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Thomas Knowlton

Thomas W. Knowlton (November 22, 1740 – September 16, 1776) was an American patriot who served in the French and Indian War and was a colonel during the American Revolution. Knowlton is considered America's first Intelligence professional, and his unit, Knowlton's Rangers, gathered intelligence during the early Revolutionary War. Knowlton was killed in action at the Battle of Harlem Heights.

Early life and education
Knowlton was born into a military family on November 22, 1740, in West Boxford, Massachusetts. When he was eight, his family relocated to a farm in Ashford, Connecticut (current property of the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation). In 1755, at fifteen, Knowlton served in the French and Indian War with his older brother Daniel. He enlisted in Captain John Durkee's company, and is known to have joined Daniel on scouting missions into enemy territory. He later served in Captain John Slapp's 8th Company, where he served with Throope Chapman. He served during six campaigns in the war and was promoted to lieutenant in 1760. He also fought in Israel Putnam's company against the Spanish during the British expedition against Cuba in 1762.

By August 1762, Knowlton had returned home and married Anna Keyes. He and his wife raised nine children. At the age of thirty-three, Knowlton was appointed a Selectman of Ashford, Connecticut.

Battle of Bunker Hill
On April 18, 1775, General Thomas Gage dispatched a contingent of British troops to Lexington and Concord, about fifteen miles from Boston, Massachusetts. This action led to the outbreak of hostilities that became the American Revolution. On learning of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the militias of Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Hampshire communities mobilized their members. Thomas Knowlton joined his militia, the Ashford Company, which became part of the 5th Connecticut Regiment, along with the men from Windham, Mansfield and Coventry, Connecticut. Knowlton was chosen unanimously as captain and led 200 men into Massachusetts. His force consisted of farmers, without uniforms, primarily armed with shotguns.

Knowlton was ordered to Charlestown to join Colonel William Prescott. Knowlton's troops were sent by Colonel Prescott to oppose the advancing British grenadiers, and took their posts on the side of Breed's hill. Knowlton was in command of a 200 men work party. His men dismantled another fence further back and used its rails to strengthen the existing fence, and they filled the space between with new-mown grass which formed an effective breastwork. There they held their ground until the general retreat, and were among those providing cover as the troops retreated. Only three men from Knowlton's company died in the battle.

In 1776, Knowlton was sent by General Washington during the Siege of Boston to burn any remaining buildings at the base of Bunker Hill, with orders to capture any British troops guarding the location. Knowlton accomplished his mission without firing a shot or losing a single man. Years later, Colonel Aaron Burr said: "I had a full account of the Battle from Knowlton's own lips, and I believe if the chief command had been entrusted to him, the issue would have proved more fortunate. It was impossible to promote such a man too rapidly." In June 1775, for his bravery at Bunker Hill, Knowlton was promoted by Congress to major. One of his men later remembered that Knowlton was very courageous, never crying, Go on, boys! but always, Come on, boys!. On January 8, 1776, he led a troop in a successful incursion into Charlestown to burn housing used by British officers.

Knowlton's Rangers
On August 12, 1776, General of the Army George Washington promoted Knowlton to lieutenant colonel. He was ordered to select a group of men from Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts to carry out reconnaissance missions. America's first official spies, "Knowlton's Rangers" were also the first organized American elite troops. The American spy, Captain Nathan Hale, was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton. The date "1776" on the modern U.S. Army's intelligence service seal refers to the formation of Knowlton's Rangers. On September 16, 1776, a company of rangers led by Knowlton was scouting in advance of Washington's army at the Battle of Harlem Heights. While reconnoitering the British outposts they were engaged by elements of the light infantry brigade commanded by Major General Alexander Leslie. They managed a successful retreat and later mounted a counter-attack with the support of riflemen led by Major Andrew Leitch of Virginia. General Washington ordered the units to fall on the enemy's rear, while a feint in front engaged the British troops’ attention. Knowlton's force turned prematurely and made contact with the right flank of the British instead, losing the element of surprise. In the face of heavy fire from the British, Knowlton rallied his troops to carry on the attack. Both American commanding officers fell mortally wounded in front of their men. Knowlton's loss was lamented by Washington in his general orders for September 17, 1776 with the statement "The gallant and brave Col Knowlton, ... would have been an Honor to any Country, having fallen yesterday, while gloriously fighting ...for his country ".

Knowlton Award
In 1995 the Military Intelligence Corps Association (MICA) established the LTC Thomas W. Knowlton Award. The Knowlton Award recognizes individuals who have contributed significantly to the promotion of Army Military Intelligence in ways that stand out in the eyes of the recipients, their superiors, subordinates and peers. These individuals must also demonstrate the highest standards of integrity and moral character, display an outstanding degree of professional competence, and serve the MI Corps with distinction.

An August 1, 2012, posthumous recipient of the Knowlton Award was Marian Rejewski, the mathematician-cryptologist at the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau who in late 1932 reconstructed the German military Enigma cipher machine. Marian Rejewski's posthumous Knowlton Award was accepted at his home town, Bydgoszcz, Poland, on September 4, 2012, by his mathematician daughter, Janina Sylwestrzak.

A May 21, 2017, posthumous recipient of the Knowlton Award was MG (Army, Ret) Albert Stubblebine. The posthumous Knowlton Award was presented by Howard Donenfeld (then VP, DelMarPANJNYC Chapter MICA), to the award recipient’s Primary Next of Kin (PNOK) — Dr. Rima E. Laibow M.D. — beloved wife of the late Major General Albert “Bert” Newton Stubblebine III.

title: Thomas Knowlton


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Netherlands at the 1992 Summer Olympics

The Netherlands competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 201 competitors, 117 men and 84 women, took part in 105 events in 20 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
The only elimination victory for the Dutch archers came from Erwin Verstegen, who won in the round of 32 before being defeated in the second round. Three archers did not make it to the elimination rounds.

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track & road events

 * Combined events – Decathlon

 * Women
 * Track & road events

Boxing

 * Men

Cycling
Seventeen cyclists, thirteen men and four women, represented the Netherlands in 1992.

Road

 * Men

 * Women

Track

 * Sprint

 * Pursuit

 * Time trial

 * Points race

Men's tournament
Head coach: Hans Jorritsma

 * Frank Leistra (GK)
 * Harrie Kwinten
 * Cees Jan Diepeveen
 * Pieter van Ede
 * Bastiaan Poortenaar
 * Wouter van Pelt
 * Marc Delissen (C)
 * Jacques Brinkman
 * Gijs Weterings
 * Stephan Veen
 * Floris Jan Bovelander
 * Hendrik Jan Kooijman
 * Bart Looije (GK)
 * Maarten van Grimbergen
 * Leo Klein Gebbink
 * Taco van den Honert

Group play

Semi final

Bronze medal match

Women's tournament
Head Coach: Roelant Oltmans

 * Jacqueline Toxopeus (GK)
 * Carina Bleeker (GK)
 * Caroline van Nieuwenhuyze
 * Annemieke Fokke
 * Cécile Vinke
 * Jeannette Lewin
 * Carina Benninga (C)
 * Daniëlle Koenen
 * Ingrid Wolff
 * Mieketine Wouters
 * Martine Ohr
 * Florentine Steenberghe
 * Noor Holsboer
 * Helen van der Ben
 * Wietske de Ruiter
 * Carole Thate

Group play

Fifth to eighth place classification

Fifth and sixth place

Rowing
Rowing events, finishes, and competitors:

 * Men

Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage
 * Women

Sailing

 * Men

 * Women

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Synchronized swimming
Three synchronized swimmers represented the Netherlands in 1992.

Tennis

 * Men

 * Women

Volleyball

 * Summary

Men's team competition

 * Team roster
 * Edwin Benne
 * Peter Blangé
 * Ron Boudrie
 * Henk-Jan Held
 * Martin van der Horst
 * Marko Klok
 * Olof van der Meulen
 * Jan Posthuma
 * Avital Selinger
 * Martin Teffer
 * Ronald Zoodsma
 * Ron Zwerver

 * Head coach: Arie Selinger

Women's team competition

 * Team roster
 * Cintha Boersma
 * Erna Brinkman
 * Heleen Crielaard
 * Kirsten Gleis
 * Aafke Hament
 * Marjolein de Jong
 * Vera Koenen
 * Irena Machovcak
 * Linda Moons
 * Henriëtte Weersing
 * Sandra Wiegers

 * Head coach: Peter Murphy

Water polo

 * Men's team competition

 * Preliminary round (group B)
 * Lost to Spain (6-12)
 * Lost to Italy (4-6)
 * Drew with Greece (4-4)
 * Lost to Cuba (9-11)
 * Drew with Hungary (13-13)

 * Classification Round (Group E)
 * Defeated Czechoslovakia (9-8)
 * Defeated France (15-8) → 9th place

 * Team roster
 * ( 1.) Arie van de Bunt
 * ( 2.) Marc van Belkum
 * ( 3.) Gijs van der Leden
 * ( 4.) Harry van der Meer
 * ( 5.) John Scherrenburg
 * ( 6.) Hans Nieuwenburg
 * ( 7.) Koos Issard
 * ( 8.) Jalo de Vries
 * ( 9.) John Jansen
 * (10.) Robert Havekotte
 * (11.) Jan Wagenaar
 * (12.) Remco Pielstroom
 * (13.) Bert Brinkman

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Netherlands at the 1992 Summer Olympics


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Flight cadet

A flight cadet is a military or civilian occupational title that is held by someone who is in training to perform aircrew duties in an airplane. The trainee does not need to become a pilot, as flight cadets may also learn to serve as a bombardier, navigator, or flight engineer.

Flying Cadet Pilot Training Program (USAAS)
From 1907 to 1947, the army ran this program to train pilots for the US Army Air Service (1918-1926), US Army Air Corps (1926–1941), and US Army Air Force (1941–1947). During America's involvement in World War II (1942–1945), the rank of flight cadet was changed to that of aviation cadet, often abbreviated as A/C, and the program name was changed to the "Aviation Cadet Training Program".

From 1947, this program was run by the now separate US Air Force. The pilot cadet program ended in 1961, but the navigator cadet program ended in 1965.

Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force operated a flight cadet scheme at the RAF College Cranwell until 1977.

title: Flight cadet


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Yamhill District and Morrison/Southwest 3rd Avenue stations

Yamhill District and Morrison/Southwest 3rd Avenue are light rail stations on the MAX Blue and Red Lines in downtown Portland, Oregon. Located in the Yamhill Historic District, it is the 3rd stop eastbound on the current Eastside MAX. It was also the eastern terminus of the transit mall. It originally served the Yellow Line from 2004 to 2009 until its relocation to the Portland Transit Mall.

The stations are built into the sidewalks of Yamhill and Morrison Streets.


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Miskolc Tiszai railway station

The Tiszai Railway Station, operated by Hungarian State Railways, is the larger of two railway stations of the city of Miskolc, Hungary. Despite its name, the station is not close to the river Tisza; it was named after the company that built it.

History
Miskolc's need for connection with other cities by railway lines arose in the 1830s. Plans were made to expand the Szolnok–Debrecen railway line towards Nyíregyháza and Miskolc, but due to the political situations of the time – there was a revolution against Habsburg rule in 1848–49 – construction was delayed until 1857.

Disagreements between the railway constructing company and the local government of the city hindered work. The local government wanted the station to be built at the end of Széchenyi Street, the main street of Miskolc, approximately where the Szinvapark shopping mall stands today, and said the area that the constructing company appointed (and where the station was eventually built) was too far from the city – at that time it was indeed about 2,5 kilometres away and the cost of transporting goods from the city to the station was too high for local merchants. Because of the disagreement the local government didn't support the building of the railway lines, and on May 24, 1859, the newly built station was opened without any opening ceremony. The station was simply called "Miskolc Railway Station" then; it got its current name in 1959.

In 1860 Miskolc was connected by railway to Košice (then called Kassa, it was the other leading city of Northern Hungary and in many ways a rival of Miskolc), in 1870 the Miskolc-Pest line was ready, and in 1871 the Gömör line was built.

On June 2, 1944, the US Air Force bombed the station as a part of Operation Frantic Joe. Many bombs fell on the city centre instead, claiming 206 lives (420 were wounded).

The building
The station building that stands today was designed by Ferenc Pfaff and was built in 1901 in eclectic style. It is a listed historic building and was restored recently, in 1999. It was modernized in 2003.

During the construction of the building important archaeological findings were made, indicating a Celtic presence in the area.

Kandó Kálmán square
The square where the station stands is one of the most important traffic hubs of Miskolc. Both of the Miskolc tram lines and several bus lines (1, 1A, 101, 17, 21, 23, 31) of MVK ZRt. have their terminus here. The square is named in honor of Kálmán Kandó (1869–1931), a Hungarian engineer who developed components for electric locomotives.

title: Miskolc Tiszai railway station


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David Aldridge

David Aldridge (born 1965 (age 52)) is an American sports journalist who works as a writer for The Athletic. He was previously a reporter for Turner Sports, contributing to their NBA and MLB coverage. Other outlets that Aldridge has written and contributed for include ESPN, NBA TV, NBA.com, The Washington Post, The Philadelphia Inquirer, and TBD. In 2016, he was awarded the Curt Gowdy Media Award by the Basketball Hall of Fame.

Education and early career
Aldridge was born in Washington, D.C. He is a graduate of DeMatha Catholic High School and American University and worked as a writer for The Washington Post, where he spent nine years. During that time Aldridge was a beat writer covering Georgetown University basketball, the Washington Bullets, and the Washington Redskins. He also covered the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, national college basketball and football, the Super Bowl, the Stanley Cup playoffs, the World Series, the Indianapolis 500, and the U.S. Open tennis championships. He is a fan of American University men's basketball.

ESPN
Before joining TNT in 2004, Aldridge reported for ESPN for eight years, primarily covering the NBA while occasionally doing NFL pieces. He wrote for ESPN.com and contributed to ESPN Radio. Aldridge frequently appeared on SportsCenter as well as NBA 2 Night (now NBA Fastbreak) and NBA Today. Aldridge conducted interviews for the SportsCenter "Sunday Conversations" with LeBron James, Allen Iverson, Shaquille O'Neal, Karl Malone and many others. He worked as an NBA sideline reporter both for ABC and ESPN in 2003 and 2004.

The Philadelphia Inquirer
Aldridge worked at The Philadelphia Inquirer from 2004 to 2008, covering the National Football League and National Basketball Association as a reporter and columnist. He was part of the Inquirer team that received a second-place award for the series "The Future of Pro Sports" in 2005 from the Society of Professional Journalists, Greater Philadelphia Chapter. He was initially scheduled to be one of dozens laid off at the paper in January 2007, but was retained.

Turner Sports
He worked as the "Insider" for TNT's Inside the NBA and did sideline reporting work during the regular season, All-Star Weekend and the NBA playoffs. He was also co-host of the weekly show The Beat on NBA TV, and was a commentator for other NBA on TNT features. He also worked as a sideline reporter for television broadcasts of college football games and the Major League Baseball divisional series.

The Tony Kornheiser Show
From February 2007 through June 2008, Aldridge appeared on The Tony Kornheiser Show on Washington Post Radio and later WWWT in Washington, D.C. as co-host. He returned as sometime co-host of the latest incarnation on WTEM in September 2009. As of 2016, he is a regular co-host on the show.

The Athletic
In late 2018, Aldridge left Turner Sports to join the staff of The Athletic as a writer.

title: David Aldridge


text:
Belgium at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Belgium competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 68 competitors, 43 men and 25 women, took part in 70 events in 18 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
Veteran Paul Vermeiren was the only Belgian archer to compete in the nation's sixth appearance in the modern Olympic archery tournament. He won his first elimination match, but was then defeated by the eventual silver medallist.

 * Men

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track and road events

 * Women
 * Track and road events

Badminton

 * Men

Sprint

 * Men

Cycling
Seven cyclists, six men and one woman, represented Belgium in 1992. Cédric Mathy won bronze in the men's point race.

Road

 * Men

 * Women

Track

 * Sprint

 * Time trial

 * Pursuit

 * Points race

Diving

 * Men

Women

 * Individual

Judo

 * Men

 * Women

Rowing

 * Men

 * Women

Sailing

 * Men

 * Women

Shooting

 * Women

 * Open

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Table tennis

 * Men

Wrestling

 * Greco-Roman

title: Belgium at the 1992 Summer Olympics


text:
Talk:Justin Sofio

Untitled
Article survived April 17 2005 listing on VfD. See Votes for deletion/Justin Sofio. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 20:38, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Justin Sofio


text:
Tigoda

The Tigoda (Тигода) is a river in Novgorodsky and Chudovsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and Tosnensky and Kirishsky Districts of Leningrad Oblast in Russia. It is a left tributary of the Volkhov. The length of the river is 143 km, and the area of its drainage basin is 2290 km2. The main tributaries are the Ravan (right), the Chagoda (left), and the Kusinka (left). The town of Lyuban is located on the banks of the Tigoda.

The source of the Tigoda is in swamps at the height of 55 m east of Ogorelye railway station of the railway connecting Veliky Novgorod and Saint Petersburg (at about 59.01667°N, 30.98333°W). The river flows northeast and crosses into Tosnensky District of Leningrad Oblast. North of Lyuban it sharply turns south, accepts the Ravan from the right and crosses into Novgorod Oblast. There, it turns east, crosses into Kirishsky District of Leningrad Oblast and accepts the Chagoda from the left. Further east, a short stretch of the Tigoda makes a border between Leningrad and Novgorod Oblasts. The mouth of the Tigoda is west of the selo of Chernitsy, at the height level of 17 m.

The drainage basin of the Tigoda includes the southeastern part of Tosnensky District, the western part of Kirishsky District, as well as minor areas in the north of Novgorodsky District, the northwest of Chudovsky District, and the south of Kirovsky District.

title: Tigoda


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Mall/Southwest 4th Avenue and Mall/Southwest 5th Avenue stations

Mall/Southwest 4th Avenue and Mall/Southwest 5th Avenue were a pair of light rail stations in Portland, Oregon, United States, served by TriMet as part of the MAX Light Rail system. Built into the sidewalk at Southwest Yamhill and Morrison streets between 4th and 5th avenues in downtown Portland, the Mall stations were served by the Blue and Red lines upon closing. They had also been served by the Yellow Line from May 2004 to August 2009.

MAX began operating in 1986 without stations at this location to make way for the Morrison Street redevelopment project. The stops were infilled during the construction of Pioneer Place and opened on March 26, 1990. On March 1, 2020, TriMet closed the stations in an effort to speed up MAX trains in downtown.

History
In July 1981, the Portland City Council presented the Morrison Street Project, a proposed redevelopment of three blocks in downtown Portland near the Portland Transit Mall, around the intersections of 5th and 6th avenues and Morrison and Yamhill streets. That November, TriMet published a conceptual design report for the Banfield Light Rail Project, which would traverse Morrison and Yamhill streets, that outlined a pair of light rail stations to serve the development. TriMet recommended platforms along the north end of the block southeast of the intersection of Southwest 5th Avenue and Morrison Street and along the opposite end of the same block on Yamhill Street.

In 1983, the Portland Development Commission (PDC) hired the Rouse Company to develop the Morrison Street Project. The developer designed a mall and mixed-use development proposal called "Pioneer Place". PDC approved Rouse's design, which included a 400-room hotel, 1,025 underground parking spaces, and buildings up to 25 stories high. In 1985, Rouse revealed that it was encountering problems signing tenants, citing a weak market for hotels and department stores, and announced a six-month delay in construction. After failing to secure key tenants the following year, the developer offered a scaled-down revision of its initial proposal and further postponed construction to 1987, a year after the scheduled completion of the Banfield Light Rail Project, which by then was formally named "Metropolitan Area Express" (MAX). MAX thus began operating on September 5, 1986, without a stop at this location.

PDC approved Rouse's scaled-down plans in October 1986. In December, the city council authorized the construction of a six-story parking garage for Pioneer Place on a fourth block bound by 3rd and 4th avenues and Yamhill and Taylor streets. The Oregon Court of Appeals ruled the following year that the city violated state law by condemning this fourth block without first seeking a review from Multnomah County, but the county board ultimately approved it. The groundbreaking of "Pioneer Place I", the first of a two-phased development plan of Pioneer Place, finally took place on March 3, 1988.

During the construction of Pioneer Place I, TriMet revisited its original plans and proposed infill stops to serve the development. The MAX platforms were ultimately built; the Mall stations—their names referring to the Portland Transit Mall—opened on March 26, 1990. In September 2001, the Red Line became a second MAX line to serve the stations while TriMet rebranded the original service the "Blue Line". From May 2004 to August 2009, the Yellow Line also stopped at the Mall stations until TriMet rerouted it to the Portland Transit Mall.

After nearly 30 years in operation, TriMet closed the Mall stations on March 1, 2020, as part of a consolidation program to speed up MAX trains in downtown Portland. The area will continue to be served by the Blue and Red lines via the Pioneer Square South and Pioneer Square North stations, which are located two blocks to the west; and the Yamhill District and Morrison/Southwest 3rd Avenue stations, which are located two blocks to the east.

Station details

The Mall stations occupied the sidewalks facing Southwest Yamhill and Morrison streets between 4th and 5th avenues in downtown Portland. Pioneer Place I is situated between the former platforms. The stations' amenities included benches, bicycle parking racks, garbage cans, shelters, and schedule information displays. The southbound MAX tracks on the Portland Transit Mall run along the immediate west side of the defunct platforms on 5th Avenue; this provided a direct transfer to the MAX platform of Pioneer Place/Southwest 5th station across the street, which is served by the Green and Orange lines. On the opposite end of this adjacent block, which is occupied by the Pioneer Courthouse, is the northbound MAX station, Pioneer Courthouse/Southwest 6th served by the Green and Yellow lines. The Mall stations also facilitated transfers to transit buses serving the Portland Transit Mall.

On the final day of service, the Mall stations were served by the MAX Blue Line, which connected the stations to Beaverton and Hillsboro to the west and Gresham to the east, and the MAX Red Line, which connected the stations to Beaverton to the west and Portland International Airport to the east. In late 2019, Mall/Southwest 5th Avenue and Mall/Southwest 4th Avenue were the 25th and 39th busiest stations of the MAX network's 97 stations, respectively, based on TriMet's weekday on-and-off boarding totals; Mall/Southwest 5th Avenue recorded 3,436 passengers on weekdays while Mall/Southwest 4th Avenue recorded 2,467 passengers.


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User:Bber

Daniel So is a person who lives in Shatin. "Daniel" means "God is my judge" and "So" is his surname. He really likes to read books and know new things. Thus, he wants to record things in a web called "wikipedia"

title: User:Bber


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Samuele de Gaunt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 07:34, May 6, 2005 (UTC)

Samuele de Gaunt

 * Delete - I'm am a left-wing activist in Portugal and I've never heard about such things ... The photo doesn's seem to had been taken in the 1940's. Google reports only 3 results for "Samuele de Gaunt" and are all related to this article. This seems like a vanity page with a big background story. Samuele de Gaunt is not an hero to the portuguese left-wing, no one has heard about Samuele de Gaunt! Actually that is not a Portuguese name. If you try to read the story you will find it way too silly.

Two more things:

- There is an article related to this in the votes for deletion, Gil Martinez. - The user who built the article has edited this same comments a few times. Afonso Silva 19:06, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonsense. "The Empire Strikes Out" in 1968?  Uhhuh.  Sounds like an English speaker who doesn't understand that puns don't translate.  RickK 19:48, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, there's not a single reference to him on the Portuguese site, so he can't be all that famous if he existed at all. I also found absolutely about him on a few different Portuguese language search engines. If this is a joke, it's a bad one and a strange way to waste time. Kyle543 01:17, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 05:32, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong keep Note- Living in Sale, I have viewed a commemorative plaque to de Gaunt in the town hall, which I am sure the above posters have not witnessed. Samuele de Gaunt was not as famous as mentioned in the article, which accounts for his relatively low to zero documentation on the internet. However, he did exist nonethelss and was both a folk guitarist and left-wing political activist.

 * N.B. The above unsigned comment was from User:81.152.32.109 whose only contributions have been to Samuele de Gaunt and this VfD. P Ingerson 10:48, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * ''N.B. The above poster doesn't realise that I searched my hometown and commented on what was missing. I have not visited this site many times before, and certainly didn't care enough to post contribute elsewhere. Besides, this is for the history of my hometown; it has purpose.
 * Note: The above comment is by 81.152.32.109, whose only edits are to the article and this VfD.

 * Delete. I agree this is probably a hoax.  P Ingerson 10:48, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Bollocks, pure bollocks. Delete at once. As a Sale resident, I was keen to learn more about my town's history, and lapped up the information contained within this article with glee. Now I realise it was a cruel hoax. How did my fellow posters come be stung by the malicious pranksters who have made a mockery of this fine educational resource and the proud history of my hometown?

 * The above unsigned vote is from User:80.5.160.8 -- P Ingerson 15:14, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC).

My fellow posters. As a U.S student of Archaeology at Coimbra University I have recently come across this article and assumed that it was utterly fictional. However on a visit to the Municipal Graveyard or the túmulo do país on Ladeira das Alpenduradas I found the graves mentioned in the article. They seem in first class condition and I suspect they are well cared for. Whether this means the entire story is authentic is another matter.

 * The above unsigned comment is from User:81.77.94.146, this user's first contribution. RIPE puts this IP address in the United Kingdom, not Portugal.  Also note that he used the British spelling of Archaeology even though he's supposedly American.  P Ingerson 15:14, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * ''It would seem that the deluded above annotation failed to account for the expeditions which archaeologists embark on.
 * Note: The above comment is by 81.152.32.109, whose only edits are to the article and this VfD.

 * Strong keep. Why was this listed? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:41, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC) Change to delete unless corroborated. It now looks to me like a hoax. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 10:42, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: User:80.5.160.8 and User:217.44.48.168 attempted to vandalise this VfD page. Damage has been reverted.  P Ingerson 21:44, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Most of the votes of deletion are from liars- they say they are themselves political activists. That is quite frankly laughable, and although some parts may have been tampered with the person that is Samuele de Gaunt indeed visited our town of Sale. Taking away this page is like taking away our history.
 * ''The above unsigned comment was from User:81.152.32.109 whose only contributions have been to Samuele de Gaunt and this VfD. P Ingerson 22:48, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong keep Samuele de Gaunt was indeed a guitarist and political activist.
 * Note: The above unsigned vote is by 80.53.113.150; user's first edit.

 * Comment. User:80.5.160.8 has vandalised this page again. The vandalism has been reverted again.  Could everyone please add this page to your watchlist?  Thanks.  P Ingerson 23:02, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * He's done it again. And I've reverted it again!  P Ingerson 23:11, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Is there a page on Portuguese Wiki for this dude? If not, why not?  A2Kafir 23:32, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * My point is, if this dude is so bleeping famous in Portugal as our anonymous poster claims, there should be a Portuguese page for him. I just checked for one, and it's not there.  That implies this fellow is not as important as our anonymous poster asserts.  "Taking away this page is like taking away our history" is a bit much; why are you concentrating on an English page if the fellow is so important to Portugal? Delete if no resolution of these issues.  A2Kafir 13:53, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong keep. Some people wish to conceal the truth. For shame.

 * Strong keep. Our heritage is being defiled by this Portuguese truth-butcher! Do not let de Gaunt's name be corrupted by this reprehensible slander! FORWARD, COMRADES!

 * Both of the above unsigned votes are from User:82.211.102.159, who also added the fake "Strong Keep" to A2Kafir's comment. This IP address is owned by Trafford metropolitan borough council.  P Ingerson 10:24, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This is getting worse. I repeat: Samuele de Gaunt never existed, at least as a Portuguese left-wing folk singer! You want an example of a real Portuguese left-wing folk singer? -> Zeca Afonso. Samuele is not a Portuguese name, de Gaunt is not a Portuguese surname, that's just like saying that Afonso Silva is a British left-wing folk singer. Afonso Silva 16:49, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong keep I have heard of de Gaunt, and when I visited Manchester I learned some of the history of the towns within. I am not too sure of de Gaunt's popularity in his home country, but his efforts in Sale sure seemed to have an impact.
 * Note: The above unsigned vote is by 210.196.130.62; user's first edit.

 * Strong keep After being contacted via the above poster, I too travelled with him to England. Sale is a small yet lively town with some interesting history. Notably James Joule, and also de Gaunt. I am confused to why people are unsure of de Gaunt's existence, as documents are clearly visible within the town hall.
 * Note: The above unsigned vote is by 211.76.97.249; user's 20th edit.

 * As you may not be aware, the votes of anonymous votes are not counted. However, you would strongly support your contention if you would take a camera to the Sale town hall and take photos of those documents, hmm?  RickK 22:14, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)

''Note: This page was vandalized by 217.43.178.234, who changed Afonso Silva's vote and comments. This was the user's first edit.''

 * If the socks can try and vote "strong keep," this real user votes strongest possible delete. Do not pass BJAODN, do not collect $200.  Apparently, their little button eyes failed to notice the delete vote from a genuine Portuguese leftist.  Nice try, hosiery. - Lucky 6.9 07:35, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, no evidence for existence, probable hoax.-gadfium 07:58, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Like all non-sockpuppets here, I vote delete with the most extreme prejudice possible.   [ +t, +c ] 08:57, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)

Note: this page was vandalized by .  RickK 16:32, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per everyone else who voted delete. Zzyzx11 | Talk 16:38, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Reasons well established by others. Quale 05:29, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this nonsense. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  09:53, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * ''Vandalised by . P Ingerson 10:33, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Do not delete. A Sale resident myself (check the IP!) I was fortunate enough to encounter Mr. de Gaunt during his brief sojourn into our fair town. I am duty-bound to confirm that the countenance gracing the page to which this Vote refers (and may I add that the persons posting for deletions are evincing a lamentable ignorance about Sale and Mr. de Gaunt) is indeed that of Mr. de Gaunt, and that, with some possible inaccuracies, the information contained therein is without doubt representative of actual events, persons and places. To attempt to delete this resource is not merely to deprive people everywhere of this small morsel of Sale's history, but to slur (though admittedly without intent to do so) Mr. de Gaunt's name. - J. Mones.
 * Delete the damn thing. Clearly a hoax, and almost certainly the creator is using sock puppets to vote and possibly vandalize the page. Not good form. --Whimemsz 17:16, May 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP- this person has a few pages about him off google, there isn't much but there isn't a lot about thousands off these articles. If this was a vanity page why would it be all about someone who is dead and lived aound 50 years ago, This to me seems like a genuine page; the person in it may be over hyped but still a real person and a true article. Though this may be phrased wrongly the only perons vanity this page seems to be for is P Ingerson, who single handedly wants to lose history forever.  Dr White
 * Actually writen by, see hist. – ABCD 21:04, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: The above vote is by ; only edits are to this VfD page and P Ingerson's talk page.

Note: This page was blanked twice by .
 * Blanked again, this time by, a repeated vandal.
 * Blanked again a minute after I reverted, again by
 * The same user then replaced the text with "stop it loser".
 * Blanked AGAIN by

 * Delete. I did a Google check on this guy and I notice most pages that link to him are from Wikipedia mirrors or have been deleted from Wikipedia pages (see Sale, Greater Manchester). Zscout370 (talk) 00:27, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Vandalized by, who replaced the whole page with that ALL SEEING EYE crap. --Whimemsz 02:22, May 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Pokes the All Seeing Eye's out. Nice try, no cigar. Zscout370 (talk) 02:24, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Having been informed of this page by several surprised Wikipedia users, I have to confirm that Samuele de Gaunt was indeed a Portuguese folk singer; I was unaware of many (if any) left-wing acitivities on his part, but his talents as a bard were formidable and not to be trifled with. To delete this page (despite any posible inaccuracies therein) is a travesty and one which I consider an unforgivable breach of Wikipedia's mission. My own experiences of de Gaunt during his all-too-brief period in Sale were quite a revelation, and it will be a sad loss if others are deprived of the chance to grasp at some small sample of his beauteous musical talents.
 * Proof, man, PROOF! Give us PROOF! Not testimonials! Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  10:33, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I would like to remind folks that whenever you post a vote and or comment, please sign the entry by using four tildes ~ . Thank you. Zscout370 (talk) 11:18, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

''Note: This page was blanked by User:80.5.160.8. Zscout370 (talk) 18:21, 5 May 2005 (UTC)''

 * Keep. I live in Manchester, and Sale is but a short distance away on the Metrolink; I checked in the library and there are a couple of small displays of de Gaunt, but some of the information here may be embellished - requires alot of revision. Arpeggio 18:45, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete this for reasons others have already listed. Quite clearly a hoax. HorsePunchKid 20:48, 2005 May 5 (UTC)

Why on earth would anyone want to write a 'vanity' article, as Dr. White so rightly says, about a dead, little known Portuguese left wing political activist? Surely we should be encouraging this article? It recognises the integrity and bravery of someone who was, undoubtedly, a very fine man. Do we want to lose this small piece of Samuele de Gaunt? It is our only link to him now, apart from his remaining poetry. He is clearly a hero, and one who deserves to be remembered in any way that we can. Also, as a Sale resident, I can confirm the existence of the plaque to de Gaunt's memory. I suggest that anyone who doubts the truth of this statement comes to Sale. Or do they not wish to be proven wrong? Especially as phots seem to copy so badly onto this page "The photo doesn's seem to had been taken in the 1940's" (again, the first poster). As to his name not being portuguese, could not his parents have been immigrants, or maybe even only one parent? We are not considering all of the possibilities here. Thank you. User:81.155.199.53

 * This is where, once again, we want you to do this: PROVE IT. Show us articles, show us books, show us poetry, show us stuff that will try to convince us. It is not our job to do YOUR research. You claim to know all of these facts, but nothing to show proof to back those claims up. Plus, as mentioned earlier, if he was a great man that was valued by the Portugese people, he will be on the Portugese version of Wikipedia, but he is not. That, to me, brings me a clear sign that he is probably not notable. Zscout370 (talk) 21:50, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Lucky, how can we have any idea whether or not the "genuine portuguese leftist" is, in fact, a genuine portuguese leftist? You seem to take their word for it with less evidence than you do for the supporters of Samuele de Gaunt. This, to me, suggests that you are not impartial. Perhaps you have conceived a dislike for Mr. de Gaunt? STRONG KEEP. User:81.155.199.53(FL)

 * I see a long page, a photo, and a bunch of stuff, but no sources, no links, nothing to support any statement. Anything that has been found online, it is from Wikipedia mirrors. The "UK Guide" and Realestate.ca  are just Wikipedia mirrors of that one page, which the hoax was removed before. Wikipedia wants proof on their articles, and until you get some, we will keep on saying delete. Zscout370 (talk) 22:02, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Canada at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Canada competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, held from 25 July to 9 August 1992. 295 competitors, 179 men and 116 women, took part in 199 events in 24 sports.

The Barcelona Olympics were at the time Canada's second most successful Summer Olympic Games (and most successful in a fully-attended Olympics), subsequently surpassed in number of medals won in 1996 and 2016, and then tied in the number of gold medals in 2020.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
Canada sent only men to Barcelona for archery. Two of the three individuals did not qualify for the elimination rounds, nor did the team qualify for the team round.

Men's individual competition:
 * Claude Rousseau – Round of 16 (→ 14th place) (1-1)
 * Sylvain Cadieux – Ranking Round (→ 60th place) (0-0)
 * Jeannot Robitaille – Ranking Round (→ 70th place) (0-0)

Men's team competition:
 * Rousseau, Cadieux, and Robitaille – Ranking Round (→ 19th place) (0-0)

Athletics
Men's 100m
 * Ben Johnson (15th)
 * Bruny Surin (4th)

Men's 200m
 * Atlee Mahorn (20th)
 * Peter Ogilvie
 * Anthony Wilson (31st)

Men's 400m
 * Mike McLean (DNF)

Men's 800m
 * Freddie Williams

Men's 1500m
 * Graham Hood (9th)

Men's 5000m
 * Brendan Matthias (36th)

Men's 10000m
 * Paul Williams (DNP)

Men's marathon
 * Peter Maher (DNF)

Men's 4 × 100 m relay
 * Ben Johnson

Men's 4 × 400 m relay
 * Mark Jackson, Anthony Wilson, Mark Graham, and Frederick Williams
 * Heat – 3:04.69 (→ did not advance)

Men's 110m hurdles
 * Mark McKoy [[Image:Gold medal.svg|16x16px]]

Men's 400m hurdles
 * Mark Jackson (19th)

Men's 3000m Steeplechase
 * Graeme Fell (28th)

Men's 20 km Road Walk
 * Tim Berrett (14th)
 * Guillaume Leblanc [[Image:Silver medal.svg|16x16px]]

Men's 50 km Road Walk
 * Tim Berrett (DSQ)
 * Guillaume Leblanc (DSQ)

Men's high jump
 * Alex Zaliauskas (27th)

Men's long jump
 * Edrick Floreal (28th)
 * Glenroy Gilbert (DSQ)
 * Ian James (20th)

Men's pole vault
 * Douglas Wood
 * Qualification – 5.20 metres (→ did not advance)

Men's triple jump
 * Oral O'Gilvie (DNP)

Men's discus throw
 * Ray Lazdins (21st)

Men's javelin throw
 * Stephen Feraday (29th)

Men's shot put
 * Peter Dajia (25th)

Men's Decathlon
 * Mike Smith – did not finish (→ no ranking)

Women's 800 m
 * Charmaine Crooks – 1:58,55 (→ 10th place)

Women's 1.500 m
 * Paula Schnurr – 4:04,80 (→ 13th place)
 * Angela Chalmers – 4:04,87 (→ 14th place)
 * Debbie Bowker – 4:12,50 (→ 22nd place)

Women's 3.000 m
 * Angela Chalmers – 8:47,22 (→ [[Image:Bronze medal.svg|16x16px]] Bronze medal)
 * Robyn Meagher – 8:49,72 (→ 15th place)
 * Leah Pells – 9:13,19 (→ 27th place)

Women's 10.000 m
 * Carole Rouillard – 32:53.83 (→ 22nd place)
 * Lisa Harvey – 33:55.93 (→ 34th place)

Women's 4 × 400 m relay
 * Charmaine Crooks, Rosey Edeh, Camille Noel, Jillian Richardson – 3:25,20 (→ 4th place)

Women's 100 m hurdles
 * Katie Anderson – 13,31 (→ 19th place)

Women's 400 m hurdles
 * Rosey Edeh – 55,76 (→ 13th place)
 * Donalda Duprey – 56,30 (→ 15th place)

Women's 10 km walk
 * Tina Poitras – 46:50 (→ 21st place)
 * Janice McCaffrey – 48:05 (→ 25th place)
 * Pascale Grand – 49:14 (→ 29th place)

Women's marathon
 * Odette Lapierre – 2:46.18 (→ 19th place)
 * Lizanne Bussieres – did not finish (→ no ranking)

Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
 * Domenic Figliomeni
 * First round – lost to Tadahiro Sasaki (JPN), 3:5

Men's flyweight (– 51 kg)
 * Marty O'Donnell
 * First round – lost to Robert Peden (AUS), 2:14

Men's featherweight (– 57 kg)
 * Michael Strange
 * First round – lost to Somluck Kamsing (THA), 9:11

Men's lightweight (– 60 kg)
 * William Irwin
 * First round – defeated Alan Andrew Vaughan (GBR), RSC-3
 * Second round – lost to Ronald Chavez (PHI), 1:8

Men's Light-Welterweight (– 63.5 kg)
 * Mark Leduc → [[Image:Silver medal.svg|16x16px]] Silver medal
 * First round – defeated Godfrey Wakaabu (UGA), 9:2
 * Second round – defeated Dillon Carew (GUY), 5:0
 * Quarterfinals – defeated Laid Bouneb (ALG), 8:1
 * Semifinals – defeated Leonard Doroftei (ROM), 13:6
 * Final – lost to Héctor Vinent (CUB), 1:11

Men's Light Middleweight (– 71 kg)
 * Raymond Downey
 * First round – lost to Hendrik Simangunsong (INA), 5:12

Men's middleweight (– 75 kg)
 * Chris Johnson → [[Image:Bronze medal.svg|16x16px]] Bronze medal
 * First round – bye
 * Second round – defeated Mohamed Siluvangi (ZAI), RSCH-3
 * Quarterfinals – defeated Stefan Trendafilov (BUL), RSC-1
 * Semifinals – lost to Chris Byrd (USA), 3:17

Men's Light Heavyweight (– 81 kg)
 * Robert Brown
 * First round – defeated Damidin Zul (MGL), RSCH-2
 * Second round – lost to Torsten May (GER), 1:7

Men's Heavyweight (– 91 kg)
 * Kirk Johnson
 * First round – bye
 * Second round – defeated Joseph Akhasamba (KEN), RSC-2
 * Quarterfinals – lost to David Izonritei (NGR), 5:9

Men's Super Heavyweight (>91 kg)
 * Tom Glesby
 * First round – bye
 * Second round – lost to Roberto Balado (CUB), 2:16

Cycling
Fifteen cyclists, eleven men and four women, represented Canada in 1992. Curt Harnett won bronze in the men's sprint.

 * Men's road race
 * Gianni Vignaduzzi
 * Nathael Sagard
 * Jacques Landry

 * Men's team time trial
 * Colin Davidson
 * Chris Koberstein
 * Todd McNutt
 * Yvan Waddell

 * Men's sprint
 * Curt Harnett - [[Image:Bronze medal.svg|16x16px]] Bronze medal

 * Men's 1 km time trial
 * Kurt Innes

 * Men's individual pursuit
 * Michael Belcourt

 * Men's points race
 * John Malois

 * Women's road race
 * Alison Sydor – 2:05:03 (→ 12th place)
 * Kelly-Ann Way – 2:05:03 (→ 31st place)
 * Lena Hawkins – 2:05:33 (→ 36th place)

 * Women's sprint
 * Tanya Dubnicoff

 * Women's individual pursuit
 * Kelly-Ann Way

Diving
Men's 3m springboard
 * Mark Rourke
 * Preliminary round – 379.32 points
 * Final – 540.66 points (→ 11th place)
 * David Bédard
 * Preliminary round – 372.54 points (→ did not advance, 12th place)

Men's 10m platform
 * Bruno Fournier
 * Preliminary round – 370.68 (→ did not advance, 14th place)
 * William Hayes
 * Preliminary round – 324.39 (→ did not advance, 21st place)

Women's 3m springboard
 * Mary DePiero
 * Preliminary round – 278.76 points
 * Final – 449.49 points (→ 12th place)
 * Evelyne Boisvert
 * Preliminary round – 258.09 points (→ did not advance, 21st place)

Women's 10m platform
 * Paige Gordon
 * Preliminary round – 283.11 points (→ did not advance, 16th place)
 * Anne Montminy
 * Preliminary round – 282.42 points (→ did not advance, 17th place)

Fencing
16 fencers, 11 men and 5 women, represented Canada in 1992.

 * Men's foil
 * Benoît Giasson

 * Men's épée
 * Laurie Shong
 * Danek Nowosielski
 * Jean-Marc Chouinard

 * Men's team épée
 * Jean-Marc Chouinard, Alain Côté, Allan Francis, Danek Nowosielski, Laurie Shong

 * Men's sabre
 * Jean-Paul Banos
 * Jean-Marie Banos
 * Tony Plourde

 * Men's team sabre
 * Jean-Paul Banos, Jean-Marie Banos, Tony Plourde, Evens Gravel, Leszek Nowosielski

 * Women's foil
 * Thalie Tremblay
 * Renée Aubin

 * Women's team foil
 * Thalie Tremblay, Renée Aubin, Hélène Bourdages, Shelley Wetterberg, Marie-Françoise Hervieu

Women's team competition
The women's field hockey team from Canada competed for the third time at the Summer Olympics.
 * Preliminary round
 * Canada – Australia 0-2
 * Canada – Spain 1-2
 * Canada – Germany 0-4
 * Classification matches
 * 5th-8th place: Canada – Netherlands 0-2
 * 7th-8th place: Canada – New Zealand 2-0 (→ 7th place)
 * Team roster
 * Bernadette Bowyer
 * Joel Brough
 * Michelle Conn
 * Deb Covey
 * Sharon Creelman
 * Tara Croxford
 * Sherri Field
 * Milena Gaiga
 * Heather Jones
 * Laurelee Kopeck
 * Sandra Levy
 * Rochelle Low
 * Gaye Porteous
 * Sue Reid
 * Candy Thomson
 * Deb Whitten
 * Head coach: Marina van der Merwe

Men's Competition
Extra-Lightweight (60 kg)
 * Ewan Beaton

Half-Lightweight (65 kg)
 * Jean-Pierre Cantin

Lightweight (71 kg)
 * Roman Hatashita

Middleweight (87 kg)
 * Nicolas Gill [[Image:Bronze medal.svg|16x16px]] Bronze medal

Half-Heavyweight (95 kg)
 * Patrick Roberge

Women's Competition
Half-Lightweight (52 kg)
 * Lyne Poirier

Lightweight (56 kg)
 * Pascale Mainville

Extra-Lightweight (48 kg)
 * Brigitte Lastrade

Half-Middleweight (61 kg)
 * Michelle Buckingham

Middleweight (66 kg)
 * Sandra Greaves

Half-Heavyweight (72 kg)
 * Alison Webb

Heavyweight (+72 kg)
 * Jane Patterson

Modern pentathlon
Two male pentathletes represented Canada in 1992.

 * Individual
 * Ian Soellner
 * Laurie Shong

Sailing
Men's Sailboard (Lechner A-390)
 * Murray McCaig
 * Final Ranking – 459.0 points (→ 44th place)

Women's Sailboard (Lechner A-390)
 * Caroll-Ann Alie
 * Final Ranking – 161.7 points (→ 14th place)

Women's 470 Class
 * Penny Davis and Sarah McLean
 * Final Ranking – 94.7 points (→ 11th place)

Men's Competition
Men's 50 m freestyle
 * Stephen Clarke
 * Heat – 23.95 (→ did not advance, 40th place)

Men's 100 m freestyle
 * Stephen Clarke
 * Heat – 50.73 (→ did not advance, 18th place)
 * Darren Ward
 * Heat – 52.05 (→ did not advance, 41st place)

Men's 200 m freestyle
 * Turlough O'Hare
 * Heat – 1:50.42
 * B-Final – 1:51.01 (→ 14th place)
 * Darren Ward
 * Heat – 1:51.62 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

Men's 400 m freestyle
 * Turlough O'Hare
 * Heat – 3:56.70 (→ did not advance, 21st place)
 * Edward Parenti
 * Heat – 3:58.96 (→ did not advance, 27th place)

Men's 1500 m freestyle
 * Christopher Bowie
 * Heat – 15:34.28 (→ did not advance, 15th place)
 * David McLellan
 * Heat – 15:58.38 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

Men's 100 m Backstroke
 * Mark Tewksbury
 * Heat – 54.75
 * Final – 53.98 (→ [[Image:Gold medal.svg|16x16px]] Gold medal)
 * Raymond Brown
 * Heat – 56.98 (→ did not advance, 18th place)

Men's 200 m Backstroke
 * Kevin Draxinger
 * Heat – 2:01.73
 * B-Final – 2:01.79 (→ 12th place)
 * Raymond Brown
 * Heat – 2:01.81
 * B-Final – 2:03.01 (→ 15th place)

Men's 100 m Breaststroke
 * Jonathan Cleveland
 * Heat – 1:02.73
 * B-Final – 1:02.73 (→ 13th place)
 * Curtis Myden
 * Heat – 1:03.80 (→ did not advance, 25th place)

Men's 200 m Breaststroke
 * Jonathan Cleveland
 * Heat – 2:15.68
 * B-Final – 2:16.20 (→ 14th place)
 * Michael Mason
 * Heat – 2:18.64 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

Men's 100 m Butterfly
 * Marcel Gery
 * Heat – 53.94
 * Final – 54.18 (→ 6th place)
 * Tom Ponting
 * Heat – 54.77
 * B-Final – 55.00 (→ 16th place)

Men's 100 m Butterfly
 * Tom Ponting
 * Heat – 2:01.20
 * B-Final – 2:01.60 (→ 13th place)
 * Edward Parenti
 * Heat – 2:02.00 (→ did not advance, 26th place)

Men's 200 m Individual Medley
 * Gary Anderson
 * Heat – 2:02.63
 * Final – 2:04.30 (→ 8th place)
 * Darren Ward
 * Heat – 2:03.71
 * B-Final – 2:05.09 (→ 14th place)

Men's 200 m Individual Medley
 * Curtis Myden
 * Heat – 4:22.41
 * B-Final – 4:21.91 (→ 10th place)
 * Robert Baird
 * Heat – 4:24.31
 * B-Final – 4:25.06 (→ 16th place)

Men's 4 × 200 m freestyle Relay
 * Edward Parenti, Darren Ward, Christopher Bowie, and Turlough O'Hare
 * Heat – 7:25.61 (→ did not advance, 9th place)

Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Mark Tewksbury, Jonathan Cleveland, Tom Ponting, and Stephen Clarke
 * Heat – 3:42.47
 * Mark Tewksbury, Jonathan Cleveland, Marcel Gery, and Stephen Clarke
 * Final – 3:39.66 (→ [[Image:Bronze medal.svg|16x16px]] Bronze medal)

Women's Competition
Women's 50 m freestyle
 * Andrea Nugent
 * Heat – 26.29
 * B-Final – 26.17 (→ 9th place)
 * Kristin Topham
 * Heat – 26.32
 * B-Final – 26.24 (→ 11th place)

Women's 100 m freestyle
 * Andrea Nugent
 * Heat – 56.82
 * B-Final – 56.91 (→ 16th place)
 * Allison Higson
 * Heat – 58.47 (→ did not advance, 25th place)

Women's 200 m freestyle
 * Nikki Dryden
 * Heat – 2:03.59 (→ did not advance, 19th place)
 * Allison Higson
 * Heat – 2:04.25 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

Women's 100 m Backstroke
 * Nikki Dryden
 * Heat – 1:03.71
 * B-Final – 1:03.53 (→ 14th place)
 * Julie Howard
 * Heat – 1:05.26 (→ did not advance, 28th place)

Women's 200 m Backstroke
 * Nikki Dryden
 * Heat – 2:17.54 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)
 * Beth Hazel
 * Heat – 2:17.70 (→ did not advance, 25th place)

Women's 100 m Breaststroke
 * Guylaine Cloutier
 * Heat – 1:09.89
 * Final – 1:09.71 (→ 4th place)
 * Lisa Flood
 * Heat – 1:10.95
 * B-Final – 1:11.17 (→ 14th place)

Women's 200 m Breaststroke
 * Guylaine Cloutier
 * Heat – 2:29.01
 * Final – 2:29.88 (→ 5th place)
 * Nathalie Giguère
 * Heat – 2:29.71
 * Final – 2:30.11 (→ 6th place)

Women's 100 m Butterfly
 * Kristin Topham
 * Heat – 1:01.20
 * B-Final – 1:01.91 (→ 14th place)
 * Julie Howard
 * Heat – 1:02.89 (→ did not advance, 27th place)

Women's 200 m Butterfly
 * Jacinthe Pineau
 * Heat – 2:19.44 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

Women's 200 m Individual Medley
 * Marianne Limpert
 * Heat – 2:16.84
 * Final – 2:17.09 (→ 6th place)
 * Nancy Sweetnam
 * Heat – 2:17.26
 * Final – 2:17.13 (→ 7th place)

Women's 400 m Individual Medley
 * Joanne Malar
 * Heat – 4:52.85
 * B-Final – 4:48.52 (→ 11th place)
 * Nancy Sweetnam
 * Heat – 4:52.41
 * B-Final – 4:50.17 (→ 13th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m freestyle Relay
 * Marianne Limpert, Nikki Dryden, Andrea Nugent, and Allison Higson
 * Heat – 3:49.28
 * Final – 3:49.37 (→ 8th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Nikki Dryden, Guylaine Cloutier, Kristin Topham, and Andrea Nugent
 * Heat – 4:11.67
 * Final – 4:09.26 (→ 6th place)

Synchronized swimming
Three synchronized swimmers represented Canada in 1992.

 * Women's solo
 * Sylvie Fréchette [[Image:Gold medal.svg|16x16px]] Gold medal
 * Penny Vilagos
 * Vicky Vilagos

 * Women's duet [[Image:Silver medal.svg|16x16px]] Silver medal
 * Penny Vilagos
 * Vicky Vilagos

Tennis
Men's Singles Competition
 * Andrew Sznajder
 * First round – defeated Benny Wijaya (Indonesia) 6-2, 6-4, 7-5
 * Second round – lost to Jakob Hlasek (Switzerland) 6-4, 4-6, 3-6, 6-7

Men's Doubles Competition
 * Brian Gyetko and Sebastien LeBlanc
 * First round – defeated Kenneth Carlsen and Frederik Fetterlein (Denmark) 6-3, 7-6, 7-6
 * Second round – lost to Wayne Ferreira and Piet Norval (South Africa) 3-6, 6-7, 4-6

Women's Singles Competition
 * Patricia Hy-Boulais
 * First round – defeated Dally Randriantefy (Madagascar) 6-2, 6-1
 * Second round – lost to Mary Joe Fernandez (United States) 2-6, 6-1, 10-12

Women's Singles Competition
 * Rene Simpson-Alter
 * First round – lost to Kimiko Date (Japan) 5-7, 1-6

Women's Doubles Competition
 * Patricia Hy-Boulais and Rene Simpson-Alter
 * First round – lost to Isabelle Demongeot and Nathalie Tauziat (France) 6-3, 3-6, 2-6

Men's team competition

 * Preliminary round (group A)
 * Lost to Spain 15-13 7-15 15-9 12-15 13-15
 * Lost to United States 12-15 12-15 15-10 15-12 14-16
 * Defeated France 15-11 15-6 15-8
 * Lost to Italy 11-15 15-8 12-15 7-15
 * Lost to Japan 15-11 17-15 11-15 13-15 10-15
 * Quarterfinals
 * did not advance
 * Classification match
 * 9th/10th place: lost to South Korea (1-3) → 10th place
 * Team roster
 * Marc Albert
 * Kevin Boyles
 * Gino Brousseau
 * Allan Coulter
 * Christopher Frehlick
 * Terrance Gagnon
 * Randal Gingera
 * Kent Greves
 * William Knight
 * Russell Paddock
 * Greg Williscroft
 * Bradley Willock

title: Canada at the 1992 Summer Olympics


text:
POCLAD

The Program on Corporations, Law, and Democracy (POCLAD) is an activist collective of 11 members (with three leaving, making 14.), who research the history of corporations in the United States. They are some of the main circulators of the notion that corporate personhood—which gives corporations some of the same legal rights as real human beings—is at the center of the problems regarding corporations. They also publish a newsletter three times a year called By What Authority English for quo warranto, a legal phrase that questions illegitimate exercise of privilege and power, which they claim reflects an unabashed assertion of the right of the sovereign people to govern themselves.

Collective members

 * David Cobb
 * Greg Coleridge
 * Karen Coulter
 * Mike Ferner
 * Dave Henson
 * Ward Morehouse
 * Lewis Pitts
 * Jim Price
 * Virginia Rasmussen
 * Kaitlin Sopoci-Belknap
 * Mary Zepernick

Former members

 * Richard Grossman
 * Peter Kellman
 * Jane Anne Morris

title: POCLAD


text:
Reunification Day

Reunification Day (Ngày Thống nhất), also known as Victory Day (Ngày Chiến thắng), Liberation Day (Ngày Giải phóng or Ngày Giải phóng miền Nam), or by its official name, Day of the Liberation of the South and National Reunification (Ngày Giải phóng miền Nam, thống nhất đất nước) is a public holiday in Vietnam that marks the event when the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces captured Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), the capital of South Vietnam, on 30 April 1975, thus ending the Vietnam War. The event marked the start of the transition period of reunification, which also occurred after a vote in the National Assembly for reunification on 2 July 1976, when South Vietnam and North Vietnam were merged, forming the modern-day Vietnam.

In some of the overseas Vietnamese communities of people who fled from South Vietnam after its fall, the day is commemorated as the Fall of Saigon, Black April (Tháng tư đen), National Day of Shame (Ngày quốc nhục) or National Day of Hate (Ngày quốc hận). This is a commemorative day for exiled Vietnamese who served, were affected, and displaced in those overseas communities, and as such is a day of reflection.

title: Reunification Day


text:
Talk:Fifteen (disambiguation)

The material on this page has been moved here from the article 15 (number). I think it should go back there, for the time being. That article is one of a series of over 100 articles, and they should follow the same principles. These principles may be discussed on a relevant talk page (by the way: Where is that?), and I do not neccesarily think that creating disambiguation pages like this one is such a bad idea (though I'd prefer naming them 15 (disambiguation), etc., rather than Fifteen (disambiguation)). Once a consensus has been reached, the changes can be implemented in a systematic way.--Niels Ø 20:42, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * apologies for not examining the relevant project's policies before the move. It just seemed that a disambig page was in order, given the amount of relevant links; sticking it at at the bottom of a fairly developed article seemed confusing.  No objections to moving it back for the time being, provided a disambig template is added, as i agree that the whole series should follow the same principles; however, i also think that disambig pages are important for a word with so many possible uses.  if you find that talk page, let me know . . .  --Heah 21:07, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Looking at the other pages, the idea of keeping all the info on the main number page seems to make sense, so i've reverted it at least for now, and will turn the disambig into a redirect. apologies for my ill thought out edit. I still wish it was clearer, though; perhaps i'll mention this on the project's talk page (which, btw, seems to be linked to above.) --Heah 21:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fifteen (disambiguation)


text:
Category:Airlines of Latvia

See Also: List of airlines and List of defunct airlines

title: Category:Airlines of Latvia


text:
Linde–Buzo–Gray algorithm

The Linde–Buzo–Gray algorithm (named after its creators Yoseph Linde, Andrés Buzo and Robert M. Gray, who designed it in 1980) is an iterative vector quantization algorithm to improve a small set of vectors (codebook) to represent a larger set of vectors (training set), such that it will be locally optimal. It combines Lloyd's Algorithm with a splitting technique in which larger codebooks are built from smaller codebooks by splitting each code vector in two. The core idea of the algorithm is that by splitting the codebook such that all code vectors from the previous codebook are present, the new codebook must be as good as the previous one or better.

Description
The Linde–Buzo–Gray algorithm may be implemented as follows:

algorithm linde-buzo-gray is input: set of training vectors training, codebook to improve old-codebook output: codebook that is twice the size and better or as good as old-codebook new-codebook ← {} for each old-codevector in old-codebook do insert old-codevector into new-codebook insert old-codevector + ε into new-codebook where ε is a small vector return lloyd(new-codebook, training)

algorithm lloyd is input: codebook to improve, set of training vectors training output: improved codebook do previous-codebook ← codebook clusters ← divide training into |codebook| clusters, where each cluster contains all vectors in training who are best represented by the corresponding vector in codebook for each cluster cluster in clusters do the corresponding code vector in codebook ← the centroid of all training vectors in cluster while difference in error representing training between codebook and previous-codebook > ε return codebook

title: Linde–Buzo–Gray algorithm


text:
Gary Beban

Gary Joseph Beban (born August 5, 1946) is an American former football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for two seasons with the Washington Redskins. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins, where he won both the Maxwell Award and the Heisman Trophy in 1967. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1988.

Early life
The son of an Italian-born mother and a first-generation Croatian-American father, Beban graduated from Sequoia High School in Redwood City, California.

College career
Beban, known as "The Great One", excelled in both academics and athletics, majoring in European history while quarterbacking the Bruins across three straight winning seasons. As a quarterback at the University of California, Los Angeles, he was named to the all-conference team three times, and led the Bruins to a 24–5–2 record. His school record for total offense lasted for 15 years. As a sophomore, he threw two touchdown passes in the last four minutes to rally the Bruins over their crosstown arch-rival, USC, 20–16. In the 1966 Rose Bowl, Beban scored both UCLA's touchdowns in the Bruins' 14–12 victory over No. 1 ranked Michigan State.

In his senior year, Beban played in the 1967 USC vs. UCLA football game, widely regarded as one of the best college football games of all time. The game pitted No. 4 AP (No. 2 UPI) ranked USC, and their Heisman Trophy candidate running back O. J. Simpson, against the No. 1 ranked Bruins and Beban—also a Heisman Trophy candidate—with both the AAWU and national championships on the line. Badly injured with torn rib cartilage and in great pain, he still threw for over 300 yards and two touchdowns. Although USC eventually won the game 21–20 on a blocked PAT, and went on to the Rose Bowl, Beban would go on to win the Heisman Trophy. Both Beban and Simpson were featured on the cover of the November 20 issue of Sports Illustrated magazine. Commenting on Beban's heroic effort playing through injury, famed L.A. Times columnist Jim Murray wrote that if "Gary Beban wins the Heisman Trophy, they ought to fill it with aspirin".

In addition to winning the Heisman, Beban was unanimously named to the All-America Team, won the Maxwell Award, and was awarded the Washington Touchdown Club Trophy and the W. J. Voit Memorial Trophy as the outstanding football player on the Pacific Coast. He was also named a National Football Foundation Scholar-Athlete and received the Dolly Cohen award, given to the player best combining academic and football achievement.

UCLA became the first school to have a player of the year winner in both basketball and football in the same year, with Beban winning the Heisman Trophy and Lew Alcindor winning the U.S. Basketball Writers Association player of the year award in 1968. For one week in November 1967, UCLA had the No. 1 ranked football and men's basketball teams, with the chance of landing national championships in both sports. UCLA did ultimately garner the 1968 basketball championship.

Beban was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 1991. He is a charter member of the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame, and the Bruins retired his No. 16 jersey. Although the UCLA football program has turned out a high proportion of successful professional players through the years, Beban remains the only Bruin to win the Heisman.

Professional career
After graduating from UCLA, Beban was selected by the Los Angeles Rams in the second round (30th overall) of the 1968 NFL/AFL draft. He was the third quarterback taken, after Greg Landry and Eldridge Dickey, ahead of Mike Livingston and Ken Stabler.

His draft rights were traded to the Washington Redskins on June 14, 1968, after failing to agree to terms on a contract with the Rams, in exchange for a first-round draft pick in 1969 (the Rams used the pick, tenth overall, to select split end Jim Seymour). Beban signed a reported three-year contract worth $200,000 three days later. He played for the Redskins in 1968 and 1969, under new head coach Vince Lombardi. But, sitting behind veteran quarterback and future Hall of Famer Sonny Jurgensen, Beban was given little game time, and the professional stardom portended by his college career was not forthcoming. Released from the Redskins on September 8, 1970, Beban signed with the Denver Broncos after the 1970 season, but was waived on August 5, 1971, and retired from professional football afterwards.

Later life
In 1971, Beban joined the Los Angeles office of CB Richard Ellis, a global real estate services company. Beginning in 1975, he worked to establish offices in the Chicago area. He was named president and general manager of the company in 1985, and in 1998 became senior executive managing director of the company's Global Corporate Services unit. For several years in the 1970s, he also provided unique color commentary for UCLA football telecasts.

In 2009, UCLA scheduled a special "Throwback Jersey" day in Beban's honor for the UCLA-Washington homecoming game at the Rose Bowl, where the team dressed in the powder-blue and white shoulder-stripe jerseys with pure gold helmets (without decals) of UCLA's 1965–66–67 seasons, uniforms first devised by the coach Red Sanders for his teams of the 1950s, including the 1954 National Championship team. Fans were able to purchase Beban's number 16 jersey to wear en masse that day.

title: Gary Beban


text:
Visibility

In meteorology, visibility is the measure of the distance at which an object or light can be clearly discerned. It depends on the transparency of the surrounding air and as such, it is unchanging no matter the ambient light level or time of day. It is reported within surface weather observations and METAR code either in meters or statute miles, depending upon the country. Visibility affects all forms of traffic: roads, railways, sailing and aviation.

The geometric range of vision is limited by the curvature of the Earth and depends on the eye level and the height of the object being viewed. In geodesy, the atmospheric refraction must be taken into account when calculating geodetic visibility.

Definition
ICAO Annex 3 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation contains the following definitions and note:
 * a) the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and recognized when observed against a bright background;
 * b) the greatest distance at which lights of 1,000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit background.
 * Note.— The two distances have different values in air of a given extinction coefficient, and the latter b) varies with the background illumination. The former a) is represented by the meteorological optical range (MOR).

Annex 3 also defines Runway Visual Range (RVR) as:
 * The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre line.

In extremely clean air in Arctic or mountainous areas, the visibility can be up to 240 km (150 miles) where there are large markers such as mountains or high ridges. However, visibility is often reduced somewhat by air pollution and high humidity. Various weather stations report this as haze (dry) or mist (moist). Fog and smoke can reduce visibility to near zero, making driving extremely dangerous. The same can happen in a sandstorm in and near desert areas, or with forest fires. Heavy rain (such as from a thunderstorm) not only causes low visibility, but the inability to brake quickly due to hydroplaning. Blizzards and ground blizzards (blowing snow) are also defined in part by low visibility.

Derivation
To define visibility the case of a perfectly black object being viewed against a perfectly white background is examined. The visual contrast, CV(x), at a distance x from the black object is defined as the relative difference between the light intensity of the background and the object

 * $$C_\text{V}(x) = \frac{F_\text{B}(x)-F(x)}{F_\text{B}(x)}$$

where FB(x) and F(x) are the intensities of the background and the object, respectively. Because the object is assumed to be perfectly black, it must absorb all of the light incident on it. Thus when x=0 (at the object), F(0) = 0 and CV(0) = 1.

Between the object and the observer, F(x) is affected by additional light that is scattered into the observer's line of sight and the absorption of light by gases and particles. Light scattered by particles outside of a particular beam may ultimately contribute to the irradiance at the target, a phenomenon known as multiple scattering. Unlike absorbed light, scattered light is not lost from a system. Rather, it can change directions and contribute to other directions. It is only lost from the original beam traveling in one particular direction. The multiple scatterings' contribution to the irradiance at x is modified by the individual particle scattering coefficient, the number concentration of particles, and the depth of the beam. The intensity change dF is the result of these effects over a distance dx. Because dx is a measure of the amount of suspended gases and particles, the fraction of F that is diminished is assumed to be proportional to the distance, dx. The fractional reduction in F is

 * $$dF = -b_\text{ext} {F} dx$$

where bext is the attenuation coefficient. The scattering of background light into the observer's line of sight can increase F over the distance dx. This increase is defined as b' FB(x) dx, where b' is a constant. The overall change in intensity is expressed as

 * $$dF(x) = \left[b' F_\text{B}(x) - b_\text{ext} F(x)\right] dx$$

Since FB represents the background intensity, it is independent of x by definition. Therefore,

 * $$dF_\text{B}(x) = 0 = \left[b' F_\text{B}(x) - b_\text{ext} F_\text{B}(x)\right] dx$$

It is clear from this expression that b' must be equal to bext. Thus, the visual contrast, CV(x), obeys the Beer–Lambert law

 * $$\frac{dC_\text{V}(x)}{dx} = - b_\text{ext} C_\text{V}(x)$$

which means that the contrast decreases exponentially with the distance from the object:

 * $$C_\text{V}(x) = \exp(- b_\text{ext} x)$$

Lab experiments have determined that contrast ratios between 0.018 and 0.03 are perceptible under typical daylight viewing conditions. Usually, a contrast ratio of 2% (CV = 0.02) is used to calculate visual range. Plugging this value into the above equation and solving for x produces the following visual range expression (the Koschmieder equation):

 * $$x_\text{V} = \frac{3.912}{b_\text{ext}}$$

with xV in units of length. At sea level, the Rayleigh atmosphere has an extinction coefficient of approximately 13.2 × 10−6 m−1 at a wavelength of 520 nm. This means that in the cleanest possible atmosphere, visibility is limited to about 296 km.

Visibility perception depends on several physical and visual factors. A realistic definition should consider the fact that the human visual system (HVS) is highly sensitive to spatial frequencies, and then to use the Fourier transform and the contrast sensitivity function of the HVS to assess visibility.

Fog, mist, haze, and freezing drizzle
The international definition of fog is a visibility of less than 1 km; mist is a visibility of between 1 km and 2 km and haze from 2 km to 5 km. Fog and mist are generally assumed to be composed principally of water droplets, haze and smoke can be of smaller particle size. This has implications for sensors such as thermal imagers (TI/FLIR) operating in the far-IR at wavelengths of about 10 μm, which are better able to penetrate haze and some smokes because their particle size is smaller than the wavelength; the IR radiation is therefore not significantly deflected or absorbed by the particles.

With fog, occasional freezing drizzle and snow can occur. This usually occurs when temperatures are below 0 C. These conditions are hazardous due to ice formation, which can be deadly, particularly so because of the low visibility, which usually accompanies these conditions at under 1,000 yards. The combination of low visibility and ice formation can lead to accidents on roadways. These cold weather events are caused largely by low-lying stratus clouds.

Very low visibility
Visibility of less than 100 m is usually reported as zero. In these conditions, roads may be closed, or automatic warning lights and signs may be activated to warn drivers. These have been put in place in certain areas that are subject to repeatedly low visibility, particularly after traffic collisions or pile-ups involving multiple vehicles.

Low visibility warnings
In addition, an advisory is often issued by a government weather agency for low visibility, such as a dense fog advisory from the U.S. National Weather Service. These generally advise motorists to avoid travel until the fog dissipates or other conditions improve. Airport travel is also often delayed by low visibility, sometimes causing long waits due to approach visibility minimums and the difficulty of safely moving aircraft on the ground in low visibility.

Visibility and air pollution
A visibility reduction is probably the most apparent symptom of air pollution. Visibility degradation is caused by the absorption and scattering of light by particles and gases in the atmosphere. Absorption of electromagnetic radiation by gases and particles is sometimes the cause of discolorations in the atmosphere but usually does not contribute very significantly to visibility degradation.

Scattering by particulates impairs visibility much more readily. Visibility is reduced by significant scattering from particles between an observer and a distant object. The particles scatter light from the sun and the rest of the sky through the line of sight of the observer, thereby decreasing the contrast between the object and the background sky. Particles that are the most effective at reducing visibility (per unit aerosol mass) have diameters in the range of 0.1-1.0 μm. The effect of air molecules on visibility is minor for short visual ranges but must be taken into account for ranges above 30 km.

Measurement of Visibility
Meteorological Optical Range (MOR) is a measurement of visibility in Kilometers. MOR is the length of path in the atmosphere required to reduce the luminous flux in a collimated beam from an incandescent lamp to 5% of its original value. There are few analytical approaches available to measure visibility (MOR) directly or indirectly. One novel instrument that is capable of calculating MOR is the Optical Extinction Analyzer (OEA). It actually calculates the optical extinction coefficient (ß) by directly measuring the decay time (aka the ring-down time constant) of injected laser light inside an optical cavity containing an ambient gas sample. The OEA is a Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) technique. Briefly, the injected laser light into the high-finesse optical cavity "bounces" repeatedly, at resonance, between two opposing mirrors for a total pathlength of several kilometers until it completely decays or "rings down", primarily due to its extinction by the ambient gas sample species flowing through the cavity. After accounting for the light extinction caused by non-aerosol species, the aerosol-induced light extinction is readily derived by the OEA built-in algorithm. To that end, the amount of light attenuated due to 1)leakage from the high-reflectivity mirrors and 2)absorption by non-aerosol species present in the gas sample is automatically accounted for by flowing the same analyzed gas sample via an aerosol filter into the cavity to measure the light extinction caused by the aerosol-free gas. More details on the OEA principle of operation can be found here. The above-described MOR determination process is fast (1 Hz) and fully automated for an unattended OEA operation in the field.

Geodetic visibility

The geographical visibility depends on the altitude of the observation site and the topology of its surroundings. Planes and water surfaces provide a maximum range of vision, but vegetation, buildings and mountains are geographical obstacles that limit the geographical visibility. When the sky is clear and the meteorological visibility is high, the curvature of the earth limits the maximum possible geodetic visibility. The visibility from an elevated observation point down to the surface of the sea can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem, since the line of sight and the radius of the Earth form the two legs of a right triangle. The height of the elevated point plus the Earth radius form its hypotenuse. If both the eyes and the object are raised above the reference plane, there are two right-angled triangles. The tangent touching the surface of the Earth or water consists of the two short legs of the two right triangles, which are added together to calculate the geometric range of vision.

In geodesy the atmospheric refraction is always taken into account in the calculation, which increases the range of vision, so that even objects behind the horizon can still be seen.

title: Visibility


text:
Talk:Fusing (manufacturing)

Change in redirects
I changed the order of redirects... the branded process should redirect to a generic description, not the other way around. This helps avoid a lot of POV issues. Feco 20:44, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fusing (manufacturing)


text:
Talk:42 Below

Untitled
See Votes for deletion/42 BELOW. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 20:46, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Satoshi (ship) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:17, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:42 Below


text:
Talk:Raymond Hunthausen

Untitled
I would like, if I may, to replace the current article for Raymond Hunthausen. The current one is simply a copied article. Mine still needs some editing, but at least it would be something in light of recent events. ----Donovan 20:46, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I agree with moving the article, but i also think some changes have to be made to the wording of the article, it contains too many "subjective" sentences, or adjective, if i may. But a good place to start, I hope the changes I made are fine also. Cjrs 79 19:28, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the updates. My first article, so I don't quite have the hang of it yet. But I do appreciate the changes made by everyone so far. ----Donovan 01:11, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

I've made a few minor vocabulary changes, and have added some detail, especially pre-1962, and concerning the visitation. Good work, gentlemen. ----Jim May 18, 2005

I'm continuing to make make minor changes-- sorry, I'm new at this, and have been neglecting to log in. So all the changes made May 17 and May 18 are mine. ----Jim May 18, 2005

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:30, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Unexplained objections
This article seems to have been edited in a way to give the sense that his only actions that raised the ire of the Vatican was his decision to break the law and not pay his income tax. However the article has hinted that there were other issues, but any discussion of these has been excised from it.John Pack Lambert (talk) 05:07, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173027/http://www.diocesehelena.org/news-events/mt-catholic/archives/2011/may/priest-jubilees.html to http://www.diocesehelena.org/news-events/mt-catholic/archives/2011/may/priest-jubilees.html

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title: Talk:Raymond Hunthausen


text:
Pan.Thy.Monium

Pan.Thy.Monium was a Swedish avant-garde metal band formed and led by Dan Swanö with several members from another project of his, Edge of Sanity. The group disbanded in 1996, after recording Khaooohs and Kon-Fus-Ion. The band wanted this last album to be a 3-disc puzzle.

Last known line-up

 * Derelict (Robert Karlsson): vocals
 * Winter (Benny Larsson): drums, percussion, violin
 * Day DiSyraah (Dan Swanö): bass, keyboards, effects
 * Mourning (Robert Ivarsson): rhythm guitar
 * Äag aka Tom Nouga (Dag Swanö): lead guitar, organ, baritone saxophone

Demos

 * ...Dawn (1990)

Albums

 * Dawn of Dreams (1992)
 * Khaooohs (1993)
 * Khaooohs and Kon-Fus-Ion (1996)

EPs

 * Dream II (1991)

Compilations

 * Dawn of Dream+Khaooohs (2001)
 * ...Dawn+Dream II (2010)

title: Pan.Thy.Monium


text:
Ravan (river)

The Ravan (Равань) is a river in Leningrad Oblast in Russia, a right tributary of the Tigoda. It starts from the Otlizino lake. It is 76 km long, and has a drainage basin of 533 km2.

title: Ravan (river)


text:
User:Zanimum/Snail

de:user:Zanimum/snail da:user:Zanimum/snail fr:user:Zanimum/snail ja:user:Zanimum/snail

Call for Entries for international art exhibit, hosted in Canadian Gallery

All entries are to be the size of a postcard, and sent through the mail service

Canadian art gallery Artway is holding a call for entries for "The 2005 Snail Mail World Postcard Art Show". All entries into this unique exhibit, displayed in the Toronto area, are to be mailed to Snail Mail Central as a postcard. The exhibit will run August 26th to September 30th, 2005.

Roughly one thousand entries will be shown on exhibit, held at the Artway Gallery in Sh*oppers Wo*rld Br*ampton, a regional shopping centre in Ontario, Canada.

Artists may enter up to 20 works, for free. Entered artwork may be original or reproduced, and can be of most subject matters and any medium. They must be received in the mail at Snail Mail Central in Canada by Monday, August 8, 2005.

The Top 15 entries, as decided by this year's Snail Mail jurors, will win awards, and be displayed on the Snail Mail website. The public may also participate by voting in a People's Choice Award, which will be chosen online in four rounds from the Top 100 entries in the show. Organizers are currently choosing a panel of professional artist jurors for the Snail Mail exhibit. Yet to be confirmed, the jurors will have diverse specialties.

"VAB-Artway is extremely proud to have the opportunity to host the Snail Mail Show, a diverse international exhibition," commented President of Visual Arts Brampton, and curator of Artway Gallery Keith Moreau at a recent press conference, "We have already held two highly successful mail art exhibits, and are looking forward to again showcasing the most creative artworks from around the world."

Entries should contain the artist's name and the name and medium of their work on the back of the entry. Works should sent to the following address:

 * Snail Mail Central
 * c/o VAB
 * 1 Bartley Bull Parkway, Suite 10
 * Brampton, ON
 * L6W 3T7
 * Canada

Conforming with most government postal service regulations, all works must be between 102 mm to 120 mm (4 to 4¾ inches) wide or high, with the remaining dimension between 145 mm to 176 mm (5¾ to 7 inches). Complete details and rules for the exhibit can be found on www.visualartsbrampton.com/snail, or by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the Snail Mail Central address, listed above.

Visual Arts Brampton has served the Toronto area for over 19 years, through educational and promotional opportunities, including exhibits at the eight-year-old Artway Gallery. Along with two previous international entry shows, Artway has featured original works by internationally acclaimed Canadian artists and cartoonists.

Dependant on the size of the entries, VAB-Artway estimates the gallery will be able to hold anywhere from 900 to 1400 entries.

Please be aware that Snail Mail Central will only answer questions in the English language. Sorry for this inconvenience.

 * Sorry, but no entries into the show can returned.
 * Entries will become property of Visual Arts Brampton, and most will be kept in our studio's archival system.
 * By entering this show, Visual Arts Brampton-Artway may use your artwork to promote this year's and future year's Snail Mail exhibits.
 * On the back of your postcard, include your name, your artwork's name, and the medium you created your entry in. Also, feel free to include an artist's statement, or description of the piece, written in any language.
 * If you, the artist, have an e-mail or website that you want listed on the Snail Mail website, you may include this on the postcard.
 * Entries must be the entrant's artwork, or reproduction of the entrant's original artwork
 * To not offend the public, no entry may include nudity, or overly religious images, or violent, or racist content.

title: User:Zanimum/Snail


text:
China Today

China Today, until 1990 titled China Reconstructs , is a monthly magazine founded in 1952 by Soong Ching-ling in association with Israel Epstein. It is published in Chinese language, English, Spanish, French, Arabic, German and Turkish, and is an official outlet of the Chinese Communist Party, intended to promote knowledge of China's culture, geography, economy and social affairs as well as positive view of the People's Republic of China and its government to people outside of China.

Background and role in China
Foreign advisor and naturalized Chinese citizen Israel Epstein was editor-in-chief of China Today from 1948, and later returned to China at the request of Soong Ching-ling. The magazine was renamed China Today in 1990. China Today is usually published the first week of the month. The editors usually showcase what they characterize as the growing modernization and development which has happened in China since 1949.

The novelist, playwright and translator Gao Xingjian, who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2000, worked in the magazine as the chief of its French edition from 1975 to 1977. The actor, translator and politician Ying Ruocheng briefly worked for the English edition of the magazine in the 1970s. He went on to serve as China's vice minister of culture in the 1980s and played a supporting role in the 1987 Oscar-winning film The Last Emperor.

title: China Today


text:
Australia at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Australia competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. Australian athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era. 279 competitors, 187 men and 92 women, took part in 153 events in 25 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
In the sixth Olympic archery competition that Australia contested, the nation sent three men. Grant Greenham had the nation's only individual win, though the trio also won their first match in the team round.

 * Men

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined events – Decathlon

 * Women
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined event – Heptathlon

Badminton

 * Women

Basketball
Summary

Men's tournament

 * Team roster

 * Group play

 * Quarterfinal

 * Classification 5th-8th place

 * 5th place match

Sprint

 * Men

 * Women

Cycling
Sixteen cyclists, thirteen men and three women, represented Australia in 1992.

Road

 * Men

 * Women

Track

 * Sprint

 * Time trial

 * Pursuit

 * Points race

Diving

 * Men

 * Women

Fencing

 * Individual
 * Pool stage

 * Elimination phase

Football
Key:
 * Summary
 * W – Win L – Lose D – Draw
 * A.E.T. – After extra time.
 * P – Match decided by penalty-shootout.

Men's tournament
Head coach: Eddie Thomson
 * Team roster

 * Group play

 * Quarterfinal

 * Semifinal

 * Bronze medal match

Men

 * Individual

Women

 * Team

 * Individual finals

Hockey
Key:
 * Summary
 * FT – After full time.
 * P – Match decided by penalty-shootout.

Men's tournament

 * Team roster
 * Warren Birmingham
 * David Wansbrough
 * John Bestall
 * Lee Bodimeade
 * Ashley Carey
 * Stephen Davies
 * Damon Diletti
 * Lachlan Dreher
 * Lachlan Elmer
 * Dean Evans
 * Greg Corbitt
 * Paul Lewis
 * Graham Reid
 * Jay Stacy
 * Ken Wark
 * Michael York

 * Group play

 * Semifinal

 * Gold medal match

Women's tournament

 * Team roster

 * Group play

 * Classification 5th-8th place

 * 5th place match

Judo

 * Men

 * Women

Modern Pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Australia in 1992.

Rowing

 * Men

 * Women

Sailing

 * Men

 * Women

 * Open
 * Fleet racing

 * Match racing

Shooting

 * Men

 * Women

 * Open

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Synchronized Swimming
Two synchronized swimmers represented Australia in 1992.

Table Tennis

 * Women

Tennis

 * Men

 * Women

Water Polo
Key:
 * Summary
 * FT – After full time.

 * Team roster

 * Simon Asher
 * Geoffrey Clark
 * John Fox
 * Daniel Marsden
 * Raymond Mayers
 * Greg McFadden
 * Guy Newman
 * Mark Oberman
 * Paul Oberman
 * Troy Stockwell
 * Glenn Townsend
 * Andrew Wightman
 * Chris Wybrow

 * Group play

 * Classification round 5th-8th place

Wrestling

 * Freestyle

title: Australia at the 1992 Summer Olympics


text:
User talk:BaronLarf/Arbitration with SummerFR

BL, since I made something of a fuss about the minor issue of the PR listing, I'd just like to state here that I think you have shown exemplary patience and courtesy. Just as we all must with newbies... but this particular case has apparently escalated very quickly and steeply. Summer seems to have good intentions, but a skewed idea of what an encyclopedia article is for, and an unwillingness to believe that anybody who disagrees with this idea could be acting in good faith. I'd be very surprised if the arbcom accepted such a case without other measures being tried first. If you could see your way to trying mediation, it might help, though, well, frankly, I think that's rather a lot to expect of you. I hope you don't let it get you down!--Bishonen | talk 20:49, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * In the interests of being a good wikipedian, I'd be willing to do whatever necessary to resolve the dispute. At this point it seems like SummerFR believes that even Mel Etitis is harassing her, and is "in no way qualified to be an administrator here" .  The list involved in the mediation might grow.  --BaronLarf 01:02, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I might get on it myself, since I've just posted on SummerFR's talk page in response to a question from her directly to me (a rather surprising question, seeming as if she had forgotten her own edits on WP:RFC). I have no desire to harass her, as I don't suppose any other user has either, but I spoke what I thought. --Bishonen | talk 06:52, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Nurikabe (puzzle)

Nurikabe (hiragana: ぬりかべ) is a binary determination puzzle named for Nurikabe, an invisible wall in Japanese folklore that blocks roads and delays foot travel. Nurikabe was apparently invented and named by the publisher Nikoli; other names (and attempts at localization) for the puzzle include Cell Structure and Islands in the Stream.

Rules
The puzzle is played on a typically rectangular grid of cells, some of which contain numbers. Cells are initially of unknown color, but can only be black or white. Two same-color cells are considered "connected" if they are adjacent vertically or horizontally, but not diagonally. Connected white cells form "islands", while connected black cells form the "sea".

The challenge is to paint each cell black or white, subject to the following rules:

 * 1) Each numbered cell is an island cell, the number in it is the number of cells in that island.
 * 2) Each island must contain exactly one numbered cell.
 * 3) There must be only one sea, which is not allowed to contain "pools", i.e. 2×2 areas of black cells.

Human solvers typically dot the non-numbered cells they've determined to be certain to belong to an island.

Like most other pure-logic puzzles, a unique solution is expected, and a grid containing random numbers is highly unlikely to provide a uniquely solvable Nurikabe puzzle.

History
Nurikabe was first developed by "renin (れーにん)," whose pen name is the Japanese pronunciation of "Lenin" and whose autonym can be read as such, in the 33rd issue of (Puzzle Communication) Nikoli at March 1991. It soon created a sensation, and has appeared in all issues of that publication from the 38th to the present.

As of 2005, seven books consisting entirely of Nurikabe puzzles have been published by Nikoli.

Solution methods
No blind guessing should be required to solve a Nurikabe puzzle. Rather, a series of simple procedures and rules can be developed and followed, assuming the solver is sufficiently observant to find where to apply them.

The greatest mistake made by beginning solvers is to concentrate solely on determining black or white and not the other; most Nurikabe puzzles require going back and forth. Marking white cells may force other cells to be black lest a section of black be isolated, and vice versa. (Those familiar with Go can think of undetermined cells next to various regions as "liberties" and apply "atari" logic to determine how they must grow.)

Basic strategy

 * Since two islands may only touch at corners, cells between two partial islands (numbers and adjacent white cells that don't total their numbers yet) must be black. This is often a way to start a Nurikabe puzzle, by marking cells adjacent to two or more numbers as black.
 * Once an island is "complete"—that is, it has all the white cells its number requires—all cells that share a side with it must be black. Obviously, any cells marked with '1' at the outset are complete islands unto themselves, and can be isolated with black at the beginning.
 * Whenever three black cells form an "elbow"—an L-shape—the cell in the bend (diagonally in from the corner of the L) must be white. (The alternative is a "pool", for lack of a better term.)
 * All black cells must eventually be connected. If there is a black region with only one possible way to connect to the rest of the board, the sole connecting pathway must be black.
 * Corollary: there cannot be a continuous path, using either vertical, horizontal or diagonal steps, of white cells from one cell lying on the edge of the board to a different cell like that, that encloses some black cells inside, because otherwise, the black cells won't be connected.
 * All white cells must eventually be part of exactly one island. If there is a white region that does not contain a number, and there is only one possible way for it to connect to a numbered white region, the sole connecting pathway must be white.
 * Some puzzles will require the location of "unreachables"—cells that cannot be connected to any number, being either too far away from all of them or blocked by other numbers. Such cells must be black.  Often, these cells will have only one route of connection to other black cells or will form an elbow whose required white cell (see previous bullet) can only reach one number, allowing further progress.

Advanced strategy

 * If there is a square consisting of two black cells and two unknown cells, at least one of the two unknown cells must remain white according to the rules. Thus, if one of those two unknown cells (call it 'A') can only be connected to a numbered square by way of the other one (call it 'B'), then B must necessarily be white (and A may or may not be white).
 * If an island of size N already has N-1 white cells identified, and there are only two remaining cells to choose from, and those two cells touch at their corners, then the cell between those two that is on the far side of the island must be black.
 * If a square must be white and only two islands can connect to it and have no unidentified cells left after connecting, then if the islands connect at a 90-degree angle (ex: One island can connect to the top side and the other to the right side) the cell inside the angle (The one touching the top-left corner of the white square in the previous example) must be black to avoid connecting the 2 islands.
 * Undetermined cells adjacent to a straight row (or a straight column) of black cells can be tested for being black, because if they are black it will form two elbows, and there will be two adjacent white cells which need to be reachable from the islands. If they can not be fulfilled within the constraints, it means the cell that was probed for blackness must be white.

Computational complexity
It is NP-complete to solve Nurikabe, even when the involved numbers are 1 and 2 only.

Further, consider these two rules of Nurikabe: Either one can be ignored, giving a total of three variants. As it turns out, they are all NP-complete.
 * 1) Black cells form a connected area
 * 2) Black cells cannot form 2 × 2 squares,

Related puzzles
The binary determination puzzles LITS and Mochikoro, also published by Nikoli, are similar to Nurikabe and employ similar solution methods. The binary determination puzzle Atsumari is similar to Nurikabe but based upon a hexagonal tiling rather than a square tiling.

Mochikoro is a variant of the Nurikabe puzzle:
 * 1) Each numbered cell belongs to a white area, the number indicates how many cells belong to the white area. Some white areas may not include a numbered cell.
 * 2) All white areas must be diagonally connected.
 * 3) The black cell must not cover an area of 2x2 cells or larger.

title: Nurikabe (puzzle)