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Talk:Blood purity (Harry Potter)

original research (original analysis)
As interesting and thorough as this article is, much of it seems to be original analysis and speculation by fans who come to their own conclusions based on evidence given by the books and JK Rowling. Although I have nothing personally against this, Wikipedia needs to be based off of reliable secondary (and not primary) sources. Which means, no original research.

In addition, I don't think that talk about genetics is approriate at all in this article, as it was demonstrated how, in the world defined by Rowling, the laws of genetics don't exactly work as they should. And we're bringing in terms that should be deemed irrelevant to the subject, and talk about genetics is obviously original research. However, if you ask me, magic ability could probably be linked to "magic energies" present in the cells themselves, or maybe mitochrondria, which have their own DNA and exist as part of the cell.

Anyways.... alot of this stuff has got to go, i think... :(Blueaster 23:12, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Nothing wrong in basing articles on reporting primary sources, such as the books themselves. But there ought also to be references to the debate about this from reliable sources such as HP-lexicon, mugglenet, TLC etc. Sandpiper 08:26, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

From the deletion discussion
examplefarm in-universe Synthesis the symbolism behind the plot device

It appears at this point that the article will be kept, so I will report some of the issues raised:

The reason that this appears to be a "fan article" is because it reads like one. It simply describes a concept used throughout the series, making no reference, that I can find at least, to the literaty significance of said concept. It gives a ton of facts about the stories (way too many) without delving into the symbolism behind the concept. It just doesn't "look" encyclopedic. It looks like the kind of thing I would expect to find on a Harry Potter fansite, not in an encyclopedia. As it stands, this isn't an article about a theme but about a simple idea used in the books.

The article needs a serious reduction in current content; there are far too many examples, making it seem like an attempt at a research paper and not an encyclopedia article. While articles shold be detailed, this one reads like an example farm.

Also, it has a serious lack of secondary sources, which is one of the main reasoms it was nominated for deletion. As the main source for this seems to be the books themselves, it appears to be original research by synthesis, which is generally forbidden by Wikipedia policy. It needs to cite multiple secondary sources that report the same information that is presented in the article.

If these issues are not fixed soon after the deletion discussion closes, it stands a good chance of being nominated again with a reason such as "Previously closed as Keep and cleanup but was not cleaned up and still appears to fail WP:OR and is still written like an essay" which is more likely to attract some "delete" !votes than the current nom. Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 19:53, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * One major problem I noticed going through the article is the prevolence of words/phrases like "can be assumed", "is implied", "therefore", etc. Words like these are basically the definition of original research by synthesis of published material. You can't just say: "The book says A and it says B so, C must also be true." That may be fine for a research paper, but not Wikipedia. Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 02:59, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

The new sources
The new sources provided are better than nothing, but they are far from adequate.
 * 1) You still mainly cite the books themselves. Articles should be built on secondary sources, using primary sources like the books only where necessary. Are there no secondary sources about this?
 * 2) The citations themselves are fairly unhelpful (though I see on the deletion discussion that this is a work in progress). First, you give just an abbreveiation for the book with a link to its respective Wikipedia article. The title should be given in the reference. Also, you only give the chapter number, which is somewhat unhelpful. Using ref 2 as an example "[HP5], chapter 26". That chapter is 29 pages long in the hardcover version. Much of it seems to have nothing to do with the sentences it cites.
 * By no means is pure-blood status a guarantee of a person's attitude. The Weasleys and Longbottoms are old pure-blood families, but have no qualms about associating with Muggle-borns; moreover, while Mrs Weasley has no particular liking for Muggles or Muggle culture
 * The ref is apprarantly referring to the pages involving Ron and Neville talking to Muggle-born characters. There doesn't seem to be anything about Mrs. Weasley specifically or the families in general but simply a few characters. The citation must explicitly say what is said in the article. This appears to be an attempt at synthesis: "Ron and Neville associate with Muggle-borns" is what the book says; "The Weasley and Longbottom families have no problems associating with Muggle-borns" is what the article says.

I can help clean up some of the unnecessary examples, if anyone wishes for me to do so. Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 03:43, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Citation number 1, "Rowling, J.K., Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Black Family Tree." Is this in some sort of special editon? My copy doesn't seem to have a "Black Family Tree". Can you please provide a page number.
 * Well, it is useless to give pages and site numbers, since people have different editions. The UK- and US-edition, to start with, are totally different. Therefore one can only name the chapter as references. Second, the chapters I cited regarding the Weasleys and Longbottoms has other characters being nice to Muggleborns as well. In one of them Neville's grandmother appears and is kind to Hermione. The Black family tree is not in the books, but was publicised by Rowling for charity later. Neville Longbottom 09:09, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Still, even if multiple characters in a family associate with a few muggle-borns, that is still not enough to say the family associates with muggle-borns. The source needs to refer to the family in general, not just a few members associating with one or two muggle-borns. Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 18:19, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * This may be a good source for avoiding OR in this page. - Peregrine Fisher 20:04, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

I don't disagree that this article contains a lot of things which you'd take away from the books but which you can't cite because it's the strong assumptions of every reader. (Though I would disagree that Mrs. Weasley doesn't like Muggles -- just is slightly perturbed by her husband's strong fascination -- so as this is an opinion, and can definitely not cited, it should be removed.) I have a book of Harry Potter essays, one of which partially discusses purity of blood. --03:23, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the books are being used to cite speculative and inferred statements. This is in direct violation of Wikipedia's no original research policy. For example:
 * It is strongly implied in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix that pure-blood families inbred with each other, somewhat like traditional European nobility.
 * This is sourced using Book 5, chapter 6. However, this is drawing conclusions based on that chapter, which is not allowed. This is an example of a statement that either needs a secondary source or needs to be removed. Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 18:30, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Too many examples
This article has far too many examples. It goes into far more detail about the families than is necessary for an article about a plot device, especially as it seems most of the families have their own articles anyway.

I've pulled out a few random examples:
 * Most of the men in the family are named after stars or constellations, the exceptions being Phineas and Marius. Only three of the fourteen known Black women were named for stars or constellations: Cassiopeia, Bellatrix, and Andromeda.

 * Phineas Nigellus Black, the least popular headmaster in Hogwarts history, who has a portrait in the Headmaster's office as well as at 12 Grimmauld Place. He was in Slytherin House, and despised teaching as much as the students despised him.

 * "Narcissa" is the feminine form of Narcissus, a character in Greek mythology who drowned after falling in love with his own reflection (Narcissa Malfoy is said to be quite beautiful). It also refers to the narcissus flower, commonly known as the daffodil.

 * The Weasleys were also one of the poorest wizarding families in the series, though this has changed somewhat since Arthur Weasley got a promotion and all of their children except Ron and Ginny (who are still in school) have well-paying jobs and are able to support themselves financially.

 * Mrs Longbottom is a proud and dignified lady who wears long robes (her favourite colour may be green), a fox-fur scarf, a distinctive hat topped with a stuffed vulture, and carries a large red handbag.

 *  Morfin Gaunt is buried in a grim graveyard beside the prison, where other inmates who died within the fortress are buried.

These are by no means all of the unnecessary examples. Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 18:30, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I've commented out the unnecessary examples I found (not just the ones above). If there are no objections, I will remove them. Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 00:18, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Name
I didn't spot this in time to chime in on the AfD debate, but I do see a small problem with the title of this article. When I first saw Blood purity my original assumption was that it was going to be an article on the concept of "Blood Quanta" Native_Americans_in_the_United_States which is a real application of the concept of "blood purity".

Because of the potential for confusion and misdirection, I would propose that this article be moved to a less ambiguous name such as Blood purity in Harry Potter or Blood purity (Harry Potter) or something similar, and this page be turned in to a disambiguation page pointing both to this content as well as the Native Americans article.

Because this just underwent a contentious AfD debate, I am refraining from making this move unilaterally and waiting to see what, if any, thoughts on the matter come up.  Ar ky an  • (talk) 20:49, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with you. I will wait a few more days, if someone is against your idea, and if not, I will move the topic. It needs to be mentioned in the topic, that this is about Harry Potter, not Blood Purity in the real world. Neville Longbottom 17:51, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Found another quote by Rowling, which could be used as secondary source. http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/tv_film/newsid_2353000/2353529.stm Neville Longbottom 17:52, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Article moving
This article (and not the talk page) was moved by means of copy-and-paste. I've reverted that; since it needs to be moved by an admin, I've asked John Reaves to do so. Michael Sanders 15:27, 18 April 2007 (UTC) No It is scientific theory, you guys are wrong about everything. Really.

Derogative of African Americans?
Although this probably seems inappropriate, should it not be mentioned somewhere that mudblood is basically the equivalent of the term 'n-word' for African-Americans? 71.244.106.78
 * No because it isn't. That term is used specifically as a form of abuse for an entire race of people. 'Mudblood' is much more selective than that, it's about immediate ancestry.  A u l a T P N 08:24, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Intended or not, every time someone uses some of these names it sounds just like the n-bomb. The use of mudblood, muggle or squib really sounds racist no matter who says it in the story.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.184.241.144 (talk) 03:10, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Mudblood is meant to be AS offensive as the n-word without actually being the n-word; so in a sense, you're correct. In the series, it's used the same way: as an inflamatory insult brought out by the hatred of someone's liniage.  But simply beacause you see mudblood and think "n-word" says more about your personal perceptions than it does the intended use of the word. 143.138.26.138 01:26, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Lestrange Family
In the Lestrange Family section, it says that a M Lestrange is a ghost at the Ministry of Magic and owned one of the first stores at the Diagon Alley. Where did those pieces of information came from? 201.37.226.89 22:12, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Potter family.
Folken and I disagree on whether the Potters should be listed as a pure-blood family; I say yes, Folken says no. My rationale is that Harry and Ginny's kids are all pure-blood, as their grandparents were all magical, and this is the criterion for being considered pure-blood. Ginny, of course, is also a pure-blood. In fact, Harry and his mother are the only Potters not to be pure-blood (and of course Lily wasn't really a Potter, but rather an Evans). Given this, I can't see why the Potters would not be considered a pure-blood family. Comments? faithless  (speak)  13:57, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The problem I have with this is not really about how they are considered....
 * Blood purity is an in-universe concept, moreover invented and used by a certain category of characters inside the novels. The blood purity of the new Potter family has never been evoked in the books.
 * So, by writing things like "the potter are now concidered pure blood again", it's as if we, Wikipedia contributors, were acting as if we were characters in the novels talking about the blood purity of the Potters.
 * But the fact is, we're not characters of the books, thus we can't meddle with their in-universe concepts.
 * That's your own reasoning that the new Potter family is now pure blood because of Ginny, but would the fictional characters who've established the purity criteria think the same ? Wouldn't characters like Voldemort, or Umbridge, be tempted to say that once muggle blood is introduced, then its definitely over, had they to give their opinion on the Potters...?

 * All I'm saying, is that you're asserting things that you can't be sure of, because they are in-universe, thus subjected only to what the characters would say (or what the author would make them say). That's why we can't start deducing/considering things, we're neither characters in the novel nor the author.
 * On WP, we have to remain in an out of universe perspective, and avoid original research. Statements like the one we're discussing are against these 2 principles: yo're asserting something new, that was never said in the novels. How can you be sure of anything ? Folken de Fanel 17:48, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * In CoS, Ernie ManMillian said that his blood was pure for nine generations therefore this is canon proof of a line being restored to purity. LizzieHarrison 19:12, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

I'm not asserting things I can't be sure of. JKR has told us what constitutes blood purity. The Potters were an old pure-blood family, Harry being the only blip on the radar. Per the link provided, we know what characters such as Voldemort and Umbridge would think. Of the five Potters we know of at the end of DH, four are pure-blood. Why would the family not be considered pure-blood? We know the criterion, and the Potters pass it. By suggesting that the characters might go against the "rules" that the author has told us exist for determining blood-purity, it is you who is introducing original research into the article. In short, the author has told us what constitutes a pure-blood, and four of five Potters meet the standard. Why should they not be listed as such? faithless  (speak)  22:12, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Does the source you've provided specifically says that the Potter family blood purity is restored at the end of book 7 ? No it doesn't.
 * Does the source you've provided specifically says that if a half-blood marries a pure blood, then the purity of the line is restored ? No it doesn't.

 * In fact, Rowling wrote precisely the opposite. She wrote that these expressions are only here to show their originator's prejudices. Therefore Harry would be considered only 'half' wizard.
 * Moreover, she explains that the Nazis had "the same warped logic as the Death Eaters", stating that "a single Jewish grandparent 'polluted' the blood, according to their propaganda".

 * Now, what makes you think that people like Malfoy, Umbridge or Voldemort, would be glad to consider the Potters as pure blood, if they are said to have the same warped logic as Nazis ? According to what Rowling wrote, it's far from the truth...

 * Now, you'll notice that I haven't added anything to the article, thus you can't say I'm doing "original research". The only one doing OR here is you, because you're writing your own opinion about an in-universe concept, something which is exlucive to characters in the novels (thus the author).
 * You cannot assume you can judge as a character from the book. This is in-universe original research, and this cannot be accepted on WP.

 * I'm not arguing that the Potters are still half-blood, I don't give a damn about it. I'm saying that, in absence of clear statements in the books, you cannot assume things with an in-universe perspective. It's not you who're considering who's half-blood and who's pure blood, it's the characters who've coined these expression. I'm not saying you right or wrong, I'm saying that no matter the answer, it's not up to you to decide. You're introducing new content to the story, and that's what's wrong with your last edits. In fact, that's what's wrong in the whole article...Folken de Fanel 11:43, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Rowling has stated what constitutes blood purity, per he link above. This is not my opinion, it is the author explaining the thought process of her characters. What makes me "think that people like Malfoy, Umbridge or Voldemort, would be glad to consider the Potters as pure blood?" Maybe the fact that the previous Potter family, the Weasleys, Longbottoms, MacMillans, Prewetts, Sirius Black, etc. were considered pure-blood. You're suggesting that the "bad guys" wouldn't consider the Potters pure-blood just because they don't like them; that's obviously not the case. There are pure-bloods on both sides. It is not up to Malfoy, Umbridge or anyone else to say who's PB; otherwise why would families like the Longbottoms and Weasleys be included? True, the only ones who actually care about that sort of thing are the bad guys, but the criterion for inclusion is the same no matter how you feel about it: that all four of your grandparents be magical. Again, this is not my opinion. We've been told what makes a pure-blood, haven't we? Yes. And four of the five living Potters meet the standard, don't they? Yes. faithless  (speak)  12:20, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes Rowling has states what is the ideology of blood purity, so don't alter her words so that it fits your opinions.
 * Besides your own opinion, there's no element whatsoever allowing anyone (except the author) to assert what would be the thought process of a fictional character.
 * Rowling clearly explained what she intended by "blood purity", so don't alter her words.
 * It's a "warped logic" that certain people made up so that they could bully the people they don't like. Rowling clearly said that the "blood purity" ideology was the same as the Nazi ideology concerning jewish ancestry (and she specifically states that for them, one drop of jewish blood was enough to "pollute" the whole family). And that's why Harry was considered a half-wizard by Malfoy (and Malfoy himself, is considered pure blood by his peers, even though he is not a pure blood).

 * You see, that's what you totally fail to understand: that blood purity in HP books is an ideology and not scientific criterion.
 * That's why you're utterly mistaken (I even wonder if you've actually read JKR's statements on the subject).

 * It's up to (through the author) Malfoy, Umbridge etc to say who's half-blood and who's not, because they came up with the "warped reasoning", not you.
 * That's why, even though there's not a single drop of pure blood remaining at the time of the HP story, there are clans and divisions, some people calling themselves pure blood and calling others half-blood.

 * That's what Rowling made clear throughout her books, that there is no determinism in life, that it's not the way you're born that makes the way you'll live: she's always made clear that so-called "scientific" distinctions were just rubbish and that so-called half-blood could do as good as so-called pure bloods.
 * If you haven't understood that, I doubt you've carefully read the books.

 * Now, blood purity is an in-universe concept which involves individual fictional characters subjectivity, and there's no definite rule about it (Rowling confirmed no one was pure blood). The "warped logic" (not rule) was created by people "to whom these distinctions matters", and unless I'm mistaken, you're not even a character in the book so you've got no word to say about it. It involves the "opinion" of fictional characters, which have not expressed their feelings concerning the new Potter family; so if you're neither a character nor the author, sorry but you've got nothing to say. You're not going to write the sequel of DH.

 * And we go back to what i said in the beginning: the matter is not about what we Wikipedia contributors personally feel about it, no one gives a damn about it. It's all about the respect of the "no in-universe" and "no original research" rules. It's simple, if you don't have actual proof in the text, dialogues in which characters like Malfoy are saying how they concider the new Potters, then there won't be any comment about it in the article, since these judgments only belong to fictional characters, not WP users.Folken de Fanel 14:52, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not even going to bother reading that, since it seems all you're doing is attacking me. Grow up. I'm not "altering her words" and accusing me of not having read the books is absolutely ridiculous. She has told us what constitutes blood purity. For some reason, you won't accept what the author has clearly stated. Don't bother responding, I won't read it. faithless   (speak)  17:36, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Proving you're wrong is not an "attack".
 * The one who needs to grow up is you, because even when all the evidence is in front of you you refuse to see it.
 * You've altered Rowling's words, to the point of showing me a webpage where she explained that blood purity was a subjective "warped logic", which reliied only on the prejudices of a certain group of people (and she even compared it to the Nazi ideology where a single jewish ancestor "polluted" the line), and then claiming that she had written "the Potter family is pure blood". That is what Rowling told us about what constitutes "blood purity", so I can't see how you could alter her words more. She's even said there was no pure blood family remaining, which is the ultimate proof of what I'm saying: it's only a subjective concept, used against the enemies of death eaters.
 * It's not my fault either if you don't seem to be aware of important themes in the books. What Rowling wanted to show from the beginning whith "blood purity" is that it was all vain, it was only lies.
 * It's not my fault if you're writing your own fanfiction so that the HP plot could fit with your opinions. I'm merely repeating what "the author has clearly said", and if all you've found in an attempt to contradict me, was making up things that Rowling has never said, well, that's useless. And indeed, how could I assume you've read the book if you're not wanting to read JKR's comments ?Folken de Fanel 18:50, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, where does J.K. say that Four Wizardly grandparent's = Pure Blood? WookMuff 00:50, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I really don't understand how there's debate on this. It's like saying a kid with a half-Irish parent and a pure Irish parent is pure Irish. He's not. He's three-quarters Irish. Potter's kids would be quarter-Muggle. Also, sorry for not signing this, but my tilde key gives me ¬ instead for some reason. Oh, also, you guys are being incredibly hostile over an esoteric concept in a fictional series. What gives? (72.241.182.49)

 * I dislike the idea of the Potter books being used to push something that simply isn't there. This article is dreadfully crufty. And - if you are having trouble signing using your tilde key, not that a little bit below the edit summary window is a set of hotlinked four tildes right after the words, "Sign your username:", which kinda makes it easy to sign, even if you keyboard or cellphone or whatever is not giving you tildes. I hope that helps

JK Rowling on blood purity
From her official site:

''The expressions 'pure-blood', 'half-blood' and 'Muggle-born' have been coined by people to whom these distinctions matter, and express their originators' prejudices. As far as somebody like Lucius Malfoy is concerned, for instance, a Muggle-born is as 'bad' as a Muggle. Therefore Harry would be considered only 'half' wizard, because of his mother's grandparents.

If you think this is far-fetched, look at some of the real charts the Nazis used to show what constituted 'Aryan' or 'Jewish' blood. I saw one in the Holocaust Museum in Washington when I had already devised the 'pure-blood', 'half-blood' and 'Muggle-born' definitions, and was chilled to see that the Nazis used precisely the same warped logic as the Death Eaters. A single Jewish grandparent 'polluted' the blood, according to their propaganda.''

F.A.Q.:

''Are all the pure-blood families going to die out? (We've lost the Blacks and the Crouches during the series)

Don't forget that, as Sirius revealed in 'Order of the Phoenix', none of these families is really 'pure' – in other words, they merely cross Muggles and Squibs off the family tree and pretend that they didn't exist. But yes, the number of families claiming to be pure is diminishing. By refusing to marry Muggles or Muggle-borns, they are finding it increasingly difficult to perpetuate themselves. This subject is touched upon in 'Half-Blood Prince'.''

Outside refs
Genetic discussion of blood purity. Not good though; says Wizard gene is recessive. He obviously hasn't been reading the books carefully. Mugglenet's discussion is better.

[HP's Brazilian translator on issues with making Harry relevant http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2003/v48/n1/006954ar.html]:

•	the concept of blue or pure blood was used deprecatingly in Brazil in the last century and is now relatively unknown except in animal breeding, although “good blood” has recently become current slang for a trustworthy person

“Harry Potter and the deconstruction of childhood”. Decent ref for the comparisons between Voldemort and Harry as regards blood. Can't be linked to. Must be found on Google Scholar

The wizard world from a sociological perspective.

Here there Be Cruft
Jumping Jesus on a palomino, there is a lot of cruft here. I've only tagged a few sections and I'm starting to think that this is like trying to grab a handful of water - it's all OR by synthesis. And who is suggesting that Harry is half-blood? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  03:51, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you mistyped, or I misunderstand, but Harry is definitely a half-blood. faithless   (speak)  03:53, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I think I mistyped; Harry is indeed a halfsie.

 * One of the reasons for all the cn tags is not that a lot of the information that is actually quite accurate needs citations. Some of it isn't going to be able to be cited, and will most assuredly be purged after remaining uncited for a period of time. Any significant claims (with which this article seems almost exclusively composed of) need citation. Remember, the criteria for inclusion is citability, not truth, and not canon. Please leave the individual tags, as they target the parts that need attention and is less daunting than a page tag, which leaves as generic and all-encompassing the problems with the article.
 * And please, let's not see any more genetics doubletalk - unless someone has a geneticist or eugenicist up their sleeve who's willing to be cited speaking on Harry Potter and blood Purity? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  04:51, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Bloody hell!! And I thought you were joking when you said you were running out of fact tags!!  Where to start??  Are we looking mainly for references from canon?  If so, are we using the HP1 style (→) or the PStone style (→).  I would advocate the latter, as it is more accurate and verifiable (which is the issue we're trying to address here).  <b style="color:forestgreen;">Happy</b>‑<b style="color:darkorange;">melon</b> 14:13, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * References from non-primary sources would be better. Mr.  Z- man  17:33, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Z-Man graps my point exactly. I don't mind citing the novels, but some of this is fairly explosive stuff, and even a whiff of OR or synthesis means it gets excised like a cyst. If we can find reviewers or reliable academics who have commented ont his topic, that would be utterly brilliant to have here. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  06:39, 30 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It's stated repeatedly in the books! --Kizor 00:22, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * We need some citation. Otherwise, taking and cobbling together info from the books is OR by synthesis, as you are the one cobbling it together. We don't do that. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  03:30, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Flawed Logic
"Dogs have four legs" doesn't mean "Four legs means dog". "He got 64% and failed the test" doesn't mean "Failing the test means you get 64% or below". "Harry isn't pureblood because he had muggle grandparents" doesn't mean "the standard for blood purity is the presence or absence of Muggle grandparents." This isn't OR, its logic. Apparently my quoting of a particularily apt Monty Python quote was unappreciated, so I shant do that again, but it is still the case that Logic isn't algebra. Unless JK says that "Blood purity means four wizard grandparents" then we can't assume that. WookMuff 09:29, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * No, I got the Monty Python quote, I just didn't appreciate the attitude behind it. I believe that JKR has already defined what is considered pure-blood. Frankly this enture article belongs on the crufty chopping block. It has little worth. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  09:35, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, considering the amount of "citation requireds", but unless you are referring to some other JK quotes, she quite clearly says nothing more than the reason that HARRY is not pure-blood. Do you honestly think, logically, that death eaters would consider the son of a mud-blood to be tainted but consider his children to be pure? Its like saying that a Mulatto wouldn't be allowed in the KKK but they would gladly welcome his Quadroon child.
 * You might be right, but there are two things wrong with your assumptions. First, you may have noticed a distinct lack of citable information comparing blood purity dscrimination in Harry Potter books to actual real world discrimination. That's because there isn't that much in the way of it (if at all), so comparisons based on the common thread (which you provided) of blacks and mudbloods is a false argument. Secondly, I am not operating off of anyting but what JKR has supposedly said. Ask anyone around, I am an absolute bear when it comes to citations; if they aren't accompanying the statements (and this article is FULL of the type of statements that need citation at virtually very step). then the statements don't go in. Period.
 * This article is an example when a very little OR gets bit by radioactive synthesis. I would be amazed if even 5 tagged items are properly cited from sources outside the primary books. This article is - with all due respect to the creator who spent loving care craftingthe article - utter garbage, and needs two punctuation marks to the back of the Lead and a qucik burial in the logs. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  10:13, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, but what JKR said IS NOT RELEVANT HERE because she never states what is needed to be pure, only what made ONE CHARACTER impure. The most relevant example I provided above was that of failing a test. Let us say that someone fails a test with a score of 64%. That tells us only that 64% is a failing grade. It doesn't actually tell us what a PASSING grade is. Same with Harry. JKR's quote tells us why Harry is not counted as a pure blood, but that doesn't mean that that is the failing grade, just that that is why Harry is not Pure Blood. Call me arrogant or rude or whatever all you want, but in truth I am merely exasperated that people fail to see this obvious distinction. WookMuff 10:41, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I am not really challenging the logic of what you say, Wook. I am simply stating that assumptions - even those based upon logic - are still assumptions, and they cannot be added to Wikipedia. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  19:09, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * ARGH. But you miss my point, which is that YOU GUYS are using flawed logic in the first place, and that I am using logic to point that out. The assumption that 4 wizard grandparents makes your pureblood is flawed, and doesn't belong in wikipedia. WookMuff 20:12, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh. Okay, sorry for misunderstanding your argument. I think there was a reference in a webchat interview with JKR where she defined what made a pureblood, etc. If you give me a day or so, I will attempt to locate the specific citation to that effect. Would you be willing to give me that time? -  Arcayne   (cast a spell)  20:19, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * My argument has never been with anything but the cited source, and peoples misreading of it. If you can find a source that actually says what the above reference doesn't then go ahead and add it, I will be the first to give you congratulations. WookMuff 20:44, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Just to understand, are you extrapolating what JKR said about onme character to apply it to other characters? (you had said: " what JKR said IS NOT RELEVANT HERE because she never states what is needed to be pure, only what made ONE CHARACTER impure ") - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  04:39, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I am somewhat less comfortable with the categorization of the magical houses, as none of them are really pure anymore. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  04:42, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * NO!!! Everyone ELSE is extrapolating. I am claiming that to extrapolate is wrong, because its logically inconsistant. WookMuff 05:25, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Hmm. Okay, let's remove the blod purity info from the various houses, then. There isn't really a lot to base it upon, and removing it will not only keep out the crufty supposition and OR, but prevent people from making it ever more so. Logically, if an argument keeps getting misinterpreted, then the continual misinterpretations are not incorrect; rather it is the argument which needs to be restated so as to avoid misinterpretation. Would you not agree? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  05:53, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * If you can think of a better way to say that the source doesn't mean what people think it means, then go right ahead. My only problem with it is that people don't get it. A failing grade doesn't define a passing grade, but vice versa. As for houses, I don't care... my issue is simply with the misinterpretation of that one source. WookMuff 06:03, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Pure blood status stuff
I propose we just do what was done at the Weasley article and remove it from this one. Regardless of who is right about the Potters blood status, it's crufty as hell anyways, and hurts the aesthetics of an already ugly, crufty page. Thoughts? faithless  (speak)  06:07, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Logic aside, the page is clusterf***y as all get out. I am purging all the house blood purity mentions now. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  06:25, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

What the Hell?
Whats with all the thousands of "citation neeeded" tags for things that are straight from the book. Is someone just trying to be POINTy?. No article would have that many references, if you need refs that badly, why not try .--Jac16888 16:00, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blood purity (Harry Potter)


text:
Shuidiao Getou

Shuidiao Getou is the name of a traditional Chinese melody to which a poem in the cí style can be sung. Different poets have written different lyrics to the melody which are usually prefixed by this melody's title, the Song dynasty poet Su Shi's work "Shuǐdiào Gētóu – Míngyuè Jǐshíyǒu  "  being one of the most famous.

Cí (詞) is one of the literary genres that are unique to the Song dynasty, and can be sung to melody. Many ancient melodies are lost to history, but modern composers often compose new melodies for cí.

In popular culture
In 1983, Liang Hong Zhi (梁弘誌) set Su's poem to new music as the song "Danyuan ren changjiu" (但願人長久; translated "Wishing We Last Forever" or "Always Faithful" ). This new setting was recorded by Teresa Teng in her album dandan youqing (淡淡幽情), which also contained songs based on other poems from the Tang and Song dynasties. Later artists such as Faye Wong, Jacky Cheung and China Flowers (芳華十八) covered this song in albums and concerts.

Other uses

In June 1956, Mao Zedong wrote the poem "Shuǐdiào Gētóu – Swimming" (水調歌頭·游泳) which is also rhymed to the tune of Shuǐdiào Gētóu.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shuidiao Getou


text:
Chinese Taipei at the 1992 Summer Olympics

The Republic of China competed as Chinese Taipei at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 31 competitors, 23 men and 8 women, took part in 15 events in 7 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
Chinese Taipei entered three women in the archery competition. The two that qualified for the elimination rounds each won their first match, with one winning a second match before being defeated in the quarterfinal. The team was upset by DPR Korea in the team round.

Women's individual:
 * Lai Fang-Mei - quarterfinal, 7th place (2-1)
 * Lin Yi-Yin - round of 16, 13th place (1-1)
 * Liu Pi-Yu - ranking round, 51st place (0-0)

Women's team:
 * Lai, Lin, and Liu - round of 16, 11th place (0-1)

Baseball
Chinese Taipei was among the eight teams to play in the inaugural Olympic baseball tournament. They won five of their seven preliminary round games, including one against Japan, but lost to the United States and Cuba to place second in the round. In the semifinal, Taipei faced Japan again, defeating the Japanese team one more time. The final against Cuba resulted in an 11-1 loss, and a silver medal, for the Chinese Taipei team.

Men's:
 * Chinese Taipei - silver medal (6-3)

Rosters:
 * Lin Chao-Huang (P,林朝煌)
 * Lin Kun-Han (SS,林琨瀚)
 * Wang Kuang-Shih (1B.王光熙)
 * Chen Wei-Chen (RF,陳威成)
 * Huang Wen-Po (P,黃文博)
 * Wu Shih-Hsih (3B,吳思賢)
 * Chang Yaw-Teing (SS,張耀騰)
 * Liao Ming-Hsiung (CF,廖敏雄)
 * Lo Kuo-Chong (SS,羅國璋)
 * Huang Chung-Yi (2B,黃忠義)
 * Lo Chen-Jung (P,羅振榮)
 * Chen Chi-Hsin (C,陳執信)
 * Chiang Tai-Chuan (LF,江泰權)
 * Pai Kun-Hong (C,白昆弘)
 * Kuo Lee Chien-Fu (P,郭李建夫)
 * Ku Kuo-Chian (SS,古國謙)
 * Tsai Ming-Hung (P,蔡明宏)
 * Chang Cheng-Hsien (C,張正憲)
 * Chang Wen-Chung (RF,張文宗)
 * Jong Yeu-Jeng (P,鍾宇政)

Cycling
One male cyclist represented Chinese Taipei in 1992.

 * Men's road race
 * Weng Yu-yi

 * Men's individual pursuit
 * Weng Yu-yi

 * Men's points race
 * Weng Yu-yi


text: User talk:200.192.88.6

title: User talk:200.192.88.6


text:
User:Jcrocker

"Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge."

 * I have been a registered contributor since October 2004
 * My accounts: Wikimedia Commons | English Wikipedia
 * My cameras: Nikon Coolpix 2100 (1600x1200) | Canon EOS 300D (Digital Rebel) (3072x2048) | Nikon D800 (7360x4912)

title: User:Jcrocker


text:
Helen Chamberlain

Helen Marie Chamberlain (born 2 April 1967) is an English television presenter, best known for presenting Soccer AM on Sky Sports for 22 years. She previously worked as a holiday camp entertainer.

Biography
Chamberlain was born in Street, Somerset. She worked as a Bluecoat at Pontins holiday camp and an announcer at Chessington World of Adventures, before becoming a club Disc Jockey.

She was discovered at Chessington by a producer for Nickelodeon, where she began presenting in 1994. She began presenting on Sky Sports's Saturday morning show Soccer AM in 1995. She also guest presented on two former Channel 4 breakfast shows – The Big Breakfast (alongside Johnny Vaughan) and RI:SE – and was a presenter for Sky TV's dedicated Poker channel Sky Poker. She also co-hosted on Channel 5's late night sports programme Live and Dangerous during 1997.

She appeared in a photo shoot for the May 2004 edition of Penthouse. She also modelled in underwear for Euro 2004 in Trafalgar Square.

Chamberlain left Soccer AM in August 2017, shortly before the start of the programme's 23rd season on air.

Sports
A pub-league level darts player when she was younger, Chamberlain claims to have once beaten Eric Bristow in a game of darts-cricket.

Chamberlain finished second in the 2005 Poker Million tournament winning $400,000. She spent her winnings on buying a Range Rover for her boyfriend, and the racehorse Birkspiel. The horse was trained by Simon Dow at Clear Height Stables in Epsom. On his first outing for the presenter, in April 2006, he won a €50,000 Group 3 race in Baden-Baden, Germany. One month later, he finished third in a Group 2 race in Cologne, Germany. She owned the flat racer Napoletano, and also co-owned sprinter Merlin's Dancer who finished second in The Dash which is the race before The Derby, in 2008. All three horses have now retired.

Chamberlain is a Torquay United fan.

Personal life
Chamberlain is a teetotaler and vegetarian.

title: Helen Chamberlain


text: Category:1860 in law

title: Category:1860 in law


text:
Frank O'Farrell

Francis O'Farrell (9 October 1927 – 6 March 2022) was an Irish football player and manager. He played as a wing half for Cork United, West Ham United and Preston North End. He made over 300 appearances in the Football League before joining Weymouth as player-manager. He went on to manage Torquay United (three stints), Leicester City, Manchester United, Cardiff City, Iran and Al-Shaab. He played for the Republic of Ireland national team, making nine appearances between 1952 and 1959.

Early life
Born in Lower Dublin Hill in Blackpool, a suburb of Cork, O'Farrell lived on Friars Road, in the Turners Cross area of the city. His grand-uncle was renowned road bowling player John "Buck" McGrath. He was raised a Catholic and attended Christ the King. He played Gaelic football and captained the school team to its first trophy win in 1941. He also played the association code for local teams Nicholas Rovers, Clapton Celtic and at Western Rovers alongside the brother of Noel Cantwell, with whom he would later reunite as a teammate at West Ham United. At the age of 16, he started working on the railways and wanted to be a train driver, like his father. He worked as a fireman on the Dublin–Cork railway line.

Club career
A left half, O'Farrell started his playing career with League of Ireland club Cork United, replacing Tommy Moroney in the first team after his departure to West Ham United in 1947. Playing as a semi-professional, he supplemented his earnings with his work on the railways, earning £3 a week for each. In January 1948, after being spotted by West Ham scout Ben Ives, O'Farrell followed Moroney to the Upton Park club for a fee of £3,000. O'Farrell himself received a £1,000 fee for the transfer. He made over 50 appearances for the reserves before breaking into the first team. His debut came on 28 September 1950 in a 2–0 defeat of Colchester United in the Essex Professional Cup. His Football League debut followed in November 1950 in a 4–1 defeat away to Notts County. He made 18 league appearances in his first season but became a regular in the 1951–52 and 1952–53 seasons. He was one of a number of West Ham players that would meet at Cassettari's Café to discuss tactics. He played for West Ham in seven seasons and made 213 appearances, scoring eight goals.

In November 1956, O'Farrell left for Preston North End in a straight swap deal involving Eddie Lewis. Replacing Ray Evans in the team, he scored on his home debut, a 20-yard strike against Manchester City. Playing alongside Tom Finney, he played 17 league matches before his first loss with the club. He would then miss over a month of football after treatment for a nosebleed which caused him to lose around four pints of blood (he experienced a recurrence of the problem in the following season). His first season with Preston brought a third-place finish and he was still with the Lancashire club when they finished runners-up to Wolverhampton Wanderers in Division One at the end of the 1957–58 season. In the same season O'Farrell's former teammates at West Ham finished as Second Division champions, securing their promotion to the First Division, which he had strived to help achieve. In all, O'Farrell made 129 appearances for Preston, scoring four goals.

He retired from professional football in 1961, close to 34 years of age, after a second operation to remove cartilage.

International career
O'Farrell won the first of nine full international caps for Ireland against Austria in Vienna on 7 May 1952, in a 6–0 defeat. In his next international game, also against Austria, O'Farrell scored the first of his two international goals as Ireland won 4–0 at Dalymount Park, Dublin. His next game saw his second and last international goal, as Ireland lost 5–3 to France in a qualifying game for the 1954 World Cup. He played infrequently over the next six years before making his ninth and last international appearance on 10 May 1959 in a 4–0 defeat by Czechoslovakia at Tehelne Pole Stadion in Bratislava.

Weymouth and Torquay United
On 20 June 1961, O'Farrell became player-manager at Southern League team Weymouth. He was paid £25 a week for the role, which was £5 more than he had been earning as a Football League player at Preston. In 1961–62, he oversaw Weymouth's passage to the fourth round of the FA Cup, where they were beaten by his old club Preston North End. After a runners-up spot in 1963–64, he led the club to their first Southern League championship in 1964–65, also reaching the final of the Southern League Cup that season.

In May 1965, he became manager of Torquay United, replacing Eric Webber. He took the Gulls to promotion in his first season in charge and followed this with seventh- and fourth-place finishes in the Third Division in the following two seasons. While Torquay manager he returned to West Ham to sign a number of players, including John Bond, Ken Brown and Bill Kitchener.

Leicester City
In December 1968, O'Farrell took over Leicester City. He appointed former West Ham teammate Malcolm Musgrove as his assistant. Leicester were near the bottom of the First Division table when he was appointed and were relegated at the end of the season, but O'Farrell led them to the 1969 FA Cup Final, which they lost 1–0 to Manchester City. The following season brought a third-place finish, and 1970–71 saw the club win the Second Division and return to the top tier.

Manchester United
On 1 July 1971, he took over at Manchester United, having been confirmed in the role on 8 June 1971. He replaced Matt Busby, who had selected him for the role, signing a five-year contract worth £15,000 a year. Musgrove was again his assistant. His arrival came just three years after United had won the European Cup, but the side had posted eighth-place finishes in the First Division in the previous two seasons before O'Farrell's arrival.

O'Farrell's tenure started well, with Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best playing well and the club, 10 points clear at one stage, losing just one of their first 14 league games. O'Farrell was named Manager of the Month for September and the club topped the table for the first time in three years in October. After being top of the league at Christmas, Best failed to attend training throughout January and United scored only three goals in their first eight games of the year, losing the first seven. O'Farrell's impersonal approach, whereby every player had to schedule an appointment to see him, did not help morale. O'Farrell signed Martin Buchan for a club-record fee of £125,000, as well as Ian Storey-Moore, who scored in all of United's five league wins in the second half of the season. Once again, United ended the season in eighth place.

Further problems with Best led to a two-week suspension for the player and he continued to miss training sessions during the 1972–73 season. Forwards Wyn Davies and Ted MacDougall were signed in September 1972, bringing O'Farrell's spending in the previous six months to £500,000. On 6 December, it was announced that Best would be transfer listed. On 16 December, United lost 5–0 to Crystal Palace, with Don Rogers scoring twice, and three days after the match, with the club third-from-bottom in the league, O'Farrell was sacked after 18 months in the role. He was replaced at Old Trafford by Tommy Docherty. O'Farrell as the only Irish manager in Manchester United's history. His sacking resulted in O'Farrell suing the club over unpaid wages and he was forced to sign on at the local labour exchange while the dispute was settled. The club ultimately settled out-of-court and O'Farrell received "about £17,000".

Cardiff and Iran
He became manager of Cardiff City in November 1973, but in April 1974 quit to take the manager's post with the Iranian national team. He began his tenure with seven consecutive wins, leading them to the gold medal at the 1974 Asian Games and qualification for the Montreal Olympics. In January 2006, O'Farrell was invited to Iran to attend a ceremony in honour of Persepolis' former players, along with Alan Rogers.

Returns to Torquay, and Al-Shaab
On 29 November 1976, O'Farrell returned to Torquay United as manager, replacing Malcolm Musgrove. He remained with the club as consultant manager when Mike Green was appointed player-manager in March 1977. In 1980, he joined United Arab Emirati club Al-Shaab. He became Torquay manager again when Green left the club in May 1981, but once again relinquished the position the following year, this time in July 1982 on the appointment of Bruce Rioch. He worked as general manager until his retirement in 1983, aged 55.

Personal life
After his retirement, O'Farrell continued to live in Torquay. In 1993, he worked as a scout for Everton and Bolton Wanderers. In later life, he ran a nursing home in Devon with his wife, Ann. He had been active in church affairs and presided over the local Conference of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul. In 2011, his autobiography All Change at Old Trafford was published. In 2018 he lived in Devon, and cared for his wife.

O'Farrell died on 6 March 2022, at the age of 94. At the time of his death he was the oldest living former West Ham United player.

Career statistics

 * Scores and results list Republic of Ireland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each O'Farrell goal.

Manager
Weymouth
 * Southern League: 1964–65

Torquay United
 * Fourth Division: 1965–66

Leicester City
 * Second Division: 1970–71

Cardiff City
 * Welsh Cup: 1974

Iran
 * Asia Games: 1974

title: Frank O'Farrell


text:
Talk:Defoliant

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jputrasahan. Peer reviewers: Arimeris3.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:13, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Does anyone know the difference between a defoliant and a herbicide?
 * Yes: a defoliant is a chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause the leaves to fall off, and an herbicide is a chemical substance used to destroy or inhibit the growth of plants, especially weeds. Before you pointed out the problem, the main defoliant stub contained the incorrect definition, which I fixed. – ClockworkSoul 14:29, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism or just bad wording?
I removed the following from the article:

"Defoliants also suffer terribly from syphilis from time to time. 1 in 1,000 of latent, untreated syphilis cases in defoliants develop paresis (figure from BSTYR)."

I'm not sure that this makes any sense. Does it mean to imply that people exposed to defoliants develop syphillis? If i'm just stupid and missing the point completly then someone may feel free to revert it. In the meantime however it doesn't seem to make any sense. Bigbrisco 17:05, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Evaluating Content of this article
Hi, I'm a student assigned to evaluating and working on this article to make it better! Here is what I see from the current state:

The current article is pretty bare; there is a very brief lead paragraph, history section, and use section. All of these sections can be expanded upon in defining defoliants more thoroughly, describing different types of defoliants, and describing the historical uses and more current uses of defoliants. There are some grammatical errors that are somewhat distracting as well, and these can be easily edited. Another topic that might be interesting to add, if there is information on this particular area, would be to look into various public opinions on the use of defoliants for specific uses. Also the short-term and long-term effects of defoliant uses would be good topics to add to the article. The article has a handful of links to other related Wikipedia articles, and this should grow as the article grows. --Jputrasahan (talk) 20:32, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

Bibliography for Article
Shusterman, Dennis (1992). Critical Review: The Health Significance of Environmental Odor Pollution. Archives of Environmental Health. 47(1): 76-87. DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1992.9935948. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00039896.1992.9935948?journalCode=vzeh20

Zierler, David (2011). Invention of Ecocide. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN: 9786613110404. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n5dg

Tyas, Suzanne; Manfreda, Jure; Strain, Laurel; Montgomery, Patrick (2001). Risk factors for Alzheimer's Disease: A Population-based, Longitudinal Study in Manitoba, Canada. International Journal of Epidemiology. 30(3): 590–597. DOI: 10.1093/ije/30.3.590. https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/30/3/590/736936

Kang, H. K.; Dalager, N. A.; Needham, L. L.; Patterson, D. G.; Lees, P. S.; Yates, K.; Matanoski, G. M. (2006). Health Status of Army Chemical Corps Vietnam Veterans Who Sprayed Defoliant in Vietnam. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 49(11): 875-884. DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20385. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajim.20385

Potter, T.; Marti, L.; Belflower, S.; Truman, C. (2000). Multiresidue Analysis of Cotton Defoliant, Herbicide, and Insecticide Residues in Water by Solid-Phase Extraction and GC−NPD, GC−MS, and HPLC−Diode Array Detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48(9): 4103-4108. DOI: 10.1021/jf9909104. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf9909104

Snipes, Charles; Cathey, George (1992). Evaluation of Defoliant Mixtures in Cotton. Field Crops Research. 28(4): 327-334. DOI: 10.1016/0378-4290(92)90018-5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378429092900185 --Jputrasahan (talk) 20:06, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Defoliant


text:
Category:Patriarchs of Jerusalem

 * This category contains Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem, and Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem.

title: Category:Patriarchs of Jerusalem


text:
The New Deal (band)

The New Deal is a Canadian three-piece electronic band formed in 1998 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. With a drummer (Davide Direnzo), bass guitarist (Dan Kurtz, now playing with Dragonette), and keyboard player (Jamie Shields), the music incorporates many elements of modern electronica, which they have branded live progressive breakbeat house.

History
The band formed in 1998 after an impromptu jam session they had at the Toronto venue the Comfort Zone. Upon listening to a recording of the show, they were transfixed by how much it sounded like a DJ mix. They subsequently released the jam session as their first album, This Is Live.

The band was without a name prior to the release of This Is Live. Jamie Shields, whose previous band One Step Beyond had wrapped up recently, indicated that the band hadn't settled on a name. At one point, they were calling themselves "Reprise". "The New Deal" stuck shortly afterwards.

Originally billing themselves as an acid jazz group, they soon found themselves swept up into the emerging musical genre of livetronica. The drumming of Shearer often resembles the simplicity of a drum machine, while still tastefully complementing the accompanying music. Shields never loops a keyboard track and always plays everything live, even if a pattern is to be repeated. Thanks to the widespread sharing of bootleg versions of their early live shows, a national buzz ensued and within two years, and they signed a major label contract with Jive Electro.

The promotion with Jive proved disappointing, and the band fell short of a highly anticipated crossover. Nonetheless, they continued to tour, developing their fanbase, including a performance in Toronto at the Palais Royale in 2001.

They released several more live shows on a label they created, Sound+Light Records, and produced two studio releases in 2003: Please Be Seated and Gone Gone Gone. In 2004, after a year-long hiatus, The New Deal toured several cities, often playing to crowds of 800 or more demonstrating the continued devotion of their fans.

The band continued to tour, and over 200 recorded shows have been made available at the Internet Archive and etree for downloading. In recent years, seeing the band live has been difficult as concerts have become sporadic. Only a few recent concerts have been made available because of difficulties accommodating "tapers" and obtaining soundboard recordings.

On April 8, 2011, an e-mail was sent out stating The New Deal would be breaking up in 2011. According to the e-mail, the band feels "We have come to a point where the time and commitment that it takes to maintain our band at its best is no longer possible.". A summer and fall tour took place throughout North America to end off the 12-year career.

In April 2014, the band resurrected their website with the text, "The New Deal is Back – Summer 2014". Joel Stouffer was brought on board as a new drummer in 2014. According to Shields, original drummer Darren Shearer left the music business after the group originally parted ways.

On March 20, 2019, the band announced on Facebook that they are coming back together for a short summer run of four shows with Davide Di Renzo as a new drummer, going on to say "With Davide it’s a bit like ‘coming back home’ as he was the drummer that inspired our original direction back in 1998 when the three of us played our first impromptu gig together in Guelph, Ontario. Each of the band's drummers has brought something unique to theNEWDEAL, and with Davide we’re reaching back to move forward with the organic-infused improvisation that has long-inspired a big part of theNEWDEAL sound." In August of that year they announced a tour schedule through the following February with Di Renzo.

Recordings

 * THIS IS LIVE (1999)
 * The New Deal (2001)
 * Receiver (2001)
 * LIVE:NYC O5.31.02 / 06.01.02 (2002)
 * LIVE:PORTLAND ME 12.17.99 / GUELPH ON 04.05.00 (REISSUE) (2002)
 * Gone Gone Gone (2003)
 * Please Be Seated EP (2003)
 * Live: Late Night 8.27.05 (2006)
 * Live: Toronto 7.16.09 (2009)
 * Mercury Switch (2016)
 * Phoenix (2019)
 * Age of Discovery (2020)

title: The New Deal (band)


text:
Hungary at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Hungary competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 217 competitors, 159 men and 58 women, took part in 156 events in 23 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
After missing the 1984 and 1988 archery competition, Hungary returned in 1992. The nation was represented by three women, only one of whom advanced to the elimination rounds. She won her first match before falling in the second round.

 * Women

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined events – Decathlon

 * Women
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined event – Heptathlon

Badminton

 * Women

Sprint

 * Men

 * Women

Cycling
Four cyclists, three men and one woman, represented Hungary in 1992.

Road

 * Men

 * Women

Track

 * Points race

Diving

 * Women

Fencing
20 fencers, 15 men and 5 women represented Hungary in 1992.

 * Individual
 * Pool stage

 * Elimination phase

 * Team

Men

 * Team

 * Individual finals

Women

 * Team

 * Individual finals

Handball
Key:
 * Summary
 * ET: After extra time
 * P – Match decided by penalty-shootout.

Men's tournament

 * Attila Borsos
 * Attila Horváth
 * Ferenc Füzesi
 * Igor Zubjuk
 * Imre Bíró
 * István Csoknyai
 * Jakab Sibalin
 * János Szathmári
 * József Éles
 * László Marosi
 * László Sótonyi
 * Mihály Iváncsik
 * Ottó Csicsay
 * Richárd Mezei
 * Sándor Győrffy
 * Head coach: Attila Joosz

 * Group play

 * 7th place game

Judo

 * Men

 * Women

Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Hungary in 1992.

Rowing

 * Men

 * Women

Sailing

 * Men

 * Women

 * Women

Shooting

 * Men

 * Women

 * Open

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Table tennis

 * Women

Tennis

 * Men

Water polo
Key:
 * Summary
 * FT – After full time.

 * Team roster

 * Tibor Benedek
 * István Dóczi
 * András Gyöngyösi
 * Péter Kuna
 * Gábor Nemes
 * Imre Péter
 * Zsolt Petőváry
 * Gábor Schmiedt
 * Frank Tóth
 * Imre Tóth
 * László Tóth
 * Zsolt Varga
 * Balázs Vincze

 * Group play

 * Classification round 5th-8th place

Wrestling

 * Greco-Roman

 * Freestyle

title: Hungary at the 1992 Summer Olympics


text:
Karen Wetterhahn

Karen Elizabeth Wetterhahn (October 16, 1948 – June 8, 1997), also known as Karen Wetterhahn Jennette, was an American professor of chemistry at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, who specialized in toxic metal exposure. She died of mercury poisoning at the age of 48 due to accidental exposure to the extremely toxic organic mercury compound dimethylmercury (Hg(CH3)2). Protective gloves in use at the time of the incident provided insufficient protection, and exposure to only a few drops of the chemical absorbed through the gloves proved to be fatal after less than a year.

Career
Wetterhahn was born in Plattsburgh, New York. She earned her bachelor's degree from St. Lawrence University in 1970 and her doctorate from Columbia University in 1975. Her doctoral work was supervised by Stephen J. Lippard. She joined Dartmouth's faculty in 1976 and published more than 85 research papers. In 1990, Wetterhahn helped establish Dartmouth College's Women in Science Project (WISP), which helped to raise the share of women science majors from 13 to 25 percent at Dartmouth College and has become a national model.

Accident and death
On August 14, 1996, Wetterhahn, a specialist in toxic metal exposure, was studying the way mercury ions interact with DNA repair proteins and investigating the toxic properties of another highly toxic heavy metal, cadmium. She was using dimethylmercury, at the time the standard internal reference for ^{199}Hg nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements.

Wetterhahn would recall that she had spilled several drops of dimethylmercury from the tip of a pipette onto her latex-gloved hand. Not believing herself in any immediate danger, as she was taking all recommended precautions, she proceeded to clean up the area prior to removing her protective clothing. However, tests later revealed that dimethylmercury can, in fact, rapidly permeate several kinds of latex gloves and enter the skin within about 15 seconds. Her exposure was later confirmed by hair analysis, which showed a dramatic jump in mercury levels 17 days after the initial accident, peaking at 39 days, followed by a gradual decline.

Approximately three months after the initial accident Wetterhahn began experiencing brief episodes of abdominal discomfort and noticed significant weight loss. The more distinctive neurological symptoms of mercury poisoning, including loss of balance and slurred speech, appeared in January 1997, five months after the accident. At this point, tests proved that she had severe mercury poisoning. Her blood and urinary mercury content were measured at 4,000 μg/L and 234 μg/L, respectively—both many times their respective toxic thresholds of 200 μg/L and 50 μg/L (blood and urine reference ranges are 1 to 8 μg/L and 1 to 5 μg/L).

Despite aggressive chelation therapy, her condition rapidly deteriorated. Three weeks after the first neurological symptoms appeared, Wetterhahn lapsed into what appeared to be a vegetative state punctuated by periods of extreme agitation. One of her former students said that "Her husband saw tears rolling down her face. I asked if she was in pain. The doctors said it didn't appear that her brain could even register pain." Wetterhahn was removed from life support and pronounced dead on June 8, 1997, less than a year after her initial exposure.

The case proved that the standard precautions at the time, all of which Wetterhahn had carefully followed, were inadequate for "super-toxic" chemicals like dimethylmercury. In response, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommended that the use of dimethylmercury be avoided unless absolutely necessary and mandated the use of plastic-laminate gloves (SilverShield) when handling this compound. Her death prompted consideration of using an alternative reference material for mercury NMR spectroscopy experiments.

Legacy
Wetterhahn's death shocked not only the entire chemistry department at Dartmouth, but also regulatory agencies, as the accidental exposure occurred despite her having taken all measures required at that time. These included the use of latex gloves, a fume hood, and adherence to standard safety procedures. After Wetterhahn's mercury poisoning was discovered, her colleagues tested various safety gloves against dimethylmercury and found that the small, apolar molecule diffuses through most of them in seconds, much more quickly than expected. As a result, it is now recommended by OSHA to wear Silver Shield laminate gloves, which should be worn under an outer glove that is resistant to abrasion and tears, while handling dimethylmercury.

At the time, dimethylmercury was the common calibration standard for ^{199}Hg NMR spectroscopy because it has certain advantages over the alternatives that exist. As a consequence of Wetterhahn's accident, safety recommendations have been revised, and the use of dimethylmercury for any purpose has been highly discouraged. Wetterhahn's legacy includes a significant and lasting improvement in laboratory safety.

Dartmouth College has since established an award in Wetterhahn's name (The Karen E. Wetterhahn Graduate Fellowship in Chemistry, created in 1998 and funded by the Karen E. Wetterhahn Memorial Fund) to encourage other women to pursue careers in science. It is a one-year fellowship given to an exceptionally good chemistry graduate student who will receive their PhD within two years. Whenever possible, a woman is preferred for the award. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences also maintains an annual award, for a graduate student or post-doctoral researcher, in honor of Karen Wetterhahn (the Karen Wetterhahn Memorial Award).

title: Karen Wetterhahn


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Committee of Nine

The Committee of Nine was a group of conservative political leaders in Virginia, led by Alexander H. H. Stuart, following the American Civil War, when Virginia was required to adopt a new Constitution acknowledging the abolition of slavery before its readmission into the Union. They engineered the federal and state political machinery so that separate votes would be taken on the constitution (which was overwhelmingly ratified) and provisions restricting voting and office-holding rights of former Confederates (which was narrowly defeated).

Background
Following the American Civil War and testimony before Congress that President Andrew Johnson's self-reconstruction was not allowing newly freed slaves many civil rights, Congress passed four Reconstruction Acts which set forth requirements for civilians to take control over the state governments in formerly Confederate states, instead of the military. Because Virginia's 1850 Constitution supported slavery, which became illegal during the American Civil War, and the delegates drafting the 1864 Constitution under provisional Governor Francis Harrison Pierpont did not represent the entire state, Virginia needed to draft and adopt a new Constitution to end military rule.

Many high-ranking former Confederates were not permitted and others chose not to vote for members of the Constitutional Convention of 1867–68, which included African-American delegates and abolitionist federal judge John Curtiss Underwood dominated. The Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 actually began its work in December 1867. Virginia newspapers and Conservatives, including Alexander H.H. Stuart, began criticizing the convention, particularly its African-American members, during that month.

Nonetheless, the Convention continued, and did include former Confederates as members. Major areas of debate concerned state administration, voting regulations, restrictions on officeholding by former Confederates, and social policies. During acrimonious sessions in early 1868, many Conservative members either left or were dismissed by the convention before it approved a draft in April, which needed to be approved by voters. The "Underwood Constitution" included "free schools for both races, equal rights provisions, and reforms of local government."

It also included controversial and very strict clauses concerning ex-Confederates, which were unpopular, so Virginia's military ruler during Congressional Reconstruction, General John Schofield, and later President-elect Ulysses S. Grant delayed the ratification vote for what turned out to be more than a year. Meanwhile, by the autumn of 1868, Virginia's Republican party split because of the anti-Confederate provisions. Governor Henry H. Wells (who succeeded Pierpont) argued that Unionists would be at risk in Virginia if the disabling clauses were removed from the proposed Virginia Constitution.

Stuart had appointed former Confederate general John Echols as part of a committee of three, along with F. G. Ruffin and James D. Johnston, which was to recommend eight other men to serve in the Committee of Nine. Echols would never formally become a member of the Committee of Nine, although he worked closely with Stuart to publish the "Senex" letter described below and set up the compromise. By the end of 1868, Republicans who had been displeased with the final constitution approved by the convention joined forces with what formally became the Committee of Nine. These Republicans, such as Edgar Allan and Franklin Stearns, worked with the committee in Washington in the fight for a separate vote on the anti-Confederate provisions. They joined in meeting important Congressmen since the Republicans dominated the Congress at the time, and their work proved influential. Nonetheless, when the Congress reassembled in December 1868, the Virginia Republican executive committee requested a vote on the Underwood constitution. On December 9, the House Committee of Reconstruction passed a bill to provide money for the referendum, however, the Christmas holiday recess arrived before the Senate received the bill.

Formal creation of Committee of Nine

Alexander H. H. Stuart wanted to get rid of the disenfranchisement clauses (which Conservatives particularly disliked, and moderate Republicans thought abrogated General Grant's terms given to Confederate General Robert E. Lee) before the referendum was held. Stuart wrote a letter to outline his plans and publicize his objections concerning the clauses. He argued for universal amnesty and for the creation of another constitution with the disenfranchisement clauses to present to the Congress. His letter was published in the Richmond papers under the pseudonym, "Senex."

In his work, "A narrative of the leading incidents of the organization of the first popular movement in Virginia in 1865 to re-establish peaceful relations between the northern and southern states, and the subsequent efforts of the "Committee of Nine," in 1869, to secure the restoration of Virginia to the Union", Alexander H. H. Stuart describes his motives behind writing and publishing the letter as following: "I have no doubt that hundreds—nay, thousands—of my fellow-citizens thought and felt as I did as to the necessity of taking action on the subject. But no one seemed to be willing to assume the responsibility of taking the lead! Under these circumstances, as the necessity for moving in the matter was urgent, and the time within which action likely to lead to a successful result was limited to two weeks, I determined to sound a note of alarm by calling the attention of the people of Virginia to the frightful dangers which threatened them, and urging those who thought as I did to unite in an organized attempt to avert them. With this object in view, I wrote “a communication,” over the signature “Senex,” intended for publication in the Richmond Dispatch. This paper was written entirely on my own responsibility, and without conference or consultation with anyone. My purpose was to try and arouse the people to the necessity of immediate action, and to suggest as the most feasible, if not the only, means of obtaining relief from the disenfranchisement and test oaths embodied in the Underwood Constitution, the tender to Congress on behalf of Virginia of a compromise, on the basis of universal suffrage as an equivalent for universal amnesty."

Campaign in Washington
Although some Conservatives criticized Stuart's letter, many moderates and centrist Virginians favored Stuart's plan. These Virginians met at the Exchange Hotel, in Richmond, on December 31, 1868, and January 1, 1869. Their meetings led to the creation of the Committee of Nine: Alexander H. H. Stuart would act as a chairman to a committee of nine people who would visit Washington to voice objections concerning the Underwood Constitution. The committee aimed to go to Washington to authorize separate votes on the proposed new state constitution, and the provision which continued to disenfranchise former Confederates (mostly white Virginians) under the Reconstruction Acts.

John L. Marye, of Fredericksburg, one of the members of the Committee of Nine, suggested that Stuart invite Gilbert C. Walker, a northerner and who had been "defeated for a seat in the Underwood convention", to help the committee gain support in Washington. As predicted, Walker, a northern Republican, helped the committee receive sympathy in the north. Horace Greeley's Republican newspaper, New York Tribune, joined the campaign. The Committee of Nine spent approximately two weeks in Washington. They met with congressmen and appeared before both the House and Senate committees.

Upon meeting with the Committee of Nine, and despite Governor Wells following the Committee of Nine and their supporters around in Washington, Congress approved the separation of the disabling clauses. However, in order to be readmitted, it required Virginia to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment as well.

President Grant and the 1869 Virginia Gubernatorial Election
During meetings with members of the Committee of Nine in Washington, President-elect Grant showed sympathy towards the committee's objects and plans.

Grant was inaugurated on March 4, 1869. On May 14, 1869, President Grant issued the following proclamation:"“Every person who has been a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President or Vice-President, or who held any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.”" The committee thus achieved its goal of authorizing a separate vote for the provisions restricting former Confederates and sympathizers.

Radical Republicans and Governor Wells (who became their candidate for actual election as Governor) wanted the referendum to take place as the convention had stated. They feared that the separate votes would lead to failure of the anti-Confederate provisions and thus restore conservative dominance in the state. In March 1869, Virginia Republicans held a convention to nominate candidates for the state elections.

Moderate Republicans were sometimes referred to as "Stearns Republicans", after Franklin Stearns, and also included William L. Owen, and Gilbert C. Walker. Although they failed to gain control of the Republican party, they nominated Walker, a former northern businessman as a moderate candidate. The alliance between the moderate Republicans and Conservatives led to Gilbert C. Walker winning the Gubernatorial Election of 1869.

Even though Radical Republicans, who had passed the Reconstruction Acts in 1866, still dominated the Congress, because the provisions of the new Constitution other than the anti-Confederate provisions passed overwhelmingly, Virginia was readmitted into the Union on January 26, 1870. Virginia's new Governor, Gilbert C. Walker, signed a letter announcing the readmission.

Committee members

 * Alexander H. H. Stuart, chairman

As the chairman, Stuart opened conferences when members appeared before federal legislators, as well as publicly set forth their objections to the Underwood Constitution.

 * John Brown Baldwin, of Staunton

CSA Colonel Baldwin presented and elaborated on their views to the House and the Senate. He also wrote a paper requested by the Senate Judiciary Committee which explained the alterations the Committee of Nine wanted to make in the Underwood Constitution. All of the members signed the documents. Stuart stated that with this role, Baldwin became "the most conspicuous member of the committee."

 * William T. Sutherlin, of Danville

CSA Colonel W. T. Sutherlin, of Danville, was among those who joined Alexander H. H. Stuart at the Exchange Hotel in Richmond, as was General Echols. After hearing Stuart's words, Sutherlin promised to work with them. Later, General Echols met with various newspapers to publish the "Senex" articles, although many refused, including Richmond Dispatch and Richmond Enquirer. After Sutherlin joined Echols to visit the Richmond Whig, editor Alexander Mosely agreed to publish them.

 * James F. Johnston, of Bedford County
 * John L. Marye, of Fredericksburg
 * James Neeson, of Richmond
 * William L. Owen, of Halifax County
 * Wyndham Robertson, of Washington County
 * J. F. Slaughter, of Lynchburg

title: Committee of Nine


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Jieyang

Jieyang is a prefecture-level city in eastern Guangdong Province (Yuedong), People's Republic of China, part of the Chaoshan region whose people speak Chaoshan Min distinct from neighbouring Yue speakers. It is historically important as the hometown of many overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. It borders Shantou to the east, Chaozhou to the northeast, Meizhou to the north, Shanwei to the west, and looks out to the South China Sea to the south.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Jieyang administers five county-level divisions, including two districts, one county-level city (administered on behalf of the province) and two counties.

These are further divided into 100 township-level divisions, including 69 towns, 10 townships and 21 subdistricts.

Economy
Rice cultivation and the textile industry are important to its economy.

Air
The new Jieyang Chaoshan International Airport is the third largest airport complex in Guangdong Province, after Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, and Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport. It replaced the Shantou Waisha Airport on 15 November 2011.

Rail
Jieyang is located on the Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou Railway.

Language and culture
The Chaoshan Min is predominantly spoken in this region. The Hakka dialect, however, has its limited presence among Hakka people in Jiexi County.

History
The 1930s saw numerous Jieyang inhabitants emigrating overseas. A large number of Chinese live in Southeast Asia and kept their customs. Pontianak and Ketapang in Indonesia, Johor Bahru in Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia and Thailand have large Overseas Chinese communities of Jieyang origin; the Lintian Republic, one of many kongsis of West Borneo, were founded by Jieyang immigrants. In 1991, the Chinese central government approved Jieyang as a prefecture-level city.

Notable people

 * Vintoquián (林道乾, Lîm tō-khiân) (?-?), 16th century pirate
 * Li Zhenning (born 1995), Chinese singer and actor
 * Ke Hua (19 December 1915 – 1 January 2019), former Chinese diplomat
 * Zeng Yi (8 March 1929 – 13 July 2020), virologist

title: Jieyang


text:
Mongolia at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Mongolia competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 33 competitors, 27 men and 6 women, took part in 31 events in 8 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
In the fifth time they competed in archery at the Olympics, Mongolia entered only one woman. She lost in the first round of elimination.

Women's Individual Competition:
 * Jargal Otgon — Round of 32, 17th place (0-1)

Athletics
Men's Marathon
 * Pyambuugiin Tuul — 4:00.44 (→ 87th place)

Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
 * Erdenentsogt Tsogtjargal
 * First Round – Defeated Fernando Retayud (COL), 8:2
 * Second Round – Lost to Rogelio Marcelo (CUB), 2:14

Cycling
Four male cyclists represented Mongolia in 1992.

 * Men's road race
 * Jamsran Ulzii-Orshikh
 * Dashjamtsyn Mönkhbat
 * Dashnyamyn Tömör-Ochir

 * Men's team time trial
 * Zundui Naran
 * Dashnyamyn Tömör-Ochir
 * Jamsran Ulzii-Orshikh
 * Dashjamtsyn Mönkhbat

title: Mongolia at the 1992 Summer Olympics


text: User:ChiveDreams

title: User:ChiveDreams