation in managing its assets such as buildings, vehicles, fire extinguishers, equipment recording details such as details, maintenance schedules and participating in workflows to manage the assets.

History
Maximo was originally developed by Project Software & Development Inc (PSDI) which changed its name to MRO Software in 2000.

The product was acquired by IBM and placed in the Tivoli Portfolio. Previously the Tivoli portfolio contained software that was related to the Information Technology sphere; this acquisition brought management of non Information Technology assets into the portfolio.

Upon release 7.6, the program was given options to be deployed in a multitenant architecture with options for deployment to the cloud and delivery via a SaaS model. The program has traditionally been based on a character-based user experience known as the classic interface. Later versions have also provided a graphical interface referred to as Work Centers.

In 2020, IBM Maximo 8.0 was released. With it came the IBM Maximo Application Suite, integrating all licensed software and add-ons into one suite of applications. The suite included ViiBE integration, which was added in late 2021.

Architecture
Maximo originated as a stand-alone solution running on an IBM Personal Computer. it is supported on specified versions of AIX, Linux and Windows Server, previously HP-UX and Solaris were also supported. Successive versions have developed to leverage newer technologies. Interfaces have been developed for automated interfacing feeds, integration with enterprise level database, resource and reporting tools.

Pre-configured models for some industries are available including rail, nuclear and mining. Software is also available to assist in the interfacing with other software packages and protocols.

Disputes
In February 2018 Kalibrate Asset Management, a consultancy specializing in Maximo, sued IBM for 500,000 dollars in a deal registration dispute. This suit was dismissed by the court on 23 March 2018 as Kalibrate had failed to demonstrate it had a contractual right to the commission, nor had it established a claim for misleading and deceptive conduct. Kalibrate was ordered to pay IBM's costs.

title: Maximo (software)


text: User talk:195.188.217.143

title: User talk:195.188.217.143


text:
Toyota Premio

The Toyota Premio (Japanese: トヨタ・プレミオ) and its twin the Toyota Allion (Japanese: トヨタ・アリオン) are sedans sold in Japan from 2001 to 2021 by Toyota. The sedans are designated as a compact car by Japanese dimension regulations and the exterior dimensions do not change with periodic updates. Unlike Toyota's other vehicles, the Premio and Allion are not exported, and are exclusively sold in Japan only. Size and pricing-wise, the E210 Corolla, introduced to the Japanese market in 2018 succeeds the Premio and Allion.

The Premio is the successor of the Corona which first appeared in 1957. The Corona EXiV, a four-door hardtop sedan that appeared in 1989, was replaced by the Progrès, which was also briefly available with the Premio until 2007. The Premio is exclusive to Toyopet Store dealerships, as a smaller companion to the Mark X.

The Allion replaced the Carina, a model that first appeared in 1970. The Carina ED, a four-door hardtop sedan that appeared in 1985, was replaced by the Brevis, which was briefly available with the Allion until 2007. The Allion is exclusive to Toyota Store dealerships, as a smaller companion to the Crown.

Both cars are related to the Avensis, which is an imported five-door liftback from Europe, available at all Japanese dealership locations. The Camry, which is the largest car exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store locations, is slightly larger, and based on appearance packages, offers the same luxury or performance features found in the Premio or Allion. The name "Premio" is a play on words for "premium", while "Allion" is created based on the phrase "all-in-one".

Mechanically, they are identical to the Avensis which is exported new internationally as well as sold in Japan. The Premio/Allion are only offered as 4-door sedans, while the Avensis is available only as a five-door liftback. The first generation Premio is an upscale, luxurious sedan in comparison to the Allion, which has a more youthful, sporting nature. Wood trim and chrome accents give the Premio an elegant look while the Allion is considered to be a sporty or executive type car.

Appearance modification options made for the first generation Allion are not made or marketed for the Premio. The second generation cars share the interior appearances and optional equipment, with exterior visual differences. Three options packages are offered with the three different engines offered, coupled with the choice of front- or All-Trac four-wheel drive, thereby giving Japanese buyers options as to which annual road tax obligation they are willing to pay.

First generation (T240; 2001)
The first generation Premio and Allion were launched on 25 December 2001. The Premio sedan has a more elegant approach in comparison to the Allion, which has an emphasis towards younger buyers. The Premio and Allion share the same engines and interior. The Allion can be specced with front spoilers and rear mounted trunk wings, as well as ground effect body parts to enhance the vehicles appearance which are specially designed and sold by Toyota. The Allion also features rear tilting seats (similar to front seats). The Allion continues the Toyota tradition by being made in taxi usage, driving school and law enforcement versions.

On 20 December 2004, the Premio received a modest restyle with the introduction of LED tail lights. The Allion also received an update at the same time.

Both cars were offered with three engine sizes; 1.5-, 1.8- and 2.0-liter. The 2.0-liter model received a CVT; the smaller engines were each fitted with a four-speed torque converter automatic transmission.

Second generation (T260; 2007)
The second generation Premio and Allion were introduced on 4 June 2007, with Toyota continuing to offer appearance modifications at local dealerships. These cars continued to fill the gap between the Corolla and Camry. G-BOOK was on the list of optional features. The Premio gained the inclusion of a LED in the rear light cluster. Other changes included the smart entry and start system, a rear-view monitor in color, and a hard disk navigation system compatible with the G-Book mX telematics service.

Four-wheel drive was offered on vehicles equipped with the 1.8-liter 2ZR-FE engine. A 2.0-liter valvematic 3ZR-FAE engine was made available in January 2008, cutting the emission by 75 percent from the level required by the 2005 Japanese emission standards, and also achieving 20 percent better fuel economy than required by the 2010 fuel consumption standards. The transmission was a Super CVT-i. The 2.0-liter engine option was discontinued in July 2020.

Fuel consumption figures for the 1.5-liter models were improved to 18 km/L, and the 1.8-liter models were improved to 17 km/L, both types now fitted with CVT. From 2 October 2009, fuel consumption for the 1.5-liter models was further improved to 18.6 km/L by improvements to the engine, transmission and alternator control.

First facelift (2010)
The Premio and Allion were revised on 20 April 2010 with more aggressive and sharper looking headlights and twin LED tail lights with the interior remaining somewhat same.

The 1.8-liter engine was changed from the 2ZR-FE to the Valvematic 2ZR-FAE, improving fuel consumption to 18.6 km/L. In June 2010, fuel consumption for the 1.5-liter models was improved to 20 km/L by improvements to engine and transmission control.

Second facelift (2016)
Toyota revised the Premio and Allion again on 13 June 2016 with a facelift. At the same time, "bi-beam" LED headlights and the collision avoidance system called "Toyota Safety Sense C" were introduced, adopting a styling influence from the larger, more prestigious S210 series Crown.

Discontinuation
On 1 December 2020, Toyota announced that the Premio and Allion would be discontinued from March 2021. This marked the end of the Corona lineage that was first introduced in 1957.

Chinese-market Allion (E210; 2021)

The Allion nameplate is also used as the long-wheelbase version of the E210 series Corolla for the Chinese market. Introduced at the Guangzhou Auto Show in November 2020, the Chinese-market Allion (, originally "傲澜" ; the change was made because the latter name may sound offensive to Teochew dialect speakers) was developed by the FAW Toyota joint venture. The wheelbase is stretched to 2750 mm or 50 mm longer than the standard Corolla, while its body length is stretched to 4720 mm. Larger dimensions meant the Allion slots between the Corolla and the Avalon which is called the "A+ class sedan" segment in China.

title: Toyota Premio


text: User:Agathinus

title: User:Agathinus


text:
Wikipedia talk:Contests

Judges will be needed for the writing & media contests in May and at Wikimania. If you are interested, please add your name below. (Note that, unfortunately, this disqualifies you from entering your own work ;)

I'm willing to be a judge, if this is still current. JJohnCooper (talk) 18:30, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Outdated
This article seems very outdated. All of the "current" contests seem to be very very old. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.246.112.51 (talk) 19:56, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

New program evaluation of contests released
Hi everyone. The Program Evaluation and Design team at the Wikimedia Foundation has released a new program evaluation about on-wiki writing contests. Thanks to everyone who shared data, and we hope you'll share with us in the future. You can read the report here:
 * Program evaluation: on-wiki writing contests

SarahStierch (talk) 18:49, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Place to advertise WikiProject-run competition?
Hi all, I'm wondering if this is the right place to advertise competitions run by WikiProjects, independent of WMF? WikiProject Computational Biology and ISCB are currently running their 6th annual Wikipedia competition for students of all levels and it would be nice to advertise this more widely, but as another poster above noted this page seems pretty quiet: is there a better place to advertise this? Thanks, Amkilpatrick (talk) 10:06, 4 August 2017 (UTC)

Update required
This page needs to be repaired and edited as all the contests are outdated and irrelevant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arnabsaha2212 (talk • contribs) 10:21, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

Wikicup
The contest in the article called wikicup should be written by closed. Cause the contests status is showing future.- Rafi (talk) 03:59, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Contests


text:
User:SuperDude115

Hey, This is Clinton from Farmington Hills, MI. I use Wikipedia alot.

Favorite websites:
 * Stupid Videos is the most hilarious video clip website
 * Newgrounds

title: User:SuperDude115


text:
Dorothy Hill

Dorothy Hill, (10 September 1907 – 23 April 1997) was an Australian geologist and palaeontologist, the first female professor at an Australian university, and the first female president of the Australian Academy of Science.

Education
Dorothy Hill was born in Taringa, the third of 7 children, and grew up in Coorparoo in Brisbane. She attended Coorparoo State School, and then won a scholarship to attend Brisbane Girls Grammar School. She received the Lady Lilley Gold Medal, and the Phyllis Hobbs Memorial Prize in English and History, in 1924.

Hill was an enthusiastic sportswoman, who pursued athletics and netball at high school, and was an accomplished horsewoman at home. At the University of Queensland, she participated in hurdles, running, hockey and rowing. She played on the University of Queensland, Queensland state and Australian universities hockey teams. While at Cambridge University, she took a pilot's licence.

Following high school, she considered studying medicine and pursuing studies in medical research; however, at the time, the University of Queensland did not offer a medical degree, and the Hill family could not afford to send Dorothy to Sydney. Fortunately, she won one of twenty entrance scholarships to the University of Queensland in 1924 (after receiving the highest pass in the Senior Public Matriculation Exam), where she decided to study science, in particular chemistry. She chose to study geology as an elective, and under the guidance of Professor Henry Caselli Richards she graduated in 1928 with a First Class Honours degree in Geology and the university's Gold Medal for Outstanding Merit. Hill continued to work as a UQ Fellow through 1929–30 on scholarship while she was studying her Master of Science, conducting research in the Brisbane Valley on the stratigraphy of shales in Esk and sediments in the Ipswich basin. She began to collect fossils after she was introduced to them in the local limestone of a farm, where she was holidaying in Mundubbera. She was put forward for a UQ Foundation Travelling Scholarship by Professor Richards to study at the University of Cambridge's Sedgwick Museum, in residence at Newnham College, just as the Great Depression was taking effect.

At Cambridge, Hill was a Fellow of Newnham College and the Sedgwick Museum and was supported from 1931 to 1933 on an Old Students Research Fellowship while she worked on her PhD under supervisor, Gertrude Elles. Australian universities did not begin awarding PhD's until 1948 (with the first at UQ being awarded in 1950 ). Hill continued to explore the theory that Australia had once been covered from north to south by an inland sea, as evidenced by the fossil corals she found in Mundubbera. She received a further scholarship, Senior Student of the Exhibition of 1851 for two years and the Daniel Pidgeon Fund award from the Geological Society of London which enabled her to remain in England until 1936. A number of Australian students were at Newnham College with Hill in this era, including Elizabeth "Betty" Ripper, who was also studying palaeontology, and Germaine Joplin. She worked with Drs William Dickson Lang and Stanley Smith on Palaeozoic coral taxonomy, at the Natural History Museum in London. After Hill's return to Australia, she continued to study at the University of Queensland and took a Doctor of Science in 1942.

Early career
Hill remained in England for seven years, publishing several important papers systematising the terminology for describing Rugose corals, and describing their structure and morphology. When Hill returned to Australia she took on the huge task of dating the limestone coral faunas of Australia, using them to outline wide-ranging stratigraphy, and producing papers on the coral faunas of all states except South Australia, some of these with Dr Walter Heywood Bryan. Her work on corals became the worldwide standard.

From 1937 to 1942, Hill was the recipient of a Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) grant and worked as a research fellow at the University of Queensland. In 1939, Hill was involved with the Geological Survey of Queensland, consulted for the Shell Corporation and was secretary of the Royal Society of Queensland. Before the outbreak of World War II, she was leading geological field trips around Moreton Bay, and was studying the first core drills of the Great Barrier Reef with the Great Barrier Reef Committee. She won a Lyell Fund award in 1940, the first Queenslander and only the ninth Australian to do so, for her work on corals.

World War II
During World War II, Hill enlisted in the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service, serving in the Naval Office in Brisbane, a division of HMAS Moreton. She worked 80–90 hours a week in between her coral research and in the cipher and coding of shipping orders in General Douglas MacArthur's division. She rose to the office of 2nd operations officer in the division, and also served on the demobilisation planning committee for women's services following the war.

Later career
From 1946 to 1955, Hill served as the third secretary of the Great Barrier Reef Committee. She was instrumental in getting facilities at the Heron Island Research Station constructed. Her efforts included raising money, shipping in materials, and even building items for the facilities such as water tanks. Through campaigning, she was able to receive grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and the Australian Research Grants Committee. The money was used to improve the laboratory facilities and provide accommodation for visitors. She appointed Dr. W.G.H. Maxwell to a lecturing position in the department of geology, and he made several contributions to further benefit the Reef. Hill was appointed a full lecturer at UQ in 1946. In 1952, she was appointed senior lecturer before becoming chief lecturer in 1956, reader in geology in 1958, and research professor in 1959. She became a full professor in 1960.

During 1952, Professor John W. Wells of Cornell University visited the University of Queensland as a Fulbright Scholar. He was also a world authority on coelenterates. As a result of their meeting, Hill and Wells were able to work together on eight sections on coelenterates for the 1956 publication, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, which continues to be updated today. Hill wrote a second volume for the treatise on Archaeocyatha in 1972. In 1947, Hill was president of the Royal Society of Queensland. In 1952, she was chairman of the Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division. In 1956 Hill became the first female fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. From 1958 to 1964, she was editor of the Journal of the Geological Society of Australia. In 1964, Hill was awarded the Lyell Medal for scientific research and became the first Australian woman to be a Fellow of the Royal Society (of London). In 1968, she formed the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. Hill served on the Australian Academy of Science committees, becoming vice-president in 1969 and the first female president in 1970, following the death of David Forbes Martyn. At the end of her term of office she did not seek re-election. She also made statements in the late 1960s and early 1970s, to promote female enrolments in science, discouraged by the slow growth in the area, and push toward a campaign aimed at parents.

In 1971, Hill became president of the Professorial Board of the University of Queensland, the first woman to be so recognised. In her interview with John Cole for his history of the university in 1980, she indicated-
 * "It seemed to me that having been considered incapable of administration when the Head of the Department (became available), knowing I would have made a success of it...here's a chance anyhow to prove that women can administer and research people can administer and in two capacities I could prove (myself)...I couldn't really see why a woman couldn't run a university."

She retired from the university in late 1972 to let younger academics have their turn in administration and to return to research, and the Dorothy Hill chair was established in her honour in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy. She continued to come into the university to pursue research, long after her official retirement, until about 1987. She was recognised with an Honorary Doctor of Laws from the university in 1974, in acknowledgement of her time on the Professorial Board.

Hill published over 100 research publications in Australian and international journals and books. In 1978, Hill completed the comprehensive Bibliography and Index of Australian Paleozoic Coral.

Hill had strong views on the value of a library to a university. Her experience of the profound benefit the University of Cambridge libraries gave its academics, and the poor state of the University of Queensland Library up until 1949, led to the development of the University of Queensland Geology Department's Library. The Geology Library was merged with the university's Physical Sciences and Engineering Library in 1997, which now bears her name. Eighty boxes of her papers were donated to the University of Queensland Fryer Library after her death. An online exhibition of her life and access to selected professional papers is accessible from the University of Queensland Library. Her considerable geological collection, of thousands of thin rock sections on glass slides, is housed in the University of Queensland's Geology Museum and in museums around the world. Her name was given to the Acanthastrea hillae , Australomya hillae, Filiconcha hillae , Reticulofenestra hillae , ''Striatopora? hillae, Yacutiopora hillae and Mesoplica? hillae''.

Hill died in 1997.

Awards

 * 1932: Old Students' Research Fellowship of Newnham College, Cambridge
 * 1934: Daniel Pidgeon Fund, Geological Society of London
 * 1935: 1851 Research Fellowship, Senior Studentship, Newnham College, Cambridge
 * 1940: Lyell Geological Fund award
 * 1956: Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (first female)
 * 1965: Fellow of the Royal Society (of London) (with Lyell Medal) (first Australian female)
 * 1966: Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales
 * 1967: Mueller Medal from the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science (ANZAAS)
 * 1967: Bancroft Medal from the Australian Medical Association, Queensland branch
 * 1967: Portrait commissioned. This portrait by Lola McCausland hangs in the Dorothy Hill Engineering and Sciences Library at UQ.
 * 1970: President of the Australian Academy of Science (first female)
 * 1971: CBE, for services to geology and palaeontology
 * 1972: Queenslander of the Year (award from the National Party of Queensland)
 * 1974: Honorary Doctorate of Laws for work in university administration, The University of Queensland
 * 1977: Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
 * 1983: ANZAAS Medal
 * 1981: W.R. Browne Medal
 * 1993: A.C. (Companion of the Order of Australia) from the Australian government

Legacy
Hill made significant contributions to Australian earth science and was a pivotal role model in opening a whole new world of education to women. She mentored many students who went on to great success in the field of earth sciences, including Ken Campbell and Graham Maxwell. Malcolm Thomis in his history of the University of Queensland, described Hill as the "most outstanding graduate in the first 75 years of the University". The Great Court at the University of Queensland features a stone grotesque carved in her likeness by Rhyl Hinwood in 1982. There is also a bust of Hill, sculpted by Rhyl Hinwood at Brisbane Girls Grammar School. Coorparoo State School named a portion of their school for Hill in 2015.

In 1997 the University of Queensland's Physical Sciences and Engineering Library was named the Dorothy Hill Physical Sciences and Engineering Library in her honour.

In 2014, the School of Earth Sciences at the University of Queensland named their research vessel, RV D Hill, to honour her legacy to fossil coral research.

Since 2002, the Australian Academy of Science has awarded the Dorothy Hill Award for female researchers in earth sciences. The Queensland Division of the Geological Society of Australia also awards a Dorothy Hill Medal to individuals who have made significant contributions to the advancement of knowledge of Queensland geology.

In 2016 Dr Gilbert Price and colleagues at the University of Queensland School of Earth Sciences located Hill's rock hammer and created a 3D model of it for an exhibition to celebrate her life. Gilbert Price included the 3D image in an article about Hill and her hammer.

The electoral district of Hill created in the 2017 Queensland state electoral redistribution was named after her, in recognition of her work for the Great Barrier Reef.

The University of Queensland's School of Earth and Environmental Sciences hosted the biannual Dorothy Hill Women in Earth Sciences Symposium in 2017, 2019 and will again 2021.

A street in the village designed for the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games, has also been named in her honour.

An astronomical observatory is being named for Hill at the Brisbane Girls Grammar School's Marrapatta Open Education Campus.

Dorothy Hill was the subject of a Google Doodle on 10 September 2018, the 111th anniversary of her birth.

Comprehensive bibliography

 * 1) Hill, D., 1930. The stratigraphical relationship of the shales about Esk to the sediments of the Ipswich Basin.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 41, 162–191.
 * 2) Hill, D., 1930. The development of the Esk Series between Esk and Linville.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 42, 28–48.
 * 3) Hill, D., 1934. The Lower Carboniferous corals of Australia.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 45, 63–115.
 * 4) Hill, D., 1935. British terminology for rugose corals.  Geological Magazine, 72, 481–519.
 * 5) Hill, D., Butler, A.J., Oakley, K.P. & Arkell, W. J., 1936. Report of 'Coral Reef' meeting at Wenlock Edge, the Dudley district and the Oxford district.  Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 47, 130–139.
 * 6) Hill, D., 1936. Upper Devonian corals from Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 22, 25–39.
 * 7) Hill, D., 1936. The British Silurian rugose corals with acanthine septa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. B, 226, 189–217.
 * 8) Hill, D. & Butler, A.J., 1936. Cymatelasma, a new genus of Silurian rugose corals.  Geological Magazine, 73, 516–527.
 * 9) Hill, D., 1937. Type specimens of Palaeozoic corals from New South Wales in W.B. Clarke's First Collection, and in the Strzelecki Collection.  Geological Magazine, 74, 145- 153.
 * 10) Hill, D., 1937. The Permian corals of Western Australia.  Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 23, 43–63.
 * 11) Hill, D., 1938. Euryphyllum: a new genus of Permian zaphrentoid rugose corals.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 49, 23–28.
 * 12) Hill, D., 1938. A scientific expedition to Moreton Bay.  Australian Journal of Science, 1, 28–30.
 * 13) Hill, D. & Smyth, L.B., 1938. On the identity of Monilopora Nicholson and Etheridge, 1879, with Cladochonus McCoy, 1847.  Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, sec. B, 45, 125–138.
 * 14) Hill, D., 1938–41. A monograph on the Carboniferous rugose corals of Scotland: Pt 1, 1937 (1938), 1–78; Pt 2, 1938 (1939), 79–114; Pt 3, 1940, 115–204; Pt 4, 1941, 205–213. Palaeontographical Society, London.
 * 15) Hill, D., 1939. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, I. Douglas Creek and Drummond Creek, Clermont district.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 50, 55–65.
 * 16) Hill, D., 1939. The Devonian rugose corals of Lilydale and Loyola, Victoria.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 51, 219–256.
 * 17) Hill, D., 1939. Western Australian Devonian corals in the Wade Collection.  Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 25, 141–151.
 * 18) Hill, D., 1940. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, II.  The Silverwood-Lucky Valley area.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 51, 150–168.
 * 19) Hill, D. (Jones, O.A. & Hill, D.), 1940. The Heliolitidae of Australia, with a discussion of the morphology and systematic position of the family.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 51, 183–215.
 * 20) Hill, D., 1940. The Silurian Rugosa of the Yass-Bowning district, NSW.  Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 65, 388–420.
 * 21) Hill, D. & Jones, O.A., 1940. The corals of the Garra Beds, Molong district, New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 74, 175–208.
 * 22) Hill, D., 1940. The lower Middle Devonian rugose corals of the Murrumbidgee and Goodradigbee Rivers, N.S.W. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 74, 247–276.
 * 23) Hill, D., 1940. Geology of the Darling Downs.  In: Centenary Souvenir, Darling Downs, 1840–1940, Toowoomba, 25–27.
 * 24) Hill, D. & Edwards, A.B., 1941. Note on a collection of fossils from Queenstown, Tasmania.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 53, 22–230.
 * 25) Hill, D. (Bryan, W.H. & Hill, D.), 1941. Spherulitic crystallisation as a mechanism of skeletal growth in the hexacorals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 52, 78–91.
 * 26) Hill, D., 1942. Further Permian corals from Western Australia.  Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 27, 57–75.
 * 27) Hill, D., 1942. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, III.  Burdekin Downs, Fanning R., and Reid Gap, north Queensland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 53, 229–268.
 * 28) Hill, D. (Richards, H.C. & Hill, D.), 1942. Great Barrier Reef bores, 1926 and 1937.  Descriptions, analyses and interpretations.  Report of the Great Barrier Reef Committee, 5, 1–111.
 * 29) Hill, D., 1942. Some Tasmanian Palaeozoic corals.  Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 1941, 3–12.
 * 30) Hill, D., 1942. The Lower Devonian rugose corals from the Mt. Etna Limestone, Qld. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 54, 13–22.
 * 31) Hill, D., 1942. The Devonian rugose corals of the Tamworth district, N.S.W.  Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 76, 142–164.
 * 32) Hill, D., 1942. Middle Palaeozoic rugose corals from the Wellington district, N.S.W. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 76, 182–189.
 * 33) Hill, D., 1943. A re-interpretation of the Australian Palaeozoic record, based on a study of the rugose corals.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 54, 53–66.
 * 34) Hill, D., 1947. Notes on the geology of the Noosa district, Queensland Naturalist, 13, 43–46.
 * 35) Hill, D., 1947. Report on tabulate corals from Eildon Dam spillway, Victoria.  Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Victoria, 16, Appendix 1, p. 41.
 * 36) Hill, D., 1947. Robert Logan Jack: a memorial address. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 58, 113–124.
 * 37) Hill, D., 1948. Notes on the geology of Somerset Dam. Queensland Naturalist, 13, 90–94.
 * 38) Hill, D., 1948. The distribution and sequence of Carboniferous coral faunas.  Geological Magazine, 85, 121–148.
 * 39) Hill, D., 1949. Jack, Robert Logan (1845–1921).  In Dictionary of Australian biography, vol. 1, P. Serle, (ed.), Angus & Robertson, Sydney & London, 469.
 * 40) Hill, D., 1950. The Productinae of the Artinskian Cracow Fauna of Queensland.  Papers Department of Geology, University of Queensland, 3 (2), 1–27.
 * 41) Hill, D., 1950. Middle Devonian corals from the Buchan district, Victoria.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. 62, 137–164.
 * 42) Hill, D., 1951. Geology. In: Handbook of Queensland.  28th Meeting, Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, Brisbane, 12–24.
 * 43) Hill, D., 1951. The Ordovician corals.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 62, 1–27.
 * 44) Hill, D., 1952. Some late Palaeozoic corals from Southland, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Palaeontological Bulletin, 19, 18–25.
 * 45) Hill, D., 1952. The Gondwana System in Queensland.  Report of the 19th International Geological Congress, Algiers, 35–49.
 * 46) Hill, D., 1953. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo region, Norway.  2. Some rugose and tabulate corals.  Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 31, 143–168.
 * 47) Hill, D., Tweedale, G.W., Campbell, K.S.W. & Hawthorne, W.L., 1953. Geological Map of Queensland, 40 miles to 1 inch. Queensland Department of Mines, Brisbane.
 * 48) Hill, D., 1953. Outline of the geology of Queensland.  5th Empire Mining Metallurgical Congress Handbook, Australia and New Zealand, 117–123.
 * 49) Hill, D., 1954. The care of type specimens.  News Bulletin, Geological Society of Australia, 2, 2–3.
 * 50) Hill, D., 1954. Coral faunas from the Silurian of New South Wales and the Devonian of Western Australia. Bulletin of the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australia, 23, 1–51.
 * 51) Hill, D., 1954. Devonian corals from Waratah Bay, Victoria.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 66, 105–118.
 * 52) Hill, D., 1955. Contributions to the correlation and fauna of the Permian in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 2, 83–107.
 * 53) Hill, D. & Tweedale, G.W., 1955. Geological Map of Moreton District, S.E. Q. 6 miles to 1 inch. Queensland Department of Mines, Brisbane.
 * 54) Hill, D., 1955. Ordovician corals from Ida Bay, Queenstown and Zeehan, Tasmania.  Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 89,  237–254.
 * 55) Hill, D., 1956. The Devonian corals of Reefton, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Palaeontological Bulletin, 25, 5–14.
 * 56) Hill, D. & Wells, J.W., 1956. Cnidaria – general features.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology.  Part F, Coelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F5-9.
 * 57) Hill, D. & Wells, J.W., 1956. Hydrozoa – general features.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelentarata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F 67.
 * 58) Hill, D. & Wells, J.W., 1956. Hydroida and Spongiomorphida.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F81-89.
 * 59) Hill, D. (Wells, J.W. & Hill, D.), 1956. Anthozoa – general features.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Caelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F161-165.
 * 60) Hill, D. (Wells, J.W. & Hill, D.), 1956. Ceriantipatharia.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F165-166.
 * 61) Hill, D. (Wells, J.W. & Hill, D.), 1956. Zoantharia – general features.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F231-232.
 * 62) Hill, D. (Wells, J.W. & Hill, D.), 1956. Zoantharia, Corallimorpharia, and Actiniaria.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F232-233.
 * 63) Hill, D., 1956. Rugosa. In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F233-324.
 * 64) Hill, D., 1956. Heterocorallia.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F324-327.
 * 65) Hill, D. & Stumm, E.C., 1956. Tabulata.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F444-477.
 * 66) Hill, D., 1956. Zoantharia incertae sedis.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F477.
 * 67) Hill, D. (Wells, J.W. & Hill, D.), 1956. Ctenophora.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F478.
 * 68) Hill, D., 1956. Springsure – 4-mile geological series sheet G/55-3, Australian National Grid.  Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australia, Canberra.
 * 69) Hill, D., 1956. The sequence and distribution of upper Palaeozoic coral faunas.  Australian Journal of Science, 19, 42–61.
 * 70) Hill, D., 1957. Ordovician corals from New South Wales.  Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 91, 97–107.
 * 71) Hill, D., 1957. Explanatory notes to the Springsure 4-mile geological series sheet G/55-3, Australian National Grid.  Bureau Mineral Resources Australia Notes, 5, 1–19.
 * 72) Hill, D., 1958. Introduction (An outline of the geology of Queensland).  In Lexicon de Stratigraphie – vol. 6 Océanie – Fasc. 5 Australie – Fasc. 5a Queensland.  Lexique Stratigraphique International – Commission de Stratigraphie, Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 9–12.
 * 73) Hill, D., 1959. Sakmarian geography.  Geologischen Rundschau, 47, 590–629.
 * 74) Hill, D., 1959. Distribution and sequence of Silurian coral faunas.  Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 92, 151–173.
 * 75) Hill, D., 1959. Some Ordovician corals from New Mexico, Arizona and Texas.  Bulletin of the State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources New Mexico, 64, 1–25.
 * 76) Hill, D., 1960. Geology as a subject for secondary schools.  Australian Science Teachers Journal, 6, 59–60.
 * 77) Hill, D., 1960. Possible intermediates between Alcyonaria and Tabulata, Tabulata and Rugosa, and Rugosa and Hexacoralla.  Report of the 21st International geological Congress, Copenhagen, 22, 51–58.
 * 78) Hill, D. & Denmead, A.K. (eds),1960. The geology of Queensland.  Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 7, 1–474.  [Chapter 1, Geological Structure, and parts of Chapters 5 Devonian, 7 Permian, 8 Triassic, 10 Cretaceous and 13 Upper Cainozoic were contributed by D. Hill.]
 * 79) Hill, D., 1960. Contribution to the stratigraphical colloquium.  In Compte Rendu du quatriéme Congrés pour l'advacement des études de Géologie du Carbonifère, Heerlen, 1958, vol. 1, Ernst von Aelst, Maestricht, 289–292.
 * 80) Hill, D., 1961. Geology of south-eastern Queensland.  In Handbook for Queensland, 35th Meeting, Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, Brisbane, 1–11.
 * 81) Hill, D., 1961. Circum- or Trans-Pacific correlation of Palaeozoic coral faunas.  Proceedings of the Ninth Pacific Science Congress, 12, 246–248.
 * 82) Hill, D., 1961. Contributions to Canadian palaeontology part I.  On the Ordovician corals Palaeophyllum rugosum Billings and Nyctopora billingsii Nicholson.  Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, 80, 1–7.
 * 83) Hill, D. & Wilson, A.F., 1961. Obituary notice – Richard Gradwell.  Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 1592, 146.
 * 84) Hill, D. & Maxwell, W.G.H., 1962. Elements of the stratigraphy of Queensland.  University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 71 p.
 * 85) Hill, D. & Woods, J.T., (eds), 1964. Permian index fossils of Queensland.  Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1–32.
 * 86) Hill, D., 1964. Archaeocyatha from the Shackelton Limestone of the Ross System, Nimrod Glacier area, Antarctica.  Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Geology), 2, 137–146.
 * 87) Hill, D., 1964. The phylum Archaeocyatha.  Biological Reviews, 39, 232–258.
 * 88) Hill, D. & Woods, J.T. (eds), 1964. Carboniferous fossils of Queensland.  Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1–32.
 * 89) Hill, D., 1964. Archaeocyatha from loose material at Plunket Point at the head of Beardmore Glacier. In Antarctic geology.  Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Antarctic Geology, Cape Town, 15–21 September 1963, R.J. Adie, ed., North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 609–619.
 * 90) Hill, D., 1965. Archaeocyatha from Antarctica and a review of the phylum.  Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1955–1958, Scientific Reports 10 (Geol. 3), 1–151.
 * 91) Hill, D., 1965. Determinations of Palaeozoic faunas.  Bulletin of the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australia, 71, Appendix 2, 151.
 * 92) Hill, D. & Jull, R.K., 1965. Note on Campophyllum flexuosum (Goldfuss).  Geological Magazine, 102, 206–212.
 * 93) Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T. (eds), 1965. Triassic fossils of Queensland.  Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1–32.
 * 94) Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T. (eds), 1966. Jurassic fossils of Queensland.  Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1–32.
 * 95) Hill, D., 1966. Memorial Walter Heywood Bryan, M.C., D.Sc. 1891–1966.  Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 13, 613–618.
 * 96) Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T. (eds), 1967. Devonian fossils of Queensland, Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1–32.
 * 97) Hill, D. & Maxwell, W.G.H., 1967. Elements of the stratigraphy of Queensland.  2nd ed., University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1–78.
 * 98) Hill, D., 1967. Obituary Walter Heywood Bryan.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 78, 113–114.v
 * 99) Hill, D., 1967. The sequence and distribution of Ludlovian, Lower Devonian, and Couvinian faunas in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.  Palaeontology, 10, 660–693.
 * 100) Hill, D., 1967. Phylum Archaeocyatha Vologdin 1937.  In: Harland, W. B. et al. (eds) The fossil record, Geological Society of London, London, 341–345.
 * 101) Hill, D., 1967. Devonian of eastern Australia.  In : International symposium on the Devonian System, Calgary, 1967, vol. 1, Oswald, D.H. (ed.), Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 613–630.
 * 102) Hill, D., 1968. The earth beneath Queensland.  Queensland Naturalists, 18, 97–105.
 * 103) Hill, D., 1968. Archaeocyatha.  In : Developments, trends and outlooks in palaeontology, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Journal of Paleontology, 42, 1358–1359.
 * 104) Hill, D., 1968. Palaeozoic corals.  In Developments, trends and outlooks in palaeontology, Moore, R.C. (ed.), Journal of Paleontology, 42, 1361.
 * 105) Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T. (eds), 1968. Cretaceous fossils of Queensland.  Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1–35.
 * 106) Hill, D., & Jell, J.S., 1969. On the rugose coral genera Rhizophyllum Lindstrom, Platyphyllum Lindstrom and Calceola Lamarck. Neues Jarbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Monatshefte, 1969 (9), 534–551.
 * 107) Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T. (eds), 1969. Ordovician and Silurian fossils of Queensland. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1–32.
 * 108) Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.), 1969. Devonian corals from the Ukalunda district, north Queensland. Publications of the Geological Survey of Queensland, 340, Palaeontological papers 16, 1–27.
 * 109) Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.), 1970. Redescription of the lectotypes of the Devonian tabulate corals Roemeria infundibulifera (Goldfuss), Roemeripora minor (Schlüter) and Favosites goldfussi d'Orbigny.  Geological Magazine, 107, 159–166.
 * 110) Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.), 1970. The Devonian coral fauna of the Point Hibbs Limestone, Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 104, 1–16.
 * 111) Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.), 1970. Revision of the coral fauna from the Devonian Douglas Creek Limestone, Clermont, central Queensland.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 81, 93–120.
 * 112) Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.), 1970. A redescription of the holotype of the Devonian rugose coral Utaratuia laevigata Crickmay.  Journal of Paleontology, 44, 833–835.
 * 113) Hill, D. 1970. The Great Barrier Reef.  In : Badger, G.M. (ed.), Captain Cook, navigator and scientist. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, 70–86.
 * 114) Hill, D. & Jell, J.S., 1970. The tabulate coral families Syringolitidae Hinde, Roemeriidae Pocta, Neoroemeriidae Radugin and Chonostegitidae Lecompte, and Australian species of Roemeripora Kraicz.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 83, 171–190.
 * 115) Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T. (eds), 1970. Cainozoic fossils of Queensland.  Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 36 p.
 * 116) Hill, D. & Jell, J.S., 1970. Devonian corals from the Canning Basin, Western Australia.  Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Western Australia, 121, 1–158.
 * 117) Hill, D., 1970. The fossils of Mt. Etna Limestone.  In : Sprent, J.K. (ed.), Mount Etna caves, University of Queensland Speleological Society, Brisbane, 37–38.
 * 118) Hill, D., 1971. The bearing of some upper Palaeozoic reefs and coral faunas on the hypotheses of continental drift.  Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 103, 93–102.
 * 119) Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T. (eds), 1971. Cambrian fossils of Queensland.  Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1–32.
 * 120) Hill, D., 1971. Tabulata. In : McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 403.
 * 121) Hill, D., 1971. Heterocorallia.  In: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 483.
 * 122) Hill, D., 1971. Spongiomorphida.  In : McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 9.
 * 123) Hill, D., 1972. Archaeocyatha.  In : Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part E, Vol. 1 (of 2), Archaeocyatha, 2nd ed., Teichert, C. (ed.), Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas, E1-158.
 * 124) Hill, D., 1972. Fossils. N.S.C.M. Geology Series, G14, Jacaranda Press, Brisbane, 91p.
 * 125) Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T. (eds), 1972. Permian fossils of Queensland.  (Revised edition), Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1–32.
 * 126) Hill, D., 1972. Edward Oswald Marks 1882–1971. Queensland Naturalist, 20, 124–129.
 * 127) Hill, D., 1972. The scientific work of Martin F. Glaessner, palaeontologist and historical geologist. Special Papers Centre Pre-Cambrian Research, University of Adelaide, 1, 1–11.
 * 128) Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T. (eds), 1972. Select bibliography of Queensland fossils. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1–15.
 * 129) Hill, D., 1973. Lower Carboniferous corals.  In : Hallam, A. (ed.), Atlas of palaeobiogeography, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 133–142.
 * 130) Hill, D., 1974. Carpentaria, Gulf of. Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed., Macropaedia 3, 951–952.
 * 131) Hill, D., 1974. Coral islands, coral reefs and atolls.  Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed., Macropaedia 5, 162–167.
 * 132) Hill, D., 1974. Eyre, Lake. Encyclopædia Britannica 15th ed., Macropaedia 7, 125–126.
 * 133) Hill, D., 1974. Great Barrier Reef.  Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed., Macropaedia 8, 299–300.
 * 134) Hill, D., 1974. Physiotherapy as a university subject in Queensland.  Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 20, 117–128.
 * 135) Hill, D., 1974. An introduction to the Great Barrier Reef.  In : Cameron, A.L. et al. (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Coral Reefs, vol. 2, The Great Barrier Reef Committee, Brisbane, 723–731.
 * 136) Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.), 1974. The microstructure of corals. Trudy Instituta Geologii Geofiziki, 201(1), 8–14, 267–268.
 * 137) Hill, D., 1975. Australia – Queensland.  In : Encyclopaedia of Earth Sciences vol. 8, of World Regional Geology.  Part 1, Western Hemisphere, Fairbridge, R.W. (ed.), Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, 56–61.
 * 138) Hill, D., 1976. A personal view of this university's history.  Queensland University News, 66, 2–3.
 * 139) Hill, D., 1976. The history and contemporary state of life sciences in Australian Universities.  I. Geology. The Australian University, 14, 84–98.
 * 140) Hill, D., 1978. Bibliography and index of Australian Palaeozoic corals.  Paper Department of Geology University of Queensland, 8(4), 1–38.
 * 141) Hill, D. & Willadsen, C., 1980. Bibliography of Australian geological serials and of other Australian periodicals that include geological papers.  Papers Department of Geology University of Queensland, 9(3), 1–76.
 * 142) Hill, D., 1980. Coral bibliographies of some 20th century British geologists including their coral, biostratigraphical and palaeontological papers.  Fossil Cnidaria, 9(2), 27–38.
 * 143) Hill, D., 1981. Rugosa and Tabulata.  In: Teichert, C. (ed.), Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Supplement 1, 2 vols, Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas, xi + 762 p.
 * 144) Hill, D., 1981. The first fifty years of the department of geology of the University of Queensland. Papers Department of Geology, University of Queensland, 10 (1), 1–68.
 * 145) Hill, D., 1981. Select list of biographies and bibliographies of workers on the taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Palaeozoic corals.  Fossil Cnidaria, 10 (2), 16–30.
 * 146) Hill, D., 1984. The Great Barrier Reef Committee, 1922–1982:  The first thirty years.  Historical Records of Australian Science,  6, 1–18.
 * 147) Hill, D., 1985. The Great Barrier Reef Committee, 1922–82.  Part II:  The last three decades.  Historical Records of Australian Science, 6, 195–221.
 * 148) Hill, D., 1987. Edwin Sherbon Hills:  31 August 1906 – 2 May 1986.  Elected F.R.S. 1954.  Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 33, 291–323.

title: Dorothy Hill


text:
Little Don River

The Little Don River also known as the Porter, is a tributary of the River Don in South Yorkshire, England. Arising on the Langsett Moors in the northern Peak District, the Little Don River feeds the Langsett and Underbank Reservoirs. It runs through the town of Stocksbridge before joining the River Don.

A 1.1 hectare section of the river has been designated as a site of special scientific interest since 1977. The site is of considerable importance as it is a proposed reference example for various subdivisions of the Carboniferous. It is one of 35 sites of special scientific interest in South Yorkshire.

Course
The Little Don rises as a large number of streams flowing northwards from Howden Edge, close to the 1640 ft contour, on Rushbed Moor and Harden Moor, which unite and then flow eastwards. It is soon joined by Loftwshaw Brook, which similarly starts as a number of streams on Rushbed Moor, but slightly further to the west, and follows a more northerly route before joining the Little Don. It is joined by Mickleden Beck and Haslingshaw, both of which flow northwards and join the right bank. Long Moor Beck flows eastwards and joins as the Little Don enters Swinden Plantation, and the moorland scenery gives way to woodland. The river loops to the north, where it is joined by Great Grain, and passes over a weir to enter Langsett Reservoir.

The reservoir was built as a joint venture by the corporations of Sheffield, Doncaster, Rotherham and Barnsley. Sheffield Corporation bought the site in 1898 (or 1889 - sources vary) from the Pilkington family, and also purchased a number of local farms which were then abandoned, in order to prevent contamination of the water supply. Work started on constructing the dam, and the dams of Midhope and Underbank Reservoirs, further downstream, simultaneously, and Langsett Reservoir was completed in 1904. It was officially opened on 17 October, and held the largest volume of water of the dams constructed in the Sheffield area. Transport of materials for the construction was aided by the Sheffield Corporation Railway, which ran along the north bank of the river from Stocksbridge. The dam crossed the valley at the eastern end of the reservoir, and Midhope Cliff Lane ran along the top of it. A treatment works and filters were constructed below the dam, and a spillway to maintain flow in the river ran from the northern edge of the dam. Ownership of the reservoir passed to the Yorkshire Water Authority in 1974, and following the passing of the Water Act 1989 and the privatisation of the water companies, it has been owned by Yorkshire Water. The reservoir covers 124 acre, the earth embankment that forms the dam is 1037 ft long and a maximum of 115 ft high, and it impounds over 1400 e6impgal of water. A new treatment works to replace those at Langsett and Midhope was constructed between 1983 and 1985, and can treat 60 Megalitres of water per day. It supplies drinking water to south-west Barnsley and north-west Sheffield.

A little further downstream, the Little Don is joined by Hagg Brook, a small stream that is fed by the overflow from Midhope Reservoir. There is another weir in the Little Don at Midhopestones, just before Midhopestones Bridge. This small bridge carried Mortimer Road over the river, and is constructed of coursed gritstone blocks. It has three arches, a large one in the centre and a smaller one at either side. It dates from 1788 and is grade II listed. Underbank Reservoir begins immediately below the bridge. While Langsett and Midhope reservoirs are used for water supply, Underbank provides compensation water for the Little Don and the Don. The volumes of water released were thought to be too high in 2017, as they had historically supplied the many industrial sites further down the Don. There is a spillway from the southern edge of the dam with a weir at the bottom, after which the river is crossed by Unsliven Bridge. A bridge was mentioned at this location in a charter which pre-dates 1290. The bridge that now stands there was erected around 1730, with a main arch and a smaller arch in the north abutment. It formed part of the route between Bradfield and Wakefield, on which traffic increased significantly during the industrial revolution. It was widened twice in the 18th century, and by 1796 was twice as wide as it had been. The northern approach was realigned in 1805, when the bridge became part of the Langsett, Wadsley, and Sheffield Turnpike. A toll bar was erected near the bridge, but was removed in 1838 when the Turnpike was repealed by Act of Parliament. The road to the north of the bridge was realigned as part of the work to build the reservoir dam. It has only been used by local traffic since the Manchester Road was moved further to the north.

The next bridge downstream carries the B6088 road over the river. Below that the course used to meander across its flood plain, but had then been straightened as it ran past Stocksbridge gas works and the iron and steel works, where it fed a small reservoir. By 1931, the steel works had extended much further up the valley, taking over the gas works site, and the river had been diverted into a new channel close to the B6088 road. In parts, it had been culverted, and as the steelworks has expanded, more of it has been diverted into culverts. The culverts are long and large with some short open-air sections, and are known as 36DD by the urban exploring community, probably because both Samuel Fox, the originator of the steel works, and the model Samantha Fox were known as Sam Fox. There is also a small section of culvert below the Fox Valley shopping centre. After emerging into the open again, it is crossed by the Stocksbridge Railway, which runs from Deepcar railway station into the steelworks. It was originally a subsidiary of Samuel Fox and Company but since 1992 it has been owned by the steelworks. It opened on 14 April 1877, and passenger services, which were mainly used by workers at the steelworks and pupils from Penistone Grammar School, ran until 1931. The final bridge carries the A6102 into Deepcar, after which the river flows into the left bank of the River Don.

Environment
The Environment Agency measure the water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish, and chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations. Chemical status is rated good or fail.

The water quality of the Little Don River system, which includes the Hagg Brook, was as follows in 2019. The river system has not been classed as good quality because of sewage discharges and physical modification of the channel, which restricts the movement of fish. Like many rivers in the UK, the chemical status changed from good to fail in 2019, due to the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and mercury compounds, none of which had previously been included in the assessment.

As well as barriers to the movement of fish, the river has also been affected by pollution from minewater and by the presence of the invasive species, the New Zealand mud snail. Pollution from minewater has been significantly reduced following the construction of a treatment plant by the Coal Authority. This is located between Langsett and Underbank reservoirs, and the minewater is pumped through it. There is a small amount of minewater which does not get processed by the plant, and a solution for this is being trialled by the Environment Agency, Yorkshire Water, and Highways England. In 2017, Yorkshire Water were assessing the amount of water discharged from the reservoirs into the river, with a view to altering them to more natural levels. Consideration has also been give to removing weirs, or providing fish passes where this is not reasonable. The provision of fish passes around the reservoir dams is not considered to be cost-effective, but installing one on a weir used for industrial water supply on the lower reaches of the river would increase the length of the Little Don accessible to fish from the Don twofold. Another fish pass, just above Langsett Reservoir, enables trout and other fish which were impounded within the reservoir to travel some 3.1 mi further upstream. It allows them to negotiate the weir, which was installed to trap gravel before the Little Don entered the reservoir. The fish pass is of the Larinier type, and construction was completed on 19 April 2018.

Prior to the pass being constructed, Yorkshire Water funded a research project, which involved implanting passive integrated transponder tags into fish, and then using fixed telemetry equipment to detect the movement of fish both upstream and downstream across the weirs. Fish from the reservoir were tagged, as were fish from the upper Little Don and Thickwoods Brook. Migration in both tributaries was thought to be impeded, as both have a weir just upstream from the reservoir. In order to provide control data, similar monitoring was carried out at Grimwith Reservoir in North Yorkshire where there are two tributaries with no weirs. The study showed that there was no detectable movement from the reservoir into the tributaries, and less than expected in the downstream direction. This research informed the decision to construct the fish pass on the Little Don.

title: Little Don River