text:
Talk:N'Ko script (version 2)

2005 discussions
The "more popular" statement about Bambara is could use some quantative support. Evertype 14:40, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

---

Is it appropriate that the common last name "Ngo" redirect here? --Dante Alighieri | Talk 19:55, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well it's an alternate spelling for all I know. But if feel like putting together a decent stub at Ngo (name), by all means go ahead and mould Ngo it into a disambig!  — mark ✎ 22:09, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It took a while before I actually found out it was written "N'Ko". People had been talking about it, but I had never seen the word written down, and in Bambara it sounds more like Ngo. I support Mark's proposal, but unfortunately I don't know anything about the last name Ngo. Guaka 12:02, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * N'Ko is never called Ngo, which is completely different. The disambuguation page is unnecessary and erroneous. Evertype June 28, 2005 21:42 (UTC)

 * It might never be written "ngo", but it sounded like that the first time someone told me about it. Though from the explanation I had guessed it could have been written "n'go", so I was looking for that as well... Guaka 1 July 2005 10:32 (UTC)

 * I've made the Ngo disambig to here into a redirect to Non-governmental organization. I concur with Evertype. — mark ✎ 1 July 2005 11:50 (UTC)

N'ko (strange comments on Unicode)

 * moved from User talk:Guaka

Guaka,

Could you please explain the meaning of these comments since it seems you wrote them ?

" In 2004 a proposition presented by the Irish delegation was approved by the working group (WG2). The Technical Unicode committees was blocked by Canada, declaring that the Kamasere accents and three old characters, "Old Ja", "Cha" and "Ra" should be removed — a decision considered political by the other WG members. "

You may email me at patrick.andries<à>xcential.com. I'm one of the Canadian members and I'm astounded by the comments hereabove...
 * Patrick, you shouldn't be astounded. The discussions on the Unicode-Afrique list have gone far and wide. When I was in Mali, I was interviewed for television, and one of the questions they asked me was about "the Canadian problem". The N'Ko community is bitterly opposed with Canada's opposition to the encoding of N'Ko, and rejects the technical suggestions Canada has made, in favour of the encoding as it stands. As you have been told a number of times. Evertype 06:58, 2005 Jun 24 (UTC)

 * I have had a discussion with some people at the multilingualism conference in Bamako. They weren't really happy with the situation. Later I was bold and wrote down something in the article, either collecting information from Google searches or from a paper (Which I don't have near me right now). Guaka 12:02, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rumours
[Evertype] Patrick, you shouldn't be astounded.
 * Because this involves you? I note with interest you don't disapprove Guaka's comments.
 * No, not because it involves me. You shouldn't be astounded that this story has found its way to the Wikipedia. And I did not put it there. And with regard to "approving" Guaka's comments, I did edit them for accuracy and neutrality. Evertype

[Guaka]  I have had a discussion with some people at the multilingualism conference in Bamako.
 * Who were these people ? Mr Everson (above).
 * I am afraid you don't understand how angry the N'Ko community is. I met with hundreds of them in Bamako, and when I was interviewed for radio and television, I was asked (in addition to a good number of other things) to talk about "le problème canadien". I had to respond to that. I didn't ask the question, or ask them to ask the question. Evertype
 * I haven't attended the first day, and I was feeling rather sick, so I haven't talked to a great many people. I don't remember the names of the people whom I talked with about the N'Ko unicode issue. I do remember that they were from several different West African countries. Guaka

[Guaka] They weren't really happy with the situation.
 * If they only hear Mr. Everson's side of the story, I can well imagine.
 * This, Patrick, is where your credibility among the N'Ko community has fallen to zero. They have answered your questions, though you pretend that they have not. They have authorized me to answer you questions, though you pretend that they have not. I have answered your questions, over and over and over again, though you pretend that I have not, or that my arguments can be dismissed by your saying that I have not responded to your questions. Evertype

[Guaka]Later I was bold and wrote down something in the article, either collecting information from Google searches or from a paper (Which I don't have near me right now). Guaka 12:02, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you still explain what is meant above? What do you mean by "The Technical Unicode committees was blocked by Canada,"? Which committees?
 * That text has been edited. It no longer states that, as it was inaccurate. Evertype

 * I just tried to write down the little I knew in the hope that someone would make it more accurate. That's how I often add things to Wikipedia, and I'm very glad once again to see this method proves to be very effective. Guaka

[Guaka] "declaring that the Kamasere accents"
 * No, some.

[Guaka] ""Old Ja", "Cha" and "Ra" should be removed
 * Careful with the syntax here « "old ja", "old cha" and "old ra" should be removed.»
 * Correct, that is the current Canadian position. It is not the position of the N'Ko user community, which is united in preferring the current technical solution for encoding

[Guaka] "a decision considered political by the other WG members."
 * Where did you get this ? Did you speak to the German, French or Moroccan WG or only Everson (Ireland)? In what way political? What would Canada gain politically ?
 * Patrick, I did not write the text or speak to Guaka before he wrote this text. It is, however inaccurate, and I have lately edited it for accuracy. Evertype
 * I think these were words used by the people in Bamako I met. They find the issue political in the sense that people from Canada can block something that will nearly only be used by and be useful to West-African people. They wonder how this could be possible. Guaka

 * What is very political is the way Mr. Everson has enflammed this discussion rather than answering the technical questions Canada posed: where is Mr Everson's, sorry Ireland, document sent to the WG2 answering the Canadian questions?
 * We have discussed this many, many, many times, Patrick. We (WG2) discussed the Canadian technical proposals in China, and we rejected them. We have discussed it on Unicode-Afrique. We have discussed it over and over again, and you do nothing but claim that "we have not answered your questions" (which we have). You dismissed (unreasonably) Mamady Doumbouya's document which was written for the Xiamen meeting, you've dismissed all of the arguments and discussion I have given on a variety of fora -- now, what I am I to understand, that you are here again asking me to write it all down in a WG2 document? And I want you to understand something here. The N'Ko proposal is not "Mr Everson's". It is a joint paper written by professors of N'Ko together with me. Whenever I have given responses to you it has been with their enthusiastic approval and agreement with what I have said. Evertype

 * Please remove these comments (which seem to please Mr. Everson) and check actual sources and technical discussions: N'ko comments prior to Xiamen WG2 meeting and disposition of comments, note the questions asked.
 * It is disingenuous to say that we have not answered your questions. We have. You just don't like our answers. We recognize that there is often more than one technical solution to an encoding. We have considered your solutions. We rejected them as inadequate to our requirements. It is a pity that you have not been able to accept that rejection gracefully. Evertype 17:56, 2005 Jun 24 (UTC)

 * Anybody is welcome to improve Wikipedia articles, though simple removal of text is often not appreciated by the Wikipedia community. In this case I suggest you add the reasons for removing the Kamasere accents and the old characters and Tte reasons the N'Ko community wants to keep them. Guaka 13:40, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I would like to stipulate the fact that it's very likely that I have seen Evertype at the Unesco multingualism conference in Bamako, but that I have never spoken to him. At the conference I was struck by the energy the N'Ko supporters were talking about the Unicode issue that I thought something about this fact ought to be mentioned in the Wikipedia article. This had nothing to do with Evertype until he improved this article. Guaka 13:49, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Encoding controversy
The ballotting period is over (for technical changes) and the "controversy" is over too, since the Canadian objections were overruled and their suggestions were not accepted. Should the text be revised now accordingly? Evertype 20:32, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I think so, but it would be best to cite a source. I don't know how you feel about citing yourself :). — mark ✎ 20:52, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The controversy is not dead, I'm just learning of it! Controversies may start well after something has been approved by a few interested parties in a room. People still complain about other decisions made by a standards body well after its standardization. The Canadian objections about the Old Variants are linguistically and typographiccaly valid. Indeed they are even validated by a Russian specialist of the language and script! On the other hand, Mr Everson comparison between thse Old Forms and the long s seems very poor (it is therefore understandable Mr Everson wants to remove any criticism from the N'ko page and initiated this discussion). The decision to bypass the concerns were therefore apparently taken because of political considerations (knowning personally how some decisions are made in other ISO working groups, it is not at all impossible). If encoding must be discussed, it would be best to explain in an historical subsection how the encoding evolved and present both sides of the question. Otherwise, it is of very little interest to discuss the encoding except to be able to quote Mr. Everson (which I'm sure he agrees with). Remove links to Mr Everson or mention the alternatives, much more instructive.207.195.241.106 20:10, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, anonymous poster, the standardization process is an open one. Arguments for different interpretations of the data and different encodings were heard by WG2 and by the UTC. The solution chosen, which is preferred by the user community, was not the one proposedby the Canadians. The cumulative weight of a great many arguments for the users' preferred encoding won the day. Nit-picking at whether any single one of them was a perfect analogy failed the opponants of the encoding. N'Ko has been encoded. I am preparing fonts which follow that encoding, and will make them freely-available to the user community in due course. Do let's move on. Evertype 17:47, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Automated conversion
Once the Unicode people have sorted themselves out... is there anyone able and willing to create some kind of automated conversion system for Latin to N'Ko and vice versa so that the (currently very small) Wikipedias in the relevant languages will be accessible to the N'Ko users. I don't know if this is even possible (I suppose it depends on how the letters correspond) but the Chinese and I believe some other Wikipedias have managed conversion systems, so if anyone is looking for a programming project...! 86.136.88.200 15:16, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Unwelcome changes: only one article needed
There is no reason N'Ko language and script should not be in the same article. I am going to revert this. -- Evertype·✆ 18:31, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You are making false claims. Thus your argument fails. thus I reverted the mix. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 03:31, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I have made no false claim. There is no justification for separating this into two stubs. Splitting articles like this often happens when the article is quite long. That is not the case here. "N'Ko" refers to both the script and the literary language written in it. There is no need to have a dismbiguation page. -- Evertype·✆ 10:23, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

'''N.B. You split this article without discussion. That split is controversial. I oppose it. If you wish to see the article split, you must propose that it be split and get other Wikipedians to consensus that it be split.''' -- Evertype·✆ 10:29, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Of course you made a false claim. And you are mixing topics now. Keep in mind that this is wikipedia and not your personal homepage. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 11:37, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Your stating again that I have made a false claim does not make it so. Now you are engaged in re-naming N'Ko script to N'ko alphabet, and renaming N'Ko language to N'Ko language and script. This is ridiculous, and frankly I consider it vandalism. You are not doing any good here, you are just messing up the article. There should be ONE article, N'Ko. I am going to seek administrative help to sort this out. -- Evertype·✆ 12:01, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree to your first sentence. Only your false claims, make the false claims false claims. That I state it, only shall make it more obvious to the reader. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 14:16, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * This is clearly a content dispute. Administrators do not rule on 'which presentation of content is correct'. We are supposed to have no more say in that than any other user, and admins who act differently are abusing their positions. We do get involved in disruptive activities like edit/move warring (which you are both guilty of) and incivility (which you are both guilty of). So... cut that out. Discuss the reasons you feel that these concepts should be combined in one article or split in two. Solicit outside opinions. Try to get consensus. Follow the dispute resolution process if you can't just sort it out peaceably. Note, 'run to get an admin to over-rule the other user', is no part of that process.
 * Tobias - The argument could be made that N'Ko the 'literary language' is so named because it is generally thought of as N'Ko the script in application... that is, the two concepts are so closely bound together that they may be considered one thing. Too, at this time there may not be enough variation for large articles on each to be constructed.
 * Evertype - The fact that N'Ko has been encoded both as a script and a language suggests that they are now viewed as separate concepts. Over time linguistic drift will inevitably serve to increase differences between N'Ko script/language used by Bambara speakers and that used by Mandinka speakers (just as the Latin alphabet 'literary scripts' of English speakers in England, America, and Australia diverge as the spoken forms have).
 * Which argument is 'better' / 'best supported by other factors'? Are there other/better arguments which would settle it one way or the other? Not my call. Work it out amongst yourselves or get other interested parties involved to come up with what seems most logical/useful to most people. --CBD 12:50, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I would not consider a language to be a script. There is a lot of content about the script, but only very few is said about the language. IMO, further lang info would be good. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 14:20, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You claim I am guilty of incivility. By which edit(s)? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 15:19, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * See your edits in this thread above. Saying, 'false claims' and 'Wikipedia is not your personal homepage' are unnecessarily hostile. You could have said something like, 'I do not agree with your position because of X, Y, and Z'. As it is, I'm not even sure what 'claims' you are referring to. Evertype's accusation of 'vandalism' was similarly improper. There is no reason to be so accusatory and negative. It just gets in the way of sorting out different ideas/opinions. --CBD 15:33, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Mmmh. Your suggestion is impractical. One person makes a false claim with only few keystrokes, and the person discovering it shall make lengthy sentencens. IMO one cannot be hostile enough towards false claims. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 17:38, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

And his claim at WP:RM is borderline a lie. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 17:56, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * CBD, I consider what Mr Conradi is doing to be vandalism, so I called it that. He is not engaging with fellow editors. There needs to be only one article here. Having more than one is just confusing. I requested on this page that consensus of editors be obtained before splitting the article. That was not unreasonable. But it is ignored, and Mr Conradi simply goes right ahead, accusing me of lying into the bargain. That is uncivil as well, and it is hard not to be angry about it. -- Evertype·✆ 17:58, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It is absolutly fine for me that you call my actions vandalism if this is your opinion. Be aware that your opinion is not in line with WP:VANDAL. Your "he-is-not-engaging-claim" is one more of your false claims. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 18:02, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Tobias, when you say "can't be hostile enough"... any hostility is "uncivil" by definition. Even if you are 'right' it is still uncivil and the wrong way to go about things. You can challenge / dispute anything you like, but there is no reason it has to be done in a hostile / uncivil manner.
 * Evertype, the Wikipedia definition of vandalism is in brief, 'intentional damage to the encyclopedia'. Tobias is arguing that 'script ISO 15924 Nkoo' and 'language ISO 639-2 nqo' should have separate articles even though both have the common name N'Ko. I can certainly see a debate over whether that is the best approach or not, but there seem no grounds for suggesting that it is so inconceivably bizarre as to be 'vandalism'. Also, Tobias split the articles on November 6th. You posted to WP:RM asking them to be merged back on November 7th. There had been no agreement to do so in the interim, so listing the change as "uncontroversial" seems overly optimistic. --CBD 12:27, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Fine, CBD, if you don't think Mr Conradi's splitting and re-splitting is vandalism, then call it something else. I think it is damaging to the encycolopaedia to do what he is doing with the N'Ko script. It's impossible to work with this man. He isn't courteous enough even to try to resolve the dispute, or listen to other editors. He just charges away. New we have N'Ko and N'Ko alphabet and N'Ko language and the whole thing is a mess, and Mr Conradi doesn't care a damn that this is a problem. His behaviour, including his personal attacks on me, is exactly the sort of thing that makes people want to give up participating in the Wikipedia altogether. I would like a solution. I have tried to propose solutions. I have asked other editors to weigh in and help resolve this. My optimism is certainly waning. -- Evertype·✆ 15:52, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * why don't you help expanding the content related to the language? Since N'Ko is protected you could do so, like I did at N'Ko language. I can imagie that you know something more and you also mentioned you have sources. From the two sources I found I did add some statements about the language. But this is not very much yet. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 20:25, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Evertype, you see that it is annoying when Tobias 'charges away'... but don't seem to recognize that you have done the same. You've been right there reverting, calling for deletion, listing as an uncontested merge, et cetera. Surely you can see how this would be just as frustrating to him as his similar actions have been to you. Ditto the civility... you have been consistently rude and condescending, while complaining that his incivility makes it difficult to work together. The "solution" you are looking for should be obvious... if you recognize that incivility and edit warring are disruptive, don't do those things. The two of you have been escalating back and forth because neither of you seems to have made any attempt to 'rise above it'. When someone makes an edit you don't agree with or says something you consider incivil responding in kind (or worse) obviously isn't going to solve anything. The world would not end if a Wikipedia page was less than optimally designed for a few days. Stop always fighting and try to actually be respectful of other ideas / positions even if you disagree. --CBD 04:35, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
 * CBD, you may believe that I have been uncivil. I have tried to deal with an unpleasant situation both here and on ISO 15924-related pages which include being constantly accused of "suppression" and "false claims". It is not easy to be blythe in the face of that. Recently I merged Assamese script with Bengali script because they are the same, and there was indications on the Talk pages that it would not be an unwelcome merge. One editor disagreed and reverted. We are now discussing the matter on the Bengali talk page. I did not immediately revert because I was "in the right". Mr Conradi split N'Ko. I object (for good reasons) and reverted. Mr Conradi did not discuss. He reverted and continued to edit the two articles; I tried to revert that and explain and take it to the Talk page, and this was summarily ignored by Mr Conradi. Further attempts to address the question were further complicated by Mr Conradi moving N'Ko script to N'Ko alphabet. I was advised by another admin to file a VfD, and did so. Believe me what he has done on the language article is quite poor. In point of fact (as I have said elsewhere) the N'Ko literary dialect does not exist apart from the N'ko script; it is not written i other scripts. This can be explained in detail. But not while the article is split. It makes no sense. The "solution" I am looking for "is" obvious: N'Ko should deal with the script and the associated literary language. That is to say: (1) we had an article; (2) it was split without discussion; (3) this was controversial, (4) I am prepared to help re-merge this mess and clean up the article and add actual content, not just stuff found on the internet (as Mr Conradi has done at N'Ko language. My objection is not just to "an edit I don't agree with". It is a string of unilateral actions which are controversial and detrimental to the article. I have endeavoured to express this. Indeed I have tried to be reasonable. If I have failed, it is regrettable. How can we clean up the mess and get back to N'Ko? -- Evertype·✆ 10:06, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

N'Ko alphabet day
Mr Conradi, why did you remove this category? -- Evertype·✆ 12:04, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Most of the entries in that category do not point to the alphabet. Rather they usually go to an article about the day, or if there is no such article they point to a page named for the day which then redirects to the alphabet. There is also one instance of going directly to the alphabet (in addition to a separate page for the day). Some sort of consistency of practice there would probably be a good idea. Logically, I'd think that all pages in an 'alphabet day' category should be... days. With the redirects if there is insufficient info on a particular celebration to justify a separate article. --CBD 12:50, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It had been set up with redirects to the script page. I don't see how it makes sense not to have the tag on the article which refers to the holiday, even if that is not a page dedicaed to the holiday. I will look into this and try to make sense of it. -- Evertype·✆ 17:31, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Admins abusing their position: Admin User:Roozbeh
''Administrators do not rule on 'which presentation of content is correct'. We are supposed to have no more say in that than any other user, and admins who act differently are abusing their positions.''

Which to me seems Roozbeh did.
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=N%27Ko

It is multiple abuse of rights and violation of WP rules. Deleting page, moving page, protecting page. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 17:52, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Roozbeh was informed about it but sticks to it. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 17:54, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

N'Ko article(s)
OK, I have an idea. For now, we can keep the two as one article. For what it's worth, I have seen articles on wikipedia which discuss both a WS and a language in one article (unfortunately, I cannot recall any at the moment). When the topics expand enough that they will not be a stub on their own, we can have "N'Ko" redirect to the larger article, with a dablink at the top which says

How's that? I'm willing to keep an eye on the page to see if it expands, but the page seems like it is at "start" status, even with the two topics together, so a merge is not very appropriate, in my opinion. The ikiroid (talk·desk·Advise me) 23:35, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I would guess that 99% of the language articles are not merged with script articles. I would guess 99% of script articles are not merged with language articles. I would try to get these numbers to 100%. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 04:01, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It is not acceptable to me to have the two articles split. Mr Conradi endeavours to force a taxonomy for all language and script articles on the Wikipedia. But he does NOT know anything about N'Ko. The literary dialect which now has the ISO 639 script code "nqo" is only ever written in N'Ko script. Indeed, because of the nature of the N'Ko script and the way it informs the literary dialect, it is impossible to see how the literary dialect could be written in the Latin or Arabic scripts, because it is intimately tied to the writing conventions of the N'Ko script. I have tried to explain this elsewhere, but instead of discussing with other editors and agreeing in consensus, Mr Conradi has ploughed on ahead, splitting and adding more material to the split articles, oblivious to the fact that he is doing is counter to the facts of the sociolinguistic situation for N'Ko. It makes no sense at all to have N'Ko alphabet separate from N'Ko language, and that split in fact makes it more difficult to write an article which correctly and usefully addresses the facts. A single article, N'Ko, is all that is needed here. I (who have worked with the N'Ko user community for several years) cannot edit Mr Conradi's split articles. I cannot improve them. They make no sense while split. The split is only wanted by Mr Conradi. Not by anyone else. He split the articles without consultation or consensus. There is sustained opposition to the split; he has not convinced me with his "justification" that "all language and script articles should be split". It makes sense for many of them to be split. It makes no sense for N'Ko to be split. N'Ko is a special case. We (the Wikipedia community interested in Writing Systems) should not want Mr Conradi to "get the numbers to 100%". He wishes to do this for its own sake, not because it makes sense to treat N'Ko this way. I ask you, Mr Conradi, can you possibly agree that in this case your desire for tidiness is incorrect and unhelpful, and that you should listen to someone with expertise in the script in question, and agree to allow us to revert to a single article N'Ko which can then be improved and expanded usefully? I ask this courteously, despite the fact that your willfulness and your apparent pleasure in doing whatever you please with the Wikipedia is extremely exasperating. Ikiroid, that is the best I can do. -- Evertype·✆ 09:05, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm somewhat late to the party, but I just want to register my support for one article here. I agree with Evertype that we should not force a taxonomy where it simply doesn't make sense. — mark ✎ 18:01, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I've merged the articles. Could you look and see if it needs further clean-up? -- Evertype·✆

N'Ko article(s) II
At some point we may want to look at the reinstating of separate articles on the alphabet and on the Manding-based language-standardization/sociocultural movement. Like any alphabet, N'Ko can be used for other languages, but more importantly this apparently is happening not only in other Mande languages (just heard of work in Soninke) but also in at least one language of another family - the Pular of Guinea (I have sample pages of a book describing this use). This is not a proposal yet but a heads-up. If there is info on its practical use for still other languages (beyond experiments or demonstrations), that would be of interest. --A12n 18:35, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

tone

 * It obligatorily marks both tone and vowels.

How are tones marked? Widsith (talk) 13:05, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

 * This is a good point. All the controversies aside, this article seems incomplete. 76.167.253.199 (talk) 01:20, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Mande & Manding in the article
It seems to me that there needs to be a review of the use of Mande languages and Manding languages in the article. In my understanding, the former is a larger set of linguistically related but not necessarily interintelligible languages. The latter is a subset of the former, including the largely interintelligible languages that are the primary focus of N'Ko.--A12n (talk) 11:38, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Script or language?
I now realize that Evertype and others had a long discussion of whether this article should be only about the script or should also include discussion of a language. I regret that I had not read the old history on this before my deletion of information on a language. Sorry about that.

However, I would point out a couple of points in favor of making the script exclusively about the script. First of all, Solomana Kante invented no N'ko language, rather he invented the N'ko script. Secondly, the script has been used to write several languages, not just one. Third, there are many Wikipedia articles that are about specific scripts, separate from the languages they are used to write, such as Mandombe script. Also, even when there are scripts that have the same name as the language, there are still separate articles for each, such as Mende language and Mende script. Fourthly, the N'ko language has now been registered with its own ISO number: ISO 639-3: nqo. The Ethnologue describes it as "A mixture of Mande languages... Second language only." Sure sounds like this language deserves its own separate article. Peaceably, Pete unseth (talk) 00:32, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Kante standardized the literary language which is a sort of compromise between the dialects. There is no other orthography which represents this literary language. The dialects per se are not really written in N'Ko... the literary standard is instead. There need not be two separate articles even if for some languages such a configuration exists. For the present, I favour a single article. When it gets so long and complicated that it deserves to be split, we can talk about it. Until then, a one-stop-shop is better. By the way, I am the person who registered both the language and the script code. -- Evertype·✆ 13:43, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * By the way, if the Ethnologue says "a mixture of languages" then it is really imprecise linguistically. Kante did not "mix" languages in devising a literary compromise dialect. -- Evertype·✆ 13:45, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:N'Ko script (version 2)


text: User talk:130.132.38.202

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:130.132.38.202


text:
List of VIC-20 games

This is a list of VIC-20 games. See lists of video games for other gaming platforms. A section at the bottom contains games written by hobbyists long after the mainstream popularity of the VIC-20 waned. Many of these are unlicensed clones of arcade games or games from other systems.

There are 400 commercial and 26 hobbyist-developed games on this list

0–9

 * 3 Deep Space
 * 3D Man
 * 3D Maze
 * 3D Silicon Fish
 * 3D Time Trek

A
• A Country Garden

• A-Maz-Ing

• A.E. - Cartridge

• Abductor

• ACE: Air Combat Simulator

• Adventureland - VIC-1914 Cartridge

• Aggressor - Cartridge

• Airplane

• Airlock

• Alien, The

• Alien - Mikro-Gen

• Alien - VIC-1906 Cartridge

• Alien Attack

• Alien Blitz

• Alien Invasion

• Alien Panic

• Alien Plague

• Alien Raiders

• Alien Soccer

• Alien Sidestep - Cartridge

• Alien Vortex

• Alien Wars

• Alpha Blaster

• Alphoids

• Amazing Maze - Cartridge

• Amigo

• Amoeba

• Amok!

• Amphibian

• Ampumapeli

• Annihilator

• Andes Attack

• Android Attack

• Animal Magic

• Annihilator

• Annihilator II

• Another Vic in the Wall

• Ant Raiders

• Antimatter Splatter

• Ape Escape

• Apple Bug

• Apple Panic - Cartrdige

• Aqualung

• Arachnoid - Cartridge

• Arcadia

• Arrow of Death II

• Artillery Duel - Cartridge

• Assault From the Deep

• Asteroid Attack

• Asteroids

• Asteroyds

• Astro Fighters

• Astro Nell

• Astro Panic

• Astro Patrol

• Astroblitz - Cartridge

• Astroiders

• Astro-Command

• At the Circus

• Atlantis - Cartridge

• Atom Smasher

• Attack of the Mutant Camels (US cartridge release of Matrix)

• Aztec Challenge

B
• B1 Nuclear Bomber

• Backgammon

• Bagdad

• Baja 1000

• Bandits - Cartridge

• Battlefield

• Battle Ground

• Battle of Britain

• Battle Zone - Cartridge

• BBC Mastermind

• Beast of Eden

• Beauty and the Beast

• Bengo

• Bewitched

• Big Bad Wolf

• Bird of Prey

• Black Hole - Cartridge

• Black Jack

• Black Squid, The

• Black Widow

• Blip-itz

• Blitz - same as "New York Blitz"

• Blitzkrieg

• Block Buster

• Blockade

• Blue Meanies From Outer Space

• Bobs Blunder

• Bomb Buenos Aires

• Bomb, The

• Bomber

• Bomber Mission

• Bomber Run

• Bombs Away

• Bongo

• Bonking Barrels

• Bonzo

• Bounceout

• Brain Pain

• Brainstorm

• Breakthrough

• Bricks

• Bridge Man

• Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom - Cartridge

• Bug Blast

• Bug Blast II

• Bug Crusher - Cartridge

• Bug Diver

• Bugspree

• Bugsy

• Bullet

• Bumper Car

• Bunny Hop

• Burning Building

C
• CB Slot VI

• CB Slot VIII

• Cannonball Blitz

• Canyon Runner

• Car Chase

• Car Driver

• Castle Dungeon

• Catcha Snatcha

• Caterpilla

• Caves

• Centipede

• Centipod

• Chariot Race

• Choplifter

• Chopper

• City Bomber

• Clowns

• Code Breaker

• Computer Adventure

• Congo Bongo

• Cops 'n' Robbers

• Cosmiads

• Cosmic Cruncher

• Cosmic Jailbreak

• The Count

• Crazy Climber

• Crazy Kong

• Crisis Mountain

• Crossfire

• Cyclons

D
• Dam Buster

• Deadly Duck

• Death House

• Death Maze

• Deathtrap

• Defender

• Deflex

• Demon Attack

• Depth Charge

• Devastator

• Dig Dug

• Dodo Lair

• Donkey Kong

• Downhill

• Drag Strip

• Dragonfire

• Dragon Master

• Duck Shoot

• Dungeon

E-F
• English Invaders

• Explorer

• Emits Attack

• Escape MCP

• Football Manager

• Fourth Encounter

• Frantic

• Frantic Fisherman

• Freeze Factory

• Frogger

G-H
• Galaxian

• Garden Wars

• Galactic Defender

• Ghost Hunt

• Ghost Manor

• Gorf

• Give-a-dog-a-bone

• Gunshoot

• Grand Prix

• Gravecave

• Gridrunner

• Gridtrap

• Gusher (Visions 1983)

• Hangman

• Hareraiser

• Harvester

• Hellgate

• Home Babysitter

• Hoppit (VIC-20 Starter Pack (1982))

• Hunchback

I-J
• Ice

• Impossible Mission

• Jelly Monsters

• Jetpac

• Jigsaw (VIC-20)

• Juggler

• Jungle Hunt

• Jupiter Lander (VIC ROM 1907 (1981))

K-L
• K-Star Patrol

• Killer Comet

• K-razy Antics

• Krazy Kong

• Laserzone

• Log Run

• Lode Runner

• London to Paris Air Race

• Lucy Lizard

• Lunar Lander

• Lunar Leepers (Sierra on-line cartridge)

M
• Magical Maldibus

• Marble Hunt

• Mathematic Missile

• Math Hurdler

• Matrix

• Max

• Menagerie

• Metagalactic Llamas Battle at the Edge of Time (LLAMASOFT 1982)

• Metamorphosis

• Meteor Maze

• Metro Blitz (1983) - Cassette

• Mickey the Bricky

• Midnight Drive

• Mine Field

• Mine Madness

• Miner 2049er

• Miner on Mars

• Mission Impossible (1979 video game)

• Mole Attack

• Money Snake

• Money Wars

• Moon Patrol

• Motor Mouse

• Motorway

• Ms. Pac-Man

• Multisound Synthesizer

• Mutant Herd

• Mystery Fun House

N-O
• New York Blitz

• Number Nabber

• Omega Race - Cartridge only

• Othello

P
• Pac-Man

• Pak Bomber

• Pakakuda

• Panic

• Paratrooper

• Pedes & Mutants

• The Perils of Willy

• Phantom Attack

• Pharaohs Curse

• Pin Ball

• Pinball Wizard

• Pirate Adventure (as Pirate Cove)

• Pistolen Paultje

• The Pit

• Plague

• Planet X1

• Poker

• Pole Position

• Pontoon 21

• Pool

• Potholes I

• Potholes II

• Potholes III

• Potholes IV

• Potholes V

• Problems

• Psycho Shopper

• PuckMan

• Pyramid of Doom

Q-R
• Q*bert

• Quest

• Quirk

• Quizard

• Quiz Master

• RIJ-Test

• Rabbit Blitz

• Rabbit Chaser

• Race

• Racefun

• Racer - Cartridge only

• Radar Rat Race, (VIC ROM 1910)

• Raid on Fort Knox

• Rat Hotel

• RattenVanger

• Red Alert

• Rescue at Rigel

• Rhino

• Ricochet

• River Rescue

• R.I.P

• Road Driver

• Road Race

• Road Toad

• Roader

• Robotron: 2084

• Rocket Command

• Rockman

• Ronnie!

• Rubiks Cube

• Rugby

• Ruimtemonsters

S
• Salmon Run

• Sargon II

• Saucer Shooter

• Scare City Motel

• Schuifspel

• Scrambler

• Seafox

• Sea Wolf (VIC ROM 1937)

• Secret Mission

• The Secret of Bastow Manor

• Serpentine

• Shadowfax

• Shamus

• Shooting Gallery

• Ski

• Skipping Ball

• Sky Diver

• Sky Hop

• The Sky is Falling

• Slap Dab

• Slot

• Smash

• Snake Byte

• Snake Pit

• Snakman (Pacman clone)

• Snooker

• Sokkelo

• Space Dock

• Space Docking

• Space Escort

• Space Fortress

• Space Panic

• Space Snake

• Space Zap

• Speed Boat

• Speed-Ski

• Spider City

• Spiders of Mars

• Spike's Peak

• Stamp the Stumps

• Star Battle

• Star Chaser

• Star Post

• Star Trek

• Starwars

• Starwars II

• Stock

• Stop Thief

• Strange Odyssey

• Super Alien

• Super Slither

• Super Seeker

• Super Slot

• Super Smash

• Swarm

• Sword of Fargoal

T
• Tank Versus UFO

• Tank Wars

• Thunderflash

• Tic-Tac-Toe

• Time Bomb

• The Count - Cartridge only

• Tooth Invaders

• Traxx

• Trap-Man

• Trashman

• Treasure of the Bat Cave

• Turmoil

• Tutankham - Cartridge only

• Type-a-Tune (VIC-20 Starter Pack (1982))

• Typing

U-V
• U-Boat

• UFO

• Ultima: Escape from Mt. Drash

• Under Mine

• Vegas Jackpot

• VIC Avenger - Cartridge only

• Vic Downs

• Vic Panic

• Vic Super Lander

• Vic-Tac-Toe

• VIDEO VERMIN (1982) - Cartridge only

• Visible Solar System

• Voodoo Castle - Cartridge only

W-X-Y-Z
• Wacky Waiters

• Wall Street

• Witch Way

• Wizard and the Princess

• Word Game

• Word Match

• Wunda Walter

• Zac-Man

Hobbyist-developed games
• Attack of the PETSCII Robots (2020) (non free)

• Avalanche (2012)

• Berzerk (2010)

• Blue Star (2008)

• Carling the Spider (2009)

• Caveman (2019)

• Cheese and Onion (2017)

• Cheesy Trials (2020)

• Doom (2013)

• Dungeon of Dance (2021)

• Dungeons of Ekileugor (2012)

• Escape 2020 (2020)

• Frogger '07 (2007)

• Helix Colony (2020)

• Hissing Sid (2023)

• The Improbable War (2010)

• Island of Secrets (2009)

• Mayhem (2012)

• Natterjack (2023)

• Parachute (2008)

• Pentagorat (2016)

• Planet X1 (2009)

• Pooyan20 (2014)

• Popeye (2015)

• Pumpkid (2019)

• Quikman (2009)

• Return to Fort Knox (2008)

• Realms of Quest I (1991)

• Realms of Quest II (2004)

• Realms of Quest III (2009)

• Realms of Quest IV (2013)

• Realms of Quest V (2019)

• Sub Med (2020)

• Tank Battalion (2014)

• Ten Ten (2009)

• Theater of War (2013)

• TRBo: Turtle RescueBot (2020)

• Trolley Problem (2021)

• Vic Nibbler (2019)

• WhackE (2009)

title: List of VIC-20 games


text:
Harrison Jeffords

Harrison H. Jeffords (August 21, 1836 – July 3, 1863) was the Colonel of the 4th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Union Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. He was noted for his heroism on July 2, 1863, during the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he died while protecting the United States flag.

Jeffords was born in New York, but his family eventually moved to Michigan, where Harrison soon took up the study of law. As a practicing lawyer in Dexter, Michigan during the outbreak of the Civil War, his patriotism urged him to enlist in the Fourth Michigan Volunteer Infantry as a lieutenant in Company K. Later, on May 1, 1862, he became captain of Company C, and later rose to the command of the regiment, as its Colonel, on November 26, 1862. The Fourth Michigan Infantry and Harrison Jeffords saw action in several of the major battles in the Eastern Theater while serving in the Army of the Potomac.

While Colonel Jeffords was back in Michigan on a recruiting trip, the ladies of Monroe, Michigan, presented him with a new national flag to replace the regiment's original flag, which had been badly damaged in recent battles. Jeffords stated that he would defend the flag with his life.

During the second day at Gettysburg, the color-bearer of the regiment dropped this flag, and as Colonel Jeffords advanced to retrieve it, he fought with the Confederate soldier who had seized the flag, as he grasped the banner himself. In the ensuing melee, Jeffords received a gunshot wound to the thigh and was bayoneted by a Confederate soldier in the left abdomen, a mortal wound for the 26-year-old officer. He died at 4 am the next day, on July 3, 1863. His final words were said to be "Mother, mother, mother." Jeffords became the highest commissioned officer in the Civil War to die of a bayonet wound. His body was sent home to Dexter, Michigan, after the battle, where approximately 2,000 people attended the funeral of its beloved hero. He is buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Dexter.

After the war, the regiment erected its monument on the battlefield near the point at which the colonel fell. Despite popular belief, the monument's image of the color-bearer is not a representation of Colonel Harrison Herbert Jeffords. Besides lacking Colonel Jefford's ever-present "goatee" styled beard, the soldier depicted does not have on the Colonel's uniform, but is actually outfitted according to postwar army regulation. However, there is a verse inscribed in dedication to the Fourth Michigan's fallen leader, on the opposite side of the monument.

In popular media

 * In the eighth episode of the eighth season of "The Office", in the episode entitled "Gettysburg", character Andy Bernard mentions Jeffords while talking about flags.
 * Jeffords also appears in Civil War Combat's first episode, The Wheatfield at Gettysburg, which describes his death.
 * Civil War Journal also mentions Jeffords and his flag in the episode, "Banners of Glory"

title: Harrison Jeffords


text:
Andrew Wilson (economist)

Andrew Wilson (born 1970 in Lanark, Scotland) is an economist, businessman and former Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP). He is a founding partner at strategic communications firm Charlotte Street Partners. He chaired the Sustainable Growth Commission, which gave its completed report to First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon, in 2018.

Early life
Whilst attending the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, (from where he graduated in 1992 with a degree in economics and politics) Wilson was elected Vice President of the Students Association and became National Convener of the Scottish National Party (SNP) student organisation, the Federation of Student Nationalists. He joined the Government Economic Service after graduation, serving with the Forestry Commission and Scottish Office, and in 1996 he started work at SNP Headquarters, Edinburgh, as a researcher to the Director of Business for Scotland, before entering employment with the Royal Bank of Scotland as a business economist in 1997.

Member of Scottish Parliament
Wilson was elected to the first session of the newly re-established Scottish Parliament, as one of five SNP MSPs to represent Central Scotland through the Additional Members System.

Whilst an MSP he served variously in the Shadow Cabinet as the SNP Finance, Economy, Lifelong Learning and Transport Spokesperson. He was widely viewed by commentators as a rising star of the SNP, an iconoclast and pro-market economist he made much headway selling the idea of fiscal autonomy now called 'Devo-Max' to the mainstream business, media and society. It was adopted by The Scotsman, a unionist newspaper and later went on to win support across the political spectrum. He gave a controversial lecture at the party conference in 1999 promoting the idea Britishness could, should, and would survive independence. He later wrote a column for the Sunday Mail calling on Scots to support the English football team in the 2002 world cup finals. In policy he is credited with much of the work on the SNP's alternative to the private finance initiative, now The Scottish Futures Trust. He also promoted the case for a Scottish Sovereign wealth fund using the proceeds of North Sea Oil.

In 2003 he came within 520 votes of unseating Cathie Craigie in the first past the post contest for the Cumbernauld and Kilsyth seat, but when only three SNP MSPs were returned from Central Scotland he lost his place as an MSP.

After parliament
Following political service Wilson joined RBS Group working in a variety of roles including Deputy Chief Economist and since the 2008 crisis as Head of Group Communications. He joined WPP in August 2012 working in a client facing role.

He delivered the Donaldson Lecture at the 2013 SNP conference.

In 2014 he launched a new strategic communications consultancy Charlotte Street Partners based in Edinburgh and London. Along with co-founder Malcolm Robertson, he topped a list of "names to watch" published by The Scotsman in 2014. He left Charlotte Street Partners in February 2023 before joining the Executive Committee of Santander UK plc as Director of Communications and Responsible Banking in March 2023.

He was a Trustee of the John Smith Memorial Trust and is a Trustee of The John Smith Centre for Public Service at the University of Glasgow. He is a former member of the Governing Board of the Scottish Crop Research Institute and between 2010 – 2015 he was a Director of Motherwell F.C. He is a member of the Institute for Fiscal Studies and the David Hume Institute.

He is a former columnist for the Scotland on Sunday and writes occasional opinion pieces for other newspapers including The Scotsman, The Times, The Daily Telegraph, the Daily Record and The National.

In September 2016, he was appointed to chair the Sustainable Growth Commission reporting to the First Minister of Scotland. In October 2017, he was also appointed to the Independent Commission on Referendums at University College London's Constitution Unit.

In March 2020, he was re-appointed to the governing board of Motherwell F.C. as a Director. He also currently serves as a trustee for National Galleries Scotland, the Edinburgh International Culture Summit Foundation, and Sistema Scotland, a social transformation charity engaging children through orchestral music.

Personal life
Wilson lives in Perthshire and in Edinburgh with his wife Mhairi Wilson (previously Clarke nee Dow) who he married in Florence in July 2022. He has three children and a stepson.

title: Andrew Wilson (economist)


text:
Maravi

Maravi was a kingdom which straddled the current borders of Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia, in the 16th century. The present-day name "Maláŵi" is said to derive from the Chewa word malaŵí, which means "flames". "Maravi" is a general name of the peoples of Malawi, eastern Zambia, and northeastern Mozambique. The Chewa language, which is also referred to as Nyanja, Chinyanja or Chichewa, and is spoken in southern and central Malawi, in Zambia and to some extent in Mozambique, is the main language that emerged from this empire.

The Maravi Confederacy was founded by Bantu people immigrating into the valley of the Shire River (flowing out of Lake Nyassa) around 1480 AD. It prospered into the late 18th century, extending to reach what is now belonging to Zambia and Mozambique.

At its greatest extent, the state included territory from the Tonga and Tumbuka people's areas in the north to the Lower Shire in the south, and as far west as the Luangwa and Zambezi river valleys. Maravi's rulers belonged to the Mwale matriclan and held the title Kalonga. They ruled from Manthimba, the secular/administrative capital, and were the driving force behind the state's establishment. Meanwhile, the patrilineal Banda clan, which traditionally provided healers, sages and metallurgists, took care of religious affairs from their capital Mankhamba near Ntakataka.

History
Beginning as early as the thirteenth century, the first signs of a large-scale migration of related clans entered the region of Lake Malawi. Traditional accounts indicate that these people originated in the Congo Basin to the west of Lake Mweru, in an area that subsequently formed part of the Luba Kingdom. The movement continued during the succeeding two or three centuries, but it appears certain that by the sixteenth century the main body of these people, known collectively as the Maravi, were settled in the Shire River valley and over a wide area lying generally west and southwest of Lake Malawi, including parts of present-day Zambia and Mozambique.

After contact with the Portuguese, trade intensified. It included such items as beads of the Khami type and Chinese porcelain imported via Portuguese intermediaries. The first (colonial) historical account of the Maravi was by Gaspar Bocarro, a Portuguese man who traveled through their territory in 1616. The picture presented in the 1660s by Father Manuel Barretto, a Jesuit priest, was of a strong, economically active confederation that swept an area from the coast of Mozambique between the Zambezi River and the bay of Quelimane for several hundred kilometres into the mainland. An account from the following century implied that the western limits of the confederation were near the Luangwa River and that it extended on the north to the Dwangwa River.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the state declined as many clans grew more autonomous. Maravi was invaded by Ngoni people fleeing the Mfecane and was frequently raided by the neighboring Yao people (East Africa), selling captive Maravi on the slave markets of Kilwa and Zanzibar. In the 1860s, Islam was introduced into the region through contact with Swahili slave traders. The region was visited by David Livingstone and stations were set up by Protestant missionaries in 1873. A British consul was also sent there in 1883. David Livingstone visited Lake Nyasa in 1859, and other Protestant missionaries soon followed.

title: Maravi


text:
Eminence (style)

His Eminence (abbreviation H.Em. or HE) is a style of reference for high nobility, still in use in various religious contexts.

Catholicism
The style remains in use as the official style or standard form of address in reference to a cardinal of the Catholic Church, reflecting his status as a Prince of the Church.

A longer, and more formal, title is "His (or Your when addressing the cardinal directly) Most Reverend Eminence".

Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who are also cardinals may be addressed as "His Eminence" or by the style particular to Catholic patriarchs, His Beatitude.

When the Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the head of state of their sovereign territorial state comprising the island of Malta until 1797, who had already been made a Reichsfürst (i.e., prince of the Holy Roman Empire) in 1607, became (in terms of honorary order of precedence, not in the actual church hierarchy of ordained ministers) the most senior official after the most junior member of the cardinals in 1630, he was also awarded the hybrid style His Most Eminent Highness (abbreviation HMEH) to recognize his status as a type of Prince of the Church.

The Prince and Grand Master of the contemporary Sovereign Military Order of Malta is still styled His Most Eminent Highness. Styles such as "His Grand Eminence" or "His Eminent Grace" amongst others were used as well, some formalized by the Pope or other powers, such as monarchs. However, many others were simply the personal preference of the cardinal and by the merit of other earthly offices. While the term is shunned by many individuals of other faiths or denominations of Christianity, the title is officially maintained in international diplomacy without regard for its doctrinal, philosophical and theological origins.

Eastern Orthodox Church
Archbishops under the Ecumenical Patriarchate and metropolitans in the Eastern Orthodox Church are addressed with the style of "Eminence". Archbishops of independent churches are addressed with the style of "Beatitude". Titular metropolitans are addressed with the style of "Excellency".

The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and the Metropolitan Bishop of Thessaloniki are styled "His All-Holiness". The patriarchs of Alexandria, Antiochia and Jerusalem, as well as the Serbian, Bulgarian and Russian patriarchs are referred to as "His Holiness", while Romanian Patriarchs are referred to as "His Beatitude". The patriarch of the Georgian Orthodox Church is a unique exception, being addressed as "His Holiness and Beatitude".

Oriental Orthodoxy
In Oriental Orthodoxy, bishops holding the rank of metropolitan are referred to as "His Eminence".

In Syriac Orthodox Church the Catholicose of India who is also the Maphrian of the East is referred to as "His Beatitude Catholicose".

Other religions
In the Philippine Independent Church, an Independent Catholic denomination with Anglo-Catholic orientation, the supreme bishops, who are the church's head primates, are referred to as "His Eminence" and "Your Eminence" in their official form of address or style.

In Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, His Eminence/Your Eminence is the English translation of several Tibetan titles (e.g., Khentin) which signify associate lineage holders and regents of lineages. If the lineage holder of any particular lineage is referred to in English as His Holiness, then the teachers immediately subordinate will usually be accorded the English title His Eminence. For example, in the Karma Kagyu, His Holiness the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa had 4 principal disciples who held regency until the enthronement of the 17th Karmapa. Each of these 4 high lamas hold/held the title His Eminence. In the Southern Drukpa Kagyu in Bhutan, the Five Lopons of the Zhung Dratshang are styled "Their Eminences".

It is also used, often informally (perhaps as a rendering of an oriental style), in Islam for highly honorable religious leaders. For example, an Ayatollah or Marja' in Shia, Imam of the Sunni Barelwi school of thought, Grand Master of the Murjite Order, Moulana Syed Madani Mia, is often addressed with this title, along with individuals such as Moulana Khushtar Siddiqi of Mauritius, although these titles are, in essence, unofficial. Beyond this, the traditional rulers of the sub-national states of the Fulani, Hausa, Nupe and Kanuri peoples of Nigeria use the style as an alternative to the HRH style that is usually used by the country's royal monarchs, highlighting by so doing their positions as spiritual as well as temporal leaders. The Lord of the Rasulid Order is styled His Most Eminent Royal Highness (abbreviated HMERH).

title: Eminence (style)


text:
Category:Peaks of the Yorkshire Dales

Article about hills and mountains of the Yorkshire Dales, in Yorkshire, England.

title: Category:Peaks of the Yorkshire Dales


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ZachsMind

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge. Radio KoL was merged with Kingdom of Loathing and this into that. Jinian 12:46, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

ZachsMind
Non-notable, vanity/rkol-cruft. Delete. Grue 14:51, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Radio KoL, then delete. — RJH 17:22, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge all Radio KoL DJ/writer/show articles into parent article, and break out a section(s) for that, then weak vote to delete rather than having redirects. Fans will eventually create dozens of stub articles (and some good ones probably) for all the DJs if that becomes WP's policy.  While I think Radio KoL is pioneering enough that it's about as noteworthy as gamecruft or Webradiocruft can get, it hasn't gotten very much attention outside the Kingdom of Loathing community.  So it's barely making my bar of keep-worthiness.  Soon there will be dozens of MMORPGs trying to do this, with dozens of DJs/live-bloggers/live-adventurers/et cetera on each.  For these 144's of hosts, some notability guidelines must be used.  This is still game-centered content, so I think guidelines should be more like Fiction semi-policy than those used for entertainers in mass-market industries (for instance, signed a recording contract with a major label, completed one tour).  Online hosts of ANY sort, in-game or not, need (in my judgment) to have widely established some verifiable noteworthiness individually to have their own article, rather than a short description in a section of the Radio KoL article.  Barno 01:03, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 02:35, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think the station article also needs clean-up because its a list of forum names right now, that made be VfD worthy too. Hedley 02:36, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Barno, merge the lot. And individual forum names aren't generally notable, but there's no harm in redirecting them to the main article. Radiant_* 12:28, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete If the folk from my radio station aren't good enough to be listed anywhere here, this guy certainly isn't. Chris 00:53, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * None of these are inherently notable. Merge all, or delete all if Radio KoL gets deleted. -Sean Curtin 22:10, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. DaCyclops 14:41, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lehks

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 23:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lehks
Non-notable, vanity/rkol-cruft. Delete. Grue 14:51, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Radio KoL page, then delete. — RJH 17:17, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * See my vote on ZachsMind above. Barno 01:07, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 02:37, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hedley 01:00, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a webradio programme guide. Chris 01:05, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lehks


text:
Keith Dambrot

Keith Brett Dambrot (born October 26, 1958) is an American former college basketball coach who was most recently the men's basketball head coach of Duquesne University. In his final year, he led them to their first tournament appearance since 1977, and first tournament win since 1969.

During his high school head coaching career, he coached future NBA star LeBron James for two years. During 13 seasons of head coaching at the University of Akron, he had a regular game season 305–139 record and was the winningest coach in the program's history.

He is a three-time Mid-American Conference Coach of the Year. In 2010, he was elected into the Summit County Sports Hall of Fame, and in 2013 he won the Red Auerbach Coach of the Year Award as the country's top Jewish college basketball coach.

Early life
Dambrot was born in Akron, Ohio, and is Jewish. Dambrot's mother, Faye, was a psychology professor at the University of Akron while he was growing up. His father Sid Dambrot played on Duquesne Dukes men's basketball teams that were ranked No. 1 in the nation from 1952 to 1954. His uncle Irwin Dambrot played basketball for the 1950 City College of New York (CCNY) team, the only school to win both the NCAA Tournament and the NIT in the same season, and was the MVP of the NCAA tournament that season and the No. 1 draft pick (selected seventh overall) by the New York Knicks in the 1950 NBA draft.

Dambrot attended Firestone High School, playing baseball and point guard in basketball for the school teams. In college at the University of Akron, he played third base on the Akron Zips baseball team (of which he was captain and MVP) for the school, establishing what at the time was a school record for career hit by pitch, with 28. He graduated in 1982 with a degree in management. In 1984 he earned an MBA from the University of Akron.

Early coaching career
His first basketball coaching job came while he was a college student, when he helped coach the high school junior varsity at his alma mater Firestone, and they won the Akron City Series JV championship.

Upon graduating college, he started as an assistant basketball coach at Akron.

Dambrot began his head coaching career at Division II schools Tiffin University for two seasons from 1984 to 1986 and at Ashland University for two seasons from 1989 to 1991, At Ashland, he led his team each year into the NCAA D-II men's basketball tournament. In between, he was an assistant coach at Eastern Michigan University.

Central Michigan University
At 32 years of age, Dambrot replaced Charlie Coles as coach of Central Michigan University for the 1991–92 season. He coached the team for two seasons, and was fired for making a controversial comment before a game against Miami University. He had asked the players if he could use a controversial word (the "N-word") in addressing the team before he actually did, and they agreed, but he still was fired. He sued the university in a wrongful discrimination lawsuit, and all 11 black players on the team joined him in the suit, claiming the university's policy against discriminatory language was too vague. He eventually lost the suit, though the students prevailed in overturning the school's language policy.

St. Vincent-St. Mary High School
The incident at Central Michigan essentially blackballed Dambrot from college coaching. Dambrot was only able to coach at the Akron Jewish Community Center and in some summer leagues. In 1998, he became the head coach at St. Vincent–St. Mary HS in Akron, Ohio. During his three seasons there, he guided the Fighting Irish to a 69–10 record. During the last two years of his tenure as coach there, future NBA star LeBron James was on his squad, and they won two consecutive state championships, as well as were nationally ranked. James took part in $1 clinics Dambrot conducted at the local Jewish Community Center. Before playing for Dambrot, James had met with him, and followed up on the accusations made about him during his stint at Central Michigan. In his book, Shooting Stars, James said that he did not believe that Dambrot was a racist.

University of Akron
Dambrot left St. Vincent-St. Mary in 2001 to return to coaching as an assistant at the collegiate level at his alma mater, the University of Akron. After becoming the head coach of Akron in 2004, Dambrot led the Zips to 19 victories in Dambrot's first season (2004–05). Akron was one of only four schools - along with Duke, Gonzaga, and Kansas - to win 21 or more games in 12 seasons before Dambrot left in 2017. During his tenure, he led Akron to the postseason in 10 seasons – participating in the NCAA Tournament in 2009, 2011, and 2013; the National Invitation Tournament in 2006, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2017; the College Basketball Invitational (CBI) in 2010, in the CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT) in 2012. The Zips won at least 21 games in each of his last 12 seasons – a feat unmatched in program history.

In his first seven seasons in charge of the program, Akron amassed a 162–75 (.680) overall record, including an 80–36 mark in MAC play and a 91–15 tally in home games (50–8 in MAC play at home). Those 162 victories tied for the most by a MAC team and tied for 29th-best nationally during that seven-season span. In 13 seasons as a collegiate head coach he owned a 270–145 (.650) overall record. Dambrot entered the season in fifth place in league history with a .628 win percentage while coaching in the MAC (182–109 overall; 162–75 Akron, 20–34 CMU), eighth in overall wins (182), 11th in league games winning percentage (.600, 90–60) and 10th in conference wins (90).

Named the 2009 Best Mid-Major Coach by Dan Wetzel of Yahoo Sports, Dambrot's time at UA was highlighted by mentoring a total of 20 All-MAC honorees, 10 MAC All-Tournament selections, two tournament MVPs, and one player of the year honor. Also during his watch, seven players were added to the school's 1,000-point scorer's list and he coached Akron's all-time assists leader (Dru Joyce III, 503), all-time blocked shots leader (Romeo Travis, 165), all-time winningest player (Chris McKnight, 97 victories over a four-season span) and the all-time games played leader (Steve McNees, 141).

The list of accolades received by UA players included Romeo Travis being named Honorable Mention All-America (the program's first such honoree since 1989) and MAC Player of the Year (first in program history) in 2007, Cedrick Middleton (2007) and Brett McKnight (2009) earning MAC Sixth Man of the Year (only two honors of that kind in program history), and Nate Linhart (2009) and Jimmy Conyers (2010) being selected as the MAC Defensive Player of the Year. Linhart also earned league tournament MVP honors in 2009. In 2011, Zeke Marshall earned league tournament MVP honors after helping the Zips to their second MAC title in three seasons.

In 2010, Dambrot was elected into the Summit County Sports Hall of Fame for his contributions at Akron St. Vincent-St. Mary High School and at The University of Akron as both a student-athlete and head coach. He was also a finalist for the Red Auerbach Coach of the Year Award, which is awarded by the Jewish Coaches Association. In 2013, he won the Red Auerbach Coach of the Year Award as the country's top Jewish college basketball coach, and was named the MAC Coach of the Year.

Dambrot left Akron after 13 seasons, with a 305–139 record, as the winningest coach in school history. He won back-to-back Mid-American Conference regular season titles in 2016 and 2017, and coach of the year honors those seasons. The team averaged 23.5 wins during his tenure.

Duquesne University
On March 30, 2017, Dambrot was named the 17th head coach at Duquesne in the school's 101-year history. He signed a 7-year, $7 million contract. The Dukes had finished 10-22 the season before he took over as head coach. Duquesne improved to 16-16 while finishing 10th in the Atlantic 10 in its first season under Dambrot. In his second season as head coach, Dambrot led the school to its first winning record since the 2011–12 season with 19 wins and 13 losses. Duquesne ended the season sixth in the Atlantic 10, the program's best finish since it finished fourth in the 2010–11 season.

The 2019/2020 season saw a better start for Duquesne and Dambrot. The Dukes started the season 10–0, the best start since the 1953/1954 season. Duquesne went 11–7 in conference play and tied for 5th place in the A10. The 2020 A10 Tournament and subsequent March Madness tournaments were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Steady growth and improvement under Dambrot paid off for the Dukes in 2024, as they won four games in as many days to claim the 2024 Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament and their first NCAA Tournament bid since 1977. A day after their place in the Big Dance was clinched, Dambrot announced he would be retiring from coaching at the end of the tournament to help take care of his wife, who had been diagnosed with breast cancer the previous year. The #11-seeded Dukes would then upset the 6th seeded BYU squad 71-67, before falling to Illinois in the second round.

Personal life
Dambrot is married to his wife Donna. Their son, Robby Dambrot, is a professional soccer player.

title: Keith Dambrot


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Maryland Route 450

Maryland Route 450 (MD 450) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs 30.19 mi from U.S. Route 1 Alternate (US 1 Alternate) in Bladensburg east to US 50/US 301 and MD 2 near Arnold. MD 450 forms a local complement to US 50 from near Washington, D.C. through Annapolis. In Prince George's County, the highway is a four- to six-lane divided highway that serves Bladensburg, Landover Hills, New Carrollton, Lanham, and Bowie. In Anne Arundel County, MD 450 connects Crofton with Parole and Annapolis with the portion of the county east of the Severn River. The highway serves as one of the main streets of Annapolis, including the state capital's historic core, and is the primary vehicular access to the U.S. Naval Academy.

MD 450 is the old alignment of US 50 from Bladensburg to Parole and of MD 2 from Parole to the Severn River. The MD 2 portion of the highway was constructed in the early to mid-1910s except for the first modern bridge across the Severn River, which was completed in the mid-1920s. The US 50 section of the highway was started from either end in the late 1910s and completed in the mid-1920s, shortly before the US 50 and MD 2 designations were assigned to the respective highways. As they were part of the main highways between Washington and Annapolis and from Annapolis to Baltimore, all segments of what is now MD 450 were improved in the 1920s and 1930s. The highway from the Severn River to Arnold was constructed as a relocated MD 2 in the late 1930s. MD 450 was first assigned from Crofton to Arnold in 1954 after US 50 was moved to its present freeway from Bowie to Arnold. The state highway was extended west to Bladensburg in 1962 when the US 50 freeway was completed from Bowie to Washington. MD 450 was expanded to a divided highway from Bladensburg to Lanham in the mid-1960s and from Lanham to Bowie in the early to mid-2000s.

Route description
MD 450 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from MD 201 to MD 202 in Bladensburg, from MD 704 in Lanham to MD 3 in Bowie, and from US 50/US 301 in Parole to those same highways and MD 2 at the route's eastern terminus in Arnold.

Bladensburg to Bowie
MD 450 begins at a directional intersection with US 1 Alternate in the town of Bladensburg just southeast of the confluence of the Northwest and Northeast Branches of the Anacostia River to form the river proper. US 1 Alternate heads southwest as Bladensburg Road into Colmar Manor and north as Baltimore Avenue toward Hyattsville. Adjacent to the center intersection of the junction is the Peace Cross, a memorial to World War I soldiers. MD 450 heads east as Annapolis Road, a four-lane road with a center left-turn lane that passes under the Alexandria Extension of CSX's Capital Subdivision railroad line. East of the railroad underpass, the highway has a partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 201 (Kenilworth Avenue). 48th Street, which connects MD 450 with northbound MD 201 in both directions, is unsigned MD 769C. Within and surrounding the interchange are the historic William Hilleary House, Market Master's House, and the estate Bostwick.

East of 48th Street, MD 450 intersects the southern end of Edmonston Road, which is unsigned MD 769B. The highway meets the northern end of MD 202 (Landover Road) at an acute intersection; there is no direct access from westbound MD 450 to southbound MD 202. MD 450 continues as a six-lane divided highway and leaves the town of Bladensburg at its partial cloverleaf interchange with the Baltimore–Washington Parkway. The highway passes between the town of Landover Hills and the unincorporated area of Woodlawn and intersects MD 410 (Veterans Parkway). MD 450 briefly passes through the city of New Carrollton, intersecting 85th Avenue (unsigned MD 433), before its partial cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 95 (I-95)/I-495 (Capital Beltway). East of the Beltway in the center of Lanham, westbound MD 450 has a signalized right-in/right-out intersection with Princess Garden Parkway and the route has a partial interchange with the west end of MD 564 (Lanham Severn Road). Eastbound MD 450 has access to Princess Garden Parkway by turning around at MD 564's intersection with Cipriano Road, but there is no direct access from MD 564 to eastbound MD 450, from westbound MD 450 to MD 564, or from Princess Garden Parkway to either eastbound MD 450 or MD 564. MD 450 reduces to four lanes on its bridge across the ramp from eastbound MD 450 to MD 564 and Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line.

MD 450 meets the northern end of Whitfield Chapel Road just east of the railroad bridge. The highway passes along the southern edge of the unincorporated area of Seabrook, then meets the eastern end of MD 704 (Martin Luther King Jr. Highway). MD 450 continues as a six-lane divided highway and intersects MD 953 (Glenn Dale Road). East of MD 193, which heads north as Glenn Dale Boulevard and south as Enterprise Road, MD 450 reduces to four lanes. Just after the route enters the city of Bowie, Old Annapolis Road (MD 450B, signed as MD 450 Old) splits to the east as MD 450 veers northeast to cross over CSX's Popes Creek Subdivision railroad line and intersect MD 197 (Laurel Bowie Road). The highway passes south of Bowie High School and becomes a four-lane undivided highway at Stonybrook Drive. It drops to two lanes as it leaves the city of Bowie east of Race Track Road and west of historic Sacred Heart Church. MD 450 then expands to a four-lane divided highway just west of its intersection with MD 3 (Robert Crain Highway). MD 450 turns to run concurrently with MD 3. The two state highways follow a six-lane divided highway over the Patuxent River at Priest Bridge, thereby crossing the Prince George's–Anne Arundel county line.

Crofton to Arnold
MD 450 splits from MD 3 onto Defense Highway, which starts as a four-lane divided highway but gradually reduces to two lanes as the route passes along the southern edge of Crofton. At the southeast end of the unincorporated community, the highway intersects MD 424 (Davidsonville Road). MD 450 continues along a curvy path through a forested area in which it crosses the North River and the South River and intersects Crownsville Road, which leads north to the Maryland Renaissance Festival. MD 450 passes under I-97 with no access and enters Parole, where the highway expands to four lanes with a center turn lane. The highway turns southeast onto West Street at its intersection with MD 178 (Generals Highway); the east leg of the intersection is an entrance to the Westfield Annapolis shopping mall. MD 450 has an oblique four-ramp partial cloverleaf with US 50/US 301 (John Hanson Highway), which run concurrently with unsigned I-595. The streets that form the fourth legs of the intersections with the westbound and eastbound ramps with the freeway are Jennifer Road and Riva Road, respectively.

MD 450 temporarily expands to a divided highway from west of MD 2 (Solomons Island Road) to east of MD 393 (Old Solomons Island Road); between those two highways, MD 450 enters the city of Annapolis. The highway reduces to two lanes east of Chinquapin Round Road and meets the southern end of MD 435 (Taylor Avenue) and the northern end of MD 387 (Spa Road) at the Westgate Circle roundabout next to Annapolis National Cemetery. MD 450 continues into the Colonial Annapolis Historic District as a municipally maintained street. The road surface changes to brick for the one block before the highway enters Church Circle, a traffic circle that circumscribes St. Anne's Church. The streets that emanate from the circle include Franklin Street, which leads to the Banneker-Douglass Museum; South Street, which passes the Old City Hall and Engine House; Duke of Gloucester Street and Main Street, a non-parallel pair of one-way streets that head toward and from the city's docks; School Street, which leads to State Circle, which is unsigned MD 797 and circumscribes the Maryland State House; Northwest Street, which enters the circle from the namesake direction; and College Avenue, onto which MD 450 continues.

MD 450 passes Government House, the residence of the Governor of Maryland, and meets the southern end of MD 70 (Bladen Street) directly northwest of the State House. The highway passes along the edge of St. John's College to King George Street, onto which the route turns northwest. MD 450 follows King George Street along the edge of the U.S. Naval Academy reservation to College Creek, where the highway becomes state maintained again and leaves the city of Annapolis. The highway continues through the census-designated place of Naval Academy, which includes the grounds of the military academy, to the northern end of MD 435 (Annapolis Street), where MD 450 turns northeast onto Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard and, after a few more blocks through the reservation, the highway crosses the Severn River on the high-level Naval Academy Bridge. At the north end of the bridge, the highway meets the southern end of MD 648 (Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard), which leads to an access road to Jonas Green Park on the north side of the bridge. MD 450 continues along Governor Ritchie Highway, a four-lane divided highway that contains the Maryland World War II Memorial in the median just north of MD 648. The highway curves to the northwest and MD 450 reaches its eastern terminus at a three-level interchange with US 50/US 301/MD 2 (Blue Star Memorial Highway) just east of the Severn River Bridge in Arnold. After a diversion through the interchange, Governor Ritchie Highway continues north toward Baltimore carrying MD 2.

Original construction
MD 450 from Bladensburg to the Severn River was proposed as one of the original state roads laid out by the Maryland State Roads Commission (MDSRC) in 1909. The first portion of the highway was built as a 16 ft concrete road from Solomons Island Road (now MD 393) east to the city limits of Annapolis at Spa Road in 1914. The portion of the highway from Wagner Street at the city limits of Annapolis to the Severn River was proposed as the southernmost section of the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard (now MD 648), which was completed from the north side of the Severn River to Glen Burnie between 1910 and 1912. After litigation between the roads commission and Anne Arundel County, the result of which required the state to replace the bridge across College Creek, MDSRC constructed a new bridge across the creek in 1914 and 1915. The highway through the Naval Academy reservation from College Creek to the south side of the Severn River was built as a 16 ft macadam road in 1916. The final gap in the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard was filled when the first modern Severn River Bridge was completed in 1924. This 1850 ft concrete bridge, which had a roadway width of 22 ft and a steel bascule draw with a horizontal clearance of 75 ft, replaced a narrow one-lane bridge.

None of the highway from Bladensburg to Parole was completed by 1915. Construction of this highway started after a 1918 appropriation from the Maryland General Assembly specifically to construct the National Defense Highway, so named because it would connect the national capital with the Naval Academy. The first section built was from the Baltimore–Washington Boulevard east to approximately the location of the Baltimore–Washington Parkway in 1919. The second section of the Defense Highway, from there to near what is now MD 410 in Landover Hills, was started that same year and completed by 1921. Near Annapolis, another portion of the highway was built near the Annapolis Waterworks in 1920 and 1921. The western portion was extended east through Lanham to the Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway (WB&A) at Buena Vista near what is now MD 704 by 1923. The portion of Robert Crain Highway with which the Defense Highway crosses the Patuxent River was paved by 1923; a new reinforced concrete girder bridge was completed at the site in 1925. Other major structures along the route included a steel and concrete girder bridge across the Popes Creek Subdivision near Bowie in 1926 and reinforced concrete girder bridges across the North River and the South River completed in 1925. The fully concrete Defense Highway was finished in December 1926.

Improvements
When the U.S. Highway System was established in 1926, US 50 was placed on all of Defense Highway and West Street into Annapolis. The U.S. Highway continued from Church Circle along East Street and King George Street to its national eastern terminus at the Annapolis terminal of the Annapolis–Claiborne ferry across the Chesapeake Bay. When MDSRC first assigned state route numbers in 1927, MD 2 followed the present course of MD 450 from Solomons Island Road (now MD 393) to the north end of the Severn River Bridge, where the state highway continued along the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard. Improvements to the highways began immediately after they were numbered. The portion of MD 2 through the Naval Academy reservation was widened to 22 ft with a pair of 3 ft concrete shoulders in 1927. The entire length of Defense Highway was widened from 15 to 16 ft to 20 ft in 1930. US 50's bridges across the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak's Northeast Corridor) at Lanham and the WB&A at Buena Vista were started in 1930. By 1934, the MDSRC recommended MD 2 from Annapolis to Arnold be widened to 40 ft. US 50 was proposed to be widened from 20 to 40 ft from US 1 (now US 1 Alternate) at the Peace Cross in Bladensburg east to MD 564 in Lanham and from MD 387 in Annapolis west to MD 178 in Parole, and to 30 ft from Lanham to Parole.

The first efforts for the mass widening of these highways came in 1938. That year, US 50 was widened to 40 ft immediately to the east of the Peace Cross intersection in Bladensburg. In addition, the present alignment of MD 450 from the Severn River north to Arnold was completed as the southernmost portion of Governor Ritchie Highway. This segment of the new highway was initially completed as a 20 ft two-lane highway, the present southbound lanes. The northbound lanes of the new MD 2 were completed from Annapolis to Arnold in 1940. The Peace Cross intersection was channelized and US 50 was expanded to a width of 27 ft from Bladensburg to Lanham between 1940 and 1942. By 1940, MDSRC recommended the Defense Highway be completed rebuilt, preferably on a new location. The roads commission suggested widening of the Severn River Bridge by 1942. However, by 1944, a new bridge was proposed upstream of the existing bridge because the U.S. Navy desired a relocation. US 50 was extended east along modern MD 450 through Annapolis and across the Severn River to what had been MD 404 as part of its extension to Ocean City in 1949.

Replacement and recent improvements
Construction on the Annapolis–Washington Expressway (now John Hanson Highway) began in 1949 between US 301 in Bowie and what is now MD 450 in Parole. The new freeway opened to traffic in 1952. Construction on the new bridge over the Severn River began in 1950 and was completed in 1952, the same year work began on the Annapolis Bypass between Parole and Arnold. The Annapolis Bypass opened from MD 450 in Parole to the three-level Ritchie–Revell interchange between US 50, MD 2, and MD 450 in June 1954. That same year, US 50 was moved to the new freeway from Bowie to Arnold and MD 450 was assigned to the old highway from US 301 (now MD 3) in Crofton to its present eastern terminus in Arnold. MD 450 was expanded to a divided highway from west of MD 2 to east of MD 393 in 1956. In addition, the portion of MD 450 that is concurrent with MD 3 was expanded to a divided highway, including a new bridge across the Patuxent River, between 1956 and 1958. The only major changes to MD 450 in Anne Arundel County since the 1950s have been bridge replacements. The highway's bridge across College Creek was replaced in 1987. The Severn River Bridge was replaced with the Naval Academy Bridge in 1995.

In Prince George's County, the extension of John Hanson Highway west toward Washington began in 1953. The freeway was completed west to MD 704 in 1957. US 50 remained signed along Defense Highway in Prince George's County; instead, the new freeway and MD 704 southwest into Washington were designated Temporary US 50 by 1958. US 50 was assigned to John Hanson Highway west of US 301 when the freeway was completed into Washington in 1962. That same year, MD 450 was extended west along US 50's old route to its present western terminus at US 1 Alternate in Bladensburg. MD 450's interchange with MD 201 was constructed in 1954 and 1955. Starting in 1956, the Peace Cross intersection was raised to a higher elevation above the Anacostia River and reconstructed to reduce the risk of flooding. The first divided highway segments in the county were immediately to the east of the MD 202 split and from the Baltimore–Washington Parkway east to Landover Hills, which were expanded in 1963. The gap between the divided highway sections was filled in 1965. MD 450 was expanded to a divided highway from just west of the Capital Beltway to MD 564 in Lanham in 1966 and between Landover Hills and the Beltway in 1967.

MD 450 was renamed Annapolis Road in Prince George's County in 1970. In 1985, the road was expanded to a divided highway on either side of its modern intersection with MD 193, which had been relocated onto Glenn Dale Boulevard that year. MD 450 was expanded to a divided highway from MD 564 to Whitfield Chapel Road east of the Amtrak Northeast Corridor in 1993; its interchange with MD 564 was built the same year. The first step in expanding the highway from Lanham to Bowie occurred in 2000 when the MD 704 intersection was relocated and the highway was widened from Forbes Boulevard to just east of the new MD 704 intersection. The following year, the divided highway was extended east from MD 704 to the existing divided highway at the MD 193 intersection. In 2005, the expansion of MD 450 from Lanham to Bowie was completed when the segments from Whitfield Chapel Road to Forbes Boulevard and from MD 193 to east of Stonybrook Drive in Bowie was completed. The only major relocation in the highway was from west of the Popes Creek Subdivision to east of MD 197. The old road from the western split to MD 197 was redesignated MD 450B.

Junction list
MD 450 is signed east–west from US 1 Alt in Bladensburg to MD 435 in Naval Academy and north–south from MD 435 to US 50/US 301/MD 2 in Arnold.

Auxiliary routes
MD 450 has six auxiliary routes. MD 450A is in Lanham; the remainder are in Bowie.
 * MD 450A is the designation for an unnamed 0.20 mi segment of the old alignment of MD 450 that parallels the westbound direction of the highway at its intersection with MD 704 in Lanham. MD 450A was assigned in 2000 when MD 450 was relocated at the MD 704 junction in Lanham.
 * MD 450B, signed as MD 450 Old, is the designation for two-lane undivided Old Annapolis Road, which runs 0.94 mi from MD 450 east to MD 197. The highway starts at a right-in/right-out intersection with eastbound MD 450. MD 450B starts heading south, then turns east at its intersection with MD 450C. The highway meets the southern end of MD 450E, which provides full access to MD 450, then veers away from MD 450. MD 450B curves northeast as it crosses over the Popes Creek Subdivision rail line and reaches its eastern end at MD 197. MD 450B was assigned in 2005 when MD 450's new alignment was completed on either side of MD 197.
 * MD 450C is the designation for the unnamed 0.03 mi spur from MD 450B's right-angle turn west to an automobile dealership. MD 450C was built and assigned in 2005.
 * MD 450D is the designation for the 0.04 mi segment of Gothic Lane north from westbound MD 450 to the end of state maintenance. MD 450D was constructed and designated in 2007.
 * MD 450E is the designation for Grenville Lane, which runs 0.13 mi from MD 450B north through an intersection with MD 450 to Gulliver Trail. MD 450E was built and assigned in 2005.
 * MD 450F is the designation for the 0.07 mi section of Church Road south from its intersection with MD 450 and Highbridge Road. MD 450F was built and assigned in 2005.

title: Maryland Route 450


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Category:Mountains and hills of Yorkshire

Articles about mountains and hills in Yorkshire, England.


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Monotone (software)

Monotone is an open source software tool for distributed revision control. It tracks revisions to files, groups sets of revisions into changesets, and tracks history across renames. The focus of the project is on integrity over performance. Monotone is designed for distributed operation, and makes heavy use of cryptographic primitives to track file revisions (via the SHA-1 secure hash) and to authenticate user actions (via RSA cryptographic signatures).

Milestones
Monotone version 0.26 introduced major changes to the internal database structures, including a new structure known by Monotone developers as a roster. Monotone databases created with version 0.26 can not exchange revisions with older Monotone databases. Older databases must first be upgraded to the new format. The new netsync protocol is incompatible with earlier versions of Monotone.

As Git inspiration
In April 2005, Monotone became the subject of increased interest in the FOSS community after Linus Torvalds mentioned it as a possible replacement for BitKeeper in the Linux development process. In a post on the Linux kernel mailing list, Torvalds praised Monotone and disparaged Subversion (and by extension, all client-server version-control systems):

"Don't bother telling me about subversion. If you must, start reading up on 'monotone'. That seems to be the most viable alternative, but don't pester the developers so much that they don't get any work done. They are already aware of my problems ;)"

Instead of adopting Monotone, Torvalds decided to write his own SCM system, Git. Git's design uses some ideas from Monotone, but the two projects do not share any core source code. Git has a much stronger focus on high performance, inspired by the lengthy history and demanding distributed modes of collaboration used by Torvalds and the other Linux kernel authors. Torvalds later commented on Monotone's design and performance:

"If you want a VCS that is written in C++, go play with Monotone. Really. They use a 'real database'. They use 'nice object-oriented libraries'. They use 'nice C++ abstractions'. And quite frankly, as a result of all these design decisions that sound so appealing to some CS people, the end result is a horrible and unmaintainable mess."

A key issue debated was whether the replacement of BitKeeper should support cherry picking, whereby a tree maintainer can approve a subset of patches while rejecting others on an individual basis. Torvalds argued that this approach "results in the wrong dynamics and psychology in the system" by shifting burden to the upstream maintainers rather than forcing downstream maintainers to put more effort into keeping their trees free from garbage. He further argued that Monotone is correct in its aversion to cherry-picking as a feature, but then failed to take it far enough by not making it easy enough to "throw away" unclean working trees after their purpose is served. Torvalds also noted his perception that Monotone at that time had not achieved the performance level required by a project as large as Linux kernel development.

Design
Like GNU arch, and unlike Subversion, Monotone takes a distributed approach to version control. Monotone uses SHA-1 hashes to identify specific files or groups of files, as with Git and Mercurial, in place of linear revision numbers. Each participant maintains their own revision history, stored in a local SQLite database.

Integrity
Prior to some heavy optimisation in revision 0.27, Monotone's emphasis on correctness over optimisation was often blamed for poor initial experiences. The first action of a new user is often to synchronize (clone) a large existing Monotone database, an action which often took hours for large databases, due to the extensive validation and integrity checking which Monotone performs when revisions are moved through the network. Once the initial (clone) database is populated, subsequent actions usually proceed more rapidly. , there is still room for further optimisation on some rarer functions.

Workflow
Monotone is especially strong in its support for a diverge/merge workflow, which it achieves in part by always allowing commit before merge.

Networking
Although Monotone originally supported a variety of networking protocols for synchronizing trees, it now exclusively uses a custom protocol called netsync, which is more robust and efficient, and shares some conceptual ground with rsync and cvsup. (However, as of version 0.27, it is possible to use the netsync protocol over any stream, notably including ssh connections.) Netsync has its own IANA-assigned port (4691) and older versions of it are supported by a Wireshark plug-in for traffic analysis. There is no separate Monotone server because any Monotone client can act as a server.

Other features
Other features of Monotone include:
 * Good support for internationalization and localization
 * Portable design, implemented in C++
 * High integrity is a key design goal
 * Monotone can import CVS projects.
 * Signing of revisions using RSA certificates
 * Easy to learn, due to a command set similar to that of CVS
 * Very good at branching (both divergences within a branch and named branches) and merging
 * Good documentation
 * Very low maintenance
 * Complete and comprehensive Perl library that allows you to completely control Monotone from a Perl script (mtn-browse makes use of this)

Drawbacks
, possible drawbacks of Monotone include:
 * Potential users cannot check out (or commit) from behind a proxy (very common in corporate environments) due to non-http protocol.
 * Performance issues for certain operations (most noticeable initial pull)

Implementation
Monotone is implemented in modern-dialect C++ on top of the Boost library, the Botan cryptography library, and the SQLite database library. Monotone supports customization and extension via hook functions written in the Lua programming language. The monotone build process is automated with BuildBot and includes extensive regression tests.

title: Monotone (software)


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Gil Paterson

Gilbert Martin Paterson (born in Springburn, Glasgow, 1942) is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician, who served as the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Clydebank and Milngavie, from 2011 to 2021. Previously he had been an MSP for the West of Scotland region, having been elected on 3 May 2007. From 1999 to 2003 he was an MSP for Central Scotland.

Career
Brought up in Springburn in the North of Glasgow, Paterson attended Possilpark Secondary School, before building up his own business Gil's Motor Factors. He served as a Scottish National Party (SNP) councillor in Strathclyde Regional Council and sat on the SNP's National Executive Committee, before being elected as one of five SNP MSPs for Central Scotland in the first election to the Scottish Parliament. During the first parliamentary term he sat on both the Local Government and Procedures committees in the Parliament.

At the 2003 election, only three SNP MSPs were returned for Central Scotland and Paterson lost his seat in Parliament. He returned to running his business but stayed active in the SNP, becoming the party's vice-convenor in charge of fundraising, a position he had held previously.

Paterson was one of the heaviest critics of the leadership style of John Swinney, and in the aftermath of the 2004 European election he openly called for Swinney's resignation, which happened shortly afterwards.

In 2006, Paterson was selected to stand as candidate for the Clydebank and Milngavie Scottish Parliamentary constituency.

In the 2016-2021 session of the Scottish Parliament, Paterson was elected as the SNP Group convener. He is also a member of two committees, 'European and External Relations' and 'Subordinate Legislation', the latter of which he is deputy-convener.

In August 2020, Paterson announced that he would be stepping down as an MSP at the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. Writing in the Clydebank Post, he said, "I shall not be seeking re-election in May due to personal circumstances. This was a decision I took very reluctantly, after a long period of reflection."

Brexit
Paterson voted Remain in the June 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom's EU membership. He was active in raising Brexit concerns for business and economics in Scotland, including questioning First Minister Nicola Sturgeon at First Minister's Questions in the Scottish Parliament.

Free tuition
Mr Paterson is a supporter of free tuition fees in Scotland, and appeared in the Milngavie and Bearsden Herald in August 2017 asking for clarity from East Dunbartonshire MP Jo Swinson, a Liberal Democrat, about her stance following comments made by her party leader, Vince Cable, in The Press and Journal.

title: Gil Paterson