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Scylla serrata

Scylla serrata (often called mud crab or mangrove crab, although both terms are highly ambiguous, and black crab) is an ecologically important species of crab found in the estuaries and mangroves of Africa, Australia, and Asia. In their most common forms, their shell colours vary from a deep, mottled green to very dark brown.

Distribution
The natural range of S. serrata is in the Indo-Pacific. It is found from South Africa, around the coast of the Indian Ocean, where it is especially abundant in Sri Lanka, to the Southeast Asian Archipelago, as well as from southern Japan to south-eastern Australia, northern New Zealand, and as far east as Fiji and Samoa. The species has also been introduced to Hawaii and Florida.

In Hawaii, mud crabs are colloquially known as Samoan crabs, as they were originally imported from American Samoa. As these crabs are known for their robust size and dense meat content, they have been greatly sought after over the years. As a result of overcrabbing, local government efforts have restricted harvesting of crabs smaller than 6 inches (width across back) and to harvest females of any size is illegal.

Ecology
A study on tidal flats in Deception Bay in Queensland found juvenile crabs (20 - 99 mm carapace width) were resident in the mangrove zone, remaining there during low tide, while subadults (100 - 149 mm) migrated into the intertidal zone to feed at high tide and retreated to subtidal waters at low tide. Adults (150 mm and larger) were caught mainly below the low-tide mark, with small numbers captured in the intertidal zone at high tide.

These crabs are highly cannibalistic in nature; when crabs undergo molting, other hard-shelled ones sometimes attack the molting crabs and devour them. The females can give birth to a million offspring, which can grow up to 3.5 kg in size and have a shell width up to 24 cm wide.

title: Scylla serrata


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Canada at the 1930 British Empire Games

Canada was host country for the 1930 British Empire Games, which were held at Hamilton, Ontario, and was one of only eleven countries to be represented at the inaugural Games.

Melville Marks (Bobby) Robinson of Canada had been asked to organise the inaugural British Empire Games in 1928.

At these first Games, Canada won 54 medals against England's 61.

Newfoundland competed separately at the 1930 British Empire Games, but did not win any medals. Newfoundland also sent a team to the 1934 British Empire Games, but from 1938 has competed as part of Canada.

Athletics
Men's 100 Yard Dash
 * Percy Williams - Gold, 9.9 s
 * Johnny R. Fitzpatrick - Bronze, 10.2 s
 * James/Jim "Buster" R. Brown - 3rd in Heat 2
 * Leigh Miller - 4th in Heat 3

Men's 120 Yard Hurdles
 * Howard Baker - 4th in Heat 1
 * Arthur "Art" Ravensdale - Disqualified
 * Bill Pierdon - Disqualified

Men's 220 Yard Dash
 * Johnny R. Fitzpatrick - Silver
 * James "Jimmy" A. Ball - 5th in Final
 * Napoleon Bourdeau - 3rd in Heat 2
 * Frederick "Fred" William McBeth - 4th in Heat 3

Men's 440 Yard Run/Quarter Mile
 * Alexander S. Wilson - Gold, 48.8 s
 * James "Jimmy" A. Ball - 5th in Final, 49.4 s (in Heat ?)
 * Stan B. Glover - 3rd in Heat 2
 * John Hickey - 4th in Heat 2
 * Walter Connolly - 4th in Heat 3

Men's 440 Yard Hurdles
 * Walter Connolly - 5th in Final
 * John Hickey - 6th in Final
 * Frederick "Fred" William McBeth - Heat

Men's 880 Yard Run/Half-Mile
 * Alexander S. Wilson - Bronze, 1 min 54.9 s
 * Percy Pickard - 8th in Final
 * Brant Little - 6th in Heat 1

Men's 1 Mile Run
 * Jack S. Walters - 4th in Final

Men's 2 Mile Steeplechase
 * Art S. Wilkins - 4th in Final
 * Bill Reid - 5th in Final
 * Pete Suttie - 6th in Final

Men's 3 Mile Run
 * Walter Hornby
 * Fred Sargeant
 * George Ball

Men's 6 Mile Run
 * Billy Reynolds - 6th
 * Wilf McCluskey - 8th
 * George Irwin - 9th
 * Harold Webster - 10th

Men's 4 x 110 Yard Relay
 * Canada - Gold, 42.2 s
 * James/Jim "Buster" R. Brown
 * Johnny R. Fitzpatrick
 * Leigh Miller
 * Ralph A. Adams

Men's 4 x 440 Yard Relay/1 Mile Relay
 * Canada - Silver, 3 min 19.8 s
 * Alexander S. Wilson
 * Arthur "Art" Alan Scott
 * James "Jimmy" A. Ball
 * Stan B. Glover

Men's Marathon
 * Johnny Miles - Bronze, 2 h 48 min 23 s
 * Percival Wyer - 4th
 * Silas McLellan - 6th
 * Norman Dack - 7th
 * Ezra Lee - 10th
 * Jack/John Cuthbert - Did not finish

Men's Shot Put
 * M.C. "Charlie" Herman - Bronze, 42 ft
 * Abe Zvonkin - 4th, 41 ft
 * John A. Cameron
 * Archie Stewart

Men's Discus Throw
 * M.C. "Charlie" Herman - Silver, 135 ft
 * Abe Zvonkin - Bronze, 135 ft
 * George W. Sutherland
 * Archie Stewart

Men's Javelin
 * Doral W. Pilling - Silver, 183 ft
 * Archie Stewart - 6th, 147 ft

Men's Hammer Throw
 * John A. Cameron - Bronze, 145 ft
 * Archie McDiarmid - 6th, 139 ft
 * George W. Sutherland
 * M.C. "Charlie" Herman

Men's Long Jump
 * Leonard "Len" Hutton - Gold, 23 ft
 * Chester Smith - 4th, 22 ft
 * Gordon "Spike" Smallacombe - 5th, 21 ft

Men's Triple Jump
 * Gordon "Spike" Smallacombe - Gold, 48 ft
 * Leonard "Len" Hutton, Bronze, 45 ft
 * George W. Sutherland - 4th, 45 ft

Men's High Jump
 * William/Clarence Stargratt - Bronze, 6 ft
 * Duncan Anderson McNaughton - 4th
 * Gordon "Spike" Smallacombe
 * Jack/John Portland

Men's Pole Vault
 * Victor Pickard - Gold, 12 ft
 * Robert Stoddard - Bronze, 12 ft
 * Alf "Sunny" Gilbert - 4th

Boxing
Men's Flyweight Division (51 kg)
 * R. Galloway - Bronze

Men's Bantamweight Division (54 kg)
 * J. Keller - Bronze

Men's Lightweight Division (60 kg)
 * G. Canzano - Silver

Men's Welterweight Division (67 kg)
 * H. Williams - Silver

Men's Light Heavyweight Division (81 kg)
 * A. Pitcher - Bronze

Men's Heavyweight Division (91 kg)
 * W. Skimming - Silver

Diving
Men's High Diving/Tower
 * Alfred Phillips - Gold, 147 points
 * Samuel Walker - Silver, 83.3 points

Women's High Diving/Tower
 * Pearl Stoneham - Gold, 39.3 points
 * Helen McCormack - Silver, 38.3 points

Men's Springboard Diving
 * Alfred Phillips - Gold, 90.6 points
 * Cyril Kennett - Silver, 130 points
 * Arthur H. Stott - Bronze, 127 points

Women's Springboard Diving
 * Doris Ogilvie - Silver, 89.7 points
 * H. Mollie Bailey - Bronze, 88.7 points

Lawn Bowls
Men's Doubles
 * Canada - Bronze
 * Arthur S. Reid
 * W.W. Moore

Men's Rinks/Fours
 * Canada - Silver
 * Harry J. Allen
 * Jimmy Campbell
 * Mitch Thomas
 * W. "Billy" Rae

Rowing
Men's Coxed Fours
 * Canada - Silver
 * A. Miles
 * D.L. Gales
 * H.R. McCuaig
 * J.A. Butler
 * R.S. Evans

Men's Coxless Fours
 * Canada - Silver
 * J. Gayner
 * J. Fleming
 * Albert Bellew
 * Henry Pelham

Men's Double Sculls
 * Canada - Gold
 * Boles
 * Richards

Men's Eight Oared Shell
 * Canada - Bronze
 * A. Taylor
 * D. Doal
 * E. Eastwood
 * F. Fry
 * J. Zabinsky
 * L. Bawks
 * L. McDonald
 * W. Moore
 * W. Thorburn

Swimming
Men's 100 Yards Freestyle
 * F. Munro Bourne - Gold, 56.00 s
 * Albert Gibson - Bronze

Men's 440 Yards Freestyle
 * George Burleigh - Bronze

Men's 1 500 Yards Freestyle
 * George Burleigh - Bronze

Men's 220 Yards Breaststroke
 * Jack Aubin - Gold, 2 min 35.40 s

Women's 4 x 100 Yards Freestyle Relay
 * Canada - Silver, 4 min 33.0 s
 * Elizabeth "Betty" Edwards
 * Irene Pirie-Milton
 * Marjorie Linton
 * Peggy Bailey

Men's 4 x 200 Yards Freestyle Relay
 * Canada - Gold, 8 min 42.40 s
 * B. Gibson
 * F. Munro Bourne
 * George Burleigh
 * Jimmy Thompson

Wrestling
Men's Bantamweight Division (57 kg)
 * James Trifunov - Gold

Men's Featherweight Division (62 kg)
 * Clifford Chilcott - Gold

Men's Lightweight Division (68 kg)
 * Howard Thomas - Gold

Men's Welterweight Division (74 kg)
 * Reg Priestly - Gold

Men's Middleweight Division (82 kg)
 * Mike Chepwick - Gold

Men's Light Heavyweight Division (90 kg)
 * L. McIntyre - Gold

Men's Heavyweight Division (100 kg)
 * Earl McCready - Gold

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Canada at the 1930 British Empire Games


text: User talk:62.64.235.115

title: User talk:62.64.235.115


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Halmstads BK

Halmstads Bollklubb, also known simply as Halmstad ) or (especially locally) HBK or Bollklubben, is a Swedish professional football club located in Halmstad in the county of Halland. The club, formed 7 February 1914 and approved membership in the Swedish Sports Confederation on 6 March the same year. The club competes in the highest tier of Swedish football, Allsvenskan, and has won four national championship titles and one national cup title. HBK is a member-controlled club.

The club gained some European recognition in October 1995, when they defeated the successful Italian club Parma A.C. 3–0 at Gamla Ullevi (in Gothenburg) in the first of two matches in the Cup Winners' Cup. However, their second encounter, in Parma in November of the same year, ended with a crushing 0–4 defeat, eliminating them from the tournament.

In the beginning
In 1913 a group of youngsters, who called themselves Viking, wishing to create a more serious organization, met at Hotel Lugnet and decided to create an organization. They gave their new organization the name Halmstads Bollklubb and chose Axel Winberg as the club's first chairman. They also applied for membership in the Swedish Sports Confederation (Swedish: Riksidrottsförbundet).

Except for soccer, the club also played bandy during the early years.

On 6 March 1914, the club was allowed entrance to Riksidrottsförbundet; the following year they played in their first competition, Pokalserien, a local tournament in which they faced IS Halmia and Halmstads Kamraterna; the club ended up last with 2 points and 5–16 in goal difference, in 1916 the same result was seen again, but this time the club only managed to score 1 goal totally. In 1917 the club was able to defeat Halmstads Kamraterna twice and end up in second place behind IS Halmia; the same year an athletics department was made part of the club. The final in the district championship was reached in 1918, but yet again IS Halmia proved too strong. In 1919 the club was for the first time able to defeat IS Halmia and Gustav "Pytt" Söderholm became top goalscorer in the tournament. In 1919, a swimming department was made a part of the club.

In 1920 the club won its first district championship title by defeating Falkenbergs FF with 4–0 in the final and boxing was introduced by the club. In 1921 the club yet again won the championship, this time by defeating IS Halmia, the club also won Hallandspostens pokal after defeating Halmstads IF 5–0. The same year, a women's section was added to the athletics part of the club. Halmstads BK won the Bernhard Aronssons vandringspris after defeating IS Halmia in 1922; the club also won a series of tournaments in Jönköping, Malmö and Ängelholm, however the district championship was lost to Varberg this year. The local rivalry with Halmia was also seen in bandy. The first-ever bandy game between two organised teams in Halland, is thought to have been played between these rival clubs in 1922.

By winning Hallandsserien the club was able to reach Sydsvenskan in 1923, which led to third place in 1924 after Varbergs GIF and Malmö FF, an international exchange of matches was started with FC Rudolfshügel from Austria and Danish B 03. In 1925 the club won the district championship and came in second place in Sydsvenskan. Halmstads BK was able to win Sydsvenskan in 1926 and was to play qualifying matches against IF Elfsborg to reach Allsvenskan, however, Elfsborg proved to be too strong and won 2–1 after three matches. Halmstad only reached third place in 1927, a large series of injuries made the club use 32 different players in total. In 1928 the club took part in the newly formed Division 2 Söder; the club also employed amateur coach Henning Helgesson, Örjans Vall was only selected as the second-best arena in the series duo to the lack of warm showers. In 1929 Halmstads BK celebrated 15 years with a match against SpVgg Sülz from Cologne, Germany; 1600 people watched the game in heavy rain, SpVgg Sülz won 5–2, the club also failed to win Division 2 Söder after a hard race with Stattena IF and Redbergslids IK, ending up in third place.

Division 2 and upwards

Halmstads BK started the next decade by ending up in 4th place in the league. A visit by CD Europa pulled a large audience, as the Spanish team won 6–5. After a late league start in 1931, due to heavy snowing, the club ended up in 4th place yet again. IS Halmia won the league in 1932 and in a campaign in the local newspapers tried to get the better Halmstads BK players to join the team. This failed, however, and after Halmstads BK defeated IS Halmia in a charity match for the city's unemployed, the swimmers also left the club and founded SK Laxen. Under the leadership of playing manager Gunnar Olsson Halmstads BK was able to reach Division 1, the top league at the time, in 1933 for the first time in the club's history, this after defeating BK Drott and Helsingborgs IF for the league title and then defeating Krokslätts FF with 4–0 totally. Unexpectedly, the club won bronze in their first season in the top league as when they finished in 4th place, Emil Carlsson also became the club's first player in the Swedish national team. The club was unable to repeat last season's result and ended up in 9th place in 1935, handball was also made a part of the club this year. Halmstads BK left the top league in 1936 after ending up second last, the club would have been able to stay if they had won over IK Sleipner in the last game, however, the team lost 2–4. The club was able to return to Division 1 in 1937, but a defeat against top competitor Helsingborgs IF saw them come in 2nd, former English professional player Harry Bruce became the first non-Swedish manager for the club. 1938 was a middle year for Halmstads BK as they ended up in 6th position at the end of the season, English club Sheffield United played a friendly against the club and won with 5–2. In 1939 the club celebrated its 25th year and won Division 2, however IFK Göteborg proved too strong in the qualify and won with 1–5 over the club.

Halmstads BK also took part in the bandy district championships in Halland in the 1930s.

Due to the ongoing Second World War Sweden focused more on military readiness in case of an invasion than on sport. This led to Halmstads BK being forced to use 29 different players during the season and the result came thereafter as the club ended up in 3rd place behind Malmö BI and winners IS Halmia. Halmstads BK was the superior team in 1941 Division 2 but failed to defeat GAIS in the qualify for Division 1. Halmstads BK won Division 2 after hard competition with local rivals IS Halmia in 1942 and in the qualify the club was able to defeat Lundby IF with 3–2. The club ended up in 6th place in 1943, only 1 point from earning a medal. Halmstad was close to falling out of the top division in 1944 but a series of victories saved them in the end. 1945 saw the club end up in 8th place. In 1946 the club ended up second from last after a poor season, however the club's youth squad won the unofficial youth championship, first defeating IFK Göteborg and then playing 4–4 against AIK in the final, winning on drawing the winning lot, in the youth squad there were players like Sylve Bengtsson, Gunnar Johansson, Olle Ericsson, Östen Ståhl and Åke Hallström, who all later became noted players in the club's history. Halmstads BK returned to Division 1 after only 1 season in Division 2, the club crushed Örgryte IS with 6–1 in the 1947 qualify, the team also played their first match outside Sweden this year, they defeated Helsingør IF with 8–2 and the youth squad won the youth championship again after defeating Djurgårdens IF with 2–1. Just like the year before Halmstads BK time in Division 1 only became 1 year as they ended up dead last in 1948. In 1949 Kalmar FF proved too strong and Halmstads BK ended up in 3rd place in the league, the club also refused to participate in the district championship as a protest to the "unsporting behavior" the district association had showed the club the previous year.

The 1950s started poorly as the club reached 2nd place behind Råå IF; several injuries to key players disturbed the season, and in 1951 the club board decided to rejuvenate the squad and which led to a 7th place. In 1952 the club yet again ended up in 2nd place, the club also went on a trip, first to Germany, where they played a series of matches, and then to the French Riviera, where the club played a game and enjoyed the weather and beach, they then returned home and played a game against Brazilian team Corinthians with a mixed team of Halmstads BK and IS Halmia players, the Brazilians won with 10–1, Sylve Bengtsson returned from the 1952 Summer Olympics with a bronze medal. 1953 saw a change in the league system and Halmstads BK was lucky as the club was able to stay only because of better goal difference as 6 teams was relegated. Things changed in 1954 as Halmstads BK dominated the new league and won promotion with 12 points ahead of IK Sleipner in second place, then made yet again a trip south, this time to North Africa and Spain, bowling was added to the club. Halmstads BK reached their best position so far in 1954–55 season as the club ended up in 2nd place, winning Stora Silvret (eng: The Big Silver), then during 1955–56 season, Halmstads BK biggest victory was recorded as they club crushed Västerås SK with 9–0, Östen Ståhl scored 6 goals in the match, Sylve Bengtsson also became the league's top goal scorer with 22 goals, Halmstads BK ended in 7th position. Just as in the beginning of the decade the end was far from good, the club ended up in 8th place both in 1957 and 1958, during 1958 Sweden hosted FIFA World Cup and 2 matches, Northern Ireland against Czechoslovakia (1–0) and Argentina against Northern Ireland (3–1) were played at Örjans Vall, and in 1959 the club was relegated back to Division 2 after ending up second to last.

The dark decade
The 1960s wasn't Halmstads BK's decade, the club ended up in 4th place in 1960 even after Kjell "Lill-Goggo" Karlsson and Sylve Bengtsson had scored 34 goals together, in 1961 the club ended up in 7th position after poor play, in 1962 the club went through a rejuvenation and only won 9 matches out of 22, making the club end in 6th place, then in 1963 two victories against Norrby IF and IK Oddevold helped the club to 9th place, this year saw ice hockey become a part of the club's organization. Halmstads BK won Division 2 in 1964, but in the new qualify for Allsvenskan, a group of the four different Division 2 winners, the club played poorly and ended up dead last. 1965 was the darkest year for the club so far as it was relegated to Division 3 for the first time ever in club history, it took the club 2 years to return Division 2 again after ending up in 2nd place both 1966 and 1967, then in 1968 the club dominated Division 3 and had a goal difference of 87–23, a record in the Swedish league system, the ice hockey left the organization and started their own. The club made a strong return in Division 2 and ended up in 4th position, Lennart Alexandersson, Ingvar Andersson, Roland Fransson and Lars Nordin became the first contracted players in the club.

Champions
With only 3 point in total in all away games saw Halmstads BK end up in 6th place in 1970. The year 1971 was turbulent, as manager Janne Holmberg left in the middle of the season due to a dispute with the board. Former top player Sylve Bengtsson replaced him and the club subsequently defeated Perstorps SK in the league final, securing 2nd place and qualifying for promotion to Allsvenskan. The spell in the top league lasted only 1 year, however, as the club ended up dead last, scoring only 14 goals that year. 1973 saw the club again achieve promotion, this time under the leadership of Sven Agne Larsson, who led the club through 20 games in a row without a defeat. The club spent the next two years in Allsvenskan fighting off relegation, finishing in 11th place in 1974 and, in 1975, only surviving by beating GAIS on goal difference. In 1976 Halmstads BK hired Roy Hodgson as new manager and success came immediately, as the club went on to win Allsvenskan for the first time ever. The title was won in the second last game against IFK Norrköping. The last match against Östers IF was seen by 16000 people cheering for the team. Halmstads BK ended up in 8th place in 1977 season and Dynamo Dresden proved too strong in the first round of European Cup. Yet again the club ended in 8th place in 1978. Mats Jingblad was moved up from the club's youth system this year. Halmstads BK won their second title in 1979.

Just like after last time winning Allsvenskan, Halmstad ended up in 8th place in 1980 and in the European Cup Danish Esbjerg fB proved too strong with 0–0 home and 2–3 away, Roy Hodgson also left during the autumn to take over Bristol City. To the 1981 season Halmstads BK hired Dutch manager Jan Mak and with him came Frank Schinkels, the first non Swedish player in the club, but with a poor start saw the club end up in 9th place. In 1982 the club ended up in 8th and earned a spot in the play-off, but IFK Göteborg proved too strong with 2–4 totally. In 1983 the club climbed two positions much due to British goalkeeper Ken Allen. 1984 started with a fight between the board and manager Jan Mak and it ended it with Jan Mak leaving the club, he was replaced by Stefan Lundin, the club reached 8th place and IFK Göteborg proved too strong in the play-off again. Halmstads BK topt the table during the spring of 1985 but a poor ending of the season saw the club end in 7th place. During the middle of the 1986 season Stefan Lundin left the club for Portugies C.S. Marítimo and was replaced by Kenneth Rosén, the season ended with a 5th place and Stig Nilsson became the new chairman. A series of injuries on keyplayers saw the club end up second to last and was relegated from Allsvenskan for the first time in 14 years in 1987. Stuart Baxter became new manager in 1988 and ever after losing several keyplayers and trailing after Mjällby AIF with 7 point, the club was able to claim the top spot on better goal difference. The club ended up in a 5th place in their return to Allsvenskan in 1989.

Allsvenskan and Europe
The 1990s decade started far from promising for the club; in 1990 season the club ended in 9th place and a new play-off was started in 1991, Halmstads BK just missed the play-off on goal difference to IFK Norrköping, ending up in 7th place and was forced to play relegation play-off against team 8–10 in Allsvenskan and the Division 1 champions, it went poorly and the club was relegated. 1992 saw two league victories for Halmstads BK, first Division 1 Södra and then in the promotion/relegation play-off for Allsvenskan. Henrik Bertilsson became Allsvenskan's top goalscorer in 1993 with 18 goals, sharing the top spot with Trelleborgs FF's Mats Lilienberg, this helped the club to a 5th place. The club ended up in 7th place in 1994 and Henrik Bertillson left for French FC Martigues, it went better for the youth squad as they reached the final in the youth championship, but Djurgårdens IF proved too strong and won with 1–0. 1995 became a hard year for Halmstads BK supporters to forget as they for the first time ever won Svenska Cupen and the club ended up in 3rd place, winning Lilla Silvret, but it was the home match against Parma F.C. in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup that drew most attention as Halmstads BK won with 3–0 on Gamla Ullevi in Gothenburg, however the returned ended with a major defeat, 4–0 to Parma. Tom Prahl took over as manager in 1996 and lead the team to a 7th place in Allsvenskan and in the first round of the UEFA Cup Newcastle United proved the stronger team. In 1997 Halmstads BK celebrated their third championship title after 3–0 in the last game against Ljungskile SK, Mats Lilienberg, now in Halmstads BK, became league top goalscorer with 14 goals, alongside Christer Mattiasson, IF Elfsborg, and Dan Sahlin, Örebro SK. 1998 saw the club end up in 8th place and the UEFA Champions League adventured ended quickly after defeat with 3–2 in total against Litex Lovech, from Bulgaria, in the first qualifying round, own product Freddie Ljungberg was sold to Arsenal F.C. for 40 million SEK. A poor start of the 1999 season didn't prevent Halmstads BK from fighting for the league title until the second last match, the club had to be satisfied with 3rd place and Lilla Silvret. Halmstads BK started the new millennium with taking their fourth Allsvenskan title, they also reached second round in the UEFA Cup after defeating S.L. Benfica, but then TSV 1860 München proved too strong, Halmstad also became the last team to win the Von Rosen Trophy as it was revealed that Clarence von Rosen was a Nazi sympathiser, it was replaced in 2001 with the Lennart Johansson Trophy. Stefan Selakovic became league top goalscorer with 15 goals as the club ended 7th place, R.S.C. Anderlecht was too strong in the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round and then Sporting Clube de Portugal in the second round of the UEFA Cup, Tom Prahl left the club for Allsvenskan rival Malmö FF and was replaced by former Swedish international player Jonas Thern. 2002 started extremely bad for the club as after 15 rounds it lay dead last, but a spell of 11 games undefeated saw the club get saved from relegation. During the 2003 season Halmstad had a chance for a medal until the end of the season where the club lost 7 of the 8 last games and ended up in 9th place, Jonas Thern decided to leave the club during the autumn and assistant manager Janne Andersson became new manager. Halmstads BK was 36 minutes from winning their fifth Allsvenskan title after leading Allsvenskan most of the season, but only managed 1–1 against IFK Göteborg in the last game, while Malmö FF, on the same point prior to the last match, managed to win with 1–0 against IF Elfsborg, Markus Rosenberg, on loan from Malmö FF, became league top goalscorer with 14 goals. 2005 became a bad year for Halmstads BK as they struggled to a 10th place, Gunnar Heidar Thorvaldsson became league top goalscorer with 16 goals, however in Europe things went a bit better as the club managed to qualify for the new group stage in the UEFA Cup after winning on away goal against last year runners-up Sporting Clube de Portugal, however the club failed to take a single point in the group and only scored 1 goal. 2006 was much like the year before and the club didn't score until the 7th match of the season when defender Per "Texas" Johansson scored the only goal of the match against Örgryte IS, the club ended in 11th place. 2007 started promising and the club was one of the teams fighting for the Allsvenskan title until the 18 round, in the game against IFK Göteborg, Finnish goalkeeper Magnus Bahne got injured and missed the rest of the season, Kazakh goalkeeper David Loriya was brought in, but in his seven games Halmstads BK failed to win a single one and in the last game, away against Helsingborgs IF, the club lost with 0–9, the second biggest defeat in the club history; Halmstads BK ended up in 7th place.

Relegation to Superettan
Halmstad began the 2008 Allsvenskan season well enough, with four wins and three ties after the first ten rounds. The team continued on in this fashion, ending at a respectable 8th place with 41 points. But the following season did not end nearly as good. The team began very impressively, with consecutive wins and very few losses. But, following several losses, the team eventually found themselves in the bottom region of the table. However, the team ended the season better and finished 13th with 32 points, just three points from having to play in a relegation playoff series.

The 2011 season was not a good season for neither Halmstad nor its fans. With just 14 points after 26 rounds, and at least another 10 points needed to reach the relegation playoffs, Halmstad had to win against Syrianska FC in the following round. Halmstad lost the game 1–0 and thus were relegated to Superettan for the 2012 season, after 19 consecutive seasons in Allsvenskan.

Bouncing back
HBK was now back in the second division, a division they had been away for 19 years. But as previously 4 times, they quickly bounced back through a play-off win against GIF Sundsvall. The next year, 2013, ended with a 14th place and once again GIF Sundsvall was the opponent in the play-offs. But as in 2012 HBK ended up as the winner and could celebrate their 100-year anniversary in the top division.

Supporters
Halmstads BK's official supporter group is Bollklubben Support, it was earlier known as Kvastarna (eng: The Brooms), and were created in 1995, they are located in the center of the terrace section of Örjans Vall during the home games. There is also another supporter group known as “Boys In Blue”, which were formed in 2021. Boys In Blue belong to the supporter category called “Ultras”.

Halmstads BK used to have an average of 4000–6000 spectators when playing home, when playing teams like Djurgårdens IF, IFK Göteborg or Malmö FF then audience it could rise to 8000-10000 people, however much because of the away supporters. Today the attendance is more modest and rises to maximum of 5000–6000 on the "big" games.

Stadium
Halmstads BK plays it home matches on Örjans Vall, which they share together with local rivals IS Halmia. However, since Örjans Vall is an old stadium, built in 1922, it doesn't meet the present European demands for stadiums, forcing Halmstads BK to play their European games on Olympia, Helsingborg, or at Ullevi, Gothenburg.

Örjans Vall was the site of 2 games during the 1958 FIFA World Cup, Northern Ireland–Czechoslovakia and Argentina–Northern Ireland.

Match programmes and newspaper
In 2006 all Swedish clubs in Allsvenskan was given an offer from Aftonbladet to print their match programmes, aside from AIK, Djurgårdens IF and Hammarby IF, who signed a deal with newspaper competitor Expressen. Halmstads BK rejected the offer and chose to print their own match program, making them the only club in the top league with their own match programme at the time.

The club also print a minor newspaper known as Tidningen HBK (eng: Newspaper HBK), which contains interviews with players, fans and other people connected to the club. It comes out as a supplement to the local newspaper Hallandsposten. It is also available to download on the club's homepage.

In popular culture
Swedish comedians Hans Alfredson and Tage Danielsson, also known as Hasse och Tage, made a skit about former HBK manager Roy Hodgson when Halmstads BK won Allsvenskan in 1976, known as Fotbollstränare Bob Lindeman (Eng: Football manager Bob Lindeman).

Notable players

List criteria:

 * player has made 250 or more appearances in Allsvenskan for the club, or
 * player has won Guldbollen, or
 * player has received more than 50 caps for Sweden or other national team.

Technical staff

 * As of 4 May 2022.

Noted managers
This is a list of managers who have won one or more titles at the club.

Domestic

 * Swedish Champions
 * Winners (4): 1976, 1979, 1997, 2000

League

 * Allsvenskan (Tier 1)
 * Winners (4): 1976, 1979, 1997, 2000
 * Runners-up (2): 1954–55, 2004
 * Superettan (Tier 2)
 * Winners (1): 2020
 * Division 1 Södra (Tier 2)
 * Winners (2): 1988, 1992
 * Division 2 (Tier 2)
 * Winners (10): 1925–26, 1932–33, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1941–42, 1946–47, 1953–54, 1964, 1971, 1973
 * Runner-up (4): 1924–25, 1936–37, 1949–50, 1951–52
 * Division 3 Sydvästra Götaland (Tier 3)
 * Winners (1): 1968
 * Runner-up (2): 1966, 1967
 * Hallandsserien (Tier 3)
 * Winners (2): 1921–22, 1922–23

Cups

 * Svenska Cupen
 * Winners (1): 1994–95

Records

 * Most appearances, Allsvenskan: 306, Torbjörn Arvidsson (1989–2004)
 * Most goals scored, Allsvenskan: 77, Rutger Backe (1972–1981)
 * Most appearances, in European cups: 28, Torbjörn Arvidsson (1989–2004), Fredrik Andersson (1990–2001)
 * Most goals scored, in European cups: 11, Stefan Selakovic (1996–2001)
 * Biggest victory: 12–0 vs. Fässbergs IK, 7 September 1968
 * Biggest victory, Allsvenskan: 9–0 vs. Västerås SK, 23 October 1955
 * Biggest defeat: 0–12 vs Malmö FF, 3 June 1943
 * Highest attendance (before renovation): 19 783 vs. Djurgårdens IF, 10 June 1955
 * Highest attendance (after renovation): 16 867 vs. IFK Göteborg, 30 October 2004

title: Halmstads BK


text:
Besarion Gugushvili

Besarion Gugushvili (ბესარიონ გუგუშვილი; born 6 May 1945) is a Georgian and Chechen politician and type designer who served as Prime Minister of Georgia from 26 August 1991 to 6 January 1992. Gugushvili was appointed as Prime Minister on 26 August 1991, following the resignation of Tengiz Sigua. A close associate of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia, he followed him into exile following the Georgian Civil War and took part in the 1993 uprising. From 1992 to 1994, Gugushvili was a Member of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under President Dzhokhar Dudayev, serving as acting as Head of Department of Statistics, as well as an economic advisor to Dudayev.

After the failure of the uprising and Gamsakhurdia's death, Gugushvili was granted political asylum in Finland. As of 2008, he lives in Vantaa. In his time in exile, Gugushvili has criticised what he considers to be the decreasing role of religion in Georgian life, as well as the spread of globalist and liberal ideas. He has also claimed that the Soviet Union, Turkish drug dealers, the government of the United States (in particular, then-President George H. W. Bush, Secretary of State James Baker, and Georgian, Polish-born General John Shalikashvili), Greek business interests, and German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher caused the fall of Gamsakhurdia's government and Eduard Shevardnadze's seizure of power.

Gugushvili designed the Georgian glyphs for the DejaVu typeface. He was also involved in the design of the Georgian script for the Nokia Pure typeface.

title: Besarion Gugushvili


text:
Group of 15

The Group of 15 (G-15) is an informal forum set up to foster cooperation and provide input for other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Group of Seven. It was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement Summit Meeting in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in September 1989, and is composed of countries from Latin America, Africa, and Asia with a common goal of enhanced growth and prosperity. The G-15 focuses on cooperation among developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology. Chile, Iran and Kenya have since joined the Group of 15, whereas Yugoslavia is no longer part of the group, and Peru, a founding member-state, decided to leave the G-15 in 2011. Membership thus has since expanded to 17 countries, but the forum's name remains unchanged.

Structure and activities
Some of the objectives of the G-15 are:

 * To harness the considerable potential for greater and mutually beneficial cooperation among developing countries
 * To conduct a regular review of the impact of the world situation and of the state of international economic relations on developing countries
 * To serve as a forum for regular consultations among developing countries with a view to coordinate policies and actions
 * To identify and implement new and concrete schemes for South-South cooperation and mobilize wider support for them
 * To pursue a more positive and productive North-South dialogue and to find new ways of dealing with problems in a cooperative, constructive and mutually supportive manner.

By design, the G-15 has avoided establishing an administrative structure like those for international organizations, such as the United Nations or the World Bank; but the G-15 does have a Technical Support Facility (TSF) located in Geneva. The TSF functions under the direction of the Chairman for the current year. The TSF provides necessary support for the activities of the G-15 and for its objectives. Other organs and functions of the G-15 include:

 * Summit of heads of state and government: The G-15's summit is organized biennially, with the venue being rotated among the three developing regions of the G-15 membership.
 * Annual meetings of Ministers of Foreign Affairs: G-15 Ministers of Foreign Affairs typically meet once a year to coordinate group activities and to prepare for the nest summit of G-15 leaders.
 * Steering committee (Troika): A steering committee, or Troika, is composed of three foreign ministers, one from the preceding summit host country, the present host country and the anticipated next host countries. These three are responsible for oversight and coordination.
 * Personal representatives of heads of state and government: Each member country is represented by personal representatives of heads of state and government who meet regularly in Geneva.

In addition, the Federation of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Services (FCCIS) is a private sector forum of G-15 member countries. The purpose of the FCCIS is to coordinate and maximize efforts which promote business, economic development and joint investment in G-15 nations.

In 2010, the chairmanship of the G-15 was accepted by Sri Lanka at the conclusion of the 14th G-15 summit in Tehran.

Member countries and organizations
World Economic Outlook database (2012)

title: Group of 15


text:
Diapir

A diapir is a type of intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks. Depending on the tectonic environment, diapirs can range from idealized mushroom-shaped Rayleigh–Taylor instability structures in regions with low tectonic stress such as in the Gulf of Mexico to narrow dikes of material that move along tectonically induced fractures in surrounding rock.

The term was introduced by Romanian geologist Ludovic Mrazek, who was the first to understand the principle of salt tectonics and plasticity. The term diapir may be applied to igneous intrusions, but it is more commonly applied to non-igneous, relatively cold materials, such as salt domes and mud diapirs. If a salt diapir reaches the surface, it can flow because salt becomes ductile with a small amount of moisture, forming a salt glacier.

Occurrence

Differential loading causes salt deposits covered by overburden (sediment) to rise upward toward the surface and pierce the overburden, forming diapirs (including salt domes), pillars, sheets, or other geological structures.

In addition to Earth-based observations, diapirism is thought to occur on Neptune's moon Triton, Jupiter's moon Europa, Saturn's moon Enceladus, and Uranus's moon Miranda.

Formation
Diapirs commonly intrude buoyantly upward along fractures or zones of structural weakness through denser overlying rocks. This process is known as diapirism. The resulting structures are also referred to as piercement structures. In the process, segments of the existing strata can be disconnected and pushed upwards. While moving higher, they retain many of their original properties, e.g. pressure; their pressure can be significantly different from the pressure of the shallower strata they get pushed into. Such overpressured "floaters" pose a significant risk when trying to drill through them. There is an analogy to a Galilean thermometer.

Rock types such as evaporitic salt deposits, and gas charged muds are potential sources of diapirs. Diapirs also form in the Earth's mantle when a sufficient mass of hot, less dense magma assembles. Diapirism in the mantle is thought to be associated with the development of large igneous provinces and some mantle plumes.

Explosive, hot volatile rich magma or volcanic eruptions are referred to generally as diatremes. Diatremes are not usually associated with diapirs, as they are small-volume magmas which ascend by volatile plumes, not by density contrast with the surrounding mantle.

Economic importance

Diapirs or piercement structures are structures resulting from the penetration of overlaying material. By pushing upward and piercing overlying rock layers, diapirs can form anticlines (arch-like shape folds), salt domes (mushroom/dome-shaped diapirs), and other structures capable of trapping hydrocarbons such as petroleum and natural gas. Igneous intrusions themselves are typically too hot to allow the preservation of preexisting hydrocarbons.

Occurrences
There are many salt domes and salt glaciers in the Zagros mountains, formed by the collision of two tectonic plates, the Eurasian Plate and the Arabian Plate. There are underwater salt domes in the Gulf of Mexico.

title: Diapir


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Halmstads BK

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 18:16, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Halmstads BK
Not in English. Firebug 07:43, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - somebody's rewritten it in English now. For future reference: non-English pages don't go on VFD - they need to be listed on Pages needing translation. sjorford →•← 08:15, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article is in English now. Since the article is on VfD, I have restored the VfD-tag, even though the problem is remedied. Sjakkalle 09:30, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, could use some clean up though. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 09:49, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, article is on a good start. --iMb~Meow 10:43, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - notable team in professional soccer league. Capitalistroadster 02:10, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ivica Osim

Ivan Osim (6 May 1941 – 1 May 2022), best known as Ivica Osim, was a Bosnian professional footballer and football manager. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest Bosnian football managers of all time and as one of the most influential football managers in the former Yugoslavia.

As a player, Osim was in the Yugoslavia national team and played at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He also represented Yugoslavia at UEFA Euro 1968, where he won a silver medal and was voted into the Team of the Tournament. As a manager, Osim won a bronze medal with Yugoslavia at the 1984 Summer Olympics as an assistant, and reached the quarter-finals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup as head coach of the Yugoslavia national team. He also reached the 1984–85 UEFA Cup semi-finals as manager of his hometown club Željezničar.

Osim was head coach of the Japan national team, before suffering a stroke in November 2007 and subsequently leaving the post. In April 2011, FIFA announced that he had become president of the interim committee to run the Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina after the country was suspended from all international competitions. He served until December 2012.

Osim died in May 2022, after years of health issues following his stroke.

Life and family
Osim was born during World War II in Sarajevo, precisely one month after the Nazi German invasion of Yugoslavia, to Slovene-German father Mihail "Puba" Osim, who worked as a machinist at the railways, and Polish-Czech mother Karolina. Both of his parents were also born in Sarajevo. Following the end of the war, he started playing football in the Željezničar youth system. He studied mathematics at the University of Sarajevo.

Osim was married to Asima and they had three children, two sons, Selmir and Amar, and daughter Irma. His son Amar was a football player himself, who afterward also became a successful football manager. Since 1994, Osim had lived with his wife mostly in Graz, Austria. Discontinuities only occurred when he lived in Japan during his managerial career there and when he visited Sarajevo in his function as advisor for the Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Club career
Osim began his professional career with hometown club Željezničar in 1959. He is considered one of the best Bosnians to step on a football pitch and was known as a ruthless dribbler. Osim stayed in Yugoslavia until the end of 1968, as transfers abroad were prohibited for players under 28 at the time. In December 1968, he went to the Netherlands, to play for Zwolsche Boys. This stay lasted only three months, due to a knee injury. In 1970, Osim signed with Strasbourg and played the rest of his career in France, playing also for Valenciennes, Sedan and again at Strasbourg.

International career

Osim made his debut for Yugoslavia in an October 1964 Olympic Games match against Morocco, and has earned a total of 16 caps, scoring eight goals. He also played at UEFA Euro 1968 where Yugoslavia reached the final, losing to Italy.

Osim's final international game was an April 1969 World Cup qualification match away against Spain.

Željezničar
When his playing career ended in 1978, Osim took the managing job at the club where he began playing, Željezničar. He managed the club until 1986, and finished third in the Yugoslav championship once, reached the Yugoslav Cup final once and the UEFA Cup semi-finals once.

Yugoslavia
Osim assisted Ivan Toplak, head coach of the Yugoslav Olympic team, at the 1984 Summer Olympics where Yugoslavia won the bronze medal.

In 1986, he took over the Yugoslavia national team. The first qualifying cycle for UEFA Euro 1988 ended in failure with an embarrassing 1–4 home loss against England. Contrary to expectations and custom considering the fate of Yugoslav head coaches who presided over prior failed qualifying campaigns, Osim was not fired by the Yugoslav FA largely thanks to personal authority of FA president Miljan Miljanić who wanted Osim to be given another chance.

Osim's Yugoslavia rebounded in the 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification, finishing ahead of France and Scotland. At the 1990 FIFA World Cup, Yugoslavia reached the quarter-finals by eliminating Spain 2–1 in the round of 16, and proceeded to face Diego Maradona's Argentina in the quarter-finals. Despite losing a defender, Refik Šabanadžović, to a red card at the half an hour mark, Osim's team held on through the entire game and extra time, only to lose on penalties.

Yugoslavia qualified for UEFA Euro 1992, but Osim resigned on 23 May 1992; as his family in Sarajevo faced bombardment during the Bosnian War. "My country doesn't deserve to play in the European Championship," said Osim, "On the scale of human suffering, I cannot reconcile events at home with my position as national manager." Yugoslavia was banned from the event, and its newly independent states have since competed as separate nations. Osim's home national team, Bosnia and Herzegovina, had to wait further 23 years to qualify for their first major football competition, having done so for the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil.

Partizan
Osim became the new manager of Partizan in the summer of 1991, in parallel with coaching the Yugoslavia national team. He won the 1991–92 Yugoslav Cup with Partizan, having eliminated his old club Željezničar during the semi-finals of the competition.

Panathinaikos
After leaving Yugoslavia, Osim managed Greek Alpha Ethniki club Panathinaikos from 1992 to 1994, winning the Greek Cup and Super Cup in 1993, as well as finishing second in the league in 1993.

Sturm Graz

In 1994, Heinz Schilcher, whom Osim had played with in Strasbourg, convinced him to manage Austrian club Sturm Graz. Osim led the Blackies to win the Austrian Bundesliga in 1998 and 1999, the Austrian Cup in 1996, 1997 and 1999 and the Austrian Supercup in 1996, 1998 and 1999.

The club also appeared in the UEFA Champions League from 1998 to 2001 under Osim's guidance. Until 2022, Sturm was the only Austrian club to qualify from their group stage and play amongst the last 16 of the Champions League. Red Bull Salzburg repeated that achievement in the 2021–22 season, more than two decades after the Sturm team led by Osim.

JEF United Chiba
From 2003 to 2006, Osim was manager of JEF United Chiba of the J1 League and built a contender despite the club's modest means. The club came closest to its first league title in 2003, when it finished third in the season's first stage and second in the second stage. In 2005, JEF United won its first major title with Osim as manager, the J.League Cup.

Japan
On 21 July 2006, Osim was appointed head coach of the Japan national team, replacing Brazilian manager and former player Zico, who had resigned after the end of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Japan defeated Trinidad and Tobago 2–0 in Osim's debut as head coach on 9 August 2006.

At the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, he failed to lead Japan to its third successive title, losing to Saudi Arabia in the semi-finals and to South Korea in the third place play-off on penalties. Osim said, "I feel like I've dropped my trousers. Twice," in describing his own managerial performance, pointing out that he did not rest the tired players. During the tournament, Osim reduced his interpreter to tears during a dressing room tirade, in which he called his players "amateurs" following a 1–1 draw against Qatar, and refused to watch the penalty shoot-out against Australia in the quarter-finals, saying "I didn't see it because it was bad for my heart. I don't want to die while I coach Japan's national team. I want to die in my hometown, Sarajevo."

Osim's remarks gained popularity with Japanese fans, and Words of Osim (オシムの言葉) (ISBN 4797671084), a collection of his quotes published in 2005, sold 400,000 copies and was on the bestseller list in Japan.

Administrative work

On 18 April 2011, FIFA announced that Osim would head an interim committee to run the Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina after the country was suspended for two months from all international competitions by FIFA. He served as head of the committee until 13 December 2012.

Health issues and death

On 16 November 2007, Osim suffered a stroke at his residence in Chiba, Japan while watching a friendly match between Austria and England on television. He was in a coma for almost three weeks during which time he was visited by notable people of world football like Michel Platini and Sepp Blatter among others. Eventually, Osim regained consciousness on 3 December 2007 and asked his wife, Asima, "What's the score?" of the game he was watching at the critical moment when he suffered the stroke. He was then moved from an intensive care unit to a general ward at the Juntendo University hospital in Urayasu, Chiba on 23 December.

On 7 December 2007, the Japan FA formally announced the appointment of Takeshi Okada, who coached Japan during the 1998 FIFA World Cup, to replace Osim as Japan head coach.

On 1 May 2022, Osim died at his home in Graz, Austria, five days short of his 81st birthday, after years of health issues following his stroke. After the news of his death, leading regional figures from the world of football and politics paid tribute to him. Croatian football manager and former player Velimir Zajec said "Švabo has also left. The days in Panathinaikos are not forgotten. A great coach." Serbia national team head coach Dragan Stojković called Osim an "intelligent man, a football strategist who had great intuition, who was one of the most important football names in the former Yugoslavia and will be remembered that way." Bosnian Presidency chairman Šefik Džaferović said that everyone will remember Osim as a "top footballer and football manager, but also a great man and patriot, with unique charisma and first-class moral qualities."

On 4 May, the coffin with Osim's body was laid out in the middle of the Merkur Arena, Sturm Graz's home ground, and thousands of fans were present when the stadium was floodlit for 81 minutes in honour of Osim. He was buried in Sarajevo at the Bare Cemetery on 14 May 2022. Thousands of people attended Osim's funeral and it was also broadcast live on national television. He was survived by his wife Asima, their daughter Irma and their two sons, Selmir and Amar.

In May 2023, the city of Graz renamed the forecourt of the Merkur Arena to Ivica-Osim-Platz ('Ivica-Osim-Square'). That same month, the street Zvornička 21 in Sarajevo, where Željezničar's home ground Grbavica stadium is located, was renamed to Ivica Osim Boulevard.

Player
Željezničar
 * Yugoslav Second League: 1961–62 (West)

Strasbourg
 * French Division 2: 1976–77

Yugoslavia
 * UEFA European Championship runner-up: 1968

Individual
 * UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 1968

Manager
Partizan
 * Yugoslav Cup: 1991–92

Panathinaikos
 * Greek Cup: 1992–93
 * Greek Super Cup: 1993

Sturm Graz
 * Austrian Bundesliga: 1997–98, 1998–99
 * Austrian Cup: 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99
 * Austrian Supercup: 1996, 1998, 1999

JEF United Chiba
 * J.League Cup: 2005

Japan
 * Afro-Asian Cup of Nations: 2007

Awards

 * Osim received the Sixth of April Sarajevo Award in 1990.
 * Osim was posthumously inducted into the Japan Football Hall of Fame in 2022.

Orders

 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 4Class BAR.svg Order of the Rising Sun, 4th Class, Gold Rays with Rosette: 2016

title: Ivica Osim


text:
Group of 22

The Group of 22 (G22 or Willard Group) was announced by the leaders of APEC (Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation) in 1997. The intention was to convene a number of meetings between finance ministers and central bank governors to make proposals on reform of the global financial system. The Group of 22 comprised members of the then-G8 (which became the G7—without Russia—in 2014) and 14 other countries. It first met in 1998 in Washington, D.C., US, to consider the stability of the international financial system and capital markets. In 1999, it was superseded by the Group of 33, which itself was superseded by the Group of 20 (G-20) later that year.

Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand were members of the G22, but are not members of the G20. The European Union, Turkey and Saudi Arabia are members of the G20, but were not members of the G22. Poland was a member of the G22, but is only represented in the G20 through the EU seat.

Members

G8 Nations:
 * 🇨🇦 canada
 * 🇫🇷 france
 * 🇩🇪 germany
 * 🇮🇹 italy
 * 🇯🇵 japan
 * 🇷🇺 russia
 * 🇬🇧 united kingdom
 * undefined

Other 14 nations or regions:
 * 🇦🇷 argentina
 * 🇦🇺 australia
 * 🇧🇷 brazil
 * 🇨🇳 china
 * 🇮🇳 india
 * 🇮🇩 indonesia
 * 🇲🇾 malaysia
 * 🇲🇽 mexico
 * 🇵🇱 poland
 * 🇸🇬 singapore
 * 🇿🇦 south africa
 * 🇰🇷 south korea
 * 🇹🇭 thailand
 * 🇹🇭 thailand

title: Group of 22


text:
Stan Mudenge

Isaak Stanislaus Gorerazvo Mudenge (17 December 1941 – 4 October 2012 ) was a Zimbabwean politician who served in the government of Zimbabwe as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1995 to 2005 and as Minister of Higher Education from 2005 to 2012.

Author
Mudenge was a professional historian focusing on African history in general and specializing in pre-colonial Zimbabwean history. He published several books in this regard.

United Nations Ambassador
Mudenge gave Prince Charles a tour of the Great Zimbabwe in 1985.

Minister of Foreign Affairs of Zimbabwe
Mudenge said that through 1995 and 1996 the only western leader who would "even answer the phone" was "British Prime Minister John Major" who Mudenge said was "a total gentleman." He added that French President "Jacques Chirac acts like we don't exist." British Prime Minister John Major gave £40 million to Zimbabwe in the early 1990s in order to carry out land reform in Zimbabwe.

ZANU PF Secretary for Political Affairs
As ZANU-PF Secretary for Political Affairs, Mudenge kept in touch with his foreign contacts from his previous government roles. Stating "from December of 1990 to January of 1993 I was in pretty constant touch with the British Conservative Party leadership, and I always felt we worked well together. Those were a great few years for our cooperation with the United Kingdom."

Minister of Foreign Affairs of Higher Education
In a cabinet reshuffle on 16 April 2005, following the March 2005 parliamentary election, he was replaced as Minister of Foreign Affairs by Simbarashe Mumbengegwi and was appointed as Minister of Higher Education instead. This was considered a demotion and followed Mudenge's support for Jonathan Moyo in opposition to Joyce Mujuru within ZANU-PF.

Within ZANU-PF, he aligned himself with the Masvingo (Mnangagwa) faction, which was antagonistic to the Mujuru faction due to wrangles concerning ascendancy to the presidency if Mugabe leaves office.

Member of Parliament
Mudenge was nominated by ZANU-PF as its candidate for the House of Assembly seat from Masvingo North constituency in the March 2008 parliamentary election. According to official results, he received 4,799 votes, defeating the candidate of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), who received 4,450.

When the ZANU-PF–MDC national unity government was sworn in on 13 February 2009, Mudenge was retained as Minister of Higher Education. He remained in that post until he died in October 2012.

He was placed on a European Union sanctions list in 2002 and on the United States sanctions list in 2003. He remained on the lists until his death. Notably he was not sanctioned by the United Kingdom.

title: Stan Mudenge


text:
User:Chaue

Florence Lee

Born in 1983. Bachelor of Computer Engineering, from University of Toronto

title: User:Chaue


text:
Simbarashe Mumbengegwi

Simbarashe Simbanenduku Mumbengegwi (born 20 July 1945 ) is a Zimbabwean politician and diplomat currently serving as Minister of State for Presidential Affairs and Monitoring Government Programmes. Previously he was acting Foreign Minister for a few days following the resignation of former President Robert Mugabe He had previously served as Zimbabwe's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2017. From October to November 2017, he was Minister of Macro-Economic Planning and Investment Promotion.

Life and career
Mumbengegwi was born in Chivi, Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia). After receiving his primary and secondary education in Zimbabwe, he attended Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, in the late 1960s and 1970s. Invariably known as Simba, he was the popular and affable president of the African Students Association, and also worked as a teacher. He was a ZANU activist in exile at that time and served as a ZANU representative during the 1970s: he was Deputy ZANU Chief Representative in Australia and the Far East from 1973 to 1976, then Chief Representative in Australia and the Far East from 1976 to 1978, and Chief Representative to Zambia from 1978 to 1980.

From 1980 to 1990, he was a member of parliament in the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe from the Midlands Province, and he was the Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees of the House of Assembly from 1980 to 1981. He joined the Cabinet as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1981, serving in that position until 1982, when he became Minister of Water Resources and Development. Later in the same year, he was moved to the position of Minister of National Housing, in which position he remained for two years. He was then Minister of Public Construction and National Housing from 1984 to 1988 and Minister of Transport from 1988 to 1990.

From 1981 to 1984, he was Provincial Treasurer of ZANU-PF for the Midlands Province. From 1984 to 1994, he was a member of the Central Committee of ZANU-PF, and he was the Central Committee's Deputy Secretary for Publicity and Information from 1984 to 1989.

Mumbengegwi was Zimbabwe's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1990 to 1995; while there, he was vice-president of the United Nations General Assembly from 1990 to 1991 as well as a member of the United Nations Security Council from 1991 to 1992. He twice served as President of the Security Council, in February 1991 and April 1992. He was subsequently Ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Permanent Representative to the European Communities in 1995. He later became High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and Ambassador to Ireland in 1999, remaining there until 2005 (although he became Ambassador to the United Kingdom rather than High Commissioner in 2003, upon Zimbabwe's withdrawal from the Commonwealth of Nations).

He became a Non-Constituency Member of Parliament in 2005. On 15 April 2005, he was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs in a cabinet reshuffle, replacing Stan Mudenge.

In the March 2008 parliamentary election, Mumbengegwi was nominated by ZANU-PF as its candidate for the Senate seat from Shurugwi-Zvishavane in the Midlands. He won the seat according to official results, receiving 24,055 votes against 11,988 for Vincent Gwarazimba of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC).

When the ZANU-PF–MDC national unity government was sworn in on 13 February 2009, Mumbengegwi was retained as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

title: Simbarashe Mumbengegwi


text:
Group of 24

The Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs and Development, or The Group of 24 (G-24) was established in 1971 as a chapter of the Group of 77 in order to help coordinate the positions of developing countries on international monetary and development finance issues, as well as and to ensure that their interests are adequately represented in negotiations on international monetary matters. Though originally named after the number of founding Member States, it now has 28 Members (plus China, which acts as a Special Invitee). Although the G-24 officially has 28 member countries, any member of the G-77 can join discussions.

Although the group is not an organ of the International Monetary Fund, the IMF provides secretariat services for the Group. It meets biannually, first prior to the International Monetary and Financial Committee, and secondly prior to the Joint Ministerial Committee of the Boards of Governors of the Bank and the Fund. These meetings allow developing country members to discuss agenda items prior to these important meetings of the IMF/World Bank.

Member states
Following is the list of members of G-24:

Region I (Africa):
 * 🇩🇿 algeria
 * undefined
 * 🇪🇬 egypt
 * 🇪🇹 ethiopia
 * 🇬🇦 gabon
 * 🇬🇭 ghana
 * undefined
 * 🇰🇪 kenya
 * 🇲🇦 morocco
 * 🇳🇬 nigeria
 * 🇿🇦 south africa

Region II (Latin America and the Caribbean):
 * 🇦🇷 argentina
 * 🇧🇷 brazil
 * 🇨🇴 colombia
 * 🇪🇨 ecuador
 * 🇬🇹 guatemala
 * 🇭🇹 haiti
 * 🇲🇽 mexico
 * 🇵🇪 peru
 * 🇹🇹 trinidad and tobago
 * 🇻🇪 venezuela

Region III (Asia):
 * 🇨🇳 china
 * 🇮🇳 india
 * 🇮🇷 iran
 * 🇱🇧 lebanon
 * 🇵🇰 pakistan
 * 🇵🇭 philippines
 * 🇱🇰 sri lanka
 * undefined

Observers
The following act as observers states of the G-24:
 * 🇦🇴 angola
 * 🇮🇩 indonesia
 * 🇸🇦 saudi arabia
 * 🇦🇪 united arab emirates

The following act as institutional observers of the G-24:
 * Arab Monetary Fund
 * Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
 * Group of 77
 * International Labour Organization
 * Islamic Development Bank
 * OPEC Fund for International Development
 * Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
 * South Centre
 * United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
 * United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
 * Central American Monetary Council

Organization
The G-24 operates at two levels:

 * The political level, consisting of Ministers, their Deputies, the Bureau, and other Washington-based representatives who participate in the Committee of the Whole and in any ad hoc meetings; and
 * The operational level, which is run by the G-24 Liaison Office, and includes the G-24 Secretariat and the Research Coordinator.

The governing body of the G-24 meets twice a year, preceding the Spring and Fall meetings of the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Joint Development Committee of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The plenary G-24 meetings are addressed by the heads of the IMF and the World Bank Group as well as by senior officials of the UN system. Issues are first discussed by the Deputies and culminate at the Ministerial level by the approval of a document that sets out the consensus views of member countries. The Ministerial document is released as a public Communiqué at a press conference held at the end of the meetings. Decision-making within the G-24 is by consensus.

Political leadership
The following compose the political leadership of the Group:
 * Chair: Adama Coulibaly, Minister of Finance, Côte d'Ivoire
 * First Vice-Chair: Benjamin E. Diokno, Secretary of Finance, Philippines
 * Second Vice-Chair: Sergio Massa, Minister of Treasury, Argentina

Secretariat
The G-24 Secretariat is a permanent body that serves as the administrative organ of the G-24. It is based in Washington D.C. in the IMF Headquarters. The functions and activities of the Secretariat include: ensuring effective liaison among G-24 members with a view of facilitating consensus on issues of common interest; overseeing and implementing the work program; building strategic partnerships and coalitions with other fora engaged in the same spheres of interest; and supporting the Chair and the Bureau by providing logistical and secretarial support for the various meetings of the G-24.

Until 1997, the Research Program of the Group was the operational organ for the coordination of members' policy positions. The program was headed by a Research Coordinator that directs the policy outputs of the organization. Past research coordinators include Sidney S. Dell (British), 1975-1990; Gary Helleiner (Canada), 1990-1997. With the formalization of the establishment of the Secretariat in 1997 and absorption of the Research program into the Secretariat function, subsequent research coordinators included the Turkish economist Dani Rodrik (2002) and Malaysian economist Jomo Sundaram (2006–2012).

The Secretariat is headed by a Director, who, since 1997, also manages the G-24’s Research Program.

Current and past Directors are:

Chair
The following is the list of former and current Chairs of the G-24:

Research and publications
The Group also maintains a research and work program that revolves around issues of importance to developing countries. In particular, the program focuses on three key areas: The global economy and growth agenda, international financial architecture, and financing for development. The global economy and growth agenda emphasizes structural transformation, trade and technology, and inequality. international financial architecture covers reform and governance of global financial institutions, the global financial safety net and managing capital flows, and financial regulation. financing for development includes taxation and international tax cooperation, infrastructure financing, debt management and sustainability, and financial inclusion. Much of the group's research, including books, policy briefs and working papers can be found on its website.

title: Group of 24


text:
User talk:Chaue

Florence Lee (1983 - )

Born in Hong Kong. Bachelor of Computer Engineering from University of Toronto

title: User talk:Chaue


text:
The Rookie (1990 film)

The Rookie is a 1990 American buddy cop action thriller film directed by Clint Eastwood, written by Boaz Yakin and Scott Spiegel, and produced by Howard G. Kazanjian, Steven Siebert, and David Valdes. The film stars Eastwood, Charlie Sheen, Raul Julia, Sônia Braga, Lara Flynn Boyle, and Tom Skerritt. Eastwood plays a veteran police officer teamed up with a younger detective played by Sheen (the rookie), whose intent is to take down a German crime lord in downtown Los Angeles, following months of investigation into an exotic car theft ring.

The Rookie premiered in the United States and Canada on December 7, 1990, grossing $21,633,874 in ticket receipts, just under its budget of $30 million. The film was overshadowed by the continuing success of Home Alone, which opened three weeks earlier and ended up being one of the top 100 highest-grossing films of all time. A financial disappointment, The Rookie was met with generally lackluster reviews. Critics considered it formulaic and shallow, and questioned the casting of the Puerto Rican Julia and the Brazilian Braga as Germans; a scene in which Eastwood was raped by Braga also generated some controversy. The stunts and special effects, however, were met with praise.

Plot
Veteran LAPD detective Nick Pulovski and his partner Powell attempt to bust some criminals loading a truck with stolen luxury vehicles; in the ensuing gunfight, Powell is killed. Nick pursues the fleeing truck, but the gang detaches the trailer with him on it. Now classified as a homicide case, Nick is barred from investigating further and assigned a new partner, "rookie" cop David Ackerman.

Nick and a confused David defy orders and investigate the gang anyway; they go to a country club for lunch and see the criminals' leader, Strom. Nick confronts him and gives him Powell's blood-stained badge. Later, they go to a bar so Nick can talk to his informant, Felix. David gets in a brawl at the bar during which his badge is stolen; Nick, a regular, defuses the fight. Nick intimidates Strom's associate Morales into cooperating with him by destroying his car at a junkyard. Morales succeeds in placing a bug in Strom's apartment, but Strom and his girlfriend Liesl kill him for botching the earlier theft.

Now desperate for money, Strom holds up a casino. When the manager opens the safe, David and Nick emerge, having heard his plan through Morales' bug. Nick attempts to arrest them, but when David refuses to shoot an unarmed Liesl, they manage to kidnap Nick and shoot David. Strom demands $2,000,000 ransom and takes Nick to his chop shop. David survives, having blocked the shot with his body armor. The police refuse to pay the ransom and Nick is written off as a dead man.

Determined to help Nick, David returns to the bar and demands information. He ends up starting a huge brawl and several fires, terrorizing the customers. He then tries to find Felix at his dry cleaner's shop but arrives just as a gunman named Loco whacks Felix for being a rat. Loco then assaults David and escapes. David goes to his wealthy father for the $2,000,000 before informing his wife he has the money. She tells him the cops are looking for him since he has not checked in and that his superior is waiting at their home. David promises to return but is arrested by two other officers; after realizing that he is being set up, he escapes custody.

David crashes his motorcycle through his own front door to find Loco attacking his wife; in the fight, she ends up shooting the gunman dead. His car reminds him of Strom's garage, where he goes to find Nick. After Nick is tortured and raped by Liesl while being filmed, he manages to steal a revolver and overpower her but falls into an elevator shaft and plays dead. Alerted by dripping blood, Strom sees Nick and tries to kill him. David arrives in time to run them off and save Nick. Nick then drives a convertible out the window of the upper floor to escape a bomb planted inside to destroy evidence and they continue their pursuit.

Nick and David manage to hijack a van Strom sends to exchange the money; they take it and follow Strom to the airport. David pursues and eventually kills Liesl while Nick pursues Strom. Strom eventually shoots Nick; David shoots Strom who also shoots David; ultimately, Nick gets his revenge on Strom. Sometime later at the police station, David is finally considered a veteran cop. Nick, now promoted to the rank of lieutenant, assigns him his own "rookie."

Cast

 * Clint Eastwood as Sergeant Nick Pulovski
 * Charlie Sheen as Detective David Ackerman
 * Seth Allen as Young David Ackerman
 * Raul Julia as Ulrich Sigmund Strom
 * Sônia Braga as Liesl Strom
 * Tom Skerritt as Eugene Ackerman
 * Lara Flynn Boyle as Sarah Ackerman
 * Pepe Serna as Lieutenant Raymond Garcia
 * Donna Mitchell as Laura Ackerman
 * Coleby Lombardo as Joey Ackerman
 * Marco Rodriguez as "Loco" Martinez
 * Xander Berkeley as Ken Blackwell
 * Roberta Vasquez as Officer Heather Torres
 * Hal Williams as Detective Powell
 * Paul Ben-Victor as Felix "Little Felix"
 * Tony Plana as Morales
 * David Sherrill as Max
 * Pete Randall as Cruz
 * Matt McKenzie as Detective Wang
 * Joel Polis as Detective Lance
 * Robert Harvey as Detective Whalen
 * George Orrison as Detective Orrison
 * Paul Butler as Captain Hargate
 * Anthony Charnota as Romano
 * Nick Ballo as Vito
 * Jay Boryea as Sal
 * Anthony Alexander as Alphonse
 * Jeanne Mori as Reporter Connie Ling
 * Jordan Lund as The Bartender
 * Kyle Eastwood as Band Member at Ackerman's House Party (uncredited)

Sets and equipment
Within California, filming was done primarily on location in Saratoga, San Jose and Los Angeles. Various filming sites included Interstate 680 and State Route 87 in San Jose for the opening chase sequence featuring the semi-tractor trailer, the famous Villa Montalvo mansion for the henchmen meeting scene in the Santa Cruz Mountains of Saratoga, and the San Jose International Airport as well as the Mojave Air & Space Port for the final action climax scene, which author Laurence F. Knapp described as "both purgative and objectionable—a vivid, personal exchange of camera angles and vantage points that complicate, rather than conclude." A furniture warehouse on the corner of 4th and Hewitt streets in downtown Los Angeles, stood in as the hideaway for Strom's illegal theft operation. But in relation to same hideaway's demise later in the film, a different building was used in the City of Commerce. A warehouse previously occupied by an auto agency slated for demolition on Flower near 12th Street, stood in for the impending explosion-filled destruction. During an introductory scene, where Eastwood's character pulls up in an unmarked squad car to foil the plans of the car thieves, a z-shaped thoroughfare called Santa Fe Street, provided the perfect secluded background at night which also happened to overlook the Los Angeles skyline. For the action sequences involving aircraft at the San Jose airport, a Hansa twin-engine jet was used to collide with a Convair 880 that was briefly disguised as a 150-passenger Evergreen International Airlines Boeing 727.

In keeping with the continuity of the subject matter and storyline, the filming was punctuated with the use—and in some cases the destruction—of expensive and alluring foreign automobiles; including a Ferrari Daytona, a Porsche 928, a Jaguar XJ, as well as brief appearances of a Cadillac Allanté and a Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit. A vintage gull-wing Mercedes-Benz 300SL is also presented in the film, being personally driven by Braga's character in an introductory sequence before a large-scale climactic car chase scene. In addition to driving a newly redesigned Mercedes-Benz 500SL for the 1990 model year, Eastwood's character is also seen conveying his distaste for the Lime Green color on the Lotus Esprit and later driving said vehicle during a criminal pursuit. Sheen's character also takes part in a scene involving an older, rare Harley-Davidson, riding head-on through the front door of a residential home.

Filming
Coordination of the lighting along with the capturing of all other photographic elements in the film were achieved by cinematographer Jack N. Green. Stunt coordinator Terry Leonard and second unit director Buddy Van Horn, oversaw the task of integrating the scope of stunt people working to produce the action which numbered over twice as many actors in the film (said to be over 80 stuntmen), while supervisor John Frazier controlled the special effects. Green, Van Horn, Leonard, Frazier, and production manager Valdez began close pre-production discussions three months before principal photography. To meet his stylistic lighting objectives in shaping the scenery environment, Green utilized powerful Musco Lighting developed during the 1980s. Commenting on a production scene surrounding the character of Pulovski at his residence, Green noted the home was characteristic of "359 degrees" of accessible turns of the camera. He detailed how the crew would "go in with these little ceiling units, as close to the ceiling as we could get them, little accent lights onto the place the actors would be. It would look like it was coming from those practicals but, again, at a dramatic angle." Describing a stunt-related sequence early in the film performed by Eastwood himself, Van Horn, who had been a stunt associate for almost 35 years, took the opportunity to commend the actor on his contributions saying, "Clint likes to do everything live, ... When you read the script, you know everything is going to be pretty much live action. Sometimes you have to talk him out of something that just might be a little too risky. Not that he couldn't do it, but if something even minor should happen, you couldn't afford to suspend the production." The sequence which Van Horn alluded to, was a scene that involved Eastwood behind the driver's seat racing a Chevrolet Blazer through stop-and-go traffic, while swerving to avoid oncoming cars from the opposite direction. The scene included 20 other stunt drivers operating a carefully rehearsed formation through a head-on collision course. According to Van Horn, who engineered the sequence with Leonard, he noted, "The whole thing is like a football play, ... We all sit down and figure out where the cars are, where Clint makes the break out of traffic, where the other cars are going, and just the whole cause and effect for how and why he pulls into (the intersection) and decides to head on through. That's all worked out ahead of time." Leonard added, "In a situation where your rehearsal time is extremely limited, it becomes that old expression: experience, ... It becomes a seat of the pants kind of thing, about 20 drivers and Clint who know where the close calls are going to be and who's going to be in what position when. But once you get going, there's always the element of surprise, where maybe a car is 10 feet closer than it was expected to be, and a driver must react to that."

Certain critics such as author Daniel O'Brien, failed to understand why director Eastwood used Hispanic actors Julia and Braga, to portray German villains. Puzzled, he mused, "Why Eastwood thought that the Puerto Rican Julia and the Brazilian Braga would make convincing German schweinehund is difficult to determine, with Braga in particular suffering the indignities of awful dialogue ..." In summing up the filming experience, Frazier said, "You know, things went really well, but you have to give credit to everyone involved. Clint Eastwood and David Valdez really gave us the time and their confidence to do it right. We were never really rushed, which is so important. We were able to do every one of the major shots in one take: the car out of the building, the carrier turning over and the planes colliding. That says something. These guys respect the crew and every job being done. It makes a big difference." In an interview with Orange Coast Magazine, co-star Braga confessed she had "never done action before" in film, while also stating, "I had to learn running and kicking and hitting." Under Eastwood's direction, Braga commented, "When you act with the director, you don't have any barriers because you're giving and taking at the same time." On a separate note, author Marc Eliot described the graphic rape scene in the film that gained much publicity as being, "an explosive sequence, and the only one in the film that people talked about. As obviously provocative and exploitative as it was, ars gratia artis the scene may also be read as conveying Clint's feeling victimized at the hands of a beautiful but bad woman." Offering another take on the scene, author John H. Foote noticed, "Braga looks somewhat embarrassed during the rape sequence, leaving us to wonder why Eastwood the director did not handle the sequence in a different manner. Was he hoping that the film would offer audiences something new?" Author Douglas Thompson bluntly referred to the rape scene as "sadomasochistic" and Braga as a "kinky nymphomaniac" while adding, "before she rapes Eastwood she plays around his chest with a razor blade, then gets into torrid action." Author Howard Hughes indicated that the event was one of Eastwood's "most distasteful scenes in [his] entire career". (Ironically, while the rape scene attracted considerable attention, little apparent notice was paid to the scene in which protagonist Pulovski commits murder by summarily executing Strom.

Stunts
The major stunt scenes were executed before the camera with no miniatures, no blue screens, while mostly being shot at night. Completed during May 1990, the centerpiece stunt of the film involved a Mercedes-Benz convertible driving through the fourth-floor window of an exploding warehouse. For the scene, a 1,500 pound Mercedes auto mock-up was connected by 150 feet of quarter-inch pulleyed cable to a Ford 4×4 pickup on the ground. The truck would drive straight ahead and pull the Mercedes through the windows as the cable that connected the two vehicles exhibited a tensile strength of 8,000 pounds. Once the pull on the cable started, both vehicles would move in precise proportion to one another. After the mock-up launched through the windows, the hook connecting the Mercedes would drop. As Frazier explained, "The hook is very similar to the kind used to launch jets on aircraft carriers, ... Once the hook falls away, the Mercedes is propelled by its own momentum." Aerodynamics played a key role in the execution, as Frazier referred to the stunt saying, "When the car left the building it was very important that it exit and travel flat, ... A lot of times it doesn't matter. In this case, if the car didn't travel flat, you would know that the car could not have survived into the next sequence where it landed on the rooftop. We had to set up aerodynamics on that car, so that every time it went out the window, including the tests, it flew out without the nose dipping down." The explosion filled destruction of the warehouse was produced by 9 separate 18-inch steel mortars on each of the 4 floors. When fully discharged, all 36 mortars produced the largest orchestrated explosion ever allowed in Los Angeles city limits permitted at the time.

Another major stunt sequence consisted of a 50 ft, 21-ton two-tiered automobile carrier flipping over on its side, flinging its automotive cargo onto a freeway of traffic. In the sequence, the carrier is scripted to disconnect from the primary cab at highway speed, so that the carrier veers off to one side while eventually flipping over. Frazier explained how "Clint did not want the car carrier rolling over and over down the freeway, ... He just wanted it to go over on its side and then slide until it stopped. It would have been easier to load that thing up (with cars), get up to speed and 'barrel' roll it down the freeway. But it wouldn't have looked realistic for his character to have survived it." A semi-truck which was trailing 150 feet behind the carrier, held on to it by means of a cable. After the carrier became detached from the passenger cab, the semi-truck came to a stop yanking the carrier from the cab. Frazier demonstrated how gravity played a significant and key role during the scene. He noted, "By itself, the carrier would not have come off the (cab), ... It could ride there forever, even though it's been released, just due to the weight of the carrier. So we needed the 'holdback' cable to the truck behind, and on cue, the driver locked his brakes." After the carrier disengaged from the cab, steel castor wheels attached to the underside of the carrier directed it to the center embankment. A stuntman who was riding in the carrier fired 3 cannons to physically lift it over on its side.

A small jet aircraft, (Hansa-Jet), pursuing the lead characters played by Eastwood and Sheen, complements another tightly coordinated stunt scene (aerial coordinators James W. Gavin and Eric W. Gray). After chasing the two detectives through a grassy area, the Hansa-Jet is hit by a Convair 880 depicted as landing, (the initial sequence showing the aircraft on approach uses a BAe 146). Both the San Jose and Mojave airports were scripted as LA International Airport during filming of the scene. Right before the impact, the Hansa-Jet was actually stationary being pulled by a 150-foot steel cable attached to a 4-wheel drive pickup truck right before the explosion erupted. Frazier explained, "The reason we did that is because if the planes collide first, it's likely they'll upend all our wires and the explosion wouldn't occur at all. Another reason is that had the Hansa-Jet not demolished before impact, it could have spun the other plane around, and we might have ended up with the 880 in our shot instead. The ensuing explosion after the Convair dissects the Hansa-Jet was powered by 10 gallons of gasoline and 4 separate 18-inch mortars. The detonation device included a 125-foot electrical cable set off by a bull switch to help achieve the desired effect.

Music
The score for the film which included elements of jazz music and considerable use of the trumpet, was originally composed by American saxophonist Lennie Niehaus. The music score was mixed by Robert Fernandez and edited by Donald Harris. The sound effects in the film were supervised by Robert G. Henderson and Alan Robert Murray. The mixing of the sound effects were orchestrated by Donald F. Johnson and Michael Evje. Although not officially released, music from the soundtrack included songs entitled "All The Things You Are" written by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II as well as the "Red Zone" written by Kyle Eastwood and Michael Stevens.

Critical response
The film received mostly negative reviews from critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Among the reviews, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times, mildly complimented the stunts and special effects mentioning, "There are some good ones, including a chase down an expressway, with Eastwood driving his car right up the loading ramp of a semi auto-carrier" and noting that the film was "... jammed with material and the budget was obviously large, but somehow not much pays off. It's all there on the screen, but lifeless." On another negative front, Ebert also criticized Sheen's performance, saying he kept "a poker face and laconic voice through much of the movie, and doesn't generate the kind of vigor and intensity the role needs; a more nervous actor might have been a better choice." Ebert's partner Gene Siskel voiced his agreement; "It's a very depressing experience. Everyone's wasted in the film. The Latino stereotypes, when they get out on the street, are just awful." He went on to state, "... nobody has a good role. Raul Julia is wasted, Sônia Braga is tawdry. This was gonna be a classy international star, it's a joke." Hal Hinson of the Washington Post solidly concurred saying, "Eastwood runs his patented American macho numbers, plays the same limited repertoire of squints, but he's gotten way too long in the tooth to pull them off and the thrill is long gone." Incidentally, another Washington Post staff writer Desson Howe, dismissed the film as well. He openly wondered whether the film "will have something original about it. Maybe there's a twist somewhere, something to set it apart from the 20,595 other buddies-in-uniform movies made in recent years." In contrast with the buddy film genre though, Pat Collins of WWOR-TV, enthusiastically proclaimed the film to be "The best buddy cop movie of the year." The Variety staff however, added to the general dismay with the film saying, "Overlong, sadistic and stale even by the conventions of the buddy pic genre, Clint Eastwood's The Rookie is actually Dirty Harry 5$1/2$ since Eastwood's tough-as-nails cop Nick Pulovski could just as easily be named Harry Callahan, ..."

Vincent Canby of The New York Times, expressed his dissatisfaction with the film too. He mused, "The Rookie is an astonishingly empty movie to come from Mr. Eastwood. The screenplay for The Rookie seems to have been pumped up from a script originally intended as a segment for a half-hour television series. There's not much of a story." He wasn't impressed with the special effects either saying, "the movie devotes itself to extended set pieces, mostly chases, which are so lazily thought out and edited that the audience is always ready for the twists that are supposed to surprise." Also in regards to the stunt work, author MK of Time Out in London commented, the "movie is full of caricatured cops and robbers, and punctuated with interminably dull car-chases." Alternatively though, Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune felt the quality of the stunt work was superb, commenting that they were, "the most spectacular action sequences Eastwood has ever filmed." Noted critic Leonard Maltin gave the film a star and a half, somewhat approving of the stuntwork by figuratively mentioning, "there's one good freeway crackup" but in the end, felt the theme amounted to "Formula filmmaking that even bored its intended audience."

Other movie critics, like Jeffrey Lyons of WPIX, applauded the performances of the lead characters and called the film "Tough and gritty. Fires with a full clip. Eastwood and Sheen are terrific together." Equally swayed in opinion was film critic Susan Granger of American Movie Classics: "This slam-bam, action-packed thriller packs a wallop." Giving the film a C+ rating, critic Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly posted, "The Rookie is like a series of garish exploitation set pieces jammed into the shape of a buddy movie." He went further in his criticism saying, "as moviemaking goes, The Rookie is on the slovenly side. The plot makes almost no sense, and Eastwood directs in his usual toneless fashion." But on a lighter note, relating to the film's comedic appeal, he stated, "in this case, the fact that you can't always tell the intentional comedy from the unintentional isn't necessarily a drawback." In agreement on the lack of plausibility surrounding the plot, author Marshall Julius still offered though an almost entirely positive review, giving the film three and a half guns, exclaiming, "As directed by Eastwood, The Rookie is a deliberately silly, knockabout adventure which aims for outrageous and hits a bullseye. We're talking good, dumb, fun. Get your brains out and the beers in, and you're all set."

Box office
The film premiered in cinemas on December 7, 1990. At its widest distribution in the U.S., the film was screened at 1,862 theaters grossing $5,510,056 in its opening weekend. During that first weekend in release, the film opened in third place behind Home Alone and Misery. The film's revenue dropped by 36% in its second week of release, earning $3,512,765. During its final weekend showing in theaters, the film grossed $1,224,696. The film went on to top out at $21,633,874 in total ticket sales through a 5-week theatrical run. For 1990 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 56.

Home media
The film was initially released in VHS video format on May 27, 1992. The Region 1 Code widescreen edition of the film was released on DVD in the United States on September 2, 2003 and includes a digital transfer soundtrack remastered in Dolby Digital 5.1, interactive menus, Eastwood film highlights, scene access, and the theatrical trailer. The film was released on Blu-ray Disc on June 1, 2010.

Novelization
In January 1991, a novelization based on the screenplay was released. Distributed by Warner Books, it was written by Tom Philbin.

title: The Rookie (1990 film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FK Teplice

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 18:16, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

FK Teplice

 * Delete, not a notable team, probably could go on a different language wikipedia considering the team's website isn't even in English. Is this team even professional? — oo64eva (AJ) (U @ 07:51, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep - we have pages for all teams playing in the UEFA Champions League/UEFA Cup. It couldn't go on a different language Wikipedia considering it's not in a different language. sjorford →•← 08:06, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep - this is very notable Czech team, if you'll piss me off I will nominate some Premier League team for VfD! By the way, ALL teams in Czech First and Second Division are full professional. -- Darwinek 08:31, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks like another example of ignorance by the "deleter.". Drak 11:38, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And that's a reason to keep the article by implying someone is ignorant? A gentle reminder on Civility. Megan1967 11:52, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm a rough 1000 kilometers away, and I've heard of them. It's a notable team. Keep. Mgm|(talk) 20:27, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable soccer team. Klonimus 20:39, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all soccer teams in professional leagues. Capitalistroadster 02:13, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Richard Hayman

Richard Warren Joseph Hayman (March 27, 1920 – February 5, 2014) was an American musician who was the chief music arranger of the Boston Pops Orchestra for over 50 years, and served as a pops conductor for orchestras including the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony and the Grand Rapids Symphony in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

He toured and recorded as a harmonica player and made dozens of recordings for Mercury Records as "Richard Hayman and His Orchestra." His biggest hit was a single, "Ruby," from the 1952 film Ruby Gentry, starring Jennifer Jones and Charlton Heston. Hayman's arrangement featured himself as harmonica soloist. Over a lengthy career, he created musical arrangements for more than 50 artists and entertainers including Barbra Streisand, Bob Hope, Liza Minnelli and Olivia Newton-John.

Career
A native of Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, Hayman's career in music began in his teen years as a player and arranger for the Borrah Minnevitch Harmonica Rascals. In the 1940s, he became an arranger for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios doing arrangements (often uncredited) for such MGM films as Girl Crazy, Meet Me in St. Louis and Thousands Cheer. From 1945 to 1950, he was musical director for the Vaughn Monroe Orchestra.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Hayman recorded a series of albums for Mercury Records. His 1957 outing Havana In Hi-Fi, was first in the label's pop music stereo LP series (SR 60000).

Hayman is most famous for having been the principal arranger at the Boston Pops Orchestra for over 30 years where his award-winning arrangements are still used today. He occasionally guest-conducted there, and when Arthur Fiedler had a time conflict with his job as pops conductor for the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, he recommended Hayman for the post.

Hayman was also closely affiliated with the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra for over 30 years. Known for his sequined jackets, harmonica solos, and corny jokes, he became its Principal Pops Conductor in 1976, leading both the Pops at Powell and Queeny Park concerts. Queeny Pops, with concertgoers seated at tables in the acoustically atrocious but centrally located (in the suburbs of west St. Louis County) Greensfelder Field House, was a hit for many years, and made it possible for the SLSO to offer its musicians a full 52-week annual contract.

That ended when a financial crunch in 2001, coinciding with a realization that the SLSO's pops concerts had not changed with the times, led to the cancellation of the Queeny Pops series and a marked reduction in overall pops concerts by the orchestra.

In 1985, he was appointed Principal Pops Conductor of the Grand Rapids Symphony, serving more than 21 seasons until his retirement in 2006 after which he was named Pops Conductor Laureate. Hayman founded and conducted the Florida Sunshine Pops orchestra in Boca Raton and continued to make guest conducting appearances in the United States and Europe.

His biggest hit was the 1953 single "Ruby". Hayman took the theme for the motion picture Ruby Gentry, and through his specially stylized arrangement, utilizing a harmonica as the solo instrument with a large, quasi-symphonic orchestra, the song zoomed to the top of the hit parade all over the world and brought about a renewed interest in the harmonica. It should also be mentioned that the flip side of the 45rpm and 78rpm single hit "Ruby" was the hit "Dansero" which also became an international hit.

He continued to chart into the early 1960s with titles such as "Night Train".

Hayman's last event with the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, where he held the title of Pops Conductor Emeritus, took place on June 27, 2010, to honor his 90th birthday. The St. Louis Metro Singers, who performed with him at many Pops concerts, were also on stage at the event.

Hayman is also noted for albums now regarded as Exotica.

Death
Hayman died at a hospice in New York on February 5, 2014. He was 93.

title: Richard Hayman


text: Category:Education in Glasgow

title: Category:Education in Glasgow