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I'm a Believer

"I'm a Believer" is a song written by Neil Diamond and recorded by American band the Monkees in 1966 with the lead vocals by Micky Dolenz. The single, produced by Jeff Barry, hit the number-one spot on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week ending December 31, 1966, and remained there for seven weeks becoming the last number-one hit of 1966 and the biggest-selling single for all of 1967. Billboard ranked the record as the number-five song for 1967. While originally published by Screen Gems-Columbia Music (BMI), it is now published by Stonebridge Music/EMI Foray Music (SESAC), with administration passed to Sony Music Publishing and Universal Music Publishing Group.

The song topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in January and February 1967. Also, it reached number one in several other countries, including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Ireland.

Billboard described the song as "an easy-go dance mover" that "will hit with immediate impact". Cash Box said the single is a "medium-paced rocker [that] is full of the group's top-notch harmonies and is laced with infectious sounds." Record World said it was "sensational."

The song was featured in four consecutive episodes of the television series The Monkees in December 1966. The members of the Monkees later performed it live during domestic and overseas tours at that time and many years later at reunion concerts.

History
Diamond also suggested the song to the Fifth Estate, who recorded it as a 1967 album cut to follow up their hit "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead".

Diamond recorded his own version of the song for his second album, Just For You, in 1967. This version became a minor chart hit in 1971. A new recording by Diamond, featuring additional lyrics, appears on his 1979 album September Morn. Diamond also performed it in a duet with Linda Ronstadt as part of a medley of his songs on an episode of The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour in 1970.

Charts
Neil Diamond

Recording
Session guitarist Al Gorgoni (who played on "The Sound of Silence" and later on "Brown Eyed Girl") had worked on Diamond's "Cherry, Cherry" and also contributed to "I'm a Believer." Other personnel on the record include Sal DiTroia on rhythm guitar, Neil Diamond on acoustic guitar, Russ Savakus on bass, George Butcher on electric piano, Stan Free on organ, George Devens on tambourine, and Buddy Saltzman on drums.

The song is listed at number 48 on Billboard's All Time Top 100. In 2021, it was listed at number 341 on Rolling Stone's "Top 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"

Personnel
The Monkees Additional personnel
 * Micky Dolenz – lead and backing vocals
 * Davy Jones and Peter Tork – backing vocals
 * Al Gorgoni, Sal DiTroia – electric guitars
 * Neil Diamond – acoustic guitar
 * Stan Free – organ
 * George Butcher – electric piano
 * George Devens – tambourine
 * Russ Savakus – bass
 * Buddy Saltzman – drums
 * Jeff Barry – producer
 * Artie Butler – arranger

Certifications
}

Smash Mouth version
American pop rock band Smash Mouth covered the song in 2001 as part of the soundtrack to the movie Shrek, along with their previous Grammy-nominated hit "All Star." The band also released the song on its self-titled album. Eddie Murphy, portraying the character Donkey, also performed a rendition of the song in the film. The song was chosen for its opening line, "I thought love was only true in fairy tales," which matched the fairy tale theme of the film. Subsequently, the song was played as exit music for the Broadway musical adaptation of the film for comic effect. (Weezer also had a version of the song at the end of Shrek's 2010 sequel Shrek Forever After, which was inserted into the musical's finale a year into its run.) The Smash Mouth version peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top 20 in New Zealand and Spain. In Australia, the cover reached number nine on the ARIA Singles Chart, received a Platinum certification for sales exceeding 70,000 and came in at number 36 on ARIA's year-end chart for 2001.

Music video
The music video for Smash Mouth's version was directed by Scott Marshall. It first depicts the band performing in a tent; then, the scene switches to them walking out of a movie theater, complete with cardboard advertisements of Shrek and the characters. Then, lead vocalist Steve Harwell accidentally bumps into a blond-haired woman and tries to catch up with her. However, a man with blond hair comes up as Harwell freaks out and screams. Afterward, the woman walks into a "fairy tale convention" at a hotel. Harwell continues to follow the woman into the hotel. Once in the hotel, Harwell tries to find the woman by looking through different rooms. However, there are short clips from Shrek each time he opens the door. Finally, he tries one more door and thinks it is the woman. However, a blond-haired chimpanzee is dancing with a woman dressed as a banana. With no luck, Harwell walks out of the hotel, but the woman speeds off in her red convertible.

Hoping to catch up, Harwell sneakily takes a red jacket and borrows a silver Lexus car driven by a costumed gingerbread man who is injured and using crutches. Then, Harwell winks at the camera as the chase begins. While driving, he throws the jacket up and into the street. He then stops at a party where the woman is and goes into a tent, the same one where the band's performance takes place). However, he observes several similar blonde-haired women, all dancing and wearing the same red shirt. Harwell somehow recognizes the woman again and catches up with her just as she boards a boat. He asks the boat captain for assistance, and the band performs on the boat during a heavy storm. Meanwhile, Harwell and the captain search for the woman. Finally, he catches her on a dock and informs her that she forgot her keys. Just as he is about to leave, the woman recognizes him as Steve from Smash Mouth and asks for his number. However, Harwell declines and says he has to go. The woman then chases him and yells, "Wait! Please! I love you!"

Other covers and later uses
An Italian cover by Caterina Caselli, "Sono bugiarda" ("I'm a liar"), was released in 1967. It was used in Ridley Scott's 2021 biopic House of Gucci.

British Canterbury scene musician Robert Wyatt issued a cover version of the song as a single on the Virgin label in 1974. The record was produced by Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason and reached number 29 on the UK Singles Chart. Wyatt performed the song on BBC's Top of the Pops in September of that year.

The song was also covered by EMF with Vic and Bob (Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer) in 1995 and reached number three on the UK Singles Chart.

The song appeared in the Yugoslav Black Wave film When I Am Dead and Gone directed by Živojin Pavlović. The song appears in the singing competition scene, performed by singer Predrag Jovanović, who would later gain prominence as a member of the German band Jane and Yugoslav band Dʼ Boys.

The song was initially used in the home video version of the Coen brothers' 1984 film Blood Simple, but after licensing issues were settled, it was replaced in the 2001 director's cut of the film by the song used in the theatrical version, Four Tops' "It's the Same Old Song."

American rock band Weezer performed a cover for the 2010 animated film Shrek Forever After. In 2018 Hot Dad performed a cover for Shrek Retold.

title: I'm a Believer


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Acorn Network Computer

The Acorn Network Computer was a network computer (a type of thin client ) designed and manufactured by Acorn Computers Ltd. It was the implementation of the Network Computer Reference Profile that Oracle Corporation commissioned Acorn to specify for network computers (for more detail on the history, see Acorn's Network Computer). Sophie Wilson of Acorn led the effort. It was launched in August 1996.

The NCOS operating system used in this first implementation was based on RISC OS and ran on ARM hardware. Manufacturing obligations were achieved through a contract with Fujitsu subsidiary D2D.

In 1997, Acorn offered its designs at no cost to licensees of RISC OS.

Original model
The NetStation was available in two versions, one with a modem for home use via a television, and a version with an Ethernet card for use in businesses and schools with VGA monitors and an on-site BSD Unix fileserver based on RiscBSD, an early ARM port of NetBSD. Both versions were upgradable, as the modem and Ethernet cards were replaceable "podules" (Acorn-format Eurocards). The home version was trialled in 1997/98 in conjunction with BT.

The Home NC and Corporate NC both used the ARM 7500FE and supported PAL, NTSC and SVGA displays. They had identical specifications. The Office NC used a StrongARM SA-110 200 MHz processor. The ARM7500-based DeskLite was launched in 1998.

StrongARM
Acorn continued to produce ARM-based designs, demonstrating its first StrongARM prototype in May 1996, and the Office NC 6 months later. This evolved into the CoNCord, launched in late 1997.

New markets
Further designs included the Set-top Box NC (STB NC), the ExecPhone NC, and the NC TV.

Later versions
The second generation Network Computer operating system was no longer based on RISC OS. NC Desktop, from Oracle subsidiary Network Computer Inc., instead combined NetBSD and the X Window System, featuring desktop windows whose contents were typically described using HTML, reminiscent of (but not entirely equivalent to) the use of Display PostScript in NeXTStep. The product ran on ARM, StrongARM and x86 architectures and could be run on traditional personal computers. NC Desktop was the recommended software solution for products based on the StrongARM-based Digital Network Appliance Reference Design (DNARD). Later NCs were produced based on the Intel Pentium architecture such as products from Accton Technology Corporation and UMAX Data Systems.

Usage
The NetStation was planned to ship with a smart card to enable internet banking.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Acorn Network Computer


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Wikipedia talk:Statistics Department

 * For discussion about a specific subproject, check out the brainstorming board

title: Wikipedia talk:Statistics Department


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Liulin

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 02:52, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Liulin
Jonharman marked this vfd on March 24, but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. I'm just listing it here; do not consider this a vote. —Korath (Talk) 03:16, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN. --Fuzzball! (talk) 05:32, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 05:57, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Just an one-liner with numerous spelling errors. jni 13:22, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Liulin


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Category:History of North Yorkshire

Articles relating to history of areas now in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England.

''See also Category:West Riding of Yorkshire. Before 1974 most areas now in North Yorkshire were in the West Riding or the North Riding of Yorkshire.''

title: Category:History of North Yorkshire


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ROCAF

ROCAF may refer to:

 * Republic of China Air Force
 * Republic of China Armed Forces

title: ROCAF


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Gary Farmer

Gary Dale Farmer (born June 12, 1953) is a Canadian actor and musician. He is perhaps best known for his role as Nobody in the films Dead Man (1995) and Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (1999), and for his role in Smoke Signals (1998). In his career spanning over three decades, Farmer received three Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male nominations.

He is widely recognized as a pioneer in the development of First Nations media in Canada and is the founding director of an urban Indian radio network, Aboriginal Voices Radio Network.

Early life and education
Farmer was born in Ohsweken, Ontario into the Cayuga Nation and Wolf Clan of the Haudenosaunee/Iroquois Confederacy. He grew up in the American city of Buffalo where his father worked as a crane operator. Farmer attended Syracuse University and Ryerson Polytechnic University, where he studied photography and film production.

Acting
Farmer's first acting role was in the 1976 play On The Rim of a Curse, about the Beothuk. His first major television role was on the CBC's Spirit Bay. He subsequently played police captain Joe Stonetree on the syndicated TV series Forever Knight, and Chief Tom in the CBC first nations TV series The Rez. Farmer is best known for his role as spiritual Native American guide Nobody in Dead Man. Farmer reprised the role for a cameo in Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, also directed by Jim Jarmusch.

Farmer has performed in both the film and television adaptations of Tony Hillerman's novels. He played "Cowboy" Albert Dashee (Hopi) in the 1991 film The Dark Wind, and Captain Largo (Navajo) in the television adaptations of Coyote Waits (2003) and A Thief of Time (2004).

He played a supporting character Burt in the 2001 crime thriller The Score starring Robert De Niro, Marlon Brando, Ed Norton, Angela Bassett and Paul Soles. Farmer also appeared in two episodes of the popular children's television show Big Comfy Couch as Wobbly.

Farmer played the role of Fagin in Twist, the 2003 independent adaptation of the Charles Dickens classic novel Oliver Twist, and the role of "Iktome" in the 2003 all Native American cast TV film Dreamkeeper, directed by Steve Barron. He also played Deputy Bob in Demon Knight. Other major roles included Henry Colville, with Kris Kristofferson, in Disappearances (2006) and Jack in Jimmy P: Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian (2013) by Arnaud Desplechin.

He recorded the audiobook version of Louise Erdrich's 2012 novel The Round House, winner of the 2012 National Book Award for Fiction.

Farmer appeared in season 1 of the Sundance TV series The Red Road in 2014.

In 2020, Farmer had brief appearances in the films First Cow and The Dark Divide.

Farmer appeared as the recurring character Uncle Brownie in the highly-acclaimed FX series Reservation Dogs from 2021-2023, and as Dan Twelvetrees in the Syfy series Resident Alien.

He was nominated for Independent Spirit Awards for his roles in the movies Powwow Highway, Dead Man, and Smoke Signals

Music
He also has a blues band called Gary Farmer and the Troublemakers. The band has released two CDs, Love Songs and Other Issues in 2007 and Lovesick Blues in 2009.

Other
Farmer is also a regular supporter of University of Nebraska Omaha Wambli Sapa Memorial Pow Wow, held a week before the Gathering of Nations Powwow. He makes appearances selling his CD's and occasionally giving speeches. University of Nebraska-Omaha (UNO) considers Farmer a "very good friend".

title: Gary Farmer


text: Category:970 births

title: Category:970 births


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Republicanism in New Zealand

Republicanism in New Zealand is the political position that New Zealand's system of government should be changed from a constitutional monarchy to a republic.

New Zealand republicanism dates back to the 19th century, but it was only a fringe movement until the late 20th century. The main current republican lobby group, New Zealand Republic, was established in 1994.

Contemporary republican debate in New Zealand focuses on the issues of constitutional reform and New Zealand's independence. The matter of the Crown's obligations under the Treaty of Waitangi, and the treaty settlement process, is cited as a constitutional issue for a New Zealand republic. Most proponents of a republic support a parliamentary republic with the head of state separate from the head of government, with the head of state having limited power.

Because New Zealand's constitution is uncodified, a republic could be enacted by statute, as a simple act of parliament. It is generally assumed that this would only occur following a nationwide referendum. Several prime ministers and governors-general have identified themselves as republicans, but no government has yet taken any meaningful steps towards enacting a republic.

History
The term "republic" in New Zealand has been used as a protest and a pejorative against the central government and/or royalty, to describe an area independent of the central government.

19th century
The first use of the term "republic" to connote an independent state in New Zealand came in 1840 when Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson described the New Zealand Company settlement of Port Nicholson (Wellington), which had its own constitution and governing council, as such. The existence of the council prompted Hobson to declare British sovereignty over the entirety of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, despite the fact the Treaty of Waitangi was still being signed throughout the country. Hobson dispatched the Colonial Secretary, Willoughby Shortland along with some soldiers to demand the settlers disband their "illegal association" and remove the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand.

Later, Wellington became the centre of agitation by settlers for representative government, which was granted by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. Samuel Revans, who founded the Wellington Settlers' Constitutional Association in 1848, advocated a New Zealand republic.

In 1879 the people of Hawera declared themselves the "Republic of Hawera," due to a campaign by Māori leader Te Whiti against European settlement. They formed their own volunteer units to oppose Te Whiti. In 1881 government troops invaded Parihaka and arrested Te Whiti, bringing the "republic" to an end.

20th century
In the 1911 general election Colonel Allen Bell, the Reform Party candidate for the Raglan seat, advocated the abolition of the monarchy. The armed forces considered that Bell had broken his Oath of Allegiance. He was asked to resign his commission, which he did in January 1912.

In 1966 Bruce Jesson founded the Republican Association of New Zealand, and later the Republican Party in 1967. The party had a stridently nationalist platform. Republican Party activity petered out after the 1969 general election and the party wound up in 1974.

In May 1973, a remit was proposed at the Labour Party national conference to change the flag, declare New Zealand a republic, and change the national anthem (then only "God Save the Queen"), but this was voted down.

In March 1994 the Republican Coalition of New Zealand was formed to promote the move to a republic. The following year, the Monarchist League of New Zealand (now Monarchy New Zealand) was established to defend the constitutional monarchy.

In 1994 Prime Minister Jim Bolger suggested to the 44th Parliament in the Address In Reply debate that New Zealand should move to become a republic by 2001. Bolger stated that New Zealand's links with Britain were in decline, and that the country should acknowledge that "the tide of history is moving in one direction." He denied that his views relate to his Irish heritage.

Bolger spoke to Queen Elizabeth about the issue of New Zealand becoming a republic when he was prime minister and recalled "I have more than once spoken with Her Majesty about my view that New Zealand would at some point elect its own Head of State, we discussed the matter in a most sensible way and she was in no way surprised or alarmed and neither did she cut my head off."

In 1998, Richard Nottage, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Trade, called for New Zealand to consider becoming a republic, arguing that the position of the "British monarch"  [sic] as head of state "looks strange in Asian eyes".

In 1999 the Republican Coalition relaunched itself as the Republican Movement of Aotearoa New Zealand, similar to the Australian Republican Movement, due to the 1999 Australian republic referendum, and again renamed itself in 2014 as New Zealand Republic.

21st century
In November 2004, Prime Minister Helen Clark announced the formation of a parliamentary committee of inquiry, the Constitutional Arrangements Committee, chaired by United Future New Zealand leader Peter Dunne. In its final report, the committee recommended wider education on the constitution and included a note on the republic issue, asking "Is the nature of New Zealand's head of state, as a monarch, appropriate to New Zealand's evolving national and constitutional identity?".

Keith Locke's Head of State Referenda Bill for a referendum on the republic issue was drawn from the members' ballot and introduced into Parliament on 14 October 2009. The bill focused on reforming the governor-general of New Zealand as a ceremonial head of state, creating a parliamentary republic. Two models of a republic along with the status quo would have been put to a referendum: On 21 April 2010 the bill was defeated at its first reading 53–68 with voting recorded as Ayes 53 being New Zealand Labour 43; Green Party 9; United Future 1 and Noes 68 being New Zealand National 58; ACT New Zealand 5; Māori Party 4; Progressive 1.
 * Election of the head of state indirectly by a supermajority of members of Parliament, similar to the bi-partisan appointment model proposed in Australia;
 * Election of the head of state directly by the New Zealand electorate using the Single Transferable Vote electoral system, similar to Ireland.

Arguments for change
Supporters of a New Zealand republic have said:
 * New Zealand should have a New Zealander, or more correctly a New Zealand citizen resident in New Zealand, as its head of state; a "resident for president";
 * New Zealand needs to assert its independence, nationhood and maturity to the world;
 * New Zealand's constitution—and indeed the attitudes of New Zealanders—are republican in their outlook.
 * New Zealand already maintains the governor-general—who is described as a "virtual head of state". The governor-general is a New Zealander and does everything the head of state should do;
 * Because the sovereign and governor-general have little real power, they are not an effective check on the parliamentary executive (the prime minister and Cabinet), the argument that the sovereign or governor-general "denies power" to politicians and is politically neutral yet can fire a prime minister is contradictory;
 * An elected or appointed head of state would be a more effective check on the executive;
 * A republic does not necessarily mean withdrawing from the Commonwealth. As of June 2022, 36 out of the 56 member states (65 per cent) are republics.
 * The prime minister should not have the power to dismiss the governor-general at will and vice versa.

Other republicans have focused on the principles of a monarchy: many disagree with the hereditary principle (based on a form of primogeniture) that determines succession of the throne. They argue that in a modern and democratic society no one should be expected to defer to another simply because of their birth. Some assert that the hereditary monarch and unelected governor-general have no mandate to dismiss an elected government.

At the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting of October 2011, the leaders of the 16 Commonwealth realms agreed that they would support change to their respective succession laws regarding male primogeniture, and allow the monarch to marry a Roman Catholic. The ban on Catholics from being the monarch would remain, because the monarch has to be in "Communion with the Church of England."

Arguments against change
Supporters of the monarchy in New Zealand have said:
 * "Constitutional monarchy is tried and proven system of government, some of the most politically stable nations in the world are constitutional monarchies; whereas some of the most unstable and repressive regimes have been republics." In the words of former Governor-General Sir Michael Hardie Boys, "If it ain't broke, don't fix it".
 * For New Zealand, "monarchy summarises the inheritance of a thousand years of constitutional government and our links with a glorious past,"
 * New Zealand is already an independent, sovereign nation with a national identity of its own;
 * The monarchy is a symbol of unity between New Zealand and the other Commonwealth realms that share the same person as monarch; part of a "global family".
 * The monarch is politically neutral and is a symbol of national unity rather than division;
 * The monarch has "little real practical political powers and is a protector of and not a threat to democracy";
 * Hereditary selection of the sovereign is the "most natural" non-partisan way to choose a leader.

Cost
Supporters of the monarchy have argued that it costs New Zealand taxpayers only a small outlay for royal engagements and tours, and the modest expenses of the governor-general's establishment. They state "[t]his figure is about one dollar per person per year", about $4.3 million per annum. An analysis by New Zealand Republic in 2010 wrote that the office of governor-general cost New Zealand taxpayers about $7.6 million in ongoing costs. They compared this cost to the president of Ireland, a head of state of a country with a similar population size, who cost €3.4 million – NZ$6 million on the exchange rate at the time. Monarchy New Zealand said that republicanism supporters arbitrarily inflated the costs on the governor-general, instead stating that the Irish President's cost was closer to NZ$12.8 million once the extra costs were included.

Public opinion
, the New Zealand public were generally in favour of the retention of the monarchy, with polls showing it to have between 50 and 70 per cent support. Polls indicate that many New Zealanders see the monarchy as being of little day-to-day relevance; a One News/Colmar Brunton poll in 2002 found that 58 per cent of the population believed the monarchy has little or no relevance to their lives. National Business Review poll in 2004 found 57 per cent of respondents believed New Zealand would become a republic "in the future".

The institution still enjoys the support of New Zealanders, particularly those born before World War II. Some show a majority of younger New Zealanders support a republic. With the approval of the current monarch, and the position of the Treaty of Waitangi under a republic remaining a concern to Māori and other New Zealanders alike, as well as the question of what constitutional form a republic might take unresolved, support for becoming a republic is still the view of around a third to 40 per cent of the population. On 21 April 2008, New Zealand Republic released a poll of New Zealanders showing 43 per cent support the monarchy should the Prince of Wales become King of New Zealand, and 41 per cent support a republic under the same scenario. A poll by The New Zealand Herald in January 2010, before a visit by Prince William to the country found 33.3 per cent wanted The Prince of Wales to be the next monarch, with 30.2 per cent favouring Prince William. 29.4 per cent of respondents preferred a republic in the event Elizabeth II died or abdicated.

An October 2011 survey of 500 business professionals asked "What Is Your Level Of Support For New Zealand Becoming A Republic?". 27 per cent said not at all, 24 per cent said somewhat opposed, 23.1 per cent were neutral, 14.8 per cent said moderately in favour and 11.1 per cent said strongly in favour.

On the eve of a royal tour by Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III), and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, in November 2012, a ONE News/Colmar Brunton poll reported 70 per cent of people questioned responded they wanted to keep the Queen as head of state, while 19 percent supported New Zealand becoming a republic. Following the tour, a different poll by Curia Market Research commissioned by New Zealand Republic found 51 per cent of respondents wanted Charles as King once the Queen's reign ends, while 41 per cent supported a republic.

On 17 July 2013, a televised debate on TV3's The Vote held three polls, two separate votes by the studio audience at the start and end of the programme, and one via Twitter, Facebook, web and text voting, on the question "Should we ditch the Royals?" The first studio audience vote before the show was 43 per cent yes, and the second after the show was 65 per cent, while the public vote result was 41 per cent yes and 59 per cent no.

From 8 to 24 April 2019, a nationwide poll of 1,000 randomly-selected voting-age New Zealanders was conducted, which showed that 55 per cent of New Zealanders want a New Zealander as the country's next head of state, while 39 per cent want the next British monarch. Support for a New Zealander being the country's next head of state was recorded strongest among Māori respondents, with 80 per cent in support, and respondents aged 18–30, with 76 per cent in support.

Following the 2020 general election, an online poll of 1,003 New Zealanders aged eighteen and over found that 20 per cent agreed that "New Zealand should become a republic", with 36 per cent of the respondents remaining neutral and 44 per cent disagreeing outright. The poll also found that 19 per cent wanted to change the national flag, and ten per cent wanted to change the country's name.

A 1 News/Kantar poll conducted shortly after the death of Queen Elizabeth in September 2022 found increased support for the monarchy: 50 per cent of respondents wanted to retain the monarch, with 27 per cent supporting a republic.

Political party positions
, three political parties with members in New Zealand's parliament had a policy of holding a binding referendum on the republic issue.

Labour
The Labour Party adopted a policy of holding a binding referendum on the issue at their 2013 conference. Then-leader Andrew Little supported a New Zealand republic, saying "when it comes to our constitutional arrangements in New Zealand I have a firm view that our head of state should come from New Zealand." Former Labour Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern states that she is a republican, and that she would "encourage national debate over cutting ties with the royal family".

In 2002, Labour Prime Minister Helen Clark stated:
 * "…the idea of a nation such as New Zealand being ruled by a head of state some 20,000 km away is absurd. It is inevitable that New Zealand will become a republic. It is just a matter of when the New Zealand people are bothered enough to talk about it – it could be 10 years, or it could be 20 years, but it will happen."

Then-Deputy Prime Minister Michael Cullen declared that he supported the monarchy, stating in 2004 he was "a sort of token monarchist in the Cabinet these days." In 2010 he repudiated that stance, taking the view that New Zealand should move towards a republic once the Queen's reign ends. Former Prime Minister David Lange expressed support for a New Zealand republic, stating: "Do such things matter? They certainly do. We suffer in this country from a lack of emotional focus... New Zealand will become a republic just as Britain will be blurred into Europe".

In 2023, Prime Minister Chris Hipkins stated that although he favoured a republic, he did not intend to pursue New Zealand becoming a republic during his premiership: "Ideally, in time, New Zealand will become a fully independent country, will stand on our own two feet in the world, as we by and large do now ... I don’t think that swapping out the governor general for some other form of head of state is necessarily an urgent priority right now, though."

National
The National Party's constitution specifies that the party's visions and values include "Loyalty to our country, its democratic principles and our Sovereign as Head of State". In 2001, a constitutional policy task force recommended holding a referendum on the monarchy after the reign of Queen Elizabeth came to an end, along with referendums on the future of the Māori seats and the number of MPs. Only the policy on Māori seats was passed by the party's regional conferences. Former MPs John Carter, and Wayne Mapp and Richard Worth have been among the most vocal supporters of the monarchy within the party. At the 2011 elections, former Chair of Monarchy New Zealand Simon O'Connor was elected as MP for Tamaki and his Deputy Paul Foster-Bell was later elected a List MP in 2013 and both were re-elected at the 2014 election.

At the 2014 election the former Chair of New Zealand Republic, Lewis Holden, was nominated as candidate for the Rimutaka electorate but failed to enter Parliament with incumbent Labour MP Chris Hipkins retaining the electorate, and Holden holding a list ranking too low (at 66 on the National list) to enter parliament. Among the 2014 caucus of new National Members of Parliament, a number of portraits of the Queen have been placed in their Wellington offices through an initiative led by Monarchy New Zealand. In 2009, former Prime Minister John Key said he was "not convinced it [a republic] will be a big issue in the short term", but that he thinks a republic is "inevitable"; since this statement he has affirmed his support for the monarchy and made it clear that while he was prime minister a republic would not happen "on his watch".

Green
Support for a republic is strongest amongst the supporters of the Green Party, and it is party policy to support a "democratic and participatory process, such as referenda". Former Green MP Keith Locke had a member's bill drawn on the issue, the Head of State Referenda Bill, for a referendum on the issue, but it was voted down at its first reading in parliament in 2009.

Minor parties
During a debate for the 2020 election, John Tamihere of the Māori Party voiced support for New Zealand to become a republic after the death of Queen Elizabeth (which had not then occurred), saying, "it's about time". Winston Peters of New Zealand First stated that the question of a republic should be resolved through a two-step referendum.

Former United Future New Zealand leader Peter Dunne is a supporter of a New Zealand republic. The party had a policy of "a public education process on constitutional matters, leading towards consideration of New Zealand as a republic within the Commonwealth in the future."

Governors-general
In 2004 former Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard said publicly that the monarch should be replaced by a New Zealand head of state. Her predecessor, Sir Paul Reeves has stated that he would not oppose a republic. Sir Michael Hardie Boys has supported the status quo. On 29 July 2006, outgoing Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright stated she had no views as to whether New Zealand becomes a republic, noting: "We often overlook the intense loyalty and love the Māori people have for the Queen – probably more intense than many people of European descent. This is a history that's never going to die."

Constitutional issues
New Zealand is a unitary state and does not have a codified, entrenched constitution. Some have argued New Zealand is a de facto republic. New Zealand has made constitutional changes without difficulty in the past, such as the abolition of its upper house of parliament in 1951, the introduction of proportional representation in 1996 and most recently the creation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand as the court of final appeal. Legal academics have espoused the view that the legal changes required for a republic are not complex. Some have argued that the changes required are less radical than the move to MMP in 1996.

Type of republic
Most proponents of a republic, such as Sir Geoffrey Palmer and Andrew Butler, support a parliamentary republic, that is, a republic where the head of state and head of government are kept separate. Alison Quentin-Baxter and Janet McLean argue that republican advocates in New Zealand show "...a strong preference for constitutions based on the parliamentary system of government as being a more stable basis for democratic government than those based on a presidential system." A head of state in such a system would have the same reserve powers as the sovereign and governor-general.

Treaty of Waitangi / Te Tiriti o Waitangi
The Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) is an agreement signed between Māori tribes and representatives of the British Crown, signed in 1840. Because of the relationship between Māori and the Crown, the Treaty of Waitangi is often cited as a constitutional issue for a New Zealand republic. Some academics expressed concern that governments could use republicanism to evade treaty responsibilities. With the division of the Crown between the United Kingdom and New Zealand following the passing of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, the "Crown in Right of New Zealand" became party to the Treaty. Legal academics state that the Treaty would be unaffected by New Zealand becoming a republic, as the new head of state would inherit the Crown's responsibilities. In 2004, Professor Noel Cox argued "In strict legal terms, if New Zealand became a republic tomorrow it would make no difference to the Treaty of Waitangi. Speaking as a lawyer, it's a long-established principle that successive governments take on responsibility for previous agreements."

Realm of New Zealand
The Realm of New Zealand consists of New Zealand proper and two states in free association, Niue and the Cook Islands. Should New Zealand become a republic, the Realm of New Zealand would continue to exist without New Zealand, the Ross Dependency and Tokelau. This would not be a legal hurdle to a New Zealand republic, and both the Cook Islands and Niue would retain their status as associated states with New Zealand, as New Zealand shares its head of state with the Cook Islands and Niue in the same way the United Kingdom shares its head of state with the other Commonwealth realms.

Commonwealth membership
Following the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2007, the Kampala Communiqué stated "Heads of Government also agreed that, where an existing member changes its formal constitutional status, it should not have to reapply for Commonwealth membership provided that it continues to meet all the criteria for membership."

title: Republicanism in New Zealand


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File:Peter Ellis & Andrew Alder.jpg

User:Peter Ellis and User:Andrewa meet on Saturday 9 April 2005 in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Peter Ellis 03:18, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: File:Peter Ellis & Andrew Alder.jpg


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Yuliy Kim

Yuliy Chersanovich Kim (Юлий Черсанович Ким, 율리 킴; born 23 December 1936, Moscow) is a Russian bard, composer, poet, and songwriter. His songs, encompassing everything from mild humor to biting political satire, appear in dozens of Soviet movies, including Bumbarash, The Twelve Chairs, and An Ordinary Miracle, as well as the songs "The Brave Captain," "The Black Sea," "The Whale-Fish," "Cursed Lips," "Captain Bering," and "Baron Germont Went to War." Since 1998, he has been living in Israel and has made periodic tours throughout Russia, Europe, and the United States.

Biography
Kim was born in 1936 in Moscow to Kim Chersan (1904–1938), a journalist of Korean descent, and Nina Valentinovna Vsesvyatskaya (1907-1974), a teacher of Russian language and literature whose grandfather, Vasiliy Vsesvyatskiy, was a protoiereus of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Ugodsko-Zavodsky Uezd of the Kaluga Governorate who baptized Georgy Zhukov.

Kim's parents were victims of the Great Purge of 1937 and 1938, in which his father was executed and his mother was sentenced as a "family member of a traitor of the Motherland" to five years in a labor camp and three years of exile, so that Kim didn't see her until age 9. She was rehabilitated during the Khrushchev Thaw period in 1958, but before that, she was under the "101st kilometer" law and could not live in Moscow, so Kim's family settled in Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga Oblast. In 1951, the family moved to Turkmenistan. Kim returned to Moscow in 1954 to enter the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute.

In 1959, Kim graduated from the Department of History and Philology of Moscow State Pedagogical University. During his student years, he began writing poems and setting some of them to music. Upon graduation, he was sent to teach in the village of Il'pyrsky, Kamchatka, near Anapka, where he taught for three years. He taught history, literature, geography, and other subjects, and also directed a number of musical plays with the schoolchildren. Since then, the sea has become one of the main themes of his songs.

In 1969, he signed An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights.

After returning to Moscow, Kim worked as a school teacher, and at the same time participated in the Soviet dissident movement, which cost him his job in 1968. Subsequently, Kim earned a living by writing songs for plays and movies as well as publishing plays under the pseudonym Yu. Mikhailov, which he used until 1986. At the same time, while he was barred from giving concerts, he continued his singing underground.

With the advent of glasnost, Kim was finally able to perform legally. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, he has been acclaimed throughout the Russian-speaking world and has performed in numerous locations in Russia, Europe, and the United States. He has received numerous awards, such as the Bulat Okudzhava Prize of the Russian Federation.

Today, Yuliy Kim's discography includes over 20 titles on CD, audio and video tape, and DVD. His songs have been included in almost all anthologies of author's song as well as many anthologies of modern Russian poetry.

His first wife was Irina Yakir — granddaughter of Red Army commander Iona Yakir. They married in 1966, and in 1998 they immigrated to Israel. After Irina's death in 1999, Kim married Lidia Lugovaya, Irina's close friend since school days. He currently splits his time between Jerusalem and Moscow.

title: Yuliy Kim


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Category:Local government districts of North Yorkshire

Local government districts and boroughs in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England.


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User:RichardMuirhead

Hi I'm Rich Muirhead

title: User:RichardMuirhead


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Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front

The Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Partisi-Cephesi or DHKP-C) is a Marxist–Leninist communist party in Turkey. It was founded in 1978 as Revolutionary Left (Turkish: Devrimci Sol or Dev Sol), and has been involved in a militant campaign against the Republic of Turkey since the 1980s. It was renamed in 1994 after factional infighting. It is classified as a terrorist group by Japan, Turkey, the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union.

Structure
Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Partisi-Cephesi or DHKP-C (alternatively DHKP/C) refers to two related entities. The former ("Party") refers to the group's political activities, while the latter ("Front") is a reference to the group's military operations.

The group espouses a Marxist–Leninist ideology and holds an anti-U.S., anti-NATO position. It considers that the Turkish state is under the control of Western imperialism and seeks to end this control by violent and democratic means.

It finances its activities chiefly through donations raised in Turkey and Europe.

The People's Front (Turkey), a mass organization, and the Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey, a youth organization, are connected to the DHKP-C.

Foundation
The organization was originally formed in 1978 by Dursun Karataş as Revolutionary Left (Turkish: Devrimci Sol or Dev Sol), a splinter faction of Devrimci Yol ("Revolutionary Way"), which splintered from the People's Liberation Party-Front of Turkey (THKP-C), which in its turn was a splinter of Revolutionary Youth Federation (commonly known in Turkish as Dev Genç). The group was relaunched with its current name in 1994.

During 1980s
Dev Sol has claimed responsibility for a number of assassinations, including those of Gün Sazak and Nihat Erim in 1980. Since the late 1980s, the group has mostly targeted current and retired Turkish security and military officials.

Insurgency (1990–present)
It began a new campaign against foreign interests in 1990, which included attacks against U.S. military and diplomatic personnel and facilities.

To protest what it describes as American imperialism during the Gulf War, the DHKP-C assassinated two U.S. military personnel, wounded an Air Force officer and bombed more than 20 U.S. and NATO military, commercial and cultural facilities.

It is significant that the only American killed by terrorists during the First Gulf War was a victim of Dev Sol. U.S. Halliburton subsidiary, Vinnell-Brown & Root (VBR) Regional Manager John Gandy was murdered in his Istanbul office in February 1991 by a well-trained Dev Sol hit team that gained access to the office building by wearing Turkish National Police (TNP) uniforms. After tying Gandy to a chair the Dev Sol operatives shot him multiple times in the head. The terrorists then wrote anti-US graffiti stating "Bush go home" on the office walls with the victim's blood. The secretary, Mary Senyuz and the accountant Ali Ferah and Canan, his assistant were tied up in a separate room whilst the murder of Mr. Gandy took place in his office. It was noted that Mr. Gandy's predecessor, Stephen Hubbard, was actually the targeted victim. However he had left for a directorship position at VBRs' headquarters in Ankara just a few months prior. Mr. Hubbard returned to Istanbul directly after the murder, and shut down this regional headquarters.

Although Dev Sol was under active investigation by the American, British, French, Austrian and Danish intelligence and security services, it posed a significant challenge for counter-terrorist agents because it was one of the few terrorist organizations (at that time) to employ professional operational and counterintelligence tradecraft. It used sophisticated surveillance and counter-surveillance techniques, it employed multi-layer assassination squads with surveillance, primary and secondary shooters, and it successfully exfiltrated its operatives back and forth between Western Europe and Turkey as needed. It skillfully employed professionally forged documents and disguise, and it has been claimed by opponents that it preyed on innocent Turks living in Europe, extorting money from them in exchange for "protection." However, the DHKP-C denies any involvement in extortion and it is not unknown for criminal gangs to use the name of the DHKP-C and other armed political groups as a cover for their activities without any authorization from or actual connection to those organizations.

On 13 August 1991, Andrew Blake, the head of British Commercial Union in Istanbul, was killed in a shooting. His killing was claimed by DHKP-C. However, the Turkish wing of Islamic Jihad also claimed the killing as their work. Dev Sol also claimed the assassinations of Hiram Abas (1990), Memduh Ünlütürk, İsmail Selen, Adnan Ersöz and Hulusi Sayın (1991) and Kemal Kayacan (1992) – all retired figures of Turkish military or intelligence.

In its next significant act as DHKP-C on 9 January 1996, it assassinated Özdemir Sabancı, a prominent Turkish businessman, and two others: an associate Haluk Görgün and a secretary Nilgün Hasefe. The murders were carried out by hired assassins who had been given access to the Sabanci Towers by a member, the student Fehriye Erdal, working there at that time. DHKP-C later claimed responsibility for the act.

On 4 June 1999 at approximately 6:00, 2 men of the DHKP-C armed with pistols and a light antitank weapon (LAW) attempted to attack the Consulate General of the United States, Istanbul. The attack was conducted in order to protest against Operation Allied Force and to promote the brotherhood between the DHKP-C and the Yugoslav People. Both attackers were killed in a firefight with Turkish Police.

Hunger strike in prisons
Protesting against the new prison order (where prisoners would be held in isolation) inmates from DHKP-C, TKP/ML and TKİP started a hunger strike on 26 October 2000. Between that date and 19 November 2000, a total of 816 prisoners in 18 prisons joined the hunger strike.

Escalation (2001 to present)
2001 DHKP-C added suicide bombings to its operations in 2001 with attacks against Turkish police in January and September of that year. On 10 September 2001, a suicide bomber killed himself and three other people in Istanbul.

2002–2003 Security operations in Turkey and elsewhere have weakened the group, however. DHKP-C did not conduct any major attacks in 2003, although a DHKP-C female suicide bomber Sengul Akkurt's explosive belt detonated by accident on 20 May 2003 in Ankara, in a restroom, while she was preparing for an action.

2004 On 24 July 2004, another mistaken detonation, on a bus in Istanbul, occurred, killing Semiran Polat of DHKP-C and three more people and injuring 15 others.

2005 On 1 July 2005, Eyüp Beyaz of DHKP-C was killed in Ankara in an attempted suicide bombing attack on the ministry of justice.

2006 In late February 2006, female member Fehriye Erdal was convicted in Belgium, while under house arrest. However, shortly before her conviction she escaped, and, still has not been found.

2008 The group's Istanbul commander, Asuman Akça, was arrested in 2008 on the grounds that she was planning to assassinate Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. She was tried, but the court failed to reach a verdict and, as she had already been in custody for four years, she was released pending another trial in 2012. Akça then told the media that she would reveal links between the DHKP-C and the Ergenekon organization. Shortly afterwards, she was shot in the head. The man accused of killing her, who has been described as a member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) as well as the DHKP-C and MLKP, was alleged by police of having told them that he had orders from DHKP-C to assassinate Akça because of her plans to reveal the group's links with Ergenekon.

2009 On 29 April 2009, Didem Akman of DHKP-C was wounded in her attempt to assassinate Hikmet Sami Türk at Bilkent University right before a lecture in constitutional law. Akman and her accomplice S. Onur Yılmaz were caught.

2012 On 11 September 2012, a suicide bomber, a DHKP-C militant, blew himself up at the Sultangazi district in Istanbul killing himself, a Turkish national and a police officer. The Turkish National Police identified the bomber as İbrahim Çuhadar, a member of DHKP-C.

DHKP-C on 11 December 2012 Gaziosmanpasa also killed a policeman.

2013 On 1 February 2013, a suicide bomber, a DHKP-C militant, blew himself up at the US embassy in Ankara, killing a Turkish security guard and wounding several other people. Istanbul police identified the bomber as Ecevit Şanlı, a member of DHKP-C.

On 19 March 2013, DHKP-C militants conducted a double attack against the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) headquarters and the Justice Ministry. Responsibility for the attacks was claimed by the DHKP-C.

In September 2013 two DHKP-C members attacked the headquarters of the General Directorate of Security with rockets. One of them, who was killed in the attack, had been involved in the 19 March attack on the AKP headquarters.

On 29 September 2013 DHKP-C sympathizers and members clash with drug gang in Maltepe where DHKP-C finds support from the local population. A young local resident, left-wing activist Hasan Ferit Gedik, was killed in clashes. Following the clashes, a group of armed DHKP-C members started to patrol the streets in Maltepe.

2015 On 6 January 2015, a female suicide bomber blew herself up at a police station in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, killing one police officer and injuring another. DHKP-C claimed responsibility for the attack, saying it was meant "to punish (the) murderers of Berkin Elvan" and "to call to account the fascist state that protects AKP's corrupt, stealing ministers". Berkin Elvan was a 15-year-old boy who was killed by a tear-gas canister fired by a police officer during the 2013 Istanbul protests. The group also claimed that the suicide bomber was Elif Sultan Kalsen. After being called to a criminal medical center to identify the body, Kalsen's family denied the claims, stating that it was not their daughter. On 8 January 2015, the perpetrator was identified as Diana Ramazova, a Chechen-Russian citizen from Dagestan. Turkish police are currently investigating Ramazova's possible links to al-Qaeda or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Further investigation revealed that suspect had photos with insurgents from ISIS. The DHKP-C on 8 January removed the statement claiming responsibility from its website without giving any explanation. As of yet, it is not known why they took responsibility for the attack.

On 31 March 2015 suspected members of DHKP-C took prosecutor Mehmet Selim Kiraz hostage on the sixth floor of the Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace. They demanded that the police announce the names of four members of the security services who they said were connected to the death of Berkin Elvan. The police negotiated with the gunmen for six hours, but eventually stormed the courthouse "because of gunshots heard from inside the prosecutor's office". The two gunmen died during the operation, while the prosecutor was badly wounded and later died of his injuries.

On 10 August 2015, two women from the DHKP-C staged an attack on the U.S. consulate in Istanbul; one of the attackers, identified as Hatice Asik, was captured along with her rifle. This was one of four of staged attacks across Istanbul, occurring, with two others targeting police stations and one targeting a military helicopter. A car-bomb was set off near the police station in the Sultanbeyli district, injuring 10, and about five hours afterwards, gunman opened fire upon security forces, killing one and wounding another 10, while 2 DHKP-C members were killed as well.

Designation as a terrorist organization
The organization is listed among the 12 active terrorist organizations in Turkey as of 2007 according to the Counter-Terrorism and Operations Department of Directorate General for Security (Turkish police).

It was one of the original 18 groups on the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations when the list was first created in 1997. It also is included in 48 groups and entities to which European Union's Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism applies and has been a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000 since 29 March 2001.

Membership
Information provided by the Intelligence Resource Program of the Federation of American Scientists based on the 2003 Patterns of Global Terrorism report suggests that the organization has several dozen operatives within Turkey and a large support network in Europe.

A study carried out by the Counter-Terrorism and Operations Department of Directorate General for Security over a sample of files about people convicted of being a terrorist under Turkish laws including 826 militants from the organization and the three other currently active left-wing organizations (see reference 1) 65% of the members are aged 14 to 25, 16.8% 25 to 30 and 17.5% are older than 30. University graduates make up 20.4% of the members, high school graduates 33.5%, secondary school graduates 14%, primary school graduates 29.9% and illiterates 1,9% (while they have no sampled literate non-graduate members).

The organization recruits mainly from Turkey's Alevi minority.

Convictions

 * Dursun Karataş
 * Fehriye Erdal
 * In December 2011, high-school teacher Meral Dönmez and university student Gülşah Işıklı held up pieces of cardboard out of the window of a lawyer's office with the text, "We do not want a rocket shield, but a democratic high school". For this, they were convicted in October 2012 to 6 years and 8 months imprisonment for "committing a crime on behalf of a terrorist organization [DHKP-C] without being a member."

DHKP-C in Greece
At 2013, Greek authorities arrested four militants on two separate operations near the Greece-Turkey border, while the DHKP-C was about to organize an attack on Turkish soil.

At 2014, Greek authorities arrested a number of militants in several operations, including high-ranking members of the group.

In February 2018, a suspected member of the DHKP-C, against whom there was an Interpol red notice, was arrested while trying to enter into Greece. In June 2018, a Greek court ordered the extradition of this person to Turkey.

On 19 March 2020, a Greek counter-terrorism unit raid on two houses in Sepolia and Exarcheia, resulted in the arrest of 26 suspected DHKP-C members and the seizure of heavy weaponry including anti-materiel guns.

2017 assassination plan against Erdoğan in Athens
In November 2017, Greek police raided apartments in Athens and detained nine Turks (one woman and eight men) plotting to assassinate Recep Tayyip Erdoğan using rockets, during his visit to Greece at 2017. The group had planned to launch rockets at both sides of Erdoğan's convoy as he traveled through Athens. Another group would have supported the planned assault on the official car by attacking the vehicles from the rear, according to a plan captured by the Greek authorities. In the plan, Erdoğan is codenamed "the scorpion." The plot, included rockets, handmade grenades and Molotov cocktails. The Greek police also searched for weaponry and ammunition buried in large plastic barrels at the Parnitha Mountain. One of the detainees, Hasan Biber, had been wanted by Greek police in connection with an arms and explosives haul off the Greek island of Chios, in 2013.


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332nd Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 332nd Static Infantry Division was raised over the winter of 1940-1941 and served on coastal defense duties in Brittany and along the Channel coast until early 1943. In October 1942 the division was reorganized as the 332nd Infantry Division (with improved mobility and offensive capabilities), and in the spring of 1943 it was transferred to the Eastern Front; it was disbanded after the Battle of Kursk.

Commanding officers

 * Generalleutnant Heinrich Recke, 14 November 1940
 * Generalleutnant Hans Kessel, 6 August 1941
 * General der Infanterie Walter Melzer, 17 December 1942
 * Generalleutnant Hans Schäfer, 1 January 1943
 * Generalmajor Adolf Trowitz, 5 June 1943

Structure
The 332nd Static Infantry Division had the following units, these were:
 * 676th Infantry Regiment
 * 677th Infantry Regiment
 * 678th Infantry Regiment
 * 332nd Artillery Regiment
 * 332nd Engineer Battalion
 * 332nd Field Replacement Battalion
 * 332nd Cycling Detachment
 * 332nd Panzerjäger Battalion
 * 332nd Intelligence Department
 * 332nd Supply Troops


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(Keep Feeling) Fascination

"(Keep Feeling) Fascination" is a song by English synth-pop band the Human League. It was composed by Jo Callis and Philip Oakey, and produced by Martin Rushent (which would be the last song he produced for the band for seven years).

The song features vocals from four of the band members, including lead singer Philip Oakey, female co-vocalists Susan Ann Sulley and Joanne Catherall, and a rare vocal role from keyboardist and guitarist Jo Callis.

The single was designated 'Red' on the Human League's short-lived, self-imposed labelling system of 'Blue' for pop songs and 'Red' for dance tracks.

Chart performance and certifications
The single was released in the UK on 15 April 1983 as a non-album single, and went to number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. It was incorporated into the band's EP Fascination!. Released in the US a month after the UK release, the single reached number 1 on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart (their first single to do so) and number 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100 that summer.

The EP Fascination! contained two versions of "(Keep Feeling) Fascination"; the extended mix and an improvisation, both different from the single version. These were also the tracks featured on the 12-inch issue in the UK. The 7-inch issue featured a new instrumental track on the B-side, "Total Panic".

Music video

The video for "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" was filmed in a semi-derelict area of Newham, London which was due for demolition and redevelopment as part of the widescale redevelopment of Docklands and East London which took place in the early 1980s. The video begins with an aerial view of an orange "you are here" dot on a street map, which is revealed as an actual giant orange dot on the ground as the camera zooms in. The dot highlights a single house on the apex of two streets, and the camera passes through a set of window curtains to show the band playing the song inside. The entire room is painted grey, as are the band's instruments and microphones. During the song's bridge, two boys are shown kicking a ball around in the street outside. Both the ball and one boy's clothes turn orange when they enter the dot; when he kicks the ball back, it returns to its original colour. As the song ends, the camera retreats from the room and zooms back out into the sky, the view changing back to the original map.

Unusually for Human League videos to this point, the band are all seen playing instruments as if it were a live performance. Philip Oakey said in 1983:

""The aim of the video is to show that we're a group who play music together ... This should help us in America where they believe we are a manufactured item mainly because we've never been live on TV there.""

Both the house (which was First Avenue, London E13 8AP) and surrounding area (Junction of 1st Avenue and 3rd Avenue) encompassed by the orange dot were completely painted orange, including a nearby Austin 1800 car. The video was conceived and directed by Steve Barron, who directed most of the Human League's early 1980s music videos. The band's scenes were all filmed in a studio; Susan Ann Sulley said that the house was still occupied by a family during the painting and filming of the external scenes. The house remained orange until being demolished in mid-1983.

Track listings
7-inch vinyl (Virgin – VS 569)
 * 1) "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" – 3:39
 * 2) "Total Panic" – 3:23

12-inch vinyl (Virgin – VS569-12)
 * 1) "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" (extended version) – 5:00
 * 2) "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" (improvisation) – 6:15

Mini-CD (Virgin – CDT24)
 * 1) "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" (extended 12-inch version) – 5:00
 * 2) "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" (improvisation 12-inch dub) – 6:15
 * 3) "Total Panic" – 3:23
 * 4) * CD released in 1988

In popular culture

 * A cover version of the song recorded by Rob Crow (of Pinback), features in the 2010 commercial for Kingsford Charcoal.
 * A cover version of the song recorded by the OV7 group features in the album Siete Latidos (2001).

title: (Keep Feeling) Fascination


text: User talk:134.241.196.214

title: User talk:134.241.196.214


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Thomas Logan

Thomas Logan is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as the biological father of X-Men member Wolverine. He was created by Bill Jemas, Joe Quesada, and Paul Jenkins. He was featured in the limited series Origin, which detailed the youth and formative years of Wolverine and was published from November 2001 to July 2002.

Fictional character biography
Thomas Logan lives in Alberta, Canada during the late 19th century and is the groundskeeper for the Howlett estate. Thomas is a very short-tempered man and is known to be a heavy drinker. He is the father of Dog Logan, but his exact date of birth is unknown. His surname, Logan, implies that Thomas has Scottish ancestry.

Thomas is abusive towards Dog, often beating him severely and introduces the boy to alcohol. Thomas has a violent temper, a mean disposition, flies into uncontrollable rage, and is envious of the Howletts and their great fortune. Thomas had also been involved in an long-time affair with his employer's mentally-unstable wife, Elizabeth Howlett (née Hudson), and it is heavily-implied that he is the father of both, her late son, John Howlett III, and of her surviving-son, James Howlett (a.k.a. "Logan/Wolverine").

After being fired from his position and kicked off the estate for failing to control his son, Thomas returns to the house in the middle of the night, armed, and with his son Dog. He sneaks into the bedroom John and Elizabeth Howlett share and tries to persuade her to leave with him. It is here that a secret affair between the two is implied. Before Elizabeth can reply, John returns to the bedroom and is confronted by Logan. After a heated exchange, Logan shoots and kills John. He is, in turn, killed by James Howlett when the youth drives his bone claws into Thomas' chest. James' mutation is triggered by the trauma of seeing his father killed before his eyes.

The series hints that he and Elizabeth Howlett have been involved in a secret, romantic relationship for years. It is thus implied that Thomas is Wolverine's biological father, with the adult James Howlett looking exactly like him.

Paternity
Even though Thomas Logan bears a striking resemblance to Wolverine as an adult, it is not stated in the mini-series that he's Wolverine's father, though an affair between Logan and James' mother Elizabeth is implied. However, since the mini-series, there have been several one shot issues of the 'Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe'' released since 2004 that each contain a profile on Wolverine. Within those issues, John Howlett, Jr. is listed as Wolverine's father rather than Thomas Logan.

Elizabeth was having an affair with Thomas for many years, after she was released from isolation and after the birth of James Howlett. When young James Howlett first uses his claws and kills Thomas, a horrified Elizabeth exclaims "not again, not you James...", subtly referring to the scars on her back that she received from her first son, John Howlett III, who died a mysterious death, which are shown when Rose walks in on Elizabeth. Later on in the mini-series, it is subtly hinted that Grandfather John Howlett Sr. (the I) killed the young John Howlett (the III) after attacking Elizabeth, when John Howlett, Jr. (the II), could not defend his wife. This also alludes that Thomas Logan may have fathered John Howlett III, as-well-as his younger brother, James Howlett (Wolverine), too.

In Wolverine: Weapon X #8, Logan muses about having killed his own father, believing Tom Logan's paternity.

In Wolverine (vol. 4) #4 (December 2010), it is confirmed by Wolverine himself, during the "Wolverine Goes To Hell" storyline, when he is thinking to himself while fighting the Devil (i.e. Marduk Kurios) in Hell, that Thomas Logan is indeed his biological father. This is further confirmed when they finally have a face-to-face confrontation, in order (in Thomas Logan's own words) "To finally talk, man-to-man, father-to-son".

In Wolverine #304 (April 2012, the series having returned to its original numbering by having the current volume integrated with previous volumes), he is shown in Hell (which he states is ultimately "Where all Logans go when they die") with the souls of five of his recently deceased grandchildren, the "Mongrels", Wolverine's illegitimate offspring unknowingly fathered with various women over the course of his long life, who Wolverine had been tricked by his enemies into fighting to the death during the Red Right Hand storyline.

In other media
Thomas Logan appears in the beginning of the 2009 movie X-Men Origins: Wolverine, dying under similar circumstances to his death in the comics (being stabbed by Wolverine's claws after they come out for the first time) and he is confirmed to be Victor Creed's father (in Dog Logan's place) and Wolverine's biological father. He is credited as "Thomas Logan" and played by Aaron Jeffery.

title: Thomas Logan


text: User talk:211.27.132.94

title: User talk:211.27.132.94


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Talk:Horizon (British TV series)

(Music comment)
Isn't the theme tune to Horizon "Another Green World" by Brian Eno?

 * yes

 * No. You're thinking of Arena. --Bonalaw 14:48, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Dumbing down
I had been watching Horizon from since the early 1970's when Paul Vaughan was the usual narrator and stopped in the mid-90's, due to the changes made at the time. Compared to what it once [was], Horizon is dumbed down, so much to the point of being almost unwatchable, at least for me. It would seem that the same goes for [others] as well. Ian Dunster 13:24, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, the show can be hard to watch because of all the stupid imagery and fluff material they throw in to stretch the time out. People who need fast-moving city shots with flashy lights to keep their attention wont watch a documentary in the first place. Remy B 18:25, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have only watched Horizon for 2 years thanks to P2P. I have seen more than 150 docs and find that the latest are utter rubbish, an insult to the trademark. It started when they got a new web page. Funny enough, when I need information on docs and TV programs, I never find it in their corresponding webpages, this could be a new Murphy's law...Cgonzalezdelhoyo 01:38, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Can there be any doubt that ComBBC have jemmied another label off a derelict programme and blu-tacked it to a turd?Keith-264 (talk) 22:19, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * For anyone interested in hearing what Horizon used to be like with Paul Vaughan narrating then try this mid-1980s video about Nuclear flask testing, on YouTube here:

 * Just as an aside, found a clip with an introduction to a 1981 Horizon programme showing the sort of subject matter that the programme used to deal with. The intro is: And now on two, a profile of Edward Teller, the father of the hydrogen bomb, in Horizon. I also remember seeing in around 1986 an episode about the technical implications of the Falklands War, which dealt with things such as the design of the warships used, and reducing radar signatures, improving fire resistance, etc., fairly esoteric and technical stuff but presented and explained in a way that made the subject matter fascinating. *

 * ... the last time I saw the 'new' Horizon every single programme seemed to be on either dinosaurs, earthquakes, asteroid impacts, or tidal waves, so I assume their target audience is nowadays made up of nine year-olds.

 * ... oh, and volcanoes - I seem to remember that at one period volcanoes were much in evidence. Yep, if they could find a subject that allowed them to use their flashy computer graphics, they did it, 'Never mind the factual accuracy, feel the pictures'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.40.249.181 (talk) 22:16, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

 * * that programme was "In The Wake Of HMS Sheffield" March 17, 1986 - 22x11

 * Just found the "In The Wake Of HMS Sheffield" episode on YouTube: enjoy, and see what Horizon used to be like. BTW, the narrator is Paul Vaughan.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.68.219 (talk) 20:20, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Here's another one for you: "Gentlemen, Lift Your Skirts" from 1981, with Martin Jarvis narrating  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.68.219 (talk) 21:47, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

 * BTW, for the puzzled, the title refers to the ground effect skirts fitted to the Williams and other Formula One cars of the period. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 20:45, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Pro-"New Horizon" language?
Anyone think that the following parts in bold (my emphasis) have the faint but definite air of trying to make a case for the programme's recent direction?

''The down-side to Horizon's focus on Pure Science, Sheer Drama and the occasionally forced narrative this engenders has led to occasional accusations of dumbing down, with one former editor writing a newspaper article about how the programme concentrates too much on human stories, and not enough on the science. Whether or not such accusations are justified must inevitably remain a matter of opinion but perhaps a factor weighing in the series' favour is the challenge that presenting often highly abstract, technically complex issues and ideas to the public creates for any documentary maker tackling science. ''

Fourohfour 16:15, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It could also be seen as a plea for help, given the not unreasonable over-riding requirement for NPOV. Davy p 06:38, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Note; someone else has now removed these comments. On reflection, I'm not sure why I didn't do it myself sooner. Fourohfour 11:39, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

There's no question that it is about as intellectually demanding and as scientifically sophisticated as a soap opera.Keith-264 (talk) 19:43, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Please see WP:TALK. Talk Islander 20:06, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Thank you, will you make the same suggestion to the other contributors?Keith-264 (talk) 21:19, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Presumably the programme's audience before the 'dumbing down' had no such problems. I started watching Horizon (along with other fascinating programmes such as The World About Us, Chronicle, Connections) back in the late 1970s when I was a schoolboy, and don't remember having any trouble understanding it. I suspect the problem nowadays is that no-one at the BBC has any scientific knowledge whatsoever. So anything with a technical bias frightens them. Too difficult for the Hello brigade, which seems to be today's BBC and ITV target audience, to comprehend. In this assumption they are probably correct, but those sort of people have plenty of their own programmes to watch, such as Emmerdale, Eastenders, etc. Why the more 'difficult' programmes like the original Horizon had to be ruined just to get people who aren't interested in the subjects anyway, watching, is beyond me. Luckily it no longer bothers me as I don't have a TV set, so they can put out as much wall-to-wall shite as they like. For all I know, perhaps they do. But I know I'm not missing much. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.68.219 (talk) 21:09, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

Editor list
I think it'd be nice to have a complete list of Horizon Editors (Exec. Producers, to disambiguate them). The IMDB credit list is totally misleading. I could do the ancient ones but even then would be uncertain of actual dates. It would take someone with access to BBC archives, I think. El Ingles 21:39, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Programs list
Today I have found the following BBC Horizon archive: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/archives.shtml It only goes back to 1996 and several episodes are missing, but it is far better than nothing. Also, some dimwit at the BBC has decided to sort them in autum-spring season when the rest of the world, that is the P2P community :), has long settled for cronological orders. Atleast is more than Discovery offers though it seems that the best work is done by people who dont get paid. Actually that could do for another Murphy's law :) i.e. if you want information come to Wikipedia :)Cgonzalezdelhoyo 01:38, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Check out - http://open.bbc.co.uk/catalogue/infax/series/HORIZON Jooler 11:07, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, chronological is best where the information in available. We need our own list though. I'll start it in the main article for now, perhaps we can move it later as it becomes more substantial.Phillipbeynon (talk) 01:54, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The bbc catalogue is no longer in beta and they've removed the interface unfortunately. Luckily I saved the whole Horizon list: http://memeplex.org/medialib/horizon_bbc.htm - it's up to date up to 2006, see other pages for the recent years. The BBC Catalogue came with a warning that not everything was perfect, so the same applies to this list. this is the original atom/xml file: http://memeplex.org/medialib/HORIZON.htm if somebody wants to play with it. ACookr (talk) 00:20, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

2008 Schedule
Here is a press release link to the 2008 schedule: http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/11_november/08/horizon.shtml —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.55.225.64 (talk) 14:41, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

BBC strongly implies that Horizon has been canceled
I am sad to read that the BBC strongly implies that Horizon has been canceled. In large letters at the top of the Horzion webpage, its website states: "Just to let you know, we're no longer updating this page"  When you click "More Information here" you get this info:

 * We aim to make sure that all of the pages we publish on bbc.co.uk are as accurate, reliable and as useful as possible. Where a particular radio, tv series or other BBC event has ended we generally leave the related web page online, just in case visitors may find it helpful or interesting in future. However, in order to avoid confusion we add a banner notice to the page to make it clear that we're no longer keeping these pages up to date....

On the other hand, their website does provide a link to a list upcoming episodes. Are these repeats of older shows, or are they the last new Horizon episodes that will be made?
 * Upcoming BBC Horizons episodes

 * Official BBC Horizons website

Or (hopefully) will the show continue in some sort? Can anyone sort this out? Thanks. RK (talk) 17:40, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Unless you have information from inside sources at the BBC, Horizon has not been cancelled (although from what I've read there has been quite a lot of dissatisfaction from some viewers in terms of recent programmes 'dumbing down'). I agree that the mothballing banner at the top of the website should be clearer (and it might be a good idea for you to send an email to the BBC saying that) but I'm guessing all that's happened is that they're planning to relaunch the website when the series returns and they've put the banner up too early. Please remember that Horizon is the BBC's flagship science strand and they would not announce that they are cancelling it simply by putting a banner on the website. -Paul1337 (talk) 19:44, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually they're just not updating all their old program pages, instead adding new episodes to their new organization around iplayer/programmes - bbc.co.uk/horizon/ ACookr (talk) 19:40, 27 July 2009 (UTC)
 * A new episode of Horizon aired last week and there are more to follow. See here.--Peeky44 What's on your mind? 14:31, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Horizon is a poor entertainment programme
I think the page should be updated to reflect the change from a science/documentary program to an entertainment program.

The program's tag-line is "Pure science, sheer drama" which I think sums up the new format pretty well. The science is really just a backdrop to the drama. The show is primarily entertainment, focusing on "human interest" stories and plot twists, combined with some flashy camera work (usually in the form of poor lighting, extreme close-ups and drunken-camera-man syndrome) and CGI to marvel at. Mojo-chan (talk) 21:46, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Hi Mojo-chan! If you can find some valid sources that corroborate your argument then it may be worth looking at. However, I don't think it would be valid to make additions based on your opinion of what a science programme should be and what Horizon currently is. --Candy (talk) 12:47, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Have you tried watching it? By comparison with the past it's a soap-opera. Mojo-chan is right, it's lost its Mojo or rather the philistine popinjays of ComBBC castrated it. There was one on last night about cosmology which had a reasonably good commentary but it was spoilt by frequent interruptions by very loud music and stooges various (low lit like mad scientists or photographed against the mundane, like Mengele with his car keys in the foreground). With public service telly like this, who needs commercial?Keith-264 (talk) 14:48, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Hi Keith-284. I have watched it recently. I'm watching the new series now. However, my statements still stand. Sufficient valid sources need to be found to justify an addition as Mojo-chan indicates. Personal opinion is insufficient. --Candy (talk) 19:41, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Advent of colour
Today I corrected an inaccurate paragraph about early Horizons. I'd love to be able to add a note about the moment when colour first arrived. Anybody know which was the first colour Horizon? El Ingles (talk) 00:56, 8 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Oh, got it. December 1967. El Ingles (talk) 01:03, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Horizon (British TV series)


text:
Winchester Model 1887/1901

The Winchester Model 1887 and Winchester Model 1901 are lever-action shotguns designed by American gun designer John Browning and produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The shotgun has become iconic due to its use in the 1991 film Terminator 2: Judgment Day.

Overview
The Model 1887 was one of the first successful repeating shotguns. Its lever-action design was chosen at the behest of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, best known at the time as manufacturers of lever-action rifles such as the Winchester Model 1873. Designer John Browning suggested that a pump-action would be much more appropriate for a repeating shotgun, but Winchester management's position was that, at the time, the company was known as a "lever-action firearm company", and felt that their new shotgun must also be a lever-action for reasons of brand recognition. Browning responded by designing a breech-loading, rolling block lever-action. To Winchester's credit, however, they later introduced a Browning designed pump-action shotgun known as the Model 1893 (an early production version of the model 1897), after the introduction of smokeless powder.

Shotgun shells at the time used black powder as a propellant, and so the Model 1887 shotgun was designed and chambered for less powerful black powder shotshells. Both 10 and 12-gauge models were offered in the Model 1887; 12-gauge variants used a 2 5/8" shell, 10-gauge variants fired a 2 7/8" shell.

The standard barrel length was 30" with 32" available as a special order. In 1888 a 20" barrelled version could be ordered and Winchester offered the shotguns with Damascus barrels.

Model 1901
By 1900 it was soon realized that the action on the M1887 was not strong enough to handle early smokeless powder shotshells, and so a redesign resulted in the stronger Winchester Model 1901, 10-gauge only, to handle the advent of the more powerful smokeless powder. A 12-gauge chambering was not offered, as Winchester did not want the Model 1901 to compete with their successful 12-gauge Model 1897 pump-action shotgun. Other distinguishing characteristics of the Model 1901 are:
 * The shotgun was offered with only a 32" barrel.
 * A two piece finger lever with a trigger block to prevent accidental discharge.
 * The Winchester trademark stamp was moved to the upper tang, behind the hammer.
 * The choke type was stamped on the left side of the barrel near the receiver.

Although a technically sound gun design, the market for lever-action shotguns waned considerably, as John Browning had predicted, after the introduction of the Winchester 1897 and other contemporary pump-action shotguns. Model 1887 production totaled 64,855 units between 1887 and 1901. Between 1901 and 1920, an additional 13,500 Model 1901 shotguns were manufactured before the Model 1887/1901 product line was discontinued.

Reproduction
A number of gun companies have tried to produce Model 1887/1901 shotguns that could chamber modern, smokeless shotgun shells—largely for the cowboy action shooting discipline—but with little commercial success. Three firearm companies have managed to produce viable models for the commercial firearms market by utilising the easier to produce Model 1901 action and placed it into the chassis of the Model 1887 shotgun:
 * ADI Limited of Australia produced a small trial run of modern Model 1887/1901 shotguns, chambered for modern smokeless 12-gauge shotshells. The Australian National Firearms Agreement regulates lever action shotguns as Category A/B guns, while pump shotguns fall under the more tightly regulated Category C/D. Commercial production on this firearm by ADI was anticipated for 2007, following several years of delays due to distribution issues, but this has not yet happened.
 * Chinese arms manufacturer Norinco currently produces the Model 1887 shotgun chambered for modern smokeless 12-gauge shells, a version of which (featuring a 20" barrel) is manufactured for the American firearms firm Interstate Arms Corporation (IAC) and exported for sale in the United States, Canada, and Australia. As the only legal repeating shotgun (besides Mossberg bolt-action shotguns) for non-Primary Producer firearms owners in Australia, it has proven very popular with hunters and sporting shooters alike. U.S. and Canadian sales, however, have been largely focused on cowboy action shooting participants, owing to the ready availability of affordable pump-action and semi-automatic shotguns in most parts of the U.S. and Canada. This particular firearm has become popular with regular American and Canadian firearm owners.
 * The Italian firm Chiappa Firearms manufactures modern reproductions of the Winchester Model 1887 series shotguns. The shotguns appeared on the Australian and the European firearms markets in late 2008. Chiappa's replicas are offered with barrels ranging from 28 to 18.5 inches. They also offer a model with a rifled barrel and two models with pistol grips.

title: Winchester Model 1887/1901


text:
What It's Like

"What It's Like" is a song by American musician Everlast. It was released in July 1998 as the lead single from his second studio album, Whitey Ford Sings the Blues (1998). The song is typical of the style Everlast embraced after leaving hip hop trio House of Pain, which combines rock, hip-hop and blues while incorporating characterization and empathy towards impoverished protagonists.

The song peaked at number one on the US Billboard Mainstream Rock chart for one week and on the Modern Rock Tracks chart for nine weeks. It also reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the singer's only solo top-40 hit on the US chart. Outside the United States, the song reached number four in Iceland, number six in Canada, and the top 40 in Australia, Austria, Germany, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

In September 2023, for the 35th anniversary of Modern Rock Tracks (which by then had been renamed to Alternative Airplay), Billboard published a list of the top 100 most successful songs in the chart's history; "What It's Like" was ranked at number 52.

Song structure
Structurally, the song consists of three verses, a chorus, and a bridge. The last line of the chorus varies according to the particular situation faced by the character in the preceding verse. Each character is sympathetically presented as a victim of circumstance and as being an object of derision. Each verse ends with the line God forbid you ever had to walk a mile in his/her shoes (in the third verse, "...you ever had to wake up to hear the news") and Cause then you really might know what it's like to, with the action varying depending on what the character has to do ("sing the blues," "have to choose," and "have to lose," respectively).

The characters are:
 * A beggar (We’ve all seen the man at the liquor store beggin’ for your change/The hair on his face is dirty, dreadlocked and full of mange); when asking for change from a man, he is rudely rejected (He asks the man for what he could spare with shame in his eyes/"Get a job, you fuckin' slob" is all he replies)
 * Mary, a pregnant girl who decides to have an abortion (Mary got pregnant from a kid named Tom who said he was in love); when she approaches the entrance of the clinic, she is labeled a "killer," a "sinner," and a "whore."
 * A drug dealer named Max, a man with violent friends and an alcohol problem (I knew this kid named Max, he used to get fat stacks out on the corner with drugs/He liked to hang out late, he liked to get shit-faced and keep the pace with thugs) who dies a violent death (Until late one night there was a big gunfight and Max lost his head/He pulled out his chrome .45, talked some shit, and wound up dead).

The speaker attempts to build empathy for each character's struggle through the phrase "God forbid you ever had to walk a mile in his/her shoes/Cause then you really might know what it's like". The third verse changes the angle slightly to focus on the family left behind: "Now his wife and his kids are caught in the midst of all of his pain/You know it comes that way, at least that's what they say when you play the game/God forbid you ever had to wake up to hear the news/Cause then you really might know what it's like to have to lose".

Music video
The music video was directed by Frank Sacramento in Los Angeles. Everlast is shown singing underwater while the three characters depicted in his song drown. Later they are crowded around a window (possibly dead) behind which an idyllic family is enjoying dinner, oblivious to the less fortunate outside.

Track listings
UK CD and cassette single
 * 1) "What It's Like" (radio edit) – 3:49
 * 2) "What It's Like" (original album version) – 5:03

UK 7-inch single
 * A. "What It's Like" (original album version) – 5:03
 * B. "7 Years" – 4:04

European and Australian CD single
 * 1) "What It's Like" (radio edit) – 3:49
 * 2) "What It's Like" (original album version) – 5:03
 * 3) "7 Years" – 4:04

title: What It's Like


text:
Denning (lunar crater)

Denning is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It lies about midway between the craters Levi-Civita to the south and Marconi to the north-northeast. About two crater diameters to the southeast is the huge walled plain Gagarin.

The rim of this worn crater is circular but somewhat irregular-edged. There is a low central rise at the midpoint consisting of at least two hills. Attached to the southwest outer rim is the larger satellite crater Denning R. About one crater diameter the southeast of Denning is a bright patch of high-albedo surface. This patch was most likely created by a small, relatively recent impact.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Denning.

title: Denning (lunar crater)


text:
Mario Elie

Mario Antoine Elie (born November 26, 1963) is an American former professional basketball coach and player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Elie grew up in New York City and played college basketball at American International College, before being drafted in the seventh round of the 1985 NBA draft as the 160th overall pick by the Milwaukee Bucks.

Elie began his professional basketball career with Ireland's Killester in 1986. He went on to play in Portugal and Argentina, as well as in the USBL, CBA and WBL. Elie first played in the NBA in 1990 for the Philadelphia 76ers and went on to play for the Golden State Warriors, Portland Trail Blazers, Houston Rockets, San Antonio Spurs and Phoenix Suns. A role player known for his defense and toughness, Elie won three NBA championships: two with the Rockets in 1994 and 1995, and one with the Spurs in 1999.

Elie began his coaching career in 2003 as an assistant with the Spurs, and later held similar positions with the Dallas Mavericks, Sacramento Kings, New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets, and Orlando Magic.

Early life
Elie, who is of Haitian heritage, was born and raised in the Manhattan borough of New York City. He was named "Mario" for opera singer Mario Lanza.

Elie attended Power Memorial Academy. After being cut from the freshman basketball team, Elie made the junior varsity team the following season; one of his teammates was future NBA star Chris Mullin.

Early career
After Division I schools failed to recruit him, Elie played college basketball at the Division II level for American International College in Springfield, Massachusetts. He led AIC to the NCAA Division II Tournament Quarter-Final and became the school's all-time leading scorer. He was selected with the 160th pick (out of 162 total) in the 1985 NBA draft by the Milwaukee Bucks, but was cut from the team during training camp.

In 1986, Elie started his professional career in Ireland with Killester, where he won Player of the Year honors. Elie played for the USBL's Miami Tropics, Elie played eight games in Argentina with Unión de Santa Fe. He then spent two seasons in Portugal with Ovarense, helping them win their first national title. He spent two seasons with the Albany Patroons of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) from 1989 to 1991, earning All-CBA First Team honors in 1991.

NBA career
In December 1990, he made his NBA debut, joining the Philadelphia 76ers on a 10-day contract. He played three games for the 76ers between December 28 and January 2. In February 1991, he joined the Golden State Warriors, where he remained for the rest of the 1990–91 season as well as the 1991–92 season. Elie spent the 1992–93 season with the Portland Trail Blazers before being traded to the Houston Rockets prior to the 1993–94 season.

Elie won two NBA championships with the Rockets, in 1994 and 1995. During this period, Elie was dubbed the "Junkyard Dog" by his teammates. One highlight of Elie's career came when he hit a game-winning three-pointer in Game 7 of the 1995 Western Conference Semifinals against the Phoenix Suns to break a tie with 7.1 seconds. The shot is called the "Kiss of Death" by Rockets fans, as Elie made a taunting kissing gesture towards the Suns' bench after the shot. While Elie was a key role player for the Rockets off the bench throughout the regular season and the playoffs, he became a starter in the 1995 NBA Finals. This move paid off for the Rockets, as Elie averaged 16.3 points per game in the Finals while shooting 65% from the field.

Elie played for the Rockets through the 1997–98 season and then signed with the San Antonio Spurs, where he played for two seasons. The Spurs reportedly signed Elie in an effort to add "nastiness" to their team. Elie started for the Spurs for much of the season. With Elie, the Spurs won their first-ever NBA championship in 1999.

After playing the 2000–01 season for the Phoenix Suns, Elie retired. He finished his career with 6,265 points in 732 NBA games.

In 2007, Elie was inducted into the New York Basketball Hall of Fame. He has been named one of the top ten players in Houston Rockets history.

During his playing career, Elie was a role player who performed well in clutch situations. He had a reputation as a tough defender, a fierce competitor, and an accurate outside shooter.

Coaching career
On September 28, 2007, Elie was hired by the Dallas Mavericks as an assistant coach. He served with the Mavericks for one season. On June 22, 2009, Paul Westphal hired Elie as an assistant coach for the Sacramento Kings. On December 8, 2011, Elie was added to former teammate Avery Johnson's coaching staff with the New Jersey Nets. On June 26, 2015, he was hired by the Orlando Magic as an assistant coach.

Personal life
Elie is married to Gina Gaston, a journalist and anchorwoman for Houston's Channel ABC13. Elie and Gaston have triplets.

Elie speaks four languages: English and French from growing up in a Haitian-Creole household, Portuguese from playing pro basketball in Portugal, and Spanish from playing in Argentina.

In December 2010, Elie was arrested in Sacramento, California for allegedly driving while intoxicated.

title: Mario Elie