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Don Davis (composer)

Donald Romain Davis (born February 4, 1957) is an American composer, conductor, and orchestrator known for his film and television scores. He has also composed opera, concert and chamber music.

Davis has collaborated with well-known directors including the Wachowskis, Ronny Yu, and Joe Johnston in genres ranging from horror, to action, to comedy. His best known works include music for the first three films of The Matrix franchise, and the television series Beauty and the Beast and seaQuest 2032.

Davis has been nominated for eight Primetime Emmy Awards, winning twice for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series. He has also won four BMI Film Music Awards.

Early life and education
Davis was born in Anaheim, California. He began playing trumpet and piano at the age of nine, and started writing music at twelve. As his affinity for music grew, so did his aspirations, and soon he was composing and arranging orchestral charts for local jazz ensembles that he also performed with.

After graduating from high school, Davis enrolled at UCLA. He continued his study of musical composition with tutor Henri Lazarof. Additionally, he learned orchestration from Albert Harris.

Career
During their orchestration lessons, Harris introduced Davis to the TV composer Joe Harnell, who supported Davis during his search for work—his first job was working for composer Mark Snow's TV show Hart to Hart. He has worked as an orchestrator and conductor for Michael Kamen, Alan Silvestri, James Horner, and Randy Newman.

Davis was nominated for the Emmys in 1990 for Beauty and the Beast and won in 1995 for SeaQuest DSV. He wrote scores mostly for television series up until 1995, in which he wrote a few of the cues for the animated Disney motion picture A Goofy Movie. He continued to score television series until the two then young directors, the Wachowskis, hired him to score their neo-noir film Bound. It was reasonably successful at the box office. Bound was the film which led Davis into becoming the composer for the entire Matrix trilogy. Subsequently, Davis has composed scores for films such as Universal Soldier: The Return, Jurassic Park III (recommended to the filmmakers by John Williams, the composer of the scores for the first two films in the series), House on Haunted Hill, Behind Enemy Lines, and The Unsaid. In 2004, he produced the music score for the BBC science fiction documentary series Space Odyssey: Voyage to the Planets, released as Voyage to the Planets and Beyond in the United States.

Davis' magnum opus is the Matrix franchise: The Matrix, The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions, and The Animatrix. It was set apart from other film scores of its time for its atonality and avant garde style of composition, with influences from polytonal minimalist works by John Adams and cluster-like as well as aleatoric techniques prominent in the works of composer Witold Lutosławski.

In addition to orchestrating and conducting his own scores, Don Davis has done orchestration work for many other composers. He was the conductor for the movie Flowers in the Attic, whose score was composed by Christopher Young, and for the TV documentary Eagles: Hell Freezes Over. He arranged music for The 86th Academy Awards as well. He is also regular orchestrator for Randy Newman.

Don Davis' political opera, Río de Sangre, premiered at the Florentine Opera Company on October 22, 2010. Excerpts of the opera had previously been performed in Los Angeles with the Los Angeles Master Chorale on November 6, 2005, and the New York City Opera on May 13, 2007.

Personal life
Davis currently splits his time between Southern California and British Columbia, Canada. He has been married to Megan MacDonald since 1986, and they have two children together.

Other works

 * Chronym I for flute (1977)
 * Trio for violin, viola & cello (1978)
 * 12 Poems For Jonathan David Wolf for soprano & piano (1978)
 * Chamber Concerto (1978)
 * Timbral Spectra (1979)
 * Chamber Variations (1979)
 * Chronym II (1980)
 * Chamber Symphony (1981)
 * Chronym III (1981)
 * Symphony (1982)
 * Bleeding Particles (1983)
 * Harsh (1988)
 * Bleak (1989)
 * The Eye And The Pyramid (1990)
 * Going On (1991)
 * Green Light (1992)
 * What Is The Silence (1993)
 * Afterimages (1994)
 * Of The Illuminated (1995)
 * Flurry (1996)
 * No Exit (1996)
 * The Enchanted Place Suite (1997)
 * Pain (1998)
 * Illicit Felicity (1999) - Excerpt from “Bound” score
 * Critical Mass (2000)
 * Wandering (2002)
 * A Lunatic Air (On Fire) (2002)
 * Río de Sangre (2005) - Opera in three acts

title: Don Davis (composer)


text:
The Way We Weren't

"The Way We Weren't" is the twentieth episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 9, 2004.

Plot
Bart and Milhouse steal and empty a bottle of Homer's Duff Beer to play spin the bottle with neighborhood girls. Homer interrupts the game and is accidentally kissed by Milhouse. The Simpson family holds a mock trial to determine Bart's guilt, with Lisa presiding as judge. Bart doubts that Homer had never kissed a girl as a 10-year-old, but Marge proudly states that Homer's first kiss was with her in high school. Homer confesses that it was not his first kiss, but that he met a girl at summer camp.

Homer recalls that when he was Bart's age, he went to a camp for underprivileged boys, Camp See-A-Tree, where he met Lenny, Carl, and Moe. The campers were forced to work in the kitchen of the neighboring girls' camp, Camp Land-A-Man. Homer found a retainer left behind on one of the trays and returned it to its owner using the dumbwaiter. Through the wall, the girl asked Homer to see her later that night, but before he could make it, he accidentally stabbed himself in the eye with a switchblade knife, and had to wear an eyepatch to the date. Marge surprises the family by revealing that the girl in question was actually her, and if she had known, she would never have married Homer.

Marge gives her side of the story. She attended Camp Land-A-Man alongside her sisters Patty and Selma, Helen Lovejoy, Luann Van Houten and Cookie Kwan. She fell for the boy who returned her retainer, but, embarrassed by his real name, Homer gave the false name "Elvis Jagger Abdul-Jabbar". While ironing her hair for the date, Marge accidentally burned it, and became a "brunette" for the evening. She and Homer met and shared a passionate kiss. They parted ways after Homer gave Marge a heart-shaped rock, agreeing to meet again the following night. However, "Elvis" never showed up for the planned second date, and as a result, Marge was unable to trust another boy for years.

Homer explains why he did not show up. Right after the date, he was so dazed with bliss that he accidentally fell off a cliff into the lake and drifted to a fat camp, Camp Flab-Away, which counted a younger Mayor Quimby, Chief Wiggum and Comic Book Guy as its campers. He was caught by the Camp Instructor, who mistook him for a camper. Meanwhile, a devastated Marge decided to leave the camp and threw the rock that he had given her away, breaking it in two. Homer managed to escape the fat camp and make his way to Marge's camp, but she had already left.

Despite knowing the truth, Marge is unable to let the heartache go after nursing it for so long. However, Homer proves that he really did care about her for years after the date by showing her a piece of the broken rock that he had found. Pleasantly surprised, Marge reveals that she had kept the other piece (albeit for the very different reason of reminding her of the cruel things men can do) and forgets about the past. The two then put the rock together to form a heart and share a passionate kiss.

Cultural references
The episode title refers to the 1973 film The Way We Were. Similarly, the twelfth episode of Season 2 was titled "The Way We Was". The camps See-A-Tree and Land-A-Man are an apparent homage to the 1960s sitcom Camp Runamuck which focused on a camp for unprivileged kids and another quite different camp for girls. When Homer needs to cross the river to meet Marge for their date, Homer looks between the water and a nearby rowboat, and states "Hmmm... It's row versus wade... and it's my right to choose."

Near the end when Homer is rummaging through his memory box, he finds a letter from his "old pen pal". Then he says: "Someday, I'll write you back, Osama". When Homer shows Marge his half of the heart, he says he put it next to his IBM stocking. The Sea Captain sings a verse from the 1958 Kingston Trio song "Tom Dooley". It also contains a hit song by The Turtles, entitled "Happy Together", which later appears in The Simpsons Movie. In her flashback, Marge tells Homer during their date that she likes Parliament but not Funkadelic, a reference to the fact that they were both fronted by funk musician George Clinton. The scene which depicts Homer and his friends escaping by bicycle from a landing jet plane is a loose reference to a similar situation involving teenage Art Zuke during the events of the Gimli Glider incident in 1983.

Reception
This episode was nominated for an Emmy in the Outstanding Animated Program (for programming less than one hour) selection.

This episode was watched by 6.2 million people in its original airing.

In his review of the Kiss and Tell DVD, Andy Dougan of the Evening Times characterized the episode as one of the "funniest episodes of recent series".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Way We Weren't


text: Category:Tourist attractions in Warwickshire


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Talk:Catherine, Princess of Wales

Pinned Thread: Consensus on usage of "Catherine" vs. "Kate", "Kate Middleton"
The Wikipedia Community has reached a consensus on "Catherine" vs "Kate" in favor of Catherine. Please do not post threads on this subject without at least reading the following threads:

 * Talk:Catherine, Princess of Wales/Archive 9
 * Talk:Catherine, Princess of Wales/Archive 10

There are numerous additional threads on this subject in the archives as well. Safiel (talk)

2nd public appearance since cancer diagnosis.
Catherine's 2nd public appearance since her cancer diagnosis was at Wimbledon today. Especially because of the continuing press speculation about her condition, I would suggest adding: citing and  -- Ssilvers (talk) 03:14, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Her next appearance was in July at the final of the 2024 Wimbledon Championships as royal patron.

 * But it would be trivial to continue adding material and provide a running commentary on her appearances. It will be WP:NOTNEWS. The fact that she attended the 2024 Trooping the Colour was enough. I have an alternative-I would add a reference related to her appearance and a related sentence but not exactly mention that she attended the Championships. Please wait and let me know if you like my version @Ssilvers. Regards. MSincccc (talk) 03:32, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Ssilvers I have added a suitable sentence along with a high quality reference to address your suggestions. Her next one or two engagements may also be outlined here but only in the form of a single reference from the event. The sentence covers it all. Looking forward to your response. Regards. MSincccc (talk) 03:43, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * No, that is decidedly worse. What she hoped is not encyclopedic. I am not suggesting a "running" commentary. But instead of adding speculations to the article and WP:BLUDGEONING the discussion, please revert that unhelpful addition, and wait to see if anyone else agrees with me. If the consensus is not to add my suggestion, fine. -- Ssilvers (talk) 04:09, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Ssilvers I agree with what you suggest. Given that I am improving the article for its second FAC, I would be pleased to invite any constructive suggestions from other uninvolved editors. The point is that the The Daily Telegraph article mentions the fact that it was her second public engagement since announcing her cancer diagnosis and her first since Trooping the Colour last month. So, the reference would stay.
 * Regards. MSincccc (talk) 04:29, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Ssilvers Is the rephrased sentence fine? Please do put forth your suggestions, if any. Regards. MSincccc (talk) 04:37, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I have no violent objection to it, but it is even longer than what I proposed and contains a vague reference to "speculation". In your quest to tighten the article's prose for your next run at FAC, I think it would be better to say, more directly, "Her next appearance was in July amidst ongoing cancer treatment." If it turns out that she begins making more regular appearances, this could be changed to "She began to make more regular appearances in July amidst ongoing cancer treatment." -- Ssilvers (talk) 04:49, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Is it fine now @Ssilvers? MSincccc (talk) 04:55, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, except that, per WP:CITEKILL, you don't need 3 refs for the prev. sentence. You should keep the best two. -- Ssilvers (talk) 05:25, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Ssilvers If you have any further suggestions for the article, please feel free to post them at the peer review discussion page. Regards. MSincccc (talk) 05:48, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Ssilvers If you have any further suggestions for the article, please feel free to post them at the peer review discussion page. Regards. MSincccc (talk) 05:48, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Catherine, Princess of Wales


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chinese whisper marketing

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 05:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Chinese whisper marketing
''Finishing this old nomination. No vote. --Dmcdevit·t 04:46, July 13, 2005 (UTC)''
 * Delete, possible merge, barely encyclopedic, and written so as to leave the definition obscure. Nova Cygni 21:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete utterly unencyclopedic CDC   (talk)  05:16, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to buzz marketing. Fuzheado | Talk 05:18, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic. JamesBurns 08:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete website advertising, and then redirect to buzz marketing. Dcarrano 16:44, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Fuzheado --royblumy 21:41, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not encyclopedic.--GrandCru 03:30, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rob Stephen

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 00:35, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Rob Stephen
Another un-signed musician. Only two relevant hits--from Wikipedia and truckeelake.com. Only 17 displayed hits for phuzzbot, and they're all from phuzzbot.com/ and forums. Niteowlneils 21:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC) encyclopedia:n : a reference work (often in several volumes) containing articles on various topics (often arranged in alphabetical order) dealing with the entire range of human knowledge or with some particular specialty Phuzzbot
 * Delete, speedy if possible for reason stated at "Truckee lake music." - Lucky 6.9 21:59, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep FroggyMoore 22:53, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the useful comment there, Froggy. Delete, not a notable musician. -R. fiend 23:30, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Froggy has suddenly gone on a "Keep all vanity articles" spree. RickK 20:00, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep sorry, i understand your policy now, but i also think unsigned music has as much right to be included in a database of knowledge Phuzzbot
 * comment: this is the user's first and so far only edit
 * Sorry, Wikipedia is not a PR firm. RickK 20:00, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not fullfill requirements of WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines -- Egil 04:06, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 05:40, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Egil. Rossami (talk) 05:41, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia (at least for now) is not, repeat not, a "database of knowledge". --Dcfleck 14:58, 2005 Apr 24 (UTC)
 * Keep Wikipedia is a free-content encyclopedia written collaboratively by people from all around the world - about
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Truckee lake music

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 00:33, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Truckee lake music
Another un-signed band (see also Rob Stephen below). Only two relevant hits--from Wikipedia and truckeelake.com. No allmusic listing. Niteowlneils 21:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as vandalism if possible. This same booshwah was first listed under Truckee lake which I redirected to Truckee, California. - Lucky 6.9 21:58, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not fullfill requirements of WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines -- Egil 04:06, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 05:46, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:The New Pope

I think its going to be Arinze, but I reckon Lustiger has a good chance as well, if they dont go for Arinze.

Welcome Back, Cheesey
It's just dreamy to see you again. Kisses, Bacchiad 16:36, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:The New Pope


text:
User:The New Pope

Is it
 * Image:ac.lustiger2.jpg
 * 1) [[Image:Cardinal_Schönborn.jpg]]
 * 2) [[Image:Pope Benedict XVI.jpg]]
 * 3) [[Image:Cardinaltettamanzi.jpg]]
 * 1) [[Image:Cardinaltettamanzi.jpg]]

?

title: User:The New Pope


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/E Clampus Vitus

Hi all.

I have to admit, that I am perplexed as to why anyone should see the version of the article I have most recently posted to be a candidate for deletion. Please peruse the facts. It simply corrects basic spelling and grammar mistakes from the article as originally written, and gives a more thorough explanation of what ECV is all about. The content of this most current version and the original are essentially identical, but no one seems to want to delete the original version. Please, please explain. I am happy to have a dialog with anyone who feels that the information as most recently presented is not true. The last several revisions I have made have been rejected, and the original version of the article keeps being put up. Wikipedia in its Introduction states: "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia written collaboratively by many of its readers." I have tried several times to contribute to the discussion. There are many stories concerning the Order, most of which are oral. I understand how someone might find some of them outlandish, so in the most recent version those 'controversial' stories are left out. So mote it be. But please, do not delete the article. Ecvjackass 02:53, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Evidence in support of ECV's history
I would like to present here a few websites that would lend credence to the history of E Clampus Vitus. I have been trying to edit the page, but people are in doubt as to the history of ECV. I hope this helps...

http://www.ecvgazette.com/lostdutchman/ECVhistory.htm

http://www.ecv58.com/history.html

http://www.ecvgazette.com/lostdutchman/KenCastrosHistoryofECV.htm

http://members.aol.com/machngunr1/page5.htm

http://www.ecv5978.com/shistory.htm

http://historytogo.utah.gov/hmancient.html

http://www.historylink.org/_output.cfm?file_id=4164

http://home.infostations.net/vitus/home6.htm

http://www.irjr.com/postoffice/ecvhistory.htm

Happy reading

Ecvjackass 23:59, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Gordon Hirabayashi

Gordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi (平林潔) was an American sociologist, best known for his principled resistance to the Japanese American internment during World War II, and the court case which bears his name, Hirabayashi v. United States.

Early life
Hirabayashi was born in Seattle to a Christian family who was associated with the Mukyōkai Christian Movement. He graduated from Auburn Senior High School in Auburn, Washington, and in 1937 went to the University of Washington, where he received his degree. At the University he participated in the YMCA and became a religious pacifist.

Resistance to internment, discrimination and war
Although Hirabayashi had originally considered accepting internment, he ultimately became one of three to openly defy it. He joined the Quaker-run American Friends Service Committee. In 1942 he turned himself in to the FBI, and after being convicted for curfew violation was sentenced to 90 days in prison. He invited prosecution with the intention of challenging the legality of internment in the appellate courts. The ACLU initially denied support, which was instead provided by an independent committee organized by Washington State Senator Mary Farquharson. When Hirabayashi's case reached the U.S. Supreme Court, the ACLU took an active part. One of his lawyers was the Philadelphia Quaker attorney Harold Evans. The Supreme Court unanimously ruled against him in Hirabayashi v. United States (1943), albeit with three Justices filing separate opinions that concurred with the Court's decision only with certain reservations.

Given wartime exigencies, officials would not transport him to prison or even pay his train fare, so he hitchhiked to the prison in Arizona where he had been ordered to serve his sentence. Once there, wardens stated they lacked the sufficient papers as he was two weeks late. They considered letting him just go home, but he feared this would look suspicious. After that they made the suggestion he could go out for dinner and a movie, which would give them time to find his papers. He agreed to this and, by the time he finished doing so, they had found the relevant paperwork.

Hirabayashi later spent a year in federal prison at McNeil Island Penitentiary for refusing induction into the armed forces, contending that a questionnaire sent to Japanese Americans demanding renunciation of allegiance to the emperor of Japan was racially discriminatory because other ethnic groups were not asked about adherence to foreign leaders.

Post-war career
After the war, he went on to earn B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in sociology from the University of Washington. He taught in Beirut, Lebanon and Cairo, Egypt, before settling at the University of Alberta in Canada in 1959, where he served as chair of the sociology department from 1970 until 1975. He continued to teach until his retirement in 1983. As a sociologist, he conducted studies of Jordan and the Doukhobors in British Columbia, Egyptian village political awareness, Jordanian social change, and Asian-Americans. He was an active member of Canadian Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). After retirement, he continued to support causes for human rights.

Hirabayashi died on January 2, 2012, at age 93, in Edmonton, Alberta. He had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease 11 years earlier.

Conviction overturned
Soon after retiring, Hirabayashi received a call from Peter Irons, a professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego. Irons told Hirabayashi that he had uncovered documents revealing government misconduct in justifying the relocations when challenged. These documents showed that the government knew in 1942 there was no military reason for the exclusion order but misrepresented and withheld that information from the United States Supreme Court. With this new evidence, Hirabayashi was able to reopen his case in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington, which ordered that one of Hirabayashi's two convictions be vacated. On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that both convictions were invalid and directed the issuance of a writ of coram nobis.

Hirabayashi would later say of the case, "It was quite a strong victory—so strong that the other side did not appeal. It was a vindication of all the effort people had put in for the rights of citizens during crisis periods." He also commented, "There was a time when I felt that the Constitution failed me. But with the reversal in the courts and in public statements from the government, I feel that our country has proven that the Constitution is worth upholding. The U.S. government admitted it made a mistake. A country that can do that is a strong country. I have more faith and allegiance to the Constitution than I ever had before."

"I would also say that if you believe in something, if you think the Constitution is a good one, and if you think the Constitution protects you, you better make sure that the Constitution is actively operating... in other words 'constant vigilance'. Otherwise, it's a scrap of paper. We had the Constitution to protect us in 1942. It didn't because the will of the people weren't behind it."

In 1999, the Coronado National Forest in Arizona renamed the former Catalina Federal Honor Camp in Hirabayashi's honor. The site, ten miles northeast of Tucson, where Hirabayashi had served out his sentence of hard labor in 1942, is now known as the Gordon Hirabayashi Campground.

In 2008, the University of Washington awarded Hirabayashi and four hundred former students of Japanese ancestry who were evacuated from the school honorary degrees "nunc pro tunc" (retroactively). Although Hirabayashi did not attend the ceremony, when his name was called he received the loudest and longest ovation from the audience.

On May 24, 2011, the U.S. Acting Solicitor General, Neal Katyal delivered the keynote speech at the Department of Justice's Great Hall marking Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month. Developing comments he had posted officially on May 20, Katyal issued the Justice Department's first public confession of its 1942 ethics lapse. He cited the Hirabayashi and Korematsu cases as blots on the reputation of the Office of the Solicitor General – whom the Supreme Court explicitly considers as deserving of "special credence" when arguing cases – and as "an important reminder" of the need for absolute candor in arguing the United States government's position on every case.

U.S.D.A. Forest Service memorial
In 1999, the former Catalina Federal Honor Camp near Tucson, Arizona, where Hirabayashi was sentenced to hard labor in the 1940s, was renamed the Gordon Hirabayashi Recreation Site. Located within the Coronado National Forest, the site offers a public campground.

A chapter in the fight for Constitutional rights spotlighted at Chicago's Asian Pacific events

The United States Immigration & Naturalization Service (USINS) Chicago District Office commemorated Asian Pacific Heritage month with back-to-back observances that presented a first-hand account of the injustices suffered by persons of Japanese ancestry during World War II.

Gordon Hirabayashi, who in 1942 challenged a curfew imposed on persons of Japanese descent, was the keynote speaker for a program on June 4 at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. The program was repeated the following day in the Ceremonial Courtroom of the US District Court for Northern District of Illinois, Dirksen Federal Building, located next door to the USINS Chicago District Office.

The U.S. Constitution is more than a mere piece of paper, Hirabayashi said. Attempts to violate the Constitution's ideals should be taken personally, and opposed firmly.

His personal fight to defend constitutional rights in the face of wartime hysteria was described in detail in a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) documentary about his court case. The piece, entitled "A Personal Matter – Gordon Hirabayashi vs. United States", was screened at both programs.

Hirabayashi spoke of discrimination that confronted nearly all persons of Asian ancestry in the United States, in the decades leading up to World War II.

California State Legislature
On January 5, 2012, Assembly members Yamada and Furutani were granted unanimous consent in the California State Assembly to adjourn in memory of Gordon Hirabayashi.

Presidential Medal of Freedom
On April 27, 2012, President Barack Obama announced that Hirabayashi would receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his principled stand against Japanese-American internment. The President presented the award posthumously on May 29. It was accepted by his family, who traveled to Washington from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. On February 22, 2014, the medal was formally donated to the University of Washington Library Special Collections, which holds Hirabayashi's papers.

Stage play
In 2007, the Asian American theatre company East West Players gave the world premiere of a stage play based on Hirabayashi's true life story. The play was a one-man show and was titled Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi. East West Players described the play as follows: "During WWII in Seattle, University of Washington student Gordon Hirabayashi agonizes over U.S. government orders to forcibly remove and imprison all people of Japanese ancestry on the West Coast. As he fights to reconcile his country's betrayal with his Constitutional beliefs, Gordon journeys toward a greater understanding of America's triumphs and failures."

Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi was written by Jeanne Sakata, directed by Jessica Kubzansky, and starred actor Ryun Yu as Gordon Hirabayashi and multiple other roles. Performances were held at the East West Player's David Henry Hwang Theatre in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles, California. Previews were November 1–4, 2007. Opening night was on November 7, 2007 and the play closed on December 2, 2007. The Los Angeles Times gave it a mixed review: "Ryun Yu plays Hirabayashi... but even his fine-grained tour de force doesn't negate the suspicion that another structure, another style might make this material more exciting."

In 2008, playwright Jeanne Sakata adapted her full-length stage play into a shorter theatre-for-youth production, which would tour the schools. Whereas the original one-man show ran approximately 90 minutes, this new abridged version, aimed at students, was about half as long, coming in at about 45 minutes. The tour was produced by East West Players' Theatre For Youth program, directed again by Jessica Kubzansky, and starred actor Martin Yu, who had been the understudy in the original 2007 full-length production.

In 2010, East West Players' Theatre For Youth program produced another tour of Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi. There were a few revisions to the script, but the play remained approximately 45 minutes. However, there was a new director and cast, not connected to previous productions. It was directed by Leslie Ishii and starred actor Blake Kushi. This marked the first time a Japanese-American director as well as a Japanese-American actor were used. The show was well-received as indicated by the following review: "Kushi gave a one-man, tour-de-force performance that floored the audience..."

Southern California Edison was the major sponsor of this tour of Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi. The tour ran from February 12 to March 31, 2010. Shows were performed at elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools (and one city college ) and also at community centers, churches, and public libraries. There were 35 performances in total. The tour visited the following California cities: Alhambra, Baldwin Park, East Rancho Dominguez, Fullerton, Gardena, Huntington Beach, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Monterey Park, North Hollywood, Norwalk, Pasadena, Redlands, Reseda, San Bernardino, San Fernando, Van Nuys, and West Covina.

In 2011, Ryun Yu reprised his performance of Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi, but this time in Chicago, Illinois. Silk Road Theatre Project, in association with the Department of Cultural Affairs, City of Chicago and Millennium Park, presented the one-man show at the Jay Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park. There were three performances total on January 13–15, 2011. The production was directed by Jessica Kubzansky and produced by Jerry O'Boyle.

In 2012, the play was renamed by its author as Hold These Truths, and prepared by the Epic Theatre Ensemble of New York City for presentation off-Broadway in prototype productions in March. Starring Joel de la Fuente, it was on the Fall schedule to run from October 21 to November 18, 2012. People's Light and Theatre Company, in Malvern, Pennsylvania, staged the play in 2014 as part of its "Community Matters" series, with de la Fuente. In 2014, Ryun Yu performed the role for Seattle's ACT Theatre. Plays & Players Theatre, in Philadelphia, presented it in 2015 with actor Makoto Hirano. In 2016, Portland Center Stage presented Hold These Truths in the Ellen Bye Studio with Ryun Yu, who originated the role of Gordon Hirabayashi in the 2007 world premiere (under the title Dawn's Light) at East West Players in Los Angeles. Other productions were mounted in New York City and in Boston in December 2017, in San Diego in November 2019, and in San Francisco in 2021 at the San Francisco Playhouse. In 2022 People's Light in Malvern PA again presented "Hold These Truths" starring Steven Eng (www.people'slight.org>hold-these-truths)

In May 2022, the first Canadian production of Hold These Truths was staged in the Second Playing Space at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, directed by Melanie Dreyer-Lude and starring Kevin Takahide Lee as Hirabayashi.

title: Gordon Hirabayashi


text:
User:Caroline Thompson/Bell's theorem

Bell's theorem was first proposed in 1964 by the physicist John S. Bell, and provides the basis for experimental tests of local realism versus quantum mechanics. It states that a certain inequality has to be satisfied if the world works according to the principle of "local realism" but can be violated by quantum mechanics. The history and implications of the theorem are discussed in the EPR paradox and interpretation of quantum mechanics pages, and in many popular books, some of which are listed at the end of this article.

Introduction
Although the theorem is named after John Bell, he himself never formulated it as such and, since publication of his paper in 1964, a number of different inequalities have been derived, all termed "Bell inequalities". They all purport to make the same assumptions about local realism -- that even quantum-level objects have well defined parameters and that distant objects do not exchange information instantaneously -- though some in fact make additional assumptions and so are less general than others. The inequalities concern measurements made on pairs of particles that have interacted and then separated. They place limits on the possible values of the "quantum correlation" that can be obtained, on the assumption that the only possible factors causing the correlation are shared "hidden variables", set at the souce -- the point of interaction. In quantum mechanics, the existence of these hidden variables associated with individual particle pairs is denied, the correlation being instead due to quantum entanglement of the whole ensemble. The correlation is predicted to exceed Bell's limits.

Bell test experiments to date suggest that Bell's inequality is violated, and the general belief in the physics community is that they prove quantum mechanics is correct and local realism does not hold. Nevertheless, the issue is far from being conclusively settled. The experiments themselves can be challenged on the grounds that they make various assumptions which create loopholes that open the way for alternative interpretations. Designing experiments which more conclusively determine whether or not the Bell inequality holds remains a very active area of research (Shimony, 2004), as does the search for local hidden variable theories that can explain existing Bell test violations.

Bell test experiments

If the world has underlying local hidden variables, then Bell's inequalities must be obeyed by the "coincidence counts" from a Bell test experiment such as the optical one shown in the diagram. Pairs of particles are emitted as a result of a quantum process, analysed with respect to some key property such as polarisation direction, then detected. The setting (orientations) of the analysers are selected by the experimenter. Several different subexperiments are conducted, one set for each of up to four choices of setting. In some Bell tests the analysers only have a single output channel. For these, extra subexperiments are needed in which polarisers are absent on one or other or both sides, and a Bell inequality designed for the purpose (the CH74 inequality) is used.

Existence of hidden variables
Under local realism, it is assumed that the photons in a Bell test experiment have definite properties such as polarisation direction even before they are detected. This contrasts with quantum mechanics, which says that the particles emitted from a quantum event exist in a superposition of polarisation states until detected. Bell's original paper concerned "spin-½" particles rather than photons, and he assumed each particle had definite spin, the "hidden variable" λ. He assumed that knowing λ and the detector setting, the outcome was completely determined.

Stochastic hidden variables
It was later found (Bell, 1971; Clauser, 1974) that in real experiments it was best to recognise the fact that the components of λ (and there can be many) fall into two sets, those that describe the quantum state of the source at the moment of emission and "others", primarily associated with the polarisers and detectors. It is the former that play the logical role of hidden variables, the latter being effectively random. They can be averaged out, leaving the non-random ones as "stochastic hidden variables", determining (together with the polariser settings) not the actual outcomes but just their probabilities. Clauser and Horne termed a theory based on this kind of hidden variable an "Objective Local Theory", or OLT. It is this kind that is used in the later (definitive) derivations of the inequalities used in actual experiments.

Locality
The other vital assumption is "locality" -- once the particles are separated they do not have any influence on each other, and the two detectors do not affect each other. Only "local" factors can affect each particle. In some experiments elaborate precautions have been taken to ensure that if there were any influence of one side of the experiment on the other then it could only be one that acted faster than the speed of light.

Separability
Given these assumptions, it can be shown that the joint probability of detection of both particles A and B in their respective '+' channels in a Bell test experiment is

 * (1) pAB(a, b, λ) = pA(a, λ)pB(b, λ)

when the detector settings are a and b respectively and the source at the instant of emission was in the state λ. Assuming that the source takes states λ with probability ρ(λ), it follows that the probability of a coincidence is

 * (2) $$\mbox{P}_{AB}(a,b) = \int d\lambda \rho(\lambda) \mbox{p}_A(a,\lambda)\mbox{p}_B(b,\lambda)$$

The expression (2) is said to be "separable" -- the individual probabilities in the integrand are multiplied as in equation (1) to give the joint proability. This contrasts with the quantum mechanical "nonseparable" formula, equation (9) below.

Bell's original inequality
The inequality that Bell derived in 1964 was:

 * (3) 1 + E(b, c) ≥ |E(a, b) - E(a, c)|,

where E is the "quantum correlation" (the expectation value of the product of the outcomes) of the particle pairs and a, b and c settings of the apparatus (in practice, orientations of the analysing polariser) in a Bell test experiment. Outcomes are coded as +1 for the + channel, -1 for the - channel.

This inequality is not used in practice. For one thing, it is only true for genuinely "two-outcome" systems, not for the "three-outcome" ones (with possible outcomes of zero as well as +1 and -1) encountered in real experiments. For another, it applies only to a very restricted set of hidden variable theories, namely those for which the outcomes on both sides of the experiment are always exactly anticorrelated when the analysers are parallel, in agreement with the quantum mechanical prediction.

Optical experiments, incidentally, can scarcely be said to have confirmed this last prediction, since even with analysers parallel there are a great number of non-detections due to the inefficiency of the detectors.

The CHSH inequality
In 1969 Clauser, Horne, Shimony and Holt (Clauser, 1969) derived the slightly more general "CHSH" inequality, though in the proof they gave initially it would appear to be valid only for two-outcome setups. It was only later, in 1971, that Bell published an improved derivation, valid even when there are non-detections. This derivation will be found on the "CHSH inequality" page. In the 1969 paper, incidentally, the inequality that was in fact recommended was not the CHSH inequality (which applies to two-channel experiments) but an adaptation to the single-channel case, the authors dismissing the former as impractical (Thompson, 2004). (The single-channel test suggested in 1969 was in fact the same one that is now associated with Clauser and Horne's 1974 article, referred to in the page on the subject as the CH74 test.)

The CHSH inequality is:

 * (4a)  −2 ≤ S ≤ 2,

where
 * (4b) S =  E(a, b) − E(a, b′) + E(a′, b) + E(a′ b′)

and E(a, b) is, as before, the expectation value of the quantum correlation when the analyser settings are a and b:

 * (5) E(a, b) = p++(a, b) + p--(a, b) − p+-(a, b) − p-+(a, b).

This inequality is widely used, though it did not come into favour until after Aspect had inaugurated the idea in 1982 (Aspect, 1982). The reason for reluctance to use it at first was that, strictly speaking, each term E, being formed from sums and differences of four probabilities, ought to be estimated using unbiased estimates of those probabilities. The probabilities ought to be estimated as ratios of the observed frequencies of coincidences to the number N of emitted pairs. This number, however, is not known in real experiments and is, in any case, very large compared to the coincidence counts. If it were to be used, no optical experiment could hope to violate the inequality. So in practice the estimate

 * (6) E = (N++ + N-- − N+- − N-+)/(N++ + N-- + N+- + N-+)

is used. This estimate can only be justified if the sample of detected pairs is a fair sample of those emitted. Local realists consider that there is good reason to expect that the sample is not in fact fair, given the low efficiencies of the detectors and the likely characteristics of the apparatus. The search for more efficient detectors or for other ways of achieving a "loophole-free" experiment continues.

The CH74 inequality
The inequality derived by Clauser and Horne in 1974 depends only on ratios of observed counts, with no presupposition that they represent probability estimates. Knowledge of N, the number of pairs emitted, is not necessary (Clauser, 1974; Clauser, 1978), nor is it important to have high efficiency detectors. Just one assumption is needed in addition to "separability". It is assumed that there is "no enhancement" -- that when a polariser is inserted the probability of detection of a photon never increases. The derivation is given on the page "Clauser and Horne's 1974 Bell test".

The inequality is

 * (7a) S ≤ 0,

where
 * (7b) S = (N(a, b) - N(a, b′) + N(a′, b) + N(a′, b′) - N(a′, ∞) - N(∞, b)) / N(∞, ∞).

The Wigner-d'Espagnat inequality
The Wigner-d'Espagnat inequality is almost equivalent to Bell's original inequality, though it is expressed in terms of probabilities, not expectation values of products of outcomes.

Just three different settings are used for the detectors, which are taken as giving definite either + or - outcomes. The inequality is:

 * (8) P++(a, b) ≤ P++(a, c) + P++(c, b),

where P is the probability of a coincidence.

It is valid only when there are either no non-detections at all (or, failing this, the detected pairs are a "fair sample" of those emitted), as can readily be seen from C. H. Thompson's Chaotic Ball model (Thompson, 1996). For this reason it remains just an instructive thought-experiment. It was used as such by Bell in his "Bertlmann's socks" paper (Bell, 1981).

Other inequalities
In 1989 Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger produced an alternative to the Bell setup, known as the GHZ experiment. It uses three observers and three electrons, and is designed to be able to distinguish hidden variables from quantum mechanics in a single set of observations (Greenberger, 1990, 1993).

In 1993 Hardy proposed a situation where nonlocality can be inferred (in ideal conditions) without using inequalities (Hardy, 1993).

Comparison with the quantum-mechanical prediction
To complete the proof of Bell's theorem it is necessary to demonstrate that quantum mechanics makes a prediction that violates a "Bell inequality". For a derivation of the quantum-mechanical prediction see the page "Quantum mechanical Bell test prediction", which is based on section 2 of an encyclopaedia article written by Abner Shimony (Shimony, 2004), one of the authors of the original Clauser, Horne, Shimony and Holt article (Clauser, 1969) after which the CHSH Bell test is named.

In Bell's spin-½ setup we assume the two sides have opposite spins for the same hidden variable value, and spin is the ordinary geometrical concept at least insofar "up" is geometrically opposite to "down". The quantum-mechanical prediction for the probability for '++' coincidences is in this case:

 * (9) P++(a, b) = ½ sin2φ/2,

where φ = (b − a), with similar predictions for the other coincidence categories.

In an optical experiment we deal instead with "vertical" and "horizontal" polarisation, i.e. orthogonal instead of opposite directions, and assume in practice that the polarisation directions on the two sides are the same, not opposite. The prediction for '++' coincidences is:

 * (10) P++(a,  b) = ½ cos2φ.

Let us consider a two-channel optical experiment. The prediction for the quantum correlation is, from (10) and the similar expressions for the other three coincidence categories,

 * (11) E(a, b) = ½ cos2 φ + ½ cos2 φ - ½ sin2 φ - ½ sin2 φ
 * = cos2 φ - sin2 φ
 * = cos 2φ.

Now the test statistic for the CHSH inequality is (equation (4b)):

 * S = E(a, b) − E(a, b′) + E(a′, b) + E(a′, b′).

Let us choose as the detector settings a = 0, a′ = π/4, b = π/8, b′ = 3 π/8 and evaluate the quantum mechanical prediction for S. We have

 * E(a, b) = E(a′, b) = E(a′, b′) = cos (±π/4) = 0.707,

and
 * E(a, b′) = cos 3π/4 = −0.707,

giving S = 2.828.

This exceeds the limit of 2 that must, by inequality (4a), be obeyed by any local hidden variable theory, and thus confirms Bell's theorem.

Experimental applications of Bell's theorem
The first application of Bell's theorem was in 1972, by Freedman and Clauser (Freedman, 1972). This was a single-channel experiment, using an atomic radiative cascade source and "pile-of-plates" polarisers. The results violated the Freedman inequality -- an inequality that can be derived from the full version of the CH74 inequality when the source is rotationally invariant (Clauser, 1978).

Other applications followed during the 1970s, then in 1981-2 Alain Aspect and his team in Orsay, Paris, conducted the three experiments for which he is now well known (Aspect, 1981-2). These experiments used a similar source, and the first and last also used similar polarisers, to Freedman and Clauser. The source was not so convincingly rotationally invariant, though, so the general form of the CH74 test was used. In the remaining experiment, with two-channel polarisers, the CHSH test was used, this being the first application of the test.

All three of Aspect's experiments violated their respective Bell inequalities and have been taken by the majority of physicists as convincing evidence of quantum entanglement and the impossibility of any local realist (local hidden variable) model for quantum events. Experimental conditions were not perfect, however. There were large numbers of "accidentals", and it is possible that the subtraction of these -- justified by Aspect using quantum-mechanical arguments -- biased the analysis (Thompson, 2003). The two-channel experiment, for which the subtraction of accidentals was not critical (Aspect, 1985), required the fair sampling assumption. Despite Aspect's best efforts to check that the sample was fair, this, as has been known since 1970 (Pearle, 1970), represents a possible loophole. The last experiment is probably the best known, having used an acousto-optical system to switch the photon direction on each side to one of two polarisers, thus blocking the locality loophole.

Theoretical work and experimental tests have since continued in two directions, the purely scientific search for the final conclusive (loophole-free) test (Fry, 1995 & 2002, Sanchez, 2004), and the development of applications of quantum entanglement. In the latter, Bell tests (generally CHSH tests) are conducted in order to check that the particles used are entangled, but assumptions such as fair sampling are made with little question.

The majority of Bell test experiments now use parametric down-conversion (PDC) sources to generate the entangled photons, often using the efficient methods devised by Paul Kwiat and his team (Kwiat, 1995, 1999).

Implications of violation of Bell's inequality
If quantum entanglement is indeed a fact of this universe, then, as is widely recognised, a major revision of our concept of reality is required. New interpretations of quantum mechanics as alternatives to the conventional Copenhagen interpretation have been proposed as possible ways of smoothing over the difficulties. These include the many worlds and consistent histories interpretations.

As far as the experimental evidence is concerned, though, the various loopholes mean that there have as yet been no conclusive violations of a Bell inequality. If local realists are correct and a local hidden variable theory exists, the experiments to date have no special implications and science can revert to the intuitive approaches prevalent a century ago.

Some advocates of the hidden variables idea prefer to accept the opinion that experiments have ruled out local hidden variables. They are ready to give up locality (and probably also causality), explaining the violation of Bell's inequality by means of a "non-local" hidden variable theory, in which the particles exchange information about their states. This is the basis of the Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics. It is, however, considered by most to be unconvincing, requiring, for example, that all particles in the universe be able to instantaneously exchange information with all others.

Finally, one subtle assumption of the Bell inequalities is counterfactual definiteness. The derivation involves talking about two or more alternative measurements that cannot in practice all be performed on any given individual particle, since the act of taking the measurement changes the state of the particle. Under local realism the difficulty is readily overcome, so long as we can assume that the source is stable, producing the same statistical distribution of states for all the subexperiments. If this assumption is felt to be unjustifiable, though, one can argue that Bell's inequality is unproven. In the Everett many-worlds interpretation, the assumption of counterfactual definiteness is abandoned, this interpretation assuming that the universe branches into many different observers, each of whom measures a different observation.

title: User:Caroline Thompson/Bell's theorem


text: Category:1937 songs

title: Category:1937 songs


text:
User talk:IceDrake523

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:IceDrake523


text:
Kemsley railway station

Kemsley railway station is on the Sheerness Line in north Kent, England, and serves the village of Kemsley. It is 45 mi down the line from London Victoria. Train services are provided by Southeastern.

History
The station was opened by the Southern Railway as Kemsley Halt on 1 January 1927. It was renamed to Kemsley by British Rail on 5 May 1969.

Facilities
There are two platforms but no station building at this unstaffed location. Access between the two platforms is via a footbridge or the road bridge (for step-free access) to the north of the station. Services towards Swale, Queenborough and Sheerness-on-Sea depart from platform 1. Services to Sittingbourne and London depart from platform 2.

Services
All services at Kemsley are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service is one train per hour in each direction between Sheerness-on-Sea and Sittingbourne, from where connections are available to London Victoria, London St Pancras International, Dover Priory and Ramsgate. During the peak hours, the service is increased to two trains per hour in each direction.

title: Kemsley railway station


text:
Data cube

In computer programming contexts, a data cube (or datacube) is a multi-dimensional ("n-D") array of values. Typically, the term data cube is applied in contexts where these arrays are massively larger than the hosting computer's main memory; examples include multi-terabyte/petabyte data warehouses and time series of image data.

The data cube is used to represent data (sometimes called facts) along some dimensions of interest. For example, in online analytical processing (OLAP) such dimensions could be the subsidiaries a company has, the products the company offers, and time; in this setup, a fact would be a sales event where a particular product has been sold in a particular subsidiary at a particular time. In satellite image timeseries dimensions would be latitude and longitude coordinates and time; a fact (sometimes called measure) would be a pixel at a given space and time as taken by the satellite (following some processing that is not of concern here). Even though it is called a cube (and the examples provided above happen to be 3-dimensional for brevity), a data cube generally is a multi-dimensional concept which can be 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional, or higher-dimensional. In any case, every dimension divides data into groups of cells whereas each cell in the cube represents a single measure of interest. Sometimes cubes hold only a few values with the rest being empty, i.e. undefined, while sometimes most or all cube coordinates hold a cell value. In the first case such data are called sparse, and in the second case they are called dense, although there is no hard delineation between the two.

History
Multi-dimensional arrays have long been familiar in programming languages. Fortran offers arbitrarily-indexed 1-D arrays and arrays of arrays, which allows the construction of higher-dimensional arrays, up to 15 dimensions. APL supports n-D arrays with a rich set of operations. All these have in common that arrays must fit into the main memory and are available only while the particular program maintaining them (such as image processing software) is running.

A series of data exchange formats support storage and transmission of data cube-like data, often tailored towards particular application domains. Examples include MDX for statistical (in particular, business) data, Hierarchical Data Format for general scientific data, and TIFF for imagery.

In 1992, Peter Baumann introduced management of massive data cubes with high-level user functionality combined with an efficient software architecture. Datacube operations include subset extraction, processing, fusion, and in general queries in the spirit of data manipulation languages like SQL.

Some years after, the data cube concept was applied to describe time-varying business data as data cubes by Jim Gray, et al., and by Venky Harinarayan, Anand Rajaraman and Jeff Ullman which rank among the top 500 most cited computer science articles over a 25-year period.

Around that time, a working group on Multi-Dimensional Databases ("Arbeitskreis Multi-Dimensionale Datenbanken") was established at German Gesellschaft für Informatik.

Datacube Inc. was an image processing company selling hardware and software applications for the PC market in 1996, however without addressing data cubes as such.

The EarthServer initiative has established geo data cube service requirements.

Standardization
In 2018, the ISO SQL database language was extended with data cube functionality as "SQL – Part 15: Multi-dimensional arrays (SQL/MDA)".

Web Coverage Processing Service is a geo data cube analytics language issued by the Open Geospatial Consortium in 2008. In addition to the common data cube operations, the language knows about the semantics of space and time and supports both regular and irregular grid data cubes, based on the concept of coverage data.

An industry standard for querying business data cubes, originally developed by Microsoft, is MultiDimensional eXpressions.

Implementation
Many high-level computer languages treat data cubes and other large arrays as single entities distinct from their contents. These languages, of which Fortran, APL, IDL, NumPy, PDL, and S-Lang are examples, allow the programmer to manipulate complete film clips and other data en masse with simple expressions derived from linear algebra and vector mathematics. Some languages (such as PDL) distinguish between a list of images and a data cube, while many (such as IDL) do not.

Array DBMSs (Database Management Systems) offer a data model which generically supports definition, management, retrieval, and manipulation of n-dimensional data cubes. This database category has been pioneered by the rasdaman system since 1994.

Applications
Multi-dimensional arrays can meaningfully represent spatio-temporal sensor, image, and simulation data, but also statistics data where the semantics of dimensions is not necessarily of spatial or temporal nature. Generally, any kind of axis can be combined with any other into a data cube.

Mathematics
In mathematics, a one-dimensional array corresponds to a vector, a two-dimensional array resembles a matrix; more generally, a tensor may be represented as an n-dimensional data cube.

Science and engineering
For a time sequence of color images, the array is generally four-dimensional, with the dimensions representing image X and Y coordinates, time, and RGB (or other color space) color plane. For example, the EarthServer initiative unites data centers from different continents offering 3-D x/y/t satellite image timeseries and 4-D x/y/z/t weather data for retrieval and server-side processing through the Open Geospatial Consortium [https://www.ogc.org/standard/wcps/#:~:text=The%20OGC%C2%AE%20Web%20Coverage,%2C%20image%2C%20or%20statistics%20data. WCPS] geo data cube query language standard.

A data cube is also used in the field of imaging spectroscopy, since a spectrally-resolved image is represented as a three-dimensional volume. Earth observation data cubes combine satellite imagery such as Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 with Geographic information system analytics.

Business intelligence
In online analytical processing (OLAP), data cubes are a common arrangement of business data suitable for analysis from different perspectives through operations like slicing, dicing, pivoting, and aggregation.

title: Data cube


text:
Gerald Casale

Gerald Vincent Casale (né Pizzute; born July 28, 1948) is an American musician. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as co-founder, co-lead vocalist and bass player of the new wave band Devo, which released a top 20 hit in 1980 with the single "Whip It". Casale is the main lyricist and one of the primary composers of Devo's music, as well as the director of most of the band's music videos. He is one of only two members (along with lead singer and keyboardist Mark Mothersbaugh) who have been with Devo throughout its entire history. Casale's brother Bob also performed with the band.

Casale pursued a solo career in 2005 while still a member of Devo with the project Jihad Jerry & the Evildoers. The project received little promotion beyond a music video for the single "Army Girls Gone Wild". Jihad Jerry appeared at several shows near the end of Devo's 2006 tour, performing the song "Beautiful World". He has also performed occasionally with other bands.

Casale has also directed music videos for other recording artists, including the Cars ("Touch and Go", "Panorama"), Rush ("Mystic Rhythms", "Superconductor"), A Perfect Circle ("Imagine"), Foo Fighters ("I'll Stick Around"), Soundgarden ("Blow Up the Outside World") and Silverchair ("Freak", "Cemetery"), among others.

Early life
Gerald Vincent Pizzute was born on July 28, 1948, in Ravenna, Ohio. He was born with the last name Pizzute because his father, Bob, had legally changed his name (his birth name having been Robert Edward Casale) to that of his foster parents. Four years after Gerald's birth, his father changed his name back to his birth name. Gerald Casale grew up in Kent, Ohio and graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High School in 1966.

The Numbers Band and Devo
Prior to Devo, Casale had played bass guitar with the Numbers Band. He caused friction in the band by suggesting that they should incorporate advertising jingles and other "low culture" elements into their music. After leaving the Numbers Band and graduation, Casale attended Kent State University, majoring in art (focusing on fine/performing arts and fashion-related studies). In the late 1960s, he was a self-described hippie until the May 4, 1970, shootings. Being involved with Freshman orientation at the KSU Honors College, he personally knew two of the victims, Jeffrey Miller and Allison Krause, and was near Krause when she was shot. Casale described that day in multiple interviews as being "the day I stopped being a hippie". Together with Bob Lewis, Casale used the shooting as a catalyst to develop the concept of De-evolution, forming the band Devo in 1973. Casale was the oldest member of the band. He has said that David Bowie's 1974 album Diamond Dogs and its subsequent tour inspired him to "raise the bar" for his work with Devo, stating, "I had seen what it takes to combine theater, concept and music in a three-stage rocket to mind-blowing effect."

Initially featuring Casale (bass), Mark Mothersbaugh (vocals), and Mark's brothers Bob (lead guitar) and Jim (electronic drums), the band eventually solidified around the lineup of Casale, his brother Bob (second guitarist), Mark and Bob Mothersbaugh, and drummer Alan Myers. On October 14, 1978, Devo appeared on American variety show Saturday Night Live to promote their debut album, Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo! (1978), which significantly increased their exposure. After their second album, Duty Now for the Future (1979), was less well received, their third album, Freedom of Choice (1980), produced the surprise hit single "Whip It", which reached No. 14 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album climbed to No. 22 on the Billboard 200, and its follow-up, New Traditionalists (1981), was nearly as successful, peaking at No. 23. Oh, No! It's Devo (1982) saw the band moving more towards the mainstream and sported an increased use of synthesizers and electronic percussion, but was less well received than its two predecessors. The band's sixth studio album, Shout (1984), continued in this vein and was received poorly, which caused Warner Bros. to buy out the remainder of Devo's contract. Myers left the band soon after.

In 1987, Devo reformed with new drummer David Kendrick, formerly of Sparks, to replace Myers. Their first project was a soundtrack for the horror film Slaughterhouse Rock (1988), starring Toni Basil, after which they released the albums Total Devo (1988) and Smooth Noodle Maps (1990), on Enigma.

In 1990, the members of Devo, bar Bob Mothersbaugh, appeared in the film The Spirit of '76 (1990). Devo later had a falling out and played two shows in 1991 before breaking up. Following the split, Casale began a career as a director of music videos and commercials, working with bands including Rush, Soundgarden, Silverchair and the Foo Fighters.

In 2005, Devo recorded a new version of "Whip It" to be used in Swiffer television commercials, a decision they have said they regretted. During an interview with the Dallas Observer, Casale said, "It's just aesthetically offensive. It's got everything a commercial that turns people off has."

In 2006, Devo worked on a project with Disney known as Devo 2.0. A band of child performers was assembled and re-recorded Devo songs. A quote from the Akron Beacon Journal stated, "Devo recently finished a new project in cahoots with Disney called Devo 2.0, which features the band playing old songs and two new ones with vocals provided by children. Their debut album, a two disc CD/DVD combo entitled DEV2.0, was released on March 14, 2006. The lyrics of some of the songs were changed for family-friendly airplay, which has been claimed by the band to be a play on irony of the messages of their classic hits."

In an April 2007 interview, Gerald Casale mentioned a tentative project for a biographical film about Devo's early days. According to Casale, a script was supposedly in development, called The Beginning Was the End. Casale stated that there might be some new Devo material coming as well, but whether it was related to the release of a film was unclear. Devo played their first European tour since 1990 in the summer of 2007, including a performance at Festival Internacional de Benicàssim.

In December 2007, Devo released their first new single since 1990, "Watch Us Work It", which was featured in a commercial for Dell. The song features a sample drum track from the New Traditionalists song "The Super Thing". The band announced in a July 23, 2007, MySpace bulletin that a full-length music video for the song was forthcoming and the song itself was available on iTunes and eMusic. Casale said that the song was chosen from a batch that the band was working on, and that it was the closest the band had been to a new album.

In a December 5, 2007, article on Mutato Muzika, LA Weekly reported that "After touring sporadically over the past decade but not releasing any new material, Devo are spending December at Mutato trying to create an album's worth of new material and contemplating a method of dispersal in the post-record-company world." In an April 2008 interview, Mothersbaugh revealed a song title from the in-progress album: "Don't Shoot, I'm a Man". In a radio interview on April 17, 2008, Casale stated that Mothersbaugh had "killed the project" and that there would be no new Devo album. Casale, however, later stated that "We're going to finish what we started." The album, Something for Everybody, was eventually released on June 15, 2010, preceded by a 12-inch vinyl single of "Fresh"/"What We Do" on June 10.

Devo was awarded the first Moog Innovator Award on October 29, 2010, during Moogfest 2010 in Asheville, North Carolina. The Moog Innovator Award has been said to celebrate "pioneering artists whose genre-defying work exemplifies the bold, innovative spirit of Bob Moog". Devo was scheduled to perform at Moogfest, but Bob Mothersbaugh severely injured his hand three days prior, and the band was forced to cancel. Mark Mothersbaugh and Gerald Casale collaborated with Austin, Texas, band The Octopus Project to perform "Girl U Want" and "Beautiful World" at the event instead.

In an interview on March 3, 2011, Casale stated that he was "working on a script for a... Devo musical" that would be aimed towards a live Broadway production.

In August 2012, the band released a single called "Don't Roof Rack Me, Bro (Seamus Unleashed)", dedicated to the Republican Party presidential candidate Mitt Romney's former pet dog Seamus. The title relates to the Mitt Romney dog incident, which occurred in 1983 when Romney traveled twelve hours with the dog in a crate on his car's roof rack. Casale also mentioned plans to release a collection of demos from the Something for Everybody sessions, with potential titles being Devo Opens the Vault, Gems from the Devo Dumpster, or Something Else for Everybody. The album was eventually titled Something Else for Everybody and was released on May 20, 2014.

In April 2020, Casale participated in a long-form interview with the Conan Neutron's Protonic Reversal podcast, discussing many subjects related to the band and more. He returned for a follow-up the next month and again two years later.

Other work
In 2005, Casale announced his "solo" project, Jihad Jerry & the Evildoers (the Evildoers themselves including the other members of Devo) and released the first EP, Army Girls Gone Wild in 2006. A full-length album, Mine Is Not a Holy War, was released on September 12, 2006, after a several-month delay. It featured mostly new material, plus re-recordings of four obscure Devo songs: "I Need a Chick" and "I Been Refused" (from Hardcore Devo: Volume Two), "Find Out" (which appeared on the single and EP of "Peek-a-Boo!" in 1982) and "Beehive" (which was recorded by the band in 1974, then apparently abandoned with the exception of one appearance at a special show in 2001).

Casale directed several television commercials, including ads for Diet Coke and Honda Scooters featuring Devo, as well as for Coco's restaurants, and Miller Lite. Distinctive elements of Casale's visual style include Dutch angles, desaturated color, and color washes on images.

While Jihad Jerry never toured, the theatrical character appeared with Devo at several shows in 2006, as well as on the Fox News program Red Eye. Casale abandoned the Jihad Jerry character in 2007; He was quoted as saying "People are kind of freaked out by the Jihad Jerry stuff. I thought they'd all think it was really funny and get off on it but people are really offended and scared... I think that's it. I don’t want them to have Jihad Jerry to kick around anymore!". Later Casale donned the Jihad Jerry turban for a performance with UK-based DJ and producer Adam Freeland at the South by Southwest music festival in 2009.

Casale and Mothersbaugh have also produced music for other artists including Toni Basil.

In 2014, Casale made a cameo appearance in a 1980s themed Delta Air Lines in-flight safety video, portraying a passenger who puts his "carry on" item (a Devo energy dome) under the seat in front of him in order to prepare for takeoff.

Casale collaborated with Italian electronic artist Phunk Investigation on the song "It's All Devo!", released as an EP under his real name for Record Store Day 2016.

Equipment
Casale has played several types of bass guitars left-handed, mostly heavily customized. Among the most distinctive is a teardrop shaped bass, actually a Gibson Ripper with its horns sawed off and a thick arm padding added to the top side, as seen in videos for "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" and "Come Back Jonee". From 1982 on, Casale has used a right-handed Steinberger L-series bass guitar, played upside down. He has played various keyboard basses, including an EDP Wasp, a Minimoog (as well as a synth that was custom-built by Moog Music which consisted of two Minimoogs connected together), a Roland D-50, and a Korg TR-61. As of 2012, Casale has used a Roland GAIA SH-01.

Personal life
In 1970, he was a student at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, and witnessed the 1970 Kent State Shootings. Two people killed at the shootings, Jeffrey Miller and Allison Krause, were friends of Casale. In a 2020 interview, he stated, "I went through some traumatic change. It was just a fork in the road where you realize everything you've been told is a lie. [...] We didn't see progress. We saw it going backwards, we start getting more tribal and more demonically mean and more chaotic."

Casale took an interest in wine after moving to California in 1978. In the 1990s he taught classes in wine tasting for three years during Devo's hiatus. In 2014, he announced that he would be opening a new wine company, the 50 by 50, selling Pinot noirs.

Casale bought the historic Josef Kun House in 2007 and spent seven years in meticulous restoration with the help of preservationist James Rega. The house was designed by Richard Neutra in the early 1930s. Casale placed the house on the market in 2015.

On February 17, 2014, Casale's younger brother and fellow Devo bandmate Bob Casale died at age 61. According to Gerald, it was a "sudden death from conditions that led to heart failure."

On September 11, 2015, Casale married Krista Napp in Santa Monica, California. Prior to the wedding, the couple had reportedly been questioned by friends about the date coinciding with the 14th anniversary of the September 11th attacks. After joking that he and Napp were "the Twin Towers of love", a friend who was in charge of the cake fashioned a 9/11-themed reception without their knowledge, featuring a cake baked in the shape of the Twin Towers, box cutters as party favors and table place setting cards featuring images of box cutters with "Gerald & Krista" engraved on them. After TMZ ran a story about the event on September 14 and published photos, Casale received significant backlash from the media and online. Apologizing to anyone who was offended, Casale called the reception a "surprise" and a "set-up", explaining that his friend "thought it was some sort of transgressive sick humor and the problem is, it's not funny."

, Casale lives on a ranch in Napa, California. On November 17, 2022, Casale's wife gave birth to their first child, Inara.

In a 2022 interview with Spin, Casale stated that his five favorite albums were Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits (1967), The Velvet Underground & Nico (1967), the Jimi Hendrix Experience's Electric Ladyland (1968), David Bowie's Diamond Dogs (1974) and the Chemical Brothers' Dig Your Own Hole (1997).

Casale and the other Devo members used to be part of the Church of the SubGenius.

title: Gerald Casale


text: User talk:84.68.153.254

title: User talk:84.68.153.254


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André Tanker

André Michael Tanker (25 September 1941 – 28 February 2003) was a Trinidad and Tobago musician and composer.

Background and career
Born in Woodbrook, Port of Spain, Tanker was considered one of the most original musicians that his country produced. His influence on the music of Trinidad and Tobago was compared by David Rudder to that of Bob Dylan on American music. Tanker's work defines the Caribbean folk-jazz genre.

Tanker's mother was a dancer who was a descendant of Michel-Jean Cazabon, Trinidad's first great painter. Tanker grew up close to the Invaders' pan yard and the Little Carib Theatre. His first instrument was a steelpan that he received from legendary pannist Ellie Mannette at the age of seven. When he was aged 12 or 13 Tanker began to play the guitar and cuatro. In his teens he formed a number of small ensembles with Ray Holman which played local parties. This evolved into "André Tanker and the Flamingos", which played at the Trinidad Hilton. He added jazz and was influenced by the Cuban percussionist Mongo Santamaría. In the 1960s and 1970s Tanker developed a link with Caribbean music and wrote songs of black consciousness and liberation. He developed an interest in Orisha music and African drumming, working with Andrew Beddoe of the Little Carib Theatre who was an Orisha priest.

Exposure to Indian music drew him to Indian classical music. He was influenced by Ravi Shankar and later worked extensively with Indo-Trinidadian sitarist Mungal Patasar. In 1973 Patasar and Tanker scored the soundtrack of the movie Bim, the second locally produced movie in Trinidad and Tobago. Tanker also wrote the music for the musical version of Derek Walcott's Ti-Jean and His Brothers, which was produced for the New York Shakespeare Festival in 1972. He followed this with music for Earl Lovelace's The Dragon Can't Dance and a production of Mustapha Matura's Playboy of the West Indies at the Lincoln Center.

Tanker's classic works include "Sayamanda", "Basement Party", "Morena Osha", "Hosanna Higher", and "Forward Home". André Tanker's influence is still being felt. Cousins in America including André Lassalle are representing the spirit of Andre Tanker and Cazabon.

title: André Tanker


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User:Jwalling

John Walling

Seattle, WA

Careers held in medical technology and information technolgy.

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[ExpandTemplates] - There is a new special page called "ExpandTemplates". With this you are able to copy a page from a Wiki without having to copy all the templates. In the first field you define the page you took the input from. So if you took it from the page named "Sesame Street" you fill that in and without – around it. You can put the input of a template, or of a series of templates, or even the whole page, in the second field. If you wish to enter a whole page you can paste the source text or do it like this; The Special:ExpandTemplates will write the result you get in ordinary Wikitext as it looked like on that specific page, and you will be able to copy and paste that to whatever wiki you want. The only thing you have to do now, is uploading the images. If you move a page this way you loose of course the benefit of the templates that by changing the template you change all the pages where the template is used.
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title: User:Jwalling


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Peter Holsapple

Peter Livingston Holsapple (born February 19, 1956) is an American musician who formed, along with Chris Stamey, the dB's, a jangle-pop band from Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He became the band's principal songwriter and singer after Stamey's departure. The band, with Stamey back in the fold, reformed with new material in 2005–2006.

After the dB's disbanded in 1988, Holsapple played as an auxiliary musician with R.E.M. and Hootie & the Blowfish, before joining the Continental Drifters, a rock band originating from Los Angeles.

In 1997, he released his first solo album, Out of the Way. He followed it up twenty-one years later with Game Day.

Early life
Holsapple was born in 1956 in Greenwich, Connecticut, to Henry and Ann. The family moved south with his family to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in 1962. He had an older brother, Merritt (named for their maternal grandfather), who died in 1997, aged 52. Merritt was a fan of the Beach Boys and the Left Banke, which got his brother listening to them as well.

Holsapple graduated from R. J. Reynolds High School.

School bands
Holsapple began writing songs in third grade, and began playing in bands in 1964, when he was 7 or 8, beginning with the three-piece Dana & the Blue Jays. In 1969, he formed Soup with Chris Stamey. They played one show together, at a local church coffeehouse. In 1970, he formed Rittenhouse Square, which included Mitch Easter, Stamey and Bobby Locke. They released an independent album in 1972, recorded at Crescent City Sound Studios in Greensboro, North Carolina, in the spring of 1971. 500 copies were pressed.

When Rittenhouse broke up, Holsapple joined future dB's drummer Will Rigby and several other former high-school friends in Little Diesel, a proto-punk rock band fronted by Bob Northcutt which ran against the tastes of Southern rock. Little Diesel's album, the 17-track No Lie (produced by Stamey in 1974) was released on twenty 8-track cartridges, and it was re-released in 2006 on Telstar Records. "Kissy Boys" was an original, as were two early songs of Holsapple's. The band's music was heavily inspired by Lenny Kaye's 1972 compilation Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965–1968.

The dB's
College broke Little Diesel up, but Holsapple continued to write and sing, eventually moving to New York City from Memphis ("thinking some of the Big Star magic might rub off on me"), where he had recorded at Sam Phillips Studio with Big Star engineer Richard Rosebrough, three months into the dB's existence. While working part-time at a record store called Musical Maze at 294 Third Avenue, in October 1978 Holsapple joined as keyboard player and backing vocalist, but he quickly began submitting his songs, playing guitar, and singing lead vocals alongside Stamey. Holsapple and Chilton's cuts from Memphis were released by Omnivore on The Death of Rock in 2018.

The dB's released four studio albums before their disbandment in 1988: Stand for Decibels (1981), Repercussion (1981), Like This (1984) and The Sound of Music (1987).

In 1981, while living in New York City, Holsapple would often hear the dBs' first single, "Black and White", on Meg Griffin's Saturday-morning show on WXRK. "There's something about hearing that pumping out on the radio, when you drive into town and you hear yourself on a college radio station as you're getting close, it's just so cool that it makes you feel like, 'Yeah, I'm doing the right thing, this is exactly what I want to do,'" said Holsapple in 2022.

Stamey left the band after their second album, at which point Holsapple became the primary singer-songwriter.

R.E.M.
After the dB's broke up in 1988, Holsapple worked as a full-time auxiliary guitarist, bassist and keyboardist for R.E.M. on the Green world tour. He participated in the writing and development, as well as the recording, of their 1991 multi-platinum release Out of Time, but subsequently left his sideman role with R.E.M. due to rumoured disputes over songwriting credits. "It was a privilege to get to play those beautiful songs every night for months," he said in 2022.

1990s and beyond
Holsapple next worked with Hootie & the Blowfish as an auxiliary musician. He remained with them for 26 years.

He joined the Continental Drifters, for whom he had first produced some demos, a single, and the Nineteen Ninety-Three album. "Easily the best band I ever was a part of," Holsapple recalls. "Superb harmonies, top-shelf songwriting, and my favorite people on earth. We should all be so lucky to find friends like that." The band was originally based out of Los Angeles but the members eventually relocated to New Orleans. The band included members of the Dream Syndicate, the Bangles, and the Cowsills. Holsapple subsequently married Susan Cowsill and had a daughter. The group went on to record three well-received albums, an EP of Sandy Denny and Richard Thompson covers, and several tribute-album tracks, none of which translated into a lot of sales. Holsapple and Cowsill divorced in 2001, with Holsapple citing their reliance on alcohol at the time as a contributing factor.

In 1991, Holsapple and Stamey reunited to record an album entitled Mavericks, and a couple of years later Holsapple contributed to Melissa Ferrick's 1993 album Massive Blur. In 1997, he released his first solo album, Out of My Way.

In September 2005, the classic line-up of the dB's performed two shows in Chicago and two in Hoboken, New Jersey. December 2006 brought Stamey–Holsapple Christmas shows in North Carolina. The Bowery Ballroom in New York City hosted the dB'S in January 2007, and the following month the dB's made a brief appearance at Cat's Cradle in Carrboro, North Carolina.

Holsapple and Stamey released a new duo album, hERE aND nOW, on Bar/None Records in June 2009. This album featured a cover of the British progressive rock band Family's 1972 single "My Friend the Sun."

In 2012, Holsapple reunited with the dB's to complete their first new studio album in 25 years and their first in 30 years with the original 1978 lineup. Falling Off the Sky was released on Bar/None Records on June 12, 2012.

Holsapple released a solo single, "Don't Mention the War", on his own Hawthorne Curve Records on February 3, 2017, and released his second solo album, Game Day, in July 2018 on the Omnivore label. His record label is named for a notorious section of Interstate 40 in Winston-Salem.

On June 12, 2021, Holsapple and Stamey released Our Back Pages on Omnivore, an album of acoustic arrangements of songs by the dB's for Record Store Day.

Holsapple undertook a Peter Holsapple Makes Himself at Home Tour in 2022.

In 2024, Holsapple was playing with The Paranoid Style, alongside Michael Venutolo-Mantovani.

Personal life
Holsapple has three children (a daughter from his first marriage and two sons from his second), and is also grandfather. He is married to Sarah.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Holsapple relocated from New Orleans to Durham, North Carolina. He has a small recording studio behind his home which he calls the Hit Shed.

His father died in 2008, at the age of 95. "He was the kindest man I’ve ever known," Holsapple said in 2024. His mother died in 2013, aged 91.

title: Peter Holsapple


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Swale railway station

Swale railway station is in north Kent, England, on the Sheerness Line 47 mi from London Victoria, at the southern end of the Kingsferry Bridge which, along with the more modern Sheppey Crossing, connects the Isle of Sheppey to mainland Kent. The nearest settlement is Iwade. Train services are provided by Southeastern.

Facilities

Swale is a single platform station with one curving platform. It is immediately adjacent to the A249 road which is on a flyover above the station before it crosses The Swale on the Sheppey Crossing. The station is named after The Swale, the channel which separates the Isle of Sheppey from the mainland and connects with the River Medway to the west and Thames Estuary to the west. North of the station, the railway line crosses the channel on the Kingsferry Bridge. Ridham Dock lies 1 mi south-east of the station.

Swale Station was, for many years, the least-used station in Kent, until, in the 2021/22 statistics, it was overtaken by Kemsing.

History
The station was opened in 1913 as a staff halt, called Kings Ferry Bridge Halt. On 17 December 1922, the Norwegian cargo ship SS Gyp collided with the Kingsferry Bridge, rendering it unfit for rail traffic, and the station was renamed Kings Ferry Bridge South Halt, and opened to the public, who were able to walk across the bridge to a temporary station at Kings Ferry Bridge North Halt to continue their journeys.

This arrangement continued until 1 November 1923, when the bridge reopened to traffic and the North halt closed. The station was renamed Kings Ferry Bridge Halt on this date. The name was changed to Swale Halt in 1929. With the building of the new Kingsferry Bridge in 1960, a new station was constructed by British Railways on a different alignment, opening on 20 April 1960.

In 2005 the idea of closing Swale station, or at least replacing its train service with a token service (e.g. one train a week in either direction), was proposed by the Strategic Rail Authority (SRA) but rejected.

Services
All services at Swale are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service is one train per hour in each direction between Sheerness-on-Sea and Sittingbourne, from where connections are available to London Victoria, London St Pancras International, Dover Priory and Ramsgate.

title: Swale railway station