text:
User talk:Lsloan

On Chang Moo Kwan citation.
This would be original research. You probably just have to give your full name, a way to be contacted, and the details on your research. I think the first step is simply stating that meaning you discovered and your name as the independent researcher on this point. You may want to state this question in the WikiProject Martial arts question also. User5802 05:46, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Contributions
How do I find all pages I've edited and all links to my user page?

 * This page (which you can reach by clicking "User contributions" at left) shows all pages that you've edited (although it may take some searching once the list gets longer). This page shows everything that links to your user page, which you can reach by clicking "What links here" at left. Happy editing! Hers fold  (t/a/c) 13:56, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I've marked this as helped again, please leave it as as otherwise it pops you in the 'needing help' category and pings your page on IRC. Best,  Darren-M   talk  17:23, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Merging accounts?
helpme I recently remembered my password for this account (lsloan). A while back, I had forgotten the password, so I set up a new account (lsloan0000) that I had used for a while and made a few small contributions and added articles to its watchlist. Now that I can use my original account, I've copied my watchlist contents here and I put redirects into the user and talk pages for the second account that point to the pages in this account. Should I worry about changing references for lsloan0000 to point to lsloan, or are the redirects sufficient? Like I said, I haven't contributed a lot, but I would like for my contributions to link back to my pages, one way or another.

 * Unfortunately, there's no way to merge your contributions back to this account - they need to be credited to the separate account to keep the terms of the GFDL. As far as I can tell from what you've said, you've done everything that can be done to indicate Lsloan0000 is you. Sorry. Hers fold  (t/a/c) 14:44, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * You're quite welcome. This sort of thing happens to a lot of people, actually, and I don't think we've had many problems with it. Let me know if you ever need any further assistance, I'll be more than happy to lend a hand. :-) Happy editing! Hers fold  (t/a/c) 21:22, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Keratoconus picture
It's a great picture, but unfortunately the text on the host website is quite clear: "Please note that all illustrations and images within the Eye Facts collection are copyright protected and are the property of the UIC Board of Trustees. Unauthorized use of the images is prohibited." So it's incompatible with the GFDL, and Fair use, which is a pity, but is the way things are. Regards, — BillC talk 18:20, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I guess I didn't look carefully enough. I'll try to find something else.  --Lance E Sloan (talk) 21:06, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

images as links
helpmeIs it possible to use images as links in MediaWiki? I tried a few things in my own sandbox (User:Lsloan/Sandbox), but I didn't find anything that works. If you see my sandbox, I think the last link on the page should show you what I'm trying to accomplish. That is, an image that links to a page other than the image's own wiki page. --Lance E Sloan (talk) 22:24, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I added the image to your sandbox. The code I used is:

 * Cheers.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 00:08, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Watching Category Changes
Is it possible to watch a category in such a way that I will be notified when an article is added to or removed from the category? --Lance E Sloan (talk) 17:22, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I pretty sure there's no way to watch the additions/removals in a category. Adding the category to your watchlist unfortunately won't work, because all that would do is watch the actual edit history of the category. -- Jamie  S93  17:32, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Hi!
It's me. :) --141.213.253.229 (talk) 16:26, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Question
I saw on mediawiki.org that you mentioned a nasa wiki. Are you working on something like that? If so please email me at jonverve   AT    gmail.com   I work at gsfc (goddard) and am trying to work on the same type of thing.

 Jonverve   Talk  Contrib 21:14, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I can't remember why I would have mentioned NASA. I am not working on such a wiki, so feel free to set one up.  --Lance E Sloan (talk) 15:50, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Notification about disabling the Wikipedia collections tool
Thank you for using the collections feature in Wikipedia beta! Due to technical and moderation issues, we will be turning off this experimental feature. Your collections will be available for viewing and export until March 1st. If you would like to save your collection as links on a special Wikipedia page, please fill out the following form. If you are interested in giving your feedback about Wikipedia Collections please do so here.

Thanks,

Jon Katz

Product manager, Wikimedia Foundation

Jkatz (WMF) (talk) 23:52, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia policies and guidelines request for comment
Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. Sent at 08:05, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia style and naming request for comment
Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. Sent at 08:11, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested at Talk:Saida Muna Tasneem on a request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 19:31, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia policies and guidelines request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)  on a "Wikipedia policies and guidelines" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 01:30, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia technical issues and templates request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Template talk:Infobox person  on a "Wikipedia technical issues and templates" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 17:32, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia technical issues and templates request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Help talk:Citation Style 1  on a "Wikipedia technical issues and templates" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 12:31, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard  on a "Wikipedia proposals" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 09:30, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia talk:Banning policy  on a "Wikipedia proposals" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 23:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia policies and guidelines request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)  on a "Wikipedia policies and guidelines" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 21:30, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia style and naming request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Talk:Iraq-ISIL War  on a "Wikipedia style and naming" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 03:31, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard  on a "Wikipedia proposals" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 02:30, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia policies and guidelines request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)  on a "Wikipedia policies and guidelines" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 17:30, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia policies and guidelines request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)  on a "Wikipedia policies and guidelines" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 15:30, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard  on a "Wikipedia proposals" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 10:30, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia talk:The duck test  on a "Wikipedia proposals" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 02:30, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia policies and guidelines request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Talk:2010 FIFA World Cup  on a "Wikipedia policies and guidelines" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 07:30, 25 July 2021 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard  on a "Wikipedia proposals" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 02:31, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia policies and guidelines request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Talk:2021 Southend West by-election  on a "Wikipedia policies and guidelines" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 02:31, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia style and naming request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Talk:SAR High School  on a "Wikipedia style and naming" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 19:30, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia policies and guidelines request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Talk:2022 PDC World Darts Championship  on a "Wikipedia policies and guidelines" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 22:30, 1 January 2022 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia style and naming request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Biography  on a "Wikipedia style and naming" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 04:31, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Help talk:Category  on a "Wikipedia proposals" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 15:30, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia style and naming request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style  on a "Wikipedia style and naming" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 17:31, 7 March 2022 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)  on a "Wikipedia proposals" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 02:30, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)  on a "Wikipedia proposals" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 05:32, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia proposals request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)  on a "Wikipedia proposals" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 20:30, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia policies and guidelines request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at Wikipedia talk:Article size  on a "Wikipedia policies and guidelines" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 19:32, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

Feedback request: Wikipedia technical issues and templates request for comment
Your feedback is requested  at User talk:Citation bot  on a "Wikipedia technical issues and templates" request for comment. Thank you for helping out! You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of Feedback Request Service subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by removing your name. Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 00:33, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

You've been unsubscribed from the Feedback Request Service
Hi lsloan! You're receiving this notification because you were previously subscribed to the Feedback Request Service, but you haven't made any edits to the English Wikipedia in over six months.

In order to declutter the Feedback Request Service list, and to produce a greater chance of active users being randomly selected to receive invitations to contribute, you've been unsubscribed, along with all other users who have made no edits in six months.

You do not need to do anything about this - if you are happy to not receive Feedback Request Service messages, thank you very much for your contributions in the past, and this will be the last you hear from the service. If, however, you would like to resubscribe yourself, you can follow the below instructions to do so:

 * 1) Go to the Feedback Request Service page.
 * 2) Decide which categories are of interest to you, under the RfC and/or GA headings.
 * 3) Paste  underneath the relevant heading(s), where limit is the maximum number of requests you wish to receive for that category per month.
 * 4) Publish the page.

If you've just come back after a wikibreak and are seeing this message, welcome back! You can follow the above instructions to re-activate your subscription. Likewise, if this is an alternate account, please consider subscribing your main account in much the same way.

Note that if you had a rename and left your old name subscribed to the FRS, you may be receiving this message on your new username's talk page still. If so, make sure your new account name is subscribed to the FRS, using the same procedure mentioned above.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask on the Feedback Request Service talk page, or on the Feedback Request Service bot's operator's talk page. Thank you! Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 18:03, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:27, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:22, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lsloan


text:
Vanair

Vanair was a domestic airline based in Vanuatu. The airline flew to 29 destinations on 18 of Vanuatu's 83 islands, and was wholly owned by the Vanuatu government.

History
The airline commenced operations as Air Melanesiæ in 1965 as a joint venture between two existing airlines, the British-owned New Hebrides Airways (founded in 1963) and French-owned Société Néo-Hébridaise de Transports Aériens, known as Hebridair (founded 1964). New Hebrides Airways contributed a de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover to the operation, while Hebridair provided a Dornier Do 28, however the Do 28 crashed in 1966. By the beginning of the 1970s the airline was controlled by Qantas and British Overseas Airways Corporation via their shareholdings in New Hebrides Airways, and by Union des Transports Aériens which had taken over Hebridair and renamed it Société Française des Nouvelles-Hébrides. Sir Dennis Buchanan of Talair, Papua New Guinea bought out Qantas BA and UTA in the late 1970s and ran it very successfully with an Islander, a Trislander, several DH6s and an Embraer Bandeirante, until the Government wanted to take over, and denied the renewal of the chief engineers work permit. The Government subsequently set up Vanair as a government-owned company. The Government-owned airline was run successfully under the leadership of Mr Murray Pope but following his departure the airline nearly collapsed with the introduction of an expensive lease on a Dash 8 aircraft. As it was going broke it was merged with the Government's International Airline, Air Vanuatu and de-merged again in 2001/2 only to go bankrupt again, and to be re-merged with Air Vanuatu. In 2004, it merged with Vanuatu's government-owned flag carrier, Air Vanuatu.

Fleet
At the time of the merger with Air Vanuatu the Vanair fleet included:

 * 4 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 300

1981

 * 4 Britten-Norman Islander
 * 1 Britten-Norman Trislander

1971

 * 5 Britten-Norman Islander
 * 1 de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover

Incidents and accidents

 * 8 May 1999 - A Vanair de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter with twelve people on board crashed into the sea near Port Vila during heavy rain. Seven people were killed.
 * 25 July 1991 - A Britten-Norman Islander crashed into a mountain near Olpoi Airport. All nine people on board were killed.
 * 30 January 1990 - A Vanair Britten-Norman Trislander crashed. Details unknown.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vanair


text: User talk:206.166.49.31

title: User talk:206.166.49.31


text:
Tibetan Terrier

The Tibetan Terrier is a medium-sized breed of dog that originated in Tibet. Despite its name, it is not a member of the terrier group. The breed was given its English name by European travelers due to its resemblance to known terrier breeds. The Tibetan name for the breed, Tsang Apso, roughly translates to "shaggy or bearded ("apso") dog, from the province of Tsang". Some old travelers' accounts refer to the dog as Dokhi Apso or "outdoor" Apso, indicating a shaggy or bearded working dog which lives outdoors.

History
Tibetan Terriers have been bred and raised in monasteries of Tibet for 2,000 years. Historically, Tibetan Terriers were kept as good luck charms, mascots, watchdogs, herding dogs, and companions. They were also used to retrieve articles that fell down mountainsides.

Dr. Agnes Greig of England brought the first Tibetan Terrier to Europe in 1922. She was given a gold and white female puppy named "Bunti" after successfully performing an operation on a patient in Tibet. After acquiring a second male, "Rajah," Dr. Greig established a kennel and began to breed them.

The first litter was born in 1924 and were registered as Lhasa Terriers. In 1930, the Kennel Club of India changed the breed's name to Tibetan Terrier. The first Tibetan Terriers in the US were imported in 1956 by Dr. Henry and Mrs. Alice Murphy of Great Falls, Virginia, from Dr. Greig's kennel, Lamleh. In 1973, the American Kennel Club recognized the breed, classifying it as part of the non-sporting group.

Tibetan Terriers are related to and have contributed to the development of other breeds, including the Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, Tibetan Spaniel, Polish Lowland Sheepdog, among others.

Appearance
The Tibetan Terrier is a powerful, medium-sized dog of square proportions, with a shaggy coat. They vary widely in height and weight, ranging from 14 to 16 in (35–41 cm) and is 18–30 lb (8–14 kg), with 20–24 lb (9.5–11 kg) preferred for either sex. All weights are acceptable if in proportion to the size. Fully grown, the Tibetan Terrier resembles a miniaturized Bearded Collie. The head is moderate, with a strong muzzle of medium length, and a skull neither rounded nor flat. The eyes are large, dark, and set fairly far apart. The V-shaped drop ears are well-feathered, and should be set high on the sides of the skull. Although the preferred colour for the nose is black, in showdogs, they are also sometimes brown. The body is well-muscled and compact. The length of the back should be equal to the height at the withers, giving the breed its typical square look. The tail is set high, well-feathered, and carried in a curl over the back. One of the more unusual features of the Tibetan Terrier is their broad, flat feet with hair between the toes, which are ideal for climbing mountains, acting as natural snowshoes.

The hair of the Tibetan Terrier has a long growth cycle. As a result, their coat grows quite long and pet animals will require occasional trimming. They do not shed like dogs with shorter hair growth cycles, but rather slough hair at a rate similar to that of most humans. The exception is at approximately nine months when puppies slough their entire coat in advance of acquiring their adult coat. The double coat is profuse, with a warm undercoat and a topcoat which has the texture of human hair. It should not be silky or curled, but wavy is acceptable. Long and thick, it is shown natural, but should not be so long as to touch the floor, as is typical in breeds such as the Lhasa Apso or Maltese. A fall of hair covers the face and eyes, but long eyelashes generally prevent hair from getting in the Tibetan Terrier's eyes, and the breed has very good eyesight.

All colors are permissible, barring liver and chocolate, and none is preferred. Gold is the rarest. Tibetan Terriers are available in any combination of solid, parti-color, tricolor, red sable, or piebald, as long as the nose leather is black and the eyes and eye rims are dark.

Temperament
The temperament has been one of the most attractive aspects of the breed since it was first established. They are amiable and affectionate family dogs, sensitive to their owners, and gentle with older children if properly introduced. As is fitting for a dog with origins as a watch dog, Tibetans tend to be reserved around strangers, but should never be aggressive or shy with them. The Tibetan Terrier has a deep bark and is prone to excessive barking.

While suitable for apartment living, the Tibetan is an energetic dog that requires regular exercise. The energy level of the Tibetan is moderate to high and its general nature is happy, active, lively, intelligent, and agile. As a result, they are often well-suited for dog sports such as agility. They are steadfast, determined, and clever, which can lead to them being stubborn. Tibetan Terriers are usually charming and loyal. Some dogs of this breed can often be guarding of their resources, which can make it hard to live with another pet.

Activities
The Tibetan Terrier can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, rally obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and even herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at non-competitive herding tests. Tibetan Terriers that exhibit basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.

Health
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.8 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

Tibetan Terriers can carry the genetic disease canine neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, called Batten disease in humans. The first symptom of the disease is night blindness. Blindness and neurological signs such as epilepsy, motor abnormalities, dementia, and unexpected aggression may follow some years later. The gene responsible for the disease in Tibetan Terriers was identified in 2009 and there is now a DNA test for it. A German study showed that about one third of Tibetan Terriers in a German Tibetan Terrier club were carriers, but thanks to the use of DNA testing along with a prohibition on carriers from being bred together, none of the club's dogs were affected by the disease.

The Tibetan Terrier is one of the more commonly affected breeds for primary lens luxation which is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation of the ADAMTS17 gene.

Notable Owners
Actor Hugh Bonneville (Downton Abbey) and his family own two Tibetans. UK TV presenter Clare Balding specifically chose the breed for being suitable for her wife who is allergic to pet dander.

title: Tibetan Terrier


text: Category:Airlines of Vanuatu

title: Category:Airlines of Vanuatu


text:
Feedforward neural network

A feedforward neural network (FNN) is one of the two broad types of artificial neural network, characterized by direction of the flow of information between its layers. Its flow is uni-directional, meaning that the information in the model flows in only one direction—forward—from the input nodes, through the hidden nodes (if any) and to the output nodes, without any cycles or loops, in contrast to recurrent neural networks, which have a bi-directional flow. Modern feedforward networks are trained using the backpropagation method and are colloquially referred to as the "vanilla" neural networks.

Timeline

 * In 1958, a layered network of perceptrons, consisting of an input layer, a hidden layer with randomized weights that did not learn, and an output layer with learning connections, was introduced already by Frank Rosenblatt in his book Perceptron. This extreme learning machine was not yet a deep learning network.

 * In 1965, the first deep-learning feedforward network, not yet using stochastic gradient descent, was published by Alexey Grigorevich Ivakhnenko and Valentin Lapa, at the time called the Group Method of Data Handling.

 * In 1967, a deep-learning network, using stochastic gradient descent for the first time, was able to classify non-linearily separable pattern classes, as reported Shun'ichi Amari. Amari's student Saito conducted the computer experiments, using a five-layered feedforward network with two learning layers.

 * In 1970, modern backpropagation method, an efficient application of a chain-rule-based supervised learning, was for the first time published by the Finnish researcher Seppo Linnainmaa. The term (i.e. "back-propagating errors") itself has been used by Rosenblatt himself, but he did not know how to implement it, although a continuous precursor of backpropagation was already used in the context of control theory in 1960 by Henry J. Kelley. It is known also as a reverse mode of automatic differentiation.

 * In 1982, backpropagation was applied in the way that has become standard, for the first time by Paul Werbos.

 * In 1985, an experimental analysis of the technique was conducted by David E. Rumelhart et al.. Many improvements to the approach have been made in subsequent decades.

 * In 1987, using a stochastic gradient descent within a (wide 12-layer nonlinear) feed-forward network, Matthew Brand has trained it to reproduce logic functions of nontrivial circuit depth, using small batches of random input/output samples. He, however, concluded that on hardware (sub-megaflop computers) available at the time it was impractical, and proposed using fixed random early layers as an input hash for a single modifiable layer.

 * In 1990s, an (much simpler) alternative to using neural networks, although still related support vector machine approach was developed by Vladimir Vapnik and his colleagues. In addition to performing linear classification, they were able to efficiently perform a non-linear classification using what is called the kernel trick, using high-dimensional feature spaces.

 * In 2003, interest in backpropagation networks returned due to the successes of deep learning being applied to language modelling by Yoshua Bengio with co-authors.

 * In 2017, modern transformer architectures were introduced in the Attention Is All You Need paper.

Activation function
The two historically common activation functions are both sigmoids, and are described by

 * $$y(v_i) = \tanh(v_i) \textrm{and}  y(v_i) = (1+e^{-v_i})^{-1}$$.

The first is a hyperbolic tangent that ranges from -1 to 1, while the other is the logistic function, which is similar in shape but ranges from 0 to 1. Here $$y_i$$ is the output of the $$i$$th node (neuron) and $$v_i$$ is the weighted sum of the input connections. Alternative activation functions have been proposed, including the rectifier and softplus functions. More specialized activation functions include radial basis functions (used in radial basis networks, another class of supervised neural network models).

In recent developments of deep learning the rectified linear unit (ReLU) is more frequently used as one of the possible ways to overcome the numerical problems related to the sigmoids.

Learning
Learning occurs by changing connection weights after each piece of data is processed, based on the amount of error in the output compared to the expected result. This is an example of supervised learning, and is carried out through backpropagation.

We can represent the degree of error in an output node $$j$$ in the $$n$$th data point (training example) by $$e_j(n)=d_j(n)-y_j(n)$$, where $$d_j(n)$$ is the desired target value for $$n$$th data point at node $$j$$, and $$y_j(n)$$ is the value produced at node $$j$$ when the $$n$$th data point is given as an input.

The node weights can then be adjusted based on corrections that minimize the error in the entire output for the $$n$$th data point, given by

 * $$\mathcal{E}(n)=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{\text{output node }j} e_j^2(n)$$.

Using gradient descent, the change in each weight $$w_{ij}$$ is

 * $$\Delta w_{ji} (n) = -\eta\frac{\partial\mathcal{E}(n)}{\partial v_j(n)} y_i(n)$$

where $$y_i(n)$$ is the output of the previous neuron $$i$$, and $$\eta$$ is the learning rate, which is selected to ensure that the weights quickly converge to a response, without oscillations. In the previous expression, $$\frac{\partial\mathcal{E}(n)}{\partial v_j(n)}$$ denotes the partial derivate of the error $$\mathcal{E}(n)$$ according to the weighted sum $$v_j(n)$$ of the input connections of neuron $$i$$.

The derivative to be calculated depends on the induced local field $$v_j$$, which itself varies. It is easy to prove that for an output node this derivative can be simplified to

 * $$-\frac{\partial\mathcal{E}(n)}{\partial v_j(n)} = e_j(n)\phi^\prime (v_j(n))$$

where $$\phi^\prime$$ is the derivative of the activation function described above, which itself does not vary. The analysis is more difficult for the change in weights to a hidden node, but it can be shown that the relevant derivative is

 * $$-\frac{\partial\mathcal{E}(n)}{\partial v_j(n)} = \phi^\prime (v_j(n))\sum_k -\frac{\partial\mathcal{E}(n)}{\partial v_k(n)} w_{kj}(n)$$.

This depends on the change in weights of the $$k$$th nodes, which represent the output layer. So to change the hidden layer weights, the output layer weights change according to the derivative of the activation function, and so this algorithm represents a backpropagation of the activation function.

Linear neural network
The simplest kind of feedforward neural network is a linear network, which consists of a single layer of output nodes; the inputs are fed directly to the outputs via a series of weights. The sum of the products of the weights and the inputs is calculated in each node. The mean squared errors between these calculated outputs and a given target values are minimized by creating an adjustment to the weights. This technique has been known for over two centuries as the method of least squares or linear regression. It was used as a means of finding a good rough linear fit to a set of points by Legendre (1805) and Gauss (1795) for the prediction of planetary movement.

Perceptron
If using a threshold, i.e. a linear activation function, the resulting linear threshold unit is called a perceptron. (Often the term is used to denote just one of these units.) Multiple parallel non-linear units are able to approximate any continuous function from a compact interval of the real numbers into the interval [−1,1] despite the limited computational power of single unit with a linear threshold function. This result can be found in Peter Auer, Harald Burgsteiner and Wolfgang Maass "A learning rule for very simple universal approximators consisting of a single layer of perceptrons".

Perceptrons can be trained by a simple learning algorithm that is usually called the delta rule. It calculates the errors between calculated output and sample output data, and uses this to create an adjustment to the weights, thus implementing a form of gradient descent.

Multilayer perceptron

A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a misnomer for a modern feedforward artificial neural network, consisting of fully connected neurons (hence the synonym sometimes used of fully connected network (FCN)), often with a nonlinear kind of activation function, organized in at least three layers, notable for being able to distinguish data that is not linearly separable.

Other feedforward networks
Examples of other feedforward networks include convolutional neural networks and radial basis function networks, which use a different activation function.

title: Feedforward neural network


text:
User talk:Android79/TalkArchive001

Hi there! Regarding your debate with Cassius re: sockpuppets on VfD, I've added a paragraph to the Sock_puppet definition stating just that. I'd like your opinion on its accuracy. Yours, Radiant_* 21:24, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

Image placeholders
Hi, can you show me the Wikipedia policy that says not to use image placeholders (e.g. at Nimrod Fortress? Requested images suggests there is nothing wrong with them and in fact encourages their use. Just asking. -- FP 20:32, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I know that image requests can be confusing and the official policy isn't entirely clear. Don't worry, I've been confused by those placeholders too. Cheers :) -- FP 23:14, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * FYI, I've added a proper image to Nimrod Fortress. Thanks for spurring me into action :) -- FP 08:22, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Reply about the situation of April 11 2005
Well, I like to add pop culture references to articles about individual songs because there are some poeple who watch movies and might hear a song from that movie. Also there are some people who hear awesome songs they are struggling to get the name of but are referenced it by songs they know the name of. And I think those people would have an easier time solving that problem if I made those additions to individual song articles.

There are alot of song stubs as it is; adding more should be no problem. --TheSamurai 03:10, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Information about the predecessors and takeoffs of songs on song articles (reply to IMDb reminder)
When I put info on takeoffs and predecessors of a certain song, It is a realistic description. IMDb dosen't do that, so Wikipedia should be able to have info on takeoffs and predecessors of songs (e.g. Thomas Dolby had a song that was sampled by Mobb Deep). --TheSamurai 22:08, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What WikiProject Rankings project is not

 * This is not suggesting a hierarcal system.
 * It will be used only by users who want to use it.
 * Only ranking will be assigend to users who want to use it.
 * The idea ment to make it like barn stars, but based on regular contribution.
 * It is currently a prototype, likely that it is nothing like the final version.

I urge you to reconsider your vote based on this clarification. Thanks --Cool Cat My Talk 08:40, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Samurai Saga
Thanks for letting me know. God knows I've tried with this guy but he just doesn't listen to reason. Could you leave word when the RfC is up? This really is getting out of hand. - Lucky 6.9 00:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I've tossed my hat in the ring as have a few others. This is an unpleasant task but a vital and necessary one. - Lucky 6.9 04:42, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll look into it. GRider's rfc was never listed at the top of VfD, but it was mentioned in all of his VfD nominations for a couple of days, which was done by hand. You may consider doing the same whenever one of Samurai's templates is TfD'd, or something similar. Radiant_* 09:02, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Culture articles
One time, I made an article called Black culture of Detroit, and it was kept. Why should content from Culture of Traverse City be merged to Traverse City, MI even though there is a merge template on the tourism section? --TheSamurai 22:24, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Re: SamuraiClinton RFA
SamuraiClinton has a lot of enthusiasm for the Wikipedia project, and he generally avoids edit wars and other destructive behavior. That's why I nominated him. LevelCheck 23:33, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Super Dude
You know, I thought the same thing. There is a distinct odor of rodent here. Can the proxy be traced? If these are one and the same users, I'm going to put up an RfA. - Lucky 6.9 06:27, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reply about Superdude
This superdude guy just happens to be a guy with behavior much like mine; he lives on the other side of town! --TheSamurai 23:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

SuperDude115's article is on VFD
I want to let you know that I just put up one of SuperDude115's articles, DOOM cheats, on VFD because I saw that you suspect that he may be SamuraiClinton. Zzyzx11 | Talk 00:04, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Android79, I apologize if Votes for deletion/DOOM cheats adds more fuel to the fire. I posted a similar message I wrote above to Lucky 6.9. Apparently LevelCheck (the one who nominated SamuraiClinton for RFA) was monitoring his page, and seemed to have immediately took my original message literally when I forgot to mention to you and Lucky 6.9 that I originally put the DOOM cheats on VFD for the primary reason it just lists cheat codes -- and prompty bashed me in his VFD responses. I suspect that there is a bunch of sockpuppets out there. Zzyzx11 | Talk 00:49, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'll take a second helping of that. Thanks for the latest update. - Lucky 6.9 03:05, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Looking back, I do not think I should have asked you for an apology -- I'm now actually hoping that it helps the situation. But then again, this problem is so frustrating that it is making me do things I would not normally do. I wish you, Lucky 6.9, and anybody else luck in finding a way to a quick resolution. Zzyzx11 | Talk 03:10, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

More SuperDude
I'm just about through trying to help this guy. I'm beginning to think he's playing with us now and I'm pretty much fed up. We now have a brand-new SuperDude115 non-article called Impulse buying written well after I offered the tutorial help to SamuraiClinton. Read the initial entry and I know you'll agree that this is one and the same person. I've given him a polite but stern choice to either respond to the issue immediately or I begin arbitration procedings. We all spend far too much time on this project to make it worthwhile only to have one person come in and soak up a disproportionate amount of time and effort. Help! - Lucky 6.9 23:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

deformed name
Why didja make fun of my name? click here to see my comment about it. Listen, being a troll is not my intention, I make contributions to Wikipedia and I sometimes have them on VfD. --SuperDude 23:27, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Here we go again, Android...what are we going to do? - Lucky 6.9 02:18, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Request for arbitration
Have you been by the WP:VIP page lately? I put our friend Sam on it because of that edit he did to Freddy Got Fingered. Zzyzx11 pointed out two more similar edits made after I made my offer to help him. I'm sick and tired of being played for a fool by this guy and I have spent an irretrievable chunk of my life reaching out to a human being and getting my face rubbed in it for my efforts. How do we post a request for arbitration? I am truly sorry to bring this up but I'm equally fed up with this. - Lucky 6.9 02:39, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for getting back to me on this. I think it's high time I dropped a line to my pal Mark, aka Raul654.  He was one of the first users to welcome me here and he helped me tremendously with some conflicts that I had.  Also, he's a bureaucrat.  I'll let you know what he says.  Best, Lucky 6.9 03:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If you guys feel it is time to go to WP:RFAr, I won't talk you out of it. Zzyzx11 | Talk 03:26, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * LOL! Saw that fun little bit at Magic sword.  He doesn't really listen, does he? - Lucky 6.9 04:34, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Nobody's that stupid. I'm really shocked by how much leeway he's been given and how much time has been wasted on him by valuable contributors, considering how many rules he has willfully broken.  He certainly knows enough to edit articles, make and use templates, create categories, vote on VfD and list articles there, etc., etc.  So he can handle the technical structure but is utterly incompetent when it comes to a) communication with others, b) clearly stated policy, and c) adhering to his own stated intentions?  Why not simply block him and his damn sockpuppet at this stage?  So he hasn't blanked a page like the typical anonymous vandal.  But that's obviously not the only way to disrupt and vandalize.  Postdlf 09:23, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reply about trolling
I didn't realize that requesting an article about Nazism comedies was a form of trolling. I will realize that now. --SuperDude 01:42, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Not to worry!
No sweat 'bout the talk page. I'm just glad we seem to be close to a solution! Drop me a line any time you feel like it. - Lucky 6.9 01:08, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oh, yeah. Getting back in the green zone feels mighty fine. Signing off for now so I can finish work and go home. 'Night!! - Lucky 6.9 01:36, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reply about apology
I have 0% malice for Wikipedic edits. But does Wikipedia still ban some people who make too many bogus contributions despite of null malice? --SuperDude 01:42, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Intended posting
It was not the intent to "advertise" or intentionally create an external link. When I edited the "wp" entry and re-alphabetized the entries and added one for "Windward Pass" I discovered that it dropped people to a "Article does not exist" page, so I tried to put the external link in as a short term fix to prevent people from hitting a blank page til a proper entry is created.

Sorry

title: User talk:Android79/TalkArchive001


text:
Chichester Psalms

Chichester Psalms is an extended choral composition in three movements by Leonard Bernstein for boy treble or countertenor, choir and orchestra. The text was arranged by the composer from the Book of Psalms in the original Hebrew. Part 1 uses Psalms 100 and 108, Part 2 uses 2 and 23, and Part 3 uses 131 and 133. Bernstein scored the work for a reduced orchestra, but also made a version for an even smaller ensemble of organ, one harp, and percussion.

The work premiered at the Philharmonic Hall in New York City on 15 July 1965, conducted by the composer. That was followed by a performance at Chichester Cathedral as part of the Southern Cathedrals Festival, for which it was commissioned, on 31 July that year, conducted by John Birch.

History
The work was commissioned for the 1965 Southern Cathedrals Festival at Chichester Cathedral by the cathedral's Dean, Walter Hussey. However, the world premiere took place in the Philharmonic Hall, New York, on 15 July 1965 with the composer conducting, followed by the performance at Chichester on July 31, 1965, conducted by the cathedral's Organist and Master of the Choristers, John Birch.

The first performance in London took place on 10 June 1966 in the Duke's Hall of the Royal Academy of Music. Conducted by Roy Wales and performed by the London Academic Orchestra and London Student Chorale, it was paired with Britten's Cantata academica.

Chichester Psalms was Bernstein's first composition after his 1963 Third Symphony (Kaddish). These two works are his two most overtly Jewish compositions. While both works have a chorus singing texts in Hebrew, the Kaddish Symphony has been described as a work often at the edge of despair, while Chichester Psalms is affirmative and serene at times.

On 24 November 2018, as the finale of the Bernstein in Chichester celebrations to mark the centenary of Bernstein's birth, the choirs of Chichester Cathedral, Winchester Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral again joined forces to sing Chichester Psalms in Chichester Cathedral. They were accompanied by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra conducted by Marin Alsop, a former pupil of Bernstein. The treble solo was sung by the Chichester Head Chorister, Jago Brazier. Alexander Bernstein, Bernstein's son, was in the audience, as he had been in 1965.

Text and music
Bernstein made his own selection from the psalms, and decided to retain the original Hebrew for an ecumenical message, focused on the "brotherhood of Man".

Introduction
Psalm 108 (verse 2 in the King James Version; verse 3 in Hebrew)

The introduction (presented in the score as part of movement one) begins gathering energy. Word painting is used in that the dissonant sevenths present in every chord sound like clanging bells, indicating that we are being told to awaken in a deep and profound way. In the first measure, Bernstein also introduces a leitmotif in the soprano and alto parts consisting of a descending perfect fourth, ascending minor seventh, and descending perfect fifth. The motif is also found with the seventh inverted as a descending major second. It conjures up images of tuning the harp and psaltery (especially the use of perfect fourths and fifths). This leitmotif is found elsewhere in the work, including the end of the first movement ("Ki tov Adonai," m. 109–116), the third movement prelude, and in the soprano part of the final a cappella section of movement three ("Hineh mah tov," m.60), with a haunting reintroduction of the material in the harp on unison G's during the "Amen" of m. 64.

First movement
Psalm 100

The first movement is in a joyous meter, sung in a festive fashion, as is implored in the first verse of the psalm. Its last words, "Ki tov Adonai," recall the 7th interval presented as the main theme in the introduction. The music progresses in three asymmetrical beats, with the groupings shown by the composer as 2+2+3.

Second movement
The second movement begins with the Psalm of David set in a conventional meter with a tranquil melody, sung by the boy treble (or countertenor), and repeated by the soprano voices in the chorus. This is abruptly interrupted by the orchestra and the low, rumbling sounds (again word painting) of the men's voices singing Psalm 2 (also notably featured in Handel's Messiah). This is gradually overpowered by the soprano voices (with the direction—at measure 102 in the vocal score only—"blissfully unaware of threat") with David serenely reaffirming the second portion of Psalm 23. However, the last measures of the movement contain notes which recall the interrupting section, symbolizing mankind's unending struggle with conflict and faith.

The music for the beginning of the second movement is taken from sketches from Bernstein's unfinished The Skin of Our Teeth. The men's theme was adapted from material cut from West Side Story.

Third movement
Psalm 131

The third movement begins with a conflicted and busy instrumental prelude which recapitulates the chords and melody from the introduction, then suddenly it breaks into the gentle chorale set in a rolling meter (subdivided as ) which recalls desert palms swaying in the breeze.

Finale
Psalm 133, vs. 1

The finale comes in from the third movement without interruption. The principal motifs from the introduction return here to unify the work and create a sense of returning to the beginning, but here the motifs are sung pianississimo and greatly extended in length. Particularly luminous harmonies eventually give way to a unison note on the last syllable of the text—another example of word painting, since the final Hebrew word, Yaḥad, means "together" or, more precisely, "as one". This same note is that on which the choir then sings the Amen, while one muted trumpet plays the opening motif one last time and the orchestra, too, ends on a unison G, with a tiny hint of a Picardy third.

Scoring
In the score, Bernstein notes that the soprano and alto parts were written "with boys' voices in mind," and that it is "possible but not preferable" to use women's voices instead. However, he states that the male alto solo "must not be sung by a woman," but either by a boy or a countertenor. This was to reinforce the liturgical meaning of the passage sung, perhaps to suggest that Psalm 23, a "Psalm of David" from the Hebrew Bible, was to be heard as if sung by the boy David himself.

The orchestra consists of 3 trumpets in B♭, 3 trombones, timpani, a five-person percussion section, 2 harps, and strings. A reduction written by the composer pared down the orchestral performance forces to organ, one harp, and percussion.

Music
The Psalms, and the first movement in particular, are noted for the difficulty they pose for the performers. For example, the opening is difficult for the tenors, owing to the unusually wide vocal range, rhythmic complexity, and the consistent presence of strange and difficult-to-maintain parallel 7ths between the tenor and bass parts. The interval of a seventh figures prominently throughout the piece because of its numerological importance in the Judeo-Christian tradition; the first movement is written in the unusual meter.

Chichester Psalms significantly features the harp; the full orchestral version requires two intricate harp parts. Bernstein completed the harp parts before composing the accompanying orchestral and choral parts, thus granting the harpists a pivotal role in realizing the music. In rehearsals, he is noted to have requested that the harpists play through the piece before the rest of the orchestra to emphasize the importance of the harps' role.

Publication and recordings
Chichester Psalms was published in 1965 by Boosey & Hawkes.

Chichester Psalms was recorded in the 1970s by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, in the version with only three instrumentalists. It was conducted by Philip Ledger with James Bowman as the countertenor soloist. The instrumentalists were David Corkhill (percussion), Osian Ellis (harp) and James Lancelot (organ). When Richard Hickox recorded the work in the 1980s, the composer gave his approval for the solo part to be sung by Aled Jones, then a treble. A 2003 recording was performed by Thomas Kelly (treble) and the Bournemouth Symphony Chorus and Orchestra, conducted by Marin Alsop. In 2018 another recording by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge was released, this time conducted by Stephen Cleobury with George Hill as the treble soloist.

title: Chichester Psalms


text:
Talk:Andrés Manuel López Obrador

2024 presidential succession process
Given its current relevancy, I think it might be important to add information about his interventions in the 2024 election process, including, but not limited to, starting it ahead of time, commenting on opposition hopefuls, as well as INE's order prohibiting him from doing so, and his attempts to bypass that prohibition. TrayectosEnElMundo (talk) 14:12, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

typo
Fix typo in the section "Presidency - Exercise of political power", paragraph 4, line 1.

Change "which he eaily won with more than 90%" to "which he easily won with more than 90%" ScienceCrafter (talk) 18:33, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks. Liu1126 (talk) 19:22, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

biased page in Spanish, and the little access for discussion of it
The page in Spanish seems to be biased and overpromote the president, in addition to the fact that it lacks a section dedicated to his controversies, from statements such as those of Jorge Ramos to that It is the most violent six-year term in history (regardless of whether it is true or false) 2806:105E:12:8B2C:BF90:4D4B:DF44:84E1 (talk) 02:55, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

 * @2806:105E:12:8B2C:BF90:4D4B:DF44:84E1 You are biased 2402:800:61C5:F123:F4BA:2E08:7220:6BAC (talk) 11:52, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

I don't know but how someone was able to add link to reference 31 and make backlink to the word theoriginal
"Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller, la esposa (y defensora) de AMLO - 2012 - ADNPolítico.com". static.adnpolitico.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.

word is backlinked to PDF software website pdfsimpli and it has provided website alot of traffic also? why authors and monitors to such high risk topic doesn't notice or they ignore it? TonyW-1989 (talk) 02:28, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

Google search and the new president of Mexico
I came upon this article (eventually) when I wanted to look in Wikipedia about the newly elected but not sworn in president of Mexico that was mentioned on Australian news media. I did this via a Google Search which is a common action in the English speaking world. Google sent me to this page and a knew it was not the right person but didn't know who is. It took a lot of searching within Wikipedia to find an article about the recent elections (which is not linked from this article as AMLO was not in the elections so no clues here). Then after finding the wrong set of elections (2018) then the right set of elections (2024), and then the presidential race I finally got the article I really wanted to read Claudia Sheinbaum. Given the circumstances of her election it is pretty difficult for someone without a knowledge of the Mexican political system to find the answer to this question. Hence I added a hatnote as a courtesy to readers. I can see that there is a comment not visible to viewers that will link to that article when Sheinbaum is sworn in but that is of no help. I think we owe it to our misdirected readers to at least make it easy for them to find what they want. Alex Sims (talk) 12:37, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

 * AMLO is still the President of Mexico for now. Sheinbaum is the president-elect. When she takes office in 2 and a half months, this article's infobox will include a link to her as AMLO's successor. Though I think the article should already mention that his successor has been elected. And since it's not obvious to most non-Mexicans, the article should also mention that he didn't run for reelection because that's not a thing in Mexico (the President gets only a single 6-year term). — Red XIV (talk) 05:34, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrés Manuel López Obrador


text:
User:Eubot

I'm a bot, by User:Eugene van der Pijll. See.

April 2005
I'm updating the infoboxes on Dutch municipalities. See the list of ones I've done: User:Eubot/2005-04.

October 2005
I'm uploading the lists of generated articles at WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Antarctica (for the discussion/suggestions, see also its talk page Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Antarctica).

Spring 2006
Adding articles on Dutch villages/towns/hamlets.

August 2006
Going to upload articles on Italian municipalities, if there are no objections. See /Moretta for an example.

March 2007
Updates on Dutch municipalities, including conversion to Infobox city format; bot approval at Bots/Requests for approval/Eubot 2.

October/November 2007
Creating redirects from scientific synonyms. See User:Eubot/Redirecting synonyms.

December 2007
Creating redirects from alternative punctuation formats. See User:Eubot/Redirecting alternative punctuation.

February 2008
Removing colours from taxoboxen. See User:Eubot/Removing colours from taxoboxen.

March 2008
As an extension of the "Redirecting alternative punctuation" task above, Eubot will create redirects from unaccented article titles.

June 2008
User:Eubot/Hatnote formatting

Future

 * Revisiting the Dutch town/village articles: changing town to village; increasing accuracy of coordinates; adding region:NL to coordinates (to increase the usefulness of these excellent Google Earth files).
 * Adding French municipalities
 * I also propose that the bot also covers Spanish municipalities. IN many provinces these a hardly covered. Once Italy is done and dusted of course. Spanish wiki has data. Ernst Stavro Blofeld 10:48, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Seeing the great work you are doing with the tree of life infoboxes, could the bot remove |map_type from Infobox UK place, except where "|map_type = UK"? In all other cases, it is redundant, and might conflict with future uses of the field. Warofdreams talk 11:37, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Eubot


text:
Tim Hector

Leonard "Tim" Hector (24 November 1942 – 12 November 2002) was a leftist Antiguan political leader and cricket administrator known for his opposition to the rule of the Bird family.

Early life
Born in St John's, Antigua, and named Leonard Churchill Hector, he was called "Tim" by his grandfather as a term of endearment stemming from the Russian General Semyon Timoshenko, and in later years was better known as Tim Hector. (During World War II in the Caribbean, naming children Churchill, Winston, and Roosevelt was common.) After attending the Antigua Grammar School, widely known as an exceptional student, and later teaching there, Hector went on to Acadia University and McGill University. He broke off graduate studies in Philosophy at McGill to return home, where he felt his contribution was needed.

Hector was a founder of the Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement in 1968. The party supported socialism, the Cuban Revolution, and a pan-Caribbean vision. He also published the newspaper The Outlet and the online column "Fan the Flame".

Human rights case
His name has become particularly associated with a leading human rights case, referred to as Hector v. Attorney-General of Antigua & others [1990] 2 AC 312, 2 All ER 103, 2 WLR 606, TLR 23.1.90 and The Independent. The case was heard and decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which sits as the final court of appeal for certain countries in the British Commonwealth. This was a major constitutional case, specifically dealing with freedom of speech and of the press. There were also commentaries in The Times, by Geoffrey Bindman, and in The Guardian by James Michael.

The words of Lord Bridge of Harwich in his judgment (at p. 318) are those most frequently cited:

 * "In a free democratic society it is almost too obvious to need stating that those who hold office in government and who are responsible for public administration must always be open to criticism. Any attempt to stifle or fetter such criticism amounts to political censorship of the most insidious and objectionable kind. At the same time it is no less obvious that the very purpose of criticism levelled at those who have the conduct of public affairs by their political opponents is to undermine public confidence in their stewardship and to persuade the electorate that the opponents would make a better job of it than those presently holding office. In the light of these considerations their Lordships cannot help viewing a statutory provision which criminalises statements likely to undermine public confidence in the conduct of public affairs with the utmost suspicion."

The case has been frequently cited in cases subsequently. For instance, Inter-American Court of Human Rights Case No. 12.441 "Luisiana Ríos", it was cited in a case concerning Venezuela in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, other references spread from Australia, South Africa to Canada and many other places.

One interesting, if little known fact about the case was that the solicitor for the Appellant, Richard Hallmark, in preparing the case for the appeal hearing, placed before the court a series of extracts of the legislation of most of the eastern European states which had, as communist states, created offences in very similar terms to those sought to be justified by the government of Antigua & Barbuda but which had, even in some cases in only a matter of days and weeks before the hearing in the Privy Council, been repealed. The relevance of those developments was clear but not actually argued upon in the hearing. Given the uncertainty about the role of the Privy Council at that time, and indeed whether it had a role in such appeal cases, this case may be interpreted as significant in the history of that Court as an institution too.

Hector died at the age of 59 on 12 November 2002, having been suffering from heart disease. He was given a state funeral in Antigua.

Legacy
The Leonard Tim Hector Memorial Committee is a non-profit group formed to keep alive Hector's work and memory, including through an Annual Distinguished Leonard Tim Hector Memorial Lecture and the Leonard Tim Hector Memorial Award.

title: Tim Hector


text:
Talk:At War with the Mystics

Sputnik
Removed reference to Sputnikmusic.com in the reviews section. The "anybody can post" atmosphere of Sputnik disqualified it as an Encyclaeopedic source.203.131.167.26 12:43, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge from Mr. Ambulance Driver
TheFrog114 21:12, 15 January 2007 (UTC)TheFrog 114
 * MERGE: I think that Mr. Ambulance Driver should be merged in; unless it was released as a single (no indication of such has been made), then it's not that hard to include somewhere on here that the song was used in Wedding Crashers. --DCrazy talk/contrib 00:33, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * MERGE: I think they should be merged because Mr. Ambulance Driver is kind of small for a whole page. Or at least maybe add a little more info on the song.
 * MERGE: Yes, it was not a single.Cosprings 16:25, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Mr. Ambulence Driver shoudn't me murged because it would seem a bit out of place

Fair use rationale for Image:AtWarWithTheMystics5.1.jpg
Image:AtWarWithTheMystics5.1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:57, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:At War with the Mystics


text:
Talk:Antipassive voice

Request for expansion
This article needs real-world examples. I'm not sure whether these ergative languages have an antipassive voice, but suggestions would be: Euskera (Basque language), Hindi language, Georgian language, and Dyirbal language. The first is a language isolate, the second is Indo-European, and the last two have a very curious split ergativity. Also, it would be interesting to have statistics on how frequent this voice actually is, and what are its usages and connotations (pragmatics). --Pablo D. Flores 20:58, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Basque does have an antipassive voice. It changes the ergative subject to a absolutive one, but it does not delete the absolutive object, yet (so that both "logical" subject and object are in the same case).
 * Normal ergative construction:
 * Gauza miragarriak ikhusi ditut (nik)
 * thing wonderful-PL-ABS see-PERF have-PRES-PL-I (I-ERG)
 * I have seen wonderful things

 * Normal antipassive:
 * ''Gauza miragarriak ikhusirik nago / ikhusia naiz
 * thing wonderful-PL-ABS see-PERF-STAT am / see-PERF-ACT am
 * I am seen wonderful things

 * In fact, virtually every Basque perfective participle (-i, -n, -tu) can be used both in ergative and antipassive constructions: active filma ikhusi dut / antipassive filma ikhusirik nago (both of them meaning "I have seen the film"), active Anhitzetan lagundu dut aita lanean / antipassive Aita lanean anhitzetan lagundua naiz ("I have often helped my father at work").

Theo, 2005-4-16

 * I don't get it: what's it for?  What difference does it make semantically? 82.10.98.240 11:21, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I have added some Dyirbal examples to illustrate the function of the antipassive.83.76.168.75 05:47, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I have tried to incorporate your example into the article. Let me know if I got it wrong. --Jim Henry | Talk 20:16, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What do you mean by "I am seen wonderful things"? Is that sentence grammatical? Also, you call it "Normal antipassive". Are there other kinds of antipassive in the language? Yu-hsien — Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.251.170.152 (talk) 13:10, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

"He is telling the truth" -> "He is talking"
Is there a reason why the verb was changed? I think that although "He is telling" is ungrammatical, it is still better for understanding the effect of Antipassive. There could be a star ('*') before the translation and an extra comment in brackets like: (which is ungrammatical in English, as the verb 'tell' must have an object). 201.95.65.91 (talk) 23:57, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

 * This sounds like a translation into English, where natural English wording uses one verb when there's an object and a different verb when there isn't; but since translation is not what's being illustrated, I've changed the verb to speaking, which works in both voices. Pi zero (talk) 11:22, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

incomplete
"may cast the clause as imperfective, inceptive, or potential" There is a link from this phrase to imperfective, but not to inceptive or potential. What are the definitions of "inceptive" and "potential" and what do they have to do with the meaning of the sentence? In a 2006 paper by Dave Mathewson, he suggests that these latter two categories, which have been taught time out of mind in connection with koine Greek, are useless and have no bearing on producing an accurate translation. Go back to the source of this phrase and find and provide the definition so that readers can see whether it's useful in understanding an anti-passive text. 71.163.117.143 (talk) 15:05, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Antipassive voice. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050421211127/http://www.ethnologue.com:80/LL_docs/index/Antipassivevoice(Linguistics).asp to http://www.ethnologue.com/LL_docs/index/Antipassivevoice(Linguistics).asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050930122401/http://cslipublications.stanford.edu/LFG/8/lfg03beach.doc to http://cslipublications.stanford.edu/LFG/8/lfg03beach.doc

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:42, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

introduction needs work
The first two bits of the introduction are repetitive. The examples in it belong in an "examples" section down in the body. 71.178.191.144 (talk) 13:12, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

definition
Point # 3 reads subjectively. What is the objective definition of whether a word in a sentence is "peripheral", which suggests that it is not important to the meaning of the sentence. How many of us throw objects into our sentences just to have more words in them? This sounds like something from an antiquated source. Antiquated grammarians like Gesenius are famous for using descriptives that have a pejorative nuance in them. 71.178.191.144 (talk) 13:16, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

Function section example issue
In the Function section, the second Dyirbal example seems to repeat the ungrammatical sentence from the first example instead of giving the grammatical form with the absolutive form changing to dative as I believe is intended. Parquillian (talk) 21:34, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

Puzzled by wording in passage on Dyirbal
The current text contains:

”A further purpose of antipassive construction is often to make certain arguments available as pivots for relativization, coordination of sentences, or similar constructions. For example, in Dyirbal the omitted argument in conjoined sentences must be in absolutive case. Thus, the following sentence is ungrammatical:

 * baji jaɽa bani-ɲu balan ɟuɡumbil buɽa-n

M-ABS man-ABS come-NFUT F-ABS woman-ABS see-NFUT

'The man came and saw the woman.'

In the conjoined sentence, the omitted argument (the man) would have to be in ergative case, being the agent of a transitive verb (to see). This is not allowed in Dyirbal. In order to make this sentence grammatical, the antipassive, which promotes the original ergative to absolutive and puts the former absolutive (the woman) into dative case has to be used:

baji jaɽa bani-ɲu baɡun ɟuɡumbil-ɡu buɽal-ŋa-ɲu

M-ABS man-ABS come-NFUT F-DAT woman-DAT see-ANTIP-NFUT

'The man came and saw the woman.'”

To me the following things in this text are unclear:

[1] The omitted argument in the second clause of the first Dyirbal sentence is “baji jaɽa”.

[2] It is, reportedly, in absolutive case.

=> Both stated conditions are met, yet the sentence is marked as ungrammatical.

[3] “In the conjoined sentence, the omitted argument (the man) would have to be in ergative case,”

=> Does “the conjoined sentence” refer to the first or to the second conjoined clause? (My understanding is that one sentence consists of one or multiple clauses.)

=> If it refers to the first one, there is contradiction, since “baji jaɽa” is not omitted there.

=> If it refers to the second one, there is contradiction, since an omitted argument can obviously not be in any case.

[4] What exactly is not allowed in a/the conjoined sentence: an (omitted) argument being in ergative case, or the agent of a transitive verb being in ergative case?

[5] “In order to make this sentence grammatical, the antipassive, which promotes the original ergative to absolutive and puts the former absolutive (the woman) into dative case has to be used”

=> Since there is no ergative in the first Dyirbal sentence, there is no original ergative either. So what is meant by “the original ergative”?

=> Since there are two former absolutives (“baji jaɽa” and “balan ɟuɡumbil”), why is only “the former absolutive (the woman) put into dative case and not also “baji jaɽa”? Redav (talk) 12:21, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antipassive voice


text:
User talk:Eubot

- Messages to User talk:Eugene van der Pijll, please.

List of Eubot redirects

"Bannzil Kweyol" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bannzil_Kweyol&redirect=no Bannzil Kweyol] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 15:59, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

"Szokes" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szokes&redirect=no Szokes] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Joy (talk) 17:00, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

"Szoekes" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szoekes&redirect=no Szoekes] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Joy (talk) 17:00, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eubot


text: User talk:216.45.221.155

title: User talk:216.45.221.155


text: User talk:69.242.157.215

title: User talk:69.242.157.215


text:
Rado's theorem (Ramsey theory)

Rado's theorem is a theorem from the branch of mathematics known as Ramsey theory. It is named for the German mathematician Richard Rado. It was proved in his thesis, Studien zur Kombinatorik.

Statement
Let $$A \mathbf{x} = \mathbf{0}$$ be a system of linear equations, where $$A$$ is a matrix with integer entries. This system is said to be $$r$$-regular if, for every $$r$$-coloring of the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., the system has a monochromatic solution. A system is regular if it is r-regular for all r ≥ 1.

Rado's theorem states that a system $$A \mathbf{x} = \mathbf{0}$$ is regular if and only if the matrix A satisfies the columns condition. Let ci denote the i-th column of A. The matrix A satisfies the columns condition provided that there exists a partition C1, C2, ..., Cn of the column indices such that if $$s_i = \Sigma_{j \in C_i}c_j$$, then

 * 1) s1 = 0
 * 2) for all i ≥ 2, si can be written as a rational linear combination of the cjs in  all the Ck with k < i. This means that  si is in the linear subspace of Qm spanned by the set of the cjs.

Special cases
Folkman's theorem, the statement that there exist arbitrarily large sets of integers all of whose nonempty sums are monochromatic, may be seen as a special case of Rado's theorem concerning the regularity of the system of equations
 * $$x_T = \sum_{i\in T}x_{\{i\}},$$

where T ranges over each nonempty subset of the set {1, 2, ..., x}.

Other special cases of Rado's theorem are Schur's theorem and Van der Waerden's theorem. For proving the former apply Rado's theorem to the matrix $$(1\ 1\ {-1})$$. For Van der Waerden's theorem with m chosen to be length of the monochromatic arithmetic progression, one can for example consider the following matrix:

$$ \left( \begin{matrix} 1&1&-1&0&\cdots&0&0\\ 1&2&0&-1&\cdots&0&0\\ \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots&\vdots \\1&m-1&0&0&\cdots&-1&0\\ 1&m&0&0&\cdots&0&-1 \end{matrix}\right) $$

Computability
Given a system of linear equations it is a priori unclear how to check computationally that it is regular. Fortunately, Rado's theorem provides a criterion which is testable in finite time. Instead of considering colourings (of infinitely many natural numbers), it must be checked that the given matrix satisfies the columns condition. Since the matrix consists only of finitely many columns, this property can be verified in finite time.

However, the subset sum problem can be reduced to the problem of computing the required partition C1, C2, ..., Cn of columns: Given an input set S for the subset sum problem we can write the elements of S in a matrix of shape 1 × |S|. Then the elements of S corresponding to vectors in the partition C1 sum to zero. The subset sum problem is NP-complete. Hence, verifying that a system of linear equations is regular is also an NP-complete problem.

title: Rado's theorem (Ramsey theory)


text:
Ahlden House

Ahlden House (Schloss Ahlden) is a stately home at Ahlden on the Lüneburg Heath in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was built in 1549, originally as a water castle on the river Aller, which has since changed its course. Nowadays the three-winged mansion is a private residence and is used as an arts auction house.

It is principally known as the place of imprisonment of Sophia Dorothea of Celle, otherwise Sophie Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg, wife of George I of Great Britain and the mother of George II of Great Britain.

Location
Opposite the mansion, in a depression on the other bank of the river, was the old castle of Bunkenburg which lies today in ruins. It is believed to have been built in the 13th century. It was established opposite the village of Ahlden on the banks of the Aller. In 1618, during a flood, the Aller shifted its channel towards the east and, as the result of an embankment downstream, the waters of the Leine then flowed past Ahlden in the bed of the former Aller. Since 1648 the course of the "Old Leine" has become a partly dried oxbow lake. The present house was built in the 16th century on the river bank by Ahlden opposite the Bunkenburg. Today it is located on the old branch of the Aller, which was the one that channeled the waters of the Leine in 1618 and has since been called the "Old Leine".

Construction
Much of the house is of timber-framed construction; only the ground floor of the west wing being built of brick. The building today consists of three, two-storey wings in the shape of a horseshoe, which were built in 1549. In earlier centuries the site was, for a time, almost entirely enclosed and had an interior courtyard. The individual wings of the building were not only used for residential rooms, but as for stables and coach houses (Remisen).

The west wing is the main building of the mansion, which Duke Christian the Elder of Brunswick-Lüneburg had built by his seneschal (Drost), Johann Behr, in 1613. On the entranceway leading to the inner courtyard the wall recesses for the drawbridge can still be seen. During the construction of the wing in 1613 there was a serious accident when a roof joist dislodged and seriously injured 14 workers.

The south wing, a timber-framed structure with brick infill, is the oldest part of the building. It was completed in 1579 under Duke William the Younger of Brunswick-Lüneburg, as an inscription on one of the beams records. The inner courtyard side of the wing has a lavishly-decorated Renaissance facade.

The north wing is a timber-framed structure that was redesigned in 1705 by the architect, Johann Caspar Borchmann, because the building was falling into disrepair. Outside the house there was a gatehouse and entranceway. It guarded access to the house and was demolished probably around 1800. The building is clearly recognisable on the Merian engraving of 1654 as a detached building.

Originally the castle was surrounded by a double moat and a rampart. The rampart was levelled in 1690 in order to create a French pleasure garden. The moats were filled in during the 19th century.

History
The castle's predecessor, Bunkenburg, appeared on the opposite bank of the Aller, a detail also mentioned by Merian. The occupants of this castle were the House of Ahlden, first mentioned in the 13th century, who were knights (Ritter) and Burgmanns. The fortification was first mentioned in the records in 1433, and had previously belonged to the Diocese of Minden. In 1431 there was a change of seat from Ahlden and its castle. The lords of Ahlden lost everything in the conflict with the diocese and the House of Welf. They had broken their bond not to pursue any more feuds or carry out any more raids. As a result, Ahlden ended up in the possession of the Duke of Lüneburg. Between 1443 and 1575 the seat of Ahlden was mortgaged to the von Mandelsloh family. Not until the 16th century was the present house built, whilst Bunkenburg fell into ruin.

The princely office (Amt) of Ahlden was established in 1431. It took over the management and exercised jurisdiction over the area. The house also belonged to the Amt. The office was headed by an Amtmann, who collected taxes from the citizens and farmed the land on the state-owned farm, the estate of the house. From 1784 the house underwent major alterations to adapt it to administrative purposes and it also housed the prison. After about 450 years in existence, the Amt of Ahlden was disbanded in 1884 and its function was transferred to the district of Fallingbostel. The building then housed the district court (Amtsgericht) until 1972. Justice had been dispensed in Ahlden since 1310.

In the Thirty Years' War the house was occupied by the imperial troops under Tilly after a day's siege. They defended it against an unsuccessful attack by 800 besieging Danish troops. From 1726 Ahlden House was the residence of the state seneschals.

The considerable renovation work required was completed in 1975 at a cost of 90,000 DM from state funds. An antiques auctions house bought the house for its representational headquarters, on the condition that the courtyard would be kept open for the public during the day. Limited viewing of the interior is only possible when previewing items for auctions.

Prison
When she was divorced from her husband in 1694 after her affair with Lieutenant Königsmarck, Sophie Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg was brought to Ahlden House, where she was imprisoned until her death in 1726.

Sources and external links

 * Ahlden

title: Ahlden House


text:
Botswana People's Party

The Botswana People's Party (BPP), originally the Bechuanaland People's Party, is a political party in Botswana formed in December 1960 during the colonial era. As a result of disappointment with the Legislative Council, under the leadership of Kgalemang T. Motsete, an accomplished music composer and educationist, BPP became the first mass party to agitate for full independence.

Motsamai Mpho, who had been tried for treason under the Union of South Africa Terrorism Act, was the secretary general. Internal dissension during the first national elections in 1965 resulted in a schism and the birth of the Bechuanaland Independence Party (now Botswana Independence Party) under Mpho's leadership. Motsete attempted to retain a small group of the BPP's old guard but lost power to Philip Matante. The first general elections were held in March 1965, and the Bechuanaland Democratic Party (now Botswana Democratic Party) won a landslide victory, taking 28 of the 31 contested seats. BPP won three seats.

History
The party was formed in 1960 as the Bechuanaland People's Party under the leadership of Motsete, Matante and Mpho. The party's formation was indirectly stimulated by the flow of South African exiles following the Sharpeville massacre in March 1960. The party's structure was based on the African National Congress (ANC), but infighting quickly plagued the party. The party became an opposition party to the traditionalist Botswana Democratic Party, then led by Seretse Khama.

Motsete had political exposure and influence from the Pan-Africanism and South African political liberation movements, namely the ANC and the Pan African Congress (PAC). Kwame Nkruma and Ghanaian independence further influenced the BPP. The main objective of the party was to liberate the people of the Bechuanaland Protectorate from colonialism; this objective was achieved in September 1966 when the country became independent.

Matante was the first president of BPP. He became the first member of parliament for Francistown and the leader of the opposition during independence in 1966. Matante's death created a power vacuum that led to the reversal of many of the gains that the party had made. In the 2014 general elections the BPP was granted six northern constituencies under the Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC), as the north had historically been a BPP stronghold, but lost each one of them. The party's goal became to rebrand for the 2019 elections by establishing youth structures and regaining interest in the party under the leadership of president Mbaakanyi Smart.

BPP always advocated for opposition unity. In 1989, they had a working relationship with the now defunct Botswana Progressive Party. They were part of the Botswana Alliance Movement and PACT and joined the UDC. However, BPP continues to advocate for a complete merger of opposition parties, primarily because these pacts have proved to be fragile and prone to defections. Their #RonaKoBPP social media hash tag received recognition across social media platforms.

The party held its 50th elective congress under the theme "Proud of the Past, Confident of the Future", where a new National Executive Committee was elected. For the first time it included people from all parts of the country in an attempt to nationalize the party, weakening the perception that the BPP serves only Botswana in the north.

Principles
BPPs principles are:
 * promotion of unity on the basis of equality for all ethnic and/or language groups in a democratic state with no social, economic, racial, tribal or religious discrimination;
 * well-being and quality of life;
 * proper use of land and minerals identified as the common property of all in the motherland;
 * provision of work and conditions of work that ensure high levels of productivity and happiness for all;
 * right to life, liberty, security and equality before the law;
 * freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly in social, economic, political and cultural life;
 * freedom of worship

The BPP motto is "Lefatshe la Rona", "Shango Yedu", and "Ilizwe nge lethu!"

title: Botswana People's Party


text:
New Democratic Front (Botswana)

The New Democratic Front was a progressive political party in Botswana without parliamentary representation. Led by Dick Bayford, it split away from the Botswana National Front in 2003. It won 0.78% of the popular votes at the elections that followed. After its poor performance in the 2004 general elections, the party joined forces with Botswana's third largest party, the Botswana Congress Party.

title: New Democratic Front (Botswana)