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List of Christian denominations by number of members

This is a list of Christian denominations by number of members. It is inevitably partial and generally based on claims by the denominations themselves. The numbers should therefore be considered approximate and the article is an ongoing work-in-progress.

The list includes the following Christian denominations: the Catholic Church (including the Eastern Catholic Churches), Protestant denominations with at least 0.2 million members (including Anglican churches, which are sometimes described as a via media between Catholicism and Protestantism), the Eastern Orthodox Church (and its offshoots), the Oriental Orthodox Churches (and their offshoots), Nontrinitarian Restorationism, independent Catholic denominations, Nestorianism and all the other Christian branches with distinct theologies.

Christianity is the largest religious group in the world, with an estimated 2.3 to 2.6 billion adherents in 2020.

Christian denominational families
The various denominations of Christianity fall into several large families, shaped both by culture and history.

Christianity arose in the first century AD after Rome had conquered much of the western parts of the fragmented Hellenistic empire created by Alexander the Great. The linguistic and cultural divisions of the first century AD Roman Empire with, broadly speaking, a Latin West and a Greek East, but also with significant areas in North Africa where Coptic was the dominant language, and areas in the Near East where Syriac or Aramaic was the dominant language, were reflected in the early Christian church. The church was called "Catholic" meaning "universal" from very early in the second century, a tacit acknowledgement of the many different cultures it encompassed. Early Christianity suffered great, although intermittent, persecution from the state until Emperor Constantine the Great issued the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, legalizing Christianity. Shortly after the cessation of persecution, as the Church, for the first time had the luxury of reflecting on the meaning of its own teachings, significant disputes arose, particularly over the nature of Christ, and the relationship between Christ, the Father, and the Spirit. The Church chose to address those disputes with Ecumenical councils, the first four of which were at Nicaea, Constantinople, Ephesus and Chalcedon. The first two of these councils, the First Council of Nicaea and the First Council of Constantinople gave birth to the Nicene Creed which has become the touchstone for Christian beliefs.

Both of the next two Councils, the Council of Ephesus, and the Council of Chalcedon led to significant ruptures in the Church. Many Christians espousing the minority position at these two councils, even after extensive discussion and attempts at reconciliation, chose to strike out on their own, rather than to accept the positions held by the majority of the church fathers at the councils. Refusing to accept the Council of Ephesus, the Church of the East, encompassing many Syriac speaking Christians in what was then the far East of the Empire, split off in 431 AD. A few decades later, in 451 AD, after the Council of Chalcedon, the group that later became known as the Oriental Orthodox Churches, encompassing many Coptic speaking Christians in North Africa, also split off.

In 1054 AD, an accumulation of misunderstanding, disrespect and genuine theological differences led to the Great Schism, dividing Greek speaking Christians who became the Eastern Orthodox, from Latin speaking Christians who kept the name Catholic, but increasingly prefaced it with the adjective "Roman."

Beginning in 1517, the remaining western, Latin speaking church was itself rent asunder by the Reformation with many Christians rejecting papal authority and gathering together in new ways. Broadly speaking Protestantism has four streams: Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anabaptism, and Anglicanism. While all of these Christian groups from the Church of the East on, have their own subsequent splits, the fragmentation in Protestantism has been extreme, with tens of thousands of denominations. Some of these fragmented groups, particularly among the Eastern churches, have sought to return to Rome, and have reunited themselves under papal authority.

Catholicism – 1.278–1.390 billion

Catholicism is the largest branch of Christianity and the Catholic Church is the largest among churches. About 48.6% to 50.1% of all Christians are Catholics. According to the annual directory of the Catholic Church or Annuario Pontificio of 2024, there were 1.390 billion baptized Catholics in 2022. In 2024, the World Christian Database reported 1.278 billion Catholics. That figure does not include independent denominations that self-identify as Catholic, numbering some 18 million adherents subscribing to Old Catholicism and other forms of Independent Catholicism. Figures below include the Annuario Pontificio of 2021–2024 that provided 2019–2022 statistics.

Latin Church – 1.327–1.372 billion
====Eastern Catholic Churches – 18 million ====
 * Byzantine Rite – 8.7 million
 * Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church – 5.5 million
 * Melkite Greek Catholic Church – 1.6 million
 * Romanian Greek Catholic Church – 0.5 million
 * Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church – 0.4 million
 * Hungarian Greek Catholic Church – 0.3 million
 * Slovak Greek Catholic Church – 0.3 million
 * Belarusian Greek Catholic Church – 0.1 million
 * Italo-Albanian Catholic Church – 0.01 million
 * Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia – 0.01 million
 * Georgian Byzantine Catholic Church (not sui iuris) – 0.01 million
 * Albanian Greek Catholic Church – 0.01 million
 * Russian Greek Catholic Church – 0.01 million
 * Greek Byzantine Catholic Church – 0.006 million
 * Macedonian Greek Catholic Church – 0.001 million
 * Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church – 0.001 million
 * East Syriac Rite – 4.9 million
 * Syro-Malabar Church – 4.3 million
 * Chaldean Catholic Church – 0.6 million
 * West Syriac Rite – 4.2 million
 * Maronite Church – 3.5 million
 * Syro-Malankara Catholic Church – 0.5 million
 * Syriac Catholic Church – 0.2 million
 * Armenian Rite – 0.8 million
 * Armenian Catholic Church – 0.8 million
 * Alexandrian Rite – 0.5 million
 * Coptic Catholic Church – 0.2 million
 * Eritrean Catholic Church – 0.2 million
 * Ethiopian Catholic Church – 0.07 million

Canonically irregular groups

 * Society of Saint Pius X – 1 million

Sedevacantists

 * Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen
 * Society of Saint Pius V

Protestantism – 0.8–1.05 billion

Protestantism is the second largest major group of Christians by number of followers. Estimates vary from 0.8 to 1.05 billion, or between 36.7% and 39.8% of all Christians. The main reason for this wide range is the lack of a common agreement among scholars as to which denominations constitute Protestantism. For instance, most sources but not all include Anabaptism, Anglicanism, Baptists and Independent Nondenominational Christianity as part of Protestantism. Moreover, Protestant denominations altogether do not form a single structure comparable to the Catholic Church, or to a lesser extent the Eastern Orthodox communion. However, several different comparable communions exist within Protestantism, such as the World Evangelical Alliance, the Anglican Communion, the World Communion of Reformed Churches, the Baptist World Alliance, the World Methodist Council and the Lutheran World Federation. Regardless, 900 million is the most accepted figure among various authors and scholars, and thus is used in this article. Note that this 900 million figure also includes Anglicanism, as well as Anabaptists, Baptists and multiple other groups that might sometimes disavow a common "Protestant" designation, and would rather prefer to be called, simply, "Christian". According to Mark Juergensmeyer of the University of California, popular Protestantism is the most dynamic religious movement in the contemporary world, alongside resurgent Islam.

Historical Protestantism – 300–600 million
The number of individuals who are members of historical Protestant Churches totals to 300–600 million.

Anglicanism – 110 million
There are about 110 million Christians in Anglican tradition, mostly part of the Anglican Communion, the third-largest Christian communion in the world, with 42 members (provinces).
 * Anglican Communion – 85 million
 * Church of England – 25.0 million
 * Church of Nigeria – 20.1 million
 * Church of Uganda – 8.1 million
 * Anglican Church of Kenya – 5.0 million
 * Church of South India – 3.8 million
 * Province of the Episcopal Church of South Sudan – 3.5 million
 * Anglican Church of Australia – 3.1 million
 * Anglican Church of Southern Africa – 3 million
 * Anglican Church of Tanzania – 2.0 million
 * Episcopal Church in the United States – 1.6 million
 * Church of North India – 1.5 million
 * Province of the Episcopal Church of Sudan – 1.1 million
 * Anglican Church of Rwanda – 1.0 million
 * Church of the Province of Central Africa – 0.9 million
 * Anglican Church of Burundi – 0.8 million
 * Church in the Province of the West Indies – 0.8 million
 * Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia – 0.6 million
 * Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean – 0.5 million
 * Church of Christ in the Congo–Anglican Community of Congo – 0.5 million
 * Church of Pakistan – 0.5 million
 * Province of the Anglican Church of the Congo – 0.5 million
 * Anglican Church of Mozambique and Angola – 0.5 million
 * Church of the Province of West Africa – 0.3 million
 * Church of Ireland – 0.3 million
 * Anglican Church of Canada – 0.3 million
 * Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea – 0.2 million
 * Anglican Church of Melanesia – 0.2 million
 * Episcopal Church in the Philippines – 0.1 million
 * Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil – 0.1 million
 * Anglican Church of Mexico – 0.1 million
 * Church of the Province of South East Asia – 0.1 million
 * Anglican Church of Korea – 0.1 million
 * Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church – 0.005 million
 * Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church – 0.005 million
 * Continuing Anglican movement and independent churches – 0.7 million
 * Traditional Anglican Church – 0.4 million
 * Anglican Church in North America – 0.1 million
 * Reformed Evangelical Anglican Church of South Africa – 0.1 million

Baptist churches – 100 million
The worldwide Baptist community numbers about 100 million. However, the Baptist World Alliance, the world communion of Baptist churches, self-reports only 51 million baptized believers, as Baptists do not count children as members, since they believe in believer's baptism. Therefore, the BWA is the 9th largest Christian communion.
 * Southern Baptist Convention – 13.2 million
 * National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. – 8.4 million
 * Nigerian Baptist Convention – 6.5 million
 * National Missionary Baptist Convention of America – 3.1 million
 * National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc. – 3.1 million
 * Baptist Union of Uganda – 2.5 million
 * Baptist Community of Congo – 2.1 million
 * Baptist Convention of Tanzania – 2.0 million
 * Brazilian Baptist Convention – 1.8 million
 * Baptist General Convention of Texas – 1.7 million
 * Progressive National Baptist Convention – 1.5 million
 * Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India – 1.3 million
 * American Baptist Churches USA – 1.2 million
 * Baptist Bible Fellowship International – 1.2 million
 * Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention – 1.1 million
 * Baptist Community of the Congo River – 1.1 million
 * National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. – 1.0 million
 * Myanmar Baptist Convention – 1.0 million
 * Cooperative Baptist Fellowship – 0.8 million
 * Baptist General Association of Virginia – 0.6 million
 * Baptist Convention of Kenya – 0.6 million
 * Nagaland Baptist Church Council – 0.6 million
 * Korea Baptist Convention – 0.5 million
 * Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches – 0.5 million
 * Orissa Evangelical Baptist Crusade – 0.5 million
 * National Baptist Convention (Brazil) – 0.4 million
 * Baptist Convention of Malawi – 0.3 million
 * Garo Baptist Convention – 0.3 million
 * Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches – 0.3
 * Ghana Baptist Convention – 0.3
 * Union of Baptist Churches in Rwanda – 0.3 million
 * Venture Church Network – 0.2 million
 * National Association of Free Will Baptists – 0.2 million
 * Convention of Visayas and Mindanao of Southern Baptist Churches – 0.2 million
 * Manipur Baptist Convention – 0.2 million
 * Evangelical Baptist Church of the Central African Republic – 0.2 million
 * Converge – 0.2 million
 * Seventh Day Baptists – 0.05 million

Lutheranism – 70–90 million

The number of adherents in the Lutheran denominations totals to 70–90 million persons (the Lutheran World Federation reports 77 million and is the sixth largest communion) being represented in the following churches:
 * Evangelical Church in Germany – 10.8 million, with the remainder of the denominations's 19.2 million members being non-Lutheran
 * Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus – 10.4 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania – 7.9 million
 * Church of Sweden – 5.5 million
 * United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India – 4.5 million
 * Church of Denmark – 4.2 million
 * Batak Christian Protestant Church – 4.1 million
 * Malagasy Lutheran Church – 4.0 million
 * Church of Norway – 3.7 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland – 3.5 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church in America – 2.9 million
 * Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria – 2.2 million
 * Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod – 1.8 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea – 1.8 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia – 0.9 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa – 0.6 million
 * Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil – 0.6 million
 * The Protestant Christian Church – 0.5 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia – 0.4 million
 * Evangelical Free Church of America – 0.4 million
 * The Indonesian Christian Church – 0.3 million
 * Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ – 0.3 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of Cameroon – 0.3 million
 * Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession in Austria – 0.3 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe – 0.3 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia – 0.3 million
 * Christian Protestant Church in Indonesia – 0.3 million
 * Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod – 0.3 million
 * Church of Iceland – 0.2 million
 * Simalungun Protestant Christian Church – 0.2 million
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil – 0.2 million
 * Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine – 0.2 million
 * Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovakia – 0.2 million
 * Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary – 0.2 million
 * Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church – 0.2 million
 * Laestadianism (various denominations) – 0.2 million

Calvinism / Reformed churches – 70–80 million
The Reformed tradition is represented by 70–80 million people who hold membership in the following churches;    the World Communion of Reformed Churches is the fourth-largest communion.

 * Presbyterianism – 40 million
 * Presbyterian Church of East Africa – 4.0 million
 * Presbyterian Church of Nigeria – 3.8 million
 * Presbyterian Church of Africa – 3.4 million
 * National Presbyterian Church in Mexico – 2.8 million
 * Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – 2.5 million
 * Church of Christ in Congo–Presbyterian Community of Congo – 2.5 million
 * Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap) – 2.4 million
 * Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong) – 2.4 million
 * Presbyterian Church in Cameroon – 2.0 million
 * Presbyterian Church of Cameroon – 1.8 million
 * Presbyterian Church of India – 1.5 million
 * Presbyterian Church in Korea (BaekSeok) – 1.5 million
 * Presbyterian Church (USA) – 1.1 million
 * Presbyterian Church in Sudan – 1.0 million
 * Presbyterian Church of Ghana – 1.0 million
 * Presbyterian Church of Brazil – 0.7 million
 * Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana – 0.6 million
 * United Church of Christ in the Philippines – 0.5 million
 * Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa – 0.5 million
 * United Church of Canada – 0.4 million
 * Presbyterian Church in America – 0.4 million
 * Presbyterian Church of Pakistan – 0.4 million
 * Kosin Presbyterian Church in Korea – 0.4 million
 * Church of Scotland – 0.3 million or 1.5 million
 * Korean Presbyterian Church – 0.3 million
 * Presbyterian Church in Rwanda – 0.3 million
 * Uniting Church in Australia – 0.2 million
 * Presbyterian Church in Taiwan – 0.2 million
 * Presbyterian Church in Ireland – 0.2 million
 * Continental Reformed Protestantism – 30 million
 * Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar – 6 million
 * Protestant Church in Indonesia – 3.1 million
 * United Church in Zambia – 3.0 million
 * Evangelical Church of Cameroon – 2.5 million
 * Christian Evangelical Church in Timor – 2.0 million
 * Protestant Church of Switzerland – 1.9 million
 * Protestant Church in the Netherlands – 1.4 million
 * Reformed Church in Hungary – 1.15 million
 * Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) – 1.1 million
 * Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa – 0.7 million
 * United Church in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands – 0.6 million
 * Protestant Church in Western Indonesia – 0.6 million
 * Evangelical Christian Church of the Land of Papua – 0.6 million
 * Protestant Church of Maluku – 0.6 million
 * Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa – 0.5 million
 * Reformed Church in Romania – 0.5 million
 * Toraja Church – 0.4 million
 * Reformed Church of France – 0.4 million
 * Lesotho Evangelical Church in Southern Africa – 0.3 million
 * Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera – 0.3 million
 * Christian Church of Sumba – 0.3 million
 * Karo Batak Protestant Church – 0.3 million
 * Christian Reformed Church of Nigeria – 0.3 million
 * Reformed Church in Zambia – 0.3 million
 * Evangelical Reformed Church in Angola – 0.2 million
 * Christian Reformed Church in North America – 0.2 million
 * Evangelical Church in Kalimantan – 0.2 million
 * Javanese Christian Church – 0.2 million
 * Indonesian Christian Church Synod – 0.2 million
 * Church of Christ in the Sudan Among the Tiv – 0.2 million
 * Evangelical Church of Congo – 0.2 million
 * Christian Evangelical Church of Sangihe Talaud – 0.2 million
 * Central Sulawesi Christian Church – 0.2 million
 * Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany – 0.2 million
 * Congregationalism – 5 million
 * Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola – 0.9 million
 * United Church of Christ – 0.7 million
 * United Congregational Church of Southern Africa – 0.5 million

Methodism – 60–80 million
The Methodist movement is represented by 60–80 million people (a figure including adherents but non-members), found in denominations including the following; the World Methodist Council (WMC) is the fifth largest communion. Not all of the following churches are member churches of the WMC. The largest Methodist denomination, the United Methodist Church, is suffering a large split by the Global Methodist Church, thus figures for the two denominations are an ongoing process.
 * United Methodist Church – 10.0 million
 * African Methodist Episcopal Church – 2.5 million
 * Church of the Nazarene – 2.65 million
 * Methodist Church Nigeria – 2 million
 * The Salvation Army – 1.8 million
 * Methodist Church of Southern Africa – 1.7 million
 * African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church – 1.4 million
 * Korean Methodist Church – 1.3 million
 * Free Methodist Church – 0.9 million
 * Christian Methodist Episcopal Church – 0.9 million
 * Methodist Church Ghana – 0.8 million
 * Methodist Church in India – 0.6 million
 * Methodist Church in Kenya – 0.5 million
 * Global Methodist Church – 0.4 million
 * Wesleyan Church – 0.4 million
 * Methodist Church in Brazil – 0.2 million
 * Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma – 0.2 million

Adventism – 22.7 million

 * Seventh-day Adventist Church – 22.3 million
 * Church of God (Seventh Day) – 0.2 million
 * Advent Christian Church – 0.1 million
 * Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement – 0.042 million

Restorationism – 4.1 million

 * Churches of Christ – 2 million
 * Christian churches and churches of Christ – 1.1 million
 * Community of Disciples of Christ in Congo – 0.7 million
 * Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) – 0.3 million

Anabaptism – 4 million

 * Mennonites – 2.1 million
 * Schwarzenau Brethren (German Baptists) – 1.5 million
 * Amish – 0.3 million
 * Hutterites – 0.05 million

Hussites – 1.2 million

 * Moravian Church – 1.1 million
 * Czechoslovak Hussite Church – 0.099 million
 * Unity of the Brethren Baptists – 0.035 million

Plymouth Brethren – 1 million
The Plymouth Brethren number around 1 million members.

Modern Protestantism – 400–500 million
The denominations listed below did not emerge from the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century or its commonly acknowledged offshoots. Instead, they are broadly linked to Pentecostalism or similar other independent evangelical and revivalistic movements that originated in the beginning of the 20th century. For this reason, several sources tend to differentiate them from Protestants and classify them together as Independents, Non-core Protestants etc. Also included in this category are the numerous, yet very similar Nondenominational churches. Nonetheless, sources eventually combine their numbers to the Protestant tally. Despite the absence of centralized control or leadership, if considered as a single cohort, this will easily be the second largest Christian tradition after Roman Catholicism. According to the Center for the Study of Global Christianity (CSGC), there are an estimated 450 million Independents world-wide, as of mid-2019.

Pentecostalism – 280 million
Those who are members of the Pentecostal denomination number around 280 million people.
 * Assemblies of God – 67 million (the 7th largest communion)
 * Apostolic Church – 15 million
 * International Circle of Faith – 11 million
 * Fangcheng Fellowship – 10 million
 * China Gospel Fellowship – 10 million
 * Foursquare Church – 9 million
 * Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church – 9 million
 * Church of God in Christ – 6.5 million
 * Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) – 6 million
 * Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers' Church – 4.5 million
 * The Church of Pentecost – 4.2 million
 * International Pentecostal Holiness Church – 4 million
 * Indonesian Bethel Church – 3 million
 * Christian Congregation in Brazil – 2.8 million
 * The Pentecostal Mission – 2.5 million
 * Universal Church of the Kingdom of God – 2 million
 * Church of God of Prophecy – 1.5 million
 * Heal Our Land – 1.5 million
 * Pentecostal Church in Indonesia – 1.5 million
 * Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa – 1.2 million
 * Association of Pentecostal Churches of Rwanda – 1 million
 * Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide – 1 million
 * God is Love Pentecostal Church – 0.8 million
 * Maranatha Campus Ministries – 0.75 million
 * Pentecostal Church of God – 0.5 million
 * Indian Pentecostal Church of God – 0.5 million
 * Association of Vineyard Churches – 0.3 million
 * Worldwide Church of God's Power – 0.3 million

Nondenominational Christianity – 80–100 million

 * Calvary Chapel Association – 25 million
 * Alliance World Fellowship – 6 million
 * Born Again Movement – 3 million
 * Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) – 1.2 million

African initiated churches – 60 million
60 million people are members of African initiated churches.
 * Zion Christian Church – 15 million
 * Cherubim and Seraphim – 10 million
 * Kimbanguist Church – 5.5 million
 * Redeemed Christian Church of God – 5 million
 * Church of the Lord (Aladura) – 3.6 million
 * Council of African Instituted Churches – 3 million
 * Church of Christ Light of the Holy Spirit – 1.4 million
 * African Church of the Holy Spirit – 0.7 million
 * African Israel Church Nineveh – 0.5 million

New Apostolic Church – 10 million
The New Apostolic Church has around 10 million members.

Messianic Judaism – 0.3 million
Messianic Judaism has a membership of 0.3 million people.

Eastern Protestant Christianity – 22 million
Eastern Protestant Christianity (or Eastern Reformed Christianity) encompasses a range of heterogeneous Protestant Christian denominations that developed outside of the Occident, from the latter half of the nineteenth century and yet keeps elements of Eastern Christianity, to varying degrees. Most of these denominations came into being when existing Protestant Churches adopted reformational variants of Eastern Orthodox liturgy and worship; while others are the result of reformations of Eastern Orthodox beliefs and practices, inspired by the teachings of Western Protestant missionaries. Some Protestant Eastern Churches are in communion with similar Western Protestant Churches. However, Protestant Eastern Christianity within itself, does not constitute a single communion. This is due to the diverse polities, practices, liturgies and orientations of the denominations which fall under this category.
 * Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelical Church – 16.5 million, Alexandrian Rite
 * Believers Eastern Church – 3.5 million, West Syrian Rite
 * Mar Thoma Syrian Church – 1 million, Syro-Antiochene Rite (in communion with the Anglican Communion)
 * Armenian Evangelical Church – 0.25 million, Armenian Rite
 * St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India – 0.1 million, Syro-Antiochene Rite
 * Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia – 0.02 million, Byzantine Rite
 * Evangelical Church of Romania – 0.16 million, Byzantine Rite
 * Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church – 0.15 million, Byzantine Rite

Eastern Orthodoxy – 220 million

The best estimate of the number of Eastern Orthodox Christians is 220 million or 80% of all Orthodox Christians worldwide. Its main body consists of the various autocephalous churches along with the autonomous and other churches canonically linked to them, for the most part form a single communion, making the Eastern Orthodox Church the second largest single denomination behind the Catholic Church. In addition, there are several Eastern Orthodox splinter groups and non-universally recognized churches.

Autocephalous churches – 168 million

 * Russian Orthodox Church – 100 million
 * Romanian Orthodox Church – 17–18.8 million
 * Church of Greece – 10 million
 * Serbian Orthodox Church – 8–12 million
 * Bulgarian Orthodox Church – 8–10 million
 * Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople – 5.25 million
 * Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch – 4.3 million
 * Georgian Orthodox Church – 3.5 million
 * Macedonian Orthodox Church – 2 million
 * Church of Cyprus – 0.7 million
 * Polish Orthodox Church – 0.6 million
 * Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria – 0.5 million
 * Albanian Orthodox Church – 0.4 million
 * Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem – 0.4 million
 * Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia – 0.075 million

Autonomous churches – 5 million

 * Metropolitan Church of Chișinău and All Moldova (Moscow Patriarchate) – 3.2 million
 * Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia – 0.4 million
 * Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia (Moldova) (Romanian Patriarchate) – 0.72 million
 * Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate – 0.3 million
 * Orthodox Church of Finland (Ecumenical Patriarchate) – 0.06 million
 * Chinese Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) – 0.03 million
 * Orthodox Church in Japan (Moscow Patriarchate) – 0.03 million
 * Estonian Orthodox Church (Ecumenical Patriarchate) – 0.02 million

Churches in communion with disputed autocephaly – 6 million

 * Orthodox Church in America – 0.09 million (recognized by all churches, partially recognized autocephaly)
 * Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) – 5–6 million (recognized by all churches, declared independence from the Moscow Patriarchate in 2022 which is yet to be acknowledged by most churches)
 * Latvian Orthodox Church – 0.02 million (recognized as self-governing church under the Moscow Patriarchate by all churches; disputed autocephaly)

Non-universally recognized churches – 16–18 million

 * Orthodox Church of Ukraine – 12–18 million (recognized by four churches, not recognized by all other churches)
 * Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church – 2.4 million
 * Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance) – 0.75 million
 * Old Calendar Bulgarian Orthodox Church – 0.45 million
 * Orthodox Church in Italy – 0.12 million
 * Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Romania – 0.05 million
 * Montenegrin Orthodox Church – 0.05 million

Other separated Orthodox groups – 6 million

 * Old Believers – 5.5 million
 * Old Calendarists – 1.2–2 million
 * True Orthodox church – 0.85 million
 * Evangelical Orthodox Church – 0.07 million
 * Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate – 0.002

Oriental Orthodoxy – 62 million

The Oriental Orthodox Churches are those descended from those that rejected the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Despite the similar name, they are therefore a different branch of Christianity from the Eastern Orthodox (see above). There are an estimated 62 million Oriental Orthodox Christians, worldwide.

Autocephalous churches – 61.7 million

 * Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church – 37 million
 * Coptic Orthodox Church – 10 million
 * Armenian Apostolic Church – 9 million
 * Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin – 6 million
 * Holy See of Cilicia – 1.5 million
 * Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople – 0.5–0.7 million
 * Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem – 0.34 million
 * Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church – 2 million
 * Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church – 2 million
 * Syriac Orthodox Church – 1.4 million
 * Jacobite Syrian Christian Church – 1.2 million

Autonomous churches – 0.01 million

 * French Coptic Orthodox Church – 0.01 million

Churches not in communion – 0.07 million

 * Malabar Independent Syrian Church – 0.06 million
 * British Orthodox Church – 0.01 million
 * Albanian-Udi Church – 0.006 million

Nontrinitarian Restorationism – 60 million
A sixth group is composed by Nontrinitarian Restorationists. These groups are quite distinct from orthodox Trinitarian restorationist groups such as the Disciples of Christ, despite some shared history.

====Oneness Pentecostalism – 30 million ====
 * United Pentecostal Church International – 5.8 million
 * Pentecostal Assemblies of the World – 2 million
 * True Jesus Church – 1.5–3 million
 * IEANJESUS – 0.2 million
 * Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus – 0.1 million

Latter Day Saint movement or Mormonism – 17 million

 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – 17 million
 * Community of Christ – 0.25 million

====Jehovah's Witnesses – 8.7 million ====

Minor denominations – 6.2 million

 * Iglesia ni Cristo – 2.3 million
 * Unification Church (aka Moonies) – 1–2 million
 * La Luz del Mundo – 1–5 million (see La Luz del Mundo)
 * Unitarian Universalism – 0.6 million
 * Unitarian Universalist Association – 0.2 million Note: Unitarian Universalism developed out of Christian traditions but no longer identifies as a Christian denomination.
 * Church of Christ, Scientist – 0.4 million
 * Church of Christ, 4th Watch – 0.6 million
 * World Mission Society Church of God – 0.1 million
 * Friends of Man – 0.07 million
 * Christadelphians – 0.05 million
 * The Family International – 0.01 million

Independent Catholicism – 18 million
Various denominations that self-identify as Catholic, despite not being affiliated with the Catholic Church.
 * Philippine Independent Church – 6 million (in communion with the Anglican Communion)
 * Catholic Patriotic Association – 5 million
 * Apostolic Catholic Church – 5 million
 * Traditionalist Mexican-American Catholic Church – 2 million
 * Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church – 0.56 million
 * Old Catholic Church – 0.1 million (in communion with the Anglican Communion)
 * Polish National Catholic Church – 0.03 million
 * Palmarian Christian Church – 0.002 million

Nestorianism – 0.6 million
A seventh group is composed of Nestorians. Divisions occurred within the Church of the East, especially the schism of 1552, but by 1830 two unified patriarchates and distinct churches remained: the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church (now an Eastern Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See).
 * Assyrian Church of the East – 0.5 million
 * Chaldean Syrian Church – 0.01 million
 * Ancient Church of the East – 0.1 million


text:
User talk:Ben-w

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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Ben-w! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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 * 1) Tom McCaughren -

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ben-w


text:
Tolethorpe Hall

Tolethope Hall in the parish of Little Casterton, Rutland, England, PE9 4BH is a country house near Stamford, Lincolnshire at. It is now the location of the Rutland Theatre of the Stamford Shakespeare Company. The hall is a Grade II* Listed Building,

From the A1 Great North Road, southbound, Tolethorpe Hall may be approached from the Old Great North Road (B1081) through the village of Little Casterton. It is about two miles (3 km) from the A1. The grounds of Tolethorpe occupy about seven acres.

History
For 800 years from around 1088 until 1839 it was the home of three distinguished families, the de Tolethorpes (1088–1316), the Burtons (1316–1503) and the Brownes (1503–1839).

Sir Thomas Burton (c.1369–1438) was MP for Rutland three times and High Sheriff of Rutland three times. Francis Browne was MP for Stamford and High Sheriff for 1524. His grandson Robert Browne (c. 1550-1633), born at Tolethorpe, became the leader of the Brownists, early advocates of a congregational form of organisation for the Church of England. Having in 1580 attempted to set up a separate church in Norwich, he moved to Middelburg in the Netherlands in 1581. He returned to England and to the Church of England, being employed as a schoolmaster and parish priest.

The estate was purchased in 1864 by Charles Ormston Eaton, of a Stamford banking family, who carried out a major reconstruction of the hall and formal gardens. He added a large wing on the east in the Jacobean style, and another smaller one on the west. The date 1867 appears on brackets of the rainwater heads. From the 1920s onwards, Tolethorpe Hall was rented by John Burnaby-Atkins, head of a landed gentry family of Halstead Place, Kent; his widow lived there until 1967,  when the Eatons sold it to a Cambridgeshire farmer who sold it to Michael Racher in 1972 who, in 1977, sold the near derelict hall and a few acres of land to the Stamford Shakespeare Company.

The hall and its gardens are now noted as an outdoor Shakespearian theatre. The hall itself stands on the middle of three terraces cut in sloping ground. Its raked auditorium is arranged on the lower one, looking outward across the lower terrace which forms the open air stage behind which, is the open country of the Gwash Valley. The auditorium is permanently covered. The Stamford Shakespeare Company presents a three-month season each summer. Normally there are two Shakespeare plays and one by another playwright.

title: Tolethorpe Hall


text:
Talk:Damdami Taksal

Akhand Kirtani Jatha
Pls give reasons for ommisions for AKJ information —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.192.59.198 (talk) 22:15, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Wonder what info of AKJ was omitted? Is the line ending - without legitimate democratic jurisdiction - correct? Did the writer of this line mean to say it would not be legitimate and done without legitimate democratic jurisdiction? puzzeling, as I thought the whole idea of Sarbat Khalsa was exactly that - done  by majority. Allenwalla (talk) 04:08, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

POV questionable in section Declaration of Khalistan & Constitution of the Panthic Committee
I'm nominating this section as needing editorial review for Neutral Point of View, I question the last statement about genocide on a par with Nazi Germany. Please see WP:NPOV for guidelines. Chuckiesdad (talk) 08:34, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Distortion of History section
I request editor Sikh history to not to distort this section and also not to delete the references. It violates several wikipedia policies including wp:pov and wp:vandalism. He can discuss his issues over here. Thanks.--DawnOfTheBlood (talk) 21:56, 8 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Please stop these personal attacks and stop trying to change what the references state. You are on your final warning. After this you will be blocked. Thanks --Sikh- History 14:19, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It appears, other editor simply invited you for discussion but instead of working on wp:consensus you are blaming him/her with some 'personal attack blames' which per my understanding, he never did. Dear editor User: Sikh-History, suppressing duly referenced information can not be allowed on wikipedia. How many editors would you suppress? Please work with other editors to reach wp:consensus--144.160.130.16 (talk) 23:05, 12 May 2010 (UTC)
 * There was no invitation for discussion, but references were deleted without discussion and text altered. I am open to discussion. What I am not open to is censorship. Thanks--Sikh- History
 * If you guys refer to my edits of May 9th, you would see that I had made the text very neutral but editor Sikh-History didnt like it and he again pused his own views, which is definitely a violation of wp:npov....It appears that this censorship is actually comming from editor Sikh-History's side only. I consider myself totally neutral in this matter and I personally do not agree with the way this article is being distorted by this respected editor. I am open to any discussions to make this article valuable. 170.35.208.21 (talk) 10:11, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
 * There are very few editors, some of them are involved here, including editor Sikh-History who are knowledgeable on Sikhism and who are actually contributing to Sikhism related articles. These editors should look for wp:consensus to give room to each other and to imrpove Sikhism related articles with each other's help...any fight among ourselves is not going to take us anywhere..... so dear editor Sikh-History, please re-evaluate your way of editing/censorship... at the same time, all the best to you and other editors....'just my few cents... 170.35.208.21 (talk) 10:29, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The article as it stands IS wp:balanced. Quite frankly, there are some very "dodgy" website links and only a handful of ISBN referenced books. In terms of referencing, an ISBN referenced book carries far more weight than a website. Thanks--Sikh- History

Sikh History is at it again and he insists Sunder Singh Lyallpuri was a leader of the Taksal rather than Sunder Singh Bhindranwala.Jujhar.pannu (talk) 17:18, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually I don't really care. All I care is about the references being WP:Reliable S H 20:37, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Please refrain from reverting back to an incorrect synopsis which also lacks the - who what where and how requirements of an event. Jujhar.pannu (talk) 01:11, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: Google books, http://www.panthic.org/articles/2696, and http://www.vidhia.com/Rehat%20Maryada/Gurmat_Rehat_Maryada_-_Damdami_Taksal.pdf. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 14:24, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi Diannaa, may I rewrite the points from the Gurmut Rehat Maryada in my own words and add them back the section? Is it still considered to be copyright? eg.
 * "Children are not to be taught Gurbani or the philosophy of the Guru, by a non Amritdhari or a non-believer of the Guru." - copyrighted
 * turns to
 * The Damdami Taksal believes that all education related to Gurmat (the Guru's Ideology) must be taught strictly by Amritdhari Sikhs. - own words

 * Thanks, Jujhar.pannu (talk) 17:52, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Content needs to be not only in your own words, but presented differently. For example if you paraphrase all the material but present everything in essentially the same order as the source, you might still be in violation of copyright law. Please see Close paraphrasing especially PARAPHRASE. Also, you will first will need to discuss the reliability of the sources and the validity of the content with User:Sikh-history, who removed the material once already for reasons other than copyright concerns. -- Diannaa (talk) 21:39, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply, I ordered that content myself so that shouldn't be a problem (under the heading you saw in the earlier edit). I have read through the links and do understand the problem of paraphrasing. I will contact SH before proceeding. Thanks Jujhar.pannu (talk) 23:48, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You really need to watch your grammar and english use. Your overly long use of wording, when a few words will make the same point need to be worked on. For example, it makes no difference to the fact that when the conflict started between Gandhi and the Taksal that 2.2 million people were gathered? How is this relevant to the point you are making? Also we don't need to put, Jathedar Saheedian Misl Baba Deep Singh etc etc. See WP:Manual of Style. It's pure flannel. Superflous. Thanks S H 09:03, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * www.panthic.org fails WP:reliable. I've ben through the site and shoddy "journalism" (is use the term in quotations because its clearly not journalism) such as this, leads me to believe it's more of an extremist blog than something that is reliable. Thanks S H 09:15, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Hey, The 2.2 million people present is a big deal. Its not your average event. It clearly makes it a more prominent event. The way you have worded that paragraph does not have enough details to convey what happened nor does not make sense chronologically. Secondly I put " Shaheedan Misl Jathedar Baba Deep Singh" Which is not an honorific but just tells what Misl Baba Deep Singh belonged to but I can change Jathedar to leader if its too complex for non-Punjabi readers. It's not "flannel" and its also referenced content. I apologize for using www.panthic.org once on Harjinder Singh Dilgeer page.   Jujhar.pannu (talk) 17:32, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You obviously do not understand WP:Manual of Style. I suggest you re-read it. In the meantime you are being reported for edit warring which will probably lead to a block. ThanksS H 01:04, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

Re: WP:Weasel
Please do not use the term WP:Weasel in the wrong context. The reference by Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, John H. Garvey, ed. (1996). Fundamentalisms and the state: remaking polities, economies, and militance. The Fundamentalism Project 3. University of Chicago Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-226-50884-9 states "In 1706, when Gobind Singh...he is said to have founded a distinguished school of exegesis.". WP:Weasel does not apply where it is the reference that makes the assertion. Thanks S H 12:30, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Are you trying to say the term Damdami Taksal didn't exist, or that Guru Gobind Singh never started a Taksal at Damdama Sahib? Jujhar.pannu (talk) 17:45, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I am not saying anything. All I am doing is quoting from books of researchers. Many (if not most) Sikh Historians doubt DDT even existed at the time of the Tenth Master. What I think and you think is wholly irrelevant. All we must do is present a WP:NPOV . Thanks S H 00:58, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I dont understand why you keep removing my referenced content. In your last edit you removed atleast four lines. All scholars agree that Guru Gobind Singh founded a Taksal (school) at Damdama Sahib some call that taksal Baba Deeps Singh's Taksal, some call it Damdami Taksal. My edits clearly explain this rational of different leaders of the Taksal by including titles such as Bhidran Taksal to denote the schools revolving around the Bhindranwale Jathedars. Nevertheless I didnt remove any information that I did not agree with I just added or moved information you must learn to do the same if you want to write in the WP:NPOV style. Jujhar.pannu (talk) 17:31, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually all scholars don't agree the tenth master formed the Taksal. I actually believe he did, but that is irrelevant if researchers and academics can find no proof. Most scholars (read the references in the article) cannot prove the existence of the Taksal until a few years ago. No doubt you will find some obscure scholars who can prove their exitence. The only people who claim to be originated from the tenth master are the Taksal themselves. Thanks S H 08:43, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi again, all scholars agree that their existed a school/taksal at Damdama Sahib where Guru Granth Sahib added Guru Tegh Bahadur hymns to the Guru Granth Sahib making its final form. Its not the Taksal its a Taksal. I will add more information soon which will make this point much more clear because I do agree that the 'term' damdami taksal, which literally means in punjabi the taksal on the run, most likely wasnt used by Guru Gobind Singh to describe a specific intuition but a group of places/taksals that consist of similar forms of traditional Sikh learning carried out in a specific way eg. with a prominent Sant in charge. I reworded the two critical references denying the existence of the Damdami Taksal term because they both point to the term rather than place as I've just described, making them more relevant to the source rather than original research. Jujhar.pannu (talk) 18:44, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Show me the refrences here and we'll tale a look. I also suggest you learn some proper grammar before making changes to this article and adding incorrent gibberish to it. Thanks S H 19:34, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Your POV is not important you cannot remove referenced content. Please reply the above questions to have a coherent and productive discussion regarding the original research in the Damdami Taksal term criterion. Jujhar.pannu (talk) 19:45, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually, I'm trying to keep the article and the way it is written academic, rather than looking like some religious dogmatic pamphlet. Your co-operation would be appreciated. Thanks S H 19:51, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you for leaving those parts back this time. I still have a problem with the event that happened on the 300 year anniversary of Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom could you re-arrange it so the dispute part comes before the 'This was the starting point of tensions between Damdami Taksal and the Indian Congress Government' sentence. Jujhar.pannu (talk) 20:27, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The edit you've done is fine, butyet again your poor English and Grammar strikes again. You have to do better. The Note you have added is just about acceptable.S H 10:15, 1 October 2013 (UTC)

Requesting meaning of Damdami
The article lacks it. if there is indeed a meaning. Etymology section can be added-- D Big X ray  12:46, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

February 2020
, you should have discussed before removing stuff here. Fylindfotberserk (talk) 17:32, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

I made mention of it in my edit summary, basically that one source was a duplicate source of a single book by Pashaura and Hawley in two citations, so I merged the two. The other by Fair and Ganguly quote Oberoi that "while the claims to the tenth guru are plausible, there is no real firm evidence to support it either." I don't know about the encyclopedic value of this statement, it basically says "it could be, but maybe not," which doesn't add to the article imo. Oberoi's satisfactory threshold of proof isn't stated either, and its alumni in prominent positions puts in question its obscurity; it just seemed like a subjective statement. I looked through the source for more info specifically pertaining to Damdami Taksal but didn't find any, so I made the decision to remove the source; the subject matter makes it better suited to other, related articles. Hope this clarifies, Sapedder (talk) 12:22, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Damdami Taksal


text:
User:Ben-w

DUBLIN MADE ME Dublin made me and no little town With the country closing in on its streets The cattle walking proudly on its pavements The jobbers, the gombeenmen and the cheats Devouring the fair-day between them A public house to half a hundred men And the teacher, the solicitor and the bank-clerk In the hotel bar drinking for ten. Dublin made me, not the secret poteen still The raw and hungry hills of the West The lean road flung over profitless bog Where only a snipe could nest Where the sea takes its tithe of every boat. Bawneen and currach have no allegiance of mine, Nor the cute self-deceiving talkers of the South Who look to the East for a sign. The soft and dreary midlands with their tame canals Wallow between sea and sea, remote from adventure And Northward a far and fortified province Crouches under the lash of arid censure. I disclaim all fertile meadows, all tilled land The evil that grows from it and the good, But the Dublin of old statutes, this arrogant city Stirs proudly and secretly in my blood. Donagh MacDonagh

I have fun creating and trying to improve articles on subjects that interest me and just as much fun with subjects that don't, as I find out things I didn't know. One of the things I've tried to do is save articles from deletion by improving them. Ad astra and Newton Arvin are two I like.

 * William Percy French wrote completely daft songs we can all sing at weddings.

 * Bands I used to go and see in Dublin: Toasted Heretic. The Golden Horde (band). Rollerskate Skinny -- thanks to Angela for her work here.

 * Edmund Cooper -- Richard Avery to those of us who read the trashy, fun Expendables series.

 * Pediococcus after several batches of beer went south because of the stuff.

 * Peter Matthiessen didn't have a page why, exactly? Forsooth.

 * As Gaeilge, Peig Sayers. I'm not much of an Irish speaker but I'd like to contribute what I can -- the ga Wikipedia is very short of content -- and I thought that the bane of every Leaving Cert. student was the obvious place to start!

 * Ray Campi -- I don't know rockabilly from a hole in the ground but I know it was a rare privilege to see him play.

 * Thomas Heazle Parke -- I am pleased with this one because the first edit is good, and by creating it I killed a red-link on Emin Pasha Relief Expedition.

title: User:Ben-w


text:
User:Iptalk

IP Talk
VOIP Calls (Voice Over IP) from Ip Talk (like skype) Low cost international calling cards/prepaid cards.

My nick name is IpTalk.

title: User:Iptalk


text:
Ludwig Kaas

Ludwig Kaas (23 May 1881 – 15 April 1952) was a German Roman Catholic priest and politician of the Centre Party during the Weimar Republic. He was instrumental in brokering the Reichskonkordat between the Holy See and the German Reich.

Early career
Born in Trier, Kaas was ordained a priest in 1906 and studied history and Canon law in Trier and Rome. In 1906 he completed a doctorate in theology and in 1909 he obtained a second doctorate in philosophy. In 1910 he was appointed rector of an orphanage and boarding school near Koblenz. Until 1933, he devoted his spare time to scholarly pursuits. In 1916 he published the book "Ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the Catholic Church in Prussia" (Die geistliche Gerichtsbarkeit der katholischen Kirche in Preußen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Wesens der Monarchie), demonstrating his expertise in church history, Canon law and his political interests. In 1918 he requested to be sent to a parish, but Michael Felix Korum of Trier refused and instead appointed him professor of canon law at the Trier seminary in 1918. In that position, he published the study "Missing in war and remarriage in state law and canon law" (Kriegsverschollenheit und Wiederverheiratung nach staatlichen und kirchlichen Recht), dealing with remarriage in case of spouses missing in war. In 1919 he was offered the chair for canon law at the university of Bonn and was initially inclined to accept it, but as he did not find the conditions in Bonn to his liking and after consultation with Bishop Korum he refused the offer.

Entry into politics
Distressed by the revolution, Kaas also decided to engage in politics and joined the Centre Party. In 1919 he was elected to the Weimar National Assembly and in 1920 to the Reichstag, of which he was a member until 1933. He was also elected to the Prussian State Council, the representation of Prussia's provinces. As a parliamentarian Kaas specialized in foreign policy. From 1926 to 1930 he was a German delegate to the League of Nations.

Kaas considered himself a "Rhenish Patriot" and advocated the creation of a Rhineland state within the framework of the German Reich. In 1923, a year of crisis, he – just like Konrad Adenauer, then mayor of Cologne – fought the separatists that wanted to break away the Rhineland from Germany. Despite French occupation, he sought reconciliation with France and voiced this desire in a famous Reichstag speech on 5 December 1923.

Despite personal reservations towards the Social Democrats (SPD), he developed a cordial relationship with President Friedrich Ebert and willingly acknowledged the SPD's accomplishments after 1918. Kaas supported foreign minister Stresemann's policy of reconciliation and denounced nationalist agitation against this policy - agitation he considered to be irresponsible.

Advisor to the Nuncio Pacelli
In 1920, Eugenio Pacelli, the Papal Nuncio to Bavaria, was also appointed Nuncio to Germany. In view of this new position, he asked Cardinal Adolf Bertram of Breslau, to provide him with experts who might serve as a link between the Nuncio in Munich and the Prussian bishops. Bertram suggested Kaas, who in his academic work had developed a special interest in the relations between the state and the Catholic Church.

The workload as a professor, a parliamentarian and as advisor to the Nuncio strained Kaas's energies. Though Kaas tried to convince himself that his primary obligation was to his own diocese, it was his academic post that always came out last. In 1922 he was prepared to resign his chair, but Bertram and Pacelli insisted that he should stay until he had obtained a secure position within the diocese that would not hinder his external commitments. Bertram, following Pacelli's wishes, proposed to the new bishop of Trier, Franz Rudolf Bornewasser, to make Kaas a cathedral canon, but the bishop refused. An angry Kaas announced he would give up all his other commitments and concentrate on his academic work, but eventually he was reconciled to Bornewasser. On 1 April 1924, Kaas was appointed to the Cathedral chapter.

Bishop Bornewasser had allowed Kaas to keep his parliamentary seat until September 1924, but expected him to resign it afterwards and concentrate on his administrative and academic work within the diocese. However, Pacelli asked the bishop not to insist on this as it would "substantially hinder the hitherto influential work of Dr. Kaas and damage an effective representation of ecclesiastical interests in a deplorable way". Bornewasser, though legally in a stronger position, yielded to these considerations of expediency and did not press his demand again. In the same year, Kaas resigned from his academic chair.

Pascalina Lehnert, writing after Pacelli had already become Pope Pius XII, described the relationship between Kaas and Pacelli in the following words: "Talent, vision, and an excellent knowledge of the situation made Kaas a great advisor and incalculable helper. He was a fast learner, a hard and reliable worker with good judgement. The Nuncio, Cardinal and Holy Father (i.e., the Pope) appreciated him very much. Again and again I heard the highest praises from Pope Pius XII. The Monsignore knew, that the Holy Father had special esteem for him and he told me how much this knowledge fulfils him."

In 1925, as Pacelli was also appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Prussia and moved his office to Berlin, the cooperation between Pacelli and Kaas became even closer. Out of this involvement grew a formal but close and lasting friendship, which remained one of the basic factors throughout Kaas's life. In this position Kaas contributed to the successful conclusion of the Prussian Concordat negotiations with Prussia in 1929.

After this achievement, Pacelli was called back to the Vatican to be appointed Cardinal Secretary of State. Pacelli asked Kaas, who had accompanied him on his travel, to stay in Rome but Kaas declined because of his ecclesiastical and political duties in Germany. Nonetheless, Kaas would frequently travel to Rome, where he would stay with Pacelli, and experience first hand the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty, which he penned an article on. In 1931 and 1932 continued as an advisor in negotiations for a Reichskonkordat; that, however, came to nothing.

In 1929, Kaas published a volume of Nuncio Pacelli's speeches. In the introduction, he described him as: “Angelus not nuntius, ... his impressive personality, his sacerdotal words, the popularity he generated in public meetings"

Kaas as party chairman
Without being a candidate, September 1928 Kaas was elected chairman of the Centre Party, in order to mediate the tension between the party's wings and to strengthen their ties with the Bishops. Under Kaas' watch, the Centre began drifting steadily rightward. Much of his time was occupied in arranging a Reich-wide Concordat. This work made him increasingly distrustful of democracy, and he eventually concluded that only authoritarian rule could protect the interests of the church.

From 1930 onwards, Kaas loyally supported the administration under the Centre's Heinrich Brüning, who served as the leader of the party's Reichstag faction due to Kaas' frequent travel to the Vatican. In 1932 he campaigned for the re-election of President Paul von Hindenburg, calling him a "venerated historical personality" and "the keeper of the constitution". As his frequent Vatican travels hampered his work as chairman, Kaas was prepared to yield the leadership of the party to Brüning, whom Hindenburg had dismissed in May, but the former Chancellor declined and asked the prelate to stay.

In 1932 Kaas and Brüning led the Centre Party into opposition to the new Chancellor: party renegade Franz von Papen. Kaas called him the "Ephialtes of the Centre Party". Kaas tried to re-establish a working parliament by cooperation with the National Socialists.

Hitler's Enabling Act
Kaas felt betrayed when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor on 30 January 1933 based on a coalition between National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), German National People's Party (DNVP) and independent conservatives, which excluded the Centre Party. In the campaign leading up to the election on 5 March, Kaas vigorously campaigned against the new government, but after the government parties succeeded in attaining a majority, he visited Vice Chancellor Papen, offering to put an end to their old animosities.

Later that month, from 15 March, he was the main Centre Party advocate supporting the Hitler administration's Enabling Act in return for certain constitutional and, allegedly ecclesiastic guarantees. Hitler responded positively via Papen. On 21 and 22 March the Centre leadership negotiated with Hitler on the conditions and reached an agreement. A letter, in which Hitler would confirm the agreement in writing, was promised by the government but never delivered.

Kaas — as much as the other party leaders — was aware of the doubtful nature of any guarantees; when the Centre's parliamentary contingent assembled on 23 March to decide on their vote, he still advised his fellow party members to support the bill, given the "precarious state of the contingent", saying: "On the one hand we must preserve our soul, but on the other hand a rejection of the Enabling Act would result in unpleasant consequences for parliamentary membership and party. What is left is only to guard us against the worst. Were a two-thirds majority not obtained, the government's plans would be carried through by other means. The President has acquiesced in the Enabling Act. From the DNVP no attempt of relieving the situation is to be expected."

A considerable group of parliamentarians however opposed the chairman's course, among whom were the former Chancellors, his nemesis Heinrich Brüning and Joseph Wirth and former minister Adam Stegerwald. The opponents also argued in regard to Catholic social teaching that ruled out participating in an act of revolution. The proponents however argued that a "national revolution" had already occurred with Hitler's appointment and the presidential decree suspending basic rights, and that the Enabling Act would contain revolutionary force and move the government back to a legal order. Both groupings were not unaffected by Hitler's self-portrayal as a moderate seeking co-operation, as given on the Day of Potsdam of 21 March, as against the more revolutionary SA led by Ernst Röhm.

In the end the majority of Centre parliamentarians supported Kaas's proposal. Brüning and his followers agreed to respect party discipline by also voting in favour of the bill.

On 23 March, the Reichstag assembled at midday under turbulent circumstances. Some SA men served as guards, while others crowded outside the building, both to intimidate any opposing views. Hitler's speech, which emphasised the importance of Christianity to the German culture, was aimed particularly at assuaging the Centre Party's sensibilities and almost verbatim incorporated Kaas's requested guarantees. Kaas gave a speech, voicing the Centre's support for the bill amid "concerns put aside", while Brüning notably remained silent. When parliament assembled again in the evening, all parties except the SPD, represented by their chairman Otto Wels, voted in favour of the Enabling Act. This vote was a major step in the institution of the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler and is remembered as the prime example of a democracy voting for its own demise.

Because of Kaas's request for guarantees and because of his later involvement in the Reichskonkordat negotiations, it is sometimes alleged that Kaas's assent was part of a quid pro quo of interests between the Holy See and the new regime. There is however no evidence for involvement of the Holy See in these dealings.

Kaas had planned to travel to Rome since the beginning of the year, to discuss a conflict in Eupen and Malmedy, formerly German towns now belonging to Belgium, where priests had been arrested. This trip had been postponed by the political events - first Hitler's appointment, then the March elections, then by the Enabling Act -, but on 24 March, one day after the decision, Kaas finally managed to leave for Rome. During this stay, Kaas explained to Pacelli the Centre's rationale for acceding to the Enabling Act. On 30 March, he was called back to Germany to take part in sessions of the working committee, that had been promised during the Enabling Act negotiations. This committee was chaired by Hitler and Kaas and was supposed to inform about further legislative measures, but it only met three times: on 31 March, on 2 April (followed by a private talk between Kaas and Hitler) and on 7 April. On 5 April Kaas also reported to the foreign office about his talk in the Eupen-Malmedy affair.

Reichskonkordat
On 7 April, directly after the third meeting of the working committee, Kaas once more left Berlin and headed for Rome. The next day, after having changed trains in Munich, the Prelate happened to meet Vice-Chancellor Papen in the dining car. Papen officially went on skiing holidays to Italy, but his real destination was Vatican City, where he was to offer a Reichskonkordat on his government's behalf. Kaas and Papen traveled on together and had some discussions about the matter on the train. After their arrival in Rome, Kaas was received first by Pacelli on 9 April. One day later, Papen had a morning meeting with Pacelli and presented Hitler's offer. Pacelli subsequently authorized Kaas, who was known for his expertise in Church-state relations, to negotiate the draft of the terms with Papen.

These discussions also prolonged his stay in Rome and raised questions in Germany as to a conflict of interest, since as a German parliamentarian he was advising the Vatican. On 5 May Kaas resigned from his post as party chairman, and pressure from the German government forced him to withdraw from visibly participating in the concordat negotiations. Though allegedly the Vatican tried to hold back the exclusion of Catholic clergy and organisations from politics, Pacelli was known to strongly favour the withdrawal of all priests from active politics, which is Church position in all countries even today. In the end, the Vatican accepted the restriction to the religious and charitable field. Even before the Roman negotiations had been concluded, the Centre Party yielded to increasing government pressure and dissolved itself, thus excluding German Catholics from participating in political life.

According to Oscar Halecki, Kaas and Pacelli, "on account of the exclusion of Catholics as a political party from the public life of Germany, found it all the more necessary that the Holy See assure government guarantees to maintain their position in the life of the nation" He maintains that Hitler had from the beginning no other aim than a war of extermination of the Church. Pacelli, now Pope Pius XII, met the German Cardinals on 6 March 1939, three days after his election. He referred to the constant Nazi attacks against the Church, and the Nazi responses to his protests, saying, "They always responded, 'sorry, but we cannot act because the concordat is not legally binding yet'. But after its ratification, things did not get any better, they got worse. The experiences of the past years are not encouraging." Despite this, the Holy See continued diplomatic relations with Germany in order to "connect to the bishops and faithful in Germany". As a result of the Concordat, the Church gained more teachers, more school buildings and more places for Catholic pupils. At the same time it was well known to Pacelli and Pope Pius XI that the Jews were being treated very differently. The Centre Party's vote for the Enabling Act, at Kaas's urging, was an action which fostered the establishment of the Hitlerian tyranny.

At the Vatican
Kaas, who had played a pivotal role in the concordat negotiations, hoped to head an information office, watching over the implementation in Germany. However, Cardinal Bertram considered Kaas to be the wrong man, given his political past. Also, Kaas's conduct was controversial among his fellow party members, who saw his sudden and lasting move to Rome as an act of defection and his involvement in the concordat negotiations as treason to the party. A prime example of this view is Heinrich Brüning, who denounced Kaas in his own memoirs written in exile and not undisputed among historians.

Cardinal Bertram had proposed to elevate Kaas to honours without responsibilities. Accordingly, Kaas was appointed papal protonotary on 20 March 1934 and canon of the Basilica of Saint Peter on 6 April 1935. Meanwhile, the diocese of Trier stripped Kaas of his position in the cathedral chapter of Trier.

The exiled Kaas suffered from homesickness and from the rejection by his fellow party members and the German episcopate. On 20 August 1936, Kaas was appointed Economicus and Secretary of the Holy Congregation of the fabric of St. Peter's Basilica.

Pacelli was elected Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939. Late in that year, after the outbreak of World War II, Kaas was one of the key figures for the secret Vatican Exchanges, in which Widerstand circles within the German army tried to negotiate with the Allies through the mediation of the Pope Pius XII. Josef Müller, a Bavarian lawyer, would travel to Rome from Berlin with instructions from Hans Oster or Hans von Dohnanyi and confer with Kaas or the Pope's secretary Pater Robert Leiber, in order to avoid direct contact between Müller and the Pope. These exchanges resumed in 1943 after the Casablanca conference, but neither attempt was successful.

After his election, Pius XII had decided to accelerate the archaeological excavations under St. Peter's Basilica and put Kaas in charge. At the Christmas message of the Holy Year 1950, Pius XII presented the preliminary results, which deemed it likely that the tomb of Saint Peter was resting below the Papal altar of the Basilica. Not all questions were solved, and Kaas continued excavations after 1950, despite an emerging illness.

Ludwig Kaas died in Rome in 1952, aged 70. He was first buried in the cemetery of Campo Santo in the Vatican. Later, Pope Pius XII ordered the body of his friend to be put to rest in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica. Ludwig Kaas is thus the only monsignor who rests in the vicinity of virtually all popes of the twentieth century. To succeed him in his work, Pope Pius XII appointed a woman, Professor Margherita Guarducci, another Vatican novelty.

List of publications
Ludwig Kaas was a scholar and prolific writer, addressing a wide range of issues in Latin or German concerning marital law, education reform, moral and systematic theology, canon law, prisoners of war, the speeches of Eugenio Pacelli, historical issues, policy issues of the Weimar Republic and the Reichskonkordat. Some of his writings were published after his death.

title: Ludwig Kaas


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Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (宇宙科学研究所), or ISAS, is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets, astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan's space development. Since 2003, it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

History

The ISAS originated as part of the Institute of Industrial Science of the University of Tokyo (ja: 東京大学生産技術研究所), where Hideo Itokawa experimented with miniature solid-fuel rockets (Pencil Rocket and Baby Rocket) in the 1950s. This experimentation eventually led to the development of the Κ (Kappa) sounding rocket, which was used for observations during the International Geophysical Year (IGY). By 1960, the Κ-8 rocket had reached an altitude of 200 km.

In 1964, the rocket group and the Institute of Aeronautics, along with scientific ballooning team, were merged to form Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science (宇宙航空研究所) within the University of Tokyo. The rocket evolved into the L (Lambda) series, and, in 1970, L-4S-5 was launched as Japan's first artificial satellite Ohsumi.

Although Lambda rockets were only sounding rockets, the next generation of M (Mu) rockets was intended to be satellite launch vehicles from the start. Beginning in 1971, ISAS launched a series of scientific satellites to observe the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Since the launch of Hakucho in 1979, ISAS has had X-ray astronomy satellites consecutively in orbit, until it was briefly terminated by the launch failure of ASTRO-E.

In 1981, as a part of university system reform, and for the mission expansion, ISAS was spun out from University of Tokyo as an inter-university national research organization, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science.

ISAS was responsible for launching Japan's first interplanetary probes, Sakigake and Suisei, to Halley's Comet in 1985. It also launched Hiten, Japan's first lunar probe, in 1990. The Nozomi probe was launched in 1998 in an attempt to orbit Mars, but the spacecraft suffered system failures and was unable to enter orbit. In 2003, ISAS launched the Hayabusa spacecraft, the first asteroid sample return mission in the world.

Later in 2003, three national aerospace organizations including ISAS were merged to form Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The English name Institute of Space and Astronautical Science is still used, although the Japanese name was changed to 宇宙科学研究本部 (literally, Space Science Research Division, whereas the previous name's literal translation was Space Science Laboratory). In 2010, the name was changed back to the previous Uchū kagaku kenkyūjo (宇宙科学研究所). Under JAXA, ISAS continues to be responsible for space-based astronomy, and lunar and planetary exploration missions.

List of spacecraft by ISAS
Launch failures, cancelled projects, proposals etc. are not listed.


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Red Curtain Trilogy

The Red Curtain Trilogy is a DVD boxed set, released in 2002, of the first three films directed by Baz Luhrmann:
 * Strictly Ballroom (1992), starring Paul Mercurio and Tara Morice
 * Romeo + Juliet (1996), starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes
 * Moulin Rouge! (2001), starring Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor

The films do not form a trilogy in the traditional sense, as there is no relationship between the plot and characters of the three films. Rather, Luhrmann said that the three films followed a specific style of filmmaking. Each film contains a theatre motif that reappears throughout the film. Dance is used in the first film, poetry and language in the second, and song in the third.

title: Red Curtain Trilogy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sean Hallerud

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Sean Hallerud
Not notable, vanity page. -- Curps 20:09, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Vanity. Linuxbeak 20:27, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, more Rufio and the Lost Boys vanity. Ben-w
 * Delete, more Rufio and the Lost Boys vanity. José San Martin 23:36, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 01:50, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Vanity. - Longhair | Talk 12:26, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Vanity - Whatcanbrowndo 11:26, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:165.138.173.141

title: User talk:165.138.173.141


text:
Dennis Callahan

Dennis Michael Callahan (September 3, 1941 – February 8, 2012) was an American politician from Annapolis, Maryland. A native of Baltimore, Callahan was mayor of Annapolis and director of the Recreation and Parks Department of Anne Arundel County, Maryland. He ran unsuccessfully in the Democratic primary for Anne Arundel County Executive in 2006. The general election winner, Republican John R. Leopold, appointed Callahan chief administrative officer of Anne Arundel County, a position he held at the time of his death.

Career in Parks and Recreation Department
As director of the Recreation and Parks Department, he was at the center of two controversial park developments. One of the park developments involved the Smith Farm on the Broadneck Peninsula. The plan called for tearing down most of a horse farm and building ball fields over the land, leaving limited space for a community equestrian center. Local citizens organized against this proposal, and groups such as WHOA (We Hold Officials Accountable), SACReD (South Arundel Citizens for Responsible Development), and the Anne Arundel Green Party literally stood in front of the bulldozers to stop the farm from being torn down. Eventually the farm was preserved and is now the Andy Smith Equestrian Center.

The other controversy entailed converting a substantial portion of wetlands on Franklin Point into ball fields and parking lots. The local community organized against the proposal, offering alternate sites for the ball fields. However, it was only after the Critical Area Commission ruled that plans for the park would have to be severely curtailed that Anne Arundel County backed out of the proposed development. Callahan stated that the new offer would "fundamentally change the character of the plan, substantially reduce the number of park activities available to the Shady Side community and the public, and make development of certain park features problematical or perhaps impossible." This ended 5 years of negotiations between county and state officials.

During Callahan's tenure as the Recreation and Parks Director, football commissioners throughout the County petitioned the County Executive to have him removed from his position. On September 15, 2002, a fight broke out in the parking lot between the two competing football teams, the Cape St. Claire Cougars and Riviera Beach Buccaneers. During the incident, assistant coach Mike T. Pivec, 52, allegedly hit Rory Fracasse Jr., 15, in the face. The head coaches of both teams were put on two game suspensions. Cape St. Claire's Michael Harris, appealed the decision to county recreation officials under Callahans supervision. The officials lifted the two-game suspension, however "members of the football association said that Callahan, who is a friend of Harris, intervened in the appeals process." They later petitioned to have him removed from the position, but were unsuccessful.

Political career
Callahan was a mayor of Annapolis, serving from 1985 to 1989. He was originally a Republican before serving as mayor. He was defeated in the 1989 mayoral primary. He ran again for mayor in 1993 as an Independent, placing second in the general election. Callahan was again the Democratic nominee for mayor in 1997. He was also an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for Anne Arundel County Executive in 1990 and 2006.

Tenure as CEO
Callahan served as CEO of the P.O.I.N.T. Corp., which owned Chiro-Serve. After two years under his leadership, the P.O.I.N.T. Corp. and Chiro-Serve went under in 1996.

Death
Callahan suffered a heart attack at his home on February 8, 2012, and died later that morning at Anne Arundel Medical Center. He was 70 years old.

title: Dennis Callahan


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Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company

The Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO; ), also known as the Loiwing Factory (雷允飛機製造廠) after they moved to Yunnan, was a Chinese aircraft manufacturer established by American entrepreneur William D. Pawley in the 1930s.

History
Starting in 1933, CAMCO assembled (probably from factory-supplied kits) about 100 Hawk II and Hawk III fighter-bombers in a factory at Hangzhou Jianqiao Airport. The planes had originally been designed as scout bombers for the U.S. Navy. They served as the backbone of the Chinese Air Force during the first year of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). Former Boeing engineer Wang Zhu served as chief of engineering in CAMCO from 1934-37.

As Nationalist Chinese forces were driven back from the coast in the winter of 1937-38, CAMCO retreated with them. Pawley's factory was reconstituted in Hankou under the direction of Bruce Gardner Leighton, who acted as general manager between 1937-1939. The new site repaired airplanes damaged in combat or by bombing, and may also have assembled some later-model Curtiss H-75 fighters, an export version of the U.S. Army's P-36 monoplane fighter. When Hankou fell in October 1938, CAMCO moved to Hengyang and added Vultee V-11 light bombers to its product line. At the same time, work was started at a new factory far in the interior, at Loiwing on the China-Burma frontier. Opened in the spring of 1939, it was supplied by the mountainous "Burma Road" from Rangoon (now Yangon). The factory was financed by the nationalist government in Chongqing. An undetermined number of Hawk 75 (P-36 type) and Curtiss-Wright CW-21 fighters were assembled there.

In the winter of 1940-1941, Pawley became involved in the recruitment and supplying of the 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG), later known as the Flying Tigers. AVG pilots were released from U.S. military service to serve as "instructors" or "Metal Workers" for the Chinese; their employer of record was CAMCO, which also set up a facility at Mingaladon airport outside Rangoon to assemble the 100 Curtiss P-40 fighters sold to China to equip the AVG. From offices in Rangoon and New York City, CAMCO also provided housekeeping and record-keeping services for the AVG until its disbandment in July 1942.

The CAMCO factory at Loiwing was used to repair AVG P-40s, and its airfield was briefly used by the AVG to mount raids into Thailand and Burma. Following the Allied retreat from Burma in the spring of 1942, the CAMCO plant was lost to the Japanese, and Pawley moved his operation to Bangalore, India, where he evidently joined forces with an Indian firm, Hindustan Aircraft Ltd. Here he assembled Harlow trainers for the Indian Air Force and arguably launched Bangalore on its 20th century path as the high-tech centre on the subcontinent.

title: Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company


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Duffy Waldorf

James Joseph "Duffy" Waldorf Jr. (born August 20, 1962) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour Champions. He was previously a member of the PGA Tour, where he won four times.

Biography
Waldorf was born in Los Angeles, California. He attended UCLA where he was on the golf team from 1982 to 1985. He was a two-time NCAA All-American, 1985 College Player of the Year, and was selected for the 1985 Walker Cup.

Waldorf turned professional in 1985 and joined the PGA Tour.

Waldorf's career PGA Tour earnings are over $11.9 million. He has featured in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Rankings, peaking at 35th in 2000.

Waldorf finished T-14 in the 2007 Q-School to regain his 2008 PGA Tour card. However, after playing in only 4 events, he underwent knee surgery in May 2008. A recurring knee problem hindered Waldorf, who sat out the entire 2009 and 2010 seasons. He played in 14 events during the 2011 season. He failed to satisfy his Medical Extension and split the 2012 season among the PGA Tour, Nationwide Tour, and Champions Tour.

Amateur wins

 * 1984 California State Amateur, Broadmoor Invitational
 * 1985 Pac-10 Individual Champion, Rice Planters Amateur

PGA Tour wins (4)
PGA Tour playoff record (2–1)

Other wins (4)
Other playoff record (0–1)

PGA Tour Champions wins (2)
PGA Tour Champions playoff record (0–1)

Results in major championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 6 (1992 U.S. Open – 1993 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (three times)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships
1Cancelled due to 9/11 {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied NT = No tournament

Results in senior major championships
Results not in chronological order before 2022. {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
 * Walker Cup: 1985 (winners)

title: Duffy Waldorf


text:
User:Casito/Blank

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title: User:Casito/Blank


text:
Fusible alloy

A fusible alloy is a metal alloy capable of being easily fused, i.e. easily meltable, at relatively low temperatures. Fusible alloys are commonly, but not necessarily, eutectic alloys.

Sometimes the term "fusible alloy" is used to describe alloys with a melting point below 183 C. Fusible alloys in this sense are used for solder.

Introduction
From a practical view, low-melting alloys can be divided into the following categories:
 * Mercury-containing alloys
 * Only alkali metal-containing alloys
 * Gallium-containing alloys (but neither alkali metal nor mercury)
 * Only bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium, zinc, indium, and sometimes thallium-containing alloys
 * Other alloys (rarely used)

Some reasonably well-known fusible alloys are Wood's metal, Field's metal, Rose metal, Galinstan, and NaK.

Applications
Melted fusible alloys can be used as coolants as they are stable under heating and can give much higher thermal conductivity than most other coolants; particularly with alloys made with a high thermal conductivity metal such as indium or sodium. Metals with low neutron cross-section are used for cooling nuclear reactors.

Such alloys are used for making the fusible plugs inserted in the furnace crowns of steam boilers, as a safeguard in the event of the water level being allowed to fall too low. When this happens the plug, being no longer covered with water, is heated to such a temperature that it melts and allows the contents of the boiler to escape into the furnace. In automatic fire sprinklers the orifices of each sprinkler is closed with a plug that is held in place by fusible metal, which melts and liberates the water when, owing to an outbreak of fire in the room, the temperature rises above a predetermined limit.

Bismuth on solidification expands by about 3.3% by volume. Alloys with at least half of bismuth display this property too. This can be used for mounting of small parts, e.g. for machining, as they will be tightly held.

title: Fusible alloy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christopher A. Reh

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:48, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Christopher A. Reh
Vanity and advertising. Linuxbeak 20:14, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, looks like some guy's resumé

 * Vanity José San Martin 21:58, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sounds like a resumé all right. I'm very sorry dude, but this isn't Wikijobs. Please upload your CV elsewhere. Master Thief Garrett 07:54, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree, it's vanity and advertising.Tobycat 01:28, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Tallest roller coasters

From WP:RfD:

 * Tallest roller coasters -- Changed to "List of tallest roller coasters" (it is a list) so redirect is unnecessary--Zxcvbnm 21:37, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--could easily be searched for. Meelar (talk) 22:41, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Though I have to admit, I'm the one who made Tallest roller coasters, but that just means that's the title at least one user would look for it under. ;) Cigarette 13:23, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tallest roller coasters


text:
Poul Nielson

Poul Nielson (born 11 April 1943) is a Danish politician from the Social Democrats who has held the posts as Energy Minister and Minister of Development Cooperation, and served as European Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid from 1999 until 2004.

Early life and education
Born in Copenhagen, Nielson graduated in political science from Aarhus University in 1972.

Political career
During his long career in Danish politics, Nielson served as Energy Minister in the fourth and fifth cabinets of Prime Minister Anker Jørgensen from 26 October 1979 to 10 September 1982, and as Minister for Development Cooperation in the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen II, III, and IV from 27 September 1994 to 10 July 1999. By the time he left office, he was the EU's longest-serving development minister. In 1999, he was also the EU's official candidate for leading the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); the post instead went to Mark Malloch Brown.

On 17 September 1999 Nielson became European Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid when the Prodi Commission took office. Early in his tenure, the EU signed the Cotonou Agreement with its 71 partners from the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) which put relations between Europe and its former colonies on a new footing for the following 20 years.

In 2002, Nielson and Margot Wallström led the European Commission's team at the World Summit on Sustainable Development. In response to what later became known as the 'decency gap' left by US President George W. Bush's controversial refusal to release funds already approved by Congress, Nielson also led efforts for the EU to pledge additional support for the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in 2004.

Life after politics
In April 2015, Nielson was asked to conduct a strategic review of the labour market on behalf of the Nordic Council.

title: Poul Nielson