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Syndrome of subjective doubles

The syndrome of subjective doubles is a rare delusional misidentification syndrome in which a person experiences the delusion that they have a double or Doppelgänger with the same appearance, but usually with different character traits, that is leading a life of its own. The syndrome is also called the syndrome of doubles of the self, delusion of subjective doubles, or simply subjective doubles. Sometimes, the patient is under the impression that there is more than one double. A double may be projected onto any person, from a stranger to a family member.

This syndrome is often diagnosed during or after the onset of another mental disorder, such as schizophrenia or other disorders involving psychotic hallucinations. There is no widely accepted method of treatment, as most patients require individualized therapy. The prevalence of this disease is relatively low, as few cases have been reported since the disease was defined in 1978 by George Nikolaos Christodoulou (b.1935), a Greek-American Psychiatrist. However, subjective doubles is not clearly defined in literature, and therefore may be under-reported.

Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of the syndrome of subjective doubles are not clearly defined in medical literature; however, there are some defining features of the delusion: Similarities to other disorders are often noted in literature. Prosopagnosia, or the inability to recognize faces, may be related to this disorder due to the similarity of symptoms. Subjective doubles syndrome is also similar to delusional autoscopy, also known as an out-of-body experience, and therefore is occasionally referred to as an autoscopic type delusion. However, subjective doubles delusion differs from an autoscopic delusion: autoscopy often occurs during times of extreme stress, and can usually be treated by relieving the said stressor.
 * The existence of the delusion, by definition, is not a widely accepted cultural belief.
 * The patient insists that the double they see is real even when presented with contradictory evidence.
 * Paranoia and/or spatial visualization ability impairments are present.

The syndrome of subjective doubles is usually accompanied by another mental disorder or organic brain syndrome, and may appear during or after the onset of the other disorder. Often, co-occurrence of subjective doubles with other types of delusional misidentification syndromes, especially Capgras syndrome, also occurs.

Several variations of the syndrome have been reported in literature:
 * The doubles may appear at different ages of oneself.
 * Some patients describe their double as both a physically and psychologically identical copy, rather than a purely physical copy. This is also known as clonal pluralization of the self, another type of delusional misidentification syndrome that may or may not be the same type of disorder (see, below). In this case, depersonalization may be a symptom.
 * Reverse subjective doubles occurs when the patient believes his/her own self (either physical or mental) is being transformed into another person. (see the case of Mr. A in )

Presentation
The following case describes a patient who was diagnosed with psychotic depression, bipolar disorder, and the syndrome of subjective doubles:

Taken from Kamanitz et al., 1989: "'Mrs. B. is a 50-year-old white married homemaker and the mother of five children with three previous psychiatric hospitalizations for depression and bipolar illness. [...] She firmly believed that another Mrs. B. existed who had replaced herself in her husband's affections. [...] Mrs. B. was convinced that the 'grooves in her fingers were smoother,' and that the double had taken her fingerprints. She was so concerned about the existence of another Mrs. B. that she required the constant presence of her driver's license to reassure herself that she was the real Mrs. B. In addition to her delusional belief, Mrs. B. reported that she had actually seen the other Mrs. B. She believed that the other Mrs. B. was also a patient in the unit who looked exactly like her facially but was heavier in the body. (Another, younger, patient, who was pregnant, was actually the person upon whom this illusion was superimposed.)'"

The following case describes a patient who has been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder along with multiple delusional misidentification syndromes (subjective doubles, Capgras delusion, intermetamorphosis):

Taken from Silva et al., 1994: "'Mr. B believed that five physical copies of himself existed. Each copy had a different mind than his own. On one occasion, he thought himself to have been Jesus Christ, but denied having undergone any bodily changes. Mr. B stated that five replicas of the city in which he lived existed as well as the existence of five different planet earths. He, however, acknowledged having lived on only one of these earths. Mr. B had a history of several arrests for attacking police officers, whom he believed were impostor replicas of real police officers.'"

The following case describes a patient who has been diagnosed with chronic paranoid schizophrenia and reverse subjective doubles:

Taken from Vasavada and Masand, 1992: "'Mr. A, a 40-year-old divorced white male, was hospitalized for his complaint that his identity had been changed in the last six years. He stated that he was not Mr. A but Mr. B and preferred to be called by that name. [...] When asked to describe Mr. B, he replied that the only thing he remembered was that Mr. B was an orphan and had made his fortune by working hard. He denied that Mr. B had any family members. He would get angry when addressed as Mr. A and would insist on being called Mr. B. [...] In the above case our patient believed that he had been changed both physically (face, fingerprints, etc.) and psychologically (he could recount details of his life as Mr. A but few as Mr. B).'"

Causes
Subjective doubles is commonly comorbid with other psychiatric illnesses, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. The cause of the disorder is difficult to ascertain not only because of its rarity, but also due to the simultaneous presence of other disorders. While the physiological cause of the syndrome of subjective doubles has not been found, many hypotheses exist.

Some researchers believe that the syndrome of subjective doubles appears as a symptom of another disorder instead of a disorder of its own. (see, below)

The syndrome of subjective doubles may also be related to substance dependence.

Another hypothesis states that subjective doubles is result of hyper-identification, linked to over-activity in certain areas of the brain, thereby causing the patient to see familiar aspects of the self in strangers.

Some hypothesize that this delusion is a result of facial processing deficiencies, as it has seemingly similar symptoms of prosopagnosia; however, recognition of most faces is impaired in this delusion. Facial processing deficiencies also do not account for the occasion in which multiple doubles are reported.

Another hypothesis is that a "disconnection" between the right and left hemispheres may cause the delusional symptoms. This hypothesis relies heavily on the theory of lateralization of brain function, or left brain vs. right brain theory. In this hypothesis, the inability of the right hemisphere to "check" the left hemisphere causes the individual to succumb to delusions of self-awareness created by the left hemisphere.

Brain damage
One hypothesis is that brain dysfunction (either due to physical damage or damage from an organic disorder) in the right hemisphere, temporal lobe, and/or bi-frontal lobes causes the delusion of subjective doubles. Physical damage resulting in the subjective doubles delusion often includes, but is not limited to, brain lesions or traumatic brain injury. Suspected organic causes of brain damage that may lead to subjective doubles include disorders such as epilepsy.

Because other mental illnesses are commonly co-morbid with subjective doubles syndrome, it is unknown whether these types of brain injuries are linked to the delusion or the additional mental illness. For example, right hemisphere brain damage is associated with schizophrenia, which is commonly reported with the delusion of subjective doubles.

Treatment
A widely accepted treatment for the syndrome of subjective doubles has not been developed. Treatment methods for this disease sometimes include the prescription of antipsychotic drugs, however, the type of drug prescribed depends on the presence of other mental disorders. Antipsychotic drugs (also known as neuroleptics) such as risperidone, pimozide, or haloperidol may be prescribed to treat the underlying psychiatric illness.

In addition to drug therapy, interpersonal counseling has also been suggested as a method to ease relations between the patient and his/her suspected doubles. However, the relationship between the patient and his/her double is not always negative.

Prognosis
Recovery from this syndrome is situational, as some drug therapies have been effective in some individuals but not others. Patients may live in a variety of settings, including psychiatric hospitals, depending on the success of treatment. With successful treatment, an individual may live at home. In many of the reported cases, remission of symptoms occurred during the follow-up period.

This disorder can be dangerous to the patient and others, as a patient may interrogate or attack a person they believe to be a double. Inappropriate behavior such as stalking and physical or psychological abuse has been documented in some case studies. Consequently, many individuals with this disorder are arrested for the resulting misconduct (see the case of Mr. B in ).

History
This disorder was first defined in 1978 by Greek psychiatrist George N. Christodoulou, M.D., Ph.D., FRCPsych. Although the symptoms of subjective doubles have been described before 1978, the disorder was not given a name until Christodoulou called it the syndrome of subjective doubles in the American Journal of Psychiatry. The article describes an 18-year-old female with hebefreno-paranoid schizophrenia who believed that her next door neighbor had transformed her physical self into the patient's double. The syndrome of subjective doubles and its variants were not given the name delusional misidentification syndromes until 1981.

Doubles of the self have been reported in literature even before the syndrome was named by Christodoulou. The first patient with symptoms of Capgras syndrome, another delusional misidentification syndrome, was reported in 1923 by Joseph Capgras and Jean Reboul-Lachaux. This patient, however, also experienced the delusion of subjective doubles, but the appearance of doubles of the self were not addressed until Christodoulou's article in 1978.

Controversy
Due to the rarity of this disorder and its similarities to other delusional misidentification syndromes, it is debated whether or not it should be classified as a unique disease. Because subjective doubles rarely appear as the only psychological symptom, it has been suggested that this syndrome is a rare presentation of symptoms of another psychological disorder. This syndrome is also not defined in the DSM-IV or ICD-10.

Additionally, some researchers use varying definitions of the syndrome. While most declare that the double is a physical copy that is psychologically independent, some refer to a definition of a double as being both physically and psychologically identical. This is also known as clonal pluralization of the self, another less common delusion that is grouped with the other delusional misidentification syndromes.

title: Syndrome of subjective doubles


text:
Dragan Paskaš

Dragan Paskaš (Драган Паскаш; born 4 April 1951) is a retired Serbian military officer, who served as the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro from 23 December 2004 to 6 October 2005.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dragan Paskaš


text:
Magnetic weapon

A magnetic weapon is one that uses magnetic fields to accelerate or stop projectiles, or to focus charged particle beams. There are many hypothesized magnetic weapons, such as the railgun and coilgun which accelerate a magnetic (in the case of railguns; non-magnetic) mass to a high velocity, or ion cannons and plasma cannons which focus and direct charged particles using magnetic fields.

Railguns use two parallel metal rails connected to a power supply. When a conductive projectile is placed between the rails, the circuit is completed and a magnetic field is created down the rails up to the point of the projectile. This creates a force which pushes the projectile along the track, accelerating it to great speeds until it leaves the rails and the circuit is broken.

Coilguns, on the other hand, have a barrel made up of coils of magnetic material. The projectile is placed between the coils, which have a pulse of electricity passed through them. This pulls the projectile into the centre of the coil. The coils further down the track are then pulsed in sequence at specific times, accelerating the projectile until it leaves the barrel.

Ion cannons are beam weapons that fire beams of ions (particles, i.e. atoms that have been affected in some way as to cause them to gain an electrical charge). Ion cannons are actually particle cannons; only the particles used are ionized. Due to their electrical charges, the fired ions also have the potential to disable electronic devices, vehicles, and anything else that has an electrical or similar power source. The inspiration for this effect arises from the electromagnetic pulse generated by nuclear detonations, which can be devastating to electronic devices.

title: Magnetic weapon


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User:Laudaka/WordPerfect 12 CM bugs

The title of this article is abbreviated for practical reasons, the correct article title should be: WordPerfect 12 Classic Mode bugs

This is a bug list that is both intended to be a first start for Corel to fix the bugs in the Classic Mode of WordPerfect 12 in the next version and intended to be helpful for users of the Classic Mode. It is a synopsis of a part of this wikipedia.org article:WordPerfect 12

''Note: This article/bug list is not finished and I'm even not sure whether it should be in wikipedia.org. Maybe wikibooks.org is a better place. I even considered the possibility of just e-mailing this bug list to Corel, but I think it's a better idea to put this bug list in a wikiwiki so other people can add workarounds to the bugs and/or file more complete bug reports. Of course Corel needs data about the used Windows version and installed Windows Service Packs, and also the installed WordPerfect 12 Service Packs so they're sure they can reproduce the bugs. This information is still missing in this bug list of the Classic Mode. I considered also making a feature request list for the Classic Mode but I think what I wrote in the WordPerfect 12 article and what many other users wrote in the WordPerfect article should be already helpful for Corel. (Of course when you read this the WordPerfect 12 article might already have been edited by other people, and it wouldn't be just written by me anymore.)'' Paulus/laudaka Laudaka's talk page 13:26, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)''

''Note: Some notes are for a friend of mine that has a much better command of English and is better in debugging than me. Those notes are clearly marked with "For Eveline".''

Some notes about this bug list
Used abreviations in this bug list:
 * WP 5.1: WordPerfect 5.1 DOS (so not the much less used 5.1 Windows version)
 * WP 12: WordPerfect 12 Windows

And we need to say something about how we write about function keys in this bug list. We've chosen to give the function keys names ourself, those are often a compromise between their WP 5.1 name and their function in WP 12. ''Those names should be changed to the official names in WordPerfect 12. I can't do this because I don't have access to a computer with WordPerfect 12 any more. Not using any key stroke names makes this bug list harder to read for WordPerfect 12 users so that doesn't seem a good idea to me. (user:laudaka)''

F1 Restore faultly works like Undo
Short description: The F1 (Undelete) menu claims the user can Restore deletions (WP 5.1 style) but when the user chooses to do this WP12 faultly performs an Undo (WP 12 style).

Reproducing this bug: key stroke F1 (Undelete), option 1 Restore

Long description: This is the menu the user gets when pressing F1 (Undelete): Undelete: 1 Restore 2 Previous Deletion This menu is identical to the F1 menu of WP 5.1. But when the user selects 1 Restore WP 12 should Restore the last deletion, and of course it should restore it at the insertion position and NOT where it was originally. (No need to say that a user might choose to restore something at the place where it was deleted in the first place.) But what WP 12 is Undo-ing the last edit action. No need to further explain why this is a bug.

Workaround: Trivial.

Related bugs: F1 Previous Deletion is bugilly Redo

F1 Previous Deletion is bugilly Redo
Short description: The F1 (Undelete) menu claims the user can view Previous Deletions (WP 5.1 style) and if she/he wishes restore them. But when the user attempts do this WP12 unexpectedly performs a Redo (a WP 12 feature not present in WP 5.1).

Reproducing this bug: key stroke F1 (Undelete), option 2 Previous Deletion

Long description: This is the menu the user gets when pressing F1 (Undelete): Undelete: 1 Restore 2 Previous Deletion This menu is identical to the F1 menu of WP 5.1. The bug becomes apparent when the user selects the option 2 Previous Deletion. WP 12 should do something that is never present in software for MS Windows. It should show the previous deletion highlighted/selected, but the user should still be in the menu at the bottom of the window, not in her/his document. (If the user wishes she/he wishes she/he can restore the deletion, or she/he may choose to view the next previous deletion.) Also WP 12 should show the previous deletions at the insertion position, not at the position where they were deleted. So WP 12 should not show any additions to the document or other changes when the user uses Previous Deletion. Shamefully WP 12 does nothing of that kind., it bugilly performs an Undo, which is definitely completely something else than showing the previous deletion.

Workaround: You can use (Classic Mode) Restore to (WP 12) Undo your document up to the point where the deletion you want to restore is selected. Then unfortunately you will have to use the menu bar to select Edit, Copy from the menu bar. Now make sure you (Classic Mode) Previous Deletion to (WP 12) Redo your document completely. Only then select from the menu bar Edit, Paste. If you forget to (WP 12) Redo your text you will lose all the changes you made after the deletion you're trying to retrieve.

Related bugs: F1 Restore faultly works like Undo

Ctrl-F4 incorrect menu with an active selection
Short description: When the user has made a selection and presses Ctrl-F4 (Move) WP 12 reacts in the wrong way. Either it comes up with the Ctrl-F4 Classic Mode menu for no selection active' instead of the Ctrl-F4 Classic Mode menu for selection active, or it comes up with a Close window dialog box.

Reproducing this bug: Make sure you've made a selection. Press Ctrl-F4 (Move).

Long description: When the user has made a selection and presses Ctrl-F4 (Move) WP 12 reacts in the wrong way. WP 12 reacts in two different ways. It seems to be randomily determined what way WP 12 reacts.

The first way WP 12 incorrectly reacts is by coming up with the Ctrl-F4 Classic Mode menu for no selection active' that reads as follows:

For Eveline: Could you find out how this menu looks like? (Eveline will correct this) Move: 1 Move Sentence 2 Move Paragraph 3 Retrieve Block But of course a Classic Mode menu for moving/cutting and copying should appear. Because right now this menu is unfortunately completely lacking in the Classic Mode we'll have to make a guess how it would look like in the Classic Mode based on how the menu looked like in the real thing, WP 5.1. This is how the menu looked like in WP 5.1:

''For Eveline: I'll look up in my Dutch WP 5.1 manual how this menu looked like in Dutch, because none of us ever used the English WP 5.1. This should give us at least the right order of options. Could you find out after that whether I translated the Dutch words correctly? Copying and Cutting Rectangles and Tabular Columns should also be somewhere in the WP 12 menu's. I believe that saves us the trouble of finding someone with a real working copy of WP 5.1'' (I will correct this, and after that Eveline will correct it further if needed.) Move: 1 Move Block 2 Move Tabular Column 3 Move Rectangle

%%%%instead of the Ctrl-F4 Classic Mode menu for selection active, or it comes up with a Close window dialog box.

Workaround:

Related bugs:

This is not the case for Ctrl-F4 (Move) which should give you the possibility to Move or Copy a Block but which either gives the menu that you would get in WP 5.1 when no block was selected, or even more confusing gives you a Close window dialog box. This random behaviour is a serious bug. The workaround is clumsy. Use on the menu bar Edit, Cut or Edit, Copy. You will unfortunately have to do that with the mouse. Retrieving of Blocks works fine. Retrieving of tabular columns and rectangles works fine too, but is rather confusing to use as you will have to use the menu bar to cut or copy them.

Fx Example bug
Short description:

Reproducing this bug:

Long description:

Workaround:

Related bugs:

Key combinations with F4
Alt-F4 (Selection On/Close/Exit) is again a case of something that is not really a bug but that is really clumsy. Pressing Alt-F4 once switches on selection/block, and you can use the arrow keys and other movement keys to select text without having to constantly press Shift like you normally need to do in other Windows programs. But there's nowhere an indicator that says that selection is on, so that is sloppy. And pressing Alt-F4 again has not the effect it should have: selection off. Instead of that it brings up an Exit dialog box. To switch a selection off you need to click anywhere in text, clumsy for users who preferred and didn't need to use the mouse in WP 5.1. For the use of Alt-F4 instead of F7 see F7.

Key combinations with F5
F5 (Open File/List) works as you would expect. It opens the Open File menu dialog. But previewing a file without opening it is not possible, and sometimes that is just what you want, to get a quick impression of a file without leaving the Open File menu.

Shift-F5 (Date/Paragraph) has a bug again. When you choose for Define it works as Date Text.

Ctrl-F5 (Document In/Out) has the option DOS Text, which gives the following option that some users will really like: Retrieve (CR/LF to [SRt] in HZone). This can even be used to reformat a readme.txt file that has been formatted by line breaks which show up as [HRt] in WP 12. By saving the readme.txt as DOS text and retrieving it you can nearly get all the paragraphs right. The HZone is the hyphenation zone, which actually consists of a left and a right zone. When a line break is in the hyphenation zone in a DOS text WP 12 will recognize that it is not the end of a paragraph but just the end of a line. Of course for that the margins and font size have to be set such that the end of the lines that are full of words are within the hyphenation zone. Use a rather large hyphenation zone, and don't forget that you have to use a fixed width font. In WP 12 only Courier New is available for this.

Alt-F5 (Reference) looks fine. It has a lot of the legacy menu's that all bring you finally to the appropriate WP 12 menu.

Key combinations with F6
F6 (Bold) works for switching on and of Bold when no selection is on. When F6 used to make a selection Bold it is not working, it has no effect. Another bug unfortunately.

Shift-F6 (Center) works fine.

Ctrl-F6 (Special Tab) doesn't work that easy as in WP 5.1 but offers the new possibilities of WP 12.

Alt-F6 (Flush Right) works fine and produces a [Hd Flush Right] code that only flushes right one line, which is exactly what it should do. Funny is that it is still possible to make text overlap, but someone has to be really clumsy too do that, so we don't consider this a bug. You don't need to shield your user of every little mistake he could make, especially not if he has the powerful tool of Reveal Codes to correct any silly mistakes.

Key combinations with F7
Very importantly, F7 (Close/Exit) does not work most of the time to close windows. But you can use Alt-F4 (Close/Exit) instead of F7. The fact that F7 doesn't work most of the time is clearly a serious bug. As for allowing the use of Alt-F4 instead of F7 we think this is a good thing. It is definitely not WP 5.1 like but if both F7 and Alt-F4 would have worked it would have been more user friendly for most users than with just F7 working for Close/Exit. Often F7, when it works, and also Alt-F4 invoke a Close document dialog box when closing the last menu, which is clearly another bug.

Shift-F7 (Print) works fine.

Ctrl-F7 (Foot/Endnote) has a lot of legacy menu's and looks fine.

Alt-F7 has a lot of legacy menu's. And for making Tables you even get the WP 5.1 prompts "Number of Columns:" and "Number of Rows:", really legacy WP 5.1 style! Math doesn't work like in WP 5.1 in a table made with tabs. It only works in a table and it evokes the formula bar in that case.

Key combinations with F8
F8 (Underline) works fine for switching on and off underline without selection switched on. When F8 is used to underline a selection it does not work, but turns the selection off. Another bug unfortunately. F8 can of course be used as a workaround key to turn a selection off with the keyboard which is not possible otherwise.

Shift-F8 (Format) is really a delight for the WP 5.1 fan. It is only a shame it doesn't evoke a full screen menu but apart from that the menu structure is the one you know from WP 5.1.

Ctrl-F8 (Font) evokes the WP 12 Font menu. That menu is about as efficient as the WP 5.1 menu's but it is not legacy WP 5.1. Ctrl-F8 has unfortunately also a problem, when it is used when a selection is active. When a selection is active you get Page Setup, and not the Font menu window. This is a serious bug and there is more than one workaround, but they are all clumsy.

Alt-F8 (Styles) evokes the WP 12 Styles menu.

Key combinations with F9
F9 (ENDFIELD) works exactly as it should work and inserts the merge code ENDFIELD.

Shift-F9 (Merge) evokes the WP 12 Merge dialog. This dialog is a little bit clearer than the prompts of WP 5.1.

Ctrl-F9 (Merge/Sort) gives the user the choice between Merge and Sort and brings you to Windows menu. The option Convert Old Merge Codes has been added to make the menu familiar but only brings up a pop-up window saying it is an obsolete command which perfectly makes sense.

Key combinations with F10
F10 (Save As), Shift-F10 (Open File), Ctrl-F10 (Record Macro) and Alt-F10 (Play Macro) all evoke the right WP 12 dialog box.

Key combinations with F11
F11 (Reveal Codes) works fine. Shift-F11, Ctrl-F11 and Alt-F11 should have had no function but give Italics, Large and Very Large. Not WP 5.1 but definitely not a problem.

Key combinations with F12
F12 (Selection/Block) has the same problem as Alt-F4 (Selection/Block). See Alt-F4 for more details.

Shift-F12, Ctrl-F12 and Alt-F12 have no effect just as they shouldn't have.

Key combinations with edit keys
Home doesn't work like it should work. In WP 5.1 it is a "prefix" key to tell WP 5.1 how far you want to move. In WP 12 Classic Mode it just works like in WP 12 WordPerfect mode, the ordinary Workspace. This is really a turnoff. It is possible to get in front of any codes with Home and Ctrl-Home. Just press the key(s) twice. In WP 5.1 you'd have to press Home three times for that. It works, but really is not WP 5.1 style.

End of course doesn't work as it should work either. End brings you to the end of the line like in WP 5.1. But Ctrl-End brings you to the end of the text, and doesn't delete the par of the line right to the cursor.

Del really doesn't work like it should work. When a selection is on Del deletes the whole selection without asking "Delete selection?". But worse is that when you would delete a code and just want to go on deleting text only you have to press reply No to each window asking you whether you want to delete that code. In WP 5.1 pressing Del again would be seen as no by WP 5.1. Much more clever.

Ins works the same as in WP 5.1. PgUp and PgDn are also like in windows. They don't bring you a page up and a page down but a screen up and a screen down.

Other key combinations with Shift, Ctrl and Alt
Shift- makes a selection just like in windows. And pressing an edit key deactivates the selection like in windows. The fact you can use the traditional WP 5.1 way to make a selection and use the windows way might seem an advantage, but it is quite confusing because Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V don't work. The weird thing is that Ctrl-X works normally. It was clearly not well thought of how this works. Together with the bug in Ctrl-F4 (Move) this is really clumsy.

A lot of the Ctrl- combinations have functions assigned to them and some evoke the macro ctrl .wcm. This is again a weird choice Corel has made. In case you want to make a macro you would have to find out what letters are used and what are not. Moreover in WordPerfect 5.1 most Ctrl- combinations where unused by most users (you could use them as merge commands but there were easier ways to insert merge commands). What is really a shame is that Ctrl-V doesn't work for combining to characters in a special one. Only a small group of people will miss Ctrl-X for inserting a wild-card character when searching, that stands for one random character.

Display colors
Yet to be written.

Menu bar
Really weird is that there is no WP 5.1 menu bar. It is not that hard to make a menu bar with the WP 5.1 menus and menu options left and at the top, and to add to the bottom and to the right WP 12 menus and menu options. Of course it is not that hard to make it yourself but it should have been included.

Application Bar
The Application Bar could have been better. We have to admit it is not that important and the bottom line of the screen of WP 5.1, the WP 5.1 Application Bar was not perfect. But the way the Application Bar is in the Classic Mode really misses the style of the WP 5.1 Application Bar. That not the full name and path is in the Application Bar seems a wise decision. But the icon for the shadow cursor should have been written in full, as should have other icons have been written in full, to make the Application Bar less distracting by a lot of funny icons.

Speed
If you compare the speed of WP 12 running on an ordinary computer of today with WP 5.1 running on an ordinary computer of its days they are as fast (for example WP 12 Classic mode on a Pentium 3 computer and WP 5.1 on a Intel 486 computer). But if you've ever run WP 5.1 on even a Pentium 1, you will have discovered it has a blinding speed. The Classic Mode offers a lot of the WP 5.1 interface but nothing has been done to speed up menu windows coming up. If it is run on a Pentium 1 it probably is annoyingly slow and it is no match for the incredible speed of WP 5.1 that was completely programmed in assembler. That is why it is so exceedingly fast, and of course it has also a lot less features slowing it down.

Conclusion about the Classic Mode
The conclusion may still change depending on our findings.

The Classic Mode is not at all a bad compromise between the WP 5.1 user interface and the WP 12 user interface. But a lot could be improved without making the user experience for both the more WP 5.1 oriented users as the WP 12 oriented users any worse. For most die hard WP 5.1 lovers the differences between the Classic Mode and the real WP 5.1 in my opinion are just too great. Even by tweaking a lot of settings other than just switching to Classic Mode the difference between the Classic Mode and WP 5.1 are large. There's clearly room for Corel to improve the Classic Mode, although for a group of users it will be a wonderful working Mode.

title: User:Laudaka/WordPerfect 12 CM bugs


text:
Talk:Rules for the Direction of the Mind

Imho, this article is ill-suited for Wikisource since it is in English rather than in the original French or Latin (don't even know what language it was written in!) Caesarion 12:58, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This article has been kept after this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:46, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Per this source: Descartes already started working on the text in 1620, "worked on and off on it for years until it was finally abandoned for good in 1628". --Proofreader (talk) 11:46, 4 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
H. Jon Benjamin

Harry Jon Benjamin (born May 23, 1966) is an American actor, comedian, writer, producer, and musician. He is known for his voice roles in adult animated series, including Sterling Archer in Archer, Bob Belcher in Bob's Burgers, Ben in Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, Kevin in O'Grady, Satan in Lucy, the Daughter of the Devil, and Coach McGuirk and Jason Penopolis in Home Movies, starring as the voice of Boy in the film Boy Kills World (2023) and the video game Super Dragon Punch Force 3 (2024). Benjamin was named 2014's male comedy performer of the year at Vulture 's TV Awards for his work in Bob's Burgers and Archer. He also appeared in the 2001 satirical comedy film Wet Hot American Summer; its subsequent 2015 television series, Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp; and the final installment of the franchise, the 2017 miniseries Wet Hot American Summer: 10 Years Later.

Early life
Benjamin was born on May 23, 1966, to a Jewish family in Worcester, Massachusetts. His father, Howard, was CEO of an electric company, and his mother, Shirley, was a former ballet dancer who taught dance at a studio. He graduated from Worcester Academy in 1984 and Connecticut College in 1988.

Career
Benjamin's comedy career began in Boston, where he was in a comedy duo with Sam Seder, then a member of Cross Comedy, a comedy team led by David Cross. For the first seven years of his career, Benjamin almost exclusively worked in groups rather than independently. Afterward, his independent work remained more experimental, rejecting traditional styles of stand-up comedy.

Benjamin's live projects include the Midnight Pajama Jam, a show performed in New York City with Jon Glaser and Tinkle, a show combining stand-up comedy and live music, co-hosted by Todd Barry and David Cross. A Midnight Pajama Jam DVD is currently in production. Benjamin and Cross appear together on the album Invite Them Up.

He was the guest on Space Ghost Coast to Coast in its eighty-first episode, "King Dead" on December 17, 1999, where Zorak and Moltar kidnapped him. He has appeared in the television show Cheap Seats, on ESPN Classic, as "Gene Stapleton" and "Rabbi Marc Shalowitz". He co-starred in Todd Barry's short film Borrowing Saffron and portrayed a talking can of vegetables with a shameful habit of autofellatio in the film Wet Hot American Summer. He made short cameos in Not Another Teen Movie as the football trainer and on the FX Network comedy drama Rescue Me as the pimp "F-bomb" in season two. He can be seen in Turbocharge-the Unauthorized Story of the Cars, a comedy biopic about the '80s rock band The Cars, playing the role of Cars' manager Elliot Roberts in his usual deadpan comedic delivery.

Benjamin has done extensive voice work in animated TV shows. His credits include starring roles in several Soup2Nuts cartoon shows, such as Science Court, Home Movies, O'Grady, Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist and Assy McGee. He co-created Freak Show with David Cross. Benjamin starred as the Devil and multiple other roles in Lucy, the Daughter of the Devil, which ran for one season on Adult Swim beginning September 9, 2007. Benjamin plays a recurring character on the PBS Kids series WordGirl and is the announcer for The Sam Seder Show and The Majority Report. He did the voice of "Shelly", Sam Seder's accountant, on Breakroom Live with Maron & Seder.

Benjamin has made guest appearances in several animated shows. He was in the Aqua Teen Hunger Force episodes "Bus of the Undead" and "The Last One" as Mothmonsterman, in "Broodwich" as Mr. Sticks, in "Bible Fruit" as Mortimer Mango and played the live-action role of Master Shake in "Last Last One Forever and Ever", credited as Capt. Turd Mahoy. He made a cameo appearance as a government agent in the film Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters alongside frequent collaborator Jon Glaser. He has appeared in Family Guy as Carl, a movie trivia obsessed convenience store clerk who portrayed Yoda in the Star Wars parody episode "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side".

Other appearances include The Venture Bros., in the episodes "Escape to the House of Mummies Part II", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Kills" and "The Better Man", in which he played Dr. Orpheus's master—who appears in the form of Cerberus, Catherine the Great's horse and, in "The Better Man", both Dr. Orpheus's ex-wife and a future Dean Venture, respectively. He appeared in the Stella short "Bar", which can be found as an easter egg on the Season 1 DVD. Benjamin appeared on the Comedy Central sketch/variety show Important Things with Demetri Martin.

In 2009, Benjamin and David Cross created and wrote for Paid Programming, a live-action pilot for Cartoon Network's late night programing block, Adult Swim. Paid Programming was not picked up for a full series and Benjamin referred to it as an "abject failure".

Benjamin was featured in a Super Bowl XLIII Bud Light commercial with Conan O'Brien and was responsible for the McCain Girls videos on YouTube. He voices Sterling Archer, a secret agent in the FX series Archer that first aired January 14, 2010. He has appeared in several segments of the television show Human Giant and had a cameo in the American Dad! episode "License to Till" as a talking head of cabbage.

Benjamin starred in the Comedy Central series Jon Benjamin Has a Van, which he co-created with comedian Leo Allen. The series debuted on May 14, 2011; a total of 10 episodes aired, the last on August 10, 2011.

Beginning in 2013, Benjamin's voice can be heard as the narrator of a series of TV commercials for Coke Zero, including some with tie-ins to ESPN's College Game Day program.

In 2014, Benjamin was named as the year's best male comedy performer for his work on Bob's Burgers and Archer by the Vulture TV Awards, a digital expansion of New York magazine.

In 2015, despite not knowing how to play any instrument, Benjamin released his first jazz album, Well, I Should Have.... Benjamin "played" piano and was joined by Scott Kreitzer on sax, David Finck on bass, and Jonathan Preitz on drums.

Benjamin wrote a comedic autobiography, Failure is an Option: An Attempted Memoir, which was published by Penguin Random House in May 2018. He also narrated the audiobook.

Benjamin began appearing in commercials for Arby's restaurant chain in 2018 as their new spokesman.

In March 2020, Benjamin was the voice of Saddam Hussein in Blowback, a podcast about the Iraq War created and hosted by Brendan James and Noah Kulwin.

In 2024, Benjamin appears as the voice of a pigeon in the new Progressive Insurance commercials.

Personal life
Benjamin was named "Harry" after his paternal grandfather, but his family has always called him by his middle name "Jon"; in his early years, he was unaware of his actual first name. He has said that the inclusion of his first initial in the credits on Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist was done without his consent by co-star Laura Silverman "just to make fun of me."

Benjamin's longtime partner is set decorator Amy Beth Silver. They have a son and live in Brooklyn.

Benjamin is an amateur ornithologist.

In January 2020, Benjamin endorsed Bernie Sanders for president and narrated a series of videos on Sanders's health care proposals. In September 2020, Benjamin voiced an animated version of himself to promote the launch video for the Gravel Institute's YouTube channel.

title: H. Jon Benjamin


text:
Sutjeska National Park

The Sutjeska National Park (Национални парк Сутјеска, ) is a national park located in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Established in 1962, it is Bosnia and Herzegovina's oldest national park. It includes the country's highest peak of Maglić, at over 2386 m, on the border with Montenegro. The Montenegrin part of Maglić massif in the park has also formed the Trnovačko Jezero (Trnovačko Lake). The Strict Nature Reserve "Perućica", one of the last two remaining primeval forests in Europe, is part of the park. The park is also famous as being the location of the Battle of the Sutjeska in 1943 during World War II. It is an affiliated member of EUROPARC Federation.

History
The park was established in 1962, and is the largest and the earliest declared national park in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its declaration was based more on it being the site of historic battles rather than for conservation.

Perućica forest reserve, located within the national park, was established in 1952, as a "Natural reserve for scientific and educational purposes". Perućica, which is one of the last two remaining primeval forests in Europe, is one of the five Strict Nature Reserves in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The park is also famous as being the location of the Battle of the Sutjeska which lasted from 15 May to 16 June 1943 during World War II, where the Partisan were victorious over the German occupying forces in a battle. In the battle, the Partisans were led by the Supreme Headquarters of Yugoslavia by Marshal Josip Broz Tito who foiled the enemy’s plans. The Partisans were successful in breaking out of the encirclement even though they lost one third of their men. Several large Partisan’s Memorial stone monuments commemorate this event at the northern edge of the park at Tjentište, on the way to primeval Perucica forest reserve.

Geography
The park extends over an area of about 17500 ha. It is bounded on the east by the Pivska planina Mountain (Cyrillic: Пивска планина) (1775 m) and Piva River up to Šćepan polje, and further along the Drina River course up to the confluence of Sutjeska River, on the west by Zelengora mountain (2014 m), connected with Lelija mountain (2032 m) and on the southeast by the Maglić mountain (2386 m), Volujak mountain (2337 m) and Bioč mountain (2388 m). An expansion plan to increase the park's boundary limits to cover an additional area of 8331 ha, including an area of 3500 ha towards the Tara River canyon, is under consideration. With this expansion, the Sutjeska National Park will become the largest protected area not only in the Republic of Srpska but also in the whole country. Sutjeska National Park and the adjoining Durmitor National Park in northwestern Montenegro demonstrate transboundary protected area co-operation in the former Yugoslavia.

The park is accessible throughout most of the year but with some restrictions during part of the winter. It is accessible by road from Sarajevo–110 km and Dubrovnik, Croatia–142 km. The connecting highway is Belgrade-Visegrad-Herceg Novi. Trebinje-Foca road passes along the canyon walls through thick forests leading to the park. The valley opens at the northern edge of the park. Foča city, near the border with Montenegro, is 20 km away from the park and the nearest town is Mratinje. Bosnia and Herzegovina's highest peak, Maglić Mountain, directly on the border with Montenegro, presents a challenging climb for even experienced hikers. Zelengora mountain is popular with hikers and there are several newly renovated mountain huts on the mountain slopes. Tara River is noted for white water rafting.

Perućica
Perućica Forest Reserve, located within the park, is 6 km long, 1 - 3 km wide, and has an area of 1400 ha. It is a UNESCO recognized site. The forest has many trees that are 300 years old, and the primeval forest's vintage is stated to be 20,000 years. In some stretches the forest growth is almost impenetrable.

Skakavac waterfall
Skakavac waterfall is formed on the Perućica, a small river, or more precisely mountain creek, located deep within Perućica primeval forest, which is regulated in form of Strict Nature Reserve as part of the Sutjeska National Park in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is one of the highest waterfalls in the country, about 75 m plus in height, and it is hidden deep within Perućica primeval forest and its massive blanket of green trees of beech and spruce that engulf entire valley.

Perućica primeval forest is situated underneath the highest peak in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Maglić (2386 m) and separated from the Zelengora mountain by the Sutjeska river and it's impressive, deep and rugged canyon.

The Perućica creek cut through the Perućica forest, and down and between two steep Maglić slopes. Somewhere in the middle of its course stream cascade from the upper hanging valley to the lower valley, falling across a large karstic limestone ridge to a precipice 75 meters deep, after which the Perućica creek reaches the confluence with the Sutjeska river at the valley of Tjentište.

Rivers
The Piva and Drina rivers are the largest rivers in the park, and they form its north-western border. The Sutjeska River could be considered the main river basin largely located within the park itself. The Sutjeska divides Zelengora Mountain from Maglić, Volujak and Bioč mountains, and has carved an impressive canyon 3936 ft deep, and Tjentište valley through the middle of the park. Other rivers are all tributaries of the Sutjeska. Left tributaries are Klobučarica Creek, Jabučnica Creek, and Hrčavka River. Right tributaries are Suški Creek (also called Suha River or Creek Sušica), Prijevor Creek, and Perućica Creek.

Lakes
The Zelengora mountain hide in its forests and wide and grassy plateaus, 9 glacial lakes, also known as "Gorske oči" (literally translated in Eng.= "Eyes of the Mountain"). These lakes are: Crno Lake, Bijelo Lake, Orlovačko Lake, Gornje Bare Lake, Donje Bare Lake, Štirinsko Lake, Kotlaničko Lake, Kladopoljsko Lake, and Jugovo Lake (also called Borilovačko Lake).

Climate
The park's climatic condition is a transitory zone. Moderate continental climate dominates from the north while the influence of a southern Mediterranean climate is less pronounced. The typical mountain climate is also largely moderated by the Adriatic Sea.

Flora
The park's vegetation comprises thick forests (66%) mountain pastures, meadows and rocky ground above the forests. In particular, the northwestern hill slopes have thick coniferous and beech trees up to an elevation of 1600 m, while in the other directions, the hill slopes are very steep, barren and rocky. Pastures are found at elevations above 1600 m in the plateaus. Its floral wealth comprises 2,600 species of vascular plants (many of them rare and endemic) and also about 100 species of edible fungi. Perućica forest consists of large beech trees as high as 60 m or more, with girth of about 150 cm, and endemic black pines which stem from the rocky faces that provides protection to the ancient forest in the entire valley. The trees in the Perućica primeval forest have never been logged and some of them are as old as 300 years.

Fauna
The animal population is diverse and considerable. Bear, chamois, boar, wolf, pine marten and mink marten, wild cat, fox, and wild goats have been sighted in the park, particularly in the Perućica forests. The park has more than 300 species of birds in the large areas of lakes (nine lakes on the Zelengora mountain range in the park) and wetlands. Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica), a goat–antelope species (native to Europe and the Carpathian Mountains) management has been done with species available from the park. During 1963–1987, 256 chamois were successfully introduced in 13 other areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia. Some of the bird species reported from the Perućica forests are: golden eagle, grouse, peregrine falcon, blackbird and rock partridge.

Conservation and protection
Sutjeska National Park is an affiliated member of the EUROPARC Federation. Considering the overexploitation of natural resources (including illegal extraction of firewood), the World Bank has supported a major multipurpose management plan for biodiversity conservation, forestry management, cultural heritage conservation, tourism, and socioeconomic development. The projects cover physical improvement of existing Protected Areas, and the establishment of critical new priority areas with funding of US$2.76 million (including US$1.4  million from the Global Environment Facility). The project started in 2006, includes the existing Sutjeska National Park and also the Kozara National Park with a focus on plans of ecosystem development, participatory land-use planning, creation of new infrastructure, and limited small-scale rehabilitation of buildings, considered essential for improving the operation of the existing park. Infrastructural development includes trail improvements and new trail creation, signage repair, resting places, and demarcation of park boundaries. An exclusive training program is also part of the project scope. Since the 1960s, infrastructural development has posed a major difficulty so as to minimize impact upon the environment.

Future transboundary protection
Trnovačko Lake, just outside the park and the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a glacial lake at an elevation of 1500 m, is 700 m long and 400 m wide set amidst a "huge amphitheater of rocky peaks". The lake is drained from the Maglic, the Volujak, and the Bioc hill ranges. The north side of the lake, which is open, has the wooded Vratnice. The lake water is green-blue. The plan is to form another national park within the borders of Montenegro, which should protect rest of the mountain range of Magilć-Volujak-Bioč and Trnovačko Lake. These two parks in neighboring countries should form one large transboundary protected zone.

title: Sutjeska National Park


text:
Samantha Mathis

Samantha Mathis (born May 12, 1970) is an American actress and trade union leader who served as the Vice President, Actors/Performers of SAG-AFTRA from 2015 to 2019. The daughter of actress Bibi Besch, Mathis made her film debut in Pump Up the Volume (1990), and later co-starred or appeared in such films as FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992), Super Mario Bros. (1993), The Thing Called Love (1993), Little Women (1994), The American President (1995), Jack and Sarah (1995), Broken Arrow (1996), American Psycho (2000), The Punisher (2004), and Atlas Shrugged: Part II (2012). She has recently had recurring roles on The Strain as New York City Councilwoman Justine Feraldo, and on Billions as Taylor Mason Capital COO Sara Hammon.

Early life
Mathis was born in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City, the daughter of Donald Mathis and Austrian-born actress Bibi Besch. Her parents divorced when she was two years old, and Mathis was brought up by her mother. She relocated with her mother to Los Angeles, California, at the age of five.

Besch tried to discourage Mathis from pursuing acting, but growing up on locations, in theaters, and in acting classes, Mathis knew she wanted to act. She decided to become an actress at the age of twelve.

Career
Mathis began acting professionally at the age of 16. Her first job was a commercial for "Always Slender Pads – Just for Teens". She co-starred in the television series Aaron's Way and Knightwatch from 1988 to 1989. Her first starring role in a feature film was that of Nora in Pump Up the Volume (1990), opposite Christian Slater, whom she briefly dated at the time. Mathis dyed her natural blonde hair black for the role in an effort to change her image from sweet and innocent to strong-willed.

Mathis appeared in the television films Extreme Close-up, 83 Hours 'til Dawn and To My Daughter in 1990. Mathis and Slater had voice roles in the animated film FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992). She next appeared in the comedy This Is My Life (1992), written and directed by Nora Ephron, playing an insecure teenager. Mathis appeared in the play Fortinbras in New York City in October 1992. Super Mario Bros. (1993), in which she played Princess Daisy from the popular Nintendo video game, was a box-office bomb but gained a cult following since its release.

Mathis co-starred with River Phoenix in The Thing Called Love (1993). She appeared in the 1994 film adaptation of Little Women, and in How to Make an American Quilt (1995), both starring Winona Ryder. She then appeared in The American President (1995), playing the assistant to the President of the United States. Mathis costarred with Christian Slater again, along with John Travolta, in John Woo's Broken Arrow (1996). She took a little over a year off from acting after her mother died in 1996 from breast cancer.

Mathis later appeared in American Psycho (2000), a film adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis's 1991 novel of the same name. She starred in Attraction (2000) and in The Simian Line (2001). She starred in the TNT television miniseries The Mists of Avalon (2001). Mathis starred with Thomas Jane in The Punisher (2004). She had a guest role on the ABC television show Lost as Olivia Goodspeed. She played Jane Fonda's daughter in the Broadway show "33 Variations". Her indie film Lebanon, PA (2010) had its world premiere at the 2010 SXSW Film Festival. She appeared in an off-Broadway production of the play, Love, Loss, and What I Wore, at New York City's Westside Theatre in October 2011.

In 2013, Mathis played psychiatrist Alice Calvert on the CBS television series Under the Dome, based on a novel by Stephen King. In 2014, she joined the cast of the FX horror drama series The Strain as Justine Feraldo, a New York City councilwoman for Staten Island.

In October 2015, Mathis was elected National Vice President, Actors/Performers of SAG-AFTRA. She was re-elected in 2017.

In 2019, she appeared Off-Broadway in the role of Kate Conlee in Make Believe, a new play by Bess Wohl staged at the Second Stage Theater. Michael Greif directed.

Her 2020 musical Whisper House was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Personal life
Mathis met actor River Phoenix on the set of the 1993 film The Thing Called Love. Soon thereafter, she broke up with boyfriend and Super Mario Bros. co-star John Leguizamo and started a relationship with Phoenix. She was with Phoenix on October 31, 1993, the night he died at Cedars-Sinai Hospital of a drug overdose after collapsing outside The Viper Room in West Hollywood, California.

In the autopsy report the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department detailed that Mathis refused several times to give more details surrounding the death of Phoenix and had told deputies at the time of Phoenix's death that she had no knowledge of his drug use. Mathis took a role in the film Jack and Sarah (1995), which was shot in London, to get out of the country after Phoenix's death because of the excessive press coverage.

Mathis spoke for the first time publicly about the death of Phoenix in an interview with The Guardian in 2018. She elaborated on the circumstances surrounding Phoenix's death: "I knew something was wrong that night, something I didn't understand. I didn't see anyone doing drugs but he was high in a way that made me feel uncomfortable...the heroin that killed him didn't happen until he was in the Viper Room. I have my suspicions about what was going on, but I didn't see anything."

Awards and nominations
Mathis was nominated in 1995 for a Young Artist Award, despite being 22 years old at the time of her role, at the Young Artist Awards for Best Young Actress Starring in a Motion Picture for This Is My Life (1992) and in 2005 for a Saturn Award by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films for Best Supporting Actress on Television for Salem's Lot (2004).

title: Samantha Mathis


text:
Feoffee

Under the feudal system in England, a feoffee is a trustee who holds a fief (or "fee"), that is to say an estate in land, for the use of a beneficial owner. The term is more fully stated as a feoffee to uses of the beneficial owner. The use of such trustees developed towards the end of the era of feudalism in the Middle Ages and declined with the formal ending of that social and economic system in 1660. The development of feoffees to uses may have hastened the end of the feudal system, since their operation circumvented vital feudal fiscal mechanisms.

Development
The practice of enfeoffing feoffees with fees, that is to say of granting legal seizin in one's land-holdings ("holdings" as only the king himself "owned" land by his allodial title) to a group of trusted friends or relatives or other allies whilst retaining use of the lands, began to be widespread by about 1375. The purpose of such an action was two-fold:
 * Akin to modern tax avoidance, it was a legal loop-hole to avoid the suffering of the customary feudal incidents, namely the payment of feudal relief on an inheritance, the temporary loss of control of a fiefdom through wardship where the landholder was under the age of majority of 21, and the forcible marriage of a young heiress. Nor could the land-holding escheat, that is to say revert permanently to the overlord, as was customary where the land-holder died without a legal heir. When the fiefdom was held by a group of feoffees, the death of the beneficial holder was legally irrelevant to its continued holding by them. They simply allow the lands to continue to be used by the deceased's heir. The feoffees are "an undying corporation which never suffered a minority and could not be given in marriage" (McFarlane, p. 146). The feudal overlord, the king himself if the land was held in-chief, was not entitled to exact feudal relief from the new beneficiary nor was he entitled to seize control of the lands and their revenues until such heir was of full-age, nor was he entitled to sell the heiress in marriage or to marry her to one of his own sons. This had a considerably deleterious effect on the royal finances, which state of affairs was rectified by the aggressive and imaginative new fiscal measures taken by King Henry VII after his accession in 1485.
 * The land-holder was able effectively to bequeath his land to whomsoever he wished, and was no longer bound by the custom of primogeniture where the eldest son alone had the right, on payment of the appropriate feudal relief, to inherit, that is to demand to be re-enfeoffed with his father's land-holdings by his father's overlord.

The effect was that on a man's death he appeared to hold little or no land, whilst in reality he had full use of it and of the revenues derived from it. If he was thought by the county escheator to have been a tenant-in-chief, a jury for an Inquisition post mortem would be convened to enquire into what manors he held from the king and who was his legal heir. Frequently the verdict of such inquisitions even in the case of the decease of the most influential men of the county, was "he holds no lands of the king in this county". Such reports can be a major source of confusion to the modern historian or biographer who is unaware of the operation of feoffees to uses. As McFarlane summarised "it can make a great landowner (sic) appear to die a landless man".

Procedure for creation
To effect such an arrangement a sealed charter was usually drawn up which specified all relevant matters, such as who the feoffees were to be, to whose use the feoffees were to hold the lands, for what period, who were the desired heirs of the settlor, what provision should be made for his widow, etc. Such charter appears as a conveyance or alienation, and may be mistaken as such by the unwary modern researcher. Likewise, such a charter may be misinterpreted by the modern observer as signifying that those named as recipients of the conveyance are themselves beneficial owners in the form of a commercial partnership, and therefore may be mistaken for wealthy men.

Legal status
Feoffee is a historical term relating to the law of trusts and equity, referring to the owner of a legal title of a property when he is not the equitable owner. Feoffees essentially had their titles stripped by the Statute of Uses 1535, whereby the legal title to the property being held by the feoffee was transferred to their cestui que use. The modern equivalent of a feoffee to uses is the trustee, one who holds a legal and managerial ownership in trust for the enjoyment benefit and use of the beneficiary.

Modern usage
The term is still in use today to mean a trustee invested with a freehold estate held in possession for a purpose, typically a charitable one. Some examples include: the trustees of the Chetham's Hospital charity in Manchester, in the towns of Colyton, Devon and Bungay in Suffolk, and the trustees of the Sponne and Bickerstaffe charity in Towcester, Northamptonshire. The Feoffees of St Michael's Spurriergate are the trustees of a charity that helps with the restoration of churches in York. In Ipswich, Massachusetts, US the Feoffees of the Grammar School have been trustees of a piece of land donated for the use of the town since the 1600s. In the village of Ecclesfield, South Yorkshire, the feoffees contribute to looking after the fabric of the church, Church of St Mary, Ecclesfield and also make other donations for the benefit of the local population but in the past they used to have responsibility for law and order, punishment of the guilty and upkeep of the roads. The Spalding Rectory Feoffees were formed in 1620 to pay the stipend of the Vicar of Spalding, Lincolnshire, which they continue to do.

Other examples are the companies of the Selby Feoffee and Welfare Charity and the Chittlehampton Feoffees.

As of 2021, there are 135 active feoffees registered at the Charity Commission in Britain and four feoffees registered at Companies House.

title: Feoffee


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User:Sugarking

From Anne Arundel County, Maryland and deeply into the political scene, as you can tell.

title: User:Sugarking


text:
Perućica

Perućica (Перућица) is one of the last remaining primeval forests in Europe. It is located in Bosnia and Herzegovina, near the border with Montenegro. It is part of the Sutjeska National Park.

The Perućica Forest Reserve is 6 km long, 1 - 3 km wide, and has an area of 1400 ha. It is a UNESCO recognized site. The forest has many trees that are 300 years old, and the primeval forest's vintage is stated to be 20,000 years. In some stretches the forest growth is almost impenetrable, and the forest can only be explored in the company of rangers.

title: Perućica


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oliver Newth

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 02:09, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oliver Newth
A web designer that gets 7 google hits is not encyclopedic. --nixie 13:04, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NEV - Non-enciclopedic vanity. José San Martin 13:38, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I concur. --Coolcaesar 19:14, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Note that page creator has been modifying this VFD page. FreplySpang (talk) 20:02, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nixie. Vlad M V  ٭ talk 17:40, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Mount Olympus (Cyprus)

Olympus, or Chionistra, (Όλυμπος or Χιονίστρα; Olimpos Tepesi) at 1952 m, is the highest point in Cyprus. It is located in the Troodos Mountains of Cyprus. Mount Olympus peak and the "Troodos Square" fall under the territory of Platres in Limassol District. A British long range radar currently operates at Mount Olympus' peak. It has a highland warm-summer mediterranean climate.

Mount Olympus is formed of ultramafic rock, dominantly serpentinized harzburgite which is part of the Troodos ophiolite.

The Mount Olympus Ski resort consists of the Sun Valley and North Face areas. Each area has its own ski lifts and runs, operated by the Cyprus Ski Club:

In the Sun Valley area there is a 55m rope tow baby lift as well.
 * Aphrodite or Sun Valley I, with a 125m T-bar ski lift and beginner-level slopes
 * Hermes or Sun Valley II, with a 140m T-bar ski lift and intermediate-level slopes
 * Dias/Zeus or North Face I, with a 380m chairlift and advanced-level slopes
 * Hera or North Face II, with a 262m T-bar ski lift and beginner-level slopes

Writing in the late first century BC or first century AD, the geographer Strabo reported that on one of its promontories was a temple to Aphrodite Acraea (Ἀφροδίτης Ἀκραίας) which means Aphrodite of the Heights, which women were forbidden to enter.

title: Mount Olympus (Cyprus)


text:
User:Carina22

I've started dozens of articles about FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 companies.

title: User:Carina22


text:
Talk:Human weight

Untitled
The statistics here, like on the "Human" page are all about U.S. population, which is unlikely equivalent to statistics about the general human population. Does anyone have any idea what the average person (globally) weighs?

Self-Contradictions & Inaccuracies
The opening paragraphs and the bottom table contradict each other. Please fix this. The data is also wrong in the paragraphs unless my Med School textbooks are the incorrect ones. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.36.95.120 (talk) 17:34, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Weight in Britain
I changed the part about the stone being "fairly common" to "common" as I think that is more accurate. Weights are nearly always given in stones here. MyNameIsClare  talk  20:08, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Issues
I removed the explanation of the difference between scientific and other definitions of weight because it's irrelevant to the article. Maybe a disambiguation link at the top would be better. Dave 06:46, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Merging needed?
Content is spread out and partially duplicated among Human weight, Obesity and Body Mass Index, perhaps some merging would be in order. --Frank Lofaro Jr. 18:25, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with you. In particular, there are three paragraphs about BMI that are not terribly accurate, but should really be left to editing in the BMI article itself. I am removing them. Chartreuse green 02:51, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Source
What is the source for the data about average US weights?

Unrealisticly low
Is just me or are these weights in the article unrealisticly low? I mean....99 - 141 lbs is AVERAGE for a MALE teenager?!?! maybe in a 3rd world country. I'm sorry but a 99lb male teenager is just not average..in fact it's anarexic....hell it's not average for a female teenager, let alone a male. even 141 is fairly slender for a male teenager. Teenager refers to ages 13-17 obviously, so maybe 141lbs is average for early teens (13-14) but NOT 15-17. Back when I was a teenager I was around 120-130(early teens) and 135-145(during late teens), and I was always considered to be very skinny by almost everyone. Also i'm not buying 120-140lb being average for an adult woman, although I can understand why one would think so since on surveys women ether lie or under themselves reguarding weight.

 * Agreed - Americans are not representative of the human average - I've an old national geographic that claims the global average is 150 lbs for males and 120 lbs for females, with heights of 5'9" and 5'3" respectively - a believeable quantity. Either way, the article needs a more global perspective - I'll see what I can dig up. WilyD 21:29, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * 88 lbs fr Finnish women on avergae? Can we get a source for that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.165.213.73 (talk) 04:12, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Regarding ages of teenagers. Aren't the teen years technically thirteen through nineteen?

 * Regarding weights of USA male teenagers. When I entered 10th grade in high school at age 15 I was weighed in at the first day of my gym class at 95 pounds, my height was 5'3". During the same day in that gym class I did 20 pull-ups and bench pressed 150 pounds. I was kinda scrawny compared to some of the other kids but not as scrawny as some. I graduated three years later (1976) at age 18 with a weight of 165 pounds and a height of 5'9". I could do 30 pull-ups and bench 225 pounds. Ah to be in that shape again.
 * As I understand it females tend to have a growth spurt in junior-high (grades 7-9) and males tend to have theirs year or two later. I do not think it is unusual or unrealistic at all for weights to change dramatically during the teen years.

 * Regarding weights for Finnish women. 88 pounds does sound incredibly low.--Portknocker 01:49, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Rising at an Alarming Rate
I agree that many news outlets write about the "Obesity Epidemic", and talk about "Alarming Rates", and so on. But it is not encyclopedic to describe it as "alarming", and I think that more neutral words should be used so this remains NPOV. I changed it to "increasing". Chartreuse green 04:51, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Mass/Weight Differentiation
The beginning of this article doesn't make sense at all, viz "weight is a measurement of mass." Weight is a measure of force and therefore should take units of Newtons (force) not Kilograms (mass). Just pick one or the other.

 * 142.59.117.80 04:29, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Agreed, pounds are a unit of force, not mass. I think that should be changed somehow. --67.50.186.29 21:49, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

pounds/kg
in the chart comparing the weight of women in canada/finland/usa, britain.....the Canadian women weigh more than American women in pounds, but the American women weigh more in Kg??? i don't know which number on there is the incorrect one, so maybe someone should figure out the right numbers —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.196.192.33 (talk) 20:52, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Relevant source not cited/used
There has been a UK national size survey in 2004, Size UK, supported by the UK government and various stores. Academics (acording to their website) surveyed the size of people in the UK using 11,000 subjects and 3D whole body scanners. On the average weight, it is reported in the BBC website, based on the Size UK study as "In the UK, a woman's average weight is 10 stone 3.5 lbs (65 kg); in the United States, an average woman weighs 11 stone 1.5lbs (71 kg)." - BBC News Website based on [ —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by Bigcitydeserter (talk • contribs) 16:34, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

The other 75% of the world
Under 'Human Weight' I would expect to find a little bit broader sampling not just a sprinkling of the Western World. This article lacks in more ways than one. I urge whoever initiated this article to put on their thinking cap and try to expand the scope of the information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Iconoclast.horizon (talk • contribs) 06:19, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

merg with body weight
This article says the exact same thing as body weight and therefore should be combined with it. It also means the same as body weight.--Doc James (talk) 14:08, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human weight


text:
Dragan Nikolić

Dragoslav "Dragan" Nikolić (Драгослав Драган Николић, ; 20 August 1943 – 11 March 2016) was a Yugoslav and later, Serbian actor.

Nikolić studied at Dramatic Arts Academy in Belgrade. In 1967 he starred in the film Kad budem mrtav i beo, which was the beginning of a career that lasted 50 years. Dragan Nikolić has since appeared in many films of different genres and portrayed various characters, becoming one of the most recognizable actors in Serbian cinema. In 2000, he received the "Pavle Vuisić" Award for his lifework. From 2011 to 2013, he was the television host on the Serbian edition of quiz Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.

His best known role was as Prle, a wisecracking World War II resistance fighter whom he portrayed in 1970s TV series Otpisani and Povratak otpisanih.

Personal life
His wife was the Serbian actress, Milena Dravić. They co-hosted the 1970s TV variety show Obraz uz obraz (Cheek to cheek).

title: Dragan Nikolić


text:
Turku School of Economics

Turku School of Economics (Finnish Turun kauppakorkeakoulu) is a unit of the University of Turku located in Turku, Finland. It was established as an independent higher education business school in 1950, until it was acquired by the state in 1977. It was the second largest school of its kind in Finland, with approximately 2,000 graduate and 250 postgraduate students and a staff of 350. In January 2010, Turku School of Economics became the seventh faculty of the University of Turku. Its former rector, Professor Tapio Reponen, is now a vice rector of the University of Turku.

In addition to teaching a wide variety of economic and business related subjects, the faculty conducts research on matters relating to its field, and offers consulting services to businesses. Teaching is mainly carried out in Finnish, but there are also a number of courses available in English.

As a higher education institution, Turku School of Economics had been one of the most efficient universities in terms of master's per professor.

Organisation of Turku School of Economics
Main departments Auxiliary units
 * Department of Management
 * Management and Organization
 * Information Systems Science
 * Entrepreneurship
 * Department of Accounting and Finance
 * Accounting and Finance
 * Business Law
 * Quantitative Methods in Economics
 * Department of Marketing and International Business
 * Marketing
 * International Business
 * Economic Geography
 * Economic Sociology
 * Supply Chain Management
 * Department of Economics
 * Economics
 * Business Research and Development Centre
 * Small Business Institute
 * Pan-European Institute
 * Innomarket
 * Institute for Executive Education
 * Media Group
 * Institute for Competition Policy Studies
 * Centre for Responsible Business
 * Finland Futures Research centre
 * Pori Unit
 * Turku Centre for Computer Science (TUCS)

At the Turku School of Economics, you can study two international master's degree programmes in English
 * Global Innovation Management
 * Futures Studies

title: Turku School of Economics


text:
User:Jbaber

JBaber humbly requests that people not put anything mean here about him.

slightly altered monobook.css

title: User:Jbaber


text:
Talk:Sound card

Work needed
I added some stuff whose lack really showed, but the article really needs a lot of work and IMHO it's little more than a stub at its present state. EpiVictor 13:10, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This article definitely needs work, right from the git-go. Definitions may legitimately vary from person to person but "sound card" pretty explicitly refers to a *card* -- a circuit board (card) inserted into the expansion buss. More later. Dogmo1001 (talk) 17:15, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

USB soundcards
"Contrary to the name, most of these boxes make no sound at all. The sound is produced in software within the PC."

While this is true, it is also true for nearly all modern soundcards! And since the USB soundcards *do* contain digital to analog converters that produce the actual audio output, I'd say they very much *do* make sound at all. 192.211.31.184 (talk) 19:44, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

SBLive Outdated?
The SBLive Value is described as "Outdated". I have that card on a high-end Vista gaming rig and it works perfectly. To me it is not outdated, but to a gamer who uses only the latest hardware it would be. What I'm trying to say is if a card can be described as "outdated" or not relies solely on opinion and feelings, wikipedia must avoid "facts" based solely on opinions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.230.79.56 (talk) 18:10, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Two channels
I wonder what the best solution to play two music channels might be? I've got two rooms and I'd like to play two different songs in each room, both receiving their audio from the computer. I would be greatful for some good advice.

Hope this helps
There are probably more effective ways to do this but this is probably easiest and cheapest.

I would use some editing software (audacity would probably do it) to mix down a stereo song into a mono one and pan that hard left. Do the same with the right channel. Keep them in the same project in your software and align as appropriate.

I assume you're using a consumer-grade soundcard, in which case you will have a single stereo output - what you'll need to do is a get a "Y-splitter"; this is an adaptor cable that turns one male stereo jack into 2 female mono-jacks (these are quite widely available). On one end you'll want a 1/8" TRS jack (the kind that plugs into your computer) and what you have on the other end depends on the inputs for your sound systems in the two rooms.

Connect it all up and press play.

(Alternatively you can use a mixing desk - which you can get fairly cheaply [Behringer Xanyx 502 or a Tapco 50 for example] - if you do this then you'll have more control over levels.)

A (much) more expensive (stereo) solution would be to get an audio interface with 4 channels or more. You could then put the left of one song, into channel one; the right into channel 2; left of the second song in 3; and right of it in 4 - link up as apropriate and press play.

-Sebbi

Colors
Are the colors of the different jacks standardized or does each company do it differently? It looks like all of them have green, pink, and blue. — Omegatron 15:30, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm just going to be bold and add this to the article, and other people can correct it if it's wrong. Obviously no one looks here. — Omegatron 20:24, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Could someone add description for grey jack to the list?

 * I haven't seen one of those before. What does it do? --DanielRigal 18:06, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

My sound card doesn't work. Why and how is that possible? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.217.6.166 (talk) 02:32, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

sound card
Pls I want to know comprehensively how a sound card works and I will also like to see the circuit diagram of the different components of the sound card. Thank you.

 * Good idea. This page needs a block diagram. — Omegatron 20:23, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess that chips documentation has block diagrams. License issues might prevents the article to include the diagrams as is. But a link is probably fine. As a single example, I did not look for others, Sound card has an internal link to Philips SAA1099. The 1st link at Philips SAA1099 is Philips SAA1099 > External links > Documentation. Which, among others, point to SAA1099-ORIG DATASHEET 1 (EN). Where page 2, out of 15, of the single pdf that it contains has a block diagram. Since today cards are mostly fabricated on silicon, their block diagrams can be seen as the sound card block diagrams. 109.253.181.135 (talk) 18:40, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

can a computer produce a good quality sound without sound card but with 5.1 channel home theatre.
 * It actually can't produce *any* sound without a sound card, except from the noise & humming from the PSU and the cooling fans, and the PC speaker. EpiVictor 17:51, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Connecting Headphones via Rear Speakers Socket
Hi.

Say you've got a surround sound soundcard in your PC, that has sockets for both front and rear speakers. Also say that you've only got a pair of stereo speakers for it, and some headphones. Does anyone know if it would be possible to get the socket for the rear speakers to output the same sound as the front ones, so that you could plug some headphones into the rear speakers socket? I have this kind of setup, and it's kind of annoying to have to keep switching the plugs around every time I want to use the headphones- it would be much easier if you could plug both in and then just mute the one you're not using.

Cheers! Doom jester 11:34, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds like you want a Turtle Beach Santa Cruz sound card. Mine has a 5th "Versajack" that I can pick what it does.  I pick headphones, and just leave my headphones plugged in all the time. --Trixter 21:21, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

211.26.36.181 != Trixter
I saw this comment in the edit history: "Reverted edits by 211.26.36.181 (talk) to last version by Trixter". Just for the record, that wasn't me :-) All edits I make are with the Trixter id, and are not vandalism. --Trixter 16:28, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't worry. That wasn't what the comment was implying. What Omegatron was doing was getting rid of the rubbish added by 211.26.36.181 by going back to the version before, which was yours. He was mentioning your version as being the last good version, not one of the bad versions.

 * Excuse me as I remove my foot from my mouth :-) --Trixter 19:39, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

disabled onboard audio?
If the onboard sound is disabled in the motherboard's bios, how can you tell if the new soundcard has been enabled, and actually get it to output to a 2.1 speaker setup?

 * Because the new sound card will work. Disabling on-board audio does exactly what it says.  It does not disable add-on board audio. --Trixter 16:48, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Best sound card
What would you guys say is the worst sound card? Something we could add, and something I need, because I have no idea what all these random letters and numbers mean.

Depends
Do you want it for just listening to music and gaming or for Music Production?

If you want the former, it probably doesn't have to be anything extensive; just a Soundblaster will do (presuming you're a PC user, if you're a Mac user then the built in one will be best).

If you want to do music production I'd recommend you use a USB or Firewire (Mac) audio or midi interface, depending on what medium you'd work with most.

The kind of interface you want would depend a lot on it's application (e.g. if you're a drummer you'd want one with lots of inputs, if you're just a guitarist/singer then a more basic one would do).

Sebbi 21:20, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

What's the difference?
Why do some sound cards cost so much more than others?
 * Depends on what their capabilities are. Cheap ones usually carry a simple DAC chip with no multiple voice capabilities: e.g. a "5.1" sound card will only carry 6 DACs with exactly 6 voices, and when outputting stereo only 2 will be used. Multiple channel support will be entirely dependant on software, just like the "good old days" of 1994 where Soundblaster sound cards had to perform software mixing of sounds to play back more than one digital voice at once. Cheap soundcard also lack any direct MIDI support capabilities, which are, again, based entirely on software. "Expensive" sound cards on the other hand have their own little processors, RAM and have the ability to play back multiple digital voices on their own, as well as having some form of built-in wavetable MIDI support, or at least FM synthesis. This is usually marketed as "hardware acceleration", nowadays. In retrospect, the Amiga had this in 1986... EpiVictor 12:21, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Music production-targeted sound cards?
Why isn't there any mentioning of professional sound cards targeted towards music production? These are very different from cards like Sound Blasters etc. both in functionality and price range with break-out boxes with up to 16 channels in and out and four digit prices in US$. I can help, but I can't do it properly alone.

And also, this talk page is starting to look like a forum. Zondran 20:33, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe because there has been a historical confusion about what represented a "professional sound card": not even 10 years ago, the only sound cards that could be considered "professional" were the ones by Roland and Turtle Beach, and mostly because they had Wavetable MIDI synthesis, something which today is considered mainstream and commonplace, even if entirely emualted by software. Professional musicians would use dedicated external MIDI samplers with their own high quality DACs and mixing. Some links to modern "pro grade" sound cards would be appreciated, if they are indeed sound cards and not e.g. computer-controlled mixers of some sort. EpiVictor 21:21, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I would suggest that audio interfaces (whether internal or external) get split from this Sound Card article. First, the Sound Card terminology is fast becoming antiquated, and second because Sound Cards such as Soundblasters have typically included sound-creation capabilities (i.e. synthesis of some form). Professional Sound Cards are basically Audio Interfaces (or Digital Audio Interfaces), which perform the same function whether being card-based or external USB or Firewire units. Synthfiend (talk) 04:45, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Good idea. I like you. I've actually created a completely new article for that purpose. Firstly because this article's coverage of professional audio interfaces reads as if it was slowly assembled by a bunch of uncommitted people over the course of twenty years. Secondly because sound cards are already a historical curiosity, and will eventually be overshadowed by audio interfaces. Thirdly and fourthly and fifthly and sixthly because I've just had my first hit of crack for the evening, so I might as well do something constructive while I'm peaking. At this point a bunch of people will add categories to it, then remove the categories, then add a "hello fellow wikipedians" message in the talk page, but they will not otherwise substantively improve the article. They will always be our inferiors, you and I. We will know. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 22:56, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

 * , I didn't know Wikipedia was written by people on crack. ~Kvng (talk) 11:25, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

Professional soundcards
I took the liberty and heavily edited the professional soundcard section. First of all ASIO != professional soundcard, even an AC'97 can have an ASIO driver. Secondly, these devices have a very different role and purpose than "traditional" soundcards, which was essentially adding life-like sound to games and multimedia applications, so their relation to soundcards is that they can both playback and play sound, but I doubt anyone would use an external audio rack or even the cheapest "pro" audio card to play games (and in that respect, it would probably sound worse or perform worse than an e.g. Soundblaster Audigy 2). They are essentially huge DACS/ADS with more channels and some architectural optimizations compared to the typical sound card mixer. Perhaps they should have a separate article and be placed in the same category as audio engineering and professional midi sampler racks. EpiVictor 20:01, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Qualitative overview
I do not know the answer to this, but I think a qualitative overview would be of use to a lot of people, including myself. I may have missed something but I don't notice much evaluation of sound cards as say, vs an amplifier for a hi-fi system, or more interestingly to me, onboard sound in 2007. Any comparisons state what features but don't compare them. I know myself that onboard sound may require more CPU power and RAM space, as would cheaper cards that don't have any, or much memory of their own. The most useful thing to me would be someone definitively stating if a sound card is going to improve the sound in a PC that has onboard sound. It is quite hard to describe my request, I may just do the research myself and propose what to add.

 * Comparing a hi-fi system to a sound card is a bit pointless. As a general rule, a hi-fi system includes its own amplifier, while sound cards don't (at least they don't anymore), plus a lot of other functionality like an FM Tuner, a greater number of sound inputs/sources etc. which aren't commonplace even on hi-end sound cards. Consumer sound cards have a great feature gap between cheaper ones (onboard) and "audio acceleratiors" like e.g. the Soundblaster Audigy or X-Fi. The former are basically just a controller connecting the CPU and the RAM with a DAC/ADC, with no processing power, while Audigys and X-Fis have an advanced DSP capable of actual autonomous operation and real-time effects. There used to be "mid tier" cards like the Yamaha Waveforce, but such mid-tier alternative are all but gone as of 2007: certain mid-priced proposals like most soundcards using C-Media chips, are really not more advanced or feature-rich than an onboard, despite the greater price. "Improving" the sound is also subjective and open to interpretation. An expensive sound card may have better analog parts and a higher quality DAC/ADC, while certain effects like EAX 3D positional sound may sound "better" on a card that does them in hardware than one that uses some simplified software algorithm for the same task. In general, onboard audio today is pretty high quality, and anything below 100$ is not very probable to improve (most cards up to that price are just chips used as onboard audio solutions placed on a PCI card). EpiVictor 23:01, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Sound Card Question
Is it possible to map the input of one sound card to the output of another sound card? Please e-mail me at edo@edwaa.com if you have any ideas on this!
 * By hardware, up until Vista came around, yes (I can't find the line-in passthrough enable in Vista). I personally have two of such setups- the first one linking a SoundBlaster Live! to a Realtek 850 onboard source, and the second one from another SoundBlaster Live! to a NForce2 onboard sound source. All you need is a cable with a stereo jack on both ends (should be readily available at most electronics store). If you want to do it by software, however, yes, it can be done too. Last time I tried, Winamp's line-in plugin mapped to the source card and wave output plugin mapped to the target card works quite well. Hope this helps! RAM 08:21, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Microphone/line in
I'm not sure of the protocol of asking about personal problems on Wiki, but I can't find info on this anywhere: I think my sound card has no mic/line in capability. The 'Speech Recognition' tab is missing in my audio options in control panel. I can't get my mic to work no matter where I plug it in. How do I find out if I am right or wrong, or how do I fix this? I have XP home basic. I have never had any problems with playing music or other sounds, streaming etc.

Thank you very much, 74.15.31.143 01:59, 23 July 2007 (UTC) moke.

 * If your sound card is on an older laptop, it's entirely possible that you have no mic in or line in capability. If this is a PCI/onboard soundcard, unless it's something specialized like a professional MIDI device, it should have a mic in and a line in. However in most soundcards, selecting multichannel sound output (e.g. 5.1 ) disables the line in/mic in jacks, because they are shared. EpiVictor 10:33, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Its a new PC. I have SigmaTel Audio 5.10. The SigmaTel Audio dialouge box shows the 5 jacks (two front, three back) and lables them as mic & phones at the front, mic, phones & line in at the back. But no matter what mic I use it can't hear my voice on the test. 74.15.80.218 00:29, 3 August 2007 (UTC) moke

Stereo Mix being removed?
Well I read in the article that it says new sound cards no longer has a stereo mix this is not quite true as the stereo mix is still installed on a new computer but is is just disabled in the recording tab if you want to able it you can just click show disabled devices and able the stereo mix Totalaero (talk) 23:54, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

POV Editorializing
I'm confused as to why the article states "Confusingly, the term sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces that use software to generate sound, as opposed to using hardware inside the PC." What source says that people are confused by this? USB sound cards do virtually the same thing as internal cards. They are cards, just in a different form and connected with a cable instead of PCI. It just seems unnecessary, POV and unsourced. -- Kraftlos  (Talk | Contrib) 05:28, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Problem with this sentence
"... with units providing separated outputs usually allow both playback and monitoring from one system." There is something fishy with this sentence. --Mortense (talk) 21:37, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Supported sample rates
There are some uncited statements about supported sound card sample rates at Sampling_rate. I came here hoping to borrow something but I find no discussion of sample rates in this article. Seems like it should be here. --Kvng (talk) 16:28, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Proposed merge with List of sound card standards
I see no real reason why this page needs to be standalone. It would be better merged into the Sound card page Skamecrazy123 (talk) 20:03, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

adlib picture
what does the caption there even mean? could someone with information about the card improve the grammar because the caption is garbage the way it is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.214.167.39 (talk) 17:06, 12 March 2016 (UTC)

Intechnica International - a company that created early language tutoring software
On ebay I found a "Vintage Intechnica Sound Card" (ISA 8-bit) for sale, but after doing some research it was discovered that the card is a VoxCard, part of the VoxBox hardware/software product designed specifically to teach English through voice recognition and synthesis in electronic libraries in the late 1980s. The article about it is https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-5431659/intechnica-marketing-new-voice-technology (Newspapers » U.S. Newspapers » THE JOURNAL RECORD » Article details, "Intechnica Marketing New Voice Technology") and the item on ebay is/was http://www.ubbcentral.com/store/item/VINTAGE-INTECHNICA-ISA-SOUND-AUDIO-CARD-WITH-VOLUME-CONTROL-AT--ATX_221318873377.html 108.39.227.211 (talk) 20:14, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

E.g. ISA is by now "rare"..
What is currently used, and what could be dropped from the list, in the infobox:
 * PCI
 * ISA
 * USB
 * IEEE 1394
 * IBM PC Parallel Port
 * PCI-E
 * MCA (rare)
 * PCMCIA interfaces (PC Card, Expresscard) comp.arch (talk) 15:44, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Sound cards of all types are now rare. The capability is now part of the motherboard. The only variant that is still sold in any volume is USB for audiophile and recording applications. ~Kvng (talk) 15:34, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, I immediately shortened the list to PCI, USB, IEEE 1394, PCI-E. Since people don't know IEEE 1394 is Firewire, and may not know that anymore.. I'm going to drop it. Feel free to change add either and "(rare)" after. Was it ever much used even on Macs - for sound cards? I'm not sure if I should drop PCI and PCI-E, as if the sound card is on the motherboard, it may be implemented with "PCI". You could argue then it's not a "sound card" if it's soldered on.. In fact I know AMD has ARM microcontroller for sound inside their chips now so in that case PCI wouldn't be used. Isn't audio often built into the video card, through HDMI, would that be thought of as a "sound card" as it's not analog (and in fact your TV converting to analog). Then PCI is used to get the sound out.. comp.arch (talk) 11:25, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * A video card with audio out via HDMI would still be a video card in my book. I don't beleive there are any PCI video cards on the market; it is all integrated or PCIe. I do think it is fine to include interfaces that are no longer in use because the scope of the article is historical as well as present so I'm not sure I'm in support of your recent edits. ~Kvng (talk) 15:45, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I've now reviewed your changes. Sound cards as they were originally envisaged are largely obsolete. The scope of the coverage should definitely include sound cards as they existed in their heyday. I am opposed to removing interfaces such as ISA which is where it all began. Also I don't see a need to indicate in the infobox what applies to "modern computers" or what is "rare". We should be inclusive in the infobox and improve the History section to differentiate current and historical status. ~Kvng (talk) 18:29, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree that the article should be inclusive rather than trimmed to fit modern uses. The history of the sound card should be expanded in prose. Binksternet (talk) 19:02, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree the article should be inclusive, I thought it was, and in prose, but disagree it needs to be in the infobox. E.g. ALF Products and other non-IBM PC compatible, need not be listed. I think it helps no one, the have an exhaustive list in the infobox, someone maybe looking to buy a card.. comp.arch (talk) 12:16, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I have reverted your deletion of all bus interfaces from the infobox. That doesn't appear to be the solution and I are looking for. I have also reverted your changes to the lead. The lead should summarize the body. Body changes should come first. ~Kvng (talk) 15:24, 23 December 2017 (UTC)

 * "The lead should summarize the body." True, what I added to it was still correct. The infobox (kind of part of the lead) may summarize the body (but may choose not to I think). E.g. missing from "one of" would be S-100 bus for "The first, in 1978, was ALF's Apple Music Synthesizer, with 3 voices". Having an exhaustive list, i.e. also non-PC busses listed isn't helping anyone. And by now, I believe not really helping anyone listing (historical) PC busses. comp.arch (talk) 08:51, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I'm OK to trim the list of interfaces to those that have a direct or indirect appearance in the body. I'm also OK with the list being based on a judgement call of a consensus of editors. ~Kvng (talk) 15:43, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Should it be "sound card" or "soundcard"
What form should be adopted in the article "sound card" with a space or "soundcard" as a single word?

I made several changes today changing "soundcard(s)" to "sound card(s)" to achieve consistency with the existing page title and within the page.

Peter H Sampson (talk) 21:29, 5 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Sound card is the current title so we should make the article consistent with that unless/until someone comes up with a good reason to change it. I don't see a good reason to change it. ~Kvng (talk) 14:04, 8 July 2018 (UTC)

Levels in dBV or dBU
It would be nice if the article would state typical input and output levels in mV, dBV or dBU. I can't find typical PC input level for the mic input. Stefanhanoi (talk) 09:09, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sound card


text: Template:Sailing manoeuvres

title: Template:Sailing manoeuvres