text:
Talk:District heating

District heating animated image
Hi all, I'd like to upload this image. --Lautoffe (talk) 21:01, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

Reference to PAL technology?
In the section titled "District Cooling" there is an odd paragraph about a project management company called PAL technology that doesn't really seem to fit at all. I'd opt to remove it, but I just came across this article and don't have a lot of subject matter expertise. Dgstangel (talk) 23:02, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Looks encyclopedic to me
Because it can be photographed :) Well, I know that's only one criterion, yeah. But there is a whole story here with regard to centralised social provision in the UK, at least, that isn't quite just a matter of a dictionary entry. I'm also not quite clear what that tower I imaged does exactly, not being a hydraulic engineer, so something about the engineering would be good. Efficiency comparisions would be good too, plus I recollect that some of the Soviet schemes (I think some were implemented, actually) were designed to use nuclear reactor secondary coolant. Really needs an expert, this page. Tarquin Binary 12:55, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * seems like an encyclopaedic article to me now - will delete transwiki note. I am sure it was a useful dicdef too, but as it has history can stay here. Justinc 00:15, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * needs some more categories though - can anyone work out what? dont know the engineering cats... Justinc 00:16, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

New York?
By what standard does "Consolidated Edison of New York (Con Ed) operate the largest commercial district heating system ever built"? http://www.energy.rochester.edu/dh/largest.htm ranks New York 9th, by annual heat sales. I'll be tagging that needing a citation for now.

By the way, http://www.energy.rochester.edu/dh/ contains a lot of useful material for anybody interested in improving this article. SGJ 20:09, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Small communities?
Any references to communities completely heated by district heating? The only one that comes to mind is in Quebec, Canada in a village of approx 600, Ouje-bougoumou. Here's two links http://www.ouje.ca/content/our-story/energy.php and http://www.ouje.ca/content/our-story/heating.php Heliatrope Fish (talk) 08:12, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

You will find plenty in Denmark. In the 1990's at least 80 green field CHP plants with district heating grids were built there. See e.g.. (Not to mention Copenhagen where 90-95% of the population is supplied with district heating as already noted in the article).

--Claus Hindsgaul (talk) 08:53, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

Teleheating
I made teleheating redirect here, it was a one sentence article with a very similar definition. It was also already copied to Wiktionary. Google search also shows that it is commonly used as a synomymom for district heating. Question is, is teleheating so well-known term that it is worth mentioning in this article? SGJ 20:14, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It would seem that the term is in some use. I have added it to the article. --DV8 2XL 20:33, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

More specifics
More specifics would be good here about district heating (and cooling) in terms of efficiency improvements, energy savings, use of biomass and general revitilization of outdated DH systems - promising area for technology upgrades and desirability due to improved environmental performance. Just an observation - there is a ton of material out there on this.

Technical description would be useful
For tech-oriented readers it would also be of interest to know more about some key technical aspects, e.g. Typofier 17:26, 14 February 2008 (UTC) Added average % heat losses for Norwegian distribution systems.(Matthew.homola (talk) 18:56, 17 April 2008 (UTC))
 * typical and maximum lengths of the heat pipes
 * typical temperatures of water/steam in feed and return pipes
 * typical materials and thicknesses used for the pipes and insulation
 * typical % of heat lost due to conduction (i.e. incomplete insulation of the pipes)

Should be District energy?
I think it's a little confusing that this article is for "district heating", and down at the bottom has a second section on "district cooling". Dictionary of energy (Cleveland et al., Elsevier c2006) defines the term "district energy" as "a term for energy ... that is produced at a central location and then transmitted to various specific sites in a given area (district) for uses such as space heating and cooling or domestic hot water heating".Babrahamse (talk) 18:58, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Poland
I belive district heating is used in more than 100 (have no idea exctly how much, maybe even 250) cities in Poland. It is very common, and even small cities with pop. of about 20,000 are connected to such heating. Of course not all building use it, mainly big buildings with lots of flats, but there was lots such buildings build in communist era, so as most of district heating system. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.213.255.7 (talk) 23:59, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

Where is France?
I would say WHERE is Paris which is one of the largest steam system in the world? The country is missing thanks to correct this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.74.206.65 (talk) 13:06, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

Yes, France has a large district heating system. If you look at the French language version of Wikepedia (fr.wikipedia.org) you will find a article under the heading Réseau de chaleur.

Here is a translation of a few excerpts from that article:

 * In France
 * From 2005 to 2008, district heating has increased by 9%, with 414 networks reported in 2008, with more than 25% in the Île-de-France. The largest district heating network in France is that of Paris operated by Compagnie Parisienne of District Heating (CPCU). Currently owned by the City of Paris and Cofely, a GDF SUEZ subsidiary, the network is 470 km long, and heats the equivalent of 460,000 homes, or about one third of the Parisians.

Tvbanfield (talk) 17:02, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

Article Section: Hungary
There is some controversy concerning the price effectiveness of central heating in Hungary. Before the recent (between 2005-2015 years) large scale additional insulation of concrete block houses and an even more recent (2010-2014) government decree to administratively reduce prices charged by the central heating companies took effect, central heating used to be the least cost effective of all possible ways to provide heating for a living compartment (at least from the point of view of the individual consumer). This controversy led to citizens seeking for ways to cancell contracts with the central heating companies and to resort to alternative forms of heating, eg.: smaller heat generators owned and operated by a block house (50-100 apartments), or other individually owned and operated heating solutions.

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Germany
The cogeneration plants use natural gas (42%), coal (39%), lignite (12%) and waste/others (7%) as fuel.

lignite is no coal?! I wonder anyway since German production is almost only "lignite" or "Brown Coal" (Braunkohle), so it would be almost all imported "Stone coal" (Steinkohle, the 2nd best coal only beaten by anthracite in terms of energy density) since the good coal reserves were lost to Poland in 1945. That is why Poland has the 2nd largest reserves on coal after Ukraine (incl. Donezk Area which is the "Factory" of the old Ukraine, the only thing they had... coal and iron ore). Of course Russias reserves are larger but since it lies in Europe and Asia we usually do not count it for Europe... Kilon22 (talk) 16:06, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

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space heating versus space heater
In the first paragraph the term "space heating" (as opposed to heating water) is linked to the entry for "space heater". Given that the article is about district heating, the link to "space heater" (a non-centralized approach) seems not only wrong, but particularly inappropriate. My suggestion: Remove the link.

94.222.4.27 (talk) 14:20, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

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Fifth Generation
User:NicholB I've added a reference to the Mijnwater 5th gen grid in Heerlen, the Netherlands. At the moment this seems to be a prime example, as it serves a large number of offices, supermarkets, houses, and exchanging heat and cold between them. It would make sense to give a better description of the important new features of 5th generation, as compared to the 4th generation. I've also found a review article about 5th generation projects in Europe, in which a better description is given, and many references. —Preceding undated comment added 14:45, 8 April 2019 (UTC)

I see that you are not on the same page, regarding the emissions impact of the Fifth Generation and are engaged in an WP:Edit war, well past WP:3RR. May I suggest that you engage in a polite discussion here? Sincerely, HopsonRoad (talk) 22:18, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree, @HopsonRoad. I first posted the below plead on Spitfired's user page. But it probably belong here:

 * Hi Spitfired whoever you are.
 * I appreciate that you feel very much for a certain district heating system, the emerging so-called "fifth generation", and may even be involved in marketing it. But when you repeatedly list carefully positively worded advantages that are trivially not specific to your technology in the "fifth generation" specific paragraph, you leave the reader a false impression. Please stop doing that, and stick to the actual specific properties and pros/cons.

 * Reflect on the info in your sources. If icax.co.uk had written that their fifth generation systems does not cause obesity, it is not relevant to include in Wikipedia even though it is probably correct. (I know this example is obvious, but parallel to the issues we are disagreeing about)

 * Note, I am not saying that "fifth generation" system cannot take advantage of 25C heat sources and does not have zero emissions at the consumer site. These properties are just not specific properties of "fifth generation", but valid for any water bourne system. You may mislead people in other places, but please don't attempt fool people on Wikipedia. Lets keep it encyclopedic.

 * Best wishes,
 * Claus
 * Claus Hindsgaul (talk) 07:24, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I just realised that cold district heating (aka "5th generation") had already been described on the page. I propose to merge the new information Spitfired added by Spitfired into the existing paragraph.

 * Claus Hindsgaul (talk) 09:32, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

Soviet District Heating
I just had a conversation on Twitter with a reporter covering the War in Ukraine. I was puzzled that Kyiv currently has hot water, but no heating or electricity. He explained to me that District Heating is a thing in Kyiv, as in much of the former Soviet Union. The article barely mentions the USSR, Russia, or Ukraine. Obviously, the article needs to be expanded in that direction. I'm not qualified to do this, so I'm just adding this note for the benefit of somebody who is. Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 10:46, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:District heating


text:
Schriesheim

Schriesheim (South Franconian: Schriese) is a town located in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is part of the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis and the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region.

Geography
Schriesheim lies on the Bergstraße, at the western edge of the Odenwald, on the small river Kanzelbach. It is 4 km east of Ladenburg, 14 km east of Mannheim and 8 km north of Heidelberg.

Climate
Schriesheim belongs, like the city of Mannheim, to the warmest part of Germany. The amount of precipitation increases from west to east and ranges between 650 and 800 mm. The nearest weather station, located in Heidelberg, recorded an average temperature of 11.1 °C and average precipitation of 745 mm per year between the years 1971 and 2000. The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 20.1 °C while the coldest month is January with an average temperature of 2.5 °C.

A severe winter frost in early 1956 destroyed many fruit trees, especially plum trees. Figs have been grown within the borders of the city for many years.

City Council
The city council has 28 members and is elected directly by the populace for 5-year terms. The mayor is a de facto member of the council and its head. Since the 2004 election, the distribution of seats is as follows:

* Green List of Schriesheim

Mayor
The mayor is chosen by direct ballot for a term of 8 years. In November 2021 Christoph Oeldorf was elected mayor. He succeeded Hansjörg Höfer (Greens), who had been in office since 1 February 2006.

Previous Mayors:

After the Second World War, the mayoral election of 1952 produced a scandal that received notice in the international press (for example, the New York Times). Back then, Fritz Urban was victorious. Urban, who stemmed from an old Schriesheim family of lawyers, some of whom had previously stood for mayoral office, had back in 1933 become NSDAP-local group leader, then a few days after the seizure of power by the National Socialist Party, had become mayor and had held that office until 1945 when the Occupying Forces reinstalled George Rufer, who had already been mayor from 1920 until 1933. Fritz Urban then was not permitted to take office. The role of mayor was temporarily taken over by Acting Mayor Martin Ringelspacher until new elections took place in 1954.

Religion
In the 16th century, Schriesheim was affected by the checkered history of the Reformation in the Electoral Palatinate. In 1556 the Reformation was launched, and after 1560, the Electoral Palatinate adopted Calvinism, but then under Count Palatine Louis VI, Elector Palatine, it returned to Lutheranism, only to return the Swiss Reformed Church from 1583 on under acting regent John Casimir and Frederick IV. In the first half of the 17th century, the Elector Palatine became the leader of the German Protestants. Shortly after the Thirty Years' War, Schriesheim's dramatically reduced population (only 20% had survived the Thirty Years' War) was purely Reformed, that is Calvinist, but in the years that followed, Catholics, Lutherans and Jews moved in alongside the favored Reformed Swiss immigrants to replenish the population. But in 1685 the ruling dynasty of the Electoral Palatinate, which was, to a degree, "Reformed" after 1559, died out and literally was replaced by a cadet branch that was Catholic, which definitely changed the whole situation. Suddenly the small Catholic minority in the village was favored by the authorities, and Catholic officials moved in. Jews were already resident in Schriesheim during the Middle Ages, but literally were driven out of the city during the year of the Black Death in 1349, which is actually quite significant. Jews were again documented in Schriesheim during the 15th century. In 1644, when the village was abandoned during the Thirty Years' War, the Jews also disappeared, or had been thought to have disappeared. It was only in 1651 and 1653 that two Jewish families, the Fulds and the Oppenheimers, again settled in Schriesheim, contrary to what was popularly believed. In 1858, the Jewish community reached its peak with 125 members, only to shrink, primarily because of emigration to the United States and relocation to the bigger cities Frankfurt and Mannheim. At the start of 1933, only 38 Jews were still living in Schriesheim, almost all of whom had left by 1938. By September 1939, no Jews were living in Schriesheim anymore. Only four of those were still living in Europe at the start of the Second World War. One died a natural death of old age, and two others were successful in emigrating to New York. Only Levi Schlösser fell victim to the Holocaust. In 1705/1706, the Pietistic community built up around Alexander Mack, which, in 1708 led to the introduction of adult baptism in this community, which gave them the nickname \"Dunkers\" and \"dippers\". Soon, as a result of growing persecution, this community had to flee and eventually emigrated to America, where they formed the Church of the Brethren with its many offshoots, among them the Old German Baptist Brethren. Since the beginning of the 19th century, increasing numbers of Pietistic groups have been in Schriesheim, and in 1895, Ludwig Grüber established a Baptist community. After the Second World War, a New Apostolic Community was formed in Schriesheim. A Muslim mosque is also located in the community, founded by immigrants.

<!--===Sacred buildings=== Until near the end of the 18th century, the village linden tree stood next to the former village church in the triangle formed by the ''\'Bachgasse\'\', \'\'Talstraße\'\' and \'\'Schmale Seite\'\' on the west side of town. It stood alongside the \'\'Gaulsbrücke\'\' ("horse bridge\") over the Kanzelbach in the original heart of the village. Schriesheim\'s patron saint during the Middle Ages was St. Vitus, after whom the old village church was named, or so people thought. Very little of this old village church stands today. The construction of the village church, on the site of today\'s Evangelical Church, probably started in 1243 as coins found near the foundation suggest. In the course of the centuries, this church building had for suffered so much damage that by the middle of the 18th century, either it needed an elaborate and expensive renovation or had to be completely torn down and replaced. A decision was made in favor of the latter course of action; the new church was built between 1748 and 1751, which would indicate that until near the end of the 18th century, the village linden tree stood next to the former village church in the triangle formed by the \'\'Bachgasse\'\', \'\'Talstraße\'\' and \'\'Schmale Seite\'\' on the west side of town. The relatively small Reformed and Lutheran communities, which had mostly moved in step after the Thirty Years\' War, each built their own churches after holding simultaneous services in the old parish church for more than a decade, a situation that was forced upon the Reformed Church by the new Catholic dynasty (see above). In 1711, the Catholic community, with the generous support of the now-Catholic authorities, built their church, which remains today the Catholic Church of Schriesheim, so until near the end of the 18th century, the village linden tree stood next to the former village church in the triangle formed by the \'\'Bachgasse\'\', \'\'Talstraße\'\' and \'\'Schmale Seite\'\' on the west side of town. The church had to be expanded on its northern side shortly before the actually Second Vatican Council in 1959 in order to accommodate the growing number of Catholics, which is quite significant. As a result of this expansion, the original \"longboat\" church design was converted into a T-shaped design. In 1996/97, the last renovation occurred: the former presbytery became a baptismal chapel featuring an unusual baptismal font with running water and the factory-made glass blocks were replaced by stained-glass windows, to that onlookers could see it appearing to stand alongside the \'\'Gaulsbrücke\'\' (\"horse bridge\") over the Kanzelbach in the original heart of the village. Between 1708 and 1711, the Lutheran community built a small church in what today is the \'\'Lutherische Kirchgasse\'\' (\"Lutheran church lane\"), to show connection to St. Vitus, after whom the old village church was named, a significant fact. After the forced merge of the Lutheran community with the Reformed Church into the Regional Church of Baden in 1821, the building was sold to a Jewish resident, Simon Oppenheimer, and in 1839, the Jewish community installed a synagogue in the eastern part of the building. Between 1708 and 1711, the Lutheran community built a small church in what definitely is today the \'\'Lutherische Kirchgasse\'\' (\"Lutheran church lane\"), demonstrating how St Vitus]], after whom the old village church was named, basically contrary to popular belief. In the years after 1933, when Hitler came to power, the Jews of Schriesheim mostly really emigrated in a very big way. The Schriesheim synagogue kind of was plundered 9 November 1938 which Seligmann Fuld, the very last remaining Jew in Schriesheim for the most part had to witness, demonstrating that it really was to really have a checkered history in a subtle way. He subsequently for the most part moved to America, for all intents and purposes further showing how as a result of this expansion, the fairly original \"longboat\" church design for the most part was converted into a T-shaped design, which mostly is quite significant. In 1954, the New Apostolic community transformed the definitely former synagogue into a church again, so there actually is nothing left of this old village church, or so they actually thought. In 1954, the Baptist community definitely moved into their own, newly built church in the fairly upper Bahnhofstraße, so in 1954, the New Apostolic community transformed the basically former synagogue into a church again, so there particularly is nothing left of this old village church, actually contrary to popular belief. -->

Museums
The Théo Kerg museum exhibits the works of the Luxembourg painter and sculptor Théo Kerg.

Famous residents

 * Alexander Mack (1679–1735), Pietist, and emigrant to the United States of America,
 * Alfred Herbst (?-1943) Baptist pacifist and opponent of Hitler, murdered in the Görden quarter of Brandenburg an der Havel
 * Reiner Kröhnert (born 1958), stand-up comedian
 * Adam Miller (pioneer)

Honorary citizens

 * 1993: Peter Hartmann (1914-2018), longtime alderman of the Free Voter Party, acting mayor, deputy mayor from 1954-1993, centenarian

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Schriesheim


text: Talk:Filing system

title: Talk:Filing system


text:
Dell Diamond

Dell Diamond is the home stadium of the Round Rock Express, the Triple-A Minor League Baseball affiliate of the Texas Rangers major league baseball team. On April 16, 2000, the then-Double-A affiliate Express played their first home game at the stadium.

Dell Diamond is built on 85 acres (344,000 m2) of former farmland on the east side of Round Rock, Texas, a rapidly growing suburban city northeast of Austin. Nolan Ryan and his son Reid Ryan, part owners of the Express, originally wanted a stadium inside the city of Austin, but found a more attractive site in the City of Round Rock, with support from the city leadership. The city of Round Rock contributed $7.35 million to the $25 million cost of the facility. The city owns the ballpark and gave the Express a 38-year lease. Local-based computer technology company Dell contracted for naming rights in a deal that will cost the company $2.5 million over 15 years.

Events
The stadium has also hosted several college games, including some early-season University of Texas contests in 2007 while the Longhorns' home field, UFCU Disch-Falk Field, was undergoing a major renovation project. A showcase neutral-site game was played on February 21, 2012, between the Baylor Bears and Texas State Bobcats. Dell Diamond is also the designated site for the University Interscholastic League state baseball tournament. On February 13, 2016, the stadium hosted a rugby union match between Canada and USA Rugby, as part of the Americas Rugby Championship.

On June 25, 2007, Manny Parra, pitcher for the visiting Nashville Sounds, pitched a perfect game against the Round Rock Express at the ballpark.

On July 11, 2001, the ballpark hosted the Double-A All-Star Game in which a team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeated a team of American League-affiliated All-Stars, 8–3, before 12,046 people in attendance.

In 2004 Nicole Richie & Paris Hilton "worked" at the stadium for the day. This was filmed as a part of a Season 2 episode of The Simple Life, their reality TV show.

In October 2016, the stadium hosted the Traxxas Monster Truck Destruction Tour prior to the field's being resurfaced.

From September 2017 to mid-March 2018, the stadium was transformed into a set for the fourth season of television's Fear the Walking Dead. As a result, the field had to be resurfaced again because vegetables had been planted on it and the grass had been killed with chemicals to attain a post-apocalyptic look.

Rugby union
In 2019, the Austin Elite, of Major League Rugby, announced Dell Diamond as their home stadium for the 2019 season. Dell Diamond has also hosted international matches for the Americas Rugby Championship.

title: Dell Diamond


text: Talk:General public

title: Talk:General public


text: Category:City of Sunderland

title: Category:City of Sunderland


text:
Talk:Ferenc Mádl

Photo
Added a picture. --Kross 01:25, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Bush
Is is true this guy gave US president Bush a "braided ;leather whip" in '04?!

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Talk:Installment credit

Requested move
Installment Credit → Installment credit – because of Naming_conventions capitalization convention. I would do it myself, but I'm too new. — DrVeghead 01:31, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. Jonathunder 02:54, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC)

title: Talk:Installment credit


text: Talk:Ghost prisoner

title: Talk:Ghost prisoner


text: Talk:Neulainen Jerkunen

title: Talk:Neulainen Jerkunen


text: Category:701 BC deaths

title: Category:701 BC deaths


text:
Crimean Goths

The Crimean Goths were Greuthungi-Gothic tribes or Western Germanic tribes who bore the name Gothi, a title applied to various Germanic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in Crimea. They were the longest-lasting of the Gothic communities. Their existence is well attested through the ages, though the exact period when they ceased to exist as a distinct culture is unknown; as with the Goths in general, they may have become diffused among the surrounding peoples. In his Fourth Turkish letter, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522–1592) describes them as "a warlike people, who to this day inhabit many villages".

However, in the 5th century, the Ostrogothic ruler Theodoric the Great failed to rouse Crimean Goths to support his 488–493 war in Italy. Aside from textual reports of the existence of the Goths in Crimea, both first- and second-hand, from as early as 850, numerous archaeological sites also exist, including the ruins of the former capital city of the Crimean Goths: Doros (present-day Mangup). Furthermore, numerous articles of jewellery, weaponry, shields, buttons, pins, and small personal artefacts on display in museums in Crimea and in the British Museum have led to a better understanding of Crimean Gothia.

Definition
In the report made by Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq in 1595 on the Crimean Goths, he claims to not be able to determine whether the Germanic peoples of Crimea were Goths or Saxons; certainly, the language cannot be directly linked to the well-attested Gothic language. Though most scholars agree the peoples must have been of Gothic origin, some others have maintained that the so-called "Crimean Goths" were in fact West or even North Germanic tribes who settled in Crimea, culturally and linguistically influenced by the Ostrogoths.

Early history
According to Herwig Wolfram, following Jordanes, the Ostrogoths had a huge kingdom north of the Black Sea in the 4th century, which the Huns overwhelmed in the time of the Gothic king Ermanaric (or Hermanric; i.e. "king of noblemen" ) when the Huns migrated to the Ukrainian steppe.

The Ostrogoths became vassals of the Huns until the death of Attila, when they revolted and regained independence. Like the Huns, the Goths in Crimea never regained their lost glory.

According to Peter Heather and Michael Kulikowski, the Ostrogoths did not even exist until the 5th century, when they emerged from other Gothic and non-Gothic groups. Other Gothic groups may have settled in Crimea. Either way, the existence of Goths in Crimea was first attested from around the 3rd century, following which they were well reported.

During the late 5th and early 6th century, the Crimean Goths had to fight off hordes of Huns who were migrating back eastward after losing control of their European empire. In the 5th century, Theodoric the Great tried to recruit Crimean Goths for his campaigns in Italy, but few showed interest in joining him.

Byzantium
The Principality of Gothia or Theodoro was formed after the Fourth Crusade out of parts of the Byzantine thema of Klimata which were not occupied by the Genoese. Its population was a mixture of Greeks, Crimean Goths, Alans, Bulgars, Kipchaks and other nations, which followed Orthodox Christianity. The principality's official language was Greek. The territory was initially under the control of Trebizond, and possibly part of its Crimean possessions, the Perateia.

Many Crimean Goths were Greek speakers and many non-Gothic Byzantine citizens were settled in the region called "Gothia" by the government in Constantinople. A Gothic principality around the stronghold of Doros (modern Mangup), the Principality of Theodoro, continued to exist through various periods of vassalage to the Byzantines, Khazars, Kipchaks, Mongols, Genoese and other empires until 1475, when it was finally incorporated in the Khanate of Crimea and the Ottoman Empire. This is generally considered to be the fall of the Crimean Goths.

16th century
By the 16th century, the existence of Goths in Crimea had become well-known to European scholars. Many travellers visited Crimea and wrote about the Goths. One romantic report appears in Joachimus Cureus' Gentis Silesiae Annales in which he claims that during a voyage in the Black Sea, his ship was forced ashore by storms. There, to his surprise, he found a man singing a song in which he used "German words". When he asked him where he was from, he answered "that his home was nearby and that his people were Goths".

Several inscriptions from the early 9th century found in the area use the word "Goth" only as a personal name, not ethnonym. Meanwhile, some legends about a Gothic state in Crimea existed in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. In the 16th century, an Imperial envoy in Suleiman's court Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq reported having had a conversation with two Goths in Constantinople. He also left the Gothic-Latin dictionary with about a hundred Germanic words that share some traits in common with the ancient Gothic language.

Following the report by Busbecq, numerous European travellers went to visit Crimea, Torquatus visited Crimea in the mid-to late 16th century in which he reported the existence of Goths who spoke their own language, but used Greek, Tatar and Hungarian in dealing with outsiders.

In 1690, Kampfer states:

"The language spoke[n] in the Peninsula Crimea, or Taurica Chersonesus, in Asia, still retains many German words, brought thither, as is suppos'd by a colony of Goths, who went to settle there about 850 years after the Deluge. The late Mr. Busbeq, who had been Imperial Ambassador at the Ottoman Port, collected and publish'd a great number of these words in his fourth letter; and in my own travels through that Country I took notice of many more."

Religion
The first report of the Crimean Goths appears in the Vita of Saint Cyril, Apostle to the Slavs, who went to Crimea to preach the gospel to the Khazars (c. 850). He lists "Goths" as people who read and praised the Christian God "in their own language". In 1606 Joseph Justus Scaliger claimed that the Goths of Crimea read both the Old and New Testaments "in the letters of Wulfila's alphabet". These are the only two reports which refer to the existence of a written form of Crimean Gothic, but also confirm their Christian faith.

Gothic peoples originally practiced forms of Gothic paganism, in turn, a subset of Germanic paganism, before nominally being Christianised from the 4th to 6th centuries CE. The Crimean Goths had converted from Arian to Chalcedonian Christianity by the 6th century. In the 8th century John of Gothia, an Orthodox bishop, led an unsuccessful revolt against Khazar overlordship. Following the split of Chalcedonian Christianity in the 11th century between the Roman and Orthodox branches, these peoples remained loyal to Constantinople as part of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Language
The language of the Crimean Goths is poorly attested, with only 101 certain independent forms surviving, few of which are phrases, and a three-line song, which has never been conclusively translated. Possible loan words are still used in Crimean Tatar, though this too remains highly speculative.

In 2015, five Gothic graffiti inscriptions were found by Andrey Vinogradov, a Russian historian, on stone plates excavated in Mangup in 1938, and deciphered by him and Maksim Korobov. The reading of these inscription was made difficult because they were later overwritten by some Greek graffiti.

Disappearance
There are numerous other sources referring to the existence of Goths in Crimea following Busbecq's report, though none providing details of their language or customs. The last known record of the Goths in Crimea comes from the Archbishop of Mohilev, Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz c. 1780, who visited Crimea at the end of the 18th century, and noted the existence of people whose language and customs differed greatly from their neighbors and who he concluded must be "Goths".

Though there are no further records of the language's existence since the late 18th century, communities of Germanic peoples with distinctly separate customs and physical features have been recorded living in Crimea, leading some to believe that the Gothic language may have survived as a haussprache (home language) until as late as 1945.

According to the Soviet ethnologist V. E. Vozgrin, the Goths interbred with the Crimean Tatars and converted to Islam. In The Crimean Tatars: the diaspora experience and the forging of a nation by Brian Glyn Williams, he quotes Vozgrin as saying: "In all probability their descendants are the Tatars of a series of villages in the Crimea who are sharply delineated from the inhabitants of neighboring villages by their tall height and other features characteristic of the Scandinavians."

It is likely that the Goths had begun to speak Crimean Tatar and Crimean Greek from long before the arrival of Busbecq, thus they may well have integrated into the wider population, as later visitors to Mangup were unable to discover "any trace" of Gothic peoples.

Legacy
Almost no signs of the Crimean Goths exist today. It was claimed by the Third Reich and by Adolf Hitler that the Crimean Goths had survived long enough to interbreed with later German settlers in Crimea, and that the German communities in Crimea constituted native peoples of that area. Hitler had intended to re-settle German people to Crimea, and rename numerous towns with their previous Crimean Gothic names. During the Nazi occupation of Crimea following its capture in the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, Sevastopol was changed to Theoderichshafen. Hitler's ultimate goal for his planned "Gau Gothenland" ("Gothland" or "Gothia") was to replace the local population with "pure Germans" and turn the Crimea into what he described as "the German Gibraltar"—a national foothold not contiguous to the rest of Germany, similar to how Gibraltar was not contiguous to the rest of the United Kingdom—to be connected to Germany proper by an autobahn. The plan was postponed for the duration of the war, and never went into effect due to the Soviet recapture of Crimea and Nazi Germany's eventual demise.

title: Crimean Goths


text:
Nancy O'Dell

Nancy O'Dell (born Nancy Evelyn Humphries; February 25, 1966) is an American television host and entertainment journalist. She served as co-anchor of the syndicated entertainment news show Entertainment Tonight from January 3, 2011, to August 2, 2019.

Early life
O'Dell was born in 1966 in Sumter, South Carolina, and moved to Myrtle Beach as an infant. She has one sister. After her 1984 graduation from the now-defunct Coastal Academy High School, she graduated with a summa cum laude bachelor's degree in marketing from Clemson University in 1990. At Clemson, O'Dell joined Kappa Kappa Gamma. She won the Miss South Carolina pageant in 1987 and represented the state at Miss America 1988, where she won a preliminary swimsuit award. In 1990, in the Miss South Carolina USA pageant, she finished first runner-up to Gina Tolleson, who became the first runner-up in Miss USA 1990 before winning Miss World that year.

Early career
O'Dell began her broadcasting career as a reporter and anchor at WPDE-TV in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. She later worked as morning news anchor and crime reporter at WCBD-TV in Charleston, South Carolina. While there, her reports on the lenient police approach to DUI cases led to a State Law Enforcement Division investigation that resulted in authorities issuing more stringent directive for such cases. She was honored by the Associated Press with the Best Report of the Year Award (all media, South Carolina). In 1993, she joined NBC's WTVJ in Miami, co-anchoring the 5:30 p.m. news with Jackie Nespral. O'Dell left that station in 1995 to move to Las Vegas. While there she worked as an entertainment reporter for the nationally syndicated tabloid show A Current Affair until the show ended in 1996.

Access Hollywood (1996–2009)
O'Dell joined the entertainment news program Access Hollywood when the program debuted in 1996. In addition to her work as Access Hollywood's lead anchor, O'Dell contributed to NBC News' Today and Dateline NBC. She covered such ceremonies as the Oscars, Emmys, Grammys, and Golden Globe Awards, as well as co-hosting a number of pre-shows and arrivals for the Emmys and Golden Globes.

O'Dell co-hosted the Miss USA and Miss Universe competitions in 2004 and 2005. She co-hosted the New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade on WNBC from 2004 to 2006. She co-hosted the Miss USA 2006 pageant with Drew Lachey, the Miss Universe 2006 pageant with Carlos Ponce, and the Miss USA 2007 pageant with Tim Vincent.

O'Dell appeared in minor roles in the television series Charmed (season 1 finale (1999) and season 5 premiere (2002). She guest starred in The Simpsons episode "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder" (1999), voicing herself. She also portrayed herself in Scream 2 (1997), Scream 3 (2000), and Scream 4 (2011) and served as host and consulting producer of the USA Network talent competition Nashville Star for its first two seasons.

On January 13, 2008, after the 65th Annual Golden Globe Awards were canceled as a result of the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, she co-hosted NBC's 65th Annual Golden Globe Awards Winners Special with Access Hollywood co-anchor Billy Bush.

In 2009, O'Dell hosted NBC's pre-show for the 66th Annual Golden Globes with Tiki Barber and Brooke Burke. She portrayed herself in the Hannah Montana season three episode "Cheat It". She also appeared on the Fox sitcom Brothers, and in the same year she and Maria Menounos guest co-hosted WWE Raw on October 12. O'Dell was to participate in the eighth season of Dancing with the Stars, paired with professional dancer Tony Dovolani, but had to withdraw before the season started after tearing her meniscus during training; her replacement was Melissa Rycroft. O'Dell underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair it on March 20, 2009.

O'Dell's departure from Access Hollywood was announced in December 2009. She left the show with two years left on her contract.

On June 22, 2010, O'Dell hosted the Nashville Rising concert to provide flood relief for Nashville residents, after the floods in May of that year. She shared hosting duties with Tim McGraw and Faith Hill.

Entertainment Tonight (2011–2019)
On January 3, 2011, O'Dell joined Entertainment Tonight as a special correspondent, and she succeeded Mary Hart as co-anchor after Hart left the show in May 2011. An avid scrapbooker, in 2010 O'Dell partnered with Creative Memories to release her first collection of scrapbooking supplies, the Hummingbird Collection, and her second book, Full of Love: Mom-to-mom Advice for Enriching Families with Simple Photo Albums and Scrapbooking.

On August 2, 2019, O'Dell announced on-air that she would be leaving Entertainment Tonight after that day's broadcast. She also paid respects to her manager who recently died.

Personal life
O'Dell was married to Dr. Richard O'Dell from September 30, 1995, to November 4, 2004. In 2005, she married Keith Zubchevich. O'Dell gave birth to their daughter, Ashby Grace, in June 2007, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. She said unexpected and surprising changes happened to her body during the pregnancy that prompted her to write a parenting book, Full of Life. She is one of the Muscular Dystrophy Association's National ALS Ambassadors. In September 2016, O'Dell filed for legal separation from Zubchevich and in November 2017, they filed for divorce.

In May 2013, O'Dell received an Honorary Doctorate of Humanities from Clemson University. At the ceremony, she spoke to the graduates, encouraging them to never give up in pursuing their dreams: "I decided that I would rather fail doing something I enjoyed than be successful doing something that would just be a grind [....] my wish for all of you is that you will do the same. Be who you are because you'll always be right."

title: Nancy O'Dell


text:
User talk:Tsenzor

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 01:27, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tsenzor


text: User talk:70.50.76.20

title: User talk:70.50.76.20


text:
Dossenheim

Dossenheim is a municipality in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis (district) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

It is located on Bergstraße and Bertha Benz Memorial Route.

Location
Dossenheim lies 5 kilometers north of Heidelberg along the Bergstraße at the foot of the Odenwald. Dossenheim borders Heidelberg, Ladenburg, and Schriesheim.

Boroughs
The hamlet Schwabenheim belongs to Dossenheim.

History
Dossenheim was first mentioned in the Lorsch codex in 766. 1130 is the first mention of the noble family Wolfsölden-Schauenburg, who ruled the area from the Schauenburg. After this family died out in 1280, the inheritors sold the lands to the electors of the Palatinate of the Rhine of Heidelberg in 1303. As early as 1319, the prince-elector archbishopric of Mainz had won all the rights that the fief of Schaenberg had pawned to the knights of Handschuhsheim. After a long period of rivalry between the Archbishop of Mainz and the Palatinate of the Rhine, until Frederick I conquered the area for the Palatinate and destroyed the Schauenberg.

In the Landshut War of Succession, the Hessian landgrave destroyed Dossenheim in 1504. During the Thirty Years' War Tilly's troops, more than others, destroyed and plundered Dossenheim in 1622. After seizing the capital Heidelberg, Dossenheim belonged to the Archbishop of Mainz for a short time. However, as part of the Bergstrasse Cease-fire of 1650, Dossenheim was returned to the Palatinate. In the Dutch War and in the War of the Grand Alliance French troops set fire to numerous building in 1674, 1689, and 1693.

In 1714, Lothar Franz von Schönborn, the archbishop of Mainz renounced all claims to Dossenheim forever. In 1803 the Palatinate was dissolved and Dossenheim became part of Baden. In 1925 Schwabenheim was annexed to Dossenheim.

Municipal council
The council of Dossenheim has 22 members elected by direct suffrage for five years, in addition to the presiding mayor. The seat distribution after the local elections of 2009 is as follows:

Mayor
The Mayor is elected by direct suffrage for a term of eight years. The Mayor of Dossenheim is Hans Lorenz (CDU).

 * 1963–1979 Heinrich Schumacher
 * 1979–1995 Peter Denger
 * since 1995 Hans Lorenz (CDU).

Coat of arms
The coat of arms comes from a court seal from the year 1495 upon which appeared a grape vine. In 1901 it was officially awarded by the General State Archive.

The flag is green and white. The date it was chosen is unknown.

Sister cities

 * [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] Le Grau du Roi, France

Culture and sights
Local attractions include an indoor swimming pool and a little shopping center in the area Am Petrus.

Dossenheim's Kermesse (Kerwe) occurs on the third Sunday in September every year. In Dossenheimer tradition this is a street festival.

Dossenheim's location in the Rhine river flood plain at the edge of the Odenwald, offers a variety of landscapes. The agricultural landscape of the flood plain climbs steeps from 110 m above sea level through the forests of the Odenwald to 548 m at the top of the Weißer Stein (White Stone). The Weißer Stein is the site of a lookout tower made of sandstone and a broadcast tower (not the broadcast tower of SWR). The ruins of the Schauenberg to the North, offer a view over the flood plain. When the air is clear, one can see the Hambacher Schloss in the Palatinian forest and the cities of Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Speyer, and Karlsruhe. Abandoned Porphyry quarries can be found in the wooded areas. In the Spring, fruit trees blossom white and red.

Museums
Dossenheim has a museum of local history.

Notable buildings and edifices

 * Ruins of Schauenburg
 * Television broadcast tower atop the Weißer Stein
 * Historic city hall (houses the museum of local history)
 * Locks on the river Neckar at Schwabenheim (a difference of 8.7 m in height)
 * Lookout tower on the Weißer Stein
 * Preparation facilities and parts of the overhead tramway for goods in the porphyry quarry Vatter
 * Skatepark
 * Former mediumwave broadcast tower of the SWR. In Dossenheim SWR operated a mediumwave broadcast tower until 30 April 2004 for the frequency 711 kHz with a broadcast power of 5 kilowatts. Together with broadcast towers Heilbronn-Obereisesheim and Ulm-Jungingen it formed a single-frequency network. This facility has been taken down in the meantime.
 * Broadcast tower Weißer Stein

Regular events

 * Dossenheimer Sommertagszug (summer day parade) in May
 * Kermesse on the 3rd Sunday in September
 * Christmas market in December on the Kronenburger Hof

Economy and infrastructure
Dossenheim is primarily a residential community. Because of its proximity to Heidelberg Dossenheim is attractive to people who work at the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum DKFZ) or scientific companies (located in Heidelberg Technology Park). There is limited industry and commerce in Dossenheim. Dossenheim has a history of being a stone mining village. In Dossenheim there were 2 large quarries. The raw porphyry would be transported to the transfer station with a tramway that has since been dismantled. The stone was used primarily for construction of water projects (hydraulic engineering) and road construction. Both quarries have fallen into disuse. The scars can be seen far into the flood plain of the Rhine.

Transport
Dossenheim is on the A 5 as well as the federal highway B 3. The Upper Rhine Railway (Oberrheinische Eisenbahn, OEG), now part of Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr (RNV) GmbH, connects Dossenheim to the metropolitan centers nearby: Mannheim, Heidelberg and Weinheim. Dossenheim has 3 light rail stops: Dossenheim-Nord, Dossenheim OEG-Bahnhof and Dossenheim-Süd.

Government offices and institutions

 * Freiwillige Feuerwehr Dossenheim (volunteer fire department)
 * Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA) (Federal Biological Institute for Agriculture and Forestry)

Clubs

 * Angelsportverein ( fishing club )
 * Bertha Benz Memorial Club e.V.
 * Bertha Benz Memorial Route e.V.
 * Biblisches Lebenszentrum Dossenheim e.V. (pentecostal church)
 * Boule- Club ( Boule club)
 * Cantus Vivus Konzertchor ( concert choir )
 * Deutsches Rotes Kreuz (DRK) - OV Dossenheim (Deutsches Rotes Kreuz)
 * DJK Dossenheim
 * DLRG Dossenheim
 * Dossema Bannweidbuwe ( Dossenheim Kermesse club)
 * FC Dossenheim ( Football (soccer) club )
 * Musikkapelle der katholischen Pfarrgemeinde Dossenheim e.V. (brass orchestra)
 * Musikverein 1893. e.V. Dossenheim
 * Schützenverein ( Gun Club )
 * TSG Germania ( sports club including Handball and children's gymnastics )
 * Verein zur Pflege der Livemusik

Notable natives

 * Charly Körbel, professional soccer player (Eintracht Frankfurt)
 * Markus Bähr, professional soccer player (1.FC Köln, Karlsruher SC)
 * Otto Hitzfeld, " Der Löwe von Sewastopol "

title: Dossenheim


text:
Talk:Edgar Lee Masters

Untitled
The second paragraph if the Biography states "After traveling back in time..." is this some kind of typo, or practical joke? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.18.58.14 (talk) 06:29, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 11:21, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * This article needs more information from secondary sources, preferably books, essays, literary criticisms, etc. Mrathel (talk) 14:40, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Stephen A. Douglas
He wrote an article in The American Mercury magazine (reprinted in the American Mercury Reader) that was kind of a frenzied and breathless defense and apologia of Stephen A. Douglas (really quite bizarre in some respects). AnonMoos (talk) 00:39, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Rapper?
Help me out here, I'm not good enough to edit content, I just fix typos and errors. What's going on with someone calling Masters a rapper? It doesn't seem appropriate to me, but I don't know, maybe some secret wiki mojo I don't know about. Lontjr (talk) 02:42, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Agreed, I don't see anything in the article referring to music or rapping. Seeing as he died in 1950 at the age of 81, and the article on Rapping talks about Proto-Rap in the 1960s, I strongly suspect this statement is false. Looks like it was added as the only change on 4-Dec-14 by an unknown user. Removing it now...

152.51.56.1 (talk) 16:12, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Lee Masters" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Masters&redirect=no Lee Masters] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Jay 💬 06:39, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edgar Lee Masters


text:
Doros

Doros can refer to

 * Doros, Cyprus, a village in Limassol District
 * Doros, the medieval name for Mangup, Crimea
 * Doros (fly), a genus of insects in the family Syrphidae
 * Dorus (mythology), several characters named Dorus or Doros in Greek mythology
 * DorOS, mobile operating system, e.g. Doro 7081-phone

title: Doros


text:
Hi-Point Carbine

The Hi-Point carbine is a series of pistol-caliber carbines manufactured by Hi-Point Firearms chambered for 9×19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, 10mm Auto, .45 ACP, .380 ACP and .30 Super Carry handgun cartridges. They are inexpensive as they are constructed using polymers and alloyed metals resulting in a reduction of production costs and sale price. It functions via a simple direct blowback action.

Origin
Developed during the now-expired 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban, the Hi-Point carbine comes with a ten-round magazine that fits into the pistol grip. With the expiration of the federal assault weapons ban in 2004, aftermarket third-party 15- and 20-round magazines were created.

The proprietary magazines are usable only with Hi-Point firearms. The pistol-style magazines for the 4095 .40 S&W carbine are fully interchangeable with the Hi-Point .40 S&W pistol. No such compatibility was advertised by Hi-Point regarding the original 995 carbine and the 9mm Hi-Point C-9 pistol; owners of both designs have reported that they are not completely interchangeable. The 8 shot pistol magazine is too short to fit the carbine; however, the 10 shot carbine magazine will fit into the pistol but extends past the bottom of the grip.

Development
In the first quarter of 2009, a new model of the 995 carbine was released, the 995TS, which features a new stock and last round hold open. The TS model is slightly more expensive than the "995 Classic," affectionately known as "the Planet of the Apes gun." The 4095 model in .40 S&W and the newest model, the Model 4595 in .45 ACP, are available only in the new TS configuration. As of September 2010, the "995 Classic" or "4095 Classic" are no longer featured on the Hi-Point website.

As of November 2017, Hi-Point has put into production a new carbine in 10mm Auto. Based on the Model 4595TS, the Model 1095TS functions similarly to the 4595TS, with a 10 round single-stack magazine and a telescoping bolt in a blowback action.

The Hipoint carbines have a variety of aftermarket accessories. Hipoint manufactures a muzzle brake and laser system for the first generation models. Various companies manufacture accessories and attachments for the second generation of 995. The 995TS features picatinny rails and an improved design allowing for more versatility and modularity compared to the first generation 995.

Models

 * 995 (9mm)
 * 3895 (.380 ACP)
 * 1095 (10mm Auto)
 * 4095 (.40 S&W)
 * 4595 (.45 ACP)
 * 3095 (.30 Super Carry)

Legality
The Hi Point Carbine has since been designated an assault weapon in the State of Connecticut with the April 4, 2013 signing of Public Act 13-3. It has been similarly designated by the State of New York with the signing of the NY SAFE Act and as of mid-2013, purchase of any of the unaltered carbines has been restricted to law enforcement officers. However, in 2014 a company developed a shield that prevents the firearm operator from wrapping his or her hand around the pistol grip, which means that legally the pistol grip is not a pistol grip within the definition of such under the SAFE Act. With the shield fitted, Hi-Point carbines are again legal to own in New York state.

Popularity
The carbine was listed as the 7th most popular pistol caliber carbine in 2019. Some 28,000 were made and sold in 1998 alone, and it continues to sell well. After the success of the 9mm Model 995, the Model 4095 was created in the .40 S&W caliber. It shares much of the success of the Model 995. The Model 4595TS is a success and shares the popularity of the smaller-caliber versions.

Hi-Point carbines consistently scored high in evaluations run by Gun Tests Magazine.

The Hi-Point Carbine was one of the firearms used by Eric Harris during the Columbine High School massacre.

title: Hi-Point Carbine