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Cowichan Valley Regional District

The Cowichan Valley Regional District is a regional district in the Canadian province of British Columbia that is on the southern part of Vancouver Island, bordered by the Nanaimo and Alberni-Clayoquot Regional Districts to the north and northwest, and by the Capital Regional District to the south and east. As of the 2021 Census, the Regional District had a population of 89,013. The regional district offices are in Duncan.

Geography
The Cowichan Valley Regional District covers an area between the Stuart Channel and Saanich Inlet on the east coast of Vancouver Island and the southern part of the West Coast Trail, with Cowichan Lake and Cowichan Valley proper located in its central region. It includes the Gulf Islands of Thetis, Penelakut and Valdes. The total land area is 3,473.12 km2 (1,340.98 sq mi).

Incorporated communities

 * City of Duncan – pop. 5,047
 * Town of Ladysmith – pop. 8,990
 * Town of Lake Cowichan – pop. 3,325
 * District Municipality of North Cowichan – pop. 31,990

Indigenous Reserves

 * Chemainus 13
 * Claoose 4
 * Cowichan 1
 * Cowichan 9
 * Cowichan Lake
 * Est-Patrolas 4
 * Halalt 2
 * Kil-pah-las 3
 * Kuper Island 7
 * Lyacksun 3
 * Malachan 11
 * Malahat 11
 * Oyster Bay 12
 * Portier Pass 5
 * Shingle Point 4
 * Squaw-hay-one 11
 * Theik 2
 * Tsussie 6
 * Wyah 3

A

 * Malahat
 * Mill Bay

B

 * Shawnigan Lake

C

 * Arbutus Ridge
 * Cobble Hill
 * Cherry Point

D

 * Cowichan Bay

E

 * Cowichan Station
 * Eagle Heights
 * Glenora
 * Koksilah
 * Sahtlam

F

 * Honeymoon Bay
 * Mesachie Lake
 * Skutz Falls

G

 * Saltair

H

 * Diamond
 * North Oyster
 * Yellow Point

I

 * Meade Creek
 * Youbou

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Cowichan Valley Regional District had a population of $89,013$ living in $37,290$ of its $40,174$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $83,739$. With a land area of 3472.48 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

 * Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

title: Cowichan Valley Regional District


text:
User talk:Irate~enwiki/82.35.37.118

Warning about user 82.35.37.118
This account has been used to detroy data in the past, for some reason two users User:Steinsky and User:Jni seem intent on protecting this glove puppet, presumably it is their puppet or one of their mates. So if it starts destroying data near you, let them know.--Jirate 18:57, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Irate~enwiki/82.35.37.118


text:
User talk:Boogie Down

if you continue to vandalize pages, you run the risk of having your account blocked. Kingturtle 20:34, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bite me, dickhead.

You have now been blocked for repeat vandalism. If you when you are allowed to return continue to vandalise articles you will be blocked longterm. Fear ÉIREANN 20:53, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boogie Down


text:
George Washington Bridge Bus Station

The George Washington Bridge Bus Station is a commuter bus terminal at the east end of the George Washington Bridge in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The bus station is owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ). On a typical weekday, approximately 20,000 passengers on about 1,000 buses use the station.

The building is an example of mid-century urban renewal and structural expressionism. Designed by the renowned Italian architect-engineer Pier Luigi Nervi, the new bus station was hailed as a robust tour-de-force of infrastructure ingenuity by leading critics of the day. While later noting the station's neglect from decades of deferred maintenance, the architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable heralded the design of the station as "a work of the first rank that demonstrates the art and science of reinforced concrete construction at its 20th-century highpoint, in the hands of one of its greatest masters."

The terminal was first proposed in 1955, following earlier attempts to construct a bus station at the George Washington Bridge's eastern end. The Port Authority hired Nervi to design the terminal in early 1960, and it opened on January 17, 1963. In its early years, the George Washington Bridge Bus Station was underused compared to the Port Authority Bus Terminal. A major renovation, including an expansion of retail space from 30000 to 120000 sqft, was announced in 2008; the project began in late 2013 and was expected to cost more than US$183 million. The renovated station reopened on May 16, 2017, two years behind schedule, $17 million over budget, and still unfinished.

Description

The station is built over the Trans-Manhattan Expressway (Interstate 95) between 178th and 179th Streets and Fort Washington and Wadsworth Avenues, and features direct bus ramps on and off the upper level of the bridge. The building was designed by noted Italian engineer Pier Luigi Nervi and is one of only a few buildings he designed outside of Italy. The structure measures 400 by long. Early plans for the terminal indicate that it contained 10 platforms for suburban buses on its top level, which collectively had 36 loading positions. At ground level were shops and seven sawtooth loading positions for long-distance buses. The basement level contained a mezzanine leading to the 175th Street station of the New York City Subway.

The building is constructed of huge steel-reinforced concrete trusses, fourteen of which are cantilevered from supports in the median of the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, which it straddles. The roof was constructed of 26 triangular sections, each measuring 66 by and composed of 36 concrete panels. The design of the roof was intended to disperse exhaust from buses idling there. The building's roof trusses have been described as resembling butterflies, as seen in aerial views. When the terminal was constructed in 1963, the Port Authority believed the design of the roof would eliminate the need to install air conditioning.

The building contains murals as well as busts of George Washington and Othmar Amman, the civil engineer who designed the bridge. The building received the 1963 Concrete Industry Board’s Award. The entire facility is wheelchair-accessible. The terminal was criticized by one writer as "a brutal assault on the senses".

Development
The George Washington Bridge between New York and New Jersey was opened in 1931; only its current upper deck existed at the time. As early as 1952, the PANYNJ (at the time the Port of New York Authority) had proposed widening a one-block stretch of 178th Street between Fort Washington Avenue and Broadway and creating a bus terminal there. The terminal would have contained three platforms for interstate buses and a connection to the 175th Street subway station. This would have required the demolition of three apartment houses and the building of the Young Men's and Women's Hebrew Association of Washington Heights.

A lower deck for the George Washington Bridge, a new Trans-Manhattan Expressway connecting the bridge to the Cross Bronx Expressway, a new bus terminal above the new expressway, and other highway connections near the bridge were recommended in a 1955 study that suggested improvements to the New York City area's highway system. The Port Authority announced plans for the $12 million bus station in February 1957. The planned terminal would be able to accommodate 255 buses per hour, allowing 70 percent more interstate buses to use the bridge. The Port Authority would have to relocate 10,000 families to make way for the bus terminal and connecting ramps, prompting opposition from the area's U.S. representative, Herbert Zelenko. The New York City Planning Commission approved the improvements in June 1957, and the Port Authority allocated funds to the improvement that July. In approving the bus terminal, the City Planning Commission mandated that the terminal be an enclosed structure.

The Port Authority announced in March 1960 that it had hired Nervi to design a three-story, $13 million bus terminal above the Trans-Manhattan Expressway. The agency had decided to hire Nervi after seeing several of his other designs, including the Stadio Flaminio in Rome, which Nervi had designed for the 1960 Summer Olympics. The terminal's foundations were already complete at the time, while the ramps to the terminal were being built. The Port Authority awarded a $9.6 million contract that December to the W. J. Barney Corporation and William L. Crow Company for the construction of the terminal's roof. In February 1961, contractors erected the largest of 40 steel girders carrying the terminal above the Trans-Manhattan Expressway. The steel frame of the terminal had been completed by that April, and workers had begun pouring concrete around the steel.

Opening and early modifications
The George Washington Bridge Bus Station opened on January 17, 1963, and was officially dedicated by New York governor Nelson Rockefeller and New Jersey governor Richard J. Hughes the next day. After passengers complained that the terminal's open-air design let in cold air, the Port Authority approved the installation of a retractable plastic membrane in August 1963 at a cost of $200,000. The PANYNJ also installed glass walls and louvers to protect passengers from strong winds from the west, and it installed heated glass-and-aluminum canopies above the ten departure platforms. Although the bus terminal was intended to replace a series of sidewalk bus loading areas that existed between 166th and 167th streets further south, the last bus route did not relocate to the new terminal until 1967.

In its early years, the George Washington Bridge Bus Station was underused, as most passengers from New Jersey preferred to travel to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. Upon the George Washington Bridge terminal's first anniversary, 750 buses served the terminal on an average day, carrying 20,500 passengers. By 1974, The New York Times had written that the George Washington Bridge Bus Station "has never been a success and is still under-utilized".

The PANYNJ hired developer McCann Real Equities in July 1999 to study the feasibility of erecting a multiplex cinema above the bus station. Had the multiplex been built, it would have contained 12 screens with a total of 2,800 seats and would have been operated by McCann under a 40-year lease. The multiplex would have cost $20 million. Ultimately, the multiplex was never built; there had been other unsuccessful plans to use the air rights above the terminal. By the 2000s, the terminal retained much of its original design but had fallen into disrepair.

Renovation
The PANYNJ approved a $152 million renovation of the George Washington Bridge Bus Station in October 2008. The Port Authority was to contribute $49.5 million to the project, while developer Acadia would pay $102 million. Although the terminal had accommodated 300,000 buses during the preceding year, carrying five million passengers, it had become dated and had never become as busy as the Port Authority Bus Terminal. The George Washington Bridge Bus Station lacked air-conditioning; it still contained payphones, at a time when many payphones across the city had been removed; and most of its retail activity consisted of off-track betting and sales of lottery tickets and cheap coffee. Later that month, the PANYNJ revealed designs for the terminal's renovation. The project was postponed due to the 2007–2008 financial crisis.

The agency announced in July 2011 that the project would proceed after the PANYNJ signed an agreement with a consortium of developers who would lease the terminal's retail space for 99 years. At that point, the cost had increased to $183 million. The developers were to provide $100 million for the project, while the PANYNJ would pay $83.2 million. Development firm New York City Regional Center (NYCRC) initially lent $72 million to the private developers, and NYCRC later lent another $19 million for the project. At the time of the announcement, the project was to begin in January 2012 and be completed by early 2013.

The renovated building was to be improved with better access to local subway stops, displays of bus departure and arrival times, central air conditioning, and full ADA-compliant accessibility. It would increase retail space from 30000 to 120000 sqft. Large tenants like Marshalls, Key Food, and Blink Fitness leased some of the terminal's retail space before the renovation began. Tutor Perini received a $100 million construction contract in August 2013. The Port Authority and a private company, known as GWBBS Development Venture LLC, began renovating the station later the same year. The bus station's main concourse was temporarily closed for renovations in August 2014. Although buses continued to stop at the terminal, the renovation was delayed significantly; the scheduled completion date of 2015 was postponed at least twice. According to The New York Times, the delays became "a sore point in Washington Heights".

The terminal reopened on May 16, 2017, two years behind schedule, $17 million over budget, and still unfinished. Tutor Perini filed a $120 million lawsuit against the PANYNJ in July 2019 over the project's "delays and cost overruns". GWBBS Development Venture LLC filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection that October, in part because of the delays, cost overruns, and arbitration proceedings with Tutor Perini. Monarch Alternative Capital LP offered to take over the leasehold of the station's retail space, but negotiations with the PANYNJ stalled. NYCRC sued the PANYNJ in 2021, claiming that the agency was trying to wipe out the firm's investment in the terminal by interfering with the planned sale of the retail leasehold. Aurora Capital Associates and Bridges Development Group acquired the retail leasehold in December 2022 for $46 million.

Subway connection
The complex is served by the 175th Street station of the New York City Subway. The station is on Fort Washington Avenue with entrances at 175th Street and 177th Street, the latter one block south of the bus station. The subway station, operated by the New York City Transit Authority and served by the, was part of the Independent Subway System (IND)'s first line, the IND Eighth Avenue Line, which opened in 1932. A pedestrian tunnel, maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, links the bus terminal to the subway station. This tunnel is closed at night.

The bus station is also within walking distance of the 181st Street station of the same line, and the 181st Street IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line station on the.

Bus service
On September 20, 2017, Greyhound announced that it would be providing service to the station starting September 27, while keeping the Port Authority Bus Terminal as its primary New York City location.

, the bus lines detailed below serve the terminal for the New York City Transit Authority, New Jersey Transit, and Coach USA (Rockland Coaches and Short Line). Service is also provided by Spanish Transportation with its Express Service jitneys. Additionally, some OurBus routes serve the George Washington Bridge Bus Station.

MTA Regional Bus Operations
Ten local MTA Regional Bus Operations routes stop at a lower level and on the streets outside the station. The stops on Fort Washington Avenue, while the  stop on Broadway. The stop on 178th and 179th Streets between Fort Washington Avenue and Broadway. All routes are ADA-accessible.

title: George Washington Bridge Bus Station


text:
User:Computor

The time is now  (GMT), 29 July, 2024.

Greetings.

I am from Hong Kong and is currently studying computer science in London. My Wikipedian membership began on 6 April 2005 (GMT). I can communicate in English and Chinese, but my first language is Cantonese.

Recommended websites

 * Ampleforth College Home Page
 * Folding@Home Home Page
 * Scirus, for searching scientific information
 * Techdictionary, The Online Computer Dictionary
 * SourceForge.net
 * 3D Shop, a 3D Image Gallery
 * The Quotations Page
 * The Harry Potter Lexicon

ja:User:Computor zh:User:Computor zh-yue:User:Computor

title: User:Computor


text:
User:Tbrminsanity

Webpage = http://www.oocities.com/tbrminsanity/index.html

title: User:Tbrminsanity


text:
Talk:Economy of the Soviet Union

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 22 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Timlee5321.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:07, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

GDP.
The World Bank and CIA uncritically believe the GDP figures that were provided by USSR authorities. Those figures can't be taken seriously. --

That's not true, Soviet authorities didn't even provide GDP figures at all (they used a different accounting system, called NMP). All GDP figures for the USSR are, by necessity, Western estimates. -- 107.242.117.35 (talk) 16:00, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Just checked the BIP raise of sovietuniuon 1990: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/ says, there was +8,42 in 1990 and 1991 -6,2! 2001:9E8:A1A7:4300:E429:9A8C:A969:4AD1 (talk) 11:02, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

The supposed Russian term
Why экономика and not хозяйство? Wegesrand (talk) 14:00, 15 May 2019 (UTC)

Ambiguous compound sentence, end of second paragraph.
The sentence:

The White House National Security Council of the United States described the continuing growth as a proven ability to carry backward countries speedily through the crisis of modernization and industrialization, and the impoverished base upon which the five-year plans sought to build meant that at the commencement of Operation Barbarossa in 1941 the country was still poor.

is ambiguous. Here is why:

1) The National Security Council (NSC) was founded in 1947, but the sentence seems to say the NSC spoke contemporaneously. Thus the first clause is imprecise, it might be that the NSC was speaking of the five year plans at some point after WWII as well.

2) The second clause ...and the impoverished base...Barbarosa... is both not connected to what the NSC had to say post-1947 but also seems to contradict the earlier sentence Impressive growth rates during the first three five-year plans (1928–1940)...

I suggest there should be two separate sentences. One saying that the NSC looked back at the first three 5 year plans and found them impressive. Another saying that despite the impressive growth, the base was so impoverished that Russia was still poor at the commencement of Barbarosa in 1941.

Both issues - how the five year plans helped move Russia from an agrarian economy to industrial powerhouse, and how Russia's starting point in the 1920's was so disastrous - are major issue worthy of study and comment. They deserve mention in the lead in to the page. I think they need to be written separately.

I'm not 100% clear on why Barbarosa is mentioned here at all, since this is a page on the USSR economy and not on WWII. Russia would have been exactly as poor on June 22 1941 if Germany had not attacked, yes? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.77.20.244 (talk) 22:21, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of the Soviet Union


text:
Gabriel Jarret

Gabriel Jarret (born Gabriel Kronsberg; January 1, 1970) is an American actor. He began his career in 1981. He is best known for his role as the young genius Mitch Taylor in the 1985 comedy film Real Genius in which he co-starred with Val Kilmer.

Career
Jarret's first film was Going Ape! in 1981. His most notable appearance was as Mitch Taylor alongside Val Kilmer's Chris Knight in the movie Real Genius. Other film roles include The Karate Kid Part III, Apollo 13 and Last Days. Jarret also made television guest appearances in such shows as 21 Jump Street, L.A. Law, Party of Five, and The West Wing.

Jarret appeared as 1st Officer Chapman in Poseidon. He performed in the Ron Howard film Frost/Nixon as Nixon speechwriter Ken Khachigian.

Jarret is also an American Sign Language (ASL) interpreter who performed with Terrylene in Sweet Nothing in My Ear with the Mixed Blood Theatre Company.

Jarret is a lyricist and vocalist of the rock/alternative rock vein. In the early 1990s, Jarret fronted the Los Angeles-based rock band The Unknown. The band had limited success for a short period, once appearing at the House of Blues with Tower of Power. The band attracted some record label interest but broke up before any deals materialized.

Personal life
On September 10, 2023, Jarret was caught in a sting operation and accused of trying to lure a 14-year-old girl for sex. The "Creep Catching Unit", a civilian organization, announced that they had records of text message conversations between Jarret and a member of their group posing as a 14-year-old girl. Jarret said he was a "victim of entrapment", as she was the one sending the "explicit messages", and he only planned to meet her to "tell her to stop texting him". As of September 12, 2023, the investigation is ongoing.

title: Gabriel Jarret


text:
Template talk:T

Template:T7789
If you're looking for the t-related character, see Template:T7789.
 * Template:T7789 has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. —Gordon P. Hemsley→ ✉ 20:42, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Purpose
What's this template for? --Joy [shallot]   11:04, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This is an example template from meta:Help:Template. Initially used in examples in Template talk:If equal and Template talk:If equal g. (SEWilco 16:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC))

Little used
It appears that this template is little used and the name could possibly be put to better use. Does anyone even have this template watchlisted? (→ Netscott ) 19:28, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This template on Meta is hardly used either with only 43 links to it. (→ Netscott ) 19:32, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that it seems little used. If it were renamed, t could become a redirect to tl (perhaps vice versa...?) and thereby mimic c. Regards, David Kernow (talk) 06:45, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Redirect to tl
As the demo version of this template is only referenced on meta (and is t0 there), I'm replacing this template with a redirect to tl to reflect its actual use on most, if not all English Wikipedia pages. --coldacid (talk|contrib) 18:42, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 13 August 2014
May the template's code be replaced with that in the sandbox (current as of this post), please? It retains t's primary role as if a redirect to tl, but, when its (first) parameter is plain, mimics the template c used for categories. In other words, as c is to cl, {{t|plain}} would be to tl. Working examples on the testcases page.

Sardanaphalus (talk) 20:17, 13 August 2014 (UTC)
 * This looks a bit pointless to me. Surely if you need a plain link you can just type out the wikilink yourself? Bear in mind that this template is used on more than 200,000 pages, and often several times per page. We don't want to make it unnecessarily complicated. — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 02:21, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

 * On second thoughts, perhaps yes, a piped wikilink isn't that much more complicated, otherwise use another template. (Is, then, c worthwhile..?) Sardanaphalus (talk) 08:53, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Template talk:T


text:
Sakuraba

Sakuraba (written: 桜庭 lit. "cherry blossom garden") is a Japanese surname that may refer to:

 * Atsuko Sakuraba (born 1976), Japanese gravure idol, tarento and actress
 * Kazuki Sakuraba (born 1971), Japanese author of novels and light novels
 * Kazushi Sakuraba (born 1969), Japanese mixed martial artist and professional wrestler
 * Koharu Sakuraba, manga author
 * Motoi Sakuraba (born 1965), Japanese composer, arranger, and musician
 * Nanami Sakuraba (born 1992), Japanese gravure idol, actress and singer

Fictional characters:
 * Aoi Sakuraba, a fictional character from the manga and anime series Ai Yori Aoshi.
 * Milfeulle Sakuraba, a fictional character from the anime Galaxy Angel
 * Neku Sakuraba, a fictional character in the Nintendo DS video game The World Ends with You
 * Yuichiro Sakuraba, a fictional J-pop Idol in the 2001-2003 drama series Mukodono!

title: Sakuraba


text:
National Autonomous University

National Autonomous University may refer to:
 * National Autonomous University of Honduras, main campus in Tegucigalpa
 * National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City
 * National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León and Managua

title: National Autonomous University


text: User talk:69.242.53.191

title: User talk:69.242.53.191


text:
Raney nickel

Raney nickel, also called spongy nickel, is a fine-grained solid composed mostly of nickel derived from a nickel–aluminium alloy. Several grades are known, of which most are gray solids. Some are pyrophoric, but most are used as air-stable slurries. Raney nickel is used as a reagent and as a catalyst in organic chemistry. It was developed in 1926 by American engineer Murray Raney for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Raney is a registered trademark of W. R. Grace and Company. Other major producers are Evonik and Johnson Matthey.

Alloy preparation
The Ni–Al alloy is prepared by dissolving nickel in molten aluminium followed by cooling ("quenching"). Depending on the Ni:Al ratio, quenching produces a number of different phases. During the quenching procedure, small amounts of a third metal, such as zinc or chromium, are added to enhance the activity of the resulting catalyst. This third metal is called a "promoter". The promoter changes the mixture from a binary alloy to a ternary alloy, which can lead to different quenching and leaching properties during activation.

Activation
In the activation process, the alloy, usually as a fine powder, is treated with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. The simplified leaching reaction is given by the following chemical equation:

 * 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 Na[Al(OH)4] + 3 H2

The formation of sodium aluminate (Na[Al(OH)4]) requires that solutions of high concentration of sodium hydroxide be used to avoid the formation of aluminium hydroxide, which otherwise would precipitate as bayerite. Hence sodium hydroxide solutions with concentrations of up to 5 M are used.

The temperature used to leach the alloy has a marked effect on the properties of the catalyst. Commonly, leaching is conducted between 70 and 100 °C. The surface area of Raney nickel (and related catalysts in general) tends to decrease with increasing leaching temperature. This is due to structural rearrangements within the alloy that may be considered analogous to sintering, where alloy ligaments would start adhering to each other at higher temperatures, leading to the loss of the porous structure.

During the activation process, Al is leached out of the NiAl3 and Ni2Al3 phases that are present in the alloy, while most of the Ni remains, in the form of NiAl. The removal of Al from some phases but not others is known as "selective leaching". The NiAl phase has been shown to provide the structural and thermal stability of the catalyst. As a result, the catalyst is quite resistant to decomposition ("breaking down", commonly known as "aging"). This resistance allows Raney nickel to be stored and reused for an extended period; however, fresh preparations are usually preferred for laboratory use. For this reason, commercial Raney nickel is available in both "active" and "inactive" forms.

Before storage, the catalyst can be washed with distilled water at ambient temperature to remove remaining sodium aluminate. Oxygen-free (degassed) water is preferred for storage to prevent oxidation of the catalyst, which would accelerate its aging process and result in reduced catalytic activity.

Properties

Macroscopically, Raney nickel is a finely divided, grey powder. Microscopically, each particle of this powder is a three-dimensional mesh, with pores of irregular size and shape, the vast majority of which are created during the leaching process. Raney nickel is notable for being thermally and structurally stable, as well as having a large Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET ) surface area. These properties are a direct result of the activation process and contribute to a relatively high catalytic activity.

The surface area is typically determined by a BET measurement using a gas that is preferentially adsorbed on metallic surfaces, such as hydrogen. Using this type of measurement, almost all the exposed area in a particle of the catalyst has been shown to have Ni on its surface. Since Ni is the active metal of the catalyst, a large Ni surface area implies a large surface is available for reactions to occur simultaneously, which is reflected in an increased catalyst activity. Commercially available Raney nickel has an average Ni surface area of 100 m2 per gram of catalyst.

A high catalytic activity, coupled with the fact that hydrogen is absorbed within the pores of the catalyst during activation, makes Raney nickel a useful catalyst for many hydrogenation reactions. Its structural and thermal stability (i.e., it does not decompose at high temperatures) allows its use under a wide range of reaction conditions. Additionally, the solubility of Raney nickel is negligible in most common laboratory solvents, with the exception of mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, and its relatively high density (about 6.5 g cm−3) also facilitates its separation from a liquid phase after a reaction is completed.

Applications
Raney nickel is used in a large number of industrial processes and in organic synthesis because of its stability and high catalytic activity at room temperature.

Industrial applications
In a commercial application, Raney nickel is used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane. Other heterogeneous catalysts, such as those using platinum group elements are used in some cases. Platinum metals tend to be more active, requiring milder temperatures, but they are more expensive than Raney nickel. The cyclohexane thus produced may be used in the synthesis of adipic acid, a raw material used in the industrial production of polyamides such as nylon.

Other industrial applications of Raney nickel include the conversion of:
 * Dextrose to sorbitol;
 * Nitro compounds to amines, for example, 2,4-dinitrotoluene to 2,4-toluenediamine;
 * Nitriles to amines, for example, stearonitrile to stearylamine and adiponitrile to hexamethylenediamine;
 * Olefins to paraffins, for example, sulfolene to sulfolane;
 * Acetylenes to paraffins, for example, 1,4-butynediol to 1,4-butanediol.

Desulfurization
Raney nickel is used in organic synthesis for desulfurization. For example, thioacetals will be reduced to hydrocarbons in the last step of the Mozingo reduction:

Thiols, and sulfides can be removed from aliphatic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic compounds. Likewise, Raney nickel will remove the sulfur of thiophene to give a saturated alkane.

Reduction of functional groups
It is typically used in the reduction of compounds with multiple bonds, such as alkynes, alkenes, nitriles, dienes, aromatics and carbonyl-containing compounds. Additionally, Raney nickel will reduce heteroatom-heteroatom bonds, such as hydrazines, nitro groups, and nitrosamines. It has also found use in the reductive alkylation of amines and the amination of alcohols.

When reducing a carbon-carbon double bond, Raney nickel will add hydrogen in a syn fashion.

Related catalysts
Raney cobalt has also been described.

In contrast to the pyrophoric nature of some forms of Raney nickel, nickel silicide-based catalysts represent potentially safer alternatives.

Raney alloys include FeTi and other non Nickel alloys. FeTi has been considered for low pressure Hydrogen Storage. Aldricimica Acta (free from Sigma nee Aldrich) has a complete list of Raney alloys.

Safety

Due to its large surface area and high volume of contained hydrogen gas, dry, activated Raney nickel is a pyrophoric material that requires handling under an inert atmosphere. Raney nickel is typically supplied as a 50% slurry in water. Even after reaction, residual Raney nickel contains significant amounts of hydrogen gas and may spontaneously ignite when exposed to air.

Additionally, acute exposure to Raney nickel may cause irritation of the respiratory tract and nasal cavities, and causes pulmonary fibrosis if inhaled. Ingestion may lead to convulsions and intestinal disorders. It can also cause eye and skin irritation. Chronic exposure may lead to pneumonitis and other signs of sensitization to nickel, such as skin rashes ("nickel itch").

Nickel is also rated as being a possible human carcinogen by the IARC (Group 2B, EU category 3) and teratogen, while the inhalation of fine aluminium oxide particles is associated with Shaver's disease.

Development
Murray Raney graduated as a mechanical engineer from the University of Kentucky in 1909. In 1915 he joined the Lookout Oil and Refining Company in Tennessee and was responsible for the installation of electrolytic cells for the production of hydrogen which was used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. During that time the industry used a nickel catalyst prepared from nickel(II) oxide. Believing that better catalysts could be produced, around 1921 he started to perform independent research while still working for Lookout Oil. In 1924 a 1:1 ratio Ni/Si alloy was produced, which after treatment with sodium hydroxide, was found to be five times more active than the best catalyst used in the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil. A patent for this discovery was issued in December 1925.

Subsequently, Raney produced a 1:1 Ni/Al alloy following a procedure similar to the one used for the nickel-silicon catalyst. He found that the resulting catalyst was even more active and filed a patent application in 1926. This is now a common alloy composition for modern Raney nickel catalysts. Other common alloy compositions include 21:29 Ni/Al and 3:7 Ni/Al. Both the activity and preparation protocols for these catalysts vary.

Following the development of Raney nickel, other alloy systems with aluminium were considered, of which the most notable include copper, ruthenium and cobalt. Further research showed that adding a small amount of a third metal to the binary alloy would promote the activity of the catalyst. Some widely used promoters are zinc, molybdenum and chromium. An alternative way of preparing enantioselective Raney nickel has been devised by surface adsorption of tartaric acid.

title: Raney nickel


text:
Giacomo Agostini

Giacomo Agostini (born 16 June 1942) is an Italian former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. Nicknamed Ago, he amassed 122 Grand Prix wins and 15 World Championship titles. Of these, 68 wins and 8 titles came in the 500 cc class, the rest in the 350 cc class. For these achievements obtained over the course of a career spanning 17 years, the AMA described him as "...perhaps the greatest Grand Prix rider of all time". In 2000, Agostini was inducted into the MotoGP Hall of Fame as a MotoGP Legend, while in 2010, he was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements.

Early career
Agostini was born in Brescia, Lombardy. His family was from Lovere, where his father was employed in the local town council. The oldest of four brothers, Agostini initially had to steal away to compete, first in hill climb events and then in road racing, as his father did not approve of his son's motorcycle racing career and did everything he could to persuade him not to race.

Eventually his father came to terms with his racing and Agostini won the 1963 Italian 175cc championship aboard a Morini. He got his break when Morini factory rider Tarquinio Provini left the team to ride for Benelli. Count Alfonso Morini hired the young Agostini to ride for him. In 1964, Agostini would win the Italian 350cc title and proved his ability by finishing fourth in the Italian Grand Prix at Monza.

World championships
These results caught the eye of Count Domenico Agusta, who signed Agostini to ride for his MV Agusta squad as Mike Hailwood's teammate. Agostini then fought a season-long battle with Honda's Jim Redman for the 1965 350cc world championship. He seemed to have the title won when he led the final round in Japan at Suzuka when his bike failed him, handing the title to Redman. At the end of the 1965 season, Hailwood left to join Honda as he had tired of working for the difficult Count Agusta. With Agostini now the top MV Agusta rider, he responded by winning the 500cc title seven years in succession for the Italian factory. He would also win the 350cc title seven times in succession and won 10 Isle of Man TTs. At the time, the Isle of Man TT and the Ulster Grand Prixs were regularly won by Anglophonic (mostly British) riders; in addition to Agostini's successes at the TT he also won 7 Ulster Grand Prix races- he was the only non-British rider to achieve the same kind of success in these British motorcycle races- which were 2 of the most difficult motorcycle races in the world at the time. In 1967 he battled Hailwood in one of the most dramatic seasons in Grand Prix history. Each rider had 5 victories before the championship was decided in Agostini's favor at the last race of the season.

Agostini dropped a bombshell on the Grand Prix world when he announced he would never again race at the Isle of Man TT, after the death of his close friend, Gilberto Parlotti during the 1972 TT. He considered the 37 mile circuit unsafe for world championship competition. At the time, the TT was the most prestigious race on the motorcycling calendar. Other top riders joined his boycott of the event and by 1977, the event was struck from the Grand Prix schedule.

Agostini surprised the racing world when he announced that he would leave MV Agusta to ride for Yamaha for the 1974 season. On his first outing for the Japanese factory, he won the Daytona 200, helping to cement the race's reputation as one of the most prestigious motorcycle races in the world. He went on to claim the 1974 350cc World Championship but injuries and mechanical problems kept him from winning the 500cc crown. He rebounded and won the 1975 500cc title, marking the first time a two-stroke machine won the premier class.

The 1975 championship would also be the last world title for the 33-year-old Italian. In 1976, he rode both Yamaha and MV bikes in the 500cc class, yet raced only once in the 350cc to win in Assen. For the challenging Nürburgring, he chose the 500cc MV Agusta and took it to victory, winning the last Grand Prix for both himself, the marque and the last for four-stroke engines in the 500cc class.

He retired from motorcycle competition after finishing 6th in the 1977 season in which he also raced in 750cc endurance races for Yamaha.

Racing car career
Like Jean-Pierre Beltoise, John Surtees and Mike Hailwood before him, Agostini raced in Formula One cars. He competed in non-championship Formula One races in 1978. He competed in the European Formula 2 series in a Chevron B42-BMW and British Aurora Formula 1 with his own team and a Williams FW06. He ended his auto racing career in 1980.

Team manager
In 1982, Agostini returned to motorcycle racing as the Marlboro Yamaha team manager. In this role he won three 500cc titles with Eddie Lawson and managed many successful riders including Graeme Crosby and Kenny Roberts. Under his management riders won the 1982 Daytona Formula 1 (Crosby), 1983 and 1984 Daytona Formula 1 (Roberts) and 1986 Daytona Superbike championships (Lawson). Between 1986 and 1990 he also managed the Marlboro Yamaha 250cc team with riders like Luca Cadalora, Martin Wimmer and Àlex Crivillé.

Since 1992, he served as the Cagiva factory racing team manager until 1994, when Cagiva withdrew from the world championship. Agostini's last season as team manager was 1995 when he managed a 250cc Honda team with Doriano Romboni as rider.

Complete Grand Prix motorcycle racing results
Source:

Points system from 1964 to 1968:

Points system from 1969 onwards:

Complete British Formula One Championship results
(key)

title: Giacomo Agostini


text:
User:Dabisu

I collaborate in the spanish wikipedia, so you can find more info about me here

I'm here in the english wikipedia to work translating articles, and lately helping with the translation of some images.

title: User:Dabisu


text:
Fillmore District, San Francisco

The Fillmore District is a historical neighborhood in San Francisco located to the southwest of Nob Hill, west of Market Street and north of the Mission District. It has been given various nicknames such as "the Moe" or "the Fill". The Fillmore District began to rise to prominence after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. As a result of not being affected by the earthquake itself nor the large fires that ensued, it quickly became one of the major commercial and cultural centers of the city.

After the earthquake, the district experienced a large influx of diverse ethnic populations. It began to house large numbers of African Americans, Japanese and Jews. Each group significantly contributed to the local culture and earned the Fillmore district a reputation for being "One of the most diverse neighborhoods in San Francisco". In particular, the district was known for having the largest jazz scene on the west coast of the United States up until its decline in the 1970s. A large Japantown was also historically located in the Fillmore District although technically it does not lie within the borders of the district today.

During the late 1960s and 1970s, the Fillmore District underwent a large-scale redevelopment. This led to a decline of the jazz scene in the area. However, there are claims that jazz in the district has rebounded in recent years.

The redevelopment of the Fillmore remains a controversial issue. Many of those forced to move from the district call that redevelopment a "Negro Removal" and a product of racism. The city planners claim redevelopment was a way to combat the extremely high rates of crime in the area and to reinvigorate the local economy.

Location
Though its boundaries are not clearly defined, the Fillmore is usually considered to be a subset of the Western Addition neighborhood and is roughly bordered by Van Ness Avenue on the east, Divisadero Street on the west, Geary Boulevard on the north, and Grove Street on the south. These delineations are approximate and there are certain irregularities in the geographic shape of the neighborhood; for instance, the Westside Housing Projects are generally considered to be part of the Fillmore District, even though they are located a block west of Divisadero and a block north of Geary. The community also extends south of Grove St. at several points. Fillmore Street, from which the district gets its name, is the main north–south thoroughfare running through the center of the district.

The area east of Fillmore St. is locally referred to as Downtown Fillmore, while the area to the west of Fillmore is known by many locals as Uptown Fillmore. Some definitions, particularly older ones, include Hayes Valley, Japantown, and what is now known as North of Panhandle as part of the district and extend the western border further. However, redevelopment — for example, that which followed the Loma Prieta earthquake and the collapse of the Central Freeway — has made these areas more independent and distinct. In addition, the area centered on Fillmore Street to the north of Geary had long been uniformly known as Upper Fillmore, but rising property values in the 1980s and 1990s severely weakened its ties to the largely working-class Fillmore District. Instead, it became increasingly tied to the extremely wealthy Pacific Heights neighborhood to the north. This change in socio-economic identity has caused the Upper Fillmore to be commonly called "Lower Pacific Heights" in recent times, especially by its non-native residents. Overall, most locals agree that the Fillmore has been steadily shrinking for several decades. The Fillmore is almost entirely in San Francisco's fifth supervisorial district, with a small sliver on the district's eastern edge in District 3.

History
The Fillmore district was created in the 1880s to provide new space for the city to grow in an effort to address overcrowding. After the 1906 earthquake Fillmore Street, which had largely avoided heavy damage, temporarily became a major commercial center as the city's downtown rebuilt and began a period where the district where migrant groups from Jews to Japanese and then African-Americans predominated. Redevelopment programs in the 1960s led to displacement and loss of the district's jazz and cultural scene.

Jewish community
After the 1906 earthquake, Jewish emigrants from Eastern Europe and those displaced from the SOMA district settled in the Fillmore. Jewish-owned businesses opened on Fillmore and McAllister streets to serve the community. The district had three synagogues, a Yiddish Cultural Center and a school. The Fillmore was considered the center of the Jewish community in San Francisco in the early 20th century.

Japanese immigration and internment
A significant Japanese population has existed since the San Francisco Earthquake in 1906. The Japanese created a Japantown that still exists close to its original location today. In 1906, there were approximately 5,000 Japanese who lived within that section of town, making them the largest minority of the Fillmore district for a significant period of time.

Like many of the ethnic groups in San Francisco, the Japanese faced discrimination. The type of discrimination a Japanese person could expect to face was slightly different than the discrimination an African American would face. Many Americans perceived the Japanese as foreigners and as citizens of another country. It was a widely held belief that the Japanese in San Francisco and the Fillmore were still loyal to Japan even though many were 2nd or 3rd generation American citizens. One Ozawa court case ruling exemplified this type of racism when it described the Japanese as "Aliens ineligible to citizenship". This systemic racism towards the Japanese would eventually fuel the decision for the Issuing of executive order 9066 by president Franklin Roosevelt and the internment of all Japanese citizens. After the war, the Japanese slowly migrated back to the Fillmore district and the Japanese population would make its way back to pre-war levels within a few years.

Noted Japanese monk Nyogen Senzaki, who is credited with introducing Zen Buddhism in the United States opened the first zendo in an apartment on Bush Street in the Fillmore.

African-American community
Although some African Americans were present in the Fillmore District after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, it would not be until WWII that the Fillmore District and San Francisco as a whole began to have a large African-American population. Between the years of 1940 and 1950, the African American population of San Francisco grew from 4,836 to 43,460, from 0.5% to 4.5% of the city's total population. A vast majority of these African Americans lived in the Fillmore District. The Japanese internment in 1942 had left a large number of unoccupied homes and businesses within the Fillmore, and the shipbuilding industry and wartime economy created by WWII brought a large number of wartime jobs into the city. Additionally, many African Americans had left the south in the Great Migration in order to escape Jim Crow laws.

This influx of African Americans during and after WWII created racial tension. Many African Americans were forced to live in certain neighborhoods of the city. The Civil Rights Movement succeeded in making significant legal gains for African Americans and many other ethnic groups. However, there are still significant social tensions which still exist today. After the war, the African American population contributed significantly to the growing jazz culture in the Fillmore, with clubs, such as Jimbo's Bop City (ca 1950–1965), flourishing there. In addition, the trend of African American migration to the city and the district continued at a fast pace until it reached a peak of about 13 percent in the 1970s.

During the 1970s the Fillmore District was at the forefront of the redevelopment effort going on in the city. Many people ascribe the decline of the Fillmore district as a center for jazz and African Americans to this redevelopment. Since redevelopment started in the 1970s, the African American population in San Francisco went from around 13 percent to just under 6 percent of the overall population in 2010.

Redevelopment and displacement
After WWII, the city government began to grow increasingly wary of the supposed instability of the Fillmore District. In Lai Clement's article on the Fillmore district he stated that "At a 1948 public hearing, State Senator O'Gara noted that the Fillmore was the city's worst blighted area with metastasizing ramifications for the city's citizenry and other districts". Whether it really was or not is still up for debate. In general, the Fillmore District was seen as a district that was filled with poverty and in desperate need of remodeling. As a result, the city government of San Francisco established the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency (RDA) in order to spearhead the redevelopment effort.

The city focused its efforts into two main redevelopment projects known as A-1 and A-2. The A-1 redevelopment project began in 1956 and lasted until 1973. A-1 Primarily focused on the Japan town side of the Fillmore and had the JCTC (Japanese Cultural and Trade Center) as its so called "center piece". The project covered 28 city blocks, displaced around 8,000 people and destroyed 6,000 low renting housing units. The A-2 redevelopment project was started in 1966 and lasted until the end of the 1970s. This project spanned about 70 city blocks around the A-1 redevelopment area. It would end up displacing up to 13,500 residents, destroying 4,522 households and 5,000 low rent housing units.

The A-1 redevelopment project was considered to be a fantastic success by the RDA because it significantly boosted the economy in the area. However, both the A-1 and the A-2 projects were met with a large amount of popular resistance. Many of the people who criticized the redevelopment project were the many who were forcibly removed from the area. In particular, the A-2 redevelopment project was often described as being a disaster for the overall culture present in the Fillmore and was definitely the more unpopular of the two projects. Specifically, the A-2 project was considered to be detrimental to the jazz scene in the area according to many anti redevelopment organizations such as WACO. Forced to confront the growing amount of popular unrest, the RDA justified its redevelopment projects by saying that any former residents would be able to come back to their homes after the redevelopment was finished. The RDA also argued that the redevelopment projects would spur a new economic boom in the area. However, both of these statements turned out to be false. The increased housing prices of the redeveloped area would force many of the former residents to move away because they couldn't afford the newly built housing. Also, the envisioned economic boom of the A-2 project never came. Investors and developers were not willing to establish the commercial stores in the rebuilt area for a few different reasons. First, developers would not come to the area because it was likely to cause traffic problems for potential shoppers. Second, there was considerable backlash from proposition 14 that might threaten potential investors development. Finally, developers did not want to invest in commercial stores in the area because there was still a racialized stigma that the Fillmore District was a "bad" neighborhood.

As a result of the project's displacement of residents and businesses, its mixed and arguably discriminatory economic impact, and its design (featuring mid-century renewal concepts such as superblocks and strict separation of uses), the redevelopment of the Fillmore is considered by most to have been unsuccessful and regrettable. Post-redevelopment, encroaching gentrification and the physical decay of cheaply constructed housing complexes have led to a neighborhood of stark contrasts between rich and poor. As of 2001, only 4% of the "Certificates of Preference" issued to businesses forced out by the RDA had been redeemed.

Urban renewal
In the 1990s–2000s, the neighborhood underwent another wave of urban renewal and gentrification in the form of a new "Jazz District" along Fillmore Street with mostly upscale jazz-themed restaurants, and proposed condominium construction.

Financial role
After the collapse of Market Street during the 1906 earthquake, many of the commercial businesses and financial institutions moved to the Fillmore District. Since then, the Fillmore has played a vital role in the economy of San Francisco. However, after most of Market Street was rebuilt, many businesses moved back and the Financial District once again eclipsed the Fillmore district in terms of economic importance.

Landmarks and features
Fillmore Street, the neighborhood's main commercial strip, reflects Fillmore's diversity: family-owned neighborhood-serving retail mixes with chain stores, jazz clubs, and ethnic restaurants of many varieties. Some of the stores, restaurants, and clubs lost to redevelopment are memorialized by plaques on the sidewalk.

There is a branch of the San Francisco public library located at Geary and Scott.

Fillmore Auditorium
The historic Fillmore Auditorium is located in the neighborhood at the corner of Geary Boulevard and Fillmore Street. A major national concert venue famous as the focus point of the psychedelic music scene during the 1960s, it was home to early concerts by Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead among others.

Jazz and blues
In the 1940s and 1950s, it was known as the "Harlem of the West" and attracted many leading jazz performers including Louis Armstrong, John Coltrane, Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday and the "Bird" (Charlie Parker). Fillmore Street was filled with nightclubs. Jimbo's Bop City is reported to be the only venue to host Parker and Armstrong together at the same time. One of the oldest jazz performers in the Bay Area currently living, Frank R. Fisher, performed in Fillmore District in the 40s and 50s.

As part of efforts in the 1990s to revitalize the Fillmore district, the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency created the Historic Fillmore Jazz Preservation District to encourage the development of entertainment and commercial businesses in this historical area. A Jazz Heritage Center was created within a major new apartment and commercial development, the Fillmore Heritage Center, which housed the San Francisco branch of Yoshi's jazz club. In 2012, Yoshi's SF filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and in 2014 it closed and was replaced by The Addition which closed its doors on January 14, 2015.

Many nightclubs (Leola Kings Bird Cage, Wesley Johnson's Texas PlayHouse, Shelton's Blue Mirror, and Jacks of Sutter) existed on the Fillmore, bringing major musical icons to the neighborhood including Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, and Billie Holiday.

Markets and festivals
A farmer's market is held at the Fillmore Center Plaza on Saturday mornings, year round. The market features local jazz musicians as well as California-grown produce.

The Fillmore Street Jazz Festival is held annually in July. The Fillmore Fridays Outdoor Music and Cinema Series is held Friday evenings between August and October. The Juneteenth Festival (Emancipation of Enslaved African Americans) is held every June 19.

Public transit
The neighborhood, thanks to its central location, is served by several Muni bus lines including the 22, 21, 24, 38, 31, 43, 47, 49, and 5.

The Peoples Temple
In 1971, the Peoples Temple, a new religious organization, established its headquarters at 1859 Geary Boulevard, situated on the edge of the Fillmore district. Led by Jim Jones, the church began spreading its message of apostolic socialism and racial integration to the Fillmore district. This resonated well with the residents, who viewed Jones as a promising figure amidst the challenging conditions that followed urban renewal in the area. In Neighborhoods: The Hidden Cities of San Francisco, The Fillmore Charles Collins, a former Fillmore resident, says "[Jones] came into a community that needed to have a sense of belonging. For people who needed to come together. People who were broken." Reverend Hannibal Williams, a former community organizer in the Fillmore, says, "people were desperate for solutions. People needed something to follow. Jim Jones was a solution. He was something to follow."

Jones effectively appealed to the predominantly Black congregation in the Fillmore district by employing the language and oral traditions of Black churches. This approach struck a chord with many of his followers who had previously attended Black churches. Additionally, he utilized charisma, manipulative tactics, and mind control techniques to gain the loyalty and obedience of numerous residents in the Fillmore.

In 1974, Jim Jones made the decision to relocate the Peoples Temple to Guyana, believing it to be the ideal setting to establish the socialist racially integrated mission he envisioned. He also hoped to escape mounting pressures from negative publicity and ongoing investigations by the media in San Francisco. Through his persuasive tactics, Jones managed to convince many Fillmore residents to join him. After a year of constructing the commune, Jones led his followers in a tragic event that would forever be known as the Jonestown massacre. 918 individuals lost their lives, with a significant portion hailing from the Fillmore district. The former San Francisco headquarters of the Peoples Temple is now occupied by a United States Post Office building.

title: Fillmore District, San Francisco


text:
User:Lsloan

Pages contained within :{{PAGENAME}}
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More About common.js (and common.css)

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 * MediaWiki:Common.js
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title: User:Lsloan


text:
Talk:Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000

Proposed merging
See Talk:Dance Dance Revolution Solo BASS MIX.

title: Talk:Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000


text:
Neeya

Neeya may refer to:
 * Neeya?, a 1979 Indian fantasy film
 * Neeya 2, its 2019 sequel
 * Neeya, a Singaporean-Indian TV series
 * Neya (ネーヤ) character from Infinite Ryvius anime series

title: Neeya


text:
User talk:Computor

Welcome to my discussion page. If you have any messages or questions for me, please kindly append them to this page. So I can get to know them and reply if required as soon as possible. Thank you and have a nice day.

Welcome to Wikiquote
Hi, Computor, I saw you have created your user page on English Wikiquote. I am happy to see you join our community. Now I have a request for your user page. You turned both your user page and talk to redirects to Wikipedia. I am afraid it will make some confusions. Specially it makes hard to review your contributions. Would you like to put a link to your favorite page and leave a message "please visit my Wikipedia page" instead? Cheers, -- Aphaea *  08:29, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your suggestion. I am going to amend them soon. Cheers. -- Computor 08:36, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Barnstar
I am giving you this barnstar to let you know that I too feel your Wikistress. Take care, D. J. Bracey (talk) 01:04, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Post-London meetup
Hi, I'm the guy from the Sanger Institute. We do have out own article (with a picture by me;-) We do large-scale DNA sequencing and sequence annotation/analysis, and our server farm is in the top500 supercomputers list.

Myself, I have a PhD in biochemistry, working on the kinase domain of the insulin receptor (yay protein structure research;-) I hope to hear from you, maybe we should get some of these protein-related articles in shape some time... --Magnus Manske (talk) 17:17, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

P.S.: What's up with that "No licensing rights granted to Wikimedia Foundation" tag? They don't have any more rights to your contributions than anyone else...

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Computor! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:32, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Chan Kau-tai -

Talk:History of colonial Hong Kong#Requested move
As a past contributor to Colonial Hong Kong, I thought you might be interested to know that there's a new attempt to reach consensus on the matter being addressed at Talk:History of colonial Hong Kong. Please come by and share your thoughts to help form a consensus. Pædia 13:33, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

轉譯成英語墨子
我在嘗試轉譯成英語墨子. 我想要邀請許多中語說者對於這個翻譯. 請以為加入這個作業.

Lonewolf123 (talk) 18:59, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Hi
Nice to meet you today at the Cambridge editing workshop! cmɢʟee☎✉ 15:45, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

Hi
Hi Computor, nice to meet you today. Our UK events are listed here  Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  17:50, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:02, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Computor


text: Category:Chinese Basketball Association

title: Category:Chinese Basketball Association


text:
Recurrent neural network

A recurrent neural network (RNN) is one of the two broad types of artificial neural network, characterized by direction of the flow of information between its layers. In contrast to the other type, the uni-directional feedforward neural network, it is a bi-directional artificial neural network, meaning that it allows the output from some nodes to affect subsequent input to the same nodes. Their ability to use internal state (memory) to process arbitrary sequences of inputs  makes them applicable to tasks such as unsegmented, connected handwriting recognition or speech recognition. The term "recurrent neural network" is used to refer to the class of networks with an infinite impulse response, whereas "convolutional neural network" refers to the class of finite impulse response. Both classes of networks exhibit temporal dynamic behavior. A finite impulse recurrent network is a directed acyclic graph that can be unrolled and replaced with a strictly feedforward neural network, while an infinite impulse recurrent network is a directed cyclic graph that cannot be unrolled.

Additional stored states and the storage under direct control by the network can be added to both infinite-impulse and finite-impulse networks. Another network or graph can also replace the storage if that incorporates time delays or has feedback loops. Such controlled states are referred to as gated states or gated memory and are part of long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) and gated recurrent units. This is also called Feedback Neural Network (FNN). Recurrent neural networks are theoretically Turing complete and can run arbitrary programs to process arbitrary sequences of inputs.

History
The Ising model (1925) by Wilhelm Lenz and Ernst Ising was the first RNN architecture that did not learn. Shun'ichi Amari made it adaptive in 1972. This was also called the Hopfield network (1982). See also David Rumelhart's work in 1986. In 1993, a neural history compressor system solved a "Very Deep Learning" task that required more than 1000 subsequent layers in an RNN unfolded in time.

LSTM
Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks were invented by Hochreiter and Schmidhuber in 1997 and set accuracy records in multiple applications domains.

Around 2007, LSTM started to revolutionize speech recognition, outperforming traditional models in certain speech applications. In 2009, a Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC)-trained LSTM network was the first RNN to win pattern recognition contests when it won several competitions in connected handwriting recognition. In 2014, the Chinese company Baidu used CTC-trained RNNs to break the 2S09 Switchboard Hub5'00 speech recognition dataset benchmark without using any traditional speech processing methods.

LSTM also improved large-vocabulary speech recognition and text-to-speech synthesis and was used in Google Android. In 2015, Google's speech recognition reportedly experienced a dramatic performance jump of 49% through CTC-trained LSTM.

LSTM broke records for improved machine translation, Language Modeling and Multilingual Language Processing. LSTM combined with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) improved automatic image captioning.

Architectures
RNNs come in many variants.

Fully recurrent
Fully recurrent neural networks (FRNN) connect the outputs of all neurons to the inputs of all neurons. This is the most general neural network topology because all other topologies can be represented by setting some connection weights to zero to simulate the lack of connections between those neurons. The illustration to the right may be misleading to many because practical neural network topologies are frequently organized in "layers" and the drawing gives that appearance. However, what appears to be layers are, in fact, different steps in time of the same fully recurrent neural network. The left-most item in the illustration shows the recurrent connections as the arc labeled 'v'. It is "unfolded" in time to produce the appearance of layers.

Elman networks and Jordan networks

An Elman network is a three-layer network (arranged horizontally as x, y, and z in the illustration) with the addition of a set of context units (u in the illustration). The middle (hidden) layer is connected to these context units fixed with a weight of one. At each time step, the input is fed forward and a learning rule is applied. The fixed back-connections save a copy of the previous values of the hidden units in the context units (since they propagate over the connections before the learning rule is applied). Thus the network can maintain a sort of state, allowing it to perform tasks such as sequence-prediction that are beyond the power of a standard multilayer perceptron.

Jordan networks are similar to Elman networks. The context units are fed from the output layer instead of the hidden layer. The context units in a Jordan network are also called the state layer. They have a recurrent connection to themselves.

Elman and Jordan networks are also known as "Simple recurrent networks" (SRN).

 * Elman network

\begin{align} h_t &= \sigma_h(W_{h} x_t + U_{h} h_{t-1} + b_h) \\ y_t &= \sigma_y(W_{y} h_t + b_y) \end{align} $$
 * Jordan network

\begin{align} h_t &= \sigma_h(W_{h} x_t + U_{h} y_{t-1} + b_h) \\ y_t &= \sigma_y(W_{y} h_t + b_y) \end{align} $$

Variables and functions
 * $$x_t$$: input vector
 * $$h_t$$: hidden layer vector
 * $$y_t$$: output vector
 * $$W$$, $$U$$ and $$b$$: parameter matrices and vector
 * $$\sigma_h$$ and $$\sigma_y$$: Activation functions

Hopfield
The Hopfield network is an RNN in which all connections across layers are equally sized. It requires stationary inputs and is thus not a general RNN, as it does not process sequences of patterns. However, it guarantees that it will converge. If the connections are trained using Hebbian learning, then the Hopfield network can perform as robust content-addressable memory, resistant to connection alteration.

Bidirectional associative memory
Introduced by Bart Kosko, a bidirectional associative memory (BAM) network is a variant of a Hopfield network that stores associative data as a vector. The bi-directionality comes from passing information through a matrix and its transpose. Typically, bipolar encoding is preferred to binary encoding of the associative pairs. Recently, stochastic BAM models using Markov stepping were optimized for increased network stability and relevance to real-world applications.

A BAM network has two layers, either of which can be driven as an input to recall an association and produce an output on the other layer.

Echo state
Echo state networks (ESN) have a sparsely connected random hidden layer. The weights of output neurons are the only part of the network that can change (be trained). ESNs are good at reproducing certain time series. A variant for spiking neurons is known as a liquid state machine.

Independently RNN (IndRNN)
The independently recurrent neural network (IndRNN) addresses the gradient vanishing and exploding problems in the traditional fully connected RNN. Each neuron in one layer only receives its own past state as context information (instead of full connectivity to all other neurons in this layer) and thus neurons are independent of each other's history. The gradient backpropagation can be regulated to avoid gradient vanishing and exploding in order to keep long or short-term memory. The cross-neuron information is explored in the next layers. IndRNN can be robustly trained with non-saturated nonlinear functions such as ReLU. Deep networks can be trained using skip connections.

Recursive
A recursive neural network is created by applying the same set of weights recursively over a differentiable graph-like structure by traversing the structure in topological order. Such networks are typically also trained by the reverse mode of automatic differentiation. They can process distributed representations of structure, such as logical terms. A special case of recursive neural networks is the RNN whose structure corresponds to a linear chain. Recursive neural networks have been applied to natural language processing. The Recursive Neural Tensor Network uses a tensor-based composition function for all nodes in the tree.

Neural history compressor
The neural history compressor is an unsupervised stack of RNNs. At the input level, it learns to predict its next input from the previous inputs. Only unpredictable inputs of some RNN in the hierarchy become inputs to the next higher level RNN, which therefore recomputes its internal state only rarely. Each higher level RNN thus studies a compressed representation of the information in the RNN below. This is done such that the input sequence can be precisely reconstructed from the representation at the highest level.

The system effectively minimizes the description length or the negative logarithm of the probability of the data. Given a lot of learnable predictability in the incoming data sequence, the highest level RNN can use supervised learning to easily classify even deep sequences with long intervals between important events.

It is possible to distill the RNN hierarchy into two RNNs: the "conscious" chunker (higher level) and the "subconscious" automatizer (lower level). Once the chunker has learned to predict and compress inputs that are unpredictable by the automatizer, then the automatizer can be forced in the next learning phase to predict or imitate through additional units the hidden units of the more slowly changing chunker. This makes it easy for the automatizer to learn appropriate, rarely changing memories across long intervals. In turn, this helps the automatizer to make many of its once unpredictable inputs predictable, such that the chunker can focus on the remaining unpredictable events.

A generative model partially overcame the vanishing gradient problem of automatic differentiation or backpropagation in neural networks in 1992. In 1993, such a system solved a "Very Deep Learning" task that required more than 1000 subsequent layers in an RNN unfolded in time.

Second order RNNs
Second-order RNNs use higher order weights $$w{}_{ijk}$$ instead of the standard $$w{}_{ij}$$ weights, and states can be a product. This allows a direct mapping to a finite-state machine both in training, stability, and representation. Long short-term memory is an example of this but has no such formal mappings or proof of stability.

Long short-term memory
Long short-term memory (LSTM) is a deep learning system that avoids the vanishing gradient problem. LSTM is normally augmented by recurrent gates called "forget gates". LSTM prevents backpropagated errors from vanishing or exploding. Instead, errors can flow backward through unlimited numbers of virtual layers unfolded in space. That is, LSTM can learn tasks that require memories of events that happened thousands or even millions of discrete time steps earlier. Problem-specific LSTM-like topologies can be evolved. LSTM works even given long delays between significant events and can handle signals that mix low and high-frequency components.

Many applications use stacks of LSTM RNNs and train them by connectionist temporal classification (CTC) to find an RNN weight matrix that maximizes the probability of the label sequences in a training set, given the corresponding input sequences. CTC achieves both alignment and recognition.

LSTM can learn to recognize context-sensitive languages unlike previous models based on hidden Markov models (HMM) and similar concepts.

Gated recurrent unit
Gated recurrent units (GRUs) are a gating mechanism in recurrent neural networks introduced in 2014. They are used in the full form and several simplified variants. Their performance on polyphonic music modeling and speech signal modeling was found to be similar to that of long short-term memory. They have fewer parameters than LSTM, as they lack an output gate.

Bi-directional
Bi-directional RNNs use a finite sequence to predict or label each element of the sequence based on the element's past and future contexts. This is done by concatenating the outputs of two RNNs, one processing the sequence from left to right, and the other one from right to left. The combined outputs are the predictions of the teacher-given target signals. This technique has been proven to be especially useful when combined with LSTM RNNs.

Continuous-time
A continuous-time recurrent neural network (CTRNN) uses a system of ordinary differential equations to model the effects on a neuron of the incoming inputs.

For a neuron $$i$$ in the network with activation $$y_{i}$$, the rate of change of activation is given by:
 * $$\tau_{i}\dot{y}_{i}=-y_{i}+\sum_{j=1}^{n}w_{ji}\sigma(y_{j}-\Theta_{j})+I_{i}(t)$$

Where:
 * $$\tau_{i}$$ : Time constant of postsynaptic node
 * $$y_{i}$$ : Activation of postsynaptic node
 * $$\dot{y}_{i}$$ : Rate of change of activation of postsynaptic node
 * $$w{}_{ji}$$ : Weight of connection from pre to postsynaptic node
 * $$\sigma(x)$$ : Sigmoid of x e.g. $$\sigma(x) = 1/(1+e^{-x})$$.
 * $$y_{j}$$ : Activation of presynaptic node
 * $$\Theta_{j}$$ : Bias of presynaptic node
 * $$I_{i}(t)$$ : Input (if any) to node

CTRNNs have been applied to evolutionary robotics where they have been used to address vision, co-operation, and minimal cognitive behaviour.

Note that, by the Shannon sampling theorem, discrete-time recurrent neural networks can be viewed as continuous-time recurrent neural networks where the differential equations have transformed into equivalent difference equations. This transformation can be thought of as occurring after the post-synaptic node activation functions $$y_i(t)$$ have been low-pass filtered but prior to sampling.

Hierarchical recurrent neural network
Hierarchical recurrent neural networks (HRNN) connect their neurons in various ways to decompose hierarchical behavior into useful subprograms. Such hierarchical structures of cognition are present in theories of memory presented by philosopher Henri Bergson, whose philosophical views have inspired hierarchical models.

Hierarchical recurrent neural networks are useful in forecasting, helping to predict disaggregated inflation components of the consumer price index (CPI). The HRNN model leverages information from higher levels in the CPI hierarchy to enhance lower-level predictions. Evaluation of a substantial dataset from the US CPI-U index demonstrates the superior performance of the HRNN model compared to various established inflation prediction methods.

Recurrent multilayer perceptron network
Generally, a recurrent multilayer perceptron network (RMLP network) consists of cascaded subnetworks, each containing multiple layers of nodes. Each subnetwork is feed-forward except for the last layer, which can have feedback connections. Each of these subnets is connected only by feed-forward connections.

Multiple timescales model
A multiple timescales recurrent neural network (MTRNN) is a neural-based computational model that can simulate the functional hierarchy of the brain through self-organization depending on the spatial connection between neurons and on distinct types of neuron activities, each with distinct time properties. With such varied neuronal activities, continuous sequences of any set of behaviors are segmented into reusable primitives, which in turn are flexibly integrated into diverse sequential behaviors. The biological approval of such a type of hierarchy was discussed in the memory-prediction theory of brain function by Hawkins in his book On Intelligence. Such a hierarchy also agrees with theories of memory posited by philosopher Henri Bergson, which have been incorporated into an MTRNN model.

Neural Turing machines
Neural Turing machines (NTMs) are a method of extending recurrent neural networks by coupling them to external memory resources which they can interact with by attentional processes. The combined system is analogous to a Turing machine or Von Neumann architecture but is differentiable end-to-end, allowing it to be efficiently trained with gradient descent.

Differentiable neural computer
Differentiable neural computers (DNCs) are an extension of Neural Turing machines, allowing for the usage of fuzzy amounts of each memory address and a record of chronology.

Neural network pushdown automata
Neural network pushdown automata (NNPDA) are similar to NTMs, but tapes are replaced by analog stacks that are differentiable and trained. In this way, they are similar in complexity to recognizers of context free grammars (CFGs).

Memristive networks
Greg Snider of HP Labs describes a system of cortical computing with memristive nanodevices. The memristors (memory resistors) are implemented by thin film materials in which the resistance is electrically tuned via the transport of ions or oxygen vacancies within the film. DARPA's SyNAPSE project has funded IBM Research and HP Labs, in collaboration with the Boston University Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems (CNS), to develop neuromorphic architectures that may be based on memristive systems. Memristive networks are a particular type of physical neural network that have very similar properties to (Little-)Hopfield networks, as they have continuous dynamics, a limited memory capacity and natural relaxation via the minimization of a function which is asymptotic to the Ising model. In this sense, the dynamics of a memristive circuit have the advantage compared to a Resistor-Capacitor network to have a more interesting non-linear behavior. From this point of view, engineering analog memristive networks account for a peculiar type of neuromorphic engineering in which the device behavior depends on the circuit wiring or topology. The evolution of these networks can be studied analytically using variations of the Caravelli–Traversa–Di Ventra equation.

Pseudocode
Given a time series  of length. In the recurrent neural network, there is a loop that processes all entries of the time series  through the layers   one after another. These have as return value in each time step  both the prediction   and an updated hidden state , which has the length. As a result, after the loop, the collection of all predictions  is returned. The following pseudocode (based on the programming language Python) illustrates the functionality of a recurrent neural network. Modern libraries provide runtime-optimized implementations of the above functionality or allow to speed up the slow loop by just-in-time compilation.

Gradient descent
Gradient descent is a first-order iterative optimization algorithm for finding the minimum of a function. In neural networks, it can be used to minimize the error term by changing each weight in proportion to the derivative of the error with respect to that weight, provided the non-linear activation functions are differentiable. Various methods for doing so were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s by Werbos, Williams, Robinson, Schmidhuber, Hochreiter, Pearlmutter and others.

The standard method is called "backpropagation through time" or BPTT, and is a generalization of back-propagation for feed-forward networks. Like that method, it is an instance of automatic differentiation in the reverse accumulation mode of Pontryagin's minimum principle. A more computationally expensive online variant is called "Real-Time Recurrent Learning" or RTRL, which is an instance of automatic differentiation in the forward accumulation mode with stacked tangent vectors. Unlike BPTT, this algorithm is local in time but not local in space.

In this context, local in space means that a unit's weight vector can be updated using only information stored in the connected units and the unit itself such that update complexity of a single unit is linear in the dimensionality of the weight vector. Local in time means that the updates take place continually (on-line) and depend only on the most recent time step rather than on multiple time steps within a given time horizon as in BPTT. Biological neural networks appear to be local with respect to both time and space.

For recursively computing the partial derivatives, RTRL has a time-complexity of O(number of hidden x number of weights) per time step for computing the Jacobian matrices, while BPTT only takes O(number of weights) per time step, at the cost of storing all forward activations within the given time horizon. An online hybrid between BPTT and RTRL with intermediate complexity exists, along with variants for continuous time.

A major problem with gradient descent for standard RNN architectures is that error gradients vanish exponentially quickly with the size of the time lag between important events. LSTM combined with a BPTT/RTRL hybrid learning method attempts to overcome these problems. This problem is also solved in the independently recurrent neural network (IndRNN) by reducing the context of a neuron to its own past state and the cross-neuron information can then be explored in the following layers. Memories of different ranges including long-term memory can be learned without the gradient vanishing and exploding problem.

The on-line algorithm called causal recursive backpropagation (CRBP), implements and combines BPTT and RTRL paradigms for locally recurrent networks. It works with the most general locally recurrent networks. The CRBP algorithm can minimize the global error term. This fact improves the stability of the algorithm, providing a unifying view of gradient calculation techniques for recurrent networks with local feedback.

One approach to gradient information computation in RNNs with arbitrary architectures is based on signal-flow graphs diagrammatic derivation. It uses the BPTT batch algorithm, based on Lee's theorem for network sensitivity calculations. It was proposed by Wan and Beaufays, while its fast online version was proposed by Campolucci, Uncini and Piazza.

Global optimization methods
Training the weights in a neural network can be modeled as a non-linear global optimization problem. A target function can be formed to evaluate the fitness or error of a particular weight vector as follows: First, the weights in the network are set according to the weight vector. Next, the network is evaluated against the training sequence. Typically, the sum-squared difference between the predictions and the target values specified in the training sequence is used to represent the error of the current weight vector. Arbitrary global optimization techniques may then be used to minimize this target function.

The most common global optimization method for training RNNs is genetic algorithms, especially in unstructured networks.

Initially, the genetic algorithm is encoded with the neural network weights in a predefined manner where one gene in the chromosome represents one weight link. The whole network is represented as a single chromosome. The fitness function is evaluated as follows:

Many chromosomes make up the population; therefore, many different neural networks are evolved until a stopping criterion is satisfied. A common stopping scheme is: The fitness function evaluates the stopping criterion as it receives the mean-squared error reciprocal from each network during training. Therefore, the goal of the genetic algorithm is to maximize the fitness function, reducing the mean-squared error.
 * Each weight encoded in the chromosome is assigned to the respective weight link of the network.
 * The training set is presented to the network which propagates the input signals forward.
 * The mean-squared error is returned to the fitness function.
 * This function drives the genetic selection process.
 * When the neural network has learned a certain percentage of the training data or
 * When the minimum value of the mean-squared-error is satisfied or
 * When the maximum number of training generations has been reached.

Other global (and/or evolutionary) optimization techniques may be used to seek a good set of weights, such as simulated annealing or particle swarm optimization.

Related fields and models
RNNs may behave chaotically. In such cases, dynamical systems theory may be used for analysis.

They are in fact recursive neural networks with a particular structure: that of a linear chain. Whereas recursive neural networks operate on any hierarchical structure, combining child representations into parent representations, recurrent neural networks operate on the linear progression of time, combining the previous time step and a hidden representation into the representation for the current time step.

In particular, RNNs can appear as nonlinear versions of finite impulse response and infinite impulse response filters and also as a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model (NARX).

The effect of memory-based learning for the recognition of sequences can also be implemented by a more biological-based model which uses the silencing mechanism exhibited in neurons with a relatively high frequency spiking activity.

Libraries

 * Apache Singa
 * Caffe: Created by the Berkeley Vision and Learning Center (BVLC). It supports both CPU and GPU. Developed in C++, and has Python and MATLAB wrappers.
 * Chainer: Fully in Python, production support for CPU, GPU, distributed training.
 * Deeplearning4j: Deep learning in Java and Scala on multi-GPU-enabled Spark.
 * Flux: includes interfaces for RNNs, including GRUs and LSTMs, written in Julia.
 * Keras: High-level API, providing a wrapper to many other deep learning libraries.
 * Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit
 * MXNet: an open-source deep learning framework used to train and deploy deep neural networks.
 * PyTorch: Tensors and Dynamic neural networks in Python with GPU acceleration.
 * TensorFlow: Apache 2.0-licensed Theano-like library with support for CPU, GPU and Google's proprietary TPU, mobile
 * Theano: A deep-learning library for Python with an API largely compatible with the NumPy library.
 * Torch: A scientific computing framework with support for machine learning algorithms, written in C and Lua.

Applications
Applications of recurrent neural networks include:
 * Machine translation
 * Robot control
 * Time series prediction
 * Speech recognition
 * Speech synthesis
 * Brain–computer interfaces
 * Time series anomaly detection
 * Text-to-Video model
 * Rhythm learning
 * Music composition
 * Grammar learning
 * Handwriting recognition
 * Human action recognition
 * Protein homology detection
 * Predicting subcellular localization of proteins
 * Several prediction tasks in the area of business process management
 * Prediction in medical care pathways
 * Predictions of fusion plasma disruptions in reactors (Fusion Recurrent Neural Network (FRNN) code)

title: Recurrent neural network


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yucca Mountain/Images

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:38, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yucca Mountain/Images
The Yucca Mountain replaced this page.

 * Delete gren 20:49, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Andrewpmk/Archive 1

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 21:33, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Carolyn Parrish
Please see the comments to your comments on Talk:Carolyn_Parrish :) - Jord 08:57, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Andrew: I've taken the liberty of creating a user page for you. This should not be taken as a hostile act; virtually every regular Wikipedia contributor has such a page. Feel free to add to the page (or not) as you wish. CJCurrie 20:34, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wikinews logo
Hi Andrew,

After you had already voted, I posted an improved variation of the polar Wikinews "globe with waves" logo, which takes some of the constructive criticism that was offered to heart.

Please check out the improved variation on the logo runoff vote page (http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikinews_logo_contest_voting/Runoff) (it's the last entry on the page with my vote) and if it meets with your approval, please move your vote to the new version.

Thanks for participating in the vote.

Regards,

— DV 12:04, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Your welcome note is much appreciated!
I object. -- 70.24.87.34

GNAA article
Please reply to my comment on Talk:Gay Nigger Association of America. silsor 04:36, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)

Vfd on autofellatio image
I see you changed your vote, but you didn't sign the change. Could you please go back and add your signature, otherwise the vote is invalid.-gadfium 01:39, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. Andrew pmk 01:44, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Voting and accounts
I have a disagreement with the common practice of registered Wikipedian users in ignoring anonymous votes as a blanket decision. This is patently biased, and appears to violate the fairness rule that WikiPedia is supposed to use. That anon votes can be ignored is not at issue, that some admins always ignore them is an issue of fairness and openness. VfD is more prone to this sort of action than the other deletion pages. CfD for example, seems perfectly happy with anon votes. (Or atleast anons with significant edit histories). 132.205.15.43 20:58, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It is not standard, it is merely default procedure. The regulations say that anon votes can be dismissed, but that the admin must be fair and impartial. Fairness and impartiality require that anon votes be considered on a case by case basis, otherwise, it will not be fair nor impartial. 132.205.15.43 01:29, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Just curious, is your start date also the date you created your account? 132.205.15.43 01:29, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually I meant, is the creation date listed for your page (presumably when you got your account, as most people create their page then), also the date which you started editting wikipedia. 3:132.205.15.43 4:132.205.15.43 02:22, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) 5:02:22, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Template for "welcome to Wikipedia, please don't copyvio"
I noticed that you left a nice note on User talk:68.215.52.136 saying, in effect, "Welcome to Wikipedia, thanks for contributing, but we can't take copyrighted work." It looked like it came from a template. Which template was it? I'd like to start using it too. Thanks! FreplySpang (talk) 02:19, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the quick reply. FreplySpang (talk) 02:49, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Zürich
violet/riga (t) 23:15, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andrewpmk/Archive 1


text: Category:Weapons of Czechoslovakia

title: Category:Weapons of Czechoslovakia


text: User talk:66.66.52.38

title: User talk:66.66.52.38


text: Category:Military of Czechoslovakia

title: Category:Military of Czechoslovakia