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Lowestoft railway station

Lowestoft railway station (formerly Lowestoft Central) serves the town of Lowestoft, Suffolk. It is the eastern terminus of the East Suffolk Line from Ipswich and is one of two eastern termini of the Wherry Lines from Norwich (the other being Great Yarmouth). Lowestoft is 23 mi down the line from Norwich and 48 mi measured from Ipswich; it is the easternmost station on the National Rail network in the United Kingdom.

The station is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all of the trains that call. Services are typically formed of Class 755 FLIRT trains.

According to Office of Rail Regulation usage figures for 2010/11, Lowestoft was the fourth-busiest station in Suffolk, after Ipswich, Stowmarket and Bury St Edmunds. Until the late 1960s, the station was served more frequently, with regular express trains for holidaymakers in the summer to and from London Liverpool Street and local services to Great Yarmouth. As part of Greater Anglia’s latest franchising agreement in 2016, direct services between Lowestoft and London will return; however, there are currently "no indications of when services may be introduced".

Early days
On 30 June 1845, the Lowestoft Railway and Harbour Company was incorporated to build a harbour and dock railway in Lowestoft. The scheme, which was promoted by Samuel Morton Peto, included a 11 mi line from Lowestoft to the Yarmouth & Norwich Railway with which it formed a junction near Reedham. On 3 July 1846, the Norfolk Railway obtained a lease to construct the line, which it did by May 1847. The line was opened to goods on 3 May and to passengers on 1 July 1847. A second route was opened on 1 June 1859 with the completion of the Lowestoft and Beccles Railway which entered the town via a swing bridge over Oulton Broad, where a 1.75 mi freight line branched off to the south bank of Lowestoft harbour. The new line connected Lowestoft with London, Ipswich, Bungay and other places more conveniently without having to go via Norwich.

Lowestoft station opened on 1 July 1847. At the time of construction, the station was separated from the town on the clifftop by about ½-mile of green fields and farmland, although a new turnpike road (now known as London Road North) linked it to Lowestoft. Development was stimulated by the construction of the harbour later in 1847 and extension of the railway to a new fish market and cattle sheds. Initially, only two platforms were provided, but rebuilding took place in 1855 by Lucas Brothers when a more substantial and well-designed building was provided. The Italianate station is a fine example of their work, which also includes buildings such as the Royal Albert Hall, Liverpool Street station, York station and the Felixstowe Railway. In 1855, the station's roof burnt down and timber for the new roof was brought in from Scandinavia by Peto's North of Europe Steam Navigation Company. The main buildings were arranged in an L-shaped configuration, with the booking, enquiry and parcels offices laid out on the north side bordering Denmark Road, the refreshment rooms were on the east side opening into Station Square and the toilets and bookstall were to the south. The concourse was covered by an overall roof which extended some way over the tracks and platforms to provide a small train shed.

With the arrival of the railway, Lowestoft's population doubled in 16 years to reach 10,000 and by the end of the century it had increased to 36,000. In 1849, Peto constructed the esplanade and the Royal Hotel was opened. The Norfolk Railway was taken over by the Eastern Counties Railway in 1848, which provided a Friday service of cheap trains to London from summer 1859, with Lowestoft coaches being collected at Beccles by expresses from Yarmouth.

Growth
The Port of Lowestoft expanded rapidly to cover an area of 74 acre in less than a century, which included over 6000 ft of quay dealing in commodities and nearly 4500 ft of quay dealing with fish traffic. This resulted in track and signal alterations between Lowestoft and Coke Ovens Junction in 1885 which were carried out by the Great Eastern Railway, which had taken over the Eastern Counties Railway in 1862. The two single lines from the junction were turned into double track, and an extra (third) platform was added at the station. Two new signalboxes were provided: one at Coke Ovens and the other on the north side of Lowestoft station. Engine sheds and a turntable were also provided.

The Great Eastern introduced the first direct services to and from London in 1863, with services leaving Bishopsgate railway station at 10.00am and taking 3¼ hours to complete the journey. On 1 June 1872, a new curve between Marsh Junction on the Yarmouth to Beccles Line and Swing Bridge Junction on the Yarmouth side of Haddiscoe High Level railway station enabled direct services between Lowestoft and Yarmouth South Town via St Olaves. The 1883 timetable shows eight stopping trains each way between Ipswich, Lowestoft and Yarmouth, with two or three services a day from London. A Mondays only service ran from Liverpool Street with stops at Ipswich, Halesworth and Beccles. The first non-stop express between London and Lowestoft ran in summer 1900 and by 1904 non-stop runs were provided on a regular basis during the summer period. The traditional access to London was however by shuttle train connection out of the Yarmouth services at Beccles or by portions split and worked forward from there. Nine or ten passenger services to Norwich operated on weekdays and four on Sundays in 1905, the frequency increasing to 12 each way on weekdays by 1921.

Holiday traffic to Lowestoft prospered, particularly after 13 July 1898 when the Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Committee opened a new line from Yarmouth Beach and Yarmouth South Town via Gorleston-on-Sea, Hopton-on-Sea and Corton to Lowestoft, where a second station serving the town, named Lowestoft North, was opened. The opening of a second station in the town resulted in the main station being renamed Lowestoft Central in 1903. The Great Eastern sought to foster the holiday traffic by providing a bus service to Southwold from 18 July 1904 to January 1913 and also one to Oulton Broad. The increased naval activity brought on by the First World War saw the number of passengers using Lowestoft Central via the Norfolk & Suffolk double from a pre-war average of 25,000 per year to a near-record of 54,506 in 1918. The record was reached in 1919 when 63,859 used the station. In Summer 1924, a long-distance restaurant car express ran from Liverpool, Manchester and Sheffield to Lowestoft and Yarmouth, while an all-year round service began operating to and from York with portions for Lowestoft and Yarmouth dividing at Reedham. The journey to York took just over six hours, while Liverpool was reached in seven hours. A restaurant car was added to the York express by the early 1930s and the service remained in the timetable until the mid 1960s, although in its later years a buffet car was used instead. The Holiday Camps Express ran via Lowestoft to serve the holiday camps along the coast from 1934 to 1939 and then after the war until 1958. Another express, The Easterling, was introduced in June 1950 to run non-stop between Liverpool Street and Beccles where a portion would be detached for Lowestoft.

Goods traffic had been constant for many years. The chief materials brought into Lowestoft included coal (from Leicester and Melton Mowbray), bricks (to Lowestoft North), pipes, glass, sheet metal plates, flour, beer, grain and wheel-rims to be exported to the Netherlands. Goods sent out from Lowestoft included canned foods, wood cases and fish to London and Bury St. Edmunds. Between 1899 and 1914, a travelling post office left the station at 2000 each evening, reaching Ipswich at 2340.

In 1914, a sleeper depot was opened on a reclaimed mud bank in Lake Lothing. It grew to cover 13 acre and had a capacity of 450,000 sleepers as well as a 1000 ft wharf enabling ships to unload directly. Following the closure of Melton Constable Works in 1936, the depot became a centre for the construction of many items such as fenceposts and building parts, which were sent all over the LNER and Eastern Region. The depot, which had its own 3 ft narrow gauge railway, incorporated a pre-cast sleeper depot which supplied over half of the Eastern Region with two or three special trains leaving it each week. In an average year, about 328,000 sleepers were dispatched with 10,600 tons of chairs and baseplates and many tons of small permanent way accessories. The activity continued until 1964 after which the land was used by Shell for offices, a helipad, supply ship berths and a stores complex. A siding serving Shell was closed later in the 1970s.

Decline
As early as the 1930s, the fish traffic began to decline until there were only seasonal specials on the Norfolk & Suffolk in addition to the fish vans on the daily return goods trip. The fall in income from fish traffic was only partially replaced by the development of holiday camps along the coast. In addition, the drop-off in traffic on the line between Yarmouth and Lowestoft via the Haddiscoe curve resulted in its closure in 1934 and lifting in 1939. The service had not been as fast as trains on the Yarmouth-Lowestoft line and by the 1930s it was also facing competition from buses on the A12. Nevertheless, the summer timetable for 1939 still showed seventeen services each way, most of which were all-stoppers, while others were combined with Yarmouth services at Reedham before continuing to Norwich in a journey time of up to one hour and sixteen minutes.

During the early years following nationalisation, services on the Norfolk & Suffolk line were busy on summer Saturdays but less patronised at other times when a single push and pull unit hauled by a GER Class M15 or a GER Class G69 sufficed. Reliance on summer traffic was not enough and when British Railways started making losses from 1952 onwards, attention was turned to pruning the network by closing unremunerative lines. Thus in 1953 when major repairs to Breydon Viaduct were required, it was decided that Lowestoft could be adequately served during the summer season by diverted trains via Norwich Thorpe, and so the ordinary passenger and freight services were withdrawn as from 20 September. A good service nevertheless continued between Yarmouth South Town and Lowestoft, as well as a Saturdays through train from Birmingham. In May 1956, Prince Philip visited Lowestoft to open the new South Pier Pavilion and LNER Thompson Class B1 No. 61399 was used to haul the train from Wickham Market Junction.

On 2 November 1959, passenger services on the Yarmouth-Beccles line ceased, partly due to the expense of maintaining the swing bridges at Beccles and St Olaves, and it was reported that the British Transport Commission wished to re-route the line's traffic via Lowestoft. However, although the Lowestoft-Yarmouth line was upgraded to take express traffic, including the lengthening of the station platforms, the London expresses to Yarmouth were sent via Norwich as from 18 June 1962. The line was subsequently recommended for closure in the Beeching report, together with the East Suffolk line from Westerfield as far as Lowestoft. At this time, there was a daily pick-up goods service between Yarmouth South Town and Lowestoft but this ceased on 4 November 1967 and the same weekend the line was singled. The Yarmouth-Lowestoft line closed on 4 May 1970 but the East Suffolk line was reprieved by Barbara Castle on 29 June 1966. The closure of the Yarmouth-Lowestoft line and Lowestoft North station resulted in the "Central" being dropped from Lowestoft's name as from 3 May 1971. The late 1960s also saw the platform awnings cut back, although the roof over the main concourse was left intact.

Dieselisation was gradually implemented in Suffolk from the 1950s onwards. It began in 1954 when many steam engines were withdrawn from the Lowestoft area, followed in 1955 by the introduction of the two and four car diesel railcar units for the short services. After June 1960, the East Suffolk line was only served by diesel trains. The last recorded steam hauled passenger train left the station in June 1962, although for a number of years afterwards Class B1s were allocated to Lowestoft during the winter months to provide steam heating for hauled stock prior to departure behind diesel locomotives. The next steam-hauled passenger train at the station was not until 4 May 2002 when BR Standard Class 4 2-6-0 No. 76079 headed 'The Easterling' from Liverpool Street via Norwich. By the early 1960s, steam engines had almost disappeared from Lowestoft and in September 1962 the engine sheds and turntable finally closed. Long distance through services were also cut down with the loss of the through trains to Birmingham and York in late 1964 on the basis that Lowestoft did not have sufficient facilities for the storage and cleaning of coaches. The closure of the line between Lowestoft and Yarmouth South Town in 1970 saw the removal of the rails into platform 1. This section of the trackbed, as well as the siding which ran alongside, now forms part of the station car park.

Services on the East Suffolk Line consisted of eight or nine diesel multiple unit weekday workings to Ipswich, with a single InterCity train to London, supplemented by a second service on summer Saturdays. On winter Sundays, there were three services each way in the afternoon and evening. An hourly service was provided on the Lowestoft-Norwich line, with seven or eight trains each way on Sundays. The station continued to receive excursion traffic, mainly private charters by the Railway Development Society, as well as special services for football matches and Christmas shoppers.

Direct London services
The final direct London service of the British Rail era ran on 12 May 1984. On 26 September 1999, Anglia Railways reintroduced the service when the first service departed at 1005 drawn by one of Anglia's new Class 170 units. The weekday service left at 0656, arriving at Liverpool Street at 0931 and returning at 1900. Through Sunday services were withdrawn from the start of the summer 2000 timetable. As of December 2010 services to/from London via the East Suffolk Line and Norwich have been withdrawn.

1992 rebuilding
Up until 1992 Lowestoft station retained many of its original features, including the wooden trussed ceiling, LNER clock and traditional departure boards. In 1992, alterations were carried out in the name of modernising and simplifying the structure; these involved removing some brickwork, refurbishing an area of the platforms, removing the station roof and canopies to create a new open, paved concourse and demolishing the bookstall and toilet block. In addition, a new toilet was provided for all passengers, trees were planted and interior alterations were carried out to the booking hall and office. The removal of the station's roof now provides no shelter for passengers from the North Sea wind. Although few amenities remain, the station does nonetheless retain a staffed booking office and ticket issuing machine.

Much of the original historical structure nevertheless remains, including one of the last original British Rail enamel signs in situ on its frontage, displaying "British Railways - Lowestoft Central". The original platforms 2 and 3 remain in daily use with platform 4 also available although not used for regular services; the platforms were not renumbered following the removal of platform 1.

The station was a finalist in Railtrack's Station of the Year 1999.

2013 refurbishment
In May 2012, the station was described by local MP Peter Aldous as a "blot on the landscape" and a "pale shadow of its former self". He called for its refurbishment to be included as part of the next Greater Anglia franchise.

In early 2013, work began on redeveloping the exterior of the station with £1 million of funding from Suffolk County Council. One aim of the redevelopment was to create a more efficient transport interchange with bus routes within the town. The works include the resurfacing of the car park and adjoining land to create 70 additional car parking spaces, as well as redesigning the taxi rank and installing modern bus shelters with electronic information boards. Initial discussions took place in mid 2013 to renovate empty units within the station, in particular the former café which was housed in the large structure facing Station Square, with the help of local groups. On 18 February 2014, Peter Aldous MP officially opened a "Bike & Go" outlet at the station.

Goods traffic
Even by the late 1970s Lowestoft was still handling 25,000 tonnes of freight, an increase of some 18,000 compared to the mid 1970s. Goods consisted of domestic coal which was brought by train to a concentration depot at the end of Rotterdam Road, imported steel ingots which were sent on by rail, scrap metal exported to Spain by A. King & Sons and brought to Lowestoft by rail, imported Ford cars and container trains after an Orient Overseas Container Line ship was diverted from Felixstowe. The sleeper works was also producing around five wagon loads of concrete sleepers, posts and platform sections a day. Traffic declined in the 1980s as a result of national policies and trends, the withdrawal of vacuum-braked wagons leading to a loss in coal traffic and the increase in charges for imported steel resulting in this traffic moving to other ports.

There are still sidings to the station which are rarely used, although they no longer cross Station Square into the docks or across Commercial Road to what is today a car park and shop. Lowestoft remains a destination for specialised freight services which carry materials used in the offshore North Sea gas production industry. A wide variety of diesel locomotives have hauled these trains to Aberdeen over the years, including Classes 31, 37, 47, 58, 66 and 67. For many years, the frozen food industry in the area despatched much of its production by rail and in 1989, there was still a daily Speedlink service to the town. Little track rationalisation has taken place since the 1980s and the rail approach to the town is characterised by expanses of rarely used track.

Motive power depot
The first engine shed at Lowestoft was a two-road brick structure on the north side of the station with a turntable on a separate spur. It lay close to Denmark Road on the site of what was later the goods shed. The shed could only accommodate four locomotives and attracted complaints from local residents due to the smoke from the locomotives. New four-road sheds were built in 1882 at a cost of £5,650 on the north shore of Lake Lothing beyond what later became Coke Ovens Junction. The sheds were fine and ornate in the style of those at Yarmouth Vauxhall and March with extravagant brick detail and a vast iron water tank supported by tall vaulting running the width of the shed. The turntable was first on a single spur alongside the yard but later was enlarged to 65 ft and repositioned at the western boundary of the yard. In the 1930s, new coal handling and water softening plants were installed at a cost of £2,828.

By October 1954 the shed boasted the following allocation: 6 K3s, 1 E4, 5 J15s, 3 J17s, 2 F4s, 6 F5s, 6 F6s, 3 L1s, 1 J67 and 1 J68. Prior to 1954, Lowestoft was home to the last F3 class No. 67127 which first entered service in 1893 and was condemned at Ipswich in April 1953. Coded 32C by British Railways, the shed was officially closed in September 1960, although visiting locomotives continued to use the shed until it reportedly 'closed completely' on 7 July 1962. After a period as a cattle quarantine station, the sheds were demolished in 1983.

North Quay
A short 0.25 mi single-track tramway was constructed by the Norfolk Railway from Lowestoft station heading eastwards across the A12 road to Lowestoft Fish Quay. A flagman was needed to cross the road and services were often hauled by small tank engines or Sentinels. In 1866, the line was replaced by conventional rails and over the next 60 years was extended to 0.75 mi to reach the end of the North Pier which had been constructed in response to the expansion of the fishing trade at Lowestoft. The Great Eastern Railway and other railway companies invested greatly in the harbour and its infrastructure, although they were not constructed with the fishing industry in mind. By 1892, £320,000 had been invested in the harbour which covered 20 acre where nearly 1,000 registered fishing boats. Herring catches from the North Sea contributed to the 50,000-60,000 tons of fish landed annually in the early part of the twentieth century, the bulk of which were sent by rail to London.

Fishing boats returning with their catches were moored alongside the pier on which were railway wagons ready to receive the fish. A spacious covered market was opened by the Great Eastern in 1865 by the North Pier, lit by gas lamps and with landing stages 580 ft long. The extent of the fish traffic necessitated fishworkers' specials to Lowestoft from Scotland for the autumn herring season when Scottish women from as far afield as Kyle of Lochalsh were brought down by the trainload to gut the herring and act as relief crew on the fishing boats. The Norfolk & Suffolk succeeded in capturing 5,000 tons per year of this fish traffic, around 10% of the total.

The fish trade suffered from continental competition and fish migration and ever decreasing quantities were shipped by rail as lorries were used for their transport. Traffic was lost to road not only because the prices were too high but also perhaps because transport by road saw fish rise to the top of the ice-packed containers in which they were shipped, whereas this did not happen on a smooth rail ride. Services eventually ceased in September 1973 at which time two vans of fish offal to be used as pet food were dispatched nightly. Although a new trade in whitefish developed and a new fish market opened in October 1987, rail plays no role in their transport.

South Side docks and Kirkley
The Lowestoft and Beccles Railway Act 1856 authorised a branch from a junction to the east of Oulton Broad South to South Side docks, as well as a short branch to a coal and goods depot at Kirkley. The line was known for a curious signal with an arm fixed at danger on both sides to warn drivers to take care. At Kirkley goods station, the single line fanned out into two groups of sidings: one on each side of the yard and both extending across Belvedere Road into the South Quay where wagon turntables were used to access the sidings. Another siding, reached only by turntable, ran parallel to the quay into Morton's cannery in Belvedere Road. When a Co-op factory opened, it was connected to the harbour line by a siding just east of a level crossing over Durban Road. South Side was worked according to the one engine in steam principle and horses were sometimes used for shunting. Outward traffic included joinery from Boulton & Paul's and cannery products, as well as confectionery and preserves mostly from Mortons and the Co-op. Inward traffic comprised oil for the Co-op's factory boilers, timber for Boulton & Paul and steel for the Brooke Marine shipyard. The Kirkley branch was closed in 1966 and the South Side line beyond Durban Road followed on 6 November 1967 with tracklifting a year or so later. The rest of the line remained open until 31 December 1972 to serve the Boulton & Paul yard, by which time it had become somewhat of an anachronism. Extensive redevelopment of the area in the early 21st century obliterated most of the remains of the South Side lines and the industrial businesses which they served.

Facilities
Lowestoft station is conveniently situated between the south end of the shopping area in the town centre and the north end of the sea front. Facilities at the station include shelters, seating in the booking hall and toilets. There is also a ticket machine and a ticket office, which is staffed during the day.

A pay and display car park is provided, as is a taxi rank and cycle storage. Local buses call at the station, which is a Plusbus location.

Services
, the typical Monday-Saturday off-peak service at Lowestoft is as follows:

On weekdays, the station sees an hourly service to Norwich, via the Wherry Lines, with an extra service in the morning. The services tend to be timed regularly, usually departing at around 50 minutes past the hour during the day; the final service usually departs at 23:30. Saturday services follow a similar pattern, with a reduced service on Sundays. The journey time to Norwich averages 40 minutes.

The service to Ipswich, via the East Suffolk Line, runs hourly following the opening of a passing loop at Beccles in December 2012; this usually leaves at 7 minutes past the hour. Sunday services run every two hours, but depart at 5 minutes past each hour from the first train at 08:05 to the last at 20:05. The average journey time to Ipswich is around 1 hour and 30 minutes.

Relocation of the station
Waveney District Council had previously indicated in April 2010 that the station should be relocated 40m to the west and 80m to the south in order to "strike the optimum balance between commercial viability, technical feasibility and acceptability in the eyes of key stakeholders and landowners". Relocation would "release a significant parcel of land for redevelopment in Peto Square between Denmark Road and Commercial Road", although it was said that "existing historic station buildings should be retained and integrated into any new development." Network Rail has objected to this policy on the basis that this would reduce the patronage of the station as was the case with Cromer, Felixstowe and Sheringham and would incur substantial financial cost. Although the policy did not appear in the final version of the area action plan for Lake Lothing and the Outer Harbour Area, the document did nevertheless raise concerns as it purported to reduce the number of platforms at the station to two plus a siding for excursion trains.

Direct Yarmouth services
In January 2015, a Network Rail study proposed the reintroduction of direct services between Lowestoft and Yarmouth by reinstating a spur at Reedham. Services could once again travel between two East Coast towns, with an estimated journey time of 33 minutes, via a reconstructed 34 chain north-to-south arm of the former triangular junction at Reedham, which had been removed in c. 1880. The plans also involve relocating Reedham station nearer the junction, an idea which attracted criticism.

title: Lowestoft railway station


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Gary K. Michelson

Gary K. Michelson (born January 14, 1949) is an American orthopedic surgeon, medical inventor, and billionaire philanthropist.

Early life and education
Michelson and his three brothers were raised in Philadelphia by his mother and grandmother, whose struggles with syringomyelia inspired his interest in spinal ailments. After graduating Central High School of Philadelphia in 1966, he attended Temple University and Hahnemann Medical College of Drexel University, until finishing his medical residency in orthopedic surgery at Hahnemann Medical Hospital in 1979. Michelson then completed his fellowship training in spinal surgery at St. Luke's Medical Center, in a joint program between Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Texas. He was a practicing spinal surgeon for over 25 years before retiring from private practice in 2001 to focus on philanthropy.

He is of Jewish heritage.

Medical innovations & related legal battles
Seeing the low success rates associated with spinal surgery procedures early in his career, Michelson developed new implants, instruments and procedures for spinal surgery. These technologies, often recognized in the medical profession as "Michelson Devices", assist in surgical procedures by decreasing blood loss, incision size, and addressing other critical factors. Michelson is the sole credited inventor on over 950 issued or pending patents worldwide related to the treatment of spinal disorders.

In 2005, Michelson sold many of his spine-related patents to Medtronic for $1.35 billion, placing him on the Forbes 400 list. A legal battle with Medtronic over the origins of the patents preceded the sale. In 2004, Michelson cross-filed in response to Medtronic's 2001 suit, and was awarded financial damages for both lawsuits by the jury. The legal defense against Medtronic's suit established a major legal precedent in 2004, governing who bears the cost of pre-trial discovery of electronic evidence.

Philanthropy
The Gary Karlin Michelson, M.D. Charitable Foundation, Inc. was founded in 1995 through a $100 million contribution from Dr. Michelson (it was later renamed the Michelson Medical Research Foundation in 2005). The nonprofit does not accept donations.

Michelson Center for Public Policy
The Michelson Center for Public Policy endorsed a 2021 bill from U.S. representative for Florida's 16th congressional district Vern Buchanan to end an FDA requirement that animal testing be used to determine a drug's efficacy on humans.

Michelson Found Animals Foundation
In 2005, Michelson launched the Found Animals Foundation, a 501(c)(3) private operating foundation dedicated to animal welfare. In response to Hurricane Katrina, the foundation created the Found Animals Registry, the first free national pet microchipping registry. Found Animals also performs surveys of pet owners, to study industry trends and owner/pet relationships.

In 2008, the foundation launched the Michelson Prize and Grants in Reproductive Biology, a $75 million initiative to create a safe and effective single-dose, non-surgical spay/neuter method for cats and dogs. The program includes the $25 million Michelson Prize, and an additional $50 million provided by Michelson to fund medical research in support of the prize. To date, the program has awarded 41 grants, including a gene therapy approach that could keep potentially keep felines kitten-free for almost two years.

In 2020, the foundation launched the Better Neighbor Project to support low income and homeless pet owners with food and veterinary services. In 2021, the Found Animals Registry was acquired by Pethealth Inc. (a subsidiary of Fairfax Financial). The foundation is also on the board of the Best Friends Animal Society's No-Kill Los Angeles initiative.

For World Spay Day 2024, the foundation donated $1 million to Community Animal Medicine Project clinics in Southern California.

Michelson Institute for Intellectual Property
Dr. Michelson was a contributing author to the free 2016 textbook The Intangible Advantage: Understanding Intellectual Property in the New Economy, written for non-lawyers and undergraduate students to better understand patents, copyrights, and trademarks. In 2016, the new Michelson Institute for Intellectual Property was formed, to provide free intellectual property-related educational resources.

Michelson Medical Research Foundation
Formed in 2005, the Michelson Medical Research Foundation aims to promote innovation in medicine and science. Its initiatives include the USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington, and the California Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy at the new UCLA Research Park, announced in January 2024.

In 2017, Michelson and his wife Alya launched the Michelson Prize, to support medically relevant research by scientists under the age of 36. The 2020 Michelson Prizes were awarded to Danika Hill, research fellow at Australia's Monash University, and Michael Birnbaum, assistant professor at MIT.

Michelson Neglected Disease Initiative
In 2013, he became a principal supporter of the Sabin Vaccine Institute, giving birth to the Michelson Neglected Disease Vaccine Initiative to provide access to affordable treatments for tropical diseases.

Michelson 20MM Foundation
In 2011, Michelson created the Twenty Million Minds Foundation (named for the number of students enrolled in higher education in the United States), to make college more affordable by underwriting a library of free online textbooks. In 2016, Michelson publicly released a variety of intellectual property tools through the organization.

The Spark Grants platform was launched by 20MM in March 2019, designed to truncate the lengthy grant-funding process. The foundation partnered with California for the first California Digital Divide Challenge in 2020, offering a $1 million prize for the best proposal to expand broadband access in the state.

The Michelson 20MM Foundation has been a leading force in closing the digital divide through convenings and energetic advocacy. It brought together national leaders from government, industry, NGOs, academia for a series of high-level meetings and commissioned research that ultimately resulted in the FCC adopting new rules to eliminate discrimination in access to internet services.

Legislative
Since 2017, Michelson has funded and successfully advanced various pieces of legislation. Those include:

 * A bill ending the practice of pet shops sourcing animals from out of state farms, and AB 485, a companion bill requiring all pet shops in California to source their animals from local shelters and rescue groups.
 * The California Cruelty-Free Cosmetic Act, banning the sale of cosmetics tested on animals.
 * The Circus Cruelty Prevention Act, banning the use of animals in California circus shows.
 * California Law AB 1260, which ends the practice of commercial fur trapping, and bans the sale of products made from the hides from exotic animals. The bill was designed to thwart an attempt by others to allow the sale of alligator and crocodile products in the state.
 * California Senate Bill 573, requiring shelters to microchip all reclaimed or adopted cats and dogs.
 * California Law SB 990, which provides parolees with the opportunity to live, work or pursue an education outside of the county where they resided prior to incarceration.
 * California Law AB 2881, which removes existing registration barriers at California-based community colleges and state universities, and increases awareness around availability of the California Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).
 * The FDA Modernization Act 2.0, which includes provisions to modernize effective, humane animal testing.

Personal life
Michelson lives in Los Angeles with his wife, Alya, and their three children.

In the December 2015 issue of Forbes magazine, Michelson was featured as one of "10 People with Big Ideas to Change the World".

Academic books

 * (2016) The Intangible Advantage: Understanding Intellectual Property in the New Economy (contributing author)

Selected articles

 * (2020) "America's Needed Medical Revolution" - US News & World Report
 * (2020) "Transform higher education - make textbooks free" - EdSource
 * (2021) "To vaccinate our economy, boost support for the NIH" - Fortune
 * (2021) "Microchipping your pets doesn't have to be expensive. Paying for registration is a scam." - USA Today
 * (2022) "Accelerating the Pace of Innovation for the Greater Good" - Technology & Innovation, Vol. 22 No. 2
 * (2022) "Let's help struggling students rather than benefiting textbook publishers" - EdSource (with Michelle Pilati)
 * (2024) "Is India the Key to Ending the War in Ukraine?" - C-Suite Quarterly
 * (2024) "Low-cost solution to L.A.'s animal shelter crisis" - Daily Breeze

Awards and honors

 * Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Washington, D.C., on May 4, 2011.
 * Inducted into the National Academy of Inventors on March 7, 2014.
 * 2015 - Albert. B Sabin Humanitarian Award, in recognition of his extraordinary philanthropy and commitment toward the control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs).
 * 2015 - Distinguished Achievement Award from B'nai B'rith International, for his commitment to philanthropy, humanitarian assistance and community leadership.
 * 2017 - Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Southern California.
 * 2017 - Innovation Award for Technology from the Los Angeles County Medical Association.
 * 2018 - Visionary of the Year Award in Philanthropy from CSQ / C-Suite Quarterly Magazine.
 * 2022 - Humanitarian Award Recipient, 22nd Annual Inner City Law Center Awards
 * 2022 - IP Champion Award, Intellectual Property Owners Education Foundation
 * 2024 - Tommy Lasorda Leadership Award from Milken Institute
 * 2024 - Humanitarian Award, World Brain Mapping Foundation

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gary K. Michelson


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David Holt (musician)

David Holt (born October 15, 1946 in Gatesville, Texas) is a musician who performs traditional American music and stories. A four-time Grammy Award winner, Holt plays 10 acoustic instruments and has released recordings of traditional mountain music and southern folktales, hosted Riverwalk, a jazz program on public radio, Folkways, a television program on folk music and culture, Great Scenic Railway Journeys, and North Carolina Mountain Treasures on North Carolina public television.

He is the host of David Holt's State of Music, a public-TV series distributed nationwide by PBS. The program is produced and directed by Will and Deni McIntyre and was nominated for a Midsouth Regional Emmy in 2015.

Holt performed with Doc Watson from 1998 to 2012. He performs wearing his trademark fedora, preferring vintage examples from the 1930s and 1940s.

Holt and his wife, Ginny, have a son, Zeb, who worked for NBC in New York City. Their daughter, Sarah Jane, died in 1989 at age 10 following a car crash.

title: David Holt (musician)


text:
Stephen A. Smith

Stephen Anthony Smith (born October 14, 1967) is an American sports television personality, sports radio host, and sports journalist. He makes frequent appearances as an NBA analyst for ESPN on SportsCenter, NBA Countdown, and the network's NBA broadcasts. He has also hosted The Stephen A. Smith Show on ESPN Radio and is a commentator on ESPN's First Take, where he appears with Molly Qerim. Smith is a featured columnist for ESPN and The Philadelphia Inquirer.

Early life and education
Stephen Anthony Smith was born in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. He was raised in the Hollis section of Queens. Smith is the youngest of six children. He has four older sisters and had an older brother, Basil, who died in a car accident in 1992. He also has a half-brother on his father's side. Smith's parents were originally from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. His father managed a hardware store. Smith's maternal grandmother was white, the rest of his grandparents black. He graduated in 1986 from Thomas Edison High School in Queens.

After attending the Fashion Institute of Technology for one year, Smith received a basketball scholarship to attend Winston-Salem State University, a historically black university in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. In college, he played basketball under Hall of Fame coach Clarence Gaines. However, Smith's basketball career abruptly ended after a severe knee injury. While still on the team, Smith wrote a column for the university newspaper, The News Argus, arguing Gaines should retire due to health issues. He is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity. Smith graduated in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in mass communication.

Print media
Smith began his print media career with the Winston-Salem Journal, the Greensboro News and Record, and the New York Daily News.

Beginning in 1994, Smith had a position as a writer for The Philadelphia Inquirer. He began reporting on the Philadelphia 76ers as their NBA columnist, and eventually, as a general sports columnist. On August 23, 2007, the Inquirer announced that Smith would no longer be writing columns and would instead be demoted back to the position of general assignment reporter. In 2008, the Inquirer ended its relationship with Smith, which coincided with Smith starting his own blog, stephena.com. In February 2010, Smith returned to The Philadelphia Inquirer after winning an arbitrator's ruling that he was to be reinstated but having to agree to remove all of his political views from his website and from cable news shows.

Radio
On April 11, 2005, Smith became the host of a weekday noon to 2 p.m. radio show on WEPN in New York City with his "right-hand man B.T. (Brandon Tierney)". On September 20, 2007, the show was shifted to the 2-4 p.m. slot, with the second hour being broadcast nationally on ESPN Radio, replacing the third hour of The Dan Patrick Show (Mike Tirico took over the first two hours). Smith's show came to an end in April 2008 as he sought to expand his career in television, and beginning May 1, Scott Van Pelt began hosting in the 3-4 p.m. hour that was previously Smith's.

In November 2009, Smith became an on-air contributor to Fox Sports Radio and broke the story of Allen Iverson's retirement on the Chris Myers–Steve Hartman afternoon show on November 25. Iverson later ended his short retirement and rejoined the Philadelphia 76ers on December 2. Smith became a Fox Sports Radio morning show host on January 4, 2010, replacing Washington, D.C.-based host Steve Czaban. On his radio program, Smith correctly predicted that LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, and Chris Bosh would all sign with the Miami Heat during 2010 free agency. In early 2011, Smith became a resident FSR NBA insider and ended his morning show.

It was announced on February 1, 2011, that Smith would be returning to ESPN as a columnist for ESPN.com and host for weekday local radio shows on 1050 ESPN Radio New York (WEPN-AM) at 7-9 p.m. ET as well as 710 ESPN Radio Los Angeles (KSPN-AM) at 6-8 p.m. PT. April 24, 2012, was Smith's last show for LA 710 ESPN.

Beginning in May 2012, as part of the ESPN New York move to 98.7 WRKS, Smith replaced Robin Lundberg alongside Ryan Ruocco and debuted the Stephen A. Smith & Ryan Ruocco Show which ran from 1-3 p.m. ET on the new 98.7 WEPN. Smith started each show with a signature pre-intro cold open "rant" on a topic that would be discussed in the first segment. The show came to an end in the summer of 2013, when Smith left ESPN for Sirius XM Radio, where he joined Chris Russo's Mad Dog Sports Channel. The move was announced just one day after Smith made some controversial comments on ESPN2's First Take program regarding the Ray Rice situation.

On January 17, 2017, Smith moved from Sirius XM's Mad Dog Sports channel back to ESPN. His daily two-hour program is heard on WEPN in New York, KSPN in Los Angeles, Sirius XM's ESPN channel, and via syndication.

Television
Smith is currently one of the hosts of First Take on ESPN. He also appears as an analyst on various ESPN programs. He is known for provocative analysis and dour delivery.

Smith started his television career on the now-defunct cable network CNN/SI in 1999.

In August 2005, Smith started hosting a daily hour-long show on ESPN called Quite Frankly with Stephen A. Smith. After the show was cancelled in January 2007, he mainly concentrated on basketball, serving as an NBA analyst. He also appeared on other ESPN shows, including the reality series Dream Job, as well as serving as a frequent guest (and guest host) on Pardon the Interruption, Jim Rome Is Burning, and as a participant on 1st and 10. He appeared as an anchor on the Sunday morning edition of SportsCenter. On April 17, 2009, Smith announced on his website that he would be leaving ESPN on May 1, 2009. The Los Angeles Times reported that ESPN commented that, "We decided to move in different directions." Though according to Big Lead Sports, a source says that ESPN and Smith went to the negotiating table and could not reach an agreement.

Smith later returned to ESPN, and it was announced on April 30, 2012, on air that Smith would be joining First Take on a permanent, five-days-per-week basis under a new format for the show called "Embrace Debate" in which he squares off against longtime First Take commentator Skip Bayless.

On July 25, 2014, Smith made controversial remarks on First Take that women may provoke domestic abuse, in regards to the domestic violence situation involving Baltimore Ravens' running back Ray Rice and his wife. After criticism of the remarks, including comments on Twitter from ESPN reporter Michelle Beadle, Smith apologized for his words on a taped segment on ESPN. On July 29, 2014, Smith was suspended by ESPN for a week and did not appear on any of their programs again until August 6, 2014.

In late 2014, Smith signed a multi-year deal with ESPN that will pay him over $3 million per year.

In a March 9, 2015, episode of First Take, while discussing the topic of Philadelphia Eagles' head coach Chip Kelly trading away running back LeSean McCoy to the Buffalo Bills for linebacker Kiko Alonso, Smith said: "Chip Kelly has made decisions over the last couple of years that, dare I say, leave a few brothers feeling uncomfortable." Michael David Smith of NBS Sports believed that Smith had hinted Kelly's roster moves regarding the 2014 release of wide receiver DeSean Jackson, the McCoy trade, and letting wide receiver Jeremy Maclin depart for free agency to sign with the Kansas City Chiefs, while still keeping wide receiver Riley Cooper on the Eagles' roster might be racially motivated. In an interview with ESPN The Magazine that was published on May 8, 2015, McCoy admitted that while he respected Kelly as a head coach, he did not see eye to eye with him. McCoy also believed that some of the roster moves that are being made by Kelly are racially motivated. Kelly has said that the roster moves that he has made have nothing to do with race, it has to do with finding the right players that fit well into his team. Smith defended his comments by saying that he never used a form of the word racism to imply that Kelly was a racist.

On June 11, 2015, Smith received criticism for a comment he made about female soccer players during the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. While on SportsCenter, a replay was shown of a goal scored by Norway on a free kick against Germany. Tim Legler pointed out that the German players forming the wall turned their heads as the ball went by, and Smith joked that the players "might not have wanted to mess up their hair". Smith's comment was criticized as being sexist and a poor joke. ESPN said they spoke with Smith about the comment, and he later apologized in a series of tweets.

On November 5, 2016, Smith joined Top Rank's broadcasting team for the Manny Pacquiao vs. Jessie Vargas boxing pay-per-view event. In 2019, Smith became a UFC commentator as ESPN became the UFC's television broadcaster.

In 2020, Smith served as a commentator for the after-party coverage of the 92nd Academy Awards on ABC.

On June 10, 2021, Smith broke into the soccer coverage space. (As he put it, "Let's do that soccer.") Smith selected a Euro2020 team and followed this up with another soccer segment called "Ain't No Way" on June 14, 2021.

Acting
Smith made his acting debut on the ABC soap opera General Hospital in a cameo appearance as a television reporter on February 2, 2007. Smith is a longtime fan of the show, as his older sisters watched it every day growing up. Smith appeared as Brick on General Hospital on March 31, 2016, and has made guest appearances in the role every year since.

In 2007, Smith was in the Chris Rock film I Think I Love My Wife.

Beginning in 2014, he has appeared in a series of Oberto all-natural beef jerky commercials as "The Little Voice in Your Stomach", each time appearing alongside sports figures, such as star athletes Seattle Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman and pro snowboarder Louie Vito, and notable basketball sportscaster Dick "Dickie V" Vitale.

Catchphrases
Smith is known for his frequent use of catchphrases while hosting First Take, such as "blasphemous" when describing something completely outrageous that does not make sense to him. He also frequently refers to former Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers as a "baaaaaaaad man" (with the "A" stretched out for several seconds). Smith has worn Rodgers' jersey on two occasions on First Take in 2017: once following the Dallas Cowboys' elimination at the hands of the Packers and once during a special taping of First Take from Dallas where Smith received boos from the live crowd.

Smith has been known to show a strong hatred towards the Cowboys, often at times mocking them with their "How 'Bout Them Cowboys?" slogan in a sarcastic manner, claiming that they are "an accident waiting to happen", and calling them "a damn disgrace". A song was even made all about Smith's hatred of the Cowboys. He has frequently mocked former Cowboys player and fellow First Take commentator Michael Irvin after losses, as well as other past and present ESPN employees who are Cowboys fans such as Skip Bayless, Will Cain and Marcus Spears.

Knowledge about hockey
Smith has been known to say many times that he knows absolutely nothing about the sport of hockey, such as by saying that tie games still exist in the sport (the NHL abolished ties following the 2004–05 NHL lockout), despite the presence of three hockey teams from within the New York metropolitan area where he was brought up. In recent years, and especially after ESPN acquired broadcasting rights for the NHL in the United States as of the 2021-2022 season, Smith would talk about hockey more often on both First Take and his new show Stephen A.’s World, such as when he roasted the Edmonton Oilers’ Connor McDavid and Leon Draisaitl after they got swept by the Winnipeg Jets in the opening round of the 2021 Stanley Cup Playoffs and equated the Toronto Maple Leafs’ playoff failures to that of the Dallas Cowboys’. Smith would also have NHL defenseman P.K. Subban occasionally appear as a guest on both shows.

Opposition to recreational marijuana
Smith is known for his outspoken stance on athletes, in particular NFL players, and the recreational usage of marijuana (which, despite being legal in some US states, is prohibited by league policy and punishable by fine or suspension). On occasions when players are found to be involved with the drug, Smith may loudly tell them to "Stay off the weed!" Such NFL players include Stedman Bailey, Adrian Peterson, Josh Gordon, Joseph Randle, Randy Gregory, Aldon Smith, LeGarrette Blount, Le'veon Bell, and Martavis Bryant. NBA players whom Smith has criticized in relation to marijuana include Zach Randolph, who was arrested for possession of marijuana with the intent to sell in August 2017, D'Angelo Russell, who was cited for marijuana possession inside his luggage at New York's LaGuardia Airport while flying to Louisville in May 2019, and Alex Caruso, who was arrested in Texas for marijuana possession in June 2021.

During the final seconds of the fourth quarter of Game 1 of the 2018 NBA Finals, Cleveland Cavaliers player J. R. Smith dribbled the ball out without attempting a shot, believing that his team was winning the game when in fact the score was tied. The Golden State Warriors subsequently defeated the Cavaliers in overtime. The next morning, Stephen A. Smith jokingly delivered his "Stay off the weed!" line at the request of the audience attending a live First Take taping in Oakland, implying that committing a blunder of J. R. Smith's magnitude would only be possible if the player was high at the time. The outburst garnered applause from the audience and his First Take co-hosts. The Warriors ultimately won the series in four games.

Personal life
In a December 11, 2019, interview with GQ, Smith disclosed that he has two daughters, aged 10 and 11 years old at the time. He was once engaged. When asked why he never went through with the marriage, he said: "It didn't work out. Matter of fact, I just told my sister that the other day: none of your business ... Something about my job and my money. I said this is not a discussion. You'll get an answer if I want to give you an answer."

Smith is a fan of the New York Yankees, New York Knicks, and Pittsburgh Steelers.

Works

 * 2023: Straight Shooter: A Memoir of Second Chances and First Takes ISBN 978-1982189495

title: Stephen A. Smith


text:
Saguenay City Council

The Saguenay City Council (in French: Conseil municipal de la Ville de Saguenay) is the governing body for the mayor–council government in the city of Saguenay, in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec.

Mayor

 * 1) Jean Tremblay, Independent (2002–2017)
 * 2) Josée Néron, Équipe du renouveau démocratique (2017–2021)
 * 3) Julie Dufour, Independent (2021–present)

Councillors
As of the 2021 Quebec municipal elections

Jonquière Borough
District 1: Jimmy Bouchard, Independent

District 2: Claude Bouchard, Independent

District 3: Michel Thiffault, Independent

District 4: Kevin Armstrong, Independent

District 5: Carl Dufour, Independent - borough president

District 6: Jean-Marc Crevier, Independent

Chicoutimi Borough
District 7: Serge Gaudreault, Independent

District 8: Mireille Jean, Independent

District 9: Michel Tremblay, Independent

District 10: Jacques Cleary, Independent - borough president

District 11: Marc Bouchard, Équipe du Renouveau Démocratique District 12: Michel Potvin, Independent

La Baie Borough
District 13: Raynald Simard, Independent - borough president

District 14: Jean Tremblay, Independent (elected in 2022 by-election); previously Éric Simard, Independent

District 15: Martin Harvey, Independent

title: Saguenay City Council


text: Talk:Mothermania

title: Talk:Mothermania


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Doctor Alexander Manette

Doctor Alexander Manette

 * Doctor Alexander Manette- wikify, cleanup language, and probably merge somewhere. (should be checked for copyvio). --Dmcdevit 06:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Referred to SteveW · Katefan0(scribble) 16:08, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't this be at Alexander Manette? Titles like Doctor aren't supposed to be in the article title because of the naming conventions, right? Mgm|(talk) 22:53, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would think so... probably should fix that while you're at it. · Katefan0(scribble) 01:16, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've moved the article to Alexander Manette as suggested. SteveW | Talk 18:52, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've wikified this a bit and made a couple of formatting changes. I'm not entirely happy about the "Analysis" section, but I don't want to just get rid of it - this appears bizarrely to be the longest article on any Dickens character - most, if they have articles at all, are just redirects back to their respective novels or List of Dickens characters and more minor than major characters have articles - very strange and a big job to sort out for someone who is much more of a Dickens fan than me. Closed. SteveW | Talk 11:40, 12 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Paul Burchill

Paul Birchall (born 8 October 1979), better known by his ring name Paul Burchill, is an English professional wrestler, currently making appearances for the National Wrestling Alliance under the ring name Burchill (shortened from his previous ring name Paul Burchill). He is best known for his time with WWE. Prior to joining WWE, Burchill wrestled for the Frontier Wrestling Alliance and other promotions in Europe.

After signing with WWE, Burchill competed in their former developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling, where he won the OVW Heavyweight Championship four times and the OVW Tag Team Championship one time. He was called up to the main roster in August 2005, forming a tag team with William Regal. After they split up the following year, Burchill was repackaged with a pirate gimmick and was aligned with Katie Lea, competing sporadically on the Heat, Raw, and ECW brands until his release from the company in 2010. He later made appearances for several promotions on the independent circuit until retiring in 2017.

Frontier Wrestling Alliance (2002–2004)
Birchall is a former primary school teacher from Surrey, but got into professional wrestling in 2001 after walking into the Frontier Wrestling Alliance's (FWA) Academy and quickly impressing the man running the camp, Mark Sloan.

While training at the Academy under Sloan's guidance, Birchall made his debut in August 2002 using the slightly modified spelling of his name Paul Burchill. In mid-2002, Burchill began to appear in the FWA by interfering in matches or before them, making unscheduled appearances and beating other wrestlers leading to October at Uprising when he took out both members of The New Breed (Ashe and Curve) singlehandedly before their match. He went on interfering in matches, even taking out all four competitors in a four-way match until May when he made his first scheduled appearance at Frontiers of Honour, jointly held between FWA and Ring of Honor (ROH). Debuting with manager 'Twisted Genius' Dean Ayass he defeated the tag team of Double Dragon (Raj Jordon and Ross Jordan), in his first sanctioned match by double knockout. Burchill went on an undefeated streak in handicap matches against tag teams for the rest of the year, often running into the Duke of Danger (who he'd taken out in the four-way) and Andy Simmons, part of the aristocrat themed group Hampton Court. He cemented this winning streak in a moment voted thirteenth on the FWA's Top 20 Moments when he interrupted the Duke's thrashing of peasants (squashing jobbers) at Hotwired in September and performed a double rolling fireman's carry slam before debuting his C-4 finishing move. By the end of 2003 he was voted Rookie of the Year by both Total Wrestling and 1 Stop Wrestling.

His winning streak would go untarnished until mid-2004 at June's Carpe Diem event where Simmons continued to resist being pinned or submitting to Burchill. Frustrated, Burchill went up the ramp to talk to his manager Ayass but while there veteran Drew McDonald came from the back and hit him with a steel chair causing Burchill to lose via count out. Burchill gained some level of revenge when he teamed up with Terry Funk and Paul Travell to take on McDonald, Thunder and his first victim Ghosh at November's British Uprising III, receiving a standing ovation from the 1,800 fans in attendance as news broke that he had signed with American promotion World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). A fortnight later at FWA's annual Gold Rush event he faced FWA British Heavyweight Champion Alex Shane in a non-title match, being pinned for the first time since training in the Academy in his last match.

Other promotions (2004)
On 1 August 2004, Burchill defeated Doug Williams and The Zebra Kid (Roy Bevis) in a No Holds Barred three-way match to become the International Wrestling Promotions (IWP) Heavyweight Champion. He would hold the title until 6 November, when he lost a Falls Count Anywhere match to D'Lo Brown.

In May 2004, Burchill made two appearances in Athletik Club Wrestling (ACW) in Germany losing in a tag team match to Jerry Lynn and Michael Kovac. Later that night he took part in a 22-man battle royal losing to fellow Brit Doug Williams. He returned in July for Summer Heat where he took on Patrick Shulz, who he had tagged with at the previous event, and won in a grudge match. Shulz, with his Made in Germany tag team partner Eric Shwarz, gained a return victory later that night over Burchill and Crazy Sexy Mike.

Ohio Valley Wrestling (2005–2008)
Burchill briefly appeared in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) in 2005 before his appearance on SmackDown, making it to the second round of a tournament for the OVW Television Championship. He also feuded briefly with Nick Nemeth, exchanging victories before winning an OVW Southern Tag Team Championship shot along with Seth Skyfire in a battle royal but the hastily assembled pair could not defeat The Blond Bombers (Tank and Chad Toland) in the next match.

In January 2006 he began a feud with Ken Doane after Doane abandoned Burchill during a tag team match. The following week Burchill defeated Doane despite the presence of the rest of The Spirit Squad at ringside. He also had a brief angle where he interrupted a match to attack Shelly Martinez but instead carried her backstage and she was later seen wearing a pirate's wench outfit and chasing him to no avail. She would later attack Cherry Pie during his win over Deuce Shade. In September he won a battle royal for a shot at the OVW Heavyweight Championship but lost the match later that night. He earned another shot at the championship in December by defeating Seth Skyfire in a Christmas Presents match. A week later Chett the Jet beat Jacob Duncan for the championship at which point Burchill came to the ring and hit Chett with a steel chair, telling Danny Basham, the Troubleshooter, that he was the primary contender for the belt and demanded a match instantly thus ending 2006 with his first OVW Heavyweight Championship.

He defended the belt frequently against both Chett and Duncan in 2007 and earned the nickname "Ripper" by repeatedly defeating them both but lost it on 17 February in his second defence against Cody Runnels. He won it back the next day from Rhodes. After more successful defences Aaron "The Idol" Stevens won the belt from him on 14 March. A rematch on 18 April ended in a double count-out but Burchill would not be appeased, interfering in Runnels' title shot to make the match a no contest and on 9 May he was given another shot at the title and won it for a third time. Two weeks later on 23 May, a rematch between Burchill and Stevens went to a draw when both men simultaneously pinned each other leading the title to be held up and vacated. A match for the vacant title was booked between Burchill, Stevens and Jay Bradley on 1 June with Bradley picking up the win. Burchill regained the belt later that month on 27 June but lost it 28 July to Vladimir Kozlov.

In August, Burchill pinned Mark Henry in retaliation for Henry injuring him on SmackDown months prior. In November he defeated Stu Sanders by the referee's ten count but teamed with him the following week, eventually getting to the finals of a tournament for the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship but losing the last match to Shawn Spears and Colt Cabana. In the first show of 2008 the team beat Cabana and Charles Evans to capture the titles. Around the same time he also began sending presents to Katie "The Kat" Lea as a secret admirer, eventually revealing himself when he helped her win her second OVW Women's Championship. His final appearance in OVW, on 27 February, was in a four corners tag team match where he and Sanders lost their championship to Los Locos (Ramón and Raúl).

Teaming and feuding with William Regal (2005–2007)
After arriving in the US, Burchill was scouted by Tommy Dreamer and called up to the main roster by August. He made his WWE debut on 27 August 2005 episode of Velocity, when he made a run-in in a match between fellow Englishman William Regal and Scotty 2 Hotty. Burchill quickly established an alliance with his countryman, helping Regal to beat down Scotty 2 Hotty. A week later he debuted on SmackDown!, teaming with Regal to defeat Hotty and Funaki via submission when Scotty tapped out to Burchill's Royal Mutilation. The next week on SmackDown!, Burchill defeated Scotty 2 Hotty in a singles match in the same manner. After rising through the tag team ranks Regal and Burchill were given a chance at the Tag Team Championship in a Fatal Four Way match facing The Mexicools, MNM and then-champions Legion of Doom (Road Warrior Animal and Heidenreich), but lost out to MNM. Regal and Burchill continued tagging together, mainly feuding with The Mexicools on Velocity while Regal often acted as a manager for Burchill during his singles matches. He lost to the debuting Bobby Lashley in mid-December, but bounced back with a win on Velocity, debuting his C-4 move in WWE to defeat John Xavier. In January he appeared in a 20-man battle royal for the World Heavyweight Championship, but was eliminated by the eventual winner Kurt Angle.

On SmackDown! on 3 February 2006, Burchill and Regal told SmackDown! "network representative" Palmer Canon that they no longer wanted to be a tag team so they could go their separate ways. During this discussion, Burchill informed Canon that his family heritage traces back to the pirate Blackbeard and he wanted to do a pirate gimmick on SmackDown!. He followed through on this promise the following week when he appeared backstage dressed as a pirate, with a look similar to that of Johnny Depp's character from the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. Regal tried to convince Burchill to return to his former ruthless gimmick, while Burchill refused cementing him as a fan favourite. Burchill had his first match as a pirate on the edition of SmackDown! on 10 March 2006, making an elaborate entrance by swinging down to the floor on a rope. Burchill defeated Regal using the C-4, which was renamed Walking the Plank to suit the gimmick. After Regal continued to persuade Burchill to return to his former gimmick, the two were booked in a match where the loser would be forced to wear the winner's choice of clothing. Burchill won the match, forcing Regal to dress at his whim until Burchill lost another match, initially dressing him up as a buxom wench, and later in various costumes such as a chicken suit and a gorilla suit. Eventually, he made Regal dress up like a buccaneer to tag with him against Gymini on 21 April. Burchill ended up abandoning Regal during the match, which led to Gymini picking up the victory. In early June, Burchill's popular pirate gimmick came to an end when Mark Henry, who was going on a storyline rampage, defeated Burchill and then assaulted him afterwards resulting in him being stretchered off SmackDown. Afterwards, Burchill returned to Ohio Valley Wrestling.

In 2007, Burchill worked in dark matches for WWE teaming with Dave Taylor on Smackdown until October of that year when he was replaced by Drew McIntyre.

Alliance with Katie Lea and departure (2008–2010)
After appearing on Heat on several occasions, Burchill made his return to WWE television as a villain for the first time since June 2006 with fellow FWA alumna Katie Lea playing his on-screen sister during the episode of Raw on 11 February, defeating Brian Kendrick in a singles match. Continuing to appear on Heat, Burchill and Katie would occasionally appear on Raw in handicap matches. On 26 May, Burchill assaulted Mr. Kennedy because he forced William Regal to leave Raw which led to a brief feud until Kennedy was drafted to SmackDown. After this, Burchill engaged in a brief feud with then-Intercontinental Champion Kofi Kingston while Katie Lea feuded with then-Women's Champion Mickie James but despite defeating them in a tag team match, neither won their respective titles in singles matches. Following this Burchill had a minimal on-air role, making brief appearances in squash matches to Batista and Jamie Noble.

Burchill and Katie Lea were later both moved from Raw to the ECW brand on 30 December 2008, where Burchill lost to DJ Gabriel in his debut match for the brand. The Burchills were defeated in a mixed tag team match against Gabriel and Alicia Fox on 13 January 2009. On the edition of 3 February of ECW, Burchill scored his first win as a member of the ECW brand by defeating Tommy Dreamer. The following week on ECW, Burchill defeated The Boogeyman. At Bragging Rights, Burchill challenged Christian for the ECW Championship, but was defeated.

Burchill then became embroiled in a rivalry with backstage interviewer Gregory Helms, who he accused of being masked wrestler The Hurricane (who Helms also portrayed). After several months of matches and attacks, the two finally agreed to settle the matter in a match on 17 November's ECW, which saw Hurricane's mask put up against Burchill's career on the ECW brand, which Burchill lost. Despite the storyline firing, Burchill appeared on 3 December episode of Superstars under a mask during The Hurricane's match with Zack Ryder, and subsequently attacked Hurricane. The following week on ECW, Burchill and Katie Lea, now sporting masks and calling themselves The Ripper and The Beautiful Nightmare respectively, appeared in a backstage segment with general manager Tiffany and asked for a contract, which Tiffany said they would receive if The Ripper could defeat The Hurricane the following week in a match. However, The Ripper was unmasked by Hurricane and subsequently defeated, resulting in Burchill and Katie remaining off ECW. After the closure of the ECW brand, Burchill was formally released by WWE on 26 February 2010.

Independent circuit (2010–2018)
On 8 May 2010, Burchill lost to AJ Styles in a match for Pro Wrestling Syndicate.

On 22 and 23 April 2011 Paul appeared at Heartland Wrestling Association and took part in "Heartland Cup 2011". He defeated Jesse Emerson in the first round match, but lost to Jake Crist in quarterfinals who later won the tournament.

On 3 November 2012 at a CFW event Burchill faced Matt Hardy in a losing effort. On 5 January 2013 at Crossfire 2nd Anniversary Event, Rough Cut (Burchill and David Young) (w/Jillian Hall) defeated Blink 2-4-7 (Derrick King and Tatt2) and lost to The Hot Shots (Cassidy Riley and Chase Stevens) on the same night. He retired from wrestling in 2013.

On 23 September 2017, Burchill returned to wrestling being was one of eight contenders in a ladder match for the OVW Television Championship, which was won by Reverend Stuart Miles.

Burchill returned from retirement in 2023 wrestling for the NWA on an episode of Powerrr. This marked his first match since 2018.

Personal life
Birchall is married to Pat Sanchez and has three sons. His brother, Major Sean Birchall, was killed in Afghanistan on 19 June 2009. Birchall worked as a firefighter and EMT.

Championships and accomplishments

 * One Night Tournament (2004)
 * International Wrestling Promotions
 * IWP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Ohio Valley Wrestling
 * OVW Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
 * OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Stu Sanders
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #123 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2009

title: Paul Burchill


text:
Talk:Popular culture studies

Kinda new
Hi, I'm kinda new to Wikipedia so I don't really know what the procedure is here. I found this added at the bottom of this article

"If someone has a culture graph write back on this page because i rele need one. on popular and folk culture....thanx bye bye help!!!!!!!!!!!!! I NEED A GRAPH!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

I wasn't really sure how important this request was, but I know enough about Wikipedia to realize that those kinds of things are what the talk page is for. So, I moved it here. Quixoto 19:53, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Original Research/POV
This article is full of original research, and some pretty tendentious summaries of the various schools of thought. For example, the word "monolithic" is used throughout as an obvious shibboleth. The Frankfurt School's orientation is at one point described as "traditional," as if it were some kind of rustic folkway. I'm flagging it.--WadeMcR 20:33, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. It launches it into premature criticisms of the subject without first giving an overview of the subject itself. This could maybe be remedied with a little reorganization. Otherwise it reads like someone has a axe to grind. 92.78.99.41 (talk) 08:10, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Image
The choice of a Superman comic to illustrate this article was dodgy at best. More to the point, fair use images could suffice. I recommend any of the following.

 * An image of a living prominant popular culture scholar
 * An image of the library of popular culture at Bowling Green, or a similar archive
 * An image from the annual PCA/ACA conference.

Any of these would work very well here. Phil Sandifer 22:05, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Where can this be studied?
Anyone have a list of what universities have pop culture departments? Bowling Green does, but that's all I know. Rkaufman13 19:31, 19 July 2007 (UTC) Bowling Green State University is the only University in the United States that offers a stand alone BA and MA in popular culture studies —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thesupermikey (talk • contribs) 21:07, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Dodgy claim
I've removed this from the intro:
 * Academic discussions on popular culture started as soon as contemporary mass society formed itself and the views on popular culture that were developed then still influence contemporary popular culture studies.

Apart from being terribly vague (mass society formed itself when, exactly?), I'm not sure it's true. Which academics? Since when has popular culture been identical with mass society (Shakespeare? commedia? folk?) DionysosProteus 04:04, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

The theory of culture industry paragraph
The 'theory of culture industry' section definitely needs citations. I don't agree that it is opposed the Gramscian concept of Cultural Hegemony; it would probably be better described as a development of Gramscian thought. The importance of the superstructure; the institutions of civil society (e.g. the culture industry) is at the core of Gramscian and neo-Gramscian thought. The only difference this theory appears to have with the Gramscian perspective is the argument that the ruling class is no longer under direct control of the state apparatus - that the system created over the course of the last 200 years by previous ruling classes is now the ruler itself and not controlled by any class. This does not oppose the Gramscian conception of hegemony. I would argue its adapting the concept to its modern context. This is my understanding of the theory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.148.81.202 (talk) 19:35, 29 July 2014 (UTC)

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Stubbified
This has been drastically reduced in length due to WP:OR/WP:V concerns. See AfD discussion. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:03, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Popular culture studies


text:
Talk:K-nearest neighbors algorithm

Comment
First citation needs to be fixed. It actually doesn't mention Cover at all.

Comment
I will write a more complete article for this when the exam season has passed.

Are there not any weighted kNN algorithms, that will take (to some degree) the actual distances into account? If the 5 closest neighbors are 0.1, 4000, 10000, 20000 and 55570 units away, we might say the very close first match has more importance than the others.

 * For an example of a weighted kNN algorithm, see F. Nigsch et al., Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 46, 2412-2422 (2006), DOI: 10.1021/ci060149f

So what is the complexity of kNN? I'm guessing O(n^2) but I'm not 100 % sure...

 * A kd-tree can be built in O(n log(n)) time, and queried in O(log(n)) time. A Ball-tree provides better guarantees and can be even faster than a kd-tree for finding neighbors. It's only O(n^2) if you're lazy and you code it up by comparing distances between every pair of points. Also, yes weighted k-NN is very common. If you weight by the inverse of the distance, it is called linear weighting because it is equivalent to using linear interpolation. This weighting is especially good for regression problems. For classification, it is more common to weight by the inverse of the square of the distance because it's faster to compute and tends to classify slightly better. This article also requires some significant discussion of feature-scaling, which can make k-NN significantly more accurate and more robust to irrelevant attributes. I like to use a simple hill-climber with cross-validation on the training set to adjust feature scaling factors. It improves accuracy by a significant amount. --128.187.80.2 (talk) 22:26, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

 * For a single classification result, it's n:
 * Step 1: calculate the distances: O(n)
 * Step 2: find the k smallest: also O(n)--see selection algorithm
 * Step 3: count them: O(k)
 * If there are multiple classification results, this can be made better (e.g. by first binning or otherwise indexing the training data--this is briefly mentioned in the article), but then we have to introduce another variable: m, say, for the number of classifcation results (I call them "test points")... Peteymills (talk) 15:17, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

refly to other something.....
Comoplexly of kNN is O(n^2). I think so "It's guess" Complexly of NNS(Nearest Neighbor Search) is O(nlogn) on the KB-tree, finding one item.

I'm studing a kNN in multiple nodes. so I made Hk-NN is called by kNN. Processing time reduced effectively. I need to share and discussion in order to find out better Hk-NN method. I don't know cost of kNN, and anyone who are known cost did nothing but guessing.

If you known kNN's processing cost with accuracy, please send a message by the mail.

My e-mail: hanjjon@gmail.com

 * Maybe this draft version of an information retrieval book will help you. Chapter 14 discusses kNN. http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~hinrich/information-retrieval-book.html Hope this helps. --GrandiJoos 07:59, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Kriging?
How did any of this Kriging stuff get in here (history)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.92.232.105 (talk) 23:15, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

I think the Kriging stuff was given too much prominence. Is there a consensus on its relevance and whether it would be better further down the article?

Jbom1 (talk) 16:45, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Listen - Kriging has nothing to do with K-nearest neighbor, and shouldn't be in this article. KNN is a classifier - takes a set of multidimensional points and a user choice of K, then splits the data into K different classes. Kriging is a way to take a set of multidimensional points, then for a new point with one dimension unknown, interpolate to generate that unknown. Simply, KNN does not rely on Kriging, and has no relationship that is apparent from the paragraph on Kriging in this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.130.14.30 (talk) 16:58, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Split this topic in two?
I agree with previous comment. KNN is a statistical clustering algorith which uses density linkage. Maybe the two subjects should be treated separately? 196.36.217.137 (talk) 17:23, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

 * This article is all about instance learning, which is perhaps the most common reason to find the k-nearest-neighbors, but there are many other uses as well. For example, the k-nearest-neighbors are often used to establishing neighborhood metrics for manifold learning. I propose that we make another article called "knn_instance_learner" and move all the stuff about regression and classification into it. This article should be about algorithms for finding the k-nearest neighbors (like kd-trees, Ball-trees, etc), no matter what the reason is for doing so. --128.187.80.2 (talk) 22:31, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * No, keep it here IMO. The other article you have in mind is Nearest neighbor search --mcld (talk) 20:42, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

"Furthest" Neighbors?
I removed reference to "furthest" neighbours from overview. kNN regression is done on the basis of a (possibly weighted) average of the properties of 'nearest neighbours. See the Nigsch et al. article cited earlier in the discussion.

neighbor vs neighbour
I suggest paying attention which spelling the authors use. There is now both British and American spelling used in the article.

Wassermann7 (talk) 21:48, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

Schematic image is not clear
For me this looks more like a Parzen window. I think to make the representation clear, the circles have go exact though the center of the kth sample. Maybe the black of the circle boundary can be even a bit reduced towards gray. Also some links from the test sample to the training samples could be done, together with some counting numbers, to make clear that the radius of the neighbourhood depends only upon the distance to the closest training samples. 193.52.240.233 (talk) 02:29, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Optimal k = 10
I removed the line about the optimal k being 10. Following the paper trail, the best that can be said is that when analyzing some kinds of forestry data, a k between 10 and 15 has been found to work well, nothing more. Helpre (talk) 17:37, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Plural neighbor
The good faith move to k-nearest neighbors algorithm has been reverted, because both scholarly and non-scholarly searches show that the singular name for the algorithm is a bit more well-used in the vernacular. Remember, the issue here is the name of the algorithm, not how many neighbors are computed. If anyone is in disagreement with this revert, then please don't hesitate to voice your opinion. It is, of course, okay with me if anyone would like to open a move request discussion. –  Paine Ellsworth   C LIMAX ! 20:03, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

For regression
under the section "For regression" it says:

"Find a heuristically optimal number k of nearest neighbors, based on RMSE. This is done using cross validation."

Is there some reference/further details to this hinted at method? I am searching now without much luck, seems to me like it should be referenced.

37.11.59.68 (talk) 20:55, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

Non-parametric? Really?
Maybe k-NN is somehow related to non-parametric statistics, but for sure it's not a non-parametric method. The first sentence is at least misleading, and at best hilarious since the algorithm has its parameter explicitly in its name... :) BartoszKP (talk) 14:40, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Exactly what I wanted to write in this discussion. --178.12.145.158 (talk) 11:53, 1 April 2017 (UTC)
 * The fact that thees two comments were made at the same day three years apart, and in particular at this specific day, is somewhat curious but otherwise irrelevant. --178.12.145.158 (talk) 11:54, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm confused about method and model here. Nonparametric statistics lists kNN as a model. Would that be more appropriate? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rakeroot (talk • contribs) 19:11, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

Re: "Are there not any weighted kNN algorithms?"
Yes, there are weighted kNN algorithms, and some can be VERY good.

The one used in the CRM114 KNN classifier uses a 1/r^2 weighting, so all known samples contribute a little, but the contribution of far-away examples is extremely small.

I would put an entry in, but since I'm the author of CRM114, it would be a little too close to being a primary source. So - if someone else would care to read the following paper from the US NIST repository (that being somewhat reputable): http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec15/papers/crm.spam.final.pdf

especially section titled "Hypothesis 4" and then write it up here.

Thanks! (I hope this is the right way to handle "no primary publication- give good citations" principles)  Dr. Crash (talk) 20:08, 15 June 2016 (UTC)
 * The recent merge in from Nearest neighbour classifiers brings in a section on weighted kNN algorithms. Klbrain (talk) 13:13, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

Make formulas more useful to newbies?
Is there some way that we could make the formulas in "Statistical Setting" a little bit more inviting? Perhaps writing it again in simple English or linking to some of the concepts? Not having a background in statistics, I have no idea what "fancy R raised to the d" means nor how to search for it. The rest is similarly meaningless to me. I understand that the format used is concise and precise for it's target audience but it's a huge roadblock for people outside that audience. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TomCerul (talk • contribs) 17:54, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

k_n := k diverges?
There's a mention in the text of the condition that "k_n := k diverges." I don't know what this means and I'm not familiar with the := notation. And I'm a pretty advanced reader! Can someone clarify this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:8080:2807:EDC:9DD9:872F:900D:7D64 (talk) 09:22, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

bagged nearest neighbour classifier
There is an unhelpful, possibly old, link to another Wikipedia page. The outbound link is in the section called, "The weighted nearest neighbour classifier." The phrase "bagged nearest neighbour classifier" is linked to a page called, "Bootstrap aggregating". Not only is the linked page title different from the linked text, the linked page only mentions K nearest neighbors once and in an off-hand way. The linked page does not shed light on the topic of this page. In fact, it seems to contradict the statement made in this page. I suggest deleting the sentence that contains the link. Jason.Rafe.Miller (talk) 12:15, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:K-nearest neighbors algorithm


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan

 * Genghis Khan- Look at all those tags! Copyedit, geographic limitation, conform to International Phonetic Alphabet, better lead. --Dmcdevit 06:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Referred to Woohookitty · Katefan0(scribble) 16:09, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I reorganized it a bit...did some editing. I also spun off the Military advances of Khan into a separate article. But I have no clue how to convert it into the International Phonetic Alphabet. So I'm going to hand it to someone else for that. --Woohookitty 22:59, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Placed on SteveW's desk. Khan's name needs to be translated into the International Phonetic Alphabet and I'm guessing Steve has more of a clue about it than I do. --Woohookitty 23:04, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the confidence in me, but while I can read IPA my knowledge of writing it is somewhat lacking... The non-standard pronunciation guide for this article appears to be of the Mongolian, so I'm not actually sure what sounds it is supposed to represent.  I've put a note on this on Talk:International Phonetic Alphabet in the hopes that one of the regular contributors to that article might help.  SteveW | Talk 13:37, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Niggaz4Life

Citations and NPOV
"However, unlike his solo album The Chronic (released the next year after he left the group), this album is not remembered as much for its musical innovations as it is for being aggressively mean-spirited and misogynistic, even for gangsta rap. Most accounts of N.W.A.'s career condemn the album's content, discount its musical and commercial accomplishments, or ignore it altogether. [citation needed]"
 * This is a highly opinionated statement to make, not to mention poorly formed. Either a reference needs to be cited to back this up or it should be removed... altogether. Can't sleep, clown will eat me 10:44, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Title
The title for this page is Niggaz4life but the page says the album is called Elif4zaggin (above the picture of the album). The discography part of the NWA article also says it is Elik4zaggin. Which one is the correct name? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.129.197.151 (talk) 00:29, August 29, 2007 (UTC)
 * See Niggaz4Life -- Zsero 19:17, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

It should be called Efil4zaggin since that is the name of the album. It is niggaz4life backwards and most people call it that since you can't really pronounce it backwards.68.164.85.143 (talk) 22:02, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I disagree that it can't be pronounced backwards. For myself and my peers this has always been efilrofzaggin. Not sure why the article title is still reversed (unreversed?) given that no consensus appears here for it to be that way around. d a n n o  21:38, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Admiral D
For too long this article had Kokane as the guy featured in Always into Somethin' and The Dayz of Wayback. In reality it's Admiral Dancehall A.K.A. Admiral D. Kokane sounds nothing like him plus he always refers by his name on these tracks. Only takes a listener who pays attention to hear him shout out his own name. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.249.121.4 (talk) 20:04, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

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Why The Page Been Destroyed?!!!!‼‼‽¡
What Happened To Page? Why Is Empty? Be For Christmas Wasn't Like This.!!!‼‽¡ LE.B.B (talk) 09:04, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you mean. The page is not empty. It's actually a bit longer than it was before Christmas. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 13:59, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

 * What?! "Background And Content (Lyrics,Production,Album title)" There All Empty! LE.B.B (talk) 14:14, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

"Generally negative"?
How in the WORLD does...

 * 4/5 on AllMusic
 * 5/5 on Blender
 * C- from Robert Christgau
 * 3.5/5 from the LA Times
 * 8.8/10 from Pitchfork
 * 9/10 from RapReviews
 * And a favorable reception from The Washington Times

Equate to a "generally negative" critical reception? Maybe there was some contemporary disappointment, but from a present-day standpoint, this is simply not the case. 194.207.183.182 (talk) 08:13, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

Quote from Busta Rhymes
Did Busta Rhymes really say this: "When I heard Eazy-E do a country and western song [Automobile], I couldn't believe the audacity and creative genius." Creative genius?? Automobile is a 1:1 cover of Parliament's My Automobile, even the lyrics are, let's say, quite similar. Ok, embarrassing quote to an embarrassing album. SCNR 2A04:4540:7212:400:FCF9:7620:62B9:C14A (talk) 18:48, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Niggaz4Life


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"The Cumbrian Engines"

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 07:10, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

"The Cumbrian Engines"
The article appears to be about a series of books that were supposedly begun in September 2004. However, I can find no evidence that these books have ever actually been published. Googling for "The Cumbrian Engines" finds an almost empty web page: there's nothing in Google groups, and Amazon.co.uk doesn't have these books in its catalogue. I think this is an unpublished author puffing his books on a vanity page Malcolm Farmer 16:09, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The originator has blanked the page, too.  RickK 22:48, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I agree... strangely enough, there's MORE info on this Wiki page than there is on the (official?) page you found. Master Thief Garrett 02:39, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not Notable Dsmdgold 10:41, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.