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Our Lady of the Flowers

Our Lady of the Flowers (Notre-Dame-des-Fleurs) is the debut novel of French writer Jean Genet, first published in 1943. The free-flowing, poetic novel is a largely autobiographical account of a man's journey through the Parisian underworld. The characters are drawn after their real-life counterparts, who are mostly homosexuals living on the fringes of society.

Plot summary
The novel tells the story of Divine, a trans woman who, when the novel opens, has died of tuberculosis and been canonised as a result. The narrator tells us that the stories he is telling are mainly to amuse himself whilst he passes his sentence in prison – and the highly erotic, often explicitly sexual, stories are spun to assist his masturbation. Jean-Paul Sartre called it "the epic of masturbation".

Divine lives in an attic room overlooking Montmartre cemetery, which she shares with various lovers, the most important of whom is a pimp called Darling Daintyfoot ("Mignon-les-Petits-Pieds" in French). One day Darling brings home a young hoodlum and murderer, dubbed Our Lady of the Flowers. Our Lady is eventually arrested and tried, and executed. Death and ecstasy accompany the acts of every character, as Genet performs a transvaluation of all values, making betrayal the highest moral value, murder an act of virtue and sexual appeal.

Publication history and reception
Our Lady of the Flowers was written in prison. Genet wrote it on sheets of brown paper which prison authorities provided to prisoners – with the intention that they would make bags of it. As recounted by Sartre in his foreword to Our Lady of the Flowers, a prison guard discovered that the prisoner Genet had been making this "unauthorized" use of the paper, confiscated the manuscript and burned it. Undaunted, Genet wrote it all over again. The second version survived and Genet took it with him when leaving the prison.

Largely completed in 1942, the book was first published anonymously by Robert Denoël and Paul Moribien at the end of 1943, though only about 30 copies of the first edition were bound in that year (most began to be bound and sold in August 1944, during the Liberation). The first printing was designed for sale to well-to-do collectors of erotica; it circulated by private sales lists and under the counter. But Genet never intended his work as mere pornography and later excised more graphic passages. In November 1943, he sent a copy of the first printing to Marc Barbezat, publisher of the literary journal L'Arbalete, who published the book in 1944 and again in 1948. Genet revised the novel when it was published by Gallimard in 1951; the Gallimard edition omits some of the more pornographic passages in the novel. Later L'Arbalete editions include a number of smaller revisions.

The novel is dedicated to the convicted and executed murderer Maurice Pilorge.

Literary influence
The novel was an enormous influence on the Beats, with its free-flowing, highly poetic language mixed with argot/slang, and its celebration of lowlifes and explicit descriptions of homosexuality. It is elegantly transgressive, and its self-reflexive nature prefigures the approach to language developed later by the post-structuralists. Jacques Derrida wrote on Genet in his book Glas, and Hélène Cixous celebrated his work as an example of écriture feminine. Jean-Paul Sartre wrote his famous Saint Genet as an analysis of Genet's work and life but most especially of Our Lady of the Flowers. Our Lady of the Flowers made Genet, in Sartre's mind at least, a poster child of existentialism and most especially an embodiment of that philosophy's views on freedom.

Adaptations
Lindsay Kemp created a production called "Flowers - A pantomime for Jean Genet" (based on Our Lady of the Flowers by Jean Genet) in 1974 at the Bush Theatre, London, inspired by Genet's words: "The saga of Divine should be danced or mimed." This production had evolved from earlier versions beginning in 1969 in Edinburgh. "Flowers" subsequently transferred to New York, Australia, Japan and all over Europe and South America... its last performance being in 1992 in Buenos Aires.

In popular culture
In Nigel Williams' Scenes from a Poisoner's Life (1994), the main protagonist gives Our Lady of the Flowers to his homosexual brother as a Christmas present.

The performer, actor, and drag queen Divine was named after the main character of the book. Filmmaker John Waters gave her this nickname after reading Genet's novel.

The Pogues have a song titled "Hell's Ditch", which contains references to the novel.

Placebo's self-titled 1996 debut album features a song called "Lady of the Flowers."

Cocorosie's song "Beautiful Boyz" is believed to be about it.

Sopor Aeternus & the Ensemble of Shadows' album Les Fleurs du Mal – Die Blumen des Bösen was greatly inspired by the book.

Pete Doherty used a quote from the book in his song "Last of the English Roses" (2009).

Primal Scream have a song titled "Dolls (sweet Rock 'n' Roll)" in which the name of the novel is mentioned.

David Bowie was under the influence of this novel and referred to it in his 1972 song "The Jean Genie".

title: Our Lady of the Flowers


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Talk:List of serial killers by number of victims

Semi-protected edit request on 16 April 2024
Please immediately remove the WP:BLPCRIME violation at the "Hun Wanlin" entry at List of serial killers by number of victims, he is a living person not convicted of any murders see discussion at Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard/Archive342 Tikkenborg (talk) 04:19, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: According to the page's protection level you should be able to edit the page yourself. If you seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details.  (talk | contribs) 05:21, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

Considering I was not confirmed until AFTER I made this request, some common sense would have been helpful. Tikkenborg (talk) 05:39, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

Removal of two multi-spree/mass killers
@Gawaon you reverted my edit, but committing two spree or mass murders does not make you a serial killer. You just have committed multiple sprees. Especially when considering one of them was arrested, and then "finished the job" after release. Sapphiremind (talk) 19:12, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Well, the article defines a serial killer as "typically a person who murders three or more people, in two or more separate events over a period of time, for primarily psychological reasons." The two cases no doubt fulfil the first two criteria, so I guess the decisive issue are the "primarily psychological reasons". The article on William Unek describes him as "serial mass murderer who killed a total of 57 people in two separate spree killings three years apart", with serial killer linked. So that article at least seems to think that he was both a serial and a spree killer, and that sounds plausible enough.
 * The case of the perpetrator of the Meet al-Attar shooting seems less clear. The article is so vague that I find it impossible to gain any clarity on his motives. When in doubt, leaving him in seems the safer option. Gawaon (talk) 19:31, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 June 2024
Being one of the most twisted individuals in the annals of American criminal history. Albert Fish was a sadomasochistic serial killer rapist and cannibal who preyed on children. He would lure them into remote areas where he would rape, torture, murder and eat them. He is believed to have killed 15 or so victims, and raped/molested maybe 100 others. He used his job as a housepainter as a pretense for procuring and luring child victims, mostly from poor (underdeveloped) areas. Details of his crimes are extremely gruesome and shockingly perverse 182.69.182.128 (talk) 07:03, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

 * He's already in the list. Gawaon (talk) 08:12, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

Request removal of Kathleen Folbigg from list (28 June 2024)
As per her own Wikipedia article, Kathleen Folbigg (included on list of murdering >5 people) was falsely convicted of the murders of her children and has been released from prison. 175.36.12.183 (talk) 10:57, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Done, thanks for letting us know! Gawaon (talk) 11:01, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:24.200.82.106

title: User talk:24.200.82.106


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Erick Dampier

Erick Travez Dampier (born July 14, 1975) is an American former professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Indiana Pacers, Golden State Warriors, Dallas Mavericks, Miami Heat and Atlanta Hawks. He was a 6 ft 11 in / 265 lb. center.

High school and college career
Dampier played competitively at Lawrence County High School in Monticello, Mississippi, where he led the rural county to two state championships. Dampier played college basketball at Mississippi State University. While there he became a member of Kappa Alpha Psi. He was an early entry to the 1996 NBA draft after his junior season, in which he led MSU to the 1996 Southeastern Conference tournament championship and the NCAA Final Four.

Indiana Pacers (1996–1997)
Dampier was drafted as the tenth pick in the first round of the 1996 NBA draft by the Indiana Pacers.

He played 72 games in his rookie year with the Pacers, starting 21 of them and finishing with averages of 5.1 points and 4.1 rebounds per game.

Golden State Warriors (1997–2004)
On August 12, 1997, Dampier and Duane Ferrell were traded to the Golden State Warriors for Chris Mullin.

He spent the next seven years, primarily as the starting center, with the Warriors. On November 22, 2002, Dampier scored a career-high 31 points and grabbed 14 rebounds, during a 95–91 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks. Arguably, he hit his peak production in 2003–04 with averages of 12.3 points, 12 rebounds and 1.85 blocks per game. However, some critics claimed that he stepped up his production because he was in a contract year, and indeed he was considered a top free-agent commodity in the 2004 off-season.

Dallas Mavericks (2004–2010)
On August 24, 2004, Dampier was signed and traded to the Dallas Mavericks along with Dan Dickau, Evan Eschmeyer and rights to Steve Logan in exchange for Christian Laettner, Eduardo Nájera, 2 future first-round picks, the draft rights to Luis Flores and Mladen Sekularac, and a trade exception. In his first season in Dallas he played in 59 games (starting 56), averaging 9.2 points, 8.5 rebounds and 1.85 blocks per game.

Miami Heat (2010–2011)
On July 13, 2010, Dampier was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats along with Matt Carroll and Eduardo Nájera in exchange for Tyson Chandler and Alexis Ajinça. He was waived on September 14, 2010.

On November 23, 2010, Dampier signed a contract with the Miami Heat.

Atlanta Hawks (2012)
Dampier signed a ten-day contract with the Atlanta Hawks on February 9, 2012. On February 19, 2012, a signed his second ten-day contract with the Hawks. On March 1, 2012, Dampier signed with the Hawks for the rest of the season.

title: Erick Dampier


text:
Sherman Otis Houghton

Sherman Otis Houghton (April 10, 1828 – August 31, 1914) was an American politician from California. He also married, in succession, two survivors of the Donner Party.

Early life and education
Houghton was born in New York City, on April 10, 1828. He completed preparatory studies and attended Collegiate Institute in New York.

Career
During the Mexican–American War, Houghton enlisted in the 1st Regiment of New York Volunteers, in June 1846. He arrived in San Francisco, California in 1847 with the rest of his regiment after sailing around Cape Horn. The regiment garrisoned Santa Barbara, before capturing the city of La Paz in Baja California. He was honorably discharged as a lieutenant at Monterey, California, in October 1848.

Houghton then proceeded to mine for gold during the California Gold Rush, and after about six months of mining, he moved to San Jose and entered various commercial businesses. He served as the deputy clerk of the Supreme Court of California in 1854, the same year he was elected to the San Jose Common Council. He was elected the fourth Mayor of San Jose, California from 1855 to 1856. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1857, and commenced practice in San Jose.

During the Civil War he was commissioned as a captain and promoted to lieutenant colonel, and served successively as inspector and ordnance officer. After the war, he was elected as a Republican to the Forty-second and Forty-third Congresses (March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1875) and was the chairman of the House Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures for the Forty-third Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1874 to the Forty-fourth Congress.

He was appointed commissioner to investigate the affairs of the United States Mint at San Francisco in 1881, and moved to Los Angeles in 1886 and continued the practice of law.

Personal life
In 1859, he married Mary Martha Donner, a survivor of the Donner Party; she died a year later, most likely from complications related to the birth of their only child, also named Mary. In 1861, he married his late wife's first cousin and fellow Donner Party survivor Eliza Poor Donner, with whom he had an additional seven children.

Death
Sherman Houghton died on August 31, 1914, aged 86, in Hynes, California. He is interred in Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery, Los Angeles.

Legacy
The Donner-Houghton House, an historic building in downtown San Jose, was built by Houghton in 1881. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. A number of proposals have been made to either restore or renovate it. The structure was almost completely destroyed by a fire on the morning of July 19, 2007.

title: Sherman Otis Houghton


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User:Amir85

{| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#fffff0; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: 	#32cd32; font-size: 0.97em;" ''This user congratulates arrival of the Blossom season marking the Iranian New Year and festival of Norouz which is held every year more magnificent by the Iranian peoples around the globe. This user wishes everybody specially Wikipedians days of "triumph" and accomplishment. Happy Norouz to all !'' هر روزتان نوروز, نوروزتان پيروز
 * width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" |

Wikipedia-related

Projects

Babel

Programming

History

Music

Misc.

About me

 * Name: Amir
 * Nationality: Iranian (Persian, Kurd)
 * Age: 21
 * Here since 2005-2-23
 * Computer Engineer
 * Been to :

 * Asia : [[Image:Flag of India.svg|40px|India]] [[Image:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|60px|Sri Lanka]] [[Image:Flag of Maldives.svg|40px|Maldives]] [[Image:Flag of Pakistan.svg|40px|Pakistan]] [[Image:Flag of Malaysia.svg|50px|Malaysia]]  [[Image:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|40px|UAE]] [[Image:Flag of Oman.svg|40px|Oman]] [[Image:Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg|40px|Syria]]
 * Europe : [[Image:Flag of France.svg|40px|France]] [[Image:Flag of England.svg|40px|England]] [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|40px|Italy]] [[Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|40px|Bulgaria]] [[Image:Flag of Switzerland.svg|28px|Switzerland]] [[Image:Flag of Turkey.svg|40px|Turkey]]

 * Africa : [[Image:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px|Morocco]] [[Image:Flag of Algeria.svg|40px|Algeria]]

 * Planning to go : [[Image:Flag of Armenia.svg|40px|Armenia]] [[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|40px|The People's Republic of China]] [[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|40px|Japan]] [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|40px|Russia]]

My fields of interest !

 * History : Ancient Persia, Carthage, Greece, Roman Republic, Roman empire,
 * Geography : Google Earth rocks !
 * Meteorology
 * Nanotechnology
 * Computer hardware : CPU, GPU , Core Logic designing
 * Inorganic chemistry
 * Solid state physics
 * Fantasy gaming: I'm a big fan of Final Fantasy. My most favourite ones are Final Fantasy VI and Final Fantasy VIII
 * Cowboy Bebop !

Pending Tasks
Ardebil✔Arak✔Ahvaz✔Bandar Abbas✔
 * Provincial capitals of Iran:
 * Persian literature (In progress)
 * Portal:Iran (Almost done)
 * Battles of the Sassanid Empire (Almost done)
 * History of Iran (On Hiatus)
 * Minorities in Iran (On Hiatus)

My Contribution
''I did mostly on stub articles about History of Iran, Iranian cities and historical places that some of them did not even exist in wikipedia. Here are some of them :''

Templates, Userboxes and Stubs

 * User:Amir85/templates

Barnstars

 * }

fa:کاربر:امير۸۵

title: User:Amir85


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Classics from the Comics

Classics from the Comics was a British comics magazine, published from March 1996 until October 2010. Published monthly, it was D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd's third all-reprint comic. It replaced The Best of Topper and The Best of Beezer, which had reprinted old strips for some years.

Classics from the Comics collected archive comic strips from eight comic titles – the still going The Beano and The Dandy, and the defunct Beezer, Topper, Nutty, Sparky, Cracker, and Buzz. During its later issues, adventure comics from the likes of The Victor, The Wizard, The Rover, The Hotspur and The Hornet were used. It also started using Hoot! shortly before it ended.

The comic had 64 pages, and the front cover depicted many of the characters in one group activity, drawn from September 1997 to May 2006 by Anthony Caluori. The reprints inside were prefaced with a contents page ("Classic Contents") and until 2007 were followed by an advert for the next month's issue, with the back cover showing original strips starring Roger the Dodger, Little Plum, Plug, Beryl the Peril, and Desperate Dan amongst others, drawn by Gordon Bell, Anthony Caluori, or Keith Reynolds.

In 2006, the cover was redesigned to show "Classics from the Comics" with a roundel containing Korky the Cat's head and the words Classics Collection, and a large illustration by Ken H. Harrison. The new editor started penning a letter to the readers on the contents page, and the advert and original strip on the inside and back covers were replaced by further reprinted strips, which are always Korky the Cat and Biffo the Bear.

A small notice was published on all the pages, identifying which comic the strip comes from (Classic Beano, Classic Dandy, etc.). Near the end of each issue, a "Readers Requests" postal address was displayed, so readers could write to DC Thomson and request other archive strips to go in a future issue.

Free gifts in the form of The Fun Size Beanos or The Fun Size Dandys were featured in early issues, plus free gifts originally given away with The Beano or The Dandy. In July 2004 Classics from the Comics celebrated its 100th issue, revamping the front cover at the same time, changing the logo from a plain serif font to a sans-serif one with a 3-D effect.

The August 2008 issue was a Beano special, featuring only characters from that 70-year-old comic. It featured the oldest (Ping the Elastic Man and Deep Down Daddy Neptune, 1938), and most recent stories (specifically the picture of Dennis, Gnasher, Wallace & Gromit from the Beano printed only the previous day; the most recent actual story was "Crazy for Daisy" from 2003) ever used. For this issue, the usual Korky roundel was replaced with the logo from the 70 Years of Fun collector's edition.

'D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd's Golden Years/60 Years/70 Years books, which are brought out each Christmas, are effectively Classic From the Comics' annual, although they started in 1988, eight years before Classics launched.

Despite a further 'retro' relaunch in the spring of 2010, Classics from the Comics ended that October, the final issue being number 175.

title: Classics from the Comics


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The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter

The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter is the third album by Scottish psychedelic folk group the Incredible String Band (ISB), and was released in March 1968 on Elektra Records (see 1968 in music). It saw the band continuing its development of the elements of psychedelic folk and enlarging on past themes, a process they had begun on their previous album, The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion. Instrumentally, it was the ISB's most complex and experimental album to date, featuring a wide array of exotic instruments. In addition, the album captured the band utilising multi-tracks and overdubbing.

Upon release, the album peaked at number five on the UK Albums Chart and number 161 on the Billboard Top LP's listings in America, becoming the group's highest charting album in both countries. The album brought critical and financial success for the band, including their first solo tour and a Grammy nomination. It was considered their most ambitious work to date and had a large impact on the psychedelic folk genre.

Background
In December 1967, the band completed their Hangman's Beautiful Daughter album at Sound Techniques in Chelsea, London. For the ISB's developments, they attempted to recreate as vividly as possible a live performance of their compositions. Lyrically, the compositions reflected upon past themes of life, mythology, and religious properties in a free musical structure, esotericism becoming a consistent anchor in their recordings.

The album features a series of vividly dreamlike Robin Williamson songs, such as "The Minotaur's Song", a surreal music-hall parody sung from the point of view of the mythical beast. Its centrepiece is Mike Heron's "A Very Cellular Song", a 13-minute reflection on life, love, and amoebas, whose complex structure incorporates a Bahamian spiritual ("I Bid You Goodnight", originally recorded by the Pinder Family ). The last part of "A Very Cellular Song", "May the Long Time Sun Shine", is sometimes wrongly referred to as a Sikh hymn or an Irish blessing, but is in fact an original song written by Mike Heron. The album's layered production style employs multitrack recording techniques and a wide array of instruments from across the world, including sitar, gimbri, shenai, oud, harpsichord, panpipes and kazoo.

Artwork and title
The album's cover art – which on original LP issues was the back cover, as the front showed just Williamson and Heron – consists of a photograph taken on Christmas Day 1967. It shows both musicians with band members Licorice McKechnie and Rose Simpson, friends Roger Marshall and Nicky Walton, several children of their friend Mary Stewart, and Robin's dog Leaf.

Regarding the title, Mike Heron said at the time: "The hangman is death and the beautiful daughter is what comes after. Or you might say that the hangman is the past twenty years of our life and the beautiful daughter is now, what we are able to do after all these years.  Or you can make up your own meaning – your interpretation is probably just as good as ours."

Commercial performance
Owing largely to the band gaining much airplay from famous DJ John Peel, The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter was a major commercial success in the UK, staying in the charts for 21 weeks with a peak of number 5. In the US, the ISB always remained underground and the album struggled to number 161 during a two-month chart run. It was nominated for a Grammy in the folk music category.

Legacy and influence
The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter has been widely acclaimed by many critics. It was voted number 406 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). It appears at number 88 in Joe S. Harrington's Top 100 Albums and was listed by Keenan in The Best Albums Ever...Honest. In its entry in Robert Dimery's book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, Max Reinhardt describes the album as "a potent seed of the current 'world music' movement", adding: "[The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter] revealed a sustained grandeur of vision, lyrics, and musicality that the group were never to approach again … Each track is closer to a suite than a song, as Celtic folk, rock 'n' roll, gospel, plainsong harmonies, near qwaali moments, and North African and Indian sonics all drift effortlessly before the ears." In the February 2016 edition of Uncut magazine it was placed 98th in the top 100 Albums of All Time.

The artwork has been referenced on the cover to David Keenan's book England's Hidden Reverse, Current 93's album cover to their LP Earth Covers Earth, Devendra Banhart's Cripple Crow LP, and Feathers' eponymous debut.

Robert Plant credited The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter with influencing the direction of Led Zeppelin's first album.

The amoeba section of "A Very Cellular Song" was covered by actor Nigel Planer, in character as "Neil the Hippy" from the UK television show The Young Ones, on his 1984 LP Neil's Heavy Concept Album.

Personnel

 * Robin Williamson – lead vocals (on Williamson's compositions), guitar, gimbri, penny whistle, percussion, pan pipe, piano, oud, mandolin, jaw harp, chahanai, water harp, harmonica
 * Mike Heron – lead vocals (on Heron's compositions), sitar, Hammond organ, guitar, hammered dulcimer, harpsichord
 * Dolly Collins – flute organ, piano
 * David Snell – harp
 * Licorice McKechnie – vocals, finger cymbals
 * Richard Thompson – vocals on "The Minotaur's Song" (uncredited)
 * Judy Dyble – vocals on "The Minotaur's Song" (uncredited)

title: The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter


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Revolutionary Nuclei

Revolutionary Nuclei (RN; Επαναστατικοί Πυρήνες, Epanastatikoi Pyrines), also known as Revolutionary Cells, was an armed far-left political group in Greece. The group was responsible for or credibly suspected of committing twelve acts of terrorism between 1996 and 2000. Revolutionary Nuclei was designated as terrorist group by the European Union and the United Kingdom.

Origins
The Revolutionary Nuclei are thought to be the offshoot of a previous terrorist group known as the Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA). The ELA dissolved in the early 1990s, and the Revolutionary Nuclei emerged in 1995 and remained heavily active through 2000. After a long hiatus, the group was credited with also carrying out an attack in 2009. This group opposed US military occupation and involvement in Greece. Both the Revolutionary Nuclei and its preceding Revolutionary People's Struggle were leftist groups. Both of these leftist terrorist groups opposed capitalism.

The prevalence of left-wing terrorist organizations in Greece is thought to be a backlash to the military rule that prevailed until 1974.

Claimed Attacks
The 1996 attack on Citibank was the first incident credited to the Revolutionary Nuclei. The group was responsible for an attack on a government building in 1997. They were very active in 1998, with three separate incidents. One involved a government target, while the other two were attacks on businesses. The other two occurred on the same day at banks at two different locations.

In 1999, the group launched a deadly attack at the Intercontinental Hotel. Members of the Greek government were attending an Economic Round-table at the hotel. One other person was injured in the course of the attack. Later that same year, the group bombed the office of Texaco in Athens.

The group was most active in 2000, carrying out five attacks. The most notable aspect of these attacks was the use of time bombs. On November 12, three attacks took place across Athens. The Revolutionary Nuclei targeted Barclays Bank and Citibank locations again. No injuries were reported, but the buildings sustained damage. The third attack on that day was against an art studio, which resulted in property damage.

Weapons
The Revolutionary Nuclei made exclusive use of bombs in their terrorist activities.

The group is responsible for one casualty and twelve instances of property damage.

title: Revolutionary Nuclei


text:
User talk:Eyolf

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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I'm especially looking forward to your Bob Dylan contributions. The Blarneyman link takes you to my Talk page. Filiocht | Blarneyman 09:30, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks. I should have come here a long time ago... --eyolf 09:52, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eyolf


text:
Kerguelen Plateau

The Kerguelen Plateau, also known as the Kerguelen–Heard Plateau, is an oceanic plateau and large igneous province (LIP) located on the Antarctic Plate, in the southern Indian Ocean. It is about 3000 km to the southwest of Australia and is nearly three times the size of California. The plateau extends for more than 2200 km in a northwest–southeast direction and lies in deep water.

The plateau was produced by the Kerguelen hotspot, starting with or following the breakup of Gondwana about 130 million years ago. A small portion of the plateau breaks sea level, forming the Kerguelen Islands (a French overseas territory) plus the Heard and McDonald Islands (an Australian external territory). Intermittent volcanism continues on the Heard and McDonald Islands.

Geographical extent

Symmetrically across the Indian Ocean ridge and due west of Australia is the Broken Ridge underwater volcanic plateau, which at one time was contiguous with the Kerguelen Plateau before rifting by the mid-ocean ridge.

To the north of Broken Ridge is the linear Ninety East Ridge which continues almost due north into the Bay of Bengal and is considered to be a hotspot track.

One of the largest igneous provinces (LIPs) in the world, the Kerguelen Plateau covers an area of 1226230 km2 and rises 2000 m above the surrounding oceanic basins. Most of the plateau is less than 3000 m below sea level.

Located on the Antarctic Plate, the Kerguelen Plateau is separated from Australia by the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) and from Africa by the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). These two ridges meet at the Rodriguez Triple Junction. It is separated from Antarctica by the Princess Elizabeth Trough and the Cooperation Sea. The eastern margin north of the William Ridge is steep and formed during the breakup between the Kerguelen Plateau and the Broken Ridge. The southern part of the margin is separated from the Australian–Antarctic Basin by the deep Labuan Basin.

Geological history
From the initial opening of the Indian Ocean until present, the Kerguelen hotspot has produced several, now widely dispersed, large-scale structures. These are now known to cover a time range from (Ma) with the oldest assigned structure being the Comei large igneous province in south-eastern Tibet. Historic work had believed that the hotspot became active more recently in what is now south-east Australia. Ongoing analysis of specimens can result in timing changes, so some dates in the sequence that follows may alter. The Southern Kerguelen Plateau (SKP) formed 120–110 Ma; the Elan Bank 108–107 Ma, named by Dennis E. Hayes of Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory; the Central Kerguelen Plateau (CKP) 101–100 Ma; the Broken Ridge (connected to the CKP before the Eocene breakup) 95–94 Ma; the Skiff Bank (east of the Kerguelen Islands) 69–68 Ma; the Northern Kerguelen Plateau (NKP) 35–34 Ma; the Ninety East Ridge formed 82–37 Ma north to south; the Bunbury Basalt (Western Australia) 137–130.5 Ma; the Naturaliste Plateau (offshore Western Australia) formed 132–128 Ma; the Rajmahal Traps in Northeast India 118–117 Ma; and finally lamprophyres in India and Antarctica 115–114 Ma.

India–Australia breakup

The oldest Australian volcanism that can be attributed to the Kerguelen plume are the Bunbury Basalt (137–130.5 Ma ) and the Naturaliste Plateau (132–128 Ma ) in southwestern Australia. The Sylhet and Rajmahal Traps in eastern India (118-115 Ma), the formation of the oldest portion of the Kerguelen LIP and these continental basalts are linked to the opening of the eastern Indian Ocean. The Bunbury Basalt is not of flood basalt dimensions which suggests that the mantle underlying the Kerguelen hotspot was neither significantly hot, wet, or voluminous. In contrast, the magmatism that produced the Australia–India breakup 136–158 Ma created the Wallaby Plateau, but no known hotspot has been linked to this event.

India–Antarctica breakup
The output from the Kerguelen hotspot peaked 120–95 Ma, 12–70 Ma after the India–Antarctica breakup. No ridges or hotspot tracks such as Walvis–Rio Grande, Chagos–Laccadive, Greenland–Scotland have been found in the Princess Elizabeth Trough between SKP and Antarctica or along India's conjugate eastern continental margin. The relation between the Kerguelen hotspot and these continental breakup and volcanic margins is instead similar to that between the Réunion hotspot and the Deccan Traps and the breakup between western India and the Seychelles.

The peak output of the Kerguelen hotspot coincides with one or several microcontinent formations, such as the Elan Bank. Since the Indian Ocean began to open about 130 Ma, the Kerguelen hotspot has moved 3–10° southward and, consequently, the spreading ridge between India and Antarctica has jumped northward one or several times. Parts of the Kerguelen Plateau, the Elan Bank and the SKP, were originally attached to India and are composed of continental lithosphere. One or several ridge jumps transformed the Elan Bank into a microcontinent and dispersed continental fragments in the SKP, and these structures were eventually left behind as India moved northward. The ridge jump that made the Elan Bank a microcontinent occurred after 124 Ma. The development of the Southern Kerguelen Plateau 118–119 Ma contributed to the oceanic anoxic event 1.

Around 83.5 Ma sea floor spreading between India and Antarctica was asymmetric in the Kerguelen Plateau region with two-thirds of the sea floor created being added to the Antarctic Plate. A ridge jump eventually transferred parts of the Kerguelen Plateau from the Indian Plate to the Antarctic Plate.

Cenozoic volcanism
The Kerguelen hotspot produced the 5000 km long Ninety East Ridge 82–38 Ma, and geochemical evidence suggests that this occurred at or near a spreading ridge. The lack of a conjugate structure on the Antarctic Plate, however, makes it unlikely that the hotspot was located at a spreading ridge during this long period. As the Antarctic Plate then moved over the Kerguelen hotspot the NKP formed over relatively old oceanic crust. Flood basalts in the Kerguelen archipelago formed 30–24 Ma and less voluminous and more recent volcanism occurred until 1 Ma. During the last 21 Ma volcanic structures have formed on the CKP, including Heard Island, and both Heard and McDonald Islands have had recent eruptions.

65 Ma, the CKP–Broken Ridge LIP was located near the Kerguelen plume and the plate boundaries of the Indian Ocean. The LIP was the product of 25 Ma of relatively high magmatic activity followed by a 40 Ma period of lower activity.

Microcontinent
described tilted basement blocks near the Kerguelen Archipelago and were the first to identify the Kerguelen Plateau as of continental origin, in contrast to other LIPs.

The presence of soil layers in the basalt which included charcoal and conglomerate fragments of gneiss indicate that much of the plateau was above sea level as what is termed a microcontinent for three periods between 100 million years ago and 20 million years ago (the charcoal was made by wildfires started by lightning or lava flows). Large parts of the now-submarine Southern Kerguelen Plateaus (SKP) and Central Kerguelen Plateaus (CKP) were subaerial during the formation of the LIP. The SKP probably formed an island of 500,000 km2 with major peaks reaching 1000 - 2000 m above sea level.

The Kerguelen Microcontinent may have been covered by dense conifer forest in the mid-Cretaceous as well as the early Cenozoic. Fossil wood fragments recovered from the Kerguelen Islands were identified as Araucarians and Cypresses, demonstrating that Kerguelen's flora may have been similar to that of the Antarctic flora found across the Southern Hemisphere.

The plateau had been proposed as forming a land bridge between India and Antarctica during the Late Cretaceous, though this is now considered unsupported, with the plateau situated at a considerable distance from the nearest continents.

It finally sank 20 million years ago and is now 1000 - 2000 m below sea level.

Biodiversity
During the austral summer there is a high density of migratory whales including sperm, minke, and humpback whales along the southern end of the Kerguelen Plateau and the northern part of the adjacent Princess Elizabeth Trough. These whales choose this location for foraging because the Southern Front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is steered off by the Plateau—resulting in a poleward extent for the Southern Front only found near the Kerguelen Plateau. This brings shoaled, nutrient-rich Upper Circumpolar Deep Water to the surface which brings macronutrients to the surface. Ice is additionally advected north along the eastern side of the plateau.

title: Kerguelen Plateau


text:
Talk:Rotes Rathaus

Recently I noticed in a book published in 1926 that what we now call Rotes Rathaus was just called "Rotes Haus". Can anybody clarify the date when this name change occured??? IsarSteve 09:34, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This article is called Rotes Rathaus but the text calls it Das Rote Rathaus - which is it? Adam 01:32, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "Rotes Rathaus" is the "official" form in german. When you say "The Red Town Hall" it is in german "Das Rote Rathaus", only "Red Town Hall" means "Rotes Rathaus". You can also say "i go to the red town hall" which means in german "ich gehe zum Roten Rathaus". It has to do with the grammar but don't ask me which exact rule this is ;-) --BLueFiSH ✉  09:54, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Per WP:UE this should be under English name, unless the German name is widely used in English publications. Rotes Rathaus - 65 books but only 21 are in English. Red Town Hall gives us 51 obviously English publications. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 01:47, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Stenmonitus
Explain why you renamed this English wikipedia article to a German name, despite the external links clearly show there are used ENGLISH alternatives. I hope you have a decent explanation. Surprise me.Rex 20:42, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The book search referred to by Piotrus as coming up with ''51 obvious English publications for Red Town hall shows about half Charles Dickens books about red town halls and some about red town hall in Vienna. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.8.225.41 (talk • contribs) 02:23, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Rex, there are several reasons why I undid your moves.

 * 1) Firstly, there are several alternative English translations, and I think a discussion would be warranted to find whether any of them is appropriate as a title, and if so, which.
 * 2) Secondly, I don't think the evidence for each name has been studied in enough detail. Simple counts are not enough, because we need to know how each purported name is being used. If someone says "The Rotes Rathaus (meaning "red city hall") is the Berlin town hall", then only the first is being used as a name, with the others being merely explanatory. This sort of investigation has not been carried out. Indeed, if the anonymous editor above is right, many of the hits don't even refer to this building.
 * 3) Thirdly, you were clearly acting hastily. You evidently didn't consider all the options carefully or take time to establish trends in usage in the three minutes (!) you took to mull it over. This is clear from the fact that you moved it again two minutes later.
 * 4) Fourthly, I have suspicions that your moves are part of a personal campaign to rid Wikipedia of this one German word. I imagine you thought it would strengthen your case in the discussion at Talk:Rathaus if this article did not have "Rathaus" in its title. There is no reason to get rid of that disambiguation page, and there is no reason to retitle this one.
 * 5) Fifthly, this move of yours has been reverted three times by three different editors. Surely that alone indicates that there is consensus against it.
 * Any one of those would have been reason enough for me to undo your actions. Taking all five together, it's overwhelming. --Stemonitis 05:44, 19 June 2007 (UTC)
 * As I expected none are convincing, let alone "overwhelming".

 * 1) If there are multiple English 'translations' (or terms used) then why do you revert back to a German name? The English term I used was established. A discussion on alternative English names would have been perfectly fine, but by what "logic" did you return to a German name on the English wikipedia?!
 * 2) That's your personal opinion. The same can be said to the person who used the German name. Did he or she research the English name for the English wikipedia? Apparently not.
 * 3) Again your personal opinion. I looked for possibilities and found them. It was not, as you suggest, a split second decision.
 * 4) Not even a reason. I make it very clear on my user page that I'm a big supporter of Naming conventions. Germanophones aren't, for some reason they like to use German words for things perfectly translatable in English. It's their problem not mine. Do you think German translators are anti German as wel? Ridiculous. It does in turn say something about your actions though. More than it does about mine.
 * 5) My move has only be reverted by you. No others. And if they opposed then why do/did I only see pro-move comments here and none of the opposers? Right.Rex 17:02, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

To tackle just one point:. --Stemonitis 17:25, 19 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I apparantly missed that one (still 1 though) and it shouldn't really count. User:Matthead is a childish semi-vandal. His sole point of existance is to bother me. Rex 18:58, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

History
I was reading up on Rudolf Wirchow when I was preparing a teaching session. I never knew he was put on display in das Rotes Rathaus when he died. Is there any other parts of history to add to this stub? Not being German, my knowledge on the subject is very limited.

title: Talk:Rotes Rathaus


text:
1977–78 NFL playoffs

The National Football League playoffs for the 1977 season began on December 24, 1977. The postseason tournament concluded with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XII, 27–10, on January 15, 1978, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.

This was also the last season that the NFL used an eight-team playoff tournament.

Schedule
Due to Christmas falling on a Sunday, the Divisional Round games were held in a span of three days. The AFC playoff games were played on Saturday, December 24, while the NFC games were held on Monday, December 26. It also marked the only year since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970 that one conference held both of its divisional playoff games on one day and the other conference held both of its games on the other day. This was done to ensure the teams in each conference championship game had the same amount of rest (eight days for the AFC and six days for the NFC). In every other season since 1970, the conferences have split their playoff games over the two days.

The previous year, with Christmas on Saturday, the schedule was advanced a week and the conference championships were the next day, Sunday, December 26. Christmas was also on Saturday in 1971, during the divisional round; two games were played, one in each conference.

In the United States, NBC broadcast the AFC playoff games, while CBS televised the NFC games and Super Bowl XII.

AFC: Oakland Raiders 37, Baltimore Colts 31 (2OT)
On a play that became known as Ghost to the Post, Raiders quarterback Ken Stabler threw a 42-yard completion to tight end Dave Casper on a post route to set up the game-tying field goal with 29 seconds left in regulation. Casper, nicknamed "The Ghost" by his teammates, also caught a 10-yard touchdown pass 43 seconds into the second overtime period to win the game. The game featured nine lead changes before it was over.

Oakland's Carl Garrett started the game with a 40-yard kick return to the Colts 41-yard line. But they could not take advantage and lost the ball when Mark Van Eeghen's fumble was recovered by Lyle Blackwood. The rest of the quarter was a defensive struggle, but with less than a minute left, Oakland scored first with running back Clarence Davis's 30-yard touchdown run. Oakland then forced a three and out deep in Baltimore territory and got the ball back with great field position at the Colts 48. They seemed to be in prime position to increase their lead, but Baltimore's Bruce Laird intercepted Stabler's pass and returned it 61-yards for a touchdown. Later in the quarter, Baltimore mounted their first sustained drive, moving the ball from their 20 to the Raiders 19-yard line. Following a dropped interception by Jack Tatum, Toni Linhart's 36-yard field goal gave them their first lead of the game. Oakland responded with a drive to the Colts 23-yard line, but with less than a minute left, John Dutton recovered a fumble from Davis to preserve the 10–7 score going into halftime.

The Raiders scored on their first drive of the second half with Stabler's 41-yard completion to Cliff Branch setting up his 8-yard touchdown pass to Casper. To make matters worse for the Colts, Blackwood was injured on the drive and had to miss the rest of the game. But Baltimore still took the lead right back as Marshall Johnson returned the ensuing kickoff 87 yards to the end zone. On Oakland's next possession, they lost their fourth turnover of the day when Laird picked off another Stabler pass, this one on the Raiders 40. But the Raiders defense rose to the occasion, forcing a punt that was blocked by Ted Hendricks and recovered by linebacker Jeff Barnes, who returned it to the Colts 16-yard line. Two plays later, Casper caught a 10-yard touchdown pass to make the score 21–17.

Baltimore scored on their first drive of the fourth quarter, driving 80 yards to a fourth down 1-yard touchdown run by Ron Lee. Oakland quickly struck back, starting with Garrett's 43-yard kickoff return to his own 47. After two incompletions, Stabler kept the drive going with a 25-yard pass to Van Eeghen. Then Nelson Munsey was hit with a 24-yard pass interference penalty while trying to cover Branch in the end zone, and Pete Banaszak rushed for a touchdown on the next play. Baltimore stormed right back with a touchdown on their own on a 73-yard drive, starting off with Bert Jones' 30-yard completion to Raymond Chester and followed up with a 16-yard swing pass to Lee. Lee then moved the ball to the 14-yard line with a 13-yard run, and scored from there on the next play, giving the Colts a 31–28 lead. Baltimore's defense quickly forced a punt, giving the offense the ball in good field position with a chance to put the game away. But the Raiders stopped them on three consecutive runs, all on tackles from defensive end John Matuszak.

After both teams punted once more, Oakland got the ball back with 2:55 left in regulation on their own 30. After a 14-yard reception by Davis and an incompletion, Stabler's 42-yard "Ghost to the Post" completion to Casper advanced the Raiders to the Baltimore 14-yard line. A few plays later, they faced fourth down and 1 from the 5. Rather than risk the game on a fourth-down conversion attempt, Oakland decided to kick the field goal, and Errol Mann sent it through the uprights from 22 yards, tying the game and sending it into overtime.

After forcing Baltimore to punt on the opening drive of overtime, Oakland drove 41 yards in nine plays to set up a field goal attempt for Mann, but the kick was blocked by Mike Barnes. After another punt, Oakland drove to the Colts 35-yard line. On second down, Stabler was sacked for a 10-yard loss by Fred Cook, pushing his team out of field goal range. But then he kept the drive alive with a 19-yard completion to Branch, setting up Casper's 10-yard touchdown catch less than a minute into the second overtime period to win the game.

Stabler threw for 345 yards and three touchdowns, with two interceptions. Casper finished with 4 receptions for 70 yards and three touchdowns. Oakland linebacker Monte Johnson had 20 tackles and finished the game with a broken vertebra in his neck. Garrett returned 5 kickoffs for 169 yards. Marshall Johnson finished with 3 kickoff returns for 134 yards and a touchdown, along with a punt return for 16. Baltimore's top offensive performer was Lydell Mitchell, who rushed for 67 yards and caught 3 passes for 39.

This was the final NFL playoff game in Baltimore's Memorial Stadium. The Colts did not return to the playoffs until 1987, their fourth season in Indianapolis, and the Ravens failed to qualify for the playoffs during either of their two seasons at Memorial Stadium, 1996 and 1997. Playoff football would not return to Baltimore until New Year's Eve 2000, at PSINet Stadium.

This was second postseason meeting between the Raiders and Colts. Baltimore won the only prior meeting.

AFC: Denver Broncos 34, Pittsburgh Steelers 21
In Denver's first postseason football contest, linebacker Tom Jackson's 2 interceptions and a fumble recovery set up 17 points, 10 of them in the 4th quarter, as the Broncos defeated the Steelers for the first playoff win in their 18-year history.

Denver scored first after Broncos receiver John Schultz blocked a punt from Rick Engles and recovered the ball on the Steelers 17-yard line to set up running back Rob Lytle's 7-yard rushing touchdown. Pittsburgh responded with a 56-yard drive, including a 19-yard reception by tight end Bennie Cunningham on 4th down and 1, to tie the score on quarterback Terry Bradshaw's 1-yard rushing touchdown.

In the second quarter, Broncos defensive tackle Lyle Alzado forced a fumble from Franco Harris, which linebacker Randy Gradishar recovered and returned 5 yards before fumbling himself. The second fumble was recovered by Tom Jackson, who returned it 25 yards to the Pittsburgh 10-yard line. On the next play, running back Otis Armstrong ran the ball into the end zone to give the Broncos a 14–7 lead. However, Pittsburgh quickly struck back starting with Jim Smith's 28-yard kickoff return to the Steelers 34-yard line. Bradshaw then hit John Stallworth for a 21-yard completion and Harris ripped off a 20-yard burst before he finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run to tie the game at 14 with 1:41 left in the half.

In the third quarter, the Broncos drove 52 yards to the Pittsburgh 1-yard line, only to lose the ball when Jim Jensen was stuffed for no gain by Jack Lambert and Jim Allen on 4th down. But after a punt, they drove 43 yards to go up 21–14 on Craig Morton's 30-yard touchdown pass to tight end Riley Odoms.

Early in the 4th quarter, Pittsburgh managed to tie the game with a 48-yard catch by Stallworth setting up Bradshaw's 1-yard touchdown pass to tight end Larry Brown. But this would be their last score as Denver soon took over the game. First, Jim Turner put the Broncos up 24–21 by kicking 44-yard field goal with 7:17 left on the clock. Then Jackson intercepted a pass from Bradshaw and returned it 32 yards to the Steelers 9-yard line, setting up Turner's 24-yard field goal to make the score 27–21. On Pittsburgh's ensuring drive, Jackson struck again, intercepting another pass and returning this one 17 yards to the Steelers 33. Rather than sitting on their one-score lead and trying to run out the clock with running plays, Denver took to the air, scoring the game clinching touchdown on Morton's 34-yard pass to Jack Dolbin with 1:44 left in the game.

Harris finished the game with 92 rushing yards, 4 receptions for 20 yards, and a touchdown. Morton only completed 11 of 23 passes, but he threw for 167 yards and two touchdowns with no interceptions.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Steelers and Broncos.

NFC: Dallas Cowboys 37, Chicago Bears 7
Safety Charlie Waters led the Cowboys to a 37–7 victory by setting an NFL playoff record of 3 interceptions. Chicago lost 7 turnovers by the end of the game and finished with just 224 total yards. Running back Walter Payton, the NFL's leading rusher with 1,852 yards during the season, was held to just 60 yards on 19 carries (though he did have 33 additional yards on 3 receptions and 57 return yards from three kickoffs).

Dallas built a 17–0 halftime lead, starting out the scoring with Roger Staubach's 32-yard completion to Tony Dorsett that set up Doug Dennison's 2-yard touchdown run. Staubach later completed a 31-yard pass to Drew Pearson before finding tight end Billy Joe Dupree over the goal line for a 28-yard touchdown pass, and Efrén Herrera added a 21-yard field goal to give Dallas a 17–0 first half lead. Chicago had a chance to make it 17–7 before halftime with a drive inside the Dallas red zone, but Waters put an end to it by intercepting Bob Avellini in the end zone.

On the first play of the second half, Cowboys linebacker D. D. Lewis intercepted an Avellini pass, and Dallas converted it into another touchdown on Dorsett's 23-yard run. Then Avellini lost a fumble on the Bears ensuing possession, leading to a 31-yard Herrera field goal. Before the end of the game, Dallas added 10 more points to their lead on Dorsett's 7-yard run and Herrera's 27-yard kick, while their defense limited Chicago to a useless touchdown on a 34-yard pass from Avellini to Steve Schubert with 7:03 left in the game.

Dallas finished the game with 365 total yards, including 233 on the ground. Dorsett led the way with 85 rushing yards, 37 receiving yards, and two touchdowns. Fullback Robert Newhouse added 80 more yards on the ground, and a 13-yard catch.

This was the Bears' first playoff game since winning the 1963 NFL championship.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Bears and Cowboys.

NFC: Minnesota Vikings 14, Los Angeles Rams 7
The Rams had easily defeated an aging Vikings team in the regular season 35–3 in October on the nationally televised Monday Night Football, and after years of frustrating playoff losses in the cold of Minnesota, the Rams finally had a home playoff game against the Vikings. In addition, Viking quarterback Fran Tarkenton was injured in that Monday night game. However, as luck would have it, Los Angeles was engulfed in a torrential rainstorm, and the game became known as “The Mud Bowl”. Running back Chuck Foreman led the Vikings to a victory by recording 101 rushing yards on the heavy field. Minnesota head coach Bud Grant’s strategy was to have quarterback Bob Lee throw early before the field lost traction. By the end of the game, the Rams lost three turnovers, while the Vikings didn't lose any.

The Rams took the opening kickoff and moved the ball to the Minnesota 31. However, Alan Page ended the drive by dropping RB Lawrence McCutcheon for a 1-yard loss on 4th down and 2. The Vikings took over and drove 70 yards, with Lee completing 5/5 passes, to a 7-0 lead on a 5-yard scoring run by Foreman. Lee threw only five more passes the remainder of the game (completing zero) as the field conditions worsened and the Vikings went strictly into "control the clock" mode.

From that point on until the fourth quarter, both teams remained scoreless while the field turned into a quagmire. The Rams had two chances to score, but quarterback Pat Haden threw an interception to Nate Allen in the end zone and kicker Rafael Septién missed a field goal. Early in the final period, Vikings running back Manfred Moore returned a punt 21 yards to set up Sammy Johnson's 1-yard rushing touchdown. With less than a minute left in the game, Haden threw a 1-yard touchdown pass to Harold Jackson to cut the score 14–7. The Rams then recovered the ensuing onside kick, but safety Jeff Wright intercepted Haden's desperate pass in the end zone on the game's final play.

This was the fourth postseason meeting between the Vikings and Rams. Minnesota won all three previous meetings.

AFC: Denver Broncos 20, Oakland Raiders 17
Despite a poor day from veteran kicker Jim Turner, who missed three field goals and had an extra point blocked, Denver converted two second half turnovers into touchdowns to edge out the defending Super Bowl champion Raiders.

Denver was forced to punt on their opening drive, and Bucky Dilts's kick went just 21 yards to the Oakland 43-yard line. Aided by two Broncos penalties, including a running into the punter call that enabled Oakland to avoid a three and out, the Raiders subsequently drove to the Denver 2-yard line and scored with Errol Mann's 20-yard field goal. But on the Broncos' second drive, quarterback Craig Morton threw a 74-yard touchdown to wide receiver Haven Moses, who caught the ball along the right sideline and managed to break through a tackle attempt by Skip Thomas and stay in bounds on the way to the end zone. The score would remain 7–3 for the rest of the half, with Mann hitting the uprights on a 30-yard field goal try and Turner missing a 40-yard attempt. The Raiders also suffered a major setback when receiver Fred Biletnikoff went down with a separated shoulder.

Oakland's Carl Garrett returned the second half kickoff 62 yards to the Broncos 33-yard line. On first down, Ken Stabler tried to connect with Cliff Branch in the end zone, but Steve Foley barely managed to deflect the pass away. Then running back Mark van Eeghen was held to a 1-yard gain, Stabler threw a third down incompletion, and the Raiders decided to punt rather than risk a 49-yard field goal. Denver took after and drove deep into Raiders territory, with Moses hauling in a 41-yard reception to give the Broncos another scoring chance, but following a bad snap, Turner missed another field goal, this one from 31 yards. On the next play, Oakland's Clarence Davis lost a fumble that defensive end Brison Manor recovered at the Oakland 17-yard line. A short carry from fullback Jon Keyworth and Morton's 13-yard completion then moved the ball to the 2. Then running back Rob Lytle was hit in mid-air while trying to dive over the line by Raiders safety Jack Tatum, and lost the ball. Oakland nose tackle Mike McCoy appeared to recover the fumble, but the play was blown dead by an official on the opposite side of the field. The officials (chiefly Ed Marion) ruled that Lytle's forward progress was stopped before the fumble, even though replays clearly showed the ball was knocked free at the moment of contact. Denver retained possession. The Raiders were then penalized half the distance to the goal for arguing the call, and Keyworth scored a Denver touchdown on the next play to give Denver a 14–3 lead.

Later on, Denver recovered a muffed punt from Garrett on the Raiders 27-yard line. Right after the turnover, Morton appeared to throw a touchdown pass to Jack Dolbin, who made a rolling catch along the ground and then got up and headed for the end zone. However, officials ruled the ball had touched the ground before he secured the catch (replays appeared to contradict this) and it was called as an incompletion. Following two more incomplete passes, Turner missed his third field goal of the day, this time from 44 yards, and the Broncos came up empty.

Near the end of the third quarter, Oakland finally caught a break when Garrett returned Dilts' 38-yard punt 4 yards to the Broncos 48-yard line. On the next play, Van Eeghen rushed for 13 yards. Following an incompletion, Stabler fired a pass to tight end Dave Casper, who made a falling catch, got back up, and took off for a 26-yard gain to the Denver 9. Two plays later, Stabler finished the drive with a 7-yard touchdown pass to Casper on the second play of the fourth quarter, cutting the score to 14–10. Denver responded by advancing the ball to the Raiders 11-yard line, only to have linebacker Floyd Rice intercept the ball from Morton and take it 11 yards back to the 22. Oakland now seemed primed to drive for a leading touchdown, but before they could get out of their own territory, Denver linebacker Bob Swenson made a clutch interception and returned the ball 14 yards to the Oakland 17-yard line. Two plays later, Moses made a sliding 12-yard catch of Morton's pass in the end zone, putting the Broncos ahead 20–10 after Turner's extra point was blocked. Oakland struck back with an 8-play, 74-yard drive to score on Casper's 17-yard touchdown catch to make it 20–17 with 3:16 left in regulation, but the Broncos' held the ball for the rest of the game and ran out the clock.

Moses was responsible for most of Denver's 217 yards gained through the air, finishing the game with 5 receptions for 168 yards and two touchdowns. Morton completed 10/20 passes for 224 yards and two touchdowns, with one interception. Stabler finished 17/35 for 215 yards and two touchdowns with one pick. Garrett returned 3 kickoffs for 111 yards and two punts for 5.

With his two touchdown catches along with his three against the Colts, Casper set a single post-season record for touchdowns by a tight end (5) which still stands to this day.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Raiders and Broncos.

NFC: Dallas Cowboys 23, Minnesota Vikings 6
The Cowboys defense held the Vikings to 214 total yards, 66 rushing yards and 6 points, while forcing them to lose 4 turnovers. Minnesota again started quarterback Bob Lee, who was playing for the injured Fran Tarkenton.

Dallas took the early lead after defensive end Harvey Martin recovered a fumble from Vikings running back Robert Miller on the third play of the game, giving the Cowboys a first down on the Minnesota 39-yard line. Following 7-yard run by Robert Newhouse, Dallas scored on Roger Staubach's 32-yard touchdown pass to receiver Golden Richards, giving the team a 6–0 lead after Efrén Herrera missed the extra point. Later in the quarter, Minnesota had a big chance to score when a Dallas punt back near their goal line gave the Vikings a first down on the Dallas 45-yard line. But this drive was snuffed out by defensive lineman Ed "Too Tall" Jones, who stormed into the Vikings backfield to tackle running back Chuck Foreman immediately after taking a handoff, forcing a fumble that was recovered by Martin.

In the second quarter, Dallas took advantage of a short field after Butch Johnson returned a punt 4 yards to the Vikings 46. The team then drove 46 yards in 8 plays, including a 14-yard run by Danny White on a fake punt, to score on Newhouse's 5-yard rushing touchdown. Vikings receiver Sammy White returned the kickoff 37 yards to the 48-yard line. On the next play, a 44-yard pass interference penalty on Charlie Waters gave Minnesota a first down on the Dallas 8. But after Foreman was stuffed on two running plays, defensive tackle Randy White sacked Lee on the 16-yard line, forcing the Vikings to settle for a 13–3 deficit from Fred Cox's 33-yard field goal. Then after forcing a punt, Lee completed passes to Stu Voigt and Sammy White for gains of 19 and 16 yards as the team drove 68 yards to score on Cox's 37-yard field goal, making the score 13–6 with less than two minutes left in the half. Dallas struck back with a 32-yard completion from Staubach to running back Preston Pearson setting up Herrera's 21-yard field goal, giving the team a 16–6 lead going into halftime.

Minnesota mounted a mild scoring threat early in the third quarter when a 28-yard completion from Lee to White gave them a first down on the Dallas 34, but they could go no further and ended up punting. Near the end of the quarter, Dallas had a huge chance to increase their lead with a drive inside the Vikings 15-yard line. But Minnesota safety Jeff Wright forced a fumble from Tony Dorsett that was recovered by linebacker Fred McNeill.

In the fourth quarter, Cowboys linebacker Thomas Henderson forced Vikings punt returner Manfred Moore to fumble and it was recovered by Dallas tight end Jay Saldi. Five plays later, Dorsett rushed for an 11-yard touchdown to put the game away.

During the first quarter, a fan in dressed in a snowman suit, 24-year old Daniel Yoder, was accidentally set on fire when he bumped into a flaming can of liquid fuel being used by a girl selling hot chocolate in the stands. Yoder was completely engulfed in flames, but other spectators managed to put out the fire and he survived with second-degree burns.

This was the fourth postseason meeting between the Vikings and Cowboys. Dallas won two of the previous three meetings.

Super Bowl XII: Dallas Cowboys 27, Denver Broncos 10
This was the first Super Bowl meeting between the Cowboys and Broncos.

Trivia

 * The Denver Broncos were making their first trip to the postseason. Denver was the last of the old AFL teams to make it to the playoffs.
 * Denver was the first team to win a conference championship in their first playoff appearance. The only team to accomplish that feat since was the 2000 Baltimore Ravens, who are officially considered a quasi-expansion team even though they inherited their original roster from the Cleveland Browns in 1996.
 * This was the only time that both conference champions defeated their conference's defending champion in the playoffs, with Denver beating Oakland and Dallas downing Minnesota.
 * The Colts–Raiders divisional round game was the third playoff game to go into double overtime. The two previous ones were the 1962 AFL Championship (Dallas Texans vs. Houston Oilers) and the 1971 AFC divisional round game (Miami Dolphins vs. Kansas City Chiefs.)
 * The AFC Championship Game was the first where both contestants were founding members of the AFL.
 * The Dallas Cowboys' Super Bowl XII victory over the Denver Broncos was their second such win of the 1970s, having previously beaten the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI (1971-72 NFL Playoffs). In each case, Dallas' AFC opponent had scored back-to-back playoff wins over the previous two Super Bowl Champions, Denver having defeated Pittsburgh (X) and Oakland (XI), and Miami having defeated Kansas City (IV) and Baltimore (V)
 * This game marks the only time in NFL history that a referee, Jim Tunney, worked in consecutive Super Bowls.
 * No teams in the Eastern Time Zone were in either conference championship game. This would not happen again until the 2019 NFL season.

title: 1977–78 NFL playoffs


text:
Duchy of Samogitia

The Duchy of Samogitia (Žemaičių seniūnija, Žemaitėjės seniūnėjė, Księstwo żmudzkie) was an administrative unit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1422 (and from 1569, a member country of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). Between 1422 and 1441 it was known as the Eldership of Samogitia. Since the 1540s the Grand Duke of Lithuania also held the title of Duke of Samogitia, although the actual ruler of the province, responsible to the Grand Duke, was known as the General Elder (Seniūnas) of Samogitia who was self-elected by the Samogitian nobility.

The Duchy was located in the western part of the present Republic of Lithuania. Historically, in the west it had access to the Baltic Sea; in the north, it bordered the Duchy of Courland and Ducal Prussia in the south. During the Middle Ages and until the last partition in 1795, Samogitia had clearly defined borders as the Duchy of Samogitia. Afterwards the area encompassed the Samogitian Diocese. Today Samogitia is one of several ethnographic regions and is not defined administratively.

Name
Samogitia is a Latinized version of the name Žemaitija, meaning "the Lowlands" as opposed to Aukštaitija for "the Highlands". In the Middle Ages, the names Samaiten, Samaitae, Zamaytae, Samogitia, Samattae, Samethi were used in German and Latin sources. They, together with other variants Schmudien, Schamaiten (German) and Żmudź (Polish), are all derived from the Lithuanian Žemaičiai, dial. Žemaitiai / Žemaitei.

Geography
The Duchy was located in what today is several counties (apskritis) in Lithuania: a small part of Kaunas County (Kauno Apskritis), the western part Šiauliai County (Šiaulių Apskritis), Tauragė County (Tauragės Apskritis), Telšiai County (Telšių Apskritis), the northern part of Klaipėda County (Klaipėdos Apskritis) and the northern part of Marijampolė County (Marijampolės Apskritis).

The major part of Samogitia is located on Western Upland. Lowlands which are referred in its name are on the border between Samogitia and Eastern Lithuania, along the Nevėžis River.

The Duchy of Samogitia had the size of approximately 25,700 square kilometers.

History
Before the formation of the Lithuanian state, Samogitia was ruled by its local noblemen. A chronicle mentions two dukes from Samogitia in 1219 as signatories of the Treaty with Volhynia.

Since the formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 13th century, Samogitia was its dependent territory, however sometimes the influence of the Lithuanian Grand Duke was very limited. During the rule of the first Lithuanian king, Mindaugas, Samogitians pursued an independent foreign policy and continued fighting with the Knights of the Sword even after King Mindaugas had signed a peace treaty with them.

Samogitia for 200 years played a crucial role in halting the expansion of the Teutonic Order and defeated the Knights of the Sword in the Battle of Saule (1236) and the Livonian Order in the Battle of Skuodas (1259), and the Battle of Durbe (1260).

In the atmosphere of fierce battles with the Teutonic Knights, the Lithuanian rulers Jogaila and Vytautas several times ceded Samogitia to the Teutonic Order in 1382, 1398 and 1404. However, the Teutonic Knights were not successful in subjugating the land, and Samogitians revolted in 1401 and 1409. After the defeats in the Battle of Grunwald (1410) and following wars, in 1422 the Teutonic Order ceded Samogitia to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the Treaty of Melno.

Samogitians were the last in Europe to accept Christianity in 1413. During the Christianization of Samogitia, none of the clergy, who came to Samogitia with Jogaila, were able to communicate with the natives, therefore Jogaila himself taught the Samogitians about the Catholicism, thus he was able to communicate in the Samogitian dialect of the Lithuanian language.

The Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir Jagiellon acknowledged the autonomy of Samogitia in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and then issued a privilege to the Eldership of Samogitia to elects its own elder (starost) in 1441.

Because of its prolonged wars with the Teutonic Order, Samogitia had developed a social and political structure different from the rest of Lithuania. It had a larger proportion of free farmers and smaller estates than in Eastern Lithuania.

As with most of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Samogitia suffered in the aftermath of the Swedish invasion of Commonwealth (the Deluge, mid-17th century). Its population dropped from close to 400,000 to about 250,000; only to return to 400,000 by the late 18th century.

After the annexation of Lithuania by Imperial Russia, Samogitia was included in the Vilna Governorate (the southern extreme was detached for New East Prussia and so on); in 1843 it was transferred to a newly established Kovno Governorate. In the early 19th century, Samogitia was the centre of the Lithuanian national revival, which stressed the importance of the Lithuanian language and opposed russification and polonization.

Elders of Samogitia
The General Elders of Samogitia (equivalents of voivodes) included:

 * }

title: Duchy of Samogitia


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Petrus Kenicius

Petrus Kenicius (1555 – 3 February 1636) was Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden from 1609 to his death.

He got his education from the Universities of Wittenberg and Rostock.

In 1589 he was put in prison by King John III of Sweden, together with, among others, Nicolaus Olai Bothniensis who would become archbishop in 1599–1600. The reason were disagreements with the King's non-Lutheran liturgy.

After being released, he was at the Uppsala Synod in 1593 as one of the twelve assessors. And in 1595 he was ordained Bishop of Skara.

He was considered a fine and hardworking person who dedicated much time and care to the University in Uppsala and the Church. In his old age, he was weakened by age and sickness and the archdiocese was said to have been neglected.

title: Petrus Kenicius


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Talk:Ruslan Ponomariov

Mobile phone default
Ponomariov's "mobile phone default" was on his 20th birthday. I have heard that the one calling him up did so in order to congratulate him. Is the part about the caller being a wellwisher true? Sjakkalle 09:43, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 04:05, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Importance to Wiki chess project
As a former World Chess Champion a top importance would seem appropriate. ChessCreator (talk) 20:51, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I understand the point, but he was only World Chess Champion through the dubious FIDE knockout system, so in my opinion he is much less important than, for example, Kasparov or Fischer or Capablanca. Hence I would rather set his importance as High. SyG (talk) 11:04, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Computer Chess
As far as I am aware, Ponomariov became the last human player to beat a top chess computer in tournament conditions, when he beat Fritz on 21/11/2005, and that he holds the record to this day. Has anyone got a source for this claim? I think it is notable enough to be added to his article.

The Human–computer_chess_matches article makes this claim, but cites an XKCD comic rather than a reliable source.  J.Gowers  09:41, 2 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Ruslan Ponomariov


text:
Talk:Samogitia

Separated page on ethnographic region from page about the Eldership of Samogitia, as those two are not exactly the same.DeirYassin 09:43, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Maybe I'll work on cleaning up the poor English in the article that remains.--Theodore Kloba 14:01, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Article 'Eldership of Samogitia' could be merged here as history as it is. Zordsdavini 12:53, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagreee, I see those subjects as two quite different matters. Renata 14:19, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It is the same thing as Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Lithuania :(. Zordsdavini 10:14, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Disagree with merger, two quite seperate things. heqs 12:23, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Disagree - these ar complete differnet things.--Lokyz 15:46, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment: they are both described in a single article on the Lithuanian wiki: lt:Žemaitija. --Lysytalk 16:53, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Promotional rhetoric
Žemaitija has a huge potential for tourism development, due to its natural beauty, cultural and historical heritage.
 * —This unattributed statement sounds like a pitch from the Šiauliai Chamber of Commerce, IMO. Sca (talk) 21:02, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

"Samogiten" near the White sea
Is this map authentic? http://api.ning.com/files/mhrng7eeJg1bSKAGfv5vbugj*MSKzvvqD9N74dlo2SIb6Ua6ceIN47nItHfsyLYRBRSo5m82p8JCJm3aLVEqXTmiJ9KbzQct/file.jpg --YOMAL SIDOROFF-BIARMSKII (talk) 17:15, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samogitia


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User talk:Maayanh

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! IZAK 09:32, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

title: User talk:Maayanh


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Talk:Internet suite

Need expansion
We should put more information about internet suite, e.g. its history, comparison with standalone apps, why it failed/successed, etc. --minghong 09:45, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Emacs
Frighteningly, GNU Emacs does all of the things listed as being Internet-suite capabilities -- in many cases several times over. For example, it has two web browsers (W3 and Emacs-W3M), two IRC clients (irc and ERC), at least five mail user agents (rmail, VM, Gnus, Mew, Wunderlust), two of which also work as newsreaders, Ange-FTP for working with files over FTP, several different HTML-editing modes (a dedicated HTML mode, and psgml), BBDB for maintaining contact details, and even a Gopher client if you look hard enough.

Since many of these are separately maintained extensions, it's hard to pin them down to specific versions of Emacs. What's the best way of fitting Emacs into this list? (Also, how do we measure userbase size for something which is, allegedly, primarily a text editor?)

(This may seem frivolous, but I do seriously use Emacs for daily mail, news, RSS-feeds and IRC, and occasionally as a web browser. I doubt I'm alone.)

82.108.130.2 (talk) 16:55, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

This is not the "internet suite comparison" page
I believe that an article about internet suites should explain what an internet suite is, a comparison page among different internet suites should be placed in another page or at least that part of the page should not be prominent the way it is today in the article itself. I suggest to split the article and to create a "Comparison of internet suites" page. Anyway I will remove the category "software comparison" because the page is not a software comparison page but it is about internet suites. --Jacobubus (talk) 19:06, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

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Do Internet Suites still exist?
The most recent info in this article seems to be from 2009, and since then Internet Suites don't seem to have continued in the form described by this article. Shuld it be rewritten from a historical perspective / merged with another article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by BobEret (talk • contribs) 00:27, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

 * I cannot find any info on current suites. Maybe they dont still exist, but I could be wrong. I will post any relevant sources here. Skullovitch (talk) 16:25, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Internet suite


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Twin vector quantization

In data compression, twin vector quantization is related to vector quantization, but the speed of the quantization is doubled by the secondary vector analyzer.

By using a subdimensional vector space useless hyperspace will be destroyed in the process.

The formula for calculating the amount of destroyed hyperspace is:

 * H(x) = 5.22 / 4m

title: Twin vector quantization


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User:Eyolf

About me
Musicologist, b. 1967 in Sandnes, Norway. PhD from Uppsala University 2001, with the dissertation The Office of Saint Olav: A Study In Chant Transmission.

Since 2001 employed at the Danish National Research Foundation: Centre for the Study of the Cultural Heritage of Medieval Rituals

Maintains the chord site dylanchords.

Main areas of interest

 * Popular music: Bob Dylan
 * Guitar tablature
 * Dylan's music
 * General biographical information
 * Renaissance music
 * Vocal polyphony of Palestrina et al.
 * Polyphonic Laude
 * Aesthetics/Philosophy
 * Plainchant
 * Norwegian history: Olav II Haraldsson (Saint Olav)

title: User:Eyolf


text:
Talk:Samuel Hopkins (theologian)

Untitled
There are mysterious individuals associated with the Wikipedia who have dedicated themselves to destroying every mention of the word "Negroes." Those mysterious individuals remove the proper word ("Negroes" and/or "colored") and insert the newly-created improper word ("black" or "black people") into articles such as this one.

When The Reverend Samuel Hopkins was alive, there were thousands upon thousands of mixed-race Negroes living in North America. It is a fact that many of their ancestors were Indians and Europeans, so they could not have been "black people."

A Negro who lived in the United States at the time of George Washington was called either a "free Negro" or a "slave." A "slave" was chattel property who was protected by his owner from harm and abuse like any other item or possession. A "slave" was required to do whatever his owner desired.

A"free Negro" was a very different sort of person, legally. A "free Negro" could work for himself and earn money which he could keep for himself. In other words, a "free Negro" could "amass a fortune" if he had the will and the energy to do so.

In some cases, a "slave" could work and save enough money to buy his freedom. Some slaves bought their freedom and thereby became "free Negroes." Other slaves became "free Negroes" when their owner gave them their freedom. In his will, George Washington (who died in 1799) freed his slaves. The slaves became "free Negroes" (not "black people").

Mysterious individuals are deceiving the readers of certain Wikipedia articles by inserting newly-created descriptives into those articles.

Slavery generated many mixed-race "colored" people in North America. Many of those people were cross-bred people who were the progeny of Indians.

Descended from an Indian, a mixed-race "free Negro" and a Quaker from Pennsylvania ("the Quaker State") named Paul Cuffey went to sea and caught fish which he sold. He was able to "amass a fortune" because, legally, he was a "free Negro." Paul Cuffey left the United States for Africa. He is associated with the early history of Sierre Leone (Sierra Leone).

Whomsoever readeth the articles in the Wikipedia should do so with reservations in mind. Some of the words are concoctions. Many deceivers place malarkey into certain Wikipedia articles. The deceivers seem to be engaging in a sport. The term "black people" was not invented in the United states until the 1960s or the 1970s.
 * (submitted on April 22, 2005 at 09:46Z)

Reflections on above
Well there's quite a bit there... My stance would be similar: however, there is an irony when as you remark on mysterious individuals your contribution was itself anonymous! (Although perhaps you did not realise so 141.158.108.82 - my account logged out overnight) Perhaps you could log in/create an account. The original change of Negro to Black American was made by Gazpacho.... Also the stuff on Paul Cuffey - wouldn't that all be better in an article in its own right? Though I suspect the correct spelling to be Paul Cuffee.

Cuffee it is
I have access to a small paragraph on Paul Cuffee (1759-1818).
 * "An American sea captain, half Indian, half negro, born neat New Bedford, Mass. He was a member of the Society of Friends and used his wealth, acquired at sea, in the effort to encourage the colonization of his people in Sierra Leone.  He carried out 38 colonists on his own ship in 1815 and died while waiting for permission from England to make further settlements in the colony."

The paragraph is contained in a copyrighted book (of course), therefore, it cannot be re-used as originally written. More details are needed in order to compose a Wikipedia article on Paul Cuffee.

The reason why I am sensitive to the new descriptives such as "black people" is my age. I was already an adult when "The Civil Rights Act of 1957" was passed. I remember the United States of 1950 very well. There were no "Hispanics" in the United States in 1950. There were "Mexicans" and "Puerto Ricans" and "Cubans" and others, but no "Hispanics." (Other groups existed, too. "Poles," "Serbs," "Ukrainians," "Jews,"  "Russians," "Italians" or "Italian-Americans," and others).

A great amount of social engineering has taken place in the United States since 1950. Most of the people have been assigned new descriptives. "Colored" people are now called either "Blacks" or "African-Americans" even though these new terms were nearly or completely unknown in 1950. A boxing champion named Joe Louis said that he was more than forty years old before anyone called him a "Black."

Also, "Whites" is a new descriptive. White men and women were called Americans until the 1960s. After President Kennedy began the practice of employing the word "Blacks" in his briefings, people naturally began the use of the word "Whites."

I am too old to fret over the changes that I have seen. Still, I most dislike the re-arrangement of old history from the 1750-1950 span of time. People are taking newly-created descriptives and employing them to define people who had existed long ago. The effect of that is a re-writing of history. "Slaves" were called "property," not "black Americans."

The demise of the word "Negro" has been both precipitous and astonishing. "Negroes" had once existed in every State, but no longer.

Saturday, April 23rd, 2005, 13:20Z

title: Talk:Samuel Hopkins (theologian)


text:
Talk:Software suite

Need expansion
We should put more information about software suite, e.g. its history, comparison with standalone apps, why it failed/successed, etc. --minghong 09:48, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

When getting a business suite it will include word processing, spreadsheet, e-mail and presentation graphic programs

J
J Kimorng (talk) 05:29, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Software suite


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Accidental dignity

In astrology, accidental dignity occurs when a planet gains strength for any reason other than its zodiacal position. Accidental dignity should not be confused with essential dignity which is where a planet gains strength from its position in the zodiac. To understand the difference between accidental dignity and essential dignity, think of essential dignity as being relevant to the 'nature' of the planet and accidental dignity as relevant to how that planet 'finds itself', or its 'power to act'. As an example, in a horary question, the significator for a lost valuable ring may have good essential dignity (it is valuable), but may have little accidental dignity (it is lost).

A planet can gain accidental dignity through a number of ways, but most often it is gained when the planet is found on an angle (Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant, IC), being direct, swift in motion, free from combustion or being Cazimi, in a beneficial aspect to a fortunate planet or conjunct a fixed star of a fortunate nature. Essential and accidental dignity have particular importance in some branches of astrology, such as horary and electional astrology.

Accidental Debility
Conversely planets may also lose accidental dignity and become accidentally debilitated. Several factors may contribute to a planet being accidentally debilitated, including the planet being: slower than its average speed, retrograde, combust or aspecting a malefic planet or fixed star.

Accidental Dignity by House Association
Traditional astrology regarded house rulerships differently than what is currently en vogue in modern Western (or “tropical”) astrology. The bulk of ancient, pre-Hellenistic house rulership was based on the Babylonian and Chaldean planetary ordering systems, whereas today’s astrologers assign the house rulers in the same order that they define the sign rulers.

title: Accidental dignity