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Dalsa Origin

The Dalsa Origin was the first camera designed and built by Dalsa Corporation to be used specifically for digital cinematography.

Overview
The Dalsa Origin is the first commercially available digital cinema camera to capture at 4K resolution, the emerging quality standard for feature film content.

The camera was originally shown at the NAB Show 2003 in Las Vegas, where Dalsa received four industry awards for innovation. The camera initially became available for testing in 2006, and was available for rental for $3000 per day, including storage, from the company's camera rental facility in Woodland Hills, which was established in mid-2005 by Bobby DaSilva as President of Dalsa Digital Cinema.

The camera is suited for visual effects photography employing digital compositing and travelling matte photography on larger budget productions. The system was developed by a collective group, including cinematographer, and founder of Cinema Products Ed DiGiulio. During the development of the DALSA Origin camera it was tested by members of the filmmaking world including Daryn Okada, ASC, Allen Daviau, ASC and various members of the commercial and VFX industries.

In 2007 the Origin camera was upgraded to the production version of the camera, and re-branded Origin II also known as the Evolution. The Origin II upgrade features improved image quality from DALSA's latest generation frame transfer CCD sensor, and a simplified touch screen interface.

Technical details
The camera has a resolution of 4K (4096×2048) at a relatively high-bit depth. The camera outputs an uncompressed, RAW Bayer pattern 16-bit image, which was considerably higher than other cameras which are limited to 8, 10 or 12 bits. This results in a linear exposure latitude equivalent to more than 13 stops.

The final configuration of the camera can run 1–30 frames per second. The Origin II camera features an optical reflex viewing system with rotating mirror similar to 35 mm film cameras and uses standard PL mount 35 mm film gate lenses. The camera is approximately the same size and weight as an average 35 mm film cameras with a 400' magazine.

The camera outputs raw data to an off board storage unit at a rate of approximately 400 megabytes per second. The Origin II connects to the storage unit by a rugged, thin, and flexible mil-spec fiber optic cable. This fiber cable can be run for over a mile without any signal degradation or repeating. The storage unit that has been used most often was the Codex Digital recorder, which could hold about two hours of uncompressed 4K camera RAW footage. In January 2008 S.Two began shipping the DFR4K recorder, which can also capture images from the Origin II camera and similar 2K and 4K models. S.Two also manufactured a system of 4K workflow products that are compatible with the Origin II camera's 4K images.

Filmography and commercial projects
The camera was successfully used in a number of projects including "Postcards from the Future", directed by Alan Chan and shot by Eric Adkins; a Snickers commercial, directed by Jesse Dylan and shot by Rolf Kestermann; a beer commercial by Curtis Clark, ASC; a Greenpeace commercial, shot by Florian Stadler; a Motorola commercial, shot by Byron Werner; a short entitled "The Trident", directed by Anurag Mehta and shot by David Stump, ASC; "She Called Up", a music video for the band Crowded House shot by Damian Acevedo; a promo for ABC 7 Eyewitness News, shot by Mark Zavad; "Reach for Me" a feature film directed by LeVar Burton and shot by Kris Kosskove; and most recently a British short, "Drop", directed by Gavin Toomey and shot by Tom Debenham, starring Russell Tovey.

Also, the James Bond film, Quantum of Solace, featured a complex visual effects shot captured with eight DALSA 4K Origin cameras, though was largely shot on conventional 35mm negative. The company revealed that the technically ambitious visual effects shot featured Daniel Craig and actress Olga Kurylenko, and involved simultaneously shooting with eight shutter-synchronized DALSA Origin 4K cameras.

Two remaining Dalsa Origin Cameras currently reside in Ryerson University's Digital Cinema Research Lab (a collaborator with Dalsa's research in Toronto, Canada) where they were used in production of research material demonstrating 4K resolution, and a short 3D test production called "Banana Jam" was created by the Lab's Director Richard Grunberg.

Workflow overview
While any professional off-line NLE can be used with the Origin II proxy images, in the relatively short life of the camera system Final Cut Pro had been the most popular. Just like performing a digital intermediate with 35mm film, any on-line editing system that can access DPX, TIFF or Cineon file types can be used to on-line the 4K images captured with the Origin II.

Availability
The Dalsa Origin II is no longer available. Dalsa discontinued the Digital Cinema division in 2008. The Origin II was available via a rental-only model similar to Panavision.

title: Dalsa Origin


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Tel Aviv central bus station

Tel Aviv central bus station, also known as the new central bus station (התחנה המרכזית החדשה, HaTahana HaMerkazit HaHadasha), is the main bus station of Tel Aviv, Israel. Located in the south of the city, it was opened on August 17, 1993. It is the second largest bus station in the world. The station in Tel Aviv covers 230,000 m2 and a total area of 44,000 m2.

On 24 October 2021, the Tel Aviv Court for Local Affairs has issued a closure order for the Tel Aviv New Central Bus Station from December 2021.

History
Construction began on December 14, 1967, but work was prematurely halted due to financial difficulties. The building was finally inaugurated on August 18, 1993. The inauguration ceremony was attended by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and the mayor of Tel Aviv Shlomo Lahat. The station's prolonged construction period gave it the title of white elephant among the public, and in light of this, the inauguration ceremony included releasing a white elephant balloon into the sky.

The station, which was designed by Ram Karmi (1967) and completed (1993) by the architects Yael Rothshild, and Moti Bodek, opened with six floors, and the initial plan called for buses to travel to all six. In practice, only four of the six floors were used as bus terminals, and in 1998 the first- and second-floor platforms were transferred to the newly opened 7th floor. This act killed off the remaining businesses on the first two floors and hurt businesses on the third.

In earlier stages of planning, the station was intended to have just two stories, one for commerce and one for buses. Disagreements between the two main bus companies led to a third floor, so there would be one floor for each bus company. To obtain more funding after construction stalled in the 1970s, an extra floor of retail was added. This process was repeated several times, until the station had six floors total. The seventh floor was added to replace the bottom two floors, after high pollution levels were discovered on those floors. The station was deliberately designed to be confusing, so that commuters would spend more time around the stores, and thus more money. When designed the station was in Tel Aviv's downtown, but by the time it opened the business center had migrated north, and the station's neighborhood had become peripheral and impoverished. One abandoned area of the station has been occupied by a bat colony.

In January 2012, the owners of the station filed for its bankruptcy.

Expected closure
On 24 October 2021, the Tel Aviv Court for Local Affairs has issued a closure order for the New Central Bus Station from December 2021. Consequently, the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality and the Israel Fire and Rescue Services have told the store owners that they would have to close from 5 December and the bus companies would also have to make alternative arrangements. Earlier that month, the Tel Aviv - Yafo Municipality, Ministry of Transport and the Israel Land Authority announced that the station would close down, and a new terminal near the Panorama Center in southern Tel Aviv would be set up. That move is to be sped up because the Fire Service has refused to give the Central Bus Station a license to operate.

Specifications
The complex includes a shopping mall serviced by 29 escalators and 13 elevators with over 1,000 shops and restaurants. Only two of the seven floors are used as a bus terminal (6th and 7th floor). The main entrances are on the north and east sides of 4th floor. Most intercity buses leave from a departure hall on the north (main) wing on 6th floor. On the 7th floor, which was an addition to the original building, there is a departure hall for local buses (to destinations within Gush Dan) on the north wing, and another departure hall for intercity buses (to destination in the Galilee) on the south wing. The wings of this level are completely separated.

The station serves Egged, Tnufa, Metropoline, Afikim, Beit Shemesh Express and Dan BaDarom intercity bus routes as well as local Dan, Egged and Metropoline city and suburban buses. In 2008, approximately 100,000 people visited the station building every day. In 2018 this number went down to 80,000.

It covers 230,000 m2 and a total area of 44 dunams (44,000 m2). Tel Aviv central bus station is located near Tel Aviv HaHagana Railway Station, but there is no direct link between them.

Although the Tel Aviv Central Bus station is the largest bus station in Tel Aviv in terms of building size, the Tel Aviv Central Bus Terminal (also known as the "2000 Terminal" and situated next to the Tel Aviv central railway station) handles considerably more bus passengers per day than the Central Bus Station.

Problems and criticism
The Tel Aviv central bus station has suffered from some neglect and disrepair. As the station is located in the poorest part of the city, numerous drug addicts, prostitutes and homeless people take residence there on occasion. In 2010, there was a murder and three reported cases of rape in the station.

The station has also been criticized for its complicated design which makes it hard to get around, and for being built in a neighborhood that didn't fit its character.

In literature
The bus station becomes the centre of author Lavie Tidhar's novel Central Station, set in a far-future Tel Aviv in which the station becomes a planetary hub and gateway to the stars. The novel follows the lives of the descendants of the migrant workers who live in the area now.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tel Aviv central bus station


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File:Brown bear in zoo lagoon.jpg

Taken by nitagale. Brown bear in zoo lagoon

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File:Brown bear in zoo lagoon (2).jpg

Taken by Nita Gale. Bear in zoo lagoon

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User talk:212.138.47.14

Nomination of Addas for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Addas is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Addas until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. BilledMammal (talk) 11:46, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.138.47.14


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Talk:Achaemenes

oddly speculated that Achaemenes was the son of the Greek hero Perseus and a grandson of Zeus Should "grandson" be "granddaughter"? Anthony Appleyard 05:51, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't understand. Achaemenes was a man.  Fishal 03:32, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dates and numbers in this article
Wikipedia policy is clear on the use of Eras in articles:

 * ''Both the BCE/CE era names and the BC/AD era names are acceptable, but be consistent within an article. Normally you should use plain numbers for years in the Common Era, but when events span the start of the Common Era, use AD or CE for the date at the end of the range (note that AD precedes the date and CE follows it). For example, 1 BC–1|AD 1 or 1 BCE–1|1 CE.

It is up to the author(s) of an article to determine the dating system to be used and there must be consistency with each article. In this case, for a non-Christian topic in a non-Christian region of the world, BCE/CE would seem to make the most sense. Sunray 19:42, 2005 May 22 (UTC)

I see someone has reverted back to BC/AD for dates. Perhaps we could take a poll of authors of this article to see which is the preferred dating system for eras. Sunray 06:52, 2005 May 23 (UTC)

++ Polls truly matter not; mob rules? Born and raised in America, I find it odd how those in the Western hemisphere honestly feel WE (Greek, Roman, etc.) was the start of all civilization and how the AD/BC timescale 'should' be used, as that falls in favor to the Christian Western side, because this matter to Muslims, Chinese, Hindus who have a totally different timescale.

 * Sunray, a poll has been taken at Neutral point of view/BCE-CE Debate/Votes. At last count, the vote was 92 votes to 75, with the majority OPPOSING Srubenstein's policy change proposal.  Rubenstein has UTTERLY FAILED to acheive a consensus for his proposed policy change, and now it seems the supporters of the failed proposal are unilaterally proclaiming victory and considering it to be enacted anyway.  This is most evident on the Iran pages.  Since official wiki policy states that both are equally acceptable and not to go making changes like this from the original form when there is any opposition, it seems you are in violation and the ones here who are making trouble.  If both are "equally acceptable" and I can unilaterally make such a change, it would be equally acceptable for me to invade articles about archaeology or the Talmud and impose BC / AD on precisely the same grounds. This policy about officially favoring one or the other under certain circumstances has LOST; face it and stop ramrodding the LOSER policy down our throats as if it actually had anything close to a consensus.  This is a perfect example of the process whereby a minority cabal can fraudulently enforce their own POV on everyone else in North American "academia", but if wikipedia is going to work that way, I will stop contributing my edits and will no longer be able to take the whole project seriously at all.

If there is an inscription, as a valid historical source, that says that Assyrian king repelled an attack led by Achaemenes, then there can be no doubt that there WAS a living person by that name, living presumably round 700 BC. Only question seems to be whether that person was an ancesstor of Teispes and later Persian rulers, or not. KIKA

As graffiti on a wall proclaims one to be the 'messiah', how does that, if it survives hundreds or thousands of years, becomes a 'valid historical source'? I can see how with a story written in stone there IS doubt to the matter. Hypothetically speaking, if I carved in rock that in "1932 (well before I lived) I beat up KIKA," and later uncoverd in the year 3078, people should interpret that as fact according to your logic. There are much more questions than who was an heir. Please save me the hassle of rebutting. Thank you.

You didn't read well. I wrote: "If there is an inscription, as a VALID historical source (it was partially my mistake since I didn't emphasize it) that says etc". So, you are now challenging the iscription and changing the subject. I said: "If it is valid", meaning that "if it is truthfull and honest" and if it could be trusted by historians. I agree about your remark on graffiti case, but, even after thousands of years, your rock and the inscription you carved into it would be subject of historian's test. Besides, I read the article in Britanica about Achemenes, and it chose to believe the inscription. Where's the problem then? KIKA

BC/AD
Guys, why not simply use BC/AC (Before /After) and sove the problem! Kiumars 11:23, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Is there anything to support these rumors and doubts!
Due to the lack of historical sources on Achaemenes, his rule and existence are sometimes doubted. He may have been legendary. Darius I the Great may even have invented him so as to legitimize his rule. Since Darius was not an heir to the previous Shah, Cyrus the Great), it is contended that Darius invented an earlier ancestor shared by Cyrus and himself. In this way he was able to claim royal ancestry.

 * Can you add links to references to support the claims please. Britanica seems to think he was real! http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003515 Also, The guys who are working on Teispes of Anshan think he is the son of Achaemenes! How could he have a son if he was not real? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teispes
 * What a mess! Kiumars 11:23, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Teispes is never mentioned as "a son of Achaemenes" in old Persian inscriptions, but as "an Achaemenid". This is the way he has been named in both the Cyrus cylinder and Darius I's Behistun inscription. Refering to Teispes as the son of Achaemenes seems to be a Greek invention. mirfakhr

 * mirfakhr; you better take a look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teispes and correct them if they are wrong! Kiumars

NPOV cleanup
This article is part of the NPOV backlog. Since the NPOV tag has been placed without any discussion here, and the text appears to be uncontroversal, and there seems to be no discussion suggesting disagreement, the tag is removed. If you disagree with this, please re-tag the article with and post to Talk. -- Steve Hart 19:41, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Tag will be re-added as the dates doesn't concorde with his son's dates by 2000 years ... that's a lot. Lincher 12:45, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * ok, but let me ask: this sounds more like a factual issue, what does it have to do with NPOV policy? -- Steve Hart 21:55, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In fact the date is confusing, but on the second look it became be apparent that it matches the times of his son. The sentence tells that he lived 2700 years ago. That means 700 BC. Teispes (the son of Achaemenes) was living: 675-640 BC. So it is even not the matter of factual accuracy. It is problem of formulation .-- R eo  ON   |   + + +  19:50, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Revisiting
I agree with Steve Hart; this is an issue of accuracy, not of neutrality. I'm changing the tag and adding a citation needed to some of the statements. Fishal 21:28, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

I also want to add that I added a lot to this article back when citation standards were much more lax; I know right where I can find the secondary sources that I used and will cite them as soon as I can (realistically, probably not for a couple of months). Those books were the source of the statement, "Achaemenes was most likely a 7th century BC warrior-chieftain... An Assyrian inscription from the time of King Sennacherib mentions that the Assyrian king repelled a raid by the Parsu, who may have been led by Achaemenes." This is also where much of the Greek mythological material came from. Fishal 21:33, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Comment
Ok wtf, biranica is correct there are no doubts why are you putting messed up info on this...

??????
in some of the text translated in old persian script shows only several Question marks on my computer. what is the required font needed to view it and how is it acquired? i believe there must be some other readers couldnt see them. Xmlv (talk) 20:30, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I have found the Aegean font at http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_OldPersianC.html to work well for displaying old Persian cuneiform. --Wikiacc (¶) 00:46, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

about a recent edit
I reverted an edit by a user. The book he/she adds is "Isaac's empire". This book challenges 1000s of years historical facts and its thesis is "Ancient Persian Empire was really an empire made up of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel". I think we should follow a certain number of wikipedia guidelines: "use works of specialists in the subject". Xashaiar (talk) 20:25, 29 September 2009 (UTC)
 * um, yes, this is just British Israelism, a cranky idea from the 18th century that survives in some religionist corners in the US. Remove under WP:FRINGE. --dab (𒁳) 06:59, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

The books has nothing to do with British Israelism. As for the book challenging 1000 years of facts it does not. It gives a list of possible alternatives based on the same evidence found by the scholars that you use or support. Remember history is not an exact science, and in no way is everything you or Mr. Rea propose is set in stone. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Larry2377 (talk • contribs) 22:28, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi, the theory you like to add is WP:FRINGE and YES that type of theory prompted by the book does say "Ancient Persian Empire was really an empire made up of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel". This is the official description of the book. And beside, can you show us one scholar of Indo-European languages or Ancient Near East that supports that theory? You are right that "history is not an exact science" but this encyclopaedia should represent the point of view of those who are considered most reliable on the subject, right? Xashaiar (talk) 11:45, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Encyclopaedia's are just as fallible as books that discuss the topic. So don't feed me that. Any ways, here is your list.

Bienkowski, Millard, Dictionary of the Ancient Near East, p. 1 Tavernier, Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.), p. 17-18 Herzog, Hauck, Realencyklopadie fur protestantische Theorogie und Kirche, p. 390 Nabarz, The Mysteries of Mithras, p. 149 Nanavutty, The Parsis, p. 177/ Culican, The Medes and Persians, p. 49 Burton, Camoens: His life and His Lusiads, p. 656 Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persian, p. 239 Hackmann, Buddism as a Religion: Its Historical Development and its present conditions, p. 49 Narain, Later Indo-Scythians, p. 121-122 ‘Iran and India: Age old Friendship’ by Abdul Amir Jorfi, India Quarterly, October-December 1994, p 69 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Larry2377 (talk • contribs) 16:11, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * What are you exactly talking about? Why did you list some books? For example "Tavernier, Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.), p. 17-18" that you list, mentions just what Haxamanish* is: the name of a Persian tribe and some related words and their occurences in other languages used by Achaemenian kings. So what did you list this book? Xashaiar (talk) 16:19, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

You said you wanted to know how. So I got the end notes from his book that he used. So there you go. Do some research. If you need more I found some more notes but I think this covers it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Larry2377 (talk • contribs) 16:41, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * how what? Are you telling me that "your book is OK since your book uses fine references"? That's unacceptable for inclusion of the wrong info you proposed. And the article already uses high quality source for the section on etymology. Xashaiar (talk) 16:45, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

And besides. can you show us one scholar of Indo-European languages or Ancient Near East that supports that theory? WHy yes I can and his name is Yair Davidiy. He understands Indo-European languages and supports Mr. Rea's finds. Also, what about Simo Parpola? He supports the Anne Kristensen's book "Who were the Cimmerians and where did they come from". She address many of the same issues Mr. Rea address. So there is three scholars for you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Larry2377 (talk • contribs) 16:47, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Listen, I'm not here to argue, but to provide an alternative that is all. Mr. Rea does not say what you say is wrong. He just provides another possible alternative to who they maybe. That is all. People should have the option to decide for themselves. Hell, I agree that his name might not have anything to do what is being proposed. But at the same time I consider the idea possible. ---

 * Are you the same person? So why you do not learn to sign and respect talk pages so that I know who is talking... Second I asked you "PLEASE BRING SCHOLAR OF INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES" I did not ask yo bring "scholars who speak an indo-european language". Moreover, your Yair Davidiy is no scholar at all. If you can find sources in the level of OED, The Cambridge History of Iran, The Cambridge Ancient History.. or something like them, then we can add their opinion as they are those that this article SHOULD represent their POVs. Xashaiar (talk) 17:02, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Am I the same person? I'm not sure what you mean by that. Any ways it does not matter. Your mind is set and that is that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Larry2377 (talk • contribs) 17:15, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Because I saw two messages and no signature. Please sign your message. And please do read WP:UNDUE and WP:FRINGE. I am not happy with this article as I have not written more than one sentence of it. My mind is not set. If you can find anything appropriate in the sources I mentioned, then go on. Xashaiar (talk) 17:26, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

I'm new to this whole wikipedia thing, so I have no idea how to do a lot of things on here. But I did my best to summarise what Mr. Rea said. So I'm not sure what you would want. (larry2377)
 * I meant please read thse wikipedia pages: WP:UNDUE and WP:FRINGE and also the first paragraph of WP:POV. Xashaiar (talk) 17:42, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Okay I read them both a few days ago. So now what? I see no problem here. (Larry2377) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Larry2377 (talk • contribs) 17:48, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * You read them? You think your theory is not FRINGE? You think your theory is along the line "representing the POVs of the main scholars and specialists who have produced reliable sources on the issue." (from wikipedia policy)? You think your theory is within mainstream that WP:UNDUE does no apply? Xashaiar (talk) 17:56, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Well it sure isn't my theory, and second I agree with the theory as I do with the other theories about who he was or if he was even a person. Because, no one is certain one way or another regardless of the best info money can afford. Like I said, History is not an exact science, and nether are the men we both list or read. They most likely would tell you the same thing. Ether or I'm good, I just wanted to help out and that is just about it. Larry2377 (talk) 18:16, 7 October 2009 (UTC)(Larry2377)
 * The point is wikipedia is not a place to "put any theory you like". It is an ecyclopaedia which follows rules. The theory you like is Fringe theory and not supported by mainstream scholars of the subjects (languages and ancient history). Xashaiar (talk) 20:53, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

What ever you say buddy. We ALL agree with you!Larry2377 (talk) 23:33, 7 October 2009 (UTC)(Larry2377)
 * Why did you add Sanskrit? What is the reason? (Please do not bring that fringe theory here. What you add is their opinion). Why you do not add Chines? Since Iranian and Indian were old friend, does it mean we should add the name of a person who ruled (if at all) over a portion of present dar Fars province? IN entire wikipedia guidelines I could not find any policy that support inclusion of unrelated translation. If you see Greek, that's because from Greek (then Latin, then English) the modern English world came to know the name "Achaemenes". YOu said you are very new and do not know what to do, could you please for the time being leave a message in the talk page and ask about relevancy of the info you want to add? If you still like to add Sanskrit, please provcide a source that indicates other indo-european languages got the name "achaemenes" from Sanskrit (this is obviousely false). Xashaiar (talk) 08:14, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

I don't get the scepticism
The idea that Darius forged his ancestry seems unlikely to me, considering he was only going back a few generations. It would have been common knowledge whether his family were cousins of Cyrus' or not, and a blatant lie that no one believed wouldn't really have helped to legitimise his rule. Kings who make spurious ancestral claims usually have to come up with more elaborate genealogies that go back to time immemorial. 82.16.143.198 (talk) 15:03, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Indeed, but...
 * The substance of his claim is less important that the fact that he felt compelled to make it. That is the immediate cause for skepsis.
 * Darius' inscription actually just says "ancestor". All the 7th-century "dating" is based on one sentence in Herodotus (Histories, 7.11.2): "Darius son of Hystaspes son of Arsames son of Ariaramnes son of Teispes son of Cyrus son of Cambyses son of Teispes son of Achaemenes". Note that Herodotus is muddling two different Teispes here. The ridiculous precision is unsupported by the evidence.
 * While we don't know who Achaemenes was, it would be safe to assume that he was a well-known hero figure in the minds of Darius' audience. Iranian clans almost always had mythical or semi-mythical figures as their apical ancestors. Its part of their minstrel tradition. It obscured even historical figures under layers of legend and myth, sometimes intentionally. -- 77.178.60.120 (talk) 14:46, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Achaemenes


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Category talk:Journalism

This category seems a bit messy, but after poking around a bit, I don't see much that's misclassified. Perhaps it just needs a re-factoring. In particular, I would like to see more of the top-level articles in logical subcategories. It might also be a good idea to prune the tree of subcategories to make it more shallow and easier to navigate. -- Beland 05:52, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Help?
Some articles in the main category should be just in subcategories. But when I go to the articles, I don't see "Category:Journalism." I don't know whether I'm missing that somehow or if not, how to fix this. Can anyone help? Maurreen 17:39, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There must be a template in the articles that is putting them in this category. -- Beland 21:30, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Project
Anyone interested in journalism is invited to WikiProject Journalism. Maurreen 4 July 2005 14:49 (UTC)

Cfd 5 Sep 2005
No consensus, no change, see archived discussion for details. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 21:09, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Circular categorization
Category:Journalism is a subcategory of Category:News media, which is a subcategory of Category:Journalism, which is. . ..

Also, please see (and comment on) this relevant topic in the stub-sorting WikiProject. — Fingers-of-Pyrex 19:13, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Combat
We need a combat journalism sub cat or something similar. A mcmurray 04:56, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Journalism


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Donggala Regency

Donggala Regency is a regency in the Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. It lies between 0° 30" north and 2°20" south latitude, and between 119° 45°" and 121° 45" east longitude, and covers a land area of 5,126.59 km2. It had a population of 277,236 at the 2010 Census and 300,436 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 308,301 (comprising 158,400 males and 149,900 females). The administrative capital of Donggala Regency is the town of Banawa, located a 30-minute drive (34 km) northwest from the city of Palu, the capital of the province.

History
Before the Dutch assumed administration in 1904 under Governor-General J. B. van Heutsz, the Central Sulawesi area was the home of eight small kingdoms (kerajaan): Palu, Sigi Dolo, Kulawi, Biromaru, Banawa, Tawaili, Parigi, and Moutong.

Since the Donggala Regency was established on 4 July 1959, then comprising almost the entire western portion of Central Sulawesi Province (Buol Toti-Toli Regency, previously part of the regency, was split off from it at that date), it has been significantly reduced in area and population. The city of Palu was split off as a separate municipality on 22 July 1994, the Parigi Moutong Regency was split off on 10 April 2002, and the Sigi Regency was split off on 21 July 2008.

In September 2018, Donggala and Palu City suffered heavy casualties due to the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami.

Administrative Districts
The Dongala Regency is divided into sixteen districts (kecamatan). These are physically divided into two non-contiguous sections, lying to the west and to the east of the Palu River Valley respectively, and separated from each other by Palu city and the Sigi Regency. The first (southern) section comprises five districts, of which the northern Banawa and Banawa Tengah (together known as Donggala town) were the areas most grievously inundated by the 2018 earthquake and tsunami. The second (northern) section comprises eleven districts, stretching south to north along the west coast of Sulawesi's northern peninsula.

These districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates of population as at mid 2023 (rounded oiff to the nearest 100 persons). The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 158 rural desa and 9 urban kelurahan - the latter all in Banawa District), and its postal codes.

Notes: (a) including 2 offshore islands. (b) including 2 offshore islands. (c) comprising 9 kelurahan (Boneoge, Boya, Ganti, Gunung Bale, Kabonga Besar, Kabonga Kecil, Labuan Bajo, Maleni and Lalombi) and 5 desa. (d) including 17 offshore islands. (e) including 3 offshore islands. (f) including 6 offshore islands.

2013
Many of the districts of Donggala Regency, together with Palu City and some of the districts of Sigi Regency, were covered in the Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang (Long-Term Development Plan) as of 2013. In all, the area of the Plan covered twenty-one districts. • Balaesang

• Balaesang Tanjung (Balaesang Peninsula)

• Banawa, Central Sulawesi

• Banawa Selatan (South Banawa)

• Central Banawa

• Damsol (now Dampelas)

• Dolo

• Dolo Selatan (South Dolo)

• Gumbasa

• Kulawi

• Kulawi Selatan (South Kulawi)

• Labuan

• Marawola

• Pipikoro

• Palolo

• Rio Pakava

• Sigi-Biromaru

• Sirenja

• Sojol

• Tanambulava

• Tanantovea

• Tawaeli

Tourist attractions

 * Tanjung Karang Beach, Donggala, Labuan Bajo, Banawa
 * Pusentasi (pusat Laut), Towale
 * Boneoge Beach, Banawa
 * Anjungan Gonenggati, Banawa
 * Kabonga Beach, Banawa
 * Art & Culture, Home Industry, Sarong Donggala, Salubomba village, Limboro,Watusampu, Kola-Kola, Ganti, Kabonga, Loli, Wani
 * Gonenggati Mangrove Forest, Kabonga Besar, Banawa
 * Enu Beach, Enu
 * Bambarano Beach
 * Kalukku Beach, Limboro
 * Hayalan Beach, Salubomba
 * Lembasada Beach, Lembasada
 * Surumana Beach, Surumana
 * Tosale Beach, Tosale
 * Batusuya Beach, Batusuya
 * Salur Beach, Sioyong, Sabang
 * Taipa Beach, Taipa
 * Parimpi Indah Beach, Lende, Sirenja
 * Saget Beach and LendeNtovea, Sojol Utara
 * Majang Beach, Long Village, Damsol
 * Sivalenta Beach Sirenja
 * Salumbone Beach, Salumbone
 * Labuana Beach, Lende Ntovea, Sirenja
 * Lake Talaga
 * Lake Dampelas
 * Rano Lake
 * Lino Lake, Lino
 * Talaga Lake, Dampelas
 * Kaledo (soup)
 * Bambahano, Sabang
 * Pasoso Island, Balaesang
 * Maputi Island, Pangalaseang
 * Taring Island, Lenju, Sojol Utara
 * Loli Tasiburi Waterfall
 * Powelua Waterfall, Banawa Tengah
 * Walandanu Waterfall, Balaesang
 * Bou Waterfall, Bou, Damsol
 * Nupabomba Waterfall, Nupabomba
 * Bale Waterfall, Bale, Tanantovea
 * Ogoamas Waterfall, Sojol Utara
 * Hotspring, Tambu Village
 * Camping Ground Nupabomba, Nupabomba
 * Pemandian Loli Indah, Loli Oge, Banawa
 * Nature Reserve Sojol Mountain, Sojol

title: Donggala Regency


text:
The Dragon (poem)

"The Dragon", by the Iraqi poet Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayyati (1926–1999), was originally published in 1996. The translation by Farouk Abdel Wahab, Najat Rahman, and Carolina Hotchandani is from the volume Iraqi Poetry Today (ISBN 0-9533824-6-X) (c) 2003, edited by Saadi Simawe.

"The Dragon" is an example of al-Bayyati's frequent incorporation of mythological figures into his poetry.

Critics have interpreted the poem as addressed to Saddam Hussein.

title: The Dragon (poem)


text:
Pascalina Lehnert

Pascalina Lehnert (25 August 1894 – 13 November 1983), born Josefina Lehnert, was a German religious sister who served as Pope Pius XII's housekeeper and secretary from his period as Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria in 1917 until his death as pope in 1958. She managed the papal charity office for Pius XII from 1944 until the pontiff's death in 1958. She was a Sister of the Holy Cross Menzingen.

Early career
"Madre Pascalina", as she was called, led Eugenio Pacelli's household in the nunciature in Munich, Bavaria, from 1917 to 1925 and in the nunciature to Germany and Prussia in Berlin from 1925 to 1929, where Nuncio Pacelli was Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. There she became known for organizing the Pacelli parties, "which were auspicious, tastefully sprinkling glitter with the strictest European etiquette. [...] The nunciature was soon a major center of Germany's social and official worlds. Streams of aristocrats, including President Paul von Hindenburg [(in office 1925-1934), who had served as one of Germany's Field Marshals during World War I], were frequent callers, blending with students and workers, anyone whom Pacelli, the shrewdest of diplomats, chose to smile upon."

Pacelli was recalled to Rome in 1929 to become Cardinal Secretary of State. Pascalina soon resided as housekeeper with two other sisters in the Vatican.

Papal Charities
Pius XII responded to Madre Pascalina in the aftermath of the war by organizing a two-tier papal charity. Monsignore Ferdinando Baldelli, Carlo Egger and Otto Faller started on behalf of the pope the official Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza. Madre Pascalina was asked by the Pope to direct his personal charity efforts, officially under Monsignor Montini, later Pope Paul VI, with whom she seemed to have a complicated relationship. To assist the pope in the many calls for his help and charity, Pascalina organized and led the Magazzino, a private papal charity office which employed up to 40 helpers and continued until 1959. "It started from modest beginnings and became a gigantic charity."

By Christmas 1944, housing had been provided at the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo for 15,000 refugees from the invading Nazi forces. Inside the Vatican, Mother Pascalina was in charge of housing, clothing and food for as many Jewish refugees as the walls could hold. By the end of the war, no less than 200,000 Jews had been sheltered and fed inside the Holy City under her supervision. In addition to this, 12,000 packages were delivered to the children of Rome alone, many of which were handed out by Pope Pius XII himself.

Later life
In recognition of her achievements, John XXIII awarded Mother Pascalina the papal honor Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice.

Autobiography
Madre Pascalina wrote her autobiography in 1959. Church authorities permitted its publication only in 1982.

Works

 * Lehnert, Pascalina. Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986
 * Lehnert, Pascalina; Susan Johnson (transl.). His Humble Servant: Sister M. Pascalina Lehnert's Memoirs of Her Years of Service to Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII. Saint Augustine's Press, South Bend. February 2014. ISBN 978-1-58731-367-7. (first English translation)

title: Pascalina Lehnert


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zezima

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 19:54, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Zezima
Unverifiable, non-notable, POV, possibly a personal attack. Jayjg (talk) 05:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg (talk) 05:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as personal attack with personal information. - Lucky 6.9 07:40, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, personal attack. Megan1967 08:33, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Thue | talk 10:09, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zezima


text:
Novus

Novus ("new" in Latin) may refer to:

Companies

 * Novus Biologicals, a biotech company based in Littleton, Colorado, US
 * Novus Entertainment, a Canadian telecommunications company
 * Novus International, an animal health and nutrition company
 * Novus Leisure, a British company owning bars and nightclubs
 * Novus Records, an American jazz record label
 * Novus was a credit card transaction clearance system used by Discover Card
 * Novus is a product name for FRP cable system, company located at UAE, part of Eleven Planets Group

Other

 * Tata Novus, a truck introduced in 2005
 * Novus, a planet in the Stargate Universe episode "Common Descent"
 * Novus, a race of sentient machines from the video game Universe at War: Earth Assault
 * "Novus", a song by Santana from Shaman

title: Novus


text:
User talk:Bonniediva

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 05:55, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Bonniediva


text:
Talk:Uberlândia

Page needs work
This page has some positive elements but important information, like population, area of the municipality, education, etc. are missing. I will try to improve the article in the next few days. A UFO sigting is only important if it is a major sighting in Brazil. Is it? Vogensen 08:34, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I have improved the article a bit. The place sounds impressive.  I frankly had no idea how much it had grown and become such an economic powerhouse. I  remember it from the seventies when it was starting to grow and had around 100,000 people. Vogensen 22:07, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with you, this page definitely needs work. Please don't get me wrong: the information itself is ok, but the way is written sounds like a piece of propaganda from the city mayor's office. By the way, I live in Uberlandia since 2000, and although I travel a lot, my family's home is still there. CarlosRibeiro 02:33, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Impressive? The place is horrible! I agree with Carlos, it looks like propaganda. ☢ Ҡieff⌇↯ 05:21, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, the city is growing very very fast. 100,000 in 70´s and now 600,000 people. More than a half, maybe a third of population was not born in there. About the wiki, info is ok, but style is unnecessary "propagandistic". It was very fun to read, it appears the writer is trying hard to convince, when there is not appropriate to write this way. Unfortunately, I cannot help by writing something better. Hope someone can!

 * "Nickname(s): Udi, Capital Logistics, Greater Pole Wholesale in Latin America". Is this correct?  Sounds very odd.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by IanWorthington (talk • contribs) 16:40, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

There is no discussion of NNPOV
Once again someone has not given their reasons for tagging this article not neutral. I can see no reason for this tag.--Wloveral (talk) 00:51, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Origins of the name
I'm not sure the name Uberlândia comes from the german über, are you sure that source is accurate? I was born and raised in the city, and in the school they always taught that the name came from latin language, meaning "fertile land". Cpt Vidal (talk) 01:17, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I believe the etymology given on the text of the article has to be some bad-taste joke. The source indicated is laughably non-reliable and the hypothesis that the city's name comes from Latin uber (fruitful, productive, rich) - see here: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uber - sounds considerably more logic, especially considering the place is not part of the German-colonized regions of Brazil.

Can anyone find a reliable source on the etymology of the city's name? 187.4.25.141 (talk) 06:38, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
 * According to the Portuguese wikipedia article, the City started in the 19th century as San Pedro de Uberabinha ("Little Uberaba"), a subdivision of the city of Uberaba, Uberaba being a indigenous Tupi word (Y-beraba) meaning "Clear (or bright) water" and the name of the (then) lager town and river 100 km away. The city was renamed Uberlândia in 1929. There doesn't seem to be a connection to German "über"... -- megA (talk) 15:52, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

If Uberlandia was of Latin origin, then it should have been Terra Uber, or Terra Ubera. However, there is a popular concept of uberland as an area of Austria, Romania and Hungary. It is also the organic part of Überlandwerk Fulda, Überlandbus, Überland-Zentrale Helmstedt, and on and on. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bo Basil (talk • contribs) 19:53, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

Area total
Can it be possible that the area total of Uberlandia (4,115.9 km2 and 1,589.2 sq mi) is much bigger than this one of much bigger towns like Belo Horizonte (biggest town in Minas Gerais), New York City (USA), London (England) or Berlin (Germany)? It sounds impossible that a Brazilian town of about 600.000 inhabitants can have a much bigger area than square miles gigants like London or Berlin. Also Belo Horizonte is much bigger than Uberlandia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.3.59.241 (talk) 00:42, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

The area given is that of the 'municipio' (roughly equivalent to country in the US). The urban area of Uberlândia is much smaller estimated at 160.66 km2 in 2010. AmigaClone (talk) 09:43, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uberlândia


text:
User talk:ShadowyCaballero

Fat Chicks in Party Hats
Hey, sorry to be the bearer of bad news, but now Fat Chicks in Party Hats is on the chopping block and it's not doing well. It is/was a good article about a significant and hilarious webpage. I really have no idea why people want to see it deleted. Miguel is a genius and the page is definitely big enough to warrant an article. --Aranae 05:56, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * The forces of ham have been defeated. Miguel's work of genius survives. --Aranae 00:27, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

Immortal Technique
Thanks for your comments on the Talk:Immortal Technique page. Unfortunately, even though the material you posted was on the web, it was still likely under copyright (see Copyright for more details). In this case, I removed the copyrighted text and replaced it with my own. In general, it is a bad idea to post material you find on the web, unless you can get permission (see Confirmation of permission). It goes without saying you should not claim to have gotten permission when in fact you have not. Let me know if you have any questions; feel free to write a note on the bottom of my talk page if I can be of any help. Thanks, --Hansnesse 22:24, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Samuel R. Delany.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Samuel R. Delany.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is us ually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Stan 14:21, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Pendulum
Why did you blank your Foucault's Pendulum index? --maru  (talk)  contribs 06:23, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Signatures
Howdy, don't forget to sign your posts on talk pages. Use four tildes ( ~ ), and your name and date will appear automatically. Thanks, --TeaDrinker 17:09, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Verdurin salon, Chez Guermantes
The Vedurin (a misspelling of "Verdurin") salon is a group of people held rigidly in place by the "patronne" (i.e. woman who hosts the meetings) of the group, Madame Verdurin. Chez Guermantes is a reference to the surname of a noble and socially illustrious family (the Guermantes). "Chez" is just a French word that has been added to the surname. I don't know what context it was used in, so I can't be sure of what it was supposed to mean. (It can be translated in a variety of ways, but usually means "at" or "with".) Both names are French and from In Search of Lost Time. Neither reference is "widely considered archaic or esoteric", simply unfamiliar to readers who are not familiar with French literature. Guermantes 22:57, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

The Bible and...
Hey, rather than follow you around all day placing context tags, could I ask you to put more information on the context of these articles in them? Adding an article that differs from another by two words and then repeating ad infinitum doesn't really add to the project, and does little justice for each individual topic. Saying rape is contentious verges on being a dictionary definition in scope, and these articles lack any encyclopedic merit. If these pages aren't going to have any unique information in them, they should all be merged into an article on Biblical controversy or something similar. Just something to think about, I'll leave you alone for now—I'm done my bout of new page patrol anyways.  Big Nate 37 (T) 18:12, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

No personal attacks, please
Please see Wikipedia's no personal attacks policy. Comment on content, not on the contributor; personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Note that continued personal attacks may lead to blocks for disruption. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you.

re:  - Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 07:15, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

The Bible and rape
Come on ... can't you even keep all of the chapters together?? (Deuteronomy is in 3 distinct sections, Judges and 2 Samuel both in 2 different places) ... at least make one section for each chapter, in some kind of order (either alphabetical, or as they appear in the Bible), and then make sub-sections for each verse discussed! —Dennette (talk|contribs) 00:26, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Gay icon
You did not cite a source for your addition to this article, so I have had to remove it. Kil  o • T 13:08, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom
I've struck out your name on the list of candidates as you do not appear to meet the eligibilty requirement of having at least 1000 edits. I will not revert you if you add yourself back, but you may want to bring this up at the candidate talk page before restoring. Thanks, — xaosflux  Talk  01:44, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

AFD notice
I have nominated List of Playstation 3 launch titles for deletion. It appears you are the creator of the page so please come join the discussion. - Tutmosis 19:57, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

List of esoteric subjects in Foucault's Pendulum
Hello, ShadowyCaballero. No, it was not moved to the Wikipedia namespace as far as I know. The only reason to do that would have been to make sure that we have articles on every topic that deserves an article. The list would have been deleted once all the articles were written. I undeleted the article temporarily and then moved it to your userspace. It is at User:ShadowyCabal/List of esoteric subjects in Foucault's Pendulum. I do not think there will be any objections to having the list there, but you may want to store an offline copy anyway in case there somehow is an objection or Wikipedia userspace policy changes. If there is anything else I can do, please leave a message on my talk page. I am editing sporadically lately, so it might be a while before I get back to you. -- Kjkolb 16:09, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Blanching links
Hi, there are some links to Blanching on some of your user pages. This is now a disambiguation page, and the old content is at Blanching (cooking), but I hesitate to edit your user pages. Nadiatalent (talk) 14:44, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello ShadowyCaballero! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 1 of the articles that you created  is currently tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 23:36, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Hazel Carby -

Speedy deletion nomination of Moistboyz

A tag has been placed on Moistboyz requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, you can place a request here.  Ol Yeller21 Talktome  03:52, 7 December 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ShadowyCaballero


text:
Computer Entertainment Rating Organization

The Computer Entertainment Rating Organization (特定非営利活動法人コンピュータエンターテインメントレーティング機構) (CERO) is a Japanese entertainment rating organization based in Tokyo that rates video game content in console games with levels of ratings that informs the customer(s) of the nature of the product and what age group it is suitable for. It was established in June 2002 as a branch of Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association, and became an officially recognized nonprofit organization under Japanese law in December 2003.

CERO rating marks
On March 1, 2006, CERO implemented the latest revision of its rating system. The symbols that CERO uses are stylized Latin letters, named after academic grading, except "F" is replaced with "Z". Each is meant to convey a game's suitability for minors. "CERO rating marks" are grouped broadly into "age classification marks" and "other marks". Age classification marks include the following five marks. One of the marks is indicated on the left bottom of the game box front, and a corresponding color bar is also shown on the box spine. (Bar colors: black for "A"; green for "B"; blue for "C"; orange for "D"; red for "Z")

Content icons
In April 2004, CERO defined the following "content icons". Content icons represent that the age classification decision has been made based on the expressions belonging to one (or more) of the content icons. They are grouped into nine categories. These icons are displayed on the back of all game boxes except on those rated "A" or "Educational/Database".

Rating process
According to Kazuya Watanabe, CERO's senior director, the group of assessors is composed of five regular people unaffiliated with the game industry. They are trained by rating past games. The rating process is determined by 30 different expressions, each with an upper limit. The expressions that exceed the upper limit are designated as "banned expressions". In addition, six expressions are not allowed and are also considered to be banned expressions. The expressions are categorized into four different types: "Sex-related expression type" (Love, Sexual Content), "Violence expression type" (Violence, Horror), "Antisocial act expression type" (Drinking/Smoking, Gambling, Crime, Drugs), and "Language and ideology-related expression type" (Language). Each expression is rated using the A to Z scale that the rating marks use. After the group evaluates the game, the results are sent to CERO's main office where the final rating attempts to use the majority of the evaluators' ratings.

Controversies and criticisms
One month after the initial release of Atelier Meruru: The Apprentice of Arland, shipments of it were halted due to it having been mis-rated. It was re-released a few days later with a B rating from CERO. Its A (All Ages) rating was revoked and it was given a B (Ages 12+) rating instead, due to some suggestive themes featured in the game. The game was originally rated for all ages due to Gust allegedly not providing them with the complete content of the game for them to review.

CERO has been criticized for being stricter on content in games when compared to other rating boards, a 2020 example being The Last of Us Part II. Despite receiving a Z (Ages 18+ only) rating, which is the maximum rating a game could receive from CERO, it was still censored with an example being the game's sexual content, where a sex scene that is featured in the game was censored. In the Japanese version, the scene cuts out just a short time after both characters begin kissing, removing the nudity seen in other versions of the game. The game also received some censorship of its violence, as some of the gore and dismemberment seen in the game was removed in the Japanese version.

The Callisto Protocol's Japanese release was canceled when the game did not receive a CERO rating due to the game's violent content, and the developer refused to make any necessary changes.

In a 2015 compilation of columns that he wrote for Famitsu magazine, video game developer and Super Smash Bros. series creator Masahiro Sakurai criticized CERO for having stricter standards on sexual content than violence, citing conflicts that he had with the board over the character models for Palutena and Wonder Pink in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. According to Sakurai, the game was nearly delayed due to the developers needing to constantly revise the characters' models, which CERO considered "sexually provocative" due to the possibility that players could take upskirt shots with them. Sakurai claimed that these designs were never intended to be titillating, deriding CERO's demands as "ridiculous and frankly quite juvenile."


text:
Stephen Harding

Stephen Harding (Étienne Harding) (c. 1060 – 28 March 1134) was an English-born monk and abbot, who was one of the founders of the Cistercian Order. He is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church.

Early life
Stephen was born in south-west England and, as a youth, spent time at the Sherborne Abbey in Dorset. He then travelled to Scotland and France. Afterward, Stephen went on a pilgrimage to Rome. Back in France, Stephen joined a monastery at Molesme, Burgundy region.

Founding the Cistercian Order
In 1098, Stephen, along with Robert and Alberic, left Molesme and founded a new monastery in Cîteaux, France. Robert became the first abbot. After Robert was ordered back to Molesme by Pope Urban II, Alberic became abbot and served for nine years until his death.

Stephen was the third abbot of Cîteaux. At first, under his administration, there was hardship, especially regarding the attainment of new members. Eventually, Bernard of Clairvaux entered the community, bringing with him thirty companions.

With Stephen and Bernard spearheading the order, many new Cistercian monasteries were founded. In 1119, Stephen received official approbation for the Carta Caritatis (Charter of Charity), an important document for the Cistercian Order, establishing its unifying principles. Many of his policies and decisions were influenced from his time with the Vallombrosians.

Stephen Harding served as abbot of Cîteaux for twenty-three years. While no single person is considered the founder of the Cistercian Order, the shape of Cistercian thought and its rapid growth in the 12th century were certainly due in some part to Harding's leadership. Insisting on simplicity in all aspects of monastic life, Stephen encouraged the severity of Cistercian architecture and the simple beauty of the Order's liturgy and music. He was an accomplished scribe; one of his greatest achievements is considered to be the Harding Bible. In 1133, he resigned as abbot because of poor eyesight. He died on 28 March 1134.

Legacy
Veneration for Stephen began in the modern era. His feast was celebrated on 28 March until 1683 and then moved to 17 April, where it remained until the liturgical reforms following the Second Vatican Council, when it was moved back to 28 March. In a joint commemoration with Robert of Molesme and Alberic, the first two abbots of Cîteaux, the Cistercians and Benedictines today celebrate Stephen Harding's feast day on 26 January.

title: Stephen Harding


text:
Luwuk

Luwuk is the capital of Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its area is 72.82 km2 following boundary changes in 2012 and 2015. There used to be an oil industry in the region. At the 2020 census the town had a population of 34,849.

The universities in Luwuk are UNTIKA and UNISMUH. Syukuran Aminuddin Amir Airport serves the area.

Luwuk has 3 indigenous ethnic groups - Saluan, Balantak, and Banggai.

Climate
Luwuk has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) with little to moderate rainfall year-round. It is one of the driest places in Indonesia.

title: Luwuk


text:
Arbitrary code execution

In computer security, arbitrary code execution (ACE) is an attacker's ability to run any commands or code of the attacker's choice on a target machine or in a target process. An arbitrary code execution vulnerability is a security flaw in software or hardware allowing arbitrary code execution. A program that is designed to exploit such a vulnerability is called an arbitrary code execution exploit. The ability to trigger arbitrary code execution over a network (especially via a wide-area network such as the Internet) is often referred to as remote code execution (RCE or RCX).

Arbitrary code execution signifies that if someone sends a specially designed set of data to a computer, they can make it do whatever they want. Even though this particular weakness may not cause actual problems in the real world, researchers have discussed whether it suggests a natural tendency for computers to have vulnerabilities that allow unauthorized code execution.

Vulnerability types
There are a number of classes of vulnerability that can lead to an attacker's ability to execute arbitrary commands or code. For example:

 * Memory safety vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows or over-reads.
 * Deserialization vulnerabilities
 * Type confusion vulnerabilities
 * GNU ldd arbitrary code execution

Methods
Arbitrary code execution is commonly achieved through control over the instruction pointer (such as a jump or a branch) of a running process. The instruction pointer points to the next instruction in the process that will be executed. Control over the value of the instruction pointer therefore gives control over which instruction is executed next. In order to execute arbitrary code, many exploits inject code into the process (for example by sending input to it which gets stored in an input buffer in RAM) and use a vulnerability to change the instruction pointer to have it point to the injected code. The injected code will then automatically get executed. This type of attack exploits the fact that most computers (which use a Von Neumann architecture) do not make a general distinction between code and data, so that malicious code can be camouflaged as harmless input data. Many newer CPUs have mechanisms to make this harder, such as a no-execute bit.

Combining with privilege escalation
On its own, an arbitrary code execution exploit will give the attacker the same privileges as the target process that is vulnerable. For example, if exploiting a flaw in a web browser, an attacker could act as the user, performing actions such as modifying personal computer files or accessing banking information, but would not be able to perform system-level actions (unless the user in question also had that access).

To work around this, once an attacker can execute arbitrary code on a target, there is often an attempt at a privilege escalation exploit in order to gain additional control. This may involve the kernel itself or an account such as Administrator, SYSTEM, or root. With or without this enhanced control, exploits have the potential to do severe damage or turn the computer into a zombie—but privilege escalation helps with hiding the attack from the legitimate administrator of the system.

Examples
Retrogaming hobbyists have managed to find vulnerabilities in classic video games that allow them to execute arbitrary code, usually using a precise sequence of button inputs in a tool-assisted superplay to cause a buffer overflow, allowing them to write to protected memory. At Awesome Games Done Quick 2014, a group of speedrunning enthusiasts managed to code and run versions of the games Pong and Snake in a copy of Super Mario World by utilizing an out-of-bounds read of a function pointer that points to a user controlled buffer to execute arbitrary code.

On June 12, 2018, Bosnian security researcher Jean-Yves Avenard of Mozilla discovered an ACE vulnerability in Windows 10.

On May 1, 2018, a security researcher discovered an ACE vulnerability in the 7-Zip file archiver.

PHP has been the subject of numerous ACE vulnerabilities.

On December 9, 2021, a RCE vulnerability called "Log4Shell" was discovered in popular logging framework Log4j, affecting many services including iCloud, Minecraft: Java Edition and Steam, and characterized as "the single biggest, most critical vulnerability of the last decade".

title: Arbitrary code execution


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Clark L. Hull

Clark Leonard Hull (May 24, 1884 – May 10, 1952) was an American psychologist who sought to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior. Hull is known for his debates with Edward C. Tolman. He is also known for his work in drive theory.

Hull spent the mature part of his career at Yale University, where he was recruited by the president and former psychologist, James Rowland Angell. He performed research demonstrating that his theories could predict behavior. His most significant works were the Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning (1940), and Principles of Behavior (1943), which established his analysis of animal learning and conditioning as the dominant learning theory of its time. Hull's model is expressed in biological terms: Organisms suffer deprivation; deprivation creates needs; needs activate drives; drives activate behavior; behavior is goal directed; achieving the goal has survival value.

He is perhaps best known for the "goal gradient" effect or hypothesis, wherein organisms spend disproportionate amounts of effort in the final stages of attainment of the object of drives. Due to the lack of popularity of behaviorism in modern contexts it is little referenced today or bracketed as obsolete. Nonetheless, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Hull as the 21st most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Early life
Hull was born in a log house in Akron, New York on May 24, 1884. He was born to a powerful father who was known to have a violent temper. His father was largely uneducated and married his mother, a shy woman from Connecticut, when she was 15. Clark's father didn't get a lot of schooling because his father worked a lot as a child, so he didn't learn how to read and was eventually taught by his wife. At the age of three or four, Hull and his family moved to a farm in Michigan. Here, he and his younger brother, Wayne, helped the farm by performing manual labor and chores around the house.

Hull was educated at a small, one room school in the village of Sickels where there were about twenty to thirty people. He often missed school to help work on the farm. He displayed an early proficiency for mathematics, but found grammar a bit difficult. When he was 11 or 12, he was forcibly converted by a religious group known as the Christian Crusaders. This experience caused him to rethink his religious identity, eventually renouncing religion entirely. At the age of 17, he passed a teacher's examination test and became a teacher in a similar small schoolhouse. A combination of his religious crisis and his experience teaching inspired him to seek further education. He attended a high school in west Saginaw County, living with the superintendent of schools in exchange for household chores. Hull's atheism almost caused the superintendent to kick him out, but his wife got him to reconsider. After completing high school, Hull left the superintendent, but kept in contact with him until his death.

Higher education
After completing high school, Hull went on to study at Alma Academy. He continued to excel in mathematics, particularly geometry. His interest in geometry inspired him to begin thinking about how the mind can create new connections based on what is already known. It was during his time at Alma Academy that he read the works of Baruch Spinoza, whom he admired, though ultimately disagreed with. As he was about to graduate from the academy, he attended a banquet where the food was contaminated, and contracted a near deadly case of typhoid, which delayed his return to college. Many died during that time and Hull himself almost died. He was left with permanent amnesia and a general bad memory for names which affected him throughout the rest of his life. As his health improved, he returned to Alma College, where he studied math, physics, and chemistry, intending to become an engineer. His intent was to qualify for a mining engineering program at another institution.

After two years at Alma College, Hull moved to Hibbing, Minnesota to work as an apprentice mining engineer. However, after two months he was afflicted by polio, which left him paralyzed in one leg, causing him to recover at his parents home for a year and forcing him to reconsider his life path. He considered becoming a minister of Unitarianism, because he found their philosophy focused sermons appealing. His love of philosophy eventually led to his interest in psychology, which he studied during his recovery. He began his journey by reading William James' The Principles of Psychology. He also took a particular interest in the works of Watson and Pavlov. A little after he started reading, his eyes would become weak and his mother would read to him until his eyes became strong enough for him to read on his own. A year later, he decided to teach back home in the one room school, which had expanded to two rooms. After his two years teaching, he married Bertha Iutzi with very little money. After marrying Bertha Iutzi, they both began attending the University of Michigan. Here he began his formal study of psychology and graduated with his bachelor's degree in 1913. After teaching in Kentucky, Hull accepted a teaching assistant position at the University of Wisconsin under Joseph Jastrow in order to join their graduate program. While taking classes and working, he privately worked on research based on the evolution of concepts, which he later applied to his dissertation, "Quantitative Aspects of the Evolution of Concepts." After graduating, he spent some time working as a half-time assistant and eventually teaching as a full-time instructor at the University of Wisconsin before moving on to Yale.

Career
In 1929 he began employment at Yale University, where he would serve as a Sterling Professor until his death. In addition to his other teachings, he was able to teach a psychological test and measurement course. Because he loved the mathematical portion of the course, he changed the class to aptitude testing, which focused on scientific basis of vocational guidance. On the side, Hull also conducted research to build a machine that could perform all the correlational work for him automatically. After teaching the aptitude testing class, Hull went on to teaching an introductory class for premedical students. While teaching this class he particularly took notice of suggestion and hypnosis. This was the starting point of his experimental testing in this field in which Hull focused on the quantitative methodology in experimental psychology. After ten years of in-depth research, he wrote the book Hypnosis and Suggestibility in 1933. After writing the book, he decided to continue in experimental field by teaching this course in addition to the premedical course. Hull had a great desire to teach this course and felt as though this specific type of science was the foundation of true psychology. In 1929 he was called to the Institute of Psychology at Yale University as a research professor of psychology where he worked on the problems concerning systematic behavior theory. In 1930, he came to several conclusions about psychology: the first was that he believed that psychology is a true natural science. The second was that its primary laws are expressed quantitatively by moderate number equations and that all complex behavior or single individuals will be derived as second laws. The third was that the primary laws with the behavior (based on the condition) can also be derived as quantitative laws from the same primary equation. he and other psychologists (Neal E. Miller, John Dollard, and O.H Mower) looked into these ideas more, they sought to understand what underlined conditioned reflex and behavior while also seeking to understand Freud and others like him. This eventually led to his work that he is primarily known for, Principles of Behavior.

Death
He died on May 10, 1952, in New Haven, Connecticut.

Research
Hull's primary interest was in theories of learning and behaviors that lead to learning. This was the goal of most of his research; in the end Hull created his own learning theory sometimes referred to as drive theory or systematic behavior theory. He also showed interest in hypnosis, but this was not his top priority in his work and research life. In both his drive theory and hypnosis research, Hull made sure that his experiments were under strict control. Also, in his work he emphasized quantitative data so everything could be analyzed more precisely, and less open to interpretation than previous studies on the topics.

Aptitude training
Hull began working in aptitude testing after he began teaching Daniel Starch's class at the University of Wisconsin. His interest in the field was stimulated by his dissatisfaction with contemporary tests, believing them to be lacking in procedure and validity. His book on the subject, Aptitude Testing (1928), showed his work with analyzing validity and creating scale scores. He also created his own test, the Wisconsin Lathe Test. He created a computing machine to lessen the work of producing tables of test correlations. The machine interpreted data from punch cards to produce these tables. This machine would later influence his theories on behaviorism. Hull eventually became cynical regarding the future of the field, causing him to pursue other interests. Though no longer doing active research in the field, he retained an interest, debating Karl Lashley's beliefs on the heritability of intelligence.

Hypnosis
Hull is often credited with having begun the modern study of hypnosis. He became interested in the field while taking over a pre-medical course on psychology from Jastrow. After successfully putting a disturbed student into a trance with a so-called "hypnotic crystal", he began to research the phenomenon and its medical applications. Dissatisfied with the unscientific nature of the field, Hull sought to bring greater academic rigor through measuring behavior instead of relying on self-reports. While teaching, he encouraged his students to do their research with hypnosis, teaching them the techniques involved.

His work Hypnosis and Suggestibility (1933) was a rigorous study of the phenomenon, using statistical and experimental analysis. Hull's studies demonstrated emphatically once and for all that hypnosis is not related to sleep ("hypnosis is not sleep, … it has no special relationship to sleep, and the whole concept of sleep when applied to hypnosis obscures the situation"). His research even goes as far as to say that hypnosis is the opposite of sleep, because he found that hypnosis gave responses linked to alertness rather than lethargy. In Hull's research, some of his subjects even felt that hypnotism made their sensitivity and alertness better. In fact, many of Hull's subjects in hypnotic states did believe that their senses had increased. They genuinely thought their senses were better, but this was never proven to be a significant result. The main question of Hull's study was to examine the veracity of the apparently extravagant claims of hypnotists, especially regarding extraordinary improvements of cognition or the senses by hypnosis.

Hull's research indicated that hypnotic states and waking states are the same, besides a few simple differences. One of these differences is that subjects in hypnotic states respond to suggestions more readily than those in a waking state. The only other notable difference is that Hull believed that those in hypnotic states were better able to remember events that had happened far in the subject's past. Other than those two differences, not much differentiated between waking and hypnotic states, according to Hull's controlled studies.

Hull's experiments showed the reality of some classical phenomena such as mentally induced pain reduction and apparent inhibition of memory recall. However, Hull's work indicated that these effects could be achieved without hypnosis being considered as a distinct state, but rather as a result of suggestion and motivation, which was a forerunner of the behavioral study of hypnosis. Similarly, moderate increases of certain physical capacities and changes to the threshold of sensory stimulation could be induced psychologically; attenuation effects could be especially dramatic.

After moving to Yale, his work in hypnosis quickly encountered resistance. The medical school's concern over the dangers of hypnosis caused him to discontinue his research.

Behavior
Clark Hull found inspiration for his own theory of learning after learning about Ivan Pavlov's idea of conditional reflexes, and Watson's system of behaviorism. He also was impacted by Edward Thorndike, as he adapted his theory to include and agree with Thorndike's law of effect. After Hull discovered his interest in learning theories from Pavlov, Watson, and Thorndike, he dedicated much of his own laboratory work to perfecting his own theory. Also, many experiments concerning his learning theory came from Hull's students, who carried out many different experiments in Hull's lab after finding inspiration from seminars and lectures in classes that Hull taught.

Quantification was a chief concern of Hull's studies, and he continued to apply this interest to behaviorism. While interested in the work of Watson, he was not entirely convinced. After listening to lectures by gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka, he began to work towards a neobehaviorism. His goal was to determine the laws of behavior and how they can be used to determine future behaviors. His work with the computing machine led him to believe a machine could be built to replicate mental processes.

In his book, Principles of Behavior, he developed the following formula:

SER = SHR × D × V × K

Where:

SER is excitatory potential (likelihood that the organism would produce response r to stimulus s),

SHR is the habit strength (derived from previous conditioning trials),

D is drive strength (determined by, e.g., the hours of deprivation of food, water, etc.),

V is stimulus intensity dynamism (some stimuli will have greater influences than others, such as the lighting of a situation),

and K is incentive (how appealing the result of the action is).

A variety of other factors were gradually added to the formula to account for results not included by this simple function. Eventually the formula became:

SER = V x D x K x J x SHR - IR - SIR - SOR - SIR

such that IR is reactive inhibition (inhibition caused by continual performance of a behavior that dissipates over time),

SIR is conditioned inhibition (inhibition caused by continual performance of a behavior that does not dissipate over time). SLR is Reaction threshold, the smallest amount of reinforcement that will produce learning.

Hull originally intended to make a trilogy of books on behavior, explaining social and cognitive behavior. Instead, he focused on continuously revising his original formula as exceptions showed up.

Hull's emphasis was on experimentation, an organized theory of learning, and the nature of habits, which he argued were associations between a stimulus and a response. Behaviors were influenced by goals that sought to satisfy primary drives—such as hunger, thirst, sex, and the avoidance of pain. His systematic behavior theory, also known as drive theory, is that of a reinforcement system, which means that in learning, habits are initially formed by reinforcing certain behaviors. Reinforcement of a response to a behavior supplies an effect that satisfies a need. In other words, this satisfaction of needs helps create habits out of behaviors. Specifically, Hull's theory posits that behaviors that satisfy needs, later described by Hull as cravings rather than needs, reduce these cravings. He called this concept drive-reduction, or drive-stimulus reduction.

Other behaviorists found Hull's theories to be too cumbersome for practical use, leading to his work to be eclipsed by Skinner.

Influence
In 1936 Hull worked with students and associates and together they started a series of evening seminars that became known as "Monday Night Meetings". They would discuss topics such as conditioned reflexes, behavior laws, and Freud's psychoanalysis. These meetings became popular with many kinds of people, such as psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists and sometimes as many as seventy people would attend. Later in life when Hull was in poor health, he had the help of his research assistants and volunteers to conduct his experiments. He also relied on people to keep him up to date on current discussions on current psychological experiments and theories that he was unable to attend and participate in.

Hull was one of the most frequently cited psychologists during the 1940s and 1950s. Aptitude Testing (1928) was a widely quoted textbook and his work Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach (1933) was widely studied. Hull's Principles of Behavior (1943) was one of the most widely cited books in psychology. In an old Handbook of Experimental Psychology, his work was mentioned on over eighty pages, which was more than all other scientists at the time. In previous issues of the Journal of Experimental Psychology and the Psychological Review over forty percent of the bibliographies included one or more of his writings.

Hull advised and inspired a number of graduate students and psychologists that went on to revise his theories and make contributions to the field of psychology. Some of these important people influenced by Hull were Albert Bandura, Neal Miller, John Dollard, Kenneth Spence, and Janet Taylor Spence.

John Dollard taught anthropology, psychology and sociology at Yale and was interested in studying social class and specific learning experiences. Neal Miller studied under Hull at Yale, which is where he earned his Ph.D. Miller also founded the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at Rockefeller University in New York, which is where he conducted research on animal training and this work helped to develop biofeedback. Miller and Dollard collaborated and developed a social learning theory that was successfully applied to psychotherapy and understanding. Their book, Social Learning and Imitation, listed the four fundamentals necessary for instrumental learning. These were drive, cue, response and reward and were based on Hull's drive reduction theory of learning. They used a similar construct to Hull's theory, however, they proposed that any strong stimulus could have motivating or drive properties without essentially being tied to the need of that particular organism. Their book, Personality and Psychotherapy (1950) is considered to be a very important book for it combined Hullian learning theory with psychoanalysis and helped to lay the foundation of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Kenneth Spence was one of the most well-known of Hull's graduate students. He developed and extended Hull's neo-behaviorist theory into what came to be called the Hull-Spence theory of conditioning, learning, and motivation. This theory states that people learn stimulus-response associations when a stimulus and response occur together, and reinforcement motivates the person to engage in the behavior and increases the occurrence of the learned behavior. Spence contributed to the study of incentive motivation and developing mathematical formulation and equations to describe learning acquisition. Spence attributed improvement in performance to motivational factors rather than the habit factors of Hull's theory. He believed that reinforcement was not always necessary for learning to occur and that people can learn through latent learning. He also developed a discrimination learning theory. His discrimination theory suggests that there are gradients of excitatory and inhibitory potential that are generated around the values of the stimulus that are either reinforced or not.

Janet Taylor Spence began her research while working as a graduate student with Kenneth Spence at the University of Iowa. Kenneth became her husband in 1960. Her research was on anxiety and was an extension of the Hull-Spence hypothesis. She studied anxiety as a dispositional trait, or "drive", which is the component of Hull's motivational theory. She predicted that people with higher anxiety levels would show higher levels of eyelid conditioning than those with lower levels of anxiety. Spence then developed her own instrument to measure her hypothesis, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. Her later research focused primarily on elaborating Hull's drive theory.

Awards and recognition
Hull has been honored by a number of scientific societies. Hull was president of the American Psychological Association from 1935 to 1936. Hull was elected into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1935 and also to the National Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1936. Hull received the Warren Medal during 1945 from the Society of Experimental Psychologists.

Legacy
Hull's ideas were so appealing in part because of his professional background in engineering. He was very good with math and numbers, and incorporated his numerical knowledge into the field of psychology. He followed the acceptable understanding of psychology at that time, and was influenced by the work and the conclusions of the pioneers of Behaviorism (Edward Thorndike, John B. Watson, and Ivan Pavlov).

However, Hull was able to add his own twist to understanding reinforcement and learning in a way that had never been done before by putting everything in numbers and equations. Hull was also influenced by Isaac Newton's work. Hull contributed to the motivation domain of psychology. He had quantified the Drive concept in an equation to prove that habit strength is a function of reinforcement. Edward C. Tolman was a contemporary of Hull whose theory of learning was proved to be more logical and less complicated than Hull's work. Tolman showed that behavior is goal directed and not controlled by random drives and reinforcement. Tolman used maze experiments with rats to show that rats can learn without reinforcement and are better understood as directed by goals and driven by cognitive expectancies. This finding provided a serious challenge to much of Hull's learning theory.

title: Clark L. Hull