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Category talk:Guobiao standards

Edits by SchmuckyTheCat
SchmuckyTheCat moved this category from category:Mainland China to category:People's Republic of China at 16:01, Apr 16, 2005. — Instantnood 17:45, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yup, because the organization is an official ministry/bureaucracy/whatever of the PRC. SchmuckyTheCat 00:03, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Instantnood added category:Mainland China to this category at 15:57, 16 Apr 2005.--Huaiwei 07:10, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The same old problem. The Standardization Administration of China is only responsible for mainland China, and the Guobiao standards do not apply in Hong Kong and Macao. And afterall this category is about the standards, not the government ministries/organisations. — Instantnood 07:18, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * And the same old response goes...so often that they arent worth repeating anymore.--Huaiwei 07:21, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Guobiao standards


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Little red kaluta

The little red kaluta (Dasykaluta rosamondae) is a small, reddish-brown, shrew-like mammal native to dry grasslands of northwest Australia. It is active at night, feeding on insects and other small animals. The kaluta is a marsupial and is the only member of its genus, Dasykaluta. Individuals are around 10 cm long and weigh from 20 to 40 g. They live for about four years in captivity. Other common names include little red antechinus, russet antechinus and spinifex antechinus.

Taxonomy
Dasykaluta rosamondae is a member of the family Dasyuridae. When it was first described by W.D.L. Ride in 1964, the species was placed in the genus Antechinus, however, the author noted the new species created difficulties with the arrangements previously published. In 1982 Mike Archer erected the genus Dasykaluta and assigned it as the sole species. It has since been shown to be most closely related to Parantechinus apicalis, the dibbler.

The earliest specimen was collected in 1936 by Mr. R. M. W. Bligh near Tambourah (Marble Bar) and deposited at the Western Australian Museum, its dental formula leading to a tentative diagnosis of a species of Dasycercus by Ludwig Glauert. Ride examined this and a series of specimens collected by E. H. M. Ealey at Woodstock Station, also near Marble Bar in Western Australia.

"Kaluta" is an Aboriginal name adopted from the Nyamal language for this species, and this is reflected in the generic name Dasykaluta, which means "hairy kaluta". The species name, rosamondae, is a threefold reference to Rosamund Clifford, the famous mistress of Henry II of England, who is said to have had red hair, its spinifex dominated habitat resembling "a house of wonderful working, so that no man or woman might come to her ...", alluding to a maze at Woodstock Palace where the king hid her and the place of the species discovery, Woodstock Station.

Description
The kaluta is a rufous brown colour with fairly coarse fur. In body shape, it is generally similar to the antechinuses, although it has a shorter head and ears. It is also somewhat smaller than these animals. The species is small and robust in form, with a shaggy appearance to the uniformly russet-brown or coppery colour at the upper parts of the body; the underparts are a paler shade of the colour above. The head and body measurement is 90 to 105 mm. Ears are short and covered in fur, a little higher than the top of the head and 11-13 mm in length; the tip of the short snout is closer to the eyes than the ears. Their tail is relatively thick and short, from 55 to 75 mm, sometimes swollen toward the base and tapers to a length not greater than two-thirds of the body length. Kaluta has hind feet that measure 15-18 mm long and covered in fur.

The little red kaluta feeds on insects and small vertebrates. A notable habit is flicking its tail in the air as it investigates its habitat.

Male little red kalutas, like several other dasyurid species, die shortly after the September breeding season, probably due to stress. The young are born after a pregnancy of around seven weeks, and are weaned when around four months old.

Habitat and behaviour
The little red kaluta is moderately common in the Pilbara, the west of the Little Sandy Desert and parts of the Carnarvon Basin in Western Australia. The distribution range is restricted to this subtropical environment, where they inhabit hummocks of Triodia, the dominant vegetation of spinifex grasslands. Kaluta live and forage on the sandy soil of the region, searching for invertebrate prey amongst the dense and tough mounds of spinifex.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Little red kaluta


text: Category:Spanish historians

title: Category:Spanish historians


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Fritzi Massary

Fritzi Massary (31 March 1882 – 30 January 1969) was an Austrian-American soprano singer and actress.

Early life and career
Fritzi Massary was born Friederike Massaryk in Vienna in the Austro-Hungarian Empire on 31 March 1882. She was one of the leading operetta singers in Berlin and Vienna.

During World War I, she performed for the soldiers of the Imperial German Army in theatres in occupied Belgium.

In 1920, she worked with the composer Oscar Straus, and performed in several of his operas, including Der letzte Walzer

Emigration to England and America
Massary was of Jewish familial extraction, and she had converted to the Protestant religion in 1903. In late 1932, she departed Germany due to the rising persecution of the Jewish population by the Nazis, shortly before the group seized dictatorial power in a paramilitary revolution and declared the Third Reich. Traveling through Austria and Switzerland, she went to London, where she was befriended by Noël Coward and starred in his theatrical musical Operette in 1938.

In February 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II engulfed Europe, she moved to Beverly Hills, California.

Later life
Beginning in 1952, she regularly spent summers in Germany. She had been suggested by Cecil Beaton for the role of the Queen of Transylvannia in the 1964 musical film My Fair Lady, but she demanded too much pay, and the part went to Bina Rothschild.

She continued to reside in Beverly Hills until her death in Los Angeles on 30 January 1969.

Personal life
Massary was married twice, first to an eye doctor Bernhard Pollack. With Karl-Kuno Rollo Graf von Coudenhove (1887–1940), she had her only child, Elisabeth Maria Karl (called Liesl) (1903–1979). Liesl later married the author Bruno Frank. Although Coudenhove was Liesl's father, Massary never was married to him. Massary's second marriage in 1917 was to the Austrian actor Max Pallenberg (1877–1934), who died in a plane crash in Karlsbad in 1934.

Selected filmography

 * The Tunnel (1915)
 * The Rose of Stamboul (1919)

title: Fritzi Massary


text:
Qinghai University

Qinghai University (QHU; ) is a provincial public university in Xining, Qinghai, China. It is affiliated with the Province of Qinghai, and co-sponsored by the Qinghai Provincial People's Government and the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211 and the Double First-Class Construction.

Established in 1958. As of July 2020, there are 67 undergraduate majors; 5 doctoral degree authorization points, 57 master's degree authorization points, 40 master's degree authorization fields, and 69 undergraduate majors; 15 colleges and 26 departments; there are 4,615 faculty members and more than 27,000 students.

History
Qinghai University, is one of the universities within Qinghai Province. It is situated in Xining in Tibet Plateau. Qinghai University was founded in 1958.

Campus
The university campus covers an area of over 2692 acre divided into five districts.

As of April 2018, the school has 15 colleges, 26 departments (departments) and 14 professional research institutes, with 69 undergraduate majors.

As of April 2018, the school has 4,615 faculty members, including 2,565 medical and full-time scientific research personnel, 1,467 full-time teachers. Among the full-time teachers, there are 329 doctors and 87% of them have master's degrees or above. The school has 1 academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and 7 dual-employed academicians. 4 specially-appointed professors in the "Changjiang Scholars Award Program" of the Ministry of Education and 2 winners of the National "Outstanding Youth Fund" were selected into the national "Ten Thousand Talents Program", "National Hundreds and Thousand Talents Project", "New Century Excellent Talents Support Program" There are 20 talents at the national level, 31 people who enjoy the "Special Allowance from the State Council", won the National Innovation Award, the Hong Kong Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation Science and Technology Innovation Award, the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation Young Teacher Award, the Chinese Overseas Chinese Community (Innovative Talents) Contribution Award, Three World National Academy of Sciences, the world's only basic medicine award and other 11 people, more than 30 national and provincial teaching teachers, outstanding teachers, educators, more than 60 provincial outstanding experts, outstanding professional and technical personnel, 9 team projects, Qinghai Province "135 "There are more than 160 high-level talents and provincial leaders in natural science and engineering technology. One team was selected as the "Innovative Team Development Plan of the Ministry of Education", one team was selected as the "National University Huang Danian Teacher Team", and 16 research teams were selected as the "Qinghai Province Talent Highland".

Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences (1): Wang Guangqian (supported by Tsinghua University). Top Young Talent of the "Ten Thousand Talents Program" of the Organization Department of the Central Committee (1): Xiao Lu. Qinghai University Qinghai University Winners of the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (2): Mei Shengwei, Chen Wenguang. State Council Special Allowance Experts (31): Ma Yushou, Ma Xiaogang, Mao Xuerong, Wang Jian, Wang Jianjun, Wang Chunying, Wen Shaodun, Deng Yong, Daga, Liu Shujie, Liu Hongxing, Liu Qingyuan, Xu Cunhe, Chi Dezhao, Li Lirong, Li Jie, Du Dezhi, Chen Gang, Zhang Caijun, Zhang Dengshan, Zhang Yongcheng, Zhou Qingping, Yu Hongxian, Gerili, Geng Paili, Tang Daocheng, Tie Shengnian, Wei Dengbang, etc. New Century Talent Project (2): Du Dezhi, Liu Yujiao. Innovative Talent Promotion Plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology (1 person): Qi Delin. National Outstanding Professional and Technical Talents (2): Du Dezhi, Gree Li. Hong Kong Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation Science and Technology Innovation Award (2 winners): Du Dezhi, Greeley. Fok Yingdong Education Foundation Young Teacher Award (2 persons): Zhang Hongyan, Chen Yonghua.

As of July 2020, the school has 1 world-class construction discipline, 2 domestic first-class disciplines, 1 provincial first-class discipline, 2 national key disciplines, 16 provincial key disciplines, and 5 doctoral degree authorization points. There are 17 first-level discipline master's degree authorization points, 136 second-level master's degree authorization points, 9 professional master's degree authorization categories covering 50 fields, and 1 post-doctoral research mobile station. World-class discipline construction discipline: ecology National key disciplines (including cultivation): internal medicine (altitude medicine), crop genetics and breeding. Provincial key disciplines: agronomy, animal medicine, animal science, grassland science, water conservancy and hydropower engineering, mechanical manufacturing and automation, chemical engineering and technology, basic medicine, preventive medicine, Tibetan medicine, business administration, civil engineering, horticulture, Regional economics, etc. First-level discipline doctoral program: crop science. Second-level doctoral programs: crop cultivation and farming, crop genetics and breeding, pasture genetics and farming, internal medicine (high altitude medicine), ethnic medicine (Tibetan medicine). First-level master's programs: mechanical engineering, water conservancy engineering, chemical engineering and technology, geological resources and geological engineering, landscape architecture, crop science, forestry, grassland science, basic medicine, business administration.

As of July 2020, the school has 6 national characteristic professional construction sites, 4 national teaching teams, 1 national talent training model innovation experimental zone, 1 national experimental teaching demonstration center, and 1 national quality bilingual demonstration course. 3 national quality video open courses, 1 national quality online open course, 5 national first-class majors, 9 national excellence plan projects, 1 national off-campus practice education base for college students, national comprehensive professional reform projects 1 item. National specialties: chemical engineering technology, grassland science, Tibetan medicine, preventive medicine, resource exploration engineering, economics. National teaching team: Tibetan medicine teaching team, basic medicine teaching team. National Excellent Course: Tibetan Medicine and Pharmacology. National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center: Tibetan Medicine Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center. National Bilingual Teaching Demonstration Course: Management. National Key Laboratory: Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory (Xining) of the Ministry of Agriculture. National Education Reform System Pilot Project of the Ministry of Education: Innovating the training model of Tibetan medicine talents in Tibetan areas. Provincial Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center: Electrical and Electronic Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center, Biological Science Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center, Basic Medical Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center, Tibetan Medicine Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center, etc. Provincial quality courses: Basic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan Medicine Prescriptions, Immunology, Pathology, Epidemiology, Internal Medicine, College English, Computer Basics, Enterprise Strategic Management, Botany, Analytical Chemistry, Livestock Anatomy and Histology, Engineering Training, statistics, basic programming, soil mechanics and basic engineering, civil engineering materials, automatic control theory, etc.

While receiving counterpart support from universities such as Tsinghua University, Northwest A&F University, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), East China University of Science and Technology, the school has established successively with well-known foreign universities such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Kochi University in Japan, and Oakland University in New Zealand. Established a good inter-university collaboration relationship, and successively signed exchange and cooperation agreements with universities in more than 20 countries and regions including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, etc. In 2014, it established Qinghai-Utah Plateau Medicine with the University of Utah The Joint Key Laboratory launched a new round of Tsinghua University-Auckland University-Qinghai University "Three Brothers" model cooperation project. The "Qinghai-Utah Technology Innovation Alliance" led by Qinghai University and the "Utah-Qinghai Industrial Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance" of Utah, the United States joined the Sino-US Green Partnership and were included in the 10-year framework of Sino-US energy and environmental cooperation. Cooperation in medicine, salt lake chemical industry and ecological environment. According to the school's official website in October 2017, Qinghai University has joined the 121 double degree program of the China Educational International Exchange Association (CEAIE) under the Ministry of Education and the China Education Exchange Center (CCIEE) "China Talent Training Program". The university signed cooperation agreements; and established channels for students to study abroad and exchange with universities in the United States, Britain, New Zealand, Turkmenistan, and Taiwan. Breakthroughs have been achieved in the joint training of students studying abroad, the high-level university graduate program of the China Scholarship Council, the qualification of the Chinese government scholarship institution, the acceptance of foreign students to study in the school, and the exchange of students to Taiwan.

Library
As of the end of 2017, the total number of paper documents in the library collection of the school was 1.67 million, of which the total number of documents in the library collection of the school was 880,000, covering science, engineering, agriculture, literature, history, classics, philosophy, law, and education More than a dozen disciplines such as management, management and medicine. It has 77 well-known databases at home and abroad, 800,000 types of e-books, and nearly 48,000 types of e-journals.

The school publishes "Journal of Qinghai University", "Journal of Qinghai University Medical College", "Qinghai Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine", "Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology" and other academic journals. Among them, "Journal of Qinghai University" is a comprehensive academic of natural sciences sponsored by Qinghai University. It was founded in January 1983 and was originally called "Journal of Qinghai Institute of Technology". In 1988, the name of the university was changed to "Journal of Qinghai University".

It is well equipped with first-class facilities, notably in the areas of science and technology.

According to the school's official website in June 2016, in recent years, the school has obtained 1,452 scientific research projects of various levels and received 470 million yuan in funding. Among them, there are 289 projects including the National Science and Technology Support Plan, the National Basic Research and Development Plan (973), the National High-Tech Research and Development Plan (863), the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the National Philosophy and Social Science Foundation. Completed 790 various scientific research projects and obtained 488 achievements, including 10 internationally advanced, 32 internationally advanced, and 35 new varieties cultivated. Won 1 National Science and Technology Progress Award, 1 Second Prize, 2 National Teaching Achievement Awards, 2 First Prizes for Science and Technology Progress of the Ministry of Education, 2 Major Contribution Awards for Science and Technology in Qinghai Province, and Science and Technology Progress Award of Qinghai There are 35 awards and 13 awards for philosophy and social sciences of Qinghai Province. Published more than 7,900 academic papers in various domestic and foreign journals, and published 3 academic papers in top international academic journals "Science" and "Nature".

A building and developing plan geared to the needs of the 21st century has been made for the university and is being implemented.

Rankings
Qinghai University is consistently ranked the best in Qinghai, China. Since 2019, it has been ranked among the top 300 nationwide by the Best Chinese Universities Ranking. As of 2023, the Best Chinese Universities Ranking, also known as the "Shanghai Ranking", placed the university 205th in China.

Globally, Qinghai University was ranked # 1373 by the University Rankings by Academic Performance 2023-2024.

title: Qinghai University


text:
Enterochromaffin-like cell

Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, in particular in the vicinity of parietal cells, that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine. They are also considered a type of enteroendocrine cell.

Function
ECL cells synthesize and secrete histamine. These cells are stimulated by the hormones gastrin (not depicted in the adjacent diagram) and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide. G cells are stimulated by vagal stimulation through the neurotransmitter gastrin-releasing peptide; this causes the G cells to secrete gastrin, which in turn stimulates ECL cells to release histamine. Note that this circuit is not activated by acetylcholine (ACh), which is of particular importance because the administration of atropine will not block the vagal stimulation of the G cells, as ACh is not the neurotransmitter for these cells.

However, ECL cells are activated directly by ACh on M1 receptors from direct vagal innervation leading to histamine release. This pathway will be inhibited by atropine.

Gastrin is transferred from a specific type of G cell in the gastric epithelium to the ECL cells by blood. Histamine and gastrin act synergistically as the most important stimulators of hydrochloric acid secretion from parietal cells and stimulators of secretion of pepsinogen from chief cells. The most important inhibitor of the ECL cell is somatostatin from oxyntic D cells.

Enterochromaffin-like cells also produce pancreastatin and probably other peptide hormones and growth factors.

Clinical significance
A prolonged stimulation of these cells causes their hyperplasia. This is especially important in gastrinoma (the tumors in which there is an excessive secretion of gastrin), as this is one of the factors contributing to Zollinger–Ellison's syndrome. It was once believed that tumors of ECL origin form after a prolonged inhibition of gastric acid secretion, however there is no data to support this conclusion and proton pump inhibitors are not thought to contribute to gastric cancer.

History
The name is derived from their location in the enteric system and their chromaffin-like staining pattern in histologic sections, which is characterized by silver staining.

title: Enterochromaffin-like cell


text:
Athelhampton

Athelhampton (also known as Admiston or Adminston) is a settlement and civil parish in Dorset, England, situated approximately 5 mi east of Dorchester. It consists of a manor house and a former Church of England parish church. Dorset County Council's 2013 mid-year estimate of the population of the civil parish is 30.

Manor
The Domesday Book records that in 1086 the Bishop of Salisbury, with Odbold as tenant, held the manor, then called Pidele. The name Aethelhelm appears in the 13th century, when Athelhampton belonged to the de Loundres family. In 1350 Richard Martyn married the de Pydele heiress, and their descendant Sir William Martin received licence to enclose 160 acre of land to form a deer park and a licence to fortify the manor.

Athelhampton Hall
The hall is a Grade I listed 15th-century country house retaining much of its original Tudor character including a magnificent Great Hall with fine hammerbeam roof, and a recently restored Elizabethan Kitchen with a magnificent fireplace. It is surrounded by some 20 acres of gardens originally designed by Inigo Thomas in the 1890s, which are Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The house and gardens are privately owned but are open for public visits almost all of the year, and the property is a member of the Historic Houses Association.

Sir William Martyn had the current Great Hall built in about 1485. A West Wing was added in the middle of the next century, forming an attractive oblique angle to the older building that marks it out from other houses of the same era. A gatehouse (demolished in 1862) and a large new kitchen to the rear were added around the same time. Sir William's grandson Robert Martyn married Elizabeth Kelway and when he died, she took as her second husband Sir John Tregonwell, who had acquired significant wealth from the dissolution of the monasteries, which may have helped fund the new works, with his arms appearing in the stained glass of the new wing. The next generation also brought wealth to the family through a marriage alliance, with Sir William Martyn's great-grandson Sir Nicholas Martyn (who was Sheriff of Dorset in 1581) marrying Margaret, sister to and a co-heiress of Nicholas Wadham (co-founder with his wife Dorothy of Wadham College, Oxford, and who being childless had his three sisters as co-heiresses, at least in their issue).

Sir Nicholas Martyn and Lady Margaret's monumental brass, showing them kneeling between an escutcheon with the ancient arms of FitzMartin or Martyn (Argent, two bars gules) impaling Wadham survives in St. Mary's Church, Puddletown. The three sons who predeceased them kneel behind their father. To the right, kneeling behind their mother, are their seven daughters, of whom four survived as co-heiresses. The Great Hall at Athelhampton contains fine stained glass, with the eight panels in the fine Oriel Window each showing the Martyn arms impaled with the various arms of families with whom they formed marriage alliances, including the Kelways and the Wadhams.

Each of the four Martyn daughters married; the eldest, Elizabeth, initially to Henry Brune and subsequently to Thomas Hanham (Hamon); Jane initially to Chidiock Tichborne (executed as one of the Babington plotters in 1586) and then to Tristram Dillington and finally Edward Richards; Frances to Thomas White, and the youngest, Anne, to Anthony Floyer. When Sir Nicholas died in 1596, ownership of the house and park was initially divided among them in four parts, with the shares of the elder three daughters being consolidated in the early seventeenth century into a single unit representing three-quarters, while Anne's quarter-share remained in the ownership of her descendants in the Floyer family until the mid nineteenth century.

Sir Robert Long bought the three-quarters share in 1665 from Sir Ralph Bankes. Ownership passed to James Long Esquire (son of Sir James Long, 2nd Baronet). In 1684 an attempt was made by Mary Keightley in the Court of Chancery to sequester this share of the estate from him to recover a debt, however, after the death of his first wife, he married the plaintiff, and the case seems to have been resolved. Mary Keightley was aunt, by marriage, of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne, and there is a report that a meeting in preparation for the Glorious Revolution, which brought Mary II and her husband William to the throne, took place on the West Wing staircase at Athelhampton.

The three-quarter share of the estate passed down through the Long family to Catherine Tylney-Long, a wealthy early seventeenth-century heiress courted by the Prince of Wales, who later married William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, 4th Earl of Mornington. After her death, her husband was involved in a court battle for custody of their children which, unusually for the time, he lost. However, he did acquire control of the three-quarter share of Athelhampton, despite provisions in his wife's will to prevent this, and later sold it in 1848 to its tenant farmer George Wood, who also acquired the remaining one-quarter share from the Floyer family, thus bringing the estate back into single ownership for the first time in 250 years.

In 1890, the house and a limited area of land, but not the larger part of the surrounding farmland, was acquired by the antiquarian Alfred de Lafontaine. In the preceding three hundred years, with the split and often absent ownership, the house had been used as a farmhouse and was in partial disrepair, with farm buildings close to it. However, this meant that it had not seen the modernisation applied to many other country houses in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, and retained many original Tudor characteristics including an almost unaltered facade (though the gatehouse had been near collapse and was demolished by the Woods). Lafontaine was an early member of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and an acquaintance of Thomas Hardy, a frequent visitor to the house who following his early career as an architect had become an advocate of sympathetic restoration of older buildings. Lafontaine followed this approach, cleaning and repairing rather than altering, and where he installed modern amenities he did so sensitively, with trench heating under elegant iron grilles in the historic rooms. Hardy's association with the house had begun as a teenager when his father was a stonemason who worked on the house., at which time he painted a watercolour of the south front including the gatehouse. His description of Bathsheba's farmhouse in Far From the Madding Crowd fits Athelhampton closely (though he was also inspired by nearby Waterston house); he set the poem "The Dame of Athelhall" at the house, and his "The Children and Sir Nameless" refers to the Martyn tombs in the Athelhampton Aisle at St Mary's in neighbouring Puddletown.

Lafontaine engaged Inigo Thomas to create a series of "outdoor rooms," inspired by Thomas' extensive researches into gardens from the Elizabethan era onwards and his travels in Europe, and fulfilling his vision that house and garden should reflect one another in a harmonious whole.

Lafontaine put the house up for sale in 1916 and two years later it was purchased by the Cochrane family, who built the current North Wing in 1920–21 on the site of earlier structures. From 1930, it was owned by the Hon Mrs Esmond ("Peggy") Harmsworth, at that time wife of Esmond Harmsworth (later 2nd Viscount Rothermere). During her time at Athelhampton, visitors included Noel Coward and Douglas Fairbanks Jnr. In 1949 it was purchased by Rodney Philipps, who lived there with his wife Marika and her mother Marevna, the Russian-French painter who produced a number of paintings of Athelhampton at this time.

In 1957, Athelhampton was acquired by Robert Victor Cooke, and remained in the ownership of the Cooke family for three generations in all, with his son Robert Cooke taking over in 1966 and Patrick Cooke inheriting it in 1995. The Cooke family carried out important restoration work and extension of the gardens, as well as opening the house and gardens to regular public access for the first time.

A serious fire in 1992 destroyed most of the attic and first floor of the east wing. Investigation after the fire indicated that the layout of the rooms on the first floor, built as a service wing, had been altered since the building's inception. A life-size sketch of a classical fireplace was also revealed on the plasterwork behind panelling over an existing fireplace. In 2019, after 62 years of ownership by the family, Patrick Cooke retired and the house was purchased by economist and author Giles Keating, who has undertaken further restoration. The magnificent Elizabethan kitchen, whose range had been bricked in and concealed behind modern units, has been restored and opened to the public for the first time, and many other historic rooms previously closed are now available to visit, with new lighting installed for the hammerbeam roof in the Great Hall. Furniture, lighting, soft furnishings and finishes include work by one of the country's last traditional weavers and by local blacksmiths, stonemasons and joiners, alongside items from the Tudor and later periods. Concealed solar panels and batteries, powering heat pumps, have allowed the removal of gas and oil and the estate now has net zero carbon emissions from current energy usage. The house and gardens are open to the public almost all the year.

The Gardens at Athelhampton House
The heart of the gardens at Athelhampton was designed and built by Inigo Thomas in 1891–2, commissioned by Lafontaine. Thomas had studied architecture with Charles Robert Ashbee and had extensively researched English garden design from the Elizabethan era onwards. Around the time he worked on Athelhampton, he undertook a series of study tours across Britain and continental Europe in which he produced illustrations of landscapes, gardens and architecture some of which were used in the 1892 book The Formal Garden in England. At Athelhampton, he drew these influences together in a way that he later described in a 1900 article, in which he argued that the three chief characteristics of old gardens were enclosure, subdivision, and change of level: "As you have the dining room, library and gallery, so out of doors there was one court for guests to alight in, another for flowers and a third for the lawn game of the period." This vision is apparent to modern visitor walking up the main drive: ahead of them is an area in front of the house with a vast Magnolia grandiflora and a Banksian rose, which is "the court for guests to arrive in;" to their right is the circular Coruna garden which is both a space "for flowers" and an access to further such spaces; while to their left is the West Lawn, perfect for games such as croquet. In a speech to the Art Workers Guild in 1896, published in the Gardener's Magazine and the Journal of the Society of Arts as The Garden in Relation to the House, Thomas explained how the Coruna, an intimate circular space enclosed by a stone wall topped with obelisks and with four gateways to adjacent 'outdoor rooms,' formed the point of intersection of two of the principal axes of his design. A visitor today standing in the Coruna can see the vistas created by these axes: the first running roughly north–south and linking the Great Court with its 12 giant yew pyramids to the Private Garden with its rectangular pond; the second running east–west and linking what is now the Mediterranean Garden with the arrival 'court' in front of the house. Thomas defined a third axis, running parallel to the second along the middle of the rectangular lily pond and meeting the house at the centre of its East facade (which Lafontaine had made symmetric by adding an extra tower). All these axes were parallel to one or other of the main frontages of the house, and this, together with the series of enclosed spaces, served to draw the garden and house together in a harmonic whole, in line with Thomas' vision.

Construction of the gardens was a major undertaking, starting with the demolition of the cowsheds and other dilapidated buildings that remained from the era when Athelhampton had been used as a farmhouse. Lafontaine's 1899 speech to the Dorchester Field Club explains that some 40,000 tons of Ham Hill stone were used in the construction. The core of Inigo Thomas' design remains today, with a series of extensions that have built on his original concepts. To the east, the Lime Walk runs parallel to the second axis and flowers magnificently in Spring, and beyond that the great Kitchen Garden is also aligned with the axes, and creates a further, large. outdoor room, its outer walls covered in pear trees that support roses and Clematis, while inside are pergolas of living apples trees. To the west, Lafontaine in 1901 asked Thomas Mawson to prepare plans to continue the works, which seem to have still been incomplete; the change of designer may have reflected Thomas being incarcerated in a Boer War prison camp at this time. Parts but not all of Mawson's plans were carried out, notably the long Yew Alley that runs south from the West Lawn, near the ancient dovecote. Along the side of the River Piddle, which forms the northern boundary of the formal gardens, an embankment was built that creates a waterside walkway connecting the core of Thomas' design, on the east of the house, with the Mawson areas to the west.

Parish church
Across the former A35 road is the former Church of England parish church of St John, built in 1861–62 to move the old parish church away from the house. St John's was designed by the Dorchester architect John Hicks, who employed Thomas Hardy at the time. The Diocese of Salisbury declared St John's redundant in 1975, after which it fell into disrepair. The church, its pews and most of the graveyard were purchased by Athelhampton Estate in order to protect the building. It is now used by the Antiochian Orthodox parish of St Edward King and Martyr. A congregation worships at services at the church every Sunday.

Railway locomotive
Great Western Railway steam locomotive 6971 Athelhampton Hall was one of the 71 Modified Hall Class locomotives used for passenger and freight in south and southwest England. British Railways withdrew 6971 from service in October 1965 and she was scrapped. The locomotive's nameplates are displayed at Athelhampton.

Film location
The house has been used as a location for filming including; the 1972 film Sleuth; the 1976 Doctor Who serial The Seeds of Doom and the 2008 episode "The Unicorn and the Wasp; and Julian Fellowes’ film From Time to Time, based on The Chimneys of Green Knowe.

title: Athelhampton


text:
Talk:Agrippa Postumus

Untitled
The book version of I, Claudius (though not the miniseries) features Posthumus Agrippa being switched with a sailor shortly before Augustus's death, and then showing up in Rome to claim the throne, and then being killed by Tiberius, who claimed he was an imposter. I am well aware that this story is untrue, but ought it (like other I, Claudian apocrypha) be mentioned in the article? john k 17:50, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be an interesting thing to do, and it was one of the highlights of the I, Claudius book, the whole Postumus is alive thing. I think it could be mentioned briefly, but not stressed upon. --Camblunt100 11:18, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It's based on a true story. According to Tacitus, there really was a man named Clemens who was one of the many people attempted to rescue Postumus-- when he got there he found Postumus dead, cremated him but then went around pretending to be Postumus. He was eventually killed by Tiberius. --Sophie-Lou 14:28, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Who killed Agrippa Postumus?
Would Augustus really have left instructions to the guards for him to be executed or does everyone think this was just an excuse that Tiberius and/or Livia made so they could get rid of him without anyone knowing. --Camblunt100 14:33, 25 August 2006 (UTC) I doubt it. If Augustus wanted to execute him, he could do it during his lifetime. It seems it was Tiberius/Livia doing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.60.6.163 (talk) 20:53, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I believe that Tiberius used it as an excuse to have him killed. Augustus thought about killing many of his relatives but he never did-- his one weakness was loyalty to his family. --Sophie-Lou 10:12, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

-- This is one of those things we'll never know unless someone has a time machine. Here's the breakdown of who gave the order: Robin Seager, in Tiberius, 2nd ed. (Malden, MA & Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), 41 with 250 n. 7, suggests Augustus had left the orders because Agrippa was not mentioned in Augustus' will and therefore not expected to survive. I'm not sure about that, but whatever. It can all only be speculation. --Frippo 02:04, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Tacitus (Ann. 1.6): allegedly Augustus, but more probably Tiberius and Livia
 * Cassius Dio (57.3.6): Tiberius, reporting as rumors Augustus, Livia, or a centurion acting on his own
 * Suetonius (Tib. 22): either Augustus or Livia, and if Livia, not clear if with or without Tiberius' knowledge.

I, Claudius
I recommend moving the I, Claudius stuff to a separate section at the end and not including it as a source. --Frippo 02:08, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Maternal Grandmother
Unless I am missing something, Postumus' maternal grandmother is Scribonia, not Livia as is stated in the first paragraph. If this is refering to adoptions, it should be clarified. Sstrazdu (talk) 00:03, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Rumors That Augustus Visited Postumus During His Exile
The reference included (Tacitus, The Annals 1.3) is incorrect. There is no mention of rumor here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Theresemere (talk • contribs) 07:59, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Son of Agrippa Postumus
I read that he had a son born 9 AD who apparently married Vespasian's sister. This was made by 72.160.0.16. But the link with Augustus says that Agrippa had no issue. Also why would a Cornelian woman have the name Valeria? I have seen a similar article on him without this paragraph, which leads me to conclude, that it is vandalism. I suggest that someone, possibly me, should remove this paragraph until evidence is procurred that he was married to a Cornelian called Julia Valeria. Even if her mother was one, unless her father was adopted by his father-in-law her name would not be Valeria. And if she was, she would be considered a Valerian, not a Cornelian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Blood3 (talk • contribs) 23:08, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Adopted name?
What is the source for the name Marcus Julius Caesar Agrippa Postumus? Yes, he probably would have adopted the names "Julius" and "Caesar" (per Roman naming conventions) like his brothers did when they were adopted into the Julii, but I've only seen him referred to as "Agrippa Postumus" both before and after his adoption. 2601:18D:681:19AE:0:0:0:1DD6 (talk) 02:48, 11 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Agrippa Postumus


text:
Devics

Formed in 1993, Devics (stylized as Dēvics) is an American indie rock band from Los Angeles, California, United States, consisting of Sara Lov, Dustin O'Halloran, Ed Maxwell, Theodore Liscinski, and Evan Schnabel. Their music can be described as melancholic. They have been largely inactive since 2006

History
Lov and O'Halloran formed the Devics in 1993, they were based in Los Angeles.

In 1996, the band released its debut album, Buxom, on their own record label Splinter Records. They recorded their second album late 1997 early 1998, with it being released later in 1998.

In 2001, The song Key is performed by the band in the bar called The Bronze in Buffy the Vampire Slayer during the fifth season, in an episode titled "Crush". The song's lyrics relate to the character Spike's struggle to overcome the pain of being a true vampire, which is caused by a chip implanted in his brain by a government agency.

In 2009, Devics covered The Cure's "Catch" for the American Laundromat Records produced compilation Just Like Heaven - a tribute to The Cure. It was recorded by Pall Jenkins of the Black Heart Procession and included performances by Scott Mercado, Jimmy LaValle, Pall Jenkins as well as Dustin O'Halloran and Sara Lov.

In 2011, O'Halloran said of Devics that, "It helped [him] to understand how to write, and where it comes from." He also mention that he has the neurological condition synesthesia.

In 2014, Devics song “Salty Seas” was used as the credits song for episode four of Telltale’s “The Walking Dead: Season Two”.

Other musical projects
Devics have largely been inactive since 2006, with both Lov and O'Halloran have pursuing separate music careers. Lov started releasing music under her own name in 2008. O'Halloran has released solo work since 2004, he has work on soundtracks and as a duo in A Winged Victory for the Sullen.

Albums

 * 1996 Buxom (Splinter Records)
 * 1998 If You Forget Me... (Splinter Records)
 * 2001 My Beautiful Sinking Ship (Bella Union, V2 Records)
 * 2003 The Stars at Saint Andrea (Bella Union)
 * 2006 Push the Heart (Bella Union, Reincarnation Records)

EPs and singles

 * 1994 Peresoso (7", Splinter Records)
 * 2000 The Ghost in the Girl (EP)
 * 2003 Red Morning (7", CD single, Bella Union)
 * 2003 Ribbons (EP, Bella Union)
 * 2005 Distant Radio (EP, Leftwing Records)

title: Devics


text:
Hurricane (Bob Dylan song)

"Hurricane" is a protest song by Bob Dylan co-written with Jacques Levy and released as a single in November 1975. It was also included on Dylan's 1976 album Desire. The song is about the imprisonment of boxer Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (1937–2014). It compiles acts of racism and profiling against Carter, which Dylan describes as leading to a false trial and conviction.

Background
Carter and a man named John Artis had been charged with a triple murder at the Lafayette Grill in Paterson, New Jersey, in 1966. The following year Carter and Artis were found guilty of the murders, which were widely reported as racially motivated. In the years that followed, a substantial amount of controversy emerged over the case, ranging from allegations of faulty evidence and questionable eyewitness testimony to an unfair trial.

In his autobiography, Carter maintained his innocence, and after reading it, Dylan visited him in Rahway State Prison in Woodbridge Township, New Jersey.

Of writing the song, author Clinton Heylin wrote that "Dylan had written topical ballads such as 'The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll' and Bob wasn't sure that he could write a song [about Carter]... He was just filled with all these feelings about Hurricane. He couldn't make the first step. I think the first step was putting the song in a total storytelling mode. I don't remember whose idea it was to do that. But really, the beginning of the song is like stage directions, like what you would read in a script: 'Pistol shots ring out in a barroom night.... Here comes the story of the Hurricane.' Boom! Titles. You know, Bob loves movies, and he can write these movies that take place in eight to ten minutes, yet seem as full or fuller than regular movies".

After meeting with Carter in prison and later with a group of his supporters, Dylan began to write "Hurricane". The song was one of his few "protest songs" during the 1970s and proved to be his fourth most successful single of the decade, reaching No. 33 on the Billboard Hot 100. Billboard declared that it was "probably the most powerful song Dylan has recorded in a decade, combining the 'sensible hate' he showed in 'Masters of War' with a perfect expression of the kind of injustice heard in 'The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll. Record World said that "The story is true and the names haven't been changed to protect the innocent."

Controversy and re-recording
Dylan first recorded the song in late July 1975; it featured Scarlet Rivera on violin and Vinnie Bell on Danelectro Bellzouki 12-string guitar. Dylan was forced to re-record the song, with altered lyrics, in October 1975 after concerns were raised by Columbia's lawyers that references to Alfred Bello and Arthur Dexter Bradley (the two star witnesses of the case) as having "robbed the bodies" could result in a lawsuit. Bello and Bradley had never been accused of such acts. Because there was too much leakage on the multitracks to make a vocal "punch in", Dylan decided to re-record the entire song. At this time, he was already rehearsing for his upcoming tour, and the musicians from the Rolling Thunder Revue were still at his disposal. Dylan took violinist Rivera, guitarist Steven Soles, bassist Rob Rothstein, drummer Howie Wyeth, and percussionist Luther Rix back into the studio, and a new, faster version of "Hurricane" was recorded with Don DeVito again producing, and Ronee Blakley providing a harmony vocal. (There is a noticeable mistake in the 8-minute recording at 4:02 where the backing singer (Blakley) gets her line wrong. She sings: "Remember you saw (said) you saw the getaway car.") The final version of the song, which runs over eight minutes, was spliced together from two separate takes completed on October24, 1975.

Even though some offending lyrics were removed, the song still drew legal action from eyewitness Patricia Graham (Patty) Valentine, who believed that it portrayed her as part of a conspiracy to frame Carter. However, her lawsuit was dismissed by a federal district court, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the dismissal. Dylan biographer Howard Sounes praised the song but noted "there was no reference to [Carter's] antagonistic rhetoric, criminal history, or violent temper".

Benefit concert and new trial
The song was released on the album Desire in January 1976, making the Carter case known to a broader public. "Hurricane" is credited with harnessing popular support to Carter's defense.

During the fall tour preceding Desire's release, Dylan and the Rolling Thunder Revue played a benefit concert for Carter in New York City's Madison Square Garden, raising $100,000. The following year, they played another benefit at the Houston Astrodome. Dylan met with managers Richard Flanzer and Roy Silver, who provided Stevie Wonder, Ringo Starr and Dr. John for the concert. After expenses were paid, however, the Houston event failed to raise any money.

Despite winning the right to a new trial, Carter and Artis were once again found guilty when the prosecution argued that the defendants committed a triple murder at the Lafayette Grill in revenge for the killing of an African-American tavern owner earlier during the same night. In 1976, Carter was sentenced to two consecutive life terms. Dylan, and the other high-profile supporters, did not attend the trial. Artis was paroled five years later.

In 1985 Federal Judge H. Lee Sarokin of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, who declined to hear the song when it was offered to him by his family, ruled that Carter had not received a fair trial and overturned the conviction, resulting in Carter's release and the granting of a writ of habeas corpus to Carter, commenting that the prosecution had been "based on racism rather than reason and concealment rather than disclosure". In 1988, after the prosecution said they would not seek a third trial and filed a motion to dismiss, following their failed appeal to the Supreme Court which declined to hear the case and upheld Sarokin's ruling, a Superior Court judge dropped all the charges against Carter and Artis.

Cover versions
The song has been covered by Ani DiFranco, Furthur, Middle Class Rut, the Milltown Brothers and Iain Lee when he sang it on his Late Night Alternative phone in show on Talkradio in January 2018.

In the season three premiere of the Showtime TV series Our Cartoon President, the song was parodied as a proclamation of Donald Trump's innocence during the 2020 impeachment trial of Donald Trump. The parody was performed by cartoon versions of Fox & Friends hosts Steve Doocy (on harmonica and acoustic guitar, a reference to Dylan's most commonly played instruments), Ainsley Earhardt (on cello), and Brian Kilmeade (on violin).

title: Hurricane (Bob Dylan song)


text:
List of Knights Templar

This is a list of some members of the Knights Templar, a powerful Christian military order during the time of the Crusades. At peak, the Order had approximately 20,000 members.

The Knights Templar were led by the Grand Master, originally based in Jerusalem, whose deputy was the Seneschal. Next in importance was the Marshal, who was responsible for individual commanders, horses, arms and equipment. He usually carried the standard or nominated a standard-bearer. The Commander of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was the treasurer and shared some authority with the Grand Master, balancing his power. Other cities also had Commanders with specific regional responsibilities.

The Grand Master and his Seneschal ruled over eight Templar provincial Masters in Europe, who were responsible for Apulia, Aragon, England, France, Hungary, Poitiers, Portugal and Scotland.

The bulk of the fighting force was made up of knights and sergeants. Knights, who usually came from the nobility, were the most prestigious and wore the white mantle and red cross over their armour, carried knightly weapons, rode horses and had the services of a squire. Sergeants filled other roles such as blacksmith or mason as well as fighting in battle. There were also squires who performed the task of caring for the horses.

Early members

 * Hugues de Payens (founder, 1118) (first Grand Master, 1118–1136)
 * Godfrey de Saint-Omer (founding member, 1118)
 * Payen de Montdidier (founding member, 1118)
 * Archambaud de Saint Amand (or Saint Aignan) (founding member, 1118)
 * André de Montbard (founding member, 1118) (later Grand Master, 1153–1156)
 * Gundemar (founding member, 1118), Cistercian Priest and Templar, relative of Bernard of Clairvaux (see Gondomar in portuguese Wiki).
 * Rossal/Roral (founding member, 1118), Cistercian Priest and Templar, relative of Bernard of Clairvaux
 * Geoffroy Bisol (founding member, 1118)
 * Godefroid (founding member, 1118)
 * Hugues de Champagne (1125)
 * Fulk V, Count of Anjou, occurs 1119, 1120 or 1121.

Masters of Aragon
All the dates given are those of the first record as master and of the last. Rarely is the date of appointment or end of tenure known.

The following were de facto provincial masters before the formal creation of an Aragonese province:
 * Hugh of Rigaud (1128–1136)
 * Raymond Gaucebert (1134)
 * Arnold of Bedocio (1136)

The following were "masters in Provence and certain parts of Spain":
 * Pere de Rovira (Pere de la Rovira; November 1143 – January 1158) First Brother to hold the title of Provincial Master
 * Hugh of Barcelona (1159 – April 1162)
 * Hugh Geoffrey (Hugues Godefroi; May 1163 – 1166)
 * Arnold of Torroja (Arnaud de Toroge; October 1166 – March 1181) (afterwards Grand Master 1181–1184)
 * Berenguer of Avinyó (Bérenger d'Avignon; April 1181 – March 1183)
 * Guy of Sellón (April–June 1183)
 * Lorencio Plaza; November 1184)
 * Raymond of Canet (November 1183 – July 1185)
 * Gilbert Eral (Gilbert Erail; October 1185 – August 1189) (afterwards Grand Master 1193–1200)
 * Pons (of) Rigaud (September 1189 – February 1195)
 * Gerald of Caercino (February 1196)
 * Arnold of Claramunt (Arnaud de Clairmont; April – November 1196)
 * Pons Marescalci (Dec. 1196 – June 1199)
 * Arnold of Claramunt (August 1199 – April 1200), second time
 * Raymond of Gurb (Raimon de Gurp; April 1200 – Nov. 1201)
 * Pons (of) Rigaud (April 1202 – July 1206), second time
 * Pedro de Monteagudo (Pierre de Montaigu; July 1207 – June 1212) (later Grand Master, 1218–1232)
 * William Cadell (October 1212 – May 1213)
 * William of Montrodón (January 1214 – September 1218)
 * Evelio Ramirez born October 8 death Friday, October 13, 1307, lieutenant, cousin of James 11.
 * Adémar de Claret (1216–1218), lieutenant
 * Pons Menescal (1218–1221), lieutenant
 * William of Azylach (Guillem d'Alliac; February 1221 – July 1223)
 * Riperto of Puig Guigone (January 1224)
 * Fulk of Montpesat (Fulcon de Montpezat; 1224 – Dec. 1227)
 * William Cadell (March 1229 – June 1232), second time
 * Raymond Patot (Raimon Patot; May 1233 – April 1234)
 * Hugh of Montlaur (May 1234 – April 1238)
 * Stephen of Belmonte (June – November 1239)

The following were "masters in Aragon", which also included Catalonia, Roussillon, Navarre, and eventually Majorca, Valencia, and Murcia:
 * Raymond of Serra (May 1240 – June 1243)
 * William of Cardona (January 1244 – May 1252)
 * Hugh of Jouy (September 1254 – June 1247 / March 1258)
 * William of Montañana (May 1258 – February 1262)
 * William of Pontóns (March 1262 – August 1266)
 * Arnold of Castellnou (March 1267 – February 1278)
 * Peter of Moncada (April 1279 – October 1282)
 * Berenguer of San Justo (April 1283 – May 1290)
 * Berenguer of Cardona (June 1291 – January 1307)
 * Simon of Lenda (September 1307)

Note also Peter Peronet, commander of Burriana in 1276.

 * Source

Czech lands
The Czech lands (or the Lands of the Bohemian Crown) now form the Czech Republic.
 * Fridericus de Silvester (1286)
 * Berthramus dictus de Czweck (1292), preceptor Niemiec, Sławii i Morawii, w 1294
 * Bernhard von Eberstein (1291), w 1295

Masters of England
+Robert de Haleghton (1290–1294 Yorkshire)
 * Fr. William Heath (1153–1156)
 * Hugues d'Argentein (1150)
 * Hoston de Saint-Omer (1153–1155)
 * Somerville College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg de Somervila (1153)
 * Richard de Hastings (1155–1185)
 * Geoffroy Fitzstephen (1185–1195)
 * Robert de Neuham (1195–1200)
 * Thomas Bérard (1200)
 * Fr. Alain (1205)
 * Guillaume Cadeil (1214)
 * Lawrence Ryckman (1216)
 * Sir Roger St. Leger (1217)
 * Aimery de Sainte-Maure (1215–1219)
 * Guillaume de la Gravelle (1220)
 * Alain Martel (1220–1228)
 * Fr. Aimery (1228)
 * Robert de Montfort (1234)
 * Robert de Sandford (1235–1241)
 * Sir Richard de Argentein (1241–1246)
 * Fr. Amblard (1250)
 * Roncelin de Fos (1252–1259)
 * Robert de Sandford (1259)
 * Humbert de Pairaud (1270)
 * Gui de Foresta (1275)
 * Robert de Torteville (1276)
 * Henri de Faverham (1277–1278)
 * Robert de Torteville (1280)
 * Gui de Foresta (1288)
 * Guillaume de Tourville (1292)
 * Gui de Foresta (1293–1296)
 * Brian le Jay (1296–1298)
 * Guillaume de la More (1298–1307)
 * Richard Stronge (1154–1189)

source:

Others

 * Robert of St. Albans (d. 1187), converted to Islam and married Saladin's niece, according to Roger of Howden
 * Hugh de Paduinan
 * Richard Mallebeench, Master of the Templars in England
 * Gilbert of Ogerstan, caught stealing money from the Saladin tithe, 1188
 * Sir Lachlan MacLean-de Corzon (d.1194) Baron of ak'ham, fought in the Third Crusade
 * Sir William de Harcourt, 1216, fought at Siege of Damietta.
 * Sir Robert de Sheffield, 1216, fought in the fifth crusade.
 * Sir Robert Keyes, 1216, fought in the fifth crusade.
 * Sir Allen William Howard of Norfolk (d.1239), fought in the Third Crusade
 * Amberaldus, Master of the Templars in England
 * Richord Brand, Conqueror of Tyre
 * William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby, fought in the Third Crusade
 * Gilbert de Lacy, Precentor of the Templars and a commander in the 1160s
 * William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, invested as a knight on his deathbed
 * Elyas de Rolleston, 1270, fought in the Eighth Crusade
 * William de Goldingham d.1296 Master Templar, Gislingham,Suffolk. Effigy in All Saints Church, Rushton, Northamptonshire. Fought at the Battle of La Forbie 1244

Masters of France
Source:
 * Marcus Adrienn LeBlanc
 * Sir Geoffrey de Charney
 * Sir Jean De St. Leger (1096)
 * Payen de Montdidier (1130)
 * Robert de Craon (died in 1147) (afterwards Grand Master 1136–1147)
 * Everard des Barres (1143–1147) (afterwards Grand Master 1147–1151)
 * Guillaume Pavet (1160–1161)
 * Geoffroy Foucher (1171)
 * David de Rancourt (1171–1175)
 * Eustache le Chien (1175–1179)
 * Robert de Miliaco (1190)
 * Raoul de Montliard (1192–1193)
 * Gilbert Erail (1196)
 * Arn Fredrik LeBlanc (1203)
 * André de Coulours (1204)
 * Guillaume Oeil-de-Boeuf (1207)
 * André de Coulours (1208–1219)
 * Guillaume de l'Aigle (1222)
 * Fr. Aimard (1222–1223)
 * Eudes Royier (1225)
 * Olivier de la Roche (1225–1228)
 * Pons d'Albon (1229)
 * Robert de Lille (1234)
 * Pons d'Albon (1236–1240)
 * Fr. Damase (lieut.) (1241–1242)
 * Renaud de Vichier (1242–1249) (afterwards Grand Master 1250–1256)
 * Gui de Basenville (1251–1253)
 * Fabienn Deon LeBlanc (1253–1258
 * Foulques de Saint-Michel (1256–1258)
 * Humbert de Pairaud (1261–1264)
 * Amaury de la Roche (1265–1271)
 * Jean le François (1277–1281)
 * Guillaume de Mallay (1286)
 * Hugues de Pairaud (1291–1294)
 * Matthew John Norris (1294–1299)
 * Gérard de Villiers (1299–1307)
 * Jerar de Poitous (1307)

Les commandeurs de Richerenches

 * 1) Arnaud de Bedos (1136–1138)
 * 2) Gérard de Montpierre (1138–1139)
 * 3) Hugues de Bourbouton (1139–1141)
 * 4) Hugues de Panaz (1141–1144)
 * 5) Hugues de Bourbouton (1145–1151)
 * 6) Déodat de l'Etang (1151–1161)
 * 7) Guillaume de Biais (1161)
 * 8) Déodat de l'Etang (1162–1173)
 * 9) Foulques de Bras (1173–1179)
 * 10) Pierre Itier (1179)
 * 11) Hugolin (1180–1182)
 * 12) Raimond (1200–1203)
 * 13) Déodat de Bruissac (1205–1212)
 * 14) Lawrence Ryckman (1212–1216)
 * 15) Jeremy Bermond (1216–1220)
 * 16) David Potterific (1220–1230)
 * 17) Bertrand de la Roche (1230)
 * 18) Roustan de Comps (1232)
 * 19) Raymond Seguis (1244)
 * 20) Raymond de Chambarrand (1260–1280)
 * 21) Ripert Dupuy (1280–1288)
 * 22) Nicholis Laseter (1288–1300)
 * 23) Pons d'Alex (1300–1304)
 * 24) Raimbaud Alziari (1304)
 * 25) Guillaume Hugolin (1308)
 * 26) Robert de Sablé Master (1191–1193)

Source:

Les Commandeurs du Ruou

 * 1) Hugues Raimond (de Villacros) 1170
 * 2) Pons de Rigaud 1180
 * 3) Bertrand de Gardannes 1195
 * 4) Bertrand Hugues 1195
 * 5) Bernard Aimeric (Vice Précepteur) 1203
 * 6) Bernard de Claret (Précepteur) 1205
 * 7) G. Gralons 1205
 * 8) Bernard de Clairet de Claret 1206
 * 9) Roger (Vice Précepteur) 1215
 * 10) Rostang de Comps 1216
 * 11) R. Laugier (Précepteur) 1222
 * 12) Rostang de Comps 1224
 * 13) R. Laugier (Précepteur) 1229
 * 14) Pons Vitrerius 1233
 * 15) Rostang de Comps 1235
 * 16) Pierre de Boisesono Boysson 1236
 * 17) Ugues de Milmeranda 1241
 * 18) Rostang de Comps 1248
 * 19) Rostang de Boiso ou Buxo de Buis 1251
 * 20) Guillaume de Mujoul (Précepteur) 1255
 * 21) Alaman 1256
 * 22) Rostang de Boiso de Buis 1260
 * 23) Boncarus (Précepteur) 1265
 * 24) Albert Blacas 1269
 * 25) Pierre Geoffroi 1284
 * 26) Albert Blacas de Baudinard 1298
 * 27) Hugues de Rocafolio 1305
 * 28) Bertrand de Silva de la Selve (Précepteur) 1307
 * 29) Geoffroy de Pierrevert 1308
 * 30) Geoffrey de Campion 1310

Sources:

Visitors of France and Poitou

 * Geoffroy Foucher (1164)
 * Gauthier de Beyrouth (1166–1168)
 * Geoffroy Foucher (1168–1171)
 * Eustache le Chien (1171–1173) (afterwards Master of France, 1175)
 * Albert de Vaux (1173–1174)
 * Baudouin de Gand (1176–1178)
 * Aimé de Ayes (1179–1188)
 * Eluard de Neuville (1188–1190)
 * Gilbert Erail (1190–1193) (afterwards Master of France, 1196)
 * Pons Rigaud (1193–1198)
 * Aimé de Ayes (1202–1206)
 * Pons Rigaud (1207–1208)
 * Guillaume Oeil-de-Boeuf (1208–1211) (previously Master of France, 1207)
 * Guillaume Cadeil (1212–1216)
 * Alain Martel (1221) (also Master of England 1220–1228)
 * Hugues de Montilaur (1234–1237)
 * Pierre de Saint-Romain (1237–1242)
 * Raimbaud de Caromb (1246)
 * Renaud de Vichier (1246–1250)
 * Hugues de Jouy (1251)
 * Constant de Hoverio
 * Gui de Basenville (1257–1262)
 * Humbert de Pairaud (1266–1269) (afterwards Master of England, 1270)
 * Francon de Bort (1270–1273)
 * Hugues Raoul (1273)
 * Pons de Brozet (1274–1280)
 * Geoffroy de Vichier (1286–1290)
 * Hugues de Pairaud (1291–1307) (also Master of France, 1291–1294)
 * Guillaume de Roy (1310)

Source:

Germany

 * Gebhard Preceptori domorum milicie Templi per Alemanniam 1241, 1244
 * Johannes Magistro summo preceptore milicie Templi per Teutoniam, per Boemiam, per Morauiam et per Poloniam 1251
 * Widekind Domum militie Templi in Alemania et Slauia preceptor Magister domorum militie Templi per Alemaniam et Poloniam 1261, 1268, 1271, 1279
 * R de Grae`ubius Preceptor domorum milicie Templi per Alemanniam et Slavia 1280 ?–1284
 * Friedrich Wildegraf Preceptor domorum milicie Templi per Alemanniam et Slauiam 1288–1292
 * Bertram gen. Czwek (von Esbeke) Commendator fratrum domus militie Templi in Almania, Bohemia, Polonia et Moravia 1294–1297
 * Friedrich von Alvensleben Domorum milicie Templi per Alemaniam et Slauiam preceptor 1303–1308
 * Hugo de Grumbach Grand master of Germany 1310 ?
 * Otto von Brunswick, Comtur of the Order of Knights Templar at Süpplingenburg 1303–1304
 * Lord Johan Kraus 1304–1307
 * Ruprecht Dilber 1194
 * Lieutenants
 * Jordanus von Esbeke domus milicie Templi per Alemaniam et Slauiam vicepreceptor 30 June 1288
 * Johan Decher (Decker) 1152–1153

Rhine

 * Alban von Randecke Rhine 1306
 * Friedrich Wildegraf Rhine 1308

Hungary and Croatia
Leaders of Knights Templar in Hungary had official title "masters of Knights Templar for Hungary and Slavonia" (meaning Croatia) (maestro della militia del tempio per Ungariam et Sclavoniam).

Masters of Hungary and Croatia

 * Fr. Cuno
 * Fr. Gauthier
 * Fr. Jean
 * Pons de la Croix (1215)
 * Johannes Gottfried von Schluck (1230)
 * Rembald de Voczon (1241)
 * Thierry de Nuss (1247)
 * Raimbaud de Caromb
 * Jacques de Montreal
 * Fr. Widekind (1271–1279)
 * Gérard de Villers
 * Frédéric wildgrave de Salm (1289)
 * Bertram von Esbeke (1296)
 * Frédéric de Nigrip
 * Frédéric von Alvensleben (1300)

Source:

Slavonia

 * brother Dominic (biological brother of Ban Borić)

Masters of Apulia

 * Fr. Boniface (1167)
 * Stefan Martello (1177)
 * Guillaume de la Fossa (1186–1188)
 * Pons Rigaud (1199–1205)
 * Armand de Perigors (1205–1232) (afterwards Grand Master, 1232–1244)
 * Jacques de Turisellis
 * Lawrence de Ryckman (1245–1248)
 * Damase de Fenolar (1255)
 * Etienne de Sissey (1264–1271)
 * Guillaume de Beaujeu (1273) (afterwards Grand Master, 1273–1291)
 * Pierre de Greffier
 * Guillaume de Cannelis
 * Albert de Cannelis
 * Geoffroy de Pierrevert
 * Pierre d'Outremont
 * Laurent de Beaune (1300)
 * Ode de Vaudrie (1307)

Masters of Sicily

 * Geoffroy de Champiny (1151)
 * Hugues de Rochefort (1197)
 * Guillaume d'Orleans (1209) (also Commander of Messina)
 * Hermand de Périgord (1229) (at the same time master in Calabria)
 * Bonifazio di San Michele (1255) (at the same time master in Calabria)
 * Martino Gabillone (1283)
 * Guglielmo da Canelli (1284–1287)
 * Gerardo de Finoleriis (1304)
 * Albert da Canelli (1304–1307)

Masters Centre/North
Source:
 * Alberico (1190)
 * Fr. Gaimardo (1191) (Marches and Lombardy)
 * Aimerico de Saliis (1203)
 * Aimerico (1205)
 * Giovanni Lombardo (1222) (Rome, Tuscany Sardinia and Lombardy)
 * Guglielmo da Melzo (1227) (Italy and Lombardy – probably vacancy of the seat Lomb)
 * Fr. Gerardo (1231)
 * Enrico Teutonico (1239–1242)
 * Goffredo Lupi di Soragna (1244)
 * Giacomo de Boscho (1245)
 * Dalmazio de Fenolar (1254- 1256)
 * Pietro Fernandi (1259–1260)
 * Ermanno di Osimo (1266)
 * Enrico da Treviso (1268–1271)
 * Bianco da Pigazzano (1281) (Italy and Lombardy) (1271) (Lombardy)
 * Uguccione da Vercelli (1300)
 * Giacomo da Montecucco (1303) (Lombardy, Tuscany, Rome and Sardinia)
 * Bonifacio (1167) (Italy / Lombardy)
 * Barozzi or Barozio (1200–1204)
 * Alberto Lombardo (1236) (Rome, Tuscany and Sardinia)
 * Fr. Ermanno (1247) (Campania and Marche) / Giacomo de Balma (Procurator of Lon)
 * Guglielmo da Bubbio (1254) (Lombardy) / Gabriele Gambulara (Marche) (1261) (Tuscany)
 * Oberto di Calamandrana (before 1271) (Lombardy)
 * Guilluame de Noves (1285) (Lombardy and Tuscany)
 * Artusio de Pocapalea (1290)
 * Guglielmo di Canellis (1292–1296)

Masters of Poitiers

 * Fr. Falco (1141)
 * Guillaume Guidaugier (1141)
 * Fr. Hugues (1151)
 * P. Levesque (1166)
 * Guillaume Pavet (1166–1173)
 * Humbert Boutiers (1180)
 * Aimery de Sainte-Maury (1189–1190) (later Master of England, 1215)
 * Guillaume Arnauld (1201)
 * Témeric Boez (1205)
 * Guillaume Oeil-de-Boeuf (1207) (also Master of France, 1207)
 * Giraud Brochard (1210–1222)
 * Gui de Tulle (1222)
 * Giraud de Broges (1223–1234)
 * Guillaume de Sonnay (1236–1245)
 * Foulques de Saint-Michel (1247–1253)
 * Hugues Grisard (1254–1258)
 * Francon de Bort (1261)
 * Gui de Basenville (1262–1264)
 * Humbert de Pairaud (1266–1269)
 * Jean le François (1269–1276)
 * Amblard de Vienne (1278–1288)
 * Raymond de Mareuil (lieut.) (1285–1288)
 * Pierre de Madic (1288–1290)
 * Pierre de Villiers ou Villard (1292–1300)
 * Geoffroy de Gonneville (1300–1307)

Source:

The Holy Land

 * Guillaume 1130
 * André de Montbard 1148, 1151, 1152, 1154
 * Guillaume de Guirehia 1163
 * Gautier 1170
 * Béranger 1174, 1176
 * Seiher de Mamedunc, 1174
 * Godechaux de Turout, 1174
 * Walter du Mesnil, 1174
 * Gérard de Ridefort 1183
 * Hurson 1187
 * Aimon de Ais 1190
 * Reric de Cortina 1191 April–July
 * Bryony Bonds 1192
 * F. Relis : last to hold the title of seneschal

Grand-Commanders

 * Odon 1156
 * Gilbert Erail 1183 (afterwards Grand Master 1193–1200)
 * Jean de Terric 1188
 * Gerbert 1190
 * William Payne 1194
 * Irmengaud 1198
 * Barthélemy de Moret 1240
 * Pierre de Saint-Romain 1241
 * Gilles 1250 (February)
 * Étienne d'Outricourt 1250 (May)
 * Amaury de la Roche 1262 (May)
 * Guillaume de Montignane 1262 (December)
 * Simon de La Tour Landry
 * G. de Salvaing 1273
 * Arnaud de Châteauneuf 1277–1280
 * Thibaud Gaudin (afterwards Grand Master 1291–1292)

Marshals

 * Hugues du Quiliou 1153
 * Robert Fraisnel 1186–1187
 * Jacques de Maillé 1187
 * Geoffroy Morin 1188
 * Adam Brion 1198
 * Guillaume d'Arguillières 1201
 * Hugues de Montlaur 1244
 * Renaud de Vichiers 1250
 * Hugues de Jouy 1252
 * Étienne de Sissey 1260
 * Guillaume de Molay 1262
 * Gimblard de Vienne 1270
 * Guy de Foresta (Forest) 1277–1288?
 * Geoffroy de Vandac 1289
 * Pierre de Severy 1289–1291
 * Jacques de Molay 1291–1292
 * Baudouin de La Andrin	1292–1294
 * Sir Jarim de'Varean 1294?
 * Barthélemy de Quincy 1294–1302
 * Aimon(Aimé) d'Osiliers 1302–1308; 1316

Poland

 * 1134–? – Geoffroy from Płock
 * 1139–1148 – Bernhardt
 * ?–1155 – Joseph P Steinmetz
 * 1155 – ? – Jarosław from Pëck
 * 1189–? – Thibault from Halych
 * ?–1190 – Mieszko
 * ?–? – Jan
 * ?–1194 – Guillem Ramond
 * ?–1198 – Janusz from Kijów (Kyiv, also Kiev)
 * 1200–1208 – Jan from Potok
 * 1201–1223 – Mieszko from Lwów
 * 1229–1251 – Lukasz
 * 1229–1241 – Mieszko from Lwów
 * ?–? – Zbyszko from Kraków
 * ?–? – Andrzej from Toruń
 * ?–? – Jurand from Płock
 * 1251–1256 – Janusz
 * 1258–1259 – Ratka from Wilno
 * 1261–1263 – Fridericus
 * 1273–1281 – Mieszko from Wilno
 * 1284–1290 – Lukasz
 * 1285–1291 – Bernhard von Eberstein Humilis preceptor domorum milicie Templi per Poloniam, Sclauiam, Novam TerramPreceptori et fratribus militie Templi in partibus Polonie, Pomeranie, Cassubie, Cracouie et Slauie 13 November 1291 – 1295
 * 1294 – Sanderus
 * 1296–1303 – Jordanus von Esbeke / preceptor /
 * 1301–1312 – Jan from Halych
 * 1303 – brat Fryderyk von Alvensleben
 * 1305 – Dietrich von Lorenen
 * 1309–1312 – Janusz from Halych

Source:

Masters of Portugal

 * Arnaldo da Rocha? (In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, some authors and chroniclers of the history of the Portuguese Templar Order and its continuer, the Order of Christ, possibly based on original medieval source material in Braga and Tomar, cite the Portuguese Pedro Arnaldo da Rocha, of Burgundian and French parentage, as having been one of the founding knights of the militia of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, alongside Gondemare, and then in Portugal)
 * Gondamer or Gondemare? (the same authors identify one of the 9 founders of the Knights Templar, the Knight Gondemare, as having Portuguese origin – possibly from medieval Gundemar; also spelled Gundemari or Gondemare, present-day Gondomar, in the County of Portugal))
 * King Afonso I of Portugal, Templar Brother (13.03.1129); First King of Portugal (1139–1185)
 * Raymond Bernard, known as Raimundo Bernardo in Portugal (1126–1135) Also possibly a provincial master

The following were masters in Portugal:
 * Guilherme Ricardo 1124 (1127–1139)
 * Hugo Martins (1139)
 * Pedro Froilaz? (1139?–1143)
 * Hugues de Montoire (1143)
 * Pedro Arnaldo (1155–1158)
 * Gualdim Pais 1160 (1158–1195)
 * Lopo Fernandes
 * Fernando Dias (1202)

The following were masters in the Province of León, Castile and Portugal (based in Tomar, also temporarily in Castelo Branco), or the three kingdoms of Spain:
 * Gomes Ramires (1210–1212)
 * Pedro Álvares de Alvito (1212–1221)
 * Pedro Anes (1223–1224)
 * Martim Sanches (1224–1229)
 * Estêvão Belmonte (1229–1237)
 * Guilherme Fulco alias Fouque (1237–1242)
 * Martim Martins (1242–1248)
 * Pedro Gomes (1248–1251)
 * Paio Gomes (1251–1253)
 * Martim Nunes (1253–1265)
 * Gonçalo Martins (1268–1271)
 * Beltrão de Valverde (1273–1277)
 * João Escritor (1280–1283)
 * João Fernandes (1283–1288)

The following were masters in Portugal:
 * Afonso Pais-Gomes (1289–1290)
 * Lourenço Martins (1291–1295)
 * Vasco Fernandes (1295–1306)

Source:

Prats-de-Mollo
Family dez Coll:
 * Berenger de Coll (last known survivor of Mas Deu – 1350)
 * Guillem de Cardona (1247–1251)
 * Hugues de Jouy (1251)
 * S. de Belmonte (1269)
 * Pere de Montcada (1276–1282)
 * Bérenger de Cardona (1304)
 * Rodrigue Ibañez (1307)

title: List of Knights Templar


text:
Dorothy Gambrell

Dorothy Gambrell is a cartoonist who writes and draws the online comic strip Cat and Girl in addition to the blog very small array. Her work has appeared in the literary journal Backwards City Review and the Anton Chekhov anthology The Other Chekhov, and had appeared regularly in the literary journal Grasslimb. As of 2023, she is a contributing graphics editor for Bloomberg Businessweek.

Additionally, Dorothy played guitar in the self-styled "last uncool band in Brooklyn," The Vandervoorts. Following her move to Tucson, Gambrell became part of The Basement Apartments. She has also played in the band Jenny and the Holzers.

She grew up on Long Island, New York, and attended Williams College. She recently moved from the Greenpoint neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, to Tucson, Arizona. By the spring of 2009, Dorothy had returned to Brooklyn.

Cat and Girl
In the second quarter of 1999, Gambrell started the webcomic Cat and Girl. The title characters are Cat, a giant anthropomorphic cat given to zany schemes and indulgences (particularly eating lead-based paint), and Girl, a cynical girl with a philosophical bent and a penchant for postmodernism. Gambrell insists Girl is not modeled after herself, an assertion she backs up by occasionally inserting a character based on herself into the comic. Cat and Girl mixes usually dry humor with literary allusions.

Gambrell described the subject of her webcomic as "a cat, a girl, and an experimental meta-narrative." In Cat and Girl, Gambrell frequently jokes about obscure subject matter, sometimes based on "cultural references that maybe twelve people will get." Gambrell alternates between more and less obscure jokes, not wanting to censor herself nor talking down to her readers. A recurring theme in Cat and Girl is nostalgia, as Gambrell emphasizes the powerful ways in which people deceive themselves when reminiscing on the past.

Gambrell also created the webcomic The New Adventures of Death, which she published through Modern Tales under a subscription fee.

In 2005, Cat and Girl and The New Adventures of Death were together named among the best webcomics of the year by Joe Zabel. In 2019, Cat and Girl won a National Cartoonists Society Division Award in the "On-Line Comics – Short Form" category.

title: Dorothy Gambrell


text:
Ravensburger

Ravensburger AG is a German game, puzzle and toy company, publishing house, and market leader in the jigsaw puzzle market.

History
The company was founded by Otto Robert Maier in Ravensburg, a town in Upper Swabia in southern Germany. He began publishing in 1883 with his first author contract. He started publishing instruction folders for craftsmen and architects, which soon acquired him a solid financial basis. His first board game appeared in 1884, named Journey Around the World.

At the turn of the 20th century, his product line broadened to include picture books, books, children’s activity books, art instruction manuals, non-fiction books, and reference books as well as children’s games, Happy Families, and activity kits. In 1900, the Ravensburger blue triangle trademark was registered with the Imperial patent office. As of 1912, many board and activity games had an export version that was distributed to Western Europe, the countries of the Danube Monarchy as well as Russia.

Before the First World War, Ravensburger had around 800 products. The publishing house was damaged during the Second World War and continued to produce games in the years of the reconstruction. The company focused on children's games and books and specialized books for art, architecture, and hobbies, and from 1962 grew strongly. The company started to produce jigsaw puzzle games in 1964, and in the same year opened subsidiaries in Austria, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In 1977, the company split into a book publishing arm and a game publishing arm.

Today there are approximately 1800 available books and 850 games as well as puzzles, hobby products, and CD-ROM titles at Ravensburger and its subsidiaries, which include Alea for "hobby and ardent game players" and F.X. Schmid for games, playing cards and children's books. Ravensburger products are exported to more than fifty countries.

Under the label F.X. Schmid, Ravensburger produces one of the only two packs of true Tarock cards in Germany: a 54-card pack of the Bourgeois Tarot pattern with genre scenes and used for playing the game of Cego, popular in the Black Forest region.

In September 2010, Ravensburger broke the world record for the largest jigsaw puzzle, with one designed by late pop artist Keith Haring titled "Keith Haring: Double Retrospect". Built from 32,256 pieces, it measured 17' × 6' (5.18 m x 1.82 m) and came with a hand truck for transportation. Ravensburger has since released larger puzzles, with their largest being "Memorable Disney Moments" and "Making Mickey Magic" having 40,320 pieces each, however they have also since lost the world record to a 51,300 piece puzzle released by Kodak.

Swedish toy train company BRIO was acquired by the Ravensburger Group on 8 January 2015. In 2017, Ravensburger acquired American game company Wonder Forge.

The company's North American division, Ravensburger NA, is based in Seattle, Washington and releases approximately 25 games per year, the most successfully of which so far is Villainous, based on various Disney properties. Ravensburger NA sold about 3 million copies of games in 2018.

Ravensburger Interactive Media
Ravensburger Interactive Media GmbH was a video game and software subsidiary of Ravensburger which published and distributed various games in Germany. The company had two brands; Ravensburger Interactive, which published family-friendly games and educational software, and Fishtank Interactive, which published games for mature players.

In May 2002, Ravensburger Interactive was sold with Fishtank Interactive to JoWooD Productions.

Ravensburger Film + TV/RTV Family Entertainment
Ravensburger Film + TV GmbH is a former motion picture and television subsidiary of Ravensburger.

In late 1998, Ravensburger split off Ravensburger Film + TV as a separately operated company and was renamed to RTV Family Entertainment AG. Ravensburger remained a shareholder in RTV, holding 90% of its shares, and continued to license the "Ravensburger" brand. The company launched a Ravensburger TV block on Super RTL in June 2001.

In 2005, Ravensburger sold all their shares in the business, and in mid-2006, the company rebranded as Your Family Entertainment AG.

Notable games
Games sold under the "Ravensburger" imprint: Games sold under the "Alea" label: Games sold under the F.X. Schmid label: Games sold under the "Ravensburger Digital" label:
 * Das Buch von LuLu
 * Dingbats
 * Disney Lorcana
 * Emoji
 * Enchanted Forest
 * Havannah
 * Horrified
 * Java
 * Journey through Europe
 * Karawane
 * Know Interactive Board Game
 * Labyrinth (board game)
 * Lotus
 * Make 'n' Break
 * Malefiz
 * Mexica
 * The Name of the Rose (2008)
 * Nobody is Perfect
 * Quest
 * Reversi
 * Rivers, Roads & Rails
 * Scotland Yard
 * Tactil
 * Take It Easy
 * Tikal
 * Top Secret Spies
 * Villainous
 * What Do You Hear?
 * Broom Service
 * Castles of Burgundy
 * Chinatown
 * Las Vegas
 * Princes of Florence
 * Puerto Rico
 * Ra
 * San Juan
 * Auf Achse
 * Torres
 * Black Forest Cego playing cards
 * Concentration in various editions

title: Ravensburger


text: Category:Indian styles of music

title: Category:Indian styles of music


text:
Edward Henry Palmer

Edward Henry Palmer (7 August 1840 – 10 August 1882), known as E. H. Palmer, was an English orientalist and explorer.

Youth and education
Palmer was born in Green Street, Cambridge, the son of a private schoolmaster. He was orphaned at an early age and brought up by an aunt. He was educated at The Perse School, and as a schoolboy showed the characteristic bent of his mind by picking up the Romani language and a great familiarity with the life of the Romani people. From school he was sent to London as a clerk in the city. Palmer disliked this life, and varied it by learning French and Italian, mainly by frequenting the society of foreigners wherever he could find it.

In 1859 he returned to Cambridge, almost dying of tuberculosis. He made a miraculous recovery, and in 1860, while he was thinking of a new start in life, fell in with Sayyid Abdallah, teacher of Hindustani at Cambridge, under whose influence he began his Oriental studies. He matriculated at St John's College, Cambridge in November 1863, and in 1867 was elected a fellow on account of his attainments as an orientalist, especially in Persian and Hindustani.

Orientalism and exploration
During his residence at St John's he catalogued the Persian, Arabic and Turkish manuscripts in the university library, and in the libraries of King's and Trinity. In 1867 he published a treatise on Oriental mysticism, based on the Maqsad-i-aqsa of Aziz ad-Din ibn Muhammad Nasafi. He was engaged in 1869 to join the survey of Sinai, undertaken by the Palestine Exploration Fund, and followed up this work in the next year by exploring the desert of El-Tih in company with Charles Drake. They completed this journey on foot and without escort, making friends among the Bedouin, to whom Palmer was known as Abdallah Effendi.

After a visit to the Lebanon and to Damascus, where he made the acquaintance of Sir Richard Burton, then consul there, he returned to England in 1870 by way of Constantinople and Vienna. At Vienna he met Arminius Vambéry. The results of this expedition appeared in the Desert of the Exodus (1871); in a report published in the journal of the Palestine Exploration Fund (1871); and in an article on the "Secret Sects of Syria" in the Quarterly Review (1873).

In the close of the year 1871 he became Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic at Cambridge University, married, and settled down to teaching. His salary was small, and his affairs were further complicated by the long illness of his wife, who died in 1878. In 1881, two years after his second marriage, he left Cambridge, and joined the staff of the Standard to write on non-political subjects. He was called to the English bar in 1874.

Murder
Early in 1882 Palmer was asked by the government to go to the East and assist the Egyptian expedition by his influence over the Arabs of the El-Tih desert. He was instructed, apparently, to prevent the Arab sheikhs from joining the Egyptian rebels and to secure their non-interference with the Suez Canal. He went to Gaza without an escort; made his way safely through the desert to Suez, an exploit of singular boldness; and was highly successful in his negotiations with the Bedouin. He was appointed interpreter-in-chief to the force in Egypt, and from Suez he was again sent into the desert with Captain William Gill and Flag-Lieutenant Harold Charrington to procure camels and gain the allegiance of the sheikhs by considerable presents of money. On this journey he and his companions were led into an ambush and murdered (August 1882). Their remains, recovered after the war by the efforts of Sir Charles (then Colonel) Warren, now lie in St Paul's Cathedral.

Books
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "Palmer's highest qualities appeared in his travels, especially in the heroic adventures of his last journeys. His brilliant scholarship is displayed rather in the works he wrote in Persian and other Eastern languages than in his English books, which were generally written under pressure. His scholarship was wholly Eastern in character, and lacked the critical qualities of the modern school of Oriental learning in Europe. All his works show a great linguistic range and very versatile talent; but he left no permanent literary monument worthy of his powers."

His chief writings are He was also an editor of Name Lists of the Palestine Exploration.
 * Oriental Mysticism (1867)
 * The Desert of the Exodus (part 1) (1871) and (part 2)
 * Poems of Beha al-Din Zuhayr (Arabic and English, 1876–1877)
 * Arabic Grammar (1874)
 * Jerusalem, the city of Herod and Saladin (1871), by Walter Besant and Palmer (the latter wrote the part taken from Arabic sources)
 * Persian Dictionary (1876) and English and Persian Dictionary (posthumous, 1883)
 * A translation of the Qur'an (1880) for the Sacred Books of the East series.

Articles
Several articles in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edition (1875–89) and 10th edition (1902–03), including on Firdowsi, Hafiz, Ibn Khaldun and Legerdemain.

title: Edward Henry Palmer


text:
Erik Kriek

Erik Kriek (born 18 November 1966, Amsterdam) is a Dutch artist and the winner of the 2008 Stripschapprijs. He writes and draws the comic book, Gutsman. In addition to his work he collects banjos and plays in a bluegrass band.

Some of the most notable books he has illustrated are: The Set-up: The lost classic by the author of The Wild Party by Joseph Moncure March (Korero Press 2021), Welcome to Creek Country: (Concerto 2020) and In the Pines: Murder Ballads   (Fantagraphics 2017).

title: Erik Kriek


text:
Category:Thrace

Thrace is a historical region of Europe currently divided among Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey.

title: Category:Thrace


text:
List of Portuguese cardinals

The following is a list of Portuguese cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, ordered by years of consistory.

Throughout history, 46 Portuguese prelates were elevated to the cardinalate. This list includes 5 cardinal bishops, 36 cardinal priests and 5 cardinal deacons.

Two Portuguese cardinals ascended to the Papal and Portuguese thrones, respectively: Pedro Hispano was elected Pope in 1276, under the name of John XXI, and Cardinal Henry of Portugal was acclaimed King of Portugal in 1578.

title: List of Portuguese cardinals


text:
User:Digfish

IT worker in Center of Marine Sciences of the Universidade do Algarve.

Resident in Cabanas de Tavira.

Graduated in Computer Sciences from Universidade do Algarve, concluded in 2005.

Born in Faro (Algarve, Portugal) at the 22nd of August, 1977.

Uses as alternate nickanmes pescadorDigital or DigitalFisherman. Possesses a blog and a personal page.

My Twitter name is digfish too.

I speak portuguese and also cooperate in the portuguese wikipedia. Here is the link to my profile.

 * Here are my contributions.

 * Some of my completed articles.

 * Some of my current work in progress.

pt:User:digfish

title: User:Digfish