text:
One, Two, Buckle My Shoe

"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe" is a popular English language nursery rhyme and counting-out rhyme of which there are early occurrences in the US and UK. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 11284.

Rhyme
A common version is given in The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes:

 * One, two, buckle my shoe;
 * Three, four, knock at the door;
 * Five, six, pick up sticks;
 * Seven, eight, lay them straight;
 * Nine, ten, a big fat hen;
 * Eleven, twelve, dig and delve;
 * Thirteen, fourteen, maids a-courting;
 * Fifteen, sixteen, maids in the kitchen;
 * Seventeen, eighteen, maids in waiting;
 * Nineteen, twenty, my plate's empty.

Other sources give differing lyrics.

Origins and variations
In his The Counting-Out Rhymes of Children (1888), the American collector of folklore, Henry Carrington Bolton (1843–1903), quoted an old lady who remembered a longer version of this rhyme as being used in Wrentham, Massachusetts as early as 1780. Beyond the first four lines, it proceeded:
 * Nine, ten, kill a fat hen;
 * Eleven, twelve, bake it well;
 * Thirteen, fourteen, go a-courtin;
 * Fifteen, sixteen, go to milkin’;
 * Seventeen, eighteen, do the bakin’;
 * Nineteen, twenty, the mill is empty;
 * Twenty-one, change the gun;
 * Twenty-two, the partridge flew;
 * Twenty-three, she lit on a tree;
 * Twenty-four, she lit down lower….
 * Twenty-nine, the game is mine;
 * Thirty, make a kerchy.

Some of the final lines Bolton's informant could no longer remember.

In the UK the rhyme was first recorded in Songs for the Nursery, published in London in 1805. This version differed beyond the number twelve, with the lyrics:

 * Thirteen, fourteen, draw the curtain,
 * Fifteen sixteen, the maid's in the kitchen,
 * Seventeen, eighteen, she's in waiting,
 * Nineteen, twenty, my stomach's empty.

A version published five years later in Gammer Gurton's Garland (1810) was titled "Arithmetick" and had the following different lines:

 * Three, four, lay down lower ...
 * Eleven twelve, who will delve...
 * Fifteen, sixteen, maids a-kissing...
 * Nineteen, twenty, my belly's empty.

In 1842, James Orchard Halliwell recorded "Shut the door" at the close of the second line.

Since April 2023, a parodied version of the song was populated as an internet meme.

Illustrated publications
The rhyme was sometimes published alone in illustrated editions. That with lithographs by Caroline R. Baillie (Edinburgh, 1857) had an oblong format showing domestic 18th-century interiors. There were also two editions of the rhyme published from London, both illustrated by Walter Crane. The first was a single volume picture-book (John Lane, 1869) with end-papers showing a composite of the 1 – 10 sequence and of the 11 – 20 sequence. It was followed in 1910 by The Buckle My Shoe Picture Book, containing other rhymes too. This had coloured full-page illustrations: composites for lines 1-2 and 3–4, and then one for each individual line.

In America the rhyme was used to help young people learn to count and was also individually published. Among these, the distinctive illustrations by Courtland Hoppin (1834-1876) devoted to each verse first appeared in editions published at the end of 1866. In Old Mother Goose's Rhymes And Tales (London and New York, 1889) there was only a single page given to the rhyme, illustrated by Constance Haslewood in the style of Kate Greenaway.

title: One, Two, Buckle My Shoe


text:
Talk:Civil-military co-operation

It's an international term
This article refers to a particular canadian unit in Afganistan, but, as far as I know, CIMIC is a type of military operations, and some units are designated as such. It's an international term. I don't think I'm able to write this in English, but I think it woud be a good thing, and would make the whole article more acurate. --Kkania 19:51, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You are absolutely right Kkania. CIMIC englobes any co-operation between civil and military organisations and is not specially canadian nor afghan.
 * --anon — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.122.107.253 (talk • contribs)

 * I am not familiar with others. I'd be happy to change this article if I am given more info. Kingturtle 04:30, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Nor is it specifically military - some information (esp from Interaction) on the civilian side of this would be good. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.189.100.62 (talk) 18:23, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Jargon
There's a lot of jargon in this article. Can it be 'civilianized'? Karanne (talk) 01:07, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Oompa loompa terrorists
terrorists that operates a device near me longer than 5 minutes. Thurlester (talk) 07:50, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Civil-military co-operation


text:
Floria Sigismondi

Floria Sigismondi (, born 1965) is an Italian-Canadian film director, screenwriter, music video director, artist, and photographer.

She is best known for writing and directing The Runaways, for directing music videos for performers including Dua Lipa, Sam Smith, Jimmy Page and Robert Plant (of Led Zeppelin fame), Marilyn Manson, Christina Aguilera, Justin Timberlake, Rihanna, Leonard Cohen, Katy Perry, Björk, The White Stripes, and David Bowie, and commercials for brands such as Gucci, MAC, Target, and Nike. Sigismondi has also directed television including two episodes of The Handmaid's Tale and American Gods.

Life and career
Sigismondi was born in Pescara, Abruzzo, Italy. Her parents, Lina and Domenico Sigismondi, were opera singers. Her family, including her sister Antonella, moved to Hamilton, Ontario, Canada when she was two. In her childhood she became obsessed by drawing and painting. Starting in 1987, she studied painting and illustration at the Ontario College of Art, today's Ontario College of Art & Design University (OCADU). When she took a photography course, she became obsessed once more, and graduated with a photography major.

Sigismondi started a career as a fashion photographer. She came to directing music videos when she was approached by the production company The Revolver Film Co., and directed music videos for a number of Canadian bands. Her very innovative, but also very disturbing video works, located in sceneries she once described as "entropic underworlds inhabited by tortured souls and omnipotent beings," attracted a number of very prominent musicians. She has further described her works as, "Something quite textural and brutal" and something quite beautiful and light. It's like blending two worlds."

With her photography and sculpture installations she had solo exhibitions in Hamilton and Toronto, New York City, Brescia (Italy), Gothenburg (Sweden), and London. Her photographs also were included in numerous group exhibitions, together with artists such as Cindy Sherman, Joel-Peter Witkin, and Francesco Clemente. The German art press Die Gestalten Verlag has published two monographs of her photography, Redemption (1999) and Immune (2005). Sigismondi also willingly creates her own set props for various music video productions such as, Perfume Genius's "Die 4 U". "If I don't create them myself, I design or draw them, I can get quite tactile detailed as far as what I see." She has an affinity for strange yet alluring things and created a flesh-esque chair to appeal to the sexual tension and desire to the spectator.

Film director
Sigismondi's first feature-length film was The Runaways, a period piece about the 1970s all-girl rock and roll band The Runaways. The film is largely about the relationship between Joan Jett and Cherie Currie. Sigismondi wrote the screenplay based on Currie's book Neon Angel: A Memoir of a Runaway. The film premiered in 2010 at the Sundance Film Festival and was released in Canada and the United States in March 2010.

In 2020, Sigismondi directed the horror film The Turning, which was inspired by the 1898 Henry James novella The Turn of the Screw, and stars Mackenzie Davis and Finn Wolfhard.

Filmography
Short film
 * Postmortem Bliss (2006)
 * Leaning Towards Solace (2012)

Feature film
 * The Runaways (2010)
 * The Turning (2020)
 * The Silence of Mercy (TBA)

Television

Music videos (selection)
Director

Cinematographer

 * 2000 "4 Ton Mantis", Amon Tobin

Awards (selection)

 * 2013 MTV Music Video Award, USA - Winner for Video of The Year, for Mirrors (Justin Timberlake)
 * 2004 Juno Awards, Canada - Best Music Video, for "Fighter" (Christina Aguilera)
 * 2003 MTV European Awards - Best International Video Award, for Untitled (Sigur Rós)
 * 2003 New York Underground Film Festival - Audio/Visual Award, for Untitled (Sigur Rós)
 * 2003 Advertising and Design Awards, Toronto, Ontario, Canada - Special Merit Award for Music Video, for "Fighter" (Christina Aguilera)
 * 1999 German Kodak Photobook Award, for her book Redemption
 * 1998 British Music Video Awards, UK - Nomination for Best Video: "Little Wonder" (David Bowie)
 * 1997 MTV Music Video Awards, USA - Nomination for Best Rock Video: "Beautiful People" (Marilyn Manson)

title: Floria Sigismondi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Americophilia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:11, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Americophilia
Delete. Dicdef; has been transwikied to Wiktionary (see the talk page). Talrias (t | e | c) 19:52, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dic defs. Mgm|(talk) 21:28, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete definition Dsmdgold 02:15, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - as the author, I agree that it belongs as a dictionary entry unless someone can provide scholarly references to it and expand on the concept. I created the entry because it showed up on the Requests list and I had five minutes to spare.  Brendano 13:52, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as author says. Pavel Vozenilek 01:05, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Gy, Switzerland

Gy is a municipality in the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

History
Gy is first mentioned in 1227 as Gyez. In 1289 it was mentioned as Giez. In 1851 the municipality separated from Jussy to form an independent municipality.

Geography
Gy has an area,, of 3.28 km2. Of this area, 1.9 km2 or 57.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.99 km2 or 30.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.26 km2 or 7.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.06 km2 or 1.8% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 6.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.5%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 50.9% is used for growing crops and 4.6% is pastures, while 2.4% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality is located on the left bank of Lake Geneva and on the right bank of the Seymaz. It is on the Swiss-French border. The municipality of Gy consists of the sub-sections or villages of Beaupré, Gy - village, Les Longeraies and Les Etoiles.

Demographics
Gy has a population of. , 22.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 10.2%. It has changed at a rate of 5.8% due to migration and at a rate of 4.2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (336 or 90.8%), with German being second most common (12 or 3.2%) and English being third (11 or 3.0%). There are 4 people who speak Italian.

, the gender distribution of the population was 47.3% male and 52.7% female. The population was made up of 173 Swiss men (38.6% of the population) and 39 (8.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 191 Swiss women (42.6%) and 45 (10.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 92 or about 24.9% were born in Gy and lived there in 2000. There were 129 or 34.9% who were born in the same canton, while 48 or 13.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 87 or 23.5% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 5 live births to Swiss citizens and 2 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 2 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 3 while the foreign population increased by 2. There were 2 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 5 non-Swiss men and 2 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 4 and the non-Swiss population increased by 10 people. This represents a population growth rate of 3.4%.

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 35.9% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 53.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 10.5%.

, there were 175 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 169 married individuals, 10 widows or widowers and 16 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 121 private households in the municipality, and an average of 3. persons per household. There were 27 households that consist of only one person and 20 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 126 households that answered this question, 21.4% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 21 married couples without children, 67 married couples with children There were 6 single parents with a child or children.

there were 75 single family homes (or 75.0% of the total) out of a total of 100 inhabited buildings. There were 5 multi-family buildings (5.0%), along with 18 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (18.0%) and 2 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.0%). Of the single family homes 16 were built before 1919, while 23 were built between 1990 and 2000.

there were 118 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 28. There were 7 single room apartments and 65 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 110 apartments (93.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 6 apartments (5.1%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (1.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the LPS Party which received 22.58% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Green Party (18.85%), the SVP (16.2%) and the SP (13.69%). In the federal election, a total of 137 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 58.5%.

In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 253 registered voters of which 114 (45.1%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the Libéral with 23.7% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the Les Verts (with 14.0%), they were also second in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the MCG (with 10.5%), they were also third in the canton-wide election.

For the 2009 Conseil d'Etat election, there were a total of 254 registered voters of which 141 (55.5%) voted.

In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Gy there were 9 spots open on the municipal council. There were a total of 317 registered voters of which 188 (59.3%) voted. Out of the 188 votes, there were 2 blank votes, 3 null or unreadable votes and 6 votes with a name that was not on the list.

Economy
, Gy had an unemployment rate of 3.1%. , there were 45 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 12 businesses involved in this sector. 17 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 5 businesses in this sector. 32 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 9 businesses in this sector. There were 168 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.3% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 69. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 30, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 16 of which 4 or (25.0%) were in manufacturing and 13 (81.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 23. In the tertiary sector; 3 or 13.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 8.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 8.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 2 or 8.7% were in education.

, there were 51 workers who commuted into the municipality and 127 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 15.7% of the workforce coming into Gy are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.0% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 7.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.7% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 118 or 31.9% were Roman Catholic, while 98 or 26.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.81% of the population), and there were 11 individuals (or about 2.97% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 7 individuals (or about 1.89% of the population) who were Jewish, and 2 (or about 0.54% of the population) who were Islamic. There were and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 107 (or about 28.92% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 23 individuals (or about 6.22% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Gy about 113 or (30.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 74 or (20.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 74 who completed tertiary schooling, 47.3% were Swiss men, 31.1% were Swiss women, 14.9% were non-Swiss men and 6.8% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009-2010 school year there were a total of 105 students in the Gy school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 7 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Gy there were 8 students in kindergarten or primary school and - students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 8 lower secondary students who attended school in Gy. There were 27 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 2 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 21 students attended a private school.

, there were 7 students in Gy who came from another municipality, while 57 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Gy, Switzerland


text:
Was

Was or WAS may refer to:
 * Was, a past-tense form of the English copular verb to be

People

 * David Was (born c. 1952), the stage name of multi-instrumentalist and songwriter David Weiss
 * Don Was (born 1952), the stage name of bass guitarist, record producer, and recording executive Donald Fagenson

In arts and entertainment

 * Was (novel), by Geoff Ryman, 1992
 * "Was", a short story in William Faulkner's Go Down, Moses
 * Was??, a musical composition by Folke Rabe
 * Was (Not Was), an American pop group led by David and Don Was

Software

 * IBM WebSphere Application Server
 * Windows Activation Services, a container for hosting WCF services

In reference to Washington, D.C.

 * All airports serving the Washington, D.C. area (IATA airport code)
 * Washington Union Station (Amtrak station code)
 * The city's major professional sports teams
 * Washington Commanders of the National Football League
 * Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association
 * Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League
 * Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball

Other uses

 * Was-sceptre, an Egyptian symbol
 * Was (horse)
 * We Are Singaporeans, a game show
 * Wearne's Air Service, an early Malayan airline
 * Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, an X-linked recessive disease
 * World Association for Sexual Health

title: Was


text:
The Arboretum at Gustavus Adolphus College

The Arboretum at Gustavus Adolphus College, also known as The Arboretum at Gustavus or colloquially as The Arb, is on the campus of Gustavus Adolphus College in Saint Peter, Minnesota, United States. It contains a number of botanical gardens and a 125 acre arboretum with its first trees planted as small seedlings in 1973 on agricultural land. The arboretum was formerly named for Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, from 1988 to 2021.

History
Planning for the Gustavus Adolphus College Arboretum began in 1972. In January 1973, President Frank Barth announced the dedication of land lying west of campus for the purpose of developing an arboretum and wildlife area. Dr. Charles Mason, Associate Professor of Biology, oversaw the project. Project plans consisted of an initial fifty-five acres to be planted with grass and trees as well as an anticipated expansion to 130 acre if the project proved successful. In 1975, a master plan for the arboretum was developed which included three natural ecosystems and a formal garden, and Mason was appointed arboretum Director. The arboretum was home to more than 1,600 trees by 1978, and plans for the creation of two ponds were underway.

In 1986, Borgeson cabin was moved to the arboretum from Norseland, MN, and the Melva Lind Interpretive Center was completed during 1987. The center includes office space for arboretum staff, interpretive educational exhibits, and a meeting space. In 1988, the arboretum was officially named the Linnaeus Arboretum after renowned Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus. The Friends of The Arboretum formed during 1989; members of the group participate in volunteer and educational activities. Jim Gilbert became director of The Arboretum in 1998, and upon his retirement in 2005, the Jim Gilbert Teaching Pond was created. In 2003, the first Linnaeus Symposium was held in conjunction with the celebration of The Arboretum's thirty year anniversary. The Symposium hosted renowned ethnobotanist Wade Davis.

Dr. Cindy Johnson-Groh became Executive Director of The Arboretum in 2006, and in 2007 the Johnson Center for Environmental Innovation was added to the Interpretive Center.

In 2021, Gustavus Adolphus College removed the name "Linnaeus" from the arboretum and it was renamed The Arboretum at Gustavus Adolphus College. The college stated that it wished to, "tell a more complete history of Carl Linnaeus, examining not only his contributions to science but also the problematic elements of his work," citing scrutiny regarding the legacy of Linnaeus' writings on human taxonomy and their subsequent influence on scientific racism beliefs.

The push to remove the “Linnaeus” name from the arboretum was a student-led movement beginning in the fall of 2020 due to the claim that Linnaeus was the father of scientific racism. This came following the Black Lives Matter protests summer 2020, where many institutions pushed to remove historically racist names from their buildings and landmarks. A student-run instagram account titled @linnaeusnomore1 outlines how the keeping of the title “Linnaeus” did not follow the school’s outlined pillars and core values.

Over the course of the 2020-2021 school year, much deliberation was enacted on behalf of the movement. Many student organizations such as iGNiTE, The Radicals, and Student’s for Reproductive Freedom (SRF) encouraged students to sign petitions and write letters to the Board. Gustavus as an institution created the “Linnaeus Deliberation Circle. ” While the push came from the students, the final decision had to be made by the Gustavus Board of Trustees, and on October 12, 2021, Linnaeus was removed.

Layout
The Arboretum was designed to represent the shape and ecosystem layout of the state of Minnesota. Therefore, the three major natural ecosystems found in Minnesota are represented in The Arboretum: the conifer forest in the north, the prairie in the south and west, and the deciduous forest in between. A fourth area surrounding the Melva Lind Interpretive Center includes cultivated gardens and trees that were introduced into the state from other regions of the globe.

Gardens

The Arboretum at Gustavus is home to twelve official gardens which are as follows:

 * Thornberg Garden – Color from spring-flowering bulbs to chrysanthemums in the fall.
 * Greater Gustavus Hosta Garden – More than 20 varieties of hosta plants.
 * Melva Lind Rose Garden – Nearly 50 rose bushes selected from Canadian varieties.
 * Evelyn Gardens – Two gardens of perennial flowers, shrubs, and small trees.
 * Swenson White Garden – White flowering annuals, perennials, and shrubs: dogwoods, viburnum, potentilla, magnolia, plum, and mock orange.
 * Thompson Herb Garden – Culinary, medicinal and fragrant herbs; herbs important to Native American cultures; and herbs with Biblical roots.
 * First Ladies' Lilac Walk – A collection of lilac bushes.
 * Presidents' Oak Grove – An oak tree in honor of each president of the College.
 * Uhler Prairie – Grasses and flowers native to the drier areas of Minnesota.
 * Johnson Prairie Outlook – A quiet place where one can sit on glacial boulders and observe the prairie.
 * Gamelin Linden Grove – Trees from both the Old World and the New World displaying variation within the genus Tilia.
 * Esbjornson Ironwoods – Ironwood trees.

Other attractions
The arboretum also has a number of other attractions which are as follows:

 * Alexis Memorial Bluebird Trail – Bluebird houses winding through the arboretum. Named for a longtime professor of English who was an avid birder.
 * Borgeson Family Cabin – Built in 1866 by Swedish pioneers, the cabin was moved to the arboretum and restored in 1986. Adjacent to the cabin is a small vegetable garden that is planted annually with seeds that were stored from when the Swedish pioneers sailed across the ocean.
 * Linnaeus Sculpture – Created by Paul T. Granlund, sculptor-in-Residence at Gustavus Adolphus College. The bust grows out of a linden tree, and the wig includes impressions of the layout of the formal Linnaeus' Botanical Garden in Uppsala, Sweden. Another copy was donated by the college to the Uppsala University Botanical Garden.
 * Meditation area – Designed using Chinese Elements and feng shui concepts to foster inspirational and intuitive introspection. Is used frequently as a space for yoga and tai chi students. Created in 2004.
 * Melva Lind Interpretive Center – Exhibits and programs. Constructed in 1988.
 * Wetlands – A re-creation of similar areas that existed on this same land a little over a century ago, home to aquatic and semi-aquatic plant and animal species.


text: User talk:83.67.4.89

title: User talk:83.67.4.89


text:
IBM WebSphere Application Server

WebSphere Application Server (WAS) is a software product that performs the role of a web application server. More specifically, it is a software framework and middleware that hosts Java-based web applications. It is the flagship product within IBM's WebSphere software suite. It was initially created by Donald F. Ferguson, who later became CTO of Software for Dell. The first version was launched in 1998. This project was an offshoot from IBM HTTP Server team starting with the Domino Go web server.

Architecture
WebSphere Application Server (WAS) is built using open standards such as Java EE, XML, and Web Services. It runs on the following platforms: Windows, AIX, Linux, Solaris, IBM i and z/OS. Beginning with Version 6.1 and now into Version 9.0, the open standard specifications are aligned and common across all the platforms. Platform exploitation, to the extent it takes place, is done below the open standard specification line.

It works with a number of Web servers including Apache HTTP Server, Netscape Enterprise Server, Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS), IBM HTTP Server for i5/OS, IBM HTTP Server for z/OS, and IBM HTTP Server for AIX/Linux/Microsoft Windows/Solaris. It uses port 9060 for connection as the default administration port and port 9080 as the default website publication port.

The "traditional" (as opposed to the Liberty variant) WebSphere Application Server platform is architected as a distributed computing platform that could be installed on multiple operating system instances, collectively referred to as a WebSphere cell. Management of all the instances could be done from a management node – called the Deployment Manager – within the cell, and deployment of applications – including the ability to perform rolling updates – could be pushed out to a subset of the cell nodes. The configuration information for the entire cell (how many nodes there are, what applications are deployed to each, how the applications are configured, session management and details of other resources, etc) are tracked in XML configuration files that are distributed throughout the cell to every node. Over the product lifetime, the implementation of these configuration details went from files, to database-based (around v3.5), and back again to files (around v5).

Given the distributed install, and given also that management of the entire cell required management of local effects (such as deployment, logging configuration, etc), the overall effect was that WAS security could often override local security if not configured properly. For example, in earlier versions of the management console, there was an option that was available to specify the location of a log file on a remote node. This could be used to read/write to an arbitrary file on that remote node. For this reason, it was not advisable to run the application server / node agent processes with root privileges, and starting with v6, security configuration defaulted out of the box to a secure state (even if this meant that enabling desired functions required manual changing of the defaults). Originally, all nodes of the cell were in a single domain for management as well as application security. However, starting with v6.1, there can be multiple security domains and administrative and application security can be separate.

Many IBM products (such as IBM InfoSphere DataStage) use WebSphere Application Server as the base platform for their infrastructure.

Version history
IBM has shipped several versions and editions of WebSphere Application Server.

In the first beta versions, WebSphere had been called Servlet Express.

Although the versioning scheme x.1 and x.5 would usually indicate a minor release in the software industry, WebSphere v6.1 and v5.1 are major releases, just like WebSphere v8.5 and v3.5.

WebSphere Liberty Versions
WebSphere Liberty was introduced into WebSphere Application Server V8.5, originally referred to as the WebSphere Liberty Profile, with the same version numbering scheme as the rest of WAS. In 2016 IBM introduced a new fix pack numbering scheme for Liberty to reflect a move to continuous delivery of Liberty in a single support stream – after V8.5.5.9, the Liberty numbering scheme was rebased starting at 16.0.0.2 to reflect Year and Quarter of the Liberty fixpack release. A common level of WebSphere Liberty is distributed as part of the both Version 8.5 and Version 9.0 of WebSphere Application Server. The Liberty continuous delivery model was introduced to allow new capabilities and features to be delivered on a more frequent basis.

Version 9.0
WebSphere Application Server V9.0 adds Java EE 7 and Java SE 8. This brought WAS Application Server traditional up to the same level of Java EE as WebSphere Liberty had offered since 2015. This was the first release of WAS to be made simultaneously available as both an on-premises offering and through WebSphere as a Service on IBM Cloud.

WebSphere Liberty is increasingly the focus for new cloud native applications, with Liberty 16.0.0.2 being the version of Liberty included with WAS Version 9.0.0.0. Liberty 16.0.0.3 adds support for the new MicroProfile programming model that simplifies cloud native application development using standard Java EE technologies. Flexible access to WebSphere Liberty is provided through additional distributions as a docker image and Cloud Foundry buildpack. In September 2017 IBM moved ongoing development of Liberty into a new Open Source project called Open Liberty. Open Liberty is the source for the Liberty runtime in WebSphere Application Server. Distributions of Open Liberty are supported by the OpenLiberty.io community; IBM provides commercial support for Liberty through WebSphere Application Server.

Version 8.5.5
WebSphere Application Server V8.5.5 includes significant enhancements to the Liberty profile including support for Java SE 8, full Java EE 7 compliance since V8.5.5.6, and WebSphere's intelligent management capabilities. WebSphere Liberty's support for Java EE is enabled through the configuration of sets of features, with different sets of Library features available in each edition of WAS. The WAS Liberty Core edition includes the Liberty features required for Java EE WebProfile; all other editions of WAS add Liberty features for full Java EE 7. The WAS Network Deployment Edition adds Liberty features for intelligent management. Beyond this the WAS z/OS edition adds Liberty features to enable z/OS platform capabilities.

Version 8.5.0
WebSphere Application Server V8.5 offers the same Java EE 6 and Java SE 6 (by default) as V8.0 and also provides – and can be configured to run on – Java SE 7. The primary new capabilities in V8.5 are the Liberty profile of WebSphere Application Server and the intelligent management features.

The Liberty profile of WebSphere Application Server is included with all the commercial editions of the server, providing a lightweight profile of the server for web, mobile and OSGi applications. In this release it is a functional subset of the full profile of WebSphere Application Server, for both development and production use, with an install size of under 50 MB, a startup time of around 3 seconds and a new XML-based server configuration which can be treated as a development artifact to aid developer productivity. Server capabilities are engaged through the set of features defined in the server configuration; features are added and removed dynamically through internal use of OSGi services. A new model is provided for moving applications through the pipeline from development to production as a packaged server; this is a complete archive of the server, server configuration and application for unzip deploy. A centralized managed install is optionally available through the Job Manager component of WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment edition.

Intelligent management capability is added in the Network Deployment and z/OS editions of WebSphere Application server. This integrates operational features that were previously available in the separate WebSphere Virtual Enterprise (WVE) offering: application editioning, server health management, dynamic clustering and intelligent routing.

Compute Grid is also included in the Network Deployment and z/OS editions of WebSphere Application server. Previously this was the separately priced WebSphere XD Compute Grid feature for scheduling and managing Java batch workloads.

Version 7.0
This version was released on September 9, 2008. It is a Java EE 5 compliant application server.

Following are the flagship features introduced by WebSphere Application Server Version 7:
 * Flexible Management facilitates administration of a large number of WebSphere Application Server base edition and Network Deployment topologies that might be geographically distributed

Between the general availability of WebSphere Application Server V7 and WebSphere Application Server V8 (in 2011), a number of additional capabilities were made available for V7 in the form of feature packs which are optionally added to a V7 install. Feature Pack content has the same quality and support as main release content – the purpose of a feature pack is to deliver new innovation before the next major release. The following feature packs were provided for WebSphere Application Server V7:
 * Business-Level Application is used for managing application artifacts independent of packaging or programming models
 * Property Based Configuration feature simplifies the experience of automating administration: an administrator can update the WebSphere Application Server Version 7 configuration using a simple property file
 * Feature Pack for Modern Batch
 * Feature Pack for OSGi Applications and JPA 2.0
 * Feature Pack for SCA
 * Feature Pack for Web 2.0 and Mobile
 * Feature Pack for XML
 * Feature Pack for Communication Enabled Applications

Version 6.1
This version was released on June 30, 2006. On September 11, 2012, IBM extended the end of service for V6.1 by a full year, to September 30, 2013, and announced new version-to-version migration incentives and assistance. It is a Java EE 1.4 compliant application server and includes the following function:
 * Support for Java Standard Edition 1.5
 * Support for running JSR 168 Portlets in the application server
 * Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servlets
 * Enhancements to the WebSphere Install Factory
 * IBM Support Assistant
 * IBM JSF Widget Library
 * Simplified Administration
 * Improved Certificate and Key Management
 * Security Enhancements
 * Administration of IBM HTTP Server from WebSphere Admin Console
 * Support for (pre-OASIS) WS-Security 1.0
 * Support for Web Services Resource Framework and WS-BusinessActivity (WS-BA)
 * Support for JSR160 JMX Remote Connections (From IBM Agents Only)
 * Administrative Console Jython Command Assistance
 * Enhanced scripting. This version started the deprecation process for the Jacl syntax.
 * 64-bit servants and a new Apache-based IBM HTTP Server for z/OS

Support for the EJB 3.0 technology and support for some webservices standards were provided by the EJB feature pack and the webservices feature packs, respectively. These function in these feature packs has been folded into the main product in version 7. Functions in the webservices feature pack include:

 * Asynchronous programming model (Limited functional support)
 * Multiple Payload structures
 * StAX (Streaming API for XML)
 * WS-RM (Limited functional support)
 * Support for (OASIS specified) WS-Security 1.0.
 * WS-Addressing (Limited functional support)
 * JAX-B support
 * Policy Set (Limited functional support)
 * Secured thin client (Limited functional support)
 * SOAP (protocol) Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism (MTOM)
 * Supports CGI and CORBA

Version 6.0

 * This version was released on December 31, 2004. It is a Java EE 1.4 compliant application server. Security enhancements include support for JACC 1.0 and (pre-OASIS) WS-Security 1.0.
 * Support for Java Standard Edition 1.4
 * Many programming model extensions previously found in WebSphere Application Server V5.0 Enterprise Edition were moved out of enterprise and into Express and Base. These APIs included application profile, startup beans, the scheduler, and async beans.
 * The JMS engine, now called "WebSphere Platform Messaging," was rewritten in 100% Java and its functionality greatly enhanced. (WebSphere MQ is still supported as the JMS provider and is interoperable with WebSphere Platform Messaging.)
 * The clustering was rewritten to use the high availability manager. This manages all singletons in the WebSphere environment and can provide hot recovery for those singletons.
 * WebSphere was modified so that a shared file system can be used to store transaction logs and this meant that any cluster member with that shared file system mounted can hot recover in-doubt XA transactions with no external HA software.
 * The Deployment Manager's role was eliminated from all clustering runtime operations. It's only required for centralized JMX admin and config changes.
 * Now supports running mixed version cells (V5 to V6) in production.
 * WebSphere Application Server for z/OS
 * Provides the same core functionality as Network Deployment, since it shares a common programming model, but still contains the platform advantages such as:
 * z/OS Workload Manager for prioritized management of mixed workloads
 * Resource Recovery Services (added transactional integrity for complex, critical transactions)
 * Support for security mainframe products such a RACF
 * Advanced vertical scaling for application server by featuring a unique control region (integrated control area) server region (where workloads are completed) separation which enables the control region to open and close server regions as needed by the volume of incoming requests
 * Parallel Sysplex support for full participation in the Sysplex, enabling advanced failover support and a geographically dispersed environment that seamlessly acts as one with a centralized logging and management facility
 * WAS XD as it is known increases the functionality of the application server in two main areas – Manageability and Performance. It also allows makes possible new configurations, such as dynamic virtualization between pools of application servers.
 * Under the performance header the ObjectGrid component was added, which is a standalone distributed cache that can be used with any application server (any version with a 1.4 JDK) or with any J2SE 1.4 runtime, including zLinux and z/OS support.
 * Community Edition
 * Code based on Apache Geronimo project

With Version 6, some of the functionality previously found in WebSphere Business Integration Server Foundation (WBISF) moved into the new IBM WebSphere Process Server. Other function moved into the other editions (Express and above).

Version 5.1
This version was released on January 16, 2004. It is a J2EE 1.4 compliant application server.
 * Express
 * Base
 * Network Deployment
 * WebSphere Application Server for z/OS
 * Version 5.1 for z/OS is the first to support zAAP engines.
 * WebSphere Business Integration Server Foundation V5.1
 * This is the follow on product to WebSphere Application Server Enterprise Edition V5.0. The workflow engine was updated to support BPEL rather than the proprietary FDML format used in V5.0. The product was also repriced and available on all IBM platforms from the Intel environments to the mainframe.
 * WebSphere eXtended Deployment (XD)

Version 5.0
The version released on November 19, 2002. This was a J2EE 1.3 certified application server. It was a major rewrite of the V3/V4 codebase and was the first time WebSphere Application Server was coded from a common codebase. Now WAS across all deployment platforms, from Intel x86 to the mainframe, are substantially the same code. The database-based configuration repository was replaced with a replication XML file-based configuration repository. A service called the Deployment Manager had the master copy of the cell configuration, and nodes had the file(s) they needed copied from this master server whenever they changed. V5 also included a miniature version of MQ 5.3 called the embedded Java Message Service (JMS) server.
 * Express Edition replaces the Standard Edition. Express now becomes the term to indicate SME-oriented offerings from IBM, across all its software brands.
 * Base
 * Network Deployment. This version supports deployment of a cell configuration with cluster and J2EE failover support. It now also includes Edge Components, previously known as Edge Server. This provides a proxy server, load balancing, and content-based routing.
 * Enterprise Edition. This version added a workflow engine, called the Process Choreographer, for the first time but predates the BPEL standard. It also added the first fully supported application threading model called WebSphere Asynchronous Beans.
 * WebSphere Application Server for z/OS. This version is essentially the same as the Network Deployment product but is optimized to take full advantage of z/OS features, such as Workload Manager, to leverage the key technologies that make the mainframe indispensable for mission-critical, scalable, and secure workloads.

Version 4.0
This was a J2EE 1.2 certified application server. It inherited the database-based configuration model from V3.x for all but the single-server edition, which already used an XML datastore.
 * AE (Advanced Edition)
 * AEs (Advanced Edition single). Single-server edition that was not able to run in a cluster configuration.
 * AEd (Developer Edition). Functionally equivalent to AEs, but intended only for non-production development use.
 * EE (Enterprise Edition)

Version 3.5 (and 3.0)
WebSphere 3.5 is the first widely used version of WebSphere. Shown below is WAS v3.5 startup in a terminal on IBM AIX RS6000 system:

As shown in the figure, at the root of the processes is the main WAS bootstrap process: a Java JVM machine by itself, that is started first then followed by multiple JVM processes that are spawned underneath it, each of which represents an enterprise application with its own classloader. Since classes are loaded from multiple JVMs, then WAS provides configuration flags to manage the visibility of the loaded classes. In addition, the administrator or programmer needs to be aware of the hierarchy (the position of the .ear or .war and what goes in the MANIFEST) to manage the visibility of the classes. The following figure shows the class loading hierarchy in a concentric ring. The visibility of the classes is important, otherwise colliding classes may cause type casting error during runtime of the application server.

Version 2.0
IBM adds JavaBean, CORBA and Linux support. Comes in two editions: Standard Edition (SE) and Advanced Edition (AE).

Version 1.0
Initial release in June 1998. Was primarily a Java Servlet engine.

Security
The WebSphere Application Server security model is based on the services provided in the operating system and the Java EE security model. WebSphere Application Server provides implementations of user authentication and authorization mechanisms providing support for various user registries: The authentication mechanisms supported by WebSphere are:
 * Local operating system user registry
 * LDAP user registry
 * Federated user registry (as of version 6.1)
 * Custom user registry
 * Lightweight Third Party Authentication (LTPA)

title: IBM WebSphere Application Server


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Le

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. – ABCD 01:11, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Michael Le
About a 12 year old, clearly not notable.  19:54, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Now it is marked as Speedy Delete since the original author just blanked it. Zzyzx11 | Talk 20:00, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Delete. At last check, author had cleared out VfD notice. Someone else flagged it speedy delete per "blanked by author" rule. Suspect this is a troll who may cause more probs. See also Mirrda for similar behavior by same IP addy. Feco 20:01, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And deleted. Some people seem to have too much time at their disposal.  20:04, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Golden Nugget Hotel & Casinos

Golden Nugget Hotels & Casinos is an American chain of luxury hotels and casinos. It currently operates six casino resorts in Nevada, Louisiana, New Jersey, Illinois, and Mississippi.

The original location was the Golden Nugget Las Vegas which opened in 1946. The company runs as a division of Landry's Hospitality within the Fertitta Entertainment portfolio.

Original Golden Nugget
The Golden Nugget Las Vegas opened in 1946 in Downtown Las Vegas. Over time, notable members of the ownership group featured Jackie Gaughan and Steve Wynn. Wynn later became the majority stakeholder in 1973, making him the youngest casino owner in Las Vegas. Under Wynn, the casino brand expanded greatly. Once gaining the controlling sharehold, Wynn created Golden Nugget Companies Inc. The first hotel tower opened in 1977, which lead for the property to get awarded a four diamond rating from Mobil Travel Guide.

In 1980, the company opened the Golden Nugget Atlantic City (not to be confused with the current Golden Nugget Atlantic City) in New Jersey. The Las Vegas casino also expanded, with a second and third tower opened in 1984 and 1989, respectively, which included a showroom. The company's interest in Atlantic City did not last very long due to frustration with state gaming regulators, and in 1987, the property was sold to Bally's Entertainment, and eventually became Bally's Grand Hotel and Casino. In 1989, the company acquired the Nevada Club casino in Laughlin, Nevada, and re-branded it as the Golden Nugget Laughlin.

Mirage Resorts (1989-1999)
The company expanded into the Las Vegas Strip in 1989, with the opening of The Mirage. Following the completion, the company changed its name to Mirage Resorts. Financing the $630 million project largely with high-yield bonds issued by Michael Milken. The resort's high cost and emphasis on luxury meant that it was considered high risk at the time, though the project ended up being enormously lucrative. The hotel, with its erupting volcano and South Seas theme, ignited a $12 billion building boom on the Strip. Its construction is also considered noteworthy in that Wynn had set a new standard for Vegas resorts, and when it opened The Mirage was the first casino to use security cameras full-time on all table games. Known for its entertainment, the hotel became the exclusive venue for the Siegfried & Roy show in 1990, and in 1993 the hotel hosted the Cirque du Soleil show Nouvelle Expérience. Afterwards Wynn decided to invite Cirque to create Mystère for the soon-to-be-built Treasure Island resort next door. The company would later open other notable projects such as the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino and the Bellagio.

Acquisition by MGM Resorts
The company was acquired in 2000 by MGM Grand Inc., which then changed its name to MGM Mirage, for $6.4 billion, including $2 billion in assumed debt, after an initial all-cash offer of $17 per share and a final offer of $21 per share. The company was majority owned by Wynn. Although the Golden Nugget was profitable, it was not part of the master expansion plan of the corporation which was focused on consolidating a long stretch of the Strip, so MGM looked to sell the Golden Nugget.

Poster Financial Group
Timothy Poster and Thomas Breitling, two young (mid-30s) entrepreneurs, formed Poster Financial Group as a private investment firm. When the company was founded, its initial investors included travelscape.com, an internet travel site. Tennis star Andre Agassi, a Las Vegas native, was also an investor.

Poster and Breitling had no casino ownership experience before acquiring the Golden Nugget. They faced some difficulty in obtaining the necessary casino licenses because of their friendship with Rick Rizzolo, a strip club owner being investigated by the FBI and because of Poster's uncle who was denied a gaming license because of his alleged association with known illegal bookmakers. The Nevada Gaming Control Board recommended that they be licensed for only one year. The board however, issued them four-year licenses, with an option to apply for permanent licenses in January 2005.

The Poster Financial Group's ownership encountered some difficulties. The television series received ratings below expectations and was canceled after one season. In addition, the strategy of attracting higher level casino players created significant volatility in the first year of operations.

Acquisition of the Golden Nugget casinos
In January 2004 the company acquired the Golden Nugget Las Vegas and the Golden Nugget Laughlin for approximately $215 million. When Poster and Breitling assumed control of the Golden Nugget, they began to upgrade the gambling operation, by installing new "cashless" slot machines and increasing the maximum bet at table games to $15,000. Their story became the basis for The Casino, a television series on Fox, which premiered on June 14, 2004.

On November 10, 2004 Barrick Gaming Corporation, which owns casino/hotels in downtown Las Vegas including The Plaza, The Vegas Club, The Western, and The Gold Spike, announced that it would acquire the Golden Nugget Laughlin for $31 million plus working capital. As part of the purchase agreement, Poster Financial granted Barrick a two-year limited use of the Golden Nugget brand name, after which Barrick will be required to change the name of the property.

Acquisition by Fertitta Entertainment
On February 4, 2005, Houston based Landry's Restaurants, Inc., now a subsidiary of Fertitta Entertainment, agreed to purchase the Golden Nugget Las Vegas for $140 million in cash plus the assumption of $155 million of debt.

On May 31, 2005 the agreement for Barrick Gaming to acquire the Golden Nugget Laughlin expired without a final deal being reached. As a result, Landry's acquired the property as part of its agreement to purchase the Golden Nugget Las Vegas. There was no increase in the purchase price as a result of this change since the money from the sale would have been used to reduce the debt on the Las Vegas property; instead, Landry's assumed that debt as well. On September 27, 2005 Landry's completed the acquisition of Poster Financial for approximately $318 million.

In 2022, Golden Nugget announced the acquisition of the Wildwood Casino and Hotel in Cripple Creek, Colorado, with plans to rebrand it under the Golden Nugget brand. The same year, the company broke ground on a casino in Danville, Illinois in a partnership deal with Wilmot Gaming. The following year, Fertitta Entertainment agreed to buy the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Lake Tahoe, with plans to convert it to a Golden Nugget.

Properties

 * Golden Nugget Atlantic City

 * Golden Nugget Biloxi

 * Golden Nugget Danville, IL

 * Golden Nugget Lake Charles

 * Golden Nugget Lake Tahoe

 * Golden Nugget Las Vegas

 * Golden Nugget Laughlin

 * Golden Nugget Cripple Creek, CO (Future)

Golden Nugget Online
The Golden Nugget first launched its online casino in New Jersey. It has since spun-off into its own publicly traded company with plans to expand. Golden Nugget's parent, Landry's, Inc., remains the largest stockholder of Golden Nugget Online.

Golden Nugget Club
The Toyota Center contains a Golden Nugget Club is a lounge and bar that bring the Golden Nugget theme to the arena.

title: Golden Nugget Hotel & Casinos