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James Douglas (governor)

Sir James Douglas, (August 15, 1803 – August 2, 1877) was a Canadian fur trader and politician who became the first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia. He is often credited as "The Father of British Columbia". He was instrumental to the resettlement of 35 African Americans fleeing a life of racial persecution in San Francisco who arrived in the province aboard the steamship Commodore in what later became known as the Pioneer Committee. In 1863, Douglas was knighted by Queen Victoria for his services to the Crown.

He started work at 16 for the North West Company and then the Hudson's Bay Company and became a high-ranking officer. From 1851 to 1864, he was Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island. In 1858, he became the first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia and asserted the authority of the British Empire during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, which had the potential to turn the Mainland into an American state. He remained governor of both colonies until his retirement in 1864.

Early life
Douglas was born in 1803 in Guyana. His father was John Douglas, a Scottish planter and merchant from Glasgow, in business with three of his brothers. The Douglas family were part of "the business elite of Scotland". His uncle was Lieutenant-General Sir Neil Douglas, Commander-in-Chief, Scotland. His aunt was Cecilia Douglas, a notable art collector. Through his paternal grandmother, James Douglas was related to Sir Andrew Buchanan, 1st Baronet, diplomat.

His mother was Martha Ann (née Ritchie, later Telfer). Ritchie was classified as free coloured, which in that time and place meant someone of mixed African and European family history, who was not a slave. According to the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, the couple had three children together (Alexander, born 1801 or 1802; James, born 1803, and Cecilia, born 1812), but never formally married.

In 1812, John Douglas returned to Scotland with his children and put James into school at Lanark to be educated. John married Jessie Hamilton in 1819, and had more children with her, making a second family. James went to school or was taught by a French Huguenot in Manchester, England, where he learned to speak and write in fluent French, which helped him in North America.

North West Company
At the age of 16, James Douglas signed on to join the North West Company (NWC), a major organization active in the North American fur trade. He sailed from Liverpool for Lachine, Lower Canada, in spring 1819. From there, Douglas was assigned as a clerk at Fort William in what is now Thunder Bay.

The following year, he was moved to Île-à-la-Crosse on the Churchill River in what is now northern Saskatchewan. The rival Hudson's Bay Company was also active in this area, and Douglas was caught up in at least one argument with the fighting fur traders. Douglas continued his policy of self-education by reading books brought from Britain and meeting with many First Nations people.

Hudson's Bay Company

In 1821, the NWC was merged into its powerful competitor, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). Douglas's contract was placed onto the HBC's payroll. He quickly moved up the strict HBC hierarchy. In 1825, he was put in charge of the founding of the Fort Vermilion trading post in what is now northern Alberta. He was next assigned at Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, headquarters of the company's New Caledonia District, roughly located within modern British Columbia.

In 1827, he established Fort Connolly on Bear Lake. The station was named after his manager, William Connolly, who was impressed by Douglas' skills and viewed him favourably. Because of their close relations, Connolly agreed to Douglas marrying his Métis daughter Amelia Connolly. Her mother was Cree and likely also Métis. Douglas and Amelia were married on 27 April 1828 'à la façon du pays', a ceremony repeated almost a decade later at Fort Vancouver.

Throughout part of 1828, Connolly was absent from Fort St. James, leaving Douglas in charge. Two company traders were murdered with the help of a Dakelh. Douglas was said to have marched into the Stuart Lake village and seized the accused murderer, but the exact events of the day are disputed. By some accounts, Douglas shot the native in the head on the spot, with everyone watching. In others, Douglas took him away from the village, to be executed later. Another story is that Douglas tried to shoot the man but missed and got his partners to beat the accused before taking him away. Various accounts were passed around the area, and Douglas generally acquired a negative reputation among the local First Nations as a result.

Fearing for Douglas's life, Connolly asked HBC Governor George Simpson to transfer the younger man elsewhere. He was reassigned to Fort Vancouver, headquarters of the company's Columbia District, near the mouth of the Columbia River in present-day Washington. His wife joined him after the death of their first child in 1830. While they lived in Fort Vancouver, she gave birth to ten more children (five died in infancy). Their son James W. Douglas grew up to become a politician and Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), 1875–1878.

Fort Vancouver
Douglas spent 19 years working in Fort Vancouver. He served as a Clerk until 1835, when he was promoted to Chief Trader, the second highest rank in the HBC. Being a Chief Trader was a very important position that was held by only four others in the large district. He received his commission as one of "the gentlemen of the interior" on June 3, 1835, in York Factory during a meeting of the Council of the Northern Department. In 1838, Douglas was put in charge of the Columbia District while Chief Factor John McLoughlin was on furlough in Europe. While he commanded Fort Vancouver, he denounced the enslavement of Chinookan peoples.

Pugets Sound Agricultural Company
Douglas supported Simpson's plans of making a settlement with the Russian-American Company (RAC). In Hamburg in early 1839, Simpson and Governor of Russian Colonies in America Ferdinand von Wrangel negotiated a commercial treaty that established future relations between the two state companies.

The RAC-HBC Agreement let the HBC rent a portion of Russian American claimed territory referred to as the "Stikine lisière." The area leased by the RAC was on the Alaskan Panhandle, on the northern coast from Mount Fairweather south to 54°40′. In return, the RAC received 2000 otter pelts and a number of other goods, notably a large supply of wheat and provisions needed at various Russian stations. To meet the demand, Simpson and members of the governing committee created the Pugets Sound Agricultural Company (PSAC) to both meet this demand and promote settlement of territories around Cowlitz Farm and Fort Nisqually. Both stations are now located within modern Washington.

Later years at Fort Vancouver
In November 1839, Douglas was promoted to Chief Factor, the highest possible rank for field service with the HBC. As a Chief Factor, he traveled to Alta California, where he met with a Mexican administrator and received permission to create a trading post in Yerba Buena, California (modern San Francisco, California). In 1841, Douglas was charged with the duty of setting up a trading post on the southern tip of Vancouver Island. George Simpson had recommended a second line of forts be built in case the Columbia River valley fell into American hands. Charged with the task, Douglas founded Fort Victoria, on the site of present-day Victoria, British Columbia. That proved beneficial when in 1846 the Oregon Treaty was signed, extending the British North America and the United States border along the 49th parallel from the Rocky Mountains to the Strait of Georgia.

Fort Victoria
In 1849, Britain leased the entirety of Vancouver Island to the HBC under the condition that a colony be created. Douglas moved the headquarters of the western portion of the company from Fort Vancouver to Fort Victoria.

Douglas had a Kanaka man accompany him in 1849 on his journey from Fort Vancouver to Victoria by canoe, and at Victoria, he had a Hawaiian cook and household servant (Barman and Watson 2006: 62).

He was not initially appointed as Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island, which instead went to Richard Blanshard, an English barrister. However, most practical authorities rested with Douglas as the chief employer and person in charge of its finances and land, and he effectively drove Blanshard from the position. Douglas acknowledged the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and had the policy to trade the natives for their land.

Costs for each parcel of land were usually in the form of blankets, often three for each man. The policy also stemmed from a desire to have good interactions with natives while avoiding violence. After Blanshard resigned in 1851, the British government appointed Douglas as the Governor of Vancouver Island. As he was still Chief Factor of the HBC, he tried for several years to balance his important and time-consuming duties of both positions. He was the subject of controversy in local political debates and editorial tirades.

Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island
As governor, Douglas faced a number of significant challenges, not least of which was the expansionist pressure of the neighboring United States of America. Using his meagre resources, Douglas created the Victoria Voltigeurs, Vancouver Island's first militia, using money from the company and composed of Métis and French Canadians in the company's service. He also used the sparse presence of the Royal Navy for protection. During the Crimean War, the British and French carried out an attack on Petropavlovsk in 1854, and casualties were sent to Victoria. After facilities of the key port proved inadequate, the British government charged Douglas to build a hospital at Esquimalt harbour, as well as improve Royal Navy supply capacity. This base proved to be important and successful when in 1865 the headquarters of the North Pacific Squadron were moved to Vancouver Island.

In 1859, Douglas also found his colony embroiled in a dispute with Washington Territory over sovereignty in the San Juan Islands. The protracted, twelve-year standoff came to be known as the Pig War. Douglas pressed Britain to exert sovereignty over all islands in the archipelago dividing the Strait of Georgia from Puget Sound. Named for the largest island of the group, the San Juan Islands are immediately adjacent to Victoria and so were of great strategic interest and worry. While opposing troops remained garrisoned on San Juan Island, the dispute was eventually settled by arbitration in favour of the United States.

Douglas's largest problem in the mid- and late 1850s concerned relations with the majority First Nations peoples. These numbered around 30,000 local Songhee, Cowichan, Nanaimo, Nuu-chah-nulth, including raiding Haida from Haida Gwaii and the Euclataws Kwakiutl of northern Georgia Strait and the Sechelt, Squamish, and Sto:lo peoples of the Lower Mainland. In contrast, Europeans in the Colony numbered under 1000. Meanwhile, in neighboring Oregon and Washington Territory the Cayuse and Yakima Wars and other conflicts between Americans and indigenous peoples were raging.

His relations with First Nations peoples were mixed. On the one hand, Douglas' wife was Cree, he had established many close business and personal relationships with indigenous peoples as a fur trader, and he sought to conclude treaties (the Douglas Treaties) with First Nations on southern Vancouver Island. On the other hand, Douglas supplied Washington Territory's Governor Isaac Stevens with arms and other supplies to assist the US government in its conflict with Native American tribes. The treaties that he concluded were later criticized as having provided woefully inadequate compensation to First Nations in return for their cession of large swaths of territory (in most cases, a few blankets or a few shillings). The treaties, concluded between 1850 and 1854, acquired 14 parcels of land for the Crown from the native peoples, totaling 570 km2. The treaty-making was halted after the Colony ran out of money to pursue its expansion policy.

The administration also founded public elementary schools, worked to control alcohol in the colony, and constructed the Victoria District Church (the forerunner to the Christ Church Cathedral). In 1856, as ordered by the British Government, Douglas reluctantly established an elected Legislative Assembly. That was a turning point for Douglas, who had grown accustomed to administering the colony with absolute authority. The council was opposed to Douglas on many issues and consistently criticized him for having a conflict of interest between his duties to the company and to the colony.

Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
In 1856, gold was discovered in the Thompson River, a tributary of the Fraser River, and a year later in the Fraser River itself. That sparked an influx of miners and others, as word of the discoveries spread south to the United States. Thousands of Americans flooded into British Columbia during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Although without political authority on the mainland, Douglas worked to exert British jurisdiction over the territory. He stationed a warship at the mouth of the Fraser in order to issue licenses to prospectors and merchants. A major task during the huge inflow of settlers was to prevent violence between the recent arrivals and the local First Nations peoples. The Indian Wars in the United States West made American animosity against natives often high. In the fall of 1858, escalating tensions between the miners and the Nlaka’pamux people of the central area of the canyon broke into the Fraser Canyon War.

Douglas's actions in asserting British sovereignty over the mainland is generally conceded today to have helped exert to control over American miners and to undermine American territorial ambitions toward this part of British North America. Shortly thereafter, the Colonial Office formally confirmed Douglas's proclamation of sovereignty and established a new colony encompassing the mainland.

Feud with Moody

After the British Parliament in 1858 created the Crown Colony of British Columbia, Douglas was assigned as governor and was asked to resign as Chief Factor of the western portion of the Hudson's Bay Company. The Crown did not renew the company's trade monopoly on the mainland or Douglas' position as Chief Factor.

Richard Clement Moody was handpicked by the Colonial Office, under Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west" and "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific". Lytton desired to send to the colony "representatives of the best of British culture, not just a police force," sought men who possessed "courtesy, high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world," and decided to send Moody, whom the Government considered to be the archetypal "English gentleman and British Officer" at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment.

Moody and his family arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, and was sworn in as the first Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia and appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia. Throughout his tenure in British Columbia, Moody was engaged in a bitter feud with Douglas, whose jurisdiction overlapped with his own. Moody's position as Chief Commissioner and Lieutenant-Governor was one of ‘higher prestige [and] lesser authority' than that of Douglas, despite Moody's vastly superior social position in the eyes of the Engineers and the British Government. Moody had been selected by Lord Lytton due to his possession of the quality of the archetypal 'English gentleman and British Officer', his family was 'eminently respectable': he was the son of Colonel Thomas Moody, one of the wealthiest mercantilists in the West Indies, who owned much of the land in the islands where Douglas's father owned a small amount of land and from which Douglas's mother, 'a half-breed', originated. Douglas's ethnicity made him 'an affront to Victorian society'.

Mary Moody, the descendant of the Hawks industrial dynasty and the Boyd merchant banking family, wrote on 4 August 1859 'it is not pleasant to serve under a Hudson's Bay Factor' and that the 'Governor and Richard can never get on'. In a letter to the Colonial Office of 27 December 1858, Moody boasted that he has ‘entirely disarmed [Douglas] of all jealously' Douglas repeatedly insulted the Engineers by attempting to assume their command, and refusing to acknowledge their value in the nascent colony.

Margaret A. Ormsby, author of the Dictionary of Canadian Biography entry for Moody (2002), condemns Moody for a contribution to the abortive development of the city. However, most other historians have exonerated Moody for the abortive development of the city and consider his achievement to be impressive, especially with regard to the perpetual insufficiency of funds and the personally-motivated opposition of Douglas, whose opposition to the project continually slowed its development. Robert Edgar Cail, Don W. Thomson, Ishiguro, and Scott have praised Moody for his contribution, the latter accusing Ormsby of being ‘adamant in her dislike of Colonel Moody’ despite the evidence, and almost all biographies of Moody, including those of the Institute of Civil Engineers, the Royal Engineers, and the British Columbia Historical Association, are flattering.

Governor
In August 1858, news reached Douglas that two Vancouver Island miners had been killed by natives. He believed that the whole region was on the verge of war and went out to investigate. Numerous minor clashes between natives and whites had concluded without fatalities. After investigating the situation he found that alcohol had been a major cause, and prohibited the sale of liquor to natives. While on the trip to the murder scene, Douglas brought the Crown Solicitor of Vancouver Island to uphold the law and make a show that demonstrated British law was still in effect. During the trip, he encountered a great number of squatting foreigners, reducing the total possible revenues for land sales to the government.

In attempt to suppress unlawful acts, Douglas appointed regional constables, a Chief Inspector of Police (Chartres Brew), and a network of intelligence officials. He also created Assistant Gold Commissioners (he appointed Chartres Brew as Chief Gold Commissioner) to look after mining and civil cases. Such preventive measures helped ensure that the chaos accompanying the California Gold Rush was not repeated in British Columbia. He was nicknamed "Old Squaretoes" for his stiffness.

In December 1861, during the ongoing Trent Affair, Douglas argued for his London superiors to invade and conquer the Washington Territory as America was too busy in the East with the Civil War. He reasoned because there were few U.S. troops stationed in the territory since most other units stationed there were off to war in the East, the region's population was scattered, and there was little to no U.S. naval ships in the area. He also said the Royal Navy and Marines were powerful and could easily do the job, ending with a statement that "with Puget Sound, and the line of the Columbia River in our hands, we should hold the only navigable outlets of the country — command its trade, and soon compel it to submit to Her Majesty's Rule."

Continuing his service as governor, Douglas authorised construction of the government buildings known as the "Birdcages" in 1859. In 1862, with the discovery of rich gold deposits in the Cariboo region, sparking the Cariboo Gold Rush, Douglas ordered the construction of the Cariboo Road. This engineering feat ran 400 miles from Fort Yale to Barkerville through extremely hazardous canyon territory. The Cariboo road was also called the "Queen's Highway" and the "Great North Road".

Near the end of his term as governor, Douglas was criticized for not developing the colony as a self-governing body. His only political reform had been to initiate an elected Legislative Council. His argument against the creation of a self-governing colony was the state of the population: few were British subjects, most held permanent residence in the colony, and few of them owned property.

He was friends with Robert Ker, the First Auditor General of the Two Colonies of British Columbia, and John Sebastian Helmcken a future Speaker of the House of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Like Douglas, they are both considered founding fathers of British Columbia. Helmcken married Douglas's daughter, Cecilia.

Retirement and death
When Douglas ended his service to the Empire, Queen Victoria promoted him Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. Upon his retirement, Douglas was honoured with banquets in both Victoria and New Westminster, the capital of the mainland. He also received a thank you on paper signed by 900 people. From 1864 to 1865, Douglas toured Europe. He visited relatives in Scotland and a half-sister in Paris. He had to return early when his daughter, Cecilia, died.

Douglas continued to be active but kept out of politics in all forms. He died in Victoria of a heart attack on August 2, 1877, at the age of 73. His funeral procession was possibly the largest in the history of B.C., and he was interred in the Ross Bay Cemetery.

Places named for Douglas

 * Port Douglas, British Columbia, a former community located on the northern end of Harrison Lake.
 * The Douglas Ranges, a southernmost portion of the Coast Mountains west of Harrison Lake and east of Stave Lake.
 * The Douglas Road, an important wagon road that ran via a series of lake portages from Harrison Lake north to Lillooet.
 * Douglas, name of a Canada-US border crossing in Surrey, British Columbia.
 * Douglas Peak, a 1486 m mountain of the Vancouver Island Ranges, located southeast of Port Alberni.
 * Mount Douglas, a prominent, 260 m hill in the Greater Victoria municipality of Saanich. Located in PKOLS park (formerly Mount Douglas Park), it is also the namesake for a high school, road, municipal park, neighbourhood, and several businesses.
 * Douglas Channel, a 90 km inlet on British Columbia's northwest coast, just southwest of Kitimat.
 * Douglas Inlet, lies on the west side of Moresby Island in Haida Gwaii.
 * Douglas Road, one of the first roads connecting New Westminster to Burrard Inlet, is still extant in sections in Burnaby. Not to be confused with the Douglas Road from Harrison Lake to Lillooet.
 * Douglas Street (Highways 1 and 17) is a major thoroughfare in Victoria, running north from Dallas Road (Mile "0" of the Trans-Canada Highway) to Dieppe Road in the Broadmead neighbourhood of Saanich.
 * Douglas College is a publicly funded community university transfer and vocational college with campuses in New Westminster and Coquitlam.
 * Sir James Douglas Elementary School and Sir James Douglas Annex are public elementary schools in South East Victoria.
 * Sir James Douglas Primary School, Supply, Mahaica, Demerara, Guyana.
 * Numerous other elementary, middle, and secondary schools across British Columbia are named after Sir James Douglas. Among them is Sir James Douglas elementary school in Victoria, built in 1910 on the property that used to be the governor's farm.
 * James Island, a privately owned, 315 ha island located to the east of the Saanich Peninsula, opposite Sidney.
 * James Bay, a small bay within Victoria Harbour, and the historic neighbourhood which surrounds it; this had been the governor's own property and residence before its development.
 * Douglas Hall, a residence hall at Trinity Western University in Langley, BC
 * Douglas Portage, a route around the "Falls of the Fraser" between Spuzzum and Yale. Originally built as part of the Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail, it became important during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush in the absence of other routes. The name Douglas Portage was also used for the first, most southerly, portage of the Douglas Road.
 * The noted Douglas Lake Cattle Company, and the lake, creek, and plateau in the area are not named for Douglas, but for a local settler of that name.

title: James Douglas (governor)


text:
Talk:Republic of Texas (group)

Untitled
Come on, this article was clearly written by a member or supporter of the RoT group. Where's the fairness? This is biased.

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Removed the following text: Texas flies its flag at the same height as the US flag (unique among all the states). This is an urban legend. snopes

For the article: "Parallels can be drawn to the sedevacantist heresy of the Catholic Church." That POV? 68.39.174.39 01:26, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * How is it POV? While the sentence seemed odd to me too, when I read the sedevacantist article I could see the parallels. Perhspa the sentence could be better written by explaining what those apralels are. -Willmcw 05:06, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Calling the sedevacantists' viewpoint heresy is probably POV, since it's open for debate whether they are correct or not. Removing that word should eliminate the POV, I think.  --Myles Long 14:31, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That makes sense. I've re-worded it to drop the "heresy". Cheers, -Willmcw 19:28, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Is it, though? Heresy is simply holding a viewpoint at odds with the orthodox or commonly accepted one--it does not mean that the view is necessarily wrong.  Kurt Weber 16:59, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

The US did not negotiate any May 3rd treaty with Texas, it does not recognize passports from the "Republic of Texas," and the "Austin Judgment" referred to was not written by any US federal court. It's not even a good forgery. I have removed all of these claims from the article. Gazpacho 01:57, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Dose Texan indipendace realy have the support of all 12,000,000 or so Texans? Opal-kadett 20.36 UTC.

No way it is even near that amount. Texan here holmes, I don't support it and know of anyone who wants to seperate Texas from the USA.

Two Removed Sentences
I removed these two sentences as I could find nothing to verify them:

"Therefore, the vote has never been upheld and Texas has been considered a Captive Nation of War according to the World Court (1991). The US Supreme Court refused to hear the case as it did not have jurisdiction over Texas."

If someone can show a clear World Court ruling that Texas is legally a captive nation of war, please provide a citation via a link to the Internation Court of Justice site. As far as the US Supreme Court claiming it has no jurisdiction over Texas, this would appear to be in error. The Supreme Court hears and rules on cases from Texas often. Can some one show any SC ruling where the SC argues it has no jurisdiction over Texas? LarryQ 00:42, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Reconstruction
A battle has to be between two opposing forces. Did the federal troops meet armed opposition? Were bullets fired? This does not appear to be a battle, and eev if it were, it's not clear that it'd be a battle of the war or of Reconstruction. -Will Beback 00:48, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The final battle of the American Civil War took place with the invasion of Galveston in 1869. Federal troops advanced into Austin, marched the Congress out on the lawn in front of a firing squad and threatened to shoot every member if they did not vote to restore statehood.

No, this appears to be in error. The Civil War ended in 1865. I changed War between the States to American Civil War but did not catch this. This was definetly reconstruction... LarryQ 00:52, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Trivia section
The trivia section reads like a manifesto against the US Government. NPOV has obviously been abandoned.

Much of the propaganda, urban myth and flat out baloney has been removed from this section.

 * I removed the whole section, leaving only what appeared to be connected to this group. Most of it was as decribed above, and had no direct connection to the topic of this article. -Will Beback 04:24, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Tagged this section for NPOV. Haven't dug through the edit history but either not enough was removed or a lot of the crap was put back in. BIEB!! 18:41, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * This section is still extremely POV. The trivia needs to be cleaned up, especially the bit about US Hegemony.Letoofdune 19:49, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Now that I think of it, removing this whole section would probably be a good idea, because there is a separate page for the Republic of Texas as a nation, and nothing in this section really relates to the modern group. BIEB!! 13:49, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

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Need citation to Texas Monthly survey.

Roadrunner 22:25, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Removed as I cannot find a citation to this...

 * However, a poll conducted by Texas Monthly magazine in the early 1990s resulted in greater than 70% of respondents supporting secession from the United States.

Roadrunner 22:30, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Please clarify about McLaren
the section on Richard Lance (Rick) McLaren ranges from dates 1861 to the 1990's. Is this a typo or are we talking about two different people? MarcelloRubini 23:50, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * That's not a mistake, but it could be clearer. The "1861" refers to events that occured which are considered central to this modern movement. Let's see if we can do some copyediting to improve the clarity. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 01:49, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

"The McLarens and four other Republic of Texas members were sent to prison (though charged with several felonies, all have been dropped)." is misleading if not blatantly wrong. McLaren was convicted of kidnapping and is serving a 99yr sentence. Four others went with him at the time and I believe they were released afterwards. Subsequently, eight followers were imprisoned and charged for fraud related to RoT financial activities, only one was found innocent. Wrwindsor 03:39, 3 Feburary 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source for that? ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 04:21, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * According to http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/LocateInmate.jsp, McLaren is not currently in federal custody. I did not get a match for him in the Texas state prison system either.  LarryQ (talk) 09:57, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * convictions: http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=rick+mclaren&sugg=d&hl=en&ned=us&sa=N&cid=8581769859170443 Windsor (talk) 22:00, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * 1999 AP story: http://www.amarillo.com/stories/082899/tex_LD0663.001.shtml Windsor (talk) 22:21, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * 2007 prison interview: http://www.oaoa.com/onset?id=1113&template=article.html Windsor (talk) 22:15, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * removed "(though charged with several felonies, all have been dropped)" since it is clearly incorrect. Windsor (talk) 00:32, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Republic-of-texas.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:21, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Merger
I want to delete this page. I put all information in Texas Secession Debate.--Jerzeykydd (talk) 22:28, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Special:WhatLinksHere/Republic of Texas (group) shows lots of links. If the page is deleted, I'd suggest replacing it with a redirect to Texas Secession Debate. -- Boracay Bill (talk) 00:03, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

This has nothing to do with your "Movement". We are a nation and not a movement —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fyb3roptik (talk • contribs) 22:39, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I have come to the conclusion that this article should be merged into Texas Secession Movement. I base this on the fact that the name Republic of Texas was a recognized sovereign nation that accepted, by majority of vote, to become a state in the United States. The validity of this is thus far undisputed, factions notwithstanding. I have no problem with there being a secession movement. I do have a problem with the infringement of the name of the article with The Republic of Texas. The contents of this article reflect a "movement" and not a country in exile. The above unsigned statement, regardless of personal beliefs, is erroneous as there is currently no recognized "nation" of the Republic of Texas in the U.S. or internationally. I "do not" advocate deletion as that would not be per Wikipedia if the above mentioned links or references are accurate. The contents of this article along with Texas Secession Movement, and Legal status of Texas, all concern the same subject so are certainly related. I suggest merging (not deleting) all three under "Texas secession Movement" which, at this point, is certainly the correct name. Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

Merge request
There is a request to merge this article and Legal status of Texas to Texas Secession Movement. There is some confusion that the discussion was not centralized so please weigh in here with "Support", "Oppose", and any comments. Otr500 (talk) 11:08 pm, Today (UTC−5)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Republic of Texas (group). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090419013203/http://www.rasmussenreports.com:80/public_content/politics/states_general/texas/in_texas_31_say_state_has_right_to_secede_from_u_s_but_75_opt_to_stay to http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/states_general/texas/in_texas_31_say_state_has_right_to_secede_from_u_s_but_75_opt_to_stay

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"Fifth Republic of Texas" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Fifth Republic of Texas. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 19 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 23:50, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Republic of Texas (group)


text:
William McInnes

Darryl William McInnes (born 10 September 1963) is an Australian film and television actor and writer. He is best known for his roles as Senior Constable Nick Schultz in Blue Heelers, as Max Connors in SeaChange, and more recently as TV boss Lindsay Cunningham in The Newsreader and Dr. Roy Penrose in NCIS: Sydney.

Early life and education
Darryl William McInnes was born on 10 September 1963.

He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at the Rockhampton campus of the Capricornia Institute of Advanced Education (now Central Queensland University) in 1985. He studied drama at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) and graduated in 1988.

Television
After a recurring role in A Country Practice in 1990, McInnes appeared in series such as Bligh, Ocean Girl, Good Vibrations and Snowy before making his name as Senior Constable Nick Schultz on Blue Heelers in 1993. McInnes appeared in the show until 1998, when he left to focus on other work. In 1999, he joined the cast of SeaChange as Max Connors, the new love interest of the main character Laura Gibson (Sigrid Thornton) after Diver Dan (David Wenham) left the series.

In 2001, he starred in an episode of Halifax f.p.. In 2002, McInnes was part of the cast of Marshall Law, which was cancelled after one season; and he returned for several episodes of Blue Heelers in 2004 and 2005. He also had a recurring role as Rosie's sleazy ex Colin in 2003's CrashBurn; and a noted comic turn as Sandy Freckle in two episodes of Kath & Kim, under the pseudonym "Rock Hampton". In 2006 he completed the telemovie Stepfather of the Bride.

McInnes was the first guest host of Let Loose Live on 29 May 2005; the show was axed by the Seven Network after just two weeks. He also appeared as himself on Micallef Tonight on the Nine Network but it was also quickly axed. McInnes lent his voice for the Nine Network factual series The Code: Crime and Justice. He is sometimes credited as "Rock Hampton" (e.g. in Kath & Kim and the 2005 film You and Your Stupid Mate), as a nod to his university time spent in the city of the same name. In 2007 he played the title role in the telemovie Curtin.

In late 2007, he had a leading role in Season 1 of SBS's East West 101. In 2008, he also appeared in Network Ten's telemovie The Informant. He portrayed the historical person, Jack Ford, in the ABC drama Dangerous Remedy (2012). In 2023, McInnes started play AFP Forensic Pathologist Dr Roy Penrose in the Network 10/Paramount+ series NCIS: Sydney.

Film
Early film roles include My Brother Jack (2001), Do Or Die (2001), Dirty Deeds (2002) and the TV Movie The Shark Net (2003).

McInnes featured in the lead role in Look Both Ways (2005), directed by his wife Sarah Watt. Subsequent film roles include in 2006 Irresistible, with Susan Sarandon, and Kokoda, the lead role in the romantic drama Unfinished Sky in 2007, and in 2009 Prime Mover, featuring Andrew S. Gilbert, Ben Mendelsohn and Anthony Hayes, and Sarah Watt's follow-up film My Year Without Sex.

Radio
In December 2016, McInnes hosted Summer Afternoons across ABC Local Radio.

Writing
McInnes released his first book A Man's Got to Have a Hobby on 1 August 2005. His second book Cricket Kings was released in 2006 and his third, That'd Be Right, in August 2008. His fourth book, The Making of Modern Australia, was released in 2010; it was accompanied by a television documentary series of the same name on the ABC that McInnes narrated. In 2011 he released his fifth book, Worse Things Happen at Sea, co-written by his wife Sarah Watt. In 2014 he released Holidays, a collection of stories loosely based around his and other people's holidays. He wrote a regular column called "William Tells" for The Australian Women's Weekly.

Other activities
On 16 February 2009, John Faulkner, then Special Minister of State and Cabinet Secretary, appointed McInnes as the new chair of the Advisory Council of the Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. McInnes has spoken in many of his media appearances about the museum and its work and the importance of democratic values and civics education. He succeeded Doug Anthony as chair of the council.

Recognition and awards
McInnes was awarded an honorary doctorate from Central Queensland University in February 2010.

He was made a fellow of WAAPA in 2010.

Awards
McInnes has won, and been nominated for, several awards including: Won
 * 2000 – Most Outstanding Actor at the Logie Awards, for SeaChange
 * 2002 – Most Outstanding Actor at the Logie Awards, for My Brother Jack
 * 2008 – Most Outstanding Actor at the Logie Awards, for East West 101
 * 2008 – Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 50th Australian Film Institute Awards for Unfinished Sky

Nominated In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, McInnes was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as an "Influential Artist".
 * 1997 – Most Outstanding Actor at the Logie Awards, for Blue Heelers
 * 1998 – Most Outstanding Actor at the Logie Awards, for Blue Heelers
 * 2001 – Most Outstanding Actor at the Logie Awards, for SeaChange
 * 2001 – Most Popular Actor at the Logie Awards, for SeaChange
 * 2001 – Best Actor in a telemovie at the AFI Awards, for My Brother Jack
 * 2001 – Best Actor in a Television Series at the AFI Awards, for SeaChange
 * 2004 – Most Outstanding Actor at the Logie Awards, for The Shark Net
 * 2005 – Best Lead Actor at the AFI Awards, for Look Both Ways
 * 2008 – Best Lead Actor at the AFI Awards, for East West 101

Personal life
He was married to film actress, animator and director Sarah Watt. They had two children, Clem and Stella. Sarah Watt died of cancer in 2011.

title: William McInnes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Edmeston, New York (Subarticles)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki, merge, delete. (already transwikied) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:43, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Edmeston, New York (Subarticles)
Subarticles: These 20+ articles about the town of Edmeston, New York contain very detailed data about a small New York town over the past 250 years. Some of the pages contain oddly-formatted or frivolous text; letters, poems, pov comments glorifying the town. Others contain one-line bios of major town figures (and list where those figures have been referenced in the wider world).

Pre-VfD History of deletion dispute:
 * One of the articles was listed as a speedy deletion candidate by Dom ([207.99.6.125]).
 * Danny mentioned this on IRC, starting a prolonged debate; he then deleted all of the Edmeston subarticles as "non encyclopedic."
 * Over the course of the debate, Terryfoote and Raul654 concurred strongly that they should be deleted; others thought they should be kept in some form, merged down to only encyclopedic content, or generally debated on-wiki. I'm undeleting and listing them on VfD as they were not proper speedy-deletion candidates.

I am not sure how I feel about these articles yet, but I think creating this set of articles was a great effort on Nonenmac's part. Thanks for putting time into wikifying this stuff and making it beautiful, even if it's not all appropriate for WP. +sj +  01:29, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Votes

 * I agree that these articles should probably be moved to a more appropriate place. I will do it but give me a week to get everything copied out.  We have put a lot of work into this and don't want to lose it all. Nonenmac 01:48, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * AND whoever removed the Edmeston, New York (Chronology) article and all the subarticles, please put it back long enough so I can copy it. I was given no notice that they would be deleted Nonenmac 01:48, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for puting the articles back. I will copy them out and find another home for them. Then you can delete them if the votes direct it.Nonenmac 02:16, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Where do I vote Keep? Much information. Refactor, trim, clean up, redirect as necessary, but do not delete per se. -Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 01:58, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. ✏ Oven Fresh  ²  02:04, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * From reading through a selection of the articles, it looks like this is a compilation of primary sources on Edmeston. As such, it would be a prime candidate for transwikiing to one of the other projects, either Wikisource or Wikibooks. --Carnildo 02:07, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Traswiki and delete from the Wikipedia namespace--nixie 02:19, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete ; Move it if you must, but this is not at all appropriate here. Most of the stuff is a bunch of signed letters - looks like a good candidate for Wikisource. --mav 02:23, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no question that this should be deleted. On the other hand, this is excellent material for Wikisource, and the author has agreed to that, at my request, I might add. Delete and move to Wikisource. Danny 02:38, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--however, do not treat this vote as a precedent. If someone created encyclopedia articles on these topics, I would vote to keep. Meelar (talk) 03:03, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into a single model article at "Edmeston, New York." Delete leaf pages. Transwiki to Wikisource as appropriate. +sj  +  03:32, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Why not a separate "History of Edmeston, New York" article? Because the town isn't important enough for people to expect to find an article by that title.
 * Why not a subpage? Because subpages are often considered harmful in the main namespace.
 * How easy will the merge be? The source material is not in a very natural format for merging; different sections have wilely varying tones.  But the sectioning into people/schools/businesses/churches/houses is excellent (and a model for future city articles), so an improved outline would not be difficult.
 * Initially I was excited to see such a well-crossreferenced collection of local information, but then I saw there were places where the subarticles had random text that suggested someone (the uploader? the authors of some original source material?) was just fooling around. And clearly the pages need extensive sourcing to avoid being removed as original research.  I'd like to hear Nonenmac weigh in on these points.
 * Re: Wikisourcing raw content -- Nonenmac, is this actually source material from some archive? If so, please list the source and move it to wikisource; you can still link out tne Wikipedia articles with Article name instead of Article name.  +sj  +
 * Merge into Edmeston main article. Capitalistroadster 04:41, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this stuff should be submitted to Wikisource. --Michael Snow 05:06, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge either to Edmeston main article or to a single article on Edmeston (history). I prefer merge-and-delete because I don't think the individual article names are useful as redirects, but they can be left in place if it's too much work to perform a proper GFDL-friendly merge-and-delete. Dpbsmith (talk) 12:18, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I'd like to see us cut Nonenmac some slack. I see no harm in unevenness of coverage, that's endemic to Wikipedia, so the fact that Edmeston is covered ten or fifty times more thoroughly than other towns is OK. I do not like to see the material splattered around a score of separate articles. Given that 32K is hallowed by tradition as an acceptable article length, and that there's general agreement that 32K is not a hard limit—I think George W. Bush is over 70K now—I'd suggest that the information be merged into as small a number of articles, preferably one, that the merge be done as soon as possible, and gradually cleaned up and trimmed of extraneous matter over time.
 * One humongously long undisciplined article that needs cleanup is perfectly acceptable to me.
 * Many of the source quotations, "oral-history-like" material should be trimmed down or omitted. They should illustrate some point that's being said about the town, not just appear unexplained on their own. The full versions can go in Wikisource.
 * I don't think there could be any possible objection to Nonenmac keeping any or all of this material as subpages of his user page while he's working on it, as the work is obviously Wikipedia-related.
 * In the Wikipedia main namespace, the final result should look like a long, detailed article about Edmeston, not like the loose contents of an "Edmeston historic archive" file drawer in a dusty cabinet in the back room of the public library. Dpbsmith (talk) 12:36, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge into a comprehensive article. Articles by city AND by decade are a bit superfluous. Radiant_* 14:28, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. JYolkowski // talk 18:39, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge any encyclopedic information into the main Edmeston article, I don't think redirects are really neccessary. Rje 21:08, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki the source documents, merge the articles back into the town article, and viciously prune. RickK 21:20, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki pretty much everything to Wikisource. Like Sj, I at first thought this was totally legitimate, though vastly detailed ("1901: Steam heat was installed in the Gaskin House."), but then I saw some of the more ridiculous and non-encyclopedic, non-POV stuff ("All these brave, hardy, adventurous, fearless, industrious pioneers endured many hardships and sacrifices while clearing the land and paving the way for our comfortable homes today.") and decided to vote transwiki. Thanks to Sj and various others in #wikipedia for championing the VfD-ing of these articles, rather than their straight-out deletion, as per Danny. #wikipedia is great - I feel proud to have participated in such a momentous discussion. I believe this is a rather important topic, and one that may come into more scrutiny once Wikipedia and its sister sites grow a little more. Hopefully such detailed articles of the future will not also contain the sort of content unfit for Wikipedia that is found in this set of articles. — flamingspinach | (talk) 23:03, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)
 * Transwiki the source documents, viciously prune and merge what's left back into the town article, and delete the original articles. Jayjg (talk) 03:23, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I've copied the contents of all of these subarticles to Wikisource, where I agree they should be.  I'll try to intgrate some of the pertinent information into the Edmeston, New York article in the future.  I wonder how many man-hours were wasted on this discussion.  If someone had just suggested that Wikisource was a better home for this stuff, I would have done it long ago. Nonenmac 12:15, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. I like Dpbsmith's analogy: like the loose contents of an "Edmeston historic archive" file drawer in a dusty cabinet in the back room of the public library, but I can assure you that cabinet is not dusty. Nonenmac

 * Transwiki, merge, delete subarticles as per Jayjg. (Exactly as I said in IRC. How'd I miss this listing until now?) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:26, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki, merge, delete, as per previous suggestions. Since Nonenmac appears to have already copied the appropriate subarticles to Wikisource, merge and delete should be the only steps necessary. I think this three-step process adequately addresses all the major concerns. --MikeJ9919 22:46, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Chesapeake College

Chesapeake College is a public community college with its main campus in Wye Mills, Maryland, and a satellite campus in Cambridge. It was the first regional community college in the state and serves the five Mid-Shore counties: Caroline, Dorchester, Kent, Queen Anne's, and Talbot.

History
Nestled between corn fields and Route 50 in the Eastern Shore's tiny town of Wye Mills on December 22, 1965, the State Board of Education in Maryland adopted the Resolution 1965-66 and created Maryland's first regional community college, Chesapeake College. This college served four mid-shore counties of Caroline, Kent, Queen Anne's, and Talbot county. The college's mission was to help those who might not otherwise have the opportunity to earn a college degree.

On January 13, 1966, Chesapeake College had its first meeting of the board of trustees to elect officers and to discuss the name of the college. The Board voted William Sylvester for chair, Robert F. Irwin for vice chair of the board and chair of the college site committee, John T. Harrison for secretary, and A. Orrell Saulsbury Jr. for treasurer. After electing officers, the board of trustees voted to name the college "Chesapeake College" after considering "Eastern Shore Community College," "Mid-Shore Community College," and "Chesapeake Community College." On March 30, 1966, the Board of Trustees offered Dr. George Silver the presidency of Chesapeake College. Silver took the offer and told the Wilmington (DE) Morning News, "It'll be my job to take the dream of the four counties and put it into brick and mortar."

Finally, in January 1966 Chesapeake College's first four students, each from a different county, were officially admitted to the college. All were graduating high school seniors. On September 1, 1967, Chesapeake College opened its doors to a class of 258 evening students. These classes were operated out of Queen Anne's County High School after the high school students had finished their school day. September 10, 1967 marked the ground breaking ceremonies for the new campus. By May 11, 1969, Chesapeake College had its first graduating class.

Facilities and buildings
Chesapeake College's main campus sits on 170-acres. The main campus has 14 buildings. The Cambridge Campus is housed in one building in downtown Cambridge, Maryland. The main buildings on the main campus are named after the five upper Eastern Shore counties.

Caroline College Center
The Caroline College Center houses the Bookstore, the Skipjack Cafe, the Student Government office, Student Life offices, Career Services offices, and faculty offices. The center was completely renovated in 2006 to better serve the growing needs of the college.

Dorchester Administration Building
The Dorchester Administration Building houses the offices of Academic Advising, Admissions, the Alumni Association, the Business Office, Financial Aid, Human Resources, Institutional Advancement, Research and Planning, Public Information, Registration, and Student Retention Services. The building also houses the offices of the President and Vice Presidents of the college. Original construction of the Dorchester Building began in 1966, and the building was completely renovated in 2003.

Early Childhood Development Center
The Chesapeake College Early Childhood Development Center (ECDC) is a licensed childcare center with the purpose of serving those parents of children 3 through 7 years of age who are students, staff, faculty at the college as well as parents throughout the community. In addition to functioning as a licensed childcare facility, the center also serves as a learning site for students enrolled in the Early Childhood Development program.

Also located in the ECDC building is the Chesapeake Child Care Resource Center, which is one of the 12 child care resource centers in Maryland that make up the Maryland Child Care Resource Network and began start-up operations on June 1, 1999. Funding for the center is through a grant from the Maryland Department of Human Resources.

Core Services

The sole focus of the Chesapeake Child Care Resource Center is to foster and provide an array of supports to the local community, which includes the college's five service-area counties Caroline, Dorchester, Kent, Queen Anne, and Talbot.

Services provided to the Upper Shore Community from Chesapeake Child Care Resource Center include:
 * Helping parents to find and evaluate child care
 * Training for parents and child care professionals
 * Technical assistance to improve and expand child care resources
 * Working with employers on work/family issues

Eastern Shore Higher Education Center
The Eastern Shore Higher Education Center (HEC) Building was added to the campus in 2003. The facilities are utilized not only by Chesapeake College but also by other local universities and colleges for undergraduate and graduate programs. The Center provides space for business functions and Continuing Education courses and programs.

The participating higher education institutions offering courses at the center are Salisbury University, Gratz College, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, University of Maryland University College, Stevenson University, and Notre Dame of Maryland University.

Kent Humanities Building
The Kent Humanities Building houses the Cadby Theatre and Lobby, lecture classrooms, and faculty offices. The building is named after Kent County, which was established on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in 1642. The Kent Humanities Building was originally built in 1969 and was renovated in 2010. Per renovation, the building now houses the Cadby Theatre, which can seat 100 occupants and is equipped with lighting, sound, and audio/visual equipment. This smaller of two campus theatres was named after Louise Cadby, who served as the college's first drama instructor from 1968 to 1985.

Learning Resource Center
Chesapeake College's Learning Resource Center provides various resources for faculty, students, and members of the community, including the campus's Academic Support Services.

Library
 * The Library helps to meet the information needs of Chesapeake's students and faculty as well as members of the local community by providing over 60,000 photos, books, films, and recordings. Chesapeake's library provides students with a broad online collection of peer reviewed e-books, journals, periodicals, and subject-specific databases. The library is equipped with numerous computers and study spaces for both individuals and groups. Assistance for students is available through the library in person, online, or by phone.

Academic Support Center
 * Located on the first floor of the Learning Resource Center, the Academic Support Center provides students and faculty with assistance in most academic subjects, especially mathematics, science, and writing across the disciplines.

Tutoring
 * The Academic Support Center provides tutoring, both individually and in groups, for students on campus by faculty, professional staff, and peer consultants. Tutoring is available for most academic disciplines with special services provided for every step of the writing process. Services include sample papers and handouts. Special hours are dedicated each semester for tutoring services.

Supplemental Instruction
 * The center also provides supplemental instruction (SI) for students in courses that are considered to be difficult. Supplemental instruction is available to students currently enrolled in the targeted course. SI courses are subject to change each semester.

Project Mainstay
 * The Academic Support Center houses Project Mainstay, a federally funded TRIO Student Support Services program designed to help eligible students stay in school, graduate, and transfer to a four-year institution. In order for students to be eligible for this program they must meet one of the following criteria: be a first-generation college student, be overcoming a physical or learning disability, or come from a low-income family. Project Mainstay provides students with individualized tutoring one hour a week for each enrolled course, financial aid, time management, and test anxiety assistance, transfer and career opportunities and much more.

Testing Center
 * The Testing Center, located in the Learning Resource Center, has day, evening, and weekend hours in which the center administers the placement tests for those registering for courses. The center also administers proctored exams, make-up exams, and online course exams. Photo identification is needed in order to take tests and individuals must arrive one hour prior to the center closing.

Health Professions and Athletics Center
The Physical Education Building houses the gym, fitness center, pool, locker rooms, and faculty and staff offices. The Physical Education Building renovated as part of a 2012-2014 project to move health professions instruction to the main campus in a new Health Professions and Athletics Center.

The five counties the college serves—Caroline, Talbot, Queen Anne's, Kent, and Dorchester—share a $9 million contribution to the new Health Professions and Athletics Center. In a 3–2 vote to approve funding, Caroline County and Dorchester County voted against the contribution. The state awarded the college $27 million to fund the project, or 75% of the cost, towards construction, leaving the other counties to pay 25%. Each county pays a debt of about $120,000 a year for the next 20 years to fund the project.

As a result of the controversial vote, Caroline County administrators have said that they will no longer support funding to Chesapeake College, which causes the other Mid-Shore counties that also make contributions to have to make a permanent increase in their budget. Jeff Ghrist, Vice President and spokesperson for Caroline County at the last budget meeting, argued that the county would be unable to contribute $200,000 to the $1 million expense for an emergency roof replacement to another campus building.

Queen Anne's Technical Building
The Queen Anne's Technical Building features computer lab classrooms, a large instruction classroom, and faculty and staff offices. The building was originally constructed in 1969. Although the building has not been officially renovated, it does house up-to-date computers, software, and a distance learning classroom. The Queen Anne's County Technical Building was named after Queen Anne's County, which was founded in 1706 in honor of Queen Anne who ruled Great Britain and Ireland from 1702 to 1714. Queen Anne's was the first English settlement in Maryland under a 1631 patent from the king of England.

Talbot Science Building
The Talbot Sciences Building houses the office of the Dean of Liberal Arts and Science, faculty offices, science lab classrooms, and large instruction classrooms. The Talbot Sciences Building was one of the original buildings on campus and was renovated in 2009. The Talbot Science Building is named after Talbot County, which was established in 1661 in honor of Lady Grace Talbot.

Todd Performing Arts Center
The Todd Performing Arts Center (TPAC) building houses Todd Performing Arts Center Theatre and Lobby, box offices, the office of the executive director, faculty offices, and a training/catering kitchen.

Cambridge Center
The Cambridge campus of Chesapeake College provides educational opportunities to those who live or work in the mid or lower Eastern Shore area. The Cambridge Center provides most of the services a student would need on a daily basis from a higher learning institution. The location of the Cambridge Center in downtown Cambridge gives students an alternative to having to travel to Wye Mills to attend a Chesapeake College course. The Cambridge Center houses a main office with full service staff, where students can apply for admission, register for or drop classes, make payments, learn about financial aid, and meet with advisors. The Cambridge Center facilities include a computer lab, testing center, tutoring center, multiple classrooms, and bookstore. The Cambridge Center offers a wide array of required courses and electives for students in many different majors.

Chinese Pavilion
Representatives from Suzhou, China joined Queen Anne's County officials for the dedication of a pavilion on the campus of Chesapeake College on Monday, May 16, 2011. A gift from the people of Suzhou to the people of Queen Anne's County, the Canglang Pavilion was constructed by Chinese artisans. It is located between the college's main buildings and athletic fields.

Academics
Chesapeake College offers certificate programs and associate degrees. It also has an honors program.

Sports

 * Men's Basketball
 * Women's Basketball
 * Baseball
 * Softball
 * Men's Soccer
 * Women's Volleyball

Skipjack Athletics honors outstanding athletes in its Hall of Fame each year.

Stuart M. Bounds Fitness Center
Chesapeake College opened the Stuart M. Bounds Fitness Center in August 2008 after a major expansion and renovation of the college's fitness facilities.

Additional athletic facilities

 * Open Gym (Basketball Courts)
 * Running/Walking Trails
 * Tennis Courts
 * Disk Golf Field

School mascot
In August 2009, Cap'n Jack was introduced as the official Chesapeake College Skipjacks mascot. Cap'n Jack is a green parrot pirate who proudly wears the white and blue school colors on his pirate attire and sports a grand pirate hat and an eye patch. Cap'n Jack is known for his appearances at community and college events and also has his own fan following on Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter where he keeps students, faculty, and the community aware of upcoming events at Chesapeake College.

Alumni

 * Richard F. Colburn - Maryland State Senator, R-37 Mid-Shore, 5th term, Chairman of the Eastern Shore Delegation Committee, Town Manager of Federalsburg
 * Wheeler R. Baker - former Maryland State Delegate
 * Matt Rosendale - Montana politician

Maryland Association of Community Colleges (MACC)
Maryland's 16 community colleges provide early college access programs for high school students, giving them the opportunity to accelerate their pursuit of a college degree or certificate.

According to the Maryland Association of Community Colleges (MACC) 2013 Databook, for the Fall semester of 2012 Chesapeake College had a total of 1,075 credited transfer students, 552 were enrolled full-time and 523 were enrolled part-time. For the fiscal year 2012, Chesapeake College awarded a total of 272 degrees, of which 139 were transfer degrees, and 133 were career degrees. For the fiscal year of 2012, Chesapeake College made up 23% of career degrees awarded in Maryland community colleges.

The Articulation System for Transferring Courses from One Maryland University or College to Another (ARTSYS)
Chesapeake College participates in ARTSYS, a computerized data information system that helps ease the transfer of students from Maryland community colleges to all institutions within the University of Maryland system. ARTSYS allows students and advisors at the institutions to ascertain the transferability status of any community college course. It indicates whether the course is transferable and, if so, indicates the receiving institution's equivalent course number or applicability towards elective credits. It also indicates the general education area(s), at both the sending and receiving institutions, applicable to the course.

Hospital services
Together with Memorial Hospital at Easton in Easton, MD, Chesapeake College offers various Allied Health programs. The Allied Health facilities, located at Memorial Hospital, include a computer lab, four classrooms, one of which is for distant learning, and a lab for hands on learning, along with many offices which serve as a "full service center with registration and business office functions", and a medical library. In the near future the hospital plans to move its location. In preparation for this move the Chesapeake College's physical education building will be renovated to accommodate the new home of the Allied Health program and facilities.

Charitable contributions
Many of Chesapeake College's faculty and students frequently join to donate their time and talent back to the community. Their contributions have benefited various organizations and charities that extend beyond Maryland. Additionally, the college houses the Volunteer Center, providing the space as well as staff. The central purpose of this center is to "serve as a clearinghouse for nonprofits and volunteers serving Chesapeake College's five counties".
 * Katrina- When a category 5 hurricane, named Katrina, swept through the Gulf coast August 2005 causing mass destruction and casualties, Chesapeake College came together as a community and organized a variety of relief efforts.
 * Alternative Spring Break- for the last few years students have dedicated their spring break to join with the Habitat for Humanity organization in their venture to help rebuild New Orleans.
 * The Gulf Coast commitment employed several different relief efforts. For instance, the Chesapeake College Cares: Gulf Coast Disaster Relief was a 2-week operation to raise money for the communities affected by the hurricane, where they raised nearly $4000. During this time the athletic department donated money received from concessions and cookout sales, to the relief. Furthermore, the college offered student victims the opportunity to enroll in Chesapeake, free of charge, for the fall semester.  The school also explored the idea of donating used computers, as well as books to colleges and libraries damaged during the storm.
 * Phi Theta Kappa- held a blanket drive for Midshore Council on Family Violence in order to donate new or gently used blankets to clients of a local shelter. The honor society received 66 blankets from students and faculty of the college. Members also collected "used cell phones as part of the national Cell Phones for Soldiers project.",  planted grasses at Pickering Creek and organized a trash pick up along the highway.
 * Battle against Cancer- The women's volleyball team and men's soccer team raised money towards the Dig Pink Foundation and "Kick It To Cancer" campaign.
 * Samaritan House- Chesapeake College students collected non perishable food items and the baseball team donated the money raised from a pancake breakfast that was held at a local restaurant, to a local Samaritan House.

title: Chesapeake College


text:
Valerie Saiving

Valerie Saiving (1921–1992) was a feminist theologian. She is the author of the influential essay The Human Situation: A Feminine View.

Biographical details
Valerie Saiving Goldstein was born in 1921, and received her BA from Bates College, Maine, United States in 1943, studying both theology and psychology. Her University of Chicago Divinity School PhD thesis, The Concepts of Individuality in Whitehead’s Metaphysics, was published in 1966. She was co-founder of the Department of Religious Studies and of the Women's Studies programme at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York State, where she taught from 1959 to 1987. She died in 1992.

In 1960, she published an 18-page article in The Journal of Religion, entitled The Human Situation: A Feminine View. She critiqued contemporary theology largely by means of psychological observations, noting that, whereas little girls learn that they will grow up — just by waiting — to be women, boys on the other hand learn that to be men they must "do something about it. Mere waiting is not enough; to be a man, a boy must prove himself and go on proving himself."

The article had substantial influence on subsequent feminist theologians. Mary Daly, for example, cited her in her work The Church and the Second Sex, while Judith Plaskow both published a dissertation on Saiving's essay (entitled Sex, Sin and Grace: Women's Experience and the Theologies of Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul Tillich) and reproduced the 1960 article in her 1979 anthology Womanspirit Rising: A Feminist Reader in Religion.

The Human Situation: A Feminine View
The crux of Saiving's argument in the article is that the focus on pride characteristic of traditional Christian interpretations of sin reflects male experience in a way that is inappropriate to the experience of most, if not all, women, who are much more likely to be prone to "triviality, distractibility, and diffuseness; lack of an organizing center or focus; dependence on others for one's self-definition; tolerance at the expense of standards of excellence ... in short, underdevelopment or negation of the Self."

Fundamentally, Saiving's essay proposes a radical re-definition of 'sin'; one that correctly addresses the female experience. Christianity's view of salvation as a result of selflessness is seen as potentially proscriptive of women who need, in Saiving's opinion, to be encouraged rather than discouraged from asserting themselves as individuals.

Overall, Saiving wished to, "...awaken theologians to the fact that the situation of women, however similar it may appear on the surface of our contemporary world to the situation of man and however much it may be echoed in the life of individual men, is, at bottom, quite different - that the specifically feminine dilemma is, in fact, precisely the opposite of the masculine" (1979, 39). Saiving's work, while much respected in feminist theology, continues to be largely ignored by mainstream theologians.

title: Valerie Saiving


text:
Rat race (disambiguation)

A rat race is an endless, self-defeating pursuit.

Rat race may also refer to:

Film

 * The Rat Race, a 1960 film directed by Robert Mulligan starring Tony Curtis and Debbie Reynolds
 * Rat Race (film), a 2001 comedy film directed by Jerry Zucker

Music

 * Rat Race (Child's Play album), 1990
 * "Rat Race" (Child's Play song), a single from the album
 * "Rat Race", a song by Bob Marley & The Wailers from Rastaman Vibration
 * "Rat Race" (song), by the UK Subs, contained in their 1980 album Brand New Age
 * "Rat Race", a song by The Drifters
 * "Rat Race" (The Specials song), a 1980 single included on the 1980 album More Specials
 * "Rat Race" (Enter Shikari song)
 * "Ratrace" (Skindred song)
 * The Rat Race Blues a 1960 jazz album by Gigi Gryce

Other uses

 * Rat Race (video game), a cancelled Sony game
 * Rat Race (The Price Is Right), a pricing game on the TV show The Price Is Right
 * The Rat Race (novel), a 1950 science fiction novel by Jay Franklin
 * Who He? a 1953 novel by Alfred Bester also published as The Rat Race.
 * Rat-race coupler, a type of radio-frequency coupler

title: Rat race (disambiguation)


text:
Wye Mills, Maryland

Wye Mills is an unincorporated community in Talbot County, Maryland, United States, located at an altitude of 20 ft. Wye Mills is located at the intersection of Maryland routes 404 and 662, just south of the Queen Anne's County border.

Notable landmarks
Wye Mills is the home of the Wye Mill which has been in nearly continuous operation since 1682. Today, it houses a museum in addition to its mill operations.

The Wye Oak (Maryland's honorary state tree, which was destroyed on June 6, 2002, by a severe thunderstorm), was located in Wye Mills.

The Old Wye Church or St. Luke's is the only Anglican church that is dated back to the 18th century in Talbot County. The church opened in 1712.

The Wye House is a plantation mansion listed on the National Register of Historic Places, dating back to between 1780 and 1790. Also listed are the Old Wye Church, Miller's House, and Wilton.

The town also harbors Maryland's first regional community college, Chesapeake College.

Wye Accords
After the failure of the Oslo Accords of 1993 to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, former President Bill Clinton held a summit in Wye Mills in October 1998. Both King Hussein of Jordan and Palestinian President Yasser Arafat attended the summit. Several issues were settled; however, some of the main issues, such as boundaries, were left unresolved and remained sources of conflict.

Elián González
For a short time, Elián González and his family resided in Wye Mills during the Elián González affair of 2000. González was at the center of a controversy involving parental custody and Cuban-American relations. After Elián was reunited with his father, the two were sheltered from the media at the remote Wye River Plantation while other relatives attempted to acquire visitation rights and the legal battle intensified.

title: Wye Mills, Maryland


text:
Kim Shattuck

Kimberly Dianne Shattuck (July 17, 1963 – October 2, 2019 ) was an American singer, musician, and songwriter. She was the lead vocalist, guitarist, and primary songwriter of the American punk rock band the Muffs, which formed in 1991. From 1985 to 1990, Shattuck was a member of The Pandoras. In 2001, she was a singer, guitarist and songwriter for The Beards, a side project composed of Shattuck, Lisa Marr, and Sherri Solinger. In 2013, she served briefly as the bass player for Pixies.

Childhood and studies
Kimberly Dianne Shattuck was born on July 17, 1963, at Long Beach, California, daughter of Kent and Betty (née Hess) Shattuck. She was raised in Orange County along with her brother, Kirk, and sister, Kristen. She began playing guitar while attending Orange Coast College, where she was studying photography.

Music
Shattuck played bass and sang backing vocals for the Pandoras from 1985 to 1990. In 1991, switching to guitar and assuming lead vocals, she formed the Muffs in Los Angeles with fellow Pandoras veteran Melanie Vammen. The band remained active over the following two decades, releasing seven albums between 1993 and 2019.

In addition to her work with the Pandoras and the Muffs, Shattuck was involved in numerous other musical projects. In the early 1990s she sang on several White Flag recordings and occasionally appeared with the band live. She sang on the NOFX song "Lori Meyers" on the album Punk in Drublic, as well as on a Bowling for Soup song, "I'll Always Remember You (That Way)", which was included with the single "My Wena". She also collaborated with vocals for the Kepi Ghoulie song "This Friend of Mine" on the album American Gothic and The Dollyrots for their track "Some Girls" off the album A Little Messed Up. Shattuck is the namesake of Dr. Shattuck, a character on Mr. Show (HBO, 1995–1999). Shattuck joined the Pixies for their fall 2013 European tour, following the departure of original member Kim Deal, but was fired at the end of the tour in late November 2013. Shortly before her death, she recorded a six-song EP with Vammen and Palmyra Delran as The Coolies, which included a special appearance by Stevie Van Zandt on theremin.

Shattuck participated in several studio and live reunions of the Pandoras from 2014 to 2018. Although she originally played bass and sang backing vocals in the Pandoras, she was the lead singer and guitarist for these reunions due to the death of original Pandoras lead singer and guitarist Paula Pierce in 1991.

Illness and death
Shattuck died at her home in Los Angeles on October 2, 2019, from complications of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aged 56. She never publicly disclosed that she had the disease, but did state that it ran in her paternal family. Shattuck was survived by her mother and two siblings, as well as her husband of 16 years, Kevin Sutherland. Shortly before her death, the Muffs had recorded their seventh studio album, No Holiday, which was released on October 18, 2019.

title: Kim Shattuck


text:
Westville Boys' High School

Westville Boys' High School, often referred to as WBHS or "boys high", is a semi-private high school for boys located in Westville, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Early history
The year 2024 marks the 69th anniversary of WBHS as a high school. The roots of the school can be traced back to 1861, when German immigrant farmers operated a school from a nine by four metre wattle-and-daub structure sited on the main Durban-to-Pietermaritzburg road. They were the first large group of squatters to populate the area, named after Sir Martin West, the first Lieutenant Governor of Natal.

The next recorded date of a school in Westville was in March 1935 when the Westville Kindergarten School, a private farm school, first opened its doors. Under the guidance of Miss Gladys Carr, the school eventually outgrew the Church Hall used at the time. In 1941 the school was moved to Bernard's House, an old house situated on the present school site. This residence on 6 acre of land had been bequeathed by Mr and Mrs Bernard to the people of Westville for educational purposes. It was near this site that the Outspan Tree, which marked the first overnight stop for the old ox wagons travailing to the interior, once stood. The Outspan Tree today forms part of the WBHS badge.

By 1944 the admissions roll had increased to 66 pupils. The following year the co-educational Westville Government School opened as a provincial institution and operated at primary level until 1955. In 1949, Bernard's House was demolished to make way for the new school buildings which were opened in January 1950. The year 2000 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the opening of these buildings that today form the inner quadrangle of the school. A ceremony was held in recognition of the contribution made by the Bernard family, and a memorial in their honour was erected on the site of the original farmhouse.

Birth of a high school
Secondary education at Westville can be traced back to 1955 when a group of 21 pupils formed the first Standard Seven (Grade Nine) class of the then Westville High School. The secondary school initially co-existed with the infant and primary classes but by 1961 the last of those classes were accommodated in separate institutions.

In 1963 work on the building of a new Westville Girls' High School commenced and at the end of 1964, the split into the boys' and the girls' high schools was completed. The Headmaster who laid the foundation and guided the school into full secondary status was N.W. Bowden (1955–1963). The main sports field bears his name.

A number of projects aimed at developing the school physically were initiated between 1961 and 1963. In 1961 work on what was later to be called Commons Field began and a pavilion and scoreboard were erected on Bowden's Field. Work commenced on the school hall in 1962. In 1963 the three-story complex overlooking the tennis courts was started and this was the beginning of a building program which developed over the next ten years. Mr H. Commons became the Headmaster in 1964, the year in which the school split into two single-sex schools. Mr Commons's years as headmaster ended when he was promoted to the Headmastership of Maritzburg College.

In July 1966, D.C. Thompson became the Headmaster. For three years in succession, 1968–1970, and again in 1972, WBHS provided the top pupil in the Natal Education Department's matriculation examination. Thompson adopted a new focus on extramural activities, as he said: "The essential thing is that every boy in the school should do something in and for the school, and, in giving unselfishly of himself, should contribute to the growth of that corporate spirit that is so prominent a feature of the alive school."

C.D. Harcourt (1971–1973), P.C. Doyle (1975–1983), R.W. Couzens (1983–1989) and K. Elliott (1990) each served subsequently as headmaster.

Badge
The emblem of the WBHS badge is a shield, quartered by the red cross of St George. In the upper left-hand quarter is the griffin taken from the coat of arms of Martin West, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Natal, after whom Westville is named. In legend, griffins are portrayed with a lion's body, an eagle's head, long ears, and an eagle's claws, to indicate that the student should combine intelligence with strength. The upper right and lower left divisions contain the Book of Knowledge and the Lamp of learning respectively. Represented in the lower right quarter is the historic monument, the Outspan Tree, which is in Jan Hofmeyr Road, where the ox-wagons made their first stop after leaving Durban.

The badge has been updated after a rebranding process in 2021. The icons have changed in look to be cleaner and reflect a more modern badge.

Motto
Westville Boys' High School's motto Incepto Ne Desistam is taken directly from Virgil. These words, found in Aeneid, Book 1, are used by Juno, queen of heaven who hated the Trojans led by Aeneas. When she saw the fleet of Aeneas on its way to Italy, after the sack of Troy by the Greeks, she planned to scatter it by means of strong winds. In her determination to accomplish her task she cried out "Incepto Ne Desistam!" which translates as "May I not shrink from my purpose!"

Matric song
Each year at speech night and prize giving the matriculating class sings Forty Years On. The song, which is the main school song of Harrow School in the United Kingdom, is sung at several schools around the world. The lyrics of the song reflect on what it will be like for members of the matriculating class to visit their old school again in forty years time. The song was introduced to WBHS by Mr T. Brown, a former Senior Deputy Headmaster of the school. The only other school in South Africa which sings this song is Pretoria Boys' High School.

Houses
The houses are named after people or symbols related to the history of the school:
 * Bernard – created in 2004 and named after the family that donated the property on which the school stands.
 * Carr – created in 1947 during the existence of the Westville Government School, and named after Mrs Gladys Carr, founder of the first school in Westville. Carr is represented by the colour green.
 * Cliff – created in 1950 and named after Mr P.K. Cliff, Inspector of Schools and friend of the school. Cliff is represented by the colour blue.
 * Hofmeyer – created in 1978 and named after Jan Hofmeyr, the celebrated Member of Parliament. Jan Hofmeyr Road lies adjacent to Bowden's Field. Hofmeyer is represented by the colour yellow.
 * Outspan – created in 2004 and named after the Outspan Tree that appears on the school badge.
 * Swain – created in 1957 and named after Mr C.E. Swain, a staff member and sportsman. Swain is represented by the colour red.
 * Wandsbeck – created in 1947 and named after the farm on which the school stands. Wandsbeck is represented by the colour orange.
 * West – created in 1978 and named after Martin West, after whom the Borough of Westville was named. West is represented by the colour black.

Modern times
E. W. Maddams (1991–1997) took over the school during a period of political uncertainty. 1991 heralded the introduction of Model B status and the school was permitted to open its doors to pupils of all races, which it did at the beginning of the 1991 school year. In August 1992, as a result of a majority vote by the parents, the school changed to Model C. This brought about additional financial burdens on the parent body but did give them more say in the development of the school.

Other developments during this time included the Ted Maddams Media Centre and the modernisation and expansion of the computer facilities. Ted Maddams retired as Headmaster in 1997.

In 1997, Trevor Hall became the first WBHS Old Boy to be appointed Headmaster of the school. The first major developments under Mr Hall's leadership have been the development of an upper level of Bowden's Pavilion, which has provided a domicile for the Westville Boys' High School Association, and the introduction of the integrated timetable and Sports Academy.

In 2002, the launch of the Sports Academy introduced a new programme for all pupils in the school to participate in sports. The main feature of the school's new approach to sport was the integration of sport into the daily curriculum, in addition to the traditional team practices that occur at the end of each school day. The integrated sports time table has improved results in swimming, athletics, squash, cricket and rugby, among other sports.

One of the most significant recent development at the school was the opening of the R6.5 million multi-purpose centre. The facility caters for school assemblies, timetabled sport, afternoon sports practices, indoor field hockey, tennis and four cricket nets (two for bowling and the other two have bowling machines), choir festivals, dramatic productions, a gymnasium and offices. The preferred site was the area where the swimming pool is currently situated, but costs in relocating the pool were prohibitive. Consequently, the centre was built on the site of the old tennis courts adjacent to Commons Field.

A further development was the construction of a hockey astroturf, which is a shared facility of WBHS, Westville Girls' High School and Westville Senior Primary School, located on the premises of Westville Girls' High School. In 2013 work was concluded on a new aquatic centre, which includes two swimming pools, the Chad Ho Pool and the Chad le Clos Pool.

In 2018, Trevor Hall retired following 22 years as Headmaster. In mid-2019 Graham Steele became the tenth headmaster of the school, having previously served as Headmaster of Kimberley Boys' High School.

Westville Boys High school, managed a 14-year unbeaten run in swimming and it is widely regarded as the best swimming school in the country.

Academics
In 1999, the Dux of the school, Colin Bigg, achieved the top matric results in South Africa, the previous year he was the first pupil to ever be awarded an Honours Blazer for academics in Standard 9. In 1999, WBHS was also rated the best state-aided school in the country in a survey by the Sunday Times newspaper, and again in 2009 was ranked in the top 10 list of schools in South Africa for maths and science. In 2002, 21 students were awarded Matric Honours blazers for academics, the most number of Honours awards to a single matric year group in the school's history, with 4 featuring in the top 30 in the KZN province.

Following the 2006 matric examinations, WBHS was admitted to an elite group of only 13 schools in South Africa that achieved more than 100 passes for maths on the Higher Grade. It is the only school in KZN province to win this accolade. Following the 2008 matric examinations, two learners from WBHS were placed first and second in the province respectively. For the 2010 matric examinations, Westville Boys grabbed three places in the top 10 of KZN, gaining a placement of second, fifth and ninth in KZN. The 2013 Dux of school featured the top matric results in the province and was placed first in the country among quintile five schools being the second pupil from the school to do so. Following the 2016 examinations, Westville learners were placed fourth, fifth and eighth in the province. Following the 2018 examinations, Westville learners were placed first, fourth and eighth in the province. And following the 2020 examinations, Westville learners were placed second, fifth and seventh in KZN.

Years that Westville (out of circa 100,000 candidates per annum) has produced the top matriculant in KZN:
 * 1968 Helmuth Schumann
 * 1969 Tim Davidson
 * 1970 G Watkins
 * 1972 Robert Davidson
 * 1988 P Hunter
 * 1999 Colin Bigg (also first in South Africa)
 * 2008 Michael Schmid
 * 2013 Asil Motala (also first in South Africa)
 * 2018 Jarrod Staples

Westville Rhodes Scholars:
 * 1982 C Swart
 * 2000 Gareth Morgan
 * 2005 Christopher Young

Notable alumni sportsmen

 * Mickey Arthur – SA 'A' cricketer, SA national cricket coach (2005–2010), Australian national cricket coach (2011–2013), Pakistan national cricket coach (2016–2019), Sri Lanka national cricket coach (2019–2022)
 * Martin-Dale Bradley - Guernsey T20 International Cricket
 * Oscar Chalupsky – 12 times world surfski champion and Olympian at 1992 Barcelona Olympics
 * Chad Le Clos – SA swimmer, and Olympian at 2012 London Games (2 medals), 2016 Rio de Janeiro Games (2 medals) and 2020 Tokyo Games
 * Charl Crous – SA swimmer and Olympian at 2012 Games in London
 * Shaun Davies – USA Eagles rugby, Life Running Eagles player and participant at the 2019 Rugby World Cup
 * Roland De Marigny – Italian rugby player and participant at the 2007 Rugby World Cup
 * Cameron Delport – SA 'A' cricketer
 * George Earle – Cardiff Blues Rugby player
 * Bryce Easton - golfer, 3 times winner on the Sunshine Tour
 * Ellis Ferreira – SA Davis Cup Tennis, Olympian at 1996 Atlanta Olympics, Men's Doubles champion Australian Open 2000, Mixed Doubles champion Australian Open 2001
 * Robert Frylinck – SA T20 cricket
 * Ray Hass – Australian swimmer. Gold medal winner at the 2002 World Championships
 * David Hibberd - SA sailor and Olympian at the 1996 Atlanta Games
 * Chad Ho – SA open water swimmer and Olympian at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing and 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro
 * Ethan Hooker - Natal Sharks Rugby Union player
 * Keith Horne – golfer, 5 times winner on the Sunshine Tour, and silver medalist at the 1993 World Games
 * Calvyn Justus – SA swimmer and Olympian at 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro
 * Jeremy Kark - Member of the National Israel Cricket Team and record holder
 * Alan Koch - Head Coach of FC Cincinnati soccer team (2017–present)
 * Robbie Koenig – SA tennis player and US Open Doubles finalist
 * George Koumantarakis – SA footballer and participant in 2002 FIFA World Cup)
 * Waylon Murray – and Springbok Rugby Union Player
 * Shaun Payne – Springbok Rugby 7's and Munster rugby player
 * Ryan Pretorius – American football place kicker with the Ohio State Buckeyes
 * Bryan Rennie (rugby union) - Exeter Chiefs Rugby player and Scotland A
 * Leith Shankland – SA swimmer and Olympian at the 2012 London Olympics
 * Errol Stewart – SA ODI cricketer & Natal rugby player; SA National Cricket selector
 * Trevor Strydom – SA fencer and modern pentathlete, and Olympian at 1992 Games in Barcelona
 * Myles Wakefield - SA Davis Cup player
 * Zane Weir - Italian shot put athlete and Olympian at the 2020 Tokyo Games
 * Peter Wetzlar - Zimbabwean swimmer and Olympian at the 2020 Tokyo Games
 * Khaya Zondo – SA ODI and Test cricket

Springbok rugby players

 * number 513 Tim Cocks 1980 Tour of South Ameria
 * number 85 Waylon Murray 9 June 2007 v Samoa

Proteas cricketers

 * Tests
 * number 354 Khaya Zondo 2022

 * ODI
 * number 26 Errol Stewart 1993
 * number 124 Khaya Zondo 2018

 * T20I
 * number 73 Robbie Frylinck 2017

title: Westville Boys' High School


text: User talk:207.200.116.13

title: User talk:207.200.116.13


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sabine Ehrenfeld

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:41, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Sabine Ehrenfeld
Tagged with since February. The article just says that this person is featured in Overstock.com television commercials. Her listings on IMDB only lists a few minor roles. Zzyzx11 | Talk 01:35, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, does not meet the criteria for biography --nixie 03:25, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not even close to encyclopedic. Rje 21:12, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete Pavel Vozenilek 09:28, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The commercials have gotten some press coverage recently, but she's a very minor figure even with that in mind. Delete unless someone wants to significantly expand. Secretcurse 14:41, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Identifiability condition

removed
I removed the following text:
 * This article is merely about another name for one-to-one functions. It should be merged; this should become a redirect page.

mostly because this page and that page are working at two different levels of mathematical skill. This one attempts to be elementary, that one starts out being quite abstract. I think there is room in the wikipedia for two articles on this topic, on aimed at an elementary level, and one abstract. linas 01:35, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Identifiability in estimation
This article is lacking information about identifiability in estimation (also called identifiable parameters or identifiable models). See, e.g.,. --Zvika (talk) 07:52, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Identifiability condition


text: User talk:209.30.249.23

title: User talk:209.30.249.23


text:
Tumbes–Chocó–Magdalena

Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena is a biodiversity hotspot, which includes the tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests of the Pacific coast of South America and the Galapagos Islands. The region extends from easternmost Panama to the lower Magdalena Valley of Colombia, and along the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador to the northwestern corner of Peru. Formerly called the Chocó-Darién-Western Ecuador Hotspot, it has been expanded to include several new areas, notably the Magdalena Valley in northern Colombia. It is bounded on the east by the Andes Mountains. The Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena Hotspot is 1,500 km long and encircles 274,597 km2. Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena is near the Pacific Ocean. The factors that threaten Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena are farming encroachment, deforestation, illegal crops, and population growth. Whereas the Panamanian and Colombian portion of the hotspot are relatively intact, approximately 98% of native forest in coastal Ecuador has been cleared, rendering it the most threatened tropical forest in the world. The hotspot includes a wide variety of habitats, ranging from mangroves, beaches, rocky shorelines, and coastal wilderness to some of the world's wettest rain forests in the Colombian Chocó. The hotspot includes a number of ecoregions:

 * Chocó–Darién moist forests (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama)
 * Ecuadorian dry forests (Ecuador)
 * Guayaquil flooded grasslands (Ecuador)
 * Gulf of Guayaquil–Tumbes mangroves (Ecuador, Peru)
 * Galápagos Islands xeric scrub (Ecuador)
 * Magdalena Valley montane forests (Colombia)
 * Magdalena–Urabá moist forests (Colombia)
 * Manabí mangroves (Ecuador)
 * Tumbes–Piura dry forests (Ecuador, Peru)
 * Piura mangroves (Peru)
 * Western Ecuador moist forests (Colombia, Ecuador)

Some of the endemic species of this hotspot are the following:

Endemic Plant Species: 2,750

Endemic Threatened Birds: 21

Endemic Threatened Mammals: 7

Endemic Threatened Amphibians: 8

Human Population Density (people/km2): 51

title: Tumbes–Chocó–Magdalena