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Motto of the European Union

In varietate concordia (United in diversity ) is the official motto of the European Union (EU), adopted in 2000. Its translations in the other 24 official languages of the EU have equal standing. It is inspired by its Latin-language version coined by the Italian Nobel prize winner Ernesto Teodoro Moneta: In varietate concordia or In varietate unitas, which is also used as a compromise. It is one of the newest symbols of the European Union, alongside the European flag and anthem but, unlike most, it is specific to the EU rather than originating from the Council of Europe.

According to the European Commission, "The motto means that, via the EU, Europeans are united in working together for peace and prosperity, and that the many different cultures, traditions and languages in Europe are a positive asset for the continent." This amounts to the embracement of multiculturalism as the goal of European integration, as opposed to the goal of an emerging European identity which had been advocated in the 1990s.

History
The European motto was first adopted in May 2000 as "Unity in diversity" through a non-official process since it was a contest involving 80,000 students from the 15 countries that were members of the European Union at the time (a.k.a. "EU-15"): Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden & United Kingdom.

La Prairie's project (1998–1999)
In April 1998, French newspaper Ouest-France's Patrick La Prairie proposed the organisation of a European mottoes contest for the, then 15, EU members' secondary education students. This event was meant as a 50-year celebration of Founding father of the European Union Robert Schuman's famous declaration about a supranational Community which eventually led to the creation of the actual European Union.

Back in 1998, the European Union had already a flag of Europe, and anthem of Europe and was about to launch the euro, its currency; it lacked a motto, hence, the contest proposal. Journalist La Prairie was in charge of Ouest-France's Press-School mission and found two sponsors, World War II French museum Memorial de Caen and France Telecom, then a state-owned company. 40 newspaper partners were found in France as well as in the remaining countries of EU-15; with at least a newspaper per country, e.g. La Repubblica in Italy, Le Soir in Belgium, Irish Times in Ireland, Berliner Zeitung in Germany and The Guardian in UK.

The project was officially launched on 31 March 1999 with the opening of the une devise pour l'Europe contest's official website managed by France Telecom. The website featured pedagogic files, created by the operation's general Office located at the Caen Memorial, and teachers oriented pitches and registration forms available in the eleven official European languages (plus Catalan). The English-language version, called "A motto for Europe", had a website. The contest's slogan was "The only prize will be to write a page of Europe's History" (La seule récompense sera d’avoir écrit une page d’histoire de l'Europe).

A motto for Europe (1999–2000)
In September 1999, a contest was held at the start of the 1999–2000 school year to invent a motto for the European Union. 2,575 classes were involved, with students ranging from ages ten to nineteen. The main rule was that the motto had to consist of a sentence of no more than twelve words, with an accompanying explanation of no more than 1,500 characters written in the class's local language. An English version of the explanation was also required, since the teachers used this language to communicate between themselves. National and European winners were selected the following year.

By the contest deadline, 15 January 2000, 2016 mottoes had applied. A lexical analysis of this 400,000-word corpus was done by Taylor Nelson Sofres to reveal the most popular terms used by the young Europeans, which were: "Europe", "peace", "unity", "union", "together", "future", "difference", "hope", "solidarity", "egality", "liberty", "diversity", and "respect". This study was later used by the jury during the national selection.

In February 2000, each member of EU-15's media partner managed a top 10 national mottoes selection to later submit it to a second jury in charge of the European selection. These 142 mottoes were all translated in the 11 official European languages.

On 11 and 12 April 2000, the European Media Jury based at the Memorial of Caen, chose 7 mottoes among the late February selection (one voice per country). Those were next submitted to a final European Grand Jury in Brussels.

Proclamation at the European Parliament (2000)
On 4 May 2000 almost 500 schoolchildren from fifteen classes of the EU-15 (top class of each national selection) were gathered at the European Parliament in Brussels to assist the proclamation of the motto chosen that day by the 15-member Grand Jury including former Chancellor of Austria Franz Vranitzky, former Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Susanna Agnelli, former Belgian astronaut Dirk Frimout, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Uffe Ellemann-Jensen, Luxembourgian historian Gilbert Trausch, former German President of the Bundestag Rita Süssmuth, Irish Senator Mary Henry, former British President of the European Commission Roy Jenkins, and former French President of the European Commission Jacques Delors.

The motto was displayed on a blue background located behind the 24th President of the European Parliament Nicole Fontaine. Unité dans la diversité, French for Unity in diversity was translated in the eleven official languages of the EU plus Latin, In varietate concordia, as read out by Fontaine. The motto had been devised by Luxembourgian youngsters and prefaced by chairman Delors who added "Europe:" to it. Probably by coincidence, the same motto had been used in the title of a Workshop held in the European Centre for Modern Languages (Graz) on 23–25 April 1998: "East meets West: Unity in Diversity". The title was chosen by Dónall Ó Riagáin, on behalf of the organizers, the European Bureau for Lesser-Used languages (EBLUL). He attributes the expression to John Hume, the leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland when he first used it, in about 1983, perhaps basing it on the text "E pluribus unum"’ on the Seal of the USA.

Since it had to be submitted for official approval by the fifteen Chiefs of State of the European Council at Santa Maria da Feira on 19 and 20 June 2000, President Nicole Fontaine stated: « I want it to become the motto of all institutions, just as we have a flag and anthem ».

The six rejected mottoes were "Peace, Liberty, Solidarity", "Our differences are our strength", "United for peace and democracy", "United in liberty", "An old continent, a new hope", and "All different, all Europeans!"

"Unity in diversity" has been the national motto of Indonesia since 1945 (Bhinneka Tunggal Eka, in ancient Javanese) and on 27 April 2000 post-apartheid South Africa adopted a similar motto (ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke) in ǀXam (a sleeping San language), which also translates in English as "Unity in diversity".

European Council speech (2000)
On 19 June 2000, at Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal, 24th President of the European Parliament Nicole Fontaine concluded her official opening speech with the introduction of the European Union motto (Unité dans la diversité ): Pending the outcome of a much broader debate on the future of a Europe of 28, those citizens need clear ideas: open and lasting institutions and "unity in diversity", to quote the motto adopted a few weeks ago by 80000 young Europeans. official English translation by the European Parliament

Since then this motto was used by several European officials during their speeches at Strasbourg, including President of European Commission Romano Prodi on 4 July 2001 « our real strength lies in "unity in diversity" », Italian rapporteur Giorgio Ruffolo on 4 September 2001 « Therefore, the expression 'unity in diversity' has been chosen as the motto of the report », Austrian member of the European Parliament Paul Rübig on 10 April 2002 « Europe is, after all, about unity in diversity » or Spanish Member of the European Parliament Raimon Obiols on 4 September 2003 « Yesterday the President of the European Convention ended his speech by evoking the future European motto: united in diversity ».

European Constitution (2004)
In 2004, the motto was written into the failed European Constitution's Article I-8 about the EU's symbols.

Article I-8 The symbols of the Union

The flag of the Union shall be a circle of twelve golden stars on a blue background.

The anthem of the Union shall be based on the 'Ode to Joy' from the Ninth Symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven.

The motto of the Union shall be: 'United in diversity'.

The currency of the Union shall be the euro.

Europe day shall be celebrated on 9 May throughout the Union.

The motto translations were slightly modified since 2000, including the English-language version becoming « United in Diversity ». Though this constitutional treaty was eventually rejected by the French and Dutch voters on 29 May and 1 June 2005.

Europe Day (2005)
On 9 May 2005, the European Commission issued promotional items such as a postcard featuring the symbols of Europe: the European flag, the European anthem, the European motto (now "United in diversity") and the Europe Day. Only lacked the European currency which was in the Treaty of 2004 but not yet constitutional. The official Europe Day poster also used the modified motto "United in Diversity".

The same day the new motto (Unie dans la diversité) was proclaimed by 1,000 youngsters at the Memorial of Caen as a 5-year celebration. These words were now written in the European Constitution project that was though rejected through referendum few days later.

Treaty of Lisbon (2007)
The Treaty of Lisbon, concluded in 2007, does not contain any article dedicated to symbols of the European Union. It retained much of the 2004 treaty but omitted the articles defining the European symbols, namely the flag, anthem and motto. It does however contain a declaration by 16 member states who affirmed their recognition of the symbols. In response to the omission of the symbols from the main treaty text, the European Parliament took the avant-garde in using the symbols as it had done in adopting them in the first place. Parliament changed its internal rules to make more use of the symbols. In the case of the motto, it would be printed on all Parliamentary documents.

The first 11 official EU languages and Latin (2000)
The original French motto Unité dans la diversité was translated in the other ten official EU languages plus Latin when it was proclaimed the motto for Europe on 4 May 2000.

 * Danish: Forenet i mangfoldighed
 * Dutch: In verscheidenheid verenigd
 * English: United in diversity
 * Finnish: Moninaisuudessaan yhtenäinen
 * French: Unité dans la diversité
 * German: Einheit in Vielfalt
 * Greek: Ενότητα στην πολυμορφία
 * Italian: Unità nella diversità
 * Portuguese: Unidade na diversidade
 * Spanish: Unidad en la diversidad
 * Swedish: Förenade i mångfalden
 * Latin: In varietate concordia

24 official EU languages (2013)
The motto was translated into the 23 languages in which there were official translations of the European Constitution on 29 October 2004. The treaty, and hence the motto, was officially translated into Bulgarian and Romanian despite the fact they would not join for a further three years. Irish was not included but is on the list here as it became an EU language in 2007. Croatian has been included since 1 July 2013. The following are the official translations as of March 2017:

(Edinstvo v mnogoobrazieto) (Enoméni stīn polymorfía)
 * Единство в многообразието
 * Ujedinjeni u različitosti
 * Forenet i mangfoldighed
 * In verscheidenheid verenigd
 * United in diversity
 * Ühinenud mitmekesisuses
 * Moninaisuudessaan yhtenäinen
 * Unie dans la diversité
 * In Vielfalt geeint
 * Ενωμένοι στην πολυμορφία
 * Ενωμένοι στην πολυμορφία
 * Egység a sokféleségben
 * Aontaithe san éagsúlacht
 * Unità nella diversità
 * Vienota dažādībā
 * Suvienijusi įvairovę
 * Magħquda fid-diversità
 * Zjednoczona w różnorodności
 * Unida na diversidade
 * Uniți în diversitate
 * Zjednotení v rozmanitosti
 * Združena v raznolikosti
 * Unida en la diversidad
 * Förenade i mångfalden

Unofficial translations
There exist translations of the motto into languages other than the 23 official languages of the EU.

Languages of EU member states

 * Aragonese: Unita en a dibersidat
 * Asturian: Xunida na diversidá
 * Basque: Aniztasunean bat eginik
 * Breton: Unanet el liested
 * Cantabrian: Aunía ena diversidá
 * Catalan: Units en la diversitat
 * Corsican: Uniti in a diversità
 * Friulian: Unîts inte diversitât
 * Galician: Unida na diversidade
 * Luxembourgish: A Villfalt gëeent
 * Mirandese: Ounida na dibersidade
 * Sardinian: Umpare in sa diversidade
 * Sassarese: Uniddi in la dibessiddai
 * Silesian: Skuplowańi we roztůmajtośći
 * Turkish: Çeşitlilikte birlik
 * West Frisian: Ienheid yn ferskaat

Languages of EU membership candidates
Further translations in the EU candidates' official languages were elaborated by the European Union or the candidate States themselves:
 * Icelandic: Sameinuð í fjölbreytileika
 * Macedonian: Обединети во различноста (Obedinemi vo različnosma)
 * Serbian: Уједињени у различитости (Ujedinjeni u različitosti)

Languages of former EU members

 * Scots: Unitit in diversitie
 * Scottish Gaelic: Aonachd ann an eugsamhlachd
 * Welsh: Yng nglym mewn gwahaniaeth

title: Motto of the European Union


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File:X-factor1.png

Summary
Cover to X-Factor #1. Art by Jackson Guice.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:X-factor1.png


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CTV

CTV may refer to:

Television

 * Connected TV, or Smart TV, a TV set with integrated internet

North America and South America

 * CTV Television Network, a Canadian television network owned by Bell Media
 * CTV 2, a secondary Canadian television network owned by Bell Media
 * CTV Atlantic, a system of four television stations in the Canadian Maritime provinces
 * CTV Comedy Channel
 * CTV Drama Channel
 * CTVglobemedia, now owned by Canadian telecom giant Bell Canada as Bell Media
 * CTV Life Channel
 * CTV News
 * CTV News Channel (Canadian TV channel)
 * CTV Sci-Fi Channel
 * C TV, a Trinidad and Tobago broadcast television station
 * Citizens Television, an American public access network in Connecticut
 * CTV: The Comedy Network, former name of Comedy Central, an American television channel

Asia

 * China Television, a Taiwanese television company, established 1968
 * CTV Main Channel
 * CTV News Channel (Taiwan)
 * CTV Classic
 * CTV (Japan) or Chūkyō Television Broadcasting, a television station in Nagoya, Japan
 * Commercial Television (Hong Kong TV station), a defunct television station in Hong Kong
 * CTV (Indonesia), a television station in Indonesia

Europe

 * ITV Channel Television, an ITV region for the Channel Islands
 * CTV (Bath), the University of Bath's student television station, "Campus TV"
 * CTV (pay television), a defunct analogue satellite television platform in Scandinavia
 * Vatican Television Center (Centro Televisivo Vaticano), the Vatican's TV channel
 * ČTV, a former channel of Česká televize, Czech Republic

Africa

 * CTV (Egyptian TV channel), the official Coptic Orthodox TV station broadcasting in Arabic
 * Cape Town TV, a South African television station

Oceania

 * Canterbury Television, a New Zealand television station
 * CTV Building, a building that collapsed during the 2011 Christchurch earthquake
 * CTV 41 Bendigo, a former Australian community television station in Bendigo

Other uses

 * Citrus tristeza virus, a viral species that causes disease in citrus plants
 * Combat Tactical Vehicle (Technology Demonstrator)
 * Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela, a federation of labor unions in Venezuela
 * Corpo Truppe Volontarie, the Italian expeditionary force in the Spanish Civil War
 * Gorgon (missile family), CTV-4 and CTV-₰6

title: CTV


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Mannich reaction

In organic chemistry, the Mannich reaction is a three-component organic reaction that involves the amino alkylation of an acidic proton next to a carbonyl (C\dO) functional group by formaldehyde (H\sCHO) and a primary or secondary amine (\sNH2) or ammonia (NH3). The final product is a β-amino-carbonyl compound also known as a Mannich base. Reactions between aldimines and α-methylene carbonyls are also considered Mannich reactions because these imines form between amines and aldehydes. The reaction is named after Carl Mannich.

The Mannich reaction starts with the nucleophilic addition of an amine to a carbonyl group followed by dehydration to the Schiff base. The Schiff base is an electrophile which reacts in a second step in an electrophilic addition with an enol formed from a carbonyl compound containing an acidic alpha-proton. The Mannich reaction is a condensation reaction.

In the Mannich reaction, primary or secondary amines or ammonia react with formaldehyde to form a Schiff base. Tertiary amines lack an N–H proton and so do not react. The Schiff base can react with α-CH-acidic compounds (nucleophiles) that include carbonyl compounds, nitriles, acetylenes, aliphatic nitro compounds, α-alkyl-pyridines or imines. It is also possible to use activated phenyl groups and electron-rich heterocycles such as furan, pyrrole, and thiophene. Indole is a particularly active substrate; the reaction provides gramine derivatives.

The Mannich reaction can be considered to involve a mixed-aldol reaction, dehydration of the alcohol, and conjugate addition of an amine (Michael reaction) all happening in "one-pot". Double Mannich reactions can also occur.

Reaction mechanism
The mechanism of the Mannich reaction starts with the formation of an iminium ion from the amine and formaldehyde.

The compound with the carbonyl functional group (in this case a ketone) will tautomerize to the enol form, after which it attacks the iminium ion.

On methyl ketones, the enolization and the Mannich addition can occur twice, followed by an β-elimination to yield β-amino enone derivatives.

Asymmetric Mannich reactions
(S)-proline catalyzes a chiral Mannich reaction. It diastereoselects the syn adduct, with greater effect for larger aldehyde substituents; and enantioselects the (S, S) adduct. A substituted proline can instead catalyze the (R, S) anti adduct.

Applications
The Mannich reaction is used in many areas of organic chemistry, Examples include:
 * alkyl amines
 * peptides, nucleotides, antibiotics, and alkaloids (e.g. tropinone )
 * agrochemicals, such as plant growth regulators
 * polymers
 * catalysts
 * Formaldehyde tissue crosslinking
 * Pharmaceutical drugs (e.g. rolitetracycline (the Mannich product of tetracycline and pyrrolidine), fluoxetine (antidepressant), tramadol and tolmetin (anti-inflammatory drug).
 * soap and detergents, especially with application to automotive fuel
 * Polyetheramines from substituted branched chain alkyl ethers.
 * α,β-unsaturated ketones by the thermal degradation of Mannich reaction products (e.g. methyl vinyl ketone from 1-diethylamino-butan-3-one)

title: Mannich reaction


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Talk:Thioester

The links to footnote 12 seem to be corrupt... (A pity - this is very interesting stuff - tf@dpmms.cam.ac.uk) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.154.72.253 (talk) 01:58, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

Does is stike anyone else that de Duve's explanation is not satisfactory? Keep in mind that the use of ATP involves several steps of enzyme catalysations(if that's a word). How would thioester be useful without such enzymes, and does it need them at all, or can it self-hydrolysize? --Alkafett 20:26, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Using IUPAC nomenclature - esters are named alcohol then carboxylic acid (classically) - which would make R-S-(C=0)-R (discussed in this article) a thiolester not a thioester. Thionoester is the correct term for an R-O-(C=S)-R species - deriving its name from thione functional group ( C=S ).

I know I have seen examples in the literature (chemical and biochemical) with both thioester and thiolester being used to mean R-S-(C=0)-R - so I can understand the confusion. but i feel that this article should be alterred for clarification arthuc01 5.27 7th Jan 2007 (GMT)

thioester via activated acyl
I'm not the greatest chemistry buff, but can't a sulfhydryl containing molecule be derivatized to a thioester using an activated acyl group also? Jordanboutilier (talk) 05:29, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

pantetheine
A thioester, if it stably exists, is obviously matching self-dehydration to self-hydrolysis. But in de Duve's scenario for a pre-ATP energy economy, as well as with coenzyme A's need to hang onto a fatty acid, then release it, one must wonder how a single thiol can have its nucleophilicity switched on demand between two values, flipping the equilibrium as circumstances require. I have long thought that pantetheine's amides were spaced advantageously for an intramolecular charge-relay system. Merely by rotating a few of its bonds - with near-zero net free-energy change - the molecule could show a great range of pKa at the thiol. Some years ago I sought to test this by substituting simple acyl or sulfonyl moieties for the pantoyl group in pantetheine to see if the thiol's acidity responded. Since I was a lousy chemist, I never got pure products, and so confirmed nothing. Thus I believe this does not violate Wikipedia's rule against original research! Meanwhile, an online search for "pantetheine charge-relay" yields nothing germane. Clearly, though, pantetheine has some special aptitude for its office. Jahutter (talk) 22:48, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

Cut-out
Today I excised this part because they appear to be very specialized and barely on topic: The C-H groups adjacent to the carbonyl in thioesters are mildly acidic (more so than in esters ) and undergo aldol condensations. This kind of reaction occurs in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. --Smokefoot (talk) 14:46, 5 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thioester


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M10 tank destroyer

The M10 tank destroyer, formally 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage M10, or M10 GMC  was an American tank destroyer of World War II. After US entry into World War II and the formation of the Tank Destroyer Force, a suitable vehicle was needed to equip the new battalions. By November 1941, the Army requested a vehicle with a gun in a fully rotating turret after other interim models were criticized for being too poorly designed. The prototype of the M10 was conceived in early 1942 and delivered in April that year. After appropriate changes to the hull and turret were made, the modified version was selected for production in June 1942 as the "3-inch Gun Motor Carriage M10". It mounted the 3-inch (76.2 mm) gun M7 in a rotating turret on a modified M4 Sherman tank chassis.

It was built in two variants. The M10 GMC used the M4A2 Sherman chassis and the M10A1 used the M4A3 chassis. Production of the two models ran from September 1942 to December 1943 and October 1942 to November 1943, respectively.

The M10 was numerically the most important U.S. tank destroyer of World War II. It combined thin but sloped armor with the M4's reliable drivetrain and a reasonably potent anti-tank gun mounted in an open-topped turret. Despite its obsolescence in the face of newer German tanks like the Panther and the introduction of more powerful and better-designed types as replacements, the M10 remained in service until the end of the war. During World War II, the primary user of the M10 tank destroyer was the United States, but many were Lend-Leased to the United Kingdom, Canada and Free French forces. Several dozen were also sent to the Soviet Union. Post-war, the M10 was given as military surplus to several countries, such as Belgium, Denmark, and the Netherlands, through the Mutual Defense Assistance Act or acquired through other means by countries like Israel and the Republic of China.

The M10 is often referred to by the nickname "Wolverine", an unofficial name that sometimes appeared in wartime Chrysler advertising, but that was not used by U.S. troops; the M10 was never officially assigned a nickname or referred to with one when used by American soldiers, who simply called it a "TD" (a nickname for any tank destroyer in general) beyond its formal designation.

Doctrine
U.S. combined arms doctrine on the eve of World War II held that tanks should be designed to fulfill the role of forcing a breakthrough into enemy rear areas. Separate GHQ (General Headquarters) tank battalions would support infantry in destroying fixed enemy defenses, and armored divisions would then exploit the breakthrough to rush into the enemy's vulnerable rear areas. U.S. tanks were expected to fight any hostile tanks they encountered in their attack, but the mission of destroying massed enemy armored thrusts was assigned to a new branch, the Tank Destroyer Force developed in 1941. Tank destroyer units were meant to counter German blitzkrieg tactics. Rather than rely on a "thin cordon" of anti-tank guns which would be defeated by a concentrated attack, the tank destroyer units were to be held as a reserve behind the battleline (at the corps or army level), and were to move quickly to the site of any massed enemy tank breakthrough. They would maneuver aggressively and using ambush tactics to destroy enemy tanks; charging or chasing enemy tanks was explicitly prohibited. This led to a requirement for very fast, well-armed vehicles. Though equipped with turrets (unlike most self-propelled anti-tank guns of the day), the typical American design was more heavily gunned, but more lightly armored, and thus more maneuverable, than a contemporary tank. The idea was to use speed and agility as a defense, rather than thick armor, to bring a powerful self-propelled gun into action against enemy tanks. Or more precisely, to use speed to deploy ahead of the attacking enemy, take up camouflaged and protected firing positions on their flanks if possible, and then open fire. If unable to destroy the enemy force or to force them to retreat, then mobility would be used to avoid enemy fire until the TDs could withdraw, preferably to move up and deploy for another ambush. Direct combat in the open against tanks was to be avoided whenever possible.

Development
After the formation of the Tank Destroyer Tactical and Firing Center at Camp Hood, Texas in November 1941, the Army began testing to standardize on a configuration for the new tank destroyer battalions. The Tank Destroyer board began to examine several hundred Ordnance Department prototype proposals for a tank destroyer mounting a 3-inch gun, initially focusing the most interest on two:

 * The T1, developed beginning in 1940 and standardized as the "M5 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage" in January 1941. It was a modified Cleveland Tractor Company airfield towing tractor mounting a 3-inch gun T9 in a limited-traverse mounting
 * T24, developed beginning in October 1941. It was an M3 Lee chassis mounting a 3-inch gun M1918 in a limited-traverse mounting. The T24 was initially rejected as being too tall and the T40 was its improved derivative. The T40 was standardized as the "M9 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage" for limited production in May 1942 but never built.

Meanwhile, as the final design developments of these two tank destroyers were underway, the Ordnance Department became dissatisfied and by November 1941 had issued an additional specification for a tank destroyer with a 3-inch gun in a rotating turret. Design work began immediately. The 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage T35 combined an early-production M4A2 medium tank hull with the 3-inch gun M7 from the M6 Heavy Tank in a cast, circular, open-topped turret. Using lessons learned from combat reports from the Philippines, the armor on the sides and rear of the upper hull was changed from flat to sloped plates. This new test vehicle was designated the 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage T35E1. Prototypes of these two vehicles were delivered to Aberdeen Proving Ground in April 1942, and the Army selected the T35E1 for further development on 2 May 1942. The side and rear upper hull armor of the T35E1 was thinned from 1 inch (25.4 mm) to 0.75 inches (19 mm) in order to reduce the weight of the vehicle. The staff at Aberdeen Proving Ground was worried that the armor of the T35E1 was too thin, and so bosses for appliqué armor panels were added to the hull sides, glacis, and turret sides. As the cast turret was found to be difficult to manufacture, the design of the turret was changed to a sloped pentagonal shape made of welded armor plate. In June 1942, the modified T35E1 was standardized as the 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage M10. By fall 1943, with its M5 and M9 competitors being eliminated from the design competition and their production contracts cancelled, the M10 was to become the United States' primary tank destroyer of the early war period.

As there were fears that the production of M4A2 chassis would be inadequate for M10 production, an alternate design, the 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage M10A1 based on the M4A3 medium tank chassis, was also authorized for production.

Design
American tank destroyer doctrine emphasized speed and gun power over armor. As a result, the M10's armor was thin, which made it vulnerable to most German anti-tank weapons. The thickness of the M10's armor ranged from 3/8 to 2+1/4 in. The lower hull, being modified from that of a standard M4A2 or M4A3 Sherman tank, had 1 in armor on the sides and rear, and a 1/2 in floor. The rounded, cast transmission cover was 2 in thick. In a departure from its M4 Sherman parent, the M10 lacked the extra $1/2$-inch floor plate under the driver's and assistant driver's stations that provided them additional protection from mines.

The glacis plate was 1+1/2 in thick, sloped at 55 degrees from the vertical. The sides and rear of the upper hull were 3/4 in thick, sloped at 38 degrees from the vertical. The rear upper hull plate was used for storage of the vehicle's pioneer and maintenance tools: a 5 lb axe, a 5 ft crowbar, a mattock handle and head, a double-sided 10 lb sledgehammer, and a track tensioning wrench. The sides and rear of the upper hull featured angled extensions or covers over the upper run of track. These extensions often got in the way of fitting "duckbill" extended end connectors, used to reduce ground pressure on soft ground, and were often removed, along with the front fenders, by maintenance units. The hull roof plate ranged from 3/4 in thick over the driver's and assistant driver's stations and turret ring, to 3/8 in thick over the engine compartment.

The manually rotated turret of the M10 was a pentagonal shape. The sides were sloped 15 degrees inward from the vertical and were 1 in thick. The rear of the turret was also 1 inch thick. The partial roof on the front third of the turret opening was 3/4 in thick. The triangular cast gun shield sported the thickest armor on the vehicle, 2+1/4 in. It was sloped at 45 degrees from the vertical and horizontal.

The M10 and M10A1 were mechanically identical except for their power plants. The M10 used the General Motors 6046, a twin engine formed from two Detroit Diesel 6-71 inline engines mated to a single output. The tandem engine produced 375 hp at 2,100 rpm. One advantage of the GM 6046 was that the engines could be disconnected at will from the output and run independently. If one of the engines was damaged or destroyed, it could be disconnected and the other engine used to move the vehicle. The engine of the M10A1 was the Ford GAA, an 8-cylinder derivative of an ill-fated V-12 aircraft engine project. It produced 450 hp at 2,600 rpm. When tested side by side in September 1943, the M10A1 was judged to have superior automotive performance to the M10. Even though it produced only slightly less torque, the M10A1's engine was far lighter, and used a common fuel like the rest of the Army's vehicles (gasoline). By the time the test results were released in February 1944, the Army was committed to using the M10 overseas. As a result, the M10A1 was kept in the United States for training.

The M10 and M10A1 had a crew of five; commander, gunner, loader, driver, and assistant driver. The driver and assistant driver (who also operated the vehicle's radio) were seated in the front hull and provided with periscopes. The unique design of the hull hatches to clear the gun mantlet meant that the driver's view directly to the left side was obstructed. He was provided with a second periscope at the edge of the hull for this purpose. The commander, gunner, and loader were all located in the turret. The commander sat on a folding seat at the right rear. The gunner, on the left side of the gun, normally stood to operate it, but he was also provided with a folding seat. The loader normally stood in the area behind the gun. A third folding seat was provided in the turret for the assistant driver in case he needed to assist the loader for any reason.

Unlike the M4 tanks it was based upon, the M10 lacked an auxiliary generator, which forced the crew to run the main engines in order to recharge the vehicle's batteries. The engine noise and smoke could attract enemy fire, especially in close quarters, where the M10 was vulnerable due to its thin armor and open-topped turret. The lack of an auxiliary generator was rectified with the introduction of the M36 tank destroyer.

Production
Soon after reaching production, it was realized that the barrel of the 3-inch gun M7 was too heavy, to the point where it prevented traverse of the turret on a slope of more than four degrees. As an attempt to improve the figure to fifteen degrees, the Army ordered that the track grousers and antiaircraft machine gun be stored on the rear of the turret. This did not solve the balance problem, and on 21 December 1942, triangular "quick fix" turret counterweights made of lead, mild steel, or cast iron were authorized. The mild steel parts weighed 2,400 pounds. Meanwhile, a set of wedge-shaped counterweights weighing 3,700 pounds total was designed by Fisher. The wedge-shaped weights began to be added to new vehicles at Fisher on 25 January 1943. By late December 1942, a second lock was added to the turret and a stirrup-shaped gun cradle was added to the rear deck to secure the gun for travel.

Since the track grousers could not be stored on the rear of the turret anymore, grouser racks that could be attached to the appliqué armor bosses on the hull were added to vehicles beginning in early April 1943. The M10 initially lacked any provision for indirect fire. In May 1943, an azimuth indicator and gunner's quadrant were added to the M10. The grouser racks and indirect fire equipment were often retrofitted to earlier vehicles. By late June 1943, it was realized that Fisher's initial counterweights were too heavy. Two newly designed counterweights reduced the total weight to 2,500 pounds and better distributed the weight of the gun. They resembled an upside-down "duck bill" shape when viewed from the side. To accommodate the new weights, the design of the upper rear of the turret was changed from sloped inwards to nearly vertical. In July 1943, the appliqué armor bosses on the hull sides and turret were dropped from production. The bosses on the glacis were retained. In late September 1943, a single M10 was tested with an Oilgear hydraulic traversing motor that could traverse the turret even without the counterweights, but this modification was not pursued as the production contracts were reaching their end.

Production of 4,993 M10s by the Fisher Body division of General Motors at the Fisher Tank Arsenal in Grand Blanc, Michigan ran from September 1942 through December 1943. Ford Motor Company built 1,038 M10A1s from October 1942 until September 1943. From September to November 1943, Fisher built the remaining 375 M10A1s. Fisher also completed a further 300 M10A1 hulls without turrets in January 1944 for direct conversion to M36 tank destroyers. From January to June 1944, 209 M10A1 vehicles were subsequently converted to M35 Prime Movers by removing the turret and adding the necessary equipment for them to tow the 8-inch Gun M1 and 240 mm Howitzer M1

1,413 M10A1s, including the 300 hulls manufactured in January 1944, and 724 M10s were eventually converted into M36 tank destroyers.

Primary
The M10 tank destroyer used an M4A2 medium tank chassis (M10A1s used an M4A3 chassis) with an open-topped manually traversed turret mounting the 3-inch gun M7, in the M5 mount. The M7 gun weighed 1,990 pounds. The gunner stood or sat on the left side of the gun, and aimed it using the M51 or M70G telescope. An M12A4 panoramic telescope was also provided on the right side of the turret for indirect fire use. The M10 carried 54 rounds of 3-inch ammunition, 48 of which were stowed in four racks in the sponsons, and 6 rounds in the upper rear of the turret. For combat use, the 3-inch Gun M7 could fire five types of ammunition:
 * M79 AP-T shot
 * M62/M62A1 APCBC/HE-T shell
 * M42A1 high explosive shell
 * M88 HC B1 (hexachloroethane smoke) shell
 * T4 (M93) HVAP-T shot

The M79 AP shot could penetrate 92 mm of homogeneous armor angled at 30 degrees from the vertical at 1,000 yards. The M62 APCBC/HE-T shell was capable of penetrating 88 mm of homogeneous armor angled 30 degrees from the vertical at 1,000 yards. The rare T4 (M93) HVAP shot that saw action in small numbers beginning in September 1944 was capable of penetrating 135 mm of homogeneous armor angled at 30 degrees from the vertical at 1,000 yards. This shot featured a sub-caliber tungsten carbide penetrator encased within a steel jacket and aluminum body and ballistic "windshield". It was standardized as the M93 in February 1945. By March 1945, about 18,000 rounds of this special ammunition had been delivered to the European Theater, 58 percent of which were 3-inch projectiles. The M42A1 high explosive shell was used for indirect artillery fire or against fortifications and soft targets like infantry in trenches or antitank guns. The M88 hexachloroethane smoke shell was used to create smoke screens, or to flush enemy infantry out of buildings or fortified positions.

Secondary
A .50 caliber (12.7 mm) Browning M2HB machine gun could be mounted on the top rear of the turret for use against enemy infantry and for anti-aircraft use, along with 300 rounds of ammunition stowed in 50-round boxes under the vehicle subfloor. The crew also had their personal weapons for self-defense. A Thompson submachine gun with 460 rounds of ammunition was stowed on brackets in the right rear of the turret for use by the vehicle commander. The other four crew members were armed with M1 carbines, each carrying as much ammunition on their person as they saw fit. An M1903 Springfield rifle with 60 rounds of ammunition was stowed next to the assistant driver, and an adapter for the rifle and ten M9 rifle grenades for use against tanks were stowed under the left front vehicle subfloor. Storage boxes in the turret held five Mk 2 grenade, five M18 smoke grenade, and two thermite grenades.

United States Army

The M10's heavy chassis did not conform to the quickly evolving tank destroyer doctrine of employing very light high-speed vehicles, and starting in the summer of 1944 it began to be supplemented by the fast M18 Hellcat. American tank destroyer doctrine called for tank destroyers to be kept in reserve and rushed forward to counter massed enemy armored attacks. In reality, this was not the case and M10 battalions were attached, often semi-permanently, to infantry and armored divisions to provide additional direct and indirect fire support. Typical missions included providing indirect artillery fire by augmenting divisional artillery units, following and supporting the lead elements of an infantry assault, attacking obstacles such as fortifications and enemy vehicles (including tanks) that hampered the advance of friendly units, and setting up an antitank defense once the objective was secured.

The combat debut of the M10 came on 23 March 1943, during the Battle of El Guettar, in the Tunisian campaign part of the larger North African campaign. The M10 was initially successful as its M7 3-inch gun could destroy most German tanks then in service. During the battle, M10s of the 899th Tank Destroyer Battalion and M3 Gun Motor Carriages of the 601st Tank Destroyer Battalion destroyed 30 German tanks, although 20 M3s and 7 M10s were lost. The M10 did not see much anti-tank action for the rest of the North African campaign, and instead was used as mobile fire support.

During tank fighting in the Normandy campaign, the M10's 3-inch gun was proven to be ineffective against the thick frontal armor of the German Panther medium tank. On 6 July 1944, Eisenhower's headquarters requested that all M10 battalions be converted to the new M36 as soon as possible. On 10 July 1944, the 899th Tank Destroyer Battalion blunted a German counterattack by the Panzer Lehr Division near Le Dézert and destroyed 12 Panthers, one Panzer IV, and one Sturmgeschütz III assault gun in a fierce two-day battle, most of it taking place at ranges of less than 200 m. Due to the initial shock of encountering heavy German tanks, further changes were made in the tank destroyer force in late September 1944. American officials requested that of the 52 battalions then committed to the European theater, 20 be converted to the M36, 20 retain the M10 or M18 at the discretion of their commanders, and the 12 towed battalions be re-equipped with the (then-prototype) T5 90 mm towed gun. By October 1944, the improved 90 mm Gun Motor Carriage M36 began to arrive in Europe, and mostly replaced the M10 by the end of the war. The plans to retain any towed battalions at all were canceled after their generally poor performance and high losses in 1944, especially during the Battle of the Bulge.

In the Italian campaign, as in northern Europe, the M10s were normally attached to infantry or armored units as infantry support or mobile artillery, more so the latter because of the general lack of German armor in that theater. Many US divisional commanders asked for their M10s to be replaced with fully armored tanks. In the Pacific war, due to the lack of serious Japanese tank opposition, US Army M10s were not used as tank destroyers, but as mobile artillery and infantry support. The M10 proved unpopular in the Pacific due to its open turret, which left it vulnerable to Japanese close-assault antitank tactics.

British Army
The United States supplied 1,648 M10s to the British Army via the Lend-Lease program. The British gave them the designation 3inch Self-propelled Mount M10 (3-in SPM M10). The M10 with the "wedge" counterweight was known as the "3in SPM M10 Mk I" and the M10 with the "duck bill" counterweight was the "3in SPM M10 Mk II". 1,017 of the vehicles were up-gunned with the powerful 17-pounder (76.2mm) gun from May 1944 to April 1945. Within the Department of Tank Design both the 3-inch and 17-pounder versions were known as "Achilles". The 17-pounder conversions were designated various ways, with a "C" suffix added on to the "M10" designation, called "17pdr M10" or "Achilles Ic". Most of the vehicles converted were the 3in SPM M10 Mk II, as the duck bill counterweight balanced the heavy gun better. The gun mantlet needed modification to accept the barrel. Although the 17-pounder was a similar bore to the 3-inch gun M7, it had a longer barrel and used a larger propellant charge giving far superior armor penetrating capabilities. Using the APDS round, the gun performance was increased by about 50%. The 17pdr SP was used by the British, Canadian and Polish armies in Italy and northwest Europe. As well as service with British forces in Northwest Europe, they were retained post-war. Those not upgunned were stripped of their turrets and used as artillery tractors.

In British service, as self-propelled anti-tank guns, the M10 was operated by regiments of the Royal Artillery. Typically, two batteries had M10s while the other two batteries had the towed 17-pounder gun. One tactical theory was that the two towed batteries would form a gun line, while an M10 battery remained mobile on each flank to drive or lead enemy tanks to the static gun line. In practice, UK batteries were frequently separated in Normandy, M10s being seconded to British tank brigades equipped with Churchill tanks armed with the general purpose 75 mm gun just as were British 17 pounder conversions.

Free French Army
The Free French received at least 227 M10s, 155 of them through Lend-Lease. They served first in Italy, then in France and Germany. During the liberation of Paris in August 1944, a single M10 of General Leclerc's 2nd Armored Division named "Siroco" disabled a Panther in the Place de la Concorde from under the Arc de Triomphe on the Place de L'Etoile, at 1,800 m. French M10s also saw action on the French-German border around Strasbourg and in southern Germany; the Free French First Army led by General De Lattre received some when they were a part of the Sixth United States Army Group. French M10s were operated along similar lines as US tank destroyer units, although initially with five vehicles per platoon instead of four.

Red Army
Approximately 52 M10s were supplied to the Soviet Union through Lend-Lease. They were used to form two self-propelled artillery regiments (SPA). The first was the 1223rd Self-propelled Artillery Regiment of the 29th Tank Corps, part of the 5th Guards Tank Army. This unit served on the 3rd Belorussian Front in 1944, taking part in summer campaigns in Belorussia, the Baltic, and East Prussia. The 1239th Self-propelled Artillery Regiment was part of the 16th Tank Corps, 2nd Tank Army. It fought in Belorussia and Poland in 1944.

Germany
In 1944, during the Battle of the Bulge, Operation Greif was a plan developed by the Nazis to infiltrate behind the Allies lines. They made various modifications to make approximately ten Panther tanks look as similar as possible to the American M10, known as the "Panther M10" or the "Ersatz M10" (Ersatz meaning 'replacement' or 'substitute' in German).

Israel
Israel bought M10s from scrapyards and dumping grounds in Europe after 1948. The first batch arrived in 1951, being in very bad shape. Some years later, as the M10's guns were worn out, Israel decided to install 17-pounder guns and also French high-velocity 75 mm CN 75-50 guns that had just been bought. The M10s were repaired and entered service in 1955. After the 1956 war, they received the diesel engines of captured Egyptian Sherman tanks. It is believed that Israel also bought M10s from France and may have captured several from Egypt.

There is no report that the modified M10s were used by the Israelis in combat. They were withdrawn from service by 1966.

Egypt
The Egyptian Army had a small number of ex-British M10s, 3-inch and 17-pdr versions, and used them in 1948 against Israel. Israel captured some of them.

Combat performance
The M10's open-topped turret left the crew vulnerable to artillery and mortar fire and fragments. The 893rd Tank Destroyer Battalion took many casualties from artillery fire and tree bursts and lost 16 of 24 M10s during the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest. The crew was also exposed to sniper fire and infantry close assault, such as grenades thrown through the open turret, or attacks from upper story-windows, especially in urban warfare and wooded areas. In UK service, one M10 in the 86th Anti-Tank Regiment (XII Corps) in Normandy drove back out of action three times with the turret crew dead. Two turret crews had been killed by 88mm air bursts or mortars exploding in treetops and one crew was killed by a direct hit through the turret. The same driver survived each time. When this driver was placed with a new crew, his fourth, he was declared to be a 'Jonah' (bad luck) and they refused to drive with him. He was transferred to another unit and told to keep quiet about his history.

However, the open-topped turret gave excellent visibility, which was valuable for a vehicle that was tasked with finding enemy armored vehicles and other targets. The open top also made escape easier when the vehicle was hit and improved communications with accompanying infantry.

The M10 had a very slow turret rotation speed, as the turret traverse was unpowered and the crew had to use a hand crank to rotate the turret. It took approximately 80 seconds to rotate a full 360 degrees.

Total M10 losses in the European Theater of Operations to all causes were 539. Despite not adhering strictly to the tank destroyer doctrine, the M10 still achieved impressive scores against enemy tanks. A US Army study of 39 tank destroyer battalions found that each destroyed, on average, 34 tanks, 17 towed guns, and 16 pillboxes. The tank destroyer battalions in the Third Army claimed the destruction of 686 tanks and 238 self-propelled guns. The highest-scoring tank destroyer battalion in the European Theater, the 823rd Tank Destroyer Battalion, claimed to have destroyed 113 panzers, including 27 Panthers and 18 Tigers, using towed guns and M10s. The 773rd Tank Destroyer Battalion also claimed to have destroyed 113 panzers, with the 702nd Tank Destroyer Battalion claiming 103. The 601st Tank Destroyer Battalion, which fought in North Africa, Italy, and Europe, claimed to have knocked out 155 tanks and self-propelled guns. Tank destroyers in the European Theater fired approximately 11 high-explosive (HE) rounds for every round of armor-piercing (AP) ammunition, an indication of their use in general support duties in addition to the intended mission of anti-tank defense.

Variants

 * 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage T35 (Prototype): M4A2 medium tank chassis
 * 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage T35E1 (Prototype): Redesign of T35 with thinner sloped armor. Turret design changed and vehicle standardized as M10.
 * 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage M10
 * 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage M10A1: M4A3 medium tank chassis
 * 3in SPM M10: M10 in British Army service that was equipped with the 3-inch gun M7.
 * The M10 with the "wedge" counterweight was designated 3in SPM M10 Mk I
 * The M10 with the "duck bill" counterweight was designated 3in SPM M10 Mk II
 * M10C or 17pdr M10: M10 in British Army service that was equipped with a 76mm Ordnance QF 17 pounder Mark V gun as used on some British tanks. They can be identified by the muzzle brake at the end of the barrel and a counterweight behind the muzzle brake. Post-war the name Achilles has become associated with the 17pdr; contemporary sources referred to it as a "Firefly", not to be confused with post-war use of the name for the 17pdr Sherman tank.
 * M35 Prime Mover: Turretless M10A1 used as an artillery tractor
 * 3in SP Ram Mk I: Proposed Canadian-built version using a Ram tank chassis – a single prototype was built in 1942.
 * M10 Self-Propelled Howitzer: Demilitarized M10s transferred to the Republic of China in 1949 and rearmed with modified ex-Imperial Japanese Army 105 mm infantry howitzers. Other modifications included a permanent turret roof with crew hatches, lighter and more impact-resistant armor, and a bow machine gun. One prototype and 16 follow-on vehicles were made.
 * Israeli M10's: Israeli Ordnance Corps converted tanks, using 75mm guns received from France. This gun was fitted to a number of M10's (originally Achilles tank destroyers), that were renamed as M-50 Achilles tank destroyers.

Users

 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * Free France
 * 🇮🇱 Israel
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * Republic of China
 * Nazi Germany (Ersatz M10 and captured vehicles)
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * USSR
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands

Vehicles of comparable role, performance and era

 * American M36 GMC
 * British SP 17pdr, A30 (Avenger)
 * German Hetzer and Sturmgeschütz III
 * Italian Semovente da 75/34
 * Romanian Mareșal
 * Soviet SU-85
 * Soviet SU-100

title: M10 tank destroyer


text:
Talk:United Christian Democratic Party

Untitled
Hi my name is special Edd i guys suck haha

That's extremely interesting. «sarcasm» QuartierLatin1968 05:46, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

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NPOV
The usage of the term "Bantustan" is disparaging. --105.4.2.94 (talk) 20:30, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:United Christian Democratic Party


text:
One-factor-at-a-time method

The one-factor-at-a-time method, also known as one-variable-at-a-time, OFAT, OF@T, OFaaT, OVAT, OV@T, OVaaT, or monothetic analysis is a method of designing experiments involving the testing of factors, or causes, one at a time instead of multiple factors simultaneously.

Advantages
OFAT is favored by non-experts, especially in situations where the data is cheap and abundant.

There exist cases where the mental effort required to conduct a complex multi-factor analysis exceeds the effort required to acquire extra data, in which case OFAT might make sense. Furthermore, some researchers have shown that OFAT can be more effective than fractional factorials under certain conditions (number of runs is limited, primary goal is to attain improvements in the system, and experimental error is not large compared to factor effects, which must be additive and independent of each other).Friedman, M., and Savage, L. J. (1947), “Planning Experiments Seeking Maxima,” in Techniques of Statistical Analysis, eds. C. Eisenhart, M. W. Hastay, and W. A. Wallis, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 365-372.

Disadvantages
In contrast, in situations where data is precious and must be analyzed with care, it is almost always better to change multiple factors at once. A middle-school-level example illustrating this point is the family of balance puzzles, which includes the Twelve Coins puzzle. At the undergraduate level, one could compare Bevington's  versus. The latter is far from optimal, but the former, which changes only one variable at a time, is worse. See also the factorial experimental design methods pioneered by Sir Ronald A. Fisher. Reasons for disfavoring OFAT include:

 * 1) OFAT requires more runs for the same precision in effect estimation
 * 2) OFAT cannot estimate interactions
 * 3) OFAT can miss optimal settings of factors.

Designed experiments remain nearly always preferred to OFAT with many types and methods available, in addition to fractional factorials which, though usually requiring more runs than OFAT, do address the three concerns above. One modern design over which OFAT has no advantage in number of runs is the Plackett-Burman which, by having all factors vary simultaneously (an important quality in experimental designs), gives generally greater precision in effect estimation.

title: One-factor-at-a-time method


text:
The Cracow Klezmer Band

The Cracow Klezmer Band was a Polish jazz quartet formed by accordionist and composer in 1997 in the city of Kraków, and recorded for Tzadik Records. The group performed at Jewish Culture festivals in Hungary, Finland, Poland, Prague, and the Czech Republic. Its sound was different from what most people would consider to be traditional klezmer music — instead of danceable versions of traditional Yiddish songs, and free-form fantasies, and laments, The Cracow Klezmer Band played often dark and brooding but soulful and dynamic original virtuoso compositions instead in the klezmer form. Some songs could be considered dance pieces, but there were none of the traditional Bulgars, Freylekhs or Horas.

They also imitated non-musical sounds using their instruments, for example the sound of a creaking ship or a distant crying bird; this actually has a long tradition in klezmer music.

In January 2007, the band changed its name to the Bester Quartet, with the same line-up.

Members
The Cracow Klezmer Band consisted of four members:
 * Jarosław Bester – accordion
 * Jarosław Tyrala – violin
 * Oleg Dyyak – accordion, clarinet and percussion
 * Wojciech Front – double bass

Discography
The Band released albums on John Zorn's Tzadik record label, with its mandate of "Radical Jewish Culture."

The Cracow Klezmer Band

 * De Profundis (2000)
 * The Warriors (2001)
 * Voices in the Wilderness (2003) - Crakow Klezmer Band perform one track
 * Bereshit (2003)
 * Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass (2005)
 * Balan: Book of Angels Volume 5 (2006)
 * Remembrance (2007)

Bester Quartet

 * Metamorphoses (2012)
 * The Golden Land (2013)
 * Krakoff (2013)

title: The Cracow Klezmer Band


text:
Talk:HPK

Untitled

 * Someone familiar with this might be able to help out at HPK won Finnish championship of ice hockey? Bawolff 00:52, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:HPK


text:
Talk:JYP Jyväskylä

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title: Talk:JYP Jyväskylä


text:
Talk:Oulun Kärpät

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title: Talk:Oulun Kärpät


text: Talk:Lukko

title: Talk:Lukko


text:
Talk:SaiPa

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Talk:Glottalic consonant

English does not have ejectives
At least, no English I've ever heard. The plosives in star and scar are tenuis (unvoiced, unaspirated); the article wrongly transcribes them as ejective.

Also, this page is linked from the article on hangul, which states that the doubled letters represent glottalic consonants. However, although there's something going on with the glottis, they're neither ejective nor implosive. —kwami 20:28, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * English does have ejective allophones of stops in some positions, or at least mine does. But certainly not in star and scar. I've edited the page to just read "Glottalic sounds can be heard in some allophones of the English language.", which should probably expanded by someone who knows exactly where. --Ptcamn 30 June 2005 21:03 (UTC)

 * Wow, what dialect do you speak? I didn't know ejectives occurred anywhere in Europe (outside the Caucasus, anyway). Should probably state which dialect (they don't occur in RP or US English, for example), and also that they're ejective, and not just 'glottalic'.

 * Maybe this is what you mean. From Ladefoged: "stops that occur with an accompanying glottal stop, as in the London English pronunciation of 'rat' as ra7t may have small upward movement of the larynx that make them weakly ejective". kwami 2005 June 30 22:51 (UTC)

 * I think that (somewhat more prototypical) ejectives can occur in very emphatic, utterance-final positions. Just as Ladefoged says, this is forcing a release of the stop while maintaining the glottal closure. But, this probably depends on the individual & type/degree of emphasis. Anyway, they are definitely not a very frequent realization. peace – ishwar   (speak)  2005 July 2 18:10 (UTC)

 * I can see that. But with something so dependent on prosody, it might be difficult to convey what we mean. English is a tonal language too if you want to count such things. We have prosodic tone, and that can become distinctive. I remember hearning on the radio in the US that a station sponsor "wants you to have F.U.N.", where the acronym was pronounced just like the word 'fun', except with a high-to-mid falling tone. Bizarre. kwami 2005 July 3 02:04 (UTC)

 * Maddieson's map at WALS/7 (linked in article) marks Korean as having ejectives. However this contradicts the description in SOWL (which Maddieson co-authored) and at Korean phonology. The latter article goes on to say, “Sometimes the tense consonants are indicated with the apostrophe-like symbol ‹ʼ› symbolising glottalization, as in Americanist phonetic notation. This should not be confused with official IPA, as IPA ‹ʼ› represents the ejective consonants, with their piston-like upward glottal movement and non-pulmonic air pressure, which the Korean tense consonants do not feature.” We need an expert to tell us which is right. Assuming the experts have reached a consensus. — Solo Owl (talk) 22:24, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure that I once heard that Glaswegian English (Glasgow/Glaschu) has ejective allophones in free variation with unreleased stops, when word final ("cat", "clap" etc.).

Pronunciation instructions
Wouldn't things like How to pronounce an implosive consonant belong on Wikibooks? --Ptcamn 30 June 2005 21:03 (UTC)

 * I suppose if you wanted to collect all the phonetics tidbits, that might make a decent book. kwami 2005 June 30 22:51 (UTC)

I think it’s nice that it’s here Anatol Rath (talk) 21:35, 31 May 2019 (UTC)

Implosive
I'm trying to follow the instructions to produce the implosive "b". I can produce a kind of "b" sound while breathing in, but how do I transition to breathing _out_ again for the immediately following vowel sound as in "bAAA"? If I continue breathing in for the vowel I make a croaky sound that would be appropriate in a horror movie but I don't think is what is intended. Thanks! Grover cleveland 07:35, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite needed
I am more confused now than before I read this article.

 * Definitions &c. The lead sentence needs to be clarified. I recently came under the impression that ejective, implosive, and pulmonic refer to different airstream mechanisms, and that "glottalic" means ejective or implosive (as opposed to pulmonic), whereas "glottalized" is pulmonic with a secondary articulation involving the larynx. If this is true, fix the sentence. If I am wrong, fix the next paragraph.

 * Classification. I am clear that ejective and implosive are 2 types of glottalic consonants. The 3rd and 4th paragraph talk about glottalized consonants as if they are a 3rd type of glottalic consonant. Or are glottalic consonants a type of glottalized consonant (per usage in WALS/7)? You should be clear on which is the subclass.

 * The section "Etymology" does not discuss etymology at all. Please rename it. Since the word "glottis" is in the defining lead sentence, no further etymology is needed. Apparently this section is meant to tell us that "glottalic" and "glottalized" are technical terms with significantly different meanings. It is not quite clear on this. It then muddies the waters by treating the latter as a type of the former, after seeming to say it is not.

 * The section "Glottalic sounds in languages" is rather vague. Not only is "rare" a weasel word, it is inappropriate here -- 27% of something is not rare! Perhaps the copyright allows us to adapt the WALS/7 map to our purpose here? In any case I will try to rewrite the section based on WALS, with computed percentages.

Hopefully an expert will clarify the definitions of glottalic, glottalized, and glottal in this article (and in the article "Glottalization", which suffers from the same confusion). — Solo Owl (talk) 21:52, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Distribution in the world's languages
This edit addresses the last bullet in my comment above. I replaced the section "Glottalic sounds in languages" with this one. (My biggest edit ever!) It is probably too long -- Maddieson is even more prolix than I am -- a good writer can try to boil it down to essentials. It may be too wonky and geeky -- I am a map freak and a mathematician.

It is important because it shows a few language universals (actually pseudo-universals, because these are statistical). (1) Phonetic phenomena tend to be distributed by geography, as much as by language family. (2) Complicated consonants occur in a minority of languages, but most likely in languages with many consonants. (3) Glottalized resonants are most likely to occur with ejectives (which may be of interest to those who reconstruct proto-languages). (4) There are exceptions to all such statements. But I do not have sources for all these generalizations.

It is based entirely on a single page on the Web -- is this a violation of Wikipedia's reliable source policy? Or the copyright policy? Anyone who has dead-tree references for the assertions here should add them. The italicized paragraph at the beginning of the section may be unique to Wikipedia; is it un-encyclopedic? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eall Ân Ûle (talk • contribs) 02:25, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Does anyone know how Maddieson chose the 566 or 567 languages he surveyed? Are these all the languages that phoneticists have studied? Was an effort made to gather data on languages with exotic sounds (thus biasing the sample)? Or are they just the languages that happen to be in databases he can access? — Solo Owl (talk) 03:03, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glottalic consonant


text:
Talk:Tappara

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So nothing else than a small mentioning of the TPK? Is this some sort of anti-Swedish propaganda? 78.71.209.195 (talk) 15:33, 6 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tappara


text:
Talk:HC TPS

Success by Season
Please re-add the backgrounds for the seasons with medals. Yellow/gold background on the text Gold or 1st, silver/grey background on the text Silver or 2nd, and brown/bronze background on the text Bronze or 3rd. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.145.224.60 (talk) 13:06, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:HC TPS


text:
Lipan language

Lipan (ndé miizaa) is an Eastern Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Lipan Apache in the states of Coahuila and Chihuahua in northern Mexico, some reservations of New Mexico and parts of southern Texas. Lipan belongs to the Na-Dene languages family and it is closely related to the Jicarilla language, which is also part of the Eastern Southern Athabaskan languages.

History
In 1981, it was reported that in New Mexico there were only 2 or 3 elderly speakers still alive.

On March 22, 2023, a speech in Lipan was given in the tribune of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico.

On July 22, 2023, the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas presented and validated an official alphabet for Lipan in the Assembly Hall of Casas Grandes, Chihuahua.

Distribution
In Mexico, Lipan is traditionally spoken in some native communities in the states of Coahuila and Chihuahua: In Coahuila it was mainly spoken in Los Lirios and San Antonio de Alanzas in Arteaga Municipality, El Remolino and Zaragoza in Zaragoza Municipality, Sierra de Santa Rosa de Lima and Múzquiz in Múzquiz Municipality and the cities of Sabinas and Saltillo. In Chihuahua it is mainly spoken in Ciudad Juarez, the city of Chihuahua and other native towns.

Lipan was spoken in New Mexico in the Mescalero Reservation and in Texas near the Mexico-U.S. border.

Consonants
There are 30 consonants in Lipan Apache:

Vowels
There are 16 vowels in Lipan Apache:

Tone
Tones are represented as high, low , falling , and rising. Rising and falling tones only occur on long vowels.

Toponymy
The Lipan people preserve their own toponymic names to name important places within their history and culture that are part of the Ndé Bikéyaa ("Ndé land" in Lipan):

title: Lipan language


text:
Talk:HC Ässät Pori

Untitled

 * Porin Ässät has won two Finnish Championships (1971,1978), one during the old SM sarja and one during the new SM-Liiga. The team was founded when the two old pori teams, Karhut and RU-38, got togheter and started Ässät. Karhut won a Finnish championship in 1965, and RU -38 won in 1967. ���Dr.Poison 15:44, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

The name should be changed
Ässät is usually referred as Porin Ässät instead of just Ässät. KRANKENWAGEN (talk) 12:46, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

Agreed -Pallit-on (Say something) 12:10, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

Other languages
For some reason you can't go from this page to other languages. You can do so from the redorect page "Porin Ässät" though Pallit-on (Say something) 14:31, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

It appears to be fixed now -Pallit-on - Say something - 16:21, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:HC Ässät Pori


text:
Talk:KalPa

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title: Talk:KalPa


text:
Talk:Cleveland Crusaders

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title: Talk:Cleveland Crusaders


text:
Talk:Providence Reds

Untitled
I redirected the Rhode Island Reds to this page. Generally I would make an article for each name a team had, put this was a brief and minor name change that amounted to one year of a 50 year existence in Providence, RI. ccwaters 23:35, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Lineage
Hey, just to clear some stuff up: the Providence Reds/Rhode Island Reds relocated to Binghamton, New York and existed as the Binghamton Dusters/Binghamton Whalers/Binghamton Rangers. They then relocated once again and are now the Hartford Wolf Pack. The Providence Bruins didn't come about until 1992 when the Maine Mariners relocated. ccwaters 18:18, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Redlogo1.jpg
Fair use rationale competed for both logos on article. Flibirigit (talk) 01:30, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Providence Reds


text:
Talk:Associated Actors and Artistes of America

Stub Issues
This is about an actor's union, not a specific actor, so the actor stub template was inappropriate. Replaced it with the film stub template. Would have had added a stage stub template if there was one. ---Isaac R 20:30, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

OLMS records
Searching the OLMS database, I found the apparent entry for AAAA, but their numbers are all over the place, and further don't seem to match up with the affiliate unions' membership numbers. For 2013, the AAAA reported 17,425 members, and the year before that, 52,300. And that's not even the strangest discrepancy. I'm not sure what's up with this. Aside from responding here, feel free to contact me directly if this can be solved, and I can expand information based on OLMS data like I've done for other articles. djr13 (talk) 01:40, 17 December 2014 (UTC)


text: Talk:Edmonton Eskimos (ice hockey)

title: Talk:Edmonton Eskimos (ice hockey)


text:
Talk:Manitoba Moose

Jets-Canucks conflict
I'm curious to know what the feelings of Winnipegers who were Jets fans in terms of supporting a Canucks minor league team. Does that make a difference to anyone up there? 67.46.0.13 06:12, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Official logo
What is the official logo of the Moose? I can't find instances of the full background and "Manitoba Moose" text. All I see is the isolated moosehead version ( like at ahl.com ) or the older cartoony logo. I skimmed through the news archives at theahl.com but didn't see a press release. I'm guessing this was announced sometime last summer. ccwaters 02:06, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Division title clarification
Oh, I see what our anonymous friend is trying to do. The Moose won the *divisional bracket* in the 2004–05 playoffs.

1) The AHL playoff format is ever changing, and these so-called *division finals* can dissappear as quickly as they came. I'd imagine if and when the AHL finally gets to 30 teams, there will be 6 divisions and a playoff format similar to the NHL.

2) Any team that boasts about a divisional playoff title is really just saying "we lost in the conference final". Will Manitoba be hanging a banner in the rafters for this?

Any input from the crowd? I'm tempted to get rid of the division title listings and just document league titles (regular and playoffs). The AHL and IHL both have had periods where there no divisions or conferences. ccwaters 13:22, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Media
I'm listing local papers as a resource for wiki users to who wish to find current news coverage of the AHL teams. From what I gather, the Winnipeg Free Press is the main paper in town, but online articles are available to paid subscribers only. That renders that outlet useless for the purposes here. Thus the media conglomerate publication that is the Winnipeg Sun, wins by default. If anyone objects, just voice your feelings here and I won't stand in the way of including the Free Press. Related: If there was an alternative to the Hamilton Spectator I'd list it at Hamilton Bulldogs. ccwaters 14:25, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Colors
I changed the order of the colors and 'brown' to 'bronze' as the primary jersey is black. The third color is called bronze according to the official site. See: http://www.albanyriverrats.com/news/?id=7264

Ownership
I note that someone has changed the majority owner to Mark Chipman. That is incorrect. He is - a - owner, but the majority owner is Kevin MacLean of the United States. --68.179.16.113 (talk) 13:55, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I notice there have been many changes in the ownership. I have removed it entirely. I want someone to provide an accurate source. Flibirigit (talk) 20:40, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * True North Sports and Entertainment is the owner of the Manitoba Moose. I have revised the article and provided a reference to my source.

 * The information at http://www.msc.gov.mb.ca/legal_docs/orders/truenorth.html will further explain that Mark Chipman owns all shares of Manitoba Moose Limited Partnership. It is my understanding that Kevin Maclean has divested all interest in the Moose franchise and is not involved in any capacity. http://www.minnesotahockeyjournal.com/facts_archive4.html JoeCanadian140 (talk) 01:17, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Ownership of the Moose was acquired by True North from the original partnership in 2003 in order to consolidate the operations of the team with the new arena. The best reference I can find is on the MTS Centre website. http://www.mtscentre.ca/arena/index.php rkehler3 (rkehler3) 2:55, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Minnesota moose 200x200.png
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Potential Move to NHL
Okay, so not exactly set in stone but the early indications are that if the Atlanta Thrashers move to Winnipeg, they would become the Manitoba Moose. How would the articles be re-named/moved around. Move this article to Manitoba Moose (AHL) or have the new moose called Manitoba Moose (NHL). Obviously the current AHL Moose would move as well but there should be a historical article rather than just re-naming/moving it. For example the Atlanta Flames still have their article and weren't just moved to Calgary Flames.

My thoughts are move this article to Manitoba Moose (AHL). Make a new Manitoba Moose page for the NHL team and a new AHL page for whatever this franchise becomes. One95 (talk) 23:18, 16 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Well the AHL incarnation of the Moose will be moved and re-named, therefore this article would be redirected to the new team's title and in the page it would be noted the history of the team. This is all if the NHL team is named the Manitoba Moose, if they are not then this would all be a moot point.Weatherman05071 (talk) 20:04, 6 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Our practice in the hockey project is to give each new incarnation of a team a new article. If TNSE called the new NHL team the Manitoba Moose, what would happen is that this would be moved to Manitoba Moose (1996–2011), then the current Winnipeg NHL team article would be moved to this title.  Manitoba Moose (AHL) is not practical as the team began as an IHL squad.  And, of course, current links and categories dedicated to the AHL team would have to be updated to match the new titles. Resolute 20:55, 6 June 2011 (UTC)
 * What is going to happen now that the team is being relocated to St. Johns? Does this get redirected to that page, or will that team get it's own page with a mention that their lineage is the Moose?Weatherman05071 (talk) 14:01, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Page has already started, St. John's AHL team. Newfoundlander&Labradorian (talk) 14:03, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yup. For the teams that have been relocated out of this (Atlanta Thrashers, Manitoba Moose and Chilliwack Bruins), their existing articles will be made historical, with notes that the franchises have relocated.  The new articles at placeholder titles (St. Johns, Winnipeg and Victoria) will all be moved to permanent titles once names are chosen, and will note their franchise origins. Resolute 14:25, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Manitoba Moose (1996-2011) & Manitoba Moose, would be a problem, as they appear to be of the same league. GoodDay (talk) 14:30, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The heading of this discussion is misleading. This franchise is not moving up to the NHL. GoodDay (talk) 14:33, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Franchise History section
I have no idea why the years aren't showing up next to St. John's. Maybe someone better versed in code could fix it for me? -- MichiganCharms (talk) 17:17, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

AHL approval
Has the AHL Board of Governors approved the re-location to St. John's? GoodDay (talk) 17:19, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes. --MichiganCharms (talk) 17:33, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
 * A read the source & it doesn't mention the BoG vote, nor its result. GoodDay (talk) 17:36, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
 * When I listened to the press conference they said in their press conference that the BoG approved the move. Unfortunately I don't have a source at the moment but it shouldn't be hard to find one considering how many sources are out there saying the AHL has approved the move. The sources don't need to specifically mention the BoG approved it because the BoG is the AHL. -DJSasso (talk) 18:56, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
 * No probs, the source has been updated. GoodDay (talk) 19:11, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

New Winnipeg AHL Team

 * There has been discussion on the new Winnipeg AHL Team talk page about regarding the to Winnipeg. While it is widely assumed the team will reclaim the Manitoba Moose name, it has not been made official by the team's owner.  Until then, the Moose are still officially a defunct team.  Once or if the announcement is made that the team will be made the Moose, that article will be merged with this one.Rkehler3 (talk) 03:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Merger proposal
They are both the same franchise, and the new iteration is resuming its past iteration's identity. As such, I feel that this one article should be about both, with the Manitoba Moose (2015–) article redirecting here or deleted entirely. Tom Danson (talk) 16:40, 4 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge discussion already going on at the other page. -DJSasso (talk) 16:43, 4 May 2015 (UTC)
 * But the guidelines say that such discussion should mainly take place on this, the proposed target page. Tom Danson (talk) 16:48, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Indeed, they should be merged as it's the same franchise. GoodDay (talk) 17:22, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

I agree with the merger proposal. It will be confusing to have two Manitoba Moose Wikipedia pages, and considering the same organization (True North) will be running the resurrected Manitoba Moose franchise, it would make more sense to just add an addition on the original article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WpgJets4Life (talk • contribs) 17:49, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

I Strongly agree with this merger proposal. Mark Chipman, Chairman of True North Sports & Entertainment has owned this team for the entire time the Moose was in Manitoba to begin with. The Jets are simply bringing the same Moose franchise they moved to St. John's in 2011 back home to Winnipeg. Furthermore, the new Moose page should just be deleted like the page never existed. Welcome back Manitoba Moose! Salisbury Steak ( complaint dept. - contribs ) 02:38, 5 May 2015 (UTC)

Yes, please merge the two.Dr. Pizza (talk) 18:32, 5 May 2015 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160108090531/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=bd337094-7dae-4288-87e6-8ad7dca97582 to http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=bd337094-7dae-4288-87e6-8ad7dca97582

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:32, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manitoba Moose


text: Talk:Cedar Rapids RoughRiders

title: Talk:Cedar Rapids RoughRiders


text: Template:Hunan

title: Template:Hunan


text:
Talk:Edmonton Road Runners

Roadrunners
I did some cleansing and as of this writing the only errant linking to Edmonton Roadrunners (one word = wrong), is on this page. Should we request deletion or keep it as a redirect? ccwaters 20:39, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * May as well keep it, it's a natural mistake somebody might make (especially when one considers that the Toronto franchise was the Roadrunners). Lord Bob 17:37, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, if that article doesn't exist, then the person trying to link to the team will notice and *hopefully* do their research. Ex: I just saw Jesse Niinimäki was linking to the "misspelling". That contributor probably saw that everything looked fine and went on his way. ccwaters 18:21, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Other way of putting it- A redirect assuming people are going to link to Edmonton Roadrunners is dealing with the symptoms, not the problem. ccwaters 23:24, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Added a redirect explanation. I feel better now. ccwaters 23:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm more worried about a guy typing 'Edmonton Roadrunners' in the search box and getting nothing than the ill-informed fellow doing a redlink. Pages linking to the redirect are quickly fixed just by zipping through 'What Links Here' every nineteen months or something. And, of course, there's always the possibility that somebody sees the redlink and writes an article on "teh roadrunnerz r grate!!! moss fr mvp!!!!", which is wrong on so many levels. Lord Bob 17:11, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

Statistics
I am doubting that the team had 79 shootout losses, and a resulting 201 points when combined with their OTL and wins. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.153.212.128 (talk) 19:15, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Table alignment error fixed. Flibirigit 18:32, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edmonton Road Runners