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Jane Greer

Jane Greer (born Bettejane Greer; September 9, 1924 – August 24, 2001) was an American film and television actress best known for her role as femme fatale Kathie Moffat in the 1947 film noir Out of the Past. In 2009, The Guardian named her one of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination.

Early life
Greer was born in Washington, DC, the daughter of Charles Durell McClellan Greer Jr. and his wife, Bettie. In 1940, at age 15, Greer suffered from a facial palsy, which paralyzed the left side of her face. She recovered, but the condition may have contributed to her "patented look" and "a calm, quizzical gaze and an enigmatic expression that would later lead RKO to promote her as 'The Woman with the Mona Lisa smile'." She claimed that the facial exercises used to overcome the paralysis taught her the importance of facial expression in conveying human emotion.

On December 4, 1945, Greer had her name legally changed to Jane Greer by a court in Los Angeles. She said of her previous name: "Mine is a sissy name. It's too bo-peepish, ingenueish, for the type of role I've been playing. It's like Mary Lou or Mary Ann."

Music
A beauty-contest winner and professional model from her teens, Greer began her show-business career as a big-band singer. She sang in Washington, DC, with the orchestra of Enric Madriguera. She "sang phonetically in Spanish" with the group.

Film

Howard Hughes spotted Greer modeling in the June 8, 1942, issue of Life, and sent her to Hollywood to become an actress. Hughes lent her to RKO to star in many films (another source says Greer's husband, Rudy Vallee, "helped her get out of her contract with Hughes and secure another pact with RKO Studios" ) including Dick Tracy (1945), Out of the Past (1947), They Won't Believe Me (1947), and the comedy/suspense film The Big Steal (1949), with Out of the Past co-star Robert Mitchum. Hughes refused to let her work for a time; when she finally resumed film acting, she appeared in You're in the Navy Now (1951), The Prisoner of Zenda (1952), Run for the Sun (1956), and Man of a Thousand Faces (1957). In 1984, she was cast in Against All Odds, a remake of Out of the Past, as the mother of the character she had played in 1947. In 1952, Greer obtained a release from her contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. She said, "When there is a good role at MGM, the producers want Lana or Ava. There is no chance for another actress to develop into important stardom at the studio".

Television
Greer's noteworthy roles in television included guest appearances on episodes of numerous shows over the decades, such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Bonanza, Quincy, M.E., Murder, She Wrote, and a 1975 role with Peter Falk and Robert Vaughn in an episode of Columbo titled Troubled Waters. She even got to make fun of Out of the Past in a parody with Robert Mitchum on TV's Saturday Night Live in 1987. Greer joined the casts of Falcon Crest in 1984 and Twin Peaks in 1990 in recurring roles until her retirement in 1996.

Recognition
Greer was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1634 Vine Street for her contributions to the motion picture industry. The star was dedicated on February 8, 1960.

Personal life
Greer married Rudy Vallee on December 2, 1943, in Hollywood, but they separated after three months and divorced on July 27, 1944. On August 20, 1947, Greer married Edward Lasker (1912–1997), a Los Angeles lawyer and businessman, with whom she had three sons, Alex, Steven, and Lawrence, a movie producer (WarGames, Sneakers). Greer and Lasker divorced in 1967. Frank London (an actor and dialogue coach) was Greer's domestic partner from 1965 until his death in 2001, six months before Greer died. Greer was a lifelong Democrat and supported Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election. Greer was Catholic.

Greer died of cancer on August 24, 2001, at the age of 76, in Bel Air, Los Angeles.

Partial television credits

 * The Ford Television Theatre - "Look for Tomorrow" (1953), "One Man Missing (1955)", "Moment of Decision" (1957)
 * Celebrity Playhouse - "Diamonds in the Sky" (1955) as Nina
 * Zane Grey Theater - "A Gun for My Bride" (1957), "The Vaunted" (1958), "Stagecoach to Yuma" (1960)
 * Playhouse 90 - "No Time at All" (1958) as Karen
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1959) (Season 4 Episode 34: "A True Account") as Mrs. Cannon-Hughes / Ms. Cannon-Hughes / Mrs. Cannon-Hughes-Brett
 * Bonanza - "The Julia Bulette Story" (1959) as Julia Bulette
 * Stagecoach West - "High Lonesome" (1960) as Kathleen Kane
 * Thriller - "Portrait Without a Face" (1961) as Ann Moffat
 * Burke's Law - "Who Killed My Girl?" (1964) as Lonnie Smith
 * Columbo - "Troubled Waters" (1975) as Sylvia Danziger
 * Quincy, M.E. - "The Depth of Beauty" (1979) as Dorrie Larkin
 * Falcon Crest (1984) as Charlotte Pershing (recurring role, 6 episodes)
 * The Law & Harry McGraw - "Murder by Landslide" (1987) as Augusta Stillman
 * Saturday Night Live - "Robert Mitchum/Simply Red" (1987) as Kathy (uncredited)
 * Murder, She Wrote - "The Last Flight of the Dixie Damsel" (1988) as Bonnie Phelps
 * Twin Peaks (1990) as Vivian Smythe Niles

title: Jane Greer


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Talk:Clandestine chemistry

Where is this page going? Also, origin of term?
I have not heard of the term "clandestine chemistry" until I saw a link to it on the Acetic anhydride page. Who coined this term, and where is it used? Furthermore, the page as it stands has almost no sources.

71.241.75.170 (talk) 04:10, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, I thought the term was "home chemistry"? I guess this is more specific since it covers illegal chemicals to make, such as crystal meth or explosives or chemical weapons.  75.70.90.36 (talk) 02:02, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Crank Case Etymology
This is most likely a Urban Myth\Foly Etymology. It lacks verifiability and there are numerous variations on the theme ie. is the crankcase a hiding place or a reaction vessel? Is it a motorcycle crankcase or a truck crankcase? The Historical Dictionary of American Slang has "crank" back to 1969, but the "crankcase" explanation did not appear until 1995 (S.F. Chronicle, "The Kiss of Meth", 8/27/95). Overall I think it is more likely that it is called crank because it "cranks" up the user.

Holme053 20:39, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

MDMA production
I forgot to mention this in the comment line of my edit so I will place it here. I removed the words "in theory" from the note about mdma synthesis from safrol or other plant sources. There is no debate over whether or not naturally occuring oils can provide the precursers for mdma. In fact, it is fairly common for small scale labs to obtain their safrol from sassafras oil. It is for this reason that sassafras oil is a watched chemical in the US.

Foolishben 21:50, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Uncle Fester as a source
By whom is Uncle Fester considerd a source of not-so-good resource for illegal drug manifacture ?

If you will check out alt.drugs.chemistry, you will see that much of the clandestine drug syntheses world has mixed feelings about Fester. His research is adapted from US Patents and Journal Articles, so some of his information is faulty. When reading his books, you can see what information is gold and what information is questionable; the good information he presents is what he has extensive personal experience with, while the questionable information is just stuff he read in US Patents and Journal Articles. You can see examples in his Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture book, half of it is stuff he has done himself, and is able to explain rather extensively, but some other syntheses in that book are somewhat unexplained. Two other examples are his Home Workshop Explosives book and Practical LSD Manufacture book. In Home Workshop Explosives, he details how to synthesize nitroglycerin; which he does exceedingly well. His instructions for many of the explosives in that book are dead-on accurate to the finest detail. In Practical LSD Manufacture, however, he has no experience whatsoever with LSD syntheses, and all of the writing is based off of extensive reading he has done -- needless to say, Practical LSD Manufacture was not a well-recieved book by underground drug chemists.

Methamphetamine Lab Seizures in the US data wrong?
Where's that data got from, DEA site states different readings; see: Anyway, I'm making nice SVG graph from the DEA site's data, if it is correct. --Jannev 18:42, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Here's the chart if you want to use it:

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jannev (talk • contribs) 19:16, 11 April 2007 (UTC). (And a div so it doesn't break the next section heading. ⇌Elektron 12:39, 24 September 2007 (UTC))

Move article?
How does everyone feel about moving this article to something like Drug laboratory, Clandestine laboratory, Clandestine drug laboratory, etc.? --Daniel11 11:30, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Not unless you have a good reason to move it. I think it's fine where it is — I suspect "clandestine chemistry" is the most common name for it. "Drug laboratory" is the wrong name — it sounds more like a pharmaceutical lab. ⇌Elektron 12:32, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Why is AIDSvideos.org's Meth script cited as a source?
There is what appears to be a footnote on this page, right below the table of meth lab seizure data, citing a script at AIDSvideos.org as the source. This appears to be an error. If you look at the cited script, it doesn't include lab seizure data. Please edit this page to either assign the citation to a fact that is in fact stated in my script or remove the citation. Thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.6.223.173 (talk) 21:52, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Acetic Anhydride
There appears to be a mistake in the number of kilograms of AA in this sentence: "The DEA reports that as of June 2001, some 125 consignments of acetic anhydride had been tracked totalling 61,890,2223 kilograms." I don't know the source of this number, so I don't know the correct number, but I'm guessing someone just typed an extra two. Please remove this number or correct it as necessary and cite the source. Thank you. 68.97.10.70 (talk) 03:57, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

USA
This article seems very based around the US. If anyone could fix it would be greatly appreciated. Thank you,210.84.0.6 (talk) 08:07, 25 June 2009 (UTC) anyone is welcome to add to this.70.15.191.119 (talk) 08:25, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, considering that the USA is politically more interested in it... It's a moral crisis.  The impression I've gotten is that it's hyped more in the USA.  Kind of ironic, considering that we force children to take Ritalin.  Oooooooops.  XD
 * I am curious as to what a map of use-per-capita looks like. There must be good estimates for creating one?  The problem is one of consistent methodology in statistics-gathering.  75.70.90.36 (talk) 02:08, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Corn Whiskey
Corn whiskey as in "Corn whiskey" as you have it labeled is moonshine. bourbon is bourbon. Bourbon is a whiskey made with Corn but it isn't corn whiskey. Tennessee Whiskey is Tennessee Whiskey. It may be made with Corn but again it isn't corn whiskey. US Moonshine which is made of primarily corn. Bourbon and Tennessee Whiskey are not made primarily of corn. 70.15.191.119 (talk) 08:25, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Exceedingly Biased POV in this article

 * Seems to be taken verbatim from a US Drug Enforcement Agency handout. In fact the only source listed is the DEA.
 * The "Breaking Bad" scenario seems to match the actual reality; NOT "Gangs" and "Organized Crime." My experience goes back to 1980's working at a Chemical Supply House (later folding because it owned an EPA Superfund site.) Suspect purchasers included BioChem Graduate students, Biology and Forestry Dept professors from the University of Washington.
 * P2P or phenyl-2-propanone was used to make Benzedrine (racemic amphetamine) by Oregom biker gangs in the 60's and 70's; DEA documentation is heavy on ancient history and questionable research. (Is there even a market for Quaaludes, methaqualone, in this era?)
 * The reactions used to make drugs have changed in fashion over the years. As noted above, labs have become smaller scale and lower tech. For Meth: P2P in the 70's, Phosphorus/Iodine in the 80's, Lithium/Ammonia in the 90's, in this millennium it is Lithium (from Eveready AA battery) and isoPropyl Alcohol in a polycarbonate 2 liter Coke bottle.
 * Drug use patterns have changed. Since wrong optical isomers have no activity, preference for optically active precursors like Ephedrine and Pseudophedrine (same optical activity at nitrogen) make D N-MethylAmphetamine the more in-demand drug. Cocaine Hydrochloride = old; "Crack Cocaine" = new: Cocaine is not the major alkaloid in industrially grown Coca plant, but the other (usually discarded or requiring expensive reprocessing) alkaloids are active when smoked. (Cocaine is Benzoyl Ecognine. Most alkaloids are Cinnamyl Ecognine, can be oxidized, or Truxillic acid Ecognine derivative, not oxidized. C.F. Coca-cola's original cinnamon flavor. Oxidation destroys 2/3 of alkaloid; old school was to recover the Ecognine and treat with Benzoyl Chloride. Pure (white) Heroin powder or Mexican "black tar" Heroin. (Note the color is not due to "using Acetic Acid" but because pure Morphine alkaloid is not separated from the raw poppy resin, which is used as-is in "tar".
 * "Clandestine" does not seem to cover the corporate email IDs (SA, Asia) of those posting questions on Facebook, LinkedIn, etc. about making MMDA precursors. Certainly drug labs like BALCO (yes, steroids are illegal drugs also) and "Spice" (et other designer drugs) manufacturers are in the open in the US; even less "clandestine" in India, South America, et al.
 * Sassafras oil is listed as carcinogen by FDA and no longer used to make Root Beer. Most MDA is now made from Vanillin, derived from processing of wood pulp for paper. Nitroethane is also an archaic DEA belief, having long ago been replaced by nitration (NO2 addition) of the intermediate styrene i.e. isosafrole.
 * Wiki Acetic Anhydride "3.2×10^9 kilograms of acetic" used to make plastics (Cellulose acetate, vinyl acetate, et al) so the ~700,000 kg "tracked" sounds like a self serving DEA statement. Does the author of this article bother to check facts even when the data is so far from plausible?
 * Industrial Ephedrine does not come from plants; it is made by fermentation of Benzaldehyde and Glucose to Phenylacetylcarbinol.
 * US Law enforcement only interdicts an estimated 1/10th of actual US usage, a trivial sum considering the "wholesale" cost of production. A recent online debate among Forensics professionals noted that the biggest suppliers of illicit drugs was multinational pharmaceutical companies; prescription pain medication abuse now outweighs imported heroin.
 * On a similar subject. US Cannabis production far exceeds that imported; much of it on smaller midwest farms in the corn- and wheat-belts (trying to compete with agribusiness benefitting from Federal largesse.)
 * Procedures for making Meth in a coke bottle and for making explosives etc are posted on Youtube and other video sites.
 * Guns and explosives are so exceedingly easy to obtain, only a moron (e.g. the guy who recrystalized a kilo of aged Lead Azide at home) would make their own. (Well Ammonium Nitrate and Oil is hard to beat on price/performance c.f. recent fertilizer plant explosion.) A local gun shop was selling used AK-47s for $50, owner said it was 400% mark-up; he said the same dealer could supply "other surplus military goods" at similar prices. Although homemade explosives can indeed be deadly, they are usually of limited power (like Acetone peroxide), besides most "red states" allow reloaders to buy Gunpowder with no ID. (Of course several incidents of incompetent bomb squad officers blowing themselves up disposing of gunpowder at disposal sites.) Nitromethane (requires high energy detonator) is available in tank car quantities; Fuel-Air explosives (usually accidental or arsons) are simple and unregulated (also c.f. Molotov cocktail). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.76.59.220 (talk) 13:41, 8 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Now wait... It can't be an automatic version.  Automatics are so rare that people pay a premium to get one legally that was grand-fathered in.  We're talking the price of a car.  And black powder is the stuff that is dry and thus horribly likely to experience electrostatic discharge.  This is true even of stuff like flour and laser printer toner although they don't have the built-in oxidizer, thank goodness!  The gray 'gun powder' stuff is more gel-like and less accident-prone.  Yeah, I can still see it catching fire by some idiocy, though.  Irony is that the 'red states' have it legal for safety and environment.  You wouldn't want people making their own nitrates.  Same with mixing poor-quality ingredients to make black powder.  You want consistent quality or otherwise people will be tempted to use too much!  75.70.90.36 (talk) 02:27, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

List of precursors
This is a (partial) list of the chemicals controlled in order to allow us to still buy the allergy pills without a prescription. Don't ask me why they didn't just make the key drugs prescription-only and scheduled along with other drugs that have a restriction on supplies. I put the name and at least 1 legitimate residential/industrial use each in this list. Not all of these are heavily controlled. See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEA_list_of_chemicals

Acetone (Nail polish remover/solvent, starter in chemical synthesis, plastics/Plexiglas) Aluminum foil (cooking) Anhydrous Ammonia (explosives, refrigeration, fertilizer, tons of chemicals are made from it) Ether (anesthetic[rarely/obsolete?], fuel [like in starter fluid], solvent) Hydrochloric Acid (disinfectant, bleaching agent, PVC plastic, Vitamin C) Lithium (batteries) Magnesium (Do I even have to say? Try making airplanes without it for example...) Lye (drain cleaner, photography, pH adjustment, many other chemicals made from it) Phosphorus (matches, food production, semiconductors, fertilizer, pesticides, cleaners) Potassium permanganate (Rockets/strong but nontoxic oxidizer, disinfectants, foods) Salt (food, ice melt) Sulfuric/sulfurous acids (Top used industrial chemical? VERY long list) 75.70.90.36 (talk) 03:57, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Clandestine chemistry
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Clandestine chemistry's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Inoue": From History and culture of substituted amphetamines:  From Club drug:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 16:12, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Clandestine chemistry


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LGBT rights in Croatia

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Croatia have expanded since the turn of the 21st century, especially in the 2010s and 2020s. However, LGBT people still face some legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. The status of same-sex relationships was first formally recognized in 2003 under a law dealing with unregistered cohabitations. As a result of a 2013 referendum, the Constitution of Croatia defines marriage solely as a union between a woman and man, effectively prohibiting same-sex marriage. Since the introduction of the Life Partnership Act in 2014, same-sex couples have effectively enjoyed rights equal to heterosexual married couples in almost all of its aspects, except adoption. In 2022, a final court judgement allowed same-sex adoption (both stepchild and joint adoptions) under the same conditions as for mixed-sex couples. Same-sex couples in Croatia can also apply for foster care since 2020. Croatian law forbids all discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression in all civil and state matters; any such identity is considered a private matter, and such information gathering for any purpose is forbidden as well.

Centre-left, centre, liberal and green political parties have generally been the main proponents of LGBT rights promulgation, while right-wing, centre-right and Christian democratic political parties and movements with ties to the Roman Catholic Church have been in opposition to or moderation of the extension of rights. In 2015, the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) ranked Croatia fifth in terms of LGBT rights out of 49 observed European countries, which represented an improvement compared to the previous year's position of twelfth place. Croatia is among 11 member countries that make up an LGBT Core Group at the United Nations on Ending Violence and Discrimination. Several LGBT+ related bills that codify and expand on existing rights were introduced in 2023 by the opposition, notably the We can! party (Možemo!) and their allies. These included the legal recognition of same-sex marriage in all but name, the right to apply for foster care, the right to apply to adopt children, more inclusive IVF access, easier legal gender change, help for hate crime victims, better legal protection for LGBT+ people and legal recognition of parenthood for children adopted by same-sex couples. None of the proposed bills has passed legislation as of January 2024.

LGBT history in Croatia
The Adriatic Republic of Ragusa introduced the death penalty for sodomy in 1474 as a response to stereotypical fears that Ottoman conquests in the region will lead to the spread of homosexuality.

19th and 20th century
The Penal Code established on 27 May 1852 in the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia (the first modern one in Croatian) did not specify homosexuality as a crime. A subsequent draft of the new Penal Code for 1879 for the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia suggested male homosexual acts be punished with up to five years of prison, but the draft was never formally adopted.

During World War II, homosexual persons were prosecuted under various fascist regimes, but there is no record of organized persecution of homosexuals in the fascist Independent State of Croatia, whose laws did not explicitly contain a regulation directed against them. The communist Yugoslav Partisans, however, issued at least one death sentence against a homosexual, Josip Mardešić, the commander of the Croatian Partisans' communication network until early 1944, when he was discovered to have had affairs with his male subordinates. Mardešić's sexual partners were not executed, only expelled from the Communist Party and reprimanded.

Socialist Republic of Croatia
During the period when Croatia was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, male homosexual acts were made illegal and punishable with up to two years of prison under the Penal Code of 9 March 1951. However, the repression of homosexuals in Yugoslavia effectively began immediately after the end of the war. Homosexuals, labeled by communists as "enemies of the system", were also prohibited from joining the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.

This situation changed when Croatia and other republics gained more control over their own legislature. Constitutional reforms in Yugoslavia in 1974 resulted in the abolishment of the federal Penal Code, allowing every republic to create its own. The Socialist Republic of Croatia created its own Code in 1977, and decriminalized homosexual activity. The Croatian Medical Chamber removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders in 1973 – four years before the introduction of the new Penal Code, and seventeen years before the World Health Organization did the same. Even though being a member of Yugoslavia meant Croatia was a communist country, it was never under the Iron Curtain, thus making it a relatively open country that was influenced by social changes in the wider developed world.

The 1980s brought more visibility to LGBT people. In 1985, Toni Marošević became the first openly gay media person, and briefly hosted a radio show on the Omladinski radio radio station that dealt with marginal socio-political issues. He later revealed that he had been asked on several occasions by the League of Communists of Croatia to form an LGBT faction of the party. The first lesbian association in Croatia, the "Lila initiative", was formed in 1989, but ceased to exist a year later.

Post-communist era
The 1990s brought a slowdown in terms of the progression of LGBT rights mainly as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia followed by the Croatian War of Independence when many Croatian LGBT people, then involved in various feminist, peace and green organizations, joined the anti-war campaign within Croatia. Following Croatian independence, in 1992 the first LGBT association was officially formed, under the name of LIGMA (lezbijska i gej akcija, 'lesbian and gay action', sometimes referred to in English as the Lesbian and Gay Men's Association ). This only lasted until 1997 as the socio-political climate of the time proved hostile to the advancement of gay rights. The most significant event that occurred in the 1990s was the equalization of the age of consent for all sexual activity in 1998 (both heterosexual and homosexual). The situation stagnated until 2000 when a new government coalition, consisting mainly of parties of the centre-left and led by Ivica Račan, took power from the HDZ after their ten-year rule. The new government coalition brought attention to rights of LGBT citizens of Croatia with the introduction of the Same-sex community law in 2003.

The 2000s proved a turning point for LGBT history in Croatia with the formation of several LGBT associations (with the Rijeka-based lesbian organisation LORI in 2000 and ISKORAK in 2002 being among the first); the introduction of unregistered cohabitations; the outlawing of all anti-LGBT discrimination (including recognition of hate-crime based on sexual orientation and gender identity); and the first gay pride event in Zagreb in 2002 during which a group of extremists attacked a number of marchers. Despite that, later marches drew thousands of participants without incidents. Several political parties as well as both national presidents elected in 2000s have shown public support for LGBT rights, with some politicians even actively participating in Gay Pride events on a regular basis.

In early 2005 the Sabor rejected a registered partnerships proposal put forward by Šime Lučin (SDP) and the independent Ivo Banac. Lucija Čikeš MP, a member of the then-ruling HDZ, called for the proposal to be dropped because "the whole universe is heterosexual, from the atom and the smallest particle; from a fly to an elephant". Another HDZ MP objected on the grounds that, "85% of the population considers itself Catholic and the Church is against heterosexual and homosexual equality". However, the medical and physical professions, and the media more generally rejected these statements in opposition, warning that all the members of the Sabor had a duty to vote according to the Constitution which bans discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation.

In 2009, the governing Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) party passed a controversial law restricting access to in vitro fertilisation (IVF) solely to married couples and heterosexual couples who could prove that they had been cohabitating for at least three years. HDZ initially attempted to pass the law restricting access to IVF solely to married couples, but due to strong public pressure HDZ amended the proposed law to allow access to IVF for non-married heterosexual couples as well. The Catholic Church actively supported the first legislative proposal, arguing that access to IVF should only be granted to married couples. As HDZ is a self-declared Christian democratic party, the then Minister of Health and Social Welfare, Darko Milinović, indicated that the government took the Church's position on the matter seriously.

In 2009, the European Committee on Social Rights found several discriminatory statements in a biology course textbook mandatory in Croatian schools. It ruled that the statements violated Croatia's obligations under the European Social Charter.

The 2010s have been marked with a second annual gay pride event in Croatia in the city of Split, a third in Osijek, and the return in 2011 of the centre-left coalition sympathetic to gay rights after the eight-year rule by the conservative-led coalition. The Croatian Government also introduced a Life Partnership Act which makes same-sex couples effectively equal to married couples in everything except full adoption rights. In November 2010, the European Commission's annual progress report on Croatia's candidacy to the EU stated the number of homophobic incidents in Croatia provided concern, and that further effort had to be made in combating hate crime. A 2010 resolution by the European Parliament expressed "concern at the resentment against the LGBT minority in Croatia, evidenced most recently by homophobic attacks on participants in the LGBT Pride parade in Zagreb; urges the Croatian authorities to condemn and prosecute political hatred and violence against any minority; and invites the Croatian Government to implement and enforce the Anti-Discrimination Law".

In December 2011, the newly elected Kukuriku coalition government announced that the modernisation of the IVF law would be one of its first priorities. Proposed changes to the law would allow single women, whose infertility was treated unsuccessfully, access to IVF as well. Other changes were also proposed concerning the freezing of embryos and the fertilization of eggs. The Catholic Church immediately indicated its public oppositions to these changes, stating that they had not been involved in the discussions as much as they should like to have been. The Church subsequently initiated a petition against the legislation, but the Minister of Health, Rajko Ostojić, announced that the law would be going ahead with no compromises. When asked about his attitude on lesbian couples having access to IVF Ostojić said: "Gay is OK!" On 13 July 2012, the new law came into force with 88 MPs voting in favour, 45 voting against, and 2 abstentions. A number of HNS MPs who are also members of the ruling coalition wanted lesbian couples to be included in the legal change as well, and expressed disappointment that their amendment was not ultimately accepted. Since the new law only allowed access to IVF to women who were either married or single and infertile, the law excluded lesbian couples. However, the government justified the exclusion by arguing that the legislative change was only intended to deal with the issue of infertility.

In July 2012, the Municipal Court in Varaždin dealt with a case of discrimination and harassment on the grounds of sexual orientation against a professor at the Faculty of Organization and Informatics at the University of Zagreb. The case was the first report of discrimination based on sexual orientation in accordance with the Anti-Discrimination Act. The court found that there had indeed been discrimination and harassment against the victim in the workplace, and the Faculty was prohibited from further hindering the victim's professional advancement.

A lobby group established in 2013, "In the Name of the Family", led the call to change the Croatian national constitution so that marriage can only be defined as a union between a man and a woman. The Roman Catholic Church played a prominent role in this political campaign, and Cardinal Josip Bozanić of Zagreb issued a letter to be read in churches reminding people that "Marriage is the only union enabling procreation". Subsequently, a national referendum was held on 1 December 2013 where voters approved the change. Franko Dota, a gay rights activist, criticised the results, arguing that it was intended "to humiliate the gay population, and to strike against the progress of the past decades". Stephen Bartulica, a proponent of the referendum and a professor at the Catholic University of Croatia, countered that "the vote was an attempt to show that there is strong opposition" to "gay marriage and adoption by gays". The prime minister, Zoran Milanović, was unhappy that the referendum had taken place at all, saying, "I think it did not make us any better, smarter or prettier."

On 1 March 2013, the Minister for Science, Education and Sports, Željko Jovanović, announced that his ministry would begin an action to remove all homophobic content from books used in both elementary and high schools. He wanted to especially target religious education books (religious education in Croatian schools is an optional course).

On 11 May 2012, Milanović announced a further expansion to the rights of same-sex couples through a new law which would replace the existing unregistered cohabitation legislation. The Sabor subsequently passed the "Life Partnership Act" on 15 July 2014. This law effectively made same-sex couples equal to heterosexual married couples in everything except adoption rights. An institution similar to step-child adoption called "partner-guardian" was created to deal with the care of children.

In March 2014, it was announced that Croatia had granted asylum for the first time to a person persecuted on the basis of their sexual orientation – a young man from Uganda who had fled the country as a result of the Uganda Anti-homosexuality Act.

The first life partnership in Croatia took place in Zagreb on 5 September 2014 between two men. Within a year of the Sabor passing the law 80 life partnerships were conducted. By the end of 2016 that number had risen to 174. In October 2018, it was reported that a total of 262 life partnerships had been conducted in Croatia between September 2014 and June 2018.

In May 2016, Zagreb Pride published the first Croatian guide for same-sex couples, LGBT parents and families named "We Have a Family!". The publication was intended for informing same-sex partners and LGBT parents and contains information about life partnership, same-sex couples rights and the possibilities of planning LGBTIQ parenting in Croatia, as well as parenting stories written based on the experience of actual Croatian LGBT parents. The publication was financed by the European Union and the Government of Croatia.

In December 2016, scientists Antonija Maričić, Marina Štambuk, Maja Tadić Vujčić and Sandra Tolić published a book, I'm Not Gay Mom, I'm Mom, in which they presented results of their research on the position of the LGBT families in Croatia, first such in the country. It provides insight into the types and characteristics of family communities, the quality of parenting, family climate and quality of relationships, a psychosocial adaptation of children, as well as experiences of stigmatization and discrimination and support in the contemporary Croatian society.

The organization Rainbow Families (Dugine obitelji) gathers LGBT couples and individuals who have or want to have children. It was organized by Zagreb Pride in 2011 as an informal group for psychosocial support led by psychologists Iskra Pejić and Mateja Popov. It was formally registered with the Ministry of Public Administration in 2017. In 2018, it gathered around 20 LGBT families with children. On 18 January 2018, Rainbow Families published the first picture book depicting same-sex couples with children in the Balkans, titled My Rainbow Family. It was authored by Maja Škvorc and Ivo Šegota, and illustrated by Borna Nikola Žeželj. The picture book depicts thumbnails from the lives of two children: girl Ana, who has two dads, and boy Roko, who has two mothers. The aim of the picture book was to strengthen the social integration of children with same-sex parents and to promote tolerance and respect for diversity. It is intended for children of preschool age. The first edition of 500 copies was printed with the financial support of the French Embassy to Croatia and distributed for free to interested citizens and organizations. Since the entire first edition was distributed almost immediately, the organization started a crowdfunding campaign with an intention to collect funds for publishing 1000 new free hardback copies in both Croatian and English, as well as 1,000 copies of a new coloring book. In just under 24 hours, they surpassed two targeted goals and received more than $7,000 of initial $3,000 goal.

In September 2020 gay couple Mladen Kožić and Ivo Šegota became the first same-sex foster parents in history of Croatia, after a three-year long legal battle. They became foster parents to two children.

In 2022, a final court judgement allows same-sex couples to adopt children (both stepchild and joint adoptions).

Legality of same-sex sexual activity
Same-sex sexual activity was legalised in 1977 setting the age of consent at 18 for homosexuals and 14 for heterosexuals. The age of consent was then equalised in 1998 when it was set at 14 by the Croatian Penal Code for everyone, and later raised to 15 with the introduction of a new Penal Code on 1 January 2013. There is an exemption to this rule if the age difference between the partners is three years or less.

Recognition of same-sex relationships
Same-sex relationships have legally been recognized since 2003, when the Same-sex community law was passed. The law granted same-sex partners who have been cohabiting for at least three years similar rights to those enjoyed by unmarried cohabiting opposite-sex partners in terms of inheritance and financial support. However, the right to adopt was not included, nor any other rights included under family law – instead separate legislation has been created to deal with this point. In addition it was not permitted to formally register these same-sex relationships, nor to claim additional rights in terms of tax, joint property, health insurance, pensions etc.

Although same-sex marriages have been banned since the 2013 constitutional referendum, the twelfth government of Croatia introduced the Life Partnership act in 2014, which granted same-sex couples the same rights and obligations heterosexual married couples have, excluding the ability to adopt children. The ability to adopt children (both stepchild and joint adoptions) by same-sex couples has been possible since 2022 after a final court judgement.

To step into a life partnership, there are several conditions that have to be met:
 * both partners have to be of the same gender,
 * both partners have to be at least 18 years old,
 * both partners have to consent to the formation of a partnership.

Furthermore, an informal life partnership is formed if two partners are in a continuous relationship for three or more years. This type of interpersonal relationship grants the same rights a domestic partnership provides to unmarried heterosexual couples.

Adoption and parenting
Since 2022, full LGBT adoption in Croatia is legal for same-sex life partners in same-sex life partnerships. On 5 May 2021, it was reported that the Administrative Court in Zagreb ruled in favour of a same-sex couple (Mladen Kožić and Ivo Šegota) being able to adopt. After initially being rejected by the Department of Social Care due to being in a Life Partnership in 2016, they sued the Ministry of Demographics, Family, Youth and Social Policy. The verdict explicitly stated that they must not be discriminated based on the fact they are a same-sex couple in a Life Partnership. Said Ministry has decided to appeal the court ruling. On 26 May 2022, the High Administrative Court rejected the appeal, the ruling is now final.

Despite the ruling by the Administrative Court, Croatia still doesn't have a national law to regulate same-sex adoptions. Protections for same-sex adoptions have so far only come from the courts, not from the Parliament or the government.

The Medically Supported Fertilization Law (Zakon o medicinski pomognutoj oplodnji) limits access to IVF to married heterosexual couples and single women whose infertility has been unsuccessfully treated, which effectively excludes same-sex couples. Contrariwise, Article 68 of the Life Partnership Act grants life partners the same rights (and obligations) married heterosexual couples have concerning health insurance and healthcare, and prohibits "adverse treatment of life partnerships" in the same areas.

Partner-guardianship and parental responsibilities
A life partner who is not a legal parent of their partner's child or children can gain parental responsibilities on a temporary or permanent basis. As part of a "life partnership", the parent or parents of a child can temporarily entrust their life partner (who is not a biological parent) with parental rights. If those rights last beyond 30 days, then the decision must be certified by a notary. Under this situation, while the parental rights endure then the parent/parents and the life partner must agree collectively on decisions important for the child's well-being. In case of a dissolution of a life partnership, the partner who is not the biological parent can maintain a personal relationship with the child provided the court decides it is in the child's best interest.

"Partner-guardianship" is a mechanism created under the Life Partnership Act that enables a life partner who is not a biological parent to gain permanent parental rights, and is thus similar to stepchild adoption. Such a relationship between the non-parent life partner and the child may be continued if the parent-partner dies (under the condition that the other parent has also died), is considered unknown, or has lost their parental responsibilities due to child abuse. However, the non-parent life partner can also ask for the establishment of partner-guardianship while the parent-partner is alive under the condition that the other parent is considered unknown or has lost parental responsibilities due to child abuse.

The partner-guardian receives full parental responsibility as is the case with stepchild adoption, and is registered on the child's birth certificate as their partner-guardian. Partner-guardianship is a permanent next-of-kin relationship with all the rights, responsibilities, and legal standing as that of a parent and a child. The first case of a partner-guardianship was reported in July 2015.

Foster care
In December 2018, the Croatian Parliament passed The Act on Fostering with 72 votes for, 4 against and 6 abstainers. ™Croatian gay rights groups slammed a new law that blocks same sex couples from becoming foster parents, although ahead of the vote, more than 200 prominent Croatian psychologists and sociologists in a statement voiced hope that lawmakers would not be led by "prejudices and stereotypes" and deprive children of a chance to be paired with foster parents "regardless of their sexual orientation". The activists vowed to fight it in the country's top court. Afterwards, Mladen Kožić and Ivo Šegota, a gay couple aspiring to become foster parents, wrote an open letter to the government saying that by "refusing to include life partners' families in the law ... you further boosted stigma and gave it a legal framework." The law came into effect on 1 January 2019.

On 20 December 2019 it was reported that aforementioned couple did win a court battle that allowed them to become foster parents. Zagreb Administrative Court annulled previous decisions including the refusals of the Center for Social Welfare and the ministry. The court decision is final, and no appeal is allowed. Their attorney Sanja Bezbradica Jelavić stated: "The court's decision is binding, and an appeal is not allowed, so this judgment is final. The written ruling has not yet arrived, but as stated during the announcement, the court accepted our argument in the lawsuit, based on Croatian regulations and the European Convention on Human Rights. As a result, the court ordered the relevant government agencies to implement the new decision in accordance with the judgment. We believe that the agencies will respect the court decision."

However, despite this decision, Center for Social Welfare rejected their application for the second time. The case was put before the Constitutional Court of Croatia, and on 7 February 2020 it reached the decision that same-sex couples have the right to be foster parents. In its summary, the Constitutional Court of Croatia says: "The Constitutional Court found that the impugned legal provisions which left out ('silenced') a certain social group produces general discriminatory consequences against same-sex persons living in formal and informal life partnerships, which is constitutionally unacceptable." The president of the Constitutional Court of Croatia Miroslav Šeparović further stated:""The point of this decision is that opportunity to provide foster care service must be given to everyone under the same conditions, regardless of whether the potential foster parents are of same-sex orientation. This does not mean that they are privileged, but their foster care must be allowed if they meet the legal requirements". The Constitutional Court did not repeal the challenged legal provisions, arguing that this would create a legal loophole, but stated unequivocally that the exclusion of same-sex couples from foster care was discriminatory and unconstitutional, and provided clear instructions to the courts, social welfare centers, and other decision-making bodies regarding these issues and indicated they must not exclude applicants based on their life partnership status. Constitutional judges stressed that, despite not intervening in the legal text, "courts or other competent bodies that directly decide on individual rights and obligations of citizens in resolving individual cases are obliged to interpret and apply laws in accordance with their meaning and legitimate purpose, to make those decisions on the basis of the constitution, laws, international treaties and other sources of law." Nine judges voted for this decision, and four were against. Two out of those four were of an opinion that Sabor should be allowed to change the current Foster Care act, and the other two were of an opinion that the law did not discriminate same-sex couples.

Gender identity and expression
Gender transition is legal in Croatia, and birth certificates may be legally amended to recognise this. Up until June 2013 the change of gender always had to be stated on an individual's birth certificate. However, on 29 May 2012 it was announced that the government would take extra steps to protect transsexual and transgender people. Under the new rules, the undertaking of sex reassignment surgery no longer has to be stated on an individual's birth certificate, thus ensuring that such information remains private. This is also the case for people who have not formally undergone sex reassignment surgery, but have nevertheless undertaken hormone replacement therapy. The change in the law was proposed by the Kukuriku coalition while they were in opposition in 2010, but was categorically rejected by the ruling right-wing HDZ at the time. The new law took effect on 29 June 2013.

Discrimination protections
The first anti-discrimination directives that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation have been included since 2003 in the Gender Equality Law:
 * Gender Equality Law (e.g. Article 6).

The 2008 Anti-Discrimination Act also includes gender identity and gender expression on the list of protected categories against discrimination when it comes to access to either public and private services or to establishments serving the public. Act also applies in all other areas. It took effect on 1 January 2009.

In 2023, the Constitutional Court of Croatia, in its verdict, declared that same-sex civil unions (life partnerships) are constitutional and that discrimination based on a person's sexual orientation is prohibited in the Croatian Constitution in Article 14 under the "other grounds" clause.

Hate crime legislation
Since 2006, the country has had hate crime legislation in place which covers sexual orientation. The law was first applied in 2007, when a man who violently attacked the Zagreb Pride parade using Molotov cocktails was convicted and sentenced to 14 months in prison. On 1 January 2013 new Penal Code has been introduced with the recognition of a hate crime based on a gender identity.

Cooperation with the police
LGBT associations Zagreb Pride, Iskorak and Kontra have been cooperating with the police since 2006 when Croatia first recognized hate crimes based on sexual orientation. As a result of that cooperation the police have included education about hate crimes against LGBT persons in their training curriculum in 2013. In April of the same year the Minister of the Interior, Ranko Ostojić, together with officials from his ministry launched a national campaign alongside Iskorak and Kontra to encourage LGBT persons to report hate crimes. The campaign has included city light billboards in four cities (Zagreb, Split, Pula, and Osijek), handing out leaflets to citizens in those four cities, and distributing leaflets within police stations across the country.

Blood donation
The regulations that govern the Croatian institute for transfusions (Hrvatski zavod za transfuzijsku medicinu) in practice restrict gay and bi men's ability to donate blood indefinitely. A 1998 bylaw on blood components had expressly banned people who practised sexual acts with the persons of the same sex from donating blood, but this bylaw was rescinded with the introduction of a new Law on blood in 2006. A 2007 bylaw on blood products includes among the criteria for a permanent rejection of allogeneic dose providers the generic category of "people whose sexual behavior puts them at a high risk of getting blood-borne infectious diseases", and in turn the institute's blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men,, are categorized under "behaviors or activities that expose them to risk of contracting blood-borne infectious diseases".

Military service
LGB persons are not banned from participation in military service. Ministry of Defence has no internal rules regarding LGB persons, but it follows regulation at the state level which explicitly prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Some media reports have suggested that most gay men serving in the military generally decide to keep their sexual orientation private, but there have also been reports suggesting that the Croatian Armed Forces take discrimination very seriously and will not tolerate homophobia among its personnel.

Discrimination cases
The only known case of discrimination in the Croatian Army is the 1998 case of recruit Aldin Petrić from Rijeka. In July 1998, Petrić answered his draft summons and reported to the barracks at Pula where he told his senior officer in a private conversation that he was gay; however, that information quickly spread through the barracks, which resulted in Petrić being subjected to abuse by his fellow soldiers and other officers. Petrić repeatedly asked to be transferred to another barracks but his requests were not met. On 22 July, Petrić was dismissed from the army because of "unspecified disturbance of sexual preference" (Code F65.9 from the 1992 ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders of the World Health Organization, which, however, has not specifically cited homosexuality as psychological disorder). Following Petrić's dismissal from Army, his parents found out about his homosexuality and expelled him from home. Petrić then sued Ministry of Defense for damages, citing "discriminatory policies, official impunity for the suffered abuse, and psychological trauma". In October 1998, the Ministry summoned Petrić once again in order for him to complete his military service which he refused fearing for his life. Afterwards Petrić sought and received political asylum in Canada.

There have been other attacks on LGBT persons, the last one, in 2021. In Split, a representative of the LGBT community was beaten, when he decided to swim in the sea. Two people attacked him, ran away and left him injured. The mayor of Split also reacted, strongly condemning the attack.

Public opinion
The 2010 European Social Survey found that 38% of Croatians agreed with the statement that "gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own lives as they wish".

A poll in June 2011 showed that 38.3% of citizens supported the holding of gay pride events, while 53.5% remained opposed. However, a majority (51.3%) did not believe it was right to ban such events – while 41,2% thought they should be.

A June 2013 opinion poll suggested that 55.3% stated would vote yes in an upcoming referendum to constitutionally define marriage as a union between a man and a woman; with 31.1% voting no. However, in the event, almost 40% of the national population decided not to participate in the referendum.

A poll from November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.

After the Life Partnership Act was passed in 2014, the opposition and groups opposed to LGBT rights claimed many registrars will wish to be exempted from performing life partnerships at registrars offices, and that private businesses such as florists, bakers or wedding planners will be forced to provide services to gay and lesbian couples. The deputy head of Zagreb City Office for General Administration Dragica Kovačić claimed no cases of registrars wishing to be exempted is known. There are 30 registrars in the City of Zagreb in charge of marriages and life partnerships, and at the registrars' meeting nobody raised an issue. Additionally, a survey was conducted in which private businesses were randomly phoned, asking whether they would refuse to provide services to gay and lesbian couples. Every business surveyed stated they would offer their services to those couples.

A survey of 1,000 people conducted in 2014 showed that 45.4% of respondents are strongly against and 15.5% are mainly against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Croatia. 10.1% were strongly in favour, 6.9% mostly in favour, and 21.2% were neutral.

A survey conducted during the presidential campaign in December 2014 by the daily newspaper Večernji list found that 50.4% of people thought that the future president should support the current level of LGBT rights in Croatia, while 49.6% thought they should not.

Eurobarometer Discrimination in the EU in 2015 report concluded the following: 48% of people in Croatia believe that gay, lesbian, and bisexual people should have the same rights as heterosexual people, and 37% of them believe same-sex marriages should be allowed throughout Europe.

When asked about having a gay, lesbian or bisexual person in the highest elected political position results were as follows: 40% of the respondents were comfortable with the idea, 13% moderately comfortable, 6% indifferent, 38% uncomfortable, and 3% did not know. When asked the same question about transgender or transsexual person results were as follows: 33% were comfortable with the idea, 15% moderately comfortable, 40% uncomfortable, 6% indifferent, and 5% did not know.

Furthermore, when asked how they would feel if one of their colleagues at work were gay, lesbian or bisexual results were as follows: 48% respondents felt comfortable about the idea, 11% moderately comfortable, 31% uncomfortable, 5% indifferent, 4% said it depends, and 1% did not know. When it comes to working with a transgender or transsexual person results were as follows: 44% felt comfortable with the idea, 12% moderately comfortable, 31% uncomfortable, 6% were indifferent, 3% it would depend, and 4% did not know.

That a transgender or transsexual person should be able to change their civil documents to match their inner gender identity was agreeable to 44%, disagreeable to 39%, and 17% did not know.

64% of respondents agreed that school lessons and material should include information about diversity in terms of sexual orientation, and 63% agreed the same about gender identity.

In May 2016 ILGA published a survey about attitudes towards LGBT people conducted in 53 UN members (12 of those were European countries, including Croatia). When asked whether homosexuality should be a crime, 68% of people in Croatia strongly disagreed with that (second highest percentage after the Netherlands where 70% of people strongly disagreed), 4% somewhat disagreed, 19% were neutral, 4% somewhat agreed, and 5% strongly agreed (the lowest percentage of people who strongly agreed among European countries included in the survey). Furthermore, when asked whether they would be concerned about having an LGBT neighbor, 75% of people said they would have no concerns, 15% would be somewhat uncomfortable, and 10% very uncomfortable.

A poll by Pew Research Center published in May 2017 estimated that 31% of Croatians are in favour of same-sex marriage, while 64% oppose the idea. Support was higher among non-religious people (61%) than among Catholics (29%). Younger people are more likely than their elders to favour legal gay marriage (33% vs. 30%).

The 2023 Eurobarometer found that 42% of Croatians thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, and 39% agreed that "there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of the same sex". Furthermore, 35% of respondents agreed with the statement that "lesbian, gay, bisexual people should have the same rights as heterosexual people (marriage, adoption, parental rights)", with 60% still opposed.

Living conditions
The capital city Zagreb is home to the biggest gay scene, including gay clubs and bars, plus many other places frequently advertised as gay-friendly. Zagreb is also home to the first LGBT centre in Croatia, and the "Queer Zagreb" organization, that among many other activities promotes equality through the Queer Zagreb festival, and Queer MoMenti (an ongoing monthly film program dedicated to LGBT cinema). Croatia's second LGBT centre was officially opened in Split on 24 May 2014, and the third one in Rijeka on 16 October 2014 called LGBTIQ+ Druga Rijeka. Other places that host LGBT parties, and are home to gay-friendly places such as bars, clubs, and beaches are Rijeka, Osijek, Hvar, Rab, Rovinj, Dubrovnik etc.

Zagreb Pride

The first pride in Croatia took place on 29 June 2002 in the capital city of Zagreb. Public support is growing and number of participants is also increasing rapidly year after year, but the marches have also experienced violent public opposition. In 2006, the march had a regional character, aimed at supporting those coming from countries where such manifestations are expressly forbidden by the authorities. The 2011 manifestation was the biggest Pride rally in Croatia at the time, and took place without any violent incidents. It was also reported that the number of policemen providing security at the event was lower than had been the case in previous years. As of summer 2019, the 2013 event was the biggest one so far, with 15,000 participants.

Split Pride
The first LGBT pride in Split took place on 11 June 2011. However, the march proved problematic as official security was not strong enough to prevent serious incidents, as a result of which LGBT attendees had to be led to safety. Several hundred anti-gay protesters were arrested, and the event was eventually cancelled. Soon after the event, sections of the national media voiced supported for LGBT attendees, calling on everyone to "march in the upcoming Zagreb Pride". On 9 June 2012, several hundred participants marched in Rijeka, the third largest city in Croatia. The march was organised to support Split Pride. A second attempt at holding an event in 2012 was more successful, after receiving public support from the Croatian media, national celebrities, and politicians. Five ministers from the government and other public figures participated. In 2013, the march went ahead without a single incident, and it was the first time in Croatia that the mayor of the city participated.

Osijek Pride
The first LGBT pride march in Osijek took place on 6 September 2014. It was organized by the Osijek LGBT association LiberOs. There were no incidents, and over 300 people attended. The Minister of the Economy, as well as Serbian and Greek LGBT activists attended.

Karlovac Pride
The first pride in the city of Karlovac, organized by Marko Capan, took place on 3 June 2023. The mottos of the first Karlovac Pride were "Karlovac is different and open" and "Karlovac is tolerant and inclusive." A dozen of citizens were gathered and the event went without any incidents. The second Karlovac Pride was held on 8 June 2024. It was the first Pride to also feature a march through the city centre.

Pula Pride
The first Pride in Pula was organized by Udruga Proces and held on 22 June 2024. Around 500 people were gathered for the event. The event was also atended by Filip Zoričić, the mayor of Pula.

Other marches

On 27 May 2013, around 1,500 participants in Zagreb marched in support of marriage equality from the park of Zrinjevac to St. Mark's Square, the seat of the Croatian Government, Croatian parliament, and the Constitutional Court of Croatia. On 30 November 2013, one day before the referendum took place, around a thousand people marched in the city of Zagreb in support of marriage equality. Marches of support also took place in Pula, Split, and Rijeka gathering together hundreds of people.

Balkans Trans Inter March
The first ever Trans Inter march in the Balkans took place in Zagreb on 30 March 2019. Around 300 people marched through the streets of Zagreb calling for better protection of intersex children, and general end to discrimination. Guest from Slovenia, Serbia, Romania, Germany, United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the march. It was organized by Trans Aid, Trans Network Balkans, and Spektra. The march took place without any incidents.

Proponents of LGBT rights

The former Croatian President, Ivo Josipović, has given strong support to full LGBT rights, along with several other popular celebrities and centre-left political parties such as the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP), the Croatian People's Party-Liberal Democrats (HNS), the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), ORaH, and the Labour Party. After Josipović was elected, he met with LGBT associations several times. On 1 June 2012, he published a video message giving support to the 2012 Split Pride and the further expansion of LGBT rights. He also condemned the violence at the 2011 Split Pride, calling it unacceptable and arguing that the next Split Pride should not experience the same scenario. In October 2013 at a reception at the Presidential Palace he welcomed the newly appointed Finnish ambassador and his life partner to Croatia.

Vesna Pusić, a member of HNS, is very popular within the Croatian LGBT community. She has been active in improving LGBT rights while being a member of successive governments. A former member of the SDP, current president of ORaH and a former Minister for Environment and Nature Protection in the Kukuriku coalition Mirela Holy has also been a notable long-time supporter of LGBT rights, and has participated in every LGBT Pride event so far.

Other supporters of LGBT rights in Croatia are Rade Šerbedžija, Igor Zidić, Slavenka Drakulić, Vinko Brešan, Severina Vučković, Nataša Janjić, Josipa Lisac, Nevena Rendeli, Šime Lučin, Ivo Banac, Furio Radin, Darinko Kosor, Iva Prpić, Đurđa Adlešič, Drago Pilsel, Lidija Bajuk, Mario Kovač, Nina Violić, former Prime Minister Ivica Račan's widow Dijana Pleština, Maja Vučić, Gordana Lukač-Koritnik, pop group E.N.I. etc.

Damir Hršak, a member of the Labour party, who has publicly spoken about his sexual orientation and has been involved in LGBT activism for years, is the first openly gay politician to become an official candidate for the first European Parliament elections in Croatia, held in April 2013. He had criticized the current coalition government for not doing enough for the LGBT community, and said that his party would not make concessions, and is in favour of same-sex marriage.

Conservatives such as Ruža Tomašić have also indicated that same-sex couples should have some legal rights. The Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović while against same-sex marriage, did indicate her support for the Life Partnership Act praising it as a good compromise. She also included sexual minorities in her inaugural speech, and said she would support her son if he was gay. During the referendum, the conservative former Prime Minister, Jadranka Kosor, voted in favour of presenting the issue before the Constitutional Court, and against the proposed Constitutional change. This was a change from her previous position on homosexuality and same-sex marriage where she had been known for being against the expansion of LGBT rights, and subsequently voted "homophobe of the year" in 2010 by visitors of the website "Gay.hr" after stating that homosexuality is not natural, and that same-sex marriages should never be legal. She also supported the Life Partnership Act.

On 16 June 2011, 73 professors and associates of Zagreb Faculty of Law signed a statement initiated by the professor Mihajlo Dika, in which they expressed their full support for 2011 Zagreb Pride, and their support for the authorities in preventing and sanctioning behavior endangering equality and fundamental rights and freedoms of Croatian citizens effectively and responsibly. They also condemned hooligans that attacked the participants of the 2011 Split Pride.

In February 2019, a new left-wing and green political party formed by local green and leftist movements and initiatives called We Can! – Political Platform appeared on the political scene. The party has expressed support for full LGBT rights. In 2020 the party won seats in Sabor, and after the 2021 local elections in Zagreb they became the largest political party in the Zagreb Assembly, winning 23 seats in total. Their mayoral candidate, Tomislav Tomašević won a landslide victory on May 31. He participated in Zagreb Pride in the past, but in 2021 for the first time as a mayor, which was also the first time a mayor of Zagreb attended the Pride.

Opponents of LGBT rights

The largest conservative party in Croatia, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), remains opposed to LGBT rights. HDZ MPs voted against the proposed law on unregistered cohabitations, and against the Life Partnership Act. Since Croatian independence, HDZ has managed to form a majority in the Sabor on its own or with coalition partners in 6 out of 8 Parliamentary elections (1992, 1995, 2003, 2007, 2015, 2016). The party has, nevertheless, enacted several laws that ban discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity as part of the negotiation process prior to the accession of Croatia to the European Union. The Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja (HDSSB), a regionalist and right wing populist party formed in 2006 is also opposed to LGBT rights. During the Parliamentary debate on the Life Partnership Act, Dinko Burić, HDSSB MP stated his opposition to the law: "For us, being gay is not ok!" He also added that this is his party's official stand on LGBT rights. HDSSB MPs supported the 2013 referendum by having the word FOR on top of their laptops in Parliament. Contrary to that, the president of HDSSB, Dragan Vulin, expressed his support for equal rights for same-sex couples in everything except adoption during the 2016 parliamentary election campaign.

Ruža Tomašić, leader of the Croatian Conservative Party has expressed her opposition to same-sex marriage on the grounds that Croatia is a majority Catholic country, but at the same time expressed her support for same-sex couples to receive equal rights to married couples in everything except adoption. Her former deputy from the HSP Dr. Ante Starčević, Pero Kovačević, said that the 19th century Croatian politician Ante Starčević after whom the party has been named would not have opposed LGBT rights, and would have supported same-sex marriage. This was said in response to the youth-wing of the party organizing an anti-gay protest. The group later published an official letter expressing outrage to Kovačević's opposition to the protest.

The Roman Catholic Church in Croatia has also been an influential and vocal opponent to the extension of LGBT rights in the country. After the first LGBT Pride in Split in 2011 some Catholic clergy even attempted to explain and justify the violence that had occurred during the Pride march. Dr. Adalbert Rebić argued that injured marchers had "got what they were asking for". Meanwhile, Ante Mateljan, a professor in the Catholic Theology College, openly called for the lynching of LGBT marchers.

The Catholic Church has also engaged at a political level, notably in providing public and vocal support for the 2013 referendum to define marriage in Croatia (and thus effectively reinforcing the existing prohibition on marriage between two people of the same gender). It was actively involved in collecting signatures for the petition to force a constitutional change. Cardinal Josip Bozanić encouraged support for the proposed constitutional amendment in a letter read out in all churches where he singled out heterosexual marriage as being the only union capable of biologically producing children, and thus worthy to be recognised.

A conservative group "In the Name of the Family", formed in 2013, was the initiator of the 2013 referendum. The group opposes same-sex marriage, and any other form of recognition for same-sex unions. The most prominent member of the group, Željka Markić, opposed the Life Partnership Act claiming it was same-sex marriage under a different name, and thus a violation of the Constitution. She argued that the partner-guardianship institution proved most problematic under law. The Minister of Administration, Arsen Bauk, responded that the government would not be changing the law on this point, while giving a reminder that the Constitutional court had made clear that defining marriage as a union between a man and a woman in the Constitution must not have any negative effects on any future laws on recognising same-sex relationships (if not marriage).

LGBT tourism
Croatia is a major tourist centre. Around 200,000 LGBT tourists visit Croatia annually. Destinations such as Dubrovnik, Hvar, Rab, Krk, Rovinj, Rijeka and Zagreb are advertised as gay-friendly.

The city of Rab has been a popular destination among gay tourists since the 1980s, and in 2011 it has officially become the first gay-friendly destination to advertise itself as such in Croatia. Director of the Rab Tourist Board Nedjeljko Mikelić stated: "Our slogan is – Happy island, and our message is happiness and holding hands, so feel free to hold hands whether you are a same-sex couple, a heterosexual couple, a mother and a daughter, a couple in love. Nothing negative will happen to you on this island, and you will be happy." In July 2008 a gay couple from South America married in Hvar. In June 2012, the Croatian Minister of Tourism Veljko Ostojić welcomed all gay tourists to Croatia, and supported Split Pride.

On the Gay European Tourism Association (GETA) website there are more than 50 gay and gay-friendly hotels and destinations in Croatia.

title: LGBT rights in Croatia


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Hague School

The Hague School (Haagse School) is a group of artists who lived and worked in The Hague between 1860 and 1890. Their work was heavily influenced by the realist painters of the French Barbizon school. The painters of the Hague school generally made use of relatively somber colors, which is why the Hague School is sometimes called the Gray School.

Precursors
After the great periods of Dutch art in the Golden Age of the 17th century, there were economic and political problems which diminished activity in art. The fine arts in the Netherlands enjoyed a revival around 1830, a time now referred to as the Romantic period in Dutch painting. The style was an imitation of the great 17th-century artists. The most widely accepted paintings of this period were landscapes and paintings which reflected national history. Andreas Schelfhout was a painter of landscapes, especially winter scenes, but also woodlands and the dunes between The Hague and Scheveningen. His best known pupils included Wijnand Nuyen, Johan Barthold Jongkind, and Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch. Schelfhout's friend and occasional collaborator Hendrik van de Sande Bakhuyzen principally composed pastoral landscapes like those of Golden Age master Paulus Potter, but trained several prominent Hague School artists, notably his son Julius van de Sande Bakhuyzen, Willem Roelofs, Francois Pieter ter Meulen, Hubertus van Hove, and Weissenbruch. Wijnand Nuyen was one of the best of the romantic artists of the time and he had a great influence on Weissenbruch and Johannes Bosboom.

Art training at that time was usually in the form of drawing schools, with no painting classes. Many young artists who later became members of the Hague School were frustrated by this and scattered to various places to receive the training they desired. Gerard Bilders left the Hague Academy of Drawing and completed training with the Swiss animal painter, Charles Humbert. Paul Gabriël went to Kleve, just over the German border, to study with the landscape painter Barend Cornelis Koekkoek. Jozef Israëls, unsatisfied with the academies at Groningen and Amsterdam, left for Paris to attend classes at the studio of François-Édouard Picot. Jacob Maris left the Hague Academy for the corresponding institution in Antwerp and from there he went to study with Ernest Hébert in Paris. His brother Matthijs Maris studied with Nicaise de Keyser in Antwerp. Hendrik Willem Mesdag left Groningen to perfect his skills in Brussels under Willem Roelofs. He also received additional instructions from Lawrence Alma-Tadema, who would later move to England.

Oosterbeek and Barbizon
In the 1830s artists like Théodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet, Charles-François Daubigny, and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot found their way to Barbizon, a forested area near Fontainebleau. The emphasis of their work here was on painting nature as they saw it - Barbizon was not a school but a community of artists. This gave rise to the well known Barbizon school and their example was followed in the 1850s by a few Dutch painters who gathered in Oosterbeek in order to work in the surrounding countryside.

These painters had been influenced by the artists of the Barbizon School and emulated them by registering their impressions with rapid strokes of color. Johannes Warnardus Bilders, father of Gerard Bilders, moved to Oosterbeek in 1852 and attracted many pupils: Anton Mauve, a cousin-in-law of Vincent van Gogh, the Maris brothers (Jacob, Willem and Matthijs) in the summer, as well as the regular visitors Willem Roelofs and Paul Gabriël. Some of these artists, such as Jozef Israëls, Jacob Maris and Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch visited Barbizon to paint there.

The Hague and Düsseldorf
There was a slight connection between the "Düsseldorf Art Association" when an exhibition on "Fishing in Scheveningen" occurred. It concerned such artists as Carl Hilgers, Hermann Mevius, Carl Adloff and Andreas Achenbach.

The call of the Düsseldorf painters' school attracted artists of the Hague school, such Johannes Bosboom and J. W. Bilders. At the beginning of his career Jozef Israëls went on a study trip to Düsseldorf. Also Julius van de Sande Bakhuyzen and Philip Sadée came to Düsseldorf. The Düsseldorf academy was famous as a training center for her scenery and histories painting. The bright colour order which distinguishes those paintings is unmistakable.

The Hague School
Gerard Bilders had been seeking something of the kind in his own work, but on visiting the national Exhibition in Brussels in 1860, he found what he had been looking for: a colored gray tonality, or as he put it "the impression of a warm, fragrant gray." The muted tones and warm gray that Bilders found here was certainly discussed with his friends in Oosterbeek and found its way into the work of the young Hague School painters.

The migration of these artists to The Hague began in the late 1860s. Hendrik Willem Mesdag was the first, moving there in 1869. Jacob Maris returned to The Hague in 1870 after the family's experience in Paris in the Franco-Prussian War. That same year Jozef Israëls came to The Hague, as did Anton Mauve. Willem Maris, Johannes Bosboom and Weissenbruch had always lived there. For Mesdag, the move marked the end of his student days in Brussels. For Maris it meant a break with the Paris dealers, who would not let him paint what he wanted. Friendship played an important role in this group of painters and whenever one of them was invited to take part in a major exhibition, he would arrange for his friends to also submit work. The outside world was thus presented with a picture of a united artistic and stylized front. The gray tonality was to become one of the characteristics of the Hague School.

The name "Hague School" was coined in 1875 by a critic, Jacob van Santen Kolff, who used the phrases "a new way of seeing and depicting things", "intent to convey mood, tone takes precedence over color",  "almost exclusive preference for so-called 'bad weather' effects", and "gray mood." The Hague School artists were less interested in a faithful portrayal of what they saw than in conveying the atmosphere and impression of the moment. They painted in mostly in subdued colors, with a penchant for gray. That is why the Hague School is sometimes also called the Gray School.

The painters of the Hague School conducted some of their artistic discussions as member of the Pulchri Studio, which had been founded in 1847 by Bosboom, Willem Roelofs and J. H. Weissenbruch at the home of the Hague painter Lambertus Hardenberg. Growing discontent among the young artists in The Hague about the apparently insufficient opportunities for training and development was the reason for establishing the Pulchri Studio. Many members of the Hague School served on the board of the Pulchri Studio, so that the society became a bastion of the school for many years. Over the years, the artists of the Hague School changed. Jacob Maris enriched his palette with vivid brushwork, especially in his Amsterdam town views. Jozef Israëls had completely abandoned his anecdotal manner and somber coloring. J. H. Weissenbruch blurred the details in his later work, painting beach scenes and landscapes in magnificently conceived planes of color with an almost abstract quality. Willem Maris became the painter of light he had always tried to be, producing summer meadows with sunlight sparkling on the water and cattle—the quintessence of the Dutch landscape. Matthijis Maris' further development was also remarkable, albeit tragic. Despite the support of family and friends, he led a solitary existence. He worked for years on his paintings of brides and portraits of children, which became increasingly hazy and dreamy until finally becoming completely detached from reality.

Sequel
By the mid-1880s the united front of the Hague School began to crumble. The character of the city of The Hague changed as it became larger. The small fishing village of Scheveningen changed as new suburbs were built and factories transformed the area. Weissenbruch and Roelofs found The Hague to be growing too fast and retreated to the polders to continue painting.

Anton Mauve and Jozef Israëls became active in the Laren School which perpetuated aspects of the Hague School. Albert Neuhuys, Hein Kever and Evert Pieters, were especially active there between 1880 and 1900. Realistic interiors of Laren farm houses, as well as plein air landscapes were the preferred subjects of the paintings. Anton Mauve was particularly active in the latter and his views of the heathlands were quite popular with American art lovers.

While The Hague was becoming too large for some, it was too small for others who became influential in the Amsterdam Impressionism group which developed there. This movement drew on city life for its subject matter, although the contrast with the Hague School was less pronounced than is occasionally suggested. This group included some who are designated below as members of the second generation of the Hague School such as George Hendrik Breitner, Isaac Israëls (son of Jozef Israëls), Willem Bastiaan Tholen and Willem de Zwart (also known as William Black). In addition, Willem Witsen, Floris Verster, Jan Hillebrand Wijsmuller and Jan Toorop have some background with the Hague School and are considered to be in the Amsterdam Impressionism movement.

Although not usually associated with the Hague School, Johan Jongkind was called a forerunner of impressionism who influenced Eugène Boudin, who later was mentor to Claude Monet. Others who had at least a tangential connections with the artists of the Hague School are Charles Rochussen, Richard Bisschop and Lawrence Alma-Tadema.

Around the 1890s in France, impressionism was followed by post-impressionism, which places greater emphasis on the form, structure and content of the painting. This movement, too, was picked up in the Netherlands, resulting in a Dutch post-impressionism and introducing abstract elements and cubism into modern painting. Famous examples are Vincent van Gogh, who received his first art training from Anton Mauve, as well as Piet Mondrian, who initially painted in the manner of the Hague School and then in a variety of styles and techniques documenting his search for a personal style.

Exhibitions

 * 1863 Tentoonstelling van Kunstwerken van Levende Meesters, Hague School of Art, The Hague, The Netherlands.
 * 1904 Pulchri Studio, Kunstverein Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
 * 1969 Mondriaan and the Hague School of landscape painting, Norman McKenzie Art Gallery, Regina, Kanada.
 * 1969 Mondriaan and the Hague School of landscape painting, Edmonton Art Gallery, Edmonton, Kanada.
 * 1972 Die Haager Schule: Holländische Maler vor 100 Jahren, Rheinisches Landesmuseum zu Bonn, Germany.
 * 1972 Hamburger Kunsthalle: Die Haager Schule: Holländische Maler vor 100 Jahren, Germany.
 * 1980 Mondriaan and The Hague School: Watercolors and drawings from the Gemeentemuseum, The Hague, The Netherlands.
 * 1981 Verso l’astrattisma. Mondrian e la Scuola dell’Aia, Florenz, Italy.
 * 1982 Verso l’astrattisma. Mondrian e la Scuola dell’Aia, Mailand, Italy.
 * 1982 Mondrian et l’École de La Haye: aquarelles et dessins du Haags Gementemuseum, La Haye et d’une collection particuliere, Paris, France.
 * 1982 The Hague School and its American Legacy, West Palm Beach, Florida, US.
 * 1983 L’École de La Haye: Les maîtres hollandaise de 19ème siècle, Galeries nationals du Grand Palais, Paris, France.
 * 1983 The Hague School: Dutch masters of the 19th century, Royal Academy of Arts, London, England.
 * 1984 The Hague School: Collecting in Canada at the Turn of the century, Art Gallery of Ontario, Canada.
 * 1987 Die Haager Schule: Meisterwerke der Holländischen Malerei des 19. Jahrhunderts aus dem Gemeentemuseum, Städtische Kunsthalle Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
 * 1989 Die Haager Schule in München, Neue Pinakothek, München, Germany.
 * 1992 Dutch Drawings from the Age of van Gogh from the Collection of the Hague Gemeentemuseum, The Taft Museum of Art, Cincinnati, US.
 * 1996 Van Gogh und die Haager Schule, Bank Austria Kunstforum, Wien, Austria.
 * 1999 Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch (1824-1903): vorbij de Haagse School, Museum Jan Cunen, Oss, The Netherlands.
 * 2001 Mesdag and the Hague School, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, The Hague, The Netherlands.
 * 2003 Jacob Maris: A retrospective of the work of a Dutch Impressionist, Teylers Museum, Haarlem, The Netherlands.
 * 2003 Willem Witsen (1860-1923: Moods, Dordrechts Museum, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
 * 2004 De Haagse School and the young van Gogh, Stadhuis Brussel, Brüssel, Belgium.
 * 2004 Jacob Maris, 1837-1899, Museum Jan Cunen, Oss, The Netherlands.
 * 2004 The Hague School, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, The Hague, The Netherlands.
 * 2005 Waiting for van Gogh: Dutch Painting from the 19th Century, Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, US.
 * 2007 Plain Air: The Hague School and the School of Barbizon, Gemeentemuseum, The Hague, The Netherlands.
 * 2006 Mesdag and The Hague School, Gemeentemuseum, Den Haag, The Netherlands.
 * 2008 Der Weite Blick: Landschaften der Haager Schule aus dem Rijksmuseum, Neue Pinakothek zu München, Germany.
 * 2009 The Hague School Revealed, Gemeentemuseum, Den Haag, The Netherlands.
 * 2009 The Hague School: Masterpieces from the Rijksmuseum, Centro Cultural Caixanova, Spain.
 * 2012 Mesdag to Mondrian: Dutch Art from the Redelé Collection, Academy Art Museum, Maryland, US.
 * 2013 Modern Naturalist Painting in the Dutch Hague School: Inspiration from the Barbizon School and the Origin of van Gogh, Yamanashi Prefectural Museum of Art, Kofu, Japan.
 * 2014 Reflections of Holland: The Hague School and Barbizon, Japan Museum of Art, Tokyo, Japan.
 * 2015 Holland at its Finest, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag + Dordrechtmuseum Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
 * 2015 Grenzeloos Schilderachtig, Katwijks Museum, Katwijk, The Netherlands.
 * 2015 Watercolors – Exhibition about the most beautiful Dutch watercolors from the 19th century, Teylors Museum, Haarlem, The Netherlands.
 * 2024 The Hague – Kyiv. Paintings of the lade 19th and early 20th centuries from the Hoogsteder and Ponamarchuk family collections, The Bohdan and Varvara Khanenko National Museum of Arts, Kyiv, Ukraine

Catalogs

 * Anna Wagner: Die Haager Schule - Holländische Maler vor hundert Jahren, Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn 1972, catalog. ISBN 3-7927-0142-1.
 * Ronald de Leeuw, John Sillevis, Charles Dumas (Hrsg.): The Hague school – Dutch masters of the 19th century, catalog, Gemeentemuseum, Den Haag, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1983.
 * John Sillevis, Hans Kraan, Roland Dorn: Die Haager Schule - Meisterwerke der holländischen Malerei des 19. Jahrhunderts aus Haags Gemeentemuseum. catalog, Ed. Braus, Heidelberg, 1987, ISBN 3-925835-08-3.
 * Sillevis, John: Dutch Drawings From the Age of Van Gogh, Taft Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1992.
 * Roland Dorn, Klaus Albrecht Schröder, John Sillevis (Hrsg.): Van Gogh und die Haager Schule, catalog, Bank of Austria - Kunstforum Wien, Skira editore Mailand, 1996, ISBN 88-8118-072-3.
 * De Bodt, Saskia and Sellink, Manfred: Nineteenth Century Dutch Watercolors and Drawings, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, catalog, Rotterdam, 1998.
 * Sillevis, John and Tabak, Anne: The Hague School Book, Waanders Uitgegevers, Zwolle, 2004.
 * Fred Leeman, John Sillevis: De Haagse School en de jonge Van Gogh. Ausstellungskatalog, Waanders, Zwolle, Gemeentemuseum, Den Haag, 2005, ISBN 90-400-9071-8.
 * Renske Suyver: A Reflection of Holland – the Best of the Hague School in the Rijksmuseum. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, 2011, ISBN 90-8689-048-2.

Selected bibliographies

 * Lévêque, Jean-Jaques: L'AUBE DE IMPRESSIONNISME - 1848 - 1869, ACR, Édition Internationale, Courbevoie, Paris, 2000, ISBN 2-86770-058-2.
 * Imanse, Geurt: Van Gogh bis Cobra: holländische Malerei 1880–1950. Hatje, 1980, ISBN 3-7757-0160-5.

title: Hague School


text:
LKB

Linguistic Knowledge Builder (LKB) is a free and open source grammar engineering environment for creating grammars and lexicons of natural languages. Any unification-based grammar can be implemented, but LKB is typically used for grammars with typed feature structures such as HPSG. LKB is free software under the MIT license.

It is implemented in Common Lisp, and constitutes one core component of the DELPH-IN collaboration.

title: LKB


text:
Cullen skink

Cullen skink is a thick Scottish soup made of smoked haddock, potatoes and onions. An authentic Cullen skink will use finnan haddie, but it may be prepared with any other undyed smoked haddock.

This soup is a local speciality from the town of Cullen in Moray on the northeast coast of Scotland. It is often served as a starter at formal Scottish dinners but is also widely served as an everyday dish across the northeast of Scotland.

Local recipes for Cullen skink have several slight variations, such as the use of milk instead or water or the addition of single cream. Other variations include mashing the potatoes to make the soup thicker. Cullen skink was traditionally served with bread.

It has been described as "smokier and more assertive than American chowder, heartier than classical French bisque".

Cullen skink appears in many traditional Scottish cookery books and restaurant and hotel menus throughout Scotland, the rest of the UK and abroad. In 2012 a Guardian columnist described the dish as "the milky fish soup which has surely replaced your haggises and porridges as Scotland's signature dish".

Etymology
Skink is a Scots word for a shin, knuckle, or hough of beef, which has developed the secondary meaning of a soup, especially one made from these. The word skink is ultimately derived from the Middle Dutch schenke "shin, hough" (cognate with the English word shank and German Schenkel, 'thigh', and Schinken, 'ham' ).

title: Cullen skink


text: Category:Footballers in England by club

title: Category:Footballers in England by club


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Bad Salzdetfurth

is a town on the banks of the River Lamme in the district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Geography
The municipality includes the town itself, and 12 civil parishes (Ortsteile) which were incorporated in 1974:
 * Ortswappen-Bodenburg.jpg Bodenburg
 * Sin escudo.svg Breinum
 * Sin escudo.svg Detfurth
 * GrossDuengen Wappen.jpg Groß Düngen
 * Wappen Klein Düngen.jpg Klein Düngen
 * Heinde.png Heinde
 * Wappen Hockeln.jpg Hockeln
 * Sin escudo.svg Lechstedt
 * Listringer-Wappen.svg Listringen
 * Wappen Östrum.jpg Östrum
 * Sin escudo.svg Wehrstedt
 * Sin escudo.svg Wesseln (Bad Salzdetfurth)

History
In 1194, Salzdetfurth was mentioned in a document for the first time. The place was devastated by fire or flood several times. The worst flood occurred in 1738 when 176 houses were destroyed. The word "Bad" meaning "spa" was added to the name in 1921. On 22 March 1945, during a heavy air raid on Hildesheim, Bad Salzderfurth was hit by several bombs and two houses in Goettingstrasse were destroyed. Bad Salzdetfurth was officially awarded "town" status in 1949.

Each of the villages incorporated in 1974 has its own history and its own traditions.

Mayors
Björn Gryschka (independent politician) was elected the new mayor in January 2019, succeeding Henning Hesse (SPD).

Sights
There are various sights in the town itself and in each of the villages. There are many well-preserved half-timbered houses in the old town centre, such as the Miners' Guild Hall dating from 1898, and in the village of Wesseln. The Catholic Church of St. Gallus at Detfurth was built in a classicist style in the period 1772 to 1779. Other interesting village churches and chapels can be seen in Hockeln, Bodenburg, Breinum, Östrum, Wehrstedt and Klein Düngen. The Church of St. John the Baptist in Wesseln was built in a typical neogothic style in 1853-55.

The largest church in Bad Salzdetfurth itself is St. George's Church, a Protestant church with a painted wooden ceiling, which was built around 1700. In the west wall a mark, which is 3 metres above ground level, indicates the height of the flood waters of the River Lamme in 1738. The baroque altar dates from 1717. The organ, dating from 1590, originally stood in St. Lamberti, Hildesheim. There is a municipal museum dedicated to the mining history of Bad Salzdetfurth. Originally the brick building which now houses the museum was a school. The museum was founded in 1987.

The most modern church in Bad Salzdetfurth is the Catholic Holy Family Church which was built 1960-61 and consecrated on 3 September 1961. Its organ dates from 1979. Originally, very few Catholics lived in Bad Salzdetfurth. After the Second World War, however, many Catholic refugees from Silesia settled in the town.

Traffic connections
Bad Salzdetfurth can be reached from Hildesheim by train. The railway station is in the middle of the town. There are railway halting places in the villages Bodenburg, Detfurth, Wesseln and Groß Düngen as well. On working days, there is at least one train per hour to and from Hildesheim. On Sundays and public holidays there is one train every two hours.

International relations
Bad Salzdetfurth is twinned with:
 * 🇪🇸 Benicàssim, Spain
 * 🇵🇱 Bochnia, Poland
 * Yate, United Kingdom
 * 🇩🇪 Kelbra, Germany

Sons and daughters of the town

 * Ulrike Rosenbach (born 1943), artist and art professor

Personalities who have worked locally

 * Joseph Müller (priest) (1894-1944), priest, Nazi opponent
 * Gottfried von Cramm (1909-1976), tennis player
 * Daniel van Buyten (born 1978), football player
 * Katharina Schiller (born 1984), swimmer

In popular culture
It was mentioned in Tom Clancy's bestseller Red Storm Rising.

title: Bad Salzdetfurth


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Happy Ending

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was not quite clear (very few votes) but keep in some form, so it is now a redirect to Jennifer Chiba. moink 16:44, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Happy Ending
Non-notable band that appears to have not completed its first album. Delete. --Allen3 talk 14:21, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Jennifer Chiba, though she's of limited noteworthiness herself. —Wahoofive (Talk) 20:36, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Needs expansion. Normally I would vote delete on these stubs but I think Chiba has enough notability to warrant this article staying if expanded. Megan1967 07:03, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete content (if any) and Disambig between Jennifer Chiba and Fairy tale, and the Marillion non-song on Clutching at Straws. Radiant_* 09:18, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If Chiba is notable enough to warrant an article, it should be at her name, not here.  Rossami (talk) 23:07, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:467 BC deaths

title: Category:467 BC deaths