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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Crosssword Empire

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:39, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Crosssword Empire

 * Delete. Non-existant book. Zero Google hits.  Mwanner 11:30, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Phils 19:58, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. 69.134.128.54 07:28, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * User has ~20 edits, nearly all of which to this article or VfD.
 * I kept miss-spelling in the VfD and adding to the article.
 * Says User:69.134.128.54
 * I am now BKY1701
 * Delete, sounds like vanity on fanfic. Radiant_* 08:08, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. 207.118.97.125 08:27, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * User's first edit
 * So?
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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El Puerto de Santa María

El Puerto de Santa María (, lit. "the Port of Saint Mary"), locally known as El Puerto and historically in English as Port Saint Mary,  is a municipality of Spain located on the banks of the Guadalete River in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia. , the city has a population of c. 88,184, of which some 50,000 live in the urban center, and the remainder in the surrounding areas.

The town of El Puerto de Santa María is located 10 km northeast of Cádiz, across the bay of Cádiz.

History
According to the legend told in the Odyssey of Homer, after the Trojan War-era, Greek official named Menestheus escaped with his troops through the Straits of Gibraltar and reached the Guadalete River. They established themselves here and called that port 'Menestheus's port' or 'Menesthei Portus' (Μενεσθέως λιμήν), after the oracle of Menestheus (Μαντεῖον τοῦ Μενεσθέως), to whom, also, the inhabitants of Gades offered sacrifices.

In 711, Arab (Moors) from the North of Africa conquered southern Spain. They renamed the place Alcante or Alcanatif which means Port of Salt, due to the old salt industry of Phoenicians and Romans.

In 1260, Alfonso X of Castile conquered the city from the Moors and renamed it Santa María del Puerto. He organized the land distribution and conceded a charter under the Crown of Castile.

Having received a royal charter the city was then allowed to use the title "El" prior to the name of the city itself. From then on, El Puerto was one of the most importants towns of the Kingdom of Seville throughout the late middle ages.

The population should not have reached more than 2,000 people in 15th century.

Christopher Columbus's first expedition to the Americas set sail from El Puerto de Santa María. His pilot, Juan de la Cosa drew his world map (the first including the coast of New World) in El Puerto in 1500.

Columbus visited El Puerto in 1480 and received encouragement for his travel plans. He also met Juan de la Cosa who issued the first world map in 1500.

El Puerto was the residence of several wealthy cargadores, merchants who operated Spain's trade with the Americas.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, it was the winter port of the royal galleys.

In the nineteenth century the city became the General Headquarters for the French Army during the Peninsular War under the reign of Joseph Bonaparte (1801–1812).

The town is steeped in history, museums and monuments. It is also within easy reach of the historical cities of Seville and Cádiz.

Geography
El Puerto de Santa María is located on the Atlantic coast of the Bay of Cádiz, near the municipalities of Jerez de la Frontera, Rota, Puerto Real, and Cádiz. It is popular for its sherry and for its beaches, which are the town's principal tourist attraction. Well known beaches include Vistahermosa, Valdelagrana, and La Puntilla. Like many other southern cities, there are many smaller towns encompassed by the municipality. There is also a major port, known as Puerto Sherry. A large amount of land has been devoted to the Bay of Cádiz Nature Reserve.

Economy
The most important economic activity is tourism, mainly because of the beaches, as well as the bullfights held at the arena during the summer. The town also hosts large groups of motorcyclists during the Jerez Motorcycle Grand Prix. There is commercial development in the center and periphery, and a highly developed wine industry.

Culture
Listed are a few of the main fiestas in the area:
 * Spring Carnival: Cádiz is the home of Carnival with fancy dress and parades in the streets usually ending on the Tuesday 47 days before Easter.
 * Semana Santa: Holy Week the week that leads up to Easter Sunday is a wonderful time to enjoy the area with its street parades and long lines of penitents and big crowds. In El Puerto de Santa María, there are daily parades from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday.
 * Campeonato de España (Motorbikes Races): A weekend fiesta of music and dance in April World Championships of Motorcycling.
 * Feria del Vino Fino (Spring's fair): El Puerto de Santa María's local week of fiesta, dancing sherry drinking and sevillana dancing this is usually in the middle of May. This is the principal festival is the Feria de Primavera (Spring Fair), held between the fifth and sixth week after Holy Week. In recent years, it has coincided with May 1.
 * Romería del Rocio: Festive pilgrimage of up to one million people to the village of Rocio in Almonte, Huelva, usually around the third week of May.
 * Hogueras de San Juan: Midsummer bonfires and fireworks on the beaches in most areas of Cádiz on 23 June.
 * Dia de la Virgen del Carmen: One of the most popular Saint of El Puerto de Santa María and all fishermen is the Virgen Del Carmen, and on the 16th of July, her image (statue) is taken from the local Church, carried into the sea on board a fishing boat, and then paraded around the town. A general day of festivities.
 * Virgen de los Milagros: The saint of the city is La Virgen de los Milagros (Virgin of the Miracles). The festivity is on September the 8th. Her image is taken from the principal church and carried to the street, and then paraded around the town over a carpet of flowers. It is a local day of festivities.

Main sights

 * Bullring of El Puerto, which dates back to 1880 with space for 15,000 spectators.
 * Iglesia Mayor Prioral, known from 1486
 * Castle of San Marcos, a fortified church built over the remains of a 10th-century Islamic mosque. It was built by order of Alfonso X of Castile from 1364, also using parts of an ancient Roman edifice nearby.
 * Monastery of the Victory (early 16th century), built by the Dukes of Medinaceli
 * Hermitage of Santa Clara (16th-18th century)
 * Convent of the Holy Spirit (15th century)
 * Church of San Francisco (next to San Luis Gonzaga building)
 * Church of San Joaquín
 * Convent of Santo Domingo
 * Hospital of San Juan de Dios
 * Convent of Esclavas del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús
 * Convent of La Concepción
 * Chapel of Aurora
 * Monastery of San Miguel
 * Hospital of Divina Providencia (Hospitalito)
 * Palace of Aranibar
 * Palace of Almirante Valdivieso
 * Antiguo Matadero
 * Palace of Imblusqueta
 * Palace of Marqués de Villarreal y Purullena
 * Palace of Álvarez-Cuevas
 * Casa Vizarrón (Casa de las cadenas)
 * Casa de los Rivas
 * Antiguo Pósito
 * Casa de los Diezmos
 * Fountain of Galeras
 * Casa de la Placilla
 * Casa de Roque Aguado
 * Fountain of prison
 * San Luis Gonzaga building
 * Antigua Aduana
 * Antigua Lonja ("Ancient Loggia"), located in the port and dating to the 18th century.
 * Museo Arqueológico Municipal
 * Several towers

El Puerto de Santa María is situated in the middle of the Parque natural Bahia de Cádiz. This include 2 km2) of pine forest which form one part of the three ecosystems in the area. An endangered species of chameleon along with other reptiles and birds of immense variety can be found in the forest. Egyptian mongoose can also be spotted in the area. The area boasts two other natural parks, the Sierra de Grazalema and El Coto Donaña.

Events
Bullfighting is still enjoyed during the Feria season during the month of August, and during the Feria de la Primavera (Spring Fair) in early May. This Feria is dedicated to sherry wine and 180,000 half bottles are drunk in 4 days. There are several bodegas (wineries) in the town centre, all of which can be visited by the public. The most famous bodegas in El Puerto are Osborne and Terry both of which export sherry and brandy worldwide. In the cellars of El Puerto, the dry, pale sherry known as Fino is produced using the traditional method called solera. This method produces Fino, the sweet Muscatel, Amontillado and the older Oloroso.

Twin towns – Sister cities
El Puerto de Santa María is twinned with:
 * 🇪🇭 La Güera, Western Sahara
 * 🇺🇸 Coral Gables, Florida, United States
 * 🇲🇽 Texcoco, Mexico
 * Brighton, United Kingdom
 * 🇪🇸 Calp, Spain

Notable people

 * Pedro Muñoz Seca, playwright
 * Rafael Alberti, poet of the Spanish Generation of 1927
 * Juan Modesto, Republican general
 * Valentín Galarza Morante, minister of Francisco Franco
 * Pedro Pérez Fernández, playwright
 * Juan Antonio de Vizarrón y Eguiarreta, viceroy and archbishop
 * Torcuato Benjumeda, architect
 * Francisco Javier de Burgos y Sarragoiti, journalist
 * José Cordero de Torres, clockmaker
 * Joaquín Sánchez Rodríguez, football player
 * José Manuel Pinto, football player
 * Abraham Paz, football player
 * Girolamo Lagomarsini, Italian humanist

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: El Puerto de Santa María


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Wetting

Wetting is the ability of a liquid to displace gas to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together. This happens in presence of a gaseous phase or another liquid phase not miscible with the first one. The degree of wetting (wettability) is determined by a force balance between adhesive and cohesive forces. There are two types of wetting: non-reactive wetting and reactive wetting.

Wetting is important in the bonding or adherence of two materials. Wetting and the surface forces that control wetting are also responsible for other related effects, including capillary effects. Surfactants can be used to increase the wetting power of a liquid like water.

Wetting is a focus of research attention in nanotechnology and nanoscience studies due to the advent of many nanomaterials in the past two decades (e.g. graphene, carbon nanotube, boron nitride nanomesh ).

Explanation

Adhesive forces between a liquid and solid cause a liquid drop to spread across the surface. Cohesive forces within the liquid cause the drop to ball up and avoid contact with the surface.

The contact angle (θ), as seen in Figure 1, is the angle at which the liquid–vapor interface meets the solid–liquid interface. The contact angle is determined by the balance between adhesive and cohesive forces. As the tendency of a drop to spread out over a flat, solid surface increases, the contact angle decreases. Thus, the contact angle provides an inverse measure of wettability.

A contact angle less than 90° (low contact angle) usually indicates that wetting of the surface is very favorable, and the fluid will spread over a large area of the surface. Contact angles greater than 90° (high contact angle) generally mean that wetting of the surface is unfavorable, so the fluid will minimize contact with the surface and form a compact liquid droplet.

For water, a wettable surface may also be termed hydrophilic and a nonwettable surface hydrophobic. Superhydrophobic surfaces have contact angles greater than 150°, showing almost no contact between the liquid drop and the surface. This is sometimes referred to as the "Lotus effect". The table describes varying contact angles and their corresponding solid/liquid and liquid/liquid interactions. For nonwater liquids, the term lyophilic is used for low contact angle conditions and lyophobic is used when higher contact angles result. Similarly, the terms omniphobic and omniphilic apply to both polar and apolar liquids.

High-energy vs. low-energy surfaces
Liquids can interact with two main types of solid surfaces. Traditionally, solid surfaces have been divided into high-energy and low-energy solids. The relative energy of a solid has to do with the bulk nature of the solid itself. Solids such as metals, glasses, and ceramics are known as 'hard solids' because the chemical bonds that hold them together (e.g., covalent, ionic, or metallic) are very strong. Thus, it takes a large amount of energy to break these solids (alternatively, a large amount of energy is required to cut the bulk and make two separate surfaces), so they are termed "high-energy". Most molecular liquids achieve complete wetting with high-energy surfaces.

The other type of solid is weak molecular crystals (e.g., fluorocarbons, hydrocarbons, etc.) where the molecules are held together essentially by physical forces (e.g., van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds). Since these solids are held together by weak forces, a very low amount of energy is required to break them, thus they are termed "low-energy". Depending on the type of liquid chosen, low-energy surfaces can permit either complete or partial wetting.

Dynamic surfaces have been reported that undergo changes in surface energy upon the application of an appropriate stimuli. For example, a surface presenting photon-driven molecular motors was shown to undergo changes in water contact angle when switched between bistable conformations of differing surface energies.

Wetting of low-energy surfaces
Low-energy surfaces primarily interact with liquids through dispersive (van der Waals) forces. William Zisman produced several key findings:

Zisman observed that cos θ increases linearly as the surface tension (γLV) of the liquid decreased. Thus, he was able to establish a linear function between cos θ and the surface tension (γLV) for various organic liquids.

A surface is more wettable when γLV and θ is low. Zisman termed the intercept of these lines when cos θ = 1 as the critical surface tension (γc) of that surface. This critical surface tension is an important parameter because it is a characteristic of only the solid.

Knowing the critical surface tension of a solid, it is possible to predict the wettability of the surface. The wettability of a surface is determined by the outermost chemical groups of the solid. Differences in wettability between surfaces that are similar in structure are due to differences in the packing of the atoms. For instance, if a surface has branched chains, it will have poorer packing than a surface with straight chains. Lower critical surface tension means a less wettable material surface.

Ideal solid surfaces
An ideal surface is flat, rigid, perfectly smooth, chemically homogeneous, and has zero contact angle hysteresis. Zero hysteresis implies the advancing and receding contact angles are equal. In other words, only one thermodynamically stable contact angle exists. When a drop of liquid is placed on such a surface, the characteristic contact angle is formed as depicted in Figure 1. Furthermore, on an ideal surface, the drop will return to its original shape if it is disturbed. The following derivations apply only to ideal solid surfaces; they are only valid for the state in which the interfaces are not moving and the phase boundary line exists in equilibrium.

Minimization of energy, three phases

Figure 3 shows the line of contact where three phases meet. In equilibrium, the net force per unit length acting along the boundary line between the three phases must be zero. The components of net force in the direction along each of the interfaces are given by:

 * $$\begin{align}

\gamma_{\alpha\theta}                       + \gamma_{\theta\beta}\cos\left(\theta\right) + \gamma_{\alpha\beta}\cos\left(\alpha\right) &= 0 \\ \gamma_{\alpha\theta}\cos\left(\theta\right) + \gamma_{\theta\beta}                       + \gamma_{\alpha\beta}\cos\left(\beta\right)  &= 0 \\ \gamma_{\alpha\theta}\cos\left(\alpha\right) + \gamma_{\theta\beta}\cos\left(\beta\right) + \gamma_{\alpha\beta}                        &= 0 \end{align}$$

where α, β, and θ are the angles shown and γij is the surface energy between the two indicated phases. These relations can also be expressed by an analog to a triangle known as Neumann's triangle, shown in Figure 4. Neumann's triangle is consistent with the geometrical restriction that $$\alpha + \beta + \theta = 2\pi$$, and applying the law of sines and law of cosines to it produce relations that describe how the interfacial angles depend on the ratios of surface energies.

Because these three surface energies form the sides of a triangle, they are constrained by the triangle inequalities, γij < γjk + γik meaning that not one of the surface tensions can exceed the sum of the other two. If three fluids with surface energies that do not follow these inequalities are brought into contact, no equilibrium configuration consistent with Figure 3 will exist.

Simplification to planar geometry, Young's relation
If the β phase is replaced by a flat rigid surface, as shown in Figure 5, then β = π, and the second net force equation simplifies to the Young equation,

 * $$\gamma_{SG} = \gamma_{SL} + \gamma_{LG}\cos\left(\theta\right)$$

which relates the surface tensions between the three phases: solid, liquid and gas. Subsequently, this predicts the contact angle of a liquid droplet on a solid surface from knowledge of the three surface energies involved. This equation also applies if the "gas" phase is another liquid, immiscible with the droplet of the first "liquid" phase.

Simplification to planar geometry, Young's relation derived from variational computation
Consider the interface as a curve $$ y(x) $$ for $$ x\in I=[0,L] $$ where $$ L $$ is a free parameter. The free energy to be minimized is
 * $$ {\cal F}[y,L] = \int_0^L \left( \gamma_{LG}\sqrt{1+y'^2} + (\gamma_{SL}-\gamma_{SG}) \right) dx $$

with the constraints $$ y(0)=y(L)=0 $$ which we can write as $$\int_I y'dx=0 $$ and fixed volume $$\int_I ydx= A $$.

The modified Lagrangian, taking into account the constraints is therefore
 * $$ {\cal L} = \gamma_{LG}\sqrt{1+y'^2} + (\gamma_{SL}-\gamma_{SG}) -\lambda_1 y' - \lambda_2 y $$

where $$ \lambda_i $$ are Lagrange multipliers. By definition, the momentum $$ p=\partial_{y'}{\cal L} $$ and the Hamiltonian $$ {\cal H} = p y' - {\cal L} $$ which is computed to be:
 * $$ {\cal H} = -\gamma_{LG}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+y'^2}} -

(\gamma_{SL}-\gamma_{SG}) + \lambda_2 y $$

Now, we recall that the boundary is free in the $$x $$ direction and $$ L $$ is a free parameter. Therefore, we must have:
 * $$ \frac{\partial{\cal F}}{\partial L} = -{\cal H} = 0 $$

At the boundary $$ y(L)=0 $$ and $$(1+y'^2)^{-1/2} = \cos\theta$$, therefore we recover the Young equation.

Non-ideal smooth surfaces and the Young contact angle
The Young equation assumes a perfectly flat and rigid surface often referred to as an ideal surface. In many cases, surfaces are far from this ideal situation, and two are considered here: the case of rough surfaces and the case of smooth surfaces that are still real (finitely rigid). Even in a perfectly smooth surface, a drop will assume a wide spectrum of contact angles ranging from the so-called advancing contact angle, $$\theta_\mathrm{A}$$, to the so-called receding contact angle, $$\theta_\mathrm{R}$$. The equilibrium contact angle ($$\theta_\mathrm{c}$$) can be calculated from $$\theta_\mathrm{A}$$ and $$\theta_\mathrm{R}$$ as was shown by Tadmor as,

 * $$\theta_\mathrm{c} = \arccos\left(

\frac{r_\mathrm{A}\cos\left(\theta_\mathrm{A}\right) + r_\mathrm{R}\cos\left(\theta_\mathrm{R}\right)} {r_\mathrm{A} + r_\mathrm{R}} \right)$$

where

r_\mathrm{A} = \left(   \frac{\sin^3\left(\theta_\mathrm{A}\right)}{2 - 3\cos\left(\theta_\mathrm{A}\right) + \cos^3\left(\theta_\mathrm{A}\right)}  \right)^\frac{1}{3} ~; r_\mathrm{R} = \left(    \frac{\sin^3\left(\theta_\mathrm{R}\right)}{2 - 3\cos\left(\theta_\mathrm{R}\right) + \cos^3\left(\theta_\mathrm{R}\right)}  \right)^\frac{1}{3} $$

The Young–Dupré equation and spreading coefficient
The Young–Dupré equation (Thomas Young 1805; Anthanase Dupré and Paul Dupré 1869) dictates that neither γSG nor γSL can be larger than the sum of the other two surface energies. The consequence of this restriction is the prediction of complete wetting when γSG > γSL + γLG and zero wetting when γSL > γSG + γLG. The lack of a solution to the Young–Dupré equation is an indicator that there is no equilibrium configuration with a contact angle between 0 and 180° for those situations.

A useful parameter for gauging wetting is the spreading parameter S,
 * $$S = \gamma_{SG} - \left(\gamma_{SL} + \gamma_{LG}\right)$$

When S > 0, the liquid wets the surface completely (complete wetting). When S < 0, partial wetting occurs.

Combining the spreading parameter definition with the Young relation yields the Young–Dupré equation:
 * $$S = \gamma_{LG}\left(\cos\left(\theta\right) - 1\right)$$

which only has physical solutions for θ when S < 0.

A generalized model for the contact angle of droplets on flat and curved surfaces
With improvements in measuring techniques such as AFM, confocal microscopy and SEM, researchers were able to produce and image droplets at ever smaller scales. With the reduction in droplet size came new experimental observations of wetting. These observations confirm that the modified Young's equation does not hold at the micro-nano scales. In addition the sign of the line tension is not maintained through the modified Young's equation.

For a sessile droplet, the free energy of the three phase system can be expressed as:

 * $$\delta w = \gamma_{LV}dA_{LV}+\gamma_{SL}dA_{SL}+\gamma_{SV}dA_{SV}-\kappa dL-PdV-VdP$$

At constant volume in thermodynamic equilibrium, this reduces to:

 * $$0= \frac{dA_{LG}}{dA_{SL}} + \frac{\gamma_{SL}-\gamma_{SG}}{\gamma_{LG}} - \frac{\kappa}{\gamma_{LG}}\frac{dL}{dA_{SL}}-\frac{V}{\gamma_{LG}} \frac{dP}{dA_{SL}}$$

Usually, the VdP term has been neglected for large droplets, however, VdP work becomes significant at small scales. The variation in pressure at constant volume at the free liquid-vapor boundary is due to the Laplace pressure, which is proportional to the mean curvature of the droplet, and is non zero. Solving the above equation for both convex and concave surfaces yields:

 * $$\cos(\theta\mp\alpha)=A+B\frac{\cos(\alpha)}{a}\pm C\sin(\theta\mp\alpha)(\cos(\theta)+1)^2\biggl(\frac{\sin(\alpha)(\cos(\alpha)+2)}{(\cos(\alpha)+1)^2}\mp\frac{\sin(\theta)(\cos(\theta)+2)}{(\cos(\theta)+1)^2}\biggr)$$

Where the constant parameters A, B, and C are defined as:
 * $$A = \frac{\gamma_{SG}-\gamma_{SL}}{\gamma_{LG}}$$, $$B = \frac{\kappa}{\gamma_{LG}}$$ and $$C = \frac{\gamma}{3\gamma_{LG}}$$

This equation relates the contact angle $$\theta$$, a geometric property of a sessile droplet to the bulk thermodynamics, the energy at the three phase contact boundary, and the curvature of the surface α. For the special case of a sessile droplet on a flat surface (α=0),

 * $$\cos(\theta) = \frac{\gamma_{SG}-\gamma_{SL}}{\gamma_{LG}} + \frac{\kappa}{\gamma_{LG}} \frac{1}{a} -\frac{\gamma}{3\gamma_{LG}}(2+\cos(\theta)-2\cos^2(\theta)-\cos^3(\theta))$$

The first two terms are the modified Young's equation, while the third term is due to the Laplace pressure. This nonlinear equation correctly predicts the sign and magnitude of κ, the flattening of the contact angle at very small scales, and contact angle hysteresis.

Computational prediction of wetting
For many surface/adsorbate configurations, surface energy data and experimental observations are unavailable. As wetting interactions are of great importance in various applications, it is often desired to predict and compare the wetting behavior of various material surfaces with particular crystallographic orientations, with relation to water or other adsorbates. This can be done from an atomistic perspective with tools including molecular dynamics and density functional theory. In the theoretical prediction of wetting by ab initio approaches such as DFT, ice is commonly substituted for water. This is because DFT calculations are generally conducted assuming conditions of zero thermal movement of atoms, essentially meaning the simulation is conducted at absolute zero. This simplification nevertheless yields results that are relevant for the adsorption of water under realistic conditions and the use of ice for the theoretical simulation of wetting is commonplace.

Non-ideal rough solid surfaces

Unlike ideal surfaces, real surfaces do not have perfect smoothness, rigidity, or chemical homogeneity. Such deviations from ideality result in phenomenon called contact angle hysteresis, which is defined as the difference between the advancing (θa) and receding (θr) contact angles
 * $$\text{H} = \,\theta_{a} - \,\theta_{r}$$

When the contact angle is between the advancing and receding cases, the contact line is considered to be pinned and hysteretic behaviour can be observed, namely contact angle hysteresis. When these values are exceeded, the displacement of the contact line, such as the one in Figure 3, will take place by either expansion or retraction of the droplet. Figure 6 depicts the advancing and receding contact angles. The advancing contact angle is the maximum stable angle, whereas the receding contact angle is the minimum stable angle. Contact angle hysteresis occurs because many different thermodynamically stable contact angles are found on a nonideal solid. These varying thermodynamically stable contact angles are known as metastable states.

Such motion of a phase boundary, involving advancing and receding contact angles, is known as dynamic wetting. The difference between dynamic and static wetting angles is proportional to the capillary number, $$Ca$$, When a contact line advances, covering more of the surface with liquid, the contact angle is increased and is generally related to the velocity of the contact line. If the velocity of a contact line is increased without bound, the contact angle increases, and as it approaches 180°, the gas phase will become entrained in a thin layer between the liquid and solid. This is a kinetic nonequilibrium effect which results from the contact line moving at such a high speed that complete wetting cannot occur.

A well-known departure from ideal conditions is when the surface of interest has a rough texture. The rough texture of a surface can fall into one of two categories: homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous wetting regime is where the liquid fills in the grooves of a rough surface. A heterogeneous wetting regime, though, is where the surface is a composite of two types of patches. An important example of such a composite surface is one composed of patches of both air and solid. Such surfaces have varied effects on the contact angles of wetting liquids. Cassie–Baxter and Wenzel are the two main models that attempt to describe the wetting of textured surfaces. However, these equations only apply when the drop size is sufficiently large compared with the surface roughness scale. When the droplet size is comparable to that of the underlying pillars, the effect of line tension should be considered.

Wenzel's model
The Wenzel model (Robert N. Wenzel, 1936) describes the homogeneous wetting regime, as seen in Figure 7, and is defined by the following equation for the contact angle on a rough surface:
 * $$\cos\,\left(\theta^*\right) = r \cos\,\left(\theta\right)$$

where $$\theta^*$$ is the apparent contact angle which corresponds to the stable equilibrium state (i.e. minimum free energy state for the system). The roughness ratio, r, is a measure of how surface roughness affects a homogeneous surface. The roughness ratio is defined as the ratio of true area of the solid surface to the apparent area.

θ is the Young contact angle as defined for an ideal surface. Although Wenzel's equation demonstrates the contact angle of a rough surface is different from the intrinsic contact angle, it does not describe contact angle hysteresis.

Cassie–Baxter model

When dealing with a heterogeneous surface, the Wenzel model is not sufficient. A more complex model is needed to measure how the apparent contact angle changes when various materials are involved. This heterogeneous surface, like that seen in Figure 8, is explained using the Cassie–Baxter equation (Cassie's law):

 * $$\cos\,\left(\theta^*\right) = r_f\,f \,\cos\,\left(\theta_\text{Y}\right) + f - 1$$

Here the rf is the roughness ratio of the wet surface area and f is the fraction of solid surface area wet by the liquid. When f = 1 and rf = r, the Cassie–Baxter equations becomes the Wenzel equation. On the other hand, when there are many different fractions of surface roughness, each fraction of the total surface area is denoted by $$f_i$$.

A summation of all $$f_i$$ equals 1 or the total surface. Cassie–Baxter can also be recast in the following equation:
 * $$\gamma\cos\,\left(\theta^*\right) = \sum_{n=1}^N f_i\left(\gamma_\text{i,sv} - \gamma_\text{i,sl}\right)$$

Here $$\gamma$$ is the Cassie–Baxter surface tension between liquid and vapor, $$\gamma_{i,sv}$$ is the solid vapor surface tension of every component, and $$\gamma_{i,sl}$$ is the solid liquid surface tension of every component. A case that is worth mentioning is when the liquid drop is placed on the substrate and creates small air pockets underneath it. This case for a two-component system is denoted by:
 * $$\gamma\cos\,\left(\theta^*\right) = f_1\left(\gamma_\text{1,sv} - \gamma_\text{1,sl}\right) - \left(1 - f_1\right)\gamma$$

Here the key difference to notice is that there is no surface tension between the solid and the vapor for the second surface tension component. This is because of the assumption that the surface of air that is exposed is under the droplet and is the only other substrate in the system. Subsequently, the equation is then expressed as (1 – f). Therefore, the Cassie equation can be easily derived from the Cassie–Baxter equation. Experimental results regarding the surface properties of Wenzel versus Cassie–Baxter systems showed the effect of pinning for a Young angle of 180 to 90°, a region classified under the Cassie–Baxter model. This liquid/air composite system is largely hydrophobic. After that point, a sharp transition to the Wenzel regime was found where the drop wets the surface, but no further than the edges of the drop. Actually, the Young, Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter equations represent the transversality conditions of the variational problem of wetting.

Precursor film
With the advent of high resolution imaging, researchers have started to obtain experimental data which have led them to question the assumptions of the Cassie–Baxter equation when calculating the apparent contact angle. These groups believe the apparent contact angle is largely dependent on the triple line. The triple line, which is in contact with the heterogeneous surface, cannot rest on the heterogeneous surface like the rest of the drop. In theory, it should follow the surface imperfection. This bending in the triple line is unfavorable and is not seen in real-world situations. A theory that preserves the Cassie–Baxter equation while at the same time explaining the presence of the minimized energy state of the triple line hinges on the idea of a precursor film. This film of submicrometer thickness advances ahead of the motion of the droplet and is found around the triple line. Furthermore, this precursor film allows the triple line to bend and take different conformations that were originally considered unfavorable. This precursor fluid has been observed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) in surfaces with pores formed in the bulk. With the introduction of the precursor film concept, the triple line can follow energetically feasible conformations, thereby correctly explaining the Cassie–Baxter model.

"Petal effect" vs. "lotus effect"
The intrinsic hydrophobicity of a surface can be enhanced by being textured with different length scales of roughness. The red rose takes advantage of this by using a hierarchy of micro- and nanostructures on each petal to provide sufficient roughness for superhydrophobicity. More specifically, each rose petal has a collection of micropapillae on the surface and each papilla, in turn, has many nanofolds. The term "petal effect" describes the fact that a water droplet on the surface of a rose petal is spherical in shape, but cannot roll off even if the petal is turned upside down. The water drops maintain their spherical shape due to the superhydrophobicity of the petal (contact angle of about 152.4°), but do not roll off because the petal surface has a high adhesive force with water.

When comparing the "petal effect" to the "lotus effect", it is important to note some striking differences. The surface structure of the lotus leaf and the rose petal, as seen in Figure 9, can be used to explain the two different effects.

The lotus leaf has a randomly rough surface and low contact angle hysteresis, which means the water droplet is not able to wet the microstructure spaces between the spikes. This allows air to remain inside the texture, causing a heterogeneous surface composed of both air and solid. As a result, the adhesive force between the water and the solid surface is extremely low, allowing the water to roll off easily (i.e. "self-cleaning" phenomenon).

The rose petal's micro- and nanostructures are larger in scale than those of the lotus leaf, which allows the liquid film to impregnate the texture. However, as seen in Figure 9, the liquid can enter the larger-scale grooves, but it cannot enter into the smaller grooves. This is known as the Cassie impregnating wetting regime. Since the liquid can wet the larger-scale grooves, the adhesive force between the water and solid is very high. This explains why the water droplet will not fall off even if the petal is tilted at an angle or turned upside down. This effect will fail if the droplet has a volume larger than 10 μL because the balance between weight and surface tension is surpassed.

Cassie–Baxter to Wenzel transition
In the Cassie–Baxter model, the drop sits on top of the textured surface with trapped air underneath. During the wetting transition from the Cassie state to the Wenzel state, the air pockets are no longer thermodynamically stable and liquid begins to nucleate from the middle of the drop, creating a "mushroom state" as seen in Figure 10. The penetration condition is given by:
 * $$\cos\,\left(\theta_\text{C}\right)= \frac{\phi - 1}{r - \phi}$$

where
 * θC is the critical contact angle
 * Φ is the fraction of solid/liquid interface where drop is in contact with surface
 * r is solid roughness (for flat surface, r = 1)

The penetration front propagates to minimize the surface energy until it reaches the edges of the drop, thus arriving at the Wenzel state. Since the solid can be considered an absorptive material due to its surface roughness, this phenomenon of spreading and imbibition is called hemiwicking. The contact angles at which spreading/imbibition occurs are between 0 and π/2.

The Wenzel model is valid between θC and π/2. If the contact angle is less than ΘC, the penetration front spreads beyond the drop and a liquid film forms over the surface. Figure 11 depicts the transition from the Wenzel state to the surface film state. The film smoothes the surface roughness and the Wenzel model no longer applies. In this state, the equilibrium condition and Young's relation yields:
 * $$\cos\,\left(\theta^*\right) = \phi\cos\,\left(\theta_C\right) + \left(1 - \phi\right)$$

By fine-tuning the surface roughness, it is possible to achieve a transition between both superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic regions. Generally, the rougher the surface, the more hydrophobic it is.

Spreading dynamics
If a drop is placed on a smooth, horizontal surface, it is generally not in the equilibrium state. Hence, it spreads until an equilibrium contact radius is reached (partial wetting). While taking into account capillary, gravitational, and viscous contributions, the drop radius as a function of time can be expressed as

 * $$r(t) = r_e\left[

1 - \exp\left(-\left(\frac{2\gamma_{LG}}{r^{12}_e} + \frac{\rho g}{9r^{10}_e}\right)\frac{24\lambda V^4 \left(t + t_0\right)}{\pi^2\eta}\right) \right]^\frac{1}{6}.$$

For the complete wetting situation, the drop radius at any time during the spreading process is given by

 * $$r(t) = \left[

\left(\gamma_{LG} \frac{96\lambda V^4}{\pi^2 \eta} \left(t + t_0\right)\right)^\frac{1}{2} + \left(\frac{\lambda(t + t_0)}{\eta}\right)^\frac{2}{3} \frac{24\rho g V^\frac{3}{8}}{7 \cdot 96^\frac{1}{3} \pi^\frac{4}{3} \gamma_{LG}^\frac{1}{3}} \right]^\frac{1}{6}, $$

where
 * γLG is surface tension of the fluid
 * V is drop volume
 * η is viscosity of the fluid
 * ρ is density of the fluid
 * g is gravitational constant
 * λ is shape factor, 37.1m−1
 * t0 is experimental delay time
 * re is drop radius in equilibrium

Surfactants
Many technological processes require control of liquid spreading over solid surfaces. When a drop is placed on a surface, it can completely wet, partially wet, or not wet the surface. By reducing the surface tension with surfactants, a nonwetting material can be made to become partially or completely wetting. The excess free energy (σ) of a drop on a solid surface is:
 * $$\sigma = \gamma S + PV + \pi\,R^2 \left(\gamma_\text{SL} - \gamma_\text{SV}\right)$$

 * γ is the liquid–vapor interfacial tension
 * γSL is the solid–liquid interfacial tension
 * γSV is the solid–vapor interfacial tension
 * S is the area of liquid–vapor interface
 * P is the excess pressure inside liquid
 * R is the radius of droplet base

Based on this equation, the excess free energy is minimized when γ decreases, γSL decreases, or γSV increases. Surfactants are absorbed onto the liquid–vapor, solid–liquid, and solid–vapor interfaces, which modify the wetting behavior of hydrophobic materials to reduce the free energy. When surfactants are absorbed onto a hydrophobic surface, the polar head groups face into the solution with the tail pointing outward. In more hydrophobic surfaces, surfactants may form a bilayer on the solid, causing it to become more hydrophilic. The dynamic drop radius can be characterized as the drop begins to spread. Thus, the contact angle changes based on the following equation:
 * $$\cos\,\left(\theta(t)\right) = \cos\,\left(\theta_0\right) + \left(\cos\,\left(\theta_\infty\right) - \cos\,\left(\theta_0\right)\right)\left(1 - \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{t}{\tau}}\right)$$

 * θ0 is initial contact angle
 * θ∞ is final contact angle
 * τ is the surfactant transfer time scale

As the surfactants are absorbed, the solid–vapor surface tension increases and the edges of the drop become hydrophilic. As a result, the drop spreads.

Surface changes
Ferrocene is a redox-active organometallic compound which can be incorporated into various monomers and used to make polymers which can be tethered onto a surface. Vinylferrocene (ferroceneylethene) can be prepared by a Wittig reaction and then polymerized to form polyvinylferrocene (PVFc), an analog of polystyrene. Another polymer which can be formed is poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl ferrocenecarboxylate), PFcMA. Both PVFc and PFcMA have been tethered onto silica wafers and the wettability measured when the polymer chains are uncharged and when the ferrocene moieties are oxidised to produce positively charged groups, as illustrated at right. The contact angle with water on the PFcMA-coated wafers was 70° smaller following oxidation, while in the case of PVFc the decrease was 30°, and the switching of wettability has been shown to be reversible. In the PFcMA case, the effect of longer chains with more ferrocene groups (and also greater molar mass) has been investigated, and it was found that longer chains produce significantly larger contact angle reductions.

Oxygen vacancies
Rare earth oxides exhibit intrinsic hydrophobicity, and hence can be used in thermally stable heat exchangers and other applications involving high-temperature hydrophobicity. The presence of oxygen vacancies at surfaces of ceria or other rare earth oxides is instrumental in governing surface wettability. Adsorption of water at oxide surfaces can occur as molecular adsorption, in which H2O molecules remain intact at the terminated surface, or as dissociative adsorption, in which OH and H are adsorbed separately at solid surfaces. The presence of oxygen vacancies is generally found to enhance hydrophobicity while promoting dissociative adsorption.

title: Wetting


text:
Teynham railway station

Teynham railway station is on the Chatham Main Line in England, serving the village of Teynham, Kent. It is 47 mi down the line from London Victoria and is situated between Sittingbourne and Faversham.

The station and all trains that call are operated by Southeastern.

On the London-bound platform, there is a staffed booking office which is open only at certain times, as well as a passenger-operated self-service ticket machine issuing permits to travel.

History
The section of the East Kent Railway between Chatham and Faversham opened on 25 January 1858, and Teynham station opened with the line.

The original two-storey brick built station was demolished in the 1970s and replaced by the prefabricated buildings popular at the time. A manually operated crossing to allow access to Station Row to the north of the line was finally replaced with automatic gates during the upgrading of signalling in December 2011.

Accidents and incidents

 * In December 1861, a passenger train was derailed due to elongation of the gap at a rail joint during cold weather.

Services
All services at Teynham are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Victoria
 * 1 tph to Dover Priory via Canterbury East

Additional services including trains to and from London Bridge and London Cannon Street call at the station in the peak hours.

title: Teynham railway station


text:
File:Sexolympics01.JPG

The logo of the BBC television series The Year of the Sex Olympics. Screenshot taken by User:Joe King.

The image is a screenshot from the opening titles of The Year of the Sex Olympics and is copyrighted © to the BBC.

Fair use rationale
This image, Sexolympics01.jpg, is being linked here; though the image contained in the screenshot is copyright © to the BBC, I, User:Joe King, feel they are covered by the U.S. fair use law because: Joe King 20:59, 18 March 2007 (UTC))
 * 1) The image in question is a low-resolution screenshot;
 * 2) The image is being used for informational purposes about the television programme The Year of the Sex Olympics;
 * 3) The image is significant because they identify the logo to be used in the title credits;
 * 4) The use of the image in the article will have no effect on the BBC's commercial use of the images in question.

title: File:Sexolympics01.JPG


title: User:Orgullomoore1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Crosssword

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:41, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Crosssword
Delete. See Crosssword Empire. Apparently based on a non-existent book-- zero Google hits. Mwanner 11:36, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Crossword as a possible mispelling. Redirects are easy and cheap. Zzyzx11 | Talk 16:41, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There's no misspelling involved: as is explained on Crosssword, its really "Cross-Sword". Mwanner 17:14, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not Cross-Sword, it's only used that way to keep from being thought of as "cross word". If you want to see the "book"; there is none; it's an on going thing. See http://revolutiong.myfreebb.com/viewforum.php?f=10 for info.
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wayne Inouye

Wayne Inouye (born 1953) formerly served as Gateway's president and CEO. Inouye announced his departure from Gateway on February 9, 2006.

Biography
Inouye became president and CEO of privately held eMachines in 2001, where he quickly turned the company into one of the fastest-growing, most efficient PC companies in the United States. eMachines was acquired by Gateway in March 2004.

Inouye had several decades of senior executive experience, first at The Good Guys!, where he worked for 9 years, and then as senior VP of computer merchandising at Best Buy, where he worked from 1995 to 2001.

He serves as the consumer merchandising & channel advisor of Fuhu, Inc. and executive officer of Fugoo, LLC.

title: Wayne Inouye


text:
Talk:Moirang

Hmmm. I added "cateegory: india" and it displayed a heap of unexpected stuff. Specifically, the "see main article about..." is nonsense cos there is no main article AFAIK. Is there a problem with the tag?

 * you should have had square brackets [] instead of curly brackets {}. Gene Nygaard 14:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Manipur workgroup Addition
WP India with Manipur workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Manipur or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 05:53, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:27, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
 * ..Manipur Flag(INDIA).png

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:42, 9 January 2023 (UTC)
 * ..Manipur Flag(INDIA).png

title: Talk:Moirang


text:
File:Rudolphcartier01.JPG

Screen capture from Kneale & Cartier in Conversation, a DVD extra feature from The Quatermass Collection (2005). Created and uploaded by User:Angmering to illustrate the article Rudolph Cartier. Copyright in the original production is owned by the BBC

Fair use rationale for the inclusion of this image at Rudolph Cartier

 * Cartier was a highly significant figure in the history and development of British television, specifically drama programming for the BBC, and therefore a noteworthy biographical subject.
 * As he was a television director and thus worked behind the scenes, it is very difficult to find alternative free use images of him.
 * The image is smaller than the original, as required by Wikipedia fair use guidelines.
 * The image is included for informational purposes only, and is not believed to detract from the original production in any way.

title: File:Rudolphcartier01.JPG


text:
User talk:Hellmill

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language
 * Full details on Wikipedia style can be found in the Manual of Style.

Happy editing!

Jose Restrepo

 * 1) Welcome to Wikipedia!
 * 2) Always remember to sign your messages (see above — it makes you much easier to find and reply to.
 * 3) When you say "This is the first one i have been able to find", to what exactly are you referring? If you mean the one in the Restrepo article (Image:Jose Manuel Restrepo.jpg, then the template on it suggests that there may be a poblem with it.  The up-loader was User talk:Steve nova, and the best person to contact about it would be him. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:41, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hellmill


text:
Svend Erik Hovmand

Svend Erik Hovmand (born 8 December 1945, in Sakskøbing) is former member of Folketinget, the Danish parliament. He was representing the Liberal Party. He was Tax Minister in the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I from 27 November 2001 to 2 August 2004, when he was replaced by Kristian Jensen. He has been a member of parliament (Folketinget) since 9 January 1975. He was President of the Nordic Council in 2001.

title: Svend Erik Hovmand


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ladder match

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 06:53, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ladder match
No relevant purpose, total fancruft, very short, nothing useful.

Nobody cares. 193.63.168.208 11:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

PS: I suggest the same redirect as currently exists for Ladder Match.

 * Okay, I have added the redirect. Would someone make the decision to remove the delete? Shoaler 12:10, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and let grow to cover examples of famous ladder matches in history, and techniques of using the ladder, safety issues etc. Failing that, merge somewhere. Kappa 17:14, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, this is trivial wrestling cruft. Megan1967 07:29, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect for now, can always be broken out if and when more content such as that suggested by Kappa is added. Radiant_* 08:07, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, agree with Kappa. -- Lochaber 17:01, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Bluemoose 20:05, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Dover Priory railway station

Dover Priory railway station is the southern terminus of the South Eastern Main Line in England, and is the main station serving the town of Dover, Kent, the other open station being Kearsney, on the outskirts. It is 77 mi down the line from London Victoria. The station and all trains that serve the station are operated by Southeastern. This station is a 25 min walk away from the Ferry Port.

History
Dover Priory opened on 22 July 1861 as the temporary terminus of the London, Chatham & Dover Railway (LCDR). It became a through station on 1 November 1861, with the completion of a tunnel through the Western Heights to gain access to the Western Docks area, where LCDR created Dover Harbour station The station was known as Dover Town but was renamed in July 1863 (leading to rival SER to adopt the name for one of its Dover stations).

In 1868 stationmaster Edward Walsh(e) was murdered by 18-year-old Thomas Wells, a porter for the LCDR, after having rebuked him for poor work. Wells was convicted and hanged.

The Southern Railway consolidated passenger services at Priory in 1927 and modernised the station between 1930 and 1932 at a cost of £135,000. The new station re-opened on 8 May 1932.

The Chatham Main Line into Priory was electrified under British Railways in 1959 as part of Stage 1 of Kent Coast Electrification, under the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan. The line up to Ramsgate, via Deal, was subsequently electrified under stage two of Kent Coast electrification in January 1961. The line from Folkestone into Priory was electrified in June 1961.

The high-speed service to London St Pancras started in 2009, after the track in the tunnels to the south was realigned to allow for emergency evacuation from rolling stock without end doors.

Services to and from Folkestone Central were suspended on 24 December 2015 due to major damage to the track and sea wall near Dover harbour caused by strong winds and tidal surges. A replacement bus service was in operation between the two stations, along with a modified timetable whilst repair work was carried out. This was expected to continue throughout 2016, whilst a new £44.5 million viaduct was constructed to replace the present rail embankment and sea wall. The project was scheduled for completion in December 2016, but progressed faster than originally anticipated – the line reopened on 5 September 2016.

Services
All services at Dover Priory are operated by Southeastern using  and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross via Tonbridge
 * 1 tph to London Victoria via Chatham
 * 1 tph to London St Pancras International
 * 1 tph to Ramsgate

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street call at the station during the peak hours.

title: Dover Priory railway station


text:
Index of education articles

This is an index of education articles.

A
Abstract management - Academia - Academic administration - Academic Assembly - Academic conference - Academic degree - Academic department - Academic dishonesty - Academic elitism - Academic freedom - Academic honor code - Academic mobility - Academic rank - Academic Ranking of World Universities - Academic regalia - Academic Research Alliance - Academic seduction - Academic senate - Academic term - Academic writing - Academician - Academy - ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines - Active learning - Activity theory - Actual development level - Adaptive Design - ADDIE Model - Adolescence - Adult education - Adult high school - Adult learner - Advanced Placement Program - Affect heuristic - Affective filter - Agoge - Agricultural education - AICC - Algorithm of Inventive Problems Solving - Algorithmic learning theory - Alma mater - Alternative assessment - Alternative education - Alternative high school - Alternative school - ALT-J - Research in Learning Technology - Alumni association - Alumnus/a - Al-Madinah International University - American Educational Research Association - Anchoring and adjustment - Andragogy - Angelman syndrome - Animated narrative vignette - Anti-bias curriculum - Anti-intellectualism - Anti-racist mathematics - Applied Behavior Analysis - Apprenticeship - Art education - Articulation (education) - Assistive technology - Asynchronous learning - Atkinson-Shiffrin theory - Attention versus memory in prefrontal cortex - Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Attribution theory - Auckland University of Technology Alumni Association - Audiovisual Education - Australasian Journal of Educational Technology - Autism - Autodidacticism - Autonomous learning - Autoshaping - Availability heuristic

B
Bachelor of Arts - Bachelor of Education - Bachelor of Science - Baconian method - Baddeley's model of working memory - Barron's Educational Series - Basic education - Behaviorism - Bias in education - Bilingual education - Biliteracy - Bionics - Biscuit Fire publication controversy - Blended learning - Blindness and education - Block scheduling - Board of education - Boarding school - Bobo doll experiment - Bologna declaration - Bologna process - Book flood - Book-and-Record set - Borough Road - Brainstorming - Brainwashing - Bridge program - British degree abbreviations - Bulletin board - Bullying - Business Education Initiative - C.Phil.

C
California Virtual Academies - Cambridge International Examinations - Campus novel - Campus university - Career development - Career - Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education - Catholic education - Certificate of Higher Education - Chaining - Challenge Index - Chancellor (education) - Character education - Charter schools - Cheder - Chemistry education - Child - Childhood amnesia - Chunking (psychology) - Citizenship education - Civic, Social and Political Education - Class ring - Classical conditioning - Classical education - Classroom management - CliffsNotes - Co-counselling - Coeducation - Cognitive apprenticeship - Cognitive load - Cognitive map - Cognitive tutor - Collaborative learning - College and university rankings - College rivalry - College - Commentarii - Commonwealth Scholarship - Communicative language teaching - Community college - Community High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan) - Community of practice - Community Podcast - Comprehensive school - Compulsory education - Computer assisted instruction - Computer Based Learning - Computer Supported Cooperative Learning - Computer-adaptive test - Computer-based training - Concept map - Conceptual blending - Confabulation - Congregation (university) - Connectionism - Connexions - Constructive criticism - Constructivism (learning theory) - Continuing education - Coolhunting - Cooperative education - Cooperative learning - Core curriculum - Corporal punishment - Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations - Course (education) - course atlas - Creative Education Foundation - Creative industries - Creative problem solving - Creative services - Creative Services Firms - Creativity - Creativity techniques - Criterion-referenced test - Critical pedagogy - Critical thinking - Cronbach's alpha - Cross-registration - Cue-dependent forgetting - Culfest - Cultural learning - Culturally relevant teaching - Curriculum - Curriculum-based measurement

D
Dalton Plan - Dead white males - Dean (education) - Decay theory - Declarative learning - Declarative memory - Democratic school - Demyship - UK Department for Education and Skills - Deschooling - Deweyism - Dilemma - Diploma of Education - Diploma of Higher Education - Diploma - Direct instruction - Disability - Distance education - DISTAR - Doctor of Canon Law - Driving simulator - Dry campus - Dsamun - Dual education system - Dual-coding theory - Duck test - Dumbing down - Dunce - Dynamic assessment - Dyslexia

E
Early Childhood Education Act - Early childhood education - Early college entrance program - Early literacy - Edline - Education International - Education of girls and women - Education Policy Analysis Archives - Education policy - Education reform - Education voucher - Education - Educational animation - Educational assessment - Educational counseling - Educational evaluation - Educational existentialism - Educational leadership - Educational music - Educational perennialism - Educational progressivism - Educational psychology - Educational reform in occupied Japan - Educational research - Educational Technology & Society - Educational technology - Edusat - Edutainment - Effect size - Eidetic memory - E-learning - Electronic portfolio - Elkonin boxes - E-mentoring - Emergent algorithm - Employment counsellor - Encaenia - English village - Environmental education - Episodic memory - Erhard Seminars Training - Eromenos - Esalen Institute - Ethics - Eurisko - Eurythmy - Evolutionary educational psychology - Executive Education - Exhibitioner - Exosomatic memory - Experiential education - Experimental analysis of behavior - Expulsion (academia) - Extinction (psychology) - Extracurricular Activity

F
Factor analysis - Factorial experiment - Faculty (division) - Faculty (teaching staff) - False memory - Fartlek - Fast mapping - Fear conditioning - Fellow - Filmstrip - Finishing school - Flashbulb memory - Flashcard - Flow (psychology) - Forbidden knowledge - Force field analysis - Forensics - Forgetting - Forgetting curve - For-Profit Education - Four stages of competence - Framework for Intervention - Free education - Free school meals - French immersion - Froebel Gifts - Frosh - Functional illiteracy - Further education - Future Problem Solving Program

G
Gap Year - Gateway to Higher Education (program) - GED - General education requirements - General intelligence factor - General National Vocational Qualification - Getting Things Done - G. I. American Universities - Gifted education - Gifted - Globalization - Goal Theory - Grading in education - Graduate Diploma - Graduate school - Graduation - Graphic organizers - Grounded theory (Glaser) - Grounded theory (Strauss)

H
Habituation - Halo effect - Harkness table - Hawthorne effect - Head boy - Head Start Program - Head teacher - High school - High/Scope - Higher Certificate - Higher Diploma - Higher education - Higher National Certificate - Higher National Diploma - Highly sensitive person - Hipster PDA - History and philosophy of science - History of education in Japan - HM (patient) - Holland Codes - Homeschooling - Honorary title (academic) - Honors student - Hooked on Phonics - Hospitality management - How to Read a Book - How to Solve It - Human memory process - Human Performance Technology - Human Potential Movement - Humanistic education - Human rights education

I
Iconic memory - Imitation - Imperial examination - Imprinting (psychology) - Inclusive classroom - Incremental reading - Independent scholar - Independent school - Individualized instruction - Infant Education - INFOCOMP Journal of Computer Science - Information design - Information mapping - Innate behaviour - Inquiry education - Institutional pedagogy - Instructional capital - Instructional design - Instructional scaffolding - Instructional technology - Instructional theory - Integrative learning - Intellectual - Intelligence (trait) - Interdisciplinary teaching - Interference theory - International Democratic Education Conference - International Journal of Educational Technology - Science Olympiad, International - Internet tutorial - Intertwingularity - Intrinsic motivation - Ipsative - Item response theory - Ivy League

J
JANET - Jewish quota - Jigsaw Classroom - Joint Association of Classical Teachers - Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation - JUD - Juku

K
K-12 - K-5 (education) - Karzer - Kentucky Education Reform Act - Kindergarten - Kinesthetic learning - Knowledge building - Knowledge cafe - Knowledge is Power - Knowledge management - Knowledge transfer - Knowledge visualization - Knowledge - Kohlberg's stages of moral development - Kurso de Esperanto

L
Landmark Education - Language education - Language policy - Latchkey child - Lateral thinking - Latin honors - Law of effect - Laws of Technical Systems Evolution - League Tables of British Universities - Learned helplessness - Learner autonomy - Learning by teaching - Learning cycle - Learning disability - Learning sciences - Learning styles - Learning theory (education) - Learning theory - Learning - Lecture - Lecturer - Legal education - Legality of homeschooling in the United States - Legitimate peripheral participation - Lesson plan - Lesson - Level of Invention - Liberal arts - Lies My Teacher Told Me - Lie-to-children - Life coaching - Life skills - Lifelong learning - Lifespring - Likert scale - Linkword - Lisbon recognition convention - List of academic disciplines - List of colleges and universities by country - Colleges and universities by country, list of - Universities and colleges by country, list of - List of fields of doctoral studies - List of Friends Schools - List of Phonics Programs - List of publications in psychology - List of schools by country - List of Sudbury schools - List of Upper Canada College alumni - Literacy - LogoVisual thinking (LVT) - Longitudinal data system - Long-term memory - Losada Zone - Lyceum movement

M
Machine learning - Maieutics - Marketing of schools - Maslow's hierarchy of needs - Mass education - Mastery learning - Math education - Mathetics - Matriculation - Maturationism - Mature student - Medical education - Medieval university (Asia) - Medieval university - Medium of instruction - Memory consolidation - Memory - Mental management - Mentor - Mentoring - Meta learning - Meta-analysis - Metacognition - Mickey Mouse degrees - Microcosmographia Academica - Microelectronics Education Programme - Middle School - Military academy - Mind map - M-learning - Mnemonic - Molecular mechanisms of memory - Money illusion - Monitorial system - Montessori method - Moral reasoning - Morphological analysis - Motivation - Moulage - Mozart effect - Music education

N
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title: Index of education articles


text:
South Forty-Foot Drain

The South Forty-Foot Drain, also known as the Black Sluice Navigation, is the main channel for the land-drainage of the Black Sluice Level in the Lincolnshire Fens. It lies in eastern England between Guthram Gowt and the Black Sluice pumping station on The Haven, at Boston. The Drain has its origins in the 1630s, when the first scheme to make the Fen land available for agriculture was carried out by the Earl of Lindsey, and has been steadily improved since then. Water drained from the land entered The Haven by gravity at certain states of the tide until 1946, when the Black Sluice pumping station was commissioned.

The Drain was navigable until 1971, when improvements to the pumping station led to the entrance lock being removed. It is currently being upgraded to navigable status by the Environment Agency, as part of the Fens Waterways Link, with a new entrance lock being completed in December 2008, giving access to the first 12 mi of the drain, and the upgrading of the southern section, including a link to the River Glen to allow navigation to Spalding forming phase 2 of the project.

History
The Lincolnshire Fens are an area of low-lying land which have been subject to flooding and attempts to prevent it for centuries. In medieval times, the Midfen Dyke was built to drain the area, but by 1500, this was regarded less as a drain for the land than as a boundary marker between the Parts of Holland and the Parts of Kesteven, two of the three medieval subdivisions of Lincolnshire which functioned as county councils until their abolition in 1974. The first serious attempt to drain the area to the south west of Boston, now known as the Black Sluice Area but formerly known as the Lindsey Level, was from 1635 to 1638, when the Earl of Lindsey agreed with the Commissioners of Sewers for Lincolnshire to carry out drainage works which would make 36000 acre of land available for agricultural use. The Earl and a group of Adventurers paid for the works, in return for land grants.

The cost of the work was £45,000, and involved the construction of a sluice near Boston, called Skirbeck Sluice, the construction of the first 8 mi of the South Forty-Foot Drain, from Boston to Great Hale, the construction of two drains from there to Guthram, which were called the Double Twelves, and the construction of the Clay Dyke Drain. The scheme was not popular with the local fenmen, who made a living from fishing and wildfowling, or with the Commoners, who had a right to graze animals on the common land when it was not flooded. They attempted to get Parliament to rule in their favour, but after three years of trying, they abandoned the idea of legal redress, and took direct action. They destroyed much of the work, as well as buildings and crops, and burnt Skirbeck Sluice. The Earl of Lindsey's contract with the Commissioners of Sewers was revoked by parliament, and it was another hundred years before the next attempt to drain the area.

In an attempt to drain Holland Fen, and prevent flooding from the River Witham, an adventurer called Earl Fitzwilliam constructed a drain in 1720, which runs broadly parallel to the River Witham, and terminated at Lodewick's Gowt, a sluice which he constructed on the Witham close to the location of the present Grand Sluice. The drain was for many years called Earl Fitzwilliam's drain, but is now called the North Forty-Foot Drain. The scheme was not entirely successful.

Second Sluice
The Witham Drainage Act 1762 among other things constituted the Commissioners of Sewers for the Second and Sixth District, which covered the area including Asgarby, Ewerby, Great Hale, Heckington, Holland Fen, Howell, Little Hale and South Kyme. Much of the area to the south and west of Boston, some 91 sqmi, was inundated by the Great Flood of 1763, and against this background, the Black Sluice Drainage Act 1765 (5 Geo. 3. c. 86) was obtained which created the Black Sluice Commissioners, giving them power to raise taxes and authority to carry out drainage works. The scheme largely revived the Earl of Lindsey's original scheme. The initial design work was carried out by the civil engineer Langley Edwards, on loan from the Witham Commissioners. Some of the surveying was performed by John Landen, who was the steward of the estate of Earl Fitzwilliam at Peterborough, and a proficient amateur mathematician. The two men were jointly appointed Surveyors of the Works, acting as engineers for the scheme, while John Chapman and Richard Strattard were assistants. A new sluice, called the Black Sluice, was built at Boston as a direct replacement for the Skirbeck Sluice, having three openings with a total width of 40 ft. The 8 mi of the drain were scoured from Boston to Great Hale, beyond which the Main Drain was upgraded by cutting a new 14 mi channel, effectively extending the South Forty-Foot Drain to Guthram, on the banks of the River Glen. A total of 65 mi of highland streams were improved by scouring and raising of the banks. The estimated cost of £16,000 was raised by issuing bonds, but the project overran, and another Act of Parliament, the Black Sluice Drainage Act 1770 (10 Geo. 3. c. 41) was obtained in 1770 to authorise the raising of the drainage taxes, to cover the difference. By mid-1769, when Landen and Edwards left the project, because the work was largely complete, the scheme had cost £24,000. They were replaced by Edward Hare as Surveyor of Works, with Chapman and Strattard continuing as assistants. A historian called W. H. Wheeler, who chronicled the Lincolnshire fens, wrote that "the works were efficiently carried out and, being well-designed, entirely answered expectation."

On the River Witham, the Grand Sluice was constructed and opened on 15 October 1766, and this prevented tidal water from entering the river, and hence flooding the Holland Fen. The Boston Harbour Commissioners were created by the Boston Port Act 1766, and they carried out improvement works to The Haven, which resulted in lower water levels at the Black Sluice, and hence more efficient draining from the South Forty-Foot Drain. Water was pumped into the drain by a series of windmills driving scoop wheels. Maps of the area produced in 1783 by Edward Hare show 46 such mills, which provided drainage for 32000 acre of agricultural land. Extreme high tides in 1810 and again in 1820 resulted in widespread flooding, and further thought was given to improving the flood defences.

With the improvements to the River Witham, the final section of Earl Fitzwilliam's drain to Lodewick Gowt was filled in, and the channel was diverted to join the South Forty-Foot Drain. Renamed the North Forty-Foot Drain, it now supplies Cook's Lock and Holland Fen pumping stations.

Third Sluice
Reports on improvements to the system were produced in 1843 by the surveyor Mr W Lewin and in 1845 by Sir John Rennie. Rennie's scheme involved the provision of a catchwater drain to collect water draining from the higher ground to the west before it entered the fenlands, but an Act of Parliament to authorise its construction was defeated, and so in 1846 a report by Mr W Cubit which proposed improvements to the existing infrastructure was accepted by the Commissioners. A new Black Sluice, including a 20 ft wide navigation lock, was constructed to the south of the original one, with the cill level 6 ft lower, which enabled the gradient of the South Forty-Foot Drain to be increased to 3 inches per mile (5 cm/km). Many of the tributary drains were also improved. 1846 also marked the beginning of the use of steam engines for pumping. Ten years later, a map covering 18000 acre of the Black Sluice area showed nine steam-powered and eight wind-powered drainage engines in use.

The River Witham Outfall Improvement Act 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. cliii) authorised further improvements to the mouth of the Witham, to which the Black Sluice Commissioners contributed £65,000. This work led to a further drop of 4 ft in the low water level at the Black Sluice. Oil and paraffin engines began to replace steam and wind engines from 1910, and by 1935 there were 15 such engines pumping water into the South Forty-Foot Drain. The passing of the Land Drainage Act 1930 resulted in the Commissioners being replaced by the Black Sluice Internal Drainage Board, while responsibility for the rivers in the area passed to the Witham and Steeping Rivers Catchment Board. With war imminent, the Rivers Board took over the Black Sluice and the South Forty-Foot Drain in 1939, and although progress was interrupted by the Second World War, a £374,000 scheme to construct the Black Sluice pumping station and to widen 11 mi of the drain from Boston to Donington Bridge was completed in 1946. The pumping station contained three 100 in pumps, each powered by a 900 hp 5-cylinder vertical diesel engine manufactured by Ruston.

Modern era
Paraffin and oil engines gave way to electrically powered pumping stations in the 1950s, with the Board constructing six electric and one diesel pumping station to improve drainage to an extra 11000 acre of land. In 1960, the decision was taken to further improve drainage of an area of 70000 acre, as part of a £1.4 million scheme which included the addition of two extra pumps at the Black Sluice, replacement of existing pumps elsewhere, and the widening of 7 mi of the South Forty-Foot Drain from Donington Bridge to Rippingale Running Dyke. Jurisdiction for the Drain and the sluice passed to the Lincolnshire River Board at this time. The work, which began in 1962 and was completed in 1968, proved successful in preventing flooding during severe wet weather in the winter of 1968/9. With three 900 hp and two 925 hp diesel engines, the upgraded pumping station could pump 800 thousand gallons per minute (60 m3/s). Responsibility for the drain and the sluice passed to the National Rivers Authority in 1990, and to the Environment Agency in 1995.

Despite all the improvements, serious flooding occurred in 1999 when the bank of the drain was breached near Pinchbeck. Staff from the Environment Agency and the Black Sluice Internal Drainage Board successfully repaired the breach before properties were flooded, and a review of the flood defences was then carried out. The report recommended improvements to some of the banks, but funding for the work was not available, and so no work was done at the time.

In 2013, the pumping station flooded as a result of a tidal surge. The three engines dating from 1946 were damaged by water ingress, and were decommissioned. The other two engines were at a higher level, and remained operational, but were by that time nearly 50 years old, and nearing the end of their operational life. Refurbishment of the pumping station was estimated to cost between £15 and £20 million, and so the effectiveness of the station was reviewed. The review showed that it had been used for less than 2 days of every 100 days since it was constructed in 1946, and that the station barely affected the number of properties that might be flooded. By using the adjacent gravity sluice and the lock to discharge water from the South Forty-Foot Drain, better control of water levels could be achieved, and this had been demonstrated during a period of heavy rainfall in spring 2018. Accordingly, the remaining two pumps were decommissioned in October 2018, and the Environment Agency are looking at what to do with the building.

Functions
The South Forty-Foot Drain serves as a district boundary over the length where it runs roughly south to north. South of Donington High Bridge, the Drain separates South Kesteven to the west from South Holland to the east. The boundary then continues southwards along the River Glen. North of Donington, the boundary between the borough of Boston to the east and North Kesteven to the west follows the line of the Drain. As the Drain crosses the line of the Midfen Dyke, just before the Nottingham to Boston railway joins it at Great Hale pumping station, the boundary turns northwards, following its medieval course.

The main job of the Drain is to gather the waters pumped from the Kesteven Fens, the Holland Fens and the Weir Dyke, a soak dike in Bourne North Fen, alongside the Bourne Eau and River Glen, northwards and eastwards to the Black Sluice at Boston, where they are discharged to the tidal waters of The Haven. The Weir Dyke takes its name from a weir in the bank of the Bourne Eau at Tongue End, which was constructed by the Black Sluice Commissioners, to allow water from the Bourne Eau to overflow the bank when excess water could not flow into the River Glen in times of flood. The overfall weir became redundant when the Tongue End pumping station was constructed in 1966.

The South Forty-Foot Drain and the Black Sluice pumping station, together with most of the side channels which run into the drain are the responsibility of the Environment Agency. Management of the drainage ditches which drain the Fens are the responsibility of the Black Sluice Internal Drainage Board, who maintain 34 pumping stations and three gravity stations in the region. Of these, 21 are situated on the banks of the Drain, and pump directly into it, while one, the Black Hole Drove pumping station, is constructed over the channel, and acts as a boundary between the part of the Drain managed by the Environment Agency, and that managed by the Drainage Board.

Navigation
Prior to 1971, the Drain had been navigable, and in 1939, it was listed as being navigable for 21 mi, from Boston to Gutham (sic) Gowt. Boats up to 70 ft long and 18 ft wide, with a draught of about 7 or could use the waterway as far as Donington Bridge, but above that, the draught decreased to 3 to 4 ft. It was only open to commercial craft, as pleasure craft were expressly prohibited. It is unclear whether there was ever a right of navigation, or whether the Black Sluice Commissioners simply allowed it. The entrance lock was 72 by, and most trade was between Boston and Donnington Bridge, with pleasure boating not being allowed prior to 1962. Navigation ceased in 1971, when the lock was closed and removed, with little protest being made. More recently, the East Anglian Waterways Association promoted the idea that the Drain could again be made navigable as part of a larger scheme to improve leisure facilities. The local authorities which were part of the Fens Tourism consortium conducted a feasibility study, and this report was formally adopted as the Fens Waterways Link by the Environment Agency in 2004, with the support of the local authorities, the East Anglian Waterways Association and the Inland Waterways Association.

The scheme involved a total of 150 mi of waterway, of which 50 mi would be new cruiseway, while the rest would be existing waterways which could be upgraded or have their access improved. When completed, it would connect the Rivers Witham, Glen, Welland, Nene and Great Ouse, and was heralded as the biggest waterway enhancement project in Europe by the Environment Agency. In 2007 they obtained funding for the link between Boston and Spalding. Work on a new lock beside the Black Sluice pumping station at Boston - to connect The Haven and the South Forty-Foot Drain - was formally started on 8 February 2008, and was completed in December 2008, with the official opening ceremony being held on 20 March 2009. The lock project formed phase 1 of the scheme, and the cost of £8.5 million was jointly funded by the European Regional Development Fund, the East Midlands Development Agency, and Lincolnshire County Council. The lock is designed to be used for a period either side of high tide, and so there is a rise from the Drain to the Haven. It has conventional mitre gates at one end, but uses rotating sector gates at the tidal end, each one weighing 12.1 tonnes.

The lock opened up nearly 12 mi of waterway. As part of the upgrade, new 48-hour moorings were constructed on The Haven, for boats about to enter the Drain, and on the South Forty-Foot Drain near the Black Sluice pumping station at Boston, at Swineshead Bridge and at Hubbert's Bridge. The upper limit of navigation was initially Donington High Bridge, where the Swaton Eau joins the South Forty-Foot Drain and provides a wider section where boats can be turned. Beyond the bridge, the drain was officially only suitable for canoes and kayaks. However, eight narrow boats cruised on the waterway at Easter 2009, and although the channel was narrower and not as deep after Donington Bridge, all of them successfully reached Kingston's Bridge, some 3.7 mi further on, where the outlets from Dowsby Fen and Gosberton pumping stations provided enough width to turn a 70 ft boat. Further progress was blocked by scaffolding erected so that the bridge could be re-decked, rather than by lack of water.

The drain has been renamed as the Black Sluice Navigation by the Environment Agency. In order to use the navigation, an Environment Agency licence is required, and as there are no permanent moorings available on the drain, these are available for one day or seven days. Water levels are maintained at a lower level during the winter months, when flows are high, and the Drain needs to be able to cope with higher volumes of rainfall, than during the summer months, when navigable levels are maintained. As on the neighbouring River Witham, the switch between winter and summer levels is normally made at the beginning of April.

Development
Phase 2 of the Fens Waterway project involves the link between Donington Bridge and Crowland and Cowbit Washes, which are located on the River Welland near Spalding. In order to make the financing of the phase more viable, it was split into two halves, with phase 2a covering the section from Donington to Surfleet Seas End on the River Glen, and phase 2b covering from there onwards. The initial technical assessment and obtaining of planning permission for phase 2, which involved widening of the South Forty-Foot Drain from Donington to a new road crossing under the A151, a new lock and a junction with the River Glen at Guthram Gowt was funded by the East Midlands Development Agency. This section would involve changes at Black Hole Drove pumping station, which has been built across the drain and hence would prevent navigation. Major contracts for this phase were expected to be awarded in April 2009, but appraisal of the technical assessment revealed that more than one route needed to be considered before the best solution could be selected. While the obvious solution would be to connect the Glen and the drain where they are only a short distance apart, the Lincolnshire Waterways Partnership also considered the creation of new channels up to 9.3 mi long to form the link. In the meantime, the economic situation changed, so that sources of funding were not so freely available, and by the end of 2010, no clear dates had been set for the next construction phase.

By late 2011, there were ten different routes under consideration, and an assessment of them was expected to be delivered in spring 2012. Halcrow Group, the engineering consultancy, were responsible for carrying out the assessment, which looked at the benefits that each route might provide, not only for navigation but also for water quality, water resources and habitat for wildlife. The study was expected to provide a short-list of routes, which would then be the subject of further consultation. By mid-2012, the merits of the ten routes had been considered, including the economic, environmental and technical issues involved, and a broad outline of the corridor for the link was scheduled to be published in September. After that, consultation with landowners and stakeholders took place, to establish the final route, for which design of the channel and the associated locks, bridges, moorings and pumping stations could then begin. By the end of the assessment process for the ten routes, two remained. One was route 1, the original suggestion which used the existing course of the South Forty-Foot Drain for most of its length, while the second was a new route, designated as route 11. Route 11 had become the preferred route by the summer of 2014. It involves widening the South Forty-Foot Drain from Donington to Surfleet, to a point near to the Black Hole Drove pumping station. A new lock would be needed at this location, but would connect to a new channel, rather than to the rest of the drain. It would pass under a new bridge on the A151, and the connection to the River Glen would involve another new lock. An environmental survey of other watercourses near to the route revealed that several provide habitat for nationally important plants and invertebrates.

Precursors
The idea of a link between the South Forty-Foot Drain and the River Nene is not new, as the first plans for such a connection were proposed in 1809. In that year, proposals for a new canal between the Oakham Canal at Oakham and the Stamford Canal at Stamford, which had been discussed in 1785, were revived, as part of a larger plan for a 7 mi link from Stamford to the River Nene at Peterborough, and a connection from near Market Deeping, where the Stamford Canal rejoined the River Welland, northwards to the South Forty-Foot Drain. A bill for this, together with one for a rival scheme to link Stamford to the Grand Junction Canal, which also included a connection to the South Forty-Foot Drain, were put before Parliament in 1811, but neither met with any success. The idea was raised again in 1815 and 1828, but no further action was taken.

Water quality
The Environment Agency measure the water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail. The South Forty-Foot Drain is designated as "heavily modified", which means that the channels have been altered by human activity, and the criteria for this designation are defined by the Water Framework Directive.

The water quality of the South Forty-Foot Drain was as follows in 2019.

Reasons for the water quality being less than good include physical modification of the channel, which prevents the free movement of fish and other organisms along the waterway, discharge from sewage treatment works, and runoff from agricultural land. Like most waterways in the UK, the chemical status was rated as fail in 2019, due to the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and mercury compounds, neither of which had previously been included in the assessment. Prior to 2019, there were issues with tributyltin compounds being discharged into the system, which also affected chemical status.

title: South Forty-Foot Drain


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