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Talk:Swedish phonology/Archive 1

Phonetics
When I did my edits, I just fixed the formatting - I apologize if I accidentally introduced any errors. I actually don't know much about the language, but in reading the article I noticed that it was asking someone to do an IPA transcription (which I do know how to do).

Anyway, I'll fix the phonetics. "put" for short 'a' should be "putt" instead. That's clearly a typo. Also, I don't agree with "weird" as being a model for IPA /e/. At least in American English, the sound in "weird" is /i/, not /e/. The closest sound to /e/ (at least in American English) is the 'ai' in "pail", as vowels preceding 'l' in English tend to automatically un-diphthongize. But I realize that in British RP the sound may be different...

ADDENDUM: I've clarified that pronunciations are for General American and not (for instance) RP.

ADDENDUM: I think the confusion over using "marsh" (not my idea!) as the English equivalent for 'sj' is that in most U.S. pronunciations - especially those using a retroflex 'r', as in the Texan dialect - the sequence 'rsh' gives a curvature to the tongue that creates a sound more similar to the 'sj' sound than anything else in English. In other words, it's a poor approximation that doesn't work for non-rhotic English dialects like RP and ENE/NY/Coastal Southern American.

Dave 06:14, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

Swedish pronounciation is similarly differentiated as that of English, given the differences between Australian, American, RP, and not to forget Indian English. I think the best thing we Swedish speakers can do, is to ensure that the IPA transcriptions are right, then it's your call as English speakers to make further transcriptions to English. ;-) --Johan Magnus 12:07, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Indeed. If you make any changes to the phonetics, I'll fix the English.

Dave 17:42, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

More phonetics
Hello, native Swede here.

I see many (and sometimes rather large) problems with the IPA transcriptions, some of which I have altered. I discuss these and my other issues below, but I will not make upheaving changes myself; this post is intended as background information for future actions. Since I have no simple way of writing IPA characters directly here, I will use SMACKIE throughout this post.

Vowels

Firstly, there exist open allophones of 'ä' [E:] and 'ö' [ø:], namely [æ:] and [&:]. The shift is usually triggered by a following 'r', but some dialects ignore this or use the second variant all the time. I've added this information.

Secondly, I would not say that the short vowels are as uniform as they appear in the chart. For example, I don't accept out of hand that 'a', 'i' and 'y' must lose their tension when short; I can usually detect a clear difference between Swedish "sitt" and English "sit". Furthermore, 'e' can also retain its closed quality (and this isn't even necessarily a dialectal difference like the 'r+s' issue; there are many who would normally employ [E] that still differentiate between the two vowel sounds in, for example, "bekväm"). And short 'ä' should be [E], not [æ].

Consonants

Lots of strangeness here!

First of all: 'u' is not a back vowel. It is central, and even a bit closer to [y] than it is to [u].

On to the consonants:

'g' has three sounds: /g/ (hard), /j/ and /sj/ (soft). It's /sj/ in loan words like "garage", "genre", etc.

'k' does absolutely not have the sound of /sj/ -- and especially not the two variants (of at least three) listed! The soft 'k' phoneme is /tj/, which, like /sj/, is hard to define. I myself have found the best way to do it is to regard it as the unvoiced counterpart to /j/: [j°]. That is, an unvoiced approximant, which, like [w°], requires an increased airflow to be strong enough to be heard among the other sounds, and so can for all intents and purposes be labeled a fricative (but not one equal to [ç], since the position of the tongue does not change). The reason for this classification is that I feel that both [ç] and especially [C] (which are both used to denote /tj/ in various places) have too much turbulence for the actual spoken sound. Either way, equating soft 'k' with /sj/ is wrong -- the /sj/ and /tj/ sounds are wholly distinct.

Now, /sj/. As mentioned, there are three main allophones of this phoneme: [S], [s_] and [%]. How it is realized is heavily dependent upon regional customs, but there is also considerable overlap between the sounds. [S] is typically employed in loan words like "schlager" and "dusch" and is typically spelt "sch". However, not only can such words be pronounced using [s_] (or even [%]) instead, but [S] is also a direct "alternative" to [%], where the latter is typically used. For example, "sjösjuk" can be pronounced either ['%ø:'%ü:k] or ['Sø:'Sü:k]. The use of [S] in such circumstances seems to dominate among women, and so [S] is sometimes referred to as "fruntimmers-sje" ("womens' /sj/"). [s_] is usually the result of 'r+s', but it's not uncommon (especially in the northern parts) to use this sound for other types of /sj/; this is, I reckon, usually done for "proper" [S], but may also replace [%] (['s_ø:'s_ü:k] is not at all alien). So, in summary, the various realizations of /sj/ are a quagmire indeed (and there are probably even more sides to it than I have tried to bring up here). :)

Next up, calling the /sj/ realization of 'ch' hard and the /tj/ one soft (I presume this is what is meant, but, as outlined above, neither transcription is satisfactory) is not consistent with the 'sk' case: both sounds should be considered soft. Furthermore, the variation between /sj/ and /tj/ for 'ch' is also very unpredictable; some pronounce "chans" /sjans/, others say /tjans/. Now, actually, there is a hard variety of 'ch', namely [k] (as in "och"), but both this and the soft variation are wholly disconnected to the soft/hard vowel environment. Hence, the inclusion of 'ch' in the table, as it is, is misleading.

Continuing with the soft/hard consonant combinations, I would also object to the "single-type" ones' being labeled "hard" -- it would be better to just have one IPA column and instead have multiple rows for 'sk' ("sk (hard)" and "sk (soft)", for example), and possibly 'ch'. Also, as already explained, 'kj'/'tj' as [S] is inaccurate while the /sj/ entries need to include [S].

Finally, I would add the sequence 'gn', which is pronounced [Nn].

English

I would also like to comment a bit upon the English "equivalents".

First of all, I'm not so sure that having them is such a good idea in the first place. This is partly due to the fact that English and Swedish differ much in several basic phonetic areas, such as the purity of vowels and the presence/absence of affricates; therefore, any attempt to approximate the pronunciation using only English data will never give an adequate picture of the actual Swedish conditions. And partly, as Dave pointed out, in trying to circumvent these limitations by using more or less specialized phonetic occurrences, all those who are not familiar with the case at hand will be unable to understand what is meant. Can't we trust people who are interested enough to look at a phoneme table to interpret (or at least be able to look up) IPA only?

Now, if they are to stay, I would suggest making them more (in some cases, much more) refined, so as to not only constitute the one phoneme in English which is perceived as being closest to the Swedish one in question, but rather function as a reasonable approximation, in terms understandable to non-phoneticians. The current "level" is much too inconsistent on this point.

For some concrete examples, consider that: 1) it should be clearly stated that [e], [o] and [ø] are not diphthongs, so that only the first part of the English sound should be used 2) the description for [ü] seems fairly useless to me; would not the sound explained actually be [Y]? 3) [â] is a very poor approximation of our short 'a' [a] 4) stating that short 'å' is [O] == 'au' in "caught" is ambiguous, since if I'm not mistaken that is only valid for BE -- in AE, this vowel sound is usually [A] (and there is therefore a direct contradiction with the column header)

Reactions?

--LRC 20:39, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * My chief reaction is that one of the most frustrating aspects of learning Swedish is the exaggerated sureness many Swedes possess, that their personal dialect is the one and only correct variant. Rather than changing IPA-transcription back and forth, it would be of great value if it could be denoted which dialects use the different realizations of the variant vowel- and consonant sounds.

 * As a sidenote, I discovered that you, LRC, changed the notion /sound/ to [sound], which I find astonishing, as I'm used to the convention that brackets are used for IPA-transcriptions of words but slashes for sounds. /Tuomas 00:33, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree -- and that is precisely why I raised the issue; I find many of the current (or recent) claims to be too specific to be applicable to a general article about the Swedish language as an official entity. This is also the reason why I only made minor changes to the article itself, since if everyone changes stuff back and forth between "their" correct variants, things could get ugly (or at least confusing and misleading for people who actually want to discover something from reading the article).

 * Now, your suggestion about identifying dialectal variations is, from a factual point of view, very good. However, there is also the question about how much of this information should be included in the main Swedish article, and what could/should be lifted to a separate article about Swedish dialects -- one which may even fit better in the Swedish version of Wikipedia. I myself have no objection to including such data in this article, but I am not familiar with the current view on how extensively this kind of "narrow" information is to be included in general-purpose articles -- for if we do start down this road, it will get extensive and would require the participation of a good number of Swedes. The alternative way would be to keep the article about "official Swedish" (rikssvenska, if you will) and just note that there are variants regarding certain things (such as my attempt with the open allophones of 'ä' and 'ö').

 * And it is against this background that my post should be seen -- I reckon that this article should primarily (as in, where not stated otherwise) deal with rikssvenska and I tried to mark the portions where the text should be called into question on this point. I do believe that I tried to present a neutral case based on the Swedish that is taught in schools, and I apologize if I still came across as, as you put it, possessing an exaggerated sureness that my personal dialect (emphasis mine) holds sway, for that was not my intent. It should, however, be noted that my emphasis on the /sj/ vs. /tj/ issue is due to the fact that Swedish does possess both phonemes and they do form minimal pairs -- while it is true that not all speakers of Swedish may recognize the difference, you would never know about their co-existence from reading the current article. And this, I feel, is a serious fallacy, but I am uncertain as to how to go about integrating the information, as I tried to lay out earlier. In fact, there is probably material here for a whole separate article about sje and tje.

 * Finally, regarding // vs. []. As far as I know, the convention is that phonemes are put between slashes, whereas the actual phonetic transcriptions (of phonemes, morphemes or words) are put within brackets. Example:
 * in American English, /t/ can be realized as [t], [t^h] and [2]
 * Seeing as how the schwa sound is not a contrasting phoneme in Swedish, but rather (as stated in the article) an allophone of 'e', I decided to change it. I must say that I find nothing particularly astonishing about it.

 * --LRC 13:26, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe I should confirm that I totally agree on / phoneme / vs [ phone ]./Tuomas 13:27, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

My view, as someone who lived for four years in Sweden, and had started studying the language almost ten years before, is that the different high status varieties is a phenomenon extremely frustrating to cope with for students of Swedish, once the problem is recognized, and that these therefore better are given a prominent and non-biased coverage in this article. Details, peculiarities and other dialects are (imho) better to cover in specialized articles. If there somewhere should be a coverage specificly or exclusively for "rikssvenska", then that is preferably in the Sveamål article, which I guess rikssvenska in this context should be understood as.

In my opinion, this English language article probably best is (primarily) geared towards readers knowledgable and interested in general linguistics, but it can't be forgotten that foreign students of Swedish are likely to edit the article from time to time. Teachers of Swedish, and textbooks on Swedish, may have rather conflicting views on what's a "correct" realization of the initial sounds in skjära, tjära, stjärna, gärna, kär and skjär — to mention one of the most problematic issues. The article should not invite to changes back and forth by "forgetting" to mention these differences. Bättre att stämma i bäcken än i ån! --Ruhrjung 14:19, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * My use of the term rikssvenska was unfortunate, since it as the article (correctly) states is both controversial and vague. In my circles, so to speak, it refers to some kind of (more or less imaginary) neutral and standardized dialect of Swedish; that is, a common template (or compromise) for the Swedish language as a singular entity. The news anchors of the national television channels are probably those who most would agree speak this "dialect". A better term for what I mean would perhaps be Swedish as it is taught in schools and is given in domestic dictionaries, which imho would be the best starting-point for a foreigner who wishes to learn (about) the language -- s/he can specialize hirself in a variety of choice later.

 * As for your examples: I reckon anyone would be hard pressed to find any textbook which does not state that skära, stjärna and skär use "sje-ljudet" whereas tjära, kärna and kär use "tje-ljudet"; they may disagree upon how to pronounce them (and I know that some people are incapable of distinguishing some /sj/ relizations from a /tj/ one and vice versa), but the classification is certainly there. So, although there is considerable disagreement, if you will, regarding the realizations of /sj/ and /tj/, which I also tried to bring forth before, I will repeat that they are contrasting phonemes and should be treated as such, which I think the current article fails to do.

 * --LRC 18:30, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I started to comment on this, but felt my old frustration shining through too obviously. Jumping over the comments, I would only like to stress that natives and non-natives most probably view this differently.
 * What about three columns for pronounciation in the tables, one for high-status Götalandsmål (like Ljungby-variety or Lund-variety of Rikssvenska), one for "utjämnad" Finland-Swedish (that according to my perception phonetically would cover also the high-status Norrland-variety rather well) and one for high-status Svealand pronounciation (like Uppsala-variety of Rikssvenska)? Wouldn't that make these things less confusing?
 * --Ruhrjung 20:56, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * That might be a good idea (although I would emotionally protest against the notion of any Småland-dialect to be denoted as high-status variety. ...But I think I understand your thoughts. Educated, maybe even rural, dialects from the Ljungby area may be perceived as rather easy to comprehend for foreigners, and closer to the high-status variety people sometimes adopt in Lund than for instance the speech of Carl Bildt).
 * --Johan Magnus 11:22, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pronunciation files and phonetics
I've added a bunch of pronounciations recorded by myself for almost all the vowels. Do you think we still need the English approximations?

Also, I definetly think we should remodel the phonetics tables. It doesn't make any sense to sort a guide on phonemes according to spelling. That should somehow be explained under Orthography. You can see how I structured it at svenska over att Swedish wikipedia. That seems more logical to me. - karmosin 07:36, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I went on and got bold and redid the tables. I've always been skeptic to approximations of phonemes, and now that I've recorded pronunciation files, it feels quite unnecessary. I know the .ogg-format isn't all that popular, but it's what we've got and it's probably better that we try to push it as much can than to ignore sounds altogether.

 * I'm going to add comments about dialect variations on all the phonemes later, as well as a proper source. - karmosin 23:44, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

I guess you will reinsert the contents of the remarks that got lost? /Tuomas 16:50, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Swedish pronunciation of consonants is similar to that of most other Germanic languages, including English.
 * Some consonants and consonant combinations have both "hard" and "soft" sounds. These consonants are hard when preceding a back vowel, and soft when preceding a front vowel .
 * T, N, L, and to a lesser extent D are pronounced dentally (with the tongue touching the teeth instead of the hard palate).
 * Following a long vowel, the combination R + an alveolar consonant (T, D, N, L, S) may be pronounced as a single retroflex consonant . This change occurs in northern and middle Swedish dialects, and is not hindered by word-boundaries.
 * The sound "sj" or soft "sk", (IPA ~  ~ ) is listed here as "sh" as in "marsh", although there is considerable variation inbetween speakers of Swedish. See Voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative for more details.

 * Yup, but more detailed. Don't worry, they'll be up in a week or so, and more specific to boot.

 * The old tables weren't bad, but they were too concerned with orthography. I don't think orthography and phonetics shouldbe should be mixed up like that. I could use some help with the IPA. How do I write the two different kind of accents properly? You know, to separate "stegen" from "stegen" ("ladder" from "the steps"). - karmosin 16:56, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swedish phonology/Archive 1


text:
Talk:American Eugenics Society

Untitled
Seems like there must have been connection between this org and the Eugenics Record Office besides Harry H. Laughlin. The Laughlin article mentions the AES only in passing, and the ERO and AES articles each fail to mention the other. ?? Mwanner 14:22, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

So nobody finds this worthy of an article/research?--Shink X 19:04, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * There are some great resources listed in the external links section of Eugenics. Go for it. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 20:59, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SSSB.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 17:32, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Eugenics: Positive or negative?
Did the American Eugenics Society favor positive or negative eugenics? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.94.47.16 (talk) 19:58, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Eugenics by definition is for a more genetically positive race.96.234.160.68 (talk) 23:43, 17 December 2019 (UTC)ClaybourneAmans
 * The meaning of the words "positive" and "negative" depends on context. In this context, "positive" means "encourage the reproduction of superior people, who are like me", and "negative" means "discourage the reproduction of inferior people, who are not like me (and if I am impatient, kill them off)". --Hob Gadling (talk) 07:49, 22 May 2022 (UTC)

Answer to your question
Its main thrust has changed greatly over the years. It's important to keep in mind the whole subject of Eugenics has a very poisoned origin. Depending on who was running AES, and the mores and attitudes of society, it promoted its aims to be anything from what most people today would consider unquestioningly unacceptable all the way down to what is merely a troublesome concept minus the nasty details. The organization today still seems interested in the overall subject of how social forces impact human evolution but the word 'Eugenics' has basically become a lightning rod and a deservedly unmentionable word. It gets suspiciously close these days to the subject, but seems to have worked overtime to mute a still very unsettled past of recklessly defining, and enlisting society's help in actively weeding out 'inferior' racial and hereditary traits. People are still alive today who were victims of the 'educational' efforts and influence of the AES.

You can find much good information on these two pages:

http://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/othersrv/isar/archives2/sources/aes.htm

http://www.amphilsoc.org/mole/view?docId=ead/Mss.575.06.Am3-ead.xml

Ssybesma (talk) 04:24, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

C0rrection required:-List of Presidents
Robert Retherford the physicist linked on the article died in 1981, is listed as being president from 1991 to 1994. The Robert Retherford that was the present is someone different. Please correct.

75.49.251.113 (talk) 11:42, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Renaming?
Why is this page entitled "American Eugenics Society" when they've since renamed themselves? Shouldn't it be referred to using the name that they've chosen for themselves rather than the popular name? A redirect from 'American Eugenics Society' to the new, renamed page should then be established. SyntaxBlitz (talk) 12:59, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I changed the name of the article from the American Eugenics Society to the Society for Biodemography and Social Biology. The previous names of the Society will still redirect to this article. This name change is in accordance with Wikipedia's reasons to move a page. "The subject of the article has changed its name and the new name has come into majority use." Moving_a_page.  The Society's website and all of their academic journals reflect this name change, so the new name has come into majority use. Misscosmo (talk) 18:27, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Anthropology and the Genome
— Assignment last updated by BethC244. (talk) 22:35, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 15 November 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) -- Maddy from Celeste (WAVEDASH) 11:08, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Society for Biodemography and Social Biology → American Eugenics Society – The society is now dissolved and is still overwhelmingly referred to as the American Eugenics Society (see ngram). ~ F4U (talk • they/it) 21:40, 15 November 2023 (UTC) — Relisting.  Arbitrarily0   ( talk ) 05:20, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Question. Do you have other examples of pages that reverted to an older name? I am hesitant to do so because that's not the final name of the organization. Mason (talk) 04:28, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Smasongarrison Having articles with the title being the older name of the organization is not uncommon, it's just that the current name often tends to be the most commonly used name for most articles. However, in this case, the ngram demonstrates that "American Eugenics Society" is by far and unambiguously the WP:COMMONNAME (I would go as far and say that this organization is really only notable under their previous name).
 * As for examples, there's National Guardian, Turkey, Blip.tv, Marvel Productions, Secretary for Mines (New South Wales), Rowntrees F.C., Twitter, etc. ~ F4U (talk • they/it) 19:15, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I appreciate your efforts in finding examples; those are very helpful. In terms of commonname, I'm only seeing AES in the ngram . The other two names ("Society for Biodemography and Social Biology" and "Society for the Study of Social Biology") in your link are both "longer than five words. Omitting ngram from results." according to google error message I'm getting. So I don't really see how the ' the ngram demonstrates that "American Eugenics Society" is by far and unambiguously the WP:COMMONNAME' ) Mason (talk) 19:48, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah, my bad, this is the one I meant to send: ~ F4U (talk • they/it) 20:13, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Gotcha! Thanks. So I actually tried those variants. But, I didn't find them particularly compelling, because the names being compared had to be shortened in order to make the software work. I'm not confident that we can assume that the data underlying this graph are comparable. My data scientist senses are tingling... but I can dig into it, so see if I can understand what's happening under the hood.
 * Regardless, I'm pretty conflicted over the name. On the one hand, I think I'm extra hesitant to revert to the old name because I know several of the people who were involved in the organization after the rename (and they're never have joined under the old name and major organization turnover). But, on the other hand, I also believe that organizations like this one *need* to grapple with their legacy with eugenics. Mason (talk) 20:51, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't see an issue with using shortened portions of the names since the results will still inclusive of the longer variants (and if anything are overestimates of true usage). You can also compare Google Scholar results here: American Eugenics Society vs Society for Biodemography and Social Biology or Society for the Study of Social Biology (the majority of the results for the latter two coming from the society itself), which also show a major difference in coverage. ~ F4U (talk • they/it) 09:08, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * "results will still inclusive of the longer variants" That's the thing I'm not convinced about. It really depends on how the data are handled on the backend. Mason (talk) 13:55, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * From my experience using Google ngram, I don't see any way that the results wouldn't be inclusive.
 * Regardless, the Google Scholar results also clearly evidence that the activities of the society following the name change are frankly not notable. Even after its dissolution, journals and books have continued to publish academic works about the society—but they don't call it the "Society for Biodemography" in these works, they call it the "American Eugenics Society". There are still tens of publications each year discussing/examining the "American Eugenics Society"; on the other hand, I see very few, if any, secondary publications in the past fifty years discussing the society using either of the newer names. ~ F4U (talk • they/it) 19:16, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm glad that you're confident from your experiences using ngram. But I'd need to know a lot more about how the corpus is created, how the data processed and how much is actually indexed. My skimming of a PLOS one paper cautions against using the ngram as a measure of popular usage.  So for me, I don't think that the case is really that clear cut. Mason (talk) 00:49, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. After an organization closes, it often makes the most sense to pick the most "notable" title over its full career rather than merely the name at the end, especially if it was less relevant in its final years.  The 2008-2019 period of the Society doesn't appear to have been very relevant.  SnowFire (talk) 04:56, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Wiki Education assignment: Modern Medicine
— Assignment last updated by Psyduck0031 (talk) 20:44, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

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User:Berlin-Attorney

Biography

 * full name: Alexander A.T. Klimke
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 * The German Nazis started World War II and caused the Holocaust. That was the most terrible incident in history ever. Fortunately, nearly all of the Germans learned their lesson. Today, Germany and almost all of its population tries to stand for peace and tolerance. That's the reason why so many Germans consider war to be bad, no matter who starts the war. Please keep that in mind, when you find people like me being against war in general, but nevertheless being for friendship with the United States and with Great Britain. I've been to the United States as a foreign exchange student for one year, it was for sure one of the most exciting and important periods in my life.

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Victory Field

Victory Field is a minor league ballpark in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It is home to the Indianapolis Indians of the International League.

History
Victory Field opened on July 11, 1996, with the Indians falling to the Oklahoma City 89ers, 5–3, in front of 14,667 fans. It replaced Bush Stadium, which had also been called Victory Field for 25 years from 1942 to 1967. The new park seated 13,300 fans (15,696 with lawn seating) when it was opened. However, in 2005, a 1,000-seat bleacher section was removed to make room for a picnic area. The name reflects the victory of the United States in World War II. The opening of Victory Field in 1996 was the catalyst for a revitalization of downtown Indianapolis.

A record 16,168 fans were in attendance on July 22, 2000, to witness the Indians lose to the Columbus Clippers 6–5.

The stadium hosted the 2001 Triple-A All-Star Game in which the Pacific Coast League All-Stars defeated the International League All-Stars, 9–5.

The Indiana Hoosiers baseball team has played one game each year at Victory Field since 2015.

The IHSAA uses Victory Field for its state final baseball matches.

In 2021, a six-person panel of American Institute of Architects (AIA) Indianapolis members identified the ballpark to be among the ten most "architecturally significant" buildings completed in the city since World War II.

Features
Victory Field has been recognized as the "Best Minor League Ballpark in America" by Baseball America and Sports Illustrated. It was ranked the sixth-best by Baseball America in their 2015 survey.

The stadium has 12,230 permanent seats and room for 2,000 more fans on the outfield lawn. On popular days such as Independence Day, attendance has exceeded 15,000 including standing room only. Victory Field also features 28 luxury suites, five suite-level party areas, and two picnic areas.

Seating sections include:
 * Box: 6,935 (Lower: 5,418; Upper: 1,517)
 * Reserved: 3,760 (Lower: 1,647; Upper: 2,113)
 * Lawn: 2,000
 * Yuengling Landing: 116 (plus 80 standing-room only tickets)
 * Elements Financial Club: 132 (plus 100 standing-room only tickets)
 * Suite level: 543
 * Wheelchair: 240

Sports venues Lucas Oil Stadium, Gainbridge Fieldhouse, the Indiana University Natatorium, and the Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium are located nearby.

Seating capacity
The seating capacity has changed over the years:
 * 13,500, 15,696 with lawn seating (1996–2004)
 * 12,500, 14,500 with lawn seating (2005–2010)
 * 12,200, 14,200 with lawn seating (2011)
 * 12,202, 14,202 with lawn seating (2012)
 * 12,230, 14,230 with lawn seating (2013–present)

Improvements
Several changes were made to the ballpark between the 2009 and 2010 seasons. Most notably, crews installed a new HD video display that spans the left field wall and measures 6+1/2 ft tall by 120 ft wide. The new digital board, which has the highest resolution (16mm) of any display in Minor League Baseball, features interactive messages, advertisements, and live scores and statistics. The Indians invested approximately $600,000 in the new digital display which was designed by Daktronics.

With the arrival of the 2021 season, the Elements Financial Club opened on the upper level behind home plate. The area offers premium ticket options for up to 200 fans, including access to a climate-controlled interior lounge with a full-service bar.

title: Victory Field


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/McWorld

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:55, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

McWorld
Strong POV. Interesting term, but is it encyclopaedic? Could perhaps be turned into an interesting article, but this isn't a good start. Delete Geldart 14:29, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewrite for NPOV. McWorld refers to the homogenizing effect of globalization; but I think this is different that McDonaldization, which refers to the way modern culture is resembling the nature of Speedy Service System Robbyslaughter 23:16, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * merge with McDonaldization. The rex 14:12, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewrite for NPOV. It's true that McDonald's's critics have said things like this, but it's not universal, objective fact.   — J I P | Talk 14:46, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - the page has been significantly rewritten subsequent to this vote. I would read a vote to rewrite as a conditional keep (certainly not the equivalent of a vote to delete, merge, or redirect) and would argue that in this case, the condition is a good way towards being fulfilled. -- 8^D gab 03:45, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)
 * Redirect to McDonalds. Currently hopelessly NPOV.  If I remember right, "McWorld" was one of McDonalds' official advertising campaigns in the US, hence the redirect. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:31, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Anti-globalization. In the meantime, I have cleaned up some of the more blatant POVs in this article (though it isn't perfect). Issues like this one are bound to be contentious. Firebug 16:05, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There's a famous book called "Jihad vs. McWorld" that describes commercialization as one of the two great clashing forces of the 21st century. Also, the term gets over a billion google hits. Just kidding - but still, it gets 61,000. -- 8^D gab 16:12, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * Keep, anything which gets two "redirect" votes in opposite directions needs to be a disambig page at least. Kappa 20:50, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as an explanation of the concept (and maybe as a disambig). - Marcika 23:25, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to McDonalds. The term was once used by them. Megan1967 07:25, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and add a side of fries and coke. Important slogan on the hippie left. Klonimus 06:41, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's kept in any form, merge it with Mcdonaldization; we don't need two articles. Gazpacho 08:52, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete commie propaganda. Grue 19:13, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've tried to neutralize the article a little bit. Not sure if it was enough.  As for now, I'd Keep and consider further and substantial revision.  The concept is worthy enough. GeeZee 23:57, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but don't merge with Mcdonaldization, it's a slightly different term. SeventyThree 00:01, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Myles Long 20:13, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --204.210.200.251 18:26, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/McWorld


text:
Judicial system of Finland

Under the Constitution of Finland, everyone is entitled to have their case heard by a court or an authority appropriately and without undue delay. This is achieved through the judicial system of Finland.

The Finnish judicial system is mostly organized under the Ministry of Justice, and consists of
 * the independent courts of law and administrative courts
 * the prosecution service
 * the enforcement authorities, who see to the enforcement of judgments
 * the prison service and the probation service, who see to the enforcement of custodial sentences, and
 * the Bar Association and the other avenues of legal aid.

Background
The Finnish legal system originated during the period before Swedish rule. The traditional system of tings for criminal cases and civil disputes continued after conquest and the country's first court of appeals was established at Turku in 1634. Olaus Petri's The Rules for Judges unified legal system since the 1530s and the law concerning the judicial procedure, the Code of Judicial Procedure (Oikeudenkäymiskaari), was instituted as part of the legal codification of 1734. Since then, the Code has undergone numerous changes.

Nowadays, the Finnish courts are divided into two main branches: general courts dealing with civil suits and criminal cases, and administrative courts regulating the actions of the administration and litigations between individuals and the administration. This division dates to the administrative procedure of the 18th and 19th centuries and was formalized in 1918 when two sections of the Senate became the newly independent country's two highest courts. The Senate Department of Justice became the Supreme Court, and part of the Senate Finance Department was the basis of the Supreme Administrative Court. The two court systems are entirely separate, and they have no jurisdiction over one another. The establishment of the two courts was confirmed by the Constitution Act of 1919.

Overseeing the system of justice are the Chancellor of Justice and the Parliamentary Ombudsman. Although these two officials have largely parallel functions and each is required to submit an annual report of their activities to Parliament, the Chancellor of Justice is appointed for life by the President and is a non-voting member of the Government, whereas the Parliamentary Ombudsman is chosen for a four-year term by the Parliament. Both officials receive complaints from citizens about the conduct of civil servants, and on their own may investigate all public officials and may order prosecutors to proceed against them. The Chancellor of Justice also supervises advocates. Both officials may call any Finnish authorities to render such assistance as they deem fit.

As in the other Nordic countries, there is no constitutional court. Issues dealt with by a court of this kind elsewhere are handled by the Parliament's Constitutional Committee.

Principles of criminal justice
Finnish thinking on criminal policy, as it was evolved by the 1980s, regards the punishment of offenders essentially as society's reproach to the criminal. In the abstract, the type and the length of punishment prescribed by law are considered indicative of the norms of society regarding the seriousness of the offense and the potential threat posed to society by the offender. In practical terms, punishments are standardized, and they are imposed consistently for all categories of crimes, in the interest of ensuring equality in the application of the law. For this reason, the penal code restricts the discretionary power of the courts in imposing sentences.

Imprisonment is not regarded as benefiting the offender, nor is the length of time in an institution to be set on the basis of need for treatment; it is accepted that punishment is detrimental and should be used sparingly. Thus, the tendency has been to rely on light punishment, especially on fines, and to emphasize short sentences of a few weeks or months.

In addition to ensuring that sentences are equal and proportional, the penal code advises that sentences imposed should not cause the "unregulated accumulation of sanctions," that is, when assessing punishment, courts should avoid several sanctions being imposed – such as dismissal from office, or revocation of a driver's permit – as the result of a single offense. The courts are also expected to ensure that punishment is not extended indirectly to the offender's family. Also, bail bonds do not exist in Finland, so if bail is ordered, it is enforced only by the threat of punitive measures and does not depend on the suspect's finances.

The tendency since the early 1970s has been to decriminalize a number of actions formerly indictable under the penal code. The modifications in the code reflected changing priorities in assessing the seriousness of criminal conduct, changing norms of social behavior, and an attempt to distinguish between premeditated crime and spontaneous actions. Among the acts decriminalized were creating a public disturbance because of drunkenness as well as certain offenses against property, such as petty theft. Homosexual acts between consenting adults also ceased to be regarded as a criminal offense. Stiff penalties for offenses against persons, threats of violence against persons, and driving under influence remained unaffected, however.

Finland has been less willing than other Scandinavian countries to replace punishment with other measures, such as treatment-oriented institutions for repeat offenders. Under legislation enacted in 1931, offenders "dangerous to private or public safety" could be confined in a separate institution for recidivists after their sentences had expired. In 1971 the law was amended so that property offenses could no longer be considered grounds for indeterminate incarceration, and conditions under which violent offenders could be so confined were more narrowly defined. As a result, the number of offenders held in internment of any kind fell dramatically, from nearly 400 in the 1960s to fewer than 10 in 1984. Although indefinite detention remained legal, this provision was not enforced after the mid-1970s.

Legal profession
The de facto basic degree for a legal professional in Finland is varatuomari. It requires a Master of Laws degree and a one year court training in a district court.

Advocates
Any lawyer applying for membership in the Finnish Bar Association must have completed a Master of Laws degree, entitling them to hold judicial office, and must be known to be a person of integrity. They also must have several years experience in the legal profession and other judicial duties. An advocate must be independent and autonomous in relation to the government and all other quarters with the exception of their client.

Only members of the bar association are entitled to use the professional title "advocates" (Finnish: asianajaja, Swedish: advokat). The Finnish Bar Association has about 1,570 members. Practising lawyers who are not members of the Bar Association may not meet the requirements for an advocate, or may prefer not to submit to the obligations of an advocate.

Prosecutors
The prosecutors in Finland are organised in two tiers. The prosecution service consists of the Office of the Prosecutor General in Helsinki and the local prosecution units in all 90 state local districts in Finland. The Office operates as the central administrative authority for the prosecution service.

The Prosecutor General is the supreme prosecutor and the head of the prosecution service. The current Prosecutor General is Ms. Raija Toiviainen. The Prosecutor General appoints local prosecutors, and directs and develops prosecutorial activity by issuing general instructions and guidelines to the prosecutors. The Prosecutor General may take over a case from a subordinate prosecutor. If the Parliament decides that charges are to be brought against the President of Finland or against a member of the Finnish Government in the High Court of Impeachment, the Prosecutor General acts as the prosecutor in the case. Some of the duties of the Prosecutor General are assigned to the Deputy Prosecutor General, the office of which is presently held by Jorma Kalske. For regular prosecutorial tasks, the office has thirteen State Prosecutors, whose jurisdiction covers the entire country.

In the state local districts, prosecutorial duties are performed by local district prosecutors. Their jurisdiction normally covers one local district. In addition, Åland has a provincial prosecutor. The Parliamentary Ombudsman and the Chancellor of Justice are competent to raise charges in special cases.

Judges and referendaries
Professional judges are appointed by the President of Finland, on the proposal of a judge selection committee. Appointments are permanent. Experience in other court functions qualifies for the task. Judges in higher and administrative courts are assisted by legally trained referendaries (viskaali).

Finland employs lay judges in serious cases in the district courts. They are not legally trained and not part of the legal profession. However, a professional judge serves as the chairman of the panel of judges.

District Courts
The Finnish District Courts (käräjäoikeus, tingsrätt) deal with criminal cases, civil cases and petitionary matters, such as divorce, the custody of children or debt adjustment. There are 27 district courts in Finland. A district court is headed by the chief judge (Finnish: laamanni, Swedish: lagman) and other judges (käräjätuomari, tingsdomare) who have the title of district judge. In certain cases, the district court may also have lay judges (lautamies, nämndeman). The cases are handled and resolved either in a session, or in chambers. In simple cases decisions can be made by notaries at the court or by trained office staff. The decision of a district court can normally be appealed in a Court of Appeal (hovioikeus, hovrätt).

Routine cases can be handled by a single district judge. More complicated cases are handled by three district judges. Lay judges sit nowadays only in criminal cases, previously also in certain civil matters. The composition with lay judges consists of the ordinary district judge at the District Court, acting as the chairperson, and two (or three) lay judges. The municipal councils appoint the lay judges for terms of four years. Each lay judge participates in a hearing approximately once a month. The District Court pays a hearing fee to the lay judges and reimburses them for loss of income. Lay judges are appointed by municipal councils, and are not a part of the legal profession.

Trial by jury does not exist in Finland as such. In civil cases, there are no non-professional judges involved in the process. In criminal cases, the common sense and popular sense of justice are represented by the three (or four, in complicated matters) lay judges. However, they participate both in the trying of fact and of law, as well as in sentencing.

Courts of Appeal
Appeals from the District Courts are addressed to the six Courts of Appeal (hovioikeus, hovrätt), located at Helsinki, Turku, Vaasa, Kouvola, Kuopio, and Rovaniemi. Most of the cases dealt with by the Courts of Appeal are appeals against decisions of the district courts. In addition, Courts of Appeal decide, as the first instance, matters of treason and high treason, as well as certain offences in public office. The Helsinki Court of Appeal has special responsibilities, such as granting parole to felons serving a life sentence.

The head of a Court of Appeal is the Chief Justice. The other judges of the court are called Senior Justices or Justices. Cases are presented for decision by legally trained referendaries, who are called Senior Assistant Justices or Assistant Justices. Most cases are heard by professional three-judge divisions, with each division headed by a Senior Justice. More important cases are tried before a plenary session of judges if the Chief Justice decides. In cases involving senior government officials, a court of appeals may serve as the court of first instance. The judges of the Courts of Appeal are appointed by the President, on the basis of a draft decision presented by the government.

In all types of cases, any party may appeal to the Court of Appeal. In the Finnish interpretation of the prohibition of double jeopardy, the case is considered closed only after the final verdict. Thus the prosecution or an injured party may appeal in criminal cases, in addition to the defence. The Court of Appeals usually completely retries the case, hearing the same evidence as presented in the District Court. The process is mainly verbal. However, the process economy rules require that the parties may present new evidence or make new claims only if that evidence was not available at the time of the trial in the District Court.

The verdict of the Court of Appeals may be executed immediately, even if one of the parties seeks a leave of appeal from the Supreme Court of Finland.

Supreme Court
The Supreme Court (korkein oikeus, högsta domstolen), located in Helsinki, consists of a president and 18 other justices, usually working in five-judge panels. The most important function of the Supreme Court is to rule on important points of law in cases which are significant for the entire legal order, guiding the administration of justice in future cases. Decisions of courts of appeal, as well as certain decisions of the Insurance Court may be appealed against to the Supreme Court, provided that it grants leave to appeal.

The Supreme Court gives advice to the President of the Republic in cases concerning the exercise of his or her right to grant a pardon, and to the Ministry of Justice in cases concerning extradition. It may provide legal opinions on government bills at different stages of the legislative process, and the president may consult it on bills passed by Parliament before ratifying them. The Supreme Court may also approach the president on its own initiative, and propose enactment of a new Parliament act or an amendment to an existing act.

The Supreme Court mainly relies on written evidence when deciding on a case. The court may, however, hold oral hearings in which the parties, witnesses and experts are heard in person. The oral hearings are public.

The president and other justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of the Republic.

The current justices of the Supreme Court,, are in order of seniority:

 * President Mr. Tatu Leppänen
 * Justice Mr. Juha Häyhä
 * Justice Ms. Marjut Jokela
 * Justice Mr. Jukka Sippo
 * Justice Mr. Pekka Koponen
 * Justice Mr. Ari Kantor
 * Justice Ms. Tuula Pynnä
 * Justice Mr. Jarmo Littunen
 * Justice Mr. Mika Huovila
 * Justice Mr. Tuomo Antila
 * Justice Ms. Päivi Hirvelä
 * Justice Ms. Kirsti Uusitalo
 * Justice Ms. Lena Engstrand
 * Justice Mr. Mika Ilveskero
 * Justice Mr. Juha Mäkelä
 * Justice Mr. Asko Välimaa
 * Justice Ms. Eva Tammi-Salminen
 * Justice Mr. Jussi Tapani

There are nineteen justices in the Court, including the Chief Justice (President).

Regional Administrative Courts
There are eight regional Administrative Courts (hallinto-oikeus, förvaltningsdomstol), named after their seats as the Administrative Courts of Helsinki, Hämeenlinna, Kouvola, Kuopio, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Turku and Vaasa. In addition, the autonomous region Åland has a separate administrative court. The judicial oversight of administrative acts is the task of the administrative courts. A person or a corporation that believes a decision of a state or local authority relating to them is illegal is entitled to appeal against the decision. The administrative acts are recognized from the hallmark that they become binding without the consent of the other involved parties. The contracts between authorities and private persons fall usually to the jurisdiction of the general court system.

As a Finnish peculiarity, the law may in some cases provide that a special, out-of-court appeal measure known as "rectification request" (oikaisuvaatimus) be taken before an administrative court may actually hear the case. The rectification request is lodged with the public authority (or private actor using public power) that made the original decision. By means of the request, the authority may double-check its decision (to rule out potential unintentionally incorrect application of law, spelling errors etc.) and possibly modify it, in order that an undisputedly unlawfully made decision need not be settled at court. The rectification process is regulated by the Administrative Procedure Act (434/2003). If the decision is not modified through rectification, an actual appeal may (in most cases) be lodged with the administrative court. That appeals process is regulated by the Administrative Judicial Procedure Act (586/1996). On appeal, the administrative court reviews the legality of the decision of the authority. The appeal may usually be made by an involved person, or by another authority charged with the supervision of public interest in the matters of its jurisdiction. Depending on the type of the case and the laws involved, the review by the administrative court may cover only the formal legality of the authority's procedure, but it may extend to the actual appropriateness of the decision. If the authority in question is overturned, the administrative court issues a decision in the case or submits it back to the authority for further consideration of facts. If the appellant or the authority is discontent with the decision of the administrative court, it is possible to appeal to the Supreme Administrative Court. The proceedings are chiefly written, but if the case requires, the administrative courts may conduct surveys, hold oral proceedings, hear witnesses, experts or involved parties, or receive opinions from other authorities.

The decisions of the municipal governments (kunta, kommun) can be appealed against by any member of the municipality, regardless whether the decision involves them. However, while the usual administrative court proceeding examines both the reasonableness and the legality of the decision, the municipal decision can only be overturned on the grounds of legality. In addition, a municipal decision may not be amended by the administrative courts, only overturned. However, in some areas of administration, the municipal government acts as an administrative authority, and its decisions can be appealed against in the normal manner.

The legal costs in the administrative court system are borne by the parties. However, the prevailing party may be awarded the legal costs partly or in full, if it is deemed reasonable in the light of the decision. If the private party prevails, the most important point considered is whether the proceeding was due to an error of the authority. The authority which prevails against a private party is not awarded its legal costs unless the appeal was frivolous.

All judges in administrative courts are professionals, appointed in the same manner as judges who sit in general courts. Judges work in three-judge panels in the regional administrative courts and in five-judge panels in the Supreme Administrative Court. In certain types of matters, part-time experts also participate in the proceedings of the Administrative Courts.

Supreme Administrative Court
The Supreme Administrative Court (korkein hallinto-oikeus, högsta förvaltningsdomstolen) consists of a president and 19 other justices. The court has three chambers.

The first chamber focuses on cases concerning building and planning, environmental permits, real property, waste management, water rights, roads, nature conservation, extraction of land resources and general administrative law. The second chamber handles cases concerning taxation and customs, competition, trades, access to documents, population administration, and driver's licences and other cases related to vehicles, as well as cases concerning traffic, financial management, pharmacies, agriculture and forestry, labour administration and state officials. The third chamber handles cases concerning social welfare, child welfare and public care of children, nationality, aliens, patents and registers, local government, local authority officials, Church law, handicap services, mental health, health care, health inspections, school education, public order and public entertainment, and firearms.

The chambers do not exclusively handle cases concerning the aforementioned subject-matters but may examine any types of cases falling within the court's jurisdiction. About 50 percent of the cases heard in the Supreme Administrative Court involve questions about taxes.

The current judges of the Supreme Administrative Court are:

 * President Pekka Hallberg (appointed 1993)
 * Justice Ahti Rihto (1988)
 * Justice Ilmari Ojanen (1990)
 * Justice Olof Olsson (1993)
 * Justice Esa Aalto (1993)
 * Justice Pirkko Ignatius (1994)
 * Justice Lauri Tarasti (1994)
 * Justice Raimo Anttila (1995)
 * Justice Tuulikki Keltanen (1995)
 * Justice Marita Liljeström (1997)
 * Justice Olli Nykänen (1997)
 * Justice Pekka Vihervuori (1998)
 * Justice Marjatta Kaján (2000)
 * Justice Heikki Kanninen (2000)
 * Justice Kari Kuusiniemi (2003)
 * Justice Niilo Jääskinen (2003)
 * Justice Ilkka Pere (2003)
 * Justice Ahti Vapaavuori (2003)
 * Justice Irma Telivuo (2004)
 * Justice Jukka Mattila (2004)

Market Court
The Market Court (markkinaoikeus) is a special court that hears market law, competition and public procurement cases. It issues injunctions against illegal restrictions of competition and order monetary penalties. It has duties also in the supervision of mergers and acquisitions. In addition, the Market Court may overturn public procurement decisions, adjust the procurement process and order compensatory payments. As a peculiarity, the Market Court follows civil procedure in market law cases and administrative procedure in public procurement cases and in most competition cases. Similarly, in cases where civil procedure is followed, the appeals from the decisions of the Market Court are made to the Supreme Court, while the cases with administrative procedure are appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court.

Labour Court
The Labour Court has jurisdiction in disputes on collective agreements and collective civil service agreements. Disputes on individual employment relationships are heard by the general courts and disputes on individual civil service relationships by the administrative courts. Only labour unions or employer organizations may bring suits to the Labour Court. Similarly, only employers or labour unions may be called to answer in the Labour Court. If individual employees are called to answer, their labour union is to answer to charges on their behalf.

The Labour Court has 16 members elected by the President of Finland for three-year terms, four with a legal training, twelve with a labour market background. The Chief Justice and one Justice of the Labour court are full-time members with a legal training and without connections to labour market organizations. Two Vice Chief Justices are part-time members, with a legal training and without labour market connections. Four of the lay Justices are nominated by employer organizations, while four lay Justices are nominated by labour unions. The remaining four lay Justices are nominated similarly: Two by the labour market administrations of the State and the municipalities and two by the labour unions of civil servants. All lay Justices serve on part-time basis.

The decisions of the Labour Court are final and cannot be appealed against. The procedure followed in the Labour Court resembles the civil procedure.

Insurance Court
The Insurance Court has jurisdiction in certain matters of social insurance, such as accident insurance, employment pensions, civil service pensions and national pensions. Despite the name, the Insurance Court does not consider all kinds of private insurance contracts by private insurance companies, only those relating to accident insurance.

The Insurance Court has been recently criticized for favoring the insurance companies in cases relating to disability pensions arising from accident insurance contracts. The insurance companies reject 90% of the applications, and the court also has a 90% rejection rate. One of the judges of the court must be a certified insurance physician. The certification is given by a subsection of the Finnish Medical Association. The standards have also been criticized.

High Court of Impeachment
The High Court of Impeachment (valtakunnanoikeus, more literally 'Court of the Realm') may be convened for cases dealing with criminal charges (for an offence in office) against the President of the Republic, a justice of the Supreme Court, a member of the Government (a minister), the Chancellor of Justice or the Ombudsman of Parliament. The court has convened only four times since its formation in 1922.

Five of the members serve ex officio: the Chief Justices of the two supreme courts and the three most senior Chief Justices of the Courts of Appeal. Five of the members are elected by the Parliament at the beginning of each parliamentary term. The term of the parliamentary members is the same as the term of the Parliament.

The High Court of Impeachment follows criminal procedure and may use all means available to a District Court. The verdict of the Court is final. The President of Finland may not pardon persons convicted by the High Court of Impeachment. Only the Court itself can reverse or vacate one of its previous verdicts.

Military justice
The service-related criminal cases against military persons serving in the Finnish Defence Forces or the Finnish Border Guard are handled by the civilian courts with some modifications to the usual procedure. The usual forum for the proceedings is the local district court, with a civilian District Judge as a chairperson and two military persons as other members. One of the military members is a commissioned officer and the other belongs to some other personnel group of the military. Both are appointed on a permanent basis by the court of appeals. Unlike in civilian cases, the court may decide to impose a disciplinary measure if the punishment would normally be a fine. The measures available are two types of warning, additional service (1–5 shifts), confinement to garrison (1–15 days), 1–30 disciplinary fines, or confinement to quarters (1–30 days).

The military criminal cases are investigated by the Defence Forces, by the Border Guard or by the civilian police and the case is brought to court by the civilian district prosecutor. The proceedings take place according to the normal procedure, but the majority option will become the verdict of the court only if it is supported by the District Judge or is milder than his/hers. The District Court where the military unit of the accused is permanently or temporarily located has the jurisdiction. In case of military crimes committed by servicemen in international crisis management duties, the District Court of Helsinki has the jurisdiction.

The appeals are considered by the Helsinki Court of Appeals with two military members who must have at least major's rank and who are appointed by the Supreme Court. The cases against officers with at least major's rank are always handled by the court of appeals acting as a court first instance. If the Supreme Court considers a military case, it will have two military members who are general officers appointed by the President of Republic.

In addition to the judicial proceedings, the military may use disciplinary means in minor infractions. A serviceperson has a right to appeal to the District Court against the disciplinary action. The disciplinary actions available depend on the person using discipline. The lowest servicemember empowered to use disciplinary means is the company executive officer, while the full range of disciplinary punishments is only available to brigade commanders. The disciplinary means available are the same as for the court with the exception of confinement to quarters, which may be sentenced only by a court.

The non-service-related crimes of servicemembers do not fall into the jurisdiction of the courts with military members. All crimes where the victim is a civilian are considered non-service-related. Only certain classes of crimes may be considered service-related, even if the victim is a military person or the state. For example, violent crimes, larceny, embezzlement and robbery may fall to military jurisdiction, but sexual crimes, traffic infractions, war crimes, treason, espionage, most economic crimes, drug offences and crimes against the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction are always considered civilian crimes. If a military and a civilian crime are committed in direct conjunction, both crimes fall into the civilian jurisdiction and are investigated by the police and the normal civilian courts. However, a minor civilian crime may fall into the military jurisdiction, if it is committed in direct conjunction with a clearly more aggravated military crime. For instance, stealing a military vehicle (a military crime) and driving it under influence (a civilian crime) would fall under military jurisdiction.

During a war, the Finnish law gives an option of founding Courts Martial to handle military crimes. The Courts Martial would be founded by the Government. The Chief Judge of a Court Martial would be a legally trained person elected by the Supreme Court, while the two other Judges would be servicemembers elected by a Court of Appels. One of the Judges would be a commissioned officer, while the other would be a warrant officer, non-commissioned officer or a rank-and-file servicemember. The judgments of the Court Martial could be appealed to Courts of Appeal. Civilian personnel of the Defence Forces and the Border Guard would also be subject to the military criminal legislation and to the jurisdiction of courts handling military crimes. In areas where the civilian courts of law have ceased functioning, the Courts Martial have jurisdiction in all criminal cases.

Enforcement
Enforcement of judgements is the responsibility of several agencies, depending on the judgement. The Criminal Sanctions Agency (Rikosseuraamuslaitos, Brottspåföljdsmyndigheten, abbreviated RISE) is a state agency that enforces all prison and community service sentences. The police can hold individuals in arrest for four days, after which there must be a court decision to continue detention. Financial sanctions such as distraint and garnishment are enforced by local state officials (vouti) nominated by the National Administrative Office for Enforcement (valtakunnanvoudinvirasto). A district is managed by a kihlakunnanvouti, who leads a team of professional distrainers (ulosottomies). The office of vouti was originally a royal plenipotentiary, then evolved towards specialization in financial enforcement. The Finnish Police enforces miscellaneous decisions such as immigration judgements, i.e. there are no separate agencies for immigration, drug, alcohol or firearms enforcement, all of which fall under the jurisdiction of the police. Law enforcement agencies can also issue summary fines such as speeding tickets, but they can always be disputed in court. The Finnish Defence Forces can enforce disciplinary sentences conducted at barracks.

title: Judicial system of Finland


text:
Kempe Gowda I

Kempe Gowda I (27 June 1510 — 1569) locally venerated as Nadaprabhu Kempe Gowda, or commonly known as Kempe Gowda, was a governor under the Vijayanagara Empire in early-modern India. He is famous for the development of Bangalore Town in the 16th century. Kempegowda erected many Kannada inscriptions across the region.

Early life
Hiriya Kempe Gowda(Hiriya meaning elder in Kannada) was born in the Yelahanka suburb of Bangalore in the Morasu Vokkaliga community to Kempananje Gowda, the ruler of Yelhanka for more than 70 years. The Morasu Vokkaligas were Vijayanagara vassals at Yelahanka.

Sources vary on the ancestry of Kempe Gowda. Burton Stein and others note that Morasu Vokkaligas were Telugu migrants to the Morasu-nadu area in the fourteenth century. Some state that they were originally from Karnataka and were a Kannada-speaking community, although well-versed in Telugu. Some sources mention that they were a Tamil-speaking community from Kanchi which moved to present-day Karnataka in the early 15th century to serve in Vijayanagara armies.

Kempe Gowda, who is reputed to have shown leadership skills during his childhood, was educated for nine years at a gurukula in Aivarukandapura (or Aigondapura), a village near Hesaraghatta.

Reign
Fourth in succession from Rana Bhairave Gowda, founder of the dynasty of the Avati Nadu and great grandson of Jaya Gowda, a separate Vijayanagara feudal vassal, Kempe Gowda is the most famous of the Yelahanka rulers. Kempe Gowda assumed the chieftaincy of Yalahanka Nadu from his father in 1513 and would reign for 46 years.

Construction of Bengaluru
It is believed that Kempe Gowda envisioned a town out of vast woodlands and plateaus during a hunting expedition when he ventured from Yelahanka towards the Shivanasamudra with his courtier Veeranna and eldest son Gidde Gowda.

In 1526, Kempe Gowda conquered the Sivaganga principality, 30 mi from Bangalore on the Bangalore-Pune Highway. He then annexed Domlur (a present-day suburb on the road from Bangalore to the old Bangalore airport). Within this vast forest area, and with imperial permission of the Vijayanagar Emperor Achyutharaya (an inscription at Dasarahalli records the decree date as 1532), he built Bangalore Fort and the town in 1537, and moved his capital from Yelahanka to the new Bengaluru Pete, the foundation of present-day Bangalore city.

Fearing Kempe Gowda's rise in power at Penukonda, Jagadevaraya, a neighbouring poleygar at Channapattana, lodged a complaint Emperor Sadashiva Raya. Kempe Gowda's territories were confiscated and he was imprisoned for five years. After being released, he was returned his territories. Over the following years, however, pleased with his activities, the Emperor would bestow Kempe Gowda the nearby villages of Ulsoor, Begur, Varthur, Jigani, Thalagattapura, Kumbalgodu, Kengeri, and Banavara.

Bangalore fort
Kempe Gowda built a red fort with eight gates and a moat surrounding it. Inside the fort two wide roads ran from North to South and East to West. The other roads were made parallel or perpendicular to them. On an auspicious moment fixed by an astrologer, Kempe Gowda harnessed the bullocks to the ploughs at the central Doddapete square, at the junction of Doddapete (Avenue Road) and Chikka pete, got the ground ploughed and worked the four main streets running in four directions. One ran from Halasoor (Ulsoor) Gate to Sondekoppa Road from East to West, and another from Yelahanka Gate to the Fort running from North to South. These roads are the present Nagarthapete and Chikka pete; and Doddapete respectively. The streets and the Blocks were demarcated for the purpose they were meant, like for business or residences etc. Streets of Doddapete, Chikkapete, Nagartha-pete were for marketing of general merchandise; Aralepete (Cotton pet), Tharagupete, Akki pete, Ragipete, Balepete etc. were for marketing of commodities like cotton, grain, rice, ragi, and bangles respectively: kurubarapete, Kumbara-pete, Ganigarapete, Upparapete etc. were for trades and crafts, and residences of Kuruba, Kumbara, Ganiga, Uppara castes respectively and similar petes' (Blocks). Halasoorpete, Manava-rthepete, Mutyalapete (Ballapurapete) etc. were meant for other groups of the society. The Agraharas were for the priests and learned classes. He got skilled artisans and craftsmen from the neighboring as well as far off places and got them settled so that they could pursue their vocations.

Temples of Vinayaka and Anjaneya were built at the Northern Yelahanka Gate of the fort (near the present head office of State Bank of Mysore). Dodda Basavannanagudi (The Bull Temple) and in its neighbourhood, Dodda Vinayaka and Dodda Anjaneya and Veerabhadhra temples were also built outside the fort on the southern side. Gavi Gangadhareshwara temple was also built by Kempe Gowda. Kempe Gowda I encouraged the construction of temples and lakes and planned residential layouts, or agraharams, around each temple. The construction of the mud fort and several temples and lakes transformed Bangalore from a sleepy village to a centre of culture based on vedic traditions.

Tanks were built for the water supply to the town, to the moat around the fort and for the irrigation of crops. Inside the fort, a big pond enclosed by masonry of dressed granite stones was dug and built (on the South-Western corner of the present Sri Krishnarajendra Market). Dhar-mambudhi tank, which supplied water to the town (present Subhash Nagar, BMTC bus stand and KSRTC bus stands, in front of the city Railway Station), Kempambudhi tank (named after Ranabhaire Gowda's family Goddess, Doddamma or Kempamma), in Gavi-pura Guttahalli and Samp-igambudhi tank (named after one of the daughters-in-law: present Sree Kanteerava Stadium), which were meant for irrigation, were also built. Irrigational facilities gave much impetus to agriculture and horticulture and also encouraged laying of gardens and raising groves of fruit crops.

Death and succession
Kempe Gowda died in 1569 having ruled for about 46 years. The 16th century Kannada epitaph on his tomb proclaims that he died on the spot at Kempapura, a village in Magadi, while returning from Kunigal, reportedly after settling a dispute.

Kempe Gowda's tomb was accidentally found on 7 March 2015 by Prashanth Marur, a college official-turned-historian, while he was driving by Kempapura. It was also authenticated by group of historians who visited the tomb. It is believed that his son Kempe Gowda II built the tomb after his father's demise. After confirmation, Marur wrote an article that was published inVijayavani on 3 September 2015.

Succession
According to some literary sources, Kempe Gowda's elder son Gidde Gowda succeeded him and his lineage lasted for a century in Magadi, where they built numerous temples, forts, and tanks.

The Nelapattana subterranean town was built on the strategic foothills of the Savandurga to protect its city dwellers from neighbouring invasions. However, in 1728, Haider Ali, the commander-in-chief (dalvoy) of the Kingdom of Mysore, defeated the ruler from Kempe Gowda's lineage and annexed the principality into the kingdom. The last Gowda ruler was imprisoned in Srirangapatana till his death. The family members were moved to Hulikal village in Magadi. Some other family members were pensioned by Dewan Purnaiah by gifting them jagirs, or land grants, at Hosur in present-day Tamil Nadu, where the lineage continues as farmers.

Social reforms
Kempe Gowda is also noted for his societal reforms and contribution to building temples and water reservoirs in Bengaluru. While ruling, one of his social reforms was to prohibit the custom of amputating the last two fingers of the left hand of unmarried women during "bandi devaru", a late custom in the Morasu Vokkaliga community.

Contributions
Kempe Gowda was a patron of arts and learning. In spite belonging to a purely Kannada speaking community, He was a polyglot and authored Gangagaurivilasa, a yakshagana play, in Telugu, the court-language of the time.

Memorials
A metal statue of Kempe Gowda was posthumously installed in 1609 at Gangadhareshwara temple at Shivagange.

In 1964, another statue was erected in front of the Corporation Office at Bangalore.

The city bus stand of Bangalore is named Kempegowda Bus Station in his honour. Bangalore International Airport was also renamed Kempegowda International Airport on 14 December 2013.

The Bangalore Development Authority developed the Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Layout in his memory. The Majestic metro station on the Purple Line of Bangalore Metro was also renamed Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Station., Majestic, in his honour.

Educational institutions such as Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Kempegowda Institute of Physiotherapy, Kempegowda College of Nursing, and Kempegowda Residential PU College have all been named after Kempe Gowda. A police station and a park in Bangalore are named in his honour. A busy thoroughfare in the city is named Kempegowda Road.

Since 2017, the Government of Karnataka has recognised Kempe Gowda's birth anniversary, or Kempe Gowda Jayanthi. The Kempegowda Award, a civic award presented annually by the BBMP, was set up in his memory.

On 27 June 2020, commemorating Kempe Gowda's 511th birth anniversary, work on a 108-feet tall Kempe Gowda Statue and a 23-acre central park around the statue formally began with its inauguration by Chief Minister B. S.Yediyurappa at the Kempegowda International Airport. The same was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 11 November 2022.

General

 * Dr. B. S. Puttaswamy. KEMPEGOWDA OF BENGALURU, 160 pp. Bengaluru: Manoj Publications, 2017. Price 200 INR Released at Dubai. ISBN 978-81-920681-2-1. Cell +919448522310

title: Kempe Gowda I


text:
Kerar

Kerar may refer to:
 * Karrar, Kurdamir, Azerbaijan
 * Krar, a musical instrument

title: Kerar


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User talk:Mr.mitao

If you want to edit sensibly in Wikipedia, you'll be welcome; don't, however, up-load copyrighted images, create pointless pages, and add poorly-coded links to them from genuine articles. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:30, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mr.mitao


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User:Admp~enwiki

I am Adomas, visit my personal homepage.

My interests include computer science, open source and much more (TBD).

I was once more active in Lithuanian wikipedia, I have user page there too.

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