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Electrelane

Electrelane were an English indie rock band, formed in Brighton in 1998 by Verity Susman and Emma Gaze. The band comprised Susman, Gaze, Mia Clarke, and Ros Murray. Their music drew from a wide range of influences including Neu!, Stereolab, Sonic Youth, and the Velvet Underground. Although the band had strong feminist and political views in their personal lives, they generally preferred to not communicate that directly to their fans or through their music; one exception is their inclusion of the protest song "The Partisan," - a Leonard Cohen cover - which they began playing while on tour in the United States during the months preceding the 2004 Presidential election. The band, when playing live, had a reputation for a focused show that minimised audience interaction and rarely included more than one encore.

Early years (1998–2000)
The band recorded their first single, "Film Music," and released it in January 2000 on the Skint Records offshoot label Indenial. They released another single ("Le Song") with Fierce Panda before creating their own label, Let's Rock!, with distribution by 3MV. The first two singles they released were "Gabriel" and "Blue Straggler" and in fall of 2000 they began work on their debut album. During this period, they had a number of personnel changes. The original bassist was Tracy Houdek, who left the band due to a pregnancy. She was briefly replaced by Rupert Noble until Rachel Dalley signed on. Original guitarist Debbie Ball was replaced by Mia Clarke.

Rock It to the Moon (2000–2003)
Their debut album, Rock It to the Moon, was released in April 2001 through Mr. Lady Records. Although Electrelane started off as a traditional band with vocals, this album was mostly instrumental. Verity Susman explained, "Way way back, when we first started, we always had a lot of singing. But it never worked that well. When we did instrumental it was always more interesting. More completely we felt like we were doing something good, while the songs with the singing ended up quite bog-standard, boring, not very interesting." NME rated the album an 8 out of 10, saying Rock It to the Moon was "just the way a debut album should be... utterly focused [and] stripped of all extraneous flab."

The Power Out (2003–2004)
Electrelane brought in Steve Albini to record their second album, The Power Out, while production was still handled by the band. The result was an album that added more vocals and structure to the songs, giving them almost pop-like vibes. It was released on Too Pure in February 2004. The album was widely recognised and praised as critics appreciated the added complexity and vocals on their new work.

Electrelane had not only added vocals to the work, but had transcended conventional expectations by employing a number of techniques. Of the nine songs with vocals, three of them were done in different languages. The album opener "Gone Under Sea" is sung completely in French. The third song, "The Valleys," featuring the vocals of the ensemble Chicago a cappella, had in part sections from Siegfried Sassoon's "A Letter Home." On "Oh Sombra!" the Spanish lyrics are a sonnet by 16th century Catalan poet Juan Boscán Almogáver. On "This Deed" the lyrics are a single line, in German, from Friedrich Nietzsche's Die fröhliche Wissenschaft followed by the exclamation "Hände hoch!" (or "Hands up!"). These touches, as one review put it, "managed to be unique without being a radical departure."

Midway through 2004, Rachel Dalley left the group and was replaced by Ros Murray, an old friend of the group.

Axes (2004–2006)
For their follow up, the mostly instrumental Axes, Electrelane once again returned to Steve Albini's studio in Chicago. In the first recording session for Axes, the band played through the entire album in one take. This reflected the band's desire to have listeners of the album experience the band's live show. Emma Gaze explained the album was recorded "the way we rehearse and practise: we all stand in a circle and it is very relaxed. Our previous recording experiences have been with the bass in one room, the drums in a different room, the two guitarists in a different room and then the vocals are done afterwards. Obviously it works like that because that is how most bands do it. But we just wanted it to sound more live; there is a different kind of energy that comes from playing in the same room." Verity Susman said that "We see the record as a continuous piece of music, not a collection of songs. It also reflects the way we improvise, moving from one idea to the next without a clear break. It's also how we play live." The album was released on 9 May 2005 to mixed, but generally positive, reviews.

As with The Power Out, Electrelane supported Axes with a global tour. By now they had toured in the UK, the United States, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Ireland, Spain, Greece, Turkey, Japan and Australia. They both headlined their own tours and supported tours for the Ex and Le Tigre among others; they had also appeared at festivals such as South by Southwest and the ATP Festival.

No Shouts, No Calls and indefinite hiatus (2006–2007)
No Shouts, No Calls is Electrelane's fourth studio album, and their first which was entirely digitally recorded and mixed. The group began writing material in Berlin's Planet Roc studios in the summer of 2006, at the height of the World Cup. During that period, the band became fans of the sport, going so far as to rearrange their recording schedules around the event and including a sample of a match between Hertha BSC Berlin and FC Moskva in the song "Five" on their new album.

In August, Electrelane released Singles, B-Sides & Live, a rarities collection that included a number of live performances as well as original versions of tracks from their debut album. In September and October, they were in Benton Harbor recording and mixing their album. In November, the band announced on their official website that they had finished recording and had titled their album No Shouts, No Calls. The album was released in on 23 April 2007 in Japan, 3 May 2007 in the US and 30 April 2007 elsewhere. The first single, titled "To the East," was released on 12 March 2007. The album received generally positive reviews, with Heather Phares of AllMusic calling some songs "among the band's finest work"; detractors included Leonie Cooper of the Guardian, who mentioned the band had a "penchant for turning every tune [into] a proggy wig-out." James Reed of the Boston Globe picked the album as one of the best of 2007. In May and June 2007 the band toured the United States with Tender Forever and opened for Arcade Fire on several of their shows. For the rest of the summer, they played the Fuji Rock Festival in Japan as well as various festivals in Europe, including La Route du Rock, Summercase, Montreux Jazz Festival and Festival Paredes de Coura.

In early November 2007, Electrelane posted a message on their website, explaining that they would be on an indefinite hiatus. Their "last" show "for the foreseeable future" was on 1 December 2007 in Brighton, England. On 14 December, the band organised a benefit for the Anti-Trafficking Alliance at the Barfly in London. They did not perform, choosing to DJ instead.

Brief reformation (2011–2012)
In February 2011, Electrelane announced they would play several festivals, including Field Day in London. During the spring, the band announced they would play The Big Chill festival held on the grounds of Eastnor Castle. They toured Australia in early 2012 as well. At the time, they announced no plans for new material or further tours.

New music announcement (2021)
The band announced in November 2021 that they are working together on their first new music since No Shouts, No Calls in 2007 and that "playing together again feels really, really good."

Lineup

 * Current members
 * Verity Susman – keyboards, guitar, saxophone, clarinet, lead vocals
 * Emma Gaze – drums, artwork
 * Mia Clarke – guitar, backing vocals
 * Ros Murray – bass guitar, backing vocals

 * Past members
 * Tracey Houdek – (1998–1999) bass guitar
 * Debbie Ball – (1998–2000) guitar, vocals
 * Rupert Noble – (1999) bass guitar
 * Rachel Dalley – (1999–2004) bass guitar

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * 2001: Rock It to the Moon
 * 2004: The Power Out
 * 2005: Axes
 * 2007: No Shouts, No Calls

 * Singles and EPs
 * 2000: Film Music
 * 2000: Le Song
 * 2000: Gabriel
 * 2001: Blue Straggler
 * 2002: I Want to Be President EP
 * 2003: On Parade
 * 2004: This Deed
 * 2005: Two For Joy
 * 2007: To the East
 * 2007: In Berlin

 * Compilations
 * 2006: Singles, B-Sides & Live

title: Electrelane


text:
User:Pollinator/notes

Template for photos:

Saved here from the Village Pump for reference:

Stolen image?
I've discovered that the Danish Wikipedi has at least one of my images that was given a different name and used without attribution. I know this kind of thing goes on all the time on the Internet, but I'm surprised to find it on Wikipedia. It is a (Bombus fraternus) on Eupatorium. It was renamed and posted at and at apparently by user Mosepors

I happened on this by coincidence. I don't speak a word of Danish, and cannot find any translation tools. How can I find if other images have also been appropriated? How can I communicate with the Danish Wikipedia? Pollinator 19:50, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * try posting a message at da:Wikipedia:Ambassaden (the embassy of the Danish wikipedia) or da:Wikipedia diskussion:Ambassaden (its talk page). There is at least one other message there in English that has been responded to. Thryduulf 20:18, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've updated the image description page on the Danish Wikipedia to link to the image description page here, and I've done my best to give you attribution (I don't speak Danish either, but if I've got it wrong someone who can will hopefully correct it). You released it under the GFDL and so, using the image elsewhere is perfectly acceptable – provided attribution is given (which I've made explicit), and that the conditions of the GFDL are passed on (I added a GFDL tag as well). Thryduulf 20:37, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC
 * Thanks Thryduulf! Pollinator 21:00, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Pollinator/notes


text:
Talk:Atmospheric refraction

CITEREF usage problem
I noticed that this article uses CITEREF format to link to a reference list at the bottom of the article. When I recently added a link using this format I couldn't get my reference link to work. Browsing through the article I found that very few of the CITEREF links in the article actually link to the reference list.

Could someone who knows how this form of citation works (I've never used it before and couldn't find any clear documentation for it) straighten up the existing citations. Alternatively, we may have to rework all the citations in this article. AAAARGH! --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 22:34, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I notice that since my comment, User:Primefac has added a no footnotes tag to the article. That seems to offer a way out; perhaps we should reformat the existing references to footnote style, which are not as difficult to handle. Comments welcome. --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 16:34, 7 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I did not notice the CITEREF tags previously. I will go through and edit the article so that they use the (standard)  tags.Primefac (talk) 17:29, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

Terrestrial refraction
This article is a good beginning to a discussion of astronomical refraction. However, it does not discuss the other side of atmospheric refraction, that used in surveying and geodesy called terrestrial refraction. Its interesting that scholarly literature discussing the two aspects of refraction seldom refer to each other, and each has developed its own nomenclature and symbols. I suggest we restructure the article as follows: How does this outline look? --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 20:20, 7 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Introduction (generalized to mention both astronomical and geodetic problems)
 * Astronomical refraction (most of the current article)
 * Terrestrial refraction (to be developed)
 * Classical surveying (bending of light ray)
 * Electronic distance measurement (changing speed of light in medium)
 * GPS measurements
 * Summary, references, etc....

 * OK, I started the revision. --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 22:41, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for getting this started. May I suggest a complementary view. The separation between terrestrial and astronominal refraction depends on whether or not the target is located within the atmosphere. Orthogonal to that aspect there is the separation between delay and angle refraction, or perhaps more strictly, ranging and directional refraction. Thus there are four combinations of atmospheric refraction. Do you think that would fit in this article? Fgnievinski (talk) 02:09, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Another point. Although terrestrial refraction sometimes is also called geodetic refraction, space geodesy (satellite geodesy plus VLBI and LLR) obviously is subject to astronomical refraction. Other disciplines concerned with atmospheric refraction are metrology (overlaps with surveying) and astrometry (part of astronomy and overlaps with geodesy, e.g., VLBI). In radio science, atmospheric sciences, and planetary sciences, there is a technique called radio occultation which exploits atmospheric refraction as an environmental remote sensing technique. Finally, in Computer Graphics there is "ray-tracing in inhomogeneous media". Below there are some references I used five years ago. Fgnievinski (talk) 02:19, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Brunner, F. K. (Ed.) (1984). Geodetic refraction: effects of electromagnetic wave propagation through the atmosphere, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 213 pp., ISBN 0387138307, with contributions by P.V. Angus-Leppan et al.
 * Ingensand, H. (2002). “Concepts and solutions to overcome the refraction problem in terrestrial precision measurement.” FIG XXII International Congress, International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), Washington, D.C., April 19–26. http://www.fig.net/pub/fig_2002/Js28/JS28_ingensand.pdf.
 * Lehn, W. H., and S. van der Werf (2005). “Atmospheric refraction: a history.” Applied Optics, Vol. 44, No. 27, pp. 5624–5636,.
 * Yatsenko, A. Yu. (1995). “Exact theory of astronomical refraction for the real atmosphere.” Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement, Vol. 111, pp. 579–586,.
 * Wittmann, A. D. (1997). “Astronomical refraction: formulas for all zenith distances.” Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 318, No. 5, pp. 305–312,.
 * Auer, L. H., and E. M. Standish (2000). “Astronomical refraction: Computational method for all zenith angles.” The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 119, No. 5, pp. 2472–2474,.
 * Young, A. T. (2004). “Sunset Science. IV. Low-altitude refraction.” The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 127, No. 6, pp. 3622–3637,.
 * Sovers, O. J., J. L. Fanselow, and C. S. Jacobs (1998). “Astrometry and geodesy with radio interferometry: experiments, models, results.” Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 1393–1454,.
 * van der Werf, S. Y. (2003). “Ray tracing and refraction in the modified US1976 atmosphere.” Appl. Opt., Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 354–366,.
 * Gutierrez, D., F. J. Seron, A. Munoz, and O. Anson (2006). “Simulation of atmospheric phenomena.” Computers & Graphics, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 994–1010,.
 * Seron, F. J., D. Gutierrez, G. Gutierrez, and E. Cerezo (2005). “Implementation of a method of curved ray tracing for inhomogeneous atmospheres.” Computers & Graphics, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 95–108,.
 * Nener, B. D., N. Fowkes, and L. Borredon (2003). “Analytical models of optical refraction in the troposphere.” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 867–875,.

Units are not clear
The article states: "A further expansion in terms of the third power of the cotangent of the apparent altitude incorporates H0 the height of the homogenous atmosphere in addition to the usual conditions at the observer". Units for H0 are not specified. The formula after that has the expression 1-H0, which means that H0 is dimensionless. I think that the article needs to specify units for H0. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.251.120.129 (talk) 16:25, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I believe the key phrase you're looking for is H0 the height of the homogenous atmosphere - so H0 has units of length. I'll add in some commas to make it more clear that "the height" relates to H0. Primefac (talk) 16:30, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atmospheric refraction


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Queen's (New Brunswick federal electoral district)

Queen's was a federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1896.

It was created by the British North America Act of 1867. It consisted of the County of Queen's. It was abolished in 1892 when it was merged into Sunbury—Queen's riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
By-election: On Mr. Baird's resignation because his election was contested, 24 November 1887

N.B. The Canadian Directory of Parliament states that George Frederick Baird was declared duly elected by a court decision.

By-election: On Mr. King being declared not duly elected, 25 February 1892, George Frederick Baird was declared elected by a court decision.


text: File:Tegan and Sara - If It Was You cover.jpg


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Salgado Zenha

Francisco Salgado Zenha GCL (2 May 1923, Braga – 1 November 1993, Lisbon) was a Portuguese left-wing politician and lawyer.

As a student at the University of Coimbra, he was elected president of the Academic Association of Coimbra, being dismissed some months after because he refused to participate in a demonstration of support to the Estado Novo regime. Some time after, in 1945, he became one of the founders of the youth wing of the Movement of Democratic Unity (Portuguese: Movimento de Unidade Democrática – Juvenil or "MUD-J"), a movement that congregated almost all the opposition movements to the Portuguese Fascist regime. His "subversive" actions lead him to prison for several times.

Later, he supported the presidential candidacy of Norton de Matos, and it was at this time that he met Mário Soares. Some years after he supported another democratic candidate to the manipulated elections, Humberto Delgado. After that he joined several Socialist movements, and in 1973, he was among the founders of the Socialist Party. As an anti-fascist he became notable for defending in court many people accused of anti-fascist and anti-colonialist activities.

After the Carnation Revolution, he was Minister of Justice in the first, second, third and fourth provisional governments and Minister of Finance in the fifth. He was member of the commission that made the review of the judiciary composition with the Holy See that, for example, legalized divorce in Portugal. Between 1974 and 1982, he was member of the direction of the Socialist Party and member of its Parliamentary Group.

In 1980, he started a dissidence with his old friend Mário Soares because the Party's support to Ramalho Eanes in the presidential election.

In 1986, he was a presidential candidate supported by the Portuguese Communist Party and the Democratic Renovator Party, but even supported by these two parties he failed to reach the second round and thereafter virtually left the Portuguese political scene.

He died on 1 November 1993.

title: Salgado Zenha


text: User:Clam Dumpster

title: User:Clam Dumpster


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sebastien Lefebvre

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:20, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

Sebastien Lefebvre
Is yikes a reason? :) Vanity. Fancruft. Fails Notability guidelines and also the google test. Please kill. --Woohookitty 21:04, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well it's not vanity in that it was not written by him. He's notable in that he is a member of Simple Plan, which is rather famous if rather crappy Good Charlotte-esque band from Quebec. I suppose it is crufty in that it was written by what seems like a typical Simple Plan fan. But I will say keep and just clean it up. Adam Bishop 21:07, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge what little intelligible and non-trivial content there is into Simple Plan and redirect. "Yikes" is right. android↔talk 21:28, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I'd agree with a merge, but I'll let the vote stay. --Woohookitty 21:43, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We seem to have an awful lot of articles on these people... I'm not sure whether they're all notable. Didn't we have another one on VFD recently? Mgm|(talk) 21:47, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * strange, maybe one of us with lots of free time needs to cull through that list. Seems rather unlikely to me that all those people would be notable and share that odd surname. They might be non-notable or even fake, so someone really needs to crawl through and Vfd without mercy. Master Thief Garrett 02:26, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you guys kidding? It's hardly an odd surname; it's the French language equivalent (both in meaning and in frequency) to "Smith". Bearcat 03:35, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * OH! I did not know that. "It's Greek to me"... Thanks for that, that's very interesting...! Master Thief Garrett 22:33, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * In addition, each of the members of Simple Plan appear to have their own articles. The one for Charles Comeau is slightly more intelligible than this one, but I don't understand why we need to know how tall Chuck is. I have merged the content from those articles into Simple Plan. I will, of course, save the redirect of this article until the VfD is closed. android↔talk 03:29, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to simple plan. Meelar (talk) 23:28, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * After looking at the article some more, I agree with the merge/redirect vote. Adam Bishop 23:53, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect to Simple Plan. Master Thief Garrett 02:26, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, reads like trivial cruft. Megan1967 04:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect to Simple Plan. --Spinboy 06:11, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. He's a perfectly notable member of a perfectly notable band. This is mad. I think I'm ending up an inclusionist again. Ambi 08:13, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Ambi Kappa 13:39, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand band is notable, so should be its members. Circeus 18:15, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Merge and redirect. We can recreate a separate article if he ever does anything important outside of his current band. Academic Challenger 00:36, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above. Radiant_* 11:02, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Member of popular band. Capitalistroadster 04:31, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Based on the evidence available so far, his notability is solely derived from the band.  He should be discussed in context until and unless he does something independently notable.  Rossami (talk) 04:50, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please dont kill this Yuckfoo 16:28, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep members of notable bands. Grue 18:10, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect as per the comments made by Academic Challenger. Zzyzx11 | Talk 18:19, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup, then keep per Ambi, Circeus (although I could imagine some bands who were just notable enough, but not their members, Simple Plan are a huge commercial success), Capitalistroadster and Grue. Samaritan 19:44, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Canada/USA Mathcamp

Canada/USA Mathcamp is a five-week academic summer program for middle and high school students in mathematics.

Mathcamp was founded in 1993 by Dr. George Thomas, who believed that students interested in mathematics frequently lacked the resources and camaraderie to pursue their interest. Mira Bernstein became the director when Thomas left in 2002 to found MathPath, a program for younger students.

Mathcamp is held each year at a college campus in the United States or Canada. Past locations have included the University of Toronto, the University of Washington, Colorado College, Reed College, University of Puget Sound, Colby College, the University of British Columbia, Mount Holyoke College, and the Colorado School of Mines. Mathcamp enrolls about 120 students yearly, 55 returning and 65 new.

The application process for new students includes an entrance exam (the "Qualifying Quiz"), personal essay, but no grade reports or letters of recommendation (although a reference, who may receive a few short answer questions, is still required). The process is intended to ensure that the students who are most passionate about math come to camp. Admission is selective: in 2016, the acceptance rate was 15%.

Mathcamp courses cover various branches of recreational and college-level mathematics. Classes at Mathcamp come in four difficulty levels. The easier classes often include basic proof techniques, number theory, graph theory, and combinatorial game theory, while the more difficult classes cover advanced topics in abstract algebra, topology, theoretical computer science, category theory, and mathematical analysis. There are generally four class periods each day and five classes offered during each period intended for varying student interests and backgrounds. Graduate student mentors teach most of the classes, while undergraduate junior counselors, all of them Mathcamp alumni, do most of the behind-the-scenes work. Mathcamp has had a number of renowned guest speakers, including John Conway, Avi Wigderson, and Serge Lang.

Culture
In 2004, some campers created Foodtongue, a constructed language in which every word is a word that means a food in the English language. One of the cardinal rules of the language is an agreed ban of direct translation. Foodtongue remains popular among campers, and was compiled into an online wiki, updated and referenced by speakers of the language.

Notable alumni

 * Scott Aaronson, American theoretical computer scientist
 * Jennifer Balakrishnan, mathematician
 * Sam Bankman-Fried, founder and former CEO of FTX
 * Greg Brockman, co-founder and President of OpenAI
 * Tamara Broderick, computer scientist
 * Ivan Corwin, mathematician
 * Sherry Gong, mathematician
 * Shotaro Makisumi, mathematician and speedcuber
 * Palmer Mebane, former World Puzzle Championship winner
 * Mike Shulman, mathematician
 * Sam Trabucco, former co-CEO of Alameda Research and a New York Times crossword puzzle constructor
 * Gary Wang (American businessman), co-founder of FTX

title: Canada/USA Mathcamp


text:
Talk:The Black Album (Prince album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Prince Black Album 25677 pressing.jpeg
Image:Prince Black Album 25677 pressing.jpeg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 20:02, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Alleged bad ecstasy trip
In accordance with WP:BLP policy, I removed the following text from the speculative section about reasons for the albums withdrawal because it asserts, without citing reliable source, that Prince used Ecstasy and had a certain experience, both of which are potentially libelous claims.

A bad trip experienced by the artist while using the drug ecstasy convinced him that the album was evil or represented an ominous portent, although technically speaking this is misleading as ecstasy is not hallucinogenic.

This material was restored by User:Furrykef in Dec. 2006 after having been removed by User:75.21.218.237 in June 2006. It had been in the article since its creation by User:Mcsweet in April 2005.

I replaced it with a more benign, but still inappropriately uncited claim:

Prince became convinced that the album was evil or represented an ominous portent.

In either case, but especially the first one, a reliable source would need to assert that such a claim has been made by someone. Left alone, it just looks like you've attempted to distance yourself from your own libel by saying it's "rumors and hearsay" originating by unidentified others. That's not good enough. Please assume it is false and do not add the material back in until reliable sources that this (and other speculative explanations for the album's withdrawal) can be found. −mjb (talk) 20:09, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Allegations by Dr. Fink
I removed the following text from the article because it asserts, without citing reliable sources, that Dr. Fink made extraordinary, damaging claims about Prince. It is potentially libelous to both Dr. Fink and Prince.

''In 2001, however, his long time keyboard player Dr. Fink told then-Internet radio host Ernest L Sewell IV, of The Ernest Experience Radio Show, that Prince said he saw the devil. According to Fink, Prince was paranoid due to drugs, and instead of seeing God, as is sometimes claimed by drug users, he had, in fact, thought he saw Satan. Prince told his bodyguard Gilbert Davison this, and Gilbert in turn related it to Fink and possibly other band members. It was this hallucination that had Prince running scared and decided to ditch releasing the album. He even asked for the cassettes of the album back from the band members that are routinely given to them to learn the songs by ear. Fink had later expressed discontent in that he wished he hadn't given it back, or at least made a copy of it for his own personal use.''

Please assume it is false and do not add the material back in until reliable sources can be found. I also made minor copy edits to the text (capitalizing Internet, rephrasing the 2nd sentence to make more sense, and replacing a couple of "he" pronouns with "Prince"). The original text was added by User:Ernestsewell a year ago. —mjb (talk) 19:16, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Allegations by Eric Leeds
I removed another instance of the "bad Ecstasy trip" hearsay that was added today by MaJic:

However, in a 1997 radio interview, former band member Eric Leeds revealed that the withdrawal was made due to Prince having a bad experience with Ecstasy.

Again, just like with the 2001 Dr. Fink allegations, this is not permissible on Wikipedia.

1. Eric Leeds may not have said that. You provided no evidence that he did. Without verifiable sources, Wikipedia can't report that Eric Leeds said potentially damaging things about Prince; that's potentially damaging to Mr. Leeds.

2. Even if he did say it, that doesn't make it a fact that was "revealed". Rather, it's an assertion that was made by someone other than Prince. It shouldn't be presented as if it were a counterpoint to all the other rumors.

As it stands, the material violates WP:BLP policies. Please assume it is false and do not add the material back in until reliable sources can be found. —mjb (talk) 03:00, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

How do I know that I am looking at the album cover and not just a random black square?
what I said — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.75.251.224 (talk) 20:49, 15 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Let me know if you found the answer ;) warpozio (talk) 21:28, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned references in The Black Album (Prince album)
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of The Black Album (Prince album)'s orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "p4k": From Camille (unreleased Prince album):  From Around the World in a Day:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 10:02, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

The Black Album as a Bootleg
Okay, it has been nearly 30 years since the so-called "legitimate" release of The Black Album. I get it. However, I am unclear from the article as to whether the November 22, 1994, release by Warner Bros. Records was made with or without Prince's blessing. If not, an argument could be made that this major-label album release is a bootleg recording just like any other. In any case, in the intervening years between 1987 and 1994, The Black Album was a celebrated bootleg album that sold a reported half million copies, an unheard-of figure before or since. I remember the album being discussed more than once in The Village Voice, where for example purchasers moved from merely having a copy of The Black Album to discussing the quality of their copy. To boil all of this down to a single sentence in the article does a disservice to this history. Shocking Blue (talk) 16:22, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Black Album (Prince album)


text:
Queenslander (architecture)

Queenslander architecture is a modern term for a type of residential housing, widespread in Queensland, Australia. It is also found in the northern parts of the adjacent state of New South Wales, and shares many traits with architecture in other states of Australia, but is distinct and unique. The form of the typical Queenslander-style residence distinguishes Brisbane's suburbs from other capital cities. The Queenslander is considered Australia's most iconic architectural style.

This style developed in the 1840s and is still constructed today, displaying an evolution of local style. The term is primarily applied to residential construction, although some commercial and other types of construction are identified as Queenslander.

Characteristics
The quintessential Queenslander is a single detached house made of timber with a corrugated iron roof located on a separate block of land. They are all high-set, single-storey dwellings with a characteristic veranda that extends around the house to varying extents but never entirely surrounds it. In later years, many have been renovated to enclose part or all of these verandas to create extra bedrooms. The under-house area is often also enclosed to provide extra living area to these houses, which leads to the common misconception that an authentic Queenslander has two storeys.

The term has evolved to apply to many different types of structures found in Queensland, such as churches. The many and varied styles all share similar features, such as prominent exterior staircases, gabled roofs, and the defining trait of being built on stumps, raising the structure from the traditional 2.8 m and varying in height depending on terrain.

They are typically "tripartite" in sectional composition: underfloor (stumps), primary rooms (can be two levels), and roof. All have one or more veranda spaces, a sheltered edge of the building that is typically only partly enclosed and used as another living zone. This consideration for climate is the defining characteristic of the Queenslander type.

The raising of the main living spaces off the ground can be seen as both a stylistic and practical device. The vertical "stumps", initially of timber, allow the building to "float" above the terrain. Queenslanders all have this underfloor area that is used to cool the building through ventilation and also for protection of the main structure from termite and other pest attacks. The stumps also help to overcome any variations in the terrain that would normally require earthworks to flatten for construction and allow for the natural flow of water across the terrain in the event of excessive rain and downpours. The underfloor space is often high enough for additional uses such as storage, a carport, or even as extra living area in the cool, dark spaces beneath the building. The underfloor area was sometimes decoratively screened at the perimeter with timber battens. Another advantage of being constructed on stumps is that the buildings are highly adaptive. Raising, lowering, reorienting, or completely relocating Queenslanders is relatively easy.

The main living areas of the house, being raised from the terrain, are a series of rooms on a platform floor. Traditionally, planning and fenestration encouraged cross-ventilation for passive cooling in a variety of innovative methods, including fanlights, ceiling roses, and alignment of doors and windows to allow uninterrupted air flow. The veranda is the most typical inclusion in the plan, and can be used day and night as a semiexternal living space. In Brisbane, many people have tables and chairs for dining and a daybed or sleepout on their verandas. Whirly birds placed on roofs allow for hot air to be drawn out of ceiling spaces.

The roof is a large and visible presence externally, and was traditionally steeply pitched. They are of varied materials, including slate and tiles, but are most characteristically sheeted with corrugated steel. The steel roofs could withstand torrential rains and be reused if damaged by cyclonic winds.

Typically, the Queenslander is suited to the subtropical climate of Queensland of high rainfall and mild to hot, humid climate with average summer temperatures in the range of 23 –. However, the type is found across the state in both colder and hotter locations, usually with adaptations to suit.

History
With timber plentiful and the preferred building material in Queensland after 1900, a new product emerged to fill the need for housing stock – “Ready to Erect” homes provided by timber merchants with all of the pieces already pre-cut and readily available for ordering. The homes were cheaper than the other options for home building - either working with an established builder or employing an architect. However, it would appear that “ready to erect” houses (or mill cut houses) were more suitable to the Queensland house than those constructed in other Australian states or climates. The companies that offered this product in Brisbane were primarily Brown and Broad of Newstead and Campbell Brothers of Creek Street Brisbane. Brown and Broad began the “ready to erect” home building phase, with their products announced in 1915. The motto of the company was “Houses built in half the time.”  However, their catalogues also emphasized reliability and quality, and the fact that their tradesman were all expert in their own trade. By 1922, the ready to build homes had spread to northern New South Wales, with an indication that this “ready to build” product may be a “Queensland phenomenon.”  There were some other timber companies in Queensland that had also adopted the concept of ready to build homes.

Owing to their simplicity of construction, standardised designs were produced through the 1920s and 1930s. Despite these advantages, tastes changed and the style fell out of favour after the Second World War. The need for cheaper homes first had large verandas reduced to small landings. Subsequently, internal walls were no longer made of timber and were made of fibreboards, such as asbestos sheeting or fibre/gypsum panels. Additionally, after the war, surplus military earthmoving equipment became common and preparing sites for construction was then possible and the relative cheapness of construction on stumps diminished. Land availability decreased and preferences moved towards lower-maintenance types of housing. These factors led to the adoption in Queensland, as elsewhere, of the ubiquitous "modern" American style, usually a single level and usually sold as a combined land and home package. These newer homes are usually made with a timber or metal frame, but with a brick veneer.

Style
The Queenslander, a "type" rather than a "style", is defined primarily by architectural characteristics of climate-consideration. They have been constructed in the popular styles of the time, including Colonial, Victorian, Federation, Arts and Crafts/Art Nouveau, Interwar styles, and post-World War II styles. The Queenslander is popularly thought of as an "old" house, although Queenslanders are constructed today using modern styles, as well as "reproductions" of previous styles.

Ashgrovian
Ashgrovian is the term coined for a variation of the Queenslander built between the late 1920s and World War II in the suburb of Ashgrove in Brisbane. The term Ashgrovian was coined from the prolific number of these dwellings constructed in the interwar period and was an adaptation of the Bungalow style which was popular in the early parts of the 20th century. Extremely popular with middle-income earners, these dwellings were almost always fronted with a grand gable roof, often surrounded by secondary smaller gables behind. The smaller gables usually sheltered verandas and sleepouts. A staircase almost always dominated the front yard leading to the veranda, which in later years was commonly filled in to form extra rooms. Other late additions included projecting bay or box-seat windows usually centrally located in the front of the house.

Current
Many old Queenslander buildings, both residential and commercial, have been demolished to make way for more modern buildings, particularly in the inner urban area of Brisbane, contributing to Brisbane's gentrification. However, community awareness of urban heritage has had local governments implement conservation measures to protect the unique 'tin and timber' character of neighbourhoods and towns dominated by Queenslander architecture. While master-planned housing estates are indistinguishable from those in other states, many custom-built homes are designed in a more modern version of the Queenslander style, particularly holiday houses in coastal areas. Many Queenslander-style homes are being removed/relocated to save them from demolition when the land is being developed.

Highrise
Certain elements of Queenslander house architecture can be found in some highrise buildings. Early highrise buildings had narrow balconies that were mostly used for cleaning the outside of windows. In Queensland, highrise balconies gradually evolved to become wide outdoor living spaces of the quality of verandas and the back decks of Queenslander houses and other old houses. Queensland's highrise buildings are finding new ways to hover above the landscape creating lush shaded undercrofts that extend public amenity, mature planting, habitat and flowpaths, shade, pools, gardens, decks, boardwalks and amenity connecting streets to waterfront through and under the highrise. Building supports give vertical elements to mimic rainforest trees in supporting ferns and vines that bring coolness to shaded undercrofts. Extending public access under high-rise is an opportunity to give the community visual and or pedestrian access back to waterfronts as the density rises in their neighbourhood. Queenslander highrise practice gives architects ways to blend and celebrate undercrofts with lace and balustrade detailing.

Stump caps
As white ant (termites) pose a serious problem in Queensland to timber dwellings, Queenslander buildings have stump caps (also known as ant caps). These are metal plates placed on top of each stump shaped to make it difficult for white ants to reach the main part of the building. However, accumulations of dirt or ants' nests can enable the caps to be traversed by the white ants, so regular inspections are needed to ensure the stump caps are in good condition and for early detection of white ant entry to the main structure.

Not being built of stone or brick, Queenslander architecture cannot have a foundation stone. However, the desire for the traditional ceremony of laying a foundation stone, particularly for churches and other community buildings, evolved a new tradition in Queenslander buildings of a stump-capping ceremony, where an ant cap was ceremonially affixed to one or more stumps. Since an ant cap cannot have a commemorative message (unlike a foundation stone), sometimes a plaque or other method of commemoration was subsequently added to the building to record the occasion for posterity, but mostly such stump-capping ceremonies left no permanent commemoration.

title: Queenslander (architecture)


text:
Fawzi Mulki

Fawzi El-Mulki (1910–1962) (فوزي الملقي) was a Jordanian diplomat and politician. While serving as ambassador to the United Kingdom in the early 1950s, he befriended King Hussein, who was studying there.

In 1953 Hussein appointed al-Mulki to be the 10th Prime Minister of Jordan. He was dismissed in 1954 after his liberal policies caused riots throughout the country.

Early life
Born in 1910 in Irbid, Mulki belonged to a family that originated in Hama, Syria.

Career

 * In 1934 he was employed at the Education Department (now ministry of Education).
 * From 1940 to 1947 he was Deputy Food controller, later Economic Adviser to the Government.
 * In 1947 he was successively Consul-General in Cairo and Jordan Minister to Egypt and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Jordan.
 * During the 1948 Palestine war he was Minister of Defense in the cabinet of Tawfik Abu al-Huda (28 December 1947 - 12 April 1950).
 * In 1951 he was Minister in Paris (France).
 * From November 1951 to 1953 he was Minister/ambassador in London (Great Britain) while Hussein of Jordan was educated.
 * From 5 May 1953 to 2 May 1954 he was Prime Minister of Jordan.
 * In a cabinet of 1956 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs and Education.

title: Fawzi Mulki


text:
Restigouche (federal electoral district)

Restigouche (also known as Restigouche—Chaleur) was a federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917 and from 1968 to 1997.

It was created by the British North America Act of 1867. It consisted of the County of Restigouche. It was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into Restigouche—Madawaska riding.

It was re-created in 1966 from Restigouche—Madawaska, consisting of the county of Restigouche and the parish of Beresford in the county of Gloucester. It was renamed "Restigouche—Chaleur" in 1989. The riding was abolished in 1996 when it was merged into Madawaska—Restigouche.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Restigouche, 1968–1993

 * Liberal
 * Maurice Harquail
 * align="right"|9,158
 * align="right"|51.6
 * align="right"|-3.9

 * style="width: 150px" |Progressive Conservative
 * Roger Caron
 * align="right"|6,059
 * align="right"|34.1
 * align="right"|+13.2

 * New Democratic Party
 * Edgar Dugas
 * align="right"|1,392
 * align="right"|7.8
 * align="right"|-2.3

!align="left" colspan=3|Total !align="right"|17,749 !align="right"| !align="right"|
 * - bgcolor="white"

Restigouche, 1867–1917
By-election: On Mr. Moffatt's death, 25 April 1887

By-election: On Mr. Moffatt's resignation, Dec. 1877

By-election: On Mr. Caldwell's death, 29 September 1870

By-election: On Mr. McMillan being appointed Inspector of Post Offices in New Brunswick, and on his subsequent resignation


text:
Talk:Giles

Does anyone have a reference for Giles Dunk? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.159.98.17 (talk • contribs) 21:06, 23 April 2005

Cleanup per Manual of Style
I have amended this page, attempting to comply with Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). If anyone thinks another new article Giles (given name) is warranted, feel free to add draft contents for it below. - Fayenatic london (talk) 12:08, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * New article now added. Fayenatic (talk) 11:35, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Giles


text:
Scottish Women's Institutes

Scottish Women's Institutes (SWI) is a Scottish member-led organisation which is informally called "the Rural", after its original name Scottish Women's Rural Institutes.

It was launched in June 1917 by Catherine Blair, a Suffragette and advocate for rural women, to enable women in rural areas of the country to socialise, learn new crafting skills, and make money from items they made rather than rely on their men bringing home a wage.

Education and friendship remain at the heart of the organisation today. The National body offers members volunteering opportunities at outreach events such as the Royal Highland Show, the chance to compete in National sporting and crafting competitions, and a range of online Skill Share Sessions and Expert Talks which are available on the YouTube channel ScottishWomen'sInstitutesTV.

The SWI is now a SCIO registered charity which promotes the preservation of Scotland's traditions and rural heritage, particularly in the sphere of household activities such as crafts, cooking and baking. Each group has its own programme of events, learning opportunities and talks, so no two Institutes are the same and activities are as varied as belly dancing, gin tasting and segway riding.

The National body of the SWI has Federations in most Scottish council areas and each Federation has Institutes which offer meeting points for local groups of women which meet regularly throughout the country. There are around 10,000 members, making it one of Scotland's leading membership organisations and members decide on all aspects of the organisation with an all-female Board of Trustees having the final say.

It was formed on 26 June 1917 as the Scottish Women's Rural Institutes, part of the movement of rural women's institutes started in Stoney Creek, Ontario in 1897. The first meeting in Scotland took place at Longniddry in East Lothian. Catherine Hogg Blair had identified the need for a Scottish example of the emerging Women's Institutes movement and she organised the meeting at Longniddry to avoid a measles outbreak in her own village. 37 women became members and campaigner Nannie Brown was the area organiser. The SWRI created the chance for rural women to network and share their skills with one another.

The group's magazine Scottish Home and Country was first published in 1924 and changed its name to Women Together in 2018, see issuu.com.

The name changed to Scottish Women's Institutes in 2015.

title: Scottish Women's Institutes


text:
User talk:JesseSHOWBOAT

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 21:07, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --Canderson7 21:12, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Postdlf 21:25, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JesseSHOWBOAT


text:
Sunbury (federal electoral district)

Sunbury was a federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904.

It was created by the British North America Act of 1867, and abolished in 1892 when it was merged into Sunbury—Queen's riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Sunbury (federal electoral district)


text:
Victoria (New Brunswick federal electoral district)

Victoria was a federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917.

It was created by the British North America Act of 1867, and was re-distributed in 1914 into Restigouche—Madawaska and Victoria—Carleton ridings.

The riding's boundaries were the same as those of Victoria County, New Brunswick, and were not adjusted during the period that the riding existed.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:


text:
Talk:José Francisco Ruiz Massieu

Untitled
''The assassination of J.F. Ruiz Massieu, was planned by Carlos Salinas de Gorttari, in that time President of Mexico, and his brother Raul Salinas de Gortari. Both were brothers-in-law, since Ruiz Massieu was married to a sister of the Salinas brothers. They made a contract of kidnapping first, with a professional delincuent in that kind of crimes. Later they changed the order to kill him. The hit man never was a killer, until now. Why he killed Ruiz Massieu...? Just because if he did not, he and their famili would be killed by Salinas brother's orders. The whole story of this kind of a thriller class A film, can be read in a cover stoty published by TIME magazine some months after the assassination. Raul Salinas is in prisson, with 50 years term sentence, the same of the hit man. Carlos Salinas de Gortari, whos father is a big chief of one of the largest drug cartels of Mexico, live happily in Ireland. You should investigate more about teh power of te drug maffias in Mexico. Luis Fernando Colosio, PRI candidate to go after Salinas de Gortari, was assessinated too. But, according with investigations, he was, as the others in the same dirty bussiness. Remember that Enrique Salinas de Gortari, brother of Raul  and Carlos, was found dead, aparently self killed, in an hotel in the USA. The DEA was after him for drug smuggling''

From the article. Removed due to bad grammar and non-encyclopedic content. --Spangineer ∞ 21:08, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been reverted by a bot to as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) This has been done to remove User:Accotink2's contributions as they have a history of extensive copyright violation and so it is assumed that all of their major contributions are copyright violations. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. VWBot (talk) 05:53, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:José Francisco Ruiz Massieu


text: User talk:69.143.212.33

title: User talk:69.143.212.33


text:
Talk:Nathan F. Twining

Untitled
Bio information from Air University Bio this is a US Air Force web site, and I believe this makes it PD. Rogerd 21:10, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 3 external links on Nathan Farragut Twining. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110614220620/http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/plan/Historic_Resources_Advisory_Board/Landmarks/TwiningsHouse/Twinnings.pdf to http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/plan/Historic_Resources_Advisory_Board/Landmarks/TwiningsHouse/Twinnings.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.af.mil/information/heritage/milestones.asp?dec=1940&sd=01%2F01%2F1940&ed=12%2F31%2F1949
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121012053458/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1139 to http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1139

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 * Regarding the Wikipedia article on USAF General Nathan Farragut Twining: Throughout this article are numerous errors in English grammar, usage, and syntax.  The errors indicate that the primary author is not likely to be a native speaker of English.  This can raise questions in the minds of some readers as to why someone with unknown experience of American military history has chosen this topic. I would encourage the Wikipedia staff to review this article and bring its grammar, usage, and syntax into conformity with good English, so that future readers will be more likely than is now the case to accept its contents as dependable.
 * E. R. Hatcher, MD, PhD American99robin (talk) 01:48, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nathan F. Twining


text:
Category:Putnam Fellows

The Putnam Fellows are the top 5 (or 6 in event of a tie) in the annual William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition.

title: Category:Putnam Fellows


text:
The Buzz on Maggie

The Buzz on Maggie is an American animated television series created by Dave Polsky for Disney Channel. The series centers on an ambitious and expressive tween fly named Maggie Pesky and her family and friends. The show is set in Stickyfeet, a city for insects located in a junkyard. While conceptualizing the series, Polsky wanted it to contain a playful view of adolescence and director Dave Wasson formed the overall look of the characters, being heavily influenced by early Walt Disney cartoon shorts. The Buzz on Maggie was Disney's first series to be fully animated in Adobe Flash, a process done by Bardel Entertainment and Future Thought Productions. The series was produced in widescreen, but was broadcast in 4:3 aspect ratio due to Disney Channel's lack of an HD feed at the time.

The Buzz on Maggie premiered on June 17, 2005, and received positive reviews from television critics, many of whom praised its humor, voice acting and writing. Despite this, a single season was made and the series aired its final episode on May 27, 2006. 21 episodes were produced.

The theme song "Just the Way I Am", performed by Canadian singer Skye Sweetnam, was also met with critical praise and a Daytime Emmy Award nomination in 2006. During its run, The Buzz on Maggie also received an Annie Award nomination for its character design.

Plot
The Buzz on Maggie follows Maggie Pesky (Jessica DiCicco), an expressive 13-year-old fly and her family; parents Chauncey (Brian Doyle-Murray) and Frieda (Susan Tolsky); older brother Aldrin (David Kaufman), younger brother Pupert (Thom Adcox); and baby sister Bella (Tara Strong). The family resides in an old milk carton in a suburban fly metropolis called Stickyfeet, which is located in a dump. Maggie has an ambitious and adventurous personality and aspires to become a rock star. Her approach to life often suffers unexpected consequences that puts herself in jeopardy, as she often follows her own impulses although they go against the rules or her parents' wishes. However, she ultimately learns her lesson, which was one of the core themes for the show's conception.

Maggie attends a junior high school called Buzzdale Academy with her best friend Rayna Cartflight (Cree Summer) and nemesis Dawn Swatworthy (Tara Strong). The school's staff include the sneaky Principal Peststrip (Jeff Bennett), pompous Mr. Bugspit (Curtis Armstrong) and gruff Mrs. Wingston (Candi Milo). The Buzz on Maggie uses a slapstick comedy style and relies slightly on gross-out humor. It also includes several insect aspects, such as flies' appetite for spoiled and rotten food. The show features various references to pop culture and common themes, such as sibling rivalry and peer pressure, from a fly's point of view.

Production
The concept of The Buzz on Maggie was created by Dave Polsky, a former writer on Scary Movie 2 and South Park. In an early interview for Animation World Network, he explained that the series utilizes a playful aspect at adolescence, naming it "individuality vs. conformity", and that Maggie has to learn how to pursue her agenda without alienating those she cares about. Dave Wasson, the creator of the animated series Time Squad, served as the director, and executively produced the series with Polsky, while Laura Perkins Brittain was the co-executive producer.

Wasson formed Maggie's character design and supported the use of Adobe Flash for animating the series. He told Animation Magazine that he was convinced Flash was a "good way to go" as he had had previous experience with the program, such as commercials and short films. The series became Disney's first to be fully animated in Flash. Following the cancellation of Kids' WB's ¡Mucha Lucha!, many animators from that series were hired to work on The Buzz on Maggie. For the character designs, Wasson was heavily influenced by early cartoon shorts by Tex Avery, Warner Bros. and Walt Disney. He noted that the characters in The Buzz on Maggie have "a lot of 1930s touches" and wear white gloves, which is a direct homage to the cartoon shorts. The characters also have anime-inspired designs with oversized heads and large eyes. Wasson stated that the concept of Maggie living in a dump gave him a "lot of visual opportunities". Jorge Gutierrez supervised the character design and Roman Laney supervised location and prop design in addition to background paint. The animation was done by Bardel Entertainment and Future Thought Productions.

The series' theme song "Just the Way I Am" was composed by Bob Thiele Jr. and Dillon O'Brian, and performed by Canadian singer Skye Sweetnam. The song is about pride, acceptance and empowerment. Adam Berry did the show's score. Charlie Adler voice directed The Buzz on Maggie and helmed voice casting with Jamie Thomason. Newcomer Jessica DiCicco was cast as Maggie, her first main voice role on a television series, preceding her role on Loonatics Unleashed, which premiered the same year. The rest of the main cast included David Kaufman, Thom Adcox, Cree Summer, Brian Doyle-Murray and Susan Tolsky. Tara Strong voiced Maggie's nemesis Dawn, among other minor characters. The series had a few guest voice actors, such as Laraine Newman, Paul Rodriguez, and Jon Polito.

Release
The Buzz on Maggie premiered on Disney Channel on Friday, June 17, 2005, with two back-to-back episodes. The next week, it moved to its regular timeslot in the channel's weekend block. Each half-hour episode consists of two different segments. The Buzz on Maggie aired for a single season, comprising 21 half-hour episodes. The final episode, containing the segments "Synchronized Flying" and "Roach Hotel", aired on May 27, 2006.

In fall 2005, The Buzz on Maggie was picked up by sister network ABC. The network began airing reruns of the show from September 17, 2005, to January 21, 2006, on the Saturday morning block ABC Kids. According to Nielsen Media Research, the ABC premiere acquired a 1.6 rating in the Kids 2–11 demographic, and a 1.4 rating in Tweens 9–14, as well as a 7% share in both demographics. The premiere was that timeslot's highest-rated broadcast in nearly three months across the block's three key demographics, Kids 2–11, Kids 6–11 and Tweens 9–14. During the ABC Kids broadcasts, the series carried an E/I designation.

Episodes
All episodes were directed by Dave Wasson.

Critical response
The Buzz on Maggie received positive reviews from television critics. Jeff Hidek of Star-News viewed it as "Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends meets The Proud Family" and named it "by far the most entertaining of this summer's new offerings". Roger Catlin of Hartford Courant wrote that it stands out from other shows on Disney Channel by "being a little sassy and sharp, and a whole lot funnier" compared to other shows on the channel. He wrote that the channel "gets back into the race dominated by Cartoon Network offerings ... and a Nickelodeon roster ... with an offering just as hip and well designed". Catlin commended the voice acting and the "sharp" writing, stating that the former factor "hit[s] the humor home". The Philadelphia Inquirer critic David Hiltbrand noted that although the show includes "a little" gross-out humor, "it's reasonably tasteful by adolescent standards". Although he called the animation "a little substandard", he was positive to its premise. AllMovie's Hal Erickson deemed the fly concept unoriginal, but said that the show "set[s] itself apart from such earlier endeavors". Erickson regarded Maggie's "strong, forceful attitude" a positive role model for kids. A critic for Observer-Reporter deemed it "suitably silly", and Robert Lloyd of Los Angeles Times called it "delightful".

At the time of its premiere, Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch named the show one of the "Tops of the night". Diana Dawson, writing for Spartanburg Herald-Journal, considered it an "inspiring show for fun-loving tweens". Kevin McDonough of Lawrence Journal-World wrote that The Buzz on Maggie has a "decent" balance between cartoon anarchy and Disney's you-go-girl sermonizing. He praised the title character's "bugged-out status", writing that it prevents the stories from being "too cute". Jeanne Spreier of The Dallas Morning News graded The Buzz on Maggie with a B, citing its "simple" plots and "clean" dialogue, and regarded it as "perfect cartooning" for children. Similarly, the show's theme song "Just the Way I Am" received positive reactions; Hiltbrand called it "great", and Dawson wrote that "every episode explodes with the dynamic theme song".

Awards and nominations
In 2005, Jorge Gutierrez was nominated for the Best Character Design in an Animated Television Production award at the 33rd Annie Awards, for his work in the episode "Bella Con Carny", but lost to Ernie Gilbert from The Fairly OddParents. The next year, Bob Thiele Jr. and Dillon O'Brian received a nomination for Outstanding Original Song for the theme song "Just the Way I Am" at the 33rd Daytime Emmy Awards, but lost to the song "Sunshine" from The Young and the Restless.

title: The Buzz on Maggie


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Westmorland (federal electoral district)

Westmorland was a federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1968.

It was created by the British North America Act of 1867, and was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Westmorland—Kent and Moncton ridings.

It consisted of the County of Westmorland.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
By-election: on Mr. Smith being appointed Minister of Marine and Fisheries:

 * Liberal
 * Albert James Smith
 * align="right"| acclaimed

By-election: on Mr. Wood being called to the Senate:

 * Liberal-Conservative
 * Henry A. Powell
 * align="right"| acclaimed

By-election: on Mr. Emmerson being appointed Minister of Railways and Canals:

 * Liberal
 * Henry Emmerson
 * align="right"|acclaimed

By-election: on Mr. Emmerson's death:

 * Liberal
 * Arthur Bliss Copp
 * align="right"|acclaimed

By-election: on Mr. Copp's appointment as Secretary of State of Canada:

 * Liberal
 * Arthur Bliss Copp
 * align="right"|acclaimed

By-election: on Mr. Rideout's death:

 * Liberal
 * Margaret Rideout
 * align="right"|20,401
 * align="right"| 55.0
 * align="right"| +6.9

 * Progressive Conservative
 * Edward Murphy
 * align="right"|14,090
 * align="right"| 38.0
 * align="right"| -1.4

 * New Democratic Party
 * Henry Landry
 * align="right"|2,615
 * align="right"| 7.0
 * align="right"| -3.6


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Photoacoustic spectroscopy

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is the measurement of the effect of absorbed electromagnetic energy (particularly of light) on matter by means of acoustic detection. The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates to 1880 when Alexander Graham Bell showed that thin discs emitted sound when exposed to a beam of sunlight that was rapidly interrupted with a rotating slotted disk. The absorbed energy from the light causes local heating, generating a thermal expansion which creates a pressure wave or sound. Later Bell showed that materials exposed to the non-visible portions of the solar spectrum (i.e., the infrared and the ultraviolet) can also produce sounds.

A photoacoustic spectrum of a sample can be recorded by measuring the sound at different wavelengths of the light. This spectrum can be used to identify the absorbing components of the sample. The photoacoustic effect can be used to study solids, liquids and gases.

Uses and techniques
Photoacoustic spectroscopy has become a powerful technique to study concentrations of gases at the part per billion or even part per trillion levels. Modern photoacoustic detectors still rely on the same principles as Bell's apparatus; however, to increase the sensitivity, several modifications have been made. Instead of sunlight, intense lasers are used to illuminate the sample since the intensity of the generated sound is proportional to the light intensity; this technique is referred to as laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (LPAS). The ear has been replaced by sensitive microphones. The microphone signals are further amplified and detected using lock-in amplifiers. By enclosing the gaseous sample in a cylindrical chamber, the sound signal is amplified by tuning the modulation frequency to an acoustic resonance of the sample cell.

By using cantilever enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensitivity can still be further improved enabling reliable monitoring of gases on ppb-level.

Example
The following example illustrates the potential of the photoacoustic technique: In the early 1970s, Patel and co-workers measured the temporal variation of the concentration of nitric oxide in the stratosphere at an altitude of 28 km with a balloon-borne photoacoustic detector. These measurements provided crucial data bearing on the problem of ozone depletion by man-made nitric oxide emission. Some of the early work relied on development of the RG theory by Rosencwaig and Gersho.

Applications
One of the important capabilities of using FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy has been the ability to evaluate samples in their in situ state by infrared spectroscopy, which can be used to detect and quantify chemical functional groups and thus chemical substances. This is particularly useful for biological samples that can be evaluated without crushing to powder or subjecting to chemical treatments. Seashells, bone and such samples have been investigated. Using photoacoustic spectroscopy has helped evaluate molecular interactions in bone with osteogenesis imperfecta.

While most academic research has concentrated on high resolution instruments, some work has gone in the opposite direction. In the last twenty years, very low cost instruments for applications such as leakage detection and for the control of carbon dioxide concentration have been developed and commercialized. Typically, low cost thermal sources are used which are modulated electronically. Diffusion through semi-permeable disks instead of valves for gas exchange, low-cost microphones, and proprietary signal processing with digital signal processors have brought down the costs of these systems. The future of low-cost applications of photoacoustic spectroscopy may be the realization of fully integrated micromachined photoacoustic instruments.

The photoacoustic approach has been utilized to quantitatively measure macromolecules, such as proteins. The photoacoustic immunoassay labels and detects target proteins using nanoparticles that can generate strong acoustic signals. The photoacoustics-based protein analysis has also been applied for point-of-care testings.

Photoacoustic spectroscopy also has many military applications. One such application is the detection toxic chemical agents. The sensitivity of photoacoustic spectroscopy makes it an ideal analysis technique for detecting trace chemicals associated with chemical attacks.

LPAS sensors may be applied in industry, security (nerve agent and explosives detection), and medicine (breath analysis).

title: Photoacoustic spectroscopy


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title: Category:Wikipedia vandalism archive


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/March 2005

The Blue Marble: The Earth as seen from Apollo 17.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/March 2005


text: File:Radio Electronics Cover July 1974.jpg


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Bagot (federal electoral district)

Bagot was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867, and was amalgamated into the St. Hyacinthe—Bagot electoral district in 1933.

Bagot initially consisted of part of the Township of Upton, the township of Acton and the parishes of Saint Hugues, Saint Simon, Sainte Rosalie, Saint Dominique, St. Helene, St. Liboire and Saint Pie.

In 1892, it was redefined to consist of the town of Acton, the village of Upton, and the parishes of St. André d'Acton, St. Ephrem d'Upton, Ste. Hélène, St. Hugues, Ste. Rosalie, St. Simon, St. Théodore d'Acton, St. Marcel and St. Dominique, and those parts of the parishes of St. Nazaire and Ste. Christine that were included in the township of Acton.

In 1903, it was redefined to consist of the town of Acton, the village of Upton, and the parishes of St. André d'Acton, St. Ephrem d'Upton, Ste. Hèlène, St. Hugues, St. Liboire, St. Pie, Ste. Rosalie, St. Simon, St. Théodore d'Acton, St. Dominique, St. Nazaire and Ste. Christine.

In 1924, it was redefined to consist of the County of Bagot. The electoral district was abolished in 1933, and incorporated into St. Hyacinthe—Bagot electoral district.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results

 * Conservative
 * Joseph-Alfred Mousseau
 * align="right"| acclaimed

 * Conservative
 * Flavien Dupont
 * align="right"|1,408

 * Unknown
 * O. Desmarais
 * align="right"|1,107

 * Liberal
 * Joseph Edmond Marcile
 * align="right"| 1,431

 * Conservative
 * L.T. Brodeur
 * align="right"| 1,384

 * Liberal
 * Georges Dorèze Morin
 * align="right"|3,724

 * Conservative
 * Guillaume-André Fauteux
 * align="right"|3,225

 * Liberal
 * Cyrille Dumaine
 * align="right"| acclaimed

title: Bagot (federal electoral district)


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Sechura

Sechura is a town in northwestern Peru, 50 km south of Piura. It is the capital of Sechura Province in the Piura Region. The city lends its name to the Sechura Desert, which extends south along most of coastal Peru. Crescent dunes lie south of the city, between the sea and the highway.

The city has a main square with the Catédral de Sechura, built in the 18th century in the Spanish colonial style. Because of the desert surrounding the city, the church has sometimes been called the Catédral de Arena (Sand Cathedral).

Climate
Sechura has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh) characterized by high temperatures throughout the year and extremely low precipitation.

December through May marks the hotter part of the year. February, the hottest month, averages daily highs of 33 C and daily lows of 23 C. In addition, the majority of Sechura's 80 mm of yearly precipitation falls in between January and March.

June to November marks the cooler half of the year, with warm temperatures and negligible rainfall. August, the coolest month, averages daily highs of 26 C and daily lows of 17 C.

title: Sechura


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Joakim Garff

Joakim Garff (born 25 February 1960, London) is a Danish theologian and Søren Kierkegaard scholar at Søren Kierkegaard Research Center at the University of Copenhagen. He has written several books on Kierkegaard including Soren Kierkegaard: A Biography.

title: Joakim Garff


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Beauharnois (federal electoral district)

Beauharnois (also known as Beauharnois—Salaberry) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935, from 1949 to 1953, and from 1968 to 1972.

Beauharnois riding was created in the British North America Act of 1867. It was merged into Beauharnois—Laprairie riding in 1933.

In 1947, "Beauharnois" riding was re-created from Beauharnois—Laprairie and Châteauguay—Huntingdon.

In 1952, it became "Beauharnois—Salaberry". It reverted to "Beauharnois" from 1966 to 1971, and from 1976 to 1977. The rest of time it was known as "Beauharnois—Salaberry" as it is known as today.

 * See Beauharnois—Salaberry for information on this riding after 1952.

Description
Beauharnois initially consisted of the area bounded on the northeast and the southeast by the County of Chateaugay, on the southwest by the southwestern limits of the Seigniory of Beauharnois, on the northwest by the St. Lawrence Chateaugu,, including all islands nearest to and wholly or in part opposite the said County. It comprised the Parishes of Saint Clément, Saint Louis de Gonzague, Saint Stanislas de Kostka, Ste. Cecile and Saint Timothée.

In 1924, it was redefined to consisted of the County of Beauharnois, including the City of Valleyfield.

It was abolished in 1933 and redistributed into Beauharnois—Laprairie and Châteauguay—Huntingdon.

In 1947, it was recreated and defined to consist of the county of Beauharnois, the city of Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, the towns of Maple Grove and Beauharnois, the municipality of St. Joachim-de-Châteauguay, the towns of Châteauguay and De Léry, and the municipality of St. Anicet and Ste. Barbe.

It was renamed Beauharnois—Salaberry in 1952.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Beauharnois, 1867–1935

 * Conservative
 * Joseph-Gédéon-Horace Bergeron
 * align="right"|776

 * Unknown
 * L. A. Seers
 * align="right"| 763

 * Unknown
 * J. B. C. St. Amour
 * align="right"|28

 * Liberal
 * George di Madeiros Loy
 * align="right"|1,822

 * Conservative
 * Joseph-Gédéon-Horace Bergeron
 * align="right"|1,663


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Berthier (federal electoral district)

Berthier was a federal electoral district in the Canadian province of Quebec that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1925.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867, and was abolished in 1924 when it was merged into Berthier—Maskinongé riding.

A second "Berthier" riding was created in 1966. This riding was renamed Berthier—Maskinongé in 1975. Please see the article on that riding for the history of Berthier during this period.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
By-election: On Mr. Paquet being called to the Senate

By-election: Mr. C. Beausoleil appointed Postmaster of Montreal 1 December 1899.

title: Berthier (federal electoral district)


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Bonaventure (federal electoral district)

Bonaventure (later known as Bonaventure—Îles-de-la-Madeleine) was a federal electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1997. It was created as "Bonaventure" riding by the British North America Act, 1867.

History
In 1933, it was defined to consist of the county of Bonaventure and the municipalities of Ste-Florence, Ste-Marguerite-Marie and Causapscal (parish and village) in the county of Matapedia.

In 1947, it was redefined to consist only of the county of Bonaventure.

In 1952, parts of the county of Matapédia were added: the townships of Assemetquagan and Milnikek, the projected township of Roncevaux and, the township of Assemetquagan in the municipality of Saint-Fidèle-de-Ristigouche.

In 1966, it was defined to consist of the Counties of Bonaventure and Iles-de-la-Madeleine and the Townships of Milnikek and Assemetquagan in the County of Matapédia.

In 1976, it was defined to consist of:
 * the Towns of Carleton, Causapscal and New Richmond;
 * the Counties of Bonaventure and Iles-de-la-Madeleine; and
 * in the County of Matapédia: the parish municipalities of Saint-Jacques-le-Majeur-de-Causapscal and Saint-Raphaël-d'Albertville; the municipalities of Saint-Edmond, Sainte-Florence and Sainte-Marguerite; the Township of Milnikek and that part of the Township of Assemetquagan without local municipal organization.

In 1987, it was defined to consist of
 * the towns of Carleton and New Richmond;
 * the County of Bonaventure excluding the following: the Parish Municipality of Sainte-Germaine-de-l'Anseaux-Gascons; the Township Municipality of Port-Daniel-Partie-Est; the Territory of Bonaventure-Routhierville portion; and
 * the County of Iles-de-la-Madeleine.

The riding's name was changed to "Bonaventure—Îles-de-la-Madeleine" in 1971.

The district was amalgamated into the Gaspé—Bonaventure—Îles-de-la-Madeleine electoral district in 1996.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:


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Brome (federal electoral district)

Brome was a federal electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1925.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867, and was amalgamated into the Brome—Missisquoi electoral district in 1924.

The County of Brome consisted of the Townships of Bolton, Potton, Sutton, Brome and the eastern part of the Township of Farnham.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
By-election: On Mr. Dunkin being called to the Privy Council and appointed Minister of Agriculture, 16 November 1869

By-election: On Mr. Dunkin being appointed Puisne Judge, Superior Court of Quebec, 25 October 1871

By-election: On Mr. Chandler's death, 21 August 1880

By-election: On Mr. Dyer being unseated

By-election: Mr. Fisher appointed Minister of Agriculture, 11 July 1896

title: Brome (federal electoral district)


text: User talk:128.186.226.93

title: User talk:128.186.226.93


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Pavlo Skoropadskyi

Pavlo Petrovych Skoropadskyi (Павло Петрович Скоропадський; 15 May 1873 – 26 April 1945) was a Ukrainian aristocrat, military and state leader, who served as the hetman of the Ukrainian State throughout 1918 following a coup d'état in April 29 of the same year.

Born the son of a nobleman, he attended the Page Corps from which he came out an officer. After his service in the Russo-Japanese War, he was promoted to the rank of colonel, later in command of the 20th Finnish Dragoon Regiment in 1910. Skoropadskyi would be promoted to major general and aide-de-camp of Nicholas II in 1912. During the First World War, he became a lieutenant general in charge of the  34th Army Corps.

After the February Revolution which saw the emergence of the Central Rada, Skoropadskyi would begin to Ukrainize his 34th Army Corps, later known as the 1st Ukrainian Corps. With the help of the German Empire, Skoropadskyi would overthrow the Ukrainian People's Republic and establish the Ukrainian State. During his rule, he gave the occupying Austrian and  German forces greater control over Ukraine while also appealing to the interests of predominately Russian landowners. Skoropadskyi's government also improved Ukrainian education, foreign affairs, and the organization of the Ukrainian army.

Origin
Pavlo Skoropadskyi was born into the Skoropadsky family of Ukrainian military leaders and statesmen, that distinguished themselves since the 17th century when Fedir Skoropadsky participated in the Battle of Zhovti Vody. His grandson Ivan Skoropadsky (1646–1722) was Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks from 1708. The present Skoropadskys descend from his brother.

His patrilineal great-grandfather was Mikhail Yakivich Skoropadskyi, son of Yakiv Mikhailovich Skoropadskyi and wife, and his patrilineal great-grandmother was Pulcheria Markevich.

Skoropadskyi's father Petro Skoropadsky (1834–1885) was a Cavalry Guard Colonel and a veteran of the Caucasian War (Subjugation of Circassia, 1863). Afterwards he served as a speaker (marshal) for the Starodub County Council (zemstvo) (1869–1885) until his death.

Skoropadskyi's aunt Countess Yelyzaveta Myloradovych (née Skoropadska) (1832–1890) was a Ukrainian public activist. She was one of the main sponsors for foundation first Ukrainian scientific institution Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv. Her husband was Count Lev Myloradovych whose mother was from the Kochubey family.

His paternal grandfather Ivan Mikhailovich Skoropadskyi (30 January 1804 – 8 February 1887) also served as a speaker for the Pryluky County (1844–1847) and Poltava Governorate (1847–1852) councils. He also was known for building the Trostyanets Arboretum (today in Chernihiv Oblast). He married in 1829 his paternal grandmother Elisaveta P...vna Tarnovska. Skoropadskyi's father Petro Ivanovych Skoropadskyi (6 March 1834 – 30 June 1885) was also a descendant of the Tarnovsky family, while Skoropadskyi's mother Maria Andreievna Miklaszevska, daughter of Andrei ...vich Miklaszevski and wife Daria ...vna Olsufieva, was a descendant of Miklashewsky and Olsufiev families.

Skoropadskyi grew up at his father's estate in Trostianets, Pryluky County, Poltava Governorate. He attended a gymnasium in Starodub and later graduated from the Page Corps cadet school in Saint Petersburg.

First assignments and Russo-Japanese War
In 1893, Skoropadsky graduated from the Page Corps and was assigned as a cornet (meaning the 2LT in cavalry) to the Chevalier Guard regiment where he was given command of a squadron. After two years he was assigned a duty of the Regimental adjutant in the same regiment. In December 1897, he was promoted to Poruchik (1LT). In 1897 Skoropadsky also married Aleksandra Petrovna Durnovo, a daughter of Pyotr Pavlovich Durnovo, the Governor General of Moscow (see Durnovo).

Skoropadsky's first major assignment was a sotnia (company) commander in the 2nd Chita Cossack Regiment of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Host in Chita during the Russo-Japanese War. Later he became an adjutant to the commander of the Russian forces on the Far East General Nikolay Linevich. During the war Skoropadsky was awarded the George's Weapon and several orders. In December 1905 Tsar Nikolai II made him a Fliegel-Adjutant in a rank of colonel. On 4 September 1910 Colonel Skoropadsky was commissioned as the commander of the 20th Finnish Dragoon Regiment still continuing to be a Fliegel-Adjutant of the H. I. M. Retinue. On 15 April 1911 he was reassigned to the Leib-Guard Cavalry Regiment. Leib-Guards were the elite Russian military forces assigned for a personal protection of the emperor. On 6 December 1912 Skoropadsky was promoted to the Major General of the H. I. M. Retinue.

World War I
At the start of World War I, Skoropadsky was given command of the reorganized 1st Brigade of the 1st Cavalry Guard Division (General Nikolai Kaznakov) as part of the 1st Army commanded by General Paul von Rennenkampf. Skoropadsky already worked for von Rennenkampf during the Russo-Japanese War when the latter was commanding Trans-Baikal Cossack Host. On 6 August 1914 his regiment distinguished itself in battles near Kraupishken as part of the Russian invasion of East Prussia. Later he was appointed as a commander of the United Cavalry Guard Division which distinguished near Kaushen. General Skoropadsky also commanded the 5th Cavalry Division. On 2 April 1916 he was promoted to Lieutenant General and was commissioned the 1st Cavalry Guard Division. From 22 January to 2 July 1917 he was in charge of the 34th Army Corps. In July 1917, the decommissioned 34th Army Corps was transformed into the 1st Ukrainian Corps. In October 1917 at the first Congress of the Free Cossacks, he was awarded a title of the honorary Otaman. From October to November 1917 his 60,000-man Army Corps successfully defended the railway corridor stretching through Podolie to Polissya, Vapniarka – Zhmerynka – Koziatyn – Shepetivka and defended against the attacks from the Romanian front particularly the 2nd Guard Corps that was headed by Yevgenia Bosch.

Political career in Ukraine

In April 1918, the invading Germans forced the army of the socialist Ukrainian People's Republic to retreat, and made Skoropadsky Hetman of Ukraine. According to Peter Kenez, "German troops occupied the Ukraine in order to extort as much food and raw material as possible, but the German high command was wary of penetrating deeper into Russia for fear of spreading their army too thin."

Skoropadskyi was chrismated by bishop Nykodym in Saint Sophia Cathedral. Some Ukrainian nationalists denounced him as a German collaborator supported by wealthy landowners. Some other Ukrainians considered him too pro-Russian and dictatorial. Among other things, Skoropadsky formed a cabinet of mainly Russian-speakers, Tsarists, and Slavophiles. Simultaneously, he committed Ukraine to federation with a restored Russian Empire. Despite these criticisms, by contrast with the earlier Central Rada, his government was given credit in certain circles for forming an effective administrative organization, establishing diplomatic ties with many countries, concluding a peace treaty with Soviet Russia, and founding many schools and universities, including the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

On 11 November 1918, Germany signed an armistice with the Entente – this left the Hetmanate's military and international support in doubt. In the same month an uprising led by the social democrat Symon Petliura started to take power in Ukraine. The uprising nominally restored the Ukrainian People's Republic, but power was vested in a Directoria, a provisional government of five directors chaired by Volodymyr Vynnychenko. Skoropadskyi signed an abdication document on 14 December 1918.

Exile and aftermath

After going into hiding in Kyiv, Skoropadskyi retreated with the withdrawing German forces. He went into exile in Germany in 1919 and settled in Berlin's Wannsee district

While living in Weimar Germany, Skoropadskyi maintained close personal friendships with senior government and army officials originating as far back as his military-college days. In later years, however, he consistently refused offers to collaborate with the Nazis.

In the final weeks of World War II in Europe, Skoropadskyi fled from advancing Soviet forces with the retreating German army. He died at Metten Abbey in Germany on 26 April 1945 after being wounded (16 April 1945) in Allied bombing of Plattling near Regensburg, and was buried in Oberstdorf.

His movement continued into the early 1980s, influencing a Ukrainian monarchist program based on the Cossack State model. It ended gradually with the aging of eastern-Ukrainian émigré communities.

Skoropadsky's daughter, Olena Skoropadska-Ott (died 2014), resided in Switzerland, visited Ukraine several times, and was honoured for her historical writings.

Honours

 * Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Anne 4th degree, 1904
 * Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Anne 3rd degree with swords and bow, 1904
 * Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd class with swords, 1905
 * Saint vladimir (bande).png Order of St Vladimir, 4th degree with swords and bow, 1905
 * Gold Sword for Bravery, 1905
 * Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Anne 2nd degree with swords, 1906
 * Saint vladimir (bande).png Order of St Vladimir, 3rd degree, 1900
 * RUS Order of Saint George 4th class ribbon 2000.svg Order of St. George, 4th class,
 * PRU Roter Adlerorden BAR.svg Order of the Red Eagle, 1918 (Prussia)

Family

On 11 January 1897/8 in Saint Petersburg, Russia, Skoropadsky married the Russian noblewoman Aleksandra Petrovna Durnovo (23 May 1878 – 29 December 1952), a daughter of the Russian soldier and statesman Pyotr Pavlovich Durnovo (6 January 1835 – ?) (of a notable family of Russian statesmen and landowners) and wife Princess Maria Vasiliyevna Kochubey (Saint Petersburg, 17 September 1848 – Saint Petersburg, 15 February 1894) (of Ukrainian Cossack Kochubey noble family), paternal granddaughter of Pavel Dimitreievich Durnovo (Saint Petersburg, 6 March 1804 – Saint Petersburg, 12 March 1864) and wife (Saint Petersburg, May 1831) Princess Alexandra Petrovna Wolkonskaya (Saint Petersburg, 7 June 1804 – Saint Petersburg, 2 June 1859) and maternal granddaughter of Prince Vassili Victorovich Prince Kochubey (1 January 1812 – 10 January 1850) and wife Elena Pavlovna Bibikova (September 1812 – Saint Petersburg, 15 February 1888); and great-granddaughter of Dmitri Nikolaievich Durnovo (Saint Petersburg, 14 February 1769 – 11 February 1834, son of Nikolai Dmitrievich Durnovo and wife ...) and wife (Saint Petersburg) Marija Nikitichna Demidova (Saint Petersburg, 2 June 1776 – 25 May 1847, daughter of Nikita Akinfievich Demidov and wife Alexandra Evtikhieva Safonova), of Prince Petr Mikhailovich Wolkonsky (Saint Petersburg, 26 March 1776 – 27 August 1852, son of Prince Mikhail Petrovich Wolkonsky and wife Elisaveta Petrovna Makulova) and wife and relative Princess Sophija Grigorievna Wolkonskaya (? – Saint Petersburg, 26 March 1868, daughter of Prince Grigori Semenovich Wolkonsky and wife Princess Alexandra Nikolaievna Repnina), of Noble then Count then Prince Victor Pavlovich Kochubey, 1st Count Kochubey since 4 April 1799 and 1st Prince Kochubey since 6 December 1831 (11 November 1768 – Moscow, 3 June 1834, son of Pavel Vassilievich Kochubey and wife ...) and wife Maria Vassilievna Vassilshikova (10 September 1779 – Paris, France, 12 January 1844, daughter of Vassili Semenovich Vassilshikov and wife Countess Anna Kirillovna Razumovskaya) and of Pavel Gavrilovich Bibikov and wife Elisaveta Andreievna Zakharievskaya.

The couple had six children:

 * Maria (1898 – 12 February 1959), who married Adam de Montrésor.
 * Yelyzaveta (1899 – 16 February 1976), who married Mr. Kuzhym, a painter, sculptor, leader of the Hetman Movement (1959–?).
 * Petro (1900–1956), who suffered from epilepsy.
 * Danylo Pavlovich Skoropadskyi (Saint Petersburg, 13 February 1904/6 – allegedly poisoned by the KGB, London, Middlesex, 23 February 1957), Leader of the Ukrainian Monarchists since 26 April 1945, who allegedly had one natural son by Alexandra "Lessia" ...vna Tuhay-Bey (Kharkov – ?), daughter of ... ...vich Tuhay-Bey and wife ... ...vna Sylenko:
 * Borys Danylovich Tuhay-Bey, since 30 November 2001 Skoropadskyi (Canada, 1956), who moved to Ukraine in 2006/2007, but returned to Canada in 2010, married firstly in Seneca County, Ohio, 10 October 1987 Debra K. Meredith, without issue, and married secondly Iryna ...vna Ustenko, by whom he had two sons:
 * Danil Borysovich Tuhay-Bey, since 30 November 2001 Skoropadskyi (Canada, 1998)
 * Maksym Borysovich Tuhay-Bey, since 30 November 2001 Skoropadskyi (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 17 October 2000)
 * Pavlo (1915–1918), who died from disease.
 * Olena (5 July 1919 – 4 August 2014), who married Gerd Ginder (died on 10 April 1945) on 31 August 1943, and married Ludwig Ott on 20 March 1948; her two children are:
 * Alexandra (born 30 January 1954), she married Martin König and had one son Dimitri (born 1989).
 * Irene (born 30 January 1954), unmarried and without issue.

Legacy
In some Ukrainian cities there are streets named after Pavlo Skoropadskyi.

In 2023 the National Bank of Ukraine released a 2 hryvni coin to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the birth of Pavlo Skoropadskyi.

title: Pavlo Skoropadskyi