text:
Talk:E Clampus Vitus

Untitled
Just found this discussion page. All of you have done a fine job on the page, and I hope I didn't do any damage with my editing, but I just wanted to get in the "10 edits and 4 days" to help me upload the new ecvbanner. Evidently that won't help, as it has just been deleted due to being "Copywrited Material", which of course it isn't because I did the original artwork myself 12 years ago, and made changes to it yesterday before uploading. And I think you may be right about the ECV Gazette and other site links not being pertinent. They are links to ECV material, but do not really pertain to the history. Most all of them should be removed. I will not do any further editing of the text portion of the page, but will instead persue the image problem. If anyone wishes to contact me, my email address can be found at http://www.ecvnet.com/contact/mailme .... The new banner can also be seen at the bottom of the page. IRJR (talk) 19:37, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Hello brethren

Please use this database to add or enhance all relevent knowledge of the glorious history of ECV

Recently, there has been discussion and revision to this article. I have "edited boldly" and have replaced some of the deleted text. I believe that I have left out all of the information that someone considered "utter nonsense", and have left only info that is established, historical fact. The history of this Order is steeped in mythology, and much of it is only passed down through oral sources. "Facts are stubborn, but statistics are more pliable" - Mark Twain. Please, don't delete this entry. I will carry on a dialog with any editor who wishes to discuss any disputed information.

Further revision
For some reason, my attempts at cleaning up the sloppily written article about the Ancient and Honorable Order of E Clampus Vitus has perturbed some people. I have again submitted a version of the history that was never challenged and indeed is factual. I believe that this current version better illustrates the mysterious, complicated history of ECV. Some of the discrepencies seem to involve the following:

1. Who, exactly, brought ECV into California. Most say it was either Joseph Zumwalt or another individual, Joel Zumwalt. Others say that ECV was already established in California. The explanation, and the source, are listed in the article. Further reading on the subject can be found in Dr. Al Shumate's Mysterious History of E Clampus Vitus, an award winning lecture that is a superbly written piece that wonderfully expounds the glorious history of the Order.

2. The section on the initiation. I felt that the original was poorly written. I simply rewrote that section to give a better idea (albeit with somewhat florid language) of what takes place. In writing that section, I tried to come as close to explaining the ritual without actually giving away any of the long held secrets that we in ECV still use.

3. The external links. The external links that were listed by the original author left something to be desired. It seemed to me that all they did was to give some rather random ECV chapter websites' addresses. The ones I've left are links to ECV history pages that are generally accepted versions of ECV's history.

I'm not sure what else in the article as I've left it is offensive to anyone's sensibilities. It is, simply, the truth. Again, I welcome any dialog that anyone cares to exchange...

Reversion and Copyvio discussion (moved from the VfD page)
"Under U.S. copyright law, the primary things to consider when asking if something is fair use..." it goes on to list..."The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole..."
 * I've reverted even further back, to a more likely version. If somebody disagrees, go ahead and revert my reversion.  As the author of the original version, I vote Keep.  RickK 19:13, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I fail to see how the version that RickK has changed is any different in substance than the one most recently changed. The original version had spelling mistakes, poor grammar and was written poorly. Wikipedia ecourages users to edit boldly, which I have done. Their was nothing in the latest version that was any different or more "suspicious" than the one that RickK has now perported to be the "more likely" version. With all due respect to RickK (as the author of the original version), as a proud member of the Ancient and Honorable Order of E Clampus Vitus, and Chairman of its Most Important Committee, I have taken the liberty to revert the article back to an earlier version. I vote Keep as well. User:ecvjackass
 * And I've rereverted, since jackass's addition was a copyvio from http://www.ecvgazette.com/lostdutchman/KenCastrosHistoryofECV.htm/. I'm afraid he'll have to point out the "spelling mistakes and poor grammar", as I see none.  RickK 23:01, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * would you please tell me how I violated a copyright here? I CLEARLY listed the author and the title of the work, then made sure that I put quotations around the section I included. ecvjackass
 * By the way, in regards to my supposed Copyright Violation, I went into and reviwed Wikipedia's Copyright FAQ, and came up with this: (I quote)

"Quotations are very well known and widely used form of fair use and fair dealing and are explictly allowed under the Berne convention.

If you produce a derivative work based on fair use, your work is a fair use work."

It seems that according to this, I clearly was not violating anything. I copied a section of Ken Castro's article that, by the way, was quoting largely from newspapers from the 1850's. I felt that it was an acceptable amount of quotated material to explain the idea. I feel it was unfair to say that I was using an "unmodified text dump". Perhaps I'm mistaken, but, I don't see this as a copyright violation. I welcome your feedback... Ecvjackass 02:52, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

(moved by Chris vLS 04:58, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC))

 * Any copyrighted material presented on Wikipedia must be released BY ITS OWNER or his/her representative to the GFDL license. This was not done.  66.60.159.190 16:18, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Again, this CLEARLY NOT a copyright violation. The article I quoted from is NOT COPYRIGHTED ... please see http://www.ecvgazette.com . On the title page, it says (I quote) "This publication is a free service performed by the authors, and dedicated to the members of E Clampus Vitus" - which I am, by the way - "There are no copyright or infringement policies, and any or all content may be copied to any other medium." That seems pretty clear. In addition, I not only clearly mentioned the source before I quoted from it, I gave a link to the page that I quoted from. Have I missed anything? Would anyone else like to take up this debate?

Ecvjackass 19:09, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Revision, again
Admin RickK has asked me to list spelling errors and grammatical mistakes of his. Fine. Here are some from his original article. I will also include a bit of discussion on things in his version that are clearly wrong. There are numerous mistakes.

You wrote: "There are also chapters in Nevada and other Western states." - Western should not be capitalized here.

"The organization's name is in Dog Latin" - this is not true. The origin and meaning of the name is secret and mysterious. ECV has never made a public statement as to what the language may or may not be. So, to state that as a fact is incorrect.

"Clampusus" - this is clearly a typo. Should read 'clampsus'

"Absurdium" - another misspelling. Should be 'absurdum'

"take nothing seriously unless it is absurd" - that is not the correct translation. It should read 'I believe it because it is absurd'. This, actually, might be called 'dog latin', because the correct translation of 'I believe it because it is absurd' is 'Credo quia absurdum est'.

"Morgantown, West Virginia" - Ephraim Bee never lived in Morgantown, he lived in West Union, Virginia. During the civil war, the western region of Virginia secceded from the state and founded West Virginia. By the way, many of those legislators who voted for the creation of West Virginia were members of the Order.

Actually, Ephraim Bee lived in Lewisburg, Virginia in 1845. Lewisburg changed name to West Union, prior to the civil war. He became a member of the new state legislature in 1863, after cessation and becoming a Union State of West Virginia. My research has taken me back to WV, 5 times. I've researched and interviewed several members of the Bee Family. User:stemye

"Caleb Cushing, the American minister" - Cushing's title was United States Commissioner, not Ambassador or Minister. It's believed he brought back the rituals from China and gave them to Ephraim Bee. User:stemye

"wearing your tin" - a stylistic difference. 'Wearing of the tin' is probably more appropriate.

"red miner’s shirt" - I'm not sure what a 'miner's shirt' is. We wear red shirts today to symbolize the red long johns that the old clampers paraded in. It's believed that the Gold Rush miners wore red long johns and denim pants. User: stemye

"Lord Sholto" - You use this twice. It would be like saying 'President George'. Unwieldly

"The Arroyo Grande chapter" - as another contributor pointed out, this is properly called the 'De la Guerro y Pacheco' Chapter

"There were chapters in British Columbia and Hawaii, but they no longer exist." - This is another unwieldly sentence. It gives information without proper context.

The plate of brass paragraph lacks depth.

"There are currently forty ECV chapters" - there are more than 40. There are now 42 with 1 Outpost. USER: stemye

"proposed chapters in ... Colorado" - Colorado now has a full fledged Chapter, number 100, named after Alferd Packer, the cannibal.

"often those sites such as bordellos and saloons" - this statement is misleading. Although plaques have been raised at locations such as those, it is hardly the focus of our Order to only plaque bordellos and saloons.

"after is plaque" - not sure what you were trying to say here. Grammar error.

The initiation paragraph is poorly written. You site instances from one certain initiation (lifted, no doubt, from copyrighted sources) and have no context for the meanings behind them.

The links that you insist on putting in are bizarre choices. The ECV Gazette is a fine clamper website, but as a link? There's no history or much of anything there that would help support the article. The Cyber whang web address brings you to an entirely blank page, and the Mtn Charlie site, while another damn fine clamper website, doesn't do much to support the article either. The 2 links to Ken Castro's and Dr. Shumate's history seem to me to be much better sources.

As it says in the tag line on the editing section, "if you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly...then don't submit it here".

I will revert the article back to my most recent version, away from the sloppy RickK original, and will continue to add content to it. Again, I welcome any discourse that anyone wants to have...

Ecvjackass 16:28, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Edit clarification
Before anyone attempts to say that this is some sockpuppet modification, let me make it clear that I, ecvjackass, made the 2:08, 22 Apr 2005 revision. My computer shows me logged in, but when I posted this edit, it registered 201.128.148.94 as the author. Ecvjackass 02:13, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion result
This article was proposed for deletion; the result was to keep. See Votes for deletion/E Clampus Vitus for a record of the votes and discussion.

Copyedit

 * I ran across this article when the copyedit tag popped up on CDVF... I just had to take it on. Love the Clampers... can't miss their sense of humor when you travel around California. Fair, interesting and thorough article. Long live ECV! --FCYTravis 10:19, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Quick note
In the first paragraph, there are two variants on similar concepts, one where members refer to themselves as Clampers, and the other where members are called Clampers. Should this be combined into a single sentence at the position of the second instance?

BTW, there is a semi-forgotten stone wall in the goldrush town of Murphys, CA, which contains numerous Clamper portraits and other items of interest. IIRC, it's on the west end of town (main street) not too far from the road leading up to the cave. Head up there sometime and take a look! 71.139.30.9 07:46, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject California
I hope that the brethren do not object to having this article included in WikiProject California. Even though there are chapters outside the state, it seems that there is a strong connection.--Hjal 09:02, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Chapter in Port Douglas, British Columbia
I'm not sure this is mentioned in Port Douglas' article yet but it's well-known tidbit about the place, now long-abandoned, that one of the remaining artifacts in the town's derelict days was an E Clampus Vitus plaque and/or a mention in the local papers of that short-lived town; evidently a transference from the California goldfields, like so much else concerning the BC gold rushes. I'll see if I can find the source/citation and come back with how the mention of a chapter in gold-rush era BC should be described; no mention is made in any BC sources of a connection to the California organization, which I hadn't heard of before but which makes perfect sense now....Skookum1 (talk) 15:02, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Very interesting I would like to know more! I am a member and history of the org is very important to us. Gutarkomp (talk) 18:07, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

E Clampsus Vitus was meeting nightly & flourishing at Port Douglas, British Columbia  in February 1862: source: The Victoria Daily Colonist - Supplement. ( Victoria, British Columbia), 11 February 1862 -- page 5 column 4, bottom: https://archive.org/details/dailycolonist311uvic/page/n3/mode/2up?q=clampsus

article in NYT, Oct 14 2008
I'd just add it to external links but I think it's subscription only in order for the link to work; but here is an article in today's NY Times'' (Oct 14/08).Skookum1 (talk) 15:34, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Basic Standards
This article lacks any inline citations and reads like an advertisement and/or internal newsletter, not an encyclopedia entry. The discussion here only emphasizes the author's misconception that this article is for "brethren," i.e., members of a private organization, to engage in creating an internal document, rather than creating a public encyclopedia entry. 76.23.157.102 (talk) 02:50, 25 December 2009 (UTC)
 * In addition, there are a great many weasel words and unverified statements. Surely the members of the organization have some form of books or documents about the history of the organization... Here are some weasel examples:
 * "History shows that the organization was brought..." (What history?)
 * "After the Civil War, it was discovered that Jaco Cave was a holding area for the runaway slaves." (Who discovered this fact?)
 * "It has been rumored that ECV brethren within the U.S. Army even attempted..." (By whom?)
 * "The organization is said to have been taken to California by an ECV member..." (Who said it?)
 * "There are arguments that previous lodges had been founded..." (Whose arguments?)
 * "There is evidence to support the ECV claim to Ulysses S. Grant." (What evidence? ...incomplete sentence anyway)
 * Etc.
 * — ★ Parsa ☞ talk 16:56, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The article does need work. It really is an old fraternal organization in California, but the article is written in almost "in-universe" style. --John Nagle (talk) 21:18, 25 October 2012 (UTC)
 * The only thing I'd disagree with is "almost". This article is written entirely in-universe, by and for ONLY members and supporters of the article's subject. It is the most egregious example I have yet seen of a group of editors hijacking a Wikipedia article to satisfy their own objectives with total contempt for the cooperative spirit by which WP operates. They have resisted every attempt by impartial editors to bring objectivity and balance to the article, and they fight to the death to keep its wholly biased, partisan, self-serving and promotional nature intact.

 * I don't understand why they don't put this crap on their own website where it belongs and why WP administrators allow them to continue to use this supposed encyclopedia as a free server for promoting their organization and celebrating the delight it gives them. There is not a single objective word or image anywhere in this article, and it is a shame that the administrators of Wikipedia didn't stop this flagrant abuse of and contempt for EVERY Wikipedia principle long ago. Maybe Jimmy Wales is a member.--Jim10701 (talk) 13:08, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree! All this Wikipedia malarkey should go back onto Jimmy Wales personal website and stop mucking up the historical record with it's post-1990 in-universe outlook. Lord love a duck, in a few more years John Williams will be taking credit for the 1812 Overture! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.215.115.31 (talk) 03:55, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

Pictures for Commons
I wrote the German entry (btw I did NOT a translation, for quality reasons). It would be nice to have some pics converted to commons to use them as well beyound the en WP. BR Polentario (talk) 00:49, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

Some original, but scholarly, research
Disclaimer: I am not a member of ECV, and have only heard of ECV recently through User:Serten. From 1960 through 1965 I was in the California school system in Alameda County CA. While attending Linda Vista Elementary School, San Lorenzo CA we studied California history. We actually had a large text book on the subject. In this text book was the story of Sir Edwin Drakes plaque & coin, to include photos. See section Reestablishment, paragraph 5. When reading this article, and the German version (which is more detailed) I was surprised to find this proved (in 1970) to be a hoax done by ECV. Now my childhood is shattered and I must see Dr. Bonkus for counseling. Illigetimi non carborendum est Tjlynnjr (talk) 16:57, 27 August 2014 (UTC).

 * I have been shattered myself, as somebody told me a book (maybe not even a plaque) is never a primary source, compare Talk:Ozone_depletion. The end is nigh, my friend. Glück Auf!Serten (talk) 18:21, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:E Clampus Vitus


text:
Terra Mítica

Terra Mítica is a theme park located in Benidorm, Comunitat Valenciana, Spain. The park is divided into five themed zones: Egypt, Greece, Rome, Iberia, and the Islands (of the Mediterranean). The park opened in 2000.

In 2001, a year after park opening, Paramount Parks entered into an agreement to manage Terra Mítica, and the park was branded as a Paramount Park for the following season. In 2004, the park filed for the Spanish equivalent of bankruptcy protection from its creditors. Since then, the park has operated independently. Terra Mítica emerged from temporary receivership in 2006, after restructuring its expenses, reducing labor costs, and canceling debt through the sale of unused park land. After generating an average negative operating profit of 8 million € per year from its inception, Terra Mítica produced positive EBITDA in 2006.

For the 2008 season, Terra Mítica added a new free access area including major branded food chains and shops as well as an outdoor adventure park. Plans for the 2009 season included the addition of shopping outlets adjacent to the Iberia section of the park. A hotel was planned to be built by Ortiz Hijos in the area just behind the Egypt section of the park.

For the 2013 season, the park was divided into two separate parks: Iberia Park and Terra Mítica. Iberia Park is a free-admission area that requires tokens to be bought to access the rides. It covers half of the Egypt zone and all of the Iberia and Islands areas. Terra Mítica is a pay-to-enter area where all rides are free while inside. For the 2014 season, Iberia Park became gated, requiring a ticket to enter. Iberia Park is only open for two months from 2016 onwards.

In 2016, the Luxor Hotel was opened. To coincide with the hotel's opening, the season was reduced to three months, but prices were increased, causing many season pass holders to complain.

It appears as if in the 2021 season only Iberia Park reopened, as the map of Terra Mítica and all its attractions were removed from the website. In addition to that, some of Iberia Park's more elaborate attractions, such as El Rescate de Ulises (Ulysses' Rescue), also stayed closed. A new show, Fantasia was premiered in the auditorium in the islands section. The former Barbarossa arena was heavily refurbished to house a new show, Iroko. The show would run for the 2021 season but would not continue into 2022. The arena is now unused and still features the refurbishments for the show.

In 2022, the whole park opened up again with the addition of a new, high production show in the Circus maximus venue. Espartaco, Honor y coraje makes use of: projection mapping, stunts, horses, chariots and gladiator battles. The Fantasia show continued on in this season and performed alongside Espartaco.

In 2023, a new horror passage, Arde Troya, opened in the queue line of the former ride, El Rescate de Ulises. The maze lasts around 6-7 minutes with the inclusion of around 7 actors. In addition to this, 3 new shows were added on top of Espartaco Honor y coraje and Fantasia. These include, El sueño de Egipto, a multidisciplinary show in the parks main entrance, La magica de Los dioses, a magic show featured in a temporary venue in the Greece zone, and The Spanish Horse, a dance show featured Infront of the Fantasia auditorium.

Park Structure
The park is organized into five thematic areas, each influenced by their respective origins:
 * Egypt
 * Greece
 * Rome
 * Iberia
 * The Islands - This area is influenced by the ancient Mediterranean cultures and history.

In 2008, the following areas were added to the park:
 * Ocionía - A free access area with themed shops, branded restaurants, and pay-as-you-go attractions. Ocionia is located just before the park entrance area.
 * Atalaya - An outdoor adventure and obstacle course with challenges for adults and children alike. Atalaya is adjacent to the park entrance.

Rides
In total, there are 25 rides at the park. The list of rides by complexity is given below (strong - red colour, medium - yellow colour, easy - green colour, children - blue colour).

Calendar and admission
Terra Mitica is open almost every day in June, July, August, and the first week of September from 10.30 am to 8 pm, 9 pm or 10.30 pm (closing time varies). It opens from 10.30 to 7 pm on some selected days in May, October and November. It remains closed to whole months of December to April.

In 2016, a single adult ticket costs €38. A two-day adult ticket is €48. An afternoon adult ticket is €25. There are discounted tickets for juniors (5–10 years old), seniors (60 years and older), and disabled people. Children 0–5 years enter free.

Season passes are also available: adult season pass - €80 (family: €70); season pass renewal: no reduction as of 2016. For family season passes a proof of family relationship is required.

Incidents
On 7 July 2014, an Icelandic teenager was killed after his harness sprung open on Inferno. All other ZacSpin across the world ceased operations pending investigation findings from Terra Mítica and later reopened.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Terra Mítica


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of the County Palatine of Chester. Since 1689, all Lords Lieutenant have also been Custos Rotulorum of Cheshire.

Vice Lieutenants

 * Alan Egerton, 3rd Baron Egerton 11 January 1902
 * Sir George Dixon 15 December 1920

Deputy Lieutenants

 * Thomas, Lord Newton 23 February 1901
 * Colonel Sir Edward Cotton-Jodrell 23 February 1901

title: Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire


text:
Jay Wright (poet)

Jay Wright (born May 25, 1934 ) is a poet, playwright, and essayist. Born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, he lives in Bradford, Vermont. Although his work is not as widely known as other American poets of his generation, it has received considerable critical acclaim, with some comparing Wright's poetry to the work of Walt Whitman, T. S. Eliot and Hart Crane. Others associate Wright with the African-American poets Robert Hayden and Melvin B. Tolson, due to his complexity of theme and language, as well as his work's utilization and transformation of the Western literary heritage. Wright's work is representative of what the Guyanese-British writer Wilson Harris has termed the "cross-cultural imagination", inasmuch as it incorporates elements of African, European, Native American and Latin American cultures. Following his receiving the Bollingen Prize in Poetry in 2005, Wright is recognized as one of the principal contributors to poetry in the early 21st century. Dante Micheaux has called Wright "unequivocally, the greatest living American poet"."

Life and education
Wright's family origins are emblematic of the multi-cultural nature of his literary work. His mother, Leona Dailey, was born in Virginia and had both African and Native American ancestry, while his father, George Murphy, or Mercer Murphy Wright, as he was also known, claimed African, Cherokee and Irish roots. Murphy held diverse blue-collar jobs, which included working construction, driving a jitney, and working as a handyman. However, Wright grew up in foster care in Albuquerque, and moved to San Pedro, California, in his teens to live with his father.

When he was in high school, Wright began to play bass, and when Neil Arditi met him in the late Nineties, Wright was still performing as a jazz bassist. Jazz music informs Wright's work and aesthetic in various ways, in poems such as "Wednesday Night Prayer Meeting", "Billie's Blues", and "Twenty-Two Tremblings of the Postulant". The poet's experience as a jazz bassist is referenced in the poem "The End of an Ethnic Dream": "Cigarettes in my mouth / to puncture blisters in my brain. / My bass a fine piece of furniture. / My fingers soft, too soft to rattle / rafters in second-rate halls."

As a young man, Wright played minor-league baseball, appearing in 76 games over two seasons (1953–1954) with the Mexicali Eagles of the Arizona-Texas League and the Fresno Cardinals of the California League. In 1954, Wright abandoned his baseball career to serve in the U.S. Army medical corps in Germany until 1957; in this period he was able to travel in many countries in Europe.

Upon returning from Europe, Wright studied comparative literature at the University of California, Berkeley, and Rutgers University. He received his BA from Berkeley in 1961, and his MA from Rutgers in 1967. In 1964, he taught English and medieval history for a year at the Butler Institute in Guadalajara, Mexico. After this experience, he returned to Rutgers to finish his MA and begin work on a PhD, but left before completing his doctoral degree.

As a student at Rutgers, Wright lived in Harlem, where he met African-American writers associated with the Black Arts Movement (BAM), such as Larry Neal, LeRoi Jones, and Henry Dumas. Wright would later write the introduction to Dumas' posthumously published collection of poetry, Play Ebony, Play Ivory: Poetry. Wright has been described as a member of the Black Arts Movement, although in a monograph dedicated to the movement, only Wright's first book, The Homecoming Singer, is discussed in connection with the group. Indeed, Wright's poem "Idiotic and Politic", from The Homecoming Singer, has been read as "a virtual declaration of independence from BAM," addressed directly to LeRoi Jones (later Amiri Baraka), the founder of the Black Arts Movement.

Over the years Wright has been poet in residence at Yale University as well as the University of Dundee and historically black colleges and universities such as Talladega College, Tougaloo College, and Texas Southern University.

Poetry
Wright's first publication was a 22-page chapbook entitled Death as History, which contained 15 poems, published in 1967 by Poets Press. Although this collection has never been republished, some of the poems were included in Wright's first full-length book, The Homecoming Singer. Wright himself has disowned the book in print, saying that it was not intended as a unified work, but merely as "a group of poems selected from those [he] had on hand". At the time the book was published, Wright was employed on a tour of black schools in the South for the Woodrow Wilson-National Endowment of the Arts program, and Carolyn Kizer thought he ought to have a book of poems; therefore, she helped him publish the book with Diane DiPrima of Poets Press. In the poems that were not republished in The Homecoming Singer, the language, imagery and sensibility have been described as romantic and conventional in nature. In other poems from this collection, however, the tone, style and subject matter are not dissimilar to those found in poems published many years later as regards their concern for religious experience and the exploration of African myth and religion.

In 1971, Wright's first full-length collection of poetry, The Homecoming Singer, was published by Corinth Press. This book included poems including "The Homecoming Singer", "The End of an Ethnic Dream", and "An Invitation to Madison County". In this book, Wright "attempts to bridge past and present and meditates on feelings of exclusion from society or personal identity using geographical settings as backdrops for the autobiographical persona's spiritual, emotional, and intellectual growth." The poem that opens the volume, "Wednesday Night Prayer Meeting", has a narrator who is mostly detached from the scene described in the poem and then becomes ironically part of "the uncertain, inconclusive encounter between man and God in a Black church.". The poem suggests an ambiguous, questioning attitude towards traditional religion that is revealed in the congregants' Africanization of Christianity: "They have closed their night / with what certainty they could, / unwilling to change their freedom for a god." Critical reception of The Homecoming Singer was positive, and Wright was immediately recognized as a major voice. The New York Times hailed it as "a tense and memorable collection", in which Wright "is making his way among troubled alternatives", in search of an independent black voice. However, in contrast to Wright's later work, the themes of this book have been described as "conventional".

While some critics argue for a change of direction in Wright's work after Death as History and The Homecoming Singer (and some parts of Soothsayers and Omens), others find instead continuity and unity in the poet's work. Darryl Pinckney has argued that Wright's earlier poetry is more closely aligned with "the rebellious mood of the Sixties", referring in particular to the poems "Death as History" and "A Plea for the Politic Man". In his review of the volume Selected Poems of Jay Wright, poet Robert B. Shaw also contrasts the earlier volumes with the poet's later work, saying that one may "accept (and enjoy)" the earlier poems "with fewer questions", in contrast to the esoteric difficulty and rigor of the later poems. Charles H. Rowell associates the poems in The Homecoming Singer and in the second section of Soothsayers and Omens with confessional poetry in its focus on personal, autobiographical experience in contrast to the later poetry, which he characterizes as less immediately personal and grounded more in books and scholarship than in lived experience.

However, in discussing Wright's first five volumes of poetry, from Death as History to The Double Invention of Komo, Gerald Barrax sees a thematic and technical unity, describing these books as "so remarkably unified and consistent in subject, theme, tone, and technique that they might all constitute a single work." Indeed, Wright himself has suggested that his books up to Explications/Interpretations (excluding the disowned chapbook Death as History) constitute a unified, ordered series, "a dramatic process, with all its tensions and resolutions." Furthermore, the back cover copy of 2007's The Guide Signs: Book One and Book Two suggests that that volume, together with the eight volumes brought together in Transfigurations: Collected Poems, should be read as a single work.

Awards

 * 1986 John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (or "Genius") Fellowship
 * 1996 Fellowship of the Academy of American Poets
 * 2001 L. L. Winship/PEN New England Award, Transfigurations: Collected Poems
 * 2005 Bollingen Prize in Poetry, becoming the first African-American writer to be so honored
 * 2006 American Book Award Lifetime Achievement Award from the Before Columbus Foundation

Poetry

 * Death as History. New York: Poets Press. 1967
 * The Homecoming Singer. New York: Corinth Books. 1971
 * Dimensions of History. Kayak. 1976. ISBN 0877110638
 * The Double Invention of Komo. University of Texas Press. 1980
 * Explications/Interpretations. University of Virginia. 1984
 * Selected Poems of Jay Wright. Robert B. Stepto (ed.) New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1987. ISBN 0691014353
 * Elaine's Book. University of Virginia Press. 1988. ISBN 0813912016
 * Boleros. Princeton University Press. 1991
 * Music's Mask and Measure. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2007. ISBN 0-9787467-3-2
 * The Prime Anniversary. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2019. ISBN 978-0-9981695-8-3
 * Thirteen Quintets for Lois. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2021. ISBN 9781733273473
 * The Prime Anniversary. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2019. ISBN 978-0-9981695-8-3
 * Thirteen Quintets for Lois. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2021. ISBN 9781733273473
 * The Prime Anniversary. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2019. ISBN 978-0-9981695-8-3
 * Thirteen Quintets for Lois. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2021. ISBN 9781733273473
 * The Prime Anniversary. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2019. ISBN 978-0-9981695-8-3
 * Thirteen Quintets for Lois. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2021. ISBN 9781733273473

Plays

 * Balloons: A Comedy in One Act. Baker's Plays, 1968
 * The Geometry of Rhythm, in The Prime Anniversary. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2019. ISBN 978-0-9981695-8-3
 * The Geometry of Rhythm, in The Prime Anniversary. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2019. ISBN 978-0-9981695-8-3
 * The Geometry of Rhythm, in The Prime Anniversary. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2019. ISBN 978-0-9981695-8-3
 * The Geometry of Rhythm, in The Prime Anniversary. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2019. ISBN 978-0-9981695-8-3
 * The Geometry of Rhythm, in The Prime Anniversary. Chicago: Flood Editions. 2019. ISBN 978-0-9981695-8-3

Prose

 * "Introduction" in Dumas, Henry. Play Ebony: Play Ivory. Random House. 1974.

title: Jay Wright (poet)


text: User talk:213.118.202.150

title: User talk:213.118.202.150


text:
Eriksgata

Eriksgata (i.e. "Erik's Road") was the tour traditionally taken in the Middle Ages by a newly-elected Swedish king through the important provinces of the realm to have his election confirmed by the local assemblies. The actual election took place at the Stone of Mora in Uppland and participation was originally restricted to the people in Uppland or Svealand, hence the need for having the election confirmed by the other regions. The Eriksgata gradually lost its influence when representatives from almost all parts of Sweden participated in the election at the stone of Mora from the 14th century. After 1544, the Swedish King was no longer elected, and instead inherited his throne. This meant that the Eriksgata thereafter had only symbolic importance. The last King to travel the Eriksgata according to the old law was Charles IX (1604-1611). Later Kings of Sweden have made visits to Swedish provinces and called them an "Eriksgata", but those visits have no resemblance to the old medieval tradition.

The earliest reference of an Eriksgata is probably from Saxo Grammaticus who c. 1200 wrote about the struggle for the Swedish crown in the 1120s in his Gesta Danorum. But the tradition is probably much older than that.

The Eriksgata journey was not without risks since there is at least one example of a King being killed during his Eriksgata. This is the incident from the 1120s recorded by Saxo Grammaticus and also in an appendix to the Västgöta law. According to these sources, the newly elected King Ragnvald Knaphövde carelessly decided not to take along the customary hostages from prominent local families while travelling through Västergötland, even though a rival candidate for the throne had gained support in the province. According to Västgötalagen Ragnvald's decision was taken as an insult to the people of Västergötland, since it showed that he did not fear them, and they killed him in Karlepitt (an unknown location in Västergötland).

title: Eriksgata


text:
Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station

Oyster Creek Nuclear Power Station is an inactive single unit 636 MWe boiling water reactor power plant in the United States. The plant is located on an 800 acre site adjacent to Oyster Creek in the Forked River section of Lacey Township in Ocean County, New Jersey. At the time of its closure, the facility was owned by Exelon Corporation and, along with unit 1 at Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station, was the oldest operating commercial nuclear power plant in the United States. The plant first started commercial operation on December 23, 1969, and is licensed to operate until April 9, 2029, but Oyster Creek was permanently shut down in September 2018. The plant got its cooling water from Barnegat Bay, a brackish estuary that empties into the Atlantic Ocean through the Barnegat Inlet.

At the time of shutdown, Oyster Creek was one of four licensed nuclear power reactors in New Jersey. The others are the two units at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant, and the one unit at Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station. As of January 1, 2005, New Jersey ranked 9th among the 31 states with nuclear capacity for total MWe generated. In 2003, nuclear power generated over one half of the electricity in the state.

In 1999, GPU agreed to sell the Oyster Creek Nuclear Plant to AmerGen Energy for $10 million. AmerGen was later purchased by Exelon in 2003. Exelon fully integrated AmerGen's former assets, including Oyster Creek, in early 2009.

The reactor was shut down on September 17, 2018.

In September 2019, Ocean Wind, a proposed 1,100 MWe offshore wind farm, with the approval of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, secured the capacity interconnection rights to bring the power generated by the wind farm on-shore at Oyster Creek. It can use the existing power infrastructure of the plant, after some upgrades, to connect to the regional transmission grid.

In January 2021, Holtec suggested that a "new generation" nuclear plant might be built at the location.

Design
Oyster Creek was a single unit 636 MWe boiling water reactor power plant which first came online on December 23, 1969; it was one of the oldest operating nuclear power plants in the United States until it permanently ceased operation on September 17, 2018. The plant was located 50 mi east of Philadelphia and 75 mi south of New York City.

Cooling water for the plant was drawn from Barnegat Bay, a brackish estuary that empties into the Atlantic Ocean through the Barnegat Inlet. Rankine cycle condenser cooling was used, with a coolant flow rate of 1.4 e9gal per day. The average temperature increase was 10.4 °F (5.8 °C).

Oyster Creek was originally licensed for 40 years, but in April 2009 its license was extended for another 20 years by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Based on the Atomic Energy Act, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issues licenses for commercial power reactors to operate for up to 40 years and allows these licenses to be renewed for up to another 20 years. This original 40-year term for reactor licenses was based on economic and antitrust considerations – not on limitations of nuclear technology. Due to this selected period, however, some structures and components may have been engineered on the basis of an expected 40-year service life."

License extension
In July 2005, Exelon submitted an application to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission for a 20-year extension of the existing 40-year license for Oyster Creek, which was due to expire in 2009. According to a 2006 survey commissioned by the operators, relicensing of the power plant was supported by the majority of citizens living in areas surrounding the plant, and by local elected officials. However, some local opposition to re-licensing was evident at public hearings on the issue. On May 31, 2007, several Ocean County residents attended the Atomic Safety Licensing Board (ASLB) hearing in the county administration building. At that meeting, several of the local residents were opposed to re-licensing of the nuclear power plant.

The ASLB's decision on May 31, 2007 hearing led to a full public hearing on the issue of the monitoring of corrosion in the plant's drywell liner. The hearing was scheduled for September 24, 2007 in the county seat Toms River. In 2008, the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board twice rejected citizens' contentions concerning Oyster Creek. The majority of the three-judge panel ruled in favor of the plant, deciding "that the group's motion did not follow the proper guidelines for late-filed contentions and failed to link an alleged inadequacy to a significant safety issue."

In May 2007, the state Attorney General's Office, on behalf of the state Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), petitioned the federal Third Circuit Court of Appeals to compel the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to consider the potential for a terrorist attack as part of the criteria for Oyster Creek's licensing renewal process. In July 2007, the NJDEP faulted both Exelon and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for relying on environmental studies that were up to 30 years old at the time of Exelon's relicensing application. The NJDEP refused to make a "positive consistency determination" for Oyster Creek, as required by the federal Coastal Zone Management Act. The positive determination is required for all applicants seeking to relicense an existing facility.

On April 8, 2009 the plant was granted a license extension to operate until April 9, 2029. This came a week after the Nuclear Regulatory Commission voted 3–1 against an appeal by anti-nuclear groups.

As of June 2009, five environmental and citizen groups were appealing the decision in the federal court. Richard Webster, attorney for the groups, claims the NRC did not have sufficient information to determine whether the plant can operate safely for the next 20 years.

“This has been the most extensive license renewal review to date, including the first adjudicatory hearing of a license renewal application,” said Eric Leeds, NRC's director of Nuclear Reactor Regulation. “The staff’s licensing and inspection scrutiny, along with the independent contributions of the ACRS, the ASLB and various citizen groups, should give the people of New Jersey added confidence that Oyster Creek will remain safe during its continued operation.”

Closure and decommissioning
In December 2010, Exelon reported that Oyster Creek would close in 2019, 10 years earlier than planned so that cooling towers will not have to be installed to meet new environmental standards. In February 2018 the closure date was adjusted to October 2018. The reactor was ultimately shut down on September 17, 2018, and its fuel was removed by September 25, 2018.

Work will now begin on dismantlement and long-term decommissioning. Oyster Creek was sold to Holtec International in July 2019 after clearing regulatory approval, and a Holtec and SNC-Lavalin joint venture called Comprehensive Decommissioning International will be responsible for decommissioning the plant. About 200 of Oyster Creek's employees will remain at the plant to carry out decommissioning work with Holtec.

Environment
As a part of Exelon Corporation, Oyster Creek followed the corporation's environmental policy.

In August 2009, workers found and stopped two small leaks of tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a decay half-life of about 12 years. An NRC investigation of the leak found that the levels were too low to be a danger to public health. The leaks originated from two buried pipes that had not been properly insulated when they were last worked on in 1991. A second leak was discovered in August 2009, from a pipe leading into an electrical turbine building. Tritium levels found in this leak were measured at 10 microcuries per liter of water, higher than the 5 to 6 microcuries per liter found in the earlier leak. Tritium-contaminated groundwater remained on site and had not spread to any public water supplies.

In May 2010, the New Jersey DEP announced that water from the leak had spread to a nearby aquifer, though it stated there "was no imminent danger" to water supplies. At the current rate of migration, the water will reach the closest public wells within 10 to 15 years. The DEP stated there are several ways to address the problem, such as pumping out the tainted water, or injecting fresh water to force the tainted water backwards. A spokesman for Oyster Creek said they are working with the state on the issue, and have seen contamination levels steadily dropping, sometimes by "as much as 90%". Tritium causes less concern than other radioactive substances such as strontium, caesium and iodine. It does not bio-accumulate inside human tissue.

Safety
Employees at the Oyster Creek nuclear power plant averaged less radiation exposure from 2005 through 2008 than workers at any other nuclear power plant of similar design in the United States.

In early May 2011, fuel supplier General Electric notified the operators of the Oyster Creek and Nine Mile Point nuclear plants regarding safety calculation errors. General Electric had made mathematical errors which could have resulted in nuclear fuel getting hotter than operators expected, reducing the plants' margin of safety. Plant operators were able to make corrections.

Hurricane Sandy
On October 30, 2012, during Hurricane Sandy, the nuclear power plant's intake structure was flooded with six and a half feet of water as a result of the storm surge from the hurricane, with no damage sustained, and at the same time the plant was already down for maintenance and lost its electrical power from the grid, so operators called an alert that escalated the plant a step up from the lowest emergency level, and turned to backup generators to keep cooling the reactor.

In following months, local residents continued to voice their worries despite a statement by Gordon K. Hunegs of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission that during Hurricane Sandy "the plant was always safe."

Seismic risk
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Oyster Creek was 1 in 71,429, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 mi of Oyster Creek was 133,609, an increase of 35.8 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 mi was 4,482,261, an increase of 10.4 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 mi include Atlantic City (30 mi to city center), Toms River (10 mi to city center), Lakewood (19 mi to city center), Asbury Park (30 mi to city center), and Cherry Hill (42 mi to city center).

title: Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station


text: User talk:68.3.27.65

title: User talk:68.3.27.65


text:
Bunkertor 7

Bunkertor 7 is an album recorded by the German industrial act, Wumpscut. It was released in Compact Disc format on Beton Kopf Media in 1997, with the catalog number ETAH 2. It was released under the title Bunker Gate Seven by Metropolis Records in North America.

It was first distributed in Europe by Discordia, later in 1997 by Nova Tekk, and again by Connected in 2000 and 2002. There are at least ten different versions of the album (including varied artwork and track lists).

Bunkertor 7 was inspired by the 1981 short film by Caro/Jeunet Le bunker de la dernière rafale (a.k.a. The Bunker of the Last Gunshots). It contains samples from the movie, notably the alarm sound on "Dying culture". The images in the LP's booklet, including the cover are from the film.

Contributing members
All songs on Bunkertor 7 were written, performed and produced by Rudy Ratzinger.

Bunkertor 7 was engineered by Spinnw.ebi, and all artwork was by Stephan Alt.

Track listing

 * 1) "Open Gate"                       – 1:18
 * 2) "Torn Skin"                       – 5:30
 * 3) "Dying Culture" (Second Movement  – 4:18
 * 4) "Bunkertor 7" (German Texture)    – 4:41
 * 5) "Mortal Highway"                  – 4:47
 * 6) "Corroded Breed"                  – 4:16
 * 7) "Die in Winter"                   – 4:48
 * 8) "Bunkertor 7" (Reprised)          – 4:59
 * 9) "Capital Punishment"              – 5:49
 * 10) "Thorns"                          – 5:51
 * 11) "Tell Me Why"                     – 4:22
 * 12) "Close Gate"                      – 0:59

Notable samples
Track 3, "Dying Culture" (Second Movement)", contains the alarm sound sampled from the 1981 short film by Caro/Jeunet Le bunker de la dernière rafale (The Bunker of the Last Gunshots).

Track 8, "Bunktertor 7 (Reprised)", includes a sample from the movie Kindergarten Cop. The children of the kindergarten class say "never talk to strangers" and it is looped throughout parts of the song. The sample is played at a higher speed and pitch than the direct sample.

Track 10, "Thorns", has no vocals, but contains a modified sample from the 1986 film Highlander of The Kurgan (Clancy Brown) telling the character Ramirez (Sean Connery), "Tonight you sleep in hell".

title: Bunkertor 7


text:
Thomas Vezzetti

Thomas F. Vezzetti (1928 – March 2, 1988) was the 33rd mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey, and served as mayor from 1985 until his death in 1988. He fought against the gentrification of the city.

Biography
Vezzetti was born in 1928 in Bradley Beach, New Jersey along with his twin sister, Louise. He said his father was a bootlegger who owned five saloons in New Jersey.

In the 1985 Hoboken mayoral election, Thomas Vezzetti narrowly defeated Steve Cappiello, who had been the mayor of Hoboken since 1973. Vezzetti received 6,990 votes and Cappiello received 6,647 votes in the 1985 election, which put Vezzetti in the mayor's office. Capiello's support for gentrification and his attribution of several arsons to a purported tradition of Puerto Rican revenge burnings resulted in many Puerto Rican residents voting for Vezetti.

The New York Daily News called Vezzetti "The Wackiest Mayor in America" because of the odd things he did, like reporting a car stolen that ended up exactly where he had last parked it two months earlier. Vezzetti was known for eccentric behavior such as wearing mismatched shoes, and carrying all his belongings in two paper bags.

On March 2, 1988, Vezzetti had a heart attack and died at Hoboken's St. Mary Hospital. He had never married.

Legacy
Patrick Pasculli succeeded him as the Mayor of Hoboken. A street was named after Vezzetti by Mayor Anthony Russo in the late 1990s. "Vezzetti Way" ran parallel to Observer Highway. Mayor Dawn Zimmer later eliminated Vezzetti Way and replaced it with a bicycle lane.

title: Thomas Vezzetti


text:
Theriiformes

Theriiformes is a clade of mammals. The term was coined by Timothy B. Rowe in his doctoral dissertation, and is defined as the clade formed by the most recent common ancestor of multituberculates (which form part of the broader group Allotheria, along with Gondwanatheria and likely all/part of Haramiyida) and Theria (the group containing marsupials and placentals). Mammals more closely related to therians than to multituberculates are included in the clade Trechnotheria. As multituberculates are usually considered more closely related to therians than monotremes are, it is considered to be a subgroup of the mammalian crown group.

The cladogram below follows Luo et al. (2016):

title: Theriiformes


text:
Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany

The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SDAP) was a Marxist socialist political party in the North German Confederation during unification.

Founded in Eisenach in 1869, the SDAP endured through the early years of the German Empire. Often termed the Eisenachers, the SDAP was one of the first political organizations established among the nascent German labor unions of the 19th century. It officially existed under the name SDAP for only six years (1869–1875). However, through name changes and political partnerships, its lineage can be traced to the present-day Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

VDAV and ADAV
The SDAP was one of the earliest organizations to arise from German workers' unionizing activity, but it was not the first. At the group's founding in 1869, the fast-growing working class of the Industrial Revolution had already established several notable associations for workers' advocacy. Chief among these were Leopold Sonnemann's Assembly of German Worker Associations (Verband Deutscher Arbeitervereine, VDAV) and Ferdinand Lassalle's General German Workers' Association (Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein, ADAV).

The largest group by far was the VDAV. Through the 1860s, it remained mostly apolitical, dedicated to pocketbook matters and fully integrated with the paradigms of liberal economic interests. The VDAV did its best to ignore the political agitation of Lassalle's much smaller yet more active ADAV. The Lassalleans were seen as insufficiently committed to basic economic matters. Much of their political appeal was based on what socialists considered to be an alarming militancy in support of German nationalism and the question of Greater Germany. They displayed a discomfiting closeness to the militaristic Kingdom of Prussia. Eventually, the sundry turmoil created by the German unification wars helped politicize large elements of the previously unmoved VDAV. Some followed Sonnemann to the new moderately socialist German People's Party (founded in 1868), while others were ready to abandon the VDAV structure altogether and establish a more radical political party.

Eisenachers
Meeting in the city of Eisenach in Saxony, the VDAV activists founded the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) on 7–9 August 1869. The Eisenachers, as they came to be called, were under the leadership of Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel.

The political theorist Karl Marx had a significant personal influence upon the newly formed party, being a friend and mentor to both Bebel and Liebknecht. Marx and Friedrich Engels steered the party toward more Marxian socialism and welcomed them (as far as German law would allow) into their International Workingmen's Association (IWA).

Platform and organisation
The SDAP was typically deemed Marxist by most observers although that term was somewhat amorphous during Marx's lifetime. The party was described as such mainly because of its IWA membership and Liebknecht's close personal relationship with Marx.

The true nature of Eisenacher Marxism was closer to democratic socialism than the communist parties of later decades. The party platform called for a free people's state (freier Volkstaat), which could align private co-operatives with state organisations. The party primarily supported trade unionism as the utility by which workers could prosper in the context of capitalism.

Der Volksstaat
The party press was a vital element of the SDAP's political strategy. The party's newspaper was first called Demokratisches Wochenblatt (Democratic Weekly Paper) and later Der Volksstaat (The People's State) and was edited by Liebknecht. The paper was published in Leipzig from 2 October 1869 to 23 September 1876. The party did not yet have its own printers, but Liebknecht was ambitious in his efforts to promote its publications on a wide scale as educational tools for workers. Although most issues of Der Volksstaat were primarily composed of incendiary writing about the German political situation, Liebknecht attempted as much as possible to include essays on political theory, transcripts of academic lectures and even some popular fiction.

Congress at Gotha
Despite their differences, the SDAP and Lassalle's ADAV shared a largely identical interpretation of socialism. The similarity was significant enough to mean that they were both routinely monitored and considered equally suspicious by the authorities. The two parties were vying for the same audience among the working class, and they were doing so simultaneously with several more moderate liberal organizations. The critical distinction among all the groups' positions was their level of commitment to the right to strike.

SAPD and SPD
The competition between moderate and radical factions reached a boiling point when SDAP and Lassalle's ADAV finally merged to form a united front. In a convention at Gotha in 1875, the new fusion party was renamed the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SAPD). Though the resultant Gotha Program largely satisfied the conventioneers, the new policies were denounced by Marx himself in the scathing essay Critique of the Gotha Program (1875).

Despite its relatively moderate stance, the SAPD organization was deemed subversive and officially banned by the German Empire under the Anti-Socialist Laws of 1878. Under proscription, the party's members continued to organize successfully. After the ban was lifted in 1890, it renamed itself the Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) and surged at the polls. By the 1912 elections, the SPD, a direct descendant of the small SDAP, had become the largest party in Germany.

Legacy
Though the SDAP dissolved after a brief lifespan of just six years, it was an essential catalyst in creating the first significant labor party in Germany. After World War II, members of the SPD in East Germany were compelled to join forces with the Communist Party to form the Socialist Unity Party. Throughout its 41-year rule, the party paid regular tribute to its Marxist progenitor. In West Germany, the SPD became one of the two major parties and continues to wield vast influence in the post-reunification era. It still traces its lineage back to the SDAP at Gotha and Eisenach.


text:
Tribosphenida

Tribosphenida is a group (infralegion) of mammals that includes the ancestor of Hypomylos, Aegialodontia and Theria (the last common ancestor of marsupials and placentals plus all of its descendants). It belongs to the group Zatheria. The current definition of Tribosphenida is more or less synonymous with Boreosphenida.

Characteristics
Tribosphenid mammals were originally grouped on the basis of triangular or V-shaped (tribosphenic) molars. Since then, other unrelated mammal groups have been found to have tribosphenic molars, such as the australosphenidans (a group that includes the still extant monotremes), suggesting that as a synapomorphy this is fundamentally useless as it evolved multiple times among mammals.

However, a clade between the aforementioned groups, the "true Tribosphenida" or Boreosphenida, is still identifiable, united by characteristics such as the lack of a mesial cingulid and of a triangulated trigonid on the last premolar. They are also united by postcranial features such as the presence of a modern ear (though this too has evolved independently in many other groups, like monotremes ), modern shoulder blades, and several features of the hindlimb.

Phylogeny
Below is a cladogram showing one hypothesis of mammal relationships based on Rowe (1988) and McKenna and Bell (1997):

Boreosphenida
Boreosphenida (from boreas, "northern wind" and sphen, "wedge") were early mammals that originated in the Northern Hemisphere and had tribosphenic molars (three-cusped cheek teeth). In boreosphenidans, the mandibular angle is placed posteriorly and the primitive postdentary trough (hole in the mandible) is absent (in contrast to Kuehneotheriidae, Eupantotheria, and Australosphenida.) They share the tribosphenic molars with the Australosphenida but differ from them by having cingulid cuspules but lacking a continuous mesial cingulid. Boreosphenidans also lack the triangulated trigonid on the last premolar found in Early Cretaceous mammals. They differ from Shuotherium (a monotreme-relative) in having the talonid placed posterior to the trigonid (like in modern tribosphenic mammals) in the lower molars, but upper molars similar to those of Shuotherium.

The oldest boreosphenidans are from the Berriasian (~145-140 mya). They were restricted to the Northern Hemisphere during the Early Cretaceous, but spread to South America and India during the end of the Cretaceous.

An alternative hypothesis is offered by Flannery and colleagues, who view part of australosphenidans as members of Tribosphenida (excluding monotremes and others australosphenidans with Steropodon, which they consider to be an unrelated group), with Barremian-Aptian Australian Bisphopidae as the sister taxon to all Northern Hemisphere Theria (Boreosphenida).

title: Tribosphenida


text: File:Keinelustcover.jpg

title: File:Keinelustcover.jpg


text:
Talk:Bunkertor 7

Fair use rationale for Image:Bunkertor7.gif
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:18, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Well i see something weird on the page. You can see that the song "Dying Culture" is reffered as the song 9 ("...notably the alarm sound on song 9 'Dying culture...","...Track 9, "Dying Culture", contains the alarm sound ..."), but in the tracklisting it is listed as the song 3. Is this normal, there's some reason for that or it's just a mistake? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.161.33.217 (talk) 16:50, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bunkertor 7


text:
Talk:Petur Alberg

Tell me was Peter Alberg danish? I would like to see some documentation before I will believe that one. As far as I know Peter Alberg was faroese and not danish. Being faroese does not mean that one is danish. They are two complete seperate nationalities. I question the validity of this article.

Peter Alberg Holm
Hm, so this Peter Alberg is another person than Peter Alberg Holm? Unfortunately is that Hr. Holm mentioned as the composer of tú alfagra land mítt everywhere. But this article here sounds serious... Arne List 19:57, 9 August 2005 (UTC) *A discussion in German language is to be found here: de:Diskussion:Peter Alberg Holm Arne List 21:09, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petur Alberg


text:
Talk:HMS Triumph (N18)

Untitled
I have seen a picture of this Triumph in dry-dock, with her bows blown-off upto and past some of the bow-caps, after hitting a mine. The torpedo tubes were all loaded at the time of the explosion, but none of the torpedoes went-off even though some were torn completely in half. In the picture, the remaining tail-half of one torpedo could be clearly seen within one of the tubes, the others having fallen or been blown-out at the time of the explosion.

Seems her luck finally ran out when it came to mines.

 * Someone has since added the picture. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.247.9 (talk) 18:23, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes I've just seen it, thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.8.126.91 (talk) 20:09, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:HMS Triumph (N18)


text:
Cingulata

Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals. Dasypodids and chlamyphorids, the armadillos, are the only surviving families in the order. Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant armadillos (maximum body mass of 45 kg (100 lb) in the case of the giant armadillo ) existed until recently: pampatheriids, which reached weights of up to 200 kg (440 lb) and chlamyphorid glyptodonts, which attained masses of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) or more.

The cingulate order originated in South America during the Paleocene epoch about 66 to 56 million years ago, and due to the continent's former isolation remained confined to it during most of the Cenozoic. However, the formation of a land bridge allowed members of all three families to migrate to southern North America during the Pliocene or early Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange. After surviving for tens of millions of years, all of the pampatheriids and giant glyptodonts apparently died out during the Quaternary extinction event at the beginning of the Holocene, along with much of the rest of the regional megafauna, shortly after the colonization of the Americas by Paleo-Indians.

Description
Armadillos have dorsal armor that is formed by osteoderms, plates of dermal bone covered in relatively small, overlapping keratinized epidermal scales called "scutes". Most species have rigid shields over the shoulders and hips, with three to nine bands separated by flexible skin covering the back and flanks.

Pampatheres also had shells that were flexible due to three movable lateral bands of osteoderms. The osteoderms of pampatheres were each covered by a single scute, unlike those of armadillos, which have more than one. Glyptodonts, on the other hand, had rigid, turtle-like shells of fused osteoderms.

Both groups have or had a cap of armor atop their heads. Glyptodonts also had heavily armored tails; some, such as Doedicurus, had mace-like clubs at the ends of their tails, similar to those of ankylosaurs, evidently used for defensive or agonistic purposes.

Most armadillos eat insects and other invertebrates; some are more omnivorous and may also eat small vertebrates and vegetable matter. Pampatheres are thought to have been specialized for grazing, and isotopic analysis indicates the diet of glyptodonts was dominated by C4 grasses. Euphractinae is unique for speciations towards carnivory, culminating in the macropredatory genus Macroeuphractus.

Classification

The taxonomic table below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis published by Delsuc et al., 2016. While glyptodonts have traditionally been considered stem-group cingulates outside the group that contains modern armadillos, this 2016 study conducted an analysis of Doedicurus mtDNA and found that it was, in fact, nested within the modern armadillos as the sister group of a clade consisting of Chlamyphorinae and Tolypeutinae.

Order Cingulata
 * Family †Peltephilidae Ameghino 1894
 * Genus †Anantiosodon Ameghino 1891
 * Genus †Epipeltephilus Ameghino 1904
 * Genus †Parapeltecoelus Bordas 1938
 * Genus †Peltecoelus Ameghino 1902
 * Genus †Peltephilus Ameghino 1887 (Horned armadillo)
 * Genus †Ronwolffia Shockey 2017
 * Family †Paleopeltidae Ameghino 1895
 * Genus †Palaeopeltis Ameghino 1895
 * Family †Pampatheriidae
 * Genus ?†Machlydotherium Ameghino 1902
 * Genus †Holmesina Simpson 1930
 * Genus †Kraglievichia Castellanos 1927
 * Genus †Machlydotherium
 * Genus †Pampatherium Ameghino 1875 ex Gervais & Ameghino 1880
 * Genus †Scirrotherium Edmund & Theodor 1997
 * Genus †Tonnicinctus Góis et al. 2015
 * Genus †Vassallia Castellanos 1927 [Plaina Castellanos 1937 ]
 * Genus †Yuruatherium Ciancio et al. 2012
 * Family †Pachyarmatheriidae Fernicola et al. 2018
 * Genus †Neoglyptatelus Carlini, Vizcaíno & Scillato-Yané 1997
 * Genus †Pachyarmatherium Downing & White 1995
 * Family Dasypodidae (long-nosed armadillos)
 * Genus †Acantharodeia
 * Genus †Amblytatus
 * Genus †Archaeutatus
 * Genus †Astegotherium
 * Genus †Astegotherium
 * Genus †Barrancatatus
 * Genus †Chasicotatus
 * Genus †Chorobates
 * Genus †Coelutaetus
 * Genus †Eocoleophorus
 * Genus †Epipeltecoelus
 * Genus †Eutatus
 * Genus †Hemiutaetus
 * Genus †Isutaetus
 * Genus †Lumbreratherium
 * Genus †Macrochorobates
 * Genus †Mazzoniphractus
 * Genus †Meteutatus
 * Genus †Pedrolypeutes
 * Genus †Prodasypus
 * Genus †Proeutatus
 * Genus †Prostegotherium
 * Genus †Pucatherium
 * Genus †Punatherium
 * Genus †Stegotherium
 * Genus †Stenotatus
 * Genus †Utaetus
 * Genus †Vetelia
 * Subfamily Dasypodinae
 * Genus †Anadasypus
 * Genus Dasypus
 * Genus †Nanoastegotherium
 * Genus †Parastegosimpsonia
 * Genus †Pliodasypus
 * Genus †Propraopus
 * Genus †Riostegotherium
 * Genus †Stegosimpsonia
 * Family Chlamyphoridae: glyptodonts and other armadillos
 * Subfamily Chlamyphorinae: fairy armadillos
 * Genus Calyptophractus
 * Genus Chlamyphorus
 * Subfamily Euphractinae: hairy, six-banded and pichi armadillos
 * Genus Chaetophractus
 * Genus †Doellotatus
 * Genus Euphractus
 * Genus †Macroeuphractus
 * Genus †Peltephilus
 * Genus †Proeuphractus
 * Genus †Paleuphractus
 * Genus Zaedyus
 * Subfamily †Glyptodontinae: glyptodonts
 * Genus †Doedicurus
 * Genus †Glyptodon
 * Genus †Glyptotherium
 * Genus †Hoplophorus
 * Genus †Panochthus
 * Genus †Parapropalaehoplophorus
 * Genus †Plaxhaplous
 * Subfamily Tolypeutinae: giant, three-banded and naked-tailed armadillos
 * Genus Cabassous
 * Genus †Kuntinaru
 * Genus Priodontes
 * Genus Tolypeutes

title: Cingulata


text:
Simplicidentata

Simplicidentata is a group of mammals that includes the rodents (order Rodentia) and their closest extinct relatives. The term has historically been used as an alternative to Rodentia, contrasting the rodents (which have one pair of upper incisors) with their close relatives the lagomorphs (which have two). However, Simplicidentata is now defined as including all members of Glires (the clade formed by lagomorphs and rodents) that share a more recent common ancestor with living rodents than with living lagomorphs. Thus, Simplicidentata is a total group that is more inclusive than Rodentia, a crown group that includes all living rodents, their last common ancestor, and all its descendants. Under this definition, the loss of the second pair of upper incisors is a synapomorphic (shared derived) feature of Simplicidentata. The loss of the second upper premolar (P2) has also been considered as synapomorphic for Simplicidentata, but the primitive simplicidentate Sinomylus does have a P2.

This sense of Simplicidentata was introduced by Chuankui Li and colleagues in 1987, who ranked Simplicidentata as a superorder including Rodentia and the extinct Mixodontia, contrasted with the superorder Duplicidentata (including Lagomorpha and the extinct Mimotonida). In their 1997 book Classification of Mammals, Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell ranked Simplicidentata as a mirorder within the grandorder Anagalida (also including lagomorphs, macroscelideans, and some additional extinct groups). Within Simplicidentata, they recognized the orders Mixodontia (including only the extinct family Eurymylidae from the Paleocene and Eocene of Asia) and Rodentia. McKenna and Bell's decision to use Simplicidentata was criticized by reviewer Frederick S. Szalay, who preferred to simply place the Mixodontia within Rodentia, which would leave Simplicidentata unnecessary. In The Beginning of the Age of Mammals (2006), Kenneth Rose recognized a mirorder Simplicidentata, including Mixodontia, Rodentia, and the genus Sinomylus (not placed in either order), within the superorder Anagalida.

Literature cited

 * Landry, S.O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe 75(2):283–316.
 * McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997. Classification of Mammals: Above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press, 631 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6
 * McKenna, M.C. and Meng, J. 2001. A primitive relative of rodents from the Chinese Paleocene. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(3):565–572.
 * Meng, J. and Wyss, A.R. 1994. Enamel microstructure of Tribosphenomys (Mammalia, Glires): Character analysis and systematic implications. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2(3):185–203.
 * Meng, J. and Wyss, A.R. 2001. The morphology of Tribosphenomys (Rodentiaformes, Mammalia): phylogenetic implications for basal Glires. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 8(1):1–71.
 * Meng, J., Hu, Y. and Li, C. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 275:1–247.
 * Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L. and Beard, K.C. 2009. A new species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. American Museum Novitates 3670:1–11.
 * Rose, K.D. 2006. The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 428 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8472-6
 * Szalay, F.S. 1999. [Review of Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level] (subscription required). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(1):191–195.

title: Simplicidentata


text: User talk:145.94.41.95

title: User talk:145.94.41.95


text:
Holoplankton

Holoplankton are organisms that are planktic (they live in the water column and cannot swim against a current) for their entire life cycle. Holoplankton can be contrasted with meroplankton, which are planktic organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the benthic zone. Examples of holoplankton include some diatoms, radiolarians, some dinoflagellates, foraminifera, amphipods, krill, copepods, and salps, as well as some gastropod mollusk species. Holoplankton dwell in the pelagic zone as opposed to the benthic zone. Holoplankton include both phytoplankton and zooplankton and vary in size. The most common plankton are protists.

Reproduction
Holoplankton have unique traits that make reproduction in the water column possible. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are used depending on the type of plankton. Some invertebrate holoplankton release sperm into the water column which are then taken up by the females for fertilization. Other species release both sperm and egg to increase the likelihood of fertilization. Environmental, mechanical, or chemical cues can all trigger this release.

Diatoms are single celled phytoplankton that can occur as individuals or as long chains. They can reproduce sexually and asexually. Diatoms are important oxygen producers and are usually the first step in the food chain.

Copepods are small holoplanktonic crustaceans that swim using their hind legs and antennae.

Defenses
Because of their small size and sluggish swimming abilities, holoplanktonic species have made certain specialized adaptations and in some cases are equipped with special defenses. Adaptations include flat bodies, lateral spines, oil droplets, floats filled with gases, sheaths made of gel-like substances, and ion replacement.

Zooplankton have adapted by developing transparent bodies, bright colors, bad tastes and cyclomorphosis (seasonal changes in body shape). When predators release a chemical in the water to signal zooplankton; cyclomorphosis allows holoplankton to increase their spines and protective shields. Studies have shown that although small in size certain gelatinous zooplankton are rich in protein and lipid. "Many holoplankton seem to have very little visible defense mechanisms; therefore, it is hypothesized that a chemical defense may be possible. Pelagic cnidarians (jellyfish and related species) have nematocysts on their tentacles that eject a coiled microscopic thread very rapidly. These threads penetrate the surface of their target and release a series of complicated, biologically advanced venoms. Their stings can be very dangerous, due in part to the number of vital systems affected.

Sexual holoplankton

 * Copepod

title: Holoplankton


text:
Socialist Workers' Party of Germany

The Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SAPD) was a centrist Marxist political party in Germany. It was formed as a left-wing party with around 20,000 members which split off from the SPD in the autumn of 1931. In 1931, the remnants of Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) merged into the party and in 1932 some Communist Party dissenters also joined the group as well as a part from the Communist Party Opposition. Nevertheless, its membership remained small. From 1933, the group's members worked illegally against Nazism.

History
In his home town of Lübeck, the young Herbert Karl Frahm, later known as Willy Brandt, joined the SAPD against the advice of his mentor Julius Leber. In his autobiography, Brandt wrote: "In autumn 1931, Nazis and German nationalists, the SA and Der Stahlhelm joined together to form the 'Harzburg Front'. [...] It was just at this time that the left wing of the social democrats split off, as a result of measures connected to organisation and discipline by the party leaders. A few Reichstag assemblymen, a number of active party groups – above all in Saxony – and not least a large proportion of young Socialists followed the people who were calling for the founding of a Socialist Workers' Party."

In 1934, the youth of SAPD took part in the foundation of the International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations. The congress was held in the Netherlands and broken up by Dutch police. Several SAPD delegates were handed over to German authorities. The congress then re-convened in Lille. Brandt was elected to the Secretariat of the organization and worked in Norway for the Bureau.

The SAPD was affiliated to the International Revolutionary Marxist Centre, but it broke with the main party of that international (the Independent Labour Party) over the question of the united front and popular front.

During the Second World War, some SAPD members emigrated to Great Britain and worked for the party there. Many of those became members of the SPD, therefore the SAPD was not re-founded anew after the Second World War. Willy Brandt eventually became the leader of the SPD, one of West Germany's major political parties of the modern era, being elected Chancellor of Germany in 1969.

title: Socialist Workers' Party of Germany


text: User talk:71.104.157.177

title: User talk:71.104.157.177


text: User talk:68.80.138.173

title: User talk:68.80.138.173


text:
SAPD

SAPD may refer to:

 * Sadistic personality disorder
 * San Antonio Police Department
 * Socialist Workers' Party of Germany
 * Studies in American Political Development

title: SAPD


text:
Talk:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China

Talk One
The article is in error when it says: "Until the 1970s, most countries recognized the Republic of China on Taiwan while the communist bloc recognized the People's Republic of China."

Perhaps mention should be made of the fact that the PRC was also responsible for delays in the dates of diplomatic relations and not merely other countries. For example, Israel was among the first 16 countries to recognize the PRC, and did so officially and publicly on the 9th of January, 1950. However, the PRC only deigned to allow diplomatic relations with Israel from 1992 due to policies associated with the Non-Aligned Movement and the Cold War.

I admit this is something of a nitpick, and that's why it's here on the discussion page. Personally, I feel the above sentence quoted from the article is misleading and I welcome other's views on this.

For further reference see: "Sino-Israel Relations", Xiaoxing Han; Journal of Palestine Studies, 22(2), 1993, pp. 62-77 - 84.228.52.36 17:23, April 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * It says "most" not "all". In fact, the UK recognised the PRC around then as well - but still, these countries were a minority. the PRC opposed establishing diplomatic relations with the state of Israel because the official policy opposed Zionism. --Sumple (Talk) 00:38, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * As you say, the UK recognised the PRC in 1950 ( http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/bevin/ ), whereas the article states that the UK recognised the PRC in 1972. Is this incorrect, or are both correct?  It's possible (perhaps even likely) that UK broke off relations with the PRC and then re-established them later on.  A similar thing happened with UK recognition of the USSR (earlier dates obviously). -86.133.243.52 21:01, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * After checking, the UK reocgnised China in 1950, and charge d'affaires were sent in 1954. 1972 was when it was upgraded to ambassadorial-rank. --Sumple (Talk) 08:30, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

PRC and Vatican
The press says the PRC and Vatican broke diplomatic relations in 1951. When did they established diplomatic relations? This article has no mention. — Instantnood 12:04, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the report was referring to the cutting of ties between the Vatican and the catholic churches in China in 1951. PRC never established diplomatic relations with the Vatican. --Sumple (Talk) 02:21, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Possible. But the report was clearly referring to the breaking of diplomatic ties between Beijing and the Holy See. — Instantnood 20:16, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Would you have a cite for this report? Or upload an image perhaps? --Sumple (Talk) 00:29, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I actually heard about it on TV news. Here's some news articles I've found by searching on Google:      . — Instantnood 19:58, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Interesting. I wonder why there's no mention of it here or on govt websites? --Sumple (Talk) 08:44, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Right.. So I'm wondering what kind of ties did they have b'efore 1951, if thats not diplomatic relations. — Instantnood 15:03, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * My personal theory is that the situation was confused up until 1951 because it wasn't clear that ROC regime would survive, or the Vatican was simply delaying taking a stance to await the outcome of the civil war... or the religious policies of the PRC. Maybe. --Sumple (Talk) 00:36, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The Holy See maintains until present day diplomatic relations with the ROC. This BBC report (the last paragraph) says clearly diplomatic ties between the Holy See and Beijing were severed in 1951. — Instantnood 10:13, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Two Chinas, footnotes, misc cleanup
The footnotes are great, except they aren't. Since the text isn't inline, you lose track of the subject. For example, #14, Liberia. "Diplomatic relations were restored on August 10, 1993." Restored with who? ROC or PRC? Restored from what? It then says Liberia flip-flopped in 1997, and normalized in 2003. I know Liberia is constantly undergoing revolutions (poor Liberia) but is their attempt at "Two China" still in effect?

Are there any other nations that have attempted to have a Two Chinas policy? Please expand!

- SchmuckyTheCat 01:49, 28 April 2006 (UTC) -

 * Kiribati tried it but failed. --Sumple (Talk) 02:20, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * What about Papua New Guinea and Macedonia? As far as I recall Kiribati was not the only state in which both embassies operated at the same time for a brief period. — Instantnood 20:16, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yep those too, but Kiribati was for longer (I think) because of the tracking station issue. --Sumple (Talk) 00:24, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * What is the tracking station issue? For how long did both ROC and PRC embassies operate in each of these sovereign states? — Instantnood 19:58, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure about the dates. The tracking station issue was that the PRC had an aerospace tracking station (used to track sattelites and the Shenzhou spaceships) in Kiribati. It was the PRC's only land-based tracking station in the south pacific, so when kiribati switched recognition, PRC did not cut ties immediately in the hope that they would not have to move the tracking station. --Sumple (Talk) 08:48, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Interesting. So they finally related the tracking station right? Where was it moved to? Is there any information on it? — Instantnood 15:04, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

ROC to PRC transition
It is interesting witch states of these that recognised PRC have had relations with ROC before 1949 and for how long (for example USA from 1912). Currently very few have such notes. Alinor 12:42, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

This Article is Not Usable
This article must be regarded as being of unacceptable quality, because it fails to make any distinction between “recognition” and “diplomatic relations” for most (but not all) the data entries in the lists. Note that the article title refers to "diplomatic relations", while the list headings refer to "recognition", with the implication that these are the same.

“Recognition” solely requires an authoritative formal announcement and it does not imply any diplomatic agents will be appointed nor that there will be any diplomatic mission in either capital city. As a result of the failure to make this distinction much of the article is confusing or incorrect.

I have checked three examples where I thought the data must clearly be wrong about recognition.

1) Yugoslavia is reported as recognising PRC on 2 January 1955. Recognition was actually five years earlier. The United Nations Yearbook 1950, p.421, quotes Yugoslavia as recognising prior to 13 January 1950 – see http://cdn.un.org/unyearbook/yun/pdf/1950/1950_434.pdf

2) Ceylon is reported as recognising PRC on 7 February 1957. An article in the Sri Lanka Daily News of 6 October 2010, “Pioneers who promoted Sri Lanka - China Friendship”, by Ananda Goonatilleke, President of the Sri Lanka - China Friendship Association, says “The Government of Ceylon recognized the Peoples' Republic of China as a sovereign state on January 6, 1950”. See http://archives.dailynews.lk/2010/10/06/fea05.asp

3) Norway is reported as recognising PRC on 5 October 1954. The PRC Embassy in Norway makes the situation crystal clear. “The Kingdom of Norway recognized the People's Republic of China on 7th January 1950 and established diplomatic relations with China on 5th October 1954. The two countries exchanged ambassadors in 1955.” See http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceno/eng/zngx/t110722.htm

There would only need to be a simple correction, if all the entries under “Recognition of the PRC” actually were accurate for diplomatic relations. However, the entries for the Soviet Union and for the UK are clearly for recognition and hence different from the above three examples. The entry for the UK actually makes the correct distinction and gives the two different dates for recognition and diplomatic relations, as is plain in notes (4) and (5).

In view of these findings, it cannot be assumed that any of the data is correct, without further checking of every single entry.

PeterPedant (talk) 19:52, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

Map at top of page
I note that the Republic of China (Taiwan) is shaded black, which according to the key is the colour to denote Chinese communist-controlled territories. This is misleading and should be amended either by marking the RoC grey ("Countries not recognised by or not recognising the PRC are in grey.") or by giving her her own colour to indicate her unique position in respect of this phenomenon. 122.148.227.2 (talk) 08:52, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Request to add flags to the list
The list does not contain the flags of these countries, as it normally does. Such a problem makes it difficult to fast-scroll the list. As a result, I think it is better to add flags to these countries.--The193thdoctor (talk) 03:13, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

First Western country to recognise China
There seems to be a debate about which Western country was the first to recognise China: the UK, Sweden, or Switzerland. Part of the dispute is explained by the difference between "recognition" and "diplomatic relations", but not all. Perhaps the remainder is explained by the difference between "diplomatic relations" and "exchange of Ambassadors"? At any rate, the present article explicitly claims that Switzerland was the first to establish relations: "first western country to establish diplomatic relations". But elsewhere Wikipedia grants the same honour to Sweden ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sweden_relations ), as does the Chinese Ambassador to Sweden here ( http://www.chinaembassy.se/eng/sgxw/t1614545.htm ).

BSSR and UaSSR
From 1949 to 1992, the government of the People's Republic of China considered the Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic and the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic to be part of the territory of the Soviet Union, and the two Soviet Republics did not have diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China.-- 逐风天地 (talk) 16:53, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
 * It’s because BSSR and UaSSR were the founding members of the United Nations, they have separate seats in the UN General Assembly and voted the PRC in the UN system in 1971. —174.95.137.59 (talk) 04:02, 11 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Guyana and Ecuador also voted the PRC in the UN system in 1971, but the two countries did not have diplomatic relations with the PRC.--逐风天地 (talk) 06:12, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

Bhutan
Bhutan has recognized the government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China for many years. -- 逐风天地 (talk) 09:13, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

Free Territory of the RoC on the Map
I see that someone has already addressed this above, but no action has been taken on this after more than four years, so--why is the territory controlled by the Republic of China (Taiwan, Kinmen and Matsu) labelled in black, implying that it's part of the PRC. Regardless of one's opinion on the dispute, Wikipedia's norm is to treat the RoC as a separate entity on maps; I find this especially important on a map depicting recognition of the PRC. As said above by the poster in 2020, the RoC should either be listed in grey with the other nations refusing to recognize the PRC, or listed in its own color as the RoC--similarly to how the PRC is listed separately on the RoC 's own article. ConnallES (talk) 13:15, 3 July 2024 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blaze (Pokémon)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:06, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Blaze (Pokémon)
Some ability that three Pokemons happen to have. Not sure what this article offers to Wikipedia. Delete. Grue 17:24, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. I wikified the original article a little, but I don't really know whether it's encyclopedic.   — J I P | Talk 17:31, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this and Torrent (Pokémon). I'm all for inclusion of "fancruft", but this will set a very bad precedent. Xezbeth  18:51, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and Shield Dust, Swarm (Pokemon), Shed Skin, and Compoundeyes, as well as the hundreds of articles that haven't been made yet but probably will be. Xezbeth  18:52, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect to Abilities in Pokemon or something of that sort, but it wouldn't kill me to see this deleted. Meelar (talk) 19:40, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like User:User142 contribs created all these ability articles. Phils 19:43, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Far too trivial and granular a level of detail. Average Earthman 19:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Suggestion: why not a list of pokemon abilities and merge them all into it? Mgm|(talk) 19:59, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or delete it if none wants to do the merge. Jeltz talk  20:03, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Per policy, merge into a list with brief descriptions of all of them. Not widespread enough to deserve their own articles, however, may be relevant to more than one Pokemon article.  (Disclosure: self-confessed Pokemon-hater) Chris talk back 21:08, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * merge or keep pokemon abilities and other stuff from notable fiction. Kappa 21:56, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)\
 * Strong Keep by defintion this passes the pokemon test. Why is there so much hate for pokemon. Most pokemon are far more notable than even the most notable school'sKlonimus 23:42, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete first choice, Merge/redir second. What Xezbeth, Meelar and Jeltz said. Niteowlneils 01:29, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to a single list. Andros 1337 03:33, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There's already a comprehensive list of these things - Pokémon Abilities. Just Redirect them all to this article. --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 04:42, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the find--that's perfect. Meelar (talk) 04:44, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, trivial, cruft. Megan1967 07:18, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge into one place. Should Keen Eye be included in this discussion? Vegaswikian 08:06, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, cruft. --Bucephalus talk to me  14:01, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Sparky (and WP:FICT), nothing left to merge. Radiant_* 14:20, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Pokémon Abilities.Sinistro 17:28, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is definitely GameFAQs stuff. I can see how someone might stumble across a pokemon name on a website, go 'oh what's this' and look it up on Wikipedia and be all like 'oh I see it's a pokemon'. Listing an attack for Pokemon would be similar, if not completely equal to making Hookshot (Zelda) a legit entry, or Super Hammer (Mario) or even Tifa's Attack Option (Final Fantasy VII).RickGriffin 22:29, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete minor trivia CDC   (talk)  20:54, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.