text:
Talk:Muhammadu Buhari

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Wikipeep 494 05:59, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

One then wonders how Muslims can possibly be 60% of the population, as some allege..

 * "Then". I am not sure I understand the question. Are you saying this figure is too low or too high? There is a rather large number of Muslims in Yorubaland, too... —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 21:01, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

This page is incredibly biased, perhaps edited by Buhari himself? 134.173.90.120 09:29, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup of syntax, references, and inclusion of cross-references
I have tried to clean up some syntax, have added several Wikipedia cross-references, and have revised the references in this article. The following two references were included in the original reference section, but were not used in the article. Therefore, I have deleted these and placed them here for future reference, if needed.

 * CLYDE H. FARNSWORTH, "MAN IN THE NEWS; A NATIONALIST FOR NIGERIANS", The New York Times, January 2, 1984
 * We have no time to waste', Financial Times (London,England), February 25, 1985

In addition, I have added several "citation(s) needed" tags for a few statements in the "Later Years" section. These statements are biographical and need verification. Idunno271828 (talk) 06:10, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Fixing NPOV
I've put some effort into cleaning up the bias noted by another commenter here. This article was very heavy on unsourced praise and speculation and contained little reference to the wide criticism of Buhari's human rights record and economic policy. So I've removed the unsourced praise and added in details that seem to be more in keeping with the history texts and reportage on his regime. This one could use another look from an editor more knowledgeable about Nigerian history than I, however. And it could also just use a few watchers as this election gets closer--it's pretty clear Buhari's partisans have had free run of it until now. Khazar (talk) 17:58, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Good work! Thanks! Ankimai (talk) 08:26, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

suppression of well sourced informations
Hello,

Apparently there are some problems of understanding. I do not understand why some users have been suppressing information, which is true and well sourced. Just because it makes the article seem too negative? Didn't Mr. Buhari rose to power via a coup d'etat? The decrees he gave and the negative reaction of Amnesty International never happened? The purpose of Wikipedia is not to offer praise. If you have more positive informations to add to the article, go ahead. But do not delete true information on the basis that you don't like it. You can modify if you think it is too negative, but don't just suppress well sourced information. Thank you. Coccico2345 (talk) 18:37, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
 * No, because the content is not relevant and seems biased. Weegeerunner (talk) 18:39, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
 * What "relevant" means ? The content is true and sourced, that's all ! Coccico2345 (talk) 18:42, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
 * WP:Relevance Weegeerunner (talk) 18:45, 14 January 2015 (UTC)

NOT WELL SOURCED. Please NOTE that the disputed edits CONSTITUTES DEFAMATION, LIBELOUS CONTENT on wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.29.122.56 (talk) 20:13, 14 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Hello,

 * Forgive me for not having come here to explain my edits from the beginning, but I did not know the talk page existed.
 * I came across this article on Muhammadu Buhari as I'm currently writing my thesis on democracy in West Africa. So I found the page seriously lacked reliable and neutral information about Nigeria's democratic history.
 * Indeed, it's a well-known historical fact that Buhari participated in several coups. It's what put his name on the map in the first place. And the fact that this is not even mentioned in the introduction seems absurd and it goes against the principles Wikipedia stands for.
 * I saw that one could ask for a third opinion and that is what I intend to do because all my edits were done in good faith and in accordance with well-documented historical events. At the same time, I doubt your definition of defamation and libel. Not to mention that using aggressive capital letters will not help your credibility.
 * How could you argue that citing the New York Times from the 1980s, the BBC, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, the official text of the decrees passed by Buhari, academic papers or major Nigerian newspapers constitute "opposition research"?
 * In the meantime, I think I read somewhere that it's forbidden to undo revisions more than three times.
 * Passenger68 (talk) 13:06, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

There are ongoing legal proceedings regarding the libellous content in the disputed edits by Buhari's lawyers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.1.182.154 (talk) 14:21, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I've finally understood your aggressive tone and lack of objectivity as you just confessed of being an associate of Buhari. I'll try to find other wikipedia users to help settle this conflict. At the same time, I'd just like to remind you that you are breaking Wikipedia's 3-revert rule, but I think that respecting the rules of this community is the last thing on your mind now.
 * Anyway, let's let the community judge themselves. Hoping they're coming. Passenger68 (talk) 15:37, 15 January 2015 (UTC)
 * You haven't provided sufficient justification for reverting the edits made by . Just saying "not well sourced" and "libelous" is not a valid argument. You need to give specifics on the refs that you think are invalid and why you think they don't qualify as good wikipedia references. If you can't do that and if the refs back up the changes made by (which from what I have seen they do) then there is no justification for reverting the edits. It is a core Wikipedia principle that articles should include all information both good and bad about a topic if that information is properly sourced. Also, while I'm not familiar with the sources that  used I have Googled the topic and found that there are many references in sources that I routinely see used as references on Wikipedia such as Yahoo News, the BBC, and the Huffington Post for facts that were in the revised version such as that he came to power in a coup and has been suspected of corruption. Do you have any additional arguments to support reverting these changes? If not I think the version by  should be restored and future improvements should start from that version. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 17:23, 15 January 2015 (UTC)
 * and I'm trying to understand your objections to the edit. It seems one of the first additional facts in the changes made by  that keep getting reverted is the claim that Buhari came to power in a coup. The criticism I see stated above is that the source for that claim is not wp:reliable However, it seems to me that both versions still use the same source, namesly the URL: http://www.dawodu.com/buhari.htm  If you are claiming that this site is not a reliable source why have you left the existing information and why have you left this source in the version that you have reverted to? And if we are all in agreement that the dawodu site is a good reference then it  says: "The abysmal downward plunge of the already battered economy, the unmitigated corruption, greed, avarice, lack of public probity and accountability, hunger and abject poverty, and the aimless drifting of the ship of state which characterised the last days of the Second Republic prompted the Armed Forces to strike in the midnight of December 31, 1983 and installed Major General Muhammadu Buhari (then GOC 3rd Division, Jos) as the new Head of State." to me that clearly supports Passenger68's claim that Buhari "ruled Nigeria from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985, after taking power in a military coup d'etat."  92.1.182.154, I'm especially surprised that you would leave that site as a source since if I'm understanding you correctly you claim it is libelous. But it is quite possible I'm misunderstanding something and if so I apologize in advance.  Interested in your response. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 23:03, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Compelling point. Alright, I agree. With that logic, I see no reason to remove the content. Weegeerunner (talk) 23:23, 15 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for being so reasonable. I think we are getting close to a consensus. BTW, I think there were still issues with some of the changes in the version that did as well. I'm looking over his changes a bit more closely and think at least some of them need to be revised a bit or perhaps the earlier version was better. He is a new editor and I advised him in the future it is usually better when possible to make more numerous small changes rather than one huge change. Just want to be clear I don't see this as picking one version over the other and then casting that version in stone. But based on what you said and where most of the other editors seem to be my recommendation would be once the lock is taken off by the admins we revert back to Passenger68's version and then work forward by further evolving (or perhaps in some cases retracting) individual parts of his large number of edits that were all part of that revision. Does anyone disagree with that approach? --MadScientistX11 (talk) 00:40, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Hey! Thank you for your swift replies. I agree with that approach, since I'm new around here, let's touch base after the lock is lifted and work from there onwards.
 * Concerning the coup, I've found two more reliable sources to back up the claim that Buhari came to power in a coup:

 * NYTimes from January 1984

 * Buhari came to power after the overthrow of the civilian Government of President Shehu Shagari on Dec. 31

 * NYTimes from December 2014

 * Buhari, a Muslim northerner who overthrew a democratically elected president in 1983 and then himself was deposed in a coup in 1985, handily won primaries of a four-party opposition coalition, according to results Thursday.
 * Thanks for your support!
 * Passenger68 (talk) 10:09, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

To Passenger68, my tone is not aggressive, but LEGAL, VERY LEGAL. As I stated above that there are ongoing legal proceedings regarding the libellous content in the disputed edits by Buhari's lawyers. I am glad you quoted the NY times, you are trying to be very CLEVER. The libellous content is not about Buhari coming to power after the overthrow of the civilian Government of President Shehu Shagari on Dec. 31. You seem over interested in Buhari. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.17.218 (talk) 16:25, 16 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I suggest you take a look at these articles: Libel and No legal threats Wikipedia takes things like copyright and libel seriously. If you actually think that some content is libelous or is subject to a lawsuit currently in process you can go to that first article I linked to and there is a process to notify administrators who will take appropriate action. But other than that it is not appropriate to make general comments about libel and expect them to sway discussion on a talk page. People publish negative things about politicians and other famous people all the time. The goal of Wikipedia is to always have balanced and complete coverage on any topic and that includes negative things if they are properly sourced. If you have some relevant objection to a source or an objection that a particular fact is not actually supported by a source please describe them but if not then I think there is a consensus to restore 's changes which is what I plan to do when the edit block is lifted. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 16:39, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

Some problems with passenger68 editing of Buhari pofile 15 January 2015
I am a political analyst. I am touch typing. My team and I have checked every world and references in the disputed edits. What we found includes statements falsely or unknowingly referenced to the BBC News profile of Buhari and other sites. Wrong sources to quote or references. Biased in some places. Alsominor typos. Clearly, in our opinion the disputed edit of passenger68 is not from his or her thesis. Please see below.

Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources section
Passenger68 stated that during his tenure as Minister, $2,8 billion went missing from the accounts of the NNPC in Midlands Bank in the United Kingdom. Former President Ibrahim Babangida accused Buhari of being responsible for his fraud[14].. Wrong source to quote. Babangida never accused buhari. You can verify this with General Babaginda at his villa in Mina Niger state Nigeria. This is anti- Buhari propaganda
 * I will indent and italicize and sign all my replies. None of that is relevant to a Wikipedia article. Just saying some statement is " anti- Buhari propaganda" is not a rational argument. Asking people to check with some general in Nigeria... was that even serious? is clearly absurd. But even if it was a more reasonable request to talk to someone we had a rational chance to contact it is irrelevant and it demonstrates a basic lack of understanding of how Wikipedia works. Wikipedia is based on what is documented in reliable sources not on what one, a thousand or a million people happen to say in person or via some other communication. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 16:03, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Actually, in 1983, Shagari administration inaugurated the Crude Oil Sales Tribunal of Inquiry, headed by Justice Ayo Irikefe, to investigate allegations of N2.8 billion misappropriation from the NNPC account. The tribunal however found no truth in the allegations even though it noticed some lapses in the NNPC accounts. Our reference is Modalities for Coordinating Nigeria's Anti-Corruption Strategies, Constructive Engagement Vol.1 No.1, (2009)
 * I have downloaded that paper and have it up on my computer now. (If others are interested you can get it via a site called academia.edu or if you don't want to join that site contact me and I can email you a copy) Where specifically does it state in that report that there is no truth to the corruption allegations? So far I've just started looking at the report but it seems like just a general discussion about corruption but it is quite possible I just haven't seen the parts you are referring to yet. However, even if this report does confirm what you claim one counter reference does not invalidate the several others that currently exist. BTW, I've been looking at the existing references and plan to work with Passenger68 to make them stronger. But one ref does not invalidate all others. Also, we need to understand was this report commissioned by Buhari or one of his supporters? But even if this is a valid reference that supports what you say that is justification for having a new section or additional info that makes it clear there are other points of view here not for removing contradictory statements that are well supported by other references. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 16:21, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I looked through that paper in more detail. It seems to me to be a general discussion of issues causing corruption in Nigeria and an evaluation of various proposals for reform. I searched for the string "NNPC" (looking for confirmation of your claim that this report exonerates Mubaru from the charges related to that account) but that string doesn't occur once in the document. Can you provide a specific quote that supports your claim that the report " found no truth in the allegations "? --MadScientistX11 (talk) 22:06, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Head of State section
Passenger68, stated that at the same time, Buhari mounted an offensive against entrenched interests. About 500 politicians, officials and businessmen were jailed for corruption charges during his stewardship. Citation NEEDED
 * The way an issue like that is supposed to be dealt with is to add a citation needed tag to the statement. Not to simply revert it. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 16:24, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Here is a reference: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12890807 From that article: "The verdict on Mr Buhari's 20 months as Nigeria's leader is mixed. About 500 politicians, officials and businessmen were jailed as part of a campaign against waste and corruption." Note: I moved (in the version currently in my sandbox) the BBC reference to the end of the paragraph. It was in the middle so came before this one fact about the 500 jailed. The convention is if it supports multiple facts in a paragraph or section you just put it once at the and of that paragraph or section. Also, I removed the part of one sentence in that section that compared Buharism to fascism as I saw nothing in the BBC article that said "fascism". --MadScientistX11 (talk) 18:18, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

Economic policy Subsection
In this subsection Passenger68 reference the statement below to "Nigeria's Muhammadu Buhari in profile". BBC News. 17 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-20. “Immediately after taking offce, Buhari broke ties with the International Monetary Fund, when the fund asked the government to devalue the naira by 60%. To pay for the debt incurred by the previous administration, Buhari entered into a $2 billion barter trade agreement with four countries, trading 200,000 barrels of oil for capital goods, raw materials and equipment. This policy led to job losses and closure of businesses as prices rose and living standards slumped” This was never stated in the BBC News profile of Buhari
 * I agree with this one. I found nothing in the BBC article either to support this. we need to find a better source for this statement or remove it. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 17:21, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Foreign policy subsection
In this subsection passenger68 stated that In order to keep public finances in check, the government of Buhari instituted a ceiling on the maximum amount of nairas (20) that could be legally taken in or out of the country. NO PROOF, citation needed. We have REASERCHED this, what we found was that Buhari only carried out currency change. Passenger68 also stated here that” in this context, the Buhari administration was embroiled in a scandal concerning the fate of 53 suitacases, allegedly containing $700 million[34], owned by the Emir of Gwandu that were cleared through customs without inspection on his return flight from Saudi Arabia” THE LINK HE OR SHE REFRENCED SAYS SORRY BUT SOMETHING WENT WRONG. CITATION NEEDED
 * I agree with that one as well. Some of the references just go to page not found and need to be replaced or updated. and I  have been doing that already with a draft revised version. But saying things like "We have REASERCHED this, what we found was..." is not relevant for this kind of discussion. What you as an individual or group has determined by your own research is considered wp:original research. What matters is what you can document in good sources --MadScientistX11 (talk) 17:29, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Anyway, below is a response to the allegations written by Oluwarotimi Fashakin and published on Elombah.com: Owing to the damaging effect of currency trafficking outside the Nation’s shores, the Buhari administration decided to change the colors of the currency notes in April 1984. This yielded the desired result as N5Billion excess liquidity was mopped off! As a back-lash on this exercise, there was insidious story from a section of the media that the Buhari regime allowed the Emir of Gwandu, Alhaji Jokolo to bring in 53 suitcases during the currency change, thereby insinuating a case of double-standard. Let it be said from the onset, the opinion tenaciously held on to about this incident was what was sold to the unsuspecting Nigerian public by a section of the press. So much hoodwinked that Buhari's explanation had never been heard! This is what Buhari said about this: "This is a typical case of the press believing what they want to believe. I hope it is not a reflection of the Nigerian society. I hope one day you will find the time to interview the Vice President (Alhaji Atiku Abubakar) on this. I understand he was the Customs officer in charge of the Murtala Mohammed airport, perhaps he knows more about it than myself. I have explained this so many times but the press write what they want to write and not what is factual." Going down the memory lane, he added: "I recall the day in question. We were playing squash with my ADC when his father, the late Emir was returning to the country. He was a well-respected person. I prompted Jokolo to go and receive him even when he had no intention of doing so. By some coincidence his father was returning with my late chief of protocol who was an ambassador in Libya. He returned with his three wives and about 16 children. Everything about him including the handbag of his wives was counted as a suitcase. I explained this myself but nobody believed me." It is believed that these false allegations were cooked up by persons who secretly sought to discredit Buhari in order to overthrow him. Let him that have eyes read between the lines. Let those who falsely accuse an honest man have a rethink for it is the height of injustice.
 * Again, all that is irrelevant. Things like private conversations, upublished reports, absolutely do not count in any way as valid references or as relevant points in a debate about Wikipedia content. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 17:34, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

1985 coup and detention section
Passenger 68 stated here that declining living standards, attacks on political freedoms and the War against Intolerance were to blame. General Babangida claimed that Buhari failed to deal with the country’s economic problems and promised “to rejuvenate the economy ravaged by decades of government mismanagement and corruption”.The link is BLOCKED to readers. No other citation by passenger68. We have order a copy of the book to verify this.
 * There are two refs here. One seems to be a spam link to me but whatever it is I agree, I don't see how it supports the text and that ref should be either fixed to point to the relevant news story or removed. That link was identified already by Passenger69 and myself as needing repair. BTW, Here is our list of ref issues we are currently working on, many of these overlap the issues identified here: User_talk:Passenger68 The other is a book. Not all references have to be online. I've reserved the book and should have it within a week, although it could take longer, it was only available from a University library so may take some time to make it to me. If anyone knows of an online version of that book or of the relevant passages. Please let us know. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 18:18, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Return to politics and presidential runs section
Section title can be changed to politics with subsections for elections and campaigns Incitement of violence .seem like statements falsely referenced to the article"Nigerian Religious Leaders Advise Political Candidates".cfr.org. December 12, 2014. Passenger68 stated that the elections were marred by widespread sectarian violence, which claimed the lives of 800 people across the country, as Buhari’s supporters attacked Christian settlements in the country’s center regions[47]. The three day uprising wasblamed in part on Buhari’s inflammatory comments[47]. In spite of assurances from Human Rights Watch, who had judged the elections as “among the fairest in Nigeria’s history”, Buhari claimed that the poll was flawed and warned[47] that "If what happened in 2011 should again happen in 2015, by the grace of God, the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood". THIS IS NOT APPEAR IN THE REFRENCED ARTICLE BY CFR.ORG
 * I agree. At least one of the refs here doesn't seem to support the text and this needs to be revised or not added. I'm going to leave off commenting for now as I plan to spend some time trying to fix some of these references. Will comment more later. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 18:54, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * ''The comment about dogs, etc. was verified in an Al Jazeera article that Passenger68 found below and that I am adding as a ref for this seciton. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 19:37, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

''

Security challenges section
Biased editing. Passenger68 left out here that Buhari himself was a target of BOKO HARAM attack in July 2014.
 * ''This is also a good point. To my knowledge that is well documented and we should add that in to the section. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 14:51, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

''

Freedom of religion
Falsely or unknowingly referenced allegation to BBC News Profile of Buhari or citation needed. Passenger68 stated that “he had called on Muslims to vote for Muslim candidates and never vote for Christian presidents in previous elections”. THIS IS AN ALLEGATION AND FOR LEGAL REASONS SHOULD BE STATED AS SUCH.

There are also some minor problems with the human rights section.

PLEASE BE NEUTRAL IN EDITING. By Eric Ayodeji
 * I haven't documented each specific case but just wanted to point out that to the best of my knowledge every time there was a reference that went to a page not found error or to some spam site as documented above I have either deleted the reference in the version I'm working from as I make edits today or have found the archived version of the reference and used that as the URL. We've all been doing a lot of editing and it is quite possible I missed one or two so feel free to point it out if I did. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 19:05, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Buhari Wikipedia page update
Some sources I found this weekend :

Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources section
NNPC misuse of funds "Buhari's Decree 4, which led to his overthrow, was seen by Nigerians as an attempt to prevent the press from digging into a scandal which he was supposed to have known something about: the mysterious disappearance of the huge sum of N2.8 billion from the NNPC while it was under his supervision." page 90 " Not only did [Babangida]cite the suppression of the press public opinion and dissent as the main reason for the coup in which he toppled Buhari, but in his maiden national broadcast on August 27, 1985, Babangida abrogated Buhari's offensive Decree No. 4 and ordered the release of journalists imprisoned under it" - page 95 Page 41 - This followed evidence from an US accountancy firm that some 2.8 billion Naira (roughly US $4 billion) had not been accounted for by the bank records of the NNPC. The Irikife Tribunal, which investigated the matter, even failed to summon Generals Buhari and Obsanjo who were responsible for supervising the NNPC and controlled oil sales during the period in question. IBB in 2013 on Buhari: "We challenge him to come out with clean hands in those two portfolios he headed. Or, we will help him to expose his “records of performance during those periods. Those who live in glass houses do not throw stones. Gen. Buhari should be properly guided.” NNPC spokesman] "if General Buhari believes that such false information that is usually the subject of beer parlor gossip was true, would he rather that the Nigerian public believe that the allegation of missing $2.8 billion oil money against the NNPC under his watch as minister of Petroleum was true?"
 * Book by Ndaeyo Uko, Romancing the Gun: The Press as a Promoter of Military Rule
 * Oil in Nigeria: Conflict and Litigation Between Oil Companies and Village Communities
 * IBB Sets To Expose Buhari Over Missing $2.8B Oil MOney
 * IBB Hits Buhari Harder: Over $2.8Billion Was Stolen By Buhari and Seen In His UK Bank
 * Fraud allegations: NNPC accuses Buhari of “political mischief”
 * [http://leadership.ng/news/394893/nnpc-faults-buharis-allegation-says-dont-keep-2-account-books

Head of State section
About 500 politicians, officials and businessmen were jailed as part of a campaign against waste and corruption.
 * Nigeria's Muhammadu Buhari in profile

Economic Policy Subsection
Buhari rejected IMF conditions and imposed austerity on Nigeria: "Buhari proved his independence by pushing through economic austerity so severe that it went beyond what many advised - all the while he refused IMF assistance." "The Buhari regime […] refused to accept among other things: the hefty devaluation, which in this case was to be 60 percent of the Naira. Thus, when negotiations broke down in June 1984, Nigeria, cut off from Western credit, now in desperate need of raw materials for which there was no money, resorted to barter. Counter-trade agreements under which oil was exchanged for imports […] were signed with French, Austrian, Italian and Brazilian firms". More information about declining living standards under austerity measures passed during Buhari's tenure. However, his attempts to re-balance public finances by curbing imports led to many job losses and the closure of businesses.
 * Nigeria: Current Issues and Historical Background page 122
 * The International Monetary Fund: Politics of Conditional Lending - page 60
 * Nigerian Politics in the Age of Yar'Adua - page 148
 * The African Debt Crisis - page 59
 * Nigeria's Muhammadu Buhari in profile

Foreign policy subsection
Individuals were not allowed to leave the country with more than 20 naira: "Reporters at the western border with Benin today said Nigerian customs officials were searching the departing foreigners closely and refusing to let tiem carry out more than the 20 naira, or $17.65, allowed by law" "Earlier this month, a Frenchmen working in Nigeria was sentenced to five years in prison for carrying 431 naira - less than $600 at the official exchange rate, and only about $100 at the black-market rate - into the country. He said he had mistakenly taken the money with him when he went home on vacation and brought it back when he returned. No more than 20 naira can be legally taken from or brought into the country."
 * EXPELLED FOREIGNERS POURING OUT OF NIGERIA By The Associated Press
 * NIGERIA'S DISCIPLINE CAMPAIGN: NOT SPARING THE ROD

The 53 suitcases scandal: It is referenced at length in National Security Organization.
 * The Roots of Political Instability in Nigeria - page 15 provides an account of the scandal

1985 coup and detention section
"Buhari's Decree 4, which led to his overthrow, was seen by Nigerians as an attempt to prevent the press from digging into a scandal which he was supposed to have known something about: the mysterious disappearance of the huge sum of N2.8 billion from the NNPC while it was under his supervision." page 90 " Not only did [Babangida]cite the suppression of the press public opinion and dissent as the main reason fr the coup in which he toppled Buhari, but in his maiden national broadcast on August 27, 1985, Babangida abrogated Buhari's offensive Decree No. 4 and ordered the release of journalists imprisoned under it" - page 95
 * Twentieth Century Africa - Babadinga quote can be found on page 401
 * - Book by Ndaeyo Uko, Romancing the Gun: The Press as a Promoter of Military Rule

Return to politics and presidential runs section
2011 election There were other ominous signs of potential violence. Buhari’s warning of an “Egyptstyle” revolt if the elections were not free and fair was one. Buhari’s admonition that his supporters defend their votes was another. And his declaration that going to court to contest the elections would be a waste of his time provided his supporters with the unspoken alternative: take their protests to the streets. Indeed, the day of the presidential elections, Buhari claimed that the ruling party had rigged the election10 and violence started soon after INEC declared Jonathan the winner. Buhari did not immediately condemn the violence, fueling speculation of his role in inciting it." Rights group calls for ICC probe of Nigerian presidential candidate] A Nigerian human rights group on Monday asked the International Criminal Court to bring charges against Nigerian presidential candidate Muhammadu Buhari for post-election violence in 2011. THE Presidential Committee on Post-Election Violence in parts of the country, yesterday submitted its report stating that Congress for Progressive Change, CPC, Presidential Candidate, Major General Muhammadu Buhari’s provocative remarks played a role in the bloody violence that led to the death of 10 members of the National Youth Service Corps, NYSC, and hundreds of others after last April’s presidential polls. In 2011, Buhari was accused of inciting the violence that followed his loss to Jonathan. The following year, he said "the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood" should the 2015 election be rigged."
 * Nigeria: Post-Election Violence Killed 800 - Buhari supporters started the violence, claiming 800 lives
 * United States Institute of Peace
 * [http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/15/us-warcrimes-nigeria-icc-idUSKBN0JT1JA20141215
 * Post-election violence: FG panel report indicts Buhari
 * Will Muhammadu Buhari be Nigeria's next president?

Freedom of religion
As the year 2003 elections draw closer, former Head of State, General Muhammadu Buhari (rtd) has called on Muslims across the country to vote only for the presidential candidate that would defend and uphold the tenets of Islam.
 * Nigeria: 2003: Buhari Urges Muslims to Vote Upholders Islam

Passenger68 (talk) 08:34, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Statement in Politics section about Buhari being a folk hero to some
In the current politics section it says at the end about Buhari: "However, he remains a "folk hero" to some for his vocal opposition to corruption" The source for this is just a raw URL: http://www.nigeria70.com/nigerian_news_paper/former_military_ruler_muhammadu_buhari_gains_suppor/327652/ And when I go to that URL it is just a pointer with a link: "Read the rest of the story on Yahoo Nigerian News" and when I click on that link it takes me to the Washington Post site and says the file is not available. Can anyone provide a reference to back up that sentence? I plan to delete it as I rework this section but if someone can provide a good ref I will leave it in. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 18:39, 19 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I left that statement in for now but I think it needs to be verified or removed eventually. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 19:48, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Freedom of Religion Section
What is currently reference 68: "Buhari: I believe in freedom of religion.Buhari". goes to an error. However, the next reference does confirm it so I plan to leave that statement although I will delete ref 68. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 20:13, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

This Article was mentioned in Teahouse question
Since this article is clearly generating a lot of editing by people with different points of view I want to be as open as possible about all changes and discussions so just want to mention I created a teahouse question about the article and about the recent changes here: Teahouse/Questions --MadScientistX11 (talk) 16:00, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

Buhari and the Coup
There were a bunch of changes made by two IP editors recently. On an article like this I think it is irresponsible to just make mass changes like that without discussing on the talk page. If you look above you will see voluminous discussion that came before the changes I made prior to the IP users. One of the edits that IMO was clearly in bad faith was this change: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammadu_Buhari&diff=prev&oldid=643372835 by there is a source that comes right after the edited text: http://books.google.com/books?id=hTs6GpM4zDMC&q=121#v=snippet&q=121&f=false that says (p. 121) "the leader of the coup was Buhari" which clearly contradicts the change made by  where he says "Major-General Buhari did not take part in the coup". I'm going to re-edit this and change it back. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 16:09, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

New informations I can't add
Hello everyone !

I tried to add some new informations on the page and I don't know why, I can't. It seems there is a filter on me or on my edit. As nobody is answering me on the False positives page, here I am. This is what I was trying to add, I don't think it is vandalism (at the end of his political career) :

Thanks to the help of Gilbert Chagoury, a Lebanese-Nigerian businessman and friend of APC leader Ahmed Tinubu, Muhammadu Buhari's campaign was ran by former Obama campaign manager David Axelrod and his AKPD consultancy. Gilbert Chagoury allegedly used his relationship with Bill Clinton to persuade Axelrod to take on the job of advising Buhari.

In February 2015, former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo quit the ruling PDP party and threw his support behind the Buhari/Osinbajo ticket.

Is there a problem with those informations (I found those on Google news) ? --Mirbayed (talk) 09:52, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Hello Mirbayed, those informations seem good to me, I'll try to add them to see what happen. Coccico2345 (talk) 09:54, 4 March 2015 (UTC)
 * It worked with me. There were some mistakes in your sources, maybe this is the reason. Coccico2345 (talk) 10:05, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Buhari wins presidential election march 2015
according to the media president goodluck jonathan has called buhari on 31 march 2015 to congratulate him, accepting defeat in the general election — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.29.124.102 (talk) 17:50, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

Surname
This article makes it unclear whether his father had the same surname. --YOMAL SIDOROFF-BIARMSKII (talk) 15:19, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 April 2015
Hello, reference 34 that supports the discussion of Fela Kuti leads to a page not found. Please change the link to. Thank you

Hedd0026 (talk) 22:35, 1 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Stickee (talk) 23:45, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

Was Fela Kuti sentenced to 5 or 10 years in prison?
The articles states that, "Using the wide powers bestowed upon it by Decree Number 2, the government sentenced Fela to 10 years in prison." This is supported by an obituary in the Guardian. However, other sources, such as the New York Times, Amnesty International , the Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century and a separate Guardian piece claim that he was only sentenced to 5 years in prison. I think this is sufficient evidence to suggest that the Guardian obituary is incorrect and that Fela Kuti was only sentenced to 5 years in jail. Hedd0026 (talk) 22:58, 1 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I've fixed the article. Stickee (talk) 23:47, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 April 2015
You can use this picture:

Buhari.jpg — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChuckEngel (talk • contribs) 14:17, 2 April 2015 (UTC)

Political career and 2015 elections should be separate sections not subsection to one another
political career and 2015 elections are two different things. Election has a different meaning from career, 2015 elections should be separated into a different sections AND NOT a subsection. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.31.202.228 (talk) 12:14, 4 April 2015 (UTC)

TITLE POLITICAL VIEWS INCORRECT SHOULD BE REMOVED OR EDIT REVERTED
Freedom of Religion is not a political view. It is a religious one. Also with regards to security challenge, it is a challenge the country Nigeria has been and is facing, not a view. Again definition of challenge differs from view. Title should be removed or edit reverted. Please edit wisely. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.31.202.228 (talk) 13:03, 4 April 2015 (UTC)

Transfer of power from Jonathan to Buhari not an issue in Nigeria as power has been transferred in the past from military/civilian leaders to civilian leaders
Edits are fine. Transfer of power from Jonathan to Buhari is not an issue in Nigeria as power has been transferred in the past from military/civilian leaders to civilian leaders. It should be left out — Preceding unsigned comment added by Giantsofnigeria (talk • contribs) 13:12, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

 * All right. In a parliamentary system, the leader of the opposition is the fellow who becomes PM if s/he wins. In a presidential system, this is only the opposition candidate. These other edits are grammar edits. Mesh22 (talk) 13:23, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

 * It is important to note that what you kept reverting was "a sitting government peacefully transferred power to the opposition by democratic means". This has never happened in Nigerian history. In situations where there was power transfer by democratic means, this transfer was not to the opposition. The OBJ military govt had this transfer to civilian rule as its mandate, same could be said for the Abdulsalami government. Letting this lie but no opposition has ever successfully got power in Nigerian history by wholly democratic means. Mesh22 (talk) 13:27, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

Environmental sanitation day
"This practice has been ongoing for 31 years, since March 1984. That was when the 3-month-old military government of Major General Muhammadu Buhari enacted its War Against Indiscipline (WAI) law by military decree. Environmental Sanitation was a part of the WAI law." http://allafrica.com/stories/201507130604.html 2601:600:8500:B2D9:61AA:44C3:A9F6:D65B (talk) 07:53, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

Buhari, NMTC, NDA and Mons Officer Cadet School
A previous note in the Military section read "in February 1964, the college [NMTC] was renamed the Nigerian Defence Academy. I included more information explaining why Buhari was sent to Mons instead of the NDA which the NMTC was upgraded to after Buhari's commissioning. Buhari was sent to an allied military academy in UK as part of the Nigerian government's policy. This is relevant and encyclopedic information that helps readers to connect the dots between the NMTC, what it morphed into (NDA), and why Buhari received his officer cadet training at Mons. Please don't delete relevant and encyclopedic information. Kunkuru (talk) 12:41, 10 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Kunkuru, please let others contribute. You misquote footnote 1&2 p235 of the reference book cited (The Nigerian Military a Sociological Analysis of Authority & Revolt 1960-1967 By Robin Luckham), the footnotes on page 235properly states:

footnote 1: The preliminary selection and training courses for officers cadet had been at the African command training school at teshie in ghana. Cadets passing out from this school(and later from the NMTC) were sent to England for further training at sandhurst, Eaton Hall or Mons

footnote2 which I quoted states: The Defence Academy established in 1964 provided a full three years cadet training, unlike NMTC, which only provided preliminary training prior to the sending of cadets to England — Preceding unsigned comment added by Giantsofnigeria (talk • contribs) 04:44, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

User talk:Giantsofnigeria - you are ill informed about his subject. You repeatedly deleted encyclopedic information that was relevant to the Muhammadu Buhari military career section claiming that it was irrelevant. I repeat, the Nigerian government had a policy of sending NMTC graduates to allied academies around the world and not just British ones. Luckham is just one of many sources referenced. Dan Agbese is another. You are now using Luckham as the sole source when there are multiple sources. Lukham is but one perspective that sheds light on British military academies and the officer training they provided to NMTC graduates. Ibrahim Babangida who is Buhari's junior by a couple of months was sent by the Ministry of Defence to the Indian Military Academy in Dera Dune. Is the Indian Military Academy not an allied academy? Is it British? No. Allied? Yes. Others such as General Magoro and Gen Gaba Duba also received their officer training at the Indian Military Academy. Please get your hands on Dan Agbese's book at a local library before you delete encyclopedic information. Here's another source for you: http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/the-nigerian-defence-academy-a-pioneer-cadets-memoir/. I quote "The Nigeria Military Training College (NMTC), Kaduna No. 8 Course was to have started in September 1963. The initial training was to have been for four months in NMTC Kaduna after which the successful cadets were to proceed to various foreign military institutions for the detailed officers’ course and commissioning. For instance, I could have been admitted into Course No. 7 if my result in the 1962 entrance examination had not come to me after the interview had ended. - See more at: http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/the-nigerian-defence-academy-a-pioneer-cadets-memoir/#sthash.Oo9A0qMO.dpuf". Please read before deleting.

you can read cant you?? It is from the book you initially referenced p235 footnote 1 & 2, now you say it is ill informed. We are talking of cadet training here!! officer cadets were sent to England during that period for officer cadet trainning. The other courses you talked about ARE NOT cadet training, for that period in question. Keep the edit simple and properly for readers on buhari wiki profile — Preceding unsigned comment added by Giantsofnigeria (talk • contribs) 06:18, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

freedom of religion
Buhari made the freedom of religion statement in January 2015 while campaigning in Nigeria. It has been put in the 2015 election campaign subsection. Buhari has NOT made any religious policy as of 1st October 2015.please do not remove — Preceding unsigned comment added by Giantsofnigeria (talk • contribs) 10:41, 1 October 2015 (UTC)

Graf 1988 publication title not included in reference section
The publication title for graff 1988 which was used about five times is not included in the reference section. We believe it may have been taken or cited from another book or publication by User Alexplaugh12 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Giantsofnigeria (talk • contribs) 06:35, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

Look friend, I am here to help build wikipedia, if you are here to improve the article feel free. I don't understand the concept of "we believe" so not interested in telling you the title. just to give you heads up, the military career section will be changed to early military career. It was written like that to divide the article into two major sections, his political career and his military one. But now the article is looking more in a chronological order. They may still be improvements in the article because the final goal will likely change many things because it is to bring it under a good article review. I will prefer we cooeprate, the title of the article is under [|sources], I use it because it is easier and saves space in the main articleAlexplaugh12 (talk) 12:04, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

Note to edit-warriors
Why not take this admin-imposed ceasefire to discuss de-/merits of your pet edits? Mesh22 (talk) 12:14, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Agreed. If edit warring resumes after protection expires I will look at blocks. --Neil N  talk to me 13:25, 3 October 2015 (UTC)
 * , yes that would be better. --OluwaCurtis »» (talk to me) 15:28, 3 October 2015 (UTC)

Edit warring
, as an administrator, I expect you revert edits with explanations through the talk page or the user's talk page. Your reverts look like edit warring to me. Regards!! —OluwaCurtis »» (talk to me) 16:39, 2 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Buhari"
Is "Buhari" a surname or a second name? --YOMAL SIDOROFF-BIARMSKII (talk) 22:54, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Health Concerns
I had my addition of current health status reverted and would like the article to reflect his condition and return status. --Wikipietime (talk) 18:18, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 19 September 2018
Remove "an unfortunate fool who happens to be" in the first statement of the page. The description provided is disrespectful and should not be published. It is one thing to express one's thoughts in private speech and another thing to put disrespectful descriptions on such a public domain. Cabuckm14 (talk) 18:58, 19 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Thank you –Ammarpad (talk) 19:29, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

Criticism
Many Nigerians complain that Buhari is incompetent and has failed to stop the war against boko haram. During his time as president of Nigeria Many terror groups have risen in zamfara,kaduna and benue. There is also claims that buhari has no idea of what’s going on in the country and he is being controlled by the Cabal. Azzakisaleh (talk) 21:09, 20 May 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 July 2019
It's neccesary to add the information about the massacres that occurs durings his current presidency. Include the unlawful well documentated detention of Ibrahim Zakzaky.

In the section "Presidency (2015–present)" we must add a subsection called Massacres against Civil people. The quote is in Amnesty International website https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/04/nigeria-military-cover-up-of-mass-slaughter-at-zaria-exposed/ Pepebeto2000 (talk) 19:05, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

 * ❌. It's not clear what you want to add.  Edit requests need precise text to add or change so that editors unfamiliar with the article can process them.  Otherwise, you can always start a new section with a more general request.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 02:17, 19 July 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:06, 20 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Buharii.jpg

President Muhammad Buhari, I want to meet with you in your office aso villa, Abuja in this year 2020. Its very important we renovate federal secretariat. I will be expecting your invitation 2020 this week july — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.190.12.118 (talk) 21:22, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

Flags.
What are these flags on the photo? --Yomal Sidoroff-Biarmskii (talk) 22:34, 22 September 2020 (UTC)

Gallery Removal
I once added a gallery section to this article with photos of subject obtainable from wiki commons. Why has the Gallery been removed? and why is there no time stamp for that action? B Enkay 45 (talk) 05:20, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Second inauguration of Muhammadu Buhari into Muhammadu Buhari
CFORK stub. Could also be merged into Presidency of Muhammadu Buhari  // Timothy :: talk  20:26, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 12:44, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muhammadu Buhari


text:
Colorado State Highway 125

State Highway 125 (SH 125) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Colorado. The highway runs north–south through Jackson and Grand counties in north central Colorado. It furnishes the principal north–south link through North Park and a connection to Middle Park over Willow Creek Pass. It is two-lane along its entire route. SH 125's southern terminus is at U.S. Route 40 (US 40) west of Granby, and the northern terminus is at Wyoming Highway 230 (WYO 230) at the Wyoming border.

Route description
At the northern end, the highway begins at the Wyoming state line, where it is contiguous with Wyoming Highway 230. It follows the North Platte River and Michigan River southward through Cowdrey and Walden, the county seat of Jackson County and the largest community along the road. At Walden it intersects State Highway 14. South of Walden, it crosses the southern end of North Park along the valley of the Illinois River, a tributary of the Michigan. It passes the unincorporated community of Rand, then ascends into the mountains and crosses the continental divide at Willow Creek Pass (elevation 9621 ft), one of the lowest crossings of the continental divide in Colorado. On the south side of the pass it descends the sparsely populated valley of Willow Creek into Middle Park. It terminates at its southern end at U.S. Highway 40 two miles (3.2 km) west of Granby.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Colorado State Highway 125


text:
Coat of arms of Ireland

The coat of arms of Ireland is blazoned as Azure a harp Or, stringed Argent (a gold harp with silver strings on a blue background). These arms have long been Ireland's heraldic emblem. References to them as being the arms of the king of Ireland can be found as early as the 13th century. These arms were adopted by Henry VIII of England when he ended the period of Lordship of Ireland and declared Ireland to be a kingdom again in 1541. When the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in 1603, they were integrated into the unified royal coat of arms of kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland. The harp was adopted as the emblem of the Irish Free State when it separated from the United Kingdom in 1922. They were registered as the arms of Ireland with the Chief Herald of Ireland on 9 November 1945.

The depiction of the harp has changed over time. When the arms were restored as the arms of the independent Irish state in 1922, a late-medieval Gaelic harp (a cláirseach), the Trinity College Harp, was used as a model.

Several variants of the arms of Ireland exist, including a heraldic badge and an infrequently used crest and torse. The Lordship of Ireland, the medieval realm of Ireland that existed between 1171 and 1541 under the English crown, had a separate arms, which are blazoned Azure, three crowns in pale Or, bordure Argent (three golden crowns ordered vertically on a blue background with a white border). A variant of the arms of the ancient royal province of Meath were also apparently used at one time as the arms of Ireland.

History
As heraldry is essentially a feudal art, it was not until the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 that Irish coats of arms came into being, several decades after the art began to take seed in England and continental Europe. The earliest reference to a herald of arms for Ireland was in 1392 on the creation of the first Ireland King of Arms. The Ireland King of Arms, which was under the English College of Arms, was succeeded by an independent Ulster King of Arms, and an Athlone Pursuivant, in 1552, which despite its name had jurisdiction for arms over all of Ireland. In 1943, the Ulster King of Arms was merged with the Norroy King of Arms in England to form the Norroy and Ulster King of Arms. The office of the Chief Herald of Ireland was created as successor to the Ulster King of Arms and the arms of Ireland were registered by the Chief Herald of Ireland on 9 November 1945.

However, reference to the harp as the arms of the king of Ireland can be found in one of the oldest medieval rolls of arms. The Wijnbergen Roll, a French roll of arms dating from c. 1280 and preserved in The Hague, Netherlands, attributed "D'azure a la harpe d'or" (Blue with a harp of gold) to the King of Ireland ("le Roi d'Irlande"). The harp, traditionally associated with the biblical King David, was a rare charge on medieval rolls and only two arms with a harp are listed in a collection of 19 early rolls. Triangular devices appeared on medieval Irish coinage by kings John and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. These devices may have been crude harps or it may be that the harp developed from the use of triangles to distinguish Irish coins. The idea of a harp being the arms of Ireland may have originated as a reference to a fictional character, le roi d'irelande, in the courtly legend cycle of Tristan. Alternatively, it may have derived from a celebrated 13th century bardic poem, Tabhroidh Chugam Cruit mo Riogh, dedicated to Donnchadh Cairbreach O'Briain (d. 1242), a Gaelic King of Thomond.

Whatever its origins, the harp was adopted as the symbol of the new Kingdom of Ireland, established by Henry VIII, in 1541. A document in the Office of the Ulster King of Arms, from either the late reign of Henry VIII or the early reign his son of Edward VI, states that they were the arms of the kingdom of Ireland. The arms were incorporated into the unified Royal Coats of Arms of England, Ireland and Scotland upon the Union of the Crowns of the three kingdoms in 1603. Upon the secession of the Irish Free State from the United Kingdom in 1922, the harp was taken as the emblem of the independent Irish state.

Today, the image of the harp is used on the coins, passports and official seals of Ireland and is incorporated into the emblems of many bodies in Northern Ireland, such as the Police Service of Northern Ireland. The harp is frequently incorporated into the emblems of Irish companies, such as Guinness and Ryanair. It appears on the arms of countries with historical links to Ireland or the United Kingdom, such as Montserrat and Canada. In 1984, exemplars of the modern design, approved by the Chief Herald, were registered by the Government of Ireland with the World Intellectual Property Organization under Article 6ter of the Paris Convention, which relates to state emblems. Images: IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7 IE8 IE9 IE10 The government only registered "left-facing" images, with the harp's sound board on the right. While the Attorney General's office felt that right-facing images should also be registered, patent agents advised this might be interfere with Guinness Brewery's use of such harps in its logo since the 1870s.

Presidential standard
As well as being the arms of Ireland, since 1945 the harp is the arms of each president of Ireland whilst in office. Typically, the arms are borne as a banner in the form of a presidential standard. The standard is flown over Áras an Uachtaráin, the president's residence in Dublin, at Dublin Castle, when the president is in residence and on vehicles used by the president. Like other presidential and royal standards, it is never flown at half mast. However, the Presidential Standard never takes precedence over the flag of Ireland, whereas, for example, the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom takes precedence over the flag of the United Kingdom.

Previous arms

The Lordship of Ireland, the medieval realm of Ireland that existed between 1171 and 1541 under the English crown, had separate arms. A commission of Edward IV in c. 1467–8 into the arms of Ireland found them to be blazoned Azure, three crowns in pale Or, bordure Argent (three golden crowns ordered vertically on a blue background with a white border). The association of these arms with Ireland is likely to have originated with Irish magnates (both Norman and Gaelic) who fought in Edward I's Scottish wars at the turn of the 14th century. These were the arms of Edmund the Martyr, which the Irish lords adopted as their banner in the same way as English lords identified with the banner of St. George. However, these arms were also well known in other medieval contexts and are often attributed to King Arthur.

It is believed that the three crowns were abandoned as the arms of Ireland after Henry VIII's split with the Papacy. Strictly speaking, following the Norman invasion of the 12th century, Ireland was a feudal possession of the Pope under the overlordship of the English monarch. The decision to change the three crowns arms may have sprung "from an idea that they might denote the feudal sovereignty of the pope" — whose tiara has three crowns — "whose vassal the king of England was, as lord of Ireland."

Despite this, the memory of the three crowns arms may have remained for a time with one Elizabethan variant of the harp, sometimes found on coins, maps and seals as early as 1562, using of the three harps, one replacing each of the three crowns of the lordship's arms. This appears to have been a creation of the newly established Ulster King of Arms and never captured the popular imagination sufficiently to replace the single Harp arms that was in use from the reign of Henry VIII. Thus, at the funeral cortège of Elizabeth I in 1603 depicted in a manuscript at the British Library, the Earl of Clanrickarde is shown carrying the banner of Ireland just as in the Wijnbergen Roll.

A variant of arms of the royal province of Meath were also apparently used at one time as the arms of Ireland. Meath, now a part of the province of Leinster was once the province of the High Kings of Ireland. Its arms are of a king sitting on a throne on a blue field. The variant apparently used as the arms of Ireland were of a majesty on a sable (black) background instead of an azure (blue) field.

Achievement
The design of the harp used by the modern Irish state is based on the Brian Boru harp, a late-medieval Gaelic harp now in Trinity College Dublin. The design is by an English sculptor, Percy Metcalfe. Metcalfe's design was in response to a competition held by the state to design Irish coinage, which was to start circulation in December 1928. Metcalfe's design became the model for future official interpretations of the harp as an emblem of the state.

The modern design is markedly different from earlier depictions. During the 17th century, it became common to depict the harp with a woman's head and breasts, like a ship's figurehead, as the pillar.

It is not necessary to show a full complement of thirty strings, provided that the numbers do not fall below nine (notwithstanding the illustration to the left). The strings are always silver and the harp is always gold.

The harp is shown on a blue background. The colour of the field is sometimes called St. Patrick's blue, a name applied to shades of blue associated with Ireland. In current designs, used by the UK and Irish states, the field is invariably a deep blue. The use of blue in the arms has been associated with Gormfhlaith, a Gaelic mythological personification of Ireland. The word Gormfhlaith is a compound of the Irish words gorm ("blue") and flaith ("sovereign"); it is noted in early Irish texts as the name of several queens closely connected with dynastic politics in the 10th and 11th century Ireland. The National Library of Ireland, in describing the blue background of the arms, notes that in early Irish mythology the sovereignty of Ireland (Flaitheas Éireann) was represented by a woman often dressed in a blue robe.

A crest, which was little used, is thought to have been created for the ascension of James I. This crest was blazoned: A tower triple towered or, from the portal a hart springing argent, attired and unguled also or. The torse was Or and azure. The torse and crest were apparently little used even during the period of the Kingdom of Ireland. Unlike Scotland, Ireland did not reserve the right to bear a distinct coat of arms within the United Kingdom. The crest and torse are not employed by the Irish state today.

Historically, the harp was frequently seen surmounted by a crown. In this case, the depiction is as heraldic badge, a device used to indicate allegiance to or the property of someone or something. Elizabeth I used the badge as her second Great Seal of 1586. This motif had earlier featured of the coins of the Lordship of Ireland during the Tudor period and continued to be used on the coins of the Kingdom of Ireland. Following the creation of the United Kingdom, the device was used on the cap badges of the Royal Irish Constabulary and later the Royal Ulster Constabulary. The badge can be seen today on the cap badge of the Royal Irish Regiment of the British Army. The harp, unsurmounted by a crown, is used as a badge in Ireland today, but the harp surmounted by a crown is also found (e.g. in 'colours' ties of Trinity College sports teams).

Supporters and motto

The arms of Ireland are without supporters. However, historically, some depictions of the arms have been accompanied by various supporters. For example, during the late Tudor period, depictions of the arms appeared accompanied by a dragon and a lion, representing Wales and England. The Tudors were monarchs of England but of Welsh descent. In later centuries, following the union of the crowns of England and Scotland, depictions appeared accompanied by a lion and a unicorn, representing England and Scotland. Other depictions included two stags, representing Ireland, or a stag and a lion. However, none of these were ever a part of the blazon and should be interpreted in terms of artistic licence.

Several mottos associated with Ireland and have also been used alongside representations of the harp, including the patriotic slogan, Erin Go Bragh (Ireland Forever), Quis separabit? (Who will separate [us]?), the motto of the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick, and It is new strung and shall be heard, the motto of the Society of United Irishmen. However, no heraldic motto has ever been granted to Ireland and none ever accompanies the coat of arms.

Green flag

As well as the coat of arms, which shows the harp on an Azure (blue) field, Ireland has long been associated with a flag also bearing the harp. This flag is identical to the coat of arms but with a green field, rather than blue, and is blazoned Vert, a Harp Or, stringed Argent (a gold harp with silver strings on a green field).

The earliest-known record of the green flag is attributed to Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill, a 17th-century exile and soldier in the Irish brigade of the Spanish army. His ship, the St. Francis, is recorded as flying from her mast top "the Irish harp in a green field, in a flag" as she lay at anchor at Dunkirk en route to Ireland. Ó Néill was returning to Ireland in order to participate in the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–1653), during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (a series of civil wars engulfing England, Ireland and Scotland), where he would contribute as a leading general. Variants of the green flag were flown by United Irishmen during the 1798 Rebellion and by the Irish émigré in foreign armys, such as the Irish Brigade of the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–1865) and Saint Patrick's Battalion in the Mexican Army during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848).

Although the Kingdom of Ireland never had an official flag, this flag is recorded as the flag of Ireland by 18th- and 19th-century sources. It was used as a naval jack and as the basis for the unofficial green ensign of Ireland, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries. The flag is identical to the arms of the province of Leinster. It is believed that the Leinster arms are derived from it, rather than the other way around.

Arms and Flag of the Four Provinces

The arms of the four traditional provinces of Ireland are popularly displayed quartered as arms of Ireland. The quartering is usually in the order Leinster first, Connacht second, Ulster third and Munster fourth. The resulting arms are frequently displayed in the form of a banner. They also appear as charges in other arms and emblems. For example, the arms of the Genealogical Office, which is headed by the Chief Herald of Ireland, are the four provinces shown quartered beneath a chief Gules, charged with a Tudor Portcullis Or between two Scrolls Argent (a red band with a gold Tudor portcullis between two silver scrolls).

The arms of Leinster (Vert, a Harp Or, stringed Argent) are believed to have likely evolved from the arms of Ireland itself with a change of tincture. Similarly, Munster's arms (Azure, three antique crowns Or) are thought to have been derived from those of the former Lordship of Ireland, or from the short-lived dukedom of Ireland created for Robert de Vere in 1386. The crowns now usually depicted as "antique" or "eastern": a gold rim with eight sharp, triangular rays, of which five are seen.

The arms of Ulster are the arms of the de Burgh, Earls of Ulster, combined with the red hand seal of the O'Neills. These two dynasties and symbols are inseparably linked to Ulster. The combination of them is blazoned Or, on a Cross Gules, an inescutcheon Argent, charged with a dexter hand erect aupaumee and couped at the wrist Gules.

Finally, Connacht's arms are blazoned Party Per Pale Argent and Azure, in the first an eagle dimidiated and displayed Sable in the second issuant from the partition an arm embowed and vested, the hand holding a sword erect, all Argent. These are believed to have been adopted from the arms of the medieval Schottenklöster (Gaelic monastery) in Regensburg, Germany. The arms of the Regensburg Schottenklöster, which date from at least the 14th century, combined the arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (from whom the abbey received protection) dimidiated with a symbol that may be linked with the crest of the O'Brien dynasty arms (an 11th-century O'Brien is listed as the "fundator" of the abbey). The arms may have been granted to Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht and the last High King of Ireland before the Norman invasion, by the abbey as a gift to return his patronage. The arms were given as the "old tyme arms" of Ireland by the Athlone Pursuivant, Edward Fletcher, c. 1575 and, with slight change of tinctures, became the arms of Connacht in the seventeenth century.

title: Coat of arms of Ireland


text:
Frobenius group

In mathematics, a Frobenius group is a transitive permutation group on a finite set, such that no non-trivial element fixes more than one point and some non-trivial element fixes a point. They are named after F. G. Frobenius.

Structure
Suppose G is a Frobenius group consisting of permutations of a set X. A subgroup H of G fixing a point of X is called a Frobenius complement. The identity element together with all elements not in any conjugate of H form a normal subgroup called the Frobenius kernel K. (This is a theorem due to ; there is still no proof of this theorem that does not use character theory, although see .) The Frobenius group G is the semidirect product of K and H:
 * $$G=K\rtimes H$$.

Both the Frobenius kernel and the Frobenius complement have very restricted structures. proved that the Frobenius kernel K is a nilpotent group. If H has even order then K is abelian. The Frobenius complement H has the property that every subgroup whose order is the product of 2 primes is cyclic; this implies that its Sylow subgroups are cyclic or generalized quaternion groups. Any group such that all Sylow subgroups are cyclic is called a Z-group, and in particular must be a metacyclic group: this means it is the extension of two cyclic groups. If a Frobenius complement H is not solvable then Zassenhaus showed that it has a normal subgroup of index 1 or 2 that is the product of SL(2,5) and a metacyclic group of order coprime to 30. In particular, if a Frobenius complement coincides with its derived subgroup, then it is isomorphic with SL(2,5). If a Frobenius complement H is solvable then it has a normal metacyclic subgroup such that the quotient is a subgroup of the symmetric group on 4 points. A finite group is a Frobenius complement if and only if it has a faithful, finite-dimensional representation over a finite field in which non-identity group elements correspond to linear transformations without nonzero fixed points.

The Frobenius kernel K is uniquely determined by G as it is the Fitting subgroup, and the Frobenius complement is uniquely determined up to conjugacy by the Schur-Zassenhaus theorem. In particular a finite group G is a Frobenius group in at most one way.

Examples

 * The smallest example is the symmetric group on 3 points, with 6 elements. The Frobenius kernel K has order 3, and the complement H has order 2.
 * For every finite field Fq with q (> 2) elements, the group of invertible affine transformations $$ x \mapsto ax+b $$, $$ a\ne 0 $$ acting naturally on Fq is a Frobenius group. The preceding example corresponds to the case F3, the field with three elements.
 * Another example is provided by the subgroup of order 21 of the collineation group of the Fano plane generated by a 3-fold symmetry σ fixing a point and a cyclic permutation τ of all 7 points, satisfying στ = τ2σ. Identifying F8× with the Fano plane, σ can be taken to be the restriction of the Frobenius automorphism σ(x) = x2 of F8 and τ to be multiplication by any element not 0 or 1 (i.e. a generator of the cyclic multiplicative group of F8). This Frobenius group acts simply transitively on the 21 flags in the Fano plane, i.e. lines with marked points.
 * The dihedral group of order 2n with n odd is a Frobenius group with complement of order 2. More generally if K is any abelian group of odd order and H has order 2 and acts on K by inversion, then the semidirect product K.H is a Frobenius group.
 * Many further examples can be generated by the following constructions. If we replace the Frobenius complement of a Frobenius group by a non-trivial subgroup we get another Frobenius group. If we have two Frobenius groups K1.H and K2.H then (K1 × K2).H is also a Frobenius group.
 * If K is the non-abelian group of order 73 with exponent 7, and H is the cyclic group of order 3, then there is a Frobenius group G that is an extension K.H of H by K. This gives an example of a Frobenius group with non-abelian kernel. This was the first example of Frobenius group with nonabelian kernel (it was constructed by Otto Schmidt).
 * If H is the group SL2(F5) of order 120, it acts fixed point freely on a 2-dimensional vector space K over the field with 11 elements. The extension K.H is the smallest example of a non-solvable Frobenius group.
 * The subgroup of a Zassenhaus group fixing a point is a Frobenius group.
 * Frobenius groups whose Fitting subgroup has arbitrarily large nilpotency class were constructed by Ito: Let q be a prime power, d a positive integer, and p a prime divisor of q −1 with d ≤ p. Fix some field F of order q and some element z of this field of order p.  The Frobenius complement H is the cyclic subgroup generated by the diagonal matrix whose i,i'th entry is zi.  The Frobenius kernel K is the Sylow q-subgroup of GL(d,q) consisting of upper triangular matrices with ones on the diagonal.  The kernel K has nilpotency class d −1, and the semidirect product KH is a Frobenius group.

Representation theory
The irreducible complex representations of a Frobenius group G can be read off from those of H and K. There are two types of irreducible representations of G:
 * Any irreducible representation R of H gives an irreducible representation of G using the quotient map from G to H. These give the irreducible representations of G with K in their kernel.
 * If S is any non-trivial irreducible representation of K, then the corresponding induced representation of G is also irreducible. These give the irreducible representations of G with K not in their kernel.

Alternative definitions
There are a number of group theoretical properties which are interesting on their own right, but which happen to be equivalent to the group possessing a permutation representation that makes it a Frobenius group.

 * G is a Frobenius group if and only if G has a proper, nonidentity subgroup H such that H ∩ Hg is the identity subgroup for every g ∈ G − H, i.e. H is a malnormal subgroup of G.

This definition is then generalized to the study of trivial intersection sets which allowed the results on Frobenius groups used in the classification of CA groups to be extended to the results on CN groups and finally the odd order theorem.

Assuming that $$G = K\rtimes H$$ is the semidirect product of the normal subgroup K and complement H, then the following restrictions on centralizers are equivalent to G being a Frobenius group with Frobenius complement H:

 * The centralizer CG(k) is a subgroup of K for every nonidentity k in K.
 * CH(k) = 1 for every nonidentity k in K.
 * CG(h) ≤ H for every nonidentity h in H.

title: Frobenius group


text:
Whirlow

Whirlow is a suburb of the City of Sheffield in England, it lies 3.7 mi south-west of the city centre. The suburb falls within the Dore and Totley ward of the City. It is one of the most affluent areas of Sheffield, with much high class housing and several notable small country houses within it. During the Victorian era it was home to some of Sheffield's most influential citizens. Whirlow straddles the A625 (Ecclesall Road South), the main Sheffield to Hathersage road. The suburb covers the area from Parkhead in the north to Whirlow Bridge in the south and from Ecclesall Woods in the east to Broad Elms Lane in the west. Whirlow had a population of 1,663 in 2011.

Etymology
The name Whirlow means “Boundary Mound”, it is a very appropriate, as the nearby Limb Brook which rises on the moors around Ringinglow and flows south-east through Whirlow on its way to join the River Sheaf at Abbeydale was formerly an important boundary marker. The brook separated the ancient kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria as well as the ecclesiastical provinces of Canterbury and York and latterly the counties of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. Whirlow has had many spelling variations over the centuries including Horlow, Hurlowe, Horlowe, Horloo, Whirlowe, Whirlawe and Whirley.

History
The use of the suffix “Low” in a place name often means a tumulus. Although no burial remains have been found at Whirlow there is a strong possibility that there was a burial mound in the vicinity which indicates the presence of the Tumulus culture of the Middle Bronze Age people. In 2011 excavations revealed remains of a substantial 1st or 2nd century AD Roman rural estate centre, or ‘villa’ on what is believed to be a pre-existing Brigantian farmstead at Whirlow Hall Farm. The excavations also revealed pieces of Mesolithic chipped flint which included a microlith, scraper and retouched blade. In the years following the Norman conquest of England, the hamlet of Whirlow was part of the manor of Ecclesall. The name of the Parkhead district is a reminder that the area was a medieval deer park which stretched down the hill to the River Sheaf. In the 16th century the park was changed into a coppice wood, the same size and shape as the present day Ecclesall Woods. The first documented mention of Whirlow came in a grant of land of 1296 in "le Horlowe" in "le parke de Ekilsale (Ecclesall)" between Robert son of Ralph de Ekilsale to Richard son of William son of Cescile de Ekilsale.

The early cottages in the area were simple timber framed buildings, possibly cruck-built with wattle and daub walls, by the 17th century the walls would be infilled with stone. The 1650s saw Whirlow caught up in the building boom which followed the end of the English Civil War. Many of the existing timber buildings were rebuilt in stone which was readily available from the nearby Brincliffe Edge quarries which had been producing stone since 1575. Whirlow remained a very rural area until the middle of the 19th century, however the passing of the Turnpike Act of May 1811 which authorised a new road from Banner Cross to Fox House near Hathersage signalled a new era for Whirlow. From 1840 large houses started to be built along the new turnpike road as the new prosperity of the industrial town of Sheffield made it desirable for its wealthier citizens to leave their house in the centre of the town and move to the pleasanter western outskirts. After the First World War increasing amounts of land were released for development and new roads were created to accommodate the housing. After the Second World War the reduction in agriculture saw many of the farms and workers cottages purchased to be restored and used as private dwellings.

Significant buildings
Whirlow has a high proportion of large impressive houses, many of these were built by Sheffield's Nouveau riche in the Victorian era. They had acquired their wealth as Sheffield became a wealthy city as a result of its industrial development.

Parkhead Hall a Grade II listed building was built in 1865 by the architect J.B. Mitchell-Withers for his own use, the steel magnate Sir Robert Hadfield lived there between 1898 and 1939. Whirlow Hall Farm stands on the site of the old Whirlow Hall, the seat of the Brights, an ancient Whirlow family who lived in the area as early as the 14th century. The present building dates from 1843 and is the site of the Whirlow Hall Farm Trust, a working farm and registered charity which allows inner city children to experience farm life.

Whirlow Grange
The first of the large houses to be built on the new road in Whirlow in 1840. Built by the architect William Flockton for Henry Waterfall, an attorney, it was originally called Whirlow Cottage until a name change in 1873. A ballroom was added in 1898 as was the fashion of that time. It became the Sheffield Diocesan Conference Centre in 1953 and today trading as Whirlow Grange Limited it hosts conferences, weddings and courses. Now demolished (2018) and rebuilt as a block of 9 flats

Whirlow Court
James Fawcett, joint owner of the Sheffield silversmiths James Dixon & Sons built Whirlow Court, a small country house in the early 1880s. It originally had substantial grounds covering many acres, over the years the land has been sold off, with the housing on Whirlow Court Road, Whirlowdale Close, Whirlowdale Rise and Whirlow Grove all built on land which was originally part of the estate. Frederick Wild, magistrate and a businessman who had been Master Cutler in 1898/99, lived at the house between 1915 and 1920. Arthur Davy, the prominent Sheffield grocer lived at Whirlow Court between 1920 and 1946 and was followed by Maurice Batchelor, Chairman of Batchelors peas, who lived there up to 1954. In 1956 Whirlow Court was bought by Sheffield City Council, serving as the official residence of the Lord Mayor of Sheffield and visiting High Court Judges. In 1981 it was taken over by The Lord Chancellor's Department and is now used as lodgings for visiting judges. It is Grade II listed.

Whirlow Brook Hall
Built by Percy Fawcett in 1906, he had moved from Middlewood Hall to be close to his brother who had inherited Whirlow Court. The house is stone built with long windows and is set on an elevated terrace which gives fine views over Ecclesall Woods to Abbeydale. In 1920 the house came into the possession of Walter Benton Jones and his wife Madge, they were keen gardeners and along with six staff developed the grounds to a very high standard. After Madge's death in 1938 the house along with 39 acres of grounds was sold to a consortium which included the Town Trustees, the Graves Charitable Trust and Sheffield Corporation for £15,000. The grounds were opened to the public in 1951 as Whirlow Brook Park, the house is now a venue for weddings, conferences and events, for many years there was a café for visitors within the house but this closed in October 2012.

Other historic buildings
Hollis Hospital is a Grade II listed building situated at the end of a long drive off Ecclesall Road South near Whirlow Bridge. It was constructed In 1903. The hospital was formerly situated in the centre of Sheffield near Snig Hill and moved to Whirlow when the land was needed for redevelopment. Whirlow House is a large modern building dating from 1993, the previous building on the site also known as Whirlow House was built by the solicitor Frederick Wilson in 1841. The house subsequently had three owners connected with the Sheffield steel industry, these being Henry Furniss, Bernard Firth and Edgar Allan. It was demolished 1977 and replaced with the current building.

Broomcroft was built by the architect J.B. Mitchell-Withers in 1883 for David Davy, owner of the Davy steelworks in Sheffield. After Davy's death in 1923 it was sold and remained a private residence until it was given to the City of Sheffield in 1953 by George Jowett. Broomcroft then became a council run nursing home and in April 1989 it was sold for £1.4 million to the private healthcare company Bupa who have carried out extensive renovations and continue to run it as an 87-bed unit for the elderly. Clifford House was built in 1894 for the colliery owner Denys Hague. From 1915 the house was lived in by Charles Clifford chairman of the Telegraph and Star newspaper who would later become the main benefactor of the Charles Clifford Dental Hospital in central Sheffield.

Amenities
Whirlow is a suburb with very few amenities, it tends to use the facilities based in adjacent suburbs. It has no retail shops, schools, churches or GP surgeries within its boundaries. The nearest shops being at Parkhead crossroads. The closest GP practice is the Bents Green Surgery. All Saints Church, Ecclesall is the local parish church, just over two km away. The only public house in Whirlow is the Rising Sun on Abbey Lane, it began as a small cottage and has been altered and enlarged many times over the years, it was first recorded as a public house at the end of the 18th century when Sampson Brookshaw was the innkeeper. The nearest schools are the Dobcroft Junior and Infant school at Millhouses and Silverdale Secondary School at Bents Green, Silverdale was completely rebuilt and modernised in 2009. St Luke's Hospice is located on Little Common Lane and cares for people aged 18 and above from across Sheffield who have incurable illnesses. It was opened in October 1971 on land donated by British Steel Corporation who at that time owned the adjacent Clifford House. The hospice is a registered charity and only receives 25% of its funding from the NHS, raising over £7 million annually through charity to continue its work.

Whirlow has two parks, the already mentioned Whirlow Brook Park is classed as a district park and is looked after by the council. Whinfell Quarry Garden was originally the garden to Whinfell, a house built for the industrialist Samuel Doncaster in 1897 and gutted by fire in June 1971. The gardens were designed as a series of winding walks with ponds and waterfalls and were given to the City of Sheffield in 1968 by the Neill family as a memorial to Sir Frederick Neill (1891-1967) industrial entrepreneur and Master Cutler in 1937.

Statistics
Statistics show Whirlow as a wealthy, well educated area with low unemployment. Over 92% of residents own their own homes compared to the Sheffield average of 60%. Over 60% of the houses are detached compared to the city average of 14%. Only 1.7% of the population is claiming housing benefit compared to the city average of almost 18% and the Whirlow area is ranked as a least deprived area in the deprivation indicator. The suburb has an unemployment rate of 1% while almost 43% of the population are educated to degree standard compared to the Sheffield average of 19%.

title: Whirlow


text:
Hong Kong at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Hong Kong competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. The territory returned to the Olympic Games after participating in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. 47 competitors, 36 men and 11 women, took part in 47 events in 10 sports.

Archery
Women's Individual Competition:
 * Macy Lau – 2326 points (→ 37th place)
 * Ng Wing-Na – 2148 points (→ 45th place)
 * Wang-Lau So-Han – 2056 points (→ 47th place)

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Steve Yuen – 2223 points (→ 54th place)
 * Lo Kam Kuen – 2193 points (→ 56th place)
 * Fok Ming-Shan – 2165 points (→ 57th place)

Athletics
Men's High Jump
 * Lam Tin-Sau — 2.10m (→ did not advance)

Women's Marathon
 * Winnie Lai Chu Ng
 * Final — 2:42:38 (→ 31st place)

 * Yuko Gordon
 * Final — 2:46:12 (→ 34th place)

Canoeing

 * Ng Hin Wan – Men's K-1 500 metres
 * Tsoi Ngai Won – Men's K-1 1000 metres
 * Tang Kwok Cheung and Tsoi Ngai Won – Men's K-2 500 metres
 * Cheung Chak Chuen, Ng Hin Wan, Ng Tsuen Man, and Tang Kwok Cheung – Men's K-4 1000 metres
 * Ho Kim Fai – Women's K-1 500 metres
 * Ho Kim Fai and To Kit Yong – Women's K-2 500 metres

Cycling
Four cyclists represented Hong Kong in 1984.

 * Individual road race
 * Choy Yiu Chung – did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * Hung Chung Yam – did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * Law Siu On – did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * Leung Hung Tak – did not finish (→ no ranking)

 * Team time trial
 * Choy Yiu Chung
 * Hung Chung Yam
 * Law Siu On
 * Leung Hung Tak

Diving
Men's 3m Springboard
 * Andy Kwan
 * Preliminary Round — 433.89 (→ did not advance, 24th place)

 * Kam Yang Wai
 * Preliminary Round — 387.63 (→ did not advance, 27th place)

Fencing
Five fencers, all men, represented Hong Kong in 1984.

 * Men's foil
 * Ko Yin Fai
 * Lai Yee Lap
 * Lam Tak Chuen

 * Men's team foil
 * Ko Yin Fai, Lai Yee Lap, Lam Tak Chuen, Liu Chi On

 * Men's épée
 * Denis Cunningham
 * Liu Chi On
 * Lam Tak Chuen

 * Men's team épée
 * Denis Cunningham, Lai Yee Lap, Lam Tak Chuen, Liu Chi On

Judo

 * Yeung Luen Lin – Men's 60 kg
 * Chong Siao Chin – Men's 65 kg
 * Tan Chin Kee – Men's 71 kg
 * Li Chung Tai – Men's 78 kg

Sailing

 * Windglider

Shooting

 * Men's 50 metre rifle prone
 * Men's 50 metre pistol
 * Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol
 * Mixed trap
 * Mixed skeet

Swimming
Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Khai-Kam Li
 * Heat — 53.48 (→ did not advance, 36th place)

Men's 200m Freestyle
 * Tsang Yi Ming
 * Heat — 2:03.11 (→ did not advance, 48th place)

 * Ng Wing Hon
 * Heat — 2:03.66 (→ did not advance, 49th place)

Men's 100m Breaststroke
 * Watt Kam Sing
 * Heat — 1:08.07 (→ did not advance, 37th place)

 * Li Khai Kam
 * Heat — 1:08.75 (→ did not advance, 39th place)

Men's 200m Breaststroke
 * Watt Kam-Sing
 * Heat — 2:32.13 (→ did not advance, 38th place)

Men's 100m Butterfly
 * Tsang Yi Ming
 * Heat — 58.25 (→ did not advance, 38th place)

Men's 200m Butterfly
 * Tsang Yi Ming
 * Heat — 2:08.44 (→ did not advance, 29th place)

Men's 200m Individual Medley
 * Tsang Yi Ming
 * Heat — 2:17.75 (→ did not advance, 32nd place)

 * Wing Hon Ng
 * Heat — 2:18.64 (→ did not advance, 33rd place)

Men's 400m Individual Medley
 * Wing Hon Ng
 * Heat — 4:58.98 (→ did not advance, 20th place)

Women's 100m Freestyle
 * Yan Hong
 * Heat — 1:00.45 (→ did not advance, 26th place)

 * Kathy Wong
 * Heat — 1:01.03 (→ did not advance, 32nd place)

 * Fenella Ng
 * Heat — 1:01.82 (→ did not advance, 34th place)

Women's 400m Freestyle
 * Fenella Ng
 * Heat — 4:43.41 (→ did not advance, 25th place)

Women's 200m Freestyle
 * Fenella Ng
 * Heat — 2:13.94 (→ did not advance, 30th place)

Women's 100m Backstroke
 * Lotta Flink
 * Heat — 1:09.70 (→ did not advance, 26th place)

 * Kathy Wong
 * Heat — 1:10.19 (→ did not advance, 27th place)

Women's 200m Backstroke
 * Lotta Flink
 * Heat — 2:29.00 (→ did not advance, 25th place)

 * Kathy Wong
 * Heat — DNS (→ did not advance, no ranking)

Women's 200m Individual Medley
 * Lotta Flink
 * Heat — 2:31.70 (→ did not advance, 25th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Kathy Wong, Fenella Ng, Lotta Flink, and Lai Yee Chow
 * Heat — 4:12.53 (→ did not advance)

Women's 4x100 Medley Relay
 * Lotta Flink, Lai Yee Chow, Kathy Wong, and Fenella Ng
 * Heat — 4:38.62 (→ did not advance)

title: Hong Kong at the 1984 Summer Olympics