text:
Ma Chu

Chu, known in historiography as Ma Chu (馬楚) or Southern Chu (南楚), was a dynastic state of China that existed from 907 to 951. It is counted as one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of Chinese history.

Founding
Ma Yin was named regional governor by the Tang court in 896 after fighting against a rebel named Yang Xingmi. He declared himself as the Prince of Chu with the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. Ma's position as Prince of Chu was confirmed by the Later Tang in the north in 927 and was given the posthumous title of King Wumu of Chu.

Territories
The capital of the Chu Kingdom was Changsha (Tanzhou). The kingdom ruled over present-day Hunan and northeastern Guangxi.

Economy
Chu was peaceful and prosperous under Ma Yin's rule, exporting horses, silk and tea. Silk and lead coinage were often used as currency, particularly with external communities which would not accept other coinage of the land. Taxation was low for the peasantry and merchants.

Fall of Chu
After Ma Yin died the leadership was subject to struggle and conflict which resulted in the fall of the kingdom. The Southern Tang, fresh from its conquest of the Min Kingdom, took advantage and conquered the kingdom in 951. The ruling family was removed to the Southern Tang capital of Jinling. However, the following year, Chu generals rose against Southern Tang and expelled the Southern Tang expeditionary force, leaving the former Chu territory to be ruled by several of those generals called Wuping Jiedushi (武平军节度使) in succession.

Zhou Xingfeng (周行逢) ruled the Jiedushi from 956-962. In 956, Zhou Xingfeng executed and beheaded Pan Shusi (潘叔嗣), a general of the Southern Chu.

During these post-Chu years of de facto independence, the center of power was usually at Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern Changde, Hunan).

In 963, the Wuping Jiedushi ended and its territory was seized by the Song dynasty.

title: Ma Chu


text:
Brad Park

Douglas Bradford Park (born July 6, 1948) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. A defenceman, Park played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, Boston Bruins and Detroit Red Wings. Considered to be one of the best defencemen of his era, he was named to an All-Star team seven times. The most productive years of his career were overshadowed by superstar Bobby Orr, with whom he played with for a brief time. Unlike Orr's, however, his teams never hoisted the Stanley Cup. Park was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988. In 2017, he was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history.

Playing career
As a youth, Park played in the 1960 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Scarboro Lions, was a member of the Junior B Toronto Westclairs (1964–1965) and then the Junior A Toronto Marlboros (1965–1968). He was drafted by the New York Rangers in the first round (second overall) in the 1966 NHL Amateur Draft and, after a brief stint with the minor-league Buffalo Bisons of the AHL, began playing for the Rangers in 1968.

New York Rangers
Park developed into the best Rangers defenceman, whose offensive skill, stickhandling and pugnacity made him popular with local fans and media. He even drew occasional comparisons with the Boston Bruins superstar Bobby Orr, universally acclaimed to be the greatest at his position in hockey history. Years afterward, Park remarked, "I saw no reason to be upset because I was rated second to Bobby Orr. After all, Orr not only was the top defenceman in the game but he was considered the best player ever to put on a pair of skates. There was nothing insulting about being rated No. 2 to such a super superstar."

Park was made the alternate captain of the Rangers and briefly served as their captain. In 1972, after the team's top scorer, Jean Ratelle, was lost due to a broken ankle, he led the Rangers past the defending Stanley Cup-champion Montreal Canadiens in the first round and the West Division champion Chicago Black Hawks in the semifinals of the playoffs. The Rangers advanced to the Stanley Cup finals where they fell to the Boston Bruins in six games. After the Rangers staved off elimination in Game 5 at Boston, Bruins assistant captain Phil Esposito said famously, "If the Rangers think they're going to beat us in the next two games, they're full of 'Park' spelled backwards," Sure enough, the Bruins put them away in Game 6 at Madison Square Garden. Park finished a distant second to Orr in the Norris Trophy vote.

When the upstart World Hockey Association tried to lure Park away, the Rangers re-signed him to a $200,000-a-year contract that made him, briefly, the highest-paid player in the NHL.

In the 1972 Summit Series, with Orr unable to play due to injury, Park emerged as a key contributor to Team Canada's series over the Soviets, being named Best Defenceman of the series.

After opening the 1975–76 season with their worst start in ten years, the Rangers began to unload its high-priced veterans. Park, along with Jean Ratelle and Joe Zanussi, was traded to the Boston Bruins in a November 7 blockbuster deal that also sent Phil Esposito and Carol Vadnais to the Rangers, one that shocked everyone. The New York press and public had felt that Park, 27 at the time, was overweight, overpaid and over the hill, as he was facing unfavorable comparisons to Denis Potvin.

Boston Bruins
While Esposito and Vadnais were effective players for the Rangers, the team remained mired at the bottom of the division after "the trade", and Rangers general manager Emile Francis was eventually fired. Contrary to expectations that the Rangers had gotten the better end of the trade, the struggling Bruins were instantly rejuvenated and soon again became one of the NHL's best teams, despite the departures of Phil Esposito and Bobby Orr.

Taking over the mantle of leadership from Orr, whose career was threatened by injury and who would soon leave the team, Park continued his success under coach Don Cherry. Park had previously been an end-to-end puck carrier, but with the Bruins, he was told by Cherry to concentrate on defence. Getting over his unpopularity in Boston when he was a member of the arch-rival Rangers, Park made a relatively smooth transition to his new team, even hitch-hiking a ride from two teenagers at 1 am after his car ran out of gas, and Park later rewarded them with free tickets to the next Boston home game.

From 1977-79, Cherry's "Lunch Pail A.C." captured three division titles for the Bruins. Park earned two first All-Star team selections, while coming in second in the Norris Trophy race twice in a Bruins' uniform, with 1977-78 being considered one of his finest seasons. In 1977 and 1978, Park was a key contributor to Boston's back-to-back appearances in the Stanley Cup Finals where they lost to the Montreal Canadiens both times. His last highlight with Boston came in Game 7 of the Adams Division finals against the Buffalo Sabres in the 1983 playoffs, when Park scored the game-winning goal in overtime and help Boston advance in to the conference finals — Park's career overlapped with the first four years of the emerging superstar defenceman of the Bruins, Raymond Bourque, from 1979 to 1983.

Detroit Red Wings
The following season (1983–84), Park signed with the Detroit Red Wings as a free agent. He won the Bill Masterton Trophy for perseverance that same year, having set a record for assists by a Red Wings' defenceman (53). After the 1985 season, still an effective player but hobbled by repeated knee injuries, he announced his retirement. The next year, he served as Detroit's head coach before he was fired on June 3, 1986.

Retirement and personal life
Soon after his retirement and before he coached the Red Wings, he served as a color commentator and studio analyst for CTV and ESPN NHL broadcasts in between.

In 1988, Park was elected in his first year of eligibility to the Hockey Hall of Fame in his hometown of Toronto.

Park was one of five plaintiffs along with Dave Forbes, Rick Middleton, Ulf Nilsson and Doug Smail in Forbes v. Eagleson, a class action lawsuit filed in 1995 on behalf of about 1,000 NHL players who were employed by NHL teams between 1972 and 1991 against Alan Eagleson, the league and its member clubs. The players alleged that the NHL and its teams violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act by colluding with Eagleson to enable him to embezzle from the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) and that the four-year statute of limitations in civil racketeering cases began when Eagleson was indicted in 1994. The lawsuit was dismissed on August 27, 1998 in United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania by Thomas Newman O'Neill Jr. who ruled that the statute of limitations expired because it had begun in 1991 when the players were made aware of the allegations against Eagleson. O'Neill's decision was upheld in the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit on October 17, 2000.

Park has resided on the North Shore of Massachusetts and on Sebago Lake in Maine for almost 40 years, with his wife Gerry. He has five children and eight grandchildren. His autobiography, Straight Shooter: The Brad Park Story, was published in August, 2012.

Honours and achievements

 * Named to the first All-Star team in 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1978.
 * Named to the second All-Star team in 1971 and 1973.
 * Runner up in Norris Trophy voting in 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1978
 * Received both the most First Team All-Star nominations (other than Earl Seibert, who retired before the trophy was awarded) and was runner-up for the Norris more times without winning the Norris than any other defenceman in NHL history.
 * Played in the NHL All-Star Game in 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1978.
 * Won the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy in 1984.
 * The book 'Play the Man' (Dodd, Mead, & Co.) written by Brad Park and Stan Fischler was published in 1971.
 * Retired as the leading defence scorer in Rangers' history and the second leading defence scorer in Bruins' history to Bobby Orr.
 * At the time of his retirement, had played the most seasons in league history for a player never missing the playoffs.
 * Currently 13th all-time in NHL history in defence scoring.
 * Elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988, in his first year of eligibility.
 * Along with Butch Goring, one of the last two active players who had played in the 1960s.
 * In 1998, he was ranked number 49 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
 * In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, was ranked No. 11 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brad Park


text:
May 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

May 4 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 6

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 18 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For May 5th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 22.

Saints

 * Virgin-martyr Sandukht [Sagdukht] (c. 50)
 * Great Virgin-martyr Irene of Thessaloniki (4th century)
 * Martyrs Irenaeus, Pellegrinus and Irene, at Thessaloniki (284–305)
 * Martyrs Neophytus, Gaius, and Gaianus
 * Saint Eulogius the Confessor, bishop of Edessa (c. 386)
 * Saints Martin and Heraclius, of Illyria (4th century)
 * Saint Hierax of Egypt (5th century)
 * Saint Euthymius the Wonderworker, bishop of Madytos on the Hellespont (c. 990)
 * Nun-martyr Martha, abbess of Monemvasia with three companions (990)

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Martyr Jovinian, the lector of St. Peregrine of Auxerre (c. 304)
 * Saint Brito (Britonius) (386)
 * Saint Nectarius of Vienne, bishop of Vienne (c. 445)
 * Saint Nicetus of Vienne, fifteenth bishop of Vienne (c. 449)
 * Saint Hilary (Hilarion), Archbishop of Arles (449)
 * Saint Gerontius of Milan (470)
 * Martyr Crescentiana of Rome (5th century)
 * Saint Hydrock (Hydroc) of Cornwall (5th century)
 * Saint Gibrian, hermit in Ireland (509)
 * Saint Sacerdos of Saguntum (c. 560)
 * Saint Waldrada, first abbess of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains in Metz in France (c. 620)
 * Saint Diuma, first Bishop of Mercia (c. 650)
 * Saint Maurontius of Douai (Maurontus, Mauront), founded monastery at Breuil-sur-lys near Douai, of which he is the patron-saint (701)
 * Saint Echa of Crayke, (Etha), Anglo-Saxon priest and monk-hermit at Crayke, near York, England (767)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * Saints Barlaam of Serpukhov, and Gideon of Serpukhov (1377)
 * New Monk-martyr Ephraim of Nea Makri (1426)
 * New Hieromartyr Ephraim of Damascus, prophet (15th century)
 * Saint Adrian, abbot of Monza Monastery (1619)

New martyrs and confessors

 * New Hieromartyr Nicholas, priest (1919)
 * New Hieromartyr Platon of Banja Luka (Platon Jovanovic) (1941) (see also: April 22)

Other commemorations

 * Translation of the relics (980) of Saint Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne (709)
 * Dedication of the Church of Mother of God of Kirou at Constantinople and commemoration of commemoration of the solar eclipse (1369)
 * Uncovering of the relics (1613) of Saint James of Zheleznoborov, Abbot of Zhelezny Bor (1442)
 * Uncovering of the relics (1675) of Saint Pachomius of Nerekhta, Abbot of Zhelezny Bor (1384)
 * Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos "Inexhaustible Cup" (1878)

title: May 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


text:
Talk:Speech therapy

=Multimerge Discussion=

Untitled
I suggest we merge this with the other SLP and SP pages that are already thinking about merging. A redirect from speech therapy would be very important, though. --Slp1 22:51, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree. Looks like there's quite a bit of overlap/redundancy between all three articles.  The only question is which one is the most appropriate title to which the others should redirect?  Would appreciate input from those in the field.
 * -Rj101 00:06, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well I am in the field, but this "appropriate title" thing may be a minefield. In countries of the English speaking world the profession is called by many different variations of a theme:

Australia: Speech pathology

Canada: speech-language pathology

Ireland: Speech and Language Therapy

New Zealand: Speech-Language Therapy

South Africa: Speech Language Therapy

United Kingdom: Speech and Language Therapy

United States: speech-language pathology

My suggestion (as someone who has worked in various countries under various titles) would be to go with something like Speech and Language Pathology, so that no country "wins" hands down! --Slp1 12:20, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Perhaps a week or so for consensus/suggestions/objections (see below) and then time for the change?  I'm hoping you (or one of your colleagues) are willing to make the major content merges/edits as this is your area of expertise.  I'm happy to offer whatever services you need that I can.
 * -RJ1001 22:58, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Merging Proposal
PROPOSED:
 * 1) Merge Speech therapy, Speech-Language Pathology, Speech pathology, and Phoniatrics into one article.
 * 2) The new article be entitled "Speech and Language Pathology" as a "nation-neutral" solution (see above discussion). All national variations would then be redirects to this new article.

Discussion
I support the merging since all of the articles mentioned are not much more than stubs. Later, when there is (hopefully) more material the finer details might again be split, but for now, merging is the best alternative. As for the naming of the new article I don't have any strong opinions. I believe the term phoniatrics is used at least in the scandinavian countries in respective form of each of their own languages. Personally, I like the term, but Wikipedia is hardly the place to promote such a change in terminology. So, all in all, I support the proposal of merging. --Tbackstr 15:20, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

I'm an SLP working in the US, and this merger proposal makes the most sense to me. I've never heard the term "phoniatrics" (even though I read widely in Speech Pathology and Speech Science), so I don't think it is familiar to many people. -- RToes 20:21, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree that we should merge the pages under the title "speech and language pathology."

--- I agree that it should be merged too. It;s confusing as it stands.

---

I am an SP working in Australia. I have never hear of the term 'phoniatrics' either, however from the content of this page it appears as though it is another area in which SPs work. If they are merged, then the SP page should be extended to give an outline of the various areas in which we work (eg. voice disorders, head and neck cancer, articulation, aphasia, paediatric language etc.). Thanks :)

The term phoniatrics is a European one mainly, but it is in the title of the International Society of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, which is the worldwide associate for SLPs, SLTs, SPs (and Logopedists and Phoniatrists, I guess!) [] - It looks like this merge has plenty of consensus so that we should go ahead. I will try and get to it once my current project is finished but I would be glad to hear of others who would be willing to help. Please be in touch! . --Slp1 22:52, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

--- I agree. One section will give us a better launching point to talk about areas that a Speech Language Pathologist works. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by user 169.204.238.218 (talk • contribs). ---

I personally don't agree to merging at all, although they look the same but they are different.

Phoniatricians are medical doctors and not SLPs, they pay much attention to Voice and Phonosurgery ( Microlaryngeal Surgery ), and the speciality is recognized - as far as i know - in Egypt, Scandinavian countries, Germany, Saudi Arabia and Japan Norway. It is obvious that there two system worldwide, the common one which is to have SLPs and the other one which is Phoniatricians and Logopaedics and although SLPs system is the dominant one, but i guess the terms and the description of them shouldn't be merged.

Phoniatricians differ from SLPs in the medical background that they have especially in Laryngology and the fact that voice surgery ( Phonosurgery ) is part of their speciality.

May be the page should be edited, but not merged. If you would like to get any more information ,please contact me on

geneid@hotmail.com

Ahmed Geneid, Phoniatrician from Egypt —The preceding unsigned comment was added by user Geneid (talk • contribs).

Thanks Ahmed, for your clarification. I guess you should know!! So we should merge all the articles but the phoniatrics one. But some research will need to be done to expand the phoniatrics article with the sort of information you provide above. --Slp1 22:35, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree, and i already contacted Tom who wrote the article on the possibility of editing it. Thanks —The preceding unsigned comment was added by user Geneid (talk • contribs).

title: Talk:Speech therapy


text:
File:Starcross box art.jpg

Starcross (computer game) game box cover. This was downloaded from http://gallery.guetech.org/starcross/starcross.html; the website administrator gave me express permission to use these images on Wikipedia.

title: File:Starcross box art.jpg


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Guillaume de l'Hôpital

Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital (sometimes spelled L'Hospital; 1661 – 2 February 1704) was a French mathematician. His name is firmly associated with l'Hôpital's rule for calculating limits involving indeterminate forms 0/0 and ∞/∞. Although the rule did not originate with l'Hôpital, it appeared in print for the first time in his 1696 treatise on the infinitesimal calculus, entitled Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes. This book was a first systematic exposition of differential calculus. Several editions and translations to other languages were published and it became a model for subsequent treatments of calculus.

Biography
L'Hôpital was born into a military family. His father was Anne-Alexandre de l'Hôpital, a Lieutenant-General of the King's army, Comte de Saint-Mesme and the first squire of Gaston, Duke of Orléans. His mother was Elisabeth Gobelin, a daughter of Claude Gobelin, Intendant in the King's Army and Councilor of the State.

L'Hôpital abandoned a military career due to poor eyesight and pursued his interest in mathematics, which was apparent since his childhood. For a while, he was a member of Nicolas Malebranche's circle in Paris and it was there that in 1691 he met young Johann Bernoulli, who was visiting France and agreed to supplement his Paris talks on infinitesimal calculus with private lectures to l'Hôpital at his estate at Oucques. In 1693, l'Hôpital was elected to the French academy of sciences and even served twice as its vice-president. Among his accomplishments were the determination of the arc length of the logarithmic graph, one of the solutions to the brachistochrone problem, and the discovery of a turning point singularity on the involute of a plane curve near an inflection point.

L'Hôpital exchanged ideas with Pierre Varignon and corresponded with Gottfried Leibniz, Christiaan Huygens, and Jacob and Johann Bernoulli. His Traité analytique des sections coniques et de leur usage pour la résolution des équations dans les problêmes tant déterminés qu'indéterminés ("Analytic treatise on conic sections") was published posthumously in Paris in 1707.

Calculus textbook

In 1696 l'Hôpital published his book Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes ("Infinitesimal calculus with applications to curved lines"). This was the first textbook on infinitesimal calculus and it presented the ideas of differential calculus and their applications to differential geometry of curves in a lucid form and with numerous figures; however, it did not consider integration.

The history leading to the book's publication became a subject of a protracted controversy. In a letter from 17 March 1694, l'Hôpital made the following proposal to Johann Bernoulli: in exchange for an annual payment of 300 Francs, Bernoulli would inform l'Hôpital of his latest mathematical discoveries, withholding them from correspondence with others, including Varignon. Bernoulli's immediate response has not been preserved, but he must have agreed soon, as the subsequent letters show. L'Hôpital may have felt fully justified in describing these results in his book, after acknowledging his debt to Leibniz and the Bernoulli brothers, "especially the younger one" (Johann). Johann Bernoulli grew increasingly unhappy with the accolades bestowed on l'Hôpital's work and complained in private correspondence about being sidelined. After l'Hôpital's death, he publicly revealed their agreement and claimed credit for the statements and portions of the text of Analyse, which were supplied to l'Hôpital in letters. Over a period of many years, Bernoulli made progressively stronger allegations about his role in the writing of Analyse, culminating in the publication of his old work on integral calculus in 1742: he remarked that this is a continuation of his old lectures on differential calculus, which he discarded since l'Hôpital had already included them in his famous book. For a long time, these claims were not regarded as credible by many historians of mathematics, because l'Hôpital's mathematical talent was not in doubt, while Bernoulli was involved in several other priority disputes. For example, both H. G. Zeuthen and Moritz Cantor, writing at the cusp of the 20th century, dismissed Bernoulli's claims on these grounds. However, in 1921 Paul Schafheitlin discovered a manuscript of Bernoulli's lectures on differential calculus from 1691 to 1692 in the Basel University library. The text showed remarkable similarities to l'Hôpital's writing, substantiating Bernoulli's account of the book's origin.

L'Hôpital's pedagogical brilliance in arranging and presenting the material remains universally recognized. Regardless of the exact authorship (the book was first published anonymously), Analyse was remarkably successful in popularizing the ideas of differential calculus stemming from Leibniz.

Personal life
L'Hôpital married Marie-Charlotte de Romilley de La Chesnelaye, also a mathematician and a member of the nobility, and inheritor of large estates in Brittany. Together, they had one son and three daughters. L'Hôpital passed away at the age of 42. The exact cause of his death is not widely recorded, and historical sources do not provide specific details regarding the circumstances of his passing.

title: Guillaume de l'Hôpital


text:
YUP (band)

YUP (Yhdistyneet Urbaanit Puoskarit, literal translation United Urban Quacks, originally Y.U.P. Young Urban Perverts) is a Finnish rock-music group. The band arose amongst three students of the Savonlinna senior high of arts in 1987 and played some rather primitive, progressive hard-core punk with English lyrics. Originally the group consisted of Jarkko Martikainen (guitar), Valtteri Tynkkynen (bass guitar) and Jussi Hyyrynen (drums).

With the EP Turpasauna in 1990 the language changed into Finnish and the music became more complicated. Soon a fourth member joined the band, keyboardist Tommi Kärkkäinen, since more musicians were needed to carry out the varied ideas of the artists. In 1992 on the single Daavidin fuzz / Paratiisin sahakielet the crew had changed again: Jussi Hyyrynen had switched to the guitar and Janne Mannonen had been hired to be the new drummer. The current form of YUP dates back to 1994 when the keyboardist was changed to Petri Tiainen after the album Toppatakkeja ja Toledon terästä. Tommi Kärkkäinen begun to compose classical music.

The album Outo elämä from 1998 is widely considered the breakthrough of YUP. After that the music has become somewhat lighter and easier to approach, which has upset some hard-core fans. Their compilation album reflects this trend, the album being called Helppoa kuunneltavaa 2004 ("Easy Listening"), accompanied by the DVD Helppoa katseltavaa ("Easy Watching") and the songbooks Helppoa soiteltavaa ("Easy Playing") and Helppoa soiteltavaa II ("Easy Playing II").

The band's eleventh studio album, Vapauden kaupungit, was released June 21, 2008. In 2009, the band announced that it would go on an indefinite hiatus.

Lineup

 * Jarkko Martikainen - vocals, guitar
 * Valtteri Tynkkynen - bass guitar
 * Jussi Hyyrynen - guitar
 * Janne Mannonen - drums
 * Petri Tiainen - keyboards

Albums

 * The Hippos From Hell (1989)
 * Huuda harkiten (1991)
 * Toppatakkeja ja Toledon terästä (1994)
 * Homo Sapiens (1994)
 * Yövieraat (1996)
 * Outo elämä (1998)
 * Normaalien maihinnousu (1999)
 * Lauluja metsästä (2001)
 * Leppymättömät (2003)
 * Keppijumppaa (2005)
 * Vapauden kaupungit (2008)

EPs

 * Who Dares Farts (1989)
 * Whlap-Zap Ninja (1989)
 * Turpasauna (1990)
 * Julmasti juhlallista (1991)
 * Minä olen myyrä (1993)
 * Me viihdytämme teitä (1999)
 * Minä en tiedä mitään (2005)
 * Maailmannäyttely (2008)

Singles

 * Daavidin Fuzz/Paratiisin sahakielet (1992)
 * Jumala halkaisi ihmisen kahtia (1994)
 * Homo Sapiens (1995)
 * Porvariston hillitty charmi (1996)
 * Tavaroiden taikamaailma (1997)
 * Tuuliajolla (1998)
 * Mitä luoja teki ennen kuin loi maailman? (1998)
 * Meitä odotellaan mullan alla (1999)
 * Varjoleikit (1999)
 * Pohjaton säkki (2000)
 * Ihana elämä (2001)
 * Rakkaus on pesti hulluuteen (2001)
 * Joutilas (2003)
 * Pahassa paikassa (2003)
 * Päivä kerrallaan (2004)
 * Intiaanit ymmärtävät (2005)

Compilations

 * 1990-1992 (1992)
 * Hajota ja hallitse 1993-2001 (2001)
 * The Hippos From Hell & Other Oddities 1988-1990 (2003)
 * Helppoa kuunneltavaa (2004)

Books

 * Helppoa soiteltavaa (Like, 2004)
 * Helppoa soiteltavaa II (Like, 2005)

DVDs

 * Helppoa katseltavaa (2004)

title: YUP (band)


text:
Rees Jones

Rees Jones (born September 16, 1941) is an American golf course architect.

Life and career
Born and raised in Montclair, New Jersey, the son of legendary golf course designer Robert Trent Jones and the younger brother of golf course designer Robert Trent Jones, Jr., he attended Montclair High School.

His first exposure to golf course design came as a boy when he would accompany his father surveying courses. After attending Yale and graduate studies at Harvard University Graduate School of Design, he joined his father and older brother at Robert Trent Jones Incorporated. He helped his father on numerous courses until forming his own firm in 1974. He has designed, renovated, or restored over 260 golf courses in his career.

Jones continues to design courses and currently lives in Juno Beach, Florida and has his offices in Montclair, New Jersey. Jones has earned the moniker "The Open Doctor" for his work in preparation for numerous major championships. He has also served as the president of the American Society of Golf Course Architects. A noted environmentalist, he has been a vocal champion for the cause of environmentally friendly golf courses.

Jones received the 2004 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor.

Golf Course Design
Rees Jones founded the golf course design firm of Rees Jones, Inc., located in his hometown of Montclair, New Jersey in 1974. He was later joined by golf course architect Keith Evans. In 1984 Greg Muirhead (ASGCA) joined the team followed by Steve Weisser (ASGCA) in 1991 and Bryce Swanson (ASGCA) in 2000.

With Robert Trent Jones Incorporated

 * Montauk Downs, Long Island, New York (1968)
 * Ocean Pines, Maryland(1971)
 * Turnberry Isle, Florida (1972)

With Rees Jones Incorporated
• Dacotah Ridge 2000 Morton Mn
 * El Caballero Country Club, Tarzana, California (2021 Redesign) Originally designed by Robert Trent Jones in 1964

°Shoreline Golf Course, 1100 Pelican Road, New Bern, NC (1972)-Treasure Cove

 * Arcadian Shores, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina (1974)
 * Graysburg Hills Golf Course [Chuckey, Tennessee] (1978)
 * Bear Creek, Hilton Head Island, SC (1980)
 * Black Hawk Country Club, Richmond, TX (1999)
 * Marriott's Griffin Gate, Lexington, Kentucky (1981)
 * Haig Point Club, Daufuskie Island, South Carolina (1986)
 * Pinehurst #7, Pinehurst, North Carolina (1986)
 * Carmel Country Club, South Course Charlotte, North Carolina (1988, 2009) – redesign
 * The Country Club, Brookline, Massachusetts (1988) – restoration
 * Cherry Valley Country Club, Skillman, New Jersey (1991)
 * Duke University Golf Course, Durham, North Carolina (1993, 2021) – renovation
 * Talamore Golf Resort, Southern Pines, North Carolina (1991)
 * Gleneagles at the Equinox, Manchester, Vermont (1992) – reconstruction
 * Atlantic, Bridgehampton, New York (1992)
 * Sandpines, Florence, Oregon (1992)
 * Huntsville, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (1994)
 * LPGA International Champions, Daytona Beach, Florida (1994)
 * Legend Trail, Scottsdale, Arizona (1995)
 * Ocean Forest, Sea Island, Georgia (1995)
 * Atlanta Athletic Club – Highlands Course, Duluth, Georgia (1995) – redesign
 * East Lake Golf Club, Atlanta, Georgia (1995) – reconstruction
 * Ballantyne Country Club, Charlotte, North Carolina (1995)
 * Poppy Ridge, Livermore, California (1996)
 * Lake Merced Golf Club, Daly City, California (1996) – reconstruction
 * The Currituck Club, Corolla, North Carolina (1996)
 * Charlie Yates Golf Course, Atlanta, Georgia (1998)
 * Greenville Country Club (Chanticleer), Greenville, SC (2002) – redesign
 * Royal Oaks Golf Club, Moncton New Brunswick, Canada (2000)
 * Old Chatham Golf Club, Durham, North Carolina (2001)
 * Torrey Pines Golf Course, La Jolla, California (2001) – reconstruction
 * The Golf Club at Briar's Creek, Johns Island, South Carolina (2002) – Golf Digest's voted Best New Private Course in America
 * Quintero Golf Club(Founders Course) Peoria, Arizona (2002)
 * The Oconee, Reynolds Plantation, Greensboro, Georgia (2002)
 * Baker Hill, Newbury, New Hampshire (2003) – Golf Digest's voted Best Course in New Hampshire
 * Breakers Hotel Rees Jones Course, West Palm Beach, Florida (2004) – reconstruction
 * Royal Montreal Golf Course, Blue Course (2004)
 * Bellerive Country Club, St. Louis, Missouri (2006) – reconstruction
 * Cog Hill Golf & Country Club Dubsdread Course No. 4 Lemont, Illinois – restoration
 * Oakland Hills Country Club, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, South Course
 * Baton Rouge Country Club, Baton Rouge, Louisiana – reconstruction
 * Stoney Creek Golf Course, Nellysford, Virginia – 27 holes
 * Broad Run Golfer's Club, West Bradford Township, Pennsylvania
 * Grand Niagara Rees Jones Course, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada
 * Lakewood Country Club, Rockville, Maryland
 * Golden Horseshoe Golf Club – Green Course, Williamsburg, Virginia
 * Red Stick, Vero Beach, Florida
 * The Lambton Golf and Country Club, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * Piedmont Driving Club, Atlanta, Georgia (2000)
 * Santaluz, San Diego, California
 * Golden Hills Golf Club, Ocala, Florida – redesign
 * Waldorf Astoria Golf Club, Orlando, Florida (2009)
 * Falcon's Fire Golf Club, Kissimmee, Fl
 * Blackstone National Golf Club, Sutton, MA
 * Hell's Point Golf Club, Virginia Beach, VA (1982)
 * Greenbrier Country Club, Chesapeake, VA (1987)
 * Honey Bee Golf Club, Virginia Beach, VA (1988)
 * Bethpage State Park, Black Course, Farmingdale, NY (2015) – design changes
 * Charleston National Golf Club, Mount Pleasant, SC
 * Club at Viniterra, New Kent, VA (2009)

title: Rees Jones


text:
File:Suspended box art.jpg

Box art for Suspended (video game). Source: http://gallery.guetech.org/suspended/suspended.html, with permission.

title: File:Suspended box art.jpg


text:
User:Ayrshire--77

Just an everyday kinda lad born and bred in Ayrshire, Scotland where I still reside for better or worse...

title: User:Ayrshire--77


text:
Toby Litt

Toby Litt (born 1968) is an English writer and academic based at the University of Southampton.

Life
Litt was born in Ampthill, England, in 1968. He was educated at Bedford Modern School, read English at Worcester College, Oxford and studied Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia, where he was taught by Malcolm Bradbury.

A short story by Litt was included in the anthology All Hail the New Puritans (2000), edited by Matt Thorne and Nicholas Blincoe, and he has edited The Outcry (2001), Henry James's last completed novel, for Penguin in the UK. In 2003 he was nominated by Granta magazine as one of the 20 "Best of Young British Novelists", although his work since then has met with mixed reviews, one reviewer in The Guardian writing that his novel I Play the Drums in a Band Called Okay "goes on ... and on, and on. There is plenty of story here, but little plot, and no tension."

Litt edited the 13th edition of New Writing (the British Council's annual anthology of the finest contemporary writing in fiction, non-fiction and poetry) and is known for naming his books in alphabetical order.

Litt wrote an interactive short story, using LiveJournal and Twitter, as part of the Penguin We Tell Stories project. He is currently a lecturer in Creative Writing at Birkbeck, University of London, and led the campaign to get Arvind Mehrotra elected as the Oxford Professor of Poetry following Ruth Padel's resignation. In 2011, he took part in the Bush Theatre's Sixty-Six Books project, for which he wrote a piece based upon a book of the King James Bible.

Litt was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2023.

Fiction

 * Adventures in Capitalism (collection of short stories, 1996, ISBN 0-14-100795-8)
 * Beatniks (1997, ISBN 0-14-101793-7)
 * Corpsing (2000, ISBN 0-14-028577-6)
 * deadkidsongs (2001, ISBN 0-14-028578-4)
 * Exhibitionism (collection of short stories, 2002, ISBN 0-14-100653-6)
 * Finding Myself (2003, ISBN 0-14-100654-4)
 * Ghost Story (2004, ISBN 0-241-14278-4)
 * Hospital, (2007, ISBN 0-241-14280-6)
 * I Play the Drums in a Band Called Okay (2008, ISBN 978-0-241-14282-0)
 * Journey into Space (2009, ISBN 978-0-14-103971-8)
 * King Death (2010, ISBN 978-0-14-103972-5)
 * Lilian's Spell Book (2013, ISBN 978-1999802103)
 * Life-Like (2014, ISBN 978-0857422071)
 * Monster (in The Book of Other People, ed. Zadie Smith, 2007)
 * Notes For A Young Gentleman (2018, ISBN 978-0857424853)
 * O (short stories - exists)
 * Patience (2019, ISBN 978-1910296998)

Comic books

 * Dead Boy Detectives (2014)

Non-fiction

 * Wrestliana (2018, ISBN 978-1910296912)

title: Toby Litt


text:
Walter Nugent Monck

Walter Nugent Monck CBE (1878–1958) was an English theatre director and founder of Maddermarket Theatre, Norwich.

He was born in Welshampton, Shropshire, the son of George Gustavus Monck (1849–1920), vicar of Welshampton who later worked as a priest in Liverpool. The son was educated there and at the Royal Academy of Music. In 1895, he abandoned his study of the violin in favour of acting. After some years with a regional touring company, he premiered in London in Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's Beyond Human Power at the Royalty Theatre in 1901.

That same year, Monck met William Poel, who would profoundly influence Monck's career. By 1902 Monck was stage manager for the Elizabethan Stage Society, learning to direct in Poel's revolutionary manner. In 1909, he directed a series of historical tableaus at St. Andrew's Hall, Norwich. Thenceforth, his career centered on Norwich, although he occasionally returned to London, as he did in 1910 to manage Poel's production of The Two Gentlemen of Verona at His Majesty's Theatre. From 1910, he produced a series of masques at Blickling Hall.

In 1911, he directed an amateur production of The Countess Cathleen which was seen by Yeats; Yeats subsequently invited Monck to become temporary director of the Abbey Theatre while Yeats and the main company toured the United States.

The same year, Monck formed a troupe of amateur players to produce mystery plays and morality plays. Out of this troupe came the Shakespearean company that, a decade later (after World War I service in the Royal Army Medical Corps), Monck housed in a renovated Catholic chapel which had once served as a baking powder factory. Monck named his theatre after the adjoining Church of Saint John the Baptist, Maddermarket, Norwich. Madder (now known commercially as rose madder) is a plant that since medieval times had been used to dye Norwich cloth. Originally seating 220, the theater was expanded in 1953 to seat 324. Audiences viewed plays staged on a replica of a Renaissance stage, the first such permanent stage since before the English Restoration.

On this stage, Monck and his company kept up a steady stream of performance. The repertory, which changed at a rate of one per month, included all of Shakespeare's work, of course, as well as numerous other Renaissance plays and many modern works. By the early 1950s, he had produced over 200 plays. Despite his isolation from London, he was among the more influential mid-century producers. From the mid-30s on, he occasionally directed in London and Stratford. These productions included a Pericles, Prince of Tyre with Paul Scofield in 1947; Cymbeline at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in 1946; and King Lear in London in 1953.

Monck retired from his positions in 1952, but he remained intermittently active with the company until his death in 1958.

While generally considered less innovative and less imaginative than Poel, Monck was an influential director both for directors and for scholars. For directors, he continued Poel's destruction of the legacy of actor-managers such as Charles Kean and restored some of the vital conditions of Renaissance stagecraft. For the same reason, he aided scholars in exploring their own theories about Elizabethan practice; for example, his ruthlessly cut performances provided insight into the "two hours traffic" of the Renaissance stage.

Additionally, Monck is posthumously credited with an article in the 1959 Shakespeare Survey, volume 12, about the Maddermarket Theatre. The article was derived from a paper presented by Monck at the Shakespeare Conference, Stratford-upon-Avon, on 5 September 1957. His death is reported to have happened on 21 October 1958.

Highlights from the article include a brief history of the formation of The Norwich Players and the Maddermarket theatre and the financial arrangements required to get the Elizabethan style playhouse off the ground. Also mentioned are details about the opening night 23 September 1921 presentation of "As You Like It" and many subsequent productions from the Shakespeare Canon. Production descriptions talk about specific staging requirements. He also states that he managed to deliver the entire Shakespeare cycle during his 56 years with the company.

These words adequately sum up his perspective, "These remarks are not those of a scholar, not of an original thinker, but of a man who has spent his life trying to put Shakespeare simply on the stage."

title: Walter Nugent Monck


text:
Talk:Director of Central Intelligence

Duplicate entry?
What is the point of having this entry when there is another one that is virtually identical? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency) This one is actually out of date, as it does not have the latest Director information. (I'm aware of the new DNI post, but wouldn't it be sensible to now merge these two articles?) Jaycey 22:29, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for updating this. Jaycey 09:37, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Nonsense
How can the post have ceased to exist in 2005, but a new Director was appointed in 2009? Skinsmoke (talk) 14:52, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Ronald Reagan
The 40th President of the United States had the last name Reagan, not Regan. Euonyman (talk) 00:37, 7 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Fixed.TheTimesAreAChanging (talk) 00:41, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

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Duplicate Helms
I guess I screwed up the formatting when I tried to fix it, but why are there identical entries for Richard Helms in the chart? Seems like a clear mistake. -R. fiend (talk) 15:29, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Same as formatting for Dulles and Tenet, who also served under successive administrations, though Helms dates might need differentiation. I will tinker to attempt single entry; if it's possible, answer is probably here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Table#Combined_use_of_COLSPAN_and_ROWSPAN but no guarantee. DonFB (talk) 01:16, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

Diplomatska rasprava o ratu u Ukrajini i mogucem izbijanju niklearnog rata.. JE PARLES FRANCE ET ENGLESH.. My sifre is David and Fenix
Prijedlog br 1 je smjena predsjednika Bidena i njegove administracije i predsjednika Zelenskog.Posto sam dobro informirana znam for american Octopus, for down city with 17 flors ispod Washingtona because, je sai beaucoup and je suis exs agent and God give me 1986 gift i  MOC TELEPATIJE I KRTICE OTKRIVAM VRLO BRZO!?!! ZNALA SAM SVE OVO STO NAS CEKA JOS PRIJE 20 GODINA A IMAM I SVJEDOKE, MOJE NAJBLIZE PRIJATELJE! Da je predsjednik Trump ostao na vlasti, nebi nikada doslo do rata u Ukrajini. KOLIKO SAM INFORMIRANA TRENUTNO IDUCU GODINU AMERICKI NAROD JE SPREMAN NA PROSVJEDE DA SE SMJENI VAS BOLESNIK I MARIONETA MASONSKA BIDEN!! NIJE NAM JOS PUNO OSTALO, ZAO MI JE ALI POKUSAT CU VAM POMOCI PRIJEDLOZIMA JER ZUTA NACIJA A POSEBNO KINA PREDSTAVLJAJU VECU PRIJETNJU OD PREDSJEDNIKA PUTINA I RUSIJE. NUKLEARNI RAT CE IZBITI BEZ NAJAVE A POCET CE U 3 I 10 UJUTRO JER AKO PLACENA KRTICA PRITISNE JEDNU NUKLEARNU RAKETU, GOTOVO JE! REKLA BIH VAM JOS PUNO TOGA ALI NEMOGU ZASADA OSIM ZADNJEG UPOZORENJA.. A to cemo drugom prilikom!! Sve obavještajne mreze su vec godinama na visokom stupnju sigurnosti i sateliti otkada se desio dogovoren napad od nekih izdajnika vase zemlje 11.rujna iz Washingtona i terorista Alqaide, i.t.d.na americke blizance .Uzaaas. STANJE PRIPRAVNOSTI I SIGURNOSTI velikih satelita i manjih raznih zemalja vec godinama a posebno U. S. A. RUSIJA, KINA, JAPAN I. T. D. A PUTEM MEDIJA SVE OVE ZEMLJE JOS VISE IZAZIVAJU TOCNIM INFORMACIJAMA I NETOCNIM JER ETICKI KODEKS MNOGI NOVINARI NEMAJU PA IZAZIVAJU SUKOBE I STRAH U NARODU. Zbog rata u Ukrajini neki narodi ce iskoristiti priliku za nove manje ratove i osvajanje nekih u dalekoj proslosti teritorija?!! Ne provjeravate me, ne pratite jer nemozete vi mene pratiti koliko ja mogu vidjeti ili osjetiti ?! To bi bilo sve zasada C. I. A. S. D.. AU REVOIR and fair atention bien 86.32.32.245 (talk) 03:01, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

Presidents
The "presidents served under" is crazily wrong 92.237.102.88 (talk) 15:11, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Director of Central Intelligence


text:
Uridine monophosphate

Uridine monophosphate (UMP), also known as 5′-uridylic acid (conjugate base uridylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside uridine. UMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase uracil; hence, it is a ribonucleotide monophosphate. As a substituent or radical its name takes the form of the prefix uridylyl-. The deoxy form is abbreviated dUMP. Covalent attachment of UMP (e.g., to a protein such as adenylyltransferase) is called uridylylation (or sometimes uridylation).

Biosynthesis
Uridine monophosphate is formed from Orotidine 5'-monophosphate (orotidylic acid) in a decarboxylation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme orotidylate decarboxylase. Uncatalyzed, the decarboxylation reaction is extremely slow (estimated to occur on average one time per 78 million years). Adequately catalyzed, the reaction takes place once per second, an increase of 1017-fold.

In humans, the orotidylate decarboxylase function is carried out by the protein UMP synthase. Defective UMP synthase can result in orotic aciduria, a metabolic disorder.

Effects on animal intelligence
In a study, gerbils fed a combination of uridine monophosphate, choline, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were found to have significantly improved performance in running mazes over those not fed the supplements, implying an increase in cognitive function.

In foods
In brain research studies, uridine monophosphate is used as a convenient delivery compound for uridine. Uridine is the active component of this compound. Uridine is present in many foods, mainly in the form of RNA. Non-phosphorylated uridine is not bioavailable beyond first-pass metabolism, as it is almost entirely catabolised in the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

title: Uridine monophosphate


text:
File:Infidel box art.jpg

Box art for Infidel. Source: http://gallery.guetech.org/infidel/infidel.html, with permission.

title: File:Infidel box art.jpg


text:
Friends' School, Lisburn

Friends' School, Lisburn is a Quaker voluntary grammar school in the city of Lisburn, Northern Ireland, founded in 1774.

History
Friends’ School Lisburn was founded – as The Ulster Provincial School – on the basis of a bequest in 1764 of a prosperous linen merchant, John Hancock, who left £1,000 for the purchase of land in or near Lisburn on which to build a school for the children of Quakers. 20 acre at Prospect Hill were purchased from the Earl of Hertford. In 1774, the first headmaster, John Gough, took up his post. In 1794 The Ulster Provincial School became the responsibility of the Ulster Quarterly Meeting, the body representing the Religious Society of Friends in Ulster.

Friends' is one of two remaining Quaker schools in Ireland, the other being Newtown School, Waterford. Previously, a Quaker boarding school existed at Ballitore for much of the 18th and 19th centuries. There are eight in the United Kingdom.

The school has been named by The Sunday Times as Northern Ireland Secondary School of the Year on two occasions: first in 2011 and then in 2017.

Composition
The school consists of a fee-paying preparatory department, Prospect House, and a grammar school, the latter of which had, until the early 2000s, a boarding department attracting pupils from abroad (mostly Hong Kong). Friends' now only accepts day pupils, and has had an admissions number of 140 a year, with 5 "collect" groups in each year contributing to a full enrolment of 970 for the grammar school. However, starting in 2022, a new system was introduced for Year 8 Pupils in which there are now 6 collects with a total of around 160 in the year.

The original school house is no longer standing, but the date stone from it is displayed in Middle House, a building dating from 1880, which was refurbished in 2015. The latest addition to the school is the East Suite, a teaching building containing Maths and Music classes, which was opened in 2016. It stands in place of the old basketball court, which was previously the location of the swimming pool. The swimming pool was reputed to be the oldest heated pool in Ireland (1901), and used to stand beside Harding House, a temporary teaching building which was demolished to make space for the East Suite. The school has five tennis courts and three rugby pitches. A sports hall was opened in 2000 and two floodlit, sand-dressed hockey pitches were laid in 2013. As well as hosting school fixtures, these pitches are home to South Antrim Hockey Club.

Notable former pupils

 * Wallace Arthur, biologist and author
 * Michael Dibdin, author
 * Stephen Ferris, rugby player for Ulster, Ireland, British and Irish Lions
 * Keith Getty, musician and hymn writer
 * Bulmer Hobson, leading member of Irish Volunteers and Irish Republican Brotherhood
 * Florence Fulton Hobson, first licensed female architect in Ireland
 * Jimmy Kirkwood, Gold medal winning Olympic hockey player (Team GB, Seoul 1988)
 * Robert Moore, first-class cricketer
 * Gareth Murdock, musician and current bass guitarist of Alestorm
 * Frank Pantridge, cardiologist, inventor of the portable defibrillator
 * Alastair Ross, former Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (2007–2017), former Northern Ireland Executive Office Minister
 * Theo Snoddy, art historian
 * Sir William Tyrrell (1885-1968), physician and athlete.

title: Friends' School, Lisburn


text:
Jeremy (song)

"Jeremy" is a song by American rock band Pearl Jam, with lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music composed by bassist Jeff Ament. "Jeremy" was released in August 1992 as the third single from Pearl Jam's debut album, Ten (1991). The song was inspired by a newspaper article Vedder read about Jeremy Wade Delle, a high school student who shot himself in front of his English class on January 8, 1991. It reached the number 5 spot on both the Album and Modern Rock Billboard charts. It did not originally chart on the regular Billboard Hot 100 singles chart since it was not released as a commercial single in the US at the time, but a re-release in July 1995 brought it up to number 79.

The song gained popularity for its music video, directed by Mark Pellington and released in 1992, which received heavy rotation by MTV and became a hit. The original music video for "Jeremy" was directed and produced by Chris Cuffaro. Epic Records and MTV later rejected the music video, and released the version directed by Pellington instead. In 1993, the "Jeremy" video was awarded four MTV Video Music Awards, including Best Video of the Year.

Background
"Jeremy" is based on two different true stories. It was sometimes erroneously known as "Jeremy Spoken" due to the most pronounced lyrics emphasizing those two words. The song takes its main inspiration from a newspaper article about a 15-year-old boy named Jeremy Wade Delle from Richardson, Texas, who shot himself in front of his teacher and his second-period English class of 30 students on the morning of January 8, 1991. In a 2009 interview, Vedder said that he felt "the need to take that small article and make something of it—to give that action, to give it reaction, to give it more importance."

Delle was described by schoolmates as "real quiet" and known for "acting sad". After coming into class late that morning, Delle was ordered to report to the headmaster's office to go fill out a tardy slip. He left the classroom, and returned with a .357 Magnum revolver. Delle walked to the front of the classroom, announced "Miss, I got what I really went for", put the barrel of the firearm in his mouth, and pulled the trigger before his teacher or classmates could react. Lisa Moore, a schoolmate, knew Jeremy from the in-school suspension program: "He and I would pass notes back and forth and he would talk about life and stuff," she said. "He signed all of his notes, 'Write back.' But on Monday he wrote, 'Later days.' I didn't know what to make of it. But I never thought this would happen."

When asked about the song, Vedder explained: "It came from a small paragraph in a paper which means you kill yourself and you make a big old sacrifice and try to get your revenge. That all you're gonna end up with is a paragraph in a newspaper. Sixty-four degrees and cloudy in a suburban neighborhood. That's the beginning of the video and that's the same thing in the end; it does nothing... nothing changes. The world goes on and you're gone. The best revenge is to live on and prove yourself. Be stronger than those people. And then you can come back."

The second story the song is based on, involved a student that Vedder knew from his junior high school in San Diego, California, who committed a school shooting. He elaborated further in a 1991 interview: "I actually knew somebody in junior high school, in San Diego, California, that did the same thing, just about, didn't take his life but ended up shooting up an oceanography room. I remember being in the halls and hearing it and I had actually had altercations with this kid in the past. I was kind of a rebellious fifth-grader and I think we got in fights and stuff. So it's a bit about this kid named Jeremy and it's also a bit about a kid named Brian that I knew and I don't know... the song, I think it says a lot. I think it goes somewhere... and a lot of people interpret it different ways and it's just been recently that I've been talking about the true meaning behind it and I hope no one's offended and believe me, I think of Jeremy when I sing it."

Composition
"Jeremy" features lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament. The song's music was written before the band went out on tour in support of Alice in Chains in February 1991.

Ament on the song: "I already had two pieces of music that I wrote on acoustic guitar... with the idea that I would play them on a Hamer 12-string bass I had just ordered. When the bass arrived, one of [the pieces] became 'Jeremy'... I had an idea for the outro when we were recording it the second time... I overdubbed a twelve-string bass, and we added a cello. That was big-time production, for us.... Rick [Parashar]'s a supertalented engineer-musician... Stone [Gossard, Pearl Jam's rhythm guitarist] was sick one day, and Ed, Rick and I conjured up the art piece that opens and closes the song. That was so fun—I wanted to make a whole record like that."

In another interview, Ament stated: "We knew it was a good song, but it was tough getting it to feel right—for the chorus to sit back and the outro to push over the top. The tune went from practically not making it on the record to being one of the best takes. I'm not sure if it's the best song on the album but I think it's the best take. On 'Jeremy' I always heard this other melody in the choruses and the end, and it never sounded good on guitar or bass. So we brought in a cello player which inspired a background vocal, and those things made the song really happen. Most of the time if something doesn't work right away, I just say fuck it—but this was an instance when perseverance paid off."

Artwork
The picture used for the cover was taken by Lance Mercer and the little girl who appears on it is Jessica Curtis, daughter of Kelly Curtis, the group's long-time manager.

Release and reception
On August 17, 1992, "Jeremy" was released as a single in Europe. The following month, on September 14, it was issued in the United Kingdom. The B-sides were the previously unreleased "Footsteps" and "Yellow Ledbetter". Both of these were later included on the compilation album Lost Dogs (2003), "Footsteps" as an alternate version. "Yellow Ledbetter" can also be found on the band's rearviewmirror (Greatest Hits 1991–2003). In the United States, "Jeremy" was not released as a single until June 27, 1995; before that date, the single was only available as a more expensive import version.

"Jeremy" became the most successful song from Ten on the American rock charts. It peaked at number five on the US Billboard Album Rock Tracks and Billboard Modern Rock Tracks charts. The single has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Jeremy" reached the top 40 on the Canadian Singles Chart. It also reached the UK top 20, peaked at number 93 in Germany, reached the top 40 in New Zealand, and was a top-10 success in Ireland. At the 1993 Grammy Awards, "Jeremy" received nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance.

Chris True of AllMusic said that "Jeremy" "is where Pearl Jam mania galvanized and propelled the band past the 'Seattle sound' and into rock royalty." He described it as a "classic buildup tune" and proclaimed it as "arguably Pearl Jam's most earnest work and one of their most successful singles." Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork said, "'Jeremy' is the most pat Freudian psychodrama on an album full of them."

Original video
In July 1991, Vedder became acquainted with photographer Chris Cuffaro. Vedder suggested Cuffaro film a music video for the band. On Vedder's insistence, Epic gave Cuffaro permission to use any song off Ten. He chose "Jeremy", which was not intended to be released as a single at the time. Epic refused to fund the clip, forcing Cuffaro to finance it himself.

Cuffaro raised the money by taking out a loan and selling all of his furniture and half his guitar collection. Cuffaro and his crew spent a day filming several scenes of a young actor, Eric Schubert, playing the part of Jeremy. The scenes with Pearl Jam were filmed in a warehouse on Pico Boulevard in Los Angeles, California. A revolving platform was rigged at the center of the set, and the members of the band climbed on it individually to give the illusion of the song being performed as a crew member spun the giant turntable by hand. Vedder appeared with black gaffer's tape around his biceps as a mourning band for the real Jeremy.

Official video
By the time Cuffaro finished his music video, Epic had warmed up to the idea of releasing "Jeremy" as a single. Music video director Mark Pellington was brought in to handle the project. Pellington said that he "wasn't a huge fan of the band, but the lyrics intrigued me—I spoke to Eddie, and I really got connected to his passion." Pellington and Pearl Jam convened in Kings Cross, London, England, in June 1992 to film a new version of the "Jeremy" music video.

Working with veteran editor Bruce Ashley, Pellington's high-budget video incorporated rapid-fire editing and juxtaposition of sound, still images, graphics and text elements with live action sequences to create a collage effect. The classroom scenes were filmed at Bayonne High School in New Jersey. The video also featured many close-ups of Vedder performing the song, with the other members of Pearl Jam shown only briefly. Some of the stock imagery was similar to the original video, but when it came to the band Pellington focused on Vedder. Vedder thus serves as the video's narrator. Ament said, "It was mostly Mark and Ed's vision. In fact, I think it would have been a better video if the rest of the band wasn't in it. I know some of us were having a hard time with the movie-type video that Mark made, because our two previous videos were made live." Jeremy was played by 12-year-old Trevor Wilson, in his only acting role. Wilson would drown in 2016, at age 36, while swimming in Puerto Rico.

The video premiered on August 1, 1992, and quickly found its way into heavy rotation on MTV. Michele Romero of Entertainment Weekly described the music video as "an Afterschool Special from hell." She stated that "when Eddie Vedder yowls the lyric 'Jeremy spoke in class today,' a chill frosts your cranium to the point of queasy enjoyment." The success of the "Jeremy" video helped catapult Pearl Jam to fame. Pellington stated, "I think that video tapped into something that has always been around and will always be around. You're always going to have peer pressure, you're always going to have adolescent rage, you're always going to have dysfunctional families."

The video won four MTV Video Music Awards in 1993, including Best Video of the Year, Best Group Video, Best Metal/Hard Rock Video, and Best Direction. Wilson appeared with Pearl Jam onstage when they won Best Video of the Year. In the entirety of Vedder's acceptance speech, he introduced Wilson to the crowd, saying, "This is Trevor. He lives." as he and Wilson raised clasped hands, Vedder patted him on the head, and the audience cheered. Vedder goes on to say "No, um... I mean, I guess you gotta say thanks... No, the real shit is... If it weren't for music, I think I would have shot myself in the front of the classroom, you know. It really is what kept me alive, so this is kind of full circle. So to the power of music, thanks." He then hands the award to Wilson.

Synopsis
Jeremy is shown at school being alienated from, and taunted by, his classmates, running shirtless through a forest, and screaming at his parents at a dinner table. Only Jeremy is shown moving in the video; all of the other characters depicted are almost always frozen in a series of stationary tableaus. Shots of words depicting others' presumed descriptions of Jeremy—such as problem, peer, harmless, and bored—frequently appear onscreen. Included are three biblical allusions: "the serpent was subtil", from Genesis, "the unclean spirit entered", from Mark , and , referencing the concept of original sin.

As the song becomes more dense and frenetic, Jeremy's behavior becomes increasingly agitated. Strobe lighting adds to the anxious atmosphere. Jeremy is shown standing, arms raised in a V (as described in the lyrics at the beginning of the song), in front of a wall of billowing flames. He is later shown staring at the camera while wrapped in an American flag, surrounded by fire. He then stands shirtless in an artificial forest, surrounded by various drawings. He becomes aggravated, breaks off a branch, and swings it at various trees in anger, all while lights flash around his body.

The final scene of the video shows Jeremy striding into class shirtless, tossing an apple to the teacher, and standing before his classmates. He reaches down and draws back his arm as he takes a gun out of his pocket. (The gun only appears onscreen in the unedited version of the video.) The edited version cuts to an extreme close-up of Jeremy's face as he puts the barrel of the gun in his mouth, closes his eyes, and pulls the trigger. After a flash of light, the screen turns black. The next shot is a pan across the classroom, showing Jeremy's blood-spattered classmates, all completely still, recoiling in horror. The video ends on a shot of a dangling blackboard, on which all the harsh terms and phrases seen earlier are scrawled.

Controversy
Pellington's original video shows Jeremy putting the gun in his mouth at the climax, but this ran afoul of MTV restrictions on violent imagery, so the weapon was cropped out of the shot by zooming in on the upper part of Jeremy's face. The ambiguity created by the gun being unseen, combined with the subsequent shot of the defensive posture of Jeremy's classmates and the large amount of blood on them, led many viewers to believe that the video ended with Jeremy shooting his classmates, not himself. In 1997, Rolling Stone described the song and video as depicting an unpopular student bringing a gun to class and shooting people. Pellington himself dismisses this interpretation of the video. He said, "Probably the greatest frustration I've ever had is that the ending is sometimes misinterpreted as that he shot his classmates. The idea is, that's his blood on them, and they're frozen at the moment of looking."

Another change that was made to the version for MTV was the shortening of the Pledge of Allegiance sequence, showing Jeremy's classmates making a gesture that could be either the Roman salute, the American Bellamy salute or the Hitler salute.

After "Jeremy", Pearl Jam backed away from making music videos. "Ten years from now," Ament said, "I don't want people to remember our songs as videos." The band did not release another video until 1998's "Do the Evolution", which is entirely animated.

In 1996, a shooting occurred at Frontier Junior High School in Moses Lake, Washington, that left three dead and a fourth injured. The prosecutors for the case said the shooter, Barry Loukaitis, was influenced by the edited version of the music video.

MTV and VH1 have rarely broadcast the video since the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, but it still airs from time to time on MTV Classic. It can also occasionally be seen playing at Hard Rock Cafe locations. Documentaries about the era, such as I Love the '90s, tend to omit mention of the video. However, clips of it were shown during VH1's countdown "100 Greatest Songs of the '90s", which placed "Jeremy" at number 11. The video was included in MuchMusic's list of the 12 most controversial videos, due to its subject of suicide, and in light of school shootings.

The uncensored version of the video was remastered in high definition and released on Pearl Jam's official YouTube channel on June 5, 2020, to mark National Gun Violence Awareness Day. The remastered version also features a new audio track, remixed by Brendan O'Brien for the 2009 reissue of Ten. This version was shown as part of VH1 Classic's retrospective Pearl Jam Ten Revisited, which coincided with the album's rerelease.

Live performances
"Jeremy" was first performed live by Pearl Jam on May 17, 1991, at the Off Ramp Café in Seattle, Washington. The band's 1992 appearance on MTV Unplugged included a performance of the song. At the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards, the band had intended to play the Dead Boys song "Sonic Reducer", but MTV insisted on "Jeremy", since the video was in heavy rotation (although it had been released after the deadline for that year's awards). At the end of the intense performance, however, Vedder managed to sneak in a reference to "Sonic Reducer" by singing that song's first line: "I don't need no... I don't need no mom and dad."

Live performances of "Jeremy" can be found on the "Animal" single, the "Dissident"/Live in Atlanta box set, various official bootlegs, the Live at the Gorge 05/06 box set, and the Drop in the Park LP included in the Super Deluxe edition of the Ten reissue. Performances of the song are also included on the DVD Touring Band 2000 and the MTV Unplugged DVD included in the Ten reissue.

Track listings
CD (US, Australia, Austria, Brazil, and Germany) and cassette (Australia and Indonesia)
 * 1) "Jeremy" (Eddie Vedder, Jeff Ament) – 4:49
 * 2) "Footsteps" (Stone Gossard, Vedder) – 3:53
 * 3) *Recorded live on Rockline on May 11, 1992.
 * 4) "Yellow Ledbetter" (Ament, Mike McCready, Vedder) – 5:04

CD (UK)
 * 1) "Jeremy" (single version) (Vedder, Ament) – 4:46
 * 2) "Yellow Ledbetter" (Ament, McCready, Vedder) – 5:04
 * 3) "Alive" (live) (Vedder, Gossard) – 4:55
 * 4) *Recorded live on August 3, 1991, at RKCNDY in Seattle, Washington.

7-inch and cassette (UK)
 * 1) "Jeremy" (single version) (Vedder, Ament) – 4:46
 * 2) "Alive" (live) (Vedder, Gossard) – 4:55
 * 3) *Recorded live on August 3, 1991, at RKCNDY in Seattle, Washington.

7-inch (The Netherlands)
 * 1) "Jeremy" (Vedder, Ament) – 4:49
 * 2) "Footsteps" (Gossard, Vedder) – 3:53
 * 3) *Recorded live on Rockline on May 11, 1992.

7-inch (US)
 * 1) "Jeremy" (single version) (Vedder, Ament) – 5:18
 * 2) "Alive" (Vedder, Gossard) – 5:40

12-inch (UK)
 * 1) "Jeremy" (Vedder, Ament) – 4:46
 * 2) "Footsteps" (Gossard, Vedder) – 3:53
 * 3) *Recorded live on Rockline on May 11, 1992.
 * 4) "Alive" (live) (Vedder, Gossard) – 4:55
 * 5) *Recorded live on August 3, 1991, at RKCNDY in Seattle, Washington.

Personnel
Pearl Jam
 * Eddie Vedder – vocals
 * Mike McCready – lead & acoustic guitar
 * Stone Gossard – rhythm guitar
 * Jeff Ament – bass guitar, twelve-string bass
 * Dave Krusen – drums, tambourine

Additional musicians
 * Walter Gray – cello
 * Rick Parashar – Hammond organ, percussion

title: Jeremy (song)


text:
Michael Tait

Michael DeWayne Tait (born May 18, 1966) is an American contemporary Christian music artist. Michael Tait met Toby McKeehan in 1984 when he was in high school. Both Toby and Michael met Kevin Max while attending Liberty University in the late 1980s, and together they formed four-time Grammy winning band DC Talk, with whom Michael Tait has released five acclaimed studio albums. Tait is the current lead singer of Newsboys, and one third of Christian rock group DC Talk (though the group has been on hiatus since 2000). Tait also has had success in his solo career, founding a band called Tait in 1997. He toured as a solo act until 2007. He became lead singer of the Christian pop rock band Newsboys in 2009. Aside from singing, Tait is also a self-taught guitar player. Tait also has a sister Lynda Randle, who is a Southern Gospel singer.

DC Talk (1988–2001)
Michael Tait met Toby McKeehan in 1984 while he was in high school in the Washington, D.C. area, and together they began creating music. Michael Tait and Toby McKeehan both met Kevin Max while attending Liberty University in the mid-1980s. Together, all three formed the four-time Grammy winning band DC Talk and released 5 acclaimed studio albums. In 2000, the band announced a hiatus with the release of Intermission: the Greatest Hits while all three members devoted themselves to solo projects. The band has not toured together since 2001 (except for one time in Redmond, Washington in 2005 and when TobyMac made a surprise guest appearance at Winter Jam in 2010 in Nashville and sang "Jesus Freak" with Tait). The three have recorded four songs together since the announcement of the hiatus including the remix of "Atmosphere" on TobyMac's 2004 album Welcome to Diverse City, a cover of the Prince song "The Cross" on Kevin Max's 2007 album The Blood, "Love Feels Like" on TobyMac's 2015 album This Is Not a Test and "Let's Roll" following the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Tait (1997–2007)
After DC Talk's hiatus was announced, Tait dedicated more time to his band Tait (which he named after his father, Nathel). Tait had partially formed this band around 1997. One of the original members was guitarist Pete Stewart (from the hard rock band Grammatrain), who is featured on the first album, but absent from the second one due to his departing the band to work on his own solo projects. In 2006, Tait announced that they were working on an album titled Loveology. Though Michael is now touring as frontman for the Newsboys, he still has plans to release Loveology. In an interview with John Dibiase of Jesusfreakhideout.com, he stated that Loveology is still in the works, and will be a separate project from the Newsboys. In the interview Michael said, "Loveology is going to become something we're going to be writing about very soon. I can't tell you now, but it's a project with the boys and I and Ben Moody, which is another whole music project."

Newsboys (2009–present)
An official statement was released on March 9, 2009 that announced Michael Tait as the new lead singer of Newsboys. Coincidentally, Tait's former group, DC Talk toured with Newsboys in the 1990s. On March 7, 2009, Tait surprised the crowd by performing as Newsboys' lead singer for the first time and announcing that he would be the band's new lead singer. In the official statement released on March 9, Tait said, "For years DC Talk and Newsboys have been family and thus shared the same fans. When I received the initial call from Newsboys to consider joining the band as lead singer, I was speechless! I immediately sought wise counsel and flooded the heavens with endless prayers for insight and vision, and I soon received a clear and definite peace. Last weekend, I had the opportunity to perform my first show as Newsboys' front man to an audience of 12,000 people. I was completely wrapped in love and support by Newsboys' fans, who are clearly the best fans on the planet. Now I know this is exactly where I belong in this new and wonderful moment in my life's history. This is a definite highlight of my career and for my 20+ years of walking with Jesus, and I am humbled, proud and privileged to call myself a Newsboy."

Former Newsboys lead singer Peter Furler still provided lead vocals on the 2009 album In the Hands of God, though Michael Tait provided supporting vocals, along with Jamie Rowe of Guardian. Furler's last performance as lead vocalist took place during a performance at Disney's Night of Joy 2009. Michael performed lead vocals for most of the songs, but Peter did come out to sing lead on the song "Breakfast".

In 2010, the reborn Newsboys announced information about their 15th studio album (and first with Tait on lead vocals), Born Again, which was released on July 13. That was followed by Christmas! A Newsboys Holiday, including a previously recorded Tait song. In 2011, God's Not Dead, and the live follow-up, Newsboys Live in Concert: God's Not Dead in 2012, Restart in 2013, and Hallelujah for the Cross in 2014.

After the release of Love Riot, and United, the Newsboys released Stand on October 1, 2021. The band released a special version of the title track "Stand" with Toby Mac as a guest.

Other projects
Tait has also starred as Hero in !Hero. He also contributed to various books, including the popular Jesus Freaks and Jesus Freaks II books. He has also contributed to the books Under God and Living Under God with DC Talk bandmate TobyMac.

Studio albums

 * DC Talk (1989)
 * Nu Thang (1990)
 * Free at Last (1992)
 * Jesus Freak (1995)
 * Supernatural (1998)
 * Solo (2001)

with Tait

 * Empty (2001)
 * Lose This Life (2003)

Studio albums

 * Born Again (2010)
 * God's Not Dead (2011)
 * Restart (2013)
 * Hallelujah for the Cross (2014)
 * Love Riot (2016)
 * United (2019)
 * Stand (2021)

EPs

 * Christmas! A Newsboys Holiday (2010)

Live albums

 * Live in Concert: God's Not Dead (2012)

Guest appearances

 * Carman - Addicted to Jesus - "Addicted to Jesus" (1992)
 * Reality Check - Reality Check - "Apart from You" (1997)
 * Rich Mullins - The Canticle of the Plains (1997)
 * Pete Stewart - Pete Stewart - "Uphill Battle" (1999)
 * Point of Grace - A Christmas Story - "Light of the World" (1999)
 * Roaring Lambs - "Salt and Light" (with Ashley Cleveland) (2000)
 * Jaci Velasquez - Crystal Clear - "Center of Your Love" (2000)
 * Jennifer Knapp - The Way I Am - "Say Won't You Say" (2001)
 * City on a Hill: It's Christmas Time - "It's Christmas Time", "O Holy Night" (2002)
 * Newsboys - "The Fad of the Land" - Thrive (2002)
 * Third Day - Offerings II: All I Have to Give - "God of Wonders [live]" (2003)
 * TobyMac - Welcome to Diverse City - "Atmosphere (remix featuring DC Talk)" (as DC Talk) (2004)
 * In the Name of Love: Artists United for Africa - "One" (U2 cover) (2004)
 * DJ Maj - Boogiroot - "H.A.N.D.S." (2005)
 * Building 429 - Rise - "Empty" (2006)
 * Kevin Max - The Blood - "The Cross" (as DC Talk) (2007)
 * Marc Scibilia - Fixity - "Worship Song" (2007)
 * T-Bone - Bone-Appetit! - "Raised in Harlem" (2007). Previously released on !Hero (2003)
 * Newsboys - In the Hands of God (2009)
 * "Come Together Now (Music City Unites for Haiti)" (charity single, relief effort led by Michael W. Smith) (2010)
 * JakeACE - Get Down Everybody - "Wings Like Eagles" (2010)
 * Music Inspired by The Story - "Bring Us Home (Joshua)" with Blanca Callahan from Group 1 Crew and Lecrae (EMI Christian Music 2011)
 * Karyn Williams - Only You - "Hey There" (2013)
 * TobyMac;– This Is Not a Test - "Love Feels Like (featuring DC Talk)" (as DC Talk) (2015)
 * TobyMac;– Hits Deep Live - "Love Feels Like [live]" (featuring DC Talk)" (as DC Talk) (2016)
 * TobyMac - Life After Death-space( Ft Kevin max and Michael Tait)as DC Talk 2022

With DC Talk

 * "Heavenbound" (1989)
 * "I Luv Rap Music" (1991)
 * "Nu Thang" (1991)
 * "Walls" (1992)
 * "Jesus Is Just Alright" (1993)
 * "The Hardway" (1994)
 * "Luv Is a Verb" (1994)
 * "Jesus Freak" (1995)
 * "Between You and Me" (1996)
 * "Colored People" (1997)
 * "Day by Day" (1997)
 * "My Friend, So Long" (1998)
 * "Consume Me" (1999)

With Tait

 * "Altars" (2001)
 * "Lose This Life" (2003)

With Newsboys

 * "Born Again" (2010)
 * "Miracles" (2011)
 * "God's Not Dead (Like a Lion)" (2012)
 * "Live With Abandon" (2013)
 * "That's How You Change The World" (2014)
 * "We Believe" (2014)
 * "Guilty" [from the film God's Not Dead 2] (2015)
 * "Crazy" (2016)
 * "Hero" (2016)
 * "Guilty" (2016)

Video guest appearances

 * "Addicted to Jesus" by Carman (1992)
 * "AKA Public School" by Audio Adrenaline (1993)
 * "I Can Only Imagine" by MercyMe (2001)
 * "Thrive: Live from the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame" by Newsboys (2002)
 * "Mountaintop" by The City Harmonic (2013)

Personal life
Tait has five sisters, one of them is Southern gospel alto singer Lynda Randle. He also has three brothers.

Tait told Fox News Radio host Todd Starnes in February 2016 that he supported Ted Cruz for president in the 2016 election. Tait signed a letter opposing President Donald Trump's impeachment in December 2019 and also participated in the Evangelicals for Trump rally in January 2020.

In 2021, he appeared on Candace, a political commentary show hosted by conservative activist Candace Owens.

title: Michael Tait


text:
May 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

May 5 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 7

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 19 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For May 6th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 23.

Saints

 * Righteous Job the Long-suffering.
 * Martyrs Danax, Mesirus (Mesiurs), and Therin
 * Martyrs Demetrius, and Donatus
 * Saints Mamas, Pachomius, and Hilarion, monks
 * Martyrs Barbarus the Soldier (Barbaruldier), Bacchus, Callimachus, and Dionysius, in Morea (362)
 * Martyr Barbarus in Thessaly, the former robber (9th century)

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Saint Lucius of Cyrene (1st century)
 * Martyrs Heliodorus and Venustus and seventy-five others in Africa (284–305)
 * St. Benedicta, virgin, mystic and nun, lived in a convent founded by St. Galla in Rome (6th century)
 * Saint Edbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne (698)
 * Saint Petronax of Monte Cassino (c. 747)

Post-Schism Orthodox Saint

 * Saint Vladimir II Monomakh (Volodymyr Monomakh), Sovereign of Kievan Rus' (1125)
 * Venerable Micah (Micheas), the disciple of the Saint Sergius of Radonezh (1385)
 * Venerable Sinaites of Serbia (from Ravanica) (14th century):
 * Romilus of Ravanica; Romanus of Djunisa; Sisoes of Sinai and Sisojevac; Martyrius of Rukumije; Gregory of Gornjak; Zosimas of Tuman; and Gregory of Sinai (Mt. Athos)

 * Saint Seraphim of Mt. Domvu (Seraphim of Livadeia) (1602)
 * Venerable Job of Pochaev, abbot and wonderworker (1651)
 * Blessed Sophia of Kleisoura (Myrtidiotissa in Schema), the ascetic of Kleisoura, Fool-for-Christ (1974)   (see also: April 23. )

Other commemorations

 * Translation of the relics (1238) of Saint Sava, first archbishop of Serbia (1235)
 * Translation of the relics (1675) of Saint Pachomius of Nerekhta (1384)
 * Commemoration of Theophylact Lopatinsky, Archbishop of Tver, Defender of Orthodoxy (1741)
 * Birthday of Royal Martyr Tsar Nicholas II

title: May 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


text:
Talk:List of Ontario Parliaments

Untitled
"List of Ontario Parliament Assemblies" has been moved to "List of Ontario Parliaments". The pharse "parliament assembly" is redundant and therefore unnecessary. Ground Zero 16:34, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Ontario Parliaments


text:
Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics/16

<>

Done!


text:
Pervushin

Pervushin (Первушин) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Pervushina. It may refer to:
 * Denis Pervushin (born 1977), Russian football player
 * Fyodor Pervushin (born 1994), Russian football forward
 * Irina Pervushina (born 1942), Russian artistic gymnast
 * Ivan Pervushin (1827–1900), Russian mathematician
 * Pavel Pervushin (1947–2022), Russian weightlifter
 * Sergei Pervushin (born 1970), Russian football player
 * Vladimir Pervushin (born 1986), Russian ice hockey forward
 * Olesya Pervushina (born 2000), Russian junior tennis player

title: Pervushin


text:
The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1)

The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) is the first EP and fifth major release overall by American nu metal band Limp Bizkit, released on May 2, 2005, through Flip and Geffen Records. Produced by Ross Robinson, it was the first release by the band since Chocolate Starfish and the Hotdog Flavored Water (2000) to feature guitarist Wes Borland, who rejoined the band in August 2004 following a three-year absence. Drummer John Otto was absent for much of its production, and Sammy Siegler took over drumming duties for the band.

The EP differs from the band's established sound and lyrical subject matter by focusing on darker subjects and featuring a heavier, more experimental sound. Its lyrics focus on subjects such as propaganda, Catholic sex abuse cases, terrorism and fame. Released without advertising and promotion, The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) sold 37,000 copies during its first week in the United States, peaking at No. 24 on the Billboard 200. Reviews were mixed, but Borland's return to the band was praised, as was the new musical direction, which was considered to be ambitious.

After the release of the full-length album Gold Cobra in 2011, Limp Bizkit signed with Cash Money Records in early 2012. They had planned to release a sequel, titled The Unquestionable Truth (Part 2). However, the band left Cash Money Records in 2014, and never finished the sequel. The band eventually released the full-length album Still Sucks in 2021 instead.

Music, writing and recording
The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) has been described as nu metal, alternative metal and rap metal. The EP marked a departure from Limp Bizkit's previous releases, featuring a heavier, more experimental sound and focusing on much more serious and ominous lyrical subject matters, including propaganda, Catholic sex abuse cases, terrorism and fame. "The Truth" was strongly influenced from industrial music, while "The Key" features a hip-hop and funk-based sound. "The Surrender" features Fred Durst singing against Sam Rivers' minimalist bass lines and ambiance provided by DJ Lethal. Durst, along with several critics, cited Rage Against the Machine as a musical and lyrical reference point for the EP. In a 2005 interview with MTV News, Durst said: "Emotionally, I was affected a lot by [Rage] ... Not specifically the literal intention of the words or what it was about, but the feel, the sound, those phrases that got me. I believe this [EP] is exactly where they left off." Every song on the EP has their titles beginning with the definite article word "the".

The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) marked Limp Bizkit's first release since Chocolate Starfish and the Hotdog Flavored Water (2000) to feature guitarist Wes Borland, who parted ways with the band in October 2001. During his three-year absence, the band recorded their next album Results May Vary with Snot guitarist Mike Smith. In August 2004, Durst announced that Borland had rejoined Limp Bizkit and that the band would begin recording a new album later that year. Work on The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) began in northern California with producer Ross Robinson in October 2004. In February 2005, Durst, Borland and Robinson travelled to Prague to record the EP's vocal tracks, in an apartment located near Charles Bridge. During their month-long stay there, Durst wrote four songs. Sammy Siegler took over drumming duties for the band during much of the EP's production, as John Otto was away in rehab.

Release
The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) was released on May 2, 2005. Save for the release of a six-minute video clip for "The Truth" on the band's website, it was released as an underground album without any prior advertising, promotion or interviews. This decision, done reportedly at Durst's insistence, drew confused responses from several publications and music industry insiders. Borland also disagreed with the decision, suggesting that it was "self-sabotage": "Maybe he [Durst] was already unhappy with the music, and he didn't really want to put it out there." Durst, on the other hand, was more positive of the EP's no-promotion release: "It felt good to go out there and sell 30 million records and come back and do something that we wouldn't tell anyone about and feel like a real band again that was doing something just because we wanted to do it [...] Instead of Wes coming back and let's shove everything down everyone's throat [sic], let's just do something for us." When Limp Bizkit's career-spanning Greatest Hitz compilation was released in November 2005, Durst was forced by Geffen Records, the band's label, to do interviews to promote the compilation.

Upon release, The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) sold 37,000 copies during its first week in the United States, peaking at number 24 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, sales reportedly fell by 67%, with only 12,000 copies sold. By August 2008, the EP had sold 93,000 copies in the United States, numbers which were well below those of Limp Bizkit's past releases.

Critical reception
The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) received mixed reviews from critics. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that the EP's music, which he described as "neo-prog alt-metal", is "a step in the right direction – it's more ambitious, dramatic, and aggressive, built on pummeling verses and stop-start choruses." However, he felt that the band was being "held back" by Durst, who he called "the most singularly unpleasant, absurd frontman in rock." IGN writer Spence D. wrote, "Given the components of the band—live Limp Bizkit is one tight, intense sonic unit that delivers bristling renditions of their catalog—one would hope that they had chosen to go off the musical deep end and deliver an album that dares to explore rather than rehash. Sadly, only a few brief moments of The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) exhibit this kind of much needed direction. Here's to hoping that Part 2 expands on the potential hinted at here."

Personnel
Personnel per liner notes.

Musicians
 * Fred Durst – vocals, rhythm guitar on "The Surrender"
 * Wes Borland – guitars, harmonica on “The Surrender”
 * DJ Lethal – keyboards, samples, programming, sound development
 * Sammy Siegler – drums, percussion
 * John Otto – drums, percussion on "The Channel"
 * Sam Rivers – bass

Other personnel
 * Wes Borland – cover art
 * Ross Robinson – production
 * Fred Durst – executive producer
 * Jordan Schur – executive producer

title: The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1)


text:
Quillen

Quillen is a surname of Irish origin. It could refer to:

 * Daniel Quillen, a mathematician
 * Jimmy Quillen, a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
 * East Tennessee State University James H. Quillen College of Medicine, named for Jimmy Quillen

title: Quillen


text:
Talk:The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1)

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title: Talk:The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1)


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Cytidine monophosphate

Cytidine monophosphate, also known as 5'-cytidylic acid or simply cytidylate, and abbreviated CMP, is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside cytidine. CMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase cytosine; hence, a ribonucleoside monophosphate. As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix cytidylyl-.

Metabolism
CMP can be phosphorylated to cytidine diphosphate by the enzyme CMP kinase, with adenosine triphosphate or guanosine triphosphate donating the phosphate group. Since cytidine triphosphate is generated by amination of uridine triphosphate, the main source of CMP is from RNA being decomposed by RNAse.

title: Cytidine monophosphate