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Tang Soo Do

Tang Soo Do (Hangeul: 당수도, Hanja: 唐手道 ) is a Korean martial art based on karate and can include fighting principles from taekkyeon, subak, as well as northern Chinese martial arts. From its beginnings in 1944 to today, Tang Soo Do is used by some Kwans to identify the traditional Korean fusion of fighting styles. In the mid 1950s, it became the basis for the martial art taekwondo when the Korean Nine Kwans united.

In contemporary context, many Korean martial arts entities continued to use Tang Soo Do to preserve the elements of Korean martial arts that evolved from the original nine kwans' karate roots and were lost in transition to taekwondo. The techniques of what is commonly known as Tang Soo Do combine elements of Shōtōkan, Subak, Taekkyon, and Kung Fu.

Etymology
"Tang Soo Do" (당수도) is the Korean pronunciation of the Hanja 唐手道 (pronounced Táng shǒu dào in Mandarin), and translates literally to "The Way of the Tang Hand."

The same characters can be pronounced "karate-dō" in Japanese. In the early 1930s, approximately 55 years after Japan's annexation of Okinawa, Gichin Funakoshi in coordination with others changed the first character, 唐, which referred to the Chinese Tang dynasty, to 空, signifying "empty"; both characters can be pronounced "kara" in Japanese, though 唐 is more commonly rendered as "Tou". Funakoshi ostensibly wanted to avoid confusion with Chinese Kenpō. Funakoshi claimed Okinawan karate could "now be considered a Japanese martial art" and found the China reference "inappropriate" and "in a sense degrading". The Mandarin pronunciation of 空手道 is kōng-shǒu-dào, and the Korean is (공수도).

Outside of the Far East, the term "Tang Soo Do" has primarily become synonymous with the Korean martial art promoted by grandmaster Hwang Kee.

History

Between 1944 and Korea's liberation from Japanese rule in 1945, the original schools or kwans of Tang Soo Do were founded in Korea by practitioners who studied Okinawan karate and had exposure to kung-fu. ("traditional Taekwondo") At the time, there were five kwans, of which only Chung Do Kwan of Won-kuk Lee and Moo Duk Kwan of Hwang Kee identified their martial arts as Tang Soo Do. Shortly after the Korean War and in 1953, four more offshoot schools formed. Of these second-generation kwans, Choi Hong-hi and Nam Tae-hi's Oh Do Kwan and Lee Young-woo's Jung Do Kwan splintered from Chung Do Kwan style of Tang Soo Do.

In 1960s, despite the Korean nationalist effort to combine kwans, some schools chose not to change their style and name to taekwondo during the effort led by Syngman Rhee to create a single organization. These kwons still flourish and other branches have since been developed.

Chung Do Kwan
Chung Do Kwan has survived in Korea as a fraternal friendship social club of Kukkiwon Taekwondo. Its organization follows the Kukkiwon curriculum and is no longer an individual Tang Soo Do style. Some of the older Chung Do Kwan schools practice the original Pyongahn forms which Lee Won-Kuk incorporated from Shotokan karate. Schools tracing their lineage to Duk Sung Son when he founded the World Tae Kwon Do Association in the U.S. after leaving Korea also practice Kuk Mu forms.

Other older Chung do Kwan schools practice the Palgwae forms, a predecessor of the Taegeuk forms. After black belt, practitioners of the Kukkiwon system practice the Yudanja and Kodanja series of black belt poomsae of Kukkiwon (Koryo, Kumgang, Taebaek, Pyongwon, Sipjin, Jitae, Cheonkwon, Hansoo, Ilyo). Many Chung Do Kwan schools also practice the Chang Hun tul, even if they are not affiliated with the International Taekwon-Do Federation.

The Chung Do Kwan style of Tang Soo Do was introduced to the U.S. by Jhoon Rhee. In the late 1950s and early 60s, Rhee was teaching what he called Korean karate (or Tang Soo Do) in Texas. After receiving the ROK Army field manual (which contained a martial arts curriculum under the new name of Taekwondo) from Gen. Choi, Rhee began using the name "Taekwondo".

Moo Duk Kwan
Because of its political influence, the KTA, led by its second president, General Choi Hong-hi, tried to assimilate the Moo Duk Kwan. Kwanjangnim's organization was the largest martial arts system in Korea at the time. Grandmaster Hwang Kee agreed to discuss unification but, when it became clear that he would not be in charge of the new organization, he ultimately refused. The result was a weakening of the Moo Duk Kwan as the Tae Kwon Do movement grew in strength, absorbing many Moo Duk Kwan members in the process.

Due to political in-fighting and splintering, Moo Duk Kwan Tang Soo Do has had several members break off. Regardless, the Moo Duk Kwan as founded by Hwang Kee persists. Hwang Kee and a large constituent of the Moo Duk Kwan continued to develop a version of Tang Soo Do that eventually became what is now known as "Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan". This modified version of Tang Soo Do incorporates more fluid "soft" movements reminiscent of certain traditional Chinese martial arts.

After death of Hwang Kee, the Moo Duk Kwan continues to represent Soo Bahk Do worldwide, and is headed by Hwang Kee's son, Hwang Hyun-chul.

There are still a multitude of contemporary Taekwondo schools in the United States that teach what is known as "Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo". This nomenclature reflects this government-ordered kwan merger.

Present
The World Tang Soo Do Association and the International Tang Soo Do Federation teach systems of Tang Soo Do that existed before the Taekwondo "merger" and before the development of modern Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan. These versions of Tang Soo Do are heavily influenced by Korean culture and also appear to be related to Okinawan Karate as initially taught in Japan by Gichin Funakoshi.

The Amateur Athletic Union Taekwondo recognizes Tang Soo Do ranks, permits Tang Soo Do hyeong in competition and hosts non-Olympic-style point-sparring to accommodate the various traditional Korean stylists.

American Tang Soo Do
American Tang Soo Do was formed in 1966 by Chuck Norris, which is combination of Moo Duk Kwan-style Tang Soo Do, Judo and Karate (Shito-Ryu and Shotokan). Over the years it has been further developed by former black belts of his and their students.

American Tang Soo Do's original governing body was the National Tang Soo Do Congress (NTC) founded in 1973 by Chuck Norris as its president and Pat E. Johnson as its vice-president and Chief of Instruction after breaking ties with the Moo Duk Kwan. In 1979, Norris dissolved the NTC and formed his current organization the United Fighting Arts Federation (UFAF) and named Johnson as executive vice president. In 1986, Norris promoted Johnson to ninth-degree black belt.

At that time due to a philosophical difference of opinion with Norris, Johnson would leave the UFAF and reform the NTC as the governing body for American Tang Soo Do while Norris kept UFAF as the parent organization for his new martial arts system of Chun Kuk Do, in 1990.

Despite Chuck Norris leaving the American Tang Soo Do, the entity still persists as 16 schools across the USA.

Mi Guk Kwan
Mi Guk Kwan ("American Brotherhood of the Empty Hand Defense") is an organization of 35 schools, founded by Grandmaster Charles J. Ferraro. The Tang Soo Do Mi Guk Kwan system is a classical martial art concerned with scientific and martial theory, form and aesthetics. Tang Soo Do is a composite style influenced by the Northern Chinese arts, the Southern Chinese arts, and the Okinawan discipline of Karate.

Moo Yea Tang Soo Do
Moo Yea Tang Soo Do (MYTSD) is a national association of 35+ martial arts schools that aims to serve its members while helping each studio maintain its independent spirit. They do not exist to govern the practices of individual schools, but rather provide a Tang Soo Do community that allows for continued learning, business success, and rank advancement. Moo Yea was formed by grandmaster David Sgro to provide a national network to help Train, Test, and organize Tournaments.

Other
Evolution of the style first began in 2018 when a student of Tang Soo Dao, a mix of sanshou/ sanda a variation of Chinese kickboxing and Kung Fu, obtained a 7th degree black belt. Since being awarded this, the student went on to adapt a more ruthless style of martial art where no holds barred become a prevalent way of determining a universal victor, as opposed to the traditional point style of ITF taekwondo where point based tournaments determined a winner. Taekwondo changed forever as this style allowed for limitless learning of striking and grappling techniques as well as the use of western boxing and body mechanics to defeat an opponent where implemented. Unlike Chuck Norris who popularised Tang Soo Do, this style is rarely seen seen in Taekwondo but can be seen as a more complete style of Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune as its principles stay true to that of early Bushido Karate and Samurai fighting.

Ranking systems

Tang Soo Do uses the colored belt system that was instituted by Judo's founder Jigoro Kano and popularized in Karate-do by Gichin Funakoshi. However, minor deviations according to organization and/or individual school are commonplace. One differentiating characteristic of the Moo Duk Kwan style is that the black belt, or dan rank, is frequently represented by a midnight blue belt (some Chung Do Kwan schools also have adopted this custom) for students who attain dan rank. The reason for the midnight blue belt is the belief in Korean culture that black symbolizes perfection. As no one is perfect, the belt for the dan rank is a midnight blue color. It was also a belief of the founder of Moo Duk Kwan, Hwang Kee, that black is a color to which nothing can be added, thus blue signifies that a dan holder is still learning. The white belt means a birth or beginning of a person's will to acquire the skills of karate, the white belt symbolizes winter. The yellow belt signifies the beaming sunlight of spring. The orange belt signifies the strength of the rising sun. (The yellow belt and the orange belt both symbolizes spring) The green belt depicts the penetration of stems and roots of the plant to get the sunlight, the green belt symbolizes summer. The red belt this stage represents the seed which is now a flowering plant, representing the students improvement, participation and advancement, It symbolizes Summer.

Many schools and organizations still opt to use the black belt. The Moo Duk Kwan, and some Chung Do Kwan schools of Tang Soo Do incorporate a red-striped midnight blue (or black) belt to denote individuals who have reached the rank of Sa Beom (master 사범님/師範님), or 4th dan. The original non-dan, or geup, belt colors established by Hwang Kee were white belt, green belt, and red belt. In the 1970s, an orange belt was added after the white belt, along with either one or two stripes on the orange, green and red belts, encompassing ten geup (student) levels, and is currently the system in use in the Moo Duk Kwan. Many variations of this ranking system are still used and typically employ other colors (such as yellow, brown, purple, and blue). However, this is primarily a western influence.

The black belts (or midnight blue belts) are called dans and each degree has its own specific name. The dan rank ranges from 1st through 9th degree. In the Moo Duk Kwan, dan level is known by its Korean numeration, such as cho dan (1st), ee dan (2nd) and sam dan (3rd), and onward. In many organizations, the titles of kyosa (instructor 교사/敎師) and sa bom (master 사범/師範) are separately awarded after successfully demonstrating ability, knowledge, understanding and character for that level in a dan simsa (심사/審査), or test. One may not test for kyosa (certified instructor) until 2nd dan, or sabom (master instructor) until 4th dan or above. Dan levels from 4th dan onward are known as kodanja (고단자/高段者), whether sabom or not. Also in the U.S., a simple timing structure was created for the dan ranking system. If in constant study, then it was easy to measure when testing for the next rank. The next dan number was equal to the minimum number of years that must be spent training to achieve that dan. For example, a first dan would have two years before they could be a candidate for second dan, and so on.

Hyeong
Forms (hyeong) vary depending upon the founder or head of the different federations of Tang Soo Do. Tang Soo Do forms are a set of moves demonstrating a defensive or aggressive action for every movement taken mainly from Japanese shotokan karate kata. They are based on an offender attacking and one demonstrating the form reacting to their attack. They are generally memorized and demonstrated at a test for ranking up or a tournament.

Traditionally, nine forms are included in the curriculum of most Tang Soo Do schools, which are required study to earn the midnight blue belt. These hyeong are:

Kee Cho forms: Kee Cho Il Bu, Kee Cho E bu, Kee Cho Sam Bu. The Kee Cho series comprises basic patterns. these were created by Gichin Funakoshi, and named taikyoku in Shotokan karate.

Pyung Ahn forms: Pyung Ahn Cho Dan, Pyung Ahn E Dan, Pyung Ahn Sam Dan, Pyung Ahn Sa Dan, Pyung Ahn Oh Dan. The Pyung Ahn series was adopted from Okinawan and Japanese karate, where they are called Pinan/Heian and are the creation of Yasutsune Itosu, who also was one of Funakoshi's teachers.

Bassai (also known as Pal Che). The Bassai form is also from karate, where it is called Passai/Bassai Dai/Hyung, and was created by Okinawan Bushi Sokon Matsumura.

Naihanchi Some schools of Tang Soo Do include Naihanchi forms, such as naihanchi ee dan and naihanchi sam dan. .

Chil Sung  or "Seven Star" Forms developed in 1952 by Hwang Kee, add a soft/ hard combination to the style, also incorporating/practicing more functional techniques like elbows, knees, shin-blocks, and others. Teaching these typically begins in the middle Gup ranks and continues into the Dans.

Yuk Ro or "Six-Fold path" Are a collection of 6 forms that were created in 1947 by Hwang Kee and develop advanced techniques. They are taught at some schools, primarily at the Dan level.

According to Hwang Kee, he learned these forms from studying Japanese books on Okinawan karate. Most scholars agree that the primary text Hwang Kee relied upon was Gichin Funakoshi's Rentan Goshin Toudi-Jutsu published in Japan in 1925.

However, almost all original 5 kwan instructors taught these same forms and had them in their curriculum as they were direct students of Japanese Karate masters, like Gichin Funakoshi or his contemporary peer Kanren Toyama, founder of shudokan karate; or they were friends and students of the other kwan leaders.

One-step sparring
One-step sparring (Il Su Sik Dae Ryun) techniques are best described as a choreographed pattern of defense moves against the single step of an attack. Usually performed in pairs, this begins with a bow for respect. One partner then attacks, often with a simple punch, and the other person will perform a series of prearranged techniques, often in a block-attack-takedown sequence.

Other self-defense techniques
In some styles of Tang Soo Do there are techniques for defenses against grabs. In the World Tang Soo Do Association version of this, called Ho Sin Sul, there are 30 different grab defenses taught.

Free sparring
Though variation is extensive, Tang Soo Do free-sparring is similar to competitive matches in other traditional Okinawan, Japanese and Korean striking systems and may include elements of American freestyle point karate. Tang Soo Do sparring consists of point matches that are based on the three-point rule (the first contestant to score three points wins) or a two-minute rule (a tally of points over one two-minute round, but see also AAU Taekwondo point sparring handbook). Lead and rear-leg kicks and lead and rear-arm hand techniques all score equally (one point per technique). However, to encourage the use of jumping and spinning kicks, these techniques may be scored with a higher point value than standing techniques in some competitions. Open-hand techniques other than the ridgehand and leg sweeps are typically not allowed.

As in traditional Japanese karate-do kumite, scoring techniques in Tang Soo Do competition should be decisive. That is, all kicking and hand techniques that score should be delivered with sufficient footing and power so that, if they were delivered without being controlled, they would stop the aggressive motion of the opponent. There are also similarities between American freestyle point sparring (see North American Sport Karate Association [NASKA] link below) and Tang Soo Do point sparring. Much of the footwork is the same, but the position of the body when executing blows is markedly different between the styles of competition.

Rapid-fire pump-kicking seen in American freestyle point sparring is sometimes used in Tang Soo Do competition. However, in order to score, the final kick in the pump-kick combination should be delivered from a solid base (with erect posture) and with sufficient power, or the technique is not considered decisive. Consequently, the pace of a Tang Soo Do match can be somewhat slower than would be seen at a typical NASKA-type tournament, but the techniques, theoretically, should be somewhat more recognizable as linear, powerful blows that are delivered from reliably stable stances and body positions.

Variation between Tang Soo Do competitions is extensive, but are typically standardized within the various associations. Because of the close historical relationship between Tang Soo Do and Taekwondo, many of the powerful rear leg and spinning kick techniques seen in both International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) and World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) Taekwondo matches are commonplace in traditional Tang Soo Do competitions. The main difference is that they are not delivered with full contact to the head in Tang Soo Do.

Tang Soo Do sparring is a contact event. Though often billed as "light" or "no-contact," the typical level of contact is moderate, being controlled to both the body and head (in dan divisions). Most Tang Soo Do practitioners feel that contact in sparring is essential to understanding proper technique and necessary for developing mental preparedness and a level of relaxation critical to focused performance in stressful situations. Unnecessarily or disrespectfully harming an opponent in Tang Soo Do sparring is not tolerated.

Health and longevity of practitioners are the major goals of Tang Soo Do practice. Consequently, serious injuries are counterproductive because they retard a level of physical training that is needed to foster emotional and intellectual growth. However, minor injuries, such as bumps, bruises and the occasional loss of wind may be invaluable experiences. Each match should begin and end with respect, compassion and a deep appreciation for the opponent. Though Tang Soo Do sparring is competitive, traditional competitions are more of an exercise, or way of developing the self, than they are a competitive and game-like forum. Introspection and personal growth are fostered through free sparring.

Terminology and Korean commands
In Tang Soo Do, as in Taekwondo, commands and terminology to students are often given in Korean. However, beginning in 1955, and again in 1973, with the formation of the WT, Taekwondo became centrally governed and Taekwondo terminology was revised favoring Korean terminology. Tang Soo Do commands predate these revisions and many are based on Sino-Korean words.

In popular media
Prolific American action movie star Chuck Norris is one of the most famous practitioners of the martial art.

In the Karate Kid franchise, Tang Soo Do serves the basis for the fictional Karate derivative called Cobra Kai, practiced by the villainous Cobra Kai Dojo, founded by John Kreese. In particular Johnny Lawrence, a central antagonist of the 1984 film and one of the central protagonists of the sequel series Cobra Kai is one of the most well-known fictional practitioners of the art. In both appearances, Johnny Lawrence is played by William Zabka, who was trained by Pat E. Johnson for the 1984 movie.

Notable practitioners

 * Won-kuk Lee (founder Chung Do Kwan)
 * Hwang Kee (founder Moo Duk Kwan)
 * Hwang Hyun-chul
 * Shin Jae-chul
 * Peter Young Yil Choo (one of the founders of Kajukenbo)
 * Chris Lytle
 * Chuck Norris
 * Aaron Norris
 * Pat E. Johnson
 * Robert Wall
 * Steve McQueen
 * Danny Bonaduce
 * Michael Jai White
 * Cynthia Rothrock
 * William Zabka
 * Robert Cheezic
 * Jhoon Goo Rhee
 * Sun Hwan Chung
 * Kim Ki Whang
 * Kyung Sun Shin
 * Dennis Alexio
 * Bruce Buffer
 * Curtis Bush
 * Chloe Bruce
 * Hwang Jang-lee (actor and instructor with the World Tang Soo Do General Federation)
 * Joe Corley

Major organizations

 * World Tang Soo Do Association
 * World Dang Soo Do Union
 * World Tang Soo Do General Federation
 * World Moo Duk Kwan
 * International Tang Soo Do Federation
 * Worldwide Tang Soo Do Family
 * Asia-Pacific Tang Soo Do Federation
 * Tang Soo Do Mi Guk Kwan Assoc. - USA
 * All Martial Arts World Alliance
 * Hwa Rang World Tang Soo Do Federation
 * International Martial Arts Association
 * Intercontinental Tang Soo Do Organization
 * Cheezic Tang Soo Do Federation
 * Atlantic-Pacific Tang Soo Do Federation
 * Universal Tang Soo Do Alliance
 * United States Tang Soo Do Association
 * Moo Yea Tang Soo Do

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tang Soo Do


text: User talk:143.239.186.198

title: User talk:143.239.186.198


text:
Talk:Limburg mijn Vaderland

[Translation?]
May we have an English translation please?

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Ten years later, I've added an English translation. (Another user)

Please move the text of the anthem to WikiSource. --R.Koot 11:05, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Citations?
Is it just me, or was this article written by a native Dutch (judging by the at times poor English) with an interest in pursuing a political goal? A phrase like "...it reminds the Limburgians about their oppression by the Dutch" requires a citation. SeverityOne 17:49, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

As a native of Limburg, let me try to clear things up a bit. This article is certainly odd - much of it appears to be a rather clumsy misinterpretation of the Dutch version of the article. God knows what Dutch-hater got his hands on this article, but claims of the anthem being some expression of Dutch oppression of Limburg are nonsense. Let's not forget that the author of the lyrics, the composer of the music, and the author of the final verse, were all native Limburgians, so this was not some forcibly imposed thing - also illustrated by the fact that the Belgian Limburgians voluntarily adopted the anthem as well.

One of the main reasons why the anthem is written in standard Dutch (albeit a somewhat archaic version of it), is that there is no single dialect spoken throughout Limburg. Gerard Krekelberg was from Neeritter; had he written the lyrics in his local dialect, then this would not have worked so well for people from elsewhere in the province(s). However, it's true to say that the anthem certainly also puts quite a lot of emphasis on the unity of (Dutch) Limburg, which was at the time -and arguably still is- a rather culturally diverse area.

"In 1900 the people in Limburg had to swear their allegiance to the Dutch royal family of the House of Orange-Nassau in a "aanhankelijkheidsverklaring aan het Oranjehuis" and had to start using Dutch instead of Limburgs." Nonsense again, I'm afraid; the Dutch article describes the final verse figuratively as an 'oath of allegiance to the House of Orange'. This final verse was added in 1939 in an apparent wave of patriotism. The main reason why this verse is never sung in that it a) is obviously irrelevant for the people of Belgian Limburg, and b) as a later addition is not regarded as part of the traditional lyric.

I'll try to correct the article to the best of my ability. Vlaflipje1982 (talk) 09:55, 14 March 2009 (UTC) --- I couldn't agree more, Vlaflipje82, this article is a grave distortion of the mainly jovial and non-aggressive pride-related reasons behind why this song was written.

Not only that, it contains uninformed historical errors. Limburgian as a language was seldom written officially before the 1970's (when a first draft of the spelling rules was submitted by 't Veldeke, the official Limburgian language society) and Dutch has been the main language of education since at least 1860. German, although spoken by most Limburgians, has been shunned upon by all but the most eastern counties in Limburg in official use for a long time - even before WWII.

Regarding newspapers, I know from my grandparents (who hail from middle Limburg) that the "Maas & Roerbode" and various Dutch newspapers were in circulation well before the beginning of the 20th century. German ones were accessible but carried a much lower reader base than the aforementioned ones.

This article must therefore be drastically changed or rewritten altogether if you ask me. (Snaporaznik (talk)) —Preceding undated comment added 18:21, 18 March 2009 (UTC).

title: Talk:Limburg mijn Vaderland


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Black Cherry (Goldfrapp album)

Black Cherry is the second studio album by English electronic music duo Goldfrapp, released on 23 April 2003 by Mute Records. It marked a departure from the ambient sound of their debut album, Felt Mountain (2000), incorporating glam rock and synth-pop music; inspirations were Spanish disco group Baccara and Swedish techno artist Håkan Lidbo. The album was met with positive reviews, with many critics complimenting its blend of retro and modern electropop music.

The album debuted at number 19 on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). As of May 2005, it had sold nearly 500,000 copies worldwide. Black Cherry yielded four singles, including "Strict Machine", which reached number 20 on the UK Singles Chart. It earned the band a nomination for Best British Dance Act at the 2004 Brit Awards. The album was supported by the Black Cherry Tour (2003–2004).

Recording and production
The duo wrote three songs while touring in support of their debut album Felt Mountain, but decided to take their work in a different direction with more rhythmic music. Goldfrapp chose to record in a studio in a Bohemian area of Bath, England, because they needed a place to place their equipment and start working. The band began working on the album in January 2002 with a list of songs they wanted to try to record, such as a disco song with only string instruments. The studio's walls were covered in neon lights and Alison Goldfrapp used them to write down her song ideas. They recorded early demos and worked on pre-production using a Yamaha 02R digital mixing console. Goldfrapp held jam sessions with Mark Linkous and Adrian Utley and, after they built momentum writing the album, decided not to move to another studio.

The album cover is a collage made by Mat Maitland of photographs taken by Polly Borland featuring Alison with two wolves. Artwork in the liner notes also has a wolf motif, including women with wolf heads. Goldfrapp explained that the wolves are a representation of might and mysticism and that she was "interested in the idea of metamorphosis and humans wanting to be like animals and animals wanting to be like humans."

Composition
After touring in support of Felt Mountain, Alison stated that she felt performing slow torch songs "really claustrophobic". During their jam sessions, improvisation became a major part of the group's approach to recording Black Cherry. The album focuses more heavily on dance music and glam rock-inspired synthesisers than its predecessor, and is influenced by Spanish disco group Baccara and Swedish techno artist Håkan Lidbo. Goldfrapp commented that the album differs from Felt Mountain because the band "wanted to put more kind of 'oomph' in it." She stated that the lyrics are "a lot more direct and…less ambiguous." The songs on Black Cherry are more forthright in describing sexuality than those on Felt Mountain.

Critical reception
Black Cherry received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 72, based on 22 reviews. Uncut praised the change in the duo's musical direction, concluding, "I doubt there'll be many better albums released this year." Alexis Petridis of The Guardian called the album "laudable, challenging and immensely enjoyable". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine opined, "Whether it be soothing techno-ballads [...] or custom-made clubs tracks [...], Goldfrapp know how to draw you in and, more importantly, hook you." Rolling Stone's Pat Blashill noted that "[t]ons of bands imitate the sounds of the early Eighties, but Goldfrapp use New Wave as a way to evoke a long history of shiny Euro-lounge music." Spin commented that on Black Cherry, the duo "downplay the 'cinematic' strings in favor of buzzing live-wire synths. And singer Alison Goldfrapp still wails like Kate Bush haunting a fog-soaked moor." Mojo praised the album as "lucid and ambiguous... beautifully schizophrenic and poised on the edge of ruin".

Dorian Lynskey of Blender wrote, "Although a few tracks retain Felt Mountains eerie beauty, Black Cherrys natural habitat is less supper club than strip club, and Goldfrapp sound right at home." Andy Hermann of PopMatters viewed Black Cherry as "a weird, edgy album, the work of two doggedly maverick talents chasing their muses wherever they take them". Wes May of About.com dubbed it a "rare electronica album of warmth and depth" and "the ultimate chillout pleasure". Drowned in Sound's Gen Williams expressed that the album's "crystalline, neon-edged beauty, its pulsing army of beats and Alison's lush, lethargically versatile vocals, swinging between sultry and seraphic throughout, make it—for now at least—a largely satisfying record that indicates imminent and deserved success for Goldfrapp." Q deemed the album "thoroughly likeable" despite its "inconsistency". In a mixed review, Heather Phares of AllMusic commended Goldfrapp for their "artistic risk-taking", but felt that the album "sounds unbalanced, swinging between delicate, deceptively icy ballads and heavier, dance-inspired numbers without finding much of a happy medium between them." Michael Idov of Pitchfork criticised the duo's switch to electro music, while describing Black Cherry as "a soundtrack to excruciatingly banal seduction". Jonah Weiner of Entertainment Weekly panned the album's slower tracks as "boring dirges and space-age Muzak".

PopMatters included the album on its list of the Top 50 Albums of 2003, ranking it at number 46. It was listed at number 33 on Drowned in Sound's list of the Top 75 Albums of 2003. Black Cherry earned Goldfrapp a nomination for Best British Dance Act at the 2004 Brit Awards, but they lost to Basement Jaxx.

Commercial performance
Black Cherry debuted at number 19 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 14,859 copies in its first week. The album had sold 256,703 copies in the United Kingdom as of August 2005. Later that month, on 26 August 2005, Black Cherry was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting shipments in excess of 300,000 copies in the UK. The album reached the top 30 in Germany, Ireland, Norway and Portugal, and the top 50 in Belgium, France and Switzerland.

Black Cherry became Goldfrapp's first album to chart in the United States, reaching number four on the Top Electronic Albums chart and number 27 on the Top Independent Albums chart. By August 2006, it had sold 52,000 copies in the US. The album had sold nearly 500,000 copies worldwide as of May 2005.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Black Cherry.

Goldfrapp

 * Alison Goldfrapp – vocals, arrangements, synths
 * Will Gregory – arrangements, synths

Additional musicians

 * Charlie Jones – bass (track 8)
 * Damon Reece – drums (track 8)
 * Rowan Oliver – drums, percussion (track 2); additional drum programming (tracks 3, 4, 6, 7)
 * Adrian Utley – guitar, bass (track 2)
 * Mark Linkous – Casio (track 2)
 * Andy Davis – guitar (track 10)
 * Nick Batt – additional programming, synths
 * Nick Ingman – string orchestration, string conducting

Technical

 * Alison Goldfrapp – recording, production (all tracks); mixing (tracks 2, 3, 5, 9, 10)
 * Will Gregory – recording, production (all tracks); mixing (tracks 2, 3, 5, 9, 10)
 * Nick Batt – recording
 * Bruno Ellingham – Pro Tools editing
 * Steve Orchard – string recording, string submixing
 * Tom Elmhirst – mixing
 * David Bascombe – mixing (tracks 6, 8)
 * Mike Marsh – mastering

Artwork

 * Alison Goldfrapp – art direction, design
 * Big Active – art direction, design, illustrations, type
 * Polly Borland – photography

title: Black Cherry (Goldfrapp album)


text: Category:Former federal electoral districts of Manitoba


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taboo 2

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect (done already). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:17, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Taboo 2
Delete One line article on the sequel to a non-notable porn movie. Anilocra 13:46, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, the original movie and the series that followed were quite notable, however I agree delete this substub; if someone feels they can make a viable article on this film series, they should start with the first film. 23skidoo 14:18, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete substub, agreeing in detail with 23skidoo. Barno 15:35, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yes it could be quite an article, but, as above, start with the first movie if anything. Master Thief Garrett 22:46, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--Audiovideo 22:49, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I would vote to keep a decent stub on this but so far this article fails to make the grade. Capitalistroadster 03:26, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I created a stub for the original film and would suggest a redirect there. (you can imagine the fun I had searching google for "Taboo pornographic movie" ...!) Anilocra 11:34, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taboo 2


text:
Talk:Yuki-onna

Untitled
Some mention should be made of the differences between the Yuki Onna and the Yuki Jourou ("Snow Harlot"), a snow spirit that kills for pleasure and sex. Probably some mention should also be made regarding the Tsurara Onna ("Icicle Woman"), who primarily is a harmless trickster spirit. I do have some research on the subject, but do not have access to it at the moment. If anyone knowledgable would like to chime in regarding this, it would help. Mitsukai 13:51, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think the image placed in this article should be removed. This is obviously not a yuki-onna, since they wear robes of pure white except for an occasional spattering of blood. Shikino 20:04, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * That image is a Yuki onna. While the white kimono is the most common image, by no means is it a requirement.  MightyAtom 22:14, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Should the character 'Haku' from 'Naruto' be added under 'Yuki-Onna' in pop culture? Despite being male, Haku does share strong resemblance to Yuki-Onna in both appearance and abilites. 60.241.156.98 22:29, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That is a good question, however, I'm not finding much more than visual evidence that Haku is a reference to a Yuki-Onna. Other than what you stated, another reference would be his name, Haku meaning "white" and his clan name Yuki meaning "snow." Sivos909 (talk) 22:19, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Jynx also is based off Yuki-onna, so i put her there.--Minosuki (talk) 02:23, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

In comment to the article itself, the really messed up part about all of this, just think about all of those women left to freeze in the snow out of fear of being a Yuki-onna. Sivos909 (talk) 22:11, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 September 2018 and 8 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ams884.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:23, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 September 2018 and 9 January 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): XanatosToko.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:23, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

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In popular culture section is fancruft
Please do not compile or insert a comprehensive list of examples of yuki-onnas here. It is not needed and would be considered WP:FANCRUFT. There is no media outside of some random fansites that maintain such lists, so it would all be original research WP:NOR. If you can find secondary sources such as books or news articles that make extensive lists of yuki-onnas, please discuss here first for reconsideration. Please read WP:LISTN AngusWOOF  ( bark  •  sniff ) 18:53, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

Spoiler
The paragraph on Lafcadio Hearn is entirely unsourced and basically just a very terse resume of the story. There is also no mention of the 1964 film version. I think this paragraph should go and be replaced by something (much) shorter. Any objections?

Wiki Education assignment: HUM 202 - Introduction to Mythology
— Assignment last updated by Rockethound (talk) 20:39, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yuki-onna


text:
Roast (disambiguation)

Roast or roasting may refer to:
 * Roasting, a cooking method
 * Roasting (metallurgy), a metallurgy process in which sulfidic ores are converted to oxides
 * Roast (comedy), A type of humour involving an individual that is ridiculed and jokingly insulted by one or more people, for amusement or humiliation
 * Sir Roast McDuck, a Disney character who is an ancestor of Scrooge McDuck and Donald Duck

title: Roast (disambiguation)


text:
Spearmint (flavour)

Spearmint is a flavour that is either naturally or artificially created to taste like the oil of the herbaceous Mentha spicata (spearmint) plant.

Uses
The most common uses for spearmint flavor is in chewing gum and toothpaste. However, it is also used in a number of other products, mainly confectionery. It is also popular as a seasonal (usually around St. Patrick's Day) milkshake flavoring in Canada and the U.S.

Trademark in the UK
The words "WRIGLEY'S SPEARMINT" are trademarked in the UK. In 1959, skiffle artist Lonnie Donegan renamed his cover version of the 1924 Rose, Breuer, and Bloom song "Does the Spearmint Lose its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight?" as the BBC, not wanting to risk breaching trademark laws, refused to play it. Donegan renamed the song "Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On the Bedpost Overnight?)", which then went on to become a top-10 hit in the UK and US.

title: Spearmint (flavour)


text:
Ookla the Mok (band)

Ookla the Mok is a filk band fronted by Rand Bellavia and Adam English (b.1970). The two met as undergraduates while attending Houghton College in 1988, and the majority of their performances have been at science-fiction conventions or in their hometown of Buffalo, New York. The band is named after a character from the Ruby-Spears Productions cartoon Thundarr the Barbarian, created by Steve Gerber.

They provided the theme song to Disney's Fillmore!, and scored the feature film, Bite Me, Fanboy! They have won four Pegasus Awards  for excellence in filk music, and the 2014 Logan Award for Outstanding Original Comedy Song ("Mwahaha"). Ookla the Mok had the most requested song on Dr. Demento's syndicated radio show in both 2012 ("Tantric Yoda") and 2013 ("Mwahaha"). Two of their songs ("Stop Talking About Comic Books or I'll Kill You" and "F. People") have appeared on Dr. Demento CD compilations.

On April 20, 2024 Rand Bellavia and Adam English were inducted into the Filk Hall of Fame

Band members
The band consists of a core duo of Rand Bellavia and Adam English, who met as undergraduates at Houghton College in 1988. Although Bellavia and English continue to perform live with Luis Garcia and Mike Mallory if geography and convention budgets allow for it (most recently at Windycon, 2016), performances are generally two-piece sets.

By day, Bellavia works as the Library Director at D'Youville University, while English makes his living as a caricature and cartoon artist. He previously founded and managed "Adam English's Cartoon City Caricatures" at Darien Lake Theme Park Resort (now Six Flags Darien Lake), as well as teaching workshops on cartooning in Buffalo Public Schools through the Arts-In-Education program.

Former

 * Luis Garcia – drums, vocals (1994-1998)
 * Michael Mallory – bass (1996-2003, 2010–2013)
 * Doug White – bass, guitar (1997-2001)
 * Chris Gajewski – drums (1999-2003)
 * Joe Pepper – drums (2005-2007)
 * Wolfram Neff – bass (2006-2009)
 * Jeremy Stock – bass (2014-2015)

Musical style
Although Ookla the Mok has released many songs about more universal topics like relationships and lost love, they are best known for "filk" songs that cater to the interests of listeners at science fiction and comic book conventions, where the band makes the bulk of their public appearances.

For example, their song "Arthur Curry" from Less Than Art pokes fun at Aquaman and the way his super-powers do not seem to compare favourably with the rest of the Super Friends. Another example is "Stop Talking About Comic Books Or I'll Kill You" from Super Secret. "Song of Kong" from Smell No Evil takes a tongue-in-cheek look at the relationship between King Kong and Godzilla. "W.W.S.D.?" from oh okay LA asks its listeners to ask themselves "What would Scooby do?". "Mr. W" from the same album paints a nightmare scenario of Mr. Worf being in command of Star Trek's starship Enterprise. "Spot The Cat" from Dave Lennon sets to music a poem originally read by Star Trek's Data (written by Clay Dale). Tribute songs about celebrities Gary Coleman, Michael Jackson, Cher, and Sting also appear on oh okay LA. A song in the 2013 album vs. Evil is dedicated to the Marvel Comics character Kang the Conqueror.

Other appearances
Bellavia's voice and English's keyboards can be heard on the international top five hit "Cupid's Chokehold" by Gym Class Heroes.

Performances
Ookla the Mok were the music guests of honor at Marcon (convention) (1998), Fanzillacon (2003), OVFF (2004), MarsCon (Bloomington, Minnesota) (2007), Consonance (2013), Con on the Cob (2013), ConGlomeration (convention) (2014), FenCon (2014), Windycon (2016), and Archon (convention) (2018), as well as the Overseas Guests at the 2009 British Filk Convention (aXXIdental).

Discography

 * Poor Man's Copyright (album) (1993)
 * Less Than Art (1997)
 * Super Secret (1998)
 * Sucking Out Loud: Ookla the Mok Live at Windycon 25 (1999)
 * Smell No Evil (2001)
 * oh okay LA (2003)
 * Sketched Out (Adam English solo EP) (2005)
 * Dave Lennon (2005)
 * Less Than Art 10th Anniversary Edition (2007)
 * Nerdvana EP (2012)
 * vs. Evil (2013)
 * Live at Windycon (double album) (2017)
 * The Way of Beauty (Via Bella - Rand Bellavia side project) (2018)
 * The Tips of My Fingers (Rand Bellavia solo album) (2021)
 * Lukewarm (2022)
 * The Elbows EP (Rand Bellavia solo EP) (2022)
 * Live in Germany (Via Bella) (2024)

title: Ookla the Mok (band)


text:
Rougarou

The rougarou (alternatively spelled as roux-ga-roux, rugaroo, or rugaru) is a legendary creature in French communities linked to traditional concepts of the werewolf.

Versions
The stories of the creature known as a rougarou are as diverse as the spelling of its name, though they are all connected to francophone cultures through a common derived belief in the loup-garou. Loup is French for wolf, and garou (from Frankish warulf, cognate with English werewolf) is a man who transforms into an animal.

American folklore
"Rougarou" represents a variant pronunciation and spelling of the original French loup-garou. According to Barry Jean Ancelet, an academic expert on Cajun folklore and professor at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in America, the tale of the rougarou is a common legend across French Louisiana. Both words are used interchangeably in southern Louisiana. Some people call the monster rougarou; others refer to it as the loup-garou.

The rougarou legend has been spread for many generations, either directly from French settlers to Louisiana (New France) or via the French Canadian immigrants centuries ago.

In the Cajun legends, the creature is said to prowl the swamps around Acadiana and Greater New Orleans, and the sugar cane fields and woodlands of the regions. The rougarou most often is described as a creature with a human body and the head of a wolf or dog, similar to the werewolf legend.

Often the story-telling has been used to inspire fear and obedience. One such example is stories that have been told by elders to persuade Cajun children to behave. According to another variation, the wolf-like beast will hunt down and kill Catholics who do not follow the rules of Lent. This coincides with the French Catholic loup-garou stories, according to which the method for turning into a werewolf is to break Lent seven years in a row.

A common blood sucking legend says that the rougarou is under the spell for 101 days. After that time, the curse is transferred from person to person when the rougarou draws another human's blood. During that day the creature returns to human form. Although acting sickly, the human refrains from telling others of the situation for fear of being killed.

Other stories range from the rougarou as a rabbit to the rougarou being derived from witchcraft. In the latter claim, only a witch can make a rougarou—either by turning into a wolf herself, or by cursing others with lycanthropy.

In popular culture
The "rugaru" is mentioned as having come to Dakota consciousness from Ojibwa folktales, and figures both thematically and experientially in the narrative of Peter Mathiessen's In The Spirit of Crazy Horse (Viking, 1983).

Rougarou is what Sam Winchester and Dean Winchester have been hunting in Supernatural (season 4) episode Metamorphosis. It was depicted as a man slowly becoming bloodthirsty and completely losing control upon feasting on human flesh.

The NBA team formerly known as the New Orleans Hornets filed for several new name trademarks among which was the Rougarous.

Boxer Regis Prograis (of Creole descent) goes by the nickname Rougarou.

The rougarou is incorporated into the story of an episode of the American television show NCIS: New Orleans. In the episode a victim is killed while investigating a possible sighting of the rougarou, which occurs in the 20th episode of the sixth season.

The novel Empire of Wild (2019; Penguin Random House Canada) by Cherie Dimaline is "inspired by the traditional Métis story of the Rogarou—a werewolf-like creature that haunts the roads and woods of Métis communities."

The show Shadow of the Rougarou (2022, APTN lumi, AppleTV+), by Métis director Jordan Waunch, was created with the guidance of Elders and Knowledge Keepers in order to best represent the communal oral story.

Also the name of a Roller coaster at Cedar point. Previously known as the Mantis but after a redesign of the seats (due to discomfort many experienced on the standing ride). At which point it was repainted and rebranded. Locally is referred to as the as the Pogopally-Gop, though Rougarou is it's offical name.

title: Rougarou


text:
Talk:Caracol

Requested move: Caracol, Belize to Caracol
This article has been renamed as the result of a move request.

 * Administrative; match existing standards: Teotihuacan, Chichen Itza, Cacaxtla, Altun Ha, etc. It's not even for disambig purposes: Caracol redirects here.

Star-War?
"Then, in AD 556 Tikal enacted a ch’ak (axe) war event, and defeated Caracol; this caused Lord Water to enact the first know star-war event in 562..."

The article does not define what a "star-war event" is, and there are no links provided. A search for "star-war + Mayan" only points back to this page. While one might infer that the "axe war event" referred to in the previous sentence was a war fought with axes, what is a star-war event? Were the Mayans chucking shuriken at one another? Had they secretly developed a laser-guided missile_defense system? Had they finally stolen the Death Star plans from the evil Galactic Empire? 71.43.254.122 (talk) 15:01, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Good point. I added a sentence trying to clarify this, but it might have broken the flow of the paragraph. Alvaradodavide (talk) 15:28, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Supported and requested by –Hajor 13:55, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I created the page at "Caracol, Belize" as I guessed that a common noun in Spanish was likely to be the name of more than one place, but as nothing needing disambiguation seems to have surfaced, the proposed move is fine by me. --

Done. Thanks. I now need to do some dabbing with Caracol TV, which has a fair number of links pointing here. –Hajor 13:50, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Removal of sentence.
I removed the sentence "Caracol is also a very well known gay, that contributed hardly to the recognition of the gay and homossexual rights " from the beginning of this article on the Mayan city of Caracol, as it did not seem to be either relevant to the topic or appropriately placed. If someone has more information on this other meaning of Caracol, perhaps creating a seperate article or a disambiguity page or something would be more hepful.

24.15.20.14 04:47, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Other places named Caracol
Caracol is actually the name of more than one place for example there is the Caracol at Chichen Itza. So if anyone could insert a general definition/description of caracol that would be great! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Onekacz (talk • contribs) 12 October 2007

Hi, yes there are other places called "(El) Caracol". At the top of this article is what is called a 'hatnote', which directs to the disambiguation page El Caracol that lists alternative meanings for Caracol. The Caracol at Chichen Itza is listed there. Regards, --cjllw ʘ  TALK 09:11, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The word "caracol" is just standard Spanish for "snail". It will never be a term unique to this site.
 * There's a museum in Mexico City near the castle called the Caracol, as I recall because of the shape of the structure.
 * There is a musical group called Caracol.
 * Varlaam (talk) 19:20, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

The name
I just visited Caracol and the guide told me that the name came from the shells found littered around the site. He picked up and showed us some white snail shells.

Now I'm not saying he's a reliable source, but at the same time I didn't see a spiral staircase, and so I'm a little confused as to what this sentence refers to:

"It is known as such due to the circular, snail-like inner staircase in the tower."

What tower? This sentence is pretty ambiguous and if someone could make it a little clearer it would be helpful. - David Forster

After reading the wikipedia on Chichen Itza I'm increasingly worried that El Caracol, Belize has been confused with El Caracol at Chichen Itza. - David Forster 200.32.196.41 (talk) 04:37, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

The following site supports the guide: http://www.duplooys.com/mayanruins/caracol.php

- David Forster 200.32.196.41 (talk) 05:01, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

I was the one who wrote that it was so-named due to the snails found around the site, and it is true.. changing it back.. (talk) 12:18, 03 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Except that, I'm afraid the "snails" explanation is not the one appearing in the archaeological, as opposed to tour-guide, literature, and seems evidently mistaken. Caracol means not just literally "snail" or "shell", but can be used to refer to winding, spiral or volute shapes ("snail-shell-like") shapes in general—like the way "square" can refer to a town square, as well as an actual geometric square. Tour guides and tourism books/sites are not really to be relied upon, since as often as not they just reproduce whatever popularist explanation comes to hand, if they are not actually engendering these in the first place.

 * While it is clear that it was Anderson the archaeological commissioner for BH who bestowed its name, the snail explanation does not appear in any of the literature based on his reports (Anderson and Satterthwaite who later accompanied him to the site only formally published their records in the early 1950s). The contemporary archaeologists Drs Arlen & Diane Chase who have led the archaeological projects at Caracol note instead that the inspiration came from the winding road leading up to the site's locality, and I'd take them as more authoritative than local guides or Frommer's books. I've amended the explanation to align with the one given by the Chases, and footnoted the snails one as a popular but unsourced alternative.

 * Not that it's really that important; the only way to be sure would be to consult the original publs. on the site - Anderson's "Archaeology in British Honduras Today" 1952 paper at the 30th International Congress of Americanists, and Satterthwaite's "Reconnaissance in British Honduras" 1951 paper in the University Museum Bulletin. Haven't been able to track down copies of these as yet, they may or may not provide a definitive answer (much of Anderson's notes remain unpublished, I understand). Regards, --cjllw ʘ  TALK 06:41, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for clearing that up, clearly the original desciption was a confusion with El Caracol at Chichen Itza. The snail shell explanation is very convincing, I saw first hand (with a little direction) the number of shells on the site. - David Forster   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.242.159.123 (talk) 02:10, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Recent Edits
I don't think the very lengthy, detailed description of every stela and structure at Caracol is really very helpful at all. The user who added it all removed the information that would actually be of interest to most visitors, e.g. visitor numbers, recent developments at the site and replaced it with long-winded information that's only really of interest to professional archaeologists and can just as easily be read on the dig website. Peterforever2 12:47, 14 Dec 2011 (GMT)
 * I agree that all of the detail on the stelae and other structures does seem rather excessive, particularly for a site I would classify as lesser.
 * But the data looks valid.
 * I would prefer to see a subpage called Stelae and structures of Caracol, Belize, or something of that nature. There could already be a conventional name for such a page.
 * Varlaam (talk) 19:28, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Caracol


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Clover Park High School

This page demonstrates why wikipedia will never work. People aren't content to create articles; after a while, they get bored and start looking for articles to destroy. There's a metaphor for the human condition in there somewhere. (Posted by 198.93.113.49; originally unsigned)


text:
Talk:Alternative Journalism

Quotation
I have just cited two quotations from Mike Gunderloy concerning the alternative press (vs. the underground press, or zines). In the interest of full disclosure, the URL in the citation is my own website. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 16:56, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge
I merged this with alternative media - practically the entire text. Most folks (and wikipedia articles) don't make a distinction between press/media in the first place, and there was plenty of overlap between the articles. There was also another brilliant reason, but I forgot what it was :-)

Anyway, hope this flies with everyone. Xavexgoem (talk) 07:59, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Also, given the What links here, nearly all of them go to Alternative Press (magazine), so I've redirected there. If this gets consensus (i.e., no one complains :-p) then I'll move that page over this redirect and add a note to the top of that article that they mean alternative media (disambig seems a little unnecessary). Xavexgoem (talk) 08:07, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Redirect
As in the above comment, the term alternative press is best redirected to alternative media NOT an overly commercialized magizine. There are very many magizines that could be labeled as "alternative press" or "alternative media". The article on alternative media covers the idea of alternative press very well. Using "Alternative Press" with the capitalized P is working properly for the magizine  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.163.34.7 (talk) 19:11, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alternative Journalism


text:
User talk:Velvet-tears

hi

hows u? just got this account at skool wot does it do???? ARGH! teacher coming.....phew gone

ok neways....

c u all laters isy xxxxxxxxxxx

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 14:01, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Velvet-tears


text:
London Transport

London Transport may refer to:

 * London Transport (brand)

Transport authorities that operated services under the brand:

 * London Passenger Transport Board (1933–1948)
 * London Transport Executive (1948–1963)
 * London Transport Board (1963–1970)
 * London Transport Executive (GLC) (1970–1984)
 * London Regional Transport (1984–2000)
 * Transport for London (TfL) (2000 onward)

title: London Transport


text:
User talk:Kcmyers

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contribution. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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title: User talk:Kcmyers


text:
Kingston Town (horse)

Kingston Town (31 August 1976 – March 1991) was a champion Australian Thoroughbred racehorse who won three Cox Plates and 11 other Group One races and was the 1980 Australian Champion Racehorse of the Year.

Background
He was by Bletchingly, later a Leading sire in Australia, his dam, Ada Hunter (GER) was by Andrea Mantegna (FR). Ada Hunter was the dam of nine foals, but Private Thoughts (a brother to Kingston Town) was her only other stakes winner. She was later exported to the United States. Kingston Town was bred by David Hains, who sold a share in him to G. Monsborough and his wife after the horse failed to reach his reserve as a yearling.

Racing career
He was trained throughout his career by Tommy Smith and ridden in 25 of his 30 wins by Malcolm Johnston. Kingston Town made his debut as a two-year-old, and, in his only start as a colt, ran last, but returned as a gelding in the final weeks of the season to win the Round Table Handicap at Rosehill at odds of 33/1. This was the beginning of a six-race winning run, which culminated in his first Group One win, the Spring Champion Stakes. Sent to Melbourne, the 'Sydney Champion', as he was dubbed, could only finish third, fourth, and second, respectively, in the Caulfield Guineas, the Caulfield Cup, and the Victoria Derby. The pattern of consistent success in Sydney and mixed fortunes in Melbourne would be repeated throughout his career: Kingston Town won 21 races from as many starts in Sydney between June 1979 and August 1982, interspersed with four trips to Melbourne, where he won five of his 13 starts.

In the autumn of his three-year-old season, Kingston Town won six races in a row, including the Rosehill Guineas, the Tancred Stakes, the AJC Derby, and the Sydney Cup. At the Brisbane winter carnival, he extended his winning run to eight races by winning twice more, including the Queensland Derby. At season's end, his record stood at 14 wins from 18 starts, and he was named Australia's champion racehorse.

The final 23 starts of Kingston Town's career, which produced a further 16 wins, were unusual in that he only raced at the spring carnivals of 1980, 1981, and 1982, and injury prevented him from campaigning at the 1981, 1982, or 1983 autumn carnivals. Each of the three preparations consisted of winning weight-for-age races in Sydney, such as the Warwick Stakes and the George Main Stakes, often against small fields, before racing in Melbourne. In each of the three years, he won the Cox Plate at Moonee Valley, and recorded back-to-back wins in the Caulfield Stakes in 1981 and 1982, but tried and failed to win the Caulfield and Melbourne Cups on multiple occasions. He was third in the 1980 Caulfield Cup, 20th in the 1981 Melbourne Cup, and runner-up in 1982 beaten a neck carrying 59 kg.

Kingston Town won 21 successive stakes races in Sydney - beaten by Winx who retired winning her last 24 starts in succession.

Kingston Town's win in the 1982 Cox Plate was marked by Bill Collins's famously incorrect prognostication that 'Kingston Town can't win', which was hastily revised to '... he might win yet the champ ... Kingston Town's swamping them ... Kingston Town...' According to The Age's Glenn Lester, 'the call is so intricately woven into the "King's" history-making third Cox Plate win that it's difficult to decide which was the most memorable element of the race: the broadcast or the victory itself'. Elsewhere, however, it is described as a 'gaffe', and the replay supports this view in that Kingston Town was within a few lengths of the lead at the time. Greg Miles, however, a well-respected racecaller of longstanding, who was also broadcasting the Cox Plate of 1982, states that he also made the same claim as Collins at almost the same time.

After running his last race in Australia, in November 1982, Kingston Town was sent to America on 15 February 1984 in an attempt to overcome his leg problems, but he did not race in the United States. He was returned to Australia, and, in 1985, an attempt was made to resurrect his career, but he was scratched from his scheduled race and retired.

Retirement
Along with Carbine, Phar Lap, Bernborough, and Tulloch, Kingston Town was one of five inaugural inductees into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame. From 30 wins and seven placings from 41 starts, Kingston Town won $1,605,790 in prize money, and was the first horse in Australia to pass the million-dollar barrier. He was given the extraordinary Timeform Rating of 137 - the second highest of any Australian horse in the period (1950s onward). Kingston Town's rating remains well above those of several Cox Plate winners who have won either or both the Caulfield and Melbourne Cups, including Saintly, Might And Power, Northerly, and Makybe Diva.

In March 1991, Kingston Town was put down after failing to recover from a leg injury that he suffered while playing with another horse, his favourite paddock-mate.

title: Kingston Town (horse)


text:
Talk:Mick Dalla-Vee

Untitled
Mick is clearly a talented and influential guy, but the page is heavily POV, has some grammatical faux pas, and some formatting problems. I am going to address some of the latter 2, but hope that someone else can help make it NPOV.

Bio seems to be snatched from this page: http://www.ceaseanddesistband.com/Micksite/mickbio.htm --84.31.202.70 14:11, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mick Dalla-Vee


text:
Talk:History of Mexico

Unsourced and Dubious Claims in Economic Miracle Section
There are some serious problems with this section. Three paragraphs with only one citation, including some drastic claims (“The miracle, moreover, was solidly rooted in government policy…”) with nothing to back them up. Moreover, it’s also self contradictory – what does “high tariffs on imported domestic goods” mean? What is an “imported domestic good?” Another contradiction of this paragraph is the only sourced statement in the section – saying that Mexico’s economic growth was in a large part due to “supplying raw and finished war materials to the Allies.” I would clean this up myself if I knew the material better, but someone definitely needs to take a look at this.

No Relation Wayne (talk) 20:36, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

some very long-tagged Citation Needed statements in Aztec Empire section
A couple of tags were made well over six years ago and still have not been addressed. These portions could be justifiably removed - SME's please address these statements, thanks.104.169.44.141 (talk) 04:48, 3 May 2018 (UTC)

In regards to the spread of Christianity, at the beginning of European contact conversion would've being mostly responsible for the indigenous population becoming Christian. However Christianity eventually became the predominant religion due mainly to the predominance of the mixed race ethnic group gradually absorbing the remaining indigenous tribes in the subsequent years of colonization. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.6.181.71 (talk) 01:28, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

In the early stages of the conquest the armies uprising against the native rulers of the day consisted primarily of other indigenous nations under their rule led by Europeans, a sort civil war of sorts, but that's hardly touched on in the article. In the subsequent years it was the Westernized mixed race people who gradually over the following decades  and centuries culturally absorbed, voluntarily or by force, the remaining native tribes rather than 'pure blooded' Europeans who have always been outnumbered when compared to mestizos and indigenous people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.186.134.134 (talk) 09:17, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Clarify, please
(French Intervention) The Imperial couple noticed the inequality in Mexican society and pursued policies that favored the Upper Class white Mexicans over the Majority Mestizo and Indigenous peasants.
 * The first words suggest that they wanted to reduce inequality, but the rest of the statement suggests the opposite. Valetude (talk) 10:52, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Clarified I think. Mestizos and Indigenous were irrelevant for the government until the Maximato. (CC) Tb hotch ™ 18:53, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

Me
We need to stop war 187.195.67.10 (talk) 16:37, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Mexico


text:
Shenipsit Lake

Shenipsit Lake (or Snipsic lake; shin-ip-SIT), known locally as "The Snip", is a natural lake used as a water storage facility with a water size of 522.8 acre located in Tolland County, Connecticut, bordering the towns of Ellington, Tolland and the Rockville section of Vernon, Connecticut, at 41.88464°N, -72.42611°W. It is the source of the Hockanum River.

History
Native American trails pass directly by Shenipsit Lake. The trails were used by early European settlers to proceed from the East towards the Connecticut River. The trail exists in parts unpaved near the lake.

title: Shenipsit Lake


text:
Shari Belafonte

Shari Lynn Belafonte (born September 22, 1954) is an American actress, model and singer. The daughter of the late singer and actor Harry Belafonte, she began her career as a fashion model before making her big screen debut appearing in the 1982 drama film If You Could See What I Hear. She is best known for her role as Julie Gillette in the ABC drama series Hotel from 1983 to 1988. She later went to star in the Canadian science fiction series Beyond Reality (1991–1993). Belafonte also released two studio albums in the 1980s, and acted on stage in later years.

Early life
Shari Belafonte is the second daughter of Marguerite (née Byrd), a psychologist, and Harry Belafonte, the world-famous singer, actor, and civil rights activist. Her parents separated when her mother was pregnant with her. She attended Georgetown Day School in Washington, D.C.; Windsor Mountain School in Lenox, Massachusetts; and Buxton School in Williamstown, Massachusetts; and then Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts before transferring to Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh where she earned her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in drama. Her paternal grandmother was born in Jamaica, the child of a Scottish Jamaican mother and an Afro-Jamaican father. Her paternal grandfather also was born in Jamaica, the child of a Black mother and Dutch-Jewish father of Sephardic Jewish descent. She has one older sister Adrienne and a half-brother and sister on her father's side.

1980s
Belafonte began her career as a model, becoming a successful cover girl model and appearing in commercials for Calvin Klein jeans. She made her feature film debut in 1982 in the movies Time Walker and If You Could See What I Hear. She then worked as a production assistant and assistant director in public television on the East Coast before moving to Los Angeles, where she became an assistant to the publicist at Hanna-Barbera productions. While getting her hands wet "behind the scenes", she also received a number of modeling and commercial assignments, and was known to have appeared on the covers of over 300 magazines as of 2015. Other feature films include Speed Zone, the made-for-television horror-comedy film The Midnight Hour, in which she also sang a song titled "Get Dead", and Fire, Ice and Dynamite.

The television producer Aaron Spelling chose Belafonte as a finalist for Julie Rogers on Charlie's Angels, a role written with her specifically in mind, but the part instead went to Tanya Roberts. In 1981 she was cast as a fashion model in a 2nd-season episode of Hart to Hart.

In 1984, Spelling did choose her for another pilot, this one for the action-adventure series Velvet alongside Leah Ayres, Mary Margaret Humes, and Sheree J. Wilson. In the same year, Spelling signed Belafonte as Julie Gilette in the ABC drama series Hotel, in which she starred during the show's five-year run, which extended from 1983 to 1988. It was during this time that, Belafonte began her music career by signing a contract to record on the Metronome Records label, releasing two studio albums; these were The Eyes of Night in 1987 and Shari in 1989.

1990s–present
In 1990, Belafonte made her theatrical debut in Tamara, playing the title role in the long-running Los Angeles production. Shortly thereafter, she starred as Dr. Laura Wingate in the USA Network's drama series Beyond Reality, which ran for two seasons from 1991 to 1993. She co-starred in a number of made-for-television movies in 1990s, including French Silk (1994) starring Susan Lucci, The Heidi Chronicles (1995) starring Jamie Lee Curtis, Babylon 5: Thirdspace (1998) and Loving Evangeline (1999). In addition, she co-hosted the syndicated series Lifestyles with Robin Leach and Shari Belafonte (1994–95), an updated version of Leach's signature program, Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous. In 2006, she hosted a travel program called "Travels in Mexico and the Caribbean with Shari Belafonte" on NYC Media.

Belafonte's multi-faceted career also includes moderating and voiceovers. Belafonte provided the voice of Gerald's mother, Mrs. Johanssen, in four episodes of Hey Arnold!, Diana Cruz in an episode of The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest, and the undead Southern belle zombie Blanche in Gravedale High. She has producing credits for theater, public and network television, and feature films. In addition to her affiliation with numerous children's, animal, and environment causes, she has also become the international spokesman for the Starlight Children's Foundation. Named by the Wall Street Journal as one of the top ten celebrity endorsers, Shari has been the spokesman for numerous corporations including Bally's International Health and Fitness, Slim-Fast, Diet System 6, and Estroven.

In 2000s, Belafonte made a number of limited screen appearances, guest starring in an episode of The District and Nip/Tuck. In December 2015, it was announced that Belafonte would take over the role of Mayor Janice Lomax from Saidah Arrika Ekulona on January 19, 2016, on the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital. She made her last appearance on December 20, 2017. In 2019, she began appearing in a recurring role as Julia in the Apple TV+ drama series The Morning Show. Later that year, she took the recurring role as Ebony Obsidian's character's mother in the BET comedy-drama series, Sistas.

Personal life
Belafonte has been married twice, first to Robert Harper (May 21, 1977 – 1988). She has been married to Sam Behrens since December 31, 1989. Belafonte posed nude for Playboy in the magazine's September 2000 edition, and is herself an avid photographer.

Discography

 * Eyes Of Night (1987)
 * Shari (1989)

title: Shari Belafonte


text: Category:Education in Hertfordshire

title: Category:Education in Hertfordshire


text:
Portknockie

Portknockie (Port Chnocaidh, the hilly port) is a coastal village on the Moray Firth within Moray, Scotland.

The village's name is written as Portknockies in the Old Parish Registers. This would suggest that the port's name referred to not one, but two rocky hills at the hythe - the Port Hill and the Greencastle. Nearby towns include Buckie, Findochty and Cullen.

Historically in Banffshire, the village was founded in 1677 and it became a significant herring fishing port during the nineteenth century, although today only a handful of commercial inshore boats remain.

The town was on the railway network, until Portknockie station closed in 1968.

A popular site in Portknockie is Bow Fiddle Rock, a large rock about 15 m high just off the coast. The quartzite structure has a large sea arch, which somewhat resembles the bow of a fiddle, making it an example of a natural arch.

Small numbers of seabirds nest on the coastal cliffs. These include fulmar, black-legged kittiwake, common gull, razorbill and shag. Additionally common eider can be seen in and around the harbour and coves during the summer months.

Notable residents

 * Prof Alexander Mair FRSE (1912-1995) was born and raised in the village and is buried there with his parents.
 * Norman Calder, Great British Bake Off Series 5 contestant.

Green Castle Fort
Another historical site within the village is the Green Castle, which is located on a coastal promontory.

This ancient coastal fort was revealed to date from 1000 BC and was inhabited until 1000 AD. The castle foundations can be seen, although now covered in grass.

title: Portknockie


text:
DJ Magic Mike

DJ Magic Mike (born Michael Hampton, May 9, 1966) is a Miami bass record producer, rapper, and the first platinum selling recording artist from Orlando, Florida. He is also a former member and former lead vocalist of the rap trio Vicious Bass along with rappers DJ Lace & MC Madness.

Career
He was born in Orlando, Florida, United States. Magic Mike made his debut in the world of Miami Bass productions when he met Miami based producer/rapper Rod Whitehead (of Pryme Tyme fame) in 1986. Rod enlisted Mike as a DJ for his upcoming projects on Miami's Suntown Records, but after Mike reviewed the deal offered by label owner Edward Meriwether, he left the label, project unfinished. Shortly after while performing cuts on the radio, he received a call from Beat Master Clay D to add cuts on an upcoming project for rappers MC Cool Rock and MC Chaszy Chess. This resulted in his first recorded work, Boot the Booty. However, Mike often found himself in the producer's chair by default while working with Clay D, and always remained uncredited. During this period, he also was called into Vision studios to add cuts to songs he had no creative input on, such as Chilla Frauste's Get Up, Get Down, Get Funky, Get Loose and Popular Demand's Don't Clock Me.

After working for Clay D and Vision Records, he returned to Orlando and landed a solo deal with the then unknown Cheetah Records, releasing his first batch of solo singles in 1988. Those led to a full-length album in 1989 entitled "DJ Magic Mike and The Royal Posse", which featured many guest crews and rappers all based on his production and turntable antics. His following album Bass is the Name of the Game in 1990 saw the Miami Bass genre reach a zenith both creatively and commercially.

Much like most other Miami Bass producers, Magic Mike's music was never exclusively Miami Bass, but also aimed for the traditional Hip-Hop market. Eventually, he teamed up with MC Madness as his primary rapper during his more Hip-Hop oriented days, although there was no exclusive deal for this, and Mike continued on, collaborating with artists such as Sir Mix-a-Lot and Techmaster P.E.B.

Despite his history with Miami Bass and his overwhelming catalog of straight ahead hip hop, he has also made a mark in the Florida breaks scene, including a track titled "2001" while alongside DJ Infiniti and the 2005 single release "Cowbell". A compilation featuring instrumental versions of many of his hits was published by Mo Wax.

Magic Mike had a long time Sunday night residency at House of Blues at Downtown Disney in Lake Buena Vista, Florida at their Service Industry Night. He currently plays every Friday Night at Ember in his hometown of Orlando. Magic Mike also continues to tour across the United States of America, as well as internationally.

Personal life
DJ Magic Mike is the cousin of fellow producer and turntablist DJ Scratch.

title: DJ Magic Mike


text:
User talk:Maximus666~enwiki

Max Rathbone is a highly successful male gigalo, earning surplus of £5000 per week. His snazy clothes and hair show this as he is the king of bling.

He is leader of the well known cult, OGR. The group is rapidly exanding as he had 35 members after just one day.

Max Rathbone is clearly a great person.

He is also known as Maximus and El Maxwell.

His influences include Michael Jackson, L. Ron Hubbard and Cindy Sheehan.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Maximus666. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Maximus666~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:42, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:08, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maximus666~enwiki


text:
AirScooter Corporation

AirScooter Corporation is a defunct American aircraft manufacturer that was based in Henderson, Nevada. It designed and intended to manufacture an ultralight helicopter, with a coaxial rotor configuration. The company was founded in early 2000 by Elwood "Woody" Norris, who served as chairman of the board, and James "Jim" Barnes, who served as secretary of the board. The company was out of business by 2013.

Products
The company's proposed product, perpetually under development, was the single-seat AirScooter II, which was intended to be classified as an ultralight aircraft. It was expected to weigh 254 lbs and be powered by a single 65 hp four-stroke engine capable of carrying a load of up to 350 lb. Although its operating ceiling was to be around 10,000 ft (2 700 m), the AirScooter II has fixed pitch rotors and was incapable of an autorotative emergency descent, and was intended for recreational flying at low altitude, i.e., at or below 50 ft (15 m) above ground level (AGL).

Production of the AirScooter II was originally expected to begin in 2005, but production was pushed back to 2006 and then later targeted for 2007. As of September, 2013, production had not yet been announced and the company's website had been taken down. There have been no major press releases or other production information published since 2007.

AeroTwin Motors Corporation
Between 2002 and 2012 the company had a subsidiary, the AeroTwin Motors Corporation that developed the AeroTwin AT972T aircraft engine.

title: AirScooter Corporation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ookla the mok (cartoon)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:18, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

Ookla the mok (cartoon)
"Mok" should be capitalized, a new page has been created with correct capitalization and identical information, please delete this incorrectly titled article --MightyJack 14:14, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * All it needs is a Redirect. No need for VfD process. On second thought, Merge both articles into Thundarr the Barbarian per WP:FICT. android↔talk 14:40, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * In general, please don't ever move a page by cutting and pasting its contents to a new title; this loses the article's history and authorship information, which is needs to be preserved to satisfy the GFDL. Instead, use the "Move this page" link.  It's not an issue in this specific case, however, since only you edited the article; you could have marked it, and avoided the bureaucratic hassle of vfd (see also WP:CSD).  The merge to Thundarr the Barbarian is probably best. —Korath (Talk) 14:44, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.