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Mactaquac Dam

The Mactaquac Dam is an embankment dam used to generate hydroelectricity in Mactaquac, New Brunswick. It dams the waters of the Saint John River and is operated by NB Power with a capacity to generate 670 megawatts of electricity from 6 turbines; this represents 20 percent of New Brunswick's power demand.

Location
Formally called the Mactaquac Generating Station, the dam and power house are located approximately 19 km upstream from the city of Fredericton. The dam is an embankment dam consisting of a rock-fill structure sealed by clay. It combines with two concrete spill-ways to form an arch across a narrow section of the river between the communities of Kingsclear on the west bank, and Keswick Ridge on the east bank.

Construction
Rising 40 metres in height above the river level, the reservoir (referred to locally as the "head pond" or Lake Mactaquac) covers 87 square kilometres and extends 96 kilometres upstream, near Woodstock. The dam and powerhouse are a "run of the river" design, meaning that the reservoir has no additional holding capacity in the event of unusually high water flows, such as during the spring freshet.

Kingsclear, NB is the site of an Atlantic Salmon fish hatchery, located immediately downstream from the dam. The Mactaquac Dam also has a fishway to catch salmon and transport them upriver.

The dam also serves as a locally important public road bridge across the Saint John River, linking provincial highways 102 and 105 on the south and north sides of the river.

Flooding of the Mactaquac Headpond
Electrical generation began in 1968 after the reservoir, Mactaquac Lake, had completely filled. The flooding of the valley resulted in the displacement of several thousand residents and land owners in areas such as Bear Island and other small communities, as well as the abandonment of a Canadian National Railway line and numerous local roads and small rural communities. A historic waterfall called the Pokiok Falls was also submerged as the reservoir filled.

Some new infrastructure was also built as part of the planned flooding of the Saint John River valley. The provincial government built Highway 2 (the Trans Canada Highway) along the southwestern shoreline of the flooded valley. Since 2002, this road has been bypassed and is now designated Highway 102. The Hawkshaw Bridge, a cable-stayed suspension bridge, was constructed across the valley from Hawkshaw to Southampton. At the time of construction in 1967, the bridge was high above the valley floor and the original river level. The planned town of Nackawic-Millville, New Brunswick and the nearby St. Anne Nackawic pulp and paper mill were also built to accommodate the new reservoir and the new electrical power opportunities. Closer to the dam, the Mactaquac Provincial Park, including a marina and beach was also built.

Following the success of preserving historic buildings at Upper Canada Village when the upper St. Lawrence River valley was flooded by the Long Sault Dam, the government of New Brunswick created the King's Landing Historical Settlement to save several buildings which would otherwise have been flooded by the Mactaquac Headpond.

Lifespan
The concrete portions of the dam (namely the spill-ways) are currently experiencing a problem of expanding concrete. When built, locally quarried greywacke was used as the aggregate and is responsible for an alkali-aggregate reaction expansion. The dam is being monitored and extra maintenance work is being performed. The maintenance involves an annual cutting of the dam whereby a cutting cable with teeth is run through the entire structure essentially cutting the dam in half. This allows the dam to continue expanding whilst limiting internal stresses on the structure.

The reduced lifespan of the spillway and dam was first brought to the attention of the provincial government in 2000 when projections by NB Power at that time had placed the dam's end-of-life at 2028, instead of the original 100-year lifespan of 2068. NB Power officials would not say at that time how much it would cost, nor when those costs would show up on the utility's accounts.

On October 1, 2014, NB Power officials presented 3 options for the facility to the provincial utility regulator, the New Brunswick Energy and Utilities Board. A decision will have to be made by 2030 to either restore or decommission as follows:

 * Re-power the dam by replacing the spillway and the powerhouse;
 * No continued power generation, maintain the headpond by replacing the spillway but not the powerhouse;
 * Remove the spillway, powerhouse and earthen dam and restore the river to its original state.

All 3 options have a minimum cost of $2 billion (as of 2014), however, the first option also has an additional cost of $1–3 billion and the third option has not had a complete cost estimate provided.

In December 2016, the utility announced that it would refurbish the plant to extend its useful life back to 2068 at a cost of between $2.8 to $3.6 billion. While some local residents were pleased by the announcement, the Kingsclear Maliseet First Nation, located on the riverbank opposite the dam, were "deeply disappointed".

NB Power entered into a technical assistance agreement with Hydro-Québec on January 10, 2020. The Quebec utility will provide assistance with repairing AAR damage to the concrete structures, reducing the cost of renovating the dam. The agreement also provides the New Brunswick with utility replacement power for the duration of the project.

Inspiration for arts and culture
The building of the dam was the inspiration for Riel Nason’s 2011 novel The Town That Drowned, published by Goose Lane Editions. The fictional book, winner of the 2012 Commonwealth Book Prize, is set in the 1960s near Pokiok Falls, where the characters learn their homes will soon be swallowed by the rising water.

title: Mactaquac Dam


text: User talk:69.21.123.112

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.21.123.112


text:
User:Matt Yohe

Welcome to my user page.

If you are going to use my photo of or my other photo of, please use 'Matthew Yohe' as the author.

You can reach me here: matt.yohe @ gmail .com

Thanks

title: User:Matt Yohe


text:
Talk:History of the Grand Canyon area

Cohonina
I filled in Cohonina, but I don't know if there is an infobox for them. S.G.(GH) ping! 09:25, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Red link at Havasu Village?
I'm surprised that there is no article on Havasu Village; I believe there is abundant information about it (for example, IIRC it was the subject of a National Geographic article), & Rambot was quite exhaustive in creating articles on every inhabited place in the US back in the day. Doing a little digging, I did find Supai, Arizona which appears to be another name for this settlement. Are they identical, or are they two different settlements mainly inhabited by Native Americans? -- llywrch (talk) 05:14, 5 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Same thing. Choyoołʼįįhí:Seb az86556 > haneʼ 14:55, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Featured article review
This article is currently the oldest FA promotion listed at Wikipedia:Unreviewed featured articles and might be due for a review. I note that there is a recently introduced section tagged for citation and there are other statements, using potential weasel words or quoting statistics, that should preferably be cited. These are: Does anyone have potential sources? Or should some of this material be cut? DrKiernan (talk) 20:04, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) "The Havasupai and Hualapai are descended from the Cerbat and still live in the immediate area. The village of Supai in the western part of the current park has been occupied for centuries."
 * 2) "The group was led by Hopi guides and, assuming they took the most likely route, must have reached the canyon at the South Rim, probably between today's Desert View and Moran Point."
 * 3) "His report of an impassable barrier forestalled further visitation to the area for two hundred years."
 * 4) "although there is little supporting documentation."
 * 5) "that group successfully ran most of the canyon"
 * 6) "Both the Powell and Dutton expeditions helped to increase interest in the canyon and surrounding region"
 * 7) "Competition with the automobile forced the Santa Fe Railroad to cease operation of the Grand Canyon Railway in 1968 (only three passengers were on the last run). The railway was restored and service reintroduced in 1989, and it has since carried hundreds of passengers a day. Trains remained the preferred way to travel to the canyon until they were surpassed by the auto in the 1930s. By the early 1990s more than a million automobiles per year visited the park."
 * 8) "only to sell it nine years later in order to start a long career as a Grand Canyon guide"
 * 9) "The tourist flights over the canyon have also created a noise problem, so the number of flights over the park has been restricted."

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070714165944/http://www.archives.gov/nhprc/annotation/december-98/emery-kolb.html to http://www.archives.gov/nhprc/annotation/december-98/emery-kolb.html

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title: Talk:History of the Grand Canyon area


text:
Jennifer Gutierrez

Jennifer Gutierrez (born April 28, 1967) is a triathlete from the United States. Gutierrez competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics and she was the first American to qualify as a triathlete for the 2000 Olympics. She took thirteenth place with a total time of 2:03:38.48.

Gutierrez graduated from Oliver Wendell Holmes High School in San Antonio, Texas. She is a graduate of Pepperdine University where she was a four-year letter winner in swimming. She did her first triathlon in 1994 and became a professional in 1995. She placed fourth at the 1999 Pan American Games.

title: Jennifer Gutierrez


text:
User:Legalides~enwiki

Welcome to my page!

I am almost inactive and only make small changes. More information on de:Benutzer:Legalides.

--Legalides (talk) 18:35, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

title: User:Legalides~enwiki


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/April 21, 2005


text: User talk:192.23.50.109

title: User talk:192.23.50.109


text:
User talk:JonnyR

Naming conventions (military units)
Hi. My watchlist shows that you were interested enough to work on a military-topic article, so I wanted to make sure you were aware of the new Naming conventions (military units) project, in case you didn't see any of the announcements. — B.Bryant 22:33, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JonnyR


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/History of the Grand Canyon area/archive1

History of the Grand Canyon area
I've already used a few different references for this and think it is getting close to FA quality. But I'd like to see what others think still needs to be done. --mav 22:33, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Very good overall. The huge number of redlinks leads me to believe an awful lot of those are not really worth their own article. Is every person, business, and land survey associated with this really notable? The only other problem I saw at all was the large number of fragmented, short paragraphs which makes the flow poor. Judging by your other articles' narrative arc, you know how to do that well, so please do. - Taxman 18:58, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll work on the prose and admit this article has not gone through a final copyedit. See below about the red links. --mav 12:06, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with the above comments regarding the high # of redlinks (fixing typos and wikilinks corrected some of this) and fragmented paragraphs. I'd suggest considering removing links for items such as the Powell Expeditions or making some sort of reasonable tie to an existing article, unless you plan on writing new articles for these!  There's also a bit of overlap with info on the existing Grand Canyon page, you might want to link or combine this...-Pkuchinski 04:05, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The history section at Grand Canyon will be replaced by a summary of the history of... article once that article reaches a more or less finished state. The Powell Expeditions and many of the people associated with the Grand Canyon's history are very much so important enough to have articles on Wikipedia; the current lack of such articles is a reflection of our poor coverage in this area of history, not due to the encyclopedic merit of the topics. I'd therefore prefer for most of those terms to remain linked. Not advertising our lack of coverage in those areas will not encourage those areas to be filled. For example, almost every link in the element boxes, such as the one at hydrogen, were red links when I first created the standard WikiProject Elements table in 2002. It took about 6 months for most of those red links to be filled. --mav 12:06, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Copyedit done. For now I've reduced the red link load - at least until the more important items (like the Powell Expeditions and the Fred Harvey Company) get filled. --mav 01:35, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The article looks really great, two small things, a picture of the Grand Canyon in the lead would be good (something like the William H. Holmes lithograph or something else from the Library of Congress), it'd make it easier on the eye, and you really should include a link to your other excellent article Geology of the Grand Canyon area somwhere in the lead. --nixie 05:38, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Great ideas! I'll do that. :) --mav 17:15, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. --mav 02:11, 11 May 2005 (UTC)


text: Wikipedia:POTD/April 21, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/April 21, 2005


text:
Kiyomi Niwata

Kiyomi Niwata (庭田清美, born 10 December 1970 in Ushiku, Ibaraki Prefecture) is a professional triathlete from Japan, triple Olympian (Sydney, Athens, Beijing), multiple-time National Champion (2004, 2005, 2006), and an Asian Aquathlon Champion and Oceanian Triathlon Champion of the year 2009.

Kiyomi Niwata and Anja Dittmer are the only triathletes who took part in all three Olympic triathlons. In Sydney and in Athens, Niwata placed 14th, in Beijing, 9th. She is coached by Col Stewart.

ITU Competitions
In the 14 years from 1997 to 2010, Kiyomi Niwata took part in 99 ITU competitions and achieved 39 top ten positions. In 2010, as a veteran at the age of 39 years, she still belongs to the world elite, takes part in the Dextro Energy World Championship Series together with Ai Ueda, and she won, for instance, the gold medal at the World Cup in Ishigaki. The following list is based upon the official ITU Profile Page. Unless indicated otherwise, all competitions are triathlons (Olympic Distance) and belong to the Elite category.

BG = the sponsor British Gas · DNF = did not finish · DNS = did not start

title: Kiyomi Niwata


text:
Kathleen Smet

Kathleen Smet (born 19 January 1970, in Beveren) is a Belgian triathlete, becoming European champion in 2000 and 2002. She competes in Olympic and Long Distance Triathlons.

Smet competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took sixteenth place with a total time of 2:04:05.98. Four years later, Smet again raced in the triathlon. This time, she placed fourth with a total time of 2:05:39.89.

In 2005, she won the gold medal at the World Championships.

title: Kathleen Smet


text: Category:Communications companies of Canada


text:
Whitwell, Rutland

Whitwell is a village and civil parish in the county of Rutland in the East Midlands of England. The population at the 2001 census was 41. At the 2011 census the population remained less than 100 and was included together with the neighbouring parish of Exton. It is located on the A606, about four miles (6 km) east of Oakham, on the north shore of Rutland Water with car parking off Bull Brig Lane. Whitwell Harbour is a popular sailing and water sports area and a pleasure boat known as the Rutland Belle operates from the harbour. Whitwell is one of the smallest villages in Rutland; it only has 19 houses, plus The Noel pub, the name of which comes from the Earls of Gainsborough, who were landholders in the area.

The village's name means 'spring/stream which is white', probably meaning it was infertile.

Whitwell claims to be twinned with Paris, France. In 1980, regulars from the pub, the Noel Arms wrote to the then Mayor of Paris, Jacques Chirac proposing the link and with a tight deadline for a response. As no answer arrived from the Mayor's office by the set date, the village unilaterally declared itself to be twinned and erected road signs to that effect. The original wooden signs were later replaced in metal by Rutland County Council.

title: Whitwell, Rutland


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Double terminated crystal

A doubly terminated crystal, or double-terminated crystal, is a crystal with natural facets on both ends.

title: Double terminated crystal


text:
List of ecoregions of New Zealand

This is a list of ecoregions of New Zealand as defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature.

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Montane grasslands and shrublands Tundra
 * Kermadec Islands subtropical moist forests
 * Chatham Islands temperate forests
 * Fiordland temperate forests
 * Nelson Coast temperate forests
 * North Island temperate forests
 * Northland temperate kauri forests
 * Rakiura Island temperate forests
 * Richmond temperate forests
 * Southland temperate forests
 * Westland temperate forests
 * Canterbury–Otago tussock grasslands
 * Southland montane grasslands
 * Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra

title: List of ecoregions of New Zealand


text:
Endsleigh Insurance

Endsleigh Insurance is a British insurance intermediary based in Cheltenham, specialising in the student, education, graduate and sport markets. It is the preferred insurer for several unions and professional associations.

Endsleigh was established in 1965 by National Union of Students (NUS).

In March 2018, Endsleigh was acquired by A-Plan Holdings, and is the only official and approved insurer of National Union of Students. The current CEO of Endsleigh is Alison Meckiffe.

History
Conceived by the former University of Nottingham student Michael Jeremy Naylor, Endsleigh was founded by National Union of Students (NUS) in 1965 to provide tailored insurance services to university and college students. It was named after Endsleigh Street in Bloomsbury, on the Duke of Bedford's Bedford Estate where the NUS had its headquarters at the time. With Mike Naylor as its Managing Director, it then expanded into the graduate and professionals markets. Since its founding it has been the only insurer recommended by the NUS and is now the preferred insurance supplier for many professional associations, including the National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers (NASUWT) and the University and College Union (UCU).

In 1970 Endsleigh moved from its London headquarters to Cheltenham.

In 1976 the NUS sold 100% of the company to Gouda Insurance International, as it was felt a stronger financial base was needed to fully exploit market opportunities. The NUS retained two seats on the board and in 1982 bought back a 14% shareholding. In July 1995, Endsleigh's founder and still driving influence, Mike Naylor, was killed in a car crash in Southern France at the age of 59.

From 1993 to 1996, Endsleigh sponsored the English Football League. From 1988 to 1999 Endsleigh was the main shirt sponsor for Burnley F.C., with its logo appearing on the players' shirts, and it did the same for Cheltenham Town F.C. from 1997 to 1999. In the late 1990s to early 2000s, a club called Endsleigh, later known as EFC Cheltenham, played in the Hellenic Football League.

Zurich
In April 2002, a management buyout, led by the Managing Director, Mike Alcock, bought out Gouda and formed a partnership with Zurich Financial Services.

The company moved into the business market in 2000, and this combined with a 25% increase in customer base helped profits leap from £2.5m in 2000 to £8.6m in 2003. In February 2005 the 'Sunday Times PricewaterhouseCoopers Profit Track 100' rated Endsleigh as the 76th fastest growing company in the UK, at 52% a year.

In January 2007, Zurich acquired 100% shareholding. As of 1 September 2008, Endsleigh discontinued operating its local branch service (which was made up of 119 UK Branches). This was followed in early 2011 by the closure of the operations centre in Belfast, and the firm is now operated from its Cheltenham Head Office. The Cheltenham location also manages all non-sales related areas of the business, such as Marketing, Finance, IT, and the company's subsidiary businesses dealing with financial advice and business insurance, among other interests.

A-Plan Holdings

In March 2018, Endsleigh was acquired by A-Plan Holdings.

title: Endsleigh Insurance


text: User talk:68.38.164.243

title: User talk:68.38.164.243


text:
R12 (New York City Subway car)

The R12 was a New York City Subway car built by the American Car and Foundry Company in 1948. A total of 100 cars were built, arranged as single units. Two versions were manufactured: Westinghouse (WH)-powered cars and General Electric (GE)-powered cars.

The R12s were the first post-war city-owned rolling stock for the IRT A Division. The first of these entered service on July 13, 1948; the fleet initially ran on the IRT Flushing Line until the R33S and R36 World's Fair fleets were delivered in the 1960s. The R12s were retired in the early 1980s due to service reductions prior to the delivery of the R62 fleet in the mid-1980s, and the final train of R12s ran in September 1981. Two R12 cars were saved for the New York Transit Museum, while the rest were scrapped.

Description
The R12s were numbered 5703–5802. They were the first mass-produced cars to feature electric door motors, as opposed to air-powered door motors (The R11/R34 prototypes were the very first cars with such features).

The R12 was the first series of post-war subway cars for the IRT division, and the second series of post-war rolling stock overall, following the R10s built around the same time for the IND/BMT B Division. The two car types were very similar to each other, except that the R12s were smaller since they were built to meet A Division specifications.

The R12s were the first "R" type contract order built for the A Division (referring to the practice of naming a car class by the letter "R" – which stands for rapid transit – followed by a number derived from the actual contract number). This practice originated from the R1 order built for the Independent Subway System. After the merger of the IRT, BMT, and IND in 1940, all subsequent subway car orders would follow the R contract.

There were two versions of the R12s: Westinghouse Electric (WE)-powered cars (5703–5752) and General Electric (GE)-powered cars (5753–5802).

The R12s bore several schemes during their service lives. The cars were delivered in two-tone gray scheme with orange stripes, then a solid bright red, and finally, repainted into the MTA's silver with blue stripe scheme. In the mid-1960s, 5707 received an interior speckled green paint scheme.

Cars 5703–5737 had a different fluorescent tubing that permitted a brighter illumination than most later cars of this series, although 5742, 5756, and 5784 also received this (as well as R14 5904).

History
Delivery of the cars began in June 1948. The first R12s began service on the (IRT Flushing Line) on July 13, 1948. All 100 cars were delivered by October 1948.

The R12s ran on the Flushing Line until the arrival of the R33Ss and R36 World's Fairs in late 1963–early 1964. The R12s were then transferred to operate on other A-division routes. One particular assignment included all GE-powered cars being heavily modified (by deactivating the dynamic brakes and cutting out the third (parallel) notch on their controllers) and sent to the 8 (Third Avenue elevated line) in the Bronx during August 1969 and running there until that route's closing on April 29, 1973, whereupon they were permanently removed from passenger service and relegated to work service after only a little under 25 years in passenger service. A "3" was placed in front of the numbers of the cars so placed in work service. In addition, four Westinghouse-powered R12 cars (5703–5706) were slightly modified for use on the Bowling Green–South Ferry Shuttle, and were so-equipped so that the center door of each car could be opened at South Ferry, while keeping the others closed. These cars were used until the shuttle was discontinued on February 12, 1977, when the cars were reassigned to the, since these four shuttle cars were inspected and maintained at Livonia Barn at the time, with the 3 route.

Retirement
As newer cars started to run on the MTA's many lines, the R12s were in a state of disrepair. In the 1970s, graffiti artists vandalized many subway cars, including the R12s. Although officially replaced by the R62s (delivered 1983–85), all R12s were retired earlier. Many R12s were also converted to work service following their retirement to replace older Low-V work cars. The last R12 was pulled from passenger service in August 1981. All but two cars have since been taken off property to be scrapped, though several cars lasted as training vehicles or work cars for many years.

Two cars have been preserved:
 * Car 5760 has been preserved by the New York Transit Museum since July 1976, and was repainted into its original two-tone gray and orange striped paint scheme. The car is operational and has run on museum-sponsored nostalgia trains, specifically on the Train of Many Colors.
 * Car 5782 (renumbered to 35782) is also being held for the New York Transit Museum. This car was formerly used for fire training. The car retains its MTA blue/silver livery paint scheme and has been stored at 207th Street Yard for many years.

title: R12 (New York City Subway car)


text:
USS Kane (DD-235)

USS Kane (DD-235/APD-18) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was the first ship named for Elisha Kent Kane.

Construction and commissioning
Kane was laid down on 3 July 1918 and launched on 12 August 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation; sponsored by Miss Florence Kane, cousin of Elisha Kent Kane; and commissioned on 11 June 1920.

Service history
Kane departed Newport, Rhode Island 20 August 1920 for her shakedown cruise to Gibraltar, Brest, Copenhagen, Danzig, and the Gulf of Riga. She was just outside the Gulf in the Baltic Sea on 1 October 1920 and supposedly well clear of the minefields laid in World War I when a mine exploded, bending her port engine shafts and port propeller struts. After repair at Landskrona, Sweden, and overhaul at Chatham, England, she sailed on 21 May 1921 for the Mediterranean.

On 22 June 1921, Kane rescued an Italian torpedo boat drifting upon the rocks off Cape Spartivento. On 3 July, she reached Constantinople for relief work in Turkish waters. She returned to Newport on 23 August. She sailed on 2 October with Destroyer Squadron 14 to evacuate refugees and perform other relief work in Asia Minor. She arrived in Constantinople on 22 October and was constantly used to carry supplies, medical aid, refugees, and relief officials between ports of the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean. She departed Constantinople on 18 May 1923 and spent the next five years with the Scouting Fleet operating along the United States East Coast and in the Caribbean. She departed New York on 13 February 1925 for a fleet training cruise to San Diego, California, and from there she sailed to Pearl Harbor and returned on 17 July. In the spring of 1927, the destroyer patrolled off bandit-plagued Nicaragua and the Honduras. She decommissioned in the Philadelphia Navy Yard 31 December 1930.

Kane recommissioned on 1 April 1932, and departed Philadelphia on 29 June for San Diego, her base for the next four years. She got underway from San Diego on 27 April 1936 for fleet exercises in the Caribbean before entering the New York Navy Yard to prepare for special service.

Kane departed New York on 17 August 1936 for Spain to evacuate American citizens whose lives were endangered by the civil war in Spain. On 30 August, en route to Bilbao, she had to open fire three times to drive off a tri-motored monoplane dropping bombs within a hundred yards of the destroyer. A strong protest against both Spanish Civil War factions was made, and this forestalled similar incidents. She called at Bilbao and Gijon, embarking refugees who were taken to St. Jean de Luz, France.

USS Raleigh (CL-7) arrived at Gibraltar on 27 September 1936 as the flagship of Squadron Forty-T commanded by Rear Admiral Arthur P. Fairfield. This special squadron, initially comprising Raleigh, Kane, USS Hatfield (DD-231) and USCGC Cayuga (1932), saved hundreds of American and other nationals from the dangers of the war in Spain. Kane and Hatfield were relieved by USS Claxton (DD-571) and USS Manley (DD-74) 9 November 1937 and sailed for home. Kane entered the Charleston Navy Yard 22 November, and decommissioned 28 April 1938.

World War II
Kane recommissioned 23 September 1939 to serve in the Neutrality Patrol in the North Atlantic. On 7 August she took up inshore defensive patrol along both coastlines of Panama. She then steamed to San Diego, arriving on 4 November 1940, to patrol off the coast of California. She overhauled in the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard from 4 January to 3 March 1941, she was based in Seattle for patrols north to Alaska, and along the United States West Coast. After the Japanese struck Pearl Harbor, she departed Seattle, Washington for Kodiak, Alaska, and escorted troop transports back to Seattle on 23 December. Following a similar escort voyage, she arrived at Seward on 19 April 1942 for inter-island convoy and submarine patrols among Alaskan ports.

On 11 June, Kane rescued 11 survivors of the torpedoed USAT Arcata. On the morning of 3 August 1942, she found her antiaircraft guns of little use against two attacks by high-altitude Japanese bombers. Evasion tactics and speed saved the destroyer from bombs that fell in her wake. She continued to patrol and escort duty in Alaskan and Aleutian sectors until February 1942, then was converted to a high-speed transport by Todd's Dry Docks, Seattle, Washington, and reclassified APD-18 on 25 March 1943. Conversion was completed by 3 April 1943, when she departed for amphibious training with the Army's 7th infantry in Monterey Bay, California.

Kane departed San Francisco on 24 April and arrived in Cold Bay on 30 April to prepare for the recapture of Attu, Aleutian Islands. The morning of 11 May, USS Narwhal (SS-167) and USS Nautilus (SS-168) landed 100 Army scouts northwest of Holtz Bay. Several hours later, Kane was coached in through very dense fog by USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)'s radar to land 400 reconnaissance troops, who then joined the scouts.

During the ground fighting on Attu, Kane served as evacuation hospital transport and shuttled medical supplies between Holtz and Massacre Bay. Off the entrance to Dutch Harbor on 17 July, she received 12 survivors of the Russian Seiner No. 2. Following amphibious exercises off Amchitka Island, she landed elements of the Army's 1st Special Service Force on Kiska 14 August and later on Little Kiska Island. But the Japanese had evacuated under cover of fog, leaving a few mongrel dogs as sole inhabitants. This marked the end of the last Japanese hold on the Aleutians. Kane remained on duty between Alaskan and Aleutian ports until 20 November 1943, then steamed south for an overhaul in the Mare Island Navy Yard until 7 January 1944.

Kane arrived in Pearl Harbor 18 January 1944 to join the 5th Amphibious Force for the capture of the Marshall Islands. Her Marine escort secured the channel islets at the entrance of Majuro Lagoon on the night of 30 to 31 January 1944 and later took the islands on the east side of Kwajalein Lagoon. She sailed on 25 February to help screen amphibious landing ships for the invasion of Milne Bay, New Guinea, then entered Seeadler Harbor, Manus, as the 7th Cavalry Regiment took the remaining strong point in the Admiralty Islands. The high-speed transport landed men of the 163d Infantry at Aitape on 22 April 1944 and bombarded enemy positions before withdrawing to shell Ali Island. After escorting a convoy to the Solomon Islands she returned to Pearl Harbor on 23 May 1944.

After training out of Pearl Harbor and preparations at Eniwetok, Kane landed Marines for the invasion of Saipan on 15 June 1944. After the fast carriers of the 5th Fleet destroyed Japan's carrier-based airpower in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the transport supported Underwater Demolition Team 4 in operations off Saipan. On 23 June, she dodged an aerial bomb that sprayed her with shrapnel and wounded three men. She replenished at Eniwetok, then entered Agat Bay, Guam, the afternoon of 17 July. The Japanese had planted three lines of palm-log cribs filled with coral rocks, linked each to the other by wire cables as anti-ship defences. Her "naked warriors" of Underwater Demolition Team 4, assisted by other teams, blew up hundreds of these obstacles, clearing the way for the Marines, who landed on 21 July 1944. On 24 July, as the frogmen worked into the night, the Japanese mortar fire in Agat Bay barely missed Kane. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 10 August 1944 but entered Leyte Gulf on 18 October carrying 100 tons of demolition explosives to be used in clearing the way for the Leyte Invasion landings 2 days later. She carried her demolition teams to the Admiralty Islands, then set course for home and an overhaul arriving San Pedro, California, 4 December.

Kane departed San Diego on 20 April 1945 to train Underwater Demolition Team 24 in Hawaiian waters until 4 May, then arrived off Kerama Retto on 12 June. After escorting USS Solace (AH-5) out of the combat zone, she patrolled the southwest anchorage of Ilinawa and fought off two kamikazes 21 June. A week later she sailed with a convoy bound for Leyte. She became a unit of the Philippine Sea Frontier on 4 July and patrolled the shipping lanes leading eastward guarding against submarines until the end of hostilities.

Kane departed San Pedro Bay, Leyte, 13 September escorting occupation troops to Korea, arriving Jinsen 17 September. Thereafter, she became an unofficial receiving ship and handled communications for the Jinsen representative of the 7th Amphibious Force. Relieved on 12 November 1945, she headed for home and arrived in San Diego on 13 December 1945.

After sending 149 Navy veterans ashore, she transited the Panama Canal for the Philadelphia Navy Yard, where she decommissioned 24 January 1946. She was sold for scrapping on 21 June 1946 to Northern Metals Company, Philadelphia.

Awards
Kane received seven battle stars for service in World War II.

title: USS Kane (DD-235)


text:
Frank Weatherwax

Frank Thrall Weatherwax (June 23, 1902 – December 17, 1991) was an American actor and animal trainer. He is best remembered with his brother Rudd Weatherwax for their famous collie, Pal, the dog who became famous as Lassie in the 1943 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film Lassie Come Home. He also trained the dog, Lightning, for the 1935 movie A Dog of Flanders.

Early years
Weatherwax was born in Camp Palomas, New Mexico Territory. He was the brother of Rudd Weatherwax, actor and animal trainer, and uncle of actor Ken Weatherwax. His family moved to Hollywood after World War I.

Career
Weatherwax began his career in films as a stunt rider. Later he and his brother began training animals for films and formed a company to provide trained animals.

title: Frank Weatherwax


text:
Manuel Marín

Manuel Marín González (21 October 1949 – 4 December 2017) was a Spanish politician, former President of the Congress of Deputies of Spain. He was a long-time member of the European Commission, and acting president during the Santer Commission following the resignation of Jacques Santer. He is considered the father of the Erasmus Programme.

Early life and introduction to politics
Marín was born in Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha. He studied law at Madrid's Complutense University, then went on to take a Diploma in European Community Law at Nancy University, France, and the Certificate of Advanced European Studies at the College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium. As from 1974 he was already a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (the PSOE) and in that connection he was elected in 1977 to the Spanish Congress of Deputies, and re-elected in 1979 and 1982, representing Ciudad Real Province. It is in this context that his interest in European affairs began to show. During this period in the Congress, he was a member of both the Defence and Foreign Affairs Committees of the Congress and became Spokesman for the PSOE in the Foreign Affairs Committee. He also became International Policy Secretary of the Federal Committee of the PSOE and vice-chair of the Union of Socialist Parties of the European Community, as well as being a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 1 January 1978 to 1 April 1983.

Marín and Europe
Following the Socialist success in the Spanish general elections of 1982 Marín joined the government as State Secretary for Relations with the European Communities – effectively, as Chief Negotiator for Spain's admission to the European Communities, a politically visible appointment because successful negotiations were seen as a seal of approval of Spain's transition from a dictatorship under Franco to a genuine parliamentary democracy. In this sense, the clear victory of the PSOE in the 1982 elections demonstrated the political maturity of the country, and gave Marín the political cards needed to demonstrate the importance, both to Spain and to Europe more widely, of Spanish membership.

The negotiations were successful, and on 1 January Spain joined the European Community at the same time as Portugal. Marín was nominated as Spain's first member of the European Commission and major Commissioner (larger countries at that time nominated two European Commissioners, generally one from the governing party and one from the Opposition ); he was appointed a vice-president of the European Commission, which was the first Commission presided over by Jacques Delors. Marín was given the portfolio of Social Affairs, Education and Employment – subjects which until his arrival (the mandate of the first Delors Commission had begun the previous year in 1985) had been handled by Peter Sutherland. Although Marín was responsible for a number of important initiatives (for example, he was the Commissioner responsible for the presentation of the proposal for the Erasmus Programme, which still runs today and has acquired iconic status as a symbol of European integration), in many ways his initial priority was the successful integration of Spain into the life of the European Communities.

Marín was reappointed into the second Delors Commission from 1989 to 1992, again as vice-president but this time with a portfolio which interested him more: development cooperation and the Common Fisheries Policy. Although these two may seem very disparate, the link between them lies in the fact that the fishing fleets of European Community Member States fished traditionally in the waters of many developing countries (in particular, the substantial Spanish fishing fleet did so) and in this period negotiations over compensation to those developing countries became inevitably linked to the European Community's wider development policy. During this mandate, Marín interested himself in relations with Africa and travelled widely there.

Marín was appointed in due course to the third Delors Commission (1993–1994 ) with responsibility for development and cooperation, economic external relations with southern Mediterranean countries, Latin America, Asia, African, Caribbean and Pacific countries, and humanitarian aid.

Marín's final term in the European Commission was in the Santer Commission from 1995 until 1999. Among the changes brought by the Maastricht Treaty was the election of Commission Vice-presidents by Commission members (they had formerly been nominated by European Community Governments jointly). Marín was one in a field of four candidates for two vice-president posts, and was elected behind Leon Brittan, defeating Édith Cresson and Martin Bangemann. His initial portfolio in this mandate was External relations with Southern Mediterranean countries, the Middle East, Latin America and Asia (except Japan, China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) including development aid; in this period difficulties in implementing the EU's "Mediterranean strategy" under his leadership began to lead to complaints -never confirmed- of incompetence and of fraud.

In late 1998 charges of incompetence, cronyism, nepotism and fraud against the European Commission increased. President Jacques Santer fought off an attempt to dismiss the commission, but in January 1999 had to agree to the appointment of a so-called Committee of Independent Experts to examine the commission's accounts. Following the biting report of the group, which (among other things) criticised Marín for his lack of responsibility, the Santer Commission resigned en bloc on 15 March 1999.

Marín's role in the downfall of the Santer Commission is still not clear. He has been strongly attacked without clear evidence for cronyism and nepotism in the European Parliament. But the Group of Experts largely cleared most members aside Cresson.

After the resignation of the Santer Commission, Marín took over as interim President. Marín was charged with the interim presidency of the commission on a "care and maintenance" basis until a new Commission could be appointed. The Prodi Commission was eventually appointed in September of that year.

Life after Europe
Following the appointment of the Prodi Commission Marín returned to Spain. He was elected in Ciudad Real for the PSOE in the general elections of 12 March 2000 and 14 March 2004. Following the latter he was elected as Speaker of the Spanish Congress of Deputies. He was also a member of the Global Commission on International Migration.

Manuel Marín was married with two children.

Death
Marín died in Madrid on 4 December 2017 at the age of 68 from lung cancer.

title: Manuel Marín


text: User talk:70.32.185.6

title: User talk:70.32.185.6


text:
Jack Russell (cricketer, born 1963)

Robert Charles "Jack" Russell (born 15 August 1963) is an English retired international cricketer, now known for his abilities as an artist, as a cricket wicketkeeping coach, and a football goalkeeping coach.

In the 1996 Birthday Honours, he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to cricket.

Early life and education
Russell was born in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England. His enthusiasm for sport started with his father, John, who played for Chalford Cricket Club, where Russell would field when the team was short, fielding from fine-leg to fine-leg. He became a first class cricketer after developing his skills at Stroud Cricket Club, and at Archway School. He was spotted by Gloucestershire Scout and local man, Frank Birt. Two days before his fourteenth birthday, he saw a catch on television: McCosker, caught Knott, bowled Greig, at Headingley in 1977. Russell himself has commented: "Low-down, one-handed, across first-slip. Brilliant. I thought then that I would like to be able to do that. That's where it started; that was the inspiration [for becoming a wicket keeper].”

The other inspiration cited was the death of his brother, David, of a brain haemorrhage; Russell quickly rededicated himself. Archway School's sports masters, Ricky Rutter and Graham Fryer, guided Russell towards Gloucestershire County Cricket Club; where he came under the wing of County Coach Graham Wiltshire, and, as a result, Russell stayed at Archway for two years of Sixth-Form college. He then headed to Bristol Technical College to study accountancy, but after three months he left to join Gloucestershire full-time in 1982.

County and Test career
It was not until his late teens that it was pointed out that he would turn into an international wicket-keeper, as he was a budding fast bowler that was building up a good reputation at junior level. He was clocked at 75 mph at the age of 14, although the only issue was that the majority of his bowling was waist-high. He then moved onto unorthodox off-breaks, which were deemed illegal right from the start, and so he started to keep wicket for his school.

Russell made his test debut for England against Sri Lanka in 1988, nearly becoming the only player to score a century for England as a nightwatchman.

Russell would be involved in a number of controversial Test selections. He was frequently passed over in favour of Alec Stewart on account of the latter's superior batting ability. Russell, however, was considered the best wicket keeper in the world at the time, and could also be an unorthodox but resolute lower-order batsman. In 1990, he was one of Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year, with Wisden stating:

"At the beginning of 1989, Jack Russell had played only one Test for England, and was not considered a good-enough batsman to merit a place in the one-day squad to face the Australians. By the end of the year, he was the only Englishman who could justifiably expect a place in anyone's World XI."

It was his batting that got the fans on their feet – not the high scores, but the determination to stay and grit it out against the Australians. So, with mentor Alan Knott, Russell turned up early for the second Test at Lord's, and for four hours had the MCC ground staff boys bowling plastic balls at him – without Russell batting a stroke, just ducking and diving to miss the short deliveries. That day, he also adopted some suitably pungent language in response to the Aussies' sledging, and after he had scored 64 not out, the Aussies never tried it on him again. In the third Test at Edgbaston, he scored 42, the second highest score of the first innings. But his greatest achievement was to come in the fourth Test at Old Trafford, where in the summer of the South African cricket rebels and near-certain defeat, for six hours he held up Aussie celebrations by scoring his highest-ever score in cricket, 128 not out, to almost save the Test for England. It was also his maiden century in all forms of cricket, an achievement only matched by one other Englishman in the twentieth century – Billy Griffith against West Indies in 1947–48 – but it was largely forgotten in the furore of the South African debacle, and the loss of the series. Russell finished the Ashes series as England's third-most-successful batsman, with 314 runs and an average of 39.25.

The summer of 1989 gave Russell a run in the England side, but his batting rarely reached such heights again. With England commonly struggling in these years, to give the side more balance Alec Stewart often got the gloves ahead of Russell due to his superior batting and increasingly reliable keeping. England's dilemma was epitomised in an unusual incident in the third test of the Ashes in 1991 when Russell dismissed Dean Jones stumped off the bowling of Gladstone Small, at the time a manner of dismissal only commonly pulled off from spin bowlers. In spite of this indication of Russell's skill behind the stumps, with results poor, England dropped him for the next test in order to accommodate another bowler. The Wisden review of the tour observed: "It was an ironic reflection on the gulf between the teams that Jack Russell, the one Englishman other than Gooch who could have been certain of selection for a Combined XI, was unable to hold his place as England's wicket-keeper because of the length and helplessness of the tail".

Russell remained a popular figure, and his exclusion from the England side for the tour of India and Sri Lanka in 1992, along with that of David Gower and (initially) Ian Salisbury, sparked public outrage. It also hardly helped the side, who lost all four Test matches on the tour. He would still thereafter be called up when England needed a good man behind the stumps, and had some successes, helping to steady a nervous run chase during a rare victory against the West Indies at Old Trafford in 1995, Christopher Martin-Jenkins observing on this occasion that "the fighting qualities and underestimated batting skill of Jack Russell" helped England to overcome a "crisis". Russell's ability to stay at the wicket was again demonstrated on 4 December 1995 against South Africa in Johannesburg where he shared a stand of 119 with Michael Atherton to help England save the match. He batted for 4 hours 34 mins scoring just 29 off 235 balls, and of those scoring runs from only 14 of those balls. It is symptomatic of how wicketkeepers' contributions behind the stumps are neglected that it is often forgotten that, in the same match, Russell also broke the Test world record for the most dismissals in a match (a record now held jointly with A. B. de Villiers and Rishabh Pant).

The following summer Russell made his second and last Test century, against India at Lord's, helping again to secure a draw for England, and winning the man of the match award. Yet three test matches later, with England struggling against Pakistan, as Wisden observed: "Once again, Russell was the first casualty of England's bid to level the series. Atherton's statement after Headingley that they would not sacrifice the wicket-keeper showed that a week in sport is about as long as seven days in politics". Curiously at the time Russell had a better batting average in Tests for a designated wicketkeeper over the time period encompassing his career than Stewart, or any England player. But Stewart made his first Test century as a wicketkeeper that winter, and Russell would only thereafter play five more Tests.

Eventually after an unsuccessful final tour of the West Indies in 1998, he decided to retire after being left out of the following winter's Ashes tour squad. Former England wicketkeeper Godfrey Evans commented that Russell "was discarded not because of anything he'd done but because Alec [Stewart] was a better bat and they were trying to cover for the lack of a proper all-rounder. There was a terrible irony about all this: we were the worst Test team in the world and our one player of undeniable world class couldn't get into the side."

Russell turned himself into part of the hub of Gloucestershire's one-day success, and together with captain Mark Alleyne won a couple of ODI caps. In 2002, he set a world record when conceding no byes in Northamptonshire's mammoth 746–9 declared. After an inconsistent season due to persistent back problems, he retired from county cricket in 2004, just short of the age of 41.

Character
Russell was known for his painting, and his protective attitude to his family life. None of his Gloucestershire team-mates were ever invited to his home, and he claimed if they ever asked he would be more than willing if they agreed to be blindfolded; the builders who constructed the extension to it were subjected to the same treatment.

His fitness regime included running every day, and while driving between games Russell would be clad in a sleeping bag with the bottom cut out, so as not to get a chill in his back and legs. He reverted to driving an automatic vehicle so as not to put extra strain on his left leg by consistently using the clutch.

Some of his more notable oddities included a diet to supplement his extreme fitness regime, which consisted largely of tea, biscuits, and baked beans. Like his mentor, Alan Knott, a heavy tea drinker, Russell would often get through 20 cups a day. He used to dip the tea bag in once, add plenty of milk, then hang it on a nail ready for subsequent use. In the final Test of the 1989 Ashes series (against Australia) at the Oval, Derek Pringle counted that he used the same bag for all five days, which roughly equates to 100 cups. For lunch, Russell would eat two Weetabix, soaked for exactly fifteen minutes in cold milk. He was one of the first to eat bananas on the field of play at drinks break. For dinner, steak and chips or chicken without skin was a favourite meal – Russell once spent every night of a Test at a Chinese restaurant in Perth, ordering chicken and cashews: without the cashews.

He also insisted on always wearing the same battered old flowerpot sunhat during his time out in the field, a constant companion from his debut in 1981 to his last game in 2004. Russell lined up the ball with the specially cut back rim, but it ended up rather worn out. Only his wife Aileen was allowed to repair it, while Russell carried an emergency repair kit of cotton thread and rubber. Its state of age and hence apparent disrepair caused more than one argument with the authorities. Russell refused to wear the official coloured one-day sunhat in South Africa, with a compromise only reached when it was agreed the hat was indeed coloured because it was an off-grey. On one occasion in the West Indies, Russell placed it in an oven to dry; a few minutes later the hat was overbaked and caught fire, and was only just rescued from total incineration – the top collapsed like puff pastry on removal.

Russell has stated his desire that his hands be amputated after his death, and preserved in formaldehyde.

Art
Although not studying art at school, he had an interest in art, expressed at an early age through diorama railway modelling. During a rainy early-season county cricket game at Worcestershire, while sitting waiting for the rain to stop, he walked into town and bought a sketch-pad and some pencils. If Rembrandt can do it, then why can't I...?'. That first day, I strolled along the Severn at the back of the ground, but I was so shy that whenever someone came along, I'd hide the sketch-pad.

When England toured Pakistan in 1987, Russell had two days' cricket in a six-week tour, so kept his mind sane through sketching and photography. On return to the UK, he displayed 40 sketches in a gallery in Bristol, which sold out in two days.

Russell now has his own gallery in Chipping Sodbury, and exhibits in London, displaying a portfolio of sights and scenes of his home area in Gloucestershire, architecture, classic military battlefields, and wildlife. Russell also undertakes commissions, and has painted comedian Eric Sykes (a fellow wicket keeper), Sir Norman Wisdom, Sir Bobby Charlton, Eric Clapton, Henry Allingham, Harry Patch, HRH Duke of Kent, and HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He has been greatly influenced by other artists including Rembrandt, Turner, Constable, Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Trevor Chamberlain ROI, and David Shepherd OBE.

Post-retirement
In 2007, Russell was appointed goal-keeping coach for football team Forest Green Rovers then playing in the Conference National. After his mentorship from Alan Knott throughout his own career, Russell later provided one-to-one coaching for wicketkeeper Geraint Jones. He also provided coaching and mentorship at Gloucestershire in 2008.

Since then, until recently, he was also wicket keeping coach at Middlesex.

title: Jack Russell (cricketer, born 1963)


text: User talk:67.83.146.60

title: User talk:67.83.146.60


text:
Studentification

Studentification may refer to:

 * The phenomenon in which a growing student population move in large numbers to traditionally non-student neighborhoods; see College town;
 * Studentization — adjustment of a statistic by dividing it by a sample-based estimate of its standard deviation.

title: Studentification


text:
User:Ganymead/Vaudeville

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Vaudeville is a style of variety entertainment predominant in America in the late 19th Century and early 20th Century. A similar development in Britain was known as Music Hall. Developing from many sources including shows in saloons, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, British pantomimes, and other popular entertainments, vaudeville became one of the most popular types of entertainment in America. This entertainment took the form of a series of separate, unrelated acts each featuring a different type of performance. These performances could ranges from musicians (both classically trained and popular), dancers, comedians, animal acts, magicians, female and male impersonators, to acrobats, one-act plays or scenes from plays, athletes, leturing celebrities, minstrels, or even short films.

In the 1880s, under the care of Tony Pastor, vaudeville was cleansed of its obscenity and disrespectability and made wholesome for the general public. This is generally acknowledged as the beginning of American-style vaudeville. B.F. Keith took the next step in Boston soon building an empire of theaters and bringing vaudeville to the people of the United States as well as Canada. Following Keith’s lead, other vaudeville circuits blossomed. Many of these circuits boasted levels of vaudeville, the three most common levels were the “small time”, the “medium time,” and the “Big Time”. The Big Time consisted of those performers who were considered the best and most famous. The Big Time found its home in 1913 at the Palace Theater (or just “The Palace” in the patois of vaudevillians) in New York City, built by Martin Beck and operated by Keith. The Palace featured the best and brightest on its bill and many vaudvillians would consider playing it to be the apotheosis of their careers.

The opening of the Palace marked the beginning of the gradual decline of vaudeville’s popularity. Even though vaudeville and the Palace were wildly successful, the new film industry, later radio and finally the Great Depression in the 1930s led to the closure of vaudeville theaters. The Palace’s conversion to a cinema on 16 November 1932 is considered the final death knell of the art vaudeville. Some attempts to revive it would occur later, but these were never successful.

Though the form as popular entertainment is dead, vaudeville lives on in American popular culture and entertainment. The language of the vaudevillians has added to the language such colorful terms as “a flop” (an act that does badly) and “the limelight” (from the color of phosphorus lights that were commonly used in theaters of the time). while many of the most common techniques of vaudeville entertainers are still seen on televisions, and on film. In addition, vaudeville has provided generations of American entertainers including George M. Cohan, Eddie Cantor, Al Jolson, George Burns and Gracie Allen, Mae West, Fanny Brice, and W.C. Fields, among others. In addition, vaudeville introduced many great foreign entertainers to the American audience among them Sir Harry Lauder and Sarah Bernhardt.

Etymology
The exact origins of the term “vaudeville” have been lost, but scholars have surmised a few plausible theories. One common theory states that the term is a corruption of the French ‘’voix de ville’’ or “voice of the city”. Another explanation has it that “vaudeville” is a corruption of the name ‘’Vau de Vire,’’ the name of a valley in Normandy noted for a style of songs with topical themes. Yet one other possible French source is from a combination of the words ‘’vauder’’ (to see) and ‘’virer’’ (to turn).

Whatever the origin, the ‘’Oxford Guide to the Theatre’’ states that the first known usage of the term ‘’vaudeville’’ is found in the work ‘’Art Poétique’’ by the French drama critic Nicholas Boileau-Despréaux in 1674. Boileau-Despréaux used the term to describe ballads that were often satrical and sometimes on political subjects. Later “vaudeville” was used to describe plays that were light, satirical and often interspersed with song. It was this meaning that was used consistently in France until the late 19th Century.

title: User:Ganymead/Vaudeville


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Geology of the Grand Canyon area

Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Self nom. This article has been on peer review for a while now and I've fixed most of the issues brought up there. So what else needs to be done? Note: I already plan to take close up photos of each formation during my trip to the Grand Canyon this summer and later add those photos to this article. --mav 22:43, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks pretty fantastic to me.  A few really great illustrations, especially the cross-section. BLANKFAZE | (что??) 22:58, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. A short introductory paragraph for section 1 would be nice. It might be useful to make the relation between the subsections and the figure clear in the text (not only in the caption). Also, I'm not sure every reader will understand that "group" has a special meaning in geology. If so, a short intro would be the place to define it. Finally, is there any reason the cross section picture is not under section 1. From what I can see using "Preview", putting it under that section would not break layout, and it would probably make sense. Phils 10:16, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comments! An intro para for section 1 is a good idea. Concepts like groups, supergroups, formations, members, and the various kinds of unconformities are all already parenthetically explained inline the first time each of those concepts are introduced in the article. But putting those in a quick intro is a better idea - and I’ll do that later. I’m not exactly sure how I could make the connection between the figure and the text clearer than having the current inline refs to the figure such as (see 3b in figure 1), but a mention in the section 1 intro may help. Hm, inline links such as (see 3b in figure 1) may make it clearer still (that image description page could then have further explanation). The cross section picture is where it is in order to give room for photos and/or other illustrations that would be specific to the sub-section (such as having a close-up photo of the rock unit being talked about and, if room, an illustration of what the continent looked like and where it was on the globe when that sediment was deposited). --mav 13:46, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Intro created as well as other fixes per above. --mav 00:13, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Excellent overall, keep them coming. The beginning of the intro is a little tough though, esepcially for someone that doesn't know geology. What is a column? I guess the first sentence tells what the subject is, but world renowned seems like gratuitous peacock language, and makes the real meaning of the sentence less accessible. I think if you add some context for column, and time progession, and NPOV that a bit, or at least rework the structure of the first sentence it would be much stronger. - Taxman 14:43, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Lead section expanded a tiny bit to be less dense and hopefully more accessible. Got rid of 'geologic column' and 'world renowned'. --mav 00:13, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, excellent, though if geographic column is more accurate or useful in some way, it could be put back in with some careful context. Either way, how it is now is good. - Taxman 19:51, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. My god, those pictures! I really have to get back there... Meelar (talk) 02:10, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Extraordinary. I strongly support. Hydriotaphia 03:57, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Question/Object looks like a great article, but, a) I see the diagram comes from a display the visitor's center. I think that it qualifies as their copyright and would question whether it is covered under fair use: does it come under US.Govt PD or is it from a non-governmental s ource? b) could you please make it easy to work out which bit of the text is covered by which reference, using, for example "invisible references" or footnotes to aid in verification. Mozzerati 07:03, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * a) Even if the display were not a work commissioned by the United States government and therefore eligible for copyright protection, under what provision of U.S. copyright law would a two-dimensional representation of a three dimensional object be a derivative work that would be hindered by the 3D object's original copyright? Such a hindered derivative work would certainly be created if a three-dimensional work were copied from a copyright-protected three-dimensional work, but that is not the case here. I know for a fact that photographs of buildings are not hindered by architectural copyrights but I'm not aware of similar provisions one way or the other for statues and other three-dimensional works of art. b) I'm not going to use any hacked template-based reference system (I tried this at helium with very bad results due to the fact that I have so many references and so many of those refer to the same reference and same page). The HTML commented out citations are just a temporary solution until a real referencing system is in place. For now I’ve mentioned that the source text has these citations. --mav 16:42, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * a) there are differences from a building due to the function of a display; I'd like to discuss further... Do you know of any previous policy discussion on this. b) apologies; I really did go into edit mode and look for the refs but didn't see them. Your solution, whilst not so good for the normal user, is acceptable to me.  BTW, there is a manually numbered footnote system (mn/mnb templates) but it doesn't seem to work right now (probably a wikimedia bug?),  When that is fixed, doing something like helium should be no problem. b2) I like your idea for making commented out notes visible by mentioning them in the references section. Mozzerati 19:05, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * Support. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:45, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Anja Dittmer

Anja Dittmer (born 22 September 1975 in Neubrandenburg) is a professional German triathlete. Dittmer is the only female member of the A-Team (ASICS Olympia Team) of the National Squad, the only female four-time Olympian (Sydney 2000, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008 and London 2012), 1999 European Champion and 2006 European vice Champion.

In 2011, Dittmer joined the high-performance military unit Sportfördergruppe Mainz and ranked as the sub-officer (Stabsunteroffizier). She has studied Sports Management since 2003 and lives in Saarbrücken. Her club is ''Sportclub Neubrandenburg. ''

In France, she takes part in the prestigious Club Championship Series Lyonnaise des Eaux and represents Charleville Tri Ardennes, the silver medalist in the French Club Championship Series 2011.

ITU competitions
Anja Dittmer was part of the world triathlete elite for almost 20 years. She took part in four Olympic Games with triathlon competitions, placing 15th (Sydney 2000), 11th (Athens 2004), 33rd (Beijing 2008) and 12th (London 2012) respectively.

In the 18 years from 1994 to 2011, Dittmer took part in 99 ITU competitions and achieved 60 top ten positions, as well as ten gold medals. Dittmer's gold period, as it were, began in 1999, when she became European Champion, and lasted until 2008, when she was crowned Oceania Sprint Champion and won the European Cup at Schliersee. At the age of 35 and 36 years, Dittmer conquered medal positions at highly competitive triathlons, e.g. at Tongyeong in 2010 (World Cup) and at London in 2011 (World Championship Series).

The following list is based upon the official ITU rankings and the ITU Athletes's Profile Page. Unless indicated otherwise, the following events are triathlons (Olympic Distance) and refer to the Elite category.

DNF = did not finish · DNS = did not start · BG = the sponsor British Gas

title: Anja Dittmer


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User:Liftoph

Litofh is a volunteer for the following charities: http://www.kids-with-cameras.org/ http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/mvp/

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Nóra Edöcsény

Nóra Edöcsény-Hóbor (born February 2, 1974, in Budapest) is an athlete from Hungary, who competes in triathlon. Edocseny competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took nineteenth place with a total time of 2:05:20.03.

title: Nóra Edöcsény


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