text:
Galičnik

Galičnik (Галичник) is a mountain village in North Macedonia and along with Lazaropole is one of the two biggest and oldest Mijak villages in the region. Galičnik has well-preserved traditional architecture, including an amphitheater in the village square, and is famous for its surrounding countryside and nature reserve.

History
The village is located in the ethnographic region of "Mijačija", named after the Mijaks (Мијаци/Mijaci), the tribe historically inhabiting this mountainous region. This region has plentiful rich pastures for livestock grazing and this feature attracted Vlachs, shepherds, who established settlements based on cattle-breeding and shepherding.

Events
The most important event in the village is the Galička Svadba, a traditional wedding custom held annually in summer (in July), on the day of the village feast of the Patron Saint – Petrovden (St. Peter's day). During the wedding, local men will dance the "Teškoto" (the "hard" or "heavy") - a dance that is meant to symbolize the overcoming of difficulties in life.

Culture
The regional art, dress and music are rich in detail and original in character. While sharing characteristics of regional culture dating back centuries.

The traditional dress and costume adorned during ceremonial events is highly detailed and unique. Examples can be seen at museums.

The village is built based on traditional housing standards used for centuries in the region. Stone wall construction, supported by wooden beams, compact earth insulation and using stone slate roofing.

Historic houses
There are many houses owned by prominent families in Galičnik that are protected by the North Macedonian Cultural Heritage Protection Office. A selected few are as follows:

 * House of Jovan Muratovski
 * House of Pejčin Tomovski

 * House of Miloš and Dingo Melovski

Notable people from Galičnik

 * Slavko Brezoski (1921-2017)
 * Lazar Ličenoski (1901-1964)
 * Doksim Mihailović (1883–1912)
 * Risto Ognjanovikj-Lonoski (1870-1941)
 * Georgi Pulevski (1817–1895)
 * Aleksandar Sarievski (1922–2002)
 * Partenij Zografski (1818–1876)

title: Galičnik


text:
Theory of operation

A theory of operation is a description of how a device or system should work. It is often included in documentation, especially maintenance/service documentation, or a user manual. It aids troubleshooting by providing the troubleshooter with a mental model of how the system is supposed to work. The troubleshooter can then more easily identify discrepancies, to aid diagnosis of problem.

IBM Redbooks are "Theories of operation" of their products.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Theory of operation


text:
Talk:The Conversation with the Man Called Al-Mu'tasim

Nihilartikel! Jorge Luis Borges write a short story called "Una aproximación a Al-Mu'rasim" int their book Ficciones. This book (and their autor Mir Bahadur Ali), never existed! --Mandramas 18:44, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Gwynfynydd Gold Mine

Still editing from sources! How can fact be copyright? -- (unsigned comment from RebelScum)

Didn't realize that you were still editing. I thought protocol was to do that sort of editing offline or in a sandbox before posting? But I'm still new, so I could easily be wrong, in which case I apologize. If someone would clarify, that would be nice -- if the article will up substantially different from the sources, I'll gladly remove the copyvio tag.

Fact can't be copyrighted, but a sequence of words stating that fact can.

Avocado 18:52, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Rewritten stub, see temp page, swap em over if you can be bothered, otherwise I'll wait a week, A week which I will spend copyvioing all your pages as the sequence of words I found there I also found in the Oxford English Dictionary. RebelScum 19:20, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Geez, honest mistake, and I apologize. I hadn't realized that you did not intend to leave the copyvio text. You don't have to be nasty about it.

I'm trying to figure out how the temp page gets swapped in for the original page.

BTW, there seems to be a discussion at Wikipedia_talk:Copyright_violations_on_history_pages about whether posting copyrighted text and then editing it is a problem because it remains on the history page (although with no real resolution reached).

Avocado 19:32, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Maybe you should actually become an expert before trying to act like one if you don't like people geting nasty. I usually preview stuff and don't always sandbox if I'm doing a lot of editing on my own thread. By 'own' I mean that I created a new stub as one did not exist, whilst editing that, if links aren't found, I create a quick new stub from any source case I forget and mostly to prevent others from adding stubs as I am about to do them (no point in two people trying to do the same thing). I also didn't think anyone would get onto it so quickly as it was only linked to from the Welsh gold page, which is a stub I just created from the editing I did on the HRH The Prince of Wales page.

RebelScum 20:18, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gwynfynydd Gold Mine


text:
Castle Bar Park railway station

Castle Bar Park railway station is in the London Borough of Ealing in west London, England and is in Travelcard Zone 4. It is on the Greenford branch line, 78 chain down the line from West Ealing and 7 mi measured from London Paddington.

The station and all trains serving it are operated by Great Western Railway. When opened in 1904, it was called Castle Bar Park Halt. The suffix 'Halt' was dropped on 5th May 1969.

The ticket office opens only morning peak hours from Monday to Friday; ticket machines were removed in 2005 due to persistent vandalism. New aluminium and perspex passenger shelters and a replacement "help point" machine were added in 2006. There is also a footbridge linking the platforms so step free access is limited to the Greenford bound platform only.

As of October 2008, Oyster "pay as you go" can be used for journeys originating or ending at Castle Bar Park.

Service
All services at Castle Bar Park are operated by Great Western Railway using DMUs.

The station is served by two trains per hour between Greenford and West Ealing on weekdays and Saturdays only. The first train of the day towards Greenford and the last train of the day from Greenford are extended to start and finish at London Paddington.

There is no Sunday service at the station.

Connections
London Buses route E11 serves the station.

title: Castle Bar Park railway station


text:
Talk:Urtext edition

It seems to me that we could do a little more to make it clear that in many cases, "Urtext" is little more than marketing hype. A couple of obvious examples come to mind: Buxtehude, where the available sources are so poor and the differences among them so great that a good deal of editorial adjustment is necessary to produce anything usable, and Chopin, where there are several available authoritative sources that conflict, since Chopin was wont to revise music even after publication.

Also deserving mention is the more recent concept of the "performer's edition" that strives to be as faithful as possible to the original sources without compromising usability. In these editions there is less emphasis on variant readings, and greater willingness to correct mistakes and notate documented performance practices of the era - trills at cadence points, for example, or accidentals that would have been added by the performer.

It may also be worth mentioning a few of the notoriously bad 19th century editions that led to the call for "urtext" in the first place, the usual sin being re-interpretation of baroque or classical masterworks in a romantic idiom. —Preceding unsigned comment added by UninvitedCompany (talk • contribs)

 * i agree, urtext is just a term of art in textual editing generally, whether the holograph is a novel, a musical score, the instructions for a conceptual work of art, a leger of pilgrim accounts and debits, the lyrics of a folksong. the various attempts to derive the urtext of james joyce's "ulysses" or the christian bible are legendary, and more recently we have the political disputes around the establishment of an urtext of nietzsche's complete works. and while "marketing considerations" may influence the pressures on an editor (or indeed the choice of editor as a "brand" or editing methodology), in general an urtext is a faith product: it depends on our faith in the accuracy of the editorial description of procedures, the consistency with which the editor has followed their procedures, the full availability of all texts and the accurate identification of all variations in all those texts, and so on. this how it is possible that there can be more than one urtext of the same work ("Ulysses" again).

 * newmann's complaint about urtexts creating student confusion is misjudged. Most musical compositions before 1800 come down to us in just one copy or print edition, so the latitude of editorial judgments is circumscribed. even complex editorial tasks present the difficulties as endnotes where they can amaze but also remain safely tucked out of view. (the schnabel performance edition of beethoven, which relies on copious footnotes, is an exception.) this does not inhibit readers or performers from interpreting the text in their own way, but does indicate the fundamentally subjective process of reaching back to something "definitive" once the difference becomes imperceptible to the most acute reader or listener. in this sense the urtext is simply the authorially intended text brought into the sharpest possible focus. Drollere (talk) 16:50, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Urtext in literary and historical-critical contexts
The main article negelects to mention that the term "urtext" (or its variant, "ur-text") has often been used in non-musical contexts to denote a hypothetical source text from which known or extant texts were derived but that is now lost to us. Perhaps the most widely known example is the so-called "Q-text" that some biblical scholars argue is the common source of the synoptic gospels. Of course the use of the term is as controversial in the literary (especially biblical) arena as it apparently is in the musical. It seems to me that for completeness, the main article ought at least to refer to non-music related uses. Or perhaps a separate article would be appropriate, with a cross-reference to this article. 75.72.191.179 (talk) 16:59, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree, and feel that a separate article Urtext would be best for this purpose. Opus33 (talk) 21:31, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * i disagree that it needs to be a separate topic. this is just throwing sand in the eyes of a reader. setting aside the origin of the term, the concept of an urtext goes back to classical philology, the greek bible prepared by erasmus and spinoza's trenchant critiques of the hebrew text. in what substantive way is a musical urtext, either in editorial procedures or as a document created to specific scholarly standards and usage expectations, different from a literary urtext? name them. you have the same political wrangles as to whether this or that person should be the editor of the mozart ausgabe or the nietzsche ausgabe, or what the editing standards should be, or how the editing is done, or how it is printed. it's an urtext, and the definitional issue is the faith we place in it as such because of how we believe it was created, not in what it is an "urtext of". Drollere (talk) 17:04, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Regardless, this entry remains highly misleading for focusing exclusively on musicological usage. No reader who doesn't check the disambiguation warning would have an inkling that the term is used more broadly than in the editing of musical scores.--98.115.255.240 (talk) 00:39, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

German term?
I've deleted the "German loanword" category; it isn't a loanword, and there's no indication in the text that it is even a German term. Can anyone shed any light on this? Moonraker12 (talk) 16:45, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello, the Oxford English Dictionary tells us: "[Ger[man]., f[rom] ur- UR- + text TEXT n.1]".  Their first reference in English is only 1932, which makes is clear that it's a recent loan from German.  Opus33 (talk) 20:53, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Urtext edition


text:
Drayton Green railway station

Drayton Green railway station is in the London Borough of Ealing in west London, and is in Travelcard Zone 4. It is on the Greenford branch line 41 chain north of West Ealing where it joins the Great Western Main Line at 7 mi from London Paddington.

It is the least used station in Greater London according to the station usage estimates published by the Office of Rail and Road.

History
It first opened as Drayton Green Halt, named after a nearby park and open space called Drayton Green.

Since 2008, no ticket machines have been available at the station, travelling is only possible using contactless payment cards, such as those of most UK banks or the Oyster card, or using pre-paid tickets and passes.

Service
The station is served by two trains per hour between Greenford and West Ealing on weekdays and Saturdays only. The first train of the day towards Greenford and the last train of the day from Greenford are extended to start and finish at London Paddington.

There is no Sunday service at the station.

Connections
London Buses routes E1 and E11 serve the station.

title: Drayton Green railway station


text:
Talk:The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim

Nihilartikel!!. Mir Bahadur Ali is a ficcional writer created by Jorge Luis Borges in their book Ficciones. --Mandramas 18:47, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Untitled
nowheRe does Borges say that Glass own this book, Glass was not around then. /that just comes from Spiral bound ^^^^

Merger
The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim describes a short story that critiques a novel, The Conversation with the Man Called Al-Mu'tasim. The article "The Conversation with the Man Called Al-Mu'tasim" was merged into this one because they contain overlapping content.

title: Talk:The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim


text:
Eddie Landsberg

Eddie Landsberg (born October 2, 1971) is a jazz organist.

His first CD, Remembering Eddie Jefferson, featured bebop vocalist Giacomo Gates and James Spaulding.

title: Eddie Landsberg


text:
User:Spaceman85

About me
I'm a computing student in the United Kingdom. I'll be happy to help wherever I can; leave me a message. I do whatever I can to improve the Wikipedia, and I also concentrate on copyvios and un-licenced images.

My monobook.css
I made some tiny tweaks to the skin, namely Tahoma/Verdana fonts. Feel free to use it for yourself.

Photos
Here are photos I've taken. They are all public domain.

Articles I've created

 * Brecon Mountain Railway
 * Isle of Inishmore
 * Van der Giessen de Noord
 * Working Mother (requested article)
 * Winpooch (requested article)
 * Mont Saint Michel (ferry)
 * Bounce Address Tag Validation (requested article)
 * IIf (requested article)

Articles I often edit

 * Security Now!

title: User:Spaceman85


text:
Talk:Vic Chesnutt

Quadriplegic?
Is he really quadriplegic if he was left with the use of his arms? I was under the impression quadrapaligia leaves one entirely paralyzed (with minimal movement acquired through intense rehabilitation). Perhaps he is really parapaligic? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.160.115.234 (talk • contribs) 18:51, April 9, 2005
 * Hi, thanks for the comments. I am absolutely unqualified to say!  I do know that Chesnutt seems to refer to himself as being a quadriplegic .  If that's how he describes himself, then I doubt we should challenge it.  Let me know what you think. Christianjb 04:12, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I wondered this too. In concert one can sometimes see he has only partial use of his arms and hands. He strums with a pick attached to a wristguard, and seems to have intermittent control. In the film Speed Racer, his mother recounts his learning to strum and finger chords through force of will. So I believe that's what's up with that.

 * jep at bmxmusic.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.51.141.91 (talk • contribs) 02:22, April 16, 2005

 * From the Pope himself! Vic emailed me to say:

 * oh yeah, one more tweak to my wikipedia bio, i'm a quadriplegic not paraplegic musician.

 * Christianjb 17:01, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi. As I understand it, being quadraplegic means having severely reduced mobility in all four limbs, not necessarily total paralysis. So quadriplegic would seem correct here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.254.232.125 (talk • contribs) 06:06, January 28, 2006

 * See above. He describes himself as quadriplegic.  I'm not a medical expert- but I assume he knows what his condition is.  I don't want this page to give offense by attempting to diagnose his condition for him! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.175.19.122 (talk • contribs) 16:27, June 13, 2006

 * He would have had an 'incomplete' C injury (he damaged his spine in the Cerv region). No two people with spinal injuries are alike and it depends on where the cord is damaged.

 * Can we please stick with person-first language: musician with quadraplegia, not quadraplegic musician. Identity should include positives before stigmatised negatives. Lemon Pickets (talk) 22:49, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

New album
I added info about his new album, based from info here: http://cstrecords.com/cst046_release_info.html 28/06/07 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.115.123.164 (talk • contribs) 03:41, June 29, 2007

Format
the tiny contents box is squeezed to the right, is that how it is supposed to be?

85.179.73.237 (talk) 13:24, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Professional review suggestion
As an editor at Crawdaddy!, and to comply with COI guidelines, I am not posting the link to this review of Vic Chesnutt, Elf Power and the Amorphous Strums' Dark Developments. However, I would like to recommend it on its merits, and hope that an editor will find the time to examine the review and—if he or she sees fit—post it to the professional reviews section once a Dark Developments page is created. I appreciate your time. Crawdaddy! (favorable) Mike harkin (talk) 21:27, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Death (suicide)
Spinner reports him as having died tonight, 25 December 2009, after several hours in a coma. Article is here: http://www.spinner.com/2009/12/25/vic-chesnutt-dead. It appears to be suicide. 69.136.123.236 (talk) 07:35, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Unreliable as it cites the source as the Examiner. "This was reported by a person working for examiner.com, an unrelated web site that is notorious for a lack of editorial oversight and, in some cases, a failure to maintain journalistic standards (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examiner.com discusses them more). The writer didn't cite any sources (just "according to reports"), and other sites that originally reported Mr. Chesnutt's passing have since removed their stories. In any event, I feel for Mr. Chesnutt and his loved ones, who must be suffering terribly." (from the comments on the linked article) --Russ is the sex (talk) 07:43, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Citation matters: Major media sources from Spinner to Billboard have now rescinded their announcement of Vic's passing; Brooklyn Vegan has [| a good roundup] of the history of this, including screenshots of the now-rescinded death announcement from Billboard, and links to twitter accounts of those who are close enough to Vic to know. Jfarber (talk) 15:25, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Kristen Hersh on her Twitter Page, http://www.twitter.com/kristenhersh said on December 24th 2009 that is was a suicide attempt —Preceding unsigned comment added by Imarcopolo (talk • contribs) 11:13, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Please read TWITTER. As much as I enjoy Kristin Hersh's music, her twitter account is not a reliable source. --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 16:26, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Currently, this source says that " both Billboard and Athens Blur have removed their articles reporting Chesnutt's death" - they were premature & false. As there are no official statements, looks like he is still alive. This article needs an eye keeping on though until we find out the truth. Either way it's a tragedy. GiantSnowman 17:13, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info. I do agree that this article should be closely watched to make sure others aren't adding properly sourced information. The Admins adding semi-protection and other editors involved seem to be taking care of that though.
 * It really isn't that big of a deal if we wait it out until reliable sources sort it out. If it turns out there's definitive news, I much rather be a little late on it than having false information.
 * Thanks. --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 17:24, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

 * As an admin, I've been watching this. I'm not going to watch it going forward- drop a line on my talk page if intervention is needed. tedder (talk) 17:38, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

 * As of 5:27 this evening, the New York Times is reporting that Chesnutt has died, citing a "spokesman for his family". Jfarber (talk) 22:57, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

The current version refers to the NY Times article as a reference for Mr. Chesnutt's death as suicide. However, there is only a reference to his songs of suicide as far as I can see, so the wiki statement is presumptive and should be removed unless further valid references can be made. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.219.124.61 (talk) 02:30, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

 * What "wiki statement" says it is a suicide? The current version of the Vic Chesnutt article says it is was an overdose of muscle relaxers, which is in sync with the NY Times reference.

 * Note that previous versions of the article wrongly included something about suicide, but that has since been removed, certainly by the time you posted your inquiry. Thanks --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 02:36, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

 * LA Times has a spokesperson for the family saying it was an intentional overdose. http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-vic-chesnutt26-2009dec26,0,4657766.story reprinted by the WP etc. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/26/AR2009122601693.html RIP. :( —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.44.58.49 (talk) 08:05, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

 * If you link to that LA Times article now, it omits the word "intentional", although the Washington Post-hosted version does still have it. Rather than trying to be a tabloid website, WP should probably hold off and wait for something more definite. --Nickhh (talk) 00:14, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

His accident
I heard he had been driving drunk. Can anyone provide a reliable source that confirms that? 24.189.90.68 (talk) 01:00, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

 * See LA Times obit, linked to above. --Nickhh (talk) 00:17, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm cannot edit the page, but shouldn't the "paraplegic" word in the opening paragraph be turned to blue, going to Paraplegia. This would be an important internal link in my opinion and not many people are likely to know the meaning of the word. Just a suggestion.--Classic Clock (talk) 06:09, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Good suggestion, I added the link. --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 09:59, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Refs for expansion
Various articles and interviews moved from el section: Katr67 (talk) 21:42, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Comes With A Smile article
 * In Music We Trust article
 * Interview
 * Vic Chesnutt on Obscure Sound

Suicide
Why does this article avoid using the word suicide? That is how he died. Kingturtle = (talk) 16:48, 19 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vic Chesnutt


text:
Emmett Johns

Emmett Mathias Joseph Johns (April 3, 1928 – January 13, 2018), was a Canadian priest and humanitarian. He was the founder of Dans la Rue (originally known as Le Bon Dieu Dans La Rue), a homeless shelter and support group for street youth in Montreal, Quebec.

Life and career
Emmett Johns, who was of Irish descent, was born on April 3, 1928 in the Plateau Mont-Royal neighbourhood of Montreal.

He graduated with a BA from Loyola College in 1974.

He served as a Catholic priest and vicar at Saint John Fischer Parish in Pointe-Claire, Our Lady of Fatima in Saint-Laurent as well as a pastor at Bishop Whelan High School in Lachine and as a hospital chaplain.

In December 1988, Johns founded Le Bon Dieu Dans la Rue. With a $10,000 loan, he purchased a used motorhome and took to the streets at night, distributing food and basic goods to street youth, and giving them a place to warm up.

Over time, the organization grew to include both a night shelter in 1993 and day centre in 1997, always based on the "help without judgement" philosophy of its founder.

Its name was eventually changed to Dans La Rue, to avoid a religious connotation, and continued to offer food, shelter and friendship to homeless youths, as well as the resources and services required to help them get off the street.

In 2005, he was a member of the Quebec delegation which attended the funeral of Pope John Paul II.

In 2016, Johns retired from active involvement in Dans la Rue due to Parkinson's disease.

Death
He died peacefully in a retirement home in Montreal on January 13, 2018, aged 89.

Recognition and honours
Johns received many honours and awards for his work, including:

1997
 * Honorary Doctorate Degree – Concordia University
 * 12th Honor Roll of Excellence – Maclean's magazine

1998
 * Humanitarian Award – The Association of Quebec Psychiatrists
 * Anne Greenup Citizenship Award

1999
 * Award of excellence – Montreal Urban Police
 * Annual Desjardins Prize
 * Member to the Order of Canada

2000
 * Communications & Leadership Award from Toastmasters International

2001
 * The Rights and Freedoms Prize – Commission des Droits de la personne et des droits à la jeunesse

2002
 * Golden Jubilee Medal – Canadian Governors General
 * Simon McDonaugh Humanitarian Award – United Irish Societies of Montreal
 * Bishop Crowley Award – English Catholic Council
 * Great Montrealer – The Academy of Great Montrealers

2003
 * Honorary Doctorate Honoris Causea – McGill University
 * Recipient – Medal of the University of Montreal
 * Grand Officer – National Order of Quebec
 * Honorary certificate – HEC Montreal / Commerce Magazine
 * Prix de la Santé et du Bien-être social – Ordre des psychologues du Québec
 * Honorary Doctorate Degree – Université du Québec à Montréal

2004
 * Recipient – Reader's Digest Hero of the Year award
 * Carrier of the Olympic Flame

2005
 * Honorary Doctorate Honoris Causa – Saint Paul University

2006
 * Documentary film on Pop's life called Notre Père launched
 * Certificate Honorary Member – Canadian Pediatric Society

2008
 * Biography published “Appelez-moi Pops”
 * Martin Luther King Jr. Legacy Award

2009
 * Montrealer closest to sainthood – Montreal Mirror ”Best of Montreal readers’ poll”
 * Most trusted public personality – Magazine Sélection Reader's Digest

2010
 * Montrealer closest to sainthood – Montreal Mirror ”Best of Montreal readers’ poll”

2011
 * Recipient : Contribution to Humanity Award – Montreal Intercultural Dialogue institute
 * Special concert in his honor by the MSO
 * Montrealer closest to sainthood – Montreal Mirror ”Best of Montreal readers’ poll”
 * Recipient : Prix de la tolérance Paul Gérin-Lajoie – Fondation de la tolérance Paul Gérin-Lajoie

2012
 * Recipient : Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal

2013
 * Honorary Member – Ordre des travailleurs sociaux et thérapeutes conjugaux et familiaux du Québec

2016
 * Commander – Ordre de Montréal

title: Emmett Johns


text:
Talk:Estonian mythology

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 January 2021 and 7 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Afratoballa.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:52, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Cleanup needed
I realy doubt that Tülihänd is an elf. And let the Vanatühi be "old empty one". Berhaps a little explenation of Ahjualune, it was in "Kalevipoeg" and some other fairy tales. And why are the names of Vanatühi, Kurat, Vanapagan scatterd arround, it st the same character. And Näärivana isnt from Estonian original mythology, it is later gotten from the cristianity or some thing.

 * Original Estonian new year began at Jüripäev or around it(that is in april). It was time of change in nature when the winter was finaly broken and the wields could be plowed up and new vegetables and crop planted.

But what chains do you see at the hearth of winter, it was cold before and will be cold after 1 of january.

 * Vanatühi - currently translated as "old empty one". Shouldn't it be "old nothing" or something similar? --Ninhursa9 08:06, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "Näärivana; The father of New Year, loved by many generations of children but deported in 1991 as illegal alien"

 * ...huh?? --Tydaj 18:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I would have said it was a vandal, but it was there in the first version! Delete? Bobbis 20:05, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Tharapita or Tarapitha - please can someone who knows verify which spelling is correct/most used. Bobbis 20:05, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * When Estonia regained independence, then poor Näärivana, until then celebrated in every Estonian family, was totally discarded because of its association with Soviet occupation and "illegal alien" is kind of local joke about it. No vandalism intended. Somebody anonymous who obviously hates new (false) tradition deleted it anyway, along with Õku. Warbola 07:50, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * About vanatühi, it is old emty one, tühi means emty in estonian and vana is old. O and its Tarapita in estonian

 * Õppige ingliskeel ära, otse ei saa tõlkida.

 * Why would anyone want to transalte something directly, when meaning is important, stop the pointless discussion about using empty emty or nothing

 * Use signatures people! How is anyone suppose to be able to tell who said what? And as for "näärivana", it's the estonian word for the russian version of Santa Claus. The Santa Claus myth is religious and religion was banned in the soviet union for a while, resulting in soviet parents substituting it with the appearance of an obviously identical "näärivana" who was based on some similar russian fairytale. This made it technically legal. The "näärivana" has nothing to do with estonian mythology. GMRE (talk) 16:15, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

The Cooking of Languages
There is Latvian variation of this tale, but it tells only about Latvian and German so I was wondering if there were other languages and if there is english translation in web for this tale

Seto vs Setonian
Does anyone but on of the authors of this and some neighbouring pages use the ethnonym "Setonian"? I have received the impression that Seto is good enough (I think ethnic Seto tend to use this when writing in English). The Wikipedia article on the Setos is entitled "Setos", not "Setonians". Besides: Google reveals that The Setonian is a tri-weekly newspaper published by the students of Seton Hill. Similar confusions with things referring to people or places called Seton may occur. I have so far tolerated "Setonia" as a Latinisation of "Setomaa". (It has also been used as a name of a student firm founded by students of Verska High School.) But still, I think it is best avoided in the future (again some confusions with the same Seton Hall University are predictable). Ohpuu 11:24, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Seto is correct. Also, I think it's the same when it's singular and plural. GMRE (talk) 15:46, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

White Ship
Does the White Ship really belong into Estonian mythology, if that has been talked only in 19th and 20th century, is not mentioned in any myth and is no related to Estonian ancient religion? DJ Sturm (talk) 17:48, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. This is pseudomythology. Kustutage see Valge Laev siit ära!

 * It's well documented tale that the "'white ship' [a mythological bringer of good fortune equivalent to a magic wand] that would come and help" in Fact there is an entire book written on the subject thats been translated into English The White Ship Estonian tales By Aino Kallas . So there shouldn't be any reason to remove it.--Termer (talk) 03:55, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I can remember being told at school that at some point (I can't remember when, but centuries ago, probably during a german occupation) the occupation forces noticed a lot of estonians at some beach. When asked about the gathering, they had said that they heard about the white ship having come. They were disappointed to see that it had not and went back home. GMRE (talk) 22:38, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

The Herring
How is this not here? The Herring is a mythical being in Estonia.

A rough retelling of the legend: ''In the ancient time the herring used to have legs and live on dry land. It used to destroy Vermin, like Rats and it was kept like a cat. One time a two masted Sailing ship was transporting a large load of Salt. Back then salt was expensive. Some unit of it called "saam" (or something like that) cost 100 of something in gold. There was a herring aboard the ship. The specific herring liked to eat salt, so it started to tunnel its way around the salt sacks. Eventually it accidentally chewed its way through the ships wooden hull, causing it to sink. This angered Neptune (the god of sea), who said to the herring: "Hey herring, because you chewed a hole into the ship and sunk the new ship, you will now have to live in seawater as punishment." The salt from the ship was released into the sea, resulting in the seas now having a salt composition.''

This is common knowledge in Estonia. GMRE (talk) 22:30, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * You need to identify a book (title, author and publisher) that describes this, then it can be included. --Nug (talk) 04:22, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Trouble is that I don't think there is a book about this. It's a well known old folk song. This means that it's not possible to find an author either, because folk songs are generally "recorded" "from mouth to ear" so to speak. It's called "Heeringas elas kuival maal" ("(The) herring lived on dry land"). GMRE (talk) 19:21, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

 * If you can find the story in here, then it can be included in this article citing folklore.ee as a reliable source. --Nug (talk) 20:41, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Didn't find it there, but I found a few other places:

 * This one mentiones that there's multiple slight variations available for the wording, but the most commonly known version (that my translated retelling above is based on) became famous in 1969 when it was featured in a cartoon. I've seen it on TV, but it doesn't appear to be on youtube.
 * This shows that the song fragment "when the herring lived on dry land" was used in 2011 as the name of some culture event at a school in Valjala.
 * The "Korp! Sakala" academic fraternal organization has it in a list of songs titled only "Heeringas" (Herring).
 * The publishing house "Kentaur" (Centaur) keeps the song in the same list as the national anthem and other famous (in Estonia) 19'th century songs.
 * The Tallinn University keeps it on a list mostly consisting of old and culturally relevant songs.
 * The ensemble "Sailor" keeps it on their list of songs.
 * There's countless more similarly obscure sites, but I'm not gonna list them all. It doesn't look like I can prove a link to mythology as such, but I think I've proven that it's relevant to estonian culture. GMRE (talk) 18:31, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it could be added to Music_of_Estonia as a notable example of an old Estonian folk song? --Nug (talk) 08:55, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I'll add it to that talk page first. GMRE (talk) 15:21, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

Ilmatütar
Ilmatütar is redirected to here, but maybe better solution is to mention+redirect it at Ilmatar--Estopedist1 (talk) 21:09, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Student Changes
Hello all,

I have made some minor edits. I have added a citation to the first sentence of Literary Mythology. I have also added an additional detail to the sentence following Giant's as Germanic influence. I have also added a brief block quote from Faehlmann noting how difficult is becoming to study Estonian Mythology. Afratoballa (talk) 17:13, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Estonian mythology


text:
Celia Sánchez

Celia Sánchez Manduley (May 9, 1920 – January 11, 1980) was a Cuban revolutionary, politician, researcher and archivist. She was a key member of the Cuban Revolution and a close colleague of Fidel Castro.

Early life
Sánchez was born in Media Luna, Oriente, Cuba, but eventually moved to Pilón, Cuba. Her father, Dr. Manuel Sánchez, was a doctor, and she grew up in relative affluence. Her mother, Acacia, died early in her childhood. At age six she started suffering with neurosis. She was one of eight children. She was well-educated but never attended university. After high school, Sánchez continuously helped with her father's practice until she began to focus on the Cuban Revolution alongside Fidel Castro. Her father's occupation as a doctor and working with him, provided her with a cover and connections to become a discreet member of the 26th of July Movement.

Cuban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution was a movement organized to overthrow the U.S. aligned dictator Fulgencio Batista. Castro received help from Argentinian Che Guevara as well as Celia Sánchez, Frank País, and the Cuban people. Sánchez was a founder of the Cuban revolution and considered to be a heroine who would, later on, continue to serve in office as secretary to the presidency of the Council of Ministers and in the Department of Services of the Council of State. Sánchez joined the struggle against the Batista government following the coup of March 10, 1952. She was the founder of the 26th of July Movement in Manzanillo. She started as an arms runner, later began working as a combatant in the Cuban Revolution. She was considered to be the first female guerilla of the Sierra Maestra. With her hard work within the movement, she became the first woman to join the guerilla and eventually become a part of the rebel army's general staff. Sánchez organized and planned the landing of the Granma as well as supplying the army with reinforcements. She worked alongside Frank Pais and Haydee Santamaria. Together with Frank País, she was one of the first women to assemble a combat squad. She made arrangements throughout the southwest coast region of Cuba for the Granma landing, and was responsible for organizing reinforcements once the revolutionaries landed. In 1957, she became the first woman to join the guerrilla army and served as a messenger. She would place telegrams inside a butterfly flower, so the messages remained secret. As a member of the general staff of the Rebel Army she supplied Che Guevara and others with weapons and occasionally with food and medical supplies.

Post-revolution years
During the mid to late 1960s, René Vallejo, Castro's physician since 1958, and Sanchez became the Cuban leader's two closest companions. Sánchez was bestowed with the title of Secretary to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers and served in the Department of Services of the Council of State until her death of lung cancer in 1980.

Sánchez archived many documents, letters and notes of the revolution, leading to the creation in 1964 of Oficina de Asuntos Históricos del Consejo de Estado, an institution for the preservation of historical documents. The historical documents within the institution included interviews from soldiers who fought in the guerrilla as well as letters, writings and photos. This collections of primary sources has served as the country's official archive about the Cuban Revolution. By the Cuban people, the archive has been known as el fondo de Celia.

Death
Celia Sánchez died of lung cancer on 11 January 1980 during a time of political and economic unrest; her legacy is embedded in the Cuban national identity.

Legacy
Following the death of Celia Sánchez, Fidel Castro commemorated her life by proclaiming her symbol to the Revolution. He stated in a speech outside the hospital dedicated to her:

Many commemorate her crucial role in the revolution by putting her name on schools, hospitals, and various community centers, from Cuba to Zimbabwe. People of Manzanillo use the altar of the Caridad del Cobra Virgin as a marriage altar signifying her dedication to the Cuban Revolution. The monument is as if Celia Sánchez is wearing a dress, stiff and enormous, like the jeweled dress worn by the Caridad Virgin.

A memorial to and mausoleum for Celia Sanchez was built in Parque Lenin. However, the remains of Celia Sanchez are interred in the Colon Cemetery, Havana. The Celia Sánchez Memorial in Manzanillo also honors her name, and her face appears in the watermark on Cuban peso banknotes. Cuba continues to honor Sánchez achievements, ten years after her death, they created a coin with the value of 10 pesos. (1990)

Furthermore, Celia's memory has had a large impact far beyond the remembrance of one woman in the Cuban Revolution but rather encompasses the standards of the new Cuban national identity. Celia Sánchez paved the way for the idealism for Cuba's new woman by showing women's capabilities in the leadership, care taking and physical labor. Simplicity, modesty, femininity, selflessness, austerity and devotion are some of the key attributes of Celia Sánchez; however, these personal virtues represent much more than references to a deceased individual, but rather represents the embodiment of Cuba's new woman. Celia Sánchez revealed to the Cuban society that women are capable of balancing physical labor with care taking, strength with femininity and leadership with modesty which was a nuance during a time of gender division.

Several varieties of Cuban banknotes depict Celia Sánchez as a watermark security feature.

title: Celia Sánchez


text:
Ivan Aksakov

Ivan Sergeyevich Aksakov (Ива́н Серге́евич Акса́ков; October 8 1823, village Nadezhdino, Belebeyevsky Uyezd, Orenburg Governorate – February 8 1886, Moscow) was a Russian littérateur and notable Slavophile.

Biography
Aksakov was born in the village of Nadezhdino (then Orenburg Governorate, now Bashkiria), into a family of prominent Russian writer Sergey Timofeevich Aksakov (1791—1859) and his wife Olga Semyonovna Zaplatina (1793—1878). His mother was the daughter of Major General Semyon Grigorievich Zaplatina and a captured Turkish woman. The third son of eleven children, he was a younger brother of the writers Konstatin and Vera Aksakova.

His paternal grandfather Timofey Stepanovich Aksakov belonged to an old noble Aksakov family whose members claimed to be the decedents of Šimon. Their first documented ancestor was Ivan Feodorivich Velyaminov nicknamed Oksak who lived during the 15th century. His family crest was based on the Polish Przyjaciel coat of arms (also known as Aksak) which is considered to be of Tatar origin in Poland (the word «oksak» means «lame» in Turkic languages). All this led some researchers to believe that the Aksakov family also originated from Tatars, despite they had no relation to the Polish noble house. Aksakov's maternal grandfather was a Russian General Semyon Grigorievich Zaplatin who fought under the command of Alexander Suvorov and who married a Turkish captive Igel-Syum.

Aksakov spent his early years in Nadezhdino. In the autumn of 1826 he moved with his family to Moscow where he received good home education.

Career
In 1838 Aksakov enrolled in the recently opened Imperial School of Jurisprudence. Upon the graduation in 1842, he returned to Moscow and took up a post in the Russian Senate's Criminal Investigation department. After three years's assignment in Astrakhan as a member of the Audit Commission, led by Prince Pavel Gagarin and later Kaluga (as deputy chairman of the local Criminal Investigation Chamber) he returned to the Senate, as its First Department's official. During the early 1840s Aksakov wrote a lot of poetry. Mostly satirical, his early work was compiled in the summer of 1846 into what was supposed to become his first collection, it centerpiece being "The Life of a Government Official" (Жизнь чиновника. Мистерия в трех периодах, 1843; published in London in 1861, in Russia in 1886). The book was cut by the censor in such a way that Aksakov decided against publishing what's been left; his whole poetic legacy came out posthumously. Several of his poems appeared in the Moscow Literature and Science Almanac (1845) and Sovremennik (1846).

In March 1849, upon the return from Bessarabia, where he had been sent by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to collect the data on the local religious sects, Aksakov was unexpectedly arrested, the interrogated and released five days later without any explanation. It was supposed later that the letter to his father expressing his outrage as regards the arrest of a renowned Slavophile leader Yuri Samarin might have been the cause. For several years Aksakov remained under the surveillance of the Imperial secret police.

In February 1851 Russian Interior minister Count Perovsky summoned Aksakov up to express his disgust with the latter's poem "Brodyaga" (Tramp), about a runaway peasant, which, as it later transpired, became the object of interest for the Third Department as early as 1849. Perovsky demanded that he should stop writing, Aksakov refused and retired from the state service. He moved to Moscow and joined the Slavophiles' circle and started working on the almanac called the Moscow Collection (Московский сборник). Edited by Aksakov, its first volume came out in 1852, and featured his article "Some Words on Gogol" as well as fragments from "The Tramp". A year later both the second volume and the publication itself were closed but the government, and Aksakov was banned from editing. He responded with a piece called "A Day at the Criminal Chamber. Scenes from the Court". Published in London by The Polar Star in 1858 and praised by Alexander Hertzen as "a work of genius", it appeared in print in Russia only in 1892. In November 1853, commissioned by the Russian Geographical Society, Aksakov travelled to Malorossia, where he spent the next year. His vast essay "The Research on Trade at the Ukrainian Fairs" (Исследование о торговле на украинских ярмарках, 1859) came as a result. It was published by the Geographical Society in 1859, and earned its author the Konstantine Medal and half of that year's Demidov Prize.

As the Crimea War broke out, Aksakov joined the Serpukhov Druzhina of the Moscow Militia in February 1855 and traveled to Bessarabia. After the war he stayed in the Crimea as a member of the government commission investigating the financial wrongdoings of the Russian intendant services.

In early 1857 Aksakov went abroad to visit Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland and secretly met Hertzen in London, with whom he started from then on to correspond. More than thirty Aksakov's articles appeared in Hertzen's publications, signed by the pseudonym Kasyanov. In September 1857 Aksakov returned to Russia. A year later he joined the editorial staff of Russkaya Beseda, to become first this magazine's co-editor and soon, de facto, its editor-in-chief. He co-founded the Slavic Charitable Committee and became one of its most active leaders.

In 1859 he received the permission to found the newspaper Parus (Парус, Sail). It was closed by the authorities after just two issues. With his close associate, scientist and industrialist Fyodor Chizhov, Aksakov applied for the permission to edit another newspaper, Parokhod (Пароход, Steamboat), so as to fulfill the obligations before the subscribers. The permission was given, on condition that "there'd be no rising the issue in it of the right for the peoples [of the Empire], Slavic or otherwise, to develop their own national identity." Since to rise that issue had been exactly Aksakov's intention, the project was dropped.

Aksakov spent 1860 traveling all over the Eastern Europe where he met several prominent writers and politicians of the West Slavic countries. Upon the return he became the editor-in-chief of the newspaper Den (1861-1865).

On 12 January 1866 Aksakov married Anna Tyutcheva, a Russian courtier, and (from 1853 until 1866) the maid of honour and confidante of empress Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). He spent the first year of their marriage at home, devoting himself totally to family affairs. In 1867 he started editing the newspaper Moskva (1867-1868), regularly providing editorials on a wide range of topics concerning Russia's economy and internal affairs, propagating his Slavophile views. Many of those appeared in the form of black-framed notifications, informing the readership that "this editorial is unavailable owing to circumstances beyond the control of the editorial staff." As it was later revealed, in the censorship committee's secret 1865 review of the Russian press Aksakov was mentioned among those whose activities demanded special attention and was characterized as "a democrat with Socialist inclinations."

Warnings and suspensions (some up to six months) forced Aksakov to stop the publication of Den. Moskva was closed by the authorities. His "Biography of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev" (1874) infuriated censors to such an extent that the book's second edition's whole print run was captured and destroyed, due to its "generally reprehensible nature," according to the official explanation.

As a chairman of the Slavic Charitable Society, Aksakov concentrated mostly on the efforts aimed at providing financial help for Serbia and Montenegro during the Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) and transporting the units of Russian volunteers' into the Balkans. As the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War broke out, he continued to promote the ideas of Pan-Slavism in the Russian press, then switched the focus of his attention to organizing the financial and military aid for Bulgaria. On 22 July 1878, speaking at the Moscow Slavic Society, Aksakov came out with a speech attacking both the decisions of the Congress of Berlin and the position of the Russian delegation which, as he saw it, failed to confront the "political conspiracy" aimed against Russia which had "won the war but was relegated to the status of a losing party."

This demarche had serious political resonance and dire consequences for Aksakov. He was ordered to leave Moscow and had to spend the rest of the year in exile, residing in the village of Varvaryino, Vladimir Governorate. The Slavic Charitable Society was shut down. In December 1878 Aksakov received the permission to return to Moscow.

The tsar, Alexander III of Russia, attempted to call a constitutional assembly in 1881, saying "At last, I have the mountain off my shoulders. I have asked my ministers to draft the scheme of an Assembly of Representatives." This Aksakov highly opposed, and he suggested to the tsar that instead he should offer tax breaks for the peasantry, and with the assurance of other Russian courtiers, such as the conservative Konstantin Pobedonostsev and Mikhail Katkov, the tsar withdrew his proposal for a constitution and went with light tax breaks.

After two quiet years, in 1880, with the support from Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov, he managed to found another Slavophile newspaper, a weekly called Rus which lasted six years, until his death on 8 February 1886, of heart failure.

Ivan Sergeyevich Aksakov is interred in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius cemetery, in Sergiyev Posad. The Collected Works by I.S. Aksakov in 7 volumes were published in 1880-1887. The four-volume edition of Aksakov's vast correspondence came out in 1896.

Legacy
Aksakov saw the peasant commune as a 'moral choir' and the basis for a spiritually regenerated Russian state, believing that 'the wing of the Russian eagle' would be the guiding force in uniting 'the whole Slavonic world' and defeating the threat of the Austrian Empire. D.S. Mirsky considered him the finest Russian journalist, after Alexander Herzen. The historian Andrzej Walicki has identified Aksakov as the intellectual bridge between Slavophilism and Panslavism.

Honour
Aksakovo town in Northeastern Bulgaria and Aksakov Street in Sofia, Bulgaria are named after Ivan Aksakov.

title: Ivan Aksakov


text: Talk:Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings

title: Talk:Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings


text:
List of mayors of Vienna

This is a list of mayors and governors of Vienna since 1282.

Vienna is the capital city of Austria. Since 1920, it has also been an Austrian state, with its mayor doubling as the Landeshauptmann (governor or minister-president) of the State of Vienna.

Since 24 May 2018, Michael Ludwig has served as Mayor of Vienna.

Duchy and Archduchy of Austria

 * Konrad Poll 1282
 * Heinrich Hansgraf 1285
 * Konrad von Eslarn 1287
 * Konrad Poll 1288–1305
 * Heinrich Chrannest 1305–1307
 * Dietrich von Kahlenberg 1307
 * Heinrich von d. Neisse 1308
 * Niklas von Eslarn 1309
 * Niklas von Eslarn 1309–1313
 * Heinrich von d. Neisse 1310
 * Niklas Poll 1313–1315
 * Hermann von St. Pölten 1316
 * Niklas von Eslarn 1316–1317
 * Hermann von St. Pölten 1318
 * Otto Wülfleinstorfer 1319–1323
 * Stephan Chriegler 1323
 * Niklas Poll 1324–1327
 * Stephan Chriegler 1327–1328
 * Heinrich Lang 1329–1330
 * Dietrich Urbetsch 1332–1333
 * Hermann Snaezl 1333–1334
 * Dietrich Urbetsch 1335–1337
 * Konrad von Eslarn 1337–1338
 * Berthold Poll 1338–1339
 * Konrad Wiltwerker 1340–1343
 * Hagen von Spielberg 1343–1344
 * Reinprecht Zaunrüd 1345–1347
 * Friedrich von Tierna 1348–1349
 * Dietrich Flusthart 1350–1351
 * Friedrich von Tierna 1352
 * Heinrich Würfel 1353
 * Dietrich Flusthart 1354
 * Haunold Schuchler the Elder 1354
 * Leopold Polz 1355
 * Heinrich Straicher 1356–1357
 * Haunold Schuchler the Elder 1357–1358
 * Leopold Polz 1358–1360
 * Heinrich Straicher 1359–1360
 * Haunold Schuchler the Elder 1360–1361
 * Hans von Tierna 1362–1364
 * Friedrich Rüschl 1364
 * Lukas Popfinger 1365–1366
 * Thomas Swaeml 1366–1367
 * Niklas Würfel 1368–1370
 * Thomas Swaeml 1370–1371
 * Ulrich Rößl 1372–1374
 * Jans am Kienmarkt 1374–1376
 * Paul Holzkäufl 1376–1379
 * Jans am Kienmarkt 1379–1381
 * Paul Holzkäufl 1381–1386
 * Michael Geukramer 1386–1395
 * Paul Holzkäufl 1396
 * Paul Würfel 1396–1397
 * Jakob Dorn 1398
 * Hans Rockh 1398–1399
 * Paul Holzkäufl 1399–1400
 * Berthold Lang 1401
 * Paul Würfel 1401–1403
 * Haunold Schuchler the Younger 1402–1403
 * Konrad Vorlauf 1403–1404
 * Paul Würfel 1404–1405
 * Rudolf Angerfelder 1405–1406
 * Konrad Vorlauf 1406–1408
 * Konrad Rampersdorffer 1408
 * Hans Feldsberger 1408–1409
 * Paul Geyr 1410
 * Albrecht Zetter 1410–1411
 * Rudolf Angerfelder 1411–1419
 * Hans Musterer 1420–1421
 * Ulrich Gundloch 1422
 * Konrad Holzler the Elder 1423–1425
 * Hans Scharffenberger 1425–1426
 * Paul Würfel the Younger 1427
 * Niklas Undermhimmel 1428–1429
 * Konrad Holzler the Elder 1430–1433
 * Hans Steger 1434–1439
 * Niklas Undermhimmel 1438
 * Konrad Holzler the Elder 1440–1441
 * Andre Hiltprant 1442
 * Hans Steger 1443
 * Hans Haringseer 1444–1446
 * Hans Steger 1447–1449
 * Konrad Holzler the Younger 1450–1451
 * Oswald Reicholf 1452
 * Niklas Teschler 1453
 * Oswald Reicholf 1454
 * Konrad Holzler the Younger 1455
 * Niklas Teschler 1456–1457
 * Thomas Schwarz 1457
 * Jakob Starch 1457–1460
 * Christian Prenner 1461–1462
 * Sebastian Ziegelhauser 1462
 * Wolfgang Holzer 1462–1463
 * Friedrich Ebmer 1463
 * Ulrich Metzleinstorffer 1464–1466
 * Martin Enthaimer 1467
 * Andreas Schönbrucker 1467–1473
 * Hans Heml 1473–1479
 * Laurenz Haiden 1479–1484
 * Stephan Een 1485–1486
 * Leonhard Radauner 1487–1489
 * Laurenz Taschendorfer 1489–1490
 * Stephan Een 1490
 * Paul Keck 1490–1493
 * Friedrich Geldreich 1494–1496
 * Paul Keck 1497 – 99
 * Wolfgang Rieder 1500–1501
 * Leonhard Lackner 1502
 * Wolfgang Zauner 1503
 * Paul Keck 1504–1507
 * Sigmund Pernfuß 1507
 * Paul Keck 1508
 * Wolfgang Rieder 1509–1510
 * Hans Süß 1511–1512
 * Leonhard Pudmannsdorfer 1512
 * Hans Kuchler 1513
 * Friedrich Piesch 1514
 * Johann Kaufmann 1515
 * Hans Süß 1516
 * Hans Rinner 1516–1517
 * Leonhard Pudmannsdorfer 1518
 * Wolfgang Kirchhofer 1519–1520
 * Hans Süß 1520
 * Martin Siebenbürger 1520–1521
 * Gabriel Guetrater 1522–1524
 * Hans Süß 1524–1526

Habsburg Monarchy

 * Roman Staudinger 1526
 * Sebastian Sulzbeck 1527
 * Wolfgang Treu 1528–1530
 * Sebastian Eysler 1531
 * Wolfgang Treu 1532–1533
 * Johann Pilhamer 1534–1535
 * Wolfgang Treu 1536–1537
 * Hermes Schallautzer 1538–1539
 * Paul Pernfuß 1540–1541
 * Stephan Tenck 1542–46
 * Sebastian Schrantz 1547–1548
 * Sebastian Hutstocker 1549–1550
 * Christoph Hayden 1551–1552
 * Sebastian Hutstocker 1553–1555
 * Hans Übermann 1556–1557
 * Georg Prantstetter 1558–1559
 * Thomas Siebenbürger 1560–1561
 * Hermann Bayr 1562–1563
 * Matthias Brunnhofer 1564–1565
 * Hans Übermann 1566–1567
 * Georg Prantstetter 1568–1569
 * Hanns von Thau 1570–1571
 * Georg Prantstetter 1572–1573
 * Hanns von Thau 1574–1575
 * Christoph Hutstocker 1576–1577
 * Hanns von Thau 1578–1579
 * Bartholomäus Prantner 1580–1581
 * Hanns von Thau 1582–1583
 * Bartholomäus Prantner 1584–1585
 * Oswald Hüttendorfer 1586–1587
 * Hanns von Thau 1588–1589
 * Georg Fürst 1590–1591
 * Bartholomäus Prantner 1592–1595
 * Paul Steyrer 1596–1597
 * Oswald Hüttendorfer 1598–1599
 * Andreas Rieder 1600 – 01
 * Georg Fürst 1602 – 03
 * Augustin Haffner 1604 – 07
 * Lukas Lausser 1608 – 09
 * Daniel Moser 1610 – 13
 * Veit Resch 1614 – 15
 * Daniel Moser 1616 – 22
 * Paul Wiedemann 1623 – 25
 * Daniel Moser 1626 – 37
 * Christoph Faßoldt 1638 – 39
 * Konrad Bramber 1640 – 45
 * Caspar Bernhardt 1646 – 48
 * Johann Georg Dietmayr 1648 – 53
 * Thomas Wolfgang Puechenegger 1654 – 55
 * Johann Georg Dietmayr von Dietmannsdorf 1656 – 59
 * Johann Christoph Holzner 1660 – 63
 * Johann Georg Dietmayr von Dietmannsdorf 1664 – 67
 * Johann Christoph Holzner 1667 – 69
 * Daniel Lazarus Springer 1670 – 73
 * Peter Sebastian Fügenschuh 1674 – 77
 * Daniel Lazarus Springer 1678 – 79
 * Johann Andreas von Liebenberg 1680 – 83
 * Simon Stephan Schuster 1684 – 87
 * Daniel Fockhy 1688 – 91
 * Johann Franz Peickhardt 1692 – 95
 * Jakob Daniel Tepser 1696 – 99
 * Johann Franz Peickhardt 1700 – 03
 * Jakob Daniel Tepser 1704 – 07
 * Johann Franz Wenighoffer 1708 – 12
 * Johann Lorenz Trunck von Guttenberg 1713 – 16
 * Josef Hartmann 1717 – 20
 * Franz Josef Hauer 1721 – 24
 * Josef Hartmann 1725 – 26
 * Franz Josef Hauer 1727 – 28
 * Johann Franz Purck 1729 – 30
 * Franz Daniel Edler von Bartuska 1731 – 32
 * Andreas Ludwig Leitgeb 1733 – 36
 * Johann Adam von Zahlheim 1737 – 40
 * Peter Joseph Kofler 1741 – 44
 * Andreas Ludwig Leitgeb 1745 – 51
 * Peter Joseph Edler von Kofler 1751 – 64
 * Leopold Franz Gruber 1764
 * Josef Anton Bellesini 1764 – 67
 * Leopold Franz Gruber 1767 – 73
 * Josef Georg Hörl 1773–1804

Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary

 * Stephan Edler von Wohlleben 1804 – 23
 * Anton Joseph Edler von Leeb 1835 – 37
 * Ignaz Czapka 1838 – 48
 * Johann Kaspar Freiherr von Seiller 1851 – 61
 * Andreas Zelinka 1861 – 68
 * Cajetan Freiherr von Felder 1868 – 78
 * Julius von Newald 1878 – 82
 * Eduard Uhl 1882 – 89
 * Johann Prix 1889 – 94
 * Raimund Grübl 1894 – 95
 * Hans von Friebeis 1895 – 96
 * Josef Strobach 1896 – 97
 * Karl Lueger 1897–1910 (CS)
 * Josef Neumayer 1910 – 12 (CS)
 * Richard Weiskirchner 1912 – 18 (CS)

First Austrian Republic

 * Richard Weiskirchner 1918 – 19 (CS)
 * Jakob Reumann 1919 – 22 (SDAPÖ)

Mayors and governors of Vienna
In 1922, the city of Vienna was constituted as a separate state of Austria. It had previously been the capital of Lower Austria. Thus Vienna's mayor also has the rank of a state governor.

title: List of mayors of Vienna


text:
Stones of Mora

The Stones of Mora (Mora stenar) is a historic location in Knivsta, Sweden. Several Medieval kings of Sweden were proclaimed at the assembly of Mora near modern Uppsala. It was moved in the 15th century and was considered to have been lost. However, there are a number of stones of record in a small building in the vicinity of the former assembly site.

Origin of name
The Stones of Mora were originally named in singular as Mora sten referring to a stone on which the newly elected king stood after his election. With later monuments in stone commemorating different elections, the name changed to the plural form.

Location
Mora Meadow (Mora äng) is located in Lagga parish in Knivsta Municipality about 10 km south-east of Uppsala. The location, which is not associated with Mora town, is at equal distance from the Things of the old folklands Attundaland and Tiundaland. This was the location of Mora Thing, where the Swedish kings were elected.

History
The law of Uppland and Södermanland states: ''The three folklands, that is Tiundaland, Attundaland and Fjärdhundraland, shall first elect king. Then the election will be sanctioned by the lawspeaker of Uppland and then by all his subordinate lawspeakers in the rest of the kingdom, one by one.''

The Westrogothic law reminded the Geats that they had to accept this election: Sveær egho konung at taka ok sva vrækæ meaning Swedes have the right of choosing and deposing the king.

The detail that the Swedes were not only entitled to elect their king, but that they also had the right to depose him was institutionalized a long time before, as attested by Snorri Sturlason's (died 1241) accounts of Swedish history (the speech of Torgny the Lawspeaker, and the deaths of Domalde, Egil, Aun, and Jorund in the Heimskringla). The location was on the border of a wetland and according to Snorri, five kings had been drowned in this wetland, when the people had been displeased.

The newly elected king also had to go on a traditional journey around Sweden (Eriksgata), including the Geatish provinces. It was thus a sort of federation where the king started with his election at Mora Thing and then travelled throughout the kingdom to have the election confirmed by the local assemblies. Beginning in 1362 also representatives from Finland took part in the election.

The Stone of Mora and many stones which flanked it with inscriptions commemorating the elections of earlier kings, were probably destroyed in 1515 during the civil war against the Danes. Kings Gustav Vasa and John III are said to have tried to reconstruct the Stones of Mora without success.

The building where the fragments are now contained was constructed by local military officer Carl Wijnbladh (1705- 1768).

Documented elections

 * 1) Magnus III of Sweden was elected at the Stones of Mora in 1275.
 * 2) Magnus IV of Sweden was elected at the stones on July 8, 1319
 * 3) Albert was crowned here on February 18, 1364
 * 4) Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden was the last to be elected at Mora in 1457

Knivsta coat of arms
In 2002, in anticipation of Knivsta Municipality (previously part of Uppsala Municipality since 1971) regaining its status of a municipality of its own in 2003, the Swedish state herald  designed and registered a coat of arms for Knivsta based on the stone of Mora motif: an open crown over a heraldic trimount.

Other sources

 * Larsson, Mats G. (2013) Mora sten och Mora ting (Fornvännen. Stockholm)
 * Mora sten och Mora stenar: en vägledning till ett märkligt nationalmonument(Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet. 1993) ISBN 91-7192-882-0

Related reading

 * Stefan Brink The creation of a Scandinavian provincial law: how was it done (Historical Research, Volume 86, Issue 233, August 2013, Pages 432–442)

title: Stones of Mora


text:
Huaisheng Mosque

The Huaisheng Mosque ( also known as the Lighthouse Mosque and the Great Mosque of Canton) is the main mosque of Guangzhou. Rebuilt many times over its history, it is traditionally thought to have been originally built over 1,300 years ago, which would make it one of the oldest mosques in the world.

In China, the most unusual feature of the mosque is its pointed 36 metre minaret, the Guangta or Kwangtah. Although this meant the "Plain Pagoda" in reference to its unadorned surface, it is also sometimes taken to mean "lighthouse" and gave the mosque its alternate name. Somewhat similar "minimalist" minarets can be seen outside China, e.g. at the Khan's Mosque in Kasimov, Russia. The mosque was visited by Tim Severin's crew of the Sohar, that sailed into Canton from Muscat in July 1981, recreating the fictional voyage of Sinbad the Sailor.

History
Old Chinese Muslim manuscripts say the mosque was built in 627 by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, a Companion of the Prophet who supposedly came on to China in the 620s. Although modern secular scholars do not find any historical evidence that Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas actually visited China, they agree that the first Muslims must have arrived to China within the 7th century, and that the major trade centers, such as Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Yangzhou, probably already had their first mosques built during the Tang dynasty, even though no reliable sources attesting to their actual existence has been found so far.

The minaret measures 36 meters in height and consists of two stories. It was the tallest building in the city until the beginning of the 20th century. In the Middle Ages, it served various functions, functioning as a lighthouse, a wind vane, and a control tower.

It is very likely that the mosque existed during the early years of the Song dynasty. In 1349, Ramadan ibn Alauddin, the first named Korean Muslim, was buried in the mosque cemetery. The mosque was rebuilt in 1350 then again in 1695 after being destroyed in a fire. The Huaisheng Light Tower or minaret was built at an earlier period. As late as the 19th century, the minaret tower was one of the major landmarks of Guangzhou.

The Tatar traveler Abdurreshid Ibrahim who was an acquaintance of one of the Mosque's ahongs, Wang Kuan, was dismissive of the claim that this mosque was built by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. He called it a peculiar idea: "This history is indisputable to the Chinese and it would seem to be impossible to persuade them that this was not the case ..... Sa’d bin Vakkâs was a famed person among the Noble Companions and the ten companions who were promised Paradise, and his biography is well known to Muslims. If Vakkâs had been an envoy [from the Arabs to China], the great Hadith scholars would have recorded it ... because some of them would have understood that anything that happened in the era of our Prophet Muhammad would have to be written down, without ignoring the slightest detail. If an envoy had been dispatched to China like this, Hadith scholars should have recorded it.""

Transportation
The mosque is accessible within walking distance south east of Ximenkou Station of Guangzhou Metro.

authors: سيد رفعت رحمن

title: Huaisheng Mosque


text:
Talk:John F. Street

Photo
Could we get a better picture somehow? The current photo is blurry almost to the point of uselessness Passdoubt | Talk 03:04, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

An Awfully Sympathetic Listing, Despite Mention Of Scandals
No mention is made of the racially divisive rhetoric strewn around by the Street Campaigns, nor the egregious amount of City patronage directed at Street's immediate family, including his wife, brother, and son. Lack of indictments should not insulate Street from legitimate charges of incompetence and corruption.

 * I am sure Mayor Street has this entry watched and cleaned up. Dirk Pitt 17:32, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Born in Norristown... in a farming household
I'm guessing that he was born in Norristown but moved down South, possibly to Alabama? The article doesn't really make that clear. Where did this farming take place? Rural Montgomery County? Even in 1950, nobody in Norristown proper was farming. Passdoubt | Talk 05:23, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Date of Birth
I fixed the date of birth. Street was born on October 15, 1943, not December 4, 1945. J-Red 01:54, 25 July 2006 (UTC)Outtaherephils

Anti Combat Violence Initiative
I added his new anti violence programs that launched last night to the Policy section. User:GShton 01:16, 28, July 2006 (UTC)

POV tag
This section uses weasel words and ignores the fact that the boy scouts do discriminate against homosexuals. Someone who knows whats up should clean this up. Desertsky85451 02:11, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

I disagree. First, the section states verifiably factual information. Secondly, the city continues to rent space to other organizations that discriminate against homosexuals including religious organizations. Third, the section relates back to specific political practices of the mayor. Finally, the section appears to be written without inflammatory language. Unless other input suggests differently, I will remove the POV signal no earlier than 8/31/06. Jpetersen46321 22:06, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Cite anti-homosexual discrimination by other organizations. Wikify the section.  Remove the word allegedly; the boy scouts do discriminate against gays; (there was a supreme court case about it a while back, you may remember hearing about).  Remove the POV tag, and I'll just keep putting it back until this section doesn't read like it was written by an angry boy scout.  Desertsky85451 19:49, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In response to editor Desertsky: In the US, an entity accused of violating a statute is afforded an opportunity in court to defend itself.  Until convicted, the defendant is "alleged" to have performed the act.  Here, the controversy arises from the mayor announcing that the Boy Scouts are discriminatory and then applying punitive sanctions without due process of law.  I agree with you that the Boy Scouts discriminate against homosexuals.  Nevertheless, the Supreme Court case to which you refer (Boy Scouts of Am. v. Dale, 528 U.S. 1109) held that a state could NOT apply anti-discrimination statutes to a private organization. Here, the issue is NOT whether the Boy Scouts discriminate against homosexuals, rather the issue is whether the city can selectively enforce a possibly unconstitutional ordinance.  Perhaps you can improve the language to convey this message which I invite you to do.  Finally, I am adding citation.  OK?  Jpetersen46321 02:19, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not disputing their right to discriminate, but was pointing out that they do and reminding you of the court case as proof. Your paragraph used the word allegedly, which is totaly BS. I've fixed the section to remove tricky words.  Desertsky85451

 * I have changed some of your language in order to neutralize any point of view issues.Jpetersen46321 20:06, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Why does the Mayor's policy on the Boy Scouts warrent a section unto itself. Would this not be more appropriate under the Policy section above? Micahmj11 20:44, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm with you, but I think that Jpetersen46321 is an angry boy scout from the delaware valley and feels that this 'injustice' warrents its own section. Desertsky85451 15:47, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Bozo
I read a short article in the Inquirer today about how someone added the false claim to this article that Street played Bozo the Clown. It looks like the offending addition was done by 70.156.131.74, someone rightly removed it as unverified a few days later, but it was then re-added by 12.198.160.151 in the name of "fighting vandalism", his first-ever edit no less. With the mild publicity in the Inquirer it may be a good idea to keep an eye on the page. Krimpet 14:01, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah its currently on the main page with the teaser of "Some clown breaks into Street's Wikipedia page". First class journalism. Slow news day, no one murdered over the weekend, just wounded. ccwaters 15:22, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Been picked up by Governing: http://governing.typepad.com/13thfloor/2007/01/more_wiki_wacki.html 68.39.174.238 13:35, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Another Street
T. Milton Street Sr. who in 1978 was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and in 1980 to the Pennsylvania State Senate, does he desrve an article? --evrik (talk) 20:42, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Perhaps:
 * Isn't he a self-declared candidate for mayor?
 * He's the brother of the current mayor, and makes headlines all on his own. See Roger Clinton, Jr..
 * - CobaltBlueTony 21:01, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Wait, is this the dad or something??? - CobaltBlueTony 21:11, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe we should add him to this page Philadelphia mayoral election, 2007? --evrik (talk) 21:57, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Milton Street is a well-known public figure in the city in his own right, for his business dealings and political ambitions as well as his relations to his brother, and as CobaltBlueTony mentioned his antics make the press often, asserting his notability. I'd say he certainly warrants his own article. Krimpet 23:18, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Good work guys ... --evrik (talk) 14:25, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Camping for an iPhone
http://www.engadget.com/2007/06/29/philadelphia-mayor-caught-camping-for-an-iphone/#comments --Dennis Valeev 17:53, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070629/ap_on_hi_te/apple_iphone_mayor;_ylt=AlNvq3_QZcfg.dGN8TSoTb7MWM0F -- TeeJay

Mayor Streets did end up getting an iPhone http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070629/ap_on_hi_te/apple_iphone_mayor;_ylt=AoJ6On9MLpBK8jOp4ZV_.sLMWM0F -- Tee Jay

Larry West continues to vandalize this section with claims that he approached Street. This is unsourced, unimportant, and most importantly just vanity edits on his part. Luv Skull/Larry West, please stop vandalizing other's pages simply because your vanity page was deleted on merit. Curious27 (talk) 03:51, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I note that this story was readded here. I have reverted the edit.  Nelson50 T   19:08, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

House Fire
Has anyone seen this from a Philly news source?128.91.45.1 19:52, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Erroneous Information
The following statement has no place in the Policy section: "Since 2000, the average home in Philadelphia has appreciated by approximately 30 percent, and the population of Center City grew by 14 percent between 1990 and 2000." It contains events that occurred before Street's reign as mayor of Philadelphia, and therefore, not relevant to his policies while mayor. Further, the statement is a non-sequitor, using evidence about a Center City population boon between 1990 and 2000 to explain a growth in home value after 2000. The causal connection is tenuous and poorly worded.--146.145.125.131 15:45, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Aproval rating?
Can someone tell me his aproval rating? It seems to me he would have really low ratings. ForeverDEAD 14:48, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

NIT Source
The section on NTI currently contains says the following

 * "However, initial results have been positive. Since 2000, the average home in Philadelphia has :appreciated by approximately 30 percent. The housing market continues to thrive, and developers :have created more than 4,880 market-rate apartments and condominiums in the past several years"

The citation given is to a broken link (Phila.gov apparently no longer has a section for NTI since the program is discontinued). I tried to Wayback Machine it and was informed that the page could not be archived because Phila.gov blocks bots or something along those lines. Does anyone know what the original source said? Either way, i suspect the passage should be rewritten a bit. NTI is far from being considered a success and the appreciation of home values has a lot more to do with national trends than NTI. I would change it myself but the page appears to be semi protected and I haven't logged on to Wiki in years - can't for the life of me rememeber my password. --155.247.155.128 (talk) 20:13, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

An actual citation with criticism of NTI

--155.247.155.128 (talk) 22:00, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:John F. Street


text: Category:Rational Youth albums

title: Category:Rational Youth albums


text:
Niujie Mosque

The Niujie Mosque  ( "Oxen Street House of Worship" or  "Oxen Street Mosque") is the oldest mosque in Beijing, China. It was first built in 996 during the Liao dynasty and was reconstructed as well as enlarged under the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) of the Qing dynasty.

The mosque is located in the Niujie area of Beijing's Xicheng District, the spiritual centre for the 10,000 Muslims living in the vicinity and it is the biggest and oldest one in Beijing. It was within the Xuanwu District before it merged into Xicheng in 2010. Niujie in Xicheng District, where the mosque is located, is the largest area inhabited by Muslims in Beijing.

The Niujie Mosque covers an area of approximately 10,000 square meters. The mosque reflects a mixture of Islamic and Han Chinese cultural and architectural influences. From the outside, its architecture shows traditional Chinese influence and the inside has a blend of Islamic calligraphy and Chinese design. The main prayer hall is 600 square meters in area, and can hold more than 1,000 worshipers. The mosque, built out of timber, is home to some important cultural relics and tablets such as the upright tablet of an emperor's decree proclaimed in 1694 during the Qing dynasty.

History
The Niujie Mosque, the largest of all the mosques in Beijing, was first built in 996 during the Liao dynasty (916–1125). The local Muslim community constructed the mosque using traditional Chinese architecture, with the exception that it displays Arabic calligraphy in the interior. It was originally designed by Nazaruddin, the son of an imam. After it was destroyed by armies of Genghis Khan in 1215, the mosque was rebuilt in 1443 in the Ming dynasty.

Muslim eunuchs contributed money in 1496 to repairing Niujie Mosque.

It was significantly expanded in 1696 under the Qing dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, the neighbouring markets were known for Halal beef and mutton, even until today, the presence is still quite strong with Muslim grocery stores with Arabic signage along the road. The actual name of the Mosque is Lǐbàisì, which is given by the Chenghua Emperor in 1474, but since it is located in Oxen Street (Niú means Oxen and jiē means street) this Mosque is simply called Niujie. It is now one of the major mosques in north China.

The mosque has undergone three renovations since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, respectively in 1955, 1979 and 1996.

As of 2002, the master plan of the renovation of Niujie stated that the mosque will remain at its current location and that a grassy area and large square would be developed around the mosque.

Architecture
The mosque consists of a group of buildings which follow the norms of traditional Chinese architecture. It has two courtyard according to the Siheyuan layout. Facilities include a worship hall, the Wangyue Building, Building for Publicising Etiquette, a lecture hall, the Tablet Pavilion, the Twin Pavilions, and bathrooms. The mosque is home to an ancient Quran over 300 years old, tombs of Arabian sages, and an incense burner dating from the Ming dynasty. The mosque also houses a library with ancient manuscripts.

Tourism and official visits
The Government of the People's Republic of China often uses the Niujie Mosque as a visiting site for delegations coming from Islamic countries. Han Chinese and Hui tourists and Muslims from outside of China visit the Niujie Mosque for tourism reasons.

While non-Muslims are not allowed to enter the prayer hall, people working at the mosque are quite friendly to all visitors and happy to talk about their beliefs with those who can speak Chinese. Visitors to the mosque may also be interested in the China Islamic Institute, which is just southeast, at the corner of Nanheng W. Road and Jiaozi Hutong.

Transportation
The mosque is accessible within walking distance south west of Caishikou Station of Beijing Subway.

title: Niujie Mosque


text:
Richard Jewell

Richard Allensworth Jewell (born Richard White; December 17, 1962 – August 29, 2007) was an American security guard and law enforcement officer who alerted police during the Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. He discovered a backpack containing three pipe bombs on the park grounds and helped evacuate the area before the bomb exploded, saving many people from injury or death. For months afterward he was suspected of planting the bomb, resulting in adverse publicity that "came to symbolize the excesses of law enforcement and the news media".

Initially hailed by the media as a hero, Jewell was soon considered a suspect by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) based on psychological profiling. Though never charged, Jewell experienced what was described as a "trial by media", which took a toll on his personal and professional life. He was cleared as a suspect after 88 days of intense public scrutiny. In 2005, Eric Rudolph confessed and pleaded guilty to that bombing and other attacks.

Jewell's life has been the subject of popular culture, including the 2019 Oscar-nominated film Richard Jewell directed by Clint Eastwood and the ten-episode drama Deadly Games, the 2020 season of the anthology series 'Manhunt'.

Early life
Jewell was born Richard White in Danville, Virginia, the son of Robert Earl White, who worked for Chevrolet, and his mother Bobi, an insurance claims coordinator. Richard's birth parents divorced when he was four. When his mother later married John Jewell, an insurance executive, his stepfather adopted him.

Olympic bombing accusation
Centennial Olympic Park was designed as the "town square" of the Olympics, and thousands of spectators had gathered for a late concert and merrymaking. Sometime after midnight on July 27, 1996, Eric Robert Rudolph, a domestic terrorist who would later bomb a lesbian nightclub and two abortion clinics, placed a green backpack containing a shrapnel-laden pipe bomb under a bench. Jewell was working as a security guard for the event. He discovered the bag and alerted Georgia Bureau of Investigation officers. This discovery was nine minutes before Rudolph telephoned 9-1-1 to deliver a warning. During a Jack Mack and the Heart Attack performance, Jewell and other security guards began clearing the immediate area so that a bomb squad could investigate the suspicious package. The bomb exploded 13 minutes later, killing one person – later identified as Alice Hawthorne – and injuring more than 100 others. A cameraman also died of a heart attack while running to photograph the incident.

Investigation and the media coverage
Early news reports lauded Jewell as a hero for helping to evacuate the area after he spotted the suspicious package. Three days later, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution revealed that the FBI was treating him as a possible suspect, based largely on a "lone bomber" criminal profile. For the next several weeks, the news media focused aggressively on him as the presumed culprit, describing him a "person of interest". The media, to varying degrees, described Jewell as a failed law enforcement officer who might have planted the bomb so he could "find" it and be a hero.

The New York Times reported in October 1996, when he was cleared as a suspect, that "a number of law-enforcement officials have said privately for months that they thought Mr. Jewell had been involved in the bombing, even though there was no evidence against him and some evidence seemed to rule him out".

Jewell was never charged officially, but the FBI thoroughly and publicly searched his home twice, questioned his associates, investigated his background, and maintained 24-hour surveillance of him. The scrutiny began to ease only after Jewell's attorneys hired an ex-FBI agent to administer a polygraph, which Jewell passed.

A Justice Department investigation of the FBI's conduct found that the FBI had tried to cause Jewell to waive his constitutional rights by telling him he was participating with a training movie about bomb detection, although the report concluded "no intentional violation of Mr. Jewell's civil rights and no criminal misconduct" had occurred.

Exoneration
On October 26, 1996, the US Attorney in Atlanta, Kent Alexander, sent Jewell a letter saying "based on the evidence developed to date ... Richard Jewell is not considered a target of the federal criminal investigation into the bombing on July 27, 1996, at Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta". The letter did not include an apology, but in a separate statement issued by Alexander, the U.S. Justice Department regretted the leaking of the investigation.

The separately issued statement said that Jewell "endured highly unusual and intense publicity that was neither designed nor desired by the FBI, and in fact interfered with the investigation," and that "The public should bear in mind that Richard Jewell has at no time been charged with any crime in connection with the bombing, and the property that was seized pursuant to court-authorized search warrants has been returned." The New York Times reported that the statement was "highly unusual" because "it was a tacit admission by Federal officials that they had been wrong in their suspicion of Mr. Jewell".

At a press conference in July 1997, U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno expressed personal regret concerning the leak that resulted in intense media scrutiny of Jewell. She said, "I'm very sorry it happened. I think we owe him an apology. I regret the leak."

In 1998, Eric Rudolph was named as a suspect in the Centennial Park bombing and the bombings of abortion clinics. He was arrested in 2003 after a lengthy manhunt. Rudolph later agreed, in April 2005, to plead guilty to the Centennial Park bombing and other attacks on an abortion clinic and a lesbian nightclub, as part of a plea bargain to avoid the death penalty.

In 2006, Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue honored Jewell for his rescue efforts during the attack, and publicly thanked him for saving people's lives. Perdue said Jewell "deserves to be remembered as a hero".

Subsequent life, career and public appearances
Jewell worked in various law enforcement jobs, including as a police officer in Pendergrass, Georgia. He worked as a deputy sheriff in Meriwether County, Georgia, until his death. He also gave speeches at colleges. On July 30, 1997, Jewell testified before a subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives calling for an independent investigation into methods used by FBI agents during their investigation of him. He appeared in Michael Moore's 1997 movie The Big One. He had a cameo appearance in the September 27, 1997, episode of Saturday Night Live, in which he jokingly fended off suggestions that he was responsible for the deaths of Mother Teresa and Diana, Princess of Wales, both of which had occurred earlier that year.

Jewell married Dana Jewell in 1998; they remained married until his death. The couple relocated to a farm they bought together, south of Atlanta. In 2001, Jewell was honored as the Grand Marshal of Carmel, Indiana's Independence Day Parade. Jewell was chosen in keeping with the parade's theme of "Unsung Heroes". On each anniversary of the bombing until his illness and eventual death, he privately placed a rose at the Centennial Olympic Park scene where spectator Alice Hawthorne died.

Three FBI agents were censured afterward by the Department of Justice.

Libel cases
After he was dismissed as a suspect, Jewell filed libel suits against NBC News, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, CNN, the New York Post, and Piedmont College.

Jewell sued the Atlanta Journal-Constitution because, according to Jewell, the paper's headline ("FBI suspects 'hero' guard may have planted bomb") "pretty much started the whirlwind." In one article, the Journal-Constitution compared Jewell's case to that of serial killer Wayne Williams. The newspaper was the only defendant that did not settle with Jewell. The lawsuit remained pending for several years, having been considered at one time by the Supreme Court of Georgia, and had become an important part of case law regarding whether journalists could be forced to reveal their sources. Jewell's estate continued to press the case even after his death in 2007, but in July 2011, the Georgia Court of Appeals ruled for the defendant. The Court concluded that "because the articles in their entirety were substantially true at the time they were published—even though the investigators' suspicions were ultimately deemed unfounded—they cannot form the basis of a defamation action."

Although CNN settled Jewell's libel suit for an undisclosed monetary amount, CNN maintained that its coverage had been "fair and accurate".

Jewell sued NBC News for this statement made by Tom Brokaw: "The speculation is that the FBI is close to making the case. They probably have enough to arrest him right now, probably enough to prosecute him, but you always want to have enough to convict him as well. There are still some holes in this case." Even though NBC stood by its story, the network agreed to pay Jewell $500,000. Jay Leno also apologized during a Tonight Show episode on October 28, 1996.

On July 23, 1997, Jewell sued the New York Post for $15 million in damages, contending that the paper portrayed him in articles, photographs, and an editorial cartoon as an "aberrant" person with a "bizarre employment history" who was probably guilty of the bombing. He eventually settled with the newspaper for an undisclosed amount.

Jewell filed suit against his former employer Piedmont College, its president Raymond Cleere, and college spokesman Scott Rawles. Jewell's attorneys contended that Cleere telephoned the FBI and spoke to the Atlanta newspapers, providing them with false information on Jewell and his employment there as a security guard. Jewell's lawsuit accused Cleere of describing Jewell as a "badge-wearing zealot" who "would write epic police reports for minor infractions." The college settled for an undisclosed amount.

In 2006, Jewell stated that the lawsuits were focused on vindicating his reputation rather than financial gain, highlighting that the vast majority of the settlements were allocated to legal fees and taxes.

Media portrayals
Richard Jewell, a biographical drama movie, was released in the United States on December 13, 2019. The movie was directed and produced by Clint Eastwood. It was written by Billy Ray, based on the 1997 article "American Nightmare: The Ballad of Richard Jewell," by Marie Brenner, and the book The Suspect: An Olympic Bombing, the FBI, the Media, and Richard Jewell, the Man Caught in the Middle (2019) by Kent Alexander and Kevin Salwen. Jewell is played by Paul Walter Hauser, while Kathy Bates played his mother Bobi, for which she earned an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination.

The 2020 season two of the television crime drama anthology series Manhunt, also known as Manhunt: Deadly Games, features the story of the Centennial Park bombing and the other bombs planted by Eric Robert Rudolph. Richard Jewell is portrayed by Cameron Britton.

Reference is made to the unjust allegations against Richard Jewell based on a psychological profile in the television series Criminal Minds (season 3, episode 1).

Death
Jewell had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in February 2007 and suffered kidney failure and other medical problems related to his diagnosis in the ensuing months. His wife, Dana, found him dead on the floor of their bedroom when she came home from work on August 29, 2007; he was 44 years old. An autopsy found the cause of death to be severe heart disease with diabetes and related obesity complications as a contributing factor.

title: Richard Jewell


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Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens

The Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens are botanical gardens located within South Park in Buffalo, New York, United States. These gardens are the product of landscaping architect Frederick Law Olmsted, glass-house architects Lord & Burnham, and botanist and plant-explorer John F. Cowell.

History
The idea of the Gardens first began in 1868 when the Buffalo Parks Commission started meeting with landscape architect Fredrick Law Olmsted, Sr., and Partners. In the late 1880s, they asked Olmsted to design a new park for South Buffalo; the eventual design included two new parks: Cazenovia Park and South Park, which was created in 1894-1900 from 156 acres of farm land.

South Park eventually came to house today's botanical gardens, originally known as the "South Park Conservatory". In Olmsted's design, the conservatory would showcase tropical plant species, while the rest of the park was designed to feature hardy species including an arboretum, pinetum, shrub garden, and a bog garden. Formal gardens around the conservatory led visitors into informal park along walking paths. South Park also was to include a large pond for boating, a ring road for horse carriages, and a meadow. However, the proposed walking paths, boat house, and bandstand were never completed.

The conservatory's tri-domed glass, wood and steel building was designed by Lord & Burnham, who were among the premier conservatory designers of the time. Construction methods were based upon the famous Crystal Palace and Kew Gardens Palm House in England. When built in 1897-1899, it was one of the largest public greenhouses in the country (at a cost of $130,000). Today there are fewer than a dozen large Victorian conservatories in America. This is one of only two with a tri-dome design (the New York Botanical Garden is the other).

The first director, Professor John F. Cowell, oversaw the growing of plants for the park and personally located and obtained unusual tree specimens. He spent decades exploring the Americas and the Caribbean, sending back seeds and small plants for the conservatory. Shortly after it opened, thousands of visitors to the 1901 Pan-American Exposition visited South Park's conservatory and gardens, which thus quickly gathered national renown.