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Copywriting

Copywriting is the act or occupation of writing text for the purpose of advertising or other forms of marketing. Copywriting is aimed at selling products or services. The product, called copy or sales copy, is written content that aims to increase brand awareness and ultimately persuade a person or group to take a particular action.

Copywriters help to create billboards, brochures, catalogs, jingle lyrics, magazine and newspaper advertisements, sales letters and other direct mail, scripts for television or radio commercials, taglines, white papers, website and social media posts, and other marketing communications. All this aligned with the target audience's expectations while keeping the content and copy fresh, relevant, and effective.

Employment
Many copywriters are employed in marketing departments, advertising agencies, public relations firms, copywriting agencies, or are self-employed as freelancers, where clients range from small to large companies.

 * Advertising agencies usually hire copywriters as part of a creative team, in which they are partnered with Art Directors or Creative Directors. The Copywriter writes copy or a script for an advertisement, based largely on information obtained from a client. Either member of the team can conceptualize the overall idea and the process of collaboration often improves the work. Some agencies specialize in servicing a particular industry or sector.
 * Copywriting agencies combine copywriting with a range of editorial and associated services that may include positioning and messaging consulting, social media, search engine optimization, developmental editing, copy editing, proofreading, fact checking, speechwriting and page layout. Some agencies employ in-house Copywriters, while others use external contractors or freelancers.
 * Digital marketing agencies commonly include Copywriters, whether freelance or employees, that focus specifically on digital communication. Sometimes the work of a Copywriter will overlap with a Content Writer as they'll need to write social media advertisements, Google advertisements, online landing pages, and email copy that is persuasive. This new wave of copywriting born of the digital era has made the discipline more accessible.

Copywriters also work in-house for retail chains, book publishers, or other big firms that advertise frequently. They can also be employed to write advertorials for newspapers, magazines, and broadcasters.

Some Copywriters work as independent contractors or freelancers, writing for a variety of clients. They may work at a client's office, a coworking office, a coffeehouse, or remotely from home.

Copywriter job is related, but different from that of a technical writer. Even though careers may overlap, the style guides, for the end product has different purposes:
 * Technical writing saves readers or speakers' time by providing the valuable and complex technical information in a simple format (see, for example, Simplified Technical English). So a tech writer uses the specific techniques for formatting the required information into a documentation topic. Common tasks are release notes, step-by-step instructions, technical information, diagrams, and tables. Tech writers mainly work for engineering, medicine, or IT companies, using communication skills for gathering information and the logic for structuring topics.
 * Copywriting results in marketing texts and scenarios about products or services. The Copywriter represents the company in the best way possible by talking up the product and the service, or by creating a company style guide. The key point is to create a desire to work with the company or do business with the company. The Copywriter has to find the key to the audience to create the content, so business and sociology skills would be required to form a strong trust-feeling for the company.

Education
Traditionally, the level of education needed to become a Copywriter is most often a Bachelor's degree in English, Advertising, Journalism, or Marketing. That is still the case for in-house Copywriters. However, Freelance Copywriters today can learn the craft from copywriting courses or mentors. Many clients accept or even prefer writing samples over formal copywriting credentials.

In 2018, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported an annual median salary of $62,170 for writers and authors. In 2019, PayScale.com stated that the expected salary for Copywriters ranged from $35,000-$73,000.

Famous Copywriters
John Emory Powers (1837—1919) was the world's first full-time Copywriter. Since then, some Copywriters have become well-known within the industry because they founded major advertising agencies, and others because of their lifetime body of work. Many Creative Artists worked as Copywriters before becoming famous in other fields.

David Ogilvy (1911—1999) is known as the Father of advertising. He is also famous for his famous quote dedicated to Rolls-Royce cars as he said: "At 60 miles an hour the loudest noise in this new Rolls-Royce comes from the Electric Clock". He has also written some books on the advertising field such as Ogilvy on Advertising and Confessions of an Advertising Man.

Leo Burnett (1891—1971) was named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. He was the founder of Leo Burnett Worldwide. His memorable Marlboro Man is one of the most successful campaigns ever. His company was acquired by Publicis Groupe in 2002.

There are many ways advertisers try to appeal to their client base and have different types of advertising executions to do so. This includes a straight sell, scientific/technical evidence, demonstration, comparison, testimonial, slice of life, animation, personality symbols, imagery, dramatization, humor, and combinations.

Notable ad campaigns

 * 1) Nike's "Just Do It" — increased Nike's sales from $800 million to more than $9.2 billion in 10 years.
 * 2) California Milk Processor Board's "Got Milk?" — increased milk sales in California and has spawned many parodies since its launch.
 * 3) Apple's "Get a Mac" — the Mac vs PC campaign generated 42% market share growth in its first year alone.

Internet
The Internet has expanded the range of copywriting opportunities to include landing pages and other web content, online advertisements, emails, blogs, social media, and other forms of electronic communications.

The Internet has brought new opportunities for Copywriters to learn their craft, do research and view others' work. Clients, Copywriters and Art Directors can more readily find each other, making freelancing a viable job option. There are also many new websites that make becoming a freelance Copywriter a much more organized process.

Experimenting and ongoing re-evaluation are part of the process.

Search engine optimization (SEO)
Web copy may include among its objectives the achievement of higher rankings in search engines. Originally, this involved the strategic placement and repetition of keywords and phrases on web pages, but writing in a manner that human readers would consider normal, as well as their inclusion into Meta tags, page headings and sub-headings. In the case of Google, a copywriter would tailor content to its "E-E-A-T" algorithm, which ranks search results based on experience, expertise, authoritativeness, and trustworthiness.

Book publishing
In book publishing, the back of the book contains a blurb that presents a summary or details pertaining to the information inside. The author uses the back cover to grab the attention of the audience as well as provides the information for what the book contains and persuades the customer to develop an interest in the product.

Business-to-Business B2B
B2B businesses sell their products and services to other companies, instead of customers. For instance, the manufacturers sell their products to warehouses, factories, etc. These products are not sold to customers. So, the Copywriters produce sales content to describe the benefits of purchasing the products. The tone is formal, conversational, and clear. Since businesses explore various vendors before buying the product, there should be a lot of engaging and appealing fresh content. B2B marketing materials include e-books, infographics, press releases, web pages, email sequences, scripts for podcasts, webinars, and so forth.

Brand Copywriting
The main objective is to increase brand awareness among the target audience so that a customer thinks about the company first before buying a product. The Copywriters craft a unique story that resonates with the target audience. The brand Copywriter's promote or sell a product or an idea using creative campaigns for the target audience.

Business to Customer (B2C)
B2C businesses aim to sell products and services directly to customers. The main goal is to persuade the customer to take prompt action. Prominent examples are supermarkets, brick-and-mortar stores, online stores, and so on. The Copywriters uses long content with consistent branding, bulletin points, sub heads, shorter sentences, and paragraphs to highlight the features of the products.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Copywriting


text: User talk:65.28.158.238

title: User talk:65.28.158.238


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User talk:StanSmith

Stan Smith Talk Page

title: User talk:StanSmith


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Order of the Stick

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:06, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Order of the Stick
Merged with The Order of the Stick Zeimusu | (Talk page) 13:43, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * So replace it with a redirect there; this doesn't require VfD. Radiant_* 13:47, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * You are so right, and I am so sleepy.Zeimusu | (Talk page) 14:08, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:65.242.212.230

title: User talk:65.242.212.230


text: User talk:213.48.38.5

title: User talk:213.48.38.5


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Giuseppe Signori

Giuseppe "Beppe" Signori (born 17 February 1968) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

He played for several clubs in Italy throughout his career, and also had spells in Greece and Hungary with Iraklis Thessaloniki and MFC Sopron respectively. Signori won the Serie A top-scorer award three times and is one of the top ten scorers in Serie A history. At international level, Signori represented Italy 28 times between 1992 and 1995, scoring 7 goals, and took part at the 1994 World Cup, where they reached the final.

Club career
Signori was born in Alzano Lombardo, Bergamo. As a youngster he played in the youth system of Internazionale, but was eventually released after being told by the club that he was too short to succeed as a professional. He went on to make his pro debut for Leffe (1984–86), followed by Piacenza (1986–87 and 1988–89), Trento (1987–88), Foggia (1989–92), Lazio (1992–97), Sampdoria (January–June 1998) and Bologna (1998–2004). He then spent two short periods abroad: first in Greece in 2004 with Iraklis Thessaloniki; and then in October 2005 he signed a one-year contract with Hungarian team MFC Sopron to end his professional career.

The pinnacle of Signori's career came at Lazio, where he was the top goalscorer in Serie A three times, in 1993, 1994, and 1996 (the last title shared with Igor Protti). In 1998, he was sold for an undisclosed figure to Sampdoria after being used more sparingly by the Lazio coach Sven-Göran Eriksson. At Bologna, he helped the club to qualify for the 1998–99 UEFA Cup by winning the 1998 UEFA Intertoto Cup that season. Bologna went on to reach the semi-finals of both the UEFA Cup and the Coppa Italia that season. Overall, he scored 188 goals in Italy's top division, the ninth highest in the history of the league, alongside Alessandro Del Piero and Alberto Gilardino.

Between 17 May 1992 and 28 February 1993, Signori scored in a record 10 consecutive away games in Serie A (1 in 1991–92 with Foggia, and 9 in 1992–93 with Lazio). Alongside Cristiano Ronaldo, he holds the records for most consecutive away games with at least one goal in a single season (9), which he set during the 1992–93 season with Lazio.

International career
Signori was not able fully to translate his success to the national level, partly due to differences between him and national coach Arrigo Sacchi, who preferred to play him in the midfield, as a left winger, only using him as a forward on occasion, both as a striker and as a supporting forward. He played for the national side 28 times between 1992 and 1995, scoring seven goals. The only major tournament Signori played in was the 1994 FIFA World Cup, where he appeared six times as Italy finished in second place, but he did not play in the final against Brazil, as Italy were defeated on penalties after a 0–0 draw following extra time. Despite going scoreless during the tournament, he assisted Dino Baggio's match-winning goal against Norway in Italy's second group match, and Roberto Baggio's match-winning goal in the 87th minute of the quarter-final match against Spain.

Style of play
Signori was a fast, hard-working, and diminutive left footed striker, who was a prolific goalscorer, due to his powerful and accurate shot, which drew frequent comparisons with Luigi Riva in the Italian media. A versatile forward, during the early part of his career he was used as a left winger or as a second striker, where his pace, excellent technique, and accurate crossing and passing ability were put to good use; in this position, he was known for his ability to cut in from the left flank and subsequently score by placing the ball at the far post with his left foot. He was also an extremely accurate set piece and penalty-kick taker, and was noted for his tendency to take set pieces and penalties without taking a run-up. When taking penalties, he often observed the keepers' movements, and attempted to send them the wrong first by waiting for them to dive before striking the ball. He scored 44 penalties from 52 attempts, making him one of the most accurate penalty takers in Serie A history, and the fifth most prolific spot kick taker of all time in the Italian league. Alongside Siniša Mihajlović, he is one of two players to have scored a hat-trick from free kicks in Serie A, a feat which he managed with Lazio in a 3–1 home win over Atalanta, on 10 April 1994. In training, in order to refine his accuracy from free kicks, he used to practise by attempting to curl the ball over artificial walls that were up to two metres in height, and that were placed closer to the ball than regulation distance. In addition to his goalscoring and ability as a footballer, he was also known for his leadership and mentality; however, despite his talent, he was also known to be injury prone. Signori was sponsored by Diadora and used to squeeze his feet into boots that were too small for him, claiming that this improved his touch and accuracy on the ball.

After retirement
After working as a Serie A football pundit for RAI Radio1, he served as director of football of Ternana Calcio in 2008 and 2009.

On 1 June 2011, Signori was arrested in connection with a football betting scandal, together with other former players such as Stefano Bettarini and Mauro Bressan. He was initially placed under house arrest, until it was revoked two weeks later. On 9 August 2011, it was announced that he had been banned from any football-related activity for five years. On 23 February 2021, Signori was acquitted due to a "lack of evidence". On 1 June 2021, FIGC's President Gabriele Gravina pardoned Signori to be able to return to football.

Honours
Leffe
 * Campionato Interregionale: 1984–85 (Group B)

Piacenza
 * Serie C1: 1986–87

Foggia
 * Serie B: 1990–91

Bologna
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998

Italy
 * FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1994

Individual
 * Serie A top scorer: 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96 (shared with Igor Protti)
 * Coppa Italia top scorer: 1992–93, 1997–98
 * Guerin d'Oro: 1993
 * Premio Nazionale Carriera Esemplare "Gaetano Scirea": 2004

title: Giuseppe Signori


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Chronologie

Chronologie (English title: Chronology) is the eleventh studio album by French electronic musician and composer Jean-Michel Jarre, and was released on Disques Dreyfus with license to Polydor in 1993. Chronologie peaked at Number 11 in the UK charts and the album cover art was created by long-time collaborator Michel Granger.

Chronologie was performed at a series of 16 performances across Europe called Europe in Concert. These were on a smaller scale than his previous concerts, featuring a miniature skyline, laser imaging and fireworks. Locations included Lausanne, Mont St Michel, London, Manchester, Barcelona, Seville and the Versailles Palace near Paris.

Composition
The album features Jarre's traditional collection of instruments like the ARP 2600 and Minimoog, as well as newer synthesisers such as the Roland JD-800 and the Kurzweil K2000. Chronologie was recorded and mixed in Croissy studio.

"In the state of mind I did Chronologie, it's quite close to what I did for Oxygène, using a lot of the old synthesizers of the '70s, like the Moog synthesizer — which I consider to be the Stradivarius of electronic music — mixed with the digital sound and the beat of the dance scene of the '90s. In a sense, Chronologie is a kind of mixture between the sounds of the '70s and the sounds of the '90s."

Track listing
All tracks by Jean Michel Jarre.

Personnel
Personnel Lister in album liner notes:
 * Jean Michel Jarre – Digisequencer, Kurzweil K2000, Mini Moog, ARP 2600, Akai MPC60, AKAI S 1000, EMS Synthi AKS, JD 800, Korg O1/W, Roland TR-909, DR 660, Synthex, Eminent 310, JP 8, DJ 70, Vocalist, Fairlight CMI
 * Francis Rimbert – additional keyboards
 * Michel Geiss – additional keyboards, artistic collaboration
 * Dominique Perrier – additional keyboards
 * Patrick Rondat – guitar
 * Patrick Pelamourges – technical assistance

title: Chronologie


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Valmont

Valmont may refer to:

Places

 * Valmont, Moselle, a commune in the Moselle department, France
 * Valmont, Seine-Maritime, a commune in the Seine-Maritime department, France
 * Valmont, Colorado, an area northeast of central Boulder, Colorado, USA
 * Valmont (river), a river in France that runs from Valmont, Seine-Maritime to the English channel

Characters

 * Valmont (Jackie Chan Adventures), a character in the animated television series Jackie Chan Adventures
 * Vicomte Sébastien de Valmont, a character in the 1782 French novel Les Liaisons dangereuses and its adaptations, created by Choderlos de Laclos

Film

 * Valmont (film), a 1989 French-American drama film based on the novel Les Liaisons dangereuses, starring Colin Firth as Valmont

Companies and products

 * Valmont Industries, a large Nebraska-based manufacturer of center pivot irrigation systems and steel utility poles
 * Valmont, a trade mark owned by Lactalis, a French dairy products corporation
 * Valmont Group, a Swiss cellular cosmetics company

title: Valmont


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Crouch Hill

Crouch Hill is a street in north London, England, running between Crouch End and Stroud Green in the boroughs of Haringey and Islington. It is not to be confused with Crouch End Hill which runs between Crouch End and Hornsey Rise. (The two roads meet at a "y" junction in Crouch End and together the two routes constitute the southern access to Crouch End Broadway).

The street has a railway station of the same name on the Islington (south) slope of the hill, which is served by the Gospel Oak to Barking line. It is served by London Buses route W7.

The Parkland Walk
Crouch Hill crosses over the Parkland Walk, a public foot and cycle path and linear park that stretches from Finsbury Park to Alexandra Palace, and follows some of the course of the Northern Heights planned rail extension to the Northern line, abandoned on 9 February 1954.

Balcombe Street Siege
In 1974, rooms in a house on the Islington side of Crouch Hill were rented by IRA members who were subsequently arrested at the end of the Balcombe Street Siege.

title: Crouch Hill


text: User talk:128.227.114.3

title: User talk:128.227.114.3


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User:Cigarette

I don't want my link to be red anymore. :D

I'm a 22 year old student at Cleveland State University studying theatre.

When I forget to log in, I'm 209.114.249.74. :D

title: User:Cigarette


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Oswald Walters Brierly

Sir Oswald Walters Brierly (19 May 1817 – 14 December 1894), was an English marine painter from an old Cheshire family and he was born at Chester.

Life
He was the son of Thomas Brierly, a medical doctor and amateur artist, who belonged to an old Cheshire family, was born at Chester on 19 May 1817. After a general grounding in art at the academy of Henry Sass in Bloomsbury, he went to Plymouth to study naval architecture and rigging. He exhibited drawings of two men-of-war at Plymouth, HMS Pique and HMS Gorgon, at the Royal Academy in 1839. He then spent some time in the study of navigation, and in 1841 started on a voyage to Australia with his friend Benjamin Boyd in the latter's yacht Wanderer.

Boyd established himself in New South Wales as a merchant banker, pastoralist, shipowner, whaler and member of parliament. Brierly lived in southern New South Wales in a new settlement named Boydtown where he managed Boyd's whaling operations until 1848. Boyd even went so far as to have a house named "Merton Cottage" built for him. Brierly Point, on the coast of New South Wales commemorates his connection with that colony. His familiarity with the whaling industry led to a number of paintings of whaling subjects.

In 1848, Captain Owen Stanley, elder brother of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, then in command of HMS Rattlesnake (1822), invited Brierly to be his guest during an Admiralty survey of the north and east coast of Australia and the adjacent islands, in which Thomas Henry Huxley took part as biological observer. Brierly accompanied the survey during two cruises and took not only sketches, but notes of considerable value, which, however, remained unpublished. His name was given to an island in the Louisiade archipelago.

In March 1850, the Hon. Henry Keppel asked Brierly to join him on HMS Maeander (1840). He then visited New Zealand, the Friendly and Society Islands, and crossed the Pacific to Valparaiso. The cruise extended to the coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico, and the ship returned by the Straits of Magellan and Rio de Janeiro, and reached England at the end of July 1851.

Keppel's account of the voyage, published in 1853, was illustrated by eight lithographs by Brierly, who was made a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society on his return. After the declaration of war with the Russian Empire in February 1854, Brierly was again Keppel's guest, on HMS St Jean d'Acre (1853), and the painter was present at all the operations of the allied fleets in the Baltic Sea, and sent home sketches for publication in the Illustrated London News. On the return of the fleet, Brierly had a series of fifteen large lithographs executed from his drawings, which were published on 2 April 1855, with the title The English and French Fleets in the Baltic, 1854. In the second year of the war, he accompanied Keppel to the Black Sea; witnessed all the chief events of the war in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, and visited Circassia and Mingrelia with the Duke of Newcastle on HMS Highflyer (1851). After his return, he was commanded by Queen Victoria to take sketches from the royal yacht of the great naval review which was held at Spithead at the end of the war.

This was the commencement of a third period in the artist's career, during which he received the constant patronage of the royal family. In 1863, he accompanied Count Gleichen in HMS Racoon (1857), on which the future Duke of Edinburgh was lieutenant, to Norway, and when the duke was appointed to the command of HMS Galatea (1859), Brierly was attached to his suite and accompanied him on a cruise in the Mediterranean Sea and afterwards round the world, which lasted from 26 February 1867 to 26 June 1868. The sketches made by Brierly during the voyage were exhibited at South Kensington in 1868, and he contributed the illustrations to the record of the voyage by the Rev. John Milner, published in 1869. In 1868, Brierly was attached to the suite of the Prince of Wales during the tour to the Nile, Constantinople, and the Crimea. He contributed five drawings to the Royal Academy exhibitions of 1859–61; he exhibited again in 1870–71, but ceased to exhibit at the Academy on becoming an associate of the Royal Water-colour Society in 1872.

During the remainder of his life he contributed about two hundred water-colours to the society's exhibitions. These were, in part, founded on his early working life and travel experiences. His visits to Venice in 1874 and 1882 also supplied him materials for many of his most elaborate pictures; but the most characteristic subjects of his later period were historical. The first of these was 'The Retreat of the Spanish Armada' (Royal Academy, 1871). This was followed by 'Drake taking the Capitana to Torbay' (Royal Water-colour Society, 1872), and many other subjects from the history of the Spanish Armada and other stirring incidents of the Elizabethan age.

One of the most successful of these was 'The Loss of the Revenge' (1877), which was engraved for the Art Union of London. 'The Sailing of the Armada' (1879) and 'The Decisive Battle off Gravelines' (1881) were etched by Mr. David Law in 1882. Brierly was appointed marine painter to Queen Victoria, on the death of John Christian Schetky in 1874. He became marine painter to the Royal Yacht Squadron at the same time. In 1880, he was elected a full member of the Royal Water-colour Society. In 1881, he was appointed curator of the Painted Hall at Greenwich, and he received the honour of knighthood in 1885. He died in London on 14 December 1894.

Family
In 1851, Brierly married, first, Sarah, daughter of Edmund Fry, a member of the Society of Friends. She died in 1870. In 1872 he married Louise Marie, eldest daughter of the painter, Louis Huard of London and Brussels. His second wife survived him.

title: Oswald Walters Brierly


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Netvigator

Netvigator is a residential Internet service provider in Hong Kong, operated as a brand of Hong Kong Telecom, a subsidiary of PCCW. The company did offer iTV, an interactive movie television network that allowed users to watch movies on their TV screen by demand. The service ended in 2002 (PCCW later re-entered multichannel television market with IPTV service Now TV in 2003).

History
Netvigator dial-up Internet Access Service was first launched under Hong Kong Telecom IMS Limited under the directorship of Dr. William Lo on 18 April 1996. It acquired another ISP, HKstar, with all the infrastructure and clients, in 1998. Their broadband service, under the brand name "Super Netvigator" was launched as a value-added service of the InteractiveTV (iTV) in May 1998. Subsequently, it launched their standalone broadband service (directly connected to PC without iTV), under the service name "Netvigator 1.5M Ultraline", in July 1999.

United Kingdom operation
Trading initially under the Netvigator brand, with the company name UK Broadband, PCCW entered the UK broadband market with wireless broadband in mid-2004, starting with the Thames Valley. The brand migrated to Now Broadband during 2005, and the London market was opened for business. At the same time the support call centre for the UK was moved from Hong Kong to an outsourcer in the north of England.

In September 2007, Now Broadband sent out letters to selected areas in the UK cancelling the service, citing "limitations not apparent when we launched the service in your area" as the reason for closing certain radio sites.

title: Netvigator


text:
Talk:Cajon Pass

Still a stub
This article is still only 5 sentences long. In my view, that is a stub, so I've restored the stub templates onto the article. I know there is a ton of information that could be added to this article on the railroad significance alone (entire books have been written on this subject alone, such as Chard Walker's 1978 volume Railroading through Cajon Pass ASIN B0006CZTKI). A quick Amazon search shows 26 different books with "Cajon Pass" in the title. slambo 13:47, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Sandy & John Hockaday's book, The Man Who Built Camp Cajon (1996, 2004), has some very good information in it also, especially pertaining to William Bristol. - Walter Feller (still learning about editing)

"Cajon Pass" Isn't
What's commonly referred to as the Cajon Pass, through which I-15 passes, is Cajon Summit. The actual Cajon Pass lies southeast of Cajon Summit, along CA-138. See, e.g.,

http://terraserver.microsoft.com/image.aspx?T=2&S=14&Z=11&X=143&Y=1187&W=2

Look SE of "Cajon Summit" (along I-15) to find "Cajon Pass."

http://www.westcoastroads.com/california/ca-138.html

Exceprt from the second link:

"Cajon Pass, not to be confused with Cajon Summit, is located along California 138 east of Interstate 15. While the freeway passes over Cajon Summit, California 138 takes a winding route to reach the Cajon Pass summit."

Do any of the primary contributors to this article care to deal with this distinction?

--Dmjames 20:59, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Sullivan's Curve
Is there a reason for a link to the Sullivan's Curve page if it simply redirects back to the Cajon Pass page? 71.131.211.106 18:48, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Eventually, it will be an article on its own; until then, a redirect to this article is appropriate. However, we can probably delink it from within this article since it is basically a circular redirect at this point.  Sullivan's Curve is a popular location on the pass for railfan photography; it is named after a photographer who made the location famous (details are in Cajon: Rail Passage to the Pacific [ISBN 0870460722]; I just can't find my copy of the book right now). Slambo (Speak)  13:28, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

The former SP Line
Is there a reason that I find nothing about the 1966 / 1967 built SP - today UP - line between West Colton and Palmdale - the so called Palmdale Cutoff. There is also no word that the old line (today BNSF) between the Stations Cajon and Summit is, with a maximum of 3.2%, the heaviest gradient in a main line in the USA. --Bigboy4015 12:36, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

The charts do show a maximum of 3.4% for maybe 250 feet of railroad, but that bit may not actually exist; if it does it's insignificant, since the grade a train is feeling is the average over the length of the train-- which on Cajon will never exceed 3.0% by much. Assuming Raton Pass (on the BNSF, former AT&SF, line from Colorado into New Mexico) is still a main line, it's the steepest one in the country that's still in use. Tim Zukas (talk) 21:36, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

 * A good reason would be that editors with reliable sources about it haven't had a chance to work on it yet. I've got a couple books that talk about SP's line, but I haven't had the time to work through them myself.  On the sharpest grade question, isn't Sand Patch still in use with a higher grade?  I've seen conflicting reports on that line.  Slambo (Speak)  15:08, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

You must be thinking of some other line-- Sand Patch has never been a contender for steepest main line in the country. Tim Zukas (talk) 21:36, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

Dump it
I don't know what group of anonymous idiots wrote this page, but this is load of crap. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.254.135.244 (talk • contribs) 22:27, October 21, 2007

 * Sounds rather trollish to me. One anonymous editors "load of crap" is another editor's start-class article.  Slambo (Speak)  11:02, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Height of Cajon Pass and Cajon Summit
This site says: Cajon Pass = 1,169 m (3,835 ft) instead of 1,277 m (4,190 ft) which are mentioned here. So what's fact? --79.218.100.6 (talk) 12:17, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Addition to (my) posts from 17 February 2009:
 * The height of Cajon Pass (along CA-138) is 1,169 m (3,835 ft)
 * The height of Cajon Summit (along I-15) is 1,277 m (4,190 ft). That's fact? --79.218.107.37 (talk) 19:15, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Discussion about this at Reference desk/Science. Looks to me that precisely speaking I-15 does not directly cross Cajon Pass but rather an area a mile or so northwest labeled "Cajon Summit" on USGS maps. Cajon Pass is crossed by highway 138 and some railroad tracks, at a max elevation of 3822 feet. Perhaps this article ought to focus on Cajon Pass instead of Cajon Summit, or ought to explain that the term Cajon Pass is loosely used for the whole area? Pfly (talk) 17:26, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, I attempted to address these issues in the article. I'm not sure how best to deal with the confused distinctions between Cajon Pass itself, Cajon Summit, and the whole area, usually also called Cajon Pass. Made a stab at clarifying things though, hopefully not too confusingly! Pfly (talk) 20:49, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

If "Cajon Pass" means the lowest path from the LA Basin to the Mojave Desert, then that's the BNSF (former AT&SF) Railway. The post-1972 track charts show its peak elevation as 3775 ft, compared to 3823 ft until 1972. The authoritative word on the pre-1972 elevation can be found by looking up survey mark EV2096 at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov (click on "datasheets", search for that PID, and check the box "Include destroyed marks"). The benchmark is shown on the USGS topo map (elevation 3827) and the datasheet explains that it's set into the step of the Summit depot; numerous pictures of the depot indicate that that's within a foot or two of the top of the rail.

(More recently NGS has redefined sea level, so if that benchmark still existed they would call it 3829.4 ft above sea level. EV2092 is a post-1972 benchmark at 3777 ft above new sea level; it's 1.3 ft below "track level").

Then there's the UP (former SP) railroad at just over 3850 ft elevation. Tim Zukas (talk) 01:50, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi, I recently reverted an edit that changed the elevation--if that was you, sorry! I was just going by the source cited (which I added a while ago and admit is not the best looking source in the world, and is certainly not as authoritative as an NGS benchmark): http://northamericanrails.com/bnsf_transcon_-_cajon_pass, which says 3,822 feet at the summit, if I'm reading it right. If there's a better source then by all means it should be used instead of this one. I looked at the NGS datasheets you mentioned, and USGS topos, and so on, but am not sure exactly what to make of it all. Feel free to make changes--but please change the source citation too. Or I could make the changes, if I can figure out how to source what you are saying. For what it's worth here's some links:
 * The Reference Desk discussion I mentioned above is archived now. I think this archive link will work: Reference desk/Archives/Science/2010 July 10.
 * The NGS benchmark datasheets you mention can be found here I think:, and . The EV2096 benchmark was destroyed in 1978. The EV2092 benchmark says 3772.2 feet or 3776.97 feet "readjusted". I assume the readjusted elevation would be the one to use? Perhaps this is what you meant by "NGS has redefined sea level"?
 * I put the benchmark coordinates in ACME Mapper for viewing on USGS topo maps: EV2096, and EV2092. On the topo map the newer EV2092 benchmark doesn't look like it's at the summit, but the NGS datasheet seems to say it is. The older EV2096 benchmark's coordinates put it right on the elevation benchmark shown on the topo map, which makes sense.
 * Then there's the GNIS entry: . The elevation given there is 3,835 feet, but I've never trusted GNIS elevations. Their coordinates map like this: Cajon Pass in GNIS. The elevation contours are 40 feet, so by that map the summit elevation looks to be between 3760 and 3800 feet. But, given that the old benchmark is shown and the new one isn't, I'd guess the map hasn't been updated since at least the 1970s. The GNIS entry doesn't seem useful for elevation, but does show where the USGS places "Cajon Pass". There's a different entry for, where I-5 crosses. Here it is in ACME Mapper's topos.
 * Hmm, having written all of this, it seems that the best source would be the NGS EV2092 benchmark, saying 3,777 feet. Does that make sense? Should the page be changed to say 3,777 feet? Or have I just confused myself? It seems to me that the page could say elevation 3,777 ft, with a cite to the NGS EV2092 datasheet. All of this would only be for one of the elevations mentioned, the one GNIS calls Cajon Pass. I tried to explain how Cajon Summit is slightly different, and gave its elevation with another less than authoritative source. Perhaps there's an NGS benchmark there too. I'm not sure how to find out, except those mentioned on topo maps. I suppose the EV2096 datasheet could be used as a source for the pre-1972 elevation. Anyway, thoughts? Pfly (talk) 04:33, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

 * On second thought, I'm thinking about this too hard. I'll just change it to 3777. Pfly (talk) 06:13, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cajon Pass


text:
Yōichi Kotabe

Yōichi Kotabe (小田部 羊一) is a Japanese animator and character designer. He has worked on several anime films from the 1960s and 1970s, the Super Mario video game series, and the Pokémon series in television and film. He was an employee at Nintendo for two decades doing illustrations, character designs, and supervision from 1985 to 2007. After that, he began to work as a freelancer for the anime and video game industry, including for Nintendo again.

Biography
Kotabe became interested in animation after watching the short film Momotarō no Umiwashi as a child. He was fascinated with how the fighter moved in the film. His father, who was an oil painter, also influenced his decision to work as an artist. Kotabe found oil painting to be difficult, so he instead worked in watercolor painting.

In order to continue working with watercolors, he adopted the nihonga, or Japanese‐style, of painting, and began studying at the Tokyo University of the Arts in the Japanese‐style painting department. While attending, he was impressed by the film The Tale of the White Serpent and the animator Yasuji Mori, and immediately applied to work at Toei Animation.

His first project there was Hols: Prince of the Sun where he met Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata. He left Toei amid a labor dispute along with Miyazaki and Takahata in order to work at A Pro, where they began work on an adaptation of Pippi Longstocking. The project was eventually canceled, and work began on the two-film series Panda! Go, Panda!.

Kotabe then worked as character designer on two anime television series from Nippon Animation: Heidi, Girl of the Alps, and 3000 Leagues in Search of Mother, with Miyazaki working on scene design and layout and Takahata working as series director and storyboard artist.

In 1985, he was scouted by Nintendo and assumed the position of game development advisor, where he created package illustrations for Super Mario Bros. This was his introduction to video games. He left Nintendo in 2007, although he had originally only intended to stay at the company for one or two years at most.

Works
<!-- NEED SOURCE
 * 1961 [movie] The Littlest Warrior (安寿と厨子王丸, Anju to Zushiōmaru)/ Anju and Zushiōmaru
 * assistant animator
 * 1962 [movie] The Little Prince and the Eight-Headed Dragon (わんぱく王子の大蛇退治, Wanpaku Ōji no Orochi Taiji) / Big snake extermination of the naughty royal prince
 * assistant animator
 * 1969-70 [TV] ひみつのアッコちゃん (Himitsu no Akko-chan) / Secrets of Akkochan, Secret Little Akko
 * animator (with Hayao Miyazaki 宮崎駿, episode45, 57)
 * 1971 [movie] Animal Treasure Island / どうぶつ宝島 (Dobutsu takarajima)
 * animator
 * 1971-72 [TV] さるとびエッちゃん (Sarutobi Ecchan) / Sarutobi Ecchan
 * animator (No. 6, A/B part)
 * 1971 [TV] 長靴下のピッピ 世界一強い女の子 (Nagakutsushita no Pippi/sekai-ichi tsuyoi on-na-no-ko) / Pippi Longstocking, The strongest girl in world (temporary title)
 * his post was undecided. (only as for the production dead work, this plan did not realize)
 * 1973-74 [TV] 荒野の少年イサム (Kouya no Shōnen Isamu) / Isamu, Boy in the wilderness
 * animator (with Yasuo Otsuka)
 * 1973-74 [TV] 侍ジャイアンツ (Samurai Jaianth) / Samurai Giants
 * animator (episode 1, with Hayao Miyazaki)
 * 1975 [TV] A Dog of Flanders / (フランダースの犬, Furandaasu no Inu)
 * animator (episode 15)
 * 1977 [movie] 草原の子テングリ (Sougen no Ko Tenguri) / Tenguri, Boy of the grassy plain
 * This work was a publicity movie for theater of Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd.
 * animator, (draft: Osamu Tezuka 手塚治虫, director, chief animator: Yasuo Otsuka, layout: Yasuo Otsuka, Hayao Miyazaki)
 * 1977-78 [TV] まんが日本絵巻 (Manga Nihon Emaki) / Manga(=Anime) Japan Picture scroll
 * 1978/01/11 (No. 14 A/B part "横綱 谷風梶之助, Yokozuna Tanikaze Kajinosuke"), character design
 * 1978/01/18 (No. 15 B part "狂乱の炎 八百屋お七, Flame of The Madness Yaoya Oshichi"), character design, storyboard, animator ("あんていろーぷ" name)
 * 1978/01/25 (No. 16 A/B part "この子らに愛を 聖母細川ガラシャ, Please give these children love, Holy Mother Hosokawa Gracia"), character design, animator ("あんていろーぷ" name)
 * 1981－82 [TV] Belle et Sébastien / 名犬ジョリィ (Meiken Jolie)
 * animator
 * 1984 [animated picture book] パパママバイバイ (Papa Mama Bai Bai) / Daddy Mom by-by
 * animator
 * 1985 [movie] ペンギンズ・メモリー 幸福物語 (Penginzu Memori Koufuku Monogatari) / Penguins memory happiness story
 * animator
 * 1985 [game] Super Mario Bros.)
 * illustrator
 * 1986－87 [TV] The Wonderful Wizard of Oz / オズの魔法使い (Oz no Mahōtsukai)
 * animator
 * 1997- (to date) [TV] Pokémon / ポケットモンスター
 * animation supervisor
 * 1999 [movie] Pokémon: The Movie 2000 - The Power of One / 劇場版ポケットモンスター 幻のポケモン ルギア爆誕
 * animation supervisor
 * 1999 [short film] Pikachu's Rescue Adventure / PIKACHU THE MOVIE ピカチュウたんけんたい
 * animation supervisor
 * 2000 [short film] Pikachu and Pichu / PIKACHU THE MOVIE 2000 ピチューとピカチュウ
 * animation supervisor
 * 2001-03 [TV] Kirby: Right Back at Ya! / 星のカービィ
 * animation supervisor
 * 2001 [movie] Pokémon 4Ever: Celebi: Voice of the Forest / 劇場版ポケットモンスター セレビィ 時を超えた遭遇 (であい)
 * animation supervisor
 * 2001 [short film] Pikachu's PikaBoo / PIKACHU THE MOVIE 2001 ピカチュウのどきどきかくれんぼ
 * animation supervisor
 * 2002 [movie] Pokémon Heroes / 劇場版ポケットモンスター 水の都の護神ラティアスとラティオス
 * animation supervisor
 * 2002 [short film] Camp Pikachu / PIKACHU THE MOVIE ピカ☆ピカ星空キャンプ
 * animation supervisor
 * 2003 [movie] Pokémon: Jirachi Wishmaker / 劇場版ポケットモンスター アドバンスジェネレーション 七夜の願い星
 * animation supervisor
 * 2003 [short film] Gotta Dance!! / PIKACHU THE MOVIE おどるポケモンひみつ基地
 * animation supervisor
 * 2003 [movie] Winter Days / 冬の日 (Fuyu no Hi)
 * animator, storyboard animator, he participated in this movie with 35 animation creators in the world. (with Reiko Okuyama, 奥山玲子)
 * 2004 [movie] Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys / 劇場版ポケットモンスター アドバンスジェネレーション 裂空の訪問者 デオキシス
 * animation supervisor
 * 2005 [movie] Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew / 劇場版ポケットモンスター アドバンスジェネレーション ミュウと波導の勇者ルカリ
 * animation supervisor
 * 2005 [3D mini-movie] Pokémon 3D Adventure: Find Mew! / ポケモン３Ｄアドベンチャー ミュウを探せ！
 * animation supervisor
 * 2006 [movie] Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea / 劇場版ポケットモンスター アドバンスジェネレーション ポケモンレンジャーと蒼海の王子マナフィ
 * animation supervisor
 * 2006 [3D mini-movie] Pokémon 3D Adventure 2: Pikachu's Big Undersea Adventure / ポケモン3Dアドベンチャー2 ピカチュウの海底大冒険
 * animation supervisor
 * 2006 [short film] ピカチュウのわんぱくアイランド (Pikachu no Wanpaku Airando)
 * animation supervisor, (it was shown only in ANA airplane)
 * 2007 [movie] 劇場版ポケットモンスター ダイヤモンド・パール ディアルガVSパルキアVSダークライ (Dialga vs. Palkia vs. Darkrai)
 * animation supervisor
 * 2011 [game] Super Mario 3D Land
 * illustrator

--->

Awards and nominations

 * Animator/Animation Director award, Tokyo Anime Fair 6th Annual Awards of Merit, 2009.
 * Special Achievement award, 19th Japan Media Arts Festival Awards, 2015.

title: Yōichi Kotabe


text: User talk:4.244.201.192

title: User talk:4.244.201.192


text:
Esteban Terradas i Illa

Esteban Terrades i Illa (15 September 1883, in Barcelona – 9 May 1950, in Madrid) also known as Esteve Terradas, was a Spanish mathematician, scientist and engineer. He researched and taught widely in the fields of mathematics and the physical sciences, working not only in his native Catalonia, but also in the rest of Spain and in South America. He was also active as a consultant in the Spanish aeronautics, electric power, telephone and railway industries.

Education and academic career
He held two doctorates (in mathematics and physics) on 1904, as well as two degrees in engineering, from the ETSEIB school. He was professor of mathematical analysis (teaching differential equations) and later of mathematical physics at Barcelona Central University. He also taught acoustics, optics, electricity, magnetism and classical mechanics at the University of Barcelona, teaching mechanics also at the University of Zaragoza, University of Buenos Aires and the University of La Plata (Argentina) and Montevideo (Uruguay). He was a Member of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language and active in the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences and the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona. He was granted honorary doctorates by the Universities of Buenos Aires, University of Santiago (Chile) and University of Toulouse (France) and established as an honorary member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Barcelona, the Association of Argentine Engineers, and of the Society of Engineers of Peru among many other honors. He was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1912 in Cambridge, England.

He studied at Charlottenburg in Berlin, Barcelona and Madrid. Known as an exceptional student, entered the University in 1898, when was only 15 years old. He held professorships in the universities of Zaragoza, Barcelona and Madrid, specializing in physical and mathematical sciences and publishing numerous articles about those subjects. In 1909, while at the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona, he produced an important work entitled Emisión de radiaciones por cuerpos fijos o en movimiento.

His teaching and pedagogical activity was also important. He published articles in the "Revista de la Academia de Ciencias" in Madrid, and in the bulletin of the Institute of Sciences of Barcelona. He set up a physics-mathematics seminar, to which he brought some of the best regarded scientists of his time. He became a founding member of the Sciences Section of the Institute of Catalan Studies in 1911, within the framework of the Monographic Courses of High Studies of Exchange promoted by the Commonwealth of Catalonia. He also participated in the Minerva Collection, where he published "The radium". In 1919 set up the Institute of Electricity and Applied Mechanics and was its director; he was also a teacher of the section of electrotechnics of the Escola del Treball.

He was interested in photography, a new practice in the early 20th century, using it to illustrate his technical and scientific works as well as his personal life.

The theories of quanta and relativity captivated him, and he invited such figures as Jacques Hadamard) (1921), Hermann Weyl (1921), Arnold Sommerfeld (1922), Tullio Levi-Civita (1922) and Albert Einstein (1923) to Barcelona. Einstein's Spanish visit, between 22 and 28 February 1923, was a notable success, organized by Terradas, the Catalan Government, the Mancomunitat, and Rafael Campalans. Terradas was also the driving force behind a series of scientific monographs that were a compilation of these lectures, his own and the works of others (including Julio Palacios, Julio Rey Pastor and Jacques Hadamard), published by the Institute of Catalan Studies under the title "Physics and Mathematics Courses".

He lectured at several universities in South America: in Buenos Aires and Rio de la Plata (Uruguay) from 1936 to 39. Terradas was the first professor to hold the chair in Differential Equation when it was first established in Madrid in 1932.

Industries consultant
On 1918, Terrades was chosen to drive the Xarxa de Ferrocarrils Secundaris de Catalunya (Secondary Net of Catalan Railways), intended to decentralize Catalonia, but was never completed due to the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera being established on 13 September 1923.

He was a technical director of the Commonwealth of Catalonia railways, he directed (1923–25) and projected the construction of the Transversal Metropolitan Railway of Barcelona and other Catalan railway lines.

It is said that the President of the Commonwealth of Catalonia, Josep Puig i Cadafalch, entrusted him a study about the stability of the turn of plain brick, known as the "Catalan turn", which is kept at the archive of the Institute of Catalan Studies.

From 1940 onwards he worked for the Spanish Instituto Nacional de Industria, becoming one of the top consultants of the Spanish industrial development along the 40s. He specially was involved in the planning and design of the power plants built by Endesa by that time. He worked too at the Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España and served as a member of the Spanish National Research Council.

In 1942 he created the Spanish Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial / INTA (National Institute of the Aerospace Technology), that after Terrade's death received his name. As INTA chairman, Terrades maintained along the late forties a sustained and fruitful professional relationship with Theodore von Karman.

Works
In (1910) he published "Discrete elements of matter and radiation", "Corrientes marinas" (1941) and, to gain entry to the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language, the volume "Neologismos, arcanismos in plàtica de ingenieros" (1946). As an encyclopedist, he authored several articles in the Espasa Encyclopedia, including those on Celestial Mechanics, the Moon and relativity.

title: Esteban Terradas i Illa


text:
Talk:Complementation

Apologies
If anyone's upset that I redirected Complementation, tell me and I'll switch it back myself, save you the bother. I didn't realise that it didn't need disambiguating (if that makes any sense) and in the course of sorting out the compliment (genetics) and complimentarity (molecular biology) type pages. Moment of madness, sorry. Its not bad like this, though. --Mike C | talk 13:50, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Complementation


text: Talk:Métamorphoses (album)

title: Talk:Métamorphoses (album)


text:
Norman Beaton

Norman Lugard Beaton (31 October 1934 – 13 December 1994) was a Guyanese actor long resident in the United Kingdom. He became best known for his role as Desmond Ambrose in the Channel Four television comedy series Desmond's. The writer Stephen Bourne has called him "the most influential and highly regarded black British actor of his time".

Early life
Beaton was born in Georgetown, British Guiana (now Guyana). He attended Queen's College, and went on to a teacher training college, where he received high marks, and served as the deputy headmaster at Cane Grove Anglican School in Demerara.

Beaton taught and played with the calypso band The Four Bees before leaving Guyana for London in 1960. There, he attended London University, and taught briefly in Liverpool as the first black teacher in the Liverpool Education Authority before giving up on teaching to take on the acting profession.

Early career
Beaton developed a parallel career as a calypso singer, scoring a number-one hit in Trinidad and Tobago with "Come Back Melvina" in 1959. He then obtained a post in the shipping department of a bookshop until his wife and children arrived in London in 1960. He then became a teacher in Liverpool, becoming the first black teacher to be employed by the Liverpool Education Authority. While in the city, he played guitar for Adrian Henri, Brian Patten and Roger McGough – who became known as the Liverpool Poets – including appearances at the Cavern Club. Beaton became increasingly unhappy with his work as a teacher and began writing plays, his first play being the musical Jack of Spades, which was about the doomed relationship between a black man and a white woman, quite controversial at that time. The moderate success of this play gave Beaton enough confidence to give up teaching and to concentrate on the theatre. He moved first to Bristol and then to Sussex where he played the leading role in a musical he had written, Sit Down, Banna, at the Connaught Theatre. This was the beginning of his acting career.

Acting career
In the early 1970s, Beaton began to perform in plays in London's West End. In 1970 he played the role of Ariel in Shakespeare's The Tempest, which he described in his autobiography as "the most important role of my acting career", and also played a small role in the Frankie Howerd comedy film Up the Chastity Belt the following year. In 1975, he helped to establish the Black Theatre of Brixton. In 1975, Beaton played Nanki-Poo in The Black Mikado, a modern version of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado.

In 1976, Beaton broke into television in the series The Fosters, which also featured a young Lenny Henry, and the following year played the lead role in a low-budget independent film about a West Indian community in London, Black Joy, for his role in which he was named Film Actor of the Year in 1978 by the Variety Club of Great Britain. He also appeared in the BBC TV series Empire Road (written by Michael Abbensetts).

However, it was Beaton's six-year run (from 1988) in the Channel Four television comedy series Desmond's (written by Trix Worrell), as the title character Desmond Ambrose, that would become his best-known role. For Desmond's he received the Royal Television Society Best Comedy Performer Award.

He played the lead role of Willie Boy in the 1987 TV comedy Playing Away (directed by Horace Ové, from a screenplay by Caryl Phillips), about a West Indian cricket team invited to play a rural white team. Beaton also appeared in several movies, including The Mighty Quinn (1989). He appeared as a guest on The Cosby Show in 1991 (episode: "There's Still No Joy in Mudville"), and in the 1994 television serial Little Napoleons.

His autobiography, Beaton But Unbowed, was published in 1986.

Death
On 13 December 1994, after years of working hard this took a toll on his health thereafter, Beaton retired to his home city of Georgetown, Guyana (just as his character in Desmond's was doing the same), where he collapsed at the airport from a heart attack and died a few hours later on 13 December 1994 at the age of 60. He was survived by five children from three marriages.

It was announced in Porkpie – the spin-off series to Desmond's – that Beaton's character, Desmond, had died approximately 11 months before the spin-off's first episode.

Personal life
Beaton was married and divorced three times, and had four children with his first wife – two children born in Guyana, two in the UK – and one child with his second wife. Norman spent many years living in Brixton with Jane Cash, whom he referred to as "the wife he never had". Jane died in 2020. He married Jean Davenport in 1988, but they separated later. She died in 2001.

Legacy
BBC Radio Drama have founded the Norman Beaton Fellowship (NBF) to "broaden the range of actors available to Radio Drama producers across the UK by encouraging applicants from non-traditional training backgrounds".

title: Norman Beaton


text: User talk:168.9.212.7

title: User talk:168.9.212.7


text:
Talk:Complementation (genetics)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 12 May 2020 and 22 June 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Chloeolivia30.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:13, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Apologies
If anyone's upset that I redirected Complementation, tell me and I'll switch it back myself, save you the bother. I didn't realise that it didn't need disambiguating (if that makes any sense) and in the course of sorting out the compliment (genetics) and complimentarity (molecular biology) type pages. Moment of madness, sorry. Its not bad like this, though. --Mike C | talk 13:50, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Plasmid complementation?
I'd like to author an article on the use of knock-outs and plasmids/cosmids (or other sources of movable genes) as a means of establishing gene function. I think this is a substantially different topic to merit its own page (Complementation (biotechnology)? Complementation (genomics)? Complementation (plasmid)?), although I could write a section here instead, since it is still nominally genetics, just with radically different ways of getting an organism with the two genes of interest. What do you think?

If I do it as a separate article, we'd probably want to switch complementation over to a disambig instead of a redirect, of course.

Csari 15:41, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.173.74.112 (talk) 08:15, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

French Version
I am sorry, as a total newbie I don't know how you can add a link to the French version of this wiki entry. It does exist ("Complémentation" on fr.wikipedia.org) but there isn't any link either to nor from the French version. It might help people, so if somebody can add this... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ahoebeke (talk • contribs) 11:38, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi Ahoebeke, and thanks for the note. You can read about interlanguage links at Help:Interlanguage links.  This time someone beat us to it and already added a link to the French article.  Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 12:14, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

The logic in the picture?
I understand the concept (it is also well explained in the article), but I can't understand the picture. White A--> White bb-x-> Not Red White aa-x-> Not White B--> Not Red

Isn't "not white" just "red" here? And "not red" is "white"? What the X represent here on the eyes and on the arrows? Not? Cross? Why not just communicate that for red eyes, you need at least one A and one B, otherwise the eyes are white? 83.245.151.134 (talk) 01:09, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Complementation (genetics)