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Academic year

An academic year or school year is a period that schools, colleges and universities use to measure the quantity of study that are often divided into academic terms. During this period, students attend classes and do relevant exams and homework. It comprises school days and school holidays. Duration of school days, holidays and school year vary across the world.

School days
A "school day" is a day when school is open. Governments often legislate on the total number of school days in a year for government funded, i.e., not private.

School holidays
School holidays (also referred to as vacations, breaks, and recess) are the periods during which schools are closed or no classes or other mandatory activities are held. The dates and periods of school holidays vary considerably throughout the world, and there is usually some variation even within the same jurisdiction. The holidays given below apply to primary and secondary education. Teaching sessions (terms or semesters) in tertiary education are usually longer.

Easter vacation
In countries with a Christian religious tradition, the Easter holiday takes place in the northern spring. The date varies because Easter is a movable feast, but also by country and level of schooling.

Summer vacation
In the northern hemisphere, the longest break in the educational calendar is in the middle of the year, during the northern summer, and lasting up to 14 weeks. In Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia, summer holidays typically last three months, compared to six to eight weeks in Britain, the Netherlands, and Germany. In India, the summer holidays typically span a duration of one to two months, extending from May to June. In the southern hemisphere, the longest break in the educational calendar is in the end-beginning of the year, during the southern summer, and lasts up to 14 weeks, from December 21 to March 20.

Common practices and effects
Traffic congestion and heavy passenger loads on public transport on school run routes may be worse on school days during term time.

Summer holidays for most children are a time to relax, enjoy themselves, catch up on studies, or spend time with family or relatives. Many families travel together on school holidays. School holidays have many effects on a country, ranging from the price of travel and holiday accommodation, which increase as demand increases while children are off school, to a change in crime rate. The number of families taking holidays away from urban areas can reduce traffic and use of public transport in cities while loading long-distance highways and means of transport.

In some countries where many families travel to their holiday destinations, such as the Netherlands, the start and end dates of school holidays in different regions are staggered to reduce the heavy traffic and pressure on means of transport that would otherwise occur on these dates.

Nigeria
In Nigeria, the longest holiday is from July ending to first or second week of September for secondary schools and a longer duration within same period for tertiary institutions. Holidays are generally determined by schools and they start from July to early days in September.

South Africa
In South Africa, the main holiday usually lasts from early December to early or mid-January (5 or 6 weeks). There is an autumn break of up to 2 weeks in late March or early April, a longer winter break in late June and early July normally around 3 weeks, and a spring break in late September or early October which is 1 week.

South African schools and universities are all closed on all South African public holidays. In terms of Public Holidays Act if the holiday fall on a Sunday then the schools are closed the next Monday.

Brazil
Brazilian schools must have at least 200 school days.

In Brazil, summer holidays start in late November or early December and end in late January or early February. Winter holidays are generally the entire month of July, while in some states it lasts during the São João recess. Some schools in the tropical north follow a different school year. The Brazilian Carnival is 40 days before Easter Sunday and those dates are not school holidays. Some national and Catholic holidays are usually celebrated in 3 or 4 days, like Easter, Corpus Christi and Carnival.

Canada
In Canada, the school year typically lasts between 185 and 190 days. The summer holiday includes the months of July and August, with students returning to school in late August or early September, most commonly on the day after Labour Day. The winter break lasts for two weeks (sometimes a day or two longer), beginning on Saturday and encompassing Christmas Day and New Year's Day. The spring break is one to two weeks long depending on the city or province. Good Friday and Easter may or may not fall within spring break. The Thanksgiving break is a 3-day break that falls in mid-October.

In Ontario, the school year is regulated to last at least 194 days, with up to seven of those days being professional activity days, for a total minimum of 187 instructional days. Spring break (commonly known as March Break) is the third week in March.

Chile
The school year is divided into semesters. The first semester runs from late February or early March to July. Following a two-week or three-week winter break, school resumes and lasts until early or mid-December, followed by 10–12 weeks of summer vacations. In addition, schools have a one-week-long break for National Holidays in mid-September. Being located in the Southern Hemisphere, spring begins approximately at the end of this holiday week so it acts similarly to the American spring break. There is also a brief Easter break in March or April.

Duration of US academic year
Public elementary and secondary schools averaged (at the state level) between 170 and 180 school days in the 2007–08 academic year. Different states have different legal minimum requirements for instructional days and hours per year.

In the United States, there are typically 160 to 180 school days in a year; the exact number mainly depends on the state. (although school years at colleges and universities are often shorter). Private schools tend to have classes for 170 days each year.

Event-based breaks in the US
Below are the school holidays/breaks in the US, with the four main breaks underlined:

Often in charter schools breaks are shorter due to the extended number of days students spend in school (200 days vs. 180 days for standard public schools).
 *  Thanksgiving/Fall Holiday or Break  – Occurs at the end of November. This holiday usually consists of the week of Thanksgiving – the day before Thanksgiving, Thanksgiving Day, and the day after. Some areas have the Monday and Tuesday of the Thanksgiving week as regular days and take Wednesday as an early dismissal day; with Thanksgiving and the day after off. Other schools take the whole week off and have an early release on the Friday before the break. US Thanksgiving is on the fourth Thursday of November (occurs between November 22 and November 28), while Black Friday is on Friday after fourth Thursday of November (occurs between November 23 and November 29).
 *  Christmas or Winter Break  – Varies in length per school; usually starts at the third Saturday in December and ends a day or two after New Year's Day (sometimes the first Monday after the New Year's Day), unless New Year's Day falls on a Sunday in which case the first Monday (January 2) is the official holiday and schools may not begin until January 3; the most recent occurrence of this was in the 2022-23 holiday break when January 1, 2023 fell on a Sunday.
 * Martin Luther King Day – Martin Luther King Day is always on the third Monday of January each year. Some students have a full or half-day Friday and have the weekend, Martin Luther King day, and sometimes the subsequent Tuesday off.
 *  Spring  or  Easter Break  – Usually lasts for one or two weeks in March or April
 * Columbus Day or Indigenous Peoples' Day Break – Columbus Day is always the second Monday in October. Many schools take a week off, though some areas only take Columbus Day itself off. In many states, however, Columbus Day is not observed as a school holiday at all. Also called Indigenous Peoples' Day.
 * October Break – Usually lasts for one week in October (in the week of Columbus Day). See Columbus Day above.
 * Mid-Winter or February Break – One week in February (usually at or around President's Day) or March (depending on the region).
 *  Spring Vacation or Break  – See Easter Break above.
 *  Summer Vacation or Break  – Lasts for about 11–16 weeks, starting anywhere from late May to late June, and ending anywhere from late August to the day after Labor Day in early September. This often depends on the region – for example, most schools in the Northeastern United States end in June and start just after Labor Day, while the majority of schools in the Southern and Southwestern U.S. have school years end in late May and begin in early August.
 * Teacher's Day Off – Exists in some school districts, being two to three days at any time in school calendar
 * Inservice day(s) – Scheduled breaks for teachers to participate in in-season training or discussions, or to attend the state or national conventions held by a teacher's union.
 * All federal and state holidays – That includes religious holidays, such as Good Friday, and sometimes Jewish and Islamic holidays, depending on school demographic.

Terms in the US
An academic year typically includes a fall and spring semester, with a shorter optional summer session. Many also have a short optional winter session or a wheel-rotation schedule year-round. Some operate on a trimester calendar.

It is often believed that when the United States was a primarily agrarian society, children were needed during the Northern Hemisphere summer months for farm labor. However, there is little evidence supporting this, with 19th-century rural schools more typically favoring a summer academic term and more vacation time during spring and autumn.

Summer is still a popular time for family vacations, and most have a two or three-month summer vacation. The academic year typically runs from August or early September until the end of May or early June, depending on the length of the year and number of the holiday, vacation, and snow days occurring during the year. The year is divided into two semesters, three trimesters or four quarters, typically with a report card issued to students' parents at the end of each.

Continuing education classes (often available at community colleges and private "boot camp" style schools) are often shorter and start throughout the year with no particular seasonality.

For college sports sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association and its associated conferences, their calendar for the year starts on July 1, with the year ending on the succeeding June 30, with other multiple calendars for each sport regarding recruiting and competition periods.

College breaks in the US
Colleges and universities vary widely. Some closely follow the K-12 break schedule, others have the same but longer breaks to accommodate students who live farther away and wish to return home for holidays. Most colleges and universities have the following breaks:
 * Thanksgiving/Fall Break – end of November (The week of Thanksgiving – 3 days before Thanksgiving, Thanksgiving Day, and the day after – the Friday before the break is considered a half-day).
 * Winter Break – mid-December to late January
 * Spring Break – a week or two in March or April (usually starting on Good Friday)
 * Summer Break – Early/mid-May to between late August and the day after Labor Day in September (usually lasting about 12–16 weeks).

Most colleges and university years are divided into two semesters. The first starting from the beginning of the year (August/September) until mid-December, and the second lasting from January until early May. Winter and summer classes could be taken in between the breaks.

China
Summer holidays usually last from early July to the start of September. The winter holiday usually lasts 1 month, and its time varies depending on the date of the Chinese New Year.

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong summer holidays last from mid-July to the end of August. Christmas, Lunar New Year and Easter holidays last usually for one and a half weeks.

India
The academic year in India normally starts from June/July till March/April for students in Class 1 to Class 8. For students who are in 9/11, the class starts from June/July till February/March to ensure the teachers can complete the syllabus on time as they would promoted to class 10/12 early. The academic year for class 10/12 is from March/April till next year April/May. The students who are currently in or going into class 10/12 would get 1 month of summer break and one or two weeks of winter break based on the state in which they live. The summer holidays and vacations are as follows:

South India
In South India, summer vacations last from the end of March or early April to the beginning or middle of June.

The Diwali break begins in either October or November, depending on the month Diwali occurs in that year. It lasts for about one week or two days. Christmas break starts on the last week of December (22nd or 23rd) and ends on the first week of January (5th) or might last for only two days and a one-day break for the New Year. The festivals Dusherra and Sankranti are also given holidays for half a month or four days.

In Tamil Nadu, one day leave is given for Deepavali. Tamil Nadu celebrates Pongal festival (Thai Pongal), a four-day festival which, according to the Tamil calendar, is usually celebrated from January 14 to January 17.

North India
In North India, the typical summer vacation runs from mid-May to the end of June, with school usually starting on July 1.

Navaratri break is usually for 10 days, and Dusherra lies in the middle.

Christmas holidays are not usually given; however, some schools combine the Christmas holidays with the winter break. Schools in Uttar Pradesh give a holiday on Charan Singh's birth anniversary, and that is when the winter break starts for some. For some other schools, the winter break starts on 28 December and usually ends on the second weekend of the new year.

Rest of India
There are many public holidays in India, depending on the region. Certain holidays are mandated across the nation.

January 26: Republic Day

August 15: Independence Day

October 2: Gandhi Jayanti (Birthday of Mahatma Gandhi)

States and union territories have their own dates for their state foundation days.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, there are four main school holidays:
 * New school year holiday – known as libur kenaikan kelas (up-grading holiday), which usually takes place for 2–3 weeks between late June and early July. Dates may vary, depending on each province/region. The holiday starts from Monday of the first week to the Saturday of the last week of the break.
 * Mid-term holiday, is a break that aims to separate the two semesters of the Indonesian school year. It takes place for two weeks between late December and early January, coinciding with Christmas and New Year holidays. The starting and ending dates are the same as the new school year holiday.
 * Eid al-Fitr holiday (or lebaran holiday), which lasts for around two weeks. The date varies according to the Islamic calendar.
 * Fasting Holiday / Ramadhan Holiday (or puasa holiday), which lasts for about 1 month. The date varies according to the Islamic calendar. This break mostly coincides with the Eid al-Fitr holiday. School usually starts on the first Monday of the new month. It can potentially last 3–4 months if the new school year holiday (libur kenaikan kelas) happens before or during the month of Ramadan. But, if Christmas occurs after the holiday of Eid al-Fitr, school will start in the new year. On the first day after the break, the students and teachers will apologise to each other and shake hands, known as "Halal Bihalal" this period lasts about 3 days, and after Halal Bihalal, parents will receive a "rapot" or a grade report which shows student achievement over the past year.

Besides the main holidays, there are many small holidays which take place for 1–2 days, such as Independence Day, religious breaks, and Teacher's Day.

Israel
In Israel, the academic year is divided into two semesters. The first one begins in September or October (depending on the Hebrew calendar. Mostly a week or two after Simchat Torah), and it ends 13 weeks after in January. Then the next six weeks of January and February are dedicated to the first semester exams. Afterwards, in late February or early March, begins the second semester until mid- or late June. When the months of June and July are dedicated to the second semester exams while late testing can be by middle of August.

Japan
In Japan, the new academic year starts in early April. In most schools in Japan, there are four main breaks: one or two weeks from late March to early April (Spring), about a month from late July to the end of August (Summer), the Health & Sports Day weekend (Fall), and two weeks over the year-end and New Year period from late December to early January (Winter). There are some exceptions in northern Japan, where schools set a longer winter break, while cutting the summer one shorter. Additionally, there are 4 national holidays falling between 29 April and 5 May (where the remaining days inside that period are also converted to public holidays), sometimes called "Golden Week."

Colleges/universities have the following breaks (plus the "Golden Week" holidays):
 * Spring break: Early February to early April
 * Summer break: Early August to early October
 * Fall break: Health & Sports Day weekend
 * Winter break: Late December to early January

Korea
In Korea, the school year starts at the beginning of March. Until 2015, schools followed a three-term system, similar to Japan:
 * Term 1: Early March to mid/late July
 * Summer break: Approximately 1 month
 * Term 2: Mid/late August to late December (with a brief 3-5 day Chuseok/Fall break interrupting this term)
 * Winter break: Approximately 1 month
 * Term 3: 2 weeks in February
 * Spring break: Approximately 2 weeks

From 2015 onwards, the calendar was changed to a more quasi-Western styled one, having the year to end on January rather than February.
 * 1st quarter: March to early May
 * Spring break: Approximately 1 week
 * 2nd quarter: Early/mid May to mid/late July
 * Summer break: Approximately 1 month
 * 3rd quarter: Mid/late August to late September
 * Chuseok/Fall break: Approximately 1 week
 * 4th quarter: October to early January
 * Winter break: Approximately 2 months

Colleges/universities get the following breaks:
 * Children's Day/Spring break: May 5
 * Summer break: Mid-late June to August 31
 * Chuseok/Fall break: 3–5 days in late September
 * Winter break: Mid-late December to February 28/29

Malaysia
In Malaysia, there are 2 main semester holiday and an additional of mid-term break and year end holiday. The mid-year holidays last for two weeks, from late May until mid-June, in between the two school terms. The year-end holidays last for six weeks, from mid-November until early January, in between two school years. Each school term has a mid-term break; one week in March for the first semester and one week in the months of August or September (variable) for the second semester.

Schools are closed on national and state public holidays. Schools are allowed to have a few special holidays without replacement for events such as school anniversary and sports day. For festivities such as Hari Raya Puasa, Chinese New Year and Deepavali, schools usually apply for additional holidays to allow longer breaks for students to visit relatives in their hometowns. However, every day missed exceeding the special holiday allowance would be replaced by having classes on weekends.

Philippines
In the Philippines, until 2020 the school calendars began in June and ended in March or early April. By government regulation, schools cannot start classes beyond August or earlier than June. There are three breaks: summer break (at the end of the 4th quarter) started from the late March or early April and usually ended in June, semestral break (at the end of the 2nd quarter) started from late October ending in early November (usually after the United Nations program) and Christmas break (at the end of the 3rd quarter) lasted from mid-December to early January. At the end of August around National Heroes' Day, a 3-day long weekend including the last Monday of August, was also taken.

During the implementation of COVID-19 community quarantines in 2020 to 2022, the school year ran from September or October to May or June, in 2021, it fell in August. The summer or mid-year break begins from early June till late or middle of August and is also known as the Independence Day break as Independence Day, June 12, falls during the mid year vacation. With the move of the calendar for most schools, an additional break, Easter break was added, corresponding to Holy Week up to Easter Sunday. Beginning 2024–2025, a slow transition phrase to the old calendar began only for public schools, private schools may choose to either make the transition back or to maintain the Western-styled calendar.

For universities and colleges, the four breaks in their collegiate calendar (three for trimestral institutions) closely match those of the 2021 national basic education calendar. Since 2016–17, most of these higher learning institutions begin their year in August or September, matching the Western calendar.

Event-based holidays are declared by the President (for national holidays) and the provincial governor or city mayor for local holidays through the Department of Education (DepEd) for basic education and Commission on Higher Education (CHED) for colleges and universities.

Singapore
In Singapore, there are four school terms. Terms 1 and 2 are referred to as Semester 1, as terms 3 and 4 are referred to as Semester 2. Each term consists of ten school weeks. Term 1 starts the day immediately after New Year's Day. If the first school day is a Thursday or a Friday, it is not counted as a school week. After term 1, there is a break of a week, called the March Holidays. Thereafter, term 2 commences and is followed by a break of four weeks, the June Holidays. It is followed by term 3, after which there will be another break of one week, the September Holidays. Then, term 4 would start, and after it there is the December holidays, which would be either five or six weeks long, depending on whether the first week of the year was counted as a school week. Students are also given days off on public holidays, as well as Children's Day, Youth's Day, Teacher's Day and the day after National Day.

Turkey
All public schools have following holidays:

 * January 1 – New Year
 * Winter Break (also called Midterm Break or 15 Day Break) – two weeks in late January or early February
 * April 23 – National Sovereignty and Children's Day
 * May 1 – Labour and Solidarity Day
 * May 19 – commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day
 * Summer Break – 13 weeks from early-mid-June to mid-September
 * August 30 – Victory Day (coincides with Summer Break most of the time)
 * October 29 – Republic Day (28 October is half day)

There are Ramadan Feast (3 days) and Sacrifice Feast (4 days) holidays, but exact dates of these holidays change every year because Ramadan & Sacrifice Feasts are calculated according to Muslim calendar, resulting these feasts to be celebrated earlier by 10 or 11 days each year. If these feasts are at the middle of the week, then the break becomes a full week break with the Arafah (the day before the feast) day also included in the break.

Starting from 2019, the Summer Break has been cut to 11 weeks and the following two breaks have been introduced:
 * Autumn Break – one week in mid-November
 * Spring Break – one week in mid-April

United Arab Emirates
Main holidays

The following are breaks usually seen in Dubai schools but other emirates also sometimes follow the Dubai holidays:

 * Summer Break: Summer holiday is usually from the end of June/first of July to the end of August/first week of September.
 * Diwali Break: Indian festivals like Diwali (October/November) are also given a holiday or two, which becomes the fall break in the UAE.
 * Winter Break: The winter break usually lasts for three weeks from the beginning/middle of December to the beginning of January which also includes the new year's holiday.
 * Spring Break: Spring break is for two-to-three weeks from the end of March until early-to-mid April.
 * New semester: This break is given according to the board of the school like as in schools with an ICSE Board have a holiday in the first or the first two week(s) of April while in CBSE it happens in another time of the year, likely after the summer break.

Other Islamic occasions are celebrated by a holiday or a short break like the Eid break.

Vietnam
The academic year in Vietnam consists of two semesters, with the Tet break in between. The academic year starts in early September in the whole country, with an official opening ceremony on September 5 and ends on late May or early June.The two longest breaks include

 * The Tet break or Lunar New Year holiday, which lasts between 5 and 10 days surrounding the Lunar New Year, typically starting 1–2 days before it. The break differs from year to year but usually falls on January or February.
 * The summer break, which officially starts in late May/early June and lasts 3 months until the end of August. Many public schools, however, unofficially end the break a few weeks earlier and start classes in mid August.

Australia and New Zealand
In Australia and New Zealand, academic years for primary and secondary institutions are divided into four 10-week 'terms' per year. Although historically the year was divided into three terms with an extended Easter break interrupting the first term, the Australian academic year has been divided into four terms since the late 1980s (with the exception of Tasmania which did not change until 2013); New Zealand adopted a four-term year in 1996.

Summer Holidays:

Following southern hemisphere seasons, the main summer holiday between academic years encompasses most of December, all of January and sometimes a few days at the beginning of February, and always encompasses Christmas and New Year as well as usually Australia Day on 26 January. The exact start and finish date of the academic year varies between jurisdictions; in 2024 Queensland will start earliest on 22 January (the only jurisdiction to begin the academic year before Australia Day) and finish earliest on 13 December, while Tasmania will start latest on 6 February and finish latest on 19 December. In year 12, the term ends in November; for those who go on to university, the term usually starts in late February or early March.

New Zealand celebrates Waitangi Day on 6 February; the summer holidays in New Zealand may or may not extend as far as that day, depending on the year.

Mid Term breaks:

In Australia, there is typically a break of two weeks mid-semester (i.e. after Term 1 and after Term 3) and a break of three weeks in the middle of the year. In the year 2000, due to the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, the state of New South Wales extended the break after Term 3 to three weeks, compensating by reducing the break in the middle of the year to two weeks.

In New Zealand, there is a two-week break between each term.

Historically, the Term 1 holiday have been scheduled around Easter, reflecting the three-term system's notion of an extended Easter break within Term 1; although since the mid-1990s this has gradually changed, and now only Queensland and Victoria tie the school holidays closely to Easter; the remainder of Australia and all of New Zealand now have a fixed length to Term 1 which leads to the Easter period falling within Term 1 in some years with an early Easter, such as 2016.

Typically, the Term 1 holidays will run for two weeks within April; the mid-year holidays encompass the last week of June and the first two weeks of July; and the Term 3 holidays encompass the last week of September and the first week of October. This varies between jurisdictions, and exact dates depend on what day of the week these respective months begin, as (with the exception of the beginning and end of the academic year), terms tend to begin and end with full weeks.

Austria
In Austria, the summer holidays are usually between early July and early September. There is, with the exception of Vorarlberg and Salzburg, no Autumn break but there is a Christmas break (from December 24 until January 6) and an Easter break (lasts for 10 days). The mid-term break in February lasts for a week and the Whitsun break lasts for 4 days including the weekend. There are also days off during religious holidays (Assumption, Ascension, Corpus Christi etc.).

Belgium
For primary schools, the academic year in Belgium begins on the first weekday in September and ends on the last weekday in June, with the summer holiday comprising the entire months of July and August.

Secondary schools and universities often close about a week earlier, as soon as school results have been processed and published. A week of autumn break is usually scheduled during the week of All Saints’ Day (November 1). The winter- or Christmas holiday lasts two weeks and encompasses both Christmas and New Year's Day. The dates for both the one-week spring break and the two-week Easter holiday vary. In catholic regions where carnival is celebrated, spring break usually takes place during the carnival week. To get al balance in school days between spring break and summer holiday, the two weeks of Easter holiday can take place with Easter both at the beginning, the middle or the end of the holiday period. In some cases, when Easter is at the complete end of the holiday, Easter Monday serves as an additional day off. However, in 2008 Belgium did not have the Easter Weekend inside its break due to the fact that Easter Sunday was on 23 March and schools broke up on the first weekend in April 2008 and had the two weeks then.

Croatia
In Croatia, there can be anywhere from three to five major breaks throughout the school year at public schools, depending on the region. Regardless of the number of holidays a school decides to have, a school year must have a minimum of 175 working days, or 160 for students undertaking the final exam at the end of high school.
 * Summer break runs from mid-June (typically the 15th/16th) to early September (usually the first Monday in September), usually lasting for 11 weeks.
 * Winter (Christmas) break usually starts on December 24 (Christmas Eve) and ends in the first Monday after January 6. It lasts for 3 weeks in total. Some parts of the country have opted to split the winter holidays in two parts: the first part lasting for 2 weeks starting on Christmas Eve and encompassing Christmas and New Year, and the second part lasting for one week, usually the last week of February.
 * Spring (Easter) break lasts about 10 days, and encompasses Good Friday, Easter, Easter Monday, and the work week after or before Easter.

Some schools have opted to shorten the winter holidays in exchange for an Autumn break, which typically lasts for one week around All Saints' Day (November 1).

Other free days include public holidays and local patron saint days. If these land on a Tuesday or Thursday, the day before (Monday, if the holiday is on Tuesday) of after (Friday, if it's on Thursday), is usually also considered a free day, to "merge" the holiday with the weekend.

Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, the summer holidays begin at the end of the school year around 30 June and end at the start of the school year on 1 September or soon thereafter. Then there are autumn holidays: two days plus 28 October (the date of the proclamation of Czechoslovakia). The winter (Christmas) holidays last usually from 22 December to 3 January. There is also a one-day half term holiday on 31 January. The spring holidays are a week long and may occur in February or March, depending on the region, sometimes they continue with Easter holidays (Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Easter Monday). There are also free days such as 1 May (International Workers' Day), 8 May (end of World war two) and 28 September (The assassination of St. Wenceslas - the duke and the patron saint of the Czech lands). The school director is authorised to add up to three more free days during the school year. The school holidays are determined by the Ministry of Schools for each school year and are valid for every basic and high school.

Denmark
In Denmark the summer holiday lasts 6–7 weeks. Most schools also have one week of winter holiday and one week of autumn holiday, usually in February and October respectively. The Christmas break lasts 2 weeks

Estonia
In Estonia, summer holidays last for three months from June to August. Christmas holidays last for two weeks, autumn and spring holidays are each one week. In 2016, the Estonian Ministry of Education decided to add a new holiday, starting from 2017, to balance the learning weeks. There are going to be 5 holidays: Autumn holiday (21- 29 October), Winter Holiday (23 December- 7 January), a new holiday (24 February- 4 March), Spring holiday (21 April- 1 May) and Summer holiday (12 June- 31 August). Summer break starts 1 week later.

France
French school holidays are scheduled each year by the Ministry of Education. This can lead to overcrowding in tourist resorts such as the Mediterranean coast and the ski resorts.

To alleviate this problem, the holiday schedules are staggered by dividing the country into three zones. Despite these measures, the synchronized school holiday schedules still cause some crowding effects, as families head to popular holiday locations all at the same time. This can result in price increases and availability problems in some locations during the school holiday periods. Holidays are divided into three separate zones except for the first two holidays: All Saints and the Christmas / New Year.

Germany
In Germany, ≈75 week days of the year are school-free days. The exact dates are chosen by each of the 16 states, often in consultation with each other for reasons of planning and traffic management. The usual holiday blocks are: Christmas (≈2 weeks), Easter (≈2 weeks), Summer (6 weeks), Autumn (≈2 weeks). Depending on the state, further holidays can be around Pentecost or in winter between the first and the second half of the school year.

Some states allow for municipalities or individual schools to move a handful of days from a state-wide holiday to locally favoured dates, e.g. Shrove Monday, the Fridays after Ascension and Corpus Christi or some other Friday or Monday that would provide for a long weekend and is called a Brückentag 'bridging day'.

Greece
In Greece, there are three breaks throughout the school year at public schools.
 * Summer holidays run from June to September. Holidays begin between June 10 and 20, and end around September 11.
 * Christmas (Winter) holidays begin around December 23 and end around January 8 (about 2 weeks).
 * Easter (Spring) holidays last 2 weeks from Lazarus Saturday to Thomas Sunday (according to the Orthodox calculations)
 * Although there is no fall break, students and teachers get to have a day-off on October 28th (Oxi Day).

Ireland
The dates for the start and the end of the school year at both primary and post-primary level are not fixed, but mid-year breaks are standardised. Due to the start of certificate exams, post-primary schools are usually not open for tuition after the Friday before the June public holiday (the first Monday in June) in any year. Primary schools must be open for a minimum of 182 days of tuition a year and for secondary schools that number is 166.
 * First Day of School: The school year generally starts during the last few days of August or first few days of September. Return dates for Secondary schools are usually staggered depending on what year you are in.
 * Halloween Break: Schools close for one week at the end of October for the midterm break. This break usually encompasses Halloween (October 31)
 * Christmas Break: Schools close for two weeks at Christmas time. Those two weeks always encompass Christmas and New Year. Schools will close no later than December 23 and reopen no earlier than January 2.
 * St Brigid's Day: Saint Brigid's Day is a public holiday in Ireland which falls on February 1. The public holiday is observed on the first Monday after February 1, or on a Friday if February 1 falls on Friday meaning schools are closed.
 * Spring Break: Schools close for another week in mid-to-late-February for the spring midterm.
 * St Patrick's Day: Schools are always shut on March 17 as it is a public holiday. If March 17 falls on a weekend, schools are closed on the Monday immediately following. Some schools may tend to take an extra day or two to extend this break. For example, if March 17 is a Thursday, schools will close on the Friday, and Monday following to make it a five-day break.
 * Easter Break: Schools close for two weeks for Easter. Schools generally close for Easter break on the Friday one week before Good Friday, and reopen on the Monday one week after Easter Monday.
 * May/June Break: Some primary schools may take another week off in May or June, if they have not taken a full week off in February.
 * Summer Holidays: Secondary schools generally finish for summer on the first Friday of June or the last Friday of May. Exam years will sit 1–3 weeks of State Exams during June.

Primary schools will generally finish by 30 June, or the last Friday of June for summer break.

Italy
In Italy, most school holidays are determined by the Ministry of Education, and are valid for all public schools of every order and grade. Typically, there are Summer holidays from early or mid-June up to the second week of September. Christmas (Winter) holidays start on December 23 and end on the first or second working day after January 6; the summer holidays in Italy are 3 months, other holidays include one week around Easter (Spring) as well as one day on December 8 (Feast of the Immaculate Conception), one day for November 1 (All Saints (Autumn)), the national holidays of April 25 (Liberation day) and June 2 (Republic Day), as well as the Workers' Day (May 1). Locally, school authorities have freedom upon the establishment of the lessons calendar to grant further vacation days on important local festivals (e.g. the local patron saint day).

Latvia
In Latvia, summer holidays last for three months from June to August. Christmas holidays last for two weeks, autumn and spring holidays are each one week.

Lithuania
All public schools have the following holidays:
 * Christmas Break – two weeks in early January
 * Winter Break – 3 days in mid February
 * Spring Break – 3 days in early April
 * Fall Break – one week in late October to early November
 * Summer Break – from early June to August 31 for elementary schoolers, from late June to August 31 for middle / high schoolers
 * February 16 – State Restoration Day
 * March 8 – International Women's Day
 * March 11 – Lithuania Independence Restoration Day
 * May 1 – Labor Day

The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, summer holidays last for six weeks for all Schools, but often unofficially 7 for secondary schools. The country is divided into three regions which start their summer holidays one week after another. Summer holidays usually start in mid-July and end in late August. Dutch elementary and high school students also have a one-week autumn holiday in mid-October, two weeks of Christmas holidays, usually the last two weeks of December, as well as one week "crocus/spring holidays" in February (for the south during Carnaval), and "May holidays", which last one or two week(s) for high schools and for elementary schools (This may differ from school to school). May holidays span a period of national holidays such as King's Day (former Queen's Day) (April 27), Remembrance of the Dead (May 4) and Liberation Day (May 5) and sometimes include Ascension Day and Pentecost.

North Macedonia
In North Macedonia, there are two breaks throughout the school year at public schools. Other free days include the public holidays and local or School patron days.
 * Summer break usually runs from June 10 to September 1.
 * Winter (Christmas) break starts after New Year's Eve (January 1) and ends usually after January 20.

Norway
In Norway, school holidays vary by region. Generally, the school year starts around the third week of August. Most regions have a week off at the beginning of October (weeks 40 or 41). Christmas holidays start some days before Christmas Eve and end in the first week of January. There is one week of winter vacation in late February (weeks 8 or 9). Easter holiday is from Palm Sunday to Easter Monday or a day or two later, and Summer holidays begin some days before midsummer.

Poland
All public schools have the following breaks/holidays (with the 5 main breaks underlined):
 * November 1 – All Saints Day, 1 day break
 *  November 11  – Independence Day (Autumn), 1 day break
 * January 6 – the Epiphany, 1 day break
 *  1st Winter Break  – Two weeks around Christmas and New Year
 *  2nd Winter Break  – two weeks in January or February (depending on region)
 *  Easter (Spring) Break  – Maundy Thursday to the Tuesday after Easter Monday
 * May Break – May 1 (Labor Day), May 2 (Polish Flag Day) and May 3 (Constitution of May 3)
 * Corpus Christi – four days in May or June (depending on the year)
 *  Summer Break  – first Saturday after June 20 to the end of August or early September (first school week day in September unless it falls on a Friday)

Portugal
All schools have basically the same period of a school year, it starts around mid September until mid/end of June (with some exceptions).

In Higher Education (Universities, Polytechnic Institutes, University Institutes, etc) it can go from beginning of September to mid/end of July.

In Portugal, the majority of schools organize their school year in 3 terms, in Higher Education are organized in 2 semesters.

Aside to national holidays, the main breaks are:

 * Christmas Holidays – around two weeks, from the week before Christmas to beginning of January
 * Easter Holidays - two weeks, one before Easter day (always on a Sunday) and other after. Around end of March/beginning of April.

Usually there are other small holidays around Carnival (in February), around 2 or 3 days, but not every school does it.

Students from years that have Final Exams (9th grade, 11th and 12th grade), usually end their classes some days/weeks before the others.

Romania
Summer breaks run from late May-mid-June to early-mid-September and are around 13–15 weeks long. Pupils/students in the 8th and 12th grades usually enter summer break a week or two earlier than everyone else from other grades.

Spring breaks are usually one to two weeks long, between late March and early May depending on the dates of both Orthodox and Catholic Easter. There can be two spring breaks if the Catholic and Orthodox Easter dates are very different.

Winter break is three weeks long (it usually starts in the third or fourth week of December and it ends on the second or third Monday of January).

There is also a one-week long fall break, which is usually between late October and early November; however, it was limited to pupils in preschool and primary education; everyone else had a full learning period between the summer and winter breaks. Starting from 2022, though, the fall break has been applied to middle and high schools, too.

All academic years in Romania prior to the 2019–2020 school year used to have a second Winter break, which was often referred to as the "break between semesters" (vacanță intersemestrială), which would usually be in early February and have a duration of one-week, between the first and second semesters. From the 2019–2020 school year onwards (with the exception of the 2020–2021 school year), the start of the winter break marks the end of the first semester, with the beginning of the second semester immediately after the winter break. From 2022 to 2023, there is a break in February (however, this is not between semesters), and the counties can decide each which week of February.

Russian Federation
All public schools have the following holidays:
 * Winter Break – two weeks in early January
 * Spring Break – one week in late March to early April
 * Fall Break – one week in late October to early November
 * Summer Break – from late May to August 31
 * February 23 – Men's Day or Defender's Day
 * March 8 – International Women's Day
 * May 1 – Spring and Labour Day
 * May 9 – Victory Day
 * November 4 – Unity Day

Slovakia
In Slovakia, summer holidays begin at the end of the school year on June 30 and end at the start of the school year in early September. The autumn holidays are at the end of October. The winter (Christmas) holidays usually last from December 23 to January 7. There is also a one-day half term holiday on January 31. The spring holidays are a week long and may be in February or March, depending on the region. Next are the Easter holidays (Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Easter Monday and Easter Tuesday). There are also free days such as May 1, May 8, September 1, September 15, and November 17. The school director is authorized to add up to three more free days during the school year. The school holidays are determined by the Ministry of Schools and are valid for every basic and high school.

Slovenia
In Slovenia, summer holidays begin on June 24 (June 25 is National day, which is also a public holiday) and end on September 1. Other holidays are usually one week long, they expand if national holidays fall on the work days. The autumn holidays ("Krompirjeve počitnice" – "Potato holidays") begin around October 31, which is Reformation day and November 1 which is called "All Saints' Day". The New Year holidays usually start around Christmas and last until January 2. In the middle of February there are winter holidays, which are divided into two parts. In each part there are other Slovenian students who have holidays. The second part of the winter holiday usually ends at the end of February. The shortest holidays are First May holidays, and as their name suggests they begin on around May 1 (usually on April 27, which is Uprising Against the Occupation Day, which is also a national holiday) and last until May 2, which is also a national holiday. There are also free days such as February 8 (Slovenian cultural festival – Prešeren Day) and Easter Monday, and other national holidays like August 15 (Feast of the Assumption) fall on school holidays and are more important to adults. Students from the last year of primary and secondary schools usually start summer holidays one week earlier due to the final exams. These holidays are valid for primary and secondary schools only and are determined by the Ministry of Schools. University students, however, have summer holidays until October 1; however, the exams from spring examination period can be after 25 June and the summer examination period starts in September. Usually students have only one other holiday and that is the New Year holiday but it depends on every single college which days will be free for students. For example, in 2015, most university students also had First May holidays. Short holidays usually begin after exams and depend on how good students are at their exams or how many exams they have taken for each term. Most of the time, university students have holidays on national holidays.

Sweden
In Sweden, the school year starts around mid- or late August (September 1 at the universities). The week before All Saint's Day (taken as a Saturday around November 2) primary and secondary school students have an autumn holiday. Christmas holiday starts around December 19–20, depending on the day of the week on which Christmas Eve occurs. It usually ends some days after January 6, which is also a public holiday. In March, primary and secondary school students have one week of winter vacation; the exact week varies by location. Easter public holidays last four days from Friday to Monday. Easter school holidays are either the week preceding Easter or the week immediately following, depending on location. Primary and secondary school summer holidays last about ten weeks, starting in the second week of June.

United Kingdom
School holidays in the United Kingdom follow a standard pattern, with a school year of 190 days of teaching, beginning with the Autumn Term, but the exact timing varies between countries and counties. Local authorities set term dates which apply to all Community, Voluntary Controlled, Community Special Schools and Maintained Nursery Schools. Academies, Free schools, Voluntary Aided schools and Foundation schools are able to choose their own dates but many follow the same dates as the Local Authority. Although these schools can set their own term dates, they are still required to open for the same length of time. Independent private schools tend to set longer holidays than state schools.

In England and Wales, the academic year usually runs from the first week of September of one year through to the third week of July of the following year, with the time split up into three terms. Each of these is usually divided into halves with a week-long "half-term" break between. Primary (4–11) and secondary (11–16) schools usually follow a 39-week academic year, while further (16+) and higher (18+) educational establishments often have 33 or even 36-week terms, generally with no half-term break. Oxford and Cambridge universities have shorter terms still, usually eight weeks each term.

For English state schools, the year commences the first week of September with a half-term break (one week) at the end of October, and the first term ending the third week of December. After a two-week holiday, encompassing Christmas and New Year, the second term runs from early January to Easter and is of variable length to allow for the movable feast. There is a half-term break around mid-February and two weeks of the Easter holidays, before the third and final term starts, lasting until the third week of July. The half-term break is at the end of May and students with exams will often finish their studies at that break and take exams during June and July.

The summer holidays last for approximately six weeks, which was for a long time thought to be in order to allow children to help with the harvest. However, as the harvest usually takes place in late September this makes little sense. The six week break was to allow the middle-classes to take longer holidays. In Scotland, the summer break is earlier because of the different day lengths and agricultural practices there.

Private schools may follow different terms, and some self-governing academies follow different termly structures.

England and Wales
Summer holidays in State schools are usually between five and seven weeks long, starting in mid-late July and ending in early September. Schools have Christmas and Easter holidays, each usually lasting about two weeks. The school year is split up into three sections: Autumn term (between Summer and Christmas); Spring term (between Christmas and Easter); and Summer term (between Easter and the Summer holiday). Roughly half-way through each term, pupils will get one week off school, known as half-term. In the Autumn term, half-term often falls the week of Halloween and close to Bonfire Night. In the Spring term, half-term tends to fall the week of Valentine's Day. In the Summer term, half-term tends to be at the end of May with students returning the first Monday of June.

Independent schools often have longer holidays including up to 10 weeks for Summer, but often have longer school days and sometimes lessons on Saturday mornings.

See School Holidays in England for the impact of school holidays on tourism and life for parents and others.

Scotland
In Scotland, the academic year usually begins in the third week of August. In October, there are one or two weeks off, which is the half-way point between Summer and Christmas holidays. The Christmas holiday usually begins a few days before December 25 and ends a few days after January 5. There is up to a week off half-way through the Spring term and a two-week break for Easter. After Easter is Summer term and the 3rd half term break is the half-way point to the summer holidays. The summer holiday usually begins at the end of June for most pupils in primary 1–7 and secondary years 1–3. Years 4, 5, and 6 have a period of exam leave at the end of April until early June, but may return for the last few weeks before the summer holiday starts. It's usually 7–8 weeks.

Northern Ireland
Schools in Northern Ireland have similar school holidays to those in the Republic of Ireland.

Unlike in the UK or Republic of Ireland, Northern Irish schools operate a 200-day school year.

The school year begins around 1 September, although most schools return up to a week earlier.

There is a midterm break in October, in which schools may close for two days to up to a week. This break falls during the week of Halloween.

Schools close for a week and a half for Christmas, closing around 21 or 22 December, and returning on 3 or 4 January.

There is another midterm in February, in which most schools close for one week. This break is the mid-point between Christmas and Easter.

Schools close for St Patrick's Day on 17 March.

Schools close for Easter on Holy Thursday, and return one week after Easter Monday.

Most schools close for a week at the end of May for the Spring Bank holiday, and return at the start of June.

Schools then close for summer on the 30 June.

title: Academic year


text:
User talk:Davekinnear

Dave Kinnear loves using WIKIPEDIA. It is the Most amazing internet site he has ever been on. WIKIPEDIA YOU FLIPPING ROCK!!!! Stevedave and Cyn are not my friends anymore.. They think poorly of me!!!!

Suprise Dave Kinnear!!! STevedave and Cyn were actually never your friends. They have been using you for free burgers and peach rings. :-p

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Davekinnear


text: User talk:64.238.183.31

title: User talk:64.238.183.31


text:
Modoc Plateau

The Modoc Plateau lies in the northeast corner of California as well as parts of Oregon and Nevada. Nearly 1000000 acre of the Modoc National Forest are on the plateau between the Medicine Lake Highlands in the west and the Warner Mountains in the east.

Its landform is volcanic table land ranging from 4,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level, cut by many north–south faults. "Occasioned lakes, marshes, and sluggishly flowing streams meander across the plateau."

It is a thick accumulation of lava flows and tuff beds, along with many small volcanic cones. It has cinder cones, juniper flats, pine forests, and seasonal lakes. The plateau is thought to have been formed approximately 25 million years ago as a southern extension of the Columbia Plateau flood basalts.

Vegetation and wildlife
Forested areas of the plateau include Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), as well as other tree species such as California Buckeye (Aesculus californica). and Modoc Cypress (Cupressus bakeri).

The plateau supports large herds of Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus canadensis), and Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). There are also several herds of wild horses on the plateau. The Clear Lake National Wildlife Refuge and Long Bell State Game Refuge are located on the plateau as well.

Watersheds
The Lost River watershed drains the north part of the plateau, while southern watersheds either collect in basin reservoirs or flow into the large Big Sage Reservoir, which sits in the center of Modoc County.

title: Modoc Plateau


text:
Sociedade Esportiva e Recreativa Caxias do Sul

Sociedade Esportiva e Recreativa Caxias do Sul, commonly known as Caxias, is a Brazilian professional association football club based in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. The team plays in Série C, the third tier of the Brazilian football league system, as well as in the Gauchão Série A, the top tier of the Rio Grande do Sul state football league.

Caxias won the Campeonato Gaúcho – Rio Grande do Sul State Championship in 2000.

Its fiercest rival is Juventude, the other club based in Caxias do Sul. The local derby is known as Ca-Ju. As of 2024, the Grená is ranked as the 74th best team in Brazil, according to the Brazilian Football Confederation Ranking.

History
Caxias was founded on April 10, 1935, as Grêmio Esportivo Flamengo (commonly referred at the time as Flamengo de Caxias, to not confuse with the more famous homonymous Rio de Janeiro club), which had been a fusion of two other teams (Ruy Barbosa and Rio Branco). However the club, as well as Juventude folded due to a financial crisis in the 1960s. Both teams merged into Associação Caxias de Futebol on December 14, 1971. The new club wore garnet, white and blue of Grêmio Esportivo Flamengo. In 1972, Associação Caxias de Futebol and Grêmio played the first game on color TV in Brazil. The game finished 0–0. However, Juventude split off and reestablished itself in 1975, and Grêmio Esportivo Flamengo adopted the name Sociedade Esportiva e Recreativa Caxias do Sul.

Caxias played its first Brasileirão campaign at the 1976 Campeonato Brasileiro. They were the first club in Rio Grande do Sul from outside the state capital of Porto Alegre to participate in the national championship. The club's best performance in the national league was finishing in 10th at the 1978 Campeonato Brasileiro. The club's greatest feat was the 2000 Campeonato Gaúcho title. Under Tite's leadership, the club was able to qualify for the finals, reaching ahead of traditional Rio Grande do Sul powerhouse and frequent finalist Internacional, where they defeated a Grêmio with Ronaldinho 3–0 at Estádio Centenário. At the away game in Grêmio's home at the Olímpico Monumental, Caxias tied the game 0–0 and was able to secure the title, the first of its history. This was a remarkable underdog victory, as the title has been won by the Grenal duo since 1954, with only Caxias' rivals Juventude having conquered the title in 1998. This successful campaign also helped launch Tite's career, at the time an unknown manager.

Caxias was a frequent mainstay of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, however, after begin relegated in both the Campeonato Gaúcho (to the Campeonato Gaúcho Divisão de Acesso) and the national Série C in 2015. After returning to the first state division in 2017, Caxias started its campaign at the Campeonato Brasileiro Série D. While having good results at the Campeonato Gaúcho, including being runner-ups in 2020, Caxias failed to translate this into success in national competitions. In the years 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2022, Caxias failed to get promoted, getting eliminated in the quarter-finals losing its promotion spot to Treze, Manaus, ABC and América-RN, respectively, wasting another chance to gain promotion. In 2023, Caxias started the year being the runner-ups of the Campeonato Gaúcho, and were promoted back to Série C after defeating Portuguesa-RJ in the quarter-finals, but failed to win the championship after getting eliminated by Ferroviário in the semi-finals.

Anthem

 * Written by: Dirceu Antônio Soares
 * Music by: Antônio Messias and Dirceu Antônio Soares

Stadium
Caxias' stadium is Estádio Centenário, inaugurated in 1976, with a maximum capacity of 30,802 people.

Rivalry
Caxias' biggest rival is Juventude, their derby is named "Ca-Ju". The other rival of Caxias is Esportivo of Bento Gonçalves, whose derby is named "Clássico da Polenta" (The Polenta derby).

Managers

 * 🇧🇷 Levir Culpi (1986)
 * 🇧🇷 Ivo Wortmann (1987)
 * 🇧🇷 Tite (1991–1992)
 * 🇧🇷 Celso Roth (1996)
 * 🇧🇷 Tite (1999–2000)
 * 🇧🇷 Edson Gaúcho (2001)
 * 🇧🇷 Roberto Cavalo (2002)
 * 🇧🇷 Abel Ribeiro (2002)
 * 🇧🇷 Péricles Chamusca (2003)
 * 🇧🇷 Tita (2004)
 * 🇧🇷 Juninho Fonseca (2004)
 * 🇧🇷 Mano Menezes (2004–2005)
 * 🇧🇷 Leandro Machado (2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Gilson Kleina (2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Adilson Fernandes (2008–2009)
 * 🇧🇷 Renê Weber (2009)
 * 🇧🇷 Argel Fucks (2009)
 * 🇧🇷 Gilmar Iser (2009)
 * 🇧🇷 Círio Quadros (2009)
 * 🇧🇷 Julinho Camargo (2010)
 * 🇧🇷 Ricardo Drubscky (2010)
 * 🇧🇷 Lisca (2010–2011)
 * 🇧🇷 Guilherme Macuglia (2011)
 * 🇧🇷 Argel Fucks (2011)
 * 🇧🇷 Luiz Carlos Ferreira (2011)
 * 🇧🇷 Paulo Porto (2012)
 * 🇧🇷 Mauro Ovelha (2012)
 * 🇧🇷 Picoli (2012–2014)
 * 🇧🇷 Beto Campos (2014)
 * 🇧🇷 Itamar Schülle (2014)
 * 🇧🇷 Paulo Turra (2014–2015)
 * 🇧🇷 Hélio dos Anjos (2015)
 * 🇧🇷 Luís Antônio Zaluar (2015)
 * 🇧🇷 Marcelo Vilar (2015)
 * 🇧🇷 Beto Campos (2015–2016)
 * 🇧🇷 Luiz Carlos Winck (2016–2017)
 * 🇧🇷 Luiz Carlos Winck (2018)
 * 🇧🇷 Pingo (2019)
 * 🇧🇷 Paulo Henrique Marques (2019)
 * 🇧🇷 Rafael Lacerda (2019–2021)
 * 🇧🇷 Rogério Zimmermann (2022)
 * 🇧🇷 Luan Carlos (2022)
 * 🇧🇷 Thiago Carvalho (2022–2023)
 * 🇧🇷 Tcheco (2023)
 * 🇧🇷 Gerson Gusmão (2023–2024)
 * 🇧🇷 Argel Fucks (2024)
 * 🇧🇷 Thiago Gomes (2024–)

Honours

 * Campeonato Gaúcho
 * Winners (1): 2000
 * Runners-up (4): 1990, 2012, 2020, 2023
 * Copa FGF
 * Winners (1): 2007
 * Campeonato Gaúcho Série A2
 * Winners (2): 1953, 2016
 * Copa Serrana
 * Winners (1): 2016


text:
Salisbury (album)

Salisbury is the second studio album by English rock band Uriah Heep, released in January 1971 by Vertigo Records in the UK and Mercury Records in the US. It was produced by Gerry Bron.

Unlike their first album, songwriting credits for fully half of the record were attributed to Ken Hensley alone, as opposed to the debut's collaborative partnership of frontman David Byron and guitarist Mick Box. Soon after the release, drummer Keith Baker left the band, replaced by Ian Clark (from another Vertigo band, Cressida). With Clark, the band embarked on their first US tour, supporting Three Dog Night and Steppenwolf.

Musical style
Salisbury is skewed toward the progressive rock genre, with its 16-minute title track featuring a 24-piece orchestra and was also significant for Hensley's instant rise to a position as main composer of the group's music.

Cover art
The front cover of the album depicted a British Chieftain tank, which connects to the title, as Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, is a military training area. The original LP release was a gatefold sleeve, with a black-and-white image of the underside of a Chieftain tank on the inside with the turret facing the rear, over which were printed Hensley's comments on each track. Later reissues would be in a single sleeve. The American release on Mercury Records featured a different cover image (a man tearing out of his own skin), as did the original Canadian pressings. Subsequent Canadian pressings used the UK artwork.

Release
The album was reissued by Bronze Records later in 1971 after the band signed to that label for their third album. Salisbury was remastered and reissued by Castle Communications in 1996 with two bonus tracks, and again in 2003 in an expanded deluxe edition. In 2016, Sanctuary Records released a two-disc deluxe edition.

Reception
According to AllMusic reviewer, the album perfected Uriah Heep's "blend of heavy metal power and prog rock complexity" and "is too unfocused for the casual listener but offers enough solid songs for the Uriah Heep completist." Canadian journalist Martin Popoff described the album as "a dark downer" and "a failed experiment", imputing the cause of the slip to the "prog rock nightmare" of the title track and to "the hatchet production job". William Pinfold of Record Collector, reviewing the 2016 expanded re-issue, considered Salisbury "a collection notable for tightness, precision and a confident breadth of talent", and praised the band for the album's variety.

One of the album's tracks, "Lady in Black", described as "a stylishly arranged tune that builds from a folk-styled acoustic tune into a throbbing rocker full of ghostly harmonies and crunching guitar riffs", became a hit in Germany upon its re-release in 1977 (earning the band the Radio Luxemburg Lion award).

Track listings

 * All songs copyright Dick James Music, Inc. (BMI)

Personnel

 * Uriah Heep
 * David Byron – lead vocals (except "Lady in Black" and "High Priestess")
 * Mick Box – lead guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
 * Ken Hensley – organ, piano, slide guitar, acoustic guitar, harpsichord, vibraphone, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Lady in Black" and "High Priestess"
 * Paul Newton – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Keith Baker – drums

 * Additional personnel
 * John Fiddy – brass and woodwind arrangement on "Salisbury"

 * Production
 * Gerry Bron – producer
 * Peter Gallen – engineer, mixing
 * Tom Coyne – mastering

title: Salisbury (album)


text:
Talk:Stallion (disambiguation)

Untitled
I have not changed links to this page, as they appear to all be links to define stallion as a male horse. Taking the one-line definition to a new page called stallion (horse) and relinking all those pages just seemed unneccessary. --ScottDavis 03:27, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Metaphor
Although this is covered in the Wiktionary, and thus no link attached due to redundancy with the info-box, colloquial usage is not addressed by the main article, and shouldn't be. --Vorik111 (talk) 17:05, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stallion (disambiguation)


text:
User:SergioM

SergioM Brazilian From Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais.

title: User:SergioM


text:
Tato

Tato (died 510) was an early 6th century king of the Lombards. He was the son of Claffo and a king of the Lething Dynasty. According to Procopius, the Lombards were subject and paid tribute to the Heruli during his reign. In 508, he fought with King Rodulf of the Heruli, who was slain. This was a devastating blow to the Heruli and augmented the power of the Lombards. According to Paul the Deacon, the war started because Tato's daughter Rumetrada murdered Rodulf's brother.

Tato was murdered by his nephew Wacho in 510.

title: Tato


text:
Aisén

Aisén or Aysén may refer to:

Places

 * Aysén, Chile, a commune in Aysén Province
 * Aysén Region, one of Chile's administrative divisions
 * Aysén Province, a province in the Chilean region
 * Puerto Aysén, the capital city of Aysén Province

title: Aisén


text:
Combat Missions

Combat Missions was a one-hour-long reality television series produced by Mark Burnett and hosted by former Survivor castaway Rudy Boesch that aired from January to April in 2002 on the USA Network. It pits four teams of highly experienced military and police operatives against each other in physical challenges and "mission" scenarios. Each team has a call sign and corresponding color. The four teams are Alpha (Red), Bravo (Blue), Charlie (Yellow) and Delta (Green). The team members were past and present members of SWAT, the United States Army Special Forces, the Navy SEALs, Marine Recon, the CIA Special Operations Group, Delta Force, and the U.S. Army Rangers. The mission scenarios has each team face off against the opposing "Shadow force" (not another team) using MILES gear in real-life combat situations. The show was not picked up for a second season.

Scott Helvenston, one of the contestants from the Delta team went on to work for Blackwater USA in Iraq after the show and was killed in action on March 31, 2004.

Competition
The four squads in the competition are all unique.

Alpha Squad: The young guns mainly with SEAL backgrounds.

Bravo Squad: Urban assault consisting mainly of SWAT cops.

Charlie Squad: The "Over the Hill" club. Majority of the teammates are in their 40s and one in their 50s.

Delta Squad: The oddballs including prankster Rod Nutter and Baz who works for the CIA.

Each of the four squads starts the competition with six players. The 15-week contest—each week referred to as an "Evolution"—is split into three rounds. During each evolution two squads are chosen to go head to head, first in a training exercise and then in a combat mission.

At the start of each evolution, all four squads are required to fall in formation when ordered and to report that each squad member is present. Rudy Boesch will then tell them which two squads are going head to head during that evolution and may even add some additional information such as the weather condition for the day or a brief introduction of any new team members that have joined the squad.

Training exercises are usually physical challenges, including climbing, swimming, running and shooting. The winning squad receives extra points towards that week's mission.

The combat mission pits those two same squads into separate but identical situations against "Shadow Squad", who are also highly trained, in a combat-like scenario, some military in nature, some SWAT-related. Both squads start out with 1000 points, plus whatever point bonus was earned by the winner of the training mission. Points are then deducted for team members killed during the mission (50 points for each team member) and time taken in the mission itself (5 points per minute). Failure to complete all mandatory objectives, or the death of all team members results in a "total mission failure." There may be additional objectives given during the mission and will result in further point deductions if not completed (e.g. Evolutions 7 and 8 required the squads to secure an undercover ATF agent. Failure to secure him resulted in a 100-point penalty).

After both squads have a run at the mission, they will be summoned to the briefing room where their results will be scored. Whichever squad has the most points wins and their squad stays intact. The losing squad will have 10 minutes to pack their gear and report to the discharge room.

For the first twelve evolutions, the team with the lower score was obligated to discharge a teammate. The choice for discharge would be selected either by vote or, in case of a tie or refusal, drawing swords until one man pulls one with a red tip; that man would be discharged. For the first six evolutions, the teammate who is being discharged will stay in the discharge room while the rest of the team headed into the dossier room to select a replacement. The squad has 10 minutes to decide on whom to select. From evolution 7-10, lost players were no longer replaced, severely weakening the losing squads. If a team member from any squad during Evolutions 7-10 has an injury or illness that prevents him from continuing in the competition, they may voluntarily be discharged and the squad can go into the dossier room to find a replacement. During the last phase, the entire losing squad was kicked off in order to determine the overall winning squad. After that squad (Bravo) was selected, it was split into two teams of 3 who faced off. From those 3 remaining players one was eliminated in a Training Exercise, and the final two faced off in a mission in order to select the Combat Missions individual champion.

During the discharge ceremony at the end of each evolution, the three squads (2 squads that didn't compete during that evolution and the winning squad) fell in formation (similar to the beginning of each evolution). The remaining squad members of the losing squad assemble up front waiting for their discharged teammate to exit the discharge room. Once the discharged teammate comes out of the room, Rudy Boesch commends him and renders him a salute and officially dismisses him from the camp. His teammates also say goodbye to him as he walks out. A vehicle will pull up outside the camp gates to collect him. During evolutions 1-6, the same vehicle will drop off a teammate whom the losing squad chose in the dossier room. Evolutions 7-10 will have the vehicle collect the discharged teammate only. Evolutions 11-13 will have 2 vehicles pull up to collect the discharged squad and evolutions 14 and 15 will have a vehicle that will collect the losing teammates from the championship squad until 2 are left.

When the new teammate enters the camp, he will immediately go to Rudy to report for duty. Rudy welcomes him and tells him which squad he is assigned to. Then the order to fall out is given which concludes the discharge ceremony and this officially ends each evolution.

Contestants
The following is a list of contestants from the "Dossier Room" who never got picked to play:

Tank takeout (Evolution 1 and 2)
Start of Round 1: Lose the mission, lose a man and proceed to the dossier room to replace him.

Prior to the competition, all squads underwent physical training. Started off with a 3-mile run, followed by a 2-lap rucksack run (50 pounds) around the base, and then as many pullups they can do.

Evolution 1 Training Exercise: Log Carry From Hell (25 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Bravo vs. Charlie

Both teams must carry a 500-pound log around an obstacle course. Every 15 minutes, each team must drop a man. The first team to drop the log loses.

Winner: Bravo

Evolution 2 Training Exercise: Helocasting (50 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Alpha vs Delta

Winner: Alpha

Mission: Tank Takeout

Objective is to destroy the tank with an explosive device. Both teams will be inserted via helicopter and make their way on foot to the tank and then plant the explosive device to destroy the tank. Surviving members will then make their way to the extraction point for helicopter extract.

Bravo vs Charlie:

Charlie got ambushed early but were able to fend off the initial assault with no casualties. As they got near the tank Young was killed when two shadow squad members emerged from a bunker. Krenshaw and Greaves were killed as they approached the tank but Everadge was able to take out the two members inside the tank. Everadge was then killed as he tried to approach the tank. Potter was then killed as he planted the explosive charges leaving Bugarin the lone survivor.

Early into the mission, Bravo lost one SEAL and one Marine but the remaining four SWAT cops on the team were able to complete the mission (notably Jody Taylor with 7 kills) despite the mission being SEAL in nature.

Winner: Bravo

In the Dossier room, Charlie struggled to select a teammate to discharge prompting Rudy Boesch to issue them an ultimatum: Five minutes to choose a member to discharge or draw swords. Charlie eventually decided to draw swords resulting in Jeff Everage's discharge (ironically Everage was against drawing swords).

Alpha vs Delta:

Rod Teeple (Team leader for Delta) advanced to the tank without the explosive charge and ignored pleas from his teammates to fall back as they have not yet cleared the tank. This led to 2 unnecessary deaths (Teeple and Winn).

Chris Pate from Alpha squad struggled on the hill climb resulting in unnecessary time wasted which was a factor in his discharge. Alpha destroyed the tank with all their men alive, but Shadow Squad prepared an ambush for them as they were moving to the extraction point resulting in 5 of the 6 team members killed. (Scott Oates was the lone survivor)

Winner: Delta

Mission Results

Prisoner rescue (Evolution 3 and 4)
Evolution 3 Training Exercise: Weapons Assembly (25 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Bravo vs Delta

Each team must assemble and fire 6 weapons. First team to successfully assemble and fire all 6 weapons wins.

Winner: Delta

Evolution 3 Training Exercise: The Gauntlet (50 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Bravo vs Delta

The team that clears the gauntlet (4 players from opposing team), by knocking them into the water, with the fewest men wins.

Winner: Delta

Evolution 4 Training Exercise: The Grid (75 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Alpha vs Charlie

Both teams start on opposite corners of a grid which floats on water and be the first team to knock all opposing team members into the water

Winner: Alpha

Mission: Prisoner Rescue

An American prisoner is being transported in a truck clearly marked with the number 13. There is an armed checkpoint on the road the truck will travel through. The objective is to ambush the truck and rescue the prisoner. In each mission scenario, truck 13 overheated and was overtaken by truck 23.

Bravo vs Delta:

Jeff Byers from Bravo squad asked a good question during the briefing (is there similar trucks traveling that road?) which led them to be the only squad not to ambush the truck that reached the checkpoint first (marked with a 23), resulting in fewer enemies to deal with. Not surprisingly all 6 of their team members survived.

Rod Teeple (Team Leader from Delta) took personal responsibility for their Total Mission Failure and discharged himself prior to voting.

Winner: Bravo

Charlie vs Alpha:

Ed Bugarin from Charlie squad had 7 kills and personally carried the team.

Winner: Alpha

Mission Results

Hostage rescue (Evolution 5 and 6)
Evolution 5 Training Exercise: Double Pit Cross (50 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Charlie vs Delta

During the water portion of the exercise, Ossie Crenshaw blacked out as his muscles seized up on him. Ed Bugarin, Cade Courtley and Wilson Wong helped him out.

Winner: Delta

Evolution 6 Training Exercise: Obstacle Course (50 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Alpha vs Bravo

Jody Taylor injured his knee on the cargo net.

Winner: Alpha

Mission: Hostage Rescue

Mission objective is to rescue a hostage using Close Quarter Battle (CQB) techniques. Local TV anchorwoman, Linda Morris, has been taken hostage by two individuals with AK-47s, she was shot in the leg. Suspects are in an apartment building. One member of the team will relieve the police officer on the scene and serve as an observation post. The clock will stop when the team successfully rescues the hostage and takes her to a waiting ambulance.

There will be a 50-point deduction if any innocents are shot and killed (They are wearing MILES gear).

During the mission, there was a 2nd hidden sniper lying in wait as the teams made their way out of the apartment building with their hostage.

Charlie vs Delta

Charlie suffered casualties as they were exiting the apartment building with their hostage.

Rodney Nutter of Delta squad had outstanding sharpshooting skills which came in handy as he was the situated at the observation post for the team. As a result, none of his teammates were killed during the mission.

Winner: Delta

Alpha vs Bravo

This mission was suited for Bravo being SWAT in nature. Jody Taylor was the lone casualty as the team exited the apartment building thanks to the hidden sniper.

Harald Zundel had good observation skills as the team exited the apartment building and was able to engage the hidden sniper allowing the team to escape unscathed.

Winner: Bravo

Mission Results

 * Alpha lost 250 points for cheating. They used a poncho to cover the hostage and defeat the purpose of the MILES laser gear which was against the rules. Then they lied when asked why they did it, offering the excuse that they were "treating for shock". Daniel Patrick O'Shea (team leader for Alpha) later admitted that it was his decision to use the poncho. (Alpha would have defeated Bravo by 35 points if they didn't cheat)

Pilot down (Evolution 7 and 8)
Start of Round 2: Teams who discharge a man through losing a mission may not get a replacement unless it is a medical discharge.

During Evolution 7 Scott Helvenston played the role of a pest getting under the skin of some Alpha team members (notably Mel Spicer and Daniel O'Shea) during the Training Exercises. It got so bad that all four teams had an informal meeting at the Snake Pit with Rudy Boesch and other senior ranking officials. Members of Alpha confronted Helvenston whom they believe has gone too far in poor sportsmanship and creating a bad reputation among the SEALS.

Evolution 7 Training Exercise: Rifle Marksmanship (25 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Each team will have a target to shoot at with the objective of aiming at the bulls eye. The highest number of bulls-eyes wins.

Alpha vs Delta

Winner: Delta

Evolution 7 Training Exercise: The Grid (50 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Alpha vs Delta

First and second matches were nullified due to excessive grabbing.

Winner: Delta

Evolution 8 Training Exercise: Helocasting (75 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Winner: Charlie

Mission: Pilot Down

Mission objective is to rescue a downed pilot before the enemy finds him. The pilot has ejected and still alive. The enemy (Shadow Squad) is looking for the pilot and they can be reinforced within 30 minutes by ground transportation. All teams were instructed to move to the primary extract point after pilot is secured and call headquarters for extract. If the primary extract point is compromised, they must move to an alternate extract point specified by headquarters. In each mission scenario, the primary extract point was compromised as a Shadow Squad member would shoot down the helicopter scheduled to collect the team with their hostage.

Alpha vs Delta

Alpha got ambushed by Shadow Squad as they moved to their alternate extract point resulting in casualties.

Winner: Delta

Bravo vs Charlie

Winner: Bravo

Missile hangar (Evolution 9 and 10)
Evolution 9 Training Exercise: Rope Climb (25 Bonus Points toward Mission)

5 team members will climb a rope one at a time carrying a 40-pound pack, then come down the rope and enter a bunker and fire a weapon and return to their teammates.

Alpha vs Bravo

Winner: Alpha

Evolution 9 Training Exercise: Double Pit Cross (50 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Alpha vs Bravo

Winner: Alpha

Evolution 10 Training Exercise: Obstacle Course (50 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Charlie vs Delta

Winner: Delta

Evolution 10 Training Exercise: Transition Drill (25 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Four shooters are armed with an M4 with only one round, the last shooter has an M9 pistol with a full magazine. The first team to drop all five targets in order from front to rear wins.

Charlie vs Delta

Winner: Charlie

Mission: Missile Hangar

The objective is to retrieve a missile guidance system that is held inside a hangar currently used by a terrorist group. They will be inserted via helicopter on the roof of the hangar. They must first disable the enemies satellite communication dish and set an explosive device. Once the charge is set they must radio headquarters telling them they have accomplished this objective. They will then rappel into the hangar to retrieve the guidance system while repelling the enemy using Close Quarters Battle (CQB) techniques. The helicopter will be waiting outside the south doors of the hangar.

During the mission, once they have confirmed disabling the satellite communication dish, headquarters will tell them that there is an undercover ATF agent, Todd Nelson, whom they need to secure. They are given his description (Caucasian, 5'10, 175 lbs, receding hairline, has a mustache and wears glasses). If they fail to secure him, they will lose 100 points.

Alpha vs Bravo

Bravo killed the undercover ATF agent off the bat and ended up securing the wrong man. They asked the man if he was an undercover agent to which the man replied in the negative. They took him anyway.

Harald Zundel cut his nose as he was rappelling into the hangar.

Winner: Bravo

Charlie vs Delta

Winner: Delta

Meth lab (Evolution 11 and 12)
Beginning of Round 3: Lose the mission, entire squad will be discharged.

Evolution 11 Training Exercise: Weapons Assembly (25 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Teams must assemble four weapons one man at a time. First squad to assemble and fire all four weapons wins.

Bravo vs Charlie

Winner: Bravo

Evolution 11 Training Exercise: The Grid (50 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Bravo vs Charlie.

First round was a stalemate (Charlie had the upper hand but Steve Claggett from Bravo stubbornly refused to go into the water prompting the decision for a redo).

Winner: Bravo

Evolution 12 Training Exercise: The Gauntlet (50 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Winner: Alpha

Mission: Meth Lab

A drug cartel has set up a meth lab in the desert. Their leader is Santos Hernandez. This is a reconnaissance mission with teams being the eyes and the ears for headquarters. The objective is to get enough information to get a warrant to arrest Santos Hernandez. They will be given a camera for documentation. Headquarters wants to know if it is a working lab, how many suspects, what type of vehicles, how many weapons and any other useful information. Teams will radio headquarters with their findings and await further instructions.

During the mission, while the teams are sending information to headquarters, they will have to verify if Santos Hernandez is at the meth lab location. Santos Hernandez in fact does make an appearance later on ordering the lab to pack up and leave. When teams have positively identified Santos Hernandez, headquarters ordered the teams to arrest him for questioning. The time will stop once they radio headquarters confirming the arrest. He must be taken alive otherwise teams will be penalized 250 points.

Alpha and Charlie, already shorthanded with 4 team members each, were unable to secure Sanchez proving the point that losing teams will be weakened significantly.

Fuel dump demolition (Evolution 13)
Team Championship Round to determine overall squad winner.

Evolution 13 Training Exercise: Helocasting (50 Bonus Points toward Mission)

Bravo vs Delta

Winner: Bravo

Mission: Fuel Dump Demolition

The objective is to blow up the fuel dump. Teams must reach their Objective Rallying Point (ORP) and call headquarters before blowing up the fuel dump. Shadow squad can be reinforced in a few minutes by armored tank so teams have to move fast. Teams will be equipped with an anti-tank gun.

During the mission, teams observed Prisoners of War (POW) being mistreated by Shadow Squad. Headquarters then tell the teams that their primary mission is to rescue all the POWs while their secondary objective is to destroy the fuel dump.

For being the team Champion, each member of Bravo wins $25000.

Urban Assault (Evolution 14)
Bravo squad was split up into two teams (Bravo Red and Bravo Blue). Each player drew a sword and the two players who drew the marked sword became the team captain and selected their team members (Bob Kain and Sean Sirker).

Training Exercise

The first training exercise was a combination of previous evolutions (Helocasting, log carry, 1 Lap rucksack run, pit-cross and swim across the lake with the rucksack). First team to reach their bunker and sets off the explosive charge wins. The losing team will have to carry an additional 10 pounds in their rucksacks for the final mission. (Rucksack original weight is 50 pounds).

Winner: Bravo Blue

Training Exercise: The Grid

The first team to knock all the opposing team members into the water (best 2 out of 3) wins. The losing team will have to carry an additional 10 pounds in their rucksack for the final mission which means that the team that lost the previous training exercise (Bravo Red) would have to carry an additional 20 pounds for the final mission if they lose.

Round 1 Result: Bravo Red Win

Round 2 Result: Bravo Blue Win

Round 3 Result: Bravo Red Win

Winner: Bravo Red

Mission

For the mission, both squads begin at opposite ends of a neighborhood that contain one story houses. They will be given a map to guide them to a house where they will find a supply of ammunition and another map to another house.

The goal is to move at least one of their men to 5 houses and the map in the 5th house will direct them to their final objective. First team to pop smoke at the final location wins. The losing team will be discharged.

There are no penalty points for time elapsed or team members killed although both teams will wear the MILES laser system and can be killed by the other team.

Best of the Best Combat Missions Championship (Evolution 15)
Bravo Blue was split into individuals and competed head to head separated by color.

Jeff Byers: Yellow

Bob Kain: Blue

Dexter Fletcher: Red

Training Exercise: Obstacle Course

The first training exercise is a race through an obstacle course with the winner wearing a 30-pound rucksack for the next mission, second place wears a 40-pound rucksack and third place wears a 50-pound rucksack.

1st Place: Jeff Byers

2nd Place: Dexter Fletcher

3rd Place: Bob Kain

Mission: Desert Assault

A 600-meter race with colored targets to shoot at along the way. Each player must shoot all targets matching their color and get to the helicopter at the finish line. Last person to finish will be discharged.

Jeff Byers had issues with his weapon as it was constantly jamming which ultimately led to his discharge. Rudy consoled him at the discharge ceremony and wouldn't have minded seeing a fellow SEAL win the competition.

Final Mission: Last Man Standing

Players will wear a face shield with a target on it. They will start at opposite sides of a maze filled with glass panels. As time goes on, the glass panels will shatter leaving both players more vulnerable to getting hit. The first person to make a clean hit on the Target of their opponent's shield will be crowned Combat Missions Champion.

Contestants on Other Competition Shows

 * John Winn previously competed on American Gladiators, where he was the winner of the Armed Forces Challenge of Champions special in season six.
 * Cade Courtley would later appear on a 2017 episode of Shark Tank, where he pitched his product Victory Coffee. He was rejected by all five panelists.
 * Scott Helvenston appeared on the controversial competition show Man vs. Beast, where he defeated a chimpanzee in an obstacle course challenge.

title: Combat Missions


text: Category:682 BC deaths

title: Category:682 BC deaths


text:
Talk:Pastry fork

Comments
I think a dyslexic person may have written this, or else I'm having spatial conception problems.. surely, since you hold a fork with the tines curving in towards the center, then rotate it inward to scoop the piece of pastry, the cutting edge on a right-handed pastry fork would be on the -left- (when facing the concave face of the fork), meaning the one in the picture is left-handed (we're facing its convex side), right?
 * I'm pretty sure that we're looking at the concave side, which is how we would view a fork normally placed on a table, so the caption would be correct. -- Norvy (talk) 16:27, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It is the concave side of a rattail design.

Leites citation
As regards the Leites Culinaria, while it was an interesting read it doesn't explain anything about dough mixing or the handedness of pastry forks. It only mentions pastry forks once in a list and probably doesn't belong in this particular article, but perhaps could be useful for a more general one instead. Techhead7890 (talk) 19:24, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pastry fork


text: Category:664 BC deaths

title: Category:664 BC deaths


text:
Queensberry

Queensberry may refer to:

People, characters, and titles

 * Duke of Queensberry, a hereditary title in Scotland
 * Duchess of Queensbury
 * Marquess of Queensberry, a hereditary title in Scotland
 * Marchioness of Queensbury, consort to the Marquess of Queensberry
 * Earl of Queensberry, a hereditary title in Scotland
 * Countess of Queensberry, consort to the Earl of Queensberry

Places

 * Queensberry (hill), Lowther Hills, Southern Uplands, Scotland, UK; a 697 m hill
 * Queensberry, New Zealand, a locality in Otago region
 * Queensberry Bay (bay), Eastern Cape, South Africa; see List of bays of South Africa

Facilities and structures

 * Queensberry Hotel, Dumfries, Scotland, UK; a listed building
 * Queensberry House, Canongate, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; a listed building and part of the Scottish Parliament complex

Other uses

 * Queensberry (band), an all-female German pop group
 * Marquess of Queensberry rules in boxing

title: Queensberry


text:
Paraíba do Sul

The Paraíba do Sul, or simply termed Paraíba, is a river in southeast Brazil. It flows 1137 km west to northeast from its farthest source at the source of the river Paraitinga to the sea near Campos dos Goytacazes. The river receives its name when it meets the river Paraibuna at the Paraibuna dam.

Its main tributaries are the rivers Jaguari, Buquira, Paraibuna, Preto, Pomba and Muriaé. These last two are the longest and join the main river 140 km and 50 km from the mouth respectively.

The valley of the Paraíba do Sul ranges from the latitudes 20°26' and 23°39'S and the longitudes of 41° and 46°30'W and covers an area of about 57000 km2 distributed over three states. The main economic activities are industry and cattle raising.

Navigation
Presently only two parts of the river can be navigated: Elsewhere navigation is hampered by various obstacles; waterfalls, rapids, sections with great declivity and various hydroelectric works with no locks. Other factors impeding navigation are the existence of highway and railway bridges, the proximity of roads and railways following the riverbank and the location of several cities on its banks.
 * The lower section, between the mouth and São Fidélis, about 90 km. It has a declivity of 22 cm/km. There is incipient navigation carried out by small boats that transport mainly construction material to the city of Campos dos Goytacazes.
 * The upper middle section, between Cachoeira Paulista and Guararema, about 280 km. Despite the small declivity of 19 cm/km, navigation is restricted to tourist boats.

Centres of population
The Paraíba Valley is very fertile and has always been a region of relatively dense population. Cities located on or near the river are
 * State of Rio de Janeiro:
 * Barra do Piraí
 * Barra Mansa
 * Três Rios
 * Paraiba do Sul
 * Sapucaia
 * Campos dos Goytacazes - center of a rich sugar cane growing area
 * Vassouras - site of a highly respected agricultural university
 * Volta Redonda - site of Brazil's first steel industry)
 * State of São Paulo:
 * Aparecida - site of Brazil's most famous Marian pilgrimage site
 * Guaratinguetá
 * São José dos Campos - high-tech industry and home to Embraer, Brazil's aircraft manufacturer
 * Taubaté - Volkswagen and Ford plants
 * State of Minas Gerais:
 * Além Paraíba
 * Estrela Dalva
 * Juiz de Fora - Important manufacturing city on the Paraibuna River, one of the major tributaries of the Paraíba.

Ecology
Unlike rivers in northern Brazil where seasonal variations in water temperature generally are relatively limited, those in southern Brazil, such as Paraíba do Sul, exhibit distinct differences between winter and summer. During a survey of the river in Lorena, São Paulo, the water varied from 26.6 C in the summer to 15.2 C in the winter. The pH is neutral and generally fluctuates between 6 and 8.

The Paraíba do Sul basin is home to just above 100 native fish species with most in the families Loricariidae, Characidae and Trichomycteridae. About 40% of the fish species in the river basin are endemic (the genus Oligobrycon is entirely restricted to the basin) and new species have been discovered in recent years, including the small catfish Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis that only was scientifically described in 2013.

As a consequence of flowing through one of the most densely populated and industrialised parts of Brazil, the Paraíba do Sul suffers from pollution. Studies of the native cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis have found that levels of some heavy metals exceed the limits set by the Brazilian Food Legislation. Other threats are dams and the approximately 70 introduced species, including 46 species of non-native fish and the parasitic copepod Lernaea cyprinacea. Several native species (e.g., Brycon insignis, Pogonopoma parahybae and Steindachneridion parahybae ) are seriously threatened, and a general fall in abundance and species richness has been observed. Some, such as the endemic Hypostomus auroguttatus, have successfully adapted to the changes. The catfish Potamarius grandoculis is only known from the vicinity of the mouth of the Paraíba do Sul and Doce Rivers, but it may already be extinct.

Other threatened species in the Paraíba do Sul basin are the bivalves Diplodon dunkerianus, D. expansus and D. fontaineanus, and the Hoge's side-necked turtle (Mesoclemmys hogei).

A national conservation plan with recommendations for the river basin was published in 2010.

title: Paraíba do Sul


text:
Talk:PolyStation

Comments
This article name had a whopping number of Google hits! please expand the article if there is more info about Polystation. --SuperDude 03:36, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Deleted the Generality Falacy that implied that the System was cheap just by being manufactured in China.

--- That'd mean everything in the West is cheap... Bah!--95.233.154.119 (talk) 17:04, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

"These kinds of false descriptions are very common on Chinese video game packaging and knowledgeable consumers do not take them at face value." This is an opinion, it should be deleted. I will delete it.206.248.167.220 (talk) 14:05, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

"where is that game store that sells the polystation?" -mimiguy22

Literally almost game stores in Indonesia during the 2000s SugiyonoWongTegal (talk) 15:10, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

Fifteen years of comments. Wow. MightyArms (talk) 03:52, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:PolyStation


text:
User:Celafon

Bartlomiej Celary
This is my page. I have seen Wiki pages for some time and thought it is a nice thing to get an account in here. Maybe I will also add some knowledge to this amazing book.

In general I am an IT freak (I admit this Alex :P ), but this is not the only hobby I got. When I am not sterring at my pc's display I usually listen to good music (and there's thousands of different kinds I like), I enjoy swimming and do a lot of different things that at the time are interesting to me. That is also one of my weaknesses - I am changing my hobbies quite regularly. Is it good - probably no, but I think you have a lot of subjects to talk about with people. Recently I am working on Wireless LAN (I know that it is IT related, but haven't done this yet). It looks that I will try to make a profit on it - who knows.

Also I should mention that I am from Poland and now living in Krakow, which is a beautiful city. I am encouraging you to visit this place someday.

For now this is it. If you'd like to contact me, please use jabber: celafon@chrome.pl

title: User:Celafon