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Margate railway station

Margate railway station serves the town of Margate in Thanet, Kent, England. It is 73 mi down the line from London Victoria. The station and all trains that serve the station are operated by Southeastern.

Trains from the station generally run to Victoria via Chatham or to London St Pancras via Ramsgate, Canterbury West and Ashford International. Peak hour trains run to St Pancras via Chatham and Gravesend and to London Cannon Street.

History

Trains first reached Ramsgate in April 1846 when the South Eastern Railway (SER) opened a line from Canterbury. It terminated at Ramsgate SER, later to be called Ramsgate Town. Later the same year the line opened across Thanet to Margate, to Margate SER, (later Margate Sands). Trains from Canterbury for Margate had to reverse at Ramsgate Town; a chord was built bypassing the station in 1864, costing £13,707. St Lawrence for Pegwell Bay railway station was opened in 1864 just before this chord but closed in 1916.

The London Chatham & Dover Railway (LCDR) reached Margate from Herne Bay on 5 October 1863. This called at Margate LC&DR (later Margate West), East Margate (later Margate East), Broadstairs and via a 1630 yd tunnel terminated at Ramsgate LC&DR (later Ramsgate Harbour), located near the harbour and beach.

This arrangement was inherited by Southern Railway on grouping in 1923. To simplify the arrangement in 1926 a new line was opened connecting the SER line from the site of St Lawrence to the LCDR line just south of Broadstairs. The current Ramsgate station and a new station at Dumpton Park were built on this new line. The Ramsgate Harbour station, line through the tunnel, and the Ramsgate Town station and old SER line across to Margate Sands were all closed in July 1926. Margate West station was renamed Margate in 1926. Margate East closed on 4 May 1953.

Until 1967 a service operated between Margate and Birkenhead Woodside via Ashford, Redhill, Reading, Oxford, Birmingham Snow Hill and Shrewsbury. The stock was provided on alternate days by successors to the Southern Railway and the Great Western Railway, being the Southern Region and the Western Region under British Rail. At Ashford a portion from Sandwich, Deal and Dover was attached/detached, likewise a Brighton portion at Redhill.

Architecture
The station was rebuilt in 1926 by the SR's chief assistant architect, Edwin Maxwell Fry. The building is constructed in a monumental classical style from brown brick with a stone dressing and a hipped tiled roof. The booking hall was built in a similar manner, in a distinctive ellipse shape with pendant lighting. It was Grade II listed in 1987.

Cultural references
The station was featured in Only Fools and Horses, in the 1989 episode The Jolly Boys' Outing. Del Boy and Rodney discover the station is closed due to a strike, after being stuck in Margate following their coach blowing up.

Services
All services at Margate are operated by Southeastern using  and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:

 * 1 tph to London St Pancras International via Chatham and Gravesend
 * 1 tph to London St Pancras International via Ramsgate and Canterbury West
 * 1 tph to London Victoria via Chatham
 * 2 tph to Ramsgate

Additional services including trains to and from London Bridge and London Cannon Street call at the station in the peak hours.

title: Margate railway station


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DTS (company)

DTS, Inc. (originally Digital Theater Systems) is an American company. DTS company makes multichannel audio technologies for film and video. Based in Calabasas, California, the company introduced its DTS technology in 1993 as a competitor to Dolby Laboratories, incorporating DTS in the film Jurassic Park (1993). The DTS product is used in surround sound formats for both commercial/theatrical and consumer-grade applications. It was known as The Digital Experience until 1995. DTS licenses its technologies to consumer electronics manufacturers.

DTS, Inc. was acquired by Tessera Technologies Inc. in December 2016 and combined under the newly-created Tessera Holding Corporation. The combined company was renamed to Xperi Corporation in February 2017.

History
DTS was founded by Terry Beard, an audio engineer and Caltech graduate. Beard, speaking to a friend of a friend, was able to get in touch with Steven Spielberg to audition a remastering of Spielberg's film Close Encounters of the Third Kind mixed in DTS. Spielberg then selected DTS sound for his next film, Jurassic Park (1993) and with the backing of Universal and its then-parent Matsushita Electric, over 1,000 theatres in the United States adopted the DTS system.''

Work on the new audio format started in 1991, four years after Dolby Laboratories started work on its new codec, Dolby Digital.

The basic and most common version of the format is a 5.1-channel system, similar to a Dolby Digital setup, which encodes the audio as five primary (full-range) channels plus a special LFE (low-frequency effects) channel for the subwoofer.

Encoders and decoders support numerous channel combinations, and stereo, four-channel, and four-channel+LFE soundtracks have been released commercially on DVD, CD, and Laserdisc.

Other, newer DTS variants are also currently available, including versions that support up to seven primary audio channels plus one LFE channel (DTS-ES). These variants are generally based on DTS's core-and-extension philosophy, in which a core DTS data stream is augmented with an extension stream which includes the additional data necessary for the new variant in use. The core stream can be decoded by any DTS decoder, even if it does not understand the new variant. A decoder which does understand the new variant decodes the core stream, and then modifies it according to the instructions contained in the extension stream. This method allows backward compatibility.

DTS's main competitors in multichannel theatrical audio are Dolby Digital and SDDS, although only Dolby Digital and DTS are used on DVDs and implemented in home theater hardware.

One of the DTS Inc.'s initial investors was film director Steven Spielberg, who felt that theatrical sound formats up until the company's founding were no longer state of the art, and as a result were no longer optimal for use on projects where quality sound reproduction was of the utmost importance. Spielberg debuted the format with his 1993 production of Jurassic Park, which came slightly less than a full year after the official theatrical debut of Dolby Digital (Batman Returns). In addition, Jurassic Park also became the first home video release to contain DTS sound when it was released on LaserDisc in January 1997, two years after the first Dolby Digital home video release (Clear and Present Danger on Laserdisc), which debuted in January 1995. Universal Pictures would exclusively support DTS until late 1997.

In 2008, the cinema division was divested to form DTS Digital Cinema. In 2009 DTS Digital Cinema was purchased by Beaufort International Group Plc. and became known as Datasat Digital Entertainment.

SRS Labs
In 2012, DTS acquired the business of SRS Labs (Sound Retrieval System), a psychoacoustic 3D audio processing technology, including over 1,000 audio patents and trademarks.

Manzanita Systems
In 2014, DTS acquired Manzanita Systems, a provider of MPEG software for digital television, VOD, and digital ad insertion.

Phorus
Phorus, a subsidiary of DTS, Inc., is a Los Angeles-based technology group dedicated to wireless audio for connected devices.

HD Radio (iBiquity)
On September 2, 2015, iBiquity announced that it was being purchased by DTS for US$172 million, uniting iBiquity's HD Radio digital radio broadcast technology with DTS' digital audio surround sound systems.

Theatrical use
In theatrical use, a proprietary 24-bit time code is optically imaged onto the film. An LED reader scans the timecode data from the film and sends it to the DTS processor, using the time code to synchronize the projected image with the DTS soundtrack audio. The multi-channel DTS audio is recorded in compressed form on standard CD-ROM media at a bitrate of 882 kbit/s. The audio compression used in the theatrical DTS system (which is very different and completely unrelated to the home Coherent Acoustics-based DTS Digital Surround format) is the APT-X100 system. Unlike the home version of DTS or any version of Dolby Digital, the APT-X100 system is fixed at a 4:1 compression ratio. Data reduction is accomplished via sub-band coding with linear prediction and adaptive quantization. The theatrical DTS processor acts as a transport mechanism, as it holds and reads the audio discs. When the DTS format was launched, it used one or two discs with later units holding three discs, thus allowing a single DTS processor to handle two-disc film soundtracks along with a third disc for theatrical trailers. The DTS time code on the 35mm print identifies the film title which is matched to the individual DTS CD-ROMs, guaranteeing that the film cannot be played with the wrong disc. Each DTS CD-ROM contains a DOS program that the processor uses to play back the soundtrack, allowing system improvements or bug fixes to be added easily. Unlike Dolby Digital and SDDS, or the home version of DTS, the theatrical DTS system only carries 5 discrete channels on the CD-ROMs. The .1 LFE subwoofer track is mixed into the discrete surround channels on the disc and recovered via low-pass filters in the theater.

DTS technologies
Most DTS consumer codec techniques are documented in ETSI. DTS Digital Surround, DTS-ES, DTS 96/24, and DTS-HD are recorded in ETSI TS 102 114. DTS:X is recorded in ETSI TS 103 491.

DTS Digital Surround

On the consumer level, DTS is the oft-used shorthand for the DTS Coherent Acoustics (DCA) codec, transportable through S/PDIF and part of the LaserDisc, DVD, and Blu-ray specifications. This system is the consumer version of the DTS standard, using a similar codec without needing separate DTS CD-ROM media. As with standard CD players, DVD and Blu-ray Disc players cannot decode audio from DTS audio CDs.

DTS is related to the aptX audio coding format, and it is based on the adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) audio data compression algorithm. In contrast, Dolby Digital (AC-3) is based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) compression algorithm.

Both music and movie DVDs allow delivery of a DTS audio signal, but DTS was not part of the original DVD specification (it was added later in 1997 ), so early DVD players do not recognize DTS audio tracks at all. The DVD specification was revised to allow optional inclusion of DTS audio tracks. The DVD title must carry one or more primary audio tracks in AC-3 or LPCM format (in Europe, MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is also an allowed primary track format). The DTS audio track, if present, can be selected by the user. Subsequent DVD players now decode DTS natively or pass it through to an external decoder. Nearly all standalone receivers and many integrated DVD player/receivers can decode DTS.

A small number of LaserDiscs carry DTS soundtracks. The NTSC LaserDisc format allows for either analog audio only or both analog and digital audio tracks. LaserDiscs encoded with DTS sound replace the LPCM digital audio track with the DTS soundtrack. This soundtrack is output via digital coaxial or optical audio outputs and requires an external decoder to process the bitstream.

For PC playback, many software players support the decoding of DTS. The VideoLAN project has created a decoding module for DTS called libdca (formerly libdts), which is the first open source implementation of DTS.

Sony's PlayStation 3 and Microsoft's Xbox 360 are capable of DTS decoding and output via TOSLINK or HDMI as LPCM. However, HDMI output on the Xbox 360 is only found on the "Elite" model and newer models available since mid-2007, with the release of the Falcon motherboard revision. Also, the Xbox 360 cannot decode DTS from DTS audio CDs. PlayStation 3 consoles can bitstream DTS over HDMI, but cannot decode audio from DTS audio CDs. The newer "slim" models are able to bitstream DTS-HD MA as well, but also cannot decode audio from DTS CDs.

Comparison with Dolby Digital
DTS and Dolby Digital (AC-3), DTS's chief competitor in the cinema and home theatre markets, are often compared because of their similarity in product goals, though Dolby believed that the surround channels should be diffused and DTS said they should be directional. In theatrical installations, AC-3 audio is placed between sprocket holes on the 35 mm film itself, leaving the audio content susceptible to physical damage from film wear and mishandling. DTS audio is stored on a separate set of CD-ROM media, with greater storage capacity that affords the potential to deliver greater audio fidelity and is not subject to the usual wear and damage suffered by the film print during the normal course of the movie's theatrical screening. Disregarding the separate CD-ROM assembly as a potential point of failure, the DTS audiopath is comparatively impervious to film degradation, unless the film-printed timecode is completely destroyed.

Dolby claims its competing AC-3 codec achieves similar transparency at its highest coded bitrate (640 kbit/s). However, in program material available to home consumers (DVD, broadcast, and subscription digital TV), neither AC-3 nor DTS typically run at their highest allowed bitrate. DVD and broadcast (ATSC) HDTV cap AC-3 bitrate at 448 kbit/s. But even at that rate, consumer audio gear already enjoys better audio performance than theatrical (35 mm movie) installations, in which AC-3 is limited to 320 kbit/s. When DTS audio was introduced to the DVD specification, a few studios authored DTS tracks on some DVDs at the full bitrate (1509.75 kbit/s). Most later DVD titles that offered DTS tracks were encoded at 754.5 kbit/s (about half the rate of 1536 kbit/s). At this reduced rate, DTS no longer retains audio transparency. This was done to make room for more audio tracks and content to reduce costs of spreading extra material on multiple discs.

Dolby Digital 5.1 can compress the same data to less, taking up minimal space. Conversely, DTS proponents claim that the extra bits give higher fidelity and more dynamic range, providing a richer and more lifelike sound. But no conclusion can be drawn from their respective bitrates, as each codec relies on different coding tools and syntax to compress audio.

In addition to the standard 5.1-channel DTS Surround codec, the company has several other technologies in its product range designed to compete with similar systems from Dolby Labs. Those which conceptually extend DTS (to add more channels or more accurate sound reproduction) are implemented as extensions to a core DTS Coherent Acoustics data stream. The core stream is compatible with DTS decoders which do not support the extension(s); the extension(s) provide the additional data required to implement the additional functionality.

DTS 70 mm
This is a process designed specifically for playback in motion picture theaters equipped with 70 mm film projection and 6-track surround sound. The 70 mm DTS prints do not have 6-track magnetic striping, so there is no analog backup should the digital sound fail. The time code track on the film is many times wider than the 35mm version, since it can occupy the area formerly taken up by a magnetic track. Theaters with 70 mm DTS frequently install two time code readers for greater reliability.

The gradual disappearance of 70 mm as a common exhibition format has led to DTS-70 being reserved for niche engagements of 70 mm revivals and restorations. Dolby Digital has not been adapted to the 70 mm format.

DTS-ES
DTS-ES (DTS Extended Surround), introduced in March 1999 theatrically and in June 2000 for home theaters ; includes two variants, DTS-ES Discrete 6.1, and DTS-ES Matrix 5.1, depending on how the sound was originally mastered and stored. Both variants are implemented in ways which are compatible with DTS decoders which do not include support for DTS-ES.

DTS-ES Matrix provides 5.1 discrete channels, with a matrixed center-surround audio channel. DTS processors that are compatible with the ES codec look for and recognize "flags" built into the audio coding and "unfold" the rear-center sound from data that would otherwise be sent to rear surround speakers. DTS decoders which do not understand ES process the sound as if it were standard 5.1 and the matrixed audio for the center surround channel is output equally from the two surround speakers (very much as a sound intended to be in the center of the sound field in a stereo recording is played equally by the left and right speakers). This is notated as DTS-ES 5.1.

DTS-ES Discrete provides 6.1 discrete channels, with a discretely recorded (non-matrixed) center-surround channel; in home theater systems with a 7.1 configuration, the two rear-center speakers play in mono. To maintain compatibility with DTS decoders which do not support DTS-ES, the center-surround channel is also matrixed into the left and right surround channels, so that the rear center channel's sound is still present when played in 5.1 on a non-ES system; an ES decoder removes the matrixed audio from these two channels when playing back DTS-ES Discrete soundtracks. DTS-ES Discrete is sometimes notated as DTS-ES 6.1. Only a few DVD titles have been released with DTS-ES Discrete.

In contrast, Dolby's competing EX codec, which also boasts a center rear channel, can only handle matrixed data and does not support a discrete sixth channel; it is most directly comparable to DTS-ES Matrix.

Note: The center-rear/surround channel is encoded and decoded in exactly the same way as the center-front. The center-surround channel can be decoded using any surround sound processor by feeding the left and right surround signals to the processor inputs. The left-Center-Right surround is produced. This will work for a "center-surround" reproduction, whether the source material is explicitly encoded, as in DTS-ES, or hidden as the ambience in any 5.1 sources, including DTS-ES 5.1 and Dolby Digital Surround EX 5.1.

DTS 96/24
DTS 96/24, introduced in May 2001, allows the delivery of 5.1 channels of 24-bit, 96 kHz audio and high quality video on the DVD-Video format. Prior to the development of DTS 96/24, it was only possible to deliver two channels of 24-bit, 96 kHz audio on DVD Video. DTS 96/24 can also be placed in the video zone on DVD-Audio discs, making these discs playable on all DTS-compatible DVD players. DTS 96/24 is implemented as a core DTS stream plus an extension containing the deltas to enable 96/24 sound reproduction.

DTS-HD High Resolution Audio
DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, along with DTS-HD Master Audio, comprise the DTS-HD extension to the original DTS audio format. It delivers up to 7.1 channels of sound at a 96 kHz sampling frequency and 24-bit depth resolution. DTS-HD High Resolution Audio is selected as an optional surround sound format for Blu-ray Disc, with constant bit rates up to 6.0 Mbit/s and 3.0 Mbit/s, respectively. It is intended to be an alternative for DTS-HD Master Audio where disc space may not allow it. DTS-HD High Resolution Audio is implemented as a core DTS stream plus an extension containing the two additional channels plus details to enable 96/24 sound reproduction.

DTS-HD Master Audio
DTS-HD Master Audio, previously known as DTS++, is the second of two DTS-HD audio formats. It supports a virtually unlimited number of surround sound channels, can deliver audio quality at bit rates extending from lossless (24-bit, 192 kHz) down to DTS Digital Surround and, like Neo, downmix to 5.1 or 2.1 systems.

DTS-HD Master Audio is selected as an optional surround sound format for Blu-ray, where it has been limited to a maximum of 8 discrete channels. DTS-HD MA supports variable bit rates up to 24.5 Mbit/s, with up to 6 channels encoded at up to 192 kHz or 8 channels and nine objects encoded at 96 kHz/24 bit. If more than two channels are used, a "channel remapping" function allows for remixing the soundtrack to compensate for a different channel layout in the playback system compared to the original mix.

All Blu-ray players can decode the DTS "core" resolution soundtrack at 1.5 Mbit/s, however, as DTS-HD Master Audio is also implemented as a standard DTS core plus extensions, but cannot decode audio from DTS audio CDs. DTS-HD Master Audio and Dolby TrueHD are the only technologies that deliver compressed lossless surround sound for these new disc formats, ensuring the highest quality audio performance available in the new standards. (DTS Coherent Acoustics' coding system was selected as mandatory audio technology for Blu-ray Discs.)

DTS:X
For each speaker, DTS:X allows the "location" (direction from the listener) of "objects" (audio tracks) to be specified as polar coordinates. The audio processor is then responsible for dynamically rendering sound output depending on the number and position of speakers available. Dolby Atmos uses a similar technique, although the speaker layout employed by cinema DTS:X is the sum of Dolby Atmos and Auro-3D. The layout showcased at AMC Burbank theatre number 8 has a standard eight channel base layer, a five channel height layer on top of the base layer (on the front and side walls) and three rows of speakers on the ceiling. The surround arrays are bass managed by woofers suspended from the ceiling. A first public demonstration was performed at CES 2015 on a Trinnov Altitude32 processor.

DTS Neo:6
DTS Neo:6, like Dolby's Pro Logic IIx system, reconstructs 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, or 7.1 sources to 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1 channel systems. A 7.1 system's 2 rear speakers are mono. Neo:6 is a multi-band decoder, unlike Dolby Pro Logic II's broadband logic steering, meaning that the decoder can enhance more than one predominant signal at a time — provided each predominant signal lies in a different frequency band than the others. The number of bands steered varies in each Neo:6 implementation, with the first decoders steering in 12 separate bands and later units steering up to 19.

DTS Neo:X
DTS Neo:X reconstructs 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, or 7.1 sources to 11.1 front height and width channel systems. Dolby's Pro Logic IIz's system adds only front height channels to the 7.1 configuration. Neo:X also matrix downmixes 11.1 sources to 5.1 or 7.1 channel systems.

DTS Neural:X
DTS Neural:X, like Dolby Surround, is an upmixing technique to serve legacy bitstreams and PCM content by upmixing or remapping them to virtually any speaker layout (in which the sound can come from anywhere around the listener, including above). It is complementary to the DTS:X system, allowing the full use of a DTS:X speaker layout when the content has not been encoded for it.

DTS Virtual:X
DTS Virtual:X creates "phantom" surround or height speakers using psychoacoustic processing of existing soundtracks (including, if needed, the creation of height channels) to allow systems with a reduced number of physical speakers (such as TV soundbars) to provide a more "immersive" experience.

DTS Surround Sensation
DTS Surround Sensation: Previously known as DTS Virtual. It allows a virtual 5.1 surround sound to be heard through a standard pair of headphones.

DTS Headphone:X
DTS Headphone:X is metadata which can be encoded on top of a 2-channel lossy DTS bitstream that reproduces 12 channels of binaural surround sound using any pair of stereo headphones. The head related transfer function is developed by DTS and includes compensation for room cues such as reflection and delay by mapping the acoustic characteristic of the original mixing studio, or other professional audio lab as a reference.

DTS Connect
DTS Connect is a blanket name for a two-part system used on the computer platform only, in order to convert PC audio into the DTS format, transported via a single S/PDIF cable. The two components of the system are DTS Interactive and DTS Neo:PC. It is found on various CMedia soundcards and onboard audio with Realtek ALC883DTS/ALC889A/ALC888DD-GR/ALC892-DTS-CG and SoundMAX AD1988 chips, as well as several cards based on the X-Fi chipset, such as the SoundBlaster Titanium series and Auzentech's X-Fi Forte, X-Fi Prelude, X-Fi Home Theater HD and X-Fi Bravura cards.

 * DTS Interactive: This is a real-time DTS stream encoder. On the PC, it takes multichannel audio and converts it into a 1.5 Mbit/s DTS stream for output. Because it uses the original DTS codec to transmit audio, fidelity is limited to 5.1 channel at 48 kHz, 24bit. More than 5.1 channels, a higher sampling frequency or data rate are not supported, due to the lack of support for DTS variants such as DTS 96/24. It can also be found on some standalone devices (e.g. Surround Encoder). Nearly a dozen titles on the PlayStation 2 feature the "DTS Interactive" real-time stream encoder, such as Grand Theft Auto: Vice City and Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines.
 * DTS Neo:PC: This is a technology based on the DTS Neo:6 matrix surround technology, which transforms any stereo content (MP3, WMA, CD Audio, or games) into a simulated 7.1-channel surround sound experience. The 7.1-channel surround sound is output as a DTS stream for output via a S/PDIF cable port.

DTS Play-Fi
Play-Fi is a wireless protocol for multiroom audio based on the existing 802.11 specification (b/g/n). It emerged in late 2012 as an Android streaming protocol, with iOS support added in September 2013, and Windows support later, including audio/video sync. The first Play-Fi speaker was the Phorus PS1, made by DTS subsidiary Phorus.

Unlike competitors such as Sonos or SoundTouch from Bose, Play-Fi is an open standard and has been adopted by a wide range of brands including Anthem, Arcam, Audiolab, Definitive Technology, Hewlett-Packard, Integra, Klipsch, MartinLogan, McIntosh, Onkyo, Paradigm, Philips, Pioneer, Polk Audio, Rotel, Sonus Faber, Soundcast and Wren. The Play-Fi app supports streaming from the user's device, DLNA servers, via AirPlay and from online streaming services including Spotify, Pandora Radio, Amazon Prime Music, iHeart Radio, Rhapsody, SiriusXM, Tidal, Qobuz, KKBox, QQ Music, and Juke. DTS Play-Fi also introduced a Play-Fi enabled wireless speaker with Amazon Alexa Voice Services built-in under the Onkyo, Phorus, and Pioneer brands in September 2017.

Other Play-Fi capabilities include:
 * grouping speakers for individual simultaneous playback of the same source and so that their volume can be controlled simultaneously
 * grouping speakers in stereo or surround configurations
 * creating zones for playing different audio streams to different groups of speakers
 * streaming line-in input to a speaker group
 * streaming of arbitrary audio output on computers running Windows or Linux with PulseAudio (albeit with a delay and only to individual speakers, as opposed to groups, zones, or stereo configurations )
 * streaming the left and right surround channels of a broadcast or movie to two wireless Play-Fi speakers to be used as surround channels with a Play-Fi enabled sound bar.
 * Ability to stream and decode high resolution audio (up to 96 kHz / 24-bit).

Play-Fi does not support Google Cast, retransmitting Bluetooth input to more than one speaker, or audio streaming in sync with video on non-Windows systems.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: DTS (company)


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Moscow Power Engineering Institute

National Research University "Moscow Power Engineering Institute" (MPEI; Московский энергетический институт) is a public university based in Moscow, Russia. It offers training in the fields of Power Engineering, Electric Engineering, Radio Engineering, Electronics, Information Technologies and Management.

History
MPEI was founded in 1930. In 2011 it obtained the status of National Research University. Therefore, the new official name is National Research University Moscow Power Engineering Institute.

About MPEI
At MPEI there are 12 Institutes, 65 departments, 176 scientific laboratories, research construction bureau and test factory, educational TPP, Solar Power Plant, technical library, stadium "Energia", palace of culture and a swimming pool.

Among the teaching staff there are 7 Academicians of RAS, 262 Science Doctors, 715 Philosophy Doctors.

The Study Campus is in Moscow Lefortovo district. The dormitories for students, health center, canteens, cafes are at the Campus at the Energeticheskaya, Lapina, 1st Sininchkina streets and Energeticheskiy passway. The newspaper Power Engineer, the Radio MPEI and the MPEI TV are all part of students’ cultural ambience.

Student life at MPEI
Standard student's scholarship is about 2,000 rubles. The study week consists of 6 working days. In the first years' vacation time students can participate in the construction camp work and in the senior years practice work at the enterprises is compulsory.

Teaching international students
Foreigners, starting from the 1950s, were entering MPEI without entrance exams. In order to raise their Russian knowledge level, MPEI organized pre-university training courses. Foreigners from 70 countries study at the university.

Cooperation
MPEI is a member of international associations.

Following institutes are subdivisions of the University
More information could be find on the university website: www.mpei.ru
 * Institute of Power Machinery and Mechanics
 * Institute of Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering
 * Institute of Energy Efficiency and Hydrogen Technologies
 * Institute of Electrical Engineering
 * Institute of Electrical Power Engineering
 * Institute of Information Technologies and Computer Science
 * Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics
 * Institute of Humanities and Applied Sciences
 * Engineering-Economic Institute
 * Institute of Remote and Additional Education
 * Institute of Electronics and Nano Electronics
 * Institute of Hydropower and Renewable Energy
 * Military Engineering Institute

Notable students

 * Aleksandr Akimov, chief supervisor of Reactor 4 during failed test
 * Roman Avdeev, Russian businessman, investor, and philanthropist. Owner of Credit Bank of Moscow
 * Alexei Bogomolov, radio engineer, Hero of Socialist Labour, Lenin Prize, USSR State Prize
 * Nikolay Brusentsov, chief designer of Setun, honoured researcher in Moscow State University
 * Vladimir Holstinin, Russian musician, a co-founder of the band called Aria
 * Ion Iliescu, 8th president of Romania
 * Laura Irasuegi Otal, Niños de Rusia, civil engineer
 * Vsevolod Kukushkin, Russian journalist, writer and ice hockey administrator
 * Yan Luguang, Chinese electrical engineer, created China's first tokamak device
 * M. P. Parameswaran, Indian nuclear engineer, writer and educationist
 * Victor Pelevin, Russian fiction writer
 * Li Peng, 4th Premier of China
 * Araceli Sánchez Urquijo, Niños de Rusia and the first woman to work as a civil engineer in Spain
 * King Steve Benjamin Musician
 * Serik Zhumangarin, Kazakh politician.

title: Moscow Power Engineering Institute


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Intervessel

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 22:49, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Intervessel
Advertising, non-notable. Gamaliel 17:56, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, it's, um, just... just a company. Not really a very noteworthy one either. And yes it does sound suspiciously like an ad. Therefore, delete it. Master Thief Garrett 05:20, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Socia mare

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 22:50, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Socia mare
Advertising, non-notable. Gamaliel 17:56, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, it's, um, just... just a company. Not really a very noteworthy one either. And yes it does sound suspiciously like an ad. Therefore, delete it. Master Thief Garrett 05:20, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:GWR Metropolitan Class

Early note
I just disambiged the locomotives on this page en masse. They were all linked to the literal page of their name.

title: Talk:GWR Metropolitan Class


title: User:Ebz123


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MTV Jams Playlists

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 23:19, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

MTV Jams Playlists
I don't consider this encyclopediac. It is just playlists of music videos that were aired on the digital television channel, MTV Jams. Of course, I'm also nominated the sub articles: MTV Jams Playlist For March 30, 2005 and MTV Jams Playlist For March 4, 2005 to be deleted. --Chill Pill Bill 18:00, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A playlist for every day... there's a great idea. Feco 18:02, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jamscruft. -- 8^D gab 19:46, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to wikisource. Hip hop researchers from the future, (assuming hip hop is notable in the future) would find this interesing. Otherwise DeleteKlonimus 23:40, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopaedic, cruft. Megan1967 07:20, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki per Klonimus. Kappa 20:16, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias/open tasks/Linguistics

Linguistics
Many linguistic articles are written exclusively or largely from an Indo-European point of view. In some cases this becomes apparent in the examples provided (Onomatopoeia seems an irredeemable example), while others treat grammatical categories and linguistic terms as if they pertain to English or other well-known Indo-European languages only. This is something that needs to be remedied in an encyclopedia of international scope.

Requests for expansion
(The most common request is to correct a limited (usually Indo-European) point of view.)

A–J

 * Affix. Uses English examples only (!!?). Needs work.
 * Now also includes a Native American language. Still needs work. Johnny Au (talk) 21:59, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Augmentative. Needs more work since there is only one heading, no English examples, and needs more examples from non-Indo-European languages. Currently a stub. Johnny Au 19:05, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Closed class. English-based. Cross-linguistically, there are interesting differences here. In many African languages for example, the class of adjectives is a closed class. On a sidenote, cognitive linguistic views of reasons for the distinction between closed and open classes (e.g. Talmy 2000:413, Langacker) are also worth mentioning.
 * This is very interesting. I would love to see some references of how adj's are in the closed class.  While the open-closed distinction forms the basis for Talmy's model of form (grammatical) vs content, I am not sure where Langacker refers to this. Certainly it is not very prominent in his 1987/1991 texts. mukerjee (talk) 07:22, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Continuous and progressive aspects. First a section on 'the English continuous', then a section treating some other languages, predominantly Indo-European. Issues like this can only be fixed by taking a broader approach to tense and aspect. Overlapping terms would be durative or continuative. — mark ✎ 16:24, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Added information about how continuous and progressive aspects are not the same in some languages, and gave Chinese as an example. —Umofomia 12:27, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Demonstrative. Another subsection of the article on English grammar has gotten its own article. Should be rewritten from scratch.

 * Derivation (linguistics). Could use more international examples.
 * I think I will make some additions here, the Sanskrit tradition had a lot to say on this which remains germane today. mukerjee (talk) 07:22, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Determiner (linguistics). Really should be renamed to 'Determiner (English)' or something like that. Interesting things could be said about determiners and definiteness cross-linguistically.
 * Reworded a bit, less LPOV, de-emphasized English. Desperately needs contrasting examples (please not plain ol' Western IE languages isomorphic with English). --Pablo D. Flores 15:38, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Diminutive. Oh boy, look at the structure. First, English is treated, and then a few other languages (predominantly European) are lumped together under a heading "non-English languages". This needs quite some work. — mark ✎ 16:17, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The headings are now appropriate, since there are headings based on language families and English is now grouped with other Germanic languages. However, non-Indo-European languages are grouped together. Johnny Au 19:02, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Function word. English only. It should be noted that the term 'function word' is per definition largely restricted to isolating languages (and as such is inevitably LPOV, like many Indo-European-inspired linguistic terms).

 * Grammatical tense. Only about the English tense system, only English examples. Should be renamed Grammatical tense (English) or something like that. There is also some overlap with English grammar. Steverapaport fixed this, but it still needs non-English examples. The table of tenses and their uses is a bit unwieldy and hopelessly LPOV. Useful examples: periphrastic/idiomatic "tenses" in Eurolangs; lack of distinction in Chinese; aspect emphasized over tense ibidem. --Pablo D. Flores 15:52, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * See also its talk page. Additionally, cross-linguistic data collection and some brainstorming is going on at Grammatical tense/multilingual sources  — mark ✎ 21:58, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Present tense, Future tense, Conditional tense and Past tense suffer from the same problem. They probably should be renamed to X tense (English).
 * Gerund apparently only exists in English.Macgreco 12:50, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Grammatical aspect. Although the term is based on the work of Indo-European grammarians, it has been used in linguistics worldwide. At present, the article contains mainly English examples and some Serbian ones. Nothing is said about application of the term in linguistics outside the Indo-European language family.

 * Grammatical particle. English-only. Contains a list of English parts of speech considered 'grammatical particles'. I gave it a start by toning down the misleadingly strict definition a bit, but it still needs lots of work.  — mark ✎ 23:35, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Ideophone
 * I just made a start on this one - please review it and suggest improvements on its talk page!  — mark ✎ 22:05, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

K–Z

 * Language death

 * Language revitalization Has many links to current developments; needs copyediting attention to remove ugly cleanup tags at the top! (A non-linguist who can summarize and add references could handle this.) Djembayz (talk) 01:14, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Language shift

 * List of retronyms. Has many US only examples with some UK only examples. Other countries have their retronyms, especially non-English speaking countries. Johnny Au (talk) 19:05, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Metathesis (linguistics). Universal phenomenon. Mainly covers some English sound changes. Could use cross-linguistical examples.
 * Provided examples from Navajo (Athabaskan) and Saanich (Salishan). The Klallam example is not just phonological but grammatical (I dont explain the phono part since it would be complicated). — ishwar  (S PEAK )  03:36, 2005 Mar 28 (UTC)

 * Palatalization. Not bad, but could be more outspoken on occurences of palatalization troughout the world (Berber, Bantu, to name a few). Especially in Bantu, interesting morphophonological things happen involving (among other processes) palatalization.

 * Pleonasm. There was actually an edit warrior who wanted to remove the non-English examples from this article. Fortunately he is gone, but in the aftermath of the battle, this article is in pretty lousy shape, and still needs some non-Indo-European examples.

 * Possessive case. This is actually a fairly good article, even including non-Indo-European concepts like alienable/inalienable possession. The problem is its context and naming. Case is defined as a feature of inflecting languages. Indeed, many languages do not express possession by inflecting the noun (like the case article would suggest). It would be better to merge much of the content of the Possessive case article to something like Possession (linguistics) and to reserve the Possessive case article for languages that actually do show a possessive case. Additionally, all those articles could do with more cross-linguistic examples.
 * Created Possession (linguistics) and moved the relevant stuff there. Possessive case still needs examples, relation to genitive case. --Pablo D. Flores 17:39, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Prefix. Indo-European perspective.

 * Progressive tense. English-only. Don't know what to do with this one; maybe rename to Progressive tense (English), or maybe (considering its size) merge into English grammar.

 * Reflexive pronoun. Mostly English, mentions three other Indo-European languages and one constructed language. Nothing on non-IE languages, no typological perspective (Schladt (1999)'s 'The typology and grammaticalization of reflexives' would be a good source).

 * Rhetoric. Nothing on rhetoric in (say) Sanksrit, or other Indian languages, or for that matter any non-European (e.g. Chinese) culture. The talk page mentions this.

 * Root (linguistics). Corrected and added examples, though a few more would be nice. Someone with more than amateur knowledge of linguistics, please correct me. Added a hook to word stem -- which BTW is not a synonym for root and needs a formal definition. -- Pablo D. Flores 15:17, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Semantic change Do languages aside from English undergo this change? Johnny Au  (talk/contributions) 15:43, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Tone (linguistics). Universal phenomenon. In desperate need of a good definition. Is too Mandarin/Chinese minded. Check the 'what links here' of that page and see why.
 * Improved it by adding a section on different notational systems. Still needs much work. — mark ✎ 16:07, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Question. The paragraph on grammar seems OK, albeit fairly short. However, the mentioning of just the Indo-European intonation pattern and the English-only examples narrow the scope.
 * Fleshed it up a bit, though examples are still welcome. --Pablo D. Flores 15:17, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Relative pronoun could use some information on non-Germanic languages. The long English section is justified as these really are tricky in English, especially for foreign learners, but it's not meant to be an article just on English grammar.  --Doric Loon 18:16, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * It's severely skewed towards IE-style relativisation in general. I turned "Relative pronoun" into a stub, and kept the original Relative clause that "Relative pronoun" redirected to, which however, and rather unfortunately, treats the whole subject mostly focusing on relative pronouns. I think the whole topic should be addressed abstractly, and English should be treated along with other languages, of which more variety should be present. Hebrew was already there, and I added Japanese (which is important as a contrast because the relative clause goes before the noun it modifies, without a relative pronoun, or conjunctions, or any marks of relativisation other than word order). Chinese, I think, does the same, but it should be there too. --Pablo D. Flores 15:58, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Me again: Relative pronoun filled up, Relative clause cleaner (theory only), created English relative clauses for specific English usage. Some more theory, examples and illustrating trivia needed.

Satisfactory

 * Inflection. Quote from the article: 'Various major languages, including English, German, Russian, Spanish, French, and Hindi - all Indo-European languages - are inflected to a greater or lesser extent. Other languages [sic!] use almost no inflection, Chinese and Vietnamese among them.' The definition used in the article is part of the problem. More historical background should be given and current, cross-linguistical use of the term should be covered. Fixed by Steverapaport 15:39, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC), probably could be removed from this list. --Pablo D. Flores 15:52, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Mama. Currently a dab, but surely we should have an article about the striking cross-linguistical similarities in the basic word for mother (cf. Jakobson 1962 etc.). It currently reads that 'mama' is a slang word for 'mother' - speaking about LPOV! See Mama and papa --Pablo D. Flores 14:21, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Papa. Currently a dab, but surely we should have an article about the striking cross-linguistical similarities in the basic word for father (cf. Jakobson 1962 etc.) See Mama and papa.
 * Reduplication. Universal phenomenon. Needs a better definition, a more logical structure and more examples. Note the phrase 'most notably in Malayo-Polynesian' (other language-families or areas are not even mentioned).
 * Cleaned it up a little -- Pablo D. Flores 15:17, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Provided biblio. The linked OT papers have many examples from unrelated langs. — ishwar  (S PEAK )  03:39, 2005 Mar 28 (UTC)
 * exanded (with organization). kind of a redupl. typological survey. now includes langs from all continents (i.e. N. America, Central America, S. America, NE Africa, Siberia, E. Asia, SE Asia, Papua New Guinea, & Australia) & a few major lang families (i.e. Salishan, Siouan, Tibeto-Burman, Tupí, Pama-Nyungan, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Austro-Asiatic, Mayan, Cushitic, & Uto-Aztecan). is this enough? peace — ishwar  (S PEAK )  15:18, 2005 Apr 28 (UTC)
 * Much improved thanks to Pablo & Ish. — mark ✎ 16:15, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Spatial tense. This article should be written from a Lojban grammar perspective, and certainly should not start with the sentence: Spatial tenses are a category of tenses not found in English. See its talk for an extensive discussion.
 * Done from a Lojban perspective, still needs natural language examples (if Hopi does indeed have spatial tense). --Pablo D. Flores 14:38, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You've done great work. I don't think natural languages have it and I think I made a clear case on why not at its talk page. I think this one can be moved to 'Satisfactory'. — mark ✎ 15:48, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Onomatopoeia. Universal phenomenon. Very stubby, needs cleanup. What is worse, at present it only includes English examples (mainly sounds of animals).
 * Not anymore, since it includes many non-English examples, as well as popular cultural references, which are mainly from Western and Japanese comic books, comic strips, animated television programs, and manga. Johnny Au (talk) 22:02, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Pronoun. English only.
 * Taken care of by adding links to non-English pronoun articles. Johnny Au (talk) 21:47, 2 March 2008 (UTC)


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Without You I'm Nothing (film)

Without You I'm Nothing is a 1990 American musical comedy film directed by John Boskovich and starring and written by comedian and singer Sandra Bernhard, based on material from her award-winning one-woman show of the same name, which was produced by Terry Danuser.

The film was shot on location in August 1989 at The Coconut Grove in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Karole Armitage was the choreographer. The film recreates moments from the stage show, often with Bernhard dressed in zany costumes reminiscent of the character she is embodying without actually "becoming" that character. Interspersed are faux-interview bits with actress Lu Leonard as Bernhard's manager and actor Steve Antin, with whom she would later co-star in the film Inside Monkey Zetterland. A Madonna impersonator Denise Bella Vlasis played a direct reference to Sandra's friendship with Madonna as character Shoshanna.

The film is notorious for a finale in which Bernhard wears nothing but pasties and an extremely skimpy G-string (in an American Flag print) and proceeds to go-go dance to the song "Little Red Corvette" by Prince. It was not a commercial success, but it was highly praised by critics for its caustic commentary on American values and celebrity culture.

In Bernhard's 2006 Off-Broadway show Everything Bad & Beautiful, she concludes by showing the final footage from this film: Cynthia Bailey writing "Fuck Sandra Bernhard" on a tablecloth in lipstick.

Home media
Without You I'm Nothing was released on VHS video cassette on December 19, 1990 and became a cult classic, prompting it to be re-released (again on VHS) in 2000 as part of the "MGM Avant-Garde Cinema" collection. It was released on DVD on August 23, 2005.

title: Without You I'm Nothing (film)


text:
Talk:List of leaders of South Vietnam

spelling mistake
Please eliminate an unnecessary page "Leaders of Soth Vietnam". 220.221.241.174 18:01, 17 April 2005 (UCT)
 * doesn't matter it was replaced by a redirect. Paris By Night 23:58, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Cochin China memories?
this article is nice but there is no memories about the pre-1946 era, what happened before the Republic of Cochin China and the republic was it a colony or a protectorate or an associated state or whatever? why the Republic of Cochin China (not the period before 1946) is regarded as "South Vietnam"? was it because Annam was integrated to it? Paris By Night 23:58, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

 * "South Vietnam" as a standard phrase arose at the time of Geneva in 1954, when Vietnam was partitioned. But using the phrase for the 1945-54 period has a certain logic to it, at least if "South Vietnam" is understood in the sense of "anti-communist state based in Saigon." Before 1945, Annam and Cochinchina were separate units within French Indochina and "Viet Nam" was only an aspiration in the minds of nationalist writers. World Statesmen.org has a list of French governors for Cochinchina, but they were just functionaries. Kauffner (talk) 16:44, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

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 * Flag of the President of the Republic of Vietnam as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.svg
 * Presidential Standard of South Vietnam (1955-1963).png

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 * Portrait of President Nguyen Van Thieu in 1968.jpg

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 * Dr. Nguyễn Văn Thinh.png

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 * Prime minister Nguyễn Phan Long (cropped).jpg

isn't ok to have your own president do things that's of it's own's interest as president.
Own interest while still in office;official of it's own country. 2600:1011:B023:BB45:0:45:A398:8D01 (talk) 10:44, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of leaders of South Vietnam


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countering systemic bias/open tasks/Linguistics

I've placed the Linguistics section on its own subpage to make it more watchable. Also, since there are several contributors now, it might be nice to have our own Talk page. If it doesn't work out, it's easily revertible. — mark ✎ 18:04, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Aryan
The Aryan page has been listed because it suffers from "a dearth of organization, riddled with apparent confusion." It might be worth noting this this article is only partly about linguistics, the concept of 'Aryan' covers a great deal more than language and is inherently liable to 'apparent confusion' because of its multiple overlapping meanings. As it happens, I think it is explained about as clearly as is possible, however it would be useful if the person or persons who identified the 'apparent confusion' could say just what it is. There are a few dodgy bits (I'm not too sure about the passage about Assyrians), but most of it seems OK to me in its current form. Any comments? Paul B 19:57, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's possible that the article has been cleaned up since it was first listed. If you think it no longer deserves special attention, feel free to move it to "Satisfactory".  If someone notices something wrong with it again, they can always move it back onto Open Tasks.  Cheers,   BanyanTree 22:31, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply. Possibly it has been improved. However, my real problem is that I don't really know what the systemic bias is supposed to be. Bad organisation and confusion are lamentable, but are not systemic bias.Paul B 12:45, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I see what you mean. It is possible that it was an erroneous listing but I don't know enough of the subject to be sure. You could try asking User:Zosodada, who added it in this edit. — mark ✎ 15:05, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

good topic
I'm glad that this page itself remains a neutral tone. I agree that there is systemic bias, but feel that people are simply writing what they know about. Will contribute modestly (I'm just a student, after all) after Christmas.--Ling.Nut 15:10, 18 November 2006 (UTC)


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Talk:The Meaning of Meaning

First article
This is my first new article edit, though far from complete so far. But I hope the opening quotes alone would be worthy of note and use. Have an insanely good time. --KYPark 18:04, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hey. I don't know if it's a good idea to call the differentiation between ideas, symbols, and the 'real world' an innovation of this book. While the distinction might have been made in this book, it's certainly been around a while. (if the innovative part of their use of this distinction is something specific, it should be made clear) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.230.203.15 (talk) 23:10, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

The meaning of the word
On June 3, 2005, an anonymous person 151.197.218.220 inserted the following capitalized passages under the section Supplementary essays, which would not be a right place for them. On June 17, 2005, Pinzo reasonably reverted to the previous state. Those passages may not be worth part of the article but discussion. So I recovered them from history as follows:

MEANING OF THE WORD....TRUTH!!!

IN 1965 SERVED ON A FEDERAL JURY. PRIOR TO START OF TRIAL, JUDGE REMARKED TO JURY..."YOUR RESPONSIBILITY HERE IS TO LISTEN TO EACH SIDE OF TESTIMONY. YOU ARE TO TAKE NO NOTES. YOU ARE NOT TO DISCUSS THE CASE WITH ANYONE, INCLUDING YOUR FELLOW JURORS. AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE TRIAL, YOU WILL RETIRE TO THE JURY ROOM TO DELIBERATE THE TESTIMONY YOU HAVE HEARD AND REMEMBERED. THEN YOU WILL DETERMINE THE TRUE FACTS OF THE MATTER AND DELIVER A VERDICT."

MY MIND WAS ILL AT EASE WITH THE JUDGE'S REMARKS SINCE I BELIEVED TRUTH WAS FACT. LATER IN THE TRIAL, I CAME TO THE REALIZATION NOT ONE OF US EMPANELED COULD HAVE BEEN PRESENT AT THE TIME THE INCIDENT OCCURRED, SO WE COULD NOT BE IN POSSESSION OF F A C T! THEREFORE, OUR COMMISSION WAS TO LISTEN TO ALL TESTIMONY FOR THE PURPOSE OF DECIDING WHICH TESTIMONY WE BELIEVED TO BE BASED ON FACT. IN SHORTER TERMS, I BELIEVE TRUTH IS DEFINED AS THAT WHICH WE CHOOSE TO BELIEVE. IT MAY BE BASED ON FACT, OR ON FICTION. BUT, IRRESPECTIVE, WHATEVER WE CHOOSE TO BELIEVE, TO US, THEN, THAT BECOMES TRUTH. EAGERLY AWAITING REBUTTAL.

--KYPark 7 July 2005 14:24 (UTC) on behalf of 151.197.218.220

Douglas Hofstadter

 * Two experts, to explicate Meaning,
 * Wrote a book called The Meaning of Meaning.
 * But the world was perplexed!
 * So three experts wrote next
 * The Meaning of Meaning of Meaning.
 * - Douglas Hofstadter

Quoted from Talk:The meaning of meaning --KYPark 7 July 2005 14:43 (UTC)

Le Ton beau de Marot: In Praise of the Music of Language reviewed by Tal Cohen. --KYPark 7 July 2005 15:18 (UTC)

More Creit should go to Hofstadter
I think that Douglas Hofstadter has a little more coming to him on this subject. Years ago I attended a talk by Hofstadter at Xerox PARC in which he talked about the "Meaning of Meaning". I can still remember what he meant, but his exact words have long since escaped me, so forgive me if I get this wrong. But I remember him saying something like "the meaning of meaning is the one-to-one correspondence between two independent systems".

I've remembered that all these years, but over time I slowly realized how profound a thought this was. Its significance is that can connect the philosophic realm of consideration to objective existential entities, thus giving rise to extremely useful connections between concepts which are human and range to what are objective mechanical constructs of our intents and purposes.

To understand this, understand that one can construct meaning about any relationship between any two existential concepts or constructions in a meaningful way by incrementally developing correspondences between the two. That alone is enough to build up a lot of useful meaning!

It is a universal tool, and can help us sort out otherwise obscure relationships. For example, here are some random relationships that can be approached in this way:

 * Marketing<>Implementation
 * design<>quality
 * integrity<>politics
 * problem solving<>beauty
 * robotics<>equity
 * corporations<>understanding of individuals
 * pharmacies<>the human condition
 * profits<>human value
 * democrats<>republicans
 * manipulation<>object reality

It is a tool that can be used to help us sort out ANY system that has more than one part in a methodical step by step way to a clear solution by developing a meaning between parts.

For example the Subprime mortgage crisis ended up in over 4 million mortgage foreclosures and the perpetrators were the ones who got bailed out.

If we had just examined the relationships for meaning, we would have discovered the only necessary relationships necessary for a good solution were monthly payments, compound interest, and equity (e.g. fairness to all). You don't have to know anything else in order to figure out a solution that would have been fair and equitable. Everything else was fluff and not necessary for the solving of the crisis.

We would have quickly found what it meant to actually solve the problem. The solution could have come from the simple relationship that if the lender receives his interest, then the outcome for EVERYONE would be equitable. Nothing else is necessary to a real solution... not foreclosures, not unbundling fancy instruments, not bailing out large companies, not prepayment penalties, not huge balloon payments or anything else. It would not have been unfair to undo contracts as long as everyone received what was right and just in an equitable manner just by the lights of fair interest for money loaned.

Some important meaningful relationships would be

 * lender interest<>equity
 * minimum necessary interest bailout<>equity
 * government interest bailout + buyer greatest feasible contribution over time<>lender interest income + buyer equity growth.

So in most cases we could have bailed out interest of the manipulated buyers, giving as much time needed to recover, or develop the means to afford the mortgage.

John K Sellers (talk) 06:40, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

David Bohm & David Peat

 * Alan Ford & F. David Peat, The Role of Language in Science

David Bohm, has frequently referred to meaning, particularly when talking about his recent experiments with dialogue groups in which "a free flow of meaning" is encouraged. This whole question of meaning, and what we mean by it is clearly of importance and, in particular, the question "What do you mean by language?"

C.K. Ogden and I. A. Richards's classic The Meaning of Meaning8 provides a useful introduction to such questions. Following Odgen and Richards the work of Ludgwig Wittgenstein had made a particularly significant contribution to the notion of meaning in linguistics.9 According to his dictum: Don't look for the meaning, look for the use. Essentially this can be interpreted as saying that meaning is a generalization that doesn't correspond to anything that is actually available in language behavior. What we actually rely upon are individual uses which are themselves interrelated according to a pattern of family resemblances. In this sense words could no more be said to "possess" an intrinsic meaning that is independent of their use than, in Bohr's view, could an electron be said to "possess" an intrinsic position or spin.

--KYPark 7 July 2005 15:29 (UTC)

Circularity
The meaning of meaning actually depends on the meaning of meaning! Kind of circular, like the Ouroboros... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.98.202.34 (talk) 09:28, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Meaning of Meaning


text: User talk:209.180.237.137

title: User talk:209.180.237.137


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fantasy football cafe

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 22:44, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Fantasy football cafe
Delete spam article/self promotion written from a personal POV --Randolph 18:07, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) Edited. Howsitlook now? -Atog
 * Speedy delete. Ditto. -- Natalinasmpf 18:09, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll edit it to fit better and be less spammy- Atog
 * Alexa ranking of 189,614 and falling. Even during the height of the season, it never reached 25,000.  The article says the site has just over 15k registered users.  That does not meet the cut-off to me.  Delete.  Rossami (talk) 02:12, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 07:25, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's like every obscure website in the universe has listed itself here. Master Thief Garrett 03:26, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Parmelia (fungus)

Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose (leafy) lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

It is a foliaceous lichen, resembling a leaf in shape. The ends of the leaf-like lobes are often squarish-tipped. The upper surface is pale bluish-gray to light brown in direct sunlight, with a network web-like ridges and depressions. The lower surface is black and has rhizines anchoring it to the substrate. In general, Parmelia have a dark lower side with rhizines ('rootlets') that attach the lichen to its substrate. The upper side may be several colours - grey, yellow, brown - and may have reproductive organs on it. These may be apothecia (ascospore-producing bodies), isidia or soralia (both vegetative structures). In between these two layers is the medulla, which contains the algal component of the lichen.

Taxonomy
Parmelia was circumscribed by Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1803. His idea of the genus, which included foliose species with lecanorine apothecia, was quite broad and included species that are now dispersed in many different genera and families, such as the Peltigeraceae (Lobaria), the Pannariaceae (Pannaria, Parmeliella), the Physciaceae (Physcia, Heterodermia, Physconia), the Teloschistaceae (Xanthoria), as well as the Parmeliaceae (Cetraria, Hypogymnia, and Parmeliopsis). Its broad circumscription meant that almost every lichen with a thalline apothecial rim was included by 19th-century authors.

In an attempt to create more homogeneous groups of taxa, lichenologists created new segregate genera for species once in Parmelia. These included Menegazzia (1854), Parmotrema (1860), Anzia (1861), Parmeliopsis (1869), Hypogymnia (1896), Pseudevernia (1903), Pannoparmelia (1912), and Pseudoparmelia (1914). In the 1970s and 1980s, electron microscopy was used to help divide several Parmelia species groups into different genera based on the structure of their cortex. These include Arctoparmelia, Bulbothrix, Canoparmelia, Cetrariastrum, Concamerella, Everniastrum, Flavoparmelia, Hypotrachyna, Neofuscelia, Paraparmelia, Parmelina, Parmotrema, Pseudoparmelia, Relicina, Relicinopsis, Xanthomaculina, and Xanthoparmelia. Another group of species was segregated on the basis of the presence of pseudocyphellae: Punctelia, Flavopunctelia, and Melanelia. In Mason Hale's 1987 monograph on Parmelia, he commented: "The group has been further subdivided ... now leaving in Parmelia a small, apparently irreducible assemblage of species typified by P. saxatilis". In 2016, however, sixteen mostly Australasian species were moved to the new genus Notoparmelia; these species had been shown by molecular phylogenetic analysis to form a monophyletic lineage in Parmelia.

Fossil record
There are two foliose fossil taxa, Parmelia ambra and P. isidiiveteris, that have been placed provisionally in genus Parmelia due to their overall resemblance to members of this genus. Later authors have suggested, however, that this generic placement is not appropriate for the current concept of Parmelia, and that because of the dearth of specimens available for analysis, it is impossible to know for certain which of the many foliose genera in the family Parmeliaceae is best suited for these fossils.

Description
Parmelia species have a foliose (leafy) thallus with a substrate attachment ranging from loose to tight. The lobes comprising the thallus are rounded, more or less straight, and may be contiguous or overlapping (imbricate). The texture of the upper thallus ranges from smooth to foveolate (covered with puts and depressions). The colour is typically green to whitish grey to greyish brown, and some species have a coating of pruina on the surface. Most species have pseudocyphellae (tiny pores that allow for gas exchange), and vegetative propagules such as isidia or soredia, or both. The lower surface of the thallus is black (or close to it), and has rhizines (either simple or branched) that function as holdfasts to attach it to its substrate. The cortex (botany) is paraplectenchymatous – a cell arrangement where the hyphae are oriented in all directions.

The ascomata of Parmelia species are in the form of apothecia, which have a zeorine structure (an apothecium in which a proper exciple is enclosed in the thalline exciple) and are laminal (superficial on the surface) to somewhat stipitate. The exposed upper surface of the hymenium, the disc, is brown, rarely blackish. The asci are eight-spored, while the spores are colorless, ellipsoid, and measure 10–18 by 5–13 μm. The conidiomata are in the form of pycnidia; these black spots are laminal and immersed in the thallus surface. They produce dumbbell-shaped conidia with dimensions of 5.5–8 μm. The photobiont partners of Parmelia are green algae from the genera Asterochloris or Trebouxia.

Ecology
Parmelia lichens are food for the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the bagworm moth Taleporia tubulosa.

Conservation
Two species of Parmelia have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature for the global IUCN Red List. Both Parmelia saxatilis and P. sulcata are considered species of least concern due to their widespread distribution, abundance, and stable populations.

Distribution
Eleven Parmelia species were recorded for Europe in 2008. Nine occur in the Nordic lichen flora, of which P. saxatilis and P. sulcata are most common and widespread.

Species

 * Parmelia adaugescens Nyl. (1890)
 * † Parmelia ambra Poinar, E.B.Peterson & Platt (2000) – extinct; fossilized in Dominican amber
 * Parmelia asiatica A.Crespo & Divakar (2011) – China
 * Parmelia barrenoae Divakar, M.C.Molina & A.Crespo (2005) – Europe
 * Parmelia cochleata Zahlbr. (1927)
 * Parmelia discordans Nyl. (1886) – Europe
 * Parmelia encryptata A.Crespo, Divakar & M.C.Molina (2011)
 * Parmelia ernstiae Feuerer & A.Thell (2002) – Europe
 * Parmelia fertilis Müll.Arg. (1887)
 * Parmelia fraudans (Nyl.) Nyl. (1861)
 * Parmelia hygrophila Goward & Ahti (1983) – North America
 * Parmelia hygrophiloides Divakar, Upreti & Elix (2003) – India
 * Parmelia imbricaria Goward, Divakar, M.C.Molina & A.Crespo (2017)
 * † Parmelia isidiiveteris Poinar, E.B.Peterson & Platt (2000) – extinct; fossilized in Dominican amber
 * Parmelia lambii Øvstedal (2009) – Antarctica
 * Parmelia marmariza Nyl. (1890)
 * Parmelia mayi Divakar, A.Crespo & M.C.Molina (2011) – northeastern North America
 * Parmelia meiophora Nyl. (1889)
 * Parmelia neocaledonica Nyl. (1885)
 * Parmelia neodiscordans Hale (1987)
 * Parmelia niitakana Asahina (1951)
 * Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. (1803) – Europe
 * Parmelia pinnatifida Kurok. (1976) – Europe
 * Parmelia protosignifera Elix & J.Johnst. (1988) – Australia
 * Parmelia pseudoshinanoana Asahina (1951)
 * Parmelia rojoi A.Crespo, V.J.Rico & Divakar (2020) – Europe
 * Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. (1803) – Europe
 * Parmelia sectilis Hale (1968)
 * Parmelia serrana A.Crespo, M.C.Molina & D.Hawksw. (2004) – Europe
 * Parmelia shinanoana Zahlbr. (1927)
 * Parmelia skultii Hale (1987) – Europe
 * Parmelia squarrosa Hale (1971) – Europe
 * Parmelia submontana Hale (1987) – Europe
 * Parmelia submutata Hue (1899)
 * Parmelia sulcata Taylor (1836) – Europe
 * Parmelia sulymae Goward, Divakar, M.C.Molina & A.Crespo (2017)

title: Parmelia (fungus)


text:
User:Mako Shark/Sandbox

I am a shark who ate these users (sign my sandbox guestbook please):

 * 1) 165.247.205.66 18:08, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) HOSPITAL HELP!
 * 2) 165.247.204.16 18:10, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) sharks suck
 * 3) 165.247.204.75 18:11, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) 165.247.219.218 18:13, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) mako shark
 * 5) 165.247.214.96 18:15, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) Sharks like you are dangerous
 * 6) 209.86.4.151 834 qwerty
 * 7) 165.247.214.20 20:40, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) sharks are cool
 * 8) 165.247.214.93 20:41, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) hello
 * 9) 4.246.84.136 20:44, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) I love sharks
 * 10) 4.246.69.72 20:49, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) hmm
 * 11) 165.247.216.63 20:51, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) 4.246.whatever loves sharks, but i hate em campbell soup 608
 * 12) 4.246.84.178 20:56, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) from the downtown ghettos
 * 13) 4.246.84.185 20:59, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) again
 * 14) 4.246.84.200 21:02, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) Why does 165.guy hate sharks? Sharka are cool man!
 * 15) 209.86.1.221 21:05, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) regular qwerty
 * 16) 146.74.224.207 00:37, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) sharks huh
 * 17) 146.74.224.207 00:39, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) sharks?
 * 18) 165.247.216.202 02:31, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC) uh huh again
 * 19) 165.247.200.60 02:51, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC) duh
 * 20) 4.246.51.177 02:56, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC) i love sharks
 * 21) 209.86.5.236 02:35, 3 May 2005 (UTC) last time?

 * 1) 4.246.69.240 00:10, 22 May 2005 (UTC) ok man i like campbell soup
 * 2) 4.246.51.114 00:14, 22 May 2005 (UTC) northwest side
 * 3) 68.120.204.210 00:24, 22 May 2005 (UTC) hahahaha
 * 4) 68.120.204.243 00:28, 22 May 2005 (UTC) another one of those stupid guys hahaha
 * 5) 4.246.36.94 00:30, 22 May 2005 (UTC) weird sandbox? southwest
 * 6) 4.246.39.208 05:26, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) hello?
 * 7) 4.246.72.204 21:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) hi guys!
 * 8) 146.74.224.207 21:39, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) sharks?
 * 9) 216.135.198.189 3 July 2005 23:36 (UTC) fry's electronics rocks!
 * 10) 4.246.84.167 19:46, 24 July 2005 (UTC) hello guys
 * 11) 4.246.9.38 05:09, 2 August 2005 (UTC) hey man my new casa
 * 12) 130.65.109.36 23:56, 6 August 2005 (UTC) hello everyone!!
 * 13) 205.173.47.254 19:15, 22 August 2005 (UTC) PUSHY
 * 14) 205.173.47.254 20:26, 23 August 2005 (UTC) PIGGY
 * 15) 4.246.9.5 00:23, 2 September 2005 (UTC) blah blah blah test
 * 16) 4.246.226.77 16:39, 3 September 2005 (UTC) WhAt the heck is going on in da sandbox??
 * 17) 4.246.9.111 17:33, 11 September 2005 (UTC) Oh yeah. this ip says 9.111 because its september 11
 * 18) Well- WHAT is this weird page all about??!! 67.116.230.127 17:02, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) AND THEN, this sandbox is a list 67.118.252.23 17:07, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) ok 67.126.40.172/67.126.40.182/
 * 21) 4.246.18.226 23:27, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) 68.120.204.32 23:11, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) 216.135.197.14 00:41, 6 March 2006 (UTC) hi
 * 24) 130.65.109.36 01:31, 19 December 2006 (UTC) hello
 * 25) 218.165.78.51 (talk) 15:11, 13 April 2008 (UTC) li ho!
 * 26) 61.62.75.109 (talk) 01:32, 20 April 2008 (UTC) ni hao!
 * 27) 67.164.35.157 (talk) 18:37, 20 June 2008 (UTC) test
 * 28) 12.157.145.2 (talk) 22:00, 4 October 2008 (UTC) agoura hills
 * 29) 12.48.195.73 (talk) 23:37, 25 July 2009 (UTC) Apple
 * 30) 75.25.130.115 (talk) 00:58, 16 August 2009 (UTC) russia
 * 31) 128.54.188.154 (talk) 05:11, 20 September 2009 (UTC) SD
 * 32) 189.168.18.3
 * 33) 189.146.240.51 (talk) 21:05, 25 March 2010 (UTC) mexico sur

title: User:Mako Shark/Sandbox


text:
Paddock Wood railway station

Paddock Wood railway station is on the South Eastern Main Line and Medway Valley Line in south-east England, serving the town of Paddock Wood, Kent. The station also serves the villages of Matfield, Brenchley and Horsmonden, which do not have stations of their own. It is 34 mi down the line from London Charing Cross. The station and all trains calling there are operated by Southeastern.

History
The South Eastern Railway opened a line from Redhill to Ashford and on to Dover during 1842. This bypassed the county town of Maidstone, and a station named Maidstone Road was opened in a rural location on 31 August 1842 to serve the town, 8 mi to the north. The village of Paddock Wood developed quickly around the station, which took the name Paddock Wood on 25 September 1844 when the branch line to Maidstone West was opened. Another branch line—the Hawkhurst Branch—to the village of Hawkhurst existed between 1892 and 1961.

In popular culture
Paddock Wood Railway station appears in the novel Dombey and Son by Charles Dickens where, in chapter 55, the villain, Mr Carker, accidentally falls under a train at the station and is killed.

Platforms
The station has Up and Down platforms (1 and 2 respectively) with a pair of fast lines between them. On the Down side, a bay platform (platform 3) is used for the Medway Valley Line services to Maidstone and beyond. A matching bay platform existed on the Up side when the Hawkhurst branch was in operation. The main station building is on the Up platform; there are long canopies on both platforms. Transfer between platforms is by footbridge.

Services
All services at Paddock Wood are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Charing Cross
 * 1 tph to Dover Priory
 * 1 tph to Ramsgate via Canterbury West
 * 2 tph to Strood via Maidstone West

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street and Ramsgate via Deal call at the station during the peak hours.

On Sundays, the service to and from Strood is reduced to hourly.

Accidents

 * At 03:40 hrs on 5 May 1919, a goods train from Bricklayers Arms to Margate overran signals and ran into the back of another goods train just to the west of Paddock Wood station. The Margate train was hauled by C class No. 721. It had 50 goods vehicles including three brake vans. The other train was hauled by C class No. 61. The fireman of this train was killed in the accident. Although the main cause of the accident was the driver of the Margate train failing to obey signals, the signalman at Tonbridge East signal box was also censured for failure to give the driver adequate warning that although the train had been accepted by the signalman at Paddock Wood, the line was not fully clear at the junction. The signalman at Paddock Wood had accepted the train under Regulation No 5 - "Section clear but station or junction blocked".

 * On 16 March 1949, "Schools" Class locomotive 30932 Blundells was derailed at the station.

 * At 02:02 on 8 December 1961, a goods train was setting back at Paddock Wood station when the 00:20 goods from Hoo Junction to Tonbridge, hauled by D6506, overran signals and collided with it. The wreckage from the accident piled up under the bridge carrying the B2160 Maidstone Road. The line was blocked for 12 hours.

title: Paddock Wood railway station


text:
Li Jiawei

Li Jiawei (born 9 August 1981) is a retired Chinese-born former Singaporean table tennis player, four-time Olympian and twice Olympic medalist. She trained in Beijing's famous Shichahai Sports School with Olympic medalist Zhang Yining. In 1995, she moved to Singapore and in the following year, she commenced her international career as a competitive table tennis player. She became a Singapore citizen at the age of 18 years under the Foreign Sports Talent Scheme.

Li's highest world singles ranking was in December 2005, when she was placed third. Li was also a key player for the Singaporean women's team and doubles, and mixed doubles events, having participated in three Olympics and achieving a medal for the latter two. She finished in fourth place in singles at both the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing at which she was an official flagbearer. On 15 August 2008, the Singapore women's team composed of Li and her teammates Feng Tianwei and Wang Yuegu defeated South Korea 3–2 in the semifinals. However, in the finals on 17 August, the team lost to China and earned a silver medal, marking the first time that Singapore had won an Olympic medal since the nation's independence in 1965. The momentous occasion came 48 years after Tan Howe Liang won the country's first medal, a silver in weightlifting at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Li ended 2008 on a high, winning gold in the women's team event with Feng and Wang at the ITTF Pro Tour ERKE German Open in Berlin in November, and in the doubles with Sun Beibei at the ITTF Volkswagen Pro Tour Grand Finals in Macau in December 2008.

Li won the women's team bronze medal with Feng and Wang at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Soon after, she announced her retirement from competitive sports on 27 December 2012.

Early years
Li was born on 9 August 1981 in Beijing, People's Republic of China, only daughter of a government official and a housewife. In 1990, Li was a student at the Beijing Shichahai Sports School. In 1994, she entered the Beijing provincial team and her skills in table tennis were recognised by Singaporean talent scouts. In 1996, she was invited to train in Singapore under the Foreign Sports Talent Scheme, only returning to China once a year to visit her parents. She began representing Singapore internationally in competitive table tennis the following year. At 18, she became a Singapore citizen.

Professional career
Ranked 18th in the world in 2000, Li achieved gold medals in the women's team, women's doubles and mixed doubles events at the XVII Commonwealth Games held between 25 July and 4 August 2002 in Manchester, and was ranked eighth in November 2002. The following year, in December 2003, Li was a member of the Singapore team which swept the top awards at the 23rd Southeast Asian Games in the women's team, women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles.

On 3 July 2004, Li took gold in the women's singles at the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) Pro Tour US Open in Chicago. Subsequently, at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, she defeated the second-seeded China player Wang Nan but eventually finished in fourth place. In 2005, she was second in the ITTF Pro Tour Grand Finals, and gained silver medals for the women's singles and mixed doubles at the 23rd Southeast Asian (SEA) Games held between 28 November and 4 December 2005 in Manila. She was also the key player in the gold-winning women's team and women's doubles events. In December 2005, she was ranked third in the world as a singles player. She won an individual Singapore Youth Award in 2005 and was Her World magazine's Young Woman Achiever of 2005.

At the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Li won gold for the women's team and women's doubles, and the silver medal for the women's singles and mixed doubles events. Subsequently, she won the women's singles at the ITTF Pro Tour Russia Open. She also achieved third place in the ITTF Pro Tour Grand Finals and the Women's World Cup, which are two of the most prestigious and difficult competitions in the table tennis arena. At the 15th Asian Games held from 29 November to 7 December 2006 in Doha, Qatar, she achieved three medals: a silver for the women's team event and two bronzes for the women's singles and mixed doubles. The next year, she won gold in the singles at the ITTF Pro Tour Chinese Taipei Open in Taipei, and helped Singapore to the top spots in the women's team and mixed doubles events at the 2007 SEA Games in Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat), Thailand.

As at August 2008, Li was ranked sixth in the world. She won the accolade of Sportswoman of the Year from the Singapore National Olympic Council five times in a row between 2002 and 2006, and received a Meritorious Award in 2007.

At the club competition level, Li played in the Chinese Table Tennis Super League. In 2008, she represented Peking University club, and in 2010, she played for Beijing Holdings, a team including world champion Ding Ning.

2008 Summer Olympics
Li represented Singapore for the third time in the Olympic Games at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She was the flag-bearer for Team Singapore at the opening ceremony of the Games on 8 August, having requested the honour. She explained: "There has been so much debate over the foreign talent scheme. This is my way of showing everyone that everything I've ever achieved is because of Singapore."

At the Beijing Olympics, on 13 August 2008, the Singapore women's table tennis team, coached by Liu Guodong and with Li as the team captain leading teammates Feng Tianwei and Wang Yuegu, beat teams from the United States and Nigeria with comfortable 3–0 wins. On 14 August, the Singapore team also defeated the Netherlands 3–0 to reach the semifinals, but not before a gruelling five-game doubles match against the Dutch players Li Jie and Elena Timina which Li Jiawei and Wang Yuegu eventually won 3–2. The next day, 15 August, the Singapore team defeated the South Korean team of Dang Ye-Seo, Kim Kyung-Ah and Park Mi-Young 3–2 in the semifinals, which went to five matches. Li lost her singles match to Korea's Kim, but beat Kim and Park in the doubles with her partner Wang. Singapore's Feng won both her singles matches against Dang and Park.

On 17 August, Li and her teammates gained Singapore a silver medal in women's table tennis after losing to China in three matches. Li won the first game of her singles match, but was then defeated by her former Beijing Sports School teammate Zhang Yining. In the doubles match, China's Zhang and Guo Yue bested Singapore's Li and Wang Yuegu. This marked the first time that Singapore had won an Olympic medal since the nation's independence in 1965. The medal came 48 years after Tan Howe Liang won the country's first medal, a silver in weightlifting in the lightweight category at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. ; ; ; . See also ; ;  ;. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong requested that the live English-language broadcast of his National Day Rally speech, which coincided with the table tennis finals, be postponed by a day. He also provided the audience with updates on the score, and made a conference call to Tan Eng Liang, Team Singapore's chef de mission, to congratulate the team.

Li and her teammates received byes into the third round of the singles tournament. She beat Croatia's Tamara Boroš in the third round, Hong Kong's Lin Ling in the fourth round, and the USA's Wang Chen in the quarter-finals. However, on 22 August she was defeated in the semifinals 4–1 by Zhang Yining of China, ranked number one in the world, and lost the bronze medal 4–2 to China's Guo Yue. Thus placed fourth in the singles tournament, she equalled her performance in the 2004 Athens Olympics but again failed in her quest for an individual Olympic medal. After the bronze medal match, a tearful Li told reporters this would be her final Olympics. At a victory celebration in Singapore on 25 August, Vivian Balakrishnan, the Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports, announced that Li, Feng and Wang would be presented with the Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Meritorious Service Medal), only the third time the medal would be awarded to athletes, the two previous recipients being weightlifter Tan Howe Liang (1962) and swimmer Joscelin Yeo (2006).

Li has expressed interest in pursuing a communications degree at Peking University. In October 2008 the Singapore Table Tennis Association said the Association and the Singapore Sports Council were prepared to offer her a scholarship to do so. Nevertheless, Li said that she wished to continue her career and to compete in the 2012 Summer Olympics.

In May 2009, the national table tennis women's team, composed of Li and her teammates Feng, Wang and Sun Beibei, were awarded the Team of the Year (Event) prize at the Singapore Sports Awards.

2008–2012
On 22 November 2008, despite crashing out of the singles event earlier, Li and her teammates Feng and Wang won the top title and US$8,000 at the ITTF Pro Tour ERKE German Open in Berlin. Li ended the year as top seed with Sun Beibei, achieving gold in the women's doubles at the ITTF Volkswagen Pro Tour Grand Finals in Macau on 14 December 2008, the first time that Singapore had won this event. They beat South Koreans Kim Kyung Ah and Park Mi-Young 11–5, 6–11, 11–9, 11–8, 11–4. Li was named Today newspaper's Singapore Athlete of the Year 2008.

Li returned to the international stage in February 2010 after taking a year off from competitive table tennis to give birth to a child. Her first major competition – the World Team Table Tennis Championships in Moscow – saw her and her teammates beating China in the finals to clinch gold. Li also had a series of good performances after her return. She guided the women's team to gold at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in New Delhi and went on to win the women's doubles title with Sun Beibei. She ended 2010 with winning the silver medal in the women's team event of the 16th Asian Games.

2012 Summer Olympics
Li represented Singapore at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She participated in the women's team competition with Feng and Wang. They were beaten 0–3 by Japan in the semifinals, but took the bronze medal on 7 August 2012 by edging South Korea out 3–0. Feng defeated Kim Kyung Ah 11–9, 11–8, 4–11, 13–11; and Li also successfully fended off Seok Ha Jung 11–5, 11–8, 6–11, 11–8. Li and Wang then succeeded in the doubles game against Seok and Dang Ye Seo 11–9, 11–6, 6–11, 11–5. This marked the first time Singapore had won more than one medal at an Olympic Games.

Retirement
Li announced her retirement from competitive sports on 27 December 2012. Although she planned to relocate to Beijing with her husband and son, she said she hoped to continue her involvement with table tennis in Singapore. The Singapore Table Tennis Association was said to be helping Li find employment in a Singapore company with operations based in China. In 2017, she and the Chinese Swimming Club (CSC) established the CSC – Jiawei Table Tennis Academy in Singapore, with Li becoming the CEO of the academy.

Personal life
Li first met Singaporean badminton player and fellow Olympian Ronald Susilo in 2002 at a sports meet. They began dating after participating together in the Athens Olympics, and the "golden sports couple", as they were dubbed by the media, announced their engagement in September 2004. They divorced in 2008.

On 26 September 2008, Li registered a marriage in Beijing with Li Chao, a businessman based in that city; they were introduced by a mutual friend in March 2008. Sources quoted by The Straits Times said Li had long wanted her children to bear her surname. A lavish wedding banquet was held at the Beijing Hotel on 25 April 2009. On 13 October 2009, she and her husband had their first child, a boy weighing 3.575 kg.

title: Li Jiawei


text:
Castellammare di Stabia

Castellammare di Stabia is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania region, in southern Italy. It is situated on the Bay of Naples about 30 km southeast of Naples, on the route to Sorrento.

History
Castellammare di Stabia lies next to the ancient Roman city of Stabiae, which was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The castle, of the city it takes its name from, was erected around the 9th century on a hill commanding the southern side of the Gulf of Naples. It was restored during the reign of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and enlarged by King Charles I of Anjou.

The comune, previously called Castellamare, assumed the name Castellammare on 22 January 1863, and the current name on 31 May 1912.

Religious buildings

 * Castellammare Cathedral
 * San Bartolomeo
 * Santa Caterina
 * Chiesa del Gesù
 * Chiesa del Purgatorio

Excavation of villas
The excavation of Roman villas preserved by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 is currently underway. Villa Arianna and Villa San Marco can be visited and do not charge for admission.

The thermal baths
Castellammare is known as the Metropole of the waters for its hydrological heritage of 28 different kinds of waters, divided in sulphurous, calcic bicarbonate and mineral water, each one with a particular healthy property. The thermal bath has been a huge part of the economic life as well as of the tourism of Castellammare since the 19th century. To take advantage of the waters’ property there are two different thermal baths, one in the historical centre of the town and the other on the hill. Besides, the two most important waters of Castellammare, Acqua della Madonna and Acetosella, have been known since the time of Pliny the Elder, who suggested to drink them in case of calculosis, today they are sold as far away as America.

The ancient thermal baths
The Ancient Thermal Baths were inaugurated in 1836 and since the beginning had a very important role for the citizens and also for the tourists coming in summer for the thermal cure, making the city very crowded. Because of this overcrowding the building was enlarged with new pavilions and pools for the thermal cures of the body, like a real spa but it was also a cultural centre where many art exhibitions, cultural events and concerts were held. On 26 February 1956 began the destruction of the ancient building to make way for today's building. At the end of the 1980s the thermal building was in crisis because most of its offered treatments were closed, even if today they are offered in the New Thermal Baths. Today the Ancient Baths opens only few hours a day for bathing. In summer there are some cultural events. In the summer of 2007 the renovation of the building began so it can resume the many thermal services, however due to political neglect and governance issues the ancient thermal baths remain closed as of 2024.

The new thermal baths
The New Thermal Baths, located on the hill of the Solaro, near the district of Scanzano, was inaugurated on 26 July 1964. This building has two zones: one zone is the building dedicated to the thermal cure and then there is the park for the hydroponic cure. The building for the thermal cure offers the chance of practicing physiotherapy, hyperbaric medicine, massages, mud baths, inhalation of the sulphurous waters, rehabilitating, dermatological, aesthetic and gynaecological cures. Instead the hydroponic park allows practicing hydrotherapy, that is drinking the specific kind of water to cure specific pathologies, while walking through the park. Moreover, in summer in the park there are many events, during mornings and evenings, such as concerts, open cinema, exhibitions and conventions. Because of lack of demand and political turmoil, the new thermal baths remain closed as of 2024.

Geography
Castellammare borders with the municipalities of Gragnano, Pimonte, Pompei, Santa Maria la Carità, Torre Annunziata and Vico Equense.

It counts the hamlets (frazioni) of Fratte, Madonna della Libera, Pioppaino, Ponte Persica, Pozzano, Privati, Quisisana, Scanzano and Varano.

Sport
The local football team, Società Sportiva Juve Stabia is an Italian football club based in Castellammare di Stabia, Campania. Juve Stabia will play in Serie B, the second tier of Italian football system, following their promotion ahead of the 2024-25 season.

People

 * Pliny the Elder, born Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23 – 25 August, AD 79), adoptive citizen and resident of Stabiae (ancient name of Castellammare di Stabia), where he died during the 25 August, AD 79 Mt. Vesuvius eruption. Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian.
 * Catello, Saint (9th century), Patron of the city
 * Giuseppe Bonito (1707–1789), painter
 * Nikolai Gogol (1809–1852) worked here on his Dead Souls in 1838, while living at the count Repnin's summer house.
 * Luigi Denza (1846–1922), composer of the most famous Italian traditional song Funiculì, Funiculà
 * Michele Esposito (1855–1929), influential composer, pianist, and conductor, who worked mostly in Ireland
 * Ettore Tito (1859–1941), painter
 * Raffaele Viviani (1888–1950), author, playwright, actor, musician
 * John Serry, Sr. (1915–2003; aka Giovanni Serrapica) American musician, composer, arranger, educator
 * Gabriele De Rosa (1917–2009), historian and politician
 * Marcel Jovine (1921–2003), sculptor and toy designer
 * Enzo Cannavale (1928-2011), actor
 * Pupetta Maresca (1935-2021), 86, Italian mobster convicted murderer, and beauty queen
 * Mario Merola (1934–2006), Neapolitan-style singer
 * Giuseppe (born 1959) and Carmine Abbagnale (born 1962), Olympic gold medal rowers, grown up and trained at the Castellammare Yachting Club
 * Aldo Arcangioli (born 1969), entrepreneur
 * Gennaro Iezzo (born 1973), football goalkeeper
 * Raffaele Imperiale (born 1974), Italian mobster, high-ranking member of Camorra
 * Bruno Cirillo (born 1977), footballer
 * Antonio Mirante (born 1983), goalkeeper for AC Milan
 * Fabio Quagliarella (born 1983), striker and captain for Sampdoria
 * Luigi Vitale (born 1987), footballer
 * Antonio Donnarumma (born 1990) Padova goalkeeper, older brother of Gianluigi Donnarumma
 * Ciro Immobile (born 1990), forward for SS Lazio
 * Alessio Lapice (born 1991), actor
 * Gianluigi Donnarumma (born 1999), goalkeeper for Paris Saint-Germain and the Italy national team, second-youngest goalkeeper to play in Serie A
 * Gaia De Martino (born 2001), dancer from Amici di Maria De Filippi
 * Sebastiano Esposito (born 2002), forward for FC Basel

title: Castellammare di Stabia