text:
Talk:Freaks and Geeks

The introduction
I think there needs to be a re-write of the introduction. It's more of a summary of the series rather then a summary of the contents of the article.--Fredrickson.Leah (talk) 21:13, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

what was planned?
The eighteenth episode ends with summer vacation after junior year. It seems like too-pat an ending for the series unless it was known in advance that this would be the end. Was there enough notice of the cancellation that they rewrote the end? Also, has it ever been disclosed what was planned for the characters next? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.190.181.180 (talk) 17:02, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

delete the entire undeclared and on section
If people want to know what the actors or the producer did after the show, they can consult each person's specific profile. No need to clutter up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.181.142.220 (talk) 07:34, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

I disagree we should keep it. It helps people look more into what the actors are doing now which is great. 69.118.112.57 (talk) 07:50, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

I agree with deleting it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.211.215.201 (talk) 17:51, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

I disagree too - we should keep it. It's useful information relevent to the Freaks and Geeks world. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.44.10.228 (talk) 23:55, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

freaks
Can someone give more information about the movie the article talks about? Is there even a movie planned? I haven't seen anything else about this anywhere.

Nothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Whatlinkshere/Talk:Freaks_and_Geeks What links here in this article explains what the show is about. Well rather, what the show's title means. I've heard the expression. I don't know it means. That's why I searched it. Any input is appreciated.
 * (Even though you won't read this:) That'll be worked on. But then, what's the doubt? There's a group of geeks. Nerds. There's a group of freaks. Burn-outs. The show centers on them. Not too strange. Anywho, I'll be working on making the actual content of the show clearer sometime soon.Zeppocity 20:26, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Characters
I'm removing the character list for now. It makes the article rather clumsy and just looks plain ugly, besides being itself somewhat long-winded. I'll either work the cast credits into the article or reintroduce the section in a better form later, but for now, it's out. Any comments on this?, go ahead. For reference:

The Weir Family
Lindsay Weir : Linda Cardellini

Sam Weir : John Francis Daley

Jean Weir : Becky Ann Baker

Harold Weir : Joe Flaherty

The Freaks
Daniel Desario : James Franco

Kim Kelly : Busy Phillips

Nick Andopolis : Jason Segel

Ken Miller : Seth Rogen

The Geeks
Neal Schweiber : Samm Levine

Bill Haverchuck : Martin Starr

McKinley High Faculty
Jeff Rosso : Dave "Gruber" Allen

Frank Kowcheski : Steve Bannos

Coach Ben Fredricks : Thomas F. Wilson

Hector Lacovara : Trace Beaulieu

McKinley Students
Gordon Crisp : Jerry Messing

Cindy Sanders : Natasha Melnick

Harris Trinsky : Stephen Lea Sheppard

Millie Kentner : Sarah Hagan

Alan White : Chauncey Leopardi

Vicki Appleby : Joanna Garcia

Family Members
Cookie Kelly : Ann Dowd

Dr. Vic Schweiber : Sam McMurray

Gloria Haverchuck : Claudia Christian

Other Notables
Eli : Ben Foster

Sean : Shaun Weiss

Howie Gelfand : Jason Schwartzman

Agent Meara : Ben Stiller''

His Zepponess

 * Just want to add that Samaire Armstrong is in two episodes, not one. O0drogue0o (talk) 10:25, 18 June 2017 (UTC)

Song list to separate page
The "complete list" of songs should probably go in a separate article (whose title begins with "List of"), sort of like List of guests on The Majority Report was split off from The Majority Report (for example). - dcljr (talk) 00:25, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with this; as of now, the list of songs is 3/4 of the article about the show. I don't personally think you need it at all but, if you do, it should be its own page, with a short sentence on the main page about how important the music was to the show (as evident by the creators' insistence of preserving the soundtrack on the DVD), and perhaps citing the Who episode and/or the Billy Joel one (which is to say, every song in those episodes is those artists).
 * ThatGuamGuy 16:51, 21 June 2006 (UTC)sean (TGG)

 * I am the user who has created that section and I'm planning on making it a lot more extensive (adding the album each song was originally found on, updating the format so it's a little easier on the eyes, etc.) and it is indeed a little ridiculous to have it take up so much space, so I'm going to move it to its own page in a few moments. Pele Merengue 05:20, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Cameos
Are all of the guest stars listed in the "Guest Stars and Cameo Appearances" actually uncredited? I'm pretty sure Schwartzman, Hodgson, and David Koechner are all credited at the top of the show. Mseyers 16:44, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I would go so far as to say everybody listed in that section is credited with their appearance, but I'm not 100% sure on Feig (but why list him and not the other writers in the same scene?).

A link for "affluent"
Are you serious?

Age of actors
I just deleted an intro sentence under the "characters" heading that said something like, "Unlike other shows depicting high schoolers, most of the actors in Freaks and Geeks were about the same age as the characters they portrayed. For instance, John Francis Daley was the same age as the high school freshman he played."

I deleted it because I know that the show's other star, Linda Cardellini, was at least 7 years older than the high schooler she portrayed. If someone wants to assert that F&G used more young actors than most other shows, I think a hell of a lot more research needs to be done to back the assertion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mark dittmer (talk • contribs) 06:04, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

It would be helpful if people would discuss their edits
Making assertions in edit summaries is not a substitute for discussion. I would highly recommend pursuing the discuss phase of the bold, revert, discuss cycle. Dlabtot (talk) 16:42, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The text has been removed because it is speculative trivia. It is also unreferenced, and it is not in line with the standard expected of television articles. We're not here to speculate as to the location; that is more appropriate for a fan site. --Ckatz chat spy  16:44, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Could you be more specific? Many of the items you describe as 'speculative trivia' come directly from the show or the DVD commentaries. To give one example (don't worry, we will go through them all, one by one), you removed this: In Episode 18, Lindsay Weir is asked to participate in the "Academic Summit" at the University of Michigan.  In what way is that speculative?  Dlabtot (talk) 16:48, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * There are two ways to edit Wikipedia: engage in a consensus building process, or edit-war. So far it looks like you are following the latter course. If you are truly interested in working on this article, that will mean working with other editors by actually engaging in discussion, not simply asserting that you are correct. Dlabtot (talk) 02:11, 25 June 2009 (UTC)
 * With all due respect, please don't make aggressive accusations that have no bearing in fact, and that do not help to foster a positive atmosphere for discussion. Simply put, Wikipedia articles are not a repository for trivial details about shows. The text at present already makes the point about connections to Detroit, although it is lacking references for all of the claims. The removed text does nothing to advance that, other than to list still more examples of local references and to add speculation as to intent. Even if the DVD commentary mentions each and every one of these details (which would have to be cited, of course) they do nothing to advance an encyclopedic treatment of the series beyond what the text already states. Look, I'm not knocking the show orthe location. I could easily add dozens of local references to the Stargate articles, given that those series were shot in my part of the world. However, again, it would just be trivia. Even as it is now, we really need some indication as to if Feig intentional directed the mentions to be included, or if it was the writing staff, or the crew, or whatever. That would help to make it more relevant. --Ckatz chat spy  03:07, 25 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, after another look, I do like what you've left, although it probably could use some stuff about why the setting was so important to the shows creators and some of the difficulties involved in trying to make the show look like it took place in Michigan. For example they talk about lighting and filming to try to make it look gray Michigan instead of sunny California, etc.... I'll have to find some time to listen to the commentaries again to refresh my memory and see what I can find that might be worth adding. Dlabtot (talk) 03:32, 25 June 2009 (UTC)
 * If they speak to that issue, it would be a good addition as it would help bolster the "out-of-universe" treatment we need. Does Feig make comments like "I go out of my way to slip in places that were special to me" (or anything along those lines)? Anything about why he chooses certain places? --Ckatz chat spy  04:23, 25 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh, yes he goes into great detail about some of that stuff.... but there are 29 hours of commentaries! It might take me awhile find the relevant bits, since he talks about it a lot, it's spread out all over. Dlabtot (talk) 05:55, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Removed "Acclaim" section, put here for discussion
This section was added to the article 01:13, 11 April 2013 by 184.148.25.42:
 * ==Acclaim==
 * Tara Bennett: For someone who loves and respects TV as much as I do, this is the Sophiest of Choices to make. Even with all of the series I've watched, there are some classics I missed or I'm behind on (The Wire, Breaking Bad, Mad Men) or some I just don't get and thus am subjectively out of the loop. Also, do you qualify this as the show that impacted TV the most, or the show that never faltered in quality from beginning to end? I'm going to go with the latter as my arbiter and from there still dither with anxiety because I have a few perfect shows that I've watched from top to bottom. Sigh, with that I'll commit to Freaks & Geeks. It's one of the most honest, well written, nuanced series ever about growing up. It used a cast that was age appropriate and all uniquely talented and real. I was heartbroken when it was over. Close second, Pushing Daisies. It had a brief, colorful life but it never fell short in its entire run.

Discuss? --Lexein (talk) 01:22, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

Official website
http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nbc.com/freaksandgeeks/ seemed to be the official website but I can't find any good archives of the page yet WhisperToMe (talk) 12:49, 29 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Index of archived content: http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.nbc.com/freaksandgeeks/*
 * Found homepage: http://web.archive.org/web/20000302021845/http://nbc.com/freaksandgeeks/freaks/index.html (for the "Freaks' perspective")
 * Found homepage: http://web.archive.org/web/20000301192957/http://www.nbc.com/freaksandgeeks/geeks/index.html (for the "Geeks" perspective")
 * WhisperToMe (talk) 12:52, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

Fannish edit
Sorry, User:Dlabtot — I thought you were the original editor. Here is the edit:

"Many people refer to this show as a "cult classic" and were devastated by it's abrupt cancellation. In 2014, Seth Rogen famously confronted the man behind the cancellation of "Freaks and Geeks" and asked him why he chose to let the show go. This all happened backstage of "Saturday Night Live" where Rogen stated that the executive was just a "rich kid" and that he didn't understand the basis of the hit show."

First off, the cited source for "Many people refer to this show as a 'cult classic' and were devastated by it's abrupt cancellation." is completely false and dishonest — nothing of the sort appears at that page of TVSeriesFinale.com.

Aside from the poor grammar of the misspelled "its," terms like "devastated" are hyperbolic and non-encyclopedic WP:TONE. No one was "devastated," and it's non-notable to say fans who liked a show were disappointed by its being canceled.

Saying Rogen "famously" did something is WP:PEACOCK. "This all happened backstage of [sic] Saturday Night Live" is inappropriately conversational tone. Aside from the fact that the passage simply consists of Rogen insulting someone whom he believes canceled the show, it's also falsely cited: Rogen never used the term "rich kid," Time does not use the term "hit show" — I loved it, too, but it wasn't a hit — and since the Time article names the executive, we need to do that as well rather than having a passage that reads like some tabloid.

The entire thing could be trimmed to: "After the show's cancelation, Rogen confronted NBC executive Garth Ancier backstage at Saturday Night Live to express his disagreement with the decision."

I'm wondering if you can see my point after this analysis.--Tenebrae (talk) 22:33, 19 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freaks and Geeks


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dylge

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 18:00, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Dylge
Non-notable (defunct?) Cambridge University student band. No apparent releases. Dylete Anilocra 08:50, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 09:09, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable, and being potentially defunct doesn't exactly help its case... Master Thief Garrett 09:43, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A university Indie band from the late 90's, no evidence of influence or achievement provided. Average Earthman 10:50, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dylge


text:
Jay Williams (basketball)

Jason David Williams (born September 10, 1981) is an American former basketball player and television analyst. He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team and professionally for the Chicago Bulls in the NBA.

Then known as Jason Williams, he won the 2001 NCAA Championship with Duke, and was named NABC Player of the Year in 2001 and 2002. He was drafted second overall in the 2002 NBA draft by the Bulls. He asked to be called Jay on joining the Bulls, to avoid confusion with two other players in the NBA at the time. His playing career was effectively ended by a motorcycle accident in 2003. He last signed with the Austin Toros of the NBA Development League, but was waived on December 30, 2006, due to lingering physical effects from his accident.

Since retiring, he has worked as an analyst for ESPN, initially working on ESPN College Basketball. In 2019, however, Williams was reassigned to the NBA full-time with his addition on ESPN's NBA Countdown program.

High school
Williams grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey, and attended St. Joseph High School in Metuchen, graduating in 1999. He not only excelled at basketball, but took an active interest in other activities, most notably chess. His nickname in high school was "Jay Dubs". Williams also played junior varsity soccer during his freshman year and was the state volleyball player of the year during his senior year. In basketball that year, Williams was named a First Team All-State Player in New Jersey, the New Jersey Player of the Year, a Parade All-American, a USA Today first team All-American, and a McDonald's All-American, where he competed in the Slam Dunk Contest and the McDonald's All-American Game, scoring 20 points in the contest. In his last year of high school he averaged 19 points, 7.0 assists, 4.2 rebounds and 3.7 steals per game; he had started each of the 4 years he spent at St. Joseph, and set school records in total points (1,977) and steals (407). He was also named the recipient of the 1999 Morgan Wootten Award for his basketball achievements and his work in the classroom, where he maintained a 3.6 GPA.

College career
At Duke, Williams, a 6 ft, 195 lb point guard, became one of the few freshmen in school history to average double figures in scoring and was named ACC Rookie of the Year and National Freshman of the Year by The Sporting News, averaging 14.5 points, 6.5 assists and 4.2 rebounds per contest. He was also a first team Freshman All-American by Basketball Times.

The next season Williams started all 39 games and led the Devils to the 2001 NCAA National Championship, earning NABC Player of the Year honors. His 841 points broke Dick Groat's 49-year Duke record for points in a season, while he led all tournament scorers with a 25.7 points per game average. Williams also set the NCAA Tournament record for three-pointers attempted (66), while also making 132 three-point field goals—good for the sixth-highest total in NCAA history. His 21.6 points per game led the ACC and made him the first Duke player since Danny Ferry (1989) to lead the league in scoring. His 6.1 assists were good for second in the league, while he also ranked second in three-point field goal percentage (.427) and first in three-pointers made (3.4 per game). Williams was widely considered the best player in college basketball, earning both the prestigious Naismith Award and Wooden Award as College Basketball's Player of the Year in 2002. He graduated with a degree in sociology in 2002, and left Duke with 2,079 points, good for sixth all-time, and with his jersey number 22 retired at Senior Day.

He had 36 double-figure scoring games in a single season (tied for 5th-most in Duke history as of March 28, 2010, with Jon Scheyer, Shane Battier, and JJ Redick).

In 2001–02, Williams, Carlos Boozer, and Mike Dunleavy Jr. each scored at least 600 points for the season, a feat only matched at Duke by Jon Scheyer, Kyle Singler, and Nolan Smith in the 2009–10 season. Williams (841) and Shane Battier (778) on the 2001 national championship team were one of only two Duke duos to each score over 700 points in a season, the other duo being Scheyer (728) and Singler (707) in the 2009–10 season.

Chicago Bulls (2002–2004)
Williams was selected by the Chicago Bulls with the second overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft, after Yao Ming was selected by the Houston Rockets. Williams was a starter in the Bulls' line-up for most of the 2002–03 NBA season. Although his performance was inconsistent and he competed for playing time with Jamal Crawford, he showed signs of promise, including posting a triple-double in a win over the New Jersey Nets. Williams' final NBA game was played on April 15, 2003, in a 115–106 win over the Philadelphia 76ers in which he recorded 14 points, 7 assists, 2 rebounds, and 1 steal.

Motorcycle accident
On the night of June 19, 2003, Williams was riding a motorcycle at a fast speed on the North Side of Chicago. He crashed his Yamaha YZF-R6 motorcycle into a streetlight at the intersection of Belmont Avenue and Honore Street in the Roscoe Village neighborhood. Williams was not wearing a helmet, nor was he licensed to ride a motorcycle in Illinois, and he was also violating the terms of his NBA Bulls contract by riding a motorcycle. Williams' injuries included a fractured pelvis, a severed main nerve in his leg, and three torn ligaments in his left knee, including the ACL. He required lengthy physical therapy to regain the use of his leg. A week after the motorcycle crash, the Bulls drafted point guard Kirk Hinrich. When it became clear Williams would not be returning to the Bulls for a long time, if at all, because of his severe injuries, the Bulls chose to waive him and drop him from the roster. This left the team without their top draft pick from just a year prior. Legally, the Bulls did not have to pay Williams any remaining salary at all because his severe injuries occurred while he violated the terms of his contract by riding a motorcycle; however, the Bulls organization decided to give Williams $3 million when they waived him so Williams could use the funds toward his rehabilitation expenses. Williams apologized to the Bulls organization for violating the terms of his contract and severely injuring himself. He stated at the time that he would work hard in his physical rehabilitation so that he could make a return to the Bulls. In his 2016 memoir, he mentioned that he became addicted to illegal painkillers as well as other drugs after the accident.

Austin Toros (2006)
On September 28, 2006, the New Jersey Nets announced that they had signed Williams to a non-guaranteed contract. However, on October 22, the Nets released him.

Williams then signed with the Austin Toros of the NBA Development League, but he played in just three games for the club. On December 30, 2006, the Toros waived him due to injury. Williams subsequently announced that he had no plans to resume his basketball career.

National team career
During his basketball playing career, Williams also represented the senior USA national basketball team. He was a part of the US team that finished in 6th place at the 2002 FIBA World Cup, which was held in Indianapolis. In seven games played during the tournament, Williams averaged 3.9 points, 1.0 rebounds, 1.6 assists, and 0.9 steals, in 6.6 minutes per game.

Post-basketball career
Williams works for ESPN as an NBA analyst. Previously, Williams covered college basketball for the network. He has also done motivational speaking and worked as an analyst on CBS College Sports Network during the 2008 NCAA men's basketball tournament. He was a recruiter for sports agency Ceruzzi Sports and Entertainment from 2007 to 2009. In 2016, Williams released his autobiography, Life Is Not an Accident: A Memoir of Reinvention. Presently, Williams is the Spokesperson of Visions Federal Credit Union, headquartered in Endwell, New York. He was also an announcer in NBA Live 19.

According to a May 2020 article on BlackEnterprise.com, Williams co-founded a management consulting company named Simatree, serves as a partial owner of The CabinNYC restaurant, works as an advisor to a digital marketing agency, and partners with EPIC Insurance to provide financial guidance to athletes and celebrities.

In 2021, Williams began hosting a podcast series titled The Limits with Jay Williams for NPR.

Williams co-hosted the "Keyshawn, JWill & Max Show" national morning show on ESPN Radio, with Keyshawn Johnson and Max Kellerman. In June, 2023, it was canceled by ESPN as a part of their budget cuts.

Personal life
Williams is a cousin of former NFL wide receiver David Tyree.

He is married to Nikki Bonacorsi and is the father of one daughter and one son.

He comprehensively lost a basketball one-on-one against Andrew Schulz.

title: Jay Williams (basketball)


text:
Unicoi Mountains

The Unicoi Mountains are a mountain range rising along the border between Tennessee and North Carolina in the southeastern United States. They are part of the Blue Ridge Mountain Province of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The Unicois are located immediately south of the Great Smoky Mountains and immediately west of the Cheoah Mountains. Most of the range is protected as a national forest, namely the Cherokee National Forest on the Tennessee side and the Nantahala National Forest on the North Carolina side— although some parts have been designated as wilderness areas and are thus more strictly regulated.

The Unicoi Mountains remain one of the most primitive, undeveloped areas in the eastern United States. Human habitation in the range's river valleys and deep hollows was never dense. While logging occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries, logging operations in the Unicoi area were not as extensive as in other forested areas in the region.

The Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest, located in the northeastern Unicois, is home to one of the last remaining old growth cove hardwood forests in the eastern United States. Grassy balds and heath balds are seen atop summits in the Unicoi Mountains, the highest of which rise to elevations of over 5,000 feet. The Cherohala Skyway— a National Scenic Byway completed in 1996— traverses the crest of the Unicoi Mountains connecting Tellico Plains, Tennessee with Robbinsville, North Carolina.

The name "Unicoi" comes from the Cherokee word ᎤᏁᎦ (unega), which means "white." It refers to the low-lying clouds and fog that often drape the Southern Appalachian mountains in the early morning or on humid or moist days. The name Unaka— which historically refers to the mountains along the Tennessee–North Carolina border— has the same Cherokee root as "Unicoi." There it is said to be associated with the white of the long chestnut blooms that were prevalent in spring in the mountains, before the Chestnut blight.

Geography
The Unicoi Mountains stretch for roughly 37 mi between the Little Tennessee River in the north and the Hiwassee River to the south, and for approximately 60 mi from its foothills along the Tennessee River at the range's western extreme to the Cheoah River at its eastern extreme. The range covers just over 1000 sqmi.

The sources of several rivers and major streams are located high in the Unicoi Mountains. The Tellico River rises on the slopes of McDaniel Bald in the southeastern corner of the Unicois and flows northwestward across the entire range before emptying into the Little Tennessee River near Vonore, Tennessee. Another tributary of the Little Tennessee, Citico Creek, is formed by the convergence of two streams which rise in a densely forested area of the northwestern Unicois known as Jeffrey Hell. The Bald River rises on the slopes of Beaverdam Bald in the southern Unicois and winds its way northward through a scenic gorge before plunging over an oft-photographed 90 ft waterfall en route to its mouth along the Tellico River. Santeetlah Creek rises on the western slope of Huckleberry Knob and flows down around the base of the mountain en route to the Santeetlah Lake impoundment of the Cheoah River to the east. Its tributary, Little Santeetlah Creek, drains the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest.

Major peaks
The highest summits in the Unicoi Range rise above 5,000 feet (1,500 meters), although most fall between 4,000 and 5,000 feet along the two crests and between 3,000 and 4,000 feet beyond the crest to the east and west. Huckleberry Knob— the highest mountain in the Unicoi Range at 5560 ft— has 3400 ft of topographical prominence. Other summits with 1,000+ feet of prominence include Bob Stratton Bald along the southern boundary of the Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness and Beaverdam Bald in the southern part of the range. The Benton MacKaye Trail, a cross-country hiking trail that traverses the Southern Appalachian Mountains, passes over several summits in the Unicois.

Natural information

The Unicoi Mountains consist chiefly of Precambrian metasedimentary rocks of a type known as the Ocoee Supergroup, formed over a billion years ago from ancient ocean deposits. Quaternary Period rocks are sometimes found in alluvial areas along streambeds. The Unicoi Mountains were formed roughly 250 million years ago during the Alleghenian orogeny, when a continental collision thrust the rocks upward.

The Unicoi Mountains are coated by a primarily second-growth mixed hardwood and pine forest. Cove hardwood forests are typically found at the lower elevations along rivers and streams, and chiefly consist of yellow poplar, white oak, red oak, hemlock, and multiple other species. A mixed hardwood-pine forest covers the mountain slopes, and chiefly consists of white oak, red oak, hickory, table mountain pine, pitch pine, and shortleaf pine.

While the vast majority of trees in the Unicoi Mountains are second-growth, the range is home to one of the few remaining stands of old-growth forest in the eastern United States. The Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest along Little Santeetlah Creek is home to a substantial stand of virgin cove hardwood forest, and contains some of the oldest and tallest trees in the Unicoi Range. The largest trees in Joyce Kilmer are over 150 ft tall and have circumferences of just over 20 ft. The oldest trees in the forest are over 400 years old. Other stands of old growth forest include a 187 acre patch around Falls Branch Falls and a remote section of the Citico Creek Wilderness near Glenn Gap.

The understories of the mountain slopes and ridgecrests are often covered by dense thickets of rhododendron and mountain laurel. These thickets are often called "hells" due to their general impassability. The most outstanding example of rhododendron-laurel thicket is Jeffrey Hell, located in the Citico Creek Wilderness. Grassy balds—a type of highland meadow consisting of fields of thick grass and sparse tree coverage—are not uncommon in the higher elevations. The summit of the highest mountain in the range—Huckleberry Knob—is a grassy bald. Other grassy balds include Oak Knob (a subpeak of Huckleberry), Hooper Bald, and Bob Bald (a subpeak of Stratton).

History
For centuries, Native Americans used a footpath in the southern Unicoi Mountains to travel from one side of the southern Appalachian range to the other. Known as the Wachesa Trail (after a later Cherokee who lived at its eastern terminus), the path stretched from modern Cowee to a halfway point near Beaverdam Creek and descended through Unicoi Gap to Great Tellico. Present-day Joe Brown Highway roughly follows the ancient trail.

By the time Euro-American explorers arrived in the region in the late 17th century and early 18th century, the Cherokee had established numerous villages in the outlying areas of the Unicoi Mountains. The Middle towns— located in the Robbinsville vicinity— included Tassetchee, Elijay, and Nequassee. The Overhill towns included Tallassee, Chilhowee, Citico, and numerous other villages in the Little Tennessee Valley at the range's northern extremes, Great Tellico along the Tellico River in modern Tellico Plains, and Great Hiwassee along the Hiwassee River at the western base of Starr Mountain. Excavations conducted at Citico (at the mouth of Citico Creek) revealed that it is a multiphase site, with periods of occupation stretching back thousands of years.

Early Euro-American history

16th-century Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to see the Unicoi Mountains. In 1540, the Hernando de Soto expedition passed just west of the mountains en route from the Chiaha villages in East Tennessee to the Coosa chiefdom in northern Georgia. In 1567, the Juan Pardo expedition visited the villages of "Chalahume" and "Satapo" (later Chilhowee and Citico) in the Little Tennessee Valley while attempting to find a route between Spanish settlements on the Atlantic coasts and Spanish settlements in Mexico.

While English explorers and traders were probably using the Wachesa Trail as early as the 1690s, the first documented crossing was that of Colonel George Chicken in 1725. Chicken, a South Carolina emissary travelling to the Overhill towns in hopes of obtaining their support in the colony's ongoing struggles with the Creek tribe, left Little Tellico in the Middle towns at 10am on July 24, 1725 and proceeded approximately 25 mi across the southern Unicois to a campsite "about five Miles Short of a place called the Beaver Dam." Chicken's party departed at 5am the following morning and arrived at the village of Great Tellico at 3pm, having travelled another 25 mi.

In 1730, Sir Alexander Cuming, a flamboyant Scottish emissary, travelled from Charleston, South Carolina to the Overhill town of Tanasi in the lower Little Tennessee Valley in hopes of gaining the allegiance of the Cherokee for England (although Cuming's trip was part of an attempt to scam the people of Charleston). Cuming followed the same trail Chicken had taken five years earlier, departing from Tassetchee in the Middle towns and proceeding to a campsite "3 miles from Beaver Dam Creek." The following day, Cuming's party passed over "Ooneekawy Mountain" and proceeded another 12 mi to Great Tellico.

19th century

Although the Unicoi Turnpike— which closely followed the old Wachesa Trail— was completed in 1816, the Unicoi Mountains remained largely devoid of all but a few mountain families. The family of John Stratton (1799–1862) settled in the area now known as Stratton Meadows (atop the main crest near where Cherohala Skyway crosses the state line) in the 1830s. John's father, Absolum, died while visiting his son in 1852 and is thus buried at Stratton Meadows. John's son, Robert "Bob" Stratton (1825–1864) eventually moved a few miles north of Stratton Meadows to the mountain that now bears his name, Stratton Bald. Stratton lived just west of the mountain's summit in a meadow now known as "Bob Bald" until 1864, when he was ambushed and killed by bushwhackers at the height of the U.S. Civil War.

Sometime after the Civil War, the family of John and Albertine Denton moved to Little Santeetlah Creek, where they built a log cabin. According to family lore, the Dentons lived in a hewed-out giant chestnut tree log while they were building their cabin. The log had a diameter of over 6 ft and housed the entire family of seven in two rooms. The Denton family remained in the area until around 1900. The cabin was dismantled by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s, and today only a chimney fall remains.

20th century
Around 1911, George Gordon Moore— an official for the Whiting Manufacturing Company— attempted to establish a boar hunting reserve atop Hooper Bald in the southeastern Unicois. The reserve consisted of a 500 acre enclosed lot stocked with Russian blue boars imported from Europe. Most of the boars were able to escape from the lot, however, and fled to the remote slopes and stream bottoms. The introduced boars continue to thrive in the Appalachian environment to this day. The boars are considered a nuisance by forest officials due to the erosion damage they cause to the local watersheds. Moore attempted the same feat at his Rancho San Carlos in Carmel, California which had the same results of invasive wild boar escaping and devastating the local landscape.

In 1915, the Babcock Lumber Company began a massive logging operation in the northern Unicoi Mountains. The company logged nearly two-thirds of the Slickrock Creek watershed until 1922, when the construction of Calderwood Dam along the Little Tennessee River threatened to flood the railroad tracks leading into the area and forcing an end to the company's logging operations in what is now the Joyce-Kilmer Slickrock Wilderness. That same year, however, Babcock began logging the Citico Creek watershed on the Tennessee side of the mountains. This operation continued until 1925, when a massive forest fire destroyed the company's logging tramways and wiped out nearly half the forest. The company continued low-scale logging in the Doublecamp area until 1929. The logging practices of Babcock and other logging companies proved extremely detrimental to the forest environment of the Unicoi Mountains, and the U.S. Forest Service began buying up the land in the 1930s. The forest service's policy of letting natural processes heal the forest has allowed the forest to recover to a great extent.

In 1958, Sam Williams— a resident of Tellico Plains— led a well-publicized covered wagon train across the Unicoi Mountains to Murphy, North Carolina, which became an annual event to promote the construction of a highway linking the Tennessee and North Carolina side of the Unicois. The original path of the highway would follow the ancient path of the Wachesa Trail and Unicoi Turnpike, although organizers chose a more feasible route over the Unicoi crest to Robbinsville. The highway— named "Cherohala Skyway" (a fusion of "Cherokee" and "Nantahala")— was completed in 1996.

Protected areas within the Unicoi Mountains

Along with the Cherokee National Forest and the Nantahala National Forest, several designated areas protect various parts of the Unicoi Mountains.

 * The Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness, designated as a wilderness area in 1975. It consists of 17394 acre, 13,562 of which are located in North Carolina, with the rest lying just across the border in Tennessee.  The Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest consists of roughly 3800 acre of old growth hardwood forest along the Santeetlah Creek watershed.  The forest's namesake, Joyce Kilmer, was a poet and journalist killed in World War I.
 * The Citico Creek Wilderness, designated as a wilderness area in 1984, protects the upper watershed of Citico Creek and consists of 16226 acre.
 * The Bald River Gorge Wilderness, designated as a wilderness area in 1984, consists of 3721 acre. It protects the Bald River and its immediate watershed.
 * The Gee Creek Wilderness, designated as a wilderness area in 1975, consists of 2493 acre. It protects the Gee Creek watershed on the eastern slopes of Starr Mountain.
 * The Upper Tellico Off-Road Vehicle Area, purchased in 1980. The upper watershed of the Tellico River in the southeastern Unicois is criss-crossed by multiple old logging roads and paths popular with 4x4 enthusiasts.  In 2009, the U.S. Forest Service announced a decision to permanently close the Tellico Off-Road Vehicle Area when studies showed that erosion along the trails was damaging valuable brook trout waters along the river.

Resources

 * Duncan, Barbara R. and Riggs, Brett H. Cherokee Heritage Trails Guidebook. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill (2003). ISBN 0-8078-5457-3

title: Unicoi Mountains


text:
Infiniti QX70

The Infiniti QX70, formerly called the Infiniti FX until 2013, is a compact luxury crossover SUV produced by the Nissan-owned Infiniti luxury vehicle brand between 2002 and 2017. The FX replaced the QX4 as Infiniti's mid-size SUV. It shares the same FM platform as the rear-wheel drive Nissan 370Z, and it "made no claims of climbing mountains." Rather, its aggressive shape promised style and quick handling. The similarly sized Nissan Murano is based on the same D platform as the front-wheel drive Nissan Altima. The FX does not have a Nissan-branded equivalent and is not sold in Japan.

The FX introduced its second generation for the 2009 model year as the FX35 and FX50.

First generation (S50; 2003)
The nameplates FX35 and FX45 refer to the two available engines. The FX35 is available in two drivetrains, the RWD and the AWD, which are both fitted to a dual overhead cam 3.5-liter 24-valve V6 VQ35DE gasoline engine, with aluminum-alloy block and heads, electronically controlled throttle system, and low-friction molybdenum-coated pistons that makes use of the continuous variable valve timing which in part optimizes the opening of intake valves. This is also coupled with an electronically controlled super-wide ratio five-speed automatic with a manumatic shift mode that includes the option of sequentially selected manual gearshifts and downshift rev-matching. The AWD FX45 incorporates a 4,494 cc 32-valve V8 DOHC VK45DE gasoline engine with four valves per cylinder, microfinished camshafts with aluminum-alloy block and heads, low-friction molybdenum-coated pistons, titanium intake and exhaust valves, modular cylinder heads, microfinished crankshaft, lightweight pistons, super-silent single stage cam drive chain, and a Continuously Variable Valve Timing Control System that optimizes opening of intake valves. Development began in 1999 under newly appointed CEO Carlos Ghosn's NRP. Design work was completed in rapid succession in 2000, for late 2002 production. Designed prior to that, earlier on in 2000 under the "Bionic Cheetah" theme, the 2001 Infiniti FX45 Concept was introduced at the NAIAS in January 2001. From mid-2001, a new concept based on the production design was developed and completed in late 2001. Sketches were first released in late November 2001. The second-generation 2002 FX45 Concept was introduced in January 2002 at the NAIAS '02 as a thinly-veiled production FX (S50) and planned production was announced for early 2003. In January 2003, the 2003 FX45 made its debut at the 2003 NAIAS and went on sale January 24, 2003.

In 2003 for the 2004 model, changes were the addition of a standard eight-way power front passenger seat that replaced the previous four-way design, the availability of aluminum roof rails and chrome-plated 20-inch wheels. Also new were a dark silver metallic finish for the 20-inch wheels (non-chrome-plated), the addition of a standard HVAC filter for all models and the addition of a new Snow-Mode function.

In September 2004 for the 2005 model year, the FX range received enhancements such as a lane departure warning (LDW) system that helps alert drivers to an unintended movement of the vehicle out of a designated traffic lane. Infiniti's system monitored the lane markings to alert passengers via an audible buzzer that the driver is drifting unintentionally. The LDW system, which utilizes a small camera, speed sensor, an indicator, and an audible warning buzzer, was offered on models. The 2005 Infiniti FX was the first passenger vehicle to offer a lane departure warning system in the United States market. In addition to LDW, the 2005 Infiniti FX range was now equipped with standard roof-mounted curtain supplemental curtain airbags with rollover protection for front and rear outboard seat occupants.

Other changes included the addition of a dark chrome grille, headlight, and clear taillight accents to the FX45 (also available as part of the V6 Sport Package on FX35 models), a new key fob design for the Infiniti Intelligent Key system, and two new exterior colors, Sapphire and Sheer Platinum. Interior changes included a new standard etched aluminum trim.

Total 2007 sales of the FX45 were 1,598 units, about a tenth of the FX35s.

2006 facelift
The FX series was updated for the 2006 model year with new options and standard features. The updates included an exterior facelift with a new grille, bumper, wheel design, and three new exterior colors, and inside a revised center console with a new color screen. Many features previously optional were made standard, including the 300-watt Bose audio system, RearView Monitor, 7-inch color display, Advanced Air Bag System (AABS), leather seating surfaces with heated front seats, ten-way power driver's seat with power lumbar support and eight-way power passenger's seat.

The FX45 featured additional upgrades, including new 20-inch wheels, leather-appointed seats, a revised sport-tuned four-wheel independent suspension with new dampers, a Bluetooth system, and the Premium Package became standard. Sales began in January 2006, after production commencement in November 2005. Production of the first generation FX ended in February 2008.

Performance
FX35:
 * 0-60 mph: 7.1 seconds
 * 0-100 mph: 17.5
 * 1/4 mile: 15.3 seconds at 91.0 mph
 * 200 ft Skidpad: .79 g
 * Top speed: 143 mph (drag limited)

FX45:
 * 0-60 mph: 6.1 seconds
 * 0-100 mph: 16.5 seconds
 * 1/4 mile: 14.6 seconds at 96.1 mph
 * 200 ft Skidpad: .82 g
 * Top speed: 149 mph (electronically limited)

FX35, FX50
The redesigned 2009 Infiniti FX was officially unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show on March 4, 2008, and went on sale in June 2008. The V6 model was still called FX35 with the VQ35HR V6, but the V8 model was renamed FX50 in recognition of its 5-liter engine, the newly developed VK50VE.

The exterior retained some of the first generation's "Bionic Cheetah" look and "giant scarab" profile while incorporating new styling cues. Features of the new design included longer, shark-like sculpted headlights, a large trapezoidal grille filled with horizontal dark-chrome waves, and functional side air vents. The overall size and dimensions of the new model, both external and internal, remained similar to the previous model.

The interior was completely redesigned to bring the FX up to the level of luxury found inside of other Infiniti models like the G37 and EX35. Features included stitched leather seats, stained maple wood or piano black finishes, and matte-finish surfaces.

Front suspension was a new double-wishbone design, similar to that found on the G37 and EX35; this replaced the previous generation FX's front strut-type suspension. The suspension's upper and lower A-arms were designed to improve control of a wheel's motion, especially when the suspension compresses and extends, providing more travel than the previous strut design. The body was also designed to be 1.6 times more torsionally rigid and 3.4 times more resistant to bending than the previous model. All Wheel Drive (AWD) was standard, and notably, Infiniti's AWD system always engages a 50:50 power split when stationary, ensuring maximum off-the-line traction at all times. Up to 100 percent of the engine's power can be sent to the rear wheels when needed, with a maximum of 50 percent available to the front.

FX37 (Europe)
A Europe-specific FX37 was unveiled at the 2008 Paris Motor Show and went on sale in Europe in October 2008 with the VQ37VHR. Europeans get the 325 hp FX37 as their entry-level model instead of the FX35, which will be available in FX37 GT and FX37S versions. The FX37 GT came equipped with 20-inch alloy wheels, power and heated/ventilated front seats, adaptive xenon headlamps, parking camera sensors, all-wheel-drive, and a 7-speed automatic with paddle shifting. The FX37S added 21-inch alloy wheels, Continuous Damping Control, and sports seats.

FX30d turbo diesel (Europe)
A Europe-specific FX30d was released in late 2010, powered by a new 3.0-liter V6 turbodiesel V9X Engine. The engine was developed by the Renault-Nissan Alliance, and will also power the EX and M models.

This engine, which is the first diesel in Infiniti's history, was specifically designed to deliver high levels of refined performance in line with Infiniti philosophy. Although a V8 diesel engine was entertained, the V6 format was selected early on as the ideal layout for the unit, providing the optimum balance between overall performance and refinement.

The engine produces a total of 240 hp and 406 lb·ft of torque. Peak torque can be achieved from as low as 1,750 rpm and is available all the way to 2,500 rpm, while as much as 370 lb·ft is available from a mere 1,500 rpm. Idle speed is an exceptionally low 650 rpm with none of the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) usually associated with a diesel.

Equipment
Standard comfort features include dual-zone automatic climate control, a premium 11-speaker, 300 watt Bose stereo with in-dash 6 CD changer and 2GB hard drive, steering wheel mounted audio controls, premium leather seating surfaces, heated front bucket seats, heated power mirrors, 10-way power driver seat w/ lumbar adjustment, 8-way power passenger seat, individual driver memory system (driver's seat, side mirrors, and steering wheel positions), RearView back-up camera, UV reflective glass, and Infiniti's Intelligent Key system. The Intelligent Key design from the first generation FX now incorporates a Push Button Ignition system. With this system, the driver does not have to remove keys to drive the vehicle; a simple electronic fob carried on the driver allows the driver to lock/unlock and start the vehicle keyless.

Other standard features include Scratch Shield paint (first introduced on the Infiniti EX), black lacquer interior trim, high-intensity discharge (HID) headlamps, LED brake lamps, 12-point sequential welcome lighting, electronic liftgate closure assist, automatic dimming rear-view mirror with compass, glass moonroof, rear privacy glass, integrated rear spoiler, and dual chrome exhaust tips.

Standard safety features include dual front airbags, side-impact airbags, and rear curtain airbags with rollover sensors, as well as Zone Body construction with front and rear crumple zones.

Options include Infiniti's Hard Drive Navigation with touch screen and 3D building images, All-Around View Monitor (first introduced on the Infiniti EX) which displays a virtual bird's-eye view of the vehicle and surroundings to aid in parking, and Intelligent Cruise Control, which provides the benefits of standard cruise control with the ability to add speed and distance intervals, as well as automatically slowing the vehicle in slowing traffic to help provide a safe distance. When traffic flow ahead speeds up, Intelligent Cruise Control then reaccelerates to the preset speed and distance settings. Optional industry-first Distance Control Assist intuitively helps the driver release the throttle and apply the brakes as needed in slowing traffic. Another option, Forward Collision Warning uses the Intelligent Cruise system's laser rangefinder to alert the driver of a potential collision, and if the driver does not respond, Brake Assist automatically engages the brakes to help reduce collision speed and impact. The Premium Package adds heated and cooled front seats, a power-adjustable steering wheel, iPod integration system, folding outdoor mirrors, and aluminum paddle shifters to adjust the gears when using the manual shift mode.

Transmission and drivetrain
All 2009 FX models came standard with Infiniti's new 7-speed automatic transmission, which was also introduced on the 2009 G37 coupe.

The FX35 (U.S.) is available in both rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive configuration, while the FX35 (Canada), FX37 (Europe), and FX50 (all) come standard with all-wheel drive. The FX uses Nissan's ATTESA E-TS all-wheel drive system.

All FX50 models ordered with the Sport package (FX50S) come equipped with Active Steering package. This package features a planetary gearset on the steering shaft (similar to BMW), that varies the steering ratio between 12.0:1 and 18.5:1. The package also includes a rear-wheel steering system that induces up to one degree of steer to the rear wheels, to provide increased handling response for the vehicle.

2012 Infiniti FX, Limited Edition (2011-2017)
Changes to the Infiniti FX include a redesigned front grille and front fascia design, revised meter illumination, standard heated front seats on all models, a new exterior color, Graphite Shadow (replaces Platinum Graphite), a new 20-inch wheel design for the FX35 Deluxe Touring Package, the addition of Adaptive Front-lighting System (AFS) to the FX50 Sport Package, a shift of the quilted leather climate-controlled front seats to the FX35 Deluxe Touring Package from the Premium Package.

The Limited Edition is based on the FX35 AWD, with exclusive Iridium Blue body color, 21-inch 10-spoke dark finish aluminum-alloy turbine wheels, Infiniti Hard Drive Navigation System, Around View Monitor, dark tinted adaptive headlamps, and dark tinted side air vents, and lower door trim.

US models went on sale in October 2011. Early models included FX35, FX35 AWD, FX50 AWD.

Sebastian Vettel Edition concept (2011)
It is a version of the Infiniti FX50 with Moonlight White body color, matte white exterior color, F1-inspired carbon fiber front air dam with white LED running lights, F1-inspired side skirts and rear air dam, 21-inch 10-spoke black-finish aluminum wheels, dark-tinted adaptive headlamps, dark tinted rear tail lamps, satin aluminum door handles, side air vents and exterior trim, carbon fiber rear wing, carbon-fiber interior trim, F1-inspired steering wheel and suede seating surfaces, unique Sebastian Vettel badging on the side fenders, rear liftgate, interior center console and embroidered front seats; increased engine power to 420 PS, a front air dam providing increased downforce, 20 millimeters lower ride height and 30 percent improved coefficient of drag over the standard FX.

The vehicle was unveiled in the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show by Formula 1 driver Sebastian Vettel.

Sebastian Vettel Edition (2012-2013)
It is a limited (150 units (50 in Western Europe)) version of the Infiniti FX50 based on the Sebastian Vettel Edition concept, with Moonlight White body color.

The vehicle was unveiled in the 2012 Geneva Motor Show.

UK models went on sale for £100,800, with a carbon rear spoiler available at an extra cost.

Performance
FX35:
 * 0-60 mph: 6.1 seconds
 * 0-100 mph: 15.7
 * 1/4 mile: 14.9 seconds at 96.0 mph
 * 300 ft Skidpad: .82g
 * Top Speed: 155 mph (governed limited)

FX37 (Europe):
 * 0-62 mph: 5.8 seconds
 * 1/4 mile: 14.6 seconds at 97.5 mph
 * Top Speed: 155 mph (drag limited)

FX50:
 * 0-60 mph: 4.8 seconds
 * 0-100 mph: 12.6 seconds
 * 1/4 mile: 13.7 seconds at 102.1 mph
 * 200 ft Skidpad: .87g
 * Top Speed: 165 mph (electronically limited)

Production
All vehicles were built at Nissan Motor Company's plant in Tochigi, Japan. Between 2013 and 2014, they were also built at Nissan Motor Company's plant in Shushari, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

2014 QX70 (2013-2017)
Changes to the Infiniti FX include the removal of the Limited Edition model.

The vehicle was unveiled in the 2013 Geneva Motor Show.

US models went on sale in June 2013 as 2014 model year vehicles. Early models included QX70 5.0 AWD, QX70 3.7 AWD and QX70 3.7. 5.0 AWD was last offered in the U.S. in the 2014 model year.

Production
In August 2013, total of 3,026 QX70 vehicles were delivered, for total of 20,556 vehicles.

Marketing
Three QX70 vehicles were used in the Riyadh campaign titled 'Inspired Light by Infiniti'.

2017 QX70, QX70 Limited (2016-2017)
The QX70 Limited was unveiled at the 2016 New York International Auto Show.

US models of QX70 Limited went on sale in summer 2016, followed by QX70 3.7, QX70 3.7 AWD.

Discontinuation
In July 2017, the US-market QX70 would not be offered in the 2018 model year due to poor sales and the company's focus to the better-selling QX50.

title: Infiniti QX70


text:
Steve Brodie (bridge jumper)

Steve Brodie (December 25, 1861 – January 31, 1901) was an American from Manhattan, New York City, who on July 23, 1886, claimed to have jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge and survived. The supposed jump, of which the veracity was disputed, gave Brodie publicity, a thriving saloon and a career as a performer. Prior to this, he was penniless, having lost significant sums of money on betting and race tracks.

Brodie's fame persisted long past his death, with Brodie portrayed in films and with the slang term "Brodie"—as in to "do a Brodie"—entering American vernacular, meaning to take a chance or a leap, specifically a suicidal one.

During the 1890s, Brodie was compared to one of the best British champion divers and bridge jumpers of the era, Tommy Burns.

Early life
Brodie was born on the east side of Bowery in New York City, just three days after his father was killed in a street brawl, and grew up locally, selling newspapers and blacking shoes around the city. In his youth, he was credited with many rescues from the water, such as of two young women who fell from an excursion barge. He is also known to have rescued actress Jennie Rhett, who presented him with a gold locket for his bravery.

Alleged bridge jump
The bridge, then known as the East River Bridge, had opened just three years before Brodie's claimed jump. A swimming instructor from Washington, D.C. named Robert Emmet Odlum, the brother of women's rights activist Charlotte Odlum Smith, was killed while attempting the same stunt in May 1885.

By July 1886, Brodie was penniless, having lost a fortune on race tracks and other betting games. With the consent of his wife, the jump supposedly made by Brodie on July 23, 1886, was from a height of 135 ft, the same as a 14-story building. The contemporary New York Times account said the jump was from a height of about 120 ft.

The New York Times backed his account of the jump and said that Brodie practiced for the leap by making shorter jumps from other bridges and ships' masts, and that it was witnessed by two reporters. He leaped into the East River, feet first, and emerged uninjured, though with pain on his right side. He was jailed after the jump. The Times described Brodie as a "newsboy and long-distance pedestrian" who jumped from the bridge to win a $200 bet, equal to $0 today. In other accounts he is described as a bookmaker and gambler.

A Bowery storekeeper named Isaac Meyers claimed that he encouraged Brodie to jump off the Brooklyn bridge after Brodie said that he wanted to be famous.

Another account holds that Moritz Herzber, a liquor dealer, offered to back a saloon for Brodie if he made the jump and lived.

If true, he would have been the first person to have jumped off the bridge and survived, but his claim was disputed. It was subsequently claimed that a dummy was thrown from the bridge and that Brodie fell out of a row boat.

Controversy
Doubt whether Brodie actually made the claimed jump arose immediately and has lingered to this day.

Brodie, who was unemployed and aware of the publicity generated by Odlum's fatal jump, bragged to his pals on the Bowery that he would take the jump. Wagers were made for and against, but Brodie never announced when he would make the attempt. The Brooklyn Eagle reported in 1930 that a retired police sergeant and friend of Brodie, Thomas K. Hastings, said that Brodie had told him that he didn't make the leap and never said he did.

In his book The Great Bridge, historian David McCullough said that he probably did not make the jump. McCullough said that it was commonly believed by skeptics that a dummy was dropped from the bridge, and that Brodie merely swam out from shore and surfaced beside a passing barge.

The NYPD said in 1986, the 100th anniversary of the supposed jump, that two or three people jump from the bridge every year and some live. Only one month after Brodie's jump, Larry Donovan jumped from an even higher point of the bridge, making him the first confirmed survivor of a Brooklyn Bridge leap.

Other jumps
On November 9, 1888, Brodie jumped from the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge at a height of 222 feet into the Hudson River. He earned $500 (equal to $ today) for the stunt, and contemporary reports differ on whether he escaped serious injury or was seriously injured in the stunt. Shortly afterwards, he was quoted as saying that he was "not disposed to try bridge-jumping again".

In 1889, Brodie was arrested when he dived off Horseshoe Falls. The magistrate in Canada said he would release him if Brodie denied making the jump. While Brodie unconvincingly denied this at first, he subsequently retracted this denial when told to swear to it, telling the magistrate, "No, I'd rather rot in jail than swear to a lie. I did go over the falls. Do with me as you please." His feat was questioned by some, which highly incensed him.

Competition
During the 1890s, Brodie was compared unfavourably to one of the best British champion divers and bridge jumpers of the era, Tommy Burns, with the Baltimore Express suggesting that Burns' dives put Brodie's and other bridge jumpers' efforts "in the shade", while the Evening Tribune suggested Burns was "greater than Steve Brodie of bridge jumping".

Acting
He became an actor capitalizing on his reputation, appearing in the vaudeville musicals Mad Money and On the Bowery, and opened a saloon in Buffalo, New York.

Personal life
After the jump, Brodie opened a saloon at 114 Bowery near Grand Street, which also became a museum for his bridge-jumping stunt. Among the decorations was an affidavit from the boat captain who claimed to have pulled him from the water.

Brodie was known to give to charity, such as during the difficult period of the 1890s when he would give away food including bread and sausages, as well as coffee from his cafe to the needy and homeless. Thousands of people benefited from his generosity.

Death
Brodie died in San Antonio, Texas, on 31 January 1901 with his family members by his bedside. The cause of death has been variously described as diabetes and tuberculosis. He left $100,000 in his will, with the bulk of his estate left to his eldest daughter, Irene Brodie, in trust until his other two children came of age, at which point it was distributed equally. His estate comprised around $75,000 in real estate and roughly $30,000  in cash. He was survived by his wife, two daughters and a son.

In popular culture
Brodie became a popular symbol of the Bowery and appeared personally in musical shows, and his character was used many times in film depictions of old New York. He starred in a three-act play titled On the Bowery by Robert Neilson Stephens, which opened in 1894. A facsimile of Brodie's saloon was the setting for the second act, and Brodie sang a song, "My Poil Is a Bowery Goil". Valerie Bergere played Blanche Livingstone, the girl he rescues and then falls in love with. The play culminated with Brodie jumping off the bridge.

George Raft portrayed Brodie in the 1933 movie The Bowery which presents a fictional account of Brodie's dive. Years later, an actor named John Stevenson used Brodie's name for his movie stage name. In the 1946 noir film The Dark Corner (starring Lucille Ball and Mark Stevens), a taxi driver, when asked about William Bendix's gangster character falling to his death, said he "[n]ever saw anyone ever pull a Brodie and bounce." Brodie is also referenced in the 1947 Preston Sturges film, The Sin of Harold Diddlebock. In Samuel Fuller's 1952 film, Park Row, Brodie is portrayed by George O'Hanlon.

In 1949, Warner Brothers released the Merrie Melodies cartoon Bowery Bugs, in which Bugs Bunny tells an old man the story of the Steve Brodie jump (in typical Looney Tunes fashion, of course; in the episode Brodie's name is spelled "BRODY" on a plaque on the bridge in the spot where "Brody" supposedly jumped from). It's never mentioned in the cartoon whether or not Bugs was trying to sell the old man the Brooklyn Bridge or simply the story of "Brody's" jump. At the end, Bugs says to the old man, "And that's why Steve Brody jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge. Anything more you want to know?" and the old man replies, "Nope. That's enough, son. I'll buy it". Bugs then breaks the fourth wall with a wink as the old man starts counting money into Bugs's hand.

The disastrous 1965 Broadway musical Kelly was inspired by Brodie and climaxes with the lead character, Hop Kelly, completing the dive.

The phrase "taken a Brody" is used in Thomas Pynchon's 1963 novel V.: "And next day she would read in the paper where Esther Harvitz, twenty-two, honors graduate of CCNY, had taken a Brody off some bridge, overpass or high building." Pynchon also used in The Crying of Lot 49: "...my best guide to the Trystero has taken a Brody." It also appears in David Foster Wallace's 1996 novel Infinite Jest: "McDade bitched at the meeting that if he had to watch Nightmare on Elm Street XXII: The Senescence one more time he was going to take a brody off the House's roof."

title: Steve Brodie (bridge jumper)


text:
Synovial sarcoma

A synovial sarcoma (also known as malignant synovioma ) is a rare form of cancer which occurs primarily in the extremities of the arms or legs, often in proximity to joint capsules and tendon sheaths. It is a type of soft-tissue sarcoma.

The name "synovial sarcoma" was coined early in the 20th century, as some researchers thought that the microscopic similarity of some tumors to synovium, and its propensity to arise adjacent to joints, indicated a synovial origin; however, the actual cells from which the tumor develops are unknown and not necessarily synovial.

Primary synovial sarcomas are most common in the soft tissue near the large joints of the arm and leg but have been documented in most human tissues and organs, including the brain, prostate, and heart.

Synovial sarcoma occurs in about 1–2 per 1,000,000 people a year. They occur most commonly in the third decade of life, with males being affected more often than females (ratio around 1.2:1).

Signs and symptoms
Synovial sarcoma usually presents with an otherwise asymptomatic swelling or mass, although general symptoms related to malignancies can be reported such as fatigue.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of synovial sarcoma is typically made based on histology and is confirmed by the presence of t(X;18) chromosomal translocation.

Histopathology
Two cell types can be seen microscopically in synovial sarcoma. One fibrous type, known as a spindle or sarcomatous cell, is relatively small and uniform, and found in sheets. The other is epithelial in appearance. Classical synovial sarcoma has a biphasic appearance with both types present. Synovial sarcoma can also appear to be poorly differentiated or to be monophasic fibrous, consisting only of sheets of spindle cells. Some authorities state that, extremely rarely, there can be a monophasic epithelial form which causes difficulty in differential diagnosis. Depending on the site, there is similarity to biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma, although the genetic findings are distinctive.

Like other soft tissue sarcomas, there is no universal grading system for reporting histopathology results. In Europe, the Trojani or French system is gaining in popularity while the NCI grading system is more common in the United States. The Trojani system scores the sample, depending on tumour differentiation, mitotic index, and tumour necrosis, between 0 and 6 and then converts this into a grade of between 1 and 3, with 1 representing a less aggressive tumour. The NCI system is also a three-grade one, but takes a number of other factors into account.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC): SS18-fusion specific antibody and SSX-CT antibody are highly sensitive and specific for synovial sarcoma and when used together may obviate the need for molecular testing in most cases. Cytokeratin is typically expressed, at least focally. TLE1, BCL2 and CD99 may be positive but lack specificity.

Molecular biology
Most, and perhaps all, cases of synovial sarcoma are associated with a reciprocal translocation t(x;18)(p11.2;q11.2). There is some debate about whether the molecular observation itself is definitive of synovial sarcoma.

The diagnosis of synovial sarcoma is typically made based on histology and is confirmed by the presence of t(X;18). This translocation event between the SS18 gene on chromosome 18 and one of 3 SSX genes (SSX1, SSX2 and SSX4) on chromosome X causes the presence of an SS18-SSX fusion gene. The resulting fusion protein brings together the transcriptional activating domain of SS18 and the transcriptional repressor domains of SSX. It also incorporates into the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, a well known tumor suppressor. SS18-SSX is thought to underlie synovial sarcoma pathogenesis through dysregulation of gene expression.

There is some association between the SS18-SSX1 or SS18-SSX2 fusion type and both tumour morphology and five-year survival.

Treatment
Treatment is usually multimodal, involving surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy:

 * Surgery, to remove the tumor and a safety margin of healthy tissue. This is the mainstay of synovial sarcoma treatment and is curative in approximately 20–70% of patients, depending on the particular study being quoted.
 * Conventional chemotherapy, (for example, doxorubicin hydrochloride and ifosfamide), to reduce the number of remaining microscopic metastases. The benefit of chemotherapy in synovial sarcoma to overall survival remains unclear, although a recent study has shown that survival of patients with advanced, poorly differentiated disease marginally improves with doxorubicin/ifosfamide treatment.
 * Radiotherapy to reduce the chance of local recurrence. The benefit of radiotherapy in this disease is less clear than for chemotherapy.

title: Synovial sarcoma


text:
User:Zsingaya

My fields of interest

 * Star Trek
 * Cancer
 * Plant Breeding
 * Plant Genetics
 * Mutation Breeding
 * Agrobacterium tumefaciens

My contributions

 * Synovial sarcoma
 * The ABC Model of Flower Development
 * Oliver Zangwill - updated some info

title: User:Zsingaya


text:
Adalberto Ortiz

Adalberto Ortiz - born Adalberto Ortiz Quiñones (February 9, 1914 – February 1, 2003) was a novelist, poet and diplomat born in Esmeraldas, a province of Ecuador.

Among his most important literary works we find his novel Juyungo (1942; English translation by Susan Hill and Jonathan Tittler 1983), his poetry collection Earth, Sound and Drum (1953), and the short story collection called Entundada (1971); His most defining feature as a writer was the incorporation of the elements of afro-American culture, enriching his literary vocabulary with its jargon, its elasticity and its rhythm.

Ortiz's thematic focused around the identity of the afro-American within Latin-American society and its struggle towards social freedom, against oppression and secular exploitation. His body of work also preserves and rescues the elements of the psychology, idiosyncrasy, customs and slang of the afro-American culture.

Facing the subject of the difference between classes, Ortiz used his characters to personalize and flesh out these political themes into very human and realistic stories. A specific point he touches in the novel Juyungo, for example, is the relationship of the Black and Mestizo races (personified by Lastre's descendant and the Mestizo Diaz).

Outside of the aspects of social commentary, Ortiz's prose is celebrated and acclaimed as possessing singular beauty and elegance.

In 1995 the Ecuadorian Government awarded him with the Eugenio Espejo National Prize celebrating the entirety of his work.

Novels and short stories

 * Juyungo (Buenos Aires, 1943) – (English translation by Susan Hill and Jonathan Tittler, Three Continents Press, Inc, Washington D.C., 1983)
 * El espejo y la ventana -National Award of the Journalist Union (Quito, 1967)
 * La envoltura del sueño (Guayaquil, 1982)
 * Los contrabandistas (México, 1945)
 * La mala espalda (Quito, 1952)
 * La entundada (Quito, 1971)

Poetry

 * Tierra son y tambor (México, 1945)
 * Camino y puerto de la angustia (México, 1945)
 * El vigilante insepulto (Quito, 1954)
 * El animal herido -antología- (Quito, 1959)
 * Fórmulas. Tierra Son y Tambor (Quito, 1973)
 * La niebla encendida (Quito, 1983)
 * El perro que se mana la mierda (aluncia, 2014)

Anthologies

 * Consta en las antologías: El nuevo relato ecuatoriano (Quito, 1951)
 * Antología del cuento hispanoamericano contemporáneo (Quito, 1958)
 * Antología del relato ecuatoriano (Quito, 1973)
 * Cuento de la generación de los 30 (Guayaquil)
 * Antología del cuento ecuatoriano (Lima, 1974)
 * Cuentos hispanoamericanos, Ecuador (Quito, 1992)
 * Cuento contigo (Quito, 1993)
 * Antología básica del cuento ecuatoriano (Quito, 2001).

title: Adalberto Ortiz


text:
User talk:Pluvius

Welcome to Wikipedia
Here are a few useful links: You can sign your name by typing four tildes: ~. Enjoy! ←Humus sapiens←Talk 08:58, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * WP:RULES

title: User talk:Pluvius


text:
File:ShadowDancer.jpg

Summary
Tav Falco's Panther Burns promo photo to support 1995 Shadow Dancer album and which also appeared in liner notes of album.

Photo by Joe Fish; please provide photographer credit.

Licensing
Left to right: guitarist Tammo Lüers, drummer Jim Sclavunos, Tav Falco, bassist Kai Eric.

The band provided this photo via email in April 2005 as a promo photo definitely intended for media like Wikipedia to use. Another detail about this image that I later learned from the group is that it's basically a scan by the band using a page in the liner notes sleeve from the Shadow Dancer album digi-pak, Intercord/EMI European release version. Emailed to me via an email attachment from the band leader. The band leader had provided it as a promotional photo to depict the lineup from 1995 which appeared on the Shadow Dancer album.

Rationale:

Historical photographs

Fair use for Tav Falco's Panther Burns
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:
 * 1) it is a historically significant photo of an internationally known band;
 * 2) it is of much lower resolution than the original (copies made from it will be of very inferior quality)
 * 3) the photo is only being used for informational purposes.
 * 4) Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the subject of this article and how the event depicted was significant; it depicts a lineup in the 1990s that performed on the Shadow Dancer album but which does not tour with the band any more. Falco is no longer based in the United States and has been working throughout the 2000s with European musicians. The lineup depicted includes Jim Sclavunos of Nick Cave's group; Sclavunos also played with Falco in the early 1980s on Panther Burns' Blow Your Top album with Jim Duckworth of the Gun Club and was affiliated for a number of years with the band, as was bassist Kai Eric, also depicted. It is rare to find a photo of this lineup and would be very hard to replace since these musicians have not played with the group in a number of years and there is a different lineup now. The article discusses how the band used changing lineups over the years in the section in which the photo is placed.Bebop 19:46, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Verification info: Band contact addresses are at their website and they use an official public Yahoo account named "pantherhowl", which is listed on their band page. (The band leader also has an additional private email address that I cannot publish here.) – Bebop 19:50, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

title: File:ShadowDancer.jpg


text:
Talk:Triple bottom line

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:44, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 12 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Hellcat145, LaSchenda.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:44, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Triple bottom line


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aunt Mabel

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 18:00, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Aunt Mabel
Something from a Cedric the Entertainer routine, I expect. Not worth a redirect, as it's too generic a name. sjorford →•← 09:00, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, probably just invented as a plot device. "He once claimed that he saw her naked." This tells me nothing, and is of no importance. I myself once accidentally saw my aunt naked when I was a child, but I digress... wait, why am I even telling writing this down? Master Thief Garrett 09:41, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, cruft. Megan1967 10:53, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable Dsmdgold 15:13, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Vjekoslav Perica

Vjekoslav Perica (born 11 July 1955 ) is a Croatian historian, journalist and writer who specializes in the modern history of religions in the former Yugoslavia.

In his youth, Perica was a talented basketball player who was a member of KK Jugoplastika's first team, but ultimately found academic pursuit more important than his sports career. He graduated from the Faculty of Law in Split in 1980.

From 1985 to 1990 Perica was employed as the secretary of the government's Committee for Relations with Religious Communities. From 1988 to 1991 he wrote a column in Nedjeljna Dalmacija called "Religion and Politics", and interviewed virtually all religious leaders in the former Yugoslavia.

After being fired from his job in 1990, Perica went to the United States where he obtained a MSc in political science (1994) and history (1995), as well as a PhD in history (1998), all from the University of Minnesota. His PhD thesis, "Religious revival and ethnic mobilization in Yugoslavia, 1965–1991: A history of the Yugoslav religious question from the reform era to the civil war", won him awards from both the United States Institute of Peace and the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation. From 1999 to 2007 he worked as a visiting lecturer on a number of American universities.

Perica is the author of the book Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). He is a former Research Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the United States Institute of Peace. In 2007 Perica was a U.S. Fulbright scholar in Belgrade, Serbia.

A two-volume Serbian translation of Balkan Idols, revised and expanded with a new introduction, was published by Biblioteka XX vek from Belgrade in 2006. In 2011/2012 he held fellowship at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science in Wassenaar, The Netherlands. His most recent book is coauthored with Mitja Velikonja [University of Ljubljana] entitled "Nebeska Jugoslavija. Interakcije političkih mitologija i pop-kulture" published by Biblioteka XX vek, Belgrade 2012 Perica is Professor of history at the University of Rijeka, Croatia. He lives in USA and Croatia.

Published works

 * Balkan Idols. Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States, New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-517429-1
 * Balkanski idoli. Religija i nacionalizam u jugoslovenskim državama. 1–2. Revised and expanded edition with a new foreword by the author. Translated to Serbian by Slobodanka Glišić and Slavica Miletić; Belgrade, Serbia; Biblioteka xx. vek, 2006. ISBN 86-7562-052-7
 * Mitovi nacionalizma i demokratija (with Darko Gavrilovic, Ljubiša Despotovic and Srdan Šljukic); Novi Sad, Serbia; Center for History, Democracy and Reconciliation, Faculty for European Political and Legal Studies, Grafomarketing; 2009. ISBN 86-86601-07-3
 * Sveti Petar i Sveti Sava: Sakralni simboli kao metafore povijesnih promjena; Belgrade, Serbia; Biblioteka XX vek, 2009. ISBN 86-7562-081-0
 * Nebeska Jugoslavija: interakcija političkih mitologija i pop-kulture; Belgrade, Serbia; Biblioteka XX vek, 2012. ISBN 86-7562-107-8

title: Vjekoslav Perica


text:
Hinggan League

The Hinggan League is a prefecture-level subdivision of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. It borders Hulun Buir to the north, the Republic of Mongolia and Xilingol League to the west, Tongliao to the south and the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang to the east. The name is derived from the Greater Khingan mountain range that crosses the league from the northwest to the southeast.

Administrative subdivisions
Hinggan league is divided into 2 county-level cities, 1 county and 3 banners:

Demographics
In 2000, Hinggan League had 1,588,787 inhabitants (26.57 per km2).

Literature

 * 9+121 pages.

title: Hinggan League


text:
Hunt Sales

Hunt Sales (born March 2, 1954) is an American rock drummer, who has played with Todd Rundgren, Iggy Pop and Tin Machine with David Bowie. He has often worked with his brother Tony Sales, a bass guitarist.

Personal life
Hunt Sales is a son of the television comedian Soupy Sales. He has two daughters: Cali Sales, born in 1990, and Sugar Sales, born in 2007.

Career
Hunt Sales' first group was with brother Tony in Tony and the Tigers. They appeared on Hullabaloo in 1966, and also on the local Detroit/Windsor dance show Swingin' Time with Robin Seymour.

in 1970 he joined his brother Tony along with Todd Rundgren on recordings for his Runt and Runt: The Ballad of Todd Rundgren albums. In 1973 Hunt and Tony joined Rundgren again to form "Utopia" Mark I. The tour lasted two weeks and was cancelled due to technological issues.

In 1976, he played drums with the hard rock power trio Paris, formed by Bob Welch, a guitarist songwriter formerly of Fleetwood Mac. This trio (which included ex-Jethro Tull bassist Glenn Cornick) was short-lived, releasing two albums for Capitol Records. Hunt played and sang backing vocals on the second Paris album, Big Towne, 2061.

In 1977, along with his brother Tony, Hunt played on the Iggy Pop album Lust for Life. David Bowie's memories of the Sales brothers' contribution to the recording led him to invite the pair to join Tin Machine in the late 1980s.

He performed on several movie soundtracks:
 * 1992 Dr. Giggles (writer: "Stateside")
 * 1989 Slaves of New York ("Fall in Love with Me")
 * 1988 Tapeheads (writer: "Now That You're Gone")
 * 1987 American Ninja 2: The Confrontation (producer: "Tell About Mary")

He also performed in the following movie and TV series:
 * 1991 The Linguini Incident (with David Bowie and Iman), drummer
 * 1990 Tales from the Crypt (TV series) – For Cryin' Out Loud, drummer
 * 1966 I've Got a Secret (TV series) as himself

In the 2000s, Sales relocated to Austin, Texas, where he produces and does session work. He was a member of a band led by Charlie Sexton, which participated as part of the Los Super Seven musical collective on Heard It on the X (2005).

Hunt Sales released a solo album in 2019.

With Todd Rundgren

 * Runt (1970)
 * Runt: The Ballad of Todd Rundgren (1971)
 * ‘’Something/Anything?’’ (1972)

With Paris

 * Big Towne, 2061 (1976)

With Iggy Pop

 * Kill City (recorded 1975, released 1977)[played on 2 tracks]
 * Lust For Life (1977)
 * TV Eye Live 1977 (1978)

With Tender Fury

 * Garden of Evil (1990)

With Tin Machine

 * Tin Machine (1989)
 * Tin Machine II (1991)
 * Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby (1992)

Other

 * Heard It on the X, as part of Los Super Seven (Telarc, 2005)

Solo

 * Get Your Shit Together, as Hunt Sales Memorial (2019)

title: Hunt Sales


text:
Crab Orchard Mountains

The Crab Orchard Mountains are a rugged, detached range of the southern Cumberland Mountains. They are situated in East Tennessee atop the Cumberland Plateau just west of the plateau's eastern escarpment, and comprise parts of Morgan, Anderson, and Cumberland counties. The Crab Orchard Mountains have many peaks over 3,000 ft., with the highest being Big Fodderstack at 3340 ft and Frozen Head at 3324 ft, the latter and part of the former being located in Frozen Head State Park. These mountains are some of the highest mountains in Tennessee west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The mountains are made rugged by the erosion of many streams that have cut deep gorges into the mountains. The Crab Orchard Mountains are still one of the most rural areas in all of Appalachia. The historic Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary is located at the base of Frozen Head in Petros, bounded on the north and west by Frozen Head State Park.

title: Crab Orchard Mountains


text:
Talk:Belomorska Trakia

I think that as this page is only a different term for the same geographical area as Aegean Macedonia (correct me if I'm wrong), it should be included there and this page should redirect there. Any thoughts?? Tonderai 09:04, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it should redirect to Aegean Macedonia, minus of course the nationalistic rants Ninio 01:24, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Belomorska Trakia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ElvenRaptor

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was USERFY. Obviously a mistake. Just because they haven't edited in a long time doesn't mean they won't come back tomorrow, and the comment at the top appears to be from them(?). -Splash 23:03, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

ElvenRaptor
May I ask on what grounds this is happening? I wasn't sure of what to put on my page, so I just typed what came to mind that seemed logical. How can I improve my page to avoid having it deleted?

 * Another malformed and orphaned VfD nom from April. Adding to today's page now.  Userfy to User:ElvenRaptor if he shows up before end of VfD, otherwise delete.  JYolkowski // talk 22:19, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The strongest userfy candidate I have ever seen, but.. Actually I am gonna go with JY here and vote Userfy to User:ElvenRaptor if he shows up before end of VfD, otherwise delete. Punkmorten 23:51, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete User made a handful of contributions on April 23, has not been in evidence since. Denni ☯ 01:40, 2005 September 5 (UTC)
 * Delete — user page. Suggest a friendly explanation to the user on h{er|is} talk page. :) — RJH 20:58, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy Don't bite the newcomers, it looks to be an honest mistake. Karmafist 20:59, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
SECN

SECN may refer to:
 * SEC Network
 * Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval

title: SECN


text:
Treasure (Cocteau Twins album)

Treasure is the third studio album by Scottish alternative rock band Cocteau Twins, released on 12 November 1984 by 4AD. With this album, the band settled on what would, from then on, be their primary lineup: vocalist Elizabeth Fraser, guitarist Robin Guthrie and bass guitarist Simon Raymonde. The album also reflected the group's embrace of the distinctive ethereal sound they became associated with.

The album reached number 29 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming the band's first UK Top 40 album, and charted for eight weeks. It also became one of the band's most critically successful releases, although the band considered it underdeveloped. The track "Lorelei" became a minor dance hit during the mid-1980s.

Background and music
The album was recorded from August to September 1984 at Palladium Studios in Edinburgh and at Rooster in West London.

Record label executive Ivo Watts-Russell originally tried to hire Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois to produce the album. However, Eno felt the band did not need him and Guthrie ended up producing the album. Pitchfork noted that the album's drum machine backing added a sharp edge in contrast to the band's ethereal sound and Elizabeth Fraser's "angelic vocals". On the album's title, Fraser said, "I thought it was a really good idea because I thought, well, what are people gonna see in these names? They're gonna realise it’s got nothing to do with mythology and all that bollocks. Well, it's not bollocks, but I foolishly thought people wouldn't think that we were into that sort of thing".

Raymonde alluded to Treasure being rushed and unfinished, while Guthrie referred to it as "an abortion", "our worst album by a mile", and to the period in which it was made as "arty-farty pre-Raphaelite". Nonetheless, as Raymonde observed, "It seems to be the one that people like the best and it's probably sold the best".

Reception and release
Treasure is considered by many fans to be the band's finest work, and has received critical acclaim. Pitchfork wrote, "Cocteau Twins' third album was titled simply enough. Treasure was an adjective for the endlessly inventive melodic lines you'd find buried in these songs, and a verb for what you'd do with them for years to come", and noted that the record signalled the start of Cocteau Twins' "signature ethereality". Ned Raggett of AllMusic complimented its "accomplished variety", saying, "Treasure lives up to its title and then some as a thorough and complete triumph". BBC Online wrote, "Treasure was where the Cocteau Twins first got it 100 percent right". Steve Sutherland in Melody Maker described the album as "true brilliance" and stated that the band were "the voice of God".

In March 2018, the album was repressed on 180g vinyl using new masters created from high definition files transferred from the original analogue tapes.

Legacy and accolades
Jeff Terich of Treblezine placed the album on his list of best dream pop albums, stating: "In contrast to the band's more abrasive post-punk albums that arrived earlier, Treasure is an exercise in making beauty seem alien, and making alienation seem sublime, for that matter". Slant Magazine listed the album at No. 74 on its list of the best albums of the 1980s, while NME named Treasure the 37th best album of 1984. Pitchfork listed Treasure as the 98th best album of the 1980s. Paste magazine's Josh Jackson listed the album at No. 38 on his list of "The 50 Best Post-Punk Albums", describing it as "the first full realization of the band's ethereal pop sound". PopMatters included it in their list of the "12 Essential 1980s Alternative Rock Albums" saying, "Fraser's ability to deliver her nonsensical lyrics with the diaphanous touch of a moth or with the muscle of a ravenous lion is astonishing". Jennifer Makowsky concluded that "Treasure is an aptly titled album". The album was included in the 2008 edition of 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In Beautiful Noise, the shoegaze/dream pop documentary, Robert Smith of The Cure calls it one of the most romantic records ever recorded, so much that he played it as he was getting ready on his wedding day.

Track listing
Initial pressings of the Canadian LP release included the "Aikea-Guinea" 12" single as a bonus.

Personnel
Cocteau Twins
 * Elizabeth Fraser – vocals, production
 * Robin Guthrie – guitar, production
 * Simon Raymonde – bass guitar, production

Production
 * Droston J. Madden – engineering
 * Jon Turner – engineering
 * 23 Envelope – sleeve design

title: Treasure (Cocteau Twins album)


text:
Adolph VIII, Count of Holstein

Adolphus XI of Schauenburg (Alef or Alv, Adolf von Schauenburg, Adolf 8. af Holsten-Rendsborg) (1401 – 4 December 1459), as Adolph I Duke of Schleswig (Sønderjylland, formerly Slesvig), and as Adolph VIII Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, was the mightiest vassal of the Danish realm.

Background
Adolph descended from a branch of the House of Schauenburg, who had for centuries been counts of Holstein, and as such, vassals of the Holy Roman Empire. His great-grandfather Gerhard the Great, having also been a Regent of the Kingdom of Denmark, had received the Duchy of Sønderjylland from the Danish crown as a hereditary fief. It had been lost for the Schauenburgs between 1330 and 1375, with Queen Margaret I of Denmark restricting the regained ducal power in 1386, and again from 1414 to 1440.

Count Adolph's parents were Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg and Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Adolph was only three years old when his father was killed in action against the Ditmarsians in the Battle at Hamme near Heide (today's Schleswig-Holstein), on 4 August 1404. Adolph was educated at the court of Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg.

Career
Adolph's elder brother Henry IV succeeded their father. As Duke of Schleswig, he was under the tutelage of the Danish crown due to his minority until 1414. However, then the crown denied Henry's claim to dukedom. Henry and his mother and brothers stood together and fought for his claim. During the Danish-Holstein-Hanseatic war Henry was killed in action beleaguering Flensburg on 28 May 1427.

Adolph and his younger brother Gerhard VII then succeeded Henry as Counts of Holstein-Rendsburg, continuing their efforts to receive the Duchy of Schleswig. However, Gerhard died in 1433 in Emmerich upon Rhine. In July 1435 Adolph and the Danish King Eric of Pomerania concluded the second Treaty of Vordingborg at Vordingborg Castle, confirming Adolph's de facto holdings in Schleswig duchy. In 1439, the new Danish King Christopher III acquired the loyalty of Adolph by granting him the entire Duchy of Schleswig as a hereditary Danish fief. Adolph's lands were located in both sides of the border between Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire.

The current branch of Danish royal house became extinct in 1448 with the death of Christopher III of Denmark. Adolph was a cognatic descendant of King Eric V of Denmark, whose mother Queen Dowager Margaret Sambiria had obtained a papal confirmation of the right of also female descendancy of Christopher I of Denmark to succeed to the throne of Denmark. Adolph was also the cognatic descendant of King Abel of Denmark through his daughter Sophia; Christopher III was the last descendant of King Abel's sons. The throne was offered by the Rigsråd to Adolph, who as Duke of Schleswig, was the vassal with the biggest holdings in the Danish realm. Adolph, by that time old and childless, declined and supported the candidacy of his own nephew the Count of Oldenburg who became Christian I of Denmark.

Adolph was married on 5 March 1435, to Margaret of Höllenstein of the German noble family of Hohnstein. They had one son, who died young. In 1459 Adolph died and left no descendants to inherit. His sisters were the late Hedvig (Heilwig), who was married with Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg and had left children, and the elderly Ingeborg of Holstein, Abbess of Vadstena, who lived as a nun and was both unmarried and childless. His brother Gerhard had mixed twins, with the son Henry drowned still young and the daughter Catherine a nun in Preetz Priory. There were several claimants to Holstein-Rendsburg and Schleswig, since then the Schauenburgs still continued to rule the County of Holstein-Pinneberg in the male line, and several extinct lines of the family, counts of different parts of Holstein, had left female offspring and their cognatic heirs. Adolph's branch was not genealogically very senior.

The representatives of Schleswig and Holstein (nobility and some delegates of the Estates) convened in Ribe where, on 5 March 1460, the succession was confirmed to Christian I of Denmark, the eldest nephew of the late Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein-Rendsburg.

Seal
His seal shows the coats-of-arms of Schleswig (two lions) and Holstein (the so-called stylised nettle leaf). The inscription says: SIGILLUM*ADOLPHI*DUCIS*SLEVICENSIS*HOLTSACIE*COMITIS (Seal • of Adolphus • Duke • of Schleswig • Holstein's • Count)

Other sources

 * Gregersen, H. V. (1981) Slesvig og Holsten før 1830 (Politiken) ISBN 978-87-567-3479-0 Danish
 * Trap J. P. (1975)  Hertugdømmet Slesvig (Selskabet for Udgivelse af Kilder til Dansk Historie) ISBN 978-87-7500-701-1  Danish
 * Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (1993) Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia (Taylor & Francis)  ISBN 0-8240-4787-7

title: Adolph VIII, Count of Holstein


text:
User:Anaru

"Anaru" is M& for Andrew. My name is Andrew Gillies, and you can find out more about me at http://equivocation.org

Licensing
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Anaru