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Mégantic (federal electoral district)

Mégantic was a federal electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935, and from 1949 to 1968.

History
It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It was abolished in 1935 when it was redistributed into the Lotbinière and Mégantic—Frontenac electoral districts.

The riding was created again in 1947 from Lotbinière and Mégantic—Frontenac, was defined to consist of:
 * the county of Mégantic, (except the municipalities of Nelson, Ste-Anastasie-de-Nelson and the village of Lyster), the city of Thetford Mines and the town of Black Lake;
 * that part of the county of Frontenac included in the municipalities of Courcelles, St-Vital-de-Lambton, St-Evariste-de-Forsyth, St-Méthode-de-Frontenac and the villages of Lambton and St-Evariste-Station;
 * that part of the county of Wolfe included in the municipalities of Garthby, Stratford, Wolfestown, D'Israeli, Ste-Praxède and the villages of Beaulac and D'Israeli, together with that part of the municipality of Saints-Martyrs Canadiens included in the township of Garthby.

In 1952, it was redefined to consist of
 * the county of Mégantic, (except the township municipality of Nelson, the municipality of Sainte-Anastasie-de-Nelson and the village municipality of Lyster), the city of Thetford-Mines and the town of Black Lake;
 * that part of the county of Frontenac included in the municipalities of Lambton, Saint-Evariste-de-Forsyth, Sainte-Méthode-de-Frontenac, the parish municipality of Courcelles and the village municipalities of Lambton and La Guadeloupe;
 * that part of the county of Wolfe included in the township municipalities of Garthby, Stratford and Wolfestown, the municipality of Disraeli, the parish municipality of Sainte-Praxède, the village municipalities of Beaulac and Disraeli, together with that part of the parish municipality of Saints-Martyrs Canadiens included in the township of Garthby.

It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Compton, Frontenac and Richmond.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Mégantic (federal electoral district)


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Animal sexual behaviour

Animal sexual behaviour takes many different forms, including within the same species. Common mating or reproductively motivated systems include monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, polygamy and promiscuity. Other sexual behaviour may be reproductively motivated (e.g. sex apparently due to duress or coercion and situational sexual behaviour) or non-reproductively motivated (e.g. homosexual sexual behaviour, bisexual sexual behaviour, cross-species sex, sexual arousal from objects or places, sex with dead animals, etc.).

When animal sexual behaviour is reproductively motivated, it is often termed mating or copulation; for most non-human mammals, mating and copulation occur at oestrus (the most fertile period in the mammalian female's reproductive cycle), which increases the chances of successful impregnation. Some animal sexual behaviour involves competition, sometimes fighting, between multiple males. Females often select males for mating only if they appear strong and able to protect themselves. The male that wins a fight may also have the chance to mate with a larger number of females and will therefore pass on his genes to their offspring.

Historically, it was believed that only humans and a small number of other species performed sexual acts other than for reproduction, and that animals' sexuality was instinctive and a simple "stimulus-response" behaviour. However, in addition to homosexual behaviours, a range of species masturbate and may use objects as tools to help them do so. Sexual behaviour may be tied more strongly to the establishment and maintenance of complex social bonds across a population which support its success in non-reproductive ways. Both reproductive and non-reproductive behaviours can be related to expressions of dominance over another animal or survival within a stressful situation (such as sex due to duress or coercion).

Mating systems
In sociobiology and behavioural ecology, the term "mating system" is used to describe the ways in which animal societies are structured in relation to sexual behaviour. The mating system specifies which males mate with which females, and under what circumstances. There are four basic systems:

Monogamy
Monogamy occurs when one male and one female mate exclusively with each other. A monogamous mating system is one in which individuals form long-lasting pairs and cooperate in raising offspring. These pairs may last for a lifetime, such as in pigeons, or it may occasionally change from one mating season to another, such as in emperor penguins. In contrast with tournament species, these pair-bonding species have lower levels of male aggression, competition and little sexual dimorphism. Zoologists and biologists now have evidence that monogamous pairs of animals are not always sexually exclusive. Many animals that form pairs to mate and raise offspring regularly engage in sexual activities with extra-pair partners. This includes previous examples, such as swans. Sometimes, these extra-pair sexual activities lead to offspring. Genetic tests frequently show that some of the offspring raised by a monogamous pair come from the female mating with an extra-pair male partner. These discoveries have led biologists to adopt new ways of talking about monogamy. According to Ulrich Reichard (2003):

 Social monogamy refers to a male and female's social living arrangement (e.g., shared use of a territory, behaviour indicative of a social pair, and/or proximity between a male and female) without inferring any sexual interactions or reproductive patterns. In humans, social monogamy takes the form of monogamous marriage. Sexual monogamy is defined as an exclusive sexual relationship between a female and a male based on observations of sexual interactions. Finally, the term genetic monogamy is used when DNA analyses can confirm that a female-male pair reproduce exclusively with each other. A combination of terms indicates examples where levels of relationships coincide, e.g., sociosexual and sociogenetic monogamy describe corresponding social and sexual, and social and genetic monogamous relationships, respectively.

Whatever makes a pair of animals socially monogamous does not necessarily make them sexually or genetically monogamous. Social monogamy, sexual monogamy, and genetic monogamy can occur in different combinations.

Social monogamy is relatively rare in the animal kingdom. The actual incidence of social monogamy varies greatly across different branches of the evolutionary tree. Over 90% of avian species are socially monogamous. This stands in contrast to mammals. Only 3% of mammalian species are socially monogamous, although up to 15% of primate species are. Social monogamy has also been observed in reptiles, fish, and insects.

Sexual monogamy is also rare among animals. Many socially monogamous species engage in extra-pair copulations, making them sexually non-monogamous. For example, while over 90% of birds are socially monogamous, "on average, 30% or more of the baby birds in any nest [are] sired by someone other than the resident male." Patricia Adair Gowaty has estimated that, out of 180 different species of socially monogamous songbirds, only 10% are sexually monogamous.

The incidence of genetic monogamy, determined by DNA fingerprinting, varies widely across species. For a few rare species, the incidence of genetic monogamy is 100%, with all offspring genetically related to the socially monogamous pair. But genetic monogamy is strikingly low in other species. Barash and Lipton note:

 The highest known frequency of extra-pair copulations are found among the fairy-wrens, lovely tropical creatures technically known as Malurus splendens and Malurus cyaneus. More than 65% of all fairy-wren chicks are fathered by males outside the supposed breeding group. $p. 12$

Such low levels of genetic monogamy have surprised biologists and zoologists, forcing them to rethink the role of social monogamy in evolution. They can no longer assume social monogamy determines how genes are distributed in a species. The lower the rates of genetic monogamy among socially monogamous pairs, the less of a role social monogamy plays in determining how genes are distributed among offspring.

Polygamy
The term polygamy is an umbrella term used to refer generally to non-monogamous matings. As such, polygamous relationships can be polygynous, polyandrous or polygynandrous. In a small number of species, individuals can display either polygamous or monogamous behaviour depending on environmental conditions. An example is the social wasp Apoica flavissima. In some species, polygyny and polyandry is displayed by both sexes in the population. Polygamy in both sexes has been observed in red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Polygamy is also seen in many Lepidoptera species including Mythimna unipuncta (true armyworm moth).

A tournament species is one in which "mating tends to be highly polygamous and involves high levels of male-male aggression and competition." Tournament behaviour often correlates with high levels of sexual dimorphism, examples of species including chimpanzees and baboons. Most polygamous species present high levels of tournament behaviour, with a notable exception being bonobos.

Polygyny
Polygyny occurs when one male gets exclusive mating rights with multiple females. In some species, notably those with harem-like structures, only one of a few males in a group of females will mate. Technically, polygyny in sociobiology and zoology is defined as a system in which a male has a relationship with more than one female, but the females are predominantly bonded to a single male. Should the active male be driven out, killed, or otherwise removed from the group, in a number of species the new male will ensure that breeding resources are not wasted on another male's young. The new male may achieve this in many different ways, including:

 * competitive infanticide: in lions, hippopotamuses, and some monkeys, the new male will kill the offspring of the previous alpha male to cause their mothers to become receptive to his sexual advances since they are no longer nursing. To prevent this, many female primates exhibit ovulation cues among all males, and show situation-dependent receptivity.
 * harassment to miscarriage: amongst wild horses and baboons, the male will continually attack pregnant females until they miscarry.
 * Pheromone-based spontaneous abortion
 * in some rodents such as mice, a new male with a different scent will cause females who are pregnant to spontaneously fail to implant recently fertilised eggs. This does not require contact; it is mediated by scent alone. It is known as the Bruce effect.

Von Haartman specifically described the mating behaviour of the European pied flycatcher as successive polygyny. Within this system, the males leave their home territory once their primary female lays her first egg. Males then create a second territory, presumably in order to attract a secondary female to breed. Even when they succeed at acquiring a second mate, the males typically return to the first female to exclusively provide for her and her offspring.

Polygynous mating structures are estimated to occur in up to 90% of mammal species. As polygyny is the most common form of polygamy among vertebrates (including humans), it has been studied far more extensively than polyandry or polygynandry.

Polyandry

Polyandry occurs when one female gets exclusive mating rights with multiple males. In some species, such as redlip blennies, both polygyny and polyandry are observed.

The males in some deep sea anglerfishes are much smaller than the females. When they find a female they bite into her skin, releasing an enzyme that digests the skin of their mouths and her body and fusing the pair down to the blood-vessel level. The male then slowly atrophies, losing first his digestive organs, then his brain, heart, and eyes, ending as nothing more than a pair of gonads, which release sperm in response to hormones in the female's bloodstream indicating egg release. This extreme sexual dimorphism ensures that, when the female is ready to spawn, she has a mate immediately available. A single anglerfish female can "mate" with many males in this manner.

Polygynandry
Polygynandry occurs when multiple males mate indiscriminately with multiple females. The numbers of males and females need not be equal, and in vertebrate species studied so far, there are usually fewer males. Two examples of systems in primates are promiscuous mating chimpanzees and bonobos. These species live in social groups consisting of several males and several females. Each female copulates with many males, and vice versa. In bonobos, the amount of promiscuity is particularly striking because bonobos use sex to alleviate social conflict as well as to reproduce. This mutual promiscuity is the approach most commonly used by spawning animals, and is perhaps the "original fish mating system." Common examples are forage fish, such as herrings, which form huge mating shoals in shallow water. The water becomes milky with sperm and the bottom is draped with millions of fertilised eggs.

Parental investment and reproductive success

Female and male sexual behaviour differ in many species. Often, males are more active in initiating mating, and bear the more conspicuous sexual ornamentation like antlers and colourful plumage. This is a result of anisogamy, where sperm are smaller and much less costly (energetically) to produce than eggs. This difference in physiological cost means that males are more limited by the number of mates they can secure, while females are limited by the quality of genes of her mates, a phenomenon known as Bateman's principle. Many females also have extra reproductive burdens in that parental care often falls mainly, or exclusively, on them. Thus, females are more limited in their potential reproductive success. In species where males take on more of the reproductive costs, such as sea horses and jacanas, the role is reversed, and the females are larger, more aggressive and more brightly coloured than the males.

In hermaphroditic animals, the costs of parental care can be evenly distributed between the sexes, e.g. earthworms. In some species of planarians, sexual behaviour takes the form of penis fencing. In this form of copulation, the individual that first penetrates the other with the penis, forces the other to be female, thus carrying the majority of the cost of reproduction. Post mating, banana slugs will some times gnaw off their partners penis as an act of sperm competition called apophallation. This is costly as they must heal, and spend more energy courting conspecifics that can act as male and female. A hypothesis suggests these slugs may be able to compensate the loss of the male function by directing energy that would have been put towards it to the female function. In the grey slug, the sharing of cost leads to a spectacular display, where the mates suspend themselves high above the ground from a slime thread, ensuring none of them can refrain from taking on the cost of egg-bearer.

Seasonality

Many animal species have specific mating (or breeding) periods e.g. (seasonal breeding) so that offspring are born or hatch at an optimal time. In marine species with limited mobility and external fertilisation like corals, sea urchins and clams, the timing of the common spawning is the only externally visible form of sexual behaviour. In areas with continuously high primary production, some species have a series of breeding seasons throughout the year. This is the case with most primates (who are primarily tropical and subtropical animals). Some animals (opportunistic breeders) breed dependent upon other conditions in their environment aside from time of year.

Mammals
Mating seasons are often associated with changes to herd or group structure, and behavioural changes, including territorialism amongst individuals. These may be annual (e.g. wolves), biannual (e.g. dogs) or more frequently (e.g. horses). During these periods, females of most mammalian species are more mentally and physically receptive to sexual advances, a period scientifically described as oestrus but commonly described as being "in season" or "in heat". Sexual behaviour may occur outside oestrus, and such acts as do occur are not necessarily harmful.

Some mammals (e.g. domestic cats, rabbits and camelids) are termed "induced ovulators". For these species, the female ovulates due to an external stimulus during, or just prior to, mating, rather than ovulating cyclically or spontaneously. Stimuli causing induced ovulation include the sexual behaviour of coitus, sperm and pheromones. Domestic cats have penile spines. Upon withdrawal of a cat's penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause ovulation.

Amphibians
For many amphibians, an annual breeding cycle applies, typically regulated by ambient temperature, precipitation, availability of surface water and food supply. This breeding season is accentuated in temperate regions, in boreal climate the breeding season is typically concentrated to a few short days in the spring. Some species, such as the Rana clamitans (green frog), spend from June to August defending their territory. In order to protect these territories, they use five vocalizations.

Fish
Like many coral reef dwellers, the clownfish spawn around the time of the full moon in the wild. In a group of clownfish, there is a strict dominance hierarchy. The largest and most aggressive female is found at the top. Only two clownfish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce through external fertilisation. Clownfish are sequential hermaphrodites, meaning that they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females. If the female clownfish is removed from the group, such as by death, one of the largest and most dominant males will become a female. The remaining males will move up a rank in the hierarchy.

Motivation
Various neurohormones stimulate sexual wanting in animals. In general, studies have suggested that dopamine is involved in sexual incentive motivation, oxytocin and melanocortins in sexual attraction, and noradrenaline in sexual arousal. Vasopressin is also involved in the sexual behaviour of some animals.

Neurohormones in the mating systems of voles
The mating system of prairie voles is monogamous; after mating, they form a lifelong bond. In contrast, montane voles have a polygamous mating system. When montane voles mate, they form no strong attachments, and separate after copulation. Studies on the brains of these two species have found that it is two neurohormones and their respective receptors that are responsible for these differences in mating strategies. Male prairie voles release vasopressin after copulation with a partner, and an attachment to their partner then develops. Female prairie voles release oxytocin after copulation with a partner, and similarly develop an attachment to their partner.

Neither male nor female montane voles release high quantities of oxytocin or vasopressin when they mate. Even when injected with these neurohormones, their mating system does not change. In contrast, if prairie voles are injected with the neurohormones, they may form a lifelong attachment, even if they have not mated. The differing response to the neurohormones between the two species is due to a difference in the number of oxytocin and vasopressin receptors. Prairie voles have a greater number of oxytocin and vasopressin receptors compared to montane voles, and are therefore more sensitive to those two neurohormones. It's believed that it's the quantity of receptors, rather than the quantity of the hormones, that determines the mating system and bond-formation of either species.

Oxytocin and rat sexual behaviour
Mother rats experience a postpartum estrus which makes them highly motivated to mate. However, they also have a strong motivation to protect their newly born pups. As a consequence, the mother rat solicits males to the nest but simultaneously becomes aggressive towards them to protect her young. If the mother rat is given injections of an oxytocin receptor antagonist, they no longer experience these maternal motivations.

Prolactin influences social bonding in rats.

Oxytocin and primate sexual behaviour
Oxytocin plays a similar role in non-human primates as it does in humans.

Grooming, sex, and cuddling frequencies correlate positively with levels of oxytocin. As the level of oxytocin increases so does sexual motivation. While oxytocin plays a major role in parent child relationships, it is also found to play a role in adult sexual relationships. Its secretion affects the nature of the relationship or if there will even be a relationship at all.

Studies have shown that oxytocin is higher in monkeys in lifelong monogamous relationships compared to monkeys which are single. Furthermore, the oxytocin levels of the couples correlate positively; when the oxytocin secretion of one increases, the other one also increases. Higher levels of oxytocin are related to monkeys expressing more behaviours such as cuddling, grooming and sex, while lower levels of oxytocin reduce motivation for these activities.

Research on oxytocin's role in the animal brain suggests that it plays less of a role in behaviours of love and affection than previously believed. "When oxytocin was first discovered in 1909, it was thought mostly to influence a mother's labour contractions and milk let-down. Then, in the 1990s, research with prairie voles found that giving them a dose of oxytocin resulted in the formation of a bond with their future mate (Azar, 40)." Oxytocin has since been treated by the media as the sole player in the "love and mating game" in mammals. This view, however, is proving to be false as, "most hormones don't influence behaviour directly. Rather, they affect thinking and emotions in variable ways (Azar, 40)." There is much more involved in sexual behaviour in the mammalian animal than oxytocin and vasopressin can explain.

Pleasure
It is often assumed that animals do not have sex for pleasure, or alternatively that humans, pigs, bonobos (and perhaps dolphins and one or two more species of primates) are the only species that do. This is sometimes stated as "animals mate only for reproduction". This view is considered a misconception by some scholars. Jonathan Balcombe argues that the prevalence of non-reproductive sexual behaviour in certain species suggests that sexual stimulation is pleasurable. He also points to the presence of the clitoris in some female mammals, and evidence for female orgasm in primates. On the other hand, it is impossible to know the subjective feelings of animals, and the notion that non-human animals experience emotions similar to humans is a contentious subject.

A 2006 Danish Animal Ethics Council report, Denmark, Det Dyreetiske Råd, Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr  (Copenhagen: Justitsministeriet, November 2006), p. 23–24. "Selv om det evolutionsmæssige formål med at parre sig kan siges at være reproduktion, er det ikke selve det, at dyrene får afkom, der i første omgang får dem til at parre sig. Det er til gengæld sandsynligt, at de parrer sig, fordi de er motiverede for selve parringsakten, og at denne er forbundet med en positiv oplevelse. Det er derfor rimeligt at antage, at der er en eller anden form for behag eller tilfredsstillelse forbundet med akten. Denne antagelse bekræftes af adfærden hos handyr, der for mange arters vedkommende er parate til at arbejde for at få adgang til hundyr, især hvis hundyret er i brunst, og handyr der i avlsøjemed er vant til at få tappet sæd – de viser stor ivrighed, når det udstyr, de forbinder med sædopsamlingen, tages frem. . . . Der er intet ved hunpattedyrenes anatomi eller fysiologi, der modsiger, at stimulation af kønsorganerne og parring skulle kunne være en positiv oplevelse – fx fungerer klitoris på samme måde som hos kvinder. Videnskabelige undersøgelser har vist, at reproduktionssuccesen forbedres ved stimulation af klitoris på bl.a. køer og hopper i forbindelse med insemination, fordi det forbedrer sædtransporten pga. sammentrækninger af de indre kønsdele. Dette gælder sandsynligvis også hundyr af andre dyrearter, og sammentrækninger i de indre kønsdele ses fx også under orgasme hos kvinder. Det er derfor rimeligt at antage, at det seksuelle samvær kan være forbundet med en positiv oplevelse for hundyrene." which examined current knowledge of animal sexuality in the context of legal queries concerning sexual acts by humans, has the following comments, primarily related to domestically common animals:

 Even though the evolution-related purpose of mating can be said to be reproduction, it is not actually the creating of offspring which originally causes them to mate. It is probable that they mate because they are motivated for the actual copulation, and because this is connected with a positive experience. It is therefore reasonable to assume that there is some form of pleasure or satisfaction connected with the act. This assumption is confirmed by the behaviour of males, who in the case of many species are prepared to work to get access to female animals, especially if the female animal is in oestrus, and males who for breeding purposes are used to having sperm collected become very eager, when the equipment they associate with the collection is taken out. . . . There is nothing in female mammals' anatomy or physiology that contradicts that stimulation of the sexual organs and mating is able to be a positive experience. For instance, the clitoris acts in the same way as with women, and scientific studies have shown that the success of reproduction is improved by stimulation of clitoris on (among other species) cows and mares in connection with insemination, because it improves the transportation of the sperm due to contractions of the inner genitalia. This probably also applies to female animals of other animal species, and contractions in the inner genitals are seen e.g. also during orgasm for women. It is therefore reasonable to assume that sexual intercourse may be linked with a positive experience for female animals.

Koinophilia
Koinophilia is the love of the "normal" or phenotypically common (from the Greek κοινός, koinós, meaning "usual" or "common"). The term was introduced to scientific literature in 1990, and refers to the tendency of animals seeking a mate to prefer that mate not to have any unusual, peculiar or deviant features. Similarly, animals preferentially choose mates with low fluctuating asymmetry. However, animal sexual ornaments can evolve through runaway selection, which is driven by (usually female) selection for non-standard traits.

Interpretation bias
The field of study of sexuality in non-human species was a long-standing taboo. In the past, researchers sometimes failed to observe, miscategorised or misdescribed sexual behaviour which did not meet their preconceptions—their bias tended to support what would now be described as conservative sexual mores. An example of overlooking behaviour relates to descriptions of giraffe mating:

 When nine out of ten pairings occur between males, "[e]very male that sniffed a female was reported as sex, while anal intercourse with orgasm between males was only [categorized as] 'revolving around' dominance, competition or greetings."

In the 21st century, liberal social or sexual views are often projected upon animal subjects of research. Popular discussions of bonobos are a frequently cited example. Current research frequently expresses views such as that of the Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo, which in 2006 held an exhibition on animal sexuality:

 Many researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realise that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles.

Other animal activities may be misinterpreted due to the frequency and context in which animals perform the behaviour. For example, domestic ruminants display behaviours such as mounting and head-butting. This often occurs when the animals are establishing dominance relationships and are not necessarily sexually motivated. Careful analysis must be made to interpret what animal motivations are being expressed by those behaviours.

Copulation
Copulation is the union of the male and female sex organs, the sexual activity specifically organized to transmit male sperm into the body of the female.

Cuckoldry

Alternative male strategies which allow small males to engage in cuckoldry can develop in species such as fish where spawning is dominated by large and aggressive males. Cuckoldry is a variant of polyandry, and can occur with sneak spawners. A sneak spawner is a male that rushes in to join the spawning rush of a spawning pair. A spawning rush occurs when a fish makes a burst of speed, usually on a near vertical incline, releasing gametes at the apex, followed by a rapid return to the lake or sea floor or fish aggregation. Sneaking males do not take part in courtship. In salmon and trout, for example, jack males are common. These are small silvery males that migrate upstream along with the standard, large, hook-nosed males and that spawn by sneaking into redds to release sperm simultaneously with a mated pair. This behaviour is an evolutionarily stable strategy for reproduction, because it is favoured by natural selection just like the "standard" strategy of large males.

Hermaphroditism

Hermaphroditism occurs when a given individual in a species possesses both male and female reproductive organs, or can alternate between possessing first one, and then the other. Hermaphroditism is common in invertebrates but rare in vertebrates. It can be contrasted with gonochorism, where each individual in a species is either male or female, and remains that way throughout their lives. Most fish are gonochorists, but hermaphroditism is known to occur in 14 families of teleost fishes.

Usually hermaphrodites are sequential, meaning they can switch sex, usually from female to male (protogyny). This can happen if a dominant male is removed from a group of females. The largest female in the harem can switch sex over a few days and replace the dominant male. This is found amongst coral reef fishes such as groupers, parrotfishes and wrasses. As an example, most wrasses are protogynous hermaphrodites within a haremic mating system. It is less common for a male to switch to a female (protandry). A common example of a protandrous species are clownfish—if the larger, dominant female dies, in many cases, the reproductive male gains weight and becomes the female. Hermaphroditism allows for complex mating systems. Wrasses exhibit three different mating systems: polygynous, lek-like, and promiscuous mating systems.

Sexual cannibalism

Sexual cannibalism is a behaviour in which a female animal kills and consumes the male before, during, or after copulation. Sexual cannibalism confers fitness advantages to both the male and female. Sexual cannibalism is common among insects, arachnids and amphipods. There is also evidence of sexual cannibalism in gastropods and copepods.

Sexual coercion

Sex in a forceful or apparently coercive context has been documented in a variety of species. In some herbivorous herd species, or species where males and females are very different in size, the male dominates sexually by force and size.

Some species of birds have been observed combining sexual intercourse with apparent violent assault; these include ducks, and geese. Female white-fronted bee-eaters are subjected to forced copulations. When females emerge from their nest burrows, males sometimes force them to the ground and mate with them. Such forced copulations are made preferentially on females who are laying and who may therefore lay eggs fertilized by the male.

It has been reported that young male elephants in South Africa sexually coerced and killed rhinoceroses. This interpretation of the elephants' behaviour was disputed by one of the original study's authors, who said there was "nothing sexual about these attacks".

Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilisation. Technically, parthenogenesis is not a behaviour, however, sexual behaviours may be involved.

Whip-tailed lizard females have the ability to reproduce through parthenogenesis and as such males are rare and sexual breeding non-standard. Females engage in "pseudocopulation" to stimulate ovulation, with their behaviour following their hormonal cycles; during low levels of oestrogen, these (female) lizards engage in "masculine" sexual roles. Those animals with currently high oestrogen levels assume "feminine" sexual roles. Lizards that perform the courtship ritual have greater fecundity than those kept in isolation due to an increase in hormones triggered by the sexual behaviours. So, even though asexual whiptail lizards populations lack males, sexual stimuli still increase reproductive success. From an evolutionary standpoint these females are passing their full genetic code to all of their offspring rather than the 50% of genes that would be passed in sexual reproduction.

It is rare to find true parthenogenesis in fishes, where females produce female offspring with no input from males. All-female species include the Texas silverside, Menidia clarkhubbsi and a complex of Mexican mollies.

Parthenogenesis has been recorded in 70 vertebrate species including hammerhead sharks, blacktip sharks, amphibians and lizards.

Unisexuality
Unisexuality occurs when a species is all-male or all-female. Unisexuality occurs in some fish species and can take complex forms. Squalius alburnoides, a minnow found in several river basins in Portugal and Spain, appears to be an all-male species. The existence of this species illustrates the potential complexity of mating systems in fish. The species originated as a hybrid between two species and is diploid but not hermaphroditic. It can have triploid and tetraploid forms, including all-female forms that reproduce mainly through hybridogenesis.

Others

 * Interbreeding: Hybrid offspring can result from the mating of two organisms of distinct but closely related parent species, although the resulting offspring is not always fertile. According to Alfred Kinsey, genetic studies on wild animal populations have shown a "large number" of inter-species hybrids.
 * Prostitution: There are reports that animals occasionally engage in prostitution. A small number of pair-bonded females within a group of penguins took nesting material (stones) after copulating with a non-partner male. The researcher stated "I was watching opportunistically, so I can't give an exact figure of how common it really is." It has been reported that "bartering of meat for sex ... forms part of the social fabric of a troop of wild chimps living in the Tai National Park in the Côte d'Ivoire."
 * Pavlovian conditioning: The sexualisation of objects or locations is recognised in the animal breeding world. For example, male animals may become sexually aroused upon visiting a location where they have been allowed to have sex before, or upon seeing a stimulus previously associated with sexual activity such as an artificial vagina. Sexual preferences for certain cues can be artificially induced in rats by pairing scents or objects with their early sexual experiences. The primary motivation of this behaviour is Pavlovian conditioning, and the association is due to a conditioned response (or association) formed with a distinctive "reward".
 * Viewing images: A study using four adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) showed that male rhesus macaques will give up a highly valued item, juice, to see images of the faces or perineum of high-status females. Encouraging captive pandas to mate is problematic. Showing young male pandas "panda pornography" is credited with a recent population boom among pandas in captivity in China. One researcher attributed the success to the sounds on the recordings.
 * Copulatory wounding and traumatic insemination: Injury to a partner's genital tract during mating occurs in at least 40 taxa, ranging from fruit flies to humans. However, it often goes unnoticed due to its cryptic nature and because of internal wounds not visible outside.

Non-reproductive sexual behaviour
There is a range of behaviours that animals perform that appear to be sexually motivated but which can not result in reproduction. These include:

 * Masturbation: Some species, both male and female, masturbate, both when partners are available and otherwise.
 * Oral sex: Several species engage in both autofellatio and oral sex. This has been documented in brown bears, Tibetan macaques, wolves, goats, primates, bats, cape ground squirrels and sheep. In the greater short-nosed fruit bat, copulation by males is dorsoventral and the females lick the shaft or the base of the male's penis, but not the glans which has already penetrated the vagina. While the females do this, the penis is not withdrawn and research has shown a positive relationship between length of the time that the penis is licked and the duration of copulation. Post copulation genital grooming has also been observed.
 * Homosexuality: Same-sex sexual behaviour occurs in a range of species, especially in social species, particularly in marine birds and mammals, monkeys, and the great apes., the scientific literature contained reports of homosexual behaviour in at least 471 wild species. Organisers of the Against Nature? exhibit stated that "homosexuality has been observed among 1,500 species, and that in 500 of those it is well documented."

 * Genital-genital rubbing: This is sexual activity in which one animal rubs his or her genitals against the genitals of another animal. This is stated to be the "bonobo's most typical sexual pattern, undocumented in any other primate".
 * Inter-species mating: Some animals opportunistically mate with individuals of another species.
 * Sex involving juveniles: Male stoats (Mustela erminea) will sometimes mate with infant females of their species. This is a natural part of their reproductive biology—they have a delayed gestation period, so these females give birth the following year when they are fully grown. Juvenile male common chimpanzees have been recorded mounting and copulating with immature chimps. Infants in bonobo societies are often involved in sexual behaviour.
 * Necrophilia: This describes when an animal engages in a sexual act with a dead animal. It has been observed in mammals, birds, reptiles and frogs.
 * Bisexuality: This describes when an animal shows sexual behaviour towards both males and females.
 * Extended female sexuality: This is when females mate with males outside of their conceptive period.

Seahorse
Seahorses, once considered to be monogamous species with pairs mating for life, were described in a 2007 study as "promiscuous, flighty, and more than a little bit gay". Scientists at 15 aquaria studied 90 seahorses of three species. Of 3,168 sexual encounters, 37% were same-sex acts. Flirting was common (up to 25 potential partners a day of both sexes); only one species (the British spiny seahorse) included faithful representatives, and for these 5 of 17 were faithful, 12 were not. Bisexual behaviour was widespread and considered "both a great surprise and a shock", with big-bellied seahorses of both sexes not showing partner preference. 1,986 contacts were male-female, 836 were female-female and 346 were male-male.

Bonobo
Among bonobos, males and females engage in sexual behaviour with the same and the opposite sex, with females being particularly noted for engaging in sexual behaviour with each other and at up to 75% of sexual activity being non-reproductive, as being sexually active does not necessarily correlate with their ovulation cycles. Sexual activity occurs between almost all ages and sexes of bonobo societies. Primatologist Frans de Waal believes that bonobos use sexual activity to resolve conflict between individuals. Immature bonobos, contrariwise, perform genital contact when relaxed.

Macaque

Similar same-sex sexual behaviours occur in both male and female macaques. It is thought to be done for pleasure as an erect male mounts and thrusts upon or into another male. Sexual receptivity can also be indicated by red faces and shrieking. Mutual ejaculation after a combination of anal intercourse and masturbation has also been witnessed, although it may be rare. In comparison to socio-sexual behaviours such as dominance displays, homosexual mounts last longer, happen in series, and usually involve pelvic thrusting.

Females are also thought to participate for pleasure as vulvar, perineal, and anal stimulation is part of these interactions. The stimulation can come from their own tails, mounting their partner, thrusting or a combination of these.

Dolphin
Male bottlenose dolphins have been observed working in pairs to follow or restrict the movement of a female for weeks at a time, waiting for her to become sexually receptive. The same pairs have also been observed engaging in intense sexual play with each other. Janet Mann, a professor of biology and psychology at Georgetown University, argues that the common same-sex behaviour among male dolphin calves is about bond formation and benefits the species evolutionarily. Studies have shown the dolphins later in life are bisexual and the male bonds forged from homosexuality work for protection as well as locating females with which to reproduce.

In 1991, an English man was prosecuted for allegedly having sexual contact with a dolphin. The man was found not guilty after it was revealed at trial that the dolphin was known to tow bathers through the water by hooking his penis around them.

Hyena
The female spotted hyena has a unique urinary-genital system, closely resembling the penis of the male, called a pseudo-penis. Dominance relationships with strong sexual elements are routinely observed between related females. They are notable for using visible sexual arousal as a sign of submission but not dominance in males as well as females (females have a sizeable erectile clitoris). It is speculated that to facilitate this, their sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems may be partially reversed in respect to their reproductive organs.

Mammals
Mammals mate by vaginal copulation. To achieve this, the male usually mounts the female from behind. The female may exhibit lordosis in which she arches her back ventrally to facilitate entry of the penis. Amongst the land mammals, other than humans, only bonobos mate in a face-to-face position, as the females' anatomy seems to reflect, although ventro-ventral copulation has also been observed in Rhabdomys. Some sea mammals copulate in a belly-to-belly position. Some camelids mate in a lying-down position. In most mammals ejaculation occurs after multiple intromissions, but in most primates, copulation consists of one brief intromission. In most ruminant species, a single pelvic thrust occurs during copulation. In most deer species, a copulatory jump also occurs.

During mating, a "copulatory tie" occurs in mammals such as fossas, canids and Japanese martens. A "copulatory lock" also occurs in some primate species, such as Galago senegalensis.

The copulatory behaviour of many mammalian species is affected by sperm competition.

Some females have concealed fertility, making it difficult for males to evaluate if a female is fertile. This is costly as ejaculation expends much energy.

Invertebrates

Invertebrates are often hermaphrodites. Some hermaphroditic land snails begin mating with an elaborate tactile courting ritual. The two snails circle around each other for up to six hours, touching with their tentacles, and biting lips and the area of the genital pore, which shows some preliminary signs of the eversion of the penis. As the snails approach mating, hydraulic pressure builds up in the blood sinus surrounding an organ housing a sharpened dart. The dart is made of calcium carbonate or chitin, and is called a love dart. Each snail manoeuvres to get its genital pore in the best position, close to the other snail's body. Then, when the body of one snail touches the other snail's genital pore, it triggers the firing of the love dart. After the snails have fired their darts, they copulate and exchange sperm as a separate part of the mating progression. The love darts are covered with a mucus that contains a hormone-like substance that facilitates the survival of the sperm.

Penis fencing is a mating behaviour engaged in by certain species of flatworm, such as Pseudobiceros bedfordi. Species which engage in the practice are hermaphroditic, possessing both eggs and sperm-producing testes. The species "fence" using two-headed dagger-like penises which are pointed, and white in colour. One organism inseminates the other. The sperm is absorbed through pores in the skin, causing fertilisation.

Corals can be both gonochoristic (unisexual) and hermaphroditic, each of which can reproduce sexually and asexually. Reproduction also allows corals to settle new areas. Corals predominantly reproduce sexually. 25% of hermatypic corals (stony corals) form single sex (gonochoristic) colonies, while the rest are hermaphroditic. About 75% of all hermatypic corals "broadcast spawn" by releasing gametes – eggs and sperm –  into the water to spread offspring. The gametes fuse during fertilisation to form a microscopic larva called a planula, typically pink and elliptical in shape. Synchronous spawning is very typical on the coral reef and often, even when multiple species are present, all corals spawn on the same night. This synchrony is essential so that male and female gametes can meet. Corals must rely on environmental cues, varying from species to species, to determine the proper time to release gametes into the water. The cues involve lunar changes, sunset time, and possibly chemical signalling. Synchronous spawning may form hybrids and is perhaps involved in coral speciation.

Butterflies spend much time searching for mates. When the male spots a mate, he will fly closer and release pheromones. He then performs a special courtship dance to attract the female. If the female appreciates the dancing she may join him. Then they join their bodies together end to end at their abdomens. Here, the male passes the sperm to the female's egg-laying tube, which will soon be fertilised by the sperm.

Many animals make plugs of mucus to seal the female's orifice after mating. Normally such plugs are secreted by the male, to block subsequent partners. In spiders the female can assist the process. Spider sex is unusual in that males transfer their sperm to the female on small limbs called pedipalps. They use these to pick their sperm up from their genitals and insert it into the female's sexual orifice, rather than copulating directly. On the 14 occasions a sexual plug was made, the female produced it without assistance from the male. On ten of these occasions the male's pedipalps then seemed to get stuck while he was transferring the sperm (which is rarely the case in other species of spider), and he had great difficulty freeing himself. In two of those ten instances, he was eaten as a result.

In the orb-weaving spider species Zygiella x-notata, individuals engage in a variety of sexual behaviors including male choosiness, mate guarding, and vibrational signaling in courtship.

Genetic evidence of interspecies sexual activity in humans
Research into human evolution confirms that, in some cases, interspecies sexual activity may have been responsible for the evolution of new species (speciation). Analysis of animal genes found evidence that, after humans had diverged from other apes, interspecies mating nonetheless occurred regularly enough to change certain genes in the new gene pool. Researchers found that the X chromosomes of humans and chimps may have diverged around 1.2 million years after the other chromosomes. One possible explanation is that modern humans emerged from a hybrid of human and chimp populations. A 2012 study questioned this explanation, concluding that "there is no strong reason to involve complicated factors in explaining the autosomal data".

Inbreeding avoidance
When close relatives mate, progeny may exhibit the detrimental effects of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is predominantly caused by the homozygous expression of recessive deleterious alleles. Over time, inbreeding depression may lead to the evolution of inbreeding avoidance behaviour. Several examples of animal behaviour that reduce mating of close relatives and inbreeding depression are described next.

Reproductively active female naked mole-rats tend to associate with unfamiliar males (usually non-kin), whereas reproductively inactive females do not discriminate. The preference of reproductively active females for unfamiliar males is interpreted as an adaptation for avoiding inbreeding.

When mice inbreed with close relatives in their natural habitat, there is a significant detrimental effect on progeny survival. In the house mouse, the major urinary protein (MUP) gene cluster provides a highly polymorphic scent signal of genetic identity that appears to underlie kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance. Thus there are fewer matings between mice sharing MUP haplotypes than would be expected if there were random mating.

Meerkat females appear to be able to discriminate the odour of their kin from the odour of their non-kin. Kin recognition is a useful ability that facilitates both cooperation among relatives and the avoidance of inbreeding. When mating does occur between meerkat relatives, it often results in inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression was evident for a variety of traits: pup mass at emergence from the natal burrow, hind-foot length, growth until independence and juvenile survival.

The grey-sided vole (Myodes rufocanus) exhibits male-biased dispersal as a means of avoiding incestuous matings. Among those matings that do involve inbreeding the number of weaned juveniles in litters is significantly smaller than that from non-inbred litters indicating inbreeding depression.

In natural populations of the bird Parus major (great tit), inbreeding is likely avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative.

Toads display breeding site fidelity, as do many amphibians. Individuals that return to natal ponds to breed will likely encounter siblings as potential mates. Although incest is possible, Bufo americanus siblings rarely mate. These toads likely recognise and actively avoid close kins as mates. Advertisement vocalisations by males appear to serve as cues by which females recognise their kin.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Animal sexual behaviour


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Sign of the Times

Sign of the Times, A Sign of the Times, or Signs of the Times may refer to:

Christianity

 * Matthew 16:2b–3, a passage in the Gospel of Matthew which contains the phrase the signs of the times (σημεῖα τῶν καιρῶν)
 * Signs of Christ's return
 * Sign of the times (Catholicism), a phrase associated with some Aggiornamentos of the Roman Catholic Church
 * Signs of the Times Publishing Association, publishing house of the Seventh-day Adventist Church

Magazines

 * Signs of the Times (magazine), Seventh-day Adventist monthly magazine for North America, published by Pacific Press
 * Signs of the Times (Australian magazine), a Seventh-day Adventist monthly magazine, published by Signs Publishing Company

Albums

 * Sign o' the Times, a 1987 album by Prince
 * Sign of the Times (Axel Rudi Pell album), 2020
 * Sign of the Times (Bob James album), 1981
 * Sign of the Times: The Best of Queensrÿche, a 2007 compilation album by Queensrÿche
 * Sign of the Times (Cosmic Gate album), 2009
 * Sign of the Times (Rubettes album), 1976
 * A Sign of the Times (Joe Pass album), 1966
 * A Sign of the Times/My Love, originally My Love, a 1966 album by Petula Clark
 * A Sign of the Times: The Spark Recordings 1975–1976, compilation album by Tommy Hunt

Songs

 * "Sign of the Times" (Petula Clark song), also known as "A Sign of the Times", a 1966 song
 * "Sign of the Times" (Bryan Ferry song), 1978
 * "Sign of the Times" (Slade song), 1979
 * "Sign of the Times" (The Belle Stars song), 1983
 * "Sign o' the Times" (song), a 1987 song by Prince
 * "Sign of the Times" (Queensrÿche song), 1997
 * "Sign of the Times" (CeeLo Green song), 2015
 * "Sign of the Times" (Harry Styles song), 2017
 * "Sign of the Times", a 1981 song by Madness from 7
 * "Sign of the Times", a 1984 song by Quiet Riot from the album Condition Critical
 * "Sign of the Times", a 1985 song by Grandmaster Flash from the album They Said It Couldn't Be Done
 * "Sign of the Times", a 1986 song by Cro-Mags from The Age of Quarrel
 * "Sign of the Times", a 2011 song by Three Days Grace from Transit of Venus

Other

 * Sign o' the Times (film), a 1987 concert film featuring Prince
 * "Signs of the Times", an 1829 essay by Thomas Carlyle

title: Sign of the Times


text:
Thomas D. White

General Thomas Dresser White (August 6, 1901 – December 22, 1965) was the fourth Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force.

Life and military career

White was born in Walker, Minnesota, on August 6, 1901. His father was John Chanler White. Upon graduation from the United States Military Academy on July 2, 1920, he was commissioned a second lieutenant of Infantry and immediately promoted to first lieutenant.

Entering the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, White graduated in July 1921, and was assigned duty with the 14th Infantry Regiment at Fort Davis, Panama Canal Zone.

In September 1924, he entered Primary Flying School at Brooks Field, Texas. He graduated from Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field, Texas, in September 1925, and was assigned duty with the 99th Observation Squadron at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C.

In June 1927, White was assigned to duty as a student of the Chinese language in Peking, China. Four years later, he returned to the United States for duty at Headquarters Air Corps, Washington, D.C.

White was named assistant military attache for air to Russia in February 1934. A year later, he was appointed assistant military attache for air to Italy and Greece, with station at Rome.

White graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, in May 1938. He then entered Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He was named an outstanding alumni of the class 1939 and upon completion of this training was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps, Washington, D.C.

In April 1940, White became military attache to Brazil and the following August was named chief of the U.S. Military Air Mission to Brazil.

Returning to the United States in March 1942, White was appointed assistant chief of staff for operations of the Third Air Force at MacDill Field, Florida, and subsequently named chief of staff.

Reassigned to Army Air Forces Headquarters at The Pentagon, Virginia, in January 1944, he became assistant chief of air staff for intelligence.

Proceeding to the Southwest Pacific in September 1944, White assumed duty as the deputy commander of the Thirteenth Air Force, taking part in the campaigns of New Guinea, Southern Philippines and Borneo. The following June, he assumed command of the Seventh Air Force, which had based its headquarters in the Marianas and immediately moved with it to the recently taken Okinawa. In January 1946, he returned with the Seventh Air Force to Hawaii. That October, he was appointed chief of staff of the Pacific Air Command in Tokyo, Japan. One year later, in October 1947, White took command of the Fifth Air Force in Japan.

Transferred to the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force in October 1948, White became director of the Legislation and Liaison. He was appointed, in May 1950, Air Force Member of the Joint Strategic Survey Committee in the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was assigned as director of Plans, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, in February 1951, and in July 1951, assumed duties of deputy chief of staff of operations for the Air Force.

White was promoted to the rank of general on June 30, 1953, and designated Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force at that time, becoming Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force on July 1, 1957. He retired June 30, 1961.

Life after military
Right after his retirement White was elected a director in Eastern Air Lines.

General White was the 1963 recipient of the General William E. Mitchell Memorial Award, which was awarded "the United States citizen making the outstanding individual contribution to aviation progress."

White was a fisherman, aquarist and amateur ichthyologist and while in Brazil he collected Zoological specimens with his wife, Constance, including the type of the Rio pearlfish Nematolebias whitei which was named in his honor.

He died at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on December 22, 1965, of leukemia, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

He was posthumously inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 2011.

Awards and decorations

 * White received at least two more foreign decorations.

title: Thomas D. White


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Talk:Animal sexual behaviour

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Moles
In the section on moles, it states

"It has also been recorded that certain species of mole will 'rape' new borns of their own species, the biological advantage to this is that when those moles mature and become fertile, they will become pregnant with the sperm of the mole that had mated with them at a very young age."

The problem i see is that can the sperm survive inside the newborns for long enough to them to mature? I am by no means an expert on the subject, and found nothing at a quick glance on the cycle of maturation on moles, but to the best of my knowledge seminal fluid can only sustain the sperm inside the female body for 40 or so hours. That of course as a result of the natural reaction of the female body to destroy the semen immediatly after it enters the vaginal cavity.

As I said, i am no expert on the subject, so I may be far off here, I'm not going to touch it, I'll let someone who knows what they are doing do that, but I felt the need to point this out.

Under polygyny
“ As polygyny is the most common form of polygamy among vertebrates (including humans, to some extent)

Um wat. I was halfway through slapping a citation needed on the claim in parenthesis, and then questioned if I shouldn’t just delete it entirely?

Input appreciated UsersLikeYou (talk) 08:09, 4 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you're objecting to. Human polygyny is historically widespread, among everyone from the Jews during ancient times to Hawaiian kings to Mongolian rulers. Polyandry (women having multiple husbands) is much less common. IAmNitpicking (talk) 15:25, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Animal sexual behaviour


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Pir Muhammad (son of Jahangir)

Pir Muhammad Mirza (c. 1376 – 22 February 1407) was a Timurid prince and briefly succeeded as King of Timurid Empire after the death of his grandfather Timur the Lame. He was the son of Jahangir Mirza who was the actual successor to the throne but had died before his father. Next in line was Umar Shaikh Mirza I but he too died. Pir Muhammad's brother Muhammad Sultan was appointed Timur's heir, but he had succumbed to battle-wounds in 1403. This left Shah Rukh, whom Timur considered too meek to rule and Miran Shah who suffered from mental difficulties post head trauma. Timur felt that none of his sons were capable of ruling so he named Pir Muhammad as his successor.

Pir Muhammad had been Governor of Kandahar since 1392. His territory extended from the lands west of the Hindu Kush to the Indus River. In the fall of 1397 he led the first wave of Timurids into India, and was invested with the rulership of Multan. However, none of Pir Muhammad's relatives supported him following Timur's death. He was unable to assume command in Samarkand. He went into battle twice against Khalil Sultan a cousin and the other claimant to the throne but was defeated. He was allowed to remain in his lands. However, six months later he was murdered by his vizier Pir Ali Taz in 1407.

title: Pir Muhammad (son of Jahangir)


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Montmagny (federal electoral district)

Montmagny was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935.

This riding was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted initially of the County of Montmagny. In 1882, the northeastern part of the Township of Armagh in the County of Bellechasse, and the northeastern part of the township of Mailloux, were transferred from Bellechasse to Montmagny. In 1924, it was redefined to consist of the County of Montmagny and the Ile-aux-Grues and adjoining islands.

It was abolished in 1933 when it was redistributed into the Bellechasse and Montmagny—L'Islet electoral districts.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Montmagny (federal electoral district)


text:
Montmorency (federal electoral district)

Montmorency (also known as Montmorency—Orléans, Beauport—Montmorency—Orléans, and Beauport—Montmorency—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île-d'Orléans) was a federal electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917, and from 1968 to 2004.

History
"Montmorency" riding was created by the British North America Act of 1867, and was abolished in 1914 when it was redistributed into Charlevoix—Montmorency and Quebec County ridings.

The riding was recreated in 1966 from parts of Charlevoix and Québec—Montmorency.

It was defined in 1966 to consist of:
 * the cities of Beauport, Charlesbourg and Giffard;
 * the Towns of Beaupré, Courville, Montmorency, Orsainville and Villeneuve;
 * the County of Montmorency No. 2 (Island of Orléans);
 * in the County of Montmorency No. 1: the village municipalities of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré and Saint-Jean-de-Boischatel; the parish municipalities of Château-Richer, L'Ange-Gardien, Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Sainte-Brigitte-de-Laval and Saint-Joachim; the territory without local municipal organization situated northwest of the parish municipalities of Château-Richer, Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Saint-Féréol, the municipality of Saint-Tite-des-Caps and the Town of Beaupré;
 * in the County of Québec: the municipalities of Beauport West, Charlesbourg East and Sainte-Thérèse-de-Lisieux.

In 1976, it was redefined to consist of:
 * the City of Giffard;
 * the Towns of Beaupré, Château-Richer, Courville, Montmorency, Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré and Villeneuve;
 * the County of Montmorency No. 2;
 * in the County of Montmorency No. 1: the village municipality of Saint-Jean-de-Boischatel; the parish municipalities of L'Ange-Gardien, Sainte-Brigitte-de-Laval and Saint-Joachim; the territory without local municipal organization situated northwest of the Towns of Château-Richer and Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, of the municipality of Saint-Féréol-les-Neiges and of Sainte-Anne-du-Nord River, southeast of the easterly prolongation of the southern limit of the Township of Lescarbot;
 * in the County of Québec: the parish municipality of Saint-Michel-Archange and the municipality of Sainte-Thérèse-de-Lisieux.

In 1980, it was renamed "Montmorency—Orléans".

In 1987, it was redefined to consist of the towns of Beauport, Beaupré, Château-Richer and Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré; the County of Montmorency No. 2; and the County of Montmorency No. 1 excluding the Territory of Montmorency No. 1-Lac-Moncouche portion.

In 1990, it was renamed "Beauport—Montmorency—Orléans".

In 1996, the riding was changed to consist of the cities of Beauport, Beaupré, Château-Richer and Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré; the County Regional Municipality of L'Île-d'Orléans; and the County Regional Municipality of La Côte-de-Beaupré, excluding the unorganized territory of Lac-Jacques-Cartier.

In 1998, it was renamed "Beauport—Montmorency—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île-d'Orléans".

In 2003, it was abolished when it was redistributed into Beauport and Charlevoix—Montmorency ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Montmorency (1867–1917)
By-election: On Mr. Cauchon being called to the Senate, 2 November 1867

By-election: On Mr. Valin being unseated on petition, 14 January 1880

By-election: On Mr. Angers being appointed Puisne Judge, Superior Court of Quebec, 13 November 1880

By-election: On Mr. Langelier's resignation, 10 June 1890

By-election: On election being declared void

Beauport—Montmorency—Orléans (1990–1998)


text:
Montreal Centre

Montreal Centre (Montréal-Centre) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1892.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted initially of the West Ward, the Centre Ward and the East Ward of the city of Montreal. In 1872, it was redefined to consist of the Ste. Anne Ward, West Ward, Centre Ward and East Ward.

It was abolished in 1892 when it was redistributed into St. Anne and St. James ridings. Nevertheless, a by-election was held in Montreal Centre on December 27, 1895.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
By-election: On election being declared void, 31 October 1874

By-election: On Mr. Devlin being unseated on petition, 26 August 1875

By-election: On Mr. Curran being appointed Solicitor General, 5 December 1892

By-election: On Mr. Curran being appointed Puisne Judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, 18 October 1895

title: Montreal Centre


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Montreal East (electoral district)

Montreal East (Montréal-Est) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1892.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of the St. Lewis Ward, St. James Ward and the St. Mary's Ward. It was abolished in 1892 when it was redistributed into St. James, St. Lawrence and St. Mary ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Montreal East (electoral district)


text:
Heidrek

Heidrek or Heiðrekr (Old Norse: ) is one of the main characters in the cycle about the magic sword Tyrfing. He appears in the Hervarar saga, and probably also in Widsith, together with his sons Angantyr (Incgentheow) and Hlöð (Hlith), and Hlöð's mother Sifka (Sifeca). The etymology is heiðr, meaning "honour", and rekr, meaning "ruler, king".

Youth
Heidrek was the son of king Höfund and his wife Hervor, a shieldmaiden. Like his mother in her youth, he was ill-natured and violent. To amend this, he was raised by the wise Geatish king Gizur, but this did not improve his disposition. One day, when his parents were having a banquet, Heidrek arrived uninvited and late at night, he started a quarrel which ended in manslaughter. His father, King Höfund, banished Heidrek from his kingdom, although Hervor did her utmost to soften Höfund's feelings against his son.

His father's advice
However, before Heidrek left, his father gave him some words of advice:

 * "Never help a man who has betrayed his master.
 * Never give peace to a man who has murdered his friend.
 * Don't allow your wife to visit her family frequently, even though she insists on doing so.
 * Never tell your loved one about your secret thoughts.
 * If you're in a hurry, never ride your best horse.
 * Never punish the son of a better man.
 * Never break a promise about peace.
 * Never have many thralls in your company."

Heidrek immediately decided never to follow his father's advice.

Departing
Hervor secretly gave her son the sword Tyrfing as she bade him farewell, and his brother Angantyr kept him company for a while. When they had walked for some time, Heidrek wanted to have a look at the sword. Since he had unsheathed it, the curse the dwarves had put on the sword made him kill his brother.

Adventures
After a while, Heidrek met a patrol moving a prisoner who was to be executed because he had murdered his master. He remembered his father's advice and resolved to buy the criminal. Then he continued his journey and met a patrol moving a scoundrel who had killed his comrade. Likewise, Heidrek bought the man's life in order to disobey his father.

Soon, Heidrek arrived in Reidgotaland, entered the Gothic king Harald's service, and disposed of two rebellious jarls for him. This earned him half the Gothic kingdom and the king's daughter, Helga. Heidrek and Helga had a son who was named Angantyr after Heidrek's brother and grandfather. During the same time old King Harald had a son who was named Halfdan.

Unfortunately, Reidgotaland was struck with bad crops and starvation. The goðar (heathen priests) determined that they must sacrifice the most noble young man of the kingdom to Odin in order to restore good crops. Immediately, people started to quarrel about which of the princes was the most noble, and so they asked king Höfund of Glæsisvellir. King Höfund decided that it was Angantyr (his own grandson) who was the most noble prince. Höfund also told Heidrek to ask King Harald that in recompense for sacrificing his own son, he should receive half the Gothic army as his own. King Harald agreed to this.

However, when Höfund called for a thing in order to sacrifice Angantyr, Heidrek objected and said that Odin would be happy if instead of Angantyr, he received King Harald and his son Halfdan. Then, Heidrek made a coup d'état with his half of the Gothic army, using Tyrfing to kill King Harald and his son. When his wife Helga heard the news, she committed suicide by hanging herself.

King of the Goths
Heidrek used his army to subjugate the Gothic kingdom and ruled with brutal force. He defeated Humli, the king of the Huns, and captured his daughter Sifka, whom he raped. When she became pregnant, she was sent back to her father's kingdom, where she bore a son who was named Hlöd.

Heidrek married Olof, the daughter of Åke, the King of the Saxons. She often asked to go home to visit her family, and since Heidrek remembered his father's advice, he always gladly consented. This would turn out to be an unwise strategy, because one day he made the journey to Saxony in order to see his wife among her family. He found her in the arms of a blond thrall and immediately divorced her.

Instead, he married a girl from Finland who was named Sifka, like the Hunnic princess. One day, they were visiting king Rollaug of Gardariki. To oppose a fourth word of advice given by his father, he told Sifka a secret and asked her to swear an oath never to tell anyone. The secret was that he had accidentally killed King Rollaug's son in a hunting accident.

Naturally, Sifka immediately ran to King Rollaug and told him the secret, which caused King Rollaug to capture Heidrek and to kill all of his retinue. The two men who bound him were none other than the two culprits he had saved from the gallows.

When king Rollaug was about to burn Heidrek alive, someone broke the news that the prince was still alive and that Heidrek was innocent. Rollaug apologized and in recompense for Heidrek's losses he gave him his own daughter, Hergerd.

Heidrek and Hergerd had a daughter who was named Hervor, the shieldmaiden, after his mother who had just died. This was the beginning of a time of peace for Heidrek.

During a voyage, Heidrek camped at the Carpathians (Harvaða fjöllum, cf. Grimm's law). He was accompanied by eight mounted thralls, and while Heidrek slept, the thralls broke into his tent, took Tyrfing and slew Heidrek.

This was the last one of Tyrfing's three evil deeds. Heidrek's son Angantyr caught the thralls, killed them and reclaimed the magic sword, but the curse had ceased.

title: Heidrek


text:
Sui Jianguo

Sui Jianguo, professor and ex-chairman of the Department of Sculpture in Central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing, is a contemporary Chinese artist.

Biography
Sui was born in Qingdao, China in 1956. Both of his parents were factory workers and were largely absent during his early childhood due to the workload imposed on them by the Mao government. Growing up, Sui witnessed the harsh realities of the Mao years. During this time Maoist socialist realism became the approved art style. This style generally portrayed Maoist ideals in a romantic positive light. These images were used to create a cult of personality for Mao. At the age of ten, schools were closed as part of the Cultural Revolution, and Sui began to work in the factories with his parents. In an interview he stated that he was “transfixed in the age of Mao worship, when Mao was virtually a God at home”. Painting was not a career option for Sui until the age of eighteen when he broke his arm, which took him away from factory work. According to Sui, during this period he contemplated his “spiritual” life and what he wanted to do with his future. Soon after, and with the permission and guidance of his father, he began studying painting at night under the cover of darkness.

Upon his return to the factory Sui painted propaganda posters of Mao in the socialist realist fashion. His studies and practice gave fruit to his first true work: a traditional Chinese landscape painting, which he completed in 1976 after the death of Mao. After his death, the Chinese government loosened its grip on the population, and educational reforms were quick to follow. Sui took advantage of the new freedoms, and moved to Jinan and then Shandong, where he received his major in sculpture. A few years later he earned his master's degree in Arts at the central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing. According to Sui, by the time he had enrolled in college, he had decided he wanted to do sculpture, inspired by his years in the factories, where people would tell him he had “skill in using his hands”. After gaining his master's degree, Sui travelled to the Netherlands, Australia, Japan, and other places to display his art. He also worked as a guest professor or speaker at several universities outside of China. Finally, Sui returned to become chairman of the department of sculpture at the Central Academy of Fine Arts.

Sui became internationally prominent through the use of “naturalistic sculptures” that made use of rocks, boulders, and steel. These early sculptures brought him into the international scene. His true acclaim came in 1997 when he crafted his first Mao suit, a sculpture that imitated Chairman Mao's communist jacket. His jackets interested famous collectors such as Uli Sigg, and helped him gain international recognition.

Art
Sui has been an active artist on the stage of modern and contemporary art in China. He has had numerous solo and joint exhibitions in Japan, Australia, Hong Kong, India, Taiwan, and most recently in the United States, in addition to his active schedules in China, and several high-profile exhibitions worldwide. He likes to work with hard and heavy materials such as granite and metals. His techniques of sealing, binding, tying and hammering created a relationship of association and confrontation between his materials, which resonate with his perception of life and his internal conflicts. Among his known works in the early 1990s are Land Depression, in which he entwines huge boulders in nets made from steel ropes, and Sealed Memory, a closely welded cabinet of thick steel sheets, which gives an oppressive sense of weight and blockage. Memory is a wall made out of old railroad ties. The ties have been ground down just as humans are ground down by life, and they become part of a dividing wall, a boundary.

Many of Sui's early works reflect his personal experiences and explore, to a lesser or greater extent, and his anxieties and feelings of imprisonment. He began his Mao Suit series in 1997. This series can be regarded as the conclusion of an important stage in his self-exploration. He draws on the powerful image of the Mao suit, not as an element of revolutionary attire but as a symbol of restriction and limitation. Sui suggests that none of the Chinese have truly taken off their Mao suits even though the revolutionary era is over. Sometimes Sui makes the Mao suits resemble Buddhas and at other times he turns them into hard shells. Recently, Sui has made fairly humorous, soft and almost transparent Mao suits. The Mao suit is perhaps coming to represent to the artist an object of fun.

In a more recent work, the red dinosaur, a symbol of imperialist China, like communist China, with the engraved door on the chest mentions "Made in China". This is a glance toward plastic toys from the start of the Chinese economic flight, and a symbol of an antiquated China moving toward being contemporary. Throughout the 1960s, it seemed that everything was "made in Japan", in the 1970s "made in Taiwan", and in the 1980s "made in China". The fabrication of finished products based on models and imported raw materials has become the economic norm of emerging countries.

Over all, Sui's work has well represented the views and expressions of his generation, the generation that survived Mao's Cultural Revolution. More importantly, as one of the most active and most productive artists in China today, and as the head of the department in the most prestigious art institute in China, he has brought fundamental changes to the contemporary art movement in recent China. Because of his influential works and through his educational efforts, abstract and conceptual sculpture have been well accepted by the ordinary Chinese people and by the authorities. Furthermore, he has taken the role of bringing the contemporary art of modern China to the world. His works have been well recognized by the Western art world.

Famous works
While Sui Jianguo is a prolific artist, certain of his works have stood out. Not only have these allowed Sui to become a prominent contemporary Chinese artist, but they also grant viewers an insight into his mind and opinions.

Earth Force
Earth Force was one of Sui's earlier works and came to his mind in 1987. The inspiration came when he was experimenting with conceptual and symbolic aspects of materials and mediums. His need to experiment with rocks came after Tiananmen Square; it was during this stage that Sui began working with more quiet materials. Earth Force consists of twenty 100 kg boulders. Each boulder is entangled in a web of ribbed steel. The final work was presented in Beijing in 1992.

Mao Jackets
Sui Jianguo's Mao Jackets are perhaps his most iconic work. Sui began thinking of the Mao Suit or Sun Yat Sen suit when he visited the birthplace of Sun Yat Sen in August 1996. A finished product finally emerged a year later when Sui was in Australia for a fellowship. A “scholarly discussion” is credited with yielding the first outlines or frame of the suit.

While there are several representations of these jackets, most of them are a hollow sculpture of a Mao suit. Sue Wang states that “utilizing various forms and sizes to simultaneously release the excitement and inhibition associated with this object, the artist used a satirical approach to express the conflict between escape and repression”.

The Mao suit itself is representative of Sui's strong ties with China's Maoist past. During the Cultural Revolution Sui and many other Chinese were influenced by Mao's cult of personality. Sui goes into further detail, stating “Mao was virtually a God at home”. The empty, hollow suits are seen by some as symbols of Mao's empty promises. Sui stresses that the suits are not much as a criticism but more of a medium to convey his ideas and emotions about his Maoist past. Upon completion of this project Sui felt like he had reached a certain type of resolution. Sui claimed, “I’m putting him to rest. This way I can grow up”.

Red Dinosaurs
Sui's Red Dinosaurs or Jurassic Age series have also become a trademark of his work. These dinosaurs focus more on China's recent exporting nature, allowing Sui to evaluate the contemporary Chinese export culture. According to 798 ART district, the “Made in China” stamped on several of the dinosaurs' midsection “relates directly to some topics on economical relations”. Sui intends to cause the audience to consider who is making a product, where it is going, and why. Sui sometimes cages the dinosaurs. When asked about this, Sui stated that he was suggesting that China's economic expanse "in some ways is not good for China, for the environment and human life... I don't want him to continue getting bigger".

The dinosaurs are usually made out of fiberglass and can stand up to 310 cm tall.

Made in China
Sui's Made in China series revolves around China's new identity as a world producing power. The works are usually banners stating "Made in China".

Limited Motion
Some of Sui's most recent work has been on the Limited Motion series. Limited Motion was created in order to express the feelings of “imprisonment” felt by Sui Jianguo. The series of works made its debut in 2011 and was shown in the Museum Beelden aan Zee in The Hague.

For this series Sui creates steel structures that house steel spheres. These spheres are able to move due to an internal motor. As seen with previous works, the works in this series vary in size as well as shape. For example, one of the Limited Motions is housed in a cage, and another is housed in a box. In the grander scope of the work, however, certain crucial details manifest themselves in the project that allow the artist to fully share his feelings and intentions via the artwork. The first of these details is the solid unrelenting structures themselves. Their harsh exterior perhaps refers to the oppressive stance the Chinese government has on censorship. The exterior shells are weathered, perhaps indicating the attempts made upon the structure to weaken it or tear it down, yet we still see it standing in place.

Solo exhibitions
2012     "Sui Jianguo's Discus Thrower" The British Museum, London, UK

2012     "Sui Jianguo" Pace Beijing, 798, Beijing, China

2012     "Restrained Power: Sui Jianguo's Work", MOCA, Singapore

2011     “the Hague Under Heaven---Suijianguo Sculpture” Museum Beelden aan Zee, Hague, Holland

2010     “Made in China by Sui Jianguo” Art Issue Projects, Beigao District, Beijing, China

2009     “Motion/Tension : New Work by SuiJianguo", Today Art Museum, Beijing, China

2008     “Art Time Square-Exhibition of works by Sui Jianguo”, Hong Kong, China

2008     “Revealing Traces”, Joyart, Beijing, China

2007     “Dian Xue - Sui Jianguo Art Works”, OCAT, Shanghai, China

2007     “Speeding up – Sui Jianguo Space Video”, Arario, Beijing, China

2005     “Sui Jianguo: The Sleep of Reason”, Asian Art Museum, San Francisco, US

1999     “Clothes Veins Study”, Passage Gallery, Beijing, China

1997    “You Meet the Shadow of Hundred Years”, Victoria College of the Arts, Melbourne, Australia

1996     “Exhibition of Works by Sui Jianguo”, Hanart Gallery, Hong Kong

1995     “Deposit and Fault”, New Delhi Culture Center, India

1994     “Exhibition of Works by Sui Jianguo”, Hanart Gallery, Taipei, Taiwan

1994     “Remembrance of Space”, CAFA Gallery, Beijing, China

2013     "Space Drawings" "FITUNFIT", Museum KAdE, Amersfoort, Holland

2011     “Leaving Realism Behind”, Pace Beijing, Beijing, China

2011     “Start from the Horizon-Chinese Contemporary Sculpture Since 1978”, Sishang Art Museum, Beijing, China

2011     “Ideology and Manifestation”, Wenxuan Art Museum, Chengdu, China

2011     “the 4th Guangdong Triennial”, GMOA, China

2011     “Super-Organism-CAFAM Biennale", Beijing, China

2011     “Collection History-China New Art”, MOCA, Chengdu, China

2011     “Martell Artists of the Year” Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou

2010     “Made in Pop Land”, National Museum of Contemporary Art, Korea

2010     “The city of forking paths” The sculpture project of the expo boulevard, World Expo Shanghai 2010, Shanghai

2010     “The constructed dimension - 2010 Chinese contemporary art invitational exhibition” National Art Museum of China

2010     “Sculpture - Sui Jianguo and his students”, A4 gallery, Chengdu, China

2009     “The home court” White Box Museum of Art, 798, Beijing, China

2009     “Beijing—Havana The Revolution of Art”, The National Museum of Fine Arts, Havana, Cuba

2009     “I Can Believe Chinese Contemporary Artist’s" (Invitation) Exhibition & Star Art Museum Opening Exhibition

2009     “Embrace Suzhou - Exhibition of Chinese Contemporary Art”, Suzhou Art Museum, China

2009     “09 Art Changsha” Hunan Museum, Changsha, China

2009     Conversation With Chinese Contemporary Sculpture, Millennium Park, Chicago, US

2009     State Legacy-Research in the visualisation of political history, Manchester, MMU, UK

2009     "Spectacle—to each his own", Museum of Contemporary Art, Taipei

2008     “Art and Chinese Revolution”, Asia Society, New York, US

2008     “Beyond-Sotheby’s at Chatsworth”, Chatsworth, UK

2008     “Conciliatory-Bozinan Biennalia”,  Bozinan Art Museum, Poland

2008     “Come Over”, Li Space, Caochangdi, Beijing, China

2008     “Hanging in Sky Drifting on Surface”,  Linda Gallery, 798 Beijing, China

2008     “Reflective Asia—3rd Nanjing Triennial”, Nanjing Museum, Nanjing, China

2008     “Hypallage — The Post - Modem Mode of Chinese Contemporary Art”, The OCT Art & Design Gallery, Shenzhen, China

2008     “Half - life of a Dream — Contemporary Chinese Art”, SFMOMA, US

2008     “Ships at Sea” – Henk Visch & Sui Jianguo, C - Space, Beijing, China

2008     “New World Order”, Groninger Museum, Groningen, The Netherlands

2008     “Free Fall”, Chen Ling Hui Contemporary Space, Beijing, China

2008     “Crouching Paper Hidden Dragon”, F2 Gallery, Caochangdi, Beijing, China

2008     “Hunting Birds”, Tang Contemporary, Beijing, China

2007     “Energy—Spirit, Body, Material, The First Today’s Documents 2007”,  Today's Art Museum, Beijing, China

2007     “Forms of Concepts—the reform of concepts of Chinese contemporary Art 1987-2007”, Hubei Art Museum, Wu Han, China

2007     “Red Hot - Asian Art Today from the Chaney Family Collection”, the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, US

2007     “Metamorphosis: The Generation of Transformation in Chinese Contemporary Art “, Tampere Art Museum, Finland

2007     “Fashion Accidentally”, Museum of Contemporary Art, Taipei, Taiwan

2007     “What is Monoha?”, B.T.A.P., Beijing, China

2007     “Breathe”, Jinan, China

2007     “Top 10 Chinese Contemporary Sculptors”, Asia Art Center, Beijing, China

2007     “Chinese Contemporary Socart”, The Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia

2007     “We Are Your Future - Special Project for 2nd Moscow Biennale”, Russia

2006     “City in Progress / Live from Zhang Jiang”, Shanghai, China

2006     “Double - kick Cracker”, Tang Contemporary, Beijing, China

2006     “Susi - Future & Fantasy”, Metropolitan Museum of Manila, The Philippines

2006     “Absolute Images”, Arario Tian, South Korea

2006     “China Trade”, International Center for Contemporary Asian Art, Vancouver, Canada

2006     “Jianghu”, Jack Tilton Gallery, New York, US

2006     “Between Past and Future: New Photography and Video from China”, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany

2006     “On the Edge”, Davis Museum and Culture Center, Wellesley College, Massachusetts, US

2005     “Beautiful Cynicism”, Arario, Beijing, China

2005     “Ten Thousand Years”, Postmodern City, Beijing, China

2005     “To Each His Own”, Zero-Space 798, Beijing, China

2005     “Xianfeng! Chinese Avant-garde sculpture, Museum Beelden aan Zee, Scheveningen, The Netherlands

2005     “Transportation Box”, Jianwai SOHO, Beijing, China

2005     “On the Edge - Contemporary Chinese Artists Encounter the West”, Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University, California, US

2005     “Between Past and Future: New Photography and Video from China”, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, US

2004     “Now - Conceptual Estate in Shanghai”, Shanghai, China

2004     “The First Nominative Exhibition of Fine Art Literature”, Wuhan, China

2004     “Sculpture by the Sea”, Sydney, Australia

2004     “Gods Becoming Men”, Frissiras Museum, Athens, Greece

2004     “What Is Art - Two Wrongs Can Make One Right”, Xian Art Museum, Xian, China

2004     “Playing With Chi Energy”, House of Shiseido, Tokyo, Japan

2004     “L’art à la Plage”, Nice, France

2004     “Exposition des Sculptures Chinoises”, Jardin Des Tuileries, Paris, France

2004     “Between Past and Future: New Photography and Video from China”, International Center of Photography / Asia Society, New York, US

2004     “Le Moine et le Démon”, Lyon Contemporary Art Museum, Lyon, France

2004     “Busan Sculpture Project”, Busan, South Korea

2004     “Light As Fuck!”, National Museum of Contemporary Art, Oslo, Norway

2004     “Beyond Boundaries”, Shanghai Gallery of Art, Shanghai, China

2003     “Open the Sky: Contemporary Art Exhibition”, Duolun Art Museum, Shanghai, China

2003     “The Sea and the Music: Modern Sculpture Exhibition”, Xiamen, China

2003     “Left Wing”, Left Bank Plaza, Beijing, China

2003     “Conceptual Estate”, Shenzhen, China

2003     “Exhibition of Modern Ceramic Art”, Fushan, China

2003     “Second Reality”, Pingod Space, Beijing, China

2003     “Red Memory - Left Hand and Right Hand”, 798 Art District, Beijing, China

2003     “Today’s Chinese Art”, Shijitan, Beijing, China

2003     “Open Time”, National Art Gallery, Beijing, China

2003     “Contemporary Sculpture - China Korea Japan”, Osaka Museum, Japan

2003     “Beaufort Triennial Contemporary Art by the Sea”, Museum of Modern Art, Oostende, Belgium

2002     “Paris – Pékin”, Palace Cardin, Paris, France

2002     “Mirage”, Suzhou Art Museum, Suzhou, China

2002     “1st Guangzhou Triennial”, Guangdong Art Museum, Guangzhou, China

2002     “Beijing Afloat”, B.T.A.P., Beijing, China

2002     “Made in China”, Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg, Germany

2002     “Triennial of Chinese Art”, Guangzhou Museum, Guangzhou, China

2002     “Modernity in China - 1980-2002”, Fondacion Armando Alvares Penteado (FAAP), São Paulo, Brazil

2002     “Artists of Ideal”, Contemporary Art Center, Verona, Italy

2002     “Made By Chinese”, Gallery Enrico Navara, Paris, France

2002     “Made in China”, Ethan Cohen Fine Art, New York, US

2001     “Transplantation In Situ”, He Xiangning Art Museum, Shenzhen, China

2001     “Dream 2001 - Contemporary Chinese Art Exhibition”, Red Mansion, London, UK

2001     “Forever”, Canadian Embassy, Beijing, China

2001     “Open 2001- Fourth International Sculpture and Installation”, Venice, Italy

2001     “Art on the Beach”, Nice, France

2001     “Between Earth and Heaven: New Classical Movements in the Art of Today”, Museum Of Modern Art, Oostende, Belgium

2000     “Shanghai Spirit - Shanghai Biennale”, Shanghai Art Museum, Shanghai, China

2000     “Sui Jianguo and Zhan Wang”, Galerie Loft, Paris, France

2000     “Sharing Exoticisms - Contemporary Art Lyon Biennale”, Lyon, France

2000     “Chinese Contemporary Sculpture Invitational Exhibition”, Qingdao Sculpture Museum, Qingdao, China

1999     “Second Annual Contemporary Sculpture Exhibition”, He Xiangning Art Museum, Shenzhen, China

1999     “Gate of the Century”, Chengdu Art Museum, Chengdu, China

1999     “Avant-garde in China”, Galerie Loft, Paris, France

1999     “Les Champs de la Sculpture 2000”, Paris, France

1999     “The Fourteenth International Asia Art Exhibition”, Asia Art Museum, Fukuoka, Japan

1999     “Volume and Form - Singapore Art Festival”, Singapore Art Museum, Singapore

1999     “Four Artists”, Beijing Art Warehouse, Beijing, China

1999     “Departure From China”, Beijing Design Museum, Beijing, China

1999     “China 1999”, Limn Gallery, San Francisco, US

1999     “Transience: Chinese Art at the End of the Twentieth Century”, David and Alfred Smart Museum of Art, University of Chicago, US

1998     “Personal Touch - Chinese Contemporary Art”, TEDA Contemporary Art Museum, Tianjin, China

1998     “First Annual Contemporary Sculpture Exhibition”, He Xiangning Art Museum, Shenzhen, China

1998     “Im Spiegel der Eigenen Tradition - Contemporary Chinese Art”, German Embassy, Beijing, China

1998     “A Revelation of 20 Years Contemporary Chinese Art”, Forbidden City, Beijing, China

1998     “Vivre Life - Eight Artists Exhibition”, Wan Feng Gallery, Beijing, China

1997     “Dream of China - Chinese Contemporary Art”, Yan Huang Art Museum, Beijing, China

1997     “Continue - Five Sculptors’ Exhibition", CAFA Gallery, Beijing, China

1997     “Sui Jianguo & Li Gang”, Contemporary Chinese Sculpture, Red Gate Gallery, Beijing, China

1997     “A Point of Contact – Korean, Chinese and Japanese Contemporary Art”, Taegu Culture Hall, Taegu, Korea

1996     “First Academic Exhibition of Chinese Contemporary Artists,” Hong Kong Art Center, Hong Kong

1996     “Reality, Present, and Future - Chinese Contemporary Art”, Beijing International Art Museum, Beijing, China

1996     “From the East of Asia - Installation & Painting”, Kodama Gallery, Osaka, Japan

1996     “Works Nominated by Art Critics (Sculpture and Installation) in Jiangsu Monthly Magazine”, Beijing, China

1995     “Women Site”, Beijing Contemporary Art Gallery, Beijing, China

1995     “Plan for Development”, CAFA Gallery, Beijing, China

1995     “From the Middle Kingdom - Chinese Avant-garde Art Since 1979”, Centre d'Art Santa Monica, Barcelona, Spain

1994     “Substance and Creativity: Asian Arts and Craft from Its Origin to the Present Day”, Hiroshima, Japan

1993     “Sui Jianguo and Wang Keping Sculpture Exhibition”, Chinese Modern Art Center, Osaka, Japan

1993     “China’s New Art post 1989”, Hong Kong Art Center, Hong Kong

1992     “Contemporary Young Sculptors, National Academy of Fine Arts, Hangzhou, China

1992     “Position '92”, CAFA Gallery, Beijing, China

1990   “Exhibition of Art Workshop No.1”, CAFA Gallery, Beijing, China

1986   “Exhibition of Young Artists in Shandong”, Jinan, China

title: Sui Jianguo


text:
Montreal West (electoral district)

Montreal West (Montréal-Ouest) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1892.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted initially of St. Anne Ward, St. Antoine Ward and St. Lawrence Ward. In 1872, St. Anne Ward was removed from the riding. It was abolished in 1892 when it was redistributed into St. Antoine and St. Lawrence ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
By-election: On Mr. McGee being assassinated, 7 April 1868

By-election: On election being declared void, 22 October 1874

By-election: On election being declared void, 14 August 1875

title: Montreal West (electoral district)


text:
Napierville (federal electoral district)

Napierville was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1892.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867, and was abolished in 1892 when it was merged into Laprairie—Napierville riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:


text:
Nicolet (federal electoral district)

Nicolet was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867 which preserved existing electoral districts in Lower Canada. It consisted of the County of Nicolet. From 1903 to 1924, it included the parishes of Ste. Brigitte, Ste. Eulalie, Ste. Perpétue and St. Samuel. It was abolished in 1933 when it was redistributed into Lotbinière and Nicolet—Yamaska ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
By-election: On Mr. Gaudet being appointed to the Legislative Council of Quebec, for Kennebec Division, 31 October 1877

By-election: On Mr. Méthot being appointed to the Legislative Council of Quebec, for La Vallière Division, 27 March 1884

 * Nationalist Conservative
 * Athanase Gaudet ||align=right|1,535

By-election: On Mr. Gaudet's death, 29 April 1888

By-election: On Mr. Boisvert's death, 12 November 1897

By-election: On Mr. Lemieux being elected to sit for Gaspé, 3 December 1906

By-election: On Mr. Devlin's resignation, 29 October 1907

By-election: On Mr. Trahan's acceptance of an office of emolument under the Crown, 25-04-1923

title: Nicolet (federal electoral district)


text:
User talk:Springmourning99

Please do not create a new article where there is an already existing redirect to a full article on the same topic. Gamaliel 21:36, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Springmourning99


text:
Ottawa (County of) (electoral district)

Ottawa (County of) (Ottawa (Compté d')) was a federal electoral district in Quebec in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1892. It was based in the Outaouais region of Quebec, across the Ottawa River from the city of Ottawa, Ontario.

The electoral district was created by the British North America Act, 1867, based on the former electoral district of Ottawa in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. The district was redistributed into the new electoral districts of Wright and Labelle in 1892.

Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
This riding elected the following members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada:

 * Philemon Wright (1830–1834)
 * Theodore Davis (1832–1834) (second member added)
 * James Blackburn & Baxter Bowman (1834–1838)

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Ottawa (County of) (electoral district)