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User talk:Baldwin.jim

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Spinboy 00:19, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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Jeri Ryan
Thanks for your edits to the article on Jeri Ryan. However, it turns out that she really did belong to a fraternity, not a sorority. Confusing, I know. :) --Yamla 21:13, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Upper middle class
Hi, I saw your recent edit to the Upper middle class article in which you state that "It is possible to be both professional and managerial." I was wondering what exactly you meant by this statement. A lawyer is a professional, so is a doctor, an engineer, etc... An executive or MBA who sales office software is managerial. I suppose if you are a lawyer who runs his or her own law firm, you're also an entrpreneuer and therefore also managerial in the eyes of some. Nontheless I am still wondering over the exact meaning and reasoning behind this statement. Thank you for your contributions. Best Regards,  Signature brendel  02:51, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your quick reply. I understand what mean now. Regards,  Signature brendel  03:33, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Doctors

 * Yes, doctors and nurses, etc... in the US make more than in any other country, period. Nonetheless physicians in the EU or Canada arn't exactly poor, they're still upper middle class. In the US a physican averages roughly $120k ($180k for orthodontrists) a year, vs. an attorney averages in at about $100k, an economist at $89k, and engineers in the $60k range. All are upper middle class, so even if a doctor in Germany only makes the equivalant of $80k, considerably less than an American doctor, he is still upper middle class. Also education and occupational prestige counts as well and doctors, no matter they pay, fullfill those criteria. "You get what you pay for" - do you think that the US has the world's best health care system, because study show that honor going to Italy, besides the quality of healthcare isn't really the issue here, the class of physicians is- and in the US as well as other industrialized countries that's the upper middle class. Thanks for contribtuing. Regards,  Signature brendel  06:37, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, I see your point concerning physicians. Yes, I myself have asked myself whether or not some physicans in the US are actually upper class but world wide its defenitely upper middle class. As for salaries, I life in costal CA, where an economist averages $111k a year (salary.com), vs. $89k national average (of course, that isn't near enough in a place where the average home is upwards of $700k). So, I am very well aware that salaries differ from place to place. In order to compromise and provide figures that are the most relevant to our readers I use the national averages provided by the US Bureau of Labor's Occupational Outlook Handbook, the OOH. Of course, the salaries vary w/ location, experience and employer- the OOH is merely the average of averages. If you think there is a specific case in which defenitely underestimated a salary, let me know so I can find another source to provide secondary figures. BTW: It's a shame if they shut down the Wixom, so many good jobs- at least the workers will be well taken care of in Ford's work bank. Thanks. Regards,  Signature brendel  05:48, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Baldwin.jim


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Sicilian Defence, Magnus Smith Trap

The Magnus Smith Trap is a chess opening trap in the Sicilian Defence, named after three-time Canadian chess champion Magnus Smith (1869–1934). In an article titled "The 'Magnus Smith Trap published in his Chess Notes column (hosted at the Chess History Center), chess historian Edward Winter wrote: "We believe that 'Magnus Smith Trap' is a misnomer, although in the Sicilian Defence there is a 'Magnus Smith Variation' (a very rare instance of a player's forename and surname being used jointly in openings terminology)."

The trap
'''1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bc4'''
 * This is the Sozin Variation (or Fischer–Sozin Attack) of the Sicilian Defense. A common response is 6...e6, to make White's bishop on c4 "bite on granite".

6... g6
 * Black falls into the trap.

'''7. Nxc6 bxc6 8. e5''' (diagram)
 * Black is in a bad way. After 8...Nh5, Bobby Fischer gives 9.Qf3! e6 (9...d5 10.Nxd5!) 10.g4 Ng7 11.Ne4 Qa5+ (11...d5 12.Nf6+ Ke7 13.Qa3+) 12.Bd2 Qxe5 13.Bc3 and Black's queen is trapped. Preferable alternatives are 8...Ng4 9.e6 f5, and Black eventually managed to draw in Schlechter–Lasker, World Championship (1910), rd. 7, and 8...d5 9.exf6 dxc4 10.Qxd8+ Kxd8 11.Bg5 Be6 12.0-0-0+ Ke8, and Black ultimately even won in Rosen–Burn, Paris 1900.

 * The move Black actually chooses leads to instant disaster.

8... dxe5
 * "Correct is 8...Ng4." — Fischer. White was clearly better in Suetin–Makarichev, Moscow 1983, after [8...Ng4] 9.Bf4 Bh6 (Sosonko; if 9...Qb6 then 10.Qf3 ) 10.Bxh6 Nxh6 11.Qd2 Nf5 12.exd6 Nxd6 (if 12...Qxd6 then 13.0-0-0+/−; if 12...exd6 then 13.0-0-0 0-0 14.g4! Ne7 15.Qxd6 Qxd6 16.Rxd6 Bxg4 17.Re1!+/− Makarichev ) 13.0-0-0 Qc7 (if 13...Bb7 then 14.Qf4 intending Ne4; Makarichev ) 14.Qf4 0-0 15.Ne4 (Nunn).

9. Bxf7+
 * White wins Black's queen after 9...Kxf7 10.Qxd8.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sicilian Defence, Magnus Smith Trap


text: User talk:68.192.185.122

title: User talk:68.192.185.122


text: User talk:68.166.173.9

title: User talk:68.166.173.9


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Tacitean studies

Tacitean studies, centred on the work of Tacitus (c. 56 – c. 120 AD), the ancient Roman historian, constitute an area of scholarship extending beyond the field of history. The work has traditionally been read for its moral instruction, its narrative, and its inimitable prose style; Tacitus has been (and still is) most influential as a political theorist, outside the field of history. The political lessons taken from his work fall roughly into two camps (as identified by Giuseppe Toffanin): the "red Tacitists", who used him to support republican ideals, and the "black Tacitists", those who read his accounts as a lesson in Machiavellian realpolitik.

Though his work is the most reliable source for the history of his era, its factual accuracy is occasionally questioned: the Annals are based in part on secondary sources of unknown reliability, and there are some obvious minor mistakes (for instance confusing the two daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor, both named Antonia). The Histories, written from primary documents and personal knowledge of the Flavian period, is thought to be more accurate, though Tacitus's hatred of Domitian seemingly colored its tone and interpretations.

Antiquity and Middle Ages
Tacitus's contemporaries were well-acquainted with his work; Pliny the Younger, one of his first admirers, congratulated him for his better-than-usual precision and predicted that his Histories would be immortal: only a third of his known work has survived and then through a very tenuous textual tradition; we depend on a single manuscript for books I-VI of the Annales and on another one for the other surviving half (books XI-XVI) and for the five books extant of the Historiae. His books were clearly used by 2nd-early 3rd century historians such as Cassius Dio's report on Agricola's exploration of Britain, and Hegesippus may have borrowed from his account of the First Jewish–Roman War. His difficult historical methods and elliptic literary style, however, went unimitated except by Ammianus Marcellinus, who consciously set out to write a continuation of his works. His popularity waned with time: his unfavorable portrayals of the early emperors could not have earned him favor with Rome's increasingly autocratic rulers, and his obvious contempt for Judaism and Christianity (both troublesome foreign cults in the eyes of a 1st-century Roman aristocrat) made him unpopular among the early Church Fathers. The 3rd-century writer Tertullian, for example, blames him (incorrectly—see history of anti-Semitism) for originating the story that the Jews worshipped a donkey's head in the Holy of Holies and calls him "ille mendaciorum loquacissimus", 'the most loquacious of liars'.

In the 4th century there are scattered references to his life and work. Flavius Vopiscus, one of the supposed Scriptores Historiae Augustae, mentions him twice (Aurelian 2.1, Probus 2.7.) and names him among the disertissimi viri, the most eloquent men. Ammianus Marcellinus, as mentioned, started his history where Tacitus had finished. Jerome knew of him, and Sulpicius Severus either used his Annales as a source for passages on Nero or, according to Aurthur Drews, the passage in Sulpicius Severus's Chronicles later found its way into Annales. By the 5th century only a few authors seem aware of him: Sidonius Apollinaris, who admires him, and Orosius, who alternately derides him as a fool and borrows passages (including many that are otherwise lost) from his works. Cassiodorus and his disciple Jordanes (middle of the 6th century) make the last known antique references; Cassiodorus draws on parts of the Germania and Jordanes cites the Agricola, but both know the author only as Cornelius.

After Jordanes, Tacitus disappeared from literature for the better part of two centuries, and only four certain references appear until 1360. Two come from Frankish monks of the Carolingian Renaissance: the Annales Fuldenses from the monastery of Fulda used Tacitus's Annals, and Rudolf of Fulda borrowed from the Germania for his Translatio Sancti Alexandri. Some of Tacitus's works were known at Monte Cassino by 1100, where the other two certain references appear: Peter the Deacon's Vita Sancti Severi used the Agricola, and Paulinus Venetus, Bishop of Pozzuoli, plagiarized passages from the Annals in his mappa mundi. Hints and reminiscences of Tacitus appear in French and English literature, as well as German and Italian, from the 12th to the 14th century, but none of them is at all certain. It was not until Giovanni Boccaccio brought the manuscript of the Annals 11-16 and the Histories out of Monte Cassino to Florence, in the 1360s or 1370s, that Tacitus began to regain some of his old literary importance. His Annals survive only in single copies of two halves of the works, one from Fulda and one from Cassino.

Italian Renaissance
Boccaccio's efforts brought the works of Tacitus back into public circulation—where they were largely passed over by the Humanists of the 14th and 15th centuries, who preferred the smooth style of Cicero and the patriotic history of Livy, who was by far their favorite historian. The first to read his works—they were four: Boccacio, Benvenuto Rambaldi, Domenico Bandini, and Coluccio Salutati—read them solely for their historical information and their literary style. On the merits of these they were divided. Bandini called him "[a] most eloquent orator and historian", while Salutati commented:

"For what shall I say about Cornelius Tacitus? Although a very learned man, he wasn't able to equal those closest [to Cicero]. But he was even way behind Livy—whom he proposed to follow—not only in historical series but in imitation of eloquence."

The use of Tacitus as a source for political philosophy, however, began in this era, triggered by the Florentine Republic's struggle against the imperial ambitions of Giangaleazzo Visconti. Visconti's death from an illness did more than lift his siege of Florence; it sparked Leonardo Bruni to write his Panegyric to the City of Florence (c. 1403), in which he quoted Tacitus (Histories, 1.1) to buttress his republican theory that monarchy was inimical to virtue, nobility, and (especially) genius. The inspiration was novel—Bruni had probably learned of Tacitus from Salutati. The thesis likewise: Tacitus himself had acknowledged that the good emperors Nerva and Trajan posed no threat to his endeavors.

Tacitus, and the theory that Bruni based on him, played a vital role in the spirited debate between the republicans of Florence and the proponents of monarchy and aristocracy elsewhere. Guarino da Verona, in 1435, used the literary flowering of Augustus's era—which included Livy, Horace, Virgil, and Seneca—to argue against Bruni's contention; Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini countered with the argument that all the authors had been born during the waning years of the Roman Republic. Pier Candido Decembrio, a Milanese courtier, addressed the same argument to Bruni in the following year, which Bruni did not bother to rebut, the best counterargument having been made already. The rule of Cosimo de Medici, however, saw the end of these political readings of Tacitus, though his works were now readily available in the public library of Florence. Instead, scholars such as Leone Battista Alberti and Flavio Biondo used him in academic works on the history and architecture of 1st century Rome. His laconic style and bleak outlook remained unpopular.

At the beginning of the 15th century, following the expulsion of the Medici from Florence, their return, and the foreign invasions of Italy, Tacitus returned to prominence among the theorists of classical republicanism. Niccolò Machiavelli was the first to revive him, but not (at first) in the republican model which Bruni and others had followed. One quotation from the Annals (13.19) appears in The Prince (ch. 13), advising the ruler that "it has always been the opinion and judgment of wise men that nothing can be so uncertain or unstable as fame or power not founded on its own strength". The idealized Prince bears some resemblance to Tacitus's Tiberius; a few (most notably Giuseppe Toffanin) have argued that Machiavelli had made more use of Tacitus than he let on. In fact, though, Machiavelli had probably not read the first books of the Annals at that time—they were published after The Prince.

In his work focused mainly on republicanism, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy, Machiavelli returned to Bruni's republican perspective on Tacitus. Four overt references appear in the work. Chapter 1.10 follows Tacitus (Histories 1.1), and Bruni, on the chilling effects of monarchy. Chapter 1.29 quotes the Histories (4.3) on the burden of gratitude and the pleasure of revenge. Chapter 3.6 quotes Tacitus: "men have to honor things past but obey the present, and ought to desire good Princes, but tolerate the ones they have". 3.19 twists a line from Tacitus (3.55) into something very similar to Machiavelli's famous maxim that it is better for a prince to be feared than loved. (The original made a very different point: that respect for the Emperor and a desire to conform, not fear and punishment, kept certain senators in line.) Many covert references appear: Machiavelli generally follows Tacitus's decidedly negative slant on the history of Rome under the Emperors.

Machiavelli had read Tacitus for instruction on forms of government, republican as well as autocratic, but after his books were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, writers on political philosophy (the so-called "black Tacitists"—see above) frequently used the Roman as a stand-in for the Florentine, and the Emperor Tiberius as a mask for Machiavelli's model of a prince. So, writers like Francesco Guicciardini considered Tacitus' work to be an instruction on how to build a despotic state. Following that line of thought (Catholics in appearance reading Tacitus instead of Machiavelli's still forbidden Prince), the thinkers of the Counter-Reformation and the age of absolute monarchies used his works as a set of rules and principles for political action.

In the late 16th century Tacitus came to be regarded as the repository of the “secrets of the power” (“arcana imperii”, as Tacitus had called them in his Annals, 2.36.1). Tacitus' description of the artifices, stratagems, and utterly lawless reign of power politics at the Roman imperial court fascinated European scholars. By the first half of the seventeenth century editions of and commentaries upon Tacitus were flourishing. The Roman historian was compulsory reading in the political education of any learned man, notably senior magistrates. While authors like Casaubon and Pasquier deemed the precepts of Tacitus pernicious, writers like Justus Lipsius, Scipione Ammirato and Baltasar Alamos de Barrientos set out their reason of state in the form of commentaries on his work. Even the Jesuit political philosoher Giovanni Botero, who put together Tacitus with Machiavelli as the leading authorities for those who advocated an amoral reason of state, was thoroughly acquainted with the work of the Roman historian.

Gerolamo Cardano in his 1562 book Encomium Neronis describes Tacitus as a scoundrel of the worst kind, belonging to the rich senatorial class and always taking their side against the common people.

Enlightenment and revolutions
Early theoreticians of raison d'état used Tacitus to defend an ideal of Imperial rule. Other readers used him to construct a method for living under a despotic state, avoiding both servility and useless opposition. Diderot, for example, used Tacitus' works, in his apology for Seneca, to justify the collaboration of philosophers with the sovereign.

During the Enlightenment Tacitus was mostly admired for his opposition to despotism. In literature, some great tragedians such as Corneille, Jean Racine and Alfieri, took inspirations from Tacitus for their dramatic characters.

Edward Gibbon was strongly influenced by Tacitus' historical style in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,

The French Revolutionaries, for whom Tacitus had been a central part of their early education, made much use of his criticisms of tyranny and love of the republic—he is one of the authors most often quoted (behind Cicero, Horace, and Plutarch) by the members of the National and Legislative Assemblies and by revolutionary authors such as Jacques Pierre Brissot. Later, during the Reign of Terror, Camille Desmoulins and the writers of the Actes des Apôtres used him to denounce the excesses of the Jacobins.

Napoleon, on the other hand, attacked his works furiously, both for style and contents. This would-be founder of an Imperial dynasty, praised by amongst others Goethe for his insight in literature, knew the danger that Tacitus's histories might pose to one who wished to go around grabbing for power. François de Chateaubriand, for one, had already compared the new Emperor of the French to the worst emperors of Rome, warning that a new Tacitus would someday do for Napoleon what Tacitus had done for Nero. The Emperor's reaction was vicious: to Goethe and Wieland he complained that "Tacitus finds criminal intention in the simplest acts; he makes complete scoundrels out of all the emperors to make us admire his genius in exposing them". To others he swore that Tacitus, ce pamphlétaire, had "slandered the emperors" whom, he averred, the Roman people had loved.

Twentieth century
By the 20th century authenticity of the remaining texts ascribed to Tacitus was generally acknowledged, apart from some difference of opinion about the Dialogus. Tacitus became a stock part of any education in classical literature – usually, however, only after the study of Caesar, Livy, Cicero, etc., while Tacitus' style requires a greater understanding of the Latin language, and is perceived as less "classical" than the authors of the Augustan age.

A remarkable feat was accomplished by Robert Graves: the major gap of text of the Annals that had gone lost regarded the end of Tiberius' reign, the whole of Caligula's reign, and the major part of Claudius' reign (the remaining part of Tacitus' manuscript only took up again at this Emperor's death, for the transition to the reign of Nero). Robert Graves' novels I, Claudius (1934) and Claudius the God (1935) filled the gap perfectly: all the missing parts of the Annals, up to the latter part of the reign of Claudius himself, were covered by a coherent story. Of course part of it can be considered "mockumentary" in the Augustan History tradition (for example how Claudius really felt about republicanism, heavily elaborated by Graves sometimes based on "reconstructed" historical documents, will probably never be really established). Graves borrowed much from Tacitus' style: apart from the "directness" of an Emperor pictured to write down his memoirs for private use (linked to the "lost testament of Claudius" mentioned in Tacitus' Annals), the treatment is also on a year-by-year basis, with digressions not unlike Tacitus' "moralising" digressions, so that in the introduction of the second of these two volumes Graves saw fit to defend himself as follows: "Some reviewers of I, Claudius, the prefatory volume to Claudius the God, suggested that in writing it I had merely consulted Tacitus's Annals and Suetonius's Twelve Caesars, run them together, and expanded the result with my own 'vigorous fancy.' This was not so; nor is it the case here. Among the Classical writers who have been borrowed from in the composition of Claudius the God are Tacitus, Cassius Dio, Suetonius, Pliny, Varro, Valerius Maximus, Orosius, Frontinus, Strabo, Caesar, Columella, Plutarch, Josephus, Diodorus Siculus, Photius, Xiphilinus, Zonaras, Seneca, Petronius, Juvenal, Philo, Celsus, the authors of the Acts of the Apostles and of the pseudo-gospels of Nicodemus and St. James, and Claudius himself in his surviving letters and speeches."

Graves' work reflected back on the perception of Tacitus' work: Graves curbed the "slandering of Emperors" by portraying Claudius as a good-humoured emperor, at heart a republican, resulting in the perception that if the "Claudius" part of Tacitus' annals had survived it probably wouldn't have been all slander towards the emperors of the 1st century. The more explicit defence of republicanism in Graves' work (that is: much more explicit than in Tacitus' work) also made any further direct defense of black Tacitism quite impossible (as far as Napoleon, by not advocating a black Tacitism line of thought hadn't already made such interpretation obsolete).

By the end of 20th century, however, a sort of inverted red tacitism (as the new variant of black tacitism could be called) appeared, for example in publications like Woodman's Tacitus reviewed: the new theories described the emperors of the principate no longer as monarchs ruling as autocrats, but as "magistrates" in essence defending a "republican" form of government (which might excuse some of their rash actions), very much in line with Graves' lenient posture regarding crimes committed under the rule of princeps Claudius (for instance the putting aside of the elder L. Silanus, showing the emperor's lack of conscience according to Tacitus, Ann. XII,3; while Graves' account of the same incident appears not to incriminate Claudius).

Twenty-first century
One of Tacitus' polemics against the evils of empire, from his Agricola (ch. 30), was often quoted during the United States invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, by those who found its warnings as applicable to the modern era as to the ancient (see for example The Guardian). It reads, in part:

Auferre trucidare rapere falsis nominibus imperium, atque ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant. They plunder, they slaughter, and they steal: this they falsely name Empire, and where they make a wasteland, they call it peace. (Punctuation follows the Loeb Classical Library edition)
 * Raptores orbis, postquam cuncta vastantibus defuere terrae, iam mare scrutantur: si locuples hostis est, avari, si pauper, ambitiosi, quos non Oriens, non Occidens satiaverit [...]
 * Brigands of the world, after the earth has failed their all-devastating hands, they probe even the sea; if their enemy be wealthy, they are greedy; if he be poor, they are ambitious; neither the East nor the West has glutted them [...]
 * Brigands of the world, after the earth has failed their all-devastating hands, they probe even the sea; if their enemy be wealthy, they are greedy; if he be poor, they are ambitious; neither the East nor the West has glutted them [...]
 * }

title: Tacitean studies


text:
Jerzy Nowosielski

Jerzy Nowosielski ( Polish : ; born 7 January 1923 – died 21 February 2011) was a Polish painter, graphic artist, scenographer, illustrator and Eastern Orthodox theologian. He is regarded among the greatest contemporary Polish icon painters.

Life and career
He was born in Kraków. His father was a Lemko of Greek Catholic rite and came from Odrzechowa in the Sanok district, his mother Anna Harnlender was a Pole with German roots.

He was well known for his religious compositions (wall paintings, iconostases, polychromies) in the Eastern Orthodox Churches in Kraków, Białystok, and Jelenia Góra, the Roman Catholic Church of the Holy Cross at Wesoła, the Franciscan Church in the Azory district of Kraków, and the Greek Catholic Church in Lourdes, France. Nowosielski designed and erected the Church of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Biały Bór.

He also painted portraits, landscapes, still lifes, and abstract pictures. His works are found in Polish museums and in private collections in Canada, the US, and Germany. In 1993, he received the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta and was also awarded a prize by the Polish cultural foundation Wielka Fundacja Kultury. In 2000, he received an honorary doctorate from the Jagiellonian University. In 2008, he was awarded the Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis.

In 2022, a unique ceramic mosaic depicitng St Francis of Assisi by Nowosielski created in 1980 was discovered in the Warsaw district of Izabelin and added in 2023 to the register of cultural property due to its artistic and historic significance.

Remembrance
In 2023, on the 100th anniverary of Nowosielski's birth, the Polish Parliament declared 2023 as the Year of Jerzy Nowosielski to celebrate the artist and his legacy. In December 2023, he was the central figure of the exhibition "The Art of Seeing: Nowosielski and Others" organized at the Royal Castle in Warsaw.

title: Jerzy Nowosielski


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Carl Norden

Carl Lucas Norden (April 23, 1880 – June 14, 1965), born Carel Lucas van Norden, was a Dutch-American engineer who invented the Norden bombsight.

Biography
Norden was born in Semarang, Java. After attending a boarding school in Barneveld, Netherlands, he was educated at the ETH Zürich in Switzerland and then emigrated to the United States in 1904.

Along with Elmer Sperry, Norden worked on the first gyrostabilizers for United States ships, and became recognized for his contributions to military hardware. In 1913, he left Sperry to form his own company. In 1920, he began work on the Norden bombsight for the United States Navy. A prototype was available by 1923 and the first bombsight, containing an analog computer, was produced in 1927. Bombardiers were trained in great secrecy on how to use it. The device was used to drop bombs from high-altitude aircraft, accurately enough in practice to hit a 100-foot (30 m) circle from an altitude of 21,000 feet (6,400 m), but this accuracy was never achieved in combat.

Norden died in Zürich, Switzerland on June 14 1965.

Legacy
Norden was inducted into the US National Aviation Hall of Fame in July 1994. His work on inventing the Norden bombsight was featured in Malcolm Gladwell's book The Bomber Mafia.

title: Carl Norden


text:
User talk:HunterAmor

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 00:23, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Please see Talk:Dover sole re your edit. --Macrakis 15:24, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Jimbo Wales at UF -- next week
Hey Hunter. I've already invited you on Facebook, but I wanted to bug you again let you know about an event going on at UF next week: Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, is coming to speak!

The speech is on Wednesday, April 12 at 7 pm at Emerson Alumni Hall (1938 W. University Ave.). The speech is free and open to the public.

Jimbo's keynote will be on the role of free culture in universities. The keynote will be followed by a discussion panel of UF students and faculty. It's sponsored by Florida Free Culture, ACCENT, and the Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation.

For more information, visit this page or email me. Hope to see you here!

(P.S. Because not everyone checks their userpage regularly, I'll also email you this note if your account is set up to allow e-mails from other users.) --Tetraminoe 05:37, 9 April 2006 (UTC) (aka Gavin Baker)

Regarding edits to Schloss Eggenberg
Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia, HunterAmor! However, your edit here was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to remove spam from Wikipedia. If you were trying to insert a good link, please accept my creator's apologies, but note that the link you added, matching rule beeradvocate\.com, is on my list of links to remove and probably shouldn't be included in Wikipedia. Please read Wikipedia's external links policy for more information. If the link was to an image, please read Wikipedia's image tutorial on how to use a more appropriate method to insert the image into an article. If your link was intended to promote a site you own, are affiliated with, or will make money from inclusion in Wikipedia, please note that inserting spam into Wikipedia is against policy. For more information about me, see my FAQ page. Thanks! Shadowbot 19:28, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Meetup
Meetup/Tampa -- You're invited! Hires an editor (talk) 15:08, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:HunterAmor


text:
Exaltation (astrology)

In astrology, exaltation is one of the five essential dignities of a planet. The exaltation is a place of awareness for the planet, whereas the fall is a position of weakness concerning the function of the planet.

Each of the seven traditional planets has its exaltation in one zodiac sign. The positions are:

 * Sun: 19th degree of Aries (i.e., 18°00' - 18°59')
 * Moon: 3rd degree of Taurus
 * Mercury: 15th degree of Virgo
 * Venus: 24th degree of Pisces
 * Mars: 28th degree of Capricorn
 * Jupiter: 15th degree of Cancer
 * Saturn: 21st degree of Libra

Exaltations have also been attributed to the north node (3rd degree of Gemini) and the south node (3rd degree of Sagittarius). These positions are listed in astrological texts of the early medieval Arabic period, such as al-Biruni's 11th-century Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology. Whilst modern Vedic astrologers place significance on the exaltation positions of the nodes, the western astrological tradition transmitted through medieval Europe demonstrates little use of them in practice traditionally and currently. Al-Biruni also points out that, in contradiction to the Greeks and Persians, the Hindu astrologers of his period disagreed upon the degree positions of the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn, and did not recognize the exaltations of the nodes - a principle he described himself as being "quite proper".

The exaltations are one of the most ancient astrological factors still in use. They are used in ancient Mesopotamian astrology from an era which pre-dates the known use of the zodiac (using reference to constellation positions which shows correspondence with those later attributed to zodiac degrees). Francesca Rochberg has pointed out that since the system is found in the tradition of Enuma anu enlil, its roots may extend into the second millennium BCE. Joanne Conman believes that certain decan stars the ancient Egyptians venerated in Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts appear to be the source of the "places of secret" of the later Babylonian astrological texts referenced by Rochberg and of the corresponding planetary exaltations or hypsomata of Hellenistic astrology. The coffin texts pre-date attested Babylonian astrological texts. The pattern of the honored decans matches and appears to account for the pattern of the exaltation for four of the planets.

Why the Babylonians considered these placements to be dignified is not known to Western astrologers. Although many speculations concerning the reasoning behind it have been put forth over the centuries, there are, as Robert Hand has said, still anomalies that are almost impossible to explain with any consistency, such as the exaltation of vigorous Mars in cold Capricorn. The Western sidereal astrologer, Cyril Fagan, has speculated that the planets all rose heliacally at these degrees in the year of the erection of an important temple to the Babylonian god Nabu in the year 786 BC, but this is still very speculative.

Since in Hellenistic astrology aspects were generally recognised from sign to sign, it is uncertain whether the distance of a planet from the exact degree of exaltation had much significance. However, the degree itself was used by ancient astrologers; for example, the exact degree of exaltation of each of the luminaries (the Sun and Moon) was used in the formula for the Hellenistic Lot of Exaltation.

In later Medieval astrology, influenced by the Arab and Byzantine, a hierarchy of all five essential dignities was favored, in which the most important dignity was that of the domicile ruler, followed in importance by exaltation. Medieval astrologers assigned numerical values to each dignity in the hierarchy, and these were tabulated to provide a rough statistical mode of comparison (see Essential dignity.) These weighted valuations are still in use today by astrologers.

After the discovery of the three outer planets—Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto—modern astrologers speculated on possible domicile and exaltation rulerships for these planets. It was suggested, for example, that Neptune was the "true" domicile ruler of Pisces (usurping one of Jupiter's two domicile rulerships). The ancient system was complex and symmetrical, making no allowance for additional, unseen planets, and it is difficult to include them in traditional techniques. Most modern astrologers have therefore abandoned attempts to assign exaltations to these newer planets.

Traditional Hindu Astrology, based the notion of exaltation primarily on the stellar constellations, also called Nakshatras, in which the planet fell. There are 27 Nakshatras present in the Sidereal Zodiac. Taking 360°/27 results in a precise arc of 13° 20′ per Nakshatra, remembering that 60′ constitute 1°. For example, although Jupiter is exalted in Cancer there are 3 different Nakshatras Jupiter could occupy within the 30° arc of Cancer, namely, Punarvasu (20°00′ Gemini to 3°20 Cancer), Pushya (3°20′ to 16°40′ Cancer), and Ashlesha (16°40′ to 29°59′ Cancer). Since Jupiter is exalted at 5° Cancer this placement signifies his true exaltation in Pushya Nakshatra. The Nakshatra Devata of Pushya is Bṛhaspati, the teacher of the Gods. Jupiter will not give his full exaltation effects when he is posited in a Nakshatra besides Pushya although he is still generally exalted in the sign of Cancer. Furthermore, each Nakshatra is divided into four sections, also called pāda, and when taking 13°20′/4 results in a precise arc of 3°20′ per pāda. The four pāda denote the four goals of life according to the Vedic tradition, namely, Dharma, Artha, Kāma, and Mokṣa. Although Jupiter finds strong exaltation in Pushya there are four different pāda Jupiter could occupy within the 13°20′ arc of Pushya, namely, Dharma pāda (3°20′-6°40′ Cancer), Artha pāda (6°40′-10°00′ Cancer), Kāma pāda (10°00′-13°20′ Cancer), and Mokṣa pāda (13°20′-16°40′ Cancer). Since Jupiter is exalted at 5° Cancer this signifies "deep" exaltation in the heart of the Dharma pāda of Pushya Nakshatra in the sign of Cancer which provides the astronomical reasoning of Jupiters exaltation degree. Esoterically speaking, when Jupiter is in Cancer (which signifies the heart), and is being influenced by Bṛhaspati (the teacher of the Gods), and is directed toward righteous action (Dharma pāda) Jupiter is functioning in 100% exaltation, concerning everything Jupiter represents.

title: Exaltation (astrology)


text: User talk:65.34.202.172

title: User talk:65.34.202.172


text: Template:Canada-politician-stub

title: Template:Canada-politician-stub


text:
User talk:Otets

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 00:25, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Licences
Hi, I was interrupted in my answers yesterday, then fell in bed :-) I left you answers on lb. Remove them if you are worried afterward. Cheers. Anthere 13:21, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Russians in Luxembourg
Are you trying to tell me to add Luxembourg to the page? I do not think so. No choice is perfect. I can't add it because the Russian diaspora page has enough countries already, sorry. Russian Luxembourger (talk) 20:00, 5 September 2008 (UTC)user:Russian Luxembourger

Ok, Ill try. How can I help? Russian Luxembourger (talk) 02:03, 6 September 2008 (UTC) Alright. I'll try. Oh my god! I've seen that Church :D Russian Luxembourger (talk) 23:22, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

I am still looking, I will not give up XDRussian Luxembourger (talk) 19:31, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of band article
A tag has been placed on Le Grand Guignol (metal band) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for musical topics.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Seegoon (talk) 20:02, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Metal groups rarely appear in the charts or are aired. Your en-criteria are quite hard to meet by non-mainstream bands. But so be it, the article subsists on lb-wiki anyway. --Otets (talk) 22:31, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Otets. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Otets~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:58, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Otets


text:
User talk:The Pizza Lover

Moo! :D

title: User talk:The Pizza Lover


text:
MVV Maastricht

Maatschappelijke Voetbal Vereniging Maastricht, commonly known as MVV Maastricht or simply as MVV, is a Dutch professional football club from the city of Maastricht. Founded on 2 April 1902, MVV Maastricht currently competes in the Eerste Divisie, the second tier of Dutch football.

Because their crest is based on the city's coat of arms, an armed angel holding a red shield with a white star, they are nicknamed de Sterrendragers ("Wearers of Stars") and, in local dialect, Us MVV'ke ("our little MVV", ). The club's name was formerly Maastrichtse Voetbal Vereniging until 2011, when it was officially changed to include the city name after "MVV."

The early years (1902–1946)
In 1902, in an establishment on the famous Vrijthof square, plans were made to found a Maastricht football team. It started with the name MVC (Maastricht Football Club), but they changed its name often during their first years. It was not until 1908 that their current name MVV (Maastrichtse Voetbal Vereniging) was adopted. From the start in 1902 until 1976 MVV played continuously in the highest Dutch leagues. Periods of top rankings were varied with periods of anonymity. In the 1926–27 season they lost out the Dutch championship by losing a decisive match against SC Enschede. In 1932 they ranked second again, behind champions PSV. The 1935–36, 1938–39 and 1945–46 seasons were also successful, with two second-place finishes. In 1946–47 the team even won their league and was to participate in the champions group. This group was made up of the four champions of each region. Like in 1927, MVV had no success and finished last.

During that period some MVV players were selected for the Dutch national team. A remarkable achievement, given the fact that the KNVB (Dutch Football Association) mostly selected players from teams in the "Randstad", Bèr Felix, Sjo Soons and Jeu van Bun were selected for the national team.

Post-war MVV (1952–1969)
1952 was an important year for the team. MVV celebrated its 50th anniversary and the call to establish professional football in the Netherlands became louder. In the 1954–55 season the official KNVB and the professional football organisation (NBVB), supported by the newly founded professional teams, put their differences aside and a semi-professional league was born. In the new competition (Eredivisie) the top nine teams of the NBVB and the KNVB leagues were to participate. MVV came in third and was allowed entry in the new league.

During the 1950s and 1960s MVV had some good seasons and Fons van Wissen, Giel Haenen and Gerard Bergholtz were selected for the national team. In 1957 the Boschpoort stadium was expanded to 18,000 seats due to increasing popularity. In 1961 the club moved to the new De Geusselt ground. The popularity of the club led to a total of 100,000 fans passing the stadium entry in the 1969 season. In 1963 the club was given 14 golden stars by a committee of supporters celebrating the period of 50 years in the highest divisions. Since then, the team wore occasionally imitation golden stars, instead of the white star from the city of Maastricht weapon. The sixties were a mixed period of glory and struggling against relegation with no numerous achievements.

The golden years (1970–1974)
Times changed when MVV bought a young player from neighbouring third division team Chevremont. Willy Brokamp had an impressive stay there and his debut in the Eredivisie was at age 18. He led the team to some top rankings in the early 1970s and in 1973 he was even voted best player in the Eredivisie and became top scorer. During that period the team arguably played their best football in history. In 11 seasons with MVV Brokamp scored 141 goals. While playing for MVV, he played six times (for six goals) in the national team. Due to a conflict with MVV, who lacked his unprofessional and laid-back attitude, he moved on to Ajax.

His former team-mate and current TV analyst, Johan Derksen, said the following about him: "He never did a warming-up, because then he would be dead-tired before the match began. In a game against Excelsior he pulled his shirt over his head and did not participate in the game any more, because he was ashamed by the performance of the team. At that time, they travelled by intercity train when playing an away-game. When he overslept, the station chief would hold up the train and waited for Brokamp to arrive."

The yo-yo years (1974–2010)
In 1976 MVV was relegated to the second division (Eerste Divisie). A disastrous season without Brokamp, who had moved to AFC Ajax in 1974, led to the first relegation in their history. The first year in the second division ended with a third-place finish and the team just missed out on promotion. The second year they finished second and the team won promotion via the promotion/relegation play-offs. In 1980 they beat Ajax in a historic match by 3–6. Still the biggest home-defeat in the old De Meer Stadium for the Amsterdam squad. After some years of mid-table finishes the team was relegated again in 1982.

In 1984 they won the second division, only to be relegated in 1986 for the third time in a short period of time. After earning a promotion in 1988, they were back in the Eredivisie. MVV finally managed to avoid the drop and remained in the highest division until 1995. During that period strikers Cees Schapendonk and Erik Meijer played their caps for the national team and defender Erik Gerets was selected for the Belgium national football team. In the 1991–92 and 1992–93 seasons the team finished seventh for two years in a row, nearly achieving European football. In 1992, MVV was voted Team of the Year" by the KNVB, mostly because of their attacking playing style, implemented by coach Sef Vergoossen.

Surprisingly, the 1995 season ended with another relegation. Once again it took the team two years to taste first division football again. A young and talented squad, led by coach and former MVV goalkeeper Frans Körver, won the second division again in 1997. Almost 50,000 fans celebrated this achievement on the market square. Yet the fifth relegation followed in 2000, forcing the renowned team to celebrate their 100th anniversary in the second division. Breaking with the tradition of promoting after two seasons, MVV even came in 18th in the 2004 season. Their poorest season in history. Currently, the club is still in the second division and occupying a 10th position on the all-time Eredivisie list.

In 2008, it was proposed to merge the Limburgish clubs MVV, Roda JC Kerkrade, VVV-Venlo and Fortuna Sittard to create a new club called FC Limburg. The merger was however cancelled after the province Limburg denied its backing of the project.

A new beginning (2010–present)
After years of financial troubles, MVV was classified by the KNVB as 'financially healthy' (category 3) at the beginning of the 2011–12 season. This was unique, because never before had a club from category 1 ('insufficient') been promoted directly to category 3 of the financial health list. In the KNVB assessment of 2018, MVV Maastricht had dropped to category 2 ('sufficient').

At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, the club changed its name from 'Maastrichtse Voetbal Vereniging' to 'Maatschappelijke Voetbal Vereniging Maastricht' ("Social Football Club Maastricht") and the club logo and the board also changed. The KNVB had imposed a penalty on the club because of the financial problems in 2010, which meant that the club had to start the competition with an eight-point deduction. Yet, they finished in 10th place; above expectations. MVV would once again reach the promotion play-offs in 2011, 2012 and 2012–13 season, but the club stranded in the first round three years in a row due to elimination by FC Volendam, SC Cambuur and again FC Volendam, respectively.

Led by head coach René Trost, who was working in his third and final season in Maastricht, the club competed for the championship in the 2012–13 season from the onset. MVV immediately became period champions of the 1st period, then became Herbstmeister and also retained championship ambitions for large parts of the second half of the season. Due to the bankruptcies of AGOVV and Veendam, however, in accordance with the rules of the KNVB, the results played against those clubs were cancelled. At that point, MVV had played against those clubs three times and won three times, meaning MVV had to hand in nine points. Ultimately, MVV ended in fifth place, eleven points behind eventual winners SC Cambuur.

MVV managed to reach the promotion play-offs in 2015–16 and 2016–17. In the play-offs in 2015–16, MVV eliminated FC Volendam in the first round, but were eliminated in the second round by De Graafschap. In the play-offs of 2016–17, MVV managed to reach the final. MVV, who had entered in the second round, defeated Cambuur on their way. In the finals, MVV lost on aggregate to local rivals Roda JC Kerkrade who therefore retained their position in the Eredivisie. The first match was marked by unrest and rioting supporters, and was therefore suspended for 30 minutes.

Support and rivalries
MVV has always been known in the Netherlands as a team with very passionate fans. In the eighties and early nineties, MVV had a notorious hardcore fan base called the Angel Side. The name chosen because of Maastricht's city coat of arms, which features an angel, they were infamous for causing trouble and rioting on numerous occasions throughout the country. Today the group still exists but is weakened by anti-hooliganism legislation and the poor achievements of the team.

The dramatic sportive and financial situation of the team led to some serious incidents. In 2003 when fans gathered around the town hall to listen to the debate over a municipal loan for MVV, eventually leading to riots. Mayor Leers decided that the city of Maastricht should not support MVV financially anymore and bankruptcy was minutes away. Bricks and bottles were thrown at the town hall and groups of people tried to force their way in the building. Aldermen, council members and riot police were attacked, when they tried to leave the town hall. This also led to a massive pitch invasion at the last game of the season.

During the years the fans also protested heavily against a merger with arch-rivals Roda JC Kerkrade and Fortuna Sittard. This led to another pitch invasion and death threats to club directors.

Aside from the rivalries with Roda JC and Fortuna Sittard, MVV also share rivalries with Helmond Sport, VVV Venlo and NEC Nijmegen. Roda JC-MVV is considered the main rivalry in the Dutch Province of Limburg by both sets of supporters, despite a long period without the two sides playing in the beginning of the millennium, with the two sets of hardcore support regularly clashing and players making the switch between the two clubs receiving death threats. Roda JC are considered by Maastricht supporters as one having a Germanic and Limburgish identity, with German flags present in the Kerkrade-based club's stand and the Limburgish anthem being played at every home game. Maastricht on the other hand is known for its distinct Latin, Burgundian identity compared to the rest of the Province.

Ownership and finances
For a time MVV had a reputation as a well-paying team, where older players and former stars could end their career for a substantial compensation. In 1946 MVV even tried to lure the legendary striker Faas Wilkes to Maastricht. They offered two Bedford trucks to the Wilkes' family transport corporation for him and his brother Leen. They both accepted. But in a time where football was only played on amateur basis in the Netherlands, the KNVB discovered the transaction and threatened to ban Wilkes for a long time. So Faas Wilkes and his brother stayed with their team Xerxes in Rotterdam. A few years later he moved to Internazionale to become one of the first professional football players from the Netherlands. The KNVB banned him for nearly five years.

In 1983, under the reign of VVD MP Max Tripels, the club got into a financial abyss. The debt was 4.5 million guilders. Tripels asked horse and construction billionaire Léon Melchior to reorganise the finances. In cooperation with others, Melchior started a project for a new stadium and in 1986 the municipal government gave the Geusselt ground to MVV. They even gave the team 3.7 million for the new stadium. But when Melchior started making ambitious plans and wanted to invest heavily in MVV, he was forced out by an old boys network, who had ruled MVV for a long time. The old stadium was renovated but a new one never came.

In 1993, the team was hit with another blow. The FIOD (Fiscal Police) raided the offices of MVV and arrested chairman Karl Dittrich, director Ron Weijzen and former chairman Bert Lieben. The reason for the arrests were the claims made by former financial administrator Marcel Koenen, who was arrested for stealing from the bank accounts of MVV. The directors were accused of bribe, tax fraud and forgery. Dittrich admitted that talks were held over bribing FC Utrecht after the match and the FIOD found a curious flow of funds but charges were dropped because the evidence was not sufficient. The claims of forgery and tax fraud stood and Dittrich settled the case.

In 2001, just before their 100th anniversary in 2002, disaster struck again. The financial situation was bad and bankruptcy was only minutes away. The question was again whether MVV would celebrate their 100th anniversary. Yet again, MVV management decided to go to the municipal government. With arguments such as "the bankruptcy of the Sport7 channel caused the bad financial situation" and "MVV is very important to the people of Maastricht" etc. they were able to convince mayor Houben and the aldermen. So eventually they managed to keep the club alive for 2002. MVV had a debt of 1.5 million euros and the last solution was to go to the municipal government again, for the second time within only a couple of years. But this time, in April 2003, they refused. According to newly appointed mayor Leers, "the town could not grant MVV yet another loan because the citizens would not accept it." However, thousands of people gathered around the town hall to protest the intentions of the municipal government. Later, just in time, billionaire Léon Melchior saved the club again by paying off its debts. Currently, the club has reorganised their finances and is building on a solid financial basis.

Stadium
In the early days MVV changed grounds often, starting by playing promotional games on the Vrijthof square. They moved to a cycling track on the edge of the city, before finally creating their own ground at the Boschpoort location. The stadium was given the same name. It is claimed that the first MVV players themselves raised the pasture to create a playable pitch. Later on stands were built, improved and enlarged during various periods in time.

In January 1962 they moved to their current ground at the Geusselt terrain. Again, the name of the location also became the name of the stadium. The Geusselt was restructured at different occasions. In a first major reconstruction the athletic track was removed, the pitch was turned 90 degrees and newly built seat-only stands reduced the capacity of the ground. In the new millennium the open corners of the stadium were closed and the last stand-only stand was replaced by a seat-only stand. Currently the stadium has a capacity of approximately 10,000.

Honours

 * Eerste Divisie
 * Winner: 1984, 1997
 * Promoted to Eredivisie
 * Promotion: 1978, 1988
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup
 * Winner: 1970

Results
Below is a table with MVV's domestic results since the introduction of professional football in 1956.

Managerial history

 * 🏴 Bill Julian (1932–34)
 * 🇦🇹 Viktor Havlicek (1948–56)
 * 🇦🇹 Friedrich Donnenfeld (1966–68)
 * George Knobel (1969–73)
 * Maarten Vink (1973)
 * Leo Canjels (1973–75)
 * André Maas (1975–76)
 * George Knobel (1976–78)
 * Leo Steegman (1978–81)
 * Cor van der Hart (1980–81)
 * 🇩🇪 Friedel Rausch (1982–83)
 * Jo Bonfrere (1983)
 * Clemens Westerhof (1983–84)
 * 🏴 Barry Hughes (1984–85)
 * Jo Bonfrere (1985)
 * Cor Brom (1985)
 * Pim van de Meent (1985–86)
 * Frans Körver (1986–89)
 * Sef Vergoossen (1989–95)
 * Jan Reker (1995–95)
 * Frans Körver (1995–98)
 * Wim Koevermans (1998–2000)
 * Roger Reijners (2000–02)
 * Ron Elsen (2002–03) (caretaker)
 * Jan van Deinsen (2003–04)
 * Rob Delahaye (2004) (caretaker)
 * Andries Jonker (2004–06)
 * Jurrie Koolhof (2006–07)
 * Ron Elsen (2007) (caretaker)
 * Rob Delahaye (2007) (caretaker)
 * Robert Maaskant (2007–08)
 * 🇹🇷 Fuat Çapa (2008–10)
 * Paul Meulenberg (2010) (caretaker)
 * Ron Elsen (2010) (caretaker)
 * René Trost (2010–13)
 * Tiny Ruys (2013)
 * Edwin Hermans / Ron Elsen (2013–14)
 * Ron Elsen (2014–19)
 * 🇹🇷 Fuat Usta (2019–20)
 * 🇧🇦 Darije Kalezić (2020–21)
 * Klaas Wels (2021–2022)
 * Maurice Verberne (2022–present)

title: MVV Maastricht


text:
Magic series

A magic series is a set of distinct positive integers which add up to the magic constant of a magic square and a magic cube, thus potentially making up lines in magic tesseracts.

So, in an n × n magic square using the numbers from 1 to n2, a magic series is a set of n distinct numbers adding up to n(n2 + 1)/2. For n = 2, there are just two magic series, 1+4 and 2+3. The eight magic series when n = 3 all appear in the rows, columns and diagonals of a 3 × 3 magic square.

Maurice Kraitchik gave the number of magic series up to n = 7 in Mathematical Recreations in 1942. In 2002, Henry Bottomley extended this up to n = 36 and independently Walter Trump up to n = 32. In 2005, Trump extended this to n = 54 (over 2 × 10111) while Bottomley gave an experimental approximation for the numbers of magic series:
 * $$\frac{1}{\pi} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{3}{e}} \cdot \frac{(e n)^n}{n^3-\frac{3}{5}n^2+\frac{2}{7}n}$$

In July 2006, Robert Gerbicz extended this sequence up to n = 150.

In 2013 Dirk Kinnaes was able to exploit his insight that the magic series could be related to the volume of a polytope. Trump used this new approach to extend the sequence up to n = 1000.

Mike Quist showed that the exact second-order count has a multiplicative factor of $$\tfrac{1}{n^3}\!\left(1+\tfrac{3}{5n}+\tfrac{31}{420n^2}+\cdots\right)$$ equivalent to a denominator of $$n^3-\tfrac{3}{5}n^2+\left(\tfrac{2}{7} + \tfrac{1}{2100} \right)\!n+ \cdots.$$

Richard Schroeppel in 1973 published the complete enumeration of the order 5 magic squares at 275,305,224. This recent magic series work gives hope that the relationship between the magic series and the magic square may provide an exact count for order 6 or order 7 magic squares. Consider an intermediate structure that lies in complexity between the magic series and the magic square. It might be described as an amalgamation of 4 magic series that have only one unique common integer. This structure forms the two major diagonals and the central row and column for an odd order magic square. Building blocks such as these could be the way forward.

title: Magic series


text:
Talk:Project Runeberg

False Assertion
Runeberg does not rhyme with Gutenberg in Finnish or Swedish, his root ethnicity. It's pronounced as "Roon-er-berry" with that last syllable pronounced as the English would pronounce the fruit rasp/straw/black - berry. (Sorry not familiar enough with the IPA to write it out with those ungodly symbols phoneticists use). So the article is false in its assertion about that being why the name was adopted.Jatrius (talk) 19:05, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Project Runeberg


text:
Talk:Grammatical modality

No, still no idea what a modality is. Massively unclear.

 * yes, i agree. i'll try to fix it up. – ishwar  (speak)  16:14, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Harmonizing with Grammatical mood
These categories should surely be harmonized with Grammatical mood. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Grammatical_mood and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_modality_rev  Ken H 15:48:42, 2005-08-03 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grammatical modality


text:
Charles B. Fulton

Charles Britton Fulton (May 12, 1910 – May 15, 1996) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

Education and career
Born in Fallon, Nevada Fulton received a Bachelor of Laws from the Fredric G. Levin College of Law at the University of Florida in 1935. He was in private practice of law in West Palm Beach, Florida from 1935 to 1963. He was an assistant state attorney general of Florida in 1942. He was in the United States Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1946. He was General Counsel of the Board of Commissioners of the Port of Palm Beach District from 1950 to 1963. He was president, Chairman of the Board and General Counsel for Home Federal Savings and Loan Association of Palm Beach, Florida from 1958 to 1963.

Federal judicial service
Fulton was nominated by President John F. Kennedy on April 4, 1963, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, to a new seat created by 75 Stat. 80. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24, 1963, and received his commission on April 26, 1963. He served as Chief Judge from 1966 to 1977. He assumed senior status on June 30, 1978. His service was terminated on May 15, 1996, due to his death in West Palm Beach.

title: Charles B. Fulton


text:
Talk:EPICS

Article is a direct cut and paste of the About page of the EPICS site. --RA 00:28, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Just fleshed out the article a bit more. Don't think I've made any blunders but if I have said something misleading please fix it.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:EPICS


text:
Anita Shreve

Anita Hale Shreve (October 7, 1946 – March 29, 2018) was an American writer, chiefly known for her novels. One of her first published stories, Past the Island, Drifting (published 1975), was awarded an O. Henry Prize in 1976.

Early years and education
Born in Boston, the eldest of three daughters, Shreve grew up in Dedham, Massachusetts. She was a member of the Dedham High School class of 1964.

Her father, Richard Harold Shreve,  was an airline pilot for Delta Air Lines and later a trompe l'oeil painter, while her mother, Bibiana Kennedy, was a homemaker.

Shreve graduated from Tufts University and was a member of Chi Omega.

Personal life
She married Jack Christensen, her first husband, while he finished his medical degree at Harvard Medical School. She met her second husband, Clay Wescott, at Reading Memorial High School, where they were teachers. Shreve and Wescott were living in Hingham, Massachusetts, and taking part in a Wescott family project to build Alcyone, a 41-foot sailboat, which was launched in January 1973. Some of Shreve's voyages with Wescott in Alcyone became fictionalized in her later writing. Wescott and Shreve married in 1975, and went to Kenya together, where Wescott got a job with the Harvard Institute for International Development while finishing his PhD. In 1978, Wescott and Shreve split up and returned to the USA.

In 1980, she married again, this time to John Clemans, a photographer she met at Viva Magazine, in Nairobi, and with whom she had two children, Christopher and Katherine. She was married for a fourth time, in 1999, to John Osborn, an insurance broker, and remained with him until her death.

Career
Shreve taught at Reading Memorial High School before shifting to Hingham High School. Shreve wanted to become a writer, but it wasn't easy. Wescott and Shreve had a wall of their apartment covered with all the rejection notices she received. While in Kenya, Shreve worked as Deputy Editor for Viva Magazine, an award-winning Kenyan publication under the direction of Salim Lone. Some of Shreve's Kenyan adventures also ended up in her books. One book, A Change in Altitude, was a fictional account about a climb to the top of Mount Kenya that Wescott and Shreve did with their friends Mary and Richard Oates. In the real story, they were near the top of the mountain, and Mary slipped on the ice, but the guide caught her before she fell off the edge. In Shreve's version, Mary fell off the edge and died. Shreve was a cheerful person, but her stories were often tragic.

She continued to work as a freelance journalist. In 1999, while she was teaching Creative Writing at Amherst College, Oprah Winfrey called, selecting The Pilot's Wife for her book club. Since then, Shreve's novels have sold millions of copies worldwide.

In 2000, her novel The Weight of Water was made into a movie of the same title, directed by Kathryn Bigelow and starring Sean Penn, Sarah Polley, and Elizabeth Hurley. Two years later, her novel Resistance became a film of the same name and starred Bill Paxton and Julia Ormond. That same year, CBS released The Pilot's Wife as a movie of the week starring Christine Lahti and John Heard.

Death and legacy
Anita Shreve died on March 29, 2018, aged 71, at her home at Newfields, New Hampshire, from cancer. Her widower, John Osborn, donated a collection of her books to Dedham High School. The books were given at a special ceremony attended by Osborn and several of her classmates. The books are displayed in a special case in the library with a commemorative plaque.

Awards and honors

 * 2000: Short-listed for the Orange Prize, The Weight of Water
 * 1999: Oprah Winfrey's Book Club, The Pilot's Wife
 * 1998: L.L. Winship/PEN New England Award, The Weight of Water
 * 1976: O. Henry Prize, Past the Island, Drifting

Fiction

 * Past the Island, Drifting (1975)
 * Eden Close (1989)
 * Strange Fits of Passion (1991)
 * Where or When (1993)
 * Resistance (1995)
 * The Weight of Water (1997) (Shortlisted for the 1998 Orange Prize)
 * The Pilot's Wife (1998)
 * Fortune's Rocks (1999)
 * The Last Time They Met (2001)
 * Sea Glass (2002)
 * All He Ever Wanted (2003)
 * Light on Snow (2004)
 * A Wedding in December (2005)
 * Body Surfing (2007)
 * Testimony (2008)
 * A Change in Altitude (2009)
 * Rescue (2010)
 * Stella Bain (2013)
 * The Stars Are Fire (2017)

Nonfiction

 * Remaking Motherhood: How Working Mothers are Shaping Our Children's Future (1987)
 * Women Together, Women Alone: The Legacy of the Consciousness-Raising Movement (1989)

title: Anita Shreve


text:
United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez

United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259 (1990), was a United States Supreme Court decision that determined that Fourth Amendment protections do not apply to searches and seizures by United States agents of property owned by a nonresident alien in a foreign country.

Facts
Rene Martin Verdugo-Urquidez, a Mexican citizen reputed to be a drug-lord involved in the torture and murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena Salazar, was arrested and brought to the United States. The DEA decided that it would be a good idea to search the defendant's home, so agents received authorization from the Mexican government to conduct the search. The agents found documents believed to be the defendant's records of his marijuana shipments.

When the government sought to introduce the documents as evidence in court, the defendant objected, asserting that they were obtained without a warrant, and therefore could not constitutionally be used at trial. The United States District Court agreed, and invoked the exclusionary rule to suppress the documents (i.e., to prevent them from being used as evidence). The government appealed this ruling, which was affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The government then appealed to the Supreme Court.

Opinion of the Court
The Court held that the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures did not apply where United States agents searched and seized property located in a foreign country owned by a nonresident alien in the United States. Chief Justice Rehnquist authored the opinion for the Court, joined by Justices White, Scalia, Kennedy and O'Connor, contending that "the people" intended to be protected by the Fourth Amendment were the people of the United States, and that the defendant's "legal but involuntary presence" on U.S. soil (a direct result of his arrest) failed to create a sufficient relationship with the U.S. to allow him to call upon the Constitution for protection.

Concurring opinions
Justice Kennedy authored a concurring opinion, contending that the application of the Fourth Amendment in cases such as this would interfere with the ability of the U.S. to engage in actions designed to protect the nation's interests abroad.

Justice Stevens also authored a concurring opinion, contending that the Fourth Amendment and its accompanying prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures does apply in such cases, but concluding that this search and seizure was reasonable because it was done with the permission and assistance of the government of Mexico and because no U.S. court would have had the authority to issue a warrant for such a search.

Dissenting opinions
Justice Brennan dissented, joined by Justice Marshall, contending that the Fourth Amendment was indeed intended by the framers to apply to any action undertaken by the federal government. They contended that the Constitution grants the government limited powers, and the application of rights is one such limitation. Therefore, no agent of the federal government could ever conduct a search that was not governed by the Fourth Amendment.

Justice Blackmun also dissented, contending that when a foreign national is charged with a violation of U.S. criminal law, he is being treated as one of the governed.

title: United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez


text: User talk:68.193.179.173

title: User talk:68.193.179.173


text:
Q-ball

In theoretical physics, Q-ball is a type of non-topological soliton. A soliton is a localized field configuration that is stable—it cannot spread out and dissipate. In the case of a non-topological soliton, the stability is guaranteed by a conserved charge: the soliton has lower energy per unit charge than any other configuration. (In physics, charge is often represented by the letter "Q", and the soliton is spherically symmetric, hence the name.)

Intuitive explanation
A Q-ball arises in a theory of bosonic particles when there is an attraction between the particles. Loosely speaking, the Q-ball is a finite-sized "blob" containing a large number of particles. The blob is stable against fission into smaller blobs and against "evaporation" via emission of individual particles, because, due to the attractive interaction, the blob is the lowest-energy configuration of that number of particles. (This is analogous to the fact that nickel-62 is the most stable nucleus because it is the most stable configuration of neutrons and protons. However, nickel-62 is not a Q-ball, in part because neutrons and protons are fermions, not bosons.)

For there to be a Q-ball, the number of particles must be conserved (i.e. the particle number is a conserved "charge", so the particles are described by a complex-valued field $$\phi$$), and the interaction potential $$V(\phi)$$ of the particles must have a negative (attractive) term. For non-interacting particles, the potential would be just a mass term $$V_\text{free}(\phi) = m^2 |\phi|^2$$, and there would be no Q-ball. But if one adds an attractive $$-\lambda |\phi|^4$$ term (and positive higher powers of $$\phi$$ to ensure that the potential has a lower bound), then there are values of $$\phi$$ where $$V(\phi) < V_\text{free}(\phi)$$, i.e. the energy of these field values is less than the energy of a free field. This corresponds to saying that one can create blobs of non-zero field (i.e. clusters of many particles) whose energy is lower than the same number of individual particles far apart. Those blobs are therefore stable against evaporation into individual particles.

Construction
In its simplest form, a Q-ball is constructed in a field theory of a complex scalar field $$\phi$$, in which Lagrangian is invariant under a global $$U(1)$$ symmetry. The Q-ball solution is a state that minimizes energy while keeping the charge Q associated with the global $$U(1)$$ symmetry constant. A particularly transparent way of finding this solution is via the method of Lagrange multipliers. In particular, in three spatial dimensions we must minimize the functional

 * $$E_\omega = E + \omega \left[ Q - \frac{1}{2i} \int d^3\, x(\phi^* \partial_t \phi - \phi \partial_t \phi^*) \right],$$

where the energy is defined as

 * $$E = \int d^3\, x \left[ \frac{1}{2} \dot\phi^2 + \frac{1}{2} |\nabla \phi|^2 + U(\phi, \phi^*) \right],$$

and $$\omega$$ is our Lagrange multiplier. The time dependence of the Q-ball solution can be obtained easily if one rewrites the functional $$E_\omega$$ as

 * $$E_\omega = \int d^3\, x \left[ \frac{1}{2} |\dot\phi - i \omega \phi|^2 + \frac{1}{2} |\nabla \phi|^2 + \hat{U}_\omega(\phi, \phi^*) \right],$$

where $$\hat{U}_\omega = U - \frac{1}{2} \omega^2 \phi^2$$. Since the first term in the functional is now positive, minimization of this terms implies

 * $$\phi(\vec{r}, t) = \phi_{0}(\vec{r}) e^{i\omega t}.$$

We therefore interpret the Lagrange multiplier $$\omega$$ as the frequency of oscillation of the field within the Q-ball.

The theory contains Q-ball solutions if there are any values of $$\phi^* \phi$$ at which the potential is less than $$m^2 \phi^* \phi$$. In this case, a volume of space with the field at that value can have an energy per unit charge that is less than $$m$$, meaning that it cannot decay into a gas of individual particles. Such a region is a Q-ball. If it is large enough, its interior is uniform and is called "Q-matter". (For a review see Lee et al. (1992).

Thin-wall Q-balls
The thin-wall Q-ball was the first to be studied, and this pioneering work was carried out by Sidney Coleman in 1986. For this reason, Q-balls of the thin-wall variety are sometimes called "Coleman Q-balls".

We can think of this type of Q-ball a spherical ball of nonzero vacuum expectation value. In the thin-wall approximation we take the spatial profile of the field to be simply

 * $$\phi_0(r) = \theta(R - r) \phi_0.$$

In this regime the charge carried by the Q-ball is simply $$Q = \omega \phi_0^2 V$$. Using this fact, we can eliminate $$\omega$$ from the energy, such that we have

 * $$E = \frac{1}{2} \frac{Q^2}{\phi_0^2 V} + U(\phi_0) V.$$

Minimization with respect to $$V$$ gives

 * $$V = \sqrt{\frac{Q^2}{2 U(\phi_0) \phi_0^2}}.$$

Plugging this back into the energy yields

 * $$E = \sqrt{ \frac{2 U(\phi_0)}{\phi_0^2}}\, Q.$$

Now all that remains is to minimize the energy with respect to $$\phi_0$$. We can therefore state that a Q-ball solution of the thin-wall type exists if and only if

 * $$\min = \frac{2 U(\phi)}{\phi^2}$$ for $$\phi > 0$$.

When the above criterion is satisfied the Q-ball exists and by construction is stable against decays into scalar quanta. The mass of the thin-wall Q-ball is simply the energy

 * $$M(Q) = \omega_0 Q.$$

Although this kind of Q-ball is stable against decay into scalars, it is not stable against decay into fermions if the scalar field $$\phi$$ has nonzero Yukawa couplings to some fermions. This decay rate was calculated in 1986 by Andrew Cohen, Sidney Coleman, Howard Georgi, and Aneesh Manohar.

History
Configurations of a charged scalar field that are classically stable (stable against small perturbations) were constructed by Rosen in 1968. Stable configurations of multiple scalar fields were studied by Friedberg, Lee, and Sirlin in 1976. The name "Q-ball" and the proof of quantum-mechanical stability (stability against tunnelling to lower-energy configurations) come from Sidney Coleman.

Occurrence in nature
It has been theorized that dark matter might consist of Q-balls (Frieman et al. 1988, Kusenko et al. 1997 ) and that Q-balls might play a role in baryogenesis, i.e. the origin of the matter that fills the universe (Dodelson et al. 1990, Enqvist et al. 1997 ). Interest in Q-balls was stimulated by the suggestion that they arise generically in supersymmetric field theories (Kusenko 1997 ), so if nature really is fundamentally supersymmetric, then Q-balls might have been created in the early universe and still exist in the cosmos today.

It has been hypothesised that the early universe had many energy lumps that consisted of Q-balls. When these eventually interacted with each other they ‘’popped’’, i.e., dispersed, creating more matter particles than antimatter particles and explaining why matter predominates in the visible universe. It should be possible to verify this by detecting gravitational waves propagated by the  popping  of the Q-balls.

Fiction

 * In the movie Sunshine, the Sun is undergoing a premature death. The movie's science adviser, scientist Brian Cox, proposed "infection" with a Q-ball as the mechanism for this death, but this is mentioned only in the commentary tracks and not in the movie itself.
 * In the fictional universe of Orion's Arm, Q-balls are one of the speculated sources for the large amounts of antimatter used by certain groups.
 * In the TV series Sliders, Q-Ball is the nickname given by Rembrandt Brown (Crying Man) to Quinn Mallory.

title: Q-ball


text:
Talk:Invertebrate

Semi-protected edit request on 20 May 2024
In the table beneath "Number of Extant Species" there is an erroneous addition of one "Anthony Albanese" - this needs to be removed from the table altogether, as Anthony clearly posesses a vertebral column and is therefore not an invertebrate. 2A00:23C6:1771:E701:C278:D38B:D153:1542 (talk) 13:37, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Liu1126 (talk) 13:48, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Invertebrate


text:
Alter Ego (band)

Alter Ego is a German music group comprising Roman Flügel and Jörn Elling Wuttke. They achieved notability in 2004 with their track "Rocker", which became one of the year's defining dance anthems, especially in Europe, and getting played on rotation amongst the most popular DJs such as Felix Da Housecat, 2 Many DJs and The Chemical Brothers. The track peaked at #32 in the UK Singles Chart.

In the 2004 Groove Magazine Readers Poll, Alter Ego won three categories, taking out the award for 'Best Single' for "Rocker", 'Best Album' for Transphormer, and also 'Best Live Act'. French group Black Strobe took out 'Best Remix' honours with their remix of "Rocker".

Though the two remain friends, Alter Ego have not been active since the release of their final album in 2008. In interviews, Flügel suggested that the hiatus occurred because the two simply stopped enjoying working professionally, and following their own projects was the best way of both securing their friendship and keeping their work interesting.

In 2005, Roman Flügel went on to produce the track "Gehts Noch?", which was a worldwide hit, and was regularly played by many international DJs. Since Alter Ego became inactive, Flügel signed to Dial Records and released three full length solo albums so far, along with several EPs released on various other labels and collaborations with like-minded artists such as Simian Mobile Disco and Daniel Avery, who count Flügel's work as inspirations. In contrast to the harsh, electro-house style that made "Rocker" and "Gehts Noch?" successful, Flügel's recent work is inspired chiefly by techno and krautrock.

Albums

 * Alter Ego (1994)
 * Alterism (1996) (remix album)
 * Decoding the Hacker Myth (1996)
 * Transphormer (2004)
 * Transphormed (2005) (remix album)
 * Why Not?! (2007)
 * What's Next?! (2008) (remix album)
 * The Lost Album (2012)

Singles

 * "Rocker" [Universal CD] (2005) (AUS #91)
 * "Rocker" [Ultra 12"] (2005)
 * "Betty Ford EP" (2000)
 * "Slaughterhouse" (2000)
 * "Absolute" (1997)
 * "The Evil Needle" (1997)
 * "Decoding the Hacker Myth Remixes, Vol. 1" (1996)

Remixes

 * "Giving You Up" – Kylie Minogue (2005)
 * "Suffer Well" – Depeche Mode (2006)
 * "Psychological" – Pet Shop Boys (2006)
 * "Human After All" – Daft Punk (2006)
 * "Trauermusik" – Partial Arts (2007)
 * "Hypercommunication" – Poni Hoax (2008)

title: Alter Ego (band)


text:
Pandharpur

Pandharpur (Pronunciation: [pəɳɖʱəɾpuːɾ]) is a Popular pilgrimage town, on the banks of Chandrabhagā River, near Solapur city in Solapur District, Maharashtra, India. Its administrative area is one of eleven tehsils in the District, and it is an electoral constituency of the state legislative assembly ( vidhan sabha ). The Vithoba temple attracts about a million Hindu pilgrims during the major yātrā (pilgrimage) in Ashadha (June–July).

A small temple of Śri Vitthala-Rukmini is also located, which is as old as the main Vitthala-Rukmini Mandir, in Isbavi area of Pandharpur known as Wakhari Va Korti Devalayas and also known as Visava Mandir. The Bhakti Saint, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, is said to have spent a period of 7 days in city at the Vithobha Temple. It is said that the deity Vithoba has been worshipped by many saints of Maharashtra. Sant Dnyaneshwar, Sant Tukārām, Sant Nāmdev, Sant Eknāth, Sant Nivruttināth, Sant Muktābai, Sant Chokhāmel̥ā, Sant Savatā Māli, Sant Narhari Sonār, Sant Gorā Kumbhār, Sant Meerā Bai and Sant Gajānan Mahāraj are a few of those prominent saints.

History
The oldest mention of Pandharpur is from 516 CE from Rashtrakuta era copper plate inscription. Yadava Kings in 11th and 12 the century gave numerous donations to the temple as evident from the inscriptions.

In the era of Adilshahi, most of the town was destroyed by Afzal Khan. Saints from all across Maharashtra still gathered here for annual pilgrimage and thus Pandharpur became the heart of the devotional movement which laid to the social-religious reform. This resulted in new social synthesis which later paved the foundation of Maratha Empire.

In the second half of the 18th century under the Marathas the temple and town was rebuilt under the Peshwas of Pune, Scindia of Gwailor and Holkar of Indore.

Mahadwar
Mahadwar is main locality in the city and a market place. Mahadwar leads to main ghāt of Pandharpur that is "Mahadwar ghat".There is temple of Bhakta Pundalika on the ghāt.

It is said that Krishna came to Pandharpur to meet his disciple Bhakta Pundalīk a who was busy serving his parents that time .He offered brick called viṭ in maraṭhi to Krishna and requested him to wait standing on the brick for sometime till he attends his parents. The same Krishna is standing on the brick for last 28 yuga and thus is also knows as Vitthala. So in ārati of vitthal it is mentioned "yuge atṭhāvis (28), viṭhevari ubhā".

Significance
There are other many ancient scriptures which elaborate the importance of Vitthala.

Chandogya Upanishad : The fourth chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad, has one of the source of the ancient tradition of Shri Vitthala's worship. It contains the story of King Janśhruti who mentions about his visit to Pandharpur when he was on the way to search for Raikva. He remarks that " He arrived at the location where the god "Vitthala," who is simply a reincarnation of Vishnu, was located on the bank of the river Bhimā. The name of this pilgrimage is Bindutirth, and the name of the local deity is Bindumādhav. There the God who gives the blessings of material and spiritual prosperity still lives."

Padma Purana : The meaning of Pānduranga or Viṭthala is explained in Varāha samhitā of Padma Purana. Devrishi Nārada narrates to Ādiśeṣa about arrival of Pānduranga in Pandharpur, It explains the background and significance of Vitthala's brick-standing at Pandharpur and origin of the Bhima River. Additionally, it provides information on Pandharpur's different gods and deities. Neera Narasinḥpur is as holy as Prayāga, Korti or Vishnupad is as holy as Gayā, and Pandharpur is as holy as Kāśī. Therefore, a trip to Pandharpur could result in the blessings of the pilgrimage to these three locations. This is where Gaya śhraddha and Kāshi yātra rituals can be carried out. Skanda Purana: Shiva narrates to Pārvati, "This place is spiritually fruitful three times more than Puṣhkara, six times more than Kedārnāth, ten times more than Vārānasi and many more times than Śriśaila. Performing Yātra, Vāri, and Dān have great merit at this place. There are four gates on the outside and inside of this building. Only via these gates may a person enter a city and they must bend their heads to the deity of these revered gates. Goddess Sarasvati is to the east, Siddheshvar of Machanoor is to the south, Bhuvaneshvar is to the west, and Mahiśhāsūrmardini is to the north at the internal gate. To the east of the exterior gates are Trivikarms of Ter, Koteshvar of Krishnatir Shorpalaya Kśhetra, Mahālakśhmī of Kolhāpur and Narsinḥa of Neera narasinhapur.

Vishnu is regarded to reside here with his nine celestial attributes. Vimalā, Uttkarshani, Dyan, Kriyā, Yoga, Pavi, Satyā, Eshana, and Anugraha are the names of those nine powers. Garuḍh (the eagle) stands in front of the Pānduranga statue, with Brahmā and Sanakadika to its right and the eleven Rudras and Shiva to its left. All of the gods, including Indra, are applauding Panduranga from behind the idol.

This ancient text goes into detail about the importance and advantages of various temple rituals, including taking refuge in the temple's shadow, performing Pānduranga darshan, praising Panduranga in front of him, dancing in the rangshala, visiting the temple for darshan during dhupārti, cleaning the temple grounds, etc.The text clarifies the significance of the Pandharpur shrines Kundal Tirtha and Padma Tirtha.

Balarāma also arrived and served the deity, along with Dhaumya Rishi and Yudhiṣhṭhira and all of his brothers. In Pandharpur, Rukmini served the deity and gave birth to Pradyumna. The effects of the river Bhima's entry into Pandhari, Pandhari's protector Shri Bhairava, the devotee Muktakeshi's meditation, and her acceptance by God are all detailed in this scripture.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Pandharpur had a population of 98,000. Males constituted 52% of the population and females, 48%. 71% of the population was literate; 78% males and 64% females.

Marathi is the official and main language of people.

It is a major holy place in Maharashtra and it is also called South Kashi (Dakshin Kashi) in Maharashtra. It is famous for the Lord Vitthala temple situated on the bank of Bhima river. Bhima river is also known as Chandrabhaga as it takes shape like crescent moon near the town and hence gets the name. There are 4 yatra's (vaari- gathering of pilgrims/devotees) per year, Chaitri, Ashadhi, Kartiki and Maghi, of which Ashadhi and Kartiki are the main ones. Devotees comes from all over Maharashtra, Karnataka and some part of Tamil Nadu They usually come walking hundred of miles, all the way from their hometown.

By Road
Pandharpur is 76 km from Solapur, 136 km from Sangli, 210 km from Pune and 360 km from Mumbai. Pandharpur possesses good connectivity with rest of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana by road. MSRTC bus station is located in the central part of city and at just 1 km distance from Shri Vitthala-Rukmini Temple. Direct services to almost all parts of Maharashtra are available with highest frequency to the cities of Solapur, Sangli and Pune. When it comes to other states, daily buses are available to different parts of Karnataka(mostly north Karnataka) and Hyderabad. Apart from this many private bus services operate daily between Pandharpur to Pune and Pandharpur to Sangli.

By Train
Pandharpur railway station has daily trains to nearest Kurduwadi and Miraj junction. Miraj-Kurduwadi train is daily popular train. Kolhapur-Nagpur express is available twice a week on Monday and Friday. Daily direct train from Sangli railway station to Pandharpur is also available daily night which is Sangli-Miraj-Parli Vaijnath express. Every Friday there is a train to Yeshwantpur(Bangalore), Daily there is a train to Mysore Via: Vijayapura, Gadag, Hubballi & Bengaluru. The best option is nearest Solapur junction (75 km) which possess great connectivity to both north and south India. Many travellers also prefer to get down at Sangli railway station which is 136 km from Pandharpur and take a private car or bus from Sangli to Pandharpur. Dadar-Satara express running on Dadar-Pandharpur-Sangli-Satara also connects Pandharpur to Sangli, Bhilavdi, Kirloskarvadi, Karad, Masur, Satara.

By Air
Nearest International airport is at Pune (210 km) and Kolhapur airport is (180 km).

title: Pandharpur


text:
You Sure Love to Ball

"You Sure Love to Ball" is a song released by American recording artist Marvin Gaye. Released on January 2, 1974, it was the third and final single to be released from Gaye's album, Let's Get It On.

Song overview
Unlike most of the material on Let's Get It On, which focused more on romance music including a brief social plea ("Keep Gettin' It On"), this song focused entirely on the sexual portion of its subject. The song starts off with a rhythm section including guitars, a bass and drums and a saxophone solo. In the middle of the solo, induced moans can be heard from a couple before Gaye finally begins singing the lyrics. The term "ball" was slang for having sex.

Cash Box said it was "full of that good Marvin Gaye feel." Record World said that "this tune is plaintively sung with all the soul that the master can muster."

Chart performance
The song was issued as a single on January 2, 1974. Initial radio airplay was good enough for the song to peak at 13 on the Hot Soul Singles chart and 50 on the Billboard Hot 100. However, "You Sure Love to Ball" soon peaked out allegedly due to the controversial nature of the track, making the song the least successful of the three tracks released on Let's Get It On. Its b-side included the solemn ballad closer of the album, "Just to Keep You Satisfied".

Covers and samples
In 1976, singer Sylvia covered the song. Singer Will Downing later covered the song for the Marvin tribute album, Marvin Is 60: A Tribute Album as did Keith Washington on his 1998 album, KW. Usher's 2001 song, "Twork It Out" from his 8701 album, featured heavy sampling of "You Sure Love to Ball".

title: You Sure Love to Ball


text:
Category:Southern Railway (UK) locomotives

Locomotives built or inherited by the Southern Railway from 1923 onwards.


text:
Silver sulfadiazine

Silver sulfadiazine, sold under the brand Silvadene among others, is a topical antibiotic used in partial thickness and full thickness burns to prevent infection. Tentative evidence has found other antibiotics to be more effective, and therefore it is no longer generally recommended for second-degree (partial-thickness) burns, but is still widely used to protect third-degree (full-thickness) burns.

Common side effects include itching and pain at the site of use. Other side effects include low white blood cell levels, allergic reactions, bluish grey discoloration of the skin, red blood cell breakdown, or liver inflammation. Caution should be used in those allergic to other sulfonamides. It should not be used in pregnant women who are close to delivery. It is not recommended for use in children less than two months of age.

Silver sulfadiazine was discovered in the 1960s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.

Medical uses
Tentative evidence has found other antibiotics to be more effective in the healing of superficial and partial thickness burn injuries; therefore, it is no longer generally recommended. A Cochrane review from 2013 found that most of the trials that met inclusion criteria for the review had methodological shortcomings and thus are of little use in assessing the efficacy of silver sulfadiazine in the healing of burn injuries. Another Cochrane systematic review from 2010 concluded, "There is insufficient evidence to establish whether silver-containing dressings or topical agents promote wound healing or prevent wound infection". Other reviews of the evidence have also concluded, "[the] quality of the trials was limited". Cochrane has raised concerns about delays in time to wound healing when SSD is used. In addition to concerns regarding delayed wound healing, silver sulfadiazine is associated with sloughing of the wound surface that makes reassessment of wound depth difficult, and requires daily reapplication. For this reason, application of silver sulfadiazine is not recommended for most burns due to altered wound appearance and the frequency of required dressing changes.

Adverse effects
A noninfection-related clear fluid may form on the wound's surface. Burning and painful sensations are not uncommon, but are only temporary.

Application to large areas or to severe burns may lead to systemic absorption and lead to adverse effects similar to those of other sulfonamides. About 0.1 to 1.0% of people show hypersensitivity reactions such as rashes or erythema multiforme. This reaction is known from other sulfonamides including antibacterials, thiazide diuretics, and sulfonylurea antidiabetics; but data on the likelihood of cross-allergies are inconsistent.

Incorporation of the silver ions can lead to local argyria (discoloration of the skin), especially if the treated area is exposed to ultraviolet light. Generalised argyria with silver accumulation in kidneys, liver, and retina has only been found in association with excessive long-term use, or repeated use on severe and heavily inflamed burns. Possible consequences of generalised argyria include interstitial nephritis and anemia.

Interactions
Proteases such as trypsin and clostridiopeptidase, which are contained in ointments used for the removal of dead skin on wounds, can be inhibited by silver ions if applied simultaneously. When silver sulfadiazine is absorbed in significant amounts, it can increase effects and side effects of some drugs such as vitamin K antagonists.

Pharmacokinetics
The chemical is poorly soluble, and has only very limited penetration through intact skin. However, contact with body fluids produces free sulfadiazine which can then be systemically absorbed and distributed; it undergoes glucuronidation in the liver and is also excreted unaltered in urine. Only when applied to large-area (especially second- and third-degree) burns or other lesions is absorption into the body a problem.

Brand names
Brand names include Silvadene (a genericized trademark), Silverex, Silverol, Silveleb, Silvazine, Flamazine, Thermazene, BurnHeal, Ebermine, Silvozin Tulle Dressing and SSD.

title: Silver sulfadiazine


text:
Nazif ibn Yumn

Nazif ibn Yumn al-qass al-Rūmī al-Baghdādī (died 990) was a Melkite Christian priest, philosopher and physician.

He flourished under the Buyid ''emir Adud al-Dawla. ''He was also a translator of Greek into Arabic, translating the Tenth book of Euclid. (H. Suter: Mathematiker, 68, 1900).

title: Nazif ibn Yumn