text:
History of New York City (1784–1854)

The history of New York City (1784–1854) started with the creation of the city as the capital of the United States under the Congress of the Confederation from January 11, 1785, to Autumn 1788, and then under the United States Constitution from its ratification in 1789 until moving to Philadelphia in 1790. The city grew as an economic center with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825; the growth of its railroads added to its dominance. Tammany Hall began to grow in influence with the support of many Irish immigrants, culminating in the election of the first Tammany mayor, Fernando Wood, in 1854. The city had become the nation's most important port and financial center and competed with Boston as the center of high culture.

As a capital city
With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and the resulting withdrawal of British troops from the city, the Congress of the Confederation moved to Federal Hall on Wall Street in 1785. The first government of the United States, operating under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union since its ratification in 1781, was soon found inadequate for the needs of the new nation. However, certain successes were achieved while in New York, including the passage of the Northwest Ordinance, which laid the framework for the addition of new states into the Union.

A call for revision to the Articles was led by New Yorker Alexander Hamilton, and the Annapolis Convention was convened with representatives from the states to discuss the necessary changes. Lacking representation from all of the states, the convention made no suggestions for changing the Articles but instead drafted a report that led to the creation of a Constitutional Convention in 1787 to create an entirely new governing document.

As a federal city
The city's and state's status within the new union under the United States Constitution written in 1787 was under question when Governor George Clinton proved reluctant to submit state power to a strong national government and was opposed to ratification. Some New York City businessmen proposed New York City secession as an alternative to joining the union separately, but Alexander Hamilton and others argued persuasively in the Federalist Papers, published in city newspapers, for state ratification, which after much dispute finally passed in 1788. George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States on the balcony of Federal Hall in 1789, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted in the city. The Supreme Court of the United States sat for the first time in New York. After 1790, Congress left for Philadelphia.

Population growth and economic leadership
New York remained a cosmopolitan enclave within America. The new French consul gave a report in 1810:
 * "its inhabitants, who are for the most part foreigners and made up of every nation except Americans so to speak, have in general no mind for anything but business. New York might be described as a permanent fair in which two-thirds of the population is always being replaced; where huge business deals are being made, almost always with fictitious capital, and where luxury has reached alarming heights... It is in the countryside and in the inland towns that one must look for the American population of New York State." (quoted by Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, 1984 p 406).

The French consul's "fictitious capital" betokens the world of credit, on which New Yorkers' confidence has been based. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 imposed a surveyed grid upon all of Manhattan's varied terrain, in a far-reaching though perhaps topographically insensitive vision.

New York, with a population of 96,000 in 1810, surged far beyond its rivals, reaching a population of 1,080,000 in 1860, compared to 566,000 in Philadelphia, 212,000 in Baltimore and 178,000 in Boston. Historian Robert Albion identifies four aggressive moves by New York entrepreneurs and politicians that helped it jump to the top of American cities. Of greatest importance, it sponsored the Erie Canal, which began operations in 1825, forming a continuous water route from New York north to Albany via the Hudson River, then west to Buffalo using the new canal to reach the Great Lakes. It opened a large new market in upstate New York and the Old Northwest. New York set up an auction system that efficiently and rapidly sold imported cargoes to the highest bidder. Exporters from Britain discovered New York offered the best prices for their goods, and they increasingly ignored Boston and Philadelphia, where the local merchants tried to impose higher markups by avoiding auctions. New York began the world's first regular packet service to England with the Black Ball Line in 1818. By 1830, it dominated the nation's merchant marine. Ambitious shippers reached beyond the natural hinterland to open large-scale coastal trade, especially one that brought Southern cotton to New York for export to textile mills in the Northeast and in Europe, and carried manufactured products to the South. By 1830, 40 cents of every dollar the mills paid for cotton went to New York brokers to cover the cost of shipping. The main rivals, Boston Philadelphia and Baltimore, tried to compete with the Erie Canal by opening their own networks of canals and railroads; they never caught up. Manufacturing was not a major factor in the city's growth in the 19th century—factories were chiefly being built in towns and smaller cities with waterfalls and fast rivers that were harnessed to generate the power, or were closer to coal supplies.

In 1792, a group of merchants made the "Buttonwood Agreement" and began meeting under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street, beginning the New York Stock Exchange, while a yellow fever epidemic that summer sent New Yorkers fleeing north to nearby healthful Greenwich Village. In 1797, Aaron Burr took control of Tammany Hall and used it to win the state's electoral vote in the 1800 presidential election.

In 1807, Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York City to Albany, which accelerated the movement of cargo and passengers upriver. Lumber and coal were the main products brought into New York. The establishment of regular steam ferries spurred the growth of Brooklyn, which was established as a city in 1834.

On September 3, 1821, the Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane caused a storm surge of 13 ft in one hour, leading to widespread flooding south of Canal Street, but few deaths were reported. The hurricane is estimated to have been a Category 3 event and to have made landfall at Jamaica Bay, making it the only hurricane in recorded history to directly strike New York City.

In 1824, a riot occurred in Greenwich Village between Irish Protestants and Catholics, after a parade by members of the Orange Order. This was a precursor of the Orange Riots of the 1870s.

Immigrants provided a ready resource for those opposing abolition of slavery. These were often led by gangsters from the Bowery and Five Points. On July 7, 1834, a series of riots started, terminating in the destruction of St. Phillip's Negro Church on Center Street and generally terrorizing the Five Points area.

In 1831, as the city continued to expand, the University of the City of New York, now New York University, was founded at Washington Square in Greenwich Village. The first of a series of cholera epidemics began in 1832. By 1835, with the epidemic past, Manhattan was in the throes of the first of its building booms.

Late on December 16, 1835, the Great Fire of New York broke out. The temperature was below zero (F), and gale-force winds were blowing. Firemen, some called from as far away as Philadelphia, were at first helpless to battle the wind-driven fire because of icing lines and pumps. The fire leveled 50 acres (200,000 square meters) in the Financial District. Some merchandise was carried to churches that were thought to be fireproof, but several of these burned anyway. Eventually, the fire was controlled by blowing up buildings in the fire's path.

Many of the merchants who lost their stores thought they would be covered by insurance, but the tremendous losses, and, in many cases, the destruction of the insurance company headquarters in the financial district, bankrupted the insurance firms, and much of the loss was not covered.

The fires of the period and the increased need for water for industry led to the construction of the Croton Aqueduct water system between 1837 and 1842. The aqueduct brought fresh water from the Croton Dam in northern Westchester County over the High Bridge to the Receiving Reservoir between 79th Street and 86th Street and Sixth and Seventh Avenues. From the Receiving Reservoir water flowed into the Distributing Reservoir, better known as the Croton Reservoir. The aqueduct opened on October 14, 1842, with great celebration. President John Tyler, former presidents John Quincy Adams and Martin van Buren, and New York Governor William H. Seward were among those in attendance.

The city's rapid development was again interrupted by the Panic of 1837. The city recovered and by mid-century established itself as the financial and mercantile capital of the western hemisphere.

The Great New York City Fire of 1845 destroyed 345 wooden buildings in the Financial District.

The Hudson River Railroad (which grew into the New York Central) opened October 3, 1851; it extended the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, the first railroad built in the state, south to New York City.

Rise of the immigrant city
The city and its nearby suburbs grew rapidly for several reasons. The natural harbor at the base of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the New Jersey ports at Newark and Elizabeth provided almost unlimited capacity for trading ships and protection from storms. Not until 1985 did New York lose its place as the busiest port in the world.

Other cities, like Boston, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, had good natural harbors, but New York's advantage over other cities of the Eastern Seaboard was that the Hudson River and the Erie Canal formed the only water route through the Appalachian Mountains.

The city's cosmopolitan attitude and tolerance of many different cultures encouraged many different types of immigrant groups to settle in the city. Starting in the late 1840s, the city saw increased Irish immigration with the Great Irish Famine and German immigration with the Revolutions of 1848. People who came from Ireland were poor, without knowledge of their new world; once arrived on the docks, unscrupulous landlords offered them squalid tenements that were once houses for middle-class New Yorkers. They crowded into dirty rooms, and the slums of the city became known for high rates of disease. Immigrants were skilled laborers and craftsmen; Germans settled in a new neighborhood named "Kleindeutschland" (Little Germany) and opened many shops where they worked as artisans. Many Irish immigrants were responsible for building the subway and sky-scrapers.

Raw unregulated capitalism created large middle, upper-middle and upper classes, but its need for manpower encouraged immigration into the city on an unprecedented scale, with mixed results. The famed "melting pot" was brought into being, from which multitudes have since arisen in the successful pursuit of the American Dream. In the mid-to-late 19th century, areas of poverty could be found in contrast between rich stretches of lower Broadway, Washington Square, Gramercy Park and Lafayette Street (wealth that would later take up more extravagant residence on Fifth Avenue) and the squalid enclave of Five Points (abject poverty that was later to occupy the Lower East Side).

Tammany Hall's influence increased with its courting of the immigrant Irish vote, leading to the election of the first Tammany mayor, Fernando Wood, in 1854, and a trend of consolidation was beginning in the region with the three-year-old City of Williamsburgh joining Brooklyn in 1855, establishing it as America's third largest city.

Published in the 18th century

 * (reprint of 1886)

1830s-1890s

 * Parkhurst, Charles Henry, Our fight with Tammany 1895
 * read free online
 * Parkhurst, Charles Henry, Our fight with Tammany 1895
 * read free online
 * Parkhurst, Charles Henry, Our fight with Tammany 1895
 * read free online
 * Parkhurst, Charles Henry, Our fight with Tammany 1895
 * read free online
 * Parkhurst, Charles Henry, Our fight with Tammany 1895
 * read free online
 * Parkhurst, Charles Henry, Our fight with Tammany 1895
 * read free online
 * Parkhurst, Charles Henry, Our fight with Tammany 1895
 * read free online
 * Parkhurst, Charles Henry, Our fight with Tammany 1895
 * read free online
 * read free online

title: History of New York City (1784–1854)


text:
Talk:Radio Flyer

(company)
Is that necessary? Doesn't the company have precedence over a film that takes its title from the company? Just some thoughts.

- moogle 06:21, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I find the disambiguation page to be unnecessary. Radio Flyer should link directly to the article on the company, with a disambiguation link to the movie at the top of the company page. --Aaron Walden [[Image:Tsalagisigline.gif]] 06:50, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

I have a vintage Western Radio Flyer kids ride on pedal tractor with spark plug wires not paying it on actual wires and great shape when was it made how much is it worth Vanessamorris927 (talk) 22:43, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

Requested Move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move JPG-GR (talk) 19:18, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

As per the above discussion, I think that this article should be moved to Radio Flyer: Oldiesmann (talk) 23:27, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) The company has been around 75 years longer than the movie.
 * 2) The company is by far more well-known than the movie
 * 3) There is already a disambiguation link at the top of this article pointing people to the page on the film
 * Weak Oppose. I'm not convinced that there is a primary usage.  So since the current setup does not break anything, leaving it along is OK. Vegaswikian (talk) 07:20, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. Just because you make a movie about something doesn't give you the right to the name. It would be like changing the name of Niagara Falls to Niagara Falls (falls) just because someone made a movie about the falls. 199.125.109.78 (talk) 04:54, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. This article existed before the movie. Therefore when the movie article was split off a disambiguation page was not needed, only an "otheruse" template at the top of the page. According to Radio Flyer (film) the movie only made $4.6m so was not particularly significant. I would say that a still-going company is the primary usage ahead of a fifteen year old box office failure (even one with big stars in it). Zuiver jo (talk) 22:04, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Comment the Radio Flyer red wagon is by far the most likely usage, so neither the company nor the film is primary. 70.51.9.57 (talk) 05:10, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

#18 production
I just removed the following sentence from the article: "While there have been dozens of different versions over the years, the '#18 Classic Red Wagon' with which the company is forever associated has been in continuous production for more than 70 years." A sourced sentence along these lines would be good, but the company did not make wagons 1942–1945, so the present form is wrong as well as being uncited. FiveColourMap (talk) 18:52, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

Manufacturing locale
As a new editor just pointed out, the toys are now (some/all?) manufactured in China. There were a few news articles at the time discussing Radio Flyer as a great American company betraying its founding principles / forced to offshore by burdensome regulation / whatever. We should have a paragraph on that, probably under #History. Anyone else should feel free to write it, as I am unlikely to find the time in the near term. FiveColourMap (talk) 16:16, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Radio Flyer


text:
Open access (disambiguation)

Open access is unrestricted online access to peer-reviewed scholarly research.

Open access may also refer to:

Computing, Internet and communication

 * OpenAccess, a common database initiative in electronic design automation
 * Open-access network, a horizontally layered network architecture and business model
 * Open Access Same-Time Information System, a policy for transmission service
 * Open communication, open access to communications infrastructure and services

Other uses

 * Open access (economics), non-excludable resources in economics
 * Open Access (UK and Ireland TV channels), a set of commercial television channels on the Sky satellite platform operated from the United Kingdom
 * Open access (infrastructure), access to infrastructure such as railways
 * Open-access operator, in rail transport
 * Open access, in the right of public access to the wilderness
 * Open access mission, synonymous for open admissions policies in higher education
 * Open access (publishing), journals that gives open access to its articles
 * An unjuried exhibition or festival
 * Fringe festival

title: Open access (disambiguation)


text: Category:Phnom Penh

title: Category:Phnom Penh


text:
Talk:Joe Mangrum

artist website

External links modified
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title: Talk:Joe Mangrum


text:
MISFITS

MiSFiTS was the acronym for the Minnesota Society for Interest in Science Fiction and Fantasy. This organization has now changed its name to GPS, an acronym for Geek Partnership Society. It was founded in 1999 and was the parent non-profit organization for the CONvergence speculative fiction convention. Geek Partnership Society (formerly MISFITS) and CONvergence separated their organizations effective January 1, 2010. GPS sponsors events and clubs year round including the Team Trivia Challenge, a Writing Contest, Read-the-Book/See-the-Movie, and various other social clubs for the Minneapolis/St. Paul fandom community.

In 2010 GPS will be opening the first geek community center with event and meeting space for events related to science-fiction, fantasy and other "geeky" topics.

title: MISFITS


text:
William Carson

Sir William Carson (baptised 4 June 1770 – 26 February 1843), often called "The Great Reformer", was a medical doctor and businessman in Newfoundland. Carson's primary contribution to Newfoundland was the application of modern agricultural principles.

Upon immigrating to Newfoundland in 1806 from Scotland, Carson set to work clearing a large patch of land near St. John's. He also began calling for increased economic support from England, a more organized fishery in the area and better treatment of the local natives.

Between 1820 and 1832, he helped lead the movement in Newfoundland's struggle for representative government, which culminated in Carson's election to office in 1832. While in office, he was noted for helping quarantine an outbreak of cholera in the area.

From 1838 to 1841, Carson was Speaker of the Newfoundland House of Assembly.

Legacy
The CN Marine ferry M/V William Carson was named in his honour.

title: William Carson


text:
Salt tax

A salt tax refers to the direct taxation of salt, usually levied proportionately to the volume of salt purchased. The taxation of salt dates as far back as 300 BC, as salt has been a valuable good used for gifts and religious offerings since 6050 BC. The salt tax originated in China in 300 BC and became the main source of financing the Great Wall. As a result of the successful profitability of the salt tax, its use would diffuse among governments across the world. France, Spain, Russia, England, and India were the main regions to follow the Chinese lead. Salt was used as a currency during the Roman Empire, and towards the end of their reign the Romans began monopolising salt in order to fund their war objectives. Salt was such an important commodity during the Middle Ages that salt production facilities became some of the first state-owned enterprises. Salt is one of the longest standing sources of revenue for governments; the taxation policy was so successful due to the vital role of salt within the human diet. Salt taxes have been extremely influential in many of the political and economic revolts within history, resulting in important historic events including the French Revolution, the Moscow Salt Riot, the Salt March in India, and the Salt Tax Revolt in Spain.

Timeline

 * 6050 BC – Salt used as part of Egyptian religious offerings and valuable trade between the Phoenicians and their Mediterranean empire
 * 300 BC – First salt tax levied in China, used to fund the construction of the Great Wall of China
 * 485 AD – English fish salting became popular
 * 1360 – First salt tax implemented in France
 * 1631 – Salt Tax Revolt begins in Biscay
 * 1634 – Salt Tax Revolt in Biscay crushed as main advocates were executed
 * 1648 – Moscow uprising caused by salt tax implementation
 * 1693 – William III implements salt tax in England
 * 1696 – The salt tax in England was doubled in order to increase revenue
 * 1790 – Post French revolution, salt tax was abolished
 * 1806 – Napoleon Bonaparte reinstated the Gabelle in France
 * 1825 – Abolishment of the salt tax in England
 * 1835 – First salt taxes were implemented in India, originally placed by the British East India Company
 * 1858 – The British crown took over the administration of India
 * 1882 – Salt act implemented by the British in India, prohibiting Indians from selling or collecting salt, thus forcing them to purchase the highly taxed salt from British rulers
 * 1930 – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi led the Salt March, part of the Indian independence movement, in protest of the unfair salt tax
 * 1945 – The Gabelle was abolished following France's liberation from Nazi Germany
 * 1947 – India gains independence from the British Empire as a result of the Indian independence movement.
 * 1974 – in Italy the salt tax was abolished.

Implications of salt tax
The implications of the salt tax were both positive and negative. Salt tax was highly profitable for governments and increased the living standards within many countries. The salt tax was also influential upon historic political events including the Salt March in 1930 and the French Revolution in 1790. The revenue from the salt tax allowed some governments to increase living standards: the Chinese government, for example, used the revenue from salt tax to fund the building of the Great Wall of China. As a result of the salt tax, the price of salt skyrocketed, subsequently meaning many individuals were unable to afford salt. Salt plays a large role in the human diet and salt starvation is a serious health issue which can result in vomiting, coma, and death. Many believe that populations revolted against the salt tax through the French revolution and the Salt March as a result of the deaths associated with the lack of salt and high level of social disruption the tax caused. The Moscow Uprising and the Salt Tax Revolt had the highest death tolls and caused the most significant social disruption, however these salt taxations were quickly removed as a result.

India
Today, India is one of the leading producers of salt in the world, coming in third behind the US and China. However, the British implementation of the salt tax in India was one of the highest of its kind. In 1835, the British East India Company implemented the first taxation of salt in India, the British East India Company was taken over by the crown in 1858 as a result of the plentiful revenue. Due to India's large population, not everyone was able to afford salt thus often resulting in salt deprivation, many Indians died as a result of the expensive salt taxation, this and other surrounding political problems influenced the Salt March in 1930. The Salt March led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a protest in response to the unfair tax and standing up to the rule of the British Monarch, the protest resulted in the independence of India in 1947.

England
During the Commonwealth period, the previously abolished salt tax was reintroduced in 1641. However, the tax was revoked in 1660 and not reinstated until 1693 under the reign of William III. The tax was originally set at two shillings a bushel on foreign salt, one shilling on native salt. However, in 1696 this was doubled and remained until it was abolished in 1825. Salt tax was collected by over 600 officials at the time. The British salt tax was abolished in 1825 as a result of salt becoming an important mineral in the manufacturing processes evolving during the Industrial Revolution. Much of the impetus behind the repeal of salt duties came from manufacturers wanting to produce sodium carbonate from common salt through the Leblanc process, rather than extracting it from marine plants such as kelp or barilla. Britain's salt act of 1882 prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, a staple in their diet.

China
Salt taxation in China dates back to 300 BC, and today China is one of the largest producers of salt in the world. Salt tax has played a large role in Chinese history and their economic development, as salt is considered an essential commodity, it is also one of their largest sources of government revenue. The tax revenue funded the development of the Great Wall, along with funding the Chinese army and several other government development projects. Private salt trafficking was very common in china as monopoly salt was more expensive and lower quality.

France
The Gabelle was the French salt tax, initially implemented in 1360 and lasting, with brief revisions and lapses, until 1946. The Gabelle originated as an indirect tax on agricultural commodities; however, from 1360 onward it was limited solely to the taxation of salt implemented by the French crown. The Gabelle was one of the most unequal forms of revenue generation in the country's history, and was one of the main injustices of the French peasants, as the tax was based on one's social class, so small farmers and poorer urban people were the most affected by the taxation of salt. Salt smuggling was extremely common in France due to the nature of the tax, as smugglers could buy salt in an area where it was cheap and sell it in an area where the legal price of salt was much higher. The Gabelle is said to have been a large contributing factor to the French Revolution.

Roman Empire
Within the Roman Empire, salt was considered a fundamental part of empire building. The first of the great Roman Empire roads, the Via Salaria or Salt Road was built for transporting salt. The Roman army required salt for their soldiers and horses and often Roman soldiers were paid in salt as it was seen as a valuable currency at the time. The word salary originated from the payment of salt to Roman soldiers and coined the term “worth his salt. ” The Roman government did not follow the influence of the Chinese and did not maintain a monopoly of salt. The Roman government however did not hesitate to control salt prices when they felt necessary, they often subsidised the price of salt to ensure commoners were able to access salt. In order to finance the war, the government did begin manipulating prices of salt in order to raise funds, despite this there remained a low price within the city of Rome.

Tax avoidance
Avoiding the high taxation of salt, many individuals smuggled salt in order to provide their families with salt and make profits of their own. Private salt trafficking occurred as monopoly salt was more expensive and of lower quality whilst local bandits and rebel leaders thrived on salt smuggling in both China and France. Smuggling salt was a very serious offence, individuals in French history were executed for salt-smuggling whilst in China offenders were often flayed alive. Whilst the tax remained in England, salt smuggling between Ireland and England was extremely common as Ireland had no salt tax thus Irish salt was smuggled into England.

Tax Resistance
Tax resistance is the universal refusal to pay tax due to an opposition to the government that is imposing that tax, it is a direct action and if in violation of the tax regulations can be seen as civil disobedience. Tax resisters may accept that law commands them to pay taxes however they choose to resist taxation. The Salt March led by Mohandas Gandhi is a prime example of tax resistance and is one of the most recognisable tax resistances in history.

Salt Tax Revolt
Between 1631 and 1634 the Salt Tax Revolt took place within the Spanish province of Biscay. The revolt was in response to economic conflict concerning the price and ownership of salt. The Revolt consisted of several violent incidents opposing Philip IV's taxation policy. The rebellion against the salt tax quickly progressed into a much broader protest against all economic inequalities under Philip IV's reign. The rebellion came to an end in the spring of 1634 as the main leaders of the protest were executed. However, Philip IV overlooked the rest of the group and decided to remove his original order concerning the price and ownership of salt in response to the rebellion.

The Moscow Salt Riot
In 1648 the Moscow Uprising, more commonly known as the Salt Riot began as a result of government implementation of a universal salt tax, replacing other taxes, with the intention of replenishing the state treasury. The price of salt grew exponentially resulting in violent riots within Moscow. The Salt Tax fell mainly on the poorer sections within society, the riot was aggravated due to members of the elite finding ways to evade the tax, resulting in widespread corruption.

Examples
Notable examples of salt taxation throughout history include:
 * The French Gabelle, which was a contributing factor to the French Revolution.
 * Salt tax in China: at various times including that under the Salt Commission of Tang and Yuan China. In China, a state monopoly on salt, also known as the salt gabelle, has existed since 119 B.C and lasted until 2014, making it the world's oldest (and possibly first) state monopoly in the world. By the mid-Tang dynasty, taxes on salt brought in more than half of the government's tax revenue, and continued to be a major factor even in the 20th century.
 * The salt tax in India including that under the British. In India, there had been a tax on salt for hundreds of years but it was greatly increased following the rule of India's provinces by the British East India Company. In salt producing regions such as Orissa, private sale of salt was prohibited, and salt found being transported had to be sold to the British authorities at a fixed price, and, in later years, the production of salt was banned completely. This was done to maintain the high price of British salt by destroying India's long-established tradition of salt-making. In 1858, when Britain took control of the Indian provinces, these taxes remained. Mahatma Gandhi protested this with the Salt March, and it was a contributing factor to the Indian independence movement. Salt played a large role in India's quest for independence. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi’s famous Salt Satyagraha took place and led to nonviolent protests throughout the provinces of British India. A 24-day, 240-mile march from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi, Gandhi was going to, at the journey’s end, illegally harvest salt without paying tax to the British Crown. Salt was chosen by Gandhi because its taxation was extremely detrimental to the poorest of Indians and, "Next to air and water, salt is perhaps the greatest necessity of life." Despite the national influence and international recognition gained by the Salt Satyagraha, the salt tax remained until it was repealed by Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of the Interim Government, in 1946.
 * A Russian salt tax led to an uprising known as the Moscow uprising of 1648.
 * The solărit tax in the Principality of Moldavia during the 16th-18th century.

Salt tax in alternate form
In 2014, it is still illegal in certain provinces of China to use salt from a neighbor city.

title: Salt tax


text:
Talk:Tawana Brawley rape allegations

Really?
The title itself leaves open the idea that it wasn't resolved. Allegations is misinformation. It was a allegation until it was found to be 100% staged/fake, as stated by her own mouth. This is actually a HOAX, not ALLEGATIONS. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:BD7B:1AD0:BDAB:42FF:F6CC:2227 (talk) 00:30, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

"Biases in reporting" section
The recently added "Biases in reporting" section is rife with grammatical errors and seems largely an expression of opinion rather than fact. Rsngfrce (talk) 12:12, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tawana Brawley rape allegations


text:
User:Swallownospit

This user has been blocked indefinitely for sockpuppetry and vandalism. SlimVirgin (talk) 06:32, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Swallownospit


text:
Johnny Bucyk

John Paul "Chief" Bucyk (born May 12, 1935) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger and member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Having played most of his career with the Boston Bruins, he has been associated in one capacity or another with the Bruins' organization since the late 1950s. Bucyk was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in 2017.

Bucyk was a skilled left winger who was the largest of his day. While he never was regarded as the best at his position (being a contemporary of superstars Bobby Hull and Frank Mahovlich), he had a long and stellar career, and retired as the fourth leading point scorer of all time and having played the third-most games in history, and recorded sixteen seasons of scoring twenty goals or more. Despite his reputation for devastating hip checks, he was a notably clean player who won the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy for sportsmanship in 1971 and 1974. Bucyk was the senior assistant captain of the Bruins when they won Stanley Cups in 1970 and 1972.

Early life
Bucyk was born in Edmonton to Sam and Pearl Bucyk, Ukrainian immigrants from the village of Butsiv, in what is now Yavoriv Raion, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. The family was poor, with Pearl working two jobs and his father, Sam, was unemployed for over four years. His father died when Bucyk was 11 years old. Poverty prevented Bucyk from owning a pair of ice skates until he was 13 years old.

During the offseason, Bucyk returned to Edmonton and worked at the car dealership that sponsored his junior team.

Junior and minor-league career
Bucyk played junior hockey for four seasons for his hometown Edmonton Oil Kings before signing with the Detroit Red Wings in 1955. Bucyk was originally an awkward skater, and Oil Kings coach Ken McAuley arranged for Bucyk to train offseason with a figure skater until his technique improved. He went on to be one of the leading scorers on a strong Oil Kings squad that included future Hall of Famer Norm Ullman. Bucyk and the Oil Kings went to the 1954 Memorial Cup final against the St. Catharines Teepees, with Bucyk scoring a blistering 28 goals in 21 playoff games to lead the WCHL, as well as 14 goals in 14 Memorial Cup games to lead all scorers that season.

Following the Memorial Cup final, Bucyk signed a professional contract with the Edmonton Flyers of the Western Hockey League, the minor league affiliate of the Detroit Red Wings. There, he was reunited with junior teammate Ullman, and paired on a line with future Bruins teammates Bronco Horvath and Vic Stasiuk. It was during this time that Horvath was responsible for nicknaming Bucyk "Chief," purportedly out of Horvath's admiration for how Bucyk used his stick like a tomahawk to fight for pucks along the boards. In 1955, his lone full season with the Flyers, he finished second on the team to Horvath with 30 goals, 58 assists and 88 points as the Flyers won the league championship.

Detroit Red Wings
Following the 1955 WHL playoffs, Detroit called Bucyk up for the 1955 Stanley Cup playoffs. Practicing with the team as a so-called "Black Ace," he saw no game action, as Detroit defeated the Montreal Canadiens four games to three for the Cup. Unusually, his first NHL game was in the 1955 All-Star Game, played in October between the defending Cup champion Red Wings and an all-star team from the rest of the league. He saw only spot duty in his rookie season of 1956, and had modest production on the third and fourth lines the year following.

1950s
Going into the 1958 season, the Boston Bruins had acquired Horvath and Stasiuk, and general manager Lynn Patrick believed that reuniting them with Bucyk would recapture the success they had in Edmonton. Detroit dealt him to the Bruins in a surprising deal for Terry Sawchuk, one of the greatest goaltenders of the day.

Bucyk became the top left wing in Boston playing with his "Uke Line" partners of Stasiuk and Horvath, who had previously played together in Edmonton. The trio had an immediate impact, leading the Bruins to the Stanley Cup Finals, with Horvath finishing fifth in league scoring, and Bucyk and Stasiuk each scoring 21 goals. The moniker "Uke Line" came from the trio's purported Ukrainian background (in fact, Stasiuk was of Hungarian origins). Bucyk's first hat trick was scored in one of the first nationally televised games, a 7-4 over the New York Rangers.

1960s
Bucyk and his Uke Line linemates continued to star together (Horvath losing the league scoring championship to Bobby Hull by a single point in 1960), but by the 1961 season, the trio's defensive deficiencies caused coach Milt Schmidt to break the lineup. Bucyk was paired with Stasiuk and Jerry Toppazzini, before the Ukes were reunited, but the line was permanently broken up with Stasiuk and Horvath both being traded by the 1961 offseason, with the team missing the playoffs for a second straight year.

Boston fell on hard times in the 1960s, finishing in last place five straight seasons, during which time Bucyk — generally paired with centre Murray Oliver and winger Tommy Williams as the "BOW" line — led the team in scoring several times. As one of the team's only stars, he was named to play in All-Star Games in 1963, 1964 and 1965. He went on to score his 200th goal in the 1967 season (during which he was named team captain), the eighth straight year—a then-league record—in which the Bruins would miss the playoffs.

Return to glory
Assembling a team behind the acquisitions of Bobby Orr and Phil Esposito, Boston rocketed to the playoffs in 1968, with Bucyk finishing second behind Esposito in team scoring (and ninth in league scoring), being named to his fifth All-Star Game, and being selected as the league's Second Team All-Star. Bucyk proved particularly effective playing on the left side on Boston's greatly feared power-play unit, which featured Phil Esposito, John McKenzie, Bobby Orr and Fred Stanfield. He also was a highly accurate shooter, finishing in the top ten in the league in shooting percentage in eleven seasons, and leading the league in 1971, 1973, and 1974.

Two seasons later, the Bruins won their fourth Stanley Cup, with Bucyk finishing fourth in team scoring and second in goal scoring in the playoffs, and being named to play in the 1970 NHL All-Star Game. While he had not been the team's captain after 1967, as the senior assistant captain, he had the honor of being the first to ceremonially skate the Stanley Cup around the Boston Garden ice.

The 1970–71 season saw the Bruins break 37 individual and team league records en route to the best record in league history. Bucyk had his best season, being the 5th player in league history to score 50 goals (on March 16, 1971) and the 5th to score 100 points (on March 13, 1971). He was named to play in his seventh All-Star Game, and further honored by being named as the league's First Team All-Star and being awarded his first Lady Byng Memorial Trophy as the league's most gentlemanly player. At age 35, he was the oldest player in league history to score 50 goals (a record that stood until 2022 when broken by Alexander Ovechkin), broke the league record for assists and points by a left winger, and remains the oldest player ever to score 50 goals for the first time. He ultimately finished third in league scoring (behind Orr and Esposito), and second in goals and power-play goals. Among Boston's numerous records was having four hundred point scorers (Esposito, Orr, Bucyk, and Ken Hodge) finishing 1-2-3-4 in league scoring, the first time either had happened, and the only time save for the Edmonton Oilers in 1983 and the Bruins in 1974, respectively.

Bucyk played for his second and final Stanley Cup-winning team in 1972, finishing eighth in league scoring. He would remain a star for most of the 1970s, being named team captain again in 1973, winning the Lady Byng again in 1974, and finishing in the top ten of the league scoring twice more. In 1977, he was awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy for contributions to hockey in the United States.

Retirement and legacy
Bucyk starred into his penultimate season (during which he surrendered his team captaincy, while suffering an injury, to Wayne Cashman), and ended his playing career after the 1978 season, after which the Bruins retired his number #9 jersey in 1980.

At the time of his retirement, Bucyk was fourth all-time in points (behind Gordie Howe, Esposito and Stan Mikita) (currently 28th) and in goals (currently 27th), third in games played behind Howe and Alex Delvecchio (currently 17th), and was the leading career point scorer among left wings, a record since surpassed by Luc Robitaille.

He scored 545 goals as a Bruin, which remains the most in franchise history. Only Ray Bourque has subsequently passed his team marks for points, games played, and assists.

Bucyk received numerous honors after his retirement. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981. In 1998, he was ranked number 45 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. In 2017, Bucyk was part of the first group of players to be named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history by the National Hockey League. Among the Bruins' team awards is the John P. Bucyk Award, presented each year to the Bruins player who provides exceptional off-ice charitable contributions.

Bucyk remains affiliated with the Bruins, serving on various occasions as a radio broadcaster and in the front office. He previously served as the team's director of road services and is now listed by the team as an ambassador, being known as the "unofficial mayor of TD Garden". As part of Boston's coaching and administrative staff, Bucyk had his name engraved on the Stanley Cup for a third time with the Bruins in 2011, his 53rd consecutive season with the organization. As of the 2023 season, Bucyk's 69 years in professional hockey is the longest such tenure on record.

Family
His nephew Randy Bucyk played for the Northeastern University Huskies and the Montreal Canadiens and Calgary Flames organizations, earning a Stanley Cup ring with Montreal in 1986. Randy Bucyk also played for the Canadian national team in 1989. Bucyk also played with his older brother William Bucyk, a defenseman for the Oil Kings who played several seasons in the minor league Western Hockey League in the late 1950s.

Regular season and playoffs

 * Bold indicates led league

Statistics via Hockey Reference

Achievements and facts

 * Played in the NHL All-Star Game in 1955, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1971.
 * Named to the NHL second All-Star team in 1968.
 * Stanley Cup champion in 1970 and 1972.
 * Won the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy in 1971 and 1974.
 * Named to the NHL first All-Star team in 1971.
 * Won Lester Patrick Trophy for contributions to hockey in the United States in 1977.
 * Known as the "Chief" due to presumed Native American looks by a mistaken Boston cartoonist.
 * A Ukrainian Canadian and member of the "Uke" line with Bronco Horvath and Vic Stasiuk.
 * When the Bruins ended their twenty-nine-year championship drought in 1970, Bucyk was given the honour of being the first player of the team to hoist the Stanley Cup around the Boston Garden, since he was the most senior Alternate Captain (the Bruins did not have a regular Captain wearing the "C" during these years).
 * His nephew Randy Bucyk played for the Northeastern University Huskies and the Montreal Canadiens and Calgary Flames organizations, earning a Stanley Cup ring with Montreal in 1986. Randy Bucyk also played for the Canadian national team in 1989.
 * Recorded sixteen twenty-goal seasons.
 * Career leader in goals and consecutive games played for the Bruins; second to Ray Bourque in career games, assists, and points (retired as the overall leader in all of those categories).
 * Retired third behind Gordie Howe and Alex Delvecchio in all-time NHL games played; currently 18th.
 * Retired as the leading career point scorer among left wings, a record since surpassed by Luc Robitaille.
 * Oldest player to score 50 goals in one season (51 goals in 1970–71) at age 35, a record that stood until Alexander Ovechkin broke it by doing the same at age 36 in 2021–22.
 * Also oldest player scoring 50 or more for 1st time in career. (1970–71).
 * Played the greatest number of NHL games before scoring 500 goals - 1,370.
 * His #9 Jersey was retired by the Boston Bruins on March 13, 1980.
 * Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981.
 * In 1998, he was ranked number 45 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
 * In January 2017, Bucyk was part of the first group of players to be named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history by the National Hockey League.

title: Johnny Bucyk


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List of Art Deco buildings in Sydney

This is a list of buildings in Sydney completed in the Inter-War Art Deco, Streamline Moderne and Functionalist styles that are historically significant.

Apartment and residential buildings

 * Adereham Hall, 71 Elizabeth Bay Road, Elizabeth Bay
 * Belgenny, 389 Bourke Street, Surry Hills
 * Billyard House, 21b Billyard Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * Birtley Towers, 8 Birtley Place, Elizabeth Bay
 * Cahors, 117Macleay Street, Potts Point
 * Caversham Court, 23 Billyard Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * Chatsbury, 6 Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay
 * Cherwood, 3 Barncleuth Square, Elizabeth Bay
 * Claridge, 28-30 Flinders Street, Darlinghurst
 * Edgewater, 6 Billyard Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * Elston Court, 124 Shirley Road, Wollstonecraft
 * Eltham, 18 Onslow Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * Franconia (Sydney, Australia), Macleay Street, Potts Point
 * Franklyn Court, 126 Shirley Road, Wollstonecraft
 * Gowrie Gate, 115 Macleay Street, Potts Point
 * Huntingdon, 8 Onslow Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * Kanimbla Hall, 19-19a Tusculum Street, Potts Point
 * Macleay Regis, 12 Macleay Street, Potts Point
 * Mahratta, Wahroonga
 * Marlborough Hall, 4 Ward Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * Melrose, 23A Billyard Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * Mont Clair, 347 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst
 * The Oxley, 12 Ward Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * Park View, 7 St Neot Avenue, Potts Point
 * Pembroke Hall, Onslow Place, Elizabeth Bay
 * Royal Court, 227 Crown Street, Darlinghurst
 * The Rutland, 381 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst
 * Somerset, 23 Billyard Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * Tahoe, 67 Roslyn Street, Elizabeth Bay
 * Tara, 3 Greenknowe Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * Trent Bridge, 17 St Neot Avenue, Potts Point
 * Werrington, 85 Macleay Street, Potts Point
 * Winston, 2a Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay
 * The Wroxton, 22 Roslyn Gardens, Elizabeth Bay
 * Wychbury, 5 Manning Street, Potts Point
 * 3 Onslow Place, Elizabeth Bay
 * 7 Greenknowe Avenue, Elizabeth Bay
 * 17 Wylde Street, Potts Point
 * 17 Elizabeth Bay Road, Elizabeth Bay
 * 20 Macleay Street, Potts Point

Cinemas and theatres

 * Crest Cinema, Blaxcell Street, Granville
 * Enmore Theatre, 118-132 Enmore Road, Newtown
 * Hayden Orpheum, Military Road, Cremorne
 * Minerva Theatre, Orwell Street, Potts Point
 * Niterider Theatre Restaurant, 55-57 Parramatta Road, Homebush
 * Paris Theatre (demolished), Liverpool Street, Sydney
 * Ritz Cinema, 45 St Pauls Street, Randwick
 * State Theatre Building, Market Street, Sydney
 * United Cinemas, Collaroy Beach, 1097 Pittwater Road, Collaroy
 * Valhalla Cinema, (old Astor), Glebe

Cultural buildings

 * Museum of Contemporary Art, Circular Quay, Sydney
 * North Sydney Olympic Pool, Milsons Point

Hotels and pubs

 * Albury Hotel, Oxford St & Barcom Ave, Darlinghurst
 * Australian Hotel, Broadway & Abercrombie St Chippendale
 * Blue's Point Hotel, Blue's Point Rd & French St McMahon's Point
 * Botany View Hotel, King & Darley Sts Newtown
 * Bridge Hotel, Victoria Rd & Wellington St Rozelle
 * Canterbury Hotel, Canterbury Rd & Tincombe St Canterbury
 * Charing Cross Hotel, Carrington Rd & Victoria St, Waverley
 * Century Hotel (former), George & Liverpool Sts Sydney
 * Civic Hotel, Pitt & Goulburn Sts Sydney
 * County Clare Hotel, Broadway & Kensington St Chippendale
 * Criterion Hotel, Park & Pitt Sts Sydney
 * Golden Sheaf Hotel, 429 New South Head Rd Double Bay
 * Erskineville Hotel, Erskineville Rd & Septimus St Erskineville
 * Golden Barley Hotel, Edgeware Rd & Llewellyn St Enmore
 * Grose Farm Hotel (now the Alfred Hotel), Missenden Rd & Dunblane St Camperdown
 * Imperial Hotel, Erskineville Rd & Union St Erskineville
 * Henson Park Hotel, Illawarra Rd & Chapel St Marrickville
 * Horse & Jockey Hotel, Parramatta Rd & Knight St Hombush
 * Hotel Broadway, Broadway & Shepherd St Chippendale
 * Hotel Hollywood, Hunt & Foster Sts Surry Hills
 * Hunter's Hill Hotel, Gladesville Rd & Joubert St Hunter's Hill
 * Hurstville Hotel, Forest Rd & McMahon St Hurstville
 * Kauri Foreshore Hotel, Pyrmont Bridge Rd & Bellevue St Glebe
 * Kirribilli Hotel, Broughton St & Crescent Ln Kirribilli
 * Kurrajong Hotel, Swanson & Park Sts Erskineville
 * Light Brigade Hotel, Oxford St & Jersey Rd Paddington
 * Marlborough Hotel, King St & Missenden Rd Newtown
 * Marrickville Hotel, Marrickville & Illawarra Rds Marrickville
 * North Annandale Hotel, 105 Johnson Street, Annandale
 * Petersham Inn, Parramatta Rd & Phillip St Petersham
 * Pier Hotel, Botany Rd & Excell St Banksmeadow
 * Pymble Hotel, 1134 Pacific Hwy Pymble
 * Robin Hood Hotel, 203 Bronte Rd Waverley
 * Rose, Shamrock & Thistle Hotel, 27 Oxford St Paddington
 * Rosebery Hotel, Botany & Epsom Rds Rosebery
 * Rozelle Hotel, 118 Victoria Rd Rozelle
 * Royal Hotel, Railway Pde & Jubilee St Carlton
 * Royal Hotel, 484 Princes Hwy Rockdale
 * Royal Oak Hotel, 50 Railway St Lidcombe
 * Royal Sheaf Hotel, Hume Hwy & Burwood Rd Burwood
 * Tea Gardens Hotel, 2-4 Bronte Rd Bondi Junction
 * Tennyson Hotel, Botany Rd & High St Mascot
 * The Lakes Hotel, Gardeners Rd & Macquarie St Rosebery
 * Unicorn Hotel, Oxford & Hopewell Sts Paddington
 * Union Hotel, King & Union Sts Newtown
 * Union Hotel, Pacific Hwy & West St North Sydney
 * United Australia Hotel (now Sydney Park Hotel), King & Lord Sts St Peters
 * Vauxhall Inn, Parramatta Rd & Woodville Rd Granville
 * Westminster Hotel, Broadway & Regent St Chippendale

Institutional buildings and facilities

 * Concord Repatriation Hospital, Concord
 * Dental Hospital of Sydney, Elizabeth Street, Surry Hills
 * King George V Memorial Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown
 * St Margaret's Hospital, Bourke Street, Surry Hills

Office buildings

 * AMA House, Sydney, Macquarie Street, Sydney
 * Asbestos House, 65 York Street, Sydney
 * Australian Catholic Insurance Building, York Street, Sydney
 * Amalgamated Wireless Australia (AWA) Building, York Street, Sydney
 * Berlei House, Regent Street, Chippendale
 * Challis House, Martin Place, Sydney
 * City Mutual Life Assurance Building, Hunter Street, Sydney
 * Commonwealth Bank Building, Roseville, Sydney
 * Commonwealth Bank Building, North Strathfield, Sydney
 * Commonwealth Trading Bank Building, Martin Place, Sydney
 * Grace Building, York Street, Sydney
 * Kyle House, Macquarie Place, Sydney
 * Mutual Life & Citizens Building, Martin Place, Sydney
 * Overseas Union Bank Building, Martin Place, Sydney
 * Rural Bank Building (1936–1983), Martin Place Sydney
 * Sydney Water Head Office, Bathurst Street, Sydney; under redevelopment as part of the Greenland Centre Sydney
 * Transport House, York Street, Sydney
 * Wynyard House, York Street, Sydney

Public buildings and facilities

 * ANZAC War Memorial, Hyde Park, Sydney
 * Archibald Fountain, Hyde Park, Sydney
 * Erskineville Town Hall
 * King George VI Memorial, Hyde Park, Sydney
 * Petersham Town Hall
 * Rockdale Town Hall
 * St Peters Town Hall

Religious buildings

 * Holy Cross Church, Woollahra
 * Sydney Chevra Kadisha, Oxford Street, Woollahra

title: List of Art Deco buildings in Sydney


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Talk:Supershit 666

On 2 Apr 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Supershit 666

hey folks, my english sure isn't good enough to mess up your fine articles. So could maybe someone add: they DID do 'concerts' as a backstage fun on festivals where they met. And maybe there could be added, that on "You smell canadian" there are at least Peder & Nicke (Backyard Babies) involved. Thx!--89.61.173.111 14:57, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Supershit 666


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Hughesdale, Victoria

Hughesdale is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 14 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Monash local government area. Hughesdale recorded a population of 7,563 at the 2021 census.

Just 2sq km in size, it is the smallest suburb in the City of Monash. Hughesdale is bordered by Poath Road to the west, Dandenong Road to the north, Warrigal Road to the east and North Road to the south.

It is named after James Vincent Hughes, former mayor of City of Oakleigh who lobbied heavily for a new station for the area in the mid-1920s.

History
Hughesdale began, not as a Melbourne suburb, but as a suburban area of Oakleigh along the railway line between it and Murrumbeena. In the 1880s, due to the presence of the railway the stretch of land attracted some professionals who established substantial homes on large estates. Many of its earliest homes are part of Oakleigh and Murrumbeena's early history. The original township was laid out around Poath Road with small lanes, some cobbled in bluestone.

James Vincent Hughes, mayor of City of Oakleigh from 1924 to 1925 lobbied heavily with the Poath Road Railway Station League for a new railway station for the area. In 1924 the League suggested the station be called "Hugheston", but in February 1925, shortly before the station opened, Victorian Railways decided its name would be "Hughesdale". A decade later there was a move to rename Poath Road "Hughesdale Road", but this was rejected by the then Caulfield City Council.

Following the opening of railway station on 28 February 1925 the suburb boomed with a commercial area rapidly springing up near the station along Poath Road and subdivision of sparse land between Murrumbeena and Oakleigh for residential development.

Hughesdale Post Office opened on 12 December 1927.

Rapid industrialisation and expansion of both Melbourne and Oakleigh in the 1940s saw Hughesdale become entrenched as a Melbourne suburb and commuter zone. Hughesdale inherited the modified grid plan of neighbouring suburbs and the original Victorian era estates were converted to greenfield land eventually making way for affordable working class housing developments.

With the opening of Chadstone Shopping Centre in the 1960s, Hughesdale completed its suburban expansion and became the main rail access point for the centre, however it also began a long steep decline in the local commercial area's trading.

Hughesdale was defined as a Neighbourhood Activity Centre in the Melbourne 2030 strategy. This and the formation of a local traders' association which rebranded the commercial area "Poath Road Village" has stimulated a revival in the commercial area. As a result, several mixed use buildings of 2 or more storeys have been developed along Poath Road near the railway station. It became a particular popular area with its mix of cafes and boutique shops.

Street names
Many street names in the suburb were named after notable British train stations. These include Rugby Road, Euston Road, Crewe Road, Swindon Road, Paddington Road, Clapham Road, Bletchley Road, Willesden Road, Carlisle Crescent, Preston Road, Skipton Road, Dalston Road, Camden Road, Earlstown Road.

Among other street names are:
 * Corr Street: Named after E.J. Corr, Oakleigh mayor, 1907-8 and 1916–17;
 * Darling Street: Named after Sir Charles Henry Darling, Governor of Victoria, 1863–1866;
 * Hotham Street: Named after Sir Charles Hotham, Governor of Victoria, 1854–1855;
 * Paget Street: Named after local resident and hotelier Charles Edwin Paget (d. 1936)

Demographics and housing

In the 2016 Census, there were 7,556 people in Hughesdale. The median age of people in Hughesdale was 35 years. Children 0 – 14 years made up 17.4% of the population and those aged 65 years and over made up 13.5% of the population.

54.8% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were China (excludes SARs and Taiwan) 7.7%, India 6.8%, Greece 6.1%, England 1.8% and New Zealand 1.4%. 53.1% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Greek 12.4%, Mandarin 7.9%, Hindi 2.2%, Cantonese 1.8% and Italian 1.7%.

The most common responses for religion were No Religion 31.0%, Catholic 20.2% and Eastern Orthodox 14.4%. .

Hughesdale is primarily a residential suburb. The majority of the housing stock is detached. All original housing was either detached or semi-detached. Since the 1960s there has been some development of walk-up two-storey flats and flats in specific areas. More recently apartments in taller buildings around the railway station have increased in popularity.

Transport
The main spine in Hughesdale is Poath Road (which had a level crossing until July 2018 that tended to divide the suburb ) while other main roads include Railway Parade and Neerim Road (connecting Hughesdale with Murrumbeena), North Road and Dandenong Road which is the main route to the Melbourne CBD.

Hughesdale's railway station provides a very popular form of commuter transport. Census figures show that the suburb is ranked 12th out of Melbourne's 328 suburbs in the proportion of employed workers who travel to work by train: one in six use the train to get to work, double the Melbourne average. The railway station is within walking distance to most of the suburb.

 * 624 Kew – Oakleigh via Auburn RS, Caulfield RS, Chadstone SC, Holmesglen RS (every day). Operated by CDC Melbourne.
 * 625 Elsternwick – Chadstone SC via Ormond RS, Oakleigh RS (every day). Operated by CDC Melbourne.
 * 767 Box Hill – Southland SC via Deakin University, Chadstone SC (every day). Operated by Ventura Bus Lines.
 * 701 Bentleigh – Oakleigh via Mackie Road, Brady Road (every day). Operated by Ventura Bus Lines.

The bus routes the main spine of Hughesdale connecting with the railway station to provide inter-modal transport as well as connecting Hughesdale to Chadstone and Westfield Southland shopping centres.

Bicycle transport is also facilitated in Hughesdale with both on-road and segregated bicycle facilities in the form of paths which runs along the railway line between Murrumbeena and Oakleigh and through some of the suburb's parks.

Education
Hughesdale has three schools – Hughesdale Primary School, Sacred Heart Girls' College and St Anargiri Greek Orthodox College.

Hughesdale Primary School, No. 4176, opened in 1924 as Oakleigh South State School and was renamed Hughesdale Primary School in 1938. It had a peak enrolment of 1296 in 1953, at which point some classes held 100 students. The school was threatened with closure by the Kennett government in the 1990s as student numbers fell because of demographic changes, but was saved after a vote at an extraordinary School Council meeting in October 1996. Enrolments have risen steadily since then; in 2005 there were 322 students enrolled.

Oakleigh Grammar (previously St Anargiri Greek Orthodox College) opened in 1983, primarily to satisfy the educational needs of the Greek community of Melbourne's southeastern suburbs. It was initially a Primary to Year 8 school, with 91 students; today it is registered for Primary to Year 12, with enrolments exceeding 740.

Sacred Heart Girls' College was opened in 1957 by the Sisters of Our Lady of the Missions, who came from the convent in Highgate, Perth, Western Australia. Enrolments for Year 7 are taken from surrounding Catholic Primary Schools. Subject to availability, places are then offered to other students, with preference given to Catholics. The suburb was also the home of Oakleigh Technical School, at the corner of Poath Road and North Road, from 1946 to 1991. The school was demolished in 1993, with the site now occupied by a service station, McDonald's restaurant, a housing estate and a sports ground.

title: Hughesdale, Victoria


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User:Sherook

Sockpuppet blocked indefinitely for vandalism. SlimVirgin (talk) 07:06, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Sherook


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Shop Talk

Shop Talk: A Writer and His Colleagues and Their Work is a collection of previously published interviews with important 20th-century writers by novelist Philip Roth. Among the writers interviewed are Primo Levi, Aharon Appelfeld, Ivan Klima, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Milan Kundera, and Edna O'Brien. In addition, the book contains a discussion with Mary McCarthy about Roth's novel The Counterlife and a New Yorker essay on Saul Bellow. Roth's trip to Israel to interview Appelfeld inspired his novel Operation Shylock.

Table of contents

 * Conversation in New York with Isaac Bashevis Singer about Bruno Schulz, from The New York Times Book Review, 1976
 * Conversation in London and Connecticut with Milan Kundera, from The New York Times Book Review, 1980
 * Conversation in London with Edna O'Brien, from The New York Times Book Review, 1984
 * Pictures of Malamud, from The New York Times Book Review, 1986
 * A Man Saved by His Skills. Conversation in Turin with Primo Levi, from The New York Times Book Review, 12 ottobre 1986
 * Conversation in Jerusalem with Aharon Appelfeld, from The New York Times Book Review, 1988
 * Pictures of Guston, from Vanity Fair, 1989
 * Conversation in Prague with Ivan Klíma, from The New York Review of Books, 1990
 * An Exchange with Mary McCarthy, from The New Yorker, 1998
 * Rereading Saul Bellow, from The New Yorker, 2000

title: Shop Talk


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Huntingdale, Victoria

Huntingdale is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 16 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Monash local government area. Huntingdale recorded a population of 1,949 at the 2021 census.

The suburb is bordered by Huntingdale Road to the east, North Road to the south, Franklyn Street to the west and the Princes Highway to the north. The suburbs of Oakleigh, Huntingdale, and Oakleigh East all share the same postcode of 3166. The suburb has both residential and industrial areas, with the southern sections between Hargeaves Street and North Road being largely industrial.

The suburb has a noticeable Muslim and Hindu presence, with a mosque and a Hindu temple, as well as being home to the Australian Islamic Bangladesh Council.

History
The land that is now Huntingdale was originally inhabited by the Wurundjeri and Boon wurrung people of the Kulin nation. Huntingdale was first built up in the early 20th century as part of the expansion of Oakleigh. Huntingdale was earlier known as Oakleigh East or East Oakleigh. Oakleigh East and Huntingdale became separate suburbs in 1955.

The Post Office opened on 15 June 1918 as Oakleigh East. The railway station opened in 1927 as East Oakleigh, and both were renamed with the name Huntingdale in 1955.

In 1941, the Huntingdale Golf Club was opened.

In 1998, the Australian Bangladesh Islamic Council was founded, and the Huntingdale Mosque was opened.

In 2014, the Sankat Mochan Kendra centre was opened on North Road. The temple provides free meals to the community, as well as aid and support for women and children in domestic violence situations and for recent Indian migrants to Australia.

In 2015, the Huntingdale Mosque was attacked after a brick was thrown through the window.

Facilities and services
Along Huntingdale Road there is a small commercial strip which straddles the neighbouring suburb of Oakleigh. There are several services and facilities including the Huntingdale mosque, a halal butcher, a grocery, a fruit market, a Subway restaurant, an IGA, restaurants and cafés, a laundromat, a pharmacist, a 24-hour gym, and a post office. There is also a True Buddha School building on Stafford Street.

On the corner of Huntingdale Road and North Road, there is a gaming bar and café, and the Sankat Mochan Samiti Temple. This commercial hub is adjacent to the Oakleigh Barracks. Golfers play at the course of the Huntingdale Golf Club on Windsor Avenue in the neighbouring suburb of Oakleigh South.

The suburb's primary school, Huntingdale Primary School, is technically located in the neighbouring suburb of Oakleigh South. The school provides a bilingual education, with students learning in both English and Japanese.

Transport
The suburb is serviced by Huntingdale railway station on the Pakenham and Cranbourne railway lines. The station is technically located in the neighbouring suburb of Oakleigh. In 2018, the station was upgraded to include a new bus interchange and new car park facilities. The station is frequently used by students who attend the nearby Monash University Clayton Campus. These students catch the 601 shuttle bus between the railway station and campus, which runs solely for Monash students and staff.

The suburb is also serviced by several bus routes, including the 900 SmartBus route, the 630, and the 704.

title: Huntingdale, Victoria


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Fininvest

Finanziaria d'investimento Fininvest S.p.A., also known as Fininvest, is an Italian holding company controlled by the Berlusconi family and managed by Silvio Berlusconi's eldest daughter Marina Berlusconi.

Structure
The Fininvest group is composed of a number of companies, such as Mondadori (one of Italy's leading publishing companies), Teatro Manzoni (a theatre in Milan), Alba Servizi Aerotrasporti (a private jet company) and Fininvest Gestione Servizi.

Fininvest is the largest shareholder of MFE - MediaForEurope, which is currently the biggest private entertainment competitor in Italy, known for domestic operations in Italy through Mediaset (including Canale 5, Italia 1, Rete 4, among others), Spanish operations through Mediaset España, the film production company Medusa Film, and many other companies related to TV broadcasting. The deal to sell Mediaset Premium collapsed in 2016.

Fininvest's voting rights on Mediolanum was capped at 9.9999% by Italian Insurance Supervisory Authority despite owning about 36% share capital of the financial conglomerate; the company reverse merger with subsidiary Banca Mediolanum in 2015. Fininvest had a shareholders' pact with Ennio Doris (the pact only bind to 25.5% share each, excess amount of share was not bind), the largest shareholder of Banca Mediolanum, making the pact had an absolute majority in the bank for 51% share capital.

On 5 August 2016, Fininvest signed a preliminary agreement to sell 99.93% stake of AC Milan to a Chinese private equity fund Sino-Europe Sports. The deal was completed on 13 April 2017.

On 15 February 2017, Fininvest announced that they bought an additional 2.9% shares of Mondadori (increased to 53.299%) It was followed by and additional 1.27% shares of Mediaset on 12 May. Fininvest had also purchased more shares in December 2016, in response to hostile takeover by Vivendi.

Other investments
Fininvest owned 0.99% stake in Mediobanca, and was part of the shareholders' pact that owned about 31% stake in the bank in total.

Controversies
The Berlusconi family does not control the company directly. Instead, its shares are owned by 38 separate companies, all named 'Holding Italiana' followed by a number (1-38), most of which are in turn controlled by Berlusconi. These 'Holding Italiane' have repeatedly come under investigation by the police for various financial and accounting irregularities, slush funds and money-laundering. All of them were created at the end of the 1970s by covert associates of Berlusconi's and received significant investments (several hundreds of millions of euros at today's value) from still unknown sources. Some of their liquidity was even deposited in cash. Much of the documentation of that time relative to the early financial and banking operations of these companies has been lost, in one case in a fire.

A report on those matters was commissioned by the general Dipartimento Investigativo Anti-Mafia (Bureau of Anti-Mafia Investigation) of Palermo in the 1990s from a finance expert working at the Bank of Italy, Francesco Giuffrida, to supplement the evidence in a tentative case against Berlusconi and associates for their alleged involvement with the Sicilian Mafia. In 1998, the case was temporarily shelved because of a lack of sufficient evidence to go to trial.

title: Fininvest