text:
Max Arthur Macauliffe

Michael MacAuliffe, also known as Max Arthur MacAuliffe (11 September 1838 − 15 March 1913) was a senior British administrator, prolific scholar and author. MacAuliffe is renowned for his partial translation of Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib and history into English.

Early life and education
MacAuliffe was born in Ireland at Newcastle West, County Limerick, on 10 September 1841. He was educated at Newcastle School, Limerick, and Springfield College. He attended Queen's College Galway between 1857 and 1863, being awarded junior scholarships in the Literary Division of the Arts Faculty for 1857–58, 1858–59, and 1859–60. He was awarded a B.A. degree with first class honours in Modern Languages in 1860. He obtained a senior scholarship in Ancient Classics for 1860-1, and a senior scholarship in Modern Languages and History for 1861-62. He also served as Secretary of the college's Literary and Debating Society for the 1860–61 session.

Career
MacAuliffe entered the Indian Civil Service in 1862, and arrived in the Punjab in February 1864. He was appointed Deputy Commissioner of the Punjab in 1882, and a Divisional Judge in 1884. He retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1893.

MacAuliffe also wrote a rendition, English translation of the Sacred scriptures of the Sikh religion, the Guru Granth Sahib. He also wrote The Sikh Religion: its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors (six volumes, Oxford University Press, 1909). He was assisted in his works by Pratap Singh Giani, a Sikh scholar.

MacAuliffe converted to Sikhism in the 1860s and was even derided by his employers for having "turned a Sikh".

His personal assistant remarked in his memoirs that on his death bed, MacAuliffe could be heard reciting the Sikh morning prayer, Japji Sahib, ten minutes before he died.

MacAuliffe is held in high esteem by the Sikh community, for his translation into English of the Sikh Scriptures, the Guru Granth Sahib. At a lecture at the annual session of the Lahore Singh Sabha Macauliffe proclaimed that the Guru Granth was matchless as a book of holy teachings.

He was awarded the degree of M.A. (honoris causa) by his alma mater in 1882. MacAuliffe died in the United Kingdom at his home in London on 15 March 1913.

Publications

 * The Sikh Religion Vol I (1909)
 * The Sikh Religion Vol II (1909)
 * The Sikh Religion Vol III (1909)
 * The Sikh Religion Vol IV (1909)
 * The Sikh Religion Vol V (1909)
 * The Sikh Religion Vol VI (1909)
 * Translation of the Japji - M. Macauliffe

title: Max Arthur Macauliffe


text:
Cooling

Cooling is removal of heat, usually resulting in a lower temperature and/or phase change. Temperature lowering achieved by any other means may also be called cooling. The transfer of thermal energy may occur via thermal radiation, heat conduction or convection. Examples can be as simple as reducing temperature of a coffee.

Devices

 * Coolant
 * Cooling towers, as used in large industrial plants and power stations
 * Daytime passive radiative cooler
 * Evaporative cooler
 * Heat exchanger
 * Heat pipe
 * Heat sink
 * HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)
 * Intercooler
 * Radiative cooling in Heat shields
 * Radiators in automobiles
 * [[File:Pumpable ice maker and storage tank installed in a basement of Cyprus Olimpic supermarket.JPG|thumb|Pumpable ice in the basement of a supermarket]]Pumpable ice technology
 * Thermoelectric cooling
 * Vortex tube, as used in industrial spot cooling

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cooling


text:
Sivagamiyin Sapatham

Sivagamiyin Sapatham (சிவகாமியின் சபதம், civakāmiyiṉ capatam,, literally 'The vow of Sivagami') is a Tamil historical novel written by Kalki Krishnamurthy, first serialized in Kalki magazine during January 1944 – June 1946, and published as a book in 1948. Along with Ponniyin Selvan, this is widely regarded as one of the greatest novels ever written in Tamil. Set in the 7th-century south India against the backdrop of various historical events and figures, the novel created widespread interest in Tamil history. Honour, love and friendship are important themes that run through the course of the novel. It is also the prequel story of Parthiban Kanavu written by the same author.

Plot synopsis
It would be difficult to point out who the real hero of the novel is. Mahendravarman I, the Pallava emperor, plays an important role in the first half of the story while his son Narasimhavarman comes into his own as the novel progresses. The plot revolves around the historical events of the Chalukya king, Pulakeshin II, laying a siege of Kanchi, and Narasimhavarman avenging this by attacking Vatapi, the capital of the Chalukyas.

The novel is divided into four parts.

Part 1: Paranjothi's Journey
The novel begins with the arrival of Paranjothi in the city of Kanchi to attain tutelage under the Tamil saint Thirunavukkarasar. But he ends up saving the damsel Sivagami and her father Aayannar from a mad elephant by throwing a spear at it, almost by reflex. There is considerable unease in the town since the Chalukya king Pulikesi is on his way to attack Kanchi. That night, Paranjothi is arrested by the guards and is kept in a cell. This is because Mahendravarman wanted to meet the young man who had saved the life of his most important artists. But Paranjothi manages to escape from the prison with help from Naganandhi, the Buddhist monk who had accompanied him to Kanchipuram.

Naganandhi takes him out of the Kanchi fort through a secret tunnel to meet the master sculptor Aayannar, who stays outside the fort in a small settlement. Paranjothi plans to join the sculptor as a student and believes that should be possible since his uncle, a friend of Aayannar, has provided a letter asking Aayannar to take care of his nephew. Naganandhi, who has promised Aayannar that he would get him the secret behind the dyes used in the Ajanta paintings under Chalukyas, asks Aayannar to send Paranjothi on a trip to the Vindhyas to meet a monk who Naganandhi says, should give Paranjothi the secret formula for the dyes. Accordingly, Paranjothi is sent with a note written by Naganandhi (which actually is a coded message to Pulakesin to start immediately to invade Kanchipuram as the Pallava army is currently weak and scattered) to Ajanta (in present day Maharashtra) in the Chalukya domain to obtain secret of the dyes.

Narasimhavarman continues to visit his lover, Sivagami who had mastered the ancient Indian dance form, Bharathanatyam. But this growing romance between the prince and the sculptor's daughter is not well received by King Mahendravarman, who now orders a livid Narasimhavarman to stay in Kanchi and safeguard it while Mahendravarman goes to face Pulakeshin in the battle field.

Meanwhile, en route, Paranjothi meets a stranger, Wajrabahu, who gives him company till the inn where they decide to stay for the night. When Paranjothi is fast asleep, Wajrabahu changes the content of the letter that Paranjothi is carrying. This change would eventually save Kanchipuram as well as Paranjothi. The next day both part ways. Paranjothi travels to a Buddhist monastery and stays there for the night unaware of the presence of Chalukya spies in that monastery who sent word to the king to arrest Paranjothi. Paranjothi is captured by the soldiers of the approaching Chalukya army. He is taken to Pulakeshin and presented as a spy. Pulakeshin deciphers the letter that Paranjothi is carrying to mean the young man should be given the secret of the Ajanta dyes. Unable to communicate with Paranjothi (since Pulakeshin does not understand Tamil and Paranjothi does not understand Kannada), Pulakesin asks, to Paranjothi's surprise, Wajrabahu to interrogate Paranjothi. Having confirmed from Wajrabahu that Paranjothi indeed knew nothing, Emperor Pulakeshin orders Paranjothi to continue his journey to the Vindhyas accompanied by his soldiers and Wajrabahu. Wajrabahu informs the scared and confused Paranjothi to not worry and to trust him. Paranjothi leaves from Pulakesi's camp with some soldiers and Wajrabahu accompanying him. At night when the soldiers are asleep Paranjothi escapes with the help of Wajrabahu who takes him to the Pallava camp. Surprised once more, Paranjothi initially believes Wajrabahu is a double agent spy only to then later realize that it is in fact the Pallava King, Mahendravarman himself.

Part 2: The Siege of Kanchi
Seven months pass and Paranjothi is now a trusted and able commander in Mahendravarman's army. With the battle with Pulikesi fast approaching, Paranjothi returns to Kanchi and soon becomes a close friend of Narasimhavarman. The prince also finds him a suitable companion to describe his lost love and longing to meet Sivagami. Satrugnan, the spy chief, in the Pallava army, comes with the news from the emperor asking Narasimhavarman to launch an attack on Durveneedhan, a local chieftain who tries to attack Kanchi in this hour of crisis.

Aayannar and Sivagami, after being prodded by Naganandhi leave from their settlement to a Buddhist monastery to get away from the impending war. Naganandhi almost gains Sivagami's trust by promising her that he will make her famous by arranging for her performance in all the important sites of the Chola and Pandya kingdoms. From the Buddhist monastery Sivagami notices Narasimhavarman chasing Durveneedhan's forces and in a sudden twist of events Narasimhavarman rescues Aayannar, Sivagami from an impending flood. Unknowst to them the flood actually results due to the breach of the bank of a lake by Naganandhi.

The prince, sculptor and the dancer along with Gundodharan a student of Aayannar (who is actually a spy working for the Pallavas) take refuge in the village, Mandapapattu. The romance between Narasimhavarman further blossoms with Sivagami getting convinced that the prince would eventually marry her even though she is a poor sculptor's daughter. Naganandhi tries to assassinate Narasimhavarman but is locked in a room in a temple by the quick wits of Gundodharan. Naganandhi, however, manages to escape and steal the royal seal of the Pallavas. The emperor Mahendravarman reaches the village and almost begs Sivagami to forget marrying Narasimhavarman something which Sivagami claims is very difficult for her to do. Finally the royal party leaves for Kanchi leaving behind Aayannar and Sivagami.

Mahendravarman returns to Kanchi. Nanganandhi is arrested by Mahendravarman in Kanchi. As per the orders of the king, the fort is properly protected and is ready to face the invasion of Pulakeshin's army. The siege of Kanchi by Pulakeshin begins.

Part 3: The Monk's Love
Pulakeshin tries to bulldoze his way into the fort only to realise that Mahendravarman has fortified the city almost impregnably. He then decides to camp outside the fort as long as it takes since he believes that the stockpile of food would soon run out in the fort forcing the Pallava king to surrender. But the city of Kanchi has stocked well and continues to thrive and Pulakesi realises that his forces are running out of food and the elephants are slowly turning uncontrollable.

Pulakesin now calls truce and says he wants to enter Kanchi as the King's friend much to the disbelief and dismay of Narasimhavarman, who does not trust the sincerity of Pulakesin. But Mahendravarman tries to convince and finally makes sure Narasimhavarman is not in town when Pulakeshin enters it, by asking the prince to go to war with the Pandya kings in the south. Pulakeshin enjoys the royal hospitality. Sivagami comes from Mandapapattu and performs in the royal assemblage after being ordered by Mahendravarman. Aayannar and Sivagami stay in Kanchi waiting for the fort gates to reopen. Pulakeshin leaves Kanchi and on the final day Mahendravarman reveals how he managed to outwit him as Wajrabahu.

Mahendravarman releases Naganandhi. Not aware of the danger that awaits them, Sivagami and Aayannar leave Kanchi using a secret tunnel only to be caught by Pulakeshin's forces. Naganandhi dressed as the king Pulakeshin rescues Aayannar from the soldiers. Mahendravarman is seriously injured in a battle with Pulakeshin's forces. He is bed ridden and realises his folly of extending a hand of friendship to the Chalukya king. He orders Narasimhavarman to avenge this shame to the Pallava dynasty and rescue Sivagami from the clutches of the Pulikesi.

Sivagami is taken along with the other prisoners to Vatapi. Naganandhi confesses his love for Sivagami to a shocked Pulakesi, who promises to take care of Sivagami. Naganandhi leaves to take care of other matters at hand. In Vatapi, Pulikesi raises a victory column claiming his victory against the Pallavas. Sivagami refuses to dance in front of the Persian emissaries in Pulakesi's court. But Pulakesi devises a devious way of making her dance by beating the captured Pallava citizens and stopping only when Sivagami dances.

Humiliated, Sivagami now vows that she would not leave Vatapi until Narasimhavarman burns it down and rescues her. She cites the vow as a reason and refuses to go with Narasimhavarman when he and Paranjothi makes a secret visit in disguise to come rescue her.

The play beautifully depicts the eroding moral values during Pallava period in Tamil country.

Part 4: The Shattered Dream
Nine years had passed. Mahendravarman had passed away, never recovering from the injury he sustained from the battle with Pulakeshin's army. Narasimhavarman, now King, is married to the Pandya princess, Vanamadevi and has two children Mahendravarman and Kundavi. As part of his preparation for attacking Vatapi, he has had aligned with many kingdoms of south India, including Cholas, Vengi Chalukyas and the Pandyas. Meanwhile in Vatapi, the difference of opinion between Naganandhi and Pulikesi increases. Naganandhi now believes that he should be ruling the country, something he forsook when he took up the Buddhist way of life. He also hides from Pulakeshin the information that the Pallava forces are on their way to attack Vatapi. Further adding to Nangandhi's anguish is Sivagami's refusal of his presence.

Pulakeshin visits Ajanta to take part in a cultural festival and at that time Narasimhavarman reaches Vatapi. Now trapped, the citizens of the fort offer to surrender. Meanwhile, Pulakesin rushes back with his army and battle ensues between the Chalukya army and the Pallava forces outside the Vatapi fort. Pulakeshin is killed in this battle but this information is not known to the Pallavas since the body is taken and cremated by Naganandhi. Naganandhi now returns to Vatapi as Pulakeshin (through a secret tunnel) and withdraws the surrender offer.

The novel climaxes with Naganandhi being allowed to escape by Paranjothi on the grounds that Paranjothi does not want to kill a Buddhist monk. Paranjothi feels disturbed with war and the cost that humans have to pay and announces that he taking the life of a Saivite and takes up the name Siruthondar. Sivagami is united with her aging father. She is initially heartbroken on realizing that Narasimhavarman is now married, but then decides to dedicate herself to Lord Shiva of Kanchi, Ekambareswarar.

Characters

 * Mahendravarman
 * Kalki portrays him as a connoisseur of arts. He is also someone who was well versed in disguising. Kalki also portrays him as a compassionate king who was easily accessible and who sought and got advice from his courtiers. Though he gets converted from being follower of Jainism to Shaivism he remains tolerant of other religions and respects their practices.

 * Narasimhavarman
 * Outshone by Mahendravarman in the first half of the book, Narasimhavarman takes a life of his own later on. He is the prince who is mad in love with dancer, Sivagami. His love for Sivagami even makes him promise her that he would even relinquish his throne if there was precondition for marrying her. He is portrayed as an disobedient lover who later cunningly deserts Sivagami and marries the Pandya princess to avoid any problems when he is planning attack on the Chalukyas.

 * Pulakeshin II
 * The Chalukya king is portrayed by Kalki as being ruthless and almost barbaric is due to his typical hypocritic nature and paints a false contrast between Mahendravarman and Pulakesi. While the former's courtiers are shown as respecting the king for his wisdom and knowledge the latter's subjects fear his ruthlessness. While the Pallava king consults his ministers and acts on their advice the Chalukya king acts more on his whims. Emperor Pulikesi's love for art and subjects' respect echoes from Kanchi to Vatabi to Ajantha to Narmadha as he was the Lord of South - Daksinapatheswara who became Parameswara after defeating the north Indian king Harshavardana of Kannauj on the banks of Narmadha.

 * Naganandhi
 * The fictional twin brother of Pulakesi would probably qualify as the villain of the novel. He does the role of a Buddhist monk and this provides him the license to move freely between the various kingdoms. He has an eye for the art and is also portrayed as a cunning statesman and spy. On more than one occasion he confesses that his love for Sivagami has more to do with her artistic abilities than her physical self. He uses the visual similarity that he has with Pulakesi to his advantage to save Ayanar. Having spent his childhood and most of his youth in a Buddhist monastery under highly challenging circumstances he possesses a body that is immune to any poison. He dedicates his life to the well-being of the state and his brother.

 * Sivagami
 * The mystical dancer who Mahendravarman claims can portray even those postures and nuances that the creator of Bharathanatyam had not thought of. She is in love with Narasimhavarman. Being alone in the sculptor's settlement she only has a parrot and deer for company. Her fame has spread to distant lands. She is also portrayed as being selfless and generous. She is ready to undergo punishment for the sake of freeing the captured women from the Pallava empire.

 * Paranjothi
 * The able commander of the Pallava army, Paranjothi is portrayed as being a brave soldier. Then he becomes a Saivite monk called Siruthondar and studies with Thirunaavukkarasar.

 * Aayanar
 * Sivagami's father and master sculptor is portrayed as someone who is fanatically in search of the secret behind the Ajanta dyes. He was so curious to know that secret that he was even ready to risk his life and escape from the Kanchi fort and wanted to talk with Pulakesi to get the information. While the self-centred father wants to know Ajanta painting secrets from Pulikesi the dancer daughter seeks revenge from Pulikesi as she feels separated from her lover prince Narasingavarman by coming to Vatapi but it seems Mahendravarman's conspiracy to send her with Pulakesi as a court dancer in Vatapi to avoid contact with his son.

 * Satrugnan, Gundodharan
 * The spies of the Pallava empire. They are portrayed as being extremely capable and have a very good sense of humour.

 * Kamali
 * Sivagami's best friend and also acts as a big sister and mother, who is also the wife of kannapiran.

 * Kannapiran
 * Charioteer for the king Mahendravarman, and his son Narasimhavarman.

 * Kabaligai
 * Ranjani is the original name of the Kabaligai, she was so much in love with Naganandhi and gave up her beauty and normal life to become a Kabaligai, Kabaligars are the people who practice Endocannibalism, The kabaligi killed Kannapiran to facilitate Naganandhi forcefully control Sivagami and flee out of the palace(the place were Sivagami was kept in captivity) through a secret passage in the well at the backyard. Ranjani's love for Naganandhi was so blind, despite knowing Naganandhi's intentions to cheat ,she sacrificed her life by obeying to the commands of Naganandhi.

title: Sivagamiyin Sapatham


text:
Humanum genus

Humanum genus is a papal encyclical promulgated on 20 April 1884 by Pope Leo XIII.

Released in the ascent of the industrial age, Marxism, and the aftermath of the September 20, 1870, Capture of Rome by the Kingdom of Italy military forces from the Papal States, Humanum genus is principally a condemnation of Freemasonry. It states that the late 19th century was a dangerous era for the Roman Catholic Church, largely due to numerous concepts and practices it attributes to Freemasonry, namely naturalism, popular sovereignty, and the separation of church and state.

Some of the strictures found in Humanum genus still remain in force today.

Historical circumstances
Following the French withdrawal of its military garrison in Rome in the anticipation of the Franco-Prussian War, the 1870 Capture of Rome itself was a major battle within the long process of Italian unification known as the Risorgimento, marking the final military defeat of the Papal States under Pope Pius IX by the Kingdom of Italy.

This unification of the Italian peninsula by King Victor Emmanuel II of the House of Savoy ended the approximate 1,116 year temporal reign (AD 754 to 1870) of the Papal States by the papacy.

Humanum genus asserted that the late 19th century was a time of particular danger for Roman Catholics as the "partisans of evil" were now far less secretive, as evidenced by the new openness of Freemasonry. Freemasonry had been condemned by previous popes as being contrary to Catholic doctrine, but according to Humanum genus, the nature of Freemasonry was changing as Freemasons were far more open in society with their practices and affiliations.

Humanum genus specifically condemned certain practices of the Freemasons, including: religious indifference; the promotion of public education that denied the Church's role and where "the education of youth shall be exclusively in the hands of laymen"; the approval of the notion that the people are the only source of sovereignty, and that those who rule have no authority but by the commission and concession of the people.

The Holy See has forbidden Roman Catholics from becoming Freemasons since 1738 with the issuing of the Pope Clement XII's bull In eminenti apostolatus. According to the 1983 Declaration on Masonic Associations, "the Church’s negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged".

Background
Several popes before Leo XIII had addressed the problems that they associated with Freemasonry and said that the principles of that secret society were incompatible with the teachings of the Church. Previous papal pronouncements on Freemasonry include:

 * Pope Clement XII – In eminenti apostolatus, a papal bull in 1738
 * Pope Benedict XIV – Providas Romanorum, an Apostolic constitution in 1751
 * Pope Pius VII – Ecclesiam a Jesu Christo, an Apostolic constitution in 1821
 * Pope Leo XII – Quo graviora (1826), an Apostolic constitution
 * Pope Pius VIII – Traditi humilitati, an encyclical in 1829
 * Pope Gregory XVI – Mirari vos, an encyclical in 1832
 * Pope Pius IX – Qui pluribus, an encyclical in 1846

Leo XIII's denunciation of Freemasonry in Humanum genus can be seen as a call for Roman Catholics to oppose it, especially in the context of his examination of socialism (Quod apostolici muneris), his defence of Christian marriage (Arcanum), and his ideas about the role of government (Diuturnum). Because of the secrecy in Freemasonry, it was believed by the Holy See to have enormous disciplinary control over its members, which Leo viewed as enslavement. By this definition, although individual Masons may be decent people, those same individuals would be led to commit evil acts through their participation in Freemasonry.

Two kingdoms, two cities
Humanum genus leads with the presentation of the Augustinian dichotomy of the two cities, the City of Man and the City of God. The human race is presented as "separated into two diverse and opposite parts, of which the one steadfastly contends for truth and virtue, the other of those things which are contrary to virtue and to truth. The one is the kingdom of God on earth, namely, the true Church of Jesus Christ... The other is the kingdom of Satan," which was "led on or assisted" by Freemasonry:"At every period of time each has been in conflict with the other, with a variety and multiplicity of weapons and of warfare, although not always with equal ardour and assault. At this period, however, the partisans of evil seems to be combining together, and to be struggling with united vehemence, led on or assisted by that strongly organized and widespread association called the Freemasons. No longer making any secret of their purposes, they are now boldly rising up against God Himself. They are planning the destruction of holy Church publicly and openly, and this with the set purpose of utterly despoiling the nations of Christendom, if it were possible, of the blessings obtained for us through Jesus Christ our Saviour. Lamenting these evils, We are constrained by the charity which urges Our heart to cry out often to God: 'For lo, Thy enemies have made a noise; and they that hate Thee have lifted up the head. They have taken a malicious counsel against Thy people, and they have consulted against Thy saints. They have said, 'come, and let us destroy them, so that they be not a nation.'" Humanum genus depicted the fundamental doctrine of Freemasonry as naturalism, asserting that this leads to deism and Gnosticism. This was seen as driving Freemasons headlong toward a fundamental clash with the teachings of the Church, especially in light of Freemasons' support of separation of church and state by their efforts to enact and enforce civil constitutional obstacles to the establishment of state churches.

It contrasted the idea of Original Sin in Catholic teaching to freemasonry and naturalism liberal approach:"...human nature was stained by original sin, and is therefore more disposed to vice than to virtue. For a virtuous life it is absolutely necessary to restrain the disorderly movements of the soul, and to make the passions obedient to reason. In this conflict human things must very often be despised, and the greatest labors and hardships must be undergone, in order that reason may always hold its sway. But the naturalists and Freemasons, having no faith in those things which we have learned by the revelation of God, deny that our first parents sinned, and consequently think that free will is not at all weakened and inclined to evil. On the contrary, exaggerating rather the power and the excellence of nature, and placing therein alone the principle and rule of justice, they cannot even imagine that there is any need at all of a constant struggle and a perfect steadfastness to overcome the violence and rule of our passions."

Freemasonry condemned
Humanum genus criticizes a number of other Masonic principles; for example, the idea that popular sovereignty is the source of all rights and that man should bend to no authority other than himself: Then come their doctrines of politics, in which the naturalists lay down that all men have the same right, and are in every respect of equal and like condition; that each one is naturally free; that no one has the right to command another; that it is an act of violence to require men to obey any authority other than that which is obtained from themselves. Canon 2335 of the Code of Canon Law (1917) declares that "Those who join a Masonic sect or other societies of the same sort, which plot against the Church or against legitimate civil authority, incur ipso facto an excommunication simply reserved to the Holy See." The Code of Canon Law was updated in 1983, removing the earlier explicit condemnation and excommunication with the current Canon 1374, which states: "A person who joins an association which plots against the Church is to be punished with a just penalty; one who promotes or takes office in such an association is to be punished with an interdict." Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith under Pope John Paul II and himself elected as Pope Benedict XVI on 19 April 2005, issued the 26 November 1983 Declaration on Masonic Associations, which in part states:

"'Therefore the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden. The faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion...In an audience granted to the undersigned Cardinal Prefect, the Supreme Pontiff John Paul II approved and ordered the publication of this Declaration which had been decided in an ordinary meeting of this Sacred Congregation.'" Finally, Humanum genus condemns what it presents as the Masonic idea of the separation of religion and state:"It is held also that the State should be without God; that in the various forms of religion there is no reason why one should have precedence of another; and that they are all to occupy the same place."

title: Humanum genus


text:
User talk:Quadell/Archive 9

DYK
You needed to archive the items in the order they were put on the template (with the picture item on top). Other than that, it seems you've done a good job. :) Mgm|(talk) 21:02, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

The Advanced Wikipedian
Hi Quadell,

I'm not really sure whether you are the sort of guy who know's his Iambic pentameter from his limerick (I don't really), but if so you might be able to improve, correct and extend The Advanced Wikipedian. -- Solipsist 22:45, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Balliol
Quadell, did you delete the pic of Balliol College, Oxford. It was definitely fair use, and I seem to recall marking it as such. No one contacted me about it. Has it been deleted, can it be retrieved, and what was the problem with it? SlimVirgin (talk) 01:50, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Quadell, I appreciate the information and help. I would say that was definitely fair use. I came across a legal definition recently that might be helpful. I'll post it here when I track it down again. Best, SlimVirgin (talk) 02:15, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

DYK again
So far it looked like you did a fine update this time. You even changed a comment I forgot. Well done. :) Mgm|(talk) 21:15, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The changes look fine, but don't forget you can't diff link to the most recent edit until dev changes come true with the next version. The most recent version is always numbered 0. Mgm|(talk) 21:29, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

Viscounts of Arbuthnott
Hi Quadell, you removed a bunch of these listings from Copyright_problems but some of the pages are stilled tagged copyvio. Is it ok to remove the tags?

 * John Arbuthnott%2C 5th Viscount of Arbuthnott From
 * John Arbuthnott%2C 6th Viscount of Arbuthnott From
 * John Arbuthnott%2C 7th Viscount of Arbuthnott From
 * John Arbuthnott%2C 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott
 * John Arbuthnott%2C 9th Viscount of Arbuthnott From
 * John Campbell Arbuthnott%2C 16th Viscount of Arbuthnott From
 * John Ogilvy Arbuthnott%2C 14th Viscount of Arbuthnott From
 * Robert Arbuthnott%2C 1st Viscount of Arbuthnott From
 * Robert Arbuthnott%2C 2nd Viscount of Arbuthnott From
 * Robert Arbuthnott%2C 3rd Viscount of Arbuthnott From
 * Robert Arbuthnott%2C 4th Viscount of Arbuthnott From
 * Robert Keith Arbuthnott%2C 15th Viscount of Arbuthnott From

--Duk 08:00, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bigtooth Maple pic
Hi Quadell - sorry to say, but the pic Image:Bigtooth Maple leaf.jpg you uploaded has copyright restrictions (non-commercial only, which isn't permitted on wikipedia), details here: Usage Guidelines for Images with Copyright. Annoying, as it is a nice pic. - MPF 00:06, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your nominations at IFD
At Wikipedia talk:Images and media for deletion, in regard to deleting images you nominated, you said

 * But if someone else wants to do the actual deletion, I'll gladly step aside.

I'd like to help. I suggest that for images you nominate, you give them an extra 24 hours. I'll try to get to them in that time, and if I don't (or someone else), they're fair game for you.

By the way, I tried to help out with March 25 today. It took me about 20 minutes to do just the first entry! I deleted Image:Hamlet play scene cropped.png, then had to clean up Commons:Image:Hamlet play scene cropped.png. dbenbenn | talk 02:41, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pokeweed
The pokeweed berry image, which is titled Image:Juniper berries.jpg needs to be deleted and re-uploaded with a corrected file name. Could you do this please to avoid perpetuating an error. Pollinator 04:50, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the response. Pollinator 15:39, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)

Image Sleuths
Question, how can one become an image sleuth? Thanks. Zscout370 02:24, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Typo on your user page
I know it is minor, but you said you are moving on March 9th, I assume you mean April and I thought I'd point it out to you. Good luck with the move. MicahMN | Talk 03:44, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Memon
Please revert the Memon article to the pre-copyright violation version, instead of deleting it. I wrote the article from scratch originally, and spent a lot of time researching it. Instead of deleteing it, reverting the original will be a better option. 168.209.98.35 18:58, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dumb question
Hi Quadell, if I run across unverified orphan images which are tagged for deletion, but which haven't been listed on the Images and media for deletion, should they go straight to the /unverified_images sub page. Or should they run through the listing period on the main listing page first? --Duk 04:34, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Query
Is there a reason you didn't respond to my earlier question? EdwinHJ | Talk 07:32, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Template:PD-China
Regarding template:PD-China: Do the same applies to Hong Kong and Macao? Each of them is seperate legal jurisdiction from mainland China. — Instantnood 10:27, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll try find it out.  — Instantnood 11:31, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * The "copyright expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the author dies", for known authorship, and "at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was first made", or "if during that period the work is made available to the public, at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it is first so made available" for unknown authorship. (Source: Cap 528) In other words, it is not quite the same as template:PD-China. — Instantnood 16:36, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Haven't figured out for Macao yet. — Instantnood 11:34, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Aqua10b.jpg
The legality of the image was sustained as promotional photos are presumably, per that tag, available via fair use. It had been tagged as stolen when infact it was not. I think there was some (rather limited) discussion on the copyright issues page. Hedley 20:45, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately I don't. Your best bet is searching for Aqua Express, as their owner would be the person who originally posted the image, and so I imagine he knows the source itself. Hedley 22:18, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

2003 Invasion of Iraq
At 2003 Invasion of Iraq, you changed the number of casualties, but still say that they are as of January 2005. I'm guessing that your numbers are for a later date, rather than being corrected numbers for January. Would you please update the date accordingly? Thanks. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:33, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)

Nominating on commons
Hi Quadell. I've decided I want to be an administrator at the Commons. I would be honored if you would nominate me at Commons:Commons:Administrators. dbenbenn | talk 01:58, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * My pleasure. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 13:36, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much. dbenbenn | talk 13:40, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

IfD Vote
Hi Quadell, I seem to recall that you did the deleting of the first Autofellatio.jpg. I wonder if you'll be deciding again on Autofellatio_2.jpg, and when that will be done (it's been on IfD since March 30). Just curious. Also, I've put together an informal (but I think rather complete, IMHO) tally of the votes at User:Limeheadnyc/Autofellatio 2 vote. Thanks, T IMBO  ( T A L K )  21:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Images of branded products
User:MaxPower told me that you knew quite a bit about image copyrights, and so I have a rather important question and I thought I'd ask you.

I've been trying hard to find out whether photographs taken of branded products are property of the photographer, or if the copyrighted brand has some rights. I'd like to take pictures of different kinds of tea, for instance -- Twinings has some pictures of branded products released under the gfdl, and I would like to follow this example, but I don't know the law. Even if you don't know, if you know whom I could ask, perhaps you could tell me. Also, if you do have an answer to this question, we should post it in the image faq. P.S. sorry if I'm not too clear; I'm sick, tired and busy. Good luck with your move, and if you're busy now, I totally understand. --Zantastik 16:32, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That helps a lot -- thank you. I'd tag the photo as, and leaving a note on the image description page that the inclusion of any copyrighted logos is contended to be "incidental" and a fair use of the material sounds good to me. I'll put them on the Commons, and I will most definitely photograph the entire box, the product therein, etc, certainly not just the logo. Also, I just wanted to thank you for all the work you've done for Wikipedia -- keep up the good work. It's apprecitated:) --Zantastik 17:26, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Re:
Hey, thank you for notifying me about this template. I have blanked both the template and the category pages and listed them for deletion in the appropriate places. Sorry for the mix-up and thanks for double-checking my work. --Howrealisreal 19:16, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hahaha, hey man no problem. I'm glad you pointed that out to me, and thank you for justifying your abrupt speaking style. Don't worry, I take no offense. Perhaps you could make it up to me by helping to get Gowanus Canal featured? --Howrealisreal 20:22, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Templates
Will find and do so - thanks. Schissel : bowl listen 03:50, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use
Hi, sorry to bother but your expertise is needed. User:JarlaxleArtemis would like to use images to illustrate some articles on D&D topics. He'd like to use the "fair use" exception. I'm having trouble seeing how the images can qualify, unless they are shown at a greatly reduced size (and also with the artist's name included). Can you suggest the best way for these images to be used properly? We've had some discussion at User talk:JarlaxleArtemis. Here is a typical one, Image:Kelemvor.jpg. Most of the images are on this list. Thanks for your help. Cheers, -Willmcw 21:51, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * PS. If you are too busy or uninterested perhaps you could refer us to another editor with experience in image copyright issues. It'd be best to make any replies on User talk:JarlaxleArtemis. Thanks again. -Willmcw 02:47, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your input. This user has been chastened by the arbcom for image copyright violations previously and my first instinct was just to report him. But wikilove made me realize it's better to try to work with an editor towards the desired result. Whether we'll get there or not... Anyway, thanks for all you do for Wikipedia. Cheers, -Willmcw 19:06, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your advise. By the way, if I do manage to get the artists' permission, is there something I'd need to do in order to prove it, or would a PermissionAndFairUse template do just fine? → Jarlaxle Artemis   19:09, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Films, screenshots, publicity stills
Hi, I know you do some image work so perhaps this is the right place to ask. Someone has added a lovely picture to the Titanic article--a still of Leo and Kate kissing. It seems a tad high quality for a post-production amateur screenshot, so I think it's most likely a download of a publicity still. Do we normally assume fair use of such stills?

Image:Titanic_Movie_Leo_Kate_Kiss.jpg --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:09, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Carlos Martínez (actor)
Hi Quadell, you wrote a replacement stub at /Temp for this article. The article can't be deleted because of block compression. Is it alright to replace the main article with your re-write and leave the copyvio stuff in history? --Duk 17:39, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Iron Maiden Picture
Hello, I noticed that your name was somehow associated with the picture of the Nuremburg Iron Maiden located at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Iron_Maiden_of_Nuremberg.jpg. Would you be the right person to ask about getting a higher-definition copy of this picture, or would I have to go to someone else? And who might that be? My e-mail address is ericdjonas@yahoo.com. Thank you.

PUI cleanup
I went through and deleted anything that could be, as well as moving and tagging all that could be. Burgundavia 21:36, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

Malice Green / copyright
I have written a replacement article for Malice Green, but although it says its on VFD and copyvio... i dont see it, maybe i suk, but but i dont see it. Can i just put the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malice_Green/Temp content on Malice Green? --sry to bug u about it, but the person who origionally put the vio on isnt a user, and i saw u put the pending deletion notice. 134.215.226.37

hey....
I'm a bit new here and still learning myself around. I noticed your recent comment in the wistleblower article. There is a documentary underway, and I have a few photos I would like to upload to that page. (I took them, my donation) The article should see more traffic this summer. Ellisberg, Edmonds, Dzakovic. I also corrispond with a number of others and would like to see all of their sights expanded. This could be down as the documentry process is underway NOW. Turnner, Rowley, German, .... Might you help? TTLightningRod 14:04, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Images from patents
If I wanted to clip some images from a patent in the USPTO website (in this particular case, Maxim's 1909 patent for a firearm suppressor) how do I document that copyright information? And how about images from more recent patents, and patent applications? Please reply to my talk page scot 19:02, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! scot 21:11, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Stress management
Just wanted to say I liked your illustration for Stress management. -- Solipsist 17:14, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Duplicate articles
I found two articles on the same person with different names. What is usually done in this circumstance? They are: St Peter Damian and Pietro Damiani.

DYK
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article Heirloom plant, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page.

Bioguide images
I noticed you said that you were emailing the congress Biographical Library regarding the biography images. I wondered if you received an answer to that. See PUI on March 29th for a refresher. Burgundavia 12:00, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm. Shall we claim possible fairuse on them, pending further information? Burgundavia 12:42, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

Question
Which 'tag' should one use if permission to use was obtained by email chance0 April 29, 2005

Calgary Image
Hey I don't know the source. I just went through the checklist and it seemed fair use to me, isn't that enough? Bremen 18:57, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ok, good to know about Fair use...I should do that unkown source thing...but not right now. At least I know how it works now. I should upload some of my own pics of Calgary...that could be better. Bremen 21:37, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image:Kartal.jpg
I have taken that picture and i don't know what can i do for updating information about the image? And I am really so sorry for the disordering.

Joint tenancy
Thanks for pulling the stub template from Joint tenancy - I forgot it was there! -- BD 24 12 thi m k 15:39, 2005 May 4 (UTC)

Comoran franc
I was going to write an article on the Comoran franc. In 1994, I worked on the devaluation of the currency. There's one major problem. The correct name for the currency is the Comorian franc. And to be certain, I checked with the Britannica, UN, IMF, World Bank, and the Comorian legation to the UN. In fact, the Comorian legation said that no such word "Comoran" exists. There is a table on the page that lists all the African currencies. It uses the word "Comoran". How do I set this table correct? SDC 22:54, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Impersonator is vandalizing my pages
Sorry, if am flagging you down, but is seems that no admin is currently paying attention. A vandal registered the name ClockworkSouI (talk · contributions) who was impersonating legitimate user ClockworkSoul and has vandalize a number of pages, including my talk page. Last letter, change ell to eye. Could you block this user ASAP? Thanks. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 14:56, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for blocking that vandal. It seems this person has been attacking for the past 24 hours, impersonating legitimate users such as Academic Challenger, FreplySpang, and Mel Etitis -- replacing an "L" with an "I" in the user name. I would not be surprised if you were the next victim because of the L's in your name. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 15:28, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Benedictus
With all due respect, Quadell, how can you say that that line was a farce? They showed it all over cnn.com, bbc.co.uk, TIME and you say it's a FARCE?!?!?!?! I have proof that it's real, wait, I'll look it up in vatican.va. Meanwhle, I suggest you look at TIME with the Darth Vader cover. It's somewhre at the beginning. Temporary 15:32, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Hi Quadell, I've responded here, and I've found the quote on cnn.com as well, so it could perhaps be added in an appropriate place on the article which has been protected. Thanks --Silversmith 16:06, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

ClockworkSouI
Interesting... thanks for blocking the impostor. :) – ClockworkSoul (the real one)
 * I just noticed on RC another user: User:CIockworkSouI. This time, the "I" is on the second and last letters. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 16:41, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Hi. You've been very helpful to me recently, and I appreciate it. I'm pretty new here. I came across a guy doing a very large number of vandalisms. I listed him on the "Vandlism in Progress" page. Is that the right thing to do? His username is Cantus. Thanks. SDC 02:03, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Copyright notices
With respect to /copyright, According to Cap 528 of Hong Kong law there is no distinction between photograph and other works. I'm not sure if the Republic of China (Taiwan) has a copyright treaty with the United States. And by the way Template:PD-Germany is being nominated to WP:TFD. — Instantnood 23:42, May 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for making the change at /copyright, and I have modified a little bit accordingly. My German is not that good either. :-D  — Instantnood 15:54, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

Image tags
Hi, I've noticed you've commented several users' talk pages recently about not-yet-tagged images they've uploaded. I don't really know much about copyright licensing, so I was hoping that you could take care of their images for me. In the last week or so I've found some uploaded by User:Demonhunter and User:McCann51 that looked like they might be being used without permission. I tried to guide Demonhunter but without a lot of luck, because I wasn't very familiar with policies. I've asked McCann to ask you about the tagging. I'd like to know more about this stuff myself so I can start taking care of it. --Idont Havaname 06:14, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Nutrition Images
I was looking at which links to a talk page on the details for the licensing.. It appears pretty clear that the owner of the images is adding the restriction that the images "label image in conjunction with Wikipedia's food-related articles, provided that those images link to http://www.nutritiondata.com". This is a fine restriction which we can accept, but it means that the images are *NOT* GFDLed as they are tagged. ... or am I missing something? --Gmaxwell 20:43, 13 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello. The GFDL requires that the authors be credited. If the author wants to be credited as "http://www.nutritiondata.com", that's fine with me. (Similarly, if an author on an anonymous message board wants to be called "HotLindy01", then we have to credit HotLindy01 according to the terms of the GFDL, even if that looks unprofessional.) So in my opinion, that requirement falls into the requirements of the GFDL.
 * As a side note, I seriously doubt the images could be copyrighted at all. They are presenting factual information provided by the FDA, so the only part that could be copyrighted is the layout - but the layout is designed to look as much like the FDA labels as possible (which are not copyrighted), so I'm not sure a claim of "creative content" would hold up. I tagged them GFDL to give NutritionData the benefit of the doubt. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth)
 * Sorry, but it's still not GFDL. Nowhere do they state GFDL, in fact they specifically only give permission for use by wikipedia in food related articles. I would not be able to use these images in gmaxwell-pedia even if I attribute them correctly nor could we use them in a non-food related article. Further, the requirement that the attribution be in the form of a hyperlink is not really in-line with the GFDL...  Because of all this, I decided to take action. I have produced a python script that generates a SVG of the nutrition label that looks just like the images we are using, from a set of name=value pairs. This SVG can then be rasterized to an image and included in an article..... But now after having done this, I don't think it's a good idea to use it:  Since there is no SVG support in wikipedia's mediawiki, we have no way of producing an editable object for use in the article, this is really not very wikipedia like. Further, the image provides no rich metadata that could be used down the road for a more advanced search ( to search wikipedia for fat free foods, for example).  As a result I would propose that rather then using the images, I spend some time messing with CSS to produce a nice looking template text box that can contain this information... and we skip the images entirely. What do you think? --Gmaxwell 19:04, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

These arguments have been gone over at Commons, where the images were put up on votes for deletion. The consensus there was to keep them, tagged as GFDL. The gist of the argument was: if we ask "Can we use these images? If so, they'll have to be released under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright.", and they say "You can use them", then the images are released by the terms of the Wikipedia copyright (GFDL). The consensus on Commons (which is, admittedly, not Wikipedia) was that you could, in fact, use the pics in non-food-related articles. If it would make you feel more comfortable, you could e-mail them and ask for clarification. Or, I certainly don't mind if you'd like to replace the pics with tables. If you do, you may want to use the USDA's official nutrition information available free of copyright for online search (http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/) or download (http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/srch/search.htm). – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 14:12, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

Deleting images
You deleted my image at Image:Hammersmith and city line.png after it was listed as speedy deletion as a new version had been uploaded to the commons. My version has now been completely deleted, and was vastly superior to the new version. As an admin it is your responsibility to check these things before deleting images, which can not be undone. ed g2s •  talk  13:31, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I responded here. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 20:23, May 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I really am surprised that you all though his change made the picture better - he lost all the anti-aliasing, made the text boxes so large they almost overlapped - and used the wrong colour for the line! ed g2s  •  talk  10:10, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

rv?!?!
You did you revert my interwiki edit on Ceres? -Pedro 00:00, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

stub-sort reversion
Hi Quadell. I was wondering why you reverted the edit that sorted the stub San Juan del Sur. Also, be careful on Daniel Berrigan: you've reverted to another vandalized version. Joyous 00:39, May 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * No sweat. I've done sillier stuff when I was taking my time.  Joyous 00:51, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

Red wine stain remover
As long as I'm bending your ear, (or...since you're reading this, am I bending your eye?) what do you think of this article? Is there somewhere it can be merged? Joyous 00:59, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

Misspelled image
Aloha. I just noticed that an image I uploaded in Sept. 2004 is misspelled. Can you tell me what the process is for misspelled images or help me change it? The image is Image:Bad Radio Benefit for Amensty International SDSU circa 1989.jpg where "Amensty" should be changed to "Amnesty". Thanks for any help you can offer. --Viriditas | Talk 07:34, 21 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for explaining the current process. I'll get to it eventually. --Viriditas  | Talk 08:26, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quadell/Archive 9


text:
Nitrosomonas europaea

Nitrosomonas europaea is a Gram-negative obligate chemolithoautotroph that can derive all its energy and reductant for growth from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and lives in several places such as soil, sewage, freshwater, the walls of buildings and on the surface of monuments especially in polluted areas where the air contains high levels of nitrogen compounds.

Due to the large amounts of ammonia this bacterium needs to consume for energy to divide, cell division can take up to several days. This is perhaps one reason why this microbe is not studied very much. This microbe has been shown to be an ammonia-oxidizing soil bacterium and it is known to have a range of substrates that might be useful in bioremediation. Several studies are still being done with the bacterium, but will take some time due to the slow cell division rate and the high amounts of nitrogen needed to live.

While not using photosynthesis for energy is not unique, "burning" ammonia with oxygen is. Both are characteristics of Nitrosomonas europaea. This microbe tolerates a pH of 6.0-9.0, the optimal conditions being slightly basic; has an aerobic metabolism; and prefers a temperature between 20-30 degrees Celsius. Most are mobile with flagella located in the polar regions although some species are nonmobile.

The reaction catalysed by these bacteria is the first step in the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. Nitrosomonas europaea are also important in the treatment of industrial and sewage waste in the first step of oxidizing ammonia to nitrate. Evidence suggests that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) contribute significantly to the global production of nitrous oxide (produced by the reduction of nitrite). Other evidence reveals that AOB are a possible source of nitric oxide via the oxidation of ammonia. Nitrosomonas europaea is also capable of degrading benzene as well as a variety of halogenated organic compounds, including trichloroethylene and vinyl chloride. The ability of nitrifying organisms to degrade some pollutants may make these organisms attractive for controlled bioremediation in nitrifying soils and waters.

Nitrosomonas europaea is also accountable for nitric acid production which can cause the dissolution of some stone and other construction materials found on statues and in buildings.

title: Nitrosomonas europaea


text:
Franciszek Macharski

Franciszek Macharski (20 May 1927 – 2 August 2016 ) was a Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was appointed Archbishop of Kraków from 1978, named by Pope John Paul II to succeed him in that role. Macharski was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979, and resigned as archbishop in 2005.

Early life
Franciszek Macharski was born on 20 May 1927 in Kraków, Poland. He was the youngest of four children. During World War II he worked as a menial laborer and afterward entered the seminary in Kraków, where he also studied theology. He was ordained as a priest in April 1950 by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha. Until 1956 he was a vicar in a parish near Bielsko-Biała and was then transferred to Fribourg, Switzerland, to continue his theological studies. He received his doctorate in 1960.

Vocation
Macharski was appointed Archbishop of Kraków in December 1978 by Pope John Paul II, who had been Archbishop of that city himself until his election to the Papacy in October 1978. Macharski was consecrated as a Bishop by John Paul II himself at the Vatican on 6 January 1979 and took possession of the Archdiocese of Kraków on 28 January 1979, when he was installed at Wawel Cathedral.

Archbishop Macharski was created Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni a Porta Latina as his titular church in June 1979, the first consistory of John Paul II, just six months after his episcopal consecration. He was a member of the cardinal electors of the 2005 papal conclave that elected Joseph Alois Ratzinger as Pope Benedict XVI. He lost the right to vote in conclaves when he turned 80 in May 2007.

Macharski retired as Archbishop of Kraków on 3 June 2005. His successor was Pope John Paul II's private Secretary, Stanisław Dziwisz.

Death
Cardinal Macharski fell down the stairs of his home in June 2016. Pope Francis visited Macharski in a Kraków hospital on 28 July 2016, while Macharski was in a coma. He died five days later.

title: Franciszek Macharski


text:
Richard J. Roberts

Sir Richard John Roberts (born 6 September 1943) is a British biochemist and molecular biologist. He was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Phillip Allen Sharp for the discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing. He currently works at New England Biolabs.

Early life and education
Roberts was born in Derby, the son of Edna (Allsop) and John Roberts, an auto mechanic. When he was four, Roberts' family moved to Bath. In Bath, he attended City of Bath Boys' School. As a child he at first wanted to be a detective and then, when given a chemistry set, a chemist. In 1965 he graduated from the University of Sheffield with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry followed by a PhD in 1969. His thesis involved phytochemical studies of neoflavonoids and isoflavonoids.

Career and research
During 1969–1972, he did postdoctoral research at Harvard University. before moving to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where he was hired by James Dewey Watson, a co-discoverer of the structure of DNA and a fellow Nobel laureate. In this period he also visited the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology for the first time, working alongside Fred Sanger. In 1977, he published his discovery of RNA splicing. In 1992, he moved to New England Biolabs. The following year, he shared a Nobel Prize with his former colleague at Cold Spring Harbor Phillip Allen Sharp.

Roberts's discovery of the alternative splicing of genes, in particular, has had a profound impact on the study and applications of molecular biology. The realisation that individual genes could exist as separate, disconnected segments within longer strands of DNA first arose in his 1977 study of adenovirus, one of the viruses responsible for causing the common cold. Robert's research in this field resulted in a fundamental shift in our understanding of genetics, and has led to the discovery of split genes in higher organisms, including human beings.

Awards and honours
In 1992, Roberts received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala University, Sweden. After becoming a Nobel laureate in 1993 he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the University of Bath in 1994. Roberts also received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1994. In 2021 he was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Roberts was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1995 and a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in the same year. In 2005, a multimillion-pound expansion to the chemistry department at the University of Sheffield, where he had been a student, was named after him. A refurbished science department at Beechen Cliff School (previously City of Bath Boys' School) was also named after Roberts, who had donated a substantial sum of his Nobel prize winnings to the school.

Roberts is an atheist and was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. He was knighted in the 2008 Birthday Honours.

Roberts is a member of the Advisory Board of Patient Innovation, a nonprofit, international, multilingual, free venue for patients and caregivers of any disease to share their innovations.

Roberts has been a keynote speaker at the Congress of Future Medical Leaders (2014, 2015, 2016, 2020).

He also is the chairman of The Laureate Science Alliance, a non-profit supporting research worldwide.

In 2016, Roberts and other Nobelists composed and signed a "Laureates Letter Supporting Precision Agriculture (GMOs)" addressed to the leaders of Greenpeace, the United Nations and global governments and Sir Roberts has advocated for Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in general and Golden Rice in particular to advance health in developing countries, noting the high safety record of GM foods.

title: Richard J. Roberts


text:
Vale of Leven F.C.

Vale of Leven Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the town of Alexandria, in the Vale of Leven area of West Dunbartonshire. Nicknamed "the Vale" and formed in 1939, the club competes in, the ninth tier of Scottish football, holding home games at Millburn Park.

Original club
In the early days of Scottish football, Vale of Leven (based in Alexandria) and their neighbours Renton were real powers in the land, thanks to significant backing from local factories; Vale was backed by Archibald Orr-Ewing's dye works, which meant that Vale could recruit players as factory workers but allow them the time and facilities to play football.

One early controversy over this veiled professionalism came in the 1874–75 Scottish Cup. The club was drawn against Clydesdale F.C. in the first round; the Glaswegian club protested the presence in the Vale side of John Ferguson, who, as a former professional athlete, was barred from playing in the competition at the time, even though Ferguson was described as an amateur who "usually wrought in the Vale of Leven from year to year, and no objection was made to him in the international match"; the tie was played under protest, and, after a goalless draw, Vale withdrew rather than re-play.

The rule was changed for the next season and Vale promptly reached the semi-final, and then won the Cup three times in succession (1877, 1878 and 1879). In 1878 they travelled down to England and beat the FA Cup winners, The Wanderers, 3–1 at Kennington Oval. The Wanderers had the advantage that the game was played under the English throw-in rule, but the Vale's Scottish passing game proved superior to the English game of individual dribbling. The club also won the Glasgow Celtic Society Cup in shinty in 1879.

Vale of Leven was a founder member of the Scottish Football League when it was formed in 1890. By this time, the club was being eclipsed by the rising stars of well-supported clubs based in Glasgow, and local rivals Dumbarton. In their second season, they failed to win a single game and finished last, being the last senior Scottish club to suffer this ignominy until Brechin in 2018. Rather than face re-election for the second time, the club withdrew and joined the rival Scottish Alliance where they played for a single season.

Between 1893 and 1902, the Vale played only friendly matches and in cup competition before joining the Scottish Football Combination. In 1905, they applied successfully for readmission to the Scottish League when Division Two was expanded for two additional teams. They finished as runners-up in 1907 and in 1909, but did not receive the votes they needed to be elected to Division One. As the following decade wore on, Vale of Leven struggled and regularly finished near the foot of the table. When Division Two was suspended in 1915, Vale joined the Western League.

After World War I ended, Vale of Leven returned to the Scottish League for the third time as members of the reformed Division Two. After a decent fourth-place finish in their first season, the club was relegated to the new Division Three in 1924, but this ill-fated competition was shut down in 1926 and that year's championship withheld after it became clear that the costs of meeting match guarantees and travel and other expenses were beyond the capacity of its member clubs to pay.

After a season playing in the Scottish Alliance, financial constraints forced the club into a local district league before being discontinued in 1929, victims of the Great Depression which had proven so disastrous for many small Scottish football clubs at professional and amateur level. There was every intention of reviving the club once local economics made it viable; however, unlike previous occasions, they were struck off the SFA club roll after withdrawing from their Scottish Qualifying Cup match against Dykehead.

Vale Ocoba
In 1930, a new amateur side, Vale of Leven Old Church Old Boys Association (usually known as "Vale Ocoba"), was founded, and joined the West of Scotland Football Association to take part in amateur competition, playing at Millburn Park.

Vale Ocoba took part in the Scottish Cup from 1931 until 1938, and enjoyed success in first the West of Scotland Amateur League and then the Scottish Combinations. The club won through the Scottish Qualifying Cup to the Scottish Cup proper every season from 1934 to 1937, although the club never won through into the second round proper.

The club's best run in the Qualifying Cup was in 1936–37, winning the North section, beating Keith F.C. in a second replay, at Boghead Park, after two draws at Borough Briggs. In the first round of the Cup proper, the club lost against 8–0 against Clyde F.C., in front of 4,500 spectators, holding out for 18 minutes before conceding a penalty, and going in at half-time 2–0 down; the club blamed a lack of fitness for the eventual scoreline.

The club also won the Dumbartonshire Cup twice, but from 1931 to 1937 there were only two eligible entrants - Dumbarton F.C. and the Vale - so each tie was, in effect, a final. By beating the League club in 1933–34 and 1934–35, the Vale became Dumbartonshire champions.

The club played in the final incarnation of the Scottish Football Combination, finishing mid-table in the first revived season of 1935–36, but the Combination did not finish its second season.

Notable players
The most notable Ocoba player was Johnny Granger, formerly of Celtic, who was re-instated as an amateur player in 1931 so he could sign for Ocoba.

Revival of Vale of Leven
Vale Ocoba was invited to be part of a reconstituted Scottish Football Alliance, along with Babcock & Wilcox (a works team), fellow former Scottish League and Alliance member Galston, Girvan Athletic, another former Scottish League member Nithsdale Wanderers, Queen's Park Strollers (Queen's Park third team), and Stranraer, which they duly did, but having changed name to Vale of Leven Football & Athletic Club.

Disaster struck however when the start of World War II obliged the league to be suspended due to restrictions on travel by December 1939. In order to survive, Vale Of Leven promptly joined the ranks of the Scottish Junior Football Association - suffering an abrupt vacancy in their Central League due to the bankruptcy of Springfield Athletic - and thus bringing to a final end 67 years of membership of the Scottish Football Association the club had helped to create. The first junior match was against Vale of Clyde F.C. at Milburn Park in 1940 and the Vale's proudest junior moment was winning the Scottish Junior Cup in 1953.

In 2020 Vale, along with other members of the Scottish Junior Football Association, West Region moved back into senior football - as members of the newly formed West of Scotland Football League.

Colours
The club's original colours were red and blue. By 1875–76 the club was wearing dark blue, with red stockings. The club changed to all dark blue in 1900, and in 1912 changed its shorts to white, which remained the club's scheme, with a red V in 1915–16.

The club wore white on two notable occasions because of colour clashes - in the 1877 Scottish Cup final and the 1887–88 Dumbartonshire Cup final, as Renton also wore dark blue, so the Vale was ordered to wear the white jerseys of the Dumbartonshire Association.

The Vale Ocoba side wore black and white hooped shirts.

Grounds
The club originally played at North Street Park. In 1888, the club created a new ground at Millburn Park, the ceremonial cutting of the sod taking place on 28 June 1888.

Notable former players
15 Vale of Leven players were chosen to represent Scotland between 1879 and 1890. The club's international players were as follows:

 * John Baird
 * Daniel Bruce
 * John Ferguson
 * John Forbes
 * John McDougall
 * John McGregor
 * Andrew McIntyre
 * Alex McLintock

 * John McPherson
 * John Murray
 * Robert Parlane
 * Robert Paton
 * Gilbert Rankin
 * Andrew Whitelaw
 * James Wilson

Former professionals that played for the modern club include:
 * Danny O'Donnell
 * Drew Busby
 * Columb McKinley
 * Bob McNicol
 * Evan Williams

Senior

 * Scottish Cup
 * Winners 1877, 1878, 1879
 * Runners-up 1883, 1884, 1885, 1890
 * Scottish Qualifying Cup
 * Winners 1909, 1937
 * Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup
 * Winners 1882
 * Dumbartonshire Cup
 * Winners 11 times

Junior

 * Scottish Junior Cup
 * Winners 1953
 * Central Junior Football League
 * A Division winners 1946–47
 * B Division winners / overall champions 1969–70
 * C Division winners 1978–79
 * Central District Third Division Winners 2007–08
 * Evening Times Cup Winners Cup
 * Winners 1947, 1970
 * Kirkwood Shield
 * Winners 1951, 1954, 1958, 1965
 * Dunbartonshire Junior Cup
 * Winners 1940, 1965
 * Dunbartonshire Junior Charity Cup
 * Winners 1943, 1946, 1947, 1953, 1954
 * Erskine Hospital Charity Cup
 * Winners 1970

Shinty

 * Celtic Society Cup (shinty)
 * Winners 1879

title: Vale of Leven F.C.