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Bourne Eau

Bourne Eau is a short river which rises from an artesian spring in the town of Bourne in Lincolnshire, England, and flows in an easterly direction to join the River Glen at Tongue End. Within the town, it once powered three water mills, one of which is now a heritage centre. At Eastgate, it becomes much wider as it was navigable in the 18th and 19th centuries, and this was the location of the terminal basin. Below the town it is an embanked river, as its normal level is higher than that of the surrounding Fens. Navigation ceased in the 1860s and the river now forms an important part of the drainage system that enables the surrounding fen land to be used for agriculture.

The artesian spring is fed by a limestone aquifer, which has been extensively used to supply drinking water to the locality and to Spalding. After a period of low rainfall in the late 1980s, the spring and hence the upper river dried up completely. A remediation project was implemented in 1992/93 to repair wild boreholes, where artesian water was uncontrollably running to waste. 30 boreholes were plugged or repaired, and water returned to the spring and river.

The river divides North Fen from South Fen. Both were enclosed in the 1770s, and surplus water from the North Fen was fed to the South Forty-Foot Drain. Steam pumping was introduced in 1845, and the drainage is the responsibility of the Black Sluice Internal Drainage Board (IDB). To drain the South Fen Gilbert Heathcote's tunnel was constructed to take water under the River Glen to the Counter Drain. Various engines were used to pump water through the tunnel, but after the failure of a gas engine in 1942, a new pumping station was built, to pump water into the River Glen. Drainage in the South Fen is now the responsibility of the Welland and Deepings IDB.

Course

The town of Bourne is surrounded by the River Glen. To the west, the East Glen and West Glen flow from north to south, and become one river to the south of the town. They then flow in a north-easterly direction to the east of the town. Bourne sits over a layer of Middle Jurassic limestone, some 100 ft thick, which dips to the east, and is covered by Upper Estuarine mudrocks, which confine groundwater within the limestone layer.

Bourne Eau rises in, otherwise known as St Peter's Pool, in Bourne. The Wellhead is a natural artesian spring, rising from the limestone some 165 ft below the land surface. It once formed the source of the water defences for Bourne Castle as well as the power for the town's three mills. From the Wellhead, a branch flows to the east, along the southern edge of the castle site, while another flows north, then east and south, enclosing the castle site and Wellhead Gardens to rejoin the first branch near Baldock's Mill. A culvert carries the water under South Street, and it flows along the edge of Church Lane, where it is crossed by a small cast-iron bridge with gates, providing rear access to Bourne Eau House. It carries the date 1832. On the other side of Church Lane is the parish church of St Peter and St Paul, a grade I listed structure that was originally the chapel for an Arrouaisian order of Canons founded in 1138.

At the north end of Church Lane, another culvert takes it under the gardens of the vicarage. This culvert and the South Street culvert are quite old, since they appear on the 1888 Ordnance Survey map. When the river resurfaces, if turns to the south, running behind the church building and then to the east along the back of gardens belonging to houses on Coggles Causeway. A lengthy culvert carries it under the Abbey Lawn complex and Victoria Place. This culvert is more recent, as it was built in the 1960s when the recreation ground became the Abbey Lawn sports complex. Before the culvert was built, the railway line to Sleaford crossed the river near to where the culvert starts. It passes under Queen's Bridge, and then runs parallel to Eastgate. Half way along Eastgate, the channel becomes much wider, where it formed the terminal basin for the Bourne Eau when it was navigable. The Roman Car Dyke, now reused as a drainage channel, originally ran though the town, passing along the west side of Queen's Bridge, but a modern channel joins the southern section to the basin, on the north bank of which is the Anchor Inn, a small grade II listed public house dating from the 18th century. The A151 Cherry Holt Road crosses the waterway at May's Sluice, and then it enters South Fen, where it is joined by another channel linking to the Car Dyke on its north bank. Below the junction its flow is supplemented by the treated outfall from Bourne sewage treatment works. The river is embanked on both sides, and there are low level catchwater drains running parallel to the banks. A bridge carried the railway to Spalding over the river.

The present course enters the River Glen at, a name which derives from the low tongue of land within the enclosing banks of the rivers.

Apart from the spring, most of the water of the river is collected by the Car Dyke, which, near Bourne, is arranged to act as a catchwater drain, gathering the surface water of the upland and feeding it via the Bourne Eau and River Glen to the sea, without its entering The Fens.

History
The course of the river through South Fen is clearly manmade, as the river is above the level of the surrounding land, but there is no known documentary evidence as to when this was first carried out. In the 13th century it was called Bourne Ald Ea or Brunne Ea, and the Commission of Sewers issued an order that it should be raised and scoured by the people of Bourne. Work on the north bank was to extend as far as Goderam's Cote, and on the south bank to Merehirne. Another order was made in 1376, that the Brunne Ald Ea was to be repaired, raised and cleansed, but this time the responsibility for the work was shared between the town and the Abbot of Brunne. Later an order required that the banks be made 12 ft thick and raised by an extra 2 ft.

Documentary evidence for the use of the Bourne Eau is quite scant, but in the 16th century Bourne was a market town, and it is probable that the river enabled the corn trade to flourish. In 1765, there was serious flooding in the area, following the failure of the banks of both the Bourne Eau and the River Glen. As a result, the north bank of the river became the responsibility of the Black Sluice Commissioners, a body which was created by an Act of Parliament, to construct the Black Sluice where the South Forty-Foot Drain entered The Haven at Boston, and to supervise the drainage of the Fens feeding that system. The north bank was a serious problem, as it was built on a peat subsoil, and defied attempts to raise it, with the result that the Bourne Fens often flooded.

Improvements to the 3.5 mi of river from the River Glen junction to the town of Bourne were authorised by an act of Parliament obtained on 29 March 1781, which suggested that the river had previously been navigable, but had become choked with mud. The act created a body of 12 trustees, who were empowered to maintain a channel which was 30 ft wide by 5 ft deep. They could charge tolls on all boats using the navigation, on which the main merchandise was coal and wool, which were shipped to Boston for onward transmission to the north east. Return trips brought coal and groceries to the town, and a coal wharf was erected on Eastgate during the early years of the 19th century. There was also some trade with Spalding, including a regular service to take people and goods to Spalding market every Tuesday, but Thomas Hawkes noted in 1792 that the service was a little intermittent, as there was often too little or too much water in the river. Investigation showed that the river levels rose by 9 or for every quarter of an inch (6 mm) of rainfall in the River Glen catchment. The navigation included two locks, one near the junction with the Glen, and the other near Bourne.

In order to ease the problems caused by the north bank, the Black Sluice Commissioners negotiated with the Trustees to allow them to build a set of self-acting flood gates at Tongue End, where the river joined the Glen, and an overfall weir, which allowed surplus water to flow over the bank and into the Weir Dyke in Bourne Fen. The self-acting doors prevented high water levels in the Glen from flooding back up the Bourne Eau, and it improved navigation for a time, but competition from the railway saw traffic decline. A railway from Boston to Spalding opened in 1848, with a branch from Spalding to Bourne completed in 1866. A link from Bourne to Sleaford followed in 1872. By 1857, boats using the navigation only do so occasionally, and the self-acting doors were replaced by a sluice in the 1860s, which effectively brought navigation to an end. The Bourne Eau Act was repealed in 1962, removing the right of navigation, and the sluice was replaced by a pumping station in 1966, which removed the need for the overfall weir.

Milling
The river has been used to power mills since at least 1086, when the Domesday Book recorded three mills in the village. There were three mills in the late 1800s, all of which were marked as corn mills on the 1888 map. Cliffe's or West Street Mill was on the stream that ran around the northern edge of the castle site, was at times used for grinding bark for use in the tanning industry. It was demolished in 1910. Baldock's Mill was located where the streams left the castle site, on the western side of South Street, while Notley's Mill was a flour mill, and was located on the west side of Victoria Place, close to Eastgate. It survived until 1973.

Baldocks Mill still exists, and has been repurposed as a heritage centre. The present building was constructed in 1800, and the mill was operated for two three-hour periods each day. This was subsequently increased, by digging a new channel, and was later supplemented by a gas engine. The mill had two water wheels, one make of timber which was 15 ft in diameter by 3 ft wide, and a second metal wheel which was 5 ft by 12 in. The mill produced animal feed from corn and maize, and was used commercially in 1920, when the miller was Mr Baldock. The building was grade II listed in 1973, and initial restoration work was carried out by pupils from Bourne Secondary School, the Robert Manning Technology College (now known as Bourne Academy). It is owned by Bourne United Charities, but has been leased to the Civic Society since 1983, who have gradually turned it into a heritage centre, celebrating the town and the lives of some of its residents. In 2002, the Civic Society decided to restore the wheels. The large wheel could not be rebuilt to its full size, due to modifications made to the building to make it suitable for public use, but the small wheel is operational, and drives a generator, which powers the heating system for the centre.

Water abstraction
A major component of the flow in the Bourne Eau is from the spring at St Peters Pool. Historically this produced some 4.5 e6impgal per day, and was of sufficient purity that it was bottled and sold as mineral water in the late Victorian period. The flow has since reduced, resulting in the river being smaller than it was. Anglian Water have two boreholes near the junction of Abbey Road and Manning Road, which are authorised to abstract up to 25 Mld (megalitres per day), although they normally abstract around 16 Mld. The water is oxygenated, chlorinated to disinfect it, and checked for clarity. It is then pumped into the public supply network, most of it passing along an 18 in pipeline to Spalding Tower. Water for Spalding has been obtained from the aquifer below Bourne since 1894, when the first borehole was drilled to a depth of 134 ft. Boreholes proliferated, and there were about 130 around the town by 1969. Most of these have since been sealed up, and only Anglian Water operates boreholes within the town.

In the late 1960s, engineers began to appreciate that water was being removed from the aquifer at rates which were not sustainable, and several important studies took place to assess the situation. These coincided with a period of low rainfall, which reduced the speed at which the aquifer would recharge. Housing development at Peterborough was expected to require an extra 100 Mld to maintain the public water supply, and it was thought that this could be obtained from the aquifer. However, since the passing of the Water Resources Act 1963, all abstraction had to be licensed, and investigation showed that the aquifer was already being over-abstracted. It was thought that it could supply around 68 Mld, but licences at the time allowed 139 Mld to be abstracted, although only 77 Mld actually were. This imbalance meant that an alternative water supply for Peterborough had to be found, and resulted in the construction of Rutland Water.

These conditions led to a steady lowering of water levels within the aquifer, which were particularly bad in the mid-1970s, when river flows were significantly reduced. Abstraction from the aquifer was reduced, and river flows increased, but the lack of water in the River Glen led to most of the fish dying, and fish populations had still not recovered ten years later. Bourne Eau dried up in 1972, and the curate of the Abbey Church inspired a group of 30 young people to remove all of the rubbish from the muddy river bed. At that time, the existence of a number of wild artesian boreholes was recorded, but attempts to repair one of them proved difficult, and no further action was taken. A wild borehole is one where the discharge of water is no longer under control, and it continually runs to waste. There had been four years of below average rainfall in the late 1980s, resulting in the Bourne Eau drying up again, and the National Rivers Authority undertook a project to seal or repair 30 wild boreholes located to the east of Bourne, between August 1991 and October 1992. Most had been drilled in the later 19th century to supply the isolated farms that were established when the fens were drained. Initially they had been drilled by hand, but later, steam engines were used, with most of them being constructed by J E Noble of Thurlby. The repairs were estimated to retain 7.5 Mld within the aquifer during dry periods, and as much as 18 Mld when conditions were more normal. One obvious benefit of the work was that water again began to flow into St Peters Pool, and Bourne Eau flowed for the first time in several years, although this may have been aided by a very wet winter in 1992.

Land drainage
Once Bourne Eau leaves the town of Bourne, it passes through fenland. Until 1772, land on both sides of the river was treated as one unit, but an act of Parliament obtained in 1772 split the North Fen, to the north of the river, and the South Fen, to the south of the river, into two separate drainage districts. Prior to that, rents had been payable to the Black Sluice Commissioners to fund the work they did on the drainage network. An enclosure act, the Bourn (Lincolnshire) Inclosure Act 1766 (6 Geo. 3. c. 52) was obtained in 1776, covering the North Fen and fenland in the hamlets of Dyke and Cawthorpe. After dealing will the allocation of land for use as cow parture, it included a clause that ensured that the Well Head would be protected, and its water would continue to feed into Bourne Eau. Maintenance of the south bank of the river was proving difficult, because there was a lack of soil within 120 ft of the bank, and this distance had previously been specified as the limits for obtaining material for repairs. The enclosure act extended this to 180 ft.

The North Fen drained by gravity into the South Forty-Foot Drain, but the owners wanted to improve the drainage. They intended to use steam engines to pump the water out of the fen and into the South Forty-Foot Drain, but the Black Sluice Commissioners objected to the proposal, on the basis that it would prevent other fens from draining properly. The disagreement took a long time to resolve, but the Proprietors eventually obtained the Bourne Drainage Act 1841 (4 & 5 Vict. c. cxiii), which transferred the responsibility for the North Fen from the Black Sluice Commissioners to trustees representing the owners of land within the North Fen. Significantly, the act allowed the trustees to build steam pumping engines. The introduction to the act stated that a number of wind-powered engines had been built following the 1776 enclosure act, but all had been removed after their condition deteriorated. In order to prevent the South Forty-Foot Drain from being overwhelmed by the volume of water pumped into it, a gauge was erected, and pumping had to stop when water levels exceeded an agreed height. A second act, the Lincolnshire Fens Drainage Act 1843 (6 & 7 Vict. c. xxxvii), transferred the maintenance of the drainage infrastructure within the North Fen from the Black Sluice Commissioners to the Bourne Fen Trust.

The pumping engine was built at Guthram Gowt. In 1872, some 2000 acre of the North Fen were flooded, when the level in the River Glen rose to 2 ft above any previously known level, and the north bank of Bourne Eau between the lower lock and Tongue End was breached. The Bourne Fen Trust attempted to sue the Black Sluice Commissioners, but the jury found that they had maintained the bank adequately, and therefore dismissed the claim. It was flooded again in 1877 when someone cut through the bank of the River Glen, but despite a reward of £100 being offered, the offender was not discovered. The Guthram Gowt engine was obtained from the Butterley Company and erected in 1845. It was a 30 hp beam engine, driving a scoop wheel which was 15 ft in diameter. The scoop wheel was replaced by a 20 in pump manufactured by Easton and Anderson in 1895, and the engine was replaced by a Tangye gas engine in 1918. It drove the Easton and Anderson pump by a belt drive. A Ruston diesel engine driving a 36 in Gwynnes pump was installed to assist the gas engine in 1933, and both engines were replaced by a 24 in electric pump in 1968.

Drainage of the South Fen was complicated by the fact that it was hemmed in by Bourne Eau and the River Glen, both of which were embanked. The solution adopted by Thomas Lovell, working on behalf of the Adventurers of Deeping Fen in the early 17th century, was to construct a culvert beneath the River Glen. It was to be maintained by John Heathcote, who owned the land. The culvert, subsequently known as Gilbert Heathcote's tunnel, allowed water to drain into the Slacker Dyke, now called the Counter Drain, from where it flowed to Pode Hole. The South Fen was enclosed in 1772, and ceased to pay taxes to the Adventurers by an act of Parliament obtained in 1738. A subsequent act ensured that if the Deeping Fen Trust ever lowered the bed of the Glen, they would first have to lower the culvert. A number of scoop wheels, powered by horses, were used to assist in the drainage of the fen. Under the powers of the Land Drainage Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 133), the South Fen Drainage District was created in 1871. They hired a portable engine to drive a scoop wheel, and bought their own engine in 1872. The scoop wheel was supplemented by a centrifugal pump in 1887.

In 1893, the engine was replaced by a new 10 hp portable engine, and a new scoop wheel was manufactured in 1904. The drainage district became the Bourne South and Thurlby Fen Drainage Board in 1910, increasing its area by 856 acre. In order to manage this larger area, a gas suction engine driving a scoop wheel was built nearer to the tunnel, to replace the previous engine. This worked until 1942, when it broke down. The fen became part of the Deeping Fen Drainage District in 1943, and until a new pumping station was built in 1949, portable pumps were used to maintain the water levels. The new station had two vertical spindle pumps driven by electric motors, and the station was altered in 1973, to lower the pumps. In 1973, the Baston, Langtoft and the Deepings Internal Drainage Board (IDB) as it was by then known, was abolished, together with three other nearby IDBs, and replaced by the Welland and Deepings IDB.

Etymology
Wheeler (1896) gives the name Bourne Old Ea to what is now the Bourne Eau and Bourne Ea or Brunne Ea to that part of the Glen downstream of Kate's Bridge. He then quotes Dugdale, and an act of Queen Elizabeth I:
 * Brunne, River of, Brunne Hee,Burne Alde Ee. In Dugdale the Brunne Ee is describhed in the margin as 'now the Glene'...'Which had its course through the midst of the town of Pincbec.'  The 'Ware' Dyke is described as extending along 'the river of Burne Ee to Godramscote' in a commission of Sewers held at Hempringingham in Queen Elisabeth's time.

The French-seeming spelling Eau is not unique in English river names. It appears to have arisen in the eighteenth century. The older spelling was Ea, from Old English ǣ (ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European *hakʷā- "(moving) water"), see also Aach (toponymy) for more detail. Bourne "stream" is from Old English burne, burna ("spring, fountain").

title: Bourne Eau


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Talk:Bia (mythology)

Untitled
Why do the Ashanti Bia link here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.227.38.85 (talk) 21:05, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bia (mythology)


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Category:Mountains and hills of the Peak District

Articles about mountains, hills and edges of the Peak District in England.


text: Category:Australian models

title: Category:Australian models


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Second Army (Turkey)

The Second Army (2. Ordu) of the Turkish Army has headquarters in Malatya. It protects Anatolia and it patrols the border with Syria, Iraq and Iran. Modern Turkish corps are referred to in TGS literature in Ottoman Turkish (1st) numerals. It is not clear when the change occurred. An arbitrary date of 1945 has been chosen as the point at which to start referring to corps in Ottoman Turkish numerals.

History
The former headquarters of the 2nd Army, which was transferred from Konya to Malatya in 1983, was in Konya.

Order of battle, August 30, 1922
On August 30, 1922, the Second Army was organized as follows:

Second Army HG (Commander: Yakup Şevki Subaşı, Chief of Staff: Hüseyin Hüsnü Emir Erkilet)
 * III Corps (Şükrü Naili Gökberk)
 * 61st Infantry Division (Salih Omurtak)
 * 41st Infantry Division (Alâaddin Koval)
 * 1st Infantry Division (Abdurrahman Nafiz Gürman)
 * VI Corps (Kâzım İnanç)
 * 17th Infantry Division (Nurettin Özsü)
 * 16th Infantry Division (Aşir Atlı)

Order of Battle, 1941
In June 1941, the Second Army was organized as follows:

Second Army HQ (Balıkesir, Commander: Abdurrahman Nafiz Gürman)
 * Dardanelles and Marmara
 * II Corps (Gelibolu)
 * Demirkapı Fortified Area Command
 * I Corps (Çanakkale)
 * Dardanelles Fortified Area Command
 * V Corps (Bursa)
 * Aegean and Mediterranean coasts
 * XII Corps (İzmir)
 * İzmir Fortified Area Command

The 1970s and operation of Cyprus
From August 1970-August 1972 Semih Sancar commanded 2nd Army Command.

The ground forces detailed for the operation were put under the command of the 6th Corps/Second Army. They included the "Cakmak Special Strike Force", a brigade level unit which would conduct the amphibious landing, the Commando brigade, the Parachute brigade, the 39th infantry division, the 28th motorised infantry division and elements of the 5th armoured brigade and the Jandarma. About 6,000 Turkish-Cypriot fighters were stationed inside the Gönyeli enclave.

Order of Battle, 2010
Şükrü Sarıışık commanded 2004-06. From 30 August 2006 - 30 August 2008 General Hasan Iğsız commanded 2nd Army. General Necdet Özel commanded the army in 2008-2010.

Estimated order of battle includes:
 * 6th Corps (Adana)
 * 5th Armored Brigade (Gaziantep) - units despatched to Turkish border August 17, 2012, during Syrian uprising.
 * 39th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (İskenderun)
 * 106th Artillery Regiment (İslahiye)
 * 7th Corps (Diyarbakır)
 * 3rd Tactical Infantry Division (3 üncü Piyade Tümen Komutanlığı) (Yüksekova)
 * 16th Mechanized Brigade (Diyarbakır)
 * 20th Mechanized Brigade (Şanlıurfa) - units despatched to Turkish border August 17, 2012, during Syrian uprising.
 * 70th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Mardin)
 * 172nd Armored Brigade (Silopi)
 * 2nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (Lice)
 * 6th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Akçay)
 * 3rd Commando Brigade (Siirt)
 * 107th Artillery Regiment (Siverek)

Reported order of battle, 2012, during Syrian uprising
The 2nd Army Command, headquartered in Malatya, has the second-highest number of troops after the Istanbul-based 1st Army Command, comprising roughly 100,000 soldiers. It is under the control of the Commander of the Land Forces, and includes these affiliated units:
 * 4th Corps (Ankara)
 * 6th Corps (Adana)
 * 7th Corps (Diyarbakır)
 * 3rd Tactical Infantry Division (Yüksekova)
 * 28th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Mamak)
 * 58th Artillery Brigade (Polatlı)
 * 1st Commando Brigade (Talas)
 * 2nd Commando Brigade (Bolu)
 * 5th Armored Brigade (Gaziantep)
 * 39th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (İskenderun)
 * 106th Artillery Regiment (İslahiye)
 * 34th Border Brigade (Şemdinli)
 * 16th Mechanized Brigade (Diyarbakır)
 * 20th Armored Brigade (Şanlıurfa)
 * 70th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Mardin)
 * 172nd Armored Brigade (Silopi)
 * 2nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (Lice)
 * 6th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Akçay)
 * 3rd Commando Brigade (Siirt)
 * 107th Artillery Regiment (Siverek)

title: Second Army (Turkey)


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Talk:New Belgium Brewing Company

Founder/Co-Founder
Why is Kim Jordan not called a co-founder on this page. Here is an interview with her: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2R0ocs9xbU#t=197

I haven't ever done this and I don't really know what to do to help fix this problem with this page. I also don't know what to do to get the answer to my question, so I will leave my email address here. sharon.clarke@kent.k12.wa.us

98.237.212.118 (talk) 20:30, 31 December 2015 (UTC)Sharon Clarke

External links modified
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New Belgium no longer employee-owned.
Sold on 19 Nov: New Belgium Brewing on Tuesday announced that after nearly 30 years in the craft beer business, the employee-owned company is selling to Australian-based Lion Little World Beverages, a subsidiary of Japanese company Kirin Holdings Company Limited. Provided the employees vote to sell the sale will go through.

https://www.denverpost.com/2019/11/19/new-belgium-brewing-sale-kirin/?fbclid=IwAR3NafdWOWL-PBD_Q4CLuEPE8XhZIYCvU0XAIA2u3aSxjNqxhBEesKptqZY — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eonny (talk • contribs) 20:08, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

Promotional content note added
This article relies heavily on unsourced material and other content is sourced from the company’s own website. Please use reliable secondary sources and remove promotional tone. VikingB (talk) 02:35, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Frac’ing controversy
There should be a section on the company and its controversial stance on hydrologic fracturing or Frac’ing.

https://www.denverpost.com/2013/04/18/new-belgiums-line-on-fracking-is-too-tough-to-swallow/ 209.212.37.45 (talk) 23:28, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Belgium Brewing Company


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User talk:Yggdrasilsroot

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

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For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 14:54, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Disputed non-free use rationale for Image:2002 USPS ogden nash.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:2002 USPS ogden nash.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this image on Wikipedia may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the image description page and add or clarify the reason why the image qualifies under this policy. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Non-free use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a non-free use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for images used under the non-free content policy require both a copyright tag and a non-free use rationale.

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title: User talk:Yggdrasilsroot


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Talk:Ironseed

Copyedit
 Iron Seed

I removed the custom infobox the article was using, seen at right, and replaced it with the standard infobox template from the project. A lot of entries I didn't know how to fill in, such as input and requirements. SO, please fill them in if you know about this game. Also, the description text was a verbatim copy from the MobyGames entry, so I modified/improved/NPOV'ed it. The article is still a little POV, but not as glaringly as it was.

The reason I included the old non-standard infobox here is that it contains some information (such as influences) that are not included in the standard infobox, but aren't mentioned in the article either. Since I've never played this game, I don't know how to work that info into the article. If someone knows how, please add it. Thanks. — Frecklefoot | Talk 14:55, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

I did play the demo very extensively back in the good ole days... It is primarily space combat/exploration, with lots of opportunity to upgrade your ship in different ways... and a plot :) The webpage linked from the main article (www.ironseed.com) does not seem related to an Ironseed2 project - is that link out of date or what? -- Eggsome.

"Alternatively, DOSBox, a program found at http://dosbox.sourceforge.net, will run Iron Seed without crashes, although performance seems to vary depending on which version of DOSBox is being used.:-To be precise, it runs flawlessly under DOSBox 0.65 but experiences significant sound and graphical glitching under 0.72. Installing the latest patch did not remove these problems but did reduce them to minor issues. My life is not empty enough to try the thing out with a more comprehensive range of DOS emulators. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.199.144.121 (talk) 07:09, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

This article isn't written from a very neutral POV. 81.232.158.175 20:49, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ironseed1.gif
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Fair use rationale for Image:Ironseed1.gif
Image:Ironseed1.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 16:30, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality
"among the richest space exploration games and rivals the legends of this genre"? Who says? This article needs to be revised according to the principles of WP:NPOV. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 14:10, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Official Iron Seed Site
Making a note of the fact that the official Iron Seed Site has gone blank. I don't know when this happened, nor do I know if this is temporary or permanent. --MvGulik (talk) 01:05, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

Screenshots
As with release 1.30 the graphical assets were released under GPL, finally unrestricted Screenshots additions (wikimedia commons, high resolution) into wikipedia are possible. Feel free to add. cheers Shaddim (talk) 08:26, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Ironseed


text:
User talk:4pack

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 14:55, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:4pack


text: Category:545 BC deaths

title: Category:545 BC deaths


text:
Category:Tourist attractions in Nottinghamshire

Tourist attractions in Nottinghamshire, places of interest that tourists visit, typically for their inherent or an exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure and amusement.


text:
Heirloom

In popular usage, an heirloom is something that has been passed down for generations through family members. Examples are a family bible, antiques, weapons or jewellery.

The term originated with the historical principle of an heirloom in English law, a chattel which by immemorial usage was regarded as annexed by inheritance to a family estate. Loom originally meant a tool. Such genuine heirlooms were almost unknown by the beginning of the twentieth century.

English legal history
In the English legal system, any owner of a genuine heirloom could dispose of it during his lifetime, but he could not bequeath it by will away from the estate. If the owner died intestate, it went to his heir-at-law, and if he devised the estate it went to the devisee. The word subsequently acquired a secondary meaning, applied to furniture, pictures, etc., vested in trustees to hold on trust for the person for the time being entitled to the possession of a settled house. Such things were more properly called settled chattels. As of 1 January 1997, no further settled land can be created and the remaining pre-existing settlements have a declining importance in English law.

A heirloom in the strict sense was made by family custom, not by settlement. A settled chattel could be sold under the direction of the court, and the money arising under such sale is capital money. The court would only sanction such a sale, if it could be shown that it was to the benefit of all parties concerned and if the article proposed to be sold was of unique or historical character. The court had regard to the intention of the settlor and the wishes of the remainder men.

Southeast Asia
Pusaka is a Sanskrit word meaning heirloom. Within Javanese Kejawen culture and other Austronesian cultures affected by it, known as the Malays, but most specifically the inhabitants of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia (Minangs), Balinese, Bataks, Bugis, Manado, Minang, Moro, Pampangan, Tagalog and many others, pusaka specifically refers to family heirlooms inherited from ancestors, which must be treasured and protected. These pusaka may have individual names, honorific titles and may have supernatural attributes and qualities. The possessor of the pusaka may be positively or negatively affected by the pusaka, depending on the will or spirit of the item.

The Javanese warrior-king Pangeran Sambernyawa's keris was a pusaka so powerful that merely pointing at the distant Chinese, Dutch or other enemies, it would snatch their souls and leave them dead on the battlefield. Allegedly, former Indonesian President Suharto held possession of this powerful pusaka and had Indonesia scoured for the many pusaka lost to time, including, according to rumours, the mask of Gadjah Mada, several tombak (pikes and lances) and many keris, to affirm his legitimacy as a modern pseudo-king.

In literature
The plot of the Anthony Trollope novel The Eustace Diamonds hinges on the heirloomic status (or not) of a diamond necklace.

title: Heirloom


text: Category:526 BC deaths

title: Category:526 BC deaths


text:
User:Raidentherv

Introduction
HI! My user name is Raidentherv and I'm from Singapore, the global city of Southeast Asia.

您好！我的用户名是Raidentherv. 本人来自岛國新加坡[]，東南亞地區的大都市.

こにちわ皆さん！僕我の用户名前Raidenthervです．僕我はシンガポール[]から来るです．

Interests
Well, lots of stuff in Wikipedia interest me, here's some of them

 * Japan ~大日本国万歳！~
 * Japanese Language ~日本語本とにすごいね！~
 * Japanese Culture
 * Anime ~アニメ...僕我好きです．~
 * Pokémon
 * Digimon
 * Cosmic Era: Gundam SEED metaseries ~キラ．ヤマト，フリ一ダム，行きます！～
 * Countries ~coz I love travelling!~
 * China ~中華民國我愛你!~
 * Model cars

title: User:Raidentherv


text:
Polegate railway station

Polegate railway station serves Polegate in East Sussex, England. It is on the East Coastway Line, 61 mi from London Bridge, and train services are provided by Southern.

First station
The first station opened on 27 June 1846 when the London and Brighton Railway built a line from Brighton to Hastings via Lewes. The station was built at Polegate to serve the nearby towns of Hailsham and South Bourne, the latter now part of Eastbourne. The first station was on the site of the present station. It then became a junction station on 14 May 1849 when an east facing branch headed northwards to Hailsham was opened and another southwards to Eastbourne, the station had enlarged to three through platforms and a bay platform for Hailsham services. The station then also had a one road engine shed and small freight yard complete with granary and weighing machine.

Second station
In 1881 the second station was opened in connection with the construction of a new westward facing line to Hailsham and the 1880 extension of the Cuckoo Line to Eridge, and the re-aligned branchline to Eastbourne which the present line follows today. The second station had four through platforms. The East Coastway line through Polegate was electrified in 1935 bringing in faster more frequent services. In 1965 the Cuckoo line north of Hailsham was closed followed in 1968 by complete closure of the branch to Hailsham. On 6 January 1969 the spur line to Pevensey (Stone Cross Junction) was closed and the up line was lifted, leaving the down line open for departmental trains until 1974 when the line became a mile long engineers siding with access only from Stone Cross Junction, this was then lifted in August 1984. and once extensive goods sidings were gradually closed and removed.

The station closed in 1986 when a newer station opened 440 yards west, although caused controversy when the subway under the station connecting the platforms was also closed as it offered a short cut for non rail travellers to cross from one side of the town to the other without walking towards the high street and using the level crossing. The level crossing is the only means from crossing from one side of the town to the other. The street level building was demolished in May 2017.

Present station
The current building is the third station to be built in Polegate and is on the site of the original station. It was completed in 1986 by Network SouthEast, and officially opened by Ian Gow in 1987. The station has a booking hall, and three waiting rooms. A footbridge connects both platforms although step-free access is available by the Level Crossing. The site of the goods yard is now developed with a shopping precinct and car park to the north of the station and a housing estate to the south-east of the station.

The closed lines to Hailsham and Pevensey are still evident. The trackbed of the branch to Heathfield is now a cycle path – Cuckoo Trail – beginning at the north end of the town. The trackbed to Pevensey is mostly intact with the A22 road cutting through the route.

Signal boxes
In its heyday, Polegate had three signal boxes, Polegate 'A' or West, Polegate 'B' or East and Polegate Crossing. Polegate 'A' signal box was situated at the western end of the station and controlled the junction for the Cuckoo Line to Hailsham and Eridge and the goods yard. Polegate 'B' signal box, situated at the eastern end of the station controlled the junction for Eastbourne and Hastings based services. Polegate Crossing which controlled the level crossing was abolished in February 2015. The Polegate Crossing signal box was subsequently demolished overnight between 14 and 18 November 2016.

Services
All services at Polegate are operated by Southern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Victoria via Gatwick Airport
 * 2 tph to Brighton
 * 4 tph to Eastbourne, with two continuing to Ore

Until 2018, the station was served by hourly services through to Ashford International. These services were discontinued as part of the May 2018 timetable changes due to long journey times and insufficient rolling stock (the line to Ashford was served at the time by 2-car DMUs) which caused overcrowding particularly on the section between Brighton and Eastbourne. Since then, services to and from Ashford have only run as far as Eastbourne.

Station facilities

 * Booking Office
 * Three waiting rooms, one on Eastbourne platform and two on the Lewes platform
 * Automated Ticket Gates on both platforms
 * Automated announcements
 * Two ticket issuing machines for selling tickets and collecting pre-paid tickets.

title: Polegate railway station


text:
Angus (UK Parliament constituency)

Angus was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (at Westminster). It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post voting system. It is currently represented by Dave Doogan of the Scottish National Party who has been the MP since 2019.

It was created for the 1997 general election, largely replacing East Angus. As a result of boundary changes for the 2005 general election, the boundaries became quite different from those of the Angus Scottish Parliament constituency, which was created in 1999 and abolished in 2011.

The constituency is dominated by farmland, and includes the towns of Arbroath, Montrose, Brechin and Forfar.

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat will be subject to boundary changes which will entail expansion into northern parts of the Perth and Kinross council, partly offset by the loss of Arbroath and surrounding areas. As a consequence, it will be renamed Angus and Perthshire Glens, to be first contested at the 2024 general election.

Boundaries
1997–2005: The Angus District electoral divisions of Arbroath Central, Arbroath East, Arbroath North and Central Angus, Carnoustie East and Arbroath West, Carnoustie West, Montrose North, and Montrose South; and the City of Dundee District electoral divisions of Monifieth and Sidlaw.

2005–present: The Angus Council wards of Arbirlot and Hospitalfield, Arbroath North, Brechin North Esk, Brechin South Esk, Brechin West, Brothock, Cliffburn, Forfar Central, Forfar East, Forfar South, Forfar West, Harbour, Hayshead and Lunan, Keptie, Kirriemuir East, Kirriemuir West, Letham and Friockheim, Montrose Central, Montrose Ferryden, Montrose Hillside, Montrose West, and Westfield and Dean.

The constituency covers the Angus council area, minus an area round the Dundee City council area, which is divided between the Dundee East and Dundee West constituencies.

Major towns in the House of Commons constituency are Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar, Kirriemuir, and Montrose.

title: Angus (UK Parliament constituency)


text:
Talk:Jessamyn West (writer)

Closed deletion listing
An article corresponding to the contents of this article and Jessamyn Charity West was listed for deletion on April 3, 2005. During the course of the discussion the article was split into two. The discussion is now closed and the result was keep both. You can read the discussion, which is no longer live: Votes for deletion/Jessamyn West. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:00, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No article about her novel?
There are articles about the minor movie made from her novel, and even about the theme song from the movie; but none about the prize-winning novel that inspired both and got such critical attention that she gets an article here. -- Orange Mike 13:24, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem
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Requested move 2 March 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. No consensus for move, (non-admin closure) – Ammarpad (talk) 05:47, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

– WP:TWODABS. I honestly don't care which of the two bios goes to the main article but it's senseless to have a disambiguation page with two entries. Move one and leave a hatnote. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 22:13, 2 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Jessamyn West (writer) → Jessamyn West
 * Jessamyn West → (deleted to make way for page move)
 * Note: just a gentle reminder that if this request is granted, must also be deleted.  PI Ellsworth    ed.  put'r there 04:38, 6 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose. TWODABS explains that if there is NOPRIMARY topic, there should be a dab page, even if there are only two entries. And |Jessamyn_West_(writer) page views strongly suggest that there is no primary topic. Also, since the base name is a dab page, this is a malformed request. I'll fix that part.  PI Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 00:14, 3 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose as above. Long-term stats are about the ratio 3:4, but each has several large spikes. 85.238.91.68 (talk) 01:16, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. A disambiguation page for two people is a bad idea: 100% of searchers have to click through the disambiguation page. Pick a primary topic and put a hatnote there. So Move Jessamyn West (writer) over the disambiguation page and delete G14 the redirect Jessamyn West (disambiguation). Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 11:19, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Your support is equally as perplexing as this move request itself. Neither is in accordance with the guideline, WP:TWODABS, which is common practice on Wikipedia and in agreement with community consensus. If you want to change the guideline, then this is not the correct venue; try the talk page of the guideline for that. OR... you can provide evidence that the writer should be considered as the primary topic over the librarian.  PI Ellsworth    ed.  put'r there 13:56, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Hi I'm one of the JWs. It seems that the two of us are more or less equally notable so the policy seems clear. I do agree that it's not great UX to send everyone to a disambiguation page, but that seems like it should point to a shift in policy,not in this particular example. Jessamyn (talk) 02:43, 6 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Jessamyn West (writer)


text: Category:570s BC births

title: Category:570s BC births


text:
Eldership

Eldership may refer to:
 * Elder (administrative title), used in several countries and organizations to indicate a position of authority
 * Eldership (Christianity), the governance of a local congregation by elders
 * Elderships of Lithuania, the smallest Lithuanian administrative divisions
 * Starostwo (Polish for "eldership"), a medieval Polish office granted by the king
 * Starosta okruh (Ukrainian for "eldership"), a part of the territory of the territorial hromadas of Ukraine

title: Eldership


text:
Benjamin Davis Wilson

Benjamin Davis Wilson (December 1, 1811 – March 11, 1878), commonly known as Don Benito Wilson,   was an American-Mexican politician, fur trapper, and ranchero of California. Born in Tennessee, Wilson eventually settled in Alta California when it was part of the Republic of Mexico, and acquired Rancho Jurupa. He became a naturalized Mexican citizen and married into a prominent Californio family.

Following the American Conquest of California, Wilson acquired considerable other property, some from Mexicans struggling to retain their land grants. Having served on the Common Council of Los Angeles, he later was elected to a term as the second Mayor of the city after California was admitted as a state.

Rancho Jurupa
At about the age of 30, Wilson came to California with the Workman-Rowland Party in 1841, which was seeking passage to China.

In 1842, Wilson bought a key portion of Rancho Jurupa from Juan Bandini, a section that was later named Rancho Rubidoux. Encompassing most of present-day Rubidoux, California, as well as a significant portion of downtown Riverside, California, Wilson became the first permanent settler in the Riverside area. In 1844 he married his first wife, Ramona Yorba, whose father Bernardo Yorba, was the prominent Spanish (Mexican) landholder of Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana.

Wilson gained a local reputation and was often asked to assist with Native American affairs. Wilson was appointed as Justice of the Peace of the Inland Territory.

Big Bear Lake
In 1845 Wilson was asked to pursue a group of Native Americans led by a man who had escaped from the San Gabriel Mission. They were stealing numerous horses from local ranchers. The Indians drove the horses, numbering in the thousands, up to the high desert near Lucerne. In his pursuit, Wilson sent 22 men through the Cajon Pass and led another 22 into the depths of the San Bernardino Mountains. According to Trafzer, the resident Serrano people let Wilson pass through their territory in pursuit of the raiders.

Wilson later sent his 22 men in pairs on a bear hunt, gathering 11 pelts. On their return trip to Tancho Jurupa, they gathered another 11 pelts. He named the place Big Bear Lake. The lake today is known as Baldwin Lake, after Elias J. "Lucky" Baldwin. The name Big Bear Lake was assigned to a reservoir built nearby in 1884.

Political activities
In 1850, Wilson was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council. A year later he was elected as the second mayor of Los Angeles after California was admitted to the US as a state. He also served as a Los Angeles County supervisor (1853, 1861–64). He was elected to three terms of the California State Senate.

Rancho San Pascual
In 1854 Wilson established Lake Vineyard, his own ranch and winery near modern-day San Gabriel, California. He had acquired the property from the widow Victoria Reid, an indigenous woman of social standing in Mexican California who had received the rancho in a land grant in her name. He had been appointed by Americans as her conservator after the Mexican Cession. They assumed that an indigenous woman was not competent to manage her affairs.

Wilson next acquired possession of adjoining Rancho San Pascual (present day Pasadena) through a series of complicated land deals, which began with his lending money to the Rancho's owner Manuel Garfias in 1859. In 1863 Wilson and Dr. John Strother Griffin, who had also lent Garfias money, bought the entire rancho property outright. They diverted water from the Arroyo Seco up to the dry mesa via an aqueduct called the "Wilson Ditch." Wilson and Griffin undertook many business deals together in early Los Angeles, including railways, oil exploration, real estate, farming and ranching.

In 1864 Wilson took the first expedition to a high peak of the San Gabriel Mountains, which was later named Mount Wilson. He hoped to harvest timber there for the making of wine vats, but he found the wood inadequate. The Wilson Trail became a popular one or two-day hike to the crest of the San Gabriel Mountains by local residents for years to come.

In 1873, Wilson and Griffin subdivided their land (with Griffin getting almost $2/3$ of the property, but Wilson retaining some better land – east of current Fair Oaks Avenue, near his Lake Vineyard property). Griffin then sold 2,500 acres (10 km$2$) of his property to the "Indiana Colony," represented by Daniel M. Berry. In 1876, after the Colony had sold most of its allotted land and established what became the City of Pasadena, Wilson began subdividing and developing his adjacent landholdings which became the eastern side of the new settlement.

Legacy
He gave several acres of property to his son-in-law James de Barth Shorb which he named San Marino, and developed other parts of the land as Alhambra, where he is enshrined as a statue in Renaissance Plaza. Wilson's first wife died in 1849, after which time he married the widow Margaret Hereford. They had four children, of whom one daughter Ruth married George Smith Patton and had a son who became the World War II General George S. Patton Jr. The Pattons later purchased Lake Vineyard. Wilson died at the ranch in 1878 and was buried in San Gabriel Cemetery. The last of his land holdings in the downtown Pasadena area were bequeathed to Central School on South Fair Oaks Avenue.

Mount Wilson, a metromedia center (television and radio transmission towers) for the greater Los Angeles area, is the most famous monument to Benjamin Wilson. Wilson Avenue in Pasadena and Don Benito School of the Pasadena Unified School District also honor his name.

title: Benjamin Davis Wilson


text:
Talk:Clone Wars (Star Wars)

Requested move 20 April 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. However, it may be worth another RM with WP:DABCONCEPT as the rationale for the move. Number  5  7  12:45, 6 June 2015 (UTC)

Clone Wars (Star Wars) → Clone Wars – Easy WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, surely? Outside of a couple of uses in comics, all uses of this term are related to the Star Wars plotline. --Relisted. George Ho away from home (talk) 20:15, 29 April 2015 (UTC) --BDD (talk) 15:34, 20 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes clear primary topic but, all the same, I don't personally see the problem of referencing Star Wars. My personal choice would be, if anything, to leave the title content but stylise it so it appears at the top of the page as follows:

 * Clone Wars (Star Wars)

 * GregKaye 18:25, 20 April 2015 (UTC)
 * That's not possible, as far as I know. DISPLAYTITLE can change the way a title displays, but "only limited modifications can be made". For example, I'll use it here in the meantime so Star Wars is italicized. --BDD (talk) 18:39, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose I rather think the convoluted variations of "Clone Wars" within the Star Wars franchise shows no particular primary topic. The general topic will more likely want to refer to a particular property rather than the fictional event, there being two TV series and a feature film. -- 65.94.43.89 (talk) 04:28, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Support per nominator's sound and accurate analysis, easily the primary topic. It is the parent article of almost all the other articles listed at the disambiguation page (only exception X-Men 2: Clone Wars which is a partial title match, and clearly secondary in terms of notability). --Cavarrone 10:52, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose based on faulty premise: outside the fan world, "Clone Wars" is probably how most folks know Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(2008_TV_series). This subject has significance in-universe but very little -- and far less than the cartoon -- in the real world. --EEMIV (talk) 03:06, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Support per nom; this is effectively a WP:DABCONCEPT page already. The "convoluted variations of "Clone Wars" within the Star Wars franchise" are still variations of a specific thing within the Star Wars franchise. bd2412  T 00:40, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Support as proposed; DABCONCEPTing is good. Red Slash 17:24, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose While it may be what other topics in the Star Wars universe is named, it is not the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Three articles receive more views anywhere from two to five times more than this article.  Even the 2008 TV series that has significantly more views than any other article, would still not be the primary topic because all of the other article's views add up to about its views.  This is clearly a case where there is not primary topic and the disambiguation article should stay where it is at the base name. Aspects (talk) 03:35, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Clone Wars 9,975 views
 * Clone Wars (Star Wars) 29,543 views
 * Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series) 50,070 views
 * Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series) 162,423 views
 * Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film) 93,689 views
 * Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2002 video game) 9,638 views
 * Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Lightsaber Duels 4,229 views
 * Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Jedi Alliance 3,054 views
 * Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Republic Heroes 11,381 views
 * Clone Wars Adventures 9,585 views
 * Lego Star Wars III: The Clone Wars 18,833 views
 * Star Wars: Clone Wars (comics) 1,497 views
 * Star Wars: The Clone Wars (novel) 1,062 views
 * X-Men 2: Clone Wars 5,098 views Aspects (talk) 03:35, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:CONCEPTDAB. The article should be re-written to include less plot summary and more context on the different media. However, it's clear that the primary topic of "Clone Wars" is the Star Wars Clone Wars.--Cúchullain t/ c 16:03, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:16, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I checked the refs today. Some of the archived URLs aren't working. The two remaining deadlinks are flagged as such in the ref tags. --EEMIV (talk) 01:17, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Pulled one of those two deadlinks out. At least, I think so. There remains just the one. ~Cheers, Ten  Ton  Parasol  01:29, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Saw that; thank you! --EEMIV (talk) 01:35, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

Rewrite
Folks. This article is wretchedly in-universe and missing essential components for an appropriate article at Wikipedia. I'm working on a rewrite draft at User:EEMIV/Clone_Wars_(Star_Wars). Your edits and/or input here or on that draft talk page are welcome, esp. links to third-party sources. --EEMIV (talk) 00:33, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Aha, I've been working on a rewrite myself for a few months (distracted by end of semester things), but I got fed up just now and kind of just dumped whatever I had onto the article. Unfortunately totally unreferenced, because I haven't put that work into it yet, but I condensed the entire in-universe plot stuff (still a little long because I planned to revisit it), added what I had started on a listing of the media it appears in (though I'm unsure that that is necessary, especially where it'll get LENGTHY with Legends), and I'm in the process of putting in what I still had lying in my own userspace. ~Cheers, Ten  Ton  Parasol  00:36, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Cool. I'm gonna pause, then, and maybe this weekend jump into what you've shifted over. I have only the barest of third-party sources, and it looks like your rewrite is much broader. Still, the Chris Taylor book has some nice stuff. Anyway. I agree that the plot stuff remains pretty long, but I think I have a talent for truncating plot and I'm happy to work at it. Tuning out for the evening, but again I'll try to work on it this weekend. --EEMIV (talk) 01:16, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Yeah, third party sources seems a little hard to find, but I'm generally somewhat sure there'd be enough to make the article something more than plot summary. And, really, I would be so glad to have someone look over it. I tend to get bogged down in detail, and I really hope I remembered it right because the whole Sifo-Dyas thing in TCW was so convoluted. I was thinking maybe reviews of TCW would be useful for an analysis section, but it's a daunting task to think about looking for that. I don't know, maybe I'll so searching through articles for major plot points and see if that's useful.
 * , hello! I'm glad you're interested in the helping out with the article. So, the reason I reverted your undo of my edits is that the article as it was before it a massive in-universe plot summary, essentially. The article was unnecessarily detailed, a play-by-play, and it was dedicated more to summary of fictional events (see WP:NOTPLOT) than the real-world grounding. Admittedly, the article after the revisions I made aren't much better, and it still contained a lot more summary than I'd like, but it's more balanced. The former minor skirmishes section is inherently unnecessary by the name alone, and dividing the article based around fictional battles is structuring the article as if it were a real-world series of conflicts, which isn't appropriate. The article would be best served if the plot summary were kept as concise as possible, meaning that extensive detailing of battles be kept to a minimum or not detailed at all. ~Cheers, Ten  Ton  Parasol  02:58, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

 * So there is a policy against an in-universe article? OK, then I'll leave the page as it is. Evancahill (talk) 03:00, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * , you might find WP:WAF, Wikipedia's guidelines for writing about elements of fiction, useful.
 * Parasol -- I've starting coming through for copyedits. One thing that stands out (that I haven't gotten to yet) is the framing language about "canon". Canon is more a consideration for an in-universe perspective; so long as our information is verifiable, it doesn't need that sort of hedging qualification. As the Star Trek wikiproject points out in its MOS, canon status does tend to influence third-party commentary, which in turn tends to influence our coverage here. I hope that makes sense. --EEMIV (talk) 17:44, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I'll admit that I tend to make distinctions about whether or not something is drawing on canon in an attempt to establish a clear boundary for the section, and make clear what it includes (and doesn't). (Also because I'm low-key trying to ward off attempts to sort of mix the pair together without any sort of indication that they're not in the same continuity.) But, at any rate, it doesn't really change much for this article, does it? (Unlike, for example, if one were to rewrite Mandalorians I guess.) Mm. It does make sense. I wonder if it'd be worthwhile to bring up at the WikiProject? Or, if it's even been brought up. It would seem like a nice thing to discuss and established somewhere there. ~Cheers, Ten  Ton  Parasol  18:34, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it'd be worth bringing up. I've often thought of doing it, and then I start thinking about updating the MOS as a whole, and then I get distracted by something. It'll probably happen again in about five seconds. --EEMIV (talk) 19:04, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Outdenting a bit ... TenTonP, I took a big machette to the rewrite (NB the section below re. tables, although that's only a smidge). I'm interested in your input. Batteries about to die and I'm hungry, so I'm done editing for a while. --EEMIV (talk) 19:05, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

Tables
I don't think the two tables of films, books, etc. are helpful. The first expands on some plot detail, but it gets into the weeds as it progresses. The prequel summaries in the lede and preceding paragraph are a sufficient summary of the conflict, and bluelinks handy to the notable works for folks interested in learning more. Aesthetically, the table is also a hindrance to easy reading; nitpickily, the column with BBY dates is too inside baseball to be appropriate for a general audience. The second table I worry invites expansion into an exhaustive list of Clone Wars references and appearances, and that becomes indiscriminate. It likewise also interferes with reading. And between the two of them, as I mentioned in the section above, schisms between "canon"ness aren't a primary concern for Wikipedia; really, these two tables would most appropriately be a single item if we were to retain them.

All that said: if there is a need for such a large-ish table, there's a solution at e.g. Spacecraft in Star Trek about halfway down we could adapt. --EEMIV (talk) 17:53, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I wasn't sure with the BBY dates, considering, and I'm not attached to them whatsoever. They're hell to verify anyway because, in my experience, a lot of it is deduction. And, this morning actually, I was thinking about how the summaries are kind of unnecessary, really, so that would cut the table down. As for the canon/Legends split, I was emulating List of Star Wars planets and moons and just kind of went to split them because that's how the works are typically categorized in my experience (in addition to why I do it in the previous section). I did note in an edit summary somewhere that I wasn't sure if the tables were wise. I did think it worth having a list of works set during the Clone Wars, perhaps at this point explicitly about the conflict rather than simply set during it, (definitely excluding anything that simply mentions it as, like, an event in the past). Meh, I'm not making much sense here. The tables are extremely unwieldy, but I was hesitant to nix them and didn't know how to fix them to be workable. (and I just sort of dumped everything on the page.) ~Cheers, Ten  Ton  Parasol  18:34, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

Summary removal
I agree with 's removal of this content at the beginning of the Depiction section, and I don't think it had anything to do with an in-universe tone. Some of the plot points can be integrated into the sub-sections, but more broadly it delves too much into individual plot threads/details for a general overview of the subject. --EEMIV (talk) 00:35, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

 * I've removed the lengthier, similarly-themed "narrative summary". It is excessive in-universe plot summary that far exceeds the scope for a general-audience understanding of the subject; the "summary" contents are more apt for in-universe projects like Wookieepedia. --EEMIV (talk) 03:07, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

Shifting some paragraphs and removing one-ish
I've moved the paragraph and blockquote from Lucas up to the development section, since it's from the creator's POV rather than third-party analysis. Likewise, some of the "concept and development" content that is sourced to third-party commentary/speculation is more appropriate in the analysis/allusions section, and I've moved it there.

I removed a paragraph about Palpatine using a false flag. It repeats plot summary from the depiction section, and its citation solely to dialogue in the primary source is inapt for an analysis/allusions section. --EEMIV (talk) 20:13, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

 * My copyediting became a bit more involved than the shifts above. There are a few more morsels regarding concept, development, and response, pls additional tightening of language around the allusions. I removed the tremendous run-on about the American Civil War because it was cited to just one source, and that source didn't make nearly as big a deal about similar word use as the article text suggests. I shifted the assertion earlier in the section and cut it do a much more manageable sentence. That same source was also inaccurately cited to some other claims about jerky documentary-style filming for the Battle of Geonosis, so I removed that claim. I also scoured the old sources, with access dates ~8-10 years ago. We went from five dead links to just two, so that's good. I think I'm fairly well done with the major edits. --EEMIV (talk) 01:15, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Excessive detail
User:Sjones23 earlier today removed ~1.5K additional text about details in the Clone Wars, and I just trimmed or removed an attempt to restore it. I didn't excise quite as much as Sjones23, but I agree with the sentiment that the plot description in this article is pretty much at capacity. Additional plot details are more appropriate at e.g. the Clone Wars TV show article, or possibly even Wookieepedia. We do not need an exhaustive list of every type of activity depicted in the Clone Wars TV show (deaths of protagonists! of antagonists! big battles! little battles! peace negotiations! new weapons!). Similarly, I removed an expansion of three titles in Other Media that include the Clone Wars. That path leads to the dark side of an exhaustive list of every title from all media that include the Clone Wars, which becomes unreadable and unwieldy.

Additionally, we need to remember a focus on a non-fan, general audience. Expressions like "the Outer Rim sieges are in full swing" is cryptically jargony to a general reader. --EEMIV (talk) 03:43, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Clone Wars (Star Wars). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Checked, again. ~Cheers, Ten  Ton  Parasol  15:03, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Great Jedi Purge
I was looking at the article, and it doesn't seem to warrant standing on its own. It's largely in-universe, and it contains barely anything that supports notability. Even if it technically goes on beyond the Clone Wars, it is part of it, as it's the event that marked the end of the Wars. And I think it can be sufficiently covered here. Unrelated to merging, but the article title has long bothered me. "Great Jedi Purge" is very in-universe, especially as it's called that much less than it's called Order 66. At any rate, it should be merged here, not necessarily in its own subsection or even in a way that noticeably expands this article, but in some capacity. ~Cheers, Ten  Ton  Parasol  18:05, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Support -- seems totally reasonable given their in-universe relatedness and out-of-universe plot development roles. --EEMIV (talk) 18:22, 2 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Support -- it seems reasonable to cover the subject here, rather than via an "in-universe" article possibly containing much original research. K.e.coffman (talk) 04:14, 13 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Merged the pages. Mostly, it involved pasting the former resources section into a new further reading section as the rest is all plot and statements that have no sourcing (and that I couldn't find sourcing for). Placed merge template at top of this page. ~Cheers, Ten  Ton  Parasol  23:59, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

Episode IV has no title?
Why is it being called "the first Star Wars film" on this article when it clearly has a name? That constant "consensus" discussion was a 3-1 democratic vote that went on the title of the page but is being plastered across Wikipedia even though that discussion was about a page. WP:COMMONNAME does not support changing the name. It has been known by it's title since 1981. An outdated poster does not count as a "source", not even close.--NadirAli نادر علی (talk) 02:38, 24 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I've laid out my response to this exact issue when you raised it last week at Talk:Star Wars canon and my stance is the same: "As far as this article is concerned, it's following how the nomenclature elsewhere in the project, i.e. the films' article titles, are given. This article will follow that until a new consensus across the project is established. Following what the articles themselves are called is to prevent constant reversions and edit warring over this very issue. [...] As far as this article is concerned, again I state, it is best that it use what the article titles themselves are. To get that changed, that requires another series of move discussions for each of the three original trilogy articles." ~Cheers, Ten  Ton  Parasol  03:01, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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"List of Jedi survivors of Order 66" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect List of Jedi survivors of Order 66 and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. BDD (talk) 22:07, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clone Wars (Star Wars)


text: Category:568 BC deaths

title: Category:568 BC deaths


text:
Michael Ashburner

Michael Ashburner (23 May 1942 – 7 July 2023) was an English biologist and Professor in the Department of Genetics at University of Cambridge. He was also the former joint-head and co-founder of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge.

Education
Born in Brighton, Sussex, England, Ashburner attended High Wycombe Royal Grammar School from 1953 to 1960. He studied at Churchill College, Cambridge, and received his Bachelor of Arts in Natural Sciences Tripos (Genetics) in 1964, his PhD supervised by Alan Henderson from the Department of Genetics in 1968, and was awarded a Doctor of Science in 1978.

Research and career
Most of Ashburner's research was on the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Ashburner's career began in the early period of molecular biology prior to the development of most of the recombinant DNA techniques in use today, such as Northern/Southern/Western blotting. Nevertheless, by observing patterns of "puffing" in polytene chromosomes, he established the existence of a cascade of genetic controls in the post-larval development triggered by ecdysone. The Ashburner model of 1974 became a paradigm for metazoan gene regulation inasmuch as the Jacob-Monod model did for prokaryotes. Ashburner collaborated widely and mentored numerous PhD students and postdoctoral research students during his career.

Ashburner was also a member of the consortium that eventually sequenced and annotated the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Ashburner's recollections of the sequencing of the D. melanogaster genome forms the basis of a book entitled "Won for All: How the Drosophila Genome Was Sequenced". A prolonged effort by his laboratory to characterise the Adh region became invaluable for validating annotation strategies when large-scale genome information became available. Ashburner and his colleagues have received funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), the Medical Research Council (MRC) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for their studies on Drosophila genomics leveraging the D. melanogaster genome and its annotation.

Computational biology
Ashburner was also an early pioneer in the application of computers to biology. His contributions include his active participation in setting up FlyBase and the development of Open Biomedical Ontologies to allow machine-searchable annotation of biological information, particularly the Gene Ontology

and ChEBI. He was instrumental in establishing the EBI, as well as securing its location in the UK, and acted as the first head of the EBI jointly with Graham Cameron.

Open science advocacy
As part of his involvement the sequencing of the D. melanogaster genome, Ashburner played an instrumental role in ensuring that the resulting sequence and annotations would be made publicly available. Additionally, Ashburner made a strong case for the human genome published in Science in 2000 by Celera Genomics to be made freely available,  and spoke out repeatedly against the privatization of genomic resources. Ashburner was also one of the signatories of the first open letter to Science in 2001 calling for a centralized, open repository of the scientific literature, and subsequently became a strong advocate of Open Access publishing, speaking out for this cause in the scientific literature and popular media. He also provided written evidence to the UK Parliament Select Committee on Science and Technology supporting Open Access publishing and served on the initial advisory board of UK PubMed Central, the first global mirror site of the PubMed Central repository of freely available biological literature.

Awards and honours
Ashburner was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993. He received the Gregor Mendel Medal from the Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic in 1998, the first George W. Beadle Award of the Genetics Society of America in 1999, an honorary Doctorate from the University of Crete in 2002, an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Edinburgh in 2003, the Genetics Society Medal of the UK Genetics Society in 2005 and the Franklin Award of the Bioinformatics Organization in 2006. Ashburner was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1990, his certificate of election reads:"'Distinguished for his wide-ranging researches on the cytology, genetics and evolution of Drosophila melanogaster. He was the first to make a comprehensive map of puffs in the salivary gland polytene chromosomes and to define the stage at which each was expressed. He went on to demonstrate the effects of various stimuli, especially heat-shock and ecdysone, on puffing at specific loci, and correlated particular puffs with particular gene products. Combining genetic, cytological and molecular methodology, he has investigated in fine detail particular chromosome regions, especially that surrounding the Adh (alcohol dehydrogenase) gene, revealing many novel features of structure and function. He has also made important contributions to the understanding of evolution and speciation within the D.melanogaster group of species. Ashburner has unique standing as a scholar and authority in the whole area of Drosophila research.'"

Ashburner was awarded Member of the Academia Europaea (MAE) in 1989.

Personal life
Ashburner married Francesca Ryan and had one son and two daughters, Rebecca, Geoffrey and Isabel. He died on 7 July 2023, at the age of 81.

title: Michael Ashburner


text:
Portal:Astronomy/Featured

This page is where the articles to be featured on the Astronomy portal are listed. Feel free to make an entry for any article from Featured articles. It also contains an archive of Articles of the Month below.

Usage
The layout used to format these sub-pages is at Portal:Astronomy/Featured/Layout
 * 1) Add a new selected article to the next available subpage.
 * 2) Update   to new total for its   on the main page.

Nominations
Feel free to add any featured or good articles to the list above. You can also nominate other articles relating to Astronomy here.

--

Newest articles at the top.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Featured


text:
Italian submarine Scirè (1938)

Italian submarine Scirè was an Adua-class submarine, built in the 1930s which served during World War II in the Regia Marina. It was named after a northern region of Ethiopia, at the time part of Italian East Africa.

Design and description
The Adua-class submarines were essentially repeats of the preceding Perla-class submarine. They displaced 680 LT surfaced and 844 LT submerged. The submarines were 60.18 m long, had a beam of 6.45 m and a draft of 4.7 m.

For surface running, the boats were powered by two 600 bhp diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged, each propeller was driven by a 400 hp electric motor. They could reach 14 kn on the surface and 7.5 kn underwater. On the surface, the Adua class had a range of 3180 nmi at 10.5 kn, submerged, they had a range of 74 nmi at 4 kn.

The boats were armed with six internal 53.3 cm torpedo tubes, four in the bow and two in the stern. They were also armed with one 100 mm deck gun for combat on the surface. The light anti-aircraft armament consisted of one or two pairs of 13.2 mm machine guns.

Construction and career
Scirè was launched on 6 January 1938 in OTO's shipyard in La Spezia and commissioned on 25 April 1938. At the beginning of the war, she was assigned to 15th Squadron (I Submarine Group) based at La Spezia and was under the command of Adriano Pini. On July 10, 1940, while on patrol in the western Mediterranean, French cargo ship SS Cheik (1058 GRT) was torpedoed and sunk by Scirè 54 nm from the Asmare Light, north of Sardinia.

In the summer of 1940 Scirè underwent a series of modifications allowing her to carry SLC. The size of the tower was reduced, her deck gun was removed, and 3 watertight cylinders were mounted on her deck instead to accommodate maiali. These cylinders, each weighing 2.8 tons, could hold up depths down to 90 meters. On September 24, 1940 Scirè, under command of captain Junio Valerio Borghese, sailed from La Spezia for her first special mission to be performed in Gibraltar. In the evening of September 29, upon reaching the Strait of Gibraltar, Sciré received an order from Supermarina to suspend the mission and return to the base as Force H had left the Mediterranean to operate in the Atlantic.

In 1940 Scire made its first foray into the Bay of Gibraltar with the intent of sabotaging the British ships in Gibraltar Harbour with three manned torpedoes. None of the three were successful with the most daring getting stuck 100 metres from HMS Barham (04). The crew were forced to withdraw and the explosion of the torpedo's only achievement was to tip off the defenders of Gibraltar Harbour. They organised for boats to drop small charges into the water each night that would have proved fatal to any diver in range of the shock wave.

Scirè entered the Bay of Gibraltar again in September 1941 with better results than the previous time. On September 20, 1941, three tankers were attacked and Fiona Shell (2444 GRT, 1892) was sunk whilst other two ships, RFA Denbydale (8154 GRT / 17 000 t) and MS Durham (10893 GRT) were damaged. The Italians decided to create a permanent base in Spain eventually converting a ship called ITALIAN AUXILIARY SHIP Olterra that was moored off Algeciras into a permanent base for naval sabotage.

Scirè accomplished many missions inside enemy waters. Among these, the most important was the raid on Alexandria launched on 3 December 1941. Scirè left La Spezia carrying three manned torpedoes. At the island of Leros in the Aegean Sea, it secretly loaded six crew for them: Luigi Durand de la Penne and Emilio Bianchi (maiale 221), Vincenzo Martellotta and Mario Marino (maiale 222), Antonio Marceglia and Spartaco Schergat (maiale 223). On 19 December, Scirè reached Alexandria in Egypt and its manned torpedoes entered the harbour. They sank the British battleships HMS Valiant (1914) and Queen Elizabeth in shallow water and damaged the tanker Sagona and the destroyer Jervis. All six torpedo-riders were captured and the battleships returned to service after several months of repairs.

During a mission to launch manned torpedoes, on 10 August 1942, Scirè was depth charged by the British naval trawler HMT Islay (T172) in Haifa bay, about 11 km from the harbour. Scirè surfaced briefly before sinking during which time she was also shelled by 300 Coast Battery, Royal Artillery. Islay was captained by Lieutenant Commander John Clements Ross of North Shields, Tyne and Wear who was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions.

The wreck of Scirè, lying at a depth of 32 m, became a popular diving site and Shayetet 13 training location. In 1984 a joint Italian-Israeli Navy ceremony was performed, in which the forward section was removed from the submarine and sent to Italy to become part of a memorial. Italian Navy divers also welded the access hatches shut to prevent divers from entering the wreck.

title: Italian submarine Scirè (1938)


text:
Berwick railway station (East Sussex)

Berwick railway station is located in Berwick, East Sussex, England. Berwick village is located nearby to the south of the A27 road.

The station is on the East Coastway Line, 57 mi from London Bridge, and train services are provided by Southern.

History
The station was opened by the London and Brighton Railway on 27 June 1846, and was extended in 1890. The neighbouring station cottages were built between 1846 and 1892. The English Heritage report describes this station as 'in all one of the most complete wayside country station ensembles.'

Signal box
The Berwick signal box was a Saxby & Farmer Type 5 box, erected in 1879 and retained its original lever frame and semaphore signalling. Following an upgrade by Network Rail, the box was closed in February 2015, with the area now controlled from Sussex Regional Operations Centre at Three Bridges.

Services

All services at Berwick are operated by Southern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to Brighton via Lewes
 * 1 tph to Eastbourne

Additional services between Brighton, Hastings and Ore call at the station during the peak hours, as well as some morning services to London Victoria and some evening services to Eastbourne.

title: Berwick railway station (East Sussex)


text: Category:556 BC deaths

title: Category:556 BC deaths