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Structured product

A structured product, also known as a market-linked investment, is a pre-packaged structured finance investment strategy based on a single security, a basket of securities, options, indices, commodities, debt issuance or foreign currencies, and to a lesser extent, derivatives. Structured products are not homogeneous — there are numerous varieties of derivatives and underlying assets — but they can be classified under the aside categories. Typically, a desk will employ a specialized "structurer" to design and manage its structured-product offering.

Formal definitions
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 434 (regarding certain prospectus deliveries) defines structured securities as "securities whose cash flow characteristics depend upon one or more indices or that have embedded forwards or options or securities where an investor's investment return and the issuer's payment obligations are contingent on, or highly sensitive to, changes in the value of underlying assets, indices, interest rates or cash flows".

Utility
From the investor's point of view, the concept of structuring means customizing a specified return stream; structured products can be used as an alternative to a direct investment, as part of the asset allocation process to reduce risk exposure of a portfolio, or to utilize the current market trend. From the issuer's point of view, structuring means that a number of existing financial products are combined to achieve the client's desired return function. Theoretically an investor can do this themselves, but the cost and transaction volume requirements of many options and swaps are beyond many individual investors. As such, structured products were created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from the standardized financial instruments available in the markets. The more outlandish the idea and with less time to play out, the cheaper pricing will naturally be (see moneyness).

Two typical use cases:
 * An investor dislikes a specific stock and does not want to hold it in their portfolio, but knows how much regret a 20 percent rise in the stock would cause. Therefore, the investor chooses to purchase a structured product on the stock instead: an agreement ('contract', 'certificate', 'note') with another entity (e.g. a bank) that pays out the full return on the given stock, but only if the stock surpasses a specified threshold, such as this 20%, over a specified time period. This product is known as a market-linked note. Numerous combinations of conditions and assets are available to construct this, see below, and the pricing is then based on past likelihoods and actual occurrences, and current market expectations of such returns happening over such timespans given the agreed constraints.
 * A feature of some structured products is a principal guarantee function, which offers protection of principal if held to maturity. For example, an investor invests $100, the issuer simply invests in a risk-free bond that has sufficient interest to grow to $100 after the five-year period. This bond might cost $80 today and after five years it will grow to $100. With the remaining funds, the issuer purchases the options and swaps needed to perform whatever the investment strategy calls for. See structured note.

Origin
Structured investments arose from the needs of companies that want to issue debt more cheaply. This could have been done by issuing a convertible bond—i.e., debt that could be converted to equity under certain circumstances. In exchange for the potential for a higher return (if the equity value would increase and the bond could be converted at a profit), investors would accept lower interest rates in the meantime. However, the worth of this tradeoff is debatable, as the movement of the company's equity value could be unpredictable.

Investment banks then decided to add features to the basic convertible bond, such as increased income in exchange for limits on the convertibility of the stock, or principal protection. These extra features were all strategies investors could perform themselves using options and other derivatives, except that they were prepackaged as one product. The goal was again to give investors more reasons to accept a lower interest rate on debt in exchange for certain features. On the other hand, the goal for investment banks was to increase profit margins since the newer products with added features were harder to value, and thus harder to gauge bank profits.

Interest in these investments has been growing in recent years, and high-net-worth investors now use structured products as way of portfolio diversification. Nowadays the product range is very wide, and reverse convertible securities represent the other end of the product spectrum (yield enhancement products). Structured products are also available at the mass retail level—particularly in Europe, where national post offices, and even supermarkets, sell investments on these to their customers; these are referred to as PRIIPs.

Structured product business, as a key part of customer-driven derivatives business, has changed dramatically in recent years. Its modern setup requires a comprehensive understanding of:
 * Prevailing regulatory environment, specifically existing and forthcoming regulations including MiFID II, KYC, PRIIPs-KIDs, etc.
 * Principles of risk-based capital/liquidity requirements specified by Basel III, FRTB, etc.
 * Real-life quantitative pricing models able to handle multi-curve environments, volatility smile/skew, etc.
 * Structured product payoff features and their risk characteristics, as above
 * Structured product manufacture process, and the "derivatives business" value chain - i.e. linking trading, structuring, quantitative modelling and risk management
 * Structured product distribution channels, product wrappers, impact of e-platforms

Product design and manufacture
Structured products aspire to provide investors with highly targeted investments tied to their specific risk profiles, return requirements and market expectations. Benefits of structured products may include:

 * Principal protection, as above (depending on the type of structured product)
 * Tax-efficient access to fully taxable investments
 * Enhanced returns within an investment (depending on the type of structured product)
 * Reduced volatility (or risk) within an investment (depending on the type of structured product)
 * Ability to earn a positive return in low-yield or flat equity market environments
 * Ability to minimize issuer risk by using collateral secured instruments (COSIs) backed with collateral in the form of securities or cash deposits

Historically, this aspiration is met with an ad hoc approach: the structure of the product is postulated in a way that seems appropriate for the client. Within this approach it can be difficult to articulate the precise problem the product is designed to solve, let alone to claim the product as optimal for the client. Nevertheless, this approach is still widely used in practice.

A more advanced mathematical approach to product design has been proposed. It allows the structure of financial products to be derived as a mathematically optimal solution to the clients' needs. This approach demands higher proficiency from both the structurer who designs the product, and the client who needs to understand the proposal.

Once the product is designed, it is manufactured through the process of financial engineering. This involves replicating the product through a trading strategy involving underlying instruments such as bonds, shares, indices, commodities as well as simple derivatives like vanilla options, swaps and forward contracts.

Risks
The market for derivatives has grown quickly in recent years because, as above, they perform an economic function by enabling the risk averse to transfer risk to those who are willing to bear it for a fee. At the same time, there are several risks associated with many structured products, especially those that present risks of loss of principal due to market movements, are similar to risks involved with options. Disadvantages of structured products may include:

 * Credit risk – structured products are unsecured debt from investment banks
 * Lack of liquidity – structured products are primarily traded over the counter and issuers are not obligated to provide a bid
 * Highly complex – the complexity of the return calculations means that it is difficult to determine how the structured product would perform versus simply owning the underlying asset
 * Intuition-based methods of product design often produce trades that are mathematically equivalent to gambling. (the above "Quantitative Structuring approach" can be used to eliminate this problem)
 * Lack of clarity on what exact problem the product is actually solving (does not apply to products built through the Quantitative Structuring approach ).
 * Lack of transparency on pricing - the investment bank fees are hidden in the product pricing and difficult for the customer to discern

More generally, the serious risks in options trading are well-established and customers must be explicitly approved for options trading. The U.S. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) suggests that firms "consider" whether purchasers of some or all structured products should be required to go through a similar approval process, so that only accounts approved for options trading would also be approved for some or all structured products.

Further, "principal-protected" products are not always insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the United States; they may only be insured by the issuer, and thus could potentially lose the principal if there is a liquidity crisis or bankruptcy. Some firms attempted to create a new market for structured products that are no longer trading; some have traded in secondary markets for as low as pennies on the dollar.

The regulatory framework for structured products is hazy and they may fall in legal grey areas. In India, equity-related structured products may violate the Securities Contract Regulation Act, which prohibits issuing and trading equity derivatives that do not trade on a nationally recognized exchange.

A Quantitative framework in order to assess the risk-reward profile of structured products based on probability theory was developed by Marcello Minenna.

Securitization
Securitization in relation to structured products is the undertaking and pooling of bundles of debt which may include commercial mortgages, residential mortgages, and other debt obligations such as credit cards.

It is under the branch of structured finance which relates to the management of leverage and the risk and serves as a very large source of financing across economies around the world. Securitized products such as Mortgage-backed securities allow investors to get paid from principal and interest cash flows which are usually collected from underlying debt and collateral and then paid back based upon the capital structure of the security, whether it be in relation to mortgages and real estate, or any other debt products that can be financed in this way. Securitized products also provide a huge source of financing in economies and funds more than 50% of US household debt. The securitization process follows a waterfall model which is divided into tranches and pays investors based upon the level of riskiness their investments hold. Securities with lower risk are usually paid first and are considered investment grade investors which invest in bonds that usually have a “AAA rating” with subprime securities having lower credit ratings such as “BBB”.

In order to originate and structure these products, the securitization process employs a special purpose vehicle technique so that a separate company is created in which the securitized debt in formed as a limited liability venture, so it can carry large mortgages with varying levels of riskiness without having to deploy this capital on their own balance sheets.

COVID-19 Implications
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, structured products saw a major increase in their prices including products such as Commercial Mortgage-backed securities, Residential Mortgage-backed securities, Collateralized loan obligations, and other esoteric asset backed securities due to the federal reserve significantly lowering interest rates. More significantly, bonds and the credit market react this way due to being contra-cyclical with interest rate decreases having the opposite effect on bond prices. In recent times however, in order to control extremely high levels of inflation, the fed has raised interest rates leading to the price of the bond market and structured notes falling significantly, as well as the formulation of a much higher rate of yield to investors like asset managers, hedge funds, and investment banks who buy these products.

Future outlook
Despite phenomenally high interest rates, the future outlook for the credit and structured finance environment is generally positive as we head into 2023, with bond issuance volumes significantly picking up despite rising yields. Credit market performance has also been better than what was expected since the pandemic started, however there have been net losses on securitizations undertaken since the rate shave began to rise.

title: Structured product


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Smash (instant mashed potato)

Smash is a brand of Instant mashed potatoes in the United Kingdom. It was launched in the United Kingdom in the 1960s by Cadbury, which was primarily a manufacturer of confectionery at the time. Smash was reasonably successful.

However, it was not until 1974 that Smash became popular in the convenience food market after Cadbury launched an advertising campaign by agency Boase Massimi Pollitt featuring the Smash Martians, who would watch humans preparing mashed potato the traditional way on television instead of using potato granules, and laugh at them.

The adverts of 1970s and their catchphrase, 'For Mash get Smash', were voted television advert of the century by Campaign Magazine, and second-best television advert of all time in a poll of April 2000 conducted by The Sunday Times and Channel 4, beaten by Guinness' Surfer advertisement from 1999.

The brand has since been sold by Cadbury and is now owned by Premier Foods who, using their Batchelors brand, launched a 'healthier recipe' version in 2006.

Accolades
The original 1970s advertisements have been featured in several "best ever television advertisements" lists.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Smash (instant mashed potato)


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Mylly

Mylly (lit. mill) is a shopping centre in Raisio, Finland. The shopping centre has bit over a hundred shops, banks, and other services on an area of around 83000 m2, and is as such the largest shopping centre in the Turku region and fourth largest in Finland outside the Helsinki region. Mylly was opened in October 2001 and in 2008 the annual sales was 167 million euros. The shopping centre was expanded in 2016, adding an additional section containing a number of businesses.

title: Mylly


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Libertarian Communist Party

Libertarian Communist Party could refer to:

 * Libertarian Communist Party (Brazil)
 * Libertarian Communist Party (Spain)

title: Libertarian Communist Party


text: User talk:68.197.105.195

title: User talk:68.197.105.195


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List of commercial sites in Singapore

This is a list of commercial sites in Singapore.

Street-side areas

 * Boat Quay
 * Bugis Village
 * Clarke Quay
 * Jalan Kayu
 * Peranakan Place

Shopping malls
Full article: List of shopping malls in Singapore

Ang Mo Kio

 * Ang Mo Kio Town Centre
 * Cheng San Centre
 * Chong Boon Centre
 * Kebun Baru Mall
 * Teck Ghee Square

Bedok

 * Bedok Mall
 * Bedok Town Centre

Bishan

 * Bishan Neighbourhood 1 Centre
 * Bishan North Shopping Mall
 * Bishan Town Centre

Bukit Batok

 * Bukit Batok Town Centre
 * Bukit Batok West Shopping Centre
 * Gombak Place
 * West Mall

Bukit Merah

 * Bukit Merah Town Centre
 * Telok Blangah Neighbourhood Centre
 * Tiong Bahru Plaza

Bukit Panjang

 * Bukit Panjang Town Centre
 * Fajar Neighbourhood Shopping Centre
 * Greenridge Shopping Centre

Choa Chu Kang

 * Choa Chu Kang Town Centre
 * Keat Hong Shopping Centre
 * Limbang Shopping Centre
 * Sunshine Place
 * Teck Whye Shopping Centre
 * Yew Tee Square

Clementi

 * Clementi Town Centre

Geylang

 * Geylang East Central
 * Geylang Serai Centre
 * Joo Chiat Complex

Hougang

 * Central Place
 * Hougang Town Centre
 * Hougang Green Shopping Mall
 * Kovan City

Kallang

 * Bendemeer Shopping Mall

Jurong East

 * IMM (Singapore)
 * Jurong East Neighbourhood 4 Centre
 * Jurong Entertainment Centre
 * Jurong East Regional Centre
 * Yuhua Place
 * Yuhua Village

Jurong West

 * Boon Lay Shopping Centre
 * Gek Poh Shopping Centre
 * Jurong West Town Centre
 * Taman Jurong Neighbourhood Shopping Centre
 * Jurong Point
 * Pioneer Mall

Novena

 * Balestier Hill Shopping Centre

Pasir Ris

 * Elias Mall
 * Loyang Point
 * Pasir Ris Town Centre
 * Pasir Ris West Plaza
 * Pasir Ris Neighbourhood 4 Centre
 * White Sands Shopping Centre

Punggol

 * Punggol Town Centre
 * Punggol Plaza
 * Fernvale Point

Queenstown

 * Holland Village
 * Mei Ling Heights
 * Queenstown Town Centre
 * Tanglin Halt Centre

Sembawang

 * Sembawang Town Centre

Sengkang

 * Rivervale Plaza
 * Rivervale Mall
 * Sengkang Town Centre

Serangoon

 * Serangoon North Neighbourhood Centre
 * Serangoon Town Centre

Simei

 * EastPoint Mall

Tampines

 * Tampines Mart
 * Tampines Regional Centre
 * Century Square
 * Tampines Mall

Toa Payoh

 * 600 @ Toa Payoh
 * ERA APAC Centre
 * Toa Payoh Town Centre

Woodlands

 * 888 Plaza
 * Admiralty Place
 * Vista Point
 * Woodlands Mart
 * Woodlands North Plaza
 * Woodlands Regional Centre
 * Causeway Point

Yishun

 * Chong Pang City
 * Nee Soon East Courtyard

Other estates

 * Albert Centre
 * Bras Basah Complex
 * Changi Village
 * Cheng Yan Court
 * Chinatown Complex
 * Crawford Centre
 * Hong Lim Complex
 * Kitchener Complex
 * Potong Pasir
 * Rochor Centre
 * Tanjong Pagar Plaza
 * Upper Aljunied
 * Waterloo Centre
 * Zhujiao Centre

title: List of commercial sites in Singapore


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Libertarian Communist Party (Spain)

Libertarian Communist Party (in Spanish: Partido Comunista Libertario) was a political party in Spain. Based in Valencia, PCL was registered in 1991.

title: Libertarian Communist Party (Spain)


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User:Momo-DE

Universal synod of Ingelheim

af:Gebruiker:Momo als:Benutzer:Momo bar:Benutzer:Momo cy:Defnyddiwr:Momo da:Bruger:Momo pdc:Benutzer:Momo de:Benutzer:Momo es:Usuario:Momo-DE eo:Vikipediisto:Momo fo:Brúkari:Momo fr:Utilisateur:Momo-DE is:Notandi:Momo it:Utente:Momo-DE nl:Gebruiker:Momo-DE no:Bruker:Momo nn:Brukar:Momo oc:Utilizaire:Momo pt:Usuário:Momo-DE ru:Участник:Momo sco:User:Momo sr:Корисник:Momo fi:Käyttäjä:Momo sv:Användare:Momo

title: User:Momo-DE


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Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity

Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (in Spanish: Partido de los Trabajadores de España–Unidad Comunista) was a communist political party in Spain, founded by Santiago Carrillo and his followers after their expulsion from the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) in October 1985.

History
Initially, the party was known as Communist Party of Spain (Revolutionary Marxist) (Partido Comunista de España (Marxista-Revolucionario)), a name still registered at the election authorities, and related to the line of Carrillo in the PCE throughout the 1970s, as the party ideology of PCE under his leadership was redefined from Marxism-Leninism to Revolutionary Marxism.

PTE-UC participated in the 1986 general election with the candidature Communists' Unity Board (Mesa para la Unidad de los Comunistas), which gathered 229,695 votes (1.1%). In the municipal elections of 1987, PTE-UC got 185,104 votes and had 179 town councillors elected. Carrillo stood as a candidate for the European Parliament election of 1987, and got 222,680 votes (1.1%).

The 1989 general elections were a complete failure, as PTE-UC only got 86,257 votes. Following the result, PTE-UC merged into the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in 1991, and organized itself as an internal tendency called Left Unity (Unidad de la Izquierda). Its president Santiago Carrillo withdrew from politics.

title: Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Disciple who Jesus loved

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was kept at Disciple whom Jesus loved. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 20:29, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Disciple who Jesus loved
Original research, delete--nixie 11:39, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone speedied this article. I re-created it as a redirect to John the Apostle since that is whom this phrase is generally considered to refer to. LevelCheck 22:20, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I just did the same with The Disciple whom Jesus loved —Wahoofive | Talk 04:53, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - this should not be a redirect. While it has long been traditional to assume that the Beloved Disciple was John this is a matter of much debate among Biblical scholars and a redirect to John explicitly takes one side of that argument. - SimonP 19:47, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep under the Disciple whom Jesus loved, and redirect the other variations to that. This phrase, and the debate over it, is definately notable. Jonathunder 22:24, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)
 * Delete, Pavel Vozenilek 02:17, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you please comment as to why? I've worked to improve it, and have added references. Jonathunder 05:21, 2005 Apr 21 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions

The Scottish Parliament (Holyrood), created by the Scotland Act 1998, has used a system of constituencies and electoral regions since the first general election in 1999.

The parliament has 73 constituencies, each electing one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the plurality (first past the post) system of voting, and eight additional member regions, each electing seven additional MSPs. Each region is a group of constituencies, and the D'Hondt method of allocating additional member seats from party lists is used to produce a form of proportional representation for each region. The total number of parliamentary seats is 129. For lists of MSPs, see Member of the Scottish Parliament.

Boundaries of Holyrood and House of Commons (Westminster) constituencies are subject to review by the Boundaries Scotland, and prior to the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004 reviews of Scottish Westminster constituencies would have been also reviews of Holyrood constituencies. The Arbuthnott Commission, in its final report, January 2006, recommended that council area boundaries and Holyrood and Scottish Westminster constituency boundaries should all be reviewed together. This recommendation has not been implemented.

1999–2011
Until the 2005 United Kingdom general election the first past the post constituencies were the same as for the House of Commons (United Kingdom Parliament, Westminster), except for Orkney and Shetland, which were separate constituencies at Holyrood, but not at Westminster. The Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004 enabled a new set of House of Commons constituencies to be formed in Scotland in 2005, reducing their number and, therefore, the number of Scottish Members of Parliament (MPs) to 59, without change to the Holyrood constituencies and the number of MSPs.

1999 boundaries were used also for the 2003 and 2007 elections.

2011–present
The first periodical review of boundaries of Scottish Parliament constituencies was announced on 3 July 2007, and the commission's final recommendations were implemented for the 2011 Scottish Parliament election.

Total numbers of constituencies, regions, and MSPs remain at, respectively, 73, 8, and 129.


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Eamonn Duggan

Eamonn Seán Duggan (Éamonn Ó Dúgáin; 2 March 1878 – 6 June 1936) was an Irish lawyer and politician who served as Government Chief Whip and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Defence from 1927 to 1932, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance from 1926 to 1927, Parliamentary Secretary to the Executive Council from 1922 to 1926, Minister without portfolio September 1922 to December 1922 and Minister for Home Affairs January 1922 to September 1922. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1918 to 1933. He was a Senator from 1933 to 1936.

Early life
Edmund John Duggan was born in Richhill, County Armagh, in 1878, the son of William Duggan, a Royal Irish Constabulary officer, and Margaret Dunne. His parents had met when his father, a native of County Wicklow, was stationed in Longwood, County Meath, where they married on 19 October 1874. The following year, William was transferred to County Armagh as officers could not serve in their wife's native county.

In 1911, Duggan was living with his parents on St. Brigid's Road Upper in Drumcondra, Dublin. His siblings, William, Margaret and James, were also living there. There were six children born but only four survived by 1911.

After his school education, Duggan began work as a law clerk. During his early years, he became heavily involved in politics after he qualified as a solicitor and set up a practice at 66 Dame Street in Dublin. Duggan was married to Evelyn Kavanagh and together they had one son.

As a keen supporter of Irish independence, Duggan fought in the 1916 Easter Rising; however, following its failure he was subject to court-martial, and was sentenced to three years' penal servitude. Under the general amnesty of 1917, he was released after 14 months in prison, and returned to Dublin where he went back to studying law. For a period, Duggan also served as Irish Republican Army (IRA) Director of Intelligence.

Duggan was a cousin of revolutionaries Thomas Burke and Christopher Burke through his mother Margaret Dunne.

1916 Easter Rising
In 1916, Duggan was part of Commandant Daly and therefore was serving in the North Dublin Union in the days approaching the 1916 Rising and afterwards Father Matthew Hall. One of Duggan's close friends Thomas Allen was shot while Duggan was at the Four Courts. Duggans efforts to get medical assistance were unsuccessful at Richmond hospital as the British officer who responded to the call declined the message and didn't allow it to go through. Eventually medical assistance was received but it was too late for Allen. In Duggan's region, the volunteers suffered very few injuries with the most violent fighting taking place on Friday night and Saturday morning.

Duggan suffered the consequences and was then sentenced to penal servitude which lasted three years. He was interned in Maidstone, Portland and Lewes prisons. Éamon de Valera and Duggan's attempts at Lewes to fight the authorities and collapse the prison system proved to be victorious as in June 1917, they were both released and Duggan finally got to go back to Dublin and followed his previous roots in law and continued his career as a solicitor.

After 1916
When Duggan was released in 1917, he continued his career in law. Duggan was elected to the First Dáil Éireann as a Sinn Féin TD for Meath South following the 1918 general election. The Drogheda Independent reported "Never before was a successful candidate accorded such a princely reception".

Duggan engaged in the War of Independence and his role in this was the IRA's Director of Intelligence, this came to an end in November 1920 when he was imprisoned again, and was not released until the Anglo-Irish Truce of July 1921. When the truce concluded, Duggan was authorised as one out of the five envoys to discuss and finalise the treaty with the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George. He signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty at 22 Hans Place, London.

Duggan retained numerous ministerial posts in the Cumann na nGaedheal government. In 1921, Duggan played a role in the Irish delegation throughout the Anglo-Irish discussions, he then played a dominant role in liaising with British officials.

Involvement in politics
After the post treaty government, Duggan was appointed the Minister for Home Affairs and shortly afterwards he became the Parliamentary Secretary for the executive council and for the Minister for Defence. Duggan continued in various roles as a TD until 1933. These included Government Chief Whip from 1927 to 1932. Until 1933, Duggan was a Cumann na nGaedheal TD for Meath. In 1933, Duggan declined to go forward for the general election but was elected to Seanad in April 1933. He also was involved in local politics in Dún Laoghaire as the chairman of the borough council until he died in 1936.

Duggan's papers
Duggan wrote papers which reflected on his engagement in the Easter Rising. In his letters Duggan wrote about the tough times he spent imprisoned in Lewes, Mountjoy and Portland. Duggan also wrote about his participation in Sinn Féin and how he was released in 1917, and in 1918, how he was triumphant in being a candidate for the South Meath constituency. Most of Duggan's papers consisted of letters to his fiancée and later wife, May Duggan, which he wrote while he was in prison. Duggan's papers were very personal as they consisted of photographs of him, his family members and his political associates etc. Also information of his time as a TD was included. In one of his letters, which Duggan wrote on 25 April 1916, he referenced 'the whole damn family' consisting of information as to how his volunteers and he were being 'treated as princes' by the nuns in the convent nearby, receiving help from the children in the area and building barricades. In his letter, Duggan also writes about morale amongst his comrades and hearing rumours about a German who had landed in County Kerry. News had emerged of Sean Connolly's death and that the British Army were unfair in concluding the rebellion. In Duggan's note, he proclaims that the letter should be sent to May Duggan who was his fiancée at the time. At the end of the letter Duggan referred to himself as 'Edmund' which he is also known as.

Death
Duggan died suddenly at his home in Dún Laoghaire, Dublin, on 6 June 1936, aged 58, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery on the north side of Dublin.

title: Eamonn Duggan


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Biographical dictionary

A biographical dictionary is a type of encyclopedic dictionary limited to biographical information. Many attempt to cover the major personalities of a country (with limitations, such as living persons only, in Who's Who, or deceased people only, in the Dictionary of National Biography). Others are specialized, in that they cover important names in a subject field, such as architecture or engineering.

History in the Islamic civilization
Tarif Khalidi claimed the genre of biographical dictionaries is a "unique product of Arab Muslim culture".

The earliest extant example of the biographical dictionary dates from 9th-century Iraq, and by the 16th-century it was a firmly established and well-respected form of historical writing. They contain more social data for a large segment of the population than that found in any other pre-industrial society. The earliest biographical dictionaries initially focused on the lives of the prophets of Islam and their companions, with one of the earliest examples being The Book of The Major Classes by Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi, and then began documenting the lives of many other historical figures (from rulers to scholars) who lived in the medieval Islamic world. The largest known biographical dictionary ever produced is called History of Damascus authored by a Muslim historian Ibn Asakir.

When it comes to the numbers of individuals, American scholar of Islam Richard Bulliet argues that "a brief look at Brockelmann's Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur is sufficient to convince anyone  that the number of individual  biographies  extant must run into the hundreds of thousands and most  likely  into the millions."

title: Biographical dictionary


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Communist Party of the Menadores

Communist Party of the Menadores (in Spanish: Partido Comunista de los Menadores, 'menadores' is a certain trade of spinners) is a political party in the municipality of Callosa de Segura, province of Alicante, Spain. PCM is listed at the election authorities. The party was registered on June 5, 2001.

PCM contested the 2003 municipal elections in Callosa de Segura. The party got 94 votes (0.94%) and no seat.

title: Communist Party of the Menadores


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Earls Court Exhibition Centre

Earls Court Exhibition Centre was a major international exhibition and events venue in London, England. At its peak it is said to have generated a £2 billion turnover for the economy. It replaced exhibition and entertainment grounds, originally opened in 1887, with an art moderne structure built between 1935 and 1937 by specialist American architect C. Howard Crane. With the active support of London mayor Boris Johnson, in an attempt to create Europe's "largest regeneration scheme", its proposed heritage listing was refused after it was acquired by developers, who promptly in 2008 applied for and were granted a Certificate of Immunity from Listing by English Heritage, and its demolition was completed in 2017.

Located in Earl's Court but straddling the boundary between the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, it was the largest such venue within the capital served by two London Underground stations—one of them, Earl's Court tube station, being specially adapted with a tunnel for show visitors, and in latter years with a direct link to Heathrow Airport. The founder of the entertainment grounds was the Leeds entrepreneur John R. Whitley and the first attraction headlined performances by Buffalo Bill Cody as part of the American Show visited by Queen Victoria and subsequently by members of the Royal Household. This was followed by numerous other exhibitions representing countries such as Canada, France and India.

Earls Court was widely known for serving as London's and the country's premier exhibition venue for many decades, hosting the Royal Smithfield Show, Royal Tournament, the British International Motor Show, London Boat Show, the Ideal Home Show, Billy Graham rallies, the Brit Awards (until 2010), Crufts and other events such as large scale opera productions and pop concerts in addition to hundreds of trade shows, such as the London Book Fair. It was also used as one of the venues for both the 1948 and 2012 Olympic Games.

History
Before 1887, Earl's Court was farmland attached to Earl's Court Manor. With the arrival of a multiplicity of railway companies, and before London Underground became distinct from the cross-country railways, the tracks formed a triangle which became 'waste ground'. The introduction of two Underground stations, and a mass network of rails trapped the land. The notion of introducing education and entertainment to the area was effected by John Robinson Whitley, an entrepreneur who used the land as a showground for a five years from 1887. Whitley did not profit from his efforts, yet his desire had decided the future of Earl's Court and its purpose in later years. The Great Wheel, a Ferris wheel, was created for Imre Kiralfy's Empire of India Exhibition in 1895. A plaque in the EC press centre commemorated some of these facts and that the reclusive Queen Victoria was an occasional visitor to the shows. Kiralfy had the neighbouring Empress Hall built to seat 6,000 people and then had the Earls Court grounds converted in the style of the 1893 Chicago White City for the Columbian Exposition, and went on to found nearby White City in 1908.

In 1935, Earls Court was sold and the new owners decided to construct an exhibition centre, with an internal pool, to rival any other in the world and to dominate the nearby Olympia exhibition hall. The plan was to create Europe's largest structure by volume. The project did not go exactly to plan; it ran over budget and was late in completion. Designed by the specialist American theatre architect, C. Howard Crane, with over 40,000 sq m of space over two levels, Earls Court finally opened its doors to the public for the Chocolate and Confectionery Exhibition on 1 September 1937. The British International Motor Show immediately followed and later the Commercial Vehicle show. In spite of all the problems during the latter part of its construction, the project was eventually completed at a cost of £1.5 million.

At the centre of Earls Court was its internal pool or "lake" (its basin being 60m long and 30m wide), which for use took four days to fill and four days to empty; 2$1/4$ million gallons of water were required to fill it. These operations could only be accomplished at night, so as not to put undue strain on local services. A 750-tonne retractable floor in three sections covered the pool when not in use and was lowered using water hydraulic rams. The pool was used for watercraft exhibitions and lastly as a feature for the Ideal Home Show in 2011.

A new entrance to Earl's Court tube station was constructed on Warwick Road to facilitate easy access to the exhibition centre, including a direct entrance from the underground passage which connected the District and Piccadilly lines. However, this was closed in the 1990s after the capacity of the exhibition centre had been expanded by the construction of a second hall, Earls Court Two, in an effort to compete with the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham.

Earls Court Two
In 1985 it was decided by the then owners P&O to expand the covered venue to fend off competition from rival national venues, such as the NEC in Birmingham and in response to the drastic need to increase exhibition space.

Earls Court II was built over the London Underground and British Rail lines and adjacent land originally occupied by a mass of sheds linked to the Lillie Bridge Engineering and Railway Depot in Hammersmith and Fulham. Earls Court Two was constructed at a cost of £100 million. The barrel-roofed hall linked with Earls Court One; the hall's 17,000 sq m floor was entirely column-free and could hold a maximum capacity of 10,750. The hall was opened by Diana, Princess of Wales on 17 October 1991. The biennial London Motorfair was the first event held in the new hall. Following the construction of Earls Court Two, the original building became known sometimes as Earls Court One. One of the largest gatherings at Earls Court II was the United Kingdom Padhramni from 5–14 August 1994 when the Aga Khan visited daily for a series of religious gatherings with the UK and international Ismaili Muslim community.

Earls Court Two was demolished by Capco Plc in 2015.

Closure
With falling attendances and the sale of Earls Court-Olympia to a newly formed developer group in 2008 confidential plans were drawn up to demolish Earls Court. These were approved in outline by the two local authorities in 2013, along with a swathe of public housing, existing retail and the historic Lillie Bridge Depot in Fulham in order to make way for four new urban "villages" inspired by Terry Farrell on the 80-acre site, which was expected to be completed in 2033. Demolition work began on the site in December 2014 following its closure on 13 December. The final event in the main Earls Court was a concert by indie rock band Bombay Bicycle Club. The final event to be broadcast from the venue was the 2014 BBC Music Awards two days earlier. The site remains derelict to this day (2023).

Exhibitions
Earls Court hosted many shows and exhibitions throughout the years, including the Earls Court Motor Show, Ideal Home Show and the BRIT Awards. The MPH Show, one of Britain's largest motoring exhibitions and shows, hosted by Jeremy Clarkson and others, took place there each winter after an earlier showing at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham.

Each summer from 1950 to 1999, Earls Court was home to the Royal Tournament, the first, oldest and biggest military tattoo in the world. For this the area now occupied by Earls Court Two became a stables, artillery and vehicle depot for some two months, with several hundred military personnel from all three services billeted 'on site'.

The Professional Lighting and Sound Association held its annual trade show, the PLASA Show, at Earls Court between 1992 and 2012. The 2013 show was held at ExCeL.

London Film and Comic Con was hosted at Earls Court 2, held every July. The convention held autograph and photoshoot sessions with celebrity guests as well as providing a place to play games and buy collectables. In July 2014, due to the increase in the event's popularity, it was hosted in both Earls Court 1 and Earls Court 2.

Historical
Notable historic exhibitions at the centre included:

 * The American Show, 1887.
 * The Italian Exhibition in London, 1888.
 * The Spanish Exhibition, 1889.
 * French Exhibition, 1890.
 * German Exhibition, 1891.
 * Captain Boynton's Water Show, 1893.
 * Empire of India Exhibition, 1895.
 * Empire of India & Ceylon Exhibition, 1896.
 * International Universal Exhibition, 1898.
 * Greater Britain Exhibition, 1899.
 * Paris in London, 1902.
 * International Fire Exhibition, 1903.
 * Italian Exhibition, 1904.
 * Imperial-Royal Austrian Exhibition, 1906.
 * Balkan States Exhibition, 1907.
 * Old Japan, 1907.
 * Golden West Exhibition, 1909.
 * Shakespeare's England, 1912.

Boat shows
The central area of the main hall concealed a massive pool area, formerly used for the London Boat Show which was held annually from 1960 until 2003. The event transferred to ExCeL in the London Docklands the following year. It was also briefly used for the Earls Court Boat Show in 2007 and 2008.

War refugees camp
During the First World War, Earls Court Exhibition grounds, including the adjacent 6,000 seater Empress Hall, turned into a huge refugee camp of the British Government. From 15 October 1914 onwards until 1919, more than 100,000 Belgian refugees stayed in this camp.

Sports
Empress Hall was the site of the first game played outside of North America by any of the major North American professional sports leagues, when on 21 April 1938 the Detroit Red Wings and the Montreal Canadiens of the NHL played the starting game of the 1938 Detroit Red Wings–Montreal Canadiens European tour there.

Earls Court hosted the volleyball competitions in the 2012 Summer Olympics. The volleyball events were scheduled for the multi-sport arenas in the Olympic Park. At the 1948 Summer Olympics, the venue hosted the boxing preliminaries, gymnastics, weightlifting, and wrestling events.

The London leg of the 2010 FIFA World Cup Trophy Tour was held at Earls Court Two on 11 March, with Wayne Rooney making an appearance with the trophy.

Religious gathering
Earls Court was the venue for the visit or mulaqat of the Aga Khan during the inauguration of the Ismaili Centre at Cromwell Gardens on 24 April 1985.

Musical events
Earls Court was one of the most popular arenas to play in the UK, with a capacity of around 19,000 including standing room, meaning it was often chosen over other venues by bands with a large fan base. Slade and David Bowie were the first rock acts to play there, in 1973. Led Zeppelin performed five sold-out shows at the venue in May 1975. Bowie's 1978 concert performance, part of his Isolar II Tour, was released as Welcome to the Blackout (Live London '78) in 2018. Pink Floyd performed live shows since 1972, and the concerts from The Wall Tour in 1980 and 1981 were recorded and released in 2000 as Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81, while performances from The Division Bell Tour in October 1994 were recorded and released on the live concert film Pulse. Genesis performed live shows since 1977, and between 2 and 8 November 1992 they performed 6 shows at the venue during their We Can't Dance Tour, in which their shows on 6–8 November were filmed and later released on VHS and later DVD under the title The Way We Walk. In November 1995, Oasis staged the two biggest ever indoor gigs at the time in Europe, at a specially expanded Earls Court. Between 28 May and 1 June 2002, Irish vocal pop band Westlife held concerts as part of their World of Our Own Tour supporting their album World of Our Own. However, after the opening of the O2 Arena in 2007, concert performances at Earls Court were rarer. Iron Maiden performed at Earls Court in 2000, 2003 and two nights in 2006 - each time sold out with circa 21,000 in attendance.

Pink Floyd seating collapse, 1994
On the night of 12 October 1994, Pink Floyd were scheduled to begin a 14-night residency of the venue as part of The Division Bell Tour. During their opening song, "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" a section of seating, containing 1,200 attendees, collapsed, injuring 90 people with no fatalities. The show was immediately cancelled and rescheduled for 17 October.

Spice Girls incident, 1999
On 11, 12, 14 and 15 December 1999, the Spice Girls performed Christmas in Spiceworld Tour.

While dismantling the stage on 16 December, a worker died from falling more than 80 ft.

Brit Awards
The Brit Awards, the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards, were first held at Earls Court in 1996 and 1997. The awards show returned in 2000 at Earls Court Two, before moving back to the main Earls Court in 2006. The awards show moved to The O2 Arena in 2011.

Dog Show
Before moving to the Birmingham's NEC, Crufts Dog show was held here annually. With public and Kennel club concerns about the neglect and mistreatment of dogs, it introduced an annual exhibition aimed at showing how best to look after dogs as pets or care companions. This was Discover Dogs. The last show in London was held in 2014.

Demolition and redevelopment
The owner of Earls Court and Olympia, Capital & Counties Properties (also known as Capco), opened discussions in 2010 with the London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham and the Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea to demolish the existing landmark centre and redevelop the area with up to 8,000 residential flats, retail outlets and, possibly, a new convention centre.

Demolition work began on the site in December 2014.

Earls Court Exhibition ancillary site in Fulham
Since the 1970s, Earls Court-Olympia had acquired parcels of industrial land west of the West London Railway in Fulham to use as a marshalling yard and overspill car park for the exhibition centre. Prior to its early 20th-century mixed industrial use, as a coal yard and for the automotive industry, the 20 or so acres were known as the "Lillie Bridge Grounds", a popular sports destination. Since the site's acquisition by Capco plc as part of the Earls Court Exhibition Centre deal, it is being redeveloped as "Lillie Square", an estate of apartment blocks, some of them high-rise.

Opposition to demolition
The demolition of Earls Court was opposed by the 'Earl's Court Area Action Group', which began a 'Save Earl's Court' campaign. The Group is composed of local residents and interested parties who would be affected by the exhibition centre's destruction and subsequent 20 years of proposed redevelopment.

Darren Johnson, a Green Party member of the London Assembly, wrote to the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, and argued that "the Earl's Court demolition plans are a recipe for a disaster, with massive economic, social and environmental consequences. The winners will be the wealthy developers and overseas property speculators while the losers will be the community, local businesses and Londoners who will lose one of the capital's key exhibition centres."

The Guardian's London blogger Dave Hill cited concerns over the number and relative affordability of the housing units that will be constructed on the site after the proposed demolition of Earls Court, as well as concerns over the views of local residents.

Despite the opposition, Boris Johnson approved the redevelopment plans on 3 July 2013.

H&F Council bid to take over scheme
Since the election of a Labour majority on the Hammersmith and Fulham side of the boundary in 2014, relations between the developers and elected representatives have soured if not stalled. Sensitivities on the Conservative Kensington and Chelsea side have grown since the Grenfell tragedy in 2017 has put elected representatives in the spotlight in relation to their public responsibilities. During 2018 the developers have been touting for buyers to off-load at least part of the scheme. In February 2019 Hammersmith and Fulham Borough Council let it be known they were considering a Compulsory purchase order to take over the Earls Court and adjacent land currently banked by the developers. In May 2019 H&F Council indicated they would be going ahead with raising £200 million capital to compulsorily purchase the land, including that in RBKC, with a view to "remastering" the plans, a decision to be considered at a full council meeting in September 2019. A spokesman for the developers responded that the council had not demonstrated their capacity to do this.

Earls Court sold on
Capco plc sold their declining interest in Earls Court to APG, a Dutch pension fund, and to the British firm Delancey for £425 million in November 2019. In 2015 Capco plc was valued at £1.4 billion. The two Hammersmith and Fulham housing estates are to be sold back to the Council at cost.

title: Earls Court Exhibition Centre


text:
Talk:Pope Boniface I

Untitled
How is this pronounced? Boney-face? Bo-nee-fah-chay? 82.24.189.88 (talk) 12:48, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Bón-i-fis.

title: Talk:Pope Boniface I


text:
Operation Wasteland

Operation Wasteland was an undercover investigation into organized crime control of the waste disposal industry in New York City.

The investigation resulted in the indictment and conviction of over one hundred participants in price-fixing and bid rigging of waste hauling contracts in the city.

The story is detailed in the book, Takedown, the Fall of the Last Mafia Empire, by Detective Rick Cowan and co-author Douglas Century, and in Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage by Heather Rogers.

title: Operation Wasteland


text:
A64 road

The A64 is a major road in North and West Yorkshire, England, which links Leeds, York and Scarborough. The A64 starts as the A64(M) ring road motorway in Leeds, then towards York it becomes a high-quality dual carriageway until it is east of the city, where it becomes a single carriageway for most of its route to Scarborough.

The road approximates a section of the old Roman road running from Chester to Bridlington, intersecting Ermine Street – the Old North Road – at York.

Leeds-York
The road begins in Leeds as the motorway A64(M) at Richmond Hill and the Woodpecker Junction, and close to the West Yorkshire Playhouse and the NHS's imposing Quarry House. It leads onto the York Road, passing All Saints Richmond Hill CE Primary School where there is a flyover for Lupton Avenue, and a left turn for the B6159 Harehills Lane near the Victoria Primary School. At Killingbeck, the A63 forks to the right at its western terminus. It passes Asda on the left, with the Killingbeck Retail Park, and Seacroft Hospital on the right. It meets Foundry Lane and Cross Gates Road at a roundabout next to Killingbeck police station. It meets, and overlaps with, the Old Ring Road Swarcliffe (B6902) at a roundabout near Swarcliffe next to St Theresa's RC Primary School, and at Seacroft there is a roundabout where the A64 leaves to the right, with the Britania Hotel to the east. At Arthursdale it passes over the former Wetherby - Cross Gates railway line, Where the route continues to the A6120 East Leeds Orbital Route (ELOR) linking Redhall and J46 of the M1.

At Saw Wood it is crossed by the Leeds Country Way. The section from Leeds to Bramham was scheduled for improvement in two stages, but this was cancelled in the mid-1980s. Just before junction 45 of the A1(M), the road enters North Yorkshire, and the district of Selby. At the Bramham Moor Interchange there are access roads to Aberford and Bramham (former A1). Where the road meets the A1, it used to pass unhindered as a dual carriageway, but since the motorway section of the A1(M) was opened on 4 February 1999, the road now has a roundabout. East of the junction at Stutton with Hazlewood, the Roman Ridge joins the road, which the A64 follows until the Tadcaster bypass. The 4 mi £8.9 million dual carriageway Tadcaster Bypass opened in September 1978. The A659 (former route of the A64 through Tadcaster) is to the left, with University of Leeds Headley Hall Farm to the west. On the bypass there is a junction for the A162 (for Towton) near Stutton.

It crosses the River Wharfe south of the breweries of Samuel Smith and John Smith. Near to the right is Oxton Hall, home of Humphrey Smith. At Oxton the road rejoins the former route. On the eastbound side is the Total Bilbrough Filling Station, with the York East former Little Chef and Travelodge at the point where the Roman road (and Ebor Way) join from the west, briefly following the road. In February 2004, work began on a new £11 million flyover at the Colton Lane/Bilbrough Top junction, allowing for the closing of the central reserve. The central reserve had long been an accident blackspot, and residents of the local villages had campaigned for its closure. The flyover was opened on 9 June 2005 by Stephen Ladyman. The BP Bilbrough Top Service Station on the west-bound side was built as well, with a McDonald's. At the turn-off for Askham Richard, the road enters the City of York next to the Buckles Inn. On the left is Askham Bryan College (agricultural), then Copmanthorpe is on the right, followed by Bishopthorpe (where the Archbishop of York lives). There is a junction for York's northern bypass (A1237), which was built in the late 1980s, and on the left is Pike Hills golf club and Askham Bogs nature reserve where the road is followed by NCN 66. The East Coast Main Line (Selby Diversion) passes under the A1036 junction for York to the left. To the east of the junction, the former ECML (through Selby, now NCN 65) is crossed, south of York College. The road then crosses the River Ouse. The 9 mi £12 million dual carriageway York Bypass opened in April 1976. It passes under the B1222 and meets the A19 at the Fulford Interchange, near the headquarters of Persimmon plc, and is crossed by the Minster Way, then the Wilberforce Way.

York-Scarborough
It passes close to the University of York, near the busy A1079 Hull road/A166 junction in Dunnington. The University is now much closer to the bypass due to its new Heslington East campus, and the Grimston Bar Park and Ride is accessed from the same junction. At Murton it crosses the Derwent Valley Light Railway. The York bypass terminates at the Hopgrove Roundabout (named after the nearby Hopgrove pub) in Stockton-on-the-Forest with the A1036 (former route) and A1237 near Forest Park golf club. This roundabout has lengthy queues at peak time, and is scheduled to eventually become a grade separated junction. Going east in the direction of Scarborough, it passes the Highwayman cafe on the left, and the Vertigrow Garden Centre, close to where the former York to Beverley Line crossed. Next is the Four Alls Inn at Stockton-on-the-Forest, followed by The Tanglewood. At the turn-off for Sand Hutton is an agricultural research laboratory (Food and Environment Research Agency), where the road re-enters North Yorkshire. It passes Claxton Hall and a right turn for Claxton, and left turn for Flaxton.

At Harton there is the former Malton Little Chef on the left, opposite the Gulf Coastways Service Station at Flaxton, just after a turn-off to the right for Harton. There is a dual carriageway section near Barton-le-Willows which includes Barton Hill, a steep section just before Whitwell-on-the-Hill, crossing the York to Scarborough Line. From here to Malton, the road follows the River Derwent (former boundary between the North and East ridings). It passes through Crambeck, where it is crossed by the Centenary Way and there is a right turn for High Hutton at Huttons Ambo. The road and avenue towards Castle Howard, including the Yorkshire Arboretum, are here on the left. The 5 mi £8.2 million dual carriageway Malton Bypass opened in December 1978. The former route is the B1257 and B1248. There is an intersection with the A169 (for Pickering, Whitby and the North York Moors) near Eden Camp Museum. The bypass crosses the River Derwent and the railway. It meets the former route at Scagglethorpe. Before Scagglethorpe village, the road has been improved to the north to reduce curvature. The single carriageway sections of this road are dangerous, and local people hope for a new dual carriageway. There are plans for a bypass of Rillington. In Rillington it passes The Fleece and the Coach and Horses. There is a left turn for Scampston. At West Knapton there is a left turn for the B1258. It passes through West Heslerton and East Heslerton, then passes the Snooty Fox. In Sherburn it passes the East Riding. Sherburn was formerly in the (historic) East Riding, being south of the Derwent. East of the village is the large Atlas Ward Structures factory.

At Ganton it passes the Greyhound. To the south, the road follows the northern edge of the Yorkshire Wolds. At Willerby, it meets the B1249 from the south. At neighbouring Staxton it meets the A1039 for Filey. On top of the hill to the south is RAF Staxton Wold, a radar station. A three-mile Staxton Diversion has been planned. The road passes the Hare and Hounds and the Shell Staxton and a mile northwards from the A1039 roundabout It then goes across the River Hertford. The two-mile £7 million single carriageway Seamer and Crossgates Bypass opened in February 1988. It leaves the former route (B1261) at a roundabout, following the railway to Scarborough. It crosses the Yorkshire Coast Line to Filey, next to Seamer Junction where both lines meet for Scarborough, and passes Seamer railway station. There is a roundabout for Eastfield and the B1261. There is the TOTAL Musham Bank Service Station on the left. Near Oliver's Mount, there is a right turn for the B1427. The route travels through the Edgehill and Falsgrave areas of the town, passing the Lidl supermarket and Seamer Road Retail Park. The A64 ends at the junction with the A165, outside Scarborough railway station and the Stephen Joseph Theatre

A64(M)

The A64(M), together with the A58(M), form a ring road around city centre of Leeds. It was built as an extension from the existing ring road, to relieve Leeds from severe traffic congestion. The motorway section of the ring road forms a semicircle around the north of the city centre. It is classified as a motorway to prohibit certain types of traffic and pedestrians but is not designed to modern motorway standards: it has no hard shoulders and many exits are unsuitable for a true motorway, including a right-side (fast lane) slip road exit. Most of it runs in a concrete-walled cutting, but it goes into a tunnel under the Leeds General Infirmary. The motorway cuts through inner-city neighbourhoods such as Woodhouse, Sheepscar, and Buslingthorpe, forming an important link in the road network by allowing traffic from the A65, A660, A58, A61 and A64 to bypass the city centre completely.

Proposed improvements
The Roads for Prosperity white paper, published by the Department for Transport in 1989, included proposals to upgrade the section between the north-eastern end of the York bypass at Hopgrove and the start of the Malton bypass to dual carriageway. This would have run on the existing road alignment. Shortly after, the Department for Transport published proposals to build a new road between the eastern end of the Malton bypass and the then recently completed Seamer bypass. The plan was for the new road to run parallel to the York to Scarborough railway and would have been to the north of the existing road. Most of the road would have been built as a dual carriageway, apart from the most easterly section. The existing route would have become a local access road. Detailed work was undertaken in the early 1990s but both proposals were shelved in the late 1990s and have not been subsequently reinvestigated.

In 2021, National Highways produced three options regarding dualling the single carriageway section between Hopgrove and Barton Le Willows.

Incidents
On 7 June 1992, Special Police Constable Glenn Goodman, was shot by the IRA near to Tadcaster on the A64. PC Goodman and his partner had stopped the car that the IRA men were travelling in as a routine stop and search inquiry. When they became suspicious and radioed for back up, the occupants of the detained car opened fire. PC Goodman was seriously injured and died later in hospital; his partner, PC Sandy Kelly was seriously injured but later recovered. Both police officers were not armed at the time of the incident. The IRA gunmen who shot the two PC's escaped and after a manhunt were later imprisoned and then released under the Good Friday Agreement.

A memorial to PC Goodman was erected near to where he fell at the junction of Station Road and Wetherby Road in Tadcaster.

On the morning of 22 December 2014, ex-professional footballer Clarke Carlisle was hit by a lorry on the A64 near Bishopthorpe, North Yorkshire, and was airlifted to Leeds General Infirmary having suffered cuts, bruises, internal bleeding, a broken rib and a shattered left knee. He had surgery soon after and his wife reported that he was "very poorly" but "alive and stable". In February 2015, after leaving hospital, Carlisle said that he had been trying to kill himself when he was hit by the lorry in December 2014.

title: A64 road


text:
Littoinen

Littoinen (Finnish; Littois

in Swedish) is a village in south-western Finland, centred on Lake Littoinen (Littoistenjärvi, Littois träsk). The village is shared between the town of Kaarina and the municipality of Lieto, and it borders the regional centre of Turku. It started growing after the founding of a broadcloth factory by Lake Littoinen in 1739, and the railway connection built in 1899 increased its growth. In the 1960s the operations of the broadcloth factory (verkatehdas) were discontinued due to decreased demand, but the premises still exist and have been transformed into residential and commercial spaces. The factory's heritage is still visible in the village's place and street names.

History
The origin of the town dates back to 1739 when merchants Henrik Rungeen and Esaias Wechter were granted authorization to establish a textile factory on the shores of Lake Littoistenjärvi. This textile industry thrived in Littoinen until 1969, when the factory operations were relocated to the Raunistula district of Turku.

Littoinen obtained its own railway station along the Helsinki-Turku railway line in 1899.

In 1965, Huonekalutehdas Korhonen moved part of its product manufacturing to Littoisen in Kaarina on the border of Turku. In 1982, after the third construction phase of the factory, the production of furniture products moved entirely to Littoisen, where Artek now manufactures furniture, small chairs, armchairs and tables designed by Alvar Aalto. The furniture factory Korhonen was acquired by Artek in 2014 and Artek established a new company called A-Factory for production.

In recent years, Teleste, a company specializing in antenna equipment and central radio devices, relocated its headquarters and factory to Littoinen, near the Turku border.

title: Littoinen


text:
Talk:Baden bei Wien

Untitled
Hey all, I'm the WikiProject Cities assessor of this article. If feedback is what you want and need, come to my talk page and give me a holler! --Starstriker7(Dime algoor see my works) 01:47, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Population
"Population (2002) 31,000" (in first paragraph) contradicts the number given in the infobox (clem 11:51, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC))

 * Anybody know the real number? Ksenon 06:47, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm going to go ahead and change the first paragraph and the infobox to read 25,207. I found the information on the official website . -Maaya まあや 17:06, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Baden, Baden-Baden geographie
Baden-Baden is in Germany ( Baden-Wuertenberg), Baden in Austria (near Wien) and Baden in Switzerland. reni von bifamo--82.113.4.33 (talk) 08:54, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

Jewish history?
How exactly is a series of photos of the town "Jewish history"?125.237.105.102 (talk) 22:56, 3 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Good question. Removed to here, pending some more context for their inclusion and some culling. We don't need repeated shots of same places and a clutter of maps from around the same year: choose some. If people just want a photo gallery, link to the Wikicommons category.

 * Topographia Austriacarum (Merian) 024.jpg, Baden bei Wien Ringlinie vor dem Kurhaus oJ.jpg, Villa-Hudelist-vor-1911.gif, Central-Hotel-Baden-(vor-1919).gif, Sauerhof-Baden-(vor-1919).gif, Sauerhof-und-Peterhof-1925.gif, Elektrische-Baden---Rauhenstein-vor-Strandbad.png, Strandbad-Baden-1928.gif

 * — Llywelyn II   07:47, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Went ahead and just chose best of the 6 maps from 1870-1910. — Llywelyn II   08:53, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

Mozart
Mozart's famous motet Ave verum corpus was probably premiered in St. Stephan, Baden, - how to include? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 16:47, 28 May 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:16, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Austria Lower Austria location map.svg

title: Talk:Baden bei Wien


text:
Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra

The Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra is an influential and doctrinally striking Mahāyāna Buddhist scripture which treats of the existence of the "Tathāgatagarbha" (Buddha-Matrix, Buddha-Embryo, lit. "the womb of the thus-come-one") within all sentient creatures. According to the Buddha, all sentient beings are born with buddha-nature and have the potential to become a Buddha. Physical and mental defilements of everyday life act as clouds over this nature and usually prevent this realization. This nature is no less than the indwelling Buddha himself.

Origins and development
Anthony Barber associates the development of the Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra with the Mahāsāṃghika sect of Buddhism, and concludes that the Mahāsāṃghikas of the Āndhra region (i.e. the Caitika schools) were responsible for the inception of the Tathāgatagarbha doctrine.

The Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra is considered "the earliest expression of this [the tathāgatagarbha doctrine] and the term tathāgatagarbha itself seems to have been coined in this very sutra." The text is no longer extant in its language of origin, but is preserved in two Tibetan and two Chinese translations.

Translations
Michael Zimmermann discerns two recensions, the shorter recension, translated into Chinese by Buddhabhadra in 420 CE, and the more extended and detailed recension, extant in the following translations: Buddhabhadra's version was translated into English by Grosnick in 1995 and the Tibetan version was translated by Zimmermann in 2002.
 * the Chinese translation of Amoghavajra (middle of 8th century);
 * an apocryphal Tibetan translation from Bathang;
 * the canonical Tibetan translation (around 800 CE).

The nine similes
According to Zimmermann, the nine similes "embody the new and central message of the text, embedded in the more or less standard framework consisting of the setting, a passage expounding the merit of propagating the sutra and a story of the past." The simile (1) in the first chapter describes a fantastic scene with many buddhas seated in lotus calyxes in the sky, who are not affected by the withering of the flowers. The following eight similes illustrate how the indwelling Buddha in sentient beings is hidden by the negative mental states (kleśas), "comparing it to (2) honey protected by bees, (3) kernels enclosed by their husks, (4) a gold nugget in excrement, (5) a hidden treasure beneath the house, (6) a sprout in the seed becoming a huge tree, (7) a tathāgata image wrapped in rotten rags, (8) a cakravartin in the womb of a despised, orphan woman and (9) a golden figure within a burned clay mold."

Overview
In regard to the Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra and the term Tathāgatagarbha, A. W. Barber writes:

"... as Alex Wayman, Michael Zimmermann, and I have noted, the original meaning of the term was that one is "already" or primordially awakened. For example, the Tathagatagarbha sutra illuminates the matter metaphorically this way: "inside a casting mold there is perfectly formed Buddha; the ignorant see the filth of the mold but the wise know that the Buddha is within.""

The Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra constitutes one of a number of Tathāgatagarbha or Buddha-nature sutras (including the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, the Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra, the Angulimaliya Sutra, and the Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa) which unequivocally declare the reality of an Awakened Essence within each being.

Tathāgatagarbha and ātman
According to some scholars, the Tathāgatagarbha does not represent a substantial self (ātman); rather, it is a positive language expression of emptiness (śūnyatā) and represents the potentiality to realize Buddhahood through Buddhist practices; the intention of the teaching of Tathāgatagarbha is Soteriology rather than theoretical. This interpretation is contentious. Not all scholars share this view. Michael Zimmermann, a specialist on the Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra, writes for instance: "the existence of an eternal, imperishable self, that is, buddhahood, is definitely the basic point of the Tathāgatagarbha Sutra.

Zimmermann also declares that the compilers of the Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra "did not hesitate to attribute an obviously substantialist notion to the buddha-nature of living beings," and notes the total lack of evident interest in this sutra for any ideas of "emptiness" (śūnyatā): "Throughout the whole Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra the term śūnyatā does not even appear once, nor does the general drift of the TGS somehow imply the notion of śūnyatā as its hidden foundation. On the contrary, the sutra uses very positive and substantialist terms to describe the nature of living beings.' Also, writing on the diverse understandings of Tathāgatagarbha doctrine, Jamie Hubbard comments on how some scholars see a tendency towards monism in the Tathāgatagarbha [a tendency which Japanese scholar Matsumoto castigates as non-Buddhist]. Hubbard comments:

"Matsumoto [calls] attention to the similarity between the extremely positive language and causal structure of enlightenment found in the tathagatagarbha literature and that of the substantial monism found in the atman/Brahman tradition. Matsumoto, of course, is not the only one to have noted this resemblance. Takasaki Jikido, for example, the preeminent scholar of the tathagatagarbha tradition, sees monism in the doctrine of the tathagatagarbha and the Mahayana in general … Obermiller wedded this notion of a monistic Absolute to the tathagatagarbha literature in his translation and comments to the Ratnagotra, which he aptly subtitled “A Manual of Buddhist Monism” … Lamotte and Frauwallner have seen the tathagatagarbha doctrine as diametrically opposed to the Madhyamika and representing something akin to the monism of the atman/Brahman strain …"

Buddhahood is thus taught to be the timeless, virtue-filled Real (although as yet unrecognised as such by the deluded being), present inside the mind of every sentient being from the beginningless beginning. Its disclosure to direct perception, however, depends on inner spiritual purification and purgation of the superficial obscurations which conceal it from view.

title: Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra


text:
Talk:Communist Party of the Menadores

Untitled
Can anyone give a decent translation of this name into English? --Soman 11:55, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'll try. Mena is a rather complex device for spinning hemp fiber, a heavier version of the spinning wheel. Callosa de Segura, the Valencian town where the party is based, was the leading production centre of hemp rope and fabric in Spain during most of the 20th century. The menadores are the skilled workers that operate the spinning wheels; I suppose they were important enough a bunch to have their own group splinter off the PCE. Unfortunately, I don't think spinners would make the cut. Perhaps somebody more familiar with the textile business than I would know what to call 'em. Taragui 16:38, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Communist Party of the Menadores


text:
User:Mankeli

Mankeli (eng. mangle) is a so-called cybershieldguy with a cybershield from Finland. He was born in 27.9.1987. Mankeli's favourite musical genres are dub (especially Ott's works), Drum and Bass, deep house, industrial (especially Nine Inch Nails) and classical/gregorian chant.

He's a coder, graphical artist, and musician. His hobbies include Philosophy, cycling and beatboxing. His favourite animal is cat.

Mankeli is a founder of famous demogroup HNO3 which has gained a lot of popularity by winning several popular demo competitions including kkompo 2004 and Ohjelmointiputka demo competition. Mankeli is also an author of the Kuantum Akelerator -demos.

Mankeli has also a rank of vice captain at Club Einstein which is a secret club for mentally advanced people.

title: User:Mankeli


text:
Payerne District

Payerne District was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

Mergers and name changes

 * On 1 July 2006, Rossens and Sédeilles merged into the municipality of Villarzel.
 * On 1 September 2006 the municipalities of Cerniaz (VD), Champtauroz, Chevroux, Combremont-le-Grand, Combremont-le-Petit, Corcelles-près-Payerne, Grandcour, Granges-près-Marnand, Henniez, Marnand, Missy, Payerne, Sassel, Seigneux, Trey, Treytorrens (Payerne), Villars-Bramard and Villarzel came from the District de Payerne to join the Broye-Vully District.

Municipalities

 * Cerniaz
 * Champtauroz
 * Chevroux
 * Combremont-le-Grand
 * Combremont-le-Petit
 * Grandcour
 * Granges-près-Marnand
 * Henniez
 * Marnand
 * Missy
 * Payerne
 * Rossens
 * Sassel
 * Sédeilles
 * Seigneux
 * Trey
 * Treytorrens
 * Villars-Bramard
 * Villarzel

title: Payerne District


text: Template:MathGenealogy

title: Template:MathGenealogy


text:
Quentin S. Crisp

Quentin S. Crisp (born 1972) is a British writer of fiction, essays and poetry. His fiction often has a supernatural dimension, an otherworldly atmosphere or imaginative plot elements that defy a materialist view of realism. Unlike the better-known personality of the same name, this Quentin Crisp was given the name at birth but, being younger, must use his middle initial to disambiguate. Originally from North Devon, Crisp now lives in London. He has a bachelor's degree in Japanese from the University of Durham, a master's degree in philosophy from Birkbeck College, and has spent two periods living in Japan, and Japanese literature is a significant influence in his work.

Crisp was responsible for the Chômu Press, publishing fiction by contemporary authors.

Crisp also writes lyrics, which have been recorded by Kodagain.

His novella Shrike was a 2009 Shirley Jackson Award finalist. Shrike was also the first I-novel in the English language.

title: Quentin S. Crisp


text:
Austin Stack

Augustine Mary Moore Stack (7 December 1879 – 27 April 1929) was an Irish republican and politician who served as Minister for Home Affairs from 1921 to 1922. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1918 to 1927.

Early life
Stack was born in Ballymullen, Tralee, County Kerry, to William Stack, an attorney's clerk, and Nanette O'Neill. He was educated at the Christian Brothers School in Tralee. At the age of fourteen, he left school and became a clerk in a solicitor's office. A gifted Gaelic footballer, he captained the Kerry team to All-Ireland victory in 1904. He also served as President of the Kerry Gaelic Athletic Association County Board.

Activism
He became politically active in 1908 when he joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood. In 1916, as commandant of the Kerry Brigade of the Irish Volunteers, he made preparations for the landing of arms by Roger Casement. He was made aware that Casement was arrested on Easter Saturday and was being held in Tralee. He made no attempt to rescue him from Ballymullen Barracks.

Stack was arrested and sentenced to death for his involvement in the Rising; however, this was later commuted to penal servitude for life. He was released under general amnesty in June 1917 and was elected as an abstentionist Sinn Féin MP for Kerry West at the 1918 Westminster election, becoming a member of the 1st Dáil. He was elected unopposed as an abstentionist member of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland and a member of the 2nd Dáil as a Sinn Féin TD for Kerry–Limerick West at the 1921 elections.

Stack, as part of his role as Minister for Home Affairs, was responsible for the creation and administration of the Dáil Courts. These were courts run by IRA in parallel and opposition to the judicial system being run by the British government. The IRA and Sinn Féin was highly successful in both getting the civilian population of Ireland to use the courts and accept their rulings. The success of this initiative gave Sinn Féin a large boost in legitimacy and supported their goals in creating a "counter-state" within Ireland as part of their overarching goals in the War of Independence. Frank O'Connor, later a republican colleague in the civil war, considered him a failure as home affairs minister for an unrealistic attitude to overseeing a ministry in constrained circumstances – a complaint many of his cabinet colleagues made.

He opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, and took part in the subsequent Civil War. He was captured in 1923 and went on hunger strike for forty-one days before being released in July 1924.

Dáil
He was elected to the Third Dáil at the 1922 general election and subsequent elections as an Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin TD for the Kerry constituency. When Éamon de Valera founded Fianna Fáil in 1926, Stack remained with Sinn Féin being re-elected to the Dáil at the June 1927 general election. He did not contest the September 1927 general election.

Personal life
In 1925, he married Winifred (Una) Gordon, née Cassidy (died 1950), the widow of a Royal Irish Constabulary district inspector, Patrick Gordon (1870–1912).

Stack's health never recovered after his hunger strike and he died in a Dublin hospital on 27 April 1929, aged 49.

Honours
Austin Stack Park in his home town of Tralee, one of the Gaelic Athletic Association's stadiums, is named in his honour, as is the Austin Stacks GAA Hurling and Gaelic football club.

title: Austin Stack


text:
Arta Region

Arta Region (إقليم عرتا, Gobolka Carta) is one of the six regions of Djibouti. It was officially created in 2003 by the regrouping of districts of the regions of Dikhil and Djibouti. It is situated in the south-central of the country, bordering the Tadjoura Region to the north, and the Djibouti Region to the north-east, and Dikhil Region the Ali Sabieh Region to the south, the country of Somaliland lies to the east.

The capital of Arta Region is Arta. Other towns include We`a, Damerjog and Loyada. The Hemed mountain is the highest point in the region of Arta.

Climate
The climate of Arta Region is generally semi-arid to arid, and its territory is mostly covered by mountains, high plains, and desert. The climate of the coastal strip is influenced by warm ocean waters, keeping the region free from extremes of temperature and providing moisture for rainfall. However, most of the Arta Region populace experience two weather seasons: a "winter" period of rather cold and warm temperatures and higher levels of rainfall and a sultry summer period of hot, sticky temperatures.

The annual mean statistics for some Arta Region centres is shown below:

title: Arta Region


text:
Pittsburgh Theological Seminary

Pittsburgh Theological Seminary (PTS) is a Presbyterian graduate seminary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1794, it houses one of the largest theological libraries in the tri-state area.

History

Pittsburgh Theological Seminary was formed in 1959 by consolidating the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.'s Western Theological Seminary and the United Presbyterian Church of North America's Pittsburgh-Xenia Theological Seminary. The consolidation was the result of the 1958 merger between the PCUSA and the UPCNA to form the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.

Pittsburgh-Xenia Theological Seminary began with the founding of Service Seminary (Associate Theological Seminary in the town of Service, Beaver County, Pennsylvania) in 1792 by the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania. Prior to that time, the Presbytery was dependent on a supply of ministers sent from Scotland. John Anderson was elected as the first teacher of divinity and the school began with an enrollment of six students. Service Seminary moved several times, from Service to Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, then to Xenia, Ohio, where it became Xenia Theological Seminary. This occurred in the 1850s and was prompted by a desire to locate nearer to the growing population in the Midwest. Joseph Kyle joined the faculty in 1900 (leaving 4th United Presbyterian Church in Allegheny, Pennsylvania). In approximately 1914, Kyle was appointed president. In 1920, the trustees determined to move the seminary to St. Louis, Missouri, also to be nearer to potential students in the Plains states. In 1921, Kyle died unexpectedly. This loss of leadership at a crucial transition period created problems for the fledgling institution and it never really took root. In 1930, Xenia merged with a seminary that was founded in Pittsburgh in 1825, which was known as Pittsburgh Seminary (1825–1833; 1913–1930) and Allegheny Seminary (1833–1912). Together Pittsburgh and Xenia formed the Pittsburgh-Xenia Theological Seminary. This institution was later augmented by the resources of Newburgh Seminary, founded in New York City in 1805 by John Mitchell Mason.

Western Theological Seminary, the other branch of Pittsburgh Theological Seminary's pre-1959 history, began with the establishment of classical academies in Washington, Pennsylvania, the first in 1785 by Joseph Smith and another in 1787 by John McMillan. Out of these academies, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church USA created Western Seminary. It was indeed a western seminary in 1825, furnishing a ministry for the rapidly opening frontier territories along the Ohio River.

Since the 1959 consolidation, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary has been located on the former Pittsburgh-Xenia Seminary campus in the Highland Park/East Liberty section of Pittsburgh. It became a PC (USA) seminary following the 1983 merger between the UPCUSA and the Presbyterian Church in the United States.

Academics
Pittsburgh Theological Seminary is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada and the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. The seminary has scholars in all major fields of theological inquiry and offers language training in Greek and Hebrew. The following degrees are offered by the institution:

 * Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
 * Master of Arts in Pastoral Studies (M.A.P.S.)
 * Master of Theological Studies (MTS)
 * Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) Focus areas include Science and Theology, Missional Leadership, Reformed, Christian Spirituality, Intergenerational Black Church Studies, Eastern Christian, and Creative Writing & Public Theology.

The Seminary also cooperates with other institutions within the Pittsburgh Council on Higher Education to offer joint degree programs, including:
 * Master of Divinity/Juris Doctor (Duquesne University)
 * M.A.P.S./Juris Doctor (Duquesne University)
 * MTS/Juris Doctor (Duquesne University)
 * Master of Divinity/Master of Social Work (University of Pittsburgh)

Clifford E. Barbour Library
The Clifford E. Barbour Library is a theological library in Western Pennsylvania. Its 300,000 volumes, several online databases, and more than 800 periodical subscriptions make it one of the larger stand-alone theological libraries in the United States. The library is located in a three-story building of American Colonial design, dedicated in 1964. The library houses several valuable collections, including the John M. Mason Memorial Collection, which consists of many rare theological works dating from the Reformation. On display in the Hansen Reading Room are the desk and chair of Karl Barth, dedicated to Pittsburgh Theological Seminary by Barth's son, Markus Barth, a faculty member from 1963–1972. Many of the books and periodicals in the collection were made possible by a $15 million gift from wealthy banker and businessman Thomas Clinton. The library was managed by Dikran Hadidian during its formative years.

Kelso Museum of Near Eastern Archaeology
Pittsburgh Theological Seminary is home to the Kelso Museum of Near Eastern Archaeology. The museum contains a collection of ancient Near Eastern and Palestinian pottery and artifacts brought together by travelers and archeologists over the past 60 years. Many exhibits resulted from the eight excavations of which the seminary has been a part.

The Seminary is very involved in Biblical archaeology, and sponsors the Zeitah Excavations in Israel at Tel Zayit. The excavation was founded under the direction of Professor Ron E. Tappy, Professor of Bible and Archaeology and director of Pittsburgh Theological Seminary's Kelso Museum of Near Eastern Archaeology. The excavation began in 1999 with a 55-member international team of experts and volunteers. In July 2005 excavators discovered the Zayit Stone, which contained an inscription dating to the 10th century BCE (King Solomon's reign). The two-line inscription, on a 33-pound limestone boulder embedded in the stone wall of a building, is the earliest securely-dated example of the complete Hebrew alphabet (an "abecedary"). The letters show a transitional script emerging from Phoenician and leading to the Hebrew national script of the 9th century BCE. The first significant inscription from this period in nearly a century, the discovery was reported in the New York Times.

World Mission Initiative
World Mission Initiative (WMI) at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary is a fellowship of Presbyterians.

WMI prepares seminarians to become pastors, and coordinates cross-cultural trips. It has a church focus and works to train world Christian pastors. WMI hosts missionaries, national church leaders, and scholars on campus throughout the year.

Faculty and alumni
Prominent faculty from the seminary's history include:
 * Dale Allison
 * M. Craig Barnes
 * Robert A. J. Gagnon
 * John Gerstner
 * Archibald Alexander Hodge
 * William Swan Plumer
 * Andrew Purves
 * Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki
 * Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield
 * Robert Dick Wilson

Prominent alumni include:
 * Thomas K. Chadwick
 * John A. Dalles
 * Festo Kivengere
 * Charles William Kerr, first permanent Protestant Christian minister of Tulsa, Oklahoma.
 * Isaac C. Ketler, founder of Grove City College
 * Calvin Wilson Mateer, the chairman of the committee for Bible translation of The Chinese Union Version.
 * Robert H. Meneilly
 * Fred Rogers
 * R. C. Sproul
 * Neil M. Stevenson
 * Ralph Watkins

title: Pittsburgh Theological Seminary


text:
Party of Communist Unification in the Canaries

The Party of Communist Unification in the Canaries (Partido de Unificación Comunista en Canarias) was a communist party working for the political autonomy of the Canary Islands. PUCC appeared sometime in 1975, and held its first conference in 1978. PUCC originated from OPI a leftist split of the Communist Party of Spain. PUCC worked underground during caudillo Francisco Franco's Spanish State. The leader of PUCC was Paco Tovar Santos, and its internal bulletin was called Comunista ("Communist").

History
The party was founded in 1975 as a split of the Communist Party of Spain. The same year a member of the party, Antonio González Ramos, was killed by the Francoist State Spanish police.

In the 1977 general elections PUCC supported Frente Democrático de Izquierdas. In the second congress of PUCC in 1980, it changed its name to Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria del Archipiélago Canario-PUCC. In 2012, PUCC was integrated in Communist Party of the People of Spain.