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Fred Reinfeld

Fred Reinfeld (January 27, 1910 – May 29, 1964) was an American writer on chess and many other subjects. He was also a strong chess master, often among the top ten American players from the early 1930s to the early 1940s, as well as a college chess instructor.

Early life, family, and education
Fred Reinfeld was born in New York City, and lived his entire life within its metropolitan area. His father, Barnett Reinfeld, was of Polish-Jewish heritage, while his mother Rose (née Pogrezelsky) was of Romanian-Jewish heritage.

Reinfeld learned chess in his early teen years and played for his high school team. He joined the Marshall Chess Club in Manhattan in 1926. He became involved in correspondence chess while in high school.

Reinfeld attended New York University and the College of the City of New York, studying accounting. He won the U.S. Intercollegiate championship in 1929 while at NYU.

He married his fiancée Beatrice in 1932. They had two children: Donald, born in 1942, and Judith, born in 1947.

Chess writing
Fred Reinfeld was a prolific author, having written or co-written well over 100 books.

Reinfeld began writing about chess in late 1932. His first book, co-authored with Isaac Kashdan, was an account of the Bled 1931 master tournament.

He became a charter writer for the new magazine Chess Review in 1933, and was a senior editor there by 1947.

More than half of his books were about chess, including books on the opening (Winning Chess Openings), the middlegame (1001 Winning Chess Sacrifices and Combinations), and game collections (Great Brilliancy Prize Games of the Chess Masters), as well as biographies of Alexander Alekhine, José Raúl Capablanca, Paul Keres, Emanuel Lasker (co-written with Reuben Fine), Paul Morphy (Andrew Soltis completed and published this book years after Reinfeld's death), and Aron Nimzowitsch.

Most of Reinfeld's chess books, such as The Complete Chess Player, were geared toward novice players. Many players received their first introduction to the game through his books. Reinfeld also wrote books for more advanced players, but they sold fewer copies. He certainly had the chess knowledge, research skills, and writing ability to write high-level books, but decided to specialize in basic books for chess beginners, since they sold much better, and he was able to make a living from this.

In 1996, Reinfeld became the 26th person inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame, and the first inducted primarily for his writing.

Playing strength
Although Reinfeld is remembered today mainly for his writing, he was also one of the strongest chess players in the United States from the early 1930s to the early 1940s, after which he withdrew from competition. He was ranked sixth in the country, with a rating of 2593, on the first rating list issued by the United States Chess Federation in 1950, after Reuben Fine, Samuel Reshevsky, Alexander Kevitz, Arthur Dake, and Albert Simonson. However, the next year's USCF rating list did not include Reinfeld, as he had withdrawn from competitive play.

Tournament highlights
Reinfeld twice won the New York State Championship, in 1931 and 1933. In 1933, he finished all eleven rounds undefeated, ahead of Fine, Anthony Santasiere, and Arnold Denker.

In 1932, he placed third at the Western Open in Minneapolis, behind only Fine and Reshevsky. He was invited to the very strong Pasadena International tournament and placed 7-10th; the winner was world champion Alexander Alekhine.

In the 1933 U.S. Olympic Team Qualification tournament, held in New York, he scored 4/10, tied 8-9th, and did not make the team; Fine, Dake and Simonson qualified. Reinfeld won the Marshall Chess Club title in 1934-35.

Reinfeld qualified twice for the finals of the U.S. Chess Championship. In 1938, he scored 6½/16, just below the middle, with Reshevsky winning. In 1940, Reinfeld scored 7½/16 for a similar placing, with Reshevsky once again the champion. In that era, only national championships of the Soviet Union featured stronger fields than the American national championship. At Ventnor City in 1939, he was second with 8/11; the champion was Milton Hanauer. At Ventnor City in 1941, he was again second with 6/9, behind only Jacob Levin. He tied for the title in the 1942 Manhattan Chess Club Championship with Sidney Norman Bernstein.

Reinfeld never competed internationally outside the United States. He withdrew from most tournament play after 1942, when his first child was born.

During his career, he won tournament games against grandmasters Reshevsky (twice), Fine, Frank Marshall, and Denker, and drew against world champion Alexander Alekhine.

Non-chess writing
Reinfeld wrote his first book about a subject other than chess in 1948—an abridged version of Charles Dickens' famous work Oliver Twist.

Reinfeld also wrote books on a number of other subjects, including checkers (How to Win at Checkers), numismatics (Coin Collector's Handbook), philately (Commemorative Stamps of the U.S.A.), geology (Treasures of the Earth), history (Trappers of the West), medicine (Miracle Drugs and the New Age of Medicine), physics (Rays Visible and Invisible), political science (The Biggest Job in the World: The American Presidency), and jurisprudence (The Great Dissenters:  Guardians of Their Country's Laws and Liberties). The latter book won the Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award. In addition to his own name, Reinfeld wrote under the pseudonyms Robert V. Masters and Edward Young. Reinfeld's 19 numismatic works were the subject of an article by Leonard D. Augsberger in the November–December 2000 issue of Rare Coin Review.

Professor and consultant
From the early 1930s, Reinfeld was a part-time chess instructor in the adult education departments at both New York University and Columbia University, where his courses were popular. He served as a consultant to the World Book Encyclopedia and the Random House College Dictionary. By the late 1940s, he was on the staff of NYU in the School of General Education.

Death and library
On May 29, 1964, Reinfeld died at the age of 54 in East Meadow, New York, reportedly from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. In 1965, his widow Beatrice Levine donated his library to New York University; it contained more than 1,000 books, of which he had written about 260.

Biography

 * "Fred Reinfeld", by Alex Dunne, 2019, McFarland & Company, Jefferson, North Carolina, ISBN 978-1-4766-7654-8.

Notable games
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.g3 Bb7 5.Bg2 c5 6.d5 exd5 7.Nh4 g6 8.Nc3 h6 9.0-0 a6 10.cxd5 d6 11.e4 Bg7 12.f4 Nfd7 13.a4 0-0 14.Be3 Kh7 15.Qc2 Nf6 16.h3 Nbd7 17.Rae1 Re8 18.Bf2 Ng8 19.e5 dxe5 20.f5 Nf8 21.fxg6+ fxg6 22.Be4 Qd6 23.Be3 Ne7 24.Rf7 Kg8 25.Ref1 Nxd5 26.Rxb7 Nxe3 27.Qf2 Nf5 28.Nxf5 gxf5 29.Qxf5 Kh8 30.Rf7 Ng6 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.d4 g6 3.g3 Bg7 4.Bg2 0-0 5.0-0 d5 6.c4 c6 7.cxd5 cxd5 8.Nc3 Nc6 9.a3 Ne4 10.Be3 Nxc3 11.bxc3 Na5 12.Bf4 Bd7 13.Ne5 Bb5 14.Nd3 Rc8 15.a4 Ba6 16.Ra3 b6 17.Re1 Nc4 18.Ra2 Na5 19.Nb4 Bb7 20.Qd3 e6 21.h4 Rc4 22.Rb1 Qd7 23.Bd2 Rfc8 24.f4 h5 25.e4 dxe4 26.Bxe4 Rxc3 27.Bxc3 Rxc3 28.Qxc3 Bxd4+ 29.Kh2 Bxc3 30.Bxb7 Qxb7 31.Nd3 Qe4 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.cxd5 cxd5 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bf4 e6 7.e3 Bd6 8.Bxd6 Qxd6 9.Bd3 0-0 10.0-0 e5 11.Nb5 Qe7 12.dxe5 Nxe5 13.Be2 Nxf3+ 14.Bxf3 Be6 15.Qe2 Rfc8 16.Rfd1 Rc5 17.Rd4 Rac8 18.Nc3 Rc4 19.Rad1 Rxd4 20.Rxd4 h6 21.h3 Rc5 22.Qd3 Qc7 23.g4 g5 24.Kg2 Qe5 25.b4 Rc4 26.Nxd5 Bxd5 27.Rxd5 Rc3 28.Rxe5 Rxd3 29.Ra5 b6 30.Rxa7 Nd7 31.Ra6 Kg7 32.Bc6 Ne5 33.Rxb6 Rd2 34.a4 Nc4 35.Rb7 Nxe3+ 36.Kf3 Nd1 37.Rd7 Rxf2+ 38.Kg3 Rf1 39.a5 Nc3 40.a6 Ne2+ 41.Kg2 Ra1 42.a7 Nf4+ 43.Kf3 Ra3+ 44.Ke4 Nxh3 45.a8=Q Nf2+ 46.Kf5 1–0
 * Reinfeld won against Reshevsky at the Western Championship in Minneapolis in 1932:
 * Another win against Reshevsky in 1932, this time at Pasadena, and as Black:
 * Reinfeld won against Marshall in New York City in 1941:

Books on chess (118)

 * 101 Chess Problems for Beginners (Wilshire, Hollywood, 1960) (ISBN 0-87980-017-8)
 * 1001 Brilliant Chess Sacrifices and Combinations (Sterling, New York, 1955)
 * 1001 Brilliant Ways to Checkmate (Wilshire Books, Hollywood, 1955) (ISBN 0-87980-110-7)
 * 1001 Chess Sacrifices and Combinations (Barnes & Noble, New York, 1959) (ISBN 0-87980-111-5)
 * 1001 Ways to Checkmate (Sterling, New York, 1955)
 * A Chess Primer (Dolphin Books, Garden City, 1962)
 * A New Approach to Chess Mastery (Hanover House, Garden City, 1959)
 * A Treasury of British Chess Masterpieces (Chatto & Windus, London, 1950)
 * A. Alekhine vs. E.D. Bogoljubow : World's Chess Championship 1934 (McKay, Philadelphia, 1934)
 * An Expert's Guide to Chess Strategy (Hollywood, 1976)
 * Art of Chess (edited by Reinfeld; written by Mason) (1958) (ISBN 0-486-20463-4)
 * Art of Sacrifice in Chess (ISBN 0-486-28449-2)
 * Attack and Counterattack In Chess (Barnes & Noble, New York, 1958)
 * Beginner's Guide to Winning Chess  (ISBN 0-87980-215-4)
 * Book of the 1935 Margate Tournament
 * Book of the 1935 Warsaw International Chess Team Tournament
 * Book of the 1936-37 Hastings Tournament
 * Botvinnik the Invincible (ISBN 4-87187-517-2)
 * Botvinnik's Best Games, 1927–1934
 * British Chess Masters: Past and Present (ISBN 4-87187-734-5)
 * Challenge to Chessplayers (McKay, Philadelphia, 1947)
 * Chess At-A-Glance by Edward Young (Ottenheimer, Baltimore, 1955)
 * Chess By Yourself (McKay, Philadelphia, 1946) (ISBN 4-87187-736-1)
 * Chess Combinations and Traps
 * Chess for Amateurs: How To Improve Your Game (McKay, Philadelphia, 1942) (ISBN 4-87187-739-6)
 * Chess for Children, with Moves and Positions Pictured in Photo and Diagram (ISBN 0-8069-4905-8)
 * Chess for Young People
 * Chess: How to play the Queen Pawn Openings (W Foulsham & Co, London, undated)
 * Chess In A Nutshell (Permabooks, New York, 1958) (ISBN 0-671-64391-6)
 * Chess is an Easy Game
 * Chess Mastery by Question and Answer (McKay, Philadelphia, 1939) (ISBN 4-87187-732-9)
 * Chess Quiz (McKay, Philadelphia, 1945) (ISBN 4-87187-738-8)
 * Chess Secrets Revealed (Wilshire, Hollywood, 1959)
 * Chess Strategy and Tactics: Fifty Master Games (Black Knight, New York, 1933)
 * Chess Strategy for Offense and Defense (Barnes & Noble, New York, 1955)
 * Chess Tactics for Beginners (ISBN 0-87980-019-4)
 * Chess Traps, Pitfalls, and Swindles (ISBN 0-671-21041-6)
 * Chess Victory Move By Move
 * Chess: Attack and Counterattack (Sterling, New York, 1955)
 * Chess: Win in 20 Moves or Less (Crowell, New York, 1962)
 * Complete Chess Course (ISBN 0-385-00464-8)
 * Complete Chess Player (ISBN 0-671-76895-6)
 * Colle's Chess Masterpieces (Black Knight Press, New York, 1936; Dover Publications, Mineola, NY 1984, ISBN 0-486-24757-0)
 * Complete Book of Chess Openings (Sterling, New York, 1957)
 * Complete Book of Chess Stratagems (Sterling, New York, 1958)
 * Creative Chess (Sterling, New York, 1959)
 * Development of a Chess Genius, 100 Instructive Games of Alekhine (Dover)
 * Dr. Lasker's Chess Career, Part I, 1889--1914 (Printingcraft, London, 1935) (ISBN 4-87187-531-8)
 * E. S. Lowe's Chess In 30 Minutes (E.S. Lowe Co, New York, 1955)
 * Epic Battles of the Chessboard (ISBN 0-486-29355-6) (Editor in collaboration with Israel Albert Horowitz, the author was Richard Nevil Coles)
 * Fifty-one Brilliant Chess Masterpieces (Capitol Pub, New York, 1950)
 * Games of the 1938 Washington State Chess Association Championship (1938)
 * Great Brilliancy Prize Games of the Chess Masters (Collier, New York, 1961)(ISBN 0-486-28614-2)
 * Great Games By Chess Prodigies (Macmillan, New York, 1967)
 * Great Moments In Chess (Doubleday, New York, 1963)
 * Great Short Games of the Chess Masters (Collier, New York, 1961)(ISBN 0-486-29266-5)
 * How Do You Play Chess?
 * How Not to Play Chess (Edited by Reinfeld; authored by Znosko-Borovsky) (ISBN 0-486-20920-2)
 * How To Be A Winner at Chess (Hanover, Garden City, 1954)(ISBN 0-449-91206-X)
 * How To Beat Your Opponent Quickly (Sterling, New York, 1956)
 * How To Force Checkmate (Dover, New York, 1958) (ISBN 0-486-20439-1)
 * How To Get More Out of Chess (Hanover, Garden City, 1957)
 * How To Improve Your Chess (with Horowitz) (Collier, New York, 1952)
 * How To Play Better Chess (Pitman, New York, 1948)
 * How To Play Chess Like A Champion (Hanover, Garden City, 1956)
 * How To Play Winning Chess (Bantam Books, New York, 1962)
 * How to Think Ahead in Chess (with Horowitz)
 * How To Win Chess Games Quickly (Barnes & Noble, New York, 1957)
 * Hypermodern Chess: As Developed in the Games of its Greatest Exponent Aron Nimzovich  (Dover, New York, 1948)(ISBN 0-486-20448-0)
 * Improving Your Chess: The Nine Bad Moves and How to Avoid Them (Faber, London, 1954)
 * Improving Your Chess (Sterling, New York, 1955) excerpted from the Second, Third, Forth and Fifth Book of Chess, plus 1001 Brilliant Chess Sacrifices and Combinations all by Fred Reinfeld
 * Instructive and Practical Endings From Master Chess
 * Kemeri Tournament, 1937
 * Keres' Best Games of Chess (1941) (ISBN 4-87187-548-2)
 * Keres' Best Games of Chess, 1931–1948 (Printed Arts Co., 1949)
 * Lasker's Greatest Chess Games, 1889–1914 (Dover, New York, 1963)
 * Learn Chess Fast! (with Reshevsky) (McKay, Philadelphia, 1947)
 * Learn Chess From the Masters (Dover, New York, 1946)
 * Modern Fundamentals of Chess
 * Morphy Chess Masterpieces (with Soltis) (Macmillan, New York, 1974)
 * Morphy's Games of Chess (by Sergeant; edited by Reinfeld) (ISBN 0-486-20386-7)
 * My System: A Treatise on Chess (by Nimzovich; edited by Reinfeld) (McKay, Philadelphia, 1947)
 * Nimzovich: The Hypermodern (McKay, Philadelphia, 1948) (ISBN 4-87187-733-7)
 * Practical End-game Play (Pitman, London, 1940)
 * Reinfeld Explains Chess (Sterling, New York, 1957)
 * Reinfeld On The End-Game in Chess (Dover, New York, 1957)
 * Relax With Chess and Win In 20 Moves (Pitman, New York, 1948)
 * Semmering-Baden Tournament of 1937
 * Strategy in the Chess Endgame
 * Tarrasch's Best Games of Chess (Chatto & Windus, London 1947)
 * The Book of the Cambridge Springs International Tournament 1904 (Black Knight Press, 1935)
 * The Chess Masters On Winning Chess (Hanover House, 1960)
 * The Complete Book of Chess Tactics (Doubleday, Garden City, 1961)
 * The Complete Chess Course (Doubleday, Garden City, 1959)
 * The Complete Chessplayer (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1953)
 * The Complete Chessplayer by Edward Young (New English Library, London, 1960)
 * The Great Chess Masters and Their Games (Hanover, Garden City, 1960)
 * The Easiest Way To Learn Chess (Simon & Schuaster, New York, 1960)
 * The Elements of Combination Play In Chess (Black Knight, New York, 1935)
 * The Fireside Book of Chess (with Chernev) (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1949)
 * The Games of the 1933 Match Between S. Flohr and M. Botvinnik
 * The Human Side of Chess (Pellegrini & Cudahy, New York 1952)
 * The Immortal Games of Capablanca (ISBN 0-486-26333-9) (ISBN 4-87187-578-4)
 * The Joys of Chess (Hanover, Garden City, 1961)
 * The Macmillan Handbook of Chess
 * The Secret of Tactical Chess (Crowell, New York, 1958)
 * The Treasury of Chess Lore (McKay, New York, 1951)
 * The Unknown Alekhine 1905–1914
 * The USCF 7th Biennial US Championship of 1948
 * The Way To Better Chess (Macmillan, New York, 1959)
 * Thirty Five Nimzowitsch Games, 1904–1927
 * Two Weeks To Winning Chess
 * Ventnor City Tournament, 1939 (New York, 1939)
 * Why You Lose At Chess (Simon & Schustor, New York, 1956)
 * Win at Chess (Dover, New York, 1958) (ISBN 0-486-41878-2)
 * Winning Chess: How to Perfect your Attacking Play
 * Winning Chess for Beginners (Grosset, New York, 1959)
 * Winning Chess Openings (Hanover, Garden City, 1961)

Book of Chess series (8)

 * First Book of Chess (with I.A.Horowitz) (Harper & Row, New York 1952)
 * Second Book of Chess: The Nine Bad Moves, and How to Avoid Them (Sterling, New York, 1953)
 * Third Book of Chess: How to Play the White Pieces (Sterling, New York, 1954)
 * Fourth Book of Chess: How to Play the Black Pieces (Sterling, New York, 1955)
 * Fifth Book of Chess: How to Win When You're Ahead (Sterling, New York, 1955)
 * Sixth Book of Chess: How to Fight Back (Sterling, New York, 1955)
 * Seventh Book of Chess: How to Play the King Pawn Openings (Sterling, New York, 1956)
 * Eighth Book of Chess: How to Play the Queen Pawn Openings and Other Close Games (Sterling, New York, 1957)

Books on other subjects (42)
Other books by Fred Reinfeld (aka Robert Masters):

 * A Catalogue of the World's Most Popular Coins, (Sterling, New York, 1956) (ISBN 4-87187-800-7)
 * A Catalogue of European Coins (Oak Tree Press, London, 1961)
 * A Simplified Guide to Collecting American Paper Money, (Hanover House, New York, 1960)
 * A Treasury of American Coins (Garden City, New York, 1961)
 * Blazer the Bear (Sterling, New York, 1953)
 * Cash for Your Coins (Sterling, New York, 1957)
 * Coin Collecting (Bonanza, New York, 1958)
 * Coin Collecting for Beginners (with Burton Hobson) (ISBN 0-87980-022-4)
 * Coin Collector's Handbook (Sterling, New York, 1954)
 * Coin Dictionary and Guide (with C.C. Chamberlain) (Bonanza, New York, 1960)
 * Coinometry (with David Boehm) (Sterling, New York, 1952)
 * Commemorative Stamps of the U.S.A. (Bramhall House, New York, 1956)
 * First Book of Famous Battles (Garden City, New York, 1961)
 * Fun with Stamp Collecting (Garden City, NT, 1957)
 * How to Be a Winner at Checkers (Hanover House, New York, 1960)
 * How to Build a Coin Collection (Sterling, New York, 1958)
 * How to Play Checkers (Barnes & Noble, New York, 1957)
 * How to Play Top-Notch Checkers (Sterling, New York, 1957)
 * How to Win at Checkers (ISBN 0-87980-068-2) (Wilshire, Hollywood, 1957)
 * Manual of Coin Collectors and Investors (Sterling, New York, 1963)
 * Miracle Drugs and the New Age of Medicine (Sterling, New York, 1957)
 * Oliver Twist (Pocket Books, New York, 1948)
 * Picture Book of Ancient Coins (Sterling, New York, 1963)
 * Picture Book of Atomic Science (Sterling, New York, 1963)
 * Pictorial Guide to Coin Conditions (with Burton Hobson) (Garden City, New York, 1962)
 * Pony Express (Collier, New York, 1966) (ISBN 0-8032-5786-4)
 * Rays Visible and Invisible (Sterling, New York, 1958)
 * Stamp Collectors' Handbook
 * Stamp Collector's Price Guide (with Robert Obojski) (Sterling, New York, 1986)
 * The Biggest Job in the World: The American Presidency (Crowell, New York, 1964)
 * The Great Dissenters, Guardians of their Country's Laws and Liberties (Crowell, New York, 1959)
 * The Real Book About Famous Battles (Doubleday, New York, 1961)
 * The Real Book About Whales and Whaling (Garden City, New York, 1960)
 * The Story of Paper Money, Including Catalogue of Values (Sterling, NT, 1957)
 * They Almost Made It (Thomas Crowell Co., New York, 1956)
 * Trappers of the West (Crowell, New York, 1957)
 * Treasures of the Earth (Sterling, New York, 1954)
 * Treasury of the World's Coins (Sterling, New York, 1953)
 * Uranium and other Miracle Metals (Sterling, New York, 1955)
 * US Commemorative Coins and Stamps (Sterling, New York, 1964)
 * What's New in Science (Sterling, New York, 1960)
 * Young Charles Darwin (Sterling, New York, 1956)

title: Fred Reinfeld


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Television/Buffyverse task force/Episodes

Use this page to discuss episode articles & what work needs to be done to them before they can be 'striked off'. Please try and keep this page updated so that Wikiproject Buffy can map the progress of the task and know where work needs to be done.

Key

 * 'ep' = episode
 * Strike out = Adequately completed article
 * That means:
 * - keep punctuation and spelling accurate to the episode's official name
 * - synopsis completed ('Summary' of episode (prferably 100-300 wrds), & 'expanded' synopsis (preferably 500-600 wrds)
 * - A filled in infobox, with memorable screencapture from episode
 * - Some behind scenes information
 * However articles at this stage still benefit from editing
 * - Often they could use additional behind the scenes information
 * - Or cleaner writing..
 * - Such tasks remain a much lower prioroty than completing the synopses and infoboxes.

 * Bold - Priority article
 * Episodes are stubs, or need to be completely rewritten. Buffy eps in bold may need a synopsis, or a cleanup.

 * Unformatted names - Article in editing
 * Episodes that remain in editing stages. Almost all unformatted eps could benefit from further editing specialist information such as 'Production details' sections and 'Arc significance'...

Progress
This page is up to date as of:

 * July/August 2007

 * 1) All episode articles have been created and appropiately named. All episode names that require disambiguation due to other articles with the same name should be appended with "(Buffy episode)" or "(Angel episode).  For episodes that don't require (Buffy episode), a redirect from Episodename (Buffy episode) may be created for ease of linking.
 * 2) All Buffy eps have a synopsis/infobox/image
 * 3) Angel Seasons 1-4 have at least a synopsis/infobox/image
 * 4) Buffy Season 1 has been adequtely completed
 * 5) Some other episodes have been completed, please help by striking an ep (see key) once it is completed.

Contributors and their contributions
This section lists some of the key contributors and their preferred area of expertise, this maybe useful for coordinating work on the episodes. Users may also add themselves, or correct their descriptions and explain the areas of the episode articles they will be working on.

In alphabetical order:

 * AnGeL X - Reformed majority of Angel/Buffy synopses in early March 2006. (See site at Angelicslayer.com)
 * Avalon - Has helped to wikify many of the episode articles.
 * Binthemix - Uploaded 143 buffy images for the episodes. Overhauled buffy ep list to include those images within better chart system.
 * BuffyGuide - Used synopses from site to boost wikipedia. (See site at BuffyGuide.com)
 * Cooksey - Has done huge amount of work on Angel episodes, adding and filling in infoboxes as well as adding images to Angel seasons 1-5.
 * CheNuevara - Founder of WikiProject Buffy, has helped to refine many episode articles.
 * Doppelgangland - Involved in fleshing out of numerous episode articles.
 * Gregg02 - Began many of the episode articles, and provided many of the intitial synopses (especially for Angel).
 * Jeffq - Refined many of the episode articles.
 * MosheZadka - Began and made huge contributions to many Buffy episodes helping to bring many episodes to completion.
 * NP Chilla - Refined many of the episode articles. Added and filled several infoboxes for the later Buffy seasons.
 * Paxomen - Added low-res images (uploaded by Binthemix) to 144 Buffy ep articles. Uploaded 66 low-res Angel caps, and added them to Angel ep articles. Added/filled in infoboxes for a few dozen Angel eps. Also general refining & behind scenes info.
 * Quarl2 - Has helped to wikify many of the episode articles that required it.
 * Tamfang - Works on fleshing out crossovers between Buffy and Angel.
 * xiner - Has refined many character and episode articles.

Short term tasks
Each season has its own short-term tasks listed. Please update them and the appropriate episode annotation as you complete them.

 * An accurate and formatted infobox
 * Synopses
 * Behind Scenes
 * Wikiquote links
 * Angel list

Synopses
Every episode needs a well-written synopsis section, including 2 sub-sections:

 * 1 - 'Summary' - aim for around 20-100 words
 * 2 - 'Expanded overview' - aim for 500 words (almost all of these should be done)

 * Synopses should avoid self-referencing (e.g. avoid using words like 'episode', 'teaser', 'cut'... though it is acceptable to refer to other eps by name.

 * Wikify links if relevant (a common mistake is to wikify years like 1900).

Episodes without any/enough quotes
Several Angel episodes have very few (or no) quotes:

 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel
 * Angel

Behind Scenes
This needs to be expanded upon hugely in the sections. Try not to overuse quotes, there is alread a Wikiquote. Cite sources but try to do it fluidly within writing rather than clunkily.

Sections

 * Writing and acting - Relating to writing, writers, or actors, but avoid POV

 * Production details - 'Translations' and 'Music' can have their own sub-sections in here. Other topics might include special effects, sets, camera work...

 * Cultural References - So far very few episodes have this section, but Buffy is a show that contains lots of pop-culture references every episode (and these are sometimes obscure especially to foreign viewers, so these sections maybe potentially be very useful for the wikipedia Buffyverse guide). For an example of how this section can be written see, Ted (Buffy episode)

 * Quotes and Trivia (include link to each ep to its place at Wikiquote). Keep quotes without analysis to a minimum since the wikiquote is a place where those can go.

 * Continuity - Sub-sections: 'Arc signficance', 'Timing' (includes table of surrounding Buffyverse stories). Themes or events that have a wider impact on the arc (or are the result of earlier themes/events.

Researching Buffy/Angel eps
Research using:

 * Unofficial guide books
 * Official guides:
 * Watchers' Guides Vol.s 1-3
 * Monster Book
 * Angel: Case Files Vol.s 1-3

 * interviews in magazines
 * Especially official Buffy/Angel mags for UK which have been running for years (US version has been being released for past few years)

 * DVD commentaries, (transcripts can be found on the net - see below)
 * interviews on internet
 * internet including these:
 * Restlessbtvs.com - INVALUABLE for Buffy trivia
 * Restlessbtvs.com - List of resources
 * Buffyguide.com - esp useful for references/music info
 * Cityofangel.com - features such as interviews
 * Angel DVD commentary transcripts
 * Buffy DVD commentary transcripts

Wikiquote links
Each ep article should contain its link to that episode at Wikiquote. See all quotes on these pages:

 * Angel at Wikiquote
 * Buffy at Wikiquote

Here are examples of the wikiquote links to the right and slightly below this text:

Buffy Season One (1997)
Project progress:

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:
 * Synopses can be refined and more links wikified.
 * Expand behind scenes info.

 * 0. Unaired pilot

 * 1) Welcome to the Hellmouth
 * 2) The Harvest
 * 3) The Witch
 * 4) Teacher's Pet
 * 5) Never Kill a Boy on the First Date
 * 6) The Pack
 * 7) Angel
 * 8) I, Robot... You, Jane
 * 9) The Puppet Show
 * 10) Nightmares
 * 11) Out of Mind, Out of Sight
 * 12) Prophecy Girl

Buffy Season Two (1997-1998)
Project progress:

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:

 * Synopses can be refined and links wikified (but only if relevant).
 * Expand behind scenes info.
 * Second half of season2 almost done but many of unannotated eps require more behind scenes

 * 1) When She Was Bad
 * 2) Some Assembly Required
 * 3) School Hard
 * 4) Inca Mummy Girl
 * 5) Reptile Boy
 * 6) Halloween
 * 7) Lie to Me
 * 8) The Dark Age
 * 9) What's My Line, Part One
 * 10) What's My Line, Part Two
 * 11) Ted
 * 12) Bad Eggs
 * 13) Surprise
 * 14) Innocence
 * 15) Phases
 * 16) Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered
 * 17) Passion
 * 18) Killed by Death
 * 19) I Only Have Eyes for You - needs behind scenes,
 * 20) Go Fish - needs behind scenes,
 * 21) Becoming, Part One
 * 22) Becoming, Part Two

Buffy Season Three (1998-1999)
Project progress:

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:

 * Synopses can be refined and links wikified.
 * Expand behind scenes info.

 * 1) Anne
 * 2) Dead Man's Party
 * 3) Faith, Hope & Trick
 * 4) Beauty and the Beasts
 * 5) Homecoming
 * 6) Band Candy
 * 7) Revelations
 * 8) Lover's Walk
 * 9) The Wish
 * 10) Amends - reqs clean-up and behind-scenes info
 * 11) Gingerbread
 * 12) Helpless
 * 13) The Zeppo
 * 14) Bad Girls
 * 15) Consequences
 * 16) Doppelgängland
 * 17) Enemies
 * 18) Earshot
 * 19) Choices
 * 20) The Prom
 * 21) Graduation Day, Part One
 * 22) Graduation Day, Part Two

Buffy Season Four (1999-2000)
Project progress:

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:
 * Synopses can be refined and links wikified.
 * Expand behind scenes info.

 * 1) The Freshman
 * 2) Living Conditions
 * 3) The Harsh Light of Day - more triv
 * 4) Fear, Itself
 * 5) Beer Bad
 * 6) Wild at Heart - adequate but more be-sc would improve
 * 7) The Initiative
 * 8) Pangs - adequate but more be-sc would improve
 * 9) Something Blue
 * 10) Hush
 * 11) Doomed
 * 12) A New Man
 * 13) The I in Team
 * 14) Goodbye Iowa
 * 15) This Year's Girl
 * 16) Who Are You
 * 17) Superstar
 * 18) Where the Wild Things Are
 * 19) New Moon Rising
 * 20) The Yoko Factor
 * 21) Primeval
 * 22) Restless

Buffy Season Five (2000-2001)
Project progress:

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:
 * Synopses can be refined and links wikified.
 * Expand behind scenes info.

 * 1) Buffy vs. Dracula - more be.-scenes
 * 2) Real Me
 * 3) The Replacement
 * 4) Out of My Mind
 * 5) No Place Like Home
 * 6) Family
 * 7) Fool for Love
 * 8) Shadow
 * 9) Listening to Fear
 * 10) Into the Woods
 * 11) Triangle
 * 12) Checkpoint
 * 13) Blood Ties
 * 14) Crush
 * 15) I Was Made to Love You
 * 16) The Body
 * 17) Forever
 * 18) Intervention
 * 19) Tough Love
 * 20) Spiral
 * 21) The Weight of the World
 * 22) The Gift

Buffy Season Six (2001-2002)
Project progress:

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:
 * Synopses can be refined and links wikified.
 * Expand behind scenes info.

 * 1) Bargaining, Part One
 * 2) Bargaining, Part Two
 * 3) After Life
 * 4) Flooded
 * 5) Life Serial
 * 6) All the Way
 * 7) Once More, with Feeling
 * 8) Tabula Rasa
 * 9) Smashed
 * 10) Wrecked
 * 11) Gone
 * 12) Doublemeat Palace
 * 13) Dead Things
 * 14) Older and Far Away
 * 15) As You Were
 * 16) Hell's Bells
 * 17) Normal Again
 * 18) Entropy
 * 19) Seeing Red
 * 20) Villains
 * 21) Two to Go
 * 22) Grave

Buffy Season Seven (2002-2003)
Project progress:

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:
 * Synopses can be refined and links wikified.
 * Expand behind scenes info.

 * 1) Lessons
 * 2) Beneath You
 * 3) Same Time, Same Place
 * 4) Help
 * 5) Selfless
 * 6) Him
 * 7) Conversations with Dead People
 * 8) Sleeper
 * 9) Never Leave Me
 * 10) Bring on the Night
 * 11) Showtime
 * 12) Potential
 * 13) The Killer in Me
 * 14) First Date
 * 15) Get It Done
 * 16) Storyteller
 * 17) Lies My Parents Told Me
 * 18) Dirty Girls
 * 19) Empty Places
 * 20) Touched
 * 21) End of Days
 * 22) Chosen

Angel Season 1 (1999-2000)
Project progress:

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:

 * Synopses can be refined and links wikified.
 * Expand behind scenes info.

 * 1) City of
 * 2) Lonely Hearts
 * 3) <S>In the Dark</S>
 * 4) <S>I Fall to Pieces</S>
 * 5) Rm w/a Vu
 * 6) Sense & Sensitivity
 * 7) Bachelor Party
 * 8) I Will Remember You
 * 9) Hero
 * 10) Parting Gifts
 * 11) Somnambulist
 * 12) Expecting
 * 13) She
 * 14) I've Got You Under My Skin
 * 15) The Prodigal
 * 16) The Ring
 * 17) Eternity
 * 18) Five By Five
 * 19) Sanctuary
 * 20) War Zone
 * 21) Blind Date
 * 22) To Shanshu in L.A.

Angel Season 2 (2000-2001)
Project progress:

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:

 * Synopses can be refined and links wikified.
 * Expand behind scenes info.

 * 1) Judgment
 * 2) Are You Now or Have You Ever Been
 * 3) First Impressions
 * 4) Untouched
 * 5) Dear Boy
 * 6) Guise Will Be Guise
 * 7) Darla
 * 8) The Shroud of Rahmon
 * 9) The Trial
 * 10) Reunion
 * 11) Redefinition
 * 12) Blood Money
 * 13) Happy Anniversary
 * 14) The Thin Dead Line
 * 15) Reprise
 * 16) Epiphany
 * 17) Disharmony
 * 18) Dead End
 * 19) Belonging
 * 20) Over the Rainbow
 * 21) Through the Looking Glass
 * 22) There's No Place Like Plrtz Glrb

Angel Season 3 (2001-2002)
Project progress

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:

 * Synopses can be refined and links wikified.
 * Expand behind scenes info.

 * 1) Heartthrob
 * 2) That Vision Thing
 * 3) That Old Gang of Mine
 * 4) Carpe Noctem
 * 5) Fredless
 * 6) Billy
 * 7) Offspring
 * 8) Quickening
 * 9) Lullaby
 * 10) Dad
 * 11) Birthday
 * 12) Provider
 * 13) Waiting in the Wings
 * 14) Couplet
 * 15) Loyalty
 * 16) Sleep Tight
 * 17) Forgiving
 * 18) Double or Nothing
 * 19) The Price
 * 20) A New World
 * 21) Benediction
 * 22) Tomorrow

Angel Season 4 (2002-2003)
Project progress

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term tasks:

 * Synopses can be refined and links wikified.
 * Expand behind scenes info.

 * 1) Deep Down
 * 2) Ground State
 * 3) The House Always Wins
 * 4) Slouching Toward Bethlehem
 * 5) Supersymmetry
 * 6) Spin the Bottle
 * 7) Apocalypse, Nowish
 * 8) Habeas Corpses
 * 9) Long Day's Journey
 * 10) Awakening
 * 11) Soulless
 * 12) Calvary
 * 13) Salvage
 * 14) Release
 * 15) Orpheus
 * 16) Players
 * 17) Inside Out
 * 18) Shiny Happy People
 * 19) The Magic Bullet
 * 20) Sacrifice
 * 21) Peace Out
 * 22) Home

Angel Season 5 (2003-2004)
Project progress

 * Added synopses, a summary, and an expanded synopsis for each ep
 * Infoboxes completed for episodes every episode, along with image (though poss low-res)

Short-term Tasks:

 * Expand behind the scenes info

 * 1) Conviction
 * 2) Just Rewards
 * 3) Unleashed
 * 4) Hell Bound
 * 5) Life of the Party
 * 6) The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco
 * 7) Lineage
 * 8) Destiny
 * 9) Harm's Way
 * 10) Soul Purpose
 * 11) Damage
 * 12) You're Welcome
 * 13) Why We Fight
 * 14) Smile Time
 * 15) A Hole in the World
 * 16) Shells
 * 17) Underneath
 * 18) Origin
 * 19) Time Bomb
 * 20) The Girl in Question
 * 21) Power Play
 * 22) Not Fade Away


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Television/Buffyverse task force/Concepts

Use this page to discuss any concepts not included in the character and episode threads, including mythology, places, etc.


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Donkey (Shrek)

Donkey is a fictional character created by William Steig and adapted by DreamWorks Animation for the Shrek franchise. He is voiced primarily by Eddie Murphy. Donkey is an anthropomorphic donkey and his appearance is modeled after a miniature donkey named Perry. He is depicted with grey fur, brown eyes, and a black mane. In the franchise, he is the sidekick and best friend of Shrek, husband to Dragon, and father to a litter of Dronkeys (Dragon-Donkeys). As the series' comic relief character, Donkey is well-regarded by critics for his wit, wisdom, and humor.

Shrek (2001)
Donkey made his debut in the 2001 film Shrek at a sale of mythical characters from old fairy tales, being sold to the evil Lord Farquaad's knights. Donkey's special power was his ability to talk, which his owner, an old woman, tried to capitalize on. Following a lucky escape, he befriends Shrek, who, although annoyed by Donkey's non-stop chatter, slowly and reluctantly develops an affection for him.

Donkey requests to stay with Shrek since he has no one else. At first, Shrek refuses, before finally giving in, although he only allows him to stay outside of his house for one night. Donkey denies any involvement when Shrek finds all the creatures from fairy tales living in his swamp. The creatures admit that Lord Farquaad drove them out of that location. Donkey is the only one who is prepared to lead him, and since he knows where Farquaad is, Shrek decides to accompany him.

However, when they arrive, Farquaad has his men try to kill Shrek in an arena to find the perfect champion to find and bring him back Princess Fiona, whom he wants to make his bride. Donkey and Shrek defeat Farquaad's men, and Farquaad decides to have Shrek be his champion instead. However, Shrek shows no interest and only demands his swamp back. When Farquaad offers Shrek a deal to return him his swamp if he agrees to go on the quest, Shrek agrees, and Donkey follows Shrek on his quest to find Fiona. While coming to the castle, Donkey unintentionally catches the unwanted attention of the fire-breathing dragon guarding the Princess.

Shrek escapes, but Donkey is caught and cornered. Before the dragon attempts to doom him, he tries to avoid his fate by complimenting the dragon, whom he discovers is a female, and the dragon is greatly flattered by Donkey's compliments. She takes him to her lair to be intimate with him. However, Shrek rescues Donkey before things become too personal, and the two narrowly escape with the Princess before the dragon catches up.

One night, during camp, Donkey asks Shrek why he hates everyone so much, and Shrek angrily reveals that everyone judges him as a scary monster before getting to know him. Donkey acknowledges that he already knew that there was more to Shrek's character when they met. Donkey begins to notice a romance between Fiona and Shrek, despite their denials. The next night, Donkey goes inside a windmill to talk to the Princess, only to discover that she becomes an ogre herself after sunset. Shrek overhears them talking and misinterprets the conversation as Fiona insulting him. The next day, Shrek berates her for what she supposedly said, and Lord Farquaad comes to take her.

Donkey tries to clarify the whole situation to Shrek, who also angrily insults him. Hurt and enraged, Donkey claims his half of the swamp for his hard work helping him. The two get into a heated argument, whereupon Donkey finally explains that Fiona did not say that Shrek was ugly, and the two reconcile. Donkey then has the dragon, whom he reconnected with earlier, take him and Shrek to Fiona's wedding, where the dragon devours Farquaad. After Shrek saves Fiona, Donkey sings "I'm a Believer" at Shrek and Fiona's wedding reception and takes his love, Dragon, as his wife. On Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party!, he sings "Baby Got Back" by Sir Mix-a-Lot.

Shrek 2 (2004)
Donkey first appears in the film, having been remaining at Shrek's house while Shrek and Fiona were away on their honeymoon. When they return, Shrek tells Donkey to leave, but Donkey is hesitant. Fiona suggests that he should return for Dragon's sake, but he then reveals that he is having troubles in his relationship with Dragon as she was acting strangely, but he could not determine the cause, so he decides to move back in with them. However, Shrek makes him leave.

As Shrek and Fiona begin to have a moment, Donkey abruptly returns and interrupts, claiming that a chariot of royal men has arrived. A messenger appears and tells the newlywed couple that Fiona's parents have invited them to a royal ball to celebrate their marriage, as well as for her father to give his royal blessing. Shrek is completely hesitant to accept, as he knows that her parents will never accept them as Ogres, though he eventually gives up and goes. He and Fiona are accompanied by Donkey to the Far Far Away kingdom, who repeatedly asks, "Are we there yet?" whilst Shrek and Fiona keep answering no.

He then meets Puss in Boots and becomes jealous as he is spending a lot of time with Shrek. By the end of the film, they are great friends. At one point in the film, he reveals that he was the donkey traded by Jack for the magic beans, which greatly offended him. He and Shrek ended up drinking the "Happily Ever After" potion from the Fairy Godmother's workshop and while Shrek transformed into a handsome human, Donkey became a magnificently bred and handsome white stallion (albeit with the same buck teeth and voice, and on the bottle it read that the potion is not for those with nervous disorders, after which Shrek and everyone else stares at Donkey as it is strongly hinted that Donkey has one, but he remains clueless as to the reason of why everyone is staring at him).

Shrek and Puss ride Donkey back to the castle. When Shrek goes inside, Fiona (who had also changed back to human form) comes running out to find Shrek. Donkey then explains why they changed, and that Shrek went inside looking for her. However, Shrek comes back outside heartbroken after Fiona went back in, as Charming and Fairy Godmother beat them both to it: Charming tricking Fiona into thinking he is Shrek, and Fairy Godmother convincing Shrek that Fiona is better off with Charming. Shrek, Donkey and Puss lament in a bar called the Poison Apple, only to discover Fiona's father Harold secretly talking to Fairy Godmother, revealing the scam. Unfortunately, they are both caught when Donkey's talking habits cause him to accidentally blurt out, completely exposing them. They are eventually caught and captured by Godmother's men and are arrested. However, the other fairy tale creatures witness this and break them out, and Gingy has the Muffin Man create a giant, Godzilla-sized Gingerbread man called Mongo, whom Donkey helps lead to the castle. They succeed in getting in, but Mongo is defeated by the castle's guards.

After the trio finished their mission with victory, both Donkey and Shrek return to their normal forms. Donkey seemed to be quite disappointed at returning to his original form, although Shrek told Donkey he still sees Donkey as "a noble steed." Donkey later sings "Livin' la Vida Loca" along with Puss during the party. After the credits, Donkey and Dragon are reunited, and he meets their newborn children, Dronkeys. Upon seeing his new kids, Donkey ends up exclaiming: "I gotta get a job!". He later sings "Disco Inferno" on Far Far Away Idol.

Shrek the Third (2007)
Donkey is enjoying fatherhood in Shrek the Third, and he is still first and foremost Shrek's sidekick and closest friend. When Far Far Away is in need of a new king, Donkey ventures off with Shrek in search of Fiona's cousin Arthur Pendragon, known simply as Artie, at the Worcestershire boarding school where he resides. In their magical transport back to Far Far Away (aided by a slightly off-kilter Merlin), Donkey and Puss accidentally switch bodies.

Puss finds Donkey's quadrupedal form hideous, while Donkey can't figure out how Puss can walk with such fancy accoutrements. They are forced to put their differences aside in order to save Far Far Away from a vindictive Prince Charming. After Charming is defeated, Merlin comes to change them back, but accidentally switches their tails (in the next scene, their tails have been corrected as well). He later is seen playing with Shrek's newborn ogre triplets.

Donkey is last seen in the credits performing "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)", along with Puss, to the ogre triplets.

Shrek Forever After (2010)
In the fourth film, Donkey brings his Dronkeys over to Shrek's swamp often, much to Shrek's annoyance at the ensuing daily chaos. He takes part in innocently ruining Shrek's babies' birthday party.

In Rumplestiltskin's alternate universe, Donkey first meets Shrek when he pulls a wagon the ogre is imprisoned in, and is forced to sing (reminiscent of a car stereo) by the witches, who whip him to change songs. After being taken to Rumplestiltskin, Shrek escapes and takes Donkey with him, much to the latter's chagrin. At first, Donkey fears Shrek and runs away, but returns after seeing Shrek cry over his babies' toy. Having never seen an ogre cry before, Donkey decides to trust Shrek and befriends him.

Donkey also proves to be highly intelligent, and helps Shrek find a loophole in Rumplestiltskin's contract, comparing Shrek's situation to The Twilight Zone. The duo meet Fiona, Puss, and the rebellion of ogres in the woods, and Donkey befriends Puss in Boots and the ogres as well. Donkey later saves Shrek and Fiona from the Pied Piper (at Puss' urging), and then leads the assault on Rumplestiltskin's castle. He also attempts to seduce the Dragon, having learned from Shrek that she is his wife in the other reality, to stop her from eating Shrek and Fiona, but he fails to do so. Luckily, none of them are harmed. After Rumplestiltskin is defeated, Donkey sadly watches as Shrek begins to turn into pixie dust when his time is up.

In the ending, with reality restored, Donkey celebrates Shrek's children's birthday. Later on, he is seen with Dragon, who playfully gobbles him up. Finally, he and other characters make mud angels.

Other appearances
Donkey appears in the following works:

 * Father of the Pride (2004). Voiced by Eddie Murphy.
 * Two Donkeys appeared: One Donkey's stunt double and the other being the actual Donkey. In this episode, Donkey is portrayed as an arrogant and self-centered actor, who plays his Shrek counterpart in the film series. He mistakenly claims that Shrek the Third is coming out in 2006.
 * Shrek The Halls (2007). Voiced by Eddie Murphy, in which Donkey helps Shrek get into the Christmas spirit.
 * Scared Shrekless (2010). Voiced by Dean Edwards, marking the first time Murphy did not return for the role. A Halloween special where Shrek challenges his friends to spend the night in Lord Farquaad's castle while telling scary stories.
 * Shrek the Musical (2008-). The role originated on Broadway by Tony Award nominee Daniel Breaker. Alan Mingo Jr. plays the role on the United States national tour, and Richard Blackwood plays the role in the West End production.
 * Puss in Boots: The Last Wish (2022). The latest installment and spin off of the Shrek Franchise. Donkey, though he doesn't appear canonically, he is seen in one of Puss' flashbacks in his first battle with Death. Donkey is seen with Shrek and Puss as they are walking on a bridge and singing. He is also indirectly mentioned by Puss at the end of the film as Puss, Peritto and Kitty Softpaws are on their way to Far Far Away, in order to reunite with Shrek and other old friends.
 * Donkey is the focus of the Donkey Live! attraction at the Universal Studios Singapore theme park. The show is a digital puppetry presentation in which Donkey, along with a live actor, interacts with the audience in the format of a stand-up comedy performance.
 * Donkey appears with Shrek and Fiona, along with other animated characters, in the Dreamworks theatrical "curtain raiser" sequence that runs before Dreamworks Animation films.

Character development

Donkey was modeled after Perry, a miniature donkey who lives in Cornelis Bol Park in Palo Alto, California. Pacific Data Images (based in nearby Redwood City) paid $75 for the right to make photographs, video recordings, and sketches of Perry which were used to create the Donkey character.

As of May 2024, Perry was 29 years old (i.e., elderly for a donkey) and dealing with several age-related health conditions which had caused the cost of his health care to skyrocket. That month, the Palo Alto City Council approved a $10,000 grant to help cover the cost of caring for such a famous donkey, although there was some debate over whether it was financially responsible to give that much money to a donkey.

Reception
The donkey is a traditional character in folktales, serving as the fool who exposes the foolishness of other characters. An example of this is Bottom from A Midsummer Night's Dream. Donkey's characterization was praised by critics, calling him "hilarious" and "the highlight of the film". He represents an instinctual wisdom or "gut knowledge" that is essential to helping both Shrek and Fiona. His folk wisdom breaks through Shrek's layers of masculinity to help him integrate better with other people, including women.

Nevertheless, due to being voiced by Eddie Murphy, Donkey was noted as being similar to black sidekicks paired with white male stars in films such as Lethal Weapon (1987) and Die Hard (1988). He has been criticized as drawing on racial stereotypes of African Americans, both as a sidekick and due to his cowardly, comedic personality. Murphy's casting as a "servile" beast of burden was condemned for its racist undertones.

title: Donkey (Shrek)


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Pink Floyd pigs

Inflatable flying pigs were one of the staple props of Pink Floyd's live shows. The first balloon was a sow, with a male pig balloon later introduced in their 1987 tour. Pigs appeared numerous times in concerts by the band, promoting concerts and record releases, and on the cover of their 1977 album Animals.

The image rights for the pigs passed to Roger Waters when he split from the rest of the group, though the pigs continued to be used by both Pink Floyd and Roger Waters in their gigs after his departure.

Animals

The original Pink Floyd pig, a 40 ft, helium-filled balloon, was designed by Roger Waters and built in December 1976 by the artist Jeffrey Shaw with help of design team Hipgnosis, in preparation for shooting the cover of the Animals album. Plans were made to fly it over Battersea Power Station for a three-day photo-shoot, with a marksman standing by to shoot the pig down if it broke free. On the first day, poor weather and delays meant the pig was not launched, and the marksman was told he was not needed.

On the second day, 3 December 1976, the marksman was again not present because no one had told him to return. A gust of wind tore the pig loose. It disappeared from sight within five minutes, and was spotted by airline pilots at thirty thousand feet in the air. Flights at Heathrow Airport were cancelled as the huge inflatable pig continued eastwards across flight lanes and out over the English Channel, finally landing that night on a farm in Kent, where it frightened a herd of cows.

The pig was recovered and repaired for the resumption of photography for the album cover, but the sky was cloudless and blue, thus "boring". However, the pictures of the sky from the first day were suitable; the album cover was created using a composite of photos from the first and third days.

The pig that was originally floated above Battersea Power Station was called "Algie".

In the Flesh
After the album Animals was released in 1977, Pink Floyd began their In the Flesh tour. During concerts, the pig appeared around the PA stacks in a cloud of black smoke during performances of "Pigs (Three Different Ones)".

The Wall
The pig also appeared during each of Pink Floyd's The Wall concerts, black instead of pink, with a crossed hammers logo on its side. Waters would occasionally refer to it directly before "Run Like Hell" (the pig appeared during the end of the previous song, "In the Flesh"). A short speech in reference to either the pig or the song was given in every show, with each speech being different; this oddity has been used by bootleggers to identify which date a recording of the Wall tour was made. At the Berlin concert, it was only the head and it had fangs and red eyes.

Pink Floyd's use of the pig post-Roger Waters

For the 1987–1989 tour, the band added testicles to the pig, which David Gilmour has said was an attempt to get around Roger Waters having the image rights for the pig.

The pig briefly appeared on 10 June 1988 at Beaujoire stadium in Nantes, France; it flew above the crowd for a very short time, after which it was seen to deflate.

The pig is shown to be flown over the audience during the performance of "One of These Days" in the Delicate Sound of Thunder concert video, where it appears black with illuminated eyes.

Pink Floyd added a 'deflated' pig to Roger Waters' auction of animation art from the film The Wall at Christie's London, on 21 September 1990, but the lot was withdrawn before the auction started.

During the 1994 tour, two warthog-like pigs with protruding tongues were shown at the top of the stage side's speaker towers, sometimes just deflated, sometimes dropped on the ground after "One of These Days". This was also during Pulse, but for the VHS, Laserdisc, DVD and Blu-Ray releases, footage of the pigs falling was edited out.

The pig made another appearance before the release of Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd, when Capitol Records flew a replica of the original pig from Animals over the Capitol Records Tower in Hollywood, California.

One damaged inflatable pig, believed to be from the 1988 Pink Floyd tour, was repaired by Nga Keith and flown again over a concert by the band The String Cheese Incident in Austin, Texas on 20 September 2003. Reportedly purchased by The String Cheese Incident manager Mike Luba from a former Pink Floyd stagehand, the 40-foot pig flew again over the Austin City Limits Music Festival audience during a cover of Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall (Part II)".

During their Live 8 reunion with Waters, footage of Algie, over Battersea Power Station, was shown on a giant video screen behind the band.

A replica of Algie was tethered above Battersea Power Station on 26 September 2011 to promote the Why Pink Floyd...? campaign, involving the reissue of the band's first 14 studio albums.

Roger Waters solo tours

 * During a concert in Summerfest 2006, the pig had a message printed on it reading "Impeach Bush".
 * In a concert in Argentina on 2007, a pig flew and ended up on the Río de la Plata.
 * At Argentina tour dates in 2007, the pig had the "Nunca Más" (Never again) inscription on its chest, referring to the famous slogan with which the Argentine people referred to the 1976-1983 military dictatorship during which 30,000 people were forcibly disappeared and later assassinated.
 * During Waters' performance at the 2008 Coachella Festival, one of the giant inflatable pigs being used as a prop became untethered and floated away into the California desert. Organizers of the festival had offered a $10,000 reward plus free lifetime tickets to the festival in return for the pig's recovery. The pig was found three days later at a nearby country club.
 * Likewise, during the concert in Dallas, TX on 2 May 2008, and Houston, TX on 4 May, the pig floated away.
 * During a concert in Chicago on 8 June 2012 at Wrigley Field, the pig crashed into the crowd behind home plate and was ripped to pieces by the crowd.
 * During his Us + Them tour in 2017, the pig had a message printed on it reading "PIGGY BANK OF WAR" and underneath printed "BOMBS AND DEATH COME FROM HERE" with an arrow pointed toward the pig's rear.
 * During Waters' This Is Not a Drill tour in 2022, the pig was printed with "FUCK THE POOR" on one side and "STEAL FROM THE POOR GIVE TO THE RICH" on the other side and was decorated with various images such as drones, coffins, and fighter-jets.The pig was flown during the intermission and the first few numbers of the second set; its eyes were covered by a mask representing the Meta logo and were illuminated red during the performances of "In the Flesh" and "Run Like Hell."

Other media

 * An inflatable pig can be seen floating above Battersea Power Station in the 2010 movie Nanny McPhee Returns as the nanny and children make a motorcycle trip to London to locate the children's father.
 * An inflatable pig can also be seen floating outside Battersea Power Station in the 2006 movie Children of Men.
 * During the "Isles of Wonder" short film shot by Danny Boyle and shown as part of the Opening Ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the camera zooms down the length of the Thames River, from a small spring in the countryside all the way to the Olympic venue. During the fly-by, a pig can be seen floating above the Battersea Power Station.
 * The pig can be seen floating about the neighbourhood in the video game The Sims 2.
 * An inflatable pig can be seen floating above Battersea Power Station in the Zwift cycling app.
 * A large toy sheep above a power plant reminiscent of the Battersea Power Station is shown on the cover of The Orb album Evil 39.
 * A floating pig can be seen in the "Roger Waters – Comfortably Numb 2022" video, released 18 November 2022.

title: Pink Floyd pigs


text:
Wikipedia talk:Jimbo Wales discussion at Harvard Law School, April 25, 2005

Untitled
Is this going to be archived? -- user:zanimum


text:
User:Yuckfoo2

Yuckfoo2 is a sock puppet for Isaac Rabinovitch. His sole purpose is to irritate Yuckfoo.

title: User:Yuckfoo2


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USS Milwaukee (C-21)

The second USS Milwaukee (C-21) was a St. Louis-class cruiser (1905) protected cruiser in the United States Navy. Entering service in 1906, Milwaukee was deployed to the Pacific Ocean. On 13 January 1917, while aiding a grounded submarine, the cruiser grounded herself. The ship was decommissioned and sold for scrap in 1919.

Construction and commissioning
Milwaukee was laid down on 30 July 1902 by Union Iron Works at San Francisco, California, and launched on 10 September 1904, sponsored by Miss Janet Mitchell, daughter of U.S. Senator John L. Mitchell of Wisconsin. The cruiser was commissioned on 10 December 1906.

Service history
After a shakedown cruise off the coast of California and Mexico, from 14 March through 28 May 1907, Milwaukee departed San Francisco, California on 26 June 1907 and cruised off the coast of San Salvador and Costa Rica and engaging in target practice with the squadron in Magdalena Bay. On 26 March 1908, the cruiser sailed from San Francisco for Bremerton, Washington, where she was placed in reserve on 25 April. Except for a cruise in the summer of 1908 which took her to Hawaii and to Honduras, the ship remained in reserve status at Puget Sound Navy Yard until decommissioned on 3 May 1910.

Milwaukee was recommissioned in ordinary service on 17 June 1913 and was assigned to the Pacific Reserve Fleet. In the next two years the ship made several brief cruises, one to Honolulu with a detachment of Washington State Naval Militia from 1–22 July 1914, and several along the coast of California. On 18 March 1916, Milwaukee was detached from the Reserve Fleet and assigned to duty as a tender to destroyers and submarines of the Pacific Fleet. Based at San Diego, the cruiser participated in exercises and maneuvers off the coast, patrolled Mexican waters, transported refugees, and performed survey duty.

Milwaukee was then overhauled at Mare Island including the installation of heavy machine tools so the cruiser could act as a tender for the Coast Torpedo Force of destroyers and submarines.

The wreck of Milwaukee
Under the temporary command of Lieutenant William F. Newton acting as Coast Torpedo Force Commander, Milwaukee sailed on 5 January 1917 for Eureka, California, to assist in salvaging the U.S. Navy submarine USS H-3 (SS-30) which had run aground off Humboldt Bay on 14 December 1916. On 13 January, while attempting to float the submarine and disregarding the recommendations of local mariners, the cruiser stranded in the first line of breakers at Samoa, California, off Eureka. Four hundred twenty-one enlisted men and seventeen officers were rescued safely by the Humboldt Bay Life-Saving Station and local volunteers but attempts to salvage the ship were unsuccessful. H-3 was ultimately salvaged and returned to service.

Decommissioning and fate
Milwaukee was decommissioned on 6 March 1917 and a storm in November 1918 broke the ship in two. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register 23 June 1919 and her hulk was sold on 5 August 1919.

title: USS Milwaukee (C-21)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anyone For Doomsday?

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle 10:57, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Anyone_For_Doomsday%3F
Simply lists tracks of a supposed album that was never released. Johntex 02:06, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Allmusic.com has a review of it.  That's good enough for me. Postdlf 02:09, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Normally I'd say delete an unreleased album, but Powerman 5000 is a notable band, and given the review, I'll have to say Keep. android↔talk 03:08, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, an unreleased album, doesnt even meet wikipedia guidelines. Megan1967 08:12, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nothing gained through loss.  -Teknic 10:32, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep unrealeased albums from famous bands. It's pretty rare for a famous band to have a whole album unreleased anyway, and that in itself is notable.  Such things tend to have a great deal of mystique about them, like the Beach Boys' lost album Smile, Relentless by Pet Shop Boys, or Love You More Than Football by Space. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  11:20, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Powerman 5000 (which still has plenty of room for this content and is the appropriate place to discuss the whys and wherefores of the decision to not release the album). Rossami (talk) 23:36, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep albums reviewed by allmusic.com. Gamaliel 08:01, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, i was a fan of pm5k and i was surprised to come upon this page and find out this album was never released. i think it is quite useful.  Sensation002 03:06, 10 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Arundel and South Downs (UK Parliament constituency)

Arundel and South Downs is a constituency in West Sussex created in 1997 and represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Andrew Griffith, a Conservative, since 2019.

Constituency profile
This is a mostly rural constituency including the town of Arundel and villages within the South Downs national park boundaries or encircled by the park; the largest of which are Hassocks, Hurstpierpoint, Petworth, Pulborough, Steyning and Storrington. Residents' incomes and house prices are significantly wealthier than the UK averages.

Boundaries
2010-2024: Following their review of parliamentary boundaries in West Sussex which Parliament approved in 2007, the Boundary Commission for England formed new constituencies. As created in 2010, the seat was constituted as follows:

 * The Arun District wards of: Angmering, Arundel, Barnham, Findon, and Walberton
 * The Chichester District wards of: Bury, Petworth, and Wisborough Green
 * The Horsham District wards of: Bramber, Upper Beeding and Woodmancote, Chanctonbury, Chantry, Cowfold, Partridge Green, Shermanbury and West Grinstead, Henfield, Pulborough and Coldwaltham, and Steyning
 * The Mid Sussex District wards of: Hassocks, and Hurstpierpoint and Downs

In their recommendations, the Boundary Commission for England mooted the name Chanctonbury after uninhabited Chanctonbury Ring, an ancient hill fort at its centre. This name was rejected during the local inquiry process at which the current name was chosen.

2024-present: Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, from the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the constituency was composed of the following wards (as they existed on 1 December 2020):

 * The District of Arun wards of: Arundel & Walberton; Barnham; Felpham East (polling district BHOE).
 * The District of Chichester wards of: Easebourne; Fernhurst; Fittleworth; Goodwood (polling districts GWBX, GWEA, GWED, GWSI and GWUP); Harting; Loxwood; Midhurst; Petworth.
 * The District of Horsham wards of: Bramber, Upper Beeding & Woodmancote; Henfield; Pulborough, Coldwaltham & Amberley; Steyning & Ashurst; Storrington & Washington; West Chiltington, Thakeham & Ashington.

''The electorate was reduced to bring it within the permitted range by transferring out the two District of Mid Sussex wards and the Horsham District ward of Cowfold, Shermanbury & West Grinstead to their respectively-named constituencies; the District of Arun ward of Angmering & Findon were transferred to Worthing West. To partly compensate, the constituency will be extended further northwards and westwards into the constituency/District of Chichester, gaining the town of Midhurst.''

Results and EU referendum stance
The 2017 result saw the sixth Conservative win.

Second-place runners-up have been, listed in order, four times a Liberal Democrat, once the UKIP candidate and once the Labour candidate. In line with regional trends, the highest percentage of the vote among these was the Liberal Democrat in 2010, with 27.9% of the vote.

In June 2016, an estimated 50.3% of local adults voting in the EU membership referendum chose to remain in the European Union instead of to leave. This was defied in two January 2018 votes in Parliament by its MP, in line with his governing party's promise to adhere to the overall result of that referendum.

The 2015-2017 status was as the 8th safest of the Conservative Party's 331 seats by percentage of majority.

De-selection of incumbent seeking re-election in 2005
The incumbent Howard Flight MP had national media coverage in the run-up to the 2005 general election due to his deselection requested by the party leader for membership of Conservative Way Forward, lobbying for spending cuts to be more severe than set out in the small cuts in the 2005 manifesto. Flight hinted his preferred cuts would be as implemented by a Conservative government in his view. He had represented the constituency since its creation at the 1997 general election. Anne Marie Morris, Laura Sandys and Nick Herbert put themselves forward for nomination as replacement candidates. The chosen candidate, Nick Herbert, won the seat at the election. Morris and Sandys became MPs elsewhere in 2010.

Predecessor seats
The seat and its predecessors have in the 20th century been a Conservative Party stronghold save that the minor contributory Horsham seat to the area's electorate saw victory by 8.6% of the vote over the Labour Party in 1966, followed statistically by a next-most-marginal victory again with the Labour Party as runner-up, in 1950, of 14.4%.

Between 1974 and 1983, much of the South Downs area was part of the Shoreham constituency, with the town of Arundel remaining in the Arundel constituency.

Prior to 1974, the seat was largely part of the Arundel and Shoreham constituency.

Members of Parliament
Arundel and Horsham prior to 1997


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Los Auténticos Decadentes

Los Auténticos Decadentes (Spanish for "The Authentic Decadents") is an Argentine band that mixes ska with Latin American rhythms. The band was formed around the year 1986 by Cucho and Nito, who invited Gastón to join them.

Their first hit was Veni Raquel, which set the tone for the irreverence and ironic humor of their later lyrics. Many of their songs are classic anthems of the Argentine nightlife, such as Corazón, Loco (Tu Forma de Ser), Entregá el Marrón, La Guitarra, Los Piratas and El Murguero.

For some of their hit songs and videos, the Decandentes have engaged many Argentine icons such as former soccer referee Guillermo Nimo and the later candombe singer Alberto Castillo. As they draw from traditions such as canzonetta, murga bands and cantina songs, they are popular with many generations.

Members

 * Gustavo "Cucho" Parisi - vocals
 * Jorge Serrano - guitars, vocals, choirs and pinkillo
 * Diego Demarco - guitars, vocals, choirs
 * Nito Montecchia- guitars, choirs
 * Gastón "Francés" Bernardou - percussion, effects and synthesisers
 * Martín "La Mosca" Lorenzo - percussion and choirs
 * Daniel Zimbello - trombone
 * Pablo Armesto - bass guitar and choirs
 * Pablo Rodriguez - saxophone, flute and pincullo
 * Eduardo Tripodi - percussion and choirs
 * Mariano Franceschelli - drums, bass guitar, percussion and choirs
 * Guillermo "Capanga" Eijo - trumpet and choirs

 * Occasional guest: Claudio Carrozza - keyboards.

Discography
They have 10 studio albums and a few compilations, singles and live albums:
 * El Milagro Argentino (The Argentine Miracle) (1989)
 * Super Sónico (Supersonic) (1991)
 * Fiesta monstruo (Monster Party) (1993)
 * Mi vida loca (My Crazy Life) (1995)
 * Cualquiera puede cantar (Anyone Can Sing) (1997)
 * Hoy trasnoche (Pulled an All-Nighter) (2000)
 * Los reyes de la canción (The Kings of Songs) (2001, greatest hits compilation)
 * Sigue tu camino (Follow Your Path) (2003)
 * 12 Vivos (12 Lives) (2004, live performances compilation)
 * Los autenticos decadentes: Obras Cumbres (2006, greatest hits compilation)
 * Club Atlético Decadente (Decadent Athletic Club) (2006)
 * Somos (En Vivo) (We Are (Live)) (2008, live concert)
 * Lo mejor de lo peor (Best of the Worst) (2009, greatest hits compilation)
 * Irrompibles (Unbreakable) (2010)
 * Los Machos Single (2010, single)
 * Distrito Federal Single (2010, single)
 * Tribus Urbanas Single (2010, single)
 * Hecho en México - en vivo en el Palacio de los deportes, 25 aniversario (2012, live concert)
 * Y La Banda Sigue (And the Band Plays On) (2014)
 * KLUB (2017, tribute album)
 * Fiesta Nacional (MTV Unplugged) (Live)

title: Los Auténticos Decadentes


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Ashfield (UK Parliament constituency)

Ashfield is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. It is in the English county of Nottinghamshire, East Midlands, to the north west of the city of Nottingham in the Erewash Valley along the border with neighbouring county Derbyshire.

Ashfield was part of the Red Wall, a group of constituencies in the Midlands and Northern England which formerly almost always voted for the Labour Party, until many of them switched to the Conservative Party in the 2019 general election. In the 2016 referendum on membership of the European Union, Ashfield voted 70% in favour of Brexit.

Constituency profile
The seat contains the market towns of Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Sutton-in-Ashfield and Huthwaite. Coal mining was formerly a significant part of the local economy. Electoral Calculus categorises the seat as having socially conservative views and economically soft left views alongside strong support for Brexit. Around 57% of the constituency is deprived, slightly higher than the national average of 52%, according to the site. The average age is 50.8, at least 80% of the local population owns a car, whilst 68% own a home, and the gross household income is £35,124.

Historic
1955–1974: The Urban Districts of Eastwood, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, and Sutton-in-Ashfield, and in the Rural District of Basford the parishes of Annesley, Bestwood Park, Brinsley, Felley, Linby, Newstead, Papplewick, and Selston.

1974–1983: The Urban Districts of Hucknall, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, and Sutton-in-Ashfield, and in the Rural District of Basford the parishes of Annesley, Felley, and Selston.

1983–2010: The District of Ashfield wards of Jacksdale, Kirkby-in-Ashfield Central, Kirkby-in-Ashfield East, Kirkby-in-Ashfield West, Selston, Sutton-in-Ashfield Central, Sutton-in-Ashfield East, Sutton-in-Ashfield North, Sutton-in-Ashfield West, Underwood, and Woodhouse, and the Borough of Broxtowe wards of Brinsley, Eastwood East, Eastwood North, and Eastwood South.

2010–2024: The District of Ashfield wards of Jacksdale, Kirkby-in-Ashfield Central, Kirkby-in-Ashfield East, Kirkby-in-Ashfield West, Selston, Sutton-in-Ashfield Central, Sutton-in-Ashfield East, Sutton-in-Ashfield North, Sutton-in-Ashfield West, Underwood, and Woodhouse, and the Borough of Broxtowe wards of Brinsley, Eastwood North and Greasley Beauvale, and Eastwood South.

Current
Following the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, and reflecting the local government boundary review in the District of Mansfield which came into effect in May 2023, the constituency is composed of the following with effect from the 2024 general election:

 * The District of Ashfield wards of: Abbey Hill; Annesley & Kirkby Woodhouse; Ashfields; Carsic; Central & New Cross; Huthwaite & Brierley; Jacksdale; Kingsway; Kirkby Cross & Portland; Larwood; Leamington; St. Mary’s; Selston; Skegby; Stanton Hill & Teversal; Summit; Sutton Junction & Harlow Wood; The Dales; Underwood.

The parts in the Borough of Broxtowe were transferred to the Broxtowe constituency and the parts in Mansfield District were transferred from the Mansfield constituency.
 * Parts of the District of Mansfield wards of: Lindhurst; Pleaseley; Rufford; Sherwood.1

History
Until the Conservatives gained the seat at the 2019 general election, it was almost always a Labour Party seat since its creation for the 1955 general election. The Ashfield constituency has been served by a former Secretary of State, Geoff Hoon, and since its creation until 2019, for only two years has been served by one member of another party, Tim Smith of the Conservative Party, from 1977 to 1979. Ashfield's 2019 result indicates quite a large Conservative majority. In 2010, the seat had a marginal majority of only 192 votes over the Liberal Democrats, but this was increased to 8,820 in 2015 after a collapse in the Liberal Democrat vote, with the Conservatives finishing in second place. In 2017, there was another narrow margin of victory for Labour after an 8.9% swing to the Conservatives, who squeezed most of the fairly substantial UKIP vote from two years earlier, and also a large vote for the Ashfield Independents candidate of nearly 10%, but Labour on that occasion did just enough to hang on by just over 400 votes. In 2019, the Ashfield Independents candidate Jason Zadrozny, who had come close to winning the seat for the Liberal Democrats nine years earlier, came second with a substantial vote, and the Conservatives took the seat despite achieving fewer votes and a smaller percentage of the total vote than in 2017.

Elections in the 2010s
The Liberal Democrats had again selected Jason Zadrozny as their prospective parliamentary candidate for the 2015 general election, but he was suspended by the party and removed as a candidate just weeks before the election after being arrested; he was later cleared. He was replaced by Philip Smith.

title: Ashfield (UK Parliament constituency)


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Klaus Meine

Klaus Meine (born 25 May 1948) is a German singer, best known as the longtime frontman and primary lyricist of the hard rock band Scorpions. Meine and guitarist Rudolf Schenker are the only two members of the group to appear on every Scorpions album, though he did not join the band until 1969, four years after its founding. Meine placed at number 22 on Hit Parader's 'Top Heavy Metal Vocalists of All Time' list in 2006.

Biography
Meine wrote most of the lyrics to Scorpions' songs. He and former Scorpions drummer Herman Rarebell also shared lyrical authorship on some songs, including the major hit "Rock You Like a Hurricane". Meine composed some songs alone like "Wind of Change", "You and I", "But the Best for You", "Does Anyone Know", "A Moment in a Million Years", "Moment of Glory", "I Wanted to Cry", "Back to You", "My City, My Town", "Follow Your Heart", "Rock'n' Roll Band", "The World We Used to Know" and "Who We Are".

He has played guitar on two Scorpions songs: "Coast to Coast" and "Follow Your Heart".

After a 1981 world tour and during the recording of the Blackout album, Meine lost his voice to the extent that he could not even speak properly. He was advised by his doctor to consider another profession. However, Scorpions stuck together and, after therapy and two vocal cord surgeries, Meine's voice recovered.

Meine performed on the Live in Berlin rendition of Roger Waters' "The Wall" in 1990. He was a featured singer during the performance.

Meine was awarded the city of Hanover plaque in 2000. as well as the Cross of Merit First Class (Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse) of the Lower Saxony Order of Merit.

Dommenget released a Klaus Meine signature guitar that was given to him on his 60th birthday in 2008, which he used on the Humanity World Tour and the Get Your Sting and Blackout World Tour.

Klaus' beyond-Scorpions collaborations include "Bridge to Heaven" with Uli Jon Roth, "Send Me an Angel", "Bigger than Life", "Keep the World Safe" and "Jerusalem of Gold" with Israeli singer Liel Kolet, "Bis wohin reicht mein Leben" from Rilke Projekt, "Wind of Change" with the tenor José Carreras, and the song "Dying for an Angel" from the album The Wicked Symphony by Avantasia.

title: Klaus Meine


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Cooma Correctional Centre

Cooma Correctional Centre, an Australian minimum to medium prison for males, is located in Cooma, New South Wales. The centre is operated by Corrective Services NSW an agency of the Department of Communities and Justice of the Government of New South Wales. The centre detains sentenced prisoners and persons on remand under New South Wales and/or Commonwealth legislation.

In 1957, Cooma operated as the world's only prison specifically for detaining men convicted of homosexual offences.

Adjacent to the Correctional Centre is the Corrective Services NSW Museum, showcasing the history of NSW Corrections since 1788.

History
Construction of the Cooma Correctional Centre commenced in 1870 from local granite which was quarried from the hill where the Centre now stands. The Centre commenced operations on 1 November 1873 with 31 cells. In 1876 it was reduced to a Police Gaol and then a temporary Lunatic Asylum in 1877. The Centre closed temporarily in the early 1900s.

The Gaol was reopened on 8 March 1957 by the New South Wales Justice Minister Reg Downing for the sole purpose of incarcerating homosexual offenders. Downing referred to Cooma as "the only penal institution in the world, so far as is known, devoted specifically to the detention of homosexual offenders".

The Gaol was again closed on 10 July 1998. Cooma Correctional Centre reopened for the second time in November 2001 following a 20 per cent increase in the prison population between 1995 and 2001.

Facilities
The Centre is a minimum and medium security institution for inmates held in protective custody, such as former police officers, prison officers and other high-profile inmates, who would be at risk in the general prison system.

Located one hour's drive south of Canberra, 410 km from Sydney and 652 km from Melbourne, the Centre accommodates 160 inmates. There is approximately 53 staff, consisting of 31 custodial officers, 9 overseers and 13 support staff.

When not in use, the Cooma Correctional Centre has also been a storage space for the Australian Army and for the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

Notable prisoners
The following individuals have served all or part of their sentence at the Cooma Correctional Centre:

title: Cooma Correctional Centre


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Vadodara train crash

The Vadodara train crash occurred on 21 April 2005 at the village of Samlaya near Vadodara in Gujarat when the Sabarmati Express passenger train crashed at high speed into a stationary goods train carrying cement.

The passenger train was carrying over 430 passengers to holy city of Varanasi, when at 3.30am it collided with the cement train which was on the same track. Local citizens rushed to help pull survivors from the wreckage, which did not catch fire. They were joined later in the day by soldiers armed with cutting equipment as well as police and medical personnel.

Initial reports claimed that 24 people had been killed in the crash, but these were subsequently scaled down to 17 or 18, with at least 80 people seriously injured and requiring hospitalisation. The railway authority authorised a payment of 100,000 rupees to the families of the dead, and other provisions for those less injured.

The cause of the crash was apparently the train's failure to stop at a signal warning the driver that there was an obstacle on the track ahead. The driver, Sita Ram, was killed in the crash, so his testimony will never be known, but the schools of thought on the cause of the crash are that either the driver did not see or did not pay attention to the signal, or that the signalman in Samlaya failed to produce the signal, or finally that the wiring from the box to the signal was faulty, thus mislaying the message.

The manager of the rail line concerned, M. Z. Ansari provoked controversy, by declaring just a few hours after the crash that "Prima facie the accident appears to have been caused by human error on the part of the staff at B Cabin in Samlaya", which caused much anger amongst the local people aiding the rescue operations, particularly since Mr Ansari was not at the site, and could not have known the full details of what had caused the crash.

title: Vadodara train crash


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The Ad Libs

The Ad Libs were an American vocal group from Bayonne, New Jersey, United States, primarily active during the early 1960s. Featuring their characteristic female lead vocals with male "doo-wop" backing, their 1964 single "The Boy from New York City", written by George Davis and John T. Taylor, was their only major Billboard Hot 100 hit.

Known originally as The Creators, the group formed in 1964 in Bayonne with Hugh Harris, Danny Austin, Dave Watt, Norman Donegan and Mary Ann Thomas. "The Boy from New York City" was released in December 1964; and by March 1965 had peaked at number 8 on the US Hot 100. The group next recorded "He Ain't No Angel" which reached number 100 in 1965. The next two singles failed to chart, and The Ad Libs' contract was not renewed by Red Bird Records company. In 1969, they had a last R&B chart hit with the song "Giving Up", which peaked at number 34 on the US Billboard R&B chart. They continued to record into the early 1980s, but never repeated the success of "The Boy from New York City".

Mary Ann Thomas died of pancreatic cancer. Dave Watt died on December 5, 2008. Danny Austin died in 2016. Norman Donegan died in December, 2022.

Legacy
In 1965, The Beach Boys recorded an answer song to "The Boy From New York City" titled "The Girl From New York City" for their album Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!). The following year Beach Boys songwriter and arranger Brian Wilson took further inspiration from the rhythm of the original Ad Libs song in conceiving a new R&B-inflected composition that would eventually become “Good Vibrations.”

Cover versions of "The Boy from New York City" brought the song back to the charts, for in the UK for Darts in 1978, and then in the US for The Manhattan Transfer in 1981. The song has been used in a commercial for Everybody Hates Chris on the Paramount Comedy channel in the UK.

Compilation albums

 * The Ad Libs & Friends - Collectables Records, 1996
 * I Don't Need No Fortune Teller - Passion Records, 2010
 * The Complete Blue Cat Recordings - Real Gone Music, 2012

title: The Ad Libs


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Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)

Aylesbury is a constituency in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament, currently represented by Laura Kyrke-Smith, a member of the Labour Party.

Constituency profile
Aylesbury expanded significantly after World War II, in a diverse way with a similar proportion of this recent development being social housing estates as private estates.

Workless claimants who were registered jobseekers were in November 2012 lower than the regional average of 2.4% and national average of 3.8%, at 2.2% of the population based on a statistical compilation by The Guardian.

Whereas the average house price is higher than the national average, in the Aylesbury Vale authority (which largely overlaps) this in the first quarter of 2013 was £262,769, the lowest of the four authorities in Buckinghamshire and this compares to the highest county average of £549,046 in South Bucks District.

Early form
The Parliamentary Borough of Aylesbury sent two MPs to the House of Commons of England from 1553 to 1707, then to the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and finally to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801.

The seat was a much narrower, generally urban borough with two-member status at Westminster from its grant of a limited franchise in 1553 until the passing of the Great Reform Act 1832.

In 1804, following the voiding of the election of the sitting MP, Robert Bent, for corruption, the franchise was extended by the Parliamentary Elections, Aylesbury Act 1804 (44 Geo. 3. c. 60) to the forty-shilling freeholders of the Three Hundreds of Aylesbury (Aylesbury, Risborough, and Stone). Subsequently, the contents of the Parliamentary Borough were defined within the 1832 Reform Act itself as the Three Hundreds of Aylesbury. This extended the seat to include Wendover and Princes Risborough.

The borough continued to elect two MPs until its abolition by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 and transformation into a large county division, formally named the Mid or Aylesbury Division of Buckinghamshire. It was one of three divisions formed from the undivided three-member Parliamentary County of Buckinghamshire, the other two being the Northern or Buckingham Division and the Southern or Wycombe Division. As well as the areas previously represented by the abolished Borough, the reconstituted seat included Linslade to the north-east and Chesham to the south-east. Since then national boundary reviews have seen a gradual reduction in its physical size as its population has grown (see Boundaries Section below).

Political history
The Conservative Party has held the seat from 1929 to 2024, and held it at the 2015 general election with a 50.7% share of the vote. The result made the seat the 133rd safest of the Conservative Party's 331 seats by percentage of majority. The closest result since 1929 but prior to 2024 was in 1966 when the Labour Party candidate fell 7.4% short of a majority.

In June 2016, an estimated 51.8% of local adults voting in the EU membership referendum chose to leave the European Union instead of to remain. This was matched in two January 2018 votes in Parliament by its MP.

Frontbenchers
David Lidington, the constituency's MP from 1992 until 2019, was the Secretary of State for Justice in Theresa May's cabinet since succeeding Liz Truss in the 2017 cabinet reshuffle, before becoming the effective First Secretary of State in the place of Damian Green in 2018's new year's reshuffle. During the premiership of David Cameron he served as Minister for Europe, campaigning unsuccessfully (in the constituency as well as the whole country) to remain in the EU. From 2007 to 2010 he had been his party's Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.

MPs who have received honours
Stanley Reed edited The Times of India from 1907 until 1924 and received correspondence from the major figures of India such as Mahatma Gandhi. In all he lived in India for fifty years. He was respected in the United Kingdom as an expert on Indian current affairs. He devised the sobriquet for Jaipur, 'the Pink City of India'.

1885–1918

 * The Sessional Divisions of Aylesbury, Chesham, and Linslade; and
 * Parts of the second Sessional Division of Desborough and the Sessional Division of Winslow.

1918–1945

 * The Borough of Aylesbury;
 * The Urban Districts of Beaconsfield and Chesham;
 * The Rural District of Amersham;
 * The part of the Rural District of Aylesbury not included in the Buckingham Division;
 * The Rural District of Long Crendon parish of Towersey; and
 * The Rural District of Wycombe parishes of Bledlow, Bradenham, Ellesborough, Great and Little Hampden, Great and Little Kimble, Horsenden, Hughenden, Ilmer, Monks Risborough, Princes Risborough, Radnage, Saunderton, and Wendover.

Linslade and Wing were transferred to the Buckingham Division and Amersham and Beaconsfield were transferred from the Wycombe Division.

1945–1950
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944 set up Boundaries Commissions to carry out periodic reviews of the distribution of parliamentary constituencies. It also authorised an initial review to subdivide abnormally large constituencies in time for the 1945 election. This was implemented by the Redistribution of Seats Order 1945 under which Buckinghamshire was allocated an additional seat. As a consequence, the parts of the (revised) Rural District of Wycombe in the Aylesbury Division, including Hughenden and Princes Risborough (but not Wendover which had been moved from the Rural District of Wycombe to that of Aylesbury by the reorganisation of local authorities in Buckinghamshire), were transferred to Wycombe.

There were no further changes and the revised composition of the constituency, after taking account of changes to local authorities, was:

 * The Borough of Aylesbury;
 * The Urban Districts of Beaconsfield and Chesham;
 * The Rural District of Amersham;
 * Parts of the Rural Districts of Aylesbury and Wing; and
 * The part of the Rural District of Bullingdon in Buckinghamshire.

1950–1974

 * The Borough of Aylesbury;
 * The Urban District of Chesham;
 * The Rural District of Aylesbury; and
 * The Rural District of Amersham parishes of Ashley Green, Chartridge, Cholesbury-cum-St Leonards, Great Missenden, Latimer, Lee, and Little Missenden.

''Beaconsfield and southern parts of the Rural District of Amersham (including Amersham itself) were transferred to the new constituency of South Buckinghamshire. The boundary with Buckingham was redrawn to align with the northern boundary of the Rural District of Aylesbury.''

1974–1983

 * The Borough of Aylesbury;
 * The Rural District of Aylesbury; and
 * The Rural District of Wycombe parishes of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton, Bradenham, Ellesborough, Great and Little Hampden, Great and Little Kimble, Ibstone, Lacey Green, Longwick-cum-Ilmer, Princes Risborough, Radnage, and Stokenchurch.

''Parts of the Rural District of Wycombe, including Princes Risborough (but excluding Hughenden), transferred back from Wycombe. Chesham and the northern part of the Rural District of Amersham included in the new constituency of Chesham and Amersham.''

1983–1997

 * The District of Aylesbury Vale wards of Aston Clinton, Aylesbury Central, Bedgrove, Elmhurst, Gatehouse, Grange, Mandeville, Meadowcroft, Oakfield, Southcourt, Wendover, and Weston Turville;
 * The District of Chiltern wards of Ballinger and South Heath, Great Missenden, and Prestwood and Heath End; and
 * The District of Wycombe wards of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton, Icknield, Lacey Green and Hampden, Naphill-cum-Bradenham, Princes Risborough, and Stokenchurch.

''Great Missenden transferred from Chesham and Amersham. Rural areas to the north and west of the town of Aylesbury transferred to Buckingham.''

1997–2010

 * The District of Aylesbury Vale wards of Aylesbury Central, Bedgrove, Elmhurst, Gatehouse, Grange, Mandeville, Meadowcroft, Oakfield, Southcourt, Wendover, and Weston Turville;
 * The District of Chiltern wards of Ballinger and South Heath, Great Missenden, and Prestwood and Heath End; and
 * The District of Wycombe wards of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton, Icknield, Lacey Green and Hampden, Naphill-cum-Bradenham, Princes Risborough, and Stokenchurch.

Minor changes, including the transfer of the District of Aylesbury Vale ward of Aston Clinton to Buckingham.

2010–2024

 * The District of Aylesbury Vale wards of Aston Clinton, Aylesbury Central, Bedgrove, Coldharbour, Elmhurst and Watermead, Gatehouse, Mandeville and Elm Farm, Oakfield, Quarrendon, Southcourt, Walton Court and Hawkslade, and Wendover; and
 * The District of Wycombe wards of Bledlow and Bradenham, Greater Hughenden, Lacey Green, Speen and the Hampdens, Stokenchurch, and Radnage.

''Hughenden transferred from Wycombe. Princes Risborough transferred to Buckingham, offset by return of Aston Clinton. Great Missenden returned to Chesham and Amersham.''

In April 2020, the Districts of Aylesbury Vale and Wycombe, as well as those of South Bucks and Chiltern were merged into the new unitary authority of Buckinghamshire Council. Accordingly, the contents of the constituency were:

 * The Buckinghamshire Council wards of Aston Clinton and Bierton (part), Aylesbury East, Aylesbury North, Aylesbury North West, Aylesbury South East, Aylesbury South West, Aylesbury West, Ridgeway East (part), Ridgeway West, Stone and Waddesdon (part), Wendover, Hatton & Stoke Mandeville, West Wycombe (part), and Wing (part).

The constituency is based on the large town of Aylesbury and its suburbs as well as a small swathe of villages broken up by woods and cultivated land in the centre of the Chilterns which cover most of Buckinghamshire and parts of three other counties.

2024–present
Following to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, first contested at the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the constituency is composed of the following electoral wards (as they existed on 1 December 2020):

 * The District of Buckinghamshire wards of: Aston Clinton and Bierton; Aylesbury East; Aylesbury North; Aylesbury North West; Aylesbury South East; Aylesbury South West; Aylesbury West; Ivinghoe; Wing.

''The constituency was subject to significant changes, with southern, largely rural parts, including the town of Wendover, being included in the newly created seat of Mid Buckinghamshire. To partly compensate, the boundaries were extended northwards to include the communities of Ivinghoe and Wing, together with surrounding rural areas, currently part of the abolished Buckingham constituency.''

MPs 1553–1659
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 * Constituency created (1553)
 * Returned one member to the First and Second Protectorate Parliaments
 * Returned two members to the Third Protectorate Parliament and thereafter

MPs 1659–1885
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MPs 1885–present
Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the parliamentary borough of Aylesbury was abolished. The name was transferred to a new, larger, county division of Buckinghamshire, which elected one Member of Parliament (MP). Back to Members of Parliament

Elections in the 2010s
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Elections in the 2000s
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Elections in the 1990s
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Elections in the 1980s
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Elections in the 1970s
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Elections in the 1960s
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Elections in the 1950s
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Elections in the 1940s
General Election 1939–40:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected; Back to Elections
 * Conservative:Stanley Reed
 * Liberal: Atholl Robertson
 * Labour: Reginald Groves

Elections in the 1930s

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Elections in the 1920s
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Elections in the 1910s
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Elections in the 1900s
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Elections in the 1890s
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Elections in the 1880s

 * Caused by Rothschild's elevation to the peerage, becoming Lord Rothschild.

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Elections in the 1870s
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Elections in the 1860s
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Elections in the 1850s

 * On the original count, both Smith and Wentworth received 535 votes, meaning there were three MPs elected. However, after scrutiny, Wentworth lost one vote and was declared unduly elected on 2 August 1859.

 * Caused by Bethell's appointment as Attorney General for England and Wales

 * Caused by Bethell's appointment as Solicitor General for England and Wales

 * Caused by the 1850 by-election being declared void on petition due to treating and bribery.

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 * Caused by Nugent-Grenville's death. Houghton retired before polling.

Elections in the 1840s

 * Caused by Deering's election being declared void on petition due to treating by his agents.

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Elections in the 1830s

 * Caused by Praed's death

 * Caused by Nugent-Grenville's appointment as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury

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title: Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)