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The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway

The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: The Finca Vigía Edition, is a posthumous collection of Ernest Hemingway's (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) short fiction, published in 1987. It contains the classic First Forty-Nine Stories as well as 21 other stories and a foreword by his sons.

Only a small handful of stories published during Hemingway's lifetime are not included in The First Forty-Nine. Five stories were written concerning the Spanish Civil War: "The Denunciation", "The Butterfly and the Tank", "Night Before Battle", "Under The Ridge", and "Nobody Ever Dies". Excepting "Nobody Ever Dies", these stories were collected in a posthumous 1969 volume with his play, entitled The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War. Chicote's bar and the Hotel Florida in Madrid are recurrent settings in these stories.

In March 1951, Holiday magazine published two of Hemingway's short children's stories, "The Good Lion" and "The Faithful Bull". Two more short stories were to appear in Hemingway's lifetime: "Get A Seeing-Eyed Dog" and "A Man Of The World", both in the December 20, 1957 issue of the Atlantic Monthly. The seven unpublished stories included in The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: The Finca Vigía Edition are "A Train Trip", "The Porter", "Black Ass at the Cross Roads", "Landscape with Figures", "I Guess Everything Reminds You of Something", "Great News from the Mainland", and "The Strange Country".

In addition, this volume includes "An African Story", which was derived from the unfinished and heavily edited posthumous novel The Garden of Eden (1986), and two parts of the 1937 novel To Have And Have Not, "One Trip Across" (Cosmopolitan, May 1934) and "The Tradesman's Return" (Esquire, February 1936), in their original magazine versions. The collection is not, despite the title, complete. After Hemingway's suicide, Scribner put out a collection called The Nick Adams Stories (1972) which contains many old stories already collected in The First Forty-Nine as well as some previously unpublished pieces (much of it material that Hemingway clearly rejected). From the new material, only "The Last Good Country" (part of an unfinished novella) and "Summer People" are included in this volume. Hemingway's complete short fiction is collected in The Collected Stories (1995), published by Everyman's Library in the United Kingdom only and introduced by James Fenton. Eschewing the pieces collected in The Garden of Eden and To Have and Have Not, Fenton's collection includes all the pieces from The Nick Adams Stories as well as a number of pieces of juvenilia and pre-Paris stories.

Part I: First Forty-Nine Stories

 * Stories from The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938)
 * The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber (1936)
 * The Capital of the World (1936)
 * The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1936)
 * Old Man at the Bridge (1938)
 * From Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923)
 * Up in Michigan (1923, revised 1938)
 *  In Our Time (1925 and 1930)
 * On the Quai at Smyrna
 * Indian Camp (1924)
 * The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife (1925)
 * The End of Something (1925)
 * The Three-Day Blow (1925)
 * The Battler (1925)
 * A Very Short Story (1924)
 * Soldier's Home (1925)
 * The Revolutionist (1925)
 * Mr. and Mrs. Elliot (1924)
 * Cat in the Rain (1925)
 * Out of Season
 * Cross-Country Snow (1924)
 * My Old Man
 * Big Two-Hearted River, Part I (1925)
 * Big Two-Hearted River, Part II (1925)
 *  Men Without Women (1927)
 * The Undefeated
 * In Another Country
 * Hills Like White Elephants
 * The Killers
 * Che Ti Dice La Patria?
 * Fifty Grand
 * A Simple Enquiry
 * Ten Indians
 * A Canary for One
 * An Alpine Idyll
 * A Pursuit Race
 * Today is Friday
 * Banal Story
 * Now I Lay Me
 *  Winner Take Nothing (1933)
 * After the Storm
 * A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
 * The Light of the World
 * God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen
 * The Sea Change
 * A Way You'll Never Be
 * The Mother of a Queen
 * One Reader Writes
 * Homage to Switzerland
 * A Day's Wait
 * A Natural History of the Dead
 * Wine of Wyoming
 * The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio
 * Fathers and Sons

Part II: Short Stories Published in Books or Magazines Subsequent to the First Forty-Nine Stories

 * From To Have and Have Not
 * One Trip Across (1934)
 * The Tradesman's Return (1936)
 * Uncollected stories published in Hemingway's lifetime
 * The Denunciation (1938)
 * The Butterfly and the Tank (1938)
 * Night Before Battle (1939)
 * Under the Ridge (1939)
 * Nobody Ever Dies (1939)
 * The Good Lion (1951)
 * The Faithful Bull (1951)
 * Get a Seeing-Eyed Dog (1957)
 * A Man of the World (1957)
 * First published in The Nick Adams Stories (1972)
 * Summer People
 * The Last Good Country
 * From The Garden of Eden (1986)
 * An African Story

Part III: Previously Unpublished Fiction

 * A Train Trip
 * The Porter
 * Black Ass at the Crossroads
 * Landscape with Figures
 * I Guess Everything Reminds You of Something
 * Great News from the Mainland
 * The Strange Country


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Marco Cé

Marco Cé (8 July 1925 – 12 May 2014 ) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Patriarch of Venice from 1978 to 2002 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979.

Biography
Marco Cé was born in Izano in 1925 to a family of farmers. He studied at the seminary in Crema and later at the Lodi lyceum and at both the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. From the Gregorian he obtained a doctorate in dogmatic theology and a licentiate in Sacred Scripture.

Cé was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Luigi Traglia on 27 March 1948 in the Lateran Basilica in Rome. He then returned to Crema where he served as a professor of Scripture and as the Vice-Rector of the seminary from 1948 to 1957. He was later named rector in 1950 while continuing to teach there. He devoted his time to preach spiritual retreats to the youth of the Catholic Action and also focused on giving regular spiritual exercises to the clergy under his ward.

On 22 April 1970, Cé was appointed as the Auxiliary Bishop of Bologna and the Titular Bishop of Vulturia. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 17 May (Pentecost) from Bishop Carlo Manziana, with Archbishop Franco Costa and Bishop Placido Cambiaghi, CRSP, serving as the co-consecrators. He took as his episcopal motto "Christus ipse pax" which translates as "Christ Himself is peace". He was received in Bologna on 29 June in the cathedral of San Petronio. On 21 May 1976, he was made a chaplain to Azione Cattolica.

After the ascension of Pope John Paul I to the papacy in 1978 and his death thirty-three days later, Cé was named his successor as Patriarch of Venice by Pope John Paul II on 7 December 1978. He took canonical possession of the see on 1 January 1979 and made his official entrance into his new archdiocese on the following 7 January.

Pope John Paul II elevated him into the cardinalate on 30 June 1979 as the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco. Cé resigned as the head of his patriarchate on 5 January 2002. He was also one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that saw the election of Pope Benedict XVI. In 2006, he was invited by Pope Benedict XVI to preach the Lenten spiritual exercises to him and the Roman Curia.

At the conclave of 2005 Cardinal Cé was the oldest of the voting cardinals.

Cardinal Cé fractured his femur in April 2014 and died at the Hospital of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo in Venice on 12 May 2014 at the age of 88.

Potential beatification
In 2015 the Patriarch of Venice Francesco Moraglia invited the Venetian people to gather documentation to start the process that would commence the cause of beatification for the late cardinal.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marco Cé


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Vi kallar honom Anna

Vi kallar honom Anna (We call him Anna) is a 1987 Swedish novel by Peter Pohl. It is about Anders, a boy visiting a summer camp who is severely bullied. It is written from the perspective of Micke, one of the leaders of the summer camp.

Vi kallar honom Anna has been translated into Dutch (We noemen hem Anna, 1993), German (Nennen wir ihn Anna, 1991), Danish (Vi kalder ham Anna, 1989) and Norwegian (Vi kaller ham Anna, 1989).

It is the fifth book from the rainbow series. Micke's experiences may be autobiographic. Micke is youth leader for sports in the same summer camp and the same period as Pohl was. Both do running and win prizes, are the same age and pass for the exams at Södra Latin in the same year. Further, the very sparse references to Micke's past correspond with Pohl's.

It is not clear whether it is a youth book or a book for adults. It can be read in different ways, by children (13+) as well as by adults. Some libraries place it in the youth section, while others place it with the adults' books. It describes both the fate of a 14-year-old boy, as well as the psychological impact his fate has on a 17-year-old boy.

Plot summary
The story starts in 1958. Anders Roos, 14 years old, arrives one week late at Södra Latins' summer camp (which is 10 weeks in total). The leaders of the camp have put him in another barrack than his peers, because they know there are "troubles" at school. Usually peers are together. The other people in the barrack have to decide on a nickname for him: all people in the camp have one. They decide to call him Anna because they think he looks like a girl. Anders is far too small for his age, cannot play football and cannot swim.

At summer camp, Anders is severely bullied. In the morning, when all boys have to fix their bed, the other people will not let him. This results in a low number of points, and because he gets a low number of points for his bed, the other boys throw him into the sea. A number of times, he is beaten up so badly that he is unable to leave his bed for many days. The camp leaders do not want to send anyone home: the camp reputation would be severely damaged.

Micke is the sports' leader at the camp. Through the ten weeks at summer camp, Anders discovers that he can trust Micke. He tells Micke that he is the only one he likes: at home, his father mistreats him. When he eats, his father tells him exactly how much money he owes. On the other hand, his father always complains that Anders is much too small and that he is an imbecile. He also forces him to watch when he rapes his mother. Micke finds it very difficult to react to this openness, but tries to be open and be a friend.

When the summer camp is finished, Micke needs to work for his exams, at the end of the year. He also trains a lot, and wins a lot of matches by running fastest. He has hardly any time left for Anders, and the few times he sees him, Anders tells him a lot about how he is mistreated everywhere. Micke finds it increasingly difficult to know how to handle the situation. He tries to contact the school about it, but the school direction does not believe that there is any bullying at Södra Latins.

Later, it seems Anders' life might be getting better, because he and his mother are finally moving out of his fathers' house and Anders may be able to change school. However, at a later moment, Anders has a fight with his mother. The neighbours, who he visits sometimes, are not at home, and he cannot find Micke either. At this moment, he commits suicide by hanging himself.

When Micke visits Anders' parents after his suicide, Anders' father asks Micke if he wants to sell his model railway track.

Major themes
The theme can be summarized by a citation that occurs several times in the book:

Man bör tänka sig själv som en person som finns i framtiden och kan bedöma - fördöma eller gilla - det jag som handlar idag, det jag som håller stånd eller sviker. -- Eyvind Johnson "Om mod", I angeläget ärende, Tor Andreæ, Stockholm 1941,

This could be translated as "One should view oneself as someone in the future looking back — approving or disapproving — the self that acts today, the self that either makes a stand or gives in."

Awards and nominations

 * German book of the month in September 1991, by Bulletin Jugend + Literatur
 * Nominated for the German Jugendliteraturpreis, 1992
 * Dutch Vlag en Wimpel, 1994, by the Stichting Collectieve Propaganda van het Nederlandse Boek

Sources and further reading

 * Peter Pohl on Vi kallar honnom Anna (Swedish)
 * Text on the backside of the book (Swedish)

title: Vi kallar honom Anna


text: Category:Stevie Wonder songs

title: Category:Stevie Wonder songs


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Flesberg Stave Church

Flesberg Stave Church (Flesberg stavkyrkje) is a stave church located at Flesberg in Buskerud county, Norway.

History
Written sources mention the church the first time in 1359, but it was probably built in the latter half of the 1100s or the first half of the 1200s. The church was originally a single nave church (type B) with four free-standing internal posts bearing a raised central roof, surrounded by an ambulatory or aisles on all four sides. It had a narrower chancel, also with a raised central roof, and a semicircular apse. It was surrounded by a gallery loosely connected to the plank walls.

In 1735, the chancel and apse, as well as the east wall of the nave, were removed. The nave was extended eastwards and two transepts were added, making a cruciform plan. The additions were built in horizontal log construction with notched corners. Portal planks are decorated with carved vines and animal ornamentation. Since few parts of the stave church are preserved, there are only scant remnants of its original decor. Of the original stave church, only three outer walls survived, as the internal posts and the raised roof were eliminated.

The churchyard is fenced with slate brought from Haukeli farm on the west bank of the Lågen River. Some slates have iron rings affixed; these rings were used to tether horses during service. Each farmer had a designated ring for his horse (the oldest dated ring from 1661). The idiosyncratic stone fence is shown on a 1701 painting (the oldest existing painting of a stave church).

The interior of the church is characterized by the reconstruction of 1735. There are a few remains of medieval furnishings. There is a decorated lion and a lionhead that also originates in the Middle Ages. Underneath the whitewashed walls, decorative paintings from the Middle Ages were uncovered.

Related reading

 * Leif Anker (2005) The Norwegian Stave Churches (Oslo: Arfo Forlag) ISBN 978-8291399294
 * Roar Hauglid (1970) Norwegian Stave Churches (Oslo: Dreyers Forlag) ISBN 978-8209106020

title: Flesberg Stave Church


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Gary Lucy

Gary Edward Lucy (born 27 November 1981) is an English actor, television personality and model who is best known for playing Will Fletcher in the ITV police drama The Bill, Luke Morgan in Hollyoaks, Kyle Pascoe in Footballers' Wives and Danny Pennant in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. He also played a part in the show The Dumping Ground as a footballer named Billy.

Career
Lucy was born in Chigwell, Essex. He appeared in Grange Hill and Dream Team before getting the role that brought him to public attention, Luke Morgan in the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks. Lucy undertook a male rape storyline, for which he won the Best Newcomer award at the 2000 British Soap Awards. Lucy then went on to do three series of the ITV football drama Footballers' Wives where he played Kyle Pascoe, a football player for fictional football club Earl's Park. In 2004, Lucy starred as Michael Sands with Ray Winstone in the ITV drama She's Gone. From 2005 to 2010, he portrayed P/DC Will Fletcher in the ITV police drama The Bill and appeared in Sky1 show The Match. In 2009, he took part and appeared in the drama film, Whatever It Takes. That same year, he departed from The Bill to "explore other projects". Lucy took part in the fifth series of the ITV talent show Dancing on Ice, paired with series regular skater Maria Fillipov. On 28 March 2010, Lucy finished as runner-up. On 29 November 2010, he appeared as Ben Lloyd in an episode of the BBC One drama Missing.

On 27 September 2012, Lucy made his first screen appearance as Danny Pennant in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. On 6 March 2013, it was announced that Lucy would be returning to EastEnders as a permanent cast member.

In early 2014, Lucy appeared again as a contestant in the 'All-Stars Series' of Dancing on Ice. He was paired with series regular and skater Katie Stainsby.

In September 2014, Lucy began playing the lead role of Gaz in the touring production of The Full Monty.

In July 2014, it was announced that Lucy would appear in one episode of BBC medical drama Casualty as patient Val Kildare. He was described as "a loveable rogue, born charmer and conman who exists very much on the wrong side of the tracks". He appeared on 15 November 2014. He also played a part in the CBBC show The Dumping Ground as a footballer named Billy who was the fantasised father of character Finn.

In 2017, Lucy returned to Hollyoaks. He took a break from the series in 2018 to appear in a play. The character made a few brief appearances throughout 2019 before he returned permanently in August of that year.

Personal life
Lucy attended Trinity Catholic High School in Woodford Green, Essex. He had his own company, Gary Lucy Real Estate, however this was dissolved in 2014.

Lucy married Natasha Gray on 16 November 2014 and was covered and featured with a magazine deal with OK!. They have two daughters and two sons.

In November 2018, it was announced that Lucy and Gray had separated.

After appearing on the Channel 4 dating show Celebs Go Dating, Lucy began a relationship with former Love Island contestant, Laura Anderson. In February 2023, Anderson announced that she was pregnant by Lucy, while at the same time announcing the couple's separation.

Theatre

 * The Full Monty (musical) – 2014–present, stage adaptation of the film The Full Monty, Theatre Royal, Newcastle

In November 2021, he appeared as a guest star in "The Play What I Wrote", a tribute to Morcambe and Wise, playing himself.

title: Gary Lucy


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Abakuá

Abakuá, also sometimes known as Ñañiguismo, is a Cuban initiatory religious fraternity founded in 1836. The society is open only to men and those initiated take oaths to not reveal the secret teachings and practices of the order. Members are typically known as Abanékues and are divided amongst lodges or chapters called juegos. Abakuá derives largely from the Ékpè society of West Africa, but displays adaptations like the inclusion of Roman Catholic symbolism.

The society teaches the existence of a supreme divinity named Abasí who supplied humanity with a form of power which holds a central place in Abakuá's origin myth. Rituals are called plantes and typically take place in a secluded room, the fambá. Many of the details of these ceremonies are kept secret although they usually involve drumming. Some of the Abakuá society's ceremonies take place in public. Most notable are the public parades on the Day of the Three Kings, when members dress as íremes, or spirits of the dead.

Abakuá derives much from the Ékpè society, which was established by Efik people living around the Cross River basin of West Africa during the 18th century. Ékpè was involved in facilitating trade, including the Atlantic slave trade, as a result of which various enslaved Efik people — including Ékpè members — were transported to Cuba. It was there, in 1836, that Abakuá was formed in Regla. The society soon spread to other areas and split into two branches, the Efó and the Efí. Although membership was initially restricted to Afro-Cubans, by the 1860s it also had members from other ethnic backgrounds. Through its membership, the society became increasingly influential in the stevedore, transportation, and local manufacturing industries of Cuba's ports, also attracting a reputation for criminal activity. After the Cuban Revolution, Abakuá continued to face persecution but benefitted from the liberalising reforms of the 1990s as it became increasingly important in the Cuban tourist industry.

Definition
Abakuá represents a confraternity. It is a religious group, often seen as a religion by its practitioners, and it seeks to provide spiritual protection for its members. It also operates as a mutual aid society, offering economic assistance to its members. Only men are permitted entry, and regard each other as brothers. These members are referred to as Abanékues, or as ecobios. A once common term for members was Ñáñigos, a term potentially deriving from the nyanya raffia chest piece worn on many Ekpe and Abakuá ritual costumes. Abakuá has been described as "an Afro-Cuban version of Freemasonry".

The term Abakuá lively comes from Àbàkpà (Qua-Éjághám), one of the peoples from Calabar. Abakuá is one of three major Afro-Cuban religions present on the island, the other two being Santería, which derives largely from the Yoruba religion of West Africa, and Palo, which has its origins among the Kongo religion of Central Africa. Another Afro-Cuban religion is Arará, which derives from practices among the Ewe and Fon. In Cuba, practitioners of these traditions often see these different religions as offering complementary skills and mechanisms to solve problems. Thus, some Abakuá members also practice Palo, or Santería, or alternatively are babalawos, initiates in the divinatory system of Ifá.

Organisation and membership
Operating along a highly organised structure, the Abakuá society displays a complex hierarchy. Different members play different functions in the society. Members pay fees to join the society and subsequent dues, money which finances the operation of the society. Members are bound to oaths of secrecy not to reveal details of the group's beliefs and practices.

Chapters are referred to as juegos, potencias, tierras, and partidos. The creation of a new chapter requires the permission of the society's elders as well as a collective consensus in favor of its establishment. The formation of a new lodge requires consecrated drums. Each juego has between 13 and 25 dignitaries, or plazas, who govern it. Each dignitary has a different title that indicate which ritual tasks are their responsibility. If there is a disagreement within a juego, members can branch off to form their own group. In 2014, the scholar Ivor Miller noted that there were then approximately 150 lodges active in Cuba.

Initiation may only take place in Cuba itself. The oaths of loyalty to the Abakuá society's sacred objects, members, and secret knowledge taken by initiates are a lifelong pact that creates a sacred kinship among the members. The duties of an Abakuá member to his ritual brothers at times surpass even the responsibilities of friendship. The phrase "Friendship is one thing, and the Abakuá another" is often heard. A member's loyalty is primarily owed to their lodge and its lineage. Members identify each other through coded handshakes, phrases, or, in certain circumstances, specific whistles.

Beliefs and practices
Abakuá draws heavily on the West African Ekpe society but also reflects innovations and developments that have taken place in Cuba. The supreme deity in Abakuá is called Abasí. Members look back to Calabar as a holy place.

Origin story
There are various versions of the group's origin story, some of which contradict the others. It revolves principally around how the god Abisi delivered a source of power, which was in the form of the fish Tanze, to two rival groups, the Efor and the Efik. In one version, an Efor woman, Sikán, found the fish in the river and revealed it to the Efik; another variant has her betray the Efor after she married an Efik man. Some versions of the story maintain that men killed Sikán and seized the power; they then banned women from involvement in their society so that they would never again obtain the power. In the story, the Efik then pressured the Efor to share the power with them, with seven members of each group meeting to sign an agreement; one individual refused, and this resulted in the thirteen major plazas within the society.

This origin myth explains the exclusion of women from the society. The myth is also re-enacted through a number of the society's rituals.

Practices
The society's rituals are called plantes. These include initiations, funerals, the naming of dignitaries, and the annual homage to Ekué. The details of these rites are kept secret from non-members.

Rituals often take place in a special room, the "room of mysteries", known as the fambá, irongo, or fambayín. This room is prepared for rituals by the drawing of images, called anaforuana or firmas, on the space and objects within it.

Brown noted that altar objects are "permanent living repositories of ancestral presences". These altar objects may be renevado (renovated) during which they are redecorated, and this may also entail then being "recharged" with spiritually powerful substances. Aesthetic innovations developed in one lodge may get adopted by others.

These are full of theatricality and drama, and consist of drumming, dancing, and chanting in the secret Abakuá language. Knowledge of the chants is restricted to Abakuá members. Cuban scholars have long thought that the ceremonies express Abakuá cultural history.

When a lodge member dies, all of the lodge's other activities stop until the correct rites have been conducted.

Music

Music is central to Abakuá rituals. Drumming plays an important role in Abakuá rituals, as it does in other Afro-Cuban traditions. Abakuá chapters will often have two separate sets of drums, one used in public events and the other in private ceremonies. These drums will be consecrated prior to ritual use and then fed with the blood of sacrificed animals.

Public drumming ceremonies rely on the use of four drums, each typically cut from a single log and left undecorated except for an anaforuana marked onto the skin. The largest of these drums is called the bonkó enchemiyá; it is approximately 1 metre tall and placed at a slight tilt when being played. The other three drums, which are typically around 9 to 10 inches in height, are called enkomó. The three are tuned to produce different types of sound; that which reaches the highest pitch is the binkomé, the middle is the kuchí yeremá, and the lowest is the obiapá or salidor. The three enkomó are each placed under one harm and hit with the other, using fingers rather than the whole hand. As well as these four drums, the public rituals are typically accompanied with two rattles, the erikundí, and a bell made from two triangular pieces of iron, the ekón.

Private rituals involve four drums, the enkríkamo, ekueñón, empegó, and eribó or seseribó. These four drums are decorated with at least one feathered staff, attached at the end with the skin. They may also have a "skirt" of shredded fibers. The eribó, which has four of the feathered staffs rather than just one, is constructed differently, having the skin attached to a hoop of flexible material. Sacrificial offerings are placed over this drum, which represents the dignitary Isué. The enkríkamo is used to convene the spirits of the dead, while the ekueñón is employed by the dignitary tasked with dispending justice and performing sacrifices, which the drum is expected to witness. The empegó is played by the dignitary of the same name and is used to open and close ceremonies.

Also important in rites is a drum called the ekve, which is kept concealed behind a curtain in the fambá. The ekve is a single-headed wooden friction drum with three openings at the base, giving the impression of three legs. It is played by rubbing a stick over the skin, with the resulting sound symbolising the voice of Tanze the fish.

Although hermetic and little known even within Cuba, an analysis of Cuban popular music recorded from the 1920s until the present reveals Abakuá influence in nearly every genre of Cuban popular music. Cuban musicians who are members of the Abakuá have continually documented key aspects of their society's history in commercial recordings, usually in their secret Abakuá language. The Abakuá have commercially recorded actual chants of the society, believing that outsiders cannot interpret them. Because Abakuá represented a rebellious, even anti-colonial, aspect of Cuban culture, these secret recordings have been very popular.

Day of the Three Kings

Members take part in the public carnival held on January 6, the Day of the Three Kings. For this they wear elaborate outfits consisting of checkerboard cloth, a design perhaps influenced by a leopard skin pattern. They also wear a conical headpiece that is topped by tassels, which is based on those of the Ejagham. Dressing as íremes signifies the return of the dead to Earth.

Permission to conduct an Abakuá procession must come from the lodge leaders and also requires access to their ritual objects.

Language
The ritual language used in Abakuá is commonly called Brícamo. The Abakua language was proposed by Nunez Cedeno (1985) to be a Spanish-based pidgin, with the main African lexical influence originating from the Efik language.

Ékpè and the Atlantic slave trade
Abakuá was heavily influenced by the Ékpè society, which existed among the settlements of the Cross River basin in what is now Nigeria and Cameroon during the 18th and 19th centuries. Ékpè lodges have commonly also been called leopard societies. Ékpè emerged among 18th-century Efik people as a means of transcending ethnic and family barriers and thus facilitating business relations for the trade in palm oil and slaves to European merchants. Dominated by wealthy merchants, it was an all-male society, and members were expected to keep its rites a secret – those who revealed secrets to outsiders could be punished with death. Some Europeans, especially British traders, were also initiated into the group, as it helped to build trust and credit.

The Efik of this period engaged in slavery; they enslaved members of their own people who were deemed guilty of theft or adultery, purchased slaves from other groups like the Igbo-Aro, and launched war expeditions to capture slaves from other communities. The Ékpè society helped to organise and spread the Efik slave trade, playing a role in the establishment of the old town slave centre at Old Calabar. Efik traders often sold enslaved people to British merchants, with the British slave trade from the Bight of Biafra being most intense between 1700 and 1807, at which point the British Empire banned the trade in slaves.

In Cuba, African slaves were divided into groups termed naciones (nations), often based on their port of embarkation rather than their own ethno-cultural background. Those slaves originally sold at Old Calabar became known as the Carabalí nation. Those included in this category came from a range of ethnic backgrounds, including Ibo, Bibí (Ibibio), Iyó, and Ekoi. In Cuba, traditional African deities perhaps continued to be venerated within clubs and fraternal organizations made up of African migrants and their descendants. The most important of these were the cabildos de nación, associations that the establishment regarded as a means of controlling the Afro-Cuban population. These operated as mutual aid societies and organized communal feasts, dances, and carnivals. It was within the Carabalí cabildos of Havana and Matanzas that knowledge of the Ékpè secrets and rituals were preserved. Although Efik people were transported to various parts of the Americas through the Atlantic slave trade, it was only in Cuba that there is evidence for the Ékpè society being reconstituted in any form.

Formation and early history

The first Abakuá group was formed in Regla in 1836. This group was commonly known as Efik Buton, although other names used were Acabatón and Acuabutón; its members were called the Belenistas. The term Efik Buton probably derived from Obutong, the Efik settlement in Old Calabar that English speakers had called "Old Town." The group's formation was supported by the Regla's Cabildo de Nación Carabalí Brícamo Appapá Efí. According to an account from the 1880s, members of that Regla Cabildo pushed for Abakuá's creation as a means of passing their secrets to black creoles without actually admitting them into the Cabildo itself.

From there, the society spread to Havana, Matanzas, and Cárdenas. By 1881, there were 77 juegos in Havana's nine districts and six in nearby Regla and Guanabacoa municipalities. Two distinct branches emerged, the Efí and the Efó.

For over twenty years, Efik Buton and those in its lineage prohibited white and mulatto membership, seeking only those deemed to be of pure African blood. By 1863, the Havana Efó branch was reported as having many white members. This demographic change reflected the social and economic changes in the cities of west Cuba in this period; the ruling elites had encouraged the mass migration of white Europeans to Cuba in the mid-19th century to offset the numerical dominance of an Afro-Cuban population. Although established among Afro-Cubans, it came to let in mulattos and whites. As Ivor Miller noted, the requirements for admission became not race, but "a demonstration of a moral character as well as discretion." The whites who joined were predominantly working class but also included high-ranking military figures, aristocrats, and politicians. The Efó branch, and also some Efí lodges, also admitted mulattos and those from additional migrant communities, including Canary Islanders, Chinese, and Filipinos.

In the 1860s, the society began to adopt the public display of Roman Catholic symbols.

Abakuá came to control the stevedore, transportation, and local manufacturing labor in Cuban port cities between the 1870s and 1942.

The society faced persecution in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Throughout the mid-19th century, the group was commonly rumoured to be involved in criminal activity. In Cuban society, the term Ñáñigos gained negative connotations, equivalent of English terms like "sorcerer" and "delinquent". Rivalries between different lodges sometimes escalated into violence, contributing to the society's negative reputation in Cuban society. For many in the Cuban establishment, Abakuá was regarded as being "linked to a culture of poverty and marginalization". At the same time, some politicians in the republic courted the society's support, even printing electoral material in Efik.

Abakuá members were among the Cubans who migrated to Florida in the late 19th century, many of them fleeing the Spanish government's crack down against perceived rebels. There were many society members among the Cuban tobacco rollers who settled in Ybor City by the 1880s, for instance. Although they gathered for communal celebrations, these U.S.-based members could not establish lodges nor perform initiations in Florida. The tradition's Cuban leaders have never sanctioned the establishment of a lodge outside Cuba itself, concerned that such American lodges may operate autonomously of the mother lodges from which they have been spawned. Cuban carnival activities in Florida nevertheless sometimes generated false claims that Abakuá was active in the U.S.

Substantial research into Abakuá was conducted by the Cuban anthropologist Lydia Cabrera, who worked in Havana and Matanzas between the 1930s and 1950s. In the 1960s she moved to Miami, where she published several books on the society. The 20th-century work of Cabrera and Harold Courlander reflected a growing scholarly usage of the term "Abakuá", replacing the previously common term ñañiguismo. Many group members embraced this term over Ñáñigos because of the latter word's associations with criminality in Cuban society.

After the Cuban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution of 1959 resulted in the island becoming a Marxist–Leninist state governed by Fidel Castro's Communist Party of Cuba. Committed to state atheism, Castro's government took a negative view of Afro-Cuban religions, with state persecution of Abakuá continuing through the 1960s and into the 1970s. Following the Soviet Union's collapse in the 1990s, Castro's government declared that Cuba was entering a "Special Period" in which new economic measures would be necessary. As part of this, it selectively supported Afro-Cuban traditions, partly out of a desire to boost tourism. Abakuá's relationship with the tourist industry helped to improve the society's reputation in Cuba.

Abakuá ritual objects first began to be publicly displayed in anthropological and criminological museums. By the mid-1960s, they could also be found in institutions like Cuba's National Museum of Fine Arts.

In 1998, a group of Abakuá initiates in Miami formed a lodge they named the Efí Kebúton Ekuente Mesoro, a reference to the first Cuban lodge. Abakuá leaders in Cuba refused to recognise the legitimacy of this group, both because it did not have a sponsor and because several of its leaders had previously been suspended from their Cuban lodges for disobedience. Subsequently, in the early 21st century, Abakuá members in the United States met with Nigerian and Cameroonian Ékpè members based in the same country and helped establish growing links between the related societies. In 2001, an Abakuá performance troupe appeared at a meeting of the Efik National Association of USA in Brooklyn, New York. For the 2003 Efik National Association meeting, two Abakuá leaders traveled to Michigan to meet with the Obong of Calabar. In 2004 two Abakuá musicians traveled to Calabar, Nigeria to perform at the International Ékpè Festival. In 2007, an Abakuá group and an Ékpè troupe from Calabar performed onstage together in Paris, France.

Reception and influence
Abakuá has been demonised by colonial and state authorities throughout its history. Successive Cuban governments have seen the society's juegos as potential centres for resistance to the government and establishment.

Fernández Olmos and Paravisini-Gebert noted that the society had exerted a "profound and pervasive creative influence" on Cuban music, art, and language. From at least the late 19th century, there has also been an artistic tradition of using Abakuá imagery as a symbol of the Cuban nation as a whole. This can be seen not only in Cuba itself but also among artists in Florida, where it is evident in the work of Cuban diasporic artists like Mario Sánchez, José Orbein, and Leandro Soto. Soto for instance used an Abakuá mask as a symbol for Cuba in a video-installation performance piece created in the early 21st century.

title: Abakuá


text:
Talk:Maus/Archive 1

Volumes
I have never seen Maus published as a single volume. A box set including both volumes does exist. Lord Bodak 13:20, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Never mind. ISBN 0679406417 is a hardcover containing both volumes.  It seems there was never a paperback including both volumes, only the boxed set of the two paperbacks. Lord Bodak 13:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Not true. I have such a volume. ISBN 0141014083 is it. I'll add it. rst20xx 22:15, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

ISBNs
Is it correct to provide ISBNs for all four editions (volume one, two, the box set, and the complete hardcover)? I think it would be valid to only provide the box set and the complete hardcover, but for now I included all four. Lord Bodak 13:28, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Furry?
I removed this article from the Furry Comic Books category because Spiegelman does not and has never had ties to furry fandom. This is high art--not furry art. Sorry. It seems pretty inappropriate to drop serious material like that into the "furry" category. --Krishva 08:07, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a seminal work of furry literature -- in that it shows animals doing very human things. Something being furry means it involves anthropomorphic animals; being related to the furry fandom has nothing to do with it.  You seem to have a different definition of the word 'furry' than is generally used.  Almafeta 17:23, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You are confused with the distinction between 'influence' and 'creation'. Art Spiegelman would probably never say his book is a 'furry' work.  Aesop would probably never say his fables were 'furry' works.  You are misconstruing them in a manner the artist never intended.  As an encyclopedia entry, such a thing should not be allowed or tolerated, as it is not factual. You are working on an encylopedia, not speaking from a soapbox. -- Stiv 04:15, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Whether Spiegelman wanted to write something for the furry fandom is immaterial to what Maus is. It depicts anthropomorphic animals, in that it shows animals doing very human things, and thus it is furry.  Its being furry has nothing to do with the storylines, the settings, the artistic style, or anything else; just the character style.  I have no soapbox to stand on, nor voice to shout -- I'm just trying to have Wikipedia show the facts as they are.  Almafeta 09:17, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What you're saying is a bit unfair, since I am sure some professionals would disagree with you about what qualifies a work as "furry." Because the word has a bit of baggage carried with it, one has to be careful what one labels with it.  If someone in the furry fandom creates it for others in the furry fandom to enjoy, all right, that is furry.  But if the use of anthropomorphism is for any purpose other than to appeal to furry fandom (arguably the only reasoning behind making the characters animals in most furry comics and art), I'd be cautious with using the "furry" label. --Krishva 05:19, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * See funny animal for more discussion of this. 68.166.50.142 18:41, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I actually feel a little bit insulted by the initial argument above. Are "high art" and "furry art" mutually exclusive? I don't like the term "high art" at all, in fact; it seems excessively snobbish to me. You are right of course that Spiegelman's motivations had nothing to do with furry fandom (in fact, did furry fandom even exist as we know it back then?), but I don't think that changes what it is. It can be both furry and respectable as a work of art. I question any dichotomy that states otherwise. - furrykef (Talk at me) 21:55, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Regardless of any arguments about the congruence of furry art and "high" art, I would not classify Maus as a furry work, in the same way that I would not classify Animal Farm as a furry work (and yes, I know you would, Almafeta :-). It is not inspired by the furry fandom. It is not intended for the furry fandom. It may well be appreciated by members of the fandom, but it is also appreciated by a vast majority of people who are not members of the fandom, just as stuff like The Lion King and Animalympics are. Now, that doesn't mean we wouldn't have an article about it on WikiFur, say, but I believe that in terms of classification it comes under "anthropomorphic art", at the most.
 * And really, it's not intended in that way either. Anthropomorphic characters typically know they are not human and behave differently. Here, the use of different species is an extended metaphor - the Jews were hunted down "like mice". The characters remain human. In fact, one of the amusing (black comedy) parts of Maus is that, in reality, the Nazis and the Jews were not that different. The book represents the Jews as the Nazis did - as a different species. It is a pervasive story/artistic device, as noted in the article. Nothing more. GreenReaper 00:50, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Plot
One of the striking aspects of the book is how, after surviving the camp, his father still can hold racism attitudes. Or how he was extremely stingy.

I wanted to introduce that in the article but there is no Plot section and it probably would require a Template:spoiler. --Error 00:35, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If you would like to add a Plot section, you're quite welcome to. However, I'm not sure it's necessary for this article to provide a complete run-down of the book--a plot summary is essentially already provided in the first paragraph. --Krishva 02:48, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Page move
I moved the page as (comics) is the preferred disambiguation phrase, as per Naming conventions (comic books). Hiding talk 09:58, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maus/Archive 1


text:
Cycling at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

The cycling at the 2006 Commonwealth Games was made up of three disciplines:
 * Track cycling
 * Road cycling
 * Mountain biking

The track cycling was held at the Melbourne Park Multi-Purpose Venue. The (road cycling) time trial took place on a course on the St Kilda Foreshore and Beach Road, and the State Mountain Bike Course, Lysterfield Park hosted the mountain bike event. The road race was contested on a circuit through the Royal Botanic Gardens.

title: Cycling at the 2006 Commonwealth Games


text:
Talk:Automated highway system

Catch 22
This does not seem like an example of a "chicken and egg" problem. Rather it is an example of a "Catch-22" situation. "Chicken and egg" refers to a situation where the genesis is unknown. In this case it is known. "Catch-22," on the other hand, applies here perfectly,

 * Well, the chicken and egg problem is a Catch 22 situation, so... --67.172.99.160 02:50, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Anyway, I think this sounds cool. Just stick some stuff in your car, then plop some on the road, and boom, you got AHS... --67.172.99.160 02:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Not cool, not quite ! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 162.42.84.163 (talk • contribs). 15:40, 1 July 2006

Suggested Evolution of Manually Driven Autos into Automated Autos
NO CATCH-22 involved at all : Just good planning and good engineering.

1. Passive highway - Manual autos : No Auto-autos;

2. Slightly active highway (Speed cameras, etc) - Manual autos : No Auto-autos;

3. More highway activeness - Manual autos with assist (Anti-lock, etc); No Auto-autos;

4. Yet more highway activeness(#) - Manual autos with more assist (Auto-Lock, Stability Control, etc, etc : Few Auto-autos, but growing;

5. Highway activeness levels-off (#) - Manual autos declining numbers : Parity with Auto-autos;

6. Highway activeness declines(#) - Few manual autos : Majority Auto-autos;

7. Minimal highway activness(#) - Virtually no manual autos : Almost all Auto-autos.

(#) No special highway infrastructure is to be required for auto-autos.

Comment on organization
For what it's worth this article seems to be written a little strangely. It is unclear whether the article is talking about the general concept of automated highways or a specific technology. The way it is written sounds pretty ambiguous in this regard. It looks to me like the intent was to discuss the general concept and then get into some specific technologies and deployments used to implement the concept. But in the "How It Works" section it seems to be mentioning some specific details (specific to the San Diego experiment I believe) which are not necessarily part of the concept (e.g. the number of cars that are in a platoon is an implementation-specific detail. In other words, if an implementation used more or less cars in a platoon that would not mean it was not an "automated highway").

I'd recommend reorganizing to be clear exactly what is being discussed. --Mcorazao 19:38, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Agree, except
I agree with this comment EXCEPT that I do not think that a successful automated transportation system can reasonably be expected to involve "automated highways". They are unnecessary and would be anyway too expensive to build and maintain.

The streets and highways need to remain substantially as they are today (with the exception of the removal of the very many obvious hazards which are allowed to exist). The real job is to automate the vehicles, to completely replace the human operator, much as many airplanes operate to a significant degree today.

There will be some broad overall central supervision in order to regulate traffic flow efficiently, especially around highway faults and during rush hours -- but the moment-to-moment details and the origin-to-destination planning and routing need to be completely in the hands of a highly autonomous machine operator -- by the way, that operator is a TRUE robot, made so by being highly autonomous.

The evolution of our existing personal transport system into an automated vehicle system is described in a paragraph just above.

Merge with Car-Trains and Platoon (automobile)
Several articles seem to be dealing with the same concept here. I would suggest redirecting from this one (the name suggests a focus on an intelligent infrastructure whereas car-trains don't necessarily need to rely on external control) and merge to make Car-Trains the main article. Automated highways could be a subsection of that article. Anyone want to discuss this? Is it a good idea, and how should we structure it after a merger? Swooch (talk) 12:32, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes. Car-trains is already dead and unlamented; AHS should become the first section of Platoon (automobile) at first as a rough paste, and then we figure how to smooth out the joints.  Jim.henderson (talk) 01:22, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Automated highway system


text: User talk:81.178.43.51

title: User talk:81.178.43.51


text:
Talk:Spiral

Images
I'll be translating additional material from the German article de:Spirale. So as to add some nice illustrations to it, I've asked German Wikipedian de:Benutzer:Karl Bednarik if he would mind regenerating his contributed images, saved in PNG format (more appropriate for line-art). I'll use the GFDL'd JPGs otherwise. Hooloovoo 13:22, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Any progress on that? - RoyBoy 800 02:50, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently not. Hooloovoo hasn't been back to Wikipedia since May 1, 2005. Angr/talk 10:11, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Pop culture
Does there really have to be a pop culture section with two entries? One of them a manga? I took it out for now ~ sorry, no account —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.189.126.73 (talk) 23:25, 1 April 2007

Right versus left-handed
Perhaps a section dealing with right verus left handed spirals should be considered? --Seans Potato Business 19:39, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Spirals are not symmetric, but I'm not sure what we could say about chirality that would add to the article. It would be an excellent point in the Art section, at least - and I'm certain there's much more to be said about spiral motifs in art than I'm qualified to say. Wyvern (talk) 06:51, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

3d spiral
Is there a name and equation for a spherical 3d spiral, one that would result if a spiral were drawn on a plane surface that was at the same time rotating? The result would look like a neatly made ball of string of ever increasing diameter. Just as a spiral as it develops increases the area it "occupies" or "encloses" on a plane surface, so would this spiral/helix "occupy" or "enclose" an ever-increasing volume in space. I should imagine that if the rate of rotation of the plane surface on which the spiral is drawn was the same as the rate at which the spiral is drawn, then the result would approximate to a sphere, otherwise to a lozenge or 3d eliptical solid (or whatever it may be call ed).--Philogo 13:00, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Can someone post an mpeg describing the phenomenon above? If I could see it, that would help me understand it better.  216.99.219.12 (talk) 06:19, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Think of a ball of string, like Ball of string

but much neater. As the spiral is developed it passes though every point in space Philogo (talk) 02:01, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Spiral becoming ever more circular?
What is the name for a spiral whose points depart from the center, go around it N times, but the more revolutions made, the closer to a circle its points begin to approach, but never actually reach it? Is this kind of a curve a parabolic spiral? Or looking at it in reverse, the path of an object just inside of a circle, but spiraling down to the center, as might be the case of an object succumbing to gravitational acceleration, and falling out of orbit? 216.99.201.117 (talk) 06:29, 7 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Maybe a Limit-cycle? --Salix (talk): 11:27, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks. But is there any other name for that kind of a spiral?   What kind of formula would produce that kind of a spiral?  216.99.219.157 (talk) 21:02, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Take any function f(x) whos limit as x tends to infinity is 1. Construct the curve with polar coordinates r=f(theta). For example r=atan(theta). --Salix (talk): 21:51, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Are there any real world applications for this kind of a spiral?   Does it accurately represent a satellite descending from a nearly perfect orbit?  216.99.219.219 (talk) 07:46, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Thats why I mentioned Limit-cycle the spiral can be thought of as a special case of a limit cycle, and limit cycles are quite a common phemonema. I would suspect that a completely circular limit cycle would be too regular to exist in a real world situation. --Salix (talk): 19:48, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Salix's spec that lim F(x)x→∞ =1 of course means r =2 atan(θ)/π is the example in question.  But "succumbing to gravitational acceleration, and falling out of orbit" exposes a fundamental misunderstanding of the physics that makes the attempt to find the formula describing the twilight of a satellite fatally premature.   Orbiting is not, and does not involve, overcoming nor resisting nor avoiding acceleration by gravity. (I refactored from "gravitational acceleration" not bcz it is wrong, but in the hope that doing so may in this instance be slightly clearer.) Orbiting not only involves, but fundamentally relies upon, being continuously subjected to acceleration by gravity.   Orbiting is a relationship between two bodies that are sufficiently independent of any other bodies (i.e., a two-body problem), provided two other cases are avoided:
 * As the distance between them monotonically decreases, they meet (collision case).
 * Once the distance between them reaches a minimum, it never again starts decreasing (flyby case). What the press probably occasionally calls "falling out of orbit" is closer to completing a process that closely resembles the orbital case of the two-body problem: a many-body problem where there are scads of almost insignificantly massive particles swarming around the two major bodies (namely the molecules of the atmosphere of the large body), so that the lighter of the two keeps having collisions with them. This many-body problem is handled by approximation: ignore everything but the exchange of momentum between the smaller body (the satellite) and the atmospheric molecules that splat on its windshield. The satellite kicks them the hell out of the way, but gives up a teeny part of its energy and momentum each time. Years pass, and the satellite is eventually orbiting lower and lower (and faster, i think), and the splat rate gets higher and higher until atmosphere at its level is thick enuf that it's melting and burning and vaporizing fast enuf that it may not reach the ground, even as small, dense remnants.   So bottom line, don't bother going looking for the function that'll produce a spiral that'll reflect that whole trajectory: you've got the dependence of gravity, and of atmospheric density and composition on altitude, and probably dependencies having to do with ablation of the satellite's antennas and body, and non-linear erosion due to the layers the satellite is designed with and to aerodynamic effects on the pitted surface. (Picture the bizarre contours produced by wind erosion in sandstone deserts.) --Jerzy•t 01:49, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

The involute
Is the involute curve considered to be a spiral? If so, it is a noteworthy one with practical applications, and it's inclusion would add a pertinate example to the article. I am not qualified to do this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tonygumbrell (talk • contribs) 17:53, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Most ancient symbol?
I removed the following material from the article, as it seems doubtful and lacks citations. Feel free to re-add the content, including appropriate citations of reliable sources. Thanks, Vectro (talk) 16:07, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

"The spiral is the most ancient symbol found on every civilized continent. Due to its appearance at burial sites across the globe, the spiral most likely represented the 'life-death-rebirth' cycle. Similarly, the spiral symbolized the sun, as ancient people thought the sun was born each morning, died each night, and was reborn the next morning."

 * Refactored by me:
 * I removed the following material from the article, as it seems doubtful and lacks citations. Feel free to re-add the content, including appropriate citations of reliable sources.

 * "The spiral is the most ancient symbol found on every civilized continent. Due to its appearance at burial sites across the globe, the spiral most likely represented the 'life-death-rebirth' cycle. Similarly, the spiral symbolized the sun, as ancient people thought the sun was born each morning, died each night, and was reborn the next morning."
 * Thanks, Vectro (talk) 16:07, 24 September 2009 (UTC)
 * --Jerzy•t 21:32, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Adds to confusion
I think the second section adds to the spiral helix confusion. The only senses in which I know where spiral is used to mean helix are a stair case and some authors alternative name helical computed tomography scanners. The first is more poetic rather than scientific, and the other is by non-native speakers of English (and to some extent is also because it sounds less technical). Billlion (talk) 11:07, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree that there's confusion, but I've always thought of the term "spiral" as being inclusive (a super-set of, if you like) of the term "helix". So a helix is a (particular class of) spiral but a spiral isn't necessarily a helix. Unfortunately I can't find a reference to either confirm or refute this, but I'm pretty sure that a spiral isn't necessarily planar. How, for example, would you describe the conical springs used in electrical devices to make contact with the batteries? They are not helices because I believe a helix has to be cylindrical, so are they spirals? I would say, yes. I think the terms "helix" and "helicoid" are very tightly defined, whereas a "spiral" is a much more general term. Incidentally, the shape in the illustration coloured green is not a helix but a helicoid as it is a surface, not a line. The red object is also a surface, not a line, but it isn't a helicoid. So what is it? A spiral, a "spiroid", or something else? —MegaPedant 06:08, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Some other examples include Ekman spiral and "spiral binding" (which in some cases can even refer to comb binding). This article goes to substantial length to discuss spirals vs helices, but then also describes in great detail spirals drawn on a sphere. Which begs the question to be asked, what shape is a spiral drawn on a cigar? Is a helix just a spiral drawn on a cylinder? (And for that matter, what shape is a helix viewed projected into 2D?) -- Cesiumfrog (talk) 08:26, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar. Even if a spiral is drawn on it. --Jerzy•t 21:22, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Equations for a square spiral
$$ \begin{cases} x = (-1)^{^{\left\lceil\frac{t}{2}\right\rceil}} \cdot \left\lceil\frac{t}{4}\right\rceil\\ \\ y = (-1)^{^{\left\lceil\frac{t - 1}{2}\right\rceil}} \cdot \left\lceil\frac{t - 1}{4}\right\rceil\\ \end{cases} $$

where $$\left\lceil \bullet \right\rceil$$ is the ceiling function, $$t \in \mathbb R$$. The spiral is clockwise if $$t \leq 0$$ and anticlockwise if $$t \geq 0$$.

--Not A Pipe ¬| 01:40, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

Theodorus
Theodorus's spiral is described as approx. Archimedean but its radius does not increase constantly. Guess this could be a General Archimedean, or is it more like Logarithmic? Needs clarification, I think. Chiswick Chap (talk) 10:07, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Well let's see: $$ \theta_n - \theta_{n-1} = \arcsin(\frac{1}{r_n}) \approx r_n^{-1} = n^{-1/2} $$ ... what does this suggest? $$ \frac{d\theta}{dn} \approx n^{-1/2} = 1/r \, ; \frac{dr}{dn} = \frac{1}{2} n^{-1/2} \therefore \frac{dr}{d\theta} \approx \frac{1}{2}$$, so it does approach the Archimedean, if I haven't blundered. —Tamfang (talk) 18:41, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

Classification of planar spirals
At present, this section contains only a diagram of some kind. There ought to be some text also, explaining it. There isn't quite enough information in the diagram to guess what it means so as to produce the missing text. We need a mathematician here, and we need 'em bad! Friendly Person (talk) 15:03, 24 July 2012 (UTC)
 * More than that there is no sourcing as to where this classification came from, it might just be something some has invented. I've now removed the section.--Salix (talk): 15:52, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

trispiral
I suggest the article mention the trispiral. Examples are readily found by searching for the term. Thanks!--Lbeaumont (talk) 20:21, 4 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I found a good trispiral image at: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-Symbol.svg — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lbeaumont (talk • contribs) 20:26, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Dict quote
At the risk of putting a band-aid on a severed artery (i.e. focusing too narrowly within an article with much greater problems), an accurately quoted excerpt from the AmHerDict must end with either
 * parallel to the axis....

or
 * parallel to the axis; a helix.

instead of the (presumably gradually decaying) travesty that started three and half years ago. We're probably talking here about recklessness rather than vandalism, since i suppose we may assume that the distinction between "constant or continuously varying" and "varying" is not discernible to every editor with a passing interest in the subject. --Jerzy•t 05:20, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

 * That's "Am. Her. Dict." --Jerzy•t 08:10, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

Spirals and helices
I keep looking at the unsourced statement
 * While a "spiral" and a "helix" are distinct as technical terms, a helix is sometimes described as a spiral in non-technical usage.

Even if it is true, it is a dismissive and misleading comment that obscures the relationship between spirals and helices, which i am clarifying in place of it. --Jerzy•t 08:06, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Dubious
Re: "Ouroboros" spiral At 08:19, 28 December 2012, User:Cesiumfrog summarized
 * /* Three-dimensional spirals */ tagging dubious synthesis

and placed the Dubious and OR tags into the sentence
 * This image is reminiscent of an Ouroboros symbol[original research?] and could be mistaken for a torus with a continuously-increasing diameter: [dubious – discuss]

These prior events provide context:
 * At 14:42, 21 August 2004 de:User:Karl Bednarik made a contrib at Spirale, adding (without refs)
 * German text and
 * an invocation in the apparently now obsolete image-invocation format de:Bild:TORUSA-1 Torus mit variablem Ringdurchmesser.jpg, to what is, in the en: article's section in question, aka File:TORUSA-1 Torus mit variablem Ringdurchmesser.PNG.
 * (Tho i haven't confirmed the timing, i assume the next relevant event was the de: article adding miniatur|Konische Spirale entlang eines Kreises (which is a de: invocation of File:TORUSA-4 Konische Spirale entlang eines Kreises.PNG.)
 * At 03:29, 20 September 2006 User:Grubber made a contrib at Spiral, adding
 * corresponding English text,
 * the invocation of Image:TORUSA-1 Torus mit variablem Ringdurchmesser.PNG, and
 * the invocation of File:TORUSA-4 Konische Spirale entlang eines Kreises.PNG (the first image in the subsection)
 * and summarizing
 * Two-dimensional spirals: add more info and pics from German de:Spirale
 * (Tho i haven't confirmed the timing, i assume the next relevant event was the de: article replacing that (shared) image invocation (TORUSA-1) with an invocation of commons:/File:Ouroboros_Torus.png.)

So neither the contributor here nor the contributor at de: whose work they translated has offered a ref, in the going-on 7 years or going-on 9 years since their respective contribs. IMO the Ouroboros connection is of no mathematical value, and just an afterthot to a nice demonstration of that there's an unexpectedly simple mathematical specification (of a conical surface being deformable not just into a valveless sousaphone, but into one that's had its mouthpiece not just stuffed into its bell, but stuffed so deeply in that there's tubing inside tubing inside tubing ... well, to as many levels of self-nesting as you care to ask for). I'm glad to have seen it, and i believe there are people who can write the parametric equations that specify it, and prove theorems about it, but that's less than what WP:V requires, and it's hard to imagine a scenario that would provide us with it. --Jerzy•t 05:25, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

expanding the symbol/art section
I will do some expanding of the symbol and art section over the coming days.--Peabodybore (talk) 22:19, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Past tense of to weave is woven.Billlion (talk) 18:06, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, a concurrent polar plot, instantly woven, the polar equation has no control over how long it takes to weave it.

Random Images
I've cleaned up the talk page hiding a lot of images are unrelated to the discussion.--Salix alba (talk): 18:50, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

Cuberoottheo (talk) 19:02, 12 May 2015 (UTC). Cuberoottheo (talk) 19:11, 26 April 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 19:43, 26 April 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 10:58, 1 April 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 20:23, 25 April 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 20:52, 25 April 2015 (UTC) 80.4.108.185 (talk) 19:49, 4 April 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 15:41, 16 May 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 20:10, 4 April 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 12:59, 26 April 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 11:17, 14 June 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 13:15, 14 June 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 13:33, 14 June 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 13:33, 14 June 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 13:46, 3 July 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 13:46, 3 July 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 15:57, 15 July 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 15:57, 15 July 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 12:12, 18 July 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 12:12, 18 July 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 14:02, 23 July 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 14:02, 23 July 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 11:39, 30 July 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 11:39, 30 July 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 12:02, 4 August 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 12:02, 4 August 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 09:44, 22 August 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 09:44, 22 August 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 10:09, 24 August 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 10:09, 24 August 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 11:15, 26 August 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 11:15, 26 August 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 12:24, 13 September 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 12:24, 13 September 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 12:24, 13 September 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 12:24, 13 September 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 13:13, 20 September 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 13:13, 20 September 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 11:51, 26 September 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 14:38, 26 September 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 14:38, 26 September 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 14:38, 26 September 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 16:16, 1 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 16:44, 1 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 18:12, 2 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 12:42, 8 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 15:27, 8 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 15:41, 10 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 15:41, 10 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 18:43, 12 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 10:54, 15 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 10:54, 15 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 15:23, 16 May 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 17:55, 24 October 2015 (UTC) Cuberoottheo (talk) 13:01, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:04, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The center Galaxy of Cat's Eye.jpg

title: Talk:Spiral


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boredom at its best

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 21:15, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Boredom at its best
Appears to be a minor pop band of no particular significance. Possible Vanity page. Article created by a anon IP at a school with a history of vandalism. -- Solipsist 13:22, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, allmusic doesn't know them, apparently never released any records, fail to meet WikiProject_Music/Notability_and_Music_Guidelines. Vlad M V  ٭ talk 22:50, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable Dsmdgold 01:01, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 07:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Dr Ingel 01:26, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:MH-Micky~enwiki

Due to personal reasons I will stop contributing to Wikipedia from this moment and therefore I want my user page as well as my talk page and articles created page to be removed. Thanks! MH-Micky 21:04, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User:MH-Micky~enwiki


text:
Grip Stave Church

Grip Stave Church (Grip stavkyrkje) is a historic parish church of the Church of Norway in Kristiansund Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the now-abandoned fishing village of Grip on the small island of Grip about 14 km northwest of the town of Kristiansund. It is an annex church for the Kristiansund parish which is part of the Ytre Nordmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in a rectangular stave church style in 1470 by an unknown architect.

With only one nave that is 12 m long, 6.5 m wide, and 6 m high, it is one of Norway's smallest churches. The priest no longer lived in the parish after the year 1635, but regularly visited the island. Grip has been an annex to the Kristiansund church parish since 1967. The church is also one of the most remote of the existing stave churches in Norway since it sits on a small island about 12 km off the mainland coast.

Located in a now-abandoned fishing village, the church is only used in the summer season, when both summer residents and tourists attend worship services every third Sunday, led by a priest from Kristiansund.

History
The church was built in around the year 1470 at the island's highest point, about 8 m above sea level. The church is a Møre type stave church, being structurally similar to the larger Kvernes and Rødven stave churches. Because of the barren nature of the island, there is no cemetery on the church grounds, and bodies had to be buried elsewhere, such as in the cemetery of Bremsnes Church, over 10 km away over open sea. In 1621, the church underwent major modifications when portions of the walls were rebuilt and a flèche was added.

In 1814, this church served as an election church (valgkirke). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.

New windows were installed in the 1870s, and at the same time both a weaponhouse and a sacristy were added. During restoration work in 1933 led by John Tverdahl, a new foundation was added and the exterior walls were panelled. Today, most of the walls and roof are still original to the stave church. A 1972 proposal to relocate the church did not materialize. In 2007, the roof and spire were restored and some of the paneling was replaced.

Altar
The altar is a triptych from Utrecht in the Netherlands, dated to about 1520, with a central sculpture of the Blessed Virgin Mary, flanked by sculptures of Saint Olaf of Norway and Saint Margaret the Virgin, locally known as St. Maret.

According to legend, the triptych is one of five altars donated to Norwegian churches by princess Isabella of Austria after being escorted by Erik Valkendorf, Archbishop of Norway, in terrible weather en route to her wedding in Copenhagen with the Danish king Christian II in 1515. Other altars were donated to the churches of Kinn, Leka, Hadsel and Røst. The five altars are referred to by art historians as the Leka group. Four of the altars have survived intact to this day, but Grip has the only complete altar in the original church.

Despite having sculptures of three saints, the altar survived the protestant reformation of Norway in 1537. The altar was restored in 2002.

Organ
A new pipe organ from the Netherlands with 270 wooden pipes was donated in 2006, which due to humid weather conditions will only be installed in the church during the summer season. The rest of the year, the organ is in use in Kirkelandet Church.

Art
The church also has a small altar cup from 1320, a 16th-century double-sided painting on canvas, murals from the 1621 modifications, and two votive ships.

title: Grip Stave Church


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User:Tumble

List of articles I need to fix/make/edit/etc...

title: User:Tumble


text:
NUP

NUP is an abbreviation for:
 * National Umma Party Sudan. a political party in Sudan
 * National Union Party (disambiguation), a number political parties in various states
 * National Unity (Israel), a centre-right political alliance since 2022
 * National Unity Party (Philippines)
 * National Unity Platform, main opposition party in Uganda
 * Neapolis University, Pafos, a university in Cyprus
 * Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, a subclassification of Necrotizing periodontal diseases
 * New Union Party, a political party in the United States
 * New Unity Partnership, a trade union in the United States
 * Northwestern University Press
 * Nottingham University Press
 * Nuclear Pore
 * Número único previsional ('unique social security number'), the identification number for social security in El Salvador

title: NUP


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Louis Brantmeyer

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 21:13, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Louis Brantmeyer
Joke/vanity. Should be deleted. Thue | talk 13:25, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * He will never die! Isn't that very notable? But let's delete this article anyway, I agree with Thue. Sjakkalle 13:31, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if proven that he will never die. That's not provable, only disprovable, so let's Delete to prove that the vanity article will die.  Barno 17:00, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as obvious vanity... No, I haven't got anything witty to say. Mgm|(talk) 17:32, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity of the worst sort. If he won't die, we can at least kill his page. --InShaneee 19:20, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, obvious vanity. Megan1967 07:06, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. He may never die, but his page hopefully will. Vlad M V  ٭ talk 17:41, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of General Motors factories

This is a list of General Motors factories that are being or have been used to produce automobiles and automobile components. The factories are occasionally idled for re-tooling.

title: List of General Motors factories


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robodogs

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 21:15, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Robodogs
High school club, not encyclopedic, delete--nixie 13:28, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Thue | talk 13:47, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Thue. Mgm|(talk) 17:33, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete aerticle does not establish notability (or much else, for that matter) BigFatDave 22:45, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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John Carpenter (game show contestant)

John Carpenter (born December 24, 1967 ) is an American game show contestant and Internal Revenue Service agent. He is the twelfth highest-earning American game show contestant of all time. Carpenter is best known for becoming the first top-prize winner on the American version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, and the first ever top-prize winner in the entire Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? franchise. He held the record for the largest single win in United States game show history, until it was broken by Rahim Oberholtzer who won $1.12 million on another U.S. quiz show, Twenty One.

On the November 19, 1999, episode of Millionaire, Carpenter proceeded to advance to the million-dollar question without using any lifelines. He then used his Phone-a-Friend to call his father, not for help, but rather to tell him he was going to win the game. Carpenter answered the question correctly and became the show's first millionaire. His win gave him national recognition and led to multiple talk show appearances, as well as subsequent appearances on Millionaire.

Career and family
Carpenter was born in Hamden, Connecticut. His father, Tom, worked as a computer program analyst for the Department of Veterans Affairs, while his mother, Gail, served as an administrative assistant for the Massachusetts Audubon Society. In 1986, he enrolled at Rutgers University and graduated in 1990 with a degree in economics. In January 1991, he joined the Internal Revenue Service after completing government exams and tests. In November 1996, Carpenter met his future wife, Deborah, who was studying for a master's degree at Southern Connecticut State University and worked as a manager of a Fleet Bank branch in New Haven. They married in August 1998. At the time of his appearance on Millionaire, he was 31 years old. When he revealed his profession as an IRS officer on Millionaire, Carpenter was playfully booed by the audience. As of 2024, Carpenter continues to work for the IRS.

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
Carpenter was originally uninterested in Millionaire but eventually tuned in one night after dinner while having friends over at his house. When he found the show's higher-tier questions no more difficult than the lower-tier ones, he decided to call in to the show's hotline for a chance to become a contestant. Carpenter answered all of the hotline questions correctly and was on the show within two days.

The late host Regis Philbin described Carpenter as having "cruised right through those first fourteen questions," as he had proceeded to reach the final question without using any of his lifelines. The $1 million question was, "Which of these U.S. Presidents appeared on the television series ' Laugh-In ' ?", with the choices being A) Lyndon Johnson, B) Richard Nixon, C) Jimmy Carter, and D) Gerald Ford. Carpenter used his Phone-A-Friend lifeline to call his father not for help, but rather to inform him that he was going to win the million dollars. Carpenter later said, "I thought I'd look so cocky if I didn't use any lifelines, so I faked it."

With his win, Carpenter became the first contestant in the worldwide Millionaire franchise to win the show's top prize. He said that the only question that had flustered him was one which asked for the location of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Carpenter eventually remembered that the film Tombstone included the gunfight, and he replied correctly with the answer 'Tombstone, Arizona'. While taking a vacation after his win, Carpenter considered quitting his job with the IRS, but eventually decided against it. He explained to Kiplinger's Personal Finance that "after the taxes, it's not change-your-life kind of money if you want to eat every day." Carpenter also described the fame as having a bigger impact on his life than the money, later stating: "The money doesn't change your life. What happens afterwards might."

Later work
Shortly after winning on Millionaire, Carpenter played himself in a Saturday Night Live skit. Donald Trump, played by Darrell Hammond, announced that Carpenter would be his running-mate in the presidential election. Afterward, Carpenter pretended to call his father, then shouted, "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!" Carpenter also appeared on Good Morning America, Oprah Winfrey Show, and Live with Regis and Kathie Lee.

Carpenter appeared as himself in the second half of the fourth season of Oz. He plays a contestant in a fictional TV game show called Up Your Ante that the prisoners in Em City are watching. The show within the show is hosted by Gordon Elliott, with Eartha Kitt and Didi Conn as celebrity participants.

With Rod L. Evans, Carpenter co-authored a trivia book titled Matching Wits With the Million-Dollar Mind: The World's Hardest Trivia Quizzes From America's First Quiz Show Millionaire. The book was published by Berkley Books in 2002.

Other game show appearances
In 2000, Carpenter appeared in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: Champions Edition, in which previous contestants who won $250,000–$1,000,000 played again, with half of their additional winnings from the Champions Edition going to a charity of their choice. Carpenter won $250,000, bringing his total Millionaire winnings to $1,250,000. In 2004, Carpenter participated in Super Millionaire, as one of the "Three Wise Men" on the episode during which Robert "Bob-O" Essig won $1,000,000. He later participated as part of the Mob on NBC's 1 vs. 100 on October 27, 2006, and as a contestant on the Game Show Network game show Grand Slam.

Carpenter appeared on the August 16, 2009, episode of Millionaire in prime time for its tenth anniversary. In the audience with him were his father, his wife, and his son. He was also the first expert in the "Ask the Expert" lifeline for the eighth season of the syndicated series in September 2009. Carpenter again appeared in the audience on primetime Millionaire on the July 10, 2024, episode to commemorate the show's 25th anniversary.

title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)


text:
Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha

In his letter to Manuel I of Portugal, Pero Vaz de Caminha gives what is considered by many today as being one of the most accurate accounts of what Brazil used to look like in 1500. "[...] Esse arvoredo, que é tanto, tamanho, tão basto e de tantas prumagens, que homens as não podem contar.", which roughly translates as "Such vastness of the enormous treeline, with abundant foliage, that is incalculable", is one of Pero's most famous descriptions. He describes in a diary from the first journey from Portugal to Brazil and their arrival in this country. This letter is considered to be the first document of Brazilian history as much as its first literary text. The original of this 27-page document can be found in the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Lisbon.

Context
Manuel I ascended the throne at a time when Portugal was discovering wealth in Africa and the East; he was keen on ensuring Portugal maintained dominance in trade with the East. Portugal had established their presence with enclaves, forts and fortified trading posts.

Pedro Álvares Cabral led the largest fleet in the Portuguese fleet on a mission to Calicut, India, where Vasco da Gama had opened a sea route two years prior. Many historians have debated on the authenticity of this discovery; some have reason to believe that Portugal had prior knowledge of Brazil's existence. Pero Vaz de Caminha was the secretary of this fleet; he had been appointed to be the administrator of a trading post to be created in Calicut. Once Cabral had gathered basic facts and had encountered the native people, he took this information and Caminha's letter on a smaller ship back to Lisbon.

Other
The admiral of the ship that sailed to Brazil sent Nicolau Coelho out to interact with the natives. The people they encountered when they arrived in Brazil lived by a mix of hunting-gathering and agriculture. They were brown and reddish-skinned and completely unclothed. Their languages were divided into four major families with many isolates, and even related languages and dialects were likely to not be mutually intelligible, so they had to communicate through actions and sign languages. They tried to give the natives things to eat such as bread, fish, cakes, honey and even wine. The natives took one taste of the things then spit them all out. They also tried to give them just water but the natives only swashed the water in their mouths, then spit it out. The one thing they did consent to was a cloak they could use to cover themselves while they slept.

Analysis
Apart from being the first ever literary description of Brazil, what sets Caminha's letter apart from other documents like it was his style of writing. Whilst writing this letter, Caminha was not trying to create a literary work but trying to report exactly what he found; it was a detailed commentary on the "customs, religion and physical characteristics of native people." It is devoid of hyperbole and does not use excessive metaphors to validate descriptions. He states things for what they are, not for what he thinks they represent. Other early accounts of the New World emphasized on the idea of prosperity and use adjectives and hyperbole to describe the quantity and quality of its bounty. There is a general tone of optimism that Brazil will provide both spiritual and material gifts. He emphasizes on the "simplicity and good nature" of the indigenous people.

Caminha's opinions
Caminha did not describe the native Brazilians as bestial and lesser-humans as is common with other early Brazilian narratives. He does not describe them as more or less attractive than they were and seems to be particularly enthralled by their nudity and body paints. He shows "sentiments of admiration, enchantment and protectionism." He believes that they are part of God's creation; he is respectful and understanding them that is why he calls for syncretism instead of enslavement. During the first mass, the native Brazilians responded favorably and thus, to Caminha, are worth saving because "they have no apparent trace of spiritual corruption." There is the assumption that it will be easy to convert indigenous people to Christianity.

title: Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha


text:
The Angel of Darkness

The Angel of Darkness is a 1997 crime novel by Caleb Carr that was published by Random House (ISBN 0-7515-2275-9) and is both a sequel to The Alienist (1994) and the second book in the Kreizler series.

Plot summary
The now-adult Stevie Taggert, a tobacconist, makes a bet with an elderly John Moore that he can write the story of one of their adventures together as well as Moore (a former newspaper reporter) could.

Set in 1897, Dr. Laszlo Kreizler's associate, Sara Howard, now a private detective, comes to him for help in locating Ana Linares, the kidnapped infant daughter of a visiting Spanish dignitary. The mystery is complicated by rising tensions between Spain and the United States, and war in Cuba seems inevitable. Kreizler re-convenes his old "team": Sara; John; NYPD detectives and forensic specialists Marcus and Lucius Isaacson; and Kreizler's faithful servants, Stevie and Cyrus. Their search for the missing child leads them to contact with an enigmatic woman with a murderous past, who enjoys the protection of the Hudson Dusters, a notorious gang.

Historical figures in the novel

 * Cecilia Beaux
 * Clarence Darrow
 * Theodore Roosevelt
 * Albert Pinkham Ryder
 * Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 * Cornelius Vanderbilt II
 * William Alanson White

Television
In 2018, TNT released The Alienist, a ten-episode limited series first aired as a sneak peek on January 21, 2018, before its official premiere on January 22, 2018, and ended on March 26, 2018, based on the novel of the same name by Caleb Carr. The series stars Daniel Brühl, Luke Evans, and Dakota Fanning as an ad hoc team assembled in mid-1890s New York City to investigate a serial killer of street children.

On August 16, 2018, TNT ordered a sequel series based upon the follow-up novel The Angel of Darkness.

title: The Angel of Darkness


text:
Turku University Hospital

Turku University Hospital (Turun yliopistollinen keskussairaala, TYKS, Åbo universitetscentralsjukhus, ÅUCS) is a hospital in Turku, Finland.

General information
The hospital serves as the central hospital for southwestern Finland. It is located near the city centre of Turku and the university, and has branches in the nearby towns of Raisio and Paimio. The hospital unit in Paimio operates in a former tuberculosis sanatorium, the Paimio Sanatorium, designed by the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto.

The hospital is owned and operated by the Hospital District of Southwest Finland which is a joint municipal authority responsible for production of specialized medical services in the region.

The hospital has been affiliated with the University of Turku since 1958 and it is used as a teaching hospital by the Faculty of Medicine. Approximately 1,500 students in medicine and nursery practice there every year.

Having been founded in 1756, it is the second oldest hospital, still in use, in the Nordic countries, after Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen.

The hospital complex includes the Turku PET-centre, a large and advanced PET facility.

There has been significant concern over the poor condition of the U-part hospital building, which has had severe air quality issues over the years, including mold and dampening of the structure. Multiple renovations have been carried out, but they have not been able to fully address the extensive issues found in the building.

Expansion
T-hospital is new part of TYKS and its construction was started 2007 and it is still under construction. In 2009 the construction of first part (part-D) was finished and it's now operational. The whole complex became operational in the end of 2012. When finished T-hospital will consist of 160000 m2 of floor space and a helipad. Further expansion is ongoing due to the poor condition of the U-part. There have been reports of severe indoor air quality issues, specifically concerning the almost 60 year old U-building. In 2015 the City of Turku approved plans to allow its demolition.

Statistics
The hospital has 900 beds and its operating volumes were in 2009 as follows:
 * 414,447 outpatient visits 2008
 * 245,023 inpatient days of care 2008
 * 57,567 episodes of hospital care 2008

The mean duration of treatment in 2008 was 4.3 days. The yearly operating costs for the hospital are 369,2 million euros according to the budget for the fiscal year of 2009.

The hospital has a staff of 3,993. The breakdown of the staff is as follows:
 * 481 medical doctors
 * 48 amanuensis
 * 55 academic research and nursing personnel
 * 2,325 nursing and paramedical personnel
 * 1,084 administrative, financial and service personnel

title: Turku University Hospital


text:
Pacifique Plante

Pacifique Plante (1907 – August 9, 1976 in Guadalajara, Mexico ) was a crime fighting Montreal lawyer from the 1940s to the 1950s. He was also known as Pax Plante.

Between 1940 and 1950, he waged war against organized crime, vice and corruption in Montreal. In 1948, Plante denounced corruption inside the police force. With the assistance of the journalist Gérard Filion, he published a series of articles in Le Devoir (from November 1949 to February 1950) where he affirmed that police "protection" encouraged the activities of the underworld. With Jean Drapeau, he took part in the Caron Inquiry, which led to the arrest of several police officers.

Books about Plante
The non-fiction book City Unique by William Weintraub deals with his fight against vice in Montreal. The book has won a QSPELL Award.
 * Pax lutte à finir avec la pègre - Alain Stanké

title: Pacifique Plante


text:
User talk:Ohnoitschris

Hi. Information on "MAX 300" is already covered at DDRMAX: Dance Dance Revolution 6thMIX (see the Music section). Please add any relevant info about the song to that section; the song is not significant enough for its own encylopedic article. I've changed MAX 300 to redirect to DDRMAX instead of Dance Dance Revolution as it was previously. --Poiuyt Man (talk)  13:35, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ohnoitschris


text:
Free Radical Design

Free Radical Design Ltd. was a British video game developer based in Nottingham. Founded by David Doak, Steve Ellis, Karl Hilton and Graeme Norgate in Stoke-on-Trent in April 1999, they are best known for their TimeSplitters series of games.

After going into financial administration, it was announced on 3 February 2009 that the studio had been acquired by German video game developer Crytek and would be renamed Crytek UK. Crytek had a good relationship with the city of Nottingham due in part to its sponsorship of the Gamecity festival and its recruitment drives with Nottingham Trent University. In 2014, the studio was closed, with a majority of the staff transferred to the newly formed Dambuster Studios.

In May 2021, two of the original founders, Doak and Ellis, reformed Free Radical Design under Deep Silver to create a new entry in the TimeSplitters series. Two years later, the second iteration was shut down on 11 December 2023.

History
Most of Free Radical Design's initial employees previously worked for the game developer Rare. While at Rare, they (David Doak, Steve Ellis, Karl Hilton, Graeme Norgate, Lee Ray and James Cunliffe) worked on the Nintendo 64 first-person shooters GoldenEye 007 and Perfect Dark. From late 1998 to early 1999, this team left Rare to form Free Radical Design, which was established in April 1999, their first release being TimeSplitters for the PlayStation 2 in 2000. It was known for its very fast-paced gameplay and its particular emphasis on multiplayer rather than story. TimeSplitters attracted attention at the time because of the former Rare employees' work on the critically acclaimed GoldenEye 007. Its sequel, first-person shooter TimeSplitters 2, released with critical acclaim in 2002.

Free Radical Design was working on Star Wars: Battlefront III from 2006 to 2008, but it was cancelled by their publishing partner when it was supposedly "99 percent" complete. The cancellation of this title, and the poorly received release of Haze, contributed to Free Radical Design going into bankruptcy. In late 2008, Free Radical Design was approached by Activision to work on a GoldenEye 007 remake. Although the studio rebuilt the Dam Level for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, negotiations fell through, with the studio entering administration soon afterwards. The remake would release on those consoles without FRD's involvement in 2011 as an enhanced port of its original release on the Wii and Nintendo DS a year prior.

On 18 December 2008, it was reported that the studio had shut down, though it was later confirmed that the company had gone bankrupt, leaving only 40 of the original 185 staff still employed. On 3 February 2009, Haze scriptwriter Rob Yescombe announced that Free Radical Design had been purchased by German game developer Crytek. In 2010, the company moved from Sandiacre to brand-new offices in the new central Nottingham Southreef development. The £50 million investment will allow Crytek UK to "grow over the next few months".

Financial difficulties and closure
In June 2014, reports surfaced that Crytek had missed wage payments and withheld bonuses for the company's employees, and that as a result, a number of employees had filed grievances and refused to report to work, and at least 30 employees had left the company since 2011 alone due to a decreasing morale at the studio. After denying that there were issues, Crytek later admitted on 25 July 2014 that the company was in a "transitional phase" as it secured capital for future projects, with a particular emphasis on online gaming.

On 30 July 2014, Crytek announced that, due to an internal restructuring, it would sell the intellectual property of Homefront (the sequel for which, later restructured as the reboot Homefront: The Revolution, was in development at Crytek UK at the time) to Koch Media, parent company of video game publisher Deep Silver, and lay off much of the company's staff. Crytek left it unclear whether the company had been shut down entirely, however all staff were transferred to the new Dambuster Studios being established in Nottingham in accordance with British law, where they afterwards continued to work on Homefront: The Revolution.

Reformation and second closure
In May 2021, Embracer Group announced during their 2020–2021 full-year report that Free Radical Design would be reformed as a subsidiary of Deep Silver with the intent of bringing "the much-loved TimeSplitters IP back to life". Key original members of the original Free Radical Design were involved in the reformation including founders Steve Ellis and David Doak. Their studio was based in Nottingham.

In November 2023, VGC reported that the company was set to be closed down on 11 December by the Embracer Group, which had been restructuring its company and subsidiaries for the last six months, unless a third-party buyer was found. Developers confirmed the closure on 11 December.

Cancelled games

 * Star Wars: Battlefront III
 * TimeSplitters 4
 * Untitled TimeSplitters game

title: Free Radical Design