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Gaspard Ulliel

Gaspard Thomas Ulliel (25 November 1984 –19 January 2022) was a French actor. He was known for having portrayed the young Hannibal Lecter in Hannibal Rising (2007), fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent in the biopic Saint Laurent (2014), and for being the face of Chanel men's fragrance Bleu de Chanel for twelve years. He also voiced Jack Frost in the French version of Rise of the Guardians (2012), and portrayed Anton Mogart in the Disney+ miniseries Moon Knight (2022).

Ulliel made his feature film debut in Brotherhood of the Wolf (2001), and had his breakthrough in Strayed (2003). He was nominated for the César Award for Most Promising Actor for three consecutive years for his performances in Summer Things (2002), Strayed (2003), and A Very Long Engagement (2004); winning that award in 2005 for his performance as World War I soldier Manech in A Very Long Engagement. In 2015, he earned his first César nomination for Best Actor for his performance in Saint Laurent. In 2017, he won the César Award for Best Actor for his role as a terminally ill playwright in It's Only the End of the World (2016). He became a Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in France in 2015.

His other notable works include The Last Day (2004), Paris, je t'aime (2006), Jacquou le Croquant (2007), The Princess of Montpensier (2010), To the Ends of the World (2018), and Twice Upon a Time (2019).

Ulliel died on 19 January 2022 at the age of 37, following a skiing accident at La Rosière resort in Savoie, France.

Early life
Ulliel was born in the Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine to Christine, a stylist and runway show producer, and Serge Ulliel, a fashion designer. Ulliel was an only child. His great-grandfather, Raoul Ulliel (1889–1943), was a bronzesmith who distinguished himself in combat during World War I. His paternal grandmother was of Italian and Spanish descent.

He had a scar on his left cheek as a result of a doberman attacking him with its claws when he attempted to ride the dog like a horse at the age of six. He once quipped that the scar increased his emotional acting abilities because it looked like a dimple. His obituary in the French newspaper Libération described him as having the "most famous scar in French cinema".

Ulliel attended the bilingual school École Jeannine Manuel in Paris where he learned English.

Ulliel wanted to be a jazz musician and even tried playing the saxophone for a couple of years, but he quit because he thought he wasn't talented. He also learned how to play the piano. He was also interested in architecture and photography.

He dreamed of becoming a film director and attended the University of Saint-Denis in Paris, where he studied cinema for two years until he quit to focus on his acting career.

Early work and breakthrough (1997–2003)
Ulliel began acting while he was still at school, at eleven years old, when a friend of a friend of his mother was working at an agency and was looking for young actors. She asked Ulliel if he wanted to give it a try and he said "yes", but just for fun. It was only after he turned seventeen that he really decided to continue working in this industry. He left the University of Saint-Denis after two years because he was getting more offers as an actor, but he still dreamed about writing and directing his own film, stating in a 2011 interview for Anthem Magazine; "I wake up every morning with this idea stuck in my mind that I want to write and direct my own film one day. As I work more and more on different sets, I see how hard it is to be a director. It's insane the amount of work and confidence that goes into it. I’m so respectful of filmmakers and I admire what they do. I hope that one day I'll find the right subject and the confidence to try it. I'm still young."

He made his acting debut with a small part in one episode of Une femme en blanc, a 1997 miniseries for French television starring Sandrine Bonnaire. He continued appearing in made-for-television films and TV series during the late 1990s and early 2000s, and then became known as a film actor in France.

In 2001, Ulliel made his feature film debut with a minor role in Christophe Gans's Brotherhood of the Wolf, alongside Vincent Cassel and Monica Bellucci.

In 2002, Ulliel played the role of Loic in Michel Blanc's romantic comedy-drama film Summer Things, for which he earned his first César Award nomination for Most Promising Actor, as well as winning the Lumières Award for Most Promising Actor.

He also performed at the drama school Cours Florent, where he was discovered by director André Téchiné, who cast him in the lead role of his World War II drama film Strayed in 2003, starring opposite Emmanuelle Béart as a mysterious teenager who protects her family. For his breakthrough performance in the film, Ulliel was nominated for a César Award for Most Promising Actor, and won the Étoiles d'Or for Best Male Newcomer.

A Very Long Engagement, English-language films and stage debut (2004–2012)
Ulliel had his first English-speaking role in Peter Greenaway's 2004 film The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Part 2: Vaux to the Sea, where he played a French man named Leon.

In 2004, he starred in Jean-Pierre Jeunet's World War I drama A Very Long Engagement, co-starring with Audrey Tautou and Marion Cotillard, and won a César Award for Most Promising Actor for his performance as soldier Manech Langonnet, the fiancé of Mathilde, Tautou's character, who disappeared in the trenches in 1917 and whom she refuses to believe is dead and starts investigating what happened to him. That same year, he also starred in Rodolphe Marconi's drama The Last Day, opposite Mélanie Laurent and Nicole Garcia.

In 2005, Ulliel played Izik in Richard Dembo's World War II drama Nina's House.

In 2006, he appeared opposite Marianne Faithfull and Elias McConnell in Gus Van Sant's "Le Marais" segment of the anthology film Paris, je t'aime, in which he played Gaspard, a young gay man flirting with a male print shop worker played by McConnell.

In 2007, Ulliel starred in the title role in the movie Hannibal Rising, his major English-language film where he portrayed the young Hannibal Lecter. That same year, he also played the title role in Laurent Boutonnat's historical film Jacquou le Croquant, based on the 1899 novel by Eugène Le Roy about a peasant who leads a revolt against the Count of Nansac.

In 2008, he starred as François, a scientist researching black holes in the sci-fi film The Third Part of the World, directed by Eric Forestier. He also starred as Joseph, the son of Isabelle Huppert's character in Rithy Panh's drama The Sea Wall, based on the 1950 novel of the same name by Marguerite Duras.

In 2009, Ulliel starred opposite Jean Reno in the thriller Inside Ring (also known as Ultimate Heist), directed by Laurent Tuel. He also portrayed the angel Xas in Niki Caro's English-language romantic drama film The Vintner's Luck, based on the 1998 novel The Vintner's Luck by Elizabeth Knox, in which he appeared opposite Jérémie Renier, Vera Farmiga, and Keisha Castle-Hughes. That same year, he also starred as Nathanaël in Alain Tasma's drama Ultimatum, set in 1990's Israel during Gulf War.

In 2010, he portrayed Henry I, Duke of Guise in Bertrand Tavernier's romance film The Princess of Montpensier, based on the 1662 novel of the same name by Madame de La Fayette. In 2011, he played William in Emmanuel Mouret's comedy film The Art of Love.

In 2012, Ulliel made his stage debut in Que faire de Mister Sloane?, an adaptation of English author Joe Orton's 1963 play, Entertaining Mr. Sloane, in which he played the title role and was directed by Michel Fau at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris. That same year, he also voiced Jack Frost in the French version of the animated film Rise of the Guardians; and played Balthazar, one of the four sons of Nicole Garcia's character in Brigitte Roüan's comedy film, A Greek Type of Problem.

Saint Laurent and It's Only the End of the World (2014–2019)
He portrayed French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent in the 2014 biographical film Saint Laurent directed by Bertrand Bonello, which earned him a Lumières Award for Best Actor and nominations for the César, and for the Globe de Cristal for Best Actor.

In December 2014, Ulliel was a member of the jury of the Cinecoles Short Film section at the 14th Marrakech International Film Festival.

In 2015, Ulliel starred as Tomas in an adaptation of Lars Norén's play Démons, directed by Marcial Di Fonzo Bo at the Théâtre du Rond-Point in Paris.

In 2016, he appeared in two films: the lead role in Xavier Dolan's It's Only the End of the World as Louis, a playwright who returns home after twelve years to tell his family that he's dying, in which he starred opposite Marion Cotillard, Vincent Cassel, Léa Seydoux and Nathalie Baye; and in Stéphanie Di Giusto's The Dancer, an unconventional biopic of American dancer Loie Fuller where Ulliel portrayed Count Louis d'Orsay.

In 2017, he was nominated for the Jury Prize for Best Actor at the Riviera International Film Festival for his role in Xavier Dolan's It's Only the End of the World alongside co-star Vincent Cassel. Ulliel also won his second César Award, this time for Best Actor, for his performance in the film, and also earned second nominations for Best Actor in both the Lumières, and the Globe de Cristal awards (the latter with Cassel also nominated).

In 2018, he co-starred with Isabelle Huppert in Benoît Jacquot's drama Eva, adapted from the 1945 novel Eve by James Hadley Chase. That same year, he voiced British poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in Le Brasier Shelley, a pictureless film in 3D sound; portrayed French soldier Robert Tassen opposite Gérard Depardieu in Guillaume Nicloux's First Indochina War drama To the Ends of the World; and also starred in F. J. Ossang's science-fiction film 9 Fingers (film); and in Pierre Schoeller's French Revolution film, One Nation, One King, opposite Louis Garrel, Niels Schneider and Adèle Haenel.

In 2019, he portrayed actor Igor Maleski in Justine Triet's comedy-drama film Sibyl; and played the lead role in the Arte/Netflix's time-travel miniseries Twice Upon a Time, directed by Guillaume Nicloux, where Ulliel starred as Vincent Dauda, a man who gets delivered by mistake a mysterious wooden box that allows him to travel back in time to save his relationship with his ex-girlfriend, portrayed by Freya Mavor.

In 2007 and 2019, Ulliel was a member of the jury of the Deauville American Film Festival in France.

Last roles and unfinished projects (2021–2022)
In January 2021, he was a member of the jury of the Gérardmer Fantasy Film Festival in France.

Between April and May 2021, Ulliel filmed Alex Lutz and Arthur Sanigou's La Vengeance au Triple Galop, a comedy TV film for France's Canal Plus (and a parody of the 1983 Australian TV series Return to Eden), where he appeared as plastic surgeon Danley Marchal-Widkins opposite Marion Cotillard and Audrey Lamy. This was Ulliel's last film to be released during his lifetime, and it was broadcast by Canal Plus on 4 October 2021.

In June 2021, Ulliel finished shooting his penultimate film (and his last live-action) More Than Ever, directed by Emily Atef, which made its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on 21 May 2022.

In July 2021, Ulliel joined the cast of the Disney+ streaming superhero miniseries Moon Knight, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and released on 30 March 2022. He portrayed the villain Anton Mogart / Midnight Man opposite Oscar Isaac, Ethan Hawke and May Calamawy, guest starring in the episode "The Friendly Type".

Ulliel voiced the doll Scott in Bertrand Bonello's hybrid live-action and animation film Coma, which had its world premiere at the Berlin Film Festival where it competed in the Encounters section on 12 February 2022, marking it as the first film released after Ulliel's death. Bonello said on 24 December 2021 that he had just finished filming Coma, which makes it the last film that Ulliel filmed. but Ulliel's presence in Coma was kept a secret until it was selected for the Berlin Film Festival in February 2022. He was also set to collaborate for the third time with Bonello in the science-fiction film The Beast, co-starring with Léa Seydoux. Shooting was scheduled to start in April 2022.

In December 2021, Ulliel started shooting Of Money and Blood, a Canal Plus crime thriller miniseries about the carbon tax fraud where he would play a character inspired by French businessman Arnaud Mimran, In January 2022, Ulliel was on a break from shooting Of Money and Blood, when he died after a skiing accident. The production was directed by Xavier Giannoli, still had 84 more days of shooting and Ulliel was expected to return to the set on 24 January. On 18 February 2022, Canal Plus confirmed to France's Le HuffPost that actor Niels Schneider will replace Ulliel in the miniseries. Ulliel and Schneider were friends and co-stars in the films One Nation, One King (2018) and Sibyl (2019).

Other endeavours
In 2003, at the age of 19, Ulliel walked the runway for the first and only time for Hedi Slimane's Dior Homme Autumn/Winter 2003 fashion show entitled "Luster".

In 2007, Ulliel appeared on the cover of the February issue of French Vogue with supermodel Doutzen Kroes.

In 2008, Ulliel was the face of Longchamp, a French leather and luxury goods company, along with Kate Moss.

Bleu de Chanel campaigns
Ulliel was announced as the face for Chanel new men's fragrance, Bleu de Chanel, on 16 February 2010, making him Chanel's first male ambassador. His first television commercial for the campaign was directed by Martin Scorsese, filmed in New York City and debuted on 25 August 2010.

Ulliel's second commercial for Bleu de Chanel was directed by James Gray and released on 5 February 2015. It was filmed in Los Angeles and featured Jimi Hendrix's cover of Bob Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower".

In 2016, Ulliel became the face of Chanel's first men's watch, Monsieur de Chanel.

His third commercial for Bleu de Chanel was released on 1 June 2018 and was directed by Steve McQueen. Shot in Bangkok and London, it featured Ulliel crossing the city looking for a woman while David Bowie's "Starman" plays in the background.

In June 2020, Ulliel narrated the last episode of the "Chanel Parfumeur" series, I Am a Fragrance Trail, in both French and English.

Ulliel was the face of Bleu de Chanel for twelve years. His last campaign for the fragrance was released on 8 December 2020. Upon his death, Chanel released a statement on their official Instagram and Facebook accounts paying tribute to him. Chanel also paid tribute to Ulliel during their Spring/Summer 2022 Haute Couture show at Paris Fashion Week on 25 January 2022. A model dressed as a bride finished the show by holding a bouquet of camellias—Coco Chanel's favorite flower—tinted midnight blue as a nod to Ulliel and the Bleu de Chanel perfume.

In the media
Ulliel's androgynous look in films such as 2003's Strayed, 2006's Paris, je t'aime, and his performance as Yves Saint Laurent in the 2014 film Saint Laurent, turned him into a gay icon.

In January 2007, Ulliel was included on The Washington Post's "What's In and Out for 2007" list in the "In" category.

In June 2007, Ulliel was ranked No. 12 on France's Elle magazine's "15 Sexiest Men" poll.

On season 4, episode 5 of Call My Agent!, Sigourney Weaver (playing herself) wants Ulliel to be cast as the male lead in her upcoming film.

On 24 January 2022, he jumped from No. 8979 to No. 1 on IMDb's STARMeter chart based on page views following his death.

Personal life
Ulliel dated French actress and singer Cécile Cassel (the younger sister of Vincent Cassel) from 2005 to 2007,  and Chanel's then-International VIP relations officer, Jordane Crantelle, from 2008 to 2011. He was in a relationship with French model and singer Gaëlle Pietri from 2013 to 2020, with whom he had a son, born in January 2016.

In July 2015, he was made a Chevalier ("Knight") of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.

Philanthropy and environmentalism
In 2012, Ulliel supported the charity campaign "Juste Un Coeur" ("Just One Heart") by choosing a blue T-shirt whose sales were donated to UNICEF's Action Against Hunger. That same year, he donated the coat he had worn in the 2010 Bleu de Chanel commercial to be auctioned off for the "Vestiaire Solidaire" ("Solidarity Closet") campaign in support of the French Telethon and the French Muscular Dystrophy Association (AFM).

In 2015, Ulliel signed The Calais Appeal, which asked the French government for an emergency plan to end the undignified living conditions that migrants and refugees were facing in the Calais Jungle. In August 2018, he signed a petition supporting Aquarius, the humanitarian ship chartered by the European sea rescue organization SOS Méditerranée and carried out in partnership with Doctors Without Borders, demanding the ship to be allowed to return to the sea and continue to rescue people in mortal danger in international waters after being prevented from saving refugees and turned back from the rescue zone off the coast of Libya in June 2018. In November 2018, he signed French magazine L'Express's petition against homophobic attacks.

In 2020, he was one of the signatories of the tribune "Académie des Césars : nous n'avons aucune voix au chapitre" ("César Academy: we have no voice in the matter"), published on 10 February 2020 on the website of the French newspaper Le Monde asking for an in-depth reform of the César Awards Academy to remedy its "elitist and closed" functioning. In March 2021, he signed the petition of France's Society of Film Directors (SRF) entitled "Un jour sans fin" ("An Endless Day"), asking President Emmanuel Macron to reopen theaters in France following a decision to close them in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ulliel was an environmentalist and committed to planetary health. He said in a 2019 interview for Madame Figaro that he was trying to fly less frequently for the sake of the environment, "but only action by governments will really make a difference." In 2019, he signed the petition "Résister et créer" ("Resist and Create"), created by the movement On Est Prêt along with Cyril Dion to challenge the world of cinema at a time of mobilizations for the climate, and also narrated the campaign "Nos objets ont plein d’avenirs" ("Our objects have plenty of future"), designed by DDB Paris for Ademe and the Ministry of Ecological and Solidarity Transition, which highlights all the actions to be taken to extend the life of objects and help preserve the planet's resources and reduce the production of waste.

While supporting the Monte-Carlo Gala for Planetary Health in September 2021, he said: "We are facing an unprecedented ecological crisis. Never before has our planet and life on earth been so threatened. [...] I want to be part of those fighting to leave a healthy planet for our future generations. Let's see this as a hopeful wake-up call. It is still within our reach, but not for long - we have entered this highly decisive period. Today, there are no more important concerns or priorities to address."

Death
On 18 January 2022 at around 4:00 pm, Ulliel was critically injured while skiing at the La Rosière resort in Savoie, France, when he collided with another skier at an intersection between two blue/intermediate slopes after turning left, presumably to join his friends on an adjoining slope, and suffered serious brain trauma. Ulliel was airlifted by helicopter to the trauma unit of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes in nearby La Tronche, where he died the following day around 4:00 p.m. at the age of 37. According to French magazine Paris Match, Ulliel arrived brain dead at the hospital. Ulliel's parents along with his last partner, Gäelle Pietri, decided to donate his organs, saving the lives of six people.

An investigation indicated that both skiers fell to the ground after the collision, and that Ulliel was motionless and unconscious when rescuers arrived. The director of the La Rosière resort, Jean Regaldo, told France's BFM TV that Ulliel was not wearing a helmet when rescuers arrived. Helmets are not required on French ski slopes. Regaldo also said weather conditions were "perfect" at the time of the accident and that there were no rocks in the area of the collision, which he described as easily accessible. The other skier, a Lithuanian man in his forties, was wearing a helmet and was not injured. He told the investigators that the collision was not too violent.

Upon hearing the Lithuanian skier and other eyewitnesses of the accident, the public prosecutor of Albertville, Anne Gaches, stated that wearing a helmet "would not necessarily have changed things", and that "it was not noted excessive speed, inappropriate behavior or fault of one of the two skiers". Following their testimonies, the prosecutor also declared that the two skiers were moving side by side when they collided. "For the moment, it is difficult to say whether it was the shock or the fall that led to Mr. Ulliel's death", she said. Gaches also stated that no autopsy would be performed on Ulliel's body. The resort offered psychological support for both the Lithuanian skier, who was very shocked, and for Ulliel's friends and relatives. Ulliel was on vacation at the resort with his friends.

On 27 January 2022, a memorial service for Ulliel was held at the Church of St. Eustache in Paris. It was attended by nearly a thousand people, including his family, friends and co-stars such as Audrey Tautou, Marion Cotillard, Louis Garrel, Jérémie Rénier (who also acted as a pallbearer), Isabelle Huppert, Vincent Lindon, Niels Schneider, Nathalie Baye, Léa Seydoux and Vincent Cassel. He was buried in a private ceremony at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. The La Rosière resort also paid tribute to Ulliel by stopping the ski lifts for one minute at 3:58 pm, which was the time of his accident on 18 January.

On 18 January 2023, a year after the accident, Albertville's public prosecutor, Anne Gaches, announced to French radio station RTL that the investigation on the accident had been officially closed with no further action several months before. Justice has officially cleared the Lithuanian skier of all responsibilities and he will not be subjected to any prosecution.

Tributes
Among those who paid tribute to Ulliel following his death were France's president Emmanuel Macron, who described Ulliel as "an icon of French elegance who dazzled the cameras", France's Prime Minister Jean Castex, and France's Culture Minister Roselyne Bachelot, as well as peers and collaborators such as Xavier Dolan, Martin Scorsese, Marion Cotillard, Isabelle Huppert, Juliette Binoche, Chanel, Disney, Cannes Film Festival director Thierry Fremaux, Cannes Film Festival president Pierre Lescure, Jean Dujardin, Peter Webber, Pierre Niney, Louis Garrel, André Téchiné, and Bertrand Bonello.

On 25 February 2022, the 47th César Awards ceremony opened with a tribute video to Ulliel featuring his last scene in the 2016 film It's Only the End of the World, and a message on the screen that read "this ceremony is dedicated to Gaspard Ulliel". Later in the evening, Xavier Dolan, who directed Ulliel in It's Only the End of the World, paid a tribute to him in the form of a letter addressed to Ulliel's mother, which he finished by saying "Because a mother's love is stronger than anything. I believe it. Stronger than life. Stronger than art itself. And certainly stronger than death." Dolan's speech was followed by the ceremony's "In Memoriam" segment, which also began with a tribute to Ulliel featuring scenes from the films A Very Long Engagement and Saint Laurent.

On 27 February 2022, Ulliel was honored in the "In Memoriam" segment from the 28th SAG Awards ceremony, which featured his last scene in A Very Long Engagement. Despite not being mentioned during the Oscars' In Memoriam segment on 27 March 2022, Ulliel was included in the online memorial from the official website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences among other artists who had died recently.

On 13 April 2022, that week's episode of the Marvel Studios miniseries Moon Knight, which featured Ulliel guest starring in the role of Anton Mogart, was dedicated to his memory with a tribute in the end credits. Marvel Studios also shared a tribute to Ulliel on their social media.

Ulliel's last partner, Gaëlle Pietri, wrote a book paying tribute to him titled Le Temps de te dire adieu ("Time to Say Goodbye"), published on 26 April 2023.

Aftermath
Following Ulliel's death, politicians and ski professionals urged for helmets to be made obligatory on the French slopes. Jean-Marc Peillex, the mayor of Saint-Gervais-les-Bains in Haute-Savoie, stated that they must impose helmet-wearing to reduce the risk of serious accidents and also reexamine on a case-by-case basis the dangerousness of different pistes and potentially reclassify their colors. When asked if helmets should be made compulsory for skiing in France – like they are in other European countries – during a press conference on 20 January 2022, government spokesperson Gabriel Attal said that it was "not the moment to begin a debate around the subject." It was reported that 97% of children under the age 12 do wear a helmet in France, but the National Mountain Safety Observation System noted that this percentage decreases as people get older. The Canadian Medical Association Journal estimates that wearing a helmet reduces the risk of head injury by 35%.

Ulliel's death caused a rise in the number of ski helmet sales in France.

On 19 February 2022, Ulliel's ex-girlfriend, Gaëlle Pietri, announced that the family wanted to honor his memory by contributing to the French non-governmental organization Tara Ocean Foundation, which has the mission of raising awareness about the impact of climate change and the current ecological crisis on the oceans. Pietri said: "Gaspard was a diver, sensitive to climate issues and concerned about the protection of underwater biodiversity, he would have liked the momentum generated by his death to go to the defense of these causes that were close to his heart." A special page was opened on the foundation's website in memory of Ulliel to support this cause.

Decorations

 * Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters (2015)

title: Gaspard Ulliel


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Mir Ibrahim Rahman

Mir Ibrahim Rahman (born 11 March 1977) is a Pakistani media proprietor who is the chief executive officer of the Geo Television Network.

Early life and education
Mir Ibrahim Rahman was born on 11 March 1977 in Karachi, to media mogul father Mir Shakil-ur-Rahman and mother Shahina Shakil, the oldest of nine children. He is of Kashmiri descent, as his paternal great-grandparents were from Kashmir Valley.

Rahman studied at the Karachi American School and later moved to the United States, where he received a BBA degree from Babson College in 2000. In the U.S., he started his career as an investment banker with Goldman Sachs. In 2002, he returned to Pakistan and joined his family media business and subsequently launched Pakistan's first private news channel in the fall of 2002. In 2009, he returned to the U.S and received his Master of Public Administration degree from the Harvard Kennedy School in 2010.

He is a recipient of the Robert F. Kennedy Award for Excellence in Public Service for his contribution towards the Lawyers' Movement. He was named World Economic Forum's Young Global Leaders in 2011.

Career
In 2000, Rahman graduated summa cum laude from Babson College with honours in economics, finance and entrepreneurship. After his graduation, he worked as an investment banker with Goldman Sachs specialising in media and telecom. After a brief stint with the investment banking and securities firm, he returned to Pakistan in 2002.

Until 2002, the electronic media in Pakistan was largely dominated by state-owned institutions like Pakistan Television Corporation and the Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. This monopoly was thwarted when the Musharraf regime regulated electronic media allowing for private television channels to be operated independently. It was during this liberalisation of the media in Pakistan that Rahman saw an opportunity to expand his family business.

In 2002, he co-founded the privately owned television network, Geo TV. What started as a 5-member operation out of a hotel room turned into one of largest television broadcast networks in Pakistan. Geo TV was later recognised as a pertinent driver of change in the media landscape of the country. "Geo has changed Pakistan's media landscape, consistently challenging the monopoly-and monotony of state-run Pakistan Television, or PTV." "For the first time, analysts say, television in Pakistan is reflecting this predominantly Muslim country's diverse society and offering an independent source of news." Rahman has since served as the CEO of the television network that now employs more than 2,500 workers across the globe.

In 2009, he joined the Harvard University John F Kennedy School of Government while pursuing his master's degree in public administration. He later had to take a sabbatical alongside his wife Sheena following her pregnancy. Sheena was also a fellow Harvard alumni pursuing her master's degree in education. Rahman also serves as a member of the Young presidents' Organization in Pakistan, a charter member of the Indus Entrepreneur and the director of Mir Khalil ur Rahman Foundation.

Awards and recognition
In 2010, Rahman and his television network were recognised for their "contribution in the historical Lawyers' Movement that revived independent judiciary in Pakistan". He became the first Muslim and the second South Asian to receive the prestigious Robert F. Kennedy Award for Excellence in Public Service from the Harvard Kennedy School.

Profile of some initiatives

 * “Zara Sochieye” (Just Think!) led a wave of debate on the controversial Hudood Ordinances, a set of laws passed without debate by the dictator General Zia-ul-Haq, enacted in 1977, equating rape with adultery. GEO's campaign, clarified the difference between man-made laws and divine law that the Hudood Ordinances was deliberately associated with. The campaign included testimony and unprecedented debate between the main liberal and conservative religious forces in the country and was credited to be the tipping point that led the Government to finally amend the ordinances. After much controversy and criticism from the Pakistani public, parts of the 1977 law were extensively revised in a 2006 amendment, called Women's Protection Bill by the Pakistani Parliament.
 * Under Mir's supervision, GeoFilms launched its first films project titled Khuda Kay Liye (2007 film) which literally means 'In the Name of God' (2007 film) against whom a fatwa was issued by the terrorist leader of the Red Mosque, Islamabad. The project not only became Pakistani film industry's biggest blockbuster but also prompted much needed dialogue and discussion facing Islam and Pakistan today.
 * GEO Network has been known to take on daring projects, including supporting the cause for justice, which created a tussle with the previous military and current civilian government. All of GEO's channels were shut down for almost 90 days, creating a net revenue loss of over $25 million. Most political analysts have been quoted to confirm GEO's role was unique in the country's historic independent judiciary movement and the eventual restoration of Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry.
 * GEO took the daring lead to do stories on many important issues to not only educate the masses but also spread awareness on vital social issues like the polio vaccine, the MeToo Movement etc.
 * GEO and Jang Group has tried to work for bigger causes that have a regional or global impact. The Group has worked on a project of peace between Pakistan and India in the past, working in collaboration with India's largest media group Times of India Group to launch a civilian peace initiative with India. The two largest and most influential media groups of Pakistan and India have committed to providing a platform where their audiences, readers and civil society can nudge their respective government to move towards lasting and fair peace so that valuable resources of both countries can be directed towards development and progress.

Personal life
Mir Ibrahim Rahman belongs to a prominent media family. He is the eldest son of the media mogul and philanthropist Mir Shakil-ur-Rahman, and the grandson of newspaper magnate Mir Khalil-ur-Rahman. His extended family owns the Jang Group, one of the largest group of newspapers in Pakistan.

Rahman met Sheena Hadi during college at the Harvard Kennedy School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The two eventually got married and have two children together, a daughter named Asha and a son named Mikayel.

title: Mir Ibrahim Rahman


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Metric dimension

In mathematics, metric dimension may refer to:

 * Metric dimension (graph theory), the minimum number of vertices of an undirected graph G in a subset S of G such that all other vertices are uniquely determined by their distances to the vertices in S
 * Minkowski–Bouligand dimension (also called the metric dimension), a way of determining the dimension of a fractal set in a Euclidean space by counting the number of fixed-size boxes needed to cover the set as a function of the box size
 * Equilateral dimension of a metric space (also called the metric dimension), the maximum number of points at equal distances from each other
 * Hausdorff dimension, an extended non-negative real number associated with any metric space that generalizes the notion of the dimension of a real vector space

title: Metric dimension


text: User talk:69.193.235.101

title: User talk:69.193.235.101


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Gunpowder tea

Gunpowder tea (pronounced ) is a form of tea in which each leaf has been individually rolled into a small pellet. Its English name comes either from some resemblance of the pellets to gunpowder, or from a phrase in Chinese that phonetically resembles the word "gunpowder". This rolling method of shaping tea is most often applied either to green tea (the most commonly encountered variety outside China) or to oolong tea.

Gunpowder tea production dates back to the Tang dynasty 618–907. Leaves being processed into gunpowder tea are withered first, then steamed, rolled into pellet shape, and dried. Although the individual leaves were formerly rolled by hand, today all but the highest grades of gunpowder teas are rolled by machine. Rolling renders the leaves less susceptible to physical damage during packaging and storage, and allows them to retain more of their flavor and aroma. In addition, it allows certain types of oolong teas to be aged for decades if they are cared for by being occasionally roasted.

The pellets are dried or "heat-fixed" by pan-firing, sometimes multiple times; this dry heating may contribute a slight smoky flavour. Heat-fixing is a typical part of green tea processing and stops oxidation. (Oxidation of green tea, which if allowed to continue would change it into oolong tea or black tea, has often been incorrectly called fermentation; fermentation is actually unique to pu'erh and "dark" teas). Japanese green tea processors typically stop oxidation by steaming instead of dry heating, and do not usually produce "gunpowder" style tea.

Shiny pellets indicate that the tea is relatively fresh. Pellet size is also associated with quality, larger looser pellets being considered a mark of lower quality tea. High quality gunpowder tea will have small, tightly rolled pellets. The tea is graded alphanumerically, 3505AAA being considered the highest grade while 9375 is a relatively lower grade.

Varieties
There are several varieties of gunpowder tea:
 * Pingshui gunpowder (平水珠茶): The original and most common variety of gunpowder tea with larger pearls, better color, and a more aromatic infusion, which is commonly sold as Temple of Heaven Gunpowder or Pinhead Gunpowder, the former being a common brand of this tea variety.
 * Formosa gunpowder: A gunpowder style tea grown in Taiwan near Keelung, it is claimed to have its own characteristic aroma, different from that of Zhejiang Province gunpowder grown in mainland China. Formosa gunpowder teas are typically fresh or roasted oolongs.

Several types of green tea leaves are commonly rolled into "gunpowder" form, including Chunmee, Tieguanyin, Huang Guanyin, and Dong Ding, as well as many other oolong and higher-end jasmine teas.

Etymology
In Mandarin, gunpowder tea is called zhū chá (珠茶; literally 'pearl tea' or 'bead tea'; not to be confused with boba tea).

The origin of the English term may come from the tea's similarity in appearance to actual gunpowder: grayish, dark pellets of irregular shape used as explosive propellant for early guns. The name may also have arisen from the fact that the rolled pellet "explodes" into a long leaf upon being steeped in hot water. Another explanation is that the tea may have a smoky flavour.

It is also possible that the English term may stem from the Mandarin Chinese phrase for 'freshly brewed', gāng pào de (剛泡的), which sounds similar to the English word gunpowder.

Brewing methods
While brewing methods vary widely by the type of tea and individual preferences, 1 teaspoon of loose-leaf tea is recommended for every 150 ml of water. Ideal water temperature for this type of tea is between 70 °C and 80 °C. For the first and second brewing, leaves should be steeped for around one minute. It is also recommended that the tea cup or tea pot used be rinsed with hot water prior to brewing the tea to warm the vessels. When brewed, gunpowder tea is a yellow color.

Use in the Maghreb
Gunpowder tea is exported to the Maghreb where it is used in the preparation of traditional North African mint tea. The Maghrebi tea ritual is at the heart of any social gathering, from an informal visit to a neighbor to lavish soirees with dignitaries. Mint tea is made by adding mint and sugar or honey to gunpowder tea while brewing.

title: Gunpowder tea


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Rose Festival

Rose Festival may refer to:

 * Kutno Rose Festival in Kutno, Poland
 * Portland Rose Festival in Portland, Oregon
 * Rose Festival (Chandigarh) in Chandigarh, India
 * Texas Rose Festival in Tyler, Texas

title: Rose Festival


text:
User talk:Thecyclist

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:33, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thecyclist


text: Template:Aklan

title: Template:Aklan


text: User talk:70.32.87.198

title: User talk:70.32.87.198


text: User talk:70.110.17.18

title: User talk:70.110.17.18


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Talk:Salmon (color)

Recalculation
I recalculated all of these because none of them matched at all, not even the initial hex triplet:
 * Hex triplet = #FFC0CB
 * RGB   (r, g, b)    =  (256, 14, 105)
 * CMYK  (c, m, y, k) =  (0, 45, 52, 0)
 * HSV   (h, s, v)    =  (141, 59, 100)

Where did these come from? --Phil | Talk 16:37, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

Why are there no sources? Warrior4321 23:21, 26 January 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Warrior4321 (talk • contribs)

Reworking
Salmon is actually orange not pink. I have reverted some large scale content removal which is not the way to go. I have trimmed the page back to the three published webcolours and added the necessary references. Smile a While (talk) 20:49, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Not the way to go? Amazing, isn't it, how no one cares that an encyclopedia article is tagged as unreferenced for nearly two years, but immediately jumps into action when the contents then get removed. I am grateful for the work that you did, but if you don't like large scale removal, then provide the sources a bit sooner after the article is tagged. Fram (talk) 08:27, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course, it is not the way to go. Infobox colour has a  parameter, and a source argument was supplied to three of the infoboxes in the article. That the page was incorrectly tagged as unreferenced for almost a year (since the sources were added in November 2007) is not a reason for large-scale content removal. --Joshua Issac (talk) 10:03, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

Possible removal from list
Entries in List of colors: G–M contained links to this page.

The entry is :

 * Light salmon pink

I don't see any evidence that this color is discussed in this article and plan to delete it from the list per this discussion: Talk:List_of_colors

If someone decides that this color should have a section in this article and it is added, I would appreciate a ping.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  15:49, 24 August 2018 (UTC)

"In Australia ..."
"In Australia, salmon is mostly orange"; so says the article. But it doesn't provide enough information to be useful. This article is about the colour "salmon" - is the sentence supposed to mean that salmon meat in Australia is orange, or that Australians' opinion of the colour called "salmon" tend more toward orange than pink even though the meat is no different from other places, or what? TooManyFingers (talk) 05:47, 1 July 2021 (UTC)

Crayola?
The Crayola "salmon" is very unlike any piece of salmon, and also very unlike other versions. Calling it "Salmon Pink" doesn't help, because it's not salmon at all - it's just pink. Does it belong here? Is Crayola so important that even their mistakes are somehow definitive? TooManyFingers (talk) 05:55, 1 July 2021 (UTC)

Terracotta
What relevance is terracotta? Why is it here? Is it because it's a similar colour to salmon? I suggest that it should be removed from this page. 116.240.178.46 (talk) 13:22, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Salmon (color)


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Jebel Sahaba

Jebel Sahaba (جَبَل ٱلصَّحَابَة; also Site 117) is a prehistoric cemetery site in the Nile Valley (now submerged in Lake Nasser), near the northern border of Sudan with Egypt in Northeast Africa. It is associated with the Qadan culture. It was discovered in 1964 by a team led by Fred Wendorf.

Since their discovery, the skeletons of Jebel Sahaba have been continuously re-evaluated by anthropologists seeking to determine the circumstances of their death. As of the most recent study (2021), it seems most likely that the war (dating to c. 12th millennium BC) was driven by resource scarcity due to climate change. Tribes of the Qadan culture partook in a series of raids and ambushes against one another with projectile weapons - mostly light arrows, but also much heavier arrows or throwing spears.

The site is often cited as the oldest known evidence of warfare or systemic intergroup violence, although as of 2021 the earliest documented evidence of interpersonal violence appears to be the partial remains of a skeleton in Wadi Kubbaniya from 20 ka (i.e. 19th-18th millennium BC).

Conflict(s)
Initially, Jebel Seheba was believed to be the site of a singular battle. However re-examination of the remains has superseded this thesis as of 2021. The co-occurrence of healed and unhealed lesions among 41 individuals (67.2%) was found to strongly support sporadic and recurrent violence between the social groups of the Nile valley. The projectile direction inferred from lesions suggest a series of raids or ambushes, rather than pitched battles.

It is unclear whether the site is the result of a single conflict, a specific burial place or the evidence of sustained inter-personal violence.

Cause
Hoffman (1993) argued that the conflict took place due to climate change. By the late paleolithic, the Qadan culture had developed crop harvesting, being among the first cultures to do so. However, climate change reduced crop yields, and the resulting lack of resources would have given an incentive for local social groups to compete for resources through violent struggles such as at Jebel Sahaba.

Hoffman's thesis has not been contested. Decades later, a 2021 study stated that "major climatic and environmental changes" remained the most probable explanation.

Dating
Initially in 1988, the violence was dated to 14,979-18,568 BP (i.e. 13,029-16,618 BC). This dating was based on bone collagen from a specific skeleton named JS 43. In the late 2010s, numerous authors rejected this date due to poor collagen preservation. A 2021 article assessed that the violence may date anywhere between 13,400 and 18,600 BP (i.e. 11,450 and 16,650 BC), though 13,362-13,727 BP (i.e. 11,412-11,777 BC) appeared to be the best estimate based on dentine dating.

Belligerents
The individuals at Jebel Seheba have been associated with the Qadan culture, due to the presence of Qadan artefacts nearby the skeletal remains. However, a 2021 study treats a possible connection with caution, due to the position of the artefacts, and as other cultural entities were present in Lower Nubia.

The projectile nature of at least half of the lesions suggests inter-group attacks, rather than intra-group or domestic conflicts.

Demographics
Of the skeletons whose sex could be identified, 48.7% were female and 51.3% were male, showing no sex bias. Although people of all expected age groups were present, teenagers, children and infants were under-represented for reasons that are not entirely clear.

Weaponry
Combat at Jebel Sahaba seems to have been fought exclusively with projectile weapons - mostly light arrows, but also much heavier arrows or throwing spears. The use of points with oblique or transverse distal cutting edges appears to indicate that one of the main lethal properties sought was to slash and cause blood loss. The fact that many were found inside the volume of the skeleton also indicates their efficiency at penetrating the body. The lesions reveal an equal number of posterior and anterior strikes that do not support face-to-face melee battles.

Discovery
It was discovered in 1964 by a team led by Fred Wendorf. The original project that discovered the cemetery was the UNESCO High Dam Salvage Project. This salvage dig project was a direct response to the raising of the Aswan Dam which stood to destroy or damage many sites along its path.

Three cemeteries are present in this area. Of these cemeteries, two comprise Jebel Sahaba, with one cemetery located on either side of the Nile. A third cemetery, Tuskha, is situated nearby.

Skeletal remains
64 individual skeletons were initially discovered at Jebel Sahaba, as well as numerous other fragmented remains, though 3 skeletons were missing by 2002. Of the ones that were later examined, 38 of the skeletons show signs of trauma, with 16 showing indications of injury at or near time of death. Pointed stone projectiles were found in the bodies of 21 individuals, suggesting that these people had been attacked by spears or arrows. Cut marks were found on the bones of other individuals as well. Some damaged bones had healed, demonstrating a persistent pattern of conflict in this society.

Cranial analysis of the Jebel Sahaba fossils found that they shared osteological affinities with a hominid series from Wadi Halfa in Sudan. Additionally, comparison of the limb proportions of the Jebel Sahaba skeletal remains with those of various ancient and recent series indicated that they were most similar in body shape to the examined modern populations from Sub-Saharan Africa (viz. 19th century fossils belonging to the San population, 19th century West Africa fossils, 19th and 20th century Pygmy fossils, and mid-20th century fossils culled from Kenya and Uganda in East Africa). However, the Jebel Sahaba specimens were post-cranially distinct from the Iberomaurusians and other coeval series from North Africa, and they were also morphologically remote from later Nubian skeletal series and from fossils belonging to the Mesolithic Natufian culture of the Levant.

Curation
The skeletal remains and any other artifacts recovered by the UNESCO High Dam Salvage Project were donated by Wendorf to the British Museum in 2001; the collection arrived at the museum in March 2002. This collection includes skeletal and fauna remains, lithics, pottery, and environmental samples as well as the full archive of Wendorf's notes, slides, and other material during the dig.

Selected individual skeletons
Three cases (those of JS 13 and 14 together, 31, and 44) best illustrate the complexity and range of lesions found in the Jebel Sahaba individuals regardless of their age-at-death, sex or burial.

Young children (JS 13 and JS 14)
The first case concerns the double burial of two children JS 13 and JS 14, who are close to 5 and 4 years of age, respectively, based on dental development and bone growth. Five lithic artefacts were found in association with the two individuals. Although no osseous lesion was visible on JS 13, both the cranium and infra-cranium of JS 14 have unhealed trauma caused by projectile impacts. The majority of the lesions are located on the calvaria and none had previously been documented. The frontal bone exhibits a blunt force trauma at the level of the glabella. Several drag marks and an oblong perforation are also present on the left side of the frontal squama, as well as scraping drag marks close to bregma. Both a puncture site with faulting and part of an embedded artifact are visible approximately one centimeter above the left orbit. A perforation is also present on the right parietal and on the occipital. The frontal and occipital perforation exhibit internal bevelling consistent with projectile impacts. A further set of marks is visible on the left femur, including two groups of drags on the antero-lateral border of the proximal part of the diaphysis. The first group has two subparallel incisions with wide flat floors marked with parallel microstriations. Bone flaking is also present at the end of the trajectory. The second drag is located about one centimeter below the proximal one, and oriented slightly more anteriorly, with a bisecting pattern at the end of the marks. Based on these cutmark characteristics, the projectile most probably arrived from the medial side of the femoral diaphysis, in a downwards motion and towards the lateral side.

Injured adult male (JS 31)
The second case, JS 31, focuses on the remains of a probable male over 30 years old based on his heavy dental wear and bone remodeling. Seventeen lithic artefacts found in situ were in direct association with his skeletal remains, with two embedded in the bone and fifteen within the physical space of the body. The embedded chips were originally found in the seventh cervical vertebra and in the left pubis, with the bone around both lithics showing severe reactive changes. Unfortunately, these bones are not part of the collection donated to the British Museum. The lesions observed on JS 31 are located on the infra-cranial skeleton. Our reassessment revealed previously unidentified healed and unhealed projectile impact marks, as well as healed lesions that are most probably the result of earlier interpersonal injuries. The new unhealed PIMs identified include a puncture with crushing, faulting and flaking of the bone surface on the anterior part of the left scapula and a deep V-shaped drag (2 cm long) on the posterior-medial side of the humerus. JS 31 also has a healed fracture of the distal extremity of the right first metacarpal. Finally, the right femur offers further evidence of healed lesions, with the presence of a bone callus on the lateral side of the proximal part of the shaft and of a healed projectile wound on the anterior side at midshaft. Three previously unidentified embedded lithic chips were found trapped in the healing bulge of the latter.

Injured adult female (JS 44)
The third case, JS 44, are the remains of a possible female that appears to have been older than 30 years. Twenty-one lithic artefacts were found in close association with the skeleton, one of which was embedded in the fourth rib. Wendorf also noted two examples of chip and/or flake alignments during the excavation which he interpreted as evidence of composite projectile use. The fourth rib with embedded "backed flake" is, unfortunately, also not present in the British Museum Wendorf collection. As with JS 31, all the lesions observed on JS 44 are located in the infra-cranial skeleton, with healed fractures present on the left clavicle, right ulna and radius, and one left rib. The fracture of the left clavicle shaft, located on the acromial end of the diaphysis, reveals a slight torsion and a displacement of the bone fragments. The right forearm healed fracture is oblique, with a displacement (translation and rotation) of the two broken pieces. The clavicle and forearm fractures most probably occurred during the same event. Given the oblique nature in the forearm and acromial involvement in the clavicle, they may have been caused by an indirect trauma, such as a bad fall, rather than a defensive parry fracture. The other lesions, however, are clearly the result of projectile impacts. A triangular notch on the lateral face of the ilium, about 1 cm from the greater sciatic notch, has a lithic fragment embedded in the incision. The laminated aspect of the bone overlying the flake suggests there was an attempt to extract the projectile. The morphology of the PIM also indicates the projectile travelled from the postero-medial to the antero-lateral side of the left pelvic bone, which implies the projectile was travelling back to front. PIMs were also observed on the right femur. Two parallel drags less than 1 cm long and approximately 2 cm from each other are visible on the posterior side of the diaphysis. These drags exhibit a flat bottom with parallel microstriations. The most distal one shows flaking marks on the proximal border. Significantly, the angle of penetration into the bone differs for both drags, with the most proximal one being more tangential. These drag marks reflect a projectile trajectory that came from the disto-lateral to the proximo-medial part of the bone. This upward direction suggests the individual was hit while running or that the projectile was drawn from a lower position. Finally, the spacing between these two drags and their morphology are consistent with the penetration from a single composite projectile. This hypothesis is strengthened by Wendorf's field observation of in situ lithic alignments associated with JS 44.

Missing skeletons (JS 1, JS 3 and JS 30)
In 2001, Wendorf donated all the archives, artefacts and skeletal remains from his 1965–1966 Nile Valley excavations to the British Museum. Judd's preliminary osteological analysis noted discrepancies between field notes, photographs and associated skeletal remains, including the absence of three individuals, JS 1, JS 3 and JS 30. Not part of the British Museum donation, their whereabouts remains uncertain.

title: Jebel Sahaba


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Talk:Golden rice

Golden Rice was tested illegally on children in China
Source: https://www.nature.com/news/china-sacks-officials-over-golden-rice-controversy-1.11998

I believe this is controversial and should be added to the appropriate section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.232.132.255 (talk) 06:39, 8 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Mentioned in the Research section David notMD (talk) 08:06, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

Amount?
Lead says 144 g/day and the VAD section says 75 g/day. Is this a conflict, or an adult versus child thing? David notMD (talk) 08:04, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

Proper noun?
This article alternates between Golden Rice (proper noun) and golden rice (common noun). Sources are mixed as well. We should pick one and be consistent. I would lean slightly toward Golden Rice to differentiate from other rice that has a similar color. Also, the article mentions Golden Rice 2 which would look strange lowercase. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 17:52, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

Could we make the diseases listed in the intro links?
E.g. xerophthalmia Scientelensia (talk) 14:05, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅. –CWenger (^ • @ ) 15:31, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Scientelensia (talk) 16:25, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

2024 case in lead
Hi. I noticed your recent edit here. I disagree that the 2024 case should be mentioned in the lead as this places undue emphasis on a single court case. There's also the risk of implying a false balance on what exactly the scientific consensus is on the status of golden rice, which is that it is safe. This is why I moved content earlier about the case to its own section in this edit. Your thoughts? Clovermoss 🍀 (talk) 22:32, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

We should also be careful with language like "accused" per MOS:CLAIM. I'd suggest rephrasing this to In 2016, more than 100 Nobel laureates signed a letter stating that genetically modified crops such as golden rice are safe and described Greenpeace's stance on the matter as misleading. Or something of that nature, I'm not particularly picky. I just think the current language isn't ideal. Clovermoss 🍀 (talk) 22:39, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi, Clovermoss. Thanks for the comment. I agree with the move of details to a later section but consider it necessary to mention in the lead see since this court decision has wide ramifications for the crop. The court specifically mentions "lack of full scientific certainty". This information can't be objected based on an open letter from 2016 and I would find it undue balance to leave it out. Regarding the word accused, it seems fine to me since the text reads "They have misrepresented [GMOs] risks, benefits, and impacts, and supported the criminal destruction of approved field trials and research projects." Saying that somebody supported a criminal act sounds like an accusation to me. --TadejM my talk 22:59, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

My argument is that it's just one country and that it seems like undue emphasis to focus on the Philippines specifically and by extension, a single court case. Keeping it as written is also somewhat misleading as without further context, one might conclude that this case's conclusion about "scientific uncertainty" is that GMOs aren't safe, which is demonstrately against the global scientific consensus on the matter. Hence why I don't think this belongs in the lead at all. The vast majority of other countries approve the use of genetically modified crops like golden rice. I also think it's possible you're misunderstanding what I was implying about MOS:CLAIM here. We shouldn't be using words like "accused" in wikivoice, even if you think it's an accurate way of describing the situation. More neutral language like "stated" or "described" is preferable, as indicated in the site's Manual of Style. Clovermoss 🍀 (talk) 23:29, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The Philippines were the first country to approve the commercial cultivation of golden rice and the first one to ban it, which seems notable to me, as it implies that the crop does not live up to its promise. According to the court, which is a reliable source, "it said conflicting scientific views gave rise to "severe" health and environmental safety concerns." Regarding the word accused, per MOS:ACCUSED, "alleged and accused are appropriate when wrongdoing is asserted but undetermined." -TadejM my talk 23:38, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * MOS:ACCUSED is about describing suspects of crimes, not general statements, so I think MOS:CLAIM is more relevant here. As for implies that the crop does not live up to its promise, that's your opinion. If you go to the specific section about this over at Golden rice, you'll see more information about this decision and how it's been criticized for putting the lives of thousands at risk. Anyways, I still think the information you've included is undue and that this juxtaposition is misleading as written. I'll seek a third opinion on the matter and hopefully this will help settle our disagreement. Clovermoss 🍀  (talk) 00:36, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * To be a bit more clear about what I mean by requesting a third opinion, I have listed our disagreement here. Clovermoss 🍀  (talk) 01:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I think this is the best way to go. --TadejM my talk 02:57, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Here's to hoping. :) I've never used the process before but it seems like a good idea. Clovermoss 🍀  (talk) 03:10, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Hello Clovermoss and @TadejM, I am here to provide a third opinion! As I understand it, there are two points of disagreement about content in the lead section:
 * Whether or not a mention of the Philippines CA decision is due weight, and
 * Whether or not the word "accused" is appropriate in describing the open letter to Greenpeace
 * After reading the above discussion as well as the relevant portions of the article/its sources, here is what I propose:
 * Keeping in mind that the lead section should give an overview of the article content, and not be overly detailed, I agree that it is undue to highlight this decision in the lead. The body of the article raises points of controversy and points of support, and these should be broadly summarized.
 * Alternatively, brief examples (e.g. the Philippines decision, which is significant even if it disagrees with scientific consensus) can indicate the scale of viewpoints to readers. However, I also see that major bodies such as the FDA and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have supported the use of golden rice. It would be undue to emphasize, for example, the cease and desist and not mention the FDA's stance, but it might be neutral to include mention of both.
 * Finally, I see no major issue with the word "accused" in this context. Per MOS:ACCUSED, "ensure that the source of the accusation is clear" — in this case it seems like a clear, neutral description that these people accused Greenpeace of such and such.
 * Hopefully I've helped in resolving the issue, please let me know if anything's unclear! And thanks to both of you for a very civil disagreement :) ~ Adam ( talk · contribs ) 05:30, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi, Adam. Thank you for providing a thoughtful commment. It is true that this court decision is significant as you say: banning any crop in a major country definitely is significant and deserves a mention in the lead. I agree that only mentioning the Philippino case but leaving out Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as well as FDA might put an undue weight on this court case and miss out an important aspect, so I support the proposal to add this further example. Thank you also for confirming the use of the word "accused", which is in line with the guidelines on the matter. --TadejM my talk 09:14, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks for stepping in here and providing your perspective. I'm not sure I agree with your thoughts on "accused" but it might be more relevant to raise my issue on the MOS talk page instead. I'm sure this isn't the first time editors have disagreed over if MOS:CLAIM interferes with what is written at MOS:ACCUSED and it might be important to clarify how the two are different.
 * My concern with mentioning the Phillipines decision is that it is undue as written, not necessarily that it should be ommitted entirely. It's the specific phrasing of "the Philippino Court of Appeals, citing a lack of scientific certainty regarding its health and environmental impact" that concerns me the most. Because golden rice is generally considered to be safe and this leads undue emphasis to that idea that golden rice isn't. WP:UNDUE specifically states that Undue weight can be given in several ways, including but not limited to the depth of detail, the quantity of text, prominence of placement, the juxtaposition of statements, and the use of imagery., would you be alright if this was changed to:
 * "Golden rice is generally considered to be safe: with the FDA, Health Canada, International Rice Research Institute and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation supporting its use. In 2016, 107 Nobel laureates wrote an open letter to Greenpeace and its supporters, asking it "to abandon their campaign against ‘GMOs’ in general and Golden Rice in particular". In 2024, the Court of Appeals decided against the use of golden rice in the Phillipines."
 * These changes would address all of my listed concerns (the phrasing about the Nobel Laureates is what is used later on in the article). What do you think? Clovermoss 🍀  (talk) 09:38, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for agreeing to include the Philippino decision in the lead. In general, I would propose that the sentence on opposition by environmentalists is kept in the paragraph, so the revised version would be:
 * "Golden rice is generally considered to be safe: with the FDA, Health Canada, International Rice Research Institute and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation supporting its use. It has been met with significant opposition from environmental and anti-globalisation activists who point out its risks regarding biodiversity, unforeseen health effects, and socioeconomic concerns. In 2016, 107 Nobel laureates wrote an open letter to Greenpeace and its supporters, asking it "to abandon their campaign against ‘GMOs’ in general and Golden Rice in particular". In 2024, the Philippino Court of Appeals issued a cease and desist order regarding the growth of golden rice in the country, citing a "lack of scientific certainty regarding its health and environmental impact"." This is in line with what the sources cited earlier provide, avoids the use of the word "accused", and makes it clear that the Philippino decision was based on review of scientific documentation and not just an arbitrary imposition

 * Please let me know if this makes sense to you. --TadejM my talk 10:51, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I think this is reasonable and I'm glad we're no longer talking past each other. It might be a good idea to consider if perhaps our reliance on quotations could be reduced and that this content be paraphrased instead but I don't want perfect to be the enemy of good here. I'll implement this version of the text. Thank you for hearing me out on this. Clovermoss 🍀  (talk) 11:07, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Great, thank you. --TadejM my talk 11:09, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Golden rice


text:
User:JRice

Purpose
I was just here showing off the Wiki concept.

title: User:JRice


text:
Talk:John Lloyd (producer)

Test
(Sorry, no discussion, I was just testing.)

Untitled
Hello, I am the John Lloyd in question. I have re-ordered the page a little bit, re-instated a few baffling removals and added a few fully deserved co-credits. I hope that's all right. I notice that the article lacks sources but I can verify that it is now substantially accurate - at least as it leaves me, dated this day very early on the 9th April, 2008.

John Lloyd jl@qi.com 88.97.15.28 (talk) 23:26, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.97.15.28 (talk) 23:20, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Shouldn't this entry be titled 'John Lloyd(producer)'?
Even as a fan of 'The Meaning of Liff', surely Mr Lloyd is better known as The Producer of Not The Nine O'Clock News, Spitting Image, Blackadder and QI? (bingo99) 23:42, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Moreover there is writer called John Lloyd and born in 1917. I suggest to move this article to the full name John Hardress Wilfred Lloyd. -- Basilicofresco  (msg) 13:58, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

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Career
Lloyd is credited without citation as the creator of 'In the Manor Born'. The article for that series does not mention him at all (except in passing in an un-sourced comment), and IMDb doesn't mention him either. Seems TtMB was 'created' by Peter Spence and produced by Gareth Gwenlan, Justin Davies and Jon Plowman. Looks like a Lloyd fan has given credit where it's not due. Newburyjohn (talk) 07:21, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Lloyd (producer)


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Equivalence partitioning

Equivalence partitioning or equivalence class partitioning (ECP) is a software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. In principle, test cases are designed to cover each partition at least once. This technique tries to define test cases that uncover classes of errors, thereby reducing the total number of test cases that must be developed. An advantage of this approach is reduction in the time required for testing software due to lesser number of test cases.

Equivalence partitioning is typically applied to the inputs of a tested component, but may be applied to the outputs in rare cases. The equivalence partitions are usually derived from the requirements specification for input attributes that influence the processing of the test object.

The fundamental concept of ECP comes from equivalence class which in turn comes from equivalence relation. A software system is in effect a computable function implemented as an algorithm in some implementation programming language. Given an input test vector some instructions of that algorithm get covered, ( see code coverage for details ) others do not. This gives the interesting relationship between input test vectors:- $$_aC_b$$ is an equivalence relation between test vectors $a, b$ if and only if the coverage foot print of the vectors $a, b$ are exactly the same, that is, they cover the same instructions, at same step. This would evidently mean that the relation cover $C$ would partition the domain of the test vector into multiple equivalence class. This partitioning is called equivalence class partitioning of test input. If there are $N$ equivalent classes, only $N$ vectors are sufficient to fully cover the system.

The demonstration can be done using a function written in C:

On the basis of the code, the input vectors of $[a,b]$ are partitioned. The blocks we need to cover are the overflow in the positive direction, negative direction, and neither of these 2. That gives rise to 3 equivalent classes, from the code review itself.

To solve the input problem, we take refuge in the inequation

z_{min} \le x + y \le z_{max} $$

we note that there is a fixed size of Integer (computer science) hence, the z can be replaced with:-

and

with $INT_MIN ≤ x + y ≤ INT_MAX$ and $x ∈ \{ INT_MIN, ... , INT_MAX \}$

The values of the test vector at the strict condition of the equality that is $y ∈ \{ INT_MIN, ... , INT_MAX \}$ and $INT_MIN = x + y$ are called the boundary values, Boundary-value analysis has detailed information about it. Note that the graph only covers the overflow case, first quadrant for X and Y positive values.

In general an input has certain ranges which are valid and other ranges which are invalid. Invalid data here does not mean that the data is incorrect, it means that this data lies outside of specific partition. This may be best explained by the example of a function which takes a parameter "month". The valid range for the month is 1 to 12, representing January to December. This valid range is called a partition. In this example there are two further partitions of invalid ranges. The first invalid partition would be ≤ 0 and the second invalid partition would be ≥ 13.

... -2 -1 0 1 .............. 12 13  14  15 .....       --|---|-  invalid partition 1     valid partition    invalid partition 2

The testing theory related to equivalence partitioning says that only one test case of each partition is needed to evaluate the behaviour of the program for the related partition. In other words, it is sufficient to select one test case out of each partition to check the behaviour of the program. To use more or even all test cases of a partition will not find new faults in the program. The values within one partition are considered to be "equivalent". Thus the number of test cases can be reduced considerably.

An additional effect of applying this technique is that you also find the so-called "dirty" test cases. An inexperienced tester may be tempted to use as test cases the input data 1 to 12 for the month and forget to select some out of the invalid partitions. This would lead to a huge number of unnecessary test cases on the one hand, and a lack of test cases for the dirty ranges on the other hand.

The tendency is to relate equivalence partitioning to so called black box testing which is strictly checking a software component at its interface, without consideration of internal structures of the software. But having a closer look at the subject there are cases where it applies to grey box testing as well. Imagine an interface to a component which has a valid range between 1 and 12 like the example above. However internally the function may have a differentiation of values between 1 and 6 and the values between 7 and 12. Depending upon the input value the software internally will run through different paths to perform slightly different actions. Regarding the input and output interfaces to the component this difference will not be noticed, however in your grey-box testing you would like to make sure that both paths are examined. To achieve this it is necessary to introduce additional equivalence partitions which would not be needed for black-box testing. For this example this would be:

... -2 -1 0 1 ..... 6 7 ..... 12 13  14  15 .....       --|-|--|-  invalid partition 1      P1         P2     invalid partition 2 valid partitions

To check for the expected results you would need to evaluate some internal intermediate values rather than the output interface. It is not necessary that we should use multiple values from each partition. In the above scenario we can take -2 from invalid partition 1, 6 from valid partition P1, 7 from valid partition P2 and 15 from invalid partition 2.

Equivalence partitioning is not a stand-alone method to determine test cases. It has to be supplemented by boundary value analysis. Having determined the partitions of possible inputs the method of boundary value analysis has to be applied to select the most effective test cases out of these partitions.

Limitations
In cases where the data ranges or sets involved approach simplicity (Example: 0-10, 11-20, 21-30), and testing all values would be practical, blanket test coverage using all values within and bordering the ranges should be considered. Blanket test coverage can reveal bugs that would not be caught using the equivalence partitioning method, if the software includes sub-partitions which are unknown to the tester. Also, in simplistic cases, the benefit of reducing the number of test values by using equivalence partitioning is diminished, in comparison to cases involving larger ranges (Example: 0-1000, 1001-2000, 2001-3000).

title: Equivalence partitioning


text:
Boundary-value analysis

Boundary-value analysis is a software testing technique in which tests are designed to include representatives of boundary values in a range. The idea comes from the boundary. Given that there is a set of test vectors to test the system, a topology can be defined on that set. Those inputs which belong to the same equivalence class as defined by the equivalence partitioning theory would constitute the basis. Given that the basis sets are neighbors, there would exist a boundary between them. The test vectors on either side of the boundary are called boundary values. In practice, this would require that the test vectors can be ordered, and that the individual parameters follows some kind of order (either partial order or total order).

Formal definition
Formally, the boundary values can be defined as below:
 * Let the set of the test vectors be $X1,..., Xn$.
 * Let's assume that there is an ordering relation defined over them, as $≤$.
 * Let $C1, C2$ be two equivalent classes.
 * Assume that test vector $X1 ∈ C1$ and $X2 ∈ C2$.
 * If $$X_1 \le X_2 $$ or  $$X_2 \le X_1 $$ then the  classes $$C_1, C_2 $$ are in the same neighborhood and the values $$X_1 , X_2 $$ are boundary values.

In plainer English, values on the minimum and maximum edges of an equivalence partition are tested. The values could be input or output ranges of a software component, can also be the internal implementation. Since these boundaries are common locations for errors that result in software faults they are frequently exercised in test cases.

Application
The expected input and output values to the software component should be extracted from the component specification. The values are then grouped into sets with identifiable boundaries. Each set, or partition, contains values that are expected to be processed by the component in the same way. Partitioning of test data ranges is explained in the equivalence partitioning test case design technique. It is important to consider both valid and invalid partitions when designing test cases.

The demonstration can be done using a function written in Java.

On the basis of the code, the input vectors of $[a,b]$ are partitioned. The blocks we need to cover are the overflow statement and the underflow statement and neither of these 2. That gives rise to 3 equivalent classes, from the code review itself.

we note that there is a fixed size of integer hence:-

We note that the input parameter a and b both are integers, hence total order exists on them. When we compute the equalities:-

we get back the values which are on the boundary, inclusive, that is these pairs of $MIN_VALUE ≤ x + y ≤ MAX_VALUE$ are valid combinations, and no underflow or overflow would happen for them.

On the other hand:-

gives pairs of $x + y = MAX_VALUE$ which are invalid combinations, Overflow would occur for them. In the same way:-

gives pairs of $MIN_VALUE = x + y$ which are invalid combinations, Underflow would occur for them.

Boundary values (drawn only for the overflow case) are being shown as the orange line in the right hand side figure.

For another example, if the input values were months of the year, expressed as integers, the input parameter 'month' might have the following partitions:

... -2 -1 0 1 .............. 12 13  14  15 .....      --|---|--- invalid partition 1   valid partition   invalid partition 2

The boundary between two partitions is the place where the behavior of the application changes and is not a real number itself. The boundary value is the minimum (or maximum) value that is at the boundary. The number 0 is the maximum number in the first partition, the number 1 is the minimum value in the second partition, both are boundary values. Test cases should be created to generate inputs or outputs that will fall on and to either side of each boundary, which results in two cases per boundary. The test cases on each side of a boundary should be in the smallest increment possible for the component under test, for an integer this is 1, but if the input was a decimal with 2 places then it would be .01. In the example above there are boundary values at 0,1 and 12,13 and each should be tested.

Boundary value analysis does not require invalid partitions. Take an example where a heater is turned on if the temperature is 10 degrees or colder. There are two partitions (temperature≤10, temperature>10) and two boundary values to be tested (temperature=10, temperature=11).

Where a boundary value falls within the invalid partition the test case is designed to ensure the software component handles the value in a controlled manner. Boundary value analysis can be used throughout the testing cycle and is equally applicable at all testing phases.

title: Boundary-value analysis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Law office Greensburg PA

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:56, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Law office Greensburg PA
Advert/vanity. Delete unless someone can make a proper article out of it. P Ingerson 16:43, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete advertising for nn lawfirm Fawcett5 16:52, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advert --Henrygb 16:59, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Promotional lawfirmcruft. Seriously, no law firm should be listed on Wikipedia unless it is notable in some way, e.g is the oldest or largest in a region, or has handled some major case, or been implicated in some delicious scandal. -- 8^D  gab 19:36, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, advert. Megan1967 19:58, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, sweet mother of Wiki, delete this cliché-ridden, poorly titled ad spam. - Lucky 6.9 23:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Same anon spammed the Greensburg, Pennsylvania article with a link to their website.  It was captioned "Law Offices in Greensburg."  Naughty. - Lucky 6.9 23:06, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sam Hoyt

William Ballard "Sam" Hoyt III (born January 9, 1962) is an American politician from New York. A Democrat, Hoyt is an economic development professional and was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1992 to 2011. He represented the 144th Assembly district,  consisting of part of Buffalo, New York, and all of Grand Island, New York, from 1992 to 2011. Hoyt was first elected to succeed his late father, William Hoyt. He resigned from office in 2011 after a sexual harassment suit and he previously was the subject of an ethics investigation in 2008 concerning a two-year sexual relationship with a 23-year-old assembly intern, named Lori Gradwell.

He was then appointed to an economic development position as Regional President of the Empire State Development Corporation in New York State Governor Andrew M. Cuomo's administration. He was also Interim Chairman of the Erie Canal Harbor Development Corporation, and Vice Chairman of the Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority.

Hoyt is founder and president of Upstate Strategic Advisors LLC, a full-service PR, lobbying, and government relations firm based in Buffalo, NY

Early life and education
Hoyt grew up on Buffalo's west side and attended area schools, graduating from The Park School of Buffalo,   and receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from Buffalo State College in 1992. He also attended Ohio Wesleyan University.

Background
Prior to entering elected office, Hoyt served as Western New York regional director for U.S. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan,   and was marketing and promotions director for the Buffalo Bisons minor league baseball team. He represented the 144th Assembly District,  encompassing part of Buffalo, New York, and all of Grand Island, New York from 1992 to 2011.

Elections
Hoyt was first elected in a 1992 special election following the death of his father, William B. Hoyt, who held the office prior to him. From 1992 to 2010, Hoyt won all elections for his assembly seat with voting percentages between 51% and 79% in his favor.

Selected electoral history
Hoyt's complete electoral history has been tracked, online, at Our Campaigns, and a portion of it is reflected here.

 * There were also 31 write-in votes in this election, accounting for 0.10%.
 * Hoyt also received votes on both the Independent and Working Family lines in this election.

 * Hoyt also ran on the Liberal ticket in this election.

Duties
In the Assembly, Hoyt served as Majority Whip. As a senior member of the Assembly, he chaired several Assembly committees. In 2007, Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver appointed Hoyt as the Chairman of the Assembly Local Governments Committee. Prior to becoming chairman of this committee, Hoyt was the Chairman of the Assembly Oversight, Analysis and Investigations Committee. He is also both a former Chairman of the Assembly Task Force on Demographics and Reapportionment, and the Assembly Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Committee. He also co-chaired both the Anti-Flipping and High Speed Rail Task Forces. Hoyt was also a member of the following committees: Ways and Means; Local Governments; Children and Families; Transportation;    Energy;   Tourism;    Arts and Sports Development;   Cities; Government Operations;  Women's Issues Task Force;  and the Puerto Rican/Hispanic Task Force.

Political interests
Some of Hoyt's political interests have included making state and local governments more efficient and accountable to taxpayers; revitalizing neighborhoods; increasing economic opportunity; and developing the Buffalo waterfront.

Political positions
Hoyt concentrated on the redevelopment of Upstate New York cities. The passage of the Smart Growth Public Infrastructure Policy Act; Land Bank Program; and State Historic Preservation Tax Credit are among his legislative accomplishments.

In 2009, Hoyt sponsored legislation that was passed to allow the City of Buffalo school district to start the fourth phase of its Joint Schools reconstruction project. As a lifelong environmentalist, in 2008, Hoyt passed a new law to protect old growth forests. The same year, Hoyt sponsored a new law that passed to fund bike paths across New York State, and has worked for their protection.

An advocate of marriage equality, Hoyt supported the Marriage Equality Act, which was passed in June 2011. This Act granted same-sex couples in New York State the freedom to marry under the law, as well as hundreds of rights, benefits, and protections that had been limited to married couples of the opposite sex.

In 2006, Hoyt proposed that a land-locked area between the Peace Bridge to Canada and Porter Avenue be transformed into a park. The strip of land was owned by the New York State Thruway Authority, and its scenic value had been lost due to the development of both the Peace Bridge toll plaza and Interstate-190. That area of land had previously been part of Front Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted.

"Of his proposed creation of the park, Sam was quoted in an October 9, 2006 McClatchy - Tribune Business News article by Sharon Linstedt, stating:
 * This would not only offer fantastic views of the waterfront, the Canadian shoreline and sunsets, it will also be a great vantage point for watching West Side Rowing Club regattas. It will be like a natural grandstand."

Hoyt proposed in 2004 that a community-based group be created regarding the restoration of the H.H. Richardson Complex, historic buildings that are part of the Buffalo Psychiatric Center, for use as a center for cultural and educational activities. Hoyt proposed that $100 million be put toward the restoration, which was supported by New York State Governor George Pataki. In 2009, in relation to interests of Buffalo State College in desiring land use expansion of the psychiatric center grounds and vacant buildings, Hoyt stated that Buffalo was famous for its historic architecture.

In 2000, Hoyt, who is an advocate of college students, urged University at Buffalo (UB) leaders Bill Greiner (1934–2009) and Dennis Black to work with staff of the student newspaper, The Spectrum, after students were twice-arrested by campus police for remaining in the newspaper offices after hours to work. The involvement of Hoyt and UB English Department Chairwoman Barbara Bono succeeded in opening communications between UB leadership and the students.

Also active in the area of social justice, Hoyt joined other urban legislators in declaring a state of emergency in the fight against HIV/AIDS in minority communities.

Hoyt introduced legislation that went into effect in 1998 that guaranteed a tax-free week for college students in New York State for the purchase of their college textbooks.

In 1997, Hoyt worked with other legislators on a project aimed at expanding high speed rail in New York State, particularly to Buffalo.

Throughout his tenure, Hoyt was a strong supporter of his alma mater, Buffalo State College, as well as Muriel A. Howard, the president of the college from 1996 to 2009. When Howard took on the role as president of the college, Hoyt stated that she was an excellent choice. When Howard announced that she would be departing from the college, Hoyt stated that she would be difficult to replace and would be sorely missed.

Political controversy
In 2000, Hoyt was involved in an attempted political coup, led by Former Majority Leader Michael Bragman, of Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver, in order to oust him from his position. Following the coup, it was stated that Hoyt was unable to enter the circle of inner leadership in the Assembly, though he salvaged his political access to Silver when it was clear that the coup would be unsuccessful.

Honors
Hoyt received numerous awards, including the 2011 Lifetime Achievement Award by the New York League of Conservation Voters; Elected Official of the Year in 2008 by both the State Historic Preservation Office  and American Institute of Architects; the 1992 SUNY Chancellor's Recognition Award;  and the 2001 William B. Hoyt Environmental Award from the National Audubon Society that was named in honor of his late father. Hoyt has been a proponent of preserving historical architecture, including the Buffalo Psychiatric Center and its Richardson Olmsted Complex administration building.

Hoyt has been recognized by the Western New York Chemical Dependency Consortium and New York Council on Problem Gambling for his efforts into creating awareness and funding for drug and gambling addiction treatment and prevention programs.

Hoyt has received "Public Citizen of the Year" aware by the New York State Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers and the "Creating a Greener New York Award" from the League of Conservation Voters (2001), as well as the National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association's Distinguished Public Service Award (2000); the National Association for Mental Illness Public Service Award (2000); and the New York State Public Employees Federation (PEF) Quality Service Award in (1999).

Relationship with Assembly intern
In September 2008, Hoyt was disciplined by New York State Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver for an inappropriate relationship involving a participant in the Assembly Intern Program based on a report completed by the New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Ethics and Guidance. Silver announced that Hoyt had an "inappropriate personal relationship" with an Assembly intern,   and issued a new "policy prohibiting fraternization with student interns." Hoyt was prohibited from future participation in "any student internship program."

The Buffalo News reported that the woman was 23 (Hoyt was 41 at the time) and had graduated from the University at Buffalo Law School. Hoyt did not break any law or Assembly rules, because prior to 2004 there no policy prohibiting relationships with interns (The affair occurred in 2003.)   Hoyt said in a statement: "I am a public figure, but I've reconciled with my family, and I'm pleased to report I am happily married. No rules were broken; no laws were broken. I broke my marriage vows."

Information initially investigated by the Ethics Committee included e-mails by two women regarding personal information shared with them by Hoyt.

The second woman whose e-mails were provided to the Ethics Committee was a student assistant for two years, and later, was part of a federal student work program, though there was no evidence that definitively reflected that the two engaged in an affair.

Empire State Development Corporation and other positions, 2011-2017
In 2011, New York State Governor Andrew M. Cuomo announced Hoyt's appointment as Regional President for the Empire State Development Corporation,

In this position, Hoyt oversaw economic development efforts in the Western, Central, Finger Lakes, and Southern Tier regions of New York State.

In 2012, Hoyt was named Interim Chairman of the Erie Canal Harbor Development Corporation. He also served as chair of the Buffalo and Fort Erie Peace Bridge Authority.

Resignation and sexual-harassment lawsuit
Hoyt abruptly resigned in October 2017 amid a state investigation into an extramarital affair with a woman who was a fellow state employee. Hoyt had paid the woman $50,000 in exchange for her agreement to conceal the relationship. A spokesman for the governor said that "With the investigation still pending, Mr. Hoyt separated from state service." Hoyt issued a statement expressing regret for what he termed a "short term, consensual and inappropriate relationship" and stated that: "When I attempted to end the relationship, she threatened me. At that point, over a year ago, my wife and I agreed to a settlement to avoid public embarrassment to our family."

In November 2017, Lisa Marie Cater, a former State Department of Motor Vehicles employee, filed a federal lawsuit against Hoyt alleging sexual harassment. Cater alleges that Hoyt sexually harassed her starting in 2015, shortly after helping her gain employment. Hoyt denies wrongdoing.

Findings of New York Ethics Commission
On June 11, 2018, the New York State Joint Commission on Public Ethics cleared Hoyt on charges of sexual harassment and assault. The Committee said it reviewed hundreds of pages of records, including emails, employment records, and information from multiple witnesses, and stated that the Cater was uncooperative during the investigation.

Personal life
Hoyt is married to wife, Connie,   and has two sons, Clayton and Griffin.

title: Sam Hoyt