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Chevrolet Spark

The Chevrolet Spark (쉐보레 스파크) is a city car manufactured by General Motors's subsidiary GM Korea from 1998 to 2022. The vehicle was developed by Daewoo and introduced in 1998 as the Daewoo Matiz (대우 마티즈). In 2002, General Motors purchased Daewoo Motors, which was marketing the vehicle with several GM marques and nameplates.

The third generation was predominantly marketed under the Chevrolet brand in North America as the Chevrolet Spark and in Australia and New Zealand as the Holden Barina Spark. The fourth generation was launched in 2015, known as the Holden Spark in Australia and New Zealand. It also serves as the basis for the Opel Karl in Europe, Vauxhall Viva in the UK, and VinFast Fadil in Vietnam, the latter being manufactured under license.

A limited-production all-electric version, the Chevrolet Spark EV, was released in the U.S. in selected markets in California and Oregon in June 2013. The Spark EV was the first all-electric passenger car marketed by General Motors since the EV1 was discontinued in 1999, and also the first offered for retail sale by GM (the EV1 was available only on lease).

In the South Korean market, the Spark complies with South Korean "light car" (경차) regulations, which regulate overall vehicle dimensions and engine capacity with tax and parking fee benefits.

Production of the Spark at the Changwon, South Korea assembly plant ended in 2022. The plant would instead produce the second-generation Trax.

M100 (1998–2000)
The production of Daewoo Matiz started in 1998, and it was marketed in South Korea and many European markets, internally designated the M100. The exterior design is based on the Lucciola, a 1993 Fiat Cinquecento concept by Fabrizio Giugiaro at Italdesign, which had been rejected by Fiat. The 0.8-litre gasoline engine and the transmission were carryovers from the Daewoo Tico, but as of 2013 used a multipoint fuel injection system. Engineering was carried out at Daewoo's Worthing Technical Centre in England. The car became the best selling Daewoo model in Europe and in India for the next four years.

It was developed on the basis of the Daewoo Tico under license of the Suzuki Alto, with which both Tico and Matiz share mechanicals and suspensions. From this origin was derived its characteristic narrow width, imposed by the Japanese kei car tax category.

The Matiz was launched with just a 0.8-litre straight-three engine. It developed a maximum power of 51 hp and a maximum torque of 68.5 Nm, and had a combined consumption of 6.4 L/100 km. It had a top speed of 144 km/h and could reach 100 km/h in 17 seconds. This engine was developed from the Tico unit by Tickford, a UK company based in Milton Keynes. The Tickford connection was acknowledged in the brochures distributed in UK showrooms.

It was released with three trim levels: E, S, and SE. The latter had air conditioning, wheel covers, body-colored bumpers, rear spoiler, fog lights, and a stereo, with optional features such as roof rails, power steering, central locking, electric front windows, antilock brakes, and driver airbag. In certain markets, it was also available with an automatic transmission.

M150 (2000–2005)
This facelift was designed at Daewoo's Worthing Technical Centre in England, and introduced in South Korea in late 2000, and exported from 2001. The front-end structure was modified to accommodate a four-cylinder engine, although the introduction of this engine, the 1.0-litre S-Tec unit, was delayed until after Daewoo's takeover by General Motors in 2002.

The M150 continued to be produced by GM-Uzbekistan (previously UzDaewooAuto) in Uzbekistan until 2018. The car was launched to the Russian market as the Ravon Matiz in 2016, but was soon discontinued. In South Korea and Japan this updated Matiz was sold under the name Daewoo Matiz II.

Lechi (China)
In China, the car was marketed as the Chevrolet Lechi. It remained in production until 2012, when an updated version was introduced as the Baojun Lechi. It is to be offered under both Chevrolet and Baojun brands during a transition period. The Lechi has also received certain powertrain updates, making the car economical enough to qualify for a subsidy and a tax break from the Chinese government.

Safety
Euro NCAP test results for a RHD, 5five-door hatchback variant on a 2000 registration:

Engines
It featured a range of three petrol engines, which had these specifications:

Copying controversy

The Chery QQ3, then known as the Chery QQ, became the center of an industrial copyright and intellectual rights controversy, as GM claimed the car was a copy of the Daewoo Matiz. GM executives demonstrated the extent of the design duplication, noting for example that the doors of the QQ and those of the Spark are interchangeable without modification.

GM China Group indicated the two vehicles "shared remarkably identical body structure, exterior design, interior design, and key components" MotorAuthority.com and Car and Driver called the QQ a "carbon copy", while the International Herald Tribune, in a 2005 article, referred to it as a clone.

The Detroit News reported that "the dispute reflects the confusion, risks, and ambitions in China's new auto industry, where global carmakers are battling pugnacious upstarts for a piece of what may become the world's largest auto market."

Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)
In 2005, the Matiz received substantial modifications (M200), previewed by the Chevrolet M3X concept car shown at 2004 Paris Motor Show. The upper body was revised, based again on a design by Italdesign Giugiaro, the S-Tec engines were updated, and the car's drag coefficient was lowered, resulting in better fuel economy. The interior was also significantly revised, notably with a centre-mounted instrument cluster. The platform was also revised, with a twist-beam rear suspension system replacing the previous three-link beam axle, and the front suspension using cast, rather than pressed and fabricated lower control arms.

In 2008, the 800 cc engine was revised to fall below the 120 g/km level, thus qualifying for the UK's £35 road tax band and no London congestion charge.

In Europe, it was marketed under the names Chevrolet Matiz and Chevrolet Spark. In Italy, the LPG version was called Chevrolet Matiz Eco Logic; it was built from 2007 to 2010 in over 60,000 vehicles by BRC Gas Equipment in Cherasco, Cuneo, Italy.

In South Korea, where it was marketed only with an 800 cc engine and following the introduction of M300 Matiz (Matiz Creative), the M200 Matiz was renamed to Matiz Classic Production reach 2.3 million worldwide during the first 10 years.

Then the 1.9 liter at Diesel is at 102 hp (75 kilowatts) (101 hp)

As of 2011, VIDAMCO of Vietnam produces the Matiz M200 as the Chevrolet Spark Lite in complete knock-down (CKD) form at its Hanoi production facility.

In India, the local manufacturer GM India produced two special editions of this generation - the Chevrolet Spark LPG, a version equipped with a sequential injection-type liquified petroleum gas kit, unveiled on the World Environment Day in New Delhi, and the Chevrolet Spark Muzic, introduced in 2009.

Safety
Euro NCAP test results for a five-door hatchback variant on a 2005 registration:

Third generation (M300; 2009)
The redesigned Matiz (codenamed M300) was launched in 2009 and is based on the 2007 Chevrolet Beat concept car. Although sold globally as the Chevrolet Spark, in India, this model retains the Beat name from the concept car, as the second-generation Spark continues to be sold in this market. In some Latin American markets, the Beat name was also used, while Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru received it as the Spark GT. Prior to the 2011 elimination of the Daewoo marque in South Korea, the third-generation Spark was marketed as the Daewoo Matiz Creative.

GM presented a pre-production version of the Chevrolet Beat carrying the Chevrolet Spark nameplate at the 2009 North American International Auto Show. The production version was announced at that show, but only the Beat concept was shown.

The production Chevrolet Spark was unveiled at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show. It became available in Europe in the first quarter of 2010, followed by other markets worldwide, with US sales set to begin in early 2012 for 2013 model year. Production of the car started from December 2009 in Halol, Gujarat, India. It was launched in India in January 2010 as the Chevrolet Beat during Auto Expo in New Delhi.

With the M300, the original Suzuki platform was replaced by GM Global Small Vehicles platform, developed by GM Daewoo engineers.

Concept
The Chevrolet Beat concept car was unveiled at the 2007 New York International Auto Show alongside two other concept vehicles, the Trax and the Groove. The Beat is a three-door hatchback concept, derived from the Daewoo Kalos. It was designed by GM Daewoo in South Korea. It is powered by a 1.2 L turbocharged gasoline engine mated to an automatic transmission.

This version was featured in the Michael Bay movie Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen as Skids, alongside the GM Trax subcompact SUV. The Beat concept sports a Vertigo Green exterior paint job with the same hue carried over to parts of the interior. Its profile is high at the rear and tapering down evenly to the front of the grille. Headlights that appear to extend all the way from the base of the grille to the base of the windshield are LED type. It feature 17-inch wheels with matching green paint of the disc brakes. Twin taillights that extend upward to the back-up lights are also LEDs.

In early 2007, GM conducted a poll testing the relative popularity of the Beat, Trax, and Groove concepts on a Chevrolet website, with the Beat receiving nearly 50% of the vote, which ultimately determined the car making it into production.

GM displayed a prototype woodie version of the forthcoming Chevrolet Spark for the 2010 Paris Motor Show.

Facelifts
The first facelift was revealed at the 2012 Paris Motor Show. It features a redesigned dual-port grille and front bumper, and restyled headlamp covers and fog lamps. The North American model, launched for the 2013 model year, uses the facelifted styling. The first facelift model was launched in India in February 2014. The facelifted Holden Barina Spark retained the existing front bumper, with its front grille being redesigned.

A second facelift was launched in 2017 for the 2018 year with a design inspired by the fourth-generation Spark (M400). Produced in India and Colombia, it is aimed mainly to developing countries.

Beat sedan/notchback (NB)
A four-door sedan version was unveiled in a near-production prototype form at the 2016 Auto Expo in India as the Chevrolet Essentia. After GM halted domestic sales in India in 2017, the Essentia was ultimately cancelled for the Indian market. The model was instead exported to Latin America either in finished form or as knock-down kits (to be assembled by GM Colmotores) as the Beat or Beat NB (notchback).

The Beat and its notchback version were discontinued from the Mexican market in early August 2021, giving the production run from 2018 to 2021 model years. The Taxi variant of the Beat Notchback was available for the Colombian market until the 2022 model year.

Spark/Beat Activ
A crossover-styled version is also available in South America as the Chevrolet Spark GT Activ or Chevrolet Beat Activ. The concept version was showcased at the 2016 Auto Expo in India, however the production version was never sold in India as GM pulled out from the market. The production version is available in several Latin American markets starting from 2018.

United States
The U.S. version of the third-generation Spark went into production on April 16, 2012, and arrived in dealerships in August 2012. Marketed as the Chevrolet Spark, the car uses a special up-stroked version of the "S-TEC II" engine (RPO code LL0).

The 2013 Spark was the fastest-selling car in the United States for July 2012, with just 6 days from when they arrived at dealers to when they were sold.

For 2014, the automatic transmission is a Jatco M4M-CVT7 continuously variable transmission (CVT) and the final drive ratio lowered to 3.75. The CVT gives better fuel mileage overall than the previous 4 speed automatic, and changing the final drive ratio from its previous 4.145 reduces engine noise and increases fuel economy on the highway while increasing noise and reducing fuel mileage in the city. Industry sources have commented on the ongoing reliability issues with the Jatco CVT transmissions.

Domino's DXP
The Domino's DXP (short for "Delivery eXPert") is a version 2015 Spark marketed in the U.S., which was customized by Roush Performance for Domino's Pizza where it was converted to a revival of a canopy express vehicle which was popular from the 1930s to the 1950s. Based on the mid-level 1LT trim of the Spark, the front and rear passenger seats are removed and replaced with storage compartments that can carry 80 pizzas, two 2-liter bottles of soda, and dipping sauces. The left rear passenger door is converted into a warming oven that can only be unlocked with the key fob or a button within the driver's door frame. The Spark's Chevrolet front grille is replaced with a custom-made black front grille with the "Domino's" logo, as well as a custom lower body kit, and all DXP cars have a custom Domino's-themed vinyl wrap with a lighted Domino's roof topper.

Production is limited to less than 200 units and once each car reaches 100,000 miles, it will be retired and returned to Roush, where it will be restored to stock form and sold as a used Spark (all four factory seatbelts and airbags are left fully intact, and covered by plastic panels). Despite the intentions of Domino's to eventually retire the DXP and leave none remaining, several wrecked DXPs have been salvaged by private individuals with the intention of retaining them as rare cars when the rest of the fleet is retired. The situation has resulted in threatened legal action by a Domino's franchisee.

Europe
The third-generation Spark was unveiled at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show. It became available in Europe in the first quarter of 2010. Engine choices include 1.0- and 1.2-litre I4 engines. In Italy there is an LPG version of the Spark called the Chevrolet Spark Eco Logic with BRC Gas Equipment as of the end of 2009. This bi-fuel version is available with the 1.0 and 1.2 engines (both with 16 valves) with 113 to 119 g of CO2 emissions respectively. While the LPG cars are still available in Italy, in France the LPG versions were only available from 2009 until 2012.

India
Production of the third-generation, badged as the Beat, started at Halol plant near Ahmedabad in Gujarat on December 15, 2009. It was launched in India on January 5, 2010, during Auto Expo in New Delhi. The Beat was marketed alongside the second-generation Spark, which was offered as a more affordable alternative. The Beat is powered by a 1.2 L S-TEC II engine capable of operating using petrol or LPG autogas, marketed as Smartech II. The engine was destroked from 1,206 cc to 1,199 cc for the Indian market due to lower tax imposed to vehicles with engine displacement under 1,200 cc.

In July 2011, General Motors launched the diesel version of the Beat in India. The 3-cylinder, 936 cc turbo-diesel engine produces 62.5 PS and 160.26 Nm of torque, resulting in good acceleration and pick up. The 1.0 L, 936 cc diesel engine enables the car to reach 100 km/h (62 mph) in 16 seconds and a top speed of 142 km/h. Chevrolet Beat Diesel offers mileage of 24 km/L (56 mpg) as per the ARAI test reports. The engine is based on the Fiat Multijet diesel technology.

GM India was reported to build an electric version of the Spark or Beat with Reva Electric Car Company. However, after the acquisition of Reva Electric Car Company by Mahindra & Mahindra, GM India dropped the plans, and planned its own electric version.

In Auto Expo 2016 in February, GM India showcased the four-door sedan version of the Beat as the Chevrolet Essentia, and a crossover-styled concept model as the Beat Activ. Both models never went on sale in India as Chevrolet ceased sales in the country in 2017, however these models were exported to Latin America until 2021.

Mexico
In Mexico, the third-generation Spark it was released in July 2010 as a 2011 model year, but did not replace the Chevrolet Matiz (formerly Pontiac G2 Matiz), which was sold until 2015. In mid 2017, the third-generation Spark received a facelift and it was renamed the Chevrolet Beat.

On 5 August 2021, the Beat was discontinued in Mexico due to the Talegaon, India, plant being closed, leaving the Aveo as their entry-level model in said market.

Philippines
In the Philippines, the third-generation Spark is equipped with 1.0 L and 1.2 L engines. It has 2 trims; the LS (5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic) and LT (5-speed manual). It was discontinued in 2015.

South Korea
The car was unveiled in South Korea as the Daewoo Matiz Creative at the 2009 Seoul Motor Show. The Matiz version was renamed to Matiz Creative. The car has a 1.0 L S-TEC II engine with 4-speed automatic transmission. Sales began on September 1, 2009. The Groove name used in one of the rejected concepts returned as a trim level.

In 2011, the Matiz Creative is renamed as Chevrolet Spark, as part of phasing out the Daewoo brand in South Korea, making way for the Chevrolet brand.

Australasia
In Australia and New Zealand, the third-generation Spark was released in October 2010 at the 2010 Australian International Motor Show in Sydney as the MJ series Holden Barina Spark. It was available in two trim levels, CD and CDX. It was discontinued in February 2018 to be replaced by the fourth-generation model.

Uzbekistan

The Chevrolet Spark was released in Uzbekistan in August 2010. It was available in three trim levels: L (1.0 L manual), LS (1.0 L manual/auto) and LT (1.2 L manual).

Russia
The Uzbekistan-made Spark has been sold in Russia as the Ravon R2 since 2016. It was available with the 1.2 L engine and automatic gearbox.

Safety
The Korean-made Spark in its most basic Latin American market configuration with no airbags and no ABS received 0 stars for adult occupants and 2 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2014.

The Indian-made Spark GT in its most basic Latin American market configuration with no airbags, no ABS and no ESC received 0 stars for adult occupants and 0 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2016 (one level above 2010–2015).

Spark EV
The Chevrolet Spark EV is a limited production 5-door hatchback battery electric vehicle produced by Chevrolet from 2013 until 2016. The Spark EV was a compliance car specifically designed to meet the government mandate on automobile manufacturers to increase the penetration of electric automobiles into the fleet of all operating vehicles on the road in certain US states, but was not intended for broad adoption in the broader US market, nor produced and sold in quantities that would meet demand for such vehicles in the open market where no such government rules exist.

In October 2011, General Motors announced the planned production of the Chevrolet Spark EV, with availability limited to select markets starting in 2013. The production version was unveiled at the November 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show. Within the framework of GM's vehicle electrification strategy, the Spark EV was the first all-electric passenger car marketed by General Motors in the U.S. since the EV1, which had been discontinued in 1999.

The Spark EV was released in the U.S. in June 2013, with availability initially limited to the markets in California and Oregon. The first vehicle was leased to a family in the Studio City neighborhood of Los Angeles. The electric car went on sale in Maryland in the second quarter of 2015, the first East Coast state where the Spark EV was available.
 * Sales

, U.S. sales totaled 1,684 units. In April 2015, GM announced a price cut of US$1,650, to US$25995 2015 and simultaneously announced a new lease deal of US$139 2015 per month, along with additional discounts ranging from US$1,000 to 3,500, depending on the state. Sales jumped by approximately nine times, from an average of 100 per month to 920 in April 2015 alone, in response to the price cut. The Spark EV was discontinued in December 2016, when Chevrolet began selling the Bolt, which had a much longer range and wider availability. In total, it was estimated from incentive data that 7,371 Spark EVs were sold or leased to customers in the United States, including a few leftover vehicles in 2017.

Retail sales of the Spark EV began in South Korea in October 2013. The Spark was also available in Canada for limited fleet sales starting in 2014.

The electric car was initially powered by a 21.3 kWh lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO) battery pack supplied by A123 Systems. In a white-paper, the nanophosphate material used in the cathode was touted as increasing battery life and safety. In 2014, for the 2015 model year, the battery pack supplier was changed to LG Chem and the chemistry was changed to lithium-ion (Li-ion) which resulted in a smaller capacity pack (19 kWh) while maintaining the same EV range, which was estimated at 82 mi with a combined (city and highway) economy rating of 119 mpge under the EPA cycle for all model years. The weight of the traction battery was reduced by 86 lb with the move to the smaller pack. It is carried over the rear axle and is equipped with a liquid thermal management system.
 * Technical

The Spark EV is equipped with a standard onboard charger that can accept AC power at a maximum rate of 3.3 kW. When equipped with an optional CCS/SAE Combo Type 1 DC power inlet, the Spark EV can be fast-charged to 80% of capacity in 20 minutes. Using the onboard AC charger, charging time increases to about seven hours using a dedicated 240-volt charging station or about 20 hours using a standard household 120-volt outlet. It is the first car in the United States to offer a CCS Combo inlet.

The 2014 production version featured a 130 hp motor, providing 400 lbft of torque. The electric motor and final drive unit were assembled in GM's Baltimore Operations plant in White Marsh, then shipped to South Korea where they were fitted to the vehicles. Alongside the new battery for the 2015 model year, torque output was reduced to 327 ftlb while power rose to 105 kW and the drive ratio was also changed from 3.17 to 3.87.

Fourth generation (M400; 2015)
The fourth-generation Spark, internally designated M400, was styled under the direction of GM Global Design Chief Michael Simcoe, debuted at the April 2015 New York International Auto Show and went on sale in the fourth quarter of 2015. It was also marketed as the Holden Spark in Australia and New Zealand. A restyled version was marketed as the Opel Karl in Europe, Vauxhall Viva in the UK, and VinFast Fadil in Vietnam (produced under license). These nameplates feature revised instrument panel styling, revised side swaging and a small quarter light in the rear door, displacing the high-mounted rear door handles of the Spark.

Powertrain
In North America, at introduction, the fourth-generation Spark is powered by a 1.4-litre, 1399 cc LV7 DOHC I4 gasoline engine producing 98 hp and 94 lbft torque. The Korean domestic version as well as Opel, Vauxhall and Holden variants used a 1.0 L engine producing 75 hp and 70 pound-feet torque.

United States
In the United States, the Spark was available in four trim levels: base LS, mid-level 1LT, lifestyle-oriented ACTIV (available starting with the 2017 model year), and top-tier 2LT. Each trim level was available with either a standard five-speed manual transmission, or a continuously variable transmission (CVT).

Canada
Canada received the LS, 1LT, and 2LT models. The biggest seller by far was the 1LT; 85 percent of Canadian buyers opted for an 1LT fitted with the automatic transmission.

Mexico
The Spark was launched for the Mexican market on November 4, 2015, as a 2016 model and only offered in the LT and LTZ trim lines, both of them powered by a 1.4-liter engine.

2018 facelift
In 2018, for the 2019 model year, the Spark received a mid-cycle facelift. Changes included a new third-generation seven-inch Chevrolet Infotainment 3 infotainment system, revised exterior styling, optional low-speed autonomous emergency braking (AEB) on selected models, and new exterior color options. In the United States, the facelifted Spark went on sale in the third quarter of 2018 for model year 2019. For Mexico, the model was facelifted in October 2018 as a 2019 model, discontinuing the LTZ trim line and adding the Premier and Activ trim lines.

Spark Activ
For the 2018 model year, GM introduced the Activ trim level between the 1LT and 2LT trims, including leatherette-trimmed seating surfaces, heated front seats, leather-wrapped steering wheel, aluminum-alloy wheels, unique black exterior styling elements, roof rails, rear liftgate badging, and ground clearance increased by 0.4 inches. It was not offered for sale in Canada.

Discontinuation
Chevrolet discontinued the Spark after the 2022 model year. Production ceased in August 2022. The Spark was the United States and Canada's least expensive new car on sale. Production for South Korea was scheduled to cease on September 8, 2022. Supply chain replacement parts has ceased for 2014-2016 models.

Asia
In India, it was launched in 1999 as the Daewoo Matiz. In 2007, General Motors India launched the Chevrolet M3X concept based third generation, as the Chevrolet Spark. In Japan, the Matiz was sold under the GM Daewoo brand through the Yanase Co., Ltd. dealership network, but was considered a "compact car" due to the length, width and engine displacement exceeding the Kei car regulations. In the Philippines, the Matiz was available during the years 1999–2000 through the grey market. In 2007, it was released under the name Chevrolet Spark. In Pakistan, the car was initially introduced as Chevrolet Exclusive in 2003. From 2005 to 2009 it was manufactured by Nexus Automotive (importers and assemblers of General Motors Korea and Daewoo vehicles in Pakistan) under the name Chevrolet Joy, which has now been replaced by the newer M200 series and is currently sold as the Chevrolet Spark. In Taiwan, the Matiz was sold under the Formosa brand between 2001 and 2009.

Europe
From 1998 until 2004, the Matiz was sold in Europe under the Daewoo badge. In 2004, it took the Chevrolet marque, as well as the other South Korean models of General Motors, such as the Lacetti and Kalos. Since 2000, CKD kits have been supplied to UzDaewooAuto, FSO and Rodae, to be built and sold in Uzbekistan, Poland and Romania respectively. At the beginning of 2005, FSO began marketing the Matiz under their own brand. The Chevrolet Matiz were briefly marketed as the Chevrolet Spark in the UK. The fourth generation was marketed in most of Europe as the Opel Karl and as the Vauxhall Viva in the UK until both were discontinued in 2019.

Americas
In Mexico, the Matiz was introduced to the market in 2003. The 2006 model was renamed to Pontiac Matiz G2. It was also sold as Pontiac Matiz and Pontiac G2. The Pontiac G2 was discontinued in Mexico after a short run of 2010 models as the brand was closed by General Motors. The new version was officially launched as the Chevrolet Spark in August 2010, and the Matiz continues to be sold alongside the Spark. An M300-based vehicle is currently in production in Brazil as a replacement for the Chevrolet Celta. In Colombia, the Matiz was imported by Daewoo distributors between 2002 and 2005 and then GM Colmotores began to assemble and sell it branded as Chevrolet Spark. In 2006, a taxi version called 7/24 was launched. In Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Uruguay and Venezuela, it is sold as the Chevrolet Spark. In Argentina, the first generation was sold as the Daewoo Matiz through Daewoo importers. The second generation was sold as Chevrolet Spark through Chevrolet dealers. Since 2011, the third generation is available. In Chile, Ecuador, and Peru, the former version is sold as the Chevrolet Spark, and the latest version as the Chevrolet Spark GT. In Paraguay, it was initially sold as Daewoo Matiz, but from 2008, it is sold through Chevrolet dealers.

In North America, the Spark was initially marketed in three trim levels, 1LS, 1LT, and 2LT, as well as the EV.

In Canada, the Spark has been marketed as the country's least expensive new car from the 2016 model year, with a starting price of $9,988. For that price, the base Spark does not include air conditioning, and comes with a manual transmission. It competed with the similarly priced Nissan Micra (until that car's discontinuation in Canada as of the 2019 model year).

Africa
In South Africa, General Motors South Africa (GMSA) announced on October 2, 2010, plans to manufacture the new Chevrolet Spark at its Port Elizabeth plant. The second generation Spark is still sold, though branded as a 'Spark Lite'.

Middle East
In Iran, the Matiz was produced (first imported and later assembled) and known as Daewoo Matiz. In Israel, UMI (Universal Motors Israel) announced on January 18, 2011, the marketing commencement of the 1.2L Chevrolet Spark model.

Australasia
Within Australia and New Zealand, the Spark was sold through the Holden brand. Sales commenced in February 2016, with two specifications launched. The LS was the base specification, which features steel wheels, central locking as well as Holden's MyLink infotainment system. Building upon the LS, the LT adds 15-inch alloy wheels, keyless entry and a rear view camera.

With light car sales decreasing in Australia, Holden announced in April 2018 that they would discontinue the Spark in Australia. Although, it continued to be sold in New Zealand until the demise of the Holden brand in 2020.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chevrolet Spark


text: Category:Immigration to the United States


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Nell Feeney

Nell Feeney is an Australian actress who played Janelle Timmins on the Australian soap opera Neighbours from November 2004 to July 2007, returning briefly in 2015. She had also appeared in the soap the previous year as Joanne Blair. She was married to former cast member Shane Connor and together they have twins.

Her contract with Neighbours expired during the course of 2007, and she left the show along with Sianoa Smit-McPhee who plays her on-screen daughter Bree Timmins. She also appeared in the movie Mallboy, also featuring her Neighbours on-screen husband Brett Swain.

She has appeared in many other Australian television shows, including City Homicide, Rush, Blue Heelers, Dirt Game, Stingers, and Winners & Losers.

title: Nell Feeney


text:
In Light Syrup

In Light Syrup is an album of B-sides and rare tracks by American alternative rock band Toad the Wet Sprocket, released in 1995. In Light Syrup was RIAA Certified Gold on June 4, 2001. This album includes the hit single "Good Intentions".

title: In Light Syrup


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/El Camino Bible Church

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 20:13, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

El Camino Bible Church
a local church, the article provides no reason why this should be in an encyclopedia. Wikipedia is not a web directory or a phone book. Gentgeen 09:36, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 13:10, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable public institution. --Gene_poole 23:52, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a web directory or a phone book. --Calton | Talk 02:38, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, ergo it is encyclopedic.--Gene_poole 05:41, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * My god, call the editors of the Beg the question article, we've got a winner here. --Calton | Talk 11:43, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Congratulations! You're the first human being in 2005 to use the term "beg the question" with its correct meaning!
 * This article isn't encyclopedic without significant expansion - unless that happens, Delete or Redirect to Mennonite. KickAir8P~ 05:53, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)
 * My what circular logic. Dave the Red (talk) 06:27, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonnotable. And incidentally, in the United States, churches aren't public institutions, at least not yet. --Angr/comhrá 13:20, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The inclusionists define "public institution" to include churches and private schools. Dpbsmith (talk) 23:11, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just another church--only 42 displayed hits, a number of which are Wikipedia mirrors. Wikipedia is not the yellow pages or a web or neighborhood directory. Niteowlneils 01:36, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maybe it rates an entry in the SantaClaraYellowPagesPedia. --Calton | Talk 02:38, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This isn't the yellow pages. Gamaliel 06:14, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are probably well over two dozen churches in a 25-mile radius of my residence. Do all of them deserve encyclopedia articles? Of course not. Nothing indicates that this church is more notable than any other. Firebug 06:16, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable church. Dave the Red (talk) 06:27, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Santa Clara, California and delete - Skysmith 09:10, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable church. Substub. Unreasonable granularity. Plenty of room for this single line and web link in Santa Clara, California. I have already merged the material into Santa Clara, California and supplied a history-preserving notice at Talk:Santa Clara, California, so a merge-and-delete is valid. Dpbsmith (talk) 23:09, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I like the approach of listing it in Santa Clara, California. I should have thought of that to start with. Jake 00:22, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I just added the four catholic parishes in Santa Clara to the page, it seems only right that all the baptist, lutheran, orthodox, jewish, islam, buddist, shinto, LDS, wiccan, and so on, get listed soon as well. This will likely be a very long section. Gentgeen 00:28, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't be unmanageable. My local Yellow Pages covers four towns with a combined population of well over 100,000 and lists less than fifty churches. If the editors of the Santa Clara page ultimately decide that churches should not be included that will be their business, but if they are not worth a mention on the Santa Clara page they are certainly not worth their own articles. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:47, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not enough info about this entity to justify separate entry.  Agree with others that inclusion on other pages (Santa Clara) is more appropriate. Tobycat 03:00, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Damien Bodie

Damien Bodie (born 2 January 1985) is an Australian television actor from Melbourne. Bodie began his career securing roles in children's television roles such as his three-year stint as Ram Foley in Crash Zone. He later secured the regular role of Dylan Timmins in the soap opera Neighbours. In 2011, he took the role of Jonathan Kurtiss in the drama series Winners & Losers and remained until 2014.

Career
Bodie was educated at Sandringham Secondary College. Bodie first appeared on television aged seven. He also appeared in the 2005 Australian film Hating Alison Ashley and as Josh in the 2002 Canadian-Australian television series Guinevere Jones. Bodie also appeared in The Saddle Club.

In 1999, he began appearing as Ram Foley in the children's series Crash Zone. In 2002, he played Oscar Coxon in the children's series Short Cuts, which aired on the Seven Network. He has also secured guest roles in Ocean Girl, Blue Heelers and City Homicide.

Damien Bodie had previously made two appearances in the soap opera Neighbours as Charlie Moyes in 1996 and Liam Rigby in 1999, before securing the regular role of Dylan Timmins in 2005.

In 2008, Bodie portrayed Vashan in the Australian children's television series The Elephant Princess. In July 2010, Bodie joined the cast of Seven Network's new drama series in the Australian drama series, Winners & Losers, playing Jonathan Kurtiss. Bodie had previously worked with Winners and Losers producer Maryanne Carroll on the show Short Cuts. Carroll remembered his performance and helped him secure the role.

On 24 November 2019, Neighbours confirmed that Bodie had reprised the role of Dylan for the show's 35th anniversary in March 2020.

Bodie is currently living in Los Angeles.

title: Damien Bodie


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Sianoa Smit-McPhee

Sianoa Smit-McPhee is an Australian actress and singer. From 2005 until 2007, she played Bree Timmins in the Australian soap opera Neighbours. She starred in As the Bell Rings, the HBO series Hung, and The Kettering Incident. She has also appeared in the feature films All Cheerleaders Die (2013) and Fallen (2016).

Early and personal life
Smit-McPhee was born in Adelaide to Sonja Smit and Andy McPhee, an actor and former professional wrestler. She has six siblings from her father's three marriages, including Kodi Smit-McPhee, who is also an actor. Smit-McPhee attended Croydon Primary and Allenby Gardens Primary, before she moved to Melbourne with her family when she was seven years old. Her father got her into acting when she was three years old and she starred in a number of commercials.

Smit-McPhee has been married to American music producer John Rush since 2012.

Career
After signing to her father's agents, Smit-McPhee secured a role in police drama Blue Heelers as a girl with gender dysphoria. She had to cut her long hair for the role. Shortly after, she won the role of Bree Timmins in the long-running Australian TV series Neighbours, which she played from 2005 to 2007. After leaving Neighbours, Smit-McPhee starred in the children's television series As the Bell Rings, which aired on the Disney Channel. She also starred in the 2008 short film Hugo, which had its Australian premiere at the Canberra Short Film Festival. The film centres on a school girl (Smit-McPhee) who finds a moth-boy and tries to win a science competition with him. From 2009 to 2011, Smit-McPhee starred in the HBO series Hung as Darby Drecker.

Smit-McPhee made her feature film debut in the 2011 American sports film Touchback, alongside Kurt Russell. In 2012, she featured in the American Broadcasting Company's television film Firelight, as well as the series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. The following year, she starred in All Cheerleaders Die, alongside her former Neighbours co-star Caitlin Stasey. Smit-McPhee and her husband also wrote and produced the song "Take a Bite of My Heart", which was featured in the film and performed by her. In 2014, she guested in an episode of Criminal Minds, and appeared in the thriller film Mall.

After living in Los Angeles for around ten years, Smit-McPhee moved back to Australia to launch her music career. She played at the Adelaide Fringe in March 2017. She also appeared in The Kettering Incident, which was filmed in Tasmania, and the 2016 feature film Fallen.

title: Sianoa Smit-McPhee


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Ben Nicholas

Ben Nicholas is an Australian actor, known for playing Scott "Stingray" Timmins in the Australian soap opera Neighbours.

Early and personal life
Raised in Adelaide, South Australia, Nicholas moved to Melbourne, Victoria where he attended Carey Grammar School.

Nicholas is married to Stephanie Lilja. Their first child was born on 23 June 2022.

Career
Nicholas played the character of Stingray Timmins on the Australian soap opera Neighbours. His final performance as Stingray aired on 23 March 2007, when his character was killed off. During this time he also performed in a band called 'Batman Street'.

Following his Neighbours stint, Nicholas travelled from Australia to the UK to perform pantomimes over the Christmas period. In December 2006, he performed at the Marlowe Theatre, Canterbury, as Jack in Jack and the Beanstalk. He performed in Cinderella in the Gordon Craig Theatre in Stevenage from 1 December 2007 until 27 January 2008. He appeared in Jack and the Beanstalk once more, playing the titular role of Jack, at the Gordon Craig Theatre from 29 November 2008 until 25 January 2009. He was also involved with The Rayz, a London-based band which toured during September–October 2007, playing over 40 dates.

Nicholas appeared on BBC's Celebrity Scissorhands for Children in Need 2007.

Nicholas appeared in the stage version of the Disney film High School Musical in London, playing the part of Jack Scott. The shows ran from Saturday 28 June 2008 until Sunday 31 August 2008 in the Hammersmith Apollo London. After moving back to Australia, he played Pepper in the Australian tour of Mamma Mia!

In 2015, Nicholas created, wrote and starred in the spoof game show series Footballer Wants A Wife, which was funded by Screen Australia. He played the lead role of Steven Papakonstantinou.

title: Ben Nicholas


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jornversken steel

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 20:14, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Jornversken steel
This type of steel does not exist. A Google search for "Jornversken" returns no hits that are not Wikipedia mirrors. The creator and sole editor of the article, User:Wikiphreak, is the same person as User:FarQPwnsME, who is a known vandal (see, for example, these two edits:, ). —Lowellian (talk) 09:42, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

The picture used in the article, Image:F431-838-72-steel-blue.jpg, should also be deleted. —Lowellian (talk) 09:46, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete for reasons given above. —Lowellian (talk) 09:42, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. And I'm not even sure that's steel at all (in the picture). Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  09:44, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Nonsense Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, not bronze and sulfer. Klonimus 00:07, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. Rossami (talk) 03:07, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm also FarQPwnsJoo Wikiphreak (talk) 13:07, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Bluemoose 09:02, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A2Kafir 23:12, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Ryan Moloney

Ryan Moloney (born 24 November 1979) is an Australian actor, known for his portrayal of the fictional character Jarrod "Toadfish" Rebecchi in the Australian soap opera Neighbours from 1995 until his departure in 2024.

Career
Moloney's first acting experience was with the Merilyn Brend Children's Teenagers and Adults Theatre Company in outer-eastern Melbourne when he was ten years old. He starred in their youth repertory production of The Purple Pumpernickel. His first role in a feature film was playing a thug in Say a Little Prayer (1993), based on the Robin Klein novel Came Back to Show You I Could Fly.

Moloney initially auditioned for the role of Brett Stark in Neighbours. He did not get the role but later appeared as a one-off character named Cyborg in 1994. He was later recalled to play Jarrod "Toadfish" Rebecchi, brother of established character Kevin "Stonefish" Rebecchi. This was a one-scene role, which aired on 23 January 1995. This became a recurring guest role and as the character proved popular it became a regular role in 1996. In April 2004 he was nominated for a Golden Rose of Montreux award for Best Actor in a Soap for his work in Neighbours.

Moloney appeared in the Cinderella pantomime as Buttons in 2005 and 2007.

In 2012, Moloney made an appearance on Big Brother's Bit on the Side. That same year, he appeared with his former Neighbours co-star, Mark Little, in an episode of Celebrity Wedding Planner broadcast on 3 September 2012.

In 2013 Moloney appeared on Celebrity Big Brother broadcast on Channel 5. He finished in third place. Ryan stated in an interview with Lorraine Kelly"Shortly into it, I watched some footage that they had shot and edited in a particular way and I realised that I couldn't actually be myself in there because they can edit it however they want. And the fact that I got to protect the Neighbours brand. But in terms of an experience, it was a crazy experience. It was a one-in-a-lifetime experience."

Moloney subsequently took up the roles of Jack in Dick Whittington at Dunstable's Grove Theatre in 2013 and Buttons in Cinderella at the Stag Theatre in Sevenoaks in 2014. He appeared in a documentary special celebrating Neighbours' 30th anniversary titled Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite, which aired in Australia and the UK in March 2015.

Moloney has filmed a part in the upcoming film titled "Residence", playing Cyril the King. Following the cancellation of Neighbours in 2022, Moloney featured in The Masked Singer. He returned to Neighbours when filming resumed in April 2023, broadcast September 2023.

On 27 June 2024, Moloney announced that he would be departing Neighbours after playing Jarrod Rebecchi for almost 30 years. Moloney revealed that he would be stepping behind the camera and pursue directing.

Personal life
Moloney is married to Alison Hayward and the couple have two children, Erin Moloney and Jack Moloney.

Moloney is an active patron of the Down Syndrome Association of Victoria, and has been involved with the Victorian Police Department's Films For Schools Youth project. He also participates in the Forgotten Children Rescue Foundation charity.

In 2010, Moloney became a spokesman for weight loss company Lite and Easy, successfully losing 17 kg in 13 weeks. He also competed in the St. George Melbourne Marathon, completing the race in the official time of 03:46:32.

In early 2011, Moloney revealed that he was training to be a pilot. He took on the hobby in between filming for Neighbours and aims to fly commercial planes in the future.

He attended school at Heathmont College and Emmaus College.

title: Ryan Moloney


text:
Talk:Kosovo Polje

Kosovo Polje to Fushë Kosova
The name Kosovo Polje was before 1999, when Kosovo was freed from Serb conqueror, the name changed to Fushë Kosovë

Fatcs:
 * https://kk.rks-gov.net/fushekosove/ - The city government website
 * https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/kosovo The map from gov.uk UK government
 * https://www.britannica.com/place/Kosovo an article for Kosovo, The Encyclopædia Britannica
 * http://maps.worldbank.org/p2e/mcmap/map.html?org=ibrd&level=country&code=XK&title=Kosovo Map from Worldbank
 * Kosovo Polje is in serbian language, in this city 86.9% are albanians and 0.9% are serbs so the city must be in albanian language
 * Kosovo Polje is the 2nd name of city according to the constitution of Kosovo, respecting the Serbian language, which is the secondary language in Kosovo.

I will move this page to Fushë Kosova because these facts are from reliable source, in accordance with the rules of Wikipedia.

--Hakuli (talk) 15:37, 19 August 2016 (UTC)
 * No, you are not allowed just to move article, as that is not normal way of communication. You incredible political bias is already clear in you first sentence, so it would be best if you can just step away from this article, as wikipedia should not be used as political battleground, but as a neutral encyclopedia. --Ąnαșταη (ταlκ )  10:35, 20 August 2016 (UTC)

The argumentation of Hakuli is not to understand, but I support the moving to Fushë Kosova. The english literature used more often Fushë Kosova Also, the local population contains (Municipality: 34.872, 30.275 Albanians (86,8 %), 321 Serbs (0,9 %; City: 12.919, 12.295 Albanians (95,2 %), 48 Serbs (0,4 %)) That is a tribute to move the article to Fushë Kosova. Kind regards --ElmedinRKS (talk) 23:30, 10 August 2018 (UTC)
 * August 2018
 * In this diff the RM discussion was closed as "not moved" to Fushe Kosova because Fairly clear that Kosovo Polje is the WP:COMMONNAME, despite incorrect claims to the contrary. I am objected to renaming based on the consensus reached at that discussion.--Antidiskriminator (talk) 21:44, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

 * I do not understand the english Wikipedia, it is to consider the argue that the city have a albanian majority. I would not like to interrupt/starting edit-war and would say: do not move back the article name. Could you clarify for what WP:COMMONNAME is? There is not described anything for names of cities in this case. --ElmedinRKS (talk) 21:58, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Mate Belgrade has Serbian majority and yet name in English is derived from Bulgarian name for this city (Belgrad), but not Beograd which is Serbina name and yet no one minds since Belgrade is common name, so I do not know what's there not to be understood. This is just an example, but of course I encourage you to have your own attitude toward this and at the same time you should try to understand other approaches. Cheers. --S T E V A N (talk)  16:44, 8 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kosovo Polje


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Don Frye

Donald Frye (born November 23, 1965) is an American former mixed martial artist, professional wrestler, and actor. In MMA, he was one of the sport's earliest well-rounded fighters and won the UFC 8 and Ultimate Ultimate 96 tournaments and finished as runner-up at UFC 10 in his first year of competition. He retired from MMA in 1997 to pursue a career in professional wrestling with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and quickly became one of the company's leading heels. After spending four years as one of Japan's top gaijin wrestlers, he returned to MMA with the Pride Fighting Championships in September 2001, much more muscular and sporting an American patriot persona in response to the September 11 attacks. He fought bouts with Ken Shamrock and Yoshihiro Takayama during his two years in Pride. He departed the promotion to compete in K-1 and Hero's in 2004 but returned for the final Pride event in 2007. He was inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame in 2016.

Early life
Frye was born of Irish and Scottish descent. He began wrestling at Buena High School in Sierra Vista, Arizona, then in college for Arizona State University in 1984, where he was trained by fellow future Ultimate Fighting Championship competitor, assistant wrestling coach Dan Severn. In 1987, he won the freestyle and Greco-Roman events during an Olympic qualifier. A year later, he transferred to Oklahoma State University–Stillwater, where his teammates included future colleague Randy Couture.

After college, Frye trained in boxing for a year and a half and made his professional debut on August 28, 1989, in Phoenix, Arizona, scoring a first-round knockout over Luis Mora. After eight bouts over the next fourteen months he retired and became an emergency medical technician and a firefighter in Bisbee, Arizona. He boxed under the name J.R. Frye in several matches after being forced to change his name due to a contractual dispute. In his final boxing match, Frye lost via technical knockout to David Kilgour of Somis, California, at the Reseda Country Club in Reseda, Los Angeles on December 11, 1990, bringing his professional record to two wins, five losses and one draw. Frye also worked in a psychiatric ward but left that position after breaking a patient's arm while restraining him. During this time, he also took up judo and earned the rank of second dan black belt.

Ultimate Fighting Championship (1996)
In 1995, Don Frye helped train Dan Severn for the Ultimate Ultimate 1995, accompanying Severn's entourage to Denver. He soon made the jump to the burgeoning sport of mixed martial arts himself and joined the Ultimate Fighting Championship the following year. Debuting at UFC 8 in Bayamón, Puerto Rico on February 16, 1996, Frye was among the eight competitors in the openweight tournament that night and was one of two fighters of the era skilled in both stand-up and ground fighting, the other being Marco Ruas. In the quarter-finals, he set the record (since broken by Duane Ludwig and Jorge Masvidal) for fastest knockout in UFC history when his punches knocked down 410-lb Thomas Ramirez in just eight seconds. After a quick technical knockout of Sam Adkins in the semis, taking him down and landing hammerfists to the face for the TKO, he met with Gary Goodridge in the final, and forced the Trinidadian to submit simply by gaining dominant position at the 2:14 mark, though not without landing multiple uppercuts standing and punches on the ground. This would be the first in a trilogy of fights between the pair. Due to the controversy surrounding MMA at the time, Frye was barred from both firefighting, his previous occupation in his hometown of Sierra Vista, Arizona, and from training in the Buena High School gym he had used since his ASU days following the event.

Frye returned at UFC 9 in Detroit, Michigan on May 19, 1996, for a match with fellow tournament winner Marco Ruas, but Ruas was injured and replaced by Brazilian jiu-jitsu stylist Amaury Bitetti. Frye stopped his opponent's takedowns and land punches, knees and elbows, and used a judo ude-garami on the jiu-jitsu champion, something that was unusual at the time. At the end, after an especially hard series of strikes to the spine and head of the Brazilian, the match was stopped and Frye was declared winner.

At UFC 10 in Birmingham, Alabama, on July 12, 1996, Frye returned to tournament format. He defeated Mark Hall by stoppage, slamming the Moo Yea Do specialist and working his side with body punches until the stoppage, and then defeated Brian Johnston, again leading the action to the mat and landing elbows to the head. However, at the finals of the event, Frye faced Mark Coleman, who was considered the "godfather" of the ground and pound strategy Frye often followed. Coleman, a more decorated wrestling champion than Frye himself, kept the top position through the match and landed multiple strikes to the face. Frye capitalized on a failed neck crank attempt to get standing and try to outmatch Coleman there, but he was taken down again, and a late takedown attempt of his own also failed, with Coleman reversing and threatening with an overhead throw before returning to his routine. At the end, after Coleman secured side mount and dropped punches and headbutts onto Frye's face, the referee stopped the action, handing Frye his first loss in seven fights.

Frye won at the U-Japan event in November 1996, taking a submission victory by forearm choke over Mark Hall in a rematch. Just one month later, Frye entered the UFC's Ultimate Ultimate 96 tournament, held to find the best of the best from past tournament winners and runners up. He firstly went for the second time against Gary Goodridge, who brawled on the clinch before taking Frye down and landing headbutts, but the result was the same, as Goodridge tapped out as soon as Frye got dominant position. Frye then faced Mark Hall for the third time in his career, but this fight was even shorter, with Frye getting a takedown and an Achilles lock for the give up in 20 seconds. In the finals, Frye faced striker Tank Abbott, who landed early shots, opening a cut on Frye's face and causing swelling. However, Abbott lost his balance and fell, allowing Frye to secure a rear naked choke, to take the title of Ultimate Ultimate 96 Champion, his second UFC Tournament Championship.

Hall would later claim that Don Frye and manager Robert DePersia convinced him to throw the two fighters' semi-final match. Hall says that since Tank Abbott had already advanced to the final after two relatively easy wins, Frye – who'd logged eleven minutes of cage time already that night – wanted to save his energy for the championship match. Because he'd already suffered two defeats to Frye earlier in his career (and therefore probably wasn't going to win anyway) and DePersia implied that saying no would have a disastrous impact on his future, Hall says he reluctantly agreed to go along with the plot. Referee John McCarthy later wrote in his autobiography Let's Get It On!:

"Unfortunately, this night was the second time I felt I was refereeing a fixed bout. In the semifinals, Don Frye and Mark Hall met in a rematch of their UFC 10 bout. In their first encounter Frye had beaten the piss out of Hall, who'd refused to give up. Here, though, Frye ankle-locked Hall to advance to the finals without breaking a sweat. The fight struck me as odd. Frye, a bread-and-butter wrestler and swing-for-the-fences puncher, had never won a fight by leg lock, and Hall practically fell into the submission. I also knew both fighters were managed by the same guy."

Despite his success in MMA, Frye retired from the sport after winning the Ultimate Ultimate '96 tournament.

Pride Fighting Championships (2001–2003)
A successful celebrity in Japan due to his pro wrestling career, Don Frye made his comeback to mixed martial arts when he signed a multi-fight contract with the Pride Fighting Championships in 2001. Appearing in an MMA bout for the first time in five years at Pride 16 in Osaka, Japan on September 24, 2001, two weeks after the September 11 attacks, Frye entered the ring waving an American flag and wearing a T-shirt emblazoned with the words "terrorists suck". He was also noticeably more muscular and seemingly stronger than his UFC days, having gained 7 kg in weight since his last MMA outing. However, his fight with Gilbert Yvel that night was controversial and resulted in Frye winning by disqualification in the first round, as Yvel repeatedly gouged his eyes and was eventually disqualified for continuously holding the ropes to stop himself being taken down.

Three months later, at a joint New Year's Eve show Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2001: K-1 vs. Inoki, Frye defeated Cyril Abidi with relative ease, taking the French kickboxer to the mat and controlling him throughout round one before finishing him with a rear naked choke in two.

Frye returned to Pride in February 2002, facing long-time rival Ken Shamrock at Pride 19 in a fight he had been trying to trash-talk himself into ever since Shamrock had defeated Dan Severn at UFC 6. Frye got the edge on a series of clinch battles, while Shamrock dropped down for an ankle lock and transitioned into both a kneebar and a toehold, wrenching Frye's leg badly; however, despite the damage, Frye refused to tap out and managed to knock Shamrock down in a subsequent punching exchange. The bout moved to the mat, where Shamrock attempted another ankle lock, only for Frye to try to counter with one of his own and finally refusing to tap out until time ran out. After an exciting and hard fought battle, Frye pulled out a split decision victory. Even though Shamrock had injured Frye's ankles, later leading to dependency on painkillers, the two hugged after the fight ended, putting an end to their rivalry. Many MMA fans agree that both fighters were never the same again, as both their careers began a steady downturn after the fight.

Four months after defeating Ken Shamrock, Frye returned to MMA to face Japanese professional wrestler Yoshihiro Takayama at Pride 21 on June 23, 2002. In a fight that many consider to be one of Pride's most exciting matches, Frye and Takayama clinched in a hockey fight pose, each holding the head and hitting, with Takayama finally going to the body after more than a full minute of unrelenting, undefended shots. This would happen three times in the fight, until the referee stopped the bout after Frye mounted Takayama, who was visibly much worse for the wear.

On August 28, 2002, he took on Jérôme Le Banner in a kickboxing match at the K-1/Pride co-promoted event Pride Shockwave, fighting in front of 91,107 people. Frye had mentioned in an interview prior to the fight that (besides knee strikes) he had never thrown a kick in his life and his disadvantage was obvious as he couldn't use his wrestling skills and was repeatedly thrown when he tried to tie up with Le Banner. After being given a standing eight count early on, he was forced into a corner and knocked unconscious with a right hook at the 1:30 mark of the first round.

Riding a new wave of popularity, Frye's next outing was a return to MMA at Pride 23 on November 24, 2002, to face Olympic gold medalist judoka Hidehiko Yoshida. Taking his first loss since fighting Mark Coleman in 1996, Frye was submitted by Yoshida via armbar in the first round. While Frye did not tap out, the referee stopped the bout in fear of serious injury.

Frye took seven months off following the losses to Le Banner and Yoshida, and next fought at Pride 26 on June 28, 2003, to try to avenge his loss to Mark Coleman. In a rather long battle, Frye lost a unanimous decision to Coleman after three rounds.

Another rematch was on tap for Pride Shockwave 2003 on New Year's Eve, 2003 when Frye faced Gary Goodridge for the third time. The fight lasted only 39 seconds; Goodridge scored a vicious high kick to the head, knocking Frye out completely.

K-1 and Hero's (2004–2006)
Don Frye departed Pride on the back of four consecutive losses and next appeared fighting under MMA rules in K-1. His first fight, with Yoshihiro Nakao at K-1 MMA ROMANEX on May 22, 2004, ended in a no contest when Frye could not continue due to a cut sustained from an accidental headbutt early in round one.

Don Frye and Yoshihiro Nakao rematched at K-1 Premium 2004 Dynamite on December 31, 2004, with Nakao coming out on top and winning a unanimous decision, resigning the American to his sixth unsuccessful fight.

After another brief retirement, he returned in K-1's Hero's branch in May 2006 to fight Akebono at Hero's 5. Akebono spent much of the fight clinching with the much smaller Frye and pushing him into the ropes, but Frye was able to knock the former sumo wrestler down and secure a guillotine choke submission in the second round.

Just ten days later, in his first appearance in the United States since 1996, Don Frye took on Ruben Villarreal in King of the Cage: Predator in Globe, Arizona. After three rounds of what many considered to be a lackluster fight, the bout was ruled a draw.

In his sophomore Hero's fight, he defeated Yoshihisa Yamamoto at Hero's 6 on August 5, 2006, using the rear naked choke towards the end of the first round. In his last appearance in the promotion, Frye faced Kim Min-Soo at Hero's 7 on October 9, 2006, and knocked him out with a right hook in the second round.

Later career and sporadic comebacks (2007–present)
Don Frye made his Pride return after an almost four-year hiatus, taking on James Thompson at the last promotion's last ever event, Pride 34 on April 8, 2007. After an aggressive start, Thompson landed two soccer kicks that dazed Frye. Thompson landed several more blows on a defenseless Frye before the referee called the fight at 6:25 in the first round.

That year, he also assembled and coached the Arizona-based Tucson Scorpions in the International Fight League, but on November 9, 2007, announced on TAGG radio that he and the IFL had parted ways. They were one of four new teams established at the beginning of the 2007 season. He also wrote a humorous weekly column called "Dear Don: Advice from The Predator" in which he gives fans advice on love, life, friendship, and more.

Following a forty-seven second knockout of Bryan Pardoe at NLF: Heavy Hands in Dallas, Texas, in January 2008, Don Frye announced on February 8, 2008, on TAGG Radio that he would be fighting Oleg Taktarov on the debut card for YAMMA Pit Fighting on April 11 in the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The fight was to be the first fight in YAMMA's Masters Division, a division for fighters over the age of 39. However, he had to withdraw due to an injury and was replaced by UFC 1 entree Patrick Smith.

Following his tenure with the IFL and a one-off fight with Texas-based promotion NoLimit Fighting, Don Frye competed in his inaugural fight with the DEEP organization, fighting Japanese fan favorite Ikuhisa Minowa. Minowa won via kneebar at the 3:56 mark of round one, dropping Frye's record in Japan to 8-6. From there, he signed with Shark Fights stateside the following year. His submitted Ritch Moss at Shark Fights 4 in May 2009 but suffered a quick TKO loss at the hands of Dave Herman at Shark Fights 6: Stars & Stripes four months later.

After a two-year absence and at forty-six years of age, Frye was scheduled to face Mike Gonzalez for the Gladiator Challenge Light Heavyweight title. However, Gonzalez was injured, so Frye instead faced Ruben Villareal in a rematch at Heavyweight. Frye lost via knock-out.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (1997–2002, 2004)
After leaving the UFC, Frye went into professional wrestling and was trained by Brad Rheingans and Curt Hennig. He debuted for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) in August 1997, defeating Kazuyuki Fujita in his first match. By 1998, Frye began to rise in the ranks as he quickly became one of the company's lead heels. On April 4, 1998, Frye won the Antonio Final Opponent tournament and earned the right to wrestle NJPW founder and wrestling legend Antonio Inoki in his retirement match, which took place later that night. Frye lost that fight. After a brief feud with Kensuke Sasaki at the end of that year, Frye joined Masahiro Chono's new stable, Team 2000, in early 1999. After joining, Frye would spend most of 1999 and early 2000 feuding with Scott Norton over the unofficial title of Gaijin Ace, took part in the G1 Tag League in 1999 with Chono, and make two challenges for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship but was unsuccessful in each attempt. He lost out to Keiji Mutoh in his first title shot in April 1999 and was defeated by Kensuke Sasaki in his second in February 2000.

After being in Team 2000 for two years, Frye left the group and joined Keiji Mutoh's new stable, BATT, where he made a third attempt at the IWGP title in July 2001 but came up short again, falling to Kazayuki Fukita. In September 2001, Frye won the G1 World Climax tournament. After the tournament win, Frye left NJPW and returned to MMA. Stepping back into the pro wrestling arena, Frye would make a one-time appearance at NJPW's Fighting Spirit Memorial Day Tokyo Dome show on May 2, 2002, where he defeated Tadao Yasuda. From October to November 2004, Frye returned to NJPW for two appearances as a member of Masahiro Chono's Black New Japan stable, teaming with Chono in a tag match defeating Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Yuji Nagata and then teaming with Scott Norton and Manabu Nakanishi in a winning effort against Shinsuke Nakamura, Yutaka Yoshie, and Blue Wolf.

Other promotions (2003–2013)
In a brief comeback to professional wrestling in 2003, he competed for Fighting World of Japan on two occasions. He also appeared for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) on October 26, 2003, at their 31st anniversary, challenging Toshiaki Kawada for the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship in a losing effort.

On October 2, 2005, Frye took part in AJPW's Wrestle-1 Grand Prix where he lost to Jamal.

During his brief MMA hiatus, Frye made a one-off appearance as a pro wrestler in Inoki Genome Federation, losing to Josh Barnett via keylock submission on September 8, 2007. In October 2008, Frye wrestled at the Pro Wrestling Expo shows, teaming with Yoshihiro Takayama in a losing effort to Masahiro Chono and Scott Norton on the first day, then losing a six-man tag on the third day.

Frye returned to a professional wrestling ring on March 17, 2013, at an event held by AJPW in Tokyo. After teaming with Keiji Mutoh to defeat Masayuki Kono and Yoshihiro Takayama in a tag team match, Frye engaged in a post-match brawl with Takayama, playing off their Pride 21 bout from 2002.

Acting
Don Frye began acting in movies with Godzilla: Final Wars (2004), playing the role of Captain Douglas Gordon. In an interview, Frye mentions that unlike his fights where he has complete control, acting in a Godzilla film he had no control but enjoyed the experience nonetheless. The director of the film, Ryuhei Kitamura, mentioned that he wrote the role with Frye in mind since he was a fan of Frye's matches. Kitamura found Frye's tough-guy/good-heart demeanor to be the perfect role for the character of Gordon. Curiously, for a prominent character in a Japanese-language film, all of his dialogue was spoken in English.

The year 2005 turned out to be a busy year for Frye as he made several appearances. In Just Another Romantic Wrestling Comedy, he played Rocco Piedra, the father of a wrestling family who dreams on marrying their child off to a famous wrestler. He also appeared in No Rules and starred in Nagurimono. In 2006, he made an appearance as an Aryan Brotherhood member in Miami Vice, lent his voice for The Ant Bully, and appeared in the Rob Schneider prison comedy Big Stan, along with fellow mixed martial artists Randy Couture and Bob Sapp in 2007.

He played FBI agent Clarence Hurt in Public Enemies, by director Michael Mann.

Since he competed in Pride FC, he has also appeared in several commercial ads in Japan. The latest one is a television ad for a yakisoba product named "UFO" produced by Nissin Foods (an executive officer was a fierce fan of Frye). His significant popularity in Japan in the 2000s might be attributed to his "good old tough fuddy-duddy" character reminiscent of sheriffs in some 1960s American movies.

Frye appeared in an episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia entitled "The Gang Wrestles for the Troops", in which he played a professional wrestler that was getting pummeled by Roddy Piper's character, "Da' Maniac". He is credited on IMDb for the role as "Wrestling Opponent".

Frye also appeared in a new AT&T mini-movie advertisement for the Blackberry Bold 9700 entitled "Stay One Step Ahead" during the 2009 holiday season.

Frye provided the voice for the main villain Matt Ninesister in the third installment of the Stick 10: Even More Swag animated specials, The United League of Stereotypes. Frye also portrayed mayor and former wrestler Mike Haggar in the Final Fight fan film "The Broken Gear".

Personal life
Frye is divorced and has two daughters.

Mixed martial arts

 * Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * UFC 8 Tournament Winner
 * UFC Ultimate Ultimate 1996 Tournament Winner
 * UFC 10 Tournament Runner-Up
 * One of only two fighters to win a UFC Tournament and Ultimate Ultimate Tournament (Dan Severn)
 * Tied (Sergei Pavlovich) for the second knockout win streak in UFC history (6)
 * UFC Viewer's Choice Award
 * UFC Hall of Fame (Pioneer Wing - Class of 2016)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Fight of the Year (2002)- vs. Yoshihiro Takayama on June 23

Professional wrestling

 * New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 * Antonio Inoki Final Opponent Tournament Winner (1998)
 * G-1 World League (2001)
 * Greatest Gaijin Grapple Section (2002)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 175 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in thePWI 500 in 1999
 * Ranked No. 247 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI Years" in 2003

Kickboxing record

 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2002-08-28 || Loss ||align=left|🇫🇷 Jérôme Le Banner || Pride Shockwave || Tokyo, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 1:30 || 0–1
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:

title: Don Frye


text:
Army Materiel Command (Denmark)

Army Materiel Command (Hærens Materielkommando), short "HMAK", was the Royal Danish Army's institution in all matters of materiel, including supply, maintenance and production. Anything from tanks to the sunglasses of troops or which kind of chocolate is in the field rations. It was a Level II command authority, directly under the Defence Command. In 2006 it was merged with the air force and navy materiel commands, creating the unified Defense Materiel Service, originally FMT and later known as FMI.

HMAK was until its end the oldest institution of the military of Denmark, and could trace its history back to 1602. It was run like a modern company, with depots and workshops all over the country. It employed roughly 1100 people, with 700 of them located in Hjørring. The central authority, in Hjørring, became the Defense Materiel Command headquarters.

History
In 1596 it was thought that it would be a good idea to get an overview of all the war materiel in the King's inventory. So in 1597 the counting and collection in armouries began, primarily to locations in or around Copenhagen and the King's castle. In 1598 the construction of the main armoury, called "Tøjhuskomplekset" (now "Tøjhusmuseet"), began. Tøjhuskomplekset was to be the main armoury for storage, maintenance and production of the King's war materiel, for both the Army and Navy.

Hans Kost became its first chief on August 18, 1602; this day is counted as the origin of HMAK, which celebrated its 400th anniversary in August 2002. Tøjhuskomplekset was completed in 1604.

From 1615 the artillery corps handled the administration of the armies materiel needs. From 1675 the engineer corps also took some part in this. In 1762 a lot of smaller, more specific, branches took administration of their respective areas.

In 1909 Army Technical Corps (Hærens Tekniske Korps, "HTK") was formed to take organizational command of some of all those administration areas. Still numerous departments, companies, regiments and corps to handle materiel came and went doing the next 60 years, some under HTK, some independent.

HMAK was formed November 1, 1968, by combining Army Technical Corps, Engineer Technical Service, Army Signal Service, The Weapon Armoury, and some smaller areas of other troops, into one organization. The organization was a central authority with three assembling areas (Parkområder), named "Nordjyske Parkområde" (North Jutland Assembly Area), "Sydjyske Parkområde" (South Jutland Assembly Area) and "Sjællandske Parkområde" (Zealand Assembly Area).

November 1, 1971, the central authority relocated to Hjørring. In 1983 "Nordjyske Parkområde" and "Sydjyske Parkområde" were combined into "Jyske Parkområde" (Jutland assembling area).

In January 1991, HMAK was organized into "Army Supply Service" (Hærens Forsyningstjeneste), "Army Technical Service" (Hærens Tekniske Tjeneste), "Jutland assembling area" (Jyske Parkområde), "Zealand assembling area" (Sjællandske Parkområde) and "Munition Arsenal" (Ammunitionsarsenalet).

In 1997 "Jutland assembling area" and "Zealand assembling area" was combined into "Army assembling area" (Hærens Parkområde).

Subordinated Level. III authorities

 * Coat of arms for Army Assembly Area.svg Army Assembling Area (Hærens Parkområde - HPO)
 * Coat of arms for Zealand Assembling Area.svg Zealand Assembling Area (Sjællandske Parkområde)
 * Coat of arms for Jutlandic Assembling Area.svg Jutlandic Assembling Area (Jyske Parkområde)
 * Insigne incognitum.svg South Jutlandic Assembling Area (Sydjyske Parkområde)
 * Army Main Workshop (Denmark).svg Army Head Workshop (Hærens Hovedværksted - HHV)
 * Munition Arsenal (Denmark) (Ammunitionsarsenalet - AMA)

title: Army Materiel Command (Denmark)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rebuke

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 20:15, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rebuke
Dictionary definition, no potential to be encyclopedic. Wiktionary already has a definition. Oliver Keenan 09:49, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC) 'Delete then. Pavel Vozenilek 02:16, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, concur. Kappa 21:58, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rebuke


text:
Denkard

The Dēnkard or Dēnkart (Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭩𐭭𐭪𐭠𐭫𐭲 "Acts of Religion") is a 10th-century compendium of Zoroastrian beliefs and customs during the time. The Denkard is to a great extent considered an "Encyclopedia of Mazdaism" and is a valuable source of Zoroastrian literature especially during its Middle Persian iteration. The Denkard is not considered a sacred text by a majority of Zoroastrians, but is still considered worthy of study.

Name
The name traditionally given to the compendium reflects a phrase from the colophons, which speaks of the kart/kard, from Avestan karda meaning "acts" (also in the sense of "chapters"), and dēn, from Avestan daena, literally "insight" or "revelation", but more commonly translated as "religion." Accordingly, dēn-kart means "religious acts" or "acts of religion." The ambiguity of -kart or -kard in the title reflects the orthography of Pahlavi writing, in which the letter $⟨t⟩$ may sometimes denote /d/.

Date and authorship
The individual chapters vary in age, style and authorship. Authorship of the first three books is attributed by the colophons to 9th-century priest Adurfarnbag-i Farrokhzadan, as identified in the last chapter of book 3. Of these three books, only a larger portion of the third has survived. The historian Jean de Menasce proposes that this survival was the result of transmission through other persons. The first three books were edited and in fact partially reconstructed, circa 1020, by a certain Ādurbād Ēmēdān of Baghdad, who is also the author of the remaining six books. The manuscript 'B' (ms. 'B 55', B for Bombay) that is the basis for most surviving copies and translations is dated 1659. Only fragments survive of any other copies.

The Denkard is roughly contemporary with the main texts of the Bundahishn.

Structure and content
The Denkard originally contained nine books or volumes, called nasks, and the first two and part of the third have not survived. However, the Denkard itself contains summaries of nasks from other compilations, such as Chihrdad from the Avesta, which are otherwise lost.

The natural divisions of the books are as follows: Books 3-5 are devoted to rational apologetics, book 4 to moral wisdom, and books 7–9 to exegetical theology.

Book 3
Book 3, with 420 chapters, represents almost half of the surviving texts. Jean de Menasce observes that there must have been several different authors at work, as the style and language of the collection is not uniform. The authors are however united in their polemic against the "bad religions", which they do not fail to identify by name (the prudent avoidance of any mention of Islam being an exception).

The majority of the chapters in book 3 are short, of two or three pages apiece. The topics covered in detail, though rare, frequently also identify issues for which the Zoroastrians of the period were severely criticized, such as marriage to next-of-kin (chapter 80). Although on first sight there appears to be no systematic organization of the texts in book 3, the chapter that deals with the principles of Zoroastrian cosmogony (Ch. 123) is the central theme around which the other chapters are topically arranged.

The last chapter of book 3 mentions two legends: one in which Alexander destroys a copy of the Avesta, and another in which the Greeks translate the Avesta into their own language.

Book 4
Book 4, the shortest (and most haphazardly organized) volume in the collection, deals primarily with the arts and sciences. Texts on those topics are interspersed by chapters explaining philosophical and theological concepts such as that of the Amesha Spentas, while other chapters deal with history and the religious contributions of Achaemenid and Sassanid monarchs.

Book 4 also contains an enumeration of works from Greece and India, and "reveals foreign influence from the 3rd century onward." The last chapter of Book 4 ends with a chapter explaining the necessity for practicing good thoughts, words and deeds, and the influences these have on one's afterlife.

Book 5
Book 5 deals specifically with queries from adherents of other faiths.

The first half of Book 5, titled the "Book of Daylamite", is addressed to a Muslim, Yaqub bin Khaled, who apparently requested information on Zoroastrianism. A large part of this section is summary of the history (from the Zoroastrian point of view) of the world up to the advent of Zoroaster and the impact of his revelations. The history is then followed by a summary of the tenets of the faith. According to Philippe Gignoux, the section "clearly nationalist and Persian in orientation, expressing the hope of a Mazdean restoration in the face of Islam and its Arab supporters."

The second half of Book 5 is a series of 33 responses to questions posed by a certain Bōxt-Mārā, a Christian. Thirteen responses address objections raised by Boxt-Mara on issues of ritual purity. The bulk of the remaining material deals with free will and the efficacy of good thoughts, words and deeds as a means to battle evil.

Book 6
Book 6 is a compilation of andarz (a literary genre, lit: "advice", "counsel"), anecdotes and aphorisms that embody a general truth or astute observation. Most of the compositions in book 6 are short didactic sentences that deal with morality and personal ethics.

Structurally, the book is divided into sections that are distinguished from one another by their introductory formulae. In the thematic divisions identified by Shaul Shaked, the first part is devoted to religious subjects, with a stress on devotion and piety. The second and third are related to ethical principles, with the third possibly revealing Aristotelian values. The fourth part may be roughly divided into sections with each addressing a particular human quality or activity. The fifth part includes a summary of twenty-five functions or conditions of human life, organized in five categories: destiny, action, custom, substance and inheritance. The fifth part also includes an enumeration of the names of authors that may have once been the last part of the book. In its extant form the book has a sixth part that, like the first part, addresses religious subjects.

Book 7
Book 7 deals the "legend of Zoroaster", but which extends beyond the life of the prophet. The legend of Zoroaster as it appears in the Denkard is differs slightly from similar legends (such as those presented in the contemporaneous "Selections of Zadspram" and the later Zardosht-nama) in that it presents the story of the prophet as an analogy of the Yasna ceremony.

The thematic and structural divisions are as follows:
 * 1) The span of human history beginning with Kayomars, in Zoroastrian tradition identified as the first king and the first man, and ending with the Kayanid dynasty. This section of book 7 is essentially the same as that summarized in the first part of book 5, but additionally presents Zoroaster as the manifest representation of khwarrah (Avestan: kavaēm kharēno, "[divine] [royal] glory") that has accumulated during that time.
 * 2) Zoroaster's parents and his conception.
 * 3) Zoroaster's infancy and the vain attempts to kill him, through to Zoroaster's first communication with Ohrmuzd and the meeting with Good Thought, the Amesha Spenta Bahman (Avestan: Vohu Manah).
 * 4) Zoroaster's revelation as received during his seven conversations with Ohrmuzd; the subsequent miracles against the daevas; the revival of the horse of Vishtasp (Avestan: Vistaspa) and the king's subsequent conversion; the vision of Zoroaster.
 * 5) The life of Zoroaster from Vistasp's conversion up to Zoroaster's death, including his revelations on science and medicine.
 * 6) The miracles that followed Zoroaster's death
 * 7) The history of Persia until the Islamic conquest, with an emphasis on several historical or legendary figures.
 * 8) Prophecies and predictions up to the end of the millennium of Zoroaster (that ends one thousand years after his birth), including the coming of the first savior and his son Ushetar.
 * 9) The miracles of the thousand years of Ushetar until the coming of Ushetarmah.
 * 10) The miracles of the thousand years of Ushetarmah until the coming of the Saoshyant.
 * 11) The miracles of the fifty-seven years of the Saoshyant until the frashgird, the final renovation of the world.

Book 8
Book 8 is a commentary on the various texts of the Avesta, or rather, on the Sassanid archetype of the Avesta. Book 8 is of particular interest to scholars of Zoroastrianism because portions of the canon have been lost and the Denkard at least makes it possible to determine which portions are missing and what those portions might have contained. The Denkard also includes an enumeration of the divisions of the Avesta, and which once served as the basis for a speculation that only one quarter of the texts had survived. In the 20th century it was determined that the Denkard's divisions also took Sassanid-era translations and commentaries into account; these were however not considered to be a part of the Avesta.

Book 9
Book 9 is a commentary on the Gathic prayers of Yasna 27 and Yasna 54. Together, these make up Zoroastrianism's four most sacred invocations: the ahuna vairya (Y 27.13), the Ashem Vohu (Y 27.14), the yenghe hatam (Y 27.15) and the airyaman ishya (Y 54.1).

title: Denkard


text:
User talk:Chadabryant

This account was created in order to impersonate and attack another User. It has been permanently blocked. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:52, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chadabryant


text: Category:Schwarzenberg family

title: Category:Schwarzenberg family


text:
Talk:Dendy (console)

Popularity?
I am VERY sorry for my actions which may be concidered as vandalism, BUT: There was NO ANY GAME released in Russian on cartridges. All translated games for NES in Russian are actually made by TODAY Famicom-fans on ROMs from Internet, but NOT released on cartridges. I live in Ukraine (xUSSR) and I have had a NES-clone and have seen that Dendy a lot of times, but have not seen ANY translated games, moreover there was much told about lack of Russian language in videogames in the beginning of 1990, and playing videogames was even considered to be demanding of huge English-language skills. PS. Sorry for being nub and not knowing how to talk and edit articles here. Eklipse2009 (talk) 07:29, 2 May 2010 (UTC) I grew up in Moscow during the 80s and I never heard of this product once. It says that it enjoyed great popularity, but there's nothing confirming the fact. Are there any sales figures or something like it available? Peter Isotalo 09:53, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hm. When I first introduced information about the Dendy to the main Nintendo Entertainment System article I put in some references, but I can't find them now. Short of wading through the history section there, a cursory search of Google gives a relatively large number of Russian-language websites with mention the Dendy alongside the Famicom/NES (like here, for instance). There's also this page, but that's really more along the lines of hearsay (though it does have some other information that should probably be added to the article, but I digress).
 * The problem is that accurate sales data is hard to come by, given that the Dendy wasn't officially licensed hardware. And, my knowledge of Russian being somewhat shaky (read as: nonexistent), I personally can't go digging very deeply into Russian web sites for more information. That being said, there does seem to be a great deal of circumstantial support for claiming that it was, at the very least, uniquely popular as far as NES hardware clones go.
 * But obviously, having lived there, you're probably a better source of information than I am, so I am more than willing to be corrected on this point. Just a thought, though: the vast majority of NES clones didn't hit the streets until relatively late in the NES/Famicom's lifespan (after 1990 or so, rather than during the '80s), and the same seems to be true of the Dendy. Could that be the source of the confusion? – Seancdaug 22:40, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I moved to Sweden in 1990. That probably explains my ignorance. :-) Peter Isotalo 23:09, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I grew up in Moscow in the late 80's and early 90's and this system was extremely popular with me and all of my friends, perhaps more so in the mid 90's. -- vex5 22:32, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Dendy popularity only took off in early 90'es, it wasn't even in existence before that. I first played NES in 89, but it war genuine Japanese Famicom, bough by one of the friend of my mariner father. I've got my own a year later, and it was also imported. --Khathi 13:44, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

yeah it was popular in mid90s in Ukraine
 * Indeed, it was quite popular all over the USSR in 90s.

True, it was very popular. So much, that cartridges for it sells even now! I self from Russia and have Dendy Junior 1 and Dendy Junior 2. It was released in Russia by a company named Steepler (Стиплер). In the beginning Dendy was constructed on Taiwan, and later in Russia (on Tenzor factory).

I was made a few changes in article, in order too in details describe Dendy. As I mentioned in the article I was use information from commercial booklet. You can find it as well as some other old Russian magazines (Video-ASS Dendy (Видео-Асс Денди) which later was renamed in Great Dragon (Великий Дракон) and was one and only popular magazine about Dendy in Russia) and information about Dendy here: http://dendy-new.by.ru/videoas.html I'm new to Wikipedia, so I don't know how to make link it the article.

Need I also add that said 'Dendy' VG Console was widely advertised on TV? It actually was the first video game system widely introduced in former USSR. (Sega 'Mega Drive' and Sony 'PlayStation' outshadowed it much later). However, other illegal hardware clones existed, namely 'UFO', 'Zhiliton' and many, many other cheap East-Asian clones. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.205.193.185 (talk) 14:41, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Что ни говори, а популярность у Денди была огромная. Из-за доступной цены и кучи отличных игр, она была даже популярнее Сеги Мегадрайв. Да, в статье можно еще упомянуть тот факт, что мы благодаря Денди получили возможность играть одновременно и в японские эксклюзивы (серия Кунио-кун, например, футбол/баскетбол/хоккей) и в американские. Плюс у нас еще было несколько абсолютно недоступных ни тем ни другим, как-то: пиратские порты с 16-битных систем и хаки вроде "Сомари". 109.163.223.82 (talk) 15:46, 24 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Say what you like, the Dendy was very popular. Due to the affordable price and tons of great games, it was even more popular Sega's Megadrive. Oh yeah, and the article should also mention the fact that via Dendy we got the opportunity to simultaneously play Japanese exclusives (Kunio-kun series, for example, or football/basketball/hockey) and American games. Plus we still had a few absolutely inaccessible to other regions, such as: 16-bit pirate ports and hacks like "Somari". (translation of the above) -Thibbs (talk) 16:54, 24 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi! That's the wrong language for the English wikipedia.  Try again!  Also consider making an account.  Thanks. — Smuckola (Email) (Talk) 16:34, 24 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I got it, Smuckola. But Smuckola is right that this is English Wikipedia, 109.163.223.82, so unfortunately most editors will not be able to understand Russian. -Thibbs (talk) 16:54, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

Differences, sources
I reformatted the article, also tried to make it more clear what were the differences between the versions and it has become obvious that the data in the article is quite random. I think only the following statement really suffered from my reformatting though: "In Dendy Junior II port for a light gun was in front, but ports for controllers was on a back side of a console. They also was different from controllers ports in Junior. And controllers in Junior II was unremovable." This one I had to remove. It is obvious that more research needs to be done before fixing all of this. First google search for "dendy junior ii" shows pictures of something Dendy-looking with clearly detachable pads.

I don't really think it would be possible to find quality sources for this article, but there must be some nostalgia sites that provide enough basic information at least, perhaps backed up by decent pictures and/or brochure scans.Svofski 07:57, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

I don't try to look at google, but ports for controller in Dendy Junior II is unremovable. I know it, because I self from Russia and I have right now both Dendy Junior & Dendy Junior II. As about sources greater then my word, I was already referred to a commercial booklet and Great Dragon magazine (sponsor of it originally was Steepler, but it later has became independent). Yeah, I know, they on Russian, but so do I, so I can read them. On the five page of booklet, written "Video game Junior-II. Variation of Dendy-Junior with two unremovable controllers. System PAL." That booklet as well as magazines, do have many information about Dendy. Even interview with director of Steepler in the first number of Video-ASS Dendy (page 2). What else information, do you think would be good to add in article? As about photos... I don't have digital camera right now. But I may be will have it later, and then make a photos of console and cartriges. - Burakki

Dendy photos
I finally get the digital camera for some time. And as promised I was made a few photos of Dendy (paste all links on photos in new window). You can use them in Wikipedia and any other site. Here is Dendy Junior (with cartridge inserted): http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/junior1.jpg As you see controllers connected in the front, and detachable. Here is back side of Junior: http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/junior1back.jpg In junior 1 back side contains 4 ports. First one (from left side) is for electricity, next two is audio\video for connecting with TV, and last one also for connecting with TV but on different way. From the last port Dendy can be connected with TV by using antena port of TV (normally used with a special device which allow you to switch between dendy and a real antena). This is done for compatibility with old TV, that did not have audio\video ports. On Dendy Junior II all ports from Junior exist, and also there is 2 more ports for controllers. And unlike Junior in Junior II they undetachable. Here is box cvers of Dendy Junior: http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/junior1box1.jpg http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/junior1box2.jpg Here is Junior II: http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/junior2.jpg It's all, almost exectly like a Junior 1, but with controllers on the back. And in front there is a port for a light gun. Here is box of Junior II: http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/junior2box1.jpg http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/junior2box2.jpg And here is controller of Dendy Junior I (with exeption of port it is the same sa Junior II controller). http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/junior1controller.jpg As you see it have A\B and Turbo A\B buttons, D-pad and select & start. On Junior II second controller doesn't have select\start buttons. It makes sometimes impossible to get continue for a second player in games where he needs to push start in order to get it. Here is Dendy cartridge: http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/cart001.jpg http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/cartinside.jpg Don't be suprised to see Pokemon geme on it. No, official Pokemon games was never released on NES. But... in Russia there is many (I guess about 10 or so...) Pokemon hacks of other games and pirate games. Not only that. There is even a not official Pokemon games for Sega Genessis in Russia too! And here is symbol of Dendy: http://burakki.narod.ru/misc/dendysymbol.png As a side note Dendy and it's cartridges still sells in Russia. A few days ago (on 21 september of 2007) I was is shop Radiotovari in Kostroma City, where I live, and was seen Dendy for 350 rubles (1$ - ~25 rubles) and many cartridges with prices from 40 rubles for 1 game cartridge and more for several games cartridge. There also sells 2 other then Dendy clones of NES (yes, Dendy is not the only clone of NES in Russia there is a few others, less famous!) for 370 rubles. They use the same cartridges as Dendy. - Burakki —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.113.215.97 (talk) 00:07, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dendy (console)


text: Category:Austrian nobility

title: Category:Austrian nobility


text: User talk:81.156.176.136

title: User talk:81.156.176.136