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Serenade (1956 film)

Serenade is a 1956 American musical drama film directed by Anthony Mann and starring tenor Mario Lanza, Joan Fontaine, Sara Montiel (billed as Sarita Montiel), and Vincent Price. Based on the 1937 novel Serenade by James M. Cain, the film was a Warner Bros. release, Lanza's fifth film, and his first on-screen appearance in four years.

Plot
Serenade tells the story of poor vineyard worker Damon Vincenti (Mario Lanza), who becomes an operatic tenor, and is involved with two women — one a high society hostess, Kendall Hale (Joan Fontaine), the other a Mexican bullfighter's daughter, Juana Montes (Sara Montiel). The tenor has a breakdown because of his unrequited love for the society woman, but finds love (and a happy ending) with the Mexican girl. Highly melodramatic, the film features a great deal of operatic music, all of it sung by Lanza. Of note are the Act III Monologue from Verdi's Otello and an extract from the duet "Dio ti giocondi" from the same opera featuring Metropolitan Opera soprano Licia Albanese.

Cast

 * Mario Lanza as Damon Vincenti
 * Joan Fontaine as Kendall Hale
 * Sara Montiel as Juana Montes (as Sarita Montiel)
 * Vincent Price as Charles Winthrop
 * Joseph Calleia as Maestro Marcatello
 * Harry Bellaver as Tonio
 * Vince Edwards as Marco Roselli
 * Silvio Minciotti as Lardelli
 * Frank Puglia as Manuel Montes
 * Edward Platt as Everett Carter
 * Licia Albanese as Desdemona in Otello
 * Jean Fenn as Soprano in San Francisco

Differences from the source novel
The movie differs greatly from the James M. Cain source novel. In the book, the male protagonist is John Howard Sharp, a professional opera singer who has lost his voice and fled the United States to Mexico in a crisis of confidence after being sexually wooed (not unsuccessfully, though details are vague) by a male socialite and impresario. Juana Montes is a Mexican prostitute who sees Sharp as gay and therefore a trouble-free partner to open a brothel with. But after having sex in a deserted church with Juana, Sharp recovers his voice and his preferred sexual identity. The two lovers come into conflict with the local police and flee to Los Angeles, where Sharp reestablishes his singing career, more successful than ever. But once they move to New York, the singer must struggle against the renewed blandishments of the gay impresario, whom Juana eventually murders with a torero's sword. As none of this material could be considered suitable for an American movie in 1956, the story's male impresario becomes female instead and the Mexican prostitute becomes a Mexican bullfighter's daughter.

Production
Film rights to the novel were bought in 1946 by the production company of Michael Curtiz.

Anthony Mann got involved in the project through his agents, MCA, who also represented Mario Lanza. "They introduced me to him. I got to know him and I really liked the guy, even though everyone was kicking him down, saying he’d never make another film. And I guess it was really more out of a stupid sentimentality, but I felt sorry for the guy...I knew it was going to be a terrible, terrible problem, because he was a compulsive eater and a compulsive drinker, but he was a marvellous, warm-hearted guy and I don’t think all the horrible things they said about him were true."

Mann was warned not to make a film with Lanza. "It was probably sentiment, but I decided I would. Terrible things happened, it was all very, very difficult, and the fact that I was able to finish it was a miracle. That’s the only miracle about it, because the film’s not good."

Mann liked some of the things about the movie. "I thought he did a couple of scenes quite well: his singing of OtheUo was very beautiful... It was one of those things for which I should never have approached, but I’m glad I did it in a way.... But we tried very hard to make something of it pictorially and went to some magnificent places in Mexico.... But its story was weak. How can you tell a story anyway when you’re singing arias all the time."

Songs

 * "Serenade"
 * "My Destiny"
 * "Nessun dorma"

Reception
Reviewing the film in The New York Times, A. H. Weiler wrote that Lanza, "who was never in better voice, makes this a full and sometimes impressive musical entertainment."

The film suffered a purported loss of $695,000.

title: Serenade (1956 film)


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Tikhvin

Tikhvin (Ти́хвин; Veps: Tihvin ) is a town and the administrative center of Tikhvinsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on both banks of the Tikhvinka River in the east of the oblast, 200 km east of St. Petersburg. Tikhvin is also an industrial and cultural center of the district, as well as its transportation hub. Population:

It was previously known as Predtechensky pogost, Tikhvinsky posad.

Etymology
According to one version supported by Max Vasmer, the name of the town originates from Old East Slavic тихъ (тихий), which means "quiet". According to another version, it is derived from Finnish tihkua — "trickle out".

History
It was first mentioned in 1383 as Predtechensky pogost (Предтеченский погост), when a chronicle reported that a wooden Church of the Dormition was built here. Later, in 1495–1496, Y. K. Saburov, a clerk in the Novgorod Cadastre, mentioned the "...Tikhvin parish and in it, a wooden church..."

Its location at the intersection of trade routes which connected the Volga River with Lake Ladoga and the Baltic Sea ensured its rapid development. At the beginning of the 16th century, it was already a widely known commerce and trade center. In 1507–1515, funded by Vasili III of Russia, on the spot of the burned wooden church, Dmitry Syrkov of Novgorod constructed the monumental stone Cathedral of Dormition, which stands to this day.

In 1560, by order of Ivan the Terrible, the Monastery of Dormition was built on the left bank of the Tikhvinka River. Management of the construction project was entrusted to Fyodor Syrkov, the son of Dmitry Syrkov. Special importance was placed on the haste of its construction; therefore, the Tsar permitted the use of peasants from twenty rural divisions to assist in building it.

In the spring and summer of 1560, the large Monastery of Dormition and the smaller Vvedensky convent were simultaneously built, as well as two trade and industrial settlements with various buildings for residential, economic, and religious purposes. The monastery was initially surrounded by a stockade of sharpened poles. Later, in the mid-17th century, it was replaced by two parallel log walls, filled in between with earth and stones. A covered walkway with arrow slits went along the top of walls and above the walls nine powerful towers were raised. Thus, on the spot of an ancient settlement, an important fortified stronghold was created, which would play a large role in the defense of the northwestern borders of Russia.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Russian state underwent a deep internal crisis. During the Swedish-Polish incursion, the Swedes occupied and devastated the region around Novgorod. In 1613, Tikhvin was captured, ransacked, and burned. Tradespeople, sheltering behind the fortress walls of the monastery, survived a prolonged siege and numerous attacks before routing the Swedish army. The fight ended with the expulsion of the Swedes from the area, marking the beginning of the liberation of the Novgorod region from Swedish and Polish forces.

Tikhvin blossomed economically during the 17th and 18th centuries. The products of Tikhvin's blacksmiths enjoyed special demand and were bought not only in Russian cities but also abroad. Tikhvin became one of the points for foreign trade in Russia and Tikhvin Fair was one of the largest in the country. The bloom in trade and crafts in the 17th century contributed to an increase of the settlement's population, which grew considerably.

Stone buildings were permitted only on the territory of the monastery. In the 16th century, in addition to the cathedral, a stone refectory was built, and a church dedicated to the birth of the Mother of God was erected in 1581. In 1600, a five-roofed belfry was constructed. An especially intense period of stone construction took place in the second half of the 17th century, when all the wooden buildings in the monastery were replaced by ones of stone. As a result of these works, a highly artistic ensemble of historical and architectural monuments was created on the territory of the monastery, which is mostly preserved to this day, although in the 18th and 19th centuries some of the cloister buildings underwent reconstruction which altered their original appearance.

Since their construction in 1560, Tikhvin owed its allegiance to the monastery and convent. In 1723, after a prolonged fight, the inhabitants of Tikhvin were freed from monastery control and obtained their own administration, a magistrate who answered to Novgorod Province office. The settlement was not totally separated from the monastery until 1764, after an edict concerning the transfer of the monastery's property to the state. In 1773, Tikhvin was granted town status.

Tikhvin has considerable deposits of bauxite, a component involved in the manufacture of aluminum. These reserves were of "decisive significance" to the German war effort in World War II. 12th Panzer Division launched an operation to capture Tikhvin on 19 October 1941. During World War II, Tikhvin was occupied by Nazi troops from 8 November 1941 to 9 December 1941. Due to counterattacks on the part of Soviet forces, it had to be abandoned after one month, but many architectural monuments were destroyed during that time. The re-capture of Tikhvin is considered to have been extremely vital in the execution of the Road of Life during the Siege of Leningrad, thanks to its railway. It allowed the Soviets to provide much more foodstuffs in comparison to the makeshift land road previously used.

Geography
The town is located on both banks of the Tikhvinka River in the east of the oblast, 200 kilometers (120 mi) east of St. Petersburg.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tikhvin serves as the administrative center of Tikhvinsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with nineteen rural localities, incorporated within Tikhvinsky District as Tikhvinskoye Settlement Municipal Formation. As a municipal division, Tikhvinskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Tikhvinsky Municipal District as Tikhvinskoye Urban Settlement.

Industry
In Soviet times, the largest employer in Tikhvin was a heavy machine factory, known as Transmash up to 2001, where tractors and defense equipment were manufactured. In its heyday, 20,000 people were employed there. The plant was very negatively affected by the dissolution of the Soviet Union and post-Soviet economic problems. Tractor production ceased in 2003 and by 2005, its workforce was reduced to about a thousand. The plant was acquired in 2001 by the ICT Group and restructured, a ferroalloy plant (acquired by Mechel in 2008), and rail wagon building plant were constructed in the first decade of the 21st century.

Other industrial enterprises in the town include the manufacturing of furniture for IKEA, a construction company, a wood-chemical plant (producing rosin, resin, turpentine, and other such wood-based chemicals), a meat-packing plant, a dairy plant, a bread factory, and other light enterprises.

Transportation
A railway connecting St. Petersburg and Vologda passes Tikhvin. A secondary railway branches out south, connecting Tikhvin with Budogoshch.

The A114 Highway, connecting Vologda with Cherepovets and St. Petersburg, passes Tikhvin as well. There are also local roads.

The whole course of the Tikhvinka River is a part of the Tikhvinskaya water system, one of the waterways constructed in the early 19th century to connect the basins of the Volga and the Neva Rivers. The waterway runs from the Syas upstream the Tikhvinka. Lake Yelgino is connected by the Tikhvin Canal, 6 km with the upper course of the Volchina River. The waterway then follows downstream the Gorun River, the Chagodoshcha River, and the Mologa River. Currently, it is not used for any commercial navigation. Most of the locks built on the Tikhvinka decayed and are not in use.

Architecture
Today, Tikhvin is divided into two parts: the "old town", which preserves the look of a small provincial town, and the "new town", consisting of apartment blocks built after World War II in the typical Soviet style. The majority of the population lives in the "new town". The houses and buildings of the "old town" are mostly wooden; in the center square, which until the 20th century was the commercial heart of the town, stands a restored cathedral, Savior of the Transfiguration, which is the main church in the town. In addition to the cathedral, a number of notable buildings are preserved around the square, including the hotel "St. Petersburg" (now Sberbank) and the "Guest Court", which was closed for many years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but has been completely restored and now functions as a shopping center.

An additional point of interest is the historical part of the town with old wooden buildings and planning characteristic of the 18th century. The ruins of wooden sluices from the 19th century has been preserved as well; these are the remains of the Tikhvinskaya water system.

Culture
The famous Russian composer, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, was born in Tikhvin. His house has been converted into a museum.

Festivals

 * "Tikhvin Lel": begun in 1991, a yearly children's artistic competition and festival of traditional dance associations. In 2000 more than 80 associations from different cities of Russia and countries of the CIS participated, with more than 1000 participants. There are three categories of competition: classical dance, folk dance, and variety dance. Many associations attend the festival several years in a row. Since 1998, players of folk instruments have been able to take part in the competition as soloists, duets, ensembles and orchestras. In 2000, 76 contestants participated in this portion of the festival.
 * "September in Tikhvin": an open festival of wind and jazz music that began in 2000 and is organized in part by the Rimsky-Korsakov School of Arts. The festival's aims are to encourage connections between musicians of different countries, train young people with the best examples of world jazz, and raise the level of musical education in art and music schools. Famous jazz musicians and jazz associations from Russia and abroad have participated in the festival throughout the years; participants from other countries have included those from Finland, Denmark, Sweden, and Great Britain. One of the initiators of the festival was the Tikhvin jazz quartet (created in 1994), which has repeatedly represented Tikhvin in festivals in France, Germany, and Finland.

Religion

The main architectural and historical sight of town is the Monastery of the Dormition, founded in 1560. The monastery is famed for the Theotokos of Tikhvin icon. According to legend, it appeared on the shore of the Tikhvinka River on June 26 (July 9), 1383; later at this place the monastery and town would be built.

Notable people

 * Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908), composer
 * Voin Rimsky-Korsakov (1822–1871), his brother, naval figure

Twin towns – sister cities
Tikhvin is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Hérouville-Saint-Clair, France
 * 🇫🇮 Imatra, Finland

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tikhvin


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Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation

The Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation, consisting of the Young Pioneers and the Thälmann Pioneers, was a youth organisation of schoolchildren aged 6 to 13 in East Germany. They were named after Ernst Thälmann, the former leader of the Communist Party of Germany, who was executed at the Buchenwald concentration camp.

The group was a subdivision of the Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ, Free German Youth), East Germany's youth movement. It was founded on 13 December 1948 and broke apart in 1989 on German reunification. In the 1960s and 1970s, nearly all schoolchildren between ages 6 and 13 were organised into Young Pioneer or Thälmann Pioneer groups, with the organisations having "nearly two million children" collectively by 1975.

The pioneer group was loosely based on Scouting, but organised in such a way as to teach schoolchildren aged 6 – 13 about socialist ideology and prepare them for the Freie Deutsche Jugend, the FDJ. Afternoons spent at the pioneer group mainly consisted of a mixture of adventure, myth-like socialist teachings and the upkeep of revolutionary traditions. In the summer, children usually went to pioneer camps similar to the West German Wandervogel groups or the Scouts. International pioneer camps were also common, intended to foster friendship between different nationalities.

History
At the 17th congress of the FDJ's central council, the "Young Pioneers" were officially founded on 13 December 1948. It was the common political mass organisation for children in the GDR, run by the SED through the FDJ. From 1949 its chairwoman was Margot Feist, who would later marry Erich Honecker. From 1949 a newspaper was produced called "The Young Pioneer" (Der junge Pionier), later called "The Drum" (Die Trommel).

In 1949 the organisation already counted 714,258 young pioneers, i.e. about 30% of all school-age children in the Soviet zone. By the end of the 1950s the majority of school-age children in East Germany were in the Thälmann pioneer organisation, the range going from 67.4% in Berlin to 89.4% in Dresden. In 1989 there were nearly two million schoolchildren in the organisation, or 98% of all schoolchildren in East Germany.

The pioneers had a general meeting every few years, each time with a different theme.
 * 1) 1952 Dresden, opening meeting, naming of pioneers
 * 2) 1955 Dresden
 * 3) 1958 Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Für Frieden und Sozialismus (For Peace and Socialism)
 * 4) 1961 Erfurt, Bekenntnis zu ihrem sozialistischen Staat (Vow to the Socialist State)
 * 5) 1964 Chemnitz (then Karl-Marx-Stadt)
 * 6) 1970 Cottbus
 * 7) 1972 Dresden: performance show of the Young Pioneers / Thälmann Pioneers
 * 8) 1988 Chemnitz

In November 1989, there was unrest in the cities of the GDR, such as the Monday demonstrations in Leipzig. The evening before the GDR's 40th anniversary, the traditional parade of torches by the FDJ was accompanied by cries of "Gorbi, Gorbi!" (These events, as well as FDJ and Pioneer songs, are shown in the German language film Good Bye Lenin!). The pioneers' chairman, Wilfried Poßner, who had led the organisation for the last four years, resigned. He was succeeded by Birgit Gappa, who was given the task of reforming the organisation but became its last leader. In August 1990, after the fall of the Berlin Wall and shortly before German reunification, the Ernst Thälmann Pioneer organisation was dissolved. Since then, there have been no pioneer organisations in Germany.

Slogan and greeting
The pioneers' slogan was Für Frieden und Sozialismus seid bereit – Immer bereit" ("For peace and socialism be ready – always ready"). This was usually shortened to "Be ready - always ready". This was recited at the raising of the flag. One person said the first part, "Be ready!": this was usually the pioneer leader, the teacher or the head of the local pioneer group. The pioneers all answered "Always ready", stiffening their right hand and placing it against their forehead with the thumb closest and their fingers facing skywards.

Uniform
The pioneers' uniform consisted of white shirts and blouses bought by their parents, along with blue trousers or skirts until the 1970s and on special occasions. But often the only thing worn was the most important sign of the future socialist – the triangular necktie. At first this was blue, but from 1973, the Thälmann pioneers wore a red necktie like the pioneers in the Soviet Union, while the Young Pioneers kept the blue one. Pioneers wore their uniforms at political events and state holidays such as the workers' demonstrations on May Day, as well as at school festivals and pioneer events.

Membership
Membership in both the Young Pioneers and the Thälmann Pioneers was voluntary. However, it was seen as a matter of course by the state (and thus the schools) as well as by some parents. Most children simply followed the crowd, and nearly all children in each school class joined, although there were always some who did not do so, for example because they were religious or simply did not want to.

Opinions differ as to whether or not it was a disadvantage to refuse to join the organisation. Some people claim that they were shut out of organised events, but others say that they were allowed to take part in anything which interested them. In any case, at least one year's membership of the Young Pioneers was required to be allowed to join the Thälmann pioneers, and membership in the Thälmann pioneers was necessary to join the FDJ. Some people who did not join the FDJ later found it hard to follow the university course of their choice, or to travel as freely as others.

Registration as a member took place on 13 December, the day the organisation was founded in 1948; usually those joining the Young Pioneers were aged 6 and those joining the Thälmann pioneers aged 10.

Songs
The Pioneer songs were sung at any opportunity, including the following titles:
 * Kampflied der Thälmann-Pioniere - Battle song of the Thälmann pioneers
 * Wir tragen die Blaue Fahne – We carry the blue flag
 * Unser kleiner Trompeter – Our little trumpeter
 * Thälmann-Lied – Thälmann song
 * Pioniermarsch – Pioneers' March
 * Der Volkspolizist – The People's Policeman
 * Jetzt bin ich Junger Pionier – Now I am a Young Pioneer
 * Unsere Heimat – Our Heimat
 * Die Heimat hat sich schön gemacht – Our Homeland has smartened itself up
 * Auf zum Sozialismus – Onwards to Socialism
 * Kleine weiße Friedenstaube – Little White Dove of Peace
 * Lied der jungen Naturforscher – Song of the Young Nature Researchers
 * Wenn Mutti früh zur Arbeit geht – When Mother Goes to Work in the Morning
 * Gute Freunde – Good Friends
 * Hab'n Se nicht noch Altpapier – Got Any Waste Paper?
 * Pioniere voran! – Onwards, Pioneers!
 * Laßt Euch grüßen, Pioniere – Greetings, Pioneers
 * Immer lebe die Sonne – May There Always Be Sunshine
 * Friede auf unserer Erde – Peace on our Earth

Activities
The pioneers took part in a range of activities including sports, ceremonies and performances, meetings and waste collection for different causes. In their uniforms, and with their children's enthusiasm, they were an attractive accompaniment to GDR anniversaries and festivals. In 1966, for example, a delegation of children from the Pioneers and the FDJ symbolically handed over a bunch of red carnations in honour of the SED's 20th anniversary.

Apart from presenting a youthful, positive face of socialism to the outside world, these activities were also designed to emphasize the message to the children involved that Socialism had a strong moral side. In 1971 a "solidarity action" took place in which the children collected a million roses for the American Angela Davis's release. In 1973, the World Festival of Youth and Students in Berlin carried the motto "For anti-imperialistic solidarity, peace and friendship".

Activities were also a way of educating the children in socialist ideals: the "Kurs 80" movement in 1978 aimed at familiarising the pioneers with the politics of the Working Class Party (the SED).

Pioneer parks and camps
At the first nationwide youth meeting in 1950 at the Wuhlheide in East Berlin, a park was opened known as the Pionierrepublik „Ernst Thälmann“ ("Ernst Thälmann Pioneers' Republic"), later changed to "pioneers' park". About 20,000 children stayed there for the meeting. A headquarters for the young pioneers was opened in Berlin at the same time.

In 1952 Wilhelm Pieck, then President of East Germany, ceremoniously opened another "pioneers' republic" at Werbellinsee north-east of Berlin. It was based on a Soviet pioneer camp, the Artek. It was considered a privilege to be chosen to go to this camp; every year about 1,000 pioneers were chosen to go there. The site is currently being modernised by an investor from Karlsruhe.

During the summer months, children were sent to the summer pioneer camps in East Germany and other socialist parts of the world, such as that in Dresden in 1952. It was on this occasion that the organisation was given the name "Ernst Thälmann".

In 1979 the Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Palace was opened.

International events
The elite of the pioneers were often sent abroad, usually to other Socialist or Communist countries, to foster international relations and emphasize the international nature of socialism to the children. In 1967, a Friendship Train travelled to the Soviet Union carrying FDJ and Pioneer members. In 1972 pioneers sent more than a million "messages of friendship" to the Lenin Pioneers in the Soviet Union, who were celebrating their organisation's 50th anniversary.

In 1974, the Salut, Pobyeda action was begun in preparation for the 30th anniversary of the fall of Fascism: the Russian word "Pobyeda" (Победа) means "Victory!". It was the first international pioneer event at which children from Mongolia, North Vietnam and Cuba took part.

Collections
Young pioneers were also kept occupied by having to collect waste for recycling, such as paper and metal, East Germany being notoriously short on natural resources. For Wilhelm Pieck's 80th birthday, for example, children collected 1.5 million Ostmark worth of waste materials and the money went towards the building of a merchant ship, called the "Thälmann Pioneers". In 1957 stones were collected all across East Germany to build a new jetty at Rostock harbour.

In 1962 the first "Week of Socialist Pioneer Aid" took place, during which the pioneers collected enough recyclable materials to pay for 900 km of the "Friendship Line"(Trasse der Freundschaft) petroleum pipeline.

In 1980, 3,307,585 Ostmark was collected for the children of Cambodia, and in 1983, toys were collected for the children of Nicaragua.

Awards
One distinction for favoured pioneers was the awarding of medals of all kinds, such as the silver "decoration of merit for the fatherland" (Vaterländischer Verdienstorden) given to the Thälmann pioneers on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the founding of the GDR in 1959. In 1968 the same award was presented in gold in honour of the 20th anniversary of the founding of the Thälmann pioneers.

Other symbols were also used to give pioneers a feeling of accomplishment or pride, such as the wearing of a red necktie, which was approved officially by the Central Committee of the pioneers in 1973.

title: Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation


text:
Talk:Maturidism

Untitled

 * One of the earliest and most basic texts on Islamic theology, al-Aqeedah al-Tahawiyyah (The Tahawi Doctrine of Belief), is a Maturidi text.

This assertion interested me since I know that al-Tahawai was a follow of Imam Abu Hanafi and since he wrote it why would it be a Maturidi text? Not that this article is wrong... it might be... but, I think it should be at least clarified and should cite a good source. gren 13:12, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I also think their should be a reference for this...

Ive deleted the link to "Maturidi Creed" - no one should use the Encyclopedia for Propaganda

Additional comment inserted by SBader: Other peoples' comments should not be edited even if wrong, and I shall not do so. However as the link from "Imam Abu Hanafi" leads to "page does not exist", I must explain that it is correctly "Imam Abu Hanifah", whose followers are referred to as "Hanafi". Now both names can lead to a Wikipedia page. "Their" (should be "there")(penultimate line) and the lack of an apostrophe in "Ive"(final line) are non-misleading errors in a comment and can be ignored.SBader (talk) 20:57, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

The Text in Article 'a Maturidi ( Arabic: ماتريدي يا قحبة)' the arabic portion is vandalized
It needs to be corrected to '( Arabic: ماتريدي)' by deleting 'يا قحبة ' which is an added text not pertinent to the article, but is an abuse. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.181.167.165 (talk) 17:23, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Correct translation of phrases.
During the post renaissance explosion of exotic studies in Europe many names and phrases were translated or transliterated without the required degree of accuracy. Avicenna, Confucius and many others including Maturidi. The latter is a phrase consisting of two words in Arabic. Ma (what) and (Turidi) (you want). I should not enter into a theological explanation of the phrase, but it is certainly two words and should be "Ma Turidi". I hesitate to edit this centuries long error, some editor will change it back with a lame excuse, but at some point someone should, not only in Wikipedia, but in the world of academe.SBader (talk) 21:15, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

No history section
Maturidism is a major school of theology, and arguably larger (in terms of number of adherents) than either Ash'arism or Atharism. That there's no section for the school's history and development is disappointing and unhelpful to readers. Can we start compiling a list of sources, such as the Encyclopedia of Islam, to get a history section started? MezzoMezzo (talk) 03:51, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Indeed, the article is in dire need of improvement. It hasn't bubbled up on my to-do list, but I'd be happy to share sources if anyone would like to work on it. A good place to start is Oxford Bibliographies. The first section is about al-Maturidi himself, but most of the sources also include history of the school. A separate section on Maturidism behind the paywall lists more specialized sources. Aside from these, there's also Madelung's Māturīdiyya entry in EI2. Eperoton (talk) 23:16, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Let's assume that you and I and, guessing based on past success at Wikiprojects, two other editors decide to help with this. Would it be easier in terms of volunteer hours to begin with the article on the man, on the movement, or both simultaneously? MezzoMezzo (talk) 04:14, 29 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Abu Mansur al-Maturidi is in significantly better shape than this article, but it seems that an exposition of Maturidi's views usually plays a significant role in discussions of Maturidism, so someone who's engaging with RSs on Maturidism will probably find things to add to the other article too. Rudolph distinguishes three periods in the development of Maturidi theology: "the formation of the Ḥanafī theological tradition in the third/ninth century, its intellectual elaboration and transformation by Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944) and the emergence of Māturīdism as a well-established kalām school in the late fifth/eleventh and early sixth/twelfth century". Madelung notes: "The dominant influence of al-Maturidi's thought and works on the later representatives of the school is, however, evident, and the latter did not deviate more substantially from his doctrine than did the later Ash'aris from the doctrine of al-Ash'ari." Eperoton (talk) 00:22, 30 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Dang, you got a good amount of material right there. Give me a few days, and I'll see what I can come up with either at the local library or, barring that, a Google Books search. I think we already have a basic skeleton for the history section based on what you found with Rudolph. MezzoMezzo (talk) 03:14, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Ethnic pandering
The reference does not denounce Arabian sources, so such WP:OR should not be there. There have been many Arabian scholars from Syria who were Maturidi and served in the Ottoman courts. The Maturidi all rely on Arabic hadiths and the Arabian Prophet (SAW). So to say that they do not rely on Arabic traditions or sources is false. Maturidiyya is a dynamic school that has Arabs, Turks, South Asian (Indians and Pakistanis), and Persians all involved. Hhjd11 (talk) 06:41, 18 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Here is a quote of what the source exactly says:
 * "The 'combination of the Sofdian-Samanid cultural matrix and Al-Maturidiyya paved the way for a Persianized, rather than Arabized, understanding of Islam."
 * As we can see the author makes it clear that it was the SOFDIAN-SAMANID mixture with Maturidiyya that LATER LED TO a Persianized understanding of Islam, it does not say that Maturidiyya does not rely on Arabic sources/traditions, nor does this speak of Maturidiyya as a school. It is talking about a separate phenomenon that happened later because in part of the mixing of Sofdian-Samanid culture and Maturiddiyya. Hhjd11 (talk) 06:54, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Well said, I agree with your point of view!--TheEagle107 (talk) 07:10, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Maturidi was often found among the Turks and Persians, further spread over Asia via this Persian-influenced tradition. This is also the reason why Turks use Persian expressions for Islamic vocabulary such as "namaz" instead of "salat". In contrast would probably be the Hanbali udnerstanding of Islam with much les Persianized influences (no Div and Peri, Salat instead of Namaz, less theology but more hadith and scripture). Of course it is not that Maturidi himself established a "Persinized" version of Islam in contrast to a genuine "Arabic Islam". The Arabic Islam isn't even more genuine either, rather a reaction towards Persinized Islam, Greece incluences and Turkic interpretations, the "Arabic Islam", was just one of many competing sects during this period. Competing sects had been common and a doctrinal teaching of Islam had not been established yet. All later depictions of early Islamic period are just view retroperspectivly, and for Arabs called Arabic, for Turks called Turkic (yes, some Turks even trace back their Islam to an encounter between Attila the Hun and Muhammad), and so on. The fact we do not deal with Arabic culture, but a symbiosis of Turkic and Persian culture, anymore than we talk about Islam in Central Asia or Sunni Persia, should be noted, since they even have another terminological usage than the rather Arabic-Islamic cultures (which often had been in battle against the alledged alterings of Persinized Islam).

When the source states "The 'combination of the Sofdian-Samanid cultural matrix and Al-Maturidiyya paved the way for a Persianized, rather than Arabized, understanding of Islam", it is quiet clear, it refers to an Turko-Persian udnerstanding of Islam.

While re-checking I see, it really mentiones Sufism by the way. To make it clear, it states. But Sufism is also attributed to the Sogdian-Samanid culture. Thus it is both Sufism and Sassanid Islam that leads in combination with Maturidi-Islam to the Persinized understanding. Well, I guess it needs another edit, since we can not keep Sufism in, but Maturidi out.

"The combination of the Sogdian-Samanid cultural matix and Al-Maturidiyya paved the way for a Persianized, rather than Arabized, understanding of Islam. The former (Sogdian-Samanid) drew on the Pre-Islamic Sassanid political, cultural and musical traditions and prioritized Sufi Islam." --VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 11:59, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

This article is in a dire state and in need of a lot of improvement. We should focus on what matters the most, instead of focusing on controversial issues.--TheEagle107 (talk) 21:29, 18 October 2019 (UTC)
 * @TheEagle107, yes, the statement has no place in the lede as it does nothing to describe the Maturidi creed. Hhjd11 (talk) 07:57, 27 October 2019 (UTC)
 * @VenusFeuerFalle, what you write is mostly WP:OR. Sofdian-Samanid culture combined with Maturidi theology and any suspected phenomenon that results from it has nothing to do with describing what Maturidi is. Therefore it does not belong in the lede.

 * Also you say "...Thus it is both Sufism and Sassanid Islam" and also "The former (Sogdian-Samanid) drew on the Pre-Islamic Sassanid political...''"

 * First of all, there is no such thing as "Sassanid Islam." Also, even if the Samanid Empire was preceded by Sassanids, it is a political change and has nothing to do with Maturidi theology. Hhjd11 (talk) 08:00, 27 October 2019 (UTC)
 * If anything, the source is talking about the development of Islamic institutions in Central Asia, where scholars of the region developed their own schools of understanding of the religion. It is totally unrelated to what the Maturidi theology is and therefore does not belong in the lede. Hhjd11 (talk) 08:12, 27 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Maybe you are right. I also thnik your argumentation is more plausible now, although I personally disagree with the lack of ambiguity, but the source does indeed not support the claim, that Maturidi itself is a Persiniazed Islam. although it is obvious if we observe the impact on Persian-Islam on Turks who became identified with Maturidi. And this is the point it becomes indeed OR. I am sorry for the troubles.--VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 23:47, 2 November 2019 (UTC)

History section
I have added a history section. Would appreciate if u guys help in improving it. @MezzoMezzo @Eperoton Mohammed Shaykh (talk) 12:40, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

Mohammed Shaykh (talk) 12:53, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maturidism


text:
Harrietsham railway station

Harrietsham railway station serves Harrietsham in Kent, England. It is 47 mi down the line from London Victoria.

The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by Southeastern.

History
Harrietsham station opened on 1 July 1884 as part of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway's extension of the line from Maidstone to Ashford West. The goods yard was on the up side. It comprised three sidings, one of which served a goods shed. Freight facilities were withdrawn on 1 May 1961. The signal box closed on 5 November 1972.

The ticket office is staffed only during the morning peak period; at other times a PERTIS 'permit to travel' machine, located at the entrance to the up platform, suffices.

Services
All services at Harrietsham are operated by Southeastern using and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Victoria via Maidstone East
 * 1 tph to Ashford International

Additional services, including trains to and from London Charing Cross call at the station during the peak hours.

title: Harrietsham railway station


text:
Talk:Václav Havel Airport Prague

Name of the Prague Airport
Shouldn't the article's name (according to CAA and Google) be rather Prague International Airport or Prague-Ruzyne Airport? Qertis 13:14, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever googles higher probably. Burgundavia 13:52, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess Prague-Ruzyne Airport is the good way to go (cf. cs:Letiště Praha-Ruzyně). --Mormegil 15:56, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A light sidenote to Matt Borak: You're right, Czech Airports Authority is probably correct, but I am afraid not even CAA itself is too sure about that. I did look at the page you pointed to before my correction! The only catch is that I looked down, while you looked up -- see the page footer, Copyright (c) 2003 - 2005 Czech Airport Authority ;-). But, anyway, the Czech version Česká správa letišť has plural, too, so I guess plural is the correct form. --Mormegil 15:56, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I suggest changing the title of the article to Prague Airport on the basis that:
 * Airport's official website calls it Prague Airport in English.
 * Prague Airport has substially higher number of hits in Google than Prague International Airport, Ruzyně International Airport or Prague-Ruzyně Airport.
 * Prague Airport is a literal translation of its official Czech name Letiště Praha. Koristka (talk) 22:06, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

History of Ruzyne International Airport
May I ask whether there could be possibly added a paragraph about the history of Ruzyne International Airport, based on what can be found at http://www.prg.aero/en/site/airport/o_spolecnosti/historie/historie_od_zalozeni.htm ?

Until those more experienced and wise wikipedia users decide whether the article about history of airport is fit to be moved to main article, I place it here at this discussion site to be steadily improved.

History of Ruzyne International Airport

The Prague – Ruzyně Airport began operation on April 5, 1937, but the civil aviation started at the military airport in Prague - Kbely in 1919. Due to insufficient capacity of the Kbely airport in the middle of 30s of last century, the Government decided to develop a new State Civil Airport in Ruzyně. The Ruzyně fields have been chosen by aviation experts in 1929 and the building ban applied at the same time to the neighborhoods close to the airport as well as the towns nearby. The area of 108 hectares (the then value of 17.5m Crowns) was of an approximate trapezoid shape.

An anonymous public tender has been announced in 1931 for a complete airport solution including the budget. The airport area was located 10 km West from the city centre in the average latitude of 363 meters. Of the total area of 108 hectares, 35 hectares were built on. The runway system consisted of grassy starting and landing lanes.

The basic development began on July 4, 1933. The landscaping took eleven months. The contractors were allowed to use only limited mechanization, as one of the objectives of the airport development was to reduce unemployment. The development took 44 months and the airport was completed on March 1, 1937 including excellent parameters and equipment, so that one of the major awards of Prague Ruzyně Airport include Diploma and Gold Medal granted in 1937 at the occasion of the International Art and Technical Exhibition in Paris for the technical conception of the central airport, primarily the architecture of check-in building designed by architect Ing. A. Beneš.

The Czechoslovakia occupation in 1939 and the war slowed down the air transportation in such extent that the airport was back at the beginning in 1945. The Prague-Ruzyně airport re-launched civil aviation again in June 1945, although with some limitations.

Clearly, the political and economic changes affected the seventy years of existence of the Prague-Ruzyně Airport. Ten entities were responsible for airport administration over time, including the new construction and development. Until 90s of the last century, there were two or three decade gaps before the major modernization of the Prague-Ruzyně Airport began in order to match the current capacity requirements. Prague-Ruzyně Airport Development Phases

Basic development: 1933-1937

Extraordinary development (did not influence the overall airport development, the objective was to enable operation of new jet planes): 1957 – 1968

'''II. development''', so called new development in the Northern construction site: 1961 - 1968, resp. 1972.

'''III. development''' (also reconstruction and expansion of the check-in building and development of board services building): 1989 – 1993

'''IV. development''', the second major part of development with a construction of a new Northern check-in complex, including reconstruction of the check-in building from 1968. The parking space has been expanded and new support buildings and communication system were developed: 1995 - 1997. The Prague-Ruzyně Airport, Air Navigation Services, Civil Aviation Authority, ČSA and private investors participated in the development of purpose-built facilities or reconstruction of the existing buildings during 90s.

V. development – so called Europe Development was launched in 2003. Terminal North 2 targets the annual capacity of 10 million passengers with the following development of the parallel starting and landing lanes 06R/24L. The future development until 2020 expects the extension of the annual capacity of the Prague-Ruzyně Airport up to 20 million passengers. --Bluewind 18:16, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
I propose moving Ruzyně International Airport to Prague Airport. Most importantly, Ruzyně International Airport is not how the airport is called. See its official website.

The airport itself in located in Ruzyně, which is a part of Prague, it serves to Prague and its original name is Letiště Praha. Similarly, Birmingham International Airport is located in Solihull. However, it is quite reasonably called Birmingham International Airport. Koristka (talk) 19:30, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

(Yet another) Call to change the name of the article
It should be Prague Ruzyně Airport or simply Ruzyně Airport. The work international is neither in its name nor is it commonly used.

Language of the Article
Has a lot of the article been written by native Czech speakers? I'm not knocking anyone (I wish I could write a Wikipedia article in German or French :) ), some of the sentence formations just seem a bit odd: probably like some of my German sentences. Kingal86 (talk) 10:51, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I was thinking the same thing. 69.137.130.101 (talk) 19:27, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Hey, this is wikipedia, so if you do not like the language of the article and you think you can do it better then just go ahead and improve it! I think it is good that people from Czechia have been writing this article as it is the locals who have the most accurate information. Martin --93.96.240.145 (talk) 18:58, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Czechoslovakia vs Czech Republic
I have slightly changed the wording of the beginning of the first sentence in the History section, as it is totally inaccurate to say "Czechoslovakia, today Czech Republic". Czechoslovakia is not today Czech Republic, as Czechoslovakia has two descendant states, Czech Republic being one of them and Slovak Republic being the other. Martin --93.96.240.145 (talk) 19:09, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Ryanair ending flights to and from Prague
Only Birmingham and Frankfurt have been updated as "ending in June" but Dublin and Stockholm will also end, but in October. Can someone update it please?

Name
The airport is adopting the (nonsense Czenglish word order) name "Václav Havel Airport Prague" as of today. Should the article be renamed? - filelake shoe     09:53, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, this is apparently the official English version of the name… Maybe the original intent was to include a dash, i.e. “Václav Havel Airport – Prague”. --Mormegil (talk) 22:21, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
 * It is, to be honest I would keep the article at "Václav Havel Airport Prague". The original intent was to call it "Prague Airport - Václav Havel" actually. - filelake shoe     09:40, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

Why was/is Wind of freedom so adamant in moving the article to a IMHO well researchedNOR name Prague Václav Havel Airport? The official name really is (and I think no one here is questioning that) “Václav Havel Airport Prague”, so what argument(s) then, can actually exonerate such a decision? (That question is still valid even if that name really might not have typical form for an airport) And what the others here have to say? R e o + 03:38, 11 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, there are a lot of sources using "Prague Václav Havel Airport", presumably because it's correct English and the official name is not, , and because there's no real reason for the airport to have an unconventional name. Maybe we could compromise and move it to "Václav Havel Airport", cf John F. Kennedy International Airport? - filelake shoe      09:38, 11 December 2012 (UTC)
 * All these sources are wrong, OFFICIAL english name is "Vaclav Havel Airport Prague", see . This word order may be inconventional, but it's the official name of the airport, I don't see any reason why the name should be Prague Václav Havel Airpot (as is right now). Mikiqex (talk) 11:57, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 2

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Jenks24 (talk) 13:50, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

Prague Václav Havel Airport → Václav Havel Airport Prague – On October 5th, 2012, Prague/Ruzyně civil international airport was renamed “Václav Havel Airport Prague”, as approved by the Government of the Czech Republic last March. In May 2012, the official versions of the new airport name were published. It was determined that due to the foreign majority of the airport clientele the priority will be given to the English version VÁCLAV HAVEL AIRPORT PRAGUE, in Czech LETIŠTĚ VÁCLAVA HAVLA PRAHA. source: http://www.prg.aero/en/prague-airport/about-airport/vaclav-havel-airport-prague/ Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 11:40, 17 July 2014 (UTC) Bezzemek (talk) 22:25, 9 July 2014 (UTC) Bezzemek (talk) 22:25, 9 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Remember that Wikipedia doesn't care about the official name of anything, and in the likely event that English languages sources not written by FCE students decide to use conventional word order, we should follow them. My preference would be for simply Václav Havel Airport, which is unambiguous, but if you can prove that enough English sources written by English speakers use "Václav Havel Airport Prague" then we can move it. – filelakeshoe (t / c)   08:06, 10 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't think "Prague Václav Havel Airport" even qualifies as a common name... I've searched and found the below (native English) sources.
 * A) Sources using "Václav Havel Airport Prague" (with diacritical mark):
 * Yelp http://www.yelp.com/biz/v%C3%A1clav-havel-airport-prague-praha
 * Air News Times http://www.airnewstimes.co.uk/korean-air-introduces-a380-at-v%C3%A1clav-havel-airport-prague-15710-news.html
 * FlightGear http://wiki.flightgear.org/V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_Prague
 * FourSquare https://foursquare.com/v/termin%C3%A1l-1--leti%C5%A1t%C4%9B-v%C3%A1clava-havla-praha--v%C3%A1clav-havel-airport-prague/4bd2a73777b29c747a368f82
 * In Your Pocket guide http://www.inyourpocket.com/czech-republic/prague/arrival-transport/airport/Vaclav-Havel-Airport-Prague_29977v
 * Global Blue (tax free shopping guide) http://www.globalblue.com/customer-services/tax-free-shopping/refund-points/czechrepublic/prague-terminal-11/
 * B) Sources using Vaclav Havel Airport Prague (no carka):
 * Flight Stats http://www.flightstats.co.uk/FlightStatus/flightStatusByAirport.do?airportCode=PRG&
 * Google Maps https://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=205367533274708046732.0004d99961f32d3267956&dg=feature
 * Booking.com http://www.booking.com/airport/cz/prg.html
 * Alternatively, some other common names
 * C) Sources leaving off the city name but keeping the diacritical mark (e.g., "Prague's Václav Havel Airport"):
 * Emirates http://www.emirates.com/english/airport_details/531796/prague-vaclav-havel-airport-prg
 * Lufthansa http://www.lufthansa.com/cz/en/Lufthansa-airport-offices
 * D) Sources leaving off both the city name and the carka ("Vaclav Havel Airport"):
 * Expedia http://www.expedia.co.uk/Vaclav-Havel-Airport-Hotels.0-aPRG-0.Travel-Guide-Filter-Hotels
 * Edmonton Journal (CA) http://www.edmontonjournal.com/travel/Ports+Bows+Paris+North+worthy+cruise+extension/9959585/story.html
 * E) Sources using "Prague Airport" (the most popular common name)
 * Airport Business (magazine) http://www.airport-business.com/2014/06/compelling-connectivity-cities-regions-europe/
 * Exhibition World (magazine) http://www.exhibitionworld.co.uk/newsdetails/3536/prague-convention-bureau-continues-industry-boost-with-ambassador-prog
 * ITCM http://www.incentivetravel.co.uk/news/venuesevents/20755-prague-convention-bureau-organises-networking-breakfast-on-why-and-how-to-get-an-international-congress-to-prague ---Bezzemek (talk) 04:08, 21 July 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Semi-protected edit request on 3 September 2014
Air One will close all its flights to Prague (Pisa on 30 october 2014, the others on 30 september 2014), And Alitalia will open a new flight to Pisa (on 30 october 2014) http://www.alitalia.com/gb_en/news/aggiornamento-operativo.html And also, You Can see Alitalia's website (alitalia.com) and Air One's (flyairone.com) for the new flight PSA-PRG — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wjkxy (talk • contribs) 08:17, 5 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Ok, I give you two sources: http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/30679-alitalia-to-phase-out-air-one-from-october

Wjkxy (talk) 08:00, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: as you have not cited reliable sources to back up your request, without which no information should be added to any article. - Arjayay (talk) 12:23, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 November 2014
Add to CSA destinations: Billund (begins 31 March 2015) and Oslo-Gardermoen (begins 30 March 2015). Source: CSA booking engine.

Flying2tennis (talk) 13:32, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Stickee (talk) 00:03, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 October 2015
Gaba02 (talk) 16:03, 9 October 2015 (UTC) If you want to suggest a change, please request this in the form "Please replace XXX with YYY" or "Please add ZZZ between PPP and QQQ". Please also cite reliable sources to back up your request, without which no information should be added to, or changed in, any article. - Arjayay (talk) 20:39, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: as you have not requested a change.

Edit Request
Can someone change the start date for China Eastern Airlines as it should be "2 April 2016" not "5 April 2016" per the cited source. 97.85.113.113 (talk) 05:43, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅. /wia   /tlk  06:52, 9 December 2015 (UTC)

Map
Hi, when there is any reason, why this map is not suitable for the article, please discuss it here, before delete. See also the Discussion in the Map workshop --CellarDoor85 (talk) 09:33, 14 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Please discuss new content or styles BEFORE adding them. There has already been a discussion at the aviation portal recently regarding the creation and use of maps which did not vote in favour of adding and creating maps in various styles. Additionally, the map you added creates a very large space within the article as the text section is too short for more files. Best regards. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.244.150.183 (talk) 20:47, 24 November 2016 (UTC)
 * The "reasons" you mentioned are incomprehensible. I can't understand at all why a map from the airport should be useless in an article about the airport. Please add a link to the discussion at the aviation portal - I dont find anything like this. --CellarDoor85 (talk) 08:12, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * The relevant guidelines are at WP:AVIMOS and WP:WikiProject Aviation/Style guide/Layout (Airports). If help is needed ask at WP:WikiProject Airports' talk page or WT:Aviation. -Fnlayson (talk) 03:09, 27 November 2016 (UTC)
 * The IP above refers to maps of destinations, maps of facility layouts in airports are perfectly valid.--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 13:16, 27 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Please fix the names of villages:
 * "Kněževes" (not Kneževes)
 * "Přední Koponina" (not Prední Kopanima)
 * "Na Padesátníku" (not Na Padestáník)
 * "Hostivice" (not Hostitive)
 * Also border of the Prague should be included in the map.--Jklamo (talk) 04:19, 27 November 2016 (UTC)
 * The mistakes in the map are fixed, I consulted the Aviation, Map and Airport Portal an there is enough space in the article - I don't see further reasons why this map schould not be suitable for the article. --CellarDoor85 (talk) 17:04, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Václav Havel Airport Prague


text:
Love: And a Million Other Things

Love: And a Million Other Things is Claudia Brücken's first solo album, released in February 1991 and produced by Pascal Gabriel and Steve Nye.

The UK singles from the album were "Absolut(e)" and "Kiss Like Ether". Despite favourable reviews, neither of the singles reached the UK Top 40 ("Absolut(e)" peaked at No. 71, and "Kiss Like Ether" at No. 63 ), and the album itself also failed to chart. Brücken later blamed the album's lack of success on a change of managing director and the promotional team at Island Records just as she was completing the recording of the album. A third track from the album, "Fanatic (The Nail in My Soul)", was only released as a promotional 7" single in France.

2010 re-issue
The album was re-issued on 27 September 2010 in the UK on the Cherry Red record label as a two-CD set, containing the original ten-track album on the first CD and a second CD entitled Love: And the B-sides and the Remixes.

title: Love: And a Million Other Things


text:
Talk:Line-out (rugby union)

Quick Line Outs
I think this rule (which confuses many rugby fans) should be summarised by somebody who knows what they are talking about (not me). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.234.33.140 (talk) 13:50, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Lifting
I was under the impression that the laws had been changed to allow lifting, but I'm not sure whether it has or whether it's equivalent to the league requirement that scrums not be fed. Anyone know? Hig Hertenfleurst 13:15, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

AFAIK you can support but you cannot lift. This was a rule I think that the South Africans developed during their exile from international rugby and was adopted by the IRB shortly after their return.GordyB 13:28, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That's correct. And that sentence about "more in the breach than the observance" is lovely. -- GWO

Article move to Line-out (rugby sports)
Articles should not be disambiguated unless there is a need to do so. Until there is an article or a demonstrable need for an article called "line-out" that is not about rugby union then this article should not have brackets after its name. Since the line-out article did nothing but redirect to the newly renamed article then it was pointless.

In particular, it should not have been called "rugby sports" because a) it is ungrammatical b) only one sport has line-outs (rugby union).GordyB 09:54, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Moved to Line-out (rugby union) to keep consistent with scrum (rugby union) and many other rugby union articles. AIR corn (talk) 09:54, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Consensus is that line-out should instead redirect to line out. (non-admin closure) Jenks24 (talk) 08:37, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Line-out (rugby union) → Line-out — Move over redirect. No requirement to dab. Naming guidelines say where possible we should not dab. Fmph (talk) 23:45, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Oppose "line-out" should redirect to the disambiguation page Line out. 76.65.128.132 (talk) 01:52, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * We should instead redirect to Line out since it is a possible alternative spelling to the dab page. Zzyzx11 (talk) 04:06, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose Agree with ZZyzz and the ip, line-out is common spelling variation of line out and that should redirect to the line out DAB page. Keep this one as is. AIR corn (talk) 07:19, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Line out (dab page) per Zzyzx11, et al. "Line-out", "line out", and "lineout" are verbally ambiguous and should all go to one dab page. ENeville (talk) 21:10, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

File:ST vs LOU - 21.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:ST vs LOU - 21.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on July 26, 2013. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2013-07-26. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 00:31, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

Quick throw-in
I don't think the history of this is quite right. The article and the source linked suggests that the QTI was introduced by the 2008 ELVs, but a QTI was always permissible - the 1980 Lions lost the third test to SA by a try scored from a QTI by Germishuys. I think the 2008 amendment were designed to make the QTI easier - the article refers to being able to throw in at 45 degrees, whereas before I believe the throw had to be parallel to the goal line (as with the regular line-out). I'll see what I can find on this. --Bcp67 (talk) 06:39, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that it had to be thrown in straight, and on the mark. Now it can be thrown backwards and behind the mark. I'm not completely sure, but think those were the only changes. - Shudde  talk 07:21, 13 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You're spot-on with that, they were exactly the changes, everything else stayed the same (no-one else to have touched the ball, same ball etc) with maybe the exception that the "old" QTI had to go 5m and the new one doesn't - am struggling to find any definitive online reference to the previous version though and may have to look for a printed reference from books I have. --Bcp67 (talk) 07:54, 13 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not so sure about the on the mark thing anymore - -  Shudde  talk 08:27, 13 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I've deleted this inaccurate statement. The cited website (now archived) is unfortunately wrong - whether there was variation to rule in 2008 or not.... . A simple google search establishes that quick throw ins go back to at least 2000 (based on a search of archived news articles mentioning a 'quick throw in' in the context of rugby)...and probably much earlier (as I never understood the rule as a kid)...The fact is, this paragraph as worded, is misleading--27.253.121.171 (talk) 08:06, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

Inside 22
" If it is kicked directly into touch, without first landing in the field-of-play or touching the referee or an opponent who is not in touch, the line-out is formed in line with the spot from where it was kicked, with two exceptions: if the kick was a penalty kick or if the kicker had at least one foot on or behind his own 22-metre line, the line-out is formed at the spot where the ball crossed the touch-line"

As I understand it, a player who receives the ball outside the 22 and who kicks the ball directly into touch will also lead to the line-out being taken from the point that it went into touch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.238.84.64 (talk) 15:51, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Who gets to throw into a lineout?
The article should address which team gets to throw into a lineout. I don't have the knowledge to write about this properly.  PK T (alk)  15:22, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

Parallel to goal line
AFAICS the article lacks a simple statement, which a novice might well require, that the throw must be parallel to the goal-line. I'll leave time for someone else to add it; they might also choose to resequence some of the text, which looks a little jumbled to me. Harfarhs (talk) 18:51, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

Yes but what is it?
This article talks at great length about the meaning and rules of line-outs without saying what it actually IS, physically, ie players from each team lining up while another player throws the ball in. We see a picture but not a description. I have started to try to correct it with the second paragraph but someone else needs to fill it out. It is a classic case of an entry that is clear only if you already know what the thing being talked about is.Faff296 (talk) 12:27, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Line-out (rugby union)


text:
BDF

BDF or Bdf may refer to:

Businesses and organisations

 * Ballroom Dancers' Federation, a British organization for competitive ballroom dancers
 * Banca Dacia Felix (Dacia Felix Bank), a defunct Romanian bank
 * Beiersdorf AG, a multinational corporation based in Hamburg, Germany
 * Banque de France (Bank of France), the french central bank

Events

 * Bates Dance Festival, a yearly dance festival held at Bates College, Maine, US
 * Berlin Demography Forum, an annual conference

Mathematics and units

 * Backward differentiation formula, a numerical method for solving ordinary differential equations
 * Board foot, unit of measure for volume of lumber

People

 * Bassirou Diomaye Faye (born 1980), president of Senegal

Places

 * Bedfordshire, a historic county in England, Chapman code
 * Bois-des-Filion, Quebec, a town in Quebec, Canada

Technology

 * Building Distribution Frame, a type of distribution frame in telecommunications
 * PCI BDF (bus/device/function), a range of configurable addresses in PCI configuration space
 * Glyph Bitmap Distribution Format, a file format for storing bitmap fonts

Military

 * Bangladesh Forces, the combined forces of Bangladesh during its war of independence in 1971
 * Bahrain Defense Force, the military of Bahrain
 * Barbados Defence Force, the military of Barbados
 * Belize Defence Force, the military of Belize
 * Botswana Defence Force, the military of Botswana

title: BDF


text:
Pilote

Pilote was a French comics magazine published from 1959 to 1989. Showcasing most of the major French or Belgian comics talents of its day the magazine introduced major series such as Astérix, Barbe-Rouge, Blueberry, Achille Talon, and Valérian et Laureline. Major comics writers like René Goscinny, Jean-Michel Charlier, Greg, Pierre Christin and Jacques Lob were featured in the magazine, as were artists such as Jijé, Morris, Albert Uderzo, Jean (Mœbius) Giraud, Enki Bilal, Jean-Claude Mézières, Jacques Tardi, Philippe Druillet, Marcel Gotlib, Alexis, and Annie Goetzinger.

Pilote also published several international talents such as Hugo Pratt, Frank Bellamy and Robert Crumb.

History
Following the release of a teaser, issue number 0, on June 1, Pilote officially launched on October 29, 1959.

The magazine was founded by experienced comic book writers Goscinny and Charlier, and artists Albert Uderzo and Jean Hébrard. Previously this team had worked together on several other projects, creating Le Supplément Illustré, a cartoon supplement for stuff like newspapers, and providing cartoons for Radio-Télé, a magazine published by Radio-Luxembourg. Pilote was promoted by Radio-Luxembourg and featured editorials written by well-known personalities of the era. The first issue of Pilote was met with overwhelming demand, selling out all 300.000 copies in a single day.

Unlike Belgian competitive magazines, such as Tintin and Spirou, from its launch, the magazine was positioned to target an adolescent audience already from the beginning, more directly aimed at an adolescent audience.

Charlier and Goscinny handled most of the initial writing. Although Charlier came up with two popular series, Tanguy et Laverdure with Albert Uderzo and Barbe-Rouge (Redbeard) with Victor Hubinon, it was Goscinny and Uderzo’s Astérix le Gaulois which was the biggest hit and the magazine’s initial mainstay.

Difficulties
Financial problems arose in 1960, but were resolved when the magazine was bought out by Dargaud publishers. Dargaud expanded the magazine with several new series, including Charlier and Giraud’s Blueberry and Greg's Achille Tallon in 1963. In 1967 the popular science-fiction series Valérian et Laureline debuted and in 1968 the popular Western comedy Lucky Luke (by Morris) was transferred to Pilote from Spirou magazine. Other notable appearances included series from the British comics magazine Eagle such as Fraser l'Africain (Fraser of Africa) and Winston Churchill by Frank Bellamy.

Attempts were made in the 1970s to update the magazine with material of more interest to adults, but many artists like Druillet and Giraud felt Pilote was no longer the appropriate vehicle for their aspirations and left to found new magazines such as Métal Hurlant (the French original that inspired Heavy Metal). Partly as a result, Dargaud reduced Pilote’s publication schedule from weekly to monthly in 1974, and René Goscinny was replaced as editor-in-chief. At this time, a new generation of artists also started publishing in Pilote, namely Caza, Lauzier, and F'Murr. Their comics reflected the new, more adult direction.

Sales initially improved but a steady erosion took place through the 1980s as interest in the medium declined. Pilote was merged with the comics magazine Charlie Mensuel in 1986 and continued as Pilote et Charlie until 1988, when the name was changed back to Pilote. However, declining sales prompted Dargaud to suspend publication after what became the final issue on 1 October 1989.

After 1989, there has been no regular publications of the magazine, although the name has been used for occasional oversized specials.

Main authors and series

 * Alexis: Timoléon et Stanislas (1969–1973), Al Crane (1976–1977)
 * Philippe Bertrand: Linda aime l'art (1983–1989)
 * Enki Bilal: Légendes d'Aujourd'hui (1976–1982), La foire aux immortels (1980)
 * Michel Blanc-Dumont: Jonathan Cartland (1974–1988)
 * Claire Bretécher: Cellulite (1969–1977)
 * Cabu: Grand Duduche (1963–1982)
 * Caza: Scènes de la vie de banlieue (1975–1979)
 * Jean Chakir: Séraphin contre Angelure (1962–1970)
 * Jean-Michel Charlier: Blueberry (1963–1973), Barbe-Rouge (1959–1969), Tanguy et Laverdure (1959–1970)
 * Pierre Christin: Valérian and Laureline (1967–1985), Légendes d'Aujourd'hui (1976–1982)
 * Delinx: Buck Gallo (1963–1969)
 * Philippe Druillet: Lone Sloane (1970–1974)
 * F'Murr: Le Génie des alpages (1973–1989)
 * Fred: Philémon (1965–1986)
 * Jean Giraud: Blueberry (1963–1973)
 * Christian Godard: Norbert et Kari (1963–1970), Vagabond des limbes (1978–1987)
 * René Goscinny: Asterix (1959–1973), Lucky Luke (1967–1973), Iznogoud (1968–1977), Petit Nicolas (1959–1965)
 * Marcel Gotlib: Dingodossiers (1965–1967), Rubrique-à-Brac (1968–1973)
 * Greg: Achille Talon (1963–1981)
 * Laurence Harlé: Jonathan Cartland (1974–1988)
 * Victor Hubinon: Barbe-Rouge (1959–1969)
 * Jijé: Tanguy et Laverdure (1966–1970)
 * Claude Lacroix: Homme au chapeau mou (1977–1983)
 * Lauzier: Tranche de Vie (1970–1978), Al Crane (1976–1977)
 * Jacques Lob: Submerman (1967–1970)
 * Nikita Mandryka: Concombre masqué (1971–1981), Clopinettes (1970–1973)
 * Martial: Tony Laflamme (1963–1971)
 * Jean-Claude Mézières: Valérian and Laureline (1967–1985)
 * Morris: Lucky Luke (1967–1973)
 * Antonio Hernandez Palacios: Mac Coy (1974–1989)
 * Julio Ribera: Vagabond des limbes (1978–1987), Dracurella (1973–1982)
 * Sempé: Petit Nicolas (1959–1965)
 * Jean Tabary: Iznogoud (1968–1977), Valentin le vagabond (1962–1974)
 * François Thomas: Stan Caïman (1982–1989)
 * Albert Uderzo: Asterix (1959–1973), Tanguy et Laverdure (1959–1967)

title: Pilote


text:
Bark (sound)

A bark is a sound most often produced by dogs, Other animals that make this noise include, but are not limited to, wolves, coyotes, foxes, seals, frogs, alligators, people, or strangers, to protect the family, still interest to wait and barking owls. "Bark" is also a verb that describes the sound of many canids.

Definition
There is no precise, consistent, and functional acoustic definition for barking, but researchers classify barks according to several criteria. Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Hampshire College have defined a bark as a short, abrupt vocalization that is relatively loud and high-pitched, changes in frequency, and often repeats rapidly in succession.

Barking in dogs
Dog barking is distinct from wolf barking. Wolf barks represent only 2.4% of all wolf vocalizations, in warning, defense, and protest. In contrast, dogs bark in many social situations, with acoustic communication in dogs being described as hypertrophic. While wolf barks tend to be brief and isolated, dog barking is often repetitive.

One hypothesis for why dogs bark more than wolves is that dogs developed vocal communication as a result of their domestication. Domestication can alter a species and affect its physical and physiological characteristics. Domesticated breeds show vast physical differences from their wild counterparts, an evolution that suggests neoteny, or the retention of juvenile characteristics in adults. The behaviour of adult dogs also shows puppy-like characteristics: dogs act submissive, whine, and bark often.

The frequency of barking in dogs compared to wolves could also be the product of the different social environments of dogs. From a young age, humans may be among a dog's primary social contacts, an environment that presents different stimuli than would be found by wolves in the wild. Intruders may frequent the boundaries of a captive dog's territory, thus triggering the bark response as a warning. Dogs also live in densely populated urban areas, allowing for more opportunities for socialization. For example, kennelled dogs may have increased barking due to a desire to facilitate social behaviour. Dogs' close relationship with humans also renders dogs reliant on humans, even for basic needs. Barking can be used as a way to attract attention, and any positive response exhibited by the owners reinforces the behaviour. For example, if a dog barks to get food and the owner feeds it, they are conditioned to continue said behaviour.

Types
The purposes of barking by domestic dogs is a controversial topic. While barking is suggested to be "non-communicative", data suggests that it may indeed be a means of expression that became increasingly sophisticated during domestication. Due to the lack of consensus over whether or not dogs communicate using their barks, not much research has been done to categorize the different types of barking in dogs. Some existing research has been criticized by Feddersen-Petersen as "lack[ing] objectivity". Using sonographic methods, Feddersen-Petersen identified several distinct types of barks, then analysed them for meanings, functions, and emotions. He separated dog barks into subgroups based on said sonographic data:

<!-- Here, the following text (presented as source code) was removed due to extremely un-encyclopedic prose tone:

Turid Rugaas classifies barks thusly in her book Barking: The Sound of a language:

There is some evidence that humans can determine the suspected emotions of dogs while listening to barks emitted during specific situations. Humans scored the emotions of dogs performing these barks very similarly and in ways that made sense according to the context. In one example, when subjects were played a recording of a dog tied alone to a tree, a situation in which one could infer that the dog would be distressed, the human listeners tended to rank the bark as having a high level of despair. Some suggest that this may be evidence that dog barks have evolved to be a form of communication with humans, since humans can determine a dog's needs by listening to their vocalizations. Further studies have found that the acoustic structure of a bark "[varies] considerably with context." These studies suggest that barks are more than just random sounds, and hold some communicative purpose.

Causes and solutions
Barking is a normal behaviour for dogs. What counts as excessive barking is a subjective idea. Excessive dog barking can be a nuisance and a common problem that dog owners or their neighbors may face. Excessive barking indicates an underlying problem, a trigger or the dog lacking exercise or mental stimulation. Reasons for excessive barking can be, among others, pain, fear, boredom, frustration, separation anxiety or territorial behaviour (warning about potential threats).

Different kinds of barking require different approaches to reduction.

Common approaches are: If all other methods have been tried, a last effort is using a bark collar. These collars might release an unpleasant smell or mild to painful shock. Various bark collars have been praised and criticized; some are considered inhumane by various people and groups. Critics consider them torturous and compare their use to electrocution. However, most Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals agree that in a last resort an electric collar is better than euthanasia if it comes to an ultimatum, for a stubborn dog that will not stop any other way. Most agree that understanding the communication and retraining by reward is the most effective and humane method.
 * 1) Attempting to understand, and if possible eliminate, the causes of barking.
 * 2) Using positive training methods to correct the behavior. Dogs may bark from anxiety or stress, so punishment can often cause problems by reinforcing a cycle of bad behavior. Positive approaches can include:
 * 3) * Repeated exposure to stimuli whilst calming the dog and persuading it to remain quiet.
 * 4) * Distraction as the stimulus happens, through treats, praise, or similar.
 * 5) * Reshaping via clicker training (a form of operant conditioning) or other means to obtain barking behavior on command, and then shaping the control to gain command over silence.
 * 6) In her 2008 book Barking: The Sound of a Language, Turid Rugaas explains that barking is a way a dog communicates. She suggests signaling back to show the dog that the dog's attempts to communicate have been acknowledge and to calm a dog down. She suggests the use of a hand signal and a Calming Signal called Splitting.
 * 7) Seeking professional advice from local organizations, dog trainers, or veterinarians.

Surgical debarking
The controversial surgical procedure known as 'debarking' or 'bark softening' is a veterinary procedure for modifying the voice box so that a barking dog will make a significantly reduced noise. It is considered a last resort by some owners claiming that it is better than euthanasia, seizure, or legal problems if the matter has proven incapable of being corrected any other way.

Debarking is illegal in many European states and is opposed by animal welfare organizations.

Breeds
The Huntaway is a working dog that has been selectively bred to drive stock (usually sheep) by using its voice. It was bred in New Zealand, and is bred based on ability rather than appearance or lineage.

Naturally "barkless" dog breeds
Compared to most domestic dogs, the bark of a dingo is short and monosyllabic. During observations, the Australian dingo's bark has a small variability; sub-groups of bark types, common among domestic dogs, could not be found. Furthermore, just 5% of the observed vocalizations consisted of barking. Australian dingoes bark only in swooshing noises or a mixture of atonal and tonal. Also, barking is almost exclusively used for giving warnings. Warn-barking in a homotypical sequence and a kind of "warn-howling" in a heterotypical one have also been observed. The bark-howling starts with several barks and then fades into a rising and ebbing howl and is probably, similarly to coughing, used to warn the puppies and members of the pack. Dingoes also emit a sort of "wailing" sound, which they use most often when approaching a water hole, probably to warn already present dingoes. According to current knowledge, it is impossible to get Australian dingoes to bark more often by making them associate with other domestic dogs. However, Alfred Brehm reported a dingo that learned the more "typical" form of barking and knew how to use it, while its brother did not. Whether dingoes bark or bark-howl less overall is unknown.

The extinct Hare Indian dog of northern Canada was not known to bark in its native homeland, though puppies born in Europe learned how to imitate the barking of other dogs. When hurt or afraid, it howled like a wolf, and when curious, it made a sound described as a growl building up to a howl.

The Basenji of central Africa produces a yodel-like sound due to its unusually shaped larynx. This trait also gives the Basenji the nickname "Barkless Dog".

Barking in other animals
Besides dogs and wolves, other canines like coyotes and jackals can bark. Their barks are similar to those of wolves and dogs. The bark of a dingo is short and monosyllabic.

The warning bark of a fox is higher and more drawn out than barks of other canids.

There are non-canine species with vocalizations that may be described as barking. Because the alarm call of the muntjac resembles a dog's bark, they are sometimes known as "barking deer". Eared seals are also known to bark. Prairie dogs employ complex communication involving barks and rhythmic chirps. Various bird species produce vocalizations that include the canonical features of barking, especially when avoiding predators. Some primate species, notably gorillas, can and do vocalize in short barks.

title: Bark (sound)


text:
Action of 28 September 1644

The action of 28 September 1644 was a battle that took place on 28 September 1644 about 70 mi from Rhodes, when six Maltese galleys under Gabrielle Chambres de Boisbaudran attacked an Ottoman convoy of sailing ships.

The battle
The Maltese San Lorenzo, Santa Maria and Vittoria overhauled and attacked a Turkish galleon, while San Giuseppe and San Giovanni captured a smaller sailing ship and the "capitana" chased a vessel which turned out to be Greek, before returning to fight the galleon. After 7 hours, she was captured, with 220 of the 600 or more on board dead. Boisbaudran was killed, and the senior captain, Cotoner, of the San Lorenzo, took over command. Maltese casualties were 82 killed and 170 wounded, apart from their rowers. On the voyage home, there were several storms, and eventually the galleon was abandoned near Malta, and ended up wrecked on the Calabrian coast.

Repercussions

The Turkish convoy had been heading from Constantinople to Alexandria, and carried a number of pilgrims bound for Mecca, the exiled former Chief Black Eunuch, Sünbül Agha, as well as a woman, originally considered by her captors to be one of the wives of the Ottoman Sultan Ibrahim, and her young son, who was therefore thought to be an heir to the Ottoman throne. This was eventually disputed, and many historians believe that she was a wife and/or a slave of Sünbül Agha and a former nurse of Mehmed IV. Some history books say that her name was Zafira, and that her son, named Osman, was born on January 2, 1642 - almost three months earlier than Mehmed IV (making Osman the eldest son of Ibrahim I and the true heir to the throne). Citizens of Manfredonia, Italy, believe that she was in fact a sultana – originally a girl by the name of Giacometta Beccarino, who was kidnapped from Manfredonia by Turks in 1620. (This practice was quite common among Ottoman rulers of the era; for example, the mother, the grandmother, the great-grandmother, and the first three wives of Ibrahim were all of non-Turkish origin and were all sold to the harems of their respective husbands as slaves. However, unlike Giacometta Beccarino, they were typically sold to the harem at the age of 12 to 16 and would give birth to their first child by 17.)

On the voyage home, the Maltese vessel carrying the loot stopped at Crete, then a Venetian dominion, where it took on board supplies and unloaded part of the treasure there. The Ottomans, already enraged at the loss of the ships, considered this act a breach of Venetian neutrality, and soon declared war on the Republic.

The capture of "Sultan's wife and son" was widely publicized throughout Europe. Sünbül Agha was killed in the battle, and the woman reportedly died of stress or fright during the battle or soon thereafter (some sources give her date of death as January 6, 1646). The boy was raised on Malta for several years and eventually sent to a monastery, where he became known as "Father Ottoman" or "Padre Ottomano".

Knights of Malta

 * "Capitana" of Boisbaudran.
 * San Lorenzo.
 * Santa Maria.
 * Vittoria.
 * San Giuseppe.
 * San Giovanni.

Ottomans

 * A galleon – captured, and later wrecked.
 * A smaller ship – captured.
 * Several other ships.

title: Action of 28 September 1644


text:
Postern

A postern is a secondary door or gate in a fortification such as a city wall or castle curtain wall. Posterns were often located in a concealed location which allowed the occupants to come and go inconspicuously. In the event of a siege, a postern could act as a sally port, allowing defenders to make a sortie on the besiegers. Placed in a less exposed, less visible location, they were usually relatively small, and therefore easily defensible.

Tactical use
Posterns were one of the essential means of ensuring safe communication between the enceinte and the outerworks of a defensive fortification. An 1850 West Point course summary on permanent fortifications discusses the placement and construction of posterns.

Examples

 * In 1896, C.R. Condor, writing for the London Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society viewed Zion Gate in Jerusalem, built west of one of the city's medieval main gates, as a likely postern. Also mentioned were the postern of St. Lazarus, west of the Damascus Gate; the postern of the Tanners' Gate; and the postern of the Madeleine at Herod's Gate. Right of the Golden Gate is a small postern called the Gate of Jehosaphat.
 * The city walls of York contained a number of posterns; at North Street Tower, the postern gate was demolished to accommodate the Great North of England Railway. The tower still stands. There were also posterns at Fishergate, and Longwalk. Around 1672, the Castlegate postern was made wide enough for carriages. The fourteenth-century Layerthorpe Bridge, a crossing of the Foss, adjacent to the King's Pool, was once attached to a postern in the city wall, known as Layerthorpe Postern. The original Skeldergate postern was only large enough to allow pedestrian traffic to and from the city.
 * In Oxford, there was a postern in the east city wall called Windsore Postern. There were at least three posterns in the wall at New College Gardens.
 * The Tower Hill Postern was a small fortified entrance at the eastern terminal point to the London Wall, at the junction of the Wall and the Tower of London moat. In the early 17th century the City and the Crown contested ownership of the postern as part of a Tower boundary dispute. Moorgate was built by upgrading a postern built in 1415, and enlarged in 1472 and 1511.

Literature
In literature, a postern features in the Le Chanson de Girart de Roussillon, where the hero makes use of one to escape when betrayed; as does Renaud de Montauban in the chanson de geste, The Four Sons of Aymon. A postern also provided a safe retreat for Ogier the Dane.

In Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, "La Cote de Male Tayle" is rescued at the Castle Orgulous when a damsel slips through the postern to find his horse and ties it to the postern so that La Cote de Male Tayle can escape the 100 knights assailing him.

The term is occasionally used in other contexts referring to a secondary door placed after a main entrance.

title: Postern