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Talk:Tarja Halonen

Suuret Suomalaiset
Aside of being the only living nominee among the Top 10 of Suuret Suomalaiset, Halonen was the only female one. Should this be mentioned? — J I P | Talk 12:34, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Finns should be very proud for their president. Viihde 20:45, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not really into discussing this - actually, I was just about to turn off the computer and get ready for a journey - but I think I've noticed a certain irritation among some Finns, who say that her sex is the least important aspect (or at least ought to be) of this popular (very popular, I would say) president. Given what I've perceived from Finnish friends, I would have supported a camp that doesn't make too much fuss about her sex - given that there evolves a dispute at all...
 * --Ruhrjung 13:57, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * --Ruhrjung 13:57, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

Extreme left?
Halonen´s political attitudes are those of the extreme left. She is highly unpopular among the business sector and her presidency is generally considered as a pure joke by those carrying financial responsibility. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.90.68.92 (talk) 08:25, 23 July 2005 (UTC) Yes, well that might (though I disagree) be but the people have elected her to office and in a democracy (such as Finland) the will of the people is supreme.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.220.247.127 (talk) 21:00, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

- Extreme left? She is a socialist yes, but extreme left is not the case. Well, maybe if you're looking at it from the right. Then I suppose it can seem that way. Overall I'd say she's quite a moderate left wing politician with many views on global issues. - Kike_B Nov 21, 2005 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.65.105.176 (talk) 13:04, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I almost fell from my chair laughing after reading the "extreme left" comment. I just imagined Tanja with a Che Guevara T-Shirt, smoking a cigar. Maybe pledging allegiance to Hugo Chavez. 209.124.118.111 — Preceding undated comment added 15:55, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Plans
Should we put the infomation about the speculation of her future plans? Many people believe that she is planning to work for the UN after her time as president. 159753 17:08, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

The way to Presidency
If I remember correctly, Ahtisaari was still contemplating on weather or not to run for President, when Halonen announced her candidacy, SDP announced party elections to decide their candidate, and only then did Ahtisaari decide to not run. Supposedly partly because the party pulled the carpet from under his legs and would have forced the incumbent into a primary? That's speculation, but the part in the article, that "the Social Democrats began to look for a new candidate" is false. As she and her supporters engineered her into the running prior to this. Also, the tone of "the party concluded that a woman candidate would be the best" sounds as if it was the result of some brainstorming, whilst she had to still compete in and win the SDP primary. - newbie user, afraid to edit before figuring things out better — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.142.101.2 (talk) 16:00, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Updated the road to the Presidency, expanding on the SDP preliminary election, her opponents and Ahtisaari's withdrawal form the running. : Hj79 — Preceding undated comment added 09:39, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Extreme left?
I suggest changing those words as there still is Vasemmistoliitto holding seats in the Eduskunta. Besides them, there's two separate communist parties - though unrepresented in the parlament - in Finland. She might be on the left side of the pinko party, but when there's still a red party in existence, she can hardly be "extreme left".

"Despite these early flirtations with Stalinist dictatorships" is also heavily biased. Stalin died in -53, decades before Halonen would be politically active. I fail to see to connection, and would like to change the wording if there's no reasonable opposition. --Kargokultti 10:25, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Nice to see someone got there before I did, though being the little leftie I am, I'd still like to overhaul the entire "Political Views" -bit. I'd guess Tarja's opposition to closer ties with e.g. the US must've had something to do with the war in Vietnam, but here it seems like she was merely against trade agreements and that kind of shizzle. But I'll leave it as it is, as a leftist bias would be (nearly) as bad as a right wing one. --Kargokultti 08:04, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Late Night with Conan O’Brien
In that her hair is reddish and she is fair-skinned. I saw that bit on the show. There is some resemblance, but I'm not sure if it's that close. It was amusing though to hear an American audience chant "Tarja, Tarja!" I think it's likely rare for Americans to even know the name of the Dutch or Italian leader let alone Finland's.--T. Anthony 04:18, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * So does she really look like Conan O’Brien ? Hektor 04:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've heard that the audience chanted "Tar-dza, Tar-dza". If Conan O'Brien likes her so much he could have learned to pronounce her name right so he could have informed the audience. — J I P  | Talk 15:57, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure it's meant as a joke. Conan mispronounces Finnish names on purpose, like all the other "mistakes" on Finnish trivia. It's a comedy show after all. --Laisak 18:16, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I normally don't see it, but the resemblance is uncanny here. --Kizor 20:33, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right. If I stop looking at the jaw, and picture him with eyeglasses, he looks exactly like Tarja Halonen. J I P  | Talk 22:48, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Can someone remove the second trivia note? I hardly see what it has to do with Tarja Halonen: "On January 28, 2006, O'Brien announced that Late Night with Conan O'Brien would visit Finland in about a month. He played a video invitation from the town of Turku in which Aleski Randell, Chairman of the Executive City Board, invited O'Brien to Turku." Wikipedia brown 01:28, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

how come the trivia section, which is in the edit page, does not appear on the article? thats the part ill bet 90 percent of american wikipediaers are looking for — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.130.149.121 (talk) 08:48, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Umm, it does appear in the article. J I P  | Talk 22:49, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Can an admin sprotect this page due to vandalism such as adding "doggy style" into the paragraph. --ChrisRy5 01:17, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Protects are usually done on articles that get a lot of vandalism. This one doesn't, so I don't see any reason to protect. Please don't add the sprotect template on articles that are not sprotected. - ulayiti (talk)  01:33, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Second season
She won the election. --85.217.38.41 19:09, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

"Common-law partner"?
I don't think this expression applies. Finland is not a common-law country and the notion of common-law marriage does not apply there. Why not "partner"? David.Monniaux 05:55, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Well it's called "avoliitto" literalilly open marriage. They live in the same house and are registered to be partners but have no legal rights (heritage) like in "avioliitto" marriage. My Finnish-English dictionary says it means cohabitation / common-law marriage. -Finn — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.248.107.196 (talk) 13:17, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Trivia is trivial
I have deleted this rubbish text about some stupid TV show. This is an encyclopaedia, not Hello! magazine. Adam 23:19, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I read this article before she was mentioned on Conan O'Brien. I'm not sure I edited before it became news, but I follow Finland some. I'm interested in world leaders and I am American. That said the stuff on Conan O'Brien is worth mentioning. It was discussed in national news in both the US and Finland. There are times a celebrity endorsement becomes enough of a story to be relevant, this is one of those times. I say this and I am, on the whole, pretty stuffy about what I consider encyclopedic. I'd delete a great deal of the minor pop-culture detritus that fills this place, if I had that power, but this is a case of being a bit more than simple pop-cultury nonsense. I hope it was returned.(as trivia of course.)--T. Anthony 06:44, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm hardly passionate on this issue, but I have replaced the section that you labeled "rubbish." My reason for replacing it: for better or worse (okay, mostly for worse), the only reason most Americans know of this woman is because of the Conan O'Brien comparison. This is the only reason I know about her. This is, to my knowledge, primarily an American website. Please don't drag me into a debate about the fact that people from all over the English speaking world contribute to this site. I am aware of that. But if you look at numbers, you will probably find that the majority of readers of this English language site and the majority of contributors are American. I think that, in a way, it says something interesting about this society that our first point of reference of an important elected official is that she looks like a talk show host. Second, if this comparison can get others interested in this woman and in Finland, then all the better. Further, this comparison even made its way into Finland.

 * I don't think that it's fair for you to deem something unimportant simply because it doesn't bode well with your personal tastes. Go through just about all profiles on Wikipedia of celebrities, and you will find that there is much there that could be in Hello magazine as well. I think that deleting this entire section constitutes censorship. However, like I said, I am hardly passionate on this topic, and this is the one time I'm going to replace the deleted section. If it's deleted again, so be it. I've said my bit on this. -- Andrew Parodi 23:57, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Well I am passionate about this issue. Halonen is not a "celebrity" - she is head of state of a sovereign country. That some Americans are as ignorant about the rest of the world as you say may well be true, but is not relevant. This is an encyclopedia, not a repository of junk-culture trivia, American or otherwise. I will continue to delete irrelevant nonsense like this from articles on serious topics. Adam 00:02, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree she's not a celebrity, but as discussed above I think there are cases where celebrity linkage to a world leader or political figure is noticed enough to be worth a mention. For example Aung San Suu Kyi's article mentions U2. Junichiro Koizumi's mentions his liking of Elvis, etc.--T. Anthony 06:49, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * That said if you want to limit mention of Conan to the trivia section, or just generally scale it back, I'm good with that.--T. Anthony 07:01, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * "That some Americans are as ignorant about the rest of the world as you say may well be true, but is not relevant." Forgot to comment on this portion. American ignorance of the rest of the world is actually a VERY relevant topic. -- Andrew Parodi 21:05, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Why isn't it serious? For that matter, is it important that you consider it serious?  I can understand you feel antipathy toward this phenomenon, but that doesn't justify wholesale deletion.  It is factual, even though you consider it junk. I thought the goal an encyclopedia was to provide information. I hope this isn't really an attempt on your part to fight a campaign against "americacentrism." Might I suggest, if that's your concern, that you add a balanced opinion instead of deleting other's work? Coleca 01:33, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't mean to lecture, by the way. I'm open to being convinced I'm wrong.  Coleca — Preceding undated comment added 01:37, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

The deletion seems a little dictatorial on his part. Conan O'brien is notable enough to have his own page here. And when I referred to "celebrity", I was referring to Conan -- not the Finnish head of state. Also, it is true that most in the US who know of this woman know of her merely because of the Conan comparison. But I would venture that most in other countries don't know of her at all either. And if someone doubts that Wikipedia is in some cases a repository of pop-culture trivia, then they forgot to read the listings for American Idol, Milli Vanilli, pac-man, etc. etc. Popular culture pertinence is enough to warrant a mention on Wikipedia. Certainly it would often not be enough to warrant mention in Encyclopedia Brittannica, but then this is not Encyclopedia Brittannica, is it? I don't care if the section stays or goes because I'm not very interested in either this head of state or Conan O'brien. The only think I find vaguely interesting is one person's decision to delete an entire section, deem it "rubbish" no less, without even talking to others about it. Seems to go against what Wikipedia is about. But then I don't even find this issue that interesting. -- Andrew Parodi 01:44, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "But I would venture that most in other countries don't know of her at all either." Just a bit of a nitpic; as Conan isn't shown everywhere around the globe, in any given country where Conan's show isn't syndicated a person is much more likely to have heard of Tarja than of Conan... —Gabbe 16:36, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Then I suggest you leave this article to those of us who do find it interesting. Adam 01:59, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * While I don't find this particular article to be interesting, I do find the Wikipedia concept of community consensus to be interesting (though, admittedly, I did have trouble with it at first, and sometimes still do). -- Andrew Parodi 02:40, 31 January 2006 (UTC)'

Adam, I must say I completely disagree with you. It's news, it's relevant, it may have swayed the election, several Associated Press articles have been written on it, etc. And if the majority of people on here disagree with you, and have reverted your edits several times, then maybe you should stop your one-person campaign to remove relevant information on a topic and reconsider your "rubbish" opinion. Addboy 08:42, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * 'It may have swayed the election' is definitely exaggeration, but I don't see any reason why the bit of trivia shouldn't be there (as long as it's labelled trivia and doesn't imply that it's actually had any effect on the election). It's information, and that's what Wikipedia is about, isn't it? - ulayiti (talk)  16:29, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Ulayiti. Wikipedia is information and because one person finds it "rubbish" does not constitute a delete. If you truely feel so high and mighty about it, go make your own online encyclopedia with /your/ rules. Wikipedia belongs to all of us and many of us who were fairly uninformed about Finland have learned a great deal more about it and gained some curiosity about the country because of Conan. And on the same note, don't come back and start talking about how Americans are ignorant and only learn from TV as if you truely are keeping up with every country in the world and its political arenas. For most Americans, Finland is not a country that is often discussed and one can hardly be expected to know about every single country out there, regardless of how small, obscure or even somewhat important it is. Hitokirishinji 21:54, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * To be fair, I think I was the one who introduced this issue of Americans not knowing much about the rest of the world. I am born in the San Francisco Bay Area, by the way, and living in Oregon right now. In other words, I'm "American." But what I say seems generally true to my experience. Americans are often very unaware of the rest of the world. However, I agree that expecting an American to know much about Finland is a bit of a stretch. It just is. I'm sure no Finnish person would argue that on the scale of international affairs, Finland does not really factor in as a very prominent country. A person just can't be expected to know everything about all countries. That's irrational. I would be very surprised if people in Finland know the name of the governor of Oregon, or know anything about Oregon for that matter. I'm fine with that. I'm well aware of the fact that Oregon is "the middle of nowhere." And, frankly, that's kind of the way most of the world probably thinks of Finland. -- Andrew Parodi 23:44, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Disambig link
"This article is about the 11th President of Finland. For the American sci-fi and fantasy author, see Ursula LeGuin." What is this? I don't get it. Is it common to misspell "Ursula LeGuin" as "Tarja Halonen"? --62.78.195.223 18:06, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

"One of the most popular"?
Halonen has become one of the most popular Presidents that Finland has ever had, with approval ratings between 94% and 97% - Does this mean there were past Presidents with even higher approval ratings? Nik42 07:26, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

The article is still biased / partisan in a way that in Wikipedia seems naive or worse.

Jukka Kemppinen Professor — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jukke (talk • contribs) 14:06, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Languages
Is it true that Tarja Halonen is able to speak all of those languages? Afrikaans and Spanish? ����'16:53, 22 July 2007 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dr.Poison (talk • contribs) 16:53, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

-- There is no citation, and I find it surprising that she would speak Afrikaans, because I don't know if she has any connections to South Africa. And why Afrikaans and not Dutch, for example? Although, it is quite likely that she understands Afrikaans if she speaks other Germanic languages. But that's a different thing from speaking it. Probably there is a same kind of thing regarding the Spanish. --Monstradamus 10 January 2008. —Preceding comment was added at 11:01, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

A request ...
Hi everyone. I suppose several people here know both Finnish and English. Can someone please help translate this article: Tarja Kallio-Tamminen. It's about a Finnish philosopher. I am a new user, and I don't know if this is the best way to go about it; but if the article is not translated soon it will be deleted. Thanks a lot. Amit 06:23, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

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Order of precedence

Since the death of Martti Ahtisaari on 16 October 2023, he no longer has any place in the order of precedence. So who currently precedes Tarja Halonen? J I P | Talk 12:11, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tarja Halonen


text:
Carlo Alfredo Piatti

Carlo Alfredo Piatti (8 January 1822 – 18 July 1901) was an Italian cellist, teacher and composer.

Biography
Piatti was born at via Borgo Canale in Bergamo and died in Mozzo, 4 miles from Bergamo.

The son of a violinist, Antonio Piatti, he originally began his studies on the violin before switching to the cello. As a cellist, he studied under his great-uncle, Gaetano Zanetti, a great cellist. After two years of studying, he joined the theater orchestra, where he played for three months - for ten shillings, half of which his grandfather took. After Zanetti's death, he became a pupil at the conservatorio of Milan under Vincenzo Merighi. He made his concert debut at 15 and started touring at 16. No one doubted the young virtuoso's skill on the instrument, but he did not draw large crowds. As a result, when Piatti fell ill during an engagement, he was forced to sell his cello to cover the medical costs. Franz Liszt invited him to appear as a guest performer at one of his recitals; stunned by what the boy could do on a borrowed cello, Liszt presented him with a superb new instrument. Piatti went on to become one of the most celebrated cellists of his day, as popular for the pieces he wrote as for the robust and unsentimental way he performed them.

From 1838, he journeyed over Europe, playing with extraordinary success in all the important cities of the continent. In 1844 he appeared before the London public at a Philharmonic Concert.

In 1852 he premiered (and became the dedicatee of) a Sonata Duo for cello and piano, Op. 32, by William Sterndale Bennett, having been given the original manuscript of the music in the morning, studied it on a train then played it at the concert that same evening with the composer as pianist playing from memory.

He married in 1855 Mary Ann Lucy Welsh, daughter of Thomas Welsh and his wife Mary Anne Wilson.

In 1859, on the foundation of the Popular Concerts, he took up the work with which he was most intimately connected for thirty-nine seasons. He retained until 1897 the post of first cello at these famous chamber concerts, during the latter half of each series. He played a Stradivarius which now is named after him Piatti and is owned by the Mexican cellist Carlos Prieto.

In 1864, he formed a trio to tour and perform with pianist Charlotte Tardieu and violinist Camille Sivori.

In 1882, he performed Beethoven's Trio in G major at St. James's Hall, London, with Madame Wilma Neruda and Ludwig Straus and later Brahms' Quintet in F minor, where he was joined by Louis Ries and Charles Hallé

In 1894 the fiftieth anniversary of his first appearance in London was celebrated by a reception given in honour of him and his lifelong friend Joachim. He retired from public life, owing to a severe illness, in 1897, and until his death at Bergamo on the 19th of July 1901 divided his time between his native town and Cadenabbia.

Piatti composed two cello concertos, one cello concertino, six cello sonatas, lieder for voice and cello accompaniment, and cello solos, as well as a cello method.

His pupils were many, and included Robert Hausmann.

A marble bust of Piatti, attributed to "Giacomo Manzoni of Bergamo", is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Music, to whom it was gifted by his daughter in 1909.

Cello solo

 * Capriccio on a theme from Niobe by Giovanni Pacini, Op. 22 for cello solo (on the aria, cavatina, I tuoi frequenti palpiti)
 * Twelve Caprices for cello solo, Op. 25

Cello and piano

 * Air Baskyrs, Op. 8
 * Am Meer, Serenade, Ave Maria (Franz Schubert / Alfredo Piatti)
 * Canto di primavera for cello and piano
 * Canzonetta for cello and piano
 * Danza moresca for cello and piano
 * Elegia per la morte di Cavour for cello and piano
 * Entreaty / Supplication / Bitte for cello and piano
 * Follia su un'aria di Geminiani for cello and piano
 * Gagliarda for cello and piano
 * Impromptu sopra un'aria di Purcell nella "Regina indiana" for cello and piano
 * Introduction and Variations on a theme from Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor for cello and piano, Op. 2
 * Introduzione e Allegro alla Spagnuola for cello and piano
 * La Bergamasca for cello and piano, Op. 14
 * Gita in gondola / La Danza for cello and piano
 * Les Fiancés for cello and piano, Op. 7
 * Mazurka Sentimentale for cello and piano, Op. 6
 * Notturno for cello and piano, Op. 20
 * Ossian's song, Ballad for cello and piano
 * Passetemps Sentimental, Op. 4
 * Pioggia d'Aprile for cello and piano
 * Sérénade Italienne for cello and piano, Op. 17
 * Siciliana for cello and piano, Op. 19
 * Souvenir de la Sonnambula for cello and piano, Op. 5
 * Tarantella for cello and piano, Op. 23
 * Tema e Variazioni for cello and piano
 * The race – La corsa for cello and piano
 * Rimembranze del "Trovatore" di Verdi, Op. 20

Cello and orchestra

 * Air Baskyrs Op.8
 * Entreaty / Supplication / Bitte
 * Serenata for two cellos and orchestra
 * Theme and Variations

Two cellos

 * Elegia per la morta di Anton Rubinstein
 * Serenata for two cellos and orchestra
 * Serenata for two cellos and piano

Four cellos

 * ln Vacanza (On Holiday) (1891)

Transcriptions of works by other composers

 * Brahms: Twenty-One Hungarian Dances (1881)
 * Locateli: Sonata in D Major
 * Haydn: Sonata in C Major
 * Valentini: Sonata in E Major

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carlo Alfredo Piatti


text:
Johann Baptist Cramer

Johann (sometimes John) Baptist Cramer (24 February 1771 – 16 April 1858) was a Holy Roman Empire-born English pianist, composer and music publisher of German origin. He was the son of Wilhelm Cramer, a famous London violinist and conductor, one of a numerous family who were identified with the progress of music during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Biography
Cramer was born in Mannheim and was brought to London as a child, where he worked for most of his musical career, lived most of his life, and died.

From 1782 to 1784, he studied piano under Muzio Clementi and soon became a renowned professional pianist both in London and on the continent. He enjoyed a worldwide reputation, and was particularly appreciated by Beethoven when he visited Vienna, concertized and competed with him. Both were considered the greatest pianists of their time, Beethoven excelling in interpretative expressiveness, Cramer in pure technical perfection. He was the English publisher of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 and is credited with giving it its nickname, "The Emperor".

Legacy
Cramer was one of the most renowned piano performers of his day. He met Beethoven in Vienna, initiating a mutually rewarding relationship, while renewing his friendship with Haydn.

After 1800, he was based almost exclusively in England. Following the successful example of his former teacher Clementi, he also became a successful music publisher in London. His many compositions take second place to his pianistic prowess; Beethoven considered him the finest pianist of the day from the standpoint of pure technical perfection.

In 1818 Cramer was a founding member of the Regent's Harmonic Institution; a music publishing firm established with the intent of raising funds for the Royal Philharmonic Society and its restoration of the Argyll Rooms. He later established his own musical instrument manufacturing and music publishing firm, Cramer & Co. in 1824. It was located at 201 Regent Street. He ended his personal involvement in the company at the end of 1833, although it retained his name. He wrote a number of sonatas and other pieces for piano, and other compositions, of which his Études are best known, having appeared in numerous editions. They are still considered standard didactic works for piano students.

His music is generally less dramatic and elegant than Clementi's, much less adventurous than Dussek's and far less Romantic in sentiment than the Chopin forerunner John Field. It is stylistically conservative but replete with the most advanced, idiomatically pianistic passage-work. He wrote some 200 solo piano sonatas, about 50 sonatas for other instruments with piano accompaniment, nine piano concertos, and chamber music.

His brother Franz Cramer was Master of the King's Musick from 1837 until his death in 1848.

Selected works
(→ for a complete survey cf. Thomas B. Milligan, J. B. Cramer (1771–1858): A Thematic Catalogue of His Works, Boydell and Brewer, 1994, 224 p., ISBN 0945193416)
 * Sonatas in D major, A major, and G major for piano with violin and violoncello ad. lib, Op. 11 (1796)
 * Piano Concerto No. 2 in D minor, Op. 16
 * Grande sonate pour le piano-forte, Op. 20 (1809)
 * Sonata in A-flat major for piano, Op. 23, No. 1 (1799)
 * 2 Sonatas for piano, Op. 27
 * Sonata in A-flat major for piano, Op. 46 ("Die Jungfrau von Orleans")
 * Piano Concerto No. 5 in C minor, Op. 48
 * 84 Études, Opp. 30 and 40
 * Keyboard Sonata in A minor ("L'Ultima"), Op. 53 (1812)
 * Piano Concerto No. 7 in E major, Op. 56
 * Sonata for piano in C major, Op. 57
 * Keyboard Sonatas in B-flat major ("Les suivantes No. 2"), Op. 58 (1817) - Allegro spiritoso / Largo sostenuto / Rondo allegretto
 * Keyboard Sonata in E minor ("Les Suivante No. 3"), Op. 59 (1817)
 * Keyboard Sonata in E major ("Le Retour a Londres"), Op. 62 (1818)
 * Keyboard Sonata in D minor, Op. 63 (1821)
 * Introduzione ed aria all'inglese for piano, Op. 65
 * Piano Quintet in E major ("Amicitia"), Op. 69 (1824) - also in a piano arrangement
 * Piano Concerto No. 8 in D minor, Op. 70
 * Keyboard Sonata in F major ("Il Mezzo"), Op. 74 (1827)
 * Short Studies, Op. 100
 * Romance et Tarantelle Brilliante (Romance in F major - Tarantelle in A Minor), Op. 101

title: Johann Baptist Cramer


text:
Mykhailo Hrushevsky

Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky (Михайло Сергійович Грушевський; 29 September 1866 – 24 November 1934) was a Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman who was one of the most important figures of the Ukrainian national revival of the early 20th century. Hrushevsky is often considered the country's greatest modern historian, the foremost organiser of scholarship, the leader of the pre-revolution Ukrainian national movement, the head of the Central Rada (Ukraine's 1917–1918 revolutionary parliament), and a leading cultural figure in the Ukrainian SSR during the 1920s.

Early life
Hrushevsky was born on 29 September 1866 to a Ukrainian noble family in Kholm (Chełm), in Congress Poland, an autonomous polity in the Russian Empire. Hrushevsky grew up in Tiflis, where he attended a local school. His spiritual native land became Podillia, in the area of the village of Sestrynivka, Podillia Governorate. There, his mother, Glafira Zakharivna Okopova, was born into a family of Orthodox priests. Glafira married Serhii Fedorovych Hrushevsky, who had come to Kholm to teach Russian language at a Greco-Catholic gymnasium in 1865. Serhii Fedorovych's father, Fedir Hrushevsky was a highly-decorated official (his awards included the two Orders of Saint Anna and the Bronze Cross, and a title of nobility). Upon enrolling into Saint Volodymyr University, in Kyiv, Mykhailo has received blessings from his grandfather who has graduated from the History Department of this University. Mykhailo spoke warmly of his parents and described them as real patriots of Ukraine, who managed to instill a sense of national pride in their children.

Historian
In the 2021 Grand Prix for Excellence in Translation, it was said that: "Hrushevsky’s History of Ukraine-Rus’ represented a seismic break from the Russocentric paradigm that had previously driven historiography. Russian imperial domination of political history had sought to entrench a narrative advocating a direct continuity between Rus' and the Suzdalia-Muscovy-Russian Empire — an interpretation of medieval history that, for decades, Western scholarship had fully embraced."

Hrushevsky wrote his first academic book, Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV-XVIII, on the history of Bar, Ukraine. As a historian, he authored the first detailed scholarly synthesis of Ukrainian history, his ten-volume History of Ukraine-Rus, which was published in the Ukrainian language and covered the period from prehistory to the 1660s. In the work, he balanced a commitment to the ordinary Ukrainian people with an appreciation for native Ukrainian political entities, autonomous polities, which steadily increased in the final volumes of his master work. In general, his approach combined rationalist enlightenment principles with a romantic commitment to the cause of the nation and positivist methodology to produce a highly-authoritative history of his native land and people. Hrushevsky also wrote a multi-volume History of Ukrainian Literature, an Outline History of the Ukrainian People and a very popular Illustrated History of Ukraine, which appeared in both Ukrainian and Russian editions. In addition, he wrote numerous specialised studies in which he displayed a very acute critical acumen. His personal bibliography has over 2000 separate titles.

In Hrushevsky's varied historical writings, certain basic ideas come to the fore. Firstly, he saw continuity in Ukrainian history from ancient times to his own. Thus, he claimed the ancient Ukrainian steppe cultures from Scythia to Kievan Rus' to the Cossacks as part of Ukrainian heritage. He viewed the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia as the sole legitimate heir of Kievan Rus, which opposed the official scheme of Russian history, which claimed Kievan Rus' for the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality and Imperial Russia. Secondly, to give real depth to the continuity, Hrushevsky stressed the role of the common people, the "popular masses" as he called them, throughout the eras. Thus, popular revolts against the various foreign states that ruled Ukraine were also a major theme. Thirdly, Hrushevsky always emphasised native Ukrainian factors rather than international ones as the causes of various phenomena. Thus, he was an anti-Normanist, who stressed the Slavic origins of Rus, internal discord as the primary reason for the fall of Kievan Rus' and the native Ukrainian ethnic makeup and origins of the Ukrainian Cossacks. (He considered runaway serfs especially important in the last regard.) Also, he stressed the national aspect to the Ukrainian Renaissance of the 16th and 17th centuries and considered that the great revolt of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the Cossacks against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to be largely a national and social phenomenon, rather than simply a religious phenomenon. Thus, continuity nativism, and populism characterised his general histories.

On the role of statehood in Hrushevsky's historical thought, contemporary scholars still do not agree. Some believe that Hrushevsky retained a populist mistrust of the state throughout his career and that it was reflected by his deep democratic convictions, but others believe that Hrushevsky gradually became more and more for Ukrainian statehood in his various writings and that to be is reflected in his political work on the construction of a Ukrainian national state, during the revolution in 1917 and 1918.

Hrushevsky’s History of Ukraine-Rus’ represented a seismic break from the Russocentric paradigm that had previously driven historiography

Scholar
As an organiser of scholarship, Hrushevsky oversaw the transformation of the Shevchenko Literary Society, based in the province of Halychyna (Galicia), Austria-Hungary, into a new Shevchenko Scientific Society, which published hundreds of volumes of scholarly literature before the First World War and quickly grew to serve as an unofficial academy of sciences for Ukrainian on both sides of the border with Russia. After the Russian Revolution of 1905, Hrushevsky organised the Ukrainian Scientific Society in Kyiv in 1907 that served as a prototype to the future Academy of Sciences. After the 1917-1921 revolution, he founded the Ukrainian Sociological Institute in exile in Vienna. After his return to Ukraine in the 1920s, he became a major figure of the new All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv in 1923.

Before 1917
As a political leader, Hrushevsky first became active in Austrian Halychyna, where he spoke out against Polish political predominance and Ruthenian particularism and supported a national Ukrainian identity that would unite both eastern and western parts of the country. In 1899, he was a cofounder of the Galician-based National Democratic Party, which looked forward to eventual Ukrainian independence. After 1905, Hrushevsky advised the Ukrainian Club in the Russian State Duma, or Parliament.

Ukrainian Revolution
In 1917, Hrushevsky was elected head of the revolutionary parliament, the Ukrainian Central Rada, in Kyiv and gradually guided it from Ukrainian national autonomy within a democratic Russia through to complete independence. He chaired the Congress of the Peoples of Russia. Hrushevsky was then clearly revealed to be a radical democrat and a socialist. On February 17, 1918, The New York Times published an article by Hrushevsky that outlined Ukraine's struggle for self-government. Following the German-supported coup of General Pavlo Skoropadskyi, he went into hiding. Hrushevsky felt that Skoropadsky had perverted the cause of Ukrainian statehood by associating it with social conservatism. Hrushevsky returned to public politics after the overthrow of Skoropadsky by the Directory. He did not, however, approve of the Directory and soon found himself in conflict with it. In 1919, he emigrated to Vienna, Austria, having acquired a mandate from the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries to co-ordinate the activities of its representatives abroad.

Emigration and return to Ukraine
While an émigré, Hrushevsky began to become pro-Bolshevik. Along with other members of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, he formed the Foreign Delegation of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, which advocated reconciliation with the Bolshevik government. Though the group was critical of the Bolsheviks, especially because of their centralism and repressive activities in Ukraine, it felt that the criticisms had to be put aside because the Bolsheviks were the leaders of the international revolution. Hrushevsky and his group petitioned the Ukrainian SSR government to legalise the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries and to allow the members of the Foreign Delegation to return. The Ukrainian SSR government was unwilling to do so. By 1921, the Foreign Delegation of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries had ended its activity, but all of its members returned to Ukraine, including Hrushevsky, who did so in 1924.

Later life and death
Back in Ukraine, Hrushevsky concentrated on academic work. Above all, he continued writing his monumental History of Ukraine-Rusʹ. Although political conditions prevented his return to public politics, he was caught up in the Stalinist purge of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. In 1931, after a long campaign against Hrushevsky in the Soviet press, he was exiled to Moscow, where his health deteriorated due to difficult conditions and persecution. In 1934, while vacationing at the Academy of Sciences resort in Kislovodsk in the Caucasus, he died soon after a routine minor surgery at the age of 68. He was buried at the Baikove Cemetery in Kyiv.

At the time of his death, he was being shadowed by the Soviet GPU secret police after reports (probably fabricated by the GPU in Ukraine) were sent to Moscow that had been considering defection to the West, and afterwards the government resolution and approval of his official obituary were published remarkably promptly, as if already prepared: the suspicious circumstances effectively made him a martyr for the Ukrainian cause.

Legacy
Hrushevsky is presently regarded as Ukraine's greatest 20th-century scholar and one of the most prominent Ukrainian statesmen in Ukraine's history, and he is still famous in Ukraine. Hrushevsky has been more lionized than Volodymyr Vynnychenko and Symon Petliura were, despite both playing more important roles during the Ukrainian People's Republic, but Vynnychenko was too left wing and Petliura too associated with violence to make a good symbolic figure. Hrushevsky's portrait appears on the 50 hryvnia note. A museum in Kyiv and another in Lviv are devoted to his memory, and monuments to him have been erected in both cities. A street in Kyiv bears his name and houses the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) and many governmental offices. The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences recently initiated the publication of his Collected Works, in 50 volumes.

Family
Mykhailo Hrushevsky had two siblings: a brother, Oleksandr, and a sister, Hanna.
 * Oleksandr Hrushevsky (1877–1943) was married to Olha Hrushevska (Parfenenko) (1876–1961).
 * Hanna Shamraieva had two children, Serhii and Olha.

His wife, Maria-Ivanna Hrushevska (November 8, 1868 – September 19, 1948), was from 1917 was a member of the Central Rada and a treasurer for the Ukrainian National Theatre.

title: Mykhailo Hrushevsky


text:
Yahweh ben Yahweh

Yahweh ben Yahweh (born Hulon Mitchell Jr.; October 27, 1935 – May 7, 2007) was an American religious leader, black separatist and black supremacist and founder of the Nation of Yahweh, a new religious movement headquartered in Florida that, at its peak, had thousands of black American devotees. He preached that Jesus was black and that "white devils" temporarily rule over black people, and was accused of teaching hate. Yahweh was indicted on three counts of federal racketeering and extortion charges, of which he was found not guilty. However, he was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder.

Early life
Yahweh ben Yahweh was born Hulon Mitchell Jr. on October 27, 1935. One of 15 children born to Hulon Mitchell Sr., the minister of the Antioch Church of God in Christ in Enid, Oklahoma, and Pearl O. Mitchell (nee Leatherman), pianist for the same congregation.

After leaving Oklahoma, Mitchell joined the military and then attended law school. He moved to Atlanta, where, in the 1960s, he joined the Nation of Islam (NOI) and took the name Hulon X. After leaving the NOI in the late 1960s, he became a faith-healing Christian preacher and named himself Father Mitchell, fashioning himself after Father Divine and Samuel "Father Jehovia" Morris, two African-American ministers and self-proclaimed divine connections to God who were active during the early 20th century. Mitchell arrived in Miami, Florida in 1978, where he gathered members of the city's Black Hebrew Israelite congregations and founded the Nation of Yahweh.

Leader of the Nation of Yahweh
The Nation of Yahweh set up its headquarters in Liberty City, Florida, in 1979.

Broadly classified as a branch of the Black Hebrew Israelite movement, Mitchell's doctrine emphasized the belief that God and all of the prophets of the Bible were black and that blacks would gain the knowledge of their true history through Mitchell. He also characterized whites and Jews as infidels and oppressors. Mitchell emphasized loyalty to himself as the son of God.

Mitchell's business and charity efforts earned him respect in the community. Then-Miami mayor Xavier Suárez declared "Yahweh ben Yahweh Day" on October 7, 1990, a month before Ben Yahweh's indictment.

Michael T Miller has described Yahweh Ben Yahweh's thought as consisting of "an imminent apocalyptic expectation; [...] a dualistic cosmology which placed [Blacks] in the center of a battle between good and evil, wherein whites were ontologically evil; a firm separatism based on Black pride and economic empowerment; antisemitism; often strict dietary guidelines going above and beyond what is in scripture (commonly advocating vegetarianism for its health benefits); the perception of Christianity as a slave religion designed to subjugate Blacks; a relocation of Heaven and Hell as thisworldly realities; and a rejection of the dualist metaphysics of matter and spirit." He concludes that it is "a theology of vengeance" upon white America, although noting that a change began in 1985 when Mitchell wished to create a more positive image. He also notes that "Mitchell is probably the only [African American] religious leader to have been equally immersed in Black Christianity, Islam, and Judaism."

Crimes and aftermath
Yahweh ben Yahweh was in trouble with the law by the 1990s, although his followers remained devoted to him. Between 1990 and 2001, he served eleven years of an eighteen-year sentence on a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) conviction after he and several other Nation of Yahweh members were convicted of conspiracy for their ex-followers' role in more than a dozen murders. Robert Rozier, a former NFL player and a devotee of Mitchell's, confessed to seven of these murders.

Ben Yahweh faced conviction only for conspiracy to murder. A primary component of the prosecution's case was Rozier, who testified in return for a lighter sentence. Rozier later entered the Witness Protection Program, but returned to prison on a sentence of 25 years to life under California's three-strikes law, following a check-kiting conviction. Mitchell had the Federal Bureau of Prisons ID# 22031-034.

Ben Yahweh was released on parole in 2001 and returned to Miami, but his activities were restricted until a few months before his death. He was prohibited from reconnecting with his old congregation. To ensure this, he was restricted from any form of speech by Internet, telephone, computer, radio or television that could place him in contact with any Nation of Yahweh members.

Last years and death
In 2006, as Ben Yahweh became increasingly ill with prostate cancer, Jayne Weintraub, his attorney, petitioned the U.S. District Court for his release from parole to permit him to "die with dignity".

Mitchell died on May 7, 2007, at the age of 71. The location was not disclosed. "Yahweh will be remembered and mourned by the millions of people that he touched through prayer and teachings", his lawyers, Jayne Weintraub and Steven Potolsky, said in a joint statement.

Family
One of Mitchell's siblings is Leona Mitchell, his younger sister, a soprano who sang at the Metropolitan Opera.

title: Yahweh ben Yahweh


text:
User:GremlinsBlurbs

'''Greetings from the Gremlin. Gremlin''' is just a nick that I've used for 60 years in most of my endeavers, but does not reflect my nature. I've written about toys, antique watches, and experiences in the military, jobs, travel and business. Some of these articles have been published in national hobby periodicals. I am here to place some of those things in a more permanent place for hobby enthusiasts and seekers of somewhat-scarce technical and educational information. Links will be added as developed. Thanks very much for stopping by. Dave, the GremlinBlurb.

title: User:GremlinsBlurbs


text:
Minami-Kesennuma Station

Minami-Kesennuma Station (南気仙沼駅) was a JR East railway station located in the city of Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It was destroyed by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and services have now been replaced by a provisional bus rapid transit line.

Lines
Minami-Kesennuma Station was served by the Kesennuma Line, and was located 68.3 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Maeyachi Station.

Station layout
Minami-Kesennuma Station had a single side platform serving traffic in both directions. The station was unattended.

History
Minami-Kesennuma Station opened on 11 February 1957. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987. The station was "swept away" save for its platform by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami; services have now been replaced by a bus rapid transit line.

Surrounding area

 * Kesennuma Fish Market
 * Kesennuma Port
 * Kesennuma Shark Museum
 * Kesennuma City Hospital

title: Minami-Kesennuma Station


text:
Paramatman

Paramatman (Sanskrit: परमात्मन्, IAST: Paramātman) or Paramātmā is the Absolute Atman, or supreme Self, in various philosophies such as the Vedanta and Yoga schools in Hindu theology, as well as other Indian religions such as Sikhism. Paramatman is the "Primordial Self" or the "Self Beyond" who is spiritually identical with the absolute and ultimate reality. Selflessness is the attribute of Paramatman, where all personality/individuality vanishes.

Etymology
The word stem paramātman (, its nominative singular being paramātmā — परमात्मा, pronounced ) is formed from two words, parama, meaning "supreme" or "highest", and ātman, which means individual self.

The word Ātman generally denotes the Individual Self, but by the word Paramatman which word also expresses Boundless Life, Boundless Consciousness, Boundless Substance in Boundless Space, is meant the Atman of all atmans or the Supreme Self or the Universal Self. The word Atman, which literally means non-darkness or light, is Brahman the subtlest indestructible Divine existence. The word Paramatman refers to the Creator of all.

Jainism
In Jainism, each atman or individual self is a potential Paramatman or God, both are essentially the same. It remains as atman only because of its binding karmic limitations, until such time as those limitations are removed. As Paramatman, the atman represents the ultimate point of spiritual evolution.

Even though Jain mysticism centers around Atman and Paramatman because it believes in the existence of soul, in Jainism, which accepts neither Vedic authority nor Monism, all enlightened souls are referred to as Paramatman and regarded as gods. Jainism honours the soul of each man as its own eternally distinct savior. Since the Paramatman of Jainism is unable to create and govern the world, there is no place of God as a creator and bestower of fortune.

Hinduism
Hindus believe in one God, who is known variously as Paramatman, Parameshwar, Parabrahman, Purushottam and so on. Even though God is one, He manifests in infinite forms, but this should not to be confused with the belief that there are multiple Gods.

Hindus conceptualize the Parabrahman in diverse ways. In the Advaita Vedanta tradition, Nirguna Brahman (Brahman without attributes) is Parabrahman. In Dvaita and Vishistadvaita Vedanta traditions, Saguna Brahman (Brahman with qualities) is Parabrahman. In Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism, Vishnu, Shiva and Shakti respectively are Parabrahman. Mahaganapati is considered as Parabrahman by the Ganapatya sect. Kartikeya is considered as Parabrahman by the Kartikeya sect.

Description in the Upanishads
The sage of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad IV.4.2, although not using the word Paramatman, explains that at the time of release the portion (aspect) of the Paramatman and the portion (aspect) of the Jiva presiding in the right eye become unified with the Paramatman and the Jiva presiding in the heart, then the Jiva does not see, smell, taste, speak, hear, feel, touch and know; when Paramatman goes out, the Chief Prana goes out after him, followed by the Lower Prana. Paramatman goes out riding on the Jiva following consciousness and work, knowledge of former life or natural capacity. In the Prashna Upanishad IV.11 the word Atman cannot refer to Jiva because the Jiva cannot of its own accord throw off its body or understand avidya, therefore, it refers to Paramatman. The Jiva attains Moksha when he actually knows the Paramatman, the Asarira Prajnatman, to be thousand-headed, to be the governor of all and to be superior to all. Thus, Paramatman is one of the many aspects of Brahman and has all attributes of Brahman. Atman (Spirit) and Paramatman (God) are one, some say they are distinct as well as one, they are one with reference to Shakti but distinct with reference to that power.

Parable of the two birds
The word Paramatman is not to be found in the Rig Veda but through allusion referring to Paramatman as Isha. This distinction is made because all of its mantras which in the form of prayers are addressed to gods. In its great Riddle Hymn (Sukta I.164) is the famous mantra - R.V.I.164.20, that was revealed to Rishi Deergatamaah Auchathyah and borrowed by Mundaka Upanishad III.1.1-3, which belongs to Atharva Veda, to weave the parable of the Two Birds:-Two birds.

"Two birds, beautiful of wings, close companions, cling to one common tree: of the two one eats the sweet fruit of that tree; the other eats not but watches his companion. The self is the bird that sits immersed on the common tree; but because he is not lord he is bewildered and has sorrow. But when he sees that other who is the Lord and the beloved, he knows that all is His greatness and his sorrow passes away from him. When, a seer, he sees the Golden-hued, the maker, the Lord, the Spirit who is the source of Brahman, then he becomes the knower and shakes from his wings sin and virtue; pure of all stains he reaches the supreme identity."

- Translation of Verses 1-3 of Third Mundaka Upanishad by Sri Aurobindo.

Aurobindo makes the Spirit or Purusha the Source of everything, including Brahman. He makes Purusha more fundamental. Thus, he does not have to say Brahman to be the source of inferior Brahman, and he also dismisses the sense of Reality revealed in imaginative and emotional build-up.

Concept of two souls
The Dualistic school of philosophy initiated by Anandatirtha draws its support from the afore-cited passage as well as from the passage of Katha Upanishad I.3.1 of an earlier Upanishad that speaks about two souls which taste the fruits of action, both of which are lodged in the recess of the human heart, and which are different from each other as light and shade, that carried the flaw—how could the Universal soul be regarded as enjoying the fruits of action? The followers of Madhva draw their support from the Bhagavad Gita XV.16 that speaks about two persons in this world, the Mutable and the Immutable; the Mutable is all these things, while the Immutable is the one who exists at the top of them, one is the Jivatman and the other, Paramatman. Jivatman is chit, the sentient, and Paramatman is Isvara, both have the same attributes; they are inseparably present together on the tree which is achit, the insentient, or the gross Avidya component of existence. Jivatman and Paramatman are both seated in the heart, the former is driven by the three modes of nature and acts, the latter simply witnesses as though approving the former's activities. The relationship between Paramātmā, the Universal Self, and 'ātma, the Individual Self, is likened to the indwelling God and the soul within one's heart. Paramatman is one of the many aspects of Brahman. Paramatman is situated at the core of every individual jiva in the macrocosm. The Upanishads do compare Atman and Paramatman to two birds sitting like friends on the branch of a tree (body) where the Atman eats its fruits (karma), and the Paramatman only observes the Atman as a witness (sākṣin) of His friend's actions.

Advaita
In Advaita philosophy, individual souls are called Jīvātman, and the Highest Brahman is called Paramātman. The Jivatman and the Paramatman are known to be one and the same when the Jivatman attains the true knowledge of the Brahman (Sanskrit Brahmajñāna). In the context of Advaita, the word Paramatman is invariably used to refer to Nirguna Brahman, with Ishvara and Bhagavan being terms used to refer to Brahman with qualities, or Saguna Brahman. However, there is still a tendency in Shankara to use interchangeably the terms Paramatman and Ishvara, even when he is referring to personal names of Ishvara like Narayana and Vishnu.

Brahman and Isvara are not synonymous words, the apparent similarity is on account of similar looking attributes imagined with regard to the impressions these two words activate. According to Advaita, Isvara is Brahman associated with maya in its excellent aspect, as the empirical reality it is the determinate Brahman; Isvara has no reality apart from Brahman. The Svetasvatara Upanishad developed the conception of a personal God. The Katha Upanishad states that never has any man been able to visualise Paramatman by means of sight, heart, imagination or mind. The Anandamaya-kosha is the Isvara of the Upanishads. Gaudapada called duality maya, and non-duality, the only reality. Maya is the Cosmic Nescience that has in it the plurality of subject and object and therefore, Isvara is organically bound with the world. Beyond the Prana or Isvara is the state of the Infinite limitless Brahman which is why in the Bhagavad Gita VII.24, Krishna tells Arjuna—"not knowing My unsurpassable and undecaying supreme nature the ignorant believe Me to have assumed a finite form through birth."

With regard to the cause of samsāra, as to where it resides and the means of its removal, Adi Shankara in his Vivekachudamani.49. instructs that the individual self is the Paramatman in reality, the association of the individual self with ajnana i.e. with avidya, which he terms as anatmabandhah, bondage by the anatman or non-atman, makes it to identify itself with gross, subtle and causal bodies and from that arises samsāra, which is of the form of superimposition of qualities of sukha, dukkha etc., on itself, the atman.

Vaishnavism
Paramatman is beyond knowledge and ignorance, devoid of all material attributes (upadhi). In Chapter 13 of the Bhagavad Gita, Paramatman is described as Krishna residing in the hearts of all beings and in every atom of matter. Paramatman is also described in the Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 9) as worthy of the bhakti (devotion) of the individual selves: For I am actually both the one who receives and the Lord over all acts of worship.

...Whoever offers even a leaf, a flower, fruit, or water to Me in devotion, That is a meaningful offering I accept from those whose souls are truly devoted. He is the overseer and the permitter of their actions. Paramatman is different from five elements (pancha mahabhutas), the senses, mind, pradhana and jiva.

Vaishnava sects maintain that attaining knowledge of Brahman and identification of atman with Brahman is an intermediate stage of self-realization, and only Bhakti Yoga can lead to the next step of Paramatman realization as the indwelling God, ultimately leading up to liberation (Mukti) by God-realization.

The Viṣṇu or the deity of the quality of goodness in the material world is the puruṣa-avatāra known as Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu or Paramātmā.

In Bengal, Vaishnava Krishna is viewed as one endowed with his essential svarupa-shakti; he is Bhagawat in full manifestation endowed with Jivasakti and Mayasakti, he the Paramatman and Brahman. Brahman, Paramatman and Bhagavan are 3 gradations of the ultimate reality.

Jiva Goswami, a scholar of the Gaudiya Vaishnava, makes a distinction between Brahman, Paramatman, and Bhagavan, citing a passage from the Bhagavata Purana (1.2.11): "The knowers of the Absolute Reality call that Reality advaya-jnana, 'nondual consciousness,' which is designated as Brahman, Paramatma or Bhagavan." He asserts that the one absolute reality is conceived differently in terms of the three concepts of Brahman, Paramatman, and Bhagavan, depending on who is doing the conceiving: the advaitins conceive of it as an "all-pervasive Brahman"; the yogis conceive of it as Paramatman; and the Vaishnavas conceive of it as Bhagavan who possesses a transcendent and immaterial form. His contention is that Bhagavan is the most complete conception or manifestation of the Absolute Reality, and the other two are dependent and based on it, Brahman (who is undifferentiated) and Paramatman (as the Supreme soul) are thus understood to be included in ''Bhagavan. ''

Time
Time is described in the Bhagavata Purana: "My Lord, I consider Your Lordship to be eternal time, the supreme controller, without beginning and end, the all-pervasive one. ... Eternal time is the witness of all our actions, good and bad, and thus resultant reactions are destined by Him. It is no use saying that we do not know why and for what we are suffering. We may forget the misdeed for which we may suffer at this present moment, but we must remember that Paramātmā is our constant companion, and therefore He knows everything, past, present and future. And because the Paramātmā feature of Lord Kṛṣṇa destines all actions and reactions, He is the supreme controller also. Without His sanction not a blade of grass can move."

title: Paramatman


text:
Vic Reeves Big Night Out

Vic Reeves Big Night Out is a cult British comedy stage show and later television series which ran on Channel 4 for two series in 1990 and 1991, as well as a New Year special. Its live incarnation marked the beginnings of the collaboration between Vic Reeves (real name Jim Moir) and Bob Mortimer and started their Reeves and Mortimer (also known informally as Vic and Bob) comedy double act.

The show was later acknowledged as a seminal force in British comedy throughout the 1990s, the influence of which continued long afterward.

Arguably the most surreal of the pair's work, Vic Reeves Big Night Out was effectively a parody of the variety shows which dominated the early years of television, but which were, by the early 1990s, falling from grace. Vic, introduced by Patrick Allen as "Britain's Top Light Entertainer and Singer", would sit behind a cluttered desk talking nonsense and introducing the various segments and surreal guests on the show. Vic Reeves Big Night Out is notable as the only occasion in their career in which Vic took the role of sole host, while Bob was consigned to the back stage, appearing every few minutes as either himself or as a strange character. The two received equal billing in the series credits.

On 3 October 2007, the first episode was re-broadcast on More4 as part of Channel 4 at 25, a season of classic Channel 4 programmes shown to celebrate the channel's 25th birthday.

On 25 October 2009, repeats of Big Night Out began running on TV channel Gold.

Both series of the show and the New Year's Special are currently available for viewing on Channel 4's streaming service, All 4.

History
In the mid-1980s, a friend of Jim Moir gave him the job of running a comedy club in London. Not knowing how to book acts, he decided to put on a show of his own, changing his name every night, but eventually sticking with 'Vic Reeves' and calling the show Vic Reeves' Variety Palladium. In 1986, he moved the show to the Goldsmiths Tavern (now the New Cross House) in New Cross, and renamed it Vic Reeves' Big Night Out.

The first shows were attended by a few friends whom Moir had invited to see his performance, one of whom brought solicitor Bob Mortimer along with him. Mortimer soon became friendly with Moir, and was invited on the stage to talk about his day at work. He soon became a regular fixture in the show and began to write material with Moir. Through word of mouth, the audience quickly grew to a large number of devotees, including Jools Holland, Jonathan Ross, Charlie Higson, and Paul Whitehouse. After the crowd expansion led to a change of venue to the Albany Empire theatre in 1988, backstage man Fred Aylward joined as the regular character Les. Higson and Whitehouse also had bit parts.

The show sparked the interest of Alan Yentob of the BBC, and Michael Grade of Channel 4, and eventually a deal was struck with Channel 4 to put the live show on television. With the help of Jonathan Ross' production company Channel X, a pilot was produced in 1989 (available to watch on YouTube) where the three-hour show was cut down to 25 minutes. The first series began in 1990, and the show ran for two series and one New Year's Eve special, totalling 15 episodes followed by a televised broadcast of their stage show 'Big Night Out Tour'.

Recurring characters
The series spawned numerous characters.

Les
Played by Fred Aylward, Les was Vic's bald-headed, dribbling, mute, lab coat-wearing assistant. During each show, Vic would reveal a new fact about Les - most notably, that he cannot help but raise a smile whenever he sees a spirit level and that he has a terrible fear of chives (later revealed not to be a fear of the chives themselves but the soil in which they grow). It would later be revealed that he has an internal wife called Pat, can self-reproduce throughout the summer months, collects stickers from car parks, was formerly the lead singer in the pop group Japan, has a pet jellyfish called Peter and plays the Bontempi organ. Les also had a fixation with mangoes and was later accompanied by a sycophantic little robot called Dylan. He is introduced as Les Dixon in one episode.

The Man With The Stick
The Man with the Stick is a man (played by Bob Mortimer, except in a few scenes where he appears alongside one of Mortimer's other characters) dressed in a large paper helmet which covers his face. He also wields a long stick, the end of which holds an object obscured by a bag. At the point when the Man with the Stick appears, Vic shouts, "What do we cry when we see the man with the stick?" to which the audience replies, "What's on the end of the stick, Vic?" Vic would ask him if he is going to reveal what he has on the end of his stick; usually the Man With The Stick refuses - but did occasionally reveal it.

The Man with the Stick would come out each week to a fanfare, and then proceed to talk casually with Vic about a number of drawings on his paper helmet. The helmet "graffiti" would act as a pictorial guide to what he'd been investigating during that week such as "A lamppost which has been disconnected to provide electricity for the Farnborough Air Show" and pop group "Spandau Ballet laughing at an orphan who has fallen off his bike". If the item on the end of the stick was revealed, this was usually done at the end of the programme.

Over the course of the second series, it is revealed that The Man with the Stick has sold his children to Vic, and since they are still under contract, he is unable to get them back. Vic uses them as a means to various ends, such as trading them for a car, signing them up to the territorial army and selling their souls to the devil. This gradually plunges the Man with the Stick into a terrible depression. At the end of the final episode, he drunkenly storms the stage brandishing a gun, and shoots Vic, Graham Lister and finally himself (although all three would later return unharmed on the Big Night Out Tour).

The Man with the Stick often mentioned his best friend Terry, who invariably subjected him to some horrible experience or humiliation, much to his blissful unawareness and evident glee. He reappears in Vic and Bob's Big Night Out, where his helmet is now covered in silver foil because he is living 40 years in the future and has time-travelled back to visit the present day.

Graham Lister
Played by Bob in a black curly wig, brown mac and horn-rimmed glasses, Graham Lister is described as an acquaintance and admirer of "doctors, dentists and architects". He is Vic's arch-rival and sour-lipped foil who each week would enter the "Novelty Island" segment of the show with increasingly pathetic acts. He would then share a heated argument with Vic (whom he regularly referred to as "The Fop"). Arguably his most memorable act was "Lard for Laughs" where he dropped lard onto a pile of salt, then pushed a block of lard through a breakfast cereal packet with the face of "pop star" Mickey Rourke on it. Lister would eventually win the contest with the 'act' of presenting a 'Refreshing cool jug of orange juice" but still kept returning to feature on the show. He would eventually become so popular that by the second series sections of the audience would unprompted chant his name whenever he appeared. In the final episode Lister was forced by Vic to admit he is a "talentless, worthless, embittered sex criminal".

Mr. Dennis
Played by Vic, Mr. Dennis is a jumper-wearing, rather dull but highly strung newsagent and tobacconist, who doesn't stock Curly Wurlys as "they are far too elaborate" but does sell sweet cigarettes and occasionally slips in a real one as a "treat for the children". He is in cahoots with Lister, and they are both the co-founders of a consumer-product safety and hygiene standards group, NIPS (Neighbourhood Inspectorate of Product Standards). Mr. Dennis gets easily riled and at one point goes on a violent rampage around the set, punching Les and knocking Lister out. He is married to an unseen wife with various intestinal problems, is a fan of the sitcom Fresh Fields and dabbles in being a music promoter, managing several successful indie pop groups.

Judge Nutmeg
Played by Bob - wearing Lister's wig inside out - Judge Lionel Nutmeg would preside over "That's Justice", a game which involved a member of the audience being tried for a random and nonsensical crime. The punishment is decided by spinning the hairy Wheel of Justice, whilst singing "spin, spin, spin the wheel of justice, see how fast the bastard turns". Vic would then move the wheel until it landed on the punishment he liked the most, making the wheel a useless means of choosing a punishment. A recurring gag was Nutmeg commenting at the end of the show that Vic was both unfunny and untalented and suggesting he seek alternative employment, much to his distress.

The Aromatherapists
Dr. Richard Slater and Dr. Richard Slater (Vic and Bob), who "smell to get well" and prescribe different smells in order to cure weird illnesses. Although it is thought that they are not related, both of them wear white jumpsuits, have identical "Titian" hair, speak in the same manner and have the same name.

Morrissey, The Consumer Monkey
A monkey puppet with the face of Morrissey, with a balloon for a mouth operated by Vic and voiced by Bob. Morrissey the Consumer Monkey would often come on to give advice on shoddy or unsafe consumer goods. Usually these items were manufactured and sold by Reeves & Mortimer Products, and the pair would be forced to make a hasty cover-up. He had a theme song, sung in duet with Vic, which began with Morrissey claiming, "I like watches, I like woods" and Vic countering with, "He likes various consumer goods."

The Stotts
Played by Vic and Bob, the Stotts are redundant, jittery, bickering brothers from Shildon with black insulation tape moustaches, poorly applied bald-wigs, big silly clown shoes and high-pitched voices. Davey (Vic) wears a kilt. Donald (Bob) is the slightly more sensible one, in a grey leather jacket, but he is prone to "antique incidents". The pair are also frequently startled. They have many talents including presenting talk shows (interviewing each other), game shows (including party games such as "Pass the Fat," "Read the Anthony Trollope Novel" and "Guess What's On Les's Back") and doing magic shows. Usually however, they just give up and leave the set before their spot is supposed to finish.

The Stotts were one of the very few characters from Vic Reeves Big Night Out to return in later Reeves & Mortimer series. They appeared in the second series of The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer and Bang Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer as talk show hosts again, often interviewing celebrities such as Sting and Damon Hill.

Tinker's Rucksack
A pair of genial, bearded, anorak-wearing ramblers (Vic and Bob) who tell amusing anecdotes and share their knowledge of the world of rambling with the audience, constantly assuring them that "it's not all walking." One (Bob) is clearly having an affair with the other's wife, Mary.

Greg Mitchell
Greg Mitchell, the "gorgeous sandy-coloured labrador", was a puppet dog with a completely naïve understanding of the world. He would often talk about something he had just done, in a high-pitched and rather fey voice. He would, however, suddenly realise that he hadn't thought it through and drop into a guttural Cockney bellow, shouting "my wife's gonna KILL me!!!" Greg would also reappear in The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer.

The Living Carpets
Played by Vic and Bob wearing masks made of carpet swatches. They would sit in Les's Lunch Club and make increasingly outrageous claims, such as being responsible for "colouring in the black bits on Friesian cows with a special Biro", or "filling in the coloured bits in pilau rice" before accusing each other of being a "lying get", or one exclaiming "I heard that rumour" with the other responding "I know, I started it". While this is going on, Les would serve both of them tea whilst genteel music played in the background. It would later be revealed that they are both the character of Parker from the children's puppet show Thunderbirds, who is actually Les' father (his 'mother' is Glaxo Industries).

On the Vic Reeves Big Night Out Tour, the Living Carpets were played by two "imposters", but were voiced by Vic and Bob who were stood backstage and would enter the stage at the end of the act of kick the "imposters" off stage.

The Ponderers
Appearing in series two, Vic and Bob's Swiss counterparts who wear only their underpants, white perms and very large fake chins - complete with the elastic holding them in place. Each week they would be seen on their own parallel Swiss Night Out pondering over a specific decision (for instance, whether or not to inject ink into a battenberg cake), whilst thoughtfully rubbing their chins. The use of Swiss as a descriptor continued in other projects for the character Swiss Toni.

Wavey Davey
A simple, childlike, naïve man who waves at people, things and celebrities, in an increasingly malevolent way. He is later revealed to be Satan. Played by Bob.

Talc & Turnips
Two men (Vic and Bob) who came on in ridiculous leotards, silly wigs and big false teeth, wielding bits of wood, buckets, hoops with tomatoes attached to them and big placards announcing such things as "Squirrel in bucket of hot trout = racial harmony." The pair would just crash and fall around the place, being ridiculously clumsy and not making it at all clear what "point" they were supposed to be making. By the end of their "performance" the set would be in disarray and Les would have to clean up very quickly. While these characters baffled the audience and even the show's producers, Reeves and Mortimer believe they were the best characters on the show.

Action! Image! Exchange!
Vic and Bob's performance art group, who perform "The Facelessness of Bureaucracy". They put on Sean Connery or Jimmy Hill masks, one wields either talcum powder or a beehive and the other a pair of swimming trunks or a bra, and enact a little dance to some traditional jazz punctuated by the sound of a breeze, to illustrate "a pensioner being attacked by some police officers", etc.

Novelty Island
"Novelty Island" is a bizarre parody of talent shows like New Faces, with Vic acting as host. The so-called Acts Of Tomorrow showcase their various ridiculous talents from the centre of a small paddock, complete with a white picket fence with a gate. Generally, there are three acts, one of which is inevitably Graham Lister, and Vic makes no effort to hide his disgust at Lister's turns. Novelty Island also sees such memorable characters as Mr Wobbly Hand, Judith Grant, the Slitherer, the Hoxton Hockler, Mr Melon in the wind and Wavy Davey.

The Liverpool-based band Novelty Island named themselves after the sketch.

That's Justice
After a devilish build-up by Vic, Judge Nutmeg wheels on to the stage in a mobile bench, and Vic hauls a random member of the audience on stage to try them for a set of ridiculous trumped-up charges, such as "staring at a fixed point, causing terrible dryness" or "wringing out a flannel in a branch of Thomas Cook, one of the most respected travel agents on the high street!". When the accused is inevitably found guilty, Vic spins the Wheel of Justice - after combing its hair - and the audience sing "Spin, spin, spin the Wheel of Justice, see how fast the bastard turns". An equally ludicrous punishment is then handed down (e.g. "One year being adored by the cast of Jesus Christ Superstar"). For one memorable week, Judge Nutmeg changed the format of the show and tried for a more liberal approach; the Wheel of Conciliation, where he tried to solve the marital problems of a 'separated' couple from the audience, who, incidentally, had never met before.

Reeves and Mortimer Products
Throughout the show Vic and Bob attempt to plug their own brands of inevitably flawed and substandard products. These are often exposed by Morrissey the Consumer Monkey and when they attempt to launch their own line of meat products they are countered by Graham Lister with his 'Lister's Luxury Meats'.

Closing song
The show always ends with Vic singing the song 'Mr Songwriter' although this is occasionally hijacked by other characters such as Bob or Graham Lister and, at the end of the first season, is performed as a rock and roll number.

Big Night Out reunion gig
A one-off reunion show of the Big Night Out was performed in 2005 at the old Raymond Revuebar, now the Too2Much club, in London. It was filmed by Channel X, although there has been no news of what will happen to this recording. There is no sign that this will lead to a fully-fledged reunion tour though if it is a success then that may change. Vic has mentioned that he would like to do more live work, and that the return of the Big Night Out live is not out of the question.

Home release
The series was released onto VHS by PolyGram Video in 1991, with each tape consisting of three episodes.

A complete series DVD release was released by Channel 4 DVD in 2005, although it doesn't contain the 1990 New Year's Eve Special. Despite the increased BBFC 15 rating (from the original PG rating), the pre-watershed versions are used on this release that remove profanity. The DVD set is infamous by fans for its heavy edits applied to remove the advert break boards, which would break some of the visual gags.

Vic and Bob's Big Night Out
A new BBC version of the series, Vic and Bob's Big Night Out, started airing in December 2017, with a pilot episode followed by two series of four episodes each.

title: Vic Reeves Big Night Out


text:
User talk:Zwei2stein

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Now, you have marked this ((permission)). Could you be a little more detailed. Permission from whom? for what? Generally where there is permission only for wikipedia use the image is no good for us, except under fair use provisions. Please ensure that you have permission to use the image under the terms of the GFDL before uploading Zeimusu | (Talk page) 12:44, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Jp32.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Jp32.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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title: User talk:Zwei2stein


text:
Colin Boyd, Baron Boyd of Duncansby

Colin Boyd, Baron Boyd of Duncansby, (born 7 June 1953) is a former Scottish judge who was a Senator of the College of Justice from June 2012 to June 2024. He was Lord Advocate for Scotland from 24 February 2000 until his resignation on 4 October 2006. On 11 April 2006, Downing Street announced that Colin Boyd would take a seat as a crossbench life peer; however, he took the Labour whip after resigning as Lord Advocate. He was formally introduced in the House of Lords on 3 July 2006. On the day SNP leader Alex Salmond was elected First Minister of Scotland (16 May 2007), it was reported that Boyd was quitting the Scottish Bar to become a part-time consultant with public law solicitors Dundas & Wilson. He told the Glasgow Herald, "This is a first. I don't think a Lord Advocate has ever done this—left the Bar and become a solicitor."

Early life and legal career
Lord Boyd's title is taken from Duncansby Head in Caithness – a favourite spot for family outings when he was a child living in Wick. He was educated at Wick High School and George Watson's College, Edinburgh, and graduated BA (Econ) from Manchester University in politics and economics, and LLB from Edinburgh University. He was a solicitor in private practice before being called to the Scottish Bar in 1983. Boyd was an Advocate Depute from 1993 to 1995 and took Silk as Queen's Counsel in 1995. He is a legal associate of the Royal Town Planning Institute. As an advocate he built up a practice in administrative law.

Political career
As a university student, he joined the Labour Party but left to join the breakaway Scottish Labour Party, sharing the SLP founder Jim Sillars' distrust of the mainstream Labour Party to follow through on its commitment to devolution. Boyd stood as a parliamentary candidate for the SLP at the 1979 general election in the Edinburgh Central constituency, but garnered only 176 votes. When the SLP disbanded, after its failure to make an impact at that election, he decided to rejoin the Labour Party rather than follow Sillars into the Scottish National Party. After the 1997 general election, he was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland. He was promoted to Lord Advocate in 2000 upon the elevation of Andrew Hardie to the bench. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 2000.

Peerage
Following the announcement on 11 April 2006 of Boyd's appointment to the House of Lords, his peerage nomination became a talking point in Scottish political circles. Opposition politicians stated that a peerage politicised the head of the judiciary. Boyd defended the appointment: "I remain firmly committed to the full time role of Lord Advocate, leading the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, and seeing through the programme of reform I initiated four years ago. Appointment to the House of Lords is a natural extension of my duties as Lord Advocate and a development which will allow me to represent Scotland's interests at home and at UK level." In December 2006, after Boyd had been replaced as Lord Advocate by Elish Angiolini, First Minister Jack McConnell was questioned by the Metropolitan Police about his nomination of Boyd for a peerage. McConnell said he was "disappointed" over what he regarded as a "normal and straightforward nomination" becoming caught up in Scotland Yard's cash for peerages investigation.

Lockerbie trial
Lord Boyd of Duncansby's role as Lord Advocate featured leading the prosecution in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial between May 2000 and January 2001. Of the two defendants, one – Fhimah – was acquitted and the other – Megrahi – was convicted on 31 January 2001 of 270 counts of murder, and sentenced to 27 years in jail. Controversy continues to surround Megrahi's conviction despite the rejection of his appeal on 14 March 2002. Evidence presented at the trial has been called into question and doubts have been expressed about the reliability of several key prosecution witnesses. According to The Sunday Times of 23 October 2005 former Lord Advocate Lord Fraser of Carmyllie described one such witness as "not quite the full shilling" and "an apple short of a picnic". Boyd has demanded that Lord Fraser should issue a public statement clarifying what he actually said about this witness, and what he meant by those remarks.

Fingerprint controversy
In February 2006, Boyd was drawn into the detective constable Shirley McKie fingerprint controversy, when she was awarded £750,000 compensation in an out-of-court settlement. As Solicitor General, Boyd was responsible for the prosecution of DC McKie after she denied an accusation by Scottish Criminal Record Office (SCRO) fingerprint officers that she left her thumb print at a murder scene in January 1997. McKie was arrested in March 1998, charged with perjury but at her trial in May 1999 the SCRO fingerprint evidence was rejected, and she was acquitted.

A senior Scottish police officer, James Mackay QPM, was appointed in June 2000 by the Crown Office to investigate the matter. Mackay's interim report in August 2000 suggested that the evidence given in court by the four SCRO personnel amounted to 'collective manipulation and collective collusion'. As a result, the four fingerprint officers were immediately suspended by SCRO, and Scottish ministers were informed. Mackay's final confidential report was presented to the Lord Advocate in October 2000. The report remained under wraps until extracts were published in the Scotsman newspaper in February 2006. Mackay had concluded that 'cover-up and criminality' had taken place at SCRO and recommended that the four fingerprint officers should be prosecuted. However, the Scotsman also revealed that Boyd had decided in September 2001 to take no action in response to Mackay's recommendation, and the four SCRO officers were reinstated.

In June 2007, the same newspaper raised questions over to what extent Boyd's decision not to prosecute the SCRO personnel in the autumn of 2000 was related to the then ongoing Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, where he was leading the prosecution. With the eyes of the world focused upon the Scottish judicial system, it could have undermined the Crown's case to have the SCRO scrutinized and its fingerprint experts prosecuted for covering up acts of criminality. Veteran Lockerbie campaigner and retired Labour MP Tam Dalyell asked Boyd 'to consider his position', while Michael Russell MSP insisted that Boyd could not continue as Lord Advocate.

Boyd's successor as Lord Advocate, Elish Angiolini, has agreed to appear before the Fingerprint Inquiry which began on 2 June 2009.

College of Justice
On 1 June 2012, it was announced Boyd would be appointed a Senator of the College of Justice. On 7 December 2021, it was announced that Boyd would be appointed to the Inner House of the Court of Session with effect from 5 January 2022. He retired in 2024.

Publications
Boyd contributed to a book The Legal Aspects of Devolution published just before the 1997 general election.

title: Colin Boyd, Baron Boyd of Duncansby


text:
Talk:Kharkov

History
The history here contains what used to be a duplicage article at Kharkiv, before it was merged into Kharkov. Kharkiv and Kharkov have since been swapped (several times, twice by cut-and-paste bogo-move, actually :-), which is why it's here now - because it was merged into the current article, so we have to keep it accessible. If we decide to switch the articles again, this will have to be moved to Kharkiv, not simply deleted. Noel (talk) 00:19, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I am not sure aboyt past move, but last time it was moved not by cut-and-paste but by regular move vote. See Talk:Kharkiv. --Irpen 03:07, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kharkov


text:
Matsuiwa Station

Matsuiwa Station (松岩駅) was a JR East railway station located in the city of Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It was destroyed by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and services have now been replaced by a provisional bus rapid transit line.

Lines
Matsuiwa Station was served by the Kesennuma Line, and is located 65.6 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Maeyachi Station.

Station layout
Matsuiwa Station had one side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station was unattended.

History
Matsuiwa Station opened on 11 February 1957. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987. The station was "swept away" save for its platform by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Services have now been replaced by a bus rapid transit line.

Surrounding area

 * Shoganji Shrine
 * Matsuiwa Port Passenger Ferry Terminal
 * Japan National Route 45

title: Matsuiwa Station