text:
Gesualdo Bufalino

Gesualdo Bufalino (15 November 1920 – 14 June 1996), was an Italian writer who lived in Sicily for most of his life.

Biography
Bufalino was born in Comiso, Sicily. His father was a blacksmith. He went to school in Ragusa and attended University of Catania and University of Palermo. He was a high-school principal in his hometown, until his retirement in 1976.

Immediately after World War II, he had to spend some time in a hospital for tuberculosis; hence he drew the material for the novel Diceria dell'untore (The Plague Sower). The book was written in 1950 and completed in 1971, but was published only in 1981, thanks to Bufalino's friend and well-known writer Leonardo Sciascia who discovered his talents. Diceria dell'untore won the Premio Campiello. In 1988, the novel Le menzogne della notte (Night's Lies) won the Strega Prize. In 1990 he won the Nino Martoglio International Book Award. In his native town, the Biblioteca di Bufalino ("Bufalino's Library") is now named after him.

title: Gesualdo Bufalino


text:
Montcherand

Montcherand is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

History
Montcherand is first mentioned in 1324 as Montcherant.

Geography
Montcherand has an area,, of 3.1 km2. Of this area, 1.62 km2 or 52.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.93 km2 or 30.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.42 km2 or 13.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.04 km2 or 1.3% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 6.2%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.6% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.3%. Out of the forested land, 29.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 37.9% is used for growing crops and 13.4% is pastures, while 1.6% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the Orbe District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Montcherand became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.

The municipality is located north of the Orbe river gorge.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a Saltire Argent, in base a Coupeaux Or.

Demographics
Montcherand has a population of. , 11.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -3.6%. It has changed at a rate of -10.8% due to migration and at a rate of 7% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (385 or 95.3%), with Portuguese being second most common (5 or 1.2%) and Italian being third (4 or 1.0%). There are 3 people who speak German.

The age distribution,, in Montcherand is; 46 children or 10.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 67 teenagers or 15.6% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 49 people or 11.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 75 people or 17.5% are between 30 and 39, 64 people or 14.9% are between 40 and 49, and 46 people or 10.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 41 people or 9.6% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 25 people or 5.8% are between 70 and 79, there are 13 people or 3.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 3 people or 0.7% who are 90 and older.

, there were 177 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 201 married individuals, 12 widows or widowers and 14 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 148 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.7 persons per household. There were 31 households that consist of only one person and 13 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 150 households that answered this question, 20.7% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 40 married couples without children, 67 married couples with children There were 4 single parents with a child or children. There were 4 households that were made up of unrelated people and 2 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 59 single family homes (or 58.4% of the total) out of a total of 101 inhabited buildings. There were 20 multi-family buildings (19.8%), along with 13 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (12.9%) and 9 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.9%).

, a total of 142 apartments (91.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 10 apartments (6.4%) were seasonally occupied and 4 apartments (2.6%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Swiss Reformed Church of Sainte-Etienne is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Montcherand is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 31.03% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (22.54%), the SP (15.58%) and the LPS Party (8.94%). In the federal election, a total of 125 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 96.9%.

Economy
, Montcherand had an unemployment rate of 3.3%. , there were 21 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. 61 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 7 businesses in this sector. 38 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 9 businesses in this sector. There were 206 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.2% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 100. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 15, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 55 of which 1 was in manufacturing and 19 (34.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 30. In the tertiary sector; 17 or 56.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 2 or 6.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7 or 23.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 2 or 6.7% were in education.

, there were 66 workers who commuted into the municipality and 162 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 16.7% of the workforce coming into Montcherand are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 5.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 75.7% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 60 or 14.9% were Roman Catholic, while 284 or 70.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 15 individuals (or about 3.71% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 43 (or about 10.64% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 8 individuals (or about 1.98% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Montcherand about 157 or (38.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 44 or (10.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 44 who completed tertiary schooling, 70.5% were Swiss men, 20.5% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 54 students in the Montcherand school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 24 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 29 students in those schools. There was also 1 student who was home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 7 students in Montcherand who came from another municipality, while 77 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Montcherand


text:
Irish Newfoundlanders

In modern Newfoundland (Talamh an Éisc), many Newfoundlanders are of Irish descent. According to the Statistics Canada 2016 census, 20.7% of Newfoundlanders claim Irish ancestry (other major groups in the province include 37.5% English, 6.8% Scottish, and 5.2% French). However, this figure greatly under-represents the true number of Newfoundlanders of Irish ancestry, as 53.9% claimed "Canadian" as their ethnic origin in the same census. The majority of these respondents were of Irish, English, and Scottish origins, but no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins due to having lived in Canada for many generations. Even so, the family names, the features and colouring, the predominance of Catholics in some areas (particularly on the southeast portion of the Avalon Peninsula), the prevalence of Irish music, and even the accents of the people in these areas, are so reminiscent of rural Ireland that Irish author Tim Pat Coogan has described Newfoundland as "the most Irish place in the world outside of Ireland."

History
The large Irish Catholic element in Newfoundland in the 19th century played a major role in Newfoundland history, and developed a strong local culture of their own. They were in repeated political conflict—sometimes violent—with the Protestant Scots-Irish "Orange" element.

These migrations were seasonal or temporary. Most Irish migrants were young men working on contract for English merchants and planters. It was a substantial migration, peaking in the 1770s and 1780s when more than 100 ships and 5,000 men cleared Irish ports for the fishery. The exodus from Ulster to the United States excepted, it was the most substantial movement of Irish across the Atlantic in the 18th century. Some went on to other North American destinations, some stayed, and many engaged in what has been called "to-ing and fro-ing", an annual seasonal migration between Ireland and Newfoundland due to fisheries and trade.

In 1836, the government in St. John's commissioned a census that exceeded in its detail anything recorded to that time. More than 400 settlements were listed. The Irish, and their offspring, composed half of the total population. Close to three-quarters of them lived in St. John's and its near hinterland, from Renews to Carbonear, an area still known as the Irish Shore.

Language and culture
Most Irish emigrants arrived between 1750 and 1830 from strongly Irish-speaking counties, chiefly in Munster. For the decennial period 1771-1781 the number of Irish speakers in a number of those counties can be estimated as follows: County Kilkenny 57%, County Tipperary 51%, County Waterford 86%, County Kerry 93% and County Cork 84%. Newfoundland is one of the few places outside Ireland where the Irish language was spoken by much of the population as their primary language. It is also the only place outside Europe with its own distinctive name in the Irish language, Talamh an Éisc (Land of the Fish). The Munster Irish dialect heavily influenced the distinctive varieties of Newfoundland English.

The form of the Irish language known as Newfoundland Irish was associated with an inherited culture of stories, poetry, folklore, traditional feast days, hurling and faction fighting, and flourished for a time in a series of local enclaves. Irish-speaking interpreters were occasionally needed in the courts. Native speakers are likely to have existed even after the First World War.

To Newfoundland the Irish brought family names of southeast Ireland: Wade, McCarthy, O'Rourke, Walsh, Nash, Houlihan, Connors, Hogan, Shea, Stamp, Maher, O'Reilly, Keough, Power, Murphy, Ryan, Griffin, Whelan, O'Brien, Kelly, Hanlon, Neville, Bambrick, Halley, Dillon, Byrne, Lake and FitzGerald. The many Newfoundlanders with the surname Crockwell (Ó Creachmhaoil) derive from 19th Century immigrants from County Galway, in the west of Ireland. Many of the island's more prominent landmarks having already been named by early French and English explorers, but Irish placenames include Ballyhack (Baile Hac), Cappahayden (Ceapach Éidín), Kilbride and St. Bride's (Cill Bhríde), Duntara, Port Kirwan and Skibbereen (Scibirín).

Elements of material culture, agricultural folkways, vernacular and ecclesiastical architecture endured, and trace elements remain. But the commercial cod fishery and the presence of so many English produced a new, composite culture, that of modern Newfoundlanders, a culture unique in modern North America.

Despite the Irish elements in the culture of modern Newfoundland, little attention has been given to the (now moribund) local variety of the Irish language. An exception was the work of the local scholar Aloysius (Aly) O’Brien, who died in 2008. Tuition in Irish (of a kind not specific to Newfoundland) is available at Memorial University of Newfoundland, which every year appoints an Irish language instructor from abroad.

Religion
Religious faith had great institutional importance. Several of the leading Irish merchants and propertied men were Protestants and brought the traditions of the Orange Order to their new home. But the majority of the Irish were Roman Catholics, and they brought with them a version of Catholicism which was strongly marked by belief in fairies, magic, omens, charms and protective rituals. This tended to reduce their dependence on the Church, which seemed to have no monopoly on the supernatural. Over time, however, the Church managed to impose its discipline in Newfoundland as it had in Ireland, and it became the single most important ethnic, social and cultural institution for the Catholic Irish in Newfoundland. Its clergy and leaders were the de facto leaders of the Irish community.

With Irish being the language of the majority in the early period, it was often the language of church services. The Catholic Bishop James Louis O'Donel, when requesting a Franciscan missionary for the parishes of St. Mary's and Trepassey, said that such a missionary would need to be fluent in Irish (like O'Donel himself). It also played a part in the greatest early challenge to the Catholic Church, when the Reverend Laurence Coughlan, a Methodist preacher, managed to convert most of the Newfoundland North Shore in the 1760s largely because of his fluency in Irish.

Rebellion
In 1800, a cell of the Society of United Irishmen was uncovered in the St. John's Garrison and planned to rebel against the English authority in the United Irish Uprising, making Newfoundland one of the few places outside Ireland in which the Irish Rebellion of 1798 had political effects.

Even at the time of the Napoleonic Wars, political activism rooted in Irish agrarian movements manifested themselves in Newfoundland, in such forms such as the Caravats (Carabhataí), who wore French cravates (ties) and the Shanavests (Seanabheastaí, Seanabheisteanna "Old Vests").

title: Irish Newfoundlanders


text:
Talk:Martha Lane Fox

VfD
On April 11, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Martha Lane Fox for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Martha Lane Fox.jpeg
Image:Martha Lane Fox.jpeg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 08:57, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Chancellor of The Open University
According to VC Martin Bean's statement (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylMDyjBERlY&feature=youtu.be), Martha Lane Fox has been appointed as the next OU Chancellor. She will formally take office starting Sept 2014. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.139.252.30 (talk) 11:25, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

Personal life
In the opening paragraph it states that she is married to Jay Shinji. Then in the Personal section, it says she "lives in Marylebone with her long term partner". This doesn't make sense. But maybe she is married to Jay Shinji and just never got divorced and so lives with her long-term partner??? That is sort of convoluted, but would make the current bio accurate in a way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.105.83.109 (talk) 22:12, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Claim removed. It was not supported by he citation and not relevant to early life.Chienlit (talk) 22:56, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

Just watching a program by MLF about the internet and immersive technology on the BBC, wherein she introduced a Scottish researcher called Charles Jencks as "my stepfather". Would imply that her parents (her father being well known as a classical scholar and popularizer, and having his own WP article) divorced at some point during her childhood. 83.251.170.27 (talk) 11:55, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

The article states that she was injured in a car accident in Morocco and then identifies the injuries (She had skin grafts, and fractured bones were held in position with internal metal supports) and then provides the name of two different hospitals where she was treated. I am not impressed. This is nothing but pure celebrity prop. Is this the additional value of an encyclopedia entry in Wikipedia?

To be deleted. --Ft (talk) 20:04, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 29 April 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. No objections after more than 2 weeks. Cúchullain t/ c 13:36, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

Martha Lane Fox, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho → Martha Lane Fox – WP:NCPEER states that "Peers who are almost exclusively known by their personal names" should not use the "Personal name, Ordinal (if appropriate) Peerage title" style. Also WP:COMMONNAME applies here. Since her appointment to the House of Lords, media has usually still refereed to her as Martha Lane Fox (see 1, 2, 3). Her Twitter account does not use her title. Google hits for Martha Lane Fox produce 8,190,000 results compared to 4,640 for Martha Lane Fox, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho AusLondonder (talk) 00:49, 29 April 2016 (UTC) --Relisted. George Ho (talk) 06:17, 7 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Support WP:PRECISE excessively long title for no disambiguation purpose -- 70.51.46.195 (talk) 07:56, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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NYT: Martha Lane Fox bought tens of thousands of fake Twitter followers, including 25,000 fake followers days after she became a Twitter board member in April 2016.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/27/technology/social-media-bots.html

The actor John Leguizamo has Devumi followers. So do Michael Dell, the computer billionaire, and Ray Lewis, the football commentator and former Ravens linebacker. Kathy Ireland, the onetime swimsuit model who today presides over a half-billion-dollar licensing empire, has hundreds of thousands of fake Devumi followers, as does Akbar Gbajabiamila, the host of the show “American Ninja Warrior.” Even a Twitter board member, Martha Lane Fox, has some.

Martha Lane Fox, a businesswoman and member of Britain's House of Lords, blamed a rogue employee for at least seven Devumi purchases made using Ms. Lane Fox’s email address. The biggest — 25,000 followers — was made days after she became a Twitter board member in April 2016.

Xardox (talk) 18:15, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Martha Lane Fox


text:
Vakhtang II

Vakhtang II (ვახტანგ II; died 1292), of the dynasty of Bagrationi, was king (mepe) of Georgia from 1289 to 1292.

Early life
A son of the Western Georgian ruler, king David VI Narin, by his first wife Tamar, daughter of Prince Amanelisdze, Vakhtang had been declared as co-ruler and was therefore considered David's successor. On the instructions of Arghun, Khutlubuga (son of Sadun of Mankaberd) moved to Imereti and offered King David to make his successor the king of Eastern Georgia. The importance of this fact was that after the death of David Narin, Vakhtang would inherit Western Georgia as well, which would lead to the unification of both parts of Georgia under the authority of one king. It is true that this would lead to the spread of Mongol domination in Western Georgia, but this time Davit Narin considered the restoration of the country's unity more important and agreed to Ilkhanid Arghun's proposal.

The purpose of meeting David Narin with his son, Vakhtang, seems to have been to make sure that this political plan of the Mongols was supported in Eastern Georgia itself. This is revealed by the fact that David Narin gave his son to him only after the nobles gathered there sworn an oath and firmness of loyalty. Calmed by this, King David returned to Western Georgia, and Prince Vakhtang was taken to Arghun to be presented and approved.

Khutlubugham presented Vakhtang to Arghun, who confirmed him as the king of Likhtiki and Likhtaketa (i.e. now and then) Georgia and married his sister Oljath.

Reign
Khutlubuga also fulfilled his task - he was given a gift. It seemed as if everything indicated that Sadun of Mankaberd's son would take over the reins of the country's government like his father, but Vakhtang did not turn out to be the kind of person Khutlubuga had hoped for. The chronicler describes Vakhtang II as a person endowed with positive qualities in every way: humble, merciful, generous, loving justice and, most importantly, strong-willed, who was not influenced by anyone. The famous scientist of that time Farsmanishvili was the educator of the king. Thanks to his qualities, Vakhtang gained great authority at the court of khans of the Mongols.

Khutlubuga was convinced that his chosen king would not allow him to roam free, so he drastically changed his attitude towards Vakhtang. This time, he wanted to make David, the eldest son of Demetrius II, the king of Georgia, who was still young, and Khutlubuga hoped that he would easily bring this young Batonishvili under his influence. At that time, Arghun was seriously ill, and the Mongols did not support Khutlubuga, influential officials of Georgia also supported Vakhtang's reign, so Khutlubuga could not achieve his goal. In March 1291, Arghun died, and Khutlubuga, with the help of the pro-Noyns, was given hope of victory again, but he still failed because he firmly held the reign of Vakhtang. Gaykhatu supported King Vakhtang, and the latter's position at the court of the Ilkhans was strengthened, but Vakhtang II's reign did not last long. He died suddenly after a short illness in 1292. Vakhtang, who died prematurely, was taken to West Georgia and he was buried at the Gelati Monastery near the city of Kutaisi.

His cousin, David VIII, succeeded as the king of Georgia in 1292. David also married Vakhtang's widow, the Mongol princess Oljath.

title: Vakhtang II


text:
Bank of Uganda

The Bank of Uganda (Benki Kuu ya Uganda) is the central bank of Uganda. Established in 1966, by Act of Parliament, the bank is wholly owned by the government but is not a government department.

History
In 1979 and again in 1987, the Bank of Uganda managed to maintain an exchange rate of USh to US$1. Starting in 1987, the IMF backed the development of the Bank of Uganda, and completed its first stage of recapitalizing the central bank in 1997.

At the AFI Global Policy Forum held in Riviera Maya in Mexico in 2011, the Bank of Uganda was one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under The Maya Declaration.

In June 2019, 7 directors of the bank were fired after accusations of printing their own money bills.

Organization
The board of directors of the Bank of Uganda is the bank's supreme policy making body. It is chaired by the governor or, in his or her absence, by the deputy governor.

The duties and powers of the board are specified by the Bank of Uganda Act. This Act makes the board responsible for the general management of the affairs of the bank. The board formulates policy and ensures that anything required to be done by the bank under the statute as well as anything else that is within or incidental to the functioning of the bank is carried out.

The president of Uganda appoints both the governor and the deputy governor, on the advice of the cabinet, for five-year renewable terms. Other members of the board (not fewer than four and not more than six) are appointed by the minister of finance for three-year renewable terms. The secretary to the treasury is an ex-officio member of the board.

As of June 2019, the bank employed 1,066 people. The bank of Uganda is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion.

The Governor of the Bank of Uganda between 2001 and 2022 was Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile (1949–2022).

Currency centres
The central bank maintains branches and currency centres in various locations around the country, whose purpose is to store, process and monitor the supply of currency to the government and private financial institutions in the surrounding cities, towns, and villages.

 * 1) Arua Branch - Arua
 * 2) Fort Portal Branch - Fort Portal
 * 3) Gulu Branch - Gulu
 * 4) Jinja Branch - Jinja
 * 5) Kabale Branch - Kabale
 * 6) Kampala Branch - Kampala
 * 7) Masaka Branch - Masaka
 * 8) Mbale Branch - Mbale
 * 9) Mbarara Branch - Mbarara
 * 10) Lira Currency Training Center - Lira

title: Bank of Uganda


text:
Talk:Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association

Comments
I e-mailed AOPA requesting permission to use parts of their website such as the history and mission statements, etc. I never received a response though. I will call them this week and see what I can find out. I would like to flesh out a lot of this article as it is a very influencial organization. bDerrly talk contr 16:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Received an email from AOPA ePublishing stating I have permission to use web content. They said if needed I can get written or email verification, is this needed for Wikipedia? bDerrly talk contr 22:10, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
This article reads more like an advertisement for AOPA than an encyclopedic entry. Shreditor 00:39, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Can you cite, specifically, which passages read like an advertisement? I just went through the article and didn't spot anything that struck me as advertising.  I'm removing the NPOV tag, feel free to re-add it and cite the offending section(s). -- ChadScott 23:51, 19 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I won't quote specific passages, because the whole article reads the same: "The FAA did ________ to restrict general aviation, and the AOPA fought against it and did _______." It is my opinion that AOPA would like to take credit for a lot of things they had nothing to do with. How about citing sources? Shreditor 02:25, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I appreciate your opinion, otherwise I wouldn't even bother to respond. :) -- ChadScott 03:09, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with Shreditor, so I am restoring the NPOV tag. Shreditor couldn't name specific sections, but the sections to do with AOPA's response to 9/11 reads exactly like an advertisement, i.e.
 * "Even though the events involved aviation as a weapon of destruction, AOPA staff worked to keep pilots informed and to lift unnecessary restrictions, and defended the right and privilege to fly."

 * or "Even as AOPA fought to keep restrictions imposed on general aviation to a minimal, reasonable level, some pilots ran afoul of the complex and rapidly changing rules. The AOPA legal services team was able to work with the FAA to establish no-violations agreements for certain transgressions caused by faulty information passed to pilots through flight service and other official channels."

 * or "AOPA Legislative Affairs, the association's lobbying arm on Capitol Hill, arranged meetings with influential policy makers and told general aviation's side of the story. Boyer personally met with a number of legislators to provide them with insight as to how GA operates and the enormous economic impact of keeping general aviation aircraft on the ground. As the flood of complex, confusing, and sometimes misleading notams threatened to overwhelm pilots who were allowed to return to the skies, a staff member was stationed at FAA headquarters to help clarify these rules, often before they were released. With an on-the-spot advocate for general aviation, AOPA was able to tell the FAA about the realities of operating general aviation aircraft and uncover some of the hidden implications in their proposals. Those efforts also helped stop some of the most onerous proposals from ever becoming reality." Engelalber 22:44, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Inappropriate tone
I'm cleaning this up now, some by rewriting and wfying, else by removing the "color" details that have little relevance to the subject at hand, which are pulled almost verbatim from the official website. Stephen Compall 20:50, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Category : Airport Terminology
Okay - why is "airport terminology" an incorrect category? I would think AOPA's efforts to keep GA airports open would make it apropos there.--Justfred 15:28, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The category "airport terminology" is intended to be a collection of subjects which are all things that you find on an airport or things that are part of operating an airport, like Pavement Classification Number, Pilot Controlled Lighting, Precision Approach Path Indicator, Runway Edge Lights, Runway End Identification Lights, Runway visual range, etc. Aviation associations don't belong there, even though there are some other items that also don't belong, like International Air Transport Association and International Civil Aviation Organization. Ahunt 16:42, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Since there's no discussion of intention on the airport terminiology page (or its associated talk) I don't know what the basis is for deciding whether something is appropriate there. IATA and ICAO are the associations that give names to airports and facilities; not sure why that wouldn't be "airport terminology" either (I was the one who added them).    Or between that and "aviation terminology".  Should there be an explanation on the category page, of what qualifies or "belongs there" for that category or what the intention of the category is?  Or related categories?  I'm going to read up on categories and see if there's any standard consensus on this, as I'd think there should be.  Maybe this discussion should be there, tho.--Justfred 17:07, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Since AOPA exclusively employees mammals why not classify them under http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mammals ? Ahunt 18:14, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, that explains a lot. Perhaps an explanation of intention of some sort on the Airport Terminology category page would be more productive.--Justfred 18:51, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Our Friend Phil
Hello All, it looks like the link to Phil Boyer goes to some English Soccer Player. I know Phil is a pretty talented guy but I'm pretty sure he didn't play over 100 league games for 4 different clubs per say... Any one know if a real article for Mr. Boyer is being created? Thanks, --Trashbag 22:12, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

What happened to this article?
It seems from the discussion that this was at one point a decent-length article. What happened? Why is it now a stub(should be one anyways)? It being 'the largest aviation association in the world', isn't the AOPA notable enough to have a much higher quality article? Wingtipvortex (talk) 20:24, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Of course it is, but the article was a mess of original research, promotional spam and unsourced text. It was tagged for a number of years, and some of us even tried sourcing much of it to no avail. Have at look at this previous version to see the problem. In cases like this where the subject is notable, but the article is of poor quality the solution is to "stub" it and then start over, adding encyclopedic and referenced text, which is where the article is now. Feel free to start expanding it, if you have refs. - Ahunt (talk) 21:37, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, that is too bad. It sure sounds like the AOPA nowadays, the promotional spam. I don't think I could do much, as I don't have anything better than primary sources. Wingtipvortex (talk) 17:00, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Even primary sources, well paraphrased, are fine to cite as the organization is usually considered an authority on itself. - Ahunt (talk) 19:45, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

AOPA vs IAOPA
One IP editor seems to be trying to change the subject of this article from being about AOPA, the US-based American aviation advocacy organization to being about the collection of various national AOPAs around the world, collectively under the banner of International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations. I suggest if you want and article about all of these that you start the IAOPA article, not change this article so it is about two different subjects. You can also note that there is no AOPA-Canada. There was an attempt to start a competitor to Canadian Owners and Pilots Association under that name a few years ago but it did not succeed. - Ahunt (talk) 12:15, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

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José Joaquín de Herrera

José Joaquín Antonio Florencio de Herrera y Ricardos (February 23, 1792 – February 10, 1854) was a Mexican statesman who served as president of Mexico three times (1844, 1844–1845 and 1848–1851), and as a general in the Mexican Army during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848.

He fought in the Mexican War of Independence initially remaining loyal to Spain, but he switched sides towards the end of the war to join the Plan of Iguala. During the First Mexican Republic, he served as Minister of War twice.

Under the Centralist Republic of Mexico, he reached the position of president of the council of state, which led to him becoming president twice. When Santa Anna took power in 1844, he installed Valentin Canalizo as his puppet ruler, but as Canalizo was not present at the capital at that time, Herrera was made interim president while Canalizo arrived and only remained in power for ten days. After Santa Anna and Canalizo were overthrown in 1845, Herrera, president of the council of state was once again chosen to assume the presidency. Herrera would find himself overthrown at the end of the year amidst accusations that he was committing treason by attempting to recognize the independence of Texas, though his intentions were to create a buffer state as a guard against further American encroachment.

After the end of the Mexican-American War, he was elected president again in 1848, and pursued many measures of economic and political reform. The end of his administration in 1852 marked the first peaceful transfer of power in Mexico since 1824.

Early life
Jose Joaquin Herrera was born in Jalapa in 1792 and joined the regiment of La Corona in 1809, the year before the Mexican War of Independence began. He served on the Spanish Loyalist side of the war, and reached the rank of Captain of Fusiliers in 1814. He was present at the Battle of Aculco and the Battle of Calderón Bridge for which he was awarded a medal of honor. He saw action at the Battle of El Maguey and Battle of Zitácuaro and defended the city of Toluca towards the end of the year 1811. In 1813 he fought at Acatlan and at the pass of Mescala and in Chichihualco. He formed part of the expedition sent to retake Acapulco. He formed part of the expedition to Ajuchitlán where he fought at Coyuca, Tepantitlan and Tlacotepec, routing the forces of the insurgent chief Victor Manuel.

In June 1816, he defeated at San Pedro to troops of Marshal Avila, seizing all of his artillery, munitions, and armaments.

He was placed in charge of the district of Tecpan and later the government of Acapulco which was then being administered by the military. He remained at this post until November 1817. He was then sent to relieve the siege of Jaujilla and fought a battle at the river of Zacatula where the opposing armies had entrenched themselves on the opposite shore. He was named principal commandant of the Tierra Caliente until September, 1819. He was in command of forces during the retreat from Tupataro, after which he led his troops to relieve forces at Ajuchitlan. He was present when the Fort of San Gaspar was take in October 1819, after which he returned to his administrative post at Acapulco. The war had mostly died down at this point.

Herrera had now reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and asked to be relieved of his military duties. This being granted he moved to Perote and opened an apothecary. It was during this time when Herrera a had resumed life as a civilian that Agustin de Iturbide proclaimed the Plan of Iguala, which attempted to unite both insurgents and Spanish loyalists through its intentions of establishing an independent Mexican kingdom led by a member of Spanish royalty. Iturbide needed more officers and as his forces passed through Perote, lieutenant colonel Herrera was asked to join them. He refused at first, but Iturbide persisted and Herrera joined on the condition that everything proceed with the utmost order and discipline. Herrera's forces now marched to Tepeyahualco and San Juan de los Llanos where his Column of Grenadiers assumed the name of Imperial Grenadiers. Herrera was elevated to effective lieutenant colonel. The towns of Orizaba and Cordova proclaimed for the Plan of Iguala and Herrera was sent to support them, being joined by Santa Anna. Orizava was officially taken on April 1, 1821, from which Herrera then returned to Cordova where he took a forced loan for twenty five thousand pesos. From there he passed into Puebla to aid Nicolas Bravo and reached Tepeaca, where he fought the royalist Hevia who pursued Herrera back to Cordova beginning the Battle of Cordoba. The battle which took the form of a siege, however was abandoned after Hevia was killed.

Herrera was present at the entrance of the Trigarantine Army into Mexico City and he received the rank of brigadier. He joined in the uprising that resulted in the fall of the First Mexican Empire in 1824, and the interim Provisional Government appointed him to be Minister of War.

Entrance into government
He returned to the same post during the liberal administration of Valentin Gomez Farias serving as Minister of War in May 1833, and in February 1834, a post that ended with the overthrow of the Gomez Farias government which also resulted in the fall of the First Republic and the establishment of the Centralist Republic in 1835.

First presidency
During the Centralist Republic, Santa Anna promulgated a new constitution known as the Bases Organicas in 1844. He intended to rule the nation under this new constitution, but also preferred to do so through the puppet ruler Valentin Canalizo, who was officially called to the presidency on September 12. Not being present in the capital, the post was in the meantime given interim to Herrera who was nominally president for ten days until the arrival of Canalizo.

During his ten-day administration, Herrera celebrated Independence Day on September 16, and oversaw his ministers plead with congress for a new loan, before handing over power to Canalizo.

Defeat of Santa Anna
About a year later General Mariano Paredes proclaimed an uprising against the Santa Anna-Canalizo government, and was joined by five of the northern departments. Santa Anna took to the field to crush the uprising, only to find himself censured by Congress for acting without their approval. In response, Canalizo, who was acting president in the capital, dissolved Congress, which led to an upheaval that ousted him and replaced him with Herrera, president of the council of state. Herrera subsequently reinstated congress, but the country was still split into three loyalties: Congress and the Herrera Government, Santa Anna who still had a formidable number of troops, and Paredes.

On December 6, Herrera published a manifesto appealing to all patriots to join him and assuring that Congress would be reestablished. His promise was fulfilled and congress was able to meet at the National Palace that same afternoon. After having reconvened the congress, Herrera tendered his resignation, but the congress voted for him to remain on December 10. The government then resolved to defeat Santa Anna's remaining forces.

Herrera called to the capital Generals Nicolas Bravo, Juan Álvarez, and Manuel Romero, putting the first at the head of all troops, and General Valencia second in command. Anticipating that without the loyalty of the capital, Santa Anna would head to either Veracruz, Puebla, or Oaxaca, he put those departments on war alert. At this point Paredes recognized the Herrera presidency and they prepared to jointly hunt down Santa Anna, who was preparing to march on the capital.

Mexico City was declared to be under siege and Congress sold bonds to buy provisions. Trenches were dug in the streets and artillery positions on rooftops. As more regions of the nation adhered to Herrera, the government became more confident of their ultimate victory and even offered Santa Anna the opportunity to turn himself in peacefully. The offer was rejected on the pretext that Herrera's government was illegitimate. Santa Anna bypassed the capital and headed towards Puebla which he began to siege. General Nicolas Bravo was sent after him.

Congress resumed its sessions on January 1, 1845, and the diplomatic corp congratulated President Herrera on his handling of the crisis. He gained a reputation for humility after the Minister of Justice Mariano Riva Palacio came across the president breakfasting at a run down table, with shoddy silverware and offered to use public money to buy furnishings which in his opinion would be more dignified for a president. Herrera declined and explained he had pawned his last furnishings, and advised the minister the spend the money on more pressing matters.

As the tide was turning against him, Santa Anna asked the government for a passport to leave the nation, a request which was denied and instead met with an arrest warrant. Santa Anna attempted to escape anyways only to be captured, and all the officers and officials who had followed him were stripped of their charges.

To celebrate end of the conflict, Congress held a function at the Chapel of the Virgin of Guadalupe, assisted by Herrera, the ministers of both chambers, and of the supreme court, and a holiday was decreed to commemorate the day, at which Mass was to be celebrated at all Mexican churches. A sword was awarded to General Inclan, and medals were granted to those who had defended Puebla. Herrera was congratulated by the governors of Zacatecas and Jalisco, and by Generals Alvarez and Arista, by municipal governments, and departmental assemblies.

Economic and constitutional issues
He forbade all government offices from accepting any payment in credit. He assisted at the National Cathedral celebrations of St Philip of Jesus. He named various governors. The Chamber of Deputies encouraged the departmental assemblies to pass economic reforms, and established a commission to publish a report on such reforms, which also began to focus on legal reforms.

One of the major issues facing the Herrera administration was that of constitutional reform. The country had faced decades of political and military conflict over whether the constitution should be federal or centralist, and Santa Anna had used the centralist Bases Organicas to establish a dictatorship. The government began to sound the opinions of the departmental assemblies to get feedback about which direction to proceed. It also began to seek a legal basis upon which to possibly annul the constitution.

Texas and Herrera's downfall
Another pressing issue, and one that would eventually lead to the fall of Herrera's first administration, was the matter of Texas. Herrera had a pragmatic approach to the matter, accepting after ten years of failed efforts to recover it, that Texas would never return to Mexico. It was hoped to arrange a treaty with Texas and avoid its annexation to the United States. However, the United States Congress had already approved the annexation of Texas which resulted in Mexico breaking off diplomatic relations and closing all of its ports to the United States.

The threat of war now loomed between the two nations, and the Mexican congress resolved not to resume diplomatic relations without the condition that the United States would not annex Texas. The president was also authorized to raise the resources and conscripts necessary to defend the nation. The nation was inflamed by anti-American sentiments, fueled by the press.

Despite the popular indignation, Herrera was aware of the nation's poverty and relative weakness against the United States, and hoped to find a diplomatic solution. Luis de la Rosa of Finance sought authorization so that the president could take out a loan of three million pesos, while Mr. Cuevas, Minister of Foreign Affairs sought authorization to listen to the proposals being made about Texas to seek a treaty that would allow the nation to save face, letting Congress keep up with such diplomatic developments.

Knowledge that Herrera was open to the possibility of recognizing Texas inflamed the opposition against him, and turned public opinion against him which now began to brand him as a traitor.

In response he published a manifesto, emphasizing that his administration was dedicated to personal rights and to free speech. He explained that he viewed the independence of Texas as the lesser of two evils compared to American annexation, and that as a matter of domestic policy he also preferred a smaller but well trained body of troops to the mass of undisciplined and ineffective conscripts that up until now had characterized the Mexican Army.

On December 14, 1845, the troops at San Luis Potosí, mutinied led by Mariano Paredes. The revolution was seconded by several of the departmental assemblies and military revolt spread even to Mexico City. On December 30, unable to offer further resistance, President Herrera resigned. He was succeeded by Mariano Paredes. The Mexican-American War would begin four months later

Third Presidency
Herrera experienced a rehabilition through the course of the war and found himself the first president elected once again after peace was reestablished in 1848. On June 14, 1848, he passed a decree reforming the treasury department, reducing the budget for the civil service and the army, and presented a plan to congress for the consolidation of the national debt.

The Constitution of 1824 had been restored during the Mexican-American War, but further considerations on constitutional reform stalled in congress. The new state of Guerrero however was successfully formed on May 15, 1849, out of districts taken from the states of Mexico, Puebla, and Michoacan. It was named after the hero of independence and former president Vicente Guerrero.

The first measures to build a telegraph in Mexico were under taken by building a line between Mexico and Puebla in 1851.

Financial issues
On November 30, 1850, the national debt was consolidated into one fund with the interest rate set at 3 percent, that was to receive twenty percent of custom house revenues. A committee was set up to manage the debt and oversee the collection of duties. Forty million pesos of bonds were set to be issued.

The plan however failed due to a lack of financial data. The amount of national debt was underestimated and even taking into account the indemnity paid by the United States after the war, it was discovered that there were not enough funds to realistically pay off the debt under the new plan. There was outcry by debtors both foreign and domestic, and a consolidation of the debt was abandoned to make individual arrangements with debtors with no certainty that everyone would eventually be paid.

In November 1849, administrative expenses were limited to 500,000 pesos a month, with two thirds of that going to the War Department. This required a reduction of salaries for officials, leading to the limit to be widely ignored. The government had to use the U.S. war indemnity to continue paying off the deficit.

The government raised tariffs only to increase smuggling and an effort to enforce the tariff through patrols failed due to lack of funds and corrupt officials.

By 1850 the government deficit was 8.5 million pesos which by the following year had risen to 11.3 million pesos. In addition to the aforementioned measures the government faced the prospect of paying off the deficit by getting into even more debt or by raising taxes and possibly provoking another one of the many revolutions which had regularly afflicted Mexico during the past few decades.

Seemingly facing the impossible, the Ministry of Finance was plagued by a series of resignations, and from January 1848 to January 1851, there were sixteen different finance ministers. The rest of Herrera's ministry's were relatively stable.

Regardless of the intractable issue of the deficit the economy seemed to be overall improving. Abundant harvests were reported, and the mines began to increase their yields. Construction on a railway and telegraph line was begun, and the first industrial exhibition in Mexico opened on November 1, 1849, in Mexico City.

Military issues
On November 4, 1848, the army was reduced to 10,000 men, and conscription was abolished, yet the latter measure had to be abrogated when only enough volunteers could be found to fill half of the men needed in the army. Another controversial measure was the prohibition of promotion from rank and file troops. The government preferred that officers come from the military schools and from the pool of officers now unemployed due to army reductions. Even the minister of war protested against this measure but it stood.

The government purchased the latest armament and machinery for gun factories, hoping to replace those lost during the war.

A pressing issue of national security was the strength of Indian raids on the northern frontier, and the Mexican government had already secured in the Treaty of Guadalupe, American aid in keeping these raids under control. The government attempted to establish military colonies along the frontier to settle and pacify the region. The project was hampered by lack of funds, but by 1851, despite not being as extensive as originally planned, reasonable progress on the colonies had nonetheless been made, and three successful settlements were home to over two thousand individuals.

An insurrection in the Sierra Gorda led to the governor requesting aid from the surrounding states. Two thousand men subsequently arrived and the leader Quiros was captured and executed in October 1849.

The Caste War was also ongoing in Yucatán. General Micheltorena arrived to take charge of federal efforts to keep the insurrection under control. The Maya leaders were advancing, and established a headquarters at Chan Santa Cruz. Micheltorena resigned after failing to keep the situation under control and was replaced in May 1851, by General Vega.

Foreign relations
Towards the end of his administration, Herrera began to negotiate a treaty with the United States to either construct a canal or a railroad across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The treaty was approved by the administration, but rejected by congress due to a clause that permitted the United States to send troops in order to protect the construction.

In response to the upheavals faced by the Papal States during the 1848 revolutions, the Mexican government offered Pope Pius IX asylum, which the pope responded to by considering the creation of a Mexican cardinal and granting an award to President Herrera.

Post presidency
The 1851 election was won by Mariano Arista, and Herrera was the first Mexican president to complete his term since the inaugural holder of the office, Guadalupe Victoria has passed power over to Vicente Guerrero in 1828.

After stepping down, Herrera was accompanied by President Arista to his home in Tacubaya. There he lived in declining health, and lived long enough to witness the return to power of Santa Anna in 1853, after having played such a pivotal role in overthrowing him in 1845. Herrera died in poverty on February 10, 1854. He was buried in the cemetery of San Fernando. At the funeral were present José María Lacunza, Luis G. Cuevas and other officers and officials.

title: José Joaquín de Herrera


text:
Manuel de la Peña y Peña

José Manuel de la Peña y Peña (10 March 1789 – 2 January 1850) was a Mexican lawyer and judge, who served two non-consecutive, but closely following terms as the president of Mexico during the Mexican American War. In contrast to many other nineteenth century Mexican presidents, he never served in the military, instead coming from a distinguished legal background.

He was foreign minister and a member of the peace party whom under the presidency of Jose Joaquin Herrera sought to avoid a war with the United States at a time of rising tensions. After hardliners overthrew Herrera and war broke out with disastrous consequences for Mexico, he was elected president twice to two non-consecutive terms in the final months of the war as peace negotiations were being made. Under his administration the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was negotiated and ratified.

Early life
Peña y Peña was born in the town of Tacuba on 10 March 1789 to a poor family. Upon finishing his primary education he entered the Tridentine Seminary and received high marks and various awards from the departments of grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, and civil and canonical jurisprudence, winning a scholarship along with Manuel Posada y Garduño, the future archbishop of Mexico. He was well distinguished in the practice of jurisprudence, and his teacher Jose Gonzales Retana assured him a promising career.

He was admitted to the bar on 16 December 1811 during the Mexican War of Independence, and two years later was named attorney general for the Mexico City Ayuntamiento, a task that he carried out with such notability for the royal government that in 1820 he was awarded with a seat on the Audencia of Quito, but Peña y Peña wished to stay in New Spain and appealed to be granted a seat in one of the Novo-Hispanic Audencias. While this matter was being resolved, Mexico won its independence in September 1821. On May 19, the First Mexican Empire was established with Agustin Iturbide as Emperor.

Judicial career
Peña y Peña assumed a seat in the Real Audiencia of Mexico handling both civil and criminal cases, and remained in that post until 21 October 1822 when already being a member of the council of state, was named by Emperor Iturbide minister plenipotentiary to Colombia. He was also awarded the Cross of the Order of Guadalupe. He was never able to occupy that post due to the fall of the Empire in early 1823. The subsequent government, the Supreme Executive Power placed him back on the Audencia until Peña y Peña was elected by a majority of the state legislatures to the Supreme Court and made a member of that body on 25 December 1824. He would remain at that post intermittently until his death. During the Centralist Republic of Mexico, he was named Minister of the Interior by President Anastasio Bustamante in 1837 and the following year he was named to the Supreme Moderating Power, an executive council that was meant to be above even the president. In this post his sought to counter the tendencies of the federalists who were backed by part of the military and counted upon considerable public support. He gave a detailed report on constitutional reform, and played a role in reforming the law for punishing robbery. Peña y Peña was also professor of public law at the University of Mexico and towards the end of 1841 he was given the task of writing the civil code and civil procedure and named a member of the legislative junta which wrote a new constitution, the Bases Orgánicas. In 1843 he was named to the council of state and also elected to the senate being reelected, in November 1845 in which he once again was named Minister of Foreign Relations, being in agreement with President Herrera's aims in seeking to avoid war with the United States. He was assigned to negotiate an extradition treaty with Spain, and when Herrera was overthrown in December 1846, Peña y Peña returned once again to his post on the Supreme Court.

First Presidency
He would be in this post when the Mexican American War broke out in April 1846. A year later, as the Americans approached the capital, President Santa Anna, to provide against the possibility of being killed or captured, issued a decree on 7 September 1847 appointing his substitutes, which he sent to President of the Supreme Court, Peña y Peña. On 16 September, he held a council of war, and resigned the presidency, decreeing that the presidency should now be vested in a triumvirate led by the President of the Supreme Court. Peña y Peña accepted the presidency but rejected the provision of a triumvirate as unconstitutional. He repaired to Toluca and then to Querétaro where he assumed the office of provisional president on September with Luis de la Rosa heading all four portfolios. He published a manifesto on 13 October 1847, explaining that in spite of his poor health and lack of forces, he was fulfilling a duty prescribed by the constitution, and he assured that he would only be in power shortly, and expounded his principles and sentiments and the conduct he planned to pursue to conclude his presidency with honor and a satisfied conscience. He pleaded with the states to maintain loyalty to the central government and provide arms and funds for the war effort. He promised to protect the public interest, the rights of all classes, and to respect and protect the Catholic religion.

Congress meanwhile joined him at Querétaro. President Peña y Peña was convinced that the war could not be continued due to a lack of funds, and was now intent on pursuing a policy of peace. He released all American prisoners of war, and took measures against corruption and unauthorized guerilla units. On 9 November, congress elected Pedro Maria Anaya as interim president, with the caveat that his term would expire on 8 January 1848, and that if congress was then not in session, the presidency should pass according to the constitutional order of succession. President Peña y Peña stepped down on 12 November 1847, though he remained in the government as Minister of Relations.

Second Presidency
When Anaya's interim term expired on 8 January 1848, congress was not in session, and Peña y Peña being next in the line of succession assumed the presidency again. He published a manifesto expounding upon his hopes that congress could meet and urged the state governors to cooperate and help in the matter, and he resolved to prevent the remaining unoccupied state capitals from falling into enemy hands. Luis de La Rosa holding the dual portfolios of Finance and Relations also made efforts to arrange a session of congress. The Peña y Peña administration was hoping that a reunion of congress would stymie the separatist movements that were beginning to flare up throughout the country. The legislature of San Luis Potosí proposed to stop recognizing the federal government at Querétaro over disagreements regarding its peace efforts. Insurrections were also found in the states of the north, in the state of Mexico.

President Peña y Peña recognizing that a large part of the agitation was due to the extraordinary abundance of idle officials ordered that the Ministry of War and military offices be occupied, and published regulations regarding the matter. Meanwhile, he continued negotiating with the government of the United States through the American commissioner Nicholas Trist. A peace treaty was finally signed on 2 February 1848 in the villa of Guadalupe. The signing was attended by Bernardo Cuoto, Luis Gonzaga Cuevas, Miguel Atristain. Minister Luis de la Rosa announced to the state governors that the treaty would be submitted for the approval of congress, and that while the deputies gathered there would be an armistice. The U.S. Senate approved the treaty with slight modifications

The majority of the state governors accepted the treaty and the armistice was signed at Querétaro by General Manuel Lombardini at the beginning of March. President Peña y Peña then formed a Junta of seven individuals to direct affairs in the Federal District, handling police and financial matters, and another commission was formed to administer the national archives.

Congress finally met in May, and at its opening session President Peña y Peña recommended a policy of peace, and ordered the progress that had been made in the fields of order and finances amidst so many challenges. He recounted how as Minister of Foreign Relations under President José Joaquín de Herrera, he had been against the war. He explained that he did not view this stance as dishonorable as even the strongest and most militarist nations had to face the reality that there were wars which they could not win. He expressed belief that Mexico simply did not have the ability to continue the war, and proclaimed that anyone who viewed such a stance as dishonorable was not worthy of being called honest.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Congress at Querétaro now had to negotiate a peace treaty with the invader while also dealing with separatism and anarchy spreading throughout the country. The Caste War was ongoing in Yucatán, and the insurgents had occupied the major cities. Many states considered the federal government to be an enemy and refused to pay taxes. Meanwhile, most notably in the Federal District there was a Mexican element advocating annexation of the entire country to the United States.

The majority of congress supported the government's peace policy viewing in the Treaty of Guadalupe nothing but the unfortunate result of a poorly fought war, and viewed under this perspective as a national necessity. A foreign relations commission returned affirmative answers to two questions that congress had directed it to report upon: ''May the government with the consent of Congress cede a portion of territory? Is it suitable to make peace upon the terms which have been proposed?'' The first question was resolved based upon the principle that congress was the deposit of the national sovereignty. The second question was resolved upon the consideration that Mexico had never been in full possession of the territories that were about to be ceded, and that most of that land was either not populated, or populated by hostile indigenous tribes. It was also taken into account that Mexico could not continue the war without facing certain defeat and risking the loss of the entire country. After the commission reported upon its findings, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was approved by congress and President Peña y Peña now worked upon decrees to prevent disorder in the capital once the occupiers left, and for the establishment of a national guard. On 26 May 1848 the government received the comiisioners Nathan Clifford and Ambrose Hundley Sevier who were in Mexico to negotiate the treaty after congress had approved it with some slight modifications.

Meanwhile, the President had to deal with guerilla warfare throughout the country afflicting both the American occupiers and Mexican merchants. The aim of the guerillas was to disrupt the American supply chain from Veracruz to the capital. This was also leading to indiscriminate American reprisals. As the peace treaty was concluded and the occupiers were on the point of leaving the country, congress named Jose Joaquin Herrera to the presidency of the republic, and Peña y Peña left his post as president in exchange for the presidency of the Supreme Court on 3 June 1848. The government left Querétaro and returned to the capital.

Death
Less than two years after the conclusion of the war, Peña y Peña would die on the evening of 2 January 1850. His funeral was a major public event and he lay in state for three days, in the halls where the Supreme Court met. A procession of prominent individuals made up of clergy, statesmen, and academics accompanied the coffin to the National Cathedral where Peña y Peña was laid to rest.

title: Manuel de la Peña y Peña


text:
Pterobranchia

Pterobranchia, members of which are often called pterobranchs, is a class of small worm-shaped animals. They belong to the Hemichordata, and live in secreted tubes on the ocean floor. Pterobranchia feed by filtering plankton out of the water with the help of cilia attached to tentacles. There are about 25 known living pterobranch species in three genera, which are Rhabdopleura, Cephalodiscus, and Atubaria. On the other hand, there are several hundred extinct genera, some of which date from the Cambrian Period.

The class Pterobranchia was established by Ray Lankester in 1877. It contained, at that time, the single genus Rhabdopleura. Rhabdopleura was at first regarded as an aberrant polyzoon, but when the Challenger report on Cephalodiscus was published in 1887, it became clear that Cephalodiscus, the second genus now included in the order, had affinities with the Enteropneusta.

Electron microscope studies have suggested that pterobranchs belong to the same clade as the extinct graptolites, and phylogenetic analysis suggests that the pterobranchs are living members of the graptolite clade.

Biology
Pterobranchs are small worm-like filter feeders living on the ocean floor, often in relatively deep waters. Like their relatives, the acorn worms, their body is divided into three parts: an anterior proboscis, a collar, and a trunk. The proboscis is wide and flattened at the tip, and in most species contains glands that secrete a tube of organic material in which the pterobranch spends its adult life. The animals are mostly colonial, with several zooids living together in a cluster of tubes. In some species, the individual zooids within the colony are connected by stolons. The single member in the genus Atubaria is unusual in lacking the tubes typical of other pterobranchs, living as a naked zooid on corals. Recently, Atubaria has been regarded as a questionable species by Tassia et al. (2016) and is no longer considered valid.

The collar bears a number of large arms, each of which includes a row of tentacles along one side. The number of arms varies between species, with anything from one to nine pairs. The tentacles are covered in cilia and aid in filtering food from the water. The trunk includes a simple tubular gut, and is curved over so that the anus projects upwards, lying dorsal to the collar. Cephalodiscus and Atubaria have a single pair of gill slits in the pharynx, although Rhabdopleura has none.

Development of pterobranchs have been studied only in Rhabdopleura from Plymouth (Rhabdopleura compacta) and from Bermuda (Rhabdopleura normani). Both of these species are dioecious, with the fertilised egg hatching to produce a free-swimming ciliated larva. Despite the close relationship between the two groups, the larva does not resemble that of the acorn worms; they are "planula-like", and do not feed (lecithotrophic). Eventually, the larva settles onto the substrate and metamorphoses to an adult. Alternatively, they also reproduce asexually by budding to create a new colony.

Paleontology
The earliest pterobranchs, including Yuknessia and Galeaplumosus, are known from mid-Cambrian Lagerstätten. Earlier small carbonaceous fossils are known from the Buen Formation.

Taxonomy
Comparison of 18S ribosomal RNA sequences indicated that pterobranchs are closely related to enteropneust hemichordates.

Class Pterobranchia Lankester 1877
 * Subclass Cephalodiscida Fowler 1892 stat. nov.
 * Order Cephalodiscida Fowler 1892
 * Subclass Graptolithina Bronn 1849
 * Order ?†Camaroidea Kozlowski 1928 sensu Kozlowski 1949
 * Order ?†Crustoidea Bulman 1970
 * Order ?†Dithecoidea Obut, 1960
 * Order ?†Tuboidea Kozlowski 1938 sensu Kozlowsk 1949
 * Order Rhabdopleurida Fowler 1892 sensu Beklemishev 1951
 * Clade †Eugraptolithina Mitchell et al., 2013
 * Order †Dendroidea Nicholson 1872
 * Order †Graptoloidea Maletz, Carlucci and Mitchell 2009

Genetic code
The two pterobranch taxa Rhabdopleura compacta and Cephalodiscus use alternative genetic codes in their mitochondrial genome.

title: Pterobranchia