text:
User:Charles Matthews/Everdell

A
Edwin A. Abbott - Max Abraham - Birt Acres - Henry Adams - John Adams - Alfred Adler - Friedrich Adler - Katya Adler - Viktor Adler - Conrad Aiken - Anna Akhmatova - Alexander III - Alphonse Allais - Peter Altenberg - Edmond Aman-Jean - George Anderson - Bronco Billy - Charles Angrand - Anna O. - Ottomar Anschütz - André Antoine - Guillaume Apollinaire - Julio Arana - William Archer - Alexander Archipenko - Max Aronson - Svante August Arrhenius - Theodor Aschenbrandt - Augusta von Hohenzollern - Richard Avenarius - Amedeo Avogadro - A. J. Ayer -

B
Kasimir Badeni - Hermann Bahr - Liberty Hyde Bailey - Josephine Baker - Léon Bakst - James Mark Baldwin - Israel Baline - Giacomo Balla - Honoré de Balzac - Lewellys Barker - Natalie Barney - James M. Barrie - John Barth - Roland Barthes - Béla Bartók - William Bateson - Ida Bauer - Otto Bauer - Julius Baumann - Charles Beard - Paula Becker - Henri Becquerel - Richard Beer-Hofmann - David Belasco - J. Franklin Bell - Andrey Bely - Moritz Benedikt - Eric Bentley - Thérèse Bentzon - Bernard Berenson - Alban Berg - Henri Bergson - Mina Bergson - George Berkeley - Irving Berlin

Emile Bernard - Friedrich von Bernhardi - Sarah Bernhardt - Hippolyte Bernheim - Joseph Bertrand - Michelangelo Besso - Rodolfo Bettazzi - Paul Bilhaud - Josh Billings - Theodor Bilroth - Bjørnstein Bjørnson - Cyril Black - Charles Blanc - Helena Blavatsky - Emile Blémont - Aleksandr Blok - Léon Blum - Franz Boas - Umberto Boccioni - Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk - Margrethe Bohr - Niels Bohr - Buddy Bolden - Henriette Boltzmann - Ludwig Bolzmann - Bernard Bolzano - Pierre Bonnard - May Bookstaver - George Boole - Alexander Borodin - Joachim Raphael Boronali - Harriet Bosse - Emile Bouguereau - Marcellin Boule - Paul Bourget - Randolph Bourne - Gamaliel Bradford - F. H. Bradley - Johannes Brahms - H. N. Brailsford - Constantin Brancusi - Edvard Brandes - Georges Braque - Franz Brentano - Josef Breuer - Paul Broca - Rupert Brooke - Luitzen E. J. Brouwer - Charles Farrar Browne - Josip Broz - Aristide Bruant - Ernst Brücke - Anton Bruckner - Stephen G. Brush - William Jennings Bryan - James Bryce - Ludwig Büchner - Buffalo Bill - Caesar Burali-Forti - Luther Burbank - David Burliuk - Vladimir Burliuk -

C
Rudolf Carnap - Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot - Carles Casagemas - Pablo Casals - Victor Castegren - Blaise Cendrars - Paul Cézanne - Emmanuel Chabrier - Fyodor Chaliapin - Houston Stewart Chamberlain - Jean Martin Charcot - Louis Chauvin - Jules Chéret - Michel-Eugène Chevreul - Kate Chopin - Miaklojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - Paul Claudel - Rudolf Clausius - William K. Clifford - William F. Cody - Hermann Cohen - Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette - Auguste Comte - Babe Connors - Joseph Conrad - Jacques Copeau - Nikolaus Copernicus - Ernest Coquelin - Fernand Cormon - Camille Corot - Carl Correns - Pierre de Coubertin - Louis Couturat - Gordon Craig - Hart Crane - Charles Cros - Henri-Edmond Cross - Merce Cunningham - Marie Curie - Pierre Curie - Custer -

D
Jean Le Rond D'Alembert - Gabriele D'Annunzio - Salvador Dali - John Dalton - Rubén Darío - Darkschewitsch - Joseph Dauben - Arthur Davies - Stuart Davis - Emma Debussy - Julie Dedekind - Richard Dedekind - Edgar Degas - Otto Deiters - Eugène Delacroix - Robert Delaunay - Sonia Delaunay - Frederick Delius - Paul Demeny - Georges Demeny - Cecil B. DeMille - Maurice Denis - André Derain - Sergei Diaghilev - William Kennedy Laurie Dickson - Paul Dirac - Mabel Dodge - Robert Dirichlet - Kees Van Dongen - Lucy Donnelly - Hilda Doolittle - Christian Doppler - Arthur Dove - Dred Scott - Alfred Dreyfus - Oskar Drude - Paul Drude - William E. B. Du Bois - Emil DuBois-Reymond - Paul DuBois-Reymond - Marcel Duchamp - Jacques Duchamp-Villon - Raoul Dufy - Pierre Duhem - Eugen Dühring - Edouard Dujardin - Michael Dummett - Isadora Duncan - Paco Durrio - Eleanora Duse - Antonin Dvorak - Felix Dzerzhinsky

E
Thomas Eakins - Thomas Edison - Guy Eglinton - Christian von Ehrenfels - Paul Ehrenfest - Paul Ehrlich - The Eight - Mileva Einstein - Sergei Eisenstein - Edward Elgar - Vivienne Eliot - Havelock Ellis - Richard Ellman - Enver Pasha - Charles Ephrussi - B. Erdmann - Andreas von Ettingshausen - Sigmund Exner - Astradur Eysteinsson -

F
Die Fackel - August Falck - Félix Faure - Gabriel Fauré - Millicent Fawcett - Félix Fénéon - Fernhurst - Auguste Fickert - G. F. FitzGerald - Hippolyte Fizeau - Ernst von Fleischl-Markow - Wilhelm Fleiss - F. S. Flint - William Olbers Focke - Michel Fokine - Joseph Folk - August Föppl - Auguste Forel - Paul Fort - Michel Foucault - Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier - William Fox - Anatole France - David R. Francis - César Franck - Martha Freud - P. Freyer - Othon Friesz - Walter Frisch - Loïe Fuller -

G
Dr. Gachet - Karl Friedrich von Gaertner - Akseli Gallen-Kalela - Francis Galton - Germaine Gargallo - Vsevolod Garshin - Henri Gaudier-Brzeska - Paul Gauguin - Karl Friedrich Gauss - Henri Gauthier-Villars - Arthur van Gehuchten - Stefan George - Josef von Gerlach - Geronimo - Richard Gerstl - J. Willard Gibbs - André Gide - André Gill - Charlotte Perkins Gilman - William Glackens - Philip Glass - Alexander Glazunov - Albert Gleizes - Oliver St. John Gogarty - Paul Goldberger - Samuel Goldwyn - Camillo Golgi - Natalia Goncharova - Goncourt brothers - Maxim Gorky - Remy de Gourmont - Martha Graham - Hermann Grassmann - Clement Greeenberg - D. W. Griffith - Raoul Grimoin-Sanson - Walter Gropius - Marcel Grossman - B. A. von Gudden - Yvette Guilbert - Hector Guimard - Lev Gumilyov - Ludwig Gumplowicz - Mary Gwinn -

H
Jürgen Habermas - Conrad Habicht - Ernst Haeckel - Archibald Hahn - Ludovic Halévy - G. Stanley Hall - Knut Hamsun - W. C. Handy - Bruce Handy - Hermann Hankel - G. H. Hardy - Thomas Hardy - Axel Harnack - Ben Harney - Bret Harte - Fritz Hasenöhrl - Gerhart Hauptmann - John Hay - Friedrich von Hayek - G. W. F. Hegel - Martin Heidegger - H. Eduard Heine - Heinrich Heine - Werner Heisenberg - Georg Helm - Hermann von Helmholtz - Léon Hennique - Charles Henry - Cecil Hepworth - James A. Herne - Heinrich Hertz - Theodor Herzl - Charles Howard Hinton - Magnus Hirschfeld - Josef Hirschl - Wilhelm His - George Frisbee Hoar - Emily Hobhouse - Heinrich Høffding - Hugo von Hoffmansthal - Irving Howe - Ales Hrdlicka - Robert Hughes - Victor Hugo - T. E. Hulme - David Hume - Edmund Husserl - Malvine Husserl - Ada Louise Huxtable - Andreas Huyssen - Hydropathes -

I
Henrik Ibsen - Jean-Dominique Ingres - May Irwin - Vyacheslav Ivanov - Charles Ives - Harmony Ives -

J
Max Jacob - Jens Peter Jacobsen - Pierre Janet - Zygmunnt Janiszewski - Alfred Jarry - Frank Jarvis - Alexei Jawlensky - Blind Lemon Jefferson - Joseph Jefferson - Charles Jencks - Otto Jesperson - William Jevons - William Johannsen - Ernest Jones - Sisserietta Jones - Scott Joplin - Joseph, Chief of Nez-Percé - James Joule - Philip Jourdain - Nora Barnacle Joyce - Stanislaus Joyce - Carl Gustav Jung -

K
Franz Kafka - Gustave Kahn - Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler - Paul Kammerer - Anna Kandinsky - Nina Kandinsky - Vassily Kandinsky - Moriz Kaposi - Walter Kaufmann - Hans Kelsen - William Thomson, Lord Kelvin - Hugh Kenner - Velimir Khlebnikov - Søren Kierkegaard - Gustav Kirchhoff - Ernst Ludwig Kirchner - Horatio Herbert Kitchener - Klaw and Erlanger - Paul Klee - Gustav Klimt - Morris Kline - Madeleine Knobloch - Vsevolod Knyazev - Oskar Kokoschka - Albrecht von Kölliker - Vera Kommissarzhevskaya - Arthur Kopit - Richard von Krafft-Ebing - Hilton Kramer - Karl Kraus - Wilhelm Kress - Saul Kripke - Leopold Kronecker - Alexey Kruchenykh - Marie Krysinska - Thomas Kuhn - Walt Kuhn - Ernst Kummer - Frank Kupka - Ferdinand Kurlbaum - Mikhail Kuzmin -

L
La Goulue - Fiorello H. La Guardia - Sylvestre François Lacroix - Jules Laforgue - Leah Laforgue - Marie Laforgue - Joseph Louis Lagrange - Ferdinand LaMothe - Friedrich Albert Lange - Paul Langevin - Samuel Langley - Pierre Simon Laplace - Valery Larbaud - Raoul Larche - Ring Lardner - Mikhail Larionov - Joseph Larmor - Marie Laurencin - Isidore Ducasse Lautréamont - D. H. Lawrence - Emile Le Fauconnier - Ferdinand Léger - Frank Léhar - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - Nicholas Lemann - Philipp Lenard - Michael von Lenhossék - Leucippus - Harry Levin - Emmanuel Lévinas - Jörg von Liebenfels - Carolus Linnaeus - Rodof Lipschitz - Guido von List - David Lloyd George - Marcus Loew - Adolf Loos - Hendrik Antoon Lorentz - Josef Loschmidt - Rudolph Hermann Lotze - Emile Loubet - Artur Lourié - Pierre Louÿs - Lawrence Lowell - Amy Lowell - Titus Lucretius Carus - Carl Ludwig - Karl Lueger - Aurélien-Marie Lugné-Poë - Jan Lukasiewicz - Otto Lummer - Jean-François Lyotard -

M
Maurice Mac-Nab - Arthur MacArthur - Douglas MacArthur - Hugh MacColl - Ernst Mach - August Macke - Charles Rennie Mackintosh - Margaretha Zelle MacLeod - Maurice Maeterlinck - Sanda Mahali - Alma Mahler - Gustav Mahler - Hans Makart - Nicolas Malbranche - Kasimir Malevich - Stéphane Mallarmé - André Malraux - Pere Mañach - Osip Mandelstam - Edouard Manet - Gustav Mann - Thomas Mann - Katherine Mansfield - Paolo Mantegazza - Franz Marc - Siegfried Marcus - Etienne-Jules Marey - Albert Marquet - Wilhelm Marr - Dora Marsden - José Martí - Edward Martyn - Roger Marx - Leonide Massine - Mata Hari - Henri Matisse - Brander Matthews - Mikhail Matyushin - W. Somerset Maugham - Guy de Maupassant - Fritz Mauthner - James C. Maxwell - Vladimir Mayakovsky - Ernst Mayr - Rosa Mayreder - Winsor McCay - Wallace McCutcheon - William McGee - William McKinley - Ludwig Meidner - Alexius Meinong - Lise Meitner - Georges Méliès - Herman Melville - Gregor Mendel - Dmitri Mendele'ev - Carl Menger - George Menz - H. C. R. Méray - Maurice Merleau-Ponty - Stuart Merrill - Oscar Méténier - Clemens von Metternich - Jean Metzinger - Vsevolod Meyerhold - Theodor Meynert - Jules Michelet - Albert A. Michelson - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - Nelson Miles - J. S. Mill - Arthur I. Miller - Jean François Millet - Kerry Mills - Alfred Milner - Octave Mirbeau - Ludwig von Mises - Paul Möbius - Otto Modersohn - Paula Modersohn - Henri Moissan - Albert Moll - Piet Mondrian - Claude Monet - Gaspard Monge - Pierre Monteux - George Moore - Marianne Moore - Jean Moréas - Gustave Moreau - Thomas Hunt Morgan - Berthe Morisot - Ottoline Morrell - William Morris - Jelly Roll Morton - Henry Gwynn-Jeffries Moseley - Koloman Moser - Angelo Mosso - Johannes Müller - Edvard Munch - Laura Munch - Hugo Münsterberg - Gabriele Münter - Robert Musil - Charles Musser - Modest Mussorgsky - Eadweard Muybridge -

N
Karl Nägeli - Fridtjof Nansen - Natanson brothers - Paul Natorp - Otto Neurath - Carl Nielsen - Jean Niestlé - Friedrich Nietzsche - Vaslav Nijinsky - Emil Nolde - Emil Hansen - Hermann Nothnagel -

O
Eugene O'Neill - James O'Neill - Henirich Obersteiner - Hermann Oberth - Hermann Obrist - Joseph Maria Olbrich - Joseph Oliver - Fernande Olivier - Léo d'Orfer - Wilhelm Ostwald - Ota Benga - Peter Demianovich Ouspensky - Wilfred Owen -

P
Bertha Pappenheim - Horatio Parker - Moritz Pasch - Boris Pasternak - Robert Paul - Anna Pavlova - Giuseppe Peano - Karl Pearson - Charles Péguy - Charles Sanders Peirce - Marjorie Perloff - Jean Perrin - St.-John Perse - Aleis Saint-Léger Léger - Francis Picabia - M. E. Picard - Pablo Ruiz Picasso - Mary Pickford - Mario Pieri - Maria Piltz - Salvatore Pincherle - David Pinsent - Luigi Pirandello - Camille Pissarro - Michel Plancherel - Marie Planck - Max Planck - Joseph Plateau - George Poage - Jules-Henri Poincaré - Adelheid Popp - Karl Popper - Edwin S. Porter - Morton Prince - Maurice Princet - Gavrilo Princip - Ernst Pringsheim - Sergei Prokofiev - Giacomo Puccini - Johannes E. Purkinje - Pierre Puvis de Chavannes -

Q
W. V. O. Quine - John Quinn -

R
Sergei Rachmaninov - Gertrude Rainey - Ramón y Cajal - William Ramsay - Otto Rank - G. Ranvier - Gustav Ratzenhofer - Maurice Ravel - Claude Rawson - John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh - Odilon Redon - Alexandre Georges Henri Regnault - Steve Reich - R. Reiff - Max Reinhardt - Robert Rémak - Jules Renard - Gustav Retzius - Paul Ricoeur - Dorothy Richardson - Jéhan Rictus - Gabnel Randon - G. Bernhard F. Riemann - Rainer Maria Rilke - Arthur Rimbaud - Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Henri Rivière - Frederick Sleigh Roberts - Albert Robida - Abraham Robinson - Knut Rockne - Georges Rodenbach - Auguste Rodin - John Roebling - Michael Roemer - Nicholas Roerich - Will Rogers - Carl von Rokitansky - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - Ogden Rood - Steven Rose - Artur Rosenthal - J. B. Rosenthal - Arnold Rosé - Andrew Ross - Georges Rouault - Henri Rousseau - Josiah Royce - Heinrich Rubens - William Rubin - Ernest Rutherford - Albert Pinkham Ryder - Gilbert Ryle -

S
Ruth St. Dennis - Camille Saint-Saëns - Rodolphe Salis - André Salmon - Sâr Péladan - Victorien Sardou - Erik Satie - René de Saussure - Meyer Schapiro - Max Scheler - Egon Schiele - Friedrich von Schiller - Matthias J. Schleiden - Heinrich Schleimann - Oskar Schlömilch - Ernst Schmithals - Arthur Schnitzler - Johann Schnitzler - Marie Gutheil Schoder - Mathilde Schoenberg - Arthur Schoenflies - Georg von Schönerer - Carl Schorske - Ernst Schröder - Erwin Schrödinger - Schubert brothers - Max Schulze - Ernestine Schumann-Heink - Joseph Schumpeter - Theodor Schwann - Albert Schweitzer - Alexander Scriabin - Eugène Scribe - Alan Seeger - Georges Seurat - Calude Shannon - Henry Wheeler Shaw - Josh Billings - Sergei Shchukin - Philip Sheridan - John Sherman - William T. Sherman - Charles Scott Sherrington - Jan Sibelius - Waclaw Sierpinski - Paul Signac - Luís Simarro - Alfred Sisley - Charles de Sivry - Les Six - Frederick J. V. Skiff - Skladanovsky brothers - Joseph Skoda - George Albert Smith - Jacob Smith - Maurice Solovine - Werner Sombart - Arnold Sommerfeld - Stephen Sondheim - John Philip Sousa - Leland Stanford - E. C. Stedman - Josef Stefan - Lincoln Steffens - Edward Steichen - Gertrude Stein - Leo Stein - Rudolph Steiner - Meg Steinheil - Joseph Stella - Andrew B. Sterling - Alfred Steiglitz - Otto Stöhr - Otto Stolz - George J. Stoney - Lytton Strachey - August Strindberg - Frida Uhl - Siri von Essen - Carl Stumpf - Olga Glebova Sudeikin - Sergei Sudeikin - Louis Sullivan - Frank Sulloway - Franz von Suppé - David Sutter - Baron von Suttner - Bertha von Suttner - Italo Svevo - Algernon Charles Swinburne - Arthur Symons - John M. Synge -

T
Hippolyte Taine - Jules Tannery - Paul Tannery - Alfred Tarski - Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky - Lord Alfred Tennyson - Harry Thaw - M. F. Thiesen - Johannes Thomae - Helen Thomas - J. J. Thomson - Virgil Thomson - Alice B. Toklas - Leo Tolstoy - Ferdinand Tönnies - Stephen Toulmin - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - George Trakl - Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg - Ernst Troeltsch - General von Trotha - Leon Trotsky - Harry S. Truman - Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg - Marina Tsevetaeva - Honest John Turpin -

U
Franz von Uchatius - Wilhelm Uhde -

V
Paul Valéry - Vincent van Gogh - Carl Van Vechten - Jacobus Henricus Van't Hoff - Lucien Vanier - Kirk Varnedoe - Ralph Vaughan Williams - Louis de Vauxcelles - John Venn - Robert Venturi - Emile Verhaeren - Paul Verlaine - Samuel P. Verner - Giambattista Vico - François Vielé-Griffin - Phillipe-Auguste Mathias, comte de Villiers de l'Isle - Maurice Vlaminck - J. G. Vogt - Karl Vogt - Ambroise Vollard - Hugo de Vries - Mikhail Vrubel - Edouard Vuillard -

W
Otto Wagner - Julius Wagner-Jauregg - Richard Wahle - H. Wilhelm G. von Waldeyer-Hartz - Léon Walras - Artemus Ward - Lester Ward - Warner brothers - John B. Watson - Weber and Fields - Eugen Weber - Heinrich Weber - Max Weber (artist) - Anton Webern - Frank Wedekind - Franz Wedekind - Mabel Weekes - Carl Weigert - Berthe Weill - Otto Weininger - August Weismann - René Wellek - Marianne Werefkin - Carl Wernicke - Clara Westhoff - Valeriano Weyler - James McNeil Whistler - James White - Alfred North Whitehead - Emil Wiechert - Willi Wien - Friedrich von Wieser - Adolphe Willette - Hermine Wittgenstein - Thomas Wolfe - Virginia Stephen - Frank Lloyd Wright - Orville Wright - Wilbur Wright - Wilhelm Wundt - Téodor de Wyzewa -

Z
Alexander Zemlinsky - Zeno of Elea - Ernst Zermelo - Emile Zola - Bertha Zuckerkandl - Adolph Zukor - Arnold Zweig - Stefan Zweig

title: User:Charles Matthews/Everdell


text: Category:French stage actors

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:French stage actors


text:
Bridgewater Monument

The Bridgewater Monument is a Grade II* listed monumental column in the Ashridge estate in Hertfordshire, England. It was built in 1832 to commemorate Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater (1736–1803), known as the "Canal Duke".

History
Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater and 6th Earl of Bridgewater was a pioneer in the construction of canals during the early part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1761, he opened the Bridgewater Canal in North West England to transport coal from his mines in Worsley to Manchester, later extending it to Runcorn and then to Leigh. It is often said to be the first true canal in Britain, and earned him the nickname of "the Canal Duke".

The monument is near the family seat, Ashridge House in Hertfordshire, which the Duke neglected for many years and then decided to rebuild. Although he demolished the dilapidated house, he did not see through his ambitious plans as he died in 1803, leaving the ruins to his successor, John Egerton, 7th Earl of Bridgewater, who built a new house.

The Canal Duke was buried in the family mausoleum in the Church of St Peter and St Paul in the village of Little Gaddesden, around 1.8 mi east of the monument. A marble wall monument there commemorates his death.

A memorial to the Duke was considered by his successor, the 7th Earl of Bridgewater, but it was not until the death of his brother, Francis Egerton, 8th Earl of Bridgewater in 1829 that funds were made available. The 8th Earl left in his will £13,500 and instructions to build a monument to the Canal Duke.

Construction
At the time, Charlotte Catherine Anne, Countess of Bridgewater and widow of the 7th Earl, was still in residence at Ashridge. She objected to the erection of an obelisk, which she considered to be in poor taste, and at her behest, the monument to the Canal Duke was sited some distance from Ashridge House so as not to be seen. To build the monument, the family appointed Sir Jeffry Wyattville, the architect who also worked on the Gothic Revival house on the estate. In line with the countess's wishes, he altered the design to that of a Greek column.

The Bridgewater Monument was designed by Wyattville in a Neoclassical style, consisting of a giant 108 ft-tall fluted Greek Doric column surmounted by a giant copper funerary urn finial.

There are 172 steps inside and the abacus provides a viewing platform. At the base, the large pedestal is inscribed with the words:

"'IN HONOUR OF FRANCIS, THIRD DUKE OF BRIDGEWATER 'FATHER OF INLAND NAVIGATION' 1832'"

Inside the entrance passage leading up to the staircase is a brass plate, which records the instruction of the 8th Earl to erect the monument with the inscription:

Although the waterway most closely associated with the deceased was the Bridgewater Canal, it is thought that the monument was erected to celebrate the construction of the Grand Junction Canal, which passes around 1.3 mi south-west of the site. The Bridgewater Monument stands on Moneybury Hill, a protruding part of the Ashridge plateau, and overlooks the village of Aldbury.

Visitor attraction
Today the Bridgewater Monument, like the Ashridge Estate, is in the care of the National Trust. At weekends, the monument is open to visitors, who can climb 172 steps inside the column to enjoy views of Ashridge and the Chiltern Hills. It is also possible to see as far as Canary Wharf in east London.

title: Bridgewater Monument


text:
User talk:Belindacarlisle4eva

hello my name is tom ash I live in crawley in england, and I'm made about belinda carlisle, aren't you?

title: User talk:Belindacarlisle4eva


text:
Banif Financial Group

Banif Financial Group (Banif - Grupo Financeiro) was a Portuguese international financial services group associated with Banco Internacional do Funchal. The company had a presence in Europe, South America, North America, Africa and Asia. In 2015, it was bailed-out by the Portuguese state and sold to Santander Group.

History
Banif was founded and incorporated by Horácio Roque on 15 January 1988 and took over all of the assets and liabilities of the defunct Caixa Económica do Funchal. In 1995, it opened offices in Caracas, Venezuela and South Africa; in 1996 in São Paulo, Brazil; and in 2008 in San Ġiljan, Malta.

In the wake of the Portuguese sovereign debt and banking crisis, Banif was one among a number of Portuguese banks which were nationalized in order to be rescued by the government. In December 2015, as part of a 2,2 billion euro bailout and restructuring, the Portuguese government sold the remainder of Banif's assets to Banco Santander Totta, the Portuguese subsidiary of Santander Group, for 150 million euros.

Subsidiaries
Banif consisted of the following subsidiaries, most of which have either been incorporated or purchased:

 * SGM – Sociedade Gestora de Fundos de Pensões Mundial, S.A. (1989)
 * Ascor Dealer – Sociedade Financeira de Corretagem, S.A. (1989)
 * Mundileasing – Sociedade de Locação Financeira, S.A. (1990)
 * Mundicre – Sociedade Financeira para Aquisições a Crédito, S.A. (1991)
 * Banifundos – Sociedade Gestora de Fundos de Investimento Mobiliário, S.A. (1991)
 * Invesfeiras – Investimentos Imobiliários, S.A. (1991)
 * Banif – Investimentos – S.G.P.S., S.A. (1992)
 * Banifólio – Sociedade Gestora de Patrimónios, S.A. (1992)
 * Banif – Banco Internacional do Funchal (Cayman), Ltd. (1993)
 * Açoreana Seguros (1996)
 * Banco Comercial dos Açores (1996)
 * BanifServ Agrupamento Complementar de Empresas de Serviços, Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação (1997)
 * Banif – Banco de Investimento, S.A. (2000)
 * Banif Financial Services, Inc. (2001)
 * Banif Mortgage Company (2002)

Portuguese
In March 1992, Banif first appeared on the Lisbon and Porto stock exchanges.

North American
In 2002, Banif Securities acquired the Brazilian brokerage firm Indusval, giving them a place on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange.

title: Banif Financial Group


text:
History of Kolkata

Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) was a colonial city. The British East India Company developed Calcutta as a village by establishing an artificial riverine port in the 18th century CE. Kolkata was the capital of the British India until 1911, when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second most important city of the British Empire after London and was declared as the financial (commercial) capital of the British India. This was accompanied by the fall of a culture that fused Indian philosophies with European tradition.

Kolkata is also noted for its revolutionary history, ranging from the Indian to the leftist Naxalite and trade-union movements. Labelled the "Cultural Capital of India", "The City of Britain", "The City of Trash", and the "City of Sadness", Kolkata has also been home to prominent statesman and yogis. Problems related to rapid urbanization started to plague Kolkata from the 1930s and the city remains an example of the urbanization challenges of the developing nations.

Before the British
From the 14th to 16th centuries, Kolkata was under the rule of the Bengal Sultanate. It was conquered by the Mughal Empire and incorporated into the Bengal Subah in 1576 following the Mughal invasion of Bengal.

Establishment of English trade in Bengal (1610–1900)
There is a long chain of events behind the arrival of the East India Company in Bengal, specifically Job Charnock in Sutanuti in 1690. These incidents are documented in numerous records of the East India Company and by several authors [Bruce 1810 (Vol I and II), Marshman Vol I, Unknown 1829; see references below]. These documents tell the story of how the English were severely beaten and wiped out from Bengal several times by the forces of the Mughal Emperor and how each time they came back to Bengal to continue their trade.

The agents of the East India Company first visited the provinces of Bengal and Bihar for trade during the period of Ibrahim Khan (ca 1617–1624), the Subahdar (Governor) of Bengal at the time of Mughal Emperor Jahangir. The first factory was established in Surat in 1620 and later in Agra, and agents were further sent from these places to the eastern provinces to examine the possibility of opening factories there. However the transportation costs and logistics were unfavorable and the plan was abandoned. In December 1644, the daughter of the Emperor was severely burnt and a doctor named Gabriel Boughton, formerly the surgeon of the East Indiaman Hopewell, was sent from Surat for her treatment.

He was able to successfully treat her burns and in reward the Emperor allowed the company to establish factory at Pipili, Odisha, and for the first time English ships arrived at an eastern port. During 1638, Raja Iqbal Jahan appointed his son Shah Shuja as the Subahdar of Bengal and Boughton visited the capital at Rajmahal where his services were again used to treat one of the ladies in the palace, and in return, the company was allowed to establish factories in Balasore, Odisha and Hooghly, Bengal in addition to Pipili, Odisha.

Shaista Khan was appointed as the governor of Bengal in around 1664 by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and was relieved upon his request in around 1682. While he was returning to Delhi, Englishmen sent with him a request to the Emperor to obtain a special firman to do business forever in Bengal; the Emperor was pleased to provide them the Firman and the occasion was celebrated with a 300 gun salute at Hooghly. The investment in Bengal soared, the Bengal residency was separated from Madras and Mr. Hedges was appointed as the chief officer to oversee trade in Bengal. His residence in Hooghly was secured with soldiers obtained from Madras. This is the first time English soldiers came on the soil of Bengal. However, the Firman was vague in many aspects and soon disputes started to grow between the English and the governor.

During this time a local disturbance occurred when the zamindar in Bihar attacked the governor of Bihar. Mr. Charnock, the chief of the factory in Patna, was imprisoned by the governor with the assumption that he was involved in the dispute. At the same time their saltpetre trade was disrupted by another rival English company. To protect their trade in Bengal, the original East India Company requested to build a fort in the mouth of Hooghly or on its banks. This request was immediately turned down by Shaista Khan and a 3.5% tax was imposed in addition to the already existing tax of 3,000 rupees, notwithstanding the Firman obtained earlier. Another incident with the Faujdar of Cossimbazar resulted in altercations between the Governor of Bengal and the company causing their ships to leave Bengal without obtaining cargo.

Enraged with this situation and determined to establish their authority, the company requested King James II in 1685 to permit the use of force against the Emperor's army to settle the matter. Admiral Nicholson was sent with ships to attack the port at Chittagong, fortify it, make an alliance with the King of Arakan who was against the Mughals, establish a mint and collect revenue, thus making Chittagong a fort city for the Company in the eastern part. Then he was ordered to proceed to Dhaka. It was assumed that the governor would abandon the city and then a peace treaty would be offered which would guarantee free trade and other economic benefits for the company and he would give up the territory of Dhaka and Chittagong. Job Charnock was then at Madras and was directed to join the expedition with 400 soldiers from the Madras division.

Unfortunately the plan went awry; some of the ships, due to the change in current and wind, arrived at Hooghly instead of Chittagong and anchored off the factory in Hooghly after being joined by their Madras troops. The presence of a large number of war ships alarmed Shaista Khan and he immediately offered a truce. However the peace was broken again when some Company troops misbehaved with Shaista Khan's troops in Hooghly on 28 October 1686 for which the former were severely beaten by the latter. At the same time the admiral opened fire and burnt down 500 houses; property losses were about thirty lacs of rupees. However a truce was again obtained between Mr. Charnock and the local Foujidar, and the English were allowed to put saltpetre on board their ships. However, Shaista Khan upon hearing this ordered the closing and confiscation of all their factories and properties in Bengal and sent a large force to drive out the English from Hooghly.

Upon hearing the news of Shaista Khan's plan, Mr. Charnock determined that it was no longer safe to remain in Hooghly and decided to move downstream to Sutanuti, a small hamlet on the banks of the river Hooghly on 20 December 1686. At this time their ships in Bengal required extensive repairs and the remainder of their fleet were considered in danger. In this situation they considered that they would be extremely fortunate if they could hold their current position instead of their desires on Chittagong and for this matter they decided to ask forgiveness from the Emperor and requested to reinstate the previously obtained Firman.

Peace treaty was again offered by the governor at the end of December 1686 but it was mainly to buy out time for attack and by February 1687 a large troop of Shaista Khan's army arrived at Hooghly to drive the Company out of Bengal. Charnock decided it was not safe to remain in Sutanuti and moved to the island village at Hijli. There he remained with his soldiers in an utterly inhospitable place full of mosquitoes, snakes and tigers. The Governor's troops did not bother them there since they knew the company would not be able to survive long there. In fact, within three months about half of Charnock's soldiers died and the remaining half were ready to be hospitalized.

With his back to the wall, Charnock was desperately willing to negotiate with Shaista Khan to get out of this mess. Luck favored him because of an unexpected event. At the time when Nicholson was ordered to proceed to Chittagong, Sir John Child was ordered to withdraw the company's establishment from Bombay, commence hostilities on the western coast, blockade Mughal harbors and attack their ships anywhere to be found. Emperor Aurangzeb wanted to reconcile with the company to ensure uninterrupted voyage of pilgrims to Mecca and asked his governors to make terms with them.

As a result, a peace treaty was signed between Shaista Khan and Charnock on 16 August 1687. Shaista Khan allowed them to remain in Bengal, however to be limited only to Uluberia, a small town on the bank of river Hooghly south of Sutanuti, where they were allowed to make a port and do business from there, but their war ships were strictly not allowed to enter Hooghly. Charnock arrived at Uluberia, started making a dock there, however soon started to dislike the place and wanted to return to Sutanuti. At this time the governor asked them to return and settle at Hooghly, ordered them not to build any structure at Sutanuti and asked Charnock to pay a large sum of money for compensation. While not in a position to fight against the Governor's troops, two Company agents were sent to Dhaka to plead to the governor to allow them to return to Sutanuti and build a fort there.

At the same time, when the news of failure of Nicholson reached England, it was decided that until a fort was built on the bank of the river, the English would never be able to do business with ease and would always be on the mercy of the forces of the governor. For this, Captain Heath was sent to Bengal with 160 soldiers either to fight and win against the forces of the governor or to bring back all the properties of the company to Madras and abandon the trade in Bengal. Captain Heath arrived in October 1688 in Bengal, took all of company persons on board, set sail to Balasore on 8 November 1688. He reached Balasore on 29 November, pounded and destroyed the town including their own factory and released some English prisoners from the Governor's prison.

They left Balasore on 13 December for Chittagong, reached there on 17 December, found the Governor's fortification too strong to destroy and decided to wait until his demands are answered by the governor. However, instead of waiting for Governor's answer, Captain Heath set sail to Arakan, arrived there on 31 January 1689 and offered treaty to the king that English will fight against the Mughals at Dhaka and the king would provide them settlements in his dominion. When a fortnight passed without any answer from the king, Captain Heath, frustrated and dejected, returned to Madras on 4 March 1689. This was a total failure of English objectives in Bengal during the early period of 1689 which caused them abandoning Bengal as their trading location in eastern region.

Emperor Aurangzeb, enraged with the situation that the Company fortified Madras, occupied territory around it, captured Mughal ships, went into alliance with his enemy Sambhaji, he ordered his commanders everywhere in India to exterminate Company from the country and seize their properties anywhere to be found. Warehouses in Visakhapatnam were destroyed and many English men were captured and put to death. Shaista Khan went after them in Dhaka, captured them and put them behind bars.

Shaista Khan retired from his duty as governor in ca 1689 and Ibrahim Khan was appointed as the new governor of Bengal by Emperor Aurangzeb. By this time Aurangzeb was camping at Visapur and was much aware of the fact that he was losing revenues from the Company trade and the Company ships could cause him much trouble by stopping the pilgrimage to Mecca since they controlled the sea-route. At the same time, the company were desperate to open negotiations with the Emperor after they left Bengal and Mr. Child was sent to him. He decided to accept the offer and ordered the Governor of Bengal to allow Company to return there.

As a result, Ibrahim Khan invited Mr. Charnock back to Bengal; but Mr. Charnock refused to come back until a specific Firman with terms and conditions clearly specified was issued by the Emperor so that they would not be subjected to further humiliations. Ibrahim Khan again sent letter to Mr. Charnock explaining that he had requested for the special Firman from the Emperor and it would take a few months before it arrived, and in the meantime Mr. Charnock was welcome to settle in Bengal and the governor would pay him 80,000 rupees for the goods that have been destroyed by Shaista Khan's regime.

With this friendly invitation, Mr. Job Charnock with 30 soldiers returned to Sutanuti on 24 August 1690 and hoisted the Company standard on the banks of river Hooghly, thus beginning a new era of Company involvement in Bengal. In the next year, Ibrahim Khan sent the order from the Emperor to Mr. Charnock which allowed unrestricted trade without paying any other taxes except the usual 3,000 rupees.

Mr. Charnock died in January 1692. While the English were always looking for fortification of their factories in Bengal, Ibrahim Khan never allowed them to do so. In 1695 the town of Hooghly was seized by Sobha Singh along with an unknown Afghan Rahim Khan, and the English at Sutanuti requested from the governor to use their own armed protection for their factories when their factories were surrounded by the enemy.

Ibrahim Khan allowed them to protect their own factories, but did not allow any fortification explicitly. However, in the absence of specific orders the permission to defend their property was taken as a permit to build fortress and construction began immediately overnight with all available manpower. The fort was built on the bank of river Hooghly at Sutanuti with mortar brought from Madras, completed in ca 1701 and was called Fort William after King William III of England. This was the old Fort William and construction for a new one (the present one) started after Siraj Ud-Daulah attacked Fort William in 1756.

In 1690, Job Charnok, an agent of the East India Company chose this place for a British trade settlement. The site was carefully selected, being protected by the Hooghly River on the west, a creek to the north, and by salt lakes about two and a half miles to the east. There were three large villages along the east bank of the river Ganges, named, Sutanuti, Gobindapur and Kalikata. These three villages were bought by the British from the local land lords. The Mughal emperor granted East India Company freedom of trade in return for a yearly payment of 3,000 rupees.

Name
The rent-roll of Akbar, the 16th century Mughal emperor, and the work of a Bengali poet, Bipradas Pipilai, of the late 15th century, both make mention of the area's early name's being Kolikata, from which Kolkata/Calcutta derive.

There is much discussion about the origin of the city's name. The most accepted view is that it comes from the Hindu goddess Kali and the original name was KaliKshetra, "the place of Kali".

Other theories include:
 * The name comes from the location of the original settlement beside a khal ("canal" in Bengali)
 * The place was known for its manufacture of shell-lime, the name deriving from kali ("lime") and kata ("burnt shell")
 * The name is derived from the Bengali kilkila ("flat area"), which is mentioned in the old literature.
 * The name came into being when Job Charnock asked a farmer the name of the area around Hooghly River. The farmer misunderstood due to language problems and thought that he was referring as to when he harvested his paddy. He proudly replied "Kal Kaata hoe chhilo" meaning "I cut it yesterday." Job Charnock thought that the name of the place is Calcutta.

The area where the city is now located was originally inhabited by the people of three villages: Kalikata, Sutanuti and Gobindapur. However, the boundaries of the three villages gradually became less distinct, and before the battle of Plassey, the city could be divided into four different sub-areas: European Kolkata (Dihi Kolkata); a residential village with some sacred spots (Gobindapur); a traditional Indian market (Bazar Kalikata or Burrabazar); and a riverine mart concentrating on cloth trade (Sutanati). After the battle of Plassey in 1757, the Company started rebuilding the city.

The Calcutta High Court ruled in 2003 that Job Charnock, the Englishman generally believed to be the founder of the Calcutta, is not the founder of the city and that hence Kolkata has no birthday. According to the Court, the city has its genesis in the Maurya and Gupta period and it was an established trading post long before the Slave Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, the Portuguese, the French or the East India Company established a modern township there.

The East India Company chose the place for a trade settlement. In 1690, the Company bought three villages (Sutanuti, Kalikata and Gobindapur) from a local landlord family of Sabarna Roy Choudhury. The next year, the company began developing the city as a Presidency City. In 1727, on the order of King George I, a civil court was set up in the city. The Calcutta Municipal corporation (now renamed Kolkata Municipal Corporation) was formed and the city had its first mayor.

Journey from British rule to independence
The three villages (Sutanuti, Gobindapur & Kalikata), particularly in Kalikata, where Calcutta is located, came into the possession of the British East India Company in 1690 and some scholars like to date its beginnings as a major city from the construction of Fort William by the British in 1698, though this is debated (see the court ruling in "Name and origins" above). From 1772 to 1911, Calcutta was the capital of British India. From 1912 to India's Independence in 1947, it was the capital of all of Bengal. After Independence, Calcutta remained the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal.

The fall of Calcutta to Siraj ud-Daula
When the Seven Years' War broke out, owing to their constant rivalry with the French, and the fall of Madras to the forces of Dupleix, early in 1756 the British authorities in Calcutta began repairs to the fortifications of old Fort William, which were extremely decayed. This irritated the new Nawab of Bengal, Siraj Ud Daulah, who viewed it as a threat to his sovereignty. Enraged still further when the British granted asylum to one Krishnaballav, who had embezzled money from the dewani of Dhaka, Siraj ud-Daula first attacked and captured Cossimbazar (taking as hostage William Watts and Begum Johnson), and then Calcutta, which fell after a short siege on 20 June 1756, during which the governor and many other officials escaped down the Hooghly River, leaving the remainder of the garrison and the Eurasian population of Calcutta to their fate.

This is now known as the Siege of Calcutta. It is said that 123 Britons later died in the Black Hole of Calcutta after his victory, but recent evidence calls into question the numbers involved, and suggests that the Nawab himself was probably unaware of what transpired. He renamed Calcutta Alinagar after the previous Nawab, and his maternal grandfather, Alivardi Khan. Having installed Manikchand as the ruler of Alinagar, Siraj returned to Murshidabad. Soon (on 2 January 1757) Watson and Robert Clive retook Calcutta with a force of company sepoys and the assistance of the Royal Navy. Hearing the news, Siraj ud-Daula moved to attack Calcutta, but fearing an attack from Ahmad Shah Abdali, after a few days of war he signed the Treaty of Alinagar with the East India Company, giving them permission to build the fort.

Although Siraj ud-Daula conceded temporary defeat in the Pact of Alinagar, he once again began scheming with the French against the British. Meanwhile, the Third Carnatic War was starting in the south. Also at this time, nobles such as Jagat Seth, Mir Jafar, Rai Durlav, Omichand and Rajballav were plotting against Siraj ud-Daula (a principal reason being the Nawab's arrogance, well attested to in contemporary sources) and they invited Clive to take part in their plans.

Clive seized on this plan to get rid of two enemies at once. Citing non-existent reasons, he attacked Murshidabad, having previously reached an agreement with Mir Jafar to install him on the musnud of Bengal. On the fateful day of 23 June 1757, 23 miles away from Murshidabad in the mango groves of Palashi, the armies met at the Battle of Plassey. The British army consisted of 800 European soldiers and 2,200 Indian soldiers, while the Nawab's army was made up of 18,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. At the start of this seemingly impossible battle, generals Rai Durlav and Iar Latif held their armies together, but in an act of treachery Mir Jafar led his troops away from the battlefield, and the remaining army led by Mirmadan and Mohanlal was defeated.

Siraj ud-Daula escaped but was later caught and killed by Miran, the son of Mir Jafar. Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab, and the British had effectively seized control of Bengal. In 1765, after defeating the next Nawab, Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Oudh and the Mughal Emperor at the Battle of Buxar, there was no one to stand in the way of the British and their dominance in North India. Thus, British imperialism began in India with the conquest of Bengal, a game in which a main pawn was the great city of Calcutta.

Calcutta also had an indirect but important influence on the battles of the Carnatic Wars. When Madras fell to Dupleix, the British were still able to direct the war from another of their strongholds, Calcutta. They also used the wealth of Bengal to defeat the French. As Dr. R. C. Majumdar stated in An Advanced History of India, "The Battle of Plassey may be truly said to have decided the fate of the French in India."

Churches
St. John's Church, originally a cathedral, was among the first public buildings erected by the East India Company after Kolkata became the effective capital of Company rule in India. It is located at the North-Western corner of Raj Bhavan, and served as the Anglican Cathedral of Calcutta till 1847, when the see was transferred to St. Paul's Cathedral. Construction of the building, modelled on St Martin-in-the-Fields of London, started in 1784, with Rs 30,000 raised through a public lottery, and was completed in 1787. It is the third oldest church in the city, next to the Armenian and the Old Mission Church.

18th century scandals
One of the most notorious incidents of the latter part of the century was the trial and execution of Nanda Kumar, who had been the governor of Hugging in 1756. In 1764 he had been appointed collector of Burdwan in place of Warren Hastings, which resulted in a long-standing enmity between the two men. In 1775, when Hastings was Governor-General, Nanda Kumar brought accusations of corruption against him, accusing him of accepting bribes and other abuses of power. These were taken up with enthusiasm by Hastings' rivals on the Governor General's Council, led by Philip Francis. Whilst this matter was still awaiting investigation Nanda Kumar was indicted for forgery of a deed, condemned and executed. There was a strong suspicion that the charges had been invented by Hastings, and that he had put pressure on the judges to pass sentence of death. At this date it was far from clear whether or not English law applied in Calcutta, and it was extremely rare for the death penalty to be applied for forgery even in England. Furthermore, Nanda Kumar was a Brahman, and his hanging caused widespread dismay and outrage in Calcutta.

Warren Hastings and Sir Elijah Impey, the Chief Justice, were both impeached, and were accused by Edmund Burke and afterwards by Thomas Babington Macaulay of committing a judicial murder. Five years after this incident, in 1780, relations between Warren Hastings and Philip Francis deteriorated to such an extent that the two fought a duel in the grounds of Belvedere (now the National Library) on the road to the suburb of Alipore. Francis was severely wounded, but Hastings escaped unscathed.

Opium trade
After the territorial conquest of Bengal in 1757, the British East India Company pursued a monopoly on production and export of opium from India. The company bought opium from local traders and later directly from farmers, and sold it at auction in Calcutta. From there much of it was smuggled to Canton in China by foreign traders, eventually leading to the First Opium War (1839–1842).

Social and intellectual life in the 18th century
In 1772, Calcutta became the capital of British India, a decision made by Governor General Warren Hastings. On 29 January 1780, Hickey's Bengal Gazette or the Calcutta General Advertiser became the first newspaper to be printed in India, and is an invaluable chronicle of the social life of Anglo-Indian society in Calcutta. Contemporary memoirs such as those of William Hickey record the consumption of enormous meals, washed down by copious quantities of claret, port, madeira and other wines, followed by the smoking of Hookahs. After the death of his English wife Charlotte (who is buried in Park Street Cemetery), Hickey married a Bengali girl called Jemdanee, who died in childbirth in 1796, prompting him to write in his journal that "Thus did I lose as gentle and affectionately attached a girl as ever man was blessed with".

Such unions between Europeans, English, French and Portuguese, and local women, both Hindu and Muslim, were common throughout the 18th century in Calcutta, and are the origin of the city's substantial Anglo-Indian (or Eurasian) community today; by the early 19th century, however, increasing racial intolerance made marriages of this kind much rarer.

Calcutta's intellectual life received a great boost in 1784 with the foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal by Sir William Jones, with the encouragement of Warren Hastings, himself no mean Oriental scholar. Jones worked closely with the pandits of the Kalighat Temple, together with the local ulema, in translating and producing new editions of rare and forgotten texts. His study of Sanskrit with Pandit Ramlochan at Nadiya led him to posit the existence of the Indo-European family of languages. Many distinguished scholars, English and Bengali, such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke, James Prinsep and Pandit Radhakanta Sarman would grace the society's meetings and publications over the following century, vastly enriching knowledge of India's culture and past.

Calcutta saw the establishment of several different Western-style higher education institutions this period, including Sanskrit College (1824), Calcutta Medical College (1835), University of Calcutta (1857), Surendranath College (1885) and the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (1887), India's first research institute.

The Baboo/Babu culture and the Bengal renaissance
In the time of British India, Calcutta was "the second city of the British Empire" (after London) and was aptly renamed "City of Palaces" and the Great Eastern Hotel was regarded as the "Jewel of the East". Calcutta at that time was famous for its "Baboo culture", a mixture of English liberalism, European fin de siècle decadence, Mughal  conservatism, and indigenous revivalism, inculcating aspects of socio-moral and political change. This culture was fostered in its wake by the Zamindari system, the Dāyabhāga system, the Hindu joint family system, the Mitākṣarā system, the Muslim Zenana system, the Protestant spirit of free capitalist enterprise, the Mughal-inspired feudal system, and the Nautch. This also fostered the Bengal Renaissance, an awakening of modern liberal thinking in 19th century Bengal, and which gradually percolated to the rest of India.

Growth
In 1750, Calcutta had a population of 120,000. The centre of company control over the whole of Bengal from 1757, Calcutta underwent rapid industrial growth from the 1850s, especially in the textile sector, despite the poverty of the surrounding region. Trade with other nations also grew. For example, the first U.S. merchant ship arrived in Kolkata in 1787. In fact, the U.S. Consulate in Calcutta is the U.S. Department of State's second-oldest consulate and dates from 19 November 1792.

Despite being almost totally destroyed by a cyclone, in which 60,000 died, on 5 October 1864, Calcutta grew, mostly in an unplanned way, in the next 150 years from 117,000 to 1,098,000 inhabitants (including suburbs), and now has a metropolitan population of approximately 14.6 million.

Contribution to the independence movement of India
Historically, Calcutta was the centre of activity in the early stages of the national movement of independence. Exactly a hundred years after the fall of Bengal in the Battle of Plassey, Calcutta saw the beginning of what is often called the First Independence Movement of India. It is also just as often as not referred to as a War of Independence, and as one historian put it, "The so called First National War of Independence was neither First, nor National, nor a War of Independence". In the suburbs of Calcutta, at the Barrackpore military barracks, sepoy Mangal Pandey sparked off a huge revolt that shook the foundations of the British Empire. This movement is sometimes also called the Indian Mutiny, although recent evidence goes against using this name and suggests "The Revolt of 1857" as a better and less controversial choice.

In 1883, Surendranath Banerjea organised a national conference – the first of its kind in 19th century India. This conference heralded the birth of The Indian National Congress. The first native president of the Indian National Congress was Sir Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee and he was also the first Congress president to advocate self-rule by Indians, Sir Surendra Nath Banerjea (referred to by the British as "Surrender Not") were early eminent Calcuttans, who provoked and influenced nationalist thinking in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Other societies based on nationalist or religious thoughts were started, like the Hindu Mela. Revolutionary organisations like the Jugantar and the Anushilan Samiti were formed with the goal of using force against the British rulers. Among early nationalist leaders, the most prominent were Sri Aurobindo, Indira devi Chaudhurani, Bipin Chandra Pal. The early nationalists were inspired by Swami Vivekananda, the foremost disciple of the Hindu mystic Sri Ramakrishna and helped by Sister Nivedita, disciple of the former. The rousing cry that awakened India's soul was penned by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Now the national song of the nation, it is an ode to the land of Bharat (India) as the Divine Mother, "Vande Mataram".

The Elgin Road residence of Subhas Chandra Bose in Calcutta was the place from where he escaped the British to reach Germany during the Second World War. He was the co-founder of the Indian National Army and the head of state of the Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind, formed to counter and combat the British Raj in India. Renamed Netaji by poet laureate Rabindranath Tagore, he is regarded by many as perhaps the most prominent and influential freedom fighter in Indian history and is venerated in many Bengali households even today.

Muslims were also involved in the nationalist movement, most notably Fazl Huq who from Calcutta in the 1930s attempted to organise a non-communal peasant party to agitate against the British and the wealthy Indian landowning class. The fact that many of the Hindus in this latter group were linked to the local Congress organisation and dominated the mainstream nationalist movement in Bengal from Calcutta led to attempts to thwart Huq's activities and fed into the tragic decline in communal relations that savaged Calcutta in 1946 and 1947.

After independence
The intense violence caused during the partition of India led to a shift in demographics in Bengal, and especially Kolkata; large numbers of Muslims left for East Pakistan, while hundreds of thousands of Hindus arrived to take their place. Kolkata received millions of refugees from what became East Pakistan without receiving substantial assistance from the central government.

Over the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strife in labour relations (including strikes by workers and lockouts by employers) and a militant Marxist-Maoist movement who sometimes used violence and property destruction as tactics of protest – the Naxalites – damaged much of the city's infrastructure, leading to economic stagnation. (Ironically, this is the same city that has historically been a strong base of Indian communism: West Bengal was ruled by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) dominated Left Front for nearly three decades – the world's longest-running democratically elected communist government. ) In 1971, the war between India and Pakistan led to another massive influx of refugees from the former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), and their settling in Calcutta massively strained its already damaged infrastructure.

In the mid-1980s, Bombay overtook Calcutta as India's most populous city.

Calcutta became plagued by power outages, labor unrest, disappearing industry, and violence from the Naxalite movement. In 1985 Rajiv Gandhi referred to Calcutta as a "dying city" because of the social and political traumas.

The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s. Since 2000, information technology (IT) services revitalized the city's stagnant economy. The city has also experienced a growth in the manufacturing sector. Following similar moves elsewhere in the country, the state government changed the city's official name from Calcutta to Kolkata in 2001.

title: History of Kolkata


text:
List of people from Kolkata

List of notable people from Kolkata. Kolkata has been regarded as the cultural capital of India.

Poets and writers
• Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay

• Suchitra Bhattacharya

• Sukanta Bhattacharya

• Buddhadev Bose

• Amiya Chakravarty

• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

• Shakti Chattopadhyay

• Nirad C. Chaudhuri

• Pramatha Chowdhury

• Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury

• Dinesh Das

• Jibanananda Das

• Henry Louis Vivian Derozio

• Bishnu Dey

• Michael Madhusudan Dutta

• Satyendranath Dutta

• Sudhindranath Dutta

• Sunil Gangopadhyay

• Joy Goswami

• Amelia Horne

• Kaji Nazrul Islam

• Sisir Kumar Maitra

• Arun Mukherjee, playwright and actor

• Binoy Majumdar

• Mohitolal Majumdar

• Samaresh Majumdar (b.1944)

• Arun Mitra

• Dinabandhu Mitra

• Premendra Mitra

• Dhan Gopal Mukerji

• Subhas Mukhopadhyay

• Purnendu Patri

• Christopher Raja

• Annada Shankar Ray

• Dwijendralal Ray

• Tarapada Ray

• Sukumar Ray

• Samar Sen

• Syed Mujtaba Ali

• S Wajid Ali

• Badal Sircar, dramatist and theatre director

• Rabindranath Tagore, 1st non-European to win a Nobel Prize

• Shobhanasundari Mukhopadhyay, Shovana Devi Tagore, folklorist

• Mimi Mondal, First Indian English writer who nominated for Hugo Award.

• Srijato

• Jaydeep Sarangi, English poet (also writes in Bangla) with nine collections

Philosophers and religious teachers
The most famous religious figure of Kolkata is Mother Teresa. Others are (in order of surname):

 * Bhakti Hridaya Bon (1901—1982)
 * Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami (1898—1968)
 * Rajendra Pillai (1968-)
 * A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1896—1977), founder of ISKCON.
 * Ramakrishna (1836—1886)
 * Ram Mohan Roy (1772—1833)
 * Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati (1874—1837), founder of Gaudiya Math.
 * Keshab Chandra Sen (1838—1884)
 * Debendranath Tagore (1817—1905)
 * Bhaktivinoda Thakur (1838—1914)
 * Swami Vivekananda (1863—1902)

Scientists
List in order of surname.

 * James Atkinson (1780—1852), surgeon, artist and Persian scholar
 * R. D. Banerji, archeologist
 * Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858—1937), Bengali polymath, physicist, biologist, biophysicist, botanist and archaeologist
 * Upendranath Brahmachari
 * Asima Chatterjee (1917—2006), chemist
 * Debendra Mohan Bose (1875—1975), physicist
 * Satyendra Nath Bose (1894—1974), physicist and polymath from Bengal
 * Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay (1890—1977), Bengali linguist
 * Krishnendu Chaudhury, computer scientist
 * Barun De (1932—2013), historian
 * Brajendranath De (1852—1932), Indian civil servant and orientalist
 * Anil Kumar Gain (1919—1978), mathematician and statistician.
 * J.B.S. Haldane (1892—1964), British-Indian scientist, known for his work in the study of physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and mathematics
 * Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (1893—1972), Bengali scientist and applied statistician
 * R.C. Majumdar (1884—1980), historian
 * P. J. Marshall (b. 1933), historian
 * Ujjwal Maulik (b. 1965), computer scientist
 * Subhash Mukhopadhyay (1931—1981), physician
 * Sisir Kumar Mitra (1890—1963), physicist
 * Rajat Kanta Ray, historian
 * Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri (1923—2005), physicist, known for his research in general relativity and cosmology
 * Tapan Raychaudhuri (1926—2014), historian
 * C. R. Rao (1920–2023), mathematician and statistician
 * Prafulla Chandra Roy (1861—1944), Bengali chemist, educationist, historian, industrialist and philanthropist
 * Meghnad Saha (1893—1956), astrophysicist
 * Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1870—1958), historian
 * Sumit Sarkar (b. 1939), historian
 * Susobhan Sarkar (1900—1982), historian
 * Tapan Kumar Sarkar (1948—2021), electrical engineer
 * Ashoke Sen (b. 1956), theoretical physicist
 * Bikas K Chakrabarti (b. 1952), theoretical physicist & econophysicist
 * Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (b. 1968), computer scientist
 * Sukumar Sen (linguist) historian of Bengali literature

Gallantry Awards winners
Ashoka Chakra

 * Flight Lieutenant Suhas Biswas

Maha Vir Chakra

 * Squadron Leader Madhavendra Banerji

Bankers and business people

 * Amar Kumar Bera
 * P. C. Bhattacharya, 7th Governor, Reserve Bank of India
 * Aditya Vikram Birla
 * Rama Prasad Goenka (RPG Group)
 * Sanjiv Goenka
 * Chandra Shekhar Ghosh (founder of Bandhan Bank)
 * Radhe Shyam Agarwal
 * Radhe Shyam Goenka
 * Rajat Gupta (b. 1948)
 * Nalini Ranjan Sarkar
 * Mati Lall Seal
 * Ellis Jacob (founder of Cineplex Entertainment)
 * Tiny Rowland (chairman of Lonrho from 1962 to 1993)
 * Prannoy Roy (b.1949)

Freedom fighters

 * Sri Aurobindo
 * Benoy Basu
 * Khudiram Bose
 * Rash Behari Bose
 * Subhas Chandra Bose
 * Jogesh Chandra Chattopadhyay
 * Chittaranjan Das
 * Jatindra Nath Das
 * Bagha Jatin
 * Badal Gupta
 * Dinesh Gupta
 * Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
 * Bipin Chandra Pal
 * Sudhamoy Pramanick
 * Bidhan Chandra Roy
 * Ashoke Kumar Sen
 * Matangini Hazra
 * Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
 * Sisir Kumar Ghosh
 * Rabindranath Tagore
 * Rani Rashmani
 * Swami Vivekananda

Artists
• Gerry Judah

• Jamini Roy

• Sudip Roy

• Paritosh Sen

• Paresh Maity

• Anil Kumar Dutta

• Jogen Chowdhury

• Samir Roychoudhury

• Sukanta Basu

• Shanu Lahiri

• Ganesh Pyne

• Devajyoti Ray

• William Laidlay

Directors
Satyajit Ray, who won the Oscar for Lifetime Achievement in 1992, lived in Kolkata and is considered among the greatest directors of film history.

Other notable filmmakers from Kolkata include:

 * Nitin Bose
 * Buddhadeb Dasgupta
 * Anik Dutta
 * Kaushik Ganguly
 * Ritwik Ghatak
 * Gautam Ghose
 * Rituparno Ghosh
 * Hrishikesh Mukherjee
 * Srijit Mukherji
 * Shiboprosad Mukherjee
 * Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury
 * Tapan Sinha
 * Aparna Sen
 * Mrinal Sen

Cinema actors

 * Uttam Kumar
 * Utpal Dutt
 * Guru Dutt
 * Ashok Kumar
 * Keshto Mukherji
 * Soumitra Chatterjee
 * Sabyasachi Chakrabarty
 * Koushik Sen
 * Dhritiman Chaterji
 * Tapen Chatterjee
 * Rabi Ghosh
 * Barun Chanda
 * Pahari Sanyal
 * N. Viswanathan
 * Chhabi Biswas
 * Karuna Bannerjee
 * Anil Chatterjee
 * Subir Banerjee
 * Roopa Ganguly
 * Uma Dasgupta
 * Saswata Chatterjee
 * Tarun Kumar
 * Anup Kumar
 * Ashok Kumar
 * Bhanu Bandopadhyay
 * Biswajit Chatterjee
 * Prosenjit Chatterjee
 * Jahor Roy
 * Kanan Devi
 * Sagarika Mukherjee
 * Swastika Mukherjee
 * Razzak
 * Dev, MP, actor and film producer
 * Jeet
 * Ruma Guha Thakurta
 * Ranjit Mallick
 * Mirza Abbas Ali
 * Suchitra Sen
 * Sharmila Tagore
 * Aparna Sen
 * Sushmita Sen
 * Moonmoon Sen
 * Riya Sen
 * Raima Sen
 * Reema Sen
 * Omar Sani
 * Victor Banerjee
 * Parambrata Chatterjee
 * Konkona Sen Sharma
 * Varsha Ashwathi
 * Abhishek Chatterjee
 * Tathagata Mukherjee
 * Monali Thakur, singer and actress
 * Ankush Hazra
 * Yash Dasgupta
 * Bonny Sengupta
 * Nusrat Jahan, MP and actress
 * Mimi Chakraborty, MP and actress
 * Anirban Bhattacharya
 * Sayani Gupta
 * Sayak Chakraborty

Theatre figures

 * Rudraprasad Sengupta, actor and director
 * Sambhu Mitra, actor and director
 * Girishchandra Ghosh father of Bengali theatre
 * Chitra Sen
 * Koushik Sen

Photographers

 * Benu Sen
 * Sunil Das
 * Sunil Janah

Composers

 * Jeet Ganguly
 * Kabir Suman
 * Salil Chowdhury
 * Rahul Dev Burman
 * Shashi Preetam
 * Sachin Dev Burman
 * Bappi Lahiri
 * Shantanu Moitra
 * Pritam
 * Hemanta Mukhopadhyay
 * Nachiketa Ghosh
 * Sudhin Dasgupta
 * Anupam Roy
 * Anjan Dutt
 * Jaimin Rajani
 * Pankaj Mullick
 * Anil Biswas
 * Nachiketa Ghosh
 * Shyamal Mitra

Hindustani classical singers/maestros

 * Ustad Allauddin Khan
 * Ustad Ali Akbar Khan
 * Pandit Ravi Shankar
 * Ananda Shankar
 * Ustad Vilayat Khan
 * Pandit Jasraj
 * Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
 * Pandit Bhimsen Joshi
 * Rashid Khan
 * Naina Devi
 * Pandit Nikhil Banerjee
 * Ustad Amjad Ali Khan
 * Ustad Bahadur Khan
 * Pandit Ajoy Chakraborty
 * Anjan Chattopadhyay

Hindustani classical instrumentalists

 * Jyoti Goho
 * Sourabh Goho

Other singers

 * Dwijendra Lal Roy
 * Suprakash Chaki
 * K. C. Dey
 * Gauhar Jan
 * Pankaj Mullick
 * Kanan Devi
 * Kanika Bandyopadhyay
 * Suchitra Mitra
 * Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay
 * Manabendra Mukhopadhyay
 * Manna Dey
 * Kishore Kumar
 * Sandhya Mukhopadhyay
 * Debabrata Biswas
 * Begum Akhtar
 * Usha Uthup
 * Indrani Sen
 * Ruma Guha Thakurta
 * Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta
 * Suman Chatterjee
 * Sachin Dev Burman
 * Anjan Dutt
 * Rupam Islam
 * Prashant Tamang
 * Shayan Chowdhury Arnob

Contemporary Bollywood musicians

 * Abhijeet Bhattacharya, playback singer
 * Anupam Roy (b.1982), singer-songwriter
 * Alka Yagnik (b. 1966), playback singer
 * Arijit Singh (b. 1987), singer, music producer, recordist and music programmer
 * Babul Supriyo (b. 1970), playback singer, live performer, television host, actor and politician
 * Kumar Sanu (b. 1957), playback singer
 * Pritam (b. 1971)
 * Sagarika (b. 1970), playback singer and actress
 * Shreya Ghoshal (b. 1984), playback singer
 * Shaan (b. 1972), playback singer and actor

Dancers
Prominent dancers of the city include:
 * Uday Shankar and his wife Amala Shankar
 * Mamata Shankar
 * Tanushree Shankar
 * Ananda Shankar
 * Sadhana Bose
 * Sharmila Biswas
 * Shila Mehta, classical dance artist, choreographer, teacher, and composer
 * Rani Karnaa
 * Rajeswari Vaidyanathan, Tedx Speaker, trainer, performer and choreographer

Magicians
Kolkata is the magic capital of India and has produced internationally famous magicians and performers, including:
 * P.C. Sorcar
 * P.C. Sorcar, Jr.
 * P.C. Sorcar, Young

Sports

 * Norman Pritchard, track and field, Olympic medallist (1900)
 * Richard James Allen, hockey, Olympic(1928, 1932, 1936)
 * Leslie Claudius, hockey, Olympic medallist (1924, 1928, 1936)
 * Gurbux Singh, hockey, Olympic medallist (1964, 1968)
 * Vece Paes, hockey, Olympic medallist (1980)
 * Leander Paes, tennis, Olympic medallist (1996)
 * Sourav Ganguly, cricketer, former India national cricket team's captain, sports administrator, former BCCI president
 * Chhanda Gayen, mountaineer, first Bengali woman to summit Mount Everest
 * Pankaj Roy, cricketer
 * Laxmi Ratan Shukla, cricketer
 * Deep Dasgupta, cricketer
 * Rohan Gavaskar, cricketer (son of Sunil Gavaskar)
 * Manoj Tiwary, cricketer
 * Ashok Dinda, cricketer
 * Wriddhiman Saha, cricketer
 * Mohammed Shami, cricketer
 * Len Stubbs, former cricketer
 * Chuni Goswami, footballer
 * Gautam Sarkar, footballer
 * Shailen Manna, footballer, former India national football team's captain (guided India to Gold medal in 1951 Asiad)
 * Pradip Kumar Banerjee, footballer
 * Krishanu Dey, footballer
 * Sudip Chatterjee, footballer
 * Subrata Pal, footballer
 * Subhasish Roy Chowdhury, footballer
 * Syed Rahim Nabi, footballer
 * Mehtab Hossain, footballer
 * Arnab Mondal, footballer
 * Pronay Halder, footballer
 * Pritam Kotal, footballer
 * Narayan Das, footballer
 * Subhasish Bose, footballer
 * Mihir Sen, record swimmer
 * Jyotirmoyee Sikdar, track and field
 * Arjun Atwal, golfer
 * Surya Shekhar Ganguly, chess grandmaster
 * Dibyendu Barua, chess grandmaster
 * Sandipan Chanda, chess grandmaster
 * Deep Sengupta, chess grandmaster
 * Gobar Guha, wrestler
 * Manohar Aich, body builder, Mr. Universe 1952
 * Dipu Ghosh, badminton, Arjuna Award
 * Saurav Ghosal, squash player
 * Jaidip Mukerjea, tennis player
 * Jagmohan Dalmiya, sports administrator
 * Pankaj Gupta, sports administrator
 * John Holman, cricketer
 * William Laidlay, cricketer
 * Hira Mondal, Footballer

Nobel laureates
Six Nobel Prize winners have been associated with Kolkata:
 * Sir Ronald Ross (1857—1932) — medicine, 1902
 * Rabindranath Tagore (1861—1941) — literature, 1913; first Asian to win the Nobel Prize
 * Mother Teresa (1910—1997) — peace, 1979
 * Amartya Sen (b. 1933) — economics, 1998
 * Abhijit Banerjee (b. 1961) - economics, 2019
 * CV Raman - physics

Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
The Ramon Magsaysay Award, sometimes called "Asia's Nobel Prize", is given "to perpetuate his example of integrity in government, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society." Kolkata winners include:

 * Mother Teresa (1910—1997) — Peace and International Understanding, 1962
 * Satyajit Ray (1921—1992) — Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts, 1967
 * Gour Kishore Ghosh (1923—2000) — Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts, 1981
 * Mahasweta Devi (1926—2016) — Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts, 1997

Others

 * Samik Bandyopadhyay (b.1940), critic of Indian art, theatre and film
 * Tanmoy Bhattacharya (b. 1958), politician
 * William Carey (1761—1834), missioner and reformer
 * Laksmikanta Roy Choudhury (1570—1649), Brahmin scholar, social and political figure
 * Alexander Duff (1806—1878), missioner and reformer
 * Manny Elias (b. 1953), drummer, record producer, original drummer of the Tears for Fears
 * David Hare (1775—1842), philanthropist and founder of many important and prestigious educational institutions of Kolkata
 * Mohit Kumar (b. 1992), fashion model and influencer
 * Rajendra Prasad (1884—1963), politician, the first President of India (from 1950 to 1962)
 * Romita Ray (b. 1970), art historian
 * Radhika Roy (b.1948), journalist
 * Gayatri Chakravorty Spiv (b. 1942), scholar, literary theorist, and feminist critic
 * Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820—1891), philosopher, academic, writer, translator, entrepreneur, social reformer and philanthropist; key figure of the Bengal Renaissance

title: List of people from Kolkata