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Cache-oblivious algorithm

In computing, a cache-oblivious algorithm (or cache-transcendent algorithm) is an algorithm designed to take advantage of a processor cache without having the size of the cache (or the length of the cache lines, etc.) as an explicit parameter. An optimal cache-oblivious algorithm is a cache-oblivious algorithm that uses the cache optimally (in an asymptotic sense, ignoring constant factors). Thus, a cache-oblivious algorithm is designed to perform well, without modification, on multiple machines with different cache sizes, or for a memory hierarchy with different levels of cache having different sizes. Cache-oblivious algorithms are contrasted with explicit loop tiling, which explicitly breaks a problem into blocks that are optimally sized for a given cache.

Optimal cache-oblivious algorithms are known for matrix multiplication, matrix transposition, sorting, and several other problems. Some more general algorithms, such as Cooley–Tukey FFT, are optimally cache-oblivious under certain choices of parameters. As these algorithms are only optimal in an asymptotic sense (ignoring constant factors), further machine-specific tuning may be required to obtain nearly optimal performance in an absolute sense. The goal of cache-oblivious algorithms is to reduce the amount of such tuning that is required.

Typically, a cache-oblivious algorithm works by a recursive divide-and-conquer algorithm, where the problem is divided into smaller and smaller subproblems. Eventually, one reaches a subproblem size that fits into the cache, regardless of the cache size. For example, an optimal cache-oblivious matrix multiplication is obtained by recursively dividing each matrix into four sub-matrices to be multiplied, multiplying the submatrices in a depth-first fashion. In tuning for a specific machine, one may use a hybrid algorithm which uses loop tiling tuned for the specific cache sizes at the bottom level but otherwise uses the cache-oblivious algorithm.

History
The idea (and name) for cache-oblivious algorithms was conceived by Charles E. Leiserson as early as 1996 and first published by Harald Prokop in his master's thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1999. There were many predecessors, typically analyzing specific problems; these are discussed in detail in Frigo et al. 1999. Early examples cited include Singleton 1969 for a recursive Fast Fourier Transform, similar ideas in Aggarwal et al. 1987, Frigo 1996 for matrix multiplication and LU decomposition, and Todd Veldhuizen 1996 for matrix algorithms in the Blitz++ library.

Idealized cache model
In general, a program can be made more cache-conscious:
 * Temporal locality, where the algorithm fetches the same pieces of memory multiple times;
 * Spatial locality, where the subsequent memory accesses are adjacent or nearby memory addresses.

Cache-oblivious algorithms are typically analyzed using an idealized model of the cache, sometimes called the cache-oblivious model. This model is much easier to analyze than a real cache's characteristics (which have complex associativity, replacement policies, etc.), but in many cases is provably within a constant factor of a more realistic cache's performance. It is different than the external memory model because cache-oblivious algorithms do not know the block size or the cache size.

In particular, the cache-oblivious model is an abstract machine (i.e., a theoretical model of computation). It is similar to the RAM machine model which replaces the Turing machine's infinite tape with an infinite array. Each location within the array can be accessed in $$O(1)$$ time, similar to the random-access memory on a real computer. Unlike the RAM machine model, it also introduces a cache: the second level of storage between the RAM and the CPU. The other differences between the two models are listed below. In the cache-oblivious model:

 * Memory is broken into blocks of $$B$$ objects each.
 * A load or a store between main memory and a CPU register may now be serviced from the cache.
 * If a load or a store cannot be serviced from the cache, it is called a cache miss.
 * A cache miss results in one block being loaded from the main memory into the cache. Namely, if the CPU tries to access word $$w$$ and $$x$$ is the line containing $$w$$, then $$x$$ is loaded into the cache. If the cache was previously full, then a line will be evicted as well (see replacement policy below).
 * The cache holds $$M$$ objects, where $$M = \Omega(B^2)$$. This is also known as the tall cache assumption.
 * The cache is fully associative: each line can be loaded into any location in the cache.
 * The replacement policy is optimal. In other words, the cache is assumed to be given the entire sequence of memory accesses during algorithm execution. If it needs to evict a line at time $$t$$, it will look into its sequence of future requests and evict the line whose first access is furthest in the future. This can be emulated in practice with the Least Recently Used policy, which is shown to be within a small constant factor of the offline optimal replacement strategy

To measure the complexity of an algorithm that executes within the cache-oblivious model, we measure the number of cache misses that the algorithm experiences. Because the model captures the fact that accessing elements in the cache is much faster than accessing things in main memory, the running time of the algorithm is defined only by the number of memory transfers between the cache and main memory. This is similar to the external memory model, which all of the features above, but cache-oblivious algorithms are independent of cache parameters ($$B$$ and $$M$$). The benefit of such an algorithm is that what is efficient on a cache-oblivious machine is likely to be efficient across many real machines without fine-tuning for particular real machine parameters. For many problems, an optimal cache-oblivious algorithm will also be optimal for a machine with more than two memory hierarchy levels.

Examples

The simplest cache-oblivious algorithm presented in Frigo et al. is an out-of-place matrix transpose operation (in-place algorithms have also been devised for transposition, but are much more complex for non-square matrices). Given m×n array A and n×m array B, we would like to store the transpose of $M$ in $A$. The naive solution traverses one array in row-major order and another in column-major. The result is that when the matrices are large, we get a cache miss on every step of the column-wise traversal. The total number of cache misses is $$\Theta(mn)$$.

The cache-oblivious algorithm has optimal work complexity $$O(mn)$$ and optimal cache complexity $$O(1+mn/B)$$. The basic idea is to reduce the transpose of two large matrices into the transpose of small (sub)matrices. We do this by dividing the matrices in half along their larger dimension until we just have to perform the transpose of a matrix that will fit into the cache. Because the cache size is not known to the algorithm, the matrices will continue to be divided recursively even after this point, but these further subdivisions will be in cache. Once the dimensions $B$ and $m$ are small enough so an input array of size $$m \times n$$ and an output array of size $$n \times m$$ fit into the cache, both row-major and column-major traversals result in $$O(mn)$$ work and $$O(mn/B)$$ cache misses. By using this divide and conquer approach we can achieve the same level of complexity for the overall matrix.

(In principle, one could continue dividing the matrices until a base case of size 1×1 is reached, but in practice one uses a larger base case (e.g. 16×16) in order to amortize the overhead of the recursive subroutine calls.)

Most cache-oblivious algorithms rely on a divide-and-conquer approach. They reduce the problem, so that it eventually fits in cache no matter how small the cache is, and end the recursion at some small size determined by the function-call overhead and similar cache-unrelated optimizations, and then use some cache-efficient access pattern to merge the results of these small, solved problems.

Like external sorting in the external memory model, cache-oblivious sorting is possible in two variants: funnelsort, which resembles mergesort; and cache-oblivious distribution sort, which resembles quicksort. Like their external memory counterparts, both achieve a running time of $$O\left(\tfrac{N}{B} \log_{\tfrac{M}{B}} \tfrac{N}{B}\right)$$, which matches a lower bound and is thus asymptotically optimal.

Practicality
An empirical comparison of 2 RAM-based, 1 cache-aware, and 2 cache-oblivious algorithms implementing priority queues found that:
 * Cache-oblivious algorithms performed worse than RAM-based and cache-aware algorithms when data fits into main memory.
 * The cache-aware algorithm did not seem significantly more complex to implement than the cache-oblivious algorithms, and offered the best performance in all cases tested in the study.
 * Cache oblivious algorithms outperformed RAM-based algorithms when data size exceeded the size of main memory.

Another study compared hash tables (as RAM-based or cache-unaware), B-trees (as cache-aware), and a cache-oblivious data structure referred to as a "Bender set". For both execution time and memory usage, the hash table was best, followed by the B-tree, with the Bender set the worst in all cases. The memory usage for all tests did not exceed main memory. The hash tables were described as easy to implement, while the Bender set "required a greater amount of effort to implement correctly".

title: Cache-oblivious algorithm


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Talk:Brother (Final Fantasy X)

Formidable blitzball player? He sucks! → Jarlaxle Artemis   03:46, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * xD LOL! Well he was one of the best in my team - shows how good I was at blitzball :P Feel free to change that, but include something about his role in blitzball seeing as its where he features primarily in most people's games. ...He was damn fast though!! :P -Erolos 19:02, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * My best player was Datto. My second-best was Tidus. I managed to get Datto's level into the 90s. I fired Brother because he was too slow, and I hired better players. I also fired Botta and, much later, Jassu. I kept the rest of the Aurochs, though. Oh, and did I mention I equipped Tidus with Jecht Shot? I also won over 150 blitzball games total. Sorry to brag, but I just couldn't help myself. [[Image:Rwl.gif]]  →  Jarlaxle Artemis   03:04, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

Removed the "despite being her cousin"-part. Seeing as the "incest"-taboo surounding cousins is more of an american phenomenon than a global (in all of Europa it is not forbidden to marry even a first degree cousin) it has no place in an encyclopedia for an english-speaking audience which is not US-exclusive

I'm British, and I'm fairly certain I wouldn't be a respected member of society if I married my cousin. It IS a taboo! SAM-EL

Added a trivia section for him, revealing fun, random, yet completely useless facts. HS Yuna 19:49, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Brother (Final Fantasy X)


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Toronto dollar

The Toronto dollar was a paper local currency used in Toronto, Ontario from 1998-2013. It had fixed exchange rates with the Canadian dollar. A lower exchange rate was used when trading Toronto dollars for Canadian dollars than vice versa, and the income from this disparity was used to fund social benefit programs.

Description
The Toronto dollar, founded in December 1998, is a paper local currency used in Ontario. It has a fixed exchange rate with the Canadian dollar. The Family Life Foundation of Willowdale—a registered Canadian charity—then chaired by the Rev. Lindsay G. King (Minister of Willowdale United Church) was one of the sponsors of the Toronto dollar system. The Rev. King was present at the founding of the TD, at which the Toronto Mayor, Mel Lastman, bought the first Toronto dollar.

The currency is administered by Toronto Dollar Community Projects Inc., a not-for-profit community group, and is a project of St. Lawrence Works.

The currency can be purchased by anyone at a number of locations at a 1-for-1 rate. Local businesses can agree to accept the currency at par with the Canadian dollar. Merchants are free to exchange Toronto dollars for Canadian dollars twice a month, at the rate of 90 cents to the dollar.

As of 2008, a little under 150 businesses accepted the Toronto dollar; most of these were in the St. Lawrence Market and at Gerrard Square.

Charity and poverty reduction
The Toronto dollar varies from most local currencies in that 10% of the funds used when purchasing or redeeming the currency are allocated to benefit community initiatives and groups, particularly those who are on low incomes, unemployed or homeless. As of 2008, the Toronto dollar has helped to raise and donate over $110,000 for local charities, and has given grants to at least 35 different organizations.

The Toronto dollar also provides an incentive for productivity for welfare recipients: Toronto dollars can be given as gifts to welfare recipients who perform volunteer work for charitable and non-profit organizations, and such gifts do not affect welfare benefits.

Discontinuation
In 2012/2013 the group announced that the "Toronto Dollar organization has had to suspend sales of Toronto Dollars due to lack of volunteers and the lack of infrastructure to support the work."

A current lack of an online presence of the Toronto dollar and its program indicates that the currency is most likely not poised for a revival. Several articles from various periods, as late as the 2013 downturn in the issuing and usage of the currency, seemingly confirm this theory. No update to the status of the program or the currency seems to be available via the internet at this time.

title: Toronto dollar


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Jekyll and Hyde (Petra album)

Jekyll & Hyde is the twentieth studio album released by Christian rock band Petra. It was released in 2003 by Inpop Records. It is the most recent studio album released by Petra to date (excluding the Spanish version, released the following year). The music features a progressive metal sound that drew comparison to Dio and Queensrÿche.

The title of the album is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde due to the similar issues of sin and temptation it deals with.

Concept and songwriting
After the release of Revival, Petra's third praise album and their first album with Inpop Records, John Schlitt says fans started sending e-mails to the record company asking them for a more straightforward rock album. Inpop agreed to the idea and they started working on a second album together.

Schlitt has said that the record company encouraged Petra founder, guitarist and main songwriter Bob Hartman to "write those songs that you're used to writing. Don't try to write like this or try to be like that. Just be you" which motivated Hartman. New bassist Greg Bailey also collaborated in the writing of the song "Would'a, Could'a, Should'a", along with Hartman.

The concept of the album, and its title track, is a reference to Robert Louis Stevenson novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. According to Hartman, it "is an intriguing look at the internal battle between right and wrong. It's about the fighting that goes on inside of us. It's like when Paul said, 'The things I want to do are the things I don't do, and the things I don't want to do are the things that I do.'"

According to Brent Handy, an industry insider that worked with singer John Schlitt on Project Damage Control, "the band thought that Jekyll & Hyde was a make-or-break album".

Recording
With Schlitt and Hartman as the only remaining members, Greg Bailey was hired as bassist. Bailey collaborated in the songwriting of one song and recorded background vocals. However, producer Peter Furler, one of Inpop's founders, decided to use session musicians Wade Jaynes and Phil Joel to play bass.

The album also features Furler on drums replacing long-time member Louie Weaver for the recording. However, temporary drummer Justin Johnson is partially featured on the album booklet. He would tour with the band until permanent drummer Paul Simmons was hired.

Track listing
All songs written by Bob Hartman, except where noted.
 * 1) "Jekyll & Hyde" – 3:04
 * 2) "All About Who You Know" – 2:35
 * 3) "Stand" – 3:19
 * 4) "Would'a, Should'a, Could'a" (words & music by Hartman and Greg Bailey) – 2:58
 * 5) "Perfect World" – 3:13
 * 6) "Test of Time" – 3:00
 * 7) "I Will Seek You" – 2:34
 * 8) "Life As We Know It" – 3:27
 * 9) "Till Everything I Do" – 3:03
 * 10) "Sacred Trust" – 3:52

Awards

 * Nominated for Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album in 2003.

Personnel
Petra
 * John Schlitt – lead vocals
 * Bob Hartman – guitars
 * Greg Bailey – backing vocals

Guest musicians
 * Jeff Frankenstein – programming
 * Wade Jaynes – bass
 * Phil Joel – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Peter Furler – drums, backing vocals,
 * Jamie Rowe – backing vocals

Production
 * Peter Furler – producer
 * Dan Rudin – engineer at Bridge St. Studios
 * Bob Hartman – additional engineer at House of Bob Studios
 * Tony Palacios – mixing at The Sound Kitchen, Franklin, Tennessee
 * Kevin Pickle – mix assistant
 * Richard Dodd – mastering at Vital Recordings, Nashville, Tennessee
 * Clark Hook – cover art and design
 * Jennie Rollings – cover art and design
 * Allen Clark – photography

title: Jekyll and Hyde (Petra album)


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Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)

Eagle Mountain is the highest natural point in Minnesota, United States, at 2301 ft. It is in northern Cook County in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Superior National Forest in the Misquah Hills, northwest of Grand Marais. It is a Minnesota State Historic Site.

Eagle Mountain is only about 12 mi from Minnesota's lowest elevation, Lake Superior, at 600 feet (183 m). It is part of the Canadian Shield. There is also another much shorter peak also named Eagle Mountain in northern Minnesota. The shorter peak is part of the Lutsen Mountains ski resort.

Access
The hike to the summit can be made in about two and a half hours. The distance to the peak is about 3.5 mi with an elevation gain of 550 ft. The trail is rocky and moderately strenuous. Whale Lake is about halfway along the trail and offers two campsites to hikers. The peak of the mountain is marked with a plaque.

Permits are required because portions of this hike enter the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Self-issued permits are available at any Superior National Forest ranger station or at the trailhead. Instructions and the permit can usually be found at the trailhead kiosk.

Among the highest natural points (highpoints) in each U.S. state, Eagle Mountain ranks 37th.

title: Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)


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Imangali Tasmagambetov

Imangali Nurgaliuly Tasmagambetov (Иманғали Нұрғалиұлы Тасмағамбетов, İmаnğаli Nūrğаliūly Таsmаğаmbеtоv, ; born 9 December 1956) is a Kazakh politician and diplomat, who is the current Secretary-General of the Collective Security Treaty Organization since January 2023. He was the Kazakh Ambassador to Russia from 2017 to 2019. He was Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 2016 to 2017 and Minister of Defense of Kazakhstan from 2014 to 2016. He was the akim of Astana from 2008 to 2014 and from 2004 to 2008, as akim of Almaty. Before that, from 2002 to 2003, he was the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan.

Tasmagambetov stated that he resigned as PM after finding out about the falsification of a positive vote of confidence in his administration that was taken on 19 May 2003. His resignation resulted in the dismissal of all members of his cabinet, as required by the Constitution of Kazakhstan.

President Nursultan Nazarbayev replaced Tasmagambetov with Pavlodar Region Akim Daniyal Akhmetov on 13 June 2003. Akhmetov pledged to maintain many of Tasmagambetov's policies.

Tasmagambetov was appointed as head of KazakhGolf Federation on 18 May 2022.

Early life and career
Tasmagambetov was born in the village of Novobogat in Atyrau Region to Nurgali Tasmagambetov (1926–1997) and Dilda Qoqanova (1930–2019). In 1979, he graduated from the natural-geographical faculty of the West Kazakhstan State University, specializing in "teacher of geography and biology." In 1990, Tasmagambetov earned Ph.D in philosophy in his thesis "World outlook aspects of ecological problems". In 1997, he earned doctorate in political science in his dissertation “Social Policy in Transit Political Systems”.

Tasmagambetov began his career in 1973 as a boxing and wrestling trainer at a Children's and Youth Sports School in the village of Makhambet. After graduating, he worked as a teacher of geography and biology at the Makhambet Secondary School.

Early political career
In 1989, Tasmagambetov was elected as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol in Kazakh SSR. In 1991, he became a chairman of the State Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Youth Affairs.

From 1993 to 1995, Tasmagambetov worked as an assistant to the President of Kazakhstan. On 13 March 1995, he became the Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan and from 17 March 1997, he served as the Minister of Education and Culture. That same year, Tasmagambetov was appointed as the Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan and the head of the Organizational and Control Department of the Presidential Administration. In 1998, he became the First Assistant to the President.

On 18 February 1999, Tasmagambetov was appointed as the akim of Atyrau Region and from 17 December 2000, he served as the Deputy Prime Minister in the 4th government.

Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2002–2003)
On 28 January 2002, Tasmagambetov was nominated as the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan by President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who was unanimously approved by the Parliament. While serving as the PM, he faced controversy over the issue privatization of land that was supposedly favor the wealthy. Tasmagambetov announced his resignation on 11 June 2003, stating that the parliamentary vote of no confidence that took place on 19 May 2003 was falsified. As a result, he was appointed as the State Secretary of Kazakhstan on 13 June 2003.

Post-Premiership
He served that position until he was dismissed on 9 March 2004. The following day on 10 March, Tasmagambetov was appointed as the head of the Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan and was removed from the post on 7 December 2004.

Äkim of Almaty (2004–2008)
On 8 December 2004, Tasmagambetov became the äkim of Almaty. Under his tenure, a first recycling waste plant was opened in the country. 2.5 million square meters of housing were built (18,202 apartments). Five schools and outbuildings were opened, two kindergartens were commissioned, and three health facilities were built. Restoration work was carried out on 33 monuments of history and culture.

Äkim of Astana (2008–2014)
From 4 April 2008, he served as the akim of Astana. While holding that post, Tasmagambetov was chosen to be the chairman of the Astana City Branch of Nur Otan on 19 May 2008. Astana became the first place in the provision of housing to the population. The number of problem sites was reduced from 243 to two. In 2012–2013, two hospitals and two polyclinics were commissioned. The opera and ballet theater Astana Opera and the Palace of Schoolchildren were built, while the construction of the cathedral mosque Hazrat Sultan Mosque began. A locomotive plant, a plant for the production of reinforced concrete products, pipes made of polymer materials, and helicopter plant were commissioned and put into operation.

Defense and Deputy Minister (2014–2017)
From 22 October 2014 to 12 September 2016, Tasmagambetov served as a Minister of Defense under Massimov. The following day on 13 September, he was appointed as a Deputy Prime Minister again in Sagintayev's cabinet.

Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Russia (2017–2019)
On 3 February 2017, Tasmagambetov became an Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Russia to where he presented his credentials to Russian President Vladimir Putin on 16 March 2017. His sudden appointment to the position led to suspicions that Nazarbayev felt politically threatened by his ally, as the move rendered Tasmagambetov constitutionally prohibited from running for President. He served in the role until 18 December 2019, when by the decree of President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Tasmagambetov was removed from his post, dismissed from public service and sent to a retirement pension.

Secretary General of CSTO (2023–)
On 1 January 2023, Imangali Tasmagambetov started his term as the Secretary General of the CSTO, replacing Belarusian Stanislav Zas and making him the first Kazakhstani person to hold the title.

Kazakhstan

 * Order of Parasat
 * Order of Nazarbayev
 * Medal "10 years of Astana"
 * Order of the Leopard
 * Medal "20 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan"

Foreign

 * Order of Friendship (Russia)
 * Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow (Russia)
 * Order of Glory and Honor (Russia)

title: Imangali Tasmagambetov


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Essence (magazine)

Essence (stylized in all caps) is an American monthly lifestyle magazine covering fashion, beauty, entertainment, and culture. First published in 1970, the magazine is written for African-American women.

History
Edward Lewis, Clarence O. Smith, Cecil Hollingsworth and Jonathan Blount founded Essence Communications Inc. (ECI) in 1968. It began publishing Essence magazine in May 1970. Lewis and Smith called the publication a "lifestyle magazine directed at upscale African American women". They recognized that black women were an overlooked demographic and saw Essence as an opportunity to capitalize on a virtually untouched market of black women readers. Its initial circulation was approximately 50,000 copies per month, subsequently growing to roughly 1.6 million. Gordon Parks served as its editorial director during the first three years of its circulation.

In 2000, Time Inc. purchased 49 percent of Essence Communications Inc.

In 2005, Time Inc. made a deal with Essence Communications Inc. to purchase the remaining 51 percent. The deal placed the ownership of the 34-year-old Essence magazine, one of the United States' leading magazines for women of color, under widespread ownership, rather than black ownership. In January 2018, the magazine returned to a fully black-owned publication after its acquisition by Richelieu Dennis, the founder of Sundial Brands.

In 2020, Black Female Anonymous, a group made up of former and possibly current Essence employees, published a Medium article alleging sexual harassment claims against Dennis, as well as egregious claims of bullying and mistreatment of employees by members of the C-Suite. Following the Medium post, an investigation was launched into the claims.

As a result of the Coronavirus pandemic, Essence furloughed staff in 2020 after receiving a PPP loan from the government.

Contents
In "Black Womanhood: Essence and its Treatment of Stereotypical Images of Black Women," professors stated that diverse images of black women are not often included in white magazines and media but that those black women can see themselves in different lights in Essence. The magazine features sections called Celebrity, Fashion, Beauty, Hair, Love, and Point-of-View. The magazine has covered topics from family, to social issues in the African-American community, African-American women in the military, and being HIV positive. Celebrities including Michelle Obama and the late Whitney Houston have appeared on the cover and been featured in the magazine through interviews and photo spreads. Originally launched primarily as a fashion magazine, Essence has grown to be a guideline for African-American women in many aspects of life.

Frequent contributors, including current editor-in-chief Vanessa K. De Luca, provide advice for the business-minded black woman.

Format
The online version of the magazine opens with large images that also display links to main articles. Scrolling farther the down, viewers of the site will find "Top Stories", "Hot Right Now", and other sections. There are tabs to the various categories of the publication's material, including "Celebrity," "Fashion," "Beauty," "Hair," "Love," "Lifestyle," "News", and "Videos".

Several spots on the website provide links to the magazine's social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, YouTube, Instagram, and Google Plus. The bottom of the page presents a "From the Mag" section that features content from the magazine.

Imagery in advertisements
Essence issues in the early 2000s featured mostly black woman models with lighter skin complexions. The magazine then began to include a greater number of models with darker skin complexions.

In terms of hair types, long and wavy hairstyles were almost equally represented as short and curly styles. The sizes of the noses and lips of most of the models were considered average. The bodies of the models were not often displayed. When they were, thinner and average body types were more likely to be shown than fuller body types.

These observations rose out of a study titled "Race and Gender in the Media: A Content Analysis of Advertisements in Two Mainstream Black Magazines." They were then used to comment on what the image practices of Essence may say about how black media represents black people, chiefly black women, and how these representations may reflect and reveal larger truths about how black people themselves.

Circulation

 * Rate base: 1,600,000
 * Subscriptions: 78%
 * Single-copy sales: 22%

Essence Music Festival
The Essence Music Festival is the nation's largest annual gathering of African-American musical talent, and has been going on annually since 1994 in New Orleans, bringing more than 400,000 people. The festival is a three-day event, that includes cultural celebrations, empowerment seminars, and nights of musical performances. Awards honoring prominent musicians in the African-American community are celebrated during the festival as well. The festival is held every Fourth of July weekend, and has featured some of the biggest names in music, including Prince, Beyoncé, Patti LaBelle, Mary J. Blige, Lionel Richie and others.

In 2007, presidential candidates Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton made special appearances at The Essence Music Festival, and in 2009 the festival was held in honor of Barack Obama's inauguration and presidency, with Beyoncé as the headliner. In 2008, after partnering with Essence to develop and tape a co-branded special presentation Black in America: Reclaiming the Dream, CNN reported live on-site throughout the Music Festival weekend.

In 2013, the Essence Music Festival rebranded to the Essence Festival to showcase the event as more than a music festival.

In 2016, the first ever associate event to the Essence Festival was announced – Essence Festival Durban – set to take place in Durban, South Africa on November 8–13. Essence President Michelle Ebanks commented at the time, "This is a milestone year for the Essence brand as we get ready to bring one of our most beloved events to the heart of South Africa in the coastal city of Durban which represents an exciting mix of cultures. This inaugural Essence Festival Durban will bring together voices of influence and power from the continent of Africa, the U.S. and across the globe to connect communities and empower women spanning the diaspora."
 * 2017

Activism
In January 2005 Essence launched a 12-month initiative to combat misogyny in hip-hop culture. The campaign, titled "Take Back the Music", was intended to inspire public dialogue about the portrayal of black women in rap music. Essence also holds a Young Women's Leadership Conference, and released a book in 2009 titled Essence Presents: The Black Woman's Guide to Healthy Living.

Black Women In Hollywood Awards
This long-running award event, held each February on the Thursday before the Oscars, began in 2008 and continues to this day. His ceremony annually honors black women who have achieved success in Hollywood.

In the event's first decade, awards were presented in several categories. Beginning in 2017, the event had a single theme and individuals were honored, with no specific award titles.

2008

 * Power Award: Jada Pinkett Smith

2009

 * Legend Award: Diahann Carroll
 * Power Award: Halle Berry
 * Star to Watch Award: Taraji P. Henson
 * Visionary Award: Gina Prince-Bythewood

2010

 * Breakthrough Performance Award: Gabourey Sidibe
 * Legend Award: Cicely Tyson
 * Power Award: Queen Latifah
 * Songstress of the Year: Mary J. Blige
 * Star to Watch Award: Zoe Saldana

2011

 * Viola Davis
 * Loretta Devine
 * Angela Bassett
 * Jennifer Hudson

2012

 * Breakthrough Performance Award: Octavia Spencer
 * Legend Award: Pam Grier
 * Shining Star Award: Paula Patton
 * Vanguard Award: Kerry Washington
 * Visionary Award: Shonda Rimes

2013

 * Breakthrough Performance Award: Quvenzhané Wallis
 * Power Award: Oprah Winfrey
 * Shining Star Award: Naomie Harris
 * Alfre Woodard

2014

 * Breakthrough Performance Award: Lupita Nyong'o
 * Trailblazer Award: Cheryl Boone Isaacs
 * Visionary Award: Ava DuVernay

2015

 * Breakthrough Performance Award: Gugu Mbatha-Raw
 * Fierce and Fearless Award: Regina King
 * Visionary Award: Ruth E. Carter

2016

 * Fierce and Fearless Award: Tracee Ellis Ross
 * Power Award: Nina Shaw
 * Legend Award: Debbie Allen

2018

 * Honorees: Tiffany Haddish, Lena Waithe, Danai Gurira, Tessa Thompson

2019

 * Theme: The Power of our Presence: Art and Activism
 * Honorees: Amandla Stenberg, Jenifer Lewis, KiKi Layne, Regina Hall

2020

 * Honorees: Niecy Nash, Melina Matsoukas, Lashana Lynch, and the cast of Pose, along with its executive producer Janet Mock

Essence Literary Awards
The first and only Essence Literary Awards ceremony was held in New York City on February 7, 2008, to celebrate both emerging and established African-American authors in nine categories: Fiction, Memoir, Inspiration, Non-fiction, Current Affairs, Photography, Children's Books, Poetry and Storyteller of the Year. The honorees were as follows:

 * Children's Books: Marvelous World by Troy Cle/Simon & Schuster's Children's Publishing
 * Current Affairs: An Unbroken Agony by Randall Robinson/ Basic Civitas
 * Fiction: The Pirate's Daughter by Margaret Cezair-Thompson/Unbridled Books
 * Inspiration: Quiet Strength by Tony Dungy/Tyndale
 * Lifetime Achievement: Terry McMillan
 * Memoir: Brother, I'm Dying by Edwidge Danticat/Knopf
 * Non-fiction: Supreme Discomfort by Michael Fletcher and Kevin Merida/Doubleday
 * Poetry: Duende by Tracy K. Smith/Graywolf Press
 * Photography: Daufuskie Island by Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe/University of South Carolina Press
 * President's Award: Reposition Yourself by T.D. Jakes/Atria
 * Storyteller of the Year: L.A. Banks
 * Save Our Libraries: Countee Cullen Regional Library in Harlem

Awards received by Essence

 * 1970: National Magazine Award for Fiction for Hortense Spillers' "Isom"
 * 2008: AdAge American Magazine Vanguard Award for "magazines that are innovating smartly beyond print."
 * 2008: 12 New York Association of Black Journalists awards in the Investigative, General Feature, International, Business/Technology, Science/Health, Arts and Entertainment, Personal Commentary, Public Affairs and Online categories.
 * NABJ Magazine Specialty Award – This award was received for their two part series "The Story of AIDS in Black America"
 * NABJ Magazine Award for Business – This award was received for their Essence Home Ownership Campaign.
 * 2010: NABJ Award for Investigative writing for Angela Burt-Murray, Jeannine Amber, Rosemarie Robotham's "Lost Girl"; Single Topic Series for "Realizing the Dream"

Controversy
The 2005 purchase of Essence Communications Inc. marked the first time an African-American magazine would be owned by a white man, sparking controversy because of the company's 34 years under African-American ownership.

In 2011, the magazine engaged with controversy when the editor-in-chief, Constance C. R. White, announced that the magazine's new managing editor was a white male by the name of Michael Bullerdick. White assured readers that Bullerdick had no control over the content of the magazine and was only to oversee the day-to-day operations of the magazine. In April 2012, Bullerdick parted ways with the magazine after politically conservative views that ran counter to what Essence has historically stood for were discovered on his private Facebook page.

In July 2020, controversy rose again when anonymous magazine staffers alleged mistreatment and abuse under the leadership of Richelieu Dennis. In a post called "Black Female Anonymous" on Medium, it is alleged that senior staffers subjected black female employees to sexual harassment, pay inequity and bullying. Dennis subsequently stepped down and named Caroline Wanga as interim CEO.

Editors

 * Ida E. Lewis (1970–1971)
 * Ruth Ross (1975)
 * Marcia Ann Gillespie (1971–1980)
 * Susan L. Taylor (1981–2000)
 * Monique Greenwood (2000)
 * Diane Weathers (2000–2005)
 * Angela Burt-Murray (2005–2010)
 * Sheryl Hilliard Tucker (2010-2011)
 * Constance C. R. White (2011–2013)
 * Vanessa K. De Luca (2013–2018)
 * Danielle Cadet (2022 - present)

title: Essence (magazine)


text:
Nancy Shanks

Nancy Shanks (c. 1956–2019) was an American singer.

Shanks was the vocalist for the earliest but short-lived lineup of the all-woman band Vixen after changing its name from Genesis (formerly Lemon Pepper), initially playing pop rock. Vixen is known for featuring the band's founder Jan Kuehnemund on lead guitar.

Shanks sang backing vocals on several of Tori Amos' albums, such as Little Earthquakes and Y Kant Tori Read.

Shanks also performed the song "Trials of the Heart" on the soundtrack for the film About Last Night..., and duetted with Danny Peck on the song "I Burn for You" on the soundtrack for the film The Secret of My Success.

Shanks died in May 2019 of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) at the age of 63.

title: Nancy Shanks


text:
São João del-Rei

São João del-Rei is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Minas Gerais. Founded in 1713 in homage to king John V of Portugal, the city is famed for its historic Portuguese colonial architecture. The current population is estimated at 90,225 inhabitants.

Geography
It is located in the drainage basin of the Rio Grande and its terrain is located in the Mantiqueira mountains. It is a centre for the cities in the south and southeast of Minas Gerais.

The municipality contains part of the Ritápolis National Forest.

According to the modern (2017) geographic classification by Brazil's National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the municipality belongs to the Immediate Geographic Region of São João del-Rei, in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Barbacena.

Districts
The municipality has five rural districts.

 * Rio das Mortes
 * São Gonçalo do Amarante
 * São Miguel do Cajuru
 * Emboabas
 * São Sebastião da Vitória

History
The city was founded by the bandeirantes; Tomé Portes del-Rei is considered the city's founder. The original small village situated in southern Minas Gerais was created as a staging post on the Estrada Real, a trade route from the coast at Paraty to cities in the central region of Minas Gerais such as Ouro Preto, Mariana and Conselheiro Lafaiete. Later huge amounts of gold were found near the city itself.

Culture
Today, São João del-Rei is a university town. The campus of the Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ) and a number of other educational institutions are present in the city. A second medical school is to be established at the University.

The city has many famous religious festivals through the year, most of them preserving the way it was celebrated by the time of the foundation, with baroque music and special celebrations that attracts tourists from all over the world, particularly during Holy Week, when the town receives the greatest influx of visitors.

Tourism
The city is 12 km from Tiradentes. Other historical cities in Minas Gerais are Ouro Preto, Diamantina, Mariana, Congonhas and Sabará.

Cathedrals and churches

 * Catedral Basílica Nossa Senhora do Pilar (1721), a Minor Basilica, dedicated to Our Lady of the Pillar, the episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of São João del Rei.
 * Our Lady of Rosário (1720)
 * Our Lady of Carmo (1733)
 * Our Lady of Mercês e Bonfim (1769)
 * São Francisco de Assis (1774)
 * Santo Antônio (Senhor dos Montes neighborhood)
 * Nossa Senhora da Piedade do Bom Despacho

Sports
The city is home to Athletic Club (1909), an association football team that plays in the First Division of Campeonato Mineiro, along with Cruzeiro, Atlético and América.

Folk

 * Tiradentes, national hero

Sports

 * Thiago Galhardo, association football professional player

Entrepreneur

 * Nadir Dias de Figueiredo, glass industrialist

Writers

 * Otto Lara Resende, writer (chronicler)
 * Bárbara Heliodora, writer and thinker from Inconfidência Mineira

Music

 * Chico Lobo, composer of viola caipira

Politicians

 * Tancredo Neves, former president of Brazil
 * Manuel Jacinto Nogueira da Gama, Imperial senator

Catholic Church

 * Blessed Francisca de Paula de Jesus, Afro-Brazilian Catholic laywoman
 * Antônio de Almeida Lustosa, Archbishop of Fortaleza, Servant of God
 * Lucas Moreira Neves, Catholic cardinal
 * Miguel Afonso de Andrade Leite, Catholic priest, Servant of God
 * José Maria Xavier, sacred music composer and Catholic priest

Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas
São João del-Rei was an important station on the Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas, a narrow gauge railway characterised by woodburning steam locomotives, and the location of a major roundhouse. The station and surrounding facilities have been turned into Brazil's largest railway museum, and a tourist railway operates from the station to the well preserved colonial town of Tiradentes.

title: São João del-Rei


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Staffordshire


text:
Central Bank of Manchou

The Central Bank of Manchou (Japanese Hepburn: Manshū Chūō Ginkō), was the central bank of the Japan-sponsored state of Manchukuo. The bank was established by the Bank of Manchukuo Act at Xinjing (today Changchun) on 11 June 1932, as a joint stock company with a capital of 30,000,000 yuan, with the government holding at least 25% and at most 50% at any time. The bank officially opened its doors for business on July 1 as the amalgamation of the four note-issuing banks active in Manchuria prior to that time, namely: the Bank of the Three Eastern Provinces, the Bank of Jilin, the Bank of Heilongjiang and the Frontier Bank, controlled by local warlord Zhang Zuolin. It was later revealed by audits that acquiring the four previous banks of Manchuria to be financially irresponsible as the Central Bank of Manchou held a deficit of 30,000,000 yuan in combined liabilities, but the action was deemed necessary as it was the only way to get rid of the overabundant currency issued by those banks in Manchuria in order to create a better foundation for the new Manchukuo yuan. When the Central Bank of Manchou was created it had a sufficient number of gold reserves for the new currency and paid out a dividend of 6% to investors, the stable value of the Manchukuo yuan was a major contributing factor for the development of the economy of Manchukuo.

The principal functions of the Bank were to act as a repository for the funds of the Manchukuo State Treasury, control the money market, unify the monetary system of Manchukuo and stabilize its currency. However, the Bank also engaged in ordinary banking business such as granting agricultural, industrial and commercial credit. In addition, the Bank served as Japan's agent in Manchukuo with the withdrawal of the Korean Bank of Chosen from the region. With its head office in Xinjing, the Bank had nearly 140 branches throughout Manchukuo, China and Japan proper.

Pursuant to the Currency Law of 1932 which authorized the creation of the Bank, Manchukuo adopted a unit of currency, the Manchukuo yuan, containing 23.91 grams of pure silver, the metal on which Chinese currencies traditionally were based. The Bank was required by its charter to hold as a reserve against its issued notes at least 30% of the value of such issue in gold and silver bullion, reliable foreign currencies and deposits with foreign banks in gold and silver accounts. The Bank's notes were not required to be redeemable in specie. Due to worldwide fluctuations in the price of silver during the 1930s, Manchukuo took the yuan off a silver standard in 1935 and subsequently pegged the yuan to, and later reached approximate exchange parity with, the Japanese yen.

The Bank initially issued approximately 150 million yuan in notes in 1932. By 1936, their aggregate value exceeded 200 million yuan, rising to 300 million in 1937, 400 million in 1938 and 620 million by the end of 1939. Throughout this period about half the value of the issued notes was backed by specie reserves. The notes issued were in five denominations, one hundred, ten, five and one yuan and five jiao (one-half yuan). To keep up with the inflationary pressures typically experienced by Japanese controlled areas towards the end of World War II, a 1,000 yuan note was issued in 1944. In 1948, after the end of World War II, approximately 12 billion yuan of Central Bank of Manchou notes were redeemed by the Tung Pei Bank.

As with Chinese coinage of the time, Manchukuo's coinage was based on the decimal system, one-tenth of the yuan being called the "jiao," one-hundredth called a "fen" and one-thousandth, a "li." Under the Currency Law the Central Bank of Manchukuo was authorized to mint 1 jiao and 5 fen coins of a nickel-copper alloy; and 1 fen and 5 li'' coins of a copper-tin-zinc alloy.

Dating system
Manchukuo was established in March 1932 with Puyi assuming the title of Chief Executive of the new state using the era name of "Datong" (Wade-Giles: Ta-tung; 大同). Following the traditional dating system based on the year of the ruler's reign, the year 1932 became the first year of Datong. Two years later, Manchukuo was changed into an empire, with Puyi ascending the throne as Emperor of Manchukuo under the reign title, "Kangde" (Wade–Giles: Kang-te; 康德). Accordingly, 1934 was designated the first year of Kangde, while 1942 was the ninth year of Kangde.

title: Central Bank of Manchou


text: Category:Education in Staffordshire

title: Category:Education in Staffordshire


text:
User talk:CowsCanBark

thanks for working on some metal articles. Could you edit the page for the images you added, to list the source and use an image copyright tag? Also, consider giving them more useful names than simply "zzk", "146 photo", etc. -leigh (φθόγγος) 03:52, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CowsCanBark


text:
Talk:UFA GmbH

Untitled
Hi:

About Ufa I want to know why if during the cold war it was in the East part, why I remember (and many other people remember) some short films screened as advertising in the 1980's with a logo of the Ufa and a hand holding a camera and talking about the life in Western Germany?

Is it possible that there were tow UFAS? one in the East transfered to the DEFA and another one in the West?

Is there any German say anything about this?

Albert

I answer my own question: there is some reference to this in the German vertion of the article, I can understand some basics ideas about that, but my German is less than basic.

Is there any German speaker who can translate that part and incorporate it in the English article?

UFA on the cinemas It was part of my infantry.

Albert

I changed a date, correcting the reference to the year of Hitler's rise to power, from 1932 to 1933. User:Davidwestling

-- Thought I'd post an explanation about the disambiguation link. I added it because UFA re-directs to this page and the acronym also refers to the high school. Even though these two articles only share an acronym and not a name, the redirect made this the most appropriate place.

Taylor 03:44, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DieUFAStarsImDrittenReich.jpg
Image:DieUFAStarsImDrittenReich.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 02:24, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Altes Ufa Logo.jpg
Image:Altes Ufa Logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:45, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

After WW2
There must be some mistake as to the chronology in the leading article. Ufa kept on producing films under its original trademark and logo well into the 1950s, an example of which is the last film in the 'Sissi' trilogy, with Romy Schneider, that was produced and released in 1957, and features prominently the Ufa logo at the very start. Some form of correction, therefore, does seem to be in order... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.249.202.53 (talk) 02:59, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 22 August 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved to UFA GmbH. While '(company)' is acceptable as a DAB term, it is not clearly preferred to other options in WP:NCCORP. GmbH is specifically mentioned there as one of the options. This phrase seems to allow for its use: "When disambiguation is needed, the legal status, an appended "(company)", or other suffix can be used to disambiguate." The article should not stay at Universum Film AG which is an obsolete name. The company is presumably not an Aktiengesellschaft any more (because it is a unit of Bertelsman): "UFA is the umbrella company for all of the German production activities of FremantleMedia which manages the global production of Bertelsmann’s RTL Group." The company *does* refer to itself as 'UFA GmbH' on the web site at ufa.de. There is an unrelated Swiss company with the name UFA AG. Thanks to Wbm1058 and SMcC for clarifying their opinions in response to my request. EdJohnston (talk) 02:29, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

Universum Film AG → – You should not use "AG" or "SA" in articles. 94.67.59.83 (talk) 09:35, 22 August 2016 (UTC) --Relisting.  Omni Flames ( talk ) 07:56, 31 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I think it should not move for two reasons: The current name of the company is comprised of the initals including the "AG". Moving it to either UFA or Universum Film would both require disambiguation, as Universum Film is also the name of a current film studio. Agathoclea (talk) 11:04, 23 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Move to UFA GmbH
 * 1) WP:NCCORP says the legal status suffix of a company (such as GmbH and AG) is not normally included in the article title. When disambiguation is needed, the legal status suffix can be used to disambiguate.
 * 2) In German Wikipedia, this company is named UFA – and is the primary topic for that three-letter title. Here, UFA is a disambiguation.
 * 3) Per the lead sentence, Universum Film AG is the former name of the company. Why is this at the former name? The current name is UFA GmbH – why not move it there?
 * 4) In the German Wikipedia, Universum Film (Universum Film GmbH) is a different company. There is no English Wikipedia article on this company. — wbm1058 (talk) 02:14, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Move to UFA (company) per NCCORP, WP:DAB, and WP:COMMONNAME, though it's possible a common name argument could be made for Universum Film if the company is better known in English by that name. We pretty routinely allow company articles to follow name changes, on an accuracy basis (a corporate name that is no longer valid is an inaccuracy).  We don't care what de.wikipedia is doing for its German audience; they do not appear to have an equivalent of NCCORP, and routinely include things like "AG" and "GmBH" when en.wikipedia does not.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  20:16, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * You're misreading WP:NCCORP. Wikipedia doesn't routinely include "GmBH" but it is acceptable to use that to disambiguate, as an alternative to (company). I prefer that because, unlike (company):
 * "GmBH" clearly implies German company
 * "GmBH" indicates the type of company; i.e not "AG"
 * It's natural disambiguation, and is a shorter title
 * However, though that's my first choice, I'm willing to settle for (company) if that's what it takes to get this done. A "no consensus" outcome is unacceptable, given my points #3 and #4 above. wbm1058 (talk) 02:54, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Other examples of using "GmBH" for disambiguation:
 * Eurofighter GmbH – Eurofighter redirects to Eurofighter Typhoon
 * SPV GmbH – SPV is a disambiguation page
 * quattro GmbH – Quattro is a disambiguation page
 * MWM GmbH – MWM is also disambiguation page
 * Please don't rebut this argument with a link to Other stuff exists – I do believe that these cases have precedential value, and that this rationale is valid in this context. This is how we should decide cases like this, where the naming convention does not clearly specify whether natural or parenthetical disambiguation should be used. – wbm1058 (talk) 11:33, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I disagree that they do, and would cite that essay. The NCCORP guideline does not suggest one single example of using a foreign term like GmBH as a disambiguation, only English-language ones familiar to our core audience (and in all cases parts of natural-language constructions like Oracle Corporation, Borders Group, and Be Inc., not tacked-on acronyms (even English ones like LLP and LLC); this is surely intentional, and without it, we would have probably thousands of articles disambiguated by GmbH, SpA, S.A., etc., not just a handful that have largely escaped notice.  If you want GmBH to be expressly permitted, I suggest an RfC at that guideline's talk page suggesting addition of such non-English examples. Regardless, the "AG" in the current name should be dropped, because it is no longer accurate, whether we go with  UFA (company), Universum Film (which I would support as a second choice, as common), or (surely not without a NCCORP change) UFA GmBH.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  01:28, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Two proposals
An edit comment by u|68.91.95.84 (currently blocked) in the article's history page, after my recent edits, got me thinking.
 * I feel that the use of UFA rather than Ufa throughout the article detracts considerably from its historical accuracy, and since the entirety of all the reputable books about the old company use the old spelling, I propose retaining the spelling of UFA where it refers to the modern company, and to change to the old historical spelling in the rest of the article, with possibly a note to that effect in the lede.
 * Having looked at the layout, I wonder if there could be two infoboxes: one where it is now, and a second at the start of the History section, about the defunct Universum-Film AG. The new UFA logo could go in the Bertelsmann section where it belongs. MinorProphet (talk) 02:57, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:37, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Ossi Oswalda 1928 Ernst Sandau 001.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:37, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Ossi Oswalda 1928 Ernst Sandau 001.jpg

Ungrammatical sentence
"The resulting concentration on a few large German film companies, which came together to unite production, distribution and presentation under one UFA's managers made severe miscalculations with regard to two large-scale productions, Nibelungen and Metropolis in 1924-1926."

That is certainly not an English sentence. It looks to me like two sentences where the end of the first has been accidentally erased, but I have no idea how it ought to read. Harfarhs (talk) 10:27, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:UFA GmbH


text:
Maitland Steinkopf

Maitland Bernard Strauss Steinkopf (September 10, 1912 – November 22, 1970) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1962 to 1964, and again from 1964 to 1966. Steinkopf was a cabinet minister in the government of Dufferin Roblin, the first Jewish cabinet minister in Manitoba.

Biography
Born at Winnipeg on September 10, 1912, son of Max Steinkopf (1881–1935) and Hedwig Meyer, he graduated in law from the University of Manitoba in 1936. As a student he had organized the athletic board of control and was vice-president of the students' union. Steinkopf was called to the Manitoba Bar in December 1936. He succeeded his father as honorary consul for Czechoslovakia in 1937. He served in the Canadian Forces in World War II, as a private in the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders and a lieutenant colonel with the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps. He served as chairman of a special committee of the Manitoba Legislative Assembly on consumer credit in 1966. He was Chancellor of Brandon University from 1967 to 1970. He was chairman of the Manitoba Centennial Corporation from 1963 until his death of a heart attack on Sunday, November 22, 1970.

He founded the Canada West Shoe Manufacturing Company, and was a president of several companies including Bonded Investments Ltd., L.H. Packard Co. Ltd., Dayton Shoe Mfg. Col. Ltd., and the Tel Aviv Hilton Hotel. Steinkopf was a member of the Canada Israel Development Corporation, and served as chairman of State of Israel bonds in Manitoba. He was also an honorary counsel with the government of Czechoslovakia until 1948. Prior to his election, he assisted the Roblin government in land-development for cultural projects.

Steinkopf was elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1962 provincial election, defeating Liberal Roy Matas by over 1,000 votes in the upscale Winnipeg riding of River Heights. He was appointed to cabinet on June 12, 1963, as Provincial Secretary and Minister of Public Utilities.

In 1964, Steinkopf was implicated in controversial a land assembly payment. Although Premier Roblin later referred to the matter as an innocent technical breach, it was considered serious enough for Steinkopf to resign his position and his seat in the legislature. He was re-elected in a by-election on September 30, and was re-appointed to cabinet on October 8.

During the flag debates of the 1960s, Steinkopf favoured a design competition for a new provincial flag.

Steinkopf did not run for re-election in 1966. He later served as chairman of the Manitoba Centennial Centre Corporation from 1963 until his death of a heart attack on Sunday, 22 November 1970. The Manitoba Centennial Centre Corporation later established the Maitland Steinkopf Youth Fund in 1972 for students in the arts.

In 1947, he married Helen Katz of Chicago and they had six children.

He received a Manitoba Centennial Medal from the Manitoba Historical Society (1970), and was inducted into the Manitoba Order of the Buffalo Hunt (1961) and the Order of Canada (1970).

He died on Sunday, November 22, 1970, from a heart attack.

title: Maitland Steinkopf


text: User talk:152.13.70.210

title: User talk:152.13.70.210


text:
Category talk:Star Wars spacecraft

This would be better called "Star Wars spacecraft", but I can't be bothered renaming it... ··gracefool |☺ 03:56, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)  I personally think the entire categorization system of the ships should be completely redone. Every reference book I've ever read regarding spacecraft categorize them in one of two ways: either by their manufacturer (i.e. Kuat Drive Yards, Seinar Fleet Systems, etc), or according to their class (i.e. "starfighters" or "capital ships" etc). -gregorthebigmac
 * At least, use "Category:Star Wars spacecraft" instead. J 1982 (talk) 21:14, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Star Wars spacecraft


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pachsegink lodge

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Pachsegink lodge
Delete or Merge this is an entry on an individual Boy Scout Lodge. The lodge does not appear to be noteworthy. Perhaps it should be merged with an article on the Boy Scout council that administers the lodge? Ganymead 03:56, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability not established. Megan1967 05:11, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable enough even to be merged Andypasto 08:24, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Order of the Arrow. By the way, it's not a "Boy Scout Lodge;" it's an Order of the Arrow lodge.  Boy Scouts are grouped into councils, not lodges. --Myles Long 16:16, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Yes, before anyone calls me stupid, I do realize that Order of the Arrow is a Boy Scout group.  It's still not correct to refer to a "Boy Scout Lodge," though.  --Myles Long 16:27, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. notability. Mikkalai 19:37, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Rhetorical question

Shelly's question
The closing line of Shelly's poem 'Ode to the West Wind' ends with what is considered a rhetorical question... 'If winter comes can spring be far behind ?' That should be added to this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.79.40.102 (talk) 02:39, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

older entries
How does one start a page called "Rhetorical Question"?

Could it be with an interrogative?

Or is it possible the use of such a figure could be confusing?

I wonder if anyone else in the world wonders such things?

 * Who knows? Slac speak up!  04:41, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Are these the best questions we can think of in a discussion of rhetorical questio

Does a bear shit in the woods?
....

Idioms
The article seems to confuse concepts like idiomatic expressions and figurative speech with rhetorical questions; those concepts have nothing to do with one another. So examples about Australians and non-native speakers don't belong here.

 * Good point. I've removed that stuff.  --C S (Talk) 02:33, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Are you coming the raw prawn? Rhetorical questions are a de facto figure of speech which do indeed have idiomatic variations. I have attempted to clarify the section and provide citations which will hopefully help you understand this topic better.

 * I have to agree, those examples are out of place. "Are you pulling my leg?" very often does prompt an answer, along the lines of "No, I'm serious!"  It's not a rhetorical question at all.  --Reuben (talk) 02:41, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * They don't seem to be epiplexis either. I'm removing the section as it appears to be based on misunderstandings.  I can't find any support for the claims in the sources provided; the Kreuz et al. poster isn't even related to the paragraph it's cited in here. --Reuben (talk) 02:44, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

"Prescriptivists"
I'm removing the claim about "prescriptivists" considering formal use of rhetorical questions a grammatical error, as it's not at all supported by the reference provided. The link does say that the term "rhetorical question" is sometimes used in a way that's technically incorrect, but it doesn't say anything about the correctness of rhetorical questions themselves. --Reuben (talk) 02:32, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Cleaned up
I cleaned this up a bit. I guess a couple of points need explaining: Hesperian 06:03, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I added Does a bear shit in the woods? whilst unaware of the discussion here. I really think this is the most familiar example of a rhetorical question available to us, and should be included here.
 * I removed How many roads must a man walk down before they call him a man? Notwithstanding what Lisa Simpson says, it is not at all clear that this is a rhetorical question. I suggest that including it makes it look like we have a bad case of "Everything I know about literary devices I learned from The Simpsons" (and by the way, I hate to break it to you, but toilets don't' swirl in different directions in different hemispheres)
 * I added a discussion of the many uses in Maria, which contains some good examples and hopefully strikes a nice balance between having literary value and being familiar to many people.
 * I removed "Is Salman Rushdie's phone number unlisted", because this requires somewhat specialist knowledge of the fatwa in relation to The Satanic Verses and its aftermath, and is not in common usage. Rodhull  andemu  00:31, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. This is not at all a good example, because, as you say, it is not well known and not universally understood. Hesperian 00:41, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Funny, one then gets more oblique double-refs --> thus, mixing the pope and bear metaphors, for the humorous, "Does the pope shit in the woods", wouldn't add it though as I have not seen it discussed in RSs...Casliber (talk · contribs) 03:48, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Positive Assertion
I'm curious how a rhetorical question with a positive assertion fits. It's not in the article exactly. As an example (parent speaking to child) "didn't we tell you not to do that?" --D3matt (talk) 18:28, 19 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Structurally this is still negative assertion; the meaning becomes positive because this is negative assertion of a negative statement:
 * Original question: "did we not tell you?"
 * Convert to assertion: "we did not tell you."
 * Negate: "We did tell you!"
 * Hesperian 23:13, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Is the Pope Catholic? No.
Is the Pope Catholic? redirects to this article and is used as an example in the article. Yet for some traditionalist Catholics the answer is no. Is there a better way to word this example? --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 14:45, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

 * It's a rhetorical question. Even if they think the answer is technically no, everyone knows what is implied. That's the point.--94.196.75.180 (talk) 00:55, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Citation needed?
I confused about the citation needed statement here. This is just an example. If a more well-known example of 'or is it?' is needed, this is difficult. OK, it may be original research, but then again, has anyone researched it, or is it just common knowledge? 92.20.160.214 (talk) 09:45, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

'Life of Brian' example
''For example, What have the Romans ever done for us? (Monty Python's Life of Brian) should be read as The Romans have never done anything for us.''

Um, have the editors who wrote this even seen the scene in Life of Brian? It's actually a dramatization of a failed rhetorical question. The expected answer is "nothing," but in fact the humor of the scene is that the question prompts a litany of benefits. It's a parody of conventional political rhetoric that exploits unexamined assumptions. It wouldn't be funny if the answer were actually "nothing." Cynwolfe (talk) 14:51, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

? absolutely is needed
Rhetorical questions in print absolutely do require interrogation marks. Can't you guys get anything right? The use of punctuation marks is part of signalling grammar in transcription. The concept of rhetorical question is one of interpretation. The real question for typographers is whether the emphasis in the spoken form should be reflected in the typographic form (as above). In my experience this is very often done, especially in works of fiction or in reporting actual speech. Macdonald-ross (talk) 11:04, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

the only picture being a political divisive, if not untrue
"where is my vote" "Protest in Germany against electoral fraud in Iran in 2009"

is this really the most appropriate picture one could find? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.73.38.100 (talk) 10:18, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I was the one who put it there and, yes, a\t the time I thought it was an appropriate one. I don't see a valid reason for removing it, only a (rhetorical?) question by 74.73.38.100, and have put it back. Apdency (talk) 20:11, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

"I viewed the Rhetorical Question page from a link on the Wikipedia "Blowin' in the Wind" article (Bob Dylan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature today). When I touched the link on the "Blowin' in the Wind" for the word "rhetorical", I viewed the "Where Is My Vote" picture and wondered what does that mean, is this a mistake? (No irony intended, that was not a rhetorical question.) Seeking some clarification, I looked at the Talk here concerning the use of the "Where Is My Vote" picture, and I agree, is this really the most appropriate picture one could find?  Thinking about it, it seems that the use of a cartoon which poses a rhetorical question would be appropriate to quickly and clearly communicate an example of a rhetorical question (google "rhetorical question cartoon" for many, many examples). An issue involved with the use of a particular cartoon for this purpose would be how "fair use" applies to the cartoon's use on Wikipedia. I realize that there is a Wikipedia page discussing fair use and there is also the Image use policy. This policy might be apparent; however, I would not trust how I might interpret the policy vis-à-vis this specific application. Could someone with expertise address the image use of a cartoon for this purpose? Osomite (talk) 19:18, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

 * If you really can find a better one (or even anoher one just as good) then by all means! In fact go for your life. In the meantime this one is perfectly appropriate - and, with "alleged" added to the caption, its not even POV any more. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 02:20, 20 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Nearly three years later this still seems to be causing unrest - why not just change the caption? It now now longer mentions Germany (or Iran - which one suspects was always the main problem), --Soundofmusicals (talk) 14:10, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

I know this image was evidently added in good faith many years ago. But, as others have noted, it's not a very on-point illustration of the "rhetorical question" concept; and taken out of its original context, it can cause confusion or even suspicions of politically motivated vandalism to the article. As it seems to me an article about a rhetorical device is just fine without an image, I am being bold and removing this one, figuring that in this instance no image is preferable to an iffy one. Jcejhay (talk) 13:07, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Erotema
This seems just to be another name for the same thing. Lady of  Shalott  01:16, 30 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support Liam987  (talk)  03:13, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

I agree DoorOpensCloses (talk) 16:03, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Pacerier (talk) 14:51, 21 June 2015 (UTC): ❝
 * Surely two things are not considered identical just because they seem similar right? I'd suggest we'd get more sources for the Erotema page first. Specifically how the term came about.

 * Also, are there any proper sources for the etymology of the term "rhetorical question"?

Politeness Aspect Should Be Included?
I think the politeness aspect of a rhetorical question is an important and nonobvious information that should be included in this article. Specifically: if a question is answered by a rhetorical question, is this always polite, sometimes polite or always impolite? Because ignoring questions is often considered impolite or disrespectful and I think the rhetorical question typically doesn't clearly imply the answer, so it could be understood as not answering the original question. Is answering a question with a rhetorical question a form of evasion (another Wikipedia article)? What about the verbal abuse aspect: does answering a question with a rhetorical question always, sometimes or never constitute verbal abuse? If someone researches the verbal abuse aspect, please include few citations because the verbal abuse concept is fraught with issues of unclear definition in psychology.

Plea for another mass murderer
I don't like the example of Shakespeare's Mark Antony asking for another Caesar, since Caesar was a terrible warmonger, mass murderer and mass torturer. The widespread ignorance of that should not be fueled by Wikipedia. --2A02:8108:8380:5060:30FB:EABA:2734:F1A7 (talk) 07:30, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rhetorical question


text:
User talk:Anniehall~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Spinboy 03:56, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Anniehall. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Anniehall~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Anniehall~enwiki


text:
Defensor Sporting

Defensor Sporting Club is a sports club based in Montevideo, Uruguay. Founded in 1913, Defensor has several sports sections, with football and basketball being the most important and the ones in which the club has achieved significant achievements in Uruguay and internationally.

It is the third most highest winning club in Uruguay, with 24 official titles, only surpassed by Peñarol and Club Nacional de Football. The club's best performance at the international stage was in 2014, when they reached the semi-finals of the Copa Libertadores, eventually losing to Club Nacional 2–1 on aggregate. They have won the Uruguayan Championship four times: in 1976, 1987, 1991, and 2007-08. Their 1976 title win was especially notable in Uruguay's football history as it ended 44 years of dominance by Nacional and Peñarol.

History
Founded on March 15, 1913, as Club Atlético Defensor, the name of the club was changed in 1989 to Defensor Sporting Club after a merger with Sporting Club Uruguay. They played in the first professional league season in Uruguay, the 1932 Uruguayan Primera División

Defensor has won many qualifying tournaments (Pre-Liguilla) to the Copa Libertadores and has represented Uruguay on numerous occasions internationally. Regarded as one of the teams that creates and develops many players in Uruguay that become successful players worldwide, It is the first club of numerous players like Jorge "Polilla" da Silva, Sergio "Manteca" Martínez, Sebastián Abreu, Andrés Fleurquin, Marcelo Tejera, Darío Silva, Gonzalo Vargas, Diego "Ruso" Pérez, Nicolás Olivera, Martín Cáceres, Maxi Pereira, Álvaro González, and Tabaré Viúdez.

Legendary coach Prof. José Ricardo de León brought Defensor to the national championship in 1976 and originated a football (fútbol) school of thought, consistently criticized as ultra defensive, that is still present nowadays in several teams and coaches.

In September 2007, the club was considered the World's Club Team of the Month by the IFFHS.

Defensor Sporting's most famous supporter is singer/composer Jaime Roos.

Stadium
Defensor plays its home games at its own stadium called Estadio Luis Franzini which has a capacity for 18,000 spectators. The stadium was opened on 31 December 1963, and is located in Parque Rodó, Montevideo.

Rivalries
Defensor Sporting has had a rivalry with Danubio in recent years, because of the two clubs being the next biggest clubs in Uruguay after the historical two: Peñarol and Nacional. Matches between them are called the "Clásico de los medianos" (Spanish for Classic of the Mediums).

Other titles
Titles won in lower divisions:

Performance in CONMEBOL competitions

 * Copa Libertadores: 17 appearances
 * 1977: Group Stage
 * 1980: Group Stage
 * 1982: Group Stage
 * 1990: Round of 16
 * 1992: Round of 16
 * 1994: Round of 16
 * 1996: Round of 16
 * 2001: Group Stage
 * 2006: First Round
 * 2007: Quarter-finals
 * 2009: Quarter-finals
 * 2012: Group Stage
 * 2013: First Stage
 * 2014: Semi-finals
 * 2018: Group Stage
 * 2019: Third Qualifying Stage
 * 2024: First Qualifying Stage

 * U-20 Copa Libertadores: 1 appearance
 * 2012: Runner-up

 * Copa Sudamericana: 8 appearances
 * 2005: Second Round
 * 2007: Quarter-finals
 * 2008: Round of 16
 * 2010: Round of 16
 * 2015: Quarter-finals
 * 2017: First Stage
 * 2018: Second Stage
 * 2023: First Stage

 * Copa CONMEBOL: 2 appearances
 * 1995: First Round
 * 1997: First Round

Notable former players

 * Diego Jaume

Notable coaches

 * 🇺🇾 Hugo Bagnulo (1952–1957; 1960–1961)
 * 🇺🇾 Gregorio Pérez (1983–1984)
 * 🇺🇾 Juan Ahuntchaín (1996)
 * 🇺🇾 Ricardo Ortiz (1996–1997)
 * 🇺🇾 Juan Tejera (2004–2005)
 * 🇺🇾 Jorge da Silva (2005–2009)
 * 🇺🇾 Gustavo Ferrín (2009–2010)
 * 🇺🇾 Pablo Repetto (2010–2011)
 * 🇺🇾 Gustavo Díaz (2011–2012)
 * 🇺🇾 Tabaré Silva (2012–2013)
 * 🇺🇾 Fernando Curutchet (2013–2014)
 * 🇺🇾 Mauricio Larriera (2015–2016)
 * 🇺🇾 Eduardo Acevedo (2016–2018)

title: Defensor Sporting


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Calum Marsh

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. --Spinboy 18:56, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Calum Marsh
Vanity, non-notable. Fails the pokemon test. Delete. --Spinboy 03:58, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment"Calum Marsh" gets about 82 Google hits, but only from 9 pages, the rest being omitted results from similar pages. He appears to be a real guy, who's made real films.  Anyone in Canada able to shed light on this?-LtNOWIS 05:07, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability not established. Megan1967 05:12, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I attend Carleton University, and Calum Marsh is a considerably well-known director here. His film just premiered at our film festival a few weeks ago. I think he's also a writer or something too for the newspaper.
 * Do Not Delete, established enough to justify notation. He is notably well-known in Ontario.
 * Comment was left by 134.117.185.17. --Spinboy 05:36, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.Not notable. Would like to get input from a Canadian, though. -Casito⇝User talk:CasitoTalk 05:43, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I am Canadian, and I've never heard of him. --Spinboy 05:49, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I am a Canadian, and I'm familiar with the director and his films. --JohnMarkham 01:59, 21 Apr 2005 (EST)
 * I also live in Ottawa, and I don't attend Carleton University. The people who created or worked on thie article seem to be CU students, if not Calum himself. --Spinboy 06:00, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Karl Dietz I'm in Ottawa, I've heard of Marsh. I think he's doing some filming in our part of town next (the "Nepean")Do not delete
 * That was from User:Karl dietz. --Spinboy 06:06, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Karl, did you already vote as the numbered user up there? --Spinboy 06:06, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete: I attend Ottawa University and have heard of both this director and his most recent film. --Flabergasted 06:06, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Ottawa University is in Ottawa, Kansas.  The accredited universities in Ottawa, Ontario are Carleton University and the University of Ottawa.  You'd think a student there might know the name of the school.... --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 18:27, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I attend Carleton, and have never heard of him. Don't know if that's reason enough to delete him. -- [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Earl Andrew - talk 06:09, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I notice how many new users are suddenly voting on this. I cannot help but wonder how many of them are the same person. --Spinboy 06:11, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Goodnight ya morons! Johnmarkham 06:55, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC) Delete: First of all the article isn't verry notable, second of all the user uses Sock Puppets to defend the article (Notice how a majority of them use "Do not delete" instead of "Keep" when voting) third of all the user resorts to making lame personal attacks (claiming we are "Nerds" and "Not Notable") also in one he claims that he made the whole thing up (which I doubt is true but still...)Deathawk 22:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers You may enjoy this Spinboy.
 * That's from User:Ottawa99. And I've read it. I'm still allowed my opinion that the same person is voting here under different names. --Spinboy 06:19, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sock puppets are not welcome in wikipedia. -- [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Earl Andrew - talk 06:20, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I assumed that you had read it; but there is no need to be so suspicious in such a simple process of voting. It would be perfectly reasonable to assume that you have several other accounts which you are using to vote against this, but no respectful person would make such an aligation. Ottawa99 06:22, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I am deeply offended by that. I DO NOT HAVE another account. NO PERSONAL ATTACKS. --Spinboy 06:26, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Uh, I'm pretty sure that I exist. Maybe I should check again? Johnmarkham 06:24, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: You have been listed as a sockpuppet of User:JohnMarkham -- [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Earl Andrew - talk 06:40, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Xezbeth  06:50, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Guess what? This was all a less-than-elaborate joke. Hope you had fun wasting your time discussing it you friggin' nerds. So go ahead and delete it and ban this account and all of the others because it's all a sham. Calum Marsh is the figment of your imagination and does not exist. The Charlatan is a fake paper and he never wrote for it. Those articles on the site? Oh those are all fake. And the five films the non-existent Calum made? Yeah those are made up. Those screenshots are photoshopped stills from The Passion Of The Christ.
 * Weather he exists or not isn't being debated. He hasn't done anything worth being included in an encyclopedia. And please no personal attacks. --Spinboy 07:01, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I happen to know the Charlatan exists ;-) -- [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Earl Andrew - talk 07:06, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * He managed to get nerds to discuss it all night, I'd say that's noteworthy Johnmarkham 07:02, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We're not nerds, and that's not notable. Please stop attacking us. --Spinboy 07:03, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless notability established. Showing a film at a student festival just doesn't clear the bar for me.  He's only nineteen—he's still got lots of time to make his mark. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 18:27, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. hoax and sockpuppetcruft.  RickK 19:48, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing from a Google search comes back as anything noteworthy. Saopaulo1 21:46, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Marsh may not have done anything "notworthy" by your standards, but have you? If we google you, would anything other than "wikipedia posting addict" appear? He had done alot, i'm from south of toronto and i've heard of Marsh. I've actually seen a film, so hows the for notable. If he has his film playing basially at different ends of the province, i think thats something. He's ran them at film fextivals, just because they are world renouned ones doesnt mean they arnt something. everyone has to start somewhere and he is notable for doing so. Also, dont you think he deserves something for getting all this talk about him by everyone here? He is far more notable than you,and until you can prove you've done something remotely close to his success, why woulud you care so much if he's deleted?--sades1313 01:23, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Most of us haven't done anything notable, and there isn't an article on us in Wikipedia either. --Spinboy 01:26, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability. Jayjg (talk) 06:33, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The fact the anons aren't even using correct VfD terminology says it all. Hedley 22:23, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) Speedy delete as hoax. Hedley 22:24, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Devan Nair

Untitled
The person is question is almost universally referred to as just "Devan Nair", so that's the correct name for the article. The Chengara Veetil bit, which I'd never even heard of before Wikipedia, is trivia and can stay in the content. Jpatokal 03:58, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC) The C.V. is far from "trivial" - it relates to family of origin Drrian (talk) 03:06, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

Is this the same Devan Nair that got arrested?
That's my question: I read somewhere that he got arrested during the late 1950's, for among other things, along with Lim Chin Siong for being involved in stirring unrest. Is this the same one? I just got confused, because only now did I realise if that if they were two separate persons, they have the same name. -- Natalinasmpf 20:18, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, the union leader C V Devan Nair. Thats the turning point of his political carrer as well, when he realised the leader of PAP is one that is reliable and persistent, and decided he will align to him and although with much hesistation over the reducing of his militant stand, he eventually become NTUC founder. He was a close ally of Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan during the pre-merge years though, and turning against them when Lim and Fong form the Barisan Sosaslis. Slivester 15:56, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Is this person's Mr. Devan Nair family relatives still lving in Tellicherry nearby Champad??
That's my question: As per my knowlege, am from Champad, still his relatives are in my native place.

I came to know his ancetors belongs to cherukunnu in kannur district.

I would be interested in any knowledge of his ancestors/relatives from Kerala - please message me (Nair relative) Drrian (talk) 03:09, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

RE: Malaysian fondling incident
This has been removed, it is fact, and while not very flattering adds to the page and insight into the circumstances surrounding his resignation. I believe that it should be included no matter what other "on high" reasons you might give for not including it.
 * How do you know it is a fact? Is there an independent source or multiple sources on this? --Vsion 22:30, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Me too(tm). Devan Nair was subjected to serious mudslinging campaign towards the end of his career, I'd like to see where this story is coming from. Jpatokal 05:54, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

For sure. I'm not arguing there, please note tho that the phrasing of my addition did not imply any actual denigration of Devan Nair, nor was it insinuating at all. As noted this was a well publicised story (if you dig up any Malaysian news paper at the time you fill find it. I am unsure how well it was covered in Singapore) it is definitely certain that most Singaporeans know of or had some contact with the story. I am not Singaporean nor Malaysian and tend to believe I have an objective view on this matter. I certainly have no personal interest in it aside from improving the quality of content on Wikipedia. Please let me remind you that this is NOT your baby project to care after it is a social collaborative medium. Regardless of your personal views. (Based on the revision history of this page it's fairly certain that both of you have vested interests in this and other Singapore related topics for some reason). Again the story adds much detail to the type of mudslinging that may or may not have been apparent in his later career.
 * Actually looking at it now... In light of OBJECTIVE independent sources, this article is quite biased in favour of Mr Nair. For instance where is the source materials for the phrasing of his "hotly" denying allegations. If you are going to not allow my fairly well worded addition then you should clean up the rest of the article in the process.
 * No responses so reverting edit.

 * Here's a source for you: . I'd call a libel suit as counterclaim a pretty hot denial, wouldn't you? Jpatokal 12:58, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Appreciate if you could clarify about the timing of the "Malaysian news paper" report you mentioned above. Are these reports made (1) right after the drunk incident, while Nair was still the President, or (2) after he has resigned, or (3) after he was attacked by the govt? Do you remember? I am trying to understand the sequence of event, thks. --Vsion 01:47, 5 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Again, could you clarify the sequence of events. For example the statement "Nair resigned after a number of public humiliations" is not exactly true in Singapore, because he was forced to resign by Lee Kuan Yew before the public knew about the drunk incident which was much later. I'm curious about the timing of the "Malaysian news paper" report you mentioned above. It will help alot if you can remember. --Vsion 15:35, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Devan Nair