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Talk:Clear Channel UK

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 * Old 'subsidiary' information moved from article page. The 'subsidiary' section needs to be tidied up. I intend to do it in the future, but for the moment I'll store this here for general reference Thoughtcriminal — Preceding undated comment added 23:56, 19 April 2005 (UTC)

This information was taken from the UK Companies Database in April 2005, and re-ordered to show the relationships between holding companies and subsidiaries more clearly. Each line shows, in the follwing order: Please note that the information given in the Companies Database is not fully up to date - companies normally have a time window in which to file documents, and even when filed, the documents may take some time to become available on the database. Most notably, the Mean Fiddler Music Group takeover is not yet shown on the Companies Database.
 * Full Company Name
 * Ownership status (Wholly Owned or Intermediary - Intermediary implies another party also owns shares in the company).
 * Level of ownership. Clear Channel UK is at ownership level 4 because it has 3 holding companies above it. Its subsidiaries are level 5, their subsidiaries are level 6, and so forth.
 * Company registration number.
 * Notes (e.g. Dormant indicates a company is not currently trading, but could resume trading in the future). Please feel free to add notes as to the subsidiary companies' business areas and activities.

Indented companies are subsidiaries of the company above them. The better-known and more active subsidiaries are shown towards the top of the list.

 * ROCKBOX LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	03124854

 * TAXI MEDIA HOLDINGS LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	04162429

 * TAXI MEDIA LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	01847745

 * CLEAR CHANNEL (CENTRAL) LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	SC198208

 * MAURICE STAM LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	01501443

 * CLEAR CHANNEL (SOUTH WEST) LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	03030075

 * GROSVENOR ADVERTISING LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	03130865

 * C.F.D. BILLBOARDS LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	01329843

 * CLEAR CHANNEL (MIDLANDS) LIMITED 	Immediate 	06 	 	01448409 (Dormant)

 * VISION POSTERS LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	07 	 	02526180

 * SIGNWAYS LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	07 	 	01421475

 * TORPIX LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	07 	 	02336976

 * CLEAR CHANNEL (NORTH WEST) LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	00559527

 * PARKIN ADVERTISING LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	07 	 	01258967

 * CLEAR CHANNEL (SCOTLAND) LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	SC096780

 * TRAINER ADVERTISING LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	07 	 	SC065174

 * BARRETT PETRIE SUTCLIFFE LONDON LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	  	 03343605

 * BARRETT, PETRIE, SUTCLIFFE LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	01812425

 * CLEAR CHANNEL BANNERS LIMITED 	Immediate 	05 	 	04715228

 * F M MEDIA LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	04143850

 * LOUIS BARNETT & SON LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	01441161

 * MULTIMARK LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	01042733

 * POSTERMOBILE LIMITED 	Immediate 	05 	 	02061406

 * POSTERMOBILE ADVERTISING LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	02696828

 * EPICLOVE LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	03321640

 * KMS ADVERTISING LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	03021896

 * ARCADIA COOPER PROPERTIES LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	02427979

 * REGENTFILE LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	02376601

 * SITES INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	03433522

 * TEAMRELAY LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	02542752

 * TRACEMOTION LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	05 	 	03269252

 * TOWN & CITY POSTERS ADVERTISING LIMITED 	Wholly Owned 	06 	 	01624909

Clear Channel Entertainment becomes Live Nation
Seems to have happened in the UK too - see recent Google News regarding Wembley Arena and the National Bowl (Milton Keynes). If anybody knows anything about it, this article needs to be split too. Volunteers? --Concrete Cowboy 17:49, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Clear Channel UK tagged for cleanup
You tagged Clear Channel UK for cleanup. The template says that you have ledt your rationale in the Talk page, but it doesn't seem that you have? --Concrete Cowboy 17:45, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry - I wrote it, but must have previewed rather than "Save page". Main reason was the format: generally Wikipedia's own markup is preferred here to HTML tables (see How to use tables). I also felt that the explanation of the tables was a bit unclear. Tearlach 18:29, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Copyvio
Removed material copied from 2 of their official websites - tried to add the urls but they were blocked as spam sites!Dougweller (talk) 00:28, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Cleanup-reorganize
I have tagged this as Cleanup-reorganize to get the Corporate Structure Tables tidied up (or maybe even removed altogether). I would say dormant companies are by definition not notable - and the layout is messy too. I also don't understand why this article for a UK company comes within the scope of WikiProject United States.--Keith Edkins ( Talk ) 17:12, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Clear Channel UK. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110219113638/http://www.clearchannel.co.uk/content.aspx?ID=60&ParentID=0&MicrositeID=0&Page=1 to http://www.clearchannel.co.uk/content.aspx?ID=60&ParentID=0&MicrositeID=0&Page=1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081114232500/http://www.clearchannel.co.uk/content.aspx?ID=246&ParentID=1&MicrositeID=0&Page=1 to http://www.clearchannel.co.uk/content.aspx?ID=246&ParentID=1&MicrositeID=0&Page=1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081116141444/http://www.clearchannel.co.uk/content.aspx?ID=101&ParentID=1&MicrositeID=0&Page=1 to http://www.clearchannel.co.uk/content.aspx?ID=101&ParentID=1&MicrositeID=0&Page=1
 * Added tag to http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/ticker/article.aspx?Feed=BW&Date=20071204&ID=7893137&Symbol=US%3ACCO
 * Added tag to http://www.hackney.gov.uk/planning_update_16_june_2006.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081118183334/http://www.clearchannel.co.uk/content.aspx?ID=16&ParentID=5&MicrositeID=1&Page=1 to http://www.clearchannel.co.uk/content.aspx?ID=16&ParentID=5&MicrositeID=1&Page=1

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:32, 9 August 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:09, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Clear Channel Outdoor Logo.jpg

title: Talk:Clear Channel UK


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Dust abatement

Dust abatement refers to the process of inhibiting the creation of excess soil dust, a pollutant that contributes to excess levels of particulate matter.

Frequently employed by local governments of arid climates such as those in the Southwest United States, dust abatement procedures may also be required in private construction as a condition of obtaining a building permit. Dust control is most commonly used in vineyards, orchards and logging roads.

Dust abatement methods generally fall into four categories. The first two are petroleum-based products, such as emulsified asphalts, but they are considered environmentally hazardous, according to the report. The third category includes such non-petroleum products as lignosulfates, which are a byproduct of the wood pulping industry, but they tend to leach and run off during heavy rains, giving off odors and staining soil. Magnesium chloride, a byproduct salt production, is a certified organic product that is the most environmentally friendly. Praedium sells Dustoff. The fourth category, synthetic polymers, are generally stable, durable, do not leach or give off appreciable odors, and have proven to be the most environmentally friendly.

Abatement oil (an organic, lubricating and penetrating oil) is most commonly used to remove debris such as dust and asbestos. Application of this product is normally done by lathering onto the surface and then removing with a clean dry cloth.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dust abatement


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User:Furrykef/Plans for world domination

Let's see... after I become sysop, my first plan is to delete everything. All of it. Yes. Yes, all of it. All of it, everything. If it's there, it'll be deleted. And then... and then I'll ban everyone! Then I'll DoS the server, too, just to be sure! Oh, oh, oh, and I'll detonate a nuclear bomb at the Wikimedia headquarters, too!! Muahahahahahaha! And then -- and then I'll go over to the White House and... yeah, I'll blow that up, too! Wa ha ha! And then I'll give everybody a copy of Manos: The Hands of Fate and force them to watch it! Without the MST3K commentary! And at half the speed!! It's genius!!! Exclamation point!!!! Ah, where was I? Oh, yes, then we take the banana and --

Huh?

Hey, you!

Yeah, you!

Just who do you think you are, anyway? An admin or something??

Oh? Y-you are? Well! Um, you didn't read anything here. This page does not exist. And vote for me. Yeah. That's the ticket.

- Kef

This page was, of course, a joke, when people were voting on me (see the "anonymous" edit at Requests for adminship/furrykef -- that was really me, of course). It was particularly in response to how CryptoDerk, who nominated me, likes to thoroughly investigate a candidate.


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Robert of Melun

Robert of Melun (c. 1100 – 27 February 1167) was an English scholastic Christian theologian who taught in France, and later became Bishop of Hereford in England. He studied under Peter Abelard in Paris before teaching there and at Melun, which gave him his surname. His students included John of Salisbury, Roger of Worcester, William of Tyre, and possibly Thomas Becket. Robert was involved in the Council of Reims in 1148, which condemned the teachings of Gilbert de la Porrée. Three of his theological works survive, and show him to have been strictly orthodox.

Robert returned to England in 1160, and was appointed Bishop of Hereford in 1163. King Henry II of England appointed him to the see, or bishopric, and was influenced in his decision by Pope Alexander III and Thomas Becket. Following his consecration, Robert became involved in the dispute between Becket and the king, during which he generally took the king's side. He also served as a papal and a royal judge.

Early life
Robert was born in England, probably in about 1100. Nothing else is known of his background. He owed his name to the place where he taught, Melun in France. Robert studied under Peter Abelard and Hugh of St. Victor in Paris, where in 1137 he succeeded Abelard as a teacher in the school on Mont Ste-Geneviève. John of Salisbury and William of Tyre were among his pupils in Paris. King Henry II of England's cousin, Roger of Worcester, later the Bishop of Worcester, was another of Robert's students. He probably also taught Thomas Becket, later Archbishop of Canterbury, although this is not certain.

Robert went to Melun in 1142 to direct a school, but returned to Paris in 1147. He took part in the condemnation of Gilbert de la Porrée at the Council of Rheims in 1148, working with Peter Lombard to secure Porrée's recantation. A small consistory court was held after the ending of the council's deliberations, and was attended by Bernard of Clairvaux and Suger of St Denis, along with Robert and Peter. This court forced Porrée to repudiate his views on the Trinity. A fellow scholar, Herbert of Bosham, described Robert as a great teacher, who "sent forth from himself, like rays of his light, a great and learned host of students".

Appointment to Hereford
After teaching as a master of arts in Paris for over forty years, Robert was recalled to England by King Henry II in 1160, and was appointed Bishop of Hereford in 1163. He was consecrated at Canterbury on 22 December by Archbishop Thomas Becket. Becket had been prominent among those recommending Robert for the vacancy at Hereford; one of Becket's later biographers said that Becket urged the king to find benefices for Englishmen living abroad. There is some evidence that Pope Alexander III had a hand in Robert's election, as Becket in 1166 reminded Robert and Roger of Worcester that they both owed their episcopates to Alexander.

Little evidence of Robert's activities survives from his time as bishop, although it is known that he acted as a papal judge-delegate in 1165. Five documents survive from his time at Hereford, as well as confirmations of gifts by previous bishops to Llanthony Priory, which he augmented with another grant of tithes. He also served as a royal judge.

Role in the Becket dispute
In 1163, a conflict arose between the king and the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, over the rights of the king in the English church. At a council held at Westminster in October 1163, the king and Becket contended over the question, with the bishops supporting Becket against the king. Robert was involved in the conflict not only as a bishop-elect, but as an envoy to Becket from the pope, as he accompanied Philip of Aumone, a French abbot, who was sent by Alexander to Becket in after the Council of Westminster to urge Becket not to inflame the situation. Robert went with Philip, probably because it was hoped he would be able to influence Becket.

Robert was present in January 1164 when the king summoned a council of the barons and the bishops to Clarendon, where the king demanded that both groups swear to uphold the royal rights of Henry's grandfather, King Henry I, without any reservations or conditions. Although Becket at first attempted to resist, he eventually submitted, and then forced the other bishops to swear also. In October 1164, Becket was accused of denying justice to a royal vassal, tried at a council held at Northampton, and was found guilty although he did not accept the sentence. During the trial, Robert attempted to moderate Becket's behaviour, by persuading him from having his archiepiscopal cross, a symbol of spiritual authority, carried in front of him when he entered the court, which would have been an insult to the king. Shortly after the trial, Robert interceded with the king to order that no injury be done to Becket, who went into voluntary exile.

Early in Becket's exile, Robert received a papal censure for not doing more to support Becket. In summer 1165, Robert accompanied Gilbert Foliot, the Bishop of London, on a papal mission to King Henry, to convey to the king Pope Alexander's complaints about the king's behaviour. The king had been preventing his subjects from visiting or appealing to the papacy, and Alexander wished to protest against that, as well as against the king's treatment of Becket. In 1166, Becket tried to convince Robert to switch sides, writing to Robert in conciliatory tones. John of Salisbury, a supporter of Becket's, prevailed upon two French academics to write to Robert, criticising him for hypocrisy.

In October 1166, Becket ordered Robert and Roger of Worcester to attend him in France, so they could give him guidance on his dispute with the king. When they informed the king of their intended journey he forbade them to leave England. Nevertheless, they attempted to sneak out of the country in February 1167. They were apprehended on 2 February, and ordered to remain in England not only in the king's name, but also in Alexander's.

Theology
Robert's theology is expressed in his three surviving works, the Quaestiones de divina pagina, Quaestiones de epistolis Pauli, and the unfinished Sententiae. The dating of the works is problematic, but it appears that the first two works were composed between 1145 and 1157. The Sententiae was revised twice, probably during the 1150s and the 1160s. His works, especially the Sententiae, cover the entire subject of theology and are strictly orthodox in Christian doctrine.

Robert's Sententiae, or Summa Theologica, was well known in his time, and has been considered a key connection in theology between Robert's own teachers' works and the works of Peter Lombard. Robert is the first commentator on St Paul to say that resistance to a tyrant might be vindicated by the Bible. Robert also opined that a king might be excommunicated if royal actions harmed the church. Robert used Gratian's works as sources for his own, citing the Decretum Gratiani. Although he used this work, which dealt with church law, he does not appear to have been considered a lawyer, and his training was that of a theologian. Furthermore, his years as a student predated the establishment of canon law as a distinct discipline in the European schools. Robert's views of the glossators, and their main work Glossa Ordinaria was that they had shortened their glosses to such a point that they made them unintelligible. Robert was also known as a logician, and John of Salisbury named him one of the leading disputatores, or a person who used rhetoric and logic to debate in public.

Although Robert condemned Gilbert Porrée in conjunction with Peter Lombard, he did not agree with Lombard's Christology, or views on the nature of Jesus Christ. Likewise, although he disagreed with some of Abelard's teachings, he defended Abelard against charges of heresy. Robert did, however, agree with some of Abelard's teachings and methods. The introduction to the Sententiae proclaims Robert's desire to harmonise the writings of two unnamed scholars, who have been identified by modern writers as Hugh of St Victor and Abelard.

Death and legacy
Robert died on 27 February 1167. William fitzStephen, one of Becket's supporters, wrote that Robert died of grief because he was unable to visit Becket in exile. He was buried in Hereford Cathedral. Robert enjoyed a good reputation on the continent, for his knowledge and teaching ability, as well as for his personal qualities. Before his appointment to Hereford, John of Salisbury had praised him, but Robert's conduct during the Becket controversy soured John's attitude towards his old teacher.

Robert's works have been published in four volumes, edited by R. M. Martin. His episcopal documents are in Hereford 1079–1234: English Episcopal Acta Number 7, published in 1993.

title: Robert of Melun


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title: File:Mmacbox.jpg


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Fountain of Life

The Fountain of Life, or in its earlier form the Fountain of Living Waters, is a Christian iconography symbol associated with baptism and/or eucharist, first appearing in the 5th century in illuminated manuscripts and later in other art forms such as panel paintings.

Baptismal font
The symbol is usually shown as a fountain enclosed in a hexagonal structure capped by a rounded dome and supported by eight columns. The fountain of living waters, fons vivus is a baptismal font (a water fountain in which one is baptized, and thus reborn with Christ), and is often surrounded by animals associated with Baptism such as the hart. The font probably represents the octagonal Lateran Baptistery in Rome, consecrated by Pope Sixtus III (432-440), which was iconographically associated with the fountain of the water of life mentioned in. The best examples date from the Carolingian period: the Godescalc Evangelistary made to commemorate the Baptism of the son of Charlemagne in 781, and in the Soissons Gospels.

Fountain of blood
In the Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Lamb by Jan van Eyck (1438), the Lamb of God stands upon an altar dressed as for the Mass of the Precious Blood, with a blood-red frontal: the Lamb's blood is caught in a chalice, and its Eucharistic intention is signaled by the dove of the Holy Spirit above. In the foreground, offering the other means of grace, is the Fountain of the Living Water surrounded by the faithful. In the Prado, Madrid, is the Fountain of Living Water emanating from the Lamb of God, in which the open fountain is set into the outer wall of Heaven. That the water is not merely the purifying water of baptism is shown by the innumerable wafers that float upon its surface: the two sacraments are represented as one. In a miniature in a Book of Hours, probably painted at Ghent at the end of the 15th century, the Fountain of Living Water has given way to a fountain of blood, the Fountain of Life, in which the figure of Christ stands upon a Gothic pedestal at the center and fills the fountain from his wounds, though the aureole that surrounds him identifies him as the transfigured Christ and the location as Paradise.

Blood from the Five Holy Wounds
In Flanders at the close of the Middle Ages an intense devotion to the Precious Blood of Christ gave rise to an iconographic tradition of the 15th and 16th centuries, which rendered the theological concept of Grace, expressing Roman Catholic dogma allegorically as a fountain of blood. This transformation was first addressed in Evelyn Underhill in 1910, taking her point of departure an Assembly of Saints and the Fountain of Life of 1596 in Ghent, in which blood from the five Holy Wounds of Christ flows into the upper basin of a "Fountain of Life" and streams out through openings in the lower "Fountain of Mercy". Saints and martyrs, patriarchs and prophets hold golden chalices of blood, which some empty into the fountain. Below the faithful hold out their hearts to receive droplets of blood.

Alexander Romance
Traditions about Alexander's search for the Fountain of Life were influenced by earlier legends about the Mesopotamian hero Gilgamesh and his search for immortality, such as in the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the Alexander Romance (3rd century AD), Alexander is travelling along with his company in search of the Land of the Blessed. On the way to the Land, Alexander becomes hungry and asks one of his cooks, Andreas, to get him some meat. Andreas gets some fish and begins to wash it in a fountain. Immediately upon being washed, the fish sprang to life and escaped into the fountain. Realizing the has discovered the Fountain of Life, Andreas tells no one else about it and drinks the water for himself. He also stores away some of the water into a silver vessel, hoping to use some of it to seduce Alexander's daughter. Meanwhile, Alexander eventually reaches the Land of the Blessed but is unable to enter it. At the same time, he learns of Andreas losing the fish and questions him over it. Andreas confesses about what happened with the fish, and he is whipped for it, but he denies that he drank any and does not mention that he stored some, and asks Alexander over why he should worry about the past. At a later point, Andreas manages to use the water to seduce Alexander's daughter, who is enticed by the opportunity to drink from it, which she does and becomes immortal. Alexander learns of the miracle and punishes both Andreas and his daughter greatly: for Andreas is turned into a daimōn of the sea and his daughter into a daimōn of the desert. This story was elaborated on in subsequent versions of the Romance, such as in the Syriac Song of Alexander and in the Talmud.

Song of Alexander
In the sixth or seventh century, a Syriac language Christian text known as the Song of Alexander was composed and spuriously attributed to the poet Jacob of Serugh. It contains a slightly revised version of the narrative of Alexander's search for the water of life, compared to its appearance in the Greek Romance. During Alexander's search for the fountain, he encounters a wise old man who tells Alexander that he might identify the water of life by washing salted fish in the diverse springs in his region. One of Alexander's cooks named Andrew is one of the ones instructed with the task of testing out the springs. He begins washing one of the fish in the water. Suddenly, the fish springs to life and escapes into the water, swimming away into a river. The cook is worried that this will anger the king, Alexander, and so he tries to catch it but to no avail. He notifies Alexander of the event but also tells him that, during his episode, he had discovered the fountain of life. Alexander is happy and goes to bathe in the water, but in trying to approach the water enters suddenly into a middle of darkness and is unable to reach it. Alexander is sad, but is consoled by the wise old man; at this point the story shifts into questions asked to the wise man by Alexander and the responses he receives. Unlike the earlier Romance, the version in the Song draws on Christian iconography, where bathing in the fountain is represented in baptismal terminology, and the fish symbolizes Jesus who rises from the dead.

Babylonian Talmud
Yet another version appears a little earlier, in the Babylonian Talmud which was composed in the late fifth or sixth century. In this version, there is neither a cook (as in the Romance and Song) nor a wise old man (as in the Song). It is Alexander himself who, in his search for the water, washes the fish in the water which subsequently comes alive. Noticing that he has found the fountain of life, Alexander proceeds to watch his own face in the water. However, the Talmud does not explain the significance of this event. The Talmud also recounts an alternative version of the story where instead of washing his face, he traces the source of the fountain to the entrance of the Garden of Eden and demands to be let in on account of his status as a king. He is denied entry, however.

title: Fountain of Life


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Christ Church Cathedral (Nashville, Tennessee)

Christ Church Cathedral in Nashville, Tennessee, is the cathedral church of the Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The congregation was founded in 1829 and became the diocesan cathedral, by designation, in 1997.

Music and liturgies
The Cathedral Choir at Christ Church has been recognized by the Nashville Scene as the "Best Church Music" in Nashville at times. The choir participates in Sunday services as well as other services throughout the year.

In addition to four Sunday liturgies, the cathedral maintains a rhythm of daily Morning Prayer and daily celebrations of the Holy Eucharist. Other special liturgies of the cathedral that happen throughout the year include Choral Evensong (usually with Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament), the Feast of St. Francis and blessing of animals, and the Feast of St. Nicholas.


text: User talk:69.107.139.140

title: User talk:69.107.139.140


text:
One Man Gang

George Gray (born February 12, 1960) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by his ring name (The) One Man Gang. For three years in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he was Akeem "The African Dream". Prior to this, he was the top heel for Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF), and UWF Heavyweight Champion for six months in 1986 and 1987.

Early life
Gray was born in Chicago, but moved to Spartanburg, South Carolina, when he was 5.

Early career (1977–1982)
Gray trained with longtime local independent wrestler and promoter Chief Jay Eagle (Jerry Bragg) and Darren "Rattlesnake" Westbrooks. He started his career at the age of 17 on the Carolina independent circuit wrestling both under his real name and as "Crusher Gray." He then moved on to wrestle in the Kentucky/Tennessee area, including for International Championship Wrestling (ICW), under the ring name Crusher Broomfield. Gray went in as part of a package along with Bragg, Westbrooks, and Ric Starr. One of Broomfield's major angles was that his contract was owned by ICW Champion Randy Savage and Savage's nemesis Ron Garvin defeated Savage in a match to set Broomfield free. He later worked for several National Wrestling Alliance-affiliated promotions, Mid-South Wrestling, and World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) as One Man Gang, billed as being from Chicago's Halsted Street on the South Side. He was managed by Kevin Sullivan, Skandor Akbar, Theodore Long, Gentleman Jim Holiday, and Sir Oliver Humperdink in various territories.

Various territories (1983–1986)
Gang worked for many territories during this time for three years. His biggest success was in Florida where he had a feud with Dusty Rhodes from 1983 to 1984. Also, he feuded with Blackjack Mulligan and Mike Rotunda. He teamed up with Ron Bass and won the tag team titles defeating Rhodes and Mike Davis. Two months after they dropped the titles to Rotunda and Davis. In November 1984 as Panama Gang, he became the last NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Florida version) defeating Mulligan. Later the title was abandoned when Gang left the territory in 1985.

Then Gang worked for All Japan Pro Wrestling from 1983 to 1984 and 1986 feuding with Giant Baba, Genichiro Tenryu and Jumbo Tsuruta. He teamed with Bruiser Brody, Killer Tim Brooks and Stan Hansen. In 1984 he teamed with Goro Tsurumi. Then in 1986 he teamed with Jerry Blackwell, Harley Race and Tiger Jeet Singh.

During these years he also worked in Canada, Central States and Texas.

World Class Championship Wrestling (1985–1986)
In the regional territories, he was a member of Skandor Akbar's "Devastation Inc." as well as working with Gary Hart in World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW). He would feud with The Von Erichs teaming with Rick Rude. Also, he feuded in singles competition against Kerry Von Erich, King Parsons, Chris Adams, and Bruiser Brody.

On May 5, 1985, he lost to Kerry Von Erich in a hair vs hair match at the 2nd Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions where he started sporting a mohawk. He lost to Bruiser Brody in a chain match at Christmas Star Wars 1985. Also lost to Brody again on two occasions a in a steel cage match on January 26 and 27, 1986.

Mid-South (1982–1983, 1985–1987)
It was as a protégé of Akbar's in the Mid-South territory where Gray would get the name that would stick with him the rest of his career. Making his debut in the territory by interfering in matches and assaulting the fan favorite, Mid-South announcer Bill Watts would say about the then-unnamed assailant "He's a one-man gang!" The Gang worked on-and-off in Mid-South in between tours of Florida, Toronto, Japan, and Texas. He would also return to his hometown territory, the Carolinas, to work for Jim Crockett Promotions, where he was initially billed as "The One Man Gang, George Gray." He worked in Texas All Star wrestling where he feuded with Big Bubba. It was on his last tour for Mid-South when the promotion renamed itself the Universal Wrestling Federation, with Gang as one of its top villains, feuding at the main-event level with UWF top fan favorite Jim Duggan. In late 1986, Gang won the UWF Heavyweight Championship in an angle where the champion Terry Gordy was injured earlier in the evening by a revenge-minded "Dr. Death" Steve Williams. Gang, scheduled to face Gordy later on the card, was awarded the belt via forfeit. He held that title for six months, mostly facing Duggan, Williams, and Ted DiBiase.

In May 1987, Gray began receiving inquiries from the World Wrestling Federation about coming up to wrestle for them. He promptly agreed to terms, but returned to the UWF in order to drop the title to Big Bubba Rogers, who was there from his normal place in the NWA due to the recent sale of the UWF to Jim Crockett.

One Man Gang (1987–1988)
Gray made his debut in the WWF on May 12, 1987, being managed by Slick, in a match against Jesse Cortez. He spent much of his early WWF run defeating enhancement talent in extremely short matches in order to build him up, most notably in a match where he Gourdbustered his opponent after the bell and then did the same to the referee, thus being (kayfabe) fined $10,000 for his actions. While the Gang often defeated enhancement talent and other lower card wrestlers with ease, he was often on the end of defeat when main eventing against bigger stars such as Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage, although Gang was a major part of the angle regarding Billy Graham being forced into retirement. On October 4, One Man Gang won what was technically the first ever Royal Rumble at a house show. This was a 12 man test run of the match, held at Kiel Auditorium. One Man Gang participated in the first-ever Survivor Series pay-per-view as a member of André the Giant's team, fighting a team led by Hulk Hogan. In 1988, Gang entered the inaugural Royal Rumble at number 19 out of 20 participants and was one of the last two men left in the ring, before being eliminated by Jim Duggan. One Man Gang participated in the World Title Tournament at WrestleMania IV, defeating Bam Bam Bigelow by count-out in the opening round. He drew a bye in the quarterfinals before being disqualified in the semi-finals against eventual-tournament-winner Randy Savage after Gang attempted to hit Savage with his manager's cane. Following his loss at WrestleMania, Gang was placed lower "on the card", feuding with Bam Bam Bigelow, Koko B. Ware, and Don Muraco.

Akeem and Twin Towers (1988–1990)
In September 1988, One Man Gang's manager, Slick, announced that Gang was reborn as African and planned to embrace his roots. An episode of WWF Superstars, which aired on September 24, 1988, featured a vignette with Gene Okerlund on-location in an American ghetto that was dubbed "The Deepest Darkest Parts Of Africa," where dancers dressed as tribal Africans danced and chanted around a fire; Slick then announced that Gang would be known by his new name, "Akeem, the African Dream", though Okerlund immediately called him out as the One Man Gang. This vignette received some criticism, as the Caucasian "Akeem" delivered a promo in which he spoke with an extremely stereotypical "jive" black accent and danced in the style of Dusty Rhodes while an African ritual took place in the background.

Akeem and the Big Boss Man captained a team who featured "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase, the Red Rooster, and Haku to battle the Mega Powers' team at Survivor Series in 1988. During the match, Akeem along with teammate Big Boss Man handcuffed Hulk Hogan to the ring post and were later disqualified. The two formed a team called the Twin Towers. They feuded with the Mega Powers (Hulk Hogan and undisputed WWF Champion "Macho Man" Randy Savage) and throughout the summer and fall of 1988, with the Twin Towers and Slick advertising title match that night against Demolition while on Arsenio Hall's talk show. They were also strongly involved in the storyline which would eventually cause Randy Savage to become a villain and defend his title against Hulk Hogan at WrestleMania V. In the Royal Rumble, Randy Savage was accidentally eliminated by teammate Hogan, allowing Akeem and Bossman to double team Hogan and eliminate him. The Main Event show broadcast live on NBC on February 3, 1989, featured The Mega Powers vs. The Twin Towers. During the match, Savage's manager (and real-life wife) Miss Elizabeth was injured after Savage was thrown through the ropes and knocked her to the ground, which led Hogan to abandon his partner and carry Elizabeth back to the locker room for medical help. Although Hogan later returned to the match to help Savage defeat Akeem and Boss Man, Hogan's actions with Elizabeth caused Savage to attack him backstage, setting up the headline match for WrestleMania.

The Twin Towers went on to face The Rockers at WrestleMania V and defeated them when Akeem pinned Shawn Michaels with a diving Air Africa after a powerbomb from the Big Boss Man. Though the Twin Towers never held the WWF Tag Team Championship, they did feud heavily with WWF World Tag Team champions Demolition at house shows after Wrestlemania, initially gaining wins by countout, later losing by pinfall after Boss Man would accidentally strike Akeem with his nightstick. The feud would continue even after Demolition lost the title to the Brain Busters with the Towers and André the Giant facing Demolition and Duggan (now "King Duggan") at Summerslam '89 with Smash pinning Akeem after Duggan struck him with his 2x4.

In early 1990, Big Boss Man refused to be part of a payoff from Ted DiBiase to get DiBiase's "Million Dollar Championship" belt back from Jake "The Snake" Roberts) and turned on both his manager Slick and his partner Akeem. He then defeated Akeem at WrestleMania VI. Although Akeem remained in the WWF until October 1990, his loss to The Boss Man at WrestleMania was his last high profile match in the company. He wrestled as the replacement Bad News Brown in Harlem Street fights with Jake Roberts on the house show circuit. Although he was beginning to be featured on television in a feud with Saba Simba, Gray left the World Wrestling Federation in October 1990 due to his fading role in the company at the time. He had been advertised to be a part of Sgt. Slaughter's team at the 1990 Survivor Series alongside the Orient Express. Due to his departure, he was replaced by Boris Zhukov, (Slaughter's old AWA enemy and former Cobra Corps tag partner in JCP as Private Jim Nelson)

United States Wrestling Association (1990)
On December 28, 1990, Gang would make his only appearance in United States Wrestling Association in Memphis where he won a battle royal.

World Championship Wrestling (1991, 1995–1996)
On the March 5, 1991, taping of WCW Pro in Marietta, Georgia, Gray resumed his One Man Gang persona when he assisted Kevin Sullivan in attacking Ron Simmons after the latter's win over Joe Cruz. Gang went through a massive change in his gimmick, in which he was now schizophrenic and constantly lost his mind before, during and after matches. He was undefeated in the early going, beating Ranger Ross, Brad Armstrong, and Junkyard Dog. He made his first WCW PPV appearance on May 19 at SuperBrawl I when he attacked El Gigante following his match with Sid Vicious. He and Sullivan shaved Gigante's head in a post-match sneak attack on the June 22 edition of World Championship Wrestling. He lost a Hair vs. Career match on the final Great American Bash event in Atlanta's Omni on August 25. Other notable matches from Gang's 1991 WCW run include being involved in a handful of War Games matches at the Great American Bash house shows and advancing to the semi-finals of the WCW World Tag Team Championship tournament with partner Black Blood over Big Josh and El Gigante. He was promoted to be part of the "Chamber of Horrors" match at Halloween Havoc '91 in October, but was fired by Jim Herd in September for refusing to lose to P. N. News. He took a hiatus from wrestling for the next few years.

Gang returned to WCW in the fall of 1995, reverting his gimmick back to his normal biker's gimmick. He made his first appearance back on the November 16 taping of WCW Saturday Night when he defeated Scott Turner (the match aired December 2). His televised return came at the WCW World War 3 PPV on November 19, where he was the last person to be eliminated in the three ring, sixty man battle royal. Following this, he appeared in a post-show dark match for Starrcade '95. He upset United States Champion Kensuke Sasaki to win the championship. Although the match was subsequently restarted with Sasaki winning, WCW never acknowledged the second match and Gang remained the titleholder.

His first US title defense came on the January 20, 1996, edition of WCW Saturday Night when he defeated Super Giant Ninja. Gang became a member of Sullivan's burgeoning Dungeon of Doom. On the January 22 edition of WCW Monday Nitro, Gang lost to Hulk Hogan in a non-title match. Following the match, he joined members of the Dungeon of Doom and the Horsemen in attacking Hogan and Randy Savage. The next night, at Clash of the Champions XXXII, Gang successfully defended the belt against Disco Inferno. His title run ended at the next television taping, when he was defeated by Konnan in a match that aired February 4 on WCW Main Event. He lost a rematch at SuperBrawl VI the next month and left WCW shortly thereafter.

Independent circuit (1996–2000)
After leaving WCW, Gang returned to Texas and wrestled in the Sportatorium, where he wrestled during his tenure in WCCW 10 years earlier. Gang defeated his former rival Terry Gordy on July 19, 1996. He feuded with Charlie Norris and Black Bart. On January 25, 1997, he lost to King Kong Bundy at NWA New Jersey.

On November 29, 1998, he returned to Japan and made an appearance for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling in a three-way against Sabu and Yukihiro Kanemura. Sabu won the match.

Gang wrestled at Heroes of Wrestling event on October 10, 1999, against Abdullah The Butcher in a double count out.

On June 30, 2000, Gang made an appearance for i-Generation Superstars of Wrestling in Sydney, Australia defeating Tatanka for the i-Generation Australasian Championship.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1998–1999)
Also in 1998, Gang briefly joined Extreme Championship Wrestling, including appearing at their flagship event, November to Remember. He feuded with Rob Van Dam, Sabu and Shane Douglas. He also lost a series of matches to "giant killer" Spike Dudley. He left ECW in October 1999.

Return to WWF (1998, 2001)
One Man Gang wrestled in a dark match defeating Flash Flanagan prior to the February 3, 1998 Raw is War taping in Evansville, Indiana, but was not hired.

Gray made another appearance in the WWF in 2001 for the gimmick battle royal at WrestleMania X-Seven as One Man Gang (as he had lost too much weight to wear the Akeem costume), eliminating Michael Hayes and then getting eliminated by Kamala. The Iron Sheik won the battle royal.

Puerto Rico (2000–2001)
In 2000, he also worked for the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico where he won the World Wrestling Council (WWC) Hardcore Title and feuded with Abdullah The Butcher, El Nene, and Carlos Colón. He left Puerto Rico in June 2001. He would retire from wrestling.

Return to Wrestling (2007–2009)
Gray came out of retirement in 2007 after a six-year hiatus. He made appearances on the independent circuit. He teamed with Kamala as they lost to The Powers of Pain on October 19, 2007, at Wrestlefanfest Malice in the Palace in San Francisco. He also made an appearance for Chikara's King Of Trios 2008, teaming with Demolition, where they lost to the Fabulous Three of Larry Sweeney, Mitch Ryder, and Shayne Hawke. On March 28, 2009, Gang wrestled at an International Wrestling Cartel event. He was defeated by Jim Duggan in the main event.

Personal life
After his wrestling career, Gray worked as a prison guard at the Louisiana State Penitentiary, until a recurring back problem forced him to quit his job.

In 1992, Gray appeared in the movie Stay Tuned.

In later years, Gray lost a lot of weight following a heart attack in 2000.

In July 2016, Gray was named part of a class action lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred traumatic brain injuries during their tenure and that the company concealed the risks of injury. The lawsuit was dismissed by US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant in September 2018. In September 2020, an appeal for the lawsuit dismissed by a federal appeals court.

In August 2016, Gray's home in Baton Rouge was partially submerged by the 2016 Louisiana floods, destroying most of its contents. He was among the estimated 125,000 people who had not purchased flood insurance to cover the damage, as that part of the capital was not designated a flood zone, so he appealed for help through GoFundMe.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Bad Boys of Wrestling
 * BBOW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Championship Wrestling from Florida
 * NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Florida version) (1 time)
 * NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (1 time) - with Ron Bass

 * Deep South Wrestling
 * DSW Hardcore Championship (1 time)

 * i-Generation Superstars of Wrestling
 * i-Generation Wrestling Australasian Championship (2 times)

 * Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Kelly Kiniski

 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 312 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.

 * Universal Wrestling Federation
 * UWF World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

 * World Championship Wrestling
 * WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

 * World Class Championship Wrestling
 * NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (Texas version) (1 time) - with Killer Tim Brooks and Mark Lewin

 * World Wrestling Council
 * WWC Hardcore Championship (2 times)

 * World Wrestling Federation
 * 12 Man Royal Rumble (1987)
 * Slammy Award (1 time)
 * Best Group (1987)

title: One Man Gang


text:
Talk:V'ger

Borg Homeworld?
In William Shatner's novel The Return, he states that the machine planet seen in Star Trek I is in fact the Borg homeworld, but as it is a novel, it is not actual Star Trek canon. --KoopaTroopa211 00:00, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The article implies that Rodenberry intended that the machine world that repaired V'ger to be the Borg Homeworld from the start. This is unlikely, since the movie came out in 1979, and the Borg were introduced in the second season of NG- around 1989. Poor phrasing in that section. CFLeon 21:33, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The Borg article heavily references multiple ideas of V'ger being part of their foundation, moreso than this article references the borg. It would be nice if one were made to more match the other for consistency. Tyciol (talk) 15:45, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Also, the article states that Lt Ilia was 'assimulated' -- further association with the Borg. In the film, her replacement clearly states something like "that Carbon unit no longer functions," meaning she's dead; where as those who are assimulated are very much alive and often return from 'assimulation,' including Captain Picard, for example. 75.15.152.63 (talk) 01:39, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Similarities to Nomad
I'm surprised that this article and The Changeling (Star Trek) do not mention the enormous similarities between V'ger and Nomad, both of which are cannibalized space probes from an ancient earth space program and both of which seek "The Creator", and both regard non-mechanical forms of life as an "infestation." Basically this is a recycled plot from the old series that was used as the basis for the original motion picture.

Haven't any commentators picked up on this during the umpteen years since the first film was released? --Tony Sidaway 19:56, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I guess this dates you as having been born since the movie was released, since it was mentioned in just about EVERY review that came out at the time, and a major criticism of the movie by eveeryone who saw it. CFLeon 21:33, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * That could well be true, but surely this controversy makes inclusion of the similarity more, rather than less important to the article? I too was surprised by its absence. Xarqi (talk) 11:02, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

This is mentioned in other Star Trek articles on Wikipedia, and the resemblance is apparently intentional. Oddly, it doesn't seem to be mentioned in all relevant articles, such as this one and the article for the episode featuring Nomad; maybe someone should go through them and edit this in there? (There's a footnote citing the official Star Trek site on the episodes list page, that may be useful to copy as a source.) B7T (talk) 01:13, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

Redirect
Is there any reason this collection of plot summary and trivia shouldn't just redirect to the TMP article? --EEMIV (talk) 10:35, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Due to the lack of real-world treatment, lack of reliable source, overwhelming amount of plot summary, and lack of an assertion of notability, I've redirected this article to the TMP article. --EEMIV (talk) 01:18, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Keep. I have reverted this decision on the grounds that this should be discussed first. V'gar is a fictional creation in the same manner that Dracula, King Kong or an X-wing are all in-universe creations. Should those articles be deleted and redirected then to Vampires, monsters or space craft? This article is far from perfect but attempts should be made to improve it before all the information it contains is deleted!

 * Please tale a few days to help this article meet WP:GNG, WP:RS, WP:WAF. This article has been flagged for maintenance for over a year. It is absolute cruft, no where near the notability of e.g. X-wing, Dracula or King Kong. Barring significant improvement, I will restore the redirect next Friday. If you revert it, I will take it to AfD, where the community's consensus will no doubt be either to delete the content entirely or to restore the redirect (since there is absolutely no encyclopedic content here worth merging elsewhere). --EEMIV (talk) 04:45, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:V'ger


text:
Four Star Mary

Four Star Mary is an alternative rock group formed in California in 1997. The band named themselves after the Four Star vs. Mary legal case, in which Mary attempted to sue US oil company ExxonMobil.

Appearance in Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Lead singer Tad Looney, guitarist Michael ‘Zu’ Zufelt, bassist Steve Carter, drummer Chris Sobchack and rhythm guitarist Derrick Tanner made up the fictitious band Dingoes Ate My Baby in which Oz (Seth Green) plays lead guitar in Seasons Two, Three and Four of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. They have also had tracks featured on the shows Party of Five, Road Rules, The Real World and Charmed.

According to an interview in The Watcher’s Guide, music editor John King heard their music at a party hosted by Steve Carter’s girlfriend and thought they would be good on the show. Joss Whedon decided that they had the right sound for the fictitious band he wanted. In Buffy, they played at several posting board and cast/crew parties.

Their 2001 single "Pain" is on the original soundtrack CD for the show.

Discography

 * Four Star Mary (EP), 1997
 * Thrown to the Wolves (album), 1998
 * "Marlene/Think" (double A-side single), 2000
 * Thrown to the Wolves (album), 2001 (UK re-release)
 * "Dilate" (single), 2001 (UK, spitfire records)
 * "Pain" (single), 2001 (UK, spitfire records)
 * Stripped
 * Welcome Home (album), 2002
 * Live And Unheard Of (EP), 2003 (Limited edition)
 * "Rio" (single), 2004
 * Hello It's Me (album), 2006
 * Pieces pt. I (EP), 2016

title: Four Star Mary


text:
User:David Newton/SVG Graphics/Australian Flag

This is the SVG source for the Australian national flag. It uses the star pattern from Open Clip Art Library which is public domain.

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text:
User:David Newton/SVG Graphics/Royal Australian Navy Ensign

This is the SVG source for the Royal Australian Navy Ensign. It uses the star pattern from Open Clip Art Library which is public domain.

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text:
Gustaw Herling-Grudziński

Gustaw Herling-Grudziński (May 20, 1919 − July 4, 2000) was a Polish writer, journalist, essayist, World War II underground fighter, and political dissident abroad during the period of Soviet and communist rule. He is best known for writing a personal account of life in the Soviet Gulag entitled A World Apart, first published in 1951 in London.

Biography
Gustaw Herling-Grudziński was born in Kielce into a Jewish-Polish merchant family of Jakub (Josek) Herling-Grudziński and his wife Dorota (née Bryczkowska). His mother died in 1932 of typhoid. His studies of Polish literature at the Warsaw University were interrupted by the invasion of Poland at the outbreak of World War II.

In late 1939 under the brutal occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Herling-Grudziński co-founded one of the earliest underground resistance organizations, PLAN ("Polska Ludowa Akcja Niepodległościowa"- "Polish People's Independence Action", or "Polish Popular Independence Action") associated politically with the Polish independent socialist left.

He traveled to then Soviet occupied Grodno and in March 1940 was arrested by the NKVD for attempting to cross the Soviet-Lithuanian border and routinely sentenced to five years of hard labour on "espionage" charges like all Polish intellectuals. Imprisoned in Vitsebsk and two Gulag forced labor camps in Yertsevo and Kargopol in Arkhangelsk Region for 2 years, he was released in 1942 under the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement. He joined Gen. Władysław Anders' Army (Polish II Corps) and later fought in North Africa and in Italy, taking part in the battle of Monte Cassino. For his valor in combat he was decorated with the Virtuti Militari, Poland's highest military decoration.

In 1947 he co-founded and initially co-edited the political and cultural magazine Kultura, then published in Rome. When the magazine moved to Paris, he settled first in London and finally in Naples, Italy, where he married Lidia, a daughter of the philosopher Benedetto Croce. He also wrote for the Italian Tempo Presente run by Nicola Chiaromonte and Ignazio Silone and for various dailies and other periodicals. He died in Naples.

A World Apart
Herling-Grudziński's most famous book, A World Apart, is a harrowing personal account of the nature of the Soviet communist system. It was translated into English by Joseph Marek (pen-name of Andrzej Ciołkosz) and published with an introduction by Bertrand Russell in 1951 (the 2005 edition was introduced by Anne Applebaum). By describing life inside the Gulag labor camp system of the Soviet NKVD, Herling provided an in-depth analysis of the crimes against humanity under Communist regimes written 10 years before Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. A World Apart brought Grudziński international acclaim but also criticism from some Soviet sympathizers. "A hero in his native Poland and a well-known if occasionally controversial figure in his adoptive Italy, Herling was for decades the object of quiet but intense admiration among readers and writers throughout Europe. Although a perennial candidate for the Nobel Prize, it wasn't until the recent and widely acclaimed republication of several of his books in the U.S. that he was brought to the attention of a broader American readership. – Kelly Zinkowski, 'Gustaw Herling, The Art of Fiction'"

A World Apart was published in Russia in 1991. In Italy it was published in 1958 and 1994.

Journal Written at Night
Commencing in 1971 and until his death, Herling wrote a literary journal, covering essays, criticism, anecdotes, fiction, and memoir. The first three volumes were published consecutively in 1973, 1980, and 1984 in Paris and in Warsaw, as Dziennik pisany nocą (Journal Written at Night). A selection from the Journal Written at Night was translated by Ronald Strom and published as Volcano and Miracle (1997). A selection of his short stories published originally as Collected Stories (Opowiadania zebrane) in 1990 has been translated by Bill Johnston and published in 2003 as The Noonday Cemetery and Other Stories.

Awards
Herling-Grudziński was the winner of many literary prizes: Kultura (1958), Jurzykowski (1964), Kościelskis (1966), The News (1981), the Italian Premio Viareggio prize, the international Prix Gutenberg, and French Pen-Club. In 1998 he was awarded the Order of the White Eagle.

In September 2009 a monument to him was unveiled in Yertsevo, where he had been imprisoned.

Books

 * Available in English:
 * A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II, Penguin Books, reprint edition, 1996, pp. 284,
 * Volcano and Miracle: A Selection from the Journal Written at Night, Penguin Books, reprint edition, 1997, pp. 288, ISBN 0-14-023615-5.
 * The Island; Three Tales, Penguin Books, reprint edition, 1994, pp. 160, ISBN 0-14-023279-6.
 * The Noonday Cemetery and Other Stories, New Directions Publishing, 2003, pp. 256, ISBN 0-8112-1529-6.

title: Gustaw Herling-Grudziński


text:
User:David Newton/SVG Graphics/Australian Merchant Ensign

This is the SVG source for the Australian Merchant Ensign. It uses the star pattern from Open Clip Art Library which is public domain.

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Wikipedia:WikiProject Color/Normalized Color Coordinates

Wikipedia uses a standardized set of color coordinate systems in color infobox (sample shown) and also in articles such as List of colors.

Color coordinate ranges are a matter of choice and there is no universal standard range for many color spaces (though some ranges may be prevalent). A box having all of the different possible coordinate ranges would be impractical.

Therefore, Wikipedia has chosen standard ranges for the coordinate systems, so as to have consistent coordinates in all color articles. This article describes the chosen systems and provides instructions for conversion to other ranges which might be needed by particular color environments.

sRGB
sRGB has been the standard version of RGB for the web since 1996. As an RGB system, it describes the amounts of red, green, and blue light which are added together in order to create a particular color. Every color infobox on Wikipedia must have one such parameter to, at the very least, show on the screen an idea of what the color looks like.

In the infobox, the coordinates are presented as three numbers separated by commas, as in this example for the color orange:
 * (255, 165, 0)

The coordinates within the parenthesis provide, in order, the relative values of red, green, and blue light. The number in each position ranges from 0 (no color added) to 255 (100% color added). This range was chosen because it is the most commonly used in computer color selection dialogs. (The numbers 0 through 255 fit naturally within one byte and are therefore used to directly drive graphics cards.)

Most image editing programs accept this range. Therefore, RGB should be entered into image editing programs wherever possible because it rarely (if ever) requires conversion.

It is assumed that the exact meaning of the primary colors ("red" for example) is that of the sRGB standard, and that the sRGB gamma function is in use. This color space is not linear. Middle-grey sRGB values (with „middle“ defined as „emitting half as much visible light per area as a maximum brightness white“ and „grey“ defined as „having the same chromacity as the standard illuminant D65“) are near 188,188,188, assuming the γ (gamma) correction formula from the sRGB standard is in use.

Hex triplet
This is a compact representation of sRGB, using hexadecimal numbering. The hex triplet is based upon the standard format for representing colors within HTML, which is used to construct webpages. This coordinate system should not require any conversion; it should be able to be used directly in HTML source as, for example, in this style attribute:

style="background-color:#FFA500;"

Gamut mapping
Created to describe a typical 1990s CRT screen, sRGB has a limited gamut and is unable to describe every real color. As Wikipedia templates take a hex triplet as input, all colors must have a value in the sRGB range. Fitting a color into the range is known as gamut mapping. The current practice is to use an scRGB interpretation scaled to 0-255.

CIELChuv coordinates
CIELChuv is a perceptually uniform color space consisting of lightness, chroma and hue coordinates. It is derived from the CIELUV space, usually based on the 2° observer and the standard Illuminant D65 representing daylight.

huv is an angle that is normally given in degrees. L* is in the range $0$. C*uv describes the colorfulness and can range from 0 to a couple hundreds.

Colors out of the sRGB gamut should specify a CIELChuv value. A CIELChuv value is enough to describe any color possible under daylight. Sources may specify colors in some other uniform color space, which can be converted to CIELChuv using established algorithms such as those provided by the python package "colour".

CMYK coordinates
The CMYK coordinates describe the amounts of each of cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black) pigments (such as inks) which are mixed subtractively in order to create a particular color. In Wikipedia, the coordinates are presented as four numbers separated by commas, as in this example for the color orange:

 * (0, 35, 100, 0)

The coordinates within the parenthesis provide, from left-to-right, the relative values of cyan, magenta, yellow, and key. The number in each position ranges from 0 (no pigment used) to 100 (maximum = 100% pigment coverage).

However, the ranges shown for Wikipedia do not correspond to the range normally used as the mathematic basis for computing CMYK, and may not correspond to those accepted by any given color selection dialog. (Probably few, if any, color selection dialogs provide direct access to this coordinate group, due to the reason below.)

CMYK is not recommended in new articles except for colors only meaningful in CMYK (e.g. rich black). There are simply too many versions of CMYK around, with differences between inks (what does "cyan" look like?), paper (how much dot gain, what color paper), machine, plus flexibilities in color blending. CMYK colors used in Wikipedia must come with a source and what kind of configuration the source is referring to.

HSV coordinates
The HSV color space coordinates describe a color in terms of the hue, given as degrees, combined with a saturation and a value, both represented as percentages. (Value is similar to brightness in this usage.) In Wikipedia, the HSV coordinates are represented as three numbers separated by commas and identified as either degrees or percentage, as in this example for the color orange:

 * (39°, 100%, 100%)

The coordinates within the parentheses provide, from left-to-right, the relative values of hue, saturation, and value.

The first number, the hue, ranges from 0° to 359°. This defines the overall hue of the color.

The second number, the saturation (color intensity), ranges from 0% to 100%, with 100% indicating a very intense color and 0% indicating grey (that is, being completely neutral or without hue).

The third number, the value (or brightness), ranges from 0 to 100%, with 0% indicating black and 100% indicating the brightest possible intensity of a color, whether white or otherwise, as limited by a maximum in RGB color space. In HSL color space, on the other hand, only white can have a lightness of 100%.

HSV should not be used on new articles because it does not provide any information beyond sRGB. See also.

This coordinate system is problematic, because programs that accept this system use several different ranges of numbers on input. Some of these are listed in the table below.

Most image editing programs probably accept the RGB value, which should also be more easily used.

Microsoft HSL inputs
Many Microsoft Windows programs (such as Microsoft Paint) provide inputs to accept HSL (hue, saturation, lightness) color coordinates in the range 0–240, 0–240, 0–240. These values are only a computer workaround and should never be used in the context of Wikipedia. Most (if not all) of these programs also accept RGB, which can typically be entered without conversion. Therefore, it is usually best in these programs to use the RGB coordinate.

If a source truly only provides a Microsoft HSL input and if you cannot find an alternate, convert it to sRGB. First divide the H by $2/3$, and the S and L by 2.4 to obtain normal HSL values. Then use any online tool (such as ) to convert HSL to sRGB.


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Koko Head

Koko Head is the headland that defines the eastern side of Maunalua Bay along the southeastern side of the Island of Oahu in Hawaii. On its western slope is the community of Portlock, a part of Hawaii Kai. Koko Head (at 642 ft or 196 m) is an ancient tuff cone that is somewhat dwarfed by its neighboring tuff cone, Koko Crater, with its peak, Kohelepelepe (or Puu Mai), rising to 1208 ft or 368 m. Koko Head itself has three significant depressions or old vents, the largest of which forms the well-known Hanauma Bay. Koko Head's last eruption was 3,000-5,000 years ago and it is part of the Honolulu Volcanics.

This eastern end of Oahu is quite scenic and most of the area is part of Koko Head Regional Park, administered by the City & County of Honolulu. The following features and natural areas are found between Koko Head and the eastern end of the island at Makapuu:

 * Koko Crater is a large tuff cone that visually dominates the area. Within the crater are horse stables and the Koko Crater Botanical Garden specializing in cacti and succulents.
 * Hanauma Bay is a tuff ring breached by the ocean.
 * Lānai Lookout is a scenic lookout that features a very distant view of the Island of Lānai to the southeast of Oahu. Molokai, directly across the Ka'iwi Channel, is closer and nearly always visible during the day; Lānai is visible only under good atmospheric conditions, although if visible from anywhere on Oahu, it will be visible from this pull-out/parking area. The cremated ashes of Barack Obama's mother and maternal grandmother were scattered here in 1995 and 2008.
 * Hālona Blowhole is a blowhole in the rocky shore. A large pull-out/parking area is present. The adjacent Hālona Cove is best known as the site of the love scene between Burt Lancaster and Deborah Kerr in the movie From Here to Eternity.
 * Sandy Beach is a popular beach for surfing and a park popular for kite flying because trade winds (offshore here) are strong and steady most days. Sea conditions off the beach tend to be rough most of the time and the bottom drops away relatively quickly, so this is not a beach for relaxed swimming, but very popular for more extreme water sports and watchers.

title: Koko Head


text: User talk:65.28.45.204

title: User talk:65.28.45.204


text:
Talk:Foreigner

Stranger
I have no idea if foreigner in the sense of a person from somewhere else needs its own article in Wikipedia. I attempted to remove all the linksusing that sense, but I think that may be a lost cause. Any suggestions, alternative approaches, or solutions would be appreciated. -Acjelen 00:06, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foreigner