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Talk:Criminal justice

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2019 and 26 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: RosolinoM23.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 2 September 2020 and 14 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Yellowedpage, 451coffee.

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Cleanup
I've understand this very clear tagged this page for cleanup because I believe that lots of information neeeds to be reformatted or removed. The style needs to be changed as well as taking emphasis off the colonial/American justice system, or at least explaining other systems of criminal justice.

 * I concurred, and revamped the entire page. The last page had absolutely no sense of formatting nor any logical sequence that I could follow.  It was very random and patchwork and had lots of different perspectives thrown in without any rhyme or reason.  I tried to reorganize it, but it was pretty much unsalvageable.  What I've replaced it with is a framework for a logical and well-organized article.  Obviously, my contribution is only the basis from which this page will grow, but at least it offers some organized categories to work within.  The old page was, let's face it, crap.  72.178.131.225 01:49, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * What this article needs is a more objective, scientific, and thorough explanation of the various theories and components of criminal justice. I would like to see a discussion of the different theories for criminal behavior and a more thorough explanation of the different forms of police goals.  I also need more well-defined examples of historical criminal justice practices.  That, and citations.

 * What this article DOES NOT need is lots of divergent or excessively detailed examples of criminal justice histories. This is what destroyed the old article.  Everyone seemed to write highly detailed paragraphs that might have been perfectly fine but lacked a place in the overall organization of the article.  It also does not need long lists of examples from every single country that do not contribute to our understanding of the subject.  The last article had a list of "goals" for criminal justice from four or five different countries which all basically said the same thing and did nothing but take up space.  If you want to post something that adds to our understanding of criminal justice as a whole, please post it.  If you just want to throw in your two cents so that you can feel included, please don't.

 * "Criminal Justice" is an enormous subject meant to cover the entire breadth of social law and order. I think this might actually be an example of when less means more.  The subject of criminal justice itself might be too broad for a useful discussion.  My alternative is that this page be used to provide a very general overview and to be a jumping-off point to investigating other, more specific, subjects.  So if you want to post really detailed and excessively specific examples, it might be better to do so in a sub-article.  72.178.131.225 02:08, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Many of your changes are good and being bold is encouraged. And, I agree that the article was a mess and needs work.  However, removing material that is referenced should be discussed on the talk page.  The article needs to include discussion of how criminal justice has evolved, in a few paragraphs, with a link to a detailed subarticle.  The section on goals is important, because it brings in examples from various countries and helps to give a more international perspective to the article. Including an international perspective is extremely important.  More examples (e.g. Islamic law) are needed and a general synthesis of how goals and criminal justice vary around the world.  Theories of criminal behavior can be discussed in brief, but is done more in depth in the criminology (study of criminal behavior) article.  Criminal justice is really about the system of law enforcement and processing of offenders/cases through the system.  There are various ways that is (and has been) done, with different theories and philosophies guiding how things are done. This article needs to focus on the system and the process. --Aude (talk) 02:13, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * As made obvious in this article, entry level careers are available such as corrections officers or police officers, although there is no mention made of a highly educated person being able to find a career within the field that not only challenges them but forces them to use the education that they gained through undergraduate and even post-graduate studies. Such examples of this are becoming an attorney, accountant, or social worker, all of which require at the least an undergraduate degree to gain an understanding of each field.
 * I also feel that under the law heading, removing “usually enforced through a set of institutions” and give a more elaborate definition of the word law would better explain what law actually is. I would also include what these institutions could be or how one would go about ensuring that these laws are upheld to clear up any confusion that the reader might be feeling by the broadness of the sentence.
 * Another improvement I feel to be somewhat necessary for this article would be to elaborate on the history section, specifically on the Criminal Justice systems of other countries. While in the United States, our main focus should be on our own Criminal Justice system, I feel that having somewhat of an incite to other countries systems would be rather helpful to anyone in the field given that the interaction with other countries systems could potentially occur.
 * The last major change I would choose to make to this article would to be to take the Modern Police heading and place it as a subdivision under Policing, and then take the History section and place it in the beginning of the article. I do not feel that the end of the article is an appropriate mention for the history of the field, and instead should be placed in the beginning of an article to give the reader some incite as to where each subdivision within the field is stemming from. I also feel that if there is a whole section dedicated for just Policing, that the Modern Police paragraph should be placed as a subdivision underneath that instead of thrown in at the end where it doesn’t logically fall into place.  Nu student10 (talk) 16:35, 29 May 2008 (UTC)nu_student10 5/29/2008
 * 71.126.175.90 (talk) 02:59, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree that modern policing should be placed under policing in the larger historic sense. It needs to be greatly expanded and balanced. The present section is schematic only, and arbitrarily highlighted. In fact, examination of the history of police and police departments for major U.S. in Wikipedia show little of the systematic treatment provided by Zimring for firearms history - which has significant overlap with policing from 1919 on. It would be important to present more nuanced treatment of policing from the colonial era to the post World War II period (even though earliest policing might not use that name). Subdivisions might include the period from formal organization of police forces in major cities (1838-1850) the arbitrary and often corrupt conditions in the gilded age (1876-1890), the age of reform from 1893-1905, and the rise of gun use in the post World War I period (overlapping with prohibition and the rise of organized crime syndicates in the 1920s). I haven't looked into it but I am intrigued by the possible use of the famous  1911 Encyclopedia Britannica's section on policing.

 * The decline of history teaching and historians' roles from the 1960s has caused American graduates from the 1970s to often gain simplistic pictures of past conditions as "less advanced". This does not square with the fact that in 1905 police officers in larger urban American cities like NY, Boston, and Chicago did not wear guns - and were nevertheless respected. Reforms in policing like those introduced by Theodore Roosevelt while serving as President of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners (1895-1897), combined with other developments brought American cities to new levels of public safety and health developments, transportation, and organization - even under less than ideal political leaders.

 * Finally, the proliferation of drug and alchohol abuse in the 1960s, combined with emphasis on prison and criminal justice reform, abolition of reformatories and other reforms of juvenile justice systems (marginalizing concern for public safety), had a widely overlooked effect on increase in purchase of handguns, production, and imports. Many citizens who would have never purchased guns before took gun control as an issue associated with liberal groups that lacked sufficient concern for public safety - lending gun control a partisan flavor rather than a subject for intelligent policymaking.
 * 71.126.175.90 (talk) 02:59, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Criminal History
I think this part of the article needs major expansion as it, at the moment, focuses primarily on the USA. Lets face it, crime existed a long time before the USA did, and it is important to take into consdireation the full development of crime from ancient periods to modern world-wide trends. alf 12:12, 27 September 2005 (UTC) Criminal justice is the profession of investigating crimes and doing police work.

Hammurabi's Code
Should the link to Hammurabi's Code be included in the 'See Also' section? After all, it is an important part of history of Criminal justice.--Martin925 01:02, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

WP:LEAD
What happened to the WP:LEAD from this article, from this version? Cirt (talk) 16:55, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks like it was removed in a few vandal edits, added it back. Cirt (talk) 16:59, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * At any rate, the WP:LEAD could still be expanded a bit more, would be much appreciative if someone were to do that. Cirt (talk) 17:05, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Wikiproject Prisons
If anyone's interested, I've proposed a new wikiproject for the creation of articles regarding specific prisons here. --Cdogsimmons (talk) 01:28, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Differences
i just seek any helper who can explain to me 'what is the different between classical criminal justice system and criminal justice system nowaday?
 * Off the top of my head, classical systems (by which I presume you mean ancient Greek and Roman) were more geared to retribution than rehabilitation (which seems to be a trend of the last 100 years or so). I can't cite sources for this, because I haven't practised criminology professionally since 1988. Rodhull  andemu  13:56, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Refences
I couldn't access source refence 9, is this just me? Error code 404. If it is unavailable, can we get it found? Thanks guys. TheThiefOfEden (talk) 23:38, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

Needs history section
Article needs a review of criminal justice history since World 'war II. The expansion of civil rights in the 1960s, involving juvenile justice, Miranda, and the prison reform movent, along with increased drug traffic resulted in a rapid increase in crime. This in turn brought about public "fear of crime" as a function separate from crime itself after 1970 (David Garland, 2001) This in turn led to rise in gun ownership, "hardening" of homes, and lack of trust in the public safety system. Crime topped off in the 1980s. A public reaction set in, resulting in harsher sentences, incarceration, and a steep rise in the U.S.prison population, which is now about 25% of the world's, although the U.S. has only 5% of global population.

 * Wrong article. That info can be found in the various articles about the history of the USA.  This article is (supposed to be) about the general concept that exists in most countries. Gronky (talk) 19:16, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

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Criminal court listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Criminal court. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. – MJL  ‐Talk‐☖ 19:33, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Linguistics in the Digital Age
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Wiki Education assignment: Legal Research
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title: Talk:Criminal justice


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Mark Gempeler

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German divisions

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Johannes Canuti Lenaeus

Johannes Canuti Lenaeus (29 November 1573 – 23 April 1669) was a professor at Uppsala University and Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden.

Biography
Lenaeus was born at Länna parish in Uppland, Sweden where his father was parish priest. After several years of studies, mainly in Germany at universities in Rostock and Wittenberg, he was appointed professor of logic at Uppsala University in 1604. After being ordained priest, he was in 1613 also appointed  deputy vice-rector and professor of theology. After more studies in Germany, he was also appointed professor in Greek and Hebrew. In 1638, he was named the first theology professor and clergyman at Uppsala. Lenaeus was appointed Archbishop in 1647.

He text he wrote, Logica peripatetica (1633), gave a revival to the philosophy of peripatetics (Aristotelian philosophy).

Lenaeus was married in 1612 with Catharina Kenicia, daughter of Petrus Kenicius who was Archbishop of Uppsala from 1609 to his death in 1636.

Other sources

 * Nordisk Familjebok (1912), article Lenaeus

title: Johannes Canuti Lenaeus


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Taboo (film series)

Taboo is a pornographic movie series of the 1980s and 1990s, which eroticizes father-daughter & mother-son incest. It stars Kay Parker among others, and was directed by Kirdy Stevens among others.

 * Taboo (1980)
 * Taboo 2 (1982)
 * Taboo 3 - The Final Chapter (1984)
 * Taboo 4 - The Younger Generation (1985)
 * Taboo 5 - The Secret (1987)
 * Taboo 6 - The Obsession (1988)
 * Taboo 7 - The Wild And The Innocent (1989)
 * Taboo 8 - The Magic Is Back (1990)
 * Taboo 9 (1991)
 * Taboo 10 - Ten Years Later (1993)
 * Taboo 11 - Crazy On You (1994)
 * Taboo 12 (1994)

 * Taboo 13 (1994)
 * Taboo 14 - Kissing Cousins (1995)
 * Taboo 15 (1995)
 * Taboo 16 - But Not Sweet (1996)
 * Taboo 17 (1997)
 * Taboo 18 - Her Secret Life (1998)
 * Taboo 19 (1998)
 * Taboo 2001 - Sex Odyssey (2002)
 * Taboo 21 - Taboo 212 (2004)
 * Taboo 22 (2006)
 * Taboo 23 (2007)

Memoirs

 * Kay Parker: Taboo: Sacred, Don't Touch (a book where she talks about her past career in adult movies and her experiences with the Metaphysical)

title: Taboo (film series)


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The Louisville Cardinal

The Louisville Cardinal is the independent weekly student newspaper of the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. It is published every Tuesday during the academic year and once in late April for distribution throughout the summer. The Louisville Cardinal was founded in 1926 and has maintained financial and editorial independence since 1980. Recent advisers include Robert Schulman, Vince Staten, Kim Speirs, Mickey Meece and Ralph Merkel (current). Its Editor-In-Chief is Tate Luckey. Writers and editors of The Cardinal have gone on to work for the Associated Press, The Courier-Journal, Louisville Public Media, National Public Radio, Dallas Morning News, The Herald Leader, The Jeffersonville Evening News, Louisville Eccentric Observer (LEO), The New York Times, and Reuters. This paper contains News, Sports, Opinion and Features and hits the stands every Tuesday.

Archives
The Louisville Cardinal keeps a physical archive of past issues in their campus office at the University of Louisville, located in the Houchens Building. A digital archive was created in 2014 and includes all subsequent issues.

You can also find past issues on their main page under "issues" https://www.louisvillecardinal.com/this-weeks-issue/

Other publications
In 2013, The Louisville Cardinal published a commemorative book for the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship title. Unbreakable: Louisville's Inspired Championship Run features interviews, photography, and analysis produced by student reporters during the 2013 basketball season. The book also features writing about the University of Louisville's women's basketball team, who made it to the Final Four in the same season.

title: The Louisville Cardinal


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Humphrey Bogart

Humphrey Bogart
I'm not sure how this works, but I saw this photo on Sam Spades' userpage, and I think its a pretty good portrait of the actor. It is used in the Humphrey Bogart aricle (which I've noticed is featured article).
 * Nominate and support. --Abdominator 09:33, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Too low res by the way. Jonas Olson 10:53, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks great! Mgm|(talk) 10:54, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support A classic. We already have pics of much lower res as featured, BTW. Circeus 15:39, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Once again a Karsh portrait. It's not hard to find an higher resolution version IMO. However may I suggest Wikipedian to look for some Wikipedians pics instead of turning the Featured pictures in a Karsh/Edward S. Curtiss gallery :-) Ericd 16:00, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW as far as I know there's also a lot of photo by Dorothea Lange and Lewis Wickes Hine in the PD. Ericd 21:42, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Will support a higher-res version --Bricktop 21:53, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Nice pose, but I would prefer to see a higher-res version too. And there's this strange artefact between his head and the smoke. Enochlau 12:35, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - the resolution is fine. Many pics are absurdly huge and should be reduced to a 1024 by 768 maximum. Anything bigger won't fit on the screens of 95% of users. - Pioneer-12 23:06, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose because of the resolution, which may be fine for thumbnails in online Wikipedia articles, but not for use in print. There is no need for pics to be reduced in size because you can always view them in two smaller sizes (thumbnail and on the image page). Junes 09:54, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * +4 / -4 -- Solipsist 23:13, 13 May 2005 (UTC)


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Category:Toll roads in Australia

Toll roads in Australia include:

title: Category:Toll roads in Australia


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Perley A. Thomas

Perley Albert Thomas (1874–1958) was a Canadian-born American industrialist and entrepreneur. He was trained as a millsmith (specifically in woodworking), and moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he was employed by a streetcar manufacturer.

Thomas was born on a farm outside of Chatham, Ontario, grew up in the area and in 1901 he moved to the US settling in Detroit.

He attended night courses at Case Institute of Technology, and learned technical drawing, design skills, and structural engineering. As the streetcar manufacturers transitioned from wooden to steel construction, his expertise allowed him to accept a better offer with Southern Car Company in High Point, North Carolina, where he became chief engineer, and he and his wife moved south in 1910. Thomas became chief engineer, draftsman and designer for the company, using both his mechanical skills and his experience as a skilled woodworker. After he was laid off there when the company folded in 1916, he was persuaded to undertake a contract to renovate streetcars for the Southern Public Utilities Company of Charlotte, North Carolina, using Southern's former facilities and many of its employees. The following year, he organized Perley A. Thomas Car Works, which became famous for its streetcars.

Perley A. Thomas streetcars were renowned for their expert craftsmanship and solid construction, and operated in many large North American cities, including Detroit, Michigan, New York City, Miami, Florida and San Juan, Puerto Rico. A famous Tennessee Williams play and later film of the same name was set in New Orleans, Louisiana, where Perley A. Thomas streetcars were operated on the route labeled "Desire" around the period of 1947 in which the story was set; hence the name: A Streetcar Named Desire. Late in the 20th century, local employees carefully restored the cars, which operate on a heritage streetcar system.

As he had noted and taken advantage of the transition from wooden to steel streetcars, he also recognized the transition from streetcars to buses which North America was undergoing in the 1930s. Thomas guided his company through a transition to bus manufacturing in 1936.

The Perley A. Thomas Car Works was later reorganized as Thomas Built Buses, Inc., and became one of the three principal builders of large school buses in the United States by the end of the 20th century. It is still based in High Point, and is part of the Freightliner Group of Daimler AG, a worldwide automotive manufacturer.

Perley A. Thomas was inducted into the North Carolina Transportation Hall of Fame in 2004. He was inducted into the North American Railway Hall of Fame, St Thomas, Ontario, in 2010.

title: Perley A. Thomas


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Anna of Saxony

Anna of Saxony (23 December 1544 – 18 December 1577) was the heiress of Maurice, Elector of Saxony, and Agnes, eldest daughter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. Maurice's only son, Albert, died in infancy. Anna was the second wife of William the Silent.

Anna's wealth drew many suitors; before the proposal of William in 1560, there were negotiations with the Swedish royal house. She ultimately accepted his suit, and they were married on 25 August 1561.

Early life
Anna was born in Dresden on 23 December 1544, the eldest child of Duke Maurice of Saxony and his wife, Agnes of Hesse. After the death of her younger brother Albert (1545–1546), Anna grew up as an only child, and might have been spoiled by her parents, particularly her mother. There are indications that Anna suffered from a physical deformity (a back problem or uneven shoulders) and that she might have walked with a limp.

After her father's death on 11 July 1553, his younger brother, August (1526–1586), succeeded him as Elector of Saxony, resulting in a loss of Anna's in rank. Shortly afterwards, Anna's mother married Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony (1529–1595). On 4 November 1555, six months after her second marriage, her mother died under mysterious circumstances. The 11-year-old orphan then returned to her late father's Dresden court and was placed under the guardianship of her uncle August and his wife, Anne of Denmark and Norway. Sources indicate that the young princess chafed under her aunt's regime, was often unhappy and felt alone. At the same time, she was described as proud, defiant, and stubborn as well as intelligent and passionate.

Due to her late parents' legacies, Anna was considered the wealthiest heiress in Germany at the time. In 1556, Erik, son of the Swedish king Gustav Vasa, sought her hand in marriage, followed two years later by William of Orange. A marriage with a rich heiress and relation to the important electoral houses of Germany for him seemed of great value. Money may have not been one of the main motives for the marriage, but was probably the furthest planned course of the marriage. Anna's maternal grandfather, Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse, was opposed to the marriage. First, he did not consider William of Orange, already having a male heir, as befitting for an elector's daughter, believing she could marry someone of even higher rank. Secondly, there would have been too much debt incurred in the event of William's death. Philip's negative attitude delayed the marriage for a full year. Ultimately, however, the decisive factor was probably that William was a valuable ally for Germany and his Dutch resources for the Protestant cause.

Marriage to William I of Orange-Nassau
On 2 June 1561 the marriage contract was signed in Torgau. Anna's dowry would be the large sum of 100,000 thalers. The wedding took place on 24 August 1561 in Leipzig. On 1 September 1561 William of Orange, along with his young wife, relocated to the Netherlands.

The marriage produced five children, of whom three survived to adulthood:
 * 1) Anna (born and died Brussels, 31 October 1562).
 * 2) Anna (Breda, 5 November 1563 – Franeker, 13 June 1588), married on 25 November 1587 to William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg.
 * 3) Maurice August Philip (Brussels, 8 December 1564 – Brussels, 3 March 1566).
 * 4) Maurice (Dillenburg, 13 November 1567 – The Hague, 23 April 1625), later Prince of Orange and Governor of the Netherlands.
 * 5) Emilia (Köln, 10 April 1569 – Geneva, 6 March 1629), married on 7 November 1597 to Manuel of Portugal.

Just a few months after the wedding, in 1562 difficulties arose between her and her husband. Anna received letters from her uncle meant for William stating he should work more towards pleasing her. Both tried to end the rumours that they had an unhappy marriage. By 1565, it was well known in all the courts of Germany and the Netherlands that the marriage was an unhappy one. Her uncle August tried to save face by making claims that disputes arose due to his brother Louis antagonizing William. In 1566 William finally complained about the "contentious" nature of his wife to her Saxon uncle August and her Hessian uncle Landgrave Wilhelm IV of Hesse-Kassel (1532–1592).

After the death of her first son Maurice in 1566, Anna began to experience severe depression and suicidal thoughts for the first time. She also tried to drown her grief with excessive alcohol consumption.

In 1567 William had to flee due to his opposition to the Habsburg Netherlands, and went with his wife to Dillenburg, the German headquarters of the family. On 14 November 1567 she bore a son and named him Maurice again. At the baptism of 11–19 January 1568 a message arrived for William in Burgundy stating that on 20 December 1567 all his Dutch lands and possessions had been confiscated.

When Wilhelm on 15 August 1568 went back to Brabant to continue his war against the Spaniards, Anna decided on 20 October 1568 although pregnant again, to leave Dillenburg with her court (probably 43 people), to escape the antipathies of his mother and to create a new home in Cologne. Their two children, Anna and Maurits, had been taken by her mother-in-law to Braunfels due to the risk of disease. The next year, after a fierce battle with William's mother, she was able to bring her children back to him. Her daughter Emilia was born on 10 April 1569 in Cologne.

On 4 March 1569 Anna met her husband in Mannheim. William's campaign against the Duke of Alba had failed, and King Philip II of Spain had forced him out. After this, he left Germany and went to support the Huguenots in France in their faith struggles. Since William could no longer provide for the family, Anna looked to other means of support. She considered either persuading the Duke of Alba returning their confiscated goods, or demanding payment from Wilhelm as specified in the contract of 12,000 guilders or the castles of Diez or Hadamar. This would have meant a severe financial burden to be borne for Nassau. Anna became a substantial risk to the family.

To enforce their claims, they purchased the services of the successful lawyer Jan Rubens in the end of January 1569, the father of the painter Peter Paul Rubens, who had left Antwerp because of his Calvinist faith in 1568, and found refuge in Cologne. The case was begun in January 1570 at the Royal Brussels to take fiscal action for their confiscated goods in the Netherlands.

Affair
Anna desired to see her husband again and met with him in May 1570 in Butzbach to discuss financial matters as well as other important topics. In June 1570, Anna and William moved in together again in Siegen for a few weeks, where she had settled with her three children. It was there where she began an affair with her lawyer Jan Rubens.

During the Christmas holidays from 24 to 26 December 1570 William visited his family there again. It was likely a harmonious time, because he persuaded Anna to visit him in January 1571 in Dillenburg, where she even was willing to forego, for the time, payments from her jointure. She was pregnant again, this time from her lover. William accused Anna of adultery at this point and made plans to separate from her.

Rubens was often with Anna because he was their counsellor, financial advisor and attorney, and thus was suspected of adultery with Anna between 7 and 10 March 1571. He was arrested outside the city of Siegen when he was on his way to see her. He was blackmailed for a suitable confession. Anna was put under pressure too: either they must confess themselves or Rubens would be executed. Anna agreed on 26 March 1571 to plead guilty. On 22 August 1571 Anna's last child, Christine, was born. On the basis of the allegation, William of Orange didn't recognize the child as his daughter. Christine received the name van Dietz. On 14 December 1571 Anna had to sign their consent to the final separation from her husband. In addition, William of Orange was not willing to pay maintenance for her.

Imprisonment and death
In September 1572 Anna decided to challenge the Imperial Court's ruling for her financial rights. At this time her Hessian and Saxon relatives had already made plans to turn Beilstein castle into a prison, to hold her captive as an adulteress. On 1 October 1572, she was brought there with her youngest daughter Christine. Three years later, her daughter was taken from her.

In March of that year, although the divorce was not finalized, the first news appeared of an impending remarriage of William of Orange. His chosen wife was the former Abbess of Jouarre, Charlotte de Bourbon-Montpensier, a daughter of Louis II of Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier, and his first wife, Jacqueline de Longwy. Outraged at this news, some of Anna's relatives demanded the return of large wedding gifts despite her possible infidelity. Her Uncle August also demanded of William, whom he now called "Head of all the rogues and rebels " claimed one of the counties of Nassau, Hadamar and Diez. He also insisted that the marriage of the prince was not legally ended yet, and thus he had no right to remarry or confiscate her property. Anna did not admit her adultery in court, and if she did, then she could have proven that the prince had broken his marriage agreement. He also ordered the immediate transfer of his niece from Nassau to Saxony.

When Anna learned in December 1575 of her upcoming transferral to Saxony, she attempted suicide. After a long stay in Zeitz, she was taken to Dresden in December 1576. There, the windows of her room were walled up and fitted with additional iron bars. The only entrance was a door covered by an iron grill, with a square hole cut into it so that food and drink could be passed to her, making it virtually impossible to escape.

Anna died on 18 December 1577, likely of neglect, and was buried in Meissen.

title: Anna of Saxony


text:
Thevenard, South Australia

Thevenard (postcode 5690) is a port town in the far west of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. It is contiguous with the larger town of Ceduna. Its name derives from nearby Cape Thevenard, which in turn was named after Antoine-Jean-Marie Thévenard, a French admiral. In the, Thevenard had a population of 563.

The port handles bulk grain, gypsum, salt and zircon. Thevenard is a terminus of the privately operated Lake MacDonnell–Thevenard railway, which delivers three trains of bulk gypsum daily from the Lake MacDonnell mine, 65 km to the west. Production from the mine, owned by Gypsum Resources Australia, is about 3.5 million tonnes (3.4 million long tons) per year.

Iluka Resources exports about 300,000 tonnes (295,000 long tons) of zircon concentrate from Thevenard per year, which the company mines and processes at the Jacinth Ambrosia Mine, 270 km north-west of Thevenard; delivery is by road.

The jetty has two berths, each capable of handling ships of 198 m length over all and 28 m beam, with a berthing pocket 30 m wide and 9.8 m deep. A gantry supports a load-out conveyor and a discharge boom with a travel length of 160 m capable of bulk loading grain at 750 t per hour and gypsum at 950 t per hour into ships' holds with a maximum outreach of 18 m.

Thevenard is in the District Council of Ceduna local government area, the South Australian House of Assembly electoral district of Flinders and the Australian House of Representatives Division of Grey.

Greek immigration to Thevenard, especially by people in the fishing industry, has been important in shaping the town's culture. Greeks from Thevenard are believed to have introduced eating barramundi to Anglo-Celtic Australians.

title: Thevenard, South Australia


text:
Roberto Busa

Roberto Busa (November 28, 1913 – August 9, 2011) was an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the pioneers in the usage of computers for linguistic and literary analysis. He was the author of the Index Thomisticus, a complete lemmatization of the works of Saint Thomas Aquinas and of a few related authors.

Biography
Born in Vicenza, the second of five children, he attended primary school in Bolzano and grammar school in Verona and in Belluno. In 1928 he entered the Episcopal Seminary of Belluno, completing high school there, and took the first two-year course of Theology with Albino Luciani, the future Pope John Paul I. In 1933 he joined the Society of Jesus, where he got a diploma in Philosophy in 1937 and one in Theology in 1941 and where he was ordained priest in 1940. From 1940 till 1943 he was an auxiliary army chaplain in the National Army and later in the partisan forces. In 1946 he graduated in Philosophy at the Papal Gregorian University of Rome with a degree thesis entitled "The Thomistic Terminology of Interiority", which was published in 1949. He was full professor of Ontology, Theodicy and Scientific Methodology and, for some years, a librarian in the "Aloisianum" Faculty of Philosophy of Gallarate.

The Index Thomisticus
In 1946 he planned the Index Thomisticus, as a tool for performing text searches within the massive corpus of Aquinas's works. In 1949 he met with Thomas J. Watson, the founder of IBM, and was able to persuade him to sponsor the Index Thomisticus. The project lasted about 30 years, and eventually produced in the 1970s the 56 printed volumes of the Index Thomisticus. In 1989, a CD-ROM version was produced. In addition, in 2005 a web-based version made its debut, sponsored by the Fundación Tomás de Aquino and CAEL; the design and programming of this version were carried about by E. Alarcón and E. Bernot, in collaboration with Busa. In 2006 the Index Thomisticus Treebank project (directed by Marco Passarotti) started the syntactic annotation of the entire corpus.

The Busa Prize
The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO) awards the "Busa Prize", which honors leaders in the field of humanities computing. The first Busa Prize was awarded in 1998 to Busa himself. Later winners include:

 * John Burrows (Australia) (presented in 2001, New York, New York, USA)
 * Susan Hockey (UK) (presented in 2004, Gothenburg, Sweden)
 * Wilhelm Ott (Germany) (2007, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, USA)
 * Joseph Raben (USA) (2010, King's College London, UK)
 * Willard McCarty (UK) (2013, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA)
 * Helen Agüera (USA) (2016, Kraków, Poland)
 * Tito Orlandi (Italy) (2019, Utrecht, Netherlands)

Later projects
Before his death, Busa had been teaching at the Papal Gregorian University in Rome, at the "Aloisianum" Faculty of Philosophy in Gallarate, and at the Catholic Sacred Heart University in Milan. He was also working at the Lessico Tomistico Biculturale (Bicultural Thomistic Lexicon) project, which aims at understanding the Latin concepts used by Thomas Aquinas in the terms of contemporary culture. A selection of his works has been collected and translated by Julianne Nyhan and Marco Passarotti.

title: Roberto Busa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sherilyn chan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – Rich Farmbrough 18:19, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Sherilyn chan
Vanity or nonsense. Andypasto 10:02, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete -- Longhair | Talk 10:26, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 11:43, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. --Carnildo 22:41, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Nonsense, vanity, non-notable. Quale 05:05, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Perley A. Thomas

Perley A Thomas

Blurb for DYK
Did You Know

...that Perley A. Thomas was a Canadian millsmith who attended night courses, learned the skills necessary to work with steel, and became a renowned streetcar and bus manufacturer in High Point, North Carolina?

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Cardiolipin

Cardiolipin (IUPAC name 1,3-bis(sn-3’-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol, "sn" designating stereospecific numbering) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It can also be found in the membranes of most bacteria. The name "cardiolipin" is derived from the fact that it was first found in animal hearts. It was first isolated from the beef heart in the early 1940s by Mary C. Pangborn. In mammalian cells, but also in plant cells, cardiolipin (CL) is found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism.

Structure

Cardiolipin (CL) is a kind of diphosphatidylglycerol lipid. Two phosphatidic acid moieties connect with a glycerol backbone in the center to form a dimeric structure. So it has four alkyl groups and potentially carries two negative charges. As there are four distinct alkyl chains in cardiolipin, the potential for complexity of this molecule species is enormous. However, in most animal tissues, cardiolipin contains 18-carbon fatty alkyl chains with 2 unsaturated bonds on each of them. It has been proposed that the (18:2)4 acyl chain configuration is an important structural requirement for the high affinity of CL to inner membrane proteins in mammalian mitochondria. However, studies with isolated enzyme preparations indicate that its importance may vary depending on the protein examined. In vitro experiments have shown that CL has high affinity for curved membrane regions.

Since there are two phosphates in the molecule, each of them can catch one proton. Although it has a symmetric structure, ionizing one phosphate happens at a very different levels of acidity than ionizing both: pK1 = 3 and pK2 > 7.5. So under normal physiological conditions (wherein pH is around 7), the molecule may carry only one negative charge. The hydroxyl groups (–OH and –O−) on phosphate would form a stable intramolecular hydrogen bond with the centered glycerol's hydroxyl group, thus forming a bicyclic resonance structure. This structure traps one proton, which is quite helpful for oxidative phosphorylation.

As the head group forms such compact bicycle structure, the head group area is quite small relative to the big tail region consisting of 4 acyl chains. Based on this special structure, the fluorescent mitochondrial indicator, nonyl acridine orange (NAO) was introduced in 1982, and was later found to target mitochondria by binding to CL. NAO has a very large head and small tail structure which can compensate with cardiolipin's small head and large tail structure, and arrange in a highly ordered way. Several studies were published utilizing NAO both as a quantitative mitochondrial indicator and an indicator of CL content in mitochondria. However, NAO is influenced by membrane potential and/or the spatial arrangement of CL,  so it's not proper to use NAO for CL or mitochondria quantitative studies of intact respiring mitochondria. But NAO still represents a simple method of assessing CL content.

Methods to quantify and detect cardiolipin
The detection, quantification, and localisation of CL species is a valuable tool to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning several human disorders. CL is measured using liquid chromatography, usually combined with mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry imaging, shotgun lipidomics, ion mobility spectrometry, fluorometry, and radiolabelling. Therefore, the choice of the analytical method depends on the experimental question, level of detail, and sensitivity required.

Eukaryotic pathway
In eukaryotes such as yeasts, plants and animals, the synthesis processes are believed to happen in mitochondria. The first step is the acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate by a glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. Then acylglycerol-3-phosphate can be once more acylated to form a phosphatidic acid (PA). With the help of the enzyme CDP-DAG synthase (CDS) (phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase), PA is converted into cytidinediphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG). The following step is conversion of CDP-DAG to phosphatidylglycerol phosphate (PGP) by the enzyme PGP synthase, followed by dephosphorylation by PTPMT1 to form PG. Finally, a molecule of CDP-DAG is bound to PG to form one molecule of cardiolipin, catalyzed by the mitochondria-localized enzyme cardiolipin synthase (CLS).

Prokaryotic pathway
In prokaryotes such as bacteria, diphosphatidylglycerol synthase catalyses a transfer of the phosphatidyl moiety of one phosphatidylglycerol to the free 3'-hydroxyl group of another, with the elimination of one molecule of glycerol, via the action of an enzyme related to phospholipase D. The enzyme can operate in reverse under some physiological conditions to remove cardiolipin.

Catabolism
Catabolism of cardiolipin may happen by the catalysis of phospholipase A2 (PLA) to remove fatty acyl groups. Phospholipase D (PLD) in the mitochondrion hydrolyses cardiolipin to phosphatidic acid.

Regulates aggregate structures
Because of cardiolipin's unique structure, a change in pH and the presence of divalent cations can induce a structural change. CL shows a great variety of forms of aggregates. It is found that in the presence of Ca2+ or other divalent cations, CL can be induced to have a lamellar-to-hexagonal (La-HII) phase transition. And it is believed to have a close connection with membrane fusion.

Facilitates the quaternary structure
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase, also known as Complex IV, is a large transmembrane protein complex found in mitochondria and bacteria. It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial or bacterial membrane. It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c molecules, and transfers them to one oxygen molecule, converting molecular oxygen to two molecules of water. Complex IV has been shown to require two associated CL molecules in order to maintain its full enzymatic function. Cytochrome bc1 (Complex III) also needs cardiolipin to maintain its quaternary structure and functional role. Complex V of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery also displays high binding affinity for CL, binding four molecules of CL per molecule of complex V.

Triggers apoptosis
Cardiolipin distribution to the outer mitochondrial membrane would lead to apoptosis of the cells, as evidenced by cytochrome c (cyt c) release, Caspase-8 activation, MOMP induction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. During apoptosis, cyt c is released from the intermembrane spaces of mitochondria into the cytosol. Cyt c can then bind to the IP3 receptor on endoplasmic reticulum, stimulating calcium release, which then reacts back to cause the release of cyt c. When the calcium concentration reaches a toxic level, this causes cell death. Cytochrome c is thought to play a role in apoptosis via the release of apoptotic factors from the mitochondria. A cardiolipin-specific oxygenase produces CL hydroperoxides which can result in the conformation change of the lipid. The oxidized CL transfers from the inner membrane to the outer membrane, and then helps to form a permeable pore which releases cyt c.

Serves as proton trap for oxidative phosphorylation
During the oxidative phosphorylation process catalyzed by Complex IV, large quantities of protons are transferred from one side of the membrane to another side causing a large pH change. CL is suggested to function as a proton trap within the mitochondrial membranes, thereby strictly localizing the proton pool and minimizing the changes in pH in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

This function is due to CL's unique structure. As stated above, CL can trap a proton within the bicyclic structure while carrying a negative charge. Thus, this bicyclic structure can serve as an electron buffer pool to release or absorb protons to maintain the pH near the membranes.

Other functions

 * Cholesterol translocation from outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane
 * Activates mitochondrial cholesterol side-chain cleavage
 * Import protein into mitochondrial matrix
 * Anticoagulant function
 * Modulates α-synuclein - malfunction of this process is thought to be a cause of Parkinson's disease.

Clinical significance
Increasing evidence links aberrant CL metabolism and content to human disease. Human conditions include neurological disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders (a full list can be found at ). As the number of human diseases with CL profile abnormalities has exponentially grown, the use of qualitative and quantitative diagnostics has emerged as a necessity.

Barth syndrome
Barth syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that was recognised in the 1970s to cause infantile death. It has a mutation in the gene coding for tafazzin, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin. Tafazzin is an indispensable enzyme to synthesize cardiolipin in eukaryotes involved in the remodeling of CL acyl chains by transferring linoleic acid from PC to monolysocardiolipin. Mutation of tafazzin would cause insufficient cardiolipin remodeling. However, it appears that cells compensate and ATP production is similar or higher than normal cells. Females heterozygous for the trait are unaffected. Sufferers of this condition have mitochondria that are abnormal. Cardiomyopathy and general weakness is common to these patients.

Combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA)
In the metabolic disease combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA) due to ACSF3 deficiency, there is an altered composition of complex lipids as a result of impaired mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS), so for example the content of cardiolipins is strongly increased.

Tangier disease
Tangier disease is also linked to CL abnormalities. Tangier disease is characterized by very low blood plasma levels of HDL cholesterol, accumulation of cholesteryl esters in tissues, and an increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Unlike Barth syndrome, Tangier disease is mainly caused by abnormal enhanced production of CL. Studies show that there are three to fivefold increase of CL level in Tangier disease. Because increased CL levels would enhance cholesterol oxidation, and then the formation of oxysterols would consequently increase cholesterol efflux. This process could function as an escape mechanism to remove excess cholesterol from the cell.

Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease
Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are believed to be contributing factors leading to neuronal loss and mitochondrial dysfunction in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease, and may play an early role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. It is reported that CL content in the brain decreases with aging, and a recent study on rat brain shows it results from lipid peroxidation in mitochondria exposed to free radical stress. Another study shows that the CL biosynthesis pathway may be selectively impaired, causing 20% reduction and composition change of the CL content. It is also associated with a 15% reduction in linked complex I/III activity of the electron transport chain, which is thought to be a critical factor in the development of Parkinson's disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and heart failure
Recently, it is reported that in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and heart failure, decreased CL levels and change in acyl chain composition are also observed in the mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the role of CL in aging and ischemia/reperfusion is still controversial.

Diabetes
Heart disease is twice as common in people with diabetes. In diabetics, cardiovascular complications occur at an earlier age and often result in premature death, making heart disease the major killer of diabetic people. Cardiolipin has been found to be deficient in the heart at the earliest stages of diabetes, possibly due to a lipid-digesting enzyme that becomes more active in diabetic heart muscle.

Syphilis
Cardiolipin from a cow heart is used as an antigen in the Wassermann test for syphilis. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies can also be increased in numerous other conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus, malaria and tuberculosis, so this test is not specific.

HIV-1
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has infected more than 60 million people worldwide. HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein contains at least four sites for neutralizing antibodies. Among these sites, the membrane-proximal region (MPR) is particularly attractive as an antibody target because it facilitates viral entry into T cells and is highly conserved among viral strains. However, it is found that two antibodies directed against 2F5, 4E10 in MPR react with self-antigens, including cardiolipin. Thus, it's difficult for such antibodies to be elicited by vaccination.

Cancer
It was first proposed by Otto Heinrich Warburg that cancer originated from irreversible injury to mitochondrial respiration, but the structural basis for this injury has remained elusive. Since cardiolipin is an important phospholipid found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane and very essential in maintaining mitochondrial function, it is suggested that abnormalities in CL can impair mitochondrial function and bioenergetics. A study published in 2008 on mouse brain tumors supporting Warburg's cancer theory shows major abnormalities in CL content or composition in all tumors.

Antiphospholipid syndrome
Patients with anti-cardiolipin antibodies (Antiphospholipid syndrome) can have recurrent thrombotic events even early in their mid- to late-teen years. These events can occur in vessels in which thrombosis may be relatively uncommon, such as the hepatic or renal veins. These antibodies are usually picked up in young women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. In anti-cardiolipin-mediated autoimmune disease, there is a dependency on the apolipoprotein H for recognition.

Bartonella infection
Bartonellosis is a serious chronic bacterial infection shared by both cats and humans. Spinella found that one patient with bartonella henselae also had anti-cardiolipin antibodies, suggesting that bartonella may trigger their production.

Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome is debilitating illness of unknown cause that often follows an acute viral infection. According to one research study, 95% of CFS patients have anti-cardiolipin antibodies.

title: Cardiolipin


text:
Talk:List of Singapore-related topics

comment
The sportspeople section (under people and under sports) are duplicated, but the content are not the same. - Privacy 10:18, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Not just for sports, there also duplications for artists, politicians etc. I feel that the easiest way is to put all people's entries into categories under "People". In this case, it is easier to search. --Vsion 09:40, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

List is generated by Bot
This list is generated by a bot, based on category pages. It finds 345 Singapore-related categories and 2303 articles. If there is any error, suggestion, or request for update, please send me a message. --Vsion 06:22, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow...how does the bot do that?!--Huaiwei 12:20, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * These articles are listed on the category-pages, so the bot reads the page on Category:Singapore, extracts the data, and then does the same for the sub-categories and so on. Some entries previously in the list were removed, such as the MIT, other foreign universities, international organisations, etc, because these articles were not listed in any singapore-related category. Sorry about that. If you want to include them, I could fix it manually, but it would be easier to assign them to a category that is descendant to Category:Singapore, so that it is automated. The list of articles, ( as in List of Singapore-related topics by alphabetical order), should be useful. 2303 articles is alot, but it would be interesting to see how many are non-stub, with no cleanup/expand tag, etc. Will want the bot to do this as well. :D --Vsion 22:46, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh icic...so it wont be able to seach for Singapore-related articles which are not assigned a Singapore-related category?--Huaiwei 04:14, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That is correct. In the list, each section heading matches the name of a category exactly. For example, List of Singapore-related topics corresponds to Category:Bridges in Singapore, and the list of articles under that section is the same as that category. So, it relies on the New Pages Patroller to assign the Cats; Category:Singapore-X-stubs are also okay. Hmm, you raise an important point: what about the uncategorised articles, or article not categorised under Singapore? The problem is finding them. Any suggestion? --Vsion 04:59, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm.. this problem is more serious than I thought. Just found one article Archbishop Nicholas Chia, that was not categorised under Singapore. There are million+ articles in wikipedia, how to search for them? --Vsion 05:11, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I suppose we just have to snoop around wikipedia more. :D Asking the bot to do a wikiwide seatrch would probably turn up thousands upon thousands of articles on any topic so long that the word "Singapore" appears on it. It is also by pure chance that I spotted East Coast Seafood Centre when writing about eateries in Singapore, and discovered obnoxious foreigners attempting to claim its non-notability! :D--Huaiwei 05:30, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Is the bot still working? I don't see any recent bot edits at all. — Cheers, Jack Lee  –talk– 20:18, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

pls remove
pls remove the following temples under the 'Buddhist Temples' section becos those are taoist and chinese folks temple, NOT buddhist monasteries nor dharma centers. (btw, 'monastery' is a more appropriate name than 'temple' in buddhism)

* Hong San See * Jin Long Si Temple * Tan Si Chong Su   * Thian Hock Keng * Yueh Hai Ching Temple

 * Working on it where the bandwidth avails, thanks 林榮祥 05:11, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

Some clean up
Yesterday and today I worked on this list article a fair bit and this morning I removed the clean-up tag, although the list still needs more work. Now at any rate it has an intro, which it lacked before, and in the headings I have removed the constant reiteration of "Singapore" or "Singaporean" which is redundant in an article like this which is about Singapore. Invertzoo (talk) 12:21, 21 June 2014 (UTC)

 * The list is indeed still a little messy, meanwhile it is readable though 林榮祥 05:11, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

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Proposed merge of Outline of Singapore with List of Singapore-related topics
Both are lists of topics relating to Singapore. List of Singapore-related topics, over the years have been become a long, almost unmanageable mess, while Outline of Singapore requires some updating. I believe content from both lists can be merged and trimmed. Personally, I would prefer the layout and organisation in the Outline of Singapore list, with certain links in their own topic list, offhandedly i.e. List of Buddhist Temples in Singapore. – robertsky (talk) 17:47, 25 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree with the idea, its almost identical and Outline of Singapore is basically a list of Singapore-related topics. --Justanothersgwikieditor (talk) 07:32, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Pinging Perhaps the topics list should be merged into the outline, rather than the other way around, especially if the layout and organization of the outline is to be retained? Otherwise, would we have a standard outline with the wrong title?  Both of the pages are outlines, by definition, as each has a hierarchical structure. But, there is an ongoing naming conflict inherent in the set of "List of x topics"...  There are two types of topics lists on Wikipedia (based on how their contents are organized): outlines, and indexes. The former has topic-structured headings and the latter has alphabetical-letter headings.  The corresponding Outline of and Index of titles came about because there was a conflict in the prior naming scheme of "List of x topics", in that both types of topics lists competed for the same title. For example, you can't have a List of x topics that is an outline if there is already a List of x topics that is an index. Thus, some of the List of x topics are organized as outlines (with structured headings), and some are organized as indexes (alphabetical headings). It is essentially a deprecated naming convention, as the vast majority of topics lists have been being given the name "Outline of" or "Index of" for this very reason.  Another consideration is that, of the two sets of titles (Outline of x, List of x topics), the set of outlines is the larger, there being over 700 outlines, compared to around 165 "List of x topics" pages.  Comparing geographical article lists, there are about 200 that are named "Outline of place name", and about 50 named "List of placename-related topics". Almost all of the geographical Outline of pages follow the same organization/layout standard, and they also match the non-geographical outline standard in many ways, very much making them a part of a standard set.  Speaking of outline sets, here is the set of city outlines that the "Outline of Singapore" belongs to:

 * 1) Outline of Athens
 * 2) Outline of Bangkok
 * 3) Outline of Barcelona
 * 4) Outline of Boston
 * 5) Outline of Cairo
 * 6) Outline of Cape Town
 * 7) Outline of Dresden
 * 8) Outline of Dubai
 * 9) Outline of Edinburgh
 * 10) Outline of Geneva
 * 11) Outline of Hong Kong
 * 12) Outline of Istanbul
 * 13) Outline of Jakarta
 * 14) Outline of Kyoto
 * 15) Outline of London
 * 16) Outline of Macau
 * 17) Outline of Milan
 * 18) Outline of Munich
 * 19) Outline of Naples
 * 20) Outline of New York City
 * 21) Outline of Ottawa
 * 22) Outline of Palermo
 * 23) Outline of Paris
 * 24) Outline of Philadelphia
 * 25) Outline of Prague
 * 26) Outline of Rio de Janeiro
 * 27) Outline of Rome
 * 28) Outline of Saint Petersburg
 * 29) Outline of Singapore
 * 30) Outline of Stockholm
 * 31) Outline of Sydney
 * 32) Outline of Toronto
 * 33) Outline of Turin
 * 34) Outline of Vatican City
 * 35) Outline of Venice
 * 36) Outline of Vienna
 * 37) Outline of Washington, D.C.

Note, that Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, and Vatican City are city states, so their outlines share a lot in common with the country outlines. Just some observations I thought you might want to think about. Sincerely,  — The Transhumanist   08:29, 15 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Given no further discussions, I have decided to enact a redirection of List of Singapore-related topics to Outline of Singapore. The List of Singapore-related topics, at its present state, is closer being a List of Singapore-related articles of which has been maintained and curated actively, thus serving a somewhat duplicated purpose of the related article list. Additionally, the Outline of Singapore article has been touched up with various wikilinks and external links updated. This redirection is done in reflection of the comment above by Transhumanist. – robertsky (talk) 05:21, 5 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Singapore-related topics


text:
Bill Putnam

Milton Tasker "Bill" Putnam (February 20, 1920 – April 13, 1989) was an American audio engineer, songwriter, producer, studio designer, and businessman. He has been described as "the father of modern recording". He was the inventor of the modern recording console and is recognized as having been a key figure in the development of the postwar commercial recording industry.

Former colleague Bruce Swedien described Putnam's achievements:

 * "Bill Putnam was the father of recording as we know it today. The processes and designs which we take for granted — the design of modern recording desks, the way components are laid out and the way they function, console design, cue sends, multitrack switching — they all originated in Bill's imagination."

Early life and education
Bill Putnam was born on February 20, 1920 in Danville, Illinois. Putnam's father owned several business enterprises related to the coal mining business and also ran a radio program at WDZ in Tuscola, Illinois. While in the Boy Scouts, working toward a 'wireless' merit badge, Bill built a crystal radio and a one-tube radio with his father's help, sparking his love of electronics. At thirteen, he tried and failed to become a licensed ham radio operator but at fifteen he succeeded, earning a Class B call sign W9PUK and building his own ham radio.

Bill Putnam attended Danville High School, where two of his school classmates were Dick Van Dyke and Bobby Short. In his early high school years, he worked part time in a friend's radio shop, learning about radio repair and PA systems. He began singing with a number of regional bands which played college campus gigs, developing his interest in jazz and the music business. He realized that musicians were his favorite people. By his junior year, Putnam was earning $5 per night singing with dance bands and owned his own ham radio shop where he also installed car radios on weekends. After Putnam graduated from high school, he sold his radio shop for $700 and decided to study broadcast engineering at Valparaiso Technical Institute; his professors were J.B. Hershmann and the school's future dean, Cloid Patton.

Putnam returned to his hometown of Danville to work in the engineering department at WDAN, and later became the chief engineer at WDWS in Champaign, Illinois. He began writing articles for Radio and Television magazine.

Military service
In 1941 at the age of 21, Putnam received a draft notice and became a civil service employee working on radio ranges for the United States Army Corps of Engineers under the Sixth Service Command in Chicago. He later worked for G-2 on several different projects, the first one was miniaturizing mine detectors to develop a miniature, concealable gun detector used by the United States Secret Service to protect President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference. Putnam also worked for the Armed Forces Network to record big bands.

Illinois (1946–1957)
In 1946, Putnam founded Universal Recording Corporation in Evanston, Illinois to pursue the development of specialized recording equipment and new recording techniques. He secured a lucrative contract to record and delay broadcast transcriptions shows for the ABC radio network.

In 1947, Putnam moved Universal Recording to the 42nd floor of the Chicago Civic Opera Building striking a deal with The Harmonicats to help facilitate a recording session and record release in exchange for a portion of the sales of the record. His use of the building's bathroom as an echo chamber for the recording of Peg o' My Heart was the first artistic use of artificial reverb in a popular song. The song sold 1.4 million copies, inspiring Putnam to establish the Vitacoustic and Universal Records labels and attracted new clients to record with Putnam at Universal Recording.

In the same year, Putnam made the first recording of a single artist singing more than one line on a recording; it was recorded with Patti Page and George Barnes, who suggested the "duet." Page sang one vocal line of "Confess" and the second part was recorded onto a large 17.25" disc, then played back as she sang the main vocal line; the two vocals and accompaniment were wedded onto a wire recorder. Shortly thereafter, Les Paul utilized his own technique for multiplying guitars and vocals, using magnetic tape.

In 1955, Putnam built Universal Recording a new 15,000 square foot facility at 46 E. Walton Street. His company quickly became Chicago's largest independent studio, sometimes referred to as the "grand palace," recording projects for independent Chicago record labels like Vee-Jay, Mercury, Chess, and One-derful. His reputation grew quickly thanks to his work with artists such as Count Basie, Sarah Vaughan, Little Walter, Dinah Washington, Vic Damone, and Duke Ellington, who said Putnam was his favorite engineer.

There were a number of 'firsts' for the recording industry during Putnam's time at Universal Recording including the first use of tape repeat, the first vocal booth, the first multiple voice recording, one of the first to use 8-track recording (preceded by Les Paul and Tom Dowd), the first use of delay lines in the studio, and the first release (in 1956) of half-speed mastered discs (on the Mercury label.)

By the mid-1950s, Putnam was one of the most sought-after engineer-producers in the United States. Sam Phillips sent Elvis Presley's Mystery Train and I Forgot to Remember to Forget to Putnam in August, 1955 with the instructions: "Give me 'hot' level on both 78 and 45's and as much presence peak and bass as possible!" Universal Recording had become so successful that clients including Nelson Riddle, Mitch Miller, and Quincy Jones began urging Putnam to open a facility on the west coast.

California
In 1957, with support from Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby, Putnam sold his interest in Universal Recording and moved to Hollywood, taking over and remodeling a defunct film studio at 6050 Sunset Boulevard establishing a new company, United Recording.

Determined to incorporate as many technological innovations into the new complex as possible, Putnam constructed new facilities, including a significant modernization of studio control room concept to permit multi-track monitoring and recording. It featured his innovative design to provide overhead forward speaker mounting and provided seating space for guests while improving the engineer's view of the studio (control rooms of the era had typically been small booths). United's facilities included three acoustically isolated studios of varying sizes, three lacquer mastering studios (one stereo) and a stereo re-mixing room. Additionally each studio had its own stereo acoustic reverberation room. All facilities were cross connected electronically at a central location and all facilities were available to each other as needed.

In 1961, Putnam acquired the neighboring Western Recorders located at 6000 Sunset, remodeled it, and incorporated it into the complex which was renamed United Western Recorders. He was Frank Sinatra's preferred engineer, and Sinatra put him on retainer to ensure his availability. When Sinatra founded Reprise Records, his office was in the Western Recorders building.

At the time Putnam started United Recording, stereo recording was new and considered by the major record labels as little more than a novelty. But he foresaw its importance and at his own expense, began making and stockpiling simultaneous stereo mixes of recordings produced at United. About 1962, as consumer demand for stereo recordings was surging, the major labels offered to buy Putnam's stockpile of stereo recordings. He negotiated a lucrative deal, whereby he was recompensed not for the finished recordings, but for the (much more expensive) studio time used in mixing the stereo versions. According to his former associate, Allen Sides, at this time United Recording was bringing in around $200,000 per month in studio billing (equivalent to $ per month today).

After the United/Western merger and at the request of several film music producers in Hollywood who were looking for a more modern sound for their films, the studios began to record film scores utilizing multi-track film recorders. Playing video cues and sync recording mono audio for quick playback in the studio was also a very popular time saver.

In 1962, sensing a business opportunity in the Bay Area's commercial jingle industry, Putnam purchased a majority interest in Coast Recorders and moved the studio to a location at 960 Bush Street. He eventually relocated Coast Recorders to a two-floor studio complex of his own design at 827 Folsom Street, where Francis Ford Coppola leased space on the second floor for his American Zoetrope film studio. Less than a year later on September 15, 1970, Putnam sold majority control of the building to Columbia Records, a division of CBS. The location later became the home of The Automatt recording studio.

In 1963, Putnam extended his studio presence to Las Vegas when he established United Recording Corporation of Nevada, or URCON, complete with a fully-equipped remote recording truck. In 1966, Putnam sold URCON to Bill Porter.

In 1985, Putnam sold the original United Recording studio to Allen Sides, who renamed it Ocean Way Recording.

Universal Audio and UREI
Putnam developed the first US multi-band audio equalizer and established Universal Audio as well as Universal Recording Electronics Industries (UREI) in the second story loft of United Recording, in 1958 as a means to develop and manufacture studio equipment. That included custom Studio Electronics recording consoles, outfitted with Putnam's 610 modular channel strips, all of which soon became standard equipment in studios all over America. His companies were also responsible for the vacuum tube-based LA-2A and 176 compressors, and their transistor based successors, the LA-3A and 1176. They also developed the Time Align Monitor Series.

UREI outgrew the loft above United Recording and relocated to a wing of the Western Recorders building, later moving again to a much larger headquarters in North Hollywood, with Putnam eventually selling it to Harman Industries.

Personal life
Putnam was married four times. He and his first wife had a son and daughter, Scott and Sue; Grace elected to stay in Danville, Illinois with their children when Bill joined the U.S. Army Band and was stationed near the North Side of Chicago. After his discharge from the Army he and Grace divorced. After Universal Recording moved to Walton Street, Bill met Belinda Richmond, a singer at a nearby club near Universal Recording Corp's Walton Street location and the two were married. Richmond worked at the studios as a tape editor and part time file librarian. But after moving to Hollywood, Putnam's long hours at Universal Recording again led to a divorce. Frank Sinatra introduced Putnam to his assistant, Miriam Simons (also known as 'Tookie'), who became his third wife; Bill and Miriam had two sons, Bill Jr. and Jim. Miriam died unexpectedly and Bill did not marry again until after he sold the company and retired. In retirement he and his last wife, Caroline, moved to Ventura Keys, California.

Bill Putnam died in Riverside, California at the age of 69; he was laid to rest in Valley Oaks Memorial Park in Westlake Village. Many record executives and industry colleagues attended the service and a group of musicians formed a band to play some of his favorite songs.

Awards

 * The Audio Engineering Society awarded Putnam a Fellowship Award in 1959, and an Honorary Membership in 1983 "for lifelong contributions to studio design and to the design and making of audio instruments and equipment."
 * In 2000, Putnam received a posthumous Special Merit/Technical Grammy Award for his contribution to the music industry.

title: Bill Putnam


text: Template:Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Norway


text:
Shigaraki train disaster

The Shigaraki train disaster (信楽高原鐵道衝突事故) was a railway accident that occurred in Shigaraki (now Koka), Shiga Prefecture, Japan on May 14, 1991. A Shigaraki Kōgen Railway (SKR) train and a West Japan Railway Company (JR West) train collided head-on, killing 42 people and injuring 614 others. Until the Amagasaki derailment in 2005, this was the deadliest railway disaster in Japan since the Yokohama rail crash of 1963, which killed 161 people.

Accident
The accident happened at 10:35 (1:35 UTC) local time on May 14, 1991, on the SKR Shigaraki Line between Onotani Signal Station and Shigarakigūshi.

A special JR West rapid service train (501D) from Kyoto bound for Shigaraki had entered the Shigaraki Line at Kibukawa Station from the Kusatsu Line, transporting 716 passengers to the World Ceramic Festival that was being held in Shigaraki at the time.

Going in the opposite direction, an SKR local train (534D) had left Shigaraki and headed for Kibukawa, despite a red signal.

The Onotani Signal Station (小野谷信号場) was the only point on the single-track line where two trains can safely pass, but the JR West train had already gone past that signal station, as it was given a green signal despite the approaching SKR train. The signal station has been deactivated since the disaster.

Causes
The primary causes of the accidents were SKR officials allowing the eastbound SKR train to pass red signals and the failed interlocking that allowed the westbound JR West train to advance past Onotani Signal Station. Both SKR and JR West had independently made unauthorized modification to the signal system, which led to the confusion that prompted the SKR staff to send a train against a red signal, and the faulty wiring that showed the JR West train a green signal, when the approaching SKR train should have turned the signal to red.

Aftermath
SKR suspended passenger service while the Shiga Prefecture and Ministry of Transport conducted investigations, and service did not reopen until December 1991. When service resumed, the use of Onotani Signal Station as a passing point was discontinued. As a result, service frequency was reduced from twice an hour to once an hour, with operation in only one direction at any time.

In 1999, the two companies have had a complaint set against them for having negligence for the victims of the train disaster. In the same year, the two companies were put on trial in the Ōtsu District Court. In 2002, in the Osaka High Court, the West Japan Railway Company was found guilty of negligence. The West Japan Railway Company however did not appeal against the verdict of the High Court.

JR West discontinued through train operations to the Shigaraki Line, while other Japan Railways Group companies similarly discontinued non-regular through train operations to private and Third Sector railway lines.

The World Ceramic Festival, which was to continue until May 26, was cancelled the day following the accident.

title: Shigaraki train disaster


text:
MS Oranje

MS Oranje, later known as Angelina Lauro, was a Dutch passenger liner, a wartime hospital ship, and finally a cruise ship. The ship underwent 25 years' service as Oranje, and fifteen as Angelina Lauro. She was a cruise ship for the last seven years of her career. An extensive film of a cruise she made in 1954 exists in the London Cinema Museum archive.

In 1979, while the vessel was docked in a port at Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, a fire broke out in the crew area that spread to the passenger areas; and she was declared a total loss. She sank on her route to the scrapyard.

Early career and World War 2
The MS Oranje was ordered by Netherland Line and was built in the Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij shipyard. The ship was ceremonially launched on 8 September 1938, On 15 July 1939, the finished ship was delivered to the Netherland Line and shortly afterward was used for the line's scheduled service from Amsterdam to Batavia (Jakarta). But when the ship arrived, World War II had begun, and she was laid up in Surabaya for the safety of the ship. In February 1941, the ship's captain was ordered to sail to Sydney and to hand over his ship to the Royal Australian Navy. The Dutch government agreed with the Australian government that the Oranje would be converted into a hospital ship. Although she was under Australian command, she kept her Dutch crew and remained under the Dutch flag throughout the war.

Post-war career
From October 1946 to 1957, the ship returned to its original owners to resume passenger service. The Indonesian War of Independence and its nationalist course led to a decrease in passenger numbers. In February 1951, the Oranje made her first around the world cruise: from Amsterdam via the Panama Canal to Australia and New Zealand and back via Singapore and the Suez Canal to Amsterdam. Between 8 and 18 June 1951, she voyaged to Lisbon and Madeira with 650 passengers.

Collision with Willem Ruys
On 6 January 1953, MS Oranje collided in the Red Sea with  Willem Ruys, which was heading in the opposite direction. At that time, it was common for passenger ships to pass each other at close range to entertain their passengers. During the (later heavily criticized) abrupt and fast approach of Oranje, Willem Ruys made an unexpected swing to port, resulting in a collision. Oranje badly damaged her bow. As she might have been impounded for safety reasons, she was unable to call at Colombo as scheduled and went directly to Jakarta. Willem Ruys suffered less damage. There was no loss of life. Later, it was determined that miscommunication on both ships had caused the collision. The ship's final voyage for Netherland Line was in 1964.

Lauro Lines
On 4 September 1964, both she and the  MS Willem Ruys were sold to an Italian company, Flotta Lauro Lines. Oranje was then sent to Genoa for an extensive refit at the Cantieri Navali del Tirreno shipyards. On 6 March 1966 the Angelina Lauro departed on her maiden voyage from Bremerhaven to Fremantle, Melbourne Sydney and Wellington. In 1977 the ship was chartered by Costa Lines. However, in 1979 while in a pier at Saint Thomas, she caught fire, which burned in the ship's hull for days; and was declared a total loss. On 30 July 1979, the ship's burned hull was planned to be towed to a scrapyard at Kaohsiung. Then on 21 September 1979, the ship's weakened hull (which the fire had affected), began to fill with water. Three days later the Angelina Lauro sank in the mid-Pacific, on 24 September 1979.

title: MS Oranje


text:
Emma Anderson

Emma Anderson (born 10 June 1967) is an English musician. She is a songwriter, and was guitarist and singer in the shoegazing/Britpop band Lush.

Early life
Born in Wimbledon, London, the adopted daughter of a former army officer who ran a gentleman's club in Piccadilly, Anderson attended several schools before taking her O-Levels at Queen's College, where she met Miki Berenyi. As keen music fans, they wrote a fanzine called Alphabet Soup.

Musical career
Anderson's first band, which she joined in 1986, was the Rover Girls (which featured Chris P Mowforth and Stuart Watson, who were both later in Silverfish) as a bass player.

In 1987, while Anderson was at Ealing College of Higher Education studying Humanities and Berenyi was at North London Polytechnic, they formed Lush. Lush played their very first performance at the Camden Falcon in London on 6 March 1988. They went on to reasonable success, having a number of Top 40 hits over an eight-year career. Anderson told Everett True in Melody Maker, "I remember when I couldn't play, I wasn't in a band, didn't know anyone else who could play, and now we've got a record out on 4AD. I sometimes find it impossible to come to terms with what's happening." Anderson and Berenyi were the only women to take part in the 1992 Lollapalooza tour of the United States.

Anderson and Berenyi became major music press celebrities as part of The Scene That Celebrates Itself. Music magazines the NME and Melody Maker gleefully reported their social activities on a regular basis, which could be said to overshadow their increasingly strong songwriting. As drummer Chris Acland stated, "people seem to want to talk about Lush's relationship to the press more than they want to talk about Lush."

Of the sound of Lush, Emma said, "We were kind of punk rock in one way. We did think 'Well, if they can do it, why the fuck can't we?' Basically, our idea was to have extremely loud guitars with much weaker vocals. And, really the vocals were weaker due to nervousness – we'd always be going 'Turn them down! Turn them down!'."

After their biggest hits, the Top 30 "Single Girl", "Ladykillers" and "500 (Shake Baby Shake)" and Top 10 album, Lovelife, the band's drummer Chris Acland took his own life in 1996. The members were devastated and they split in 1996. Lush officially announced their breakup on 23 February 1998.

While a member of Lush, Anderson also worked with Drum Club contributing vocals and guitar on "Spaced Out Locked In" on their 1993 album Everything Is Now, also playing guitar on "Sound System".

In 1997, Anderson formed a new band with vocalist Lisa O'Neill, Sing-Sing. Emma explained how it started, "I just started writing songs not really knowing what was going to happen though I kind of knew I didn't want to form another 4-piece indie band. I demoed those songs for 4AD with myself singing but was dropped but I wasn't fazed. I then met Lisa O'Neill via a guy I was going out with at the time. She had worked with Mark Van Hoen whom funnily enough, someone I knew said, was looking for collaborators so it kind of all fell into place and Sing-Sing was born." They released two albums – The Joy of Sing-Sing in 2001 and Sing-Sing and I in 2005, before officially disbanding on New Year's Day 2008.

Anderson joined in reforming Lush in 2015, releasing a four-track EP Blind Spot in early 2016.

In July 2023 it was announced that Anderson’s debut solo album Pearlies would be released on 20 October 2023 through label Sonic Cathedral.

Lush

 * Scar (mini-LP) – October 1989
 * Gala – December 1990
 * Spooky – January 1992
 * Split – June 1994
 * Lovelife – March 1996
 * Ciao! Best of Lush – 2001
 * Blind Spot EP – April 2016

Sing-Sing

 * The Joy of Sing-Sing – 2001
 * Sing-Sing and I – 2005

Solo

 * Pearlies – 2023

title: Emma Anderson


text:
Talk:Cookin' with the Miles Davis Quintet

Untitled
The text inserted by an anonymous user at 69.138.134.15 was a cut-and-paste job from the [All Music Guide], which is copyrighted. --Andrew Norman 10:31, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Doesn't reproducing the liner notes in their entirety violate copyright? Tomwaits 17:17, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Just Squeeze Me
Which issue of the album included "Just Squeeze Me" from Miles: The New Miles Davis Quintet? Every version of this album I've known ends at "Tune Up/When Lights Are Low." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Agnamaracs (talk • contribs) 02:57, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Answer: it is listed on the rear of the original LP. Steve Hoffman include it in his CD reissue. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.210.114.183 (talk) 14:01, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move per request. Probably could have been listed at uncontroversial moves.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 14:46, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Cookin& → — "The" should be lowercase. Paulgjackson (talk) 08:28, 17 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Airegin
Does Sonny Rollins or Coltrane play on this track? Apparent discrepancy between album article and song article. 68.167.71.55 (talk) 22:40, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

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text:
Kristen Johnston

Kristen Angela Johnston (born September 20, 1967) is an American actress. Best known for her work on television sitcoms, she twice won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Sally Solomon in 3rd Rock from the Sun. She starred as divorce attorney Holly Franklin on The Exes, and as recovering addict Tammy Diffendorf on Mom. She has also appeared in the films Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999), The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000), Music and Lyrics (2007), and Bride Wars (2009).

Her memoir Guts: The Endless Follies and Tiny Triumphs of a Giant Disaster (2012) was a New York Times best-seller. Through her nonprofit organization SLAM, she works as an advocate for sober high schools.

Early life
Kristen Angela Johnston was born on September 20, 1967. Johnston is the daughter of former Wisconsin Republican state senator Rod Johnston. She is of English and German descent. She grew up in a suburb of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and graduated from Whitefish Bay High School in 1985. Johnston earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in drama at New York University.

Career
Johnston made her professional stage debut with New York's Atlantic Theater Company, founded by playwright David Mamet, where she appeared in many productions including As You Like It and Stage Door. She performed with the Naked Angels Theater Company in The Stand-In and Hot Keys, and with New York Stage and Film in Kim's Sister with David Strathairn and Jane Adams. For her performance in The Lights at Lincoln Center Theater, she was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Best Supporting Actress.

A Carsey-Werner casting agent who saw her in The Lights recommended her for the role of Sally Solomon on the TV series 3rd Rock from the Sun. After numerous auditions in 1996, she won the part and starred on the show from 1996 to 2001, winning two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She made her feature film debut in The Debt, winner of Best Short at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. In 1995, she played Kate in the film Backfire! She played Esmeralda, a sea hag in Thrill Ride, a family friendly film released in 2016. Her other television credits include guest-starring roles on Chicago Hope, Hearts Afire, and The 5 Mrs. Buchanans. She narrated Microscopic Milton on the Disney Channel. Her significant roles in commercially successful movies include Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me in 1999, Ice Age, and Music and Lyrics in 2007. In 1998, she was a spokesmodel for the Clairol company.

Johnston appeared in the sixth and final season of HBO's comedy drama series Sex and the City. In the "Splat!" episode, her character, Lexi Featherston, an aging party girl, accidentally falls out of a window and dies (after saying, "I'm so bored I could die"), prompting Carrie Bradshaw (played by Sarah Jessica Parker) to reexamine her life. In 2005, Johnston was featured in six episodes of NBC's ER. In 2009, she was cast as Patsy in a proposed American remake of the British TV series Absolutely Fabulous. A pilot was filmed but it wasn't picked up to series. She had a recurring role in the 2009 season of Ugly Betty, and had a single-episode appearance as a dominatrix in the second season opener of Bored to Death.

She starred in the TV Land sitcom The Exes, which ran for four seasons from November 30, 2011 to September 16, 2015. Her memoir, titled Guts: The Endless Follies and Tiny Triumphs of a Giant Disaster was published on March 12, 2012 by Gallery Books. The book became a New York Times best-seller.

In 2018, she began a recurring role as Tammy Diffendorf on the CBS sitcom Mom, and was upgraded to series regular for the show's seventh season (2019–2020).

Public image
She appeared on the cover of January 1998 issue of Milwaukee Magazine. She topped the magazine's list of "The Most Intriguing Milwaukeeans". Johnston has also appeared on the cover of Entertainment Weekly and TV Guide. In 1998, she appeared in a television commercial for Clairol hair care products and voiced a commercial for Starbucks.

Philanthropy and advocacy
Through her nonprofit organization SLAM (Sobriety, Learning and Motivation), she mentors high school girls from New York City with addiction and self-esteem issues and has campaigned for the city to build a recovery high school.

Personal life
She dated actor Ryan Reynolds in 1999 and the two attended the film premiere of The Green Mile together.

In her memoir, Johnston discusses an addiction to alcohol and pills that began when she was in high school. She wrote that at the height of her addiction, she drank on average two bottles of wine per evening. In 2021, Johnston said she has been sober for 14 years.

Johnston said she was diagnosed in November 2013 with lupus, which caused her to miss filming some episodes of her series The Exes. A character played by Leah Remini was introduced in season 3 to cover her absence.

Autobiography

 * 2012: Guts: The Endless Follies and Tiny Triumphs of a Giant Disaster, Gallery Books, ISBN 978-1451635065

title: Kristen Johnston


text: User talk:69.138.134.15

title: User talk:69.138.134.15