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Tom Boonen

Tom Boonen (born 15 October 1980) is a Belgian former road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2002 and 2017 for the and  teams and a professional racing driver who currently competes in Belcar, having previously competed in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series. Boonen won the 2005 UCI World Road Race Championships, and was a single-day road specialist with a strong finishing sprint. He won the cycling monuments Paris–Roubaix 4 times and the Tour of Flanders 3 times, among many other prestigious victories, such as prevailing 5 times in the E3 Harelbeke, winning 6 stages of the Tour de France and winning the Overall title of the Tour of Qatar 4 times.

Early years
At the start of 2002 Boonen rode for, finishing third in Paris–Roubaix after an early breakaway. Fellow Belgian Johan Museeuw had escaped to a solo victory. Team captain George Hincapie crashed in a slippery section of the course leaving Boonen to ride for himself. Boonen's performance led Museeuw – his childhood hero – to declare Boonen his successor.

Boonen said US Postal did not give him enough chances to ride for himself. Towards the end of the year he said he would leave, despite being under contract, and joined at the start of 2003. The 2003 season, however, did not go well, with lacklustre performance due to fatigue and knee injury. Museeuw was team leader for the spring classics.

During the 2004 season Boonen won the E3 Prijs Vlaanderen, Gent–Wevelgem and the Scheldeprijs. He also won two stages of the Tour de France including the final stage in Paris, as Museeuw did in 1990.

2005: Winning Ronde, Roubaix and Worlds
In 2005 Boonen won the Tour of Flanders, Paris–Roubaix and the E3 Prijs Vlaanderen, and came second in the Omloop "Het Volk" behind teammate Nick Nuyens. He was first to win the Tour of Flanders, Paris–Roubaix, and the World Cycling Championship in the same season.

In the Tour of Flanders Boonen appeared to be the strongest sprinter in the final group. However, he attacked a few kilometers from the finish to the surprise of others and stayed away. Erik Dekker said: "I'm happy that I am near the end of my career, since with a cyclist like Boonen the spring classics will be rather boring the coming years". In Paris–Roubaix, Boonen entered the velodrome in the leading trio, and waited until the last moment before outsprinting George Hincapie and the Spaniard, Juan Antonio Flecha.

In the Tour de France, Boonen won the second and third stages, taking the lead in the points classification. He retired after stage 11 due to injuries sustained in crashes. On 25 September Boonen became the 21st Belgian road world champion. He won the race in Madrid, after the leading six riders were caught. He outsprinted Alejandro Valverde to become the first Belgian since Museeuw, in 1996, to wear the rainbow jersey. He came second in the 2005 UCI ProTour rankings.

At the end of the year Boonen won several awards: Kristallen Fiets (Crystal Bicycle), Vélo d'Or (Golden Bicycle), Trofee voor Sportverdienste (Trophy For Sporting Merit), Belgian Sportsman of the year and Belgian Sports Personality of the Year.

2006
In 2006, Boonen won the Tour of Flanders and came second in Paris–Roubaix the following week. Leif Hoste, Peter Van Petegem and Vladimir Gusev placed second to fourth at Roubaix but were disqualified for riding through a closed level-crossing before a train passed. This promoted Boonen to second, behind Fabian Cancellara.

Boonen won the second and the third stages of the Tour of Belgium. Before the Tour de France he claimed himself to be the strongest and smartest sprinter. However, he did not win a stage in the first week, beaten by Robbie McEwen and Óscar Freire. However he wore the yellow jersey for the first time, losing it in the first time trial to Sergei Honchar. Boonen abandoned the Tour during the 15th stage – 187 km from Gap to l'Alpe d'Huez – when he was unable to reach the summit of the Col du Lautaret.

Boonen won three stages of the Eneco Tour of Benelux but could not keep his title at the world championship, held on a circuit that was hillier than in Madrid 2005. Paolo Bettini won and Boonen came ninth.

2007
In his 2007, Boonen won five stages of the Tour of Qatar and came second in the general classification behind teammate Wilfried Cretskens. He won Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne and E3 Prijs Vlaanderen but he didn't win one of the five cycling monuments. His best placing was third in Milan–San Remo.

Boonen won stages 6 and 12 of the Tour de France in the absence of Alessandro Petacchi and Robbie McEwen. He won the points classification in the Tour de France, the first Belgian since Eddy Planckaert in 1988 to do so.

2008
Boonen began 2008 by winning four stages and the overall and points classifications in the Tour of Qatar. In the Tour of Flanders, he took on a defensive role when his teammate Stijn Devolder escaped and won. A week later, he outsprinted Fabian Cancellara and Alessandro Ballan in the final 500m to win the Paris–Roubaix. On 10 June 2008, reports said Boonen was negotiating a team place for him and other riders at, a French team. Its sporting director, Jean-René Bernaudeau, confirmed the report. Wilfried Cretskens and Kevin Hulsmans were named as the others involved.

Negotiations ended when Boonen tested positive for cocaine. Cocaine was not a performance-enhancing drug and Boonen faced no sanctions by the UCI or WADA. He apologized to his Quick Step manager, Patrick Lefévère at a press conference next day. Lefévère said Quick Step kept its confidence in him. But Boonen was barred from the Tour of Switzerland and the Tour de France. In February 2009 a Belgian court found him guilty of cocaine use but decided against sanctions, saying he has "been punished enough".

2009
Boonen began 2009 by winning a stage and the overall and points classifications in the Tour of Qatar. He also won Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne for the second time. In the Tour of Flanders he had to take on a defensive role when his teammate Stijn Devolder escaped and won for the second time. The following week Boonen won Paris–Roubaix for the third time in his career.

On 27 April, Boonen tested positive for cocaine for the third time (the first, in November 2007, had not previously been made public). He was suspended by his team,, on 9 May. He began racing again in the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré. In June, he won the national championship. After initiating legal proceedings he was allowed to compete in the Tour de France, just one day before the start on 3 July 2009. He pulled out, due to illness on 18 July, before the 15th stage.

He returned to racing in the Eneco Tour where he won the third stage by beating Tyler Farrar in the sprint. After that he entered the Vuelta a España to prepare for the final part of the season. There, he finished second in the prologue behind Cancellara. He crashed in the seventh stage, a 30 km time trial, losing by 1m 03s and ended the day second overall behind Cancellara. He withdrew during the 13th stage, due to the lasting effects of his crash in the seventh stage.

He finished his season with a second place in Paris–Tours, beaten in a sprint of three by fellow countryman and defending champion Philippe Gilbert.

2010
Boonen became third in the Tour of Qatar, winning two stages, then won stage five of the Tour of Oman. He won the second stage of Tirreno–Adriatico, before finishing second to Óscar Freire in Milan–San Remo. Boonen came second to Fabian Cancellara in the E3 Prijs Vlaanderen – Harelbeke, a result replicated at the Tour of Flanders. He came fifth in Paris–Roubaix the following week.

Boonen missed most of the rest of the season – including the Tour de France, the Belgian and the world championships – due to tendinitis in his left knee caused by crashes at the Tour of California and the Tour de Suisse. He returned to racing in October at the Circuit Franco-Belge and Paris–Tours.

2011
Boonen began the season by winning the opening stage of the 2011 Tour of Qatar. He won Gent–Wevelgem, came fourth in the Tour of Flanders and dropped out of Paris–Roubaix after crashing. Boonen also crashed on stage five of the Tour de France. His injuries forced him to abandon on stage seven. Boonen fell again in the Vuelta a España, which made him miss the world championship.

2012
Boonen began 2012 season by winning stage seven of his first race, the Tour de San Luis. In February, he won the Tour of Qatar, winning two stages and the points classification, and finished second to Sep Vanmarcke in Omloop Het Nieuwsblad.

Boonen won the second stage of Paris–Nice. He won the E3 Harelbeke and Gent–Wevelgem two days later. He was favourite for the Tour of Flanders, which he won in a sprint against Filippo Pozzato and Alessandro Ballan. His third victory equalled those of Achiel Buysse, Fiorenzo Magni, Eric Leman and Johan Museeuw. His fourth win in Paris–Roubaix equalled Roger De Vlaeminck. Boonen was first to win the Tour of Flanders and Paris Roubaix double twice. He is also the first to win E3 Harelbeke, Gent–Wevelgem, Tour of Flanders and Paris–Roubaix in the same year.

Boonen returned to racing at the Tour of California. He won the national championship title in June, taking the tricolor jersey from Philippe Gilbert.

Boonen skipped the Tour de France to prepare for the Olympic road race, riding the shorter Tour of Poland instead. He crashed in the first stage and withdrew on the fifth with a broken rib,. He recovered in time for the Olympics, and came 28th. Boonen won the first edition of the two-day stage race World Ports Classic, winning the first stage in a sprint. He won the points classification and the overall lead after coming third on the second stage. One week later Boonen won Paris–Brussels.

2013
In January, Boonen spent a week in hospital with a serious infection after suffering a wound on his elbow. He returned to action in February in the Tour of Oman but could finish only 83rd in the General Classification. In March, he retired from both Gent–Wevelgem and the Tour of Flanders following crashes. He did not take the start of Paris–Roubaix when a fractured rib was diagnosed. Boonen won his first race of the year at the Heiste Pijl, an event not classified by the UCI, then was the victor of the second stage of the Tour de Wallonie in July.

2014
The season started well for Boonen as he took the second place overall behind his teammate Niki Terpstra and the points classification jersey in the mostly flat Tour of Qatar. His next feat came at Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne, where he was part of a breakaway of 10 containing 4 of his teammates and 3 riders. The breakaway made it home and Boonen had the better of Moreno Hofland in the sprint by a slim margin. He placed well in Paris–Roubaix and the Tour of Flanders, coming in tenth and seventh position, respectively.

2015
At the 2015 Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Boonen made the decisive break with teammates Niki Terpstra and Stijn Vandenbergh, along with Ian Stannard (Team Sky). With 4.5 km remaining Boonen attacked but was gradually brought back by Stannard. After Terpstra's immediate counter-attack failed, Boonen was unable to follow Stannard's own attack, and finished third as Stannard outsprinted Terpstra for victory. On 9 March Boonen crashed out of Paris–Nice, suffering a dislocated shoulder which ruled him out of the rest of the classics season. Boonen returned to racing in late April, at the Tour of Turkey, where his role was to lead-out his teammate Mark Cavendish. He was preparing in Turkey for his first appearance in the Giro d'Italia. He abandoned the Giro after Stage 13 to participate to the Tour of Belgium, where he won the opening stage by outsprinting Arnaud Démare.

Boonen's season was brought to an end by a crash on the second stage of the Abu Dhabi Tour in October, which left him unconscious. He sustained a temporal fracture from the accident. After initially being told by doctors that it would take six months to recover, in a newspaper interview in December Boonen stated that he was training well two months after the crash without any trouble. However the accident had left him with permanent damage to his hearing. He also said that he was "100 per cent certain" that he would compete in motor racing after retiring from competitive cycling, with the aim of competing in the 24 Hours of Zolder.

2016
After enduring a relatively quiet series of performances through most of the cobbled classics, Boonen finished second at Paris–Roubaix, being pipped on the line by Mat Hayman. Despite not clinching the win, Boonen's aggressive performance in the race was acclaimed by former Paris–Roubaix champions Bernard Hinault and Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle, who described him as "a warrior" and "magnificent" respectively. In July he announced that he had signed a short-term contract with Etixx-Quick Step and would retire immediately after the 2017 Paris–Roubaix. Later that month, he won the London-Surrey Classic in a sprint finish, as well as the Brussels Cycling Classic. He ended the season with third place in the World Championship road race in Qatar, where he was beaten by reigning world champion Peter Sagan and Mark Cavendish.

2017
At the very beginning of the season, Boonen won stage 2 of the Vuelta a San Juan. This was the first professional victory for a cyclist using disc brakes. However, he subsequently suffered a series of crashes at the Tour of Oman, Omloop Het Nieuwsblad and Tirreno–Adriatico. At Milan–San Remo, Boonen worked as a domestique for his teammates, helping Julian Alaphilippe to third place. He resumed his cobbled classics campaign at E3 Harelbeke, where he animated the race with an attack on the Taaienberg on his way to an eighth-place finish. He followed this up with a sixth place at Gent–Wevelgem, which he described as a satisfactory result, and a good indicator of form going into the cobbled Monuments.

At the Tour of Flanders, Boonen had an eventful race: he led the Quick-Step squad into the foot of the Muur van Geraardsbergen, where he helped to force a breakaway group alongside team leader and eventual race winner Philippe Gilbert, and played a key part in enabling the group to distance the bunch. However his own hopes of scoring a podium finish were scuppered by a mechanical problem on the Taaienberg, and he finished the race in 37th place. He next raced at the Scheldeprijs, his last race in Belgium, which paid tribute to Boonen by starting in his hometown of Mol. He was part of the lead-out train which helped teammate Marcel Kittel take the win. At his final race, Paris–Roubaix, Boonen finished 13th: after being part of the lead group with 35 km to go, he encouraged teammate Zdeněk Štybar to follow an attack by Daniel Oss, eventually enabling the Czech rider to finish the race as runner-up to Greg Van Avermaet.

After racing
In February 2018 it was announced that Boonen had joined forces with Quick Step's long-time Belgian rivals,, becoming a shareholder in the team and taking up the roles of technological adviser and ambassador for the team's Captains of Cycling supporters' programme, and linking up with his former agent Paul De Geyter, who had joined the squad as general manager in September 2017.

Motorsport career
In June 2017, Boonen was awarded his motor racing licence after passing the required tests. The following month he made his car racing debut in the Volkswagen Beetle-based Fun Cup, competing in the 25 Hours of the VW Fun Cup at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps: he and team-mates Anthony Kumpen, Bert Longin and Ruben Van Gucht finished in 29th place out of 118 starters, 15 laps down on the winning team of Cédric Bollen, Fred Caprasse, Guillaume Mondron and Fred Bouvy.

Boonen made his full season racing debut in 2018, competing in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series for Braxx Racing in the Elite 2 class. Boonen scored a Top-10 finish in the second race of the season at Valencia. He scored another Top-10 finish in the final race of the season at Zolder and finished 13th in the standings with two Top-10 finishes throughout the year.

For the 2019 season, he drove for Deldiche Racing in the Belcar championship. He escaped major injuries during a crash at Assen that year after he collided with Kenneth Heyer at high speed. Heyer's car was launched into the air and landed on top of Boonen's Norma M20FC, narrowly missing Boonen's head by centimeters. In addition to his Belcar campaign, he also initially signed a deal to compete part-time in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series with PK Carsport but the deal never materialized.

Boonen won the Group CN division of the 2019 GT & Prototype Challenge in a Norma M20 FC and again in 2021.

Personal life
Boonen used to live in Balen, in the Flemish Region of Belgium until moving to Monaco in late 2005. He stayed there a few years until deciding to move back to Belgium in early 2012. In 2015, his longtime girlfriend Lore gave birth to twin girls. He tweeted the news saying: "Our family has been extended with two little princesses. Valentine and Jacqueline both weigh 2.4 kg. The babies and mom are doing fine".

In 2016, Boonen paid back several million euros to the Belgian tax authorities for failing to declare his income while being a legal resident of Monaco. The investigators argued that Boonen spent most of his time in Belgium and was therefore required to pay taxes in accordance with Belgian tax law.

Major results

 * 1998
 * 3rd Time trial, National Junior Road Championships

 * 1999
 * 6th Paris–Roubaix Espoirs
 * 10th Ronde van Vlaanderen U23

 * 2000
 * 1st Paris–Tours Espoirs
 * 2nd Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships
 * 3rd Paris–Roubaix Espoirs
 * 6th Overall Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux
 * 1st Stage 1
 * 7th Nationale Sluitingsprijs

 * 2001
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships
 * 1st Zellik–Galmaarden
 * 1st Internationale Wielertrofee Jong Maar Moedig
 * 1st Stage 4a Grand Prix Guillaume Tell
 * 2nd Liège–Bastogne–Liège U23
 * 2nd Circuit de Wallonie
 * 3rd Grand Prix de Waregem
 * 4th Paris–Roubaix Espoirs
 * 6th Flèche Ardennaise
 * 7th De Vlaamse Pijl
 * 8th Ronde van Vlaanderen U23
 * 9th Road race, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships

 * 2002 (1 pro win)
 * 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Volta a Catalunya
 * 1st Stage 2 Uniqa Classic
 * 2nd Overall Circuit Franco-Belge
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Young rider classification
 * 3rd Paris–Roubaix
 * 6th Classic Haribo
 * 6th Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
 * 6th Nationale Sluitingsprijs
 * 7th Overall Three Days of De Panne
 * 7th Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 7th Gent–Wevelgem
 * 7th Schaal Sels

 * 2003 (1)
 * Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Jersey polkadot.svg Mountains classification
 * 1st Stage 3
 * 3rd Gent–Wevelgem
 * 5th Omloop Het Volk
 * 8th Overall Tour de Wallonie

 * 2004 (19)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Picardie
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 1st Gent–Wevelgem
 * 1st E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 1st Scheldeprijs
 * 1st GP Rik Van Steenbergen
 * Tour de France
 * 1st Stages 6 & 20
 * Deutschland Tour
 * 1st Stages 2 & 7
 * 1st Stage 1 Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 1st Stage 2 Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Stage 3 Tour of Britain
 * 2nd International Grand Prix Doha
 * 3rd Overall Tour of Qatar
 * 1st Jersey grey.svg Points classification
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Young rider classification
 * 1st Stage 2
 * 6th Overall Ster Elektrotoer
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Prologue & Stage 1
 * 6th Overall Circuit Franco-Belge
 * 1st Stages 3 & 4
 * 6th Tour de Rijke
 * 7th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx (with Servais Knaven)
 * 9th Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 9th Paris–Roubaix

 * 2005 (14)
 * 1st Jersey rainbow.svg Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 1st Paris–Roubaix
 * 1st Tour of Flanders
 * 1st E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * Tour de France
 * 1st Stages 2 & 3
 * Paris–Nice
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 2nd International Grand Prix Doha
 * 2nd Omloop Het Volk
 * 4th Overall Tour of Qatar
 * 1st Jersey grey.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 4th Scheldeprijs
 * 8th Milan–San Remo
 * 10th Overall Tour de Picardie
 * 1st Stage 2
 * 10th Grand Prix de Wallonie

 * 2006 (21)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Qatar
 * 1st Jersey grey.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 1, 2, 3 & 5
 * 1st Tour of Flanders
 * 1st E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 1st Scheldeprijs
 * 1st Veenendaal–Veenendaal
 * 1st International Grand Prix Doha
 * Paris–Nice
 * 1st Stages 1, 2 & 4
 * Eneco Tour
 * 1st Stages 1, 3 & 5
 * 1st Stage 5 Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Stage 6 Tour of Britain
 * 2nd Paris–Roubaix
 * 2nd Paris–Brussels
 * 3rd Road race, National Road Championships
 * 3rd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 4th Overall Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 2 & 3b
 * 4th Milan–San Remo
 * 5th Dwars door Vlaanderen
 * 9th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 10th Grand Prix de Wallonie
 * 10th LuK Challenge Chrono (with Sébastien Rosseler)
 * Tour de France
 * Held Jersey yellow.svg after Stages 3–6

 * 2007 (11)
 * 1st E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 1st Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 1st Dwars door Vlaanderen
 * Tour de France
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 6 & 12
 * 1st Stage 4 Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 1st Stage 5 Tour of Belgium
 * 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 * 2nd Overall Tour of Qatar
 * 1st Jersey grey.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 1 (TTT), 2, 3, 4 & 6
 * 3rd Omloop Het Volk
 * 3rd Milan–San Remo
 * 6th Paris–Roubaix

 * 2008 (15)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Qatar
 * 1st Jersey grey.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 1 (TTT), 2, 3 & 6
 * 1st Paris–Roubaix
 * Vuelta a España
 * 1st Stages 3 & 16
 * Eneco Tour
 * 1st Stages 1 & 4
 * 1st Stage 2 Tour of California
 * 1st Stage 5 Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Stage 4 Ster Elektrotoer
 * 1st Stage 7 Tour of Austria
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour de Wallonie
 * 1st Stage 1 Circuit Franco-Belge
 * 2nd Scheldeprijs
 * 2nd Nationale Sluitingsprijs
 * 4th Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 8th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 10th Paris–Tours

 * 2009 (7)
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG Road race, National Road Championships
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Qatar
 * 1st Stage 3
 * 1st Paris–Roubaix
 * 1st Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 1st Stage 3 Eneco Tour
 * 2nd Overall Circuit Franco-Belge
 * 1st Stage 3
 * 2nd E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 2nd Paris–Tours
 * 3rd Dwars door Vlaanderen
 * 4th Overall Ster Elektrotoer
 * 10th Omloop Het Nieuwsblad

 * 2010 (4)
 * 1st Stage 2 Tirreno–Adriatico
 * 1st Stage 5 Tour of Oman
 * 2nd Milan–San Remo
 * 2nd Tour of Flanders
 * 2nd E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 3rd Overall Tour of Qatar
 * 1st Stages 3 & 5
 * 5th Paris–Roubaix

 * 2011 (2)
 * 1st Gent–Wevelgem
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour of Qatar
 * 4th Tour of Flanders
 * 9th Dwars door Vlaanderen

 * 2012 (13)
 * 1st Gold medal uci.svg Team time trial, UCI Road World Championships
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG Road race, National Road Championships
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Qatar
 * 1st Jersey grey.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 1 & 4
 * 1st Jersey light blue.svg Overall World Ports Classic
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stage 1
 * 1st Paris–Roubaix
 * 1st Tour of Flanders
 * 1st Gent–Wevelgem
 * 1st E3 Harelbeke
 * 1st Paris–Brussels
 * 1st Stage 2 Paris–Nice
 * 1st Stage 7 Tour de San Luis
 * 2nd Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
 * 3rd UCI World Tour
 * 4th Vattenfall Cyclassics

 * 2013 (1)
 * 1st Heistse Pijl
 * 1st Stage 2 Tour de Wallonie
 * 7th E3 Harelbeke

 * 2014 (5)
 * 1st Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 1st Heistse Pijl
 * Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 2nd Overall Tour of Qatar
 * 1st Jersey grey.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 2 & 4
 * 3rd Bronze medal uci.svg Team time trial, UCI Road World Championships
 * 3rd Road race, National Road Championships
 * 5th Gent–Wevelgem
 * 7th Tour of Flanders
 * 10th Paris–Roubaix

 * 2015 (4)
 * 1st Rund um Köln
 * 1st Münsterland Giro
 * Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Jersey blue.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stage 1
 * 1st Stage 3 Eneco Tour
 * 2nd Silver medal uci.svg Team time trial, UCI Road World Championships
 * 2nd Grand Prix de Fourmies
 * 3rd Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
 * 3rd Brussels Cycling Classic
 * 4th Vattenfall Cyclassics
 * 4th Grand Prix Pino Cerami
 * 6th Road race, European Games
 * 9th Overall Tour of Qatar

 * 2016 (3)
 * 1st London–Surrey Classic
 * 1st Brussels Cycling Classic
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour de Wallonie
 * 2nd Paris–Roubaix
 * 2nd Ronde van Limburg
 * 3rd Bronze medal uci.svg Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 3rd Tour de l'Eurométropole

 * 2017 (1)
 * 1st Stage 2 Vuelta a San Juan
 * 6th Gent–Wevelgem
 * 8th E3 Harelbeke

Records

 * Most cobbled classics wins: 15 in 2005->2010, 2011 & 2012
 * The only rider to win all 4 cobbled classics in one season: 2012
 * Most Paris–Roubaix wins: 4 in 2005, 2008, 2009 & 2012 (record shared with Roger De Vlaeminck)
 * Most Tour of Flanders wins: 3 in 2005, 2006, 2012 (shared record)
 * Most Gent–Wevelgem wins: 3 in 2004, 2011 & 2012 (shared record)
 * Most E3 Harelbeke wins: 5 in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 & 2012
 * Most Tour of Qatar wins: 4 in 2006, 2008, 2009 & 2012
 * Most Kuurne-Brussels-Kuurne wins: 3 in 2007, 2009 & 2014

Awards and honours

 * Crystal Bicycle – Best Young Rider: 2001
 * Crystal Bicycle – Best Professional Cyclist: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2012
 * RTBF Sprint d'Or: 2004, 2005, 2006
 * Belgian National Sports Merit Award: 2005
 * Belgian Sportsman of the year: 2005, 2007, 2012
 * Belgian Sports Personality of the Year: 2005
 * Flandrien of the Year: 2004, 2005, 2012
 * Vlaamse Reus: 2005
 * Vélo d'Or Mondial: 2005, Runner-up: 2012
 * Cyclingnews.com Best Cyclist of the Year: 2005
 * Swiss Mendrisio d'Or: 2005
 * La Gazzetta dello Sport Cycling Oscar: 2005
 * International Herald Tribune Cyclist of the Year: 2005
 * Honorary Citizen of Balen: 2006
 * VeloNews Classics Rider of the Year: 2012
 * Sculpture on Taaienberg, Maarkedal: 2023
 * UCI Top 100 of All Time: 5,130 points

Whelen Euro Series – Elite 2
(key) Bold - Pole position awarded by fastest qualifying time (in Race 1) or by previous race's fastest lap (in Race 2). Italics - Fastest lap. * – Most laps led. ^ – Most positions gained.

title: Tom Boonen


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Max Soliven

Maximo Villaflor Soliven (September 4, 1929 – November 24, 2006) was a Filipino journalist and newspaper publisher. In a career spanning six decades, he founded the Philippine Star and served as its publisher until his death.

Background
Soliven was born on September 4, 1929, at the Philippine General Hospital in Manila, Philippines. His father Benito, who died from aftereffects of the Bataan Death March and imprisonment in Capas, Tarlac during World War II, was elected to serve in the pre-war National Assembly. Soliven spent his undergraduate years at the Ateneo de Manila University, where he received the OZANAM award for writing. Soliven received a Master of Arts from Fordham University and Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced and International Studies.

Soliven was proficient in Spanish, as it was one of the languages used by his Ilocano grandparents.

Max was the eldest of ten children. His brothers and sisters were Guillermo, Regulo, Manuel, Mercedes, Teresa, Augusta, Victorio, Ethelinda, Benito. Victorio Villaflor Soliven (b. November 26, 1938- d.November 13, 2010, the husband of Purita Ramirez Soliven b. November 20, 1942-d.June 12, 2022) are the owners of VV Soliven Group of Companies, including VV Soliven Towers located near the Santolan–Annapolis station along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue.

His youngest sister, Ethel Soliven Timbol, is also a journalist. She was a writer and Lifestyle Editor of the Manila Bulletin from 1964, retiring in 2007.

Early life
Max was asthmatic as a child, inspiring an early nickname from his siblings as "the guy who never sleeps, but talks at night." At the age of seven, Max was reciting poems and delivering speeches as he imitated his father. He wrote poetry at the age of thirteen and continued until he was twenty-one.

When his father died at the age of 44, Max helped his mother, who was 30 years old at the time, support the family. At the age of 12, Max served as the role model and assumed the role of father figure to his younger siblings. He worked for the Jesuits as a messenger and errand boy using a second-hand bicycle he had saved up for. He also sold cigarettes and shined shoes in helping his mother support his nine siblings. While working these odd jobs, Max won academic medals as a scholar at the Ateneo de Manila University.

Marriage
While studying in New York City for university, Max got engaged to an American woman. One week before the wedding, the woman asked Max to consider her wish to live in the US. Max said, "No ifs or buts; my life is in the Philippines. I must serve my own country and that is where I need to be." When she did not agree to the decision, Max cancelled the wedding.

When he was 28, Max married Preciosa Silverio, who he had met when she was 16 years old. Preciosa's mother was daughter of Manila police captain Manuel Quiogue. She was 19 when Max proposed to her. They married in 1957 at the St. Anthony's Church in Singalong, Manila. Throughout their marriage, Max called Precious "Ifu" and "my Precious Silver," a play on her name. In 1966, Preciosa founded the Operation Brotherhood Montessori Center.

Education
Soliven spoke English as a first language, like most children of the pre-war Filipino middle class. He also spoke Latin, Spanish, and Ilocano.

Max received all his schooling, from elementary to college, in the Ateneo de Manila University (GS' 1953, HS' 1957). He also went on to receive a master's degree from Fordham, a Jesuit school in New York City.

While Ateneo was closed for rebuilding after the war, Max was sent to Japanese vocational school in Escolta where he learned Japanese, typing, and stenography. He was then sent to Paco Parochial School.

In June 1945, classes in Ateneo were resumed for third and fourth year high school students only in Plaza Guipit. Max was accepted in third year and became part of Ateneo's Guild 47 or High School Class 1947. His classmates included Cesar Concio, Ramon Pedrosa, Luis Lorenzo, Jose Tuazon, Jesus Ayala, Onofre Pagsanhan, Johnny Araneta, Ramon Hontiveros, Florentino Gonzales, Hector Quesada, and Ricardo Lopa.

Guild 47 would be the first class to graduate from the Padre Faura campus, which reopened after World War II for the 1946–47 school year. About half the class, including Max, stayed in Ateneo for college and would belong to the Class of 1951.

Max took some pre-law courses as his initial career preference was law, but he stuck to writing, obeying his father's deathbed wishes.

Whilst in college, Max joined The GUIDON, the school's official student publication, and served as its managing editor. He served as part of the College Editors Guild, which he would become vice-president of in 1949–50, attending conferences at Iloilo, Cebu, and Zamboanga. Before graduating in March 1951, Max joined the Sentinel, the weekly newspaper published by the Archdiocese of Manila as associate editor.

Max was also an active member of the Ateneo's Chesterton Evidence Guild as a champion debator and orator.

Taking his father's interest in military and his admiration for Foch, Max took ROTC for four years, twice as required and two by choice as he became a corps commander.

After graduating from college, Max accepted an offer from the Jesuits to be a construction overseer of their college in Cebu City. He did this while he made inquiries about scholarship grants to the United States. After Cebu, Max worked full-time for The Sentinel. Assigned to the defense beat, Max would meet Ramon Magsaysay, a congressman from Zambales who became Secretary of Defense in late 1950. Max eventually received two scholarships: the Fulbright for travel expenses and the Smith-Mundt covering tuition, board and lodging, and some pocket money.

In August 1951, Max went to New York for the fall term at Fordham, where he formed his political ideas, which included a dislike for ideological movements like Communism, Fascism, and any form of state control.

Although Max did not have to work, he took a part-time job as a waiter in the school cafeteria, sending $100 each month to subsidize his brother Willie's studies in the Philippines.

In his spare time, Max would go to the UN headquarters when the United Nations was in session, especially when Philippine ambassador General Carlos Romulo was present. Romulo was a fellow Ilocano and close friend of his father, while both studied in UP. Romulo was Max's original role model as a journalist.

Whilst in Fordham, Max also developed a predilection for smoking pipes, accumulating over 300 pipes of different sizes, materials, and origins. Max also became a stamp and toy soldier collector, and accumulated a collection of books by the mid-Nineties.

When Max finished his Master's in journalism in 1954, he moved to Washington, D.C. for a one-year Master's program in international affairs in the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Johns Hopkins University. He was accepted along with around 100 other students, drawn from a pool of foreign affairs and think-tank experts and scholars. It was here where Max developed an interest in Vietnam, which led to his involvement in covering foreign affairs as a journalist.

Journalism career
Soliven began his career at 20 as associate editor of the Catholic newspaper The Sentinel, as police and political reporter for the Manila Chronicle at 25.

After returning to Manila, Max took a job in Procter and Gamble, which paid ₱500 a month, as a production manager for its factory in Velasquez, Tondo. He demanded for a "flex time" arrangement, which his boss accepted. Max would start earlier in the day and work late at night if needed, as he kept his afternoons free to teach in the Ateneo.

For a brief period, Max juggled his Procter and Gamble job with moonlighting at the Chronicle, before leaving Procter in late 1956 to be a full-time journalist, as he believed the corporate world was not meant for him.

Chronicle
He claimed this opportunity back in 1954 when he bumped into one of his high school colleagues in Ateneo de Manila University, Oscar Lopez. At this time, Lopez was working with his father, Don Eugenio Lopez, who was currently the publisher of the Manila Chronicle. Oscar Lopez offered a job to Soliven in which he accepted. Max started out as a beat reporter under Enrique Santos, one of the legendary "terrors of Philippine journalism. He then got his break when Vergel Santos, one of the veteran news-writers of that time saw how Americanized he was and in turn, offered him to write an 11-part series on US economic and military assistance which was then featured on the front pages of the Chronicle in February 5–16, 1956. This helped earn him the National Press Club's Journalist of the Year Award of 1957. Soliven was popular with the editors because of his unique form of grammar and syntax when it comes to writing. This gave him the edge over the younger journalists of his time.

Max was chosen to be one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) of 1960 for journalism. Max then moved to the Manila Times, the nation's dominant paper, and made his claim as one of the best and brightest of the post-war generation in the 1960s to 1970s.

Manila Times
From 1957 to 1960, he would become the associate business editor to the Manila Times wherein he will finally be fully involved in the world of journalism. Because of his credentials back in his college years and because of his works in Chronicle, the people of Times were impressed by him, especially the publisher, Joaquin Roces.

The Evening News
In 1960, his receiving of the TOYM award caught the eye of Stonehill, which owned a newspaper called the Evening News. Max began there with a daily column entitled "A Word Edgewise" which the editors of the paper did not touch as per the deal requested by Max upon accepting his job there. At the age of 32, following the resignation of Fernando E.V. Sison as publisher, Soliven became the publisher and editor-in-chief of the now-defunct The Evening News, which rose in 1960 from sixth to second highest in daily circulation in the Philippines from being sixth on the year Max arrived there. Soliven again asserted himself demanding absolute editorial control with no interference from Stonehill, which was again accepted. He was only 32, and thus was called "the boy publisher" by Manila Daily Bulletin publisher Hans Menzi who was 51 at the time.

In 1961, as he always had an eye for foreign coverage, his request to cover Cuba was granted. He wrote an editorial published on April 26, 1961after the failure of the Bay of Pigs writing "How can it (the US) maintain its position of pre-eminence, how can it retain the trust of the Free World, when it shows it is capable of such calamitous bungling?". Soliven would also produce an 11-part series from September 16 to 27, 1961 entitled "The Truth About Cuba", detailing the planning by the Central Intelligence Agency during the Eisenhower administration and execution of the Bay of Pigs by the Kennedy administration less than three month after assuming office.

Upon his return to the country, Max covered the 1961 presidential election between President Garcia and Vice President Macapagal, and would solidify his being a political columnist around this time.

In 1962, Max left the Evening News after he found he had lost the full editorial policy he had asked for.

In June of that year, the Times announced that Max, along with his wife, ventured to Cambridge, Massachusetts to join the Kissinger program, which was a month's long worth of seminars, field trips, and discussion amongst the small group of 15 made up of legislators from Europe and newsmen from Japan who went along with Soliven.

He would spend the entirety of 1963 returning to Philippine developments before rejoining the Times the following year.

Return to the Manila Times
His passion for journalism drove him to the peaks of his career. In his stay with Times, he would ask to become an international correspondent, specifically to Southeast Asia, to build up on his portfolio as a journalist. His transfer to the Manila Times helped him a garner a wider audience and readership, doubling his numbers from Chronicle.

Alongside being a business editor, he would also write for magazines like Kislap-Graphic Magazine, where he was given his first weekly column entitled "The Roving Eye", the Philippine Free Press, and international publications like the New York Times and Newsweek, making him the American Media's top Filipino representative,. He would also become a columnist-on-air with the popular local radio station, DZFM alongside Melchie Aquino, who later be Philippine ambassador to West Germany. He also joined the opinions section in 1964. On February 3, 1964, the Manila Times first published Soliven's opinion column entitled "By The Way", which would go on to be his trademark column even in the Philippine Star.

One of his popular works with Manila Times would be his assignment in Saigon in Vietnam where he had his first direct experience with authoritarian rule, as Southeast Asian correspondent and "journalism consultant and special writer" for South Vietnam's Vietnam Presse. He used the money he earned from this to help fund his youngest sister, Ethel, as she would be leaving for New York of studies.

Soliven traveled to many of the notable global hotspots during the 1960s, such as the Vietnam War and the 1968 Tet Offensive therein; and the Gestapu Coup in Indonesia in 1965, in which half a million people were massacred. Soliven also earned an exclusive when he watched the detonation of the first atomic bomb in the People's Republic of China, where he also interviewed Premier Zhou Enlai on the matter. His work for the Times would also take him to places like Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, Hong Kong, Cambodia, Laos, and Japan.

The Philippine Star
After his imprisonment during the Martial Law era, and after working with Starburst, Soliven was left with no other option. After Times and his conundrum with Inquirer, they had no where else to go. Alongside his accolade Betty Go-Belmonte, they were hesitant with building up another newspaper considering the competition they were in (Manila Bulletin ranking #1 and The Inquirer being second). Despite hesitation, they decided to run the business, with Go-Belmonte as chairman and Soliven as the publisher. This was the 23rd newspaper to ever come out in the said industry, according to Soliven. The tandem they had was harmonious because of mutual accommodation and the give-and-take relationship the two had formed.

On July 28, 1986, their first publication was released to the public. Being new to the game, only a few copies were printed. They were just eight pages long. According to Miguel Belmonte, what the tandem did was a "leap of faith" due to the inauspicious debut they did. Legitimacy and credibility to the Philippine Star happened when Soliven's popular column, "By The Way" made an appearance. Rivalry against the leading newspaper companies is then solidified. In a matter of months, the circulation of the star would reach 60,000, easily gaining third place in the newspaper industry. The rankings would then stabilize and would remain the same for the following years. Throughout the years, the newspaper would be gaining income because of the strategy the tandem had. They would avoid the circulation problem that was occurring then due to low selling price and high manufacturing cost.

Soliven would then be the publisher of the newspaper until his death. He would see that the newspaper would rank second in the Philippines in readership, circulation, and advertising.

Martial Law Era
In Soliven's television show entitled Impact, he guested one of the greatest enemy of the Marcos regime, Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino. In his show, along with Lupita Concio, he was preparing for Aquino's arrival wherein they will talk about a top-secret military plan that would expose Marcos of his attempts to gain absolute power. This plan was called Oplan/Operation Sagittarius. In this plan, it would expose of the plans of martial law and what is to happen when it has been launched. Aquino wants to show this in Soliven's show (as it is also known for being one of the shows then to be anti-Marcos) because it would deliberately expose of Marcos filth. As planned, the show took place and Soliven talked about the said plan for three hours. Little did they know that Marcos was ahead in action already. Hours after the airing, Martial Law has already been declared. Because of the talk the two did, it would result to Soliven's imprisonment.

On September 23, 1972, at midnight, soldiers and guards have already swarmed the residences of people who have been against the Marcos regime. Soliven appears to be one of which. Numbers of soldiers have infiltrated the residence Soliven lives in, in Greenhills, San Juan. At 2 AM, the soldiers entered the home of the Soliven's and immediately captured Max. Among those imprisoned were Ninoy Aquino, Pepe Diokno, Chino Roces, Soc Rodrigo, Monching Mitra, Voltaire Garcia, and Jomari Velez. They were detained at Fort Bonifacio. 70 days after, he was released from probation and was let go, but with certain conditions. He was 43 at the time, and at the peak of his career.

Upon his release on December 3, 1972, the air of which from Fort Bonifacio up to Kennedy Street in the North Greenhills subdivision in which he resides was very different from what he expected. Songs hailing Marcos was everywhere and pro-Marcos propaganda was raised. His terms for release were discussed at his home. They were: weekly reports to Camp Crame, no travels outside Manila, no foreign travels for 7 years and was ordered to be put under Elizabeth Marcos-Keon's personal support to serve as his "baby-sitter."

Initially, he has lost all hope for writing. However, due to his passion, he has found his way to writing for a lifestyle and tourism magazine called Sunburst. He will be with this magazine company for five years until he is ready to once again write for politics against the regime of Marcos. Under the management of Soliven, the magazine has reached various peaks with editorials and topics regarding the history of the Philippines.

Years after, Sunburst has collapsed, leaving a depressed Soliven. Soon after, as eager as Soliven could be, he and his fellow accolades put up the Philippines first ever full-color magazine, Manila Magazine, which he would be a part of from 1980 to 1984. This would serve as a connection to where Sunburst has left off. He had a monthly column in Manila Magazine entitled "In This Corner", where he would write his tempered opinions on Marcos. He was also able to travel out of the country for the first time after this, going to Singapore to cover the inauguration of the new Changi Airport.

Throughout these years in the magazine industry, Soliven has been quiet with anything political related as it may result to him being executed. However, he continues his campaign against Marcos through criticisms in the magazine, a level or two below attack level. This would help him propagate his anti-Marcos movement. However, because of his beloved friend Ninoy Aquino, it led him to a full-blown against the dictator, as expressed in the People Power Revolution of 1986.

The death of Aquino signaled various catapults to change the Marcos-controlled media into a form of media that would ultimately help in overthrowing the regime. Since then, Soliven, along with his colleagues, started rebuilding the once-repressed Philippine press.

Shortly after the assumption into office of Corazón Aquino, Soliven left the Inquirer to co-found the Philippine Star, where he remained until his death.

Death
After garnering many accolades in Philippine journalism, Soliven died at age 77 in Tokyo, Japan on November 24, 2006. He suffered a fatal acute and pulmonary cardiac arrest at the Narita airport. He was pronounced dead at 11:26AM (Tokyo Time) 24 November 2006, at the Narita Red Cross Hospital. The confirmation was brought about by consul Gina Jamoralin of the Philippine embassy in Japan. He died doing what he loved: being a journalist. He wrote his last article hours before his death regarding the rise of a more-assertive prime minister, Shinzo Abe. Bookie Soliven, son of second eldest brother, Willie, may have been the last person Max texted before he died. Max replied to Bookie's invitation to watch a Warner Brothers movie premiere replying, "Thank you for your invite. I will be back from Tokyo on the 27th. Love, Uncle Max."

After his death was confirmed, various companies reacted. CNN announced his passing worldwide. Various newspaper companies mourned the death of one of the greatest journalists of the time. The Inquirer referred to him as its "founding publisher" in the article announcing his death. The Philippine Flag at O.B. Montessori Center, the school founded by his wife Preciosa, was on half-mast. His remains were cremated in Tokyo, Japan, and were brought home to Manila by his wife Preciosa on November 28 (The Philippine Star, Nov. 29), with full military honors (in recognition of his military service during World War II). He was buried in Libingan ng mga Bayani on January 10, 2007. Soliven was posthumously awarded the Order of Lakandula (rank of Grand Officer) by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. She also hailed Max Soliven as an "icon of freedom" saying that free press wouldn't have been the way it was without him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Max Soliven


text:
Christopher Gray

Christopher or Chris Gray may refer to:
 * Christopher Gray (architectural historian) (1950–2017), American journalist and architectural historian
 * Christopher Gray (organist), British choral conductor and organist
 * Christopher S. Gray (born 1964), United States Navy admiral
 * Chris Gray (American football) (born 1970), offensive lineman for the Seattle Seahawks
 * Chris Gray (rugby union) (born 1960), rugby player for the Scotland national rugby union team
 * Chris Gray (situationist) (1942–2009), activist in the Situationist International
 * Chris Gray (Coronation Street), a fictional character on the British soap opera Coronation Street
 * Chris Gray (video game developer), video game developer of Fiendish Freddy's Big Top O'Fun
 * Chris Gray, vocalist for the band the Black Maria

title: Christopher Gray


text:
Talk:History of science/Archive 2

FAC objections
Although it is not clear to me just why we need the added sections, I added them to address the objections. Some of the added sections are not commonly considered sciences, especially in light of the introductory paragraphs, which explicitly exclude mathematics, for example. Ancheta Wis 18:27, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * One way to address many of the listed items is to group them together under an Emerging disciplines header. This approach should be able to group together ecology and communications.   This would also allow for fields such as Material sciences to also be covered.--Allen3 19:46, Mar 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought ecology was a subdiscipline of biology. At least it ought to be under the Natural sciences, shouldn't it? --Heida Maria 19:55, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your note. Moved below Biology and Medicine. Ancheta Wis 20:01, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Allen3, since we are the only two who appear to be working on the article right now, you should know that mav has a fundamental objection to the length. We need to step back. I have a proposal at Talk:History of science/Summary style. Ancheta Wis 22:08, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I just saw the second objection. Makes for a nice dilema on how to include more information, reduce the article length, and still maintain the level of completeness required for a Featured Article.  It is probably best to discuss plans for addressing these issues in this talk page as FAC nominator, Dmcdevit, should also be helping with this problem.  --Allen3 01:06, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, hello, nominator here! Sorry, I've been busy with schoolwork, and I'm not an expert on the subject by any stretch of the imagination (FAC is open to anyone, editors on the article or not). Here's my take: that comment about length surprises me, as I certainly considered it when I nominated the article. However, I am under the impression that the old 32K rule is out the window, archaic and obsolete, due to our higher (and still getting higher) FA standards. I especially thought this was true due to the recently anointed FA, History of Russia, which I think is even longer than this one. We should probably bring this discrepancy up, as this article can go nowhere if it needs to be so drastically shortened (at least I don't see how). True?--Dmcdevit 01:51, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I put in a link to a proposed approach to this problem. One possibility is to somehow reformat things to use the Wikisummary format; this means a basic rethinking and redesign of the content. If we can somehow interest more people in approaching the topic, refactoring the content, etc., then we can re-use the material which exists already. Since the topic is huge, it seems that it would be appropriate to use technology to attack the problem. I have no problem rethinking the article. We just need to know the rules of the game before we approach this again. Otherwise we just waste more time. It seems to me that we could enlist mav's help in creating an appropriate format for this type of monster summary page. Early, mav was instrumental in the series of pages on the Period Table. Perhaps he would be interested in helping us out on a Wikisummary. Ancheta Wis 02:05, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I came across this article on FAC. I'm reading through the article for the first time. Some notes
 * Patterns in the history of science
 * This section is out of place. I don't see the connection with the following sections.

 * Pre-experimental "science"
 * Could the following sentence be clarified:
 * He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, which he devote considerable attention to categorizing.
 * What was categorized here, the habits and attributes or the plants and animals?
 * --Might it be better to phrase as "especially the habits of animals and attributes of plants in the world around him"? Ancheta Wis 01:51, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure. I have difficultly mostly with the ... which he devote ... part: I don't understand it, is there an error? I'm a non-native English speaker so that could be the problem. Jan van Male 09:59, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Is it necessary to show and explain the "errors" of pre-experimental science in this section? After all, the section is not titled Later found flaws in pre-experimental science.
 * --Might you be suggesting it would be better to contrast Aristotle's assertion with the corrected knowledge immediately afterward ? Ancheta Wis 01:51, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I'm suggesting to delete or move paragraphs 6,7,8 and maybe the second half of the last paragraph since these do not deal with pre-experimental science. Jan van Male 09:59, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Science as a social enterprise
 * Delete the first sentence
 * --Because it appears to unsubstantiated in its position in the article? Ancheta Wis 01:51, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Also because the second sentence is a better introduction to the section. Jan van Male 09:59, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Why is there a link to a main article which is shorter than this section?
 * --Might you be suggesting it would be better to move detail to the main article instead? Ancheta Wis 01:51, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe yes but I'm afraid I'm merely signalling that this section and the main article it refers to are not fleshed out well, which in itself is not very helpfull. Let me try. Science studies is an umbrella for a multitude of subjects, one of which is the history of science. Here, science studies is presented as a (implicitly small) part of the history of science. This is a contradiction. Jan van Male 09:59, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * the second paragraph does not deal with history and therefore seems redundant here
 * the last sentence of the third paragraph is not well phrased (other countries have countless variations on these names) and redundant.
 * As it stands, this section deals with the history of communication in science and some dates regarding scientific societies. The title of the section therefore seems inappropriate.
 * --Societies communicate among themselves, as do scientists; the section delineates some history of the evolution of the type of communication. Ancheta Wis 01:51, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * History: prehistoric times
 * I was quite surprised by the reference to the tsunami. What is the purpose of this illustration? Would the section be lacking if this second paragraph was deleted?.
 * --The Andaman Islanders still live in their prehistory. (No writing), yet they have oral traditions that allowed them to survive the earthquake and tsunami, more effectively than the literate peoples around them. Thus the Andaman Islanders are living examples of prehistoric peoples, showing that their oral tradition can be an effective means of passing knowledge vital to survival, and their posterity. Ancheta Wis 01:51, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The first sentence of the fourth paragraph Thus, human beings have sought knowledge ... does not follow from the preceeding paragraphs.
 * --See response above. Ancheta Wis 01:51, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The last sentence between brackets can be deleted.

 * History: Prehistoric times: Mesopotamia
 * ... to whatever extent control allowed ... I don't understand this part.
 *  (of which none exist) What is meant here? No surviving laws are known? Or are we sure none was ever formulated?

 * Kidinnu was a Chaldean... I don't see the connection between this sentence and the rest of the section.
 * --Chaldeans are residents of Mesopotamia (dating back millennia, like the Assyrians, as are the Chaldeans. Chaldean is more precise than to name Kidinnu as a Mesopotamian, Mesopotamian is a more general name bestowed upon them by the Greeks and Europeans, not a their own name for themselves.). Ancheta Wis 01:51, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your explanation. Now I understand why this sentence is there at all. Still, it should be integrated with the rest or deleted. Jan van Male 09:59, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

A general remark:
 * The introduction states that mathematics will not be considered. Yet, several examples from mathematics are used throughout the text.

Jan van Male 01:06, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Jan, Thank you for your reading and comments. I attempted to respond to items with my response interspersed with your comments, where I could, as marked by "--". Other editors will have to reply to the other items.

Science studies
Jan, above, suggested that the content for Science studies be mainly moved to the main article. Would that be acceptable to everyone, including the original contributor of the section? Mav was suggesting that could be a direction of development for this article. Ancheta Wis 11:17, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

(This is being discussed in following sections.)

What have we accomplished?
Congratulations to everyone; we have created a good article which reads well, a good-faith effort we can be proud of.

But

The COTW effort and its aftershocks have produced an article which is too long, in mav's estimation. His direction of development recommends that we pay attention to those with ADD (attention deficit disorder), for example. In other words, we have arrived at the stage where page counts and word counts matter.

But since there is no 32K limit anymore, what would keep sections from growing due to an enthusiastic editor, anyway? This is suggesting that Wikipedia develop more editorial guidelines, somehow, as the FAC effort is proving.

One of the benefits, for me personally, of the peer review, was the recommendation of the inclusion of more of the social sciences. This had the effect of making me notice just who the scientists were writing for: Archimedes was writing for King Gelon; Galileo for the Inquisitors, Newton for the Royal Society. In other words, there is a political component to the scientific communities, as well as a social aspect; they were writing for each other, the community of scholars.

This is suggesting that the editorial guidelines under which we were implicitly writing, be made more explicit, so that we know more of the guidelines.

The Summary style of development recommends the development of a framework, which we have produced. The framework HTML would tend to be bulky, but mav and others seem to suggest that the overhead due to the framework markup HTML be ignored in a length count. In broad outline, we have built a terrific set of lead paragraphs, and seem to have divided the History of science into 5-6 proposed bullets: Items of the Framework: please change as you see fit - see as well as
 * General overview
 * Science studies
 * Kuhn's insight
 * Natural history and natural philosophy (Aristotle etc)
 * Incubation in the various nations and cultures
 * Scientific revolution appears in one culture
 * Contemporary science
 * Natural science
 * Social science

Aristotle's Natural history is still accurate, but his Physics and Cosmology are wrong. The list of accomplishments in natural history and philosophy for the various nations are valid still. The question is: "What should be placed in this article, and what should be placed in other main articles?". Kuhn belongs under Science studies, in my opinion. He is already mentioned in Philosophy of science etc.

Jan is suggesting that the Science studies portion exceeds its main article, and could be sent to improve its parent. If I understand the guidelines under which we should be writing, I personally would have no problem moving sections with which I was involved to their respective parents, as long as the contributors for this article and the parent main articles have no objection.

Would that be an acceptable direction of development for everyone? Ancheta Wis 12:10, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I have no objections with moving the Pre-experimental "science" and Science as a social enterprise sections to a seperate article and replacing them with a summary. I am dropping a note to Beland, the original author of the sections in question, to see if he has any comments. --Allen3 17:05, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * I will be asking the editors of the History of physics etc. article for permissions to insert new content in the main articles. If that is acceptable here. Ancheta Wis 18:32, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Requests are in at history of physics, history of chemistry, history of biology, history of geology. history of Medicine was clearly the source for the current information on this page, so didn't ask.

I don't get it, really. If you want to insert new info into already existing articles, you have to ask people for permission? I thought everybody is permitted to insert anything as long as it is relevant, factual, neutral and not original research. --Eleassar777 21:10, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * In history of physics User:Dandrake, for example, and User:Fastfission as well, in my opinion, deserve to be asked. I value their opinions. I wait a decent period, if they do not respond, because they have other things to do, then I act, but I try not to act unilaterally. I had no such compunction on a COTW because all barriers are down and anyone can jump in. But these users have a history of interest in history of physics. For example User:Fastfission was the originator of Big Science.
 * Note that I do not ask them on their talk page, because some people find it upsetting to get a message on their private space, as it might mean a cleanup notice or a Vfd or Rfc or other disaster. I put out my messages to them on the article talk pages, in the open, to acknowledge their status in front of the rest of Wikipedia, and wait. That way, if they choose not to respond, their privacy is maintained, and they can edit in peace on their favorite articles (which no one probably knows about anyway). Ancheta Wis 22:18, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I learned this the hard way, of course.

 * Eleassar777, it is not necessary to construe my personal protocols as prescriptive behavior for anyone else; I was simply telegraphing my intentions and actions to other editors on this page because my actions indirectly affect their own contributions. You, and everyone else are of course free to act according to your own personal concepts; I wouldn't have it any other way, personally. When we were co-editing items during the COTW, I personally found it quite gratifying that we were acting in synchrony, all the time, without ever having to say anything to each other. That is perfect communication, in my book. But there are major disconnects occurring at the FAC level, which other contributors have chosen to take on. I find it quite convenient that others have chosen to have taken on the FAC burden, while we can simply edit and contribute to the article itself; it works for me. Regards, Ancheta Wis 00:06, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

But getting back to the framework. If everyone concurs, we can start building up the HTML for something like an infobox on History of science. I propose starting with the bullets listed above, unless other contributors have alternative suggestions. Please feel free to revert, etc., until we have something that is acceptable to everyone. If you like, we could build it on a talk page or sub page, etc until the HTML works for everybody.

Another direction of work is on the text, which we have a terrific start on already; we just need to winnow it a tad. But since the original prose will continue to live on in the parent pages, my guess is that contributors will find it acceptable to have their work live on, just not necessarily on the COTW page which we see before us. I choose, for myself, to let others make those decisions, as there may be some discomfort involved to others.

Another direction of work is on the selection of main points. That probably comes last in the development, even though a reader will consume those first. In my estimation, the selection of the main points will fluctuate quite a bit until consensus is attained. Ancheta Wis 00:06, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Ancheta -- excellent proposal, I concur. This is a difficult article, but I think we're getting there. -- Cugel 10:30, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * I want to point out that what you call protoscience (in the box) is just another name for emerging disciplines, see list of protosciences. --Heida Maria 15:28, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Ancheta and others, your ideas are great - you really are an inspiration to me. As a novice, I have learned so much attending development of this article.

I have some proposals as to the infobox:
 * inclusion of historiography as a social science.
 * formation of the category of "holistic science", which would include sciences with elements of both natural and social sciences. These would be for example ecology, agricultural science, cognitive science, information science and health sciences. Perhaps also cybernetics and systemics.
 * health sciences would include medicine, veterinary medicine and conservation medicine, which is a new emerging interdisciplinary field combining the elements of both.
 * use of "Earth sciences" instead of "geology", as this is a wider term. Under this name different sublinks could be listed.
 * abolishment of the category of emerging sciences. Communication studies would belong to the category of holistic science, materials science to the category of natural sciences and computer science to the category of natural or holistic science.

As I am no expert, these changes have to be discussed. When and if they are implemented, also the article content (including headings) should be changed accordingly.

Another difficult job would be making the classification of sciences consistent and as accurate as possible between this article and the article science, and eventually, throughout Wikipedia. --Eleassar777 15:51, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * While I agree on the addition of holistic sciences (I was about to add cognitive science to the box) I would not call them holistic. Maybe the term generic or interdisciplinary sciences better fits the bill. Also, cognitive science is an interdisciplinary approach that has grown from psychology, cybernetics, information science, etcetera, and I think that sort of information should be covered by its own entry (yes, there is a lot of work to be done on science in Wikipedia...) -- Cugel 07:41, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

Several ways to slice it
Thanks for the note...I do indeed have some comments.

I see several different approaches to the topic taking form in this article so far:
 * A listing of important discoveries, by field
 * A listing of important contributions, by civilization
 * A discussion of theories of the history of science
 * Discussion of broad periods (such as "pre-experimental science" and "the Scientific Revolution")

There is also still some material here that needs to be pushed out to history of mathematics and history of technology.

I'm pretty sure there's not room here for all four types of historical treatment.

I like the idea of splitting the article up into several topical sub-articles, held together by a navbox. Some very large topics (like the History of China) are broken up this way, and I have found it pleasant to read and easy to navigate.

I think all of the "contributions to science by civilization X" should be moved into one or more sub-articles of this type. Right now, it looks like we only have enough material for one such sub-article, but there is tremendous room for growth here.

The material on "theories of the history of science" can likewise be spun off into a separate sub-article. I don't think Science studies should be a "main article", really, and I don't think this material should move there. The entirety of "history of science" is really a subfield of the interdisciplinary "science studies", and there is a lot in the latter that is not in the former. Science studies should certainly reference History of science, though, especially the sub-article which will draw heavily from theories of science studies theorists and historians of science. (Ug, the Science studies article makes me want to cry. It will probably take a year or two to upgrade Wikipedia's coverage of this area to adequate levels...but that's OK.  Maybe this is an excellent excuse to start pulling together material I wish had been included in the non-existent Science, Technology, and Society textbook for undergraduates.)

I think most or all of the "in X year, Y discovered Z" material should be moved out to "History of Foo" articles. Our coverage of these types of events is very spotty; if we were to expand it to be more comprehensive at this level of detail, we would have enough material for ten articles. We could push things out to Timeline of scientific discoveries and Timeline of scientific experiments, but mixing too many disciplines in the same timeline just makes for a jumble. And I do like the interstitial prose, which can help lend context and link to a variety of related articles. Putting this material in the "History of Foo" articles would enable us to keep the prose style, would greatly improve those articles, and would divide the material up into more manageable chunks and coherent threads.

So what's left for this article? I think that a "guided tour" of the history of science, with very broad summaries will easily fill 32-100k. Take a look at the list, Basic theories of science. The comings and goings of theories of this level of importance, in each of the subfields of interest, (and historical antecedents, of course) should be covered. The specific discoveries and people involved in the process, except for the truly landmark thinkers, like Aristotle and Plato and Newton and Einstein, should be pushed out into per-topic histories. The main articles on the medieval period and the Scientific Revolution, could probably use some expansion, but we do have good fodder for broad overview sections here. The pre-medieval period does need some sort of broad overview for the reader whose eyes will completely glaze over after three paragraphs of ancient history. I would discuss here how knowledge flowed (or did not flow) among various civilizations. Some small discussion of the unfamiliar techniques of the pre-experimental period (as contrasted with the very familiar techniques of modern science) is also necessary, I think, to orient readers properly and to paint an accurate picture. Discussion of specific theories should be postponed until per-topic summaries. It's important in this summary article not to present everything twice - once in the per-civilization section, where we won't be able to construct coherent threads, and again in the per-field section. The detailed articles on the contributions of various civilizations should of course mention all related material, and cross-reference appropriately with the per-field histories and specific theory and person articles, etc.

-- Beland 05:05, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * See also Obsolete scientific theory. -- Beland 05:29, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the link; it is suggesting that we could classify the knowledge as follows (1st attempt, the exact names are immaterial, please improve the list)

Ancheta Wis 11:43, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Useful
 * Phenomenology (descriptive Natural History, much of Social Science)
 * Partial theories (classical mechanics, general relativity, quantum mechanics ), by Einstein's own admission
 * Standard theories (Electromagnetism, Kinematics, Optics )
 * Applied sciences (Hydraulics, Celestial Mechanics, Laser physics, nanophysics etc) -- anything usable, including classical mechanics
 * Useless
 * Pseudoscience ( magical thinking, pre-scientific method )
 * Obsolete scientific theory (much of Aristotle, but his Natural History ranks as current and usable)
 * Discredited theory (end of the world, other FUD etc.)
 * Undetermined
 * Ignored by others (like Felix Ehrenhaft, Ludwig Boltzmann, in his lifetime)
 * Protoscience (string theory, quantum entanglement) anything awaiting validation
 * Disputed theories (many, well-known)
 * Politicized theories (Galileo, etc)

 * Please don't take the topics in the summary style box literally, I am prototyping Beland's concepts. Everyone, please jump in. Ancheta Wis 12:58, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

What about adopting/adapting the Universal Decimal Classification? --Eleassar777 15:55, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The summary box was actually already pretty close to what I was imagining. I edited it a bit to improve the names of things and to change the sorting of types of scientific fields.  Honestly, I don't know what sorting system would be best, though rather than adapt someone else's, I think it might be best to just create our own.  The best place to start might actually be to fix Category:Science.
 * I didn't mean to say that we should use Obsolete scientific theory to sort things into sections; merely that the theories that are mentioned there are good candidates for being important enough to mention on this overview page. For example, the history of physics should describe the progression of laws of motion and gravity (Aristotelian, Newtonian, relativity, Grand Unification); theories of electricity, magnetism, and light (ancient, Newtonian, Maxwell, relativity, quantum mechanics); atomic theory (ancient debates over continuum vs. discrete particles, Platonic solids, the discovery of modern elements - see also chemistry, the discovery of protons and neutrons and electrons, the discovery of other subatomic particles, quantum mechanics); and thermodynamics (classic notions, caloric theory, Brownian motion and introduction of atomic theory, laws of thermodynamics).  To end it all, there should also be mention of attempts at Grand Unification.
 * I think we can probably cover the history of pseudoscience and whatnot in a single article, and I've added that to the summary box. -- Beland 01:45, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The order of the various fields
I suggest we alphabetize the order of the various fields of the natural sciences, social sciences and the emerging disciplines. The order in which they are now seems to suggest that some fields are more important than others, and Wikipedia is to be as neutral as it can be. Also I want to thank the user who expanded the psychology text ;-) --Heida Maria 22:37, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that alphabetization is a very poor and arbitrary form of organization (Bio, Chem, Ecology, Geology, Physics? It is a nonsensical ordering). I think some attempt at chronology should be attempted, based on when the fields first began to define themselves along professional lines (i.e. when "chemistry" emerged as a discipline as different from the tinkering of alchemists, when "biology" was not just the writings of Victorian naturalists to one another, etc.). --Fastfission 22:46, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * All right, that sounds even better. So please, go ahead :-) --Heida Maria 01:40, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think we should really try to focus on the beginnings of our "modern" understandings of these disciplines rather than attempt to trace them back to the Vedics and Aristotle and the like. These sorts of "rediscovered pre-histories" are not chronologically sensible for a number of reasons. "Modern physics" as a specific discipline of study doesn't really come into being until Newton, I would argue, and "biology" begins around the time of Lamarck and Buffon. I don't know enough about the history of chemistry to date it very well though generally Lavoisier is considered to be undoubtably a chemist in a way which Boyle is still often considered to be not too different from an alchemist. Astronomy is probably the oldest of the natural sciences in terms of its establishments, likely because of its very tangible benefits to agriculture and religion (marking time and dates). I'm not sure when medicine becomes an organized study and application of various understandings of disease and the body but I'm betting it is a lot closer to the present than Imhotep. I'll see if I have time to look up what some more knowledgeable scholars say about these topics. I'm wary of anything modern in science which purports to be ancient in origin; generally this is somewhat of a dodge and an attempt to make it seem that their activities are structured and timeless when they were really fairly incoherent until the last two hundred years or so. --Fastfission 02:18, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It is traditional to say that modern psychology begins in 1879 (first psych lab). Sociology as a scientific discipline emerged in the early 19th century. Modern economics was developed by Adam Smith in his An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The history of political science article says: "The advent of political science as a university discipline is evidenced by the naming of university departments and chairs with the title of political science arising in the 1860s." The history of linguistics text reads: "Efforts to describe and explain the human language faculty have been undertaken throughout recorded history. Contemporary linguistics is the outcome of a continuous European intellectual tradition originating in Ancient Greece." History of anthropology: "Anthropology grew increasingly distinct from natural history and by the end of the nineteenth century the discipline began to crystallize into its modern form". Therefore, the order is roughly:
 * Linguistics
 * Economics
 * Sociology
 * Psychology
 * Anthropology

--Heida Maria 03:20, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of science/Archive 2


text:
Andrew Mickel

Andrew Hampton "Andy" Mickel (born March 13, 1979) is a former resident of Springfield, Ohio. He graduated from Springfield's North High School in 1998. He went on to serve three years with the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division before attending Evergreen State College and becoming a journalist with Indymedia.org.

On November 19, 2002, at 1:27 am, Mickel shot and killed Officer David Mobilio of the Red Bluff, California Police Department while gassing up his patrol car. Mobilio was shot twice in the back, and once in the head at "very close range". A handmade "Don't Tread on Us" flag was left beside Mobilio's body. There were no witnesses to the killing, and the crime would have gone unsolved had there not been Internet postings about the crime six days later. The postings read, "Hello Everyone, my name's Andy. I killed a Police Officer in Red Bluff, California in a motion to bring attention to, and halt, the police-state tactics that have come to be used throughout our country. Now I'm coming forward, to explain that this killing was also an action against corporate irresponsibility." It was signed "Andy McCrae", an alias of Mickel's.

Mickel said that "prior to my actions in Red Bluff, I formed a corporation under the name 'Proud and Insolent Youth Incorporated', so that I could use the destructive immunity of corporations and turn it on something that actually should be destroyed." The name is taken from the novel Peter Pan written by Scottish author J. M. Barrie. Mickel wrote, "Just before their final duel and Capt. Hook's demise, Hook said to Peter, 'Proud and insolent youth, prepare to meet thy doom.'

Mickel insisted on representing himself during his trial. His parents have been quoted as referring to their son as Theodore Kaczynski, aka the Unabomber. They say that their son, like Kaczynski, is wrong but mentally ill and should be treated as such.

In April 2005, Mickel was convicted of one count of first-degree murder. He was subsequently sentenced to death and is being held on Death Row at San Quentin State Prison while awaiting his automatic appeal to the California Supreme Court.

In September 2009, The California Supreme Court, declaring that "In California, a criminal defendant has no right to represent himself or herself on appeal," appointed attorney Lawrence A. Gibbs to represent Mickel for his automatic appeal.

On December 19, 2016, the California supreme court upheld Mickel's conviction and sentence.

title: Andrew Mickel


text:
I Love the Way They Scream When They Die

I Love the Way They Scream When They Die is a live album by Brutal Juice. It was recorded at two shows in Austin, Texas in early 1994.

The album was self-released (attributed to "Homus Boyus Productions") later that year in the United States, where it was distributed by Alternative Tentacles. In Europe, Alternative Tentacles released the album on the label as Virus 157.

Track listing

 * 1) "Lashings of the Ultra-Violent" – 2:55
 * 2) "Cannibal Holocaust" – 5:09
 * 3) "Humus Tahini" – 4:47
 * 4) "Hardcore and Wine" – 2:14
 * 5) "Galaxy" – 4:17
 * 6) "Doorman" – 4:52
 * 7) "Numbskull" – 2:55
 * 8) "Whorehouse of Screams" – 6:36
 * 9) "Cathy Rigby" – 5:12
 * 10) "Nation Wide" – 5:17
 * 11) "The Vaginals" – 2:18
 * 12) "Kentucky Fuck Daddy" – 3:49
 * 13) "Waxing Gibbous" – 4:54
 * 14) "Black Moment of Panic" – 4:25
 * 15) "Punk Fuck" – 3:23
 * 16) "Pull the Plug" – 6:52

Personnel

 * Craig Welch - lead vocals
 * Gordon Gibson - lead vocals, guitar
 * Ted Wood - guitar, vocals
 * Ben Burt - drums
 * Sam McCall - bass, vocals
 * Joey Gibson - additional vocals (on "Cathy Rigby")

Reception
Ira A. Robbins expressed that the album has largely been made redundant due to the release of the bands other album Mutilation Makes Identification Difficult but that it is somewhat noteworthy for including versions of the bands first two A-sides "Black Moment of Panic" and "Punk Fuck". He also expressed that the previously unreleased song "Pull the Plug" is a nasty piece of noice.


text:
Talk:I Love the Way They Scream When They Die

Fair use rationale for Image:Bj-scream.jpg
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text:
John Harvey & Sons

John Harvey & Sons is a brand (trading name) of a wine and sherry blending and merchant business founded by William Perry in Bristol, England in 1796. The business within 60 years of John Harvey joining had blended the first dessert sherry, dubbed 'cream sherry', which has changed little since 1880 and is known as Harveys Bristol Cream. The brand was sold to Beam Global in 2010 and then to Grupo Emperador Spain S.A. in 2015, which is owned by Alliance Global Group of the Philippines.

History
In 1796, the first iteration of Harvey's wine-trading business was established in Denmark Street in Bristol. This was owned by William Perry, who went into partnership with Thomas Urch. In 1822, Urch's nephew (John Harvey I) joined the firm as an apprentice. By 1839, John Harvey was senior partner in the Bristol branch of the family business and by 1871, the whole business was known as John Harvey & Sons.

Bristol Cream sherry exports to America boomed from 1928 onwards with Jack Harvey making trips there as often as he could. From 1962, the business was known as Harveys of Bristol Ltd, and in 1966, the firm including all subsidiaries was bought out by Showerings, Vine Products & Whiteways Ltd. After 1960, the business relocated from Denmark Street to Whitchurch Lane, Hartcliffe, at which point the Denmark Street cellars became Britain's only wine museum, with an adjoining restaurant. Both closed in 2003. By 2016, the bar Harveys Cellars was located on the same site in Denmark Street.

The records of John Harveys & Sons are held by Bristol Archives (Ref. 40913) (online catalogue).

Bristol Cream and other products
Bristol Cream is a complex dark amber 'cream sherry' that has been blended and bottled in Jerez, Spain since 1796. The brand was wholly owned by John Harvey & Sons of Bristol until the 21st century acquisition. John Harvey's descendants continued making Bristol cream since the takeover of the company's main brand. Since 2019, it is made and bottled in Spain. Some residual assets or shares of the business such as in vineyards are owned by former board member Joseph Harvey, the youngest of John Harvey's male descendants.

The business specialises in blending and exporting the fortified wine, sherry. It originally sold a wider mix of Spanish and Portuguese wines and from the early 19th century, specialised in fortified wines which traveled better consistently. During the 1860s and 1880s John Harvey's sons John and Edward developed in the company's cellars what was dubbed a new type of sherry: cream sherry (in flavour and texture). This became the main product: Harveys Bristol Cream. The blend starts with wines from fifty different soleras, including three sherry types: Fino, Amontillado and Oloroso. Finally some Pedro Ximénez wine from sun-dried 'raisonified' grapes of the region is blended for sweetness, for the richness or 'creaminess' of aftertaste that is the hallmark of the product.

Since its inception, it has been generally reviewed as one of the major four types of sherry, although less so in some parts of Spain. The business eventually began buying its own vineyards to invest in fermenting and fortification premises locally and to protect the quality of source material. The business uses its estate vineyards in Jerez Superior and uses all of its Palomino grapes as the main source grape.

This product has been bottled in Bristol blue glass since 1994. The bottle label offers serving suggestions. The brand was sold to Beam Global in 2010 and to Grupo Emperador Spain S.A. in 2015.

A 1984 commercial for Harvey's Bristol Cream showed actor/comedian Peter Cook at a poolside party drinking Harvey's Bristol Cream sherry. He then says to "throw away those silly little glasses" whereupon the other party guests toss their sunglasses in the swimming pool.

title: John Harvey & Sons


text:
Figure with Meat

Figure with Meat is a 1954 painting by the Irish-born artist Francis Bacon. The figure is based on the Pope Innocent X portrait by Diego Velázquez; however, in the Bacon painting the Pope is shown as a gruesome figure and placed between two bisected halves of a cow.

The carcass hanging in the background is likely derived from Rembrandt's Slaughtered Ox, 1655. The painting is in the permanent collection of the Art Institute of Chicago.

Description
According to Mary Louise Schumacher of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Bacon appropriated the famous portrait, with its subject, enthroned and draped in satins and lace, his stare stern and full of authority. In Bacon's version, animal carcasses hang at the pope's back, creating a raw and disturbing Crucifixion-like composition. The pope's hands, elegant and poised in Velázquez's version, are rough hewn and gripping the church's seat of authority in apparent terror. His mouth is held in a scream and black striations drip down from the pope's nose to his neck.

The fresh meat recalls the lavish arrangements of fruits, meats and confections in 17th-century vanitas paintings, which usually carried subtle moralizing messages about the impermanence of life and the spiritual dangers of sensual pleasures. Sometimes, the food itself showed signs of being overripe or spoiled, to make the point. Bacon weds the imagery of salvation, worldly decadence, power and carnal sensuality, and he contrasts those things with his own far more palpable and existential view of damnation".

Influence
The painting is featured in Tim Burton's 1989 film Batman. Criminals led by the Joker break into an art museum and vandalize various works of art; but upon seeing Figure with Meat, the Joker orders it spared and left intact, remarking "I kind of like this one [...] Leave it." Craig Shaw Gardner's novelization explains that it was in that art that Joker saw "A black-and-white figure, screaming with pain and anguish and madness, a creature both pitiful and terrifying in its intensity, as if it contained all the pain and anguish and madness in the world."

title: Figure with Meat


text:
Hugo Viana

Hugo Miguel Ferreira Gomes Viana (born 15 January 1983) is a Portuguese retired professional footballer who played as a central midfielder. He is the current director of football of Sporting CP.

After starting out at Sporting CP he moved abroad at the age of 19, going on to have unassuming spells in England (Newcastle United) and Spain (Valencia) before settling back in his country with Braga. He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 165 matches and 23 goals over six seasons.

Viana represented Portugal in two World Cups and Euro 2012, also appearing with the under-23s at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Sporting CP
Born in Barcelos, Viana started his professional career at Sporting CP. There, he won the Young European Footballer of the Year award after an excellent debut season in the Primeira Liga.

Newcastle United
On 20 June 2002, 19-year-old Viana was signed by Newcastle United from the Premier League for €12 million (£8.5 million), his transfer fee becoming a record for the Magpies for a teenager by surpassing the £5 million paid to Nottingham Forest for England under-21 international Jermaine Jenas. The transfer was also a record for a player of his age, breaking the 1999 record held by Robbie Keane; Newcastle invested heavily in young players in that year, and chairman Freddie Shepherd reasoned by claiming consensus that he was the best young player in the world of football. The signing was also the first major deal between Portuguese agent Jorge Mendes and an English club.

Viana joined former Sporting manager Bobby Robson at his new team, and was mentored by veteran Gary Speed. He scored four goals in all competitions during his spell at St James' Park, against FK Željezničar Sarajevo and Feyenoord in the UEFA Champions League and Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion in the league.

Viana was unable to cement a starting position, as Speed – for whom Robson saw the Portuguese as a future replacement – was not declining with age, while Kieron Dyer, Jenas and Laurent Robert were also in form. He returned to Sporting on loan in July 2004. He found his old form and enjoyed a successful spell, even helping the Lions to the final of the UEFA Cup.

Valencia
Viana moved to Valencia CF at the start of 2005–06, again on loan. In March 2006, reports stated that he had been signed on a permanent deal for £1.5 million. During his first season he struggled to claim a first-team spot, facing tough competition from the likes of David Albelda and Rubén Baraja, manager Quique Sánchez Flores' preferred duo; still, he featured in 19 league games, and displayed some flashes of talent that allowed him to preserve his place in the Portugal national squad.

In a bid to secure first-team football, Viana decided to join fellow La Liga side CA Osasuna on loan, on 13 July 2007. However, a serious injury during pre-season forced him out for four months. After recovering, he played all of the last three matches, helping to a narrow escape from relegation.

In the 2008–09 campaign, Viana took no part in manager Unai Emery's plans, being restricted to four UEFA Cup matches and two appearances in the Copa del Rey.

Braga
On 31 July 2009, Viana was loaned to S.C. Braga for one season, thus returning to Portugal after three years. As they led the league in its early stages, he scored his first goals upon returning to his country, hitting twice in a 3–1 home win over C.F. Os Belenenses on 30 August. On 31 October, he again found the net, from a free kick against S.L. Benfica in a 2–0 home victory where he received player of the match accolades. The Minho side eventually finished in a best-ever second place, losing the title to precisely this team in the last matchday, with the player making 28 appearances (six as a reserve, he lost his importance after the return of Uruguayan Luis Aguiar on loan).

Viana regained his starting position in 2010–11 under the same manager, Domingos Paciência, as Aguiar eventually leaving the club. On 6 March 2011, again from a direct free kick and against Benfica, he equalised for the hosts in an eventual 2–1 home win. He added nine games (all starts) in Braga's UEFA Europa League runner-up run.

On 27 November 2011, in a game against FC Porto, Viana displayed a white T-shirt with the words 'Gary – Rest In Peace', in a tribute to Speed, who had committed suicide earlier that day.

Al Ahli and Al-Wasl
On 5 June 2013, Al Ahli Club from Dubai announced the signing of Viana effective as of 1 July, when his contract with Braga expired. He made his debut on 30 August in the year's Arabian Gulf Super Cup at the Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium, a penalty shootout victory after a goalless draw against Al Ain FC; his performance was described as "quiet" by The National, who attributed it to his unfamiliarity with the heat of the Middle Eastern summer. He totalled 39 appearances and three goals across his first season, helping the team conquer a domestic treble after adding the UAE Arabian Gulf League and the UAE League Cup.

Viana agreed to a deal with Al-Wasl F.C. of the same city and league, but the transfer was one of several declared void by the UAE Football Association for missing the 3 October 2014 deadline. It was completed the following 19 January. He retired on 13 October 2016, aged 33.

Director
In May 2017, Viana was appointed director of football at Belenenses. He left his post six months later.

Viana returned to Sporting in 2018, in the same capacity. In August 2021, he was suspended for 15 days and fined €2,295 for insulting the refereeing team after a game against F.C. Famalicão held four months earlier.

International career
Viana made his debut with Portugal on 14 November 2001, in a 5–1 friendly defeat of Angola. Replacing suspended Daniel Kenedy in the last minute, he was an unused member at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, but missed UEFA Euro 2004 on home soil. Manager José Romão called him up for the under-23 team for the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Greece; he and João Paulo were sent off in a 4–2 group stage elimination by Costa Rica.

Viana then returned to the senior side, and scored his only international goal on 12 October 2005 to conclude a 3–0 home win over Latvia in 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification; he appeared in two matches – both as a substitute – as the team came fourth at the finals in Germany. He was called as a last-minute replacement for injured Carlos Martins to the Euro 2012 squad, with the team already in training camp; he was unused in a run to the semi-finals but ended a five-year international exile in a pre-tournament friendly against Macedonia.

Style of play
Viana was known for his range of passing and his control of the ball, as well as for taking powerful shots from distance, including from free kicks. Conversely, his ability to contribute equally to defence was criticised by pundits. His comparative lack of pace meant that he struggled when placed on the left wing due to Newcastle's strength in central midfield. Charlie Woods, the scout who recommended him to the club, reflected in 2020 that he played like Mesut Özil.

Personal life
Viana married Raquel Gomes in a Catholic ceremony in Orada, Albufeira in June 2003. The marriage produced two daughters and a son.

In 2004, Viana lost his wedding ring on Newcastle Town Moor, but it was returned by a young fan due to the name engraved onto it.

International

 * Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Viana goal.

 * + List of international goals scored by Hugo Viana

 * }

Honours
Sporting CP
 * Primeira Liga: 2001–02
 * Taça de Portugal: 2001–02
 * UEFA Cup runner-up: 2004–05

Braga
 * Taça da Liga: 2012–13
 * UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2010–11

Al Ahli
 * UAE Arabian Gulf League: 2013–14
 * Arabian Gulf Super Cup: 2013
 * UAE League Cup: 2014

Orders
 * Medal of Merit, Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (House of Braganza)

title: Hugo Viana


text:
User talk:Skyleth

Proposed deletion of Joan Kenley

The article Joan Kenley has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of meeting notability guidelines: no significant coverage in reliable sources, only brief mentions, promotional sites, and Simpsons trivia fan sites."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Animalparty! (talk) 05:24, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Skyleth