text:
Cerro Azul (Chile volcano)

Cerro Azul (, blue hill in Spanish), sometimes referred to as Quizapu, is an active stratovolcano in the Maule Region of central Chile, immediately south of Descabezado Grande. Part of the South Volcanic Zone of the Andes, its summit is 3788 m above sea level, and is capped by a summit crater that is 500 m wide and opens to the north. Beneath the summit, the volcano features numerous scoria cones and flank vents.

Cerro Azul is responsible for several of South America's largest recorded eruptions, in 1846 and 1932. In 1846, an effusive eruption formed the vent at the site of present-day Quizapu crater on the northern flank of Cerro Azul and sent lava flowing down the sides of the volcano, creating a lava field 8–9 square kilometres (3–3.5 square miles) in area. Phreatic and Strombolian volcanism between 1907 and 1932 excavated this crater. In 1932, one of the largest explosive eruptions of the 20th century occurred at Quizapu Crater and sent 9.5 km3 of ash into the atmosphere. The volcano's most recent eruption was in 1967.

The South Volcanic Zone has a long history of eruptions and poses a threat to the surrounding region. Any volcanic hazard—ranging from minor ashfalls to pyroclastic flows—could pose a significant risk to humans and wildlife. Despite its inactivity, Cerro Azul could again produce a major eruption; if this were to happen, relief efforts would probably be quickly organized. Teams such as the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) are prepared to effectively evacuate, assist, and rescue people threatened by volcanic eruptions.

Regional setting
Volcanism in the Chilean Andes is caused by subduction of the Nazca and Antarctic tectonic plates under the South American Plate. Volcanoes in Chile occur in the Central (CVZ), South (SVZ), and Austral Volcanic Zones (AVZ). The gap that separates the Central and South Volcanic Zones is caused by shallow-angle subduction in the Pampean flat-slab segment where the more buoyant Juan Fernández Ridge subducts under the South American continent. This buoyant region prevents the slab (subducting tectonic plate) from diving deep into the mantle, where the heat and pressure would destabilize the mineral chlorite, releasing water that would in turn cause melting and volcanism. The Patagonian Volcanic Gap, which separates the South and Austral Volcanic Zones, is caused by the subduction of the Chile Ridge, though it is less clear whether this gap also is due to flat-slab subduction; it may instead arise because melting of the subducting slab there produced felsic igneous rocks instead of volcanoes.

Offshore volcanism also occurs in Chile. Intraplate volcanism generated from the Easter and Juan Fernández hotspots has formed many Chilean islands, including Isla Salas y Gómez, Easter Island, and the Juan Fernández Islands. Underwater volcanism occurs due to seafloor spreading along the Chile Ridge.

Nearly 100 Quaternary (Pleistocene- or Holocene-age) independent volcanoes exist in the country, in addition to 60 volcanic complexes and caldera systems. Of the 200 historically active volcanoes in the Andean Range, 36 are found in Chile.

Local setting

Cerro Azul is part of the South Volcanic Zone, which runs through central and western Chile and extends south to Argentina. This range includes at least nine caldera complexes, more than 70 of Chile's stratovolcanoes and volcanic fields that have been active in the Quaternary, and hundreds of minor eruptive centres. The South Volcanic Zone is the most volcanically active region in Chile, and produces around one eruption per year. Its largest historical eruption was at Quizapu Crater, located on the north side of Cerro Azul's summit (see below), and its most active volcanoes are Llaima and Villarrica.

Cerro Azul, just 7 km south of Descabezado Grande volcano, is part of the Descabezado Grande–Cerro Azul eruptive system, a volcanic field that comprises its two large namesake volcanic edifices and several smaller vents, including 12 Holocene calderas. Both volcanoes lie on top of the Casitas Shield, a plateau built of over 100 lava flows that erupted in at least 12 volcanic episodes during the Quaternary period. The upper lava layers are dated at 340,000 years.

As with the majority of the Andean volcanoes, Cerro Azul is a stratovolcano, meaning that it consists of layers, or strata, of volcanic ash and lava flows. The cone of Cerro Azul has a total volume of about 11 km3, and is a young feature, formed in the Holocene. It is made of agglutinated pyroclasts and some dacite–andesine lavas. The cone has a few volcanic craters; the majority of its eruptions in recorded history have originated from Quizapu Crater on the northern flank of Cerro Azul's cone. Other craters lying on the flanks of the main cone are Caracol ("Snail"), Crater los Quillayes, Crater la Resolana, and Crater sin Nombre ("Nameless Crater"). All of the craters lie between 2000 and 3000 m in elevation, except Quizapu, which is 3292 m up the volcano. The summit of Cerro Azul is crowned by an asymmetric crater about 500 m in diameter. Pleistocene glacial activity is evident in the form of 500 meter (1,640 ft) deep struts in the volcanoes' sides. These deep cuts have revealed strata of older rock.

Quizapu Crater
Quizapu, which formed during the 1846 eruption, is the most prominent crater. It is also known as Cerro del Medio ("Middle Hill") or Volcan Nuevo ("New Volcano"). The volcanic vent formed during an effusive eruption involving hornblende–dacite flows accompanied by tephra, and the crater was excavated by phreatic and Strombolian eruptions between 1907 and 1932. Pent-up pressure within the volcano spawned an enormous Plinian eruption in 1932. The volume of lava ejected during this single event is roughly equal to that ejected during the rest of the eruptive history at Quizapu, since its formation in 1846. Although 9.5 km3 of material was ejected, no subsidence was detected from the removal of magma. Because of aerodynamic drag, a Plinian eruption excavates a circular crater. As the earlier eruptions had already formed an approximately circular caldera, the Plinian eruption was able to proceed efficiently, with minimal drag and minimal reshaping of the crater.

The Quizapu Crater is almost perfectly circular, and rises to a prominence of 150 to 250 m above the surrounding portions of the volcano. Cresting at 3292 m in elevation, Quizapu is one of the highest known Plinian craters. The radius of the crater floor, which is the current inner vent, is around 150 m, while the radius of its rim is 300 - 350 m. The crater floor lies at 2928 m, and the rim lies 150 - 300 m above that, giving the walls an average slope of 34–35 degrees (close to the angle of repose). The western wall is cut by two long, dacitic lava flows: probably the remnants of a dome or an eruption. The crater is surrounded by debris from its 1932 eruption, and topped by layers—50 m thick—of mafic scoria and ash.

Climate and vegetation
Cerro Azul is situated in a Mediterranean climate zone, characterized by hot and dry summers but mild and wet winters. The temperatures and precipitation are strongly dependent on topography. In the Andes the annual average maximum temperatures lie in the range 20 to 25 C, while minimum temperatures are below 0 C. Annual precipitation is up to 800 mm (31.5 inches).

Vegetation in the Andes varies with elevation. Above 1,600 meters (5,249 ft) the slopes of mountains are covered by Alpine-like steppe, while below there are zones of Nothofagus forest, Hygrophilous forest, Sclerophylous forest, and matorral. The number of plant species is likely to exceed 2,000, although no comprehensive study of the flora of Central Chile has been undertaken.

Eruptive history
Cerro Azul has a history of eruptions dating back to at least 1846. The known events include effusive eruptions (lava flows), which created the Quizapu vent, explosive eruptions, and phreatic eruptions. Pyroclastic flows have also been observed as a result of some of these explosive eruptions. The earliest recorded eruption began on November 26, 1846, while the volcano's last eruption began on August 9, 1967. The volcano has produced two of the largest eruptions in South America in recorded history, in 1846 and 1932. Both released 4 - 5 km3 of the dacitic magma.

First record of activity, 1846
On November 26, 1846, Cerro Azul erupted. This was the first report of activity at the volcano, and no trace of fumaroles, adjacent vents, or pre-eruptive activity exists. Most descriptions of the eruption come from the backcountry herdsmen (arrieros). One, who was camped in a valley approximately 7 km east of Quizapu, heard "a great noise and a cloud of ash" emanate from the mountain in the late afternoon. No precursor activity was reported, and the herdsman claimed that there were no earthquakes during the late afternoon eruption.

That night, two herdsmen near the site heard a continuous roar, punctuated by loud bangs and crackling sounds "like that of great rockslides". Lightning and thunder accompanied the spectacle. They saw many blue flames, and were choked by sulfurous gas. Observers in Talca 85 km away heard the eruption noises, and the sulfurous odors reached them the day after the eruption. None of the reports mention earthquakes or ash fall, though the crackling and banging sounds could be from block lavas (aā).

This first recorded eruption of Cerro Azul was effusive, and formed the volcanic vent at Quizapu. Hornblende–dacite lava erupted with small masses of tephra, which had been degassed shortly before the eruption. Lava flowed over the Estero Barroso Valley and westward into the Río Blanquillo Valley. By November 28, the volcano appeared at rest, and the herdsman returned to the place of first observation. There, they found a blocky lava field. The lava was still hot, fuming and crackling with gas and flame. Fascinated by the volcano, Ignacy Domeyko traveled to Chile to study the field and found its width to be 8 - 9 km2. By 1992 the field had grown to twice that size.

Early 20th century
Cerro Azul was quiet from 1846 to the beginning of the 20th century. After a possible precursor explosive event in 1903, Cerro Azul once again erupted in 1907. Between 1907 and 1914, plumes and clouds of ash frequently rose out of the caldera, and at least a few of these events were explosive. On September 8, 1914, an explosive eruption sent a plume 6 or 7 kilometers (about 4 mi) into the air over 8 minutes. By 1916, these eruptions had produced a caldera nearly identical to the one in existence today.

The volcano also erupted phreatically several times, as recorded by Vogel in 1913 and 1920, with its activity increasing from 1916 to 1926. During these years, the eruptions grew more frequent and more violent. A major outburst on November 2, 1927 started a period of nearly continuous violent eruptions that lasted until 1929. During this period, Cerro Azul sometimes erupted daily, sending columns of ash as far as 6 or 7 kilometers (about 4 mi) into the air. Quizapu Crater grew slightly during this eruptive period.

Pre-1932 volcanism was largely phreatic or fumarolic, as evidenced by the lack of tephra generated by these eruptions. Photographs from 1912 show vapor plumes containing little ash, rising 1 - 2 km above the crater.

Major eruption, 1932
By 1932, Quizapu had produced many phreatic events and one effusive eruption, but no large Plinian eruptions. This frequency of minor eruptive activity proved to be a precursor for a major eruption. On 25 January 1932, observers in Malargue saw a large black cloud over the summit. By 9 April, the volcano emitted green gas and started to "bellow like a bull". On April 10, Cerro Azul finally erupted, releasing a towering column or plume of white gas. After 10 AM, the plume turned black with ash and began to form an umbrella shape. The ash was carried by wind into Puesto El Tristan in Argentina, about 47 km away, where beginning at 1 PM it rained down for hours. At 4 PM, coarser sandy material and some pumice lapilli began to fall.

Cerro Azul's April 1932 eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century. Releasing 9.5 km3 of lava, the volcano ejected primarily dacitic tephra, accompanied by rhyodacite, andesite, and minuscule amounts of andesitic and basaltic scoria. At least one eruptive period lasted for 18 hours, creating an "exceptionally uniform" deposit. Eruption columns, extending 27 - 30 km into the air, were sighted. Phenocrysts were similar to the effusive eruption in 1846. Soon after, both the Tinguiririca and Descabezado Grande volcanoes began erupting, sending clouds of ash 800 km into Argentina. The eruption had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of at least 5.

Since the eruption of 1932 Quizapu has been quiet. In 1949 and 1967 small ash clouds were reported, while in the 1980s there were no signs of activity other than fumaroles.

Threats and preparedness
Cerro Azul is in the South Volcanic Zone, where many volcanoes pose a threat to human life. Among the other active volcanoes of the South Volcanic Zone are Mount Hudson, Llaima, and Villarrica. Villarrica and Llaima together have more than 80 reported episodes of volcanism since 1558, and at least 40 South Volcanic Zone volcanoes have had Holocene-age eruptions.

Every known type of eruption (Hawaiian, Strombolian, Plinian, subplinian, phreatic, phreatomagmatic, and Vulcanian) has occurred at some point in the range. Cerro Azul itself has experienced phreatic, Strombolian, and Plinian activity in human history. The type of eruption tends to correspond with lava composition. Strombolian eruptions at Llaima, Antuco, Villarrica, and elsewhere have been produced by basaltic to basaltic–andesitic activity. Dacitic to rhyolitic lavas have been linked to subplinian and Plinian eruptions, such as those at Quizapu (1932) and Hudson (1991). Because of this variability, volcanic hazards from Cerro Azul and the surrounding region could come in many different forms. Historical eruptions typically have produced lahars, lava flows, and ashfalls. Lava flows and lahars could wipe out entire cities or towns. Ashfall produced by explosive eruptions could interfere with air traffic. Most threatening of all is the risk of pyroclastic flows or avalanches, which have historically traversed as far as 100 km in the region.

Past eruptions of Quizapu Crater ejected enormous amounts of ash that traveled as far as Brazil. After the 1932 eruption, the local vegetation was devastated, and the area remained barren until the 1990s, though human life was not impacted. Despite the extent of its eruptions, the threat to humans from Quizapu is relatively small because of the remote location of Cerro Azul. Nevertheless, the size of past eruptions is large enough for scientists to be worried. Evidence of a potentially deadly threat lies in a lahar at Descabezado Grande. Historically, lahars have killed thousands in the Andes. There is, however, a possibility that a large reservoir of rhyodacite magma may exist under the Azul–Descabezado complex. If this is the case, all previous eruptions in 1846–1967 were only preliminary, preclimactic leaks from the large magma chamber beneath, and a large caldera-forming eruption may be expected in the future.

If Cerro Azul were to erupt, relief efforts could be orchestrated. The Volcanic Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) formed in response to the famous 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia, and responded to the 1991 eruption of Mount Hudson in Chile. The team's stated aim is to "reduce eruption-caused fatalities and economic losses in developing countries". Made up of various USGS offices (such as the Cascades Volcano Observatory; CVO that are responsible for monitoring Mount St. Helens), the team is outfitted with equipment capable of monitoring any volcano. This equipment allows them to predict volcanic eruptions effectively and rapidly, and to evacuate nearby homes.

title: Cerro Azul (Chile volcano)


text:
Armando Dionisi

Armando Dionisi (born 11 October 1949 in Canterano) is an Italian politician, and was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies in the 2006 General election.

Previously he was a Member of the European Parliament for the Central region with the Cristiani Democratici Uniti, Member of the Bureau of the European People's Party and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism.

He was a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, a member of the Delegation for relations with the Mashreq countries and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union (including Libya).

Career

 * 1992-1993: Regional Vice-Secretary of Democrazia Cristiana - Lazio
 * 1998-2002: Regional Secretary of the CCD
 * since 2002: Regional Secretary of the UDC and member of the national executive

Education

 * from 1988 to 1990: Director of Coldiretti (farmers' association) of Rome from 1982 to 1990 and Mayor of Canterano
 * 1994: From 1990 to 1995 member of Lazio Regional Council and member of Regional Executive with responsibility for staff and labour policy
 * from 2000 to 2004: Member of the Lazio Regional Executive with responsibility for town planning and housing
 * Head of the UDC-SVP delegation in the EPP-ED Group in the European Parliament

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Armando Dionisi


text:
The Suffering

The Suffering or Suffering may refer to:

 * The Suffering
 * The Suffering (video game), by Midway Games and Surreal Software
 * The Suffering: Ties That Bind, the sequel to the aforementioned game
 * The Suffering (song), a song by Coheed and Cambria
 * The Iced Earth song trilogy consisting of the last three tracks from The Dark Saga
 * The Suffering (Doctor Who audio), a Doctor Who "Companion Chronicles" audiobook.
 * The Suffering (film), a 2016 American horror/thriller film

 * Suffering
 * Suffering, pain in a broad sense
 * Dukkha, the Buddhist principle
 * "Suffering", a song by Carnifex from the album The Diseased and the Poisoned
 * Jeff Suffering (born Jeff Bettger), American musician

title: The Suffering


text:
User talk:Qooth

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Another good resource is WikiProject Mathematics; on its talk page a lot of the math discussion takes place. Enjoy! Oleg Alexandrov 20:33, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Qooth


text:
Talk:Białystok

Jewish majority
The city had a Jewish majority all throughout the 19th century with Jews constituting 2/3 of the population. https://polona.pl/item-view/92168df9-1de5-41a1-80be-6c17aa0fc406?page=11 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.178.29.94 (talk) 20:38, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

Picking up the pieces and sorting before FAC
Okay - need to check too-close-paraphrasing of sources. Rewording is alot easier when one has a few different sources to go on. Casliber (talk · contribs) 01:43, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Are there any specific sources you're referring to or in general?Volunteer Marek (talk) 04:55, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Marek, if you look at this sentence I changed and then at the reference it came from, you'll see the similar wording. It's worth checking web references. If someone can kick-start this process down the page. I am juggling about half a dozen tasks at the moment, and my main strength is copyediting, so checking some of the other web references and replacing with better book references would be a good first step. Casliber (talk · contribs) 06:29, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, for that one, here's the duplicate detector - there doesn't seem to be much if anything. The main thing is that the history story follows the bulleted list in the source, but I think that's fine, as long as the text is reworded (which it is) and made into prose. I'll check other web sources.Volunteer Marek (talk) 06:45, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I checked pretty much all the sources in the history section and they're fine. Spot checked some of the online English sources as well.Volunteer Marek (talk) 07:00, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

'Rising Białystok'
What's that and why is it in the info box? Some sort of Chamber of Commerce slogan? Sca (talk) 20:19, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

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LGBT-free zone declared in city, violence in pride parade contrasted to Charlottesville
I'm reverting this removal, as the declaration of the city as a LGBT-free zone has ramifications for a significant proportion of residents (LGBT residents and their friends and family). Furthermore, the New York Times has contrasted the widescale violence (dozens of injuries) and subsequent solidarity protests throughout Poland (and elsewhere) to the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia - and we mention the Charlottesville rally in the Charlottesville article. Couple with the extremely wide international coverage, this is certainly WP:DUE here. Icewhiz (talk) 09:04, 15 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Perfectly fine to mention, however, it can be summarised into one/two sentences. Nobody died, plus this violence isn't the first of its type. No quotes by any parties (priests, protesters etc) are vital to the topic as they disturb neutrality. Oliszydlowski (talk) 13:14, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * ^^^ In this particular case because of the parade the info merits inclusion, but there's a NPOV way to include it, as User:Oliszydlowski did, and there's the over-the-top POV COATRACK way that the info was originally added in. The general article on LGBT-free zone, if not merged outright to LGBT rights in Poland, would benefit from a similar neutral and reasoned approach.Volunteer Marek (talk) 14:56, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Well - if full information on this event - including the preceding incitement, well covered in RSes, is here only in summary form - the pride march itself probably merits an article given the scope of coverage devoted to it. Icewhiz (talk) 19:34, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Orthodox christans (Belarus) protested against the march. Icewhiz accuses nationalists.Xx236 (talk) 08:03, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The march was organised mainly by people from big cities who came with leased buses, not railways or public buses. Who financed the march?Xx236 (talk) 08:09, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * - it looks the marches are organized, yes. But do you have sources covering the organizers? I would like to write/expand their articles - but haven't found sourcing yet.Icewhiz (talk) 07:39, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * is removing this content, without more explanation than a single edsum saying they didn't see why it belonged here. To avoid 3RR i'd planned to bring it here and realised there was already a discussion. There seems a bit of disagreement as to what an appropriate depth of content is, but certainly there should be some (I would say more than 1/2 lines, but there's a range between that and the current length which I'd also be happy with). Nosebagbear (talk) 21:46, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

Badly formed sentences in the "City layout" section
The Bialystok section looks machine translated and needs improvement to meet GA standards. This sentence really irked me: "On May 10, 1919, in according with the decision of the Sejm, Bialostoczek, Horodniany, Zwierzyniec-Letnisko, Starosielce, Słoboda, Ogrodniki, Pieczurki, Wysoki Stoczek were incorporated also, as well as too mill villages Marczuk and Antoniuk."

--Ca1ek (talk) 13:18, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Białystok


text: Category:United States government stubs

title: Category:United States government stubs


text:
Clásica de San Sebastián

The Donostia-Donostia Klasikoa — Clásica San Sebastián-San Sebastián (San Sebastián Classic) is a one-day professional men's bicycle road race in northern Spain that has been held every summer since 1981 in San Sebastián. It is the most important one-day race in Spain, is considered a one-day race of great prestige, just behind the 'Monuments', and contributes points towards the UCI World Ranking.

Clásica de San Sebastián is known for its winding, undulating terrain which favours aggressive riding, favouring climbers. It includes the tough Alto de Jaizkibel climb, usually the decisive point of the race. It is one of the three summer classics that form part of the UCI World Tour calendar, along with the Laurentian Classics.

Usually the protagonists of the Clásica de San Sebastián are those who, until a few days before the race have been competing on the roads of the Tour de France, given the proximity of dates of the two competitions. There are many Klasikoa winners who also have a Grand Tour in their palmares.

It has always started and finished in San Sebastián, although the initial and intermediate stretches have varied throughout its history, so its total mileage has not been the same, although it has almost always been around 230 km. The race traditionally finishes at the Boulevard de San Sebastián a major street in the centre of the city.

It is organized by Organizaciones Ciclistas Euskadi, after the merger of the Euskal Bizikleta with the Tour of the Basque Country in 2009.

History
Clásica de San Sebastián is the most important one-day race in Spanish professional road cycling. It was first run in 1981 and has stopped only due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The race was created by a cycling journalist of Diario Vasco and founder/chief of Organizaciones Deportivas Diario Vasco, Jaime Ugarte. He later went on to found Tour of the Basque Country.

Ugarte won the elections to lead the Guipuzcoan Cycling Federation, and one of his first tasks as president was revitalize the track, and the creation of an important race for San Sebastián. Along with his friends and colleagues, José Mari Eceiza and the Ayestarán brothers, they devised the idea of a professional race to inspire amateurs and fans. They designed a race between San Sebastián and Bilbao, but several reasons impeded this, so they decided to focus on Gipuzkoa, where the mountain pass Jaizkibel was located. Helped by UCI president Luis Puig, they placed the race in the highest steps of world cycling.

Ugarte has talked about the creation of the race:

The birth of the race
The race was first organized in 1981. Throughout the 229 kilometers that this race consisted of, the most outstanding note was the hardness of it. Of the 71 riders who took the start, only 30 were able to reach the finish line, on a very hot day and with a huge number of spectators watching the race. The ascent of the five passes that marked the route caused havoc in the peloton. With some skirmishes, the race was relatively calm until the Jaizkibel (which with Azcárate, Karabieta, Udana and Alto de Orio) formed the quintet of great difficulties of the race. There, Marino Lejarreta took off and marched alone towards the finish line. He managed to win again the following year, attacking the rest of the chasing group in Jaizkibel, and reaching Pedro Delgado and Jesús Rodríguez Magro in the breakaway, managing to beat them in the final sprint. He would go on to repeat the feat in 1987. Other important riders who managed to win the race in its first editions include Miguel Induráin, World Champion Claude Criquielion and Classics Allah Adri van der Poel.

Redrawing the climbs
Over the years the organizers have added climbs to complicate the race, as the riders' level has generally improved over the years, making it more of a climbers classic. The course was insufficient for the big group to break up and play for the victory in San Sebastián or in the previous climbs of Gaintzurizketa and especially Miracruz (3 km from the finish), since in some editions it had an outcome similar to that of the Milan–San Remo. After the turn of the century the race has come to be dominated by Puncheurs, All-rounders, and classics specialist who could sustain themselves in climbs, on top of the climbers.

Recent occurrences
On 1 August 2015, Adam Yates took his biggest victory to date by winning the Clásica de San Sebastián after attacking on the final climb as leader Greg Van Avermaet of was involved in a crash with a race motorcycle, and holding off the chasers on the descent into San Sebastián. In the confusion after Van Avermaet's crash Yates did not realise he had won, so did not initially celebrate when crossing the finishing line. On 3 August 2019 Remco Evenepoel scored his first World Tour victory when he won the Clásica de San Sebastián. He escaped from the field, accompanied by Toms Skujiņš about 20 km from the finish, dropping his companion on the last hill and soloing to victory. He became the third youngest rider to win a classic.

Route
It has always started and finished in San Sebastián and the initial and intermediate section has been variable in all its editions so its total mileage has not been the same although it has almost always been around 230 km. Its maximum difficulty is the top of Jaizquíbel (classified as 1st category) located in the first editions about 15 km from the finish, although with progressive changes it has been moving away from the finish. Thus in those first editions it was climbed on the Fuenterrabía slope until, in order to offer other alternatives, giving the opportunity to other types of riders and not favoring so much the climbers, it was decided to climb the opposite slope of Pasajes to place the pass at about 30 km from the finish.

Owing to the fact that in 2000 a group of 53 riders arrived after Jaizkibel in 2001, the Gurutze pass (classified as 3rd category) was included, replacing the Gaintzurizketa pass, leaving Jaizkibel 32 km from the finish. This change initially caused a more selected group to arrive. However, after the 2006 edition, in which a group of 51 riders arrived, other alternatives were sought and progressively introduced. In 2008 Gurutze was replaced by Gaintzurizketa+Arkale (catalogued as 2nd category) placing Jaizkibel at 38.5 km from the finish. Then, in 2010, a circuit was added repeating twice the hard part of the race (Jaizkibel and Gaintzurizketa+Arkale). Finally, in 2014, another circuit was introduced inside San Sebastián passing twice through the finish line to climb the Igueldo pass -on the slope called Bordako Tontorra- (classified as 2nd category) at 7 km from the finish line, but leaving the last pass through Jaizkibel at 53.9 km from the finish line. This last change has not been without criticism since it can condition the race a lot as it could avoid distant attacks and favor climbers something that was wanted to be avoided in the first editions.

In the 2018 edition the race continues to be run in the surroundings of the province of Guipuzcoa in the Basque Country up to the city of San Sebastián, likewise, the total number of mountain passes is maintained with 8 passes, of which Jaizquíbel and Arkale are climbed twice with the purpose of causing a strong selection in the race, later the cyclists face the last pass of Murgil Tontorra with a length of 1.8 kilometers at 11.3% to then descend and finish above the city of San Sebastián.

Jaizkibel

The Jaizikbel is often a decisive climb in the Clásica San Sebastián. Nowadays the hill is climbed twice in the race and during the last passage a small group of riders remains at the front of the race and are able to win the Clásica San Sebastián. The Jaizkibel is followed by the Alto de Arkale climb with the top only fourteen kilometers from the finish in San Sebastián.

Multiple winners
Riders in italics are active.

Women's race
In 2019, a women's race was added. It covered 127 km and follows a similar route to the men, including a climb of the Jaizkibel. It was replaced by a 3 day event known as Itzulia Women ('Tour of the Basque Country' for women) from 2022.

title: Clásica de San Sebastián


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Markus Ferber

Markus Ferber (born 15 January 1965) is a German engineer and politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 1994. He is a member of the Christian Social Union, part of the European People's Party. In addition to his parliamentary work, Ferber has been serving as president of the Hanns Seidel Foundation (HSS) since 2020.

Education

 * 1990: Degree in electrical engineering

Career

 * 1990–1992: Development engineer at Siemens in Munich
 * 1992–1994: Engineer in the marketing department of Pfister in Augsburg
 * since 1999: CSU district chairman of the Augsburg region
 * 2003–2005: Deputy District Chairman of the CSU in Swabia
 * since 2005: District Chairman of the CSU in Swabia
 * 1990–1999: Town councillor in Bobingen
 * since 1996: Member of Augsburg district council
 * since 1999: Chairman of the CSU European Affairs Group
 * since 2000: Regional Chairman of the Bavaria Europa-Union

Member of the European Parliament, 1994–present
A member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria and of the Bureau of the European People's Party, Ferber is currently a vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs on which he has been serving since 2009. He is also a full member of the Special Committee on Tax Rulings and Other Measures Similar in Nature or Effect and a substitute member of the Committee on Transport and Tourism. From 2016 until 2017, Ferber was part of the Parliament's Committee of Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion (PANA) that investigated the Panama Papers revelations and tax avoidance schemes more broadly. In 2020, he also joined the Subcommittee on Tax Matters.

Previously, Ferber was a member of the Committee on Budgets between 1999 and 2009 as well as of the Committee on Budgetary Control between 2004 and 2009. Prior to that, he served on the Committee on Research, Technological Development and Energy between 1994 and 1997.

In his capacity as member of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, Ferber led the negotiations on an update of securities trading rules, known as Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), for the European Parliament from 2012 to 2013.

In addition to his committee assignments, Ferber serves as a member of the European Parliament's Sky and Space Intergroup (SSI) and the European Parliament Intergroup on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs).

In early 2014, the CSU chose Ferber to lead the party list for the 2014 European elections. He was replaced as leader of the CSU MEPs by Angelika Niebler following the party's poor showing in the elections.

Role in national politics
In 2010, Ferber was a CSU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany. In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the SPD following the 2013 German elections, he was part of the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on banking regulation and the Eurozone, led by Herbert Reul and Martin Schulz.

Ferber was nominated by his party as delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2022.

Political positions
Amid the 2012 Romanian constitutional crisis, which had been sparked by a dispute between President Traian Băsescu and Prime Minister Victor Ponta, Ferber said he would initiate the suspension of Romania in the European Council for "lack of minimum standards functioning the legal state."

Controversy
In 2017, Politico Europe revealed, in letter to chief executives of Europe's biggest asset management companies, that Ferber had promoted a commercial product that allows companies to navigate key requirements in MiFID II, rules he helped usher into EU law. Ferber was affiliated with the financial service product that he promoted, as it was offered through a foundation he co-founded with the CEO of the company that produces it, but had not declared the affiliation to the Parliament. By early 2018, President of the European Parliament Antonio Tajani, decided that Ferber would not face disciplinary action from the Parliament.

In November 2020, Ferber starred in a controversy by claiming the restitution of a stay allowance of 323 euros a day, which had been suspended during the second wave of the pandemic since it was strongly discouraged to physically go to the European Parliament. The protest was rejected by the President of the European Parliament David Sassoli for defective form. This daily allowance of 323 euros is added to a monthly salary of 6,962.95 euros and an allowance for general expenses of 4,563 euros per month.

Corporate boards

 * Deutsche Vermögensberatung (DVAG), Member of the Advisory Board
 * Kreissparkasse Augsburg, member of the supervisory board

Non-profit organizations

 * Augsburg University of Applied Sciences, member of the board of trustees
 * Sparkassenverband Bayern, member of the advisory board
 * European Academy of Bavaria, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * European Logistics Platform, member of the advisory board
 * Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, member of the board of trustees

Recognition

 * Bundesverdienstkreuz
 * Bavarian Medal of Honour for Bavarians in Europe

title: Markus Ferber


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Bachelor of Business Science

The Bachelor of Business Science (BBusSci) is a four-year honours level degree providing for a scientifically based study of economic and management sciences, "premised on the application of quantitative methods". The degree is offered in South Africa, and elsewhere in the Commonwealth.

Structure
The BBusSci "allows for intensive specialization" in the degree major and thus comprises a four-year Honours level program. It differs from the Bachelor of Commerce (BComm) - the three year Bachelor's degree in business and economics usually offered in South Africa - in that, additional to the treatment of the major, all students are exposed to management theory in some depth. Further, majors in various quantitative-based subjects are available under the BBusSci, while these are not offered in (most) BComm programs; relatedly, all students must take a full first-year mathematics course, in addition to courses in statistics. For a comparison with other undergraduate degrees in business and management, see discussion under Business education, and compare Bachelor of Science in Business Administration.

A student reading the Business Science degree will be able to specialise in the following subjects:

Institutions
The degree is offered by several South African universities (all offer the BComm): The University of Cape Town has offered the BBusSci degree since 1968; The University of KwaZulu Natal, Rhodes University and Monash University in South Africa have offered the degree more recently.

The University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) and UNISA both have departments of business and management "Science", although do not grant the BBusSci qualification; Wits, in its BComm, requires compulsory credits in "Computational Mathematics" (calculus and matrix algebra) and statistics, and allows Commerce students to major in quantitative subjects - if combined with economics - through the BEconSci.

Elsewhere, the degree is offered by the University of Delhi in India; by Strathmore University in Kenya and by the Faculty of Business in University of Moratuwa in Sri Lanka. In some universities in Spain, in Europe, such as Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, it is also offered as Bachelor in Business Sciences - Management.

title: Bachelor of Business Science


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Talk:Yakutsk

Cold...
Someone keeps editing the weather data to say that Yakutsk is ONE OF the coldest cities on earth. It is quite clearly THE coldest by a large margin, so let's keep it that way. JackTheHouse (talk) 16:45, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * In all fairness, neither statement is referenced...—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); March 15, 2010; 16:01 (UTC)
 * Should there be a statement that Oymyakon ~500 miles NE of Yakutsk is the coldest permanently inhabited settlement on Earth.Flight Risk (talk) 20:48, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

population=12?
Population says 12 and density 0/km2. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.16.80.50 (talk) 11:16, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
 * It was a case of someone vandalizing the article before you happened to read it and no one had corrected it yet. If you notice something like this in the future, you can always look at the recent edits in the history and if someone is obviously making trouble you can click 'undo' on their edit. Air.light (talk) 23:02, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

Economy - can we not do better?
This is a city with 300,000 population and all we have got is that it has an airline office. Is this a joke? Rustygecko (talk) 01:17, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:09, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Аэропорт Якутск.jpg

title: Talk:Yakutsk


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Green River Ordnance Plant

The Green River Ordnance Plant, also known as the Green River Arsenal, was a large munitions factory complex between Dixon and Amboy in Lee County, Illinois.

History
It was rapidly constructed in 1942 and just as quickly shut down in 1945. Stewart-Warner Corporation operated the complex to produce rocket-propelled bazooka ammunition, artillery shells, naval shells, bombs, rifle grenades, fuses and rockets for use during World War II.

It lies on the south side of U.S. Highway 30.

The plant is also known as the place where modern duct tape was invented by Vesta Stoudt

title: Green River Ordnance Plant


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Alessandro Foglietta

Alessandro Foglietta (born 1 February 1953, in Supino) is an Italian politician and Member of the European Parliament for Central with the Alleanza Nazionale, Treasurer of the Union for a Europe of Nations and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety.

He is a substitute for the Committee on Budgetary Control and the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. He is also a member of the Delegation to the EU-Chile Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Education

 * Diploma in accounting studies
 * 1976: Commercial representative
 * office worker (1979) and managing director (1986) in private industry
 * 1970: Section Secretary of the Youth Front
 * 1980: Secretary of the MSI, Supino (Frosinone) section (1976) then provincial leader of Frosinone
 * 1988: Member of the Central Committee of MSI

Career

 * 1997–2004: Chairman of the Frosinone provincial Federation of AN
 * AN official responsible for 'social cohesion'
 * Deputy Mayor (1993) and Municipal Councillor (1994–2005) of Supino
 * Regional Councillor (1996–2005) of Lazio Region

title: Alessandro Foglietta


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Water deer

The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is a small deer species native to Korea and China. Its prominent tusks, similar to those of musk deer, have led to both subspecies being colloquially named vampire deer in English-speaking areas to which they have been imported. It was first described to the Western world by Robert Swinhoe in 1870.

Taxonomy
There are two subspecies: the Chinese water deer (H. i. inermis) and the Korean water deer (H. i. argyropus). The water deer is superficially more similar to a musk deer than a true deer; despite anatomical peculiarities, including a pair of prominent tusks (downward-pointing canine teeth), and its lack of antlers, it is classified as a cervid. Yet, its unique anatomical characteristics have caused it to be classified in its own genus (Hydropotes) as well as historically its own subfamily (Hydropotinae). However, studies of mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b DNA sequences placed it near Capreolus within an Old World section of the subfamily Capreolinae, and all later molecular analysis show that Hydropotes is a sister taxon of Capreolus.

Etymology
The genus name Hydropotes derives from the two ancient Greek words, meaning "water", and  , meaning "drinker",  and refers to the preference of this cervid for rivers and swamps.

The etymology of the species name corresponds to the Latin word inermis meaning unarmed, defenceless—itself constructed from the prefix in- meaning without and the stem arma meaning defensive arms, armor—, and refers to the water deer's lack of antlers.

Habitat and distribution
Archeological studies indicate water deer was once distributed among much broader range than currently during the Pleistocene and the Holocene periods; records have been obtained from eastern Tibet in west, Inner Mongolia and northeastern China in north, southeastern Korean Peninsula (Holocene) and Japanese archipelago (Pleistocene) in east, southern China and northern Vietnam in south. Water deer also inhabited Taiwan historically, however this population presumably became extinct as late as the early 19th century.

Water deer are indigenous to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, coastal Jiangsu province (Yancheng Coastal Wetlands), and islands of Zhejiang of east-central China, and in Korea, where the demilitarized zone has provided a protected habitat for a large number. The Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) is one of the two subspecies of water deer. While the population of Chinese subspecies is critically endangered in China, the Korean subspecies are known to inhabit 700,000 throughout South Korea. In China, water deer are found in Zhoushan Islands in the Zhejiang (600–800), Jiangsu (500–1,000), Hubei, Henan, Anhui (500), Guangdong, Fujian, Poyang Lake in Jiangxi (1,000), Shanghai, and Guangxi. They are now extinct in southern and western China. Since 2006, water deer has been reintroduced in Shanghai, with population increased from 21 individuals in 2007 to 227–299 individuals in 2013. In Korea, water deer are found nationwide and are known as gorani (고라니).

Water deer inhabit the land alongside rivers, where they are protected from sight by the tall reeds and rushes. They are also seen on mountains, swamps, grasslands, and even open cultivated fields. Water deer are proficient swimmers, and can swim several miles to reach remote river islands. An introduced population of Chinese water deer exists in the United Kingdom and another was extirpated from France.

South Korea
Despite a listing of 'vulnerable' by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in South Korea, the animal is thriving due to the extinction of natural predators such as Korean tigers and leopards. Since 1994, Korean water deer have been designated as "harmful wildlife", a term given by the Ministry of Environment to wild creatures that can cause harm to humans or their property. Currently, certain local governments offer bounties from 30,000 won ($30) to 50,000 won ($50) during the farming season. However, the hunting of water deer is not restricted to the warm season, as 18 hunting grounds were currently in operation in the winter of 2018.

Britain

Chinese water deer were first introduced into Great Britain in the 1870s. The animals were kept in London Zoo until 1896, when the Duke of Bedford oversaw their transfer to Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire. More of the animals were imported and added to the herd over the next three decades. In 1929 and 1930, 32 deer were transferred from Woburn to Whipsnade, also in Bedfordshire, and released into the park. The current population of Chinese water deer at Whipsnade is currently estimated to be more than 600, while the population at Woburn is probably more than 250.

The majority of the current population of Chinese water deer in Britain derives from escapees, with the remainder being descended from many deliberate releases. Most of these animals still reside close to Woburn Abbey. It appears that the deer's strong preference for a particular habitat – tall reed and grass areas in rich alluvial deltas - has restricted its potential to colonize further afield. The main area of distribution is from Woburn east into Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and North Essex, and south towards Whipsnade. There have been small colonies reported in other areas.

The British Deer Society coordinated a survey of wild deer in the United Kingdom between 2005 and 2007 and noted the Chinese water deer as "notably increasing its range" since the last census in 2000.

France
A small population existed in France originating from animals that had escaped an enclosure in 1960 in western France (Haute-Vienne, near Poitiers). The population was reinforced in 1965 and 1970 and the species has been protected since 1973. Despite efforts to locate the animals with the help of local hunters, there have been no sightings since 2000, and the population is assumed to be extinct.

Russia
On April 1, 2019, a water deer was spotted using a photo trap in the "Land of the Leopard" national park in the Khasan district of Primorsky Krai, Russia, 4.5 km from the border with China. In 2022, the population of water deer in Primorsky Krai was about 170 individuals. Thus, the water deer became the newest, and 327th, mammal species to be listed among the fauna of Russia.

Physical attributes

The water deer has narrow pectoral and pelvic girdles, long legs, and a long neck. The powerful hind legs are longer than the front legs so that the haunches are carried higher than the shoulders. They run with rabbit-like jumps. In the groin of each leg is an inguinal gland used for scent marking; this deer is the only member of the Cervidae to possess such glands. The short tail is no more than 5–10 cm / 1.9–3.8 in. in length and is almost invisible, except when it is held raised by the male during the rut. The ears are short and very rounded, and both sexes lack antlers.

The coat is an overall golden brown color and may be interspersed with black hairs, while the undersides are white. The strongly tapered face is reddish-brown or gray, and the chin and upper throat are cream-colored. The hair is longest on the flanks and rump. In the fall, the summer coat is gradually replaced by a thicker, coarse-haired winter coat that varies from light brown to grayish brown. Neither the head nor the tail poles are well differentiated as in gregarious deer; consequently, this deer's coat is little differentiated. Young are born dark brown with white stripes and spots along their upper torso.

Teeth

The water deer have developed long canine teeth which protrude from the upper jaw like the canines of musk deer. The canines are fairly large in the bucks, ranging in length from 5.5 cm on average to as long as 8 cm. Does, in comparison, have tiny canines that are an average of 0.5 cm in length.

The teeth usually erupt in the autumn of the deer's first year at approximately 6–7 months of age. By early spring, the recently erupted tusks reach approximately 50% of their final length. As the tusks develop, the root remains open until the deer is about eighteen months to two years old. When fully grown, only about 60% of the tusk is visible below the gum.

These canines are held loosely in their sockets, with their movements controlled by facial muscles. The buck can draw them backwards out of the way when eating. In aggressive encounters, he thrusts his canines out and draws in his lower lip to pull his teeth closer together. He then presents an impressive two-pronged weapon to rival males. It is due to these teeth that this animal is often referred to as a "vampire deer".

Genetic diversity
The mitochondrial DNA of samples from the native Chinese population and the introduced UK population was analysed to infer each population's genetic structure and genetic diversity. It was found that the UK population displays lower levels of genetic diversity, and that there is genetic differentiation between the native and introduced population. It was also found that the source population of the British deer is likely to be extinct. This has implications for the conservation of the different populations, especially as Hydropotes inermis is classified as Vulnerable in its native range according to the IUCN Red List.

Behaviour
Apart from mating during the rutting season, water deer are solitary animals, and males are highly territorial. Each buck marks out his territory with urine and feces. Sometimes a small pit is dug and it is possible that in digging, the male releases scent from the interdigital glands on its feet. The male also scent-marks by holding a thin tree in his mouth behind the upper canines and rubbing his preorbital glands against it. Males may also bite off vegetation to delineate territorial boundaries.

Water deer use their tusks for territorial fights and are not related to carnivores. Confrontations between males begin with the animals walking slowly and stiffly towards each other, before turning to walk in parallel 10–20 m (32–64 ft) apart, to assess one another. At this point, one male may succeed in chasing off his rival, making clicking noises during the pursuit. However, if the conflict is not resolved at the early stage, the bucks will fight. Each would try to wound the other on the head, shoulders, or back, by stabbing or tearing with his upper canines. The fight is ended by the loser, who either lays his head and neck flat on the ground or turns tail and is chased out of the territory. Numerous long scars and torn ears seen on males indicate that fighting is frequent. The fights are seldom fatal but may leave the loser considerably debilitated. Tufts of hair are most commonly found on the ground in November and December, showing that encounters are heavily concentrated around the rut.

Females do not seem to be territorial outside the breeding season and can be seen in small groups, although individual deer do not appear to be associated; they will disperse separately at any sign of danger. Females show aggression towards each other immediately before and after the birth of their young and will chase other females from their birth territories.

Communication
Water deer are capable of emitting several sounds. The main call is a bark, and this has more of a growling tone when compared with the sharper yap of a muntjac. The bark is used as an alarm, and water deer will bark repeatedly at people and each other for reasons unknown. If challenged during the rut, a buck will emit a clicking sound. It is uncertain how this unique sound is generated, although it is possibly by using its molar teeth. During the rut, a buck following a doe will make a weak whistle or squeak. The does emit a soft pheep to call to their fawns, whilst an injured deer will emit a screaming wail.

Reproduction
During the annual rut in November and December, the male will seek out and follow females, giving soft squeaking contact calls and checking for signs of estrus by lowering his neck and rotating his head with ears flapping. Scent plays an important part in courtship, with both animals sniffing each other. Mating among water deer is polygynous, with most females being mated inside the buck's territory. After repeated mountings, copulation is brief.

Water deer have been known to produce up to seven young, but two to three is normal for this species, the most prolific of all deer. The doe often gives birth to her spotted young in the open, but they are quickly taken to concealing vegetation, where they will remain most of the time for up to a month. During these first few weeks, fawns come out to play. Once driven from the natal territory in late summer, young deer sometimes continue to associate with each other, later separating to begin their solitary existence. Young water deer are also known to grow faster and be more precocious in comparison to other similar species.

title: Water deer


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House of Egmond

The House of Egmond or Egmont (French: Maison d'Egmond, Dutch: Huis Egmond) is named after the Dutch town of Egmond, province of North Holland, and played an important role in the Netherlands during the Middle Ages and the Early modern period. The main lines Egmond-Geldern (Dukes of Geldern and Counts of Zutphen, extinct in 1538), Egmond-Gavere (Counts of Egmont, Princes of Gavere and Steenhuyze, extinct in 1682/1714) and Egmond-Buren-Leerdam (Counts of Buren and Leerdam, extinct in 1558) had high noble, princely rank.

Besides the main and secondary lines that have died out, there were also some illegitimate lines of the family, including the Egmond van Merenstein (extinct in 1559), Egmond van Kenenburg (extinct in 1703), Egmond van de Nijenburg (Imperial Barons; extinct in 1747) and Egmond van Cranenburch. Today there are still the extramarital lines of the Imperial Counts of Geldern-Egmond (today Mirbach-Geldern-Egmond) and the Barons of IJsselstein (also IJsselstein or Ysselstein).

History
They were one of the principal noble families of the County of Holland during the Middle Ages. The family said to be descendants of the Kings of Friesland and early Counts of future Holland, maintained some power due to its hereditary position as Voogd (Advocate) of the powerful Egmond Abbey in North Holland. They built their residence in Egmond aan den Hoef and became the Lords of Egmond. Thanks to a number of judicious marriages they were able to add the strategically important Lordship of IJsselstein and the semi-sovereign territory of the Lords of Arkel to their domains.

The family achieved even greater prominence in the period of Burgundian and Habsburg rule over the Netherlands. In the late 15th century, the senior branch became the sovereign Dukes of Guelders, whilst the younger branch split into the Counts of Egmond (elevated to become Princes of Gavere in 1553) and the Counts of Buren and Leerdam. The senior branches of the family moved out in the 16th and 17th centuries, but illegitimate branches (such as that of the Bavarian Counts of Geldern-Egmond ) flourished well into the 20th century.

The execution of Lamoral, Count of Egmont in 1568 helped spark the Dutch Revolt that eventually led to the independence of the Netherlands, while Anna van Egmond-Buren, known as Anna van Buren in the Netherlands, was the first wife of William the Silent, the leader of this national uprising. Ironically, in 1573 both Egmond Abbey and Egmond Castle were destroyed on order of William the Silent.

Though the family name may not be carried, direct descendants of the family are in existence, thus, not extinct.

Notable members of the family
For the earlier lords, see List of Lords and Counts of Egmont.
 * John I, Lord of Egmond (before 1310–1369), Lord of Egmond and IJsselstein, stadtholder of Holland.
 * Arnold I, Lord of Egmond (c. 1340–1409), Lord of Egmont and IJsselstein.
 * John II, Lord of Egmond (c. 1385–1451), Regent of Guelders, Lord of Egmont.
 * Arnold of Egmond (1410–1473), Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen.
 * Mary of Guelders (1434–1463), Queen consort of Scotland, spouse of James II.
 * Adolf, Duke of Guelders (1438–1477), Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen.
 * Philippa of Guelders (1467–1547)
 * Charles, Duke of Guelders (1467–1538), Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen.
 * Catherine of Guelders (1439–1496), Regentess of Guelders.
 * William IV of Egmont (1412–1483), Lord of Egmont and IJsselstein, stadtholder of Guelders.
 * John III of Egmont (1438–1516), 1st Count of Egmont, 8th Lord of Purmerend, Purmerland and Ilpendam, stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and West-Friesland.
 * John IV of Egmont (1499–1528), 2nd Count of Egmont, 9th Lord of Purmerend, Purmerland and Ilpendam
 * Charles I of Egmont (d. 1541), 3rd Count of Egmont, 10th Lord of Purmerend, Purmerland and Ilpendam
 * Lamoral, Count of Egmont (1522–1568), 4th Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere and Steenhuyze, 11th Lord of Purmerend, Purmerland and Ilpendam, stadtholder of Flanders and Artois etc.
 * Philip, Count of Egmont (1558–1590), 5th Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere and Steenhuyze, 12th and last Lord of Purmerend, Purmerland and Ilpendam.
 * Lamoral II of Egmont (d. 1617), 6th Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere and Steenhuyze
 * Charles II of Egmont (1567–1620), 7th Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere and Steenhuyze, married to Marie de Lens, Lady of Aubigny.
 * Alberta of Egmont, married to René de Renesse, 1st Count of Warfusée
 * Louis of Egmont (1600–1654), 8th Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere and Steenhuyze
 * Louis Philip of Egmont (1630–1682), 9th Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere and Steenhuyze
 * Marie Claire of Egmont (1661-1714), 12th Countess of Egmont, Princess of Gavere m. Niccolo Pignatelli, Duke of Bisaccia
 * Egmont Pignatelli family, extinct in 1809.
 * Louis Ernest of Egmont (1665-1693), 10th Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere
 * Procope François of Egmont (1669-1707), 11th Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere
 * George van Egmond (1504–1559), Bishop of Utrecht
 * Frederik van Egmond (c. 1440–1521), Count of Buren and Leerdam, Lord of IJsselstein etc.
 * Floris van Egmont (1470–1539), Count of Buren and Leerdam, stadtholder of Guelders and Friesland.
 * Maximiliaan van Egmond (1509–1548), Count of Buren, Leerdam and Lingen, stadtholder of Friesland.
 * Anna van Egmont (1533–1558), Countess of Lingen, Buren and Leerdam, Lady of IJsselstein etc.
 * Anna van Egmont the Elder (1504-1574), Countess of Horne
 * (illeg.) Christoffel van IJsselstein
 * William of Egmond jr. (died 1494), stadtholder of Guelders.

Coat of arms
Shield: Or, seven chevronels gules. The Egmond coat of arms is depicted in the medieval Gelre Armorial (folio 83v)

Note
The Irish Perceval family, which erroneously claims descent from the house of Egmond, was admitted to the Irish peerage as Earls of Egmont in 1722.

title: House of Egmond


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Idiot film

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 00:32, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Idiot film
Original research and/or too subjective. "idiot film" doesn't get many hits for this usage. Also, seems entirely too subjective to be useful or encyclopedic: Fast Times at Ridgemont High (not on the list) has several characters none too bright--is it an 'idiot film'? The titular characters in Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (included in the list) seem to me more like 'slackers' than 'idiots'. Niteowlneils 20:40, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What you said. ---Isaac R 00:24, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC).
 * Delete, POV, original essay. Megan1967 05:39, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to Idioterne (European film with the English title, The Idiots). 23skidoo 00:43, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
St. Joseph's College (Edmonton)

St. Joseph's College is a Catholic, undergraduate, liberal arts college on the University of Alberta campus. It also serves as a residence and place of worship. It is affiliated with the University of Alberta and the Archdiocese of Edmonton, and is pastorally served by the Basilian Fathers. Its courses, residences, and campus ministry services are open to all University of Alberta students, and all of its courses are 3-credit University of Alberta Arts electives.

St. Joseph’s College provides academic programs and courses in the Liberal Arts which are supported and enhanced by a worshiping community, campus ministry programs, and residences for both male and female students. Though affiliated with the University of Alberta and the Catholic Church, it is open to all peoples and beliefs.

Academics
St. Joseph’s College courses are all 3-credit University of Alberta Arts electives, serving 2000 yearly enrolments. Teaching and researching across the Liberal Arts, through 8 tenured faculty and supporting sessionals, SJC offers a B.A. Minor in Christian Theology, as well as a Certificate in Catholic Education. The College’s course topics include Christianity & Culture, History, Ethics, Religious Education, Scripture, Theology, Philosophy, and Experiential Learning. The College is also home to the Peter and Doris Kule Chair in Religious Education.

Residence
St. Joseph’s College has both men’s and women’s residences that are open to all University of Alberta students, regardless of their cultural, spiritual, or academic backgrounds, for 63 men and 284 women.

The men’s residence, founded in 1926, accommodates 63 students, and offers private, fully furnished bedrooms, a full meal plan at the College’s cafeteria, and common study areas. Known for being a unique and close-knit community, the St. Joe’s Rangers participate actively in the University of Alberta campus intramural programs and have a long history of winning championship titles. Notable residents include former Prime Minister of Canada, Joe Clark.

The St. Joseph’s College Women’s Residence was founded in 2006. Called Kateri House, after the First Nations Catholic Saint, St. Kateri Tekakwitha, the residence recently expanded to accommodate 284 female students. Its building has 24 hour security, fully furnished 1, 2 & 4 bedroom suites, an optional lunch meal plan shared with the men's residence and common study areas. The Kateri Islanders also participate in the University of Alberta campus intramurals.

Chapel
The St. Joseph’s College Chapel provides mass on Saturday evening, both Sundays and weekdays to nearly 300 people weekly. Its Sunday masses include a thriving children’s liturgy program and music ministry. It offers the Sacrament of Reconciliation on Tuesdays from 11:30-12:00, or by appointment.

title: St. Joseph's College (Edmonton)


text:
Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds

Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds is an early study of crowd psychology by Scottish journalist Charles Mackay, first published in 1841 under the title Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions. The book was published in three volumes: "National Delusions", "Peculiar Follies", and "Philosophical Delusions". Mackay was an accomplished teller of stories, though he wrote in a journalistic and somewhat sensational style.

The subjects of Mackay's debunking include alchemy, crusades, duels, economic bubbles, fortune-telling, haunted houses, the Drummer of Tedworth, the influence of politics and religion on the shapes of beards and hair, magnetisers (influence of imagination in curing disease), murder through poisoning, prophecies, popular admiration of great thieves, popular follies of great cities, and relics. Present-day writers on economics, such as Michael Lewis and Andrew Tobias, laud the three chapters on economic bubbles.

In later editions, Mackay added a footnote referencing the Railway Mania of the 1840s as another "popular delusion" which was at least as important as the South Sea Bubble. In the 21st century, the mathematician Andrew Odlyzko pointed out, in a published lecture, that Mackay himself played a role in this economic bubble; as a leader writer in The Glasgow Argus, Mackay wrote on 2 October 1845: "There is no reason whatever to fear a crash".

Economic bubbles
The first volume begins with a discussion of three economic bubbles, or financial manias: the South Sea Company bubble of 1711–1720, the Mississippi Company bubble of 1719–1720, and the Dutch tulip mania of the early seventeenth century. According to Mackay, during this bubble, speculators from all walks of life bought and sold tulip bulbs and had even declared futures contracts on them. Allegedly, some tulip bulb varieties briefly became the most expensive objects in the world during 1637. Mackay's accounts are enlivened by colorful, comedic anecdotes, such as the Parisian hunchback who supposedly profited by renting out his hump as a writing desk during the height of the mania surrounding the Mississippi Company.

Two modern researchers, Peter Garber and Anne Goldgar, independently conclude that Mackay greatly exaggerated the scale and effects of the Tulip bubble, and Mike Dash, in his modern popular history of the alleged bubble, notes that he believes the importance and extent of the tulip mania were overstated.

Chapters

 * The Mississippi Scheme
 * The South Sea Bubble
 * The Tulip Mania
 * Relics
 * Modern Prophecies
 * Popular Admiration for Great Thieves (cf hybristophilia)
 * Influence of Politics and Religion on the Hair and Beard
 * Duels and Ordeals
 * The Love of the Marvellous and the Disbelief of the True
 * Popular Follies in Great Cities
 * Old Price Riots
 * The Thugs, or Phansigars

Crusades
Mackay describes the history of the Crusades as a kind of mania of the Middle Ages, precipitated by the pilgrimages of Europeans to the Holy Land. Mackay is generally unsympathetic to the Crusaders, whom he compares unfavourably to the superior civilisation of Asia: "Europe expended millions of her treasures, and the blood of two millions of her children; and a handful of quarrelsome knights retained possession of the Kingdom of Jerusalem for about one hundred years!"

Witch mania
Witch trials in 16th- and 17th-century Western Europe are the primary focus of the "Witch Mania" section of the book, which asserts that this was a time when ill fortune was likely to be attributed to supernatural causes. Mackay notes that many of these cases were initiated as a way of settling scores among neighbors or associates, and that extremely low standards of evidence were applied to most of these trials. Mackay claims that "thousands upon thousands" of people were executed as witches over two and a half centuries, with the largest numbers killed in Germany.

Sections

 * The Crusades
 * The Witch Mania
 * The Slow Poisoners
 * Haunted Houses

Alchemists
The section on alchemysts focuses primarily on efforts to turn base metals into gold. Mackay notes that many of these practitioners were themselves deluded, convinced that these feats could be performed if they discovered the correct old recipe or stumbled upon the right combination of ingredients. Although alchemists gained money from their sponsors, mainly noblemen, he notes that the belief in alchemy by sponsors could be hazardous to its practitioners, as it wasn't rare for an unscrupulous noble to imprison a supposed alchemist until he could produce gold.

Books

 * Book I: The Alchemysts
 * Book II: Fortune Telling
 * Book III: The Magnetisers

Influence and modern responses
The book remains in print, and writers continue to discuss its influence, particularly the section on financial bubbles. (See Goldsmith and Lewis, below.)
 * Financier Bernard Baruch credited the lessons he learned from Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds with his decision to sell all of his stock ahead of the Wall Street Crash of 1929.
 * Kurt Vonnegut's seminal novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, references the book.
 * The book was the initial inspiration for Richard Condie's National Film Board of Canada animated short film John Law and the Mississippi Bubble (1978).
 * Forbes magazine compared Mackay's descriptions of financial bubbles to the Chinese stock bubble of 2007, claiming that the "emotional feedback loop" that drove the Chinese market was very similar to what Mackay described.
 * Neil Gaiman borrows from the title in an issue of his popular comic series, The Sandman, in a story featuring a writer whose novel is titled "... And the Madness of Crowds".
 * Author and executive coach Marshall Goldsmith discussed the book in depth in BusinessWeek, drawing extensive parallels between the financial bubbles Mackay wrote about and financial bubbles today. Other writers also frequently point to the book to explain recent financial bubbles.
 * Financial writer Michael Lewis includes the financial mania chapters in his book The Real Price of Everything: Rediscovering the Six Classics of Economics as one of the six great works of economics, along with writings by Adam Smith, Thomas Robert Malthus, David Ricardo, Thorstein Veblen, and John Maynard Keynes.
 * Author and journalist Will Self writes a column for New Statesman, "Madness of Crowds", which takes its title from Mackay's book.
 * James Surowiecki, in The Wisdom of Crowds (2004), takes a different view of crowd behavior, saying that under certain circumstances, crowds or groups may have better information and make better decisions than even the best-informed individual.
 * Canadian author Louise Penny used MacKay as an inspiration for her 2021 novel "The Madness of Crowds."
 * American synthpop band Information Society released a song titled after the book in 2021. Its vocals are mostly samples of cult leader Jim Jones.


text:
Marek Jan Chodakiewicz

Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (born July 15, 1962) is a Polish-American historian specializing in Central European history of the 19th and 20th centuries. He teaches at the Patrick Henry College and at the Institute of World Politics. He has been described as conservative and nationalistic, and his attitude towards minorities has been widely criticized.

Early life and education
Chodakiewicz was born in Warsaw, Poland. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree from San Francisco State University in 1988, a M.A. from Columbia University in 1990, a M.Phil. from Columbia University in 1992, and a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 2001.

Career
Between 2001 and 2003, Chodakiewicz was an assistant professor at the University of Virginia as the holder of the Kościuszko Chair in Polish Studies of the Miller Center of Public Affairs. In 2003, Chodakiewicz was appointed research professor of history and in 2004 professor of history at the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C., where he teaches and conducts research on East Central Europe and Russia. He is the Kościuszko Chair in Polish Studies at IWP. Chodakiewicz has also served as adjunct professor of international telations at Patrick Henry College since 2008.

In 2003, Chodakiewicz received the Józef Mackiewicz Literary Prize in Warsaw, for his two-volume book of history entitled Ejszyszki. According to Chodakiewicz, his work refutes Yaffa Eliach's allegations of a 1944 post-liberation pogrom in Eišiškės against Jews by the Polish Home Army, in which Eliach said she survived beneath the body of her mother and baby brother who were shot multiple times after being discovered hiding in a closet, and as promoted in the American media and her book. Per Chodakiewicz, Jewish bystanders were killed accidentally during an "anti-Soviet assault by the underground", and not in a pogrom. However, per Chodakiewicz "unfortunately, and quite typically, unlike the charges, the refutation received no publicity in the American media". Chodakiewicz's publication was reviewed positively in the Polish Gazeta Wyborcza newspaper, whose editor Adam Michnik had previously called Eliach's account an "insult" to Poland.

In April 2005, Chodakiewicz was appointed by President George W. Bush for a five-year term to the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. Controversy erupted towards the end of his term over Chodakiewicz's claims in several publications that Polish nationalists who murdered Jews after the Holocaust were not motivated by antisemitism. Chodakiewicz's appointment was criticized by the Southern Poverty Law Center, which said Chodakiewicz had published in far-right Polish publications. In addition, the British anti-racism organization, Hope not Hate, has said Chodakiewicz is a frequent commentator for right-wing Polish media.

Chodakiewicz is associated with the Polish National Foundation, a "quasi-public organization funded by state-owned corporations to promote Poland's reputation abroad." Within a period of two years, Chodakiewicz and his family received more than $250,000 from the foundation's funds.

After the Holocaust: Polish-Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War II (2003)
Reviewing After the Holocaust: Polish-Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War II (2003), Antony Polonsky wrote: "like the author's earlier book, Żydzi i Polacy 1918-1955... this volume is intended to correct 'anti-Polish stereotypes' (p. 347), and it does not rise above the clichés of old-fashioned nationalist apologetics." He criticizes Chodakiewicz for his simplistic view of the situation in post-war Poland, for ignoring the widespread antisemitism at the time and for equating Polish and Jewish "groups", despite the latter being utterly decimated during the Holocaust. He ends his article observing that "what is most striking about this book is the lack of empathy with those caught up in these tragic events."

Klaus-Peter Friedrich, reviewing After the Holocaust: Polish-Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War II, criticizes Chodakiewicz's work as "selective and impressionistic", and "marred by many contradictions". Friedrich says that Chodakiewicz's manner of referring to fully assimilated Jews is similar to that used in radical right-wing media; he concludes that the book seems to be written with an aim rooted in the politics of commemoration. Friedrich also reviewed Chodakiewicz's Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947, a study of the Nazi and Soviet occupation in Janów Lubelski County in southeast Poland. He observes that as previous studies focused on large cities, Chodakiewicz's contribution is significant in terms of what is known of rural Poland. However, Friedrich criticizes Chodakiewicz's omission of prior research, in particular recent literature on collaboration.

The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, and After (2005)
Reviewing The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, and After (2005) on the Jedwabne pogrom, Peter Stachura in a very positive review described the book as meticulous and well researched. In contrast, Joanna Michlic in her review writes that the book presents "intellectually and morally unacceptable interpretations", being part of a "ethno-nationalist historiography" trend that promotes "an image of Poland as only heroic, suffering, noble, and innocent". Piotr Wróbel in his review, says that Chodakiewicz's aim, as stated in the introduction, is to show Jan T. Gross is wrong. Wróbel acknowledges that Chodakiewicz makes some good arguments, however they are "overshadowed by numerous flaws" and the book lacks any sense of proportion. According to Wróbel, the book has a "visible political agenda" and is "difficult to read, unoriginal, irritating, and unconvincing".

Golden Harvest or Hearts of Gold? (2012)
Golden Harvest or Hearts of Gold?, a 2012 collection of essays co-edited by Chodakiewicz, and a polemic with Gross' book Golden Harvest, was heavily criticized by Danusha Goska for anything from not using a spellchecker to "cherry picking" historical anecdotes, as well as for repeatedly attacking scholars on the other side of the debate. David Engel said that the book "reaffirms the conventional Polish wisdom and impugns the academic integrity of prominent scholars (not only Gross) who have questioned it."

Intermarium: The Land between the Black and Baltic Seas (2012)
Reviewing Intermarium: The Land between the Black and Baltic Seas (2012) for the Sarmatian Review, Karl A. Roider Jr. describes the main theme of the book as a struggle between the democratic Polish model and the Russian totalitarian model over the Intermarium which per Chodakiewicz's includes the Baltic States, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. Roider's review is relatively negative. The review by Dovid Katz was also critical of the book, commenting the book's final chapter as a "hatchet job against Jewish partisans... [that] resorts to a number of abuses of academic structure to mask the genre of nationalist polemic."

Peter Stachura published his more positive review of the book in The Slavonic and East European Review. He calls the book "impressively ambitious, panoramic examination of a substantial part of Central and Eastern Europe". Silviu Miloiu's review of the book in Journal of Baltic Studies was also favorable; in his conclusion Miliou stated: "On the whole, the book is one of the most competent and well-written accounts of the Intermarium that I have read. It is based on an impressive range of sources. It sheds new light on historical and present-day processes".

Alexander Prusin reviewing the book for the Slavic Review said the work seems to be rather derivative of and of lesser significance and quality to similar works published recently by scholars such as Timothy Snyder, Kate Brown or Piotr Wandycz although "it will certainly find propitious ground among those who favor a new cordon sanitaire in Europe".

Donald E. Pienkos in his review published in The Polish Review in 2018, commented that the parts of the books focused on history of Eastern Europe make for a "worthy, if not flawless, publication", but is more critical of its polemical part in which "the author castigates western scholars for their alleged ignorance of the region and their Russofilia", concluding that the polemical part significantly lowers the overall quality of the book.

Critical assessment
Chodakiewicz wrote several books in response to works by Jan T. Gross about The Holocaust in Poland. His approach to the Holocaust was criticized by Joanna Michlic as an attempt to erase the "dark past" by showing only a "good past". Other critics have criticized Chodakiewicz for his reluctance to accept Polish responsibility for the Kielce pogrom. Critics take particular issue with Chodakiewicz's argument that Jewish-born communist partisans' and functionaries' killing of Poles during the Soviet occupation "contextualizes", if not justifies, Polish violence against Jews. Laurence Weinbaum compares Chodakiewicz's writing to pseudo-scholarly screeds and says that Chodakiewicz believes that scholars of antisemitism in Poland are advancing an "anti-Western" and "anti-American" agenda.

Joanna Michlic characterizes Chodakiewicz as one of "the main representatives of the post-1989 historiography characterized by prejudicial views towards Jews and other minorities ... These historians belong to the school of (ethno)nationalist history writing in which the themes of martyrdom and victimhood of ethnic Poles vis-a-vis other groups play a key role in shaping their arguments and interpretation", with Chodakiewicz being the most extreme of the lot.

Jan T. Gross was quoted as saying that "[Chodakiewicz] is an ideologist of the radical right, I don't have any doubts that he's anti-Semitic." While Polish-Canadian historian Piotr Wróbel said that "he would never use a phrase or adjective that would clearly identify him as an anti-Semite", but "There is no doubt whatsoever that he doesn't like the Jews.". Chodakiewicz rejected the allegations as "baseless", and his term on the council ended in 2010.

Andrzej Żbikowski writes that Chodakiewicz, along with Jan Żaryn, leads the "nationalist/national democratic camp" of Polish historians, affiliated with Fronda and Glaukopis, "a publication that has arisen mainly to rehabilitate unconditionally the wartime activities of the [nationalist] Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (NSZ)." Chodakiewicz's writing, according to Żbikowski, is characterized by selective usage of examples, justification of Poles' negative attitudes towards Jews during the war, and a lack of empathy with Jewish victims.

In his critical review of Intermarium in the Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Dovid Katz writes that Chodakiewicz "is a forceful advocate of a Republican Party-type platform, with ample specific references to the Reagan years ... [he] is socially conservative—that is to say pro-religion, anti-secularist, anti-gay, anti-left, and anti-liberal. [In his writings] there is an implicit call for the disenfranchisement of the Russian-speaking minorities in [Eastern Europe and the Baltic states]. ... [He] is also somewhat fixated with the purported dangers of 'homosexual frolic' and 'so-called "gay pride" parades' (both p. 253), 'gay liberation' (p. 378), 'radical lifestyles' (p. 421), 'gender, queer and other guises' (p. 468), 'sexual politics (including feminism and gay rights)' (p. 528) ... Turning to Jewish issues, it is no secret that Chodakiewicz comes to the table with a controversial record that has included disguising Polish nationalism and anti-Jewish sentiment on Poland-related issues as objective historical research. Notorious episodes include his vitriolic attacks on Jan T. Gross's pioneering scholarship and the omniscient search for Jews among the evil Communists." Katz writes that Chodakiewicz "winds up praising the Ukrainian Nazi groups that actually helped perpetrate the Holocaust". He contrasts Chodakiewicz's work with that of Western scholars like Timothy Snyder (Bloodlands, 2012) and Alexander Prusin (The Lands Between: Conflict in the East European Borderlands, 1870–1992, 2010)."

Chodakiewicz has been accused of promulgating antisemitic or insensitive tropes about Jewish people, and his works were involved in a controversy involving the possible skewed coverage of the Holocaust on Wikipedia.

Political and sexuality-related views
In July 2008, Chodakiewicz wrote that Barack Obama was once a Muslim, a radical, and associate of communists. In 2014, Chodakiewicz spoke at a rally of the Ruch Narodowy party, saying: "We want a Catholic Poland, not a Bolshevik one, not multicultural or gay!".

In July 2017, Chodakiewicz helped draft US President Donald Trump's speech delivered at Warsaw Uprising Monument, and traveled with the Presidential delegation.

In 2019, Chodakiewicz released the book About the Civilization of Death: How to stop the anti-culture of totalitarian minorities, stating: "I saw with my own eyes how LGBT, gender, and feminism emerged from the underground and was gradually embraced in American politics: introducing a new version of Marxism that I call Marxism-Lesbianism." In July 2019, during a book tour in Poland,  Chodakiewicz gave a talk at the Institute of National Remembrance's Janusz Kurtyka IPN Educational Center in Warsaw. During the talk, which was moderated by Najwyższy Czas! editor Tomasz Sommer, Chodakiewicz made severely homophobic remarks. For example, he described the urban legend of "gerbilling" as factual.

Awards

 * 2003 Józef Mackiewicz Literary Award
 * Order of Polonia Restituta (2007)

Books

 * 1996 [1995]: Ciemnogród? O Prawicy i Lewicy [Hicksville? On the Right and Left] Ronin Publishers, ISBN 83-86445-00-9.
 * 1997: Zagrabiona pamięć: Wojna w Hiszpanii, 1936–39 [Expropriated Memory: War in Spain], wyd. Fronda,.
 * 1997–1999: Co-editor: Tajne Oblicze: Dokumenty GL-AL i PPR, 1942-1945 [Secret Face: Documents of the Communist underground], 3 vols. Burchard Edition, ISBN 83-87654-03-5.
 * 1994, 1999: Narodowe Siły Zbrojne: „Ząb" przeciw dwu wrogom [National Armed Forces: „Ząb" against two enemies], wyd. WAMA, 2nd. ed. Fronda, ISBN 83-911097-1-2.
 * 2000: Żydzi i Polacy 1918–1955: Współistnienie, Zagłada, Komunizm [Jews and Poles 1918–1955: Coexistence, Holocaust, Communism], wyd. Fronda, ISBN 83-912541-8-6.
 * 2002: Editor: Ejszyszki. Kulisy zajść w Ejszyszkach: Epilog stosunków polsko-żydowskich na Kresach, 1944–45: Wspomnienia-dokumenty-publicystyka [Ejszyszki: The Background to events in Ejszyszki: The Epilogue of Polish-Jewish relations in the Borderlands], wyd. Fronda, ISBN 83-911063-3-0.
 * 2003: Co-editor: Spanish Carlism and Polish Nationalism: The Borderlands of Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Leopolis Press, ISBN 0-9679960-5-8.
 * 2003: After the Holocaust: Polish-Jewish Relations in the Wake of World War II, East European Monographs, ISBN 0-88033-511-4.
 * 2003: Co-editor: Poland's Transformation: A Work in Progress, Leopolis Press, ISBN 0-9679960-2-3
 * 2004: Co-editor: Ronald Reagan: Moja wizja Ameryki [My vision of America], Wydawnictwo Arwil, ISBN 83-919221-5-4.
 * 2004: Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947, Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-0484-5.
 * 2005: The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, After, Columbia University Press and East European Monographs, ISBN 0-88033-554-8.
 * 2010: Co-editor, with Wojciech Jerzy Muszyński, Żeby Polska była polska: Antologia publicystyki konspiracyjnej podziemia narodowego 1939–1950 [So That Poland Remains Polish: An Anthology of the Polish Nationalist Underground Press] (Warsaw: IPN, 2010), ISBN 9788376292120.
 * 2011: Co-editor, with Wojciech Jerzy Muszyński, Złote serca czy złote żniwa. Studia nad wojennymi losami Polaków i Żydów [Hearts of Gold or a Golden Harvest? Studies on the Wartime Fate of Poles and Jews] (Warsaw: The Facto, 2011), ISBN 978-8361808053.
 * 2012: Co-editor, with Wojciech Jerzy Muszynski and Pawel Styrna, Golden Harvest or Hearts of Gold? Studies on the Fate of Wartime Poles and Jews (Washington, DC: Leopolis Press), ISBN 0-9824888-1-5.
 * 2012: Intermarium: The Land between the Black and Baltic Seas (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers), ISBN 978-1412847742.
 * 2019: About the Civilization of Death: How to stop the anti-culture of totalitarian minorities (Warsaw, 3S Media), ISBN 978-83-619-3599-5.

title: Marek Jan Chodakiewicz


text:
User talk:Siv0r

Re: IP editor 173.185.184.2
Hi, Siv0r. The IP will likely be blocked for increasingly longer periods if the vandalism continues. Beyond that there's not a lot to do. I've reverted a couple of his/her unsourced edits. If you can continue keeping an eye on the user's contributions, that'd be a great help. -- Rrburke (talk) 19:04, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

American Lion
No go ahead and revert, I had to spend hours citing sources and he just did what I asked everyone to stop doing, making uncited changes.Tirronan (talk) 19:08, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Siv0r