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Shortwave bands

Shortwave bands are frequency allocations for use within the shortwave radio spectrum (the upper medium frequency [MF] band and all of the high frequency [HF] band). Radio waves in these frequency ranges can be used for very long distance (transcontinental) communication because they can reflect off layers of charged particles in the ionosphere and return to Earth beyond the horizon, a mechanism called skywave or “skip” propagation. They are allocated by the ITU for radio services such as maritime communications, international shortwave broadcasting and worldwide amateur radio. The bands are conventionally named by their wavelength in metres, for example the ‘20 meter band’. Radio propagation and possible communication distances vary depending on the time of day, the season and the level of solar activity.

International broadcast bands
These bands are used by powerful long range AM radio stations, many operated by governments, which broadcast to multiple countries. Most international broadcasters use amplitude modulation with 5 kHz steps between channels; a few use single sideband or reduced carrier single sideband modulation. The World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), organized under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union, allocates bands for various services in periodic conferences. The most recent WRC took place in 2012. At WRC-97 in 1997, the following bands were allocated for international broadcasting:

Particularly in the United States and at frequencies under 10 MHz, shortwave broadcasters may operate in between those bands, with the 60-meter band extending as high as 5.13 MHz, the 49-meter band down to 5.8 MHz, the 41-meter band as high as 7.78 MHz and the 31-meter band extending as low as 9.265 MHz. As recently as 2020, WWRB operated 90-meter stations at 3.185 and 3.195 MHz.

Amateur HF bands
Amateur radio operators in many countries are allocated several shortwave bands for private, non-commercial use. Amateur radio is a communications service, educational tool and hobby. It is particularly useful in providing emergency communication where standard telecommunications infrastructure is compromised or nonexistent, such as a disaster area or remote region of the globe.

Marine, air, land mobile and fixed allocations
Designated bands in the shortwave spectrum are used for ships, aircraft, and land vehicles. Shortwave (HF radio) is used by transoceanic aircraft for communications with air-traffic control centers out of VHF radio range. Most countries with HF citizens'-band allocations use 40 or 80 channels between approximately 26.5 MHz and 27.9 MHz, in 10 kHz steps.

Due to antenna-length requirements and the band's long-distance propagation characteristics (undesirable in these cases), much land-mobile radio activity has moved to VHF or UHF and most cordless-phone use is at UHF or higher. Some segments of the HF spectrum are allocated for fixed services, providing point-to-point communication between sites with no access to wired communications.

Illegal "freeband" CB activity can be heard from 25 to 28 MHz, steps with operators generally using AM below 26.965 (US and European CB channel 1) and SSB above 27.405 (US and European CB channel 40). CB radio in the UK can be heard from 27.60125 to 27.99125 MHz in 10 kHz steps as well as the lower 26.965 to 27.405 MHz allocation.

The UK and Ireland both operate Community Audio Distribution (CADS) in the UK or Wireless Public Address System (WPAS) in Ireland services in the 27.600 to 27.995 MHz portion, AM and FM mode, with two overlapping sets of 40 channels (27.60125 to 27.99125 MHz in 10 kHz steps, and 27.605 to 27.995 MHz in 10 kHz steps). These transmissions are usually rebroadcasts of church services and can sometimes be heard hundreds or even thousands of km (miles). Part of the 11 m/27 MHz band was also allocated in many countries for early-model cordless phones.

Military HF use
In the US and Canada, as well as the Americas (ITU Region 2) as a whole, there are no pre-designated HF allocations for military use. Similar rules exist in Europe, where it has become necessary for European amateurs to police the bands due to overcrowding. Most military HF band incursions into the HF ham bands occur in Europe or Africa. Since the end of the Cold War specific military HF allocations have gradually disappeared from the HF bands, except for Africa and some parts of Asia. In Australia, the military shares the HF bands with civilian users; this is mainly due to low population density and relative under-use of the HF bands. The military in the Americas and Australia has tended to use the civilian fixed, maritime mobile and aeronautical mobile allocations on an ad hoc (non-interference) basis.

Industrial/Scientific/Medical (ISM) and other HF allocations
Above 10 MHz there are numerous frequencies set aside for radio astronomy, space research (FCC terminology) and standard- frequency-and-time services. RF diathermy equipment uses 27.12 MHz to heat bulk materials or adhesives for the purpose of drying or improving curing. The industrial use of the frequency suggested the use of the 11 m band for CB radio. About a dozen narrow ("sliver") allocations for ISM exist throughout the radio spectrum. These allocations are among the smallest in the HF band, with respect to national HF allocations.

title: Shortwave bands


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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May 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

May 18 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 20

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on June 1 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For May 19th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on May 6.

Saints

 * Hieromartyrs Patricius (Patrick), Bishop of Prusa, and with him the Presbyters Acacius, Menander, and Polyenos (c. 100 or c. 362 )
 * Martyrs Calocerus and Parthenius, brothers (250)
 * Martyr Philoterus of Nicomedia (303)
 * Martyr Acoluthus of the Thebaid (303)
 * Martyr Cyriaca (Kyriake) and the six holy virgin-martyrs in Nicomedia (307)
 * Martyr Theotima of Nicomedia (c. 311)
 * Saint John, Bishop of the Goths in Crimea (787)

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Martyr Pudens, the senator (c. 160)
 * Virgin-Martyr Pudentiana (Potentiana), daughter of Saint Pudens the senator (160)
 * Saint Cyril of Trier, Bishop of Trier, (5th century)
 * Saint Adolphus (Hadulf), ascetic of the Benedictine Abbey of St. Vaast, in Arras, and later Bishop of Arras Cambrai in the north of France (728)
 * Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury (988)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * Monk-martyrs and Confessors of the Monastery of Panagia of Kantara, on Cyprus, who suffered under the Latins (1231):
 * Barnabas, Gennadius, Gerasimus, Germanus (Herman), Theognostus, Theoctistus, Jeremiah, John, Joseph, Conon, Cyril, Maximus and Mark.

 * Right-Believing Great Prince Dmitry Donskoy, Great Prince of Moscow (1389)
 * Venerable Eudoxia of Moscow (in monasticism Euphrosyne), Grand-Duchess of Moscow (1407)
 * Venerable Sinaites of Serbia (from Ravanica) (14th century):
 * Romulus, Romanus, Nestor, Sisoes, Zosimas, Gregory, Nicodemus, and Cyril, the Sinaites. - disciples of Gregory of Sinai (Mount Athos).

 * Saint Cornelius of Paleostrov, Abbot (1420)
 * Saint John (Ignatius), Prince of Uglich, tonsured as Ignatius in Vologda (1522)
 * Venerable Cornelius of Komel (Vologda), Abbot and Wonderworker (1537)
 * Saint Sergius of Shukhtov (Shukhtom), monk (1609)

New martyrs and confessors

 * Hieromartyr Matthew Voznesensky (1919)
 * Hieromartyr Innocent (Letayev), Archbishop of Kharkiv (1937)
 * Hieromartyr Victor Karakulin (1937)
 * Hieromartyr Onuphrius (Gagaliuk), Archbishop of Kursk and Oboyansk (1938), (see also June 1) and:
 * Hieromartyr: Anthony, Bishop of Belgorod;
 * Hieromartyrs: Mitrophanes Vilgelmsky, Alexander Yeroshov, Michael Deineka, Hippolytus Krasnovsky, Nicholas Kulakov, Basil Ivanov, Nicholas Sadovsky, Maximus Bogdanov, Alexander Saulsky, Paul Bryantsev, and Paul Popov - Priests;
 * Martyrs: Michael (Voznesensky) and Gregory (Bogoyavlensky) (1938)

 * New Hieromartyr Valentine Lukyanov (1940)
 * All New Hieromartyrs of Slobozhanschyna (Slobodskaya) Ukraine (1937,1938,1940,1941)

Other commemorations

 * Entrance into Georgia (323) of Saint Nina (Nino), Equal-to-the-Apostles (335)
 * Translation of the sacred relics of Saints Julius the Presbyter (401) and Julianus (Giuliano) the Deacon (391)
 * Repose of Schemamonk Cyriacus of Valaam (1798)
 * Repose of Righteous Nicholas Rynin of Vologda (1837)
 * Commemoration of the ascetics of St. Anthony of Syadem Monastery: Elias (also of Valaam), Theophanes, and Dionysius.
 * Synaxis of Hieromartyrs of Kharkiv.
 * Slaying of Priest John Karastamatis of Santa Cruz (1985) (see also: May 6)

title: May 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


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Inca education

Inca education during the time of the Inca Empire was divided into two principal spheres: education for the upper classes and education for the general population. The royal classes and a few specially-chosen individuals from the provinces of the Empire were formally educated by the Amawtakuna (philosopher-scholars), while the general population were passed on knowledge and skills by their immediate forebears. Since the Incas did not have a written language, but instead had Quipus to record, it is difficult to determine the type of educational system the Incas did have.

The Amawtakuna in Peru constituted a special class of wise men similar to the bards of Great Britain. They included illustrious philosophers, poets, and priests who kept the histories of the Incas alive by imparting the knowledge of their own culture, history, and traditions throughout the kingdom. Considered the most highly educated and respected men in the Empire, the Amawtakuna were largely entrusted with educating those of royal blood, as well as other young members of conquered cultures specially chosen to administer the regions. Thus, education throughout the territories of the Incas was socially discriminatory, barring the rank and file from the formal education that royalty received. The Amawtakuna did ensure that the general population learned Quechua as the language of the Empire, much in the same way the Romans promoted Latin throughout Europe.

Education of the Inca nobility
According to Friar Martín de Murúa, a chronicler of the time, the education of the young novices (yachakuq runa in Quechua) received from the Amawtakuna began at age 13 in the houses of knowledge (Yachaywasi in Quechua) in Cuzco. The Amawtakuna used their erudition to teach the young novices of the empire about Inca religion, history and government, and moral norms. They also ensured a thorough understanding of the quipu, the Incas' unique logical-numerical system which used knotted strings to keep accurate records of troops, supplies, population data, and agricultural inventories. In addition, the young men were given careful training in physical education and military techniques.

Most Inca novices finished their education at around age 19. After passing their examinations, the young men would receive their wara (a special type of underwear) as proof of their maturity and virility. Their education concluded with a special ceremony, attended by the Empire's oldest and most illustrious Incas and Amawtakuna, at which the new young nobles, as future rulers, demonstrated their physical prowess and warrior skills and proved their masculinity. The candidates were also presented to the Inca sovereign, who pierced their ears with large pendants and congratulated the young aspirants on the proficiency they had shown, reminding them of the responsibilities attached to their station (and birth, in the case of members of the royalty) and calling them the new "Children of the Sun."

Some historians and authors have pointed to feminine schools ("Aklla wasi" in Quechua) for Inca princesses and other women. It is believed the education given at the Acllahuasi in Cuzco was much different from that given at the other Acllahuasis in the provinces of the empire. The women learned Inca lore and the art of womanhood as well as skills related to governance, but on a limited scale in comparison to the men. Other skills included spinning, weaving, and chicha brewing. When the Spanish chroniclers and conquistadors arrived they viewed these institutions as the Inca version of the European nunnery. Like the men, women were brought into the Acllahuasis from faraway villages throughout the empire after being specifically chosen by Inca agents. After finishing their training, some women would stay to train newly arrived girls, while lower-ranking women might be chosen to be secondary wives of the Sapa Inca, if he wished it, or be sent as rewards to other men who had done something to please the sovereign.

Popular education
The general population did have access to the noble education of the elite people due to the rights given to them, but many did not go to formal schooling. These children got their education from the elder people in their families. The education was primarily on the culture and the artistic aspects of Inca life. Even though education was seen as a right for all people, public education was not formal and many of the children did not go.

Education after Colonization
After the arrival of the Europeans, there were two types of Inca education in the empire. As the Europeans were coming in contact with the natives, interracial relationships between noble Inca women and conquistador men occurred. The interracial children had a combination of two upbringings; one of formal European education, and another of cultural education from the Inca side of the family. One of the most notable people to have this sort of upbringing was Garcilaso, the child of an Inca noblewoman and European father. He had the luxury of formal European education and the tutoring from his Inca relatives. This gave him an understanding of how the Europeans treated the Inca.

Another type of education within the Inca Empire was the teaching of Inca culture to the Europeans. When the Europeans arrived, they were surprised to see no written language, but instead the use of the quipu. There were many instances of conquistadors coming into Peru and learning how to use the quipu. One example is Guama Poma creating a book on the quipu and presenting it to King of Spain Philip II.

title: Inca education


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Amauta

Amauta (meaning "master" or "wise one" in Quechua) was a title for teachers in the Inca empire, especially of children of the nobility. According to Fray Martin de Murua, a missionary in Peru, education in the Inca empire was instituted in schools called Yachaywasi or "Houses of Knowledge" in Cuzco. Students were children of the Inca nobility, the future rulers. The subjects were the moral standards, religion, government tenets, statistics, math, science, "Runa-Simi" language variety of Cuzco, Khipu interpretation, art, music construction, history, agronomy, architecture, medicine, philosophy and cosmological ideas of the earth and the universe, among other subjects.

The original Yachaywasi was constructed and inaugurated by Inca Roca. More schools like this were built as the empire grew, and were the centers of teaching the primary ideologies, histories and philosophies of the empire. The amautas maintained this knowledge through an oral tradition and passed it on to future generations.

The word is still used in modern Perú, communist José Carlos Mariátegui ran a magazine named "Amauta".

title: Amauta


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Talk:Santa Clara, California

El Camino Bible Church
The following material was submitted by a single author in a single edit to an article entitled El Camino Bible Church:

01:21, 12 Dec 2004 JakeVortex (stub)

El Camino Bible Church is a Menonite church in Santa Clara, California.

External link

 * http://www.elcaminobible.com/

I am about to merge an edited form of this material into the main article, making it possible to delete El Camino Bible Church while maintaining history. Dpbsmith (talk) 23:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Churches
Is listing churches on city articles within the purview of Wikipedia? I would tend to say no, unless the churches are historically, architecturally, or otherwise significant.

By what standard were the churches in this article listed? I'd like to list one, if we're going to be listing every church in the city.

I'm cool with it either way, but I want to know if we want to consider pruning this list. Jdavidb 23:14, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Personally I agree with your assessment in your first paragraph, and see no need to include average churches, and I can't remember seeing any other city article that does include them. I think the precedent in this article was set by actions taken based on some of the comments at Votes for deletion/El Camino Bible Church, but since the consensus was "delete", and not "merge", I see no reason to keep the info in the article. Niteowlneils 23:27, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Oldest institution of Higher learning
The oldest institution of Higer learning in Caliornia(indeed on the west coast) is San Jose State University (started as San Jose City College) Not Santa clara university
 * Santa Clara University was founded in 1851 as Santa Clara College. San Jose State University was founded in 1857 as Minns' Evening Normal School in San Francisco.  San Jose State is the state's oldest public university, but Santa Clara University is the state's oldest institution of higher learning.
 * http://www.scu.edu/about/history.cfm
 * http://www.sjsu.edu/about_sjsu/history/
 * Frumpet 06:09, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Possible future home of the 49ers!
Possible future home of the 49ers! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Fcsuper (talk • contribs) 23:10, 21 April 2007 (UTC).

Images
I made number of images in Santa Clara based on Historic tour. They are available in commons:Category:Santa Clara, California. --EugeneZelenko 14:18, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Representation
This section seems odd. I checked some other city pages (San Jose, Oakland, Sunnyvale, cupertino, San Francisco), and none of them have this section. Should it maybe be whacked? Jokeboy (talk) 02:33, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Council Members
Should the City Council Members be sorted by last name or by seat? If sorted by seat (2 to 7; I gather the mayor is seat No. 1) should the Vice Mayor (P. Mahen seat No. 5) be either a) noted and/or b) put out of order? I assume that any change made under Representation should also apply to the infobox. Bcmuirhead (talk) 07:43, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what (if any) WP policy is on this, but however its listed on the city's website should be how its done in the article assuming that is the reference used to support it. --Scalhotrod - Just your average banjo playing, drag racing, cowboy... (talk) 03:21, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

Economy
The listing of "Namco Bandai Holdings's United States office is in Santa Clara." does not seem worthy of inclusion, I think it should be removed. Kevink707 (talk) 14:59, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
 * By itself, maybe. But the idea of listing major companies who either are headquartered in Santa Clara, or have their U.S. headquarters or main office in Santa Clara, is, I think, a good one.  There are some significant companies: Sun Microsystems (at least for the time being); Intel; National Semiconductor; Hitachi (U.S. HQ/main office); Applied Materials; Extreme networks; Foundry Networks; Silicon Valley Bank; and probably a lot of others, but that's just off the top of my head.  According to its Wikipedia article, Namco Bandai is about a $4B company, and is probably worth including in here.  So maybe it's appropriate to expand it a bit, rather than delete.  I think "Economy" is the wrong heading, though, unless there was other economy-related material added. (add: I somehow forgot that little organization, the San Francisco 49ers, who are headquartered in the north end of Santa Clara, walking distance from their proposed stadium site.) TJRC (talk) 17:44, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
 * More info: A "Top 20 List Of Companies In Santa Clara, California" an be found here.  I'm not sure what criterion is used to rank them.  Silicon Valley Bank is in there twice, once as the bank itself and once as Svb Financial Group, its holding company. TJRC (talk) 17:51, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

History section
The history section is woefully inadequate. I intend to start adding some information based on books I have the city's website, but please help out. --Scalhotrod - Just your average banjo playing, drag racing, cowboy... (talk) 03:30, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

Who is Santa Clara?
Who is the city named after? Nahum (talk) 02:35, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I added the relevant info in the article. Nahum (talk) 02:42, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Your addition is incorrect, the city is named after the Spanish mission that was established in 1777. The city grew around the mission. The mission is what was named for the saint. I added the relevant info to the article. --Scalhotrod - Just your average banjo playing, drag racing, cowboy... (talk) 17:48, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Cite provided. TJRC (talk) 19:53, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

Merge proposal: Saint Justin School to here
Saint Justin School doesn't meet notability guidelines (see WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES, WP:ORG or WP:GNG). However, it could be worth a mention and redirect here. Boleyn (talk) 17:59, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Agreed and ✅ Klbrain (talk) 21:39, 14 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Why mention just one private school? Seems like undue weight. Retimuko (talk) 22:44, 14 October 2017 (UTC)
 * This section seems like an ad for Saint Justin School. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bob Collins (talk • contribs) 05:07, 24 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Agreed; "merging" doesn't mean just dumping an article in intact. Furthermore, almost all of the section was unsourced, and what there was was sourced to the school itself. But the worst thing is that it singles one particular school as though it were somehow more special than the very many other private schools in the city.
 * I have addressed this. TJRC (talk) 20:06, 24 July 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hispanic or Latino
It is not enough typing "Hispanic or latino (of any race)" as you have to add what is the percentage of Hispanic or Latino in every race, same way as you do for those who are not Hispanic or Latino. That Racism in America, and especially in California, against Whites is somehting incredible. Why there is so much hate in America against Whites? Why?

As the article says, 45% of the population in the county are White, and that means you have to add to the 36% Non-Hispanic White another 9 % of Hispanic Whites to give a real picture.--213.60.237.52 (talk) 01:44, 28 August 2018 (UTC)
 * "Hispanic or Latino" is the Census Bureau's phrase, not Wikipedia's: . Your argument is with them. TJRC (talk) 00:58, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

What happened to the people list?
I'm assuming there should be a "notable people" section but it doesn't seem to be on this page.--Prisencolin (talk) 22:54, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Santa Clara, California


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George C. Remey

George Collier Remey (August 10, 1841 – February 10, 1928) was a rear admiral of the United States Navy, serving in the Civil War and the Spanish–American War.

Early life
George Collier Remey was born at Burlington, Iowa, on August 10, 1841, to Eliza Smith (née Howland) and William Butler Remey. His father was captain of a steamboat in Burlington. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1859.

Career
Initially assigned to the sloop USS Hartford (1858) on the Asiatic Station, he returned to the United States with the outbreak of the Civil War and served in the gunboat USS Marblehead (1861) during the Peninsular Campaign, March–July 1862; and, afterward, in the blockade of Charleston. In April 1863, he assumed duties as Executive Officer in the screw sloop USS Canandaigua (1862) and during attacks on Fort Wagner briefly commanded Marblehead. From August 23 to September 7, he commanded a battery of naval guns on Morris Island, and on the night of September 7–8, led the second division of a boat attack on Fort Sumter. The division made shore, but was smashed by gunfire. Remey and the surviving members of his party were forced to surrender. Following 13 months of imprisonment at Columbia, S.C., Remey was exchanged and returned to duty, serving in the sidewheel steamship USS De Soto (1859) until the end of the war.

In 1866, he saw service off the west coast of South America. In 1870–71, he participated in the Tehuantepec Survey Expedition. After commanding the screw sloop USS Enterprise (1874) and service in the Mediterranean, he was appointed captain in 1885. Four years later he assumed command of the protected cruiser USS Charleston (C-2), flagship of the Pacific Squadron.

Commandant of the Portsmouth Navy Yard at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, he was ordered to take charge of the Naval Base Key West, whence he directed the supply and repair of all naval forces in Cuban waters and organized supply lines to Army forces in Cuba. After peace returned, Rear Admiral Remey resumed duties at the Portsmouth Navy Yard. In April 1900, he assumed command of the Asiatic Station and for the next two years guided the ships of that station through the diplomatic and military chaos that was China.

Remey then returned to the United States and served for a year as Chairman of the Lighthouse Board before retiring on August 10, 1903.

Personal life
Remey married Mary Josephine Mason, daughter of Iowa Chief Justice Charles Mason, on July 8, 1873. Their son was Mason Remey. He had two brothers, William Butler Remey, who served as Judge Advocate General of the Navy and Edward Wallace Remey, who also served in the navy.

Rear Admiral Remey died at Washington, D.C., on February 10, 1928.

Namesake
In 1943, the destroyer USS Remey (DD-688) was named in his honor.

title: George C. Remey


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Cock Beck

Cock Beck is a stream in the outlying areas of East Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, which runs from its source due to a runoff north-west of Whinmoor, skirting east of Swarcliffe and Manston (where a public house has been named 'The Cock Beck'), past Pendas Fields, Scholes, Barwick-in-Elmet, Aberford, Towton, Stutton, and Tadcaster, where it flows into the River Wharfe.

It is a tributary of the River Wharfe, formerly known as the River Cock or Cock River, having a much larger flow than today. The name 'cock' may refer to a mature salmon, as it was a spawning ground for salmon and trout. Industrial pollution reduced the fish stock, but it has been recovering in the 21st century, aided by work from the Environment Agency. In places the beck was relatively narrow, but too deep to cross unaided; a feature which can still be seen today at many points.

History
The Great North Road crossing at Aberford was first a Celtic trackway and later a Roman road. It is defended on the north side by 4.5 miles of Iron Age fortifications known as the Aberford Dykes which run from a hill fort at Barwick-in-Elmet, through Aberford and a mile east, consisting of a ditch and ridge. It is believed that this was a defensive construction of the Brigantes against southern tribes and the Romans. The river may have been engineered to increase the barrier.

Cock Beck is identified as a likely site of the Battle of the Winwaed on 15 November 655, a decisive victory of Oswiu of Bernicia over King Penda of Mercia.

The beck is thought to be the one after which Becca Hall, whose name is first attested, as Becca, in 1189, is named.

In the aftermath of the 1461 Battle of Towton remnants of the Lancastrian forces fleeing the victorious Yorkists were forced to try to cross the Cock Beck, having already disposed of most of their arms. Many drowned in the Beck, and soon the survivors were reported to be crossing the Cock Beck on bridges of their fallen comrades. The Cock Beck is now the limit of the heritage protected battlefield site in the Saxton and Lead areas.

During the English Civil War, the Royalists defeated the Parliamentarians under Sir Thomas Fairfax at the Battle of Seacroft Moor in 1643. The ensuing massacre of the Parliamentarians is said to have been of such magnitude that the beck ran crimson with blood.

John Ogilby's 1675 map indicates the major crossing for the Cock was sited along the Tadcaster-Ferrybridge road, however this crossing has no bridge and the steep descent and ascent on either side led to it being abandoned for a new cut, which crosses the Cock Beck further east near its mouth with the River Wharfe.

Hydrology
The beck flows from west to east across West and North Yorkshire for 41 km, draining an area of 71 km2. It is one of the major tributaries of the River Wharfe, and is one of the last major watercourses to enter the Wharfe before it itself enters the Ouse. The Cock Beck Sluices control the flow of water upstream from the Wharfe into Cock Beck when the Wharfe is in flood. When the water reaches a flooding mark or more than 8.4 m, then the beck backflows upstream to Stutton.

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Talk:Nasdaq MarketSite

Accuracy
At 10,000 square feet, is that video display larger than the one on the Fremont Street Experience which is significantly larger?

title: Talk:Nasdaq MarketSite


text: User talk:219.93.174.108

title: User talk:219.93.174.108


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Talk:Inca education

Untitled
I could use some help with new or corrected facts? :) --Dynamax 23:06, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Amauta
Amauta, the publication by Jose Carlos Mariategui, should have its own page instead of just redirecting into Inca education.--Jersey Devil 02:00, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Inca education


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Talk:Ice-9 type transition

Another version of this article was speedy-deleted once before on December 2 2004 for being "nonsense", and while this version doesn't make quite so many dubious and non-encyclopedic statements I still wonder whether this term is actually used anywhere. Jaxal, I don't suppose you could dig up an example or two of it being used, to show it's not a neologism? Otherwise, perhaps it would be better to just redirect this to Cat's Cradle. Bryan 23:06, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

http://www.exitmundi.nl/strange.htm has a use. A dive into google show some old news articles from when the stranglet issue was first raised dating back to 1999, so it's certainly not a new phrase. The way in which those articles quote it implies that the term is(was) in use by the scientific community. Jaxal1 03:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bingo! I think I have found an original attribution. This may have been coined by Frank Wilczek in reply to the run-away strangelet scenario. |This link is a slightly messy archived email, but a section attributed to Wilczek contained the oldest reference I can find. Jaxal1 03:54, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, good. I'll incorporate these references into the article tomorrow, hopefully if I remember. :) Bryan 06:08, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Not science
As the physicist on the site linked above writes (bolding mine):

'' In the case of the Brookhaven RHIC, dangerous surprises seem extremely unlikely. First, nuclear collisions with larger energies take place regularly as cosmic rays rain down on our atmosphere so if a disaster were possible, it would have already occurred. Second, related regimes have been explored in detail, and so we have substantial evidence that our theoretical framework for understanding what will happen is reliable. Although we cannot calculate the consequences in complete detail, we can distinguish credible from incredible scenarios.

The idea that mini black holes will be formed, as Wagner suggests, definitely falls in the latter category. The energy densities and volumes that will be produced at RHIC are nowhere near large enough to produce strong gravitational fields. On the other hand, there is a speculative but quite respectable possibility that subatomic chunks of a new stable form of matter called strangelets might be produced (this would be an extraordinary discovery). One might be concerned about an "ice-9"-type transition, wherein a strangelet grows by incorporating and transforming the ordinary matter in its surroundings. But strangelets, if they exist at all, are not aggressive, and they will start out very, very small. So here again a doomsday scenario is not plausible. ''

It is not something that might happen according to physical laws. It's science-fiction - not science. Gerrit CUTEDH 11:44, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ice-9 type transition


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 April 19


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 April 19

April 19

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 14:48, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Lake Stubs
Stub category that was not cleared by WP:WSS, and which cuts across the current scheme which divides all geography stubs by region rather than by landform type. Can only make for confusion, since articles will be marked lake-stub rather than with the accepted country stubs. There is no Lakes WikiProject, otherwise it might have been viable. Miscapitalised, as well. Grutness|hello? 23:42, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 14:07, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Lists that need sequential organizing
Became deprecated when Template:Adviseorder was deleted as per TFD. -Frazzydee|✍ 22:04, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 15:25, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Famiclones
I nominate it for renaming to Category:NES hardware clones. The main descriptive article is named thusly, and the term "Famiclone" is borderline slang, and not really descriptive in and of itself. – Seancdaug 20:56, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know much about this, but it seems these may be more clones of Famicom than the NES. Anyway, it's surely too much to use the full "Nintendo Entertainment System" as a part of a longer category title, when "NES" should be sufficient.--Pharos 22:21, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The thing is that the NES and the Famicom are essentially the same hardware marketed in different areas. Several months ago, the decision was made to consolidate all that information into the one Nintendo Entertainment System article (the Famicom article redirects there). When dealing with the internal hardware, as this subject does, the two are synonymous: a clone of the Famicom is, by its very nature, also a clone of the NES. As for the suggested new name, you probably have a point: I originally favored the longer title because it seemed slightly more descriptive, but, looking at it now, it does seem a tad unwieldy. I've changed it above. – Seancdaug 02:22, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was no consensus (keep). --Kbdank71 17:58, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Lists of subnational entities and Category:Subnational entities
I nominated these two categories, because they seem to overlap and dublicate each other. People are listing their stuff in both categories instead of one. Do we close Category:Lists of subnational entities, or enforce the seperation?--Huaiwei 14:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete lists. --Kbdank71 14:33, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep seperated?
 * "Category:Lists of subnational entities" for U.S. states
 * "Category:Subnational entities" for state (sub-national) and Category:U.S. states
 * another way to name them would be "subnational entities by name" and "subnational entities by country", but then you might end up with a category "counties" to group counties from different countries. -- User:Docu
 * Comment: I am not too sure what you mean. Category:Lists of subnational entities only for US states? Why?--Huaiwei 20:21, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep both categories. Some articles are merely lists (e.g. list of departments of Foo, or list of arrondissements of France), and some are details of (a) certain level(s) of administrative division of a certain country (e.g. prefecture of Foo), with lists included. — Instantnood 20:47, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Another example would be Thailand: list of provinces of Thailand by area, list of provinces of Thailand by population, list of provinces of Thailand by population density, provinces of Thailand. — Instantnood 20:48, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: From the current situation, it is apparant that hardly anyone is classifying simple lists into Category:Lists of subnational entities, and non-lists to Category:Subnational entities only. Plenty of articles in one looks category looks similar in the other, and worse, some articles are appearing in both categories. I would have expected Provinces of Thailand to be in Category:Subnational entities, but no, it is in the other category simply because a list is included in the text. Why dont we do ourselves a favour by simply having all articles in Category:Lists of subnational entities under Category:Subnational entities then?--Huaiwei 21:12, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * A "something of Foo" article is about the administrative division level, whereas a "list of something of Foo" article, as the title suggests, is a list of entities at that level. — Instantnood 21:38, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure, we know that. So can you demonstrate if the two categories are tenable as distinct categories, and if the articles in both categories conform to that distinction?--Huaiwei 22:07, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was rename. --Kbdank71 15:27, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Australian politics
I nominate it be renamed to Category:Politics of Australia for consistency for the categories of other nations. All but four are named so.
 * Rename--Cyberjunkie 09:49, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * agree: rename for consistency. clarkk 12:06, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. --Kbdank71 14:35, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * agree Electionworld 21:40, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 14:14, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Killer apps
The category title makes absolutely no sense, and the description is equally unilluminative. Once you read "killer application", which is a software program you need so much that you'll buy a system just to use it, you'll see what a botched job this category is. Delete as poorly titled, poorly described, incorrectly populated, and irredeemably POV as a category. Postdlf 09:05, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Agree with Postdlf. Shanes 13:16, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree.  — Frecklefoot | Talk 13:59, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Kbdank71 14:36, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Agree. Potentially POV as well. K1Bond007 19:12, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ugh, more of User:SuperDude115's crap. From what I've seen so far, his creation of an article should be a criteria for speedy deletion.  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:30, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Totally subjective, every software producer thinks that their latest app is one. hydnjo talk 13:43, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was rename. --Kbdank71 14:48, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

category:London sports
This is inconsistent with every other subcategory in category:British sport by locality, and it is non-standard usage in British English (we say "sport" where Americans say "sports"). It should be category:Sport in London. Oliver Chettle 05:12, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to category:Sport in London. --Kbdank71 14:41, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 15:40, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:The Greatest American
From cat description: This category lists the 100 people who have been selected by voters on AOL and The Discovery Channel as the finalists in the selection of "The Greatest American".

A list is fine to document the results, if notable, and The Greatest American does that. But this is highly problematic as a category. The individuals included therein are likely to be included in many such lists, and so a category for each one would end up flooding the articles. But perhaps the worst aspect of this is that the simple name appears like a highly POV acclamation of the subject, when applied to articles. Delete. Postdlf 03:46, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. When I saw the cat pop up on the RC-page, I found it interesting and thought it was a keepable category, allthough a temporary one (but that doesn't make it bad). But I have to agree with Postdif. It puts a POV label on lots of articles. Highly controversial ones at that. Shanes 04:01, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, agree with Postdlf and Shanes. Better suited for a list rather than a category. K1Bond007 04:09, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep (I'm the creator of the category).  "The Greatest American" is the name of the television show which did the ranking.  The title comes from the show, it's not my POV, it's the show's POV, and as such, is NPOV (if you get my odd reasoning.  :) ).  There is a list.  It's at The Greatest American.  I think most of the people on the list are a crock, myself, but it isn't my ranking.  RickK 04:15, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's the show's POV and that makes it ok as a list. But the problem is the labeling in the articles. If the category label could read "Among the top 100 Americans voted by AOL and Discovery viewers" instead of just "Greatest American", it would be fine. But that's a too long Category name... How about a template with a small Greatest American-logo or something placed on the 100 articles instead, linking to the list? Shanes 04:31, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I wrote that before I saw the official logo. That logo would make it look POV, too. Anyway, something that clearly ilustrates in the article that it's a viewers choice label. Shanes 04:44, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete A list is all that is required.Oliver Chettle 05:12, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I agree that a list, linked to from the Greatest American article, is all we need. Oberiko 12:44, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - we really don't need a category for this.  A list is fine.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 13:49, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Concur that this is a confusing and useless category. I don't that this program is notable enough to add to the articles on the 100 nominees unless there are some special circumstances regarding their nomination or noteworthy outcome of their nomination. A list is possibly noteworthy, but probably better to fold it all into one article. Dystopos 15:13, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - List is enough - Category name pushes a POV Trödel| talk 14:19, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Useful, but too much like statement of fact. (And categories should be construed as statements of fact.) Nothing wrong with it as an article, though. GregorB 19:00, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm not sure that even an article -- let alone a list -- is called for for this PR exercise, but a category is definite overkill. --Calton | Talk 04:05, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - How is this different than any other "100 Greatest..." countdown shows that run amok on cable television every day? I would question the relevance of the article, frankly, but a category? Forget it. --Feitclub 20:14, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- not sure it is useful. If it was deemed useful, I would suggest putting it either in quotes and making it a little more obvious that it from a show (i.e. Category:"The Greatest American" finalist or something like that). --Fastfission 20:00, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Category:The Greatest Canadian was deleted in favour of a list → The Greatest Canadian. RedWolf 05:33, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was rename. --Kbdank71 16:06, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

category:United Kingdom shopping malls
This British category is titled in American English. It should be changed to category:Shopping centres in the United Kingdom. Twelve of the entries have the word "centre" in the name and only one the word "Mall" - and that probably over represents the use of the term "shopping mall" in the UK. Oliver Chettle 02:58, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * No vote; seems like the standard is to be consistent even where that consistency makes teminology incorrect. See the state highway categories a few days ago. --SPUI (talk) 04:04, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll believe that when I see Bedfordshire listed as a "U.K. state". Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]]
 * Maybe we should have us.en.wikipedia.org and uk.en.wikipedia.org—we seem to spend an awful lot of time making sure that Brits aren't confused. Postdlf 04:35, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with renaming. -- Lochaber 09:48, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. And Postdlf's suggestion does have merit.  --Kbdank71 14:49, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with renaming, albeit weakly. Normally I'd agree with SPUI that consistency is important, but there doesn't seem to be a great deal of consistency in the broader Shopping malls by nationality category, and the Australian shopping centres category already exists using something akin to the suggested terminology. Short of going back and renaming everything there so that it is consistent, it seems like we should use the appropriate terminology for the location. – Seancdaug 04:41, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I hope that if Wikipedia is ever made "consistent" in US English it will also be honest enough to change its name to Ameripedia. Oliver Chettle 14:37, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per Oliver C. As for Postdlf's comment, it's not so much stopping the Brits from being confused as correcting confused American category-namers. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 06:48, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was '''no consensus. This was nominated twice. See the other nomination.''' --Kbdank71 14:05, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Syntax
Merge with Category:Grammar. -- Beland 01:17, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 13:02, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Action
I found it childless. -- Beland 01:17, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The CfD notice was not added to this. I just added it, and will wait a few days before deleting it.  --Kbdank71 13:31, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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The result of the debate was delete. --Kbdank71 13:02, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Human behavior
It seems like this should either be a lot bigger or be deleted. Which should it be? -- Beland 01:17, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Including everything would make it way too long. Don't need it.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 13:56, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * The CfD notice was not added to this. I just added it, and will wait a few days before deleting it.  --Kbdank71 13:31, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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text:
File:Eta Kappa Nu logo.png

Summary
The rationale is the use is fair.

Eta Kappa Nu logo from Rice University chapter's website: http://www2.ece.rice.edu/hkn/

title: File:Eta Kappa Nu logo.png


text:
User talk:Muleteam

The Chinese have this right about the wtewashing of the text books in Japan. History tells us that the Japanese soldiers "Beheaded" more people in WWII than the two "Atom Bombs", combined, killed. Fact

title: User talk:Muleteam


text:
Born Rich (2003 film)

Born Rich is a 2003 documentary film about the experience of growing up in wealthy families. It was created by Jamie Johnson, an heir to the Johnson & Johnson fortune, and filmed primarily between 1999 and 2001. The film consists primarily of Johnson interviewing 10 other young heirs. These interviews are offset by Johnson's exploration of his own experience and family as he comes into a large inheritance on his 21st birthday. He seeks out how to be a productive person, avoiding the dysfunction that he sees affecting many of the very rich. The film explores the taboo the ultra rich have against talking about their wealth. Johnson believes this secrecy about wealth causes the wealthy to be dysfunctional, and exists because the discussion of their wealth challenges the notion that America is a meritocracy and their right to have their wealth.

Cast

 * Georgina Bloomberg — born to New York City mayor and media mogul, Michael Bloomberg.
 * Stephanie Ercklentz — born to socialite Mai Harrison and New York corporate lawyer, Enno W. Ercklentz Jr., son of banker and industrialist Enno W. Ercklentz Sr.
 * Christina Floyd — born to golf champion, Raymond Floyd.
 * Cody Franchetti — an Italian baron and Milliken textiles heir, born to actress Angelica Ippolito and Baron Andrea Franchetti, son of Baron Mario Franchetti and American heiress Anne Milliken.
 * Juliet Hartford — born to model Diane Brown and A&P heir, Huntington Hartford, grandson of a principal founder of A&P, George Huntington Hartford.
 * Josiah Cheston Hornblower — a Vanderbilt / Whitney heir born to Alexandra Thorne, daughter of Whitney Tower, a grandson of Gertrude Vanderbilt and Harry Payne Whitney. He is also a descendant of Josiah Hornblower, a delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress.
 * Jamie Johnson — born to Johnson & Johnson heir, James Loring Johnson, son of John Seward Johnson I.
 * S.I. Newhouse IV — born to Condé Nast publishing heir, Samuel Irving Newhouse III, son of Samuel Irving Newhouse Jr.
 * Ivanka Trump — born to real estate tycoon and 45th US President, Donald Trump, son of real estate developer Fred Trump.
 * Benjamin Luke Weil — son of Scientific Games Corporation Chairman & CEO, A. Lorne Weil.
 * Carlo von Zeitschel — Kaiser Wilhelm II's great-grandson who is both a German baron and an Italian viscount.

Development and pre-production
Made over a three-year period while he was a history student at NYU,  the documentary started out as his graduation thesis. At the age of 20, Johnson came up with the idea for the film through conversations with his uncle, Dirk Wittenborn, a novelist and screenwriter, who is also a producer of the film. Having been brought up reading F. Scott Fitzgerald, Johnson noted that no one of his class or background had attempted to examine issues of social class in America today. He was also personally motivated to make this film by his approaching inheritance on his 21st birthday, having observed that a lot of people with inherited wealth, including members of his family, “live unproductive lives, and even in some cases tragic and miserable lives.” He wanted to figure out why this occurs, to avoid that fate. The film makes reference to his grandfather, Seward Johnson, noting the conflicts from his third, late in life marriage to his chambermaid, and the longest, most expensive contested will trial in U.S. history that ensued after his death in 1983. During the trial there were ongoing headlines in The New York Times about the estate battle and lurid tales were revealed that humiliated his family. Johnson said, “My grandfather made some serious mistakes, he was born rich and I really didn’t want to be in the same situation that he found himself in at the end of his life.”

It took three years to make as most of the young heirs contacted to participate in the film turned him down, sometimes harshly, due to parental objection, fear of losing their inheritance, or fear of violating social taboo. A Campbell's soup heir and a Rockefeller initially agreed to participate but both of them backed out due to a parent's objections. The pre-production took two years and involved hundreds of phone calls to line up the "young inheritors". Johnson enlisted Bingo Gubelmann, a childhood friend who is a cousin of socialite Marjorie Gubelmann, to be a co-producer and to help recruit "inheritors" in their late teens to mid-20s who could live lavishly without ever having to work. 11 heirs ended up being interviewed.

Filming
By summer of 2000, after a year of filming, most of those interviewed were asking Johnson to take them out of the movie. Carlo von Zeitschel threatened a lawsuit but never filed. Johnson recalls people approaching him at parties telling him that he was a traitor to his class, that making the documentary was the "stupidest thing" he could do, it would not benefit anyone, and he would regret it and lose all his friends. When they were no longer able to get permission to film at parties, Johnson and Bingo had a "Roaring Twenties" themed joint 21st-birthday party for themselves at the East Hampton house of Johnson's parents. A sign posted at the entrance informed the guests they would be filmed for a documentary. They were worried that no one would come to the party because of their unpopularity with the rich due to the film, but four film subjects and 150 other guests attended. The movie ends at the party with Johnson's voice-over about living outside the American dream that was achieved by his great-grandfather. According to Johnson, the decadence of the party was intentional. He had always wanted to film the final scene, where he and Bingo pour Veuve Clicquot into a tower of champagne glasses, "as part of the movie about the unequal distribution of wealth in America."

Post-production
The editing process took over a year, with 45 hours of footage to edit. While the film was being edited, Wittenborn wrote an article about the film that appeared in the September 2002 issue of W magazine. After hearing early reports about the film, Luke Weil filed a lawsuit on September 4, 2002, demanding that his scenes be removed. The lawsuit was featured in the film. Other film subjects were also apprehensive when the press started reporting about the movie.

Weil alleged in the lawsuit that he had been "tricked" into participating in what he thought would solely be a school project. Wittenborn recalls that when he was questioned by Weil during the filming, he told Weil about his work in film and television, and that they hoped to sell the film to HBO. Johnson recalls Weil constantly vacillated during the making of the movie between being the most enthusiastic film participant, who expressed his ideas for film scenes, to being nervous about the criticism from his friends regarding his participation. Other film subjects also had regrets about participating and some also claimed they were told that it was a student film and thought it would never be seen by a large audience. Johnson denied any deception, saying they all signed releases that were fully explained to them. In a decision dated September 27, 2002, the New York Supreme Court dismissed Weil's lawsuit, ruling that the subject matter of the film was newsworthy, and that the releases Weil had signed in 2000 clearly identified the film as a commercial production.

The film had been submitted to the Sundance Film Festival when the court ruling was reported by the press in October 2002. Changes were apparently made to the film after Weil became incensed after the film's debut at Sundance. Wittenborn remarked on Weil's reaction to the film, "We could have made him [Weil] look worse. We were being kind." Johnson concurred that there was "some reservation on our part in terms of editing". Johnson thought that Weil was "the most honest person in the film", who was "willing to say things...that may reflect what our peers are thinking all the time."

Release
Born Rich was selected for a noncompetition screening at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival, where it was a hit. The film premiered at Sundance on January 19, 2003, in the American Spectrum category. Every seat at the screening was occupied and a couple dozen people were turned away. Sheila Nevins, executive vice president for original programming at HBO, decided to see the film at Sundance when she saw a line around the block for it. An edited version of the film was produced after it was acquired by HBO. In July 2003, it was promoted at the HBO presentation at the Television Critics Association convention in Los Angeles by Johnson and three film subjects.

Johnson was on The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss Born Rich in a namesake episode that also featured Paris Hilton and Nicky Hilton, two days before HBO's big screen premiere of the film in New York City on October 15, 2003. Five heirs from the film attended the premiere with Johnson. According to Johnson, although Georgina Bloomberg did not attend the opening, she sent him a note afterwards saying she was happy with the film's success and the wide audiences that were able to see it. A week before the premiere, some of Georgina's remarks in the film were reported in a New York Daily News article that included a response from a spokesperson for her father, the then mayor of New York. There were sold-out screenings of the film in New York for weeks. Johnson appeared with S.I. Newhouse IV on Paula Zahn Now on CNN to discuss the film the day before its October 24, 2003 premiere at the Hamptons International Film Festival.

Johnson was also interviewed about the film on CNN Sunday Morning the day before the film's television debut and on NPR's All Things Considered on the day of the television debut on HBO on October 27, 2003. The film was broadcast as part of the HBO's America Undercover series, where it was on a regular rotation. Johnson noted that some film subjects were very supportive of the film and happy about what they said on camera, while other subjects were anxious about the film due to the criticism from friends and family for violating the code of secrecy about wealth. Johnson felt this secrecy about wealth arises from fear of contradicting the belief that their society is a meritocracy, and enables the wealthy to avoid having to justify the power and privilege bestowed by their wealth.

Born Rich was the first of several television shows about the wealthy that fall season. A number of shows on the rich had started airing or were in production. Born Rich was considered more substantive viewing. Johnson believed that the television networks were influenced by the amount of press the film received, as it went to Sundance right before the networks started to develop and market shows for next two television seasons. He also believed the fascination with wealth in popular culture at the time of the release "is deeply influenced by the administration that's running the country." In 2004, Johnson and Cody Franchetti were interviewed about the film on Australia's Channel 9 news show 60 Minutes.

In an Avenue Magazine interview about the film ten years after its release, Johnson said, "Now, reality television about wealth is a staple genre on TV, whereas there wasn't a single show about that at the time...so it had more of an impact and people weren't as guarded." In 2013, Born Rich was alluded to on MSNBC's All In with Chris Hayes where Johnson commented on meritocracy in America on the day Prince George of Wales was born. Born Rich was also broadcast in 2013 on Australia's public television channel ABC2. ABC2 published an update from Johnson where he said that privacy around wealth has recently begun to ease, and that he remains close to at least half of the film's subjects and friendly with all of them. He also noted that now as economies are more globalized, he sees the film as an early step in the growing fascination with family wealth as great fortunes continue to grow in developing economies, e.g., the influx of wealthy families into Australia with the expansion of the Chinese economy.

Accolades
The documentary was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 2004: Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming for Jamie Johnson; and Outstanding Nonfiction Special for Sheila Nevins (executive producer), Dirk Wittenborn (produced by), and Jamie Johnson (producer).

title: Born Rich (2003 film)


text:
Kim Johnston Ulrich

Kim Johnston Ulrich is an American actress.

Early life and education
Ulrich was born Kim Charisse Johnston in Ripon, California. She earned an Associate of Arts degree in fashion merchandising from Modesto Junior College and a Bachelor of Arts degree in art from California State University, Stanislaus.

Career
Before Ulrich became an actress, she worked as a model, appearing in national magazines.

From 1983 to 1986, Ulrich played the role of Diana McColl on As the World Turns. In 1985, she appeared in "Grappling Steele", an episode of Remington Steele, where she played a soap opera actress. In 1987 she appeared in an episode of The Charmings as Cinderella. In 1988, she guest-starred in two episodes of Werewolf. In 1988, she appeared as Rachel in an episode of Cheers. In 1990, Ulrich appeared on the TV series Wings as Carol, Brian's former wife. In 1993, Ulrich appeared in the pilot episode of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman as Dr. Antoinette Baines, a villainous scientist. She appeared in a third-season episode of Highlander: The Series in 1995. She appeared in the first episode of season four of Diagnosis Murder as a conniving wife in the episode "Murder by Friendly Fire" in 1996.

In 1999, she played the role of Dorothy "Dottie" Strudwick in two episodes of 3rd Rock from the Sun. She played the role of Ivy Winthrop Crane on NBC's daytime drama Passions from 1999 to 2008. In 2010 and 2011, she played the role of Doctor Visyak on The CW television series Supernatural in the episodes "Like a Virgin", "Let It Bleed", and "The Man Who Knew Too Much". She also played Nancy Hargrove in the eighth-season episode "A Man Walks Into a Bar..." of NCIS.

Personal life
She married casting director Robert J. Ulrich on January 3, 1981, in Modesto, California.

title: Kim Johnston Ulrich


text:
Great Yarmouth railway station

Great Yarmouth railway station (originally Yarmouth Vauxhall) is one of two eastern termini of the Wherry Lines in the East of England, serving the seaside town of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. The other terminus at the eastern end of the lines is Lowestoft and the western terminus, to which all trains run, is Norwich.

Trains from Great Yarmouth run to Norwich via one of two routes: either via Acle, the more regularly used line, or via Reedham. Great Yarmouth is 18 mi down the line from Norwich via Acle and it is 20 mi via Reedham.

The station is managed currently by Greater Anglia, which also operates all of the trains that call. There is one train per hour to Norwich off-peak, with the service increasing in frequency during peak times.

Yarmouth Vauxhall
The Bill for the Yarmouth and Norwich Railway (Y&NR) received Royal Assent on 18 June 1842. Work started on the line in April 1843 and the line and its stations were opened on 1 May 1844. Great Yarmouth station was originally named Yarmouth Vauxhall. The Y&NR line to Norwich through Reedham was the first railway in the county to open.

On 30 June 1845, a Bill authorising the amalgamation of the Yarmouth & Norwich Railway with the Norwich & Brandon Railway came into effect, and Yarmouth Vauxhall station became a Norfolk Railway asset.

The Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) and its rival the Eastern Union Railway (EUR) were both sizing up the NR to acquire and expand their railway empire. The ECR trumped the EUR by taking over the NR, including Yarmouth-Vauxhall Station on 8 May 1848.

By the 1860s the railways in East Anglia were in financial trouble, and most were leased to the Eastern Counties Railway, which wished to amalgamate formally but could not obtain government agreement for this until an Act of Parliament on 7 August 1862, when the Great Eastern Railway (GER) was formed by the amalgamation. Actually, Yarmouth Vauxhall became a GER station on 1 July 1862, when the GER took over the ECR and the EUR, before the Bill received Royal Assent.

Two decades into GER ownership the latter decided to build a shorter route between Yarmouth Vauxhall to Norwich Thorpe. Work started in the early-1880s. The GER started the new line about one mile west of Yarmouth Vauxhall and the junction was named Breydon. The first part of the new line opened on 1 March 1883 as far as the first station west of Yarmouth Vauxhall at Acle.

The system settled down for the next four decades, apart from the disruption of World War I. The difficult economic circumstances that existed after the war led the government to pass the Railways Act 1921, which led to the creation of the Big Four. The GER amalgamated with several other companies to form the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). Yarmouth Vauxhall became an LNER station on 1 January 1923.

In May 1943, the station was badly damaged during an air raid. The upper floor of the station building had to be demolished, but train services continued to operate during this period. The remainder of the original station building was demolished and rebuilt in 1960.

On nationalisation in 1948, the station and its services became part of the Eastern Region of British Railways. The station was renamed Yarmouth by British Railways at some point between 1953 and 1962.

Before rail closures of the 1950s and the later Beeching Axe, the station was the largest of the three major railway stations in the town. The three stations had been linked together since 1882 by the Yarmouth Union Railway. The station is now the sole surviving station in the town.

The station was renamed Great Yarmouth on 16 May 1989. There used to be large sidings and an engine shed before they were demolished to make way for an Asda superstore and bypass.

On privatisation the station and its services were transferred to Anglia Railways, which operated it until April 2004 when National Express East Anglia won the replacement franchise, operating under the brand name "one" until February 2008. From February 2012 Abellio Greater Anglia took over operating the franchise.

The town was also formerly served by the following stations:

Yarmouth Beach
Yarmouth Beach was located on Nelson Road and owned by the M&GN, which ran services along the Norfolk coast to Melton Constable and Peterborough. The station closed in 1959 and the site is now a coach station, although plans exist to turn the area into offices.

Yarmouth South Town
Yarmouth South Town was owned by the Great Eastern Railway but also served as the terminus for the Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway, which ran services through Gorleston-on-Sea and Lowestoft to join with the current East Suffolk Line for a mainline service to London. It closed in 1970.

Newtown Halt
Newtown Halt was located on Salisbury Road and was owned by the M&GN. It opened in 1933 and closed in 1959.

Summer 1959
With the closure of Yarmouth Beach station in early 1959, Vauxhall became the focus of the summer Saturday traffic for Great Yarmouth. The station had always had a number of summer Saturday trains up to this point but this hike in numbers had led to some re-modelling of the station layout - platform lengthening and changes to carriage stabling - in order to cope with the additional traffic.

A typical summer Saturday saw an additional 24 timetabled passenger trains from locations including York, Derby, Sheffield, Manchester, Leicester and Sunderland. In addition, on 25 July 1959, there were an extra eight holiday relief workings that ran. Some local workings were cancelled to cope with this influx of trains, but it indicates the significant numbers of UK holidaymakers still travelling by train and still holidaying in Great Yarmouth at this time.

Present day
There is one train each hour between Yarmouth and Norwich, with additional services during the morning and evening peaks. Most services run via Acle, although there are still a number that run via Reedham. Sunday services tend to be hourly and, up to 16:00, trains alternate between the two routes. All services are operated by Greater Anglia.

There are proposals to run a wider variety of direct services to London Liverpool Street, Stansted Airport and Peterborough from 2025.

Carriage sidings
New sidings were provided at the western end of the station to cope with the additional services operating into the station, following the closure of the M&GN system. It is a crescent-shaped site between the A47 road and Wherryman's Way at the northernmost point of the River Yare, about 1/4 mi north-west of the station. It had fallen out of use in the 1980s when Norwich Crown Point depot was built.

In 2010, the unused sidings were purchased by Great Yarmouth Borough Council; they were intended for use as a freight terminal, despite the lack of rail connection to the town's port. It was hoped that 10,000 tonnes of sugar cane per week would be carried from Yarmouth to Cantley. The need to use a lorry shuttle between the docks and the rail yard, along with a £3.2 million quote for replacing the sidings at Cantley, saw the plan dropped.

In May 2020, Eastern Rail Services commenced a lease with Norfolk County Council and Network Rail for Yarmouth Vauxhall sidings. Managing director James Steward said the siding "matched ERS's requirement for an East Anglian site to base its rolling stock." Following extensive de-vegetation works, Direct Rail Services 37402 became the first locomotive in 19 years to run into the sidings on 26 May 2020, followed the next day by it delivering five former Greater Anglia Mark 3 coaches for storage. On 6 July 2020, ERS was authorised a licence exemption permitting them to operate trains within the site.

Class 08 08762, owned by Eastern Rail Services' sister company RMS Locotec, was delivered by road from Heaton TMD on 16 June 2020 to take up shunting duties on site.

Recent developments
A campaign was launched in 2010 to bring the station up-to-date, called the Fix Great Yarmouth Station campaign. The project attracted around 3,000 pledges of support on-line.

During 2012, Great Yarmouth Community Trust, in partnership with Greater Anglia, provided a welcoming and information service at the station for incoming holidaymakers and tourists. This service was operated as Welcome Host and continued in 2013; it was run on a voluntary basis.

In 2017, signalling and track layout changes saw the lifting of the tracks leading into platform 1, reducing the number of operational platforms at the station to three.

In 2018, it was announced that the station would benefit from £710,000 of investment, redeveloping the entrance and surrounding areas, with the work being funded by the New Anglia Local Enterprise Partnership's Growth Deal. The project was completed in November 2018.

title: Great Yarmouth railway station


text:
Montreat College

Montreat College (pronounced "mon-treet") is a private, Christian college in Montreat, North Carolina. Founded in 1916, the college offers associate, bachelor's, and master's degree programs for traditional and adult students. The college's main campus for four-year traditional students is located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains outside of Asheville, North Carolina.

History
In 1897 Congregationalist minister John C. Collins, from New Haven, Connecticut, joined with a number of like-minded associates from other denominations, including evangelist Weston R. Gales, to form the Mountain Retreat Association. "The corporation was not owned by one denomination but it was interdenominational in its makeup without church connection or control. The original Montreat idea has changed, grown and developed into what now is. Its name was derived from the words 'Mountain Retreat.'"

The original organization stated its purpose as follows: "…to establish and maintain in the mountain section of North Carolina, a municipality containing assembly grounds for the encouragement of Christian work and living through Christian convention, public worship, missionary work, schools, libraries, orphan homes, manual and trades training and other operations auxiliary and incidental thereto; also a community and health resort with places for dwellings, permanently and temporarily, for health, rest, recreation, Christian work and fellowship, together with whatever may be connected therewith, directly or incidentally."

Today the name Montreat is used for at least three different entities including Montreat College. The original Mountain Retreat Association was adapted as a Presbyterian conference center fewer than ten years after its founding. J. R. Howerton of Charlotte, North Carolina, purchased Montreat for use by the Presbyterian Church in the United States (also known informally as the Southern Presbyterian Church).

In 1913, Robert C. Anderson, then president of the Mountain Retreat Association, proposed that the grounds and facilities of the Association be used for a school during the academic year. In 1915, an Ad Interim Committee of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, U.S. reported: "1. We have made a careful examination of the Montreat property, and believe that it could be made suitable for school purposes by installing heating facilities and adding up-to-date school equipment. In this way provision could easily be made for 350 to 400 pupils. 2. We have carefully considered the various schools within the bounds of our General Assembly and under the control of the various Synods and Presbyteries, and we believe that one need of our ecclesiastical school system is a Christian Normal School for Teachers. We believe that Montreat is well located and adapted for a school of this nature."

Montreat Normal School opened in October 1916. Anderson served as the first president. According to the Asheville Citizen, the school's purpose, in addition to training girls for teaching careers, was "to give Christian education to worthy girls of junior college and high school age who desire education and whose character and purpose assure the best use of it."

Having been granted a charter by the State of North Carolina in January 1917, the Mountain Retreat Association 'Managing Committee' voted in July of that year to provide buildings, grounds and equipment to the school for eight months per year. The school was to be responsible for paying for the utilities it used and for ordinary repairs.

In this way the predecessor to Montreat College was created as a part of the Mountain Retreat Association to make year-round use of the facilities previously used only for summer conferences. But from the beginning, "the accounts of the Mountain Retreat Association and Montreat College were kept separate. No money was ever transferred from one to the other."

In 1934 Montreat College became a junior college. Later, the college offered a four-year curriculum. By the late 1950s, it reverted to junior college status. The Town of Montreat was founded in 1967 after the Mountain Retreat Association chose to give up maintaining the infrastructure of the retreat center. The Board of Directors voluntarily agreed to surrender "all municipal powers and functions and permit Montreat to be governed by the laws of Buncombe County and the State of North Carolina."

Among the school's benefactors over the years were evangelist Billy Graham and his wife, Ruth Graham, who lived in the community. They were actively involved with the school's students for many years. During a time when the school's identity was being defined, the Grahams gave a total of $150,000 over a period of three years.

In 1962 Calvin Thielman, who had been living in Montreat for some time as a Special Assistant to Billy Graham, was called as Pastor of the Montreat Presbyterian Church. At the same time, he served as the first chaplain to students at Montreat-Anderson College. He held both of these jobs until 1992, when Ed Bonner was called as college chaplain. Thielman continued as Pastor of the Church until his retirement in 1995.

In 1975 the college and the Mountain Retreat Association conference center formed two separate organizations: Vaughn served as College President and Monroe Ashley, a Baptist minister who had done extensive work in camp and conference ministry, served as the President of the Mountain Retreat Association.

In the 1980s, Montreat was expanded again to offer a four-year curriculum. Later it also offered graduate programs. In the 1990s, it expanded the number of sites where it offered classes, in addition to offerings online.

After the Great Recession of 2008, Montreat College had financial problems. In 2013, it considered a merger with Point University. This idea was later dropped.

In March 2014, after a $6 million anonymous gift, trustees decided to raise money and hire a new president. Paul J. Maurer took office the next summer.

Presidents

 * Robert Campbell Anderson (1916–1947)
 * J. Rupert McGregor (1947–1957)
 * Calvin Grier Davis (1959–1972)
 * Silas M. Vaughn (1972–1991)
 * William W. Hurt (1991–2002)
 * John S. Lindberg (2002–2003)
 * Dan Struble (2004–2013)
 * Paul Maurer (2014 to present)

Campus
Many of the older buildings are constructed of stone. In the early days Emilie Miller Vaughan described it thus: "I wish I could tell you of the scenery around here & at the retreat. People who have travelled say it is only equaled by Switzerland"

Academic profile
Montreat College's traditional program attracts more than 662 students who seek a Christ-centered liberal arts education in areas of study that range from business administration and cybersecurity, to outdoor recreation studies, communications, and music business. It has more than 90 majors, minors, and concentrations.

The School of Adult and Graduate Studies began offering classes on September 19, 1994. With online programs and physical campuses in Asheville, Charlotte, and Morganton, the college seeks to serve adults in the work force, or who are retired, who want to earn a college degree, as well as those who want to expand their horizons. In June 1998 Montreat College was accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools as a level three institution to offer the master's degree in business administration. This accreditation was reaffirmed in December 2012.

Student life
As of the fall of 2021, Montreat's traditional campus student body consists of 662 undergraduate students. The School of Adult and Graduate Studies consists of 311 adult undergraduate, graduate, and online students.

Athletics
The Montreat athletic teams are called the Cavaliers. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Appalachian Athletic Conference (AAC) since the 2001–02 academic year. They were also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the South Region of the Division II level.

Montreat competes in 22 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, tennis, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field, volleyball and wrestling; and co-ed sports include competitive cheer, competitive dance and clay target shooting.

In popular culture

 * Montreat College is featured in the 2009 novel One Second After and its sequels One Year After and The Final Day, written by William R. Forstchen. He is a Professor of History and Faculty Fellow there.
 * Former basketball player and author Allen Jones attended Montreat Junior College between 1970-1971 and writes about his experience at the school in his 2009 memoir The Rat That Got Away.

Notable alumni

 * Abdul Bangura, professional soccer player and Sierra Leone national team member
 * Joseph Chambers, minister
 * Cylk Cozart, actor, director, writer, and producer
 * Carlos Crawford, MLB pitcher
 * Franklin Graham, evangelist and missionary
 * Sammy Stewart, MLB pitcher and 1983 World Series champion with the Baltimore Orioles

title: Montreat College