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Attack Force Z

Attack Force Z (alternatively titled The Z Men) is a 1982 Australian-Taiwanese World War II film directed by Tim Burstall. It is loosely based on actual events and was filmed in Taiwan in 1979. It was screened at the Cannes Film Festival on 18 May 1981.

The film is noted for starring Mel Gibson and Sam Neill, who were relatively unknown in the US at the time but who went on to become international stars. The plot concerns Captain P.G. Kelly (Gibson), who leads a team from the elite Z Special Unit against the Empire of Japan during the Second World War. The film fictionalises the exploits of the Z Special Unit, which was also known as Z Force. It was a joint Australian, British and New Zealand commando unit. Its main brief was to conduct reconnaissance and sabotage missions throughout Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia.

Plot
In the Straits of Sembaleng, five men are dispatched by submarine in Klepper canoes to rescue survivors of a shot-down plane on a nearby island which is occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army. Led by Paul Kelly, an inexperienced commando officer, the team secretly lands on the island and hides their kayaks. As they venture in land, Ted 'Kingo' King is hit by fire from an unseen machine gun post, the team quickly eliminates the Japanese defenders and return to their wounded comrade. King has been hit on the leg, the bullet smashing his kneecap. King cannot be allowed to fall into enemy hands and compromise the mission under interrogation, and after sharing a cigarette with him, Costello shoots him. The four remaining men return to their search; coming across a rice farmer, they learn of the area in which the plane crashed. The rice farmer is also killed in order to preserve secrecy.

But as they near their destination they spot a Japanese squad at a local house, after the Japanese leave, they enter the house and meet the local resistance leader Lin, his grown-up daughter Chien Hua and her younger brothers and sisters. With a guide to lead them, they head off to the plane but are attacked by Japanese soldiers at a Buddhist temple. Separated from the rest, interpreter Jan Veitch ends up returning to Lin's house where Chien Hua hides him from the returning Japanese. After the deaths of their soldiers, the Japanese officers Watanabe and Imanaka torture Chien to tell them the location of her father, who they believe is hiding the survivors of the crashed plane, but Chien Hua refuses. Lin's son Shaw Hu falsely tells the Japanese that Lin, the Z men, and the plane's survivors are heading for the island's capital. All the Japanese leave except for two soldiers guarding Chien Hua; Veitch kills both with help of Shaw Hu. During the battle, Costello is wounded in the arm and cornered by a machine gunner and throws a grenade at the machine gunner but is shot and killed in the process.

Meanwhile, within sight of the plane, Kelly watches as locals blow up the wreckage. Lin is evasive, and after quizzing the inhabitants of a village, the team head on to the plane. Kelly manages to get Lin to tell them that the two survivors are being taken to his home, so they turn around and head back. In the capital, Veitch is led to the survivors. One of them is a defecting Japanese government official Imoguchi, and he is believed to hold a secret that could end the war faster. Only Kelly knows that he must be rescued at any cost - or killed. As the pieces of the puzzle begin to fall together, Kelly must persuade his own men that Imoguchi is worth rescuing and the local resistance that it is worth fighting against their Japanese enemies.

Cast

 * John Phillip Law as Lieutenant J.A. (Jan) Veitch
 * Mel Gibson as Captain P.G. (Paul) Kelly
 * Sam Neill as Sergeant D.J. (Danny) Costello
 * Chris Haywood as Able Seaman A.D. 'Sparrer' Bird
 * John Waters as Sub Lt. Ted 'Kingo' King
 * Ku Chun as Rice farmer
 * Sylvia Chang as Chien Hua
 * O Ti as Shaw Hu
 * Koo Chuan Hsiung as Lin Chan-Lang

Production
The script was based on a real-life commando rescue raid, Operation Opossum, where a team of commandos rescued the local sultan on the Japanese-held island of Ternate near Borneo.

The film was originally entitled The Z Men and was to be directed by Phillip Noyce. Pre-production commenced in Taiwan where for six weeks Noyce worked on the script with writer Michael Cove. However, Noyce clashed with the producers - McCallum later claimed in particular that Noyce refused to use one of the Chinese actors who had been cast in a small role - and was fired the night before shooting was meant to start. He was replaced by Tim Burstall in November 1979.

Filming was further delayed by constant rain and re-writing of the script. Among the changes made were adding a fifth character to the team - a soldier played by John Waters who would be killed within the opening ten minutes by one of their own men.

This film was based on the book 'The Night the Z Men Landed' written by Gene Janes under his pseudonym of several military books, Owen Gibson, in the 1960s and published by Calvert Publishing in Sydney. There was a legal dispute between the author and McCallum Productions over the screen rights. Janes took the production company to court holding up the release of the film and was finally awarded the rights in an out of court settlement.

Reception
Attack Force Z was only released theatrically in Australia in Melbourne, where it took $88,000 at the box office, which is equivalent to $364,484 in 2022 dollars. After the film's release, Tim Burstall was quoted as saying: "It sold everywhere, sold all over the world, and it got its money back. And it did perform the task of getting some co-productions going with the East, which was useful and very important. But it's always awful when you take over from somebody else - and Phil is a friend - but he really wanted to do something quite different and I was regarded as much more of a whore, I suppose." Mel Gibson later called the film "pretty woeful... it's so bad, it's funny."

John McCallum later said he and Robinson wanted to make another film in Asia, about drug running in Thailand "starting from the poppies and the hill factories where they distil the damned stuff and send it down to Bangkok" but were not allowed to make it because of the dangers involved in filming in Thailand.

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Mudaliar

Mudaliar (alternatively spelled: Muthaliar, Mudali, Muthali ) is a Tamil title and surname. As title, it was historically given to high-ranking officers, administrators and their descendants during the rule of Imperial Cholas.  The surname is most prevalent among Tamils from Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. Descendants of Tamil migrants also bears variants of the name in countries such as South Africa, and elsewhere in the Tamil diaspora. List of Mudaliars

The title belongs to the communities like the Kondaikatti Vellalar, Thuluva Vellalar and Senguntha Kaikolar.

Etymology
The title is derived from the Tamil word muthal or "muthar" meaning first with the suffix yaar denoting people. The title is used in the same sense as simply meaning headman.

Thuluva Vellalar
Thuluva Vellalar (Thondaimandala Tuluva Vellalar),  also known as Agamudaya Mudaliars  and Arcot Mudaliars, is a caste found in northern Tamil Nadu, southern Andhra Pradesh. They were originally significant landowners. An early Tamil tradition states that a king known as Ādonda Chakravarthi, a feudatory of Karikala Chola brought a large number of agriculturists (now known as the Tuluva Vellalas) from the Tulu areas in order to reclaim forest lands for cultivation in Thondaimandalam during late 2nd century CE. Tuluva Vellalars are progressive and prosperous in the society. They are considerably advanced in the matter of education and the community was eagerly involved in business, Government and Non- governmental institutions.

Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar
Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar is a caste commonly found in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and the neighboring country Sri Lanka. In Andhra Pradesh, they are called as Kaikala or Karikala Bhaktulu, who consider the Chola emperor Karikala Chola as their hero. They were warriors by ancient heritage and traditional weavers, textile merchants by occupation. They were part of the Chola army as Kaikola regiment and were dominant during the rule of Imperial Cholas, holding commander and minister positions in the court. Ottakoothar, 12th century court poet and rajaguru of Cholas under Vikrama Chola, Kulothunga Chola II, Raja Raja Chola II reign belong to this community.In the olden days in India, the Sengunthars were warriors and were given the title Mudaliar for their bravery. In early thirteenth century, after the fall of Chola empire large number of Kaikolars migrated to Kongu Nadu from Tondaimandalam and started doing weaving and textile businesses as their full time profession as they sworn to be soldiers only for Chola emperors. At present, most of the textile businesses in Tamil Nadu are owned by Senguntha Mudaliars.

Kondaikatti Vellalar
Kondaikatti Vellalar or Thondaimandala Mudaliar is a Tamil caste in south India. Historically, they were a caste of non-cultivating land-holders and some of them were administrators under various south Indian dynasties especially the Chola Empire. Their original homeland was Thondaimandalam and from there they spread to other areas in south India and northeastern parts of Sri Lanka. Since they historically used the Mudaliar title, they are sometimes referred to as Thondaimandala Mudaliar.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mudaliar


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The Only Ones (album)

The Only Ones is the debut studio album by English power pop band the Only Ones, released in April 1978 by Columbia Records. It was produced by the Only Ones themselves, with the assistance of Robert Ash and was mixed at Basing St., Escape and CBS.

Steve Lillywhite who had started his career the year before the album was released, was credited for various engineering on the album. Lillywhite would later go on to become a Grammy Award-winning producer. Also Mick Gallagher known for his work with Ian Dury and the Blockheads provided keyboards on the album.

The album was re-released in Europe in 2009 on Sony Music Entertainment, featuring bonus content. The reissue was a CD which comprises 13-tracks. It includes the original album digitally remastered from the original 1/2" mix tapes; alongside three bonus tracks.

Critical reception
Trouser Press called it "the best of the three original albums" in which "Perrett's languid vocals and songs provide the character and focus, while the band's skills carry it off handsomely". The album is still widely admired by British critics. In 1994, The Encyclopedia of Popular Music named The Only Ones one of the 50 best punk albums of all-time. The compilers claimed that the Only Ones were "the closest thing the UK had to Johnny Thunders' Heartbreakers, a laconic, shamble of a band who were, at moments, touched by a creative greatness that made you get out of the glare".

Since the end of the 1990s, the album has also appeared on several all-time greatest albums lists. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die (2006).

Personnel
The Only Ones
 * Peter Perrett – lead and background vocals, guitars, keyboards
 * John Perry – guitars, keyboards
 * Alan Mair – bass guitars
 * Mike Kellie – drums

Session musicians
 * Mick Gallagher – keyboards
 * Gordon Edwards – keyboards
 * Raphael & Friends – horns
 * Koulla Kakoulli – backing vocals

Production team
 * Robert Ash – production, engineering
 * The Only Ones – production
 * Ed Hollis – various engineering
 * Steve Lillywhite – various engineering
 * John Burns – various engineering
 * Ian Maidman – various engineering
 * John Dent – mastering
 * Peter "Kodick" Gravelle – cover photography

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Waltham Cross railway station

Waltham Cross railway station is on the West Anglia Main Line, serving the suburban town of Waltham Cross in Hertfordshire, and the neighbouring Waltham Abbey in Essex, England. It is 12 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Enfield Lock and Cheshunt. Its three-letter station code is WLC and it is in Travelcard zone 7.

The station and all trains serving it are operated by Greater Anglia. The station has 4 Oyster card readers rather than ticket barriers.

During the 2012 Olympic Games, Waltham Cross and Cheshunt provided the main rail access to the Lee Valley White Water Centre.

Early years (1840-1862)
The first station, together with the railway line from Stratford to Broxbourne, was opened by the Northern & Eastern Railway (N&ER) on 15 September 1840. Originally called Waltham and later renamed to Waltham Cross, it was originally on a site to the north of the road between Waltham Cross and Waltham Abbey.

Following on from negotiations in 1843, the Eastern Counties Railway took over operation of the N&ER from 1 January 1844 paying rent and dividing the profits.

By the 1860s the railways in East Anglia were in financial trouble, and most were leased to the ECR; they wished to amalgamate formally, but could not obtain government agreement for this until 1862, when the Great Eastern Railway was formed by amalgamation. Thus Cheshunt became a GER station in 1862.

Great Eastern Railway (1862-1922)
A signal box was provided in 1881 on the up side just north of the road bridge. Many years later when the road was widened the box was actually located under the bridge itself.

In 1885 the station was relocated to the current site south of the road bridge. A subsequent renaming to Waltham Cross and Abbey was later rescinded.

In 1911 the Waltham Abbey and Cheshunt Gas & Coke Co had two sidings on the down side north of the station. A three siding goods yard was located on the up side of the line.

London & North Eastern Railway (1923-1947)
On 1 January 1923 the GER became part of the London and North Eastern Railway. During World War 2 the yards were busy with traffic from the Lea Valley armaments industry.

British Railways (1948-1994)
The nationalisation of Britain's railways saw the operation of Waltham Cross station pass to British Railways Eastern Region.

From 1958 local passenger services between Cheshunt and London via Tottenham Hale were normally operated by diesel multiple units.

As late as the early 1960s the goods yards located north of the station were busy in traffic but these were closed in the 1960s in preparation of the electrification of the Lea Valley line.

The mechanical signal box was closed on 13 January 1969 with its duties being taken over by a panel at Brimsdown. The lines through Waltham Cross were electrified on 5 May 1969.

The Privatisation area (1994-current)
In 2011, a major redevelopment was carried out at the station in preparation for the London 2012 Olympics.

From 2 January 2013, Oyster cards are accepted at the station. The station is in Travelcard zone 7.

Service
The typical off-peak service between Monday-Saturday is two trains per hour to London Liverpool Street via Tottenham Hale, two trains per hour to Hertford East, one train per hour to Stratford, and one train per hour to Bishops Stortford.

On Sunday, the typical off peak service is two trains per hour to Stratford via Tottenham Hale and two trains per hour to Hertford East.

title: Waltham Cross railway station


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Category:Mountains of Liechtenstein

The mountains of Liechtenstein. See also Category:Mountains of the Alps.

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Tom Crean (explorer)

Thomas Crean (Tomás Ó Cuirín; c.  16 February 1877 – 27 July 1938) was an Irish seaman and Antarctic explorer who was awarded the Albert Medal for Lifesaving (AM).

Crean was a member of three major expeditions to Antarctica during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, including Robert Falcon Scott's 1911–1913 Terra Nova Expedition. This saw the race to reach the South Pole lost to Roald Amundsen and ended in the deaths of Scott and his party. During the expedition, Crean's 35 smi solo walk across the Ross Ice Shelf to save the life of Edward Evans led to him receiving the Albert Medal.

Crean left the family farm near Annascaul, in County Kerry, to enlist in the Royal Navy at age 16. In 1901, while serving on Ringarooma in New Zealand, he volunteered to join Scott's 1901–1904 Discovery Expedition to Antarctica, thus beginning his exploring career.

After his experience on the Terra Nova, Crean's third and final Antarctic venture was as second officer on Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. After the ship Endurance became beset in the pack ice and sank, Crean and the ship's company spent 492 days drifting on the ice before undertaking a journey in the ship's lifeboats to Elephant Island. He was a member of the crew which made a small-boat journey of 800 nmi from Elephant Island to South Georgia Island to seek aid for the stranded party.

After retiring from the navy on health grounds in 1920, Crean ran his pub the South Pole Inn in County Kerry with his wife and daughters. He died in 1938.

Early life and career
Crean was born around 16 February 1877 in the farming area of Gurtuchrane near the village of Annascaul on the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry, Ireland, to Patrick and Catherine (née Courtney) Crean. One of 11 siblings with 7 brothers and 3 sisters. He attended the local Catholic school (at nearby Brackluin), leaving at the age of 12 to help on the family farm. Many sources, including Smith, give Crean's date of birth as 20 July 1877, but more recent scholarship demonstrates this is unlikely given parish records.

At the age of 16, he enlisted in the Royal Navy at the naval station in nearby Minard Inlet, possibly after an argument with his father. His enlistment as a boy second class is recorded in Royal Navy records on 10 July 1893.

Crean's initial naval apprenticeship was aboard the training ship Impregnable at Devonport. In November 1894, he was transferred to Devastation. In December 1894, Crean was posted to HMS Wild Swan a screw sloop as the ship headed to South America to join the Pacific Station. In 1895, Crean was serving in the Americas aboard HMS Royal Arthur (1891), the flagship assigned to the Pacific squadron's base at Esquimalt in Canada. He was by this time, rated an ordinary seaman. Less than a year later, while serving a second term of service aboard Wild Swan he was rated an able seaman. He later joined the Navy's torpedo school ship, Defiance. By 1899, Crean had advanced to the rate of petty officer, second class and was serving in Vivid. In 1900, Crean was ledgered to the cruiser Ringarooma, which was part of the Royal Navy's Australian Squadron based in Sydney. On 18 December 1901, he was demoted from petty officer to able seaman for an unspecified misdemeanour. In December 1901, the Ringarooma was ordered to assist Robert Falcon Scott's ship Discovery when it was docked at Lyttelton Harbour awaiting to departure to Antarctica. When an able seaman of Scott's ship deserted after striking a petty officer, a replacement was required; Crean volunteered, and was accepted.

Discovery Expedition and aftermath, 1901–1910

Discovery sailed to the Antarctic on 21 December 1901, and seven weeks later, on 8 February 1902, arrived in McMurdo Sound, where she anchored at a spot which was later designated "Hut Point". Here the men established the base from which they would launch scientific and exploratory sledging journeys. Crean proved to be one of the most efficient man-haulers in the party; over the expedition as a whole, only seven of the 48-member party logged more time in harness than Crean's 149 days. Crean had a good sense of humour and was well liked by his companions. Scott's second-in-command, Albert Armitage, wrote in his book Two Years in the Antarctic that "Crean was an Irishman with a fund of wit and an even temper which nothing disturbed."

Crean accompanied Lieutenant Michael Barne on three sledging trips across the Ross Ice Shelf, then known as the "Great Ice Barrier". These included the 12-man party led by Barne which set out on 30 October 1902 to lay depots in support of the main southern journey undertaken by Scott, Shackleton and Edward Wilson. On 11 November the Barne party passed the previous furthest south mark, set by Carsten Borchgrevink in 1900 at 78°50'S, a record which they held briefly until the southern party itself passed it on its way to an eventual 82°17'S.

During the Antarctic winter of 1902 Discovery became locked in the ice. Efforts to free her during the summer of 1902–03 failed, and although some of the expedition's members (including Ernest Shackleton) left in a relief ship, Crean and the majority of the party remained in the Antarctic until the ship was finally freed in February 1904. After returning to regular naval duty, Crean was promoted to petty officer, first class, on Scott's recommendation.

Crean came back to regular duty at the naval base at Chatham, Kent, serving first in Pembroke in 1904 and later transferring to the torpedo school on Vernon. Crean had caught Captain Scott's attention with his attitude and work ethic on the Discovery Expedition, and in 1906 Scott requested that Crean join him on Victorious. Over the next few years, Crean followed Scott successively to Albemarle, Essex and Bulwark. By 1907, Scott was planning his second expedition to the Antarctic. Meanwhile, Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition, 1907–09, despite reaching a new furthest south record of 88°23'S, had failed to reach the South Pole. Scott was with Crean when the news of Shackleton's near miss became public; it is recorded that Scott observed to Crean: "I think we'd better have a shot next."

Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–1913

Scott held Crean in high regard, so he was among the first people recruited for the Terra Nova Expedition, which set out for the Antarctic in June 1910, and one of the few men in the party with previous polar experience. After the expedition's arrival in McMurdo Sound in January 1911, Crean was part of the 13-man team who established "One Ton Depot", 130 smi from Hut Point, so named because of the large amount of food and equipment cached there on the projected route to the South Pole. Returning from the depot to base camp at Cape Evans, Crean, accompanied by Apsley Cherry-Garrard and Henry "Birdie" Bowers, experienced near-disaster when camping on unstable sea ice. During the night the ice broke up, leaving the men adrift on an ice floe and separated from their sledges. Crean probably saved the group's lives, by leaping from floe to floe until he reached the Barrier edge and was able to summon help.

Crean departed with Scott in November 1911, for the attempt at the South Pole. This journey had three stages: 400 smi across the Barrier, 120 smi up the heavily crevassed Beardmore Glacier to an altitude of 10000 ft above sea level, and then another 350 smi to the Pole. At regular intervals, supporting parties returned to base; Crean was in the final group of eight men that marched on to the polar plateau and reached 87°32'S, 168 smi from the pole. Here, on 4 January 1912, Scott selected his final polar party: Crean, William Lashly and Edward Evans were ordered to return to base, while Scott, Edgar Evans, Edward Wilson, Bowers and Lawrence Oates continued to the pole.

One of Crean's biographers, Michael Smith, suggests that Crean would have been a better choice for the polar party than Edgar Evans, who was weakened by a recent hand injury (of which Scott was unaware). Crean, considered one of the toughest men in the expedition, had led a pony across the Barrier and had thus been saved much of the hard labour of man-hauling. Scott's critical biographer Roland Huntford records that the surgeon Edward L. Atkinson, who had accompanied the southern party to the top of the Beardmore, had recommended either Lashly or Crean for the polar party rather than Edgar Evans. Scott in his diary recorded that Crean wept with disappointment at the prospect of having to turn back, so close to the goal.

Soon after heading north on the 700 smi journey back to base camp, Crean's party lost the trail back to the Beardmore Glacier, and were faced with a long detour around a large icefall. With food supplies short, and needing to reach their next supply depot, the group made the decision to slide on their sledge, uncontrolled, down the icefall. The three men slid 2000 ft, dodging crevasses up to 200 ft wide, and ending their descent by overturning on an ice ridge. Evans later wrote: "How we ever escaped entirely uninjured is beyond me to explain".

The gamble at the icefall succeeded, and the men reached their depot two days later. However, they had great difficulty navigating down the glacier. Lashly wrote: "I cannot describe the maze we got into and the hairbreadth escapes we have had to pass through." In his attempts to find the way down, Evans removed his goggles and subsequently suffered agonies of snow blindness that made him into a passenger.

When the party was finally free of the glacier and on the level surface of the Barrier, Evans began to display the first symptoms of scurvy. By early February he was in great pain, his joints were swollen and discoloured, and he was passing blood. Through the efforts of Crean and Lashly the group struggled towards One Ton Depot, which they reached on 11 February. At this point Evans collapsed; Crean thought he had died and, according to Evans's account, "his hot tears fell on my face".

With over 100 smi still to travel before the relative safety of Hut Point, Crean and Lashly began hauling Evans on the sledge, "eking out his life with the last few drops of brandy that they still had with them". On 18 February they arrived at Corner Camp, still 35 smi from Hut Point, with only one or two days' food rations left and still four or five days' man-hauling to do. They then decided that Crean should go on alone, to fetch help. With only a little chocolate and three biscuits to sustain him, without a tent or survival equipment, Crean walked the distance to Hut Point in 18 hours, arriving in a state of collapse to find Atkinson there, with the dog driver Dmtri Gerov. Crean reached safety just ahead of a fierce blizzard, which probably would have killed him, and which delayed the rescue party by a day and a half. Atkinson led a successful rescue, and Lashly and Evans were both brought to base camp alive. Crean modestly played down the significance of his feat of endurance. In a rare written account, he wrote in a letter: "So it fell to my lot to do the 30 miles for help, and only a couple of biscuits and a stick of chocolate to do it. Well, sir, I was very weak when I reached the hut."

Scott's party failed to return. The winter of 1912 at Cape Evans was a sombre one, with the knowledge that the polar party had undoubtedly perished. Frank Debenham wrote that "in the winter it was once again Crean who was the mainstay for cheerfulness in the now depleted mess deck part of the hut." In November 1912, Crean was one of the 11-man search party that found the remains of the polar party. On 12 November they spotted a cairn of snow, which proved to be a tent against which the drift had piled up. It contained the bodies of Scott, Wilson, and Bowers. Crean later wrote, referring to Scott in understated fashion, that he had "lost a good friend".

On 12 February 1913 Crean and the remaining crew of the Terra Nova arrived in Lyttelton, New Zealand, and in June the ship returned to Cardiff. At Buckingham Palace the surviving members of the expedition were awarded Polar Medals by King George V and Prince Louis of Battenberg, the First Sea Lord. Crean and Lashly were both awarded the Albert Medal, 2nd Class for saving Evans's life, these were presented by the King at Buckingham Palace on 26 July. In November Crean was promoted to the rating of chief petty officer, retroactive to 9 September 1910.

Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (Endurance Expedition), 1914–1917

In October 1913, a close friend of Captain Scott, Joseph Foster Stackhouse, announced plans for a British Antarctic Expedition to explore the uncharted coastlines between King Edward VII Land and Graham Land. The expedition was due to depart England in August 1914 aboard RRS Discovery, the ship of Crean's first mission to Antarctica. In February 1914, Stackhouse confirmed that Crean was to join the expedition as Boatswain, however, in April 1914, Stackhouse's plans were postponed. This left Shackleton free to recruit Crean to his expedition which was also scheduled to depart in August 1914.

Shackleton knew Crean well from the Discovery Expedition, and also knew of his exploits on Scott's last expedition. Like Scott, Shackleton trusted Crean: he was worth, in Shackleton's own word, "trumps". Crean joined Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition on 25 May 1914, as second officer, with a varied range of duties. In the absence of a Canadian dog-handling expert who was hired but never appeared, Crean took charge of one of the dog-handling teams, and was later involved in the care and nurture of the pups born to one of his dogs, Sally, early in the expedition.

On 19 January 1915 the expedition's ship, the Endurance, was beset in the Weddell Sea pack ice. In the early efforts to free her, Crean narrowly escaped being crushed by a sudden movement in the ice. The ship drifted in the ice for months, eventually sinking on 21 November. Shackleton informed the men that they would drag the food, gear, and three lifeboats across the pack ice, to Snow Hill or Robertson Island, 200 smi away. Because of uneven ice conditions, pressure ridges, and the danger of ice breakup which could separate the men, they soon abandoned this plan: the men pitched camp and decided to wait. They hoped that the clockwise drift of the pack would carry them 400 smi to Paulet Island where they knew there was a hut with emergency supplies. But the pack ice held firm as it carried the men well past Paulet Island, and did not break up until 9 April. The crew then had to sail and row the three ill-equipped lifeboats through the pack ice to Elephant Island, a trip which lasted five days. Crean and Hubert Hudson, the navigating officer of the Endurance, piloted their lifeboat with Crean effectively in charge as Hudson appeared to have suffered a breakdown.

Upon reaching Elephant Island, Crean was one of the "four fittest men" detailed by Shackleton to find a safe camping-ground. Shackleton decided that, rather than waiting for a rescue ship that would probably never arrive, one of the lifeboats should be strengthened so that a crew could sail it to South Georgia and arrange a rescue. After the party was settled on a penguin rookery above the high-water mark, a group of men led by ship's carpenter Harry McNish began modifying one of the lifeboats—the James Caird—in preparation for this journey, which Shackleton would lead. Frank Wild, who would be in command of the party remaining on Elephant Island, wanted the dependable Crean to stay with him; Shackleton initially agreed, but changed his mind after Crean begged to be included in the boat's crew of six.

The 800 nmi boat journey to South Georgia, described by polar historian Caroline Alexander as one of the most extraordinary feats of seamanship and navigation in recorded history, took 17 days through gales and snow squalls, in seas which the navigator, Frank Worsley, described as a "mountainous westerly swell". After setting off on 24 April 1916 with just the barest navigational equipment, they reached South Georgia on 10 May 1916. Shackleton, in his later account of the journey, recalled Crean's tuneless singing at the tiller: "He always sang when he was steering, and nobody ever discovered what the song was ... but somehow it was cheerful".

The party made its South Georgia landfall on the uninhabited southern coast, having decided that the risk of aiming directly for the whaling stations on the north side was too great; if they missed the island to the north they would be swept out into the Atlantic Ocean. The original plan was to work the James Caird around the coast, but the boat's rudder had broken off after their initial landing, and some of the party were, in Shackleton's view, unfit for further travel. The three fittest men—Shackleton, Crean, and Worsley—were decided to trek 30 smi across the island's glaciated surface, in a hazardous 36-hour journey to the nearest manned whaling station.

This trek was the first recorded crossing of the mountainous island, completed without tents, sleeping bags, or map—their only mountaineering equipment was a carpenter's adze, a length of alpine rope, and screws from the James Caird hammered through their boots to serve as crampons. They arrived at the whaling station at Stromness, tired and dirty, hair long and matted, faces blackened by months of cooking by blubber stoves—"the world's dirtiest men", according to Worsley. They quickly organized a boat to pick up the three on the other side of South Georgia, but thereafter it took Shackleton three months and four attempts by ship to rescue the other 22 men still on Elephant Island.

Later life
After returning to Britain in November 1916, Crean resumed naval duties. On 27 December 1916 he was promoted to the warrant rank of acting boatswain (confirmed in 1918) in recognition of his service on the Endurance, and was awarded his third Polar Medal. A month later, in April, he was granted a licence for the sale and consumption of alcohol from his dwelling house, a premises he had purchased in 1916. The business was left in the care of family while he served out his time in the Royal Navy.

On 5 September 1917, Crean married Eileen Herlihy of Annascaul. In early 1920, Shackleton was organising another Antarctic expedition, later to be known as the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition. He invited Crean to join him, along with other officers from the Endurance. By this time, however, Crean's second daughter had arrived, and he had plans to open a business following his naval career. He turned down Shackleton's invitation. On his last naval assignment, with HMS Hecla (1878), Crean suffered a bad fall which caused lasting effects to his vision. As a result, he was retired on medical grounds on 24 March 1920. He and Eileen opened a small public house in Annascaul, which he called the South Pole Inn. The couple had three daughters, Mary, Kate, and Eileen, although Kate died when she was three years old.

Throughout his life, Crean remained an extremely modest man. When he returned to Kerry, he put all of his medals away and never again spoke about his experiences in the Antarctic. There is no reliable evidence of Crean giving any interviews to the press. Smith speculates that this may have been because Kerry was a hotbed of Irish nationalism and later Irish republicanism, and, along with County Cork, a centre of violence. The Crean family were once subject to a Black and Tan raid during the Irish War of Independence. Their inn was ransacked until the raiders happened across Crean's framed photo in Royal Navy dress uniform and medals. They then left his inn. On 13 April 1920, Tom Crean was present among crowds gathered in Tralee to protest against the treatment of republican prisoners who had gone on a hunger strike in Mountjoy jail.

Crean's older brother was Cornelius Crean, a sergeant in the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). Cornelius was based in County Cork, where he served with the RIC during the War of Independence. Sgt. Crean was killed during an IRA ambush near Upton on 25 April 1920.

In 1938, Crean became ill with a burst appendix. He was taken to the nearest hospital in Tralee, but as no surgeon was available, he was transferred to the Bon Secours Hospital in Cork, where his appendix was removed. Because the operation had been delayed, an infection developed, and after a week in the hospital he died on 27 July 1938. He was buried in his family's tomb at the cemetery in Ballynacourty, Annascaul, County Kerry.

Legacy
Geological features named after the explorer include Mount Crean, a 8630 ft peak in Victoria Land, Antarctica and 2300 ft Mount Crean in Greenland, and two places on South Georgia, Crean Glacier and Crean Lake  He was portrayed in the 1985 television series The Last Place on Earth by Daragh O'Malley, and by Aidan Dooley in the one-man play, Tom Crean – Antarctic Explorer. In July 2003, a bronze statue of Crean was unveiled across from his pub in Annascaul. It depicts him leaning against a crate whilst holding a pair of hiking poles in one hand and two sled dog pups in the other. In February 2021 it was announced that a new research vessel being commissioned by the Irish government's Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine would be named RV Tom Crean.

title: Tom Crean (explorer)


text:
Malice Aforethought

Malice Aforethought (1931) is a crime novel written by Anthony Berkeley Cox, using the pen name Francis Iles. It is an early and prominent example of the "inverted detective story", claimed to have been invented by R. Austin Freeman some years earlier. The murderer's identity is revealed in the first line of the novel, which gives the reader insight into the workings of his mind as his plans progress. It also contains elements of black comedy, and of serious treatment of underlying tensions in a superficially respectable community. It is loosely based on the real-life case of Herbert Armstrong, with elements of Doctor Crippen.

Plot summary
The opening sentence has been described as "immortal": "It was not until several weeks after he had decided to murder his wife that Doctor Bickleigh took any active steps in the matter."

Edmund Bickleigh, a physician with a modest rural practice, is in a loveless marriage with the domineering childless Julia. He consoles himself with young unmarried women, in particular the accommodating Ivy. Into his village arrives Madeleine, a rich young woman, who succumbs to his attentions but warns she will not marry him if he divorces. Reasoning that she will however marry him if he is a widower, he cruelly starts to poison Julia. To relieve her increasing pain he gives her increasing doses of morphine, until she dies miserably.

Madeleine then rejects him, to marry a wealthy young man, while the rejected Ivy also marries a well-off lawyer. Rumours start spreading that Julia's death was not accidental, fuelled by the antagonism towards Edmund of Madeleine's husband and Ivy's husband, who both bitterly resent that he was the seducer of their wives. Attempting to stop the gossip, Edmund poisons Ivy's husband and Madeleine as well. Not unaware of the rumours and the suspicious deaths, the police investigate and Edmund is put on trial. Acquitted of murdering his unfortunate wife, a second trial wrongly convicts him for the death of Madeleine's husband and he is executed.

Adaptations
The novel has been adapted for television twice.

The first was a BBC serial in 1979.

A second adaptation Malice Aforethought, starring Ben Miller as Dr. Bickleigh, Megan Dodds as Madeleine, and Barbara Flynn as Julia, was produced by Granada Television and broadcast on ITV in 2005. It too has been shown on Mystery! in 2005.

title: Malice Aforethought


text:
User:Terminator2~enwiki

Ordinary user who sometimes adds new movies to **List of films by gory death scene**

title: User:Terminator2~enwiki


text:
Navajo Generating Station

Navajo Generating Station was a 2.25-gigawatt (2,250 MW), coal-fired power plant located on the Navajo Nation, near Page, Arizona, United States. This plant provided electrical power to customers in Arizona, Nevada, and California. It also provided the power for pumping Colorado River water for the Central Arizona Project, supplying about 1.5 million acre feet (1.85 km3) of water annually to central and southern Arizona. As of 2017 permission to operate as a conventional coal-fired plant was anticipated until 2017–2019, and to December 22, 2044, if extended. However, in 2017, the utility operators of the power station voted to close the facility when the lease expires in 2019. In March 2019, the Navajo Nation ended efforts to buy the plant and continue running it after the lease expires.

On November 18, 2019, the plant ceased commercial generation. Full decommissioning of the site is projected to take approximately three years. On December 18, 2020, the three smokestacks were demolished.

History
In the 1950s and 1960s, there was a need for new electric generation in the Southwest to supply power to growing populations in southern California, Arizona and Nevada. The US Bureau of Reclamation also needed a large source of power for running the pumps of the planned Central Arizona Project (CAP).

A number of power projects were initially considered to fill these needs, most notably Bridge Canyon and Marble Canyon hydroelectric dams on the Colorado River. However, the proximity of the proposed dams to the Grand Canyon raised opposition, initially from the National Park Service and then more vigorously from a coalition of environmental groups which promoted construction of a thermal or nuclear power plant as an alternative. As a result, the proposed dams were abandoned in favor of the Navajo Power Project, consisting of the Navajo Generating Station (NGS) along with the Kayenta mine, Black Mesa & Lake Powell (BM&LP) Railroad, and 800 mi of 500 kV transmission lines.

The site selected for the new power plant was about six miles (10 km) east of Glen Canyon Dam and three miles (5 km) south of Lake Powell on 1,786 acre of land leased from the Navajo Nation. The site was close to a source of competitively priced fuel and a reliable source of surface water for cooling. The nearby city of Page and U.S. Highway 89 provided existing infrastructure to support construction and operation of the project. The contract for engineering and construction was awarded to Bechtel Corporation, which began construction on the site in April, 1970. Generating units 1, 2, and 3 were completed in 1974, 1975, and 1976 respectively at a total cost of about $650 million.

Between 1977 and 1990, following Clean Air Act amendments for assessing and protecting visibility in national parks and wilderness areas, the EPA, Salt River Project and other entities cooperated in visibility studies to assess possible effects that NGS emissions might have on those areas.

The series of studies culminated in the Winter Haze Intensive Tracer Experiment (WHITEX) and the Navajo Generating Station Visibility Study (NGSVS). Those studies indicated that controlling sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions might improve winter visual range in the Grand Canyon by 2% to 7%, which prompted the EPA to propose a rule requiring NGS to reduce SO2 emissions by 70%.

NGS and environmental groups, however, negotiated an approach that would achieve a greater degree of improvement at lower cost. They agreed to, and recommended a requirement of a 90% reduction in SO2 emissions based on an annual average, with installation to be completed in 1999. The EPA accepted the recommendation and implemented those conditions in its final rule.

The technology selected for flue gas desulfurization (FGD) were wet SO2 scrubbers with forced oxidation. Stone & Webster, the architect-engineering firm for the scrubber project, began construction in 1994 and completed the work on Units 3, 2, and 1 in 1997, 1998, and 1999 respectively. The cost of the scrubber project was about $420 million.

During spring overhauls in 2003 through 2005, the electrostatic precipitators were completely gutted and rebuilt for reliability and optimum performance. The original collecting plates and weighted wire electrodes were replaced with improved collecting plates and rigid discharge electrodes. Control equipment was replaced with upgraded automatic voltage controls and rappers.

In 2007, an analysis of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and control options was conducted for SRP in support of Clean Air Act regional haze reduction efforts, although there were no (NOx) reduction requirements on NGS at the time. The analysis concluded that Low NOx burners with separated overfire air (SOFA) would provide the Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) alternative in accordance with EPA BART guidelines. Consequently, the plant voluntarily installed low NOx-SOFA burners on units 3, 2, and 1 during eight-week outages in February through March 2009, 2010, and 2011 respectively.

The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power withdrew from the project in 2016. After the rise of shale gas in the United States, natural gas power prices ($32/MWh) fell under the cost of coal power for NGS ($38/MWh), and NGS production decreased. The owners require a potential new owner (such as the Navajo Nation) to assume responsibility of future cleanups.

Design and specifications
The plant had three identical 750 MW steam electric generating units. Major components of each unit included a boiler, turbine, generator, closed-cycle cooling system, and environmental control equipment.

The boilers were tangentially fired, balanced draft, reheat type steam generators, supplied by Combustion Engineering. Designed for supercritical operation, each boiler supplied up 5,410,000 pounds of steam per hour to the turbines at 3500 psi (241 bar) and 1000 °F (537 °C).

The main turbines are General Electric (GE) tandem compound reheat turbines, each directly coupled to a generator and designed to rotate at 3600 rpm.

Steam discharged from the turbines entered a condenser where water circulating through tubes cools and condensed it, producing a vacuum that maximized the pressure drop across the turbine. The heat picked up by the circulating water was removed by evaporation in six induced-draft cross flow cooling towers (two per unit). The plant used about 26,000 acre.ft of water per year from Lake Powell, or about 1/2 gallon (1.9L) per kWh, mainly for cooling water and scrubber operation; see section.

The plant consumed about 8 million tons of low sulfur bituminous coal each year, supplied by Peabody Energy's Kayenta Mine near Kayenta, Arizona. The coal was hauled 75 miles from mine silos to the plant by the Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad that is owned and operated by the plant. Characteristics of the coal in 2011 included a sulfur content of 0.64%, an ash content of 10.6%, and higher heating value (HHV) of 10,774 Btu/lb.

The plant had three 775 ft (236 meter) tall flue gas stacks, listed among the tallest structures in Arizona. The stacks were constructed of reinforced concrete, supporting an internal metal liner. The plant's original stacks were demolished in the late 1990s after being replaced by larger diameter stacks of the same height, resulting in the plant having up to six stacks visible for a time.

The new stacks were required to accommodate cooler flue gas saturated with water vapor that resulted when wet SO2 scrubbers were added.

Performance
The plant had a net nameplate capacity of 2250 MW or 750 MW net per unit, the rated power output leaving the plant through the transmission lines. The gross capacity was 2409.3 (MW) or 803.1 MW per unit, the rated power output at the generator that includes power used internally in the operation of the plant.

Annual net energy generation in 2011 was 16.9 terawatt-hours (TWh), with a net capacity factor of 86%. Annual gross generation was 18.3 TWh. Fuel consumed (primary energy) in 2011 provided 170.5e12 Btu of heat input, resulting in a net heat rate of 34% or 10,060 Btu/kWh.

In 2014, generation fell to 72% of capacity, and to 61% in 2016. In the first 11 months of 2016, the plant consumed 111.6e12 Btu and produced 10.7 TWh of power, giving 33% efficiency.

Flue gas emissions
Fly ash particulate was removed from the flue gas by hot-side electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and SO2 scrubbers. The ESPs, constructed as part of the original plant, removed 99% of particulate. Scrubbers removed an additional 50% of what remained in the flue gas after passing through the ESPs.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions were controlled by forced oxidation wet scrubbers. The scrubbers consisted of two countercurrent–flow absorber vessels on each unit, using limestone slurry sprays to remove more than 92% of SO2 from the flue gas. The three scrubbers in total consumed about 24 MW of power, and used 130,000 tons of limestone and 3000 acre ft of water per year, producing 200,000 tons of gypsum per year.

Prior to installation of the scrubbers, SO2 emissions were about 71,000 tons per year.

Nitrogen oxide emissions were controlled in the combustion process by the use of low-NOx SOFA burners. Prior to 2009 when installation of the new burners began, NOx emissions were about 34,000 tons per year. The new burners reduced NOx emissions by about 14,000 tons per year, or more than 40%.

Fine particulate measuring 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5), of concern for its potential effect on health and visibility, primarily results from reactions of SO2 and NOx in the atmosphere to form sulfate and nitrate aerosols. NGS combined permit limits for these precursors has been 0.34 lb/MMBtu, lower than 94% of all U.S. coal steam units, while the actual NGS rate in 2011 was 0.29 lb/MMBtu.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from NGS were seventh highest of all U.S facilities in 2015, largely a result of the amount of energy it produced. In the same year, however, its CO2 emissions per unit of energy generated were lower than 75% of all U.S. coal fired power plants. The plant's low CO2 emissions per electric output, compared to other coal fired plants, were attributable to a relatively low heat rate combined with exclusive use of bituminous coal, which creates less CO2 per heat output than other types of coal.

Mercury emissions in 2011 were 586 lb or $3.4 pounds per 10^{12} Btu$ ($5.3 kg/TWh$).

Air quality effects
Northern Arizona and the Colorado Plateau have consistently met National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) established to protect public health.

The EPA's Air Quality Index (AQI), showing air quality on a daily basis, lists no unhealthy days for the general population in all of northern Arizona and southern Utah counties. Unhealthy days for ozone-sensitive groups – those with asthma or lung disease – are also rare in these counties despite high natural background levels in the Intermountain West. Coconino County, with the highest occurrences, averages less than two unhealthy days per year, these occurring between March and June, suggesting a correlation with spring stratospheric ozone intrusions. NGS emissions are unlikely to have contributed to high ozone occurrences, as the plant is located at the northern border of Coconino County, and prevailing southwesterly winds in the spring blow toward counties to the north and east, which have not reported any days with unhealthy ozone levels. Moreover, Coconino County's two ozone monitoring sites – Grand Canyon Hance Camp and Page – show significant differences within the county (the sites being 70 miles apart). During periods when ozone readings have been highest, peak concentrations in Page were noted to be more than 10 percent lower than those at the Grand Canyon.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in the Page area average about 3 ppb, 94 percent lower than the NAAQS standard of 53 ppb. Carbon monoxide (CO) levels have also been far below the standards.

Fine particulate (PM2.5) levels in the Grand Canyon region have been among the lowest in the nation since before NGS completed installation of SO2 scrubbers and low NOx-SOFA burners. Annual mean levels for PM2.5 in the Page area are about 3 micrograms/cubic meter (μg/m3) – one-quarter of the NAAQS standard of 12 μg/m3 and as low or lower than the cleanest U.S. cities listed by the World Health Organization.

Visibility in the Grand Canyon region has also been among the best in the nation since before NGS installed scrubbers and low NOx-SOFA burners. Within Coconino County, visibility is generally better in the Page/Glen Canyon area at the north end of the county than at the Grand Canyon and areas further south (Sunset Crater, Walnut Canyon, Wupatki National Monuments). Visibility in the Page/Glen Canyon area averages 3.5 deciviews above natural background conditions, within less than one deciview of the best visibility listed in the contiguous U.S. (The DV scale is near zero for a pristine atmosphere, with a change of one deciview being a just noticeable change.)

In 2012, a fish consumption advisory was issued for striped bass in lower Lake Powell, raising concerns about mercury emissions from the plant. NGS emissions, however, were found to contribute less than 2% of atmospheric deposition of mercury on the Colorado River watershed. Atmospheric deposition, furthermore, accounts for only a part of the mercury loading, much of it coming from natural geological deposits. The natural weathering of rock in the Green River catchment, for example, alone contributes about 40% of the mercury loading in Lake Powell.

Updated Emissions Requirements
The EPA's Mercury and Air Toxics Standard (MATS) that took effect in 2015 required that the plant reduce mercury emissions to $1.2 pounds per 10^{12} Btu$ ($1.9 kg/TWh$) or 0.013 lb/GWh on a gross basis.

On January 4, 2013, Department of the Interior, the EPA, and Department of Energy announced plans to jointly develop a plan for the future of the plant that maintains its energy, water, and economic benefits. The plan would outline short term investments in the plant to meet environmental goals, and long term plans for transitioning to cleaner energy options, such that short term and long term plans work together.

On January 17, 2013, the EPA proposed a BART ruling to further reduce NOx emissions:"The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing a source-specific federal implementation plan (FIP) requiring the Navajo Generating Station (NGS), located on the Navajo Nation, to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO X) under the Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) provision of the Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) in order to reduce visibility impairment resulting from NGS at 11 National Parks and Wilderness Areas. NGS, which was built over 35 years ago, is the largest coal-fired power plant in the West in terms of generating capacity. It is central to the economies of the Navajo Nation and Hopi Tribe and supplies power to the states of Arizona, Nevada, and California. Electricity produced by NGS is also used to power the Central Arizona Project, which supplies surface water to three counties and numerous Indian tribes in Arizona. NGS is projected to continue operating at least until 2044. EPA is proposing to require NGS to achieve a nearly 80 percent reduction of its current overall NO X emission rate. Our analysis indicates that installation of controls to achieve this reduction would result in significant visibility improvement that is well-balanced with the cost of those controls. For a number of reasons, including the importance of NGS to numerous Indian tribes located in Arizona and the federal government's reliance on NGS to meet the requirements of water settlements with several tribes, EPA is proposing an alternative to BART that would provide flexibility to NGS in the schedule for the installation of new control equipment. We also describe other compliance schedules for consideration and comment. We recognize that there may be other approaches that could result in equivalent or better visibility benefits over time and that there may be changes in energy demand, supply or other developments over the next several decades that may change electricity generation on the Navajo Nation. EPA encourages a robust public discussion of our proposed BART determination and alternative, the additional alternatives described herein, and other possible approaches. EPA is prepared to issue a supplemental proposal if approaches other than the proposed BART determination or proposed alternative articulated in this notice are identified as satisfying the requirements of the Clean Air Act and meeting the needs of the stakeholders. EPA is committed to continuing to engage with stakeholders to develop a final FIP that maintains benefits to tribes and the regional economy while improving visibility in many of our nation's most treasured National Parks and Wilderness Areas." The ruling would require the plant to reduce NOx emissions to no more than 0.055 lb/MMBtu by 2023, necessitating the installation of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) equipment. The SCRs would need to reduce NOx by about 15,000 tons per year. Along with the existing Low-NOx burners, the total reduction would be about 29,000 tons per year below 2008 levels.

The SCRs would use a catalyst and ammonia to react with NOx to form diatomic nitrogen and water. SCRs would also increase sulfuric acid mist levels by causing SO2 to oxidize to SO3. The high sulfuric acid levels could require dry sorbent injection (DSI) – a system that injects a powdered sorbent such as trona to absorb the acid mist - and the addition of baghouses and booster fans to capture the resulting particulate.

SCRs without baghouses are expected to cost about $600 million to construct and about $12 million per year to operate and maintain. SCRs with baghouses would cost about $1.1 billion to construct and about $20 million per year to operate and maintain.

The SCRs by themselves would need about 15 MW to operate, requiring the burning of an additional 50,000 tons of coal per year and increasing CO2 emissions by 125,000 tons per year. If baghouses are also needed, the systems would need about 30 MW to operate, requiring an additional 100,000 tons of coal per year and increasing CO2 emissions by 250,000 tons per year. The operation would also consume some 40,000 pounds of anhydrous ammonia daily.

The plant faced a number of hurdles to retrofitting SCRs in the allotted time. Before the plant's owners could invest in SCRs, they will have to resolve the site lease, rights-of-way for the railroad, transmission and water lines, and the coal supply agreement. One participant – LADWP – cannot invest in the improvements due to California law prohibiting long term investment in coal-fired power plants, and plans to sell its share in the plant by 2015.

NV Energy announced it also intends to pull out of participation in the plant, planning to divest its interest by 2019. Extension of the plantsite lease with the Navajo Nation requires the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, who cannot approve it until environmental assessments required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the Endangered Species Act (ESA) are completed. The current lease expired in 2019 and the environmental assessments are expected to take about five years to complete.

After the EPA issued a proposed BART rule it solicited input from stakeholders: the Department of the Interior, the Central Arizona Project, the Navajo Nation, the Gila River Indian Community, the Salt River Project, the Environmental Defense Fund, and Western Resources Advocates who as a technical working group negotiated a "Reasonable Progress Alternative to BART" which was submitted by the Department of the Interior to the EPA on July 26, 2013, for consideration in development of a final rule: "The Parties shall submit this Agreement to EPA and request that EPA: adopt the Reasonable Progress Alternative to BART set forth in Appendix B as the Final BART Rule;" The agreement contains a commitment by the current owners of NGS to cease their operation of conventional coal-fired generation at NGS no later than December 22, 2044.

Wastewater handling
NGS was built with one of the first zero liquid discharge (ZLD) systems in a power plant, recovering all cooling tower blow-down and runoff from developed areas of the site. The waste water is processed through three brine concentrators and a crystallizer, which remove the solids and produce distilled water for re-use within the plant. Several lined ponds are used in conjunction with the ZLD system to capture and regulate the flow of waste water to the system.

Byproducts handling
The plant sold about 500,000 tons of fly ash per year for use in the manufacture of concrete and Flexcrete insulating block building product. Bottom ash and gypsum, a byproduct of the scrubber operation, are dewatered in the removal process; and, along with any fly ash not sold, were landfilled on-site as solids.

The plant's ash handling contract required the landfilled ash be covered with a minimum of two feet of native soil cover at closure, and be contoured to contain a 100-year storm runoff event to prevent erosion, although the original lease had only specified covering it with six inches of native soil.

Economic aspects

Economic benefits of the plant resulted from NGS wages and site leases, as well as Kayenta Mine wages and royalties that result from NGS coal purchases, NGS being the sole source of revenue for the mine. The plant and mine annually pay out about $100 million in direct wages and $50 million in leases and royalties.

The majority owners of the NGS did not plan to keep the plant running past 2019, because natural-gas fired electricity is a cheaper nationwide trend. The Navajo Nation has petitioned the federal government to keep the plant open and preserve Navajo jobs. This would likely require relaxation of emissions standards and/or direct subsidy.

Plant employment, leases, and payments
NGS had 538 employees, and paid about $52 million per year in total wages.

The 1,786 acres for the plant site is leased from the Navajo Nation.

Rights-of-way and easements on tribal lands, permitted under a 25 U.S.C. §323 grant, include the plant site, 78 miles of railroad right-of-way covering 1,309 acres, and 96 miles of transmission line right-of-way covering 3,850 acres.

Annual lease payments to the Navajo Nation were $608,000 as of 2012.

Air permit fees paid to the Navajo Nation EPA were about $400,000 per year.

Property taxes paid to the State of Arizona were about $4.8 million per year. Since 2011, payments in lieu of taxes have also been paid to the Navajo Nation at half the Arizona tax rate, or about $2.4 million per year.

Lease extension
Plant owners and the Navajo Nation negotiated terms for a 25-year extension to the original lease that ended in December 2019. Proposed lease payments under the extended lease would increase to $9 million per year beginning in 2020. The terms also include 'Additional Payments' in lieu of taxes and other compensation, starting at $10 million per year following approval by the tribe and escalating to $34 million in 2020, although prorated if one or more units are retired or permanently de-rated. Payment terms, stated in 2011 dollars, would be adjusted annually based on the consumer price index (CPI). Due to CPI adjustments, actual payments by 2020 had been projected to be around $52 million/year. As of 2013 permission to operate as a conventional coal-fired plant was anticipated until December 22, 2044. Because the new lease was not approved, the station would shut down by the end of 2017 if decommissioning is to be finished by original lease end in 2019.

Mine employment and royalties
The Kayenta mine has 430 employees, and pays about $47 million per year in total wages.

Coal royalties are paid at 12.5% of gross proceeds, as on federal BLM lands. The royalties and other mine payments amount to about $50 million per year, $37 million paid to the Navajo Nation and $13 million to the Hopi tribe.

Impact on regional economies
NGS and Kayenta Mine payments in 2012 accounted for about a quarter of the Navajo Nation's revenues, and 65% of the Hopi Tribe's revenues. Native American tribal members, mainly Navajo, make up 83% of plant employees and 93% of mine employees, resulting in about 850 direct tribal positions.

Indirectly, plant and mine operations support the equivalent of about 1,600 full-time positions. With increased lease and royalty payments, by 2020 the plant and mine had been expected to generate more than 2,100 indirect jobs for the Navajo Nation alone, if all three units continued running.

The cumulative economic impact on the state of Arizona as a whole for the time period 2011–2044 was expected to be $20 billion in gross state product, or about $330 million per year in disposable income and $20 million per year in state tax revenues, also assuming all three units continued running.

Regional effects of installing SCR and baghouses would include increasing CAP water rates by as much as 32% for agricultural users and Indian tribes. If the plant were to shut down, those rates were expected to increase as much as 66%.

In 2012, NGS and the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority (NTUA) formed a partnership to extend electrical power to 62 homes in the area surrounding the nearby community of LeChee. Since NGS participants have no jurisdiction for supplying electricity on the reservation (that authority belonging solely to the NTUA), NGS and the NTUA would jointly fund the project, and the NTUA would build it.

Water service contract
Water used by the plant is supplied from Arizona's annual allocation of 50,000 acre-feet of upper basin Colorado River water through Water Service Contract No. 14-06-400-5003 with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and Arizona Department of Water Resources permit A-3224.

Water payment rate had been $7 an acre-foot, resulting in payments to the U.S. of about $180,000 per year. Payments were set to increase to $90 an acre-foot in 2014, or about $2.4 million per year. By comparison, water rates and leases in the Four Corners region are typically $40 to $155 per acre-foot.

Production
Navajo Generating Station's production is as follows.

Popular Culture
Navajo Generating Station featured extensively in one of the sequences in the 1982 film Koyaanisqatsi.

title: Navajo Generating Station


text:
Kaph

Kaph (also spelled kaf) is the eleventh letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician kāp 𐤊, Hebrew kāp̄ כ, Aramaic kāp 𐡊, Syriac kāp̄ ܟ, and Arabic kāf ك (in abjadi order).

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek kappa (Κ), Latin K, and Cyrillic К.

Origin
Kaph is thought to be derived from a pictogram of a hand (in both modern Arabic and modern Hebrew, kaph כף means "palm" or "grip"), though in Arabic the a in the name of the letter (كاف) is pronounced longer than the a in the word meaning "palm" (كَف).

Arabic kāf
The letter is named kāf, and it is written in several ways depending on its position in the word.

There are four variants of the letter,
 * the basic form is used for the Arabic language and many other languages and is the Naskh glyph form:
 * the cross-barred form, notably al-kāf al-mashkūlah or al-kāf al-mashqūqah, is the Nastaliq form used predominantly in the Perso-Arabic script and as an alternative form of the version above in all forms of Arabic. It has a particular use in the Sindhi language of Pakistan where it represents the aspirated /kʰ/ and is called keheh.

 * the long s-shaped variant form, al-kāf al-mabsūṭah, which is used in Arabic texts and in Thuluth and Kufic. It is a separate letter in the Sindhi language of Pakistan, where it represents the unaspirated /k/.

 * the variant of letter khe in Persian, and in Tausug with a line above named gaf is used, and it is thus written as:

Other than the four variants of the letter kāf as mentioned below, there are also three another variants of the Persian letter gaf, namely,
 * the letter khe with one dot above is used in the Jawi alphabet, and it is thus written as:

 * the letter kāf with three dots below is used in the Pegon alphabet, using a modified basic form of kāf, and it is thus written as:

 * the letter kāf with one dot below is also used in the Pegon alphabet for writing Javanese and Sundanese in Arabic script, but is also used in is used in the Arwi alphabet for the Tamil language to represent, and it is thus written as:

 * the letter khe with a ring is used in Pashto, and it is thus written as:

In Ottoman Turkish, Chagatai, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijani, Uyghur, Moroccan Arabic, Xiao'erjing script, the Arabic letter ng has two forms, namely:
 * the letter khe with three dots above is used, and thus it is written as:

 * the basic form of the letter kāf with three dots is used, and thus it is written as:

There is also one another variant of the letter ng, which is the letter khe with three dots below, and it is thus written as:

In the Sindhi alphabet, the letter gaf with two dots above is used, and it is thus written as:

There is also letter gueh in the Sindhi alphabet. Gueh is thus written as:

Before 1928, the Nogai alphabet was written in Arabic script. There is one such letter based on a basic form of kāf with three dots below, and it is thus written as:

In varieties of Arabic kāf is almost universally pronounced as the voiceless velar plosive, but in rural Palestinian and Iraqi, it is pronounced as a voiceless postalveolar affricate.

Prefix
In Arabic, kāf, when used as a prefix كَـ ka, functions as a comparative preposition (أداة التشبيه, such as مِثْل  or شَبَه ) and can carry the meaning of English words "like", "as", or "as though". For example, كَطَائِر, means "like a bird" or "as though a bird" (as in Hebrew, above) and attached to ذٰلِك "this, that" forms the fixed expression كَذٰلِك  "like so, likewise."

Possessive suffix
When adjoined at the end of a word, kāf is used as a possessive suffix for second-person singular nouns (feminine taking kāf-kasrah كِ, and masculine kāf-fatḥah كَ ); for instance, كِتَاب kitāb ("book") becomes كِتَابُكَ kitābuka ("your book", where the person spoken to is masculine) كِتَابُكِ kitābuki ("your book", where the person spoken to is feminine). At the ends of sentences and often in conversation the final vowel is suppressed, and thus كِتَابُك kitābuk ("your book"). In several varieties of vernacular Arabic, however, the kāf with no harakat is the standard second-person possessive, with the literary Arabic harakah shifted to the letter before the kāf: thus masculine "your book" in these varieties is كِتَابَك kitābak and feminine "your book" كِتَابِك kitābik.

Hebrew kaf
Hebrew spelling:

Hebrew pronunciation
The letter kaf is one of the six letters that can receive a dagesh kal. The other five are bet, gimel, daleth, pe, and tav (see Hebrew alphabet for more about these letters).

There are two orthographic variants of this letter that alter the pronunciation:

Kaf with the dagesh
When the kaph has a "dot" in its center, known as a dagesh, it represents a voiceless velar plosive. There are various rules in Hebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used.

Kaf without the dagesh (khaf)
When this letter appears as without the dagesh ("dot") in its center it represents, like the ch in German "Bach", or , like ch in Scottish English "loch".

In modern Israeli Hebrew the letter heth is often pronounced the same way. However, Mizrahi Jews and Israeli Arabs have differentiated between these letters as in other Semitic languages.

Final form of kaf
If the letter is at the end of a word the symbol is drawn differently. However, it does not change the pronunciation or transliteration in any way. The name for the letter is final kaf (kaf sofit). Four additional Hebrew letters take final forms: mem, nun, pei and tsadi. Kaf/khaf is the only Hebrew letter that can take a vowel in its word-final form, which is pronounced after the consonant, that vowel being the qamatz.

Significance of kaph in Hebrew
In gematria, kaph represents the number 20. Its final form represents 500, but this is rarely used, tav and qoph (400+100) being used instead.

As a prefix, kaph is a preposition:
 * It can mean "like" or "as", as in literary Arabic (see below).
 * In colloquial Hebrew, kaph and shin together have the meaning of "when". This is a contraction of, ka'asher (when).

title: Kaph


text:
Ware railway station

Ware railway station is on the Hertford East branch line off the West Anglia Main Line in the east of England, serving the town of Ware, Hertfordshire. It is 22 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between St Margarets and Hertford East. Its three-letter station code is WAR.

The station and all trains calling are operated by Greater Anglia.

It has a single bi-directional platform and track on what is otherwise a double-track railway. The station building dates back to the opening of the line in 1843.

Services

All services at Ware are operated by Greater Anglia using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service is two trains per hour in each direction between Hertford East and London Liverpool Street via Tottenham Hale. Additional services, including trains to and from Stratford call at the station during the peak hours.

On Sundays, southbound services at the station run to and from Stratford instead of London Liverpool Street.

title: Ware railway station


text:
Resh

Resh (IPA: /ɹɛʃ/) is the twentieth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician rēš 𐤓, Hebrew rēš ר, Aramaic rēš 𐡓, Syriac rēš ܪ, and Arabic rāʾ ر. Its sound value is one of a number of rhotic consonants: usually or, but also  or  in Hebrew and North Mesopotamian Arabic.

In most Semitic alphabets, the letter resh (and its equivalents) is quite similar to the letter dalet (and its equivalents). In the Syriac alphabet, the letters became so similar that now they are only distinguished by a dot: resh has a dot above the letter, and the otherwise identical dalet has a dot below the letter. In the Arabic alphabet, rāʼ has a longer tail than dāl. In the Aramaic and Hebrew square alphabet, resh is a rounded single stroke while dalet is a right-angle of two strokes.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek rho (Ρ/ρ), Etruscan, Latin R, and Cyrillic Р.

Origins
Resh is usually assumed to mean head, as in Proto-Semitic *raʾ(i)š- and descendants.

Arabic rāʾ
The letter is named rāʾ راء in Arabic. It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:

It ranges between an alveolar trill, an alveolar flap , and a uvular trill (the last of which is only found in a few modern varieties). It is pronounced as a postalveolar approximant [ ɹ̠] in the traditional dialect of Fes.

Derived letter in other languages
The Unicode standard for Arabic scripts also lists a variant with a full stroke (Unicode character U+075b: ݛ  ), suggesting that this form is used in certain Northern and Western African languages and some dialects in Pakistan.

Hebrew resh
Hebrew spelling: רֵישׁ

In Hebrew, Resh represents a rhotic consonant that has different realizations for different dialects:
 * In Modern Hebrew, the most common pronunciation is the voiced uvular fricative.
 * Ashkenazi use sometimes a uvular trill or an alveolar trill . Native English-speakers replace it sometimes with an alveolar approximant, as in English.
 * Sephardic and Mizrahi use an alveolar trill, an alveolar flap or uvular trill.

As a general rule, Resh, along with Ayin, Aleph, He, and Het, do not receive a dagesh. There are a handful of exception to this rule. In the Yemenite tradition, Resh is treated as most other consonants in that it can receive a dagesh hazak under certain circumstances. In the most widely accepted version of the Hebrew Bible, there are 17 instances of Resh being marked with a dagesh. The list is: 1 Samuel 1:6, 1 Samuel 10:24, 1 Samuel 17:25, 2 Kings 6:32, Jeremiah 39:12, Ezekiel 16:4 [×2], Habakkuk 3:13, Psalms 52:5, Proverbs 3:8, Proverbs 11:21, Proverbs 14:10, Proverbs 15:1, Job 39:9 (? ), Song of Songs 5:2, Ezra 9:6, 2 Chronicles 26:10 (? )

In gematria, Resh represents the number 200.

As abbreviation
Resh as an abbreviation can stand for Rabbi (or Rav, Rebbe, Rabban, Rabbenu, and other similar constructions).

Resh may be found after a person's name on a gravestone to indicate that the person had been a Rabbi or to indicate the other use of Rav, as a generic term for a teacher or a personal spiritual guide.

Spelling out
Resh is used in an Israeli phrase; after a child says something false, one may say "B'Shin Quf, Resh" (With Shin, Quf, Resh). These letters spell Sheqer, which is the Hebrew word for a lie. It would be akin to an English speaker saying "That's an L-I-E."

title: Resh


text:
Talk:Korean philosophy

Intro

 * Created on April 20, 2005. Sadly a good deal of this article got jammed up and was erased, so much of this must be recreated over this coming week. Details on Confucian philosophers will be added, as well as major Buddhist monks with their schools and works. In terms of current scholars on Heidegger, semiotics, hermeneutics, &etc. this will be filled in only briefly, and spun off into specific articles.

Christian philosophers will be found in a separate article on Korean Christian philosophy as the subject is so large, and contentious because of established churches and cult subdivisions, it needs its own entry. And with hope that will be done by other hands as this is out of our field of expertise. POofYS Dated 07:59, 20 April 2005.

title: Talk:Korean philosophy


text:
Pete Fowler

Pete Fowler (born 1969 in Cardiff) is a Welsh artist best known for his artwork for the Welsh band Super Furry Animals and his Monsterism toys and goods. He is a freelance illustrator and "monster maker" inspired by animals, music, folklore, myths, psychedelia and super nature. He has also worked on a number of other projects in the UK and Japan, such as television advertisements (Kia Picanto), as well as having art exhibitions in the UK and abroad.

Early life
Growing up in Cardiff before studying fine art at Falmouth University, Fowler was surrounded by music, but the sleeve imagery that made the greatest impact was that which adorned records by anarcho-punk band Crass. [6] Having graduated in 1991, Fowler moved to London, where he tried to make ends meet by producing artwork for T-shirts and nightclub backdrops, while also putting on small exhibitions of his work in bars. Word  spread quickly and it wasn’t long before Fowler received a phone call from Creation Records and an invitation to show his portfolio to the Super Furry Animals. [6]

Monsterism
The majority of Fowler's art is made in a postmodern cartoon style and often revolves around a central narrative and features a recurring set of characters. The "monsters" Fowler creates all reside on "Monsterism Island". Fowler invents extensive back-stories for his characters; each has its own specific traits and levels of "monsterism". Fowler is most known for his designer toys of his characters, which he himself manufactures with his own company. A CD called The Sounds of Monsterism Island was released in 2005 by Heavenly Records. According to the press release, "The record is a compilation album that works as a soundtrack to the world of Monsterism. The album features psychedelic music from the '60s through to today, much of it unearthed and put on CD for the first time." In 2006, Fowler created a set of comics about Monsterism Island which have been featured in Vice Magazine. The second soundtrack to Monsterism Island, A Psychedelic Guide to Monsterism Island, was released in 2009 and features mostly new compositions by a host of contemporary musicians.

Notable events
Fowler is one half of the deckshoegaze/cosmic disco outfit Seahawks who have released extensively on vinyl, CD and download since 2010 and have remixed a variety of bands as well as regularly DJing, with Fowler commonly playing the genres of 70's smooth rock, discoid and balearic debris.

Collaborations
Fowler has worked with a myriad of different clients including Disney, Levi's, Lynx, AVG, Kia Motors, Paul Smith, Sony, EMI, Warner Brothers, Poweo, Hewlett Packard, Boxfresh, Vice Magazine, GQ, Volvic, Etnies, MTV, Konami, BMG, Island Records, Rough Trade, Aardman Animation, Unilever, Greenpeace, Redbull, Warp Films, Haiti Benefit, The co-operative, Future Publishing, Big Chill, Camp Bestival & Bestival, All Tomorrows Parties, Green Man, The Horrors, Clinic and Super Fury Animals [7]

Collaboration with Super Fury Animals
Gruff Rhys member of the band was introduced to some of Fowlers murals just after a tour in Japan and after being immersed in Japanese imagery seeing Fowlers work was a ‘Eureka moment’ [8]. Fowler and Super Furry Animals met as both Pete and Gruff Rhys were huge fans of each other and believed a collaboration would work due to an alignment of abstract art in terms of the designs of Fowlers work and the music the band created. Fowler worked on a myriad of pieces for the band including albums covers, single covers and figurines.

Radiator album
Fowlers most notable work is his work for Super Furry animals. His artwork for the front cover of one of the bands most famous albums ‘Radiator’. The album released on August 25, 1997 [9] is one of the bands most sold albums with over 100,000 sales as of September, 2017 [10]. The artwork Fowler was inspired by the sinister undertones of Japanese Art an art style synonyms with much of Fowlers work. The sleeve originally had a bear-man facing an apparition in an opposing window but eventually became two bears, an evil one becoming a reflection of the good one. [11] Since the birth of the Album  the artwork for it has been sold on T-shirts and been made into posters.

Kia Motors Advert
Fowler worked with South Korean car company Kia in their advert promoting the new small model Kia Picanto in 2005. [12] The advert had a £15,000,000 budget and was directed by Pete Candeland who previously worked with animations for Gorriliaz. [12] Behind the advert was Fowler who designed the kia family of characters. [13] It was created in “claymation” - plasticine models brought to life by stop motion animation. The process took 3 months for only 30 seconds of footage and was hugely unique for a car company to advertise in this manner in a ‘less serious way’.

title: Pete Fowler


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Haham hanuka 2

Haham hanuka
final (0/14/3) ending 12:06, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

more than 1400 edits in 6 months --Haham hanuka 12:06, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1)  M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 02:36, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) add to Tony's point below that this RFA is far too laconic for a self-nomination. Even the "generic questions" are missing. All other self-nominators attempt to make some sort of case for themselves. I might change to neutral or even support if he follows up with  some convincing statement that will tell us who we're dealing with, and why he needs admin privileges. HH even left it to me to point out that his first self-nom failed one month ago, with a clear 2:9. Much less does he give any sort of hint why he thinks people should reconsider. dab (ᛏ) 14:15, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Several issues that were raised during the previous RfA have not been addressed since then by Haham hanuka. Two of these have already been mentioned: the RfA format and the lack of Wikipedia namespace edits. Another issue is almost every edit being marked as minor, which is very unhelpful to other editors. With more experience and community involvment, I will support. Carbonite | Talk 14:29, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Way too many edits (and for important articles) do not have edit summaries. I cannot stress how much of time this wastes for RC checkers. Pavel Vozenilek 18:34, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Strongly oppose. Another issue in this user's previous RFA that has not been resolved (as of this writing): Haham hanuka has not yet followed the guidelines to nominate one to RFA. How can one be an admin when xe cannot follow simple directions. Zzyzx11 | Talk 21:24, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Needs to address the issues brought during previous RfA. Malformed nomination (missing votes, end times, and questions). Nomination text consisting solely of edit count and time on Wikipedia. Needs more edit summaries and fewer minor edits. Haham, you seem like a good editor, but please address our concerns before you nominate yourself again. With such a sparse nomination and not answering the standard questions, it is difficult to know anything about you. Nor have you addressed why you want to be an administrator or what you'd do with administrative abilities. Finally, administrators must be familiar with many different policies and suggestions. This is your second self-nomination; you should be able to follow the directions on the RfA page, leaving others to clean up after you. Sloppy editing isn't desirable even in articles, but from someone with administrative abilities it could be dangerous. — Knowledge Seeker দ 05:37, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Oppose for all the reasons others mentioned. If this users doesn't follow the procedure to nominate himself that doesn't bode well for other rules. Mgm|(talk) 21:49, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Oppose.  ✏ Oven Fresh  ²  21:48, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Strongly Oppose. Don't take it personally, but adminship is not just based on how many edits you have; your statement above for your nomination "more than 1400 edits in 6 months --Haham hanuka 12:06, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)" isn't enough; you also need some more community envolvement and edit summaries. --Lst27  ( t a l k )  22:25, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Strongly Oppose. Three things. First, after looking at your revision history, the overwhelming majority of your edits are marked as minor edits. Just because you've got a huge amount of minor edits doesn't mean you're qualified as an admin. Second, after reviewing your major edits, and some of your minor edits, it seems like you are very biased. Some of your edits, particuarly those concerning Nazism and Adolf Hitler, have alarmed me. Third, where are all of the edit summaries? Even a short tidbit would be better than nothing. Linuxbeak 18:10, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Does not meet my admin criterion, jguk 07:23, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Adminship isn't something you just get for having a lot of edits. Andre ( talk ) 19:57, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) I promise to be on the support side after a few more months and seeing more major edits involvement.--Jondel 09:28, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) After hearing what Eranb and Danny have said, I am changing my vote. -- M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 11:50, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Oppose, and I have close to twenty thousand edits and not the slightest interest in being an admin. All I can tell from User:Haham hanuka's user page is that he LOVES writing and adding to articles about young pornographic movie "actresses" and is very keen on listing links to their very explicit sites, now why is that exactly? Does he want to turn Wikipedia into a larger channel for the filth that floods the Internet already? Gimme a break, this should not be happening! IZAK 11:53, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) --Haham hanuka 10:40, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Neutral because this user has very few edits in talk (17), user talk (19), and Wikipedia (about 18 non-RFA-related) namespaces.  Although he seems to have strong janitor skills, the lack of communication means I cannot vote for this candidate.  I'd need to see evidence that this user likes people and can communicate well with other editors--skills that you need a lot if you use admin powers.  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:20, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) * I strongly urge this candidate to resubmit after talking more, marking fewer edits a "minor" and the like. This is to my mind a very frustrating candidacy.  The evidence is there in the edits, but the community involvement isn't.  A potentially great administrator if only he'd get more involved. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:55, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Neutral for the same reasons given by Tony. Rje 14:26, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Having taken a closer look at this user's contributions I change my vote from opposed to neutral. A good editor but I'd like to see him answer the standard RfA questions. --Bjarki 01:20, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * first self-nomination failed 2:9 on 20 March. dab (ᛏ) 12:25, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm addicted to Wikipedia for more than a year. I'm active in the Hebrew Wikipdia too, I think that you should give me a chance and I promise I would be a good Admin. Feel free to ask me questions here. --Haham hanuka 14:28, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * but you already have every chance of participating, you just need to do it. being an admin will only allow you to protect/unprotect pages and ban/unban users. Every other janitor task you can already do, no problem. Also, we don't know how you react under stress. You seem to have attempted to unprotect Adolf Hitler last week. Would you just have used your admin powers for that? At least answer the generic questions every other admin candidate is asked. We don't even know what you want to be given a chance of doing. dab (ᛏ) 15:08, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Rather than having us ask you questions, have you considered answering the standard RfA questions? — Knowledge Seeker দ 07:54, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Haham hanuka currently has 1442 total edits: 1240/17 to articles/talk, 60/19 to User/talk, 54/1 to Image/talk, 42 to Wikipedia, 4/1 to Template/talk, and 3/1 to Category/talk. —Korath (Talk) 14:31, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I know that what happens on other Wikipedias is largely irrelevant to RFA here, but User talk:Merovingian is interesting. — Knowledge Seeker দ 17:36, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh. he's asking for adminship again? oh dear me. what will he think of next? Eranb 19:15, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Hertford East railway station

Hertford East railway station is the northern terminus of the Hertford East branch line off the West Anglia Main Line in the east of England, and is located in the town of Hertford in Hertfordshire. It is 24 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street and is one of two stations in the town, the other being Hertford North on the Hertford Loop Line. Its three-letter station code is HFE.

The station and all trains calling are operated by Greater Anglia.

There are two platforms, although platform number one is generally only used during peak times, during times of disruption and primarily for trains to and from Stratford station.

History
The first station opened on 31st October 1843 sited to the east of the present station. The current station, designed by W. N. Ashbee, was opened by the Great Eastern Railway on 27 February 1888, replacing the first station. The station was listed in 1974 as a Grade II listed building; in 1996 the buffer stop lights on platform 1 were separately listed in their own right.

The Grade II listed signal box at the station was dismantled in October 2021 to allow for platform extensions. It will be relocated to the Wensleydale Railway.

Services
All services at Hertford East are operated by Greater Anglia using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service is two trains per hour to and from London Liverpool Street via Tottenham Hale which start and terminate at Hertford East. Additional services, including trains to and from Stratford run to and from the station during the peak hours.

On Sundays, services run to and from Stratford instead of London Liverpool Street.

Proposed developments
Some options of the proposed East West Rail involve reopening a route between Hertford East railway station and Hertford North railway station; however a 2009 discussion paper noted that while "the new connection appears technically feasible, doubts must be cast over its public acceptability and deliverability".

In popular culture
Hertford East doubles as Yeovil Railway Station in the 1960 film School for Scoundrels, seen in the opening titles and closing credits.

The station features in a number of different channel branding films (called 'Idents' in the television industry) for the ITV channels in the UK. Different, but similar idents have been created for each five of ITV’s channels.

title: Hertford East railway station


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