text:
Talk:Generalized continued fraction

Incorrect formatting in series section
The LaTeX in the series section is all messed up, starting with Euler's formula. I don't know this stuff well so I would prefer to leave it to somebody else to fix. I think frac needs to be changed to cfrac, and parentheses need to be moved around. Adking80 (talk) 14:29, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Bug
Would somebody familiar with this topic comment on the Bug here thing inserted by somebody in the main text? Thanks a lot. Oleg Alexandrov 05:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Didn't have time to read it, but two things I noticed right away:
 * the usual terminology is "simple continued fraction" (not "c.f." unless qualified by "hereafter we deal only with s.c.f.s") and "continued fraction" (not "generalized c.f.")
 * Many, many "generalized continued fractions" exist, but this usually refers to something like the Jacobi-Perron algorithm for simultaneous rational approximation of real vectors, or for continued fractions in which the coefficients are functions, for operator-valued formulations, etc.

 * A good place to begin reading about one dimensional continued fractions is
 * , but this book is already seriously out of date.
 * HTH ---CH 21:10, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Well, I'm sorry I won't get a chance to talk to Mr. Hillman. It appears that he's not participating in Wikipedia any longer. But what he said goes double for me. Anyway, the "Bug here" thing that somebody once inserted undoubtedly referred to the absolutely ludicrous definitions currently in place for "continued fraction" (in this article) and "generalized continued fraction" (in this one). DavidCBryant 20:21, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Not "generalized" enough?
It is absolutely incorrect to use the name "Generalized Continued Fraction" for second-order continued fractions as those defined here. All this is explained at: Generalized Continued Fractions —Preceding unsigned comment added by Arithmonic (talk • contribs) 02:43, 15 October 2006

 * Wikipedia is not about what's correct and what's incorrect. It's about what the term "Generalized Continued Fraction" refers to in the mainstream mathematical literature. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 04:12, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I've read quite a few books about continued fractions, and I have never seen a reference to a "generalized" continued fraction whose partial numerators and partial denominators have to be integers. I'm absolutely certain that arithmonic is right. The thing defined by this article right now is a very special case of a very narrow class of continued fractions. Saying that it's "generalized" is farcical. DavidCBryant 20:21, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you saying that the references listed in the article do not define "generalized continued fraction" as explained in the article? Then, I'd be very grateful if you could change it. If, instead, you're saying that the list of references is not representative, then add your definition and quote a reference which uses it. By the way, the TeX command for $$\ddots$$ is \ddots (diagonal dots). -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 01:50, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I was saying that the definition that was in the article is not generally accepted by mathematicians, including the mathematicians who wrote the references. So I've made some initial changes, JN. I've also added one new article about the fundamental recurrence relationship between successive convergents, and I've added some content to the article about the convergents of a continued fraction.
 * So far I'm just trying to open up the number-theoretic definition that used to be here so that applications of continued fractions to complex analysis are possible, by the "Wikipedia" definition. Other generalizations (into continued fractions of differential operators, or continued fractions of matrices) are a little outside my area of expertise, but I'll try to work in a couple of references to them. DavidCBryant 16:14, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Inconsistent symbols for partial denominators
I notice that the article Continued fraction uses "an" for partial denominators while this article Generalized continued fraction uses that for the partial numerators and uses "bn" for partial denominators. I feel that these should be changed to be consistent. JRSpriggs 06:20, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd really rather not do that. The usage here (a in the numerator and b in the denominator, with the somewhat weird 0th denominator standing outside the fraction) is practically universal in the analytic theory of continued fractions, from Gauss until the present day. If we do what you're proposing, it will probably just confuse anyone who is actually trying to study analysis and continued fractions out of a book.

 * Continued fractions have applications in both number theory and analysis (maybe in algebra, too -- I'm not sure about that). The number theory guys don't care about fractions that incorporate anything except integers. In analysis we can get all kinds of weird things floating around inside the fraction. The notation has evolved differently pretty naturally, because in number theory the partial numerators are almost always "1", and can effectively be ignored, while in analysis we prove a theorem (not in Wikipedia yet, but I'm working on it) that "most" continued fractions can be expressed in infinitely many ways, two of the most useful of which involve "1"s as numerators or, alternatively, "1"s as denominators. In analysis we can even have some 0s in the denominators and still get good (convergent) results.

 * Anyway, the "continued fraction" article is already dedicated to number theory (and not even the more interesting aspects of that, like solving Diophantine equations; it's mostly about the representation of irrational numbers in canonical form). Can't this article be for analysis? DavidCBryant 12:59, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You could change the an in the other article to bn instead. I did not say anything about number theory versus analysis. JRSpriggs 08:43, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I read too much into your remarks, I suppose (arithmetic vs analysis). The thing is, I have run across both notations, in books. And it is fairly common for books that concentrate on the number theoretic applications of continued fractions (such as Diophantine equations, and how the set of all Dedekind cuts can be placed in one-to-one correspondence with the simple cfs in canonical form) to use the symbol a in the partial denominators; and for books that concentrate on analytic cfs to use the a/b convention that's in this article right now. Anyway, when I first suggested trying to introduce a more general definition into the continued fractions article, I felt as if I had a tiger by the tail! I'm not sure I want to re-open that can of worms.

 * I'm not opposed to making changes to articles. But this inconsistency in notation is present in the mainstream literature, AFAIK. So I don't see much harm in leaving a similar inconsistency in Wikipedia. But yeah, if one were determined to eliminate the inconsistency, I'd rather do it by opening up the continued fractions article just a little bit. DavidCBryant 12:02, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

History section
Today I added a (partial) history section to this article. More information about developments in the 19th and 20th centuries is needed to bring the account up to the present day. If anyone who reads this is knowledgeable in that area, please contact me. Or add to the history section that's already started, if you like.

I'm particularly curious about one thing. I'm fairly certain that the uniqueness of the canonical continued fraction representation of an irrational real number was not a subject of discussion until sometime during the 19th century. It just makes sense that this result would have been roughly contemporaneous with Kronecker's research into Cauchy sequences and Dedekind's new idea of a cut in the rationals. But I'm not sure who came up with the canonical representation in the first place. Lagrange used canonical fractions for quadratic irrationals, but he didn't know about transcendental numbers, which didn't really become a hot issue until algebraic number theory was fairly far along. Does anybody have a clue, or an idea of how I should search for this factoid? DavidCBryant 01:06, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Regularization of generalized continued fractions
If one multiplies both the numerator and denominator of one of the ratios by the same constant c, then the resulting continued fraction should have the same value. For example, if we do this to the second ratio, this
 * $$x = b_0 + \cfrac{a_1}{b_1 + \cfrac{a_2}{b_2 + \cfrac{a_3}{b_3 + \cfrac{a_4}{\ddots\,}}}}$$

would become this
 * $$x = b_0 + \cfrac{a_1}{b_1 + \cfrac{a_2 c}{b_2 c + \cfrac{a_3 c}{b_3 + \cfrac{a_4}{\ddots\,}}}}$$

If we then divide each ratio's numerator and denominator by its numerator, we get
 * $$x = b_0 + \cfrac{1}{\frac{b_1}{a_1} + \cfrac{1}{\frac{b_2 a_1}{a_2} + \cfrac{1}{\frac{b_3 a_2}{a_1 a_3} + \cfrac{1}{\ddots\,}}}}$$

Should we not put this into the article? JRSpriggs 09:06, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, this should definitely go in the article. It's called an equivalence transformation, or sometimes an equivalence relation, and it's usually expressed this way:

b_0 + \cfrac{a_1}{b_1 + \cfrac{a_2}{b_2 + \cfrac{a_3}{b_3 + \cfrac{a_4}{\ddots\,}}}} = b_0 + \cfrac{c_1a_1}{c_1b_1 + \cfrac{c_1c_2a_2}{c_2b_2 + \cfrac{c_2c_3a_3}{c_3b_3 + \cfrac{c_3c_4a_4}{\ddots\,}}}} $$

 * where the ci are any non-zero complex numbers, and equality is to be understood in the sense that the two sequences of successive convergents are numerically equal, term by term. The advantage of expressing it this way is that it then becomes easy to explain the transformation into all "1"s in the numerators, as well as the transformation into all "1"s in the denominators, and some other special forms that prove useful as the theory is developed farther.

 * Anyway, I was aiming to put the equivalence transformation in an "elementary results" section, along with some observations on vanishing ai and bi, and maybe some stuff about separating a continued fraction into its even and odd parts. I'd welcome your assistance if you want to collaborate, JR. dcb

 * PS Oh, yeah, I almost forgot to mention another thing that ought to be in this article. A particular continued fraction can be thought of as the composition of a sequence (possibly infinite) of Möbius transformations. I think that idea should come right after the "elementary considerations" section, or maybe even be a subheading under "elementary considerations". The advantage of using this device is that it brings the machinery of complex analysis (conformal mapping) directly to bear on the continued fraction itself, and this makes many proofs much simpler than they would be without it. (I guess one disadvantage might be that a link to mobius transformation brings the reader directly to a "bijective conformal map" on the Riemann sphere, and to "automorphism group", as well, which will probably scare all the non-mathematicians out of town before sundown!) DavidCBryant 12:50, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Another formula for e
When working on the derangements at Rencontres numbers, I noticed that they yield another formula for e:
 * $$e = 2 + \cfrac{2}{2 + \cfrac{3}{3 + \cfrac{4}{4 + \cfrac{5}{\ddots\,}}}}$$

where the corresponding partial numerators and partial denominators are all equal and run thru the integers beginning with 2. Amazing. JRSpriggs 04:19, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Yes, it is amazing ... and very beautiful, also. Oh -- when I looked at derangement just now I noticed a minor case of vandalism. Somebody might want to check to be sure I fixed it correctly. I'm also curious, JR -- do you think one of us ought to work a reference to continued fractions into the derangement article? DavidCBryant 12:16, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * If we can figure out how to make it sufficiently relevant to that article. JRSpriggs 08:01, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll think about that a little. Pointing out that the fundamental recurrence formulas used in the theory of continued fractions are identical with the recursion relation generating the "subfactorials" might be a useful note in derangement. (I kind of like "derangements" ... mathemeticians, who in general are slightly deranged anyway, tend to like them. ;^>)

 * Oh -- I took a look, and there's an equivalent version of this cf in the article about Euler's number. It wouldn't hurt the section on equivalence transformations in this article to have a worked example, and this particular e-quivalence is a very natural example. Just a thought. DavidCBryant 12:07, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I will put it into e (mathematical constant). And yes, showing the equivalence would be a good idea. JRSpriggs 05:29, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Maps whole plane to a point?
To David: You say "And every member of that automorphism group maps the extended complex plane into itself – not one of the Τns can possibly map the plane into a single point. Yet in the limit the sequence {Τn} defines an infinite continued fraction which (if it converges) does in fact map the entire complex plane into a single point.". This is impossible. Suppose w is the value on which you are trying to focus the plane. For each n, choose a point zn which maps to a point outside the disc with radius one around w. Since the extended complex plane (with the point at infinity added) is compact, this sequence must have at least one cluster point. Call it Z. Then Tn cannot converge uniformly to w in a neighborhood of Z. Is that not so? JRSpriggs 09:58, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right. That is so. I have to admit I'm speaking loosely in this section of the article. I tried to emphasize this by talking about the difference between intuition and proof in the opening paragraph for the section. Talking about limits as if they can ever be "reached" is always loose talk, when you come right down to it. The point I'm trying to make is that a sequence of LFT's can have a limit (a continued fraction – not its value, but the fraction itself) that lies outside the set of all LFT's. (I guess another way to look at it is that the infinite continued fraction is not a linear fractional transformation, but each truncation of the fraction is easily associated with an LFT, and those LFT's can be thought of as forming a sequence that converges to the continued fraction.)

 * The analogous case that's most familiar is a Cauchy sequence of rational numbers whose limit is irrational. A simple continued fraction (with nothing but integers for elements) can always be constructed that's equivalent to such a Cauchy sequence, and vice versa. Maybe the wording should be adjusted to run more along those lines? Or maybe there should be an "intuitively" in the sentence in question, somewhere? "Does in fact" sounds pretty dogmatic.

 * On the other hand, I think you're talking about uniform convergence, and I was only trying to talk about simple convergence. Isn't your argument about the cluster point the same basic reason we can't really say "the power series for ez converges uniformly everywhere in the complex plane" and instead must say "this power series converges uniformly on every bounded domain lying in ℂ"? Anyway, thanks for looking at this stuff. I appreciate your feedback. DavidCBryant 12:14, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I thought of a more concrete point, a counter-example. Consider the usual continued fraction for the golden ratio which has all the partial numerators and partial denominators equal to one. Indeed it will converge to the golden ratio as n goes to infinity for all complex z EXCEPT for $$\frac{1-\sqrt{5}}{2}$$ (the other root of the equation z2 - z - 1 = 0) which goes to itself regardless of what n is. JRSpriggs 12:29, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi, JR! I had just about concluded that I really need to reword this thing, anyway. It's wrong to call a continued fraction a "mapping". A cf can be regarded as the limit of a sequence of "mappings", but the cf itself is not a mapping ... just as an irrational number can be described as the limit of a sequence of rationals, even though it isn't a rational number. Thanks for the very cute counter-example. Maybe we ought to work that into the article somehow? I guess it will work for any convergent periodic continued fraction with two distinct fixed points (that is, the cf will converge to one value, but the LFT actually fixes two points, one of which is the other root of the quadratic). DavidCBryant 18:34, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually I made mistake in my counter-example. I should have said -- if
 * $$\phi = 1 + \cfrac{1}{1 + \cfrac{1}{1 + \cfrac{1}{1 + \cfrac{1}{\ddots\,}}}}$$
 * then we get
 * $$\lim_{n \to \infty} T_n (- \phi) = 1 - \phi\!$$
 * while
 * $$\lim_{n \to \infty} T_n (z) = \phi\!$$
 * for any other extended complex number z. My error was that I was thinking of z as the entire denominator of the last ratio, but actually that is 1+z. I do not know what, if anything, we could say about such a 'point of divergence' that would be completely general. JRSpriggs 05:56, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

set of GCF numbers
It seems that the set of numbers which can be represented by g.c.f's of which the coefficients form in a natural way a rational number (a repetitive sequence of digits) is a strict superset of the rational numbers, but of course not all of the real line. Is there a name for this set? --MarSch 18:41, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think I understand what you're driving at, MarSch, but I'm not certain. Are you talking about periodic continued fractions? (See this article for the definition.) If the coefficients of the continued fraction are restricted to be integers, then the superset to which you refer is the set of quadratic irrational numbers (plus the rationals, of course), or algebraic numbers of the second degree. If that restriction is removed, and the coefficients are allowed to assume arbitrary complex values, then a continued fraction can represent any complex number whatsoever.

 * One of the beautiful properties of continued fractions is that the (positive) square root of any non-square natural number can be represented by a periodic simple continued fraction in canonical form. So in a way, square roots are like rational numbers, because they can be represented by a finite pattern of natural numbers that repeats itself over and over again. See this article for some examples. DavidCBryant 19:24, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Conditions for irrationality
Can someone state the necessary and sufficient conditions for a convergent generalized continued fraction to converge to an irrational number? For instance if

x = b_0 + \underset{i=1}{\overset{\infty}{K}} \frac{a_i}{b_i}\, $$

is known to converge and

 * $$ a_i \,$$ and $$ b_i \, $$ are both functions of $$ i \,$$

and

 * $$ a_i \,$$ and $$ b_i \, $$ have positive integer values that increase as $$ i \,$$ increases to infinity

does this imply that $$ x \,$$ is irrational? Frank M Jackson (talk) 17:44, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Have now found references to Lambert's Irrationality proofs for generalized continued fractions and have added a section with appropriate references. Frank M Jackson (talk) 11:22, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Notation: suggest changing to short expression in place of long
Since, to quote the section on Notation:

"The long continued fraction expression ... takes up a lot of space in a book (and it's not easy for the typesetter, either)"

would it not be better to use the short expression

 * $$ x = b_0 + \frac{a_1}{b_1+} \frac{a_2}{b_2+} \frac{a_3}{b_3+} \frac{a_4}{b_4+} \cdots\, $$

in place of the long one

 * $$ x = b_0 + \cfrac{a_1}{b_1 + \cfrac{a_2}{b_2 + \cfrac{a_3}{b_3 + \cfrac{a_4}{b_4 + {\ddots\,}}}}} $$

after the introduction?

Here's how the Examples section would appear after the suggested change:

=
=========================================================== Here are two continued fractions that can be built via Euler's identity.

\log(1+x)=x-\frac{x^2}{2}+\frac{x^3}{3}-\frac{x^4}{4}+\cdots= \frac{x}{1+}\frac{1^2x}{2-x+}\frac{2^2x}{3-2x}+\frac{3^2x}{4-3x}+\frac{4^2x}{5-4x}\cdots\, $$

\ e^x=1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\cdots= 1+\frac{x}{1-}\frac{x}{x+2-}\frac{2x}{x+3-}\frac{3x}{x+4-}\frac{4x}{x+5-}\cfrac{5x}{x+6-}\cdots $$

More advanced techniques are necessary to construct the following examples.

\ e^{2m/n}=1+\frac{2m}{n-m+}\frac{m^2}{3n+}\frac{m^2}{5n+}\frac{m^2}{7n+}\frac{m^2}{9n+}\frac{m^2}{11n+}\cdots $$

Setting m = x and n = 2 yields

\ e^x=1+\frac{2x}{2-x+}\frac{x^2}{6+}\frac{x^2}{10+}\frac{x^2}{14+}\frac{x^2}{18+}\frac{x^2}{22+}\cdots $$

\pi=3+\frac{1}{6+}\frac{9}{6+}\frac{25}{6+}\frac{49}{6+}\frac{81}{6+}\frac{121}{6+}\cdots $$

\pi = \frac{4}{1 +} \frac{1}{3 +} \frac{4}{5 +} \frac{9}{7 +} \frac{16}{9 +} \frac{25}{11 +} \frac{36}{13 +} \frac{49}{15 +} \cdots $$

Glenn L (talk) 03:06, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. Robinh (talk) 08:04, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Convergence of Nth roots
Looking at them I don't think the Nth root continued fractions converge. The partial numerators go up as squares whereas the denominators go up linearly. It doesn't seem like a good combination to me. Dmcq (talk) 17:15, 21 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh sorry I see, it's like the expansion for π just above. I'll have to work out for myself what it actually means in convergence terms. Dmcq (talk) 17:28, 21 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The secret is choosing x and y so that xn > |y|, if possible. Using Pogson's ratio, for example,
 * $$\sqrt[5]{100} = \sqrt[5]{2.5^5 + \frac{75}{32}} = \sqrt[5]{2^5 + 68},$$
 * but the first expression converges much more quickly since 97.65625 >> 2.34375, while 32 < 68.
 * Nevertheless, the second expression does converge. It just takes longer.---Glenn L (talk) 03:21, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

Can someone review the second example for cuberoot(2)? It says to use x = 5 and y = 3, which doesn't satisfy x^n + y = z. Nor does it lead to " 2z-y = 253 ". And the next line seems to show that x = 5/4 as the lead term in the continued fraction. What are the correct values of x and y intended here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cellocgw (talk • contribs) 18:48, 9 April 2022 (UTC)  Update:  This approach calculates the cuberoot of 128 and adjusts accordingly. A detailed derivation is given at https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4423981/. Cellocgw (talk) 13:00, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

Merge discussion
The article on Fundamental recurrence formulas discusses a term that may not be widely used and has content that would be better presented in context here. I propose merging it into this article. RockMagnetist (talk) 17:20, 14 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Support or at least rename Fundamental recurrence formulas: Who, seeing the name of this article can imagine that it is not about the theory of recurrence but about continued fractions? D.Lazard (talk) 17:58, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Partial numerators
Is it worth making it explicit that a transformation that makes the partial numerators equal to 1 does not make the continued fraction regular or in canonical form, since the partial denominators will not in general, perhaps ever, be integers? Ian S (talk) 14:09, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

Partial denominators
No references are cited and it is far from obvious that the sequence {di} where d1 = 1/b1 and otherwise dn+1 = 1/(bnbn+1) makes the partial denominators equal to 1. Ian S (talk) 14:09, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

Question about the 3rd CF for Pi
Does anyone have a reference for it? I'd like to know who invented it, and if there are any faster converging series Muu9 (talk) 14:23, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

the golden ratio

 * Since all the partial numerators in this example are equal to one, the determinant formula assures us that the absolute value of the difference between successive convergents approaches zero quite rapidly.

The golden number is a funny choice of example for this; it has been called "the most irrational number" because its convergence is the slowest possible! —Tamfang (talk) 03:08, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Generalized continued fraction


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Talk:Mousehold Heath

Proposed merge
The smaller article is a stub which cannot be expanded. All the information in it would fit into this article. Hel-hama 18:56, 20 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Relevant information from Vinegar Pond has been added to the article.Hel-hama 18:28, 26 April 2018 (UTC)

Merged content from Vinegar Pond to here.

UK gov produced documents
I see this article was taken from this site: [www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/ atoz/service_page.asp?id=1228]. Are your UK gov produced documents public domain too?

why Mousehold?
Mouse Hold? Who was holding a mouse? Please explain the origins of the name! 93.219.178.110 (talk) 19:12, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

"To the left of"?
"A tram line used to run through the heath, and its route is now a pathway through the wooded area to the left of Gurney Road." Surely "left" shpuld be replaced by north, south, west, east, as appropriate? So "to the north of Gurney Road" for example, or whatever direction it is in. 92.28.247.25 (talk) 09:43, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mousehold Heath


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Gaviota State Park

Gaviota State Park is a state park of California, United States. It is located in southern Santa Barbara County, California, about 33 mi west of the city of Santa Barbara. One of three state parks along the Gaviota Coast, it extends from the Pacific coast to the crest of the Santa Ynez Mountains, and is adjacent to Los Padres National Forest. The 2787 acre park was established in 1953.

Geography
The park is bisected by U.S. Route 101, which turns north from the coast at Gaviota, passing through the Gaviota Tunnel and Gaviota Pass, a deep canyon cut entirely through the southern branch of the Santa Ynez Mountains. Gaviota State Park consists of two units, one on each side of the highway. The western unit includes the beach and a campground, which receives most of the park's visitors.

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Climate
The park is subject to a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters, and sunny summers, commonly with morning clouds. Temperatures below freezing are rare, and summertime high temperatures rise with increasing distance from the coast. Because of the topographical peculiarity of the region, a single deep canyon cut through the mountains, at certain times of year, most frequently in late spring, winds blow through the canyon with great force. These winds, known as Sundowners, are common all along the south coast of Santa Barbara County, but are frequently most violent in the Gaviota area.

Ecology
Plant communities in the park include chaparral in the upland regions, oak woodlands elsewhere, and both native prairie and non-native grasslands. They are part of the California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion. The portion of Gaviota Creek that passes through the park includes one of the highest quality riparian habitats remaining in southern Santa Barbara County, and it receives strict environmental protection.

Much of the park vegetation was burned in a large brushfire in June 2004, with wildfire being a natural part of the chaparral ecosystem.

Mountain lions have been encountered in the park, and warning signs are prominently posted. The park was closed for a month in 1992 following a near-fatal attack by a mountain lion on a 9-year-old boy.

Campground
The park includes a beach campground, which contains 39 campsites for RVs (up to 25 feet for most sites) and for tents. Additionally there are eight picnic sites.

Trails
Both sections of the park contain trails for hiking, horseback riding, and mountain biking. The most heavily traveled trail is a short dirt road leading to a popular hot spring on the eastern side of the highway. A more substantial trail beginning at the same trailhead leads out of the park to the summit of Gaviota Peak, the highest mountain in the vicinity at 2458 ft. The isolated peak has expansive views in all directions; on a clear day, much of Santa Barbara County is visible as well as the coast as far south as the Santa Monica Mountains. Trails within the park total 34 miles in all.

General Plan
An update to the 1979 General Plan which included an inventory of wildlife, historic, and archeological assets and an outline of issues and concerns was started in 2024. El Capitán and Refugio State beaches will be included in the recommendations for modernizing the infrastructure, adapting to climate change impacts and providing sustainable recreational opportunities.

title: Gaviota State Park


text: User talk:68.59.102.75

title: User talk:68.59.102.75


text: User talk:67.124.118.30

title: User talk:67.124.118.30


text:
Contreras

Contreras is a Spanish surname of toponymic origin, for "from the surrounding area". It is a common family name in the Hispanic-speaking world.

People

 * Adán Amezcua Contreras (born c. 1969), Mexican co-leader (with his two younger brothers) of the Colima Cartel
 * Alan Contreras (born 1956), American writer and ornithologist
 * Albert Contreras (1933–2017), American artist
 * Alejandro Contreras (born 1993), Chilean footballer
 * Alonso de Contreras (1582–1641), Spanish soldier, sailor, privateer, adventurer and writer
 * Ana Brenda Contreras (born 1986), Mexican-American singer and actress
 * Andrés Contreras (1943–2014), Chilean agronomist and potato expert
 * Anthony Contreras (born 2000), Costa Rican footballer
 * Billy Contreras (born 1984), American jazz violinist and bluegrass fiddler
 * Carlos Contreras (disambiguation), several people with this name
 * Carme Contreras i Verdiales (1932–2020), Spanish actress
 * Carmen Contreras-Bozak (1919–2017), American who was the first Hispanic to serve in the U.S. Women's Army Corps
 * Cristián Contreras Molina (born 1946), Chilean disrobed Roman Catholic bishop
 * Diego de Contreras (1562–1618), Mexican Roman Catholic Archbishop
 * Dalia Contreras (born 1983), Venezuelan taekwondo athlete
 * Edgar Contreras (surgeon) (born 1961), Dominican doctor and plastic surgeon
 * Edgar Contreras (taekwondo) (born 1992), Venezuelan taekwondo athlete
 * Eleazar López Contreras (1883–1973), Venezuelan politician and former president
 * Elías Contreras (born 1997), Argentine footballer
 * Elsa Patricia Galarza Contreras (born 1963), Peruvian economist
 * Enrique Contreras III (born 1992), Mexican racing driver
 * Francisco Contreras (boxer) (born 1984), Dominican boxer
 * Gloria Contreras Roeniger (1934–2015), Mexican dancer and choreographer
 * Gustavo Lozano Contreras (1938–2000), Colombian botanist
 * Hidalgo Contreras (born 1969), Mexican politician
 * Iván Contreras (born 1974), Mexican volleyball player
 * Israel Contreras (born 1960), Venezuelan world champion boxer
 * Jesús Amezcua Contreras (born c. 1975), Mexican co-leader (with his two older brothers) of the Colima Cartel
 * Jesús Fructuoso Contreras (1866–1902), Mexican sculptor
 * José Contreras (disambiguation), several people
 * Joseph Contreras (1710–1782), Spanish maker of violins, known as 'Granadino'
 * Karel Espino Contreras (born 2001), Cuban football player
 * Karen Higuera Contreras (born 1991), Mexican beauty pageant titleholder
 * K-Réena (born Katherine Macarena Contreras Contreras in 1986), Chilean singer
 * Luis Amezcua Contreras (born c. 1974), Mexican co-leader (with his younger and older brother) of the Colima Cartel
 * Luis Contreras (disambiguation), several people
 * Manuel Contreras (1929–2015), Chilean head of intelligence during Pinochet's dictatorship
 * Mar Contreras (born 1981), Mexican actress and singer
 * Maria Contreras-Sweet (born 1955), Mexican-American administrator of the Small Business Administration
 * María José Rienda Contreras (born 1975), Spanish alpine skier
 * Mark Contreras (born 1995), American baseball player
 * Michael Contreras (born 1993), Chilean footballer
 * Miguel Contreras, American labor union leader
 * Narciso Contreras (born 1975), Mexican documentary photojournalist
 * Nardi Contreras (born 1951), American baseball player
 * Néstor Contreras (born 1979), Chilean footballer
 * Orlando Contreras (footballer) (born 1982), Peruvian footballer
 * Orlando Contreras (singer) (1930–1994), Cuban Bolero singer
 * Pablo Contreras (born 1978), Chilean football defender
 * Paulo Garcés (born 1984), Chilean football goalkeeper
 * Patricio Contreras (born 1947), Chilean actor
 * Pedro Contreras (born 1972), Spanish football goalkeeper
 * Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (1485–1541), Spanish conquistador
 * Patricia Mejía Contreras (1958–2007), Mexican sculptor and graphic artist
 * Rey Paz Contreras (1950–2021), Filipino sculptor
 * Roberto Contreras (1928–2000), American actor, father of Luis (above)
 * Rodrigo Contreras (born 1995), Argentine footballer
 * Rudolph Contreras (born 1962), United States District Court judge
 * Salustiano Contreras (18??–19??), Cuban baseball player
 * Sebastián Contreras (born 1988), Chilean footballer
 * Sergio Contreras (born 1980), Mexican baseball player
 * Víctor Contreras (born 1941), Mexican field hockey player
 * Víctor Contreras (rower) (born 1961), Chilean rower
 * Víctor Contreras Ruíz (born 1980), Mexican organist and orchestral conductor
 * William Contreras (born 1997), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Willson Contreras (born 1992), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Wilson Contreras (born 1967), Chilean footballer
 * Yeferson Contreras (born 1999), Colombian footballer
 * Yelandy Contreras (born 1997), Dominican footballer
 * Yeny Contreras (born 1979), Chilean taekwondo athlete
 * Yidiel Contreras (born 1992), Spanish hurdler
 * Yuderqui Contreras (born 1986), Dominican weightlifter

title: Contreras


text:
Wabush Lake Railway

The Wabush Lake Railway (formerly WABL and NLCL) is a short line railway operating in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

The railway was built in 1960 from the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway to Wabush, initially called the Northern Lands Company Railway (reporting mark: NLC).

Opened in 1963, the railway operates a line running between Labrador City, Labrador, and Wabush, where it interchanges with the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway.

The Wabush Lake Railway is owned by the Wabush Mining Company, which mines iron ore near Labrador City. The ore is transported from the mine to the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway connection at Wabush. The Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway transports the ore between Wabush and Arnaud Jct., Quebec using Wabush locomotives, currently a mix of power leased from CEFX and QNS&L. At Arnaud Junction, the ore is transferred to Wabush Lake Railway's sister company, Chemin de fer Arnaud (Arnaud Railway), for the final journey to ship loading facilities at nearby Pointe-Noire, Quebec.

In 2010, Consolidated Thompson Iron Mines opened the Bloom Lake Mine, just west of Labrador City, Newfoundland, and the Bloom Lake Railway to transport iron ore from the mine to a connection with the Wabush Lake Railway. The Wabush Lake Railway began acting as a middle man, taking the Bloom Lake Railway trains, and transporting them to Wabush Junction for the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway (QNS&L) to transport to the Chemin de fer Arnaud just as they would Wabush trains. The Arnaud then takes the trains to the Consolidated Thompson's dock at Pointe-Noire, Quebec. Consolidated Thompson has since been purchased by Cliffs Natural Resources.

In 2011, Genesee & Wyoming began control of operations on behalf of the owners under the name WLRS. The new operation encompasses the Arnaud Railway, Bloom Lake Railway, and Wabush Lake Railway.

This railway (along with the Arnaud Railway, Bloom Lake Railway, QNSX, and Tshiuetin Rail Transportation line) forms an isolated railroad network, as it does not interchange with any other rail lines on the North American network.

title: Wabush Lake Railway


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alvin Carpenter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:44, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Alvin Carpenter
Not notable. Delete. —msh210 05:12, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 07:55, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable Dsmdgold 10:56, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ishinomaki Line

The Ishinomaki Line (石巻線) is a railway line in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). It connects Kogota Station in Misato with Onagawa Station in Onagawa, acting as a spur line from the Tōhoku Main Line to the central coast of Miyagi Prefecture. It connects with the Rikuu East Line and Tōhoku Main Line at Kogota Station, the Kesennuma Line at Maeyachi Station, and the Senseki Line at Ishinomaki Station, both in Ishinomaki, Miyagi. The line was damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and the damage was so severe that service between Urashuku Station and Onagawa Station was not reinstated until 21 March 2015.

Station list
All stations are in Miyagi.

History
The Senpoku Light Railway opened a gauge line from Kogota to Ishinomaki in 1912. The line was nationalised in 1919 and converted to gauge in 1920. The Oshika Light Railway opened a gauge horse-drawn tramway from Ishinomaki to Watanoha in 1915, and extended it to Onagawa in 1924. A petrol-driven locomotive was introduced in 1926. The line was nationalised in 1939 and converted to gauge the same year.

In 1958, the line was extended 1.4 km to the Onagawa Port, but that extension closed in 1980.

The line was severely damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011; the Kogota - Ishinomaki section being out of service for two months, the Ishinomaki - Watanoha section for a year, and the Watanoha - Urashuku section for two years. The final section from Urashuku to Onagawa reopened on 21 March 2015.

title: Ishinomaki Line


text:
Russell Tuttle

Russell Howard Tuttle (born August 18, 1939) is a distinguished primate morphologist, paleoanthropologist, and a four-field (linguistics, archaeology, sociocultural anthropology and biological anthropology) trained Anthropologist. He is currently an active Professor of Anthropology, Evolutionary Biology, History of Science and Medicine at the University of Chicago. Tuttle was enlisted by Mary Leakey to analyze the 3.4-million-year-old footprints she discovered in Laetoli, Tanzania. He determined that the creatures that left these prints walked bipedally in a fashion almost identical to human beings. He currently lives in Chicago, Illinois.

Tuttle was named Guggenheim Fellow in 1985 and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2003.

title: Russell Tuttle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Left anarchism

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this  page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:22, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Left anarchism, and Left-Anarchism
Non-notable term, would say redirect, but it's too obscure a term to even be useful as that. Term not used by anarchists themselves, nor by general public, so it isn't justified.--    Revolutionary Left   |  Che y Marijuana 05:18, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete--    Revolutionary Left   |  Che y Marijuana 05:18, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC), or redirect of course--     Revolutionary Left   |  Che y Marijuana 21:32, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep The term comes up in Google 3920 times (after subtracting "post-left anarchism" even). The Anarchism article includes more types of anarchism than Left Anarchism. RJII 05:23, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it comes up 373 times.   :) — Helpful Dave 13:13, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You did the search wrong. You need to put "post-left" in quotes like this: otherwise the hyphen in "post-left" is a minus sign. RJII 15:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Note: this term is an exclusively anarcho-capitalist term, which is used to refer to anti-capitalist anarchists. All forms of anarchism listed on that page would fall under that definition, despite RJII's claims to the contrary.--    Revolutionary Left   |  Che y Marijuana 05:45, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep This page should be kept, because it is perhaps a better established name than the other alternative Anarchism (anti-capitalism) which although more descriptive, is not so thoroughly established in the literature.--Silverback 05:29, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, though redirect is fine with me as well. The concept of rewriting the history of Anarchism or redefining what Anarchism means is a lot more notable than the term. This revisionism deserves to be explained in an encyclopedia. Rl 07:36, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That's an intriguing suggestion, but it does not need its own article. It would make sense as a section within anarcho-capitalism explaining that phenomenon.--    Revolutionary Left   |  Che y Marijuana 07:38, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * The term is not revisionism at all, but a term used to differentiate socialist anarchisms from other kinds (such as anarcho-capitalism and some forms of individualist anarchism) For example, this noted in Anarchist Theory FAQ and in this:Anarchism: Two Kinds. RJII 16:00, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Please stop using original research as citation. Those two sources come straight from the same camp which is trying to use the term "Left Anarchism" as leverage. --albamuth 03:21, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Anarchism, which should be interpreted as "delete" for the purposes of this Vfd. Note that the Anarchism article is about "left anarchism".  This is a duplicate.  :) — Helpful Dave 13:13, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * A redirect doesn't work, as all anarchism isn't left anarchism. It's a bad redirect --not precise. RJII 17:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That doesn't matter. Lots of things redirect where the article is more general than the redirect page; e.g., Type 1 diabetes redirects to Diabetes mellitus. (This is not a vote.)  —msh210 13:53, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Not-quite-so-helpful-Dave (talk)
 * Keep, and merge most of the current anarchism article into it. The disambig page should be @ Anarchism. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 15:49, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect This is so obviously a partisan attempt by a small anarcho-capitalist support group to control the dialogue of the anarcho-capitalist/anarchist debate that it isn't even funny, just sad.  Kev 18:03, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that the some of the people who are for redirecting are those who delete any mention of the term "left anarchism" in the Anarchism article. Go figure. It either means something or it doesn't. RJII 18:09, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete POV fork. But if it comes to redirect or keep, then I'd say redirect.Mattley 12:36, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Merge most of the current text on anarchism to this location. - Nat Krause 06:03, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Anarchism. --cesarb 00:50, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Either DELETE or Something Entirely Different *Hum* Why not simply make a short note at this page: "Left-Anarchism" is a catchall term, used primarily by opponents, describing anarcho-syndicalism, anarcho-communism, libertarian socialism, etc. Virgin Molotov Cocktail 05:40, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Either delete or go with Virgin Molotov Cocktail's suggestion. I looked at the web search done above by RJII, and the great majority of the sites listed were from opponents of anarchism, or were anarchist sites which rejected the term. millerc 03:18, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure, but those opponents are many and noteable. There is no good reason to censor this term from Wikipedia. RJII 13:11, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete POV fork. This term was created by so-called "Anarcho-capitalists" in order to marginalize anarchists, as part of the ongoing debate within the anarchism article. This is like a religious group creating a page called "heathen christians" to distinguish their own church.--albamuth 03:18, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Anarchism is a well defined historical term, left-anarchism is an obscure neologism. This page, and the efforts to merge Anarchism into it, is either the result of extreme historical ignorance or an active effort to subvert the meaning of the word Anarchism. 80.203.115.12 13:31, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How does it subvert the meaning of the word Anarchism? Maybe you're just trying to monopolize the use of the word. Everybody knows there are two broad categories of anarchism ..left and right. RJII 00:10, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a vast body of litterature that refers to anarchism in the sense of the Anarchism article. There's a historically significant movement of people that have referred to themselves as anarchists, not 'left-anarchists'. Renaming the anarchism article to 'left-anarchism' is historical revisionism, it implies that there's always been a left/right divide in anarchism. Even now, with anarcho-capitalism being a notable political theory, the left/right divide is a simplistic way of pointing out the differences. The world does not neatly divide into two categories. If the terms 'left anarchism' and 'right anarchism' are indeed notable, they should be explained in a historical context. 80.203.115.12 13:30, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, not really, not unless wikipedia's adopting an official policy of ignoring historical evidence and reality.--    Revolutionary Left   |  Che y Marijuana 01:41, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * This guy knows the difference between "left-anarchism" and "right-anarchism", and he's not an anarcho-capitalist:
 * Maybe he's been misled by a bogus encyclopedia article. Mattley 16:53, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete POV fork TDC 23:12, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Modern Madcaps

Modern Madcaps is an animated film series produced by Paramount Pictures' Famous Studios animation division between the years 1958 and 1967. The series featured assorted characters that later became part of the Harvey Comics library. A total of 56 shorts were produced and released.

title: Modern Madcaps


text:
Talk:Brandenburgers

Untitled
see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburger_Regiment

text used as a basis for this article. may be a copyright prob with this. looks like it's been lifted straight from the site noted on the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgers page.

 * understood... it now appears that the copyvio site cited was using a hidden mirrior of the other wiki article. So there's no copyvio problem with this page. Feco 05:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

How is this page different from Brandenburger_Regiment... are they the same organization? Feco 05:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Brandenburg Regiment was only one manifestation of this unit. During the course of the war, it went from Company to Division. I guess. The Brandenburg Regiment was only an entity between 1941-1942. The Brandenburgers encompass this formation, but also the overall formation. (kind of like saying 'US Rangers' instead of '75th Ranger Battalion')AnsbachDragoner
 * understood... can you take some time to clarify that in the two related articles? Maybe put some links between the two at the top of each. I couldn't tell that there was a difference between the two articles (at the time of my original comment). Feco

You'll want to be sure to include a link to this article on the Brandenburg (disambiguation) page. Moncrief 06:48, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

will do and will do. Ansbachdragoner

question regarding section "Operation Barbarossa - Ostfront"
somthing's fishy with the example about the fall of Maikop, it's reported here that it fell the 9th of august 1941 which is completely wrong (it actually happend in late 1942). The germans were nowhere near maikop in 1941. Maybe the dates are wrong? Yet since the information in the example is not correct I that it should either be corrected or removed. andreas_td 14:14. Mars 1, 2006 (UTC+2) Dates were completely wrong. This Folkersalm's raid occured in October 1942. This has been corrected.--ansbachdragoner 23:36, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Abwehr II.
Hello, I have made some articles about Operations to Ireland that involved Bandenburgers. You can find them all listed at IRA Abwehr World War II. Fluffy999 16:50, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Brandenburgers sounds stupid, because the noun brandenburger is also used in the pluraral form (der Brandenburger-singular)(die Brandenburger-plural), the usual name in germany is "Die Brandenburger"(comment of a german user--84.189.11.35 12:55, 5 February 2007 (UTC))

War Crimes?
What about the darker sides of the Brandenburgers?--134.76.10.66 14:16, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Operating in enemy uniforms is a war crime!, but if you mean massacres of villages, etc, find evidence and we shall gladly put it on the article V. Joe 14:46, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It's only a war crime if you engage in combat with opponents while wearing their uniforms. iirc brandenburgers were instructed to remove disguises before combat (and some of them died because of this) 07 February 2013

Regiment Motto
Where is the source on the 'Motto' "Hie Gut Brandenburg Alle Wege"? Because it absolutely makes no sense in German... "Hie" is no word and "Alle" can't be capitalized in this 'context'. Besides, the German Wiki-page on the topic does not mention any motto at all. 88.217.32.22 (talk) 23:00, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

It does not make sense in contemporary german;) It is some kind of a motto of the electoral brandenburg army. I've never heard it with the special unit, but it was the motto of the Brandenburgian units of the prussian army in WW1. It is simply an old fashioned greeting among Brandenburgers (meaning Natives of the Mark Brandenburg). It is also the title of a song about the Mark Brandenburg.JCRitter (talk) 13:36, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

this Motto is the name of a older march that will be later the march of the sof regiment, hie you can translate from german dialekt with "sie" englisch for them for the soldiers from or of brandenburg --87.183.251.250 (talk) 19:30, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Abwere/brandenburger confusion
There seems to be inclusion of non-Bradenburger Abwere operations (such as South Africa) in the article. Can someone please provide sources that Brandenburger units were used outside Europe and North Africa?Slatersteven (talk) 18:24, 1 November 2008 (UTC)]]

 * The book "Kommando" by James Lucas is a fantastic and all encompassing source for not only the Brandenburgers but all the other WW2 German special forces, including such units as the shadowy KG200 and the Werewolf units. Anyone who is interested in the subject of German Special Forces of all types, land/sea/air/political, needs to read this book.

 * They were not in South Africa but in central and sub-saharan Africa. There was a 'urban legend' theory among the German high command (among hundreds that deluded the Third Reich) that the British supply lines ran *through* Africa from ports in Togoland to the upper Nile and from there down into Egypt.  A special Kommando of three units was sent to find the fabled supply line but found nothing.  And by the time they returned, Rommel had lost the Battle of El Alamein so it was irrelevant anyway. Yanqui9 (talk) 03:30, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Allied soldiers wearing other uniforms, higher morality...
 "... unlike their allied counterparts, the Brandenburgers were very particular about donning another nation's uniform. This chivalric code..."

Concerned about this phrase. It suggests that Allied special forces were 'not particular' (i.e. not worried about) disguising themselves in their opponents uniforms, and implies the Bradenburgers were operating on a higher moral code. My understanding is that it was very rare for Allied special forces to dress in their opponents uniforms. Possibly this is a false statement.

I am also concerned about the explicit suggestion that the Brandenburgers were operating on a higher moral plane than many other troops. Possibly delete the sentence I've highlighted? --mgaved (talk) 18:27, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

 * There is not one example of British Army personnel disguising themselves as enemy troops. This article thus proves that this was only a tactic of the Germans, unless the person who made the statement admits that this is a poorly constructed article and that the subject is not well understood.

 * Furthermore, I wouldn't say that the Brandenburgers were founded with the intention of conducting the sort of operation that Stirling had in mind when he founded the SAS . The SAS (as well as the numerous other allied units such as the LRDG and PPA) conducted long range raids and earned their reputation in a completely different enviroment.  When they did fight in Europe they were self-supporting, behind enemy lines for long periods of time, unlike this German unit which merely operated ahead of the main force.  The Brandenburgers used captured weapons because they often masqueraded as the enemy, the SAS did so because they had no other source of ammunition.

 * When the Brandenburgers did begin to adopt these tactics, it was in North Africa, after the Afrika Korps had experienced first hand the effects of these long-range raids. It would be reasonable to assume that the Germans merely copied British ideas, using the most suitable unit they had at their disposal.  It is interesting to note that the Axis forces never mastered this form of warfare as the British did.--81.76.51.194 (talk) 15:54, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

 * According to Peter Flemming in "Operation Sealion" ("Invasion 1940" earlier title), it is *not* against the Geneva Convention to wear the uniforms of enemy forces for disguise, it is only against the Geneva Convention to carry weapons while doing so. Conversely, secret raiders could 'legally' fly the flags of neutral or allied nations as long as, as soon as combat was engaged, they hauled down the false flag and raised their own flag.  Of course, being caught in an enemy uniform is probably going to get you shot anyway because it'll really piss 'em off but *technically* it is only a warcrime if you carry weaponry while in disguise (so Skorzeny and his men were still war criminals since they carried out their executions of US troops while in US disguise).Yanqui9 (talk) 03:36, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

I'm quite concerned with the blatant lack of citation. Where are the sources? In all the documents and sources Ive come across regarding the Brandenburg Regiment, I haven't actually come across this notion of revealing 'true colours'. Kitchen-sink history? - Khorne25 (talk) 19:45, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

What if they were, indeed, operating on a higher moral plane? Would that eat you inside? Oh wait, it already does eat you, since you present a compulsive tendency to minimize the Brandenburgers' prowess by questioning their origins and methods. Also, fuck the idiot(s) who deleted all of the article's images. Have a nice day. Fckwkpdns (talk) 6 September 2009 (UTC) thumb|alt=two men posing in front of mountains|[[W. Stanley Moss|Moss and Leigh Fermor pictured in German uniforms prior to the kidnapping of General Kreipe ]]
 * Its been some time since the above post but of course allied soldiers wore German/Italian uniform. Here is a picture for proof from the kidnap of General Kreipe article.--Jim Sweeney (talk) 17:29, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Furthermore there is a Commonwealth-Sniper whom was awarded the Victoria-Cross. He was awarded the medal for actions carried out while being disguised with a german uniform and helmet.

http://www.birkenheadrsa.com/vc-clive-hulme.html

--62.154.195.115 (talk) 13:20, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

No need to guess, you can look it up in the respective wikipedia article. Dating from 1949, the Geneva Convention obviously does not apply to the Brandenburgers. In this case, the Hague Convention (which Germany officially signed) takes precedence. The Hague Convention clearly states that to enjoy the benefits of "combatant status" you must openly carry arms and wear proper uniform (or other insignia which clearly show your allegiance from a distance), otherwise you lose your combatant status. Being caught while in disguise and hiding your arms, you would be treated as a spy obviously. Changing your uniform before commencing hostilities is just a trick making it harder for the enemy to prove that you were not observing the rules, it is not "observing the rules". 77.13.176.93 (talk) 14:28, 14 July 2020 (UTC)kohlesheriff

Beevor, Forczyk et al. frequently mention the Brandenburgers using enemy uniforms and equipment (even vehicles) to achieve surprise and facilitate the capture of vital objectives ahead of the regular German forces. 77.13.176.93 (talk) 14:41, 14 July 2020 (UTC)kohlesheriff

operation areas Brandenburger
"invasion of Crete, .. infiltrate India, " have the writer of this topic any source of that and from where has he this information? --87.183.251.250 (talk) 19:32, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Training and Structure
"Despite the increased size, the Brandenburgers were still highly skilled. The training was physically and mentally demanding, with focuses on foreign languages, small unit tactics, parachuting, .." a lot of the soldiers of Brandenburger are Germans who lived befor in countries where the planned operation area will be, they speak the language and they know the living in this countries, that will be speciellty of them. Some only one bataillon will be trained for parachuting, not all of them --87.183.251.250 (talk) 19:39, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Brandenburg actions in Operation Marita
"Again, the Brandenburgers were to play a role, with a large 54 man team from III./Regiment Brandenburg (the Sudeten and Slavic battalion) seizing the vital dockyards at Orşova on the Danube a day before the opening of the campaign."

I have seen this statement on several other sites. There is only one small problem - Orșova has been part of Romania since 1919, and in 1941 Romania was an ally of Germany. From who did the Germans seized the docks? From an allied country?

|Here it states that: "Dressed in civilian cloths a detachment of 54 Brandenburgers of the II. Battalion took “Iron Gates” at Orsova on the Danube during the invasion of Yugoslavia. This allowed German river traffic to continue during he campaign." Doesn't this mean that they actually secured the opposite bank of the Danube instead of conquering a dockyard from an allied country? Flavius T (talk) 23:25, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

re-name Brandenburgers vs. Brandenburger
please not all words can be given an s if you mean more than one, in german correct the unit and the soldiers will be named Brandenburger not Brandenburgers --87.183.231.233 (talk) 06:08, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Their atrocities are missing in the article
Brandenburgers atrocities against civilian population are completely missing in the article. --MyMoloboaccount (talk) 00:46, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

Well where are the verifiable references --HumusTheCowboy (talk) 06:36, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

I have restored information about atrocities deleted by anon IP. Information comes from scholarly article in historic journal. --MyMoloboaccount (talk) 12:03, 31 March 2013 (UTC) Expanded with additional information and sources. --MyMoloboaccount (talk) 14:39, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Just saw this on en.metapedia.org
Brandenburgers - 91.65.17.225 (talk) 21:17, 28 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks, some of the information was helpful. --Hyperboreer 00:27, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
 * More Brandenburgers (German version) 2003:F3:23C4:6563:E1AD:DC8A:82A5:78C0 (talk) 23:55, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

Unsourced content
I reverted to the more or less sourced version diff; please do not restore material without providing citations. Please see WP:V and WP:BURDEN, and follow these policies and guidelines.

As an aside, Slideshare is not a reliable source. K.e.coffman (talk) 02:38, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

 * please do not restore material without providing citations. The material in Wikipedia must be verifiable, per WP:V. K.e.coffman (talk) 18:22, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

i have provided references to a lot of material you removed. please pay attention before you blank.SWF88 (talk) 02:01, 24 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Could you please indicate which references were added? The only one I can see is Slideshare, which is not RS. The vast majority of the content in the article as it stands is uncited. K.e.coffman (talk) 02:08, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

German special forces of WW2 is a reliable source, the fact that it comes trough slideshare shouldn't be an issue, since it isn't slideshare that's doing the writing or research. a lot of the info that you removed is in the book, but i didn't find it necessary to ad ref to every line in the page. SWF88 (talk) 03:17, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

 * No, I would not call Gordon Williamson (writer) a reliable source. And citations are required for all content; it's not up to the judgement of editors whether to add citations or not. K.e.coffman (talk) 04:34, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

not every line needs a citation. also, i see no issue with his reliability. he didn't write the book as an opinion piece. SWF88 (talk) 05:04, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

so much for concensus. apparently, you just want to blank SWF88 (talk) 18:50, 25 September 2016 (UTC)
 * could you please indicate which cited material was removed? K.e.coffman (talk) 18:53, 25 September 2016 (UTC)

example the order of battle. and some others, like the fact that the division ended up being the most decorated in the wermacht. SWF88 (talk) 19:21, 25 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Well, feel free to add those points. But the rest of the material, I'd say 90%, was not cited. I'll restore the better cited version so it can be taken it from there. K.e.coffman (talk) 16:15, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

so you want me to re do all my work and others, just because you fell like blanking today?SWF88 (talk) 03:47, 27 September 2016 (UTC)
 * The problem is that unsourced material was restored, contravening WP:V and WP:BURDEN. I plan to submit this disagreement to WP:3O and see what they say. K.e.coffman (talk) 03:51, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

on the flip side, you removed sourced material with the blanking. I support the WP:30 idea. SWF88 (talk) 04:36, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Please, slideshare is not reliable. Anything hosted on it has no guarantee that it has not been modified. --Lemongirl942 (talk) 08:20, 27 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't know "Slideshare" but it may have editorial oversight problems; I leave that to others; as for Gordon Williamson, I would not consider him an RS historian; but a popular author who has pov problems. Kierzek (talk) 15:04, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

I'm here because I saw a request made at Third Opinion, but this is not a Third Opinion given under that project, and I've left the request listed there, because I have been involved with this issue (but not these editors) before in extended discussions at V and at EP and could be seen to be opinionated or biased on the issue. There are two factors at play here: First, there is no question that BURDEN prohibits the restoration of unsourced material which has been removed because it is unsourced (except perhaps momentarily while looking for a source). Second, though unsourced material can be removed simply because it is unsourced (see the extensive discussions on that issue over the years at Wikipedia talk:Verifiability and Wikipedia talk:Editing policy and realize that best practices strongly suggest, but do not require, that one should (a) seek sources for the material and not remove it unless sources cannot be found, (b) tag the material and wait before restoring removing it, and if the material is to be removed to (c) preserve it on the talk page), there are many who believe that there are a couple of exceptions to that rule and that one of them is that removal of large amounts of apparently-beneficial material from a single article may be disruptive. Taking these together, I believe that the proper interpretation is that removal of a large amount of unsourced material from a single article simply because it is unsourced and without following best practices may be disruptive and subject to being sanctioned through filing a complaint at ANI (which may also turn on whether the editor doing so can be shown to regularly engage in that practice), but that is the only remedy to that behavioral matter. Restoring the unsourced material without sourcing it — all of it — is also disruptive and subject to sanctions. Saying that differently, when someone removes a large amount of material from an article as being unsourced, the only thing an editor can do is to file a complaint at ANI preferably backed up with evidence that the removing editor did not follow best practices and engages in the practice on a regular basis, but not to restore the material without sources. Regards, TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 15:17, 27 September 2016 (UTC) Typo corrected (see markout and underline). — TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 16:22, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

 * I also agree that Gordon Williamson cannot be assumed to be a reliable source, especially on topics such as this given his POV regarding the military of Nazi Germany. As Lemongirl942 notes, the version of the book being referenced here cannot be assumed to reflect what's in the actual book. Moreever, the source is a blatant copyright violation of a book published by Osprey Publishing, which Wikipedia should never link to. Nick-D (talk) 10:27, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Blocked account
The account that was edit-warring the above changes has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts: permalilnk.

K.e.coffman (talk) 01:24, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

Need for name in italics?
For uniformity sake, consensus is needed as to the causal use of the unit name in the article. Sometimes the name "the Brandenburgers" or "Brandenburgers" are in italics and other times, not. If written as the formal official German name of the unit at a certain time, then yes, italics per MOS should be used; but otherwise in causal reference to the unit, in general, I believe italics should be removed. Thoughts? Kierzek (talk) 13:04, 30 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Given I am not sure what the protocol on Wiki is regarding naming conventions, let's just go with whatever you decide is best here, Sir. I am OK with either disposition myself.--Obenritter (talk) 17:40, 30 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I would say italics are not required. Reducing italics would also improve readability, but I don't feel strongly on this point. K.e.coffman (talk) 17:49, 30 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Italics are used for non-English language terms that don't appear in an English dictionary like Merriam-Webster. Having said that, this is a word that is spelled the same in German and English, so I don't see the point of italics. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 23:56, 30 September 2016 (UTC)
 * It has been changed accordingly. Kierzek (talk) 21:34, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

Image
I'm a bit skeptical of that "vehicle insignia". Can someone provide me with a reliable, academic source for it? Otherwise it may need to go.Widgetdog (talk) 15:04, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't know when or who added it; maybe someone can confirm or deny it. Kierzek (talk) 15:10, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Ich auch nicht. What I can tell you is that this image does appear further down on the German Wiki-page along with other identified org symbols: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_(Spezialeinheit)
 * Thanks for checking. I still wonder about it, but don't have any further information to add. Kierzek (talk) 19:59, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

Recent edit
This edit has removed citations: diff. If this material is covered in Hamilton 2016, then please add a citation. K.e.coffman (talk) 21:03, 20 August 2017 (UTC)

Disappearing at the end of the war
I am removing the line from the last sentence of the Operations section that mentions the Brandenbergers simply disappearing at the end of the war. This sentence uses [43] Higgins' book on the Maikop Oilfields raid as a reference as a source but the book does not mention the Brandenberger's "Simply disappearing." This seems to be some one's romanticized fantasy about their escape end of the war. If anyone has a source please include and re-add. 128.92.140.26 (talk) 14:46, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brandenburgers


text:
Talk:Richard Ricci

Untitled
Is this relevant to anything in history? I think a footnote of his suspicion, arrest, and death would be sufficient in the Elizabeth Smart article; besides, that flyer that was posted on the bottom of the article makes him look guilty, which he apparently has been cleared of, so could either be considered inflammatory or non-NPOV?

Just commenting from Ireland and have just seen a documentary on the Elizabeth Smart Case on British TV - Channel 4 10pm 19/05/05 (or 05/19/05 for Americans;).

Like the previous comment I think that the News Release included in this entry creates a false impression of Richard Ricci's guilt when it is known and tragically after his death, that Ricci was innocent and that the true perpetrators are awaiting / on trial. Also, the documentary said that although the Salt Lake City PD have not acknowledged a responsibility for Ricci's death, an out of court settlement was reached.

The original author should consider removing the News Release and or emphasising Ricci's innocence in a clearer manner

molbijo@yahoo.co.uk--Molbijo 22:57, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

I was dismayed to see this page, after reading the previous page which left the distinct impression that he was guilty of this crime. Seems the post should be removed. lricci@yahoo.com User:Lricci

I think that the poster shold be left as it is an example of how things can go wrong during a police investigation. Ricci is innocent of any crime related to the Smart kidnapping, but due to whatever improper procedures, the police circulated a poster of him. BTW, a death during police or prison custody should always be considered suspicious and should be investigated by impartial parties -- regardless of what country.--TGC55 15:35, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

"Around blacks..."
This photo has no discernible or explained connection to this article and, as such, I'm removing it. Its copyright status is also in dispute. ka1iban 17:41, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Death
Info on his death is not particularly clear. I presume there was an autopsy, what did it say? What did the widow allege happen (I presume they claim he was beaten to death but it's not made clear). Why was his widow's case thrown out? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nil Einne (talk • contribs) 14:01, 8 December 2006 (UTC).

Why there's no info in this page?
I was wondering, why there's no information in this page? It rather gets redirected to Elizabeth Smart's page where there's minimum talk about Ricci.

Can I just start writing here???? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.12.28.45 (talk) 23:23, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Ricci


text: Category:Australian physicists

title: Category:Australian physicists


text:
ToeJam & Earl

ToeJam & Earl is an action game developed by Johnson Voorsanger Productions and published by Sega for the Genesis console. Released in 1991, it centers on ToeJam and Earl—alien rappers who have crash-landed on Earth. As they attempt to escape the planet, players assume the role of either character and collect pieces of their wrecked spacecraft. It references and parodies 1980s and early 90s urban culture and is set to a funk soundtrack. ToeJam & Earl's design was heavily influenced by the role-playing video game Rogue (1980) and derived various features from the game, such as the random generation of levels and items. As such, ToeJam & Earl is often considered to be an example of a roguelike game.

The game was positively received by critics, who praised its originality, soundtrack, humor and two-player cooperative mode. It attained sleeper hit status despite low initial sales, and its protagonists were used as mascots by Sega. ToeJam & Earl was followed by two sequels: ToeJam & Earl in Panic on Funkotron and ToeJam & Earl III: Mission to Earth, released for the Genesis and Xbox respectively. The sequels' commercial and critical performance were mixed. A fourth title, ToeJam & Earl: Back in the Groove, was released on March 1, 2019 without Sega's involvement, using funds from Kickstarter. The game was re-released for the Wii's Virtual Console in December 2006 and re-released again on PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade in November 2012 as part of the Sega Vintage Collection. The game was also re-released on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack on December 16, 2021.

Synopsis
ToeJam & Earl has been called a surreal, comic satire and a "daringly misanthropic commentary on Earthly life". ToeJam is red and has three legs. Earl possesses a stout build, with a solid and robust physique, and is orange. ToeJam wears a large gold medallion and a backwards baseball cap, while Earl is marked by high-tops and oversized sunglasses; both outfits are "over-the-top appropriations" of 1990s urban culture. Their speech features California slang. The game is set to a soundtrack which has been described both as jazz-funk, and as hip hop. For the game's unique sound, composer John Baker was inspired by Herbie Hancock and The Headhunters.

In the game's opening sequence, ToeJam explains that Earl's erratic piloting abilities have resulted in a crash-landing on planet Earth. He says that they must find the widely scattered pieces of their spacecraft's wreckage to return to their home planet, Funkotron. The player guides the characters as they avoid Earth's antagonistic inhabitants and search for the debris. Should the player succeed, the final sequence depicts ToeJam and Earl escaping the planet in their reconstructed spacecraft. Under the player's control, the characters proceed across a purple landscape that represents Funkotron and are greeted by their friends and family.

Gameplay

ToeJam & Earl takes place from a 3/4 perspective in a 2D game world. Its gameplay mechanics were inspired by Rogue, which has led it to be compared to genres like Roguelikes or dungeon-crawlers. The game contains both single-player and two-player cooperative modes. The latter displays a single screen when both characters are near each other, but splits it apart when they are not. Playing the game with two players reveals dialogue and jokes between the characters not heard in the single player game.

The game is set on Earth, which is represented by randomly generated islands that float in space, each one a layer above the last. They are connected by elevators. Some islands contain pieces of spacecraft wreckage, of which the player must collect 10 to win the game. The player character drops to the island below if he falls from an island's edge, which necessitates that the player again locate an elevator. Each island is populated by antagonistic "Earthlings", such as phantom ice-cream trucks, aggressive packs of "nerds", giant hamsters, Bogeymen, man-eating mailboxes, and chickens armed with mortars that shoot tomatoes. Certain Earthlings aid the player. The game has been described as "largely non-violent", as the protagonists can only attack enemies with thrown tomatoes—one of many temporary, randomly generated power-ups.

Power-ups are contained in wrapped presents, which are categorized by appearance. The contents of a present are unknown to the player until it is opened; afterwards, all presents of that appearance are identified. A certain type of NPC wearing a carrot costume will also identify presents for a fee. Presents with question marks can hold any item at random, so their contents cannot be identified on sight alone. Identification of presents' contents is a central gameplay mechanic. Each power-up has a unique effect: while one might increase the player characters' running speed, another distracts enemies. Certain presents contain harmful power-ups, such as the ”Total Bummer” which causes the player to lose a "life", or the "Randomizer" which resets the identity of all presents. In the game's cooperative mode, if one player character opens a present in the vicinity of the other, its contents affect both characters. As players open more presents, the chances of accidentally opening the Randomizer are increased, which prevents the game from becoming easier as more presents are identified.

Development
ToeJam & Earl creator Greg Johnson became a fan of Rogue as a university student. After he left university, he worked on games for Electronic Arts, including Starflight (1986). After the completion of Starflight 2, Johnson conceived ToeJam & Earl—first the characters, then the plot—while on a beach in Hawaii. The idea was a combination of Rogue's gameplay concepts and a lighter version of Starflight's science-fiction themes. Johnson met programmer Mark Voorsanger through a mutual friend, while walking on Mount Tam in 1989. He related the concept of ToeJam & Earl to Voorsanger, and the two resolved to make the game together. They formed Johnson Voorsanger Productions, and serious work on the game began soon after. Their status as commercial game designers allowed them to meet with Sega of America, and they used cards covered in landscape drawings to demonstrate their idea of randomly generated levels. Sega marketing manager Hugh Bowen was immediately interested in the concept, and he enlisted the aid of producer Scott Berfield to sell the game to management; Sega wanted innovative games and new mascots to compete with Nintendo.

The game's small development team was composed of Johnson's previous colleagues, and its music was composed by John Baker. The team's goal was to make a humorous game that was "original, easy to understand and offered an immediate response to the player's actions". The designers wanted to include a two-player mode so that they could play together, and they considered ToeJam & Earl "a two player game with a one player option." While Sega believed that hardware issues would prevent the feature from working, Voorsanger successfully implemented it. In a 1992 interview with Sega Visions, Johnson stated that the characters ToeJam and Earl evolved as reflections of his and Voorsanger's personalities. Voorsanger disagreed and called the characters "two different aspects of Greg's personality". Steve Purcell has stated that he contributed character designs to the game.

Reception
ToeJam & Earl received positive reviews, which Bill Paris of UGO described as "almost unanimous critical acclaim". However, Sega deemed it a commercial failure due to low initial sales. The game built a cult following through word of mouth, and it was further aided by the Sega Genesis's Christmas 1991 sales spike, caused by the release of Sonic the Hedgehog. ToeJam & Earl was later considered a "cult" success. According to Ken Horowitz (2016, p. 74) author of Playing the Next Level: A History of American Sega Games, "In all, the game sold 350,000 copies for Sega, a remarkable feat for such an unconventional title on a fledgling console." Entertainment Weekly picked the game as the #9 greatest game available in 1991, saying: "Simply hilarious, from the Warner Bros. cartoon-inspired sound effects to the rap songs players can improvise while using the control pad".

Mean Machines found the game addictive and original, but found fault with its slow-paced combat. One of the reviewers said, "Not everyone will like it—it's not normal enough for mass appeal—but I think it's destined to become a massive cult classic". GamePro called the game's originality "incredible" and praised its graphics, music and humor. MegaTech praised the graphics, and the 2-player option, and said the game was "great fun - pure and simple".

Mega said that it was "An OK game, but one which becomes completely essential when played with someone else. Got any friends? Buy this. Haven't got any friends? Buy this and make some". The game also appeared at number 26 on its list of the best games of all time. Entertainment Weekly praised the "absolutely hilarious" sound effects and music. Jeff Csatari of Boys' Life called it "another hot game" for the Sega Genesis, alongside Sonic the Hedgehog. Ed Martinez of Game Informer commended the game's soundtrack and unique concept, but found it to be too easy.

A review published in both the Chicago Tribune and Rome News-Tribune likened ToeJam and Earl to "an outer-space, rap version of Abbott and Costello". The reviewers called it "the funniest game we've seen in a long time" and praised its soundtrack, graphics and action.

The Toronto Star acclaimed the game's "hilariously designed split-screen two-player mode", and said, "If you've got a Sega-Genesis system, you simply must check out [this] awesome rap 'n' roll game". Sega Visions praised the game's "no-repetitive action" and said, "This is the zaniest game that ever rocked Sega's Genesis system." Several months after the game's release, Mega ranked it the 13th best Sega Genesis game in its All-Time Top 100 feature. The magazine praised the game's "superbly manic and zany action" and deemed it both "original and insane". The Channel 4 video game programme GamesMaster gave the game a 70% rating.

ToeJam & Earl was re-released on the Nintendo Wii's Virtual Console in 2006. Official Nintendo Magazine scored the game 85% and praised its humor, originality and two-player mode. However, the reviewer believed that the game's enjoyability had diminished with time. GameSpot felt that the game's 1990s idioms were dated, but that the gameplay—particularly the two-player mode—was still enjoyable by modern standards. Jeremy Parish of 1UP found the game's two-player co-operative mode more enjoyable than its single-player and described the graphics and sound as "oddly primitive". Parish considered it "one of the best games to hit VC to date". Eurogamer's reviewer negatively received the game and believed its gameplay to be unsatisfying and overly slow. IGN called the game's visuals a "mixed bag" and derided the slow pace, but praised its unpredictability and believed that its sound design was "one thing you absolutely can't fault".

Legacy
ToeJam and Earl became one of Sega's second tier mascots, alongside Sonic, and one of the Sega Genesis's key exclusive franchises. The characters appeared in a spin-off light gun game, Ready, Aim, Tomatoes, developed by Johnson Voorsanger Productions as one of six mini-games for the Menacer 6-game cartridge. In early 1992, the developers began work on a sequel to ToeJam & Earl and spent three months expanding on the original game's concept by adding indoor areas and more terrain types. Sega was not impressed by the sequel and believed it to be unmarketable. The team redesigned it as a platform game, as Sega were inclined to publish games in this genre. The game, titled ToeJam & Earl in Panic on Funkotron, was highly anticipated, and it was a commercial and critical success when it released in 1993. However, fans of the original game were disappointed by the change in design to a perceived generic style. Due to poor relations between Johnson Voorsanger Productions and Sega, which held the ToeJam & Earl rights until 1995, the ToeJam & Earl franchise was neglected. A ToeJam & Earl game planned for the Dreamcast was cancelled (a beta of the game was preserved and, on Christmas Day 2013, released on the internet by enthusiasts), but a third installment, ToeJam & Earl III: Mission to Earth, was released for the Xbox in 2002. The release returned to the concepts of the original game, but generated mixed reviews and poor sales. In 2019, ToeJam & Earl: Back in the Groove was released, which was essentially an enhanced remake of the original game. ToeJam and Earl also appeared as a tag-team playable character in 2021's Mighty Fight Federation.

ToeJam & Earl has been called "weird", "strange", and "thoroughly odd". Critics have difficulty in determining a genre for the game; it has been called a platform game and roguelike, as well as action and action-adventure. While ToeJam & Earl's success did not match that of the Sega Genesis's other popular titles, it has been considered a "classic", and a "cult" game. Prior to ToeJam & Earl III's conception, research by its developers found that the original ToeJam & Earl was preferred over its sequel. In an IGN survey, 65% of respondents cited it as their favorite of the three games. The game was set to be re-released on Xbox Live Arcade after winning a poll arranged by Sega, but this became uncertain because Johnson owns the rights to the characters rather than Sega. The game, along with its sequel, was announced as part of Sega Vintage Collection series for release on November 7, 2012, to be released individually on PlayStation Network and as a collection on Xbox Live Arcade. A remake of the game has been announced for release exclusively for the Intellivision Amico. The notion of a ToeJam & Earl game for the Nintendo DS failed to generate interest from publishers, but Johnson has reiterated the possibility of such a game in the future. Greg Johnson later gave ToeJam and Earl a comeback with a new game called ToeJam & Earl: Back in the Groove, which was made through Kickstarter fundraising by his own independent company HumaNature Studios. Greg Johnson said he was able to make a new ToeJam & Earl game without needing a publisher, since the popularity of downloadable independent games, but Adult Swim Games came to publish the game as well as for retail copies. ToeJam & Earl would later influence the American animated series Regular Show, which J. G. Quintel has played as a kid, and later described it as "the perfect platform" for Regular Show protagonists Mordecai and Rigby.

Film adaptation
On December 5, 2022, it was announced that a ToeJam & Earl movie is in development from Amazon MGM Studios with Stephen Curry producing through his production company Unanimous Media along with producing partner Erick Peyton, dj2 Entertainment's Dmitri M. Johnson, Mike Goldberg, Dan Jevons and Tim I. Stevenson, and the game's creators Voorsanger and Johnson executive producing and Amos Vernon and Nunzio Randazzo writing the script.

title: ToeJam & Earl


text: Category:Australian mathematicians

title: Category:Australian mathematicians


text:
Peter Dorman

Peter FitzGerald Dorman (born 1948) is an American epigrapher, philologist, and Egyptologist. Recently a professor of history and archaeology at the American University of Beirut (AUB), he served as the 15th President of the university from 2008 to 2015. He spent most of his career as a professor and chair in the department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations (NELC) of the University of Chicago, and was director of Chicago House in Luxor, the Epigraphic Survey field project of the Oriental Institute. He is presently a professor emeritus of the University of Chicago.

Career
Dorman is known for his work as a historiographer, epigrapher and philologist, and is a leader in the study of the ancient Near East. He is the author and editor of several major books and many articles on the study of ancient Egypt and is probably best known for his historical work on the reign of Hatshepsut  and the Amarna period. His most recent monograph, Faces in Clay: Technique, Imagery, and Allusion in a Corpus of Ceramic Sculpture from Ancient Egypt (2002), examines artisanal craftsmanship in light of material culture, iconography, and religious texts. He and Betsy M. Bryan of The Johns Hopkins University have co-edited a series of volumes on the Theban area: Sacred Space and Sacred Function in Ancient Thebes (2007); Perspectives on Ptolemaic Thebes (2011); Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut (2014) with José Galán of the National Spanish Research Council, Madrid; and Mural Decoration in the Theban New Kingdom Necropolis (2023). Dorman has also rejected the theory of a coregency between Akhenaten and his father, Amenhotep III in two article.s

From 2002 to 2008, Dorman chaired the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago. Prior to that, he spent nine years (1988–1997) leading the epigraphic efforts at Chicago House in Luxor, Egypt. From 1977 to 1988, he worked in curatorial positions in the Department of Egyptian Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

On March 21, 2008, the Board of Trustees selected Peter F. Dorman to be the 15th president of the American University of Beirut (effective July 1, 2008), succeeding John Waterbury, who was president from 1998 to 2008. Born in Beirut to a family associated with Lebanon for many generations, Dorman is the great-great grandson of the founder of AUB, Reverend Daniel Bliss. During his presidency, he led the university in a major expansion of its medical center, invigorated interdisciplinary research across the institution, initiated the university’s most ambitious fundraising campaign, championed the reinstatement of faculty tenure, greatly enhanced the level of financial assistance provided to students, and saw AUB's rankings rise from unranked status in the 500s of the QS World Rankings (2007) to 249 (2014). Since 2019, Dorman has been a member of the board of trustees at The American College of the Mediterranean (ACM), an American-style degree-granting institution in Aix-en-Provence, France, which includes IAU College, a study abroad institute for undergraduates.

title: Peter Dorman