text:
Social economy

The social economy is formed by a rich diversity of enterprises and organisations, such as cooperatives, mutuals, associations, foundations, social enterprises and paritarian institutions, sharing common values and features:
 * Primacy of the individual and the social objective over capital
 * Voluntary and open membership
 * Democratic governance
 * Combination of interests of members/users and/or the general interest
 * Defence and application of the principles of solidarity and responsibility
 * Autonomous management and independence from public authorities, though cross-sector collaboration is common
 * Reinvestment of at least most of the profits to carry out sustainable development objectives, services of interest to members or of general interest

Social economy enterprises and organisations have different sizes, ranging from SMEs to large companies and groups that are leaders in their markets and operate in all the economic sectors.

Third sector
As a field of study, social economy studies the relationship between economy and social behavior. It analyzes how consumer behavior is influenced by social morals, ethics and other humanitarian philosophies. It examines activity that is related to economics in the community and exposes the information to the community; this includes the social enterprise and voluntary sectors.

A social economy develops because of a need for new solutions for issues (social, economic or environmental) and to satisfy needs which have been ignored (or inadequately fulfilled) by the private or public sectors. By using solutions to achieve not-for-profit aims, a social economy has a unique role in creating a strong, sustainable, prosperous and inclusive society.

Successful social-economy organisations play a role in fulfilling governmental policy objectives by:

 * Contributing to socially-inclusive wealth creation
 * Enabling individuals and communities to renew local neighbourhoods
 * Demonstrating new ways to deliver public services
 * Developing an inclusive society and active citizenship
 * Embracing competitors, as competition may indicate greater overall market productivity in achieving social goals

Defining the limits of a social-economy sector is difficult due to shifting politics and economics; at any time organisations may be "partly in, partly out", moving among sub-sectors of the social economy.

Social enterprise compass
Organisations may be placed on the social enterprise compass, which measures enterprises and organisations on a continuum between the private and public sectors.

 * Horizontal axis:

On the horizontal axis, each enterprise or organisation is categorized by its ownership. On the left side ownership is by public authorities, and on the right side it is private industry. "Private industry" encompasses all economic activity with the capital of one (or many) private owners, with a view to making a profit for personal benefit. The owners supply financial capital and bear any risk. "Public authorities" encompass all economic activity in which public authorities possess the capital at the national, federal, regional or local level; this includes nationalised and public industries.

On the vertical axis each enterprise or organisation is categorized by its primary objective, from "social purpose" at the top to "commercial purpose" at the bottom. Social purpose is the primary objective of the enterprise if it meets the following criteria:
 * Vertical axis:
 * Ethical concept: Core definition
 * Mission (key identification): The enterprise's primary objective is to improve the lives of disadvantaged people, provide support, advance social cohesion or improve the environment.
 * Social economic creation of value and appropriation of earnings (qualitative key identification): Profits and/or resources are verifiably reinvested for the benefit of disadvantaged people.

If these criteria are met, an organisation is at the top of the vertical axis.

One criterion is a descriptive feature:
 * Intermediary function: Social economical enterprises and organisations have an intermediary function (between public and private).

If none of the above criteria are met, or the primary object of the enterprise is commercial, it is located at the bottom of the vertical axis.

If the above criteria are partially met, the enterprise is located along the vertical axis according to its self-definition.
 * Between social and commercial purposes:

Canada
The definition of Social Economy used by the Chantier de l'économie sociale in Quebec follows: The Social Economy is made up of association-based economic activities founded on values of: The Social Economy includes: The Canadian Community Economic Development Network (CCEDNet) is a national member-led organization committed to strengthening Canadian communities by creating economic opportunities that enhance social and environmental conditions. The Canadian Social Economy Hub (CSEHub) acted as a facilitator between 2005 and 2011, promoting collaboration among six regional research centres across Canada (Québec, Atlantic, Southern Ontario, Prairies and Northern Ontario, BC and Alberta and the North), and creating opportunities and exchanges with international networks. The Canadian Social Economy Research Partnerships (CSERP) was established in 2005 through a five-year Social Sciences and Humanities Research grant. Over 300 researchers, drawn from universities and Social Economy organisations, have created over 400 products including e-books, occasional papers and paper series.
 * Service to members or the community rather than only generating profits and seeking financial returns;
 * Autonomous management (not government controlled);
 * Democratic decision making;
 * Primacy of persons and work over capital;
 * Based on principles of participation, empowerment and individual and collective responsibility.
 * social assets (housing, childcare centres, etc.) of community organizations;
 * social enterprises including co- operatives and revenue-generating programs of non profit groups;
 * credit unions and social financing organizations like community loan funds;
 * training and skills development enterprises; and
 * sectoral and regional organizations e.g. renewal energy associations.

France
The term "social economy" derives from the French économie sociale, first recorded about 1900. The sector comprises four families of organisations: cooperatives, mutuals, associations (voluntary organisations) and foundations (which, in France, must be of "public utility"). The social economy is a major sector, representing 10,3 percent of employment.

Spain
The first Law of Social Economy in Europe was approved in Spain in early 2011. By 2013, the social economy in Spain represented 12% of the Gross Domestic Product, with more than 44,500 businesses, more than 2,215,000 employees, impacting more than 16,528,000 associated people, and producing €150.978 million in gross sales. Consequently, the concept of economía social is firmly embedded in the country's academic, political and economic institutions.

The process of national political integration of the social economy in Spain started in 1990 with the creation of the National Institute for the Promotion of Social Economy (Instituto Nacional de Fomento de la Economía Social—INFES) through Law 31/1990 by Spain's Parliament on 27 December of that year. The INFES replaced the former Directorate General of Cooperatives and Worker-Owned Companies (Dirección General de Cooperativas y Sociedades Laborales) of the Spanish Ministry of Labour and Social Security. Among its purposes was the promotion of social economy organisations and, for that reason, it created the Institute from among its members. When the INFES ceased operating in the year 1997, its tasks were assumed by the General Directorate for the Promotion of Social Economy (Dirección General del Fomento de la Economía Social) and the European Social Fund. Law 27/1999 on Cooperatives, of 16 July 1999, incorporated the Council for the Promotion of the Social Economy as the advisory and consultative body for activities related to the social economy, and its regulations were implemented by Royal Decree 219/2001, of 2 March, to authorize the organization and operation of the Council. Thus, this Council is set up as the institution that provides visibility to the various organizations in the social economy.

Furthermore, and due to the decentralization of powers that characterizes Spain's territorial system, there are different substantive rules regarding the various entities in the social economy whose regulation falls within the scope of the regional governments, giving rise to the existence of similar institutions within each autonomous community of industry participants. The different forms of cooperatives and, among them, the ones of associated workers, consumers, housing, agricultural, services, seafarers, credit, education, health, insurance and transport cooperatives, worker-owned societies and associations, foundations and mutual societies, insertion companies, special employment centers, agricultural processing companies and fishermen's associations share the guiding principles of the social economy. All these organizations are covered, directly or indirectly, by the aforementioned articles of the Spanish Constitution. Their principles confer on them a distinct and specific character with regard to other types of commercial companies and organizations in Spain.

A national confederation of social economy enterprises was established in 1992, CEPES (Confederación Empresarial Española de Economía Social), to represent the interests of its membership and provide a platform for institutional dialogues with public authorities and the organization has matured through the political integration. Today, CEPES is a confederation with national scope and cross-sector membership and is recognized as an institution of the highest level in Spain's economy. Each year, the organization collects data and publishes several reports on the state of the social economy sector in both Spain and the Mediterranean. Comparative data of the Spanish social economy relative to similar sectors in other parts of the world are also reported.

Latin America
In Spanish-speaking Latin-American countries (such as Argentina, Venezuela and Cuba) the concept of economía social is accepted. The government of Hugo Chávez believed that the informal sector could be absorbed into the social economy of Venezuela by strictly controlling (or nationalising) large firms and creating new forms of private enterprise which were more accessible to the poor. Wage labour was seen as a source of exploitation, and the government hoped to reduce (or eliminate) it by promoting corporate governance, family and cooperative businesses and restricting labour contracts. The government planned to provide technology, training, finance and exclusive contracts to small enterprises so that they could survive in the national marketplace.

European Union
At the European level, the French concept predominates. In 1989, the Delors Commission established a Social Economy Unit to coordinate the movement at the European level; however, official texts adopted the term "Co-operatives, Mutuals, Associations and Foundations" (CMAFs). Social economy was one of the nine themes of the €3 billion EQUAL Community Initiative (2002-2008).

The European Economic and Social Committee has published a study drawn up by CIRIEC (International Centre of Research and Information on the Public, Social and Cooperative Economy) on the social economy in the European Union, available in the 23 official languages of the Union. A more recent study was carried out in 2017 focused on the emerging new concepts related to Social Economy and on the new public policies related to social economy.

The European Parliament established a Social Economy Intergroup (SEIG), integrating MEPs from 5 political groups and from 6 countries. Social Economy represents 2 million enterprises, including mutuals and cooperatives and employs over 14 million paid employees in the European Union.

In Ireland, the social economy is well-funded; an example is rural transport schemes to assist the socially disadvantaged in isolated locations.

United Kingdom
In the UK, the social enterprise movement is where the discussions of much of the social economy are centred, with a Social Economy Alliance created to support an ecosystem of social impact-focused businesses and charities. It is also a phrase used by the Labour Party to describe the economy surrounding social enterprises in the UK.

Until September 2021 there was a Minister for Civil Society, who was expressly responsible for social enterprise and social investment. Under the second Johnson ministry the role was merged with other responsibilities, now held by a lower-ranking minister.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, there is an Office for the Community & Voluntary Sector; however, a research programme is in progress as the Study of the NZ Non-Profit Sector.

United States
In the United States, rapid social change has led to shifts in both purpose and organizational forms of actors within the social economy. A diverse array of organizations, companies, constitute the social economy, including for-profit businesses, 501(c)(3) non-profits, cooperatives, credit unions, limited liability companies, social enterprises, and benefit corporations. Those which do not fit neatly into the aforementioned categories may be considered a hybrid organization. Some scholars define hybrids as organizations that maintain a social mission while pursuing profit, but others define them more specifically as for-profit ventures that operate to generate revenues for a partner nonprofit. Hybrids have primarily existed in sectors such as job training, health care, and microcredit, but have recently expanded to include environmentalism, technology, and even consulting. Organizational differences are acknowledged in the tax codes of several states with entities such as benefit corporations.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines sectors differently, depending on the purpose. A sector can be a grouping of institutions, such as government (taxing authority), business (taxable profit-making), philanthropy (untaxed nonprofit), and household (taxable personal income). However, due to increasingly hybridized institutions within the social economy, their categorization may not clearly fit within the social enterprise compass. Designation may depend upon legal and financial structures, as well as the organization's purpose and goals. Policy makers may need to shift legal boundaries to adapt to this dynamic social economy.

The rise of the social economy, sometimes referred to as the fourth sector, began in the 1980s. Then-President Ronald Reagan drastically cut public spending, which significantly decreased the amount of funding non-profits received. Yet, as neoliberal shifts privatized what were previously public services, the non-profit sector became increasingly necessary to provide goods and services. The third sector blossomed; as of 1980, there were just 32,000 tax-exempt charitable organizations registered with the IRS, but by 2006, that number grew to over 600,000. Continued stagnation in funding throughout the late 1990s despite the growing number of nonprofits meant increased competition for the limited grants available to the third sector. As such, non-profits became increasingly entrepreneurial as a means of survival, giving rise to the social economy or so-called fourth sector. This "fourth sector" differs from the third sector by its location (in the United States) and its emphasis on business (as opposed to government) leadership. In the contemporary neoliberal socioeconomic and political environment, the United States' market-based mechanisms are emphasized in the social sector, such as within social entrepreneurship and venture philanthropy.

India
The cooperative movement in India has made remarkable progress, working more than 600,000 cooperatives and 250 million members, making it the largest cooperative movement of the world. Cooperatives have a huge network and unparalleled reach, with 100% coverage in 500,000 villages. Cooperatives play a pivotal role in the mainstream of Indian economy, particularly in the fields of agriculture & rural credit, distribution of agricultural inputs, storage, fertilizer, marketing, labour, micro finance and housing. and cooperatives are working towards inclusive growth, cooperative ideals and cooperative organization are more effective in meeting their people centered objectives. Cooperative provides third highest employment after private sector and government jobs. Social economy attempts to suitably blend economic feasibility with social reality. The cooperatives in India emphasize on equitable distribution of value amongst stakeholders.

title: Social economy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Faustus Pringle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Merge. Radio KoL merged with Kingdom of Loathing and this into that. Jinian 13:00, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Faustus Pringle
Webcast-only radio DJ, for a station with an alexa rank of 1,023,586--station probably isn't even notable (40 displayed hits for "Radio KoL" shoutcast), let alone articles on each DJ. Only 18 displayed hits for "Faustus Pringle". Niteowlneils 17:33, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge to Radio KoL. I could explain in many ways, why the station is notable, I'd just say it's THE ONLY radiostation based around a MMORPG, not even Everquest has something similar. It works 24 hours a day, all djs are people who play the game and they waste up to 4 hours a day on the radio. A truly notable radiostation. I agree that all djs should be merged into one article, I dunno who got the "bright" idea to start a separate article on them. Grue 17:38, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * KoL has a radio now? Wow, that's rich. Okay, concur with the merge. Radiant_* 21:14, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the whole lot started during a show by Prima Vera Angelhair, at which someone in chat pointed out the KoL Wikipedia page. Then, that lead to the Radio KoL Page. Then a Prima Vera Angelhair article appeared. Freshly created. I think it was created because of talking about Wikipedia. Things Snowballed.... Reading this, I think it may be a good idea to Merge all the DJ information onto the Radio KoL page. DaCyclops 23:51, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * See my vote on ZachsMind above. Barno 01:08, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity/promo. Megan1967 02:39, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Get rid of this, all the other DJ articles (linked on Radio KoL) too. I'm more notable than this person. Hedley 17:00, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm more notable than this person, because I'm a DJ on a real radio station. OK, so it was a student station with an RSL, but still it was live on FM Chris 00:50, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you bitter that no one has created an article about you? I don't see why "real" station is more notable than webcaster. People from all around the world are enjoying Radio KoL, and no one has ever heard about FM radiostation you worked on. Grue 05:10, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * WP:NPA. I'm making valid comparison.  Individual DJs with some 100 listeners are not notable, compared with DJs with millions of listeners.  If it makes a difference, no one has ever heard about the station I work on, other than maybe some 200,000 people in the local area.  131.251.0.8 15:31, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge. This doesn't need its own article. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 23:14, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Jinzū River

The Jinzū River (神通川) is a river that flows from Gifu Prefecture to Toyama Prefecture in Japan. The upper reaches of the river in Gifu are called the Miya River. It is 120 km in length and has a watershed of 2720 km2.

Etymology
The official name for the river is "Jinzu Gawa" (written じんづうがわ (Jinzū-gawa or Jindzū-gawa)) according to the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan and Japan Coast Guard. However, the pronunciation of the name has variations, including じんずうがわ (Jinzū-gawa) and じんつうがわ (Jintsū-gawa).

Geography and development
The Jinzū River flows from a source at 1626 m on the slopes of Mount Kaore in Takayama, Gifu Prefecture and meets the Takahara River at the border between Gifu and Toyama Prefectures. The upper reaches of the river in Gifu Prefecture are also called the Miya River (宮川). From the border it flows generally north and empties into Toyama Bay on the Sea of Japan. It's drainage basin covers an area of 2720 km2.

It once meandered through the city of Toyama, but the new waterway was constructed in the west of the city to avoid floods. Toyama City Hall and other governments are located on the reclaimed land of the old river.

Municipalities

 * Toyama Prefecture:
 * Toyama (city)

Tributaries

 * Ida River
 * Kumano River
 * Nagamune River
 * Takahara River

Pollution
The river was polluted with cadmium due to mining and caused the itai-itai disease in the downstream towns around World War II.

Legacy
The Japanese Navy cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Jintsū was named after this river.

title: Jinzū River


text:
Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah

Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah (also transliterated in different ways) was the sixth ruler of the kingdom of Golconda in southern India under the Qutb Shahi dynasty.

He ruled from 1612 to 1625. He was the nephew and son-in-law of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, having married Muhammad's only daughter Hayat Bakshi Begum in 1607.

The first Qutb Shahi history was compiled during his reign known as the Tarikh-i Qutb Shahi. His son, Abdullah Qutub Shah, later became the Shah of Golconda.

The Aga Khan Trust for Culture is carrying out the conservation effort on the sprawling necropolis in collaboration with Department of Archaeology and Museums, Telangana.

title: Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jezebelle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge. Radio KoL merged to Kingdom of Loathing and this into that. Jinian 12:58, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Jezebelle
Webcast-only radio DJ, for a station with an alexa rank of 1,023,586--station probably isn't even notable (40 displayed hits for "Radio KoL" shoutcast), let alone articles on each DJ. Only 20 displayed hits for Jezebelle kol. Niteowlneils 17:34, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge to Radio KoL. I could explain in many ways, why the station is notable, I'd just say it's THE ONLY radiostation based around a MMORPG, not even Everquest has something similar. It works 24 hours a day, all djs are people who play the game and they waste up to 4 hours a day on the radio. A truly notable radiostation. I agree that all djs should be merged into one article, I dunno who got the "bright" idea to start a separate article on them. Grue 17:38, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Also try Googling radio "kingdom of loathing" for some 5000 hits. Grue 17:48, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the whole lot started during a show by Prima Vera Angelhair, at which someone in chat pointed out the KoL Wikipedia page. Then, that lead to the Radio KoL Page. Then a Prima Vera Angelhair article appeared. Freshly created. I think it was created because of talking about Wikipedia. Things Snowballed.... Reading this, I think it may be a good idea to Merge all the DJ information onto the Radio KoL page. DaCyclops 23:51, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * See my vote on ZachsMind above. Don't search J.'s name without +"KoL" or +"Radio KoL", or you'll see someone who's pierced.  Barno 01:10, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * A delete vote from someone who's been on local FM radio should count nicely. Chris 00:52, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge; this doesn't need it's own article. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 23:15, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Fana IL

Fana Idrettslag is the biggest multi-sport club in Fana, Bergen, Norway. It has several branches, of which football is the largest. Fana IL was founded on 3 March in 1920 at Stend in Bergen.

The different sports
There are a broad scale of activities within the club, and all the following sports have their own sub-group.:
 * Alpine skiing
 * Track and field
 * Handball
 * Cross-country skiing / Biathlon
 * Orienteering
 * Speed skating
 * Kickboxing
 * Bicycle racing
 * Gymnastics
 * Rhythmic Gymnastics
 * Baton Twirling
 * Football

Football
The men's first team plays in the 3. divisjon, the fourth tier in the Norwegian football league system, after being relegated from the 2. divisjon in 2017. The club had a spell in the second tier 1. divisjon in the 1990s.

Recent history, men's team

 * {|class="wikitable"

! Season ! ! Pos. ! Pl. ! W ! D ! L ! GS ! GA ! P !Cup !Notes
 * -bgcolor="#efefef"
 * 2001
 * 2. divisjon, section 2
 * align=right |2
 * align=right|26||align=right|17||align=right|4||align=right|5
 * align=right|66||align=right|36||align=right|55
 * Second round
 * 2002
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |5
 * align=right|26||align=right|12||align=right|4||align=right|10
 * align=right|48||align=right|46||align=right|40
 * 3rd round
 * 2003
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |11
 * align=right|26||align=right|9||align=right|3||align=right|14
 * align=right|41||align=right|51||align=right|30
 * First round
 * 2004
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |6
 * align=right|26||align=right|10||align=right|8||align=right|8
 * align=right|48||align=right|57||align=right|38
 * Second round
 * 2005
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |10
 * align=right|26||align=right|10||3||align=right|13
 * align=right|37||align=right|50||align=right|33
 * First round
 * 2006
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |8
 * align=right|26||align=right|11||align=right|3||align=right|12
 * align=right|54||align=right|57||align=right|36
 * Second round
 * 2007
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |9
 * align=right|26||align=right|9||align=right|8||align=right|9
 * align=right|41||align=right|46||align=right|35
 * First round
 * 2008
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |11
 * align=right|26||align=right|9||align=right|4||align=right|13
 * align=right|43||align=right|52||align=right|31
 * Second round
 * 2009
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |11
 * align=right|26||align=right|8||align=right|4||align=right|14
 * align=right|47||align=right|66||align=right|28
 * First round
 * 2010
 * 2. divisjon, section 1
 * align=right bgcolor="#FFCCCC"| 14
 * align=right|26||align=right|3||align=right|5||align=right|18
 * align=right|27||align=right|68||align=right|14
 * Second round
 * Relegated to 3. divisjon
 * 2011
 * 3. divisjon, section 8
 * align=right bgcolor=#DDFFDD| 1
 * align=right|26||align=right|18||align=right|5||align=right|3
 * align=right|79||align=right|30||align=right|59
 * Second round
 * Promoted to 2. divisjon
 * 2012
 * 2. divisjon, section 2
 * align=right |11
 * align=right|26||align=right|8||align=right|6||align=right|12
 * align=right|54||align=right|52||align=right|30
 * Second round
 * 2013
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |8
 * align=right|26||align=right|10||align=right|5||align=right|11
 * align=right|40||align=right|47||align=right|35
 * First round
 * 2014
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |9
 * align=right|26||align=right|9||align=right|6||align=right|11
 * align=right|51||align=right|56||align=right|33
 * First round
 * 2015
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |10
 * align=right|26||align=right|7||align=right|10||align=right|9
 * align=right|42||align=right|57||align=right|31
 * Second round
 * 2016
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |5
 * align=right|26||align=right|10||align=right|9||align=right|7
 * align=right|35||align=right|29||align=right|39
 * Second round
 * 2017
 * 2. divisjon, section 2
 * align=right bgcolor="#FFCCCC"| 13
 * align=right|26||align=right|5||align=right|7||align=right|14
 * align=right|30||align=right|64||align=right|22
 * Second round
 * Relegated to 3. divisjon
 * 2018
 * 3. divisjon, section 4
 * align=right|7
 * align=right|26||align=right|13||align=right|1||align=right|12
 * align=right|30||align=right|64||align=right|22
 * First round
 * }
 * 2015
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |10
 * align=right|26||align=right|7||align=right|10||align=right|9
 * align=right|42||align=right|57||align=right|31
 * Second round
 * 2016
 * 2. divisjon, section 3
 * align=right |5
 * align=right|26||align=right|10||align=right|9||align=right|7
 * align=right|35||align=right|29||align=right|39
 * Second round
 * 2017
 * 2. divisjon, section 2
 * align=right bgcolor="#FFCCCC"| 13
 * align=right|26||align=right|5||align=right|7||align=right|14
 * align=right|30||align=right|64||align=right|22
 * Second round
 * Relegated to 3. divisjon
 * 2018
 * 3. divisjon, section 4
 * align=right|7
 * align=right|26||align=right|13||align=right|1||align=right|12
 * align=right|30||align=right|64||align=right|22
 * First round
 * }
 * 3. divisjon, section 4
 * align=right|7
 * align=right|26||align=right|13||align=right|1||align=right|12
 * align=right|30||align=right|64||align=right|22
 * First round
 * }
 * }

title: Fana IL


text:
Talk:Army One

Comments
On 23 Mar 2005, User:84.66.195.243 added "Wherever Army One flies, it is met on the ground by at least one Soldier in full dress uniform."

But the soldier in the picture isn't. Did this policy change at some point, or is it simply wrong? —wwoods 17:34, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, my thought is that is states "when it flies" as opposed to "when it flew"; that might be the caveot. Just my 3¢.  —  THOR 17:48, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that means it is met by a soldier in full dress after the presidential helicopter lands. The soldier in the picture isn't in full uniform probably because Nixon was taking off, rather than landing. GoCardinal 01:57, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Army/Marine
"Note the Army Sergeant First Class standing at the doorway, instead of the Marine as usually seen after 1976."

This note seems kinda silly to me. Marines are seen outsite of the helicopter when the president lands because that aircraft is Marine One. They changed which service ran the aircraft, not just which servicemember stood outside the craft. Thoughts? — THOR 16:04, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Caption changed. GoCardinal 01:55, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

The Picture Cannot Be "Army One"
The picture cannot be "Army One" (or any other "One") because if Nixon had already resigned, then he is no longer President and by definition the aircraft carrying him cannot have a "One" designation.72.82.160.130 06:54, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

President Nixon's resignation did not take effect until sometime after the picture was taken. He had already transferred to Air Force One and was on his way to California. At the time the resignation took effect, the plane changed its call sign. M Pinck 02:06, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Erm, the Richard Nixon article has this same exact picture, except it's labeled as "Marine One" so which is it? - someone

Gerald Ford was sworn into office at noon on 8/9/74. Nixon left the White House at approximately 9:30 AM on 8/9/74 and took the helicoper (Army One) and boarded the plane (Air Force One). Approximately mid-flight from Andrews Air Force Base to California, Gerald Ford was sworn in as president and Air Force One became a regular Air Force flight, albeit a very unusual flight. You can reference this article from Time with a rough timeline.

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942970-4,00.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.62.117.65 (talk) 22:17, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

There is a whole heck of a lot of good referencable material out there for Army One, including a book by the chief pilot who flew during Nixon. Seeing as more people reduce content rather than enhance content, I'll leave it to the bots to perhaps figure that out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.35.32.125 (talk) 20:39, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Merge Executive One and AF2?
I've already taken the liberty of merging Army One/Two, Navy One/Two, and Coast Guard One/Two, all of which weren't short or significant enough to merit their own articles, into this article. But do we want to merge Executive One and Air Force Two as well? Executive One isn't used very often, and AF2 isn't particularly long p  b  p  21:10, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I dont have a problem in principal with one article but this should have been a new article at the moment it has hijacked the history of the Army One article so really needs the history moving back and starting again, I have also raised the problem at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft to see what is the best way to resolve the mess that has been made. MilborneOne (talk) 09:00, 9 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't see a problem with this carrying on the history of the Army One article, nor do I consider it a mess. p  b  p  15:06, 9 September 2012 (UTC)
 * It is a copyright problem you have broken the history of the Army One article, the easiest thing is to move this back to Army One, you are welcome to start a new article with its own history, but this article will be moved back soon, thanks. MilborneOne (talk) 16:40, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I can't imagine why someone would think merging the articles on Air Force One and Air Force Two was a good idea. Canadian writer and curmudgeon Farley Mowat was barred from entry to the USA in 1984 or 85 -- due to massively excessive paranoia and general lack of clue on the part of humorless US security officials.  His publisher, and Disney, tried to get him a temporary visa just long enough for him to complete the rest of his US promotional tour. Mowat refused.  He said he was so angry, "You couldn't get me to enter the USA now unless President Ronald Reagan flew to my door in Air Force One with a personal apology!"  Eventually they succeeded and were able to get him a one-time, temporary, second-class visa.  They then pleaded with him to compromise.

 * The compromise he suggested was that he would agree to complete the tour if Vice President George Bush flew in Air Force Two, and met him at the border with that personal apology.

 * I was not aware that the Vice President didn't fly in Air Force One, when the President wasn't using it. It seemed absurd to me, baroque.  And it establishes for me that the two call designations are definitely two separate topics.

 * So what advantage did you see with this suggested merge, anyhow?

 * I can think of a whole mess of reasons why this is not a good idea. Consider the wikipedia reader or contributor who is only interested in Air Force Two, and thus has Air Force Two on their watchlist, and monitors when the article is changed.  If you merge the two articles, they have to put Air Force One on their watchlist, and most of the changes they will be advised of will be changes they aren't interested in.

 * The current situation is best, as navigating to the material we want to read, through clicking on a wikilink, and then returning to where we were, via clicking "back" is innately superior to scrolling around a merged article, that is now about two related topics. When two articles, on two separate topics, are merged, merely because they are related, the poor reader is forced to scroll around in the merged article, if a passing reference to the other topic triggers a momentary curiousity.  And when that momentary curiousity has been satisfied -- and they want to go back to what they were reading before?  Guess what?  They can't.

 * Please remember that the wikipedia is not paper.

 * I looked at all the related Marine One, Army One articles, some years ago. I don't remember any obvious reason they should have been merged.  And, I can't help noticing that you didn't actually offer an explanation here.  You seem to have assumed the justification for your merge was "obvious".  It is not obvious to me.  And, for a bunch of reason, including the one I offered above, I suggest we consider restoring them to the unmerged condition.  Geo Swan (talk) 18:56, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I concur, though perhaps we should keep this page as an overview. - BilCat (talk) 19:17, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

Comments requested
Would this be a good source? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/archive/200902A21.html PBS Antique Roadshow, but since they were trying to sell or valuate these items, I'm not so sure how accurate the info. is.like this statement "APPRAISER: Army One at that time was flown by the Army. And in 1976 that unit was disbanded, and the Marine Corps took over the unit, which is now Marine One." Also, would PBS images ever be considered "public domain"-or free-use?Housewifehader (talk) 22:47, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Well after hunting for PBS © statement http://www.wgbh.org/info/terms.cfm, I'm thinking that they are "Non-Free","non-commercial" use. See item number 2)-non-commercial use, and this statement that applies to user-generated content that users upload to their website."You also hereby grant each user of the Site a non-exclusive license to access your User Generated Content through the Site, and to use, reproduce, distribute, create derivative works of, publish, transfer, transmit, publicly display and publicly perform such User Generated Content (in whole or in part) as permitted through the functionality of the Site and under these Terms.". I would still hesitate before grabbing an image from the article mentioned above, although I do think they would be great for this article. Also, I noticed that PBS grants rights for teachers as applied to content reproduction/...and PBS is an educational foundation. If anyone can point me in the direction of any detailed info. about PBS © as it relates specifically to Wikipedia I would be very thankfulHousewifehader (talk) 23:19, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Army One


text:
Alexandr Romankov

Alexandr Anatolyevich Romankov (Аляксандр Анатольевіч Раманькоў; Александр Анатольевич Романьков) is a former Belarusian fencer from the former Soviet Union, who was born on 7 November 1953 in the town of Korsakov on the island of Sakhalin (just north of Japan). He trained at Dynamo in Minsk and won a gold medal, two silver medals and two bronze medals at the three Olympic Games that he competed in between 1976 and 1988 His student Amir Khakimov in Uzbekistan Federation Of Fencing is also a champion there and has a total of 40 medals (31 gold, 6 silver, 3 bronze).

Achievements

 * Olympic Games
 * Gold medal.svg Foil team (1988)
 * Silver medal.svg Foil individual (1976) and Foil team (1980)
 * Bronze medal.svg Foil individual (1980, 1988)

 * Fencing World Cup
 * Simple gold cup.svg Foil (1974, 1976)
 * A ten-time World Champion (1977, 1983 - individual; 1981, 1989 - team; 1974, 1979, 1982 - individual and team).
 * A seventeen-time Champion of the USSR.

Honours

 * Awarded the title of Chevallier Feyerick by the FIE.
 * Has coached the National teams of Australia, Belarus, and Korea.
 * Featured in the 2004 Guinness Book of World Records.
 * Coached for a few years at FAW, the Fencing Academy of Westchester, in Westchester New York.
 * Known sometimes as the "Tsar of Fencing".

title: Alexandr Romankov


text:
User talk:Snud Swimp

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:38, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Snud Swimp


text:
World Reference Base for Soil Resources

The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is an international soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. The currently valid version is the fourth edition 2022. It is edited by a working group of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS).

History
Since the 19th century, several countries developed national soil classification systems. During the 20th century, the need for an international soil classification system became more and more obvious.

From 1971 to 1981, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and UNESCO published the Soil Map of the World, 10 volumes, scale 1 : 5 M). The Legend for this map, published in 1974 under the leadership of Rudi Dudal, became the FAO soil classification. Many ideas from national soil classification systems were brought together in this worldwide-applicable system, among them the idea of diagnostic horizons as established in the '7th approximation to the USDA soil taxonomy' from 1960. The next step was the Revised Legend of the Soil Map of the World, published in 1988.

In 1982, the International Soil Science Society (ISSS; now: International Union of Soil Sciences, IUSS) established a working group named International Reference Base for Soil Classification (IRB). Chair of this working group was Ernst Schlichting. Its mandate was to develop an international soil classification system that should better consider soil-forming processes than the FAO soil classification. Drafts were presented in 1982 and 1990.

In 1992, the IRB working group decided to develop a new system named World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) that should further develop the Revised Legend of the FAO soil classification and include some ideas of the more systematic IRB approach. Otto Spaargaren (International Soil Reference and Information Centre) and Freddy Nachtergaele (FAO) were nominated to prepare a draft. This draft was presented at the 15th World Congress of Soil Science in Acapulco in 1994. At the same congress, the WRB was established as an ISSS working group replacing the IRB. At the 16th World Congress of Soil Science in Montpellier in 1998, the first edition of the WRB was published. At the same congress, the ISSS endorsed the WRB as its correlation system for soil classification. (In 2014, the USDA soil taxonomy also received the status of a correlation system.) At the 18th World Congress of Soil Science in Philadelphia in 2006, the second edition of the WRB was presented, and at the 20th World Congress of Soil Science in Jeju in 2014, the third edition. An update of the third edition was issued in 2015. Whereas the second edition was only suitable for naming soils, the third and the following edition can additionally be used for creating map legends. At the 22nd World Congress of Soil Science in Glasgow in 2022, the fourth edition was published. The 4th edition is an open access document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The WRB has two hierarchical levels (see below) and has in that sense a similar approach as the French référencial pédologique (1992, 1995, 2008). Contrary to that, the USDA soil taxonomy is strongly hierarchical and has six levels. The classification in WRB is based mainly on soil morphology (field and laboratory data) as an expression of pedogenesis. Another difference with USDA soil taxonomy is that soil climate is regarded only as a soil-forming factor and not as a soil characteristic. The WRB is not meant to replace national soil classification systems, which, for their area, may be more detailed than the WRB.

WRB Working Group
The WRB is edited by a working group of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS). The current chair of the working group is Cezary Kabala (Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland, since 2022). The current vice-chair is Stephan Mantel (International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC), The Netherlands, since 2018).

Chairs of the WRB working group and responsible first authors of the WRB editions are: Seppe Deckers (Belgium, 1st edition 1998), Erika Michéli (Hungary, 2nd edition 2006) and Peter Schad (Germany, 3rd edition 2014 and 4th edition 2022).

The WRB working group has a homepage that is currently hosted by the ISRIC. It provides the following:

 * the currently valid fourth edition of the WRB (2022) for download,
 * the third edition (Update 2015) with the English original and the translations into Czech, French, Georgian, Polish, Russian, Slovene, and Spanish,
 * an explanation of the system,
 * soil profile photos of all RSGs, which may be downloaded and used if the author is accredited (additional photos can be found on the World of Soils page of the IUSS),
 * the history of the WRB,
 * the WRB leadership,
 * information about past and upcoming workshops,
 * teaching material (including videos),
 * invitations for publications,
 * links to other institutions important for the WRB.

Architecture
The classification is based on diagnostic horizons, diagnostic properties and diagnostic materials, altogether called diagnostics. Diagnostic materials are materials that significantly influence soil-forming processes (pedogenesis). They may be inherited from the parent material or be the result of soil-forming processes. Diagnostic properties are typical results of soil-forming processes or reflect specific conditions of soil formation. Diagnostic horizons are typical results of soil-forming processes showing a minimum thickness and therefore a horizontal appearance. The diagnostics have names (e. g. argic horizon, stagnic properties, fluvic material).

The classification comprises two levels:

The first level has 32 Reference Soil Groups (RSGs).

At the second level, for further differentiation a set of qualifiers is added to the name of the RSG. There are 202 qualifiers in total. For every RSG, there is a list of available qualifiers, which are subdivided into two types:

 * Principal qualifiers are ranked and given in an order of importance. The ranking of the principal qualifiers reflects major subdivisions of the respective RSG or properties strongly influencing the soil’s functionality.
 * Supplementary qualifiers describe additional characteristics and are not ranked.

Qualifiers may be principal for some RSGs and supplementary for others. The names of the RSGs and the qualifiers start with capital letters. They must be given in English and must not be translated into any other language in order to guarantee that a certain soil has the same name all over the world.

Naming a soil
A key is used for allocating a soil to a certain RSG. In a defined sequence, the key asks for the presence or absence of certain diagnostics in a certain depth range. In addition, the key asks for single characteristics, e. g., a certain clay content or a certain base saturation. The soil belongs to the first RSG, for which it fulfils the set of criteria.

The qualifiers available for use with a particular RSG are listed in the key, along with the RSG. Their number is from 40 to 79. All applying qualifiers must be added to the soil name. The principal qualifiers are added before the name of the RSG. The sequence is from right to left, i. e., the uppermost qualifier in the list is placed closest to the name of the RSG. If no other principal qualifier applies, the Haplic qualifier is used. The supplementary qualifiers are added in brackets after the name of the RSG and are separated from each other by commas. The sequence is from left to right. Supplementary qualifiers related to the texture, if applicable, are the first in the list. If several ones apply, they are placed in the sequence from the top to the bottom of the soil profile. All other supplementary qualifiers follow them and are used in alphabetical order.

If two or more qualifiers in the list are separated by a slash (/), only one of them can be used. The slash signifies that these qualifiers are either mutually exclusive (e. g. Dystric and Eutric) or one of them is redundant with the redundant qualifier(s) listed after the slash(es). In the soil name, supplementary qualifiers are always placed in the order of the alphabet (exception: supplementary qualifiers related to the texture, see above), even if their position in the list differs from the alphabetical sequence due to the use of the slash. It is a general rule that qualifiers conveying redundant information are not used. Example: If a soil has the Calcaric qualifier (carbonates present) the Eutric qualifier (high base saturation) is not used.

Qualifiers may be combined with specifiers (e. g. Epi-, Proto-) to form subqualifiers (e. g. Epiarenic, Protocalcic). The depth-related specifiers referring to layers are of special importance, although their use is optional:

 * Epi-: only between ≥0 and ≤50 cm,
 * Endo-: only below ≥50 cm,
 * Amphi-: starting between >0 and 50 and <100 cm,
 * Ano-: starting at 0 and ending between >50 and <100 cm,
 * Kato-: starting between >0 and <50 and ending at ≥100 cm,
 * Poly-:
 * diagnostic horizons: two or more diagnostic horizons are present at the depth required by the qualifier definition, interrupted by layers that do not fulfil the criteria of the respective diagnostic horizon;
 * other layers: two or more layers within 100 cm fulfil the criteria of the qualifier, interrupted by layers that do not fulfil the criteria of the respective qualifier,
 * Panto-: from 0 to ≥100 cm.

Creating map legends with the WRB
The number of qualifiers used in a map legend depends on the scale. The WRB distinguishes three map scale levels:

 * first map scale level: RSG only,
 * second map scale level: the RSG plus the first applying principal qualifier,
 * third map scale level: the RSG plus the first two applying principal qualifiers.

Correlating the map scale levels with concrete scales is difficult because selecting a map scale level depends very much from the homogeneity/heterogeneity of the landscape.

The principal qualifiers are added before the name of the RSG following the rules explained for naming a soil. Depending on the purpose of the map or according to national traditions, at any scale level, elective qualifiers may be added. They may be additional principal qualifiers from further down the list and not already used in the soil name, or they may be supplementary qualifiers. They are placed using the above-mentioned rules for supplementary qualifiers; principal qualifiers first, then supplementary qualifiers.

The WRB recommends that on a map unit not just one soil is indicated but an association of soils. For this purpose, WRB uses the following nomenclature:

Soils representing smaller areas are ignored in the denomination of the map unit.
 * dominant: the soil represents ≥ 50% of the soil cover,
 * codominant: the soil represents ≥ 25 to < 50% of the soil cover,
 * associated: the soil represents ≥ 5 to < 25% of the soil cover.

For codominant and associated soils, it is allowed to use less principal qualifiers than would correspondent to the used map scale level. The use of specifiers is not recommended due to the generalization that is required when making maps. In map legends, the names of the RSGs are given in plural; in all other cases they are given in singular.

The WRB Manual
The WRB Manual comprises seven chapters and six annexes.

 * Chapter 1 reports on background and basics. It includes tables of the diagnostics and of the RSGs. The latter is given below.
 * Chapter 2 provides the rules for naming soils and creating map legends. It starts with the definition of some general terms in WRB, like ‘fine earth’ and ‘whole soil’. It is highly recommended to read this short chapter before using the WRB.
 * Chapter 3 presents the diagnostic horizons, properties and materials, each with a general description, the diagnostic criteria and some additional information. For the decision, whether a diagnostic is present or absent in a soil, only the diagnostic criteria are relevant.
 * Chapter 4 provides the key to the RSGs and for every RSG a list with the available principal and supplementary qualifiers.
 * Chapter 5 gives the definitions of the qualifiers.
 * Chapter 6 provides the codes for the RSGs, the qualifiers and the specifiers and the rules for the sequence of the codes for naming soils and creating map legends.
 * Chapter 7 is the list of references.

The seven chapters are followed by six annexes:
 * Annex 1 is a field guide. It provides all field characteristics (including their definitions) needed for WRB classification and some additional general field characteristics. The characteristics are explained with many figures, and a flow chart is offered for hand texturing.
 * Annex 2 lists the laboratory methods. This is only a list; it is not a laboratory manual.
 * Annex 3 presents horizon and layer symbols for soil description. The field guide and the horizon and layer symbols are newly added to the WRB Manual and are meant to replace the FAO Guidelines for Soil Description (2006) for the use with WRB.
 * Annex 4 is a soil description sheet. It is a separate document in the form of an excel file to fill in the surveyed field characteristics.
 * Annex 5 provides a guidance for database set-up (not yet published).
 * Annex 6 suggests colours in maps showing the RSGs. These suggestions follow roughly the colour choices in the atlases edited by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.

List of the Reference Soil Groups according to WRB 2022
This is the list of the 32 Reference Soil Groups in the sequence of the key (Chapter 4 of the WRB Manual), including the codes (Chapter 6 of the WRB Manual). This list is mainly taken from Table 2 (Chapter 1) of the WRB Manual.

Soils with thick organic layers

 * HS Histosol (with thick organic layers)

Soils with strong human influence

 * AT Anthrosol (with long and intensive agricultural use, often altered to enhance fertility)
 * TC Technosol (containing significant amounts of artefacts)

Soils with limitations to root growth

 * CR Cryosol (permafrost-affected)
 * LP Leptosol (thin or with many coarse fragments)
 * SN Solonetz (with a clay-enriched subsoil with high concentrations of exchangeable Na)
 * VR Vertisol (high contents of shrink-swell clays, alternating wet-dry conditions)
 * SC Solonchak (high concentrations of soluble salts)

Soils distinguished by Fe/Al chemistry

 * GL Gleysol (groundwater-dominated, underwater or in tidal areas)
 * AN Andosol (with allophanes and/or complexes of Al and organic matter)
 * PZ Podzol (subsoil accumulation of organic matter and/or oxides)
 * PT Plinthosol (accumulation and redistribution of Fe)
 * PL Planosol (stagnant water, abrupt textural difference)
 * ST Stagnosol (stagnant water, no or only moderate textural difference)
 * NT Nitisol (low-activity clays, P fixation, many Fe oxides, strongly structured)
 * FR Ferralsol (dominance of kaolinite and oxides)

Pronounced accumulation of organic matter in the mineral topsoil

 * CH Chernozem (very dark and well-structured topsoil, secondary carbonates)
 * KS Kastanozem (dark topsoil, secondary carbonates)
 * PH Phaeozem (dark topsoil, no secondary carbonates (unless very deep), high base status)
 * UM Umbrisol (dark topsoil, low base status)

Accumulation of moderately soluble salts or non-saline substances

 * DU Durisol (accumulation of, and cementation by, secondary silica)
 * GY Gypsisol (accumulation of secondary gypsum)
 * CL Calcisol (accumulation of secondary carbonates)

Soils with clay-enriched subsoil

Note: The exchangeable base cations are given in cmolc kg−1.
 * RT Retisol (interfingering of coarser-textured, lighter-coloured material into a finer-textured, stronger-coloured layer)
 * AC Acrisol (low-activity clays, exchangeable Al > exchangeable base cations)
 * LX Lixisol (low-activity clays, exchangeable base cations ≥ exchangeable Al)
 * AL Alisol (high-activity clays, exchangeable Al > exchangeable base cations)
 * LV Luvisol (high-activity clays, exchangeable base cations ≥ exchangeable Al)

Soils with little or no profile differentiation

 * CM Cambisol (moderately developed)
 * FL Fluvisol (stratified fluviatile, marine or lacustrine sediments)
 * AR Arenosol (very sandy)
 * RG Regosol (no significant profile development)

Example for naming a soil with the WRB
Our example soil has the following characteristics:

Field characteristics (described according to Annex 1 of the WRB Manual): A soil developed from loess shows a marked clay increase in around 60 cm depth and clay coatings in the clay-richer horizon. According to the landscape setting, we presume that high-activity clays dominate. In the field, a pH value of 6 is measured in the subsoil. The lower part of the clay-poorer topsoil is light-coloured and the upper part is darker. In the clay-richer horizon, we observe redoximorphic features; the oximorphic and the reductimorphic features sum up to 30% of the exposed area, the intensive colours found in the interiors of the aggregates. In spring, reducing conditions occur. The soil is ploughed regularly.

Laboratory characteristics: The laboratory analyses confirm the high cation exchange capacity per kg clay in the clay-richer horizon and the dominance of exchangeable base cations over exchangeable Al in the subsoil. In the topsoil, we find 20% clay, 10% sand and 70% silt, in the subsoil 35% clay, 8% sand and 57% silt. Organic matter concentrations in the topsoil are intermediate.

The naming of the soil consists of four steps.

Question 1: Does the soil have diagnostic horizons, properties and materials?

The soil has the following diagnostics:

 * argic horizon (clay-richer horizon)
 * stagnic properties (in the clay-richer horizon)
 * reducing conditions (in the clay-richer horizon)
 * claric material (light colours in the lower part of the clay-poorer topsoil)
 * albic horizon (the claric material is the result of a soil-forming process, here: downward migration of clay minerals and oxides)

Question 2: To which RSG does the soil belong?

We have to go through the key, RSG for RSG. This soil is not a Histosol, not an Anthrosol, not a Technosol etc. Finally, we end up with the Luvisol. This is the first RSG in the key, the criteria of which our soil completely fulfils.

Question 3: Which qualifiers apply?

From the list of the principal qualifiers, Stagnic (stagnic properties and reducing conditions) and Albic (light colours resulting from a soil-forming process) apply. Stagnic is found further up in the list. Therefore, the soil has to be named up till now Albic Stagnic Luvisol. From the list of the supplementary qualifiers, Siltic (silty from 0 to 60 cm), Loamic (loamy from 60 cm downwards), Aric (ploughed), Cutanic (clay coatings), Differentic (the clay migration led to a significant difference in clay content), Endic (the argic horizon starts below 50 cm) and Ochric (relatively small concentrations of organic carbon) apply. Bringing the supplementary qualifiers into the correct order (first the textural qualifiers from the top to the bottom of the soil profile, then all others in alphabetical order), the soil is an Albic Stagnic Luvisol (Siltic, Loamic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic, Endic, Ochric).

Question 4: Which specifiers can be used to form subqualifiers?

The soil is Siltic from 0 to 60 cm and Loamic from 60 cm downwards. We can use the depth-related specifiers Ano- and Endo- to construct the subqualifiers Anosiltic and Endoloamic. The stagnic properties occur only in the subsoil and the albic horizon only around 50 cm. This means that we can use the subqualifiers Endostagnic and Amphialbic. The use of these specifiers does not change the position of the qualifiers in the soil name.

Now, the soil name is: Amphialbic Endostagnic Luvisol (Anosiltic, Endoloamic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic Endic, Ochric).

Using the codes of Chapter 6 of the WRB Manual gives us the following short name: LV-stn.abm-sia.lon-ai.ct.ed.oh.

Example for creating map legends with the WRB
Let's say that our example soil Amphialbic Endostagnic Luvisol (Anosiltic, Endoloamic, Aric, Cutanic, Endic, Ochric) covers 60% of the area of a map unit. The other 40% are covered by a Eutric Endoluvic Amphialbic Stagnosol (Anosiltic, Endoloamic, Humic). The map unit will be named as follows:

First map scale level:

 * dominant: Luvisols
 * codominant: Stagnosols

Second map scale level:

 * dominant: Stagnic Luvisols
 * codominant: Albic Stagnosols

Third map scale level:

 * dominant: Albic Stagnic Luvisols
 * codominant: Luvic Albic Stagnosols

Remarks: The use of the depth-related specifiers is not recommended in map legends, where generalization is required.

At every scale level, elective qualifiers may be added. If one wants to give, e. g., information about organic carbon, one can do that even at the first map scale level and write:

 * dominant: Luvisols (Ochric)
 * codominant: Stagnosols (Humic)

If somebody wants to give additional information on soil genesis, this can also be done on the first map scale level:

 * dominant: Luvisols (Stagnic)
 * codominant: Stagnosols (Luvic)

Both in combination would read, e. g., at the second map scale level:

 * dominant: Stagnic Luvisols (Ochric)
 * codominant: Albic Stagnosols (Luvic, Humic)

title: World Reference Base for Soil Resources


text:
Troldhaugen

Troldhaugen is the former home of Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg and his wife Nina Grieg. Troldhaugen is located in Bergen, Norway and consists of the Edvard Grieg Museum, Grieg's villa, the hut where he composed music, and his and his wife's gravesite.

Background
The building was designed by Grieg's cousin, the architect Schak Bull. The name comes from trold meaning troll and haug from the Old Norse word haugr meaning hill or knoll. Grieg is reputed to have said that the children called the nearby small valley "The Valley of Trolls" and thus gave the name for his building as well. Edvard Grieg himself called the building "my best composition hitherto".

Edvard and Nina Grieg finished building Troldhaugen in 1885. Edvard and Nina Grieg lived in Troldhaugen when he was home in Norway, mostly in the summer. Troldhaugen was the home of Edvard Grieg from April 1885 to his death. After the death of her husband in 1907, Nina Grieg moved to Denmark, where she spent the remainder of her life. Grieg's and his wife's ashes rest inside a mountain tomb near the house.

Troldhaugen is a typical 19th-century residence with a panoramic tower and a large veranda. Grieg's small composer's hut overlooks Nordås Lake. Grieg immortalized the name of his home in one of his piano pieces, Wedding Day at Troldhaugen, Opus 65, No. 6.

Edvard Grieg Museum Troldhaugen
Troldhaugen and its surroundings are now operated as the Edvard Grieg Museum Troldhaugen, which is dedicated to the memory of Edvard Grieg. In 1995, a museum building was added, with a permanent exhibition of Edvard Grieg's life and music, as well as a shop and restaurant. In the villa's living room stands Grieg's own Steinway grand piano, which he was given as a silver wedding anniversary present in 1892. Today the instrument is used for private concerts, special occasions, and intimate concerts held in connection with Bergen International Festival. In addition, the noted Norwegian pianist Leif Ove Andsnes has recorded an album of selections from Grieg's ten volumes of Lyric Pieces.

Troldsalen, a concert hall, offers concert series in the summer and autumn months, as well as many other concerts and events. Troldsalen, which was completed in 1985, is an elegant and beautiful concert hall, with excellent acoustics. The floor-to-ceiling windows behind the stage provide the audience with a lovely view of the composer's hut and Lake Nordås.

Trivia

 * Australian experimental folk metal band Troldhaugen take their name from the home, as well as incorporate excerpts of Grieg's music into their own.

Other sources

 * Torsteinson, Sigmund (1978) Femti ar med Troldhaugen: Glimt fra museumstiden 1928-1978 (Gyldendal)
 * Torsteinson, Sigmund  (1960) Troldhaugen med en kort biografi om Edvard Grieg (John Grieg)
 * Kayser, Audun (1980) Troldhaugen: Nina and Edvard Griegs home  (John Grieg)
 * Nordhagen, Per Jonas (1992) Bergen Guide & Handbook  (Bergensia-forlaget) ISBN 82-91104-01-8

title: Troldhaugen


text:
Three Little Pigs (song)

"Three Little Pigs" is a song by American comedy rock band Green Jellÿ from their first video album, Cereal Killer (1992). Released by Zoo Entertainment in 1992 with the original band name, Green Jellö, the single was re-released on May 24, 1993, under the name Green Jellÿ due to a lawsuit for trademark infringement by the owners of Jell-O.

The song peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in June 1993, staying on the listing for 20 weeks, and charted at number five in the United Kingdom. It additionally reached number one in New Zealand for two nonconsecutive weeks and charted highly in several European countries. The chart success can be partly attributed to the song's unique and heavily aired music video. "Three Little Pigs" was ranked number 35 on VH1's 40 Most Awesomely Bad Metal Songs...Ever.

Writing and composition
Written by Marc Levinthal and Bill Manspeaker after a "late-night drinkfest" at Zatar's in Hollywood, the song is a re-telling of the classic fairy tale Three Little Pigs, with modern twists—the straw-builder pig escaped the farm where he was raised to begin a new life in Los Angeles, the stick-builder pig is a marijuana-smoking, Bob Marley-listening, dumpster diving hippie and preacher from Venice Beach, and the third pig is the son of rock star Pig Nugent with a master's degree in architecture from Harvard College who builds his concrete mansion in Hollywood Hills. The third pig dispatches the Harley-riding Big Bad Wolf by calling 911, who in turn call in Rambo, who mows the wolf down with a machine gun.

Critical reception
In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton wrote, "From straight out of nowhere to land in the Top 5 comes the surprise of the week. Who would have thought a tongue in cheek grunge rap retelling the old nursery tale would cross over so dramatically. Here it is though, and may well go Top 3 next week, aided in part by the clever plasticine animated video which accompanies the track." Andy Martin from Music Week named the song Pick of the Week in the category of Rock, giving it four out of five. He added, "The excellent and hilarious promo that accompanies this bastardisation of the porcine children's tale (like Creature Comforts on acid) should win TV coverage and propel the weird, wacky and wonderful Green Jelly to stardom, or at least a Top 20 hit single. Expect BMG to pull out all the stops on this one." John Harris from NME declared it as "undoubtedly a near-classic novelty record". Tony Cross from Smash Hits also gave "Three Little Pigs" four out of five, commenting, "This heavy metal (should that be mental?) version of the little pig fairy-tale is weird indeed (and sports a flippin' smart video too). Full throttle crash and trash guitars bring the story right up to date, complete with hilarious high-pitched voices for the pigs (not by the hair of our chinny chin chin!), and torrents of sound for the big bad wolf. A rock opera that deserves a listen."

Music video
The song's accompanying stop motion claymation music video received regular rotation on MTV, and in 1993 it was certified gold by the RIAA. "Three Little Pigs" was notable for being the first known music single to debut only in video form; when the music video was first shown on MTV, fans could buy the song on videotape, but not on CD. In 1993, however, the single was finally released in CD form. The music video was later made available by Vevo on YouTube in 2014 and had generated more than 32 million views as of March 2024.

Track listings

 * Vinyl pressing
 * 1) "Three Little Pigs"

 * 1993 CD pressing
 * 1) "Three Little Pigs" (edit) – 2:30
 * 2) "Three Little Pigs" (full-length version) – 5:54
 * 3) "Obey the Cowgod" – 3:09

Personnel

 * Bill Manspeaker (as Moronic Dicktator) – vocals
 * Les Claypool – guest voice of Three Little Pigs
 * Maynard James Keenan – guest voice of Three Little Pigs
 * Pauly Shore – guest voice of Three Little Pigs
 * Gary Helsinger (as Hotsy Menshot) – voice of Rambo
 * C.J. Buscaglia (as Jesus Quisp) – guitars, producer
 * Steven Shenar (as Sven Seven) – guitars
 * Michael Bloomquist (as Rootin') – bass
 * Joe Russo (as Mother Eucker) – bass
 * Danny Carey (as Danny Longlegs) – drums

title: Three Little Pigs (song)


text:
Maryland Route 4

Maryland Route 4 (MD 4) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs 64.85 mi from MD 5 in Leonardtown north to Southern Avenue in Suitland at the District of Columbia boundary, beyond which the highway continues into Washington as Pennsylvania Avenue. MD 4 is a four- to six-lane highway that connects Washington and communities around Interstate 95 (I-95)/I-495 (Capital Beltway) with southern Prince George's County with southwestern Anne Arundel County. The highway is the primary highway for the length of Calvert County, during most of which the route runs concurrently with MD 2. MD 4 also connects Calvert and St. Mary's counties via the Governor Thomas Johnson Bridge across the Patuxent River. The highway connects the Southern Maryland county seats of Leonardtown, Prince Frederick, and Upper Marlboro.

MD 4 is one of the original Maryland state highways. The state highway followed roughly its present alignment through Prince George's County, then headed east through Anne Arundel County along what is now MD 408. In the 1960s, MD 4 took over MD 416 (Southern Maryland Boulevard) southeast to Sunderland and joined MD 2 all the way to Solomons. After the Governor Thomas Johnson Bridge opened in the late 1970s, MD 4 was extended west from Solomons to Leonardtown. MD 4 has been upgraded to a divided highway for most of its length, beginning in the early 1960s from Washington, reaching Solomons in the mid-1980s, and expected to continue into St. Mary's County in the future.

Route description
MD 4 has several names over its course. The highway is named St. Andrew's Church Road and Patuxent Beach Road west and east of MD 235, respectively, in St. Mary's County. The highway follows Solomons Island Road throughout its concurrency with MD 2, which at 27.40 mi is the longest state-numbered-highway concurrency in Maryland. MD 4 is known as Southern Maryland Boulevard from MD 2 in Sunderland to MD 258 in Bristol. From Bristol to MD 717 in Upper Marlboro, the route is named Stephanie Roper Highway. MD 4 is named Pennsylvania Avenue from MD 717 to the same-named avenue at the District of Columbia boundary. Stephanie Roper Highway commemorates the victim of a 1982 murder. The subsequent legal process spurred the victims' rights movement and led to the 2004 federal Crime Victims' Rights Act. The Roper name was added to the highway by an October 23, 2012, proclamation by then-Governor Martin O'Malley. MD 4 is part of the National Highway System between MD 235 in California and its northern terminus.

Leonardtown to Sunderland
MD 4 begins at an intersection with MD 5 (Point Lookout Road) just east of the town of Leonardtown. The highway heads east as two-lane St. Andrews Church Road. MD 4 crosses several branches of Glebe Run, including Gravelly Run, and then parallels and crosses Glebe Run. The highway crosses the Western Branch of the St. Mary's River west of Indian Bridge Road, which leads south toward St. Mary's River State Park and later becomes MD 471. MD 4 heads northeast by historic St. Andrew's Church and crosses the Eastern Branch of the St. Mary's River on its way to California, where the highway intersects MD 235 (Three Notch Road). The highway continues as Patuxent Beach Road, a two-lane controlled-access highway. The highway curves to the east and back northeast again, crossing Mill Creek and Kingston Creek before crossing Town Creek and the Patuxent River on the high-level Governor Thomas Johnson Bridge.

MD 4 descends from the bridge into Calvert County just north of Solomons. The highway's name becomes Solomons Island Road and it expands to a four-lane divided highway. MD 4 has a compact interchange with MD 2, which leads south toward the Calvert Marine Museum and joins MD 4 in a long concurrency, during which the highway is often denoted MD 2–4. MD 2-4 heads north between the Solomons Naval Recreation Center to the west and MD 765 (Solomons Island Road South) on the east. MD 765 closely parallels the highway through the community of Dowell and intersections with Patuxent Point Parkway and Dowell Road. North of the latter road, MD 765 (H.G. Trueman Road) veers away from MD 2–4, which is also marked as Louis L. Goldstein Highway. MD 2-4 continues northeast through Lusby, where the highway has directional crossover intersections with Southern Connector Boulevard (unsigned MD 765Z) and MD 760 (Rousby Hall Road).

MD 2-4 gradually curves north and meets the western end of MD 497 (Cove Point Road) and a connecting road that leads to the parallel MD 765 and Calvert Cliffs State Park. The highway intersects MD 765 (Pardoe Road) and receives the end of the parallel highway shortly before crossing Johns Creek. MD 2-4 is paralleled to the east by another section of MD 765, Nursery Road, as it passes to the west of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Another section of MD 765, Saw Mill Road, parallels the divided highway between Calvert Cliffs Parkway, which leads to the power station, and Flag Pond Parkway, which leads to Flag Ponds Nature Park. After crossing Quaker Swamp, also known as Woodland Branch of St. Leonard Creek, MD 2-4 enters the community of St. Leonard and is paralleled to the east by another segment of MD 765, St. Leonard Road. At the intersection with Ball Road/Calvert Beach Road in St. Leonard, the road passes east of a park and ride lot serving MTA Maryland commuter buses. Calvert Beach Road heads east to serve Calvert Beach. The highway intersects Western Shores Boulevard, which provide access to Long Beach, respectively. In Port Republic, MD 2-4 curve west at MD 509 (Governor Run Road) and has a dual intersection with MD 765 and MD 264 (Broomes Island Road). The junction with MD 765 is a right-in/right-out intersection with northbound MD 2-4; the MD 264 intersection is a directional crossover.

MD 2-4 meets the eastern end of MD 506 (Sixes Road) and curves north toward the unincorporated town center of Prince Frederick. MD 765 (Main Street) splits to the northbound side of the main highway shortly before the highways cross Parker Creek, and MD 2-4 expands to six lanes ahead of its intersection with MD 231, which heads west as Hallowing Point Road and east as Church Street toward the Calvert County courthouse and offices. Further north, the highway receives the north end of MD 765. The routes leave Prince Frederick after their junction with MD 402 (Dares Beach Road) and the roadway reduces to four lanes before passing west of Calvert Health Medical Center. MD 2-4 cross Hunting Creek immediately after their directional crossover intersection with MD 263 (Plum Point Road). The highway parallels the loop of MD 524 (Old Town Road), which leads to MD 521, through Huntingtown. A park and ride lot is located southwest of the intersection with the southern terminus of MD 524. Within Huntingtown, the divided highway passes west of Huntingtown High School. From Huntingtown, the divided highway continues straight north to the split of MD 2 and MD 4 at a directional crossover intersection in Sunderland.

Sunderland to Suitland
MD 4 continues northwest as four-lane divided Southern Maryland Boulevard while MD 2 heads northeast as Solomons Island Road toward Annapolis. MD 4 immediately intersects MD 262 (Lower Marlboro Road) at another directional crossover intersection; the portion of MD 262 east of MD 4 has a right-in/right-out intersection with northbound MD 4. The highway crosses Chew Creek and Hall Creek on either side of Chaneyville, then passes through the town center of Dunkirk. Immediately south of the Calvert–Anne Arundel county line at Lyons Creek, MD 4 has a partial trumpet interchange with MD 260 (Chesapeake Beach Road); there is no access from MD 260 to southbound MD 4. The highway continues north paralleled by service roads briefly on the east (Fishers Station Road) and then on the west (MD 4 Service Road); both are segments of MD 980. A park and ride lot serving MTA Maryland commuter buses is located east of MD 4 north of the Lower Pindell Road intersection, with access from MD 980B service road. The divided highway and service road run north to Bristol, where the divided highway has a diamond interchange with MD 258 (Bay Front Road), which leads to MD 259 (Greenock Road) and MD 794 (Southern Maryland Boulevard).

MD 4 continues northwest as Stephanie Roper Highway, with MD 794 (Southern Maryland Boulevard) paralleling on the northbound side. The southbound side is paralleled by another segment of MD 980 (MD 4 Service Road); there are ramps and right-in/right-out intersections with the parallel service roads on either side of Galloway Creek east of Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary. MD 4 curves west at its diamond interchange with MD 408 (Mt. Zion–Marlboro Road) at Waysons Corner. The highway crosses the Patuxent River into Prince George's County on Hills Bridge and has a northbound ramp to Marlboro Pike and a southbound ramp from Green Landing Road, which is unsigned MD 726. MD 4 has a cloverleaf interchange with U.S. Route 301 (Robert Crain Highway) and crosses over CSX's Pope's Creek Subdivision rail line. The freeway continues to the south of the town of Upper Marlboro, which is accessed via MD 4's diamond interchange with MD 717 (Water Street), which heads north toward the Prince George's County courthouse and county offices in the center of town and the Prince George's Equestrian Center and Show Place Arena to the south.

MD 4 continues west as Pennsylvania Avenue and crosses the Western Branch of the Patuxent River just west of MD 717. West of Upper Marlboro, the freeway has a half-diamond interchange with Old Crain Highway allowing access to and from the west and a modified diamond interchange with Ritchie Marlboro Road, the portion of which between the highway and parallel Old Marlboro Pike to the north is another segment of MD 980. MD 4 has a partial cloverleaf interchange with the eastern end of MD 223 (Woodyard Road) in Melwood before the freeway ends and the highway expands to six lanes at Dower House Road. The highway heads northwest along the northeastern edge of the Andrews Air Force Base to an intersection with Suitland Parkway, which provides access to the military installation and leads west to MD 337 (Allentown Road). North of the parkway, MD 4 drops to four lanes at its cloverleaf interchange with I-95/I-495 (Capital Beltway) in Forestville. The highway intersects Forestville Road, which leads to the parallel Marlboro Pike. MD 4 intersects MD 458 (Silver Hill Road) south of District Heights, then parallels Oxon Run between Coral Hills and Cedar Hill Cemetery before reaching the District of Columbia boundary on the northern edge of Suitland at Southern Avenue. Pennsylvania Avenue continues northwest straight toward downtown Washington.

History
MD 4 in Prince George's County was originally the Washington and Marlborough Turnpike, which exited the District of Columbia on Bowen Road, headed east to Forestville, south to Meadows, then east through Upper Marlboro to Hills Bridge on the Patuxent River. An unnamed road continued east to Solomons Island Road in Lothian. When the Maryland State Roads Commission was established in 1908, this route became one of the original state roads. In 1910, the highway was paved from the D.C. border to what is today District Heights, as well as from Hills Bridge to Waysons Corner, where MD 4 meets MD 408 today. Marlboro Pike from the D.C. line to Hills Bridge and Mt. Zion Road between Hills Bridge and Lothian was fully paved by 1927, which was the same year MD 4 was assigned to the two named roads. Southern Maryland Boulevard was built between Waysons Corner and MD 2 in Sunderland in 1929 and 1930, and was designated MD 416 by 1933.

Pennsylvania Avenue was extended east out of D.C. to Dower House Road as a controlled access four-lane divided highway in 1959 and 1960 and was designated MD 4. Marlboro Pike was assigned MD 4 Business, a designation that was gone by 1970. Also in 1960, the MD 416 designation was extended south along MD 2 to Solomons. By 1970, the MD 4 freeway between Meadows and Hills Bridge was complete. In addition, MD 4 replaced MD 416 down Southern Maryland Boulevard and Solomons Island Road to Solomons, and the divided highway was extended south from Hills Bridge to MD 263. In turn, MD 408 was placed on what was previously MD 4 between Upper Marlboro and Lothian. The western extent of MD 408 was rolled back to Waysons Corner by 1980. MD 2-4 was also expanded to a divided highway south to Port Republic by 1980.

The next major change in the routing of MD 4 came in 1977, when the Governor Thomas Johnson Bridge was completed. The St. Mary's County side of the bridge unloaded onto county highways until 1982, when the modern, controlled access Patuxent Beach Road was completed to MD 235. MD 4 was then extended west from Solomons along Patuxent Beach Road and St. Andrew's Church Road to its present southern terminus in Leonardtown. MD 2-4 bypassed Port Republic and St. Leonard along a new alignment in 1984. The bypass of the old alignment between Lusby and Solomons was completed in 1985. The MD 4 freeway was extended to Bristol in 1993 and the interchange at MD 260 was completed in 2003.

In 2012, Maryland Route 4 between Bristol and Upper Marlboro received an additional honorary name for Stephanie Roper, an honor often reserved in Maryland for deceased state troopers and governors. After the murder of Stephanie Roper, her parents Roberta and Vincent Roper became national leaders regarding victims' rights and services including as founders of the Maryland Crime Victims' Resource Center, Inc.

In 2010, construction took place to improve the intersection of MD 2-4 and MD 231 in Prince Frederick, widening the road to six lanes in the vicinity of the intersection. This project was the first phase of a larger project to expand MD 2-4 to six lanes between MD 765 south of Prince Frederick and Stoakley Road north of Prince Frederick. In 2018, construction began on the second phase of widening between north of the MD 231 intersection and Fox Run Boulevard. The widening of this section was completed on November 23, 2020.

Another future project along MD 4 involves upgrading the highway between MD 223 in Melwood and the Capital Beltway in Forestville to a freeway featuring interchanges at the Suitland Parkway, Dower House Road, and Westphalia Road. There is also a planning study underway to explore building a new bridge adjacent to the Governor Thomas Johnson Bridge and expanding MD 4 to a four-lane divided highway between MD 2 at Solomons and MD 235 in California.

title: Maryland Route 4


text:
User:Keyvansayar

Keyvan Sayar

Born on the 4th of June 1980 in Paris Personal website [www.keyvansayar.info]

title: User:Keyvansayar


text:
Abdullah Qutb Shah

Abdullah Qutb Shah (also transliterated in different ways) was the seventh ruler of the kingdom of Golconda in southern India under the Qutb Shahi dynasty. He ruled from 1626 to 1672.

Abdullah, son of Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah, was a polyglot, and a lover of poetry and music. He invited to his court and respected Kshetrayya, a famous lyric writer. Kshetrayya is known for his romantic poetry.

Reign
His reign was full of sorrow and trouble. His only success was demolishing the decayed Vijayanagara Empire by capturing Vellore, last capital of it in 1646 with the help of his wazir Mir Jumla. Aurangzeb under the command from Shah Jahan took over Hyderabad by surprise and restricted Abdullah within the Golconda fort. Abdullah worked hard to negotiate reasonable terms of surrender but the Mughals forced him into accepting severe conditions. However, the severe terms were sweetened by a matrimonial alliance between the two families: Abdullah's second daughter, known as Padshah Bibi Sahiba, was married to Aurangzeb's eldest son, Muhammad Sultan Mirza. She was his first wife, so the chances of her progeny becoming Mughal emperor were great. However, it ultimately did not happen. Also, the rise of the Marathas under Shivaji in the Deccan region alarmed Golconda Sultan. Marathas captured all territories vested from Vijayanagara by Bijapur and Golconda. The victory of Marathas over the Bijapur Sultanate made Sultan Abul Hasan Tana Shah, the successor of Abdullah Qutb Shah create an alliance with Marathas, by offering them a large sum and sufficient military resources to fight the Mughals when needed, as the Mughals posed a threat to both Marathas and Deccan sultans. Thus eventually Golconda became a protectorate of the Maratha Empire. He was also quite interested in mathematics that although being a Muslim, he favoured many Europeans who excelled in mathematics.

This unhappy monarch died on 21 April 1672 and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Abul Hasan Qutb Shah.

Family
Abdullah had three daughters.
 * eldest daughter: married the Mughal prince Muhammad Sultan.
 * second daughter: married Sayyid Nizamuddin Ahmad, a maternal nephew of Abbas II of Persia.
 * Badshah Bibi: married Abul Hasan Qutb Shah.

title: Abdullah Qutb Shah


text:
User talk:Dweeberkitty

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:40, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Manipulation of Geological Data
Hello! Thanks for your message. A few responses:
 * 1) Remember always to sign your messages (as explained above); it makes it much easier to reply to you.
 * 2) Links to Wikipedia articles don't need the URL, just The Manipulation of Geological Data.
 * 3) I've made some initial edits, but in general the article looks good at a glance. Some of the issues that immediately arise are:
 * 4) Unless it's part of the title of a book, film, etc., you shouldn't use start the title with an article.
 * 5) Never include your name (real or user name) in the article. They're all anonymous, largely because this is a collaborative project (someone could dive in tomorrow and rewrite everything you've done...).
 * 6) Check the Manual of style concerning use of inverted commas, bold, italics, etc.
 * 7) Have you checked what's already in related articles? You should always try to avoid too much duplication.
 * 8) I notice that your up-loaded images have no copyright tags; you need to add a copyright notice to each of them (they could be up for deletion otherwise).
 * 9) A minor point, but 'Earth' (when it refers to our planet) is a name, and should be capitalised.

With regard to the content, its best to get editors involved in similar articles involved. I'll post a few messages on Talk pages. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:00, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Please provide information about where you got the images you uploaded, Image:Sand Fluid Geological Data.jpg, Image:Folds of the Earth From Above.jpg, and Image:Folds of the earth from close up.jpg. Otherwise they'll have to be deleted eventually. dbenbenn | talk 19:04, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dweeberkitty


text:
Talk:Abdullah Qutb Shah

Untitled
Some of the material on this page was copied from a page on the Vepachedu Educational Foundation. This text is released under the GFDL, and is not a copyright violation. For further information, see Talk:Qutb Shahi dynasty.

title: Talk:Abdullah Qutb Shah


text:
Bergen Handelsgymnasium

Bergen Handelsgymnasium (BHG) was an upper secondary school in Bergen, Norway. Established in 1904, it was one of the oldest gymnasia in the country. The school was known to have high admission requirements and able pupils. Furthermore, the school was known for its projects regarding internationalization, differentiation and interdisciplinarity. It closed for good in June 2014.

History
Bergens Handelsgymnasium was established in 1904. Its architect was Jens Zetlitz Monrad Kielland, a nephew of the novelist Alexander Kielland. In 1976, Hordaland County Council took over the running of the school.

In 2006, the school won a Holberg Prize, with a project on school lunches. The same year, the school was threatened with being shut down and merged into a new, larger school, but it was later decided that this will not be done. The Media and Communication study program at the school was one of the most popular in the county. Data from 2011 show that the school holds 275 girls and only 179 boys.

Location
The school is one of three upper secondary schools in the inner-city of Bergen, situated about 100 meters from the Bergen Railway Station. It is recognized by the characteristic façade covered in ivy.

School revue
Every year, a revue was arranged in the name of the pupils. Auditions were held, where only a few are picked. The revue is regarded as one of the large revues in upper secondary schools in Bergen. The revue had its own band, dancers, actors, technicians, photographers, script writers and financial managers.

Alumni

 * Herman Friele, politician
 * Arne Skauge, politician
 * Svein Alsaker, politician
 * Audun Lysbakken, politician
 * Sissel Kyrkjebø, singer

Staff

 * Nils Handal, politician
 * Ivar Navelsaker, military officer

title: Bergen Handelsgymnasium


text:
Arizal

Arizal may refer to:

 * Isaac Luria, or ARIZaL (1534–1572), Jewish mystic
 * Arizal (director) (1943–2014), Indonesian film director
 * Arizal Effendi (1949–2008), Indonesian diplomat
 * Arizal, a character in the 2020 American animated series Recorded by Arizal
 * Arizal, Jammu and Kashmir, a village in India

title: Arizal