text:
From the Soil

From the Soil, first published in 1947, is a work by Fei Xiaotong, a pioneering Chinese sociologist and anthropologist. The book is a compilation of the author's lecture notes and a series of essays he wrote for Chinese journal Shiji Pinglun. Banned in Mainland China shortly after the communist takeover and in Taiwan due to Fei's perceived support of the Communist regime, the book only remained available in the Chinese-speaking world in Hong Kong until the 1980s, when Fei was rehabilitated and instated as a professor at Peking University. It was only translated into English in 1992.

Fei wrote the book in an effort to develop a conceptual framework for depicting the moral and ethical characteristics of Chinese society, while simultaneously contrasting Chinese society's organizational structure with Western society. According to Fei, the title came from his trying to convey the idea that "the Chinese people come from the soil". Originally written with a Chinese audience in mind for the purpose of explicitly delineating the unique characteristics of their society, the book is also popular outside of China as a way to study and relate to Chinese society.

History
From the Soil is a compilation of lecture notes from courses author Fei Xiaotong taught on Chinese rural society in the 1940s, and a series of essays he wrote for Shiji Pinglun, a Chinese intellectual journal. Published in 1947, From the Soil quickly became one of Fei's most widely read books, and along with Reconstructing Rural China made Fei famous within China's intellectual circles. Even though Fei supported the Chinese Communist Party, following their consolidation of rule on the mainland his works were nonetheless branded as "rightist" and "anti-Marxist" and were subsequently banned; in neighboring Taiwan, Fei's works were similarly restricted because he had expressed support for the Communist party, although From the Soil remained available in Hong Kong. During these years, however, Fei's books (but not From the Soil) were translated into English and spread to the West, where they became widely read.

After Fei was rehabilitated and sociology re-instated as a discipline in China in 1979, he was hired as a professor at Peking University and began teaching From the Soil as one of three required texts to small groups of graduate students.

Themes
The primary theme of From the Soil is that Chinese people were "inseparable from the soil" which nurtured Chinese society but also limits its potential, a description that Andrea Janku calls "the portrait of a rural and inward looking country".

Fei also tackles the issue of selfishness in Chinese society, lamenting how the beautiful canals of Suzhou are routinely marred by garbage thrown in by residents with no sympathy for their fellow neighbors who use the canal's water to wash their clothes and vegetables. He uses the concentric ripples of a pebble hitting water as an analogy for Chinese societal structure to explain this selfishness, in what he calls a "self-centered quality" inherent in Chinese social relationships. In addition, he explains how kinship form the nexus of social relationships, governed under rules called guanxi, with every relationship falling under one of many distinct categories. Those falling further from the center (self) of the metaphorical ripples are categorized differently than those falling closer to the center. Fei further explains the unspoken rules of guanxi, explaining that rights and obligations to one another must be balanced and favors must be returned over set periods of time to prevent relationships from being severed.

He also observes how Chinese political structure is on a "two-track" system: one centered on the central government and the other on local government, with each trying to influence the other with varying levels of success. Within this context, Fei offers suggestions on political reform that rest on restoring strong local power.

Reception
While From the Soil was banned in much of the Chinese-speaking world mere years after its publication, today it is one of Fei's most widely read books and, according to The New York Times, is a "cornerstone of modern sociology and anthropology. While Gary Hamilton and Wang Zhang called Fei's prose "disarming", they also observed that Fei possessed a deep understanding of Western sociological thought, mentioning and borrowing ideas from Western thinkers such as Emile Durkheim, George Herbert Mead, and William James. The University of California Press, its publisher in English, calls the book both "succinct and accessible" and "likely to have a wide impact on Western social theorists". According to Hamilton, "it is through this book that many Westerners can now learn about China."

title: From the Soil


text:
List of Chinese sociologists and anthropologists

This is a list of Chinese sociologists and anthropologists. The academic disciplines of sociology and anthropology were under active development in China in the 20th century.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)

"Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey, featuring Mystikal, from her first soundtrack and eighth studio album Glitter (2001). It was written by herself, DJ Clue, Duro, and Mystikal, while production was handled by the former three. The song is built around a sample of the 1980 song "Funkin' for Jamaica (N.Y.)" produced by Tom Browne and Toni Smith, who are credited as co-writers. It was released as the album's third single on September 11, 2001 by Virgin Records America. The song features Mystikal evoking his past single "Shake Ya Ass" during his verses, while Carey tells him "don't stop".

"Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" received mixed reviews from music critics, who liked the song, but thought Carey was overshadowed. Like the preceding singles from the album, "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" failed to make any significant impact on the charts. It appeared on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, a component of the Billboard Hot 100, thus peaking at number 123. It reached the top forty in the United Kingdom and Australia, as part of a double A-side with "Never Too Far". The music video for the song directed by Sanaa Hamri depicts Carey and Mystikal performing in a southern club, with the former being cloned by three.

Background
In April 2001, Carey signed an estimated US$100 million record deal with Virgin Records. Following commencement for Glitter — her first album under the new label — and the film of same name, Carey embarked on a massive promotional campaign for the project. In July of the same year, Carey made a controversial appearance on the MTV program Total Request Live (TRL). She came out onto the filming stage, pushing an ice cream cart while wearing an oversized shirt. Seemingly anxious and exhilarated, Carey began giving out individual bars of ice cream to fans and guests on the program, while waving to the crowd down below on Times Square, while diverging into a rambling monologue regarding therapy. Carey then walked to Daly's platform and began a striptease, in which she shed her shirt to reveal a tight yellow and green ensemble, leading him to exclaim "Mariah Carey has lost her mind!".

Following other appearances on which her publicist Cindy Berger said the singer was "not thinking clearly", she was hospitalized, citing "extreme exhaustion" and a "physical and emotional breakdown". Following her induction at an un-disclosed hospital in Connecticut, Carey remained hospitalized and under doctor's care for two weeks, followed by an extended absence from the album's promotion. "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio formats in the United States on September 11, 2001; it was later released worldwide as the third single from Glitter by Virgin Records America, as a double A-side single with "Never Too Far". The song appears in a scene of the film Glitter, when producer Julian "Dice" Black has met Billie Frank (played by Carey) and invites her to an impromptu freestyle jam session in his club.

Composition
"Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" was composed by Carey, Mystikal, Duro and DJ Clue, and interpolates "Funkin' for Jamaica (N.Y.)" by Tom Browne. Due to the song's use of the sample, Browne and Toni Smith also received writing credits. Its usage "tweaks minor pieces to form an update". Featuring guest verses from rapper Mystikal, he declares "Ain't nothin' you could do with the man / Except for shake your ass and clap your hands", while Carey responds "Don't stop bay-beee, its ex-ta-see / Turn me up a little". According to Est. 1997 website, Carey and Mystikal created a "brilliant marriage between an 80s funk jam and 2000s rap". The rapper's vocals were compared to those of James Brown by Larry Nager from The Cincinnati Enquirer. For his part, James Salmon from Dotmusic commented that Carey "plays the heavy breathing, bikini-clad booty girl to Mystical's gentlemanly cries of 'shake ya ass' and 'get on the floor'".

Critical reception
"Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" received mixed reviews from music critics. Harry Guerin from Raidió Teilifís Éireann wrote that Carey "works better on raunch not regrets and her duets" like on the song, which perfectly captured the film's 1980's vibe, also complimenting its "clinical" production which "you wonder whether the engineers work masks and gowns at the mixing desk", proving that Carey should "spend more time around DJs and decks and less with grand pianos". A writer from BET network included the track on their list of "Mariah Carey Singles That Deserved to Be No. 1 (But Didn't Get There)", stating that "not even Mystikal could help a track that was cursed by simply being part of the Glitter soundtrack". Its "catchiness" was also praised, while also commenting that it should have receive more attention. Natalie Nichols from the Los Angeles Times gave a mixed statement, commenting how the song was "almost campy", but "guilty fun".

Witney Seibold from Mandatory website was mixed, saying "This may be my favorite or second favorite track on the record", but criticized the fact that Carey was "so often in the background", and wondered if Glitter was her "ploy to move from the forefront of her records to a more production-heavy vocation". For his part, Slant Magazine editor Sal Cinquemani wrote that "not all of Glitter is, ahem, gold. Carey is relegated to a virtual hood ornament of Don't Stop". Larry Nager from The Cincinnati Enquirer commented that Carey "grooves with less success to Tom Browne's '80s fusion hit, 'Funkin' for Jamaica'". People magazine was more negative, stating that the song borrowed "a little too lazily" from its sampled song. James Salmon from Dotmusic was also negative, saying it was "highly jaded and predictably uninteresting. But we'll let her off just this once".

Chart performance
"Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" failed to make any significant impact on the charts. It failed to reach the US Billboard Hot 100, however it peaked inside of the Bubbling Under Hot 100, which acts as an extension of the former chart, peaking at number 123 on the week dated October 27, 2001. It also reached number 42 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs component chart. Worldwide, "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" was released as a double A-side with "Never Too Far". In the United Kingdom, the release reached a position of number 32. It also managed to reach peaks of numbers 36 and 16 in Australia and Spain, respectively. "Never Too Far/Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" reached numbers 67 and 65 in the Netherlands and Switzerland, respectively. In both the Flemish and Wallonian territories in Belgium, the single peaked at numbers four and one, respectively, on the equivalent of the "bubbling under" charts, registering songs just below the main charts.

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" was directed by Sanaa Hamri and filmed at the Maple Leaf Bar and a swamp outside New Orleans, Louisiana. The song's radio version was used in the video. The word "ass" was removed in the version. R!OT provided visual effects services for the video. Initially, the director planned to shoot the elements of Carey against green screen, but R!OT visual effects supervisor Eric Mises-Rosenfeld found that there was too little room to set up a screen behind the singer on the stage. Rosenfeld consulted with R!OT VFX production's compositing team in Santa Monica and together they came up with a solution, according to VFX's production coordinator Diana Young, who said: "They determined that a split screen technique could be used to produce the required plates while meeting the director's creative objectives". Chief among those objectives was making the trick look real. "The idea was to make it appear natural", explained HSI producer Steve Woroniecki. "We wanted something more than just three Mariahs on-stage, they needed to function like a real trio, interacting with one another - so that it wouldn't be easy to see how it was done".

Mises-Rosenfeld played a key role in accomplishing that goal, advising Hamri on what could and could not be done and concocting clever ways to make the three singers appear to be part of the same environment. R!OT's compositing team, consisting of lead compositor Claus Hansen assisted by Stefano Trivelli and Verdi Sevenhuysen, cemented the effect joining the three images together seamlessly and layering them over a background scene that included fans sitting at tables behind the stage. At one point, an extra crosses the frame between the camera and the back-up trio. According to Woroniecki, "That was one of the things that we thought would make the shot feel real. It took very careful work from the compositors to prepare all of the layers and adjust the lighting and shadows to make it work, but in the end it looks seamless. It's perfect".

The music video premiered on MTV's Total Request Live (TRL) on October 18, 2001. It is set in a nightclub with Mystikal on stage performing for an enthusiastic crowd, featuring southern bayous and various lifestyles. Also on stage there is a trio of back-up singers, all played by Carey. The trio, grouped around a microphone, are not exact duplicates as each Carey wears a different wardrobe and hairstyle. They also behave differently, playing off one another's performance. At one point the two singers on the outside, stop to stare at the singer in the middle as she reaches a high note. Emmanuel Hapsis from KQED included the video on his list of "All 64 Mariah Carey Music Videos, Ranked from Best to Worst", highlighting the fact that Carey's ego "got so big" that it turned into three.

Formats and track listings
European CD single
 * 1) "Never Too Far" (Edit) – 3:56
 * 2) "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" (featuring Mystikal) – 3:38

Australian/European CD maxi-single
 * 1) "Never Too Far" (Edit) – 3:58
 * 2) "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" (featuring Mystikal) – 3:38
 * 3) "Loverboy" (Drums Of Love) – 6:36
 * 4) "Never Too Far" (The Video) – 2:56

US CD promo-single
 * 1) "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" (featuring Mystikal) (Radio Edit) – 3:38
 * 2) "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" (featuring Mystikal) – 3:38
 * 3) "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" (featuring Mystikal) (Instrumental Version) – 3:33
 * 4) "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" (featuring Mystikal) (Call Out Hook) – 0:15

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes of the CD single.

 * Mariah Carey –lead vocals, backing vocals, songwriter, producer, executive producer
 * DJ Clue –songwriter, producer, backing vocals, instrumentation
 * Duro –songwriter, producer, instrumentation, recording
 * Mystikal –rap, songwriter
 * Tom Browne –songwriter

 * Toni Smith –songwriter
 * Dana Jon Chappelle –recording, mixing
 * Florian Ammon –mixing
 * Michael Schlesinger –mixing
 * Andrew Fulless –recording supervisor

title: Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)


text:
Wikipedia:Barnstar and award proposals/Archive1

The Hollywood Walk of Fame Barnstar
I would like to move that we remove this from the page. Its purpose is vague at best: individuals whose fame and/or excellent work on the Wikipedia should be given a Hollywood Walk of Fame star (those whose deserves a Hollywood Star because they're famous, get a Hollywood Star). The "excellent work" portion is redundant with other barnstars. I don't see any reason to keep it around. – ClockworkSoul 01:01, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

'Poll: Should we remove the The Hollywood Walk of Fame Barnstar''? (1/0/0)''' – Poll opened March 2, and will close March 9 (1 week should do it?)

Yes
 * 1) Yes, for the reasons I stated above. – ClockworkSoul 01:01, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Yes -- BRIAN 0918   01:59, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Yes, as per ClockworkSoul.  Redux 03:01, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Yes.  Though the concept is nice, I think we should look at this more.  So I wish for this to be gone, just for a short while. Zscout370 12:07, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Yes.  Replace it. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:07, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) I am inclinced to agree BrokenSegue 00:04, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No

 * 1) NO! Keep, but use a different description for awarding the barnstar (see my comments below). gK ¿? 20:18, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Abstain

Comments
 * I'm not sure I'd go so far as to remove it completely, at least not yet. Maybe its purpose can be clarified instead?  Also, it might be a good idea to actually incorporate the barnstar into the image, probably by replacing the actual star with a barnstar that looks like it. -- BRIAN 0918   01:34, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * This looks to me like just an excuse to use the "Hollywood walk of fame" image. Honestly, I'm not sure what we can even do with the idea. I don't think we need to try and salvage every bad idea that is unilaterally added to the listing. – ClockworkSoul 01:43, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with ClockworkSoul. This award is redundant at best.  I see no reason whatsoever to try and salvage it.  Regards, Redux 03:01, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that this award is redundant in its current form. There's nothing here that isn't covered in the other barnstars (such as the original Barnstar). However, this is a Hollywood star, and I think there's no reason why we shouldn't use it for entertainment articles. This barnstar could, for example, be used for the "Society" category below. --Deathphoenix 14:00, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur with Deathphoenix. I feel that maybe this type of award be given to those articles that exemplify the best articles that deal with Hollywood (i.e. actors, actresses, directors, etc). Wouldn't that make more sense? -- Riffsyphon1024 08:22, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, yes: I also agree. That's why I suggested we use it for the "Culture" category barnstar, below. – ClockworkSoul 14:32, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Since I awarded the first Hollywood WoF barnstar, I would like to give my two-cents worth. The reason for giving the barnstar should be changed, but the barnstar itself should be kept. Here is my idea for the barnstar: If you look at the stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, you will see that there are the various names, and above each name is an icon for a field of endeavor (such as the recording industry). A few people have two stars (usually Movies and TV), but very few have more. Bob Hope has four stars, but only Gene Autry has stars in all of the categories. The people who work on the wikipedia are somewhat similar in that although they may dabble in multiple areas, they usually only shine in one. The Hollywood Walk of Fame Barnstar should be for someone who has done very good work in multiple areas on the Wikipedia (but not necessarily barnstar-worthy work in any single area), or who has done outstanding work in at least two areas. The barnstar that I awarded User:AllyUnion is an example of the first instance. Someone who has shepherded several articles through the featured article process, as well as done a great job of playing whack-a-mole with vandalism, would be an example of the second instance. [BTW: I think that there should be a Featured Article Barnstar that is given to anyone who has been responsible for at least three featured articles.] [PS: I don't know the reason, but User:AllyUnion put "I quit. Good bye." on their User page today.] [PS#2: Since this is one of the more obscure areas of the Wikipedia, you might allow for another week since any decision made here has no major time constraints.] gK ¿? 20:18, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Standardization of Barnstars: Category stars
(Credit for the original idea goes wholly to brian0918) Rather than be faced with a periodic addition of random topic barnstars, I propose that we preemptivey create a series of Category Barnstars, based primarily on the categories listed on the main page, used to reward brilliant work in articles in one of the following categories:

 * Culture – Art, literature, music, philosophy, religion
 * Geography – Geography, "nation" articles
 * History – Archaeology, history
 * Daily Life – Education, food & drink, language, sports & games
 * Science and Mathematics – The "hard" sciences: Biology, geology, medicine, mathematics, medicine, minerology, physics
 * Society – Economics, government & politics, law, media, royalty & nobility, war
 * Technology – Technology, transportation
 * Oddball – The types of articles listed in Unusual articles

Implementing this system would, in the end, keep the number of barnstars at a manageable level by providing a number of very categories, thus preventing a "Barnstar Creep" that could eventually result in dozens of "niche" stars. This would also allow us to implement a stylistic standardization to these articles, giving these barnstars a common theme and/or "look and feel". – ClockworkSoul 06:27, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

In preparation for a ginormous discussion, I've moved each header up one size, and added sections for each. Please keep discussion in these sections so that nobody's comments are missed and each can be easily archived. Add any image proposals to the appropriate section's gallery along with a number and your name (see example in Technology section). -- BRIAN 0918  15:38, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Before we go and choose images, let's decide whether these are really the categories that we want. Anybody have any opinions? I for one, now think that we should roll Mathematics into Science. Also, for convenience and clarification, I took the categories from the scheme used in Featured articles, and mapped it to an appropriate category. – ClockworkSoul 15:00, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Mathematics (merged with science below)
''This topic has been merged with Science. See below''

 * I just can't think of anything for this, but I still think it should be kept separate from science, as it is category-wise. -- BRIAN 0918  15:07, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I know that this is a Main Page category, but it really can't be awarded for too many things. It's not like "life" or "culture" that have literally tens of thousands of articles for each. I think that we should keep these categories as broad as possible, and roll math into science. If we decide not to, I would like to consider "economics" to be math, at the least. – ClockworkSoul 15:13, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, I'm fine with merging them together into a "science and mathematics" group. -- BRIAN 0918  15:22, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Ranking
Discussion Moved to: WikiProject Rankings

This project is for the idea of having a ranking system in Wikipedia. Please discuss in talk and make suggestions here (if any)


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Bostonite

Bostonite, in petrology, is a fine-grained, pale-colored, grey or pinkish intrusive rock, which consists essentially of alkali-feldspar (orthoclase, perthite, anorthoclase, and albite). Some samples may contain a small amount of interstitial quartz and others may have a small percentage of calcium present in a sodic plagioclase feldspar. Accessory minerals include chlorite, apatite, zircon and magnetite, with rare biotite, hornblende or pyroxene. They have compositions very similar to the trachytes and are usually grouped with them. These rocks are characterised by a 'bostonitic' texture of clusters of subparallel, divergent or radiating irregular feldspar laths in a fine grained matrix.

Typically they occur as dikes or as thin sills, often in association with nepheline syenite; and they seem to bear a complementary relationship to certain types of lamprophyre dikes. Though nowhere very common they have a wide distribution with occurrences in Scotland, Wales, Massachusetts, Ontario, Portugal, Bohemia, and other places.

The term was widely used in the geologic literature of the late 19th and early to mid 20th centuries, but is currently being discouraged in petrologic usage.

title: Bostonite


text:
Wu Dingliang

Wu Dingliang (January 1893 – 24 March 1969), also known as Woo Ting-Liang, was a pioneering Chinese anthropologist and educator. He is considered the founder of Chinese physical anthropology.

Biography
Wu was educated in Britain during the 1920s and came back to China after he obtained a doctor's degree in anthropology. He continued his work in Academia Sinica as the director and researcher of the Group of Anthropology in the Institute of History and Language. His research concentrated on somatometry, description of biological variation of ethnic minorities in China. He collected morphological measurements and described physical characteristics of living people in different parts of China. He also prepared the foundation of Institute of Physical Anthropology. He published more than 10 papers on physical anthropology, for example, in 1942, he published "the Physical Characteristics of Miao in South China" in "Journal of Anthropology" edited by Britain Royal Society. Moreover, Wu Dingliang set up and edited "Renleixue Jikan"(Communication on Anthropology).

In 1941, Wu published the paper "Somatometry of Chinese in the Plain of North China" (including 190 indexes of somatometry) in Vol.2 of "Communication on Anthropology". In Sept.of 1947, the Department of Anthropology and the Institute of Anthropology were set up at Zhejiang University, Wu Dingliang assumed the dean of the department and the chief of the institute. Wu Dingliang educated many students that became prominent scholars of physical anthropology. Among them are Zhang Yinyun and Han Kangxin. In the period from 1946 to 1948, he also worked as part-time professor in the department of anthropology at Jinan University in Shanghai. In 1948,Wu Dingliang was elected as academician of Academia Sinica.

During the 1950s, Wu and Liu Xian invited Dong Tichen and Zhao Yiqing to Fudan University. They created the first teaching and research unit of physical anthropology in China.

Wu was prosecuted during the Cultural Revolution, and he committed suicide in 1969.

title: Wu Dingliang


text:
Anna Maria Mozart

Anna Maria Walburga Mozart (née Pertl; 25 December 1720 – 3 July 1778) was the mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Maria Anna Mozart.

Youth
She was born in St. Gilgen, Archbishopric of Salzburg, to Eva Rosina and Wolfgang Nicolaus Pertl, deputy prefect of Hildenstein. Nicolaus had a university degree in jurisprudence from the Benedictine University in Salzburg and held many positions of responsibility, including district superintendent in St. Andrae. He was apparently a skilled musician. He suffered a severe illness in 1714 and had to change positions to one with a relatively small salary as deputy superintendent of Schloss Hüttenstein. During the last portion of his life, he fell deeply into debt. He died on 7 March 1724.

Nicolaus's possessions were liquidated to help pay the debt, and his remaining family (Anna Maria's mother and her older sister Maria Rosina, born 24 August 1719) lapsed into poverty. They moved to Salzburg, not far away, and lived on a charity pension of just eight (later nine) florins per month, perhaps supplemented by low-level employment. Anna Maria's older sister died in 1728, aged nine. Anna Maria herself was not well when she was young: legal documents from the time describe her as "constantly ill" (1733) and "the constantly ill bedridden daughter" (1739).

Marriage and children
She married Leopold Mozart in Salzburg in 1747; Abert writes, "the two were regarded at the time as the handsomest couple in Salzburg." The couple moved (perhaps with Anna Maria's mother) into an apartment on the third floor of Getreidegasse 9. Their landlord was Lorenz Hagenauer, who was a close friend of Leopold's, and a frequent correspondent on the family's later travels.

The Mozarts had seven children, of whom only two survived infancy:
 * Johann Leopold Joachim (18 August 1748 – 2 February 1749)
 * Maria Anna Cordula (18 June 1749 – 24 June 1749)
 * Maria Anna Nepomucena Walpurgis (13 May 1750 – 29 July 1750)
 * Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia (Nannerl) (30 July 1751 – 29 October 1829)
 * Johann Karl Amadeus (4 November 1752 – 2 February 1753)
 * Maria Crescentia Francisca de Paula (9 May 1754 – 27 June 1754)
 * Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791)

Anna Maria nearly died giving birth to Wolfgang. Her womb retained the placenta, and its subsequent enforced removal at that time posed an extreme risk of fatal infection.

The two surviving children achieved fame. The daughter Maria Anna was called "Nannerl" as a child. She was a talented musician who performed with her brother on tour, but whose later life was very limited in its experiences and possibilities. The son, Wolfgang Amadeus, born 27 January 1756, achieved distinction first as a child prodigy, later as one of the most celebrated of all composers.

Family life
ParisMaisonMozart.jpg Assessing the evidence of the surviving letters, Abert writes of her role as spouse: "she understood her husband's phlegmatic and painfully conscientious nature and did all she could to spare him the numerous troubles and worries that stemmed from it, a task that cannot have been easy, given his perpetual mistrust, and there is no doubt that she will have drawn a veil over many an unpleasant incident not merely out of prudence, but also from fear. She was utterly devoted to him and willingly submitted to the strict regime to which he inevitably and unquestioningly subjected her." Concerning Anna Maria as a mother, he says, "It was a pure and healthy spirit that reigned in the Mozart household... and Anna Maria must take much of the credit for this. Above all, she was a true mother to her children, who invariably sought refuge with her when their father's strict hand weighed unduly heavily upon them. Wolfgang loved and admired her to distraction." The letters record that Anna Maria participated with zest in the family's tendency toward scatological humor, a tendency seen more strongly in Wolfgang.

Anna Maria went on the series of tours (1762–1768) through Europe, during which the two children were exhibited as prodigies. She unwillingly remained in Salzburg with Nannerl during the tours of Italy that Wolfgang and Leopold took during 1769–1773. In 1777, she accompanied the now-adult Wolfgang (again unwillingly) on a job-hunting tour that took him to Augsburg, Mannheim, and Paris.

Death
While in Paris, Anna Maria died on 3 July 1778 of a sudden, undiagnosed illness. She was buried in the cemetery of Saint-Eustache.

title: Anna Maria Mozart


text:
Elbow River

The Elbow River is a river in southern Alberta, Canada. It flows from the Canadian Rockies to the city of Calgary, where it merges into the Bow River.

Course
The Elbow River originates at Elbow Lake in the Front Range of the Canadian Rocky Mountains of southwestern Alberta draining a watershed of 1235 km2. The river extends from a largely forested headwater region through alpine, sub-alpine, boreal foothills, and aspen parkland ecoregions, to a predominantly agricultural mid-region of improved pasture with dispersed cattle grazing and accompanying forage crop production, and thereafter through the city of Calgary under the influence of the urban environment.

The river has a total length of 120 km, and drains an area of over 1200 km2. From its origin in the Elbow Pass at approximately 2100 m, it drops 1060 m at a 1 percent slope to its mouth at the Bow River, at an elevation of 1040 m.

The Elbow River originates from Elbow Lake in the Elbow-Sheep Wildland Provincial Park in the Canadian Rockies, then continues through the Rocky Mountain foothills and flows into the hamlet of Bragg Creek. The Elbow River passes under Highway 22 and then travels through the rural community of Springbank and the Tsuu T'ina Nation 145 Indian reserve directly west of Calgary. The river enters the City of Calgary at the Weaselhead Flats, an artificial inland delta, and into the Glenmore Reservoir, one of Calgary's two chief sources of drinking water. From there, it flows northward through residential communities towards the city centre, is crossed by Macleod Trail, passes the Calgary Stampede grounds and finally joins the Bow River west of the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo.

Tributaries

 * Little Elbow River
 * Quirk Creek
 * Canyon Creek
 * Iron Creek
 * Bragg Creek
 * Harris Creek
 * Pirmez Creek
 * Millburn Creek
 * Springbank Creek
 * Cullen Creek
 * May Creek
 * Lott Creek

Flora and fauna
Dominant vegetation in the upper Elbow River drainage basin includes trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), balsam poplar (P. balsamifera), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and white spruce (Picea glauca). Soils in the Elbow watershed are primarily black chernozemics, orthic gray luvisols, eutric brunisols, and coarse loam overlying glaciofluvial gravels (Mitchell and Prepas 1990). Land use in the upper Elbow watershed is centered primarily on recreation, including camping, hiking, biking, equestrian, and some limited off-road vehicle activity. Logging, oil and gas production, and cattle grazing leases are also present.

Human influence
Fort Calgary (the North-West Mounted Police post established in 1873 around which settlement in the Calgary area began) was located at the confluence of the Bow and Elbow rivers.

In terms of human influence, the Elbow River flows through the communities of Bragg Creek (population approx. 580) and Redwood Meadows (population approx. 980) in the foothills of the Rockies. Below these communities, the Elbow River flows through Tsuut’ina Nation 145 and country residential estates such as Elbow Valley. Closer to Calgary, the Elbow River flows through acreage lot development. The Elbow River enters the city of Calgary from the west, where it takes a very meandering path for approximately 14 kilometers before it is impounded to form the Glenmore Reservoir from which the Glenmore Water Treatment Plant receives its drinking water supply. Within the urban environment, the Elbow River flows approximately 11.5 kilometers downstream of the Glenmore Reservoir before joining the Bow River.

Water quality
The Elbow River is the source of 40% of the drinking water for the City of Calgary (City of Calgary 2021), which has a current population of over 1.2 million (City of Calgary Census 2019). Within Calgary, there are nine stormwater outfalls draining urban catchments above the Glenmore Reservoir and 88 stormwater outfalls draining urban catchments between the reservoir and where the Elbow River joins the Bow River.

The Government of Alberta, Rocky View County, the University of Calgary and The City of Calgary have water quality sampling programs along the Elbow River, including occasional monitoring in a few tributaries. However, The City of Calgary has the best body of water quality data for the Elbow River. Historically, 17 sites in the Elbow River watershed were monitored at different times. These sites included tributaries to the Elbow River, the Elbow River mainstem and the Glenmore Reservoir. Currently, seven sites in the Elbow River mainstem and four sites in the Glenmore Reservoir are being actively monitored.

The Elbow River is popular among canoers, rafters, campers, and hikers and runs through several features including Forgetmenot Pond, and Elbow Falls. Sections of the river are closed to fishing or are "catch-and-release" waters.

Floods
The water flow of the Elbow River fluctuates significantly, and in June 2005 a flood occurred that was so severe (the heaviest in at least two centuries according to Alberta Government estimates) that the water flowed over the Glenmore Dam. Approximately 1,500 Calgarians living downstream were evacuated. Another, more extensive flood began on 20 June 2013, with tens of thousands of evacuations.

In June 2013, Alberta, Canada, experienced heavy rainfall that triggered catastrophic flooding throughout much of the southern half of the province along the Bow, Elbow, Highwood and Oldman rivers and tributaries. A dozen municipalities in Southern Alberta declared local states of emergency on 20 June as water levels rose and numerous communities were placed under evacuation orders.

title: Elbow River


text:
Botha

Botha (pronounced in non-rhotic dialects of English, ) is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the East Frisian Low Saxon Both. It was brought to South Africa in 1678 by Frederich Botha.

The progenitors of the extended clan were Maria Kickers, her first partner Ferdinandùs Appel, and her later husband Frederich Botha.

Descendants of Ferdinandùs Appel
Prior to her marriage to Frederich Botha, Maria Kickers had an out-of-wedlock child fathered by Ferdinandùs Appel, another Hollander from an Amsterdam family. This child, a son named Theunis, was later adopted by the Bothas. His descendants include:

 * Louis Botha (1862–1919), Second Boer War general and first Prime Minister of South Africa, often referred to as "General Botha"
 * Pieter Willem "P.W." Botha (1916–2006), South African prime minister from 1978 to 1984 and state president from 1984 to 1989

Descendants of Frederich Botha
Married in 1714, Kickers and Botha later farmed for a living between Stellenbosch and Somerset West. Today, their legal descendants number around 76,125 people, and include:

Artists, artisans and businesspeople

 * Danila Botha (born 1982), South African-born Canadian novelist
 * Hannah Botha (1923-2007), South African actress
 * Johan Botha (tenor) (1965–2016), opera singer
 * Leon Botha (1985-2011), South African artist and progeria victim
 * Mike Botha (born 1947), South African-born master diamond cutter
 * Piet Botha (1955-2019), South African rock musician
 * Roelof Botha (born 1973), South African actuary, former PayPal chief financial officer
 * Willem Botha (born 1987), South African singer and actor

Politicians, civil servants, and activists

 * Andries Botha (19th century), Khoikhoi leader in the Cape Colony
 * Annie Botha (1864-1937), wife of the Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa
 * Chris Botha (1864-1902), head of police and Boer War general, younger brother of Louis Botha
 * Cornelius Botha (1932-2014), South African politician
 * Philip Botha (1851-1901), Boer War general, older brother of Louis Botha
 * Roelof Frederik "Pik" Botha (1932–2018), South African politician and diplomat
 * Sandra Botha (born 1945), South African diplomat and ambassador
 * Stoffel Botha (1929–1998), South African politician
 * Theo Botha (born 1960), South African shareholder activist
 * Thozamile Botha (born 1948), South African politician

Rugby players

 * Arno Botha (born 1991), South African rugby player
 * Bernado Botha (born 1988), South African rugby player
 * Brendon James Botha (born 1980), South African rugby player
 * Chrysander Botha (born 1988), Namibian rugby player
 * Dolph Botha (Philip Rudolph, born 1993), South African rugby player
 * Gary Botha (born 1981), South African rugby player
 * Hendrik Egnatius "Naas" Botha (born 1958), South African rugby player
 * John Philip "Bakkies" Botha (born 1979), South African rugby player
 * Mouritz Botha (born 1982), South African rugby player
 * Ruan Botha (born 1992), South African rugby player
 * Tom Botha (born 1990), South African rugby player

Cricketers

 * Andre Botha (cricketer) (born 1975), South African-born Irish cricketer
 * Anthony Greyvensteyn Botha (born 1976), South African cricketer
 * Beverly Botha (born 1953), South African female cricketer
 * Dewald Botha (born 1991), South African cricketer
 * Dawid Botha (born 1988), Namibian cricketer
 * Johan Botha (cricketer) (born 1982), South African born Australian cricketer

Other sportspersons

 * Adriaan Botha (sprinter) (born 1977), South African sprinter
 * Andre Botha (bodyboarder) (born 1980), South African bodyboarder
 * Francois Botha (born 1968), South African boxer
 * Heidi Botha (born 1968), South African fencer
 * Johan Botha (athlete) (born 1974), South African middle-distance runner
 * Lukas "Luki" Botha (1930-2006), South African Formula One driver
 * Riaan Botha (born 1970), South African pole vaulter
 * Tyler Botha (born 1980), South African skeleton racer
 * Wendy Botha (born 1965), South African-born Australian surfer

Other uses

 * Botha, village in the Lundazi district in Eastern Province, Zambia
 * 1354 Botha, asteroid
 * Anna Elizabeth Botha (née Rossouw, 1922-1997), wife of South African prime minister Pieter Willem Botha (1916-2006), so former South African first lady
 * Blackburn Botha, Royal Air Force reconnaissance aircraft
 * Botha, Alberta, Canadian settlement in Alberta
 * Botha Sigcau (died 1978), former President of Transkei
 * Botha's Hill, South African settlement in KwaZulu-Natal
 * Botha's lark (Spizocorys fringillaris), a South African lark
 * Gunther Botha, South African mercenary in Matthew Reilly's Area 7
 * Jaapie Botha, fictional South African Police officer in the film The Power of One
 * Karl Botha, fictional counterfeiter from Pepetela's novels
 * Louis Botha Avenue, Johannesburg street
 * Mutro Botha, assassin in the television series Batman Beyond
 * Regiment Botha, South African Army unit
 * SATS General Botha, South African warship
 * Bothanomics, program of economic reform of the then South African state president Pieter Willem Botha
 * Bothasig, northern suburb of Cape Town
 * Bothaville, town in the north-west of the Free State

title: Botha


title: File:West1914.jpg


text:
File:Martin Luther Woodcut.jpg

A woodcut by Martin Luther's enemies. Turn this over, and what do you see?

Scanned from a book by King of Hearts; original is PD.

title: File:Martin Luther Woodcut.jpg


text:
Genocide Intervention Network

The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-NET) was a non-profit organization aiming to "empower individuals and communities with the tools to prevent and stop genocide". Founded in 2004, in 2005 the Genocide Intervention Fund changed its name to Genocide Intervention Network, and in 2011, it merged with the Save Darfur Coalition to form a new organization, United to End Genocide.

History
In October 2004, two Swarthmore College students, Mark Hanis and Andrew Sniderman, established the Genocide Intervention Network in hopes of empowering citizens to protect civilians from the atrocities occurring in Darfur. GI-Net's mission and policy goals were greatly influenced by the "Responsibility to Protect" doctrine, drafted by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, in order to create a permanent anti-genocide grassroots movement.

In 2011, GI-Net and the Save Darfur Coalition merged to establish United to End Genocide.

Supporting the African Mission in Sudan
Mark Hanis, Andrew Sniderman, Sam Bell, Cara Angelotta, Susannah Gund, Janessa Calvo-Friedman, Rita Kamani, Elisabeth Jaquette and others wanted the genocide in Sudan to be treated as a security issue, not as a humanitarian disaster, and did so by directly supporting the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS), an underfunded peacekeeping force.

GI-Net's controversial idea of supporting military force for foreign intervention attracted the attention of Gayle Smith, who had two decades of experience in Africa and had been the senior director of African Affairs in Clinton's National Security Council. Smith provided the first positive interest in GI-Net's work. Smith helped GI-Net raise over $300,000 to support AMIS.

After several disagreements on how to organize the fundraising money, GI-Net, in collaboration with the African Union, funded the Africa Humanitarian Action to support patrols that would protect displaced women, who put themselves at risk of rape when they left the internally displaced persons camps to collect firewood in order to prepare food. The program was canceled due to a lack of additional support and financial resources.

The Divestment Movement
In 2006, GI-Net looked for new methods to increase economic pressure on the Sudanese government. However, after the U.S. government had already maxed out the economic sanctions it could apply alone, GI-Net increased its involvement in the divestment campaign that had begun on Harvard's college campus in 2004.

The goal behind the divestment campaign was simple: to engage students to pressure their universities to withdraw investments providing revenue to Sudanese government. This financial support allowed the Sudanese government to expand on their military assets.

By April 2005, the student activism prompted college officials to change its investment policies. Harvard University declared that it would withdraw support in China National Petroleum Corporation, a business partner of the Sudanese government. Companies in the oil industry were the perfect target for divestment since oil is an essential source of revenue for the government, but is an industry that provides little benefit or relief to Sudanese civilians.

By September 2006, the divestment movement grew substantially and adopted larger goals. The group eventually became known as the Sudan Divestment Task Force, which drafted legislation to influence state legislatures around the United States to divest.

Feeling pressured by the U.S.-based advocacy campaign, the Khartoum spent close to a million dollars on an eight-page spread in the New York Times encouraging companies to invest in Sudan, a country with "peaceful, prosperous and democratic future".

Dream for Darfur
As the official Olympic torch made its way around the world prior to the beginning of the 2008 Summer Olympics, the Olympic Dream for Darfur team, a campaign to bring mass attention to the conflict in Darfur, began its own symbolic relay. The Dream for Darfur team had one and only goal: to convince China that the continuation of the Olympic Games in Beijing was at risk unless it withdrew support for Sudan's regime. Genocide survivors joined the relay led by Mia Farrow and traveled to Rwanda, Armenia, Germany, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Cambodia.

This led to the formation of a U.S.-based relay in September 2007. Jill Savitt and Mia Farrow organized and led the event, supported by GI-Net, the Save Darfur Coalition, and the Enough Project.

The mission of the Dream for Darfur team was to break down the foreign policy information into digestible form, so that citizens, without the background to understand the complexities of the international policy-making process, could become involved in the anti-genocide campaign.

The Dream for Darfur team encouraged the major sponsors of the Olympic Games, such as McDonald's, Anheuser-Busch, Microsoft, and Volkswagen to privately meet with Chinese officials to raise concern over affairs in Darfur. Eventually, the team encouraged Steven Spielberg to resign as creative consultant for the opening ceremonies.

Rebranding and reorganizing
In 2005, the organization changed its name from Genocide Intervention Fund to its current name, Genocide Intervention Network. GI-Net was publicly re-launched on April 6, 2005. GI-Net immediately broadened its efforts by introducing a membership and chapter program in order to educate and mobilize support for U.S. policies that could assist victims in Darfur. In 2011, the Save Darfur Coalition and GI-Net merged to create United to End Genocide. The organization's president is Tom Andrews.

Carl Wilkens Fellowship
GI-Net launched a program to build an engaged and permanent anti-genocide community. Named in honor of Carl Wilkens—the only American to remain in Rwanda during the genocide in 1994—the "Wilkens Fellowship" was a selective year-long program that exposed individuals to vital tools and resources in hopes of building permanent peaceful communities throughout the world.

The program terminated in 2012 due to financial constraints.

STAND: A Student Anti-Genocide Coalition
In 2004, a group of Georgetown University students created a campus community organization that focuses on genocide prevention. The program gained national recognition, and now colleges and universities across the United States host STAND chapters.

STAND emerged as a grassroots-based campaign that networks students who are committed to ending crimes against humanity around the world. Since its debut, STAND developed as a key component in the anti-genocide movement alongside its previous parent organizations: the Genocide Intervention Network, which merged into United to End Genocide. In 2012, STAND became an independent organization, entirely student-run.

Sudan Divestment Task Force/Conflict Risk Network
Two college students co-founded the Sudan Divestment Task Force (SDTF) in 2005. The Task Force launched successful divestment campaigns around the world targeting university endowments, asset managers and city, state, and national investment policies. As a result of the Task Force efforts, twenty-two states, dozens of universities, eleven cities and fifteen countries adopted Sudan divestment policies. SDTF worked closely with Genocide Intervention Network, and in 2006 became part of GI-NET under the leadership of Adam Sterling, an original co-founder. The Sudan Divestment Task Force led to the enactment of the Sudan Accountability and Divestment Act (SADA) on December 31, 2007.

As part of the campaign, the University of California, Brown, Amherst, Princeton, the University of Vermont, and the University of Washington are encouraging companies not to provide financial support to the Sudanese government. Instead, financial aid is given directly to the victims of the genocide.

In 2009, SDTF became the Conflict Risk Network (CRN). Drawing upon successes in corporate engagement and the lessons learned from the Sudan divestment movement, the CRN calls on corporate actors to take steps towards responsible actions including acts that support peace and stability in areas affected by genocide and mass atrocities.

title: Genocide Intervention Network


text:
Talk:Media economics

Untitled
I'm giving this parge a start with some external links and some bibliographic references. All sections still stubs Calicocat 04:29, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Added to stub lead to try to focus on general questions and give a few handles for article development. My hope is for this to become a will crafted, NPOV treatment of media economics. Be bold, but be, please, NPOV. Links and initial bib. references are just starters and need expansion. Jump right in. My best, Calicocat 16:54, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Because everybody likes topicboxes, (infoboxes, whatever people call them these days) maybe you can also work on a Template:Media or Template:Mass-media? -SV|t 22:40, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll have a look at that. I'd like to see this article grow. The ecnomics of media, should be well covered. Calicocat 15:14, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

More specific examples needed. Include how media economics has impacted the current global economy. State the difference between the media economics of different countries as well NasroF —Preceding undated comment added 10:06, 16 February 2011 (UTC).

Author precedence
The covers of the books Lotz&Havens and Lotz&Gray seems to list the authors in the other order. Should they be the other way around in the citations?--Otus scops (talk) 22:05, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Media economics


text:
Nancy Fleming

Nancy Anne Fleming (born May 20, 1942) is an American beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss America 1961 on September 10, 1960.

Education
Fleming graduated from Michigan State University in 1964 and earned a teaching certificate from the University of California, Berkeley in 1966. She is listed as one of Michigan State University's "Accomplished Women Graduates." During her freshman year at MSU, she lived in West Landon Hall on the North Campus, a dormitory for women. Her time at the school was sometimes troubled. Later, she said, "I felt like a freak at MSU. I had just been on television three days before and I entered with a lot of fanfare. There was a lot of weirdness and rudeness. I was pointed out and stared at. It was really creepy."

Pageantry
A native of Montague, Michigan, Fleming competed in the Miss America pageant as Miss Michigan. She competed in the Miss Michigan pageant as Miss White Lake.

Career
Before entering show business, Fleming worked as an elementary school teacher.

She later worked in the entertainment industry, as a program host and interviewer for ABC-TV, Cable Health Network (now Lifetime) and PBS.

She appeared in an episode of The Love Boat in 1984, along with Jean Bartel, Miss America 1943; Marian McKnight, Miss America 1957; and Vanessa L. Williams, Miss America 1984.

Personal life
Fleming's first husband was William Frederic Johnson. In 1978, Fleming married Jim Lange, a radio and television personality; their marriage lasted until his death in 2014. Fleming has two children from her first marriage: Ingrid and Steig. Fleming also has three stepchildren from her marriage to Lange: Nick, Romney, and Gavin.

title: Nancy Fleming


text:
List of Ultimate Fantastic Four story arcs

Synopses of Ultimate Fantastic Four storylines and graphic novels are featured here. The first writers of the series were Brian Michael Bendis and Mark Millar for the first 6 issues. They were followed by Warren Ellis for 12 issues, Mike Carey for 2 issues before Mark Millar came back for a separate run of 13 issues, after which Carey came back for a longer run of 26 issues. The book ended with Joe Pokaski, writer of Heroes, for the remaining 3 issues, concluding through his Requiem story.

The Fantastic (#1–6)

 * Published between: February 2004 - July 2004
 * Creators: writer Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, artist Adam Kubert
 * Plot outline: A young Reed Richards is recruited by a government think-tank after they are affected by his experiments.
 * Notes: Putting H.E.R.B.I.E. into the Ultimate Fantastic Four continuity immediately was a chief concern of author Brian Michael Bendis.

Doom (#7–12)

 * Published between: August 2004 - January 2005
 * Creators: writer Warren Ellis, artist Stuart Immonen
 * Plot outline: Reed and his friends must learn to adapt to their new situation. Victor Van Damme, also affected by the accident, decides to get revenge.
 * First appearances:
 * Notes: In issue #9, Doom, Part 3, artist Stuart Immonen's depiction of the Human Torch's increasing power was influenced by the energy ball that consumes Neo-Tokyo in the Japanese manga Akira.

N-Zone (#13–18)

 * Published between: January 2005 - June 2005
 * Creators: writer Warren Ellis, artist Adam Kubert
 * Plot outline: Issues #13-18 show the Ultimate Fantastic Four's first encounter with the bizarre and sadistic alien Nihil. Reed outfits a space shuttle, and the FF use it to travel to the N-Zone, a parallel universe experiencing heat death, an entropic state that signals the eventual end of that universe. Nihil follows them back to earth, and dies battling the FF and trying to take over the dimension.
 * First appearance: Nihil (based on Annihilus)
 * Notes: Artist Adam Kubert's depiction of Nihil's alien army closely resembles the Jawas from Star Wars, while their plasma weapons closely resemble the gaffi sticks of the Sand People.

Think Tank (#19–20)

 * Published between: July 2005 - August 2005
 * Creators: writer Mike Carey, artist Jae Lee
 * Plot outline:In issues #19-20 the Fantastic Four are attacked and kidnapped by Rhona Burchill, who failed the Baxter Building test the day before Reed arrived. Ben, Sue and Johnny are taken down, but Reed revives them. After a brief battle Rhona escapes using a sort of holographic duplication defense. Not knowing which is the true Rhona, the team has no choice other than to let her go. Later, Reed receives a strange contact from somebody that looks strangely like him.
 * First appearance: Rhona Burchill (based on the Mad Thinker)
 * Notes:

Ultimate Fantastic Four Annual #1: Enter the Inhumans

 * Published: October 2005
 * Creators: writer Mark Millar, artist Jae Lee
 * Plot outline: In the first Ultimate Fantastic Four Annual the Four run into the rogue Inhuman Crystal. Johnny sees her and instantly falls in love, similar to the Johnny and Crystal in the 616 continuity. She has run away from Attilan because she doesn't want to marry Maximus, brother of Black Bolt. The FF help her avoid the marriage, and she rewards Johnny with a kiss before the Inhumans depart.
 * First appearances: Inhumans: Black Bolt, Crystal, Maximus, Triton, Medusa, Karnak, Gorgon, Lockjaw
 * Notes:

Crossover (#21–23)

 * Published between: September 2005 - November 2005
 * Creators: writer Mark Millar, artist Greg Land
 * Plot outline:In issues #21-23 Reed receives contact from an older version of himself from an alternate dimension. After crossing over, Reed discovers he's been duped and it was instead an alternate Earth where all the superheroes became zombies. This storyline was promoted as a crossover with the mainstream Marvel Universe (Earth-616), which turned out to be a red herring. This led to the Marvel Zombies limited series, which started in December 2005.
 * Notes:

Tomb of Namor (#24–26)

 * Published between: December 2005 - February 2006
 * Creators: writer Mark Millar, artist Greg Land
 * Plot outline: Reed, Sue and Ben explore Atlantis in a bathyscaphe. Namor surfaces, and the FF subdue him, with Reed noting that Namor's strength "is completely off the scale." Namor makes various threats, in a misguided romantic overture to Sue. He leaves after threatening NY with a sea-giant; receiving a kiss from Sue as payment for not flooding the city.
 * First appearances: Namor
 * Notes:

President Thor (#27–29)

 * Published between: April 2006 - June 2006
 * Creators:writer Mark Millar, artist Greg Land
 * Plot outline:In issues #27-29 the Fantastic Four travel back in time and attempt to erase the accident which gave them their powers, inadvertently changing history so that Thor is the President of the United States and almost everyone on Earth has superpowers thanks to the Skrulls. Ben is the only unpowered human left, and he takes advantage of that fact to correct the timeline.
 * First appearances: Skrulls, Super-Skrull
 * Notes: In this storyline, the name "Chitauri" is retconned to be just the name of a faction within the Skrull race, as opposed to the name for the Skrull race as a whole.

Frightful (#30–32)

 * Published between: July 2006 - October 2006
 * Creators: writer Mark Millar, artist Greg Land
 * Plot outline:In issues #30-32 Johnny has one week to live, and only Doctor Doom can help him. Meanwhile, the Frightful Four escape. Ben spends time with Alicia, whom he met in issue #29. Doom has sickened Johnny, and he cures him in exchange for switching bodies with Reed. Dr. Doom battles the Frightful Four as well as exiling himself to the Zombie Universe along with the removed parasite from Jonny's body, and ends up battling the Zombie Galacti that just gained the powers of Galactus with the outcome of the fight unknown.
 * Notes: Due to Land's mistakes, Janet van Dyne is portrayed as being Caucasian, even though she is established to be of Asian descent in the Ultimate Marvel continuity, and wears one of her traditional Marvel 616 uniforms. Perhaps also due to Land's mistakes, Doom does not have his satyr-style legs, resembling "classic" Doctor Doom. This look is also in Ultimate Power, Ultimates 3, and Ultimatum.

Ultimate Fantastic Four Annual #2

 * Published: October 2006
 * Creators: writer Mike Carey, artist Stuart Immonen, Frazer Irving
 * Plot outline:General Thunderbolt Ross is touring the relocated Think Tank in Pinhead Buttes, Oregon when it suddenly begins to sink beneath the ground, as the Fantastic Four arrive above and Reed reaches the conclusion that the Mole Man is responsible. Meanwhile, Molekevic is explaining his plans to the Think Tank and goes into a lengthy recollection of his childhood in Yugoslavia, his work with the Soviet military, his studies in western Europe, and his fondness for wearing women's clothing. The Think Tank children eventually chase away Molekevic, the Fantastic Four and the government officials, intending to recolonize the subterranean city. The final page implies that their reactivation of the artificial sun either awakens or attracts the various giant monsters and abominations hiding in the depths, which serve as a defense for the Think Tank children from the government coming back for them.

God War (#33–38)

 * Published between: October 2006 - February 2007
 * Creators: writer Mike Carey, artist Pasqual Ferry
 * Plot outline: Seed Nineteen show up and attack the FF while looking for "the seed." The seed informs Seed Nineteen that they will need the FF's help to defeat Gallowglass, and the groups team up to do so.  They are all transported to an alternate dimension, and interact with Thanos the Destroyer and Ronan the Accuser.
 * First appearances: Gallowglass, Seed Nineteen, Thanos, Ronan the Accuser
 * Notes: God War is a modern version of the 616 Fantastic Four's first encounter with the Kree. It starts a larger arc that continued in the next two arcs of length 3-4 issues and 3 issues. According to Mike Carey, Gallowglass's powers are on the same level as Thor's.

Devils (#39–41)

 * Published between: February 2007 - April 2007
 * Creators: writer Mike Carey, artist Mark Brooks, Scott Kolins
 * Plot outline: Diablo, a magician from the past, looks to the future for the 'elementals' he needs, which turn out to be the Fantastic Four. To challenge them, he kidnaps Dr. Storm, Ben's mother, Johnny's girlfriend, and Reed's sister. After Diablo appears in the future, the Four must accept his challenge to save their loved ones.
 * First appearances: Diablo, Andrea Vecchiato

The Silver Surfer (#42–46)

 * Published between: May 2007-September 2007
 * Creators: writer Mike Carey, artist Pasqual Ferry
 * Plot outline: Reed Richards' attempts to create a Cosmic Cube have caused him to pierce the barriers of a hundred universes, and falling through the opening into our unsuspecting reality is the keeper of the Power Cosmic, the Silver Surfer. The leader of the Silver Surfer's planet turns Earth into a world where everyone is happy, but different. With the help of the Surfer, Reed Richards restores the Earth to normal and turns the Psycho-man's mind into a childish persona, babbling about flowers and silver men.
 * First appearances: Psycho-Man
 * Notes: As a reference to the Fantastic Four film series, Johnny is shown sporting the same short cut hairstyle that was worn by Chris Evans when he portrayed the character in the movies.

Ghosts (#47–49)

 * Published between: October 2007-December 2007
 * Creators: writer Mike Carey, artist Mark Brooks
 * Plot outline: Susan heads to a conference in Siberia when her helicopter is shot down for reasons unknown. With her survival in doubt, Reed Richards must abandon his completion of the Cosmic Cube at its most crucial time to confront the Crimson Dynamo. While Reed, Ben and Johnny fight Dynamo, Sue confronts the Red Ghost. After an intense battle, which includes another four Crimson Dynamo models, they triumph and return to New York, only to find it encased in a box similar to the cube Reed created.
 * First appearances: Crimson Dynamo (Major Valentin Shatalov), Red Ghost, Hammer and Anvil

Four Cubed (#50–53)

 * Published between: January 2008-April 2008
 * Creators: writer Mike Carey, artist Tyler Kirkham
 * Plot outline: The interdimensional war that the Fantastic Four have been involved in and around has dragged them back in once more as Thanos attempts to finally claim the Cosmic Cube from Reed at any cost. The events of the arc play out as Reed and Thanos each make their plays for the Cosmic Cube. Reed eventually defeats Thanos but it is revealed a paradox existed in which the present events were the cause of Thanos getting the Cube in the past.

Salem's Seven (#54–57)

 * Published between: May 2008-August 2008
 * Creators: writer Mike Carey, art Tyler Kirkham, Eric Basaldua
 * Plot outline: A parasitic creature infiltrates the Baxter Building and poses as Agitha Harkness, a psychiatrist from SHIELD. Harkness can split into seven alternate bodies at will, which pose as a superhero team calling themselves Salem's Seven. Namor reveals that Harkness is from a species called the Hydra, which were responsible for the destruction of Atlantis. Harkness kidnaps Johnny in order to use his energy to hatch a Hydra nest, but Reed manages to destroy both her and the Hydra nest.
 * First appearances: Hydra
 * Notes: The Hydra species are a clear reference to the terrorist group, HYDRA, in the Earth-616 canon.

Ultimatum (#58–60)

 * Published between: November 2008-February 2009
 * Creators: writer Joe Pokaski, artist Tyler Kirkham, Eric Basaldua
 * Plot outline: Sue is left in a coma after trying to turn back a tidal wave in Ultimatum #1. Ben cares for Sue in the absence of Reed, who is investigating the destruction, and Johnny, who is missing. When Ben and the Mole Man shrink to enter Sue's body and repair the damage, they discover security nanites placed inside her by Reed. A now-conscious Sue plans to use Reed's nanites to locate Johnny.

Ultimatum: Fantastic Four Requiem #1

 * Published between: August 2009
 * Creators: writer Joe Pokaski, artist Robert Atkins
 * Plot outline: The conclusion to the previous story arc that took place during Ultimatum, as well as the bridge between Ultimate Fantastic Four and Ultimate Comics: Doomsday.

Collected editions
Ultimate Fantastic Four has been collected in the following trade paperbacks:


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Newcrest Mining

Newcrest Mining Limited is an Australian-based corporation which engages in the exploration, development, mining and sale of gold and the froth flotation product, gold-copper concentrate. It is Australia's leading gold mining company and its operations have expanded beyond Australia, for example Indonesia, thus becoming a prominent international mining corporation. Newmont initially started the company as a subsidiary in 1966. The subsidiary became Newmont Holdings Pvt Ltd in 1980 and in 1990 acquired 100 per cent of Australmin Holdings Limited taking the current name.

Newcrest's primary gold and copper production in Australia is at Cadia East Ridgeway (Cadia Valley Operations), the second Australian operation being the Telfer Mine in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Newcrest also operates two mines in Papua New Guinea, Lihir and Hidden Valley, two mines in Canada, Red Chris and Brucejack. It previously operated in the Ivory Coast (Bonikro) and Indonesia (Gosowong). Past and present exploration has been carried out in the Americas, Asia and Europe.

In April 2010, Newcrest announced it was in merger talks with Lihir Gold, a move that would create the world's fifth-largest gold producer, with a combined production of 2.8 million ounces of gold in 2009. In August 2010, the deal was approved by Lihir shareholders (99.86%), and by the end of the month by the national court of Papua New Guinea (PNG), clearing the way for the deal. Under the deal worth US$9.45 billion, Newcrest will give Lihir shareholders 0.12 Newcrest shares, plus A$0.225 per Lihir share. As of 2015, Newcrest was the world's sixth-largest producer of gold. In November 2023 Newmont took over the company.

Background
Newmont Mining Corporation was founded in 1921 in New York by Colonel William Thompson as a holding company to invest in worldwide mineral, oil, and relations companies. The Newmont name is an abbreviation of where Thompson lived and worked; New York and Montana. Newmont is now the world's second-largest gold producer. Newmont began an Australian subsidiary in 1966 and by 1971 they claimed to have discovered Telfer.

In 1980 the subsidiary became Newmont Holdings Pty Ltd and was based in Victoria, Australia. Seven years later it was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange as Newmont Australia Limited. When in 1990 the company acquired 100% of Australmin Holdings Ltd and 92% of BHP Gold Mines Ltd, it acquired its current company name.

Newcrest's primary focus was within Australia until 1991, when it commenced exploration overseas. Newcrest was determined to become a significant and internationally recognised gold mining and exploration company. The company established exploration offices and new companies offshore in Jakarta, Indonesia, and Chile, South America.

In 1992, exploration discovered its first offshore gold in the Halmahera Islands, Indonesia. And in 1996, Newcrest stated that the company wished to transform itself into a world-scale and internationally recognised producer. In 2002, years of exploration around Australia and overseas were paying dividends and the Newcrest group was capitalised at over $2 billion.

After restarting gold mining activities in Cracow, Queensland, in a 70:30 joint venture with Sedimentary Holdings in 2004, Newcrest sold its shares in this operation when Catalpa Resources, which had meanwhile acquired Sedimentary Holdings, merged with Conquest Mining in 2011 to form Evolution Mining.

In addition to its primary listing on the Australian Securities Exchange, Newcrest Mining stock was also traded on the Port Moresby Stock Exchange in Papua New Guinea (since 2010) and the Toronto Stock Exchange in Canada (2012-14 and since 2020).

Industry development
The discovery of gold has been a major contributor to Australia's economy and infrastructure. Gold mining provided transportation, communication, road and rail and raw material for export around the colonies. This was especially prominent after 1851 in the Victorian goldfields. In the past, Australia has exported gold to the US and Europe; however, over time the traditional consumers have changed.

When alluvial gold deposits were exhausted in the 1800s, deeper mines were necessary. Working deep veins necessitated deep shafts, machinery and treatment plants, consequently this required investment. Individual miners were replaced by companies, employing dozens or even hundreds of men. Technology and mapping made gold exploration more accurate and efficient. Australia was seen to have very large mineral resources. This development, together with Australia's political stability, led to an influx of major overseas mining companies, such as Newmont, in the 1960s.

The emergence of Japan as a major buyer of minerals, combined with technological advances in ore separation, saw a shift in many mines from uneconomic production to sustainable production. By the mid-1980s, one of the few productive mining industries in Australian was gold mining because its price had been fixed since World War II.

Other factors lifted the production in gold, such as the development of the efficient carbon in pulp method for recovering very fine-grained and low-grade gold. It became feasible to mine entire zones of gold-bearing veins via open cut or underground mining instead of only main veins.

In the 1990s, there was a period of consolidation with extensive focus on further improving efficiency and safety of operations and movement towards globalization; customers of minerals and metals became more diverse. During this period, the industry continued to be a major source of export income for the Australian economy, despite far-reaching changes in world mineral production and consumption patterns. India and China recently became the top importers of Australian gold because it continues to function extremely well as an inflation hedge. Furthermore, environmental and social concerns in relation to the mining industry have become global with the widespread uptake of new communication technologies.

From a corporate perspective, the Australian mining industry grew beyond being a large national sector into a world player. The industry is now diversified and integrated internationally through its exploration, mining and processing activities, and the supply of information technology, engineering, construction and other services. Annual surveys by the Minerals Council of Australia show that from the mid- to late 1990s, respondents spent over 40% of their total exploration budgets overseas.

The industry is also making a wide range of major investments in overseas mines and forging international marketing and processing alliances in regard to many minerals and metals. However, investment has also flowed in the other direction, with significant overseas investment in Australia for exploration and the development or expansion of mining and processing facilities.

Operations
Newcrest's mining operations are located around Australia, Canada and Papua New Guinea.

The Telfer Mine is a large open-cut and underground mine in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The mine has the potential to become the largest gold mine in Australia, with expected average production of 800000 oz of gold per year.

Ridgeway is a large underground gold and copper mine being developed by Newcrest. In its first full year of operation and metal production of 377539 oz of gold was in line with the plan. Development of the Cadia Hill mine in New South Wales began in 1996 and production began in 1998. It produces 298848 oz of gold per year.

Hidden Valley is an open-pit, gold-silver mine and processing plant in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. The mine is approximately 210 km north-north-west of Port Moresby, and 90 km south-south-west of Lae. It is operated by Morobe Mining Joint Ventures, a 50:50 joint venture between Harmony and Newcrest Mining.

Newcrest's second Papua New Guinea mine is the gold mine located on Lihir Island in the New Ireland Province of Papua New Guinea. It was acquired by taking over Lihir Gold in 2010 (see above).

Newcrest's headquarters are located in Melbourne, Australia since having been integrated with Sydney in 1995. Other offices are based at major mine sites to help communication between miners and the head office.

A majority of Newcrest's copper-gold concentrate is sold under long-term contract to smelters in Japan. Feed for the Saganoseki Smelter and Refinery is transported to Japan's southernmost island, Kyushu, and the concentrate is turned into 99.99% pure gold bullion which is sold to Asia's metal market. However, Newcrest also operates in the sale of concentrate to merchants who deliver the material to various regional smelters under their own contracts.

In August 2019, Newcrest acquired 70% of the Red Chris operation in a joint venture with Imperial Metals.

In November 2021 Newcrest agreed to acquire Pretium Resources Inc. for $14.87 a share., including 100% of the Brucejack operation. Brucejack adds a Tier 1 large scale, long life, low cost mine to Newcrest’s portfolio of Tier 1 assets.

Newcrest acquired Pretium Resources and the Brucejack operation on 9 March 2022.

In February 2023, Newmont made a $24.4 billion takeover offer for the company. It was rejected by the board of the company. In May 2023, the board accepted a revised $28.8 billion takeover offer. It was completed in November 2023 with Newcrest delisted from the Australian Securities Exchange.

Criticism
The company has been accused of human rights violations and accelerating environmental damage particularly on Halmahera Island in Indonesia.

title: Newcrest Mining


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British Columbia Youth Parliament

The British Columbia Youth Parliament (BCYP) is a youth service organization that operates in the guise of a "parliament" in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The BCYP fulfills its motto of "Youth Serving Youth" by means of "legislation" enacting community service projects and other youth-oriented activities. The BCYP is the successor to the Older Boys' Parliament of British Columbia, which first met in 1924.

Annual session
Each year between December 27–31, youth aged 16 to 21 from across British Columbia gather in the Legislative Chambers of the B.C. Parliament Buildings in the capital city of Victoria for the BCYP annual session. Members sit as independents (i.e., they do not represent any political party) and vote according to their individual conscience on all issues. They learn about parliamentary process, debate topics of interest, and plan numerous activities for the upcoming year. Proposed activities, usually in the form of community service projects, are presented in the form of government bills; once passed they must be put into effect. This model differs from most other model (or "mock") youth parliaments in Canada; legislation passed by the membership is enacted by the organization through volunteer work in the community.

During the sittings of the BCYP during its December session, members of the BCYP (usually backbenchers) are given the opportunity to present "Private Members' Resolutions" (PMRs) for debate. These are usually on topics related to current events or other issues important to members and usually contain a provision for communicating the decision of the BCYP on that topic to the actual governmental authorities or other parties responsible for those issues. On occasion, a PMR on a whimsical topic is introduced.

Unlike a real parliamentary government, the BCYP "government" cannot fall if it loses a vote on what would otherwise be a vote of confidence, such as a money bill or a motion of non-confidence.

During the week that the BCYP meets in the Legislature, the members elect a new Premier, Leader of the Opposition and Deputy Speaker for the next legislative year.

On the last day of the annual sitting of the BCYP, a Prorogation ceremony is held. As part of the ceremony, the Lieutenant Governor (a person appointed by the Premier, usually a prominent person in the community) signs all approved bills into "law". After the December sittings, the members become the organization's own "civil service" and implement the community service projects legislated at the session. Legislation passed at the session is subject to review by the organization's Senate.

For most of the BCYP's history, the legislative year was referred to a "session"; however, in the mid-1990s the BCYP began referring to the annual session as a "parliament", in keeping with Parliamentary tradition.

Organizational structure
The BCYP models itself on the Westminster Parliamentary system. The BCYP is sponsored by the Youth Parliament of B.C. Alumni Association. In keeping with the parliamentary structure of the BCYP, the board of directors of the Alumni Association is referred to as the "Senate".

The BCYP itself is led by a cabinet appointed by the Premier-elect. The Premier-elect also appoints various other officers, such as a Lieutenant Governor, a Speaker, a Clerk of the Legislative Assembly, and a Sergeant-At-Arms, among others. The legislative year for a Premier and their cabinet runs from September 15 to September 14 of the following year. The Premier and Cabinet plan the government's legislative plan and prepare the bills for consideration at the December sitting of the BCYP.

Members of the BCYP are not elected to the Youth Parliament. Instead, potential members apply for the limited number of available positions. Applicants must be nominated by an organization that supports youth activities (i.e., community, school, or church club or group). The applicants are then selected by a committee made up of representatives of the Senate and the BCYP cabinet. The selection committee attempts to ensure that all parts of the province are represented. This includes selecting at least one applicant from each of the real ridings for the actual provincial legislature (subject to there being an applicant from that riding). At the December sitting, all members will be assigned to a riding. Members who come from a riding that is over-represented (usually from one of the larger urban centres) may be assigned a riding from which no applications were submitted. Otherwise, some ridings may have two or more members.

General
The purpose of the Older Boys' Parliament (OBP) in its early years was to recommend changes and additions to the "Canadian Standards Efficiency Training" (CSET) programme (see History, below) and to promote Christian boys life. Its legislation usually consisted of recommendations made to the Boys' Work Board of British Columbia ("BWBBC") (see History, below) rather than its own programmes, and occasional resolutions on social issues (such as temperance and school curricula).

During the 1950s, the OBP began to develop a more service-oriented programme run by its own members rather than working with programmes run by other organizations (the exception to this being camps). Projects included annual hobby shows, athletic competitions, leadership training programmes, and work with disabled youth.

The OBP's social service programme expanded in the 1960s, with more work with disabled people, delinquent boys, book drives, and food drives. The OBP's project for Canada's Centennial was to help finance and build a church and meeting hall on a Nitinagt Indian Reserve on Vancouver Island.

In 1981, the BCYP funded and constructed a playground for children living at Skeena Terrace, a provincially sponsored subsidized housing project at Cassiar and Broadway in Vancouver.

In the 1980s, the Youth Parliament projects expanded to include educational workshops, youth oriented conferences, and the Regional Youth Parliament (RYP) program. Projects introduced in the 2000s include summer youth festivals and essay contests. In 2005, the BCYP established a youth conference known as "The Stand".

Observers program
In 1959 the OBP created the Observers Program. The purpose of this program was to give potential members an idea of what OBP did before joining, to provide a "sounding board" to members for feedback, and as a means of reducing high turnover in OBP as becoming a member would become something to work for above observer status. Observers, aged 15 to 16, attended the entire session, and took part in all activities except sitting in the Legislative Chambers. The Observer program ended in 1973, at which time the Older Boys' Parliament became the Youth Parliament.

Camp Phoenix
While camping had been a steady part of the OBP program since its inception, the OBP had always participated in the operation of camps run by other organizations, but never its own. This changed in December 1967 when the 37th Session legislated Camp Phoenix. That first Camp Phoenix was held at Camp George Pringle in the summer of 1968, with 36 underprivileged and disabled boys in attendance.

Camp Phoenix expanded over the decades to serve both boys and girls. For a number of years, Camp Phoenix was held in August every year, often at a different location in British Columbia each year. Camp Phoenix was funded and organized by the BCYP members, with a few key positions at the camp itself (such as medical staff and camp director) held by alumni or other adults. From the first camp through 2010, approximately 1500 children attended Camp Phoenix. In 2011, BCYP decided not to hold Camp Phoenix. During 2014, BCYP operated an afternoon day-camp program as a potential replacement for Camp Phoenix, known as "Project Phoenix." At the 86th Session in December 2014, BCYP re-established the Ministry of Project Phoenix to formally oversee the new program, called "Project Phoenix". Based upon the success of Project Phoenix, at the 87th Session in December 2015, the BCYP re-established the Ministry of Camp Phoenix and the membership passed legislation enabling Camp Phoenix. Camp Phoenix occurred in August 2016 at Deep Cove, British Columbia.

Regional Youth Parliaments
In 1937, in an attempt to expand the number of people that could be involved, the OBP experimented by attempting to hold three separate parliaments around the province, instead of the one in Victoria. As a result of the hiatus during World War II, and the effort to rebuild the OBP in the late 1940s, no real thought was given to regional parliaments until the 1960s. During the late 1960s, into 1970, the Older Boys' Parliament made efforts to establish a regional program, but a program of regional parliaments never came to fruition.

The current form of the RYPs originated in 1987, when a pilot RYP was held in Creston, British Columbia for the Kootenay region. Legislation formally establishing a RYP program was introduced at the 60th Session in 1989. As before, a primary goal of the RYP program was to increase the number of young people who could participate in the BCYP. Since then, RYPs have been established throughout the province. The oldest RYP currently in existence is the Vancouver Youth Parliament, which has run without interruption since 1988. While a number of the early RYPs are defunct, the current Regional Youth Parliaments include:

 * Vancouver Youth Parliament
 * Richmond Delta Youth Parliament
 * Fraser Youth Parliament
 * Islands Youth Parliament
 * Interior Youth Parliament (Formed from the merger of the former Northern British Columbia Youth Parliament and the Southern Interior Youth Parliament)

Origin
Like most other Youth Parliaments in Canada, the BCYP has its origins in the "boys work" movement of the YMCA of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. "Boys' work" was meant to answer the need for activities for young men who worked by day but were idle by night. Various programs came and went, often incorporating a dominant YMCA philosophy of the "four-fold" development of the physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being of the person, based upon : "And Jesus grew in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and men."

Taylor Statten, a Boer War recruit who joined the YMCA as a means of continuing his physical fitness activities upon military discharge, was driven by his ambition to design a proper boys' work program with the Toronto YMCA, attending various national boys conferences. In 1912, Statten became the Boys' Work Secretary on the national YMCA executive. Borrowing from both Canadian and American YMCA programs, and aspects of the Boy Scouts, Statten established the "Canadian Standards Efficiency Training" program, a system of graded tests where boys passed from one level to the next. These standards were borrowed from the "four-fold" philosophy.

Under the CSET program came the Trail Rangers (boys 12 - 14) and TUXIS (ages 15 – 17). A similar program for girls known as the Canadian Girls in Training were formed a number of years later. The popularity of the CSET program was such that boys' work soon became a virtually separate movement within the YMCA

In 1916 Statten embarked on a "Coast to Coast Tour" to promote the CSET program, which included a stop in Vancouver. It was on this tour that Statten first envisioned a national boys conference, modelled on various regional conferences promoting boys' work. Statten believed in letting the boys determine their own priorities, and his idea soon developed into the concept of a boys' Parliament. However, the National Boys' Work Board considered this beyond their capability, at least during the Great War, which was being waged at the time. Fortunately, the Ontario BWB was interested, and Statten organized the first Ontario TUXIS & Older Boys' Parliament in 1917.

Due to the program's success, Statten encouraged the involvement of the churches, in order to reach even more boys in Canada. Various Protestant churches became involved, and a National Boys' Work Board was established with an executive body made up of YMCA and church representatives. In 1921 an independent Boys' Work Board was established, as the YMCA preferred to take a lesser role in a movement that was diverting too much attention and resources from other Y programs.

Early years to World War II
The first Older Boys' Parliament of British Columbia was held in January 1924. The Premier was Walter S. Owen, who later became the Lieutenant Governor of B.C. (1973–1978). The new organization was donated its mace, which is still used today, by St. Andrews Presbyterian (now the United Church), where Owen's TUXIS group met.

During the Great Depression, a number of serious issues faced the OBP. These included lower financial resources. The OBP's ability to use the Legislative Chambers of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the capital city of Victoria was threatened by those offended by the OBP allowing Asian members to attend. Before World War II, the OBP decided to experiment with holding its session outside of Victoria. A proposed session under this plan in New Westminster in 1937 had to be cancelled. Another planned experiment was to hold the OBP biannually, with regional Parliaments in alternate years. It is certain this practice would have continued were it not for the occurrence of World War II.

Post World War II to the end of the OBP era
While the 15th Session in 1939 prorogued with full intention of holding a Session in 1940, the OBP did not meet during World War II. By war's end, the TUXIS movement had diminished and the National Boys' Work Board was in a weak state of affairs. It took the Boys' Work Secretary for the United Church, Rev. Robert McLaren, to revive the OBP. Through his efforts, the pre-war partners who sponsored Parliament (Protestant churches and YMCA) joined forces to establish a Parliamentary Convention in Vancouver to rebuild the organization. It is in this period where the United Church began to have its greatest influence on the OBP.

Delegates from around B.C. attended this conference, which expanded to include representatives of other boys' groups such as Scouts and the Boys' Brigade. This expansion of OBP's base encouraged the boys to debate expanding its membership to include all religious denominations and boys' groups in the OBP and truly become a representative Parliament. This movement this was effectively quashed by McLaren and other church leaders.

The 1940s were an unstable period for the OBP, with a "senate" (as its sponsoring organization was called) existing in name only and a weak premier who had to be replaced soon after the 16th Session. Key alumni and strong premiers with good cabinets carried the OBP through the late 1940s when a proper "Senate" and well founded Parliament were established.

It was during this period that the OBP was held in Vancouver. Only one session between 1945 and 1955 sat in the provincial legislature. Despite invitations from the government, organizers found it easier to plan sessions for the fledgling parliament in Vancouver, usually at the University of British Columbia in Union College (now the Vancouver School of Theology) or the U.B.C. Law School Building.

Transition to BCYP
Since the 5th Session of the OBP, resolutions had been introduced to admit girls as members. By the 1960s the Canadian Girls in Training efforts to participate in the Older Boys' Parliament were taken up by the media, spearheaded by the Victoria Times newspaper columnist Elizabeth Forbes. By the late 1960s the issue was being taken more seriously by the OBP, but there was strong opposition from the "Senate", which vetoed a resolution passed by the OBP in 1971 to allow girls to join. Some of the "Older Boys" who opposed admitting women went as far as to organize a separate "Older Girls' Parliament" to meet during the Easter break.

At this same time, there was a movement to expand the constituent membership of the Boys' Parliament beyond the select churches providing members at the time. For example, by the late 1960s, there had been Lutheran, Jewish, and Catholic members of the OBP. These boys qualified for membership in the OBP by associating themselves with youth groups connected to the sponsoring organizations of the OBP.

With the election of the New Democratic Party under Dave Barrett in the 1972 provincial election, pressure came from the provincial government to open the membership of the Boys' Parliament to all or face losing the use of the legislative buildings. Thus the B.C. Youth Parliament came into being for the 44th Session in 1974. The new organization was non-denominational and membership was open to boys and girls. The first female Premier was Susan Hunter of the 49th Session in 1977.

As a part of the re-organization in 1974, the Youth Parliament of B.C. Alumni Association was formed and acts as the BCYP's "Senate". The Senate ensures a session is held annually, reviews the legislation passed by the Youth Parliament, and when necessary assists the Youth Parliament in its community service programs and other events.

To the present
Developments in the 1980s saw Taylor Statten's dreams of 1916 come to fruition with the formation of the Youth Parliament of Canada in 1980. The Western Canada Youth Parliament (WCYP) was also formed during this time period. While the Youth Parliament of Canada has since collapsed, after seven sessions over ten years, the WCYP continues on a bi-annual basis.

A key event in BCYP history was the "Vernon Conference" held in 1985. The BCYP organized and hosted this youth conference to celebrate the United Nations International Year of the Youth. Members of the TUXIS Parliament of Alberta (since renamed as the Alberta Youth Parliament) and the Junior Statesmen of America (now the Junior State of America were invited to participate. This conference was a new concept for the BCYP. It provided the BCYP with the experience and inspiration to attempt new projects beyond community service projects and camps. More and larger projects, such as RYPs, were possible.

In the 1990s, with increasing costs of running BCYP's annual Session and holding Camp Phoenix, both the Senate and Youth Parliament became increasingly concerned with fundraising and the long-term financial health of the organization. Starting with a $5,000 bequest from Walter S. Owen, the Senate instituted a fundraising campaign between 1991 and 1993. The campaign raised $75,000 in donations from alumni, service organizations, and corporations. The Vancouver Foundation matched that amount, to establish the Walter S. Owen Fund.

At that same time, the BCYP undertook new fundraising initiatives, such as holding a dinner-dance and "Dream Auction" in 1992. The auction subsequently evolved through various formats, to become a major annual fundraising event for Youth Parliament.

Notable alumni
• Linda Bauld, Professor at the University of Edinburgh • Robert Bonner, Attorney General of British Columbia (1952-1968) • Russell Brown, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada • Daniel Burnett, KC, Media Lawyer • Susana da Silva, CBC Video Journalist • Jack Davis, politician • Stephen Doughty, Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom for Cardiff South and Penarth • Ted Field, reporter and assignment editor, Global BC • Allan Fotheringham, news reporter and journalist • Lloyd McKenzie, Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia (1974-1993); Information Officer for the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court (1993-2003) • Monica McParland, Judge of the Provincial Court of British Columbia • Jim Mann, Dementia activist, 2020 UBC Honorary Doctor of Laws recipient • Eric Nicol, writer • Walter Stewart Owen, 22nd Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia • Linda Reid, 37th Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia • Shannon Salter K.C. Former Chair of the British Columbia Civil Resolution Tribunal; former Deputy Attorney General of British Columbia. ; Deputy Minister to the Premier, Head of the BC Public Service and Cabinet Secretary • Jack Shadbolt, artist • Kerry L. Simmons, KC, Past National President, Canadian Bar Association • Hugh William Veenstra, Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia • Ray Williston, Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (1953–1972)

title: British Columbia Youth Parliament


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Gansevoort

Gansevoort may refer to any one of the following:

People

 * Guert Gansevoort (1812–1868), US Navy officer
 * Harmen Harmense Gansevoort (ca. 1634–1709), early American settler, landowner and beer brewer
 * Leonard Gansevoort (1751–1810), New York politician
 * Peter Gansevoort (1749–1812), Continental Army officer in the Revolutionary War
 * Peter Gansevoort (politician) (1788–1876), New York politician

Places

 * Gansevoort, New York, a hamlet in Saratoga County, New York
 * Gansevoort Mansion, a historic home in Gansevoort

In Manhattan, NYC

 * Gansevoort Market, another name for the Meatpacking District, Manhattan, New York City
 * Gansevoort Peninsula, another name for Thirteenth Avenue (Manhattan), NYC
 * Gansevoort Street, a street in the Meatpacking District, Manhattan, NYC

Other

 * USS Gansevoort (DD-608), United States Navy destroyer in World War II

title: Gansevoort