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Braidwood Nuclear Generating Station

Braidwood Generating Station is located in Will County in northeastern Illinois, U.S. The nuclear power plant serves Chicago and northern Illinois with electricity. The plant was originally built by Commonwealth Edison company, and subsequently transferred to Com Ed's parent company, Exelon Corporation. Following Exelon's spin-off of their Generation company, the station was transferred to Constellation Energy.

This station has two Westinghouse pressurized water reactors. Unit #1 came online in July 1987. Unit #2 came online in May 1988. The units were licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to operate until 2026 and 2027, then granted extended licenses until 2046 and 2047. Each unit has received two power uprates during their lifetime, the first in May 2001 for 175.6 MWt and the second in February 2014 for 58.4 MWt.

The power uprates at Braidwood granted in 2001 make it the largest nuclear plant in the state, generating a net total of 2,386 megawatts. However the three largest Illinois nuclear power plants are nearly equal in generating capability as LaSalle County Nuclear Generating Station is only 2 MW less in capacity than Braidwood and Byron Nuclear Generating Station is only 4 MW less than LaSalle.

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 mi of Braidwood was 33,910, an increase of 6.5 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 mi was 4,976,020, an increase of 5.3 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Joliet (20 miles to city center), as well as parts of both Aurora and Naperville (42 miles to city center).

Tritium leaks
Exelon was sued by residents of Will County and by the state's attorney in 2006. The lawsuit alleges that the Braidwood plant released radioactive tritium into local water in violation of its permit. However, the US NRC has said the response is based on "emotion, not risk", and gone on record to state the tritium releases did not jeopardize human health or safety in any manner. The Illinois EPA also reported that all tests have confirmed releases are below the action levels of 20,000 picoCuries per liter, currently set by the EPA. However, Exelon agreed to provide bottled water to residents of Godley and to residents within 1500 feet of the blowdown line to the Kankakee River.

Seismic risk
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Braidwood was 1 in 136,986, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.

title: Braidwood Nuclear Generating Station


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User talk:Pbones

Hi, thanks for uploading the image of Gerry Cheevers. I notice you've been around for a while but haven't been formally welcomed so: Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --JYolkowski // talk 14:30, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
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expos/nationals debate
There is a major debate going on, and I wondered if you might want to chime in. The debate involves how to deal with franchise moves in baseball. The question is whether Montréal Expos should be its own article or if it should redirect to Washington Nationals. All other instances of franchise moves in MLB redirect the old team name to the new team name, and the history of the franchise is covered within the new team name (for MLB, NBA and NFL examples, see here. Some people are confused and think the Expos and the Nats are different teams. Some people don't want to upset Canadian readers.

Indeed, the Washington Nationals are not a new team - the Montreal Expos franchise has moved to Washington, and the old franchise name should redirect to the new franchise name, just like the 20+ instances of this occuring in Wikipedia. For example, Brooklyn Dodger history resides in the Los Angeles Dodgers article. New York Giants history, including the Shot Heard 'Round the World, resides in the San Francisco Giants article.

If you have the time, maybe you could chime in on the conversation there, Votes for deletion/Montréal Expos. Kingturtle 23:16, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:GerryCheevers.gif)
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title: User talk:Pbones


text:
From Genesis to Revelation

From Genesis to Revelation is the debut studio album by English rock band Genesis, released on 28 March 1969 on Decca Records. The album originated from a collection of demos recorded in 1967 while the members of Genesis were pupils of Charterhouse in Godalming, Surrey. It caught the attention of Jonathan King who named the group, organised deals with his publishing company Jonjo Music and Decca, and studio time at Regent Sound Studios to record a series of singles and a full album. A string section arranged and conducted by Arthur Greenslade was added later on some songs. By the time Genesis had finished recording, John Silver had replaced original drummer Chris Stewart.

The album and its singles were a commercial flop, and received a mixed to negative reaction from critics. By mid-1969, the group had severed ties with King and resumed education until they reformed and turned Genesis into a full-time band. The album was preceded by two singles; "The Silent Sun" (later becoming part of the album) and "A Winter's Tale" were released in 1968, followed by album track "Where the Sour Turns to Sweet" in 1969. In October 1974, after the group had grown in popularity, it peaked at No. 170 on the Billboard 200 in the US. King retains the rights to the album which has been reissued multiple times since, including a 1974 release as In the Beginning and a 1987 release as And the Word Was.... A reissue in 1990 and 2005 included a bonus disc with extra tracks.

Background
The founding line-up of Genesis consisted of guitarist Anthony Phillips, bassist Mike Rutherford, lead vocalist Peter Gabriel, keyboardist Tony Banks, and drummer Chris Stewart, all pupils of Charterhouse School in Godalming, Surrey. The five had played in the school's two active bands; Rutherford and Phillips were in Anon while Gabriel, Banks, and Stewart made up Garden Wall. In January 1967, after both groups had split, Phillips and Rutherford continued to write songs and invited Gabriel and Banks to participate. During the Easter school holiday the five entered a primitive recording studio run by Brian Roberts in Chiswick to record the material. They assembled a tape of six songs originally intended for someone else to perform as the group saw themselves foremost as a collection of songwriters. This included five songs from Phillips and Rutherford: "Don't Want You Back", "Try a Little Sadness", "That's Me", "Listen on Five", and "Patricia", an instrumental, plus one from Gabriel and Banks, "She Is Beautiful". "Patricia" was later reworked into "In Hiding" and "She Is Beautiful" was later known as "The Serpent". Banks described the material as "straight pop music" as it was the direction the band wanted to explore. At this point, the group were known as The New Anon.

The group sent the demo tape to two people, one being BBC radio presenter David Jacobs. The second was sent to former Charterhouse pupil Jonathan King who had scored commercial success as a singer-songwriter and producer with his UK top five single "Everyone's Gone to the Moon" in 1965, and therefore seemed a natural choice. King visited the school during Old Boys Day, so the group had a friend give the tape to him. He listened to the tape in his car on his drive home and, despite its roughness, was immediately enthusiastic, particularly about Gabriel's vocals.

Recording
King offered his support to the band and paid them £40 to record four songs. He pressed for more simple arrangements, but maintained that his suggestion for the group to avoid playing electric instruments was because acoustic instruments were cheaper, rather than his personal taste. These early sessions took place between August and December 1967 at Regent Sound Studios on Denmark Street, London, with the intent on releasing them as singles. The four tracks put down were new arrangements of "She's Beautiful" and "Try a Little Sadness", with "Where the Sour Turns to Sweet" and "The Image Blown Out", the latter ultimately rejected from the album. King was happy with the results enough to sign them, offering a ten-year deal with his publishing company JonJo Music with a five-year option and 2% of the royalties, and a five-year recording deal with Decca Records with an optional second year. However, the group's parents expressed concern as they were aged between 15 and 17 at the time and preferred their children to pursue careers away from music. Upon their intervention, family solicitors took charge and arranged for a new, one-year deal with an optional second.

King noticed the band's tendency to expand and complicate their arrangements, which he disliked and suggested they stick to straightforward pop songs. This culminated in King either trimming Banks's solo spots or removing them entirely, much to his annoyance. In response, Gabriel and Banks wrote "The Silent Sun" as a pastiche of the Bee Gees, one of King's favourite bands, though King later claimed the Bee Gees pastiche description was inaccurate. The song was recorded at Regent Sound studio A in December 1967, with a section arranged and conducted by Arthur Greenslade added later in production. It was released on 22 February 1968 with "That's Me" on the B-side as the first Genesis single. King came up with the group's name, thinking it marked the beginning of a "new sound and a new feeling", and that it was the true start of his career as a producer. Other names included King's suggestion of Gabriel's Angels and Phillips's idea, Champagne Meadow. In May 1968, the second single of "A Winter's Tale" with "One-Eyed Hound", was released and, like their first, also flopped. Stewart then left the group to continue with his studies.

Despite their lack of success King continued to support the group and, by mid-1968, suggested that a studio album might reverse their fortunes. The group were a little overwhelmed in working with a greater amount of available time on an LP, so King suggested the idea of a loose concept album that told a story about the Book of Genesis at the start and the Book of Revelation at the end, with linked instrumental tracks. The idea worked, and the group began to write at a faster pace. The band recruited fellow Charterhouse pupil John Silver on the drums, and wrote and rehearsed their new material at his parents' country home in Oxford and the parents of school friend David Thomas.

In August 1968, during the school summer holidays, the band returned to Regent Sound studio 2 to record From Genesis to Revelation. The music was recorded within two days, and the album was put together in ten. King was the producer, and brought in Brian Roberts and former Charterhouse pupil Tom Allom as recording engineers. The sessions involved two four-track recording machines, and marked Banks's first time playing an organ. The material put down, Greenslade and Lou Warburton then added more string and horn arrangements to one stereo channel while mixing the band's performance on the other. This was done without the band's knowledge, which they thought compromised the strength of the songs. Phillips was particularly angered at the decision and was the only member to express his feelings towards it by stomping out of the studio on the last day.

Release and reception
The album was released in March 1969 and failed to chart. "Where the Sour Turns to Sweet" was released as a single on 27 June 1969 in an attempt to stimulate new interest. The album was released in the U.S. in 1974 after the group had grown in popularity, and peaked at No. 170 on the Billboard 200 in October of that year.

Prior to its release, Decca discovered that an American act had also called themselves Genesis and asked the band to change its name to avoid confusion. King reached a compromise so the band's name would be omitted from the sleeve, leaving the album's title written in gold text in a Gothic style in order to evoke mystery when presented in music shops. The American Genesis in question was likely a Los Angeles-based group that released In the Beginning on the Mercury label in 1967. Banks later said that they remained Genesis in the UK and put themselves down as Revelation in the US, giving additional meaning to the album's title. The disc had very poor distribution "and it sank without trace". King later said that Decca was unable to promote the album effectively and get the exposure it needed to succeed, leaving him to carry out much of the work himself which he lacked enough experience in at the time. According to Rutherford:

"Legend has it that From Genesis to Revelation ended up being shelved in the religious music section of record shops as a result, but the fact is we only sold 600 copies so it can't have been in many record shops in any case. I can't remember ever seeing it, and I did look."

The album sold 649 copies. Many record shops filed the album in their religious music sections, since the title From Genesis to Revelation was the only descriptive text on the album. Banks later deemed the material as merely poor renditions of their songs, rating "Silent Sun" and "In the Wilderness" as the strongest cuts.

Noel Gallagher is a fan of the album, saying, "I became obsessed with early Genesis" despite being a frequent critic of the group's later work, particularly the Phil Collins-led era. The track "If Love Is the Law" from his album Who Built the Moon? was written as a pastiche of "The Conqueror".

Aftermath
When the album failed to become a success, the group decided to split and resume education. This marked the end of their association with King, who had grown increasingly dissatisfied with the band directing their material away from mainstream pop. In addition, Genesis had fulfilled their contractual obligation with Decca with the release of "Where the Sour Turns to Sweet", and neither they nor King were interested in renewing the deal. In September 1969, Gabriel, Banks, Rutherford, and Phillips decided to make Genesis a full-time band and write on their own musical terms which had developed to what Phillips described as "original and dramatic". They replaced Silver with drummer John Mayhew, and toured England for six months. Their residency at Ronnie Scott's club in Soho, London caught the attention of Tony Stratton Smith who signed them to his label, Charisma Records. Genesis began formulating the music that would be recorded on their next album, Trespass.

Material that was put onto tape during this time but remained unreleased was included on the Genesis Archive 1967–75 box set, in 1998. This included tracks on From Genesis to Revelation without the string arrangements. Some of the tapes had been in storage in Phillips's attic, and he initially pleaded with the group not to release them due to what he considered poor guitar work.

On 27 July 1990, the album was reissued in a two disc set. The second disc included the four tracks included on And the Word Was....., four early versions of songs on the album, and ten interviews. On 25 October 2010, the album was released as a special edition on iTunes. It includes the bonus tracks from the 1990 reissue.

Reissues
Although King initially had From Genesis to Revelation licensed to Decca Records on a short-term basis, he continues to hold the rights to the album and has re-released it several times under a variety of titles. He chooses to reissue it when there is demand for it, and claimed that Genesis have not attempted to purchase the rights from him. Banks said the group did attempt to purchase the rights but King wanted "vast sums" for it. The album was not included in their Genesis 1970–1975 box set which covers the rest of the band's era with Gabriel.

Track listing
All songs written by Tony Banks, Peter Gabriel, Anthony Phillips, and Mike Rutherford.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the original 1969 release.

Genesis
 * Peter Gabriel – lead vocals, flute
 * Tony Banks – Hammond organ, piano, backing vocals
 * Anthony Phillips – guitars, backing vocals
 * Mike Rutherford – bass guitar, guitar, backing vocals
 * John Silver – drums (except on "Silent Sun")

Additional musicians
 * Chris Stewart – drums on "Silent Sun"
 * Arthur Greenslade – strings and horn arrangement, conducting
 * Lou Warburton – strings and horn arrangement, conducting

Production
 * Jonathan King – producer
 * Brian Roberts – recording engineer
 * Tom Allom – recording engineer
 * Robert Stace – printing

title: From Genesis to Revelation


text:
Lake Prespa

The Lake Prespa is located on the tripoint of North Macedonia, Albania and Greece. It is a system of two lakes separated by an isthmus: the Great Prespa Lake, divided between the three countries, and the Little Prespa Lake, mostly within Greece. They are the highest tectonic lakes in the Balkans, at an elevation of 853 m.

The area contains three national parks: Galičica National Park in North Macedonia, Prespa National Park in Albania, and Prespa National Park in Greece. The largest town in the region is Resen in North Macedonia. In 2014, Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Biosphere Reserve between Albania and North Macedonia was added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

Geography
The Great Prespa Lake (Преспанско Езеро, Prespansko Ezero, Liqeni i Prespës së Madhe, Μεγάλη Πρέσπα, Megáli Préspa) has the total surface of 259 km². The largest part of it, 176.3 km² belongs to North Macedonia; 46.3 km² to Albania; and 36.4 km² to Greece.

To the south, the Little Prespa Lake (Greek: Μικρή Πρέσπα, Mikri Prespa; Albanian: Prespa e Vogël; Macedonian: Мало Преспанско Езеро) has the total surface area of 46.8 km², most of it in Greece, with the westernmost tip (4.3 km²) in Albania.

The two lakes are separated by a 4 km and 500 m isthmus on the Greek territory, carrying an embankment with a road connecting the village of Psarades. A short stretch of a canal connects the lakes on the western side of the isthmus.

History

In Classical times, the Prespa region formed part of ancient Lynkestis, and the lakes were called Little and Great Brygeis. In the 10th century, the Tsar Samuil built the fortress and church of St. Achillius on an island called Agios Achillios in the Small Prespa Lake, on the Greek side of the border. The biggest island in the Great Prespa Lake, within North Macedonia, is called Golem Grad ("Large Town"), and Snake Island (Zmiski Ostrov). The other island Mal Grad ("Small Town", in Albania) is the site of a ruined 14th century monastery dedicated to St. Peter. Today, both islands are uninhabited.

Because Great Prespa Lake sits in limestone country about 150m above Lake Ohrid, which lies only about 10 km (6 miles) to the west, the only outlets for its waters are through underground channels in the karst and emerge from springs which feed streams running into Lake Ohrid.

For many years, the Greek part of the Prespa Lakes region was an underpopulated, military sensitive area which required special permission for outsiders to visit. It saw fierce fighting during the Greek Civil War and much of the local population subsequently emigrated to escape endemic poverty and political strife. The region remained little developed until the 1970s, when it began to be promoted as a tourist destination. With an abundance of rare fauna and flora, the area was declared a Transnational Park in 2000. In 1999 the Society for the Protection of Prespa received the Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award for its conservation efforts regarding the Lake Prespa Ramsar site, and was eventually included on 3 July 2013.

In 2018, Great Prespa Lake was the setting for the signing of the Prespa Agreement, intended to resolve the Macedonia naming dispute by renaming the Republic of Macedonia to North Macedonia. The agreement was signed on 17 June 2018 in a high-level ceremony at the Greek border village of Psarades on the lake, by the two foreign ministers Nikola Dimitrov (of the Republic of Macedonia) and Nikos Kotzias (of Greece) and in the presence of the respective prime ministers, Zoran Zaev and Alexis Tsipras. After the ceremony, Tsipras and Zaev crossed over the border to North Macedonia's side of the lake for lunch at the village of Oteševo, in a highly symbolic move that marked the first time a Greek prime minister ever entered the Republic of Macedonia since it declared independence in 1991.

Wildlife
Only 11 native fish species are known from the lake. Of these 9 of these are endemic: Alburnoides prespensis, Alburnus belvica, Barbus prespensis, Chondrostoma prespense, Cobitis meridionalis, Pelasgus prespensis, Rutilus prespensis, Salmo peristericus and Squalius prespensis; the additional two are Anguilla anguilla (European eel) and Cyprinus carpio (European carp). The lake is also home to the freshwater sponge Spongilla prespensis

Important Bird Areas
North Macedonia's part of the lake has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of ferruginous ducks, tufted ducks, Dalmatian pelicans and pygmy cormorants. The Albanian part of the lake is a separate but corresponding IBA for the same reason, as is the Greek southern section of the lake.

title: Lake Prespa


text: User talk:208.187.9.41

title: User talk:208.187.9.41


text:
Talk:Pope Alexander III

Untitled
A source I have at home gives his death as August 30. Does anyone know which is correct? Danny 14:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Britannica also gives August 30. I'll change it. john k 15:07, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Excommunication of King William
Why was King William I of Scotland excommunicated? His article makes no mention of this, and a cursory google search was not informative. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.104.178.144 (talk) 06:08, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

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Kingdom of Spain
The article claims that the Pope had the support of "the kingdoms of Portugal, Sicily and Spain". There was not such thing as the "kingdom of Spain" in the late 12th century. Is it a reference to the Kingdom of Leon? The kingdom of Castille perhaps? Both? I would clarify it or erase it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.205.6.111 (talk) 12:32, 22 March 2018 (UTC)

Resistance by the finns
"In 1171, Alexander became the first pope to address the situation of the Church in Finland, with Finns allegedly harassing priests and only relying on God in time of war."

I would like to change "allegedly" to "reportedly". There can be no valid reason for weasel words here. I don't think there is any doubt the finns resisted conversion, clarified by the fact that the article specifies that he later authorized conversions on pain of death in the nordics. -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. (talk) 22:12, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pope Alexander III


text:
Erskine Bridge

The Erskine Bridge is a multi span cable-stayed box girder bridge spanning the River Clyde in west central Scotland. The bridge connects West Dunbartonshire with Renfrewshire and can be used by all types of motor vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians. As well as crossing the Clyde, the bridge also crosses the Forth and Clyde Canal and the North Clyde railway line. A small part of Kilpatrick railway station is situated underneath the bridge at the north side. The bridge is part of the A898 road. On completion the bridge replaced the Erskine to Old Kilpatrick ferry service.

Construction
The bridge was designed by William Brown (1928–2005), a structural engineer and bridge designer who specialised in suspension bridges. He was one of the principal designers at Freeman Fox & Partners (now Hyder Consulting) from 1956-85. Supervising engineer on the project was Oleg Kerensky and the architect on site was R.E. Slater. There were several firms who constructed the bridge between 1967-71. The structural engineering was done by Freeman Fox & Partners and the steel fabrication was completed by Fairfields-Mabey. W.A. Fairhurst and Partners (now Fairhurst) designed and oversaw construction of the concrete piers and foundations. Christiani & Nielsen, Lehane Mackenzie and Shand Ltd were the contractors for the foundations and piers. The steel cable supplier was Bridon International. Force Technology were responsible for wind tunnel testing of the bridge.

Steel was used to construct the deck and pylons and the piers are made from concrete. The road surface is mastic asphalt and consists of a two-lane dual carriageway and cycle/footpaths on each side. It has a 305 m main span and two 110 m approach spans. The width of the road deck is 31.25 m. Pylon height is 38 m high. The total length of the bridge including approaches is 1321.87 m. The clearance of the bridge is 45 m. The weight of the steel is 11,700 tonnes. 1250 mi of galvanised wire with a breaking load of 500 tonnes were used during construction. The bridge has 15 spans in total and rests on 14 diamond shaped piers which have been designed to allow air to circulate freely around them. The deck and piers have been designed to flex with temperature changes. In the event of the bridge traffic numbers increasing the cycle tracks can be configured to include a third lane. There are 4 water mains pipes and 2 gas pipes running the full length of the underside of the bridge. It is the only bridge in Scotland with single cables over central main supports and was in this respect a precursor of the Millau Viaduct in France. At the time of building it was the longest bridge of its type in the world. The bridge cost,including approaches, was £10.5million..

Princess Anne opened the bridge on 2 July 1971. The ceremonial plaque of the opening can be seen on the railings of the western footpath, at the centre of the main span. Whilst the bridge was being constructed, the West Gate Bridge in Australia also designed by Freeman Fox & Partners, collapsed. An investigation published on 14 July 1971 found faults in the design. The reason for collapse was a difference in camber between 2 girders on the west span. The Erskine Bridge had already opened but needed further stiffening to meet new standards established due to the collapse of the West Gate Bridge.

The bridge operates an overload weight detection system which logs vehicles axle weights. The weigh in motion system uses electric sensors and an ANPR camera. There is also a camera that takes photos of the vehicle from side-on which can identify the haulage company at fault. The system can also check if HGV axles are lifted when they should not be and is operational 24 hours a day. Reports can be printed for overweight vehicles.

Geography
The bridge itself is the A898 road and its short approach from the south is the M898 motorway which is a spur from the M8 motorway. The bridge connects Erskine in Renfrewshire on the south side to the A82 (Great Western Road) at Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the northern side. The bridge is set at a high level to allow the passage of shipping beneath. This offers views of Erskine, Mar Hall, Erskine Hospital, Erskine Bridge Hotel, Dumbarton, River Clyde, Glasgow Airport and the Kilpatrick Hills. The area around the bridge has some historical significance as there have been various pieces of Roman artifacts found. Historical items found at the site include Roman coins known as sestertius and a crannog which is an artificial island. The bridge is the most downstream of all the Clyde bridges and is the last point at which the estuary can be crossed by road. Its main function is to divert traffic away from Glasgow and the urban stretches of the A82 which run through the city's West End and outer suburbs. The location of the bridge means that the bridge is used by tourist traffic from Glasgow International Airport bound for Loch Lomond and the north west Highlands.

Toll bridge
The bridge was a toll bridge until 31 March 2006. Apcoa Parking UK Ltd collected tolls on the bridge from June 1992. The tolling booths were situated at the south side of the bridge and were constructed by Culford Art Metal. On 1 March 2006 the Transport Minister published a Tolls Suspension Order following an announcement that the tolling was to cease after 31 March 2006. The bridge had briefly been free of charge before - in 2001 an oversight caused the legislative order enforcing the toll to lapse and drivers crossed free until the new legislation was enforced. At this point the contract for toll collection was put out to tender and was re-awarded to Apcoa from 1 April 2002. The contract for toll collection expired on 31 March 2006. Toll charges from the beginning of the 1992-93 accounting period tolls had been a flat rate of 60p on all vehicles, except motorcycles and exempt categories. A discount of 10% was available to those purchasing 50 pre-paid crossing vouchers. Fire and police vehicles, ambulances, maintenance vehicles, and vehicles displaying disabled badges were exempt. The bridge was one of only three toll bridges left in Scotland when the tolls were abolished. The others were the Forth Road Bridge and the Tay Road Bridge. The tolls were abolished on those bridges on 11 February 2008. The bridge had collected £72 million in tolls by 2001 and collected £5.676m in the last operating year. Its current traffic levels are estimated at 35,000 vehicles per day and because of this the bridge was considered something of a white elephant given its elaborate design yet relatively low traffic levels compared to the congested Kingston Bridge further upstream. In the last accounting period between 1 April 2006 - 2 July 2006 whilst the tolls were free the bridge saw an increase in traffic on the previous year by 27.33%. The bridge is now part of the trunk road network of Scotland and is the responsibility of Transport Scotland.

Events
There have been two known births on the bridge. The first was a boy who was born 19 September 1990; he was subsequently named Oliver Erskine Edwards in homage to the bridge. A second baby, Kiera Sarah-Marie McFettridge was born in an ambulance on the bridge on 18 January 2011. The bridge has also been the subject of a murder investigation and ensuing court case after parts of a man's dismembered body were found underneath the bridge in late 2001. A man was subsequently arrested and convicted for this crime.

An oil rig called the Texaco Captain collided with the road deck on 4 August 1996 resulting in the closure of the bridge. The oil rig was constructed upstream at Clydebank before being towed down the River Clyde. The bridge reopened to pedestrians and cyclists on 22 August 1996. This was followed by cars and motorcycles on 30 August 1996 and was opened again to all vehicles including heavy goods vehicles on 22 December 1996. Repairs to the bridge cost £3.6 million with a further £700,000 in lost revenue from tolls.

The bridge has been used once by a group of base jumpers in August 2010. A Royal Navy Westland Sea King helicopter from HMS Gannet, coastguard teams and officers from Strathclyde Fire and Rescue Service were all called out to the bridge following the incident.

The bridge was designated a Category A listed structure in 2018 by Historic Environment Scotland, due to being "a state-of-the-art infrastructure landmark in Scotland for its time... recognised for its structural simplicity, economy of materials and slender appearance".

Suicides
The bridge is one of Scotland's most notorious suicide spots: estimates suggest that more than fifteen people commit suicide there each year. This has led to the Samaritans charity placing signs at each path leading onto the bridge and also within four public telephone boxes that are situated on the twin footpaths running adjacent to the roadway on either side of the river. There are also normal SOS phones as seen on motorways nationwide. The bridge was brought into the media spotlight again after the death of two teenage girls who absconded from a nearby secure unit. In September 2011, work started to install suicide barriers along the length of the bridge to prevent future suicide attempts. Installation of the new barriers was completed by Amey Highways at a cost of £3.5 million. The vehicle barriers are also being upgraded. The new barriers being installed are H4a High Containment Vehicle Barriers. These works will also see the towers and the suspension cables being re-painted. Stage one of this upgrade started on 15 July 2013 and is scheduled to last for 12 months. Highway Barrier Solutions are undertaking the upgrade which will cost £6 million and whilst ongoing the traffic is being monitored by Bluetooth technology. There are detectors on the bridge entry points which feed live traffic reports to the Traffic Scotland website.

title: Erskine Bridge


text:
Ninth Dynasty of Egypt

The Ninth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty IX) is often combined with the 7th, 8th, 10th and early 11th Dynasties under the group title First Intermediate Period. The dynasty that seems to have supplanted the Eighth Dynasty is extremely obscure. The takeover by the rulers of Herakleopolis was violent and is reflected in Manetho's description of Achthoes, the founder of the dynasty, as 'more terrible than his predecessors', who 'wrought evil things for those in all Egypt".

Rulers
The Ninth Dynasty was founded at Herakleopolis Magna, and the Tenth Dynasty continued there. At this time Egypt was not unified, and there is some overlap between these and other local dynasties. The Turin Canon lists eighteen kings for this royal line, but their names are damaged, unidentifiable, or lost.

The following is a possible list of rulers of the Ninth Dynasty based on the Turin Canon, as egyptologists have differing opinions about the order of succession within the two dynasties. Among them, only Meryibre Khety and Nebkaure Khety are undoubtedly attested by archaeological finds:

title: Ninth Dynasty of Egypt


text:
Talk:Secondary science 11-18 years

Closed deletion listing
This article was listed for deletion on 10 April, 2005. The discussion was closed with the result of merge with science education. This article will not be deleted. You can view the discussion, which is no longer live: Votes_for_deletion/Secondary science 11-18 years. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:34, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Secondary science 11-18 years


text:
Mummy Range

The Mummy Range (elevation approximately 13,000 ft) is a mountain range in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado in the United States. The range is a short subrange of the Front Range located in southwestern Larimer County northwest of the town of Estes Park. It is located largely within Rocky Mountain National Park, extending north from Trail Ridge Road approximately 15 mi. The Arapaho name is "nooku-bee3ei-no," which translates to "White Owls."

Prominent peaks in the range include Hagues Peak, Ypsilon Mountain, Mummy Mountain, and Mount Chiquita. These peaks are easily accessible via the Lawn Lake trail leading to "the Saddle" between Hagues Peak and Fairchild Mountain and, on the southwestern end, the Chapin Pass trail from the Fall River road. Some offer reasonably challenging technical routes but all can be ascended by steep hiking and mild scrambling after snow melt.

title: Mummy Range


text:
Callaway Nuclear Generating Station

The Callaway Plant is a nuclear power plant located in Callaway County, Missouri. The plant is Missouri's only nuclear power plant and is close to Fulton, Missouri. The 2767 acre site began operations on December 19, 1984. It generates electricity from one 1,190-megawatt Westinghouse four-loop pressurized water reactor and a General Electric turbine-generator. The Ameren Corporation owns and operates the plant through its subsidiary Ameren Missouri. It is one of several Westinghouse reactors designs called the "Standard Nuclear Unit Power Plant System," or SNUPPS.

The plant produces 1,279 electrical megawatts (MWe) of net power. As of 2019, Callaway has completed five "breaker-to-breaker" runs — operating from one refueling to the next without ever being out of service. It is one of only 26 U.S. reactors to achieve such a feat according to Ameren.

History
On November 19, 2005, its workers finished replacing all four steam generators in 63 days, 13 hours, a world record for a four-loop plant.

In 2014, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission tests found contaminated ground water near the site.

The plant experienced three unplanned shutdowns in 2020. On December 24, 2020, an electric fault on the non-safety main generator caused an extensive outage requiring the replacement of significant components. The components were replaced, inspected, and tested during subsequent months. According to NRC inspection reports, on August 2, 2021, the reactor was restarted. Two days later on August 4, 2021, the main turbine generator was synchronized with the electrical grid and on August 8, the plant reached rated thermal power.

According to Ameren, Callaway accounted for 23% of the utility's generation mix in 2022.

Proposed Unit 2 and cancellation
On July 28, 2008, Ameren Missouri applied to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for a Combined Construction and Operating License (COL) to build a 1,600-MW Areva Evolutionary Power Reactor. Ameren sought to construct this second reactor in order to meet their projected increase in demand for electricity over the next decade.

In April 2009, the proposal was cancelled. One stumbling block was a law that forbids utilities to charge customers for the interest accrued on a construction loan before a new plant produces electricity. The new nuclear reactor would have cost at least $6 billion.

In April 2012, Ameren Missouri and Westinghouse Electric Company announced their intent to seek federal funding for a new generation of nuclear reactors to be installed at the Callaway site. The U.S. Department of Energy could provide up to $452 million in research and development funds to Westinghouse. The new reactors would be smaller and, the companies claimed, safer in design than any currently operating. Ameren Missouri was to apply to license up five of the 225-megawatt reactors at the Callaway site, more than doubling its current electrical output.

In August 2015, a month after Ameren had announced plans to build solar energy plants in Missouri, all plans to expand nuclear-powered electricity generation at the site were scrapped.

Cooling tower
The cooling tower at Callaway is 553 ft tall. It is 430 feet wide at the base, and is constructed from reinforced concrete. It cools about 585000 gal of water per minute when the plant is operating at full capacity; about 15000 gal of water per minute are lost out the top from evaporation. Another 5000 gal of water are sent to the Missouri River as "blowdown" to flush solids from the cooling tower basin. All water lost through evaporation or blowdown is replaced with water from the river, located five miles from the plant. The temperature of the water going into the cooling tower is 125 °F, and the tower cools it to 95 °F. The tower is designed such that if it were to somehow topple over completely intact, it would not damage any of the critical plant structures.

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination; and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 population within 10 mi of Callaway was 10,092, an increase of 3.8 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 population within 50 mi was 546,292, an increase of 15.0 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Fulton (11 miles to city center), Jefferson City (26 miles to city center), and Columbia (32 miles to city center).

Seismic risk
In August 2010, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimated that the annual chance that an earthquake might damage the core at Callaway was 1 in 500,000, the lowest probability of any U.S. reactor.

title: Callaway Nuclear Generating Station


text:
HRV

HRV may refer to:

Medicine

 * Heart rate variability
 * Holmes' ribgrass virus
 * Human rhinovirus

Companies, groups and organizations

 * Harness Racing Victoria, statutory body
 * Holden Racing Team, motorsports team
 * AirInter1	(ICAO airline code: ), see List of defunct airlines of Chad
 * Sahara Aero Services (ICAO airline code: ), see List of defunct airlines of Chad

Other uses

 * Heat recovery ventilation
 * Croatia (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code: ; Republika Hrvatska)
 * Croatian language (ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 codes ; hrvatski)
 * Honda HR-V, a sport utility vehicle

title: HRV


text:
Wikipedia talk:Translations of Lithuanian administrative divisions

This material is not appropriate for an article in this form. Rmhermen 14:41, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

I don't know how to put it there, but there are articles on wikipedia policy on e.g. suggested transliteration of localities from cyrillic alphabet for wikipedia articles and such; this should be in same place. DeirYassin 14:52, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text: File:MartianManhunter.jpg

title: File:MartianManhunter.jpg


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Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fifteenth Dynasty was a foreign dynasty of ancient Egypt. It was founded by Salitis, a Hyksos from West Asia whose people had invaded the country and conquered Lower Egypt. The 15th, 16th, and 17th Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period. The 15th Dynasty dates approximately from 1650 to 1550 BC.

Dynastic history
The kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty are said to have been Canaanite. Pharaoh Kamose is known to have referred to Apophis, one of the kings of the dynasty, as "Chieftain of Retjenu (i.e. Caanan)". The kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty formed "the second Asiatic Kingdom in the Delta", covering an area which may have included Canaan itself, although the archaeological record is sparse. The dynasty probably lasted for a period of about 108 years.

The first king, also described as a Hyksos (ḥḳꜣw-ḫꜣswt, a "shepherd" according to Africanus), led his people into an occupation of the Nile Delta area and settled his capital at Avaris. These events put an end to the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt. There is no evidence of conflict at that time however, and the settling of the Canaanite populations could have occurred rather peacefully in the power vacuum left by the disintegration of the Fourteenth Dynasty. Subsequent relations with Egyptian polities, however, were marked with violent conflict.

Identity
The people of Avaris in the Nile Delta were called "Aamu" by the Egyptians, which was also the term used to designate the inhabitants of Syria and the Levant, or the enemies of Ramses II at the battle of Kadesh. This has generally been translated as "Western Asiatics" by Egyptologists.

The term Hyksos was traditionally used to designate foreign chieftains, and more specifically "rulers of the Asiatics", already before the Fifteenth Dynasty and also after it. It was not an official title of the rulers of the Fifteenth dynasty, and is never encountered together with royal titulature, except in one rare instance in an inscription from Tell el-Dab'a mentioning an unknown king and describing him as a Hyksos. "Hyksos" was rather a generic term which is encountered separately from royal titulature, and in regnal lists after the end of the Fifteenth Dynasty itself. In another instance, Khyan is thought to have used the title "Hyksos" early in his reign, and then abandoned it for traditional Egyptian titulature when he invaded the whole of Egypt. Only the first four kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty are known to have used the naming "Hyksos", and after that royal titulature becomes purely Egyptian.

Territorial extent
Regular conflicts continued with the Egyptian dynasties to the south, the Sixteenth Dynasty, the Abydos Dynasty and the Seventeenth Dynasty, with short intervals of peace during which there were some relations with Nubia. Soon after the occupation of the Nile Delta, where it replaced the Fourteenth Dynasty, the Fifteenth Dynasty expanded to occupy Memphis, leading to the fall of the Thirteenth Dynasty at Memphis. As Egyptian political power disintegrated at Memphis, new dynasties arose in the south, the Abydos Dynasty and the Sixteenth Dynasty at Thebes.

The Fifteenth Dynasty at one point, after a period of about 20 years since its foundation, extended its rule as far south as Thebes, entering into conflict with Pharaoh Neferhotep III. The whole of Egypt was conquered during the reign of Khayan. The Abydos Dynasty also vanished on the occasion of these southern conquests. Numerous monuments from conquered areas were brought north to the capital of Avaris, and many were marked with additional inscriptions, especially by Apophis. All of this is contested however. For Alexander Ilin-Tomich, the territory directly ruled by the Hyksos kings of Avaris was likely confined to the eastern Delta and the nature and extent of their control over Middle Egypt remains unclear.

The Fifteenth Dynasty eventually ended with the conquest of Avaris by the Pharaoh Ahmose I.

Trade
The trading relations of the Fifteenth Dynasty were mainly with Canaan and Cyprus. Trade with Canaan is said to have been "intensive", especially with many imports of Canaanite wares, and may have reflected the Canaanite origins of the dynasty. According to the Kamose stelae, the Hyksos imported "charriots and horses, ships, timber, gold, lapis lazuli, silver, turquoise, bronze, axes without number, oil, incense, fat and honey". The Fifteenth Dynasty also exported large quantities of material looted from southern Egypt, especially Egyptian sculptures, to the areas of Canaan and Syria. These transfers of Egyptian artifacts to the Near East may especially be attributed to king Apophis. Trade relations with Cyprus were also very important.

Religion
The relation of the Fifteenth Dynasty to Egyptian religious traditions was ambiguous, and they are said by commentators from the Eighteenth Dynasty that "they ruled without ackowledging Re". The dynasty is recorded as having destroyed Egyptian monuments and removed Egyptian statuary for booty, as well as plundering royal tombs, Ahmose complaining that "pyramids have been torn down".

Rulers
Known rulers of the 15th Dynasty are as follows:

The 15th Dynasty of Egypt was the first Hyksos dynasty, ruling from Avaris, without control of the entire land. The Hyksos preferred to stay in northern Egypt since they infiltrated from the north-east. The names and order of kings are uncertain. The Turin King list indicates that there were six Hyksos kings, with an obscure Khamudi listed as the final king of the 15th Dynasty.

Number of kings named Apepi
Some scholars argue there were two Apophis kings named Apepi, but this is primarily because there are two known prenomens for this king: Awoserre and Aqenenre. However, the Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt maintains in his study of the Second Intermediate Period that these prenomens all refer to one man: Apepi I, who ruled Egypt for 40+X years. This is also supported by this king's employment of a third prenomen during his reign: Nebkhepeshre. Apophis likely employed different prenomens over the course of several periods of his reign. This scenario is not without precedent or parallel, since several kings, including Mentuhotep II, the famous Ramesses II, and Seti II, are known to have used two different prenomens during their reigns.

title: Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt


text:
Lionel Richie (album)

Lionel Richie is the debut solo studio album by American singer Lionel Richie, released on October 6, 1982, on Motown Records. Originally intended as a side project at the suggestion of Motown, it was recorded and released while Richie was still a member of the Commodores; he left the group shortly after the album's release. The first single from the album, "Truly", topped the Billboard Hot 100. Follow-up single "You Are" reached number four, and "My Love" reached number five. The album reached number one on the Cashbox albums chart on December 11, 1982.

In 2003, Lionel Richie was re-released as part of a remaster series that saw two additional tracks added: a solo version of "Endless Love" and an instrumental version of "You Are". Eagles member Joe Walsh provided the guitar solo for the song "Wandering Stranger".

Personnel
Musicians

 * Lionel Richie – lead vocals, vocal arrangements, backing vocals (1, 2, 3, 5-8), acoustic piano (4, 6, 8), Fender Rhodes (7), rhythm arrangements (7)
 * Greg Phillinganes – Fender Rhodes (1), Roland Jupiter 8 (1), Minimoog (1), arrangements (1)
 * Clarence McDonald – Fender Rhodes (2)
 * Michael Lang – acoustic piano (2, 9), Fender Rhodes (9)
 * David Cochrane – Prophet-5 (3), electric guitar (3, 7), synthesizer bass (3, 7), backing vocals (3, 7), arrangements (3, 5), acoustic piano (5), bass guitar (5), saxophone solo (5)
 * Michael Boddicker – synthesizers (3, 5, 8), vocoder (3, 5, 8)
 * Bill Payne – Fender Rhodes (6)
 * Thomas Dolby [uncredited] – synthesizer programming (7), backing vocals (7)
 * Paul Jackson Jr. – electric guitar (1, 2, 6)
 * Fred Tackett – acoustic guitar (2)
 * Joe Walsh – guitar solo (2)
 * Richie Zito – guitar solo (3)
 * Darrell Jones – electric guitar (4, 5, 7), acoustic guitar (8)
 * Tim May – acoustic guitar (6)
 * Nathan Watts – bass guitar (1)
 * Joe Chemay – bass guitar (2, 6, 8)
 * Nathan East – bass guitar (4)
 * John Robinson – drums (1, 5, 7)
 * Leon "Ndugu" Chancler – drums (2, 4)
 * Paul Leim – drums (3, 6, 8)
 * Lenny Castro – percussion (1)
 * Paulinho da Costa – percussion (2, 5, 7)
 * Rick Shlosser – percussion (5)
 * Gene Page – arrangements (2, 6, 9)
 * Harry Bluestone – concertmaster (2-9)
 * James Anthony Carmichael – arrangements (3, 4, 5, 8), string arrangements (3, 7), horn arrangements (7), rhythm arrangements (7), celeste (8)
 * Howard Kenney – backing vocals (1, 5, 7)
 * Richard Marx – backing vocals (1, 2, 7, 8)
 * Deborah Thomas – backing vocals (2, 3, 5, 7)
 * Jimmy Connors – backing vocals (3)
 * Kenny Rogers – backing vocals (4), BGV arrangement (4)
 * Kin Vassy – backing vocals (4)
 * Terry Williams – backing vocals (4)

Horns, strings and woodwinds

 * Louise Di Tullo – flute (3, 6, 9)
 * Art Maebe – French horn (3, 4, 6, 8, 9)
 * Richard Perissi – French horn (3, 6, 9)
 * Henry Sigismonti – French horn (3, 6, 9)
 * Jim Atkinson – French horn (4, 8)
 * David Duke – French horn (4, 8)
 * Brian O'Connor – French horn (4, 8)
 * William Green – saxophone (5, 7)
 * Ernie Watts – saxophone (5, 7)
 * Lew McCreary – trombone (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Bill Reichenbach, Jr. – trombone (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Gary Grant – trumpet (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Jerry Hey – trumpet (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Walter Johnson – trumpet (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Warren Luening – trumpet (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Bob Findley – trumpet (5, 7)
 * Don Ashworth – woodwinds (4, 8)
 * Gene Cipriano – woodwinds (4, 8)
 * Gary Herbig – woodwinds (4, 8), saxophone (5, 7)
 * Larry Williams – woodwinds (4, 8)
 * Jesse Ehrlich – cello (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Armand Kaproff – cello (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Paula Hochhalter – cello (2, 6, 9)
 * Dennis Karmazyn – cello (2, 6, 9)
 * Arni Egilsson – double bass (2, 6, 9)
 * Buell Neidlinger – double bass (2, 6, 9)
 * Ray Brown – double bass (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Morty Corb – double bass (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Gayle Levant – harp (2, 4-9)
 * Alan DeVeritch – viola (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Allan Harshman – viola (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Virginia Majewski – viola (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Gareth Nuttycombe – viola (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Bonnie Douglas – violin (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Assa Drori – violin (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Endre Granat – violin (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Joy Lyle – violin (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Donald Palmer – violin (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Henry Roth – violin (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Sheldon Sanov – violin (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Jack Shulman – violin (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Paul Shure – violin (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Mari Tsumura-Botnick – violin (2, 3, 6, 9), strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Charles Veal, Jr. – violin (2, 3, 6, 9)
 * Rollice Dale – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Henry Ferber – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Ronald Folsom – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * William Henderson – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * William Kurasch – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Erno Neufeld – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Nathan Ross - strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Myron Sandler – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * David Schwartz – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Fred Seykora – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * David Speltz – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Tibor Zelig – strings (4, 5, 7, 8)

Production

 * Producers – James Anthony Carmichael and Lionel Richie
 * Production Assistant – Brenda Harvey-Richie
 * Recorded and Mixed by Calvin Harris
 * Second Recording Engineer – Jim Cassell
 * Second Mix Engineers – Michael Johnson, Fred Law and Stephan Smith.
 * Additional Mixing – Jane Clark
 * Mastered by Bernie Grundman at A&M Studios (Los Angeles, CA).
 * Creative Assistant – Rita Leigh
 * Art Direction – Johnny Lee
 * Photography – David Alexander

title: Lionel Richie (album)


text:
Talk:Present tense

Unnamed section
explain present tense in detail — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.219.172.6 (talk) 10:44 AM, 24 April 2005 (UTC)

Unnamed section
This page is totally inconsistent about when it does and doesn't tell you when the simple present is used progressively all the time (as in French, Portuguese, Italian, and German), and when you need to make a compound construction using one of the few verbs that are progressive in the simple present as in English and Spanish. This detail is covered nicely in the English section. It is mentioned in the Portuguese section. The Spanish section is totally misleading, and contrasting its format to the english one, it would be hard to work out that the systems are nearly identical. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.44.118.236 (talk) 217.44.118.236 (UTC)

Developing preference for the present continuous rather than the present simple in British English
There has been a growing tendency in the last few years to use the present continuous when at one time, the present simple would have been used. It is particulalry common (and noticeable)with the verbs to love and to like.

An example would be "I am liking your new coat" rather than "I like your new coat"

Does anyone know what has lead to this development?

Is it solely due to the MacDonalds' "I'm loving it" motto?

Informed Owl (talk) 16:38, 23 November 2007 (UTC)Informed Owl

I agree that we hear the present continuous in supposed 'state verbs' more often now. Just as a suggestion, maybe it's because 'non-standard' dialects are becoming more acceptable? In the Scottish Highlands, this use has been around for a very long time - e.g. my 93 year-old grandfather says 'I'm not hearing you' - maybe this tendency has become more mainstream? Seonaidbeckwith 10:40, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Interesting. Thank you. Does anyone have any other examples of this usage in the Scottish Highlands? My partner is from NE Scotland and I have never heard any family member use it. If it it be widespread in the Highlands, it would be interesting to know whether it is more common among certain age groups. You say your grandfather uses it. Has it always been common among younger Highlanders or has the usage increased in recent years as it has 'down south'?

If it be the case that the usage stems from the Highlands, it would be interesting to know how it has come to be more widespread throughout other parts of the UK. Had it been influenced by American English, it would be quite possible that TV / the internet caused its growth. If it comes from within the UK though, what do you suppose caused it to move around it. Informed Owl (talk) 23:21, 4 January 2008 (UTC)Informed Owl

Another example though it is future continuous. "I'll be loving you, always" (song "Always" sung by Leonard Cohen) It should be noted that it is still not acceptable to say "I am loving ice-cream" as a general statement of my preferences. "I am loving this new flavor" -as I try it now might be heard though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.29.83.65 (talk) 10:01 PM, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

do + infinitive
The article makes no mention of the "do" + infinitive construct, which also represents present tense. While not often used in its simplest form ("I do like you"), it is the standard way of making negatives ("I do not like you") and questions ("Do you like me?") in modern English. WHen I was in school it was called the "empathic" form of the present. As far as I know it is unique to English, but I am no expert. CharlesTheBold (talk) 04:07, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Simple present used for storytelling - present continuous too!
"so, I'm'd sitting on the air at this bar when an elephant walks in..."

OK, so telling a joke or a story we talk about the past as if it were present. This is a big ommision. The present simple is not really so simple. See next. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.29.83.65 (talk) 10:01 PM, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Simpled presented to talked about futured with timetables
"We liaved on Munday at 7:00apm" Of courced we cant express this is presented continuous and future using willing too.

This articled its seriouslies incompleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.29.83.65 (talk) 10:01 PM, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Eternal Present
And what of the eternal present tense used in literature? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.141.111.197 (talk) 07:26 ,

I am not sure what you are referring to here. In English, the simple present if used to indicate general truths, laws of science and nature and the like, as discussed in the article, and I would think that some literature might use this tense in such a way to indicate some state or condition which lasts for eternity. Wschart (talk) 17:20, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

juyuuuyffvdf6y friendsa sdff5gr the and
saya amat suka dengan laman web ini,, huhuhuẬḄp —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.26.127.140 (talk) 04:18, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

present tense —Preceding unsigned comment added by 175.100.13.56 (talk) 01:15, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Are these examples present tense? Really?
The current version of the page (Nov 14, 2010) has at least two extremely questionable examples:

"I'll retire when I reach age 65" "She became an artist before me."

How are those not examples of future and past tense respectively? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.22.26.54 (talk) 02:12, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

I shall retired when I reach age of 65 Indileni100 (talk) 09:04, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

I need help in English Indileni100 (talk) 09:05, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

Macedonian orthography
The first column (italicised personal pronouns) in the Macedonian section is weird. It appears to be an italic Latin script which uses Latin characters which look like the handwritten Macedonian equivalents. For example, the second-person singular, transliterated, is toi. The Cyrillic t looks similar to the Latin T. However, we see something like moi, which reflects the fact that the handwritten Cyrillic t looks similar to the (handwritten or typeset) Latin m. Got it? (Looking at the text, it looks as expected. Apparently, the Italic rendering makes the characters look handwritten.  Is this correct?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.29.76.37 (talk) 10:05, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

This article is fundamentally inconsistent!
The section on English describes and classifies the uses of the present, whereas all the sections on other languages present morphological patterns of conjugation. What is up with that?—PaulTanenbaum (talk) 13:32, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

Le fichier est en cours de traitement
How is that supposed to be an example of French present indicative tense?! "Traitement" is not a verb, "en cours de traitement" cannot be an example of any tense. 184.153.91.75 (talk) 03:57, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

Loop
This article sends you Uses of English verb forms for details on English. That article says to see this one for details. Neither one details English. Gigs (talk) 21:48, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

He was first introduced in his teenage years
He was Introduced In his teenage years

102.217.178.222 (talk) 15:08, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Present tense


text:
Amable

Amable is a French given name. Notable people with the name include:

 * Amable Aristy (1949–2022), Dominican politician and businessman
 * Amable Audin (1899–1990), French archaeologist
 * Amable Bapaume (1825–1895), French novelist, journalist and playwright
 * Amable de Courtais (1790–1877), French soldier and politician
 * Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante (1782–1866), French statesman and historian
 * Amable Bélanger (1846–1919), Canadian iron founder, industrialist and community leader
 * Amable Berthelot (1777–1847), Quebec lawyer, author and political figure
 * Amable de Bourzeys (1606–1672), French churchman, writer, hellenist, and Academician
 * Amable Dionne (1782–1852), Canadian businessman, seigneur and political figure
 * Amable Éno, dit Deschamps (1785–1875), political figure in Quebec
 * Amable Jodoin (1828–1880), businessman and political figure in Quebec
 * Amable Jourdain (1788–1818), French historian and orientalist
 * Amable Liñán (born 1934), Spanish aeronautical engineer
 * Amable de Saint-Hilaire (1795–1865), French dramatist
 * Amable Tastu (1795–1885), French femme de lettres
 * Amable Troude (1762–1824), French Navy officer of the Napoleonic Wars

title: Amable


text:
Aguiluz

Aguiluz is both a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:

 * Aguiluz, a lead character in the Mulawin series played by Richard Gutierrez
 * Tikoy Aguiluz (born 1952), Filipino film director, producer, screenwriter, and cinematographer

title: Aguiluz


text:
Can't Slow Down (Lionel Richie album)

Can't Slow Down is the second solo studio album by American recording artist Lionel Richie. It was released on October 14, 1983, by Motown Records.

Can't Slow Down has been certified Diamond by the RIAA, selling over 10 million copies in the United States and over 20 million copies worldwide, making it Richie's best-selling album, and one of the best-selling albums of the 1980s. Five singles were released from the album, all of which hit the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, including two that reached No. 1: "All Night Long (All Night)" and "Hello". The album subsequently won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 27th Annual Grammy Awards in 1985.

Critical reception
In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "B+" and called it a "surprisingly solid" improvement, particularly with respect to Richie's ballad singing. He felt that its "jumpy international dance-pop" suited Richie more than the Commodores' funk had and predicted that, considering his "well-established appeal to white people," Can't Slow Down had the potential to become a "mini-Thriller". Don Shewey of Rolling Stone magazine gave the album four out of five stars and said that, although the ballads were monotonous, Richie successfully broadened his music for different listeners and drew on contemporary artists such as Stevie Wonder and Michael Jackson: "if you can't innovate, imitate. And the more honest they are about their sources, the better."

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave it four-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that Richie took a conservative, melodic hook-based approach on an album whose hits showed him at his best and whose only weakness was a short running time. In 1999, Q magazine included Can't Slow Down on its list of the best Motown records of all time and stated, "Production values are high, his songwriting craft is at its peak and at least one track – the global smash 'All Night Long' – is an anthem to good times that makes the heart sing and feet twitch".

In an unprecedented snub, Can't Slow Down was left out of Rolling Stone magazine's "100 Best Albums of the Eighties", despite the album winning a Grammy award for Album of the Year in 1985.

Commercial performance and re-releases

The album reached No. 1 on the Billboard album chart. It also spent 59 consecutive weeks inside the Top 10 (including the entire year of 1984) and a total of 160 weeks (over three years) on the Billboard 200. After being the third best-selling album of 1984, it went on to win a Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1985, beating out such heavyweight contenders as Born in the U.S.A. by Bruce Springsteen and Purple Rain by Prince. By 1986 the album had sold 15 million copies, eventually selling over 20 million.

Can't Slow Down achieved the feat of having every single released hit the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Two songs, "Hello" and "All Night Long (All Night)", both went to #1. Other hits include "Stuck on You" (US #3), "Running With the Night" (US #7), and "Penny Lover" (US #8). The ballad "The Only One" was a significant song from the album which was never released as a single, yet remains a popular staple of Richie's live performances.

The single "Stuck on You" also reached No. 24 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart (now Hot Country Songs).

On May 6, 2003, a two-CD deluxe edition of the album was released in conjunction of the 20th anniversary of the album's original release date. This version included several mixes originally included on various singles from the album at the end of the first CD, including instrumental versions of the 12-inch extended mixes of "All Night Long (All Night)" and "Running with the Night". Disc 2 showcased demo or alternate versions of all tracks from the original album, plus additional unfinished songs from the same sessions, all previously unreleased.

Personnel
Credits lifted from the album's liner notes.

Performers and musicians

 * Lionel Richie – lead vocals, vocal arrangements, rhythm arrangements (2–4, 6–8), backing vocals (2-7), Yamaha GS-1 (2–4), acoustic piano (8)
 * David Cochrane – synthesizers (1), synthesizer programming (1), vocoder (1), synth bass (1), guitars (1, 5), arrangements (1), backing vocals (2, 5, 7)
 * Greg Phillinganes – Yamaha GS-1 (2, 5), synthesizers (5), rhythm arrangements (5)
 * Michael Boddicker – synthesizers (3, 4, 7, 8), E-mu Emulator sampler (4), additional synthesizer (5), vocoder (7)
 * John Hobbs – Fender Rhodes (3), electric piano (7)
 * Brian Banks – synthesizer programming (5)
 * Anthony Marinelli – synthesizer programming (5)
 * David Foster – keyboards (6), Roland Jupiter 8 (6), Moog bass (6), rhythm arrangements (6)
 * Reginald "Sonny" Burke – Fender Rhodes (8)
 * Darrell Jones – guitars (2), acoustic guitar (4), electric guitar (8)
 * Tim May – guitars (2), acoustic guitar (8)
 * Carlos Rios – guitars (3, 7)
 * Mitch Holder – guitars (4)
 * Louie Shelton – guitars (4, 8)
 * Fred Tackett – acoustic guitar (4)
 * Steve Lukather – guitars (6), guitar solo (7)
 * Peter Banks – guitars (8) [uncredited]
 * Abraham Laboriel – bass guitar (2, 3)
 * Joe Chemay – bass guitar (4, 7, 8)
 * Nathan East – bass guitar (5)
 * Paul Leim – Simmons drums (1), drums (3, 4, 8)
 * John Robinson – drums (2, 6)
 * Jeff Porcaro – drums (7)
 * Paulinho da Costa – percussion (2, 7)
 * Charlie Loper – trombone (2)
 * Bill Reichenbach Jr. – trombone (2)
 * Chuck Findley – trumpet (2)
 * Gary Grant – trumpet (2)
 * Jerry Hey – trumpet (2)
 * James Anthony Carmichael – arrangements (1), horn arrangements (2), string arrangements (2–4, 8), rhythm arrangements (3–5, 7, 8)
 * Jeremy Lubbock – string arrangements (6)
 * Israel Baker – concertmaster (3, 4, 6)
 * Harry Bluestone – concertmaster (8)
 * Melinda Joyce Chatman – vocal sound effects (2)
 * Calvin Harris – backing vocals (2)
 * Richard Marx – backing vocals (2, 5–7)
 * Deborah Thomas – backing vocals (2, 5, 7)
 * Kin Vassy – backing vocals (2)
 * Jeanette Hawes – backing vocals (6)

Chant vocals on "All Night Long"

 * Diane Burt
 * James Anthony Carmichael
 * Melinda Joyce Chatman
 * David Cochrane
 * Dr. Lloyd Byro Greig
 * Calvin Harris
 * Jeanette Hawes
 * Janice Marie Johnson
 * Brenda Harvey-Richie
 * Richard Marx
 * Deborah Joyce Richie
 * Lionel Richie
 * Suzanne Stanford
 * Deborah Thomas

Hoopa Hollers on "All Night Long"

 * Marilyn Ammons
 * Sue Ann Butler
 * Melinda Joyce Chatman
 * Sheldon J. Cohn, Esq.
 * Sandy Dent-Crimmel
 * Ruth Diaz
 * David Egerton
 * Sylvia Genauer
 * Rejauna Lynn Green
 * Gabrielle Greig
 * Sally Greig
 * Tanya Greig
 * Darrell Jones
 * David Malvin
 * Alison Maxwell
 * Jerry Montes
 * John Michael Montes
 * Billy "Bass" Nelson
 * Greg Phillinganes
 * Carlos Rios
 * Suzanne Stanford
 * Randy Stern
 * Wilbert Terrell
 * Susan Wood

Production

 * James Anthony Carmichael – producer (1–5, 7, 8)
 * Lionel Richie – producer (1–5, 7, 8)
 * David Foster – producer (6)
 * Brenda Harvey-Richie – production assistant
 * Melinda Joyce Chatman – production coordinator
 * Calvin Harris – recording and mixing engineer
 * Steve Crimmel – second recording engineer (1–5, 7)
 * David Egerton – second recording engineer (1–5, 7)
 * Mark Ettel – second recording engineer (1–5, 7)
 * Larry Ferguson – recording engineer (6)
 * Humberto Gatica – recording and mixing engineer (6)
 * Terry Christian – second recording engineer (6)
 * Jim Cassell – second recording engineer (8)
 * Jane Clark – additional engineer
 * Fred Law – second mixing
 * Karen Siegel – second mixing
 * David Kraai – technical support
 * Bernie Grundman – mastering at A&M Studios (Hollywood, California)
 * Rita Leigh – creative assistant
 * Johnny Lee – art direction
 * Chris Callis – innerspread photography
 * Greg Gorman – front and back cover photography

title: Can't Slow Down (Lionel Richie album)


text: User talk:81.86.184.190

title: User talk:81.86.184.190


text:
Swan River, Manitoba

Swan River is a town in Manitoba, Canada. It is surrounded by the Municipality of Swan Valley West in the Swan River Valley region. According to the 2021 Canadian Census, Swan River had a population of 4,049, making it Manitoba's 18th largest in population.

History
Located in a valley between the Duck Mountains and the Porcupine Hills, the town of Swan River is close to the Saskatchewan boundary in west-central Manitoba.

The town is situated along the Swan River which flows into Swan Lake, 55 km to the north-east. Swan Lake is believed to be named for trumpeter swans that once bred near the lake, but are now locally extirpated. Henry Kelsey became the first European explorer to visit the area in 1690. The name of the lake is first noted on a map created by Peter Fidler in 1795 and again on a French map in 1802 (as L du Cigne). The first permanent European settlement dates back to 1770, when fur traders from both the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company established outposts along the Swan River where they bought and sold goods to local Cree peoples by way of birch bark canoes.

In 1876, the musical band of the North-West Mounted Police, the forerunner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, made its debut in what was later to become Swan River. The instruments used in the band were purchased by the 20 officers in the band and shipped from Winnipeg by dog sled.

The first pioneers arrived in the Swan Valley through the Duck Mountains in 1897 and quickly developed the farming potential of the area. The proposed construction of a line of the Canadian Northern Railway was announced in 1898 and the town was founded in 1900, though it was little more than a post office at the time. Swan River was officially incorporated as a town in 1908.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Swan River had a population of 4,049 living in 1,825 of its 2,020 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 4,014. With a land area of 6.81 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Geology
The Swan River Valley is not truly a river valley, but is instead a western extension of the Manitoba lowlands into the Manitoba Escarpment. The Valley is surrounded by escarpment features on three sides: the Duck Mountains to the south; the Porcupine Hills to the north; and Thunder Hill to the west. To the east is Lake Winnipegosis, which is a modern remnant of glacial Lake Agassiz, a lake that filled the valley after the last ice age (the valley was then a bay on the western shore of the lake).

Valley soils are formed from a mixture of glacial till and lacustrine clay. Sandy beach ridges (marking the western shore of Lake Agassiz at various times) lie throughout the area: a prominent beach ridge lies under the town's golf course, just west of town. Valley soils are typically very fertile and deep, and are the area's greatest natural resource. But they also have a high calcium carbonate content and an alkaline pH, which limits their productivity in some crops (for example, blueberries).

The underlying bedrock is composed of Cretaceous shales, and, below that, sandstone, which overlie deeper deposits of Devonian limestone, which in turn overlie Precambrian granite.

Ecology
The Swan River Valley is near the southern limit of the boreal forest in its transition zone to aspen parkland. Valley trees include white spruce, black spruce, tamarack larch, balsam fir, jack pine, quaking aspen, balsam poplar, and paper birch. Most of the forest has been cleared from the flat valley bottom for agricultural purposes, but the surrounding hills are still heavily forested, and are designated as forest reserves.

Numerous peaty bogs and wetlands are present in the area, including hundreds of oxbow lakes of the meandering Swan and Woody rivers. The surrounding hills have many lakes, as does the lower lake bottom land near the eastern edge of the valley.

Climate
The climate of west-central Manitoba features extreme seasonal variation, with winter temperatures below −30 C and summer temperatures above 30 C not uncommon. The town therefore has very distinct seasons. Snow usually covers the ground from early November to early April, and only two Christmases have been recorded that have not been "white" (snow-covered) since such records have been kept. The transition from winter to spring to summer is rapid, with the snow of late March turning to the full green of summer by mid-May. The onset of autumn, then winter, is equally rapid, as daytime high temperatures above 20 C are common in late September, while temperatures above freezing are rare by early November, only seven weeks later. Summer, although short, is pleasant and very green, owing to the fertility of local soils and adequate rainfall.

Most precipitation falls as rain in the summer - usually in brief thunderstorms - or in less violent but more protracted snow or rainshowers in spring and fall. Little precipitation falls in winter because the air is then too cold to hold significant amounts of moisture. However, because the temperature rarely goes above the melting point of water in winter, what precipitation that does fall falls as snow, and accumulates on the ground, building to a depth of about 45 cm before finally starting to melt in March.

Economy
The economic base of the town lies in agriculture and forestry along with support industries for same.

Almost fifty percent of the surrounding area is under cultivation, most of which is seeded to cereal grain, oilseeds, and other speciality crops. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, flax, and rapeseed are the primary grain crops, while other commercial crops include potatoes and strawberries. There are also many mixed farms producing cattle, pigs, and farm-raised wild animals.

Softwood lumber trees (primarily white spruce) are cut from the surrounding forests, and milled at Spruce Products Ltd. Also, east of Swan River is located a mill specializing in the production of oriented strand board from aspen and balsam poplar. It is owned by Louisiana-Pacific.

Other major industries of the town are health care, retail services, manufacturing, and tourism.

Services
The Town of Swan River acts as a hub for an area of approximately 8,000 people.

Health care
The primary healthcare centre in the Swan River Valley is the Swan Valley Health Centre, located in downtown Swan River. The 52 acute-care bed facility was opened in 2005 to replace the old Swan River Valley Hospital, which closed in 2001. Between 2001–2005, the Swan River Valley Hospital was located in a temporary structure adjacent to the old hospital. Services at the hospital include in-patient medical/surgical services, out-patient services, mental health services, and occupational therapy. The hospital is also home to the only emergency department in the Swan River Valley.

Highways
The town is served by Manitoba Provincial Highways PTH 10, PTH 10A, PTH 83, and PTH 83A. Until recently, PTH 10 and PTH 83 came directly into Swan River, with the intersection located near the town's southwestern corner. The completion of a new bypass changed the highway to start on the east side of Swan River. PTH 83 continues south to the Canada–US border near Westhope, North Dakota. It then continues south as U.S. Route 83 to the Mexican border near Brownsville, Texas, making it the longest continuously numbered north-south highway in North America, with a combined distance of 3,450 km.

Airport
Swan River Airport has no scheduled flights and is used by charter services, emergency flights and private pilots. Up until the mid 2000s, the Swan River Airport had scheduled flights to Dauphin and the Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport in Winnipeg.

Local media

 * Newspaper
 * Swan Valley Star and Times
 * Radio
 * CFGW-FM-1 95.3, (rebroadcast of CFGW-FM Yorkton, SK)
 * CJSB 104.5, adult contemporary, country, local news and information
 * Website
 * ValleyBiz "The Valley Online"

Public schools
Public schools in Swan River are governed by the Swan Valley School Division #35. There are 7 public schools in the Swan Valley, four of which are in the town of Swan River.
 * Benito School (Junior Kindergarten to Grade 8, ~93 Students)
 * Bowsman School (Junior Kindergarten to Grade 8, ~105 Students)
 * École Swan River South School (Kindergarten to Grade 8 French Immersion, Grade 6 to Grade 8 English ~245 Students)
 * Heyes School (Kindergarten to Grade 5, ~126 Students)
 * Minitonas School ( Kindergarten to Gr 8) ~ 130
 * Swan Valley Regional Secondary School (Grade 9 to Grade 12, ~565 Students)
 * Taylor School (Kindergarten to Grade 5, ~227 Students)

Private schools

 * Community Bible Fellowship Christian School (Kindergarten to Grade 8)

Post secondary
Campus Manitoba, Assiniboine Community College, and University College of the North offer a variety of courses and programs in Swan River.

The Northern Lights Institute of Trades & Technology (through the SVRSS) offers training in job-ready skills and trades through the Swan Valley School Division.

Churches
There are a number of churches in the Swan Valley area

 * Anglican & Lutherans at St. James
 * Community Bible Fellowship
 * First Baptist Church
 * Living Word Tabernacle
 * Pentecostal Tabernacle
 * People's Bible Church
 * Roman Catholic Church (St. Columba's and Missions)
 * St. Andrews United Church
 * Seventh Day Adventist Church
 * Solid Rock Church
 * Swan River Valley Mennonite Church
 * Temple Baptist Church
 * Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Holy Ascension
 * United Church of Canada (Benito/Kenville Pastoral Charge)
 * Valley Evangelical Covenant Church

Notable people

 * Barry Brust, NHL player
 * Sven Delblanc, writer
 * Douglas Durkin, writer
 * Micheal Ferland, National Hockey League (NHL) player
 * Barney Hartman, skeet shooter
 * Gennady Kaskov, ice dancer
 * David MacLennan, scientist
 * Jeff McDill, hockey player
 * John McDonald, NHL player
 * Gertrude Richardson, feminist
 * Stan Struthers, politician
 * Gladys Taylor, publisher
 * James Wells Robson, politician

Sports and recreation

 * Ice hockey: Swan River is home to the Swan Valley Stampeders, an ice hockey team, who play in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League. They play their games in the Swan River Centennial Arena.
 * Recreation facilities: In addition to the Centennial Arena, Swan River has a six sheet curling rink and formerly a junior Olympic-sized outdoor swimming pool, the Swan River Kinsmen Pool. Phase one of the Richardson Recreation and Wellness Centre was completed October 2013, which is the Swan Valley Credit Union Aquatics Centre. Phase Two will possibly include an indoor fieldhouse and community health services. Two parks within the town have walking paths. Additionally, the town maintains several baseball diamonds and soccer fields. Nearby is the Swan River Golf & Country Club which was recently expanded from 9 to 18 holes. Stock car racing can be found at the quarter-mile clay oval Swan Valley Speedway.
 * Thunderhill Ski Area, which features some of Manitoba's longest ski runs, is about a twenty-minute drive from Swan River.

Events
Swan River hosts the annual Northwest Round-up and Exhibition on the last weekend of July. The Northwest Round-up and Exhibition, which is hosted by the Agricultural Society, includes a parade, chariot and chuck wagon races, heavy and light horse shows, talent stages, concerts, dances, home living and school work exhibits, a midway, and the rodeo, which features events like the heavy horse pull, barrel racing, calf roping, and bull riding.

title: Swan River, Manitoba


text:
Istiqlal Party

The Istiqlal Party (حزب الإستقلال; Parti Istiqlal; ) is a political party in Morocco. It is a conservative and monarchist party and a member of the Centrist Democrat International and International Democracy Union. Istiqlal headed a coalition government under Abbas El Fassi from 19 September 2007 to 29 November 2011. From 2013 to 2021, it was part of the opposition. Since 2021 it is part of a coalition government led by Aziz Akhannouch.

The party emerged in the year 1937 during the anti-colonial struggle against French and Spanish imperial rule,  making it the oldest active political party in Morocco.

History and profile
The party was founded in April 1937 as the National Party for Istiqlal, and became the Istiqlal Party 10 December 1943. Istiqlal held strongly Arab nationalist views and was the main political force struggling for the independence of Morocco. The initial goal stated in their manifesto was the independence from France “within the framework of a constitutional-democratic monarchy”. The leadership of Istiqlal was successful in overcoming “petty rivalries” between the different parties and anticolonial organizations and unifying the nationalist movement. This factor added to the campaign of Moroccan activists spread across the world and contributed to achieving international visibility and support for their cause.

Transnational advocacy for independence
Establishing crucial contacts for advocating the Moroccan independence abroad happened in Tangier, since it was assigned as an international zone and thus under less influence of the French or Spanish. In Tangier Moroccan Nationalists established contact with Americans residing in Morocco, which among others provided US intelligence contacts. Outside of Morocco, important developments in advocating for Moroccan independence happened in Cairo (Egypt), within the United Nations, and in Paris (France). Advocating in France was primarily focussed on communicating with French society, disseminating and exchanging information, and mobilizing students.

After independence
However, once the country achieved independence in 1956, the party moved into opposition against the monarchy, which had asserted itself as the country's main political actor. It had to overcome some obstacles since the party, which had just achieved their common goal, was prone to fragmentation. There was a movement within the Istiqlal Party to unite Muslims and Jews called al-Wifaq (الوفاق), with prominent Jewish figures such as Armand Asoulin, David Azoulay, Marc Sabbagh, Joe O’Hana, and Albert Aflalo.

Together with the leftist National Union of Popular Forces (UNFP), which split from Istiqlal in 1959, and later the Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), the Istiqlal would form the backbone of the opposition to King Hassan II in the years to come. The Istiqlal party has taken part in many coalition governments from the late 1970s until the mid-1980s. In 1998, together with the USFP inside the Koutla and other smaller parties, the Istiqlal formed the Alternance, the first political experience in the Arab World where the opposition assumed power through the ballots.

For the party's leader Allal El Fassi, a proponent of "Greater Morocco", Morocco's independence would not be complete without the liberation of all the territories that once were part of Morocco.

In January 2006, Istiqlal criticized Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's visit to the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the north African coast, reflecting its nationalist heritage.

Istiqlal won 52 out of 325 seats in the parliamentary election held on 7 September 2007, more than any other party, and subsequently the party's leader, Abbas El Fassi, was named Prime Minister by King Mohammed VI on 19 September 2007.

The party won 60 out of 325 seats in the parliamentary election held in November 2011, being the second party in the parliament. Abbas El Fassi resigned as Prime Minister 29 November 2011, and resigned as Secretary-General of Istiqlal on 23 September 2012, following Justice and Development Party victory in 2011 elections.

In September 2012, Hamid Chabat was elected secretary-general of the party succeeding Abbas El Fassi.

Development since 2016
In 2016, Istiqlal won 46 seats in parliamentary elections, a loss of 14 seats. The party joined the opposition.

Istiqlal is a member of the Centrist Democrat International and International Democracy Union, and an associate member of the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists.

On October 7, 2017, Nizar Baraka was elected Secretary-General of the Istiqlal party, by 924 votes against 230 votes for his rival and outgoing secretary-general Hamid Chabat. King Mohammed VI expressed his congratulations to the new Istiqlal Party leader for the confidence placed in him by the members of the party’s national council.

The Istiqlal party won 81 seats in the 2021 parliamentary election, an increase of 35 seats since the last election, thus remaining the third largest party in the kingdom.

title: Istiqlal Party


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Proffessional wrestlers

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was already deleted as a copyvio. moink 11:38, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Proffessional wrestlers

 * unwikified data dump. Rmhermen 14:49, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep that it is not wikified it does not mean sit is worthless. I wikified the first part just to show that it looks pretty normal once wikified, and it is not hard to wikify, just you need to put * or because in the edit they are written each wrestler in seprate line anyways.DeirYassin 15:10, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into List of professional wrestlers (which at least is spelled correctly) and delete RussBlau 15:42, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into List of professional wrestlers and delete --Headisdead 15:45, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into List of professional wrestlers and delete. Megan1967 03:42, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - it will be hard to merge because this list is by name and that list is by organisations, I doubt there'd be a person who'd know to which organisation/league every of hundreds of those wrestlers in this list belongs/belonged. In that way creating a new article List of professional wrestlers by name might be a better idea.DeirYassin 08:30, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If no one wants to take ownership of this and perform the merge, it should be deleted. As a side-note, I have to express my suspicions about this article.  Based on the format and scope of the original version, I worry that this data dump is also a copyvio.  Can anyone confirm or allay that concern?  Rossami (talk) 05:34, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Found it. Probable copyvio of .  Now marked as such.  Rossami (talk)
 * Delete. Copyvio.Tobycat 03:03, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.