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Meredith Corporation

Meredith Corporation was an American media conglomerate based in Des Moines, Iowa, that owned newspapers, magazines, television stations, and websites. Its publications had a readership of more than 120 million and paid circulation of more than 40 million, and its websites had nearly 135 million monthly unique visitors. Its broadcast television stations reached 11% of U.S. households.

Early years
Edwin Thomas Meredith founded the company in 1902 when he began publishing Successful Farming magazine.

In 1922, Meredith began publishing Fruit, Garden and Home magazine, a home and family service publication. In 1924, the magazine was retitled Better Homes and Gardens, and the first issue cost a dime on the newsstand. In 1930, the company published the first edition of The Better Homes and Gardens Cook Book. In 1946, the company became a public company.

In 1970, the company attempted to enter the entertainment industry by purchasing game show and film producer Ralph Andrews Productions. Two years later, it became MC Productions, and Ralph Andrews bought back rights to the game shows later that year, which resulted in a subsequent lawsuit in the late 1970s. In 1973, Meredith teamed up Avco Broadcasting to produce a series of nine prime-time television specials, which Avco Program Sales is syndicating, aimed for youth children.

In 1987, Meredith Corporation made a deal that they would purchase MMT Sales for $40 million, and would represent national advertising spot time on 60 stations across the entire US country.

In 1994, Meredith and CBS struck an agreement to renew its Kansas City station and affiliate two of the Bay City and Phoenix stations with the network.

2012–2021: Merger with Time Inc.; Gray/Dotdash sale
In March 2012, Meredith acquired allrecipes.com from Reader's Digest Association for $175 million. In February 2013, Meredith discussed buying an interest in Time Inc. from Time Warner. Instead, Time Warner sold Time Inc. as a separate company.

In October 2014, Meredith announced a 10-year licensing agreement with Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia of the rights to Martha Stewart Living and  Martha Stewart Weddings magazines and to the marthastewart.com website.

In November 2014, Meredith acquired mywedding.com.

In January 2015, the company acquired Selectable Media. Also in January 2015, Meredith acquired Shape, Natural Health, and Fit Pregnancy magazines from American Media Inc. Meredith's Fitness magazine was folded into Shape, while both magazines' websites continued to operate separately.

On September 8, 2015, Media General announced its intent to acquire Meredith in a cash and stock deal valued at $2.4 billion. Pending regulatory and shareholder approval, the deal was expected to be consummated in June 2016. The combined company would have operated under the name Meredith Media General, and be the third-largest owner of television stations in the United States—serving an estimated 30% of households. To comply with FCC ownership limits, the company would have divested and/or swapped stations in six markets. Media General shareholders would have controlled 65% of the company, with Meredith shareholders holding 35%. However, the offer was countered by Nexstar Broadcasting Group, who made a successful, $4.6 billion bid to acquire Media General instead.

In February 2017, it was reported that Meredith and a group of investors led by Edgar Bronfman Jr. were considering another possible purchase of Time Inc. On November 26, 2017, it was announced that Meredith Corporation would acquire Time Inc. in a $2.8 billion deal. $640 million in backing was provided by Koch Equity Development, but the Koch family would not have a board seat or otherwise influence the company's operations.

On January 9, 2018, it was announced that Meredith would launch a Hungry Girl magazine on January 16, expanding from the online brand.

On January 31, 2018, the company completed the acquisition of Time Inc. In March 2018, only six weeks after the closure of the deal, Meredith announced that it would lay off 200 employees, up to 1,000 more over the next 10 months, and explore the sale of Fortune, Money, Sports Illustrated, and Time. Meredith felt that, despite their "strong consumer reach," these brands did not align with its core lifestyle properties. Howard Milstein had announced on February 7, 2018, that he would acquire Golf Magazine from Meredith, and Time Inc. UK was sold to the British private equity group Epiris (later rebranded to TI Media) in late February. In September 2018, Meredith announced the sale of Time to Marc Benioff and his wife Lynne for $190 million. In November 2018, Meredith announced the sale of Fortune to Thai businessman Chatchaval Jiaravanon, whose family owns Charoen Pokphand, for $150 million. After failing to find a buyer for Money, Meredith in April 2019 announced that it would cease the magazine's print publication as of July 2019, but would invest in the brand's digital component Money.com. In May 2019, Meredith announced the sale of Sports Illustrated to Authentic Brands Group, for $110 million.

Time Inc. Productions was renamed Four M Studios in May 2018. The studio is under Bruce Gersh, Meredith's president of People, Entertainment Weekly, and People en Español and head of Four M Studios.

In October 2019, Meredith Corporation sold the Money brand and website to Ad Practitioners LLC, a media and advertising company based in Puerto Rico. Terms were not disclosed, but sources said the brand went for just over $20 million, that was more than the $10 million Meredith was seeking in early 2019.

In November 2019 the company unloaded one more asset acquired in the Time Inc. acquisition, its 60% equity ownership of digital advertising company Viant Technology Holding Inc. that, among other assets, owns social networking site Myspace. Also in November 2019, the company announced the launch of a new quarterly magazine, called Reveal, in January 2020 in collaboration with Drew and Jonathan Scott from HGTV's Property Brothers.

On May 3, 2021, Meredith announced an agreement with Gray Television for the latter to acquire Meredith's television division. The transaction will be structured as a spin-off of a new (short-lived) Meredith Corporation, containing the magazines division, to existing shareholders, to be immediately followed by the old Meredith (by then consisting solely of its TV stations group) being acquired by Gray for $2.7 billion in cash.

Later that year, on October 6, Meredith announced an agreement whereby the company's remaining magazine and other non-broadcast assets would be acquired by IAC's Dotdash for $2.7 billion, forming a new entity called Dotdash Meredith.

On November 15, Meredith announced it has received regulatory approvals for both the Gray and IAC transactions. Both deals were completed on December 1. On February 9, 2022, it was revealed that six former Meredith Corporation magazines (Entertainment Weekly, InStyle, EatingWell, Health, Parents and People en Espanol) will cease having print circulation and switch to a digital-only format.

Magazines
Meredith magazines include the following brands:

 * 25 Beautiful Homes
 * Ageless Iron
 * Allrecipes Magazine
 * American Baby
 * American Patchwork & Quilting
 * Better Homes and Gardens
 * Country Life
 * Diabetic Living
 * Do-It-Yourself
 * Eat This, Not That
 * EatingWell
 * Entertainment Weekly (from Time Inc.)
 * Every Day with Rachael Ray
 * FamilyFun
 * Fitness
 * Food & Wine
 * Health
 * InStyle (from Time Inc.)
 * Living the Country Life
 * Midwest Living
 * Parents (and Ser Padres)
 * People (from Time Inc.)
 * Practical Boat Owner
 * Real Simple (from Time Inc.)
 * Shape
 * Siempre Mujer
 * Southern Living
 * Successful Farming
 * Travel + Leisure (from Time Inc.)
 * Wood

Defunct magazines include

 * Family Circle
 * Ladies' Home Journal
 * Money (from Time Inc.)
 * More
 * Readymade
 * Scrapbooks Etc.
 * Traditional Home

Digital media

 * Allrecipes.com
 * mywedding.com

Local media
The broadcasting division owned 15 television stations. Most of the company's stations were affiliated with CBS or Fox. Meredith's broadcasting division also produced Better from 2007 until 2015, which was originally conceived as a brand extension of BH&G. Since its inception in 2007 the show has placed an increasing emphasis on celebrity interviews and music performances. There were also cooking demonstrations and regular features on health, beauty, fitness and fashion. Local versions of the concept continue to air on Meredith stations.

On December 23, 2013, Meredith announced plans to buy St. Louis CBS affiliate KMOV and Phoenix independent station KTVK for $407.5 million in cash from Gannett Company and Sander Media, LLC to satisfy a federal mandate that Gannett sell KMOV. The purchase of KMOV was completed on February 28, 2014, while the KTVK sale was completed on June 19.

Meredith has also struck deals to acquire ABC affiliate WGGB in Springfield, Massachusetts from Gormally Broadcasting for $53.8 million and Fox affiliate WALA in Mobile, Alabama from LIN Media for $86 million.

The Local Media Division was sold to Gray Television on December 1, 2021.

Television stations

 * (**) Indicates a station that was built and signed on by Meredith.

Four M Studios
Four M Studios (Four M), formerly Time Inc. Productions, is Meredith's in-house production company and is under the oversight of Bruce Gersh, Meredith's president of People, Entertainment Weekly and People en Español.

After attempting a few TV shows in 2014 and 2015, the company formed Time Inc. Productions in 2016 as its in-house production company. It launched its free, ad-supported online video service PeopleTV in 2016, which got a pay TV deal by May 2018 with FuboTV. In November 2017, it launched its first over-the-top subscription service, Sports Illustrated TV, available via Amazon Channels. On October 30, 2017, it announced that Paramount Network was partnering with it on two TV pilots.

Time Inc. Productions was renamed Four M Studios in May 2018. Four M would expand from the Time titles to all Meredith titles and to freestanding lifestyle shows and scripted shows. Four M also announced at that time a deal with Freeform TV channel to develop Meredith magazine stories, including People's "Heroes Among Us" franchise, into telefilms.

Four M Studios partnered with Imagine Entertainment's Imagine Kids & Family division. Its first project from the partnership is LIFE for Kids, a children's TV show using LIFE Magazine's photo archive.

Production library

 * Time Inc. Productions

 * People Magazine Investigates (Investigation Discovery)
 * The Mars Generation (Netflix)
 * The Making of SI Swimsuit 2017 (DirecTV Now)
 * Puppy Bowl: Where Are They Now (Animal Planet)
 * The Story of Diana (ABC) 2017 documentary miniseries, 2 nights 2 hours each
 * A Year in Space (PBS) Emmy-winning
 * Cultureshock (A&E) pop culture docuseries from Entertainment Weekly
 * 89 Blocks (Fox) East St. Louis high school football team documentary from Sports Illustrated, which was nominated for a Sports Emmy Award
 * Time Inc. Productions/Four M Studios

 * Sports Illustrated: True Crime pilot working title (Paramount Network) Jerry Bruckheimer TV
 * Entertainment Weekly: The Bullseye pilot (Paramount Network) Conveyor Media
 * Four M Studios

 * Home (Apple) 10 one-hour episodes
 * People Magazine Investigates: Cults (Investigation Discovery)
 * People Magazine Investigates: Crimes of Fashion (Investigation Discovery)
 * The Story of the Royals (ABC) documentary miniseries

title: Meredith Corporation


text:
Sony timer

The Sony timer (ソニータイマー), or Sony kill switch, is an urban legend that electronic devices produced by Sony are equipped with a timer which, upon reaching a deliberately preset deadline, causes the product to stop functioning, forcing the user to buy a replacement. The legend began in Japan in the 1980s and was later repeated in other countries. The idea of products being designed to stop working after a period of time is known as planned obsolescence.

History
In Japan, the Sony timer spread around the late 1980s to early 1990s. Although there had never been any conclusive evidence which would confirm the legend, many Japanese people believed its existence, and it was regularly used as a joke in comics and posted on online message boards. The legend remained confined to Japan until 2006 when there was a recall of over 4 million Dell laptops equipped with battery packs containing defective Sony lithium ion cells, bringing back the legend of planned obsolescence among the Japanese people, who accused the Tokyo company.

The problem for Sony was the rumor's impact: as the company came out from the Japanese economic miracle and the kaizen ideology, it was in a very delicate situation which it tried to contain in every way, but the rumor inevitably came to the knowledge of consumers outside of Japan via the Internet. Although sales of the PlayStation 3 were not particularly affected by this urban legend, it did negatively affect sales of Sony Vaio laptop computers which, since 2007, were viewed with increasing suspicion by consumers. In addition to this, Google Trends signaled an increasing number of Internet searches indicating how Japanese purchasers found various problems with Vaio laptops.

A worsening of the situation occurred when, officially due to a software bug, it came to light that many Bravia televisions were predisposed with an operating time of about 1200 hours before they stopped functioning; Stranger still was that, used for a period of about 3 hours a day, such televisions would stop working exactly after warranty expired. The Tokyo company denied any direct responsibility and announced to release software patches as a solution, desperately trying to limit the rumors about the problem before they spread to Europe, where the company's presence was very strong, and admitting: "Our products are not designed to work badly".

However, the Sony timer legend had already spread widely across the World Wide Web, becoming part of the Internet culture itself.

The legend resurfaced again in 2021 when it was discovered that an anti-cheat measure in PlayStation Network had the potential to render games unplayable on the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 video game consoles due to their reliance on maintaining a mandatory accurate date and time setting, whether through connection to the network or a CMOS battery, in a phenomenon known as the C-bomb. Following outcry over the issue, Sony released a firmware update for the PS4 in late September 2021 that resolved the problem for this console, and did the same for the PS5 over a month later.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sony timer


text:
In Defence of Marxism

In Defense of Marxism may refer to:
 * A collection of texts from Leon Trotsky, published in 1942, mostly dealing about the nature of the USSR.
 * A website operated by the Revolutionary Communist International

title: In Defence of Marxism


text:
File:BBG Japanese Garden Yuki-yoki 01.jpg

Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Japanese Garden. Yuki-yoki. 1922.
 * Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden
 * Photograph by: Louis Buhle
 * Date: November 29, 1922
 * Negative number: 04394

http://www.bbg.org/lib/hic/images/reference_web/04394r.jpg

This device, actually a yuki yoke (雪避け) in Japanese, is a snow deflector for trees.


text:
Ali Saibou

Ali Saibou (17 June 1940 – 31 October 2011) was the third President of Niger from 1987 to 1993 succeeding the deceased military ruler Seyni Kountché.

A member of the Djerma people, he was born in Dingajibanda, a village in the Ouallam arrondissement. Although from Kountché's home village, Saibou is not a cousin. He became interested in a military career early on, and attended the Saint-Louis preparatory school in Senegal from 1954, then joined the First Senegalese Tirailleurs Regiment. He saw action in Cameroon in 1960, and was wounded there while with the 5th Overseas Interarms Regiment (RIOM) of France.

Upon Niger's independence in 1960, Saibou was transferred to the new Niger Army as a sergeant in August 1961. He attended officers' school, and in 1969 was put in command of a unit at N'Guigmi. After moving to a new unit in Agadez in 1973, he attained the rank of captain. Saibou threw in his lot with Kountché in the coup of April 1974, and brought his troops from Agadez to Niamey. As a reward he was promoted to major, appointed to the cabinet as minister of rural economy and the environment, and on 20 November 1974, made chief of staff.

However, Kountché was suspicious of Saibou. In June 1975, he dismissed Saibou from the cabinet and asked him to relinquish his command of the armed forces. Saibou countered by asking to be retired from the service altogether, an act which apparently allayed Kountché's fears. Saibou remained loyal until Kountché's death, which occurred on 10 November 1987.

Saibou then secured his nomination by the Supreme Military Council as Kountché's successor, subsequently sending military rivals overseas with diplomatic tasks. In 1989, he had a new constitution approved, and founded the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) as the sole legal party. As the president of the NMSD, Saibou was the only candidate for president in December. The NMSD swept all 93 seats in the National Assembly.

In early 1990, unrest by students and a Tuareg assault on Tchintabaraden led to a National Conference of 1991 that ultimately dismantled one-party rule, leaving Saibou mostly ineffective. At an MNSD party congress in March 1991, Saibou was able to retain his position as party leader, particularly benefiting from the support of the army. However, later in the year the National Conference barred Saibou from running in the planned presidential election, and at another MNSD congress in November 1991 he was replaced as party leader by Mamadou Tandja. After the election of Mahamane Ousmane as president in March 1993, Saibou handed the presidency over to Mahamane on April 16—the first time that the incumbent president peacefully handed over power to the opposition—and retired to his home village. Ali Saibou died on 31 October 2011.

title: Ali Saibou


text: User talk:68.5.85.37

title: User talk:68.5.85.37


text:
File:BBG Japanese Garden Yuki-yoki 02.jpg

Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Japanese Garden. Yuki-yoki. 1922.
 * Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden
 * Photograph by: Louis Buhle
 * Date: November 29, 1922
 * Negative number: 04393

http://www.bbg.org/lib/hic/images/reference_web/04393r.jpg

This device, actually a yuki yoke (雪避け) in Japanese, is a snow deflector for trees.


text:
Robbie Robertson (character)

Joseph "Robbie" Robertson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr., he first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #51 (August 1967), and has since endured as a supporting character of Spider-Man.

Robbie Robertson was one of the first black characters in comics to play a serious supporting role, rather than act as comic relief. He has usually been a high-ranking editor at the New York newspaper, the Daily Bugle, and a close friend and confidant of publisher J. Jonah Jameson, acting as a voice of reason in Jameson's campaign to discredit Spider-Man. He is more friendly and supportive of Peter Parker as well as the other Daily Bugle staffers than the brash Jameson. In the 1980s, the character's backstory was explored, revealing a past conflict with the supervillain Tombstone, with whom he attended high school; these stories were well received by readers and contributed to greater interest in his character.

The character has appeared in several media adaptations outside of comics over the years, including films, animated series, and video games. Actor Bill Nunn played Robbie Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, and Lamorne Morris in the upcoming Spider-Noir.

Publication history
Gerry Conway's run on The Spectacular Spider-Man and Web of Spider-Man expanded Robertson's back story with a dark history involving the hit man Tombstone which continues to haunt Robertson in the present. The stories drew an exceptionally intense level of reader interest. Editor Jim Salicrup recalled that "some of the most jaded, seen-it-all before guys - namely the guys in Marvel's production department - got hooked on the Tombstone/Joe Robertson soap opera. They'd actually come into my office concerned about what was going to happen to Robbie next. 'He's not going to jail, is he?' they'd ask".

Fictional character biography
Joseph Robertson was born in Harlem. He is married to Martha and they have had two sons. Their first son, Patrick Henry Robertson, died when he was only six months old. Their second son, Randy, is divorced. Growing up in a working-class family and being a member of a racial minority, Robertson seemed to sympathize with the downtrodden, including Marvel Comics' mutants, and he preached tolerance. He was forced to practice what he preached when his son came home from college with his white Jewish wife, Amanda.

Robertson is the editor-in-chief of the Daily Bugle, the newspaper at which Peter Parker works and sells his photographs of Spider-Man. Unlike the Bugle's volatile publisher, J. Jonah Jameson, Robbie tries his best to remain objective towards Spider-Man. Robbie is also the only Bugle employee who does not fear the wrath of his boss and is ready to stand up to him on editorial matters. Robbie serves as publisher when Jameson temporarily steps down. Robbie was a close personal friend of Captain George Stacy, and it has been implied, although not outright stated, that Robbie has deduced Spider-Man's secret identity, as Stacy did. Robbie's son Randy is also a close friend of Peter Parker, and the two briefly share an apartment when Mary Jane is presumed dead and Peter had been evicted.

Robbie grew up in Harlem, and as a teenager was a classmate of Lonnie Thompson Lincoln, later infamous as the brutal hit man Tombstone. Robbie once wrote an article for the high school newspaper about Lincoln's bullying and extortion, but spiked it after being threatened by Lincoln. Years later, while working as a reporter in Philadelphia, Robbie witnessed Lincoln murder one of Robbie's contacts. Once again, Lincoln threatened Robertson, and the journalist fled to New York City and began working for the Bugle. He told no one of the murder he witnessed.

Twenty years later, when Tombstone takes a job with the Kingpin, Robbie, determined not to be intimidated again, begins collecting evidence of past crimes that would have Tombstone incarcerated for life. Tombstone hunts Robbie down and breaks his back with his bare hands. Robbie is laid up for months as a result of this, but makes a full recovery, as his spine was not broken.

Tombstone is arrested and tried, thanks in part to Spider-Man. Breaking 20 years of silence, Robbie testifies against his old schoolmate in court. The judge, however, is on the Kingpin's payroll and circumstances lead to Robertson having to agree to serve 3 years himself for withholding evidence of the Philadelphia murder. Robbie and Tombstone end up in the same cell block, where the hit man makes Robbie's life miserable. So broken is Robbie's spirit that he halfheartedly goes along with a jailbreak. However, when Tombstone attacks an interfering Spider-Man, Robbie regains his nerve and saves him. Robbie and Tombstone fall out of the escape helicopter and land in a river near an Amish farm.

Things came to a head when Robbie moved to defend the farmer's family from Tombstone, stabbing him with a pitchfork. Stunned by this, Tombstone backs off. While Tombstone has not abandoned his murderous ways, he has officially called off his vendetta on Robbie. Robbie receives a pardon and resumes work at the Daily Bugle.

After Peter's "coming out", Robbie reveals he knew Peter was Spider-Man and stands up to J. Jonah Jameson after all the years about his treatment to Peter/Spider-Man. Unable or unwilling to admit that he had gone too far in his hatred of Spider-Man, Jameson fires Robertson. However, he rehires him shortly after.

During the "Brand New Day" storyline, where all knowledge of Peter Parker's marriage to Mary Jane has been erased by Mephisto and Spider-Man's secret identity has somehow been removed from the minds of everyone in the world, Jameson suffers a heart attack brought on by arguing with Peter Parker, and the Bugle is bought by Dexter Bennett, who turns it into a scandalous, muck-raking rag. Robbie, though disapproving, decides to stay, hoping Bennet will get better. He soon realizes that is not going to happen, particularly after learning the DB was indirectly responsible for the death of several people shown on their paper from one of their scandals and resigns. Robertson becomes the editor for Ben Urich's newspaper, Front Line.

Sometime after the DB's destruction, Jameson, as the Mayor of New York City, cashed in the DB shares he acquired from Bennett and gave the money to Robbie Robertson. Jameson asked Robertson to remake Front Line (which itself was on hard times) into the new Daily Bugle.

After Phil Urich is exposed as the new Hobgoblin, to protect the Daily Bugle's reputation, Robbie benches Ben Urich until this situation blows over and fires Phil's ex-girlfriend Norah Winters. During the later Goblin coup of New York, Ben attempts to arrange a meeting to talk Phil down and convince him to accept a cure for the Goblin formula, but when Robbie is discovered in the area, Phil believes that Ben was trying to set a trap and delivers a serious injury to Robbie before Spider-Man appears.

Robbie Robertson later tells his employee Krys Crossman that his word game app has been removed from the Daily Bugle's website until it is debugged of all the glitches. This led him to blame Spider-Boy and changes into Puzzle Man.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse reality, Robbie Robertson is editor of the Daily Bugle, which in this timeline is a clandestine paper dedicated to informing humans of the secrets of Apocalypse. He is killed by the Brood-infested Christopher Summers (the father of Scott, Alex and Gabriel Summers).

Marvel Noir
In Spider-Man Noir: Eyes without a Face, Robbie is investigating the disappearances of African-Americans from Harlem, which leads him to accompany Peter Parker to meet Otto Octavius on Ellis Island. Robbie is captured, and later lobotomised, as Doctor Octopus is operating on the aforementioned African-Americans to try to get the perfect slave. Peter eventually liberates the prisoners, but feels remorse for not getting to Robbie sooner. Later, Robbie's family, and Glory Grant, are outraged that Octavius did not stand trial, as he was doing government research.

MC2
In the MC2 universe, Robbie Robertson was killed by Doctor Octopus shortly after the disappearance/retirement of Spider-Man. This motivates Jameson to initiate "Project: Human Fly", an attempt to create a government controlled superhero. This adventure also features Richie Robertson, Robbie's grandson.

Spider-Verse
During the Spider-Verse storyline, the Earth-001 version of Robbie Robertson works as an importer/trader in service to the Inheritors. Robbie is served at his import company by Lance Bannon and Nicholas Katzenberg. He met Verna's servant Ms. Drew at the docks to delivery barrels full of wine for a grand feast that the Inheritors had prepared from their hunt on the Spider Totems.

Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Robbie does not have much of a relationship with Peter due to the Bugle not being as big a role in Peter's life. Robbie has been employed there a number of years before Peter showed up. He is frequently seen arguing with Jameson (usually aided by Ben Urich), though it rarely ends up in shouting, as it does in Earth-616.

What If
In What If Gwen Stacy had lived?, Robbie gives Gwen away to Peter at their wedding, but the wedding is ruined when Jameson appears; with the Goblin having mailed evidence of Spider-Man's true identity to Jameson, Jameson has published the story and now has a warrant for Peter's arrest. Disgusted at Jameson's disregard of all the times that Peter has saved his life as Spider-Man, Robbie angrily quits the Bugle and walks off with Gwen, assuring her that they will do all that they can to help Peter.

Television

 * A young Robbie Robertson appears in The Amazing Spider-Man, portrayed by Hilly Hicks.
 * Robbie Robertson appears in Spider-Man (1981), voiced by Lewis Bailey.
 * Robbie Robertson appears in Spider-Man: The Animated Series, voiced by Rodney Saulsberry. Similarly to the comics, he is J. Jonah Jameson's right-hand man who is always trying to convince him that Spider-Man is not evil as well as the former childhood friend of Lonnie Lincoln. In this continuity, Robbie and Lonnie accidentally threw a basketball through a grocery store window and the former abandoned the latter when the police arrived, leading to Lonnie's arrest. Years later, Robbie got a job at a local newspaper and investigates a chemical plant, where he re-encountered Lonnie, who had become a criminal. Lonnie attempted to have Robbie arrested like he was, but ended up falling into a chemical vat and presumed dead. Deciding to atone for his past, Robbie stayed behind to explain what happened to the police, who let him go. By the time he joined the Daily Bugle, he is horrified to discover his son Randy has joined a gang led by Lonnie, now operating as Tombstone. With Spider-Man's help, Robbie has Tombstone arrested and saves Randy.
 * An alternate reality version of Robbie who shares Jameson's belief that Spider-Man is evil appears in the episode "I Really, Really Hate Clones".
 * Robbie Robertson appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Phil LaMarr.
 * Robbie Robertson appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode "Along Came a Spider", voiced by Troy Baker.
 * Robbie Robertson appears in the Spider-Man (2017) episode "Screwball Live", voiced by Ernie Hudson.
 * Robbie Robertson will be appearing in the upcoming Spider-Noir portrayed by Lamorne Morris.

Film

 * Robbie Robertson appears in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy, portrayed by Bill Nunn.
 * Robbie Robertson was included in the original script for The Amazing Spider-Man 2. However, he was cut from the final screenplay.

Video games

 * Robbie Robertson appears in Spider-Man 2, voiced by Jeff Coopwood.
 * Robbie Robertson appears in Spider-Man 3, voiced by Charlie Robinson.
 * Robbie Robertson appears in Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter's "TV Studio" stage if Spider-Man is fighting in it.
 * Robbie Robertson appears in Spider-Man's ending for Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds.
 * Robbie Robertson appears in Marvel's Spider-Man 2. This version works for the fictional New York Bulletin.

title: Robbie Robertson (character)


text: User talk:131.104.252.54

title: User talk:131.104.252.54


text:
Bulk billing

Bulk billing is a payment option under the Medicare system of universal health insurance in Australia. It can cover a prescribed range of health services as listed in the Medicare Benefits Schedule, at the discretion of the health service provider. The health service provider - usually a doctor - is paid 85% of the scheduled fee for outpatient services; and 75% of the scheduled fee for inpatient services, by billing the government via the patient's Medicare card. The service provider receives a fixed proportion of the scheduled fee but avoids the costs and risks of billing and debt collection. It could be described as a form of factoring.

Bulk billing rebates may be collected and paid directly to the service provider, or the service provider may collect the equivalent fee from the patient; leaving the patient to claim the rebate online, over the telephone, by mail, or at a Medicare office. Increasingly, service providers offer electronic lodgement at the practice using EFTPOS.

Under Medicare, it is not permissible to charge the patient a co-payment with bulk billing (although this was previously permissible): a service provider who bulk bills for a service may not charge the patient further for that service.

Decline in bulk billing
Service providers may choose whether or not to use bulk billing. In January 2023, it was reported that only 42.7% of general practitioners bulk billed, while outside of Sydney and Melbourne less than a third bulk billed. In the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, only 5% and 6.9% of GPs bulk billed respectively. The key purpose of bulk billing is to provide an economic constraint on medical fees and charges.

To address the decline in bulk billing, the Australian Medical Association (AMA) called on the federal government to revise indexation to ensure rebates better reflect the rising costs of providing medical care and running a practice, which it says would encourage more GPs to bulk-bill. The President of the AMA said that the "average government contribution to Medicare claims have fallen in real terms by more than 5 per cent over the past two decades, placing significant cost pressures on doctors

2014 co-payment proposal
In the 2014 Australian federal budget, the Abbott government proposed to impose a $7 co-payment for all bulk billed GP and medical test visits. The proposal was to reduce the medicare rebate payable to service providers by $5 (which applies to all consultations, and not just bulk billed ones) with the additional $2 paid by patients also going to providers. The proposal was widely criticised. In March 2015 the Health Minister Sussan Ley announced that "we are not pursuing it at all" with Prime Minister Abbott declaring the co-payment was "dead, buried and cremated".

title: Bulk billing


text:
Talk:D'Alembert's paradox

Talk page archive
Archive 1 has been created with a link at above right. It is an exact copy of the talk page as it was before this edit (besides the last two sections which I left here). Archive 2, when needed in the future, should be a new subpage (same as creating an article) titled "Talk:D'Alembert's paradox/Archive 2" and the link added to the template on this page's code. For further information on archiving see How to archive a talk page. See also User:5Q5 for the used archiving procedure. Thank you. -- Crowsnest (talk) 23:08, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

misleading diagram

I think this diagram captioned "Streamlines for the potential flow around a circular cylinder in a uniform onflow." is misleading. Physical cylinders never have streamlines that look like that. I think it would be better if this picture were re-labeled to emphasize that this is "merely" what the mathematical equations predict, and another diagram placed against it -- in a similar artistic style -- that shows the real streamlines around a real circular cylinder. Perhaps somewhat like the 2 similar diagrams in the aerospaceweb: "Golf Ball Dimples & Drag" article.

I think 2 contradictory diagrams would help make it more obvious that the d'Alembert's Paradox is the contradiction between theory predicts this, but experiments in real wind-tunnels show that. --68.0.124.33 (talk) 04:11, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

New resolution published in Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics
A resolution of the paradox was published on Dec 10 2008 in Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics, the leading journal on theoretical and computational fluid mechanics based on mathematics. CS is actively suppressing this information and thus actively suppressing material published in a leading scientific journal. CS has to carefully motivate this censorship exercised by someone with unknown name and scientific merits. Come out of the cage and motivate the suppression! Egbertus (talk) 09:01, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

"Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics, the leading journal on theoretical and computational fluid mechanics based on mathematics". Ha, and this description of the journal was written by its publisher I suppose, which would ensure it is impartial? Wikipedia is not an outlet for active scientific discussion. There's an infinite number of people that want their pet theories popularized, but the goal here to present the encylopedic view, the rest of the discussion can be taken to the so-called "leading journals". FYI, based on wide consensus in the fluids community, the Journal of Fluid Mechanics is the leading one, and the only people that will tell you otherwise are those bitter they had a paper rejected from it. 86.26.59.233 (talk) 07:40, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Having read the Hoffman & Johnson paper cited in this section, a huge red flag for me as a practising physicist is that, while the paper emphasizes several times how their approach and solution (in particular the dominant direction of vorticity) is completely different from Prandtl's, it says nothing about why the analytical and numerical solutions based on Prandtl's boundary layer hypothesis nevertheless produce usable results. Prandtl's theory having been in continuous and mostly successful use for 100 years, it is a very obvious question, and I would have expected to see at least a couple of paragraphs discussing it. It is peculiar that H&J did not see fit to do that, and that neither the reviewer(s) nor the editors had insisted on it. 92.249.121.125 (talk) 23:07, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

Peer review
I have raised this article from Start Class to B Class. The article has matured substantially in the past year and it may even qualify for A Class.

I believe the time has come for serious peer review of the article, firstly to confirm that it is genuinely of B Class quality, and secondly to determine the extent of agreement that it might already be of A Class quality. Information about the various quality classes, and the criteria that apply to each class, is available at WP:ASSESS. Dolphin51 (talk) 02:30, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Loss of boundary condition when viscosity EXACTLY equals zero
I know there has been a LOT of detailed discussion in the archive. I admit that I have not read it all in excruciating detail. But I did read quite a bit and I don't think the point below was quite made.

There is an interesting observation about the forms of the NS equations and Euler equations which might give some additional insight. The viscosity appears in the coefficient of the second order derivatives in the NS equations. If the viscosity is identically zero, then the the second order terms vanish and the equations reduce to the Euler equations. If the order of the equation drops by one, then one loses a boundary condition (i.e., the no-slip condition). If viscosity merely APPROACHES zero, then the NS equations remain second order and the no-slip condition can still be applied.

This means that the NS equations do not APPROACH the Euler equations as viscosity APPROACHES zero. The NS equations only BECOME the Euler equations when viscosity EQUALS zero identically.

Thinking about it physically instead, as viscosity decreases, the boundary layer gets thinner. The forces within the boundary layer will always act such that the viscous and inertial effects will be of comparable magnitude. It is exactly that balance of forces that leads to the thickness of the boundary layer in the first place. Thus, if you constructs a Reynolds number based on the boundary layer thickness, then that Re will remain essentially constant despite viscosity approaching zero. So within the boundary layer, viscosity is always important, no matter how small it gets.

The low velocity fluid at the bottom of the boundary layer cannot withstand adverse pressure gradients (that are due to the flow around the body and external to the boundary layer) and separation will occur. This separation significantly alters the external flow. With ZERO viscosity, the flow velocity near the surface is large and CAN withstand the adverse pressure gradient. The fluid converts its kinetic energy into potential energy (i.e. pressure) towards the rear stagnation point and everything balances out beautifully.

With zero viscosity you get the potential flow solution. With infinitesimal viscosity, you do not. You get separated flow instead.

By the way, in all this, I'm talking about truly continuum mechanics. In rarefied flow, you do get slip at the boundary, but you have also violated assumptions that led to the NS equations.

And do I have references for all this? Well, no, not really. I'm hoping it's sort of self-evident once it's pointed out. This is stuff you already know. It's just put together in an interesting way. I didn't invent this either. My reference for this is personal communication. I'm just paraphrasing what was explained to me by my professors in the Aero department at Caltech 25-30 years ago. But I don't remember exactly who it was, so I can't even properly cite personal communication. It might have been Hans W. Liepmann, but I don't think so. I just audited his introductory fluids class after having skipped it in the beginning and gone straight to the more advanced class. It might have been Anatol Roshko, but I don't think so either. It's more likely I discussed the drag crisis with him. (We should really put together a page on that topic too. Well, OK, there is a page on that, but it's an orphan with one paragraph.)  Most likely it was Don Coles who pointed out this business about reducing the order of the equation and losing the no slip condition as a result. He taught the advanced fluid dynamics class and was most likely to have formulated this sort of explanation. He placed great emphasis on dimensional analysis too. He does not have his own page here in Wikipedia, but he does appear as a recipient of the Otto Laporte Award in 1996.

Kimaaron (talk) 05:09, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

No Lift as Well
Many standard textbooks indicate that the paradox is not limited to drag. Rather, it claims that that for a perfect fluid, neither drag nor lift can be accomplished by a steady flow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.104.101.94 (talk) 05:47, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

 * For a cylinder of infinite length, lift in a steady flow can easily be generated by adding a vortex singularity (located inside the cylinder) to a uniform on-flow. -- Crowsnest (talk) 20:22, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Massless medium?
Hello. I have an idea that the paradox may be clarified by delineating two cases: one where the medium has mass, and one where it does not.

If the medium has mass, then despite this medium being inviscid (which I am taking, possibly in error, to mean "frictionless"), a moving body will encounter some resistance, because the medium must accelerate before the body can occupy a new position. The mass therefore acts as a false viscosity (or is it actual viscosity?) and creates a false drag (which, again, might be actual).

However, a massless medium would not exert an opposing force, because it can accelerate with minimal effort. The only way to even determine the presence of such a medium is to try and fail to compress an airtight (or medium-tight) container. --Bryce Herdt, 76.25.100.146 (talk) 21:19, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry to disappoint you, but d'Alembert's paradox is for media with mass. The medium (with potential flow) accelerates at the front and de-accelerates at the rear of the body, net resulting in zero drag on the body. It is easiest seen for potential flow around a circular cylinder, where the flow at the front and the rear is symmetric in potential flow (unlike the situation for a real flow, see e.g. Kármán vortex street).
 * Further, notice that this talk page is for discussing improvements of the article itself (see page top); you can ask questions about the topic at the Reference desk/Science. -- Crowsnest (talk) 12:48, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

It's not so clear for me why we must have n·v=n·u, in order the medium doesn't enter the body. For example, actually in the rear it would be sufficient that n·v≤n·u. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.168.32.77 (talk) 14:56, 1 September 2013 (UTC)
 * See e.g. here -- Crowsnest (talk) 22:37, 8 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:D'Alembert's paradox


text: Talk:David Marshall

title: Talk:David Marshall


text:
Joseph Robertson

Joseph or Joe Robertson may refer to:

Sportsmen

 * Joe Robertson (footballer) (born 1977), Scottish footballer
 * Joe Robertson (ice hockey) (born 1948), Canadian hockey player

Others

 * Joseph Robertson (priest) (1726–1802), English clergyman and writer
 * Joseph Robertson (pastor) (1849–1921), Australian Congregationalist minister
 * Joseph Clinton Robertson (c. 1787–1852), pseudonym Sholto Percy, Scottish patent agent and periodical editor
 * Joseph Robertson (historian) (1810–1866), Scottish scholar
 * Joseph Robertson (OHSU), president of Oregon Health & Science University
 * Joseph Gibb Robertson (1820–1899), Scottish-born merchant, farmer and political figure in Quebec
 * Joe Robertson (politician), English politician
 * Robbie Robertson (comics), a fictional character in the Spider-Man series

title: Joseph Robertson


text:
La mascotte

La mascotte (The Mascot) is a three-act opéra comique with music by Edmond Audran and words by Alfred Duru and Henri Chivot. The story concerns a farm girl who is a "mascotte": someone with the mystic power to bring good luck to all around her, so long as she remains a virgin.

The opera opened at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens, Paris, on 28 December 1880, and had an initial run of 301 performances. Productions followed in other continental European countries, the Americas, Britain and Australia. The title of the piece introduced the word "mascotte" into standard French usage, "mascot" into English, and other variants of it into several more languages.

Background and first production
In 1880 "mascotte" was a fairly new French slang word derived from the Provençal term mascoto, meaning "spell" or "bewitchment". At the time it was as unknown to standard French dictionaries as to English. According to Audran's son, the inspiration for La mascotte came from a trinket given to Audran's wife, who was from Provençe, by her seafaring brother; it was a good-luck charm that nobody but Madame Audran was allowed to touch: "Edmond, ne touche pas à ma mascotte". Audran conceived the idea that a person might also be a mascotte, and suggested this as a theme to his collaborators, the librettists Alfred Duru and Henri Chivot.

La mascotte came near the beginning of Audran's career as a composer of works for the Parisian stage. His first big success, Les noces d'Olivette, opened at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens in 1879, and La mascotte was written for the same house. It opened on 28 December 1880 and ran for 472 performances, taking well over a million francs at the box office. The success of La mascotte was so great that the intendant of the Bouffes-Parisiens and Audran entered into a five-year contract under which Audran would compose for no other Paris theatre.

At the premiere of the piece four principals were making their Paris debuts, all of them successfully. The two women were Marie Montbazon (later known as Marie Grisier-Montbazon), who played Bettina, and Mdlle Dinelli (Fiametta). The former was from a theatrical family well known in the French provinces, making her Paris debut at the age of 21; she went on to a successful career, starring in new works by Audran and others during the 1880s and 1890s. Dinelli as Fiametta was equally well received, but had a short career, curtailed by mental illness in 1883. The two male débutants were the tenors: the lyric Lamy and the comic Raucourt, both praised by the Revue musicale.

Roles

 * Source: Vocal score.

Synopsis
The action is set in the principality of Piombino, Tuscany in the 16th century.

Act I Rocco, a farmer, is the persistent victim of misfortune. However hard he works, things keep going wrong for him. He compares himself ruefully to his brother Antonio, who farms with great success just down the road. To his dismay, Antonio sends him a new worker, Bettina, a keeper of turkeys, and girlfriend of his shepherd, Pippo: Rocco feels he is not in need of more workers but of better luck.

Bettina brings with her a letter from Antonio, which Rocco neglects to read. Had he read it he would know that Bettina is a mascotte, who mysteriously brings good fortune to her employer and everyone else with whom she is connected. Such beings were created by the benevolent God to counter the evil that stalks the world. As long as they remain pure and chaste their power continues; only a virgin can be a mascotte. As soon as Bettina arrives Rocco's luck starts to improve. The ruler of the principality, Laurent XVII, is out hunting with his daughter, Fiametta, and her fiancé, Prince Fritellini of Pisa, and honours Rocco's farm with a visit. Laurent is as jinxed as Rocco. He loses wars, makes disastrous investments, has no luck when hunting, and has a rebellious daughter who baulks at an arranged marriage with Fritellini. Laurent's bad fortune continues: he tumbles into a barrel of wine. Rocco provides him with a change of clothes, in which Laurent finds Antonio's unread letter. Reading it he discovers the truth about Bettina's mystic power and decrees that she must accompany him to his court. He fabricates a story that she has been discovered to be a long-lost aristocrat.

Act II

Since Bettina has been resident at the castle, prosperity has returned to the Prince's affairs. He is so solicitous about her comfort that the court believes she is his mistress, although in fact he is determined that she shall not be anyone's mistress, as her continued beneficent influence as mascotte depends on her continuing virginity. Pippo, disguised as one of a troupe of entertainers, gets into the castle and finds his beloved. Recognised, he is arrested and thrown into a dungeon, where Fiametta visits him. She noticed him on the farm and found him highly attractive. They are discovered tête-à-tête, but Laurent, far from being angry, finds it convenient to marry his daughter off to Pippo, as this will remove any danger that Bettina and Pippo might marry. Bettina, angry at what she sees as Pippo's desertion, says she will marry Laurent. Fritellini, furious, leaves the palace, threatening retaliation. His father is ruler of the powerful neighbouring state of Pisa, and there will be war. Pippo and Bettina, realising that they are being manipulated, escape through a window.

Act III

Without his mascotte, Laurent's luck has become dreadful again. He is defeated in battle by Fritellini's forces. Pippo and Bettina have joined the latter's ranks. Laurent and Fiametta flee the castle, disguised as vagabonds. They arrive at Fritellini's camp just as the marriage of Captain Pippo and Bettina is taking place. The Prince is delighted, as this will end the good luck the mascotte has brought to Fritellini and those around him. Rocco, to avenge himself on the fallen autocrat, explains to Pippo about the mascotte and the consequences if he consummates his marriage: he will lose his high status in Fritellini's company and become a simple shepherd again. Pippo hesitates, but love wins. The fugitive Prince and his daughter are recognised and arrested. Fiametta is so beautiful in her rags and Fritellini looks so dashing in his beautiful uniform that the two are reconciled and the war can be ended. Happiness becomes general when it emerges that being a mascotte is hereditary, and Bettina emerges from the bridal chamber blushing and promising to have twins.
 * Source: Gänzl's Book of the Musical Theatre.

Numbers

 * Acte I
 * Overture
 * Chorus – "La vendange se termine" – Harvesting is over
 * Couplets of sweet wine (3 peasants) – "Il fait fuir l'humeur morose" – It banishes gloom
 * Ballade (Pippo, chorus) – "Un jour le diable" – One day the devil
 * Chorus of village boys – "Allons la belle" – Come, pretty one
 * Couplets (Bettina) – "N'avancez pas ou je tape" – Don't approach me or I'll hit you
 * Chorus – "On aime à voir après la chasse" – After the hunt one loves to see
 * Couplets of omens (Laurent) – "Les gens sensés et sages" – Wise and sagacious people
 * Couplets (Fiametta) – "Ah! qu'il est beau" – Ah, how fine it is
 * Couplets of "je ne sais quoi" (Fritellini, Fiametta) – "D'un athlète ou d'un villageois" – An athlete or a villager
 * Duet (Bettina, Pippo) – "Je sens lorsque je t'aperçois" – I feel when I see you
 * Finale (all) – "On sonne, on sonne" – They ring the bells
 * Act II
 * Entr'acte
 * Chorus – "Qu'elle est belle" – She is beautiful,
 * Couplets (pages) – "Excusez mon audace extrême" – Excuse my extreme boldness
 * Duet (Bettina, Laurent) – "Ah laissez-moi!" – Oh leave me!
 * Couplets (Bettina) – "Que je regrette mon village" – How I miss my village
 * Chorus – "Ah! quel spectacle charmant" – Ah, what a charming sight
 * Air (Pippo) – "Salut à vous seigneur!" – Hail, Prince
 * Duet (Pippo, Bettina) – "Sais-tu que ces beaux habits-là" – Do you know these beautiful clothes
 * Couplets (Fritellini) – "Des courtisans qui passeront" – Courtiers, as they pass
 * Couplets (Laurent) – "Chasser le cerf au son du cor" – Hunting the deer to the sound of the horn
 * Finale (all) – "C'est le futur de la princesse" – He is the princess's intended
 * Acte III
 * Entr'acte
 * Chorus of soldiers – "Verse, verse à boire" – Pour, pour the drinks
 * Entrance of the Prince (Fritellini) – "Très bien? bonjour, soldat" et – Very good, hello, soldier
 * Couplets of the tambour (Fritellini) – "De nos pas marquant la cadence" – Marking time for our steps
 * Entrance of the strolling minstrels (chorus) – "Ne tremblez pas braves gens" – Do not tremble, good people
 * Song of the orang-outan (Fiametta) – "Le grand singe d'Amérique" – The great ape of America
 * Entrance of the wedding party (Pippo, chorus) – "Je touche au but" – I am nearing the goal
 * Quartet (Bettina, Pipo, Laurent, Rocco) – "Quoi Pippo! quand je vous réclame" – What Pippo! When I call you
 * Finale (all) – "Pourquoi donc crier ainsi" – Why shout so.
 * Source: Vocal score.

Revivals and adaptations
There were twelve revivals of the piece in Paris between 1883 and 1944.

The work was presented in Vienna at the Theater an der Wien on 12 February 1881 and revived in 1893. Brussels first saw the piece the next month. The first production in New York was at the Bijou Opera House on 5 May 1881, starring Emma Howson. Ten New York revivals between then and 1887 (including one in German) are detailed in Gänzl's Book of the Musical Theatre, which notes that there were regular productions in subsequent years, including 1892, 1909 and 1926.

The first London production was at the Comedy Theatre, on 15 October 1881 in an adaptation by Robert Reece and H. B. Farnie, starring Violet Cameron, Henry Bracy, Lionel Brough and Minnie Byron. The piece was revived in the West End in 1882, 1884, 1888 and 1893. It was staged in Berlin at the Friedrich-Wilhelmstadtisches Theater on 25 October 1881. An Australian production was presented at the Theatre Royal, Sydney on 25 October 1882. There were productions in Italy (1882) and Brazil (1888). The town of Piombino in Tuscany, where the opera is supposedly set, staged a production in 2012.

A film version of The Mascot was directed by Léon Mathot in 1935 starring Germaine Roger, Lucien Baroux and Dranem.

Critical reception
The Annales du théâtre et de la musique commented that the piece starts off as opéra comique but in the second act crosses the boundary into opérette, "but none the worse for that". The writer observed that he had judged the score by higher standards than applied to most light operatic shows, which was a compliment to Audran; of the twenty-plus numbers in his score, there were five or six where the composer's personal imagination and musicianship were, the reviewer considered, displayed with complete originality. Reviewing the Paris production, The Morning Post found the work "a decided advance" on Audran's earlier work, the music "tasteful and pleasing throughout, with a gay amusing story, wittily told." According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "Many of [Audran's] operas, La mascotte in particular, reveal a degree of musicianship which is rarely associated with the ephemeral productions of the lighter stage."

Recordings
The Académie Nationale de l'Opérette lists two complete recordings of the opera, one conducted by Ronald Benedetti, with Geneviève Moizan, Denise Cauchard, Robert Massard and Lucien Baroux, and the other conducted by Marcel Cariven, with Freda Betti, Huguette Hennetier, Willy Clément, Gaston Rey, Raymond Amade and Robert Destain. The Académie Nationale site lists two complete video recordings, the first from 1957, the second from 1961, both conducted by Georges Derveaux.

Legacy: Mascot
La mascotte is credited with bringing the word "mascot" into the English language. The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins states, "The French operetta La Mascotte by Edmond Audran had its première on 29 December 1880. The next year the word made its first appearance in English. French mascotte derives from masco (witch) in the dialect of southern France.  At first mascot meant simply "a person or thing supposed to bring good luck" and did not have to be carried or displayed, as now."

title: La mascotte


text: User talk:24.253.92.203

title: User talk:24.253.92.203


text:
Talk:MPLA

Ideology
Is Marxism-Leninism really still the official ideology of the MPLA or is it the previous ideology? Over the last twenty years almost they most certainly have not been leading Angola on a Marxist path. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.239.105.238 (talk) 22:16, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Can I see some evidence (primary source) of the relationship between the 1974 revolution and the Soviet Union? I'm not doubting its existence, I would just like to see the extent. RabidSnail 20:22, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

There was a BBC documentary that said the opposite on the 14th of December you can download as podcast that said that the ideology switched in the 1990s. 114.77.173.128 (talk) 09:38, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The ideological positions of the MPLA have greatly varied over time: (1) The MPLA started off in the 1950s/1960s with a nationalist ideology where some of its members introduced marxist ideas. No ideological clarification took place during that period, but there was some support from the Soviet Union, China, and other "socialist" countries. (2) In the decolonization conflict 1974/75, this support, especially that from Cuba, gueranteed the survival, and in the end the victory, of the MPLA. As a consequence, its discourse became increasingly "leftist". When the civil war broke out in 1975, it became evident that this constellation was to last for some time. (3) At its first congress, in 1977, the MPLA declared itself "marxist-leninist". However, its leadership under Agostinho Neto made it clear that the goal was to attain "socialism" as defined by that ideology, not "communism". The communist tendency within the MPLA, led by Nito Alves, attempted a revolt that same year, but was eliminated (many of them physically) by harsh repression. (4) During the one-party regime that lasted until 1991/92 and was sometimes dubbed "Afro-Stalinist", the discourse was marxist, and the practice authoritarian-centralist, but the "socialist" model was implemented in a halfhearted way, and only in part. (5) When the evident failure of this experience, combined with external pressure, forced the MPLA to radically change its orientation, marxism-leninism was given up at the 1991 party congress, and multiparty democracy was introduced in Angola. The MPLA continued in the driver's seat, but did not redefine itself in ideological terms. Its becoming a member of the Socialist International was a symbolic gesture meant to express its having abandoned marxism-leninism, but did not imply an option for any non-marxist (socialist, social democratic or other) model. (6) Over the last two decades, the practice developed by the MPLA has become "petro-diamond capitalism" (see Tony Hodges) - a crude form of "neo-liberalism". There is the occasional manifestation of "social concern" (more in discourse than in practice), but overall the line is more centre-right than centre-left. The MPLA finds it useful to be considered as "social democratic", but this term does not reflect its effective position. Aflis (talk) 15:09, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, well well: it is really amazing that there is still one user or another who clings to the ahistorical cliché of a "socialist" MPLA, rejecting the factual situation by alleging lack of sources or then lack of neutrality. I cannot imagine that these people know Angola; if they did, the statement that the MPLA is by now anything but socialist would be selfevident for them as well. Anyway, if this continues, I shall feel obliged to add a whole section & sources on the subject. Aflis (talk) 23:19, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree, a section is needed. Charles Essie (talk) 21:59, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * move back page, MPLA-PT is the current name of the party
 * ''Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation and sign your vote with ~

 * Support Soman 06:00, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - this seems a more common (and convention-meeting) name. violet/riga (t) 21:20, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. violet/riga (t) 21:20, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mpla.jpg
Image:Mpla.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:27, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Move to MPLA?
Move Parsecboy (talk) 00:24, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

MPLA is the common usage for the party, shouldn't we move it to that name? We do for UNITA. Thoughts?--Thomas.macmillan (talk) 00:07, 19 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I support the idea too rename the page. We also did it for SWAPO. All these parties are know by their acronym, not the full name. Slapsnot (talk) 18:30, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

"Terrorists"
Hallo Dudeman: I reverted your last edit because neither the MPLA nor the UNITA could ever be classified as terrorists - a term which is often used in an unduly overstretched way, generally for reasons of political convenience. When MPLA, FNLA and UNITA fought for the liberation of Angola from colonial occupation, the Portuguese did of course call them terrorists. And when, after independence, UNITA fought the ruling MPLA, the latter called them terrorists, while UNITA posed as anti-communist freedom fighters. If you label any use of armed force against established regimes as terrorists, we will end up including those who made the French or the American revolution, and hundreds of others... Aflis (talk) 13:47, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I removed the link altogether. I am not sure of the link's value to the page versus the high potential for POV.--TM 16:20, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I do believe that the START database provides a useful summary of information on attacks which the runners of the site deem as "terrorist" -- some of which are reasonable,I think, because they involve attacks on private citizens. This issue of "terrorism" in Angola should at least be addressed, and I believe a link to a RS - for all the factions involved -- would be appropriate, particularly for UNITA, which I should have added as well.--Dudeman5685 (talk) 03:43, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

I insist: before using this kind of source, one has first to define what the (non-involved) analyst should understand by "terrorist", and what not. After that, a critical use may perhaps yield some gains. Rather not in the context of an article on one of the movements, but on the independence war, the decolonization conflict, and the civil war. -- Aflis (talk) 12:38, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

Ideology
The ideology box says, "Ideology officially Social democracy, in fact strongly neoliberal (originally Left-wing nationalism, 1977-1991 Marxist-Leninist)" Neo-liberal is a set of policies not an ideology and left-wing nationalism is not a recogized ideology. Consistent with other parties that consider themselves soclailist and are part of the Socialist International, the best description is "socialist". TFD (talk) 16:34, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The (admittedly complicated) question of the ideological positions over time assumed by the MPLA, officially and/or in practice, was abundantly discussed on this page: you will see above the reasons why in the box differentiated information is necessary. Let me repeat and/or add: (a) Behind the neo-liberal set of policies there is evidently an ideological position. For a good illustration, see the present electoral campaign in the USA. (b) There is no such thing as "recognized ideology". Any set of ideological positions constitutes a (more or less elaborated) ideology, whether somebody "recognizes" it ot not. (c) In the 1960s, the MPLA started by being broadly nationalist and absorbed then some marxist input. This situation is well described by "left-wing nationalism". See John Marcum's The Angolan Revolution, vol. I, if you can get hold of it. (d) In Socialist International includes a wide range of ideological positions; diverse socialisms, labour, Scandinavian social democracies etc.etc. The MPLA was admitted when it had solemnly rejected Marxism-Leninism, and wanted to make it clear that it had radically changed its ideological position. It hase since then carefully avoided calling itself (or being labeled) "socialist", occasionally pretending to be "social democrat" (or tolerating that label). At the grassroots one can still come across residual tendencies linked to the socialist past, but at the top (neo)liberal position clearly prevail: for a clear illustration, see now the appointment of Manuel Vicente as minister for economic coordination. To put it bluntly: the MPLA leadership would shriek with laughter if someone called them "socialist". -- Aflis (talk) 17:43, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I do not have a copy of Marcum's book, but he does not appear to use the term "left-wing nationalism". Nor am I suggesting that they be described as "Marxist-Leninist".  Most socialist parties have adopted neoliberal policies in government (see for example Rogernomics) and they are no different from other parties in the Socialist International.  See the Historical Dictionary of Socialism:  "Many of the former communist, but now social-democratic, parties were allowed to join [including the MPLA]" (p. 15)  "...many former ruling communist parties reorganized themselves as democratic socialist or social-democratic ones [including the MPLA" (p. 276)  TFD (talk) 18:26, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * (a) Marcum: I did not sugest that he used the term, but that his description of the MPLA allows us to define them as leftist nationalists (quite like, by the way, Jonas Savimbi in the early 1960s). There are, of course, other sources on this point as well.(b)What you are quoting is exactly what I said: the MPLA give its Marxist-Leninist façade up, and by entering the Socialist International, told the world it had become democratic, with some sort of social twist to it. In fact, it became "ideologically empty". It has nothing even remotely like a socialist programme; in its discourse and practice you will find social democrat elements alongside with neo-liberal ones. NB: Don't forget the MPLA as such is not ruling the country; it is just an instrument in the hands of the networks clustering around President José Eduardo dos Santos which are set on maintaining & increasing their political and economic power (& benefits). This may sound as cheap polemic, but is unfortunately the outcome of quite some serious scholarly studies. Aflis (talk) 21:32, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Left-wing nationalism therefore is synthesis and has no place in the article. The sources however say they are a socialist party, and are recognized as such by the SI.  Do you have a source that says they are substantially different from other SI parties and should not be considered socialist?  TFD (talk) 21:44, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

I don't think WP:SYN applies, but ok, I shall reduce it to "nationalism" in the box. - Membership in the Socialist International means the party is considered "socialist or social democrat". The European social democrats would never become members if only socialist parties were admitted. And the question can never be "difference of the MPLA from other SI parties", but: to what tendency inside the SI does the MPLA belong". - Sources which label the MPLA as "socialist": as they are not based on the ideological discourse (& practice) of the MPLA itself, what are they worth? Most of them are just copies of copies, and are mislead (like you yourself, I'm sorry to say) by an erroneous interpretation of the SI membership. - Just to make my own background clear: I am a political scientist, and have studied Angola for several decades. -- Aflis (talk) 13:07, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * As a political scientist then you would be aware of Klaus von Beyme's classification of political families. Here is a link to a description.  Could you explain where they would fit in this framework.  TFD (talk) 15:19, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

Instead of the table, I prefer the more differentiated text in von Beyme's Politische Theorien im Zeitalter der Ideologien (2002). As to the MPLA, I had hoped to make it clear it does not fit in any one of the families in the table. First of all, the party is in the hands of a network of power-holders who in the last instance don't believe in anything but their "self-reproduction". Whatever ideological discourse & practice they allow the MPLA to have depends on what they consider as functional in their self-interest (electoral results, international negotiations etc. etc.). They made the MPLA adopt the label "Partido do Trabalho" (labour party) in order to suggest they were now (1991) democrats, had given up any socialist ideas, but were still in some ways concerned with "the people" - and that this placed them in the social democratic wing of the SI. However, in actual fact their positions are a far cry from "social market economy" to which they make concessions only under heavy pressure, e.g. in 2006/2008, in the wake of the 2008 parliamentary elections. The neo-liberal tendencies which have increasingly surfaced correspond to the ideological convictions of some, for others are measures imposed by the IMF which serve (but possibly harm on the long run) their self-interests. Thus: the MPLA doesn't really have any consistent ideology, and doesn't belong to any famille spirituelle; it is made to pose ideologically in this or that way, according to the convenience os os que mandam ("those who are in command"), as the saying goes in Angola. The classification schemata formulated in the Northern Hemisphere simply don't apply - as they don't in the "emerging democracies" of the Arab world. Aflis (talk) 16:24, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I have not seen an studies that attempt to classify African parties. Do you have any sources that say it would be classified as "other" and that it has no ideology?  If so, the current description may not be valid.  I don't think "neo-liberal" is a valid classification.  Parties across the spectrum pursue neol-liberal policies, particularly when they are in power.  TFD (talk) 17:21, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

Politics in Africa is my main subject. To the best of my knowledge, until now there has not been an attempt at classifying African parties (beyond such inocuous dichotomies as progressive vs. conservative). The reason is most certainly that Africa is still in the middle of complex transformation processes, and that many things are still in too fluid a state for us to pin labels on them. Aflis (talk) 18:32, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

 * It it not our task to examine the ideology of parties ourselves. That would be original research. We strictly have to stick to what we can find in the sources. Moreover, the infobox can never provide a conclusive and complex description of the ideology. It can only offer rough categories. "Social democracy and neo-liberal tendencies" is not a usual category for the infobox. German Social Democrats, British New Labour etc. etc. have had neo-liberal tendencies, especially when in power. Still we only put "Social democracy" in the infobox. Even if this does not satisfyingly describe their "real" or de facto policies. We should describe their policies in detail in the main text. The infobox cannot accomplish a complete description of a party's policies. --RJFF (talk) 17:58, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

When we write about any object, we are of course under the obligation to examine it closely from all sides, on the basis of the sources we can come by, in order to give an adequate description. In the case of the ideology of the MPLA, we have secondary sources (which unfortunately all too often are cruelly unreliable), and we have primary sources (texts where the MPLA leadership define ideological positions). In the academia, this is usually called "desk research" (as opposed to "field research"). - As to what belongs in the infobox, the criteria cannot be what happens to be usual and what not. The keywords have to be adequate, and as concise as possible. I think the formula I choose corresponds well to both criteria. NB: I agree that European social democratic parties have on occasion adopted neo-liberal policies, but if you know Angola, you will have to conclude that there is a qualitative (and not just gradual) difference between what we see there and the European examples. And don't forget the instrumental character of the MPLA! -- Aflis (talk) 18:32, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * But where are the sources you propose to support your "formula"? At the moment, it merely looks like it were your own research. You seem to be very well-informed and I am really willing to trust your evaluation. But you know that WP:original research is not acceptable. By the way, I think it would be more helpful if you could write a short paragraph about the policies of MPLA during the last years, instead of debating about the infobox label. At present, this article does not inform about what the MPLA stands for, at all. And sketchy labels like "neo-liberal tendencies" are not really helpful. The article should inform about the policies of MPLA in government, e.g. reform projects or the like, a bit more in detail. It would be great if you could do this, because you really seem to have a lot of knowledge about this topic. --RJFF (talk) 19:22, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

To make the situation clearer: originally, this article was not written by myself. When I discovered it, it was, like practically all Angola related articles, flawed and unsatisfactory. In between other commitments, I have on and off been improving some of these articles, and am determined to keep on doing so. I accept your suggestion to add to the text a paragraph or two on the policies followed, indicating sources, and laying the basis for the shorthand statements in the infobox. But please be prepared for this not to happen very speedily. -- "Original research" is one of the expressions that are often improperly used in WP. When you sit down to write or improve a given article in WP, consulting the primary and/or secondary sources available to you, this is "desk research", whatever you call it. Aflis (talk) 21:26, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

 * P.S.: If you say that "things are still in too fluid a state for us to pin labels on them", shouldn't we leave the ideology field of the infobox empty? --RJFF (talk) 19:24, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

As you can see from the context, the sentence above applied to Africa in general, and not only to political parties. In the case of the MPLA, there has been a evolution of the ideological positions which one can easily pin down by the keywords I have used in the infobox. This said, I once again agree this should be explained to some more detail in the text. -- Aflis (talk) 21:30, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I would agree with RJFF. If we do not have sources that categorize the party, then we should leave the field blank.  TFD (talk) 06:28, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

There is no lack of sources for the three periods (nationalism - marxism - social democracy/liberalism). The only question is which ones are reliable. Anyway, as soon as I find time, I shall write a paragraph (& sources) on this in the text of the article. As I want to make the piece waterproof (and am up against a number of commitments in "real life"), this is not for tomorrow. -- Aflis (talk) 14:14, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry, maybe I am just blind, but I cannot see the sources. Could you please put a footnote behind the respective statements to make clear which source supports which statement? --RJFF (talk) 14:38, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Apparently I did not express myself clearly. What I wanted to say is that such sources exist, not that they are already referred to in the article. I shall include some of them when writing the paragraph I am announcing (following TFD's suggestion). -- Aflis (talk) 16:58, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Human Rights Records
Suggest removing or rewriting from the bottom up. The section as of now looks like anti-communist propaganda, and does not inform much about the context. elpincha (talk) 19:03, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

 * All governments have "been accused of human rights violations by numerous international organisations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch". We need to explain what the specific claims were and must avoid weasel words like "numerous" unless we have a source that uses the term.  R.J. Rummel's blog as a source of numbers killed should  be avoided because his estimates are consistently extremely higher than academic consensus.  I question too whether the SWaudi-funded National Society for Human Rights is a relible source - certainly letters to the editor are not rs.  Notice that none of the claims made by these sources is contained in the AI or HRW sources.  That leaves nothing in the section to be saved.  If someone wants to re-write the section with good sources, that would be fine.  Notice too that AI and HRW say human rights violations have decreased since the civil war.  I imagine that is what Rummel is talking about and human rights violations during that period are best addressed in the "Independence and civil war" section.  TFD (talk) 19:36, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

 * The problem with several articles on Angola, in en:WP like in other WPs, is that many contributors are extremely biased, in one way or another. On the MPLA they either follow the party line, or are "anti-communist" (which is all the more inadequate as the MPLA physically eliminated its communist wing decades ago, and severed all links with socialism in 1991/2). Thus I agree with the comments above, and second the proposal to rewrite the part under discussion. -- Aflis (talk) 23:15, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Off topic chat
Volodia

There's a beautiful song called Volodia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mnIRdk0HNM

Does anyone know which Volodia are they singing about? His full name?--74.57.167.219 (talk) 01:40, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

 * >z far as I can remember, "Volódia" is/was the nom de guerre of an MPLA militant. I don't know the song. Aflis (talk) 13:09, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

UNITA
"UNITA" is the acronym of "União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola". This is the way UNITA calls itself, and is called by anybody familiar with Angola. This is also the situa<tion of MPLA and FNLA, the two other movements who waged an anti-colonial guerilla war against Portugal. The form "Unita" can be found in a few texts written by people unfamiliar with Angola and who don't speak Portuguese. They were apparently mislead by the Italian word "unità" (unity), and were convinced UNITA had adopted a name that symbolized a will to fight for the unity of the Angolan population. They obviously ignored that in that case they would have called themselves "unidade", which is the Portuguese word for unity. In any case, UNITA protested immidiately when the form "Unita" appeared, but then decided to simply not care, convinced that the authors of the erroneous form would rapidly find out they were wrong. Which is what in fact happened: I have been following the literature on Angola, the Angolan newspapers, documents issued by UNITA etc. - for more than a decade I have not seen anybody using "Unita"  -  until an IP came up with it in en:WP, in this article and another one. Needless to say, for an encyclopedia an error of this kind is particularly shocking. I sincerely hope the author will draw the proper conclusion from the explanations above. If he has still any doubt, I am perfectly ready to discuss them with him. Aflis (talk) 11:47, 30 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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International Affiliation
I removed the Progressive Alliance from the International Affiliation section of the info box at the top right of the page, as according the the Alliance's website, they do not have any member parties from Angola. Here is the link to the Alliance's Parties and Organizations page: http://progressive-alliance.info/network/parties-and-organisations/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.51.224.139 (talk) 20:50, 14 July 2018 (UTC)

Minor Possible Error, But Not Sure
I might be wrong, but in the section "Independence and civil war", I think the sentence, "The United States Congress barred further U.S. military involvement in the country against the wishes of President Ronald Reagan, fearing another Vietnam-style quagmire.", should be "The United States Congress...wishes of President [Gerald Ford]".

This would make more sense because the paragraph is about 1976 and it accords more with the info available on this page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola–United_States_relations). That page cites the book "Eight Hundred Ninety-five Days that Changed the World" (https://books.google.com/books?id=VuLen052wtoC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=angola+congress+ford&source=web&ots=TlNo2VBlmH&sig=mebpy_W4S8OA_psT8U6JVQ7N2Ug&hl=en#PPA50,M1). I don't have this book so I can't confirm if that citation is accurate.

title: Talk:MPLA


text:
File talk:Etnoregionai.JPG

 * This map is a bit chauvinistic (depends in what type of article is used), because town of Gardinas (Grodno, Hrodna), never was de facto part of Republic of Lithuania. It is a nonsence (in all meanings: either in past or novadays) to claim Gardinas is in region of Dzūkija. Majority of Grodno/Hrodno population were/are poles and byelorussians. Lithuania Minor never was a part of Lithuania: neither Grand Duchy of Lithuania, neither Republic of Lithuania (except for Memelland). I think this map shows only lithuanian hopes for Magna Lithuania. This map cann't be used in article Regions of Lithuania, because it claims teritorries that are in other states. The same would be if Alsace will be shown as part of Germany in map Regions of Germany. --82.135.217.125 09:17, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed it can be seen as POV pushing, depending on its interpretation. --Lysytalk 12:36, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * This maps is based on so called Lithuania Propria - an idea to create state of Lithuania in borders where lithuanians lived. This idea appeared in the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries, was popular in interwar period and among exiled American lithuanians post 1945, and this idea still is quite popular among far right wing lithuanian patriots today. It's not chauvinistic if used in article where explains such ideas or in article showing where lithuanians lived in XVI century, but names of regions Sudovia and Dzukija appeared much later. --Tarakonas 06:56, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Anyway, such maps are always a bit dangerous, as without an explanation they could suggest that "only" Lithuanians lived in these areas. --Lysytalk 09:10, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * If this map is used in right article - nothing is dangerous. But there are some mistakes: it is unclear what this map shows. Is it borders of Lithuania, or area of lithuanian language - if so, then this should be explained. It's unclear date of this map, because we know later area of lithuanian language was shrinking.--Tarakonas 06:49, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that it is a little "off data", especially in the Lithuania Minor parts, since it includes the areas where Lithuanians once were but a majoryty, such as Sambia. Hence it could be called a map "where ethnic Lithuanians once lived during the greatest extent of their inhabited territory", yet not necessary made up a majority in these areas, therefore I changed the describtion a little.Iulius 10:32, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

title: File talk:Etnoregionai.JPG