text:
Nyotaimori

'serve (foods) on the female body' (女体盛り), often referred to as "body sushi", is the Japanese practice of serving sashimi or sushi from the naked body of a woman. The less common male variant is called nantaimori (男体盛り).

History
The origin of can be traced back to the food play of  (わかめ酒) performed in  during the Edo period, where sake would be poured into a Japanese sex worker's pubic region for drinking. Fuelled by Japan's economic growth in the 1960s, this practice was further evolved by the hot spring bathing (onsen) industry in the Ishikawa Prefecture where the erotic nature of was used as an advertising tactic by the hot spring resorts to attract male customers who were on company trips to the region. The practice dwindled as family and private trips to the onsen destinations became increasingly popular in the 1980s and it was subsequently adopted by catering and sex establishments as an exotic attraction.

Due to the lack of primary sources, the misconceptions of 's origin persisted when the practice became internationally known through popular culture.

Procedures
In traditional nyotaimori, the model is generally expected to lie still at all times and usually not talk with guests until the event is concluded even after all food is removed. The sushi is placed on sanitized leaves on the model's body to prevent skin-to-fish contact and on sufficiently flat areas of the body which the sushi will not roll off. In the Japanese style the geisha's body is fully naked except for traditional footwear and head dress. The Western style sometimes adds a genital covering such as a G-string. Nyotaimori is considered an art form.

Usually, champagne and sake are served in naked sushi restaurants. Guests must be respectful and observe the strictest decorum. Talking with the models is highly discouraged. Inappropriate gestures or comments are not tolerated and diners can only pick up sushi with chopsticks, although rules in some restaurants are less strict. For example, in some restaurants, guests can nibble nori rolls off nipples if they choose.

Reception outside Japan

The practice has been criticized as being decadent, humiliating, degrading, cruel, antiquated, objectifying, and sexist. Several countries have banned the practice. In 2005, China outlawed nyotaimori on naked bodies, condemning it due to public health concerns and moral issues.

title: Nyotaimori


text:
Walter Lindrum

Walter Albert Lindrum, OBE (29 August 1898 – 30 July 1960), often known as Wally Lindrum, was an Australian professional player of English billiards who held the World Professional Billiards Championship from 1933 until his retirement in 1950. Being the first Lindrum born in Western Australia, he was named Walter Albert to have the initials of the state where he was born. He was one of the most successful players ever seen in billiards, with 57 world records to his credit, some of which still stand.

Early life
Lindrum's grandfather, Frederick William Lindrum I, was Australia's first World Professional Billiards Champion having defeated the English master, John Roberts, Sr., in 1869. Walter's father, Frederick William Lindrum II, was an Australian Billiards Champion at the age of 20. According to Walter, from 1909 to 1912 his father was the greatest billiard player in the world but "only...my brother Fred and myself knew it. He passed over public matches to coach the two of us." Walter's older brother, Frederick William Lindrum III, became professional Australian Billiards Champion in 1909. Frederick II closely tutored his sons. The family can be considered the greatest billiard playing family the world has ever known. His mother Laura (née Williams) was locally renowned at both sewing and baking, winning numerous Kalgoorlie baking competitions. Walter often cited her as an influence on him, saying in 1933 after winning the world championship: "She gave me my desire to win. She helped further my passion for both winning and the sport, and she's truly an inspiration to me."

Walter himself was born on 29 August 1898 in the Western Australian mining town of Kalgoorlie. He lost the tip of his index finger on his right hand in an accident in 1901, and his father taught him to play billiards left-handed. Much of his childhood was spent practising billiards for up to twelve hours per day, under his father's tutelage on his two billiard tables in the Palace Hotel, Kalgoorlie, and also guided by William (Billy) Weston, a former New Zealand Billiard Champion, who owned a billiard saloon at the corner of Brookman and Wilson Streets in Kalgoorlie. Standing on a crate to reach the table, Lindrum was "polished" by Weston, who taught him the technique of playing, a method to increase. The family were itinerant, and often moved from town to town. Lindrum's first professional game was played at the age of only 13 years.

By the age of 16, Walter was regularly making breaks of over 1,000 during practice at the London Tavern, Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, where Fred Lindrum II was running a three-table billiard parlour. By 1921 Walter Lindrum was defeating his older brother, Frederick III, then the Australian Billiards Champion. Walter refused to play his brother for the title.

Family
Walter married Rose Coates in 1929 in Sydney. She was dying at this time and died soon after. His second marriage was to Alicia Hoskin on 9 April 1933 in London. Known as Sue, Walter and his wife toured the world for many years. Alicia and Walter were divorced in 1955. Walter married a third time in July 1956, to Beryl Elaine, née Carr, who survived him.

Billiards champion
During the mid-1920s Walter Lindrum's standard of play was without effective competition in Australia, with many players refusing to play against him. As a result, exhibition matches were often organised, especially with New Zealand Billiard Champion Clark McConachy. Lindrum published his instructional book, Billiards, in 1930 [first printed date in book]. It was revised and reprinted in 1940 as Billiards and Snooker, "proceeds from the sale going to the Lindrum War Drive", his World War II fundraising effort, in later printings.

It was not until 1929 that Willie Smith, World Champion in 1920 and 1923, and one of the best English billiards players of the time, visited Australia and played three fairly even matches against Lindrum. With both players being one match up, Lindrum was forced to abandon the third game midway through, upon the death of his wife due to heart failure. While technically the match was a forfeit, Smith refused to accept the trophy and insisted it be awarded to Lindrum.

On 7 December 1929, Lindrum made a world record break of 3,262. The cue was endorsed with an engraved ivory plate 'The World's Record Break Cue. 3262 Dec.7th 1929. Walter Lindrum, Australia'. It came into the collection of Robert Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia, and after Menzies' death was presented to the Commonwealth Club in Canberra in 1965.

Smith, McConachy and Lindrum departed Australia in September 1929 for a tour of England. Between 1929 and 1933 Lindrum dominated the English billiards scene. With games usually being played to 24,000 points, he would often start conceding as many as 7000 points to his opponents. Lindrum and his main rivals, McConachy, Smith, Joe Davis (World Champion 1928–1932) and Tom Newman (World Champion 1921–1922, 1924–1927), were called in the press "the big five"

On Lindrum's second tour of England, in late 1930, Donald Bradman and other members of the touring Australian cricket team, would sometimes attend Lindrum's matches at Thurston's Hall, London. As an indication of the esteem in which Lindrum was held, the critic Neville Cardus referred to Bradman as "the Lindrum of cricket".

On 19 February 1931, Lindrum gave a billiards exhibition for the King and other members of the Royal Family at Buckingham Palace. King George V presented Lindrum with a pair of gold and enamel cuff links bearing the royal monogram. These formed part of Lindrum's essential attire for the remainder of his playing career, and he wore them daily for the rest of his life.

His record break of 4,137 was made in a match he lost against Joe Davis at Thurston's Hall on 19 January 1932. However, this precipitated a change in the rules of the game. As this break mostly consisted of long runs of close cannons (a total of 902 cannons were scored), the Billiards Control Council established the first version of the baulk-line-rule, in which the cue ball had to cross the baulk line every 200 points during a break. A 1932 tour of the United States and Canada by several players, including Lindrum, proved a disaster, with disappointing attendances and financial losses by the players.

Lindrum won the World Professional Billiards Championship in 1933 and 1934, and held it until his retirement in 1950.

After the debacle of the 1932 North American tour and his winning of the 1933 World Championship, Lindrum argued that he should be allowed to defend his title in Australia. The 1934 match was organised to coincide with the Melbourne centenary celebrations in September 1934. His challengers were the New Zealand Champion, Clark McConachy, and United Kingdom Champion, Joe Davis, with Davis finishing runner-up. Lindrum won this title, but in subsequent years the title became dormant for lack of challengers, until Lindrum relinquished it upon retirement. The title of World Professional Billiards Champion next passed to McConachy in 1951 who held it until 1968, when he was defeated by Rex Williams.

While some made the criticism that Lindrum's play was somewhat mechanical and lacked style, rival and six-time World Champion Tom Newman wrote: "It is the greatest injustice you can do to Walter to call him a scoring machine. Nothing could be more unlike him. He is showing you everything the beautiful game can show."

During the Second World War, Lindrum performed about 4,000 exhibition games, raising over £500,000 for the war effort (including revenues from sales of his book). Over his lifetime he raised more than £2 million for charity. He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1951, and an Officer of the order (OBE) in the 1958 New Year Honours list.

Records
In June 1927 in Melbourne he claimed a world speed record when he scored 816 points in 23 minutes in an unfinished.

During 1930 in Manchester, Lindrum set a record aggregate of 30,817 during the fortnight match against Willie Smith. In this match he made 10 breaks over 1,000 with a highest of 2,419. In his final match of the tour against Smith in London, Lindrum's performance set numerous records: the highest individual aggregate (36,256), the largest winning margin (21,285), a record match average (262), and a record number of four-figure breaks (11). Smith, although beaten, had played excellently with an average of 109 per innings for the match.

His world record break of 4,137 was made in a match against Joe Davis at Thurston's Hall, London on 19 January 1932. Lindrum occupied the table for 2 hours 55 minutes, for about 1,900 consecutive scoring shots. He also holds the record break for each country that he played in, the fastest century break (46 seconds) and 1011 points in 30 minutes.

In 1933 on a tour to South Africa Lindrum claimed a new world record for fast scoring when he completed 1,000 points in 28 minutes in Johannesburg.

Death
On 30 July 1960, at the age of 61, Walter Lindrum suddenly became ill and died while on holiday in Surfers Paradise, Queensland. The cause of death was officially listed as heart failure, but it has alternatively been suggested that he died as a result of food poisoning from a steak and kidney pie.

Following his death, cricketing legend Sir Donald Bradman wrote to Lindrum's niece, Dolly Lindrum: "In my opinion he was not only the greatest billiards player who ever lived, but he was also the most modest of great champions."

His body was returned to Melbourne, and he was given a state funeral attended by 1,500 people. He was buried at Melbourne General Cemetery, with champion cyclist Sir Hubert Opperman raising the funds for a distinctive monument consisting of a billiards table, complete with balls and cue; more than fifty years after his death the site reportedly remains the most visited grave in this substantial cemetery.

Lindrum died intestate. In 2023, it was reported by the Australian Financial Review that Lindrum's family "continues to squabble about who owns real estate and valuable memorabilia for three generations after his death". Further legal action was initiated following the death of Lindrum's niece Irene May, who had died in 2019 with an estate valued at $13 million including three properties previously owned by Lindrum in Albert Park, Victoria. A case heard in the County Court of Victoria in September 2023 concerned the ownership of Lindrum's memorabilia in the context of an alleged trust agreement established in 1966.

Recognition
In 1981 Lindrum was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post, which featured a caricature of him by famed artist Tony Rafty. Lindrum was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame and the Western Australia Sporting Hall of Champions in 1985. His house in Melbourne at 158 Kerferd Road, Albert Park, is noted for its historical association with him by the Port Phillip Council. Lindrum is generally regarded as one of the all-time great Australian sporting heroes, along with the likes of Donald Bradman, Heather McKay, Margaret Court, Haydn Bunton, Sr. and Hubert Opperman.

In Melbourne, the Hotel Lindrum on Flinders Street has incorporated much memorabilia associated with Walter Lindrum. The building formerly housed the Lindrum's Billiard Centre run by Walter's niece, Dolly. One of the original tables from the Billiard Centre has been fully restored there by the original manufacturing company. In April 2009, the Hotel Lindrum hosted the Capital Cup, a billiards tournament that, on its 10th anniversary, honoured the life and history of Walter Lindrum.

The mathematician John Littlewood nominated a shot of Lindrum's as "the best stroke ever made in a game of billiards". As Littlewood reported it, Lindrum "deliberately played to make a cannon in which the white balls were left touching, and succeeded. (The balls were spotted in accordance with the laws, and the break could continue.)"

In 2010, the Victorian Billiards and Snooker Council and Lindrum's niece Dolly Lindrum were seeking funding to have a large collection of Lindrum memorabilia including personal and professional effects, newspaper clippings, diagrams of his shots, letters, and photographs to be transferred from her house and displayed in Australia's National Sports Museum.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Walter Lindrum


text:
Nälkämaan laulu

Nälkämaan laulu (meaning "Song of the Hunger Land") is a Finnish poem by Ilmari Kianto. It was turned into a song by Oskar Merikanto, and this song is the regional anthem of the Kainuu region. The song was first performed in 1911. A Swedish translation of the lyrics was made by Kianto's daughter Raija-Liisa Kianto in 2005, named Hungerlandets sång.

The lyrics describe the natural beauty of Kainuu, the hard-working nature (see sisu) of the Kainuu people, and their pride of their homeland.

title: Nälkämaan laulu


text:
Maruti Suzuki Zen

The Maruti Suzuki Zen is a 5-door hatchback produced and sold in India by Suzuki's Indian subsidiary Maruti Suzuki from 1993 until 2006; it is a widened version of the Suzuki Cervo Mode. The word "ZEN" is an acronym standing for Zero Engine Noise. It also stands for the Japanese word "Zen" which means 'Complete'. The Indian-built Zen was also exported to other countries as the Suzuki Alto.

First generation
Based on the Suzuki Cervo, the first generation Maruti Suzuki Zen was introduced on 21 May 1993 (MH410). While it looks very similar to the Cervo Mode, it has a lot of unique sheetmetal as it is ten centimeters longer and ten wider. In Europe and many other export markets, the car sold as the Suzuki Alto. Zen used an all aluminium engine Suzuki G10B engine which produced 50 BHP of power at around 6500 RPM. Also the Zen which was sold as Suzuki Alto 1.0 in Europe came with a G10B 8-valve engine which produces 54 PS at 6500 rpm and 74 Nm of torque at 4500 rpm. The engine head & spares are exactly identical to the Zen Carburettor MH410 model Indian version slightly detuned.

There was a minor facelift in 1997 with body coloured bumpers. In 1999, Zen Classic with retro looking front and rear was launched, but was soon discontinued due to lack of demand.

In 2000, Maruti introduced a 16 valve MPFI engine with 4 valves per cylinder. Power output went up by 10 HP to 60 BHP. Its cost (of the Zen LX model) was around Rs 3,40,000 in India. A diesel version of Zen was launched in 1998 with the Peugeot's TUD5 (PSA TU engine) engine. This model did not sell well and was discontinued. In 2004 Zen underwent a facelift with new body which was called Zen Tiger.

The Zen underwent a facelift in 2003. A three-door version of the Zen in VXi segment was launched, priced at 5.0 Lakh (ex-showroom, New Delhi). It was only available in Black (Zen Carbon) 300 nos or Silver (Zen Steel) 300 nos, cars. In 2006 the second generation (Zen Tiger) was discontinued.

Second generation
The second generation Maruti Suzuki Zen, called the Zen Estilo was introduced in December 2006 as a part of Maruti Suzuki's Indian market strategy to launch a new car annually for the next five years. The Zen Estilo had the same engine and chassis as the Maruti Wagon R; both being based on the Suzuki MR Wagon (Nissan Moco). The pricing was also nearly the same as the Wagon R. The Maruti Suzuki Alto (model prior to Alto K10), Wagon R (till Aug 2010) and the new Zen Estilo all shared the same chassis. In 2009, along with a minor facelift, Maruti Suzuki dropped the Zen branding from the name.

Reception
The Zen was a very successful model for Maruti Suzuki both in India and abroad. It was called India's first world car and was exported to Europe as early as 1994. Besides being exported to Europe from 1994 to 2004, it has also been exported to several other countries. The Zen quickly became a hit with the Indian Racing Scene with highly modified versions of the 993 cc G10B engine topping 100+ Bhp.

The Zen was the first fun to drive hatchback in the Indian market. It was a driver oriented car with low seating and go kart like handling. The car was very reliable and it is possible to find many good examples of Zen still in use. The Zen still commands a relatively high resale value on the used car market.

Technical specifications
Trim levels at launch badged as MH410 later as LX, LXi, VXi and D,Di The Maruti Suzuki Zen has a four-cylinder in-line all aluminium engine mounted transverse and using Carburetor/MPFI Carburetor Valvetrain is 2 Valves/Cylinder SOHC with displacement of 993CC. Maximum power is 50bhp at 6500rpm and maximum torque 7.2 kgm at 4500rpm. Compression Ratio 8:8:1 MPFI valvetrain is 4 valves/cyl, SOHC with a displacement of 993 cc. Maximum power is 60.9 PS at 6000 rpm and maximum torque is 78.48 Nm @4500 rpm. It has a 5 speed manual transmission.

Comp Ratio: 9.4 (+/- 0.2):1 Drivetrain Rear:	180 mm drum Type:	Hydraulic, vacuum assisted Wheels F/R: 4Jx13,4.5Jx13 (carbon/steel) and 4Jx12” Tyres:	145/70/R13 (Earlier Petrol and Diesel variant) and 145/80/R12 (Petrol variant) In Zen 155/65/13, Measurements are best to upsize tyres in petrol and diesel variant too (not touches the body of car from top while there is load in car and sides while turning the steering and there is no need to make changes in suspension system) and not effects the mileage Turning circle dial:	3.9 m Turns lock-to-lock:	9.8 Suspension: Front: 	Independent, MacPherson strut, coil springs Rear:	3 link rigid axle with isolated trailing arm, coil spring and gas filled shock absorbers
 * Bore x Stroke: 72.0 mm x 61.0 mm
 * Front brakes: 	182 mm disc
 * Steering:	Rack and pinion, First EPS from Maruti appeared in Zen.Electric Power assist

General data Kerb weight:	765 kg Wheelbase:	2335 mm Track (F/R)	1335/1305 mm L/W/H:	3465/1495/1405 mm Ground clearance:	165 mm Accommodation Seating capacity:	5 Head Room, F/R	952/930 mm Leg room, F max/min	1170/990 mm Leg room, R max/min	750/610 mm Knee room, F max/min	750/610 mm Knee room, R max/min	840/650 mm Shoulder space	1270 mm

Fuel economy Overall:+	14 kmpl City:	12.0 kmpl ( with AC ) Highway:	16.21 kmpl Worst:	10.9 kmpl Fuel Tank Capacity:	35 litres Range:	528.5 km + is 75% city driving and 25% highway driving

Braking Minimum Stopping Distance From 100 km/h	54.33 m/3.73 s From 80 km/h	28.11 m/2.59 s

title: Maruti Suzuki Zen


text:
Talk:Lance Cade

working on Lance Cade's information on wikipedia
Someone is messing around my work and I am trying to put References up and someone removed it. I need someone to help me out. This can't be mess up! No one should not remove it at all. This is all of my work and if you want to help just have a Wikipedia user name so I can know who is doing this! Thanks!LindsieandLance 22:21, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Update: Please do not screw things up. As of late i am going to work this through and no one cannot change it!LindsieandLance 06:54, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Update: I am warring anyone who read this! Please do not mess around this or else!LindsieandLance 03:47, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

BIG UPDATE!! This site has so many facts wrong and the reason I can tell you why they are wrong is because the individual typing this isn't Lance Cade.. It's Lance McNaught! You figured out my real last name, that's great. You've got the year I was born wrong, multiple events in my 3 years in MCW, HWA, and OVW completely wrong, and please, oh please, don't get me started on my personal life section!!! Just because you read it online, or even a newspaper where most of my personal facts came from, doesn't mean they are completely correct. I'm not trying to piss anyone off, I actually appreciate this site because it's purpose is to have the real facts about whoever it is in this world that you want to research. But, I'm telling you, that if everyone that has posted info and claims to to have sites to back it up, it would be nice to make sure that fact are indeed true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.179.128.217 (talk) 21:32, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

the facts
The feud against DX: on September 11th, 2006, Cade and Murdoch ambushed DX.LindsieandLance 16:09, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

personal life
I am just wondering, I saw a few web sites that say that he is married and has been married since 1999, I was just wondering thanks.bobbieann22:34, 21, November 2007 —Preceding comment was added at 03:34, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Yes, Lance Cade is single.

Is it true that Lance Cade is single or what?LindsieandLance 08:05, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Never mind, he is married. Sheesh!Miss Lindsie aka LindsieandLance 20:41, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Also, has a mistress. Works at Golds Gym on Bandera road in San Antonio. He will be flying her to Orlando for Wrestlemania this weekend, and just bought her a $500 dress from BCBG in San Antonio —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.100.218.132 (talk) 04:30, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Would you like to provide a reliable source to back that up? ♥ Nici ♥ Vampire ♥ Heart ♥ 05:09, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

I think I may have something. I just went to do a search on Texas divorce and Lance filed for divorce with his wife in 2006. I am not sure what that unknown user put down saying that Lance has a mistress, but since he doesn't have a reliable source. But I do. http://www.genlookups.com/texas_divorces/ is where I found it. Plus if you didn't notice that on wwe.com, under his photos, mostly of 2007 and 2008, Lance do not have a wedding ring on his ring finger. So, I am not sure if Lance got married or if he did, he is now divorce.Miss Lindsie (talk) 10:58, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

real name
hey i know Garrison Cade isnt his real name but i didnt think Lance Cade was either so if anyone could find out his real name that would be good to know --- Paulley 16:11, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * According to multiple websites, his actual name is "Lance Cadd." --Pathogen 02:52, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

I've always seen his real name stated as Garrison Cade. TJ Spyke 02:20, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * With the exception when he first arrived on RAW, he was always known as Lance Cade. I believe they gave him the name Garrison because there was already a Lance on RAW (Lance Storm).  -- J  Fred  06:51, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * His real name is Lance McNaught and he atteneded High School at Millard North High School in Omaha, Nebraska. He lettered in Basketball, but never wrestled!  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.165.205.66 (talk) 11:21, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Source? We need one to verify his name before it can be added to the article. NiciVampireHeart (talk) 12:07, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

NiciVampireHeart, it looks like someone got to it. I can cited from this board website: http://redout.org/ipb/index.php?showtopic=13513&mode=threaded&pid=145942. I added something else from that board too.Miss Lindsie aka LindsieandLance 20:27, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Managers
Please do not add anymore managers to the list so far. If you are going to put that down, please spell it right and citied or it will be deleted.Also please tell me where you got it so I can check it out! Thanks!LindsieandLance 04:01, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Birthdate
We need to find out when is Lance Cade's birthday really is. It is not March 2nd. I have the latest WWE magazine and it's not on here at all. We need to wait until next month to see if it's on there or not. If not, we must still look for it each month, until we do.LindsieandLance 22:51, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Update: I have nothing about the birthmonth or day of him from WWE Magazine. Please be aware that you can't mess around with the birthmonth until it's clear! Regardless what the Internet source says it's March 2nd, but it's not! Thanks!LindsieandLance 15:05, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Update: I still have nothing and someone is keep on messing it around! Until I have it, please do not put it back up or this will be locked! LindsieandLance 12:55, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

WARNNING: I am getting sick and tired of anyone can change it! Until the proof is there. You are not alowed to mess around with the birthdate. Leave it alone and this would not be anymore of a problem!LindsieandLance 02:47, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Lance McNaught was born March 2, 1981 not 1980... In Carroll, IA to be exact...
 * A reliable source would be useful... ♥ Nici ♥ Vampire ♥ Heart ♥ 16:39, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

picture
who will change his picture, that is on the side?LindsieandLance 04:01, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Side slam?
Isnt his finisher a sitout spinebuster. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Masterman4 (talk • contribs) 21:04, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

We don't know yet. That is a question that only Lance Cade can answer.LindsieandLance (talk) 15:08, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

I would personally credit it as an Exploder suplex lift dropped into a sitout side slam. Anyone agrees ? 24.203.3.106 (talk) 19:37, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

I've always looked at it more as a sitout Rock Bottom, honetly. Same set up and everything. That makes it mor akin to a Side Slam.--ProtoWolf (talk) 18:32, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Like I said only Lance can answer to us. We have to wait til RAW to see if he doesMiss Lindsie aka LindsieandLance —Preceding unsigned comment added by LindsieandLance (talk • contribs) 07:10, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

If it makes a difference he used the lariat clothesline as a finisher when he was still in the tag team but did singles matches. KP317 21:58, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

New Picture
Isn't it time Lance Cade got a new picture? He is no longer using that gimmick. The picture should be updated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.225.32.168 (talk) 04:14, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
 * We don't update the pictures because they're out of date. We use one that shows a clear view of his face. ♥ Nici ♥ Vampire ♥ Heart ♥ 04:40, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

I thought we could since we can use one that is from wwe.com.--Miss Lindsie (talk) 10:08, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * No we can't. Under WP:FU, because any image from wwe.com is a fair-use image, the image would be deleted pretty much immediatley since a free equivalent could be found. ♥ Nici ♥ Vampire ♥ Heart ♥ 05:14, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Second daughter
Wrestlingepincenter.com has a blog entry that Lance writes and in it he states that he has two daughters.I'm looking for another souce but help would be appreciated.(MgTurtle (talk) 03:34, 11 August 2008 (UTC))

I know about that. It is on WWE Fan Nation. But, I think I can get someone to help us.Miss Lindsie (talk) 07:21, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added it. His fan nation blog works as a source, so I've added it with that to back it up. ♥ Nici ♥ Vampire ♥ Heart ♥ 08:20, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

But one thing remains, who is the mother of the second daughter?Miss Lindsie (talk) 11:14, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

It's your dear personal friend Lance Cade again... Let's see how long it takes for one of you to take this off.. My fan nation site is a reliable source!! So, since it's me writing the whole thing, anything I put in it you all you take as truth... Is that what I'm understanding? I've got in an idea then.. Why don't the two of you send me a list of questions that you want to know so my wikipedia site can FINALLY become 100% fact instead of mostly fact and part BS? There are things inaccurate on my wikipedia site and the reason I've given a few of you so much grief is because the things you have wrong on my site are wrestling facts that most are on actually video tape and you don't need another inaccurate web site that you cut and paste the wrong info onto this one. I'm not expecting you to have my personal life correct, but the wrestling part should be a no brainer... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.191.7.225 (talk) 19:52, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

I know that. Sheesh! I read your blog, Lance, if that is you. I read everything you said and I left you a message. You will have to find me!Miss Lindsie (talk) 02:56, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

injury
...is that why he hasnt competed in a while? whats going on with him is he still with jericho? KP317 21:57, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Cade has not competed for a while due to a fact he has broke his nose. He is still with Chris Jericho in the storyline that Chris and Shawn Michaels are at each other thoughts. Lance has only been accompanying Chris to the matches. Miss Lindsie (talk) 02:54, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Released
Why was he released? Signed By JKT —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.79.38.72 (talk) 00:00, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

The only thing I can think of is that it has something to do with the Wellness Programme. Maybe it is something more serious than Steroids as this is only his first strike if it is indeed a drug violation. This is a very strange move as he was just beginning to get his most serious push in the company. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.79.38.72 (talk) 00:00, 15 October 2008 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.133.157.190 (talk)

Serious Siezure on a plane. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.75.167.246 (talk) 02:13, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

how can he be fired for having a seizure? it doesnt make sense.. surely it was a drug induced seizure and not a natural one? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.7.253 (talk) 21:05, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * We cannot state that it was drug-induced unless we have a reliable source to back that up per WP:BLP. Personally, I think the way it is said in the article now is fine, considering we don't know the exact details behind his release. ♥ Nici ♥ Vampire ♥ Heart ♥ 20:17, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Death
Wow. This came out of nowhere. http://www.pwinsider.com/article/49933/former-wwe-star-lance-cade-mcnaught-passes-away.html?p=1 --Aguyok (talk) 15:56, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

just looking at the page on wikipedia it sounds like he was snorting a lotta coke and died.. basically a slow overdose. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.88.120.218 (talk) 19:56, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Wife/Wives
I noticed that his ex-wife and current wife have the same name. Just wondering if she could be the same person. Maybe when more information comes out we can make sure of it. (MgTurtle (talk) 01:37, 15 August 2010 (UTC))
 * I noticed the same thing. I do recall there being edits a while back, which stated that the two had reconciled and remarried, but no sources were ever provided. ♥ Nici ♥ Vampire ♥ Heart ♥ 02:13, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Lance Cade
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Lance Cade's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "wwebio": From Dwayne Johnson:  From Dave Batista:  From Stone Cold Steve Austin:  From John Layfield:  From Gregory Helms:  From Jonathan Coachman:  From Yoshihiro Tajiri:  From Edge (wrestler):

From Dustin Rhodes:

From William Mueller:

From CM Punk:

From Kofi Kingston:

From Chris Jericho:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 14:20, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 external links on Lance Cade. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/garrison_cade/profile.jsp
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://ovwrestling.com/superstars/cade/profile.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ovwrestling.com/superstars/stables/bsprofile.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071009170422/http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/misc/ovw/sixflags.html to http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/misc/ovw/sixflags.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080319101057/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm20/results/ to http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm20/results/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110604161758/http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash2004/results/ to http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash2004/results/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/lancecade/bio/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071214234311/http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/2005/results/ to http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/2005/results/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080705175520/http://www.wwe.com/shows/cybersunday/history/2005/results/ to http://www.wwe.com/shows/cybersunday/history/2005/results/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165404/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/other/twatit.htm to http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/other/twatit.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071011030749/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/09082007 to http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/09082007

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:42, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Lance Cade. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071012014143/http://100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/other/hwatit.htm to http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/other/hwatit.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071012014143/http://100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/other/hwatit.htm to http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/other/hwatit.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:37, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lance Cade


text:
Todd Ducharme

Todd Ducharme is a Canadian judge. In 2004, he was the first Métis to be appointed to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice.

Background
He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from McGill University, a Master of Arts in Political Science degree from Yale University, a Bachelor of Law degree in 1986 from the University of Toronto and a Master of Laws degree in 1991 from Yale Law School.

title: Todd Ducharme


text:
Talk:St. Louis Cardinals

Protected edit request on 30 September 2019
Add 2019 to Central Division titles in infobox. Hawthorneabendsen (talk) 04:19, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ❌ this page is no longer protected and may be edited directly. — xaosflux  Talk 17:19, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

Cap insignia logo
The cap insignia logo in the infobox is incorrect, there is a new version for the 2020 season that was revealed in 2019. SportsFan007 (talk) 10:53, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

Baseball Cardinals?
I'd like to see a citation for the team ever being called the "Baseball Cardinals". The NFL team was called the "Football Cardinals" because they were not the "baseball" Cardinals. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 03:07, 7 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Here's an article from Sports Illustrated in 1964 that refers to both teams as such. Rgrds. --Bison X (talk) 19:13, 7 October 2021 (UTC)
 * The next question is, now that there is no such thing as a St. Louis Cardinals football team, does anyone still call the baseball team the "baseball Cardinals"? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 09:21, 8 October 2021 (UTC)
 * No. Herostratus (talk) 13:38, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Matt Carpenter Uniform Number
Change uniform number to 13 (previous number held). 24 is retired for Hall Of Fame Manager Whitey Herzog for years. 2601:603:680:A5A0:511D:3285:89FC:9939 (talk) 14:23, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Edited template to show Matt Carpenter using his prior number from 2012-2021. 24 is retired for Whitey Herzog, per both team sources and later in this Article. 2601:603:680:A5A0:C141:C634:1210:F48 (talk) 04:48, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Louis Cardinals


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Scouting/archive1

Scouting
I would like some objective input into this article, to help to get it up to WP:FAC standard. Lan3y - Talk 16:12, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * The lead section definitely needs expansion and I think you should break out Scouting around the world. It's too large to remain here as a section and it will become more of a problem once these sections are expanded and other countries are added. Don't forget to leave a link and a summary. Mgm|(talk) 08:57, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * But if you do decide to split off the Satw section, a summary table of nations and founding dates (male/female) would be of interest on the main page, at least to me. — RJH 15:57, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Right, have tried to incorporate both of your suggestions. Please have a look at Scouting and Scouting around the world. If there's anything else, do let me know! Lan3y - Talk 19:22, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Peer review/Scouting/archive1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ron Branson

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:29, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ron Branson

 * Delete as not notable enough to warrant an encyclopedia entry, --SqueakBox 16:13, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — Marginally notable activist. — RJH 17:12, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Agree withSqueakBox --Dhanakorn
 * Seems notable enough. So I'll vote keep. I need more evidence if I'm going to change that vote. (I did remove the unencyclopedic contact details, though.) Mgm|(talk) 19:13, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep, marginally notable, though some non-notable data (such as "traveled with" someone else) appear. Can someone show evidence that Alert Sheet Publications or Granada Forum are or were significant enough for articles?  If so, this article should probably be kept (and wikified) based on his heading these activities and writing the bill that became the Judicial Accountability Initiative Law.  Barno 19:46, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * What law? It's a blue-sky proposal. --Calton | Talk 00:38, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP I put this page on Wikipedia and I am being STALKED and HARASSED by SqueakBox. She has repeatedly hijacked pages, violated the 3RR, and is now showing herself to be a Wikipedia Cyber-Stalker by going to each page I submit and vandalizing it or worse. Her claims are bogus and self serving. ==> Agwiii 01:42, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I is not a women, nor do or hijack pages nor do I break the 3RR rule, --SqueakBox 01:55, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * No coment is necessary. You are a Cyber Stalker and I have asked the PTB to block your stalking. ==> Agwiii 01:59, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Because you have no evidence, --SqueakBox 02:01, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * The stupefying eloquence of your statement that "I is not a woman" speaks for itself, SqueakBox. STOP CYBER-STALKING ME! Stop dog-posting me. Just STOP and go away! ==> Agwiii 02:03, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've struck-out this 'keep' because user has voted 'delete' below. — Davenbelle 08:57, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, a famous entrepreneur. Oh, Ron Branson, sorry. Delete Chris 01:03, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article-creator's action in removing the VfD notice from the page (under cover of an edit marked 'minor') has swung my vote. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:49, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * More misinformation, for I certainly DID NOT REMOVE the Vfd. Agwiii 17:53, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * . Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:11, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Correction, there was no intention to delete the Vfd, which was place here in retaliation by a nameless one. Mel, you know I make a very clear statement to that effect, yet you still post your link. What's your point, confromtation? Agwiii  21:08, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * In case you didn't notice, he added that link before you noticed you did delete the VfD notice by mistake and apologized. --cesarb 21:49, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Carnildo 20:36, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. "Alert Sheet Publications" gets 4 unique Google hits. RickK 21:39, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Reads like one of the 'Men of Achievement, 1974' sketches from Fist of Fun.-Ashley Pomeroy 21:48, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cannot be notable because it was not created by a member of the clique. Agwiii 21:50, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that you mean the Cabal. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:01, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I used the correct word. "When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean -- neither more nor less." (Humpty Dumpty. Through The Looking Glass. Carroll, L. London, 1872) Signed, Agwiii 22:07, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * But not the actual meaning, of course. --Calton | Talk 00:38, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete – not notable. — Davenbelle 08:50, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Minor-league activist. --Calton | Talk 00:38, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not sufficently notable. -- Dcfleck 12:48, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Péter Erdő

Requested move
I wonder if the word Cardinal is desirable in the title. I suppose not. – On the other hand, õ is certainly not correct; the actual ő should be substituted by o. --Adam78 16:14, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * See List of cardinals Christian-names CARDINAL Familyname is the Wikipedia standard Philip Baird Shearer 10:01, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep it as it is

 * Remove the title Cardinal

 * Oppose. violet/riga (t) 16:23, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose removing the cardinal title, Uppland 16:50, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose removing the Cardianl title. Philip Baird Shearer 10:01, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Move to Peter Erdo

Move to Péter Erdo

Move to Péter Erdö

 * ''Change the O Option:

Move to Peter Cardinal Erdo No diacritics
 * Support for consistency remove both diacritics. Philip Baird Shearer 10:01, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Move to Péter Cardinal Erdo remove only second diacritic
 * Support We should use an unaccented o for the moment, with a redirect from umlaut. Gdr 20:02, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)
 * Support Only those accents are removed in the English Wikipedia which cannot be displayed in titles; all the other diacritics are kept (see eg. Category:Hungarian writers). ő is never substituted by õ ; the latter is used on its own right in other languages. As is noted below, cardinal is kept in names. – Thus, in my opinion, this seems to be the only option in accordance with current Wikipedia conventions. I encourage you to check it with a few minutes' investigation. Adam78 10:20, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support violet/riga (t) 11:50, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Move to Péter Cardinal Erdö use ö

Discussion
"Cardinal" in the name as it is adheres to normal naming standards and our MoS. Erdõ seems correct according to http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_29.htm http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/berdo.html. I therefore oppose. violet/riga (t) 16:23, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oppose removing the cardinal title, but if õ is incorrect and ő is technically impossible, what about using ö, as is commonly done when writing Hungarian names in other languages? / Uppland 16:50, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The interposition of "Cardinal" matches the rule given and justified at Naming conventions (names and titles). Debates about that convention should be at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (names and titles), not here. As for the diacritical, I note that on http://www.katolikus.hu/dioc_ang.html it is given with the double acute; on Google the double acute is the most common form of his name on sites in the .hu domain. We should use an unaccented o for the moment, with a redirect from umlaut. Gdr 20:02, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

I've reviewed my vote on the subject and, as the voting goes so far, Péter Cardinal Erdo is the favourite. violet/riga (t) 11:50, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 20:32, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Péter Erdő. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080519015220/http://www.mta.hu/index.php?id=1282&LANG=h&TiD=1071&cHash=974bf740ab to http://www.mta.hu/index.php?id=1282&LANG=h&TID=1071&cHash=974bf740ab
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151009224338/http://blogs.new.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/the-vatican-family-synod-and-the-sex-abuse-scandal-that-could-engulf-pope-francis/ to http://blogs.new.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/the-vatican-family-synod-and-the-sex-abuse-scandal-that-could-engulf-pope-francis/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:55, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Péter Erdő. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/23180.php?index=23180&po_date=17.01.2009&lang=en
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080317200839/http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_29__article_4167.htm to http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_29__article_4167.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081006143036/http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_29__article_5530.htm to http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_29__article_5530.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:49, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Péter Erdő. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080907084115/http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_29__article_2722.htm to http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_29__article_2722.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:41, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Péter Erdő


text:
Agrarian law

Agrarian laws (from the Latin ager, meaning "land") were laws among the Romans regulating the division of the public lands, or ager publicus. In its broader definition, it can also refer to the agricultural laws relating to peasants and husbandmen, or to the general farming class of people of any society.

Various attempts to reform agrarian laws were part of the socio-political struggle between the patricians and plebeians known as the Conflict of the Orders.

In other countries like Germany and the Netherlands, agrarian law is the name used to describe the terrain of law relating to farming and agriculture.

Introduction
There existed two kinds of land in ancient Rome: private and public land (ager publicus), which included common pasture. By the 2nd century BC, wealthy landowners had begun to dominate the agrarian areas of the republic by "renting" large tracts of public land and treating it as if it were private. This began to force out smaller, private farmers with competition; the farmers were forced to move to the cities for this and a number of other factors including battles making living in rural areas dangerous. Roman cities were not good places to attempt to get jobs; they were also dangerous, overcrowded and messy.

Proposed land distribution in 486 BC
Probably the earliest attempt at an agrarian law was in 486 BC. A peace treaty was entered into with the Hernici whereby they agreed to cede two-thirds of their land. Spurius Cassius Vecellinus, Roman consul for the third time, proposed to distribute that land, together with other public Roman land, amongst the Latin allies and the plebs. Cassius proposed a law to give effect to his proposal. Niebuhr suggests that the law sought to restore the law of Servius Tullius, the sixth King of Rome, strictly defining the portion of the patricians in the public land, dividing the remainder amongst the plebeians, and requiring that the tithe be levied from the lands possessed by the patricians.

The proposed law was opposed by the senators (some of whom it seemed were squatting on the public Roman land) and by the other consul Proculus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus. Their opposition to the law was also based on their concerns that Cassius was seeking to gain too much popularity.

Verginius spoke publicly against the law, and the plebs became concerned that land was being given to the Latin allies, and also that Cassius might be seeking to pave the way to regal power. Verginius even suggested he would support the law if it was in favour only of Romans and not Rome's allies. To counter him, Cassius promised that the money raised from the Sicilian corn distribution be donated to the plebs, but they rejected this as a political bribe, and suspicion that Cassius was seeking regal power increased.

In 485 BC once Cassius had left office he was condemned and executed. Livy says that the method of his trial is uncertain. Livy's preferred version is that a public trial on the charge of high treason was held on the orders of the quaestores parricidii Caeso Fabius and Lucius Valerius, at which Cassius was condemned by the people, and subsequently by public decree his house was demolished (being near the temple of Tellus). The alternative version is that Cassius' own father conducted a private trial (presumably exercising authority as pater familias, although Niebuhr argues that it was impossible that a man who had been thrice consul and twice triumphed should still be in his father's power. ) and put his son to death, and subsequently dedicated his son's assets to the goddess Ceres, including by dedicating a statue to her with the inscription ""given from the Cassian family". Dionysius states that he was hurled from the Tarpeian Rock.

Some seem to have called for the execution of Cassius' sons also, but according to Dionysius, they were spared by the senate.

Cassius Dio expressed his belief in the consul's innocence.

In 159 BC the statue of Cassius erected on the spot of his house was melted down by the censors.

Land distribution in 467 BC
Popular agitation for agrarian reform continued during 484 BC. And again in 481 and 480 BC, when the tribunes Spurius Licinius and Titus Pontificius respectively exhorted the plebs to refuse enrolment for military service as a means of encouraging agrarian reform, but the consuls and the other tribunes convinced the plebs otherwise.

In 476 BC the tribunes Quintus Considius and Titus Genucius successfully brought charges against Titus Menenius Lanatus, and in the following year the tribunes Lucius Caedicius and Titus Statius brought charges against Spurius Servilius but he was acquitted. Livy says the charges were motivated by agitation for agrarian reform.

In 473 BC, the tribune Gnaeus Genucius brought to trial the consuls of the previous year, Lucius Furius Medullinus and Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, for failing to appoint the decemvirs to allocate the public lands. However, on the day of the trial Genucius was found dead, and as a consequence the charges were dismissed.

In 470 BC the tribunes Marcus Duilius and Gnaeus Siccius brought to trial the consul of the previous year, Appius Claudius, a man who was hated by the people. The charge was that he had opposed the agrarian law. However he died before the trial.

In 469 BC tensions on account of the agrarian law threatened again, but foreign wars interrupted.

Tensions flared after the conclusion of the foreign conflicts, and as a consequence the plebeians refused to attend the consular elections for 468 BC. Once again conflict at Rome was interrupted by foreign war, which resulted in the consul Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus capturing the Volscian city of Antium south of Rome.

In 467 BC Tiberius Aemilius was elected consult for the second time, together with Quintus Fabius Vibulanus. Aemilius had previously been consul in 470 BC at the time of Claudius' trial, and had then been sympathetic to the plebeians' agrarian demands. According the plebeians sought to raise the issue again, hoping Aemilius would act in their interests. Indeed, Aemilius was in favour of agrarian reform again, and thus incurred the odium of the patricians. However the tensions were resolved by Aemilius' colleague Fabius, who proposed a law that a Roman colony be planted at Antium, and land there be distributed amongst the plebeians. The measure was passed, and three men were appointed as commissioners to allocate the lands (triumviri coloniae deducendae). They were Titus Quinctius, the consul of the previous year who had captured Antium from the Volsci; Aulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus the consul of 469 BC; and Publius Furius Medullinus Fusus the consul of 472 BC. Livy reports that in fact few of the plebeians applied for allotment of land at Antium, however reports of conflict on account of the agrarian reforms were absent for many years thereafter.

Gracchan reforms in late 2nd century BC
In 133 BC, Tiberius Gracchus, the tribune of the plebs, passed a series of laws attempting to reform the agrarian land laws; the laws limited the amount of public land one person could control, reclaimed public lands held in excess of this, and attempted to redistribute the land, for a small rent, to farmers now living in the cities.

Further reforms in 122 BC were attempted by Tiberius's brother, Gaius Gracchus, including the expansion of the laws' area of influence to all of the colonies in Italy. These reforms, however, were not as successful due to massive unpopularity in the Italian provinces.

By 118 BC the sales limits and redistribution efforts had been abolished, and by 111 BC the laws were standardized, confirming the positions of many owners in Italy about their large tracts of land.

title: Agrarian law


text:
Daniel Mendoza

Daniel Mendoza (5 July 1764 – 3 September 1836) (often known as Dan Mendoza) was an English prize fighter in the 1780s and 90s, and was also an instructor of pugilism. He was of Sephardic or Portuguese Jewish descent.

Mendoza played a significant role in advancing the scientific technique in boxing by publishing two books on the subject (The Art of Boxing and The Modern Art of Boxing) and by conducting frequent public exhibitions. While modern sources often portray Mendoza as the English Prizefighting Champion from 1792 to 1795, contemporary sources from the late 18th and early 19th century do not describe Mendoza in this manner.

Early life and ancestry
Daniel Mendoza was born in Whitechapel, Aldgate, London, England, on 5 July 1764, to a family of Spanish and Portuguese Jews, also known as Sephardim. By the time he was born, Jews had been allowed to settle in England for about one hundred years, having been readmitted officially by Cromwell in 1656. They were still regarded by many Londoners with a degree of suspicion and faced significant antisemitism. Mendoza's ancestors came from Jaén, Spain; they had emigrated to the Netherlands, which had a policy of toleration, where his grandfather was born. The family moved to London, with ancestors living there for a century before Mendoza's birth. Several sources wrote that some of his London ancestors from Spain had earlier concealed their Jewish identity and converted to Christianity, becoming Maranos. According to many genealogical websites, his parents were Abraham Aaron Mendoza and Esther Lopez and were believed to be artisans. Jewish scholar Albert Hyamson wrote that Aaron Mendoza, a ritual slaughterer or shochet, who had written a book on his craft in 1773, was his grandfather.

Mendoza attended a Jewish school, Shaare Tikvah, where he was instructed in English grammar, writing and arithmetic, as well as Hebrew. He grew up in London's East End in poor surroundings and worked as a glass cutter, labourer, assistant to a green grocer, and actor before taking up boxing as a profession.

Early career highlights 1780–90
Mendoza's first fight occurred in 1780 when he was 16. At the time, he was working for a tea dealer in Aldgate, London. The fight was not a prize fight for a purse, but a contest to settle a dispute with a porter over payment for a consignment of tea. The porter had demanded twice the agreed price for the consignment and Mendoza said the porter behaved in a manner unfit for a gentleman. After much arguing between the porter and the proprietor of the tea dealership, the porter challenged the owner to settle the dispute by a duel with fists.

Believing the porter was cheating his frail employer, Mendoza accepted the challenge on his behalf. Richard Humphries acted as Mendoza's second. Humphries would later act as a manager for Mendoza, arranging training facilities and securing payment for fights. The duel with the porter took place in the street outside the tea dealership in a hastily constructed ring. The fight lasted for forty-five minutes, ending when the porter declared he was unable to continue. This victory brought a small measure of fame to Mendoza, as stories of the fight spread through the surrounding neighborhoods and portrayed Mendoza as the talented whippersnapper who had not just beaten, but thrashed his larger opponent.

Bout with Harry the Coalheaver, 1784
Turning professional at 18, Mendoza fought at Mile End in 1784 against Harry the Coalheaver. After 118 rounds, lasting forty minutes, Mendoza brought the larger man into submission.

Bouts with Tom Tyne, 1785 and 1786
Mendoza then fought Tom Tyne, a tailor from Bermondsey. The exact date of this fight is unclear. Mendoza himself claims 1783 but other events in the narrative of his autobiography suggest a date closer to 1786/7. Wheldon (2019) notes that a report in the Public Advertiser seems to set the date accurately at 7 November 1785. The report read as follows: 'Monday, a pitched battle was fought near Wanstead, between Mendoza, the noted fighting Jew, and a tailor, of the Borough, which after a contest of 40 minutes (during which time much real drubbing was given on both sides) was decided in favour of the tailor, to the no small disappointment and regret of the knowing ones'.

On July 1786 Mendoza fought a rematch against Tyne at Duppas Hill, Croydon, having dispatched a couple of minor fighters in the intervening eight months. The second bout vs Tyne resulted in victory for Mendoza in a fight lasting 27 rounds and almost an hour. Mendoza noted that in the second bout Tyne fought with 'uncommon shyness' and that 'several sporting gentlemen assembled on this occasion'.

Bout with Sam Martin, 1787
After his fight with Sam Martin the Bath Butcher in Barnet on 17 April 1787, which Mendoza won in ten rounds and a total of 26 minutes, he was transported home followed by a cheering crowd who carried lighted torches and sang 'See the Conquering Hero Comes'. After the fight, the Prince of Wales, who would become King George IV, presented Mendoza with 500 pounds, in addition to the 500 pounds he had won in the match, and shook his hand in full view of the gallery. Mendoza used the money to open a boxing school in Capel Court. The recognition by royalty annoyed his second, occasional manager Richard Humphries, who became a rival and planned for a match, but it elevated the stature of Jews in London. With the money he won from the Martin fight, Mendoza is believed to have married first cousin Esther Mendoza around 1789. They would have eleven children, whom Mendoza later struggled to support. Before he married, he promised Esther to quit boxing, but was unable to keep his promise.

Bouts with Richard Humphries, 1787–90

The next phase of Mendoza's career was defined by a series of bouts with his former mentor and second Richard Humphries between 1787 and 1790. The first, and least known, of these took place on 9 September 1787; Mendoza lost in 29 minutes. This fight was not considered as important by historians, perhaps because Humphries dominated, or because there were fewer persons in attendance.

A second Mendoza-Humphries bout took place, after postponement, on a rainy 9 January 1788 in Odiham, Hampshire and was attended by 10,000 spectators.

Included in the audience were the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York, who wagered 40,000 pounds on the match. Humphries was a 2–1 favourite to win, though Mendoza had his own followers and was heavily backed by the Jewish community.

The fight was disrupted from a foul called when Humphries' second, the reigning champion, Tom Johnson blocked a blow but, according to Mendoza's account, this did not end the fight. According to his own account, Mendoza slipped on the wet boards of the ring and badly sprained his ankle, preventing him from continuing, and requiring him to forfeit the bout.

At least seven English newspapers of the era, including London's Times and Chronicle, published articles on the Mendoza–Humphries bouts, and United States papers ran stories as well. In one newspaper article to advertise their meeting, Mendoza taunted, "Mr. Humphreys is afraid, he dares not meet me as a boxer … though he has the advantages of strength and age, though a teacher of the art, he meanly shrinks from a public trial of that skill". Humphries replied Mendoza should make the same claim in the ring, and vowed to meet him.

In his third bout against Humphries on 6 May 1789 in Stilton, Huntingdonshire, Mendoza dominated and won on a foul in the 65th round when Humphries was believed to have dropped to the ground without being hit. Mendoza had trained for the bout at the Essex home of his principal Sir Thomas Apreece. The specially built arena had tiered seating and could accommodate up to 3,000 people, a more modest crowd than at his second bout. The battle commenced a little after one o'clock in the afternoon. The smaller crowd may have been due to Huntingdonshire being a long journey for many fans, ninety miles from London. It was clear early in the fight that Mendoza's hand and foot work were vastly superior to Humphries', though both men were accomplished scientific boxers and had studied each other's style.

Mendoza won his fourth and final bout with Humphries on 29 September 1790 in 72 rounds in Doncaster Recognised by many for his previous win, Mendoza was the 5–4 favourite, and he thoroughly thrashed his opponent, ten minutes into the bout. Pierce Egan, English boxing author of the period, noted that many in the crowd were behind Mendoza, and that the "humanity of Mendoza was conspicuous throughout the fight—often was it witnessed that Dan threw his arm when he might have put in a most tremendous blow upon his exhausted adversary".

First fight versus Bill Warr

On 14 May 1792, Mendoza fought a bout at Smitham Bottom, Croydon, against Bill Warr (or Ward) his former sparring-partner. This fight resulted in a victory for Mendoza in 23 rounds, 116 minutes. After his win against Warr, Mendoza is believed to have met with King George III at Windsor Castle. Poems and songs were written of Mendoza, he sat for portraits, and was asked to give boxing exhibitions at London's prestigious Covent Gardens. Mendoza was paid 50 English pounds, an impressive sum in 1790, for several of his boxing demonstrations at Covent Gardens, which he conducted as often as three times a week.

Mendoza's style of boxing

Pierce Egan recorded that ‘Mendoza was considered one of the most elegant and scientific pugilists in the whole race of boxers. […] He rose up like a phenomenon in the pugilistic hemisphere, and was a star of the first brilliancy for a considerable period’. The anonymous work Pancratia (1812) noted that ‘In his manner there is more neatness than strength, and it has been said, more show than service; his blows are in general deficient in force, but given with astonishing quickness, and he is [agreed] to strike oftener, and stop more dexterously, than any other man.’

Other attributes considered typical of Mendoza’s style were: ‘stopping and returning with the same hand’, and extensive use of the ‘chopper’ (a backhanded punch, often delivered with the same hand that had just been used to make a block). He was also noted for his ability in ‘tiring out a man’s strength […] by acting on the defensive till the assault in turn could be practiced with success’. Mendoza was believed to have ‘derived his primitive knowledge of boxing from the tuition of his elegant rival Humphreys; but he so rapidly improved upon the system of his master, as to remain several years without a rival’.

Mendoza as a teacher
Mendoza’s contribution to the development of scientific technique came as much from his ability as a teacher as from his own personal boxing style. In 1789 he published two books, The Art of Boxing and The Modern Art of Boxing, and from 1790 onwards he frequently offered public exhibitions of pugilism in theatres, either in London or across the provinces. Mendoza also worked closely with a number of later pugilists, either as a trainer or as a second (i.e. cornerman in modern parlance). Egan noted that ‘as a teacher […], it might almost be said, that [Mendoza] was without a competitor, and turned out some excellent pupils.’

The influence of Mendoza’s books is perhaps unclear. The Art of Boxing devotes just 28 pages to boxing technique, but a further 67 to documenting the ill-tempered correspondence that had passed between Mendoza and Humphreys. The Modern Art of Boxing (a slim 48 page tome) is described by Mendoza as ‘a selection from different works on the same subject’ (it contains material taken directly from, for example, Godfrey’s 1747 treatise on self-defence). Contained in both of these works are Mendoza's 'Six Lessons' (described as being 'for the use of his scholars'). These consist of exercises whereby the master makes various attacks and the student is told how to defend against them. The 'Six Lessons' can be seen as an expression of Mendoza’s style as described above, with much concentration on defensive technique and counter-attack.

Later career 1793–95
Though he remained an admired and heroic figure, Mendoza's decline in popular support may have partly been due to public knowledge of several crimes he committed, which he omitted from his memoirs. He may have been deported early in his life for robbery, was undoubtedly accused of fraud in a well publicized Old Bailey trial in October 1793, and was found guilty in a London trial of viciously assaulting a woman, Rachel Joel, for insulting his wife in 1795.

After a stay in a debtors' prison, he resumed training and defeated Bill Warr again on 12 November 1794, outclassing him in only seventeen minutes at Bexley Common. At around this time Mendoza was employed as a recruiting Sargent.

Bout against John Jackson, 1795
On 15 April 1795, Mendoza fought "Gentleman" John Jackson on a stage at Hornchurch in Essex. At a muscular twenty-six, Jackson was five years younger than Mendoza's thirty-one, 4 in taller, and 42 lb heavier. Two hundred guineas, or a little over two hundred British pounds, were laid on each side, and the future King William IV was among the audience. The bout was only Jackson's third professional fight and the betting was recorded by Pierce Egan as having been in favour of Mendoza. Jackson, however, won in nine rounds, paving the way to victory by muscling Mendoza into the corner of the ring, grabbing his hair and pummeling his head with uppercuts using his free hand. Mendoza managed to come back up to scratch after this, but was soon knocked out. Jackson beat him into submission by the end of the ninth round. Mendoza asked for a foul for the hair pulling, but it was ruled to be legal at the time. Many pugilists, such as James Figg and Jack Broughton, shaved their heads to avoid the possibility of this, until hair-pulling was eventually banned in boxing. Mendoza retired after his loss, and though he attempted boxing comebacks, he never again enjoyed the same-size audiences or received large purses. Although Mendoza continued sparring tours well into the nineteenth century, 1795 marked the beginning of a steep decline in his popularity and for the most part, his income. He very rarely appeared in the London newspapers after this period, and had lost respect with much of the public.

In 1799, Mendoza contracted a debt and ended in Carlisle Prison. Though he was bailed out by friends in the Freemasons, he later served another six months. With great connections, though a convict, he was later appointed Sheriff's Assistant to the County of Middlesex in 1806, though he would have to evade prison again in later life due to mounting debts.

Victory over Harry Lee
On 21 March 1806, at Grinstead Green, Mendoza returned to the ring and defeated the taller Harry Lee in 53 rounds. Based on his previous reputation, Mendoza was a 3–1 favourite in the betting. The stakes were 50 guineas a side. During this period Mendoza worked as the landlord of the "Admiral Nelson" public house in Whitechapel. He turned down a number of offers for re-matches and in 1807 wrote a letter to The Times of London in which he said he was devoting himself chiefly to teaching the art of boxing.

In 1809 Mendoza and some associates were hired by the theatre manager John Philip Kemble of Covent Gardens in an attempt to suppress the Old Price Riots. The riots lasted three months and became a violent uprising against the increase in prices at the new theatre after the old theatre had burnt down. The resulting poor publicity probably cost Mendoza much of his remaining popular support, as he was seen to be fighting on the side of the privileged. The anger against the raising of the prices also sparked additional antisemitism in London and apparently, judging by the press accounts, against Mendoza himself.

He published his third book, the autobiographical Memoirs of the Life of Daniel Mendoza, in 1816.

Though not well documented, Mendoza went on several exhibition tours through the British Isles, the most successful being those made in the summer of 1819.

Final loss and death, 1836
He made his last public appearance as a boxer on 4 July 1820, one day short of his 56th birthday, at Banstead Downs in a grudge match against former boxer Thomas Owen, at that point a London innkeeper and five years younger than Mendoza. Mendoza had not fought for 14 years. In need of money, he made a questionable choice, and was defeated after 12 rounds.

According to several sources, he continued his work as an inn keeper and landlord, likely at the Admiral Nelson, in the later years of his life, and just before his death.

He died on 3 September 1836 at the age of 72, reportedly at his home in Horseshoe Alley on London's Petticoat Lane, leaving his wife Ester and family of eleven in poverty. He was initially buried in the Nuevo Sephardic Cemetery, a Jewish Cemetery near Mile End, now part of the campus of Queen Mary University of London and later reburied in Brentwood Jewish Cemetery in Essex, England.

Pierce Egan, the author of Boxiana, a boxing history of the period, said of Mendoza that he was "a complete artist" and "a star of the first brilliancy." On the subject of race prejudice, Egan wrote, "In spite of his prejudice, he (the Christian) was compelled to exclaim—Mendoza was a pugilist of no ordinary merit." Egan further wrote "No pugilist whatever, since the time of Broughton (or even Broughton himself), has ever so completely elucidated, or promulgated, the principles of boxing as Daniel Mendoza". (Broughton was the first Englishman to write rules for the sport of boxing.)

Claim to the English Championship
Most modern sources    describe Mendoza as having been English Prizefighting Champion from 1792 (when he defeated Bill Warr at Smitham Bottom) to 1795 (when he lost to John Jackson at Hornchurch). This span includes a further fight against Warr in 1794. The origin of this claim to the championship would appear to be Henning's very unreliable 1902 book Fights for the Championship which includes much text invented by the author. Sources from the late 18th and early 19th century, however, seem to be unanimous in not describing Mendoza as champion.

Various contemporary newspaper accounts of Mendoza's fights in 1792, 1794 and 1795 survive, including those in the Evening Mail, the Oracle and in the Sporting Magazine. These reports do not describe the fights as having been for the championship, nor do they mention Mendoza as having been champion. Similarly, the Sporting Magazine, essentially the journal of record for sporting events in this era, refers to Mendoza on several other occasions between 1792 and 1795, but never describes him as champion.

Early 19th century works such as Pancratia (1812) and Boxiana (1813) also cover these fights without making any reference to the championship - and the lengthy chapter on Mendoza in Boxiana never refers to him having been champion (whereas the chapters on established champions such as Tom Johnson, Ben Brain and Jem Belcher make their statuses clear on multiple occasions). Most tellingly, in his own autobiography Mendoza makes no reference to these three fights having been for the championship and at no point claims to have been English Champion.

According to Pierce Egan's authoritative Boxiana (1813), Ben Brain continued to be recognised as champion until his death in 1794. The championship then appears to have remained vacant until the advent of Jem Belcher in 1800, who is the next fighter to be described as Champion of England in the early prizefighting sources.

Halls of Fame

 * In 1954 Mendoza was elected to The Ring magazine Hall of Fame (Boxing Hall of Fame).
 * Mendoza was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1981.
 * In 1990 he was inducted into the inaugural class of the International Boxing Hall of Fame.
 * In 2017, Mendoza was inducted into the Bare Knuckle Boxing Hall of Fame.

In popular culture

 * In 1788 and 1789, James Gillray produced several cartoons of Mendoza.
 * Mendoza appears as a character in the 1934 movie The Scarlet Pimpernel at approximately the 40-minute mark.
 * Mendoza appears as a character in the 1942 British drama The Young Mr. Pitt.
 * In James Joyce's 1922 novel Ulysses, the protagonist Leopold Bloom mentions "Mendoza (pugilist)" in a list of "anapocryphal illustrious sons of the law and children of a selected or rejected race" along with "Felix Bartholdy Mendelssohn (composer), Baruch Spinoza (philosopher) . . . [and] Ferdinand Lassalle (reformer, duellist)."
 * In 1970, cartoon artist Ted Rawlings illustrated "Mendoza The Great", one of the anthology stories featured in The Victor comics.
 * In American cartoonist Will Eisner's 2003 graphic novel Fagin the Jew, a young Fagin and his father witness Mendoza's fight against Richard Humphries, on which they place a bet in favor of Mendoza.
 * In 2009, Randy Cohen debuted a play about Mendoza, titled The Punishing Blow.
 * In 2013, writer Ronald Schechter and illustrator Liz Clarke published Mendoza the Jew: Boxing, Manliness, and Nationalism, A Graphic History.

Relatives

 * The English actor Peter Sellers was Mendoza's first cousin four times removed, and hung portraits of the boxer in the backgrounds of several of his films.
 * The Australian writer David Malouf is descended in the same degree from Mendoza.

Plaques

 * In September 2008, a commemorative plaque to Dan Mendoza (made by Louise Soloway) was unveiled in London by Sir Henry Cooper. It hangs on the wall of the main library of Queen Mary University of London, adjacent to the student cafeteria.
 * His former home on Paradise Row in Bethnal Green is marked by a blue plaque.

title: Daniel Mendoza