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Diane Nash

Diane Judith Nash (born May 15, 1938) is an American civil rights activist, and a leader and strategist of the student wing of the Civil Rights Movement.

Nash's campaigns were among the most successful of the era. Her efforts included the first successful civil rights campaign to integrate lunch counters (Nashville); the Freedom Riders, who desegregated interstate travel; co-founding the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); and co-initiating the Alabama Voting Rights Project and working on the Selma Voting Rights Movement. This helped gain Congressional passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which authorized the federal government to oversee and enforce state practices to ensure that African Americans and other minorities were not prevented from registering and voting.

In July 2022, Nash was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Joe Biden.

Early life
Nash was born in 1938 and raised Catholic in a middle-class family in Chicago by her father Leon Nash and her mother Dorothy Bolton Nash. Her father was a veteran of World War II. Her mother worked as a keypunch operator during the war, leaving Nash in the care of her grandmother, Carrie Bolton, until age seven. Carrie Bolton was a cultured woman, known for her refinement and manners.

After the war, Nash's parents' marriage ended. Dorothy married again to John Baker, a waiter on the railroad dining cars owned by the Pullman Company. Baker was a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, one of the most powerful black unions in the nation. As Dorothy no longer worked outside the house, Diane saw less of her grandmother Carrie Bolton. Nonetheless, Bolton continued to be an important influence on Nash's life and was committed to making sure Diane understood her value. Bolton didn't discuss race often, believing that racial prejudice was taught to younger generations by their elders. Her grandmother's words and actions instilled in Diane confidence and a strong sense of self-worth. Simultaneously, her grandmother's influence cultivated a sheltered environment that left her vulnerable to the severity of racism in the outside world.

Education
Nash attended Catholic schools, and at one point considered becoming a nun. She also was the runner-up in a regional beauty pageant leading to the competition for Miss Illinois.

After graduating from Hyde Park High School in Chicago, Nash went to Washington, D.C., to attend Howard University, a historically black college (HBCU). After a year, she transferred to Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she majored in English. Nash acknowledged that she looked forward to personal growth during her time in college and wanted to explore the challenging issues of the time. In Nashville, she was first exposed to the full force of Jim Crow laws and customs and their effect on the lives of Blacks. Nash recounted her experience at the Tennessee State Fair when she had to use the "Colored Women" restroom, signifying the first time she had ever seen and been impacted by segregation signage. Outraged by the realities of segregation, Nash began to show signs of leadership and soon became a full-time activist.

Nash's family members were shocked when she joined the Civil Rights Movement. Her grandmother was quoted as saying, "Diane, you've gotten in with the wrong bunch"; she did not know that Diane was the chairwoman of organizing the nonviolent protests at her university. Her family was not familiar with the idea of working for civil rights, and it took her family time to fully recognize her position as a key player in the Civil Rights Movement. Her mother soon become a supporter by fundraising for the Freedom Riders. Nash said in a PBS Tavis Smiley interview, "My mother ended up going to fundraisers [in Chicago that sent money to] students in the South and, [she even went] to an elevated train bus station one day at 6:00 a.m. to hand out leaflets protesting the war." Her mother was influenced by Nash's sense of empowerment.

Nashville Student Movement
At Fisk, Nash searched for a way to challenge segregation. Nash began attending nonviolent civil disobedience workshops led by James Lawson. While in India, James Lawson had studied Mahatma Gandhi's techniques of nonviolent direct action and passive resistance used in his political movement. By the end of her first semester at Fisk, Nash had become one of Lawson's most devoted disciples. Although originally a reluctant participant in nonviolence, Nash emerged as a leader due to her well-spoken, composed manner when speaking to the authorities and to the press. In 1960 at age 22, she became the leader of the Nashville sit-ins, which lasted from February to May. Lawson's workshops included simulations in order to prepare the students to handle verbal and physical harassment that they would ultimately face during the sit-ins. In preparation, the students would venture out to segregated stores and restaurants, doing nothing more than speaking with the manager when they were refused service. Lawson graded their interactions in each simulation and sit-in, reminding them to have love and compassion for their harassers. This movement was unique for the time in that it was led by and composed primarily of college students and young people. The Nashville sit-ins spread to 69 cities across the United States.

Though protests would continue in Nashville and across the South, Nash and three other students were first successfully served at the Post House Restaurant on March 17, 1960. Students continued the sit-ins at segregated lunch counters for months, accepting arrest in line with nonviolent principles. Nash, with John Lewis, led the protesters in a policy of refusing to pay bail. In February 1961, Nash served jail time in solidarity with the "Rock Hill Nine" — nine students imprisoned after a lunch counter sit-in. They were all sentenced to pay a $50 fine for sitting at a whites-only lunch counter. Chosen as spokesperson, Nash said to the judge, "We feel that if we pay these fines we would be contributing to and supporting the injustice and immoral practices that have been performed in the arrest and conviction of the defendants."

When Nash asked Nashville's mayor, Ben West, on the steps of City Hall, "Do you feel it is wrong to discriminate against a person solely on the basis of their race or color?", the mayor admitted that he did. Three weeks later, the lunch counters of Nashville were serving blacks. Reflecting on this event, Nash said, "I have a lot of respect for the way he responded. He didn't have to respond the way he did. He said that he felt it was wrong for citizens of Nashville to be discriminated against at the lunch counters solely on the basis of the color of their skin. That was the turning point. That day was very important."

In August 1961, Nash participated in a picket line to protest a local supermarket's refusal to hire blacks. When local white youths started egging the picket line and punching various people, police intervened. They arrested 15 people, only five of whom were the white attackers. All but one of the blacks who were jailed accepted the $5 bail and were freed. But Nash stayed. The 23-year-old activist had insisted on her arrest with the other blacks, and once in jail, refused bail.

SNCC and SCLC
In spring 1960, nearly two hundred students involved with the nationwide sit-in movement arrived in Raleigh, North Carolina, for an organizing conference. There, the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), at Ella Baker's request, sponsored the students' meeting on April 15. Martin Luther King envisioned a simple SCLC student league, but Baker herself advised the youth to remain autonomous and follow their own principles. Accordingly, in April 1960 Nash was one of the leading founders of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC - pronounced "snick"), independent of any adult organizations, and quit school to lead its direct action wing. In the coming years, organizations such as the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and SCLC would try to recruit SNCC as their own student wing, with SNCC always resisting the invitations. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee would go on to be involved with some of the most important campaigns of the civil rights era, adding a fresh and active youth voice to the movement.

In early 1961, Nash and ten fellow students were put under arrest in Rock Hill, South Carolina, for protesting segregation. Once jailed, they would not accept the chance for bail. These dramatic events began to bring light to the fight for racial justice that was beginning to emerge. It also highlighted the idea of "jail, no bail", which was utilized by many other civil rights activists as the fight for rights progressed.

Originally fearful of jail, Nash was arrested dozens of times for her activities. She spent 30 days in a South Carolina jail after protesting segregation in Rock Hill, in February 1961. In 1962, although she was four months pregnant with her daughter Sherri, she faced a two-year prison sentence in Mississippi for contributing to the delinquency of minors whom she had encouraged to become Freedom Riders and ride on the buses. Despite her pregnancy, she was ready to serve her time with the possibility of her daughter's being born in jail. Nash took the weight of this possibility seriously, spending two days praying and meditating before coming to a decision and penning an open letter. "I believe that if I go to jail now, it may help hasten that day when my child and all children will be free — not only on the day of their birth but for all their lives." She was sentenced to 10 days in jail in Jackson, Mississippi, "where she spent her time there washing her only set of clothing in the sink during the day and listening to cockroaches skitter overhead at night".

Nash would go on to serve many roles for the SCLC from 1961 through 1965 while it was under Martin Luther King Jr. Though years later, Nash is clear about how she saw herself in relation to King, stating, "I never considered Dr. King my leader. I always considered myself at his side and I considered him at my side. I was going to do what the spirit told me to do. So If I had a leader, that was my leader." She later cut ties with the SCLC, questioning their leadership structure, including their male- and clergy-dominated ranks. She would also split from SNCC in 1965 when their directives changed under Stokley Carmichael's leadership, taking particular issue with the organization's departure from the founding pillar of nonviolence.

Freedom Riders
"We will not stop. There is only one outcome," stated Nash, referring to the 1961 CORE Freedom Riders. Designed to challenge state segregation of interstate buses and facilities, the project was suspended by CORE after a bus was firebombed and several riders were severely injured in attacks by a mob in Birmingham, Alabama. Nash called on Fisk University and other college students to fill buses to keep the Freedom Rides going. They traveled to the South to challenge the states. The Nashville students, encouraged by Nash, promptly decided to finish the trip that had been suspended at Birmingham. New Orleans Congress of Racial Equality, the Nashville students and Nash were committed, ready, and willing. "It was clear to me that if we allowed the Freedom Ride to stop at that point, just after so much violence had been inflicted, the message would have been sent that all you have to do to stop a nonviolent campaign is inflict massive violence," says Nash. Nash took over responsibility for the Freedom Rides and worked to recruit Riders, act as media spokesperson, and garner the support the government and other Movement leaders. Coordinating from Nashville, she led the Freedom Riders from Birmingham, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi, where CORE Field Secretary Tom Gaither coordinated a massive program on the ground.

After the severe attacks, CORE's Executive Director James Farmer Jr., a veteran of CORE's original 1947 Freedom Rides, was hesitant to continue them. Nash talked with the students of the Nashville Student Movement and argued that, "We can't let them stop us with violence. If we do, the movement is dead." Nash remained adamant that they not send a message to the public that civil rights efforts could be stopped with violence. As the violence escalated and bus drivers began to refuse service to the Riders due to the dangers, Attorney General Robert Kennedy became involved and worked to keep the Rides going. Kennedy called the Alabama governor and the Greyhound bus company to implore them to allow the Rides to continue. Kennedy insisted that his special assistant John Seigenthaler travel to Alabama to get directly involved in the matter. Seigenthaler informed the reluctant Alabama governor that it was the government's duty to protect these citizens during the Freedom Rides. Nash spoke with Seigenthaler on the phone, and Seigenthaler warned her that the Freedom Rides could result in death and violence for participants. She responded, "We know someone will be killed, but we cannot let violence overcome nonviolence." Nash explained to Seigenthaler that she and other students had already signed their wills. John Lewis, who had just returned from the Freedom Ride, agreed to continue it, as did other students. A contingent of activists from New Orleans CORE also participated. They continued the action to a successful conclusion six months later.

When Nash was bringing a batch of students to Birmingham to continue the Ride, she telephoned Birmingham activist Fred Shuttlesworth to inform him. He responded to her sternly: "Young lady, do you know that the Freedom Riders were almost killed here?" Nash assured him that she did and that that would not stop her from continuing the ride. After gathering the final list of Riders, she placed a phone call to Shuttlesworth. They knew their phone line had been tapped by local police, so they worked out a set of coded messages related to, of all things, poultry. For instance, "roosters" were substituted for male Freedom Riders, "hens" for female Riders and so on. When Nash called Shuttlesworth again on Wednesday morning to tell him "The chickens are boxed," he knew that the Freedom Riders were on their way.

On May 20, 1961, the Riders left Birmingham for Montgomery with the promise of protection from the federal government, including police escorts and planes flying overhead. After about 40 miles, all signs of protection disappeared, and the Riders were subjected to a violent, angry mob armed with makeshift weapons such as pipes and bricks. Both white and black Riders were injured by the mob, including special assistant John Seigenthaler who exited his car to help one of the female Riders who was being beaten. When all the other Riders had left the bus terminal, five of the female Riders phoned Shuttlesworth, who relayed their whereabouts to Nash. Others called Nash directly, to inform her of the chaotic situation that had occurred. Fearing that all the riders were subject to arrest, Nash advised them to stay out of sight from the police, but this was compromised by Wilbur and Hermann, who had called the police after fleeing from the terminal area.

On May 21, 1961, Martin Luther King Jr. arrived at the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. King had caused tension between himself and the Freedom Riders, Nash included, due to his refusal to participate in the Rides. Nash was present at the First Baptist Church that night and is credited with playing a key role in getting King to come and speak in support of the Freedom Riders. More than 1,500 citizens were trapped inside the church overnight as violence raged outside. Martial law had to be declared by Alabama Governor John Patterson to finally bring an end to the mob. Gov. Patterson had been highly criticized by many within the movement for his unwillingness to support and protect the Riders. This was the first time he and the state of Alabama had moved to protect the movement. King preached to the crowd inside the church while teargas seeped in from outside, telling them that they would "remain calm" and "continue to stand up for what we know is right."

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy appointed Nash to a national committee to promote civil rights legislation. Eventually his proposed bill was passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Alabama Project and the Selma Voting Rights Movement
Shocked by the 1963 church bombing in Birmingham that killed four young girls, Nash and James Bevel committed to raising a nonviolent army in Alabama. Their goal was the vote for every black adult in Alabama, a radical proposition at the time. Alabama and other southern states had effectively excluded blacks from the political system since disenfranchising them at the turn of the century. After funerals for the girls in Birmingham, Nash confronted SCLC leadership with their proposal. She was rebuffed, but continued to advocate this "revolutionary" nonviolent blueprint.

Together with SCLC, Nash and Bevel eventually implemented the Selma to Montgomery marches, a series of protests for voting rights in Alabama in early 1965. They were initiated and organized by James Bevel, who was running SCLC's Selma Voting Rights Movement. Marchers crossed the Pettus Bridge on their way to the state capital of Montgomery, but after they left the city limits, they were attacked by county police and Alabama state troopers armed with clubs and tear gas, determined to break up the peaceful march. John Lewis, who had knelt to pray, had his skull fractured. The images were broadcast over national television, shocking the nation. Soon after this, President Lyndon Johnson publicly announced that it was "wrong--deadly wrong--to deny any of your fellow Americans the right to vote in this country." The initiative culminated in passage by Congress of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, which authorized the federal government to oversee and enforce the constitutional right to vote, with mechanisms to assess state compliance and require changes to enable registration and voting.

In 1965, SCLC gave its highest award, the Rosa Parks Award, to Nash and James Bevel for their leadership in initiating and organizing the Alabama Project and the Selma Voting Rights Movement.

Later recognition
During the civil rights era and shortly after, many of the male leaders received most of the recognition for its successes. As the civil rights era has been studied by historians, Nash's contributions have been more fully recognized. In 1995, historian David Halberstam described Nash as "…bright, focused, utterly fearless, with an unerring instinct for the correct tactical move at each increment of the crisis; as a leader, her instincts had been flawless, and she was the kind of person who pushed those around her to be at their best, or be gone from the movement."

Nash is featured in the award-winning documentary film series Eyes on the Prize (1987) and the 2000 series A Force More Powerful about the history of nonviolent conflict. She is also featured in the PBS American Experience documentary on the Freedom Riders, based on the history of the same name. Nash is also credited with her work in David Halberstam's book about the Nashville Student Movement, The Children, as well as Lisa Mullins’ book Diane Nash: The Fire of the Civil Rights Movement.

In addition, she has received the Distinguished American Award from the John F. Kennedy Library and Foundation (2003), the LBJ Award for Leadership in Civil Rights from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum (2004),

Nash has continued to believe in the power of nonviolent action to solve conflicts. In an interview with Theresa Anderson she said,

"Violence needs to be addressed. I think the Civil Rights Movement has demonstrated how to resolve human conflicts. I think it's crazy when two countries have problems with each other and one says 'Let's bomb them, kill them, go fight.' If we have a problem with another country I would like to see consideration instead of an automatic tendency to go to war. Let's hear their side, consider our side, and look at what is logical and reasonable. Let's look at what serves the best interests of the people and see if we can negotiate solutions, more sane solutions."In December 2021, the Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County voted to name the landing in front of the courthouse, where marchers led by Nash confronted Mayor West regarding segregated downtown lunch counters, the Diane Nash Plaza. An earlier effort to name the park in front of the courthouse for her failed because rules prevented Nashville parks from being named for living people.

On July 1, 2022, the White House announced that Nash would be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Later life
After the Civil Rights Movement, Nash moved back to Chicago, where she worked in the fields of education and real estate, continuing as an advocate and championing causes such as fair housing and antiwar efforts. She still lives in Chicago, only a few miles away from her son Douglass Bevel, with whom she remains very close.

In 2013, Nash expressed her support for Barack Obama, while also sharing her misgivings about his continuing involvement in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. While encouraged by the positive implications associated with electing the first Black president of the United States, Nash still believes that the true changes in American society will come from its citizens, not government officials.

Although she attended the Selma 50th anniversary celebrations in March 2015, Nash was noticeably absent from the restaging of the 1965 Selma march. When asked about her refusal to participate in the historic event, Nash cited the attendance of former president George W. Bush. Nash, who has dedicated her life to pursuits of peace and nonviolence, declared that Bush "stands for just the opposite: For violence and war and stolen elections, and his administration…had people tortured."

Decades after she played a critical role in the Civil Rights Movement, Nash remains committed to the principles of nonviolence that have guided her throughout her life. Although she was a key architect in many of the Movement's most successful efforts, she remains humble upon reflection. "It took many thousands of people to make the changes that we made, people whose names we'll never know. They'll never get credit for the sacrifices they've made, but I remember them."

In July 2022, Joe Biden presented Nash with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Personal life
While participating in the Nashville sit-in, Nash first met fellow protester James Bevel, whom she would later marry. They had two children together, a son and a daughter. The couple divorced after seven years of marriage and Nash never remarried.

In popular culture

 * Nash is portrayed by Tessa Thompson in the 2014 film Selma.
 * Nash is also portrayed in The Boondocks episode "Freedom Ride or Die".

title: Diane Nash


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International Union of Operating Engineers

The International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE) is a trade union within the United States-based AFL–CIO representing primarily construction workers who work as heavy equipment operators, mechanics, surveyors, and stationary engineers (also called operating engineers or power engineers) who maintain heating and other systems in buildings and industrial complexes, in the United States and Canada.

Founded in 1896, it currently represents roughly 400,000 workers in approximately 123 local unions and operates nearly 100 apprenticeship programs.

History
In the late 1800s, working conditions were harsh for construction and stationary workers. Low wages, no benefits and 60–90 hour workweeks were the norm. In 1896, 11 individuals met in Chicago and formed the National Union of Steam Engineers of America, the forerunner to the IUOE. One year later, the organization began to admit Canadian members and changed its name to the International Union of Steam Engineers. By 1912, the organization changed its name again to the International Union of Steam and Operating Engineers. In 1927, the union absorbed the International Brotherhood of Steam Shovel and Dredgemen.

The union dropped the word "steam" in 1928 as both the technology and the scope of labor had moved beyond steam technology. During the era of the two world wars and beyond, IUOE members were a significant part of the defense effort, from the Navy Seabees, who created the bases, airfields and roads, to the federal Highway Trust program, which created thousands of jobs for operating engineers. They also were part of many other important construction projects, including San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge, Chicago’s Sears Tower (renamed Willis Tower in 2009), Toronto’s CN Tower and Sky Dome (renamed Rogers Centre), New York’s Empire State Building and Holland Tunnel, the Statue of Liberty, Vancouver’s Lions Gate Bridge, the Alaskan pipeline, the Hoover Dam and countless others.

Training facilities
IUOE locals and the IUOE national organization run training facilities throughout the country. The largest training facility, the International Training & Education Center (ITEC), is located in Crosby, Texas, and covers 265 acres. It was opened in July 2016. The purpose of the ITEC is to provide hands-on training and education for union members in North America on new technologies and methodologies in construction such as excavation, drones, earthmoving, crane operation, mechanics, welding, and OSHA guidelines.

Technology and equipment providers such as Tadano America, Link-Belt Cranes, Terex Cranes, Manitowoc Cranes, Liebherr, Morrow Equipment, and Built Robotics donate, fund, or partner with the Union in providing access to different types of technology. These include cranes, virtual simulators, drones, autonomous equipment, welding bays, and heavy equipment. Additional industry partners include Lincoln Electric, Genie, DeWalt, Proto, Mac Tools, Lenox, John Deere, Caterpillar, Komatsu, and Simformotion.

Events
On April 10, 2019, President Trump visited the IUOE Training and Education Center and issued two executive orders to change the process for how pipeline projects were approved, which aimed to simplify the process for oil and gas companies in the United States.

Local 3
IUOE Local 3, based in Alameda, California, is the largest building and construction trades local in the U.S., with jurisdiction covering four states: California, Nevada, Hawaii and Utah. Most of Local 3's 42,600 members work as heavy equipment operators, and construction workers, but the local also represents public employees, such as maintenance workers and peace officers, Technical Engineers, Surveyors and Construction Inspectors as well as Building Inspectors. Local 3 is headed by Business Manager Dan Reding.

Local 4
IUOE Local 4, based in Medway, Massachusetts, has over 5,000 members in central and eastern Massachusetts (including Boston, Massachusetts), eastern New Hampshire, and Maine.

Local 14
IUOE Local 14, based in Flushing, New York, represents approximately 1,600 members working in the five boroughs of New York City.

Local 15
IUOE Local 15 (A-H), based in Long Island City, New York, represents about 5,000 operating engineers throughout the area of New York City - in tandem with IUOE Local 14.

Local 17
IUOE Local 17, based in Lake View, New York, represents 2,000 members throughout Western New York. Some of its membership derives from what was previously under the jurisdiction of IUOE Local 463, which was absorbed into Local 17 in May, 2019. IUOE Local 17 is led by Business Manager, Gary Swain and President, William (Bill) Fekete.

Local 18
IUOE Local 18, based in Cleveland, Ohio, represents about 15,000 members throughout 85 of 88 counties in Ohio and four counties in northern Kentucky.

Local 49
IUOE Local 49, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is the largest construction union in Minnesota and represents over 14,000 members across a broad range of industries including: Road, Highway and Bridge Construction, Building Construction, Housing Developments, River Dredging and Port Work, Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Construction and Maintenance, Fiber Optic Installation and Repair, Mining, Logging, Sand and Gravel Pits, Asphalt and Concrete Plants, Wind and Solar Construction and Maintenance, Coal, Nuclear, Natural Gas Power Plants, Drilling, Equipment Rental/Maintenance Shops, City/County/School District Construction and Maintenance, and Water and Waste Water Plants. Local 49 has jurisdiction over Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Local 49's Business Manager is Jason George.

The Local 49 Training Center located in Hinckley, Minnesota offers a comprehensive apprenticeship and educational program.

Local 49 has partnered with the Minnesota Virtual Academy to offer Operating Engineers pathway to high school students. Students participating in the pathway will take a series of classes that will prepare them to enter Local 49’s Operating Engineers Apprenticeship Program. Students will receive credit towards Local 49’s Apprenticeship Program based on courses completed.

Local 77
IUOE Local 77 covers Washington, D.C., seven counties in Northern Virginia and four counties in Maryland surrounding the District of Columbia.

Local 98
IUOE Local 98, based in Southwick, Massachusetts, represents approximately 1,300 members in Western Massachusetts, Western New Hampshire, and Vermont.

Local 99
IUOE Local 99 is a Stationary Engineer union representing approximately 3,500 members in the DMV area, including Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, and southern Maryland. Based in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, Local 99 is under the leadership of Business Manager Donald Havard and President Frank Barile. The union offers a comprehensive 4-year apprenticeship program.

Local 115
Local 115, based in Burnaby, British Columbia Canada, represents over 12,000 skilled workers in construction, road building, transportation, mining, aviation, and various industrial sectors throughout British Columbia and the Yukon. Local 115's Business Manager is Brian Cochrane and its President is Wayne Mills. Local 115 runs a Training Institute that is accredited with Private Career Training Institutions and delivers programs in accordance with British Columbia’s Industry Training Authority.

Temporary Foreign Worker legal challenge
In 2013, IUOE Local 115, along with the BC Building Trades Union, had tried to overturn permits given to a Murray River coal mine near Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia to hire 201 Chinese temporary workers to work on a new mine owned by Chinese nationals. The unions claimed that the job ads were written to exclude Canadian workers, and instead chose to hire Chinese workers for lower wages rather than source or train local miners from the immediate area or the province.

However, a federal court judge disagreed. Russell Zinn found that HD Mining, the owner of the coal mine, had fulfilled the requirements set out in a federally mandated Labour Market Opinion (LMO) and dismissed the unions’ challenge. However, public and media attention on the case resulted in some changes being implemented into the Canadian Temporary Foreign Worker Program to ensure that foreign workers are not chosen over local resources, where available.

Local 137
Local 137 represents the Operating Engineers in the counties of Westchester, Putnam, and parts of Southern Dutchess. The branch is headquartered in Briarcliff Manor, New York, in a former dairy processing building for Briarcliff Farms.

Members of this branch are currently working on the largest infrastructure project in New York and one of the largest in the nation, the New Tappan Zee Bridge.

Local 139
Local 139, based in Pewaukee, Wisconsin, represents over 10,990 members in Wisconsin. They represent workers employed across over 2,450 contractors.

Local 148
Local 148, representing Stationary Engineers, is based in Saint Louis, Missouri. They represent over 2,000 members in power generation, facility maintenance and operation, public works, public and private water and wastewater utilities, universities and colleges, airports, petrochemical, and municipal employees. Local 148 was chartered in 1941. Throughout its history a number of smaller locals have merged into Local 148, most recently being the merger of Local 2 in 2007.

Local 150
Local 150, based in Countryside, Illinois, is the second-largest local in the International (23,000 + Members) with jurisdiction in parts of three states: Illinois, Indiana and Iowa. Local 150's President and Business Manager is James "Jim" Sweeney. Local 150 represents the most traditional Operating Engineers (Hoisting and Portable, Heavy-Highway, Building Trade, Quarry, Landfill, and Underground) employees in the International. Local 150 has an advanced Operating Engineers (Hoisting and Portable) apprenticeship program.

Local 158
Local 158 possesses jurisdiction over forty two counties in New York - making it the largest New York IUOE Local by area. The local is new, by trades-union standards, having been formed in 2011 via a merger of three independent locals - Local 106 of Albany, New York, Local 545 of Syracuse, New York, and Local 832 of Rochester, New York. Local 158, now comprising three united but semi-autonomous districts is led by Business Manager Jonathan Lanse, and based out of Glenmont, New York.

Local 302
Local 302 represents 14,000 men and women within the states of Washington, Idaho, and Alaska. Daren Konopaski is the Business Manager and International Vice President.

Members consist of traditional Operating Engineers (heavy-highway and bridge, building trade, quarry, road, river dredging and port work, oil and natural gas pipeline construction and maintenance, sand and gravel pits, asphalt and concrete plants, wind and solar construction, and more) and Stationary Engineers (building and facility operation and services such as custodial, security, HVAC, boiler, chiller, lighting, plumbing, welding, etc.; public water and wastewater utilities, schools, airports, municipal employees, and more).

The 3 heavy equipment training centers, serving WA, ID, and AK offer apprenticeship programs, and journey-level skill improvement courses. There are also stationary engineer journeyman-level training classes and apprenticeship programs available.

Local 399
Local 399, stationary engineers, is based in Chicago, Illinois also having jurisdiction in Northwest Indiana and Illinois. The Business Manager and President is Patrick J. Kelly, who is also the tenth international Vice President since 2021.

Local 379
On January 9, 1919, IUOE Local 379 participated in the 1919 New York City Harbor Strike, as one of six unions that made up the Marine Workers Affiliation of the Port of New York, shutting down the port for weeks.

Local 501
Local 501 was formed in 1953 by the merger of several regional locals and has offices in Los Angeles and Las Vegas. The Business Manager is Edward J. Curly. Members perform maintenance and repair of all HVAC equipment, boiler operation, lighting, plumbing, welding, painting, carpentry, or in general, all trade related maintenance and repair.

Local 793
Local 793 of the International Union of Operating Engineers represents more than 19,000 crane and heavy equipment operators and other skilled workers employed in all sectors of the construction industry, industrial and mining sectors across the province of Ontario and the territory of Nunavut. Union members operate mobile cranes, tower cranes, concrete pumps, bulldozers, excavators, graders, tractor loader backhoes and many other types of heavy equipment. The Local 793 Business Manager is Mike Gallagher. The Local 793 training centres - the Operating Engineers Training Institute of Ontario, or OETIO - are located in Oakville and Morrisburg.

Local 825
Local 825 covers New Jersey and the 'lower counties' (Rockland, Orange, Ulster, Sullivan & Delaware) of New York State. The Local 825 Business Manager is Greg Lalevee. The Local 825 training center is located adjacent to the NJ Turnpike.

Local 877
Local 877 is a Stationary Engineer union representing approximately 1,400 members and covers Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Maine, and Vermont. The Local 877 Business Manager is Mike Cannistraro. Members maintain, operate, and repair: HVAC equipment, boilers, power plants, lighting, plumbing, welding, painting, carpentry, renewables or in general, all trade related maintenance and repair. The Local 877 training center is located in Canton, MA.

Presidents

 * 1896: Charles J. DeLong
 * 1897: Frank Bowker
 * 1898: Frank Pfohl
 * 1898: Samuel L. Bennett
 * 1899: Philip A. Peregrine
 * 1900: Frank B. Monaghan
 * 1901: George V. Lighthall
 * 1903: Patrick McMahon
 * 1904: John E. Bruner
 * 1905: Matthew Comerford
 * 1916: Milton Snellings
 * 1921: Arthur M. Huddell
 * 1931: John Possehl
 * 1940: William E. Maloney
 * 1958: Joseph J. Delaney
 * 1962: Hunter P. Wharton
 * 1976: J. C. Turner
 * 1985: Larry Dugan
 * 1990: Frank Hanley
 * 2005: Vincent Giblin
 * 2011: James Callahan

Notable members

 * Thomas P. Giblin (born 1947), New Jersey General Assembly member
 * Robert Rita (born 1969), member of the Illinois House of Representatives
 * Lee Savold (1915–1972), heavyweight boxer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ella Mae Mendez

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete: Does not really assert this person's importance or significance. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 12:17, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Ella Mae Mendez
Delete Non-notable. 141.211.138.85 03:48, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This nom was malformed and never added to a main VfD page in the past five months... doing so now. No vote.  JYolkowski // talk 22:18, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Makes no claim as to notability. Tagged as nn-bio. --GraemeL (talk) 11:47, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Ti plasmid

A tumour inducing (Ti) plasmid is a plasmid found in pathogenic species of Agrobacterium, including A. tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes, A. rubi and A. vitis''.

Evolutionarily, the Ti plasmid is part of a family of plasmids carried by many species of Alphaproteobacteria. Members of this plasmid family are defined by the presence of a conserved DNA region known as the repABC gene cassette, which mediates the replication of the plasmid, the partitioning of the plasmid into daughter cells during cell division as well as the maintenance of the plasmid at low copy numbers in a cell. The Ti plasmids themselves are sorted into different categories based on the type of molecule, or opine, they allow the bacteria to break down as an energy source.

The presence of this Ti plasmid is essential for the bacteria to cause crown gall disease in plants. This is facilitated via certain crucial regions in the Ti plasmid, including the vir region, which encodes for virulence genes, and the transfer DNA (T-DNA) region, which is a section of the Ti plasmid that is transferred via conjugation into host plant cells after an injury site is sensed by the bacteria. These regions have features that allow the delivery of T-DNA into host plant cells, and can modify the host plant cell to cause the synthesis of molecules like plant hormones (e.g. auxins, cytokinins) and opines and the formation of crown gall tumours.

Because the T-DNA region of the Ti plasmid can be transferred from bacteria to plant cells, it represented an exciting avenue for the transfer of DNA between kingdoms and spurred large amounts of research on the Ti plasmid and its possible uses in bioengineering.

Nomenclature and classification
The Ti plasmid is a member of the RepABC plasmid family found in Alphaproteobacteria. These plasmids are often relatively large in size, ranging from 100kbp to 2Mbp. They are also often termed replicons, as their replication begins at a single site. Members of this family have a characteristic repABC gene cassette. Another notable member of this family is the root inducing (Ri) plasmid carried by A. rhizogenes, which causes another plant disease known as hairy root disease.

A key feature of Ti plasmids is their ability to drive the production of opines, which are derivatives of various amino acids or sugar phosphates, in host plant cells. These opines can then be used as a nutrient for the infecting bacteria, which catabolizes the respective opines using genes encoded in the Ti plasmid.

Accordingly, Ti plasmids have been classified based on the type of opine they catabolize, namely: nopaline-, octopine- or mannityl-types, which are amino acid derivatives, or agrocinopine-type, which are sugar phosphate derivatives.

Historical discovery
The identification of A. tumefaciens as the cause of gall tumours in plants paved the way for insights into the molecular basis of crown gall disease.

The first indication of a genetic effect on host plant cells came in 1942-1943, where plant cells of secondary tumours were found to lack any bacterial cells within. However, these tumour cells did possess the ability to produce opines metabolized by the infecting bacterial strain. Crucially, the production of the respective opines occurred regardless of the plant species and occasionally only within crown gall tissues, indicating that the bacteria had transferred some genetic material to the host plant cells in order to allow opine synthesis.

However, how and to what extend did DNA transfer occur remained an open question. Adding A. tumefaciens DNA alone did not cause tumors in plants, while very little A. tumefaciens DNA was found to be integrated into the host plant cell genome. The addition of deoxyribonucleases (DNases) to degrade DNA also failed to prevent the formation and growth of the plant tumors. These suggested that little, if any, of the A. tumefaciens DNA is transferred to the host plant cell to cause disease and, if DNA is indeed transferred from the bacteria to the plant, it must occur in a protected manner.

Subsequently, oncogenic bacterial strains were found to be able to convert non-pathogenic bacteria into pathogens via the process of conjugation, where the genes responsible for virulence were transferred to the non-pathogenic cells. The role of a plasmid in this pathogenic ability was further supported when large plasmids were found only in pathogenic bacteria but not avirulent bacteria. Eventually, the detection of parts of bacterial plasmids in host plant cells was established, confirming that this was the genetic material responsible for the genetic effect of infection.

With the identification of the Ti plasmid, many studies were carried out to determine the characteristics of the Ti plasmid and how the genetic material is transferred from the Agrobacterium to the plant host. Some notable early milestones in the studies of Ti plasmids include the mapping of a Ti plasmid in 1978 and the studying of sequence similarity between different Ti plasmids in 1981.

Between 1980–2000, the characterization of the T-DNA region and the 'vir' region was also pursued. Studies into the T-DNA region determined their process of transfer and identified genes allowing the synthesis of plant hormones and opines. Separately, early work aimed to determine the functions of the genes encoded in the 'vir' region - these were broadly categorized into those that allowed bacterial-host interactions and those that enabled T-DNA delivery.

Replication, partitioning and maintenance

The replication, partitioning and maintenance of the Ti plasmid depends on the repABC gene cassette, which is mainly made up of three genes: repA, repB and repC. repA and repB each encode for proteins involved in plasmid partitioning, while repC encodes a replication initiator. These genes are expressed from 4 different promoters located upstream of repA. repE encodes for a small antisense RNA and is located between repB and repC. Additionally, there is a partitioning site (parS) and an origin of replication (oriV) present within the repABC cassette.

Replication of the Ti plasmid
The replication of the Ti plasmid is driven by the RepC initiator protein, which possesses two protein domains: an N-terminal domain (NTD) that binds to DNA and a C-terminal domain (CTD). Mutational analyses have shown that without a functional RepC protein, the Ti plasmid is unable to replicate. Meanwhile, the oriV sequence is around 150 nucleotides in length and is found within the repC gene. Laboratory experiments have shown that the RepC protein binds to this region, suggesting its role as the origin of replication. Therefore, while the complete process behind the replication of the Ti plasmid has not been fully described, the initial step of replication would likely depend on the expression of RepC and its binding to oriV. Of note, the RepC protein only acts in cis, where it only drives the replication of the plasmid it is encoded in and not any other plasmid also present in the bacterial cell.

Partitioning of the Ti plasmid
The partitioning system of the Ti plasmid is similar to the ParA/ParB system used in other plasmids and bacterial chromosomes and is thought to act in the same way. Mutations in either of the proteins RepA or RepB have resulted in a decrease in plasmid stability, indicating their role and importance in plasmid partitioning. The ability of RepA to form filaments allows it to create a physical bridge along which DNA can be pulled to opposite poles of a dividing cell. Meanwhile, the RepB protein can bind specifically to the parS sequence, forming a complex with DNA that can be recognized by RepA. This system is particularly important for the proper partitioning of the Ti plasmid, as the plasmid is only present in few copy numbers in the bacterial cell.

Maintenance of the Ti plasmid
The Ti plasmid is maintained at low copy numbers within a bacterial cell. This is partly achieved by influencing the expression of the replication initiator RepC. When bound to ADP, RepA is activated to work with RepB, acting as a negative regulator of the repABC cassette. The levels of RepC is therefore kept low within a cell, preventing too many rounds of replication from occurring during each cell division cycle. Furthermore, there is a small RNA known as RepE encoded between repB and repC that lowers the expression of repC. RepE is complementary to RepC and will bind with the repC mRNA to form a double-stranded molecule. This can then block the translational production of the RepC protein.

Separately, the expression of the repABC cassette and hence the copy number of the Ti plasmid is also influenced via a quorum sensing system in Agrobacterium. Quorum sensing systems respond to bacterial population densities by sensing a molecule, known as an autoinducer, that is produced by the bacterial cells at low levels and would build up to a threshold level when there is a high density of bacteria present. In this case, the autoinducer is the N-3-oxooctanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (3-O-C8-AHL) molecule, which is sensed by a regulator known as TraR. When activated, TraR will bind to regions known as tra boxes in the repABC gene cassette's promoter regions to drive expression. Therefore, a high level of population density increases the number of plasmids present within each bacterial cell, likely to support pathogenesis in the plant host.

Virulence operon

The expression of the vir region is usually repressed under normal conditions, and only becomes activated when the bacteria senses plant-derived signals from wound sites. This activation is necessary for the production of Vir proteins and the transfer of DNA and proteins into host plant cells.

VirA and VirG form a two-component regulatory system within Agrobacterium. This is a type of sensing and signalling system found commonly in bacteria; in this case, they act to sense plant-derived signals to drive the expression of the vir region. During the sensing, VirA, a histidine sensor kinase, will become phosphorylated before passing on this phosphate group to the response regulator VirG. The activated response regulator VirG can then bind to a region of DNA known as the vir box, located upstream of each vir promoter, to activate the expression of the vir region. One possible downstream functions of the sensing mediated by VirA and VirG is the directional movement, or chemotaxis, of the bacteria towards plant-derived signals; this allows the Agrobacterium to move towards the wound site in plants. Furthermore, with the induction of the vir region, the transfer of T-DNA can be mediated by the Vir proteins.

The virB operon is the largest operon in the vir region, encoding for 11 VirB proteins involved in the transfer process of T-DNA and bacterial proteins into host plant cells (see transfer apparatus below).

The virC operon encodes for two proteins: VirC1 and VirC2. These proteins influence the pathogenesis of the Agrobacterium towards different plant hosts, and mutations can reduce but not remove the virulence of the bacteria. Both the virC and virD operons can be repressed by a chromosomally encoded protein known as Ros. Ros binds to a region of DNA that overlaps with the binding site of the VirG regulator, and therefore competes with VirG to control their expression levels. Functionally, VirC1 and VirC2 promote the assembly of a relaxosome complex during the conjugative transfer of T-DNA from the bacteria to the host plant cell. This is an energy-dependent process mediated via their NTPase activity, and occurs as they bind to a region of DNA known as overdrive. As a result, they act to increase the amount of T-DNA strands produced. Following the production of the DNA strand to be transferred (transfer strand, T-strand), the VirC proteins can also help to direct the transfer strand to the transfer apparatus.

The virD operon encodes for 4 proteins: VirD1-D4. VirD1 and VirD2 are involved in the processing of T-DNA during conjugation to produce the T-strand; this is the single-stranded DNA molecule that is transported to the host plant cell (see transfer apparatus below). During the processing, VirD1 will act as a topoisomerase to unwind the DNA strands. VirD2, a relaxase, will then nick one of the DNA strands and remain bound to the DNA as it is transferred to the recipient cell. Within the recipient cell, VirD2 will also work together with VirE2 to direct the transferred DNA to the recipient cell's nucleus. There are suggestions that VirD2 may be phosphorylated and dephosphorylated by different proteins, affecting its ability to deliver DNA. Conversely, little is known about VirD3, and mutational analyses have not provided any support for its role in the virulence of Agrobacterium. Finally, VirD4 is a crucial part of the conjugation process, serving as a coupling factor that recognizes and transfers the T-strand to the transport channel.

The virE operon encodes for 2 proteins: VirE1 and VirE2. VirE2 is an effector protein translocated together with the T-strand into host plant cells. There, it binds to the T-strand to direct its delivery to the nucleus of the host plant cell. Part of this activity involves the presence of nuclear localization sequences within the protein, which marks the protein and the associated DNA for entry into the nucleus. It also protects the T-strand from nuclease attack. There is some speculation regarding the role of VirE2 as a protein channel, allowing DNA to move through the plant cytoplasmic membrane. On the other hand, VirE1 may be involved in promoting the transfer of the VirE2 protein into the host plant cell. It binds to the ssDNA-binding domain of VirE2, therefore preventing the VirE2 protein from prematurely binding to the T-strand within the bacterial cell.

virF is a host specificity factor found in some but not all types of Ti plasmids; for example, octopine-type Ti plasmids possess virF but nopaline-types do not. The ability of A. tumefaciens to induce crown gall tumours in certain plant species but not others has been attributed to the presence or absence of this virF gene.

The virH operon encodes for 2 proteins: VirH1 and VirH2. A bioinformatics study of the amino acid sequences of the VirH protein showed similarities between them and a superfamily of proteins known as cytochrome P450 enzymes. VirH2 was then discovered to metabolize certain phenolic compounds detected by VirA.

Transfer DNA (T-DNA)
The T-DNA of Agrobacterium is approximately 15-20 kbp in length and will become integrated into the host plant genome upon its transfer via a process known as recombination. This process utilizes preexisting gaps in the host plant cell's genome to allow the T-DNA to pair with short sequences in the genome, priming the process of DNA ligation, where the T-DNA is permanently joint to the plant genome. The T-DNA region is flanked at both ends by 24bp sequences.

Within the host plant cell's genome, the T-DNA of Agrobacterium is expressed to produce two main groups of proteins. One group is responsible for the production of plant growth hormones. As these hormones are produced, there will be an increase in the rate of cell division and therefore the formation of crown gall tumors. The second group of proteins are responsible for driving the synthesis of opines in the host plant cells. The specific opines produced depends on the type of the Ti plasmid but not on the plant host. These opines cannot be utilized by the plant host, and will instead be exported out of the plant cell where it can be taken up by the Agrobacterium cells. The bacteria possess genes in other regions of the Ti plasmid that allows the catabolism of opines.

Transfer apparatus
Transfer apparatuses encoded within the Ti plasmid have to achieve two objectives: allow the conjugative transfer of the Ti plasmid between bacteria and allow the delivery of the T-DNA and certain effector proteins into host plant cells. These are achieved by the Tra/Trb system and the VirB/VirD4 system respectively, which are members of the type IV secretion system (T4SS).

For the Ti plasmid and T-DNA to be transferred via conjugation, they must first be processed by different proteins, such as the relaxase enzyme (TraA/VirD2) and the DNA transfer and replication (Dtr) proteins. Together, these proteins will recognize and bind to a region known as the origin of transfer (oriT) in the Ti plasmid to form the relaxosome complex. For the T-DNA, a nick will be created at the T-DNA's border sequence, and the nicked T-strand will be transported to the cell membrane, where the rest of the transfer machinery is present.

Within the VirB/VirD4 system, the VirD2 relaxase is aided by the accessory factors VirD1, VirC1 and VirC2 while it processes the DNA substrate. Furthermore, the VirD2 relaxase and the VirC proteins will contribute to the delivery of the DNA strand to the VirD4 receptor at the cell membrane. This receptor is an essential component of T4SSs, and is thought to energize and mediate the transfer of the DNA into the translocation channel between two cells. The table below summarizes the proteins encoded in the virB operon that makes up the translocation channel of the VirB/VirD4 system.

Uses in bioengineering
The ability of Agrobacterium to deliver DNA into plant cells opened new doors for plant genome engineering, allowing the production of genetically modified plants (transgenic plants). Proteins involved in mediating the transfer of T-DNA will first recognize the border sequences of the T-DNA region. Therefore, it is possible for scientists to use T-DNA border sequences to flank any desired sequence of interest - such a product can then be inserted into a plasmid and introduced into Agrobacterium cells. There, the border sequences will be recognized by the transfer apparatus of A. tumefaciens and delivered in a standard manner into the target plant cell. Moreover, by leaving behind only the border sequences of the T-DNA, the resulting product will edit the plant genome without causing any tumours in plants. This method has been used to modify several crop plants, including rice, barley and wheat. Further work have since extended the targets of A. tumefaciens to include fungi and human cell lines.

title: Ti plasmid


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Swift Current Broncos

The Swift Current Broncos are a Canadian major junior ice hockey team based in Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Founded in 1967, the Broncos relocated to Lethbridge, Alberta in 1974, and were known as the Lethbridge Broncos, before returning to Swift Current in 1986. The team plays in the Central Division of the Western Hockey League's Eastern Conference, and hosts games at Innovation Credit Union iPlex. Swift Current is the smallest city with a team in the WHL, and the second smallest across the entire Canadian Hockey League. The Broncos are three-time WHL playoff champions, and won the 1989 Memorial Cup. Before any of their championships, the Broncos were known for a 1986 team bus crash that resulted in the deaths of four players.

Early years
The Broncos were founded in 1967, joining the fledgling Western Canada Hockey League. The team, playing in the league's smallest city and in the brand new Centennial Civic Centre, struggled on the ice, posting losing records in its first six seasons. The Broncos finally posted a winning record and won their first playoff series in 1973–74; however, struggling to stay afloat, the team's ownership relocated the club to Lethbridge, Alberta, home to a brand new arena, after the season. A new Swift Current Broncos team was founded to play in the Tier II junior Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League starting that year. However, the community desired a return to top-flight junior hockey, and by 1986 close to 200 investors banded together to purchase the Lethbridge Broncos—who had won a league championship in 1983—and return them to Swift Current as a community-owned club.

1986 team bus crash
Only months into their first season back in Swift Current, on December 30, 1986, the Broncos' bus crashed in icy conditions on the way to a game in Regina. Several players were injured and four players were killed: Trent Kresse, Scott Kruger, Chris Mantyka, and Brent Ruff. Given the devastating tragedy, the team's board of directors discussed suspending operations for the remainder of the season. However, the players and coach, Graham James, voted to continue playing, and ultimately won out over a portion of the board that tried to suspend the team. The team refused professional counseling and turned down offers from other teams to loan players to the Broncos. The team called on prospects to fill out the roster and, led by star rookie Joe Sakic, who recorded 60 goals, earned the final playoff spot before bowing out in the first round.

Since the bus crash, the team has worn a commemorative patch in remembrance of the four players killed. In memory of the players, the league renamed its annual award for best player the Four Broncos Memorial Trophy. On December 30, 2016—30 years after the crash—a two-metre tall granite memorial was unveiled at the crash site.

Championships
The Broncos rapidly improved over the following two seasons, culminating in a 55-win season in 1988–89, securing the club's first Scotty Munro Trophy for best regular season record, led by the likes of Brian Sakic, Dan Lambert, and Tim Tisdale. In the playoffs, the team went undefeated en route to capturing the President's Cup and the right to play in the 1989 Memorial Cup tournament, hosted in Saskatoon. The Broncos lost their round-robin game against the Saskatoon Blades before facing the Blades in a re-match in the tournament final—it was the first ever Memorial Cup final contested between two teams from the WHL, let alone Saskatchewan. Despite losing a late lead that sent the game to overtime, Tisdale scored the sudden-death winner to give the Broncos the national championship. The final was played less than two-and-a-half years after the 1986 bus crash.

With Graham James still at the helm, the team remained competitive for several seasons, and captured a second league championship in 1992–93. At the 1993 Memorial Cup, the Broncos were eliminated in a tie-breaker. After the season, James resigned and worked on establishing an expansion team, which became the Calgary Hitmen. However, three years later, allegations arose that he sexually abused Sheldon Kennedy and one other former player during their time with the Broncos in the late 1980s. James plead guilty and was ultimately convicted and sentenced to three years in prison; he would later plead guilty to sexually assaulting another Broncos player in the early 1990s, among others.

After their 1993 league title, the Broncos would advance to just one more Conference Final before 2018, winning only a single playoff round between 2002 and 2017. 2017–18 saw the team post its most wins since 1992–93 and its fourth ever 100-point season. Led by Glenn Gawdin, Aleksi Heponiemi, and goaltender Stuart Skinner, the Broncos survived 7-game series against the Regina Pats and Moose Jaw Warriors, defeated the Lethbridge Hurricanes in the Conference Final, and then the Everett Silvertips in the Final for the Ed Chynoweth Cup and the Broncos' third league championship. At the 2018 Memorial Cup, hosted in Regina, the Broncos were eliminated after dropping their three round-robin matches, including to the host Pats who avenged their playoff series loss.

Logo and jerseys
The Broncos' original logo featured a bucking bronco and horseshoe design with a blue and green colour scheme. The team minimized and then dropped green starting in 1995, before updating and adopting their original designs full-time in 2014.

In November 2018, a jersey honouring both the Swift Current Broncos and the Humboldt Broncos—another Saskatchewan junior team deeply affected by a fatal bus crash that occurred in April of that year—was unveiled and worn by both teams.

Like many junior teams, the Broncos frequently adopt limited-edition and special-event jerseys. In 2023, the team temporarily re-branded as the Lake Diefenbaker Slough Sharks, unveiling a new jersey featuring a northern pike logo.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

Championship history

 * Memorial Cup: 1989
 * Ed Chynoweth Cup (3): 1988–89, 1992–93, 2017–18
 * Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy (2): 1988–89, 1992–93
 * Regular Season Division Champions (6): 1988–89, 1992–93, 1995–96, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2023–24

WHL Championship

 * 1988–89: Win, 4–0 vs Portland Winter Hawks
 * 1992–93: Win, 4–3 vs Portland Winter Hawks
 * 2017–18: Win, 4–2 vs Everett Silvertips

Memorial Cup Championship

 * 1989: Win, 4–3 (OT) vs Saskatoon Blades

Current roster
Updated June 29, 2024.

 * }

NHL alumni
• Blair Atcheynum

• Warren Babe

• Ryan Bast

• Ken Baumgartner

• Rollie Boutin

• Willie Brossart

• Colby Cave

• Jakub Cutta

• Kimbi Daniels

• Jake DeBrusk

• Ron Delorme

• Ed Dyck

• Gary Emmons

• Kris Foucault

• Dallas Gaume

• Glenn Gawdin

• Larry Giroux

• Josh Green

• Dillon Heatherington

• Aleksi Heponiemi

• Ian Herbers

• Chris Herperger

• Shane Hnidy

• Milan Hnilicka

• Joel Hofer

• Bill Hogaboam

• Earl Ingarfield Jr.

• Jason Jaffray

• Trent Kaese

• Sheldon Kennedy

• Ladislav Kohn

• Don Kozak

• Maxime Lajoie

• Dan Lambert

• Lane Lambert

• Brad Larsen

• Jim Leavins

• Brett Lernout

• Adam Lowry

• Beck Malenstyn

• Dean Malkoc

• Dean McAmmond

• Trent McCleary

• Ryan McGill

• Todd McLellan

• Jim McTaggart

• Craig Millar

• John Negrin

• Lawrence Nycholat

• Jaroslav Obsut

• Bill Oleschuk

• Ben Ondrus

• Colton Orr

• Ed Patterson

• Lane Pederson

• Paul Postma

• Kelly Pratt

• Pokey Reddick

• Jeremy Reich

• Michal Rozsival

• Terry Ruskowski

• Joe Sakic

• Geoff Sanderson

• Andy Schneider

• Dave Schultz

• Cam Severson

• Trevor Sim

• Nathan Smith

• Zack Smith

• Brent Sopel

• Stuart Skinner

• Rocky Thompson

• Ryan Tobler

• Bryan Trottier

• Layne Ulmer

• Sergei Varlamov

• Dale Weise

• Ian White

• Bob Wilkie

• Jeremy Williams

• Tiger Williams

• Dody Wood

• Tyler Wright

• Joe Zanussi

Retired numbers
The Swift Current Broncos retired the jersey numbers of the four players who died in the 1986 team bus crash.

Awards
Bob Clarke Trophy (WHL top scorer) Four Broncos Memorial Trophy (WHL player of the year) Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy (WHL rookie of the year) Bill Hunter Memorial Trophy (WHL top defenceman) Del Wilson Trophy (WHL top goaltender)
 * Joe Sakic: 1987–88 (tied with Theoren Fleury, Moose Jaw Warriors)
 * Jason Krywulak: 1992–93
 * Sergei Varlamov: 1997–98
 * Tyler Redenbach: 2003–04
 * Joe Sakic (2): 1986–87 (East Division winner), 1987–88
 * Jason Krywulak: 1992–93
 * Sergei Varlamov: 1997–98
 * Adam Lowry: 2012–13
 * Joe Sakic: 1986–87 (East Division winner)
 * Ashley Buckberger: 1991–92
 * Aleksi Heponiemi: 2016–17
 * Dan Lambert: 1988–89
 * Michal Rozsival: 1997–98
 * Bryce Wandler: 1999–00

Dunc McCallum Memorial Trophy (WHL coach of the year) Doc Seaman Trophy (WHL scholastic player of the year) Brad Hornung Trophy (WHL most smortsmanship) WHL Playoff MVP (Awarded since 1992) Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy (Memorial Cup MVP)
 * Stan Dunn: 1973–74
 * Graham James: 1986–87 (East Division winner)
 * Todd McLellan: 1999–00
 * Manny Viveiros: 2017–18
 * Ashley Buckberger: 1991–92
 * Adam Lowry: 2009–10
 * Rick Girard: 1992–93
 * Ian White: 2001–02
 * Tyler Steenbergen: 2016–17
 * Aleksi Heponiemi: 2017–18
 * Andrew Schneider: 1992–93
 * Glenn Gawdin: 2017–18
 * Dan Lambert: 1989 Memorial Cup

title: Swift Current Broncos


text:
Carry Me Back to Old Virginny

"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" is a song written circa 1878 by James A. Bland (1854–1911), an African-American composer and minstrel performer. It was Virginia's state song from 1940 until 1997.

There is some evidence suggesting that it is an adaptation of "Carry Me Back to Ole Virginny" ("De Floating Scow of Ole Virginia") which had been popular since the 1840s and was sung by Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War.

As Virginia's state song
A third reworded version was Virginia's state song from 1940 until 1997, using the word "Virginia" instead of "Virginny." In 1997, it was retired as the state song, largely due to controversy over the lyrics' racial content (such as the narrator being a slave, and referring to himself as a "darkey"). On January 28, 1997, the Virginia Senate voted to designate "Carry Me Back to Old Virginia" as state song emeritus and a study committee initiated a contest for writing a new state song.

The song was representative of the commonwealth in many ways. "When Clifton A. Woodrum was in Congress, the House of Representatives couldn't adjourn until the honorable Democrat from Roanoke, Virginia with a rich and varied baritone voice led the body in a rendition of "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny".

In January 2006, a state Senate panel voted to designate "Shenandoah" as the "interim official state song." On March 1, 2006, the House Rules Committee of the General Assembly voted down bill SB682, which would have made "Shenandoah" the official state song. In 2015, "Our Great Virginia" was made the new state song of Virginia.

Recordings

 * Alma Gluck, whose 1916 version often is cited, without confirmation, as the first celebrity recording by a classical musician to sell one million copies.
 * Rosa Ponselle recorded a version commercially on June 2, 1925. Broadcast recordings exist of her singing it in a General Motors Hour program of May 24, 1936 (Erno Rapee conducting) and an RCA Magic Key program of May 2, 1937 (Frank Black conducting).
 * Nelson Eddy and Jeanette MacDonald in Robert Z. Leonard's 1937 film Maytime.
 * Louis Armstrong and The Mills Brothers, recorded the song together in 1937.
 * Frankie Laine released a version of the song as the other side of the "Mule Train" single.
 * Virginia O'Brien recorded this song in her trademark deadpan style in a dream sequence for Martin Block's Musical Merry-Go-Round.
 * Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961).
 * Jerry Lee Lewis also recorded this song in 1963 for Sun Records.
 * Ray Charles released a version of the song on his album The Genius Hits the Road; it also served as the B-side of his famed 1960 recording of "Georgia on My Mind."
 * The Marching Virginians, Virginia Tech's marching band, regularly plays an instrumental rendition of the song, during its field shows and concerts.

Other languages

 * The melody is a popular tune in Iceland, the lyrics by Páll Ólafsson are an ode to the plover as a sign of the arrival of spring.
 * In Sweden, the melody is set to Christian lyrics with the title "Striden på jorden evig ej skall vara". Bo Andersson and Per-Göran Ekeroos, duet, with ensemble recorded it on 1966.

Lyrics (Bland's 1878 version)
Carry me back to old Virginny. There's where the cotton and corn and taters grow. There's where the birds warble sweet in the spring-time. There's where this old darkey's heart am long'd to go.

There's where I labored so hard for old Massa, Day after day in the field of yellow corn; No place on earth do I love more sincerely Than old Virginny, the state where I was born.

[CHORUS] Carry me back to old Virginny. There's where the cotton and the corn and taters grow; There's where the birds warble sweet in the spring-time. There's where this old darkey's heart am long'd to go.

Carry me back to old Virginny, There let me live till I wither and decay. Long by the old Dismal Swamp have I wandered, There's where this old darkey's life will pass away.

Massa and Missis have long gone before me, Soon we will meet on that bright and golden shore. There we'll be happy and free from all sorrow, There's where we'll meet and we'll never part no more.

[CHORUS]

Lyrics (Edward Christy's original)
On de floating scow ob ole Virginny, I've worked from day to day, Raking among de oyster beds, To me it was but play; But now I'm old and feeble, An' my bones are getting sore, Den carry me back to ole Virginny To ole Virginny shore.

[CHORUS] Den carry me back to ole Virginny To ole Virginny shore, Oh, carry me back to ole Virginny, To ole Virginny shore.

Oh, I wish dat I was young again, Den I'd lead a different life, I'd save my money and buy a farm, And take Dinah for my wife; But now old age, he holds me tight, And I cannot love any more, Oh, carry me back to ole Virginny, To ole Virginny shore.

When I am dead and gone to roost, Lay de old tambo by my side, Let de possum and coon to my funeral go, For dey are my only pride; Den in soft repose, I'll take my sleep, An' I'll dream for ever more, Dat you're carrying me back to ole Virginny, To ole Virginny shore.

Old Crow Medicine Show: Carry Me Back (2012)
Americana string band Old Crow Medicine Show's 2012 album, Carry Me Back, derives its name from 'Carry Me Back to Old Virginny'. The song with "such a pleasurable melody and such discomfiting politics that it has fascinated bandleader Ketch Secor since he was a kid in Virginia" led him to write "Carry Me Back to Virginia," for the group's album. As Secor reveals:

"That song came from a story I was told as a kid. The Confederates ran out of men, so they got 16-year-old boys from VMI, just kids, to march up to New Market, Virginia. I imagine their pride and valor as they marched up that hill and their shock as they heard the screams of the horses in the smoke. I wanted to surprise the listener the same way, so I started off by extolling the virtue of war, then drawing off all that glory till the truth was revealed."

title: Carry Me Back to Old Virginny


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Evangelical Catholic Church (Lutheran)

The Evangelical Catholic Church (ECC) was founded in 1976 by former pastors and members of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) who were influenced by or interested in Eastern Orthodoxy. Originally a small High Church, Evangelical Catholic denomination, it later became an Independent Catholic Church, but it remained theologically Lutheran. The ECC became inactive in 2009, was revived in 2014, and disbanded in 2016.

History
On May 27, 1965, several members of the Congregation of the Servants of Christ, a Lutheran religious order based in Oxford, Michigan, together with some students at Concordia Senior College in Fort Wayne, Indiana, founded a religious society called the Order of the Servants of the Holy Cross. Due to their displeasure with the LCMS's conservative turn in the Seminex controversy of the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Order of the Servants of the Holy Cross withdrew from the LCMS and, in 1976, helped to organize the ECC. The order was officially accepted as monastic community under the jurisdiction of the ECC on November 30, 1977. The order disbanded in the 1980s.

The first bishop of the ECC was Karl Julius Barwin, who was elected at the church body's organizational meeting in Peoria, Arizona, in 1976. In 1982, Barwin was reordained a priest and in 1984, was consecrated as a bishop by three independent bishops who claimed valid Apostolic succession. Five years later, he was reconsecrated by eight other bishops who also claimed valid Apostolic succession. After Barwin's death on March 30, 2009, the ECC became inactive, but it was revived in 2014, when it received a new bishop. At that time, the ECC reported parishes in five states. The ECC disbanded in 2016, and its last parish joined the North American Lutheran Church.

Beliefs
The ECC accepted the Apostles', Nicene (minus the filioque), and Athanasian creeds, as well as all the writings contained within the Book of Concord of 1580. Unlike most American Lutheran churches, the ECC taught the necessity of Apostolic succession and episcopal polity, and rejected the forms of congregational polity practiced by the LCMS and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Unique among American Lutheran church bodies, the ECC supported the practice of infant communion. Other notable teachings included rejection of the ordination of women, identification of Muhammad as "Satan's Disciple", and forceful condemnation of illegal immigration. In 2003, it declared fellowship with the Orthodox Anglican Church.

title: Evangelical Catholic Church (Lutheran)


text:
Chvaletice

Chvaletice is a town in Pardubice District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,900 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The village of Hornická Čtvrť is an administrative part of Chvaletice.

Etymology
The name is derived from the personal name Chvalata, meaning "the village of Chvalata's people".

Geography
Chvaletice is located about 25 km west of Pardubice. It lies in the Polabí region; the northern part of the municipal territory lies in the East Elbe Table and the southern part lies in the northwestern tip of the Iron Mountains. The highest point is the flat hill Oklika at 308 m above sea level. The Elbe River forms the northern municipal border.

History
In the area there were originally two villages, Telčice and Chvaletice, both administered by Chvaletice. The first written mention of Telčice comes from 1143 and of Chvaletice from 1393.

In 1953, Telčice became a separate municipality, however in 1975 Telčice and Chvaletice were merged into one municipality. In 1981, Chvaletice obtained town rights.

Economy
Since ancient times, iron ore was mined here, until the Thirty Years' War; then again since the end of 18th century. Mining of pyrite-manganium ore started in the 20th century. The mines got exhausted and were finally closed in 1975.

In 1973–1979, the Chvaletice Power Station was built, with the coal being moved in from mines in northern Bohemia by ships on the Elbe river. To make such shipping possible large excavation works (Elbe Waterway project) on the riverbed were carried out. Use of ships stopped in 1996.

Transport
The I/2 road (the section from Pardubice to Kutná Hora) passes south of the town.

Chvaletice is located on the railway line Kolín–Česká Třebová.

Sights
The most valuable building is the Evangelical church in Hornická Čtvrť. It was built in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1882.

title: Chvaletice


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User:Amccarri

I'm a software engineer in Austin TX, and I love scuba diving, tennis, computer games, sci-fi, and I hold an instructor rank in WingTsun Kung-Fu.

title: User:Amccarri


text:
Ted Selker

Edwin Joseph Selker, better known as Ted Selker, is an American computer scientist known for his user interface inventions.

Biography
Selker graduated from Brown University in 1979 with a BS in Applied Mathematics, and from the University of Massachusetts Amherst with an MS in Computer and Information Sciences in 1981. From June 1981 to 1983 he worked as research assistant in the Stanford University, Robotics Laboratory. One of his projects was a collaborative display system for the WAITS system of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL). He worked for Atari for a year, then returned to Stanford to teach for a year.

Selker joined IBM in August 1985, first at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center. He graduated with a PhD from City University of New York in 1992. His thesis was titled "A Framework for Proactive Interactive Adaptive Computer Help". He then moved to the IBM Almaden Research Center where he founded and directed the User Systems Ergonomics Research lab. He was made an IBM Fellow in 1996. Selker holds 67 US patents. He developed the pointing stick (known as TrackPoint) technology which are the distinctive feature of the ThinkPad line of laptop computers (designed, developed and sold by IBM but produced by Lenovo since 2005).

Selker joined the MIT faculty in September 1999. He headed the Context Aware Computing group at the MIT Media Lab and was the MIT director of The Voting Technology Project and Design Intelligence. He joined the faculty of Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley In November 2008 to help create its PhD program and to head the Considerate Systems group. From June to August 2011 he was the Director of Research at start-up Scanadu. Scanadu aims to turn smart phones into medical monitoring devices.

He has taught at Stanford University, Hampshire College, University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Brown University and consulted at Xerox PARC. His work often takes the form of bleeding edge prototype concept products, for example hybrid search engines, and is supported by cognitive science research into human computer interaction.

He is regarded as a pioneer in the field of context awareness and has been cited in the media. Selker's technologies have been featured on Good Morning America, ABC, the Wall Street Journal, the BBC, NPR, and the Discovery channel among others.

In recognition of his work in voting technology; he was co-recipient of computer science policy leader award for Scientific American 50 in 2004, and in the American Association for People with Disabilities Thomas Paine award in 2006.

He advocates a crowd model of innovation that he calls Excubation.

He is married with two children.

title: Ted Selker


text:
Margaret Dawson

Margaret Dawson (c. 1770 – 16 February 1816), also known as Margaret Henderson, was a convict sentenced to transportation. She travelled on the Lady Penrhyn as a member of the First Fleet to establish a British colony in Australia. She had a long-term relationship with the surgeon, William Balmain, whose descendants still live in Australia.

Theft and conviction
She came from Liverpool and was employed in London as a servant for Joseph and Frances Shetley. On the afternoon of Sunday, 12 February 1786, while her employers were away, Dawson collected a large quantity of clothing, jewellery, and money, and left the house. When Mrs Shetley returned home, she found the house in disorder and servant girl missing. Joseph Shetley, set out to follow Dawson, knowing she came from the Liverpool area, he asked after her at the Golden Cross at Charing Cross and was told that a girl of her description had boarded the coach for Chester. Shetley took a postchaise with a Mr Lowe, and overtook the coach at St Albans. Dawson was apprehended, and taken to a local Inn where she handed over the stolen goods from her pockets and two boxes. The goods were recognised by Shetley, only item missing being a guinea coin, used to pay for the coach. When asked if she had acted with an accomplice or was travelling with anyone, she said she wasn't.

At her trial at the Old Bailey on 22 February 1786 for "feloniously stealing" goods to the value of £12 4s 1d, Mr Lowe stated that she was so changed in appearance that he would not have recognised her. In her defence, Dawson said "I have nothing to say, I have no witnesses." She was found guilty and sentenced to the mandatory sentence of death. The prosecutor and jury recommended mercy on account of her youth, being only fifteen, and it being her first offence.

After ten months in Newgate Prison, Dawson was returned to court. Here, on 4 January 1787, her death sentence was commuted "on condition of being transported for [a term of seven years], to the Eastern coast of New South Wales, or some one or other of the islands adjacent".

New South Wales
In January 1787, Dawson was delivered from Newgate to Lady Penrhyn, then moored in the River Thames. Arthur Phillip, the commander of the expedition, in a letter to Under Secretary Evan Nepean, complained of the condition that the convicts were delivered to the transports: The situation in which the magistrates sent the women on board the Lady Penrhyn stamps them with infamy – tho' almost naked, and so very filthy, that nothing but clothing them could have prevented them from perishing…there are many venereal complaints, that must be spread in spite of every precaution I may take hereafter…

Lady Penrhyn rendezvous with the ten other ships that was to make up the First Fleet at Portsmouth. On 13 May 1787, the Fleet embarked on the eight month voyage, arriving at Botany Bay, 20 January 1788. Governor Phillip decided that this site wasn’t suitable so the fleet moved to Sydney Cove in Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. The female convicts stayed onboard the transports while the land was cleared and the camp was set up, finally getting ashore on 6 February.

On 11 August 1789 John Hayes received fifty lashes in a for his "infamous Behaviour" towards Dawson. In November 1791, Dawson travelled on Atlantic to settle at Norfolk Island, also on the ship was William Balmain, the new assistant surgeon of the island, whom Dawson cohabited with.

In December 1794 the principal surgeon, John White, returned to England on leave, and in August 1795 Balmain moved to Sydney to act in his place, Dawson and her children travelled with him, when White decided resign, Balmain was appointed principal surgeon in August 1796.

Return to England
The family left Sydney in August 1801, and arrived in London in March 1802, an absence for Dawson of just under fifteen years. In May 1803 Dawson, now pregnant again with their fourth child, and the children, were sent to Ormskirk, near Liverpool.

On 17 November 1803 William Balmain died. In his will, dated four days before his death, he left a yearly sum of £50 to "my dear friend Margaret Dawson, otherwise Henderson ... whose tenderness to me, while in ill health, claims my warmest gratitude and by whom I have had two natural children … and who is now ensient".

No doubt due to her convict status, in contrast to Balmain's professional position, he felt unable to marry her. She and her children had taken the surname 'Henderson", which was Balmain's mother's maiden name.

Dawson left Ormskirk and gave birth to the fourth child in London. Little is known of this baby, except that it was a girl, and still living with the family at Clement's Inn in January 1807.

With a settled income of £50 a year, and rent from properties in New South Wales, it is unlikely that Dawson would have had to earn a living after Balmain's death. With the help of his friends she continued to encourage her son John William Henderson's education, and he eventually returned to New South Wales in January 1829 as a surgeon, like his father.

On 16 February 1816, while living at St James's, Westminster, Dawson died, and was buried in the churchyard of St-Giles-in-the-Fields, where Balmain had also been buried. Following her death, Balmain's executors paid £12 10s for her "last sickness and funeral expenses".

title: Margaret Dawson


text:
Lyric Theatre

Lyric Theatre or Lyric Theater may refer to:

Australia

 * Lyric Theatre, Adelaide, former open-air cinema in Grote Street, Adelaide, 1912–c.1914
 * Lyric Theatre, Brisbane part of the Queensland Performing Arts Centre, in Brisbane, Queensland
 * Lyric Theatre, Hilton, former name of the Star Theatres in Hilton, a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia
 * Lyric Theatre, Sydney (1911)
 * Sydney Lyric theatre, within The Star casino in Sydney, New South Wales

Canada

 * Lyric Theater (Swift Current) in Saskatchewan

Hong Kong

 * Lyric Theatre, The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts

Ireland

 * Lyric Theatre, a former theatre in Dublin
 * Lyric Theatre, Belfast in Stranmillis, Belfast; also known as The Lyric Players Theatre

United Kingdom

 * Lyric Theatre (Hammersmith), Hammersmith, London
 * Lyric Theatre, London, Shaftesbury Avenue, West End of London
 * Lyric Theatre, part of The Lowry in Salford, Greater Manchester

United States

 * Lyric Theatre and Cultural Arts Center (Lexington, Kentucky)
 * Lyric Theatre (Anniston, Alabama), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Calhoun County, Alabama
 * Lyric Theater (Birmingham, Alabama)
 * Lyric Theatre (Harrison, Arkansas)
 * Lyric Theater (Miami), Florida
 * Lyric Theatre (Stuart, Florida)
 * Lyric Baltimore
 * Lyric Theater, Traverse City, Michigan; now the State Theatre
 * Lyric Theatre, Virginia, Minnesota; now the Lyric Center for the Arts
 * Lyric Theater (Boonville, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Cooper County, Missouri
 * Lyric Theatre (Kansas City, Missouri)
 * Lyric Theatre (New York City, 1903), now demolished
 * Lyric Theatre (New York City, 1998)
 * Lyric Theatre (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma)
 * Lyric Theatre, Allentown, Pennsylvania; now the Miller Symphony Hall
 * Lyric Theatre (Blacksburg, Virginia)
 * Olympia Theatre (New York City), theatre known as the Lyric Theatre during the latter part of the 19th century

title: Lyric Theatre


text: User talk:69.201.183.39

title: User talk:69.201.183.39