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Miniature conversion

Miniature conversion refers to the practice of altering the appearance of a miniature or model so as to deviate from the standard version purchased in a boxed set.

This practice is quite common amongst hobbyists who play miniature wargames such as Games Workshop's The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game, Warhammer Fantasy Battles and Warhammer 40,000, as well as many of the other games produced by other games and miniature manufacturers. In these circumstances, conversions generally consist of combining parts of different models and modelling putty (such as Milliput or Kneadatite also known as "Green Stuff") to produce a new model with a unique appearance, which is generally a centrepiece of the player's collection, representing a powerful character or monster, or similar.

One simple form of miniature conversion is known as "kitbashing", in which components of different kits are mixed to produce unique models. More complex conversions, however, often involve modifying the component parts, for instance by cutting or drilling.

Reasons for conversions
There are many reasons why a hobbyist might want to convert or "model" miniature figures. Hobbyists commonly use any combination of conversion techniques to provide figures of their own unique design, figures that are unavailable, or figures that are not covered by regular miniature wargame rules. Sometimes hobbyists are forced to convert their miniatures to stay in line with the rules for their army (e.g., weapon changes or mounting miniatures on steeds).

Some people spend more time converting their miniatures than painting them or playing the actual game, and some hobbyists extensively convert every model in their army so that they can have a unique force. Some hobbyists will convert a model not for their army, but just as a way to clean out their "bits box" and to have fun. This allows the modeler to try out different (but similar) uniforms for different types of soldier, and to possibly show-case them to encourage this specific conversion. Some modelers (Online) will give instructions to converting specific types of figures.

Tools and materials
The most important tool used for conversions is a hobby or craft knife, usually with a sharp and narrow blade, allowing the hobbyist to get the blade into the deepest folds and creases of the miniature.

Modelling putty
There are many choices of putty for sculpting and converting miniature figures, such as Milliput and Greenstuff (Kneadite). Milliput is a two-part modelling epoxy putty, which is considered a good sculpting medium and is used by many professional miniature sculptors. Green stuff is another two-part epoxy putty, with blue and yellow components that turn green when mixed together. Both Milliput and Greenstuff must be allowed several hours to dry (although this can be sped up using a hot lamp).

Milliput is recommended for sculpting the frame of larger miniatures, as it dries hard and can be chiselled away with a knife afterwards if necessary. Greenstuff or 'Kneadatite', the putty sold in Games Workshop stores, is softer and much stickier than Milliput. When fully dry it retains a degree of rubbery flexibility. Although initially much harder to work with, Greenstuff is a superior medium to Milliput for sculpting small miniatures such as 25mm figures, and is widely used by artists in that scale. In addition to sculpting, modelling putty can also be used to cover up any gaps left when using other tools to convert miniatures.

Repositioning and weapon swaps
Repositioning body parts such as the head, arms or torso of a miniature figure is one of the simplest types of conversion. Another simple technique is weapon swapping. Weapons can be taken from sprues or other miniatures and used to replace whatever weapon the converted miniature is holding to create any variety of distinctive commanders.

Conversions can also be used to give miniatures flags, banners or pennants if desired. A banner can be added to a miniature bearing a pike or spear, or a flagstaff can be made from a brass rod, which is quite rigid. In the latter case, any weapon the miniature is holding must be cut away and the fist drilled out to allow it hold the wire pole. The banner itself can be made from paper and painted with PVA glue, which stiffens sufficiently as it dries. The banner is then glued to the pole and painted.

Head swaps
Head swaps are a very easy way for wargamers to create unique miniatures. As the name suggests, the head of one miniature is substituted for that of another. The hobbyist must take considerable care when removing the existing head of the miniature to be converted, both for safety and to ensure the best surface to place the new head upon. Most of the head is clipped off and anything left is filed or shaved away with a sharp craft knife. This ensures a smooth surface onto which the new head can be glued and pinned.

This technique is very useful for wargamers when making multiples of the same character to allow equipment to be chosen more easily to help tailor an army for different situations. Normally the head that is to be kept will be cut (normally sawn) from the body as low as possible to avoid damage, the recipient body will normally be decapitated higher up to preserve the torso. The two pieces will be filed to the right size and glued together, possibly with the help of pins for strength.

Weathering and shaving
Weathering is a widely popular family of conversions that many hobbyists practice. In its simplest form it is adding imperfection to make the model look "used". Common forms of weathering include everything from adding battle damage and creating men in non-standard attire for wargamers and military modellers to adding rust or dirt effects.

Shaving scale armour off some miniatures can also be used to change their appearance significantly. A knife is used to alter carefully the clothing and armour sculpted onto the miniature, or to shave off other features. The surface is then smoothed, and what was once armour can be painted as cloth to complete the conversion. Some items such as belts, bandoliers and straps can be shaven off without much difficulty, in order to achieve a different troop type.

Pinning
Pinning is a technique used when assembling large or heavy model kits, and involves drilling a hole in two pieces of the model to be joined, and using a "pin" to strengthen the bond when they are glued. Pinning is a useful technique for reinforcing joints and is essential when making models from parts that were not designed to go together, such as a miniature conversion.

Sculpting
Some modelers, who are happy to go that far and have the material available, will remove and sculpt certain parts of the figure. This is usually motivated by lack of poses. For example, new arms may be sculpted on to turn an infantryman pose into an artilleryman pose, but a step like this is quite extravagant and most people who need to sculpt to convert will do so with small details such as buttons or chinstraps. Sometimes a figure is converted to improve its historical accuracy.

Bits boxes
Bits boxes are collections of spare bits and pieces of model kits left over from models that have options of multiple parts. The spelling "bitz" has been popularised by Games Workshop in recent years, reflecting Ork speech patterns in the various Games Workshop rulebooks, codices and official novels. Games Workshop also sells "bitz" and component parts separately, enabling enthusiasts to order parts of metal miniatures (shields, crossbows, swords, etc.) to allow less expensive conversions. The sale of bits has also become a significant market for independent online stores.

title: Miniature conversion


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Social choice theory

Social choice theory or social choice is a branch of welfare economics that studies the process of collective decision-making. Social choice incorporates insights from economics, mathematics, and game theory to find the best ways to combine individual opinions, preferences, or beliefs into a single coherent measure of the quality of different outcomes, called a social welfare function. Because of its connections to political philosophy and voting, social choice is often also called voting theory. The field is closely tied to mechanism design, which can be thought of as applying social choice in a game theoretic context.

Whereas decision theory is concerned with individuals making decisions, social choice theory is concerned with groups making rational decisions based on the preferences of individuals. Real-world examples include enacting laws under a constitution or voting, where individual preferences over candidates are collected to elect a person that best represents the group's preferences.

History
The earliest work on social choice theory comes from the writings of the Marquis de Condorcet, who formulated several key results including his jury theorem and his example showing the impossibility of majority rule. His work was prefigured by Ramon Llull's 1299 manuscript Ars Electionis (The Art of Elections), which discussed many of the same concepts, but was lost in the Late Middle Ages and only rediscovered in the early 21st century.

Kenneth Arrow's book Social Choice and Individual Values is often recognized as inaugurating modern social choice theory. Later work also considers approaches to compensation, fair division, variable populations, strategy-proofing of social-choice mechanisms, natural resources, capabilities and functionings approaches, and measures of welfare.

Arrow's impossibility theorem
Arrow's impossibility theorem is a key result showing that social choice functions based only on ordinal comparisons, rather than cardinal utility, will behave incoherently (unless they are dictatorial). Such systems violate independence of irrelevant alternatives, i.e. they suffer from spoiler effects the system can behave erratically in response to changes in the quality or popularity of one of the options.

Condorcet cycles
Condorcet's example demonstrates that democracy cannot be thought of as being the same as simple majority rule or majoritarianism; otherwise, it will be self-contradictory when three or more options are available. Majority rule can create cycles that violate the transitive property: Attempting to use majority rule as a social choice function creates situations where we have A better than B and B better than C, but C is also better than A.

This contrasts with May's theorem, which shows that simple majority is the optimal voting mechanism when there are only two outcomes, and only ordinal preferences are allowed.

Harsanyi's theorem
Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem shows that if individuals have preferences that are well-behaved under uncertainty (i.e. coherent), the only coherent and Pareto efficient social choice function is the utilitarian rule. This lends some support to the viewpoint expressed of John Stuart Mill, who identified democracy with the ideal of maximizing the common good (or utility) of society as a whole, under an equal consideration of interests.

Manipulation theorems
Gibbard's theorem provides limitations on the ability of any voting rule to elicit honest preferences from voters, showing that no voting rule is strategyproof (i.e. does not depend on other voters' preferences) for elections with 3 or more outcomes.

The Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem proves a stronger result for ranked-choice voting systems, showing that no such voting rule can be sincere (i.e. free of reversed preferences).

Mechanism design
The field of mechanism design, a subset of social choice theory, deals with the identification of rules that preserve while incentivizing agents to honestly reveal their preferences. One particularly important result is the revelation principle, which is almost a reversal of Gibbard's theorem: for any given social choice function, there exists a mechanism that obtains the same results but incentivizes participants to be completely honest.

Because mechanism design places stronger assumptions on the behavior of voters or, it is sometimes possible to design mechanisms for social choice that accomplish "impossible" tasks. For example, by allowing agents to compensate each other for losses with transfers, the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves (VCG) mechanism can achieve the "impossible" according to Gibbard's theorem: the mechanism ensures honest behavior from participants, while still achieving a Pareto efficient outcome. As a result, the VCG mechanism can be considered a "better" way to make decisions than voting (though only so long as monetary transfers are possible).

Others
The Campbell-Kelley theorem states that, if the domain of preferences is restricted to those that include a majority-strength Condorcet winner, then selecting that winner is the unique resolvable, neutral, anonymous, and non-manipulable voting rule.

Interpersonal utility comparison
Social choice theory is the study of theoretical and practical methods to aggregate or combine individual preferences into a collective social welfare function. The field generally assumes that individuals have preferences, and it follows that they can be modeled using utility functions, by the VNM theorem. But much of the research in the field assumes that those utility functions are internal to humans, lack a meaningful unit of measure and cannot be compared across different individuals. Whether this type of interpersonal utility comparison is possible or not significantly alters the available mathematical structures for social welfare functions and social choice theory.

In one perspective, following Jeremy Bentham, utilitarians have argued that preferences and utility functions of individuals are interpersonally comparable and may therefore be added together to arrive at a measure of aggregate utility. Utilitarian ethics call for maximizing this aggregate.

In contrast many twentieth century economists, following Lionel Robbins, questioned whether such measures of utility could be measured, or even considered meaningful. Following arguments similar to those espoused by behaviorists in psychology, Robbins argued concepts of utility were unscientific and unfalsifiable. Consider for instance the law of diminishing marginal utility, according to which utility of an added quantity of a good decreases with the amount of the good that is already in possession of the individual. It has been used to defend transfers of wealth from the "rich" to the "poor" on the premise that the former do not derive as much utility as the latter from an extra unit of income. Robbins argued that this notion is beyond positive science; that is, one cannot measure changes in the utility of someone else, nor is it required by positive theory.

Apologists for the interpersonal comparison of utility have argued that Robbins claimed too much. John Harsanyi agreed that perfect comparisons of mental states are not practically possible, but people can still make some comparisons thanks to their similar backgrounds, cultural experiences, and psychologies. Amartya Sen argues that even if interpersonal comparisons of utility are imperfect, we can still say that (despite being positive for Nero) the Great Fire of Rome had a negative overall value. Harsanyi and Sen thus argue that at least partial comparability of utility is possible, and social choice theory should proceed under that assumption.

Relationship to public choice theory
Despite the similar names, "public choice" and "social choice" are two distinct fields, though the two are somewhat related. Public choice deals with the modeling of political systems as they actually exist in the real world, and is primarily limited to positive economics (predicting how politicians and other stakeholders will act). By contrast, social choice is has a much more normative bent and deals with the abstract study of decision procedures and their properties.

The Journal of Economic Literature classification codes place Social Choice under Microeconomics at JEL D71 (with Clubs, Committees, and Associations) whereas Public Choice falls under JEL D72 (Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior).

Empirical research
Since Arrow, social choice theory has been characterized by being predominantly mathematical and theoretical, but some research has aimed at estimating the frequency of various voting paradoxes, such as the Condorcet paradox. A summary of 37 individual studies, covering a total of 265 real-world elections, large and small, found 25 instances of a Condorcet paradox for a total likelihood of 9.4%. While examples of the paradox seem to occur often in small settings like parliaments, very few examples have been found in larger groups (electorates), although some have been identified. However, the frequency of such paradoxes depends heavily on the number of options and other factors.

Rules
Let $$X$$ be a set of possible 'states of the world' or 'alternatives'. Society wishes to choose a single state from $$X$$. For example, in a single-winner election, $$X$$ may represent the set of candidates; in a resource allocation setting, $$X$$ may represent all possible allocations.

Let $$I$$ be a finite set, representing a collection of individuals. For each $$i \in I$$, let $$u_i:X\longrightarrow\mathbb{R}$$ be a utility function, describing the amount of happiness an individual i derives from each possible state.

A social choice rule is a mechanism which uses the data $$(u_i)_{i \in I}$$ to select some element(s) from $$X$$ which are 'best' for society. The question of what 'best' means is a common question in social choice theory. The following rules are most common:
 * Utilitarian rule – sometimes called the max-sum rule or Benthamite welfare – aims to maximize the sum of utilities.
 * Egalitarian rule – sometimes called the max-min rule or Rawlsian welfare – aims to maximize the smallest utility.

Social choice functions
A social choice function, sometimes called a voting system in the context of politics, is a rule that takes an individual's complete and transitive preferences over a set of outcomes and returns a single chosen outcome (or a set of tied outcomes). We can think of this subset as the winners of an election, and compare different social choice functions based on which axioms or mathematical properties they fulfill.

Arrow's impossibility theorem is what often comes to mind when one thinks about impossibility theorems in voting. There are several famous theorems concerning social choice functions. The Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem implies that all non-dictatorial voting rules that are resolute (always returns a single winner no matter what the ballots are) and non-imposed (every alternative could be chosen) with at least three alternatives (candidates) is manipulable. That is, a voter can cast a ballot that misrepresents their preferences to obtain a result that is more favorable to them under their sincere preferences. May's theorem states that when there are only two candidates and only rankings are permitted, the simple majority vote is the unique neutral, anonymous, and positively responsive voting rule.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Social choice theory


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Category:Irish photographers

This category lists photographers who originated from Ireland or spent a notable part of their careers in Ireland.

title: Category:Irish photographers


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Talk:Henri Schwery

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Edofedinburgh 00:19, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

why should this man be chosen as the new pope?

title: Talk:Henri Schwery


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Rick Steiner

Robert Rechsteiner (born March 9, 1961) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Rick Steiner.

Steiner is best known for his tenure with World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where he was an eight time World Tag Team Champion (seven times with his brother Scott as half of the Steiner Brothers, and once with Kenny Kaos). In addition to tag team success, he was also a one time United States Heavyweight Champion and a three time World Television Champion. Beyond WCW, Steiner found success in New Japan Pro-Wrestling, where he and Scott held the IWGP Tag Team Championship twice, and the World Wrestling Federation, where they won the World Tag Team Championship twice.

Early life
Steiner was a collegiate wrestling standout at the University of Michigan, where he placed second at the Big Ten Championships in 1983 for the Wolverines, became an NCAA qualifier, and established the fastest pin record in the school's history at 15 seconds. At the 1983 NCAA tournament, Steiner wrestled against three-time All-American and future National Champion Tab Thacker of North Carolina State. After earning his bachelor's degree in education, he was introduced to professional wrestling by George "The Animal" Steele and entered pro wrestling immediately out of college.

Early career (1983-1988)
He initially wrestled under the name Rob Rechsteiner before he took on the simpler ring name Rick Steiner. He spent time in the American Wrestling Association, Montreal promotion International Wrestling, and the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF). While in the UWF he formed a tag team with Sting, winning the UWF World Tag Team Championship in 1987. Also in 1987 he wrestled for New Japan Pro-Wrestling. The UWF was bought out by Jim Crockett Jr. in 1988, acquiring much of its roster (including Steiner), for his National Wrestling Alliance territory, Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP).

Jim Crockett Promotions/World Championship Wrestling (1988–1992)
Steiner was a charter member of the faction known as The Varsity Club along with Mike Rotunda and their manager Kevin Sullivan, with the long-term angle being that Rotunda was favored by Sullivan and both of them looked at Steiner as their dull-witted underling. It also started a slow fan favorite turn for Steiner, as he began breaking rules less often and was portrayed as a dim but good-hearted guy who was a villain by association only. Steiner and Rotunda were given a spot at the second ever Clash of the Champions, which took place in Miami on June 8, 1988. The duo faced Jimmy Garvin and Ronnie Garvin in a losing effort. Eventually, this would lead to a breakup and Steiner subsequently became a fan favorite before winning the Television Championship from Rotunda at Starrcade.

In early 1989, his brother Scott began accompanying him to the ring and eventually, the two formed a tag team. They proved they were a serious tag team by defeating the Freebirds for the World Tag Team Championship in November 1989. The pair continued to dominate in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) (as JCP came to be known following its sale to Turner Broadcasting System), winning multiple championships and making occasional trips to New Japan Pro-Wrestling.

World Wrestling Federation (1992–1994)
The two jumped to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), WCW's biggest competitor, in December 1992 after then WCW Executive Vice President Bill Watts lowballed them on a contract extension and then gave them the option for an early release from their present contracts. They found success there as well, winning the WWF World Tag Team Championship from Money Inc. (Ted DiBiase and Irwin R. Schyster) on two occasions.

The Steiners left the WWF in 1994, with Rick stating that he felt that Vince McMahon was not following through with promises made to the team.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1995)
After leaving the WWF, Steiner debuted in Extreme Championship Wrestling in April 1995 at Three Way Dance, substituting for Sabu in the main event.

The Steiner Brothers reunited in ECW on July 28, 1995, defeating Dudley Dudley and Vampire Warrior. A few days later on August 4, they defeated Dudley Dudley and 2 Cold Scorpio. The following day, the Steiner Brothers made their debut in the ECW Arena at Wrestlepalooza, where they teamed with Eddie Guerrero in a loss to Scorpio, Dean Malenko, and Cactus Jack. On August 25, they defeated Scorpio and Malenko and then Scorpio and Chris Benoit the following evening. On August 28, they defeated Dudley Dudley and Dances with Dudley.

At Gangstas' Paradise on September 16, 1995, they teamed with Taz in a loss to The Eliminators (John Kronus and Perry Saturn) and Jason. On September 23, they defeated Raven and Stevie Richards. Rick made his final ECW appearance on October 28, teaming with Taz in a loss to The Eliminators in a tag team match.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (1991–1997, 2000)
Steiner made his return to New Japan Pro-Wrestling in 1991 with Scott. They won the IWGP Tag Team Championship two times. In 1995, the Steiners wrestled for NJPW full-time until going to WCW in March 1996. Rick returned later that year while under contract with WCW with Keiji Muto as a tag team. On May 3, 1997, he teamed with Scott and Muto as they lost to Masahiro Chono and The Outsiders, Kevin Nash and Scott Hall.

Return to WCW (1996–2001)
On the March 11, 1996 episode of Nitro, the Steiner Brothers redebuted in World Championship Wrestling in a losing effort to The Road Warriors. The following week on Nitro, the Steiners picked up their first win since returning after they defeated The Public Enemy. After briefly feuding with both the Warriors and Public Enemy, the Steiners began feuding with the World Tag Team Champions Harlem Heat. On July 24 at a house show, the Steiner Brothers defeated Harlem Heat to win the World Tag Team Championship, although they re-lost the title to Harlem Heat three days later. The Steiner Brothers then reclaimed the title after defeating The Outsiders on January 25, 1997, at Souled Out. Only two days later, they were stripped of the title by Eric Bischoff. Rick then faced Kevin Nash for the title at Spring Stampede on April 6 due to Scott Hall not appearing, but was unable to win the title back.

In a shocking move during the August 4, 1997 episode of Nitro, the Steiner Brothers introduced Ted DiBiase as their new manager (DiBiase was no longer a member of the nWo and had not been seen on TV since April). After starting a winning streak, the Steiner Brothers defeated the Outsiders in a rematch for the World Tag Team Title on August 9 at Road Wild, but due to winning via disqualification, they did not win the title. On the October 13 episode of Nitro, the Steiner Brothers finally reclaimed the World Tag Team Title after defeating Hall and his substitute tag team partner Syxx. On the October 27 episode of Nitro, the Steiners successfully retained the title in their first defense against The Public Enemy. After several successful title defenses, they re-lost the title to the Outsiders on the January 12, 1998 episode of Nitro. Nearly a month later, they defeated the Outsiders for the championship on the February 9 episode of Nitro.

During a title defense against the Outsiders during SuperBrawl VIII on February 22, the Steiner Brothers disbanded when Scott turned on Rick and DiBiase, becoming a villain in the process by allowing the Outsiders to pin Rick and win the World Tag Team Championship. Scott subsequently joined the New World Order (nWo) faction and began feuding with Rick, whilst also trying to get him to join. In addition to Scott, Rick also began feuding with various members of the nWo, facing them in either singles matches or teaming with Lex Luger on occasion in tag team matches over the following months, and DiBiase remained in Rick's corner during this stretch. Rick took several months off soon after this due to shoulder surgery caused by an ambush attack from Scott and Brian Adams during the May 4 episode of Nitro.

Scott would talk trash about Rick for months until Rick finally healed and was ready to return for revenge. Upon returning from his injury, Rick was no longer accompanied by DiBiase (Rick made his return to TV during the August 3 episode of Nitro). Rick and Scott were then scheduled for a long-anticipated match at Road Wild, but the match didn't happen after Scott and Bagwell came out to claim to J. J. Dillon that Scott couldn't compete "due to injury". Then, after wrestling to a "no contest" against Scott at Fall Brawl on September 13, Rick teamed up with Scott's "former" ally Buff Bagwell to defeat Scott (who was a substitute for Scott Hall) and The Giant for the World Tag Team Championship at Halloween Havoc on October 25 despite Bagwell turning on Rick during the match. Immediately after the tag team match, Rick defeated Scott in a singles match (which included overcoming an ambush attack from Bagwell and Stevie Ray.

The next night on Nitro, Steiner nominated Kenny Kaos as his new tag team partner to hold the World Tag Team Championship with due to Bagwell turning against him after winning the title at Halloween Havoc the previous night. Later on in the night, Steiner and Kaos successfully retained their title against nWo members The Giant and Stevie Ray. At World War 3 on November 22, Steiner was attacked backstage by nWo Hollywood, who injured his right shoulder. Despite the attack, Rick still made his way to the ring for his scheduled match against Scott, but he clearly wasn't healthy enough to wrestle which led to the match ending in a "no contest" (Rick was further attacked by Scott and Bagwell in the ring before Goldberg ran in to make the save). This would be Steiner's last TV appearance for several months. On January 7, 1999, the titles were vacated, with a Tag Team Title tournament beginning that evening on Thunder.

On the March 1, 1999 episode of Nitro, he made his televised return as he and Goldberg defeated Scott and Bagwell. After winning several matches, Steiner became a villain and lost to Booker T in a match for Booker's World Television Championship on the April 12 episode of Nitro. On May 9 at Slamboree, Steiner defeated Booker in a rematch to win the World Television Title. After becoming a villain, Rick reunited with Scott on a few occasions and began feuding with Sting, culminating with a successful title defense at The Great American Bash on June 13. After four months as champion, he lost the title to Chris Benoit on the September 13 episode of Nitro, before reclaiming it a little over a month later at Halloween Havoc on October 24. At Mayhem, Scott Hall defeated Booker T to retain his United States Heavyweight Championship as well as win Steiner's World Television Championship, which he had to vacate due to being injured.

On December 19 at Starrcade, Steiner reformed the Varsity Club with Mike Rotunda and Kevin Sullivan to wrestle an eight-man tag team match with Jim Duggan against the Revolution, whom Duggan had been feuding with. However, the Club turned against Duggan, allowing him to be pinned. After Starrcade, Sullivan left the club as Steiner and Rotunda wrestled as a tag team throughout the rest of 1999 and into March 2000.

After taking a hiatus in late August, Rick returned on the January 15, 2001 episode of Nitro as he helped Kevin Nash fend off Scott after a World Heavyweight Championship match, turning Rick into a fan favorite again. Two days later on Thunder, he made his in-ring return with a victory over Kwee Wee. On the February 5 episode of Nitro, Steiner defeated Shane Douglas to win the United States Heavyweight Championship. Later that night, he teamed with Nash to face Scott in a handicap match, but turned on Nash and allowed Scott to pick up the victory, thus turning into a villain once more and also joining Scott's group the Magnificent Seven. After winning the U.S. Heavyweight Title, Steiner began a brief feud with Dustin Rhodes over the title, which culminated at SuperBrawl Revenge with Steiner being victorious in a title match. On March 18 at WCW's final pay-per-view, Greed, Steiner lost the U.S. Heavyweight Title to Booker T. On the final episode of Thunder on March 21, Steiner wrestled his final match for WCW in a losing effort to Hugh Morrus. WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation only days later and Steiner's contract was not picked up. Rick would not wrestle for a year.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Noah (2002–2005, 2008)
Following WCW's closure, Steiner returned to the ring in February 2002; returning to New Japan Pro-Wrestling. He continued to wrestle in local venues and made several appearances, with fellow former WCW superstar Buff Bagwell, around the southeast United States and the independent circuit. In May 2002 Rick reunited with Scott, since the closing of WCW, and defeated Hiroshi Tanahashi and Kensuke Sasaki which was refereed by Chyna. In 2002, he also made an appearance in All Japan Pro Wrestling losing to Bill Goldberg. In 2003, he teamed with Scott Norton in New Japan.

Rick worked for Pro Wrestling Noah from 2004 to 2005.

On January 4, 2008, the Steiners lost to Giant Bernard and Travis Tomko for New Japan at the Tokyo Dome.

Reunions (2005–2006)
The brothers reunited for the Wrestling Fan Xperince in Winnipeg, Manitoba to defeat Buff Bagwell and G-Man on December 6, 2005. On June 2, 2006, Steiner Brothers (Rick Steiner & Scott Steiner) defeated Elvis Elliot & Original Sinn (Sinn Bodhi) at a UCW wrestling show at Bay City Western High School in Auburn, Michigan entitled "Steiner Brothers Return Home." They went to United Wrestling Federation in Wilson, North Carolina to defeat the team of Matt Bentley and Frankie Kazarian. They also defeated Team 3D the next night in Wilmington, North Carolina. On December 9, 2006, the Steiners won the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2002–2003, 2006–2008)
He then debuted for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling during the promotion's debut show on June 19, 2002, where he participated in the 20-Man Gauntlet for the Gold match to determine a winner for the vacant NWA World Heavyweight Championship, which was ultimately won by Ken Shamrock. Steiner made a one-night return to TNA in October 2003, brawling with Jeff Jarrett. On the May 4, 2006 episode of Impact!, he returned as a possible partner for Sting at the pay-per-view Sacrifice. He made a second appearance on May 11 in a similar role.

In 2007, Rick and Scott reunited at Sacrifice after Scott and Tomko lost a World Tag Team Championship match, leading to the Steiners attacking Tomko. On the episode of Impact! following Sacrifice, the Steiners busted down the door to Jim Cornette's office and asked for Cornette to have Team 3D meet them in the ring the next week for an opportunity at the World Tag Team Title. However, the match never transpired due to Scott needing emergency surgery after damaging his trachea during a match in Puerto Rico. Scott was then replaced by Road Warrior Animal at Slammiversary, where Rick and Animal lost to Team 3D for the World Tag Team Title.

At Victory Road, he interfered in the Match of Champions by attacking the referee during Brother Devon's pinfall attempt on Kurt Angle. A month later at Hard Justice, Scott returned to the ring following his recovery and the reunited Steiners defeated Team 3D, beginning a feud with Team 3D. In retaliation to their loss, Team 3D attacked the Steiners, ending with Rick being powerbombed through a table.

The Steiners returned to TNA in late September to challenge Team 3D in a two out of three falls tables match at Bound for Glory. Team 3D won the first fall after performing the 3D on Rick through a table. However, Brother Ray would take the first loss for his team after Scott performed the frankensteiner on him through a table. The deciding fall came when Scott lifted Ray on his shoulders and Rick performed his signature diving bulldog on Ray through a table, securing the win for the Steiners. On January 29, 2008, Rick Steiner was released due to budget cuts, splitting up the brothers once again.

Independent circuit and sporadic appearances (2008–present)
After being released from TNA, Rick would continue to go on his own. On August 9, 2008, he lost to Bobby Eaton at Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling. In 2009, Rick continued teaming with Scott. Rick wrestled for Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling from 2010 to 2011. On May 31, 2013, the Steiner Brothers won the Preston City Wrestling Tag Team Championships before losing it the following day. On June 23, the Steiner Brothers defeated Eddie Kingston and Homicide at the House of Hardcore 2 event.

On November 5, 2016, Rick lost to GNW Canadian Heavyweight Champion Devon Nicholson for Great North Wrestling in Hawkesbury, Ontario. He made a return to Japan on September 19, 2019, for Tokyo Championship Wrestling teaming with Kazushi Miyamoto defeating Elliot Russell and Sigmon.

Return to WWE (2022)
At NXT New Year's Evil, Rick appeared in the now renamed WWE in what is his first appearance since 1994, celebrated his son, Bron Breakker's first NXT Championship win over Tommaso Ciampa. Rick and Scott Steiner were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame on April 1, 2022. A few days later, at the end of the April 5 episode of NXT after Breakker retained the title, Rick was kidnapped by Joe Gacy and Harland, locked up and tied inside a cage.

Personal life
Steiner has three sons: Hudson, Maveric, and Bronson. In 2020, Bronson signed with the National Football League's Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted rookie. In 2021, Bronson was signed to a professional wrestling contract by WWE and currently performs on the WWE Raw brand under the name Bron Breakker.

In mid-2004, Steiner began selling real estate. He is currently with Rick Steiner and Associates at Atlanta Communities Real Estate Brokerage in the North Metro Atlanta area.

He is also a school board member of the Cherokee County School District. He was disqualified from entering the Republican primary for the 2006 term, due to using the Steiner name rather than his legal name. Steiner could have run for re-election had he presented a petition calling for this with 4,500 signatures; however, he was unable to do so. Consequently, Steiner ran unopposed as a write-in candidate in November 2006 and won.

Championships and accomplishments

 * George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2014
 * Jim Crockett Promotions/World Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA/WCW World Television Championship (3 times)
 * WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA/WCW United States Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Eddie Gilbert (1) and Scott Steiner (1)
 * NWA/WCW World Tag Team Championships (8 times) – with Scott Steiner (7) and Kenny Kaos/Judy Bagwell (1)
 * Pat O'Connor Memorial Tag Team Tournament (1990) – with Scott Steiner
 * Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Terry Taylor (1) and Scott Steiner (1)
 * New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 * IWGP Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Scott Steiner
 * Preston City Wrestling
 * PCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Scott Steiner
 * Pro Wrestling America
 * PWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Scott Steiner
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI Match of the Year (1991) with Scott Steiner vs. Lex Luger and Sting at SuperBrawl I
 * PWI Tag Team of the Year (1990, 1993) with Scott Steiner
 * PWI ranked him #2 of the Top 100 Tag Teams of the "PWI Years" with Scott Steiner in 2003
 * PWI ranked him #10 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991
 * PWI ranked him #88 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * Pro Wrestling This Week
 * Wrestler of the Week (May 2, 1987) with Sting
 * Pure Action Championship Wrestling
 * PACW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Scott Steiner
 * Southern Championship Wrestling
 * SCW Championship (1 time)
 * United Wrestling Federation
 * Rock 'n' Roll Express Tag Team Tournament - with Scott Steiner (2007)
 * Universal Wrestling Federation
 * UWF World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Sting
 * World League Wrestling
 * WLW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * World Pro Wrestling
 * WPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * World Wrestling Federation/WWE
 * WWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Scott Steiner
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2022) - as a member of The Steiner Brothers
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Tag Team of the Year (1990) with Scott Steiner
 * Most Improved (1986)
 * Best Gimmick (1988)
 * Match of the Year (1991) with Scott Steiner vs. Hiroshi Hase and Kensuke Sasaki at WCW/New Japan Supershow

 * Notes:

title: Rick Steiner


text:
Jamaica at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Jamaica competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

Athletics

 * Key
 * Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
 * Q = Qualified for the next round by position in race or, in field events, by achieving the automatic qualification target
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target

 * Men
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined events – Decathlon

 * Women
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

Swimming

 * Women

Qualifiers for the latter rounds (Q) of all events were decided on a time only basis, therefore positions shown are overall results versus competitors in all heats.

* – Indicates athlete swam in the preliminaries but not in the final race.

title: Jamaica at the 2000 Summer Olympics


text:
User:Ipramono

= University of Washington Human Powered Submarine Electronic Team =

All of the information about the specs for our devices is located in: http://students.washington.edu/jtpram/me499/

Some Good Information
Oscillator set-up information The summary of sensors specs PIC to PC Allen: We wanna have a test program for the pic so we can know if the PCB is bad or not.

RPM Counter (note): Must have all zeros on counter set to zero with same R value. (If you don't get this, email me:     stevvooe@msn.com)

SRAM type: BENCHMARQ bq4011YMA-70 0227-C 272001W

Oscillator Solution: - Change the Crystal Oscillator with DIP Oscillator - Thanks to David Burnett

RS232 Solution: - Setup the wiring cable manually instead of using manufacturer's cable.

Oscillator solution: - Feed 5V into the brown wire (Uref) - Connect ground of oscillator into the same ground of the PIC chip - Thanks to Prof. Bruce Hemingway

Things To Do
- Oscillator implementation (Indra/Allen/Patrick/Khoi/Stephen) Done - A/D Converter (Indra/Allen/Patrick/Khoi/Stephen) Done - PCB final design (Indra/Allen/Patrick/Khoi/Stephen) - Store RAM (Indra/Allen/Patrick/Khoi/Stephen) - Read RAM -> PC (Indra/Allen/Patrick/Khoi/Stephen) - Safety Device (Daniel Miki)

Personel Contact
In Active: - Allen Wilson - Eletronic/PIC development - kasoinky@gmail.com - Steve Hayman - Eletronic Box - haymansr@u.washington.edu - Brian R Robinson - Eletronic Box - btr9@u.washington.edu - Daniel M Santosa - Devices Safety - dsanto@cs.washington.edu - Indraputra Pramono - Team Leader - pramono@cs.washington.edu

Volunteer: - Patrick Tague - Khoi N Phung - phungk@u.washington.edu - Stephen Day - stevvooe@msn.com - Vivien Wan - wan.vivien@gmail.com - Daniel Shin - seattle78@gmail.com - Maya Prawirodidjojo - maya_p@cs.washington.edu Former personel: - David Burnett - db@ee.washington.edu - Dereck Martin - dereckm@ee.washington.edu - Ted Tsui - ttsui@u.washington.edu - Kyung Sang Kim - kykimice@u.washington.edu - Arifin Ahmad Putka - arifin@cs.washington.edu

title: User:Ipramono


text:
Talk:Rick Steiner

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title: Talk:Rick Steiner


text:
Warehouse management system

A warehouse management system (WMS) is a set of policies and processes intended to organise the work of a warehouse or distribution centre, and ensure that such a facility can operate efficiently and meet its objectives.

In the 20th century the term 'warehouse management information system' was often used to distinguish software that fulfils this function from theoretical systems. Some smaller facilities may use spreadsheets or physical media like pen and paper to document their processes and activities, and this too can be considered a WMS. However, in contemporary usage, the term overwhelmingly refers to computer systems.

The core function of a warehouse management system is to record the arrival and departure of inventory. From that starting point, features are added like recording the precise location of stock within the warehouse, optimising the use of available space, or coordinating tasks for maximum efficiency.

There are 5 factors, that make it worth establishing or renewing a company’s WMS. A successful implementation of the new WMS will lead to many benefits, that will consequently help the company grow and gain loyal customers. Number one, helping not only logistics service providers but also their customers to plan the resources and inventory accordingly, is real-time inventory management. Furthermore, when a company screens/scans a product for every movement in the facility, the location of products, inventory control and other activities are clear and the possibility of mishandling any inventories declined greatly. The third factor that emphasizes the importance of WMS systems is faster product delivery, which is very valued in today’s fast-paced world with a highly competitive environment. The benefits of advanced WMS systems are not only seen when a company needs to send products to its customers/partners but when dealing with returns as well. Managing and taking care of customers’ returns becomes much easier and more effective if the company is able to monitor and track the returned inventory. Lastly, a successful WMS implementation will help the company to perform all their operations seamlessly and thus lead to improved overall customer satisfaction.

Levels of complexity
More complex warehouse management systems tend to include specialised features designed for specific industries or types of facility, while legacy enterprise software vendors aim to offer as many of these features as possible in a ‘one-size-fits-all’ solution, which may be available as modules.

Academic research has made use of an approximate classification system based on 3 levels of complexity:

 * 1) Typical features of a Warehouse Management System.png basic WMS supports inventory management and location control. The performance data that can be produced at this level is generally limited to ‘throughput’, i.e.: how much stock moves through the warehouse in a given period of time. A basic WMS is almost indistinguishable from a basic Inventory Management System.
 * 2) An advanced WMS can analyse capacity and stock levels, and perhaps track how much time and labour is spent on different activities. This allows it to generate data that measures efficiency and suggest ways to improve it. Outside of East Asia, Most WMS's in use today fall into this category. At this level, the duties of the WMS may begin to overlap with or supersede those of a Warehouse Control System or Warehouse Execution System.
 * 3) A controlled WMS can exchange data with other systems, in order to take into account information from outside the warehouse (e.g.: manufacturing needs, customer orders, transportation) when planning activities, and vice versa. It may control or obtain feedback from automation or IoT devices, in facilities that have them. It may also continuously simulate or test strategies for improving operations, perhaps using machine learning. The most complex WMS's are almost indistinguishable from the most complex WES's.

Types of installation and licensing
WMS software has historically been offered through a perpetual licence, giving organisations the permanent right to install it on their own on-premise servers, typically alongside a fixed period of updates and technical support which may be renewed at additional cost.

As with many types of enterprise software, this provision model is gradually being replaced by hosted subscription services. Legacy enterprise software vendors typically offer both models, but incentivise their customers to move to the cloud.

A WMS may be a standalone product, or can be a module or category of modules within a larger Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, Shipping or Inventory Management Software, or Supply Chain Management System (SCMS).

Installation type does not affect the level of functionality that may be achieved by a WMS, so long as sufficient computing power is provisioned and data is successfully synchronised with other systems.

Comparison with other software packages
Inventory Management Software is used in many industries, such as manufacturing, retail and hospitality. Like warehouse management systems, its foundational feature is tracking stock levels of different materials. These two types of software begin to differ at more advanced levels. For example, a service business with a relatively simple ‘warehouse’ or storeroom is more likely to require features that analyse the cost of materials it consumes, or the optimal moment to purchase additional stock, rather than complex WMS features that focus on efficient movement of material within the warehouse itself.

Many Enterprise Resource Planning systems include a warehouse management module or set of modules. The core logic of an ERP system is transactional in nature; its purpose is to connect operational and commercial data to accounting and financial decision-making. As a result, its warehouse modules tend to focus on the metrics that are immediately and obviously relevant from a financial point of view, and tend to lack the sophistication of advanced WMS's.

Integrated Supply Chain Management software packages tend to bring together warehouse management with transportation management and additional functionality. Unlike ERP systems, these systems usually focus on operational needs. However, like ERP systems they tend to lack the depth and configurability of a specialised WMS.

The terms Warehouse Control and Warehouse Execution systems are sometimes used interchangeably with each other and with warehouse management systems. However, a WCS traditionally manages motorised equipment such as conveyor belts, as may be found in facilities handling high-volume, low-variety materials. As automation equipment has grown more sophisticated, it has been employed in more complex facilities, giving rise to WES nomenclature for systems that integrate advanced controls and WMS capabilities. As more features are added to each side, the distinction between a high-end WES and WMS blurs.

Yard Management Software is generally aimed at large facilities and organisations that manage their own transport fleet. It can be a standalone system, or a module of a WMS or SCMS. In terms of functionality, a YMS may track an inventory of vehicles, parking spaces and resources, coordinate the movement of full and empty trailers, or manage appointments in order to better predict workload.

Dock Scheduling may be available as a component of a YMS, SCMS or WMS, but usually with a low level of sophistication. Standalone dock scheduling software more frequently includes features that acquire data about incoming loads in advance, or restrict carriers to specific time slots or durations.

Market
According to a report by Grand View Research, “The global warehouse management system market size is expected to grow from US$2.8 billion in 2021 to $6.1 billion by 2026, at a compound annual growth rate of 16.7%.”

The authors of Warehouse Science note that “there are over 300 WMS vendors in the US alone. The largest companies hold less than 20% of the market.”

Limitations
Edward Frazelle, the founding director of Georgia Tech Supply Chain and Logistics Institute, argues that while the demands on warehouses are increasing in an increasingly competitive global marketplace, “warehouses today have... less warehouse management system capability (a by-product of Y2K investments in enterprise resource planning systems)”

Researchers from the Business School at Erasmus University Rotterdam in the Netherlands have pointed out that “a standard WMS remains largely making compromises between the way a warehouse wants to work and the way the system allows the warehouse to work. In certain environments, such compromises might seriously degrade warehouse performance.”

Many researchers and analysts have pointed out that receiving operations, which account for about 17% of warehouse operating costs, are a particular area where contemporary warehouse management systems tend to fall short, particularly insofar as pre-scheduling and communications with external carriers, customers and suppliers represents a bottleneck.

Software vendors have suggested that “In cases where moving away from a legacy WMS is not possible, its shortcomings can still be addressed by smart integrations, earning the warehouse breathing room in the medium-term.”

title: Warehouse management system


text: User talk:24.92.166.131

title: User talk:24.92.166.131


text:
Computer Misuse Act 1990

The Computer Misuse Act 1990 (c. 18) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, introduced partly in response to the decision in R v Gold & Schifreen (1988) 1 AC 1063. Critics of the bill complained that it was introduced hastily, was poorly thought out, and that intention was often difficult to prove, with the bill inadequately differentiating "joyriding" hackers like Gold and Schifreen from serious computer criminals. The Act has nonetheless become a model from which several other countries, including Canada and the Republic of Ireland, have drawn inspiration when subsequently drafting their own information security laws, as it is seen "as a robust and flexible piece of legislation in terms of dealing with cybercrime". Several amendments have been passed to keep the Act up to date.

R v Gold & Schifreen
Robert Schifreen and Stephen Gold, using conventional home computers and modems in late 1984 and early 1985, gained unauthorised access to British Telecom's Prestel interactive viewdata service. While at a trade show, Schifreen, by doing what latterly became known as shoulder surfing, had observed the password of a Prestel engineer. The engineer's username was 22222222 and the password used was 1234. This later gave rise to accusations that British Telecom (BT) had not taken security seriously. Armed with this information, the pair explored the system, even gaining access to the personal message box of Prince Philip.

Prestel installed monitors on the suspect accounts and passed information thus obtained to the police. The pair were charged under section 1 of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 with defrauding BT by manufacturing a "false instrument", namely the internal condition of BT's equipment after it had processed Gold's eavesdropped password. Tried at Southwark Crown Court, they were convicted on specimen charges (five against Schifreen, four against Gold) and fined, respectively, £750 and £600.

Although the fines imposed were modest, they elected to appeal to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. Their counsel cited the lack of evidence showing the two had attempted to obtain material gain from their exploits, and claimed that the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act had been misapplied to their conduct. They were acquitted by the Lord Justice Lane, but the prosecution appealed to the House of Lords. In 1988, the Lords upheld the acquittal. Lord Justice Brandon said:

"We have accordingly come to the conclusion that the language of the Act was not intended to apply to the situation which was shown to exist in this case. The submissions at the close of the prosecution case should have succeeded. It is a conclusion which we reach without regret. The Procrustean attempt to force these facts into the language of an Act not designed to fit them produced grave difficulties for both judge and jury which we would not wish to see repeated. The appellants' conduct amounted in essence, as already stated, to dishonestly gaining access to the relevant Prestel data bank by a trick. That is not a criminal offence. If it is thought desirable to make it so, that is a matter for the legislature rather than the courts."

The Law Lords' ruling led many legal scholars to believe that hacking was not unlawful as the law then stood. The English Law Commission and its counterpart in Scotland both considered the matter. The Scottish Law Commission concluded that intrusion was adequately covered in Scotland under the common law related to deception, but the English Law Commission believed a new law was necessary.

Since the case, both defendants have written extensively about IT matters. Gold, who detailed the entire case at some length in The Hacker's Handbook, has presented at conferences alongside the arresting officers in the case.

The Computer Misuse Act
Based on the ELC's recommendations, a private member's bill was introduced by Conservative MP Michael Colvin. The bill, supported by the government, came into effect in 1990. Sections 1-3 of the Act introduced three criminal offences:

 * 1) unauthorised access to computer material, punishable by twelve months' imprisonment (or six months in Scotland) and/or a fine "not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale" (since 2015, unlimited);
 * 2) unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences, punishable by twelve months/maximum fine (or six months in Scotland) on summary conviction and/or five years/fine on indictment;
 * 3) unauthorised modification of computer material, punishable by twelve months/maximum fine (or six months in Scotland) on summary conviction and/or ten years/fine on indictment;

(For other offences see § The amendments below)

The sections 2 and 3 offences are intended to deter the more serious criminals from using a computer to assist in the commission of a criminal offence or from impairing or hindering access to data stored in a computer. The basic section 1 offence is to attempt or achieve access to a computer or the data it stores, by inducing a computer to perform any function with intent to secure access. Hackers who program their computers to search through password permutations are therefore liable, even if their attempts to log on are rejected by the target computer. The only precondition to liability is that the hacker should be aware that the access attempted is unauthorised. Thus, using another person's username or identifier (ID) and password without proper authority to access data or a program, or to alter, delete, copy or move a program or data, or simply to output a program or data to a screen or printer, or to impersonate that other person using e-mail, online chat, web or other services, constitute the offence. Even if the initial access is authorised, subsequent exploration, if there is a hierarchy of privileges in the system, may lead to entry to parts of the system for which the requisite privileges are lacking and the offence will be committed. Looking over a user's shoulder or using sophisticated electronic equipment to monitor the electromagnetic radiation emitted by VDUs ("electronic eavesdropping") is outside the scope of this offence.

The §§2–3 offences are aggravated offences, requiring a specific intent to commit another offence (for these purposes, the other offences are to be arrestable, and so include all the major common law and statutory offences of fraud and dishonesty). So a hacker who obtains access to a system intending to transfer money or shares, intends to commit theft, or to obtain confidential information for blackmail or extortion. Thus, the §1 offence is committed as soon as the unauthorised access is attempted, and the §2 offence overtakes liability as soon as specific access is made for the criminal purpose. The §3 offence is specifically aimed at those who write and circulate a computer virus or worm, whether on a LAN or across networks. Similarly, using phishing techniques or a Trojan horse to obtain identity data or to acquire any other data from an unauthorised source, or modifying the operating system files or some aspect of the computer's functions to interfere with its operation or prevent access to any data, including the destruction of files, or deliberately generating code to cause a complete system malfunction, are all criminal "modifications". In 2004, John Thornley pleaded guilty to four offences under §3, having mounted an attack on a rival site, and introduced a Trojan horse to bring it down on several occasions, but it was recognized that the wording of the offence needed to be clarified to confirm that all forms of denial of service attack are included.

Implications for industry practices
Although the Act ostensibly targets those who wish to gain unauthorised access to computer systems for various purposes, its implications on previously relatively widespread or well-known industry practices such as the "time-locking" of software have been described in various computing industry publications. Time-locking is the practice of disabling functionality or whole programs in order to ensure that software, potentially delivered on condition of further payment, will "expire" and thus no longer function. In one featured case, a "developer of bespoke systems in the Midlands" activated a time lock on a piece of software over a dispute with a client about an unpaid bill. The client reported this to the police who charged the programmer under Section 3 of the Act, with the outcome being a conviction by a magistrates court, with a conditional discharge given by the magistrate meaning that no punishment was applied on condition that the programmer did not re-offend.

Latest situation
Schedule 1 Part II of the Criminal Justice (Terrorism and Conspiracy) Act 1998 ('Conspiracy') amended Section 8 (relevance of external law), Section 9(2)(b) (British citizenship immaterial: conspiracy) and Section 16 (application to Northern Ireland).

In 2004, the All-Party Internet Group published its review of the law and highlighted areas for development. Their recommendations led to the drafting of the Computer Misuse Act 1990 (Amendment) Bill which sought to amend the CMA to comply with the European Convention on Cyber Crime. Under its terms, the maximum sentence of imprisonment for breaching the Act changed from six months to two years. It also sought to explicitly criminalise denial-of-service attacks and other crimes facilitated by denial-of-service. The Bill did not receive Royal Assent because Parliament was prorogued.

Sections 35 to 38 of the Police and Justice Act 2006 contain amendments to the Computer Misuse Act 1990.

Section 37 ("Making, supplying or obtaining articles for use in computer misuse offences") inserts a new section 3A into the 1990 Act and has drawn considerable criticism from IT professionals, as many of their tools can be used by criminals in addition to their legitimate purposes, and thus fall under section 3A.

After the News International phone hacking scandal in 2011, there were discussions about amending the law to define "smart" phones (i.e. those with Internet browsers and other connectivity features) as computers under the Act. Such an amendment might also introduce a new offence of "making information available with intent", i.e. publicly disclosing a password for someone's phone or computer so that others can access it illegally.

In 2015, the Act was further amended by Part 2 sections 41 to 44 (plus others) of the Serious Crime Act 2015.

The amendments
The amendments to the Computer Misuse Act 1990 by Part 5 of the Police and Justice Act 2006 are

 * Section 35. Unauthorised access to computer material, punishable by up to two years in prison or a fine or both.
 * Section 36. Unauthorised acts with intent to impair operation of computer, etc. punishable by up to ten years in prison or a fine or both.
 * Section 37. Making, supplying or obtaining articles for use in computer misuse offences, punishable by up to two years in prison or a fine or both.
 * Section 38. Transitional and saving provision.

The amendments to the Computer Misuse Act 1990 by Part 2 of the Serious Crime Act 2015. are

 * Section 41 (new Section 3ZA of the Computer Misuse Act 1990). Unauthorised acts causing, or creating risk of, serious damage – punishable by up to 14 years in prison or a fine or both, possible life imprisonment where human welfare or national security were endangered.
 * Section 42. Obtaining articles for purposes relating to computer misuse – amendments to Section 3A.
 * Section 43. Territorial scope of computer misuse - amendments to Sections 4, 5 and 10 making the primary territorial scope the United Kingdom but can be worldwide especially if the perpetrator (or conspirators) is British and broke local law.
 * Section 44. Savings – covers seizure and enactment amendments to Sections 10 and 16.
 * Section 47. Serious Crime Prevention Orders: meaning of "Serious Offence" - adds Computer Misuse to list of serious crimes in the Serious Crime Act 2007 including being grounds for compulsory winding up of a company.
 * Section 86. Transition and savings provisions – requires Sections 42 and 43 to be brought into force before they can be used.
 * Schedule 1. Amendments to Serious Crimes Act 2007: Scotland – similar changes to Scottish law.
 * Schedule 4. Minor and consequential amendments – changes Computer Misuse Act 1990 and the Armed Forces Act 2006.

Application to the NHS
In April 2020, Matt Hancock issued directions giving GCHQ temporary powers over National Health Service information systems until the end of 2020 for the purposes of the Act to support and maintain the security of any network and information system which supports, directly or indirectly, the provision of NHS services or public health services intended to address COVID-19.

Reform
In May 2021, UK Home Secretary Priti Patel announced the formal review of the Computer Misuse Act. She also launched a Call for Information on the Act that seeks views on whether there is activity causing harm in the area covered by the Act that is not adequately covered by the offences, including whether the legislation is fit for use following the technological advances since the CMA was introduced, and any other suggestions on how the legislative response to cyber crime could be strengthened.

The review of the Act follows growing calls, in recent year, for a complete government review of the Computer Misuse Act, in order to bring about new reforms.

In November 2019, Dame Lynne Owens, Director General of the National Crime Agency (NCA), warned that "the Computer Misuse Act went through Parliament at a time when cyber wasn't the tool that it is now is to enable all sorts of crimes like fraud" and talked about plans to introduce reforms to make sure the law was "fit for purpose in the modern age".

In January 2020, the Criminal Law Reform Now Network (CLRNN) published a comprehensive report highlighting the Act's shortcomings and making detailed recommendations for reform.

In the same month, the CyberUp Campaign was established with the intention of lobbying the UK government to "update and upgrade" the Act. The Campaign's launch was covered by The Guardian in an article that echoed the call for "urgent reform". The CyberUp Campaign is made up of a wide coalition of supportive bodies from within the cyber security industry, including the large cyber consultancies NCC Group and F-Secure and the cyber industry trade body TechUK. In November 2020, the campaign gained the backing of the Confederation of British Industry.

The coalition was formed based on the shared view that an update of the UK's cyber crime legislation is necessary to protect national security and to increase economic growth for the UK cyber security industry. The Campaign refers to Section 1 of the Act, "prohibiting unauthorised access to computers", stating that it inadvertently criminalises a large amount of cyber security and threat intelligence research and investigation which is frequently conducted by UK cyber security professionals.

The Campaign has called for two key amendments:
 * 1) Amend the law to allow cyber security and threat intelligence researchers acting in the public interest to explain and justify their actions and to allow the detection or prevention of crime.
 * 2) Create a set of clear legal definitions to ensure that cyber security and threat intelligence researchers who reasonably believe they have authorisation to act can legitimately do so.

On 29 June 2020, to celebrate the Act's 30th birthday, the CyberUp Campaign wrote an open letter to the prime minister on behalf of a number of cyber security industry figures to highlight the Act's outdatedness in a time of rapid digital advancement. This was published in The Daily Telegraph, with the headline "Cyber security experts say they are being prevented from stopping computer fraud".

In July 2020, the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament, responsible for oversight of the UK intelligence services, published the Intelligence and Security Committee Russia report and recommended that "the Computer Misuse Act should be updated to reflect modern use of personal electronic devices". While the government response to the report said that the Act was regularly reviewed to determine the benefits of legislative change, the Shadow Foreign Secretary, Lisa Nandy, highlighted in January 2021 that no progress had been made towards implementing the recommendation.

In November 2020, the CyberUp Campaign and TechUK published a new report on the Computer Misuse Act, which was the first piece of work to quantify and analyse the views of the wider UK security community. The report found that 80 per cent of cyber security professionals have worried about breaking the law when researching vulnerabilities or investigating cyber threat actors. Furthermore, 91 per cent of businesses that responded to the report’s survey suggested they had been put at a competitive disadvantage by the Act, and that reform would allow their organisation to reap significant productivity improvements, growth and resilience benefits. The report recommended that the government consider implementing the two above amendments.

title: Computer Misuse Act 1990


text: User talk:216.47.158.233

title: User talk:216.47.158.233


text:
Colombia at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Colombia competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Colombia won its first ever gold medal at these Olympic games. 44 competitors, 25 men and 19 women, took part in 45 events in 13 sports.

Men's Competition
Men's 200m
 * Jimmy Pino
 * Round 1 – 21.42 (→ did not advance)

Men's High Jump
 * Gilmar Mayo
 * Qualifying – 2.20 (→ did not advance)

Men's marathon
 * José Alirio Carrasco
 * Final – did not finish (→ no ranking)

Women's Competition
Women's 200m
 * Felipa Palacios
 * Round 1 – 23.08
 * Round 2 – 23.19
 * Semifinal – 23.11 (→ did not advance)

Women's 400m
 * Norma González
 * Round 1 – 53.34 (→ did not advance)

Women's 4 × 100 m
 * Mirtha Brock, Digna Luz Murillo, Melisa Murillo, Felipa Palacios, Ximena Restrepo
 * Round 1 – 44.08
 * Semifinal – 44.37 (→ did not advance)

Women's Javelin Throw
 * Sabina Moya
 * Qualifying – 49.16 (→ did not advance)

Women's Marathon
 * Iglandini González
 * Final – 2:47:26 (→ 40th place)

Boxing
Men's Featherweight (– 57 kg)
 * Andrés Ledesma
 * Round 1 – Lost to Somluck Kamsing of Thailand (→ did not advance)

Men's Lightweight (– 60 kg)
 * José Leonardo Cruz
 * Round 1 – Defeated Giovanni Michael Frontin of Mauritius
 * Round 2 – Lost to Almazbek Raimkulov of Kyrgyzstan (→ did not advance)

Men's Welterweight (– 67 kg)
 * Francisco Calderón
 * Round 1 – Bye
 * Round 2 – Lost to Oleg Saitov of Russia (→ did not advance)

Cross Country Mountain Bike
Men's Mountain Bike
 * Diego Garavito
 * Final – did not finish (→ no ranking)

Women's Mountain Bike
 * Flor Marina Delgadillo
 * Final – 2:03:17.10 (→ 24th place)

Road Cycling
Men's Individual Time Trial
 * Víctor Hugo Peña
 * Final – 1:01:10 (→ 24th place)

Men's Road Race
 * Ruber Marín
 * Final – 5:30:46 (→ 31st place)
 * Santiago Botero
 * Final – did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * Jhon García
 * Final – did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * Fredy Gonzalez
 * Final – did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * Víctor Hugo Peña
 * Final – did not finish (→ no ranking)

Men's Competition
Men's Point Race
 * Marlon Pérez
 * Points – 0
 * Laps Down – 2 (→ 21st place)

Women's Competition
Women's Individual Pursuit
 * María Luisa Calle
 * Qualifying – 03:44.395 (→ did not advance)

Women's Point Race
 * María Luisa Calle
 * Points – 2 (→ 11th place)

Diving
Men's 3 Metre Springboard
 * Juan Urán
 * Preliminary – 308.1 (→ did not advance, 41st place)

Men's 10 Metre Platform
 * Juan Urán
 * Preliminary – 333.93 (→ did not advance, 27th place)

Women's 3 Metre Springboard
 * Diana Pineda
 * Preliminary – 220.68 (→ did not advance, 34th place)

Fencing
Two fencers, one man and one woman, represented Colombia in 2000.

 * Men's épée
 * Mauricio Rivas

 * Women's épée
 * Ángela María Espinosa

Swimming
Men's 50m Freestyle
 * Camilo Becerra
 * Preliminary Heat – 23.63 (→ did not advance)

Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Fernando Jácome
 * Preliminary Heat – 52.24 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200m Freestyle
 * Fernando Jácome
 * Preliminary Heat – 1:54.17 (→ did not advance)

Men's 100m Backstroke
 * Germán Martínez
 * Preliminary Heat – 59.94 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200m Backstroke
 * Alejandro Bermúdez
 * Preliminary Heat – 02:03.43 (→ did not advance)

Men's 400m Individual Medley
 * Alejandro Bermúdez
 * Preliminary Heat – 04:29.42 (→ did not advance)

Women's 100m Breaststroke
 * Isabel Ceballos
 * Preliminary Heat – 01:11.90 (→ did not advance)

Women's 200m Breaststroke
 * Isabel Ceballos
 * Preliminary Heat – 02:34.09 (→ did not advance)

Triathlon
Women's Competition:
 * Maria Morales – 2:13:43.38 (→ 37th place)

Weightlifting
Men

Women

title: Colombia at the 2000 Summer Olympics


text:
User:GuterBuyh

Burn in hell Ward with Osama and Saddam

title: User:GuterBuyh


text:
Costa Rica at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Costa Rica competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. The nation bagged two bronze medals at the 2000 Games.

Both medals were won in swimming by Claudia Poll. These medals doubled Costa Rica's overall Olympic medal haul to four. All four medals had been claimed in swimming. Previously, Claudia had won Costa Rica's first ever Olympic gold medal at the 1996 Games. Eight years earlier, Claudia's sister Silvia Poll won the silver medal in Women's 200 meter freestyle at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. This was the first Olympic medal ever for a Costa Rican athlete.

Athletics
Men's Marathon
 * José Luis Molina
 * Final – 2:20:37 (→ 39th place)

Cross Country Mountain Bike
Men's Individual Competition
 * José Adrián Bonilla
 * Final – 2:30:02.72 (→ 33rd place)

Swimming
Men's 50m Freestyle
 * Estebán Blanco
 * Preliminary Heat – 23.72 (→ did not advance)

Men's 100m Breaststroke
 * Juan José Madrigal
 * Preliminary Heat – 01:05.14 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200m Breaststroke
 * Juan José Madrigal
 * Preliminary Heat – 02:24.49 (→ did not advance)

Women's 200m Freestyle
 * Claudia Poll
 * Preliminary Heat – 02:00.11
 * Semi-final – 01:59.63
 * Final – 01:58.81 (→ Bronze medal.svg Bronze Medal)

Women's 400m Freestyle
 * Claudia Poll
 * Preliminary Heat – 04:09.33
 * Final – 04:07.83 (→ Bronze medal.svg Bronze Medal)

Women's 800m Freestyle
 * Claudia Poll
 * Preliminary Heat – DNS (→ did not advance)

Tennis
Men's singles
 * Juan Antonio Marín

Triathlon
Women's Individual Competition:
 * Karina Fernández – DNF

title: Costa Rica at the 2000 Summer Olympics


text:
Thymidine diphosphate

Thymidine diphosphate (TDP) or deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP) (also thymidine pyrophosphate, dTPP) is a nucleotide diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine. dTDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase thymine. Unlike the other deoxyribonucleotides, thymidine diphosphate does not always contain the "deoxy" prefix in its name.

title: Thymidine diphosphate


text:
Atlantic Airways

'''

Atlantic Airways (omx: ICE50681 FO-AIR, Faroese: Atlantsflog) is the national airline of the Faroe Islands, operating domestic helicopter services and international passenger services as well as search and rescue responsibilities from its base at Vágar Airport, on the Faroese island of Vágar. Most of its pilots are members of the Faroese Pilot Association. Its 2021 revenue was 410.2mm DKK.

History
Regular air links to the Faroes had been in operation since 1963, between the islands and Denmark. Although the airport at Vágar had been constructed by the British Army during World War II, air traffic to the islands was practically non-existent between the departure of the British and the start of services to Copenhagen. Calls for the creation of a Faroese airline company began in the early 1980s. Passenger numbers were steadily increasing and Danish carrier Maersk Air enjoyed the monopoly as the sole airline to serve the Faroe Islands.

As a result, Atlantic Airways was established in 1987, initially between the Faroese government (51%) and Danish airline Cimber Air (49%), though the Faroese government would assume full ownership in 1989. Flights commenced between Vágar and Copenhagen on 28 March 1988 using a British Aerospace 146. A hangar was built at Vágar by the Faroese government in order to secure Atlantic Airways' home base in the Faroes, ensuring maintenance facilities were available on the islands.

The aim of the new airline company was to build up a Faroese aviation industry on a commercial basis and to ensure the Faroe Islands an air connection with the outside world. Flight crews and management were Faroese.

Though load factors were high and the new service was popular, Atlantic Airways had a turbulent beginning economically. The Faroe Islands suffered a severe economic depression in the early 1990s, and at its nadir in 1992, the Faroese government delivered 75 m DKK in aid to the struggling carrier. Atlantic Airways would not become profitable until 1995.

Flights were launched to Reykjavík in 1995 in co-operation with Air Iceland, and also to Narsarsuaq in Greenland in the summer months, in co-operation with Air Iceland. The latter half of the 1990s saw Billund in Denmark and Aberdeen in the UK added to Atlantic Airways' flight schedule.

The growing list of destinations and increasing passenger numbers, together with the stabilisation of the airline's finances, saw a second BAe 146 added to the fleet in 2000. This new aircraft meant services to London Stansted in England and the Norwegian capital Oslo added to the network. Growth in tourism on the islands has also enabled flights to Aalborg, Stavanger, Stord and Edinburgh. However, for the 2006 season services to Stord have been discontinued, and Edinburgh replaced by the Shetland Islands. Atlantic Airways also entered the UK domestic market in 2006, becoming the only carrier to offer a direct service between Shetland and London, which it did on a twice weekly basis. The UK domestic operation ceased in 2008.

Atlantic Airways also operates a domestic service by helicopter, in many instances a vital connection to many of the islands, which otherwise can only be reached by sea. The helicopter has proved a vital tool on the islands since the 1960s, when helicopters from Danish coast guard vessels patrolling the Faroes undertook a variety of tasks, including ferrying equipment and supplies between the islands. The government hired a helicopter in 1978 for these tasks, but in the 1980s a commercial public helicopter service was launched linking each of the islands using two Bell 222 helicopters.

Initially, the helicopter service was a standalone company, SL Helicopters, but the decision to concentrate Faroese aviation into one firm led to the helicopter department becoming part of Atlantic Airways in 1994. The helicopters provide a round trip 'hopper' service to each of the islands, which is also ideal for tourists looking for aerial views. The company is required to have at least one helicopter operational and ready for search and rescue duties.

From approximately 2002 to 2007, Atlantic Airways has produced profits of between 8 and 13 million DKK. The company has increased its turnover from 120 million in 1998 to 520 million DKK in 2006. Atlantic Airways employed 177 people at January 2007. Atlantic Airways was listed at the Iceland Stock Exchange on 10 December 2007.

The Faroese government has decided on a privatisation process and has sold off 33% of the company in the first bidding round. The first day of trading was 10 December 2007.

The government was planning to sell off 33% more in 2008, but this was cancelled due to the financial crisis.

The first Airbus A319 for Atlantic Airways, registered OY-RCG, entered service in March 2012, with a modified livery. The runway at Vágar required an extension to properly accommodate this aircraft. The second and third Airbus 319s (OY-RCH and OY-RCI) entered service in May and October 2013 respectively. As the lease of these ran out by the end of 2016, only one was renewed while a brand new Airbus A320 was delivered.

On 3 June 2015, Jóhanna á Bergi became CEO of the company. She is the first woman to become CEO of a Nordic airline.

In December 2018, the airline submitted an application for commercial services to the United States.

On 13 March 2020, Atlantic Airways announced the suspension of all routes until 13 April 2020 except the route to Copenhagen due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 22 August 2023, Atlantic Airways started to operate seven-hour flight weekly scheduled nonstop service between the U.S. and the Faroe Islands with service to the Faroe Islands on Wednesdays and flights to Stewart International Airport on Tuesdays. The carrier, which operates the route with Airbus A320neo, is the only one to use the aircraft type on transatlantic flights.

International services
, Atlantic Airways serves the following scheduled destinations:

Charter operations
Atlantic Airways also operates charters for Danish tour operators to destinations such as Italy, Croatia, Greece, Bulgaria, France, Scotland, Norway and the Czech Republic, out of Copenhagen Kastrup and Billund airports.

Domestic services
There is domestic helicopter service to the islands. The helicopters depart from Vágar Airport on Sunday, Monday (only in June, July, & August), Wednesday, and Friday.

The flights visit the capital Tórshavn and second largest town Klaksvík, the southern islands Skúvoy, Stóra Dímun, Suðuroy (Froðba), the northern islands Svínoy and Fugloy (Hattarvík and Kirkja), the western island Mykines, and the island Koltur.

Codeshare agreements
Atlantic Airways currently has codeshare agreements with Air France and KLM.

Fleet
, with the addition of an A320-214 previously operated by Air France and delivered June 3, 2023, the Atlantic Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Fixed-Wing Fleet

Former fleet

British Aerospace 146 5

Helicopter Fleet

The AgustaWestland AW139 is the only primary helicopter used for flights to district villages. With a capacity to seat 15 passengers, the helicopter is used to shuttle passengers in the Faroe Islands.

Accidents and incidents

 * 1989: an Atlantic Airways BAe 146–200 (registration OY-CRG) aircraft failed to stop at the end of the runway and was subsequently out of service for 3 weeks.
 * On the night 16–17 December 1992, a Bell 212 helicopter being used as an air ambulance crashed due to poor visibility. All five people on board were killed.
 * On 10 October 2006, Atlantic Airways Flight 670, a BAe 146–200 (registration OY-CRG) skidded off the runway at Stord Airport in Norway. Of the 12 passengers and 4 crew, 4 were killed and 12 survived with injuries. The aircraft had been chartered by Aker Kværner to fly personnel from Stavanger (Sola Airport) to Molde via Stord. The aircraft appears to have been unable to stop on the runway when its spoilers failed to extend during landing. The aircraft crossed the threshold and continued down a slope before coming to rest and catching fire.

title: Atlantic Airways


text: File:Muziqlunaticharness.jpg

title: File:Muziqlunaticharness.jpg


text:
Template:2006 Canadian federal election/nl

14,318 38.58% 19,132 51.55% 3,365 9.07% 297 0.80% Grand Falls—Windsor]] 19,866 52.04% 15,376 40.28% 2,668 6.99% 265 0.69% 17,208 52.90% 10,137 31.16% 4,847 14.90% 339 1.04% 5,768 50.53% 4,528 39.67% 1,037 9.08% 82 0.72% 13,652 45.49% 12,232 40.76% 3,702 12.34% 426 1.42% 14,345 34.95% 19,110 46.56% 7,190 17.52% 402 0.98% 12,295 33.01% 16,644 44.69% 8,073 21.67% 235 0.63%
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Avalon
 * Bill Morrow
 * Bill Morrow
 * Bill Morrow
 * Fabian Manning
 * Fabian Manning
 * Eugene Conway
 * Eugene Conway
 * Shannon Hillier
 * Shannon Hillier
 * John Efford†
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |[[Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor|Bonavista—Gander—
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |[[Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor|Bonavista—Gander—
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |[[Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor|Bonavista—Gander—
 * Scott Simms
 * Scott Simms
 * Aaron Hynes
 * Aaron Hynes
 * Sandra Cooze
 * Sandra Cooze
 * Judy Davis
 * Judy Davis
 * Scott Simms
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte
 * Gerry Byrne
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte
 * Gerry Byrne
 * Gerry Byrne
 * Cyril Jr. Pelley
 * Cyril Jr. Pelley
 * Holly Pike
 * Holly Pike
 * Martin Hanzalek
 * Martin Hanzalek
 * Gerry Byrne
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Labrador
 * Todd Norman Russell
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Labrador
 * Todd Norman Russell
 * Todd Norman Russell
 * Joe Goudie
 * Joe Goudie
 * Jacob Edward Larkin
 * Jacob Edward Larkin
 * Gail Zwicker
 * Gail Zwicker
 * Todd Russell
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Random—Burin—St. George's
 * Bill Matthews
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Random—Burin—St. George's
 * Bill Matthews
 * Bill Matthews
 * Cynthia Downey
 * Cynthia Downey
 * Amanda Will
 * Amanda Will
 * Mark Brennan
 * Mark Brennan
 * Bill Matthews
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |St. John's East
 * Paul Antle
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |St. John's East
 * Paul Antle
 * Paul Antle
 * Norman Doyle
 * Norman Doyle
 * Mike Kehoe
 * Mike Kehoe
 * Stephen Eli Harris
 * Stephen Eli Harris
 * Norman Doyle
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |St. John's South—Mount Pearl
 * Siobhan Coady
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |St. John's South—Mount Pearl
 * Siobhan Coady
 * Siobhan Coady
 * Loyola Hearn
 * Loyola Hearn
 * Peg Norman
 * Peg Norman
 * Barry Crozier
 * Barry Crozier
 * Loyola Hearn
 * }
 * }