text:
Blueboy (magazine)

Blueboy was a gay men's magazine with lifestyle and entertainment news, in addition to nude or semi-nude men. It was published monthly from 1974 to 2007. The Detroit Free Press described the publication as "a full-color, slick gay version of Playboy magazine."

History
Blueboy was originally a small black and white journal purchased in 1974 by publisher Donald N. Embinder. The former advertising manager for the arts magazine After Dark rebranded Blueboy as "The National Magazine About Men," which became the publication's longstanding tagline. The debut issue's cover parodied The Blue Boy by 18th-century painter Thomas Gainsborough.

Initially sold at adult bookstores and gay bars, the Miami-based magazine secured national distribution by its fourth issue. Regular features included lifestyle columns, celebrity interviews, film and music reviews, book excerpts and articles on politics, gay rights and gay popular culture. By 1978, monthly circulation reached 150,000 issues. Embinder characterized the readership as some of the "most sophisticated and affluent" people in the United States. Notable contributors and interviewees included Andy Warhol, Truman Capote, William S. Burroughs, Edmund White, John Rechy, Patricia Nell Warren, Christopher Isherwood and Randy Shilts.

The publication's additional outreach included the gay pulp fiction series Blueboy Library. Blueboy Forum became the first weekly, live forum from a gay perspective since 25 October 1976, airing on WKID-TV in Hallandale, Florida and as a late-night talk show on New York City's UHF Channel 68 (WBTB-TV).

Beginning in the 1990s, however, with competition from such gay publications including Out, MetroSource and Genre, Blueboy focused much more on overt nude images, and jettisoned most of its non-pornographic content. The magazine's final issue was published in December 2007.

Legacy and revival
In 2020, the Huntington Library in partnership with the Hammer Museum showcased Monica Majoli's series Blueboys, featuring centerfolds from the magazine by photographer Alex Sanchez. The exhibition included a new interview with Blueboy contributing artist Mel Odom and critical context by Miss Tiger, executive director of the Blueboy Archives and Cultural Arts Foundation.

The Blueboy Archives and Cultural Arts Foundation was founded in 2017 to preserve and contextualize the magazine archives, as well as other historical LGBTQ periodicals, books, films and ephemera. Blueboy will return as an annual magazine in February 2022.

In popular culture
Singer Cyndi Lauper mentions the publication in the first lines of her song "She Bop":
 * Well, I see him every night in tight blue jeans
 * In the pages of a Blueboy magazine

title: Blueboy (magazine)


text:
User:Plenz

Actually I am busy in the German Wikipedia.

My page is http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Plenz

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Plenz


text:
Talk:Palais Garnier

It was one of the counterweights to the reflector above the chandelier that fell
My first ever comment on wikipedia, I hope I get this right. Article says it was a counterweight to the chandelier. It wasn't. It was one of the six counterweights to the reflector above the chandelier that fell down a flue,according to contemporary newspaper articles. 95.109.104.246 (talk) 18:22, 28 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Please provide a source for the information. --Robert.Allen (talk) 18:42, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Untitled
I find it hard to believe that this is the same Paris hotel that was burned the other day. Considering how high profile the incident was, i had expected to have it updated. Is this the same building mentioned in this article or due this article refers to a different building?  '
 * A different building. -- Viajero 23:54, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I keep finding different sources--some say that building began in 1857, like this article does, and others claim that building didn't begin until 1860 or 1862. I read (though I remain skeptical about Leroux's reliability as a source, since Phantom is a work of fiction) that it took 8 pumps 8 months to lower the underground lake enough that they could build. Does anyone have any further information on that?

 * I have added several reference sources and corrected some of the text based primarily on the chronology established by the Beauvert book.':Beauvert notes that it took "weeks" of pumping; Zeitz says 8 months; no one mentions the number of pumps.

Vivaverdi 23:47, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Garnier is said to have designed the Paris' opera lobby after the lobby of the Grand Theatre in Bordeaux, a magnificent 18th century opera house (designed by Victor Louis)that Haussmann knew very well (he was Prefect in Bordeaux for over 10 years)and that Napoleon III visited. The Bordeaux'Opera has an underground "lake" a reservoir fed by an undeground river nearby. J-L B.   Is there a source for the Trivia section? Not even our own Phantom of the Opera suggests that there was a real legend outside of Gaston Leroux's work. 209.92.136.131 20:22, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Who knows? It's pretty speculative, and a good candidate for deletion in my opion. Any more thoughts? I had removed from the main body of the text a week or so ago and put it down below in "Trivia", but am just as happy to see it go. Vivaverdi 23:47, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * here I'll do it Carptrash 01:49, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
During the Palais Garnier's contruction and after, a few mysterious deaths were reported. The main link between them was that all the victims were found hanged. Rumors abound that there were ghosts dwelling inside this opera house. These deaths, coupled with the fire which broke out during the construction, makes it appear that there may have been a man who lurked in the shadows.

Paris Opera
Isn't it still often called the "Paris Opera," in spite of the existence of the Opera Bastille? john k 17:43, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe. Vivaverdi 18:52, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think only the Ballet company is now resident.  The article should state whether opera performances are common or not, and whether they are only by visiting ensembles. Sparafucil (talk) 20:44, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Opera performances are not common at all. The Palais Garnier and its predecessor, the "old Opéra": the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique - have always been reffered to as the Paris Opéra, or simply as the Opéra. Even though the opera company moved to the Opéra Bastille, the Palais Garnier still retains the name, and likely always will. I myself am still a little puzzled over why the opera company moved. -Mrlopez2681 04:58, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Paris Opera isn't a building it's an institution. All these buildings are part of it. Aesma (talk) 02:13, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Ladyghost site
Can someone more familiar with the subject please review this site to determine if it is appropriate?--Drat (Talk) 12:11, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes it is. 85.197.135.225 (talk) 20:58, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

name of article?
Why is this article called "Palais Garnier" if this is an opera house? The French Wiki has this article under "Opera Garnier". Case for a rename? Gryffindor 11:27, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The building is known under both names. The Paris National Opera (the institution that runs the place as well as the Bastille Opera House) uses the name "Palais Garnier" on the tickets, websites etc., possibly to emphasize the prestige and luxury of the place. (I think, but am not sure, that its official, legal name is the théâtre national de l’Opéra.) 83.199.71.25 (talk) 14:37, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, the name of this building officially was Opera Garnier, but soon after it was dubbed the Palais Garnier by the citizens of Paris. So I guess you could say that would be a reason to rename, considering Opera Garnier to be it's first and official name. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.56.158.83 (talk) 17:14, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Richard Langham Smith in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, vol. 3, p. 874 (1992), calls the building the Palais Garnier. Alicia Levin calls it the Salle Garnier [in her article "A Documentary Overview of Musical Theaters in Paris, 1830–1900" in Fauser, Annegret, ed.; Everist, Mark, ed. (2009). Music, theater, and cultural transfer. Paris, 1830–1914, p. 383. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-23926-2]. Spire Pitou calls it the Garnier Palace [in his book The Paris Opéra: an encyclopedia of operas, ballets, composers, and performers, vol. 1, p. 59. Greenwod Press (1983)]. The names Opéra, Paris Opéra, Théâtre National de l'Opéra, etc. are reserved for the opera company, and not used for the building. In common usage these terms may have sometimes been applied interchangeably for the company or the building, but that can result in confusion. During its history the company used a very large number of names, many buildings (about 14), and changed the official name for the building when the company name changed. The official names are extremely confusing. Palais Garnier or Salle Garnier would have been understood to refer to the actual building at any point in its history, since it has always been very well known that Garnier designed it, and that is undoubtedly why these musicologists decided to use those names. The confusing alternative names that are now found in the lead, i.e., Opéra de Paris and Paris Opéra, should be removed. since the references do not support their use. Based on the sources I have, I would suggest keeping Palais Garnier as the main name and giving Salle Garnier as the alternative name. If there is a good reference supporting the use of Opéra Garnier, then we should add that as well, but I do not have one. Also, in the cited sources the names are not italicized, so italics should probably not be used. --Robert.Allen (talk) 10:03, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Searching the WorldCat database I found two titles which use Opéra Garnier: Opéra Garnier was also very popular in travel and guide books (searching Google Books). Salle Garnier was more frequently used for the theatre of the Opéra de Monte Carlo. So far Levin is the only source I have seen that uses it for the Palais Garnier. I think this is enough information to rewrite the lead a bit, so I'm going to go ahead and do it. Hopefully other editors will be OK with the changes. --Robert.Allen (talk) 19:34, 27 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The Opéra Garnier: a spectacular celebration of the bourgeoisie by Lauren Burk
 * Grand operas: Chicagoan and Parisian interpretations of the totalizing art, 1860-1895 ; a case study of the Auditorium and the Opéra Garnier by Nora Brennan Morrison

It's a bit strange that the article claims that the building is commonly called the "Paris Opéra" (with an acute accent). I've never heard anyone call it "Paris Opéra" and pronounce both words or the second word as in French. It seems that the French term "Paris-Opéra" refers to the area of Paris around the building and the Opéra metro station, not the building itself. If "Paris Opéra" is exclusively an English term when used to describe the building, then the acute accent should be dropped because it is not pronounced in English. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.58.17.163 (talk) 17:11, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Opéra Populaire
The New Grove Dictionary of Opera lists three theaters that on occasion used the name "Opéra Populaire": 1) the Théâtre du Châtelet for one month in 1874; 2) the Théâtre de la Gaîté in 1879–1880; 3) the Théâtre du Château d'Eau in 1879–82, 1883–84, and 1900–01. (This information is probably based on Lecomte 1905, p. 46). I am removing the name from the info box in this article. If it is added again, a source should probably be provided. --Robert.Allen (talk) 20:47, 13 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I may have found a possible source for the confusion. The Opéra Populaire at the Château d'Eau was at one time under the direction of a man also named Garnier. See Almanach des spectacles, vol 11 (1884), p. 69. --Robert.Allen (talk) 21:22, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

The name Palais Garnier
The article stated the theatre was not named Palais Garnier until 1989 when the Opéra Bastille opened. There are some references to this name in books published in the 1890s, which are available at Google Books. (see here). I changed the lead to reflect this. --Robert.Allen (talk) 12:02, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

 * It's been widely known as Palais Garnier in and outside of France all through its history. Many books on architecture use that name for instance - as noted in the article, the Opera is a high point of the resurgence and reshaping of Paris during Napoleon III, and an undisputed masterpiece (Le Corbusier's criticism isn't really about this building specifically; he hated all kinds of showy, ebullient 18th-19th century architecture and would have said the same about the Palace of Westminster or the Sagrada Familia). 83.254.154.164 (talk) 03:07, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Charles Garnier's Opéra: Architecture and Interior Decor (2004) - please check p. 94
If you have access to this book, could you please check a translated bit from Le théâtre, on page 94? On page 205 of the edition of Le théâtre at Google Books, the sentence in question begins, "Qui pourrait donner á la salle cette joyeuse animation...", but its translation is quoted in this article as "What else could fill the theatre...". Is the mistake in the translation, or in the W article? Thank you! Fishlandia (talk) 10:43, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I just noticed this comment now. I double-checked, and the translation as quoted was not totally accurate, so I fixed it. The translation from French is by Charles Penwarden, as mentioned in the bibliographic citation. It's not a literal translation but seems fine to me. --Robert.Allen (talk) 02:48, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palais Garnier


text: User talk:68.38.101.248

title: User talk:68.38.101.248


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Beer in South Africa

Beer in South Africa has a long history, with a corporate history dating back to the early 20th century.

History
South African beer has had two main influences on its development. Firstly, European settlers who colonised the country brought expertise and know-how as the country was populated. Dutch immigrants from the 1650s onwards and British immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries contributed in different ways to the knowledge of alcohol production.

South African Western Beer

Beer reached South Africa with its first white settlers and has been brewed there for over 300 years. On October 4, 1658, Jan van Riebeeck recorded in his diary that the first beer was brewed at the Cape on this day. High priority was given to beer production because it was an essential beverage for combating the dreaded scurvy so prevalent on ships engaged in the trade between the Netherlands and the East Indies. Beer is today still held in high regard as a wholesome natural beverage. In 1960 the Malan Liquor Commission completed its intensive investigations into the distribution of intoxicating liquor in South Africa and reported as follows: "The thought of the Commission underlying this report is that conditions should be created which would encourage the consumption of natural alcoholic beverages, preferably in conjunction with food, at the expense of stronger liquor or spirits. Greater differences in price between natural beverages and spirits and the easy availability of the former are recommended as part of the scheme aimed at diverting the drinking habits of the people in this direction." Dr. E. M. Jellinck, who was regarded as the world's leading research scientist in the field of alcohol studies, came to the following conclusion: "The type of beverage used is always revealing of drinking habits. Beer is a beverage selected, not by inebriates, but mainly by moderate users of alcohol."

Another critical but often overlooked influence has been indigenous knowledge. Local breweries operated by the black population, especially groups such as the Sotho, Zulu and Xhosa, have been brewing forms of sorghum beers long before any Europeans arrived.

Umqombothi, from the Nguni languages (Xhosa and Zulu), is a traditional beer made in the Transkei from maize (corn), maize malt, sorghum malt, yeast, and water.

Bantu beer

The brewing and consumption of Bantu beer played an important role in Bantu tribal life in Southern Africa. It is traditionally brewed by allowing a mixture of water and malted sorghum to ferment. The fermented product is only partially strained and thus retains a considerable percentage of solid matter. It is looked upon as both a food and a drink. In recent years commercially produced Bantu beer powders have replaced sorghum malt in home brewing and at smaller industrial breweries. Most municipalities enjoyed a monopoly on the production of Bantu beer in their areas, and the larger ones operated modern industrial plants. In the industrial production of Bantu beer, maize grits became the primary ingredient and were mixed with sorghum malt in a ratio of two to three parts of maize to one part of malt. Although most of the industrially produced Bantu beer is still sold in bulk, modern packaging in plastic and other types of containers was rapidly being introduced at most municipal breweries. Since the supply of European liquor to the Bantu was legalised in 1962, the sale of Bantu beer by municipalities started to increase faster.

European and Bantu beer have much in common. The latter is virtually the primitive forerunner of the former. In Leipzig, Germany, a centuries-old brewery is preserved as a tourist attraction, and its product is hard to distinguish from Bantu beer. It is not generally known that the nutritional value of European beer closely approximates that of Bantu beer. Both contain about the same percentage of alcohol, but in contrast, fermentation is terminated in the case of European beer by pasteurisation after bottling; it continues with Bantu beer until it turns 'sour'. The alcoholic content of Bantu beer increases after it leaves the brewery, and it is not unusual to find that it contains more alcohol than permitted by law, namely, 3% by weight or nearly 4% by volume. It was permitted by South African law of 1964 at that time.

Now, back in the 1960s, the South African Government decided to use the profits that accrue to municipalities from the production and sale of Bantu beer to plough back for the benefit of the Bantu communities in their respective designated areas. At that time the Apartheid Government built schools, libraries, clinics, four-room houses for the Black population of the land asthey were removing all African communities from their townhomes, e.g., Old Alberton North (Emagogogweni area) to townships, e.g., Katlehong, Thokoza, and Vosloorus areas (Katorus), far away from the European communities. They built all that using the Bantu Beer profits.

Bantu beer was produced at a cost of approximately 8 to 10 cents per gallon and sold from bulk at about 20 cents, leaving municipalities with a gross profit in the vicinity of 10 to 12 cents per gallon, of which 2 cents accrue to the Central Government as excise duty. When a gallon of European beer was sold through a municipal outlet for consumption on the premises, the following amounts accrue: (а) the State (as excise duty) - 80 cents; and (б) the Municipality (as a gross markup on sale) - 83 cents. Municipalities had to pay 80% of their net profit on selling European liquor to the Department of Bantu Administration for use in the development of Bantu homelands. From the purely fiscal angle, there was seen to be a strong case for encouraging the Bantu to drink more European beer because more significant amounts would become available for the government budget.

Modern day
South Africa accounts for 34% of Africa's formal beer market and is expected to grow by 8–10% annually over the next five years. Beer consumption in the country was pegged at 60 litres per capita in 2012, greater than the 14.6-litre African average and the global average of 22 litres.

Today, South African Breweries (SAB) controls the vast majority of the South African beer market, and with the notable exception of imported brands such as Heineken, Guinness, and others, SAB owns and produces all the major brands in the country, as well as owning Miller's Genuine Draft (American) and long list of others which makes it the world's second-largest brewery. Their most popular and valuable brand is Carling Black Label, the most-awarded beer in the country with 20 prestigious international beer awards. They also produce Castle milk stout, Hansa Pilsner, Castle Lager, and Castle Lite. Other commonly drunk beers in South Africa is Windhoek Lager, a beer from Namibia made according to the Reinheitsgebot, as well as Tafel Lager, another Namibian import.

Jo'burg beer, an independent business and low-priced beverage, is dominant among lower-income groups and incorporates the tastes of traditional brewing.

Recent developments have seen an increase in South African Beer Tourism initiatives. Initiated by Beer Route, a collaboration of craft breweries in South Africa, other players have since come on board to help guide tourists to taprooms throughout the country. Around the same time, Kwazulu-Natal also had a local guided product named KZN Craft Revolution. Beer Tourism is a rapidly growing tourism sector, closely related in concept to Culinary tourism and is very similar to the concept of a Wine route.

Microbreweries
Some smaller microbreweries have sprung up in the past decades and tend to compete regionally. The country's first microbrewery was Mitchell's Brewery in Knysna. Mitchell's is now produced as a contract brand with Devil's Peak Brewing Company. As of 2019, 211 microbreweries produced 34 million litres of craft beer annually. Other microbreweries in South Africa include:

Eastern Cape

 * Emerald Vale Brewing Company, Chintsa, Eastern Cape
 * Little Brewery in Port Alfred, Eastern Cape
 * Bridge Street Brewery in Port Elizabeth Eastern Cape
 * Richmond Hill Brewing Co
 * Table 58 Brewing Co
 * The Hogsback Brewing Company

KwaZulu-Natal

 * Clockwork Brewhouse
 * East Coast Brewing Co.
 * Happy Days Brewery
 * Nottingham Rd Brewing Company
 * Shongweni Brewery
 * That Brewing Co
 * 1000 Hills Brewing Co.
 * Mzelemu brewery

Gauteng and North West

 * SMACK! Republic Brewing Co.
 * Drayman's Brewery
 * Gilroy’s Brewery
 * De Garve Brewery
 * Copperlake Breweries
 * Black Horse Brewery
 * Mogallywood
 * The Cockpit Brewhouse
 * Humanbrew (Loxton Lager)
 * Leaky Tap Brewery
 * The RedRock Brewing Company
 * Legends Brewery
 * Hazeldean Brewing Co
 * Mad Giant
 * Frontier Beer Co
 * Agar's Brewery
 * Brewhogs Microbrewery
 * Irish Ale House
 * Brauhaus Afrika, Rustenburg, North West Province
 * Copperlake Brewery

Free State, Limpopo and Mpumalanga

 * Anvil Ale
 * Clarens Brewery
 * Dog and Fig Brewery
 * Hops Hollow
 * Stellar Brewery (Bloemfontein, Free State)
 * Zwakala Brewery, Haenertsburg, Limpopo

Western Cape
The Western Cape province accounts for half of the beer microbreweries in South Africa.

 * Afro Caribbean Brewing Co
 * Aegir Project Independent Brewery
 * Woodstock Brewery
 * Ukhamba Brewery
 * Boston Breweries
 * Devils Peak Brewing Company
 * Drifter Brewing Co.
 * Jack Black
 * Hopman Brewery
 * Long Beach Brewery
 * Red Sky Brew
 * Shackleton Brewing Company
 * Triggerfish Brewing
 * Woodstock Brewery
 * Birkenhead Brewery
 * Cape Brewing Company
 * Darling Brew
 * Hermanus Brewing Co
 * Hey Joe Brewing Co
 * Honingklip
 * Frasers Folly
 * Stellenbosch Brewing Company
 * Old Potter's Inn
 * Saggy Stone Brewing Company
 * Berg River Brewery
 * Noon Gun Brewery
 * Cederberg Brewery

Homebrewing culture
There is a reasonably large homebrewing community in the major metropolitan cities throughout the country. Homebrewers meet monthly in major cities, including Cape Town, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, Durban, and Bloemfontein. The leading clubs are the Wort Hogs (Gauteng), Southyeasters (Cape Town), Durban Homebrewers (Durban), Free State Fermenters (Bloemfontein), and the Helderberg Homebrew Club in Somerset West.

There are numerous national competitions held yearly. 2022 saw the inaugural bevPLUS Fools National Club Championship held at Fools and Fans 5 in the little town of Greyton in the Western Cape. Clubs from across the country competed against each other in an official BJCP competition to be crowned the best club in the country. Helderberg Homebrew Club took home the trophy for their excellent interpretation of the classic style; an English IPA.

Other notable competitions are Nationals, Powwow, and Fools National Club Championship, and various clubs holding league competitions.

title: Beer in South Africa


text: User talk:66.25.18.218

title: User talk:66.25.18.218


text: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Boneyard/Blank page 134


text:
Lake Cumberland

Lake Cumberland is a reservoir in Clinton, Pulaski, Russell, Wayne, and Laurel, counties in Kentucky. The primary reasons for its construction were a means for flood control and the production of hydroelectric power. Its shoreline measures 1,255 miles (2,020 km) and the lake covers 65,530 acre at the maximum power pool elevation. The reservoir ranks 9th in the U.S. in size, with a capacity of 6100000 acre.ft of water, enough to cover the entire Commonwealth of Kentucky with 3 inches (76 mm) of water. The main lake is 101 mi long and over one mile (1.6 km) across at its widest point.

The lake has become a major source of tourism and an economic engine for south-central Kentucky. As of September 2011 Lake Cumberland was approximately 43 ft below its normal level due to leakage in the earthen part of the dam, but repairs were completed in 2013 and officials estimated that lake levels would be back to normal by 2014–2015. As of April 18, 2015, the lake is back to full summer pool.

History
Lake Cumberland was impounded from the Cumberland River by the United States Army Corps of Engineers' construction of the Wolf Creek Dam in 1952. Wolf Creek Dam is the 25th largest dam in the United States, and cost $15 million to construct originally, with an additional $65 million needed almost immediately to fix problems which soon became apparent. It is estimated that the dam has prevented more than $500 million in flood damage since its construction.

Dam repairs
In 1967 a leak was found at the Wolf Creek Dam. Repairs were made in the late 1970s at a cost of over $96 million.

On January 22, 2007, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began lowering the water level in Lake Cumberland, fearing a possible breach in Wolf Creek Dam. Water seepage had eroded the limestone under the dam, creating the potential for a breach and subsequent flood that would cause damages into the billions of dollars in cities downstream.

By September 2011 Lake Cumberland was approximately 43 ft below its normal level. The drop in water level had a negative impact on the area's tourism industry as marinas and municipalities scrambled to adjust their facilities for the lower water level. The caverns beneath the structure complicated plans for repairs, but a $594 million project to construct a new wall inside the dam was completed by early 2013 and tourism officials were anticipating higher visitation numbers as the lake level was raised to 705 feet.

Since spring of 2014 Lake Cumberland water levels returned to normal operation and water levels.

Power generation
Wolf Creek Dam's six turbines are capable of supplying the needs of an average city (population of 375,000) via 270 megawatts of electricity. The power generating capacity is considered "dead" when the lake's water level is below 673 feet (205 m).

Recreation
In 1999, approximately 4.75 million visitors added more than $152.4 million to the local economy. Of the 383 lakes controlled or maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lake Cumberland ranks 4th in the nation for the number of visitor hours. Over 1,500 houseboats float on Lake Cumberland and numerous power boats play in its waters.

Lake Cumberland is home to two Kentucky state parks: Lake Cumberland State Resort Park on its shore and General Burnside State Park on an island in the middle of the lake, along with many other docks and marinas such as:

Docks/Marinas:

 * Grider Hill Marina (Albany, KY)
 * Beaver Creek Marina (Wayne County, KY)
 * Lake Cumberland State Resort Park (Jamestown, KY)
 * Jamestown Resort & Marina (Jamestown, KY)
 * Wolf Creek Marina (Nancy, KY)
 * Alligator II/Indian Hills Resort (Russel Springs, KY)
 * Lee's Ford Marina Resort (Nancy, KY)
 * Burnside Marina (Somerset, KY)
 * Bunside Island State Park (Somerset, KY)
 * Omega Dock (Somerset, KY)
 * Marina @ Rowena (Russel County, KY)
 * Conley Bottom Resort (Wayne County, KY)

Several of Kentucky's record fish have been taken in the waters of Lake Cumberland, including:

 * Brown trout (21 lb)
 * Lake trout (5 lb 5 oz)
 * Rainbow trout (14 lb 6 oz)
 * Sauger (7 lb 7 oz)
 * Striped bass (58 lb 4 oz)
 * Sturgeon (36 lb 8 oz)
 * Walleye (21 lb 8 oz)

Statistics

 * The normal summer pool is around 723 feet (220 m) above mean sea level.
 * The tree line is about 725 feet (221 m).
 * The maximum pool is 760 feet (232 m) at the top of dam floodgates
 * The top of Wolf Creek Dam is 773 feet (236 m).
 * Lake is considered at "flood control" level from 723 to 760 feet (220 to 232 m).
 * Normal power drawdown is between 723 and 673 feet (220 to 205 m).
 * At 760 feet (232 m) elevation, the shoreline of Lake Cumberland is 1,255 miles (2,020 km).
 * At maximum possible elevation of 760 feet (232 m), Lake Cumberland is considered to be 101 miles (163 km) long, with a total surface area of 65,530 acre.
 * Surface area at 723 feet (220 m) is 50,250 acre.
 * At minimum power pool of 673 feet (205 m), the surface area is 35,820 acre.
 * Average depth of lake at summer pool of 723 feet (220 m) above sea level: 90 feet (27 m)
 * Deepest point in lake: original river channel adjacent to Wolf Creek Dam: 200 feet (60 m)
 * Depth of river channel upstream of dam to Wolf Creek: generally 160 feet (50 m)
 * Depth of river channel upstream of Wolf Creek to one mile (2 km) downstream of Burnside: 280 feet

The lowest water level recorded (since construction) was 675.10 feet (205.77 m) above mean sea level on January 27, 1981. The highest water level recorded was 756.52 feet (230.6 m) above mean sea level at 5:00 AM, February 26, 2019.

title: Lake Cumberland


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 April 20


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 April 20

April 20

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 18:02, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Air Forces
Naming conventions-defying duplicate of Category:Air forces. Had only four articles in it (which I've already resorted to Category:Air forces), was (and still is) an orphan, and redirected to Air force. Eligible for speedy deletion. -- grm_wnr Esc  20:50, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 18:02, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Loudspeaker
Suggest renaming it to plural Category:Speakers instead --Hooperbloob 20:03, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 17:45, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Popes named Alexander, Category:Popes named Clement
Both are trivially obvious subcategories of Category:Popes. Radiant_* 14:03, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Kbdank71 14:39, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I had posted something on their talk pages for an explanation, but haven't gotten one yet.  These subcategories add nothing that an alphabetical list of popes couldn't do.  --BaronLarf 15:07, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * DELETED I was trying to come up with a quick way to get between popes of the same name, but I'm gonna do it a different way. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 17:25, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was keep. --Kbdank71 17:59, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Schools established in the 1700s, Category:Schools established in the 1800s, Category:Schools established in the 1900s
This does seem like pointless sub-categorization, unless someone is willing to explain how a school founded in 1895 is substantially different from one founded in 1905. Radiant_* 07:56, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: While I consider myself a school-inclusionist, I would agree that these categories don't group schools in a meaningful way as suggested in the categorization guidelines. Withhold vote to hear arguments for inclusion.  --BaronLarf 15:14, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep', how else am I supposed to find historic schools? and schools established in 1850 are a lot different from those established in 1950. Information wants to be found. Kappa 20:33, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep 1700, 1800, Any school established in the 1800's is historical as this was when the public eduction systems were being established and therefore many new public schools were established during this time. The 1700 and older schools would obviously be quite historical.  Except for completeness I don't see any point to the established in the 1900's Delete 1900.  Alternatively I would support a category of schools more than 100 years old.  However, in the future this would miss the pioneering aspect of the public schools that were founded during the 1800s. -- Webgeer 23:33, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all of these categories for the sake of completion. Obviously, the older the school the more historically notable it should be.  —RaD Man (talk) 01:41, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The fact that older schools are more notable (which I do agree with) does not lead to the conclusion that categories of schools by century are useful. They're about as useful as Schools that have a football team, Schools founded by a priest and Schools with more than 850 students. My point is that this is information that is useful, but represented in a way that is not. Radiant_* 09:59, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Radiant. Pointless and arbitrary. Gamaliel 01:48, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment': we have Category:Births_by_year, is that also pointless and arbitrary? How is someone born in 1095 different from someone born in 1105? Kappa 12:59, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it's not. We don't have a category Eighteenth century astronomers, because that's that the births by year category is for. I would be very happy with a category Buildings created in the 1920s or 18th century institutitions. But not strictly limited to schools - the problem is that an article shouldn't be in both a cat and its subcat, and by this reasoning the main category schools would have to be empty. Radiant_* 09:15, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well Category:Schools shouldn't really have individual schools in it anyway, schools should go in "Schools in (place)" and "Schools established in (time)". Kappa 11:40, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What I would suggest, is something like "Historically significant schools" and the like. -- Natalinasmpf 21:28, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems no more arbitrary than similar categories (such as birthyear). But why are there no categories for schools founded before 1700? Uppland 22:12, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Obvious keep come on now, this is an organization tool that works for both colleges/universities as well as high schools.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 06:14, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 17:51, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Stalinists
Category created to push POV. Gamaliel 06:48, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I see several people listed so far, including Pablo Neruda.  Neruda never called himself a Stalinist, in fact, very few people would have called themselves a Stalinist.  Stalinist was a slur word used by people who hated communists.  Paul Robeson was called a Stalinist, and he was also called a nigger.  If someone made a category here called "niggers" and listed Paul Robeson, Oprah Winfrey, Colin Powell etc., I'm sure it would be deleted.  As should this category be. Ruy Lopez 06:23, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Viajero 14:27, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Good old-fashioned Red-baiting. --Calton | Talk 04:03, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--Plehn 15:08, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. - Stalinist is a rather neutral label used by Anarcho-Communists to describe the authoritarian model of the Bolsheviks and the later copy-cats (sort of, like Mao, etc.) It isn't created by communist-haters, rather its to create a distinction between anarcho-communists and people like, well Castro. -- Natalinasmpf 21:24, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. You're suggesting the term used by those opposed to the idea is a neutral one?  --Azkar 01:13, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 17:43, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Fictional consoles
Well, it's only got one entry at this point, and there really doesn't seem to be much else that would really fit in there. The entry that is there can be put into the parent category (Category:Video game consoles). – Seancdaug 04:36, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If this category is deleted, I don't think Category:Video game consoles would be appropriate for a console that doesn't really exist.  Perhaps Category:Fictional devices?  --Azkar 13:59, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Theres only one article and that article should probably be put on VFD as it is a device that is merely mentioned in a radio commercial in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City. Thats hardly notable for an encyclopedia, but I digress. K1Bond007 15:30, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, K1Bond007 15:30, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, 'fictional devices' is specific enough for a category. -Sean Curtin 23:23, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was rename to "for" --Kbdank71 13:43, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Subcategories of Category:Olympic competitors by country
As far as I can determine, the CFD discussion on Category:Olympic athletes and the related Category:Olympic  of the US didn't really come to a conclusion regarding the general naming scheme for the subcats of Category:Olympic competitors by country.

Now tell me, which of the following is it to be?
 * "Olympic competitors for "
 * "Olympic competitors of "

I noticed that some categories of the former naming had cropped up as of this writing, but I couldn't find any directions as to whether that had actually been 'officially decided' to be the correct form.

--Wernher 04:35, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: There is further discussion here:  Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:Olympic competitors by country  --Kbdank71 14:47, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 *  Of For. --Kbdank71 14:47, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * For. "Competitors of" is bad grammar: You compete for a country, you don't compete of it. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 04:16, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * FOR, people of a country could compete for another country... (see the dual citizenship holders of the world). 132.205.45.110 18:16, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * For, for reasons already stated by others. Uppland 21:00, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Passive radar

Passive radar (also referred to as parasitic radar, passive coherent location, passive surveillance, and passive covert radar) is a class of radar systems that detect and track objects by processing reflections from non-cooperative sources of illumination in the environment, such as commercial broadcast and communications signals. It is a specific case of bistatic radar – passive bistatic radar (PBR) – which is a broad type also including the exploitation of cooperative and non-cooperative radar transmitters.

Introduction
Conventional radar systems comprise a colocated transmitter and receiver, which usually share a common antenna to transmit and receive. A pulsed signal is transmitted and the time taken for the pulse to travel to the object and back allows the range of the object to be determined.

In a passive radar system, there is no dedicated transmitter. Instead, the receiver uses third-party transmitters in the environment and measures the time difference of arrival between the signal arriving directly from the transmitter and the signal arriving via reflection from the object. This allows the bistatic range of the object to be determined. In addition to the bistatic range, a passive radar will typically also measure the bistatic Doppler shift of the echo and also its direction of arrival. These allow the location, heading and speed of the object to be calculated. In some cases, multiple transmitters and/or receivers can be employed to make several independent measurements of bistatic range, Doppler and bearing and hence significantly improve the final track accuracy.

The term "passive radar" is sometimes used incorrectly to describe those passive sensors that detect and track aircraft by their RF emissions (such as radar, communications, or transponder emissions). However, these systems do not exploit reflected energy and hence are more accurately described as Electronic Support Measure or anti-radiation systems. Well known examples include the Czech TAMARA and VERA systems and the Ukrainian Kolchuga system.

History
The concept of passive radar detection using reflected ambient radio signals emanating from a distant transmitter is not new. The first radar experiments in the United Kingdom in 1935 by Robert Watson-Watt demonstrated the principle of radar by detecting a Handley Page Heyford bomber at a distance of 12 km using the BBC shortwave transmitter at Daventry.

Early radars were all bistatic because the technology to enable an antenna to be switched from transmit to receive mode had not been developed. Thus many countries were using bistatic systems in air defence networks during the early 1930s. For example, the British deployed the CHAIN HOME system; the French used a bistatic Continuous Wave (CW) radar in a "fence" (or "barrier") system; the Soviet Union deployed a bistatic CW system called the RUS-1, and the Japanese developed a bistatic CW radar called "Type A".

The Germans used a passive bistatic system during World War II. This system, called the Klein Heidelberg Parasit or Heidelberg-Gerät, was deployed at seven sites (Limmen, Oostvoorne, Ostend, Boulogne, Abbeville, Cap d'Antifer and Cherbourg) and operated as bistatic receivers, using the British Chain Home radars as non-cooperative illuminators, to detect aircraft over the southern part of the North Sea.

Bistatic radar systems gave way to monostatic systems with the development of the duplexer in 1936. The monostatic systems were much easier to implement since they eliminated the geometric complexities introduced by the separate transmitter and receiver sites. In addition, aircraft and shipborne applications became possible as smaller components were developed. In the early 1950s, bistatic systems were considered again when some interesting properties of the scattered radar energy were discovered, indeed the term "bistatic" was first used by Siegel in 1955 in his report describing these properties.

One of the largest and most complex passive radar systems was the UK's RX12874, or "Winkle". Winkle was deployed in the 1960s in response to the introduction of the carcinotron, a radar jammer that was so powerful it appeared to render long-distance radars useless. Winkle was able to home in on carcinotron broadcasts with the same accuracy as conventional radar, allowing the jammer aircraft to be tracked and attacked at hundreds of miles range. Additionally, by indicating the location of the jammer, other radars in the Linesman/Mediator network could reduce the sensitivity of their receivers when pointed in that direction, thereby reducing the amount of jamming received when pointed near the jammer's location.

The rise of cheap computing power and digital receiver technology in the 1980s led to a resurgence of interest in passive radar technology. For the first time, these allowed designers to apply digital signal processing techniques to exploit a variety of broadcast signals and to use cross-correlation techniques to achieve sufficient signal processing gain to detect targets and estimate their bistatic range and Doppler shift. Classified programmes existed in several nations, but the first announcement of a commercial system was by Lockheed-Martin Mission Systems in 1998, with the commercial launch of the Silent Sentry system, that exploited FM radio and analogue television transmitters.

Typical illuminators
Passive radar systems have been developed that exploit the following sources of illumination: Satellite signals have generally been found more difficult for passive radar use, either because the powers are too low or because the orbits of the satellites are such that illumination is too infrequent. However, there have been significant developments in the area over the past years. The possible exception to this is the exploitation of satellite-based radar and satellite radio systems. In 2011, researchers Barott and Butka from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University announced results claiming success using XM Radio to detect aircraft with a low-cost ground station.
 * Analog television signals
 * FM radio signals
 * Cellular phone base stations
 * Digital audio broadcasting
 * Digital video broadcasting
 * Terrestrial High-definition television transmitters in North America
 * GPS satellites (GPS reflectometry).

Principle
In a conventional radar system, the time of transmission of the pulse and the transmitted waveform is exactly known. This allows the object range to be easily calculated and for a matched filter to be used to achieve an optimal signal-to-noise ratio in the receiver. A passive radar does not have this information directly and hence must use a dedicated receiver channel (known as the "reference channel") to monitor each transmitter being exploited, and dynamically sample the transmitted waveform. A passive radar typically employs the following processing steps: These are described in greater detail in the sections below.
 * Reception of the direct signal from the transmitter(s) and the surveillance region on dedicated low-noise, linear, digital receivers
 * Digital beamforming to determine the direction of arrival of signals and spatial rejection of strong in-band interference
 * Adaptive filtering to cancel any unwanted direct signal returns in the surveillance channel(s)
 * Transmitter-specific signal conditioning
 * Cross-correlation of the reference channel with the surveillance channels to determine object bistatic range and Doppler
 * Detection using constant false alarm rate (CFAR) scheme
 * Association and tracking of object returns in range/Doppler space, known as "line tracking"
 * Association and fusion of line tracks from each transmitter to form the final estimate of an object's location, heading and speed.

Receiver system
A passive radar system must detect very small target returns in the presence of very strong, continuous interference. This contrasts with a conventional radar, which listens for echoes during the periods of silence in between each pulse transmission. As a result, the receiver must have a low noise figure, high dynamic range and high linearity. Despite this, the received echoes are normally well below the noise floor and the system tends to be externally noise limited (due to reception of the transmitted signal itself, plus reception of other distant in-band transmitters). Passive radar systems use digital receiver systems which output a digitized, sampled signal.

Digital beamforming
Most passive radar systems use simple antenna arrays with several antenna elements and element-level digitisation. This allows the direction of arrival of echoes to be calculated using standard radar beamforming techniques, such as amplitude monopulse using a series of fixed, overlapping beams or more sophisticated adaptive beamforming. Alternatively, some research systems have used only a pair of antenna elements and the phase-difference of arrival to calculate the direction of arrival of the echoes (known as phase interferometry and similar in concept to Very Long Baseline Interferometry used in astronomy).

Signal conditioning
With some transmitter types, it is necessary to perform some transmitter-specific conditioning of the signal before cross-correlation processing. This may include high-quality analogue bandpass filtering of the signal, channel equalization to improve the quality of the reference signal, removal of unwanted structures in digital signals to improve the radar ambiguity function or even complete reconstruction of the reference signal from the received digital signal.

Adaptive filtering
The principal limitation in detection range for most passive radar systems is the signal-to-interference ratio, due to the large and constant direct signal received from the transmitter. To remove this, an adaptive filter can be used to remove the direct signal in a process similar to active noise control. This step is essential to ensure that the range/Doppler sidelobes of the direct signal do not mask the smaller echoes in the subsequent cross-correlation stage.

In a few specific cases, the direct interference is not a limiting factor, due to the transmitter being beyond the horizon or obscured by terrain (such as with the Manastash Ridge Radar ), but this is the exception rather than the rule, as the transmitter must normally be within line-of-sight of the receiver to ensure good low-level coverage.

Cross-correlation processing
The key processing step in a passive radar is cross-correlation. This step acts as the matched filter and also provides the estimates of the bistatic range and bistatic Doppler shift of each target echo. Most analogue and digital broadcast signals are noise-like in nature, and as a consequence, they tend to only correlate with themselves. This presents a problem with moving targets, as the Doppler shift imposed on the echo means that it will not correlate with the direct signal from the transmitter. As a result, the cross-correlation processing must implement a bank of matched filters, each matched to a different target Doppler shift. Efficient implementations of the cross-correlation processing based on the discrete Fourier transform are usually used, in particular for OFDM waveforms. The signal processing gain is typically equal to the time-bandwidth product, BT, where B is the waveform bandwidth and T is the length of the signal sequence being integrated. A gain of 50 dB is not uncommon. Extended integration times are limited by the motion of the target and its smearing in range and Doppler during the integration period.

Target detection
Targets are detected on the cross-correlation surface by applying an adaptive threshold and declaring all returns above this surface to be targeted. A standard cell-averaging constant false alarm rate (CFAR) algorithm is typically used.

Line tracking
The line-tracking step refers to the tracking of target returns from individual targets, over time, in the range-Doppler space produced by the cross-correlation processing. A standard Kalman filter is typically used. Most false alarms are rejected during this stage of the processing.

Track association and state estimation
In a simple bistatic configuration (one transmitter and one receiver) it is possible to determine the location of the target by simply calculating the point of intersection of the bearing with the bistatic-range ellipse. However, errors in bearing and range tend to make this approach fairly inaccurate. A better approach is to estimate the target state (location, heading and speed) from the full measurement set of bistatic range, bearing and Doppler using a non-linear filter, such as the extended or unscented Kalman filter.

When multiple transmitters are used, a target can be potentially detected by every transmitter. The return from this target will appear at a different bistatic range and Doppler shift with each transmitter and so it is necessary to determine which target returns from one transmitter correspond with those on the other transmitters. Having associated these returns, the point at which the bistatic range ellipses from each transmitter intersect is the location of the target. The target can be located much more accurately in this way, than by relying on the intersection of the (inaccurate) bearing measurement with a single range ellipse. Again the optimum approach is to combine the measurements from each transmitter using a non-linear filter, such as the extended or unscented Kalman filter.

Narrow band and CW illumination sources
The above description assumes that the waveform of the transmitter being exploited possesses a usable radar ambiguity function and hence cross-correlation yields a useful result. Some broadcast signals, such as analogue television, contain a structure in the time domain that yields a highly ambiguous or inaccurate result when cross-correlated. In this case, the processing described above is ineffective. If the signal contains a continuous wave (CW) component, however, such as a strong carrier tone, then it is possible to detect and track targets in an alternative way. Over time, moving targets will impose a changing Doppler shift and direction of arrival on the CW tone that is characteristic of the location, speed and heading of the target. It is therefore possible to use a non-linear estimator to estimate the state of the target from the time history of the Doppler and bearing measurements. Work has been published that has demonstrated the feasibility of this approach for tracking aircraft using the vision carrier of analogue television signals. However, track initiation is slow and difficult, and so the use of narrowband signals is probably best considered as an adjunct to the use of illuminators with better ambiguity surfaces.

Performance
Passive radar performance is comparable to conventional short and medium-range radar systems. The detection range can be determined using the standard radar equation, but ensuring proper account of the processing gain and external noise limitations is taken. Furthermore, unlike conventional radar, the detection range is also a function of the deployment geometry, as the distance of the receiver from the transmitter determines the level of external noise against which the targets must be detected. However, as a rule of thumb, it is reasonable to expect a passive radar using FM radio stations to achieve detection ranges of up to 150 km, for high-power analogue TV and US HDTV stations to achieve detection ranges of over 300 km and for lower power digital signals (such as cell phone and DAB or DVB-T) to achieve detection ranges of a few tens of kilometres.

Passive radar accuracy is a strong function of the deployment geometry and the number of receivers and transmitters being used. Systems using only one transmitter and one receiver will tend to be much less accurate than conventional surveillance radars, whilst multistatic radars are capable of achieving somewhat greater accuracies. Most passive radars are two-dimensional, but height measurements are possible when the deployment is such that there is significant variation in the altitudes of the transmitters, receiver and target, reducing the effects of geometrical dilution of precision (GDOP).

Advantages and disadvantages
Advocates of the technology cite the following advantages:
 * Lower procurement cost
 * Lower costs of operation and maintenance, due to the lack of transmitter and moving parts
 * Covert operation, including no need for frequency allocations
 * Physically small and hence easily deployed in places where conventional radars cannot be
 * Rapid updates, typically once a second
 * Difficulty of jamming
 * Resilience to anti-radiation missiles.

Opponents of the technology cite the following disadvantages:
 * Immaturity
 * Reliance on third-party illuminators
 * Complexity of deployment
 * 1D/2D operation, but possible use 2 different systems for 3D (height + range).

Commercial and academic systems

Passive radar systems are currently under development in several commercial organizations. Of these, the systems that have been publicly announced include:
 * Lockheed-Martin Silent Sentry - exploiting FM radio stations
 * BAE Systems CELLDAR - exploiting GSM base stations
 * Selex ES Aulos passive radar
 * Thales Air Systems Homeland Alerter - FM radio-based system
 * Hensoldt TwInvis multiband passive radar
 * Silentium Defence Maverick-M passive radar for tactical surveillance and MAVERICK-S passive radar for surveillance of air and space.
 * ERA VERA-NG Passive Surveillance ESM Tracker
 * Daronmont Technologies SECAR-P Passive Radar for Australia

Several academic passive radar systems exist as well:
 * Manastash Ridge Radar
 * Alim radar system

Current research
Research on passive radar systems is of growing interest throughout the world, with various open-source publications showing active research and development in the United States (including work at the Air Force Research Labs, Lockheed-Martin Mission Systems, Raytheon, University of Washington, Georgia Tech/Georgia Tech Research Institute and the University of Illinois), in the NATO C3 Agency in The Netherlands, in the United Kingdom (at Roke Manor Research, QinetiQ, University of Birmingham, University College London and BAE Systems), France (including the government labs of ONERA), Germany (including the labs at Fraunhofer-FHR), Poland (including Warsaw University of Technology). There is also active research on this technology in several governments or university laboratories in China, Iran, Russia and South Africa. The low-cost nature of the system makes the technology particularly attractive to university laboratories and other agencies with limited budgets, as the key requirements are less hardware and more algorithmic sophistication and computational power.

Much current research is currently focusing on the exploitation of modern digital broadcast signals. The US HDTV standard is particularly good for passive radar, having an excellent ambiguity function and very high power transmitters. The DVB-T digital TV standard (and related DAB digital audio standard) used throughout most of the rest of the world is more challenging— transmitter powers are lower, and many networks are set up in a "single frequency network" mode, in which all transmitters are synchronised in time and frequency. Without careful processing, the net result for passive radar is like multiple repeaters jammers.

Target imaging
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and Georgia Institute of Technology, with the support of DARPA and NATO C3 Agency, have shown that it is possible to build a synthetic aperture image of an aircraft target using passive multistatic radar. Using multiple transmitters at different frequencies and locations, a dense data set in Fourier space can be built for a given target. Reconstructing the image of the target can be accomplished through an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). Herman, Moulin, Ehrman and Lanterman have published reports based on simulated data, which suggest that low-frequency passive radars (using FM radio transmissions) could provide target classification in addition to tracking information. These Automatic Target Recognition systems use the power received to estimate the RCS of the target. The RCS estimate at various aspect angles as the target traverses the multistatic system are compared to a library of RCS models of likely targets to determine target classification. In the latest work, Ehrman and Lanterman implemented a coordinated flight model to further refine the RCS estimate.

Ionospheric Turbulence Studies
Researchers at the University of Washington operate a distributed passive radar exploiting FM broadcasts to study ionospheric turbulence at altitudes of 100 km and ranges out to 1200  km. Meyer and Sahr have demonstrated interferometric images of ionospheric turbulence with an angular resolution of 0.1 degrees, while also resolving the full, unaliased Doppler Power Spectrum of the turbulence.

Space Debris Detection and Tracking
Silentium Defence has launched the first operational ground passive radar specifically designed to track LEO. The Oculus Observatory is based in Swan Reach, South Australia with plans to scale the technology globally. Silentium has a range of products that support both tactical and strategic applications ranging from drone detection, maritime surveillance to long-range air and space search. The University of Strathclyde is developing an in-orbit system to detect and track space debris from small fragments to inactive satellites. The work, supported by the UK and European Space Agencies, is a collaboration between the Aerospace Centre of Excellence and the Centre for Signal & Image Processing at the University of Strathclyde. Clemente and Vasile have demonstrated the technical feasibility of the detection of small pieces of debris using a range of existing illuminators and a receiver in Low Earth Orbit.

title: Passive radar


text:
List of international organization leaders in 2005

The following is a list of international organization leaders in 2005.


text:
Southern Pacific (narrow gauge)

The Southern Pacific narrow gauge system was a network of narrow gauge railroad lines operated by the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) in the western United States. It consisted of two lines acquired in the early 20th century, running from western Nevada into eastern California and southern Oregon.

The first, the former Carson and Colorado Railway, comprised 300 miles of single track running south from the Southern Pacific main line between Mound House, Nevada (outside Carson City) and Keeler, California. The line was originally built by the Virginia and Truckee Railroad, and was purchased by the Southern Pacific in 1900, when the line made enough profit to repay the purchase price within one month. In later years the line was not as profitable, although it was enough to justify dieselizing the line, one of the few such cases in the United States. The narrow gauge service ended in 1960.

The second line was organized in 1882, as the Nevada and Oregon (later the Nevada–California–Oregon Railway (NCO)) and was acquired by the Southern Pacific in 1925. It comprised 200 miles of single track running north from Reno, Nevada to Lakeview, Oregon. Plans to continue the line into points in Oregon were never realized. The line was converted to standard gauge in 1928, and its gauge equipment was sold, though several locomotives subsequently ran on the southern limb of the network, the former Carson and Colorado line.

title: Southern Pacific (narrow gauge)


text: User talk:24.99.83.31

title: User talk:24.99.83.31


text:
Oaklands railway station

Oaklands railway station is located on the Seaford railway line in Adelaide, South Australia. It is in the south-western suburb of Oaklands Park, 13 kilometres from Adelaide station.

History
Oaklands station was opened in 1913, the land having been sold to the State Government by T. C. Tait on the proviso that it be named after his once-extensive property. Until the early 1950s the Ascot Park and Oaklands stations serviced Marion with a single rail track. In 1953, the line was duplicated as far as Oaklands, and as part of that work a new station was constructed at Marion. The duplication resulted in the station being redeveloped into a single island platform between the two tracks of the rail line.

On 6 June 2008, the island platform and asbestos shelter was closed and demolished. A new station, opened on 10 June 2008, had been constructed immediately to the southwest of the original station's location between Selway Street and Kearnes Road, bringing it significantly closer to Diagonal Road. The timetable was also modified so that all trains now stop at the station.

Grade separation
In 2011-2012, the state government undertook a planning study into a grade separation project to eliminate the level crossing south of the station by building an underpass beneath the railway line for Diagonal Road. No funding was provided at that time. Work began in 2018 to lower the railway line under the road instead. The contract to design and build the new crossing was awarded on 16 January 2018 to the Public Transport Projects Alliance, a joint venture of McConnell Dowell, Mott MacDonald and Arup Group. During construction in late 2018, the government proposed a renaming of the station to Marion Centre to better reflect its location near the Westfield Marion Shopping Centre, Marion Cultural Centre and the State Aquatic Centre. However, the proposed renaming did not materialise.

Oaklands station was permanently closed on 13 April 2019 and demolished as works commenced to realign the tracks to the newly-constructed underpass; the Seaford Line was also temporarily closed between Brighton and Adelaide to allow the electric catenary for the trains to be shut off for the final works. The new grade separated station features ramps and stairs down to platform level and has public toilet facilities at street level. The line was reopened on 6 May 2019 and trains commenced servicing the new station the same day.

title: Oaklands railway station


text:
Talk:Fazal Din

Untitled
I saw a poster on the London Underground at Bounds Green telling Fazal Din's story. Was moved by it and then noticed somebody had written on it "P*KI C**T". I cant believe how ignorant people are of the sacrifice of Empire and Commonwealth troops. Was thinking of leaving this country, this has convinced me to leave asap.

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title: Talk:Fazal Din


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Talk:The Network

Interview with Green Day in Q magazine
There was an interview with Green Day in Q during summer 2005 in which the interviewer talked with Billie Joe about The Network. He admitted that the members of Green Day are in fact The Network but denied that Money Money 2020 was actually the stolen/lost record Cigarettes and Valentines. So yes, I would say the cat's out of the bag. -St. Jimmy

I'd love to see a scan of such an article, as I do not believe it exists. Green Day has not publicly commented on the Network in years, and as far as I know have never confirmed their involvement. AHSports (talk) 17:19, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

http://www.greendayauthority.com/TheBand/articles/qmag_may05/pageseven.jpg

Lol I just read that and it's just the author saying The Network are easily indentifiable as Green Day. Billie admitted nothing.

Identity of Band Members
It is confirmed that at least Billie Joe Armstrong, and almost definitely Mike Dirnt and Tre' Cool, are members of The Network. The entire thing was some kind of publicity thing and Green Day knows they can't release a New Wave album as Green Day. It wouldn't be well received. See below and also see the Pinhead Gunpowder site.

VH1 Top 20 Countdown
I was watching the Top 20 countdown last month and the host kinda pretty much said that Green Day was the Network (he said Green Day has a side project know as The Network with two members of Devo) and then he went on how they would be opening some shows for Green Day, saying Green Day would come out as The Network and then go backstage to change. So I'm guessing cats out of the bag. --Saint-Paddy 00:30, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Devo
"The band consists of the three members of the band Green Day and two other musicians from the 80's band Devo"

I don't think there's any point in including the reference to Devo here, as they aren't mentioned again in the article, and other proposed identities of the remaining two members are covered later in the article, without providing any more basis for the Devo statement. The only "clue" perhaps would be that The Network's influences are supposedly Devo and Kraftwerk, and Mark Mothersbaugh of Devo has said a few times that he is fond of Green Day, but even that's not really any sort of way to confirm that he is involved in The Network.

 * Yeah, since nobody has offered anything to back this up, I'm going to remove the information. All of the members have been given possible names, and none of them include people from Devo. Stapler 9 42 (talk) 17:35, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Vegetarianism
Though it is a popular rumor, neither Billie Joe nor Mike Dirnt are vegetarians, as confirmed in a Q&A session on Green Day's Idiot Club (requires payment and registration). --Guess Who 18:54, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

The Website
Now, it says Cumming Soon with a Network logo. New album perhaps? Toasty! | Available at your local store 20:16, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Now it says Forbidden. 13:24, 12 March 2012 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.116.2.132 (talk)

Fair use rationale for Image:Thenetwork moneymoney2020-cover.jpg
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BetacommandBot 02:58, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Disbanded in 2004?
Um, really? Source, please? --House Boy (talk) 16:16, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Captain Underpants
Why the hell always delete him from the infobox member list? i put him almost 5 times and ever delete him, please don't do that!! he's a full member of the network!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.180.57.150 (talk) 18:14, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know why people are doing this, but i'll make sure it won't happen again. LukeTheSpook (talk) 20:04, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

maybe it seems to the deleter as vandalism ( imean, comon...Captain Underpants?)--Greenday21 (talk) 14:16, 21 April 2008 (UTC)Greenday21

The Network vs. Network
I think the reason they haven't made anymore appaerances is because there was another band called Network, and then Green Day became the Network.--C.R.Stinnett (talk) 23:49, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

iTunes Confusion
If you type in "the Network" on itunes it shows 2 bands both called the network. one is the new wave band that is on this article and the other is a heavy metal band with the exact same name. could someone please clear up my confusion?????99.139.234.11 (talk) 02:01, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * This band is The Network. the other band is probally just ''Network. Itunes tends to mislabel stuff. LTS-sLither (talk to me) 02:22, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

the network(s)?
Crstinnett was right, but theres more then two. I have found at least six by the network name--Saint Fink (talk) 23:36, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Merge proposal
This article completely lacks reliable sources, is full of original research, and doesn't seem notable at all. I propose a merge to Green Day related projects, as there's nowhere near enough information in reliable sources for this band to have its own article. Any notable information can easily be fit into the appropriate section in the related projects page. Tim meh  ! ( review me ) 00:11, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

It saves "space" (although I'm not sure space exsists on the internet, further proving my point if this is the case) to merge this article with the Green Day related projects one, but it doesn't exactly make sense. Green Day have never confirmed that they are the members of The Network (unless that Q article mentioned above exsists) so it wouldn't be accurate information to classify The Network in a Green Day related projects article. Gardenofgibson (talk) 21:39, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Number of Letters in Band Names vs. Real Names does not follow the same count rule suggested in article!
"It should be noted that their first and last names each have the same number of letters as the supposed member's real name."

I don't understand this claim. 'Fink' has 4 letters in it, 'Billie' has 6 letters, plus Billie Joe Armstrong has a last name. Also, 'Van Gough' is supposedly Mike Dirnt, and 'Van' has 3 letters while 'Mike' has 4 letters. Sure, 'Tre Cool' does follow this rule ala 'The Snoo', but that is the ONLY one that fits the rule!

Am I missing something?

76.87.86.239 (talk) 03:53, 5 August 2009 (UTC) August 4, 2009

Pending changes
This article is one of a number selected for the early stage of the trial of the Pending Changes system on the English language Wikipedia. All the articles listed at Pending changes/Queue  are being considered for level 1 pending changes protection.

The following request appears on that page:

Comments on the suitability of theis page for "Pending changes" would be appreciated.

Please update the Queue page as appropriate.

Note that I am not involved in this project any much more than any other editor, just posting these notes since it is quite a big change, potentially

Regards, Rich Farmbrough, 00:21, 17 June 2010 (UTC).

Wait... what?
I'm slightly confused here. Billie Joe Armstrong is a part of this and yet he denies being a part of it. Contradictory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.115.249.97 (talk) 03:36, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

He addimited it in an interview for "Bullet in a Bible" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.116.2.132 (talk) 17:27, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Green Day's Involvement Confirmed
Mike Dirnt confirms that they worked on The Network's 2003 album in this article: http://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/alternate-take/q-a-green-days-mike-dirnt-on-billie-joe-armstrongs-recovery-20130301#ixzz2MJBoTt1s

 * " ... we were working so hard, since [2004's] American Idiot. We haven't stopped moving forward: the [2003] Network record, Foxboro Hot Tubs, the [American Idiot] musical ... " — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.177.51.130 (talk) 13:19, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

= WP:OR =

OK, let's be honest virtually all of this article is original research - "Tré Cool can be identified in several pictures (note the size and shape of the nose)". Some independednt verification of all these claims, PLEASE! Stub Mandrel (talk) 19:36, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860992300
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860992400
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860992600
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860993300
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060623104600/http://www.greendayauthority.com:80/TheBand/network/thesnoo.gif to http://www.greendayauthority.com/TheBand/network/thesnoo.gif

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Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:25, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on The Network. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860992200
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860992500
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860992800

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External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 6 one external links on The Network. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060228171659/http://www.pinheadgunpowder.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk:80/phgp/billie.htm to http://www.pinheadgunpowder.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/phgp/billie.htm
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860992700
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860992900
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860993100
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860993200
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.warnerchappell.com/wcm_2/song_search/song_detail/songview_2.jsp?esongId=860993500

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Semi-protected edit request on October 23 2017
The big block quote from Billie Joe Armstrong, starting with "I just wanted," isn't sourced and looks just made up. I Googled and mostly found mirrors of this page. Honestly, I think the person who added it got it from here, and that article is fanfiction. It needs a source because I'm pretty sure it's fictitious. 2602:306:BC31:4AA0:E5F7:E5A0:1D51:E51 (talk) 16:18, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done I cut back the extended blockquote to what can be verified through reliable sources and cited it to Brian Boone, I Love Rock 'n' Roll (Except When I Hate It) Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 18:54, 19 October 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on November 2 2018
There has to be a better way to word the lead section. In particular the phrase "although the band is speculated to be a side project of the punk rock band Green Day" as it makes it seem like there's uncertainty about if The Network has the same members as Green Day did at the time, when that's objectively the case and Green Day's statements to the contrary were just marketing. 2601:703:100:22ED:54AF:5413:AC04:A13A (talk) 04:47, 2 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  ♪♫Al ucard   16♫♪  05:22, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

The Network and their Green Day affiliation
Can someone with editing access take out the part in the The Network article where it says “ A secret side-project of punk rock band Green Day”? Also down on the associated acts it puts Green Day as well. This has been proven untrue, see this band claimed that they were friends of Green Day, however it has been denied by Green Day even so far as to call them a “fraudulent gang of masked dipshits” for trying to associate themselves with them. The full quote by Green Day drummer Tre Cool states “Speaking of SPAM... it has come to my attention that there is a European New Wave group pretending to be affiliated with @greenday. That’s wack. This fraudulent gang of masked dipshits are no friends of mine. Eat a bag of dicks @thenetwork and quit trying to poach our fans!!” If you are confused by the @(band name)s in the quote that is because it was on Instagram. Anyways basically what I’m saying is “can someone please take the parts about Green Day off of the Wikipedia page?” Leaving it on there would be misleading and untrue. Thank you for reading. Mastermasony (talk) 15:43, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

Second album
Where did Sparky Renegade come from? They said it was titled Money Money 2020 II Arrowversefanatic2002 (talk) 17:36, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

Devo 2
There is a discussion taking place over at the Devo talk page that concerns this page. If you want to take part in the discussion, please head over to the Devo talk page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Devo#Green_Day_side-project_The_Network Moline1 (talk) 00:33, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Network


text: User talk:71.102.77.15

title: User talk:71.102.77.15


text:
Adam Kennedy

Adam Thomas Kennedy (born January 10, 1976) is an American former professional baseball second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Oakland Athletics, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Washington Nationals, Seattle Mariners, and Los Angeles Dodgers.

Early years
Kennedy was born in Riverside, California. He attended John W. North High School in Riverside, playing baseball and basketball. He is the son of Tom Kennedy, who teaches Health at North High School.

He attended Cal State Northridge, where he played shortstop for the Matador baseball squad. He set school records in career hits, RBI and batting average and was a three-time All-American. He led the nation in hits as a sophomore and junior. In 1996, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

St. Louis Cardinals
Kennedy was drafted in the first round (20th overall) by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1997 MLB draft. In 1999 with the Memphis Redbirds he hit .327 with 10 home runs and 63 RBI. He was selected as a Pacific Coast League All-Star, and a Baseball America first-team Minor League All-Star.

He made his MLB debut on August 21, 1999, for the Cardinals against the New York Mets at second base. He was hitless in four at-bats in that game. His first MLB hit was a three RBI double to left field on August 22 off of Orel Hershiser of the Mets. His first MLB home run came on August 31 against Brian Meadows of the Florida Marlins. He appeared in 33 games for the Cardinals in 1999 hitting .255 with 1 home run and 16 RBIs. In the 2000 offseason, the Cardinals signed former All-Star Fernando Viña to start at second base, making Kennedy, who hadn't separated himself from his infield counterparts, expendable.

Anaheim Angels/Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
On March 23, 2000, Kennedy was traded to the Anaheim Angels along with All-Star pitcher Kent Bottenfield for outfielder Jim Edmonds.

Kennedy matched a team record with eight RBI in 16–10 win over the Blue Jays on April 18, 2000.

Kennedy would finish his rookie season, batting .266/.300/.403 with 9 home runs and 72 RBIs. He received a single vote in AL Rookie of the Year voting, tying him for sixth place with Steve Cox, Mark Redman and Barry Zito.

In the 2001 season, Kennedy hit .270/.318/.372 with 6 home runs and 40 RBIs. Kennedy was the team's starting second baseman, but showed only marginal improvement following a strong rookie campaign.

The 2002 season was Kennedy's breakthrough year, as it established him as a fixture in the Angels infield. During the regular season, he hit .312/.345/.449 with 7 home runs and 52 RBIs, as the Angels earned a wild card berth, their first playoff appearance in 16 years.

In Game 5 of the 2002 American League Championship Series against the Minnesota Twins, Kennedy hit three home runs, joining only nine other players who hit three homers in a postseason game: Babe Ruth, Bob Robertson, Reggie Jackson, George Brett, Adrián Beltré, Albert Pujols, Pablo Sandoval, José Altuve, and Enrique Hernández. Kennedy's performance helped the Angels clinch the American League pennant, and Kennedy was named the series' Most Valuable Player. For the series, Kennedy hit .357 with 3 home runs and 5 RBIs. The Angels went on to beat the San Francisco Giants in seven games in the World Series, earning Kennedy a World Series ring. In the 2002 entire postseason, Kennedy hit .340 with 4 home runs, after only hitting 7 home runs in 143 regular season games.

The 2003 season was a season of ups and downs for Kennedy, he hit a career-high 13 home runs, and his walk rate increased over 5% (3.7% in 2002 to 8.8% in 2003), but his average dropped to .269 and he struggled to repeat his 2002 success as the Angels failed to make the postseason and defend their World Series title. Despite this, on December 19, 2003, Kennedy agreed to a 3-year, $8.85 million contract that would keep him in Anaheim through the 2006 season.

Kennedy's 2004 campaign was eerily similar to his 2003 one, he hit .278 with 10 home runs and 48 RBIs. Despite his inconsistent play, the Angels were in contention for a playoff spot down the stretch. On September 20, during a game against the Seattle Mariners, Kennedy suffered a torn ACL & MCL in his right knee while attempting to field a single up the middle from Ichiro Suzuki, which caused him to miss the remainder of the season, including the Angels final playoff push and eventual playoff run.

The 2005 season was somewhat of a resurgence for Kennedy, as he hit exactly .300, but only hit 2 home runs and had just 37 RBIs, both of which were career-lows since he became an everyday player. The Angels once again won the AL West to qualify for the postseason, were they faced the New York Yankees in ALDS. Despite a overall subpar series, where he hit just .235 over the 5 games, Kennedy came up clutch in the decisive Game 5, hitting a triple off of future Hall of Famer Mike Mussina in the second inning, driving in two runs to give the Angels a 3–2 lead that they would never relinquish. In 2005 ALCS, Kennedy hit .286 for the series, but had just 4 hits and 1 RBI, as the Angels lost to the Chicago White Sox in 5 games.

Kennedy's 2006 campaign was one filled with many question marks, as statistically he was closer to his numbers in his 2003 & 2004 seasons than his peaks in 2002 & 2005, as he hit .273 with 4 home runs and 55 RBIs. With his offensive performance declining, and being an impending free agent at the conclusion of the season, as well as top prospect Howie Kendrick rising through the minors, it was rumoured that the Angels would look to trade Kennedy at the trade deadline, most notably for Shea Hillenbrand. While the rumors never came to fruition, Kennedy was forced to share the starting second base position, playing in a platoon with the rookie Kendrick for the remainder of the season.

The national spotlight shone briefly on Kennedy on August 16, 2006, when he took part in a bench-clearing brawl in the ninth inning of a game between the Texas Rangers and the Angels. Tensions between the two division rivals were already high, as two Rangers starting pitchers — Adam Eaton and Vicente Padilla — had been ejected in previous games that month for throwing at Angels batters. Also, two Angels hurlers (Kevin Gregg and Brendan Donnelly) had already been thrown out of the game for hitting batters, and manager Mike Scioscia and bench coach Ron Roenicke had been ejected as well. Rangers pitcher Scott Feldman hit Kennedy in the buttocks with a fastball with only one out remaining in the game, and his team up 9–3. Kennedy charged the mound, triggering a fight. As Kennedy charged him, Feldman stood on the mound and threw down his glove, and when Kennedy reached him, Feldman then hit Kennedy in the armpit with a punch. Kennedy was suspended for four games for his actions.

At the end of the 2006 season, Kennedy became a free agent and with Kendrick set to take over the starting spot at second base, Kennedy was informed by general manager Bill Stoneman that he would not be retained.

In seven seasons with the Angels, Kennedy hit .280 in 992 games, with 51 home runs and 353 RBI.

Return to St. Louis

On November 28, 2006, he signed a 3-year, $10 million contract with his former team, the St. Louis Cardinals.

On August 11, 2007, Kennedy was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a torn medial meniscus in his right knee, an injury that would sideline him for the remainder of the season. He appeared in 87 games prior to the injury, and hit only .219, the lowest average of his career.

In 2008, he played in 115 games and hit .280 with just 2 home runs and 36 RBIs. Following the season, Kennedy requested a trade, stating that his desired role as a starter was not being fulfilled as the Cardinals acquired Felipe López to play second base down the stretch.

On February 9, 2009, 6 months after his trade request, Kennedy was released by the team with a year remaining on his contract.

Tampa Bay Rays
On February 17, 2009, Kennedy signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays. The Rays assigned him to the AAA Durham Bulls, his first minor league action since 2005. With the Bulls, he hit .280 in 23 games.

Oakland Athletics
On May 8, 2009, he was traded to the Oakland Athletics for Joe Dillon and was assigned to Triple-A Sacramento. His contract was purchased the next day. He appeared in 129 games for the Athletics, mostly at third base and second base, batting .289 with 11 home runs.

Washington Nationals
On February 12, 2010, Kennedy signed with the Washington Nationals on 1-year, $1.75 million contract. He played in 135 games for the Nationals, hitting .249. He mostly played second base, but also appeared in 51 games at first base, the first time he had seen any regular time at that position in his career.

Seattle Mariners
On January 10, 2011, he signed a minor-league deal with the Seattle Mariners. Kennedy, however, made the team out of spring training, and served as a utility infielder, seeing action at first base, second base and third base during the year while hitting .234 in 114 games. Midway through the season, he replaced former Angels teammate Chone Figgins as the starting third baseman. He elected free agency on October 30.

Los Angeles Dodgers
On December 1, 2011, Kennedy signed a one-year contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. In 86 games with the Dodgers, mostly as a pinch hitter (with occasional starts at second and third), Kennedy hit .262. A strained right groin put him on the disabled list and ended his season early, on September 11.

Post playing career
After his playing career ended, Kennedy opened a baseball academy.

title: Adam Kennedy


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