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Talk:Great Plague of London

[Untitled]
About the great plague of London, I'm not sure, but today in English Litterature the date were 1347-1350 and here they're not the same. I'm not really sure if I got it correct

no wwhat is this all about were is the info about How the Great Plague came about to be?Think next time about what you write I'm looking for info and guess what I can't find what i need thats not helpfull is it?

=hagagaga

Lol Aimee.sanderson (talk) 15:34, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

Question on Plague doctors
re recent edit: Plague doctors would traverse the streets, diagnosing victims, although many of them were unqualified physicians. Were they physicians but unqualified or were they unqualified because they were not physicians? I'll take a look at the article. WBardwin 23:47, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * nope -- that doesn't answer the question either? If qualified doctors left the city, who did that leave?  WBardwin 23:49, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Probably change it to "plague doctors," and note that since the qualified doctors left the city, citizens were running around in labcoats? Kiersi (talk) 00:50, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Great fire
On September 2nd and 3rd, the Great Fire of London destroyed many of the most crowded housing and business areas of the city, causing 16 deaths. Only 16 deaths? Am I reading this right? --Steerpike 16:47, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Quite possibly, the fire was said to have destroyed about 13,200 houses, to have levelled about 436 acres and to have made about 100,000 people homeless, but the loss of life was also said to have been very light. Regards, Nick. Nick 19:21, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

The Great Fire of London article itself, though, notes that the claim of the small number of deaths has recently been challenged. 81.158.109.6 18:22, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Agree with the point by the above user. This article should make reference to the disputed nature of the exact number of deaths. gringotsgoblin 11.41 30 November 2006 (GMT)

Can someone verify the point that Wren's plan for rebuilding London after the fire was adopted. It is my understanding that no plan was followed, and the city was rebuilt largely under the same street pattern. Also, is there some reference that rats were suspected in the plague. We know now that they were, but I understand that at the time this was not generally known. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Don McCahill (talk • contribs) 18:17, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Wording change
It is stated that thatched rooves are a 'splendid' place for rats to live. This is very informal wording. Could it be replaced with something along the lines of "thatched rooves provide an ideal place for rats to live"? gringotsgoblin 11.43 30 November 2006 (GMT)

This sentence doesn't seem to make much sense: "On September 2nd and 3rd, the Great Fire of London destroyed many of the most crowded housing this however did not cause the decrease of this disease the plague had already died down with only a few people with this plague ." Needs a rewrite.

Fixed: "thatched roofswere"?Rachey (talk) 18:26, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Fixed: Broken link to Shakespeare's Globe Theater reconstruction, though date link is still broken because 1997 doesn't contain exact data. --Wikispherion (talk) 14:23, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Literary Accounts - What Really Belongs Here?
Could someone explain the rationale behind the inclusion of modern novels and other modern works of fiction in the "Literary Accounts" section? I would expect it to contain eyewitness accounts, and, possibly, strictly historiographical research, and not any sort of imaginary, fictional descriptions. Hi There 05:53, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree. Pepys and Defoe are first hand and second hand reports. Modern novels belong in a Trivia section, if at all.--JBellis 20:02, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Dogs and Cats Killed?
At one point in Defoe's Journal he reports that the authorities ordered that all dogs and cats in London were to be killed, on the assumption that they could be plague carriers. But if the rats were actually suspects at the time, wouldn't it have made more sense to leave the dogs and cats alive so they could kill the rats? Anyone have any ideas on this? Farnsworth1968 18:04, 10 July 2007 (UTC)Farnsworth1968

This is interesting, it should be included in the article. Kiersi (talk) 00:51, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

If it was bubonic plague, fleas were the vector, not rats, the fleas lived on rats - as well as cats, dogs and other people. 24.160.241.39 (talk) 07:47, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * This of course is OR. Rich Farmbrough, 20:44, 25 April 2011 (UTC).

Aftermath?
Wondering if it'd be worth having at least a mention about the aftermath of the Great Plague. I remember bieng taught back in school that it was one of the final blows for the feudal system as reforms were required to rebuild the country after such a crisis. As I said, this is something I learnt in school. I'm not a researcher, but was just curious about whether anybody else had any more information on this. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.130.189.66 (talk) 21:10, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

You are confusing the "Black Death" of the medieval period with the outbreak in London of 1666. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequences_of_the_Black_Death — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.183.23.86 (talk) 22:13, 14 March 2013 (UTC)
 * nonetheless, this plague seems to have caused a major economic recession because it completely disrupted trade.Sandpiper (talk) 23:31, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

Rats
"Under the mistaken idea that rats may have caused the plague, thatched roofs (which provided an ideal place for rats to live) were forbidden within the city"

Although rats did not directly cause the plague it is likely that they were some sort of carrier, so shouldn't this sentence be re-worded? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jamie Kitson (talk • contribs) 12:31, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The introduction states that rats were the vector. It makes perfect sense to remove rats if they are the plague's vector, yet that passage seems to claim that rats had nothing to do with the plague, and measures against them were useless against the plague. I put a contradiction tag on the article. --84.48.51.32 23:35, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

I believe it's been proven since that rats were in fact carriers of the Plague, yet it was mistakenly believed that dogs and cats were carriers leading to their widespread extermination. However my source is a documentary [], not sure if this is considered a reliable source for an encyclopedia article. Rachey (talk) 18:30, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

According to the wikipedia entry on the Black Death, Y. pestis was almost certainly carried by rats and the decline of plague is pretty much to do with the large decrease in the rat population. 194.45.150.17 (talk) 21:37, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The problem with this is that the article says they aren't sure if it was actually the Black Death. Kiersi (talk) 00:55, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

It's also been theorised that the reason the epidemic lasted as long as it did, is because many people killed cats and dogs under the mistaken belief that they carried the plague, when in fact dogs and cats were invaluable in killing the rats which spread the bacteria.Rachey (talk) 19:30, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Read the wikipedia article on Black Death and Bubonic Plague. The vector is fleas (transmitted by flea bites) which can live on most warm-blooded animals, including human beings. Rats are the reservoir of the disease (the bacteria can live in the blood of rats without causing the disease). Bubonic plague also mutates into an airborne form, Pneumonic plague. 24.160.241.39 (talk) 07:54, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * However, fleas typically tend to be specific to one host species and not swap unless desperate.Sandpiper (talk) 23:35, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

Plague and Poetry
I have deleted this section as it clearly does not refer to the Great Plague. Shakespeare had by this point been dead for half a century. It may be refering to the plague of 1603, however. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.150.30.183 (talk) 17:49, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

image
Theres a nice image for this article here Parrot of Doom (talk) 23:25, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Great Plague of where?
It is rather bizzare that this is called the Great Plague of London and then talks about England. I have only ever heard the term Great Plague (of 1665). Is this because the Black Death has also oddly been labled the Great Plague?--Sabrebd (talk) 09:01, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Ok I need to find out now how the Great Plague came to be because it's my homework. Can enybody help me —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.182.106.13 (talk) 11:32, 19 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It is generally assumed that Rattus rattus (the brown rat) carried it ashore from ships in the port of London. Whether this is current scholarship I can't say. (But see also now deprecated theories that the Rattus norvegicus, the black rat, by driving out he brown rat, reduced the prevalence of the bubonic plague.) Rich Farmbrough, 20:46, 25 April 2011 (UTC).

Death toll
The article fails to note that seemingly no two historians actually agree on how many were killed. I've seen figures as low as 40,000 and as high as 120,000. 184.77.159.253 (talk) 04:53, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Its a common problem on Wikipedia articles that the original author takes an estimate from the first book they work from and then it stays there because it is sourced. If you have the details of books with different estimates feel free to put them in and relfect the debate.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 08:31, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Extensive bills of mortality survive. Clearly there are problems of interpretation. Rich Farmbrough, 20:55, 25 April 2011 (UTC).

observation on the article.
In the section 'recording of death' the article says ' The credulous blamed emanations from the earth'.... My question would be what did the questioning and reasoning believe? Seems to me from what I have read of the time, they believed exactly the same. No one understood the true explanation, so it is misleading to suggest only the 'credulous' believed these things.Sandpiper (talk) 10:20, 26 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, everyone may have been credulous! What do you suppose Pepys thought about it? Whatever he believed, he took the precaution of sending his wife out of London. I guess rat fleas don't normally bite humans but because this strain of the disease was particularly virulent it may have killed most of the rats and the fleas were forced to turn to other sources of blood. The way in which the disease struck some and not others must have seemed very mysterious. Anyway, change the wording of the article if you want. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 06:16, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I think I rather like Pepys. Something I read today discussed him, and said Pepys had remarked when he was sharing a bed with someone, the someone got bitten by fleas and he didnt. The author relating this suggested that maybe this was why Pepys survived. Might have been a wiki article somewhere, there seem to be quite a few generally about plague, but I havnt found anything yet such as a genetic study tracking this particular strain to England in 1665. Reading Bell's book suggest that maybe plague was enedemic in Britain, but a new strain might have arrived from the continent.Sandpiper (talk) 00:00, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

not much about places other than London, or 1666
Someone above comments on the 'great plague of where'? This title question didnt really get addressed and there is an issue. Presumably this article is intended to be about the entire outbreak in England, and while London was 20x bigger than any other city so the largest number of all deaths were in London, it did break out as severely in other places and over an extensive area of the south and east of the country and in other major cities. Other areas are not really mentioned in the article.

Also, the introduction describes it as the plague of 64-66, which seems correct. Significant deaths (at least on a normal standard) occurred in London in 1666, and outbreaks in other places tended to spread from London so reached their worst later. I suspect the article has been expanded from an original short article which took into account the time spread of the epidemic, but expansion has concentrated on London and 1665. Sandpiper (talk) 09:28, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

originating point
Article says "The dock areas outside London and the parish of St Giles in the Fields, where poor workers were crowded into ill-kept structures, are believed to be the first areas to be struck." Reading up on this I see St Giles in the fields seems to be on the landward side of London and the books I have read so far do not really link it to any docks. This seems a bit anomalous.Sandpiper (talk) 09:37, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, I expanded the article from a much smaller one in March 2013, as you can see from the "history" of the article. My expansion was restricted to London because that is what the book I was using as a principal source was discussing. I acknowledge that there were connected outbreaks in other parts of the country, but this article is about London. The statement "The dock areas outside London and the parish of St Giles in the Fields, where poor workers were crowded into ill-kept structures, are believed to be the first areas to be struck." does not state that there are dock areas in the parish of St Giles in the Fields, but I will reword the article. (I no longer have the book as I took it to a charity shop!) Cwmhiraeth (talk) 11:54, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, I suspected it was really the limit of the source. Typical problem, one author writes about what interests them. I dont know that the docks/ st giles thing is wrong, I just dont know its right. Ive got the porter and Bell books and didnt really get this link from what they say. Some of the books seem to be first person accounts, which maybe limits their scope. Dont know, havnt read them. Bell subtitles his book the great plague in London, but porter talks more about the rest of the country. This article is titled 'great plague in London', but it seems to be wikis only article about the 1665 England plague, and as such needs to  explain it didnt just happen in London. I dont know if historically this outbreak is described as the ...of London, or whether this is just because some authors have concentrated on describing London events.  The cause of plague generally seems to be that it spread from Holland, but it isnt clear to me either it was proven to de-ship in London, or whether some book  aserts that it did. Porter in particular talks about other places  and at least left me with the impression it could have arrived in the UK through a different port. All trade seems to have passed through London one way or another, so people might have brought it from some place where the ourbreak started earlier, and it seems to have been active elsewhere in England even in 64.Sandpiper (talk) 23:13, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * This article exists with London in its title. Why don't you create a new article on the wider outbreak? Cwmhiraeth (talk) 06:00, 15 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I dont see that there is sufficient material for more than one article about one outbreak (not yet, anyway!). It is an artificial limitation to just write about London. I havn't seen a similar detailed source about the plague in Portsmouth, the plague in Great Yarmouth, the plague in... and wiki would not want one article on each place for every outbreak. Porter's book, for example, has 45 pages specifically about London and 35 about other places. 60 about general issues which apply nationwide and 30 about consequences of this outbreak, again national in scope.Sandpiper (talk) 08:18, 15 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Another point, you have added an image of the black rat with a lengthy, unreferenced caption. The article nowhere mentions the species of rat nor some of the other facts in the caption. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 11:59, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Thats true. This article overlaps others on wiki which go into plague generally, but the basic facts of fleas and rats would appear to be the same in each outbreak. Needs to be explained for completeness. With more text the article will need more images, and the rat is an obvious one. So far in what I have read, the precise causes are a little vague. Ok, rats and fleas, but did people transmit it from place to place by personal contact, fleas on old clothing, rats in ships? I just added a piece about quarrantine, but I wonder whether even on a quarrantined ships their might still be infected animals. The appearance of a centuries long outbreak, and then its disappearance would still seem to be a bit of a mystery. Something changed which stopped the spread of plague such that this was the last 'great' outbreak. 23:13, 14 February 2014 (UTC)Sandpiper (talk)
 * Interestingly Porter suggests one reason for the stop of outbreaks might be that all the rats had died, thus plague declined in London in the 1666 season although it was plainly still present, or the remaining rats developed immunity. He suggests rat fleas only abandon their host if it dies, so the state of epidemic in the rats might be defining the length of  the human epidemic. Mortality in London had not been so high as in other places, so there were still people available to catch it.08:33, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

Fire of London
I'm a great inclusionist, but I dont really see what the fire and rebuilding afterwards had to do with the plague. The part of the city least affected by plague was probably that within the walls, which was the part which burnt, and in fact some of the slummiest parts where plague was greatest even within the walls, survived. So it apparently didnt contribute to safer living conditions or the disappearance of plague in the future.Sandpiper (talk) 18:02, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

Eyam
In the last paragraph of the Height of the epidemic section, it says: the outbreak affected other areas of the country as well. Perhaps the most famous example was the village of Eyam in Derbyshire. The plague allegedly arrived with a merchant carrying a parcel of cloth sent from London, although this is a disputed point. The villagers imposed a quarantine on themselves to stop the further spread of the disease. This prevented the disease from moving into surrounding areas but the cost to the village was the death of around 80% of its inhabitants over a period of fourteen months.

However, this does not seem to be consistent with the Eyam page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyam).

Here it says: The plague ran its course over 14 months and one account states that it killed at least 260 villagers, with only 83 surviving out of a population of 350. This figure has been challenged on a number of occasions with alternative figures of 430 survivors from a population of around 800 being given. The church in Eyam has a record of 273 individuals who were victims of the plague.

Anyone know what we should do about this?

I'm putting this on the Eyam talk page as well.

Adlihtam (talk) 17:09, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Great Plague of London


text: Category:Warrnambool

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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text:
Hubo

Hubo or HUBO may refer to:
 * HUBO, a walking humanoid robot developed by the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
 * Hubo Netherlands, a Dutch hardware store chain
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 * Hubometer, an axle-mounted distance measuring device

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text:
User talk:Caonex

Linux Study Guide
Recently, I have been thinking of organizing a Linux website or periodical in which all users, experts and not, work together to learn more. I am looking to organize the different parts of linux in order of relevancy and one that may facilitate Linux learning to those new to the operating system. Information about linux is very abundant and complex, and there are many out there that do not know how to organize it or look for it. That is where my idea comes in. My plan is for every week to come up with an article that will thoroughly talk about a part of Linux, but at the same time assigning homework, which will be later shared among the participants.

I have been using linux for quite a while; however, I do not consider or think that I am in an expertise position. But I believe that with cooperation, we all will become more knowledgeable.

Please feel free to provide any comments or ideas.

--Caonex 05:09, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)Iván -- ivan.filpo@gmail.com

title: User talk:Caonex


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Sigint (disambiguation)

Sigint or SIGINT may refer to:

 * Signals intelligence, intelligence-gathering by interception of signals
 * SIGINT (POSIX), a Unix signal
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Charles King

Charles or Charlie King may refer to:

Academics and writers

 * Charles King (Columbia University president) (1789–1867), American academic, politician and newspaper editor
 * Charles Ray King (1813–1901), American physician and author, son of John Alsop King, grandson of Rufus King
 * Charles William King (1818–1888), English writer and collector of gems
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 * Charles King (professor of international affairs) (born 1967), American academic and author

Designers

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Military

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Performers

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Politicians

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title: Charles King


text:
File:SS Yarmouth Castle.jpg

Summary
The Yarmouth Castle sailing under her original name, Evangeline.

Image from a post card of the ship.

Fair use rationale for use in the article SS Yarmouth Castle
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It is an image of a notable ship that was lost in 1965.
 * 2) It is of much lower resolution than the original (copies made from it will be of very inferior quality)
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 * 4) Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the subject of this article.

title: File:SS Yarmouth Castle.jpg


text: Category:Devonian

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text:
Talk:Intransitive case

Partial Rewrite
I began a cleaning of this article, but I don't have time to finish it it the moment. Following is the part of the article that I revised. Feel free to include it in your edits.

''Many languages employ an "SVO" grammar system. These systems are based on the concept of sentences containing a subject, a verb, and an object. This concept is easily understood by a speaker of language, for all sentences they construct include that which performs an action, the action performed, and, if applicable, that which the action is performed upon. For example, in the sentence "He throws the ball," "He" is the subject, or performer of the action, "throws" is the action performed, and "the ball" is the thing thrown, or acted upon, making it the object.

''In some languages, the order of "SVO" within a sentence–i.e., a subject, followed by a verb, followed by an object–is not fixed. A noteworthy example of such flexibility is the Latin language.

''However, in the Romance languages, such alterations of order require a shift in grammar. This is fortunate, as sense in these languages is often maintained by word order. ''In English, sense is maintained despite shifting word orders by changing the tense of the verb from the

22:16, 2005 April 22 Frostyservant

Redirect Explanation
While I had started to rewrite this article above, I reecently found a better article on the same material. Seeing no value in the current article, I thought it best to simply convert the article to a redirect. Feel free to add in information from my rewrite (or from historical versions of this article) to the better article.

Same as absolutive?
How is this any different from the absolutive? Maybe this should be deleted and redirected to absolutive case. -Rmalouf (talk) 23:57, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

 * The absolutive can be the patient of a transitive clause, but not the intransitive, since it's not an intransitive clause. It's only absolutive in the way the default English case is absolutive.  — kwami (talk) 05:55, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Okay, that makes sense. But... who calls that the intransitive case?  The sources I'm familiar with all call that the absolutive (even for languages which mark the patient of a transitive verb differently), and all the google hits for "intransitive case" appear to have gotten the term from wikipedia.  Unless someone can come up with reliable sources that define intransitive case this way, I'd still vote for deletion/merger with absolutive case. -Rmalouf (talk) 15:33, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Intransitive case


text: User talk:140.247.75.136

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text: Category:Mesozoic

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text:
User talk:Thesidewinder

Welcome!

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Category:Phanerozoic

The Phanerozoic Eon, the current geological eon in the geologic time scale, covering the last ~541 million years on Earth. It is preceded by the Precambrian supereon.

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text: User talk:64.231.48.132

title: User talk:64.231.48.132


text:
Klaus von Storch

Klaus Bernhard von Storch Krüger (born February 20, 1962) is a Chilean aerospace engineer and astronaut trainee.

Von Storch was born in Osorno, in southern Chile. In 1992, he was selected by the Chilean Space Agency for the preparation for the flight on the Space Shuttle. In 2001, he was considered as candidate for that flight aboard a Russian spacecraft during a taxi flight to the ISS in 2003 but in September 2002 the medical board at the IMBP was not passed. , Von Storch aspires to fly into space in the future. He is also brother-in-law to Alternative for Germany politician Beatrix von Storch, who is married with his brother Sven.

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User:Agesipolis I

I was from

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text:
Leopold von Hoesch

Leopold von Hoesch (10 June 1881 – 10 April 1936) was a career German diplomat. Hoesch began his political career in France as the chargé d'affaires in 1923. After the recall of the German ambassador in 1923 after the Ruhr crisis, Hoesch was appointed acting head of the German Embassy in Paris. There, Hoesch worked closely with German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann. Hoesch played an important role in the Locarno Treaty of 1924.

In November 1932, Hoesch was transferred to the United Kingdom, where he would stay until his death in 1936. Hoesch was well liked by most British statesmen, including Anthony Eden and Sir John Simon. His reputation among the British as a knowledgeable and able-minded statesman helped to enhance Anglo-German relations in the early 1930s.

With the Nazi takeover in 1933, little changed at first between Germany and the United Kingdom politically. However, by 1934, Hoesch was beginning to challenge Adolf Hitler indirectly by sending communiqués to German Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath that detailed Hoesch's distrust of Joachim von Ribbentrop, whom Hitler had appointed to serve as Commissioner of Disarmament Questions.

The relationship between Hoesch and Hitler continued to sour as Ribbentrop gained more power within the German government. By 1936, Hoesch was quickly becoming a thorn in Hitler's side. After the remilitarization of the Rhineland on 7 March 1936, Hoesch wrote to Neurath by denouncing the act as an action designed to provoke the French and ultimately the British.

Less than one month later, at 10 am 11 April 1936, Hoesch died of a heart attack while he was dressing in his bedroom at the German Embassy. After his death, he was honoured with a large British-ordered funeral cortège in which his flag-draped coffin was escorted to Dover, where a 19-gun salute was fired as his body was transferred to the British destroyer HMS Scout (1918) for transport back to Germany. Hoesch's dog Giro, who died in 1934 after chewing an electric cable, is buried in London in the garden of the former German Embassy at 9 Carlton House Terrace.

He was replaced by Ribbentrop, Hitler's favourite foreign policy advisor, who would later be hanged for war crimes.

title: Leopold von Hoesch


text: User talk:24.147.76.180

title: User talk:24.147.76.180


text:
Talk:Cultural resource management

Untitled
okay guys, maybe we need a different topic for British CRM and American CRM, because in America it's not just federal projects, it's any federal monies that are paid to support projects that fall under this rule.

They are related, but from what I see not the same.

 * I can't see that as a reason to split them, they still share the 'polluter pays principle' and all the issues of privatisation and commercialisation of the profession. If we split them, CRM regimes in other countries would also need their own pages and we wouldn't be able to provide a general introduction to the discipline. adamsan 07:27, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps we should try to make the information more general and not include any country-specific information? I know this will force us to come up with some lists of activities or processes that vary from country to country, but that might be better than country-specific information. ASchoenhofer 30 Oct 2005

too archeology-oriented
Archeological CRM may be a branch of archeology, and archeologists may tend to think of CRM solely in archeological terms, but CRM itself is much broader. Tacking "and architectual" in the introductory sentence is only of modest help. THPOs play a role in CRM but fit into neither category. Similarly, association with significant events or the lives of significant persons are reasons for inclusion in the National Register. I wish I could improve things directly myself, but for now I have only the time to make this assertion. 64.105.60.62 00:19, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

"broad" definition of CRM -- is it valid?
I object to the broad definition of "cultural resource management" to include non-heritage resources. While this term ostensibly could include this broad definition, is it actually used in this manner? Cultural resource management is a term created by the National Park Service and is specifically used to identify heritage resources. A citation and/or example of the non-heritage use of this term should be in the article or else it needs to be edited to remove its non-heritage references. Wikipedia should not be used as an advocacy vehicle to change the usage of accepted terminology in professional practice. Tous ensemble 16:53, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well as far as I'm aware it's only in the last few years that it has been used more broadly. Some early digital projects started off being about cultural heritage by digitising museum and archive material but didn't restrict the content to being heritage -  for example .Scottish Cultural Resources Access Network, others have always been more eclectic e.g. The European Library.  In the EU, by the way, especially in EU policy stuff, the term 'cultural heritage' seems to be used quite consistently when they mean heritage and when they say cultural resources, they mean it more inclusively.  I seem to recall there was a bit of a switch midway in the 5th Framework Programme around about 2000, when they opened up the Information Society Technology Programme and it stopped being about how do we catalogue collections to put them online and started being about research on interchange of cultural assets.  I may also be cynical but it could be that the trend by the intellectual capital movement to put an economic value on intangibles (social capital, creative capital, community capital etc), made the politicians start to be interested in the broader definition e.g .  Then of course there's inflation in job titles, so instead of advertising for an Art Gallery Manager, they want a Cultural Resources Manager - although maybe that is appropriate because the scope of such a job has probably changed dramatically in the last few years, and probably involves interactive multimedia experinces and being able to put on performance art in the gallery as well as dealing with concept art, not just paintings!  In Europe there is a general trend to bring together government responsibilities for culture (heritage as well as arts etc) e.g. France, Ireland, UK, . For UK, there's a definition of cultural sector which is part of a bigger project to define National Occupational Standards, which aids in comparison of competencies (such as resource management) across industry sectors.  In Education, you can take a BA in Cultural Resources Management at Dundalk and an MA at De Montfort in European Cultural Planning.  There are recent research papers and projects e.g.  .  I thought at first it might be another example of usage being divided by the Atlantic, but judging from this  perhaps not. Maybe it's just the case that historical material culture is tangible and hence easier to manage. Viv Hamilton 20:57, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I can see the validity of your argument, and it would seem that there may be a movement to incorporate the arts into cultural resource management. The issue is that, at least in the United States, CRM is intimately associated with historic preservation and archaeology. (For an example see Sonoma State University's definition of CRM.) The reason for this is because the National Park Service appropriated this term for use with heritage resources. Admittedly, the term cultural heritage management would have been a better definition. My suggestion would be to explain this situation in the article, and the common usage and perception of the term and how it may be evolving to encompass the entire scope of things "cultural". Tous ensemble 04:08, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds a good idea. I will try to find the time to do it.  I wonder if in fact the two positions are so far apart as they might apppear.  In Europe we don't have the cultual clash between the indigenous people and incoming Europeans.  The definition of CRM you quoted includes liaison with native americans.  They are presumably placing a current cultural value on their sites (i.e. place of celebration, sacred etc), not just one of heritage.  On the other hand in Europe there are widespread concerns about the integration of cultures of more recent immigrants - as these people are often economically or socially excluded - and making policy decisions about the support and celebration of cultural resources, such as the Notting Hill Carnival can be an attempt to rebalance this. Viv Hamilton 17:13, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I should have mentioned this earlier, but if the CRM article is being heavily influenced by European practices, there really should be a reference that is germane to Europe. King's book referenced in the article primarily focuses on the heritage definition of CRM used by the National Park Service. What is the equivalent resource used by Europeans that focuses on the broad CRM definition? Tous ensemble 14:39, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I have made some structural changes, in particular moved what was CRM in the USA, up to the first section and merged with heritage management under the new title CRM in the heritage context. Also a few other tweaks and references.  Hope this is in the direction of consensus! Viv Hamilton 20:06, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

"Cultural Resources Management" Term Dissagreement: America vs. England
I have moved the following to this talk page - the place for discussion is the talk page not the article. The opening paragaph, and the first and main section of the article already make clear that there are differences in usage of the term. The references using it in the broader sense are European not just England, and even the definition in the CHM section, which I understand is from King, an american, refers to folklife, orchestras, theatres etc. Viv Hamilton 09:04, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Users of Wikipedia should note that the viewpoint and definition if CRM as presented in this article is based on the definitions used only in England. It does not apply to, and is not relevant to the definition of CRM as used in North America.

Possible change of structure
Should the opening be tweaked so that the commonest use (i.e. synonymous with cultural heritage, in line with the King quote) is discussed first, followed by the usage in the broader sense? The main paragraph in this article Cultural resources management applied to heritage management could also be renamed Management of Cultural Resources Sites in line with the King quote? Viv Hamilton 13:31, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

National Register Eligibility
In the US, the purpose of Cultural Resource Management is to determine eligibility to the National or State Registers of Historic Places. There are 4 criteria (A through D) for determining eligibility. This is not discussed here. It should be. Developers may want to read about these for projects that they are starting, and to understand what the CRM professionals are doing, and why. There should also be summaries of the laws. March 2008

Redirecting CRM to Customer Relationship Management - Request For Comments
The current CRM article is a list of possible expansions for that acronym, one of which is this article. It is my belief(based on searches), that most users who are looking for CRM are looking for Customer relationship management, and this is a confusing experience for them.

I'm proposing that the CRM article be redirected to Customer relationship management, and the current CRM page be moved to CRM (Disambiguation). The Customer relationship management article will then contain this text under its title:

"'(Redirected from CRM) For other uses, see CRM (disambiguation)'."

I'd like to have you comment on the issue before I request any changes. I have opened a discussion on the CRM Talk page where you can add your opinion. Thanks!

Kingsley Joseph (talk) 20:55, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Personally I don't think the Customer relationship management is the primary article, but I've commented on CRM Talk page Viv Hamilton (talk) 09:32, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Is it cultural resource management or cultural resources management? I think both terms are being used these days to describe the displine of what used to be called "public archaeology". I've been in that field for 40 years and I think I know a little bit about it. It is diverse and includes many, many elements including heritage management, landscape archeology, digital archaeology, cultural landscapes, traditional cultural properties, and much else. Very eclectic and very difficult to get one's mind around. Nevertheless, it is the bulk of the employment for upwards of 10,000 professionals in this field in the United States. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.76.196.11 (talk) 23:54, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

This page needs help; may warrant merging
I've been going around trying to straighten out and make sense of a number of ambiguously overlapping topics in the area of cultural heritage, that due to an inability to establish central definitions for scope and coverage the article (regardless of any definitions external to wikipedia) have become tangled messes. This is one of those articles (I mean this in the most civil and descriptive way). To begin, it seems to be a jumbled overlap of Cultural heritage, Historic Preservation, Cultural heritage management (which in some contexts is called CRM), and culture more broadly, without any coherent understanding of the concept as distinguished from elsewhere. While I, having dealt with and formally studied these areas, understand that there is a significant interdisciplinary aspect in any discussion of these topics, the amount of overlap and confusion that it can cause, suggests that it may be better served by dividing out the content to relevant places: the narrow definition (the one most incoming article links seem to think this is) seems to be the cultural heritage management page (which would also be the site of a redirect), the broader usage to cultural heritage, and the historic preservation stuff to that page. If need be, a new page defining "cultural resources" in the new, broader, not-just-heritage category may be warranted, with the management aspect of it included, and links to the relevant, established pages, rather than duplication here. Thoughts? Morgan Riley (talk) 16:23, 5 April 2011 (UTC) (Morgan Riley (talk) 16:26, 5 April 2011 (UTC): typo fix)

 * Like always, I seem to have flashes of insight right after I post. Renaming the article "cultural resources" or "cultural sector" to focus on the current culture + cultural heritage aspect might be more ideal, and spin off all the heritage issues to their relevant pages, rather than trying to fit all definitions in here. See WP:DICTIONARY. Morgan Riley (talk) 16:41, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

 * A basic Google search has shown no usage outside of the context of cultural heritage preservation. While they may be cultural resources in a broader sense, and they may be managed, the specific, technical phrase "cultural resource management" appears only in context with cultural heritage, and the technical branch thereof. Unless good verifiable evidence can be shown about that usage (I checked the links below, and there is no evidence for it), to the contrary, it seems the UK usage is similar to the US usage (perhaps marginally broader), related solely to cultural heritage, this page needs to be moved or renamed. Morgan Riley (talk) 17:51, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

US centric
The article should focus on the US policies as the term CR is not used outside the United States. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arebenti (talk • contribs) 14:45, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

US section
I've cut out most of the US section — it basically duplicated the "Nomination process" section of National Register of Historic Places, and nothing was cited to tie these facts to the CRM process. I'm not a professional, but I read a lot in historic preservation, and I only ever encounter CRM in the context of archaeology. Nyttend (talk) 02:40, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Cultural resource management


text:
User talk:Android79/TalkArchive002

Vfd main page vandalism
I don't know what's going on. Is someone using RickK's account? He's been one of the most sensible posters around. I've been gone for a few hours. Please give me an update. I can't even look at that photo without feeling physically sick and I only saw it for less than a second. Moncrief 01:05, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh...just happened to see your comment. Not User:RickK, just a "clever" impersonator—User:RiçkK—note the...um, the...whatever you call a c with a little thingee under it.  ; ) Postdlf 01:16, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Are any actions being taken against that impersonator? Thanks for clarifying that.  Moncrief 01:28, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, someone else already blocked them indefinitely. Postdlf 01:34, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure that I could adequately describe it, as I instinctively turned away from it immediately. But I saw enough of it to get a sense that it was a series of horrifying photos of mutilated body parts, maybe whole bodies, animals, and so on. So, I guess the answer is no: you don't want it described to you. :) Moncrief 01:44, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism...
Sorry you have to get involved. I have apologized to Master Thief. Quite simply, I did not know the "rule" of Wikipedia, and his/her comments were especially belittling and harsh, and so I responded as I did. Sorry.

Thanks
In appreciation for you pointing out the vandal ZScout370 to me, I wish to give you the WikiThanks. I owe you one. Zscout370 (talk) 01:47, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Glad to help. Is it just me, or has vandalism like this gotten a whole lot worse lately? android↔talk 01:51, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * It has gotten worse in the past few months, but the reversions are very quick (from a span of 2-5 minutes). Zscout370 (talk) 01:53, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

VFD -> CSD
I personally don't think it's appropriate to put a CSD on a VfD page. VfD pages are never candidates for speedy deletion. RickK 05:20, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

Image on VfD
''Howdy. You appear to be trying to list Image:100 7065.JPG on VfD; however, it hasn't worked. WP:IFD is the proper place to nominate images and other media for deletion. If you don't mind, I'll fix the VfD page. android↔talk 03:25, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)''

 * Thanks! --Briangotts 14:19, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Political Beefstew
I've come up with a quick draft at User:Meelar/Test of Political Significance. What would you add/leave out? I'd appreciate your suggestions and thoughts. Best, Meelar (talk) 00:01, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

Willie Morris Bioff
I've expanded the page somewhat. -- BD 24 12 thi m k 19:10, 2005 May 13 (UTC)

User:Superdude115
I am starting to become a little worried about Superdude115's recent edits. He was really good for a while about not creating cruft, but recently he has been creating a lot of policy pages, and the edits to articles are seeming less relevant than before... I will try to keep a close eye on him again. Just a heads up, as I know you were also active monitoring him during his RFC. Too bad Lucky6.9 is gone... --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 22:22, May 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, I haven't had time lately to keep an eye on him. It is a shame that Lucky is absent, since he was always so patient. I'll take a look if I have time tonight. android↔talk 23:13, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

WP:VIP
Hey, I would see this if I was you. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 01:04, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm just going to have to chalk this one up to language comprehension issues. There's no way someone could be this belligerent and not be a troll. android↔talk 01:13, May 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I will give up until tomorrow, since I am at my 3 revert threshold, and there is nothing much more I can prove. People still can find the page listed on the VFD page, so I think other users can try and add the VFD notice back in. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 01:20, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * What are you reverting? If he's removing the VfD notice, that's clear vandalism (how ironic) and the 3RR doesn't apply, IIRC. android↔talk 01:24, May 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Knowing what this user has done, I am not going to take my chances. Plus, I am busy with my girlfriend, so this problem can wait. I probably spent almost two hours on this whole situation. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 01:28, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll make him aware of the 3RR; he's reverted many more times than 3 times already. android↔talk 01:29, May 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * There was also a version of this article, created at Iranian Physics News, perhaps to get around the VFD process. I made it a redirect into the article that is up for VFD. If that happens again, and the article has been deleted already, it can be speedied for reincarnation. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 01:32, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yikes, quite the mess, isn't it? He seems to have stopped for at least a few minutes.  Maybe the Talk page messages finally got through.  It does look like there are at some language issues at work—though I'm impressed that he managed to find WP:VIP so quickly.... --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 02:23, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I did list the IP this user was using at VIP, for mainly blanking out comments, and I posted a test template on it's talk page. I guess that is why things went to Hell. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 02:24, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

redirects
I've deleted the two redirects — they were speedy candidates. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:35, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You're probably right, I should have tried that first. It's been awhile since I encountered a not-useful redirect. However, WP:CSD doesn't explicitly list a criterion for redirects that really applies to those... no "nonsense redirect" or the like. Perhaps it should? android↔talk 22:49, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

Urps, you're right (about VfD)
Should have done my research. I apologized to 10qwerty, thanks for pointing it out. :D Ambush Commander 01:01, May 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Android79/TalkArchive002


text:
Area code 949

Area code 949 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the U.S. state of California in southern Orange County. The area code was assigned on April 18, 1998, to a numbering plan area that resulted from a boundary change of area code 714 to exclude the southern cities of Orange County.

Service area

 * Aliso Viejo
 * Costa Mesa (primarily the Westside)
 * Coto de Caza
 * Dana Point
 * Irvine (small portion in the 657/714 area code)
 * Ladera Ranch
 * Laguna Beach
 * Laguna Hills
 * Laguna Niguel
 * Laguna Woods
 * Lake Forest
 * Las Flores
 * Mission Viejo
 * Newport Beach
 * Rancho Mission Viejo
 * Rancho Santa Margarita
 * San Clemente
 * San Juan Capistrano
 * Santa Ana (mostly in the 657/714 area code)
 * Trabuco Canyon
 * Tustin (mostly in the 657/714 area code)

The city of Costa Mesa is divided between area codes 949 and 714, being split at Wilson Street and along Newport Boulevard. A small section of Irvine also uses 714, from the north side of Culver Drive at Interstate 5 to Jamboree Road in the Marketplace, in the neighborhood of Northpark Irvine.

title: Area code 949


text:
Tronador

Tronador (Cerro Tronador) is an extinct stratovolcano in the southern Andes, located along the border between Argentina and Chile, near the Argentine city of Bariloche. The mountain was named Tronador (Spanish for "Thunderer") by locals in reference to the sound of falling seracs. With an altitude of 3470 m, Tronador stands more than 1,000 m above nearby mountains in the Andean massif, making it a popular mountaineering destination. Located inside two national parks, Nahuel Huapi in Argentina and Vicente Pérez Rosales in Chile, Tronador hosts a total of eight glaciers, which are currently retreating due to warming of the upper troposphere.

Geography and geology
Cerro Tronador is in the Wet Andes, a zone of high precipitation of both snow and rain. The humid temperate climate of the southern Andes has allowed several glaciers to develop due to high accumulation rates. Most of the precipitation is produced by western frontal systems from the Pacific. Located in the middle of the Andean massif at a latitude of 41° S, Tronador is part of an alpine landscape of fjords, glacial lakes, and U-shaped valleys. The forming of the landscape took place during the Quaternary glaciations, periods during which the whole area was covered by the Patagonian Ice Sheet. The volcano grew during the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene but became practically extinct in the late Middle Pleistocene, approximately 300 ka ago, due to a shift in the active front of the Southern Volcanic Zone to which it belongs. Since then, glaciations and other erosive processes shaped the mountain freely without new output of lava or tephra. As in the case of nearby Lanín volcano, Tronador is composed mostly of basalts, and has seen a decline in activity as the Osorno and Calbuco volcanoes grow further west.

Glaciers
Tronador is notable for the many glaciers covering parts of its flanks. Up to eight glaciers have been inventoried: Alerce, Ventisquero Negro, Casa Pangue, Castaño Overa, Río Blanco, Frías, Peulla, and Manso. Over the last decades the glaciers on Tronador, like the majority of southern Andean glaciers, have been retreating. The Casa Pangue glacier on the northwestern side of Tronador experienced a thinning between 1961 and 1998, with an increased rate of retreat between 1981 and 1998 at 52 m a−1. The retreat and thinning is attributed to a decrease in precipitation and a warming of the upper troposphere over the last several decades.

Alerce Glacier, on the Argentinian side, can be visited from Refugio Otto Meiling, a mountain hut that is sandwiched between it and Castaño Overa Glacier. Castaño Overa, also on the Argentinian side, is smaller and relatively accessible by hike from Pampa Linda. Guided trekking tours allow visitors to cross Castaño Overa or walk to Tronador's peak.

Ventisquero Negro ("black snowdrift" in Spanish) is a rather unusual glacier at the base of Tronador in Nahuel Huapi National Park. Its unusual dark brown colour comes from dirt and sediment picked up in the glacier's accumulation zone, which is fed by the Río Manso Glacier several hundred metres higher up the mountain. Brown icebergs calve from the glacier and then float in a small lake until eventually melting.

Peaks
According to the Aoneker map, these are the named peaks on Tronador: Anon or Internacional (3484m), Argentino (3187), Chileno (3262), and Torre Ilse (2585). Named ridges include Filo Sur (3054), Filo Blanco (3146), Filo La Vieja (2715), and Filo Lamotte (2340).

Mountaineering and tourism
Tronador was first climbed by Hermann Claussen solo on 29 January 1934, after several attempts. A mountain hut, Refugio Otto Meiling, is the destination of popular day hikes on the mountain, and is named after a German mountaineer who made dozens of ascents and spent years guiding people around it. The hut is located about 1200m vertically above Pampa Linda, at the mountain's base.

Most summers the Internacional or Anon peaks (the highest of Tronador's three peaks) is climbable. However, an unusually hot summer increased rockfall to dangerous levels during January and February 2008. The Argentine side risks becoming no longer accessible due to increasingly warm weather in the region destabilising the glaciers.

title: Tronador


text: User talk:63.72.209.181

title: User talk:63.72.209.181


text:
Feeling Strangely Fine

Feeling Strangely Fine is the second studio album by American rock band Semisonic. It is the follow-up to the band's debut album Great Divide recorded at Seedy Underbelly Studio in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The album contains some of Semisonic's best-known songs, including the major radio hit "Closing Time", as well as the singles "Singing in My Sleep" and "Secret Smile". The song "Never You Mind" was featured in the 1999 film Never Been Kissed.

Recording
The band had over 60 new songs in mind as they went into the recording process and had three specific requirements when they decided they wanted to record a new album. First, they didn't want to record any demotapes beyond simple guitar and vocal basement sketches, meaning the album versions would be the first band recordings of the songs. Second, they wanted no deadline for the finished masters. Third, the trio wanted to create tracks for the album in various hi- and lo-tech settings around Minneapolis, and use their computers to meld the different sounds together. Nick Launay was brought in to produce the album and the band recorded twenty songs over the course of four months. They pared those down to sixteen, mixed them, and used the best twelve for the finished record.

Track listing
All tracks written by Dan Wilson unless otherwise noted.

Personnel
Semisonic
 * John Munson – bass guitar (all tracks), background vocals (all tracks except 11), lead vocals (track 11), additional guitar (track 2), all guitars (track 11), wah wah guitar (track 12), trembly guitar (track 4), Moog synthesizer (tracks 5, 7, 8), slide guitar solo (track 6), Moog bass (track 10), piano (track 1), loops (track 10)
 * Jacob Slichter – drums (all tracks), background vocals (all tracks), conducting (tracks 1, 5, 6, 12), piano (tracks 8, 9, 11), string arrangement (tracks 1, 5, 12), Rhodes electric piano (track 3), Wurlitzer electric piano (tracks 2), mellotron (track 11), Moog synthesizer (track 8), loops (track 10), flute arrangement (track 5)
 * Dan Wilson – lead vocals (all tracks except 11), background vocals (track 11), guitar (all tracks except 11), piano (tracks 3, 4, 7), string arrangement (tracks 5, 6), Rhodes electric piano (track 5), synth whistle (track 4), drum loops (track 6), flute arrangement (track 5)

Additional personnel
 * Bruce Allard – strings (tracks 1, 5, 6, 12)
 * Mary Bahr – strings (tracks 1, 5, 6, 12)
 * Carolyn Boulay – strings (tracks 1, 5, 6, 12)
 * Troy Gardner – strings (tracks 1, 5, 6, 12)
 * Josh Koestenbaum – strings (tracks 1, 5, 6, 12)
 * Matt Wilson – lead guitar (track 4)

title: Feeling Strangely Fine


text:
Power Macintosh 6100

The Power Macintosh 6100 (also sold as the Performa 6110 – 6118 and the Workgroup Server 6150) is a personal computer designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from March 1994 to March 1996. It is the first computer from Apple to use the new PowerPC processor created by IBM and Motorola. The low-profile ("pizza-box") case was inherited from the Centris/Quadra 610 and 660AV models, and replaced the Macintosh Quadra series that used the Motorola 68040 processor, Apple's previous high-end workstation line.

For the consumer market, the 6100 was re-branded as a Macintosh Performa with model numbers in the 6110 – 6118 range denoting bundled software and hard drive sizes. An Apple Multiple Scan 15 Display and AppleDesign Keyboard were included as part of the package. For the server market, a variant was offered with additional server software, called the Apple Workgroup Server 6150.

The 6100 was discontinued without a direct replacement.

Overview
The 6100 was introduced alongside the Power Macintosh 7100 and Power Macintosh 8100 and occupied the entry-level role of the new Power Macintosh family.

MacWorld's review of the 6100/60 noted that "Not only has Apple finally regained the performance lead it lost about eight years ago when PCs appeared using Intel's 80386 CPU, but it has pushed far ahead." Performance of 680x0 software is slower due to the need for System 7.5's new Mac 68k emulation layer, but MacWorld's benchmarks showed noticeably faster CPU, disk, video and floating point performance than the Quadra 610 it replaced.

The 60 MHz models were upgraded to 66 MHz in January 1995. Apple also released a PC-compatible model of the 6100/66 called the Power Macintosh 6100 DOS Compatible. This version came with a PDS compatibility card with an Intel 80486 DX2/66 processor (without L2 cache) and a single SIMM RAM slot that uses the same type of RAM as in the 6100 itself. The card supported up to 32 MB of RAM, a Creative Technology Vibra 16 sound chipset, and also included standard PC VGA and joystick ports. With this card, the 6100 is capable of running both the Mac OS interface and DOS/Windows 3.1 side-by-side, even on different monitors. The card could also use the main system RAM if there was no SIMM installed on the card.

Notable were the new startup and "sad Mac" chimes: instead of the electronic "chuff" that was used on the previous generation machines, it played a guitar chord strummed by jazz guitarist Stanley Jordan, and instead of the "Chimes of Doom" arpeggio that played when there was a hardware error at startup, there was the sound of a car crashing and glass breaking.

This and the other NuBus-based Power Macintosh models (7100, 8100 and Workgroup Server 9150) were replaced by the Power Macintosh PCI series released in 1995, although the 6100 DOS compatible continued in production until 1996. By this time Apple had already released the anticipated "PC Personality Card" that plugged into one of the PCI slots of the newer Power Macs, featuring a 100 MHz Pentium processor.

The 6100 was the slowest Power Macintosh in terms of processor speed upon introduction. Eventually, the 6100 series was able to be upgraded through third-party solutions such as Sonnet Technologies Crescendo G3 NuBus (up to 500 MHz) and G4 NuBus (up to 360 MHz; discontinued) and Newer Technology's MaxPower G3 processor upgrades.

Early models had a CD eject button that would stick in. This was rectified on later models with a subtly re-profiled button moulding.

Models
The original Power Macintosh 6100 is based on the 60 MHz PowerPC 601 processor. The base model was complemented by an AV version, which included an add-on card fitted in its Processor Direct Slot that added audio and visual enhancements such as composite and S-video input/output and full 48 kHz 16-bit DAT-resolution sound processing. A double-speed CD-ROM is included as standard.

A series of Performa models based on the 6100/60 were shipped in October 1994, collectively known as the "Performa 6100 series." All Performas included an Apple Multiple Scan 15 Display, an AppleDesign Keyboard, and a suite of pre-installed software including Quicken, MacLinkPlus, American Heritage Dictionary, and Apple's eWorld online service. CD-ROMs included with all Performas included Electronic Arts' 3D World Atlas and a variety of software for children. The Performas vary only in their hard drive size and which of two software bundles are included.

Software bundle 1: ClarisWorks, clip art collections, and Now Software's Up-To-Date and Contact. Software bundle 2: Microsoft Works, Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing, Kid Works, Thinkin' Things, The Writing Center, Fractal Dabbler, Spaceway 2000, San Diego Zoo Presents... the Animals!, Wacky Jacks CD Gameshow.

Introduced March 14, 1994:
 * Power Macintosh 6100/60
 * Power Macintosh 6100/60AV

Introduced April 25, 1994:
 * Apple Workgroup Server 6150

Introduced November 1, 1994:
 * Macintosh Performa 6110CD: Same specifications as the 6100/60; includes System 7.5 and a 250 MB hard drive. Includes software bundle #1.
 * Macintosh Performa 6112CD: Same specifications as the 6100/60; includes System 7.5 and a 250 MB hard drive. Includes software bundle #2.
 * Macintosh Performa 6115CD: Same specifications as the 6100/60; includes System 7.5 and a 350 MB hard drive. Includes software bundle #1.
 * Macintosh Performa 6117CD: Same specifications as the 6100/60; shipped with System 7.5.1 and a 700 MB hard drive
 * Macintosh Performa 6118CD: Same specifications as the 6100/60; includes System 7.5 and a 500 MB hard drive. Includes both software bundles.

Introduced January 3, 1995:
 * Power Macintosh 6100/66
 * Power Macintosh 6100/66AV
 * Power Macintosh 6100/66 DOS Compatible

Introduced April 3, 1995:
 * Apple Workgroup Server 6150/66

Introduced July 17, 1995:
 * Macintosh Performa 6116CD: Same specifications as the 6100/60; shipped with System 7.5.1 and a 350 MB hard drive

Specifications

 * Codename: Piltdown Man
 * CPU: PowerPC 601
 * CPU Speed: 60/66 MHz
 * FPU: integrated
 * Bus Architecture: NuBus
 * Bus Speed: 30/33 MHz
 * Data Path: 64 bit
 * ROM: 4 MB Old World ROM
 * RAM Type: 72 pin EDO or FPM SIMMs (install in pairs of equal MB amounts and equal types)
 * Maximum (fastest) RAM Speed: 60 ns
 * Minimum (slowest) RAM Speed: 80 ns
 * Onboard RAM: 8 MB soldered to logic board
 * RAM Slots: 2
 * Maximum RAM: 72 MB (Apple's old official amount), 264 MB (with two 128 MB SIMMs)
 * Level 1 Cache: 16 KB data, 16 KB instruction (32 KB total)
 * Level 2 Cache: optional
 * VRAM: 640 KB DRAM "borrowed" from system RAM (2 MB w/ Power Macintosh AV card)
 * Maximum Resolution: 1152×870 at 256 colors and 800x600 at thousands of colors (w/ AV card)
 * Slots: PDS or 7" NuBus (AV card fills both)
 * Floppy Drive: 1.44 MB SuperDrive
 * Optical Drive: optional 2× CD-ROM Apple 300i (internal 50-pin SCSI)
 * Hard Disk: 120 MB - 700 MB (internal 50-pin SCSI)
 * Ethernet: AAUI-15
 * ADB: 1
 * Serial: 2 (printer & fax/modem)
 * SCSI: DB-25
 * Video Out: HDI-45
 * Audio Out: stereo 16 bit mini
 * Audio In: stereo 16 bit mini
 * Speaker(s): mono
 * Gestalt ID: 75
 * Power: 210 watts
 * Weight: 14.5 lb (7 kg)
 * Dimensions: 3.4" H × 16.3" W × 15.6" D (86 mm × 414 mm × 396 mm)
 * Minimum OS: 7.1.2 (60 MHz version), 7.5 (66 MHz version), MS-DOS 6.22 and Windows 3.1 (66 MHz PC Compatible model on DOS Compatibility card)
 * Maximum OS: 9.1

title: Power Macintosh 6100


text:
Split Rock Lighthouse State Park

Split Rock Lighthouse State Park is a state park of Minnesota on the North Shore of Lake Superior. It is best known for the picturesque Split Rock Lighthouse, one of the most photographed lighthouses in the United States. Built by the United States Lighthouse Service in 1910, the lighthouse and some adjacent buildings have been restored and the Minnesota Historical Society operates them as a museum. The 2200 acre state park offers a unique cart-in campground and scenic trails for hiking, cross-country skiing, and bicycling.

Geography
Split Rock Lighthouse State Park encompasses about 4 mi of rocky shoreline on Lake Superior with several prominent headlands. Named features of the shore, from southwest to northeast, are the mouth of the Split Rock River, Split Rock Point, Crazy Bay, Corundum Point, the mouth of Split Rock Creek, Day Hill, Little Two Harbors, Stony Point (site of the lighthouse), and Gold Rock Point. The name Little Two Harbors comes from the division of the inlet by a small island, formerly a tombolo, and refers to the city of Two Harbors farther down the shore. There are two shallow sea caves at the base of Stony Point.

The east and west branches of the Split Rock River, not to be confused with Split Rock Creek, join in the park. There are ten waterfalls on the river, although because they can only be reached by a moderate hike on the Superior Hiking Trail and are not marked on park maps, they are lightly visited.

Geology
Much of the shore of Lake Superior is made of basalt erupted from the Midcontinent Rift System when the middle of the North American Plate began to crack 1.1 billion years ago. In a small tract that includes Split Rock Lighthouse State Park, additional magma intruded into the basalt and cooled underground into a harder rock called diabase. These flows also carried with them blocks of anorthosite, an even harder rock from the base of the Earth's crust, which became interspersed randomly in the diabase. Three large blocks of anorthosite form Corundum Point, Day Hill, and Stony Point beneath the lighthouse. In the southwest portion of the park another eruption formed a layer of red rhyolite. The rhyolite has eroded into several natural pillars, and forms the walls of the Split Rock River gorge.

Beginning 2 million years ago a series of glacial periods repeatedly covered the region with ice, scouring the bedrock and scooping out a great basin. The glaciers, and later meltwater, wore away less resistant rock, leaving behind hills and ridges of the harder diabase and anorthosite. At the end of the last glacial period the basin filled with meltwater. The water level fluctuated significantly over time due to blockages of the outlet and post-glacial rebound. The high-water Glacial Lake Duluth deposited clay sediments inland, while later, lower precursors of Lake Superior eroded bluffs and beach terraces.

Flora and fauna
The park was originally forested with red and white pine. However, these were heavily logged at the beginning of the 20th century, and wildfires sweeping through the cutover land killed many of the remaining saplings and seedlings. Today the vegetation is primarily birch with some spruce, fir, and ash trees.

Mammals found in the park include white-tailed deer, moose, black bears, raccoons, snowshoe hares, red foxes, bobcats, and Canadian lynxes. A colony of beavers lives on the Split Rock River. Birds include herring gulls, common loons, and a variety of songbirds. Peregrine falcons nest on the lakeside cliffs.

Early history
Several vestiges of early 20th-century industry are visible in the park. The first white settlement in the Split Rock area was Little Two Harbors, a commercial fishing village populated largely by Norwegian immigrants. The men of the village fished for trout, whitefish, and herring from 16 to 18 foot skiffs in the fall and winter. Little Two Harbors was inhabited until 1925, although in later years only 4 or 5 residents lived there year-round. Cement foundations of houses and fish processing buildings remain.

A logging camp known as Splitrock existed at the mouth of the Split Rock River from 1899 to 1906. Pilings from their dam and wharf are still visible jutting from the water. The Merrill Logging Trail follows the route of their 10 mi rail line. In 1901 a prospector from Duluth misidentified the outcrops of anorthosite as corundum, an extremely hard mineral valuable as an industrial abrasive. Three years later the North Shore Abrasives Company set up mining operations on Corundum Point, but abandoned the site in 1908 when their product was found to be inadequate. Their crushing house burned down in a forest fire in 1910 but its concrete footings remain.

Another remnant from this period is a finely crafted, freestanding stone fireplace atop Day Hill. According to local legend it was the start of a house built around 1900 by Frank Day, a businessman from Duluth, for himself and his sweetheart, but abandoned when she did not reciprocate his love.

Split Rock Lighthouse
Three violent storms struck the Great Lakes in November 1905, killing 116 sailors. One, the Mataafa Storm of November 28, damaged nearly 30 ships on Lake Superior. Two ships were wrecked against the future park's shore, the steel steamboat William Edenborn and a barge it was towing, the Madeira. The Edenborn was beached far ashore at the mouth of the Split Rock River and later salvaged, but one of the 25 crewmembers was killed. The Madeira with 10 men aboard drifted northeast until violent waves began smashing her against the cliffs of Gold Rock Point. Crewman Fred Benson managed to leap onto the rocks and scale the cliff in the midst of the snowstorm. The first mate was swept overboard and drowned, but Benson was able to lower a rope and pull the other eight crew to safety. The Madeira sank in pieces at the foot of Gold Rock while the crewmen, suffering from exposure and frostbite, found shelter with local fishermen and loggers. Both crews were picked up two days later by the tugboat Edna G.

The shipping companies that had sustained losses in the storms lobbied the federal government for an expanded system of navigational aids on the Great Lakes. Besides the Edenborn and the Madeira, five other ships had been damaged within a dozen miles of the Split Rock River. A signal in that area was at the top of the industry's list of demands. The site ultimately selected for the lighthouse and fog signal was 2.5 mi northeast of the Split Rock River, on Stony Point. There were no roads yet up the North Shore, so all construction materials were brought in by barge and hoisted up the cliff with a derrick and a steam-powered hoist. By midsummer 1910 work was complete on the lighthouse, foghorn building, and three houses for the lighthouse keepers.

The derrick remained the only way to bring supplies up the cliff until the lighthouse staff built a tramway in 1915–16. The station finally became accessible by a road, now Minnesota State Highway 61, completed in 1929. Five years later a crew from the Civilian Conservation Corps built a new access road and lighthouse tenders were provided with a truck to bring in supplies by land, so the tramway was dismantled.

The picturesque lighthouse, perched on a 130-foot cliff overlooking the world's largest lake, began attracting small numbers of visitors within weeks of its opening. However the completion of Highway 61 opened the floodgates to tourism. In 1938 it was estimated that 100,000 visitors stopped by, five times more than any other federally operated lighthouse. Some of the lighthouse keepers' children opened a souvenir stand just outside the station entrance in 1941. Both the U.S. Lighthouse Service and the U.S. Coast Guard which absorbed it in 1939 were obliged to add seasonal staff to help conduct tours.

State park creation
In 1945 Clarence R. Magney, a former mayor of Duluth turned associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court, noticed a sign near the Baptism River reading "Lake and River Frontages for Sale." A staunch advocate of public lands on the North Shore, Magney determined to protect some of this land from the development boom that would accompany the end of World War II. At this time Gooseberry Falls was the only Minnesota state park on Lake Superior. A bill promoted by Magney easily passed in the Minnesota Legislature, creating both Baptism River State Park (now Tettegouche State Park) and Split Rock State Scenic Wayside. The 35 acre wayside consisted of a hill offering a view of the Split Rock Lighthouse.

Due to its popularity with tourists, the lighthouse was kept operating well after radar and other technology had rendered it obsolete. However, by 1967 the Coast Guard was considering decommissioning the station. The state legislature acted to expand the wayside into a full-fledged state park including the lighthouse itself. The station was officially closed in 1969 after 59 years of service. Under the Surplus Property Act the grounds and buildings were transferred to the state of Minnesota for free to be operated as a historic site.

The state parks division developed an entrance station, picnic grounds, roads, and trails. The Minnesota Historical Society took over management of the lighthouse station in 1976. Over the next decade they restored several buildings to their 1920 appearance and constructed a $1.2 million history center. Meanwhile, from 1984 to 1990 the state park spent $555,000 to improve the recreational facilities, including a new access road, picnic area, and all-season trail shelter, and an expanded trail system. They also developed the park's first campground, an unconventional design in which campers wheel their equipment to their sites in carts provided by the park.

The Split Rock Trading Post, just outside and unaffiliated with the state park, operated from 1960 up to 1999, when it burned down in a fire. In addition to a kitschy gift shop, this tourist trap once boasted live bears in cages, the anchor of the Madeira, and a wooden tower offering a view of the lighthouse.

Gold Rock Point, the headland just north of the lighthouse, was not originally part of the state park. In 1997 it was purchased from its private owners by the Parks & Trails Council of Minnesota, an organization founded by Clarence Magney, among others, to buy and hold worthy properties until state legislation can authorize their public acquisition. The next year Nadine Blacklock, a nature photographer and president of the Parks and Trails Council, was killed in a car accident just outside the north end of the park. The Council and the Blacklock Nature Sanctuary, an art and conservation non-profit organization she and her family had founded, jointly purchased 80 acre of land around the accident site. 43 acre were transferred to the state park while the remainder, with an existing one-bedroom cabin, is managed by the Blacklock Nature Sanctuary as an artists' retreat. The additions were developed with access features for Madeira wreck divers and the Gitchi-Gami State Trail, a paved bicycling route in development along the North Shore.

Recreation
Split Rock Lighthouse State Park has a unique cart-in campground with 20 secluded campsites and a modern restroom. Campers leave their vehicles in a parking lot and use two-wheeled carts provided by the park to carry their equipment a short distance to their site. There are four backpack campsites along the shore, two accessible to sea kayakers. Conventional drive-in campgrounds managed by the state park are available in two state forests in the area. An expansion of the state park campground, to include 60 drive-in sites, has been approved and construction may begin in summer 2010.

The park contains 14.5 mi of trails for hiking, bicycling, and cross-country skiing. There are several overlooks providing views of the lighthouse and Lake Superior. A paved section of the Gitchi-Gami State Trail runs through the park near the shore, while the Superior Hiking Trail runs inland and skirts both the Split Rock River and Split Rock Creek. There is a lakeshore picnic area and two picnic shelters, one open year-round.

Water recreation includes boating, sea kayaking, and fishing for lake trout, salmon, and brown trout. The park also provides scuba diving access to the Madeira wreck, which is on the National Register of Historic Places. Divers can also see parts of the Madeira in Little Two Harbors, where they were dumped in 1974 after an aborted salvage operation. Underwater artifacts from the settlements of Splitrock and Little Two Harbors can be seen in their respective bays.

Park events
The park's trail center hosts various public events, including music performances, nature walks, and history programs. Every year on November 10, the beacon of the lighthouse is lighted to commemorate the sunken SS Edmund Fitzgerald. This event attracts nearly 900 people each year.

title: Split Rock Lighthouse State Park


text:
Alistair Horne

Horne became a senior member at St Antony's College, Oxford in 1970 and a fellow of the college in 1978. He was made an honorary fellow in 1988, a position he held until his death. He was knighted in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 2003 for services to Anglo-French relations.

Early life, military service, and education
Horne was born on 9 November 1925. He was the only son of Sir Allan Horne (died 1944) and Auriol (née Hay-Drummond), niece of the 13th Earl of Kinnoull. He was educated at Eastacre, then Ludgrove School when it was at Cockfosters and described Ludgrove as a place of "humbug, snobbery and rampant, unchecked bullying" which he thought was intended to toughen the boys up. He seems to have hated Stowe, which he escaped from to America during wartime.

As a boy during World War II, Horne was sent to live in the United States. He attended Millbrook School, where he befriended William F. Buckley Jr., who remained a lifelong friend. Horne served in the RAF (1943–44) and later as an officer in the Coldstream Guards (1944–47). He graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge, as a Master of Arts (MA) and received the degree of LittD from the University of Cambridge (1993).

Personal life
His first marriage was in 1953 to Renira Hawkins, the daughter of Admiral Sir Geoffrey Hawkins. They had three daughters. The marriage was dissolved in 1982, and, in 1987, he married Sheelin Lorraine Ryan, an artist and former wife of Simon Eccles, son of David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles. They lived at Turville, Buckinghamshire.

He campaigned against the opening of a Montessori school adjacent to his Turville home because Reverend Paul Nicolson, the vicar responsible for the project, planned to use the project to fund summer vacations at the school for children from nearby London.

Horne was a cricket enthusiast.

Career
Horne worked as a foreign correspondent for The Daily Telegraph from 1952 to 1955, stationed in Berlin. In 1953, he was recruited by MI6 and used his job as a journalist as a cover for his spying. He left the world of espionage for history when he was sacked from the Telegraph in 1955, allegedly for offending the wife of the chairman of the newspaper.

Horne was the official biographer of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, a work originally published (in two volumes) in 1988. The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916 received the Hawthornden Prize in 1963.

Horne's 1977 book A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 received the Wolfson Prize in 1978. Following the 2003 American invasion of Iraq, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 came to be of much interest to American military officers, having been recommended to U.S. President George W. Bush by Kissinger. In October 2006 the book was republished and in January 2007, by phone from his home in England, Horne was invited to take part in an Iraq War discussion panel on the Charlie Rose Show on PBS. It was reported, in the 2 July 2007 edition of The Washington Post, that Horne met with President Bush sometime in mid-2007 at the administration's request." He described his visit in a Daily Telegraph'' article.

In 2004, Horne was offered the authorship of former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's official biography but declined due to the daunting amount of work involved and his age and opted instead to write a volume on one year in Kissinger's life (Kissinger: 1973, The Crucial Year, 2009).

Alistair Horne Fellowship
He endowed the Alistair Horne Fellowship at St Antony's College to provide financial assistance and college membership to young historians focused on writing a book on modern history. Those receiving the fellowship are able to become senior members of St Antony's.

Selected works

 * Return to Power: A Report on the New Germany. New York: Praeger, 1956.
 * The Land is Bright. 1958.
 * Canada and the Canadians. Toronto: Macmillan, 1961.
 * The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1962. Reissued in 1963.
 * The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune, 1870–1871. London: Macmillan, 1965. Revised edition: Penguin Books 2007, ISBN 978-0-141-03063-0.
 * To Lose a Battle: France 1940. London, Macmillan, 1969.
 * Death of a Generation Neuve Chapelle to Verdun and the Somme 1970
 * The Terrible Year: The Paris Commune, 1871. London, Macmillan, 1971.
 * Small Earthquake in Chile: A Visit to Allende's South America. London: Macmillan, 1972. (Expanded edition, 1990.)
 * A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. London: Macmillan, 1977. ISBN 0670619647
 * Napoleon, Master of Europe 1805–1807. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979. ISBN 0297776789
 * The French Army and Politics, 1870–1970. New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1984.
 * Harold Macmillan. New York: Viking Press, 1988. [Official biography]
 * Volume I: 1894-1956
 * Volume II: 1957-1986
 * A Bundle from Britain. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.
 * Montgomery, David (co-author). Monty: The Lonely Leader, 1944–1945. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
 * How Far from Austerlitz? Napoleon, 1805–1815. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. ISBN 0312155484
 * Horne, A. (ed.).Telling Lives: From W.B. Yeats to Bruce Chatwin. London: Papermac, 2000.
 * Seven Ages of Paris. London: Macmillan, 2002.  American ed., ISBN 0679454810
 * The Age of Napoleon. New York: Modern Library, 2004. ISBN 1588363643
 * Friend or Foe: An Anglo-Saxon History of France. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004. ISBN 0297848941
 * La Belle France: A Short History. Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 1400041406
 * The French Revolution. Carlton Books, 2009.
 * Kissinger: 1973, The Crucial Year. Simon & Schuster, June 2009. ISBN 9780743272834
 * But What Do You Actually Do?: A Literary Vagabondage. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2011. ISBN 029784895X
 * Hubris: The Tragedy of War in the Twentieth Century. Harper, 2015. ISBN 9780062397805

Honours and awards

 * Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.png CBE (1992)
 * Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png Knight Bachelor (2003)
 * Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg Chevalier, Ordre de la Légion d'honneur (1993)
 * Fellow, Royal Society of Literature (1968)

title: Alistair Horne


text:
All About Chemistry

All About Chemistry is the third studio album by American rock band Semisonic, released on March 13, 2001, through MCA Records. With this release, the band failed, at least in America, to capitalize on the momentum it had generated with the song "Closing Time" from their previous album, Feeling Strangely Fine. This had a softer edge than Feeling Strangely Fine and was not as popular with the fans. By 2002, the album had sold 58,000 copies, and its poor sales partially led to the band going on an unofficial hiatus. However, it has a five star rating by Q Magazine. The track "Chemistry" was featured on the soundtrack for 40 Days and 40 Nights.

The song "One True Love" was co-written by the band's singer/guitarist, Dan Wilson and music legend Carole King. The song "Get a Grip" is an ode to masturbation. The title track was included on the album "Nolee Mix" which was released to promote the My Scene dolls.

The special edition of the album features cover art with orange (or pink in the UK) fluid in the vials instead of the blue fluid of the original. It includes two bonus tracks, "Girlfriend" and "Ordinary Life"; instead of being tacked onto the end, they appear between "Get a Grip" and "Surprise."

Critical reception
Q listed All About Chemistry as one of the best 50 albums of 2001.

Track listing
All songs written by Dan Wilson, except where noted.

Personnel

 * Dan Wilson – vocals, guitars, piano, keyboards
 * John Munson – bass, piano, keyboards, trombone
 * Jacob Slichter – drums, piano, keyboards

Guest musicians
 * Ken Chastain – congas on "Act Naturally", darbuca on "Sunshine & Chocolate", Korg WaveDrum on "I Wish", tabla on "El Matador"
 * Carole King – vocals, electric piano on "One True Love"
 * Matt Wilson – additional vocals, synth on "Bed"
 * John Fields – synths, loops, bass on "Sunshine & Chocolate"
 * Gary Louris – guitar solo on "I Wish"
 * Shane Washington – french horn on "Surprise"

title: All About Chemistry


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Image:Andromeda gendler sm.jpg

Image:Andromeda gendler sm.jpg
[Image removed]

A very nice image overall. Public Domain from NASA [Note: Arpingstone says it's not PD - see below]. Used at Andromeda Galaxy. -- M e r o v i n g i a n (t) (c) 05:34, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

+4 / -5 -- Solipsist 20:17, 7 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. -- M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 05:34, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Very Striking. TomStar81 07:13, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose I believe this pic is copyright and permission has to be sought to use it. Has this been obtained? Have a look at the source (http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap021021.html) where the important words are Credit and Copyright:Robert Gendler  That does not sound like PD! Click on Specific Rights Apply and when the new web page appears read About Image Permissions - Adrian Pingstone 08:44, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support if copyright status is cleared. Fantastic image. --Fir0002 08:52, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Many galaxies are beautiful, but this I don't think is anymore special than any other. A picture I believe is less ordinary, and which I suggest we promote instead, is the Sombrero Galaxy. That one is also available as JPEG or TIFF, both in a gigantic resolution (11472×6429), creating a whole little world to explore. Jonas Olson 10:53, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If you want it promoted, nominate it. -- brian0918  ™  19:07, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * OK. What do you say about the higher resolution, should we get that one first? The JPEG is 7.12 MiB large. Of course, if anyone else wants to promote this image, and perhaps knows their way around here better than I, feel free to beat me there. Jonas Olson 15:10, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It is already a featured picture :-) Image:M104_ngc4594_sombrero_galaxy.jpg. Uploaded the big JPEG onto Commons Image:M104 ngc4594 sombrero galaxy hi-res.jpg if you want it to use --Bricktop 18:02, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with Jonas Olson --Bricktop 23:56, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Although we all tend to say wow to pictures of galaxies, I would think that a picture needs to have something special to get it approved. Enochlau 12:44, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This image definitely has copyright problems. It is originally from Wikimedia Commons at this link which also has a copyright violation notice posted as of 24 April 2005. CoyneT talk 01:03, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Great pic folks. - Darwinek 17:41, 7 May 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.237.101.177

title: User talk:69.237.101.177


text:
Ford Del Rio

The Ford Del Rio is a full-size, six-passenger station wagon that was produced by Ford in the United States for model years 1957 and 1958. The model was also marketed under the name Del Rio Ranch Wagon.

Description
The impetus for the creation of the Del Rio was Ford's desire to remain in the two-door sport wagon market started by the Chevrolet Nomad and Pontiac Safari and the decision to discontinue the company's original attempt at a sport wagon, the premium Parklane, which failed to entice buyers during 1956, its only year in production. Four-way power seats were available.

While the Nomad was Chevrolet's most expensive model, offering a premium vehicle with a show car-inspired body style, the Del Rio was strictly based on an existing product, the utilitarian two-door Ranch Wagon, Ford's least expensive station wagon, as part of the Custom 300 series.

Beginning with the basic body, buyers of the Del Rio were offered a unique two-tone paint scheme (optional), better quality interior and exterior brightwork (including gold anodized aluminum accents) and a higher grade vinyl upholstery. Del Rio buyers also had their choice of either Ford's “Mileage Maker” 144 hp six or its “Thunderbird” 215 hp, 312 cubic inch (5.1 litre) displacement Y-Block V-8. The Del Rio was equipped with 11-inch front drum brakes.

Like all other Ford station wagons at that time, the Del Rio used a two-piece tailgate – a feature that dealers emphasized was an advantage over GM's steeply raked rear gate and self-storing window, which were known for water leaks in heavy rains.

While the Ford sold more Del Rios in 1957 (46,105) than Chevrolet did with its Nomad in its three years of production, Ford terminated the Del Rio program at the end of the 1958 model year after selling only 12,687 of its "sport wagons".

Ford didn't entirely abandon the concept of a two-door station wagon, and used a smaller version with the all-new Ford Falcon in 1960, offered in multiple bodystyles, including a two-door station wagon.

title: Ford Del Rio


text:
Great Divide (Semisonic album)

Great Divide is the debut studio album by American rock band Semisonic. It was released April 9, 1996, by MCA Records. It was produced by Paul Fox, and was recorded and mixed by Ed Thacker.

History
Semisonic had signed a record contract with Elektra Records to record the Great Divide album. During recording, Bob Krasnow, the president of Elektra Records had quit, and in the changeover to a new president, the label dropped Semisonic. The band then signed with MCA Records, and finished recording the album. "F.N.T." was featured in the 1999 film 10 Things I Hate About You.

Track listing
All tracks written by Dan Wilson unless otherwise noted.

Semisonic

 * John Munson – bass guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals (track 11)
 * Jacob Slichter – drums, keyboards, backing vocals
 * Dan Wilson – lead vocals, guitars

Technical personnel

 * Paul Fox – production, organ (track 5), bass guitar (track 10), orchestral arrangement (track 11)

title: Great Divide (Semisonic album)