text:
Photocatalysis

In chemistry, photocatalysis is the acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a photocatalyst, the excited state of which "repeatedly interacts with the reaction partners forming reaction intermediates and regenerates itself after each cycle of such interactions." In many cases, the catalyst is a solid that upon irradiation with UV- or visible light generates electron–hole pairs that generate free radicals. Photocatalysts belong to three main groups; heterogeneous, homogeneous, and plasmonic antenna-reactor catalysts. The use of each catalysts depends on the preferred application and required catalysis reaction.

Early mentions (1911–1938)
The earliest mention came in 1911, when German chemist Dr. Alexander Eibner integrated the concept in his research of the illumination of zinc oxide (ZnO) on the bleaching of the dark blue pigment, Prussian blue. Around this time, Bruner and Kozak published an article discussing the deterioration of oxalic acid in the presence of uranyl salts under illumination, while in 1913, Landau published an article explaining the phenomenon of photocatalysis. Their contributions led to the development of actinometric measurements, measurements that provide the basis of determining photon flux in photochemical reactions. After a hiatus, in 1921, Baly et al. used ferric hydroxides and colloidal uranium salts as catalysts for the creation of formaldehyde under visible light.

In 1938 Doodeve and Kitchener discovered that, a highly-stable and non-toxic oxide, in the presence of oxygen could act as a photosensitizer for bleaching dyes, as ultraviolet light absorbed by  led to the production of active oxygen species on its surface, resulting in the blotching of organic chemicals via photooxidation. This was the first observation of the fundamental characteristics of heterogeneous photocatalysis.

1964–2024
Research in photocatalysis again paused until 1964, when V.N. Filimonov investigated isopropanol photooxidation from ZnO and ; while in 1965 Kato and Mashio, Doerffler and Hauffe, and Ikekawa et al. (1965) explored oxidation/photooxidation of  and organic solvents from ZnO radiance. In 1970, Formenti et al. and Tanaka and Blyholde observed the oxidation of various alkenes and the photocatalytic decay of N2O, respectively.

A breakthrough occurred in 1972, when Akira Fujishima and Kenichi Honda discovered that electrochemical photolysis of water occurred when a electrode irradiated with ultraviolet light was electrically connected to a platinum electrode. As the ultraviolet light was absorbed by the electrode, electrons flowed from the anode to the platinum cathode where hydrogen gas was produced. This was one of the first instances of hydrogen production from a clean and cost-effective source, as the majority of hydrogen production comes from natural gas reforming and gasification. Fujishima's and Honda's findings led to other advances. In 1977, Nozik discovered that the incorporation of a noble metal in the electrochemical photolysis process, such as platinum and gold, among others, could increase photoactivity, and that an external potential was not required. Wagner and Somorjai (1980) and Sakata and Kawai (1981) delineated hydrogen production on the surface of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) via photogeneration, and the generation of hydrogen and methane from the illumination of and PtO2 in ethanol, respectively.

For many decades photocatalysis had not been developed for commercial purposes. However, in 2023 multiple patents were granted to a U.S. company, (Pure-Light Technologies, Inc.) that has developed various formulas and processes that allow for widespread commercialization for VOC reduction and germicidal action. Chu et al. (2017) assessed the future of electrochemical photolysis of water, discussing its major challenge of developing a cost-effective, energy-efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) tandem cell, which would, “mimic natural photosynthesis".

Heterogeneous photocatalysis
In heterogeneous catalysis the catalyst is in a different phase from the reactants. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a discipline which includes a large variety of reactions: mild or total oxidations, dehydrogenation, hydrogen transfer, 18O2–16O2 and deuterium-alkane isotopic exchange, metal deposition, water detoxification, and gaseous pollutant removal.

Most heterogeneous photocatalysts are transition metal oxides and semiconductors. Unlike metals, which have a continuum of electronic states, semiconductors possess a void energy region where no energy levels are available to promote recombination of an electron and hole produced by photoactivation in the solid. The difference in energy between the filled valence band and the empty conduction band in the MO diagram of a semiconductor is the band gap. When the semiconductor absorbs a photon with energy equal to or greater than the material's band gap, an electron excites from the valence band to the conduction band, generating a electron hole in the valence band. This electron-hole pair is an exciton. The excited electron and hole can recombine and release the energy gained from the excitation of the electron as heat. Such exciton recombination is undesirable and higher levels cost efficiency. Efforts to develop functional photocatalysts often emphasize extending exciton lifetime, improving electron-hole separation using diverse approaches that may rely on structural features such as phase hetero-junctions (e.g. anatase-rutile interfaces), noble-metal nanoparticles, silicon nanowires and substitutional cation doping. The ultimate goal of photocatalyst design is to facilitate reactions of the excited electrons with oxidants to produce reduced products, and/or reactions of the generated holes with reductants to produce oxidized products. Due to the generation of positive holes (h+) and excited electrons (e-), oxidation-reduction reactions take place at the surface of semiconductors irradiated with light.

In one mechanism of the oxidative reaction, holes react with the moisture present on the surface and produce a hydroxyl radical. The reaction starts by photo-induced exciton generation in the metal oxide (MO) surface by photon (hv) absorption:

 * MO + hν →  MO (h+ + e−)

Oxidative reactions due to photocatalytic effect:

 * h+ + H2O → H+ + •OH
 * 2 h+ + 2 H2O → 2 H+ + H2O2
 * H2O2→ 2 •OH

Reductive reactions due to photocatalytic effect:

 * e− + O2 → •O2−
 * •O2− + HO2• + H+ → H2O2 + O2
 * H2O2 → 2 •OH

Ultimately, both reactions generate hydroxyl radicals. These radicals are oxidative in nature and nonselective with a redox potential of E0 = +3.06 V. This is significantly greater than many common organic compounds, which typically are not greater than E0 = +2.00 V. This results in the non-selective oxidative behavior of these radicals.

Titanium dioxide, a wide band-gap semiconductor, is a common choice for heterogeneous catalysis. Inertness to chemical environment and long-term photostability has made an important material in many practical applications. Investigation of TiO2 in the rutile (bandgap 3.0 eV) and anatase (bandgap 3.2 eV) phases is common. The absorption of photons with energy equal to or greater than the band gap of the semiconductor initiates photocatalytic reactions. This produces electron-hole (e− /h+) pairs:

Where the electron is in the conduction band and the hole is in the valence band. The irradiated particle can behave as an electron donor or acceptor for molecules in contact with the semiconductor. It can participate in redox reactions with adsorbed species, as the valence band hole is strongly oxidizing while the conduction band electron is strongly reducing.

Homogeneous photocatalysis
In homogeneous photocatalysis, the reactants and the photocatalysts exist in the same phase. The process by which the atmosphere self-cleans and removes large organic compounds is a gas phase homogenous photocatalysis reaction. The ozone process is often referenced when developing many photocatalysts:

Most homogeneous photocatalytic reactions are aqueous phase, with a transition-metal complex photocatalyst. The wide use of transition-metal complexes as photocatalysts is in large part due to the large band gap and high stability of the species. Homogeneous photocatalysts are common in the production of clean hydrogen fuel production, with the notable use of cobalt and iron complexes.

Iron complex hydroxy-radical formation using the ozone process is common in the production of hydrogen fuel (similar to Fenton's reagent process done in low pH conditions without photoexcitation):

Complex-based photocatalysts are semiconductors, and operate under the same electronic properties as heterogeneous catalysts.

Plasmonic antenna-reactor photocatalysis
A plasmonic antenna-reactor photocatalyst is a photocatalyst that combines a catalyst with attached antenna that increases the catalyst's ability to absorb light, thereby increasing its efficiency.

A Silicon dioxide catalyst combined with an Au light absorber accelerated hydrogen sulfide-to-hydrogen reactions. The process is an alternative to the conventional Claus process that operates at 800-1000 C.

A Fe catalyst combined with a Cu light absorber can produce hydrogen from ammonia at ambient temperature using visible light. Conventional Cu-Ru production operates at 650-1000 C.

Applications
Photoactive catalysts have been introduced over the last decade, such as and ZnO nano rodes. Most suffer from the fact that they can only perform under UV irradiation due to their band structure. Other photocatalysts, including a graphene-ZnO nanocompound counter this problem.

Paper
Micro-sized ZnO tetrapodal particles added to pilot paper production. The most common are one-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires, but also nanoplates, nanosheets, nanospheres, tetrapods. ZnO is strongly oxidative, chemically stable, with enhanced photocatalytic activity, and has a large free-exciton binding energy. It is non-toxic, abundant, biocompatible, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, low cost, and compatible with simple chemical synthesis. ZnO faces limits to its widespread use in photocatalysis under solar radiation. Several approaches have been suggested to overcome this limitation, including doping for reducing the band gap and improving charge carrier separation.

Water splitting
Photocatalytic water splitting separates water into hydrogen and oxygen:
 * 2 H2O -> 2 H2  +  O2

The most prevalently investigated material,, is inefficient. Mixtures of and nickel oxide (NiO) are more active. NiO allows a significant explоitation of the visible spectrum. One efficient photocatalyst in the UV range is based on sodium tantalite (NaTaO3) doped with lanthanum and loaded with a nickel oxide cocatalyst. The surface is grooved with nanosteps from doping with lanthanum (3–15 nm range, see nanotechnology). The NiO particles are present on the edges, with the oxygen evolving from the grooves.

Self-cleaning glass
Titanium dioxide takes part in self-cleaning glass. Free radicals generated from  oxidize organic matter. The rough wedge-like surface can be modified with a hydrophobic monolayer of octadecylphosphonic acid (ODP). surfaces that were plasma etched for 10 seconds and subsequent surface modifications with ODP showed a water contact angle greater than 150◦. The surface was converted into a superhydrophilic surface (water contact angle = 0◦) upon UV illumination, due to rapid decomposition of octadecylphosphonic acid coating resulting from photocatalysis. Due to 's wide band gap, light absorption by the semiconductor material and resulting superhydrophilic conversion of undoped  requires ultraviolet radiation (wavelength <390 nm) and thereby restricts self-cleaning to outdoor applications.

Disinfection and cleaning

 * Water disinfection/decontamination, a form of solar water disinfection (SODIS). Adsorbents attract organics such as tetrachloroethylene. Adsorbents are placed in packed beds for 18 hours. Spent adsorbents are placed in regeneration fluid, essentially removing organics still attached by passing hot water opposite to the flow of water during adsorption. The regeneration fluid passes through fixed beds of silica gel photocatalysts to remove and decompose remaining organics.
 * self-sterilizing coatings (for application to food contact surfaces and in other environments where microbial pathogens spread by indirect contact).
 * Magnetic nanoparticle oxidation of organic contaminants agitated using a magnetic field.
 * Sterilization of surgical instruments and removal of fingerprints from electrical and optical components.

Hydrocarbon production from
conversion of carbon dioxide into gaseous hydrocarbons. The proposed reaction mechanisms involve the creation of a highly reactive carbon radical from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide which then reacts with photogenerated protons to ultimately form methane. Efficiencies of -based photocatalysts are low, although nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes and metallic nanoparticles help.

Paints
ePaint is a less-toxic alternative to conventional antifouling marine paints that generates hydrogen peroxide.

Photocatalysis of organic reactions by polypyridyl complexes, porphyrins, or other dyes can produce materials inaccessible by classical approaches. Most photocatalytic dye degradation studies have employed. The anatase form of has higher photon absorption characteristics.

Filtration membranes
Photocatalyst radical generation species allow for the degradation of organic pollutants into non-toxic compounds at a high efficiency. Use of CuO nanosheets to breakdown azo bonds in food dyes is one such example, with 96.99% degradation after only 6 minutes. Degradation of organic matter is a highly applicable property, particularly in waste processing.

The use of photocatalyst TiO2 as a support system for filtration membranes shows promise in improving membrane bioreactors in the treatment of wastewater. Polymer-based membranes have shown reduced fouling and self-cleaning properties in both blended and coated TiO2 membranes. Photocatalyst-coated membranes show the most promise, as the increased surface exposure of the photocatalyst increases its organic degradation activity.

Photocatalysts are also highly effective reducers of toxic heavy metals like hexavalent chromium from water systems. Under visible light the reduction of Cr(VI) by a Ce-ZrO2 sol-gel on a silicon carbide was 97% effective at reducing the heavy metal to trivalent chromium.

Air Filtration
Light2CAT was a project funded by the European Commission from 2012 to 2015. It aimed to develop a modified that can absorb visible light and include this modified  into construction concrete. The degrades harmful pollutants such as NOx into NO3−. The modified TiO2 is in use in Copenhagen and Holbæk, Denmark, and Valencia, Spain. This “self-cleaning” concrete led to a 5-20% reduction in NOx over the course of a year.

Quantification
ISO 22197-1:2007 specifies a test method for the measurement of removal for materials that contain a photocatalyst or have superficial photocatalytic films.

Specific FTIR systems are used to characterize photocatalytic activity or passivity, especially with respect to volatile organic compounds, and representative binder matrices.

Mass spectrometry allows measurement of photocatalytic activity by tracking the decomposition of gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen NOx or

title: Photocatalysis


text:
AAAA

AAAA may refer to:

Internet and computing

 * AAAA protocol, within computer security, "authentication, authorization, accounting and auditing" – the AAA protocol combined with auditing
 * AAAA record, also known as "IPv6 address record", maps a hostname to a 128-bit IPv6 address in the Domain Name System (DNS)
 * Internet Authentication Service, as an acronym for the four main services provided: Authentication, Authorization, Accounting, and Auditing

Organizations

 * Aboriginal Art Association of Australia, a peak body for Aboriginal art in Australia
 * American Association for the Advancement of Atheism, an atheistic and antireligious organization
 * American Association of Advertising Agencies, a U.S. trade association for advertising agencies
 * Anguilla Amateur Athletic Association, former name of the Anguilla Amateur Athletic Federation, governing body for athletics in Anguilla
 * Asociación Argentina Amigos de la Astronomía, an amateur astronomy civil association
 * Associated Actors and Artistes of America, an association of the performer trade unions Actors' Equity, AFTRA, Agma, and Agva
 * Australian Automotive Aftermarket Association, an automotive industry association for automotive aftermarket parts

Other uses

 * AAAA battery, a 1.5 volt battery, smaller than the AAA size
 * AaAa, possible reading of the name Aa, an ancient Egyptian architect
 * AAAA, a rhyme scheme

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AAAA


text:
New Zealand at the 1984 Summer Olympics

New Zealand competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. 130 competitors, 98 men and 32 women, took part in 76 events in 18 sports. The country recorded 11 medals, including eight golds, resulting in the nation ranking among the top ten in the medal table.

Archery
After a twelve-year hiatus from archery, New Zealand returned in 1984 with one man and two women. This included the first paraplegic Olympian, Neroli Fairhall.

Cycling
Seven cyclists represented New Zealand in 1984.

Road

 * Men's individual road race

Track

 * Men's 1 km time trial

 * Men's points race

 * Men's individual pursuit

 * Men's team pursuit

 * Men's sprint

Fencing
Two fencers, both men, represented New Zealand in 1984.

Men's tournament

 * Team roster

 * Pool B

 * 5th–8th Classification round

 * 7th / 8th Place play-off

New Zealand finished the men's field hockey tournament in seventh place.

Women's tournament

 * Team roster

 * Round robin

New Zealand finished the women's field hockey tournament in sixth place.

Rhythmic

 * Women's individual all-around

Rowing

 * Men

 * Women

Shooting

 * Men's 50 m rifle, prone

 * Men's 50 m running target

 * Mixed skeet

Officials

 * Chef de Mission – Ron Scott
 * Assistant Chef de Mission – Tay Wilson
 * Women's manager – Valerie Young
 * Director of medical services – Matt Marshall
 * Assistant director of medical services – Dave Gerrard
 * Physiotherapists – Mark Oram, Ian Sim, Tony Snell, Marion Thogersen
 * Transport officer – Hamish Morison
 * Attache – M. Portanova (Tarzana, California)
 * Office manager – M. Bolton (Los Angeles, California)
 * Archery
 * Section manager – Ivan Powley
 * Assistant manager – Dave Henshaw
 * Athletics
 * Section manager – Graeme McCabe
 * Coaches – Arch Jelley, Sylvia Potts
 * Boxing section manager – Kevin Barry Sr.
 * Canoeing
 * Section manager – Bill Garlick
 * Coaches – Ben Hutchings, Brian Wilson
 * Cycling
 * Section manager – Graham Sycamore
 * Road coach – Ron Cheatley
 * Track coach – Wayne Thorpe
 * Mechanic – Peter Goding
 * Equestrian
 * Section manager (three-day event) – Peter Herrick
 * Section manager (showjumping) – Hugh Morice
 * Veterinary surgeon – Wallie Niederer
 * Grooms – Trudy Boyce, J. Charlston, Jackie Cottle, D. Frost, H. Gilbert
 * Field hockey
 * Section manager (men) – Dave Coulter
 * Section manager (women) – Gladys O'Brien
 * Men's coaches – Brian Maunsell, C. Cameron
 * Women's coach – Wayne Boyd
 * Judo section manager – Brian Cloynes
 * Rowing
 * Section manager – Dudley Storey
 * Coaches – Harry Mahon, Brian Hawthorne, Richard Webster, Ray Reid
 * Sailing
 * Section manager – Ralph Roberts
 * Coach – Bret de Thier
 * Boating – Gray Gibson
 * Shooting section manager – Graeme Hudson
 * Swimming
 * Section manager – Jacqueline Clarke
 * Coach (swimming) – Hisashi Inomata
 * Coach (diving) – Dennis Gear
 * Wrestling section manager – Keith Breeze

title: New Zealand at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
Talk:Cascais

Notability of barking dogs. Comment
Recently, a single-purpose user has begun to edit this article to promote an issue of barking dogs in this municipality. Specifically adding a variant of the following:
 * Although cosmopolitan in nature there is a growing problem with barking dogs in that the local municipality appears to have no control over the number of dogs that a household can keep even in the smallest apartment. Therefore dogs bark all night and day even in what may be termed the better or more expensive parts of Cascais. Calling the police to complain has little effect. For some property owners it is a nightmare.

Although this is commendable, Wikipedia is not about subjective point-of-view articles. I request that the editor refrain from adding these types of insertions per Neutral point of view and Notability, and/or specifically justifying their additions. There also seems to be a lack of verifiable sources for this type of content, and lacks balance per Wikipedia guidelines. As a consequence, I will continue to revert these types of additions without justifiable grounds.ruben jc ZEORYMER  (talk) 07:28, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

Seconded. This is subjective, uncited, and needs to stop. Can someone add a warning to this user's page as a prequel (if necessary) to administrator intervention? Irregulargalaxies (talk) 02:19, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

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Confusion between Cascais municipality and Cascais town
Cascais is a municipality made up of the below freguesias, or civil parishes. All of these have their own articles and there is an article specifically for Estoril but no article for the town of Cascais. This causes confusion because Cascais addresses both the town and the other parts of the municipality, covering, for example, Estoril's casino and the airport, which is in São Domingos de Rana. Should there not be separate articles on Cascais Municipality and on Cascais town?

Roundtheworld (talk) 16:54, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cascais


text:
Viella

Viella may refer to:

 * Viella, Hautes-Pyrénées, France
 * Viella, Gers, France
 * Viella, the Italian name for the bowed string instrument Vielle
 * Viella, an Italian academic publisher

title: Viella


text:
Spain at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Spain competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. 179 competitors, 163 men and 16 women, took part in 104 events in 23 sports.

Medalists

 * style="text-align:left; width:78%; vertical-align:top;"|

 * width="22%" align="left" valign="top" |

Archery
In its third Olympic archery competition, Spain was represented by two men and two women. Women's Individual Competition: Men's Individual Competition:
 * Montserrat Martin – 2418 points (→ 28th place)
 * Ascension Guerra – 2304 points (→ 38th place)
 * Manuel Rubio – 2390 points (→ 37th place)
 * José Prieto – 2341 points (→ 47th place)

Athletics
Men's 400 metres
 * Angel Heras
 * Heat — 46.06
 * Quarterfinals — 45.88 (→ did not advance)

 * Antonio Sánchez
 * Heat — 46.04
 * Quarterfinals — 45.79 (→ did not advance)

Men's 1,500 metres
 * José Manuel Abascal
 * Qualifying Heat — 3:37.68
 * Semi-Finals — 3:35.70
 * Final — 3:34.30 (→ [[Image:Bronze medal.svg|16x16px]] Bronze Medal)

 * Andrés Vera
 * Qualifying Heat — 3:45.44
 * Semi-Finals — 3:36.55
 * Final — 3:37.02 (→ 7th place)

 * José Luis González
 * Qualifying Heat — 3:47.01 (→ did not advance)

Men's 5,000 metres
 * Jorge García
 * Heat — 14:12.15 (→ did not advance)

Men's 10,000 metres
 * Antonio Prieto
 * Qualifying Heat — 28:57.78 (→ did not advance)

Men's Marathon
 * Juan Carlos Traspaderne
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

 * Santiago de la Parte
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Men's Long Jump
 * Antonio Corgos
 * Qualification — 8.02m
 * Final — 7.69m (→ 10th place)

Men's 20 km Walk
 * Josep Marín
 * Final — 1:25:32 (→ 6th place)

Men's 50 km Walk
 * Jordi Llopart
 * Final — 4:03:09 (→ 7th place)

 * Manuel Alcalde
 * Final — 4:05:47 (→ 9th place)

Men's Hammer Throw
 * Raul Jimeno
 * Qualification — 66.38m (→ did not advance)

Men's Pole Vault
 * Alberto Ruiz
 * Qualifying Round — 5.45m
 * Final — 5.20m (→ 9th place)

 * Alfonso Cano
 * Qualifying Round — no mark (→ did not advance)

Women's 100 metres
 * Teresa Rione
 * First Heat — 11.55s
 * Second Heat — 11.76s (→ did not advance)

Women's High Jump
 * Isabel Mozún
 * Qualification — 1.75m (→ did not advance, 26th place)

Basketball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary round (Group B)
 * Defeated Canada (83-82)
 * Defeated Uruguay (107-90)
 * Defeated France (97-82)
 * Defeated PR China (102-83)
 * Lost to United States (68-101)

 * Quarterfinals
 * Defeated Australia (101-93)

 * Semifinals
 * Defeated Yugoslavia (74-61)

 * Final
 * Lost to United States (65-96) → [[Image:Med 2.png]] Silver Medal

 * Team Roster
 * Fernando Romay
 * Juan San Epifanio
 * Ignacio Solozábal
 * José López
 * José Margall
 * Fernando Martín Espina
 * Juan de la Cruz
 * Andrés Jiménez
 * José Llorente
 * Fernando Arcega
 * José Beirán
 * Juan Corbalán

Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
 * Agapito Gómez
 * First Round — Defeated Mahjoub Mjirich (MAR), on points (3:2)
 * Second Round — Lost to Marcelino Bolivar (VEN), on points (1:4)

Men's Flyweight (– 51 kg)
 * Julio Gómez
 * First Round — Lost to Alvaro Mercado (COL), on points (1:4)

Men's Featherweight (– 57 kg)
 * Raul Trapero
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Lost to Türgüt Aykaç (TUR) 0:5

Men's Lightweight (– 60 kg)
 * José Antonio Hernando
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Defeated Jean-Claude Labonte (SEY), 5:0
 * Third Round — Defeated Douglas Odane (GHA), 5:0
 * Quarterfinals — Lost to Luis Ortiz (PUR), 0:5

Cycling
Four cyclists represented Spain in 1984.

 * Individual road race
 * Francisco Antequera — 23rd place
 * Manuel Jorge Domínguez — did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * Miguel Induráin — did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * José Salvador Sanchis — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Diving
Men's 3m Springboard
 * Ricardo Camacho
 * Preliminary round — 509.10 (→ did not advance, 17th place)

Fencing
Two fencers, both men, represented Spain in 1984.

 * Men's épée
 * Ángel Fernández

 * Men's sabre
 * Antonio García

Handball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary round (Group B)
 * Lost to West Germany (16:18)
 * Lost to Denmark (16:21)
 * Lost to Sweden (25:26)
 * Defeated United States (17:16)
 * Defeated South Korea (31:25)

 * Classification Match
 * 7th/8th place: Lost to Switzerland (17:18) → 8th place

 * Team Roster
 * Cecilio Alonso
 * Juan Javier Cabanas
 * Juan de la Puente
 * Juan Pedro de Miguel
 * Pere García
 * Rafael López
 * Agustín Millán
 * Juan Francisco Muñoz
 * José Ignacio Novoa
 * Jaime Puig
 * Javier Reino
 * Lorenzo Rico
 * Julián Ruiz
 * Eugenio Serrano
 * Juan José Uría

Hockey

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary round (Group A)
 * Spain – West Germany 1-3
 * Spain – Australia 1-3
 * Spain – India 3-4
 * Spain – United States 3-1
 * Spain – Malaysia 3-1

 * Classification Matches
 * 5th/8th place: Spain – Netherlands 0-0 (Netherlands win after penalty strokes, 10-4)
 * 7th/8th place: Spain – New Zealand 0-1 (→ 8th place)

 * Team Roster
 * José Agut
 * Javier Cabot
 * Juan Arbós
 * Andrés Gómez
 * Juan Carlos Peón
 * Jaime Arbós
 * Ricardo Cabot
 * Juan Malgosa
 * Carlos Roca
 * Mariano Bordas
 * Ignacio Cobos
 * Jordi Oliva
 * Miguel de Paz
 * Ignacio Escudé
 * Santiago Malgosa
 * José Miguel García

Modern pentathlon
Three male modern pentathletes represented Spain in 1984.

 * Individual
 * Jorge Quesada
 * Eduardo Burguete
 * Federico Galera

 * Team
 * Jorge Quesada
 * Eduardo Burguete
 * Federico Galera

Rowing
There were eight competitions for men and Spain qualified four boats, but had no women competing in 1984. Although he had competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics, Manuel Vera Vázquez was still the youngest competitor of the Spanish rowing team. The coxless pair of Fernando Climent and Luis María Lasúrtegui was a surprise medallist, and as of 2016, the team's silver medal is the only Olympic rowing medal that the nation has ever won.

Sailing

 * Men

 * Open

Shooting

 * Men

 * Women

 * Open

Swimming
Men's 200m Freestyle
 * Juan Carlos Vallejo
 * Heat — 1:51.97
 * B-Final — 1:51.77 (→ 10th place)

 * Javier Miralpeix
 * Heat — 1:55.25 (→ did not advance, 28th place)

Men's 400m Freestyle
 * Juan Enrique Escalas
 * Heat — 3:55.93
 * B-Final — 3:55.25 (→ 10th place)

Men's 1500m Freestyle
 * Rafael Escalas
 * Heat — 15:30.09 (→ did not advance, 11th place)

 * Juan Enrique Escalas
 * Heat — 15:44.85 (→ did not advance, 18th place)

Men's 100m Backstroke
 * Ricardo Aldabe
 * Heat — 57.90
 * B-Final — 58.31 (→ 13th place)

Men's 200m Backstroke
 * Ricardo Aldabe
 * Heat — 2:03.94
 * Final — 2:04.53 (→ 7th place)

Men's 100m Breaststroke
 * Enrique Romero
 * Heat — 1:05.19 (→ did not advance, 18th place)

Men's 200m Breaststroke
 * Enrique Romero
 * Heat — 2:21.25
 * B-Final — 2:21.19 (→ 13th place)

Men's 100m Butterfly
 * David López-Zubero
 * Heat — 55.66
 * B-Final — 55.61 (→ 12th place)

 * Harri Garmendia
 * Heat — 55.97 (→ did not advance, 19th place)

Men's 200m Butterfly
 * Harri Garmendia
 * Heat — 2:02.37
 * B-Final — 2:01.82 (→ 15th place)

Men's 200m Individual Medley
 * Harri Garmendia
 * Heat — 2:08.30 (→ did not advance, 19th place)

Men's 400m Individual Medley
 * Rafael Escalas
 * Heat — DNS (→ did not advance, no ranking)

Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
 * Juan Enrique Escalas, Rafael Escalas, Juan Carlos Vallejo, and David López-Zubero
 * Heat — 7:32.21 (→ did not advance, 11th place)

Water polo

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary round (Group B)
 * Defeated Brazil (19-12)
 * Defeated Greece (12-9)
 * Lost to United States (8-10)

 * Final Round (Group D)
 * Drew with West Germany (8-8)
 * Defeated Netherlands (8-4)
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (8-14)
 * Drew with Australia (10-10) → 4th place

 * Team Roster
 * Leandro Ribera
 * José Morillo
 * Felix Férnandez
 * Alberto Canal
 * Manuel Estiarte
 * Pedro Robert
 * Rafael Aguilar
 * Jorge Signes
 * Antonio Aguilar
 * Jorge Carmona
 * Jorge Sans
 * Jorge Neira
 * Mariano Moya

title: Spain at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
Gege (title)

Gege (Manchu: ; ) is the Manchu word for an unmarried daughter. During the Qing dynasty, it was the Manchu style of an imperial-born princess of an emperor. Daughters of all imperial princes above the rank of jiangjun also used the same title.

When a Manchu prince had concubines, the status of the wives, from highest to lowest, are the following: difujin (the official wife), cefujin (the first rank concubine), and gege. Historically, there were many gege, but few ever ascended to the status of cefujin. A gege could also be a daughter of imperial princess, even if she was promoted to gulun or heshuo princess. Only difujin and cefujin names are recorded in the imperial family lists of family members.

Princess
Before the establishment of the Qing dynasty, the daughters of khans were referred to as "gege" by personal names or the names of lands they lived after the marriage. After 1658, the personal names of imperial princesses were not recorded in imperial genealogy.All the titles for imperial princesses were conferred upon the marriage. Sometimes title could be granted before the marriage. The following titles were granted to the princesses born to the emperor:

 * Gulun Gongzhu (固伦公主), translated as "Gurun Princess", "State Princess" or "Princess of the First Rank", was granted to a daughter born to the Empress. The title included a 2-character honorific name, sometimes a 4-character honorific name, ex. Princess Shuzhe Duanxian of the First Rank, Hong Taiji's seventh daughter born to Empress Xiaozhuangwen. This title could also sometimes be granted to a favored daughter of the Emperor, for ex: Princess Hexiao of the First Rank (固倫和孝公主), the Qianlong Emperor's tenth daughter by his concubine, Consort Dun.
 * Heshuo Gongzhu (和硕公主), translated as "Heshuo Princess" or "Princess of the Second Rank", was granted to the daughter born to imperial consort. Prior to the formalization of the rank system, princesses born to imperial concubines could hold ranks lower than Princess of the Second Rank, but no lower than clanswoman (宗女). The title included the 2-character honorific name. The title could also be granted to the daughter of an imperial prince adopted into the palace, for example: Princess Shushen of the Second Rank (和碩淑慎公主), the daughter of Yunreng who was adopted by the Kangxi Emperor.

Other titles
Prior to the formalization of rank system, there existed several ranks typical for Ming dynasty. The following ranks could be granted solely to Emperor's daughter. The prefixes were included in the whole title.

 * Zhang Gongzhu (长公主), Elder Princess or Chief Princess, also translated as Princess Imperial, was granted to the eldest emperor's daughter or emperor's sister. The title was granted to the eldest daughter of Nurhaci and various daughters of Hong Taiji.
 * Dazhang Gongzhu (大长公主), Grand Princess Imperial or Princess Supreme, was granted to emperor's paternal aunt. The only to receive this titles is Princess Yongmu, the Kangxi Emperor's paternal aunt.

However, the title of gege was reserved for several mistresses who died before emperor's coronation and were not granted honorific names. A gege could also be adopted into the imperial palace and raised by dowager consorts and the empress dowager if the emperor did not have enough daughters. The following titles were granted to princesses born to imperial clansmen:
 * Junzhu (郡主), translated as "Princess of a Commandery" or "Princess of the Third Rank", was granted to the daughter of a Prince of the First Rank born to his Princess Consort. A Junzhu can be promoted to Heshuo Gongzhu (和硕公主) or Gulun Gongzhu (固伦公主) in case of adoption to the imperial palace. The title did not include any honorific names. In rare cases, an honorific name will be given ex. Princess Daokexin of the Third Rank (道恪欣郡主), Boguoduo's second daughter adopted into the palace in childhood. In that case, the honorific name could consist of a maximum of 4 characters. The title could also be granted to the daughter of a First Rank Princess.
 * Xianzhu (县主), translated a "Princess of County" or "Princess of the Fourth Rank", was granted to the daughter of a Prince of the Second Rank born to his Princess Consort, as well as the daughter of a shizi (the heir of a first rank prince). A Xianzhu could be promoted to Princess of the Third Rank, ex. because of marriage or in case of father's promotion. Can also be promoted to Heshuo Gongzhu and Gulun Gongzhu in case of adpotion. In rare cases, an honorific name will be given, ez. Princess Zhenjie of the Fourth Rank (贞节县主), ninth daughter of Mianqin, Prince Cheng of the First Rank. This title could also be granted to the daughter of a Second Rank Princess.
 * Junjun (郡君), translated as "Lady of a Commandery" or "Lady of the First Rank", was granted to the daughter of a Prince of the Third Rank born to his primary consort or the daughter of a Prince of the First Rank born to his secondary consort, as well as daughter of zhangzi (heir of a junwang). A Junjun could be promoted to Xianzhu after she gets married. The title did not convey honorific name.
 * Xianjun (县君), translated as "Lady of a County" or "Lady of the Second Rank", was granted to the daughter born to a Prince of the Fourth Rank or the daughter of a Prince of the Second Rank born to his secondary consort.The title did not convey honorific name.
 * Xiangjun (乡君), translated as "Lady of a Village" or "Lady of the Third Rank", was granted to the daughter born to a duke with eight privilleges (mostly to fuguo duke) or daughter of a Prince of the Third Rank born to his secondary consort. The title did not convey honorific name.

Stipends of princesses
The following stipends were received annually. Rarely, but princesses could be awarded a double annual stipend and be treated as imperial consorts, ex: Princess Hejing of the First Rank, who was treated as an Imperial Noble Consort and received a double annual stipend. Princesses, who committed a crime, could be stripped of her title and deprived of her stipend.

 * Gulun Gongzhu:
 * 400 taels and 400 hu of rice and meal for princesses residing in the capital
 * plus 1000 taels and 30 rolls of fabrics for ones living in vassal states
 * Heshuo Gongzhu:
 * 300 taels and 300 hu of rice and meal for princesses residing in the capital
 * plus 400 taels and 15 rolls of fabrics for ones living in vassal states
 * Junzhu:
 * 160 taels and 160 hu of rice and meal for princesses residing in the capital
 * plus 160 taels and 12 rolls of fabrics for ones living in vassal states
 * Xianzhu:
 * 110 taels and 110 hu of rice and meal for princesses residing in a capital
 * plus 110 taels and 10 rolls of fabrics for ones living in vassal states
 * Junjun:
 * 60 taels and 60 hu of rice for those in the capital
 * plus 60 taels and 8 rolls of fabrics for ones living in the vassal states
 * Xianjun:
 * 50 taels and 50 hu of rice for those in the capital
 * plus 50 taels and 6 rolls of fabrics for ones living in vassal states
 * Xianjun:
 * 40 taels and 40 hu of rice for those in a capital
 * plus 40 taels and 5 rolls of fabrics for ones living in the vassal states

Garments for imperial princesses
The described garments below were dictated by the "Illustrated Precendents for Ritual Paraphernalia of the Imperial Court" published in 1759.

1. Gulun Gongzhu 2. Heshuo Gongzhu 3. Junzhu 4. Xianzhu 5. Junjun 6. Xianjun 7. Xianjun Gallery
 * Crown, diadem, earrings, necklace and court robes befitting an imperial princess consort
 * Semiformal court robes befitting princess consort of the first rank
 * Court and semiformal robes befitting imperial princess consort
 * Crown and diadem befitting hereditary princess consort of the first rank
 * Court robes befitting imperial princess consort
 * Crown, diadem and semiformal robes befitting princess consort of the second rank
 * Crown and diadem befitting princess consort of the third rank
 * Semiformal robes befitting princess consort of the second rank
 * Court robes befitting imperial princess consort
 * Crown and diadem befitting princess consort of the fourth rank
 * Court and semiformal robes befitting princess consort of the third rank
 * Crown and diadem befitting duchess of the first rank
 * Court robes befitting princess consort of the third rank
 * Semiformal robes befitting princess consort of the fourth rank
 * Born to a Duke of the First Rank:
 * Crown and diadem befitting state duchess of the second rank
 * Court robes befitting princess consort of the third rank
 * Semiformal robes befitting duchess of the first rank
 * Born to a Duke of the Second Rank:
 * Crown befitting state duchess of the second rank; finial decorated with three pearls enclosed in golden ornaments and ruby
 * Diadem befitting state duchess of the second rank; decorated with three ruyi cloud shaped plaques with pearls and three strings of pearls connected with two lapis lazuli inlaid plaques hanging on the back
 * Court robes befitting princess consort of the third rank
 * Semiformal robes befitting state duchess of the first rank

Other persons being honoured as gege
Sumalagu, a confidant of Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang and foster mother of several Kangxi Emperor's sons, including Yuntao, was addressed as "gege" by the Grand Empress Dowager.

Lady Yehe Nara (1722-1793), wife of Fuheng, a prominent general of the early Qianlong era, was an elder sister of Qianlong Emperor's Consort Shu. During her lifetime, she held a title of first rank Mingfu, madam Fu Zhongyong (傅忠勇夫人). She was described as the most beautiful Manchu woman of Qing dynasty. She was posthumously honoured as "fujin" (title reserved for princesses consorts) as the mother of prince consort Fulong'an, Prince Jiayong of the Second Rank Fuk'anggan.

Yu Derling (1885-1944) was Western-educated court lady of Empress Dowager Cixi. She stayed in the imperial court from 1905 to 1907, when she married Thaddeus C. White. During her stay, she served as a translator when Empress Dowager received foreign guests. She developed a close relationship with empress dowager, as well as with another Qing dynasty princesses (6th daughter of Yikuang) and princesses consorts (Jingrong) interested in modernisation of the Qing empire. She was rewarded a ruyi scepter and a dragon robe befitting an imperial princess. The similar rewards received mother of Deling and her sister, Rongling. In contrast to earlier historiography, Deling was not a member of imperial clan, but claimed Manchu descent despite her family belonged to Plain White Banner Han forces. Moreover, Deling's books were published under the name of princess Der Ling.

title: Gege (title)


text:
Republic of China Navy

The Republic of China Navy (ROCN; historically as the Chinese Navy, colloquially the Taiwanese Navy) is the maritime branch of the Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF).

The service was formerly commonly just called the Chinese Navy during World War II and prior to the ROC's retreat from the mainland. While still sometimes used especially in domestic circles, it is now not as often used internationally due to the current ambiguous political status of Taiwan and to avoid confusion with the People's Liberation Army Navy of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Today, the ROC Navy's primary mission is to defend the ROC's remaining territories and the sea lanes under its jurisdiction against any possible blockades, attacks, or invasion. Operations include maritime patrols in the Taiwan Strait and surrounding waters, as well as readiness for counter-strike and counter-invasion operations during wartime. The Republic of China Marine Corps (ROCMC) also functions as a branch of the Navy.

The ship prefix for ROCN combatants is ROCS (Republic of China Ship); an older usage is CNS (Chinese Navy Ship).

Republic of China Navy Command Headquarters

The Navy CHQs (中華民國國防部海軍司令部) is subordinate to the General Staff, the Minister of Defense, and the ROC President.
 * Internal units: Personnel, Combat Readiness & Training, Logistics, Planning, Combat Systems, General Affairs, Comptroller, Inspector General, Political Warfare.
 * Naval Fleets Command (艦隊指揮部)
 * 124th Fleet: Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
 * 131st Fleet: Keelung City, Taiwan
 * 146th Fleet: Magong City, Penghu County, Taiwan
 * Amphibious Fleet (151st Fleet), Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
 * 168th Fleet: Suao, Yilan County, Taiwan
 * 192nd Fleet (Navy Minesweeper Fleet): Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
 * 256th Submarine Squadron: Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
 * 261st Squadron
 * Hai Chiao(Sea Dragon) PGMG Guided Missile Boat/Craft Group (海蛟大隊)
 * 1st Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 Kuang Hua VI-class missile boat at Suao naval base
 * 2nd Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 Kuang Hua VI-class missile boat
 * 3rd Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 Hai Ou-class missile boat (Dvora class)
 * 4th Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 Hai Ou-class missile boat (Dvora class)
 * 5th Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 11 Kuang Hua VI-class missile boat
 * Hai Feng Shore Based Anti-ship Missile Group (海鋒大隊), operates 6 batteries of fixed/mobile HF-2 anti-ship missiles.
 * 7th Hai Feng Shore Based Anti-ship Missile Squadron (海鋒大隊第七中隊), Haulien, Eastern Taiwan.
 * Aviation Command (operates from Pingtung, Tsoying, and Hualien AB)
 * Naval Aviation, at Pingtung, will receive 12 P-3C 2013/2014.
 * 1st ASW Aviation Group
 * 133rd Squadron: S-2T, at Pingtung.
 * 134th Squadron: S-2T, at Pingtung.
 * 2nd ASW Aviation Group
 * 701st Helicopter Squadron (Light), S-70C(M)-1, at Hualien.
 * 702nd Helicopter Squadron (Light), S-70C(M)-2, at Tsoying.
 * 501st Helicopter Squadron (Light), 500MD ASW, at Tsoying.
 * Maintenance Group
 * 1st Maintenance Squadron (Pingtung)
 * 2nd Maintenance Squadron (Tsoying)
 * 3rd Maintenance Squadron (Hualien)
 * Marine Corps Command (陸戰隊指揮部)
 * Education, Training and Doctrine Command (教育訓練暨準則發展司令部)
 * Logistics Command (後勤司令部)
 * Naval Academy, Hydrographic & Oceanographic Bureau, Shipbuilding Development Center, Communication Systems, General Service.

Sources:

1912–1949
The Republic of China Navy was established after the 1911 Revolution, during which several Qing dynasty warships changed sides to support the revolutionaries. The commander of one of those ships, Huang Zhongying, became the first Minister of the Navy of the Republic of China. Several naval expansion programs were proposed during the first decade of the republic, but none of them were carried out because of a lack of funding, the outbreak of World War I, and the chaos of the Warlord Era in China. The cruisers that had been acquired by the Qing dynasty between the 1870s and the 1900s remained the main ships of the Chinese fleet through the 1930s. During this time the ROC Navy consisted of three fleets: the Central, Northeast, and Guangdong fleets, and its command structure was divided because of the warlordism in the country. When Sun Yat-sen established his government in 1917 in Guangzhou he was supported by the Navy admirals Cheng Biguang and Lin Baoyi, and when Chiang Kai-shek began his Northern Expedition in 1926 another admiral, Yang Shuzhuang, led part of the Beiyang Fleet to defect to his forces.

After the success of the Northern Expedition Chiang Kai-shek wanted to expand the navy but these plans were also not implemented. By this point the main purpose of the ROCN was coastal and river defense, and the main focus of the fleet was the Yangtze river, which could be used by large ocean-going ships to go several hundred miles into China. By the late 1930s the ROCN was not comparable to the Imperial Japanese Navy, and its cruisers were lost at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. They were either sunk by Japanese aircraft or scuttled by their crews to use as blockships in the Yangtze. Most of the Chinese navy was destroyed early on and in 1940 the Ministry of the Navy was disbanded by Chiang Kai-shek.

Following World War II, a number of Japanese destroyers and decommissioned U.S. ships were transferred to the ROC Navy. During the Chinese Civil War, the ROCN was involved in the protection of supply convoys and the withdrawal of the ROC Government and over 1 million refugees to Taiwan in 1949. The subsequent reorganization and reestablishment of the Navy after evacuation to Taiwan is referenced in the lyrics of the post 1949 ROC Navy Song "The New Navy" (新海軍).

1945–present
In 1895, the island of Taiwan was placed under Japanese rule, with the Imperial Japanese Navy responsible for defending the waters of Taiwan and Penghu. After World War II, on 25 October 1945, the jurisdiction of Taiwan and Penghu was transferred to the Republic of China and the ROCN began its operation in that territory.

Following the relocation of the ROC government to Taiwan, the ROCN was involved in a number of commando attack escorts, evacuation and transport of more displaced soldiers and later to provide patrols and resupply operations to Kinmen and Matsu in the Taiwan Strait and South China Sea offshore islands.

Since the 1990s the Navy has grown in importance as the emphasis of the ROC's military doctrine moves towards countering a possible People's Republic of China (PRC) blockade, as well as offshore engagement. As of 2004 the ROCN had been working hard to expand its capability in electronic and anti-submarine warfare, as well as the replacement of antiquated warships and support vessels. While for many years the ROCN operated hand me down and foreign designed vessels in recent years they have been operating a higher number of indigenous platforms, sensors, and weapons much of it made by the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology.

In 2018 Lungteh Shipbuilding was awarded a contract to produce eleven Tuo Chiang Block II corvettes and four minelayers for the Taiwanese Navy.

In April 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic the ROCN cut short their semi-annual goodwill mission to Central and South America. The flotilla consisting of two frigates and a supply vessel was subject to 30 days of quarantine after returning to Taiwan.

In April 2020 Taiwanese boatbuilder Karmin International Co., Ltd. won a NT$450-million (US$14.9-million) contract to supply the Republic of China Navy with eighteen special operations watercraft and eight RIB tenders, the latter for the Cheng Kung-class frigates. Delivery is scheduled for June 2022. The contract covered only the watercraft themselves with their machine guns, infrared equipment, and boarding ladders sourced separately.

Equipment
Traditionally, most ROCN equipment has been purchased from the United States. The ships themselves have often been older, second-hand vessels without the newest technology. More recently, however, 1990's several ships have been built domestically under licence or through domestic development. The ROCN has also purchased La Fayette-class frigates from France and Zwaardvis-class submarines from the Netherlands as well as four U.S. Kidd-class destroyer (renamed Keelung) destroyers originally intended for Iran. Despite the ROCN refurbishing and extending the service life of its vessels and equipment, it has suffered from procurement difficulties due to pressures exerted by the PRC.

On 12 September 2007, an arms notification was sent to the United States Congress concerning an order for 12 P-3C Orion patrol aircraft and 3 "spare aircraft", along with an order for 144 SM-2 Block IIIA surface-to-air missiles. A contract was awarded to Lockheed Martin to refurbish the 12 P-3C Orion aircraft for the ROC on 13 March 2009, with deliveries to start in 2012.

In 2008, the ROCN set out to acquire an improved anti-ship capability. On 26 August, an arms notification was sent to Congress for an order for 60 air-launched Harpoon Block II missiles for the 12 P-3Cs. At least a portion of these missiles will be installed on the navy's Hai Lung-class submarines.

On 29 January 2010, the U.S. government announced five notifications to the U.S. Congress for arms sales to the ROC. In the contracts total US$6.392 billion, ROC Navy would get 2 Osprey-class minehunters for US$105 million, 25 Link 16 terminals on ships for US$340 million, 10 ship- and 2 air-launched Harpoon L/II for US$37 million.

The ROC Navy already has 95 older Harpoon missiles in its inventory for the 8 Knox-class frigates, 22 newer RGM-84L for the 4 Kidd-class destroyers, 32 sub-launched Harpoon II on order for the 2 Hai Lung-class submarines, and with 60 air-launched Harpoon Block II anti-ship missile on order for the 12 P-3Cs, plus the newly announced 10 ship-launched and 2 air-launched Harpoon II/L sales.

On 31 August 2010, it was announced for the next year's defense budget, ROCN planned to lease one or two more Newport-class tank landing ships (LST) from the United States, but the 900-ton stealth corvette plan was put on hold, due to lack of funds. That same year, On 29 September, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution, authorizing the U.S. Government for the sale of one more Osprey-class minehunter to the ROC.

Other ongoing local upgrade programs include locally designed and built Ching Chiang class of 12 patrol ships. Since 2006, seven ships of this class were upgraded to carry four HF-2/3 with W-160 fire control radar from Wu Chin III program (as well as Honeywell H-930 MCS CDS stripped from seven retired Yang-class Wu Chin 3 anti-air warfare destroyers). In 2010 more ships of this class were undergoing this same upgrade program but using CSIST produced fire control radars instead.

On 29 December 2010, two LSTs (中肇、中治戰車登陸艦) and four remaining of Adjutant-class coastal minehunters were retired.

In 2011, the navy retired several vessels. On 31 October, all eight PCL in the 124th Fleet were retired. On 28 December, the two Lung Jiang-class (PSMM Mk5) guided missile patrol boats (PGG 601 and PPG 602) of the 131st Fleet were retired from ROC Navy service, after entering service in 1978 and 1981 respectively.

In June 2018, two Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates of the US Navy, ex-USS Taylor (FFG-50) and ex-USS Gary (FFG-51), were handed over to the Government of Taiwan for the Republic of China Navy. The transfer cost was an estimated US$177 million. The transfer of the ships includes the advanced AN/SQR-19 Multi-Function Towed array sonar. Taiwan had previously been blocked from acquiring the AN/SQR-19, and the transfer of the system points to an anti-submarine focus in line with the Knox-class frigates they will likely replace.

The keel of a new rescue and salvage ship was laid in March 2022.

Future Light Frigates
The ROC Navy has started construction on 12 new domestically built light frigates for the Taiwanese Navy. These vessels are in the 2500 ton weight class and will have two configurations, an anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) version and an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) version. Both variants will be equipped with an OTO Melera 76mm gun with programmable ammunition and a close-in weapons system (CIWS), either a Phalanx 20mm gun system or the indigenous Sea Oryx. The AAW variant will have a 32 cell VLS for TC-2N missiles while the ASW will have two box launchers for 16 TC-2N missiles. The AAW variant will have 8 anti-ship cruise missile launchers, each able to fit either a single HF-2 or HF-3, while the ASW variant will have 16 launchers. The ASW variant is the only variant that will be fitted with Mk 32 light torpedo launchers and a towed variable depth sonar. The frigates will have a BAE System's Artisan radar, Lockheed Martin Canada's CMS-330 combat management system, and either Rolls Royce MT30 or General Electric LM2500 engines for propulsion. The new frigates are intended to become the workhorse of the ROC Navy, replacing the larger OHP and La Fayette class frigates in patrol duties.

Indigenous "Landing Platform Dock" / Amphibious Assault Ship
In September 2018, Taiwan confirmed a contract for the first amphibious assault ship built in Taiwan. It will be built by CSBC Corporation, a local shipyard. Four are planned, with the first to enter service around 2021. It will be roughly similar to the US Navy's San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock, but with a slightly smaller displacement. Support features include a full hospital, well deck, full aviation facilities, storage for wheeled vehicles, and dedicated accommodations for a full battalion of Marines. The vessel design will be armed with a 76 mm naval gun in the primary position, a close-in weapon system (CIWS) turret, two 12.7 mm machine gun positions in the forward section, and launchers that can deploy the Hsiung Feng II and III family of anti-ship and land-attack cruise missiles. The primary sensor is expected to be a naval version of the indigenous CS/MPQ-90 Bee Eye AESA radar.

Fleet Air Defense Upgrade / Hsun Lien Project
The ROC Navy currently lacks a modern fleet defense system. Keelung class destroyers currently use obsolete Mark 26 missile launchers designed from the 1970s and does not currently have a modern centralized air defense combat system like the Aegis. Past US administrations rejected the sale of Aegis radar system and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, including George W. Bush in 2001. Under the George W. Bush administration, the US instead sold Taiwan four Kidd-class destroyers, which did not carry the Aegis and were no longer in service in the US Navy at the time. However, in January 2019, the US government delivered two sets of Mk 41 VLS to Taiwan. The ROC government plans to integrate the MK41 VLS and locally developed Tien-Kung III (Sky Bow III) with its indigenously developed Hsun Lien naval combat system, which is similar to Aegis, to upgrade its ship air defense capabilities. Taiwan has acquired the license and technology to produce additional MK 41 VLS launchers. The ROC Navy currently as of 2019 possesses at least 14 warships compatible with the Mk41. In November 2019 it was reported that the decommissioned amphibious landing ship Kao Hsiung (LCC-1) was being used as a test ship for the Hsun Lien naval combat system project and had been fitted with a large phased array radar system and the Mark 41 Vertical Launching System. In January 2020, it is reported the Tien-Kung III (Sky Bow III) is successfully fired from the Mark 41 Vertical Launching System. In August 2023, it was reported the domestically developed Hua Yang vertical missile launch system (VLS) has passed tests and will be installed on new naval ships in the future. In 2022, it was reported as a short term solution the ROC Navy will upgrade their Kang Ding-class (La Fayette class) with 32-cell VLS integrated with their domestically developed Aegis-like system with the assistance of a retired French Navy officer. The VLS will have TC-2N surface-to-air missiles, a large upgrade over the existing RIM-72C Sea Chaparral, though it will lack the air defense range of its Keelung Class destroyer with their SM-2 Block IIIA missiles.

Hai Kun-class submarine (formerly: Indigenous Defense Submarine Program)
In November 2020, President Tsai Ing-wen opened the submarine construction facility in Kaohsiung with plans to build eight submarines. Construction was to begin with a prototype boat which was to be built over 78 months. The first boat is scheduled to enter service in 2025. Between December 2020 and February 2021, the United States reportedly approved the export of three key systems to Taiwan for the program: digital sonar systems, integrated combat systems and auxiliary equipment systems (periscopes).

In 2023, Taiwan revealed its first domestically designed and built submarine, the Hai Kun. The submarine was moved onto a floating dry dock and then launched off the CSBC shipyard in Kaoshiung on February 26, 2024.

Bases

 * Tsoying Naval Base – 1st Naval District HQ, largest naval base in Taiwan and naval airfield near Kaohsiung
 * Tsoying Naval Airfield and Naval Yard – Tsoying District
 * Makung Naval Base (Makung, Pescadores) – 2nd Naval District HQ – home to attack squadrons, training centre and naval yard
 * Keelung Naval Base, Keelung – 3rd Naval District HQ, home to northern patrol and transport squadrons and small naval yard
 * Suao Naval Base, Su-ao, Yilan – East Coast Command and supports Keelung Naval Base

All remaining bases are small naval stations supporting PCL class small patrol boats and Fast Attack Boat:

 * Anping Naval Base, Anping
 * Hsinchu Naval Base, Hsinchu
 * Hualien Naval Base, Hualien
 * Kenting Naval Base, Hengchun
 * Tamshui Naval Base, Tamshui
 * Wu Chi Naval Base, Wuqi District

Naval Maritime and Surveillance Command
The Naval Maritime and Surveillance Command oversees a network of surveillance radar stations across Taiwan. These include high altitude sites like Hsiaohsuehshan which is located at more than 3,000m above sea level. The high altitude sites pose unique challenges to the Navy as they are often located in inaccessible areas and experience extreme weather including months of snow in the winter.

In May 2021 the navy ordered a new series of shore based medium-to-long range maritime surveillance radars from NCSIST. Because the radar system will likely come under attack in a war the navy has been pulling staff back to central command centers.

title: Republic of China Navy


text:
Talk:Christianity in China

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 January 2020 and 1 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Gdietri. Peer reviewers: Sydovertoo.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 20 August 2018 and 14 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): RteboutIII.

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Persecution
There is a serious need for specific documentation of the cases many of which are widely reported and a more systematic approach to its description. Currently the article reads somewhat like a Chinese government bulletin. I have added one recent instance in Henan. Cpsoper (talk) 20:46, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Expanding 7th century church history until Timur
The Church of the East had quite an extended history into China until it was physically extinguished by Timur as mentioned in the Church of the East article, expansion section. I'm surprised to find no mention of Timur or the expansive presence of the church prior to his time. --
 * the article on Timur says he did not reach China. The Church of the East is covered at the start of the "History" section Rjensen (talk) 04:54, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

Split
This article is long enough that it can be split. I would propose the whole "History" section could be moved to a another article "History of Christianity in China". Sesroh Fo Maerd I (talk) 04:54, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Opposed but persuadable. The article is now something like 8,000 words, which according to WP:LENGTH is long enough to split but not long enough to require it.
 * My big worry -- big worry! -- is that splitting too often is done without reworking all the new articles and re-editing the original, leaving some of them incoherent or much less useful. Will you promise to put in this work? That is, not just splitting but reworking?
 * There is a big advantage to the reader to see the history, which puts today's situation in a different context. On the other hand, you are right that it take time for the reader to go through the history to get to today.
 * Do you have in mind topics that should be added? If so, the article could be tightened to make room.
 * In any case, thanks for bringing the topic up.ch (talk) 16:47, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

Source 120 Christian-post seems to be a biased source
Christian-post is not a reliable source but a far right magazine. I propose to check for any reliable source or otherwise remove the claim that Chinese welfare recipients were forced to replace crucifixes and should instead display Mao pictures. I did a bunch of research and I only found far right conservative leaning sources to support this claim but they don’t tell how they created that news. I don’t find original sources NotHawking (talk) 18:12, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Citation number 100 is broken
http://society.people.com.cn/n/2014/0805/c1008-25408758.html

Page 404's BetweenCupsOfTea (talk) 08:16, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

Does this Topic Name Need Changing?
I have noticed that there is a large section of this document that is not about Christianity in China, but religion in general. Should the name of the document be changed to religion in China, or should the information about other religions in China be moved to separate sections of their own? 184.146.62.141 (talk) 13:38, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

Evidence of Christianity in China in the first century CE
In an edit, I've removed references to Christian art and iconography being present in China in the first century CE. Academically, this is an extremely fringe view. The citations on the page to this effect all pertained to speculative proposals by a single "retired professor" formerly from Nanjing Theological Seminary, named Wei-Fan Wang (sometimes Anglicized as Wang Weifan).

Specifically, the only research by Wei-Fan Wang that makes this claim and is even publicly available at all is a pre-print of an essay of theirs that was purported to be forthcoming in a volume published by the "Liturgical Research Centre Publications (LRC)." While this publisher is affiliated with the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church — which is a real branch of the Eastern Catholic Church, representing over 3,000 parishes in India — it can hardly be said that this represents a mainstream scholarly source that specializes in art history; and there's no indication whatsoever it's been peer-reviewed. Further, there's no evidence that the same person ever published related research in any other mainstream or peer reviewed academic source, either.

Consequently, I've changed the first line from "Christianity in China has been present since at least the 1st century and has gained a significant amount of influence during the last 200 years" to "Christianity in China has been present from the early medieval period and has gained a significant amount of influence during the last 200 years," reflecting the accepted historical views mentioned later in the article. Further, the tiny section "Han dynasty art" consisted of only two sentences, and these also pertained solely to the retired professor's fringe theory (with links to a couple of "puff pieces" on this from fringe online news sites); so I've removed those as well. Ostensibly1 (talk) 06:58, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

Can't find an online version of Keung, Cheng Fing source for the quote
Source 20 is only a reference to a book. I look up Cheng Fing and found what seems to be the source, a journal, but that has been running since 1947. I can't find the specific article this source refers to. Can someone find the source? Thank you. Niccy26 (talk) 12:07, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christianity in China


text:
Santa María del Mar

Santa María del Mar may refer to:

 * Santa María del Mar (Castrillón), a civil parish of Castrillón, Asturias, Spain
 * Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona, a church in Barcelona, Spain
 * Santa María del Mar, Havana, a beach east of Havana, Cuba
 * Santa María del Mar District (Peru), in Lima, Peru
 * Santa María del Mar, a community in Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, Mexico

title: Santa María del Mar


text:
Monaco at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Monaco competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. The nation returned to the Summer Games after participating in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Eight competitors, all men, took part in seven events in five sports.

Archery

 * Gilles Cresto — 2389 points (→ 39th place)

Fencing
One fencer represented Monaco in 1984.

 * Men's sabre
 * Olivier Martini

Swimming
Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Jean-Luc Adomo
 * Heat — 56.38 (→ did not advance, 56th place)

title: Monaco at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Triangulum.nebula.arp.750pix

Triangulum.nebula.arp.750pix
This is just an all-around cool picture. It's a nebula taken by Hubble. Uploaded by Arpingstone, it is used on Nebula, Stellar evolution, H II region, Nebula NGC 604, and it's even on the Template:Space-stub. - Dmcdevit 22:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC) +6 / -4 Its a bit borderline, but even several of the support votes seem to prefer an alternative image. -- Solipsist 19:55, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. -- Dmcdevit 22:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll support it too, despite the fact that space-stub is being considered for deletion by WP:WSS (it duplicates astronomy-stub and rocket-stub). Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 23:45, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * support lovely picture. Plugwash 00:54, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, but I have to point out Space astub was redundant with and now redirects to it Circeus 01:27, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * So I see. On a related note, has anyone checked out Image:Pleiades large.jpg (which is on ); any picture that is on, by my count, 57 genuine articles must have something going for it. --Dmcdevit 01:31, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Before I vote-This image was taken with the old WIFPC2 CCD imager on Hubble while a newer version taken in '03 with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) is larger and cleaner. It can be seen here what do you think about replacing the image with that one? The colors are different but they're false color anyway....--Deglr6328 06:54, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * commnet the version we have here has an eiree feel that the other one doesn't seem to share because of the choice of colors. I like that feeling but i can see how the other one is almost certainly a techincally higher quality image. Also the newer version seems to be missing a large section of background Plugwash.
 * Support this version. The newer version is even nicer, except for the lower right, which ruins it. :( —Korath (Talk) 11:06, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The choice of false colours here is horrible. Enochlau 14:06, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Astrowob
 * Oppose. I dislike the false colors and there appears to be a lot of noise (although those may be stars) --Fir0002 07:42, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Jonas Olson 20:23, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not all that aesthetically appealing (to me), there's some technical weirdness in the top left corner (probably a mosaicing artifact). But (I know this is late in the game) it's probably worth featuring/not featuring the higher-resolution version from the original site.  For what it's worth, I much prefer the newer version linked above (missing corner and all). --Andrew 08:16, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Sumalagu

Sumalagu (originally Sumal, in Manchu ; 1615 – 24 October 1705) was a palace attendant of the Qing dynasty. She was a close confidante of Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor.

Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang called her "Gege", a title reserved for only imperial princesses.

She acted as the messenger between prince Shizu and his mother during the reign of Dorgon.

Upon the wish of the empress dowager, she escorted empress Borjigit incognito to receive medical treatment by the Jesuit Adam Schall von Bell.

Sumalagu taught the young Kangxi Emperor the Manchu language while he was under her care. She was a supporter of the Kangxi Emperor when he asserted his power against the power base of Oboi in 1667–69.

In 1687, she was given the responsibility of looking after Yuntao, one of Kangxi's sons.

title: Sumalagu


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shabeg Singh

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 13:27, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Shabeg Singh
Listed as a speedy by the original page author, anon 134.220.3.2, who did not give reasons. However I don't think requested deletion applies here as the page, while remaining a stub, has had significant information added. Dbiv 22:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Notable Indian general who defended the Golden Temple at Amritsar. Dbiv 22:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove. The content of this page is of a very low quality and provides contradictory views. The IP address of the original author is the public facing one of the University of Wolverhampton's wireless network, and therefore the author should not be confused with the modifier of the deletion clause.
 * Delete, POV, borderline notability - only 260 Google hits mostly from Sikh sites. Megan1967 05:49, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Not particularly surprising that an English Google search doesn't show many hits for someone who was a Sikh leader in India and who died more than 20 years ago. Seriously, if it's POV or low quality and contradictory, then the way to solve this is list it on pages needing attention or Peer Review. Dbiv 10:08, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, and list on pages needing attention. Sholtar 10:13, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and List on pages needing attention as per Sholtar. Sikh General who died in operation which received wide coverage in 1984 Capitalistroadster 11:11, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - clearly notable for his defense of Amritsar. - Mustafaa 07:15, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Chinese biologists

title: Category:Chinese biologists


text:
File:Logo of the Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway.jpg

Logo of the Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway.


text:
Kazakhstan women's national ice hockey team

The Kazakhstan women's national ice hockey team represents Kazakhstan in top international ice hockey competition, including the International Ice Hockey Federation's Women's World Championship. The women's national team is controlled by Kazakhstan Ice Hockey Federation. Kazakhstan had 127 female players in 2011.

Olympic Games

 * 2002 – Finished in 8th place

World Championship

 * 1999 – Finished in 17th/18th place (1st in Pool B qualifying group, promoted to Pool B)
 * 2000 – Finished in 9th place (1st in Pool B, promoted to Top Division)
 * 2001 – Finished in 8th place (relegated to Division I)
 * 2003 – Finished in 10th place (2nd in Division I)
 * 2004 – Finished in 10th place (1st in Division I, promoted to Top Division)
 * 2005 – Finished in 7th place
 * 2007 – Finished in 9th place
 * 2008 – Finished in 10th place (1st in Division I, promoted to Top Division)
 * 2009 – Finished in 6th place
 * 2011 – Finished in 8th place (relegated to Division I)
 * 2012 – Finished in 14th place (6th in Division IA, relegated to Division IB)
 * 2013 – Finished in 19th place (5th in Division IB)
 * 2014 – Finished in 20th place (6th in Division IB, relegated to Division IIA)
 * 2015 – Finished in 21st place (1st in Division IIA, promoted to Division IB)
 * 2016 – Finished in 17th place (3rd in Division IB)
 * 2017 – Finished in 16th place (2nd in Division IB)
 * 2018 – Finished in 19th place (4th in Division IB)
 * 2019 – Finished in 21st place (5th in Division IB)
 * 2020 – Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
 * 2021 – Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
 * 2022 – Finished in 19th place (4th in Division IB)
 * 2023 – Finished in 22nd place (6th in Division IB, relegated to Division IIA)
 * 2024 – Finished in 23rd place (1st in Division IIA, promoted to Division IB)

Asian Winter Games
Kazakhstan has participated in every women's ice hockey tournament contested at the Asian Winter games. The squad has claimed a medal in every tournament including three golds.
 * 1996 – 3rd
 * 1999 – 3rd
 * 2003 – 1st Gold medal with cup.svg
 * 2007 – 1st Gold medal with cup.svg
 * 2011 – 1st Gold medal with cup.svg
 * 2017 – 3rd

European Championship

 * 1996 – Finished in 13th place (7th in Pool B)

Current roster
The roster for the 2022 IIHF Women's World Championship Division I Group B tournament.

Head coach: Alexander Maltsev Assistant coach: Natalya Skobelkina

All-time record against other nations
Last match update: 12 March 2022


text:
User:Mdebruine

my user page

title: User:Mdebruine


text:
Ø, Denmark

Ø (Danish: Ø Bakker) is a piece of land in the valley of the Nørreå in the eastern part of Jutland, Denmark. Its name means island (ø in the Danish language) and probably comes from the island-like approach to this piece of land, although it is completely landlocked and surrounded by meadows.

Ø is famous among lexicographers for the extreme brevity of its name: the single letter Ø.

According to legend, King Dan of Denmark, the legendary king of Denmark and the namesake of the nation of Denmark, is supposedly buried at Ø Bakker.

Nature conservation
In area of 285 hectars was in 1975 given the status of nature reserve due to its relative richness in vegetation, butterflies and insects.

Danish sites

 * Viborg amt's official site on Nørreå
 * The Ø hills on fugleognatur.dk
 * Nørreå valley on skovognatur.dk
 * Regional geology and topography

title: Ø, Denmark


text:
Turkey at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Turkey competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. The nation returned to the Summer Games after participating in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. 46 competitors, 45 men and 1 woman, took part in 49 events in 10 sports.

Archery
In its first Olympic archery competition, Turkey was represented by two men.

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Kemal Erer — 2386 points (→ 40th place)
 * Izzet Avçi — 2361 points (→ 45th place)

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track & road events

 * Women
 * Track & road events

Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
 * Mustafa Genç
 * First Round — Lost to Carlos Motta (GUA), 0:5

Men's Bantamweight (– 54 kg)
 * Çemal Öner
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Defeated Bararq Bahtobe (CIV), 4-1
 * Third Round — Lost to Pedro Decima (ARG), 1-4

Fencing
Two fencers, both men, represented Turkey in 1984.

 * Men's foil
 * Haluk Yamaç

 * Men's épée
 * Ali Murat Dizioğlu

Swimming
Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Kemal Sabri Özün
 * Heat — 53.39 (→ did not advance, 35th place)

 * Gökhan Attaroglu
 * Heat — 54.22 (→ did not advance, 43rd place)

Men's 200m Freestyle
 * Gökhan Attaroglu
 * Heat — 1:55.92 (→ did not advance, 32nd place)

Men's 400m Freestyle
 * Ahmet Nakkas
 * Heat — 4:07.07 (→ did not advance, 29th place)

 * Gökhan Attaroglu
 * Heat — 54.22 (→ did not advance, 30th place)

Men's 1500m Freestyle
 * Ahmet Nakkas
 * Heat — DNS (→ did not advance, no ranking)

Men's 100m Butterfly
 * Ihsan Sadri Özün
 * Heat — 56.55 (→ did not advance, 24th place)

 * Kemal Sadri Özün
 * Heat — 57.75 (→ did not advance, 35th place)

Men's 200m Butterfly
 * Ihsan Sadri Özün
 * Heat — 2:07.45 (→ did not advance, 26th place)

Men's 200m Individual Medley
 * Gökhan Attaroglu
 * Heat — DSQ (→ did not advance, no ranking)

Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Kemal Sadri Özün, Ihsan Sadri Özün, Ahmed Nakkas, and Gökhan Attaroglu
 * Heat — 3:36.54 (→ did not advance, 19th place)

Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
 * Gökhan Attaroglu, Kemal Sabri Özün, Ahmed Nakkas, and Ihsan Sadri Özün
 * Heat — 7:59.36 (→ did not advance, 12th place)

title: Turkey at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
Colombia at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Colombia competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. 39 competitors, 36 men and 3 women, took part in 34 events in 8 sports.

Archery
In its first Olympic archery competition, Colombia was represented by one man.

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Juan Echavarria - 2379 points (→ 41st place)

Athletics
Men's 400 metres
 * Manuel Ramirez-Caicedo
 * Heat — 47.17 (→ did not advance)

Men's 10,000 metres
 * Domingo Tibaduiza
 * Qualifying Heat — 29:07.19 (→ did not advance)

Men's Marathon
 * Domingo Tibaduiza — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Men's 20 km Walk
 * Querubín Moreno
 * Final — 1:26:04 (→ 9th place)
 * Héctor Moreno
 * Final — 1:27:12 (→ 12th place)
 * Francisco Vargas
 * Final — 1:28:46 (→ 18th place)

Men's 50 km Walk
 * Querubín Moreno
 * Final — DNF (→ no ranking)

Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
 * Francisco Tejedor
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Lost to Mamoru Kuroiwa (JPN), 1:4

Men's Bantamweight (– 54 kg)
 * Robinson Pitalua
 * First Round — Bye
 * Second Round — Defeated Hugh Dyer (BEL), RSC-2
 * Third Round — Defeated Babar Ali Khan (PAK), 5:0
 * Quarter Finals — Lost to Maurizio Stecca (ITA), 0:5

Cycling
Seven cyclists represented Colombia in 1984.

 * Individual road race
 * Néstor Mora — 8th place
 * Fabio Parra — 21st place
 * Carlos Jaramillo — 52nd place
 * Rogelio Arango — did not finish (→ no ranking)

 * Sprint
 * Hugo Daya

 * Individual pursuit
 * William Palacio
 * Balbino Jaramillo

 * Points race
 * Balbino Jaramillo
 * William Palacio

Swimming
Men's 100m Breaststroke
 * Pablo Restrepo
 * Heat — 1:04.44
 * B-Final — 1:04.79 (→ 12th place)

Men's 200m Breaststroke
 * Pablo Restrepo
 * Heat — 2:19.77
 * Final — 2:18.96 (→ 6th place)

Men's 200m Individual Medley
 * Pablo Restrepo
 * Heat — 2:08.12
 * B-Final — 2:08.35 (→ 15th place)

title: Colombia at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text: Category:Chinese logicians

title: Category:Chinese logicians


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mysterious aircraft designations

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth  19:16, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Mysterious aircraft designations
This is an article on a completely idiosyncratic non-topic, and I believe that it should be deleted for this reason. Information from this article is included in the articles about the airplanes it lists. --NoPetrol 22:53, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopaedic. It is relevant to the F-117 that most people thought it was called the F-19 because no-one had allocated that number, but collecting them together is pointless. Dbiv 23:00, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV, merge relevant stuff in existing articles about the aircraft. Mgm|(talk) 10:05, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with both NoPetrol and MacGyverMagic. Linuxbeak 17:07, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Poudre Canyon

The Poudre Canyon is a narrow verdant canyon, approximately 40 miles (64 km) long, on the upper Cache la Poudre River (called the "Poudre" for short, which locals pronounce as "Pooder") in Larimer County, Colorado in the United States. The canyon is a glacier-formed valley through the foothills of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains northwest of Fort Collins.

Description
The canyon begins in northern Rocky Mountain National Park, at an elevation of approximately 9000 ft, where the Poudre descends from near the continental divide. It winds gently to the northeast, then east, descending the slope of the Colorado Tertiary Pediment, emerging through the southern end of the Laramie Foothills north of Bellvue at an elevation of approximately 5000 ft. Except for the small upper portion of the canyon north of Rocky Mountain National Park, State Highway 14 runs through the canyon. The route of the highway provides the principal vehicle access to the canyon and furnishes a road link between Fort Collins and North Park on the western side of Cameron Pass, which is accessible from the upper canyon. Most of the canyon is within the Canyon Lakes Ranger District of the Roosevelt National Forest, which is headquartered in nearby Fort Collins.

The flanks of the canyon wall are gently sloping and forested along most of its length, with the exception of several "narrows", at which the river has carved through recent formations leaving behind large glacial debris. The canyon is inhabited along most of its length downstream from Kinikinik. All of the communities in the canyon are unincorporated. Most of the habitation is the form of small cabins, some of which are inhabited only during season. Resort cabin communities for fishing and hunting are found sporadically along the canyon downstream from Rustic, which at one time in the late 19th century was a bustling summer resort, and burned down in 2008. The relative isolation of the canyon compared to ones further south along the Colorado Front Range gives a tranquil atmosphere with only small-scale tourist enterprises. The canyon is distinctly less developed than the Big Thompson Canyon west of Loveland. The commercial establishments, notably in Poudre Park, cater mostly to local clientele except during the fishing and whitewater rafting season, when the canyon receives a modest number of regional and national visitors. Colorado State University operates a small campus in the mountains at Pingree Park, which is named for George Pingree, an early settler in the canyon in the 19th century. Near Pingree Park is Sky Ranch Lutheran Camp, a summer camp affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

The national forest in the vicinity of the canyon is laced with numerous trails that follow side gulches into the surrounding mountains. The trails serve double seasonal duty, as hiking trails in the summer and as cross-country skiing trails in the winter. One such trailhead at Long Draw Reservoir leads over La Poudre Pass along the Never Summer Mountains to the headwaters of the Colorado River in Rocky Mountain National Park.

The most popular species for fishing in the river are various species of trout which are stocked in the river annually by Colorado Parks and Wildlife. The United States Forest Service maintains a series of picnic areas and campgrounds along the river, including one campground facility named for local historian Ansel Watrous, whose 1911 history of the area is the standard early reference about the canyon itself.

The canyon was inhabited by Utes in the 19th century and was the site of trapping expeditions by early settlers. The relative lack of mineral resources in the surrounding area spared the canyon from intense population increases during the Colorado mining boom (see Colorado Gold Rush). In the early 1880s, the canyon was surveyed for a railroad by archrivals, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, with the intention of completing a transcontinental line through the Rockies. The canyon was never the site of a railroad, however, during the 1920s a road was constructed through the narrows.

title: Poudre Canyon


text:
User talk:Edbmail

— Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  22:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Edbmail


text:
List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

This is a list of sovereign states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. The following table lists the 1970, 1990, 2005, 2017 and 2022 annual emissions estimates (in kilotons of  per year) along with a list of calculated emissions per capita (in tons of  per year).

The data only consider carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry. Over the last 150 years, estimated cumulative emissions from land use and land-use change represent approximately one-third of total cumulative anthropogenic emissions. Emissions from international shipping or bunker fuels are also not included in national figures, which can make a large difference for small countries with important ports.

In 2022, emissions from the top 10 countries with the highest emissions accounted for almost two thirds of the global total. Since 2006, China has been emitting more than any other country. However, the main disadvantage of measuring total national emissions is that it does not take population size into account. China has the largest emissions in the world, but also the largest population. Some argue that for a fair comparison, emissions should be analyzed in terms of the amount of per capita. Their main argument is illustrated by CO2 per capita emissions in 2022, China's levels (8.85) are almost half those of the United States (14.44) and less than a sixth of those of Palau (59.00 – the country with the highest emissions of per capita).

Measures of territorial-based emissions, also known as production-based emissions, do not account for emissions embedded in global trade, where emissions may be imported or exported in the form of traded goods, as it only reports emissions emitted within geographical boundaries. Accordingly, a proportion of the produced and reported in Asia and Africa is for the production of goods consumed in Europe and North America.

Greenhouse gases (GHG) – primarily carbon dioxide but also others, including methane and chlorofluorocarbons – trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Higher temperatures then act on the climate, with varying effects. For example, dry regions might become drier while, at the poles, the ice caps are melting, causing higher sea levels. In 2016, the global average temperature was already 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels.

According to the review of the scientific literature conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas by warming contribution. The other major anthropogenic greenhouse gases ) are not included in the following list, nor are humans emissions of water vapor, the most important greenhouse gases, as they are negligible compared to naturally occurring quantities. Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide should allow independent monitoring in the mid-2020s.

Fossil emissions by country/region
The data in the following table is extracted from EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research.