text:
Talk:Petition

Line removed...?
"Non-governmental organization such as Amnesty International often use petitions in an attempt to exert moral authority in support of various causes."

Is there a reason this was removed? It is a somewhat biased comment, but removing it would also be somewhat biased...? I will replace if nobody objects to it within 24 hours. --StonedChipmunk 00:52, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Replaced. Also testing new signature (but still, I replaced the comment). --The preceding signed comment was added by StonedChipmunk and you can contact them here. 18:54, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Also re-added link to petitionspot.com as it's not advertising (it's under the category Petition Sites, you moron). --The preceding signed comment was added by StonedChipmunk and you can contact them here. 19:00, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Petitions.pm.gov.uk
Petitions.pm.gov.uk requires an email address in order to sign - why can't we vote in private?! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 147.188.192.41 (talk) 09:45, 26 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Historically, petitions have always required people to identify themselves on signature. I'm one of the guys behind the Petitions site on Number 10's website. We require email addresses to protect from abuse — so that people can only sign a petition once, for example. It's not a perfect measure, but it's part of the trade-off we made. There's more information on the FAQs:

 * "I'm afraid that there is a trade-off to be made between allowing anyone to sign the petitions regardless of having an email address, and protecting the petitions from too much abuse. We have come down on the side of using one email address per person to act as an anti-abuse mechanism because it is now possible for anyone to get an email address for free in a few moments. On the converse, if we let people use one address to sign multiple times we will likely see considerable fake signatures almost straight away."

 * If you wanna discuss the policy further, there is a contact email address for the team on the FAQs page.

where would I go to file a petition
I am writing a thesis on politics and government, I am trying to find out how and where to file a petition to run for President of the United States. If you can help me please send answers to jacquesr2@yahoo.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.30.133.50 (talk) 23:55, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

What is an International petition?
This discussion was moved from Reference desk/Humanities.

And should Wikipedia have an article about it? I recently heard about international petitions, and I could only find petitions to sign, but no other information. Wikipedia have several articles that mention it, and at least I could learn in Arndt Pekurinen that they were already used in 1930. Seems like they have an interesting history, and some of them seems notable. What do you say? Kind regards, Dodoïste (talk) 14:02, 3 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Surely this is just a petition which people in multiple countries are encouraged to sign? If you've found some interesting material on the origins or growth of this practice, I think this would fit well into the petition article. Warofdreams talk 16:15, 3 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Try here: International petition?--Canoe1967 (talk) 11:48, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

Stealing PERSONAL
Gopetition went as oldest museum of fun with many names just by ukranian | russian | germans, by the AT&T no: 1 Liberal business doer of the USA? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.65.96.127 (talk) 14:30, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

Merge with Right to petition
The articles Petition and Right to petition look like dealing very related topic. --109.53.210.122 (talk) 12:21, 28 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Disagree with merge proposal, because the right to petition article includes extensive history of controversial moves relating to it, and such thorough detail is not of interest to people who would like to know information about petition. Gryllida (talk) 11:57, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I also disagree with the merge proposal. The right to petition is distinct from the act of petitioning and has a very rich history behind it that might not be of interest to others. If one searches up right to petition, one is typically looking for discussion of the legal aspects. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.158.45.201 (talk • contribs • WHOIS ) 16:02, July 28, 2015 (UTC)

 * I disagree with the merge proposal because the right to petition, like others have said, is different from the act of petitioning. Also, right to petition is a legal and often government-related action, while petitioning is too general. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.212.4.102 (talk • contribs • WHOIS ) 01:03, October 16, 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petition


text:
A. D. Gordon

Aaron David Gordon (אהרן דוד גורדון; 9 June 1856 – 22 February 1922 ), more commonly known as A. D. Gordon, was a Labour Zionist thinker and the spiritual force behind practical Zionism and Labor Zionism. He founded Hapoel Hatzair, a movement that set the tone for the Zionist movement for many years to come. Influenced by Leo Tolstoy and others, it is said that in effect he made a religion of labor. Gordon moved to Ottoman Palestine in 1904, at age 48, where he was revered by younger Zionist pioneers for leading by example.

Biography
Aaron David Gordon was the only child of a well-to-do family of Orthodox Jews. He was self-educated in both religious and general studies, and spoke several languages. For thirty years, he managed an estate, where he proved to be a charismatic educator and community activist. Gordon married his cousin, Faige Tartakov, at a young age and had seven children with her, though only two of them survived.

Gordon died of throat cancer on Kibbutz Degania Alef in 1922 at the age of 65.

Zionist activism
Gordon was an early member of the Hibbat Zion movement and made aliyah to Ottoman Palestine in 1904, when he was 48, after being persuaded by his wife not to emigrate to America. His daughter Yael followed him in 1908 and his wife about a year later, but his son stayed behind to continue his religious studies – he seems to have refused to accompany his father because of differences in their religious outlooks. Four months after she arrived in the country, his wife became ill and died. Gordon lived in Petah Tikva and Rishon LeZion, moved to the Galilee in 1912, travelled the country taking manual jobs and engaging the youth, until finally settling in Kvutzat Degania near the Sea of Galilee in 1919. He lived simply and supported himself as a hired agricultural hand, while writing his emerging philosophy at night. Although he participated in the Zionist Congress of 1911, Gordon refused to become involved in any of the Zionist political parties, out of principle.

In 1905 he founded and led Hapoel Hatzair ("The Young Worker"), a non-Marxist, Zionist movement, as opposed to the Poale Zion movement which was more Marxist in orientation and associated with Ber Borochov and Nahum Syrkin.

Views and opinions
Gordon believed that all of Jewish suffering could be traced to the parasitic state of Jews in the Diaspora, who were unable to participate in creative labor. To remedy this, he sought to promote physical labor and agriculture as a means of uplifting Jews spiritually. It was the experience of labor, he believed, that linked the individual to the hidden aspects of nature and being, which, in turn were the source of vision, poetry, and the spiritual life. Furthermore, he also believed that working the land was a sacred task, not only for the individual but for the entire Jewish people. Agriculture would unite the people with the land and justify its continued existence there. In his own words: "The Land of Israel is acquired through labor, not through fire and not through blood." Return to the soil would transform the Jewish people and allow its rejuvenation, according to his philosophy. A.D. Gordon elaborated on these themes, writing:

"The Jewish people has been completely cut off from nature and imprisoned within city walls for two thousand years. We have been accustomed to every form of life, except a life of labor- of labor done at our behalf and for its own sake. It will require the greatest effort of will for such a people to become normal again. We lack the principal ingredient for national life. We lack the habit of labor… for it is labor which binds a people to its soil and to its national culture, which in its turn is an outgrowth of the people's toil and the people's labor. ... We, the Jews, were the first in history to say: 'For all the nations shall go each in the name of its God' and 'Nations shall not lift up sword against nation' - and then we proceed to cease being a nation ourselves."

"As we now come to re-establish our path among the ways of living nations of the earth, we must make sure that we find the right path. We must create a new people, a human people whose attitude toward other peoples is informed with the sense of human brotherhood and whose attitude toward nature and all within it is inspired by noble urges of life-loving creativity. All the forces of our history, all the pain that has accumulated in our national soul, seem to impel us in that direction... we are engaged in a creative endeavor the like of which is itself not to be found in the whole history of mankind: the rebirth and rehabilitation of a people that has been uprooted and scattered to the winds... (A.D. Gordon, 'Our Tasks Ahead' 1920)"

Gordon perceived nature as an organic unity. He preferred organic bonds in society, like those of family, community and nation, over "mechanical" bonds, like those of state, party and class. Jews were cut off from their nation, living in Diaspora, they were cut off from direct contact with nature; they were cut off from the experience of sanctity, and the existential bond with the infinite. Gordon wrote:

"[W]e are a parasitic people. We have no roots in the soil, there is no ground beneath our feet. And we are parasites not only in an economic sense, but in spirit, in thought, in poetry, in literature, and in our virtues, our ideals, our higher human aspirations. Every alien movement sweeps us along, every wind in the world carries us. We in ourselves are almost non-existent, so of course we are nothing in the eyes of other people either"

More than just a theoretician, he insisted on putting this philosophy into practice, and refused to take any clerical position that was offered to him. He was an elderly intellectual of no great physical strength and with no experience doing manual labor, but he took up the hoe and worked in the fields, always focusing on the aesthetics of his work. He served as a model of the pioneering spirit, descending to the people and remaining with them no matter what the consequences were. He experienced the problems faced by the working class, suffering from malaria, poverty, and unemployment. But he did have admirers and followers who turned to him for advice and help.

Gordon had always been a principled individual—even as a young man he refused to allow his parents to pay the customary bribe so that he would be exempted from military service, arguing that if he did not serve, someone else would have to serve instead of him. In the end, he spent six months in the army, but was released when it was discovered that he was not in good enough physical shape. He later refused to accept payment for his articles or the classes he taught, citing the Mishnah that states "Do not turn the Torah into a source of income." At the same time, he did not lapse into dogmatism either. When Rachel Bluwstein (1890–1931), known as 'Rachel the Poetess', asked his opinion about whether she should go overseas to study, an idea that was anathema to most of the Zionist leadership, he encouraged her to do so. Gordon's moods alternated between enormous frustration and great hope for the future. He believed that an idealistic new generation of creative Jews would emerge in the Land of Israel, with a high sense of morals, a deep spiritual commitment, and a commitment to their fellow human beings. Toward the end of his life, however, he preferred to isolate himself in nature. From a letter he wrote to Rachel the Poetess, it seems that he grew more and more frustrated with people's petty squabbles and selfish interests.

Although formerly an Orthodox Jew, Gordon rejected religion later in his life. Students of his writings have found that Gordon was greatly influenced by Russian author Leo Tolstoy, as well as by the Hassidic movement and Kabbalah. Many have also found parallels between his ideas and those of his contemporary, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, the spiritual father of Religious Zionism.

Central to Gordon's philosophy is the idea that the cosmos is a unity. This notion in which man and nature are one and all men are organic parts of the cosmos is reflected throughout his thought, including political issues, the role of women in the modern world, and Jewish attitude to the Arabs. He believed the central test for the reborn Jewish nation would be the attitude of the Jews to the Arabs. The Biblical principle regarding "the stranger that sojourns in thy midst" guided his thought on this matter. In his statutes for labor settlements, which he drew up in 1922, Gordon included a clause that said that land should be assigned to Arabs wherever new settlements were founded, to ensure their welfare. He believed that this principle of good neighborliness should be undertaken for moral reasons rather than tactical advantage, and that it would eventually lead to a spirit of universal human solidarity. A summary of his thinking on Jewish-Arab relations can be found in his work Mibachutz, where he wrote: "'Our relations to the Arabs must rest on cosmic foundations. Our attitude toward them must be one of humanity, of moral courage which remains on the highest plane, even if the behavior of the other side is not all that is desired. Indeed their hostility is all the more a reason for our humanity.'"

Legacy and commemoration
Gordonia, a Zionist youth movement, created in Poland in 1925 in order to put Gordon's teachings into practice, established several kibbutzim in Israel.

Published works (English)

 * Selected Essays by Aaron David Gordon (tr.: Frances Burnce), New York: League for Labor Palestine, 1938, ISBN 0405052669 (0-405-05266-9) Reprint: Selected Essays by Aaron David Gordon, New York: Arno Press, 1973, ISBN 0405052669 (0-405-05266-9)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: A. D. Gordon


text: User talk:82.96.75.4

title: User talk:82.96.75.4


text:
Bangsawan

Bangsawan (Jawi: بڠساون) is a type of traditional Malay opera or theatre performed by a troupe and accompanied by music and sometimes dances. The bangsawan theatrical performance encompasses music, dance, and drama. It is widely spread in the Malay cultural realm in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and Brunei. The artform is indigenous to the Malay Peninsula, Riau Islands, Sumatra, and coastal Borneo.

Etymology
In the Malay language, bangsawan means "nobleman". Bangsa means "nation", "race", from the Sanskrit word vamsa, which means "family", "dynasty". The suffix -wan comes from the Sanskrit suffix -vant. A person is called bangsawan if he is descended from royal family (kings, princes, etc.). The theatre is called bangsawan because it is most often depicting the legends and stories of Malay nobles that took place in istana (Malay palaces and courts).

There was another category of noblemen in Indonesia, precisely in Java, called priyayi, who were not members of royal or princely families but formed a sort of nobles of the Robe, exerting administrative functions, including that of adipati (governor).

Theme
The bangsawan theatre usually centered on istana or Malay palace. The main theme of bangsawan theatre is usually based upon the adventure, romance and conquest of Malay sultans, kings, heroes, nobles, princes and princesses, that took place in various Malay courts in the archipelago. The fertile local Malay legends and epics such as the "Sulalatus Salatin" provides storylines and theme for the story to develop. The Malay King such as Seri Tri Buana and the popular Malay heroes such as the adventure of Hang Tuah of Malacca are the popular bangsawan themes. Another themes such as "Seulas Nangka" story about the history of Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate.

Form
The bangsawan theatre is quite similar to western opera or drama, where the stories are presented through acting and singing, and certain characters are played during performance. The stories are drawn from diverse sources, such as local Malay, Indonesian, Indian, Arabic, Chinese and Western sources. Music, dance and costumes are used depending on the story being told. The performance is accompanied by music consists of gendang, rebana, drum and violin, playing Malay music and chanting dendang or Malay songs.

History
Bangsawan first developed in Penang, Malaysia, from the South Asian Parsi theatre performed by companies from the Bombay region; the first local troupe Pusi Indera Bangsawan of Penang was founded in 1885 and named after tycoon Mohamed Pusi who patroned the arts prior. The bangsawan theatre troupes reached their peak of popularity in the 19th to mid 20th century prior to the great war. In colonial Dutch East Indies the bangsawan theatre has inspired and influenced other form of theatrical performances, such as Komedie Stamboel and toneel. Prior to the development and the spread of radio and television entertainment in the region, travelling live theatres and drama such as bangsawan, was the main source of entertainment for local Malays in the villages and cities alike, and was held in high anticipation and excitement. In Lingga, Riau Islands, bangsawan show enjoyed its popularity among locals until around 1960s to 1970s. However, today in Indonesia, only a handful of bangsawan troupes survive. Nowadays, it is difficult, if not impossible to find any bangsawan troupes in Malaysia. A bangsawan troupe still operates in Singapore.

The advent of cinema into the Malay speaking world early 20th century attracted bangsawan actors to the media integrating the artform's conventions into a new audiovisual culture in the process: the 1933 film Laila Majnun boasted a cast of such thespians. The Shaw Brothers themselves gave financial support to bangsawan troupes in the 1930s, and a collective of bangsawan actors helmed many Shaw-made Malay films during 1940 and 1941. However as decades go on, the actors' flair for exaggerated dramatics became less appealing to newer and more seasoned audiences who saw them as "unnatural" and wanted its aesthetics to match those of Hollywood. Singaporean film composer Zubir Said spent his formative years outside Sumatra in a bangsawan troupe and derived his experience of its sonic influences into his film music repertoire.

title: Bangsawan


text:
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 (also known as Smokey and the Bandit III) is a 1983 American action comedy film and a spinoff/legacy sequel to Smokey and the Bandit (1977) and Smokey and the Bandit II (1980). The film is the third and final installment of the Smokey and the Bandit trilogy in the Smokey and the Bandit franchise, starring Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Paul Williams, Pat McCormick, Mike Henry and Colleen Camp. The film also includes a cameo near the end by the original Bandit, Burt Reynolds.

With one of the main titular characters missing, the plot of the film revolves instead around Sheriff Buford T. Justice ("Smokey"), with the presence of the Bandit merely being suggested through him being impersonated by Cledus ("Snowman").

Reviews of Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 were resoundingly negative and the film was a box office bomb, earning only around $7 million against a $9 million budget.

Plot
Big and Little Enos Burdette offer retiring Sheriff Buford T. Justice a wager, betting $250,000 against his badge on his ability to transport a large statue shark from Miami to Austin, Texas. Buford rejects the wager and retires, but after realizing retirement is not all it is cracked up to be, he reconsiders and accepts the Burdettes' wager. Buford picks up the shark and starts driving with his son, Junior.

Big and Little Enos set many traps, but after Buford dodges all of them, they decide to hire Cledus Snow, to become the new Bandit to intercept Buford. Cledus parks his semi truck at his house, puts on a disguise as the Bandit, leaves Fred with Freida for company, and sets off by driving a new black and gold 1983 Pontiac Trans Am.

Cledus picks up Dusty Trails, who quits her job at a used car dealership at the town's Autorama (similar to how Bo picks up Carrie from the first movie). Cledus catches up with Buford, steals the shark with his rope and Dusty greets Buford, causing him to think that the Bandit is back, thus beginning another hot pursuit. Another local officer, attempts to take charge of the situation. Both police cars are disabled in the chase.

Cledus and Dusty make their stop at the Gator Kicks Longneck Saloon where he tries to her a cheeseburger and gets into a fight with some bikers that kick him out, but eventually gains the upper hand and their respect. This allows Buford to catch up and another chase creates mass chaos in a local town. Cledus escapes when an 18-wheeler blocks the alleyway where he sped through. While trying to get the truck out, Buford's car is towed as the police woman gave Buford a ticket, but he reverses the car and escapes. The police woman and the tow truck driver chases him, while Junior is spinning on the hook. As Buford keeps on going with the chase, he makes the tow truck ram the cars and tip over, throwing Junior into a tree as other cars crash into the pile-up.

Buford chases Cledus in the Mississippi Fairgrounds. Buford's car is thrown up on two side wheels by an incline, but he continues the pursuit on two wheels.

That night, Cledus and Dusty stop at the hotel called the Come On Inn, where people are involved in an orgy. Buford sees the Trans Am parked there and searches for the shark, which he finds. Buford also thinks he finds Cledus in the sauna, but it turns out to be a muscular woman (named Tina), who becomes infatuated with him.

The next day, one of Buford's tires is blown by the "Enos Devil Darts". Cledus retakes the shark. Buford pursues on the remaining two tires, first through a herd of cattle, then through parked boats, then a nudist camp, then through a field where the Burdettes set off explosions, one of which destroys the car except the engine, seat, and lights, the latter of which Junior is holding above his head.

Cledus deliberately slows down so Junior can retrieve the shark from the Trans Am, allowing Buford to successfully complete the bet. As Buford collects his money from Little Enos, he sees Cledus. Thinking he has been dealing with the real Bandit all along, he approaches him to arrest him. In doing so, he imagines Cledus as the real Bandit, who attempts to talk him out of arresting him before Junior reminds him of his retirement. Buford and the Bandit both separately come to the same conclusion that they need one other in order for their lives to have meaning, and Buford gives him a five-minute head start and, with Tina joining him, takes off after him on yet another chase, again leaving Junior behind to run after him, dropping all the money on the way (similar to the end of the first movie).

Production
The film was originally entitled Smokey IS the Bandit, and did not include Jerry Reed in the cast. Contemporary newspapers refer to original plans to feature Gleason as both "Smokey" and "the Bandit", and Reed's name does not appear in early promotional materials or newspaper accounts during the film's production. According to some accounts, Jackie Gleason was to play two roles: Sheriff Buford T. Justice and a different "Bandit". The original version was shot from October 1982 to January 1983. Reportedly test audiences reacted poorly, finding Gleason's two roles confusing, so the studio opted to do re-shoots in April 1983. The Bandit scenes were re-shot with Jerry Reed playing the role. Other accounts indicate that the title was more literal: that Gleason was to play only Sheriff Justice, but the character would also fill the role of "the Bandit", by taking the Enos family's challenge (as Reynolds' character had done in the previous two films). In a teaser trailer for the film (billed as Smokey IS the Bandit), Gleason appears in character as Justice, explaining to the audience that to defeat the Bandit he would adopt the attributes of his prey, "becoming [my] own worst enemy". A publicity still of Gleason apparently shows him in costume as the Bandit.

Soundtrack
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on vinyl and cassette tape by MCA Records in 1983.

Reception
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 received uniformly negative reviews by critics and the film was regarded as the weakest of the three Bandit films in terms of both storyline and revenue. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 17% based on reviews from six critics.

Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a negative review: "The already skimpy running time of Smokey and the Bandit, Part 3 is padded by an opening montage of earlier Smokey scenes, including shots of Burt Reynolds lounging in a zebra-print hammock. He is grinning, as well he might, because he has been able to sit out Part 3 altogether. What has he missed? An interminable car chase punctuated by dumb stunts and even dumber dialogue, plus the well-worth-missing sight of Paul Williams in a dress". Variety magazine staff wrote: "The sense of fun in that original is missing and the countless smashups and near-misses are orchestrated randomly".

Despite the enormous financial success of the original film (grossing over $300 million on a budget of less than $5 million), coupled with respectable (though significantly lower) numbers generated by the sequel, the third film grossed only about $7 million against the film's $9 million production budget.

title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3


text: User talk:65.31.57.146

title: User talk:65.31.57.146


text:
Talk:Relations of Pope John Paul II with the Jewish People

Why the capitalization of the initial P in People? Michael Hardy 02:02, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Winhunter

joined Wikipedia in 12 April, 2005 and became an administrator on 4 September, 2006.

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title: User:Winhunter


text:
Yttrium aluminium garnet

Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) is a synthetic crystalline material of the garnet group. It is a cubic yttrium aluminium oxide phase, with other examples being YAlO3 (YAP ) in a hexagonal or an orthorhombic, perovskite-like form, and the monoclinic Y4Al2O9 (YAM ).

Due to its broad optical transparency, low internal stress, high hardness, chemical and heat resistance, YAG is used for a variety of optics. Its lack of birefringence (unlike sapphire) makes it an interesting material for high-energy/high-power laser systems. Laser damage levels of YAG ranged from 1.1 to 2.2 kJ/cm2 (1064 nm, 10 ns).

YAG, like garnet and sapphire, has no uses as a laser medium when pure. However, after being doped with an appropriate ion, YAG is commonly used as a host material in various solid-state lasers. Rare earth elements such as neodymium and erbium can be doped into YAG as active laser ions, yielding Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers, respectively. Cerium-doped YAG (Ce:YAG) is used as a phosphor in cathode ray tubes and white light-emitting diodes, and as a scintillator.

Gemstone YAG
YAG for a period was used in jewelry as a diamond and other gemstone simulant. Colored variants and their doping elements include: green (chromium), blue (cobalt), red (manganese), yellow (titanium), blue/pink/purple (neodymium, depending on light source), pink, and orange. As faceted gems they are valued (as synthetics) for their clarity, durability, high refractive index and dispersion, and occasionally properties like simulating alexandrite's color-changing property. The critical angle of YAG is 33 degrees. YAG cuts like natural garnet, with polishing being performed with alumina or diamond (50,000 or 100,000 grit) on common polishing laps. YAG has low heat sensitivity.

As a synthetic gemstone YAG has numerous varietal and trade names, as well as a number of misnomers. Synonymous names include: alexite, amamite, circolite, dia-bud, diamite, diamogem, diamonair, diamone, diamonique, diamonite, diamonte, di'yag, geminair, gemonair, kimberly, Linde simulated diamond, nier-gem, regalair, replique, somerset, triamond, YAIG, and yttrium garnet. Production for the gem trade decreased after the introduction of synthetic cubic zirconia; there was little production. Some demand exists as synthetic garnet, and for designs where the very high refractive index of cubic zirconia is not desirable.

Nd:YAG
Neodymium-doped YAG (Nd:YAG) was developed in the early 1960s, and the first working Nd:YAG laser was invented in 1964. Neodymium-YAG is the most widely used active laser medium in solid-state lasers, being used for everything from low-power continuous-wave lasers to high-power Q-switched (pulsed) lasers with power levels measured in the kilowatts. The thermal conductivity of Nd:YAG is higher and its fluorescence lifetime is about twice as long as that of Nd:YVO4 crystals, however it is not as efficient and is less stable, requiring more precisely controlled temperatures. The best absorption band of Nd:YAG for pumping the laser is centered at 807.5 nm, and is 1 nm wide.

Most Nd:YAG lasers produce infrared light at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Light at this wavelength is rather dangerous to vision, since it can be focused by the eye's lens onto the retina, but the light is invisible and does not trigger the blink reflex. Nd:YAG lasers can also be used with frequency doubling or frequency tripling crystals, to produce green light with a wavelength of 532 nm or ultraviolet light at 355 nm, respectively.

The dopant concentration in commonly used Nd:YAG crystals usually varies between 0.5 and 1.4 molar percent. Higher dopant concentration is used for pulsed lasers; lower concentration is suitable for continuous-wave lasers. Nd:YAG is pinkish-purple, with lighter-doped rods being less intensely colored than heavier-doped ones. Since its absorption spectrum is narrow, the hue depends on the light under which it is observed.

Nd:Cr:YAG
YAG doped with neodymium and chromium (Nd:Cr:YAG or Nd/Cr:YAG) has absorption characteristics which are superior to Nd:YAG. This is because energy is absorbed by the broad absorption bands of the Cr3+ dopant and then transferred to Nd3+ by dipole-dipole interactions. This material has been suggested for use in solar-pumped lasers, which could form part of a solar power satellite system.

Er:YAG
Erbium-doped YAG (Er:YAG) is an active laser medium lasing at 2940 nm. Its absorption bands suitable for pumping are wide and located between 600 and 800 nm, allowing for efficient flashlamp pumping. The dopant concentration used is high: about 50% of the yttrium atoms are replaced. The Er:YAG laser wavelength couples well into water and body fluids, making this laser especially useful for medicine and dentistry uses; it is used for treatment of tooth enamel and in cosmetic surgery. Er:YAG is used for noninvasive monitoring of blood sugar. The mechanical properties of Er:YAG are essentially the same as Nd:YAG. Er:YAG operates at wavelengths where the threshold for eye damage is relatively high (since the light is absorbed before striking the retina), works well at room temperature, and has high slope efficiency. Er:YAG is pink.

Yb:YAG
Ytterbium-doped YAG (Yb:YAG) is an active laser medium lasing at 1030 nm, with a broad, 18 nm wide absorption band at 940 nm. It is one of the most useful media for high-power diode-pumped solid state lasers. The dopant levels used range between 0.2% and 30% of replaced yttrium atoms. Yb:YAG has very low fractional heating, very high slope efficiency, and no excited-state absorption or up-conversion, high mechanical strength and high thermal conductivity. Yb:YAG can be pumped by reliable InGaAs laser diodes at 940 or 970 nm.

Yb:YAG is a good substitute for 1064 nm Nd:YAG in high-power applications, and its frequency-doubled 515 nm version can replace the 514 nm argon lasers.

Nd:Ce:YAG
Neodymium-cerium double-doped YAG (Nd:Ce:YAG, or Nd,Ce:YAG) is an active laser medium material very similar to Nd:YAG. The added cerium atoms strongly absorb in the ultraviolet region and transfer their energy to the neodymium atoms, increasing the pumping efficiency; the result is lower thermal distortion and higher power output than Nd:YAG at the same pumping level. The lasing wavelength, 1064 nm, is the same as for Nd:YAG. The material has a good resistance to damage caused by UV from the pump source, and low lasing threshold. Usually 1.1–1.4% of Y atoms are replaced with Nd, and 0.05–0.1% with Ce.

Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG
Holmium-chromium-thulium triple-doped YAG (Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG, or Ho,Cr,Tm:YAG) is an active laser medium material with high efficiency. It lases at 2080 nm and can be pumped by a flashlamp or a laser diode. It is widely used in military, medicine, and meteorology. It works well at room temperature, has high slope efficiency, and operates at a wavelength where the threshold for eye damage is relatively high. When pumped by a diode, the 785 nm band for Tm3+ ion can be used. Other major pump bands are located between 400 and 800 nm. The dopant levels used are 0.35 atom.% Ho, 5.8 atom.% Tm, and 1.5 at.% Cr. The rods have green color, imparted by chromium(III).

Tm:YAG
Thulium-doped YAG (Tm:YAG) is an active laser medium that operates between 1930 and 2040 nm. It is suitable for diode pumping. A dual-mode Tm:YAG laser emits two frequencies separated by 1 GHz.

Cr4+:YAG
Chromium (IV)-doped YAG (Cr:YAG) provides a large absorption cross section in the 0.9-1.2 micrometer spectral region, which makes it an attractive choice as a passive Q-switch for Nd-doped lasers. The resulting devices are solid-state, compact and low-cost. Cr:YAG has high damage threshold, good thermal conductivity, good chemical stability, resists ultraviolet radiation, and is easily machinable. It is replacing more traditional Q-switching materials like lithium fluoride and organic dyes. The dopant levels used range between 0.5 and 3 percent (molar). Cr:YAG can be used for passive Q-switching of lasers that operate at wavelengths between 1000 and 1200 nm, such as those based on Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, Nd:YVO4, and Yb:YAG.

Cr:YAG can be also used as a laser gain medium itself, producing tunable lasers with outputs adjustable between 1350 and 1550 nm. The Cr:YAG laser can generate ultrashort pulses (in the femtoseconds range) when it is pumped at 1064 nm by a Nd:YAG laser.

Cr:YAG has been demonstrated in an application of non-linear optics as a self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror in a Nd:YAG "loop resonator". Such a mirror provides compensation of both phase and polarization aberrations induced into the loop resonator.

Dy:YAG
Dysprosium-doped YAG (Dy:YAG) is a temperature-sensitive phosphor used in temperature measurements. The phosphor is excited by a laser pulse and its temperature-dependent fluorescence is observed. Dy:YAG is sensitive in ranges of 300–1700 K. The phosphor can be applied directly to the measured surface, or to an end of an optical fiber. It has also been studied as a single-phase white emitting phosphor in phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes.

Sm:YAG
Samarium-doped YAG (Sm:YAG) is a temperature-sensitive phosphor similar to Dy:YAG.

Tb:YAG
Terbium-doped YAG (Tb:YAG) is a phosphor used in cathode ray tubes. It emits at yellow-green color, at 544 nm.

Ce:YAG
Cerium(III)-doped YAG (Ce:YAG or YAG:Ce) is a phosphor, or a scintillator when in pure single-crystal form, with a wide range of uses. It emits yellow light when subjected to blue or ultraviolet light or to x-rays. It is used in white light-emitting diodes as a coating on a high-brightness blue InGaN diode, converting part of the blue light into yellow, which together then appear as white. Such an arrangement gives less than ideal color rendering. The output brightness decreases with increasing temperature, further altering device color output.

Ce:YAG is also used in some mercury-vapor lamps as one of the phosphors, often together with Eu:Y(P,V)O4 (yttrium phosphate-vanadate). It is also used as a phosphor in cathode ray tubes, where it emits green (530 nm) to yellow-green (550 nm) light. When excited by electrons, it has virtually no afterglow (70 ns decay time). It is suitable for use in photomultipliers.

Ce:YAG is used in PET scanners, high-energy gamma radiation and charged particle detectors, and high-resolution imaging screens for gamma, x-rays, beta radiation and ultraviolet radiation.

Ce:YAG can be further doped with gadolinium.

title: Yttrium aluminium garnet


text:
Peter Maurin

Peter Maurin (May 9, 1877 – May 15, 1949) was a French Catholic social activist, theologian, and De La Salle Brother who founded the Catholic Worker Movement in 1933 with Dorothy Day.

Maurin expressed his philosophy through short pieces of verse that became known as Easy Essays. Influenced by the contemporary work of G. K. Chesterton and Vincent McNabb, he was one of the foremost promoters of the back-to-the-land movement and of Catholic distributism in the United States. He was also influenced by Peter Kropotkin, an anarchist.

Biography
He was born Pierre Joseph Orestide Maurin into a poor farming family in the village of Oultet in the Languedoc region of southern France, where he was one of 24 children. After spending time in the De La Salle Brothers, Maurin served in the Sillon movement of Marc Sangnier until he became discouraged by the Sillonist shift from personalist action towards political action. He briefly moved to Saskatchewan to try his hand at homesteading, but was discouraged both by the death of his partner in a hunting accident and by the harsh conditions and rugged individualism that characterized his years of residence in the region. He then traveled throughout the American east for a few years, and eventually settled in New York.

For a ten-year period, Maurin was not a practicing Catholic "because I was not living as a Catholic should."

In the mid-1920s, Maurin was working as a French tutor in the New York suburbs. It was at this time Maurin experienced a religious conversion, inspired by the life of Francis of Assisi. He ceased charging for his lessons and asked only that students give any sum they thought appropriate. This was likely prompted by reading about St. Francis, who viewed labor as a gift to the greater community, not a mode of self-promotion. During this portion of his life, he began composing the poetry that would later be called his Easy Essays.

Dorothy Day and The Catholic Worker
"Peter Maurin first met Dorothy Day in December 1932." She had just returned from Washington, D.C., where she had covered the Hunger March for Commonweal and America magazines. At the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception on December 8, 1932, the feast of the Immaculate Conception, Day had prayed for inspiration for her future work. She came back to her New York apartment to find Maurin awaiting her in the kitchen. "He had read some of her articles and had been told by George Schuster, editor of Commonweal, to look her up and exchange ideas with her." The French models and literature Maurin brought to Day's attention are of particular interest.

For four months after their first meeting, Maurin "indoctrinated" her, sharing ideas, synopses of books and articles, and analyzing all facets of daily life through the lens of his intellectual system. He suggested she start a newspaper, since she was a trained journalist, to "bring the best of Catholic thought to the man in the street in the language of the man in the street". Maurin initially proposed the name Catholic Radical for the paper that was distributed as the Catholic Worker beginning May 1, 1933, during the depths of the Great Depression.

His ideas served as the inspiration for the creation of "houses of hospitality" for the poor, for the agrarian endeavors of the Catholic Worker farms, and the regular "roundtable discussions for the clarification of thought" that began taking place shortly after the publication of the first issue of The Catholic Worker which is considered a Christian Anarchist publication.

Maurin at times saw the paper as not quite radical enough, as it had an emphasis on political and union activity. Shortly after the paper's first print run in early May, 1933, he left New York for the boys' camp at Mt. Tremper, where he worked in exchange for living quarters. "[T]he paper, declaring its solidarity with labor and its intention of fighting social injustice, was not, by Maurin's standards, a personalist newspaper." Maurin believed the Catholic Worker should stress life in small agricultural communities. As he liked to say, “there is no unemployment on the land.”

Maurin lived in Easton, Pennsylvania, where he worked on the first Catholic Worker-owned farming commune, Maryfarm. He also took part in the Catholic Worker picketing of the Mexican and German consulates during the 1930s.

Maurin traveled extensively, lecturing at parishes, colleges, and meetings across the country, often in coordination with the speaking tours of Dorothy Day. He addressed venues as varied as Harvard students and small parishes, the Knights of Columbus and gatherings of bishops and priests.

Later years
In 1944, Maurin began to lose his memory. His condition deteriorated until he died at the Catholic Worker's Maryfarm near Newburgh, New York, on May 15, 1949, "the Feast of St. Dymphna, patroness of mental health, the anniversary also of St. John Baptiste de la Salle and of the Papal encyclicals Rerum novarum and Quadragesimo anno. ...Many remarked the strange convergence of anniversaries." At the wake, many people were seen to touch their rosaries to his hands surreptitiously, indicating their belief in his sanctity. The Staten Island Catholic Worker farm was named after Maurin following his death; the Peter Maurin Farm currently operates in Marlboro, New York.

Intellectual system
Maurin's vision to transform the social order consisted of three main ideas:
 * 1) Establishing urban houses of hospitality to care for the destitute.
 * 2) Establishing rural farming communities to teach city dwellers agrarianism and encourage a movement back-to-the-land.
 * 3) Setting up roundtable discussions in community centres in order to clarify thought and initiate action.

Maurin saw similarities between his approach and what he viewed was that of the Irish monks who evangelized medieval Europe.

Intellectual inspirations
According to Dorothy Day, some of the books he had her read were the works of "Fr. Vincent McNabb and Eric Gill, Jacques Maritain, Leon Bloy, Charles Peguy of France, Don Sturzo of Italy, (Romano) Guardini of Germany, and (Nicholas) Berdyaev of Russia." Another writer upon whom Maurin drew was Emmanuel Mounier. Other titles included Catholicism and the Appeal to Reason by Leo Paul Ward, Humanity's Destiny by Denifle, Christian Life and Worship by Gerald Ellard, The Spirit of Catholicism by Karl Adam, and The Servile State by Hilaire Belloc.

The following books were recommended by Peter Maurin in reading lists appended to his essays.
 * 1) Art in a Changing Civilization, Eric Gill
 * 2) Brotherhood Economics, Toyohiko Kagawa
 * 3) Charles V, D. B. Wyndham Lewis
 * 4) Catholicism, Protestantism and Capitalism, Amintore Fanfani
 * 5) The Church and the Land, Father Vincent McNabb, O.P.
 * 6) Discourse on Usury, Thomas Wilson
 * 7) Enquiries Into Religion and Culture, Christopher Dawson
 * 8) Fields, Factories and Workshops, Peter Kropotkin
 * 9) Fire on the Earth, Paul Hanly Furfey
 * 10) The Flight from the City, Ralph Borsodi
 * 11) The Franciscan Message to the World, Father Agostino Gemelli, F.M.
 * 12) Freedom in the Modern World, Jacques Maritain
 * 13) The Future of Bolshevism, Waldemar Gurian
 * 14) A Guildsman's Interpretation of History, Arthur Penty
 * 15) The Great Commandment of the Gospel, His Excellency A. G. Cicognani, Apostolic Delegate to the U. S.
 * 16) Ireland and the Foundation of Europe, Benedict Fitzpatrick
 * 17) I Take My Stand, by Twelve Southern Agrarians
 * 18) The Land of the Free, Herbert Agar
 * 19) Lord of the World, Robert Hugh Benson
 * 20) The Making of Europe, Christopher Dawson
 * 21) Man the Unknown, Dr. Alexis Carrel
 * 22) Nations Can Stay at Home, B. O. Wilcox
 * 23) Nazareth or Social Chaos, Father Vincent McNabb, O.P.
 * 24) Our Enemy, the State, Albert Jay Nock
 * 25) Outline of Sanity, G. K. Chesterton
 * 26) A Philosophy of Work, Étienne Borne
 * 27) Post-Industrialism, Arthur Penty
 * 28) Progress and Religion, Christopher Dawson
 * 29) Religion and the Modern State, Christopher Dawson
 * 30) Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, R. H. Tawney
 * 31) La Revolution Personnaliste et Communautaire, Emmanuel Mounier
 * 32) Saint Francis of Assisi, G. K. Chesterton
 * 33) Social Principles of the Gospel, Alphonse Lugan
 * 34) Soviet Man Now, Helen Iswolsky
 * 35) Temporal Regime and Liberty, Jacques Maritain
 * 36) The Theory of the Leisure Class, Thorstein Veblen
 * 37) Thomistic Doctrine of the Common Good, The, Seraphine Michel
 * 38) Things That Are Not Caesar's, Jacques Maritain
 * 39) Toward a Christian Sociology, Arthur Penty
 * 40) True Humanism, Jacques Maritain
 * 41) The Two Nations, Christopher Hollis
 * 42) The Unfinished Universe, T. S. Gregory
 * 43) The Valerian Persecution, Father Patrick Healy
 * 44) What Man Has Made of Man, Mortimer Adler
 * 45) Work and Leisure, Eric Gill

Legacy
His contributions to the Catholic Worker Movement, while apparently often eclipsed in the collective memory of the movement by those of Dorothy Day, remain foundational, as evidenced by Day's insistence in The Long Loneliness and elsewhere that she would never have begun the Catholic Worker without him. "Peter was a revelation to me," she said. "I do know this--that when people come into contact with Peter ... they change, they awaken, they begin to see, things become as new, they look at life in the light of the Gospels. They admit the truth he possesses and lives by, and though they themselves fail to go the whole way, their faces are turned at least towards the light."

Maurin was played by Martin Sheen in Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story.

In 2010 Mark and Louise Zwick suggested considering Peter Maurin for sainthood.

title: Peter Maurin


text:
User talk:Freyr

Artefact
This is a genuine spelling — in fact it's the primary spelling, the "artifact" variant being a mistake now wiidely accepted as an alternative, presumably modelled on "artificial". The etymology of "artefact" is "arte"+"factum". --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:59, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn't mean to imply that "artifact" is actually wrong; it's now accepted as a legitimate variant (and included in dictionaries as the second spelling of the word). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:12, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Arch Linux Screenshot
A while ago, you added an Arch linux Screenshot. I was wondering if you still had the cool Desktop Background.

mixmakers.net
i edited the page so it would be acceptable, i did not vandalize it

 * You may not have intended to vandalize but the VfD was deleted from the page during your edit.

Anti-vegetarianism
Please tell me why Wikipedia needs an uncited Anti-vegetarianism page, when Wikipedia already has essentially the same thing in the Criticisms subtopic of Vegetarianism. Why can't we have a redirect until we get some better sources and the topic expands? 4.242.147.19 00:26, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I am not against having a redirect, but currently it is not the concensus of the talk page that this article should be removed/redirected. -Freyr 00:32, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * OK. Someone else deleted (??) the page, so it was all for nought anyway. :S. (4.242.147.19) 4.242.147.15 16:44, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Military of the United States
Is what I have written untrue? 132.241.245.245 21:20, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It is unique, but I can find no references on it. If you can prove your statement then you are free to add it. -Freyr 21:21, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Are you saying if I can find a case inwhich a man was discharged for sexual activisty with an animal you won't object? 132.241.245.245 21:23, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The point of that statement is to give a general overview of the United State's militaries policies on homosexuality and to tell who is qualified for service. The executive order mentions nothing of zoosexuality and thus it probably belongs on another page if at all. -Freyr 21:26, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

My Userpage
Yes, that was my IP. I just forgot to log in.

Thanks,

--M Clarke 13:56, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Hello.
Just saying hi. Saw your name on Polar Bear and had to say I like your username. ;) —  RevRagnarok  Talk Contrib Reverts 18:46, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Nice to meet you too! There are not too many users with Norse mythology related names on here. ;) -Freyr 18:49, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * See . My cat's named Freya and my PCs are Ragnarok, Apocalypse, Valhalla, Mjolnir, Neuvreidaghey (Gaelic for apocalypse), and Brisingamen... —  RevRagnarok  Talk Contrib Reverts 18:56, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I don't quite go that far (though I should have named my dog Freyr, now that I think about it). But my workgroup is named Yggdrasil and my computers off of it are named Asgard, Hel and Loki.

Stuff
Just saying hello! Make certain you don't delete!198.20.41.74 00:27, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I rarely delete content unless it is blatant vandalism and I am always open to discussion about alleged "vandalism". -Freyr 00:30, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I'm saying hello too. I was the one who edited the zero point energy article a while ago now. I realize it was not a "good" edit and was probably far too biased in many ways, and I actually wanted to "apologize" in a sense for it. Just got annoyed at the wording of that section and felt like I "had" to do something about it. However, I have decided to not repeat that kind of activity (putting in biased/overtly subjective content) in the future. Felt like telling this, happy continued wiki'ing in the future, bye.--A-ixemy 21:44, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Freyr


text:
North Sydney Boys High School

North Sydney Boys High School (abbreviated as NSBHS) is a government-funded, single-sex, academically selective secondary day school for boys, located at Crows Nest, on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. In 2023, North Sydney Boys High School sat as the first ranking high school in the state, based on the percentage of exams sat that achieved a Distinguished Achievers (DA), overtaking the first ranked James Ruse Agricultural High School (abbreviated as JRAHS, or simply JR), sending JRAHS to the second rank for the first time since 1996 (or in 27 years).

History
North Sydney Boys began off-site in temporary classes in 1912, as North Sydney Intermediate High School, which was located in Blue Street. At the beginning of 1915, the new school on the corner of Falcon Street and Miller Street, Crows Nest was opened to 214 students. The School chose the Falcon as its mascot as well as its logo according to the location of the school on Falcon Street, even going as far as to name its Old Boys Alumni "Old Falconians" in 1933. After years of controversy, it was decided to celebrate the centenary in 2012.

The first headmaster was Nimrod Greenwood. He had been headmaster of the North Sydney Superior School before the establishment of the High School and had 33 years of service as Headmaster of the two schools. On his retirement in 1915, he was succeeded by Charles Rattray Smith who had founded Newcastle High School and was to go to head Sydney High School in 1918. Smith was succeeded by the headmaster who had replaced him at Newcastle High School, William Williams, who guided the school for the next 13 years. On his promotion to Inspector, Williams was succeeded by the then Headmaster of Newcastle Boys High School, RF Harvey, in 1932; Harvey was head until his death in 1947.

Following its closure in 1969, students from North Sydney Technical High School were transferred to NSBHS.

Academic Results
North Sydney Boys High School has consistently achieved outstanding academic results in both the National Assessment Program Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) and Higher School Certificate (HSC) assessments. The school has regularly placed well above average against all Australian students as well as students with a similar background in NAPLAN examinations. North Sydney Boys has ranked within the top 5 schools in New South Wales by the percentage of examinations sat that achieved a distinguished achievers for the past decade.

HSC
The table below shows the school's HSC ranking relative to other schools in NSW.

Crows Nest campus
The campus of North Sydney Boys High School consists of a number of one- to three-storey buildings on an irregular-shaped site over 2.53 ha and situated on the southwestern corner of Falcon and Miller Streets, Crows Nest. It also borders residential and commercial retail properties on West Street and Falcon Street. There are a number of mature native and exotic trees with some shrubs. The built environment comprises classrooms, library, amenities, assembly hall, administration and gymnasium, various courtyards, playground areas, tennis courts, car parking, cricket practice nets and an open waste storage area.

History
Construction began on the first building on the Crows Nest campus in 1913 on contract by John Brown whose tender price was £7770 "on much the same lines" as North Sydney Girls High School, whose construction was then underway. In August 1914, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that the "Girls' High School at North Sydney has been completed and occupied, while the buildings for the Boys' High School are being erected ... on the most modern lines, while the accommodation and fittings will be ample, and up to date." By the end of December 1914, Sydney Morning Herald could report that the "Boys' High School at North Sydney is being erected by day labour at an estimated cost of £7900. It consists of a two-story brick building, with stone facings, and provides eight classrooms and staff rooms. The science and manual training rooms are detached."

Around 1920 the site expanded and the Arts/TAS building dates from this time. In or about 1953 a library and administration block were erected. In or about 1968 science and classroom blocks were added. The gymnasium dates from 1962.

Recent building works
North Sydney Boys High School is undergoing a major capital building program funded by the State and Federal Governments.

In DA1, completed in about 2003, the Keele Street Lawn area was acquired and refurbished. In DA2, completed in 2005, new tennis courts and other building works were carried out. A new building that includes music rehearsal spaces, visual art classrooms and design and technology workshops have been finished in term 4 of 2006 and students have moved into the new building, now named 'J Block'. A dedicated music computer lab is also available in the new building.

The school community also completed a major upgrade of the AF Henry Hall in 2005 including the addition of a mezzanine, new ceiling, lighting, stage, and stage curtains. In 2007–2009 six science labs were completely refurbished costing over $1million.

In 2011, the School named the recently refurbished gymnasium in honour of Old Falconian John Treloar.

Construction of a new library completed in the end of 2013, and begun being used by students in 2014.

A completely parent and donation funded development of new outdoor tennis, basketball and futsal courts was completed and opened to students at the end of 2017. The project aimed to resolve shortages in adequate dedicated sporting facilities in the school, and replaced the worn out grass playing fields. Currently, requests have been made to increase the height of the fence surrounding the new facilities due to the frequency of sports equipment such as soccer balls clearing the fence ending up in the residencies adjacent.

Further refurbishment of the school gymnasium commenced in December 2019. The gymnasium was finished in 2020 and was made available in 2021 to students.

Old Falconians
Former students of North Sydney Boys High School are known as 'Old Boys' or 'Old Falconians' and may elect to join the schools' alumni association, known as the 'Old Falconians’ Union' (OFU). The Union was founded over seventy-five years ago as a way to "promote goodwill fellowship amongst former students of and to provide financial and other support to the School".

In 2010 The Age reported that North Sydney Boys High School alumni ranked equal seventh among Australian secondary school alumni based on the number of alumni who had received a "top" Order of Australia above Scotch College, Melbourne, Geelong Grammar School, Sydney Boys High School, Fort Street High School, Perth Modern School, St Peter's College, Adelaide, Melbourne Grammar School, and The King's School, Parramatta, Launceston Grammar School, Melbourne High School, Wesley College, Melbourne and Xavier College.

Sir Ralph Darling, Headmaster of Geelong High School, paid a tribute to the school in 1988 in the following terms: "... Melbourne High, North Sydney High, is just as good or better than any private school."

title: North Sydney Boys High School


text:
Zhangjiagang

Zhangjiagang, formerly Shazhou County , is a county-level city under the administration of Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China and one of the many ports along the Yangtze river.

With 1,246,762 inhabitants as of the 2010 census, the city is now part of Jiangyin-Zhangjiagang-Jingjiang built-up or metropolitan area with 3,526,260 inhabitants. Continued growth will encompass the Yangtze River Delta metropolitan region. It borders the prefecture-level cities of Taizhou and Nantong across the Yangtze River, as well as Wuxi to the west. Its total area is 986.53 square kilometers, including a land area of 791.05 kilometers.

In the top 100 country-level city list in China, Zhangjiagang ranks the third in 2019, and 2020.

Zhangjiagang is named a national civilized city in China in 2020, and this is the sixth time that the city achieves this honor.

Etymology
Zhangjiagang is derived from a port in the city, while the port is named after a tributary, Zhangjia. All of them are written as "张家港" in Chinese.

History
The area of the city was under jurisdiction of Jiyang township, Piling county during the Han dynasty. It was transferred to Jiyang (then Liangfeng) county which established in 281, while the eastern part of Jiyang was separated as Nansha county in 335. Nansha was merged into Changshu and likewise Liangfeng was merged into Jiangyin. The two counties were demarcated formally by three rivers whose names were Chuan Gang, Jiejing He and South Gudu Gang since 1667. In 1874, a canal called Chang-Tong gang demarcating then Changshu and Nantong was built.

The shoals formed by alluvial deposits in varying of shape and size border the Yangtze River were called shazhou in Chinese. Thus, when the CPC established a new county which located in then Northern Changshu, it was designated as Shazhou. The county was disestablished after the Double Tenth Agreement was signed. In 1962, Changshu and Jiangyin separated their owned parts to establish a county bearing Shazhou. When the county was turn into a county-level city in 1986, it was renamed Zhangjiagang.

Geography
Located 140 kilometers from Shanghai, Zhangjiagang is located along the southern banks of the Yangtze River. The land surrounding Zhangjiagang is extremely fertile, with large spans of rice paddies. In addition, many fish farms are located around the city. Many tributaries of the Yangtze have been contaminated from the construction and operation of chemical factories in the suburb areas.

Administration divisions
Zhangjiagang is a special industrial zone. The conceptualization of the port originated with urban city planner Wang Weifeng, PhD (王维锋], in 1986. Till 1993, it was a small village with no more than fields, fish farms and a small fishing port. In 1993, the area was declared an experimental industrial zone and opened up to international trade.

It is divided into 8 towns: Besides, Changyinsha Modern Agriculture Demonstration Zone (常阴沙现代农业示范园区), Shuangshandao Island Tourist Resort (双山岛旅游度假区), (张家港经济技术开发区), (张家港保税区), (张家港市市稻麦良种场), (张家港市畜禽良种场), and (张家港市冶金工业园) are regarded as township level administrations with actual jurisdictions.

Economy
In 2019, Zhangjiagang’s regional GDP reached CN¥254.726 billion, with an increase of 6.1% at comparable prices. Calculated by the registered population, the per capita GDP is CN¥273,900, which is equivalent to US$39,700 at the average exchange rate. Based on the permanent population, the per capita GDP is CN¥201,800, which is equivalent to US$29,300 at the average exchange rate.

Sector composition
Among the total GDP of Zhangjiagang in 2019, the added value of the primary industry is CN¥2.882 billion, with a decrease of 2.0%; the added value of the secondary industry is CN¥130.848 billion, with an increase of 5.3%; the added value of the tertiary industry is CN¥120.996 billion, with an increase of 7.2%. The proportion of the three industries is 1.1:51.4:47.5.

Education

 * Ivy Experimental High School

Transportation
In 2019, there are 783 buses operating in Zhangjiagang, with 47.93 million bus passengers and 65 bus routes. At the end of the year, the city has 443,300 motor vehicles. By the end of the year, the number of privately-licensed cars in the city reaches 358,100.

The city is involved in the Shanghai-Nantong Railway, the Nantong-Suzhou-Jiaxing Intercity Railway and the Southern Jiangsu Riverside Intercity Railway.

Tourism
In 2019, the total tourism revenue of Zhangjiagang is CN¥19.7 billion. Among them, foreign exchange income from tourism is US$76,017,500. The number of domestic tourists received throughout the year is 9,355,900; the number of foreign tourists received is 46,100. The city has 4 national AAAA-level tourist attractions, 3 national AAA-level tourist attractions, and 1 provincial-level tourist resort.

The city is claimed to be one of 100 Chinese countries or country-level cities with the biggest potential to develop tourism in 2020 by organizations including the China Economic Herald newspaper and the China Information Industry Association.

Language
Zhangjiagang, like many regions in China, has its own unique dialect that differs from the standard Mandarin Chinese spoken throughout the country. The local dialect is often referred to as Zhangjiagang dialect or Lower Yangtze Mandarin. The vast majority of the residents of Zhangjiagang belong to Han Chinese, and Zhangjiagang dialect is derived from Wu Chinese. It originated from Suzhou in the 5th century BC and is spoken by more than 8% of the population in China. It is the main local language of East China, and major cities include Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Wuxi. People can basically communicate with other dialects of Northern Jiangsu. through Wu Chinese.

In Zhangjiagang, Mandarin is the official language. Zhangjiagang dialect is a sub-dialect of the broader Jianghuai Mandarin (Lower Yangtze Mandarin), which is spoken in the surrounding region. This dialect is characterized by its distinctive pronunciation and vocabulary, which differ from the standard Mandarin Chinese. It contains a total of five different dialects, including Yuxi dialect, Chengdong dialect, Chengyao dialect (subdivided from Jiangyin dialect), Laosha dialect, Xinsha dialect (also known as Chongming dialect), and a small amount of Northern Jiangsu dialect. Among them, Yuxi dialect, Chengdong dialect, Laosha dialect, and Xinsha dialect are the most widely distributed and have the most populations. They have become the representative dialects of the city.

Yuxi dialect is spoken by the southeastern town of Tangqiao, which is basically the same as the Changshu urban area, commonly known as the "Changshu dialect", distributed in the southeast near Changshu, Tangqiao, and other towns and the east of Yangshe. Yuxi dialect accounts for 25.53% of the registered population.

Chengdong dialect is represented by Yangshe dialect in the urban area, it is actually the transition zone between the Wu language around Lake Tai and the surrounding districts of Suzhou. Chengdong dialect accounts for 26.4% of the registered population.

Represented by Deji, Laosha dialect is distributed in Chenyang, Daxin, and other towns in the northwest, with the using population taking up about 20.76%. Laosha dialect contains a characteristic of Jianghuai official dialect, for example, "nothing" is said to be "nope".

Xinsha dialect is also known as "Shashang dialect" and "Chongming dialect", spoken by people in Jinfeng, Sanxing, Nanfeng and other towns along the river in the northeast and Changyinsha Farm, the population who speak Xinsha dialect accounts for about 23.13%.

Northern Jiangsu dialect includes Nanhua dialect, Rugao dialect, and Taixing dialect. People in the southern part of Zhangjiagang are original residents, and the northern part is where immigrants live. Therefore, the residents in the south part are called Jiangnan (south part of Yangtze River) people in tradition, which accounts for 51.93% of the population. The rest of the residents in the north are called Shashang people and account for 48.07% of the population. These vernaculars share some basic properties like voice Sonorant. It’s a complete voice produced by the vibration of the vocal tract, and it’s always voiced. For example, the sound "sh" is often pronounced as "s" in Zhangjiagang dialect, and some words may be pronounced differently or have different meanings.

Despite the prevalence of Mandarin Chinese in China, regional dialects like Zhangjiagang dialect remain an essential part of local culture and identity. Many locals continue to speak the dialect daily and use it to communicate with family and friends. However, with the increasing homogenization of language and culture throughout China, the use of regional dialects like Zhangjiagang dialect is slowly declining.

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in preserving and promoting local dialects in China, including Zhangjiagang dialect. Efforts to document and study these dialects are underway, and some schools and community organizations are offering classes in local dialects to help preserve them for future generations.

Overall, while Mandarin Chinese remains the dominant language in China, regional dialects like Zhangjiagang dialect continue to play an important role in local culture and identity. As China continues to modernize and globalize, it will be interesting to see how these dialects evolve and adapt to changing circumstances.

Population
Zhangjiagang has experienced population growth over the years, with a noticeable spike between 2018 and 2019. In contrast, the household population has seen a slight decline during the same period. This could be attributed to various factors, such as migration or changes in household sizes.

As of 2022, the total permanent residence population in Zhangjiagang is 1,447,658, while the household population is 927,364. The city population is mainly consisted by the eight districts: Yangshe, Jingang, Jinfeng, Tangqiao, Fenghuang, Leyu, Nanfeng, and Daxin.

In terms of population distribution, Yangshe District has the highest share, with 29.11% of the permanent residence population and 26.67% of the household population in 2021. Other significant districts include Jingang, Tangqiao, and Jinfeng. The remaining districts, namely Fenghuang, Leyu, Nanfeng, and Daxin, have relatively smaller populations.

Overall, Zhangjiagang's population trends show consistent growth in permanent residence, while the household population has experienced a slight decrease. The majority of the population is concentrated in the Yangshe, Jingang, Tangqiao, and Jinfeng districts, indicating that these areas are the city's key residential and economic centers.

title: Zhangjiagang


text:
User talk:Canaduh

Hello. Can you explain your rationale for adding Dr. Seuss to Category: German people? Maybe I'm taking the European perspective on nationality, but his article says he was born in America, and doesn't suggest that he sought German citizenship. He may have been entitled to the latter because of his mother. Are you claiming that he had dual citizenship? Or is your perspective that his ancestry makes him "German-American" and hence "German"? Thanks. Bovlb 02:07, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Hannibaldus de Hannibaldis
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Hannibaldus de Hannibaldis, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. D ARTH P ANDA duel 20:11, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of People Helping People

The article People Helping People has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Not notable, not enough reliable sources to establish notability

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. -- Patar knight - chat/contributions 00:00, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Canaduh


text: Category:American styles of music

title: Category:American styles of music


text:
Fernwood 2 Night

Fernwood 2 Night (or Fernwood Tonight) is a satirical comedy talk show that was broadcast weeknights from July to September 1977. The program was created by Norman Lear and produced by Alan Thicke as a spin-off and summer replacement for Lear's satirical soap opera Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman. The show was hosted by Barth Gimble (Martin Mull) and sidekick–announcer Jerry Hubbard (Fred Willard). Dour bandleader Happy Kyne (Frank De Vol) and the Mirth Makers were the show's stage band and featured Tommy Tedesco as a guitarist.

Overview and production
Fernwood 2 Night was ironic in tone and set in the fictional small town of Fernwood, Ohio, like Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman, in which Mull portrayed Barth's twin brother Garth Gimble, who was impaled on an aluminum christmas tree. Fernwood 2 Night parodied actual late-night talk shows and the sort of fare one might expect from locally produced small-town midwestern American television programming. Fernwood 2 Night was the first television talk show satire, foreshadowing the likes of The Larry Sanders Show, Space Ghost Coast to Coast, and Comedy Bang! Bang!.

After one summer season of Fernwood 2 Night, the program was revamped in the spring of 1978 as America 2 Night. In this second version, Barth, Jerry and Happy relocated to Southern California (specifically, the fictional city of Alta Coma, "the unfinished furniture capital of the world!") and broadcast the show nationally over the fictional UBS Network. The change to a Southern California setting made it more plausible for real-life celebrities to appear on the program as themselves.

In 2001, Mull and Willard reprised their roles in a stage appearance and retrospective at the US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado. The pair also worked together in other projects, appearing together as a gay couple in the final seasons of Roseanne.

Reruns of Fernwood and America 2 Night were broadcast on Nick at Nite from 1990 to 1993 and TV Land in 2002 as part of their "TV Land Kitschen" block, also hosted by Mull and Willard. Neither Fernwood 2 Night nor America 2 Night have ever been officially released on home video in any format.

Recurring characters

 * Merle Jeeter (Dabney Coleman), Fernwood's somewhat shifty, self-promoting mayor.
 * William W.D. 'Bud' Prize (Kenneth Mars), Fernwood's "Ambassador at Large" from the Chamber of Commerce and the Mayor's supposed energy expert; he invariably arrived wearing his elaborate "chinodontic" headgear which was designed to correct his underbite.
 * Tony Rolletti (Bill Kirchenbauer), an enthusiastic, if only marginally talented, lounge singer.
 * Susan Cloud (Susan Elliot), the spaced-out owner of the Butterfly Deli, a local health food restaurant.
 * Virgil Simms (Jim Varney), the local mechanic who offered automotive advice, and later became a "motor home daredevil" performing stunts in the style of a motorcycle daredevil, but while driving a motor home.
 * Garth Gimble Sr. (Robert Williams), Barth's father, who was also the cheerfully incompetent studio security guard. Almost always seen with Louie, his lethargic English Springer Spaniel.
 * Lou Moffat (Lou Felder), a "consumer affairs expert" who always ended up plugging various products distributed by Barth's company, Gimbleco Enterprises.
 * Debbie Dunbar (Kathy McCullen), Fernwood's controversial high school "Spanking Girl."
 * Mrs. Dunbar (Jan Stratton), Debbie's outraged mother.
 * Larry Guy (Terry McGovern) A local disc jockey.
 * Dr. Richard Osgood/Van Moot (Craig Richard Nelson), a physician and research scientist who discovered that leisure suits cause cancer.

title: Fernwood 2 Night


text: Category:Ethnic music in the United States