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Toni Braxton (album)

Toni Braxton is the debut studio album by American singer Toni Braxton, released on July 13, 1993, by LaFace Records and Arista Records. The album was primarily produced by L.A. Reid, Babyface, and Daryl Simmons.

The album has sold 5,135,000 copies in the United States and 10 million copies worldwide. It earned Braxton several awards, including three Grammy Awards (for Best New Artist and two consecutive awards for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance in 1994 and 1995). She also won two American Music Awards (for Favorite Soul/R&B New Artist and Favorite New Adult Contemporary Artist) in 1994 and another one in 1995 (for Favorite Soul/R&B Album).

Background
Braxton and her four sisters—Traci, Towanda, Trina, and Tamar—signed with Arista Records as the Braxtons in 1989. The following year, the group released their debut single, "Good Life". Though the song was commercially unsuccessful, it attracted the attention of record executive Antonio "L.A." Reid and record producer Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, who were shopping around for talent for their new label LaFace Records. Instead of signing the quintet, they opted to offer Braxton a contract as a solo artist. With only one year to finish at Bowie State University, where she was studying to become a music teacher, she relocated to Atlanta to pursue a singing career.

Release
The first single, "Another Sad Love Song", peaked at numbers seven and two on the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts, respectively. The album's second single, "Breathe Again", reached the top five of both the Hot 100 and R&B charts and at number two on the UK Singles Chart. Other singles were released from Toni Braxton in 1994, including "You Mean the World to Me", "Seven Whole Days", and the double A-side "I Belong to You"/"How Many Ways".

In Japan, the album was released as Love Affair, also a song on the album. The Japanese edition contains the same track listing as the standard version; the only difference is the Obi strip and the bonus lyrics booklet written in Japanese.

Critical reception
Toni Braxton received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. Ron Wynn from AllMusic said that the album showcased Braxton as "an elegant and earthy songstress, nicely balancing those seemingly divergent sentiments [...] Braxton's husky, enticing voice sounds hypnotic, dismayed, and disillusioned [...] but she's never out of control, indignant, or so anguished and hurt that she fails to retain her dignity." Los Angeles Times critic Connie Johnson wrote: "Sounding like an unlikely hybrid of Phyllis Hyman, Anita Baker and Tracy Chapman, Braxton's sultry, earthy delivery makes her a standout in today's R&B arena." Similarly, People found that "when Braxton slides into her lower register she echoes Anita Baker, and when she skips around the higher notes there's also a hint of Whitney Houston. The influences are there, but Toni Braxton is most definitely her own woman. On this sophisticated, stylish and soulful album, she slates her case."

Mitchell May, writing for the Chicago Tribune, noted that "Braxton wisely lets the mood of a tune dictate her approach, allowing her to supply an emotional depth that perhaps even the songwriters didn't know was there." He also found, however, that "the disc loses steam around midpoint." In a mixed review, Rolling Stone journalist John McAlley felt that "Braxton has got chops and spunk... And, yes, there are a handful of songs in which she gets to do the do. But there's not a poet in the house among LaFace's family of writer-producers – no Smokey Robinson, no Linda Creed. And for all its polish, too much of the music on Toni Braxton mistakes melodrama for passion and set pieces for soul." Marisa Fox of Entertainment Weekly found much of the album "generic" and concluded that Braxton "can sing, but there's nothing in her songs or delivery to set her apart from any number of wine-cooler R&B divas." Village Voice critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "neither" rating in his Consumer Guide book.

Accolades
The album earned Braxton several awards, including three Grammy Awards (for Best New Artist and two consecutive awards for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance in 1994 and 1995). She also won two American Music Awards (for Favorite Soul/R&B New Artist and Favorite New Adult Contemporary Artist) in 1994 and another one in 1995 (for Favorite Soul/R&B Album).

Commercial performance
Toni Braxton debuted at number 36 on the Billboard 200 for the week ending July 31, 1993. Following Braxton's appearance at the American Music Awards of 1994, the album rose from number seven to number one in its 31st week on the chart, on the issue dated February 26, 1994, becoming the first number-one album for LaFace Records. It spent a second non-consecutive week atop the Billboard 200 for the week ending March 19, 1994, following the 36th Annual Grammy Awards. The album has sold 5,135,000 copies in the United States and 10 million copies worldwide.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Toni Braxton.

Musicians

 * Toni Braxton – lead vocals (all tracks); background vocals (tracks 1–6, 8–12)
 * Kayo – bass (tracks 1, 5–7, 10)
 * Babyface – keyboards (tracks 1–3, 5, 7, 10, 12); background vocals (track 7)
 * L.A. Reid – drums (tracks 1–3, 5–7, 10, 12)
 * Debra Killings – background vocals (tracks 1, 7)
 * DeRock – percussion (tracks 2, 3, 10)
 * Vance Taylor – keyboards (tracks 3, 5, 10); acoustic piano (track 7)
 * Pamela Copeland – background vocals (tracks 3, 4)
 * Tammy Davis – background vocals (track 3)
 * Keisha Jackson – background vocals (track 3)
 * Tim & Ted – drums, keyboards (track 4)
 * Skip Pruitt – saxophone (track 4)
 * Tim Thomas – background vocals (track 4)
 * Tye-V – background vocals (track 4)
 * Bo Watson – keyboards (tracks 6, 7); synthesizer programming, vocal arrangement, rhythm arrangement (track 6)
 * McArthur – guitar (track 6)
 * Tomi M – guitar (track 6)
 * Trina Broussard – background vocals (track 7)
 * Valerie Davis – background vocals (track 8)
 * Rex Rideout – keyboards, programming (track 11)
 * Ernesto Phillips – guitar (track 11)
 * Orlando Phillips – bass guitar (track 11)

Technical

 * L.A. Reid – production (tracks 1–3, 5, 7, 10, 12); mixing (tracks 1–7, 12); executive production
 * Babyface – production (tracks 1–3, 5, 7, 10, 12); executive production
 * Daryl Simmons – production (tracks 1–3, 5, 7, 10, 12)
 * Jim "Z" Zumpano – engineering (tracks 1–7, 10, 12)
 * John Rogers – engineering (track 1)
 * Barney Perkins – mixing (tracks 1, 7); engineering (track 7)
 * Dave Way – mixing (tracks 2–5, 12)
 * John Frye – mixing assistance (tracks 2–6, 12); additional MIDI programming (tracks 2, 3, 10, 12); engineering assistance (track 6)
 * Tim & Ted – production (track 4)
 * Ron Horvath – engineering (track 4)
 * Phil Tan – engineering (track 4)
 * Thom Kidd – engineering (track 4)
 * Ted Bishop – engineering (track 4)
 * Brad Gilderman – engineering (track 5)
 * Randy Walker – technician (track 5)
 * Bo & McArthur – production (track 6)
 * Jason Schablik – engineering assistance (track 6)
 * Jon Gass – mixing (track 6)
 * Fil Brown – engineering (track 7)
 * Steve Schwartzberg – engineering (track 7)
 * Matt Westfield – engineering (track 7)
 * Sean Young – engineering (track 7)
 * Milton Chan – mixing assistance (track 7)
 * Vassal Benford – production (track 8)
 * Victor Flores – engineering, mixing (track 8)
 * Vincent Herbert – production, mixing (track 9)
 * Ben Garrison – engineering, mixing (track 9)
 * Ernesto Phillips – production, mixing (track 11)
 * Toni Braxton – co-production (track 11)
 * Bill Plummer – engineering (track 11)
 * Bob Rosa – mixing (track 11)
 * Dana Vlcek – mix engineering assistance (track 11)
 * Herb Powers Jr. – mastering
 * Constance Armstrong – album coordination
 * Davett Singletary – project coordination

Artwork

 * Susan Mendola – art direction
 * Daniela Federici – photography

title: Toni Braxton (album)


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User talk:Theusualsuspect

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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You might also want to check out the Australian wikipedians' notice board. Cheers, Slac speak up!  22:00, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You might also not insert SL propaganda into articles (Branch stacking). Adam 10:01, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

NOLS etc
You may be interested in Articles_for_deletion/Rose_and_the_Jacksonettes given your reversions on NOLS. Fifelfoo 11:25, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Not impressed
Please don't blanket revert a libellous (and in any event outdated) article in Andrew Landeryou. I have substantially revised it and believe it is brought up to date and not the defamation it was. Please discuss changes with me and we'll work out something. DarrenRay 14:09, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Your attempt to start a revert war over Landeryou's article is explained by the comment above on 24 July. Please leave your bias out of Wikipedia articles. DarrenRay 07:34, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Can you please restore the TotallyDisputed indicator on the Barendse article? DarrenRay 08:15, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

UMSU
Please do not indescriminately revert my edits just because they follow on from Darren Ray's. Xtra 23:30, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Please do not indiscriminately revert my edits just because they are Darren Ray's. DarrenRay 01:46, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Darren Ray
Is it really necessary to revert or remove every word Darren Ray writes? Your editing is encroaching on harassment, which, I might add, is also a violation of Wiki etiquette. I understand that he can be biased, but surely at least some of his edits can be built on and incorporated. And at least he has the guts to stand up and admit his bias. Whereas I have no idea where your coming from and why you appear so obsessed with removing everything he writes. This revert war is really silly and needs to stop. Please try to incorporate both sides into articles instead of indiscriminately blanket reverting.

Also, when you nominate something for speedy delete, you just place the tag on the page. You don't add it to the AfD page. It then shows up on speedy deletion list and an admin will come and check if it meets the requirements for speedy deletion. Sarah Ewart (Talk) 12:38, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree. People should be judged on the merit of their edits, not on whether they contribute under their real name or not. That is what concerns me. I just keep seeing you reverting nearly everything Darren contributes and a lot of the time I don't think it is necessary. I do agree that he has an obvious bias, but then we're all biased. It's just a matter of whether or not we admit it. With regard to the statement that Carlo Carli is friends with de Pieri, I think it's a pretty petty and trivial thing to revert war over, specially as it's referenced in several different articles.

 * No problems re the deletion nom. I just thought I'd mention it to you for next time you want to nominate something. Sarah Ewart (Talk) 18:42, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

I refer you to Kim Carr Talk page and welcome your response. DarrenRay 08:39, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Socialist Alternative (Australia)
A "" template has been added to the article Socialist Alternative (Australia), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but yours may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. WikiTownsvillian 13:23, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Australian Labor Students
A "" template has been added to the article Australian Labor Students, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but yours may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. WikiTownsvillian 14:03, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Andrew Landeryou
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Andrew Landeryou. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Andrew Landeryou (2nd nomination). Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:07, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Theusualsuspect


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Hue and Cry (film)

Hue and Cry is a 1947 British film directed by Charles Crichton and starring Alastair Sim, Harry Fowler and Joan Dowling.

It is generally considered to be the first of the Ealing comedies, although it is better characterised as a thriller for children. Shot almost entirely on location, it is now a notable historic document due to its vivid portrait of a London still showing the damage of the Second World War. The city forms the backdrop of a crime-gangster plot which revolves around a working class children's street culture and children's secret clubs.

Plot
In a bombed-out post-World War II London neighbourhood, illustrated adventure stories are a guilty reading pleasure for members of a teen-age clique, the Blood and Thunder Boys. But their leader, Joe Kirby (Harry Fowler), discovers the plotlines of the popular publication are being copied by a crew of local thieves to plan and execute their jobs. Joe notifies C.I.D. Inspector Ford (Jack Lambert), who scoffs at the notion with humour. Then while at work, Joe tells his boss, Mr. Nightingale (Jack Warner), who suggests Joe forget it. Not to be dissuaded, Joe and another boy visit the stories' eccentric author, Wilkinson (Alistair Sim). While there, they note that Wilkinson's wording is being altered somewhere between drafting and actual publication. This leads Joe and his gang on the trail of a female employee of the stories' publishing house. They confront her at a handsome suburban home in Hampstead, but their interrogation gets the boys nowhere. Eventually, however, they pinpoint the drop location for the robbers' stolen loot.

Joe and the gang arrange with the author, Wilkinson, to create a new adventure story, designed to send all the criminals to the drop. Next day, Joe tells his boss, Nightingale, of their plan. Bad move. Joe realizes afterwards that Nightingale is the mastermind behind the local crimes. Later at the warehouse where the stolen loot is kept, Joe comes upon a cache of stolen fur coats. Then Nightingale appears and threatens the boy. But confusion results when other crooks and toughs arrive on the scene. In the ensuing melee, Nightingale is knocked unconscious. The crooks are then overrun by hundreds of city boys who respond to a pre-arranged radio plea for help. Pandemonium and comedy rule the scene. Before long, though, police arrive to restore order. Meanwhile, Joe trails Nightingale to a bombed multi-storied building. A showdown between the two follows. However, Nightingale falls through one of the many holes in the floor. The implication is that he dies as the police and the kids arrive.

Reception
On 23 February 1947, the film opened at the Tivoli cinema on the Strand in London. According to trade papers, the film was a "notable box office attraction" at British cinemas in 1947. The film earned distributor's gross receipts of £96,812 in the UK of which £87,796 went to the producer.

Restoration
The film was digitally restored and released on Blu-ray and DVD in 2015.

title: Hue and Cry (film)


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Talk:Mobile phone/Archive 1

Is this for real?
"Mobile phones have a long and varied history that stretches back to the early 1970's. During this time advancement was slow due to the extreme marijuana smoking."

Mobile vs portable
Am I the only person who distinguishes between mobile phones, that have their own numbers and use many telco operated base stations, and portable phones, which have only one base station through which they connect to a landline? (Not sure if this terminology is common, or just my idiolect...) -- SJK

 * No, I also draw this distinction, and I think most telephone companies and the industry generally does as well. kiwiinapanic 22:27 Jan 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * A Mobile Phone is often called a Cellular Phone and is one that can be taken anywhere in the service area and it will work.
 * A Portable Phone is perhaps better described as a cordless phone and is associated with a fixed telephone landline. It can only be operated in close proximity to (less than 100 metres of) it's base station, and generally only works within a house, bulding or property.

Disagree with comment
I disagree with:
 * "Reasons advanced for this include incomplete coverage, fragmented networks making roaming difficult, inferior network technology, relatively high minimum monthly service charges, relatively low-cost fixed-line networks, and the car-centric nature of US society."

Other countries have these features too, yet they have much higher cellphone penetration. I suspect the basic problem is one of marketing and pricing flexibility. A car-centric culture should drive up market penetration. After all the first Mobile Phones were built into cars in the USA - particularly the rich in LA and New York. I can remember them being shown in 1960s and 1970s (Hollywood) TV dramas when the actors would ask for the Mobile Operator to make a phone call - not a two way radio either. Technology should not be a problem as the new networks can overlay the old ones, and do. Roaming was built into the original AMPS system from the start because the American networks demanded it. In Europe, one can travel all over the continent with a mobile phone, though each country has its own national network - so it is not network fragmentation. Coverage in many countries is not 100%, it just needs to cover the main population centres and highways. Anyway, how often do people really travel outside their own home service area. And if you do then there is voicemail to catch those missed calls, which is almost a given feature. Many people have both a mobile phone and access to a fixed-line phone, so I am not sure that the two service actually compete - they are rather complimentary.

What is left? - service charges - i.e. it is a marketing and regulatory issue. The US mobile phone companies have not been brave enough to risk an antitrust lawsuit and ruthlessly discount to capture customers. Whether this is a good or bad thing remains to be seen. It might result in the US having the ability to implement the most technically advanced network, as they will not be so locked into one technology and there will still be new customers to put on to a new network. kiwiinapanic 23:46 Jan 19, 2003 (UTC)

Outdated
I don't know if this article is simply outdated, or is just uninformed, regarding the technologies used by modern wireless phones. Satellite phones are certainly not the only alternative to cellular phones--many, if not most, wireless phones being sold today use "PCS" technology instead of cellular technology. (Caveat: My knowledge is limited to the US market--I don't know what technologies are used elsewhere.) Niteowlneils 21:41, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Personal Communications Service is still cellular Edward 22:02, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * PCS is a marketing name for cellular service on the 1900 MHz band in North America. The same services can be (and are) provided on the 800/850 MHz band in North America and 900 and 1800 MHz elsewhere. --Nate Silva 21:23, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Clarify
should be clarified a bit:

Even if a connection was active, call or packet handovers would happen so often as to introduce many issues with signal processing, network subscriber handling, etc. It would be next to impossible for a cellular network to handle a plane full of mobile subscribers even if not all have an active connection at the time.

Mozzerati 21:57, 2004 May 21 (UTC)

Work to be done
This page needs much copy editing, which I'm planning to do (soon)

 * clear out any cellular network explanations now that there is a cellular networks page separately except where required for simple understanding
 * join various fragments into complete paragraphs
 * reduce redundancy (e.g. cellular vs. satellite is explained multiple times)
 * make the intro more enticing by concentrating on what mobile phones do.
 * make a clear comparison with related technologies and terms.
 * move historical text in cell phone section into history section..
 * group all health stuff together
 * etc...

Any comments or warnings appreciated (but I'm planning to edit "boldly") Mozzerati 16:39, 2004 Jul 4 (UTC)

Power output
There's been some reverts recently about the power output of cellphones, so I tried to find more info to settle the question. I can't find a definitive source for this information though. Anyone? --Ilya 20:46, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * for GSM, at least, it's defined in the standards. You are looking for Powerclass (or something similar).  On http://www.3gpp.org/.  N.B. that will be maximum power; remember actual average power is much less (or you would use your battery up and stop calling and stop being profitable :-).  According to my memory, the 900 -> 1900 edit was just wrong though.  It has to be someone who thought 900 was a typo for the American frequencies.  I think that 1900 phones have noticably lower maximum power than 900 phones.  I was going to revert it myself, but I decided to look it up to be absolutely sure and got distracted.  Mozzerati 20:54, 2004 Aug 4 (UTC)

 * If I'm reading section 4.1 from correctly, it goes up to 8 watts for GSM 900. From a practical perspective I agree that this is moot since the power output is for sure quite low on a regular basis. But all this talk about health hazards is probably theoretical anyway. --Ilya 23:47, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It's little more subtle (you have to spot the word "handset" in the article :-)... The key section is 02.06 section 5 which says "A GSM handheld MS shall only be of GSM class 4 or 5." this approximately means that only a dedicated car phone with a separate antenna may have a power up to 8 watts, but a standard hand portable mobile phone will less (max 2Watts).  Remembering the inverse square law, the power from an antenna 1 metre away (typical for car antenna) is 1/100 of the power from an antenna 10 cm away (below about 10cm we are in the near-field region so this doesn't work), so car phones are pretty much irrelevant in terms of energy absorption even before we talk about the attenuation from the car body.  That gives us a 2 watt maximum for GSM 900, and 1 watt for 1800/1900.  Incidentally, if I understand right, this is the instantaneous power, so we could divide by eight (timeslots) to get the average power output.  The fact that 1900 car phones can have a maximum of 2 Watts output means that I withdraw "just wrong" above and say "subtly wrong". Mozzerati 07:00, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)

 * Awesome. Thank you for the clarification. --Ilya 07:30, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Request for information
I'd like to see a list of cell phone related laws here. For example, in New York it's illegal to drive a car while talking on a cell phone. Do any other States have such a law? It'd be great to have a list (perhaps on its own page, linked from here -- Mobile Phone Laws or some such).
 * germany (OK - another country, not another state...): Illegal to use a cell phone while driving anything (including bicycles), except if you are using a (er... what's english for Freisprechanlage?) headset (?). --Xeper 17:08, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It should be clarified that in the state of New York it's against the law to use a hand held cell phone while driving.  It's not illegal to use a hands free phone when operating a vehicle.  User:SteggallSteggall 13:03, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I see a lot of shops around advertising mobile phone unlocking - can somebody please explain unlocking? Thanks. --62.231.39.150 16:21, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe this is related to SIM lock, in which a carrier locks their phones to their network, so you can't use that phone with another network. Needless to say, it's popular to people who change their service. --YoungFreud 17:37, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It's illegal in Australia to use a mobile (cell) phone while driving. User:The Living Peanut/sig 11:48, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

cell phone fashion
I think this page should include a discussion of "cell phone fashion", particularly in the U.S.

Distinguishing general network from devices
This is a good comprehensive article, but I agree with earlier comments that redundancy needs to be reduced. Tempting as it might be, this page shouldnt be used to describe every single aspects of mobile phones.

I suggest only putting information about the mobile device on here and move network stuff to one of the many good technicial pages. Also, I think there needs to be a new page describing the activities of mobile operators which pulls together some of the commercial stuff like the section on roaming

ChrisUK 13:02, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Removing section about future prospects
I don't think a section about future speculation is appropriate for an encyclopedia. If and when some of these features appear, they will be captured and documented in this (or other) pages. I am proposing making drastic cuts in this area, leaving only a reference to the fact that active R&D is going on in this area, rather than it being a dead end topic.

I don't know if there are any other precedents/examples in the wikipedia where future events are speculated upon. I myself have actually included a 'futures' section in articles before, but that is only to indicate whether or not development is happening in that area (see intelligent network for an example).

What are your views? Do we substantially remove this section?

ChrisUK 20:42, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I support; at least that for which a good reference can't be found should be deleted. "Wikipedia isn't original research". Moreover, much of the stuff ends up very speculative and pseudoscientific. It's difficult to tell those things like disposable phones (which seem to have been a deliberate con) from thing which are just speculation (like phones which manage your lifestyle) from real development (like camera phones & smart phones a few years ago). Better to be very careful in what is left in. Mozzerati

 * I have made an attempt to prune out some wild claims (star trek, embedded human devices etc).  I have set out a structure for trying to highlight genuine areas of R&D.  I think it still needs more work though ChrisUK 00:14, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Non-technical overview needed
Could someone give a concise explanation of what GSM, GPRS, TDMA, PCS, CDMA, 3G, PTT, SIP, RTP, terms in Category:Mobile_telephony_standards, terms in Category:Channel_access_methods and related terms all mean? What seems to be sorely needed is a chart that clearly shows which Xs are types of Ys, and perhaps another that shows which protocols run on top of what other protocols? It would be nice to have a coherent explanation of what level of abstraction each protocol works at (e.g. this protocol is what modulates the radio signal, this one is what establishes and maintains the phone-to-phone connection, etc.) and why they are needed (e.g. multiplexing is needed so that multiple signals can share the air; direct-sequence spread spectrum reduces harmful interference that other devices experience, frequency hopping increases privacy and interference from other devices, etc.) Which technologies are analog, and which are digital? What about carrying voice and/or data? Which are also used outside of wireless telephony? When were they finalized? How do these all relate to frequency bands (e.g. GSM_frequency_ranges)? Where do these frequency bands lie in the context of TV, radio, 802.11, cordless phones, visible light, etc.? What geographic areas, which companies, and about how many people use which mobile phone technologies?

For example, it seems TDMA, CDMA, and FDMA are both physical-layer multiplexing schemes, TDMA being time-dividing, CDMA being code-dividing, and FDMA being frequency-dividing. spread spectrum. TDMA is often used to mean IS-136. IS-136 is apparently the same thing as D-AMPS, even though the D-AMPS redirects to AMPS? CDMA appears to be a form of Direct-sequence spread spectrum, even though it links to the spread spectrum article, which confusingly includes discussion of frequency-hopping spread spectrum techniques.

I found the existing collection of articles really hard to piece together in a coherent way in my brain. I have a college degree in EECS; I can only imagine how confused the average reader must feel.

Non-technical readers would probably greatly benefit from a simple step-by-step explanation of what happens when they place or receive a cell phone call. -- Beland 00:07, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * This is a good set of points and I have started to make some changes on the GSM core network page to reflect these comments. I agree that some kind of page stitching it all together is needed.  However I don't agree it should be done on this page.  If you look  back at the history you will see a huge page with everything possible about mobile phones written up.  We then spent some time in the last two months boiling down the content and moving appropriate stuff to other pages.  The result is an article which mostly centres on the mobile phone as a device and cross references topics where necessary.  Judging by the edits that have taken place since then, this article is a lot more manageable and readable.  Please can we start a separate discussion section on this page proposing new content etc before it is added in ChrisUK 01:24, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * By the way, there is a description of a cell phone call set up on the GSM services page - it may need making less technical but I'd rather see that bit hacked aroubd than a brand new page created ChrisUK 01:24, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Cloning
I believe this article should have a mention, especially in security concerns, about cellular phone cloning. I recall this being a popular crime a few years back, when cellular phones where really expensive, and included some rather ingenous methods of copying the phones data. --YoungFreud 17:37, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Charging for Incoming calls
In Canada and the United States, it is common practise to charge a mobile phone user for both the outgoing AND incoming usage of his phone. So, a Canadian or US mobile phone user actually pays for a call when he answers one made to his phone, as well as when he makes a call from his phone. Additionally, most mobile phone services will require new users to sign a contract promising them a minimum time period with which they will continue to be their customer (usually 12 to 24 months). If a person wishes to terminate service before the end of the contract, a cancellation penalty applies, which can be as much as paying off the remaining time left on the contract. It should be noted that once a person has been with a mobile phone provider for the initial contract period, they are usually not required to sign another contract to continue using them. If, at that time, they decide to switch to another provider, they will usually have to sign another contract promising to stay with that provider for a minimum period.

I know that charging for incoming calls is not universal. What about requiiring a minimum period of use? Is that the norm in other countries?

Take note that I'm talking about "the norm". I'm sure that there are providers that don't require a contract and some that may not charge for some incoming calls. But the vast majority do charge for incoming calls, and most providers do require a contract (or else charge much higher rates for their calls). Steggall Date: 21 Feb 2005, 13:45 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 21:43, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mobile phone/Archive 1


text:
When You Land Here, It's Time to Return

When You Land Here, It's Time to Return is a full-length album released by indie rock band Flake Music before changing their name to The Shins. The album was recorded in 1997 and was released on Omnibus Records.

In a May 2009 interview with Pitchfork, frontman James Mercer announced plans to re-release the album on his own record label, Aural Apothecary. The new version of the album was mixed by Danger Mouse's sound engineer Kentoro Takahashi. The reissue was released on CD and vinyl on November 24, 2014 in Europe and on November 25, 2014 in North America.

Track listing

 * Before the 2014 reissue, the titles of tracks 5, 8, and 10 were unknown, and not listed on any official release of the album. They were typically left blank or listed as "untitled".

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the remastered album's liner notes.

Personnel
 * Del Winiecki – engineering
 * Nick Noeding Jr. – engineering (10)
 * Flake Music – mixing
 * Kentoro Takahashi – mixing
 * JJ Golden – mastering

Artwork
 * Flake Music – art direction
 * Jeff Kleinsmith – art direction, design
 * Kieth Negley – painting
 * Kendall Taylor – photography
 * Neal Langford – sleeve

title: When You Land Here, It's Time to Return


text:
Laura Salverson

Laura Goodman Salverson (December 9, 1890 – July 13, 1970) was a Canadian author. Her work reflected her Icelandic heritage. Two of her books won Governor General's awards for literature.

Early life
Salverson was born Laura Goodman in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the daughter of Lárus Guðmundsson and Ingibjörg Guðmundsdóttir who immigrated to Winnipeg in 1887 from Grundir in Bolungarvík, Iceland. She married George Salverson in 1913.

Career
While a young housewife and mother, Salverson began writing poetry. Several of her poems were published by local newspapers.

In 1923 Salverson published her first novel. The Viking Heart. She went on to write several novels based on Icelandic sagas and themes. Many of the characters in her stories were Scandinavian and German.

Salverson wrote about her experiences with poverty and racial prejudice. Her writings reflected her belief that Icelandic immigrants to Canada should maintain and support their Icelandic culture. In 1939 she wrote an autobiography.

Works

 * The Viking Heart (1923)
 * When Sparrows Fall (1925)
 * Wayside Gleams (1925)
 * Lord of the Silver Dragons (1927)
 * The Dove (1933)
 * The Dark Weaver: Against the Sombre Background of the Old Generations Flame the Scarlet Banners of the New (1937), winner of a 1937 Governor General's Award
 * Black Lace (1938)
 * Confessions of an Immigrant's Daughter (1939), winner of a 1939 Governor General's Award
 * Immortal Rock: The Saga of the Kensington Stone (1954), winner of the 1954 Ryerson Fiction Award

title: Laura Salverson


text:
Leopard (disambiguation)

The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five "big cats" in the genus Panthera.

Leopard may also refer to:

Biology

 * Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis), related species of Northeast Asia
 * Snow leopard or ounce (Panthera uncia), related species of Central Asia
 * Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), related species of South/Southeast Asia
 * Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), related species of Sumatra and Borneo
 * Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), wildcat species of Southeast Asia
 * Leopard (pattern), the spotting pattern characteristic of Leopards
 * Leopard complex, the genetic allele responsible for leopard-spotting in horses
 * LEOPARD syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant multisystem disease, associated with high numbers of surface skin lesions
 * Leopard (butterfly) (Phalanta), a genus of insects

Military

 * VK 16.02 Leopard, a German light tank design during World War II that did not see production.
 * Leopard 1, a German main battle tank (1965-)
 * Leopard 2, a third-generation German main battle tank (1979-), used by the armed forces of Germany and several other countries
 * Leopard 2E or Leopardo 2A6E, a Spanish variant of the German Leopard 2 tank.
 * Leopard (rocket), a British rocket
 * HMS Leopard, several Royal Navy ships
 * French destroyer Léopard, a warship of World War II
 * SMS Leopard, an Austro-Hungarian torpedo cruiser

Transportation

 * South Devon Railway Leopard class, a South Devon Railway 4-4-0ST steam locomotive, and the class of similar locomotives
 * Leopard 6 Litre Roadster, luxury car designed by Polish designer for Sweden-based company
 * Nissan Leopard, Japanese luxury sports car
 * Leyland Leopard, a bus
 * SS Leopard, one of the blockade runners of the American Civil War
 * CMC Leopard, a defunct British light personal business jet developed in the 1980s as two prototypes

Computing

 * Mac OS X Leopard, the sixth major release of Apple's Mac OS X operating system
 * DR-DOS, code-name "Leopard" of Digital Research's DR DOS 5.0

Other uses

 * Leopard (heraldry), a heraldic beast
 * Leopard-Trek, the former name of a UCI WorldTour cycling team, now known as Trek Factory Racing
 * Leopard Development Team, a UCI Continental cycling team
 * Leopard Racing, a motorcycle racing team
 * Half Florin or Leopard, English coin of Edward III
 * Leopard, a local monthly magazine based in Aberdeen, Scotland
 * Leopard Inn, a former pub in Stoke-on-Trent, England, see Burslem

title: Leopard (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Jelloyeti

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 22:03, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for History of Quebec, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

You helped choose Microorganism as this week's WP:AID winner
Davodd 03:06, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jelloyeti


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thomas Scire

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 22:27, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Thomas Scire
Notability not established, and with only 9 hits, there doesn't seem to be any. Niteowlneils 22:03, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 07:44, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
The Valeyard

The Valeyard  is a fictional character from the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. He is described by the Master as an amalgamation of the Doctor's darker sides from between his twelfth and final incarnations. In the story The Trial of a Time Lord, comprising the whole of Season 23, the High Council of the Time Lords appoint the Valeyard as prosecutor at the Sixth Doctor's trial, hoping to have him executed and thereby removing the sole witness to their near destruction of life on Earth.

In the show
The Valeyard appears in all four segments of the 1986 serial The Trial of a Time Lord – The Mysterious Planet, Mindwarp, Terror of the Vervoids and The Ultimate Foe. In episode 4 of The Mysterious Planet it is stated that "valeyard" means "learned court prosecutor" in Gallifreyan.

During the course of the trial, the Doctor was accused of "conduct unbecoming a Time Lord" and transgressing the First Law of Time. As prosecutor, the Valeyard presented the events of The Mysterious Planet and Mindwarp as extracts from the Matrix, the computer network that serves as the repository of all Time Lord knowledge. The Valeyard used these extracts as evidence of the Doctor's meddling in time and space. Throughout the presentation of the evidence the Doctor barked at the Valeyard, calling him names such as "the Boneyard," "the Scrapyard," and "the Knacker's Yard," and only the interventions of the Inquisitor, another Time Lord, kept the trial going.

What was not discovered until later was that the Matrix extracts had been tampered with to show the Doctor in the worst possible light. The Doctor was unable to directly contradict some of the actions shown, as his extraction from time had disoriented his memory. In The Mysterious Planet this involved the editing of particular scenes. Scenes of the mercenary Sabalom Glitz attempting to buy "secrets" from the robot Drathro were censored completely. In Mindwarp substantial portions of the extract were falsified entirely by the Valeyard. The most significant alteration was when the Time Lords intervened in the brain transplant experiments of Lord Kiv and his scientist Crozier. In the Matrix extract, it appeared that Yrcanos was maneuvered into killing the Mentors after Kiv's mind had been transplanted into the body of the Doctor's companion Peri – the Doctor having apparently abandoned Peri to save himself after exposure to one of the machines in the lab temporarily altered his personality – effectively killing her.

When the Doctor presented in his defence the future events of Terror of the Vervoids, he began to suspect that the Valeyard was tampering with the evidence – having reviewed the evidence before presenting it and noting some differences between what he had witnessed then and what was now being displayed – but lacked proof. The Doctor was shown being forced to destroy the human-plant hybrids known as the Vervoids when they ran rampant on a space liner. If they had been allowed to reach Earth, they would have eliminated all animal life. The Valeyard argued that this meant the Doctor had committed genocide.

In The Ultimate Foe, the Master appeared in the Matrix, revealing that it was possible to infiltrate it. Sabalom Glitz and the Doctor's future companion Melanie Bush were presented to the Court to rebut the Valeyard's accusations. It was then revealed by the Master that the Valeyard was, in fact, the Doctor himself – or rather, an amalgamation of the darker sides of the Doctor's nature, from somewhere between his twelfth and final incarnations. This concept is similar to the ethereal "Watcher" that manifested itself to bridge the gap between the Doctor's fourth and fifth incarnations (Logopolis). However, in the novelisation of the story the Master states "The Valeyard, Doctor, is your penultimate reincarnation... Somewhere between your twelfth and thirteenth regeneration".

The Valeyard was also revealed to be acting at the behest of the High Council of Time Lords to cover its corruption in the Ravalox affair. The "secrets" that Glitz had been seeking were information from the Matrix. Ravalox was Earth in approximately 2,000,000 AD, but the Time Lords moved it through space, killing virtually every human being living on it. To prevent the Doctor discovering the secret and revealing it, they used the Valeyard to try to have the Doctor executed under the pretence of a trial. The reward for the Valeyard's actions would have been to give him all of the Doctor's remaining regenerations and make his existence concrete. However, the Valeyard would then have slain every member of the Court as well, using a particle disseminator located within the Matrix.

The Doctor entered the Matrix and fought and defeated the Valeyard in a fictional world of his creation. The Inquisitor revealed that Peri had indeed survived and was married to Yrcanos. The Master and the Valeyard appeared to be trapped in the Matrix, with the Valeyard apparently being destroyed by the feedback from the particle disseminator, but at the end of the serial, the Valeyard was seen disguised as the Keeper of the Matrix. The subsequent whereabouts of the Valeyard have never been disclosed in the television series.

In the 2013 episode "The Name of the Doctor", the Great Intelligence states that "Valeyard" is one of the names by which the Doctor will be known before the end of his life. In the 2017 episode "Twice Upon a Time", the entity Testimony tells the First Doctor that one of his future titles is "the Shadow of the Valeyard".

In other media
The Valeyard has appeared in some of the spin-off media. In these stories, the Doctor is aware that he has the potential to become the Valeyard and tries to step away from any path that might lead him to that future. In the Virgin Publishing Missing Adventure Millennial Rites by Craig Hinton, the Sixth Doctor succumbed to his darker side and became the Valeyard very briefly due to reality being destabilised by three competing laws of physics being concentrated in one place, allowing the dormant potential of the Valeyard within the Doctor to take control of his body, but the Doctor's true persona was able to regain control when he nearly killed an innocent child. In a confrontation with the Valeyard in his mind, the Doctor accepted the Valeyard's argument that the more ruthless course of action could sometimes be necessary, but rejected the Valeyard's belief that he had to enjoy such actions to commit them.

Throughout the New Adventures, the Seventh Doctor is tormented by the knowledge that he might become the Valeyard, with it being implied that his potential presence in the Doctor's mind drove the Sixth Doctor to commit "suicide" by allowing the TARDIS to be caught in the Rani's tractor beam. With this revelation, the memory of the Sixth Doctor becomes increasingly associated with the Valeyard in the Seventh Doctor's mind, causing the past five Doctors – each one based on the present Doctor's memories of what they were like – to "lock" the Sixth Doctor's memory away for fear of what he might become. However, in The Room with No Doors, the Doctor learns to forgive himself for his past sins, removing the guilt that would have led to the Valeyard's creation and freeing the Sixth Doctor from the room as the Seventh accepts the Sixth Doctor as part of himself rather than focusing on his predecessor's flaws.

In the BBC Books novel The Eight Doctors, by Terrance Dicks, the Eighth Doctor returns to the trial of the Sixth Doctor and rescues him from an alternative timeline in which the Sixth Doctor is about to be executed by the Valeyard before Mel and Glitz's arrival, the Eighth Doctor denouncing the charge of genocide as ludicrous due to the Vervoids having been artificially created rather than a naturally-evolving species. The Master reinforces the statement made in The Ultimate Foe to the Eighth Doctor—that the Valeyard is "an amalgam of the Doctor's darker side, somewhere between his twelfth and thirteenth regenerations." This combined with the information from The Twin Dilemma reinforces the idea that the Valeyard is indeed the Doctor's thirteenth and last "normal" incarnation. While the Sixth Doctor faces the Valeyard, the Eighth Doctor arranges for a restored Borusa to lead a committee of inquiry into the events that led to the Valeyard's creation and the Sixth Doctor's trial, but the crisis concludes with the Valeyard's apparent disappearance before the Eighth and Sixth Doctors resume their travels.

In the Past Doctor Adventures novel Mission: Impractical by David A. McIntee, the villainous Mr Zimmerman, a renegade Time Lord who had hired two assassins to kill the Doctor, refers to the Sixth Doctor as "I" before correcting himself. McIntee has confirmed that this is a subtle hint that Zimmerman was actually the Valeyard.

In Matrix by Robert Perry and Mike Tucker, the Valeyard again appears, and encounters the Seventh Doctor. After possessing the body of the Keeper, he acquires control over the Dark Matrix, the repository of all of the Time Lords' most evil impulses, and tries to use it to take revenge on the Doctor. To this end, he travels to London in 1888, taking on the identity of Jack the Ripper, and using the Ripper murders as sacrifices to power the Dark Matrix, believing that he can use and control the Matrix to grant himself a true existence independent of the Doctor. Once it has enough power, the Dark Matrix will be unleashed on the world, creating a dystopian nightmare and corrupting history forever. As an added bonus, the Valeyard has tracked down all thirteen incarnations of the Doctor, using the influence of the Dark Matrix to corrupt each Doctor into dark and twisted versions of themselves (notably resulting in the First Doctor murdering other Time Lords during his escape from Gallifrey, the Fourth Doctor destroying the Daleks at their creation, and the Fifth Doctor using bat's milk to cure himself from spectrox poisoning while leaving Peri to succumb to the toxin in his place), using their corrupted spirits to animate golems to do his work. However, the Seventh Doctor escapes the Valeyard's attack by sealing his conscious mind away from the assault in the TARDIS telepathic circuits, although this briefly leaves him as nothing more than an amnesic cardsharp who calls himself "Johnny". Having regained his memory after retrieving the circuits, the Doctor confronts the Valeyard (now calling himself "the Ripper" on the grounds that the name is more evocative) in a church where the Ripper has left his TARDIS, now reprogrammed into the appearance of the Doctor's tomb, causing his foe to lose control of the Dark Matrix, provoking it by revealing that the Dark Matrix is just as trapped under the Valeyard's control as it was on Gallifrey. The Valeyard is eventually killed by a lightning bolt being generated by his damaged TARDIS as it collapses while the Dark Matrix tries to escape, his body disappearing as the spirits of the other twelve Doctors seemingly depart in spectral versions of the TARDIS around the Seventh, and history is restored to normal.

A novel from the late Doctor Who author Craig Hinton, Time's Champion, was to have featured the Valeyard once again alongside the sixth incarnation of the Doctor. Connecting plot lines from the Virgin novels' New and Missing Adventures range, the narrative centred upon the circumstances involving the sixth Doctor's regeneration and also the purpose and origins of the Valeyard. A synopsis of the novel was rejected by BBC Books (who published another novel dealing with the Sixth Doctor's regeneration, Spiral Scratch, around the same time). According to Hinton's friend and co-writer Chris McKeon, this compelled McKeon to begin working on an unofficial publication of the book, based in part on the six chapter synopsis (and including the three pages of text) Hinton had completed. McKeon would go on to complete the novel upon Hinton's death. The novel was edited and published by David J. Howe as a benefit for the British Heart Foundation.

The Big Finish Productions' Doctor Who Unbound audio drama He Jests at Scars... documents an alternative timeline in which the Valeyard, once again voiced by Michael Jayston, has defeated the Doctor (in the aftermath of the trial) and gone on to ransack time and space. He has forged an empire by carefully eliminating time sensitives and altering his own (i.e. the Doctor's) past to his advantage, monopolising time travel and claiming the various doomsday weapons the Doctor left buried and concealed for his own use. The Doctor's companion Mel, hardened by many years of dark experience, eventually tracks him down with a view to assassinating the Valeyard after confirming that there is nothing of the Doctor left in him, but finds that he has become the victim of his own time meddling, the Valeyard himself acknowledging that he lacked the Doctor's compassion and ability to acknowledge when not to do something, so eager to act that he never truly stopped to consider the consequences of doing so in the belief that he could just go back and restore events later. Eventually, the Valeyard's actions begin to twist his own personal history, such as accidentally killing the Fourth Doctor, or planning to kill the First Doctor's companion Dodo Chaplet to stop the Doctor visiting a planet for a holiday at the same time as the Valeyard destroyed it, with the result that most of his 'empire' was actually an illusion; in reality, the Valeyard had trapped himself inside the TARDIS, terrified even to move in case he makes things worse. When the TARDIS runs out of power, the illusions it has created break down, leaving the Valeyard and Mel trapped in the console room floating in the heart of the Time Vortex, the stasis fields only able to allow them to talk but running out of the power necessary to permit even that. Mel and a seemingly repentant, broken Valeyard suffer the penalty for breaking the Time Lords' first law, and become trapped in the TARDIS, perhaps forever enmeshed in the centre of the web of time until the necessary millennia have elapsed for reality to recover from the damage the Valeyard had done to it.

The IDW Doctor Who comic series The Forgotten written by Tony Lee featured another individual calling himself "The Valeyard", who claimed to be the Meta-Crisis Doctor, but this was revealed to be a disguise taken by a cranial parasite while it and the Tenth Doctor were trapped in the TARDIS' matrix.

The Time Traveller's Companion, a supplement for the Doctor Who – Adventures in Time and Space: The Roleplaying Game, implies that the Valeyard is a rogue Watcher, similar to the one produced in Logopolis, generated during the regeneration of the Twelfth Doctor into the Thirteenth. This Watcher, presumed to possess all the most negative traits of the Doctor's darker nature, refused to rejoin with the Time Lord and escaped into the wider universe to eventually put the Doctor on trial.

Another Big Finish audio, Trial of the Valeyard, has the Valeyard captured and put on trial by the Time Lords, but he requests that the Sixth Doctor act as his defence, provoking the Doctor into accepting the deal by offering to tell the Doctor about his origins. The Valeyard claims he was created on a planet orbiting Eta Rho by the Thirteenth Doctor, who was experimenting with ways to break the regeneration limit. He is able to escape through the Matrix, retreating to Eta Rho and attempting to kill the Doctor with a bomb disguised as the 'Black Scrolls' of the Doctor's future self, the Valeyard posing as a senile old man who was apparently the Thirteenth Doctor. The Doctor sees through the deception and the Valeyard escapes again, leaving the Doctor to contemplate that the Valeyard may have included some truth in his story even if he denounces the overall picture as a lie.

In the audio The Sixth Doctor: The Last Adventure, the Valeyard masterminds a complex plot to infect the TARDIS with an alien intelligence that will allow him to subvert the Doctor and take control of his body while drawing on the Doctor's own negative emotional energy to restore himself. This plan brings him in contact with the Sixth Doctor at various points in his life, the Valeyard restoring his energy in an encounter in a pocket universe while the Doctor is travelling with Constance Clarke (End of the Line), stealing a crucial piece of equipment on a planet inhabited by 'werewolves' while the Doctor is with Charley Pollard (The Red House), and gaining new energy in a confrontation in Victorian London with the Doctor, Flip Jackson, Professor Litefoot, and Henry Gordon Jago (Stage Fright). Although the Valeyard's plan succeeds in allowing him to essentially 'transplant' himself over the Doctor's timeline with the goal that he will then spread throughout the Matrix and replace all other Time Lords, the remnants of the Doctor's psyche in the Matrix after his 'death' are able to undo the Valeyard's attack by reaching back into his past and prompting his past self to set a course that will expose the TARDIS to a dangerous form of radiation, causing the Sixth Doctor to regenerate and thus purging his body of the Valeyard's influence, leaving his foe trapped in the Matrix as his victory is erased (The Brink of Death).

The Valeyard returns in the third volume of The Time War, chronicling the Eighth Doctor's experiences during the Time War, when the Valeyard returns to existence as the Time Lords attempt to recruit him to act for their side in the War. As explained in the audio The War Valeyard, rather than coming from the Doctor's future, this version of the Valeyard is 'extracted' from the Doctor when he used a transmat after assisting another Time Lord on a mission involving exposure to a device that could manipulate biology, with the Time Lords deciding to utilise the Valeyard as a soldier in the Time War as he retains the Doctor's guile and intelligence without his morality, willing to carry out missions that would endanger planets and civilians that the Doctor would reject. Eventually, the Time Lords sent the new Valeyard to investigate a Dalek weapon that is supposedly capable of erasing the Time Lords from history. However, when the Valeyard attempts to turn the weapon on the Daleks, the Time Lords are forced to trap the planet in a time loop as the weapon's side-effects cause a small army of Daleks to still exist on that planet even after the Daleks themselves have been erased. His memory damaged by the weapon, the Valeyard comes to believe that he is the Doctor, fighting the illusionary Daleks created by the weapon's destruction. The Eighth Doctor briefly penetrates the time loop to investigate the Valeyard's existence, but accepts the Valeyard's request to remain on that world so that his other self can continue to believe he is the Doctor fighting the Daleks in a simpler conflict.

Television

 * The Mysterious Planet
 * Mindwarp
 * Terror of the Vervoids
 * The Ultimate Foe

Novels

 * Mission: Impractical (behind the scenes; does not explicitly appear)
 * Millennial Rites (his dormant potential manifests from the Sixth Doctor, although his words imply that the 'true' Valeyard is involved)
 * Time's Champion (non-canon novel)
 * Matrix (faces the Seventh Doctor while acting as Jack the Ripper; traps wraiths based on corrupted versions of the other twelve Doctors)
 * The Eight Doctors (briefly appears in the Sixth Doctor's era, but does not meet the Eighth Doctor directly)

Audio drama

 * He Jests at Scars... (alternate timeline where the Valeyard defeated the Doctor and destroyed the Web of Time)
 * Trial of the Valeyard (captured by the Time Lords some time after the trial)
 * The Sixth Doctor: The Last Adventure (appears across the Sixth Doctor's history collecting components for a new plan)
 * The Eighth Doctor: The Time War 3- The War Valeyard (new version of the Valeyard manifesting from the Doctor travelling through a transmat device while holding a machine designed to manipulate the subject's genetic structure)

title: The Valeyard


text:
M. Young Botanic Garden

The M. Young Botanic Garden 2.5 acre is a botanical garden located at 14178 West Kearney, Kerman, California, United States. Every plant used is drought-tolerant. One section contains Southwestern native trees, shrubs and ground covers. Another will include 12 different gardens with a water-conservation theme, some with paths, arbors, patios and seating areas.

title: M. Young Botanic Garden


text:
Singles 1968–1971

Singles 1968–1971 is a box set compilation of singles by the Rolling Stones spanning the years 1968 to 1971. Released in 2005 by ABKCO Records, who license the Rolling Stones' 1963–1970 recorded works, Singles 1968–1971 was the third of three successive volumes to commemorate their non-LP releases during this era.

While the set features faithful replicas of all individual single covers (even the CDs are reproduced in black), the set – and both of its predecessors – came under some criticism as to their necessity, especially as 1989's Singles Collection: The London Years already covered this material to satisfaction. Furthermore, the last half of this collection concentrates on post-contractual material from Metamorphosis and the 2003 "Sympathy for the Devil" remixes by The Neptunes. However, Singles 1968–1971 does manage to include a bonus DVD of visual material of four songs that stretch the entire decade of the 1960s.

Track listing
All songs by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, except where noted.

 * Disc one
 * 1) "Jumpin' Jack Flash" – 3:38
 * 2) "Child of the Moon" – 3:12

 * Disc two
 * 1) "Street Fighting Man" – 3:09
 * 2) * This is the original single mix from the 1968 American single
 * 3) "No Expectations" – 3:55
 * 4) "Surprise Surprise" – 2:30
 * 5) "Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" (Solomon Burke/Bert Russell/Jerry Wexler) – 5:03

 * Disc three
 * 1) "Honky Tonk Women" – 3:00
 * 2) "You Can't Always Get What You Want" – 4:50

 * Disc four
 * 1) "Memo from Turner" – 4:07
 * 2) * Released as a Mick Jagger solo single in 1970
 * 3) "Natural Magic" (Jack Nitzsche) – 1:39
 * 4) * Ry Cooder instrumental from the film Performance

 * Disc five
 * 1) "Brown Sugar" – 3:49
 * 2) "Bitch" – 3:36

 * Disc six
 * 1) "Wild Horses" – 5:42
 * 2) "Sway" – 3:47

 * Disc seven
 * 1) "I Don't Know Why" (Stevie Wonder/Paul Riser/Don Hunter/Lula Hardaway) – 3:01
 * 2) "Try a Little Harder" – 2:17

 * Disc eight
 * 1) "Out of Time" – 3:22
 * 2) "Jiving Sister Fanny" – 3:20

 * Disc nine
 * 1) "Sympathy for the Devil" – 6:17
 * 2) "Sympathy for the Devil" (The Neptunes remix) – 5:54
 * 3) "Sympathy for the Devil" (Fatboy Slim remix) – 8:24
 * 4) "Sympathy for the Devil" (Full Phatt remix) – 5:36

 * Bonus DVD
 * 1) "Time Is on My Side" (Norman Meade) (live on The Ed Sullivan Show)
 * 2) "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?" (live, Fall 1966)
 * 3) "Jumpin' Jack Flash" (promotional film)
 * 4) "Sympathy for the Devil" (The Neptunes remix video)

title: Singles 1968–1971


text:
Talk:Singles 1968–1971

Fair use rationale for Image:Singles196871.boxset.cover.jpg
Image:Singles196871.boxset.cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 11:14, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Singles 1968–1971


text:
Hall boy

The hall boy or hallboy was a position held by a young male domestic worker on the staff of a great house, usually a young teenager. The name derives from the fact that the hall boy usually slept in the servants' hall.

Like his female counterpart, the scullery maid, the hall boy would have been expected to work up to 16 hours per day, seven days per week. His duties were often among the most disagreeable in the house, such as emptying chamber pots for the higher-ranking servants. In the absence of a boot boy, he also cleaned the boots not just of the family members but also those of the butler and those of the visitors. The hall boy also waited on more senior servants when they took their meals in the servants hall. He slept on a fold-down bed in the hallway connecting the servants' quarters.

The hall boy was the lowest-ranked male servant, but he could rise to a higher position in the household, eventually becoming a valet or butler. Arthur Inch, a former butler who acted as a technical consultant for the film Gosford Park and the television series Downton Abbey, stated in an interview that he began his life in service as a hall boy at the age of 15.

title: Hall boy


text:
Talk:Pramiracetam

comment
This is utterly incoherent. Did the author take the drug?
 * If he or she had, it wouldn't be incoherent. It's not that kind of drug.

The external link leads to a rather strange "better living through chemistry" kind of website... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.141.85.137 (talk) 17:25, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

Well no I haven't taken the drug, but I rather thought that the little abstract I added actually gave people some idea of the substance's mechanism of action, as opposed to the big fat pile of nothing that's currently now there in it's place, thanks to you... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fossil Genera (talk • contribs) 00:29, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pramiracetam


text:
User:Msiddalingaiah/Deterministic vs. non-deterministic

Thought processes are generally non-deterministic, or at least difficult to describe as a deterministic process. Many great ideas are a consequence of non-deterministic thinking. It's like a maze, you know the starting point and the ending point, but there is no straightforward algorithm to get you to the end. Even the simplest of machines can follow a deterministic algorithm, so it is often valuable to convert a non-deterministic problem into a deterministic one.

Examples of non-determinstic problems:

 * 1) You need to work harder
 * 2) Build a better website
 * 3) Write a three page essay for English composition
 * 4) Take exit 18, then turn on Main st, the house is on the left

One standard technique is powerset construction. This basically requires exhaustively trying all possible options until a solution is found. It's like going through every path in a maze until you get to the end. This will work, but it becomes highly inefficient as the problem becomes larger.

Creativity is a form of non-deterministic thought. If you were to ask a great musician, artist, or scientist how they achieved something extraordinary, they often don't have a simple answer. Probably because they themselves aren't completely sure how the got there. My guess is that there are many factors at play. This might include:

 * 1) Trial and error, a weak form of powerset construction
 * 2) Heuristics, e.g. trying something that worked somewhere else in a similar field
 * 3) Applying ideas from a totally disparate discipline
 * 4) Serendipity, luck, or a wild guess, e.g. true randomness

The truly gifted probably have a highly refined sense of what might work. It's often the case that highly creative people are prolific, they are not just one hit wonders. This might be due to some inspiration working at a level that is not easily quantified.

Deterministic thinking is not as natural and generally requires formal education and greater discipline. Deterministic processes are more efficient, consequently, efficient processes are generally deterministic.

Development (particulary software) can be characterized as an effort to translate a non-deterministic specification (requirements document) into a deterministic system (code). In general, this is a hard problem to solve. In certain bounded cases, it is possible to automatically perform this translation.

Additional challenges are introduced when the source specification is incomplete or depends on assumptions. This might include "common sense" assumptions. In my opinion, common sense is far from common. At the very least, it's ill defined and takes years to learn.

Consider the simple of case of explaining driving directions. A robust specification includes very detailed instructions. It might include redundancy and error correction to avoid getting lost. In general, deterministic driving directions are more reliable than non-deterministic directions.


text:
Wikipedia:Wikifun/Round 8/Answers/Question 18

Boulevard de Maisonneuve and Rue Saint Denis? →Vik Reykja 22:07, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Well, its website puts it on the block between rue St-Denis and rue Berri, and boulevarde De Maisonneuve and rue Ontario. If I have to pick a corner, I would say rue Berri and boulevarde De Maisonneuve, opposite the UQAM/Berri metro stop, but I have no idea where this is in Wikipedia (GBQ talks about boulevarde De Maisonneuve only; Quebec, Culture of Quebec and Berri-UQAM (Montreal Metro) are no help). -- ALoan (Talk) 13:08, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * ''Rue Berri and Boulevard De Maisonneuve is indeed the answer I'm looking for. But where can you find this information? (If you add this to the GBQ article, it does not count!) Eugene van der Pijll 21:15, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

FreplySpang's answer
Bibliothèque nationale du Québec includes a lovely picture of the new building, specifically Image:Bibliothèque nationale du Québec-Illstration of view from corner of Berri and De Maisonneuve.jpg. Thus, the answer is Berri and Boulevard de Maisonneuve. FreplySpang (talk) 21:27, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, well done. On the other hand, an image of the Houses of Parliament from the London Eye does not mean that the Palace of Westminster is on the south bank of the Thames. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:46, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Ilyushin Il-30

The Ilyushin Il-30 was a Soviet turbojet-powered tactical bomber designed as a higher-performance, swept wing version of the Ilyushin Il-28, in the late 1940s. Its thin wing and engine nacelles necessitated the use of tandem landing gear, the first Soviet aircraft to do so. It was apparently canceled before the prototype made its first flight, although sources disagree with this.

Development
The Il-30 was a follow-on to the Il-28, although design began on 21 June 1948, before the Il-28 had flown. It was designed to meet a requirement for a jet bomber that could carry 2000 kg to a range of 3500 km with a maximum speed no less than 1000 km/h. The design took that of the Il-28 as a starting point, but had thin, shoulder-mounted swept wings with a 35° sweep angle, chosen to allow the aircraft to reach its required speed. It was intended to be powered by two new Lyulka TR-3 axial-flow turbojet engines with 45.1 kN (10,140 lbf) thrust each in wing-mounted nacelles. Both the fuselage and the nacelles were area ruled.

Thin wings and the 2° anhedral necessary to cure the excessive lateral stability limited the amount of fuel that could be carried and tip tanks were required to meet the range requirement. The slim engine nacelles did not allow the main landing gear to be stowed there as was done in the Il-28. The solution was to house them within the fuselage — the first bicycle landing gear on a Soviet aircraft — with small, twin-wheeled, outriggers mounted underneath the nacelles to stabilize the aircraft on the ground.

The aircraft had a crew of four, the pilot, a bombardier, and two gunners. The pilot, bombardier and dorsal gunner shared one pressurized compartment that was subdivided into (firstly) a bombardier's position in the extensively glazed nose, and (secondly) a combined cockpit and dorsal turret (Il-V-12): the pilot and dorsal gunner were effectively placed back-to-back underneath the canopy. The tail gunner had a separate, pressurized turret (Il-K6) at the rear of the aircraft. Defensive armament was six 23 mm Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23 cannon: two fixed firing forward and one pair in each turret. Maximum bomb load was 4000 kg

The initial results were favorable, and a full-scale mockup was formally reviewed in March 1949. The prototype was completed by August 1949, but an incident involving the rival swept-wing Tupolev Tu-82 that broke an engine mount during a low-altitude flight led to delays as additional tests were demanded to determine the strength of the wings before the first flight was made. By the following year, the Il-30 program had lost momentum as the Ilyushin OKB was ordered to concentrate its resources on facilitating the service introduction of the Il-28. The Il-30 program was formally terminated by government order on 20 August 1950, and the prototype was eventually scrapped at the beginning of the 1960s. Aviation historian Bill Gunston quotes a maiden flight date of 9 September 1949, but Vaclav Nemecek says 1951.

Although the Il-30 never actually flew, it was the subject of much (misinformed) speculation in the West. Some of the common misconceptions were that it had a ventral gun mount and that it was the first Soviet bomber to attain the speed of 1000 km/h.

title: Ilyushin Il-30


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/blackberries

Blackberries
A couple of photos I took of blackberries.

 * Support Ripe Blackberries. Self Nom --Fir0002 22:11, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I'm sorry, not very special, mostly like any close-up of berries on a bush. But I think you should use them to contribute to the Berry article. I see they can already be found at Blackberry, that's nice! Jonas Olson 22:48, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support blackberries in a range of ripeness, and ripe blackberries. -- brian0918 ™  03:50, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose nice photos, but not good/fascinating enough to be featured picture --Bricktop 06:00, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - not strikng enough for FP, sorry! - Adrian Pingstone 08:17, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Ordinary. Enochlau 10:57, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Good enough as illustration for an article but that's all JoJan 18:31, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * BrokenSegue 02:08, 1 May 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:68.3.180.42

title: User talk:68.3.180.42


text:
Wendell Cox

Wendell Cox is an American urban policy analyst and proponent of the use of the private car over rail projects. He is the principal and sole owner of Wendell Cox Consultancy/Demographia, based in the St. Louis metropolitan region and editor of three web sites, Demographia, The Public Purpose and Urban Tours by Rental Car. Cox is a fellow of numerous conservative think tanks and a frequent op-ed commenter in conservative US and UK newspapers.

Cox generally opposes planning policies aimed at increasing rail service and density, while favoring planning policies that reinforce and serve the existing transportation and building infrastructure. He believes that existing transportation and building infrastructure reflect what people prefer, while his opponents argue that his positions are based more on a belief that road transport and low density are inherently superior and that public transport is a component of liberal city models he disagrees with politically.

Biography
Cox was appointed to three terms on the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission by Mayor Tom Bradley, and during his 1977 to 1985 service, he was the only member of the Commission who was not an elected official. His amendment to the 1980 Proposition A transit tax measure provided all of the local funding for Los Angeles urban rail projects, including the Blue Line light rail and the Red Line subway. Additional local funding was not obtained until a later 1990 referendum. Nonetheless, he often opposes urban rail systems because he claims that they have not reduced traffic congestion, which he claims is the principal justification that has been used for their construction.

He was appointed by former House Speaker Newt Gingrich to fill the unexpired term of former New Jersey governor Christine Todd Whitman on the Amtrak Reform Council and served from 1999 until the Council issued its final recommendations in 2002. He is vice president of CODATU, an international organization dedicated to improving urban transport in developing world urban areas.CODATU: Agir pour une mobilité soutenable dans les villes en développement | CODATU est une association de droit français qui anime un réseau international d'expertise sur les transports et la mobilité dans les villes des pays en développement He was also a member of the steering committee of the International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport, which held its 10th conference in Australia in 2007.

Cox is a visiting fellow at The Heritage Foundation, a senior fellow at the Heartland Institute, senior fellow for urban policy at the Independence Institute (Denver) and holds similar titles in a number of additional conservative think tanks.

He has an MBA from Pepperdine University and a BA in Government from California State University, Los Angeles.

Urban planning
Cox has also emerged as an opponent of smart growth, especially urban growth boundaries, impact fees, and large lot zoning, claiming they have a tendency to raise housing prices artificially and suppress economic growth.

He has authored studies for conservative think tanks such as the Cato Institute, Heartland Institute, The Heritage Foundation, and the Reason Foundation, and for industry groups such as the American Highway Users Alliance, a lobbying and advocacy group for automobile-based industries.

He has also criticized land use policies in the Portland, Oregon area, noting that the area expanded its urban growth boundary to its intended 2040 area 38 years early due to political pressure and that housing prices have escalated substantially relative to incomes.

Cox's consultancy firm Demographia publishes the 'Demographia International Housing Affordability Ratings' and Rankings early each year. The survey has been criticised because it focuses on only price and income, without reference to financing, and for making a number of assumptions some critics claim to be unfounded. Demographia indicates that its measure, the Median Multiple (median house price divided by median household income) has been recommended by the United Nations and the World Bank. This indicates a continuing issue in housing affordability debates, whether to focus on more permanent structural factors (such as price and income) or whether to include more volatile factors, such as financing costs.

Demographia is also publisher of the a comprehensive listing of urban area (agglomeration) population and densities. The 6th edition published in 2010 includes all agglomerations with 500,000 or more population.

Urban transport
Cox believes that the goal of public transportation systems should be to provide mobility to those who do not have access to a car, and not to reduce traffic congestion. As such he believes that agencies should seek to obtain maximum value for every dollar of taxes and fees expended, using whatever transportation choices maximize ridership. He believes that competitive approaches (principally competitive contracting and competitive tendering) are most effective in this regard.

Cox's transport site "The Public Purpose" claims that it "is not opposed to urban rail. The Public Purpose is opposed to waste and deception." It argues that "that the costs per new rider of all but one of the more than 25 proposed new US light rail and metro systems exceeds the cost of leasing a car in perpetuity. In some cases a luxury car (such as a BMW 740i or Jaguar XJ8) could be leased for less." This has entered the planning lexicon as the "Jaguar Argument."

Cox has suggested a correlation between personal mobility and income. He says public transportation does a "good job of getting people downtown and serving the low-income poor moving around the core, but it can't do any more than that." In response, representatives of the Sierra Club have called Wendell Cox an "itinerant anti-public transportation gun-for-hire."

His more recent transport activities oppose the claim that road congestion reduction is obtained from improving urban mass transit. Among other things, he claims his aim is to improve urban mobility through performance programs that obtain the greatest reduction in travel-delay hours for the public funding available. Cox claims to be "'pro-choice' with respect to urban development," and asserts that "people should be allowed to live and work where they like," consistent with the Lone Mountain Compact, of which he was a signatory.

Professional activities
Cox has completed projects and made presentations in the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. He has served as a visiting professor at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in Paris, France. He has lectured in numerous locations, such as the University of Sydney, the University of Toronto, the University of Paris and the Institute of Economic Affairs (London). He participated in a debate on land use and transport with Oregon Congressman Earl Blumenauer at a national RailVolution conference in 2001, and debated Andres Duany on land use policy at the first American Dream Conference in 2002.

His commentaries have appeared in numerous publications, such as the Daily Telegraph (London), the National Post (Canada), the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, the Los Angeles Times, the Washington Times, La Stampa (Turin) and the Australian Financial Review.

The National Journal twice honored his Public Purpose website as "one of the Internet's best transport sites".

Cox's consultancy has worked for bus companies as well as for President George W. Bush's transition team.

title: Wendell Cox


text:
USS Fox (DD-234)

USS Fox (DD-234/AG-85) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was the fourth ship named for Gustavus Vasa Fox, Assistant Secretary of the Navy during the Civil War.

Construction and commissioning
Fox was launched 12 June 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Company; sponsored by Miss Virginia Blair, the grandniece of Gustavus V. Fox; and commissioned 17 May 1920.

Service history
The ship was assigned to foreign service and, after fitting out, departed Philadelphia 20 August 1920 for Newport, Rhode Island, where she took on torpedoes and fuel, and on the 28th got underway for the Mediterranean area. She arrived at Constantinople, Turkey, 21 September reporting for duty with U.S. Naval Detachment Operating in Turkish waters. Fox cruised in the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea until July 1922, visiting various ports of Turkey, Greece, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Romania, Russia and Egypt. At a time of disturbed conditions throughout the Near East and southern Russia she rendered aid to American commercial men, relief and Red Cross workers, and Food Administration officials; transported mail, dispatches, and passengers; served as station ship at various ports; and assisted in the evacuation of refugees from Crimea.

Departing Constantinople for the United States on 8 July 1922, Fox arrived at Philadelphia on the 27th. After undergoing overhaul and engaging in exercises, the ship arrived at Norfolk, Virginia 28 September and was again fitted for duty in the Near East. She departed Norfolk 2 October 1922 and arrived at Constantinople on the 22nd. Here she engaged in communication and intelligence duty with the U.S. Naval Detachment in Turkish waters until 18 July 1923, when she sailed for the United States via Naples and Gibraltar, arriving New York 11 August.

During September and October 1923, Fox attached to the Scouting Fleet, engaged in fleet maneuvers in the Newport area. In November the ship was assigned to the 3d Naval District and throughout the following 7 years was utilized in training Naval Reservists. She arrived at Philadelphia on 24 October 1930, and was placed out of commission at the Philadelphia Navy Yard 2 February 1931.

Fox was placed in commission in rotating reserve at Philadelphia on 1 April 1932. On 18 June she was placed in full commission and assigned to Destroyer Division 1, Squadron 1, Scouting Force. Departing Philadelphia 29 June, Fox proceeded to Hampton Roads and on 2 July was underway with Division 1 for the West Coast of the United States, via the Panama Canal, arriving San Diego, California on the 22d. From 1932 to 1938 Fox operated almost continuously in the Pacific with destroyer squadrons of the Scouting Force and Battle Fleet, engaging in fleet tactical and strategical exercises along the coast and cruising to the Canal Zone or Hawaiian area to participate in fleet maneuvers ("problems"). During this period she made two cruises to the Atlantic and Caribbean area; one from April to October 1934, and the other from April to October 1936. On 14 May 1938, Fox departed San Diego for the United States East Coast for decommissioning. She arrived at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 2 June and was placed out of commission 16 September 1938.

World War II
Recommissioned 25 September 1939, Fox was assigned to the Atlantic Squadron and from 25 October performed escort and patrol duty along the Atlantic coast and in the Caribbean area until August 1940. Arriving Balboa, Canal Zone, 25 August she performed inshore patrol duty from this port until sailing for San Francisco, California, 25 October. Fox patrolled with the Local Defense Forces, 12th Naval District until departure 2 January 1941 for Seattle, Washington. She patrolled off the coast of Washington and Oregon with Local Defense Forces, 13th Naval District, until December 1941, except while under overhaul from March to June, and while assigned to temporary duty in the 12th Naval District from 20 August to 9 October.

On 12 December 1941, Fox departed Bremerton, Washington, en route to Alaska as escort of SS Southerland. She arrived at Dutch Harbor on 18 December, and proceeded as escort for merchant ships to Sitka, Kodiak, and Dutch Harbor, returning to Seattle on 12 February 1942. Following repairs at the Puget Sound Navy Yard, she performed screening duties out of Seattle, acted as ready duty ship at Port Angeles (14–18 March), and made three escort voyages to San Pedro until 10 May 1942.

From 21 May 1942 to 20 May 1943, Fox sailed as escort with 12 merchant ship convoys bound for various ports of Alaska, and was modernized at Seattle (3 July – 8 September). On her fourth cruise of this duty, she departed Seattle 22 September 1942 for Dutch Harbor and after screening a transport to Chernofski Bay, departed Dutch Harbor 28 October to escort a convoy of four Soviet submarines to San Francisco.

On 25 May 1943, Fox departed Seattle for extended duty as patrol and escort vessel among the ports of Alaska, operating under orders of Commander, Northwest Sea Frontier until 25 March 1944. In addition to conducting scheduled exercises and operations off the coast, she made numerous trips to Alaskan waters, transporting men of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard between Seattle and bases at Kodiak and Adak.

On 15 April, the ship departed Seattle for San Diego, where she joined Western Sea Frontier Forces, Southern California Sector. She operated in the San Diego area until September, conducting antisubmarine exercises, training men from the sound school, transporting passengers, performing escort duty, and cruising for the purpose of making moving pictures.

Fox departed San Diego 22 September 1944, and arrived at the Puget Sound Navy Yard for conversion to a miscellaneous auxiliary on 26 September. She was re-classified AG-85 on 1 October. On 4 November, the ship proceeded to Seattle and, after engaging in scheduled exercises, on the 8th got underway for San Francisco. She arrived at Naval Air Station Alameda on the 11th, and reported for duty to Commander Fleet Air. From November through September 1945, Fox was based on Alameda, engaging in plane exercises and serving as target vessel in aerial torpedo exercises in the Monterey area. She departed San Francisco Bay on 18 October 1945 for the U.S. East Coast, arriving Norfolk, Virginia, on 7 November. Fox was decommissioned 29 November 1945 at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia. She was sold for scrapping 12 November 1946.

title: USS Fox (DD-234)


text:
Roberto Hernández (relief pitcher)

Roberto Manuel Hernández Rodríguez (born November 11, 1964) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball right-handed relief pitcher. His best Major League Baseball (MLB) seasons came with the Chicago White Sox and Tampa Bay Devil Rays, in the 1990s. In all, Hernández played for 10 different big league teams, over 17 seasons.

Early life
Roberto Manuel Hernández was born November 11, 1964, in Puerto Rico. His father moved his family to the Dominican Republic where his father was originally from. At age 2, his family moved again to New York City.

Hernández attended the Chelsea Vocational School in Manhattan where he played baseball for three years. During his junior year of high school, he and his brother were forced to drop out due to the fact that is mother was sick and his father was laid off from his job. He assisted his family for a year, then was offered a scholarship at the New Hampton School, a private school in New Hampshire where he repeated his junior year and completed his senior year of high school while continuing to play baseball.

Amateur career
In the fall of 1984, Hernández attended the University of Connecticut to play baseball for the Huskies and was named the starting catcher in the spring of 1985. Following the 1985 college season, he played in a summer league in Virginia. He was the only catcher on the team but he desired to pitch. The coach told him he would get the opportunity to pitch if they found another catcher. In his first start, he pitched against a team from Madison and struck out 14 batters. He then pitched against North Carolina, East Carolina and finally against Elon but wouldn’t pitch again and caught mostly every game the rest of the summer.

Hernández hoped to return to UConn in the fall of 1985 and pitch; However, he had difficulty contacting the coach during the summer. Hernández then made the decision to transfer. He hoped to attend the University of South Carolina but he could not get a letter of consent. Had he signed, he would have been forced to sit out a season, which would have hurt his chances of being drafted the following year. Larry Carr, the pitching coach at Coastal Carolina, had seen Hernández pitch and called the pitching coach at USC Aiken (USCA) and told him to offer Hernández a scholarship.

Hernández enrolled at USCA without having visited in the hope that he could pitch there during the 1986 season and prepare for the draft. He hurt his arm pitching in the fall and would undergo surgery to remove bone chips from his elbow. Once he recovered from surgery, he pitched well in the spring. Every time he began warming up for a game he would notice that 10-15 scouts would be watching him with a radar gun. Hernández’s success in the 1986 season helped put USCA on the map for professional scouts. The school would later refurbish and rename their baseball field after him.

Professional career
Hernández was selected by the California Angels as the 16th pick in the first round of the 1986 amateur draft. He was traded to the Chicago White Sox in 1989. In 1991, while pitching for the Vancouver Canadians of the Pacific Coast League, Hernández experienced numbness in his pitching hand, later determined to be caused by blood clots. He was rushed into emergency surgery to have veins transplanted from his inner thigh to his forearm. The surgery was successful and he went on to make his major league debut as a starting pitcher against the Kansas City Royals on September 2 of that year.

Hernández had a long and largely successful career as a relief pitcher in the major leagues. In 1993, he was instrumental in the White Sox' drive for the American League West Division pennant, going 2–1 with 21 saves in the second half of the season. He made four appearances in the American League Championship Series that year and pitched four scoreless innings.

During the season, the White Sox traded Hernández, Wilson Álvarez, and Danny Darwin, to the San Francisco Giants for six prospects (Keith Foulke, Bob Howry, Lorenzo Barceló, Mike Caruso, Ken Vining, and Brian Manning in what became known as the White Flag Trade. He appeared in all three games of the National League Division Series against the Florida Marlins. After the season, he signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In 1999, he earned his career-high of 43 saves which was a Devil Rays team record until 2010. Despite his 43 saves, the team only won 69 games overall.

His performance level declined after being traded to the Kansas City Royals prior to the 2001 season. He went on to sign as a free agent with the Atlanta Braves in 2003, the Philadelphia Phillies in 2004, and the New York Mets in 2005. After 2002, he moved from being a closer to being a setup man, in which role he generally flourished. He signed a one-year contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates for the 2006 season. On July 31, 2006, Hernández was reacquired by the Mets along with pitcher Óliver Pérez for outfielder Xavier Nady. He played in Puerto Rico from 1987 to 1996 with the Mayaguez Indians.

On December 2, 2006, Hernández signed a one-year, $3.5 million contract with the Cleveland Indians for the 2007 season with a $3.7 million club option for 2008. Coming out of spring training, he and Rafael Betancourt were the Indians' primary right-handed eighth-inning relievers. But Hernández pitched poorly over the first three months of the season (6.23 ERA in 28 games) and eventually lost the confidence of manager Eric Wedge. He was designated for assignment June 20 and waived for the purposes of giving him his unconditional release on June 28.

Hernández was signed to a minor league contract by the Los Angeles Dodgers on July 7, 2007, and, after pitching in one game for the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s, was recalled to the Dodgers on July 18.

On August 16, 2007, Hernández appeared in his 1,000th game against the Houston Astros. He became the 11th pitcher in major league baseball history to appear in 1,000 career games.

Personal life
Hernández is married with four children and resides in Gulfport, Florida. His son, Roberto Jr., attended USCA as a member of the baseball team, playing at the stadium named for his father.

title: Roberto Hernández (relief pitcher)


text:
William de Roumare, Earl of Lincoln

William de Romare (born c. 1096) (also Roumare or Romayre or Romay) was the Earl of Lincoln, 2nd Baron of Kendal, Lord of Bolingbroke.

He was the son of Roger FitzGerold (de Roumare), 1st Baron of Kendal, Lord of Bolingbroke and Lucy, widow of Ivo de Taillebois. He followed his father as Lord of Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire. He was half-brother to Ranulf of Chester.

In Normandy, he was Seigneur (Lord) of Roumare.

In 1120 William was supposed to have crossed the Channel with William the Aetheling in the White Ship but disembarked shortly before it sailed, avoiding drowning in the subsequent sinking of the ship.

He was created Earl of Lincoln by King Stephen after 1143. The Earl lived at both Bolingbroke and Lincoln Castle. He was the ducal constable of the fortress of Neufmarche, stoutly resisting Hugh de Gournay, then in rebellion, in 1118 in Normandy.

Family and children
He married Hawise de Reviers, sister of Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon (Reviers) and had one known child:
 * William (Helie) de Roumare, married Agnes de Aumale. They had a son William de Roumare who married twice and died without issue.

title: William de Roumare, Earl of Lincoln


text:
Category:Triathletes at the 2004 Summer Olympics

This category includes triathletes at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.


text:
Hildenborough railway station

Hildenborough railway station is on the South Eastern Main Line in England, serving Hildenborough, Kent, and the surrounding villages. It is 27 mi down the line from London Charing Cross and is situated between Sevenoaks and Tonbridge. Trains calling at the station are operated by Southeastern.

Trains from the station run northbound to Charing Cross via Orpington and southbound to Tunbridge Wells. Trains also run to London Cannon Street and Ashford International during peak times.

Services
All services at Hildenborough are operated by Southeastern using, and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross
 * 1 tph to Hastings via Tunbridge Wells

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street, Ashford International, Dover Priory and Ramsgate call at the station during the peak hours.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 6 July 1970, a freight train was derailed at Hildenborough. The line was blocked for three days.

Connections
No regular buses serve the station directly although the Go-Coach routes 5 and 401 and Arriva Southern Counties route 402 stop on London Road, approximately 15 minutes walking distance from the station.

title: Hildenborough railway station