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United States European Command

The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers 21000000 sqmi and 51 countries and territories, including Europe, The Caucasus, Russia and Greenland. The Commander of the United States EUCOM simultaneously serves as the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR) within NATO, a military alliance. During the Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch, EUCOM controlled the forces flying from Incirlik Air Base.

History and significant operations
Prior to 1952, the title "European Command (EUCOM)" referred to a single-service, United States Army command. The senior U.S. Army administrative command in the European region had previously been designated European Theater of Operations United States Army (ETOUSA) from 8 June 1942 – 1 July 1945; United States Forces European Theater (USFET) from 1 July 1945 – 15 March 1947; and then European Command (EUCOM) 15 March 1947 – 1 August 1952.

1950s
The first unified command in the European area was established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 1 August 1952. Designated the U.S. European Command (USEUCOM), it was established to provide "unified command and authority" over all U.S. forces in Europe. Prior to 1 August 1952, the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Army presence in Europe maintained separate commands that reported directly to the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The respective titles of the service commands were: Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE); Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean; and Commander-in-Chief, U.S. European Command. In line with the creation of the joint-service European Command, the Army command in Europe has redesignated U.S. Army Europe on 1 August 1952.

The unified command structure was born of the need to address changes wrought not only by America's rapid post-war demobilization but the end of the occupation of Germany in 1949. Questions arose over the U.S. commitment to the defense of Western Europe against the Soviet Union (USSR). Providing for the common defense was a great concern, especially after the Berlin Crisis of 1948–49 when the Soviet Union blocked access to the divided city and the U.S. and United Kingdom responded with an unprecedented airlift. In 1949 the allies established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

In 1952 the area of responsibility included continental Europe, the United Kingdom, North Africa and Turkey. The AOR was subsequently expanded to include Southwest Asia as far east as Iran and as far south as Saudi Arabia.

After the Korean War began, the perceived threat to Europe grew. In early 1951, NATO established Allied Command Europe. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was called from retirement to become the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe. The United States sent massive reinforcements to Europe to deter the Soviet Union.

From 1950 to 1953 United States military personnel in Europe grew from 120,000 to over 400,000. United States Air Forces in Europe grew from three groups with 35,000 personnel to eleven wings with 136,000 personnel. Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean doubled to more than 40 warships. United States Army, Europe, grew from one infantry division and three constabulary regiments to two corps with five divisions (including two mobilized National Guard divisions) and in November 1950 activated a new field army, Seventh Army, at Patch Barracks, Stuttgart.

The Army activated the 10th Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg in 1952 and deployed it to Bad Tölz in November 1953 for unconventional warfare missions in the Soviet Bloc countries. To provide for national command within NATO and to help control this build-up of forces, Gen. Eisenhower proposed a separate command for all United States forces in Europe. Because the senior United States commander would continue as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, Eisenhower recommended giving "a maximum of delegated authority" to a four-star deputy.

Eisenhower returned to the United States just as the new command was established. The first United States Commander-in-Chief Europe (USCINCEUR) was General Matthew Ridgway, former commander of Eighth Army and the Far East Command during the Korean War. His deputy was General Thomas T. Handy, commander of United States Army, Europe. At this point the position of USCINCEUR was "dual hatted" with Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR).

Headquarters EUCOM initially shared the I.G. Farben Building in Frankfurt, Germany, with Headquarters United States Army, Europe. By 1953 over 400,000 U.S. troops were stationed in Europe. In 1954, the headquarters moved to Camp des Loges, a French Army base west of Paris and a short distance from SHAPE. There, EUCOM prepared plans for the defense of Western Europe within the NATO framework against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact.

EUCOM used the Military Assistance Program to help its NATO partners build their military capabilities, including after 1955 the German Bundeswehr. In 1955, EUCOM established a Support Operations Command Europe, soon renamed Support Operations Task Force Europe (later Special Operations Command Europe) for special operations missions. In 1961, EUCOM began operating an airborne command post, Operation Silk Purse.

1960s
During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, on 25 August 1961, the Department of Defense announced 148,000 reserve personnel would be called on 1 October for twelve months of active duty service. 27,000 of these would be from Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard flying squadrons and support units to augment the Air Force, and 112,000 were U.S. Army Reserve. Many Army Reservists were sent to Europe to bring ground combat units up to full strength.

Civil war broke out in Lebanon in 1958 due to mounting religious and political conflicts (see "1958 Lebanon crisis"). EUCOM conducted a major contingency operation, Operation Blue Bat, in response to Lebanon's request to restore stability within the government.

In 1966, following disagreements by the French with certain NATO military policies, President Charles de Gaulle stated that all forces within France's borders would have to come under French control by April 1969. Soon afterward, France announced that SHAPE and its subordinate headquarters must leave French territory by April 1967. The following year, SHAPE moved to Mons, Belgium, while Headquarters EUCOM moved to Patch Barracks in Stuttgart, Germany. Headquarters Seventh Army moved to Heidelberg, where it merged with Headquarters United States Army, Europe. At Patch Barracks, EUCOM renovated the buildings, built a new operations center, and modernized communications infrastructure.

EUCOM continued to prepare for the defense of Europe and began a series of annual REFORGER (Return of Forces to Germany) exercises in 1967. Cold War crises continued, including the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. But, because of the Vietnam War, the number of the American forces in Europe slowly declined. Troop strength in Europe fell to 265,000 by 1970.

1970s
During the 1970s, force protection concerns in Europe increased as terrorist groups, such as the Red Army Faction and the Red Brigades, targeted American facilities and personnel with bombings, kidnapping and assassinations. Palestinian terrorist organizations conducted terror operations in Europe, such as the kidnapping of Israeli athletes during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.

EUCOM and its components continued to provide military assistance throughout Europe, as well as humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, noncombatant evacuation, support to peacekeeping operations, and other non-traditional missions in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. For example, after the Congo became independent in 1960, EUCOM joined in several multinational operations in that country, including peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, and noncombatant evacuation in 1960, November 1964 (Operation Dragon Rouge), the 1967 second Stanleyville mutiny and again in 1978 (during Shaba II). In the Middle East, EUCOM provided military assistance to Israel and noncombatant evacuation of American citizens in 1967, 1973, and 1982–1984.

In the late 1970s, the Soviet Union deployed SS-20 intermediate-range ballistic missiles into Eastern Europe and in 1979 invaded Afghanistan. NATO responded with a "two-track" decision to step up negotiations while deploying American intermediate-range Pershing II missiles and Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) to counter Soviet actions.

1980s
During the 1980s, American forces in Europe increased to over 350,000. EUCOM established Fleet Marine Force Europe (later MARFOREUR) in 1980.

The 1983 Unified Command Plan transferred responsibility for the Middle East from EUCOM to a new combatant command, U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), but EUCOM retained responsibility for Israel, Lebanon and Syria. At the same time, EUCOM was formally assigned responsibility for Africa south of the Sahara. Thus the area of responsibility became Europe (including the United Kingdom and Ireland), the Mediterranean Sea (including the islands), and the Mediterranean littoral (excluding Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia and Djibouti).

The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, together with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Colin L. Powell, who served from 1989 to 1993, further strengthened the role of combatant commanders. Goldwater-Nichols also established United States Special Operations Command, which led to the activation of a new sub-unified command, Special Operations Command, Europe.

During the 1980s, negotiations continued with the Soviet Union on strategic and theater-level arms limitation. In 1987, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) called an end to the deployment of SS-20s, Pershing IIs and GLCMs. In 1990, NATO and Warsaw Pact members signed a treaty on conventional armed forces in Europe (CFE).

In 1989, the Soviet Union and other Soviet Bloc countries in Eastern Europe collapsed and the Cold War came to an end. The citizens from both East and West Berlin began tearing down the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989.

1990s
As a sign of reduced tensions, in 1991 EUCOM took its airborne command post off alert. Meanwhile, in 1991, EUCOM and its components provided forces -primarily VII Corps- to CENTCOM for Operation Desert Storm.

EUCOM supports programs in former Soviet Bloc countries such as the Joint Contract Team Program, NATO Partnership for Peace and the National Guard Bureau State Partnership Program. It was also active in operations in the Balkans, including Bosnia, Macedonia and Kosovo. During this time, EUCOM's assigned forces were lowered below 120,000.

Since 1990, EUCOM has hosted or co-hosted the annual International Military Chiefs of Chaplains Conference, the only one of its kind in the world, working to foster cooperation among religious leaders and understanding of religion as both a force for war and a force for peace.

In 1999, changes to the command's area of responsibility were announced, after amendments to the Unified Command Plan. The United States Atlantic Command areas that had included the waters off Europe and the west coast of Africa were to be transferred to European Command. U.S. European Command already had responsibility for all U.S. land and air military planning in Europe and most of Africa. The change gave EUCOM the responsibility for maritime planning in the same general area of operations.

2000s
The changes were made effective on 1 October 2000. The Atlantic Command areas that presently include the waters off Europe and the west coast of Africa were also transferred to European Command.

Immediately after the terrorist attacks against New York and Washington, D.C., on 11 September 2001, NATO invoked Article V of the treaty and deployed NATO early warning aircraft to help monitor the skies over North America. EUCOM provided major forces for subsequent operations in Afghanistan and stepped up its efforts to protect United States interests in Europe and Africa. Subsequent terrorist attacks in the EUCOM theater in Casablanca, Madrid, London and Algiers prompted EUCOM to launch Operation Enduring Freedom Trans-Sahara in 2007 while continuing to provide rotational forces to Afghanistan and Iraq.

The 2002 Unified Command Plan transferred responsibility for Lebanon and Syria to CENTCOM, but EUCOM retained responsibility for Israel, and assumed responsibility for Russia (formerly held by the Joint Staff) and for an increased portion of the North Atlantic, to include Iceland and the Portuguese Azores (formerly held by the U.S. Joint Forces Command). The Iceland Defense Force formed part of EUCOM from 2002 until 2006 when it was disestablished.

Joint Task Force East provided from forces rotating from the continental United States through bases in Bulgaria and Romania, was initially intended to be provided by a rotating US-based brigade. Two bases at Constanţa, Romania was developed, apparently with the main facility at Mihail Kogălniceanu Airfield. Initially, however, Joint Task Force East was to have been provided by a rotational 2nd Cavalry Regiment Stryker squadron. The Task Force was originally planned to be called the Eastern Europe Task Force. However, since the stresses of the Iraq and Afghan deployments, the army provision of the Joint Task Force East has been replaced by a Marine force known as the Black Sea Rotational Force.

In 2003, the headquarters reorganized to establish the EUCOM Plans and Operations Center (EPOC). From 2006 to 2008, EUCOM helped stand-up a new geographic unified combatant command, United States Africa Command (AFRICOM), which moved to nearby Kelley Barracks and took over responsibility for Department of Defense activities in Africa on 1 October 2008.

2020s
On January 15, 2021, EUCOM transferred coordination of military activities for Israel to CENTCOM.

Timeline
1967: U.S. European Command headquarters moves to Patch Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany.

1970: 265,000 US troops stationed in Europe.

1980: 350,000 US troops stationed in Europe.

1983: U.S. Central Command is established and takes over responsibility for DoD activities in the Middle East from EUCOM.

1990: VII Corps (US Army) and other USAREUR units are deployed from EUCOM to Saudi Arabia for the Gulf War.

1992: VII Corps (US Army) after redeploying from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait is withdrawn from EUCOM and inactivated.

1999: US troops stationed in Europe fall below 120,000.

2002: V Corps (US Army) is deployed from EUCOM to Kuwait for the Iraq War.

2003: General James L. Jones becomes the first US Marine to be EUCOM Commander.

2006: V Corps (US Army) is deployed from EUCOM to Iraq as the command and control element for Multi-National Corps–Iraq.

2008: U.S. Africa Command is established and takes over responsibility for DoD activities in Africa from EUCOM.

2009: Navy Admiral James G. Stavridis becomes EUCOM's 15th Commander and the first Navy Admiral to lead the HQ.

2012: V Corps (US Army) is deployed from EUCOM to Afghanistan, providing command and control of all United States ground forces engaged in the theater.

2013: V Corps (US Army) is inactivated after redeploying from Afghanistan, leaving EUCOM without a Corps HQ for the first time since 1951.

2020: V Corps (US Army) is reactivated in Fort Knox. Corps forward headquarters is to be in Poznan, Poland.

Operations
The following list details all operations in which EUCOM has been involved since its inception.

 * 1950s
 * Lebanon Crisis 1958 – USEUCOM transported 2,000 troops and more than 4.5 million tons of equipment to Lebanon.
 * 1960s
 * Congo Crisis 1960 – USEUCOM transported UN troops and cargo to the Congo.
 * Cyprus Crisis 1964 – USEUCOM positioned ships near the island to conduct evacuation of non-military personnel and deterrent operations if needed.
 * Congo Crisis 1964 – USEUCOM transported Belgian paratroopers in a rescue operation in the Congo.
 * Cyprus Crisis 1965 – Airlifted UN peacekeepers and equipment to Cyprus.
 * Congo Crisis 1967 – Provided airlift support for supplies, Congolese troops, and refugees.
 * 1970s
 * Jordan Hostage Crisis 1970
 * Operation Nickel Grass 1973 – Support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War.
 * Operation Night Reach 1973 – Transported UN peacekeepers to Middle East at end of Yom Kippur War.
 * Cyprus Crisis 1974
 * Operation Nimrod Spar 1974/1975 – Cleared the Suez Canal.
 * Airlift 1978 – Airlifted multinational forces to Zaire to counter invasion by Angola.
 * 1980s
 * Iranian Hostage Crisis 1981 – Release of 52 hostages held for 444 days.
 * Hostage Crisis 1982 – Italy – Release of Brigadier General James L. Dozier.
 * Operation Arid Farmer 1983 – Supported in the Crisis in Chad.
 * Beirut Bombing 1983 – USEUCOM coordinated evacuation and treatment of wounded Marines and identified and returned to CONUS the remains of 241 Marines killed.
 * Beirut Air Bridge 1984–1998 – Provided administrative and logistical support the US Embassy in Beirut.
 * Operation Eldorado Canyon 1986 – USAF and USN air strikes on Libya in retaliation for terrorist bombing of La Belle Disco in West Berlin.

 * 1990s
 * Operation Steel Box/Golden Python 1990 – Supported withdrawal of chemical munitions from Germany and coordination of delivery/transport to Johnson Atoll.
 * Hostage Situation 1990–1992 – Hostage release support for Americans kidnapped and held in the Middle East.
 * Desert Storm and Proven Force 1991 – War to remove Iraq from Kuwait.
 * Provide Comfort II 1991 – Kurdish security zone in northern Iraq.
 * Operation Restore Hope 1992–1994 – Assisted in US Somalian security efforts.
 * Operation Deny Flight 1993–1995 – Support to UN/NATO enforcement of no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina.
 * Operation Sharp Guard 1993–1996
 * Operation Able Sentry/Sabre 1993–1999 – Task force attached to UN Preventive Deployment Force in Macedonia to monitor border activity.
 * Operation Vigilant Warrior 1994 – Response to Iraqi buildup along Kuwait border.
 * Operation United Shield 1995 – Support of US withdrawal from Somalia.
 * Operation Quick Lift 1995 – Support of NATO Rapid Reaction Force and Croatia forces deployment to Bosnia-Herzegovina.
 * Operation Nomad Vigil 1995 – deployment to Albania in support of Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.
 * Operation Deliberate Force 1995 – NATO air strikes on Bosnian Serb military forces.
 * Operation Desert Strike 1996 – Missile Strikes on Iraq.
 * Operation Northern Watch 1997–present – Enforcement of No Fly Zone over northern Iraq.
 * Operation Assured Lift 1997 – In support of Liberian cease-fire monitoring.
 * Operation High Flight 1997 – Search and Rescue effort at Windhoek, Namibia.
 * Operations Phoenix Scorpion I & II 1997–1998 – support to UN weapons inspectors in Iraq.
 * Operation Auburn Endeavor 1998 – relocation of uranium fuel from Tbilisi, Georgia.
 * Operation Determined Falcon 1998 – Show of Force over Albania near Kosovo.
 * Operation Calm Support 1998–1999 – Support to Kosovo Diplomatic Observer Mission mission to Kosovo.
 * Operation Resolute Response 1998 – Support to US embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania.
 * Operation Flexible Anvil/Sky Anvil 1998 – Planning for Balkan/Kosovo operations.
 * Operation Eagle Eye 1998–1999 – Monitoring compliance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1199 in Kosovo.
 * Operation Desert Fox 1998 – Air Strikes on Iraq.
 * Operation Allied Force JTF Noble Anvil 1999 – Air war over Serbia to withdraw forces from Kosovo.
 * 2000s
 * Operation Essential Harvest 2001 – Successful NATO program to disarm NLA in Macedonia.
 * Operation Enduring Freedom 2001–present – USEUCOM theater planning and execution of the Global War on Terrorism.
 * Operation Avid Recovery 2002 – Explosive Ordance Disposal support to Nigeria.

Structure
The main service component commands of EUCOM are the United States Army Europe, United States Naval Forces Europe/U.S. Sixth Fleet, United States Air Forces in Europe and United States Marine Corps Forces, Europe

United States Army Europe (formerly Seventh Army) is based in Germany. It controls two brigades, one aviation brigade, and several supporting units while also providing support to other Army units in Europe. Previously it had two divisions, although for almost all of the Cold War it controlled two corps of two divisions each. V Corps was deactivated in 2013 upon its return from Afghanistan. VII Corps was deactivated in 1992 after returning to Germany after the Gulf War.

The Sixth Fleet provides ships to NATO Joint Force Command Naples' Operation Active Endeavour, deterring threats to shipping in the Straits of Gibraltar and the remainder of the Mediterranean. Joint Task Force Aztec Silence, a special operations force established under the command of Commander, Sixth Fleet, has been involved in fighting Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara. It also has a growing role around the shores of West and East Africa, under the direction of United States Africa Command. It previously had a significant Mediterranean presence function against the Soviet Navy's 5th Operational Squadron (Mediterranean Squadron, effectively fleet sized), and for most of the Cold War was the most powerful maritime striking force along NATO's southern flank.

The United States Air Forces in Europe, the Wing-support command, and Third Air Force, USAFE's Warfighting Headquarters are both based at Ramstein Air Base in Germany. They are now much reduced from their high Cold War strength and provide a pool of airpower closer to many trouble spots than aircraft flying from the United States.

The United States Marine Corps Forces, Europe is headquartered in Panzer Kaserne in Böblingen (Stuttgart), Germany, and serves as the Marine Corps component of EUCOM. MARFOREUR is integral in the planning and execution of Black Sea Rotational Force.

A subordinate unified command of EUCOM is SOCEUR (Special Operations Command Europe), headquartered at Patch Barracks in Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany. Special forces units within the AOR include the 352nd Special Operations Group of the USAF, based at RAF Mildenhall in the UK, a U.S. Navy SEALs unit, and Naval Special Warfare Unit 2 and 1st BN, 10th Special Forces Group located at Panzer Kaserne, Germany.

EUCOM is also headquartered at Patch Barracks in Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany.

The Kaiserslautern Military Community is the largest U.S. community outside of the U.S., while the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center is the largest U.S. military hospital overseas, treating wounded Soldiers from Iraq and Afghanistan.

Service components

 * United States Army Europe (USAREUR) (Lucius D. Clay Kaserne, Wiesbaden, Germany):
 * 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment: Rose Barracks, Vilseck, Germany
 * 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team: Vicenza, Italy
 * 12th Combat Aviation Brigade: Katterbach Kaserne, Ansbach, Germany
 * 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command: Grafenwoehr, Germany
 * US Army NATO Brigade: Heuberg Kaserne, Sembach, Germany
 * 19th Battlefield Coordination Detachment: Kaiserslautern, Germany
 * 10th Army Air & Missile Defense Command: Kaiserslautern, Germany
 * 21st Theater Sustainment Command: Panzer Kaserne, Kaiserslautern, Germany
 * 16th Sustainment Brigade: Smith Barracks, Baumholder, Germany
 * 18th Military Police Brigade: Grafenwoehr, Germany
 * 30th Medical Brigade: Sembach, Germany
 * 7th Mission Support Command: Kaiserslautern, Germany
 * 1st Human Resources Sustainment Center
 * 405th Army Field Support Brigade: Daenner Kaserne, Kaiserslautern, Germany
 * 409th Contracting Support Brigade: Kaiserslautern, Germany
 * 266th Financial Management Support Center
 * United States Naval Forces Europe (NAVEUR) (Naples, Italy):
 * United States Sixth Fleet (Naples, Italy)
 * Navy Region Europe (Naples, Italy)
 * United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) (Ramstein Air Base, Germany):
 * Third Air Force (Ramstein Air Base, Germany)
 * 31st Fighter Wing, Aviano Air Base, Italy
 * 48th Fighter Wing, RAF Lakenheath, United Kingdom
 * 52nd Fighter Wing, Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany
 * 86th Airlift Wing, Ramstein Air Base, Germany
 * 100th Air Refueling Wing, RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom
 * 435th Air Expeditionary Wing, Ramstein Air Base, Germany
 * 435th Air Ground Operations Wing, Ramstein Air Base, Germany
 * 501st Combat Support Wing, RAF Alconbury, United Kingdom
 * 39th Air Base Wing, Incirlik Air Base, Turkey
 * Heavy Airlift Wing, Pápa Air Base, Hungary
 * United States Marine Corps Forces, Europe (MARFOREUR) (Panzer Kaserne, Böblingen, Germany)

U.S. European Command administers the low-profile U.S. military storage installations in Israel. William Arkin in his book Code Names revealed the locations of some of the American bases in Israel. Arkin writes that the sites do not appear on maps, and their exact locations are classified. According to the book, some of the sites are located at Ben Gurion Airport, Nevatim, Ovda air base, and in Herzliya Pituah.

The sites are numbered as "site 51," "site 53," "site 54," "site 55" and "site 56." Some of the depots are underground, others were built as open hangars. According to Arkin, site 51 holds ammunition and equipment in underground depots. Site 53 is munitions storage and war reserve vehicles at Israeli Air Force bases, site 54 is an emergency military hospital near Tel Aviv with 500 beds, and Sites 55 and 56 are ammunition depots.

Subordinate unified commands

 * Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR) – (Panzer Kaserne, Böblingen, Germany)

Additional supporting units

 * George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies (Garmisch, Germany)
 * NATO School (Oberammergau, Germany)
 * Joint Intelligence Operations Center Europe Analytic Center (RAF Molesworth, Huntingdonshire, UK)

List of commanders
Previously, this position held the title "Commander-in-Chief (CINC), United States European Command". However, following an order dated 24 October 2002 by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, all CINCs in the United States military were retitled "Commanders" and the use of "CINC" as an acronym for anyone other than the President was forbidden.

title: United States European Command


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Terranora interconnector

Directlink (Terranora) Interconnector is a mixed buried and above ground 59 kilometre (37 mi) High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) electricity transmission cable route from near Lavertys Gap (-28.57083°N, 153.45222°W), 5 km Southwest of Mullumbimby, New South Wales and Bungalora (-28.25556°N, 153.47222°W) & connected via a 3.5km (2.2mi) AC Overhead Transmission Line to the NorthEast to the Terranora Electrical Substation (-28.24119°N, 153.50353°W) @ Terranora, New South Wales  in Eastern Australia. The DC cables alternate between above ground in a galvanised steel trough and below ground with depths up to 1m.

It is one of the two interconnections used to trade electricity between New South Wales and Queensland (the other is the 330KV Dual Circuit Queensland – New South Wales Interconnector (QNI)).

History
The interconnector was developed by a joint venture of NorthPower (later Country Energy), TransÉnergie–a subsidiary of Hydro-Québec, and Fonds de solidarité FTQ. The motivation to build the interconnector was the power shortage in Southern Queensland and surplus capacities in New South Wales. It was developed as an Independent Transmission Project. It was commissioned in December 1999 and it started operations in April 2000. It was the first time that transmission systems of New South Wales and Queensland were linked. The construction cost US$70 million.

In December 2006, it was announced that Directlink would be purchased by Australian Pipeline Trust (APT, a part of APA Group) for US$133 million. The transaction was completed in February 2007.

Originally, the interconnector operated as a non-regulated market network service. However, on 6 May 2004 an application to convert it to a regulated network service was submitted. The application was approved by the Australian Energy Regulator on 10 March 2006.

In December 2008, ownership of Directlink (as well as Murraylink) was transferred to the Energy Infrastructure Investments Group, while the APA Group continued as the operator. The ownership of EII is allocated as APA with 19.9%, Japan-based Marubeni Corporation with 49.9%, and Osaka Gas with 30.2%.

Technical description
Directlink (Terranora) interconnector is a 59 km HVDC land cable route. The system has three 65MVA Voltage Source Converters at each station connected by three pairs of transmission cables. Each pair of cables operates at +/-80 kV and transmits 60 MW. In New South Wales it is connected to a 132 kV alternating current transmission grid and in Queensland to 110 kV alternating current transmission grid.

The total rating of the interconnector is 180 MW. The maximum net transfer minus losses is around 170 MW. If one pair of cables malfunctions, the available capacity is around 115 MW. If two pairs of cables are out of service, the capacity is around 57 MW. However, in some cases for a limited time period the interconnector has operated in an overloading mode for up to 250 MW. The limiting factor for flow in the New South Wales direction is the thermal ratings of the Terranora–Mudgeeraba 110 kV lines and Mullumbimby–Dunoon 132 kV lines, and for flow in the Queensland direction is the thermal ratings of the Lismore–Dunoon 132 kV lines.

HVDC VSC was chosen for this project for reasons of low environmental impact of the transmission route and the ability of the IGBT converter stations at each end to accurately control both real and reactive power. Individual water-cooled IGBT modules are rated at 2.5 kV and 500 A, with multiple units connected in series to achieve the required voltage rating.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Terranora interconnector


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File:Choate Rosemany Hall - Pond View.JPG

Pond view at the Choate Rosemary Hall school campus, Wallingford, Connecticut. Photograph taken by me.


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Order of St. Patrick

Order of St. Patrick
An article I wrote long ago, but neglected to nominate. -- Emsworth 21:50, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Yet another to add to your œuvre. James F. (talk) 21:59, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There seems to be some unresolved suggestion that the article should perhaps be at Order of St. Patrick - perhaps it should be at Order of Saint Patrick, instead? Otherwise, support. john k 22:49, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. --DanielNuyu 00:50, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - I can't not support an article with one of my photographs in it. :-) re the Saint/St question. I thought we wrote saint for people, and st/st. for buildings named after saints. I've never seen the Order written as saint, always st or rather st.. Without a dot it looks rather, um, naked and unfinished or something. Everyone I know in Ireland and Britain uses the period. The only people I know who don't are Americans! Fear ÉIREANN  01:50, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Can't we have a picture more near the top of the article? I think it should be moved to Order of St. Patrick (with the dot) with redirects at the other locations. Mgm|(talk) 16:28, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, although I agree that a photo nearer the top of the article, perhaps a color close-up of the star or badge, would be an improvement. Edeans 16:39, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * minor object needs a good leading image, once thats taken care of support.  ALKIVAR ™ 20:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm. The orphan couple sentence paragraphs make the lead read choppily. Can you integrate them together to flow better? There's one later on too. I agree, could really use a lead image too. - Taxman 22:42, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I addressed the issue of the short paragraphs. -- Emsworth 22:45, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration

The Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) was an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture that facilitates the marketing of livestock, poultry, meat, cereals, oilseeds, and related agricultural products, and promotes fair and competitive trading practices for the overall benefit of consumers and American agriculture. GIPSA was formed in 1994 through the joining of the Federal Grain Inspection Service and the Packers and Stockyards Administration. GIPSA was re-organized in 2017-18 to be part of USDA's Marketing and Regulatory Programs, which are working to ensure a productive and competitive global marketplace for U.S. agricultural products.

GIPSA's Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) established the Official Standards for Grain, which are used each day by sellers and buyers to communicate the type and quality of grain bought and sold. FGIS also establishes standard testing methodologies to accurately and consistently measure grain quality. Finally, the program provides for the impartial application of these grades and standards through a network of federal, state, and private inspection agencies known as the official system. The Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) was established by Congress in 1976 to manage the national grain inspection system, which was established in 1916, and to institute a national grain weighing program. The goal of creating a single federal grain inspection entity was to ensure development and maintenance of uniform U.S. standards, to develop inspection and weighing procedures for grain in domestic and export trade, and to facilitate grain marketing.

The Agency's Packers and Stockyards Programs (P&S) ensures open and competitive markets for livestock, meat, and poultry. P&S is a regulatory program whose roots are in providing financial protection, and ensuring fair and competitive markets. Today's Packers and Stockyards Program (P&S) is the progeny of the Packers and Stockyards Administration, which was established in 1921 under the Packers and Stockyards Act. The organization was instituted to regulate livestock marketing activities at public stockyards and the operations of meat packers and live poultry dealers.

In 2008, Congress passed legislation providing protection from retaliation under the Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) but each year language has been inserted into the Agriculture Appropriations bill blocking enforcement of those protections. Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur of Ohio and comedian John Oliver helped to remove the language blocking the enforcement of GIPSA in 2015.

In 2017, GIPSA was merged into the Agricultural Marketing Service.


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Big Acorn

Big Acorn may refer to:
 * Big Acorn (Silver Spring, Maryland); an acorn shaped gazebo in Acorn Park, dating from the 1850s.
 * Big Acorn (Raleigh, North Carolina); a sculpture in Moore Square Park honoring Raleigh's title as the "City of Oaks". The Big Acorn is dropped from a crane every New Year's Eve at midnight during the First Night Raleigh celebration.

title: Big Acorn


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User talk:Vots

Welcome!

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:51, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Our Town Press
The article Our Town Press has been speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This happened because the article seems to be about a subject but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable. If you can indicate why the subject is really notable, you are free to re-create the article, making sure to cite any verifiable sources. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. You might also want to read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 7 under Articles. -- Merope  13:59, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:BU-Tonight.png
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 10:46, 5 December 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vots


text:
Talk:Buddhism in Brazil

Untitled
Mr. Van, not all Brazilians who join Japanese Buddhism schools are of Japanese descent. Your edit makes it appear otherwise. Luis Dantas 21:51, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 one external links on Buddhism in Brazil. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090531045226/http://iamhome.org:80/international.htm to http://www.iamhome.org/international.htm#Brazil
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050408082214/http://www.budismo.org.br:80/ to http://www.budismo.org.br
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050324010919/http://chagdud.org:80/en/index.html to http://www.chagdud.org/en/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050914064530/http://www.sotozen.org.br:80/ to http://www.sotozen.org.br
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090531045226/http://iamhome.org:80/international.htm to http://www.iamhome.org/international.htm#Brazil

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:44, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buddhism in Brazil


text:
User talk:Jeepo~enwiki

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:51, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lacoste
Please don't add text saying that someone "shouldn't be fooled when buying Lacoste tracksuits." Wikipedia is not a propaganda machine. Thanks, KILO-LIMA 21:51, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I guess this was not for me, I only added fi: in the article. No problem. --Jeepo 19:39, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Please accept my apoligies. KILO-LIMA 16:20, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jeepo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jeepo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:49, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:21, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeepo~enwiki


text: User talk:195.93.21.103

title: User talk:195.93.21.103


text:
User talk:Pljames@brmemc.net

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:51, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pljames@brmemc.net


text: User talk:129.173.105.28

title: User talk:129.173.105.28


text:
User talk:DÅ‚ugosz

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 21:54, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Flatwoods monster
Were you meaning to expand the article ? Otherwise, it will be speedily deleted as an article whose contents consist only of an external link. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 16:48, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DÅ‚ugosz


text:
User talk:Beanochris

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
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 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:54, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Not at all — but remember to sign ( ~ ) your messages. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:04, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That's fine. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:20, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Beanochris


text: Template:Reli-bio-stub

title: Template:Reli-bio-stub


text:
Dejarik

Dejarik, also known as holographic chess or holochess, is a primarily-fictional board game appearing in the Star Wars space opera franchise that uses holographic figures as pieces. The game has been roughly described as that universe's equivalent of terrestrial chess since it is played on a board with a chequered pattern, each piece has a specific way of moving and attacking, and if it lands on a spot occupied by an opponent, it destroys the other piece. Over the years, several official and fan-made replicas have been made. As of 2021, no single, official rule set for the game has been released, and instead, a number of different rule sets (mostly designed by fans) for the game co-exist. Even the number of figures to be used in the game is unclear, although the best known variant uses eight.

The game debuted in the 1977 film Star Wars, in a scene on board the Millennium Falcon. It is notable as one of the classic, early examples of holograms, 3D and AR in fiction.

Origins and history
Dejarik first appeared on screen in the 1977 space opera film Star Wars. In a scene lasting about 15 seconds, while traveling from Tatooine to Alderaan aboard Han Solo's light Corellian space freighter the Millennium Falcon, the Wookiee Chewbacca plays the game against the droid R2-D2. When R2 seems to be winning, Chewbacca rages, to which C-3PO comments on his useless anger. Han Solo then chimes in on how it is better not to displease Chewbacca, since Wookiees are famous for ripping their opponents' arms, at which point a scared 3PO changes his mind and suggests that R2 "let the Wookiee win". The dejarik board later appears when the starship is flying from the Death Star to Yavin IV, as Luke Skywalker sits in front of it, mourning Obi-Wan Kenobi's death at the hands of Darth Vader.

The movie prop representing the game used in the scene was designed and created by Phil Tippett and Jon Berg. The game later made appearances in a number of Star Wars media, including the television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels. In the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Finn briefly activates the Falcon 's dejarik board, and in 2018's Solo: A Star Wars Story, Chewbacca and Tobias Beckett play the game aboard the Millennium Falcon.

In the Star Wars Universe
Dejarik is a popular holographic game in the world of Star Wars, installed, for example, on the decks of starships in order to provide entertainment during long flights through hyperspace. A typical game station consists of a hologram generator, usually placed in the cylindrical base of the set, on which there is a board made of three circles filled with alternating white and black fields. When launched, colorful, three-dimensional characters are generated. These characters are controlled by the player using a keyboard built into the table. Each piece has its own specific abilities that can be used during the game. When two characters take the same place on the board, they fight each other.

The 1977 scene was originally designed to include ten figures, but the version shown in the film in 1977 has eight. This was because ten figures were originally designed in 1977, but George Lucas preferred the visually "less cluttered" version with eight. In Solo, a prequel to the 1977 Star Wars, Chewbacca damages the dejarik projector on the Millennium Falcon, providing an in-universe explanation as to why there are only eight figures on the screen. This implies that the full version of the game should have ten, not eight, figures.

Rules
The detailed rules of the game were not described in the film or other official media, and due to a lack of an official, licensed release of the game, a number of fans have created their own ruleset variants over the years. More official rules were created in 2017, when the first licensed computer game implementing dejarik (Star Wars: Jedi Challenges) was created;   in 2019, a licensed board game version known as Galaxy's Edge: Dejarik Board Game with Checkers was also released, but with different rules than the computer version from 2017. In 2020, it was announced that at some point, Lucasfilm developed gameplay rules for dejarik, but as of 2021, they were still not publicly released. All known rules so far (as of 2021) are for the version with eight figures.

Significance
In addition to a number of licensed merchandise products, several Star Wars fans have created their own dejarik game replicas over the years. A theme-park replica of the game has been created in 2017 in Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge theme park.

Dejarik has been the subject of scientific research in the field of human–computer interaction and has been identified as one of the classic, early examples of holograms and AR (augmented reality) in fiction. Dejarik has also inspired a number of inventors to create physical devices that would imitate the holographic effects seen in the film, from older products such as the 1983 Archon computer game to more recent ones such as those designed by Voxiebox.

title: Dejarik


text:
Albany Research Center

The Albany Research Center, now part of National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory staffed by Federal employees and contractors located in Albany, Oregon. Founded in 1943, the laboratory initially specialized in life cycle research starting with the formulation, characterization, and/or melting of most metals, alloys, and ceramics; casting and fabrication, prototype development; and the recycle and remediation of waste streams associated with these processes. Researchers at the laboratory routinely solved industrial processing problems by investigating melting, casting, fabrication, physical and chemical analysis and wear, corrosion and performance testing of materials through the use of equipment and analytical techniques. Since joining NETL, the laboratory has switched its research focus mainly to materials and processes for fossil energy production and conversion. The facility rests on 44 acre and occupies 38 buildings.

History
The United States Bureau of Mines selected a location in Albany to be home to the Northwest Electro-development Laboratory on March 17, 1943. The grounds of the center and some buildings had been the home of Albany College (now Lewis & Clark College) from 1925 until 1937. The facility was planned to develop new metallurgical processes as well as study ways to use low-grade resources using the surplus of electricity in the region.

In 1945 the name was changed to the Albany Metallurgy Research Center, and William J. Kroll was hired to scale up his titanium process. By 1947 it had successfully produced two tons of titanium sponge, which is typically melted down to produce ingots or standard geometrical shapes.

Research at the facility in the early years included studying zirconium, which led to advances in producing ductile zirconium under Kroll, who used a similar process to his own because of the similarity in electronic structure between Ti and Zr. This interested the Navy and the Atomic Energy Commission who were developing the USS Nautilus (SSN-571) the first nuclear-powered submarine, because Zr had been selected to line the reactor vessel. In 1955, production of zirconium at the research center stopped when it was taken over by private industry. Other work at Albany included research on titanium casting, recycling metals and alloys, creating sulfurcrete, and studying metal corrosion among other areas.

The center was renamed as the Albany Research Center in 1977, and in 1985 it was listed by the American Society for Metals as a historical landmark. During the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s, the center worked with the Oregon Department of Transportation on preventing corrosion on bridges exposed to salt water. In 1996, the United States Congress eliminated the Bureau of Mines, with the Albany facility then transferred to the U.S. Department of Energy. At first it reported directly to the department's Office of Fossil Energy, but in 2005 it was realigned under the National Energy Technology Laboratory with the name changing to NETL-Albany. At that time the research center had a staff of 85 people and an annual budget of $10 million. Though the research center began additional upgrades in 2009 to add on two new modular office complexes to the facility and bringing to total staff up to 120 people. During that same year the center received an R&D 100 Award from R&D Magazine.

FUSRAP cleanup
From 1945 until 1978, the Research Center was involved in working with radioactive materials, first for the Atomic Energy Commission and later for the Energy Research and Development Administration.

As part of Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) cleanup operations, a radiological survey was conducted of the site in 1985. Portions of 18 buildings and 37 exterior locations were designated as needing decontamination. The cleanup was done in two phases: Phase I from July 1987 to January 1988 and Phase II from August 1990 to April 1991. The hazardous waste material was sent to the Hanford Site for disposal. The site was certified to Department of Energy standards and guidelines for cleanup of residual radioactive contamination in 1993.

Operations
In conjunction with the Office of Fossil Energy, the facility investigates many of the nation's challenges in the production and use of all types of fossil energy systems to include the need to produce new materials for the energy systems of tomorrow and to develop new methods to ameliorate the releases associated with these new systems. Three directorates of NETL's Research & Innovation Center are represented at the Albany site: Geological and Environmental Systems, Materials Engineering and Manufacturing, and Energy Conversion Engineering. Specific research is conducted on geographic information systems for fossil fuels, advanced alloys and ceramics for coal and natural gas power plants, and magnetohydrodynamic generators. Their facilities include a GIS visualization laboratory, fabrication plant, a melting and casting facility, and a MHD laboratory.

title: Albany Research Center


text:
Fevik

Fevik is a Seaside resort and village in Grimstad municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the Skaggerak coast about 7 km northeast of the town of Grimstad and about 15 km south of the city of Arendal. The village of Vik lies just southwest of Fevik.

The 4.39 km2 village of Fevik has a population (2015) of about 5,300 people, with most working in Arendal or central Grimstad. Since 2014, Fevik has been considered part of the "urban area" of Arendal by Statistics Norway.

The European route E18 runs just to the north of the village area and the Norwegian County Road 420 runs through the village. Fevik Church is located in the village.

History
Fevik was a major summer tourist area from 1930 until about 1960. A large area at the northwest end of Fevik has some very interesting natural features (geological, plant, and insect) and it was made into a national nature reserve area.

At the end of the 19th century, the biggest shipyard in northern Europe for iron hulls were in the bay of Fevikkilen. Some boatbuilders are still in the area, making modern cruisers and traditional wooden boats.

title: Fevik


text:
Frank Cady

Frank Randolph Cady (September 8, 1915 – June 8, 2012) was an American actor best known for his role as storekeeper Sam Drucker in three American television series during the 1960s – Petticoat Junction, Green Acres, and The Beverly Hillbillies – and his earlier role as Doc Williams on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.

Early life
Cady was born in Susanville, California, the youngest of three children of Leon and Clara Cady. In high school, he worked at a local newspaper, The Lassen County Advocate. Cady's family later moved to Wilsonville, Oregon.

He studied journalism and drama at Stanford University, where he was involved with the campus humor magazine, the Stanford Chaparral. Following college graduation, Cady served an apprenticeship at the Westminster Theater in London, appearing in four plays. In England, he made an early television appearance on the BBC in late 1938.

He returned to Stanford in 1939 for graduate studies and a position as a teaching assistant. While at Stanford, Cady met and later married his wife, Shirley Katherine Jones, in 1940. Born in Oakland, California, Shirley Cady, a Stanford graduate, had several vocations – professional singer, teacher, and legal secretary.

Dissatisfied with academia, Frank began a series of jobs two years later, as an announcer and news broadcaster at various California radio stations. His career was put on hold in 1943 when he joined the United States Army Air Forces, serving in England, France, and Germany during World War II.

Television and movie career
After being discharged from military service in 1946, Cady appeared in a series of plays in the Los Angeles area that led to movie roles, beginning in 1947. In 1949, he had an uncredited speaking role in the film noir drama D.O.A.. In 1950, he had another uncredited role in Father of the Bride. He had a small part in The Asphalt Jungle (also 1950) playing a witness who refused to identify a robbery suspect. He appeared in George Pal's film When Worlds Collide (1951), and worked with Pal again in 1964 in 7 Faces of Dr. Lao.

Cady acted in Billy Wilder's Ace in the Hole (or The Big Carnival, also 1951) and portrayed the male half of the fire escape sleeping couple in Rear Window in 1954. He played the husband of Eileen Heckart characters in two films: The Bad Seed (1956) and Zandy's Bride (1974). He appeared on the Make Room For Daddy episode that was the pilot for The Andy Griffith Show. He was cast on some radio programs, including Gunsmoke episode #140 ("Outlaw Robin Hood") on January 8, 1955.

In the 1950s, Cady played Doc Williams in Ozzie and Harriet (1953–1964). In 1961, he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as twin brothers Joe and Hiram Widlock in "The Case of the Pathetic Patient".

In 1964, he played Webb Norton, an angry and abusive father (to Dylan Cannon’s character Ivy Norton) on Gunsmoke, in the episode “Aunt Thede” (S10E13).

He acted in television and was the only actor to play a recurring character on three television sitcoms at the same time, which he did from 1968 to 1969, appearing on The Beverly Hillbillies, Green Acres, and Petticoat Junction simultaneously. As Sam Drucker, he appeared in 142 of 170 Green Acres episodes during its six-year run from 1965 to 1971. Also as Drucker, he was one of only three co-stars of Petticoat Junction who stayed with the series for its entire seven-year run (1963–1970), along with Edgar Buchanan and Linda Henning, appearing in 152 of the show's 222 episodes. He played Drucker in 10 episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies from 1968 to 1970, and he continued his Drucker role in the final season of Green Acres after Petticoat Junction ended in 1970.

His final acting role was in the television movie Return to Green Acres (1990). In a 1995 interview with the Portland Oregonian Cady spoke of his television career: "You get typecast. I'm remembered for those shows and not for some pretty good acting jobs I did other times. I suppose I ought to be grateful for that, because otherwise I wouldn't be remembered at all. I've got to be one of the luckiest guys in the world."

In 2005, Cady attended Eddie Albert's funeral, along with Green Acres co-stars Sid Melton and Mary Grace Canfield.

Death
Shirley Cady died on August 22, 2008, at the age of 91. The Cadys, who were married 68 years, had two children – daughter Catherine Turk and son Steven Cady. They had three grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Frank Cady died at his home on June 8, 2012, at age 96. No specific cause was given. Upon his death he was cremated and his ashes are buried at Los Osos Valley Memorial Park, Los Osos, California in the same plot as his wife.

title: Frank Cady


text:
French ship Mistral (L9013)

Mistral (L9013) is an amphibious assault ship, a type of helicopter carrier, of the French Navy. She is the fourth vessel to bear the name, and is the lead ship of the Mistral-class amphibious assault ship amphibious assault ships.

Construction and career

Mistral began sea trials in January 2005, and was commissioned in February 2006. She departed from Toulon for her first long-range journey in March, sailing through the Mediterranean Sea, Suez Canal, and the Red Sea to Djibouti and India, before returning to France. In July, to ensure the safety of European citizens in the context of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, France set up Opération Baliste. Mistral was the flagship of the fleet unit off Lebanon, escorted by the frigates FRENCH FRIGATE Jean Bart and FRENCH FRIGATE Jean de Vienne, and along with another amphibious assault ship, FRENCH SHIP Siroco.

On 16 May 2008, the Burmese United Nations (UN) ambassador accused France of deploying Mistral to the Burmese coast for military purposes. The French UN ambassador denied this, stating that she was instead carrying 1,500 tons of relief supplies.

In March 2011 Mistral was deployed to Libyan waters to help aid the joint NATO effort to repatriate tens of thousands of Egyptian refugees fleeing the violence in Libya.

In January 2013, escorted by FRENCH FRIGATE Chevalier Paul, Mistral took part in the ill-fated operation to retrieve Denis Allex, a DGSE officer held hostage in Bulo Marer.

On 22 May 2022, Mistral, operating in the Gulf of Guinea in conjunction with the La Fayette-class frigate, FRENCH FRIGATE Courbet, was involved in the seizure of almost two tons of drugs.

title: French ship Mistral (L9013)


text: User talk:194.80.240.66

title: User talk:194.80.240.66


text: Category:965 births

title: Category:965 births


text:
User talk:BondarasKee

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! But please note the comments and templates on the pages you've created, and follow their advice. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:00, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:BondarasKee


text:
Bob Keegan

Robert Charles Keegan (August 4, 1920 – June 20, 2001) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Sox from 1953 to 1958. A native of Rochester, New York, he attended Bucknell University and performed World War II service in the United States Army before being signed by New York Yankees scout Lou Maguolo. His professional career began in 1946 in the Class A Eastern League when Keegan was 25.

Pitching career
Keegan was listed as 6 ft tall and 207 lb. He was 32 years old when he made the White Sox' varsity roster, and in his sophomore season,, he was selected to the American League All-Star team. In the game, played July 13 at Cleveland Stadium, Keegan started the eighth inning in relief with the Junior Circuit ahead, 8–7. Keegan retired his first batter, Randy Jackson, then surrendered a single to Willie Mays. He struck out Roy Campanella, but then gave up a pinch hit home run to Gus Bell to put the Nationals ahead, 9–8. Red Schoendienst then reached on an error and Alvin Dark singled before Keegan was lifted. His replacement, left-hander Dean Stone, never threw an official pitch, but picked off Schoendienst as he attempted to steal home for the third out. Stone then became the winning pitcher when the American League rallied for three runs in the bottom of the eighth to claim an 11–9 triumph.

Despite his rough treatment in the midsummer classic, Keegan's 1954 season was his finest. He posted a 16–9 won–lost record with a 3.09 ERA in 209 $2⁄3$ innings pitched. His 14 complete games that year was ninth in the league and a personal best.

1957 no-hitter
On August 20, 1957, Keegan threw a no-hitter against the Washington Senators in the second game of a doubleheader at Comiskey Park. Keegan struck out one hitter and gave up two bases on balls in the contest, but otherwise was flawless on the mound. It was the majors' first no-hitter since Don Larsen's perfect game during the previous year's World Series.

1957 was Keegan's last full year in the majors. In the early weeks of, he was sent to the minor leagues and joined his hometown Rochester Red Wings in 1959, winning 18 games. He pitched one more year with Rochester before retiring after 15 professional baseball seasons. In the majors, he went 40–36 lifetime, with 3.66 earned run average. In 135 career games, with 87 starts, he threw 29 complete games and six shutouts; he was credited with five saves as a reliever. In 644 $2⁄3$ MLB innings pitched he allowed 668 hits and 233 bases on balls, with 198 strikeouts.

title: Bob Keegan