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Constitution Avenue

Constitution Avenue is a major east–west street in the northwest and northeast quadrants of the city of Washington, D.C., in the United States. It was originally known as B Street, and its western section was greatly lengthened and widened between 1925 and 1933. It received its current name on February 26, 1931, though it was almost named Jefferson Avenue in honor of Thomas Jefferson.

Constitution Avenue's western half defines the northern border of the National Mall and extends from the United States Capitol to the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. Its eastern half runs through the neighborhoods of Capitol Hill and Kingman Park before it terminates at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium. Many federal departmental headquarters, memorials, and museums line Constitution Avenue's western segment.

Creating B Street
When the District of Columbia was founded in 1790, the Potomac River was much wider than it currently is, and a major tidal estuary known as Tiber Creek flowed roughly from 6th Street NW to the shore of the river just south of the White House. In Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's original plan for the city in 1791, B Street NW began at 6th Street NW, and ended at the river's edge at 15th Street NW. Its eastern segment, which was unimpeded by any water obstacles, ran straight to the Eastern Branch River, now known as the Anacostia River. Along its entire length, B Street was 60 ft wide.

L'Enfant proposed turning Tiber Creek into a canal. His plan included cutting a new canal south across the western side of the United States Capitol grounds and converting James Creek, which ran from the Capitol south-southwest through the city, into the canal's southern leg. The Washington Canal Company was incorporated in 1802, and after several false starts, substantial work began in 1810. The Washington City Canal began operation in 1815. The canal suffered from maintenance problems and economic competition almost immediately. Traffic on the canal was adversely affected by tidal forces, which the builders had not accounted for, which deposited large amounts of sediment in the canal. At low tide, portions of the canal were almost dry. After the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad built Washington Branch into the city in 1835, competition from railroads left the canal economically unviable.

Although the Washington City Canal remained in use after the coming of the railroad, by 1855, it had filled with silt and debris to the point where it was no longer functional. It remained in this condition throughout the 1860s. In 1871, Congress abolished the elected mayor and bicameral legislature of the District of Columbia, and established a territorial government. Territorial government only lasted until 1874, when Congress imposed an appointed three-member commission on the city. During this period, the D.C. Board of Public Works enclosed the canal and turned it into a sewer. B Street NW from 15th Street to Virginia Avenue NW was constructed on top of it. Work began in October 1871 and was completed in December 1873.

After terrible flooding inundated much of downtown Washington, D.C., in 1881, Congress ordered the United States Army Corps of Engineers to dredge a deep channel in the Potomac to lessen the chance of flooding. Congress also ordered that the dredged material be used to fill in what remained of the Tiber Creek estuary and build up much of the land near the White House and along Pennsylvania Avenue NW by nearly 6 ft to form a kind of levee. This "reclaimed land" — which today includes West Potomac Park, East Potomac Park, the Tidal Basin — was largely complete by 1890 and designated Potomac Park by Congress in 1897. Congress first appropriated money for the beautification of the reclaimed land in 1902, which led to the planting of sod, bushes, and trees; grading and paving of sidewalks, bridle paths, and driveways; and the installation of water, drainage, and sewage pipes.

B Street NW extended through the newly created West Potomac Park between Virginia Avenue NW and 23rd Street NW. However, since this area was considered parkland, the street narrowed to just 40 ft in width.

B Street NW as part of the Arlington Memorial Bridge
On March 4, 1913, Congress created the Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission (AMBC), whose purpose was to design and build a bridge somewhere in West Potomac Park that would link the city to Arlington National Cemetery. But Congress appropriated no money for the design or construction due to the onset of World War I. But after President Warren G. Harding was trapped in a three-hour traffic jam on the Highway Bridge while on his way to dedicate the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on November 11, 1921, Harding began pushing Congress to move on constructing a new bridge. Congress approved funding for design work on June 12, 1922, and authorized construction of the Arlington Memorial Bridge on February 24, 1925.

The 1925 legislation specified that B Street NW be treated as a major approach to Arlington Memorial Bridge.

Several design problems presented themselves. The first was how to turn B Street NW into a ceremonial gateway. The second was how to link B Street NW with the bridge. This second problem was significant because the Lincoln Memorial stood at the northeastern terminus of the proposed bridge. Third, the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway was being designed to terminate at the Lincoln Memorial as well. The parkway would also interact with the B Street approaches to the bridge.

Additionally, three agencies had design approval for the bridge. The first was the AMBC, which was building it. The second was the National Capital Parks Commission (NCPC), which had statutory authority to approve federal transportation construction in the city. The third was the United States Commission of Fine Arts (CFA), which had to approve any memorial design. Since the bridge was considered a memorial, it also had to pass CFA muster.

Connecting, extending, and widening B Street NW
In April 1924, the Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission proposed extending B Street to the U.S. Capitol as part of the plan to turn the street into a major thoroughfare. The NCPC inspected B Street in June 1926, and in August, made a preliminary determination that the street should be widened to 72 ft between the Potomac River and Virginia Avenue NW. This would be accomplished by moving the south curb south by 20 ft and the north curb north by 12 ft. However, once the street went past Virginia Avenue NW, the NCPC determined that the north curb should not be moved. In September 1926, the NCPC approved widening B Street to 80 ft between 6th and 15th Streets NW (by moving the south curb south). This decision was reaffirmed by a joint meeting of the NCPC and the Office of the Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury (which was overseeing the construction of the Federal Triangle office complex on the north side of B Street between 6th and 15th Streets NW). The NCPC agreed in February 1927 that B Street should extend to Pennsylvania Avenue NW and was studying whether to extend it through the proposed Senate Park.

Architect William Mitchell Kendall proposed creating a traffic circle around the Lincoln Memorial to accommodate the bridge, B Street approach, parkway approach, and Ohio Drive SW approach. The AMBC was dissatisfied with Kendall's design, however, and ordered a major restudy of the B Street connection in December 1926.

In May 1927, Kendall presented a revised design for the B Street approach to the Lincoln Memorial traffic circle. The NCPC, concerned with the impending construction of Federal Triangle, worried that a traffic circle would not only fail to accommodate the expected increase in traffic volume but also impair the dignity of the memorial as large numbers of fast-moving automobiles whizzed around it. CFA members disagreed. For example, CFA member James Leal Greenleaf argued that the traffic issue was a red herring; future new bridges over the Potomac would completely alleviate all traffic issues within 50 years, he said.

By September 1927, the NCPC's vision for B Street had expanded. The agency saw B Street not just as a gateway but as one of the city's great parade avenues, similar to Pennsylvania Avenue NW.

Connecting B Streets NW and NE
B Street's renewal soon became caught up in the creation of Senate Park north of the United States Capitol building. This area, which today is bounded by Louisiana Avenue NW, Columbus Circle, 1st Street NE, and Constitution Avenue NE/NW, was home to several dilapidated office buildings and hotels. But beginning in 1910, Congress started to acquire entire city blocks in this area, with the intent of building an underground parking garage and creating a park between the Capitol and Washington Union Station, which opened in 1908. The question confronting the AMBC and NCPC was whether B Street should continue east through this area to connect with B Street NE or end at Pennsylvania Avenue NW.

To help plan and develop this area, on April 6, 1928, Congress enacted legislation establishing the Capitol Plaza Commission. On April 19, the Capitol Plaza Commission issued its first preliminary plan for Senate Park. This plan assumed B Street would extend through the park.

In February 1929, the D.C. Department of Roads and Highways finalized its engineering plans to widen B Street NW from 26th Street NW to Pennsylvania Avenue NW. But these plans needed approval of the NCPC as well as funding from Congress. The NCPC discussed the street widening at its March 9 meeting. It made a site visit along the roadway to see how different widths would affect the vista and the grandeur of the planned avenue. The commission agreed that B Street should be extended eastward at least to 3rd Street NW and that building setbacks should be a minimum of 55 ft along the avenue. But the width of the avenue remained in dispute. Tentatively, the NCPC approved a width of 80 ft between Pennsylvania Avenue NW and Virginia Avenue NW, and 72 ft from Virginia Avenue NW to the Potomac River. It also said that the avenue should be no wider than 72 ft from Pennsylvania Avenue NW to 3rd Street NW.

B Street's new name: Constitution Avenue
As the nature of the B Street project became apparent, there were calls to rename the street. In early 1930, legislation was introduced in the House of Representatives to rename the road L'Enfant Avenue. City officials opposed the name, however, advocating instead for Lincoln or Washington Avenue. Representative Henry Allen Cooper of Wisconsin subsequently introduced legislation in June 1930 to rename the street Constitution Avenue. This proposal met with strong approval from the city. Although the House initially rejected the name, the legislation passed both the House and Senate in the second session of the 71st United States Congress. President Herbert Hoover signed the legislation into law on February 25, 1931.

The Corps of Engineers realized in the spring of 1930 that no provision had been made for the terminus of B Street. Because this was merely a matter of adding a small traffic circle on the Potomac shoreline and creating a small terrace there, cost-savings elsewhere could provide the funding for the terminus without requiring additional authorization or appropriation from Congress. The Corps contracted North Carolina Granite Co. to provide granite for this terrace. Nearly all this granite had arrived by the end of June 1930.

Widening of Constitution Avenue
The city proposed a budget to Congress in May 1930 that included funds to widen B Street NW between 14th and 17th Streets NW. The federal government should pay for 40 percent of the cost of this three-block widening, the city said. When this legislation did not pass during the second session of the 71st Congress, the city proposed in December 1930 a similar funding formula but asked to widen B Street from 14th Street NW to Virginia Avenue. This time, Congress approved the legislation.

Widening of what was now called Constitution Avenue NW began at the end of February 1931, with the city finalizing its engineering plans. The city commissioners ordered the $168,500 widening project to begin on May 13, 1931. A small memorial column, marking the point at which water reached inland during the terrible 1889 Potomac River flood, was moved because of the street widening. The CFA, meanwhile, began to study ways to harmonize the treatment of Constitution Avenue NW, the Lincoln Memorial Grounds, and the Arlington Memorial Bridge.

By March 1932, additional funding to complete the widening of Constitution Avenue NW and extend it through Senate Park was still needed. But the House of Representatives declined to approve funding in April 1932.

Funding for this part of the project did not come through until December 1932, when Congress ordered $55,200 transferred from the AMBC budget to the city coffers for this construction. The city came up with another $82,100 to finance its portion of the costs. As part of the funding agreement, the city said it would build only a 72 ft wide street between North Capitol Street and 1st Street NW, an 80 ft wide street between 1st and 2nd Streets NW, and an 80 ft wide street between Pennsylvania Avenue NW and 6th Street NW. But a difficult decision about how to link the two sections of Constitution Avenue NW between 3rd and 6th Streets NW remained. Pennsylvania Avenue NW cut diagonally northwest-to-southeast through these three city blocks, and it was not readily apparent how to handle the crossing so that Constitution Avenue traffic could turn right and left from either direction. The section of the roadway between 6th and 14th Streets NW also remained to be widened. But with the Great Depression worsening, highway construction funds were minimal.

Completing the widening of Constitution Avenue NW
Franklin D. Roosevelt took office as President of the United States in March 1933. Convinced that massive federal spending on public works was essential not only to "prime the pump" of the economy but also to cut unemployment, Roosevelt proposed passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The act contained $6 billion in public works spending, which included $400 million for road, bridge, and highway construction. With the act's passage moving forward swiftly, D.C. officials asked Congress on June 12 for the funds to finish widening Constitution Avenue NW. The act passed on June 13, 1933, and Roosevelt signed it into law on June 16. The Public Works Administration (PWA) was immediately established to disburse the funds appropriated by the act. The District of Columbia received a $1.9 million grant for road and bridge construction, and the city said on July 8 it would use a portion of these funds to finish Constitution Avenue. Construction on the $200,000 project was scheduled to begin at the end of August 1933 and employ 150 men.

Part of the PWA grant included funds to complete John Marshall Park at the intersection of 4th Street NW and Pennsylvania Avenue NW. Along with the park's construction, the city finally linked the two ends of Constitution Avenue by turning the western section slightly northward and the eastern section slightly southward. The one-block section of Pennsylvania Avenue NW between 4th and 5th Streets was renamed Constitution Avenue (leaving Pennsylvania Avenue no longer contiguous). To control these two intersections, 10 traffic signals (some of the first to be installed in downtown D.C.) were placed at these intersections. The intersection opened on August 17, 1933.

The lack of uniform width along Constitution Avenue proved problematic. With little fanfare, the city began widening the entire roadway to 80 ft. In September 1933, the city received the first disbursement of revenue from the federal gasoline tax. This tax was imposed in the Revenue Act of June 1932. The city used $30,494 in PWA grant money and $45,741 in federal gas tax revenue to widen Constitution Avenue to the full width between North Capitol Street and 2d Street NW. This project, which occurred in conjunction with the clearance of Upper Senate Park, began in late September 1933.

City officials also asked the CFA to approve the widening of Constitution Avenue to the full width between Virginia Avenue NW and the Potomac River. The CFA quickly approved the project. Paving of the fully widened street began in October 1933 and continued in November. In December, the avenue neared completion with the installation of traffic lights between 6th and 15th Streets NW.

Constitution Avenue terminus
The western terminus of Constitution Avenue is the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge; thus, Constitution Avenue connects the city's ceremonial core with Interstate 66. The eastern terminus is at 21st Street NE, just west of Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium. Through traffic is diverted via North Carolina Avenue NE and C Street NE to the Whitney Young Memorial Bridge.

Route numbers
Between Louisiana Avenue and Interstate 66, Constitution Avenue is part of the National Highway System.

Sections of Constitution Avenue are designated U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 50, or both. Specifically, U.S. 50 runs along the road from its west end to 6th Street NW (eastbound) and 9th Street NW (westbound). U.S. 1 northbound uses the eastbound lanes of Constitution Avenue NW from 14th Street NW to 6th Street NW; southbound U.S. 1 used to run west from 9th Street NW to 15th Street NW but now continues straight through the 9th Street Tunnel to I-395.

Locations of interest along Constitution Avenue
Many important buildings and attractions border Constitution Avenue NW. In the west are several independent federal agencies and institutes, as well as the headquarters of several significant associations. These buildings include the United States Institute of Peace Headquarters, the American Institute of Pharmacy, the National Academy of Sciences, the Federal Reserve, the Department of the Interior, and the Organization of American States. The Ellipse, part of the grounds of the President's Park (which includes the White House), also borders the north side of Constitution Avenue NW and forms the boundary between the western and eastern segments of this part of the street. To the east on the north side is Federal Triangle, which contains the headquarters of many federal agencies. These include the Department of Commerce, Department of Justice, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Trade Commission, Internal Revenue Service, and National Archives. The Embassy of Canada and John Marshall Park are located further east of Federal Triangle. Once past Pennsylvania Avenue NW, the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse, George Gordon Meade Memorial, and Department of Labor headquarters, and Senate Park border the north side of the avenue.

On its south side, Constitution Avenue NW is bordered by several monuments and museums. These include the Lincoln Memorial, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Constitution Gardens, and the grounds of the Washington Monument. The relocated U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts are at Constitution Avenue NW and 15th Street NW. East of the grounds of the Washington Monument are several museums: the National Museum of African American History and Culture (under construction as of 2013), the National Museum of American History, the National Museum of Natural History, National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden, and the National Gallery of Art. Once past the National Gallery of Art, the ground of the United States Capitol borders the south side of the avenue.

The north side of Constitution Avenue NE features the Russell, Dirksen, and Hart Senate office buildings. The roadway passes through the Capitol Hill and Kingman Park neighborhoods, and on its south side is bordered by the football stadium of Eastern High School between 17th and 19th Streets NE.

title: Constitution Avenue


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Kensington-Malpeque

Kensington-Malpeque is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada.

Members
The riding has elected the following members of the Legislative Assembly:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kensington-Malpeque


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Knights Stadium

Knights Stadium was a baseball stadium which served as the home of the International League's Charlotte Knights from 1990 to 2013 and had a capacity of 10,002. The park was located across the state line from Charlotte, North Carolina, in Fort Mill, South Carolina. The stadium closed at the end of the 2013 season and the Knights moved to Truist Field in uptown Charlotte for the 2014 season.

Knights Stadium was easily accessible from Interstate 77. Exit 88 (Gold Hill Road) connects the expressway with the stadium. Near the stadium is a water tower painted to resemble a baseball on a tee, which can be seen from Interstate 77 and remains painted in that pattern as of the summer of 2023.

History
The stadium was built to Major League Baseball specifications to be used should Charlotte land a major league team. It was designed to expand to 40,000 seats by completely or partially enclosing the outfield.

During construction, the Knights, then a member of the Class AA Southern League, played in an 8,000-seat temporary stadium known as Knights Castle. The present stadium was originally known as Knights Castle, but was renamed to Knights Stadium in the late 1990s. The stadium was still known among Charlotteans as The Castle.

On July 13, 1992, the ballpark hosted the Double-A All-Star Game in which a team of American League-affiliated All-Stars defeated a team of National League-affiliated All-Stars, 4–3, before 4,009 people in attendance.

The venue hosted the 1997 and 1998 Big South Conference baseball tournaments, won by UNC Greensboro and Liberty, respectively. It also hosted the 2000 and 2001 Atlantic Coast Conference baseball tournaments, won by Georgia Tech and Wake Forest, respectively.

On July 4, 2007, a franchise record 15,427 fans attended the game between the Knights and the Durham Bulls. This would be the exception rather than the norm for much of the new millennium, which saw sagging attendance. The stadium was located 20 minutes south of Charlotte, and many fans were reluctant to brave traffic on Interstate 77 to get there.

The stadium hosted its last Knights game on September 2, 2013, a 4–0 Knights victory over the Gwinnett Braves. After the game, several longtime employees dug up home plate and each of the bases and presented them to team mascot Homer the Dragon. Homer then saluted Knights Stadium one last time, and boarded a helicopter bound for Uptown Charlotte and BB&T Ballpark. In June 2014, York County sold the land to Cato Corporation, a Charlotte-based retailer of women's fashions and accessories. The contract Cato signed permits them to use the land for any industrial, commercial or residential purpose. The stadium was demolished in early 2015.

title: Knights Stadium


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Durham Bulls Athletic Park

Durham Bulls Athletic Park (DBAP, pronounced "d-bap") is a 10,000-seat ballpark in Durham, North Carolina, that is home to the Durham Bulls, the Triple-A affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball. It is also home to the Duke Blue Devils and North Carolina Central Eagles college baseball teams. The $18.5-million park opened in 1995 as the successor to Durham Athletic Park.

History
The ballpark was designed by HOK Sport (now Populous), who also designed Camden Yards in Baltimore, Progressive Field in Cleveland, and Coors Field in Colorado as part of the "new" old-stadium-like movement of the 1990s. The Freelon Group, responsible for designing numerous buildings around North Carolina, also participated in the design. The Bulls began playing at the DBAP in 1995 when the team played in the Class A Advanced Carolina League. In 1998, Durham moved up to the Triple-A level, causing the DBAP to be expanded to 10,000 seats. The first Triple-A game was played on April 16, 1998.

A roof covers approximately 2,500 seats behind home plate and down both the first and third base lines to the end of each dugout. All seats at the DBAP are extra wide with seat backs, extra leg room and over 95% of the seats have cup holders. The stadium was designed and built so that every seat gives fans a great view of the field with an intimate ballpark feel. Durham Bulls Athletic Park is located in downtown Durham and can be accessed from the Durham Freeway. The ballpark reflects many characteristics of old-time parks and the historic downtown Durham architecture.

Following a playoff game on September 6, 2007, the playing surface was named Goodmon Field, in honor of Jim Goodmon, owner of the Durham Bulls and CEO of Capitol Broadcasting.

On August 30, 2011, Triple-A Baseball announced that Durham Bulls Athletic Park would be the host site of the 2012 Triple-A National Championship Game on Tuesday, September 18, 2012. The Triple-A National Championship Game pits the winner of the International League's Governors' Cup against the Pacific Coast League Champions in a one-game, winner take all championship. The Bulls were the first International League team to host this annual game. The game was projected to bring in $2.5 million just for the city of Durham with another $2 million for the adjacent cities (including Raleigh). The game itself saw Reno of the PCL win an easy 10-3 victory over Pawtuckett of the IL. On June 15, 2019, the DBAP set a new paid attendance record with 12,000 attending a game versus the Scranton /Wilkes-Barre RailRiders.

The Blue Monster
The ballpark's left-field fence is a 32 ft wall, 305 ft from home plate, known as the Blue Monster. It resembles Fenway Park's Green Monster, including a manual scoreboard. Original plans called for a wall 8 feet high, however, due to the park's dimensions conflicting with a nearby road designers shortened left field by several feet. As a result, the wall ended up being 24 feet tall. The wall reached its current height in 1998. The club introduced a furry "Blue Monster" mascot during the 2007 season who now shares mascot duties with "Wool E. Bull" and "Lucky the Wonder Dog".

The bull sign mounted atop of the Blue Monster was modeled after the bull used in the 1988 film, Bull Durham. The actual sign from the movie (which featured at the Bulls previous home, Durham Athletic Park) formerly hung in the DBAP concourse but is now in storage. Although much sturdier than the original, the new sign's limitations were revealed in violent winds that rocked the Piedmont on April 16, 2007 – the bull's head and forelegs were torn off by the storm. The damage was fixed by that weekend, but plans were made to replace the sign. The sign is now on its fourth iteration.

Renovations
The ballpark has undergone a number of renovations and enhancements since opening, with its first renovations starting only a couple of years after the park opened. Construction of a "warehouse type" building, Diamond View, began in 1997 and was completed during the 1998 season. Diamond View is located behind the right field seating sections and uses the same architecture as the DBAP, including the green roof, brickwork and windows. In 2002, the DBAP unveiled a new playground area in the right field section of the concourse. In the Fall of 2003, the field of the DBAP received a major face lift. After nine years of service, the top layers of grass and soil were removed and replaced with brand new top soil and Tissport™ Bermuda grass. The renovation took place over several weeks and cost over $100,000.

Before the 2004 season, a 13' by 17' Daktronics ProStar LED video board was installed in place of the original scoreboard, giving the Bulls a major technology upgrade for the time. They were able to show instant replay and other graphics. Following the 2006 season, the DBAP underwent major renovations in the outfield, including a new left field wall complete with a new video board located above the manual scoreboard. The old video board was reshaped into a video billboard and placed in right field.

In 2008, with the addition of the Diamond View II building in left field, the Blue Monster pavilion opened allowing fans to watch the game atop the Blue Monster for the first time. The famous snorting bull was replaced by a new two-sided bull so that it may be viewed from Diamond View 2 and 3. The Bulls' TV Crew were also equipped with high-definition cameras and production equipment along with HD production capabilities that same year. This also complemented a new state-of-the-art BOSE sound system.

One year later a stairwell was added to the pavilion. This connected it to the third base concourse, making the DBAP a 360° ballpark. For the 2010 season, the Diamond View II Building opened a new restaurant called the "Tobacco Road Sports Cafe". It has outdoor seating to watch the game during game days or just to enjoy a North Carolina summer evening. Outside the ballpark are four more restaurants: the Cuban Revolution, Saladelia, Tyler's Restaurant & Taproom, and Mellow Mushroom. Construction of Diamond View III began in 2012 and was completed in 2013. Before the start of the 2016 season the Bulls announced additions to the park, including an updated kids play area called Playground 42. Two new message boards also were installed at the main entrance. The boards were made up from pieces of the park's former video board, which was removed due to the 2014 renovations. In 2019, three new ribbon boards were added to the outside of Diamond View II.

2014 Renovation
After the end of the 2013 season for the Durham Bulls, major renovations to the entire stadium began and were finished by opening day of the 2014 season. After a 20-year lease extension was signed between the Bulls and city of Durham, keeping the minor league team at the stadium through 2033, both parties agreed that improvements were much needed. The renovations cost approximately $9 million, $6 million of which was covered by the city. In their agreement to renovate the stadium, it was set that the city of Durham would have a maximum cap of $12 million spent on all renovations. Anything beyond the $12 million would be covered by the Bulls, with the team having to pay a minimum of $2 million towards the total costs.

The biggest issue for fans attending games at the DBAP had been long concession lines and an overcrowded concourse with no view of the field. To alleviate this problem, concessions were added to the upper-level concourse, which previously had none. New picnic areas were added down the third-base line and in the outfield stands. Additionally, a new club area was built that can also be used for non-Durham Bulls related events during the off-season. The club area now had its own kitchen, separate from the regular concessions' kitchen to help improve the speed of the food service.

The field was completely restructured within the renovation as well. The entire field and underground plumbing was removed and updated with new plumbing, better drainage, new sod, and a new crown to ensure that the field drains properly. This had not been done in the 18-year life of the stadium and was a much-needed part of the renovation.

Additionally, the stadium had new field lighting, a new ticket entrance down the third base line, and new scoreboards and video boards. TS Sports of Dallas was contracted to install three new state-of-the-art, HD displays. They include the Blue Monster primary display (25.4' (h) x 63' (w)), right field LED wall display (6.5' (h) x 327.6' (w)), and the club level fascia display (3.2' (h) x 119.8' (w)).

The renovations were finished before the opening pitch of the 2014 Durham Bulls season on April 3, 2014. The quick turnaround was primarily due to Durham being the host city for the 2014 Triple-A All-Star Game. This nationally televised game brought in visitors from across the country for a 5-day festival. Had it not been for this reason, Mike Birling, the Bulls then- general manager, stated that the renovation would have most likely been done in phases.

2023 Renovation
The Bulls announced further renovations to the ballpark in 2023, including new office spaces, revamped locker rooms, an expanded team store, and a team history area called "History Hallway". The largest part of the renovation is a new indoor hitting space behind the third base line. Further renovations include various internal upgrades.

Dimensions
The original dimensions were: Left Field – 305 ft, Left Center Field – 371 ft, Center Field – 400 ft, Right Center Field – 373 ft, Right Field – 327 ft. The power alleys are now posted as 375 ft and right field as 325 ft.

Other events
In addition to hosting the Bulls, DBAP has also been host to other baseball events since its opening. These include hosting eight ACC Baseball Tournaments, hosting the Triple-A All-Star Game in 2014, and hosting the Triple-A National Championship Game in 2012. In the 2012 Triple-A National Championship Game, the Pacific Coast League's Reno Aces defeated the International League's Pawtucket Red Sox, 10–3. In the 2014 Triple-A All-Star Game, the International League All-Stars defeated the Pacific Coast League All-Stars, 7–3. Perhaps the most significant game during any of the events was an 18-inning contest between the UNC Tar Heels and the NC State Wolfpack during the 2013 ACC tournament semifinals. It set records for both the largest attendance for a college baseball game in NC with 11,392 attending, and the longest baseball game in ACC tournament history.

Select USA Baseball Collegiate National Team games are held in the stadium.

title: Durham Bulls Athletic Park


text: User talk:66.74.74.96

title: User talk:66.74.74.96


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Bernhard Rapkay

Bernhard Rapkay (born 8 January 1951 in Ludwigsburg) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 2014. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, part of the Socialist Group.

During his time parliament, Rapkay sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, a member of the Delegation to the EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Previous employment

 * Various jobs in adult education, public relations, and project management

Career

 * 1991-1999: Various offices with the SPD (since 1975), including Chairman of the Dortmund SPD
 * 1991-1999: Member of the Western Westphalia District Executive
 * Member of the SPD Regional Executive of the North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Member of the SPD Regional Presidium, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Vice-chairman of the SPD Federal Party Council
 * Chairman of the SPD group, European Parliament

title: Bernhard Rapkay


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User:Luis.imperator

Luis Fernando Imperator

Brazilian, from São Paulo - SP. Volunteer on Wikipedia since April 19, 2005.

My page in other languages: portuguese, and at Commons

Wikipedia in english contains now articles.

Articles created by me on en.wiki

 * Nastasha Romanenko (video game character)
 * Naomi Hunter (video game character)
 * Sigint (video game character)
 * SMS FAQ Completion Project
 * NES FAQ Completion Project
 * Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo

For an exhaustive list of all of my contributions, refer to my contribution list.

Aviso
pt:Usuário:Luis.imperator

Profile created using the user Mschlindwein as reference.

title: User:Luis.imperator


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Talk:Mindy the Mermaid

VFD
On 30 March 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was merge and redirect to SpongeBob SquarePants. See Votes for deletion/Mindy the Mermaid for a record of the discussion. – ABCD 02:11, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mindy the Mermaid


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Christiansø Fortress

Christiansø Fortress is one of the historic Norwegian fortresses, which commands the western approaches to Flekkerøy harbor, at Kristiansand municipality in Norway.

History
In the early 17th century the struggle between the Netherlands Navy and the Dunkirk pirates had spread into Norwegian coastline waters in the South of Norway (Sørlandet).

In June 1635 Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, in his vessel which lay at anchor at Flekkerøy harbor, ordered construction of a naval base and Christiansø Fortress on small Slottsholmen island (now called Gammeløen or old island). The island commands the western approaches to Flekkerøy harbor, a port long frequented by ships of many nations. The town of Kristiansand was also soon founded there in 1641 to strengthen control of the area. Flekkerøy lies off the coast of the population center at Kristiansand and is a part of Kristiansand municipality.

Christian IV again visited Flekkerøy in 1644 during the Hannibal War.

While the Dutch-English war (1652–1654) was being fought Jørgen Bjelke was named lord of the region and commander of Christiansø Fortress to strengthen the defenses in the event that Oliver Cromwell's forces should attempt to seize it to prey on the extensive Dutch-Norwegian trade. Bjelke was later to play a major role in the Northern War.

Construction on the fortress was never completed. When the danger from Cromwell ceased, this fort was abandoned and replaced by the more strategically located Fredriksholm Fortress, which commanded both approaches to the harbor, in 1658.

The focus of defense moved to Kristiansand town in 1672, with the Christiansholm Fortress, much of which still survives.

During the Dano-German War of 1848 and through the Crimean War the forts at Christiansø and Fredriksholm were returned to service. The two islands were evacuated and the fortifications closed in 1871.

Although centuries old, the fortresses at Flekkerøy did not see combat until the German invasion on the 9th of April, 1940.

title: Christiansø Fortress


text:
Talk:ABB

Swiss-Swedish
Is it correct to refer to this company as Swiss-Swedish? It is a multinational registered as an Ltd. and is owned by various investors. PhotographyEdits (talk) 10:52, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

Rolling stock
In the intro it say: ”Between 1989 and 1999, the company was also active in the rolling stock manufacturing sector.”

I don’t think that is true. Both ASEA and Brown, Boveri & Cie produced rolling stock (EMU:s and locomotives) right up until the merger in 1988. When it comes to ASEA, I know that products developed by ASEA (like X10-family of EMU:s and X2000) were built as ABB.

It seems implausible that rolling stock part weren’t merged with the rest of the companies right from the start, giving a gap of a year. 155.4.85.190 (talk) 15:10, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes, ASEA was producing locomotives in sweden since the early 1900's
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:ASEA_locomotives 89.233.240.133 (talk) 16:00, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The section "Rolling stock manufacturing" seems to only to refer to activities in the UK.
 * ABB was producing rolling stock before 1989 at several locations mainly in Sweden and Switzerland since both ASEA and BBC had produced rolling stock since the early 1900's. 89.233.240.133 (talk) 16:11, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:ABB


text:
Sound object

In musique concrete and electronic music theory the term sound object (originally l'objet sonore) is used to refer to a primary unit of sonic material and often specifically refers to recorded sound rather than written music using manuscript or a score. It was coined by Pierre Schaeffer in his publication Traité des objets musicaux (1966).

Pierre Schaeffer
According to Schaeffer: This unit of sound [sound-object] is the equivalent to a unit of breath or articulation, a unit of instrumental gesture. The sound object is therefore an acoustic action and intention of listening.

Schaeffer believed that the sound object should be free from its sonic origin (its sound source, or source bonding) so that a listener could not identify it, what he termed as acousmatic listening. Schaeffer's four functions of the "What Can be Heard" include:

1. A sonic entity is detected by its signal being picked up by the autonomous mechanism of hearing (ouïr)

2. The signalled sonic entity (having been detected) 'sound character' is deciphered by the active perception of listening (écouter)

3. The signalled sonic entity is then subjected to a twofold focused attention that judges then describes it

4. The signalled sonic entities' significance is then understood by abstraction, comparison, deduction and by linking it to different sources and types (either the initial meaning is confirmed or if denied an additional meaning is worked out.

This leads to the acousmatic situation that is focused on subjective "listening itself which becomes the phenomena under study" rather than the object sound source. Music theorist Brian Kane, in his book Sound Unseen notes that Schaeffer states, "the sound object, is never revealed clearly except in the acousmatic experience.”

Schaeffer's theory of acousmatic experience, the sound object, and a technique he called reduced listening (écoute réduite) utilizes a phenomenological approach derived from the work of Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. According to Kane a good grasp of Husserlian theory is required in order to fully comprehend the relationship between the three.

Curtis Roads
Curtis Roads, in his 2001 book 'Microsound', while attributing the origin of the term to Pierre Schaeffer, describes the sound object as "a basic unit of musical structure, generalizing the traditional concept of note to include complex and mutating sound events on a time scale ranging from a fraction of a second to several seconds." This broader interpretation includes the following categories of sound objects:

1. Infinite The ideal time span of mathematical durations such as the infinite sine waves of classical Fourier analysis.

2. Supra A time scale beyond that of an individual composition and extending into months, years, decades, and centuries.

3. Macro The time scale of overall musical architecture or form, measured in minutes or hours, or in extreme cases, days.

4. Meso Divisions of form. Groupings of sound objects into hierarchies of phrase structures of various sizes, measured in minutes or seconds.

5. Sound object A basic unit of musical structure, generalizing the traditional concept of note to include complex and mutating sound events on a time scale ranging from a fraction of a second to several seconds.

6. Micro Sound particles on a time scale that extends down to the threshold of auditory perception (measured in thousandths of a second or milli-seconds).

7. Sample The atomic level of digital audio systems: individual binary samples or numerical amplitude values, one following another at a fixed time interval. The period between samples is measured in millionths of a second (microseconds).

8. Subsample Fluctuations on a time scale too brief to be properly recorded or perceived, measured in billionths of a second (nanoseconds) or less.

9. Infinitesimal The ideal time span of mathematical durations such as the infinitely brief delta functions."

Trevor Wishart
English composer Trevor Wishart derives his own version of sound object from Schaeffer's, but unlike Schaeffer Wishart favours a materialist or physicalist notion, saying:"Given that we have established a coherent aural image of a real acoustic space, we may then begin to position sound-objects within the space. Imagine for a moment that we have established the acoustic space of a forest (width represented by the spread across a pair of stereo speakers, depth represented by decreasing amplitude and high-frequency components and increasing reverberation) then position the sounds of various birds and animals within this space."

Denis Smalley
Denis Smalley, inspired by Schaeffer's theories, developed 'spectromorphology’ (Smalley, 1997) as tool for analysing sound materials, he states: "I have developed the concepts and terminology of spectromorphologyas tools for describing and analysing listening experience…  A spectromorphological approach sets out spectral and morphological models and processes, and provides a framework for understanding structural relations and behaviours as experienced in the temporal flux of the music." An important aspect of spectromorphology is, what Smalley calls ‘source bonding’, which he describes as the duality of any given listening situation. According to Smalley sound objects have an extrinsic nature if its source bonding remains intact, but if not, it has a sonic characteristic that is intrinsic in nature. The condition in which a sound object has an intrinsic or extrinsic source bonding depends on the experiences of the listener.

title: Sound object


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The Diamond (Richmond, Virginia)

The Diamond is a baseball stadium located in Richmond, Virginia, USA, on Arthur Ashe Boulevard. It is the home of Richmond Flying Squirrels of the Eastern League and the Virginia Commonwealth University baseball team. From 1985 to 2008, it was the home of the Richmond Braves, the Triple-A minor league baseball affiliate of the Atlanta Braves. The Diamond seats 12,134 people for baseball; however, for Flying Squirrels games, advertising banners cover up the top rows of the upper deck, reducing seating capacity to 9,560.

History
The Diamond replaced the demolished Parker Field, which had been built in 1934, as part of the fair grounds. Parker Field had been converted for baseball in 1954, replacing Mooers Field. Parker Field housed the Braves from 1966 to 1984.

In 2003, part of The Diamond's roof was destroyed by Hurricane Isabel, and in 2004 a piece of a concrete beam the size of a football fell on the stands below, though no fans were injured.

The Richmond Braves relocated to Gwinnett County, Georgia, after the 2008 season. One factor in the franchise's decision to relocate was reportedly a failure to reach an agreement on building a new ballpark in Richmond. There was plan by a development group called the Richmond Baseball Initiative to build a new stadium in Shockoe Bottom near Main Street Station. But in August 2009 the company that submitted this ballpark plan withdrew it. Under the plan, the Richmond Braves would have moved to the new stadium while the Diamond would become the sole home to Virginia Commonwealth University athletics. VCU Baseball previously shared the facility with the Braves for home games.

The new team announced on October 2, 2009 that they were going to spend $1.5 million on renovations to the ballpark and the RMA gave an additional $75,000 for upgrades. On October 28, 2009, the Richmond Flying Squirrels started renovations on the Diamond. They tore out aluminum benches and started to replace them with 3,200 dark green seats with cup holders. There are now 6,200 seats in the lower level. A new larger sized store was built for the Squirrels. Extensive gutting and remodeling of the offices and new indoor batting cages are parts of the renovation plan as well. For 2011, the scoreboard was enhanced and two new party decks were built in the upper level.

Ownership of The Diamond was transferred from the Richmond Metropolitan Authority to the city of Richmond in 2014.

Ahead of the 2020 season, and in consultation with the San Francisco Giants and VCU Baseball, the Flying Squirrels are reducing outfield distances at the Diamond from 8 to 10 feet from left center field around to right center field. Exact distances are yet to be determined. Distances up the foul lines will remain the same.

Other events
The venue hosted the 1987 and 1988 Colonial Athletic Association baseball tournaments, won by East Carolina and George Mason, respectively.

The ballpark hosted the 1992 Triple-A All-Star Game. The team of American League-affiliated All-Stars defeated the team of National League-affiliated All-Stars, 2–1.

The Diamond also hosted the 2019 Eastern League All-Star Game before 9,560 fans, the largest crowd in the game's history.

The ballpark is also home to Virginia Commonwealth University's Rams baseball team. VCU hosts Atlantic 10 and regional teams at the Diamond.

The venue was to host the 2020 Atlantic 10 Conference baseball tournament, which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: The Diamond (Richmond, Virginia)


text:
Talk:List of postal codes in Austria

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On 30 March 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was no consensus. See Votes for deletion/List of postal codes in Austria for a record of the discussion. – ABCD 02:12, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of postal codes in Austria


text:
Marco Rizzo

Marco Rizzo (born 12 October 1959 in Turin) is an Italian politician, who served as leader of the Communist Party (PC) from 2009 to 2023, and as leader of Sovereign and Popular Italy in 2022.

Biography
A graduate in political science in 1985, he was a lecturer in vocational guidance (1985–1994).

From 1986 to 1991, he was a member of the Turin Province party executive of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), and joined the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) in 1991, serving as its representative to the Council of the Turin Province until 1995. Between 1994 and 2004, he served in the Chamber of Deputies of Italy. From 1995 to 1998, he was coordinator of the National Secretariat of the PRC, then left to become a founding member and Italian Parliament group leader of the Party of Italian Communists (until 2004).

In July 2009, after his expulsion from the Party of Italian Communists (having supported the IdV's candidate Gianni Vattimo in the 2009 European election), he founded a new party called Communists – Popular Left (then renamed Communist Party). Marco Rizzo was a Member of the European Parliament for the North-West with the Party of Italian Communists, Member of the Bureau of the European United Left – Nordic Green Left and vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection.

title: Marco Rizzo


text:
Pokey Mom

"Pokey Mom" is the tenth episode of the twelfth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 14, 2001. In the episode, Marge befriends Jack Crowley, a convict who she believes has some artistic potential. With Marge's help, Jack is granted parole and finds a mural-painting job at Springfield Elementary School. Meanwhile, Homer suffers from a back injury after being kicked by a bull at the prison rodeo and goes to see a chiropractor. Despite this, his pain remains and it is not until he accidentally falls backwards onto a garbage can that his back injury disappears. Homer makes a successful business out of this injury-healing garbage can, much to the dismay of chiropractors in town.

The episode was written by Tom Martin and directed by Bob Anderson, and it features guest appearances from Michael Keaton as Jack, Charles Napier as a prison warden, Robert Schimmel as a prisoner, and Bruce Vilanch as himself. The title "Pokey Mom" is a pun on the video game franchise "Pokémon" and the term "pokey", a nickname given to prisons, though it was noted that the episode name was chosen to attempt to cash in on the success of the Pokémon series. "Pokey Mom" has been met with generally negative reviews from critics, being described as bland and drawn out. The staff members of the series received complaints from chiropractors after it aired, and some chiropractors have characterized the portrayal of the profession in the episode as stereotypical.

Around 8.79 million American homes tuned in to watch the episode during its original airing, and in 2009 it was released on DVD along with the rest of the episodes of the twelfth season.

Plot
The Simpson family attends a prison rodeo where Marge meets Jack Crowley, a convict whom she believes to have great artistic potential after becoming impressed with his work. She later teaches a class on being an artist to the prisoners and befriends Jack. With Marge's help, Jack is granted parole under her custody. Marge soon finds a mural-painting job at Springfield Elementary School for him. Jack paints a powerful mural symbolizing school spirit with a warrior woman riding a puma, which the whole school likes, but Principal Skinner demands he tone it down using his idea of a cartoonish puma walking with two children under a rainbow in a fantasy land. Jack reluctantly gives in to his wishes; however, upon its unveiling, the new mural is panned by everyone in town. Refusing to admit that he forced Jack to create it in the first place, Skinner instead blames Jack and fires him.

Sometime later, the mural is set on fire by a mystery arsonist, and everyone manages to get a look at the real one. Everyone in the school assumes Jack did it to get back at Skinner. While the police are out searching for Jack, Marge finds him hiding in the school playground. He swears to her that he did not start the fire. Marge believes him and distracts Skinner and Chief Wiggum so he can escape, but he instead sets fire to Skinner's car and dances around it laughing maniacally, revealing his true nature. Jack is arrested and Marge, furious that he lied to her face, demands Wiggum to take him back to prison.

Meanwhile, Homer suffers a back injury by a bull from the rodeo and sees a chiropractor, but does not follow his instructions. Later, Homer falls backward onto a malformed garbage can at home and discovers that it solved his back problems. He makes a business out of his discovery, which proves to be a successful method of solving problems with pain, causing the chiropractic business to decline. Eventually, two chiropractors disguised as investors trick Homer and destroy the garbage can at the Simpsons' home.

Production and cultural references

"Pokey Mom" was written by Tom Martin and directed by Bob Anderson as part of the twelfth season of The Simpsons (2000–2001). In its first draft on February 4, 2000, it was originally called "Marge Knows Why the Jailbird Paints." According to then-showrunner Mike Scully, the story of this episode originated from the fact that the staff members of The Simpsons wanted to do an episode about Marge but felt they did not want it to revolve around her getting a new job, as that had been seen on the show "too often". They decided to explore one of Marge's attributes that had been seen in earlier episodes, eventually choosing her interest in art. Martin conceived of the sub-plot surrounding Homer following a visit to a chiropractor. He has said that the "heart" of that story is that the chiropractors in Springfield become opposed to Homer's method of healing people and try to stop it after losing business, in reference to how chiropractors in real-life "are a bit hated by the AMA (American Medical Association)" and how the AMA has tried to restrict their businesses in the past. Martin has also noted that the episode shows how "a lot of chiropractors are these great healers and they do great work, and then there's some that are crooked."

Several famous Americans made guest appearances in the episode. Actor Michael Keaton guest-starred as Jack Crowley, while stand-up comedian Robert Schimmel appeared as a prisoner in Marge's art class that wants to smell her clothes. Actor Charles Napier voiced the prison warden that commentates the rodeo at the prison and later grants Jack his parole. Comedy writer and actor Bruce Vilanch guest-starred in the episode as himself at the unveiling of Jack's mural painting. There, Principal Skinner jokes to the audience that "when Superintendent Chalmers suggested a school mural, I almost thought he said a 'school Muriel'," referencing Chalmers' sister Muriel. When no one laughs at his joke and the audience is dead silent, Skinner sarcastically says "Well, thank you, Bruce Vilanch," to which Vilanch replies "Whoopi would've made it work." This is a reference to the fact that Vilanch has written comedy material for actress Whoopi Goldberg. Moe's line "forget it Homer, it's chirotown" after Homer's business is destroyed is a reference to the film Chinatown.

Release
The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 14, 2001. It was viewed in approximately 8.79 million households that night. With a Nielsen rating of 8.6, "Pokey Mom" tied with an episode of 60 Minutes for the 38th place in the ratings for the week of January 8–14, 2001. It was the third-highest-rated broadcast on Fox that week, following episodes of Temptation Island and Boston Public. On August 18, 2009, "Pokey Mom" was released on DVD as part of the box set The Simpsons – The Complete Twelfth Season. Staff members Tom Martin, Bob Anderson, Mike Scully, Ian Maxtone-Graham, John Frink, Don Payne, Matt Selman, and Joel H. Cohen, as well as cast members Dan Castellaneta and Joe Mantegna, participated in the DVD audio commentary for the episode. Deleted scenes from the episode were also included on the box set.

Reception
Critics have given "Pokey Mom" generally negative reviews. Nancy Basile of About.com said she "loathed" it. DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson commented that "Other than a nice guest turn from Michael Keaton, 'Mom' doesn’t do much to stand out from the crowd. Oh, like much of Season 12, it keeps us interested, but that’s not exactly a strong endorsement. 'Mom' provides a watchable show but nothing more." Den of Geek critic Matt Haigh wrote that the episode "starts well, but begins to feel tired and drawn out, and there just doesn't seem to be much of a story there."

Following the original broadcast of the episode, the staff members of the series received several complaints from chiropractors. The February 26, 2001 issue of the magazine Dynamic Chiropractic featured an article about the episode that noted: "[The Simpsons] has poked fun at numerous people, and about every institution and profession imaginable. On January 17, it was chiropractic's turn." In an article of the magazine Canadian Chiropractor, Steven R. Passmore (D.C., M.S.) and Lorraine Kochanowski-Sutter (D.C.) analyzed the portrayal of chiropractors in the media. They gave "Pokey Mom" as an example of how "chiropractors on sitcoms pok[e] fun at themselves as they prescribe the duration of a course of care. [...] Dr. Steve on The Simpsons corroborates this stereotype when telling Homer that he will need to see him 'three times a week for many years.'" Passmore and Kochanowski-Sutter also noted that in the episode "we see a dreamcatcher on the wall behind Dr. Steve as he treats Homer. This strategically placed decoration could suggest that the chiropractor is in touch with native and/or natural healing, or it could be a jab at the field’s more esoteric practitioners."

title: Pokey Mom


text:
Mechtild Rothe

Mechtild Rothe (born 10 August 1947 in Paderborn, Germany) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1984 until 2009. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, part of the Socialist Group.

During her time in parliament, Rothe sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. She was a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs, a member of the Delegation for relations with the countries of south-east Europe and a substitute for the Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Career

 * 1965–1974: Trained and employed as a chemical laboratory technician
 * 1974–1978: studied German and social sciences

Education

 * 1978 and 1981: first and second state examination for lower secondary teaching
 * 1978–1984: teacher
 * 1975–1984
 * 1984–2009: Member of the European Parliament
 * Vice-Chair of the SPD group in the European Parliament
 * 1999–2004: Delegation Chair of the EU – Cyprus Joint Parliamentary Committee
 * 2002–2004: Member of the Group Bureau

title: Mechtild Rothe


text: User talk:82.120.79.146

title: User talk:82.120.79.146


text:
Sir Guy Carleton Secondary School

Sir Guy Carleton Secondary School is a secondary school in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The school specializes in Skilled Trades Education, with three Specialist High Skills Majors (SHSM) programs. It is an application based school serving students living in the west side of the Ottawa Carleton District School Board. The school also has three OCDSB Specialized Special Education Classes: a General Learning Program, a Physical Support Program and a Behavioural Intervention Program. Offer of placements in the Special Education Classes is done by central board committee.

The school is located in Nepean on Centrepointe Drive. Sir Guy is under the jurisdiction of the Ottawa Carleton District School Board.

Sir Guy is also known for their motto The School That Works; it is well-known not for its athletics but is for its classes.

Students and staff
Sir Guy's students come from the western zones of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board and from other Ottawa area boards. Students are collected by bus from all over the city to participate in courses suited to their level of ability and entry into the workforce.

The staff is composed of more than 50 teachers, 20 educational assistants, office staff, culinary staff, a technician, and custodial staff.

Programs offered
Programs Offered
 * Vocational Program
 * Advanced Culinary Education (ACE) Specialist High Skills Major
 * Urban Farming Operations (UFO) Specialist High Skills Major
 * Advanced Program in Automotive Repair Technology (APART) Specialist High Skills Major
 * Cooperative Education
 * Non-Composite High School
 * Ontario Youth Apprenticeship Program
 * Behaviour Intervention Program
 * General Learning Program
 * Physical Support Program

All meals at Sir Guy are created under the supervision of the Red Seal chefs at the school. In the morning, free breakfasts are provided to all who want one.

The SAGE Youth Program gives students an opportunity to develop and improve their basic literacy skills by working one-on-one with trained and devoted volunteers once a week. The volunteers are from Sage Youth, a volunteer organization based in Ottawa whose purpose is helping high-need children to improve their reading. Sir Guy Carleton hosts these volunteers and pairs them students who want extra help.

Notable events

 * Sir Guy celebrated its 25th year in 2006.
 * Retired Principal Debra Ford is among 32 exceptional leaders in education from across the country being recognized as one of Canada's Outstanding Principals for 2007.
 * Retired Principal Kevin Bush was recognized for the same award in 2010-2011.
 * The school was featured on the TVO Studio 2 program that was produced in June 2005.
 * Sir Guy Carleton hosts an annual Thanksgiving dinner for the community which serves more than 1,000 meals. (the thanksgiving dinner has not returned since the pandemic)

title: Sir Guy Carleton Secondary School


text:
Talk:Czerka Corporation

VFD
On 30 March 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was merge and redirect to Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic. See Votes for deletion/Czerka Corporation for a record of the discussion. – ABCD 02:15, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Czerka Corporation


text:
Guido Sacconi

Guido Sacconi (23 June 1948 – 2 May 2023) was an Italian politician and a Member of the European Parliament for the Central region with the Democrats of the Left (DS), part of the Socialist Group, and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety.

He was a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, a member of the Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with the countries of South-east Europe.

Sacconi was born in Udine on 23 June 1948. He died in Florence on 2 May 2023, at the age of 74.

Career

 * 1967: Studied philosophy at the University of Florence
 * 1972: Responsible for the research office at the Chamber of Labour of Florence
 * Member of the Provincial Secretariat (1975) and then General Secretary (1978) of FIOM CGIL (Federazione Impiegati Operai Metallurgici)
 * 1990: General Secretary of the Chamber of Labour of Florence
 * until 1992: Regional Secretary of CGIL for Tuscany
 * since 1992: Regional Secretary of the Democratic Party of the Left - Tuscany
 * Member (1995) and then Vice-Chairman (1998) of the Regional Council of Tuscany
 * 1995-1998: Secretary of the PDS Florentine Metropolitan Union
 * since 1999: Member of the European Parliament
 * Member of the delegation from the European Parliament to the Earth Summit 2002 (in Johannesburg), and to the Ninth Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework

title: Guido Sacconi


text: User talk:71.106.255.121

title: User talk:71.106.255.121


text:
Burnette

Burnette could be:

 * an incorrect spelling of "brunette".
 * Billy Burnette (born 1953), American guitarist
 * Dorsey Burnette (1932–1979), American rockabilly singer
 * Johnny Burnette (1934–1964), American rockabilly and pop singer
 * Kurt R. Burnette (born 1955), bishop of the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Passaic
 * Reggie Burnette (born 1968), American football player
 * Rocky Burnette (born 1953), American rock and roll singer
 * Smiley Burnette (1911–1967), American singer-songwriter, musician, film and TV actor

title: Burnette


text:
T5 (satellite)

T5 (formerly DirecTV-5) is a dormant communications satellite launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan in May, 2002 to provide mainly Spanish language satellite television programs to DirecTV customers from the 119 degrees West longitudinal orbit. It was built by Space Systems/Loral, as part of its LS-1300 line. In May 2004, DIRECTV successfully launched DIRECTV 7S (later T7S), their second high powered spot beam. T7S is located at the 119 degree orbital slot. The satellite was renamed to T5 in 2017.

T5 was originally known as Tempo 1, and was originally intended for satellite provider ASkyB, who later sold the satellites to PrimeStar in the process of going out of business. PrimeStar's other satellite, Tempo 2 (later DirecTV-6) was launched in 1997, while Tempo 1 was stored until the company and both satellites were purchased by DirecTV. DirecTV eventually launched the Tempo 1 satellite after years of delays as the DirecTV-5 satellite in 2002. In 2015, the satellite was renamed to T5, after AT&T purchased DirecTV and took over operations of the satellite fleet.

T5 is located at 109.8°W and provided MPEG-2 high definition channels to the continental U.S. from sometime in 2003 or 2004 to March 2010 and MPEG-2 standard definition channels for the Puerto Rico market from December 17, 2012 to or around December 7, 2018.

Due to DirecTV’s decision to remove the 110° position from its fleet, T5 stopped broadcasting all of its channels on or around December 7, 2018 and is currently dormant. Despite this, the satellite remains in geostationary orbit.

title: T5 (satellite)


text:
Talk:Grouse

Taste
But what if they indeed do taste like chicken? What's wrong with mentioning that? I am prepared to share recipies if anyone is interested. Canadacow 02:19, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * There are 20 species of grouse listed. I know that at least two of them do not taste of chicken, so the statement is not correct. Anyway, this is a bilogical article, not a cookbook. jimfbleak 04:40, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh well. Sorry for my vandalism.  Was just trying exercise a little bit of humor and test the self-correcting nature of the wikipedia.  I shall not do it again.  Canadacow 16:32, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * No, no, no, don't apologize. Research some on relationship with humans in general, take 2 or 3 trustworthy sources, write up some paragraphs and then do a section. I have never had any grouse, and I found the idea that some (possibly many) do not taste like chicken - though they do look a lot like chicken in habitus, and they may well be - entirely plausible; not many chickens eat spruce needles. The food aspect is not one to be underestimated; I would go as far as to say it is one of the 3 top reasons who people know about these birds who don't know Lawe's Parotia. Dysmorodrepanis 03:30, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Systematics
There has been much talk about the evolution and systematics of grouse as of recently. Perhaps someone who knows the refs could write something up. Dysmorodrepanis 03:30, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

MtDNA shows new genera
A paper on grouse seems to classify some grouse into new genera. Frankyboy5 02:05, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * That's an ancient one. Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 21:46, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Sexual Size Dimorphism in Grouse
Hello! I am studying this topic for a class assignment. References for my topic can be found below. Feel free to add any comments or suggestions about any of the articles.

1. Drovetski, S. V., Rohwer, S., & Mode, N. A. 2006. Role of sexual and natural selection in evolution of body size and shape: a phylogenetic study of morphological radiation in grouse. Journal Of Evolutionary Biology, 19(4), 1083-1091.

2. Isomursu, M., Rätti, O., Helle, P., & Hollmén, T. 2006. Sex and age influence intestinal parasite burden in three boreal grouse species. Journal Of Avian Biology, 37(5), 516-522.

3. Lislevand, T., Figuerola, J., & Székely, T. 2009. Evolution of sexual size dimorphism in grouse and allies (Aves: Phasianidae) in relation to mating competition, fecundity demands and resource division. Journal Of Evolutionary Biology, 22(9), 1895-1905.

4. Remeš, V., & Székely, T. 2010. Domestic chickens defy Rensch's rule: sexual size dimorphism in chicken breeds V. Remeš and T. Székely Sexual size dimorphism in chicken breeds. Journal Of Evolutionary Biology, 23(12), 2754-2759.

Aa3z4 (talk) 00:19, 27 September 2015 (UTC)

Sexual Size Dimorphism Peer Review
After reviewing your added section of sexual size dimorphism in grouse, I thought that your section was structured well. I thought you included a good amount of information that was easily understood. I thought that you also did a good job in explaining what reverse sexual dimorphism was, so that people understood what the purpose of your section was. I also added "Sexual size dimorphism manifests itself differently between grouse and other birds, particularly birds of prey. For example, in owls and kestrels, it is typically females that are larger, while males are smaller in order to be more effective at hunting and defending the young. Females are larger, as their responsibility is to feed the young with prey that the males have caught. " Leflame123 (talk) 17:19, 24 October 2015 (UTC) Leflame123

Aa3z4 response: I included the information that you added about owls and kestrels and how the sexual size dimorphism is different. I read the article and found out that in owls specifically, the female is dominant in mating and social behavior, and decided to include that information because it explains why the females are larger. Aa3z4 (talk) 09:05, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

Your section on sexual dimorphism is very informative and well written. I linked back ‘sexual dimorphism’ and the word ‘lekking’ to their corresponding main Wikipedia article. I really like how you compared grouse species to birds of prey. It helps the ready put the effects of natural selection in perspective. For editing, I deleted some phrases that sounded repetitive (Males are generally much larger than females in terms of body size.) I also fixed small grammatical errors such as the use of a colon for listed items and removing the word ‘size’ from sexual size dimorphism for the sentence defining the phenomena seen in animals.Daisuke 780 (talk) 08:13, 26 October 2015 (UTC)

Aa3z4 response: I tried to expand a little bit more about how grouse and owls vary in terms of sexual size dimorphism. Thank you for the copy edits and removing repetitive phrases. Aa3z4 (talk) 09:11, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

Aa3z4 response to professor: I moved the sentence that I previously had in the section back in and I expanded off of it. I consolidated the section that I had about hypotheses down to a couple sentences. I also changed my wording in several parts and tried to be more concise. I also found more information about lekking and connected it to how it explains the differences between grouse species in the degree of sexual dimorphism present. Aa3z4 (talk) 09:22, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

Overall, I thought the article gave a clear definition of sexual size dimorphism and how it manifests itself in grouse. One suggestion I have is maybe putting the first half of the lekking section in the feeding and habits section and, keeping the rest of the information on how lekking contributes to the dimorphism in the sexual dimorphism section. I think that by doing that it will help keep only information regarding sexual dimorphism in that section. The section on owls seems to be a bit out of place. I think that maybe, if you want to keep that section, you could more generalize the section and say that the grouse differs from other birds and that some birds have larger females as they have different mating behavior/ fecundity selection acting on them. For each of the paragraphs I added subheadings to help break up the text and the headings are: Male Size Selection, Mating Behavior Selection, and Differences in Sexual Dimorphism Seen in Other Bird Species. I based these subheadings based on the information seen in each section but, if you feel that these don’t convey what you were trying to explain feel free to change it. I hope these suggestions helped and good luck on your article work!Cbiology (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 18:06, 14 November 2015 (UTC)

Suggestions for future edits I changed a sentence structure for this sentence in order to be seen clearly: “There are two types of lekking that male grouse exihibit: exploded lekking (the territory is more expansive and has more variation) and typical lekking.” Also, I changed some sentences by removing or adding commas. One suggestion for your article would be that talking about differences in sexual dimorphism in other bird species was good, but talking only about owls was not enough for this section. I expected you would talk about another birds besides owls but you only ended up with owls. I suggest to add another species besides owls or to make general explanation of how sexual size dimorphism of grouse is different from other birds. Also, under the section of the Mating Behavior Selection, at first you say that “males and females also differ in behavior.” However, you mainly talk about the males not about the females. I suggest to add more information about the females’ behavior so that you can have enough information between the males and females. It is a good to link the term with the Wikipedia page which is good for the readers to be easy to follow your article. Also, the flow of overall information are great! Jihyek13 (talk) 05:12, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

Sexual Size Dimorphism Peer Review Pt. 2
First off, good job on titling the sections for the specific topics you covered. You went into great details and the article is even more informative now! In terms of edits, I switched the orders of some sentences for better flow. I also fixed some grammatical points to avoid long winded phrases. I also took out some words that felt extra without changing the overall meaning of the sentence. “The hypothesis with the most supporting evidence for the evolution of sexual dimorphism is sexual selection.” > I think this could be worded a little better. I tried to change it a little bit but I’m not sure if it relays the information clear and simply. This is the 4th sentence in the ‘Male Size Selection’ section.Daisuke 780 (talk) 05:36, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

Comments on Final Draft Changes
I made sure to include citations at the end of every sentence. I changed some wording and sentence structure to make the article more concise. I revised how I defined the different types of lekking behavior. I included exactly which differences in mating systems account for the evolution of body size in grouse. As for the section on differences in sexual dimorphism seen in other bird species, I removed the specific information about owls because that did not belong in this article and did not relate to grouse specifically. Instead, I chose to give a more general statement about how sexual dimorphism in grouse can differ from other birds. Aa3z4 (talk) 14:52, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

Species
I thought it might be helpful to add a column to this table containing images of the species' ranges. 2600:1700:5090:17B0:954E:7897:387:D34E (talk) 16:45, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

Two articles in one?
This article discusses both birds called "grouse" in general as well as the taxonomic tribe known as Tetraonini. The first body section only discusses grouse; for example, it doesn't mention turkeys when discussing largest species

Edit: My bad, was not aware that there is debate on Meleagris's inclusion, makes more sense now KettleMettle (talk) 11:13, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grouse