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Songgotu

Songgotu (Manchu: ; ; 1636 – 1703) was a minister during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty. He was an uncle of the emperor's primary spouse, Empress Xiaochengren of the Hešeri clan, who died during childbirth. He was also the son of Sonin, one of the four regents appointed to assist the young Kangxi Emperor during his minority. As Empress Xiaochengren's paternal uncle, he was also therefore, the grand-uncle of Yinreng, who was crown prince throughout most of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Songgotu did not inherit the noble title First-class Duke or First-class Earl from his father Sonin because his mother was not the primary consort, therefore, he had the lowest status of his brothers. His sixth brother and fifth brother inherited the noble titles First-class Duke and First-class Count. His oldest brother, Gabula, was Empress Xiaochengren's father, and he also had the noble title First-class Duke.

Songgotu helped the young Kangxi Emperor depose Oboi, a regent during the reign of the young emperor. Gradually, Songgotu gained more power and became one of the most prominent officials under Kangxi. He was involved in a long power struggle with Mingju, another official at Kangxi's court. He also acted as a diplomat and signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk with Russia.

During Kangxi's expedition against Dzungar khan Galdan, Songgotu advocated for a withdrawal, but was reprimanded by the emperor for suggesting such a strategy. Songgotu was later implicated in the heir-apparent crisis, and he was imprisoned until death. Kangxi rescinded recognition for all of Songgotu's achievements during the latter's life, with the sole exception of the Treaty with Russia.

In fiction

 * The Deer and the Cauldron (鹿鼎記), a wuxia novel by Louis Cha. In the story, Songgotu was an aristocrat who befriended the protagonist Wei Xiaobao.

title: Songgotu


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Gleadless Valley (ward)

Gleadless Valley ward—which includes the districts of Gleadless Valley (Hemsworth, Herdings), Heeley, Lowfield, and Meersbrook—is one of the 28 electoral wards in City of Sheffield, England. It is located in the southern part of the city and covers an area of 4.5 km2. The population of this ward in 2011 was 21,089 people in 9,516 households. It is one of the five wards that form the Sheffield Heeley parliamentary constituency in the House of Commons. Gleadless Valley actually describes the valley that separates Hemsworth from Herdings, and is a broad area that covers several housing estates: Hemsworth, Herdings and Rollestone. Gleadless Valley is bordered by Gleadless and Norton.

Heeley
Heeley is a former village now a suburb in the south of the City of Sheffield, England. The village has existed at least since 1343, its name deriving from 'Heah Leah', meaning a high, woodland clearing. Originally Heeley was divided into three: Upper Heeley was around the intersection of Myrtle Road and Heeley Green, Middle Heeley was on the Gleadless Road at Hartley Street, and Lower Heeley was on the London Road around Artisan View. The main road through Heeley is the A61 London Road/Chesterfield Road, this dates from 1757 when it was built as a turnpike road from Sheffield to Chesterfield. A toll bar was built on this road at Heeley over the Meers Brook on what was at that time the boundary between Yorkshire and Derbyshire. The Midland Main Line railway line between Chesterfield and Sheffield, constructed in 1870, passes through Heeley where there used to be a station and carriage siding, built on the former site of Heeley Mill.

Hemsworth
Hemsworth, Gleadless Valley borders with Herdings, Meersbrook, Norton and Rollestone. It's mainly accessible from Blackstock Road, the shops and a bus terminus are located off this road. To the south of Blackstock Road was the site of Hemsworth Primary School (which was demolished to be replaced with a new primary school called Valley Park, located on the former Herdings Primary School grounds). To date no development has taken place on the site of the demolished school.

Also to the South of Blackstock Road is Constable Road and Hemsworth continues down this road.

Herdings
Herdings, Gleadless Valley borders with Hemsworth and Gleadless. Herdings used to be the highest point in Sheffield before the expansion of the city into more Derbyshire hamlets, villages, wooded areas and open green space. At the very top of the hill now sits the Herdings high rise flats, previously known as the Three Sisters of which one was demolished.

Herdings is served by Sheffield's light rail transit, the Sheffield Supertram. There, the tramway terminates next to a bus terminus. Original plans which included the construction of the route to the Meadowhead roundabout were rejected after local opposition.

Meersbrook

Meersbrook is a suburb of the City of Sheffield, England located to the south of Heeley. The name comes from the stream, the 'Meers Brook', a tributary of the River Sheaf which means 'boundary brook' and in ancient times this, along with the River Sheaf formed the boundary between the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia. It remained as the boundary between Yorkshire and Derbyshire into the 20th century.

A large part of the Meersbrook area is taken up by Meersbrook Park. This park, set on a steep hillside, offers a stunning panoramic view over central Sheffield to the north. Within the park are two historic buildings: Bishops' House (c1500) is one of the oldest buildings in Sheffield and is open as a museum, and Meersbrook House. Meersbrook House was built in 1780 by Benjamin Roebuck. The propriety included walled kitchen garden and house's estate extended to Meers Brook. The house was the home of the Ruskin Museum until 1950. John Ruskin originally set up his museum as the Museum of St. George in 1871 at a small cottage in Walkley, but it was renamed and moved to Meersbrook House in 1890. The Ruskin collection can still be seen in Sheffield's Millennium Galleries. Although the area was still in Derbyshire the councillors in Sheffield were already looking over the border for amenity facilities for their citizens. In January 1885 Sheffield City Council bought both the house and the land as a public park or pleasure ground.

Gleadless Valley
Gleadless Valley is a 1950s housing estate and suburb which includes the districts of Herdings, Hemsworth and Rollestone.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gleadless Valley (ward)


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Albani family

The Albani were an aristocratic Roman family from the 16th to the 19th century. They were of Albanian origin and moved from northern Albania to Italy in the late 15th century. The Albani produced many high ranking figures of the Catholic Church, including Pope Clement XI. Their patrilineal heirs died out in 1852 and their estates were inherited via matrilineal descent by the Chigi, another aristocratic family of central Italy, hence known as the Chigi-Albani.

Origin
The original name of the Albani was Lazzi (Laçi) which they changed to Albani in memory of their origin. Francesco Albani (Clement XI) funded an expedition in Albania to locate the exact settlement of his family's origins. In the final report, the two most probable locations which were presented to him were Laç near Lezhë and Laç near Kukës, both in northern Albania. The Albani family originated from Albania by two brothers, George and Fillip. After serving in the Albanian–Venetian War in the 15th century, they sought refuge in Italy, where they settled in Urbino and adopted the new surname "Albani". After a short while, they rose to high status and were trusted in many inner circles within the church and the government. One of the first and most prominent members of the family, Gian Girolamo Albani, started the family on the path to government affiliation. Many members of the family took after him and pursued government and church leadership.

Influence
Back in 16th century Italy, the Albani Family were very influential, and in some ways, they still are. Many of the male family members reached out for positions in government and the church. With allegiance to their God and their country being so important to everyone in that era, the Albani family name gained a lot of respect and influence over the course of the years in many different fields.

Religious
Back in the Age of the Enlightenment in Italy, religion was everything. Every one followed the church and looked to the leaders of the church for guidance. The church held a lot of power back then, and there were many members of the family who held high positions in the Catholic Church.

Political
Though many of the family members held positions with the church, there were also a few that held government jobs. Many of them were cardinals or diplomats in their time, whilst some others dealt in the armed forces. One of the more prominent members of the family, Giovanni Girolamo Albani, was a cardinal and a vice commander of armed forces in the Serenissima Republic. Others dealt with foreign affairs such as Gian Francesco Albani.

Artistic
Though none of the family members were known artists, the family had a lot of pull in the artistic world. Much of the knowledge we have about the Albani' in the art world consists of purchased collections and controversy surrounding them. One of the major pieces they were associated with was a portrait of some of the major members of the family called "Sette Ritratti Albani". It's known as "one of the most compelling group portraits in Italy". An example of the controversy surrounding the family within the world of the fine arts is that one of the paintings the Albani owned, a portrait of one of its most prominent members, Gian Girolamo Albani. It caused conflict because in the beginning, no one recognized the subject of the painting, and questioned why he was wearing symbols of high ranking. He wore a lynx coat and a gold cross, symbolizing high status and rank, but no one knew who he was, or if he deserved to be dressed in such a fashion.

Library
The Albani Family library, also known as the Clementine Library, was made and named for one of the most prominent members of the family, Giovanni Francesco Albani. The library contains over 10,000 printed books and pamphlets, which date from 1473 to the early nineteenth century, though the majority were printed in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries Over, 1,000 volumes in the collection relate to the history of Canon, Roman and Feudal Law. Many of these works are unique and exist no where else. Though the library originally existed in the house of Albani Family in Urbino, Italy, the Catholic University of America acquired the collection in 1928 and has worked to preserve its knowledge ever since.

Notable members

 * Alessandro Albani (1692–1779), Italian aristocrat and cardinal
 * Annibale Albani (1682–1751), Italian cardinal
 * Francesco Albani (1578-1660) Baroque painter
 * Gian Girolamo Albani (1504–1591)
 * Gian Francesco Albani (1720–1803), Roman Catholic cardinal
 * Giovanni Francesco Albani (Pope Clement XI) (1649–1721)
 * Giuseppe Albani (1750–1834), Roman Catholic cardinal
 * Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (1866 – 1951), Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

title: Albani family


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John Hansl

John Hansl (January 21, 1925 – June 29, 2007) was a former member of the Nazi Waffen-SS, who gained notoriety for the subsequent legal actions in the United States that led to the revocation of his citizenship due to his war-time activities. Born Johann Hansl in Donji Miholjac, Yugoslavia, now part of Croatia, to ethnic German parents, he was stationed as an armed guard in the SS Death's Head battalion at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin, and subsequently at the Natzweiler concentration camp in France.

After World War II, Hansl resettled in Austria before emigrating to the United States in 1955, where he was granted citizenship in the 1960s. His past as a Nazi concentration camp guard led to the revocation of his American citizenship in 2005, following an investigation by the Office of Special Investigations. On April 8, 2005, a federal court ruled that "regarding his personal conduct as a Death's Head guard leaves no room for factual dispute whether he personally advocated or assisted in persecution". This decision was later affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, with the U.S. Supreme Court declining to review the case.

Death
Hansl died in a nursing home in Des Moines, Iowa, aged 82.

title: John Hansl


text: Category:1603 in law

title: Category:1603 in law


text:
Water–gas shift reaction

The water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) describes the reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen:
 * CO + H2O CO2 + H2

The water gas shift reaction was discovered by Italian physicist Felice Fontana in 1780. It was not until much later that the industrial value of this reaction was realized. Before the early 20th century, hydrogen was obtained by reacting steam under high pressure with iron to produce iron oxide and hydrogen. With the development of industrial processes that required hydrogen, such as the Haber–Bosch ammonia synthesis, a less expensive and more efficient method of hydrogen production was needed. As a resolution to this problem, the WGSR was combined with the gasification of coal to produce hydrogen.

Applications
The WGSR is a highly valuable industrial reaction that is used in the manufacture of ammonia, hydrocarbons, methanol, and hydrogen. Its most important application is in conjunction with the conversion of carbon monoxide from steam reforming of methane or other hydrocarbons in the production of hydrogen. In the Fischer–Tropsch process, the WGSR is one of the most important reactions used to balance the H2/CO ratio. It provides a source of hydrogen at the expense of carbon monoxide, which is important for the production of high purity hydrogen for use in ammonia synthesis.

The water–gas shift reaction may be an undesired side reaction in processes involving water and carbon monoxide, e.g. the rhodium-based Monsanto process. The iridium-based Cativa process uses less water, which suppresses this reaction.

Fuel cells
The WGSR can aid in the efficiency of fuel cells by increasing hydrogen production. The WGSR is considered a critical component in the reduction of carbon monoxide concentrations in cells that are susceptible to carbon monoxide poisoning such as the proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The benefits of this application are two-fold: not only would the water gas shift reaction effectively reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide, but it would also increase the efficiency of the fuel cells by increasing hydrogen production. Unfortunately, current commercial catalysts that are used in industrial water gas shift processes are not compatible with fuel cell applications. With the high demand for clean fuel and the critical role of the water gas shift reaction in hydrogen fuel cells, the development of water gas shift catalysts for the application in fuel cell technology is an area of current research interest.

Catalysts for fuel cell application would need to operate at low temperatures. Since the WGSR is slow at lower temperatures where equilibrium favors hydrogen production, WGS reactors require large amounts of catalysts, which increases their cost and size beyond practical application. The commercial LTS catalyst used in large scale industrial plants is also pyrophoric in its inactive state and therefore presents safety concerns for consumer applications. Developing a catalyst that can overcome these limitations is relevant to implementation of a hydrogen economy.

Sorption enhanced water gas shift
The WGS reaction is used in combination with the solid adsorption of CO2 in the sorption enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS) in order to produce a high pressure hydrogen stream from syngas.

Reaction conditions
The equilibrium of this reaction shows a significant temperature dependence and the equilibrium constant decreases with an increase in temperature, that is, higher hydrogen formation is observed at lower temperatures.

Temperature dependence
With increasing temperature, the reaction rate increases, but hydrogen production becomes less favorable thermodynamically since the water gas shift reaction is moderately exothermic; this shift in chemical equilibrium can be explained according to Le Chatelier's principle. Over the temperature range of 600–2000 K, the equilibrium constant for the WGSR has the following relationship: $$ K_\mathrm{eq} = 10^{-2.4198 + 0.0003855T + \frac{2180.6}{T}}$$

Practical concerns
In order to take advantage of both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction, the industrial scale water gas shift reaction is conducted in multiple adiabatic stages consisting of a high temperature shift (HTS) followed by a low temperature shift (LTS) with intersystem cooling. The initial HTS takes advantage of the high reaction rates, but results in incomplete conversion of carbon monoxide. A subsequent low temperature shift reactor lowers the carbon monoxide content to <1%. Commercial HTS catalysts are based on iron oxide–chromium oxide and the LTS catalyst is a copper-based. The copper catalyst is susceptible to poisoning by sulfur. Sulfur compounds are removed prior to the LTS reactor by a guard bed. An important limitation for the HTS is the H2O/CO ratio where low ratios may lead to side reactions such as the formation of metallic iron, methanation, carbon deposition, and the Fischer–Tropsch reaction.

High temperature shift catalysis
The typical composition of commercial HTS catalyst has been reported as 74.2% Fe2O3, 10.0% Cr2O3, 0.2% MgO (remaining percentage attributed to volatile components). The chromium acts to stabilize the iron oxide and prevents sintering. The operation of HTS catalysts occurs within the temperature range of 310 °C to 450 °C. The temperature increases along the length of the reactor due to the exothermic nature of the reaction. As such, the inlet temperature is maintained at 350 °C to prevent the exit temperature from exceeding 550 °C. Industrial reactors operate at a range from atmospheric pressure to 8375 kPa (82.7 atm). The search for high performance HT WGS catalysts remains an intensive topic of research in fields of chemistry and materials science. Activation energy is a key criteria for the assessment of catalytic performance in WGS reactions. To date, some of the lowest activation energy values have been found for catalysts consisting of copper nanoparticles on ceria support materials, with values as low as Ea = 34 kJ/mol reported relative to hydrogen generation.

Low temperature shift catalysis
Catalysts for the lower temperature WGS reaction are commonly based on copper or copper oxide loaded ceramic phases, While the most common supports include alumina or alumina with zinc oxide, other supports may include rare earth oxides, spinels or perovskites. A typical composition of a commercial LTS catalyst has been reported as 32-33% CuO, 34-53% ZnO, 15-33% Al2O3. The active catalytic species is CuO. The function of ZnO is to provide structural support as well as prevent the poisoning of copper by sulfur. The Al2O3 prevents dispersion and pellet shrinkage. The LTS shift reactor operates at a range of 200–250 °C. The upper temperature limit is due to the susceptibility of copper to thermal sintering. These lower temperatures also reduce the occurrence of side reactions that are observed in the case of the HTS. Noble metals such as platinum, supported on ceria, have also been used for LTS.

Mechanism

The WGSR has been extensively studied for over a hundred years. The kinetically relevant mechanism depends on the catalyst composition and the temperature. Two mechanisms have been proposed: an associative Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism and a redox mechanism. The redox mechanism is generally regarded as kinetically relevant during the high-temperature WGSR (> 350 °C) over the industrial iron-chromia catalyst. Historically, there has been much more controversy surrounding the mechanism at low temperatures. Recent experimental studies confirm that the associative carboxyl mechanism is the predominant low temperature pathway on metal-oxide-supported transition metal catalysts.

Associative mechanism
In 1920 Armstrong and Hilditch first proposed the associative mechanism. In this mechanism CO and H2O are adsorbed onto the surface of the catalyst, followed by formation of an intermediate and the desorption of H2 and CO2. In general, H2O dissociates onto the catalyst to yield adsorbed OH and H. The dissociated water reacts with CO to form a carboxyl or formate intermediate. The intermediate subsequently dehydrogenates to yield CO2 and adsorbed H. Two adsorbed H atoms recombine to form H2.

There has been significant controversy surrounding the kinetically relevant intermediate during the associative mechanism. Experimental studies indicate that both intermediates contribute to the reaction rate over metal oxide supported transition metal catalysts. However, the carboxyl pathway accounts for about 90% of the total rate owing to the thermodynamic stability of adsorbed formate on the oxide support. The active site for carboxyl formation consists of a metal atom adjacent to an adsorbed hydroxyl. This ensemble is readily formed at the metal-oxide interface and explains the much higher activity of oxide-supported transition metals relative to extended metal surfaces. The turn-over-frequency for the WGSR is proportional to the equilibrium constant of hydroxyl formation, which rationalizes why reducible oxide supports (e.g. CeO2) are more active than irreducible supports (e.g. SiO2) and extended metal surfaces (e.g. Pt). In contrast to the active site for carboxyl formation, formate formation occurs on extended metal surfaces. The formate intermediate can be eliminated during the WGSR by using oxide-supported atomically dispersed transition metal catalysts, further confirming the kinetic dominance of the carboxyl pathway.

Redox mechanism
The redox mechanism involves a change in the oxidation state of the catalytic material. In this mechanism, CO is oxidized by an O-atom intrinsically belonging to the catalytic material to form CO2. A water molecule undergoes dissociative adsorption at the newly formed O-vacancy to yield two hydroxyls. The hydroxyls disproportionate to yield H2 and return the catalytic surface back to its pre-reaction state.

Homogeneous models
The mechanism entails nucleophilic attack of water or hydroxide on a M-CO center, generating a metallacarboxylic acid.

Thermodynamics
The WGSR is exergonic, with the following thermodynamic parameters at room temperature (298 K):
 * {|class=wikitable

!Free energy !Enthalpy !Entropy
 * ΔG⊖ = –6.82 kcal
 * ΔH⊖ = –9.84 kcal
 * ΔS⊖ = –10.1 cal/deg
 * }

In aqueous solution, the reaction is less exergonic.

Reverse water–gas shift
In the conversion of carbon dioxide to useful materials, the water–gas shift reaction is used to produce carbon monoxide from hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is sometimes called the reverse water–gas shift reaction.

Water gas is defined as a fuel gas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). The term 'shift' in water–gas shift means changing the water gas composition (CO:H2) ratio. The ratio can be increased by adding CO2 or reduced by adding steam to the reactor.

title: Water–gas shift reaction


text: Category:Indian historians

title: Category:Indian historians


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Spirit in the Sky

"Spirit in the Sky" is a song by American singer-songwriter Norman Greenbaum, originally written and recorded by Greenbaum and released in late 1969 from the album of the same name. The single became a gold record in the United States, selling two million copies from 1969 to 1970, and reached No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 where it lasted for 15 weeks in the Top 100. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 22 song of 1970. It also climbed to No. 1 on the UK, Australian and Canadian charts in 1970.

Rolling Stone ranked "Spirit in the Sky" No. 333 on its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Cover versions by Doctor and the Medics and Gareth Gates have also made the No. 1 spot in the UK. The song was voted one of the top ten one-hit wonders in a Rolling Stone reader's poll.

Original version by Norman Greenbaum
"Spirit in the Sky" makes several religious references to Jesus, and Greenbaum himself is Jewish. In a 2006 interview with The New York Times, Greenbaum told a reporter he was inspired to write the song after watching Porter Wagoner singing a gospel song on TV. Greenbaum said: "I thought, 'Yeah, I could do that,' knowing nothing about gospel music, so I sat down and wrote my own gospel song. It came easy. I wrote the words in 15 minutes." Greenbaum had previously been a member of psychedelic jug band Dr. West's Medicine Show and Junk Band. When they split up, he won a solo contract with producer Erik Jacobsen for Reprise Records. Jacobsen had previously worked with the Lovin' Spoonful.

Greenbaum first arranged the song for an acoustic jug band; then he tried a folk version and then a Delta blues style, but none of these were satisfactory. Under Jacobsen's direction, the song started to gel at Coast Recorders studio on Bush Street in San Francisco, with Jacobsen's chosen session players Russell DaShiell on guitar, Doug Killmer from the band Crowfoot on bass, and drummer Norman Mayell from the band Sopwith Camel. Greenbaum used a Fender Telecaster guitar with a fuzz-tone circuit built into the body to generate the song's characteristic guitar sound. Jacobsen finally brought in the Stovall Sisters (Joyce, Lillian, and Netta) from Oakland to support the song with gospel hand percussion and vocal stylings, joined by additional singers.

The resulting sound was an "oddly good and compelling" combination of boogie rock, blues, gospel and hard rock music, with loud drums, distorted electric guitar, clapping hands, and tambourines. Because of the song's length and lyrics, the record company was initially reluctant to issue it, but it was finally released as a single after two other singles from the album had poor sales. "Spirit in the Sky" became a worldwide hit and was the best-selling single for the Reprise label. In his famous 1970 Lennon Remembers interview for Rolling Stone, John Lennon stated that he liked the song.

The song received criticism from some Christians for including the lines, "Never been a sinner/I've never sinned/I got a friend in Jesus", as most Christian views on sin state that "there is no one who has never sinned". Greenbaum had explained that because he was not a Christian, he had been unaware of that when he wrote the song. In an interview with American Songwriter, he said, "I did flub it I guess, cause if I was a Christian and was writing from that mindset, I would have said, 'I've been a sinner' .... But since I didn't have that upbringing, it never occurred to me that it was wrong." While some Christian artists have recorded the song using Greenbaum's original lyrics, others have changed those lines, such as DC Talk, who instead sang, "You know I've been a sinner/We've all sinned".

Later albums and singles by Greenbaum were not embraced by the market. By the 1980s, Greenbaum had abandoned his music career and worked as a sous-chef and restaurant kitchen manager.

The song was reworked by Doctor and the Medics in June 1986, achieving chart success in the UK. This cover version was heard in the 1987 film Maid to Order, catalyzing renewed media interest in the original song. The original version is heard in the films Miami Blues (1990), Wayne's World 2 (1993), Apollo 13 (1995), Remember the Titans (2000), Ocean's Eleven (2001), The Sandlot 2 (2005), Katie and Orbie, Suicide Squad, and The Founder (2016). Kellogg's cereal tapped the song for a television advertisement in 1997, and it was the highlight of a lengthy television commercial for Nike shoes in 2005. Greenbaum reflected on the song in 2011, saying, "It sounds as fresh today as when it was recorded. I've gotten letters from funeral directors telling me that it's their second-most-requested song to play at memorial services, next to 'Danny Boy'."

Doctor and the Medics version
In June 1986, Doctor and the Medics reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart with their version of the song, spending three weeks at the top. In New Zealand, the song reached No. 2 on the RIANZ Singles Chart, while in Canada, it peaked at No. 1 for a week and was the fifth-highest-selling single of 1986. The song has been certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA).

Gareth Gates (with the Kumars) version
"Spirit in the Sky" served as the first single from Pop Idol runner-up Gareth Gates's second studio album, Go Your Own Way. The single was released on March 10, 2003, and was the official Comic Relief charity single for 2003. The song features guest vocals from the Kumars. The song peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Gates' fourth number-one single. Gates' version has been certified platinum by BPI in the UK.

Track listings
UK CD1
 * 1) "Spirit in the Sky" (with the Kumars)
 * 2) "Dance Again"
 * 3) "Spirit in the Sky"
 * 4) "Spirit in the Sky" (video)

UK CD2
 * 1) "Spirit in the Sky" (with the Kumars)
 * 2) "Will You Wait for Me?"
 * 3) Interview with Gareth Gates

UK cassette single
 * 1) "Spirit in the Sky" (with the Kumars)
 * 2) "Dance Again"
 * 3) "Will You Wait for Me?"

UK DVD single
 * 1) "Spirit in the Sky" (video)
 * 2) Making of "Spirit in the Sky" (video)
 * 3) "Dance Again" (video)
 * 4) Interview with the Kumars (video)

Other versions
A version by Dorothy Combs Morrison reached No. 99 on Billboard 's Hot 100 in October 1970, and No. 47 in Canada during November of that same year.

In popular culture
Since the 1970s, Manchester United fans have used the song as the base for a chant to support George Best.

title: Spirit in the Sky


text:
China at the 1984 Summer Olympics

The People's Republic of China competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. It was the first appearance at the Summer Games for the country after its mostly symbolic presence at the Summer Games in 1952 during which the dispute between the Republic of China and the PRC resulted in the former withdrawing all its athletes. After 1952 and until these games, the PRC boycotted the Olympics due to the Taiwan's presence as the Republic of China. In 1984, the Republic of China competed as Chinese Taipei and the PRC competed as China. Due to the then ongoing Sino-Soviet split, China did not participate in the Soviet-led boycott. In the previous games, China participated the United States-led boycott to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

215 competitors, 132 men and 83 women, took part in 105 events in 19 sports. The first gold medal to be awarded at the Los Angeles Olympics was also the first-ever medal to be won by an athlete from China when Xu Haifeng won the 50 m Pistol event. Li Ning won also 6 medals in gymnastics, 3 gold, 2 silver, and 1 bronze, earning him the nickname "Prince of Gymnasts" in China.

Medalists
The following Chinese competitors won medals at the games. In the by discipline sections below, medalists' names are bolded.

Gold

 * Xu Haifeng
 * Zeng Guoqiang
 * Wu Shude
 * Li Yuwei
 * Chen Weiqiang
 * Yao Jingyuan
 * Wu Xiaoxuan
 * Luan Jujie
 * Li Ning (3)
 * Lou Yun
 * Ma Yanhong
 * Volleyball, Women's team competition (Hou Yuzhu, Jiang Ying, Lang Ping, Li Yanjun, Liang Yan, Su Huijuan, Yang Xiaojun, Yang Xilan, Zhang Rongfang, Zheng Meizhu, Zhou Xiaolan, and Zhu Ling)
 * Zhou Jihong.

Silver

 * Li Lingjuan
 * Tan Liangde
 * Zhou Peishun
 * Lai Runming
 * Tong Fei
 * Men's gymnastics team (Lou Yun, Tong Fei, Li Ning, Xu Zhiqiang, Li Xiaoping, Li Yuejiu, Zou Limin)
 * Li Ning
 * Lou Yun

Bronze

 * Zhu Jianhua
 * Li Kongzheng
 * Li Ning
 * Huang Shiping
 * Wang Yifu
 * Wu Xiaoxuan
 * Women's Gymnastics Team (Ma Yanhong, Zhou Qiurui, Zhou Ping, Chen Yongyan, Huang Qun, Wu Jiani, and Ming Guixiu)
 * Women's Basketball Team Competition (Song Xiaobo, Lijuan Xiu, Chen Yuefang, Zheng Haixia, Qiu Chen, Li Xiaoqin, Zhang Hui, Cong Xuedi,   Zhang Yueqin, Ba Yan,  Wang Jun, and  Liu Qing)
 * Women's Handball Team (Wu Xinjiang, Liu Yumei, Chen Jing, Zhang Weihong, Gao Xiumin, Wang Linwei, Liu Liping, Zhang Peijun, Sun Xiulan, Li Lan, Wang Mingxing, Chen Zheng, Guo Yingze, He Jianping, and Zhu Juefeng).

Archery
The PRC sent six archers to the Olympics. The women's team was more successful than the men's, earning a silver medal and an additional top eight finish.

Women's Individual Competition:
 * Li Lingjuan - 2559 points (→ [[Image:Med 2.png]] Silver Medal)
 * Wu Yanan - 2493 points (→ 8th place)
 * Wang Jin - 2445 points (→ 18th place)

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Yong Shan - 2483 points (→ 18th place)
 * Zhang Zheng - 2405 points (→ 36th place)
 * Feng Zemin - 2389 points (→ 38th place)

Athletics
Men's 100 metres
 * Men's Competition
 * Yu Zhuanghui

Men's 200 metres
 * Yu Zhuanghui

Men's 110 metres Hurdles
 * Yu Zhicheng
 * Li Jieqiang

Men's 20 km Walk
 * Zhang Fuxin
 * Final — 1:32:10 (→ 27th place)

Men's 50 km Walk
 * Zhang Fuxin
 * Final — 4:23:39 (→ 15th place)

Men's High Jump
 * Zhu Jianhua
 * Qualification — 2.24m
 * Final — 2.31m (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)
 * Liu Yunpeng
 * Qualification — 2.24m
 * Final — 2.29m (→ 7th place)
 * Cai Shu
 * Qualification — 2.24m
 * Final — 2.27m (→ 8th place)

Men's Long Jump
 * Liu Yuhuang
 * Qualification — 7.83m
 * Final — 7.99m (→ 5th place)
 * Wang Shijie
 * Qualification — 7.36m (→ did not advance, 18th place)

Men's Triple Jump
 * Zou Zhenxian
 * Final — 16.83m (→ 4th place)

Men's Pole Vault
 * Yang Weimin
 * Qualifying Round — 5.30m
 * Final — 5.10m (→ 10th place)
 * Ji Zebiao
 * Qualifying Round — 5.10m (→ did not advance)

Men's Decathlon
 * Weng Kangqiang
 * Final Result — 7662 points (→ 15th place)

Women's 100 metres Hurdles
 * Women's Competition
 * Liu Huajin

Women's High Jump
 * Zheng Dazhen
 * Qualification — 1.90 m
 * Final — 1.91 m (→ 7th place)
 * Yang Wenqin
 * Qualification — 1.90 m
 * Final — 1.88 m (→ 9th place)
 * Ge Ping
 * Qualification — 1.84 m (→ did not advance, 21st place)

Women's Long Jump
 * Liao Wenfen
 * Qualification — 6.16 m (→ did not advance, 15th place)

Women's Discus Throw
 * Jiao Yunxiang
 * Qualification — 54.70 m
 * Final — 53.32 m (→ 11th place)

Women's Shot Put
 * Li Meisu
 * Final — 17.96 m (→ 5th place)
 * Yang Yanqin
 * Final — 16.97 m (→ 10th place)

Women's Javelin Throw
 * Zhu Hongyang
 * Qualification — 53.18 m (→ did not advance)

Basketball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group B)
 * Lost to United States (49-97)
 * Defeated France (85-83)
 * Lost to Canada (80-121)
 * Lost to Spain (83-102)
 * Lost to Uruguay (67-74)
 * Classification Matches
 * 9th/12th place: Defeated Egypt (76-73)
 * 9th/10th place: Lost to Brazil (76-86) → Tenth place
 * Team Roster
 * Wang Haibo
 * Lü Jinqing
 * Huang Yunlong
 * Guo Yonglin
 * Kuang Lubin
 * Ji Zhaoguang
 * Li Yaguang
 * Sun Fengwu
 * Wang Libin
 * Liu Jianli
 * Hu Zhangbao
 * Zhang Bin

 * Women's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round
 * Defeated Australia (67-64)
 * Lost to Canada (61-66)
 * Defeated Yugoslavia (79-58)
 * Lost to United States (55-91)
 * Lost to South Korea (56-69)
 * Bronze Medal Match
 * Defeated Canada (62-57) → [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal
 * Team Roster
 * Ba Yan
 * Chen Yuefang
 * Cong Xuedi
 * Liu Qing
 * Li Xiaoqin
 * Qiu Chen
 * Song Xiaobo
 * Wang Jun
 * Xiu Lijuan
 * Zhang Hui
 * Zhang Yueqin
 * Zheng Haixia

Cycling
Seven cyclists, four men and three women, represented China in 1984.

 * Team time trial
 * Han Shuxiang, Liu Fu, Wang Wanqiang, and Zeng Bo — 21st place

 * Women's individual road race
 * Lu Suyan — 31st place
 * Wang Li — 36th place
 * Lu Yu'e — 41st place

Diving
Men's 3m Springboard
 * Tan Liangde
 * Preliminary Round — 600.99
 * Final — 662.31 (→ [[Image:Med 2.png]] Silver Medal)
 * Li Hongping
 * Preliminary Round — 611.55
 * Final — 646.35 (→ 4th place)

Men's 10m Platform
 * Li Kongzheng
 * Final ([[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)

Fencing
18 fencers, 13 men and 5 women, represented China in 1984.

 * Men's foil
 * Liu Yunhong
 * Chu Shisheng
 * Yu Yifeng

 * Men's team foil
 * Chu Shisheng, Cui Yining, Yu Yifeng, Wang Wei, Zhang Jian, Liu Yunhong

 * Men's épée
 * Cui Yining
 * Zhao Zhizhong
 * Zong Xiangqing

 * Men's team épée
 * Cui Yining, Pang Jin, Zhao Zhizhong, Zong Xiangqing

 * Men's sabre
 * Chen Jinchu
 * Wang Ruiji
 * Liu Guozhen

 * Men's team sabre
 * Wang Ruiji, Chen Jinchu, Yang Shisen, Liu Guozhen, Liu Yunhong

 * Women's foil
 * Jujie Luan
 * Zhu Qingyuan
 * Li Huahua

 * Women's team foil
 * Jujie Luan, Zhu Qingyuan, Li Huahua, Wu Qiuhua, Zhu Minzhu

Gymnastics
Men
 * Lou Yun — Vault, Gold medal.svg Gold Medal
 * Li Ning — Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, Rings, Gold medal.svg Gold Medals; Vault, Silver medal.svg Silver Medal; All-Around, Bronze medal.svg Bronze Medal
 * Tong Fei — Horizontal Bar, Silver medal.svg Silver Medal

Women
 * Ma Yanhong — Uneven Bars, Gold medal.svg Gold Medal

Handball

 * Women's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round Robin
 * Lost to the United States (22-25)
 * Defeated West Germany (20-19)
 * Tied with South Korea (24-24)
 * Defeated Austria (21-16)
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (25-31) → [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal
 * Team Roster
 * Wu Xingjiang
 * He Jianping
 * Zhu Juefeng
 * Zhang Weihong
 * Gao Xiumin
 * Wang Linwei
 * Liu Liping
 * Sun Xiulan
 * Liu Yumei
 * Li Lan
 * Wang Mingxing
 * Chen Zhen

Swimming
Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Mu Lati
 * Heat — 52.82 (→ did not advance, 31st place)
 * Shen Jianqiang
 * Heat — 52.84 (→ did not advance, 32nd place)

Men's 200m Freestyle
 * Shen Jianqiang
 * Heat — 1:56.08 (→ did not advance, 34th place)

Men's 100m Backstroke
 * Wang Hao
 * Heat — 59.13 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)
 * Li Zhongyi
 * Heat — 1:00.66 (→ did not advance, 30th place)

Men's 200m Backstroke
 * Wang Hao
 * Heat — 2:12.28 (→ did not advance, 28th place)

Men's 100m Breaststroke
 * Jin Fu
 * Heat — 1:05.05 (→ did not advance, 17th place)
 * Wang Lin
 * Heat — DSQ (→ did not advance, no ranking)

Men's 200m Breaststroke
 * Jin Fu
 * Heat — 2:26.?? (→ did not advance, 26th place)

Men's 100m Butterfly
 * Zheng Jian
 * Heat — 56.58 (→ did not advance, 26th place)

Men's 200m Individual Medley
 * Chen Qin
 * Heat — 2:10.30 (→ did not advance, 24th place)
 * Feng Dawei
 * Heat — 2:11.30 (→ did not advance, 25th place)

Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Mu Lati, Feng Dawei, Chen Qin, and Shen Jianqiang
 * Heat — 3:30.82 (→ did not advance, 15th place)

Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay Women's 100m Freestyle
 * Wang Hao, Jin Fu, Zheng Jian, and Mu Lati
 * Heat — 3:51.71 (→ did not advance, 11th place)
 * Ding Jilian
 * Heat — 59.11 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

Women's 100m Backstroke
 * Guo Huaying
 * Heat — 1:08.21 (→ did not advance, 25th place)

Women's 200m Backstroke
 * Yan Hong
 * Heat — 2:32.33 (→ did not advance, 26th place)

Women's 200m Individual Medley
 * Yan Hong
 * Heat — 2:27.95 (→ did not advance, 21st place)

Women's 4x100 Medley Relay
 * Guo Huaying, Liang Weifen, Li Jinlan, and Ding Jilian
 * Heat — 4:27.39 (→ did not advance)

Volleyball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group B)
 * Lost to Japan (0-3)
 * Lost to Italy (0-3)
 * Defeated Egypt (3-0)
 * Lost to Canada (0-3)
 * Classification Matches
 * 5th/8th place: Lost to South Korea (1-3)
 * 7th/8th place: Lost to Japan (0-3) → 8th place
 * Team Roster
 * Yan Jianming
 * Song Jinwei
 * Yu Juekin
 * Zhai Jixin
 * Zhang Yousheng
 * Zhao Duo
 * Yang Liqun
 * Cao Ping
 * Shen Keqin
 * Zuo Yue
 * Xiao Jinsong
 * Liu Changcheng

 * Women's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group B)
 * Defeated Brazil (3-0)
 * Defeated West Germany (3-0)
 * Lost to United States (1-3)
 * Semi Finals
 * Defeated Japan (3-0)
 * Final
 * Defeated United States (3-0) → Gold medal.svg Gold Medal

Water polo

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group A)
 * Lost to Netherlands (8-10)
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (7-12)
 * Defeated Canada (6-5)
 * Final Round (Group E)
 * Defeated Japan (10-4)
 * Lost to Italy (8-11)
 * Defeated Brazil (11-9)
 * Lost to Greece (9-10) → 9th place
 * Team Roster
 * Deng Jun
 * Wang Xiaotian
 * Song Weigang
 * Li Jianming
 * Huang Ying
 * Cai Tianxiong
 * Qu Baowei
 * Zhao Bilong
 * Chen Zhixiong
 * Cai Shengliu
 * Pan Shenghua
 * Huang Long
 * Guan Shishi

title: China at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
Nicola Bryant

Nicola Jane Bryant (born 11 October 1960) is an English actress best known for her role as Peri Brown, a companion to both the Fifth and Sixth Doctors, in the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who, from 1984 to 1986.

Early life
Nicola Bryant was born and raised in a small village near Guildford in Surrey, the older of two daughters of Denis and Sheila Bryant. She has a younger sister named Tracy. She began taking dance classes at the age of three, and also took piano lessons. At the age of ten she auditioned to go to ballet schools, but was unable to take up places offered because of asthma. Upset by this development, she joined a local amateur dramatic group.

On leaving school she auditioned for all of the London drama schools, and took up a scholarship to the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. In her final year there, she played the part of Nanette in a production of the musical No, No, Nanette.

Career
Bryant's first professional part was as Peri Brown in Doctor Who. She played the part from 1984 to 1986, first with Peter Davison, and then with Colin Baker as the Doctor. Bryant's tenure on the show was met with raised eyebrows in some quarters as series producer John Nathan-Turner admitted (in his book Doctor Who: The Companions and elsewhere) that his intention was to pump up the sex appeal of the ageing series by casting the young actress who was often seen wearing low-cut outfits in the show. Her character was American and for a while a publicity-driven fiction was maintained suggesting Bryant was also American, something Bryant had herself stated in press interviews when she landed the part. During her final series on Doctor Who, the actress was allowed to dress more conservatively on the show.

Bryant appeared in the Doctor Who serial The Two Doctors (1985), and she enjoyed working with Patrick Troughton, who returned as the Second Doctor. During the programme's hiatus during 1985 and 1986, Bryant reprised the role of Peri in a BBC radio production entitled Slipback alongside Baker.

After appearing in Doctor Who, Bryant spent nine months at the Savoy Theatre in the West End of London in the thriller Killing Jessica with Patrick Macnee, directed by Bryan Forbes. She was cast in other television roles, including a part in Blackadder's Christmas Carol (1988). In the early to mid-1990s, she co-starred with Baker in a series of made-for-video science fiction films entitled The Stranger for BBV, although the first few films in the series were little more than Doctor Who episodes in disguise. She also appeared alongside Baker, Davison, Sylvester McCoy and Jon Pertwee in another BBV production, The Airzone Solution, which includes a love scene between Baker and Bryant.

Bryant has reprised the role of Peri in several of the Big Finish Productions Doctor Who spin-off audio plays, appearing both with Peter Davison and Colin Baker. She also directed UNIT: The Wasting and Judge Dredd: 99 Code Red!.

In February 2006, she performed in a New End Theatre production of the Carl Djerassi play Taboos, and in early 2007 appeared in a London stage production of Tom Stoppard's Rock 'n' Roll at the Duke of York's Theatre. A DVD documentary, In The Footsteps of The Two Doctors, following Bryant's return to some of the locations featured in the Doctor Who serial The Two Doctors, was released in late 2006.

She returned to the stage in 2008 in a touring production of an adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's "Don't Look Now", playing the part of Laura Baxter. This production continued into 2009.

In the summer of 2009, Bryant filmed an improvised documentary-style film for Australian director Ben Briand as well as recording eight audio stories for Big Finish as a "missing season" of adventures for Doctor Who. On 2 March 2010 she appeared in Holby City as a television news reporter, and in 2011 she featured in the Dark Shadows audio drama The Blind Painter. In 2013 she appeared in a Doctor Who-themed episode of the game show Pointless.

Bryant guest-starred as 'Lana' in the 2017 two-part finale of the internet series Star Trek Continues, which finishes the five-year mission of Star Trek: The Original Series.

Appearing in commercials, Bryant has been the face of Woolwich Building Society, National Saving, and Nurofen. Bryant was in the Ridley Scott Associates production for Axa Health Insurance.

Bryant's voice-over work spans more than three decades. She has been the voice behind BMW, Duchy Originals, Florida Orange Juice, Twinings Tea, Nationwide, Woolwich Building Society, medical and pharmaceutical companies and Bovis Houses. She has also voiced documentaries for the BBC and NBC.

In 2023, Bryant reprised her role as Peri Brown in the series Tales of the TARDIS.

title: Nicola Bryant


text:
Cycloped

Cycloped was an early horse-powered locomotive, built by Thomas Shaw Brandreth of Liverpool, which competed unsuccessfully in the Rainhill trials of October 1829.

The Rainhill trials
The Cycloped was the only entry in the trials that did not rely on steam power, instead utilising a treadmill that was kept continually moving by a horse mounted on top.

Brandreth was one of the directors of the railway and some people believed that that gave the Cycloped an unfair advantage. But the Cycloped was an impractical idea and because of its failure to generate enough speed to equal its competitors—Burstall's Perseverance, Braithwaite's Novelty, Hackworth's Sans Pareil and Stephenson's Rocket—it ultimately lost the competition in the trials. Stephenson's Rocket eventually won the trials, maintaining an average speed of 13.8 mph for a modest consumption of coal and water.

Dandy wagons
Horses had been used to pull wagons on coal and mineral tramways and plateways for some years before this. Many of these tramways and plateways were arranged so that the line ran downhill from the mine to a river or coastal port. Loaded trains would descend under the power of gravity, with horses used to haul the empty trains back uphill.

Early examples with just one or two wagons together were pulled downhill by the horse, the horse also acting as brakes. Once improved mechanical brakes were available, longer trains of wagons could be controlled during their descent. The horses were carried downhill in a special dandy wagon, usually attached to the end of the run of loaded wagons. These dandy wagons were simple unpowered wagons, often with no more adaptation for horses than special doors to load and unload the animals.

Other horse locomotives
Horse locomotives were only used for a brief period between the development of passenger-carrying public railways and the provision of viable steam locomotives. Other horse-powered locomotives include the Flying Dutchman of the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company, used briefly in 1830, and the Impulsoria, exhibited at the Great Exhibition in 1851.

title: Cycloped


text:
Round shot

A round shot (also called solid shot or simply ball) is a solid spherical projectile without explosive charge, launched from a gun. Its diameter is slightly less than the bore of the barrel from which it is shot. A round shot fired from a large-caliber gun is also called a cannonball.

The cast iron cannonball was introduced by French artillery engineers after 1450; it had the capacity to reduce traditional English castle wall fortifications to rubble. French armories would cast a tubular cannon body in a single piece, and cannonballs took the shape of a sphere initially made from stone material. Advances in gunpowder manufacturing soon led the replacement of stone cannonballs with cast iron ones.

Round shot was made in early times from dressed stone, referred to as gunstone (Middle English: gunneston), but by the 17th century, from iron. It was used as the most accurate projectile that could be fired by a smoothbore cannon, used to batter the wooden hulls of opposing ships, fortifications, or fixed emplacements, and as a long-range anti-personnel weapon. However, masonry stone forts designed during the early modern period (known as star forts) were almost impervious to the effects of round shot.

In land battles, round shot would often plough through many ranks of troops, causing multiple casualties. Unlike the fake gunpowder explosions representing roundshot in movies, roundshot was more like a bouncing bowling ball that would not stop after the initial impact, but continue and tear through anything in its path. It could bounce when it hit the ground, striking men at each bounce. The casualties from round shot were extremely gory; when fired directly into an advancing column, a cannonball was capable of passing straight through up to forty men.

Even when most of its kinetic energy is expended, a round shot still has enough momentum to knock men over and cause gruesome injury. Because such instances often left little visible external marks, this initially gave rise to the theory that even in the case of a near-miss, the so-called "wind of a ball" could give rise to such internal injury or concussion, often with fatal results. The actual explanation for these cases, however, turned out to be the toughness and elasticity of the human skin, which can sustain damage against a "spent" ball of round shot – which thanks to its weight still possesses considerable momentum even at seemingly slow speeds – enough so to cause quite severe internal injuries, while at the same time leaving little to no traces of visible impact.

When attacking wooden ships or land structures that would be damaged by fire, the cannonball could be heated to red hot. This was called a "heated shot". (On the shot called "the single deadliest cannon shot in American history", see Negro Fort.)

Round shot has the disadvantage of not being tightly fitted into the bore (to do so would cause jamming). This causes the shot to "rattle" down the gun barrel and leave the barrel at an angle, unless wadding or a discarding sabot is used. This difference in shot and bore diameter is called "windage".

Round shot has been totally replaced by modern shells. Round shot is used in historical recreations and historical replica weapons.

In the 1860s, some round shots were equipped with winglets to benefit from the rifling of cannons. Such round shot would benefit from gyroscopic stability, thereby improving their trajectory, until the advent of the ogival shell.

title: Round shot


text:
Alive (Pearl Jam song)

"Alive" is the debut single by American rock band Pearl Jam. It was released on July 7, 1991, 51 days before the release of the band's debut album, Ten, on which "Alive" appears. Written by guitarist Stone Gossard, the song originated as an instrumental titled "Dollar Short" and was included on a demo tape circulated in hopes of finding a singer for the group. Vocalist Eddie Vedder obtained a copy of the tape and wrote lyrics that describe a somewhat fictionalized account of the time when he was told that the man he thought was his father was not actually his biological parent.

"Alive" charted at number 16 in the United Kingdom and number nine in Australia. In August 2018, it became the first Pearl Jam song to receive a certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), eventually receiving a gold certification in July 2022 for sales and streams of over 400,000. It also reached the top 20 in Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. The single was available only through import in the United States, so it was not able to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. However, the song did peak at number 16 on the Album Rock Tracks chart and number 18 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart.

Remixed versions of the song were included on Pearl Jam's 2004 greatest hits album, Rearviewmirror (Greatest Hits 1991–2003), and the 2009 Ten reissue.

Origin and recording
Guitarist Stone Gossard wrote the music for the song, which he titled "Dollar Short", in 1990 when he was still a member of Mother Love Bone. According to Gossard in an interview for Pearl Jam's VH1 Storytellers special, Mother Love Bone frontman Andrew Wood had even sung on it. After Wood died of a heroin overdose, Gossard and his bandmate Jeff Ament started playing with guitarist Mike McCready with the hope of starting a new band. "Dollar Short" was one of five tracks compiled onto a tape called Stone Gossard Demos '91 that Gossard, Ament, and McCready circulated in the hopes of finding a singer and drummer for the group.

The tape made its way into the hands of vocalist Eddie Vedder, who was working as a security guard for a petroleum company in San Diego, California, at the time. He listened to the tape shortly before going surfing, where lyrics came to him. "Alive" was the first song for which Vedder recorded vocals. Vedder mailed the tape back to Seattle. Upon hearing the tape, the band invited Vedder to come to Seattle and he was asked to join the band.

The band, then called Mookie Blaylock, recorded "Alive" during a demo session at London Bridge studio in January 1991. The version recorded during this session would later appear on the group's debut album, Ten, and on the promotional "Alive" EP. During album mixing sessions in England in June 1991, mixer Tim Palmer had McCready add to the song's outro solo. McCready recorded a number of attempts at the solo, and Palmer edited them into a composite version. The guitarist was unsatisfied with the result, so he made another attempt at the solo, this time using a Uni-Vibe while recording. "He had another go at it", Palmer recalled, "and got it right away. There was no piecing together to do; it was one take."

Composition
"Alive" is in the key of A major and features an extended guitar solo after its third chorus (3:38). The solo for "Alive", performed by McCready, was ranked number 44 on Guitar World ' s list of the "100 Greatest Guitar Solos", and number 26 on Total Guitar ' s list of the "100 Hottest Guitar Solos". When interviewed about his famous solo, McCready was quick to disclaim creative credit for it, saying he basically "copied Ace Frehley's solo from 'She', which was copied from Robby Krieger's solo in The Doors' 'Five to One'." Aside from that influence, it strongly highlights the influences of Jimi Hendrix on McCready's playing, including extensive wah pedal use, frequent whammy bar dips and vibrato, as well as the use of a battered Stratocaster guitar. During many live shows he has been known to break into the outro lead solo for Black Sabbath's "War Pigs".

Lyrics
The song is the first piece in a trilogy of songs in what Vedder later described as a "mini-opera" entitled Mamasan, which is composed of the songs "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps". "Alive" tells the story of a young man discovering that the man he thought was his father is actually his stepfather, while his mother's grief leads to an incestuous relationship with the son, who strongly resembles the biological father. This leads to "Once" in which the man descends into madness and goes on a killing spree, and "Footsteps" in which the man is eventually looking back from a prison cell awaiting his execution.

"Alive" is partly autobiographical and partly fictional. When Vedder was a teenager, his mother told him that his father was actually his stepfather, and that his biological father was dead. The first and last verses detail those actual events, but the second verse is storytelling on Vedder's part. The lyrics of the second verse read, "Oh, she walks slowly, across a young man's room/She said I'm ready...for you/I can't remember anything to this very day/'Cept the look, the look.../Oh, you know where, now I can't see, I just stare...," and Vedder revealed that "she" was the mother, and "the look" referred to was not the look on her face, but "the look is between her legs. Where do you go with that? That's where you came from."

Rather than being the inspirational song most interpret it as, Vedder had quite a different meaning in mind, stating with regard to the song's protagonist, "He's still dealing, he's still growing up. He's still dealing with love, he's still dealing with the death of his father. All he knows is 'I'm still alive' -- those three words, that's totally out of burden." Vedder stated at Pearl Jam's 2006 VH1 Storytellers appearance that over the years the meaning has changed for him. He said, "In the original story, a teenager is being made aware of a shocking truth that leaves him plenty confused...It was a curse—'I'm still alive.'" The audience's response to the song is what has brought about the change in meaning for Vedder. He added, "They lifted the curse. The audience changed the meaning for me."

Release and reception
While the "Alive" single was released commercially to international markets in 1992, an early version of the track was released on the Coca-Cola Pop Music Sampler in 1991. The album version was released as a single in the United States on June 27, 1995, and was only available as a more expensive import version beforehand. Prior to its commercial release, "Alive" was released as a promotional CD and cassette featuring different artwork and B-sides. While "Wash" was also a B-side to the commercial singles, "I've Got a Feeling" was only on this version of the single. The guitar solo at the end of "Alive" was also different from the Ten version, and there are a few other noticeable differences between the two. The B-side "Wash" can also be found as an extra track on European releases of Ten and as an alternate version on the compilation album, Lost Dogs (2003).

Gossard said that "not a lot of people thought ["Alive"] was a great single when we released it ... I don't think that the record company thought it was a slam-dunk. They went, 'Oh! This seems like the best one so far.'" The song peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number 18 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Although the album's follow-up singles would find more success on the rock charts, "Alive" was nevertheless important in bringing attention to the band. The single also spent a record-breaking 61 weeks on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.

Steve Huey of Allmusic said that while "Alive" has a "big, stadium-ready chorus," it also is "subtler, less macho, and less grandiose than true arena rock." Regarding the song's guitar solo, Huey said, "It adds a final epic touch to the song, as though the lyric-centered part of the song simply wasn't enough to achieve complete catharsis." Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork Media said that "'Alive' remains potent not only because Vedder touches on some seriously transgressive shit here (dead fathers, hints at incest, survivor guilt), but mostly because the band rock the hell out of that coda." In 2021, American Songwriter and Kerrang each ranked the song number two on their lists of the greatest Pearl Jam songs.

"Alive" is featured in the 2007 video game, SingStar Amped, for the PlayStation 2. The song is also featured in the 2008 video game, Rock Band 2. In March 2009, the rest of the album Ten was also made available as downloadable content for the Rock Band series. A live version of "Alive" taken from the band's September 20, 1992, concert was made available as a downloadable bonus track for the Rock Band series for those who purchased the Ten re-release through Best Buy. In July 2009, Australian radio station Triple J polls the Hottest 100 of All Time which "Alive" was voted #25 on the list, although the song was voted higher in the 1998 hottest 100 of all-time list at #3. In 2021, it was ranked number 416 on Rolling Stone's list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

Music video
The music video for "Alive" was directed by Josh Taft, a childhood friend of Gossard, who would later direct the music videos for "Even Flow" and "Oceans". The black-and-white video consists of a filmed live performance of the band filmed on August 3, 1991, during a Pearl Jam concert at RKCNDY in Seattle, Washington; thus, different from most music videos, the version of the song heard in the clip is actually being played in the concert rather than being a lip-sync from the record version. Drummer Matt Chamberlain can be seen drumming in the "Alive" video. Pearl Jam's future drummer Dave Abbruzzese was in the audience when the video was shot. It was his first encounter with the band as he had just arrived from Texas after being recommended for the band by Chamberlain and only knew the songs from the "Alive" single. The video was released in September 1991.

Regarding the live video, Ament said, "Initially, it was a problem in terms of talking the record company into taking it seriously...That people didn't think we could pull it off made us want to do it even more. We felt we could do a better version of it. Sonically, it's an inferior version of the song. But it's live." The video was nominated for Best Alternative Video at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.

Live performances
"Alive" was first performed live at the band's October 22, 1990, concert in Seattle, Washington at the Off Ramp Café. Pearl Jam performed the song for its appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1992. The song was performed on Saturday Night Live in April 1992 in support of Ten. "Alive" has gone on to become the band's second most performed live song at over 620 performances, behind only "Even Flow" which has been played over 700 times. Following the June 2000 Roskilde Festival tragedy in which nine people died during Pearl Jam's set, the band purposely omitted "Alive" from all shows on its 2000 North American tour until the final night in Seattle. Pearl Jam performed the song for its appearance on VH1 Storytellers in 2006.

Live performances of "Alive" can be found on European releases of Ten, the compilation album Stanley, Son of Theodore: Yet Another Alternative Music Sampler, the "Oceans" single, the "Dissident"/Live in Atlanta box set, various official bootlegs, the live album Live in NYC 12/31/92, the Live at the Gorge 05/06 box set, the live album Live at Lollapalooza 2007, and the Drop in the Park LP included in the Super Deluxe edition of the Ten reissue. Performances of the song are also included on the DVD Immagine in Cornice and the MTV Unplugged DVD included in the Ten reissue.

Track listings
All songs were written by Eddie Vedder and Stone Gossard except where noted.

European 7-inch single (EPC 657572 7)
 * 1) "Alive" – 5:40
 * 2) "Once" – 3:51

European 12-inch single and US CD single (EPC 657572 6/34K 77933)
 * 1) "Alive" – 5:40
 * 2) "Once" – 3:51
 * 3) "Wash" (Ament, Gossard, Krusen, McCready, Vedder) – 3:34

Japanese CD single (SRCS 5884)
 * 1) "Alive" (live) – 4:57
 * 2) "Even Flow" (re-recorded) – 5:07
 * 3) "Wash" (Ament, Gossard, Krusen, McCready, Vedder) – 3:35
 * 4) "Dirty Frank" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 5:39

Personnel

 * Eddie Vedder – vocals
 * Mike McCready – lead guitar, acoustic-electric guitar
 * Stone Gossard – rhythm guitar
 * Jeff Ament – bass guitar
 * Dave Krusen – drums

title: Alive (Pearl Jam song)


text: Category:British stage actors

title: Category:British stage actors


text:
Taoyuan Pauian Archiland

The Taoyuan Pauian Archiland, also translated as Taoyuan Pure-Youth Construction, is a semi-professional basketball team formerly in the Super Basketball League (SBL) of Taiwan.

History

The franchise derives its history from the celebrated Hung Kuo Elephants (宏國象) as they created the only dynasty of the defunct Chinese Basketball Alliance in Taiwan (CBA-Taiwan) between 1996 and 1998. Under the previous ownership by Sina.com and corporate sponsorship by BenQ, the team had also competed in the Chinese Basketball Association of the People's Republic of China (CBA-PRC) in the 2001–2002 and 2002–2003 seasons as the Sina Lions (新浪獅) or BenQ-Sina Lions (明基新浪獅) before becoming a founding member of the SBL in 2003.

During the CBA-Taiwan period, the Elephants were the unmatched three-time champions and the most favored squad holding a considerably larger share of young fans attending the game compared with the other clubs in the league. Nonetheless, they did not have a chance to defend their third championship because the league was discontinued midway through the 1998–1999 season due to financial problems. In the aftermath of the league's sudden close down, the club had hit its own financial drought until it was rescued by Sina.com from the brink of disbandment around 2000.

As the Sina Lions, they moved to join the other professional league abbreviated as "CBA" in mainland China. Having played from a homecourt in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, the Lions made the quarter-finals in their first year with the CBA-PRC but finished 13th out of 14 teams in the league with a disappointing 7–19 record in the ensuing season and dropped out from the top-tier Division A league (甲级A组联赛). The club then withdrew from mainland China and moved back to Taiwan to join the newly founded SBL there. In the SBL's inaugural 2003–2004 season, the Lions had a second-place finish and was the runner up in the championship series against the Yulon Dinos, their long-time rival in Taiwan.

Following the retirement – forced or voluntary – of a number of aged starters, the younger Lions ended up with an embarrassing 3–27 record in the 2004–2005 season. Between 2005 and 2007, the team was turned over between various corporate owners/sponsors including YMY Telephone Marketing (幼敏電銷), Azio TV (東風衛視), and Pauian Archiland (璞園建築), the current owner of the team. With the improvement of the young players on the team, Pauian has been able to register increasing wins and made its first postseason appearance since the Lions period in 2008.

On July 11, 2022, the team has announced that they will rent their spot in SBL to Changhua County Basketball Team for the next two seasons.

Notable players

 * Chen Hsin-An
 * Chen Kuan-Chuan
 * Chen Shih-Chieh
 * Chen Tzu-Wei
 * Cheng Chih-Lung
 * Chien Chia-Hung
 * Chien Wei-Ju
 * Chou Chun-San
 * Douglas Creighton
 * Quincy Davis
 * Huang Chun-Hsiung
 * Hung Chih-Shan
 * Orlando Johnson
 * Ke Chi-Hao
 * Lai Kuo-Hung
 * Liu I-Hsiang
 * Lu Cheng-Ju
 * Lu Chi-Min
 * Luo Hsing-Liang
 * James Mao
 * Quincy Miller
 * Jawann Oldham
 * Peng Chun-Yen
 * Garret Siler
 * Tsai Wen-Cheng
 * Wu Tai-Hao

Honours
ABA Club Championship
 * Champions (1): 2011
 * Runners-up (1): 2012

title: Taoyuan Pauian Archiland


text:
Talk:Forrest Bird

Cleanup

 * I intend to do more work on this article soon. My progress was hampered somewhat by a car accident three hours after my edits, so please excuse my inactivity. - Dan Johnson 22:11, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * As good a reason as any; hope you're doing OK now. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:21, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

VfD
On April 6, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Forrest Bird for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:21, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

ventilator vs. respirator
Do not confuse ventilator with respirator. A respirator is a device worn to protect someone from harmful gases, fumes, or dusts in the air. A ventilator is the device that provides assisted breathing. To be clear, I've changed 'respirator' to 'ventilator' in this article except for the patented name. ddlamb 08:47, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your clarification. I'm glad to see you have taken up the task of repairing the respirator article as well; it was very confusing and unhelpful, as you saw. — Greentryst TC 15:44, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * But note that, historically "respirator" was also used for the same device. The words diverged in meaning after the 1970s. My dad worked for Bird's assembly contractor, my family had lots of reject parts to play with, and we never used the word "ventilator", just "respirator". (It's possible that sales literature would have clarified this, but we never saw that.) Check out the etymology here, especially the last section on the change in the usage over time. Perhaps this can be worked into the article. https://www.merriam-webster.com/grammar/ventilator-or-respirator-difference SpareSimian (talk) 18:47, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

to be checked

 * About.com mentions IPV, which the Percussionaire website shows as a registered trademark.
 * Need to add info about the TBird mobile ventilator.

External links modified
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More needed
This guy has a fascinating background but there isn't much readily available about some details of his life on the internet (as far as I can find). He got his medical degree in Brazil, but there's nothing in the article about how he got there. He also apparently was a colonel in the military, but there is nothing about his service in the article. Anyone have any sources? MartinezMD (talk) 07:51, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

Parker-Hannefin Veriflo division
My dad worked for Veriflo in Richmond, California, which assembled the respirators for Bird. The company makes gas regulation equipment. It was later acquired by Parker Hannifin. It continues to sell to the semiconductor industry. (I'm now in the semiconductor industry and have seen their booth at trade shows.) My dad would bring reject parts home so we had many of the cylindrical control magnets on our fridge in the 60s and 70s. When work got busy, my parents would build assemblies at home after hours. Smoking ultimately killed my dad and the company gave him a Bird for his final year, so I (unfortunately) got familiar with operating and cleaning it. SpareSimian (talk) 18:38, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

Inaccuracy
„Bird discovered an oxygen regulator in a crashed German bomber he was ferrying to the U.S. for study seemed to contain a pressure breathing circuit. He took the oxygen regulator home, studied it, and made it more functional.” The link provided does not say this, there is little to no information about this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.27.132.206 (talk) 11:09, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Forrest Bird


text:
Empress Xiaoduanwen

Jerjer (哲哲; translated as "lady"/"beauty"; 31 May 1599 – 28 May 1649), of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan, was the consort of Hong Taiji. She was seven years his junior. Jerjer was empress consort of Qing from 1636 until her husband's death in 1643, after which she was known as Empress dowager. She was posthumously honoured with the title Empress Xiaoduanwen.

Family background

 * Father: Manggusi (莽古思), held the title of a first rank prince (親王)
 * Paternal grandfather: Namusai (納穆賽), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒)
 * Mother: Gunbu (袞布)
 * One elder brother and one younger brother
 * Two younger sisters

Wanli era
Jerjer was born on the eighth day of the intercalary fourth lunar month in the 27th year of the reign of the Wanli Emperor, which translates to 31 May 1599 in the Gregorian calendar.

On 28 May 1614, Jerjer married Hong Taiji and became one of his multiple wives.

Tianming era
In 1623, Hong Taiji divorced his second primary consort, and elevated Jerjer to the position.

Lady Borjigit's niece, Bumbutai, the future Empress Dowager Zhaosheng, would marry Hong Taiji in March or April 1625.

Jerjer gave birth in 1625 to Hong Taiji's second daughter, Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank, on 2 August 1628 to his third daughter, Princess Jingduan of the First Rank, and on 7 October 1634 to his eighth daughter, Princess Yong'an of the First Rank.

Another niece, Harjol, the future primary consort Minhui, would marry Hong Taiji on 6 December 1634.

Chongde era
When Hong Taiji conferred titles on his five primary spouses in August 1636, he instated Jerjer as his empress.

Shunzhi era
Following Hong Taiji's death on 21 September 1643, Jerjer was honoured as "Mother Empress, Empress Dowager" by the Shunzhi Emperor, Hong Taiji's ninth son and successor. The emperor's birth mother, Bumbutai, was similarly honoured as "Holy Mother, Empress Dowager".

Jerjer died on 28 May 1649 and was interred in the Zhao Mausoleum. She was posthumously honoured with the title "Empress Xiaoduanwen".

Titles

 * During the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620):
 * Lady Borjigit (from 31 May 1599)
 * Secondary consort (側福晉; from 28 May 1614 )
 * During the reign of Nurhaci (r. 1616–1626):
 * Primary consort (大福晉; from 1623)
 * During the reign of Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643):
 * Empress (皇后; from August 1636 )
 * During the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661):
 * Empress Dowager (皇太后; from 21 September 1643 )
 * Empress Xiaoduanwen (孝端文皇后; from 1649)

Issue

 * As primary consort:
 * Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank (固倫溫莊公主; 10 September 1625 – April/May 1663), personal name Makata (馬喀塔), Hong Taiji's second daughter
 * Married Ejei (d. 1641) of the Chahar Borjigit clan on 16 February 1636
 * Married Abunai (阿布奈; 1635–1675) of the Chahar Borjigit clan in 1645
 * Princess Jingduan of the First Rank (固倫靖端公主; 2 August 1628 – June/July 1686), Hong Taiji's third daughter
 * Married Kitad (奇塔特; d. 1653) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1639
 * Princess Yong'an of the First Rank (固倫永安公主; 7 October 1634 – February/March 1692), Hong Taiji's eighth daughter
 * Married Bayasihulang (巴雅斯護朗) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1645

In fiction and popular culture

 * Portrayed by Mang Lai-ping in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1987)
 * Portrayed by Wu Qianqian in Xiaozhuang Mishi (2003)
 * Potrayed by Jiang Lin Jing in The Legend of Xiaozhuang (2015)
 * Portrayed by Wang Yanhui in Rule the World (2017)

title: Empress Xiaoduanwen


text: Category:Pearl Jam songs

title: Category:Pearl Jam songs


text:
Switzerland at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Switzerland competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. 129 competitors, 102 men and 27 women, took part in 91 events in 18 sports.

Archery
In Switzerland's third appearance in Olympic archery, two women and one man competed.

Women's Competition:
 * Ursula Hess – 2473 points (→ 13th place)
 * Vreny Burger – 2419 points (→ 27th place)

Men's Competition:
 * Thomas Hardmeier – 2476 points (→ 20th place)

Athletics
Men's 400 metres
 * Marcel Arnold
 * Heat — 46.46
 * Quarterfinals — 46.10 (→ did not advance)

Men's 5,000 metres
 * Markus Ryffel
 * Heat — 13:46.16
 * Semifinals — 13:40.08
 * Final — 13:07.54 (→ [[Image:Silver medal.svg|16x16px]] Silver Medal)

Men's Marathon
 * Bruno Lafranchi
 * Final — 2:24:38 (→ 50th place)

Men's High Jump
 * Roland Dalhäuser
 * Qualification — 2.24m
 * Final — no mark (→ no ranking)

Men's Long Jump
 * René Gloor
 * Qualification — 7.71m (→ did not advance, 13th place)

Men's Pole Vault
 * Felix Böhni
 * Qualifying Round — 5.40m
 * Final — 5.30m (→ 7th place)

Men's Shot Put
 * Werner Günthör
 * Qualifying Round — 19.71 m
 * Final — 20.28m (→ 5th place)

Men's Decathlon
 * Michele Rüfenacht
 * Final Result — 7924 points (→ 10th place)

 * Patrick Vetterli
 * Final Result — 7739 points (→ 13th place)

Women's 3,000 metres
 * Cornelia Bürki
 * Heat — 8:45.82
 * Final — 8:45.20 (→ 5th place)

Women's Marathon
 * Gabriela Andersen-Schiess
 * Final — 2:48:42 (→ 37th place)

Women's Javelin Throw
 * Regula Egger
 * Qualification — 57.88m (→ did not advance)

Women's Heptathlon
 * Corinne Schneider
 * Final Result — 6042 points (→ 10th place)

Cycling
Twelve cyclists represented Switzerland in 1984.

 * Individual road race
 * Richard Trinkler — +1:43 (→ 10th place)
 * Stefan Maurer — +3:37 (→ 12th place)
 * Heinz Imboden — did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * Benno Wiss — did not finish (→ no ranking)

 * Team time trial
 * Alfred Achermann
 * Richard Trinkler
 * Laurent Vial
 * Benno Wiss

 * Sprint
 * Heinz Isler

 * 1000m time trial
 * Heinz Isler

 * Individual pursuit
 * Jörg Müller
 * Stephan Joho

 * Team pursuit
 * Daniel Huwyler
 * Hans Ledermann
 * Hansruedi Märki
 * Jörg Müller

 * Points race
 * Jörg Müller
 * Stephan Joho

Fencing
Five fencers, all men, represented Switzerland in 1984

 * Men's épée
 * Michel Poffet
 * Daniel Giger
 * Gabriel Nigon

 * Men's team épée
 * Olivier Carrard, Daniel Giger, Gabriel Nigon, Michel Poffet, François Suchanecki

Handball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Team Roster
 * Jürgen Bätschmann
 * René Barth
 * Markus Braun
 * Max Delhees
 * Roland Gassmann
 * Martin Glaser
 * Peter Hürlimann
 * Peter Jehle
 * Heinz Karrer
 * Uwe Mall
 * Martin Ott
 * Norwin Platzer
 * Martin Rubin
 * Max Schär
 * Peter Weber

Modern pentathlon
Three male modern pentathletes represented Switzerland in 1984.

 * Individual
 * Andy Jung
 * Peter Steinmann
 * Peter Minder

 * Team
 * Andy Jung
 * Peter Steinmann
 * Peter Minder

Swimming
Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Dano Halsall
 * Heat — 50.91
 * Final — 50.50 (→ 5th place)

 * Stéfan Voléry
 * Heat — 51.24
 * B-Final — 51.42 (→ 10th place)

Men's 200m Freestyle
 * Stéfan Voléry
 * Heat — 1:54.19 (→ did not advance, 25th place)

 * Thierry Jacot
 * Heat — 1:56.54 (→ did not advance, 36th place)

Men's 100m Backstroke
 * Patrick Ferland
 * Heat — 58.78 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

Men's 200m Backstroke
 * Patrick Ferland
 * Heat — 2:08.31 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

Men's 100m Breaststroke
 * Étienne Dagon
 * Heat — 1:05.37 (→ did not advance, 20th place)

 * Felix Morf
 * Heat — 1:05.89 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

Men's 200m Breaststroke
 * Étienne Dagon
 * Heat — 2:18.95
 * Final — 2:17.41 (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)

 * Felix Morf
 * Heat — DSQ (→ did not advance, no ranking)

Men's 100m Butterfly
 * Théophile David
 * Heat — 55.81
 * B-Final — 55.40 (→ 10th place)

 * Dano Halsall
 * Heat — 55.35
 * B-Final — 55.51 (→ 11th place)

Men's 200m Butterfly
 * Théophile David
 * Heat — 2:03.21 (→ did not advance, 19th place)

Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Dano Halsall, Stéfan Voléry, Thierry Jacot, and Roger Birrer
 * Heat — 3:26.61 (→ did not advance, 9th place)

Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Patrick Ferland, Étienne Dagon, Théophile David, and Dano Halsall
 * Heat — 3:48.13
 * Final — 3:47.93 (→ 7th place)

Women's 100m Freestyle
 * Marie-Thérèse Armentero
 * Heat — 58.73 (→ did not advance, 19th place)

Women's 400m Freestyle
 * Nadia Krüger
 * Heat — 4:28.20 (→ did not advance, 18th place)

Women's 800m Freestyle
 * Nadia Krüger
 * Heat — 9:07.95 (→ did not advance, 16th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Eva Gysling, Patricia Brülhart, Carole Brook, and Marie-Thérèse Armentero
 * Heat — 4:20.55
 * Final — 4:19.02 (→ 6th place)

Women's 100m Backstroke
 * Eva Gysling
 * Heat — 1:05.18
 * B-Final — 1:06.11 (→ 16th place)

Women's 200m Backstroke
 * Eva Gysling
 * Heat — 2:25.69 (→ did not advance, 24th place)

Women's 200m Butterfly
 * Carole Brook
 * Heat — 2:18.66
 * B-Final — 2:16.74 (→ 15th place)

title: Switzerland at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
Talk:Rock carvings at Alta

Elk and moose
Why does everyone in Norway insist on referring to the elk as moose? The term 'moose' refers to the American elk (Alces alces americanus and Alces alces gigas), an animal which has never existed in Europe. The correct term for the species Alces Alces is 'elk'. This is also in keeping with the UK English used in the article (e.g. Archaeology (UK) instead of archeology (US)) Grumpy444grumpy 14:58, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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new/ old interpretation (true)
there's a hypothesis gaining momentum that the art depicts a future day; artist's vision gifted while wrestling with agaric; ragnarokian glimpse. many consider it a message of hope and there's evidence that the culture was aware of CO2 levels and knew (via ancient scandinavian sciences and thinking really hard) that humans would figure it all out: build a huge boat (spaceship) and leave for the moon/ mars/ abode of odin, accompanied by flying reindeer — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:2000:12C1:44F5:E84B:F5A1:F6C4:D61C (talk) 23:21, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rock carvings at Alta


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Rock carvings at Alta/archive1

Rock carvings at Alta
I'm not sure if it's entirely proper to list this article in its current situation since the original article has been marked as a copyvio and my rewrite currently resides at Rock carvings at Alta/Temp, but that is not a permanent situation and I guess it will be resolved by the time the FAC procedure has been completed (if nobody objects, I'll just go ahead and delete the copyvio article - the original article contained no information that is not present in my rewrite). I tried to create a comprehensive overview of the site's location, history and background - the article certainly still needs some expansion, fact-checking and improvement in phrasing, but I'm confident we can get it up to Featured Article status. -- Ferkelparade π 22:12, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Refer to peer review. Well, no, I don't think it's entirely proper to nominate it right now. I don't have any problem with the copyvio situation, but you yourself describe your article as a typically appropriate peer review posting—"still needs some expansion, fact-checking and improvement in phrasing"—rather than an appropriate FAC nomination. I like the article, and I don't mean to be difficult, but peer review exists precisely "for nearly Featured-standard articles that need the final checking by peers before being nominated as Featured article candidates", so why not use it? Bishonen|Talk 02:01, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, I will place the article on PR now. Sorry, I wasn't quite aware of the proper peer review procedure before coming here, but I see your point. -- Ferkelparade π 09:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Konami

Takara
Konami also sold toys like the DigiQ MicroIR series of radio-controlled cars, tanks and trains, they purchased a 22.3% stake in toy company Takara for $27.4 million on June 1, 2000. However, I am not sure if this site is ideal for citing reference to the Konami-branded DigiQ MicroIR series by Takara. RVandres (talk) 23:02, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Konami


text:
Talk:Table of Norse mythology

I've redirected this article to Norse mythology:

This table is a near-identical copy to the table embedded in the Norse mythology page. Did the original author mean it to be a template but accidentally created it in the main namespace?

It does not appear to be linked from any articles in the main namespace.

 * — J’raxis 22:12, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)

title: Talk:Table of Norse mythology


text:
Eduard Dietl

Eduard Wohlrat Christian Dietl (21 July 1890 – 23 June 1944) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 20th Mountain Army. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords.

Military career
Born in 1890, Dietl joined the army on 1 October 1909 as a Fahnenjunker in the 5th Infantry Regiment "Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse" of the Bavarian Army in Bamberg. In World War I, he was deployed on the Western Front and he was wounded October 1914 and October 1918. During the Weimar Republic, he joined the Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei, the precursor to the National Socialist German Workers Party, and the paramilitary group Freikorps of Franz Ritter von Epp in 1919. Dietl continued to serve in the German Army and, as a Generalmajor, he helped organise the 1936 Winter Olympics held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

Dietl commanded the German 3rd Mountain Division that participated in the German invasion of Norway on 9 and 10 April 1940. Most of this division was landed at Narvik by a German naval force of ten destroyers, commanded by Commodore Friedrich Bonte, subsequently all ten destroyers that had ferried Dietl's troops to Narvik were sunk in the First and Second Battles of Narvik. Dietl's mountaineers withdrew into the hills and later retook the town when Britain abandoned her efforts to evict the Germans from Norway due to German success on the Western Front (the Franco-German border, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands). Outnumbered by Norwegian, British, French and Polish forces, his skilful defence utilized ammunition, food and sailors (re-drafted as infantrymen) from the sunken ships. This gained him the nickname "The hero of Narvik".

Dietl subsequently commanded German forces in Norway and northern Finland and in Eastern Europe and rose to the rank of Generaloberst, commanding the 20th Mountain Army on the northern Eastern Front, where the results of the German Arctic campaign were disappointing. Dietl initially turned down his promotion, but was convinced to accept the appointment by Generaloberst Alfred Jodl.

Death
On 23 June 1944, the Ju 52 aircraft carrying Dietl, General der Infanterie Thomas-Emil von Wickede, General der Gebirgstruppe Karl Eglseer, Generalleutnant der Gebirgstruppe Franz Rossi and three other passengers crashed in the vicinity of the small village of Rettenegg, Styria. There were no survivors.

Until 1997, the municipality of Ringelai in the Bavarian Forest honoured Dietl with a memorial plaque. In 1977, the site changed into one honoring World War I veteran Albert Leo Schlageter instead. The Bavarian town Freyung honoured Dietl by naming a street General-Dietl-Straße.

Assessment
Dietl was sent to Finland designated to be the "hero in the snow" (to be a counterpart to Rommel who would be the "hero in the sun", also given a secondary theatre leaving the main stage to Hitler). A convinced National Socialist and one of Hitler's favourite generals, he was the first German soldier to be awarded the oak leaves cluster to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross - on 19 June 1940. Dietl was also popular among his men and his Finnish allies.

Historian Klaus Schmider remarks that Dietl had too much political baggage to compensate for his admirable record as a mountain troops leader. As a young officer, he refused to assist the civil government in crushing Hitler's abortive Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. He was also a founding member of the NSDAP. What has led the Bundeswehr and the German federal government to reverse honours towards Dietl, though, is his recently discovered view on marriages between Scandinavian women and his soldiers, which was "extreme even by the standards of the Third Reich": after Dietl circulated an order that called Norwegian and Finnish women "racial flotsam", Himmler himself had to intervene to rescind it.

Dietl was involved in numerous war crimes. The first was the passing of the Commissar Order. Dietl was responsible for troops who employed the use of slave laborers in Wehrmacht penal camps in Finland and Norway. The camps employed extermination through work. The so-called probation program included the walk from Rovaniemi to Petsamo on the Arctic Ocean, in which tired penal soldiers were killed with shots in the neck. From the summer of 1942 onwards, there were arbitrary shootings and sadistic abuse of German penal soldiers by Wehrmacht guards in Finland and northern Norway. In a speech on 16 June 1942, Dietl himself threatened to murder the penal soldiers if they did not take part in the marches.

Awards

 * Prince Regent Luitpold Medal (Bavaria; 12 March 1911)
 * Iron Cross (1914) 2nd class (16 September 1914) & 1st class (3 September 1916)
 * General Honour Decoration (Hesse) (16 October 1915)
 * Wound Badge (1914) in Silver (1917)
 * Bavarian Military Order of Merit 4th class with Swords (18 June 1918) & Commanders Cross (17 August 1933)
 * Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (18 January 1935)
 * Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th class with 1st class (2 October 1936)
 * Olympic Games Decoration, 1st class (1936)
 * Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd class (24 September 1939) & 1st class (15 April 1940)
 * Destroyer War Badge (5 November 1940)
 * Narvik Shield (21 March 1941)
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
 * Knight's Cross as Generalleutnant and commander of the 3. Gebirgs-Division (9 May 1940)
 * 1st Oak Leaves as Generalleutnant and commanding general of the Gebirgs-Korps Norwegen (19 July 1940)
 * Swords as Generaloberst and commander in chief of the 20. Gebirgs-Armee (1 July 1944, posthumously)
 * Pilot/Observer Badge in Gold with Diamonds(5 January 1941)

 * Order of Merit, Commander's Cross with carry permit (Chile; 16 March 1934)
 * Order of the White Rose, Grand Cross with Breast Star and Swords (Finland; 9 November 1941)
 * Order of the Cross of Liberty 1st class with Star, Oak leaves and Swords (20 January 1944) & Grand Cross (Finland; 28 June 1944)

title: Eduard Dietl


text:
Lake Albano

Lake Albano (Italian: Lago Albano or Lago di Castel Gandolfo) is a small volcanic crater lake in the Alban Hills of Lazio, at the foot of Monte Cavo, 20 km southeast of Rome. Castel Gandolfo, overlooking the lake, is the site of the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo.

It hosted the canoeing and rowing events of the 1960 Summer Olympic Games that were held in Rome. The lane marking system developed for these events is commonly referred to as the Albano buoy system.

History and geology
In Roman times, it was known as Albanus Lacus and lay not far from the ancient city of Alba Longa.

With a depth of about 170 m, Lake Albano is the deepest in Lazio. The lake is 3.5 km long by 2.3 km wide, and was formed by the overlapping union of two volcanic craters, an origin indicated by the ridge in its center, which rises to a height of 70 m. Plutarch reports that in 406BC the lake surged over the surrounding hills, despite there being no rain nor tributaries flowing into the lake to account for the rise in water level. The ensuing flood destroyed fields and vineyards before eventually pouring into the sea. It is thought to have been caused by volcanic gases, trapped in sediment at the bottom of the lake and gradually building up until suddenly releasing, causing the water to overflow.

Drainage tunnel
Around 395BC, during the wars between Rome and Veii, a discharge tunnel was built crossing the crater walls. It served as an emissary to control flooding of the lake, and was a gigantic work given the modest means of the time. It is said that it was built by 30,000 men.

The tunnel is 1350 m long, 1.20 m wide and 2 m high. Five vertical access shafts are known and it runs 128 m below the surface. The exit was originally 13 m below the level of the lake, but today it is higher due to the lowering of the level. It begins about 500 m beyond the nymphaeum of Bergantino, and comes out on the other side in the Mole di Castel Gandolfo locality, where the water flow drove multiple watermills.

According to Titus Livius, this feat of engineering was incited by the Oracle of Delphi: the Roman victory against Veii would be possible only when the lake waters were channeled and used for irrigation.

Lake Albanus in Roman myth
During Rome's war with Veii in 393 BC, the level of Lake Albano rose to an unusual height even in the absence of rain. This prodigy was believed to be relevant to the siege of Veii because a haruspex from Veii recited some lines of a prophecy that illustrated the relationship between the level of its waters and either the safety or the fall of the town to the Romans. It foretold that as long as the waters of the lake remained high, Veii would be impregnable to the Romans. If the waters of the lake were scattered in an inland direction, Veii would fall; but if they were to overflow through the usual streams or channels toward the sea, this would be unfavourable to the Romans as well.

Dumézil ascribed this story to the Roman custom of projecting religious legendary heritage onto history, considering it to be a festival myth aimed at giving relevance to an exceptional event which would have happened during the Neptunalia. This legend showed the scope of the powers hidden in waters and the religious importance of their control by man: Veientans too knowing the fact had been digging channels for a long time as recent archaeological finds confirm. There is a temporal coincidence between the conjuration of the prodigy and the works of derivation recommended by Palladius and Columella at the time of the canicula, when the waters are at their lowest.

title: Lake Albano


text:
Tunggiya

Tunggiya (Manchu:, Chinese: 佟佳) is the name of a Manchu clan.

Males

 * Yangzhen (養真/养真; d. 1621), grandfather of Empress Xiaokangzhang
 * Tulai (圖賴/图赖; 1606–1658), a first rank military official (都統/都统) and a first class duke (一等公)
 * Guowei (國維/国维; d. 1719), a first rank military official (領侍衛內大臣/领侍卫内大臣) in the Ministry of Internal Affairs (内务府) and a first class duke (一等公),father of Empress Xiaoyiren
 * Yekeshu (叶克书), father of Shun'anyan
 * Dekesi (德克新), served as third class imperial guard
 * Hongshan (洪善)
 * Qingyuan (庆元)
 * Qingfu (庆復; d. 1747), served as first rank military official (都統/都统, pinyin: dutong) from 1727 to 1733, Viceroy of Liangjiang, Viceroy of Yunnan, Viceroy of Liangguang in 1741, a Grand Secretary of Wenhua hall (文华殿大学士)
 * Longkodo (d. 1728), an eminent and powerful minister during the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor and Yongzheng Emperor
 * Shun'anyan (舜安顏/舜安颜; d. 1724), Longkodo's nephew
 * Huase (花色)
 * Shuming'a (舒明阿), the Magistrate of Yong'an from 1771 to 1772 and the Magistrate of Xin'an County from 1776 to 1777, and a first class duke (一等公), father of Empress Xiaoshencheng
 * Yuxiang (裕祥)
 * Qingshan (庆山)

 * Prince Consort

Females
Imperial Consort
 * Empress
 * Empress Xiaokangzhang (1638–1663), the Shunzhi Emperor's concubine, the mother of the Kangxi Emperor (1654–1722)
 * Empress Xiaoyiren (d. 1689), the Kangxi Emperor's third empress, the mother of eighth daughter (1683)
 * Empress Xiaoshencheng (1792–1833), the Daoguang Emperor's first empress, the mother of Princess Duanmin (1813–1819)
 * Imperial Noble Consort
 * Imperial Noble Consort Quehui (1668–1743), the Kangxi Emperor's noble consort
 * Imperial Noble Consort Duanke (1844–1910), the Xianfeng Emperor's imperial concubine

Princess Consort
 * Primary Consort
 * Hahana Jacing (1560–1592), Nurhaci's first primary consort, the mother of Princess Duanzhuang (1578–1652), Cuyen (1580–1615) and Daišan (1583–1648)
 * Šurhaci's first primary consort, the mother of Altungga (1580–1609)
 * Dorgon's second primary consort
 * Secondary Consort
 * Dodo's secondary consort, the mother of Cani (1641–1688), Dongge (1647–1706) and Princess
 * Concubine
 * Dodo's concubine, the mother of Fiyanggū (1649–1723)

title: Tunggiya