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Panzerkorps Großdeutschland

The Panzerkorps Großdeutschland was a German panzer corps in the Wehrmacht which saw action on the Eastern Front in 1944/1945 during World War II.

Creation and service history
On September 28, 1944 the OKH ordered the creation of Panzer Corps Grossdeutschland. It was planned to contain enlarged corps troops and several panzer divisions; a unit that could be used as strong reserve for an army. To achieve this, parts of the Panzer-Grenadier-Division Großdeutschland were, while the division retained its status, used as base for the Generalkommando Panzerkorps Großdeutschland. Units for the staff and the corps troops were:
 * Remnants of the (dissolved) 18th Artillery Division
 * Artillerie-Division-Stab 18 (Division Staff)
 * Divisions-Nachrichten-Abteilung 88 (Signals Battalion 88)
 * Div.Nachschubtruppen 88 (Division Supply Troops 88)
 * Remnants of the (dissolved) XIII Army Corps
 * Elements of the Panzer-Grenadier-Division Großdeutschland
 * III., Grenadier Regiment Großdeutschland
 * Elements of the Panzer-Grenadier-Division Brandenburg
 * III., Jäger(mot) Regiment 1 Brandenburg
 * Elements of the Wehrkreiskommando I (command personnel of military district, Wehrkreis I)
 * Feldpostamt z.b.V. 605 (Field Post Office z.b.V. [for special purpose] 605)

With the addition of the Panzer-Grenadier-Division Brandenburg the corps had its first structure with two active divisions. The first commander of the corps was General der Panzertruppe Dietrich von Saucken, the former commander of the XXXIX Panzer Corps.

Still in the forming phase during the looming of the Soviet Vistula–Oder Offensive the staff and the Brandenburg Division were ordered to Poland, while the Division Großdeutschland was detached to Eastern Prussia. Ultimately the corps never fought as a unified body, and during the retreat towards the west its composition steadily changed. When von Saucken was promoted to command the 2nd Army in February he was succeeded by General der Panzertruppe Georg Jauer, who commanded the corps's 20. Panzer-Grenadier-Division. Never surrendering at-large the corps was dismissed on war's end on May 8, 1945.

Corps Troops

 * Heavy Panzer Battalion Großdeutschland
 * Corps Fusilier Regiment Großdeutschland
 * I. Fusilier (Bicycle) Btln.
 * II. Fusilier (Bicycle) Btln.
 * Regimental Support Company (mot)
 * Panzer Field-Replacement Rgt. Großdeutschland
 * 44th Panzer Signals Battalion
 * 500th Artillery Brigade Staff
 * Observation Battery (mot)
 * 500th Panzer Artillery Regiment (I. & II. Btln.)
 * 500th Pioneer Regimental Staff (mot)
 * 500th Panzer Pioneer Btln.
 * 500th Reconnaissance Company (half-track)
 * 500th Staff Escort Company
 * 500th Sound Ranging Platoon (mot)
 * 500th Mapping Detachment (mot)
 * 500th Military Police Detachment
 * 500th Supply Regiment (mot)

Division z.b.V. 615 / Divisions-Stab z.b.V. 615
Generalmajor Gerd-Paul von Below

 * Division Staff z.b.V. 615
 * 687th Pioneer Brigade
 * 3093rd Fortress Machine-Gun Btln.
 * 3094th Fortress Machine-Gun Btln.
 * 3095th Fortress Machine-Gun Btln.
 * 1485th Fortress Infantry Btln.
 * Infantry Battalion z.b.V. 500

Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring
Generalmajor Max Lemke

 * Division Staff
 * Fallschirm-Panzergrenadier Regiment 1 Hermann Göring (I. & II. Btln.)
 * Fallschirm-Panzergrenadier Regiment 2 Hermann Göring (I. & II. Btln.)
 * Fallschirm-Panzer Regiment Hermann Göring (I., II. & III. Btln.)
 * Fallschirm-Panzer Artillery Regiment 1 Hermann Göring (I., II. & III. Btln.)
 * Fallschirm-Panzer Fusilier Btln. 1 Hermann Göring
 * Fallschirm-Panzer Reconnaissance Btln. 1 Hermann Göring
 * Fallschirm-Panzer Pioneer Btln. 1 Hermann Göring
 * Fallschirm-Panzer Signals Btln. 1 Hermann Göring
 * Fallschirm-Panzer Field-Replacement Btln. 1 Hermann Göring
 * Military Police Detachment
 * Field Post Office 1 Hermann Göring
 * Supply Detachment 1 Hermann Göring

Panzer-Grenadier-Division Brandenburg
Generalmajor Hermann Schulte-Heuthaus

 * Division Staff Brandenburg
 * Jäger(mot) Regiment 1 Brandenburg (I. & II. Btln.)
 * Jäger(mot) Regiment 2 Brandenburg (I. & II. Btln.)
 * Panzer Regiment Brandenburg
 * I. Panzer Btln. (detached)
 * II. Panzer Btln.
 * Tank Destroyer Btln. Brandenburg
 * Armoured Artillery Regiment Brandenburg (I., II. & III. Btln.)
 * Armoured Flak Artillery Btln. Brandenburg
 * Armoured Reconnaissance Btln. Brandenburg
 * Panzer Pioneer Btln. Brandenburg
 * Panzer Signals Btln. Brandenburg
 * Field-Replacement Btln. Brandenburg
 * Supply Regiment Brandenburg

20. Panzer-Grenadier-Division
Generalmajor Georg Scholze

 * Division Staff
 * 76th Panzer-Grenadier Regiment (I., II. & III. Btln.)
 * 90th Panzer-Grenadier Regiment (I., II. & III. Btln.)
 * 8th Panzer Btln.
 * 20th Artillery Regiment (I., II. & III. Btln.)
 * 284th/285th Flak Artillery Btln.
 * 120th Armoured Reconnaissance Btln.
 * 20th Anti-Tank Btln.
 * 20th Field-Replacement Btln.
 * 20th Armoured Signals Btln.
 * 20th Supply Regiment

Commanders

 * General Dietrich von Saucken (1944 – February 11, 1945)
 * General Georg Jauer (February 12, 1945 – May 8, 1945)

title: Panzerkorps Großdeutschland


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Starvin' Marvin

"Starvin' Marvin" is the eighth episode of the first season of the American animated television series South Park. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 19, 1997. In the episode, Cartman, Kenny, Kyle and Stan send money to an African charity hoping to get a sports watch, but are instead sent an Ethiopian child whom they dub "Starvin' Marvin". Later, Cartman is accidentally sent to Ethiopia, where he learns activist Sally Struthers is hoarding the charity's food for herself. In an accompanying subplot, after genetically engineered turkeys attack South Park residents, Chef rallies the residents to fight back, in a parody of the film Braveheart.

The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker, being his first solo credit as writer-director for the show and was also the first South Park Thanksgiving-themed episode. It simultaneously served as a satire on American indifference toward impoverished countries, and on the humanitarianism industry.

The episode received generally positive reviews, and several commentators have described it as a classic South Park episode. According to Nielsen Media Research, it was watched by 3.68 million viewers during its original broadcast. Parker and Stone said they were unhappy with the turkey subplot, which they wrote only because they felt obligated to include a B story. Sally Struthers was reportedly deeply offended by her portrayal in the episode. In addition to Starvin' Marvin, who became a popular minor character, the episode introduced regular characters like Kenny's family members Stuart, Carol and Kevin McCormick.

Plot
After seeing a commercial about starving children in Africa, Cartman, Stan, Kenny and Kyle send money to Sally Struthers' charity organization, the Christian Children's Fund. They do not care about the cause, but want the free sports watch that comes with the sponsorship. However, due to a miscommunication, an Ethiopian boy is delivered to the boys instead of the watch. Although initially shocked, the four boys befriend him, and Cartman names the boy Starvin' Marvin ("Marvin" being given to him by the apparent pronunciation of his name when he was talking in his native language). Meanwhile, mobs of wild turkeys begin attacking and killing South Park residents. The mad scientist Dr. Mephisto tries to warn Mayor McDaniels that genetically engineered turkeys he had been breeding to feed to the poor have gone crazy and are now attacking humans. Mephisto is instead ignored and ridiculed by McDaniels.

The boys take Marvin to an all-you-can-eat buffet, where he is shocked by how much food the townsfolk consume compared to his home country, and by how wasteful Cartman is with his food. Back at school, Mr. Garrison announces the food drive is a failure because students have brought in only a few cans of creamed corn. The boys present Marvin to the class during show and tell, after which Mr. Garrison and Principal Victoria tell the boys they will have to call the Red Cross and send Marvin home. Meanwhile, Dr. Mephisto shows Chef that the turkey DNA is growing so rapidly that the turkeys might take over the world if they are not stopped.

The FBI arrives to take Marvin back to Ethiopia, but Marvin tricks them into taking Cartman instead. Cartman, who had previously cared little for the impoverished in Africa, is unable to bear the lack of food and poor living conditions there; furthermore, he attempts to convince the Red Cross there that he's not one of the Africans, but fails. While praying to God in Addis Ababa, Cartman says he is sorry he made fun of poor people. He eventually finds a Red Cross shack, where Sally Struthers is hoarding all the food meant for charity. After a brief argument, Cartman exposes all of Struthers's hoarding of the food supply to the Ethiopians, who then take control of the food supply.

Back in South Park, Chef rallies the townspeople (in a parody of Braveheart) to fight the genetically engineered turkeys; in response, one of the turkeys also rallies the other turkeys to fight the townspeople. A massive battle ensues in which Kenny is killed (his eye is poked and gouged out), but eventually the South Park residents kill all the turkeys and claim victory. The FBI returns Cartman to South Park and takes Marvin home, but not before he brings the bodies of the dead turkeys back to Ethiopia for everyone to eat. Marvin is then hailed as a hero by his people while they pass Struthers being bound and gagged over a fire.

In the end, back in South Park, Kenny's family give their Thanksgiving blessings as they prepare to eat a can of green beans, but realize afterward that they do not have a can opener.

Production
"Starvin' Marvin" was written by Trey Parker, Matt Stone, and Pam Brady. Directed by Parker, it was the first official South Park Thanksgiving episode. Parker and Stone said "Starvin' Marvin", like other holiday episodes, proved difficult to make because they felt a responsibility to constantly top other previous holiday shows. Stone provided the voice of Marvin. According to the official South Park website, the character was not named after the Starvin' Marvin's brand of American gas stations, and the similarity between the two names is just a coincidence. Jerry Seinfeld, comedian and star of the popular sitcom Seinfeld, contacted Parker and Stone and asked if he could record a guest voice performance because he was a fan of the show. Parker and Stone offered Seinfeld the throwaway background part of one of the turkeys, but Seinfeld's agent was "a bit put off" by the offer and did not accept.

The episode was partially inspired by the commercials for the Christian Children's Fund, in which Sally Struthers encourages viewers to donate money to provide food for starving children in Africa. Parker said he did not really believe Struthers was hoarding food from the charity, but he came up with the concept because he found it funny that such an obese woman would make a public plea for food for others. Parker said he had always wondered how a starving African child would react if they were taken to a large buffet dinner at an American restaurant, with "people leaving tons of food on their plates", which served as further inspiration for the episode. Parker and Stone originally planned for Struthers to die at the end of the episode and have the African children eat her and live off her fat; Comedy Central executives told the duo they could not kill Struthers, although celebrities have been killed off in subsequent episodes without any objections from the network.

Parker and Stone were unhappy with the turkey attack subplot, which they felt "never really went anywhere" and ended abruptly without any satisfying conclusion. They nevertheless included it because they felt obligated to include a B story, since every episode in the season so far had included one. Later in the series, they said they realized this was not necessary and made many episodes without a B story. Although the duo liked the "payoff" of the Starvin' Marvin main plot, they did not know how to end the turkey subplot, so they simply had the characters kill all the turkeys and claim that there were none left; they decided this sudden ending was the funniest possible option. Stone said of the subplot, "The turkeys were just an excuse to have the Braveheart sequence." The animators enjoyed creating the turkey battle scene, which was designed to be shown in widescreen aspect ratio while the rest of the episode was animated normally. However, the animation proved to be very difficult and took a long time to do because it involved a larger number of characters and animals in one scene than had ever been featured previously in the show. Some of the characters in the far background were animated in a gray and shadowy style, which Parker said was not so much a visual effect as it was a "lighting effect meaning we didn't want to draw all these people".

In addition to Starvin' Marvin himself, the episode included the first appearances of several regular characters: Kyle's father Gerald Broflovski, as well as Stuart, Carol, and Kevin McCormick, father, mother, and brother (respectively) of Kenny, who were portrayed as incredibly poor and unhygienic. In a continuity error, the couple killed by the turkeys at Stark's Pond can be seen alive and unharmed during the turkey battle scene.

Themes
Psychologists Gilbert Reyes and Gerard Jacobs have cited "Starvin' Marvin" as one example of popular culture voicing criticisms of humanitarianism "as an overblown industry leeching off others' suffering and harming its purported beneficiaries". The episode also highlights America's consumerist society and American indifference toward impoverished countries. The moral of the episode, explained by Stan in the final scene, encourages viewers to see suffering citizens of impoverished countries as real people, rather than images on television screens, which tend to make the viewers feel detached and alienated from them.

"Starvin' Marvin" explores and satirizes gluttony in the US, particularly through its unflattering portrayal of Sally Struthers, who gorges on donated food meant for starving children. The greed and wastefulness shown in the buffet scene, as well as Cartman's overall greediness and lack of understanding regarding the plight of starving African children, has been said to demonstrate an over-abundance and decadence typically associated with Americans. The destructive rampage of the turkeys provides a commentary on genetic engineering. Scott Calef, a philosophy professor who studies popular culture, said the destruction caused by the turkeys, despite the best of intentions by Dr. Mephisto, is indicative of the unpredictable nature and ethical ambiguity of the use of genetic engineering for the betterment of humankind.

Cultural references and impact
Starvin' Marvin proved to be a popular minor character, even though he would appear in only one more episode, the third season episode "Starvin' Marvin in Space". The character was later featured in South Park Rally, a 2000 racing video game from developer Acclaim, in which Marvin races the other characters in a motorized wheat sack. Marvin is also featured in South Park 10: The Game, a platform mobile game featuring a number of South Park characters. Eric Cartman's line, "That's a bad Starvin' Marvin!", became one of the most popular lines from the first season of the show. Starvin' Marvin is from the African nation Ethiopia, which experienced two famines in the mid-1980s. The American authorities who address his parents identify his family's surname as "Click Click Derk".

The scenes in which Chef, and later the lead turkey, don blue and white war paint and speak inspirational words to their armies are a parody of Braveheart, the 1995 Mel Gibson-directed film about Scottish historical hero William Wallace. Parker said it was the first of many times a film was spoofed in a South Park episode, even though both he and Stone enjoyed Braveheart. During class, Mr. Garrison incorrectly tells the children the internationally known English pop singer Engelbert Humperdinck was the first man to walk on the Moon. Also in the classroom, when it is suggested some poor people would rather die than go to a poorhouse, Cartman says, "Well then perhaps they should – and decrease the surplus population!" The line is lifted word-for-word from the Charles Dickens novella A Christmas Carol, prompting Mr. Garrison to respond, "Okay, kids, that's enough Dickens for one day." Kyle incorrectly tells Stan that Sally Struthers appeared on Full House, an American sitcom that ran from 1987 to 1995; she actually starred in the 1970s series All in the Family. When Dr. Mephisto asks Chef to look into his microscope, Chef says he sees "an extreme close-up of Vanessa Redgrave's private parts", a reference to the Academy Award-winning English actress. At the end of the episode, Stan says it is important to remember the images of starving children on television are "just as real as you or I." Kyle says by that logic, MacGyver is a real person too, a reference to the secret agent protagonist from the 1980s television series of the same name.

Tom Vogt, who served as the editor of South Park for several years, watched a bootleg copy of "Starvin' Marvin" and several other episodes of South Park before driving to Colorado to seek a job with the show. He was hired as the editor after contacting one of the South Park animators who used to work for the same company as he had.

Release and reception
"Starvin' Marvin" first aired in the United States on Comedy Central on November 19, 1997. In its original American broadcast, "Starvin' Marvin" received a Nielsen rating of 4.8, meaning the episode was seen by about 2.2 million households in the US. Television journalists described the rating as "astonishing" by Comedy Central standards; at the time, the network averaged a 0.6 rating (276,000 households) during prime time, and prior to South Park, the channel's highest rating was a 2.7 (1.24 million households) for the second-season premiere of Absolutely Fabulous. Several reviewers have described "Starvin' Marvin" as one of South Park's "classic episodes". Parker said the emotional moment when Starvin' Marvin returned home with all the turkeys made his mother cry, marking the first time he and Stone heard of an emotional reaction to their show.

After the episode aired, Parker and Stone received feedback that audiences felt "Starvin' Marvin" was especially unkind to Struthers. Although they did not speak to her themselves, the duo received word that Struthers was a fan of the show until "Starvin' Marvin" aired, after which she was very upset and reportedly reacted emotionally over her portrayal. Struthers was particularly saddened by the fact that her character steals food from the same starving children she had been working to help. Parker and Stone were slightly remorseful when they learned of her reaction, and have said they did not have anything against Struthers personally. Nevertheless, Struthers was portrayed in an even less flattering way in the third season episode "Starvin' Marvin in Space" as a Jabba the Hutt-like creature. In a DVD commentary track, Parker said of Struthers, "Dude, you're really setting yourself up if you're going to be that fat and go on the air talking about [starving children]. ... We don't think she's a bad person, she's probably nice to try to do this, but cut down on the Twinkies a little bit before going on the air."

Tom Carson, television critic for The Village Voice, praised the episode, which he said "featured some amazing sick jokes about American affluence and obliviousness". Dianne Williamson of the Telegram & Gazette praised "Starvin' Marvin" for taking a chance with the source material, and said, "Often I'm in awe at the courage of these [South Park] creators." The Advertiser of Lafayette, Louisiana, called the episode "hysterical" and particularly praised its satire of American consumerism. The St. Paul Pioneer Press described the episode as "hilarious" and said, "We know we shouldn't laugh, but we can't help it." Vicki Englund of The Courier-Mail complimented the "really bizarre storyline" and the moral of the episode, and especially praised the jokes about Struthers, "It might be a good idea not to eat during the hilarious second episode. Enough said."

In 1998, Vern Perry, a reviewer with the Orange County Register, called "Starvin' Marvin" his favorite South Park episode. The "Starvin' Marvin" episode was featured in a 1998 Chicago Tribune list of the top ten reasons for the popularity of South Park. The Chicago Tribune also included "Starvin' Marvin" in a 2003 list of the top ten funniest episodes. Bill Ward, of the Star Tribune, described "Starvin' Marvin" as Cartman's "finest half-hour." Not all reviews were positive; Boston Globe writer Matthew Gilbert, who described South Park as immature and low-brow, called "Starvin' Marvin" a particularly "uncuddly episode". Brian Boyd of The Irish Times criticized the episode for making jokes at the expense of starving African children.

"Starvin' Marvin" was released, along with eleven other episodes, in a three-DVD set in November 1998. It was included in the third volume, which also included the episodes "Mecha-Streisand", "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo" and "Tom's Rhinoplasty". "Starvin' Marvin" was also one of six episodes included on a 1998 VHS called "South Park Festival Special", which included "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo", "Merry Christmas, Charlie Manson!", "Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics", "Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery" and "Pinkeye". The episode, along with the other twelve from the first season, was also included in the DVD release "South Park: The Complete First Season", which was released on November 12, 2002. Parker and Stone recorded commentary tracks for each episode, but they were not included with the DVDs due to "standards" issues with some of the statements; Parker and Stone refused to allow the tracks to be edited and censored, so they were released in a CD separate from the DVDs. In 2008, Parker and Stone made "Starvin' Marvin" and all South Park episodes available to watch for free on the show's official website, "South Park Studios".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Starvin' Marvin


text:
Australia at the 2002 Commonwealth Games

Australia was represented at the 2002 Commonwealth Games by a team selected by the Australian Commonwealth Games Association (ACGA) and abbreviated AUS.

Australia officially became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931 under the Statute of Westminster having become independent of the UK in 1901.

Australia is one of only six countries to have competed in all of the Commonwealth Games held since 1930, although they did attend the 1911 Inter-Empire Championships as part of an Australasian team. This impressive international record extends to its participation in every Olympic Games in the modern era.

At the first Games in 1930 Australia won only 8 medals against England's 61. However, by the first Games of the 21st century held in the city of Manchester, Australia's medal tally had moved to 207, ahead of any other country including England's 165.

Medals

 * style="text-align:left; width:78%; vertical-align:top;"|

 * width="22%" align="left" valign="top" |

Athletics
Women's 100 Metres
 * Lauren Hewitt – 5th in Semi Final 2, 11.45 s

Women's 100 Metres Hurdles
 * Jacquie Munro – 7th in Final, 13.31 s
 * Fiona Cullen – 6th in Heat 1, 13.45 s

Women's 200 Metres
 * Lauren Hewitt – Bronze, 22.69 s
 * Sharon Cripps – 7th in Final 23.04 s

Men's 400 Metres
 * Clinton Hill – 8th in Final, 46.00 s

Women's 400 Metres Hurdles
 * Jana Pittman – Gold, 54.40 s
 * Sonia Brito – 5th in Final, 57.79 s

Men's 800 Metres
 * Kris McCarthy – Bronze, 1 min 46.79 s

Women's 800 Metres
 * Tamsyn Lewis – 5th in Final, 1 min 59.73 s

Men's 1500 Metres
 * Youcef Abdi – Bronze, 3 min 37.77 s

Women's 1500 Metres
 * Sarah Jamieson – 5th in Final, 4 min 9.38 s
 * Benita Johnson – 7th in Heat 1, 4 min 24.43 s

Men's 5 000 Metres
 * Craig Mottram – 6th, 13 min 25.21 s
 * Michael Power – 8th, 13 min 34.04 s

Women's 5 000 Metres
 * Benita Johnson – 6th, 15 min 26.55 s
 * Anna Thompson – 9th, 15 min 43.92 s
 * Haley McGregor – 11th, 15 min 47.10 s

Men's 10 000 Metres
 * Sisay Bezabeh – 9th, 28 min 37.12 s
 * Dean Cavuoto – 16th, 29 min 18.38 s
 * Brett Cartwright – 18th, 29 min 21.29 s

Women's 10 000 Metres
 * Susie Power – Bronze, 31 min 32.20 s
 * Kerryn McCann – Did Not Start

Men's Marathon
 * Andrew Letherby – Bronze, 2 hours 13 min 23 s
 * Lee Troop – 7th, 2 hours 16 min 44 s
 * Shaun Creighton – 9th, 2 hours 18 min 19 s

Women's Marathon
 * Kerryn McCann – Gold, 2 hours 30 mins5 s
 * Krishna Stanton – Silver, 2 hours 34 min 52 s
 * Jackie Gallagher – Bronze, 2 hours 36 min 37 s

Men's 4 x 100 Metres Relay
 * Australia – Bronze, 38.87 s
 * David Baxter
 * Patrick Johnson
 * Paul Di Bella
 * Tim Williams

Women's 4 x 100 Metres Relay
 * Australia – 4th in Final, 43.72 s
 * Jodi Lambert
 * Lauren Hewitt
 * Melanie Kleeberg
 * Sharon Cripps

Men's 4 x 400 Metres Relay
 * Australia – 5th in Final, 3 min 2.22 s
 * Clinton Hill
 * Kris McCarthy
 * Patrick "Pat" Dwyer
 * Paul Pearce
 * Tim Williams

Women's 4 x 400 Metres Relay
 * Australia – Gold, 3 min 25.63 s
 * Cathy Freeman
 * Jana Pittman
 * Kylie Wheeler
 * Lauren Hewitt
 * Tamsyn Lewis

Men's 20 Kilometre Walk
 * Nathan Deakes – Gold, 1 hour 25 min 35 s
 * Luke Adams – Silver, 1 hour 26 min 3 s

Women's 20 Kilometre Walk
 * Jane Kara Saville – Gold, 1 hour 36 min 34 s
 * Natalie Saville– 4th, 1 hour 42 min 38 s
 * Simone Wolowiec – 5th, 1 hour 43 min 10 s

Men's 50 Kilometre Walk
 * Nathan Deakes – Gold, 3 hours 52 min 40 s
 * Duane Cousins – 4th, 4 hours 9 min 59 s
 * Liam Murphy – Disqualified

Men's Shot Put
 * Justin Anlezark – Gold, 20.91 metres
 * Clay Cross – 6th, 18.10 metres

Men's Javelin
 * William Hamlyn-Harris – 4th, 77.31 metres
 * Andrew Currey – 5th, 76.98 metres

Women's Javelin
 * Cecillia McIntosh – Silver, 57.42 metres

Men's Hammer Throw
 * Stuart Rendell – 4th, 67.51 metres

Women's Hammer Throw
 * Bronwyn Eagles – Silver, 65.24 metres
 * Karyne di Marco – Bronze, 63.40 metres

Men's Long Jump
 * Tim Parravicini – 9th, 7.60 metres

Men's High Jump
 * Nick Moroney – 4th, 2.20 metres

Men's Triple Jump
 * Andrew Murphy – 7th, 16.37 metres

Men's Pole Vault
 * Paul Burgess – Silver, 5.70 metres
 * Viktor Chistiakov – Equal 4th, 5.50 metres
 * Dmitri Markov – Equal 4th, 5.50 metres

Women's Pole Vault
 * Tatiana Grigorieva – Gold, 4.35 metres
 * Kym Howe – Silver, 4.15 metres
 * Bridgid Isworth – Equal Bronze, 4.10 metres

Women's Heptathlon
 * Jane Jamieson – Gold, 6 059 points
 * Kylie Wheeler – Silver, 5 962 points

Men's Decathlon
 * Matthew McEwen – Silver, 7 685 points

Women's 800 Metres Wheelchair
 * Louise Sauvage – Silver, 1 min 53.30 s
 * Eliza Jane Stankovic – Bronze, 1 min 54.20 s

Men's 100 Metres EAD
 * Paul Harpur – 3rd in Semi Final 1, 12.57 s

Boxing
Men's Bantamweight Division (54 kg)
 * Justin Kane – Gold

Men's Welterweight Division (67 kg)
 * Daniel Geale – Gold

Men's Middleweight Division (75 kg)
 * Paul Miller – Gold

Men's Light Heavyweight Division (81 kg)
 * Ben McEachran – Equal Bronze

Cycling
Men's 20 km Scratch Race
 * Graeme Brown – Gold, 24 min 14.660 s

Women's 25 km Points Race
 * Katherine Bates – Gold, 37 points
 * Rochelle Gilmore – Silver, 23 points

Women's 3 000 Metres Individual Pursuit
 * Katherine Bates – Silver, 3 min 34.193 s
 * Alison Wright – Bronze, 3 min 40.409 s

Men's 30K Points Race
 * Mark Renshaw – Silver, 27 points

Men's 4 000 Metres Individual Pursuit
 * Bradley "Brad" McGee – Gold, 4 min 16.358 s

Men's 4 000 Metres Team Pursuit
 * Australia – Gold, 3 min 59.583 s
 * Graeme Brown
 * Luke Roberts
 * Mark Renshaw
 * Peter Dawson
 * Stephen Wooldridge

Women's 500 Metres Time Trial
 * Kerrie Meares – Gold, 35.084 s

Women's Cross Country (Mountain Bike)
 * Mary Grigson – Bronze, 1 hour 32 min 49 s

Men's Road Race (187.2 km)
 * Stuart O'Grady – Gold, 4 hours 43 min 17 s
 * Cadel Evans – Silver, 4 hours 45 min 25 s
 * Baden Cooke – Bronze, 4 hours 45 min 45 s

Men's Road Time Trial (46.8 km)
 * Cadel Evans – Gold, 1 hour 53.50 s
 * Michael Rogers – Silver, 1 hour 2 min 50.36 s
 * Nathan O'Neill – Bronze, 1 hour 3 min 20.69 s

Men's Sprint
 * Ryan Bayley – Gold, 10.659 s
 * Sean Eadie – Silver, xxx s
 * Jobie Dajka – Bronze, xxx s

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women


text:
Madidi titi monkey

The Madidi titi monkey, also known as the GoldenPalace.com monkey or the golden palace monkey, is a titi, a kind of New World monkey, discovered in western Bolivia's Madidi National Park in 2004. Its scientific name is Plecturocebus aureipalatii, the specific epithet meaning "of the Golden Palace", in reference to GoldenPalace.com, an online casino which paid US$650,000 to have the species named after it, with benefits going toward the nonprofit organization that maintains the park where the titi was discovered.

Distribution
The species was discovered in low-lying lands of northwestern Bolivia, in the forest at the foot of the Andes. Studies indicate that it inhabits the western bank of the river Beni. The extension to the east and north of its range is not known. Preliminary studies indicate that the species is not endemic to Bolivia, with habitats that may extend to the south of Peru (at least to the Tambopata River).

Description
The Madidi titi has orange-brown fur, a characteristic golden crown, a white tip to its tail, and dark red hands and feet. Like other titis, it is monogamous, mating for life. A pair maintains a territory against rival pairs primarily through territorial calling. The male usually carries the infants until they can survive on their own.

Discovery
British biologist Robert Wallace of the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Bolivian biologist Humberto Gómez first spotted the monkey in 2000 when they were studying the animals of Madidi National Park. It became the first primate species to have been discovered in Bolivia in the last 60 years when it was given status as a new species in 2006 after years of studies. The field expedition team, consisting of Annika M. Felton, Adam Felton, and Ernesto Cáceres, were the first researchers to film and record this species, previously unknown to science. Rather than choosing a name themselves, Wallace, his team, and WCS auctioned off the naming rights to raise funds for FUNDESNAP (Fundación para el Desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas), the nonprofit organization that maintains Madidi National Park. The online casino GoldenPalace.com, one of over a dozen bidders, paid US$650,000 to have the species named after them.

title: Madidi titi monkey


text:
Talk:Elliott Roosevelt (general)

Warplane procurement scandal
''Roosevelt sent a report to General Arnold recommending immediate purchase of the D-2... it is documented that Elliott complained to his father about Arnold's reluctance to order the F-11.''
 * Not clear about the difference. Was the F-11 the metal version of the wooden D-2?

The F-11 was similar in appearance, but a much larger, metal redesign. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Valetude (talk • contribs) 17:05, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_D-2 Length: 57 ft 10 in (17.6 m) Wingspan: 60 ft 0 in (18.29 m) Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-2800-49, 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) each

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_XF-11 Length: 65 ft 3 in (19.9 m) Wingspan: 101 ft 5 in (30.9 m) Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360-31 Wasp Major 28-cyl. air-cooled radial piston engines, 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) each — Preceding unsigned comment added by W92North (talk • contribs) 15:50, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The two aircraft bear only a general familial resemblance to one another. The reason that some less-detailed sources conflate them is that Howard Hughes tried his darndest to convince the USAAF that the F-11 was a slightly improved version of the D-2 even though it was clearly a new design. His reasoning was sketchy and the attempt was mostly unsuccessful; in hindsight, the main thing he accomplished was to delay the F-11 program until the war was clearly ending and more promising competitors had emerged, leading to the F-11's cancellation. This is well documented in numerous sources. Hughes' reasons for building the D-2 in the first place are historically obscure, but well-known aviation author Rene Francillon speculates that Hughes built it for another round-the-world speed record attempt, but tried to convince the government to buy it after the outbreak of WW2 made completion of the "prototype" difficult and execution of the flight effectively impossible. Carguychris (talk) 17:20, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

Hansen book
It is self-published per this and this. See WP:SPS and WP:RS. Therefore I am removing large bits of the article that only have as its source Hansen's book. There is more but this is a beginning. I have no objection to any of it being re-added but only if sourced on something that isn't Chris Hansen's book....William, is the complaint department really on the roof? 18:05, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I recently purchased a copy of Hansen's book since it is listed so many times on articles I'm interested in. He has over 2000 sources/references in the back of his book. I am only interested in a small section (Operation Rusty) in the book. I have a good bit of the sources he used. He pointed out several inconsistencies between the available sources. He made a couple educated guesses concerning technical aspects of the aircraft used. In the grand scheme of history they were entirely plausible and weren't far enough off to matter. (I found other primary sources that had exact details. In one case the source contradicted a veteran's personal recollection that was used. The source is backed up by other sources I've had access to.) Aside from these comments, Hansen's write up of the operation is in line with everything else we know from researching that mission. W92North (talk) 16:26, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

'Blameless'
Lede says: ''After the war ended, he faced an investigation by the United States Congress, on charges of corruption... Ultimately, he was found blameless.''
 * There is no reference in the article to his exoneration. Valetude (talk) 12:48, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elliott Roosevelt (general)


text: User talk:66.142.55.59

title: User talk:66.142.55.59


text: User talk:213.140.6.111

title: User talk:213.140.6.111


text:
User talk:Rex071404/archive4

 * 1) User talk:Rex071404/archive1
 * 2) User talk:Rex071404/archive2
 * 3) User talk:Rex071404/archive3

Effective 11.03.2004, all previous talk page information has been archived. 17:59, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

---

thanks for the info, i had missed that. have you seen the onion? 'in the news' 6th item. cheers. Wolfman 14:06, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * For the benefit of those who missed it, Wolfman is referring to this funny spoof headline: "Despite Republican Victory, Bush Supporter Has Tiny, Tiny Penis"

 * [[User:Rex071404|Rex071404 [[Image:Happyjoe.jpg]] ]] 15:38, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Evidence in arbitration proceeding
In response to your bad-faith demands for "more proof", I've commented on a couple of them, and I've called the whole hilarious collection to the attention of the Arbitration Committee, at Requests for arbitration/Rex071404/Evidence. I will not be responding further. JamesMLane 06:52, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The arbitration matter of Rex071404 is closed
Excerpt:

2) Rex071404, Bkonrad and others who have committed petty offenses are admonished to consult Wikiquette and to conform their edits to that standard.
 * Passed 6 to 0

3) Rex071404 is banned for 4 months from editing Wikipedia articles which concern United States politics.
 * Passed 6 to 0

4.1) Rex071404 is banned from reverting any article for six months.
 * Passed 5 to 0 with 1 abstain

5) In view of his demonstrated deficiencies in engaging in and interpreting the results of research Rex071404 is required to cite a relevant authority, either by footnote or by comment embedded in the text, which supports every [disputed] edit he makes.
 * Passed 5 to 1

For principles, findings of fact, and enforcement see Requests for arbitration/Rex071404. --mav 05:06, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Re grim Arbitrators
Barnstar awarded to Rex071404 by WikiUser 19:52, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

for extreme patience in the face of group hassle.

(I was meaning to award this for 3 months before I did get round to it. Now I am restoring the edit that user "Neutrality" wrongly deleted.)

(READERS please note. Admin "Neutrality" has blocked me for the period of "infinitely" in the past for awarding user Rex071404 a Barnstar. He has no right as: users can award Barnstars to who they want; Opinions and comments on The Arbitration Committee are not only not banned but encouraged- see any talk pages of ArbCom related pages- including mild, cheerful ones like mine above; Having opinions on arbcom cases is not banned. "Neutrality" does not have the right to edit other users' talk pages as if they're his own. It's up to the user if they want to remove the Barnstar. SO WOULD any helpful Admin who sees "Neutrality" blocking me in this way in the future please unblock me. Thanks.)WikiUser 20:43, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Notice of another Request for Arbitration
In light of your multiple offenses since returning from your four-month partial block, I am beginning another arbitration proceeding; see Requests for Arbitration. JamesMLane 05:21, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom case
Requests for arbitration/Rex071404 3 is now open. Please add evidence at Requests for arbitration/Rex071404 3/Evidence. --mav 02:12, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rex071404/archive4


text:
Talk:Michael Meeropol

Untitled
This article needs a complete rewrite. Besides being as much about his parents as Michael himself, it reads as if it was copied from somewhere else, and ends in mid-sentence. RickK 05:17, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've rewritten the article to wiki standards. -Ichabod 11:02, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Michael Meeropol


text:
Talk:John Prescott Ellis

Untitled
Should we perhaps include a "Fahrenheit 9/11" reference in here? I would be that that is where most people first heard of the Mr. Ellis Election Night 200 controversy.

Done. Where is Concord, Connecticut? If it's a suburb, the larger town should be named.

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title: Talk:John Prescott Ellis


text:
Gaius

Gaius, sometimes spelled Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen).

People

 * Gaius (biblical figure) (1st century AD)
 * Gaius (jurist) (fl. 130–180), Roman jurist
 * Gaius Acilius
 * Gaius Antonius
 * Gaius Antonius Hybrida
 * Gaius Asinius Gallus
 * Gaius Asinius Pollio
 * Gaius Ateius Capito
 * Gaius Aurelius Cotta
 * Gaius Calpurnius Piso
 * Gaius Canuleius, a tribune
 * Gaius Cassius Longinus
 * Gaius Charles, American actor
 * Gaius Claudius Glaber, Roman military commander during the Third Servile War
 * Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior, consul in 49 BC
 * Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor (88–40 BC), consul in 50 BC
 * Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, Roman orator famous for the annals and histories
 * Gaius Duilius
 * Gaius Fabricius Luscinus
 * Gaius Flaminius
 * Gaius Flavius Fimbria
 * Gaius Gracchus
 * Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus
 * Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos, consul and Syrian prince
 * Gaius Julius Caesar, mostly known as only "Julius Caesar"
 * Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, sometimes known solely by his praenomen ("the Emperor Gaius"), mostly known by his nickname "Caligula"
 * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, mostly known as "Augustus Caesar"
 * Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo
 * Gaius Caesar (or Gaius Vipsanius Agrippa)
 * Gaius Julius Callistus
 * Gaius Julius Civilis
 * Gaius Julius Hyginus
 * Gaius Julius Marcus
 * Gaius Julius Priscus
 * Gaius Julius Solinus
 * Gaius Julius Vindex, governor of Lusitania
 * Gaius Laelius
 * Gaius Licinius Stolo
 * Gaius Livius Drusus
 * Gaius Lucilius
 * Gaius Lutatius Catulus
 * Gaius Maecenas
 * Gaius Maesius Tertius
 * Gaius Marcius Coriolanus
 * Gaius Marcius Rutilus
 * Gaius Marius
 * Gaius Matius
 * Gaius Memmius (disambiguation)
 * Gaius Nautius Rutilus
 * Gaius Octavius (disambiguation)
 * Gaius Oppius
 * Gaius Papirius Carbo, a consul of 120 BC
 * Gaius Papirius Carbo Arvina, a tribune of 90 BC
 * Gaius Plinius Secundus, wrote an encyclopedic work that became a model for all encyclopedias
 * Gaius Popillius Laenas
 * Gaius Rabirius
 * Gaius Rubellius Blandus
 * Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus
 * Gaius Servilius Ahala
 * Gaius Servilius Glaucia
 * Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
 * Gaius the Platonist a philosopher active in the 2nd century
 * Gaius Valerius Catullus
 * Gaius Valerius Flaccus
 * Gaius Valerius Pudens
 * Gaius Volusenus

Fictional characters

 * Gaius Octavian (Rome character), Rome
 * Gaius Helen Mohiam, Dune
 * Gaius Baltar, Battlestar Galactica
 * Gaius Sextus, Gaius Septimus, and Gaius Octavian aka Tavi, characters from Codex Alera
 * Gaius, a teacher, Doctor, herbalist, and character from Merlin
 * Gaius Maro from The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
 * Gaius, a thief unit from Fire Emblem Awakening
 * General Gaius, a character from Dust: An Elysian Tail
 * Gaius Van Baelsar, a main antagonist of Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn
 * King Gaius, a character from Tales of Xillia
 * Gaius, a blacksmith from Rune Factory 3
 * Gaius, a character from the RPG game Tears to Tiara
 * Gaius, the third colossus in Shadow of the Colossus
 * Gaius Worzel, a playable character in The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel and its sequels
 * John Gaius, the Emperor Undying in Harrow the Ninth

title: Gaius


text:
Talk:Greater Birmingham

Untitled
The UK government are considering disbanding the unpopular West Midlands title to accommodate other areas including Greater Birmingham.

What's the source for this? I'm not 100% clear what's being claimed exactly. Alai 05:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greater Birmingham


text:
Francisco Lagos Cházaro

Francisco Jerónimo de Jesús Lagos Cházaro Mortero (Tlacotalpan, Veracruz, 30 September 1878 – 13 November 1932 in Mexico City) was the acting President of Mexico designated by the Convention of Aguascalientes from 10 June to 10 October 1915.

Biography
Lagos Cházaro studied for a legal career in Veracruz, Puebla and Mexico City. In 1909, he joined the antireelectionist movement against President Porfirio Díaz led by Francisco I. Madero. In 1911, he was elected to the city council of Orizaba, Veracruz. He was also governor of the state of Veracruz during the presidency of Madero (February–November 1912). On the death of Madero in 1913, he joined the constitutionalist party. President Venustiano Carranza named him president of the Superior Court of Justice of Coahuila.

In 1915 on the break between the revolutionary leaders, he joined with Pancho Villa. He was founder and director of the periodical Vida Nueva in Chihuahua. Villa joined with Emiliano Zapata in the Convention of Aguascalientes. With their supporters they formed the conventionalist party, in opposition to the constitutionalist party of Carranza. Lagos was personal secretary of General Roque González Garza when the latter was named president of the Republic by the conventionalists.

Lagos became president himself by authority of the Convention of Aguascalientes in succession to González Garza on June 10, 1915. The following month he was driven from the capital by the constitutionalists and set up his government in Toluca. Soon he had to move again, to Ixtlahuaca. There his cabinet broke up and he lost many of his troops. He tried to rejoin Villa, but the latter was now in retreat to the north.

In January 1916, the Convention was dissolved. Lagos Cházaro sailed from Manzanillo, Colima, for self-imposed exile. He lived in Costa Rica, Honduras and Nicaragua until returning to the country in 1920, after the end of the revolution. He returned to his profession as a lawyer and worked in various government posts. He died in Mexico City in 1932.

title: Francisco Lagos Cházaro


text:
Fraser's Hill

Fraser's Hill is a hill resort located on the Titiwangsa Ridge in Raub District, Pahang, Malaysia. It is about 100 km north of Kuala Lumpur. In 1890, Louis James Fraser established the area as a tin mining community known as Pamah Lebar when he discovered rich tin deposits and opened a tin mining facility. Mining activity there was short-lived, as the tin ore was depleted in 1913. This led many miners and farmers to abandon the area. Fraser reportedly disappeared in 1910, but research in 2019 concluded that he retired from his position and returned to Great Britain in 1910. He died in 1916 while travelling in Austria-Hungary.

An attempt by J. Ferguson-Davie to locate Fraser in the area failed. While he searched for Fraser, Ferguson-Davie recognised the area's potential as a suitable location to set up a hill station. Its cool climate made Pamah Lebar an ideal retreat to escape from the usually hot climate in Malaysia. Construction began in October 1919 to convert the mine area into a resort. The site was renamed Fraser's Hill and opened to visitors in 1922. Subsequent development occurred in the 1970s in response to increased tourism activity. While this provided room for more visitors, it had an impact on the environment, including deforestation and water pollution prompting a halt to further developments in April 2010. Fraser's Hill is known for its vast biodiversity, attracting scientists and researchers. In recent years, Fraser's Hill has increased tourist activities. These include hiking, cycling and golfing with other sports such as archery, paddle boat, horseback riding, tennis, swimming and squash are available. The population of Fraser's Hill was 1,000 in 2013.

History
Fraser's Hill is named after Louis James Fraser (1841 –1916 ), a Scottish trader and accountant. After a failed gold mining venture in Australia, he migrated to the Federated Malay States in 1890 looking for a new venture in tin mining. He set up a tin-ore trading post in Tras. As mining activity flourished at the foot of Fraser's Hill, Fraser became a tin merchant and bought crude tin ore from Malay and Chinese miners in Tras and Sempam and used mules to transport the ores to Kuala Kubu. He later recruited guides and coolies and formed an expedition to search the upper ridges for valuable minerals such as gold. The expedition found an ancient forest of moss-draped trees and ferns that resembled prehistoric forests. A cloud layer kept the vegetation constantly moist. At the same time, Fraser found rich tin deposits on the hill and recruited Chinese miners to open a mine known as Pamah Lebar which would later become the current location of Fraser's Hill golf course. A track was then constructed for mules to carry tin ore to The Gap and Kuala Kubu. Fraser then moved his tin ore trading base from Tras to Fraser's Hill. The first mining lease was officially issued to Abu Suradi in November 1899; the last one was issued in 1906 to Robert Lewis and the Sempam Mining Company Limited. However, as the tin ore was depleted quickly by 1913, mining activity declined, and many Chinese miners and farmers moved away from the town.

Initially, Fraser was reported as having disappeared in 1910, however, the latest research by R. Hale in 2019 uncovered that he retired from his position and returned to Great Britain in 1910 and died while vacationing in Austria-Hungary in 1916. When C. J. Ferguson-Davie, the bishop of Singapore, attempted to find Fraser in 1917, he was unable to find him. Instead, he discovered the place was suitable for building a hill station as a retreat from the valley's hot climate. He wrote a report to the high commissioner and chief secretary of the Federated Malay States to suggest that a hill station be built at this location. A preliminary topographical survey was drawn up in August 1919, which confirmed the area was a suitable location for a hill station. Later, R.C.M. Kindersley, an unofficial member of the Federal Council, stated that the committee aimed to make the Fraser's Hill area a holiday resort. Construction of Fraser's Hill began in October 1919 when F.W. Mager, Pahang state engineer, surveyed the site for building construction and cleared the land around Fraser's former bungalow to build a road from The Gap to provide access to the hill station. The place was renamed Fraser's Hill and opened to visitors in 1922.

On 7 October 1951, during the Malayan Emergency, the British high commissioner in Malaya, Sir Henry Gurney, was assassinated near Fraser's Hill by Communist guerillas. According to Chin Peng, the guerillas, led by Siew Ma, did not plan the assassination. They were unaware that Gurney was a member of the convoy they had ambushed at The Gap. The guerillas were also unaware that the person they had assassinated was Gurney until Radio Malaya announced the news the following day.

The 1970s saw another surge in building development because of optimism over tourism with more investments made by public and private sectors. As a result, 59 new rooms were built for visitors in 1974, with an additional 178 rooms built later. The average annual growth rate for visitors visiting hill stations in Malaysia between 1977 and 1984, including Fraser's Hill, Cameron Highlands and Genting Highlands was eight per cent, which was higher than the national average of five per cent. However, the expansion of tourist development has negatively impacted the environment with deforestation, more species facing extinction and water pollution affecting the lives of the Orang Asli (first people) and residents in other villages. These issues led to the Pahang state government ruling out further development in the virgin forest at Fraser's Hill on 13 April 2010. It was not until May 2015 when The Star reported that some resorts had fallen into disrepair because of a lack of maintenance coupled with infrequent collection of rubbish and some abandoned bungalows had been taken over by squatters. In response, the state government of Pahang proposed renovation in the hill resorts for ten years at the cost of between RM 100 million to RM 200 million. The hill resort's renovation had to be meticulous to not turn Fraser's Hill into a tourist-focused hill station, notably Genting Highlands and Cameron Highlands. Instead, it focused on improving existing facilities and preserving the colonial legacy of the hill station. On 28 April 2019, Fraser's Hill celebrated its 100th year anniversary as a hill station resort. Since further development was halted in 2010, only 10 per cent of Fraser's Hill overall land has been developed. Overdevelopment of the area would result in further destruction of the environment.

Geography
Fraser's Hill is a mountainous terrain where the altitude ranges between 320 m and 1460 m above sea level. Around 44% of the terrain area is ranked as steep, while flat areas make up 8% of the overall land area. Fraser's Hill's virgin forest coverage is around 92% of the overall land area, with only 1.5% of the area used for a town. 6.5% of the forest area has been cleared for secondary vegetation. Ten river systems in Malaysia originate in Fraser's Hill, including Sungai Selangor, a major water source for Selangor, and Sungai Teranum, which forms a major river system in eastern Pahang. The geology of the area is predominantly granite, which forms sandy, porous soil and easily eroded.

Climate
Fraser's Hill's climate is classified as tropical. Rainfall is significant in this area throughout the year. The climate is Af according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system. The temperature here averages 20 °C. The average yearly rainfall is 2665 mm. Precipitation is the lowest in July, with an average of 118 mm. The most precipitation falls in November—an average of 341 mm. With an average temperature of 20.8 °C, May is the hottest month of the year. January has the lowest average temperature of the year—18.9 °C. Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 223 mm.

Biodiversity
Fraser's Hill is located in one of Malaysia's few pristine forests. The high level of biodiversity, first recognised by botanist H. N. Ridley in 1897, has become an area of great interest to scientists and researchers. Over 10% of all plant species discovered in Peninsular Malaysia are located in Fraser's Hill, which is home to 952 indigenous species and 36 endemic species. Thirteen of these were considered extinct and had not been found again for more than 60 years. It is also one of the three available places in the world where the rare Trig Oak (Trigonobalanops verticillata) was discovered.

The most dominant group of animals found on Fraser's Hill are invertebrates including: ants, bees, beetles, cicadas, grasshoppers, moths, spiders and termites. They play an important role in sustaining a healthy ecosystem in the region. According to the IUCN Red List, as of 2013, three mammals are listed as endangered: the Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), the siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) and the Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris jacksoni), while two mammals were listed as vulnerable—the serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) and the Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). Fraser's Hill hosts 250 migratory and residential bird species. Some migrate from the harsh winter in Russia, China and Japan to Fraser's Hill. Others rest at Fraser's Hill for a few months before flying south to Australia and New Zealand for their warmer climate. Birdlife International has designated this area as an important bird area because of its large number of species.

Environmental issues
The construction of a second golf course near the Jeriau Waterfall involved deforestation, which saw some rare species from its steep slopes. This issue raised concerns among botanists as further development in the area will greatly impact the environment, including the loss of rare and endangered plant species. The second golf course construction also caused Jeriau Waterfall and the Sungai Hijau river to silt. Jeriau Waterfall is a popular Fraser Hill recreation area.

The construction of a new road known as Federal Route 148 also posed environmental threats to Fraser’s Hill. The construction of this new road involved the clearing of forest, which caused habitat fragmentation, and some montane forest was removed during the process. Cracks, road collapse and landslides occur on some parts of the road. Boulders were exposed from slope failures, and some of them are hanging precariously on the hill, with some falling onto the road below. These issues delayed the new road's opening from June 1996 to late 1997, and the new road was finally opened officially to the public in August 2001.

Residents and visitors have reported illegal collection and poaching of wild species to Fraser’s Hill. Flora such as pitcher plants, orchids and herbs with medicinal value and fauna ranging butterflies to insects and birds were targeted for collection. Such illegal activities were possible because the existing trails allowed easy access to the forests. A lack of real-time monitoring of this illegal activity could lead to over-collection of wild species and will deplete their numbers in Fraser’s Hill.

Demographics
As of 2013, the population of Fraser's Hill was only 1,000 residents. Population growth in Fraser's Hill had lagged in the previous 20 years due to the scarcity of available job opportunities in the area, caused by low demand for any form of development, including no residential development since 2000. The absence of a high school in the area has also been attributed to the population decline which forced students to move to larger towns with high schools such as Raub, Kuala Kubu Bharu and Kuala Lumpur. The elderly would also move away when they retired or following the death of family members, or when their children secured jobs elsewhere. As of 2018, only 40 Chinese people remained in the town, a majority of whom were older than 50, a number that has declined from an estimated 100 people in 2015. Fraser’s Hill also suffers from a digital divide resulting from the lack of adoption of information technology. Despite these reasons, some people have moved into Fraser's Hill from urban areas, mainly Kuala Lumpur, due to wanting to experience the tranquility of nature, or having an interest in improving tourism in the area.

Architecture
Fraser's Hill's architecture largely sports a mock Tudor design, reflecting colonial designs and architecture used in the colonial era. This design was used for the Fraser's Hill clock tower as amenities building and bungalows. As of 2019, only 46 of the 79 buildings at Fraser's Hill were listed as heritage buildings built from 1919 to 1957. Each heritage building was categorised into one of five types:

Several colonial-era bungalows originally built as residences during the colonial era were converted for a different purpose. Dacres Bungalow and Kindersley Bungalow were repurposed as accommodations with modern facilities. Richmond Bungalow was converted into a restaurant while retaining its British-style interior. The Smokehouse, originally a Red Cross rehabilitation centre opened in 1924, was converted into a hotel with a restaurant that serves British cuisine and has become one of Fraser's notable restaurants. The presence of colonial-era buildings has become an important aspect of promoting tourism in Fraser's Hill. This has successfully attracted tourists to be able to experience a British-styled town without the need to visit the United Kingdom.

Despite being a heritage town, modern-styled building began to appear in the 1970s with the construction of Shahzan Inn which opened on 6 March 1976. The introduction of high-rise apartments such as Fraser’s Silverpark Resort had a visual impact because its height exceeded that of the tree line. The introduction of high-rise buildings in Fraser’s Hill was opposed by the public, especially the proposed construction of the 15-storey Fraser’s Hill Resort and Spa which is to begin in August 2020. Expected to be completed in 2026, it would be the tallest building in Fraser’s Hill. The public were concerned over the demolition of the colonial-styled Maybank Lodge on the construction site, risk of loss of biodiversity as the construction site is a popular birdwatching spot to view rare birds and soil erosion. The Association of Nature and Heritage of Fraser’s Hill (Persatuan Alam & Warisan Bukit Fraset (PAWBF)) filed a petition to review the proposal of the construction the resort which has since led to construction of the resort being suspended as of 13 August 2020.

Economy
The economy of Fraser's Hill relies heavily on tourism. Approximately half of those employed here work in the hospitality industry, including individuals operating their businesses, while the rest work in the public sector. The commercial sector in Fraser’s Hill is mainly made up of hotels, restaurants, souvenir and retail stores and is an important supplement for the tourism industry in this hill resort.

Agricultural activity began in Fraser's Hill in 1976 when the Fraser's Hill Development Corporation, in partnership with FIMA corporation, established a vegetable and poultry farm covering 180 acre to produce eggs, chickens and vegetables. Crops grown on the vegetable farm include: cabbages, capsicum, carrots, French beans, green peas, lettuce, mandarin oranges, onions, strawberries and tomatoes. A strawberry farm was established in 2018 with 4,800 strawberry plants with plans to plant an additional 30,000 plants after positive response from tourists. The inclusion of a strawberry plantation makes Fraser's Hill only the second region in Malaysia after Cameron Highlands with a strawberry plantation. A flower nursery also operates in Fraser’s Hill selling flowers to residents and visitors as well as large clients including Shah Alam National Botanic Gardens, Kuala Lumpur City Hall and other municipal councils in Malaysia. A small greenhouse known as the Glasshouse was opened in July 2018 which showcases various cacti and includes a café.

Fraser Hill relies on income generated from tourism activities. However, in July 2023, news emerged that Fraser's Hill is in decline due to multiple infrastructure issues including poorly maintained drains and waste management.

Transport
Before 2001, the only road that linked Fraser's Hill and the rest of Malaysia was Federal Route 56 (also known as Jalan Bukit Fraser 1 or Jalan Gap-Bukit Fraser), which runs from the hill station to The Gap. Unlike most federal roads in Malaysia, Jalan Bukit Fraser is a single-lane federal road whose direction used to be reversed hourly before the newer Jalan Bukit Fraser 2 Route 148 was completed in August 2001 for downhill traffic at a cost of RM 50 million. Now the road is used for uphill traffic at all times. It is maintained by the Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) and the Fraser's Hill Development Corporation (FHDC). The road can be accessed by car, taxi, motorcycle and bicycle. Double-decker buses are prohibited from using the Fraser's Hill roads. Every area within Fraser's Hill is connected by several roads formerly known as Federal Route 422. Most of the road names inside Fraser's Hill, such as Lady Guillemard Road and Lady Maxwell Road, have remained unchanged since Malaysian independence.

Fraser’s Hill used to have a petrol station that served both residents and visitors to the area but ceased operations in 2001. To overcome this dilemma, individuals sell petrol in bottles in this area to accommodate drivers who need it. Fraser's Hill also used to have public transportation but this service has since been discontinued when the Pahang Lin Siong bus that provided a bus link between Fraser's Hill, Raub and Kuala Kubu Bharu ended their service before 2001. The residents of Fraser's Hill hope that the government will reintroduce bus services in this area in the nearest future.

Telecommunications
As the population declined, so did newspaper sales and they became unavailable in town. Residents have to rely on television, the Internet, or read online newspapers to learn the latest news from around the world.

A UHF microwave base known as Kuala Lumpur–Fraser’s Hill was constructed in January 1971 that allowed wireless communication between Fraser’s Hill, Kuala Lumpur and the rest of the country. A digital television radio tower was constructed in Fraser’s Hill in 2017 that allowed residents in certain parts of the Pahang area near Fraser’s Hill to receive digital terrestrial television service provided by MYTV Broadcasting. In addition, several radio towers belonging to Telekom Malaysia, Maxis and Celcom were also installed in Fraser’s Hill which provides a mobile network to residents and visitors to Fraser’s Hill.

RTM launched 4 radio stations in Fraser's Hill such as Radio Klasik FM 90.9 MHz, Nasional FM 106.2 MHz, Ai FM 97.1 MHz and Pahang FM 102.2 MHz to cover Raub and Lurah Bilut where are a blind spot area of Gunung Ulu Kali coverage.

Education
Fraser's Hill has two primary schools. SK Bukit Fraser and a Tamil school, SJK (T) Bukit Fraser. There used to be a Chinese primary school in this area, SJK (C) Bukit Fraser, which opened in 1938. Former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew attended the school to learn Chinese while on vacation in Fraser's Hill. However, the enrollment numbers in the last four years declined to the point where there was no new enrolment in the school leading it to be moved to Teluk Panglima Garang, Selangor in 2018. The new school retained the original name as well. The last student from the original SJK (C) Bukit Fraser graduated on 10 November 2018, which was also the official date of the school's closure. The closure led alumni to return to bid farewell to the original school. The new school in its new location is expected to be completed and open in 2021. While SJK (T) Bukit Fraser also faced low enrollment with only three students and four teachers as of 2018, the school continues to operate as usual. As Fraser's Hill lacks a high school, some students move to other towns with high schools such as Raub, Kuala Kubu Bharu and Kuala Lumpur.

Birdwatching
Because the area is rich with diverse bird species, Fraser's Hill has become a notable place for birdwatching aficionados. Birdwatchers from Asia and Europe often visit Fraser's Hill to photograph and study the region's birds. The popularity of birdwatching has led to the creation of an annual event, Fraser's Hill Bird Race, which was first organised in 1988 by the Fraser's Hill Development Corporation and the Malaysian Nature Society. It is usually held in June. The objective is to spot, identify and record species in an official list within the given time limit. The event encourages the preservation of nature and promotes Fraser's Hill as a bird sanctuary. The event attracts participants from various countries and has added to the success of the tourism industry in Fraser's Hill.

Besides, a museum dedicated to birds known as the Bird Interpretive Centre was opened to the public in June 2010. The museum provides information and guided tours on seven trails in Fraser's Hill, and an interactive facility where visitors can learn more about the area's flora and fauna and understand the importance of forest conservation and the beauty of viewing nature.

Sports
Fraser's Hill has become a popular place for hikers to hike on the well maintained trails in Fraser's Hill. Because of the undisturbed nature of the trails, hikers are exposed to an array of flora and fauna. Hikers who took part in Fraser's Hill centenary celebrations did so to show support for its conservation. The trails are not actively promoted as part of Fraser's Hill tourism programme. The most popular trails for hikers are Bishop Trail, Rompin Trail, Maxwell Trail and Kindersley Trail.

In addition, Fraser's Hill has become a popular cycling area for both road cyclists and mountain bikers. The popularity of cycling in this area is reflected in the annual Fraser's Hill King of Mountain challenge which attracts more than a thousand cyclists. Fraser's Hill was also the site of several international professional road racing and Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)-sanctioned racing events such as the Tour de Langkawi, Le Tour de Femina and the Malaysian National Road Championships.

Fraser's Hill is also home to one of the oldest golf courses in Malaysia. The nine-hole golf course was constructed in 1925 on a former tin mine which closed after the tin had depleted. A newer 18-hole golf course was built in Jeriau in 1970s. Several high-profile individuals and professional golfers including Tun Abdul Razak, Rodger Davis and Ahmad Shah of Pahang have played the golf course. Other sports activity in Fraser's Hill includes archery, paddle boating, horseback riding, tennis, swimming and squash.

Film
Kolej 56, a Malaysian period teen film, was filmed in both Fraser's Hill and Cameron Highlands in 1988. These locations were chosen to ensure the film had an authentic 1950s look.

Misteri Dilaila, a Malaysian horror film, was filmed at Fraser's Hill and was released in 2019. The storyline of the film, which involved the disappearance of some characters while on vacation at Fraser’s Hill, is believed to have been inspired by the disappearance of Louis James Fraser in 1910.

title: Fraser's Hill


text:
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting

The Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, or simply the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, or PYM, is the central organizing body for Quaker meetings in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States area, including parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey.

History
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting is one of the oldest Yearly Meetings in the Religious Society of Friends. It traces its origins to 1682 when a monthly meeting of Friends in Philadelphia was established at the now-demolished Bank Street Meeting House. By 1707, it had published its own "book of discipline", the standards and practices by which Friends worship, conduct business, and relate to one another and to the world. In 1827, it divided into two meetings in the Hicksite/Orthodox schism, each claiming the title of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. During this period, the two meetings were known by the location of their respective meetinghouses (Race Street for the Hicksite Friends and Arch Street for the Orthodox Friends). In 1955, the schism was healed and the two meetings were reunited. The Yearly Meeting is a member of Friends General Conference, the main national organization of unprogrammed Quaker Meetings. The Yearly Meeting is also a member of the National Council of Churches.

Organization
The yearly meeting’s more than 100 monthly meetings in the four-state area (Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) associate with one another in regional groups meeting for worship and business every three months. These groupings are known as quarterly meetings.

The quarters within Philadelphia Yearly Meeting are:

 * Abington (Abington, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania) This meeting has its own website.
 * Bucks (Newtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania) This meeting has its own website.
 * Burlington (Burlington, Burlington County, Pennsylvania) This meeting collaborates with other New Jersey quarters on the South Jersey Quakers website.
 * Caln (Caln Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania)
 * Chester (Chester, Chester County, Pennsylvania)
 * Concord (Concordville, Chester County, Pennsylvania) This meeting has its own website.
 * Haddonfield (Haddonfield, Camden County, Pennsylvania) This meeting collaborates with other New Jersey quarters on the South Jersey Quakers website.
 * Haverford (Haverford, Delaware County, Pennsylvania)
 * Philadelphia (Philadelphia City and County, Pennsylvania) This meeting has its own website.
 * Salem (Salem, Salem County, Pennsylvania) This meeting has its own website and collaborates with other New Jersey quarters on the South Jersey Quakers website.
 * Southern (Easton, Talbot County, Maryland)
 * Upper Susquehanna (Millville, Columbia County, Pennsylvania) This meeting has its own website.
 * Western (Kennett Square, Chester County, Pennsylvania) This meeting has its own website.

The administrative offices of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting are at 1501 Cherry Street in Philadelphia. The Yearly Meeting is one of the principal tenants of Friends Center, a LEED-certified building in the central part of Philadelphia.

Since 2020, Friends throughout the Yearly Meeting have incorporated the use of hybrid technology into meetings for worship and business. Most Friends have personal access to or can obtain access to a connected device, allowing wider participation in the Yearly Meeting's spiritual, social, governance, and affinity communities throughout the four states and beyond.

Governance
The governance of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting occurs through its three councils. The Administrative Council addresses matters of business, finance, and personnel. It serves as the Yearly Meeting's board of trustees with the same fiduciary responsibilities as those of the boards of other non-profit organizations. The Quaker Life Council addresses matters of spirituality, Quaker faith, and Quaker practice in the world. Its members serve as a board of elders for the Yearly Meeting. The Nominating Council seeks and names members of the Yearly Meeting to candidacy for roles on the three councils, offering the names for approval to Friends at its annual sessions and its semi-annual continuing sessions. Friends named to council positions serve for the terms defined in the Yearly Meeting's governance handbook.

Philadelphia Yearly Meeting holds annual sessions for business to which all Friends in the Philadelphia area are invited. These meetings, generally multi-day and residential, take place during the summer months at locations (usually college or universities with dormitories) within the four-state area. Annual sessions are an opportunity for Friends to hear about changes to PYM during the previous year, to deliberate on matters brought to them by the councils, and to hear news and reports from other Yearly Meetings. In addition, Friends meet at Arch Street Friends Meeting House in continuing sessions held in March and November for worship and business matters which cannot wait for annual sessions.

The Presiding Clerk officiates at the business sessions of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. This role, as described by the Yearly Meeting's website, gives this description:"'[The Presiding Clerk's] primary responsibility is to be present, modeling spiritual grounding and discernment, joining with those gathered to remain in worship with an attention to business and clerk accordingly. The clerk is the primary clerk for Annual and Continuing Sessions, preparing the agenda and the people who will be presenting or reporting. The clerk provides support and serves as a strategic thought partner to the General Secretary. They remain informed and knowledgeable about concerns before and the work of the governing councils.'"The Yearly Meeting is overseen by a General Secretary. Christie Duncan-Tessmer is the current general secretary and has been since the retirement of the previous general secretary, Arthur M. Larrabee, on August 25, 2014. She was previously the associate secretary for program and religious life for PYM, a position she assumed in 2008.

Philadelphia Yearly Meeting regularly reaffirms its commitment to the practices of diversity, equity, and inclusion in its relations with Friends and with society.

Friends in Education
Westtown School, which was founded before the schism, and Haverford College and Bryn Mawr College became the educational mainstays of the Orthodox yearly meeting. George School and Swarthmore College were founded to provide education for the Hicksite students. While Westtown and George Schools remain under the indirect supervision of the reunited Yearly Meeting, both are functionally and financially independent of the Yearly Meeting, as are other Friends Schools in the area. They may be governed by members of the Society of Friends, but they are structurally independent of the Monthly and Yearly Meetings. Bryn Mawr and Haverford Colleges have no formal relationship with the meeting.

title: Philadelphia Yearly Meeting


text:
Roque González Garza

Roque Victoriano González Garza (March 23, 1885 – November 12, 1962) was a Mexican general and politician who served as acting President of Mexico from January to June 1915. He was appointed by the Convention of Aguascalientes during the Mexican Revolution, and had previously been an important advisor to President Francisco Madero and a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He was later a founder of the anti-communist, xenophobic, antisemitic, nationalist Revolutionary Mexicanist Action party and its leader from 1933 to 1934.

Early years in politics
From 1908 he appeared in politics in opposition to the government of President Porfirio Díaz. He was one of the first supporters of Francisco I. Madero, whom he accompanied in his presidential campaign. He was director of revolutionary forces in Coahuila, and a federal deputy. During the election of 1910, Díaz had Madero (the opposition candidate) and 6,000 of his supporters jailed. González was arrested with Madero. Madero was able to escape and issued a call for armed revolt. González later joined him and fought in the battles of Casas Grandes and Ciudad Juárez.

After Madero assumed the presidency, González was his personal assistant and a member of his general staff. When Madero and Vice-President José María Pino Suárez were murdered, González went to the north, joining the forces of Francisco Villa. He was promoted to general and he participated in the most important battles of the revolution against the Huerta regime. These included the battles of Torreón, San Pedro de las Colonias, Paredón, Saltillo and Zacatecas.

Federal positions

He was the personal representative of Villa in the Aguascalientes Convention, where he was one of the most outstanding figures. He was chosen to preside at the Convention, and was one of the editors of the Manifiesto that the Convention published on November 13, 1914.

On the fall of Conventionalist President Eulalio Gutiérrez, he was chosen by the Convention as Gutiérrez's replacement. As a Conventionalist, he was in opposition to the Constitutionalist president, Venustiano Carranza. González's term of office ran from January 16, 1915 to June 10 of the same year. On the latter date, by agreement of the Convention, he turned over power to Francisco Lagos Cházaro and reentered private life in Mexico City.

The victory of the Constitutionalists forced him into exile, where he remained several years, until after the death of Carranza. Years later he collaborated in the administration of General Manuel Ávila. He was coauthor of the books La Batalla de Torreón (1914) and Apuntes para la Historia (1914), which recounted the events of the Mexican Revolution.

Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
In 1933, González Garza co-founded the fascist paramilitary Revolutionary Mexicanist Action along with many other militants of the Mexican Revolution. He led the paramilitary group until 1934 where he was succeeded by Nicolas Rodriguez Carrasco. Although no longer leader, he maintained his prominence in the group. In March of 1935, González Garza and Ovidio Pedrero Valenzuela led the group on horseback raiding and destroying the newly established Mexican Communist Party headquarters in Mexico City.

Later life and death
During the presidency of Manuel Ávila Camacho, he held governmental positions.

He was awarded the rank of major general, was president of the Legion of Honor. In 1962, President López Mateos appointed him head of works in Meztitlán, Hidalgo. González Garza wrote books on the history of the revolution.

Roque González Garza died in Mexico City on November 12, 1962.

title: Roque González Garza


text:
Ealdred

Ealdred may refer to:
 * Ealdred of Hwicce, 8th-century king of Hwicce
 * Ealdred I of Bamburgh, 10th-century ruler of Bamburgh
 * Ealdred (archbishop of York), 11th-century English ecclesiastic
 * Ealdred II of Bamburgh, 11th-century ruler of Bamburgh

title: Ealdred


text:
Nasal congestion

Nasal congestion is the partial or complete blockage of nasal passages, leading to impaired nasal breathing, usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflammation of blood vessels.

Background
In about 85% of cases, nasal congestion leads to mouth breathing rather than nasal breathing. According to Jason Turowski, MD of the Cleveland Clinic, "we are designed to breathe through our noses from birth—it's the way humans have evolved." This is referred to as "obligate nasal breathing."

Nasal congestion can interfere with hearing and speech. Significant congestion may interfere with sleep, cause snoring, and can be associated with sleep apnea or upper airway resistance syndrome. In children, nasal congestion from enlarged adenoids has caused chronic sleep apnea with insufficient oxygen levels and hypoxia. The problem usually resolves after surgery to remove the adenoids and tonsils, however the problem often relapses later in life due to craniofacial alterations from chronic nasal congestion.

Causes

 * Allergies, like hay fever, allergic reaction to pollen or grass
 * Common cold, influenza or COVID-19
 * Rhinitis medicamentosa, a condition of rebound nasal congestion brought on by extended use of topical decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, xylometazoline, and naphazoline nasal sprays)
 * Sinusitis or sinus infection
 * Narrow or collapsing nasal valve
 * Pregnancy may cause women to suffer from nasal congestion due to the increased amount of blood flowing through the body.
 * Nasal polyps
 * Gastroesophageal reflux disease (theorized to cause chronic rhinosinusitis- the "airway reflux paradigm")

Nasal obstruction
Nasal obstruction characterized by insufficient airflow through the nose can be a subjective sensation or the result of objective pathology. It is difficult to quantify by subjective complaints or clinical examinations alone, hence both clinicians and researchers depend both on concurrent subjective assessment and on objective measurement of the nasal airway.

Prevalence of kyphosis has been linked to nasal obstruction in a study.

Treatment
According to WebMD, congestion can be addressed through the use of a humidifier, warm showers, drinking fluids, using a neti pot, using a nasal saline spray, and sleeping with one's head elevated. It also recommends a number of over the counter decongestants and antihistamines. A 2012 study concluded that combining nasal sprays with "nasal breathing exercises" (NBE) led to improvement of symptoms. Though it may seem an odd recommendation, crying may also be helpful.

The Cleveland Clinic also states that congestion may be a sign of a deviated septum, a condition that needs to be addressed by a doctor.

title: Nasal congestion


text:
Talk:200 Motels

Release history
Somebody please write a section on the release history, including the current availability. --131.193.179.146 (talk) 03:55, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Contradictory information
In the sleeve note of the new DVD release (also posted at: http://www.frankzappa200motelsdvd.com/), co-writer and director Tony Palmer contradicts much of the information in the article, claiming it is misinformation (some generated by Zappa himself) passed down and retold. Palmer claims that he was not fired and did not quit, and that the master tapes were not erased and sold to recoup costs, but remained in his posession. It would be worth obtaining references for the current article, and mentioning these competing claims. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.23.135.119 (talk) 20:54, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Sometime in the early 1980s I was told the master 2-inch PAL videotapes were in the vault at TVI, a facilities house in London's Wardour Street. I have no idea whether the DVD is a transfer from the videos or from the film. Which is it? Delverie (talk) 15:41, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

low budget?
$679,000 bucks was not a small amount of money in 1971. The $5000 George Romero supposedly spent on Night of the Living Dead in '68 might qualify as low budget, but $700K in that period certainly doesn't. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.34.181.212 (talk) 01:54, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:200 Motels


text:
User talk:Wickanchoas

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Meelar (talk) 05:24, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wickanchoas


text:
Zakarpattia

Zakarpattia may refer to:

 * Zakarpattia Oblast, an administrative region of modern Ukraine, on the inner side of the Carpathians
 * Zakarpattia Oblast Council, regional assembly of Zakarpattia Oblast
 * Administrative divisions of Zakarpattia Oblast, sub-regional units of Zakarpattia Oblast
 * 1991 Zakarpattia general regional referendum, a regional referendum in Zakarpattia Oblast, held in 1991
 * 2006 Zakarpattia Oblast local election, regional elections for the Council of Zakarpattia Oblast, in 2006
 * 2010 Zakarpattia Oblast local election, regional elections for the Council of Zakarpattia Oblast, in 2010
 * Zakarpattia (historical region), in East Slavic terminology, a wider region on the inner side of the Carpathian Mountains, centered around the territory of modern Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukraine), and also known in English under several terms, that are usually coined from adjectives like "trans-Carpathian" or "sub-Carpathian", attached to specific terms like Rus' or Ruthenia, and also Ukraine.
 * Zakarpattia (1918-1919), historical region of Zakarpattia during the transitional post-war period, from 1918 to 1919
 * Zakarpattia (1919-1938), historical region of Zakarpattia within the First Czechoslovak Republic, from 1919 to 1938
 * Zakarpattia (1938-1939), historical region of Zakarpattia within the Second Czechoslovak Republic, from 1938 to 1939
 * Zakarpattia (1939-1945), historical region of Zakarpattia after the annexation by Hungary in 1939
 * Zakarpattia Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, created de facto in 1944, and de jure in 1946
 * FC Zakarpattia Uzhhorod, former name of the FC Hoverla Uzhhorod (Ukraine)
 * FC Zakarpattia-2 Uzhhorod, second-league team of the FC Zakarpattia (Ukraine)
 * Zakarpattia Lowland, a plain in southwestern parts of Zakarpattia Oblast

title: Zakarpattia


text:
Voros

Voros may refer to:

 * Võros, ethnic group in Estonia
 * Aaron Voros (1981), Canadian former professional ice hockey player
 * Chris and Patrick Vörös (born 1993), Canadian identical twins
 * Jerry Voros (1930), chairman of the International Committee of the Boy Scouts of America
 * Voros McCracken (1971), American baseball sabermetrician

title: Voros


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Airports of Vermont

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  23:02, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Airports of Vermont
Entry has no data and is a basically already in place with Category:Airports of Vermont. This is the only state with an entry like this. Vegaswikian 05:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete empty Burgundavia 06:15, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've got no problem with lists, but empty ones should be deleted. To the creator: please find some items to list before creating the article. Mgm|(talk) 07:43, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete empty lists Dsmdgold 08:19, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain. There appear to be a good deal of minor airfields in Vermont. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  09:15, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment There is already a List of non-commercial North American airports where minor airports are listed. Are Category:heliports and seaplane base considered airports? There were quite a few of those in the referenced list. Vegaswikian 20:20, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for consistency. Category will cover for it. Radiant_* 14:15, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete only because it is empty. In general, Lists and Categories serve different purposes, and should be kept.  RickK 18:37, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.1.123.181

title: User talk:68.1.123.181


text:
Kirsi Ojansuu

Kirsi Johanna Ojansuu (born 15 December 1963) is a Finnish politician and member of the Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. She was first elected to parliament in 1999. In 2021 she became a temporary priest in Helsinki.

Life
Ojansuu was born in Kemijärvi, Finland. She has a master's degree in education from the University of Tampere.

She was first elected to parliament in 1999. Since 1993 she has also been a member of the city council of Hämeenlinna.

In 2008 sje decided to renew her aspirations to be a priest. She started to study theology at university in 2012.

In 2021 she was elected to be a temporary priest until 2023 for the parish of Malmi in Helsinki. An application was made for her to be ordained.

Private life
She is married to Johannes Ojansuu and they have three children, Matvei (b. 1988), Aatos (b. 1991), and Simona (b. 1995).

title: Kirsi Ojansuu