text:
Erik Meijer (politician)

Erik Meijer (born 5 December 1944) is a former Dutch politician who was a member of the European Parliament for the Dutch Socialist Party, part of the European Left, between 1999 and 2009. From July 2014 till June 2015 he was a member of the Dutch Senate.

In the European Parliament he was a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Croatia Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Biography
In 1999 European Parliament elections Meijer won the first seat for the SP in the European Parliament.

Born in 1944 in Amsterdam, Meijer, who lives in Rotterdam, studied human geography and later taught geography before becoming a civil servant. Politically active since the beginning of the 1960s, including as an executive member of Socialist Youth (SJ), in the 1970s he was elected to represent the Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) on Amsterdam City Council. During this period he led the Proletarian Left within the PSP, which later split to form what now is Socialist Alternative Politics. Meijer stayed within the PSP. From 1982 to 1995 he served as member of the States-Provincial of South Holland, having been elected on a combined PSP-CPN-PPR ticket. Following the formation of the GreenLeft, which united these tendencies, he became the party's national vice-chair, a position which he held until 1995.

At the beginning of 1996, Meijer left Green Left for the SP. In 1998 he became chair of the SP branch in Delfshaven, a poor district of Rotterdam, at the same time working to build up the party's European contacts.

In the European Parliament the SP forms part of the United Left Group (GUE-NGL). The party's priority is resistance to the development of a European Superstate too far removed from the people and too closely attached to the interests of European multinationals.

In the European elections of 10 June 2004, the SP's electoral support grew from 5% to 7%, giving the party a second seat. Re-elected, Meijer was joined by Kartika Liotard.

His comments in the Skopje daily Utrinski Vesnik on 14 January 2008 drew the ire of readers in the Republic of Macedonia. He said that the country should tear down statues of the ancient Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great erected on its territory and agree to a name change in its bilateral dispute with Greece.

He was invested as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau on 8 September 2009.

On 8 July 2014 he was made member of the Dutch Senate, replacing Arjan Vliegenthart. His term ended on 9 June 2015.

Education

 * 1972: Higher degree in human geography

Career

 * 1961–1969: Member of executive, Socialist Youth and Student Organisations
 * 1968–1991: Has held office at national level in the PSP (Pacifist Socialist Party) (Vice-chairman of the Chairman of elected representatives' section, editor of party magazine)
 * 1971–1975: Geography teacher, senior secondary and pre-university education
 * 1975–1978: Member of Amsterdam City Council
 * 1980–1992: Local government official, Rotterdam City Council
 * 1982–1995: Member of the South Holland Provincial Council
 * 1990–1993: Member of executive, Citizenship Foundation
 * 1992–1995: Member of executive and Vice-Chairman of the GroenLinks
 * 1995–1998: Chairman of the Spangen (Rotterdam) Residents' Association
 * 1995–1999: Chairman of the Stichting Ontwikkelbank Centrum (Foundation for the Promotion of Central Rotterdam)
 * since 1999: Member of Socialist Party executive
 * 1998–2002: Member of the Delfshaven District Council
 * 1999–2009: Member of the European Parliament
 * 2014–2015: Member of the Senate

title: Erik Meijer (politician)


text:
Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan

Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan (撲殺天使ドクロちゃん) is a Japanese light novel series written by Masaki Okayu and illustrated by Torishimo. It centers on a teenage boy and a killer angel from the future who constantly gets him into trouble and kills him violently and repeatedly, often removing his head with her spiked club named "Excaliborg", only to resurrect him seconds later. The novels were first serialized in the Dengeki hp magazine published by MediaWorks. Later, a manga version was created, written and illustrated by Mitsuna Ouse serialized in Dengeki Comic Gao!. Finally, an anime version was adapted and aired in Japan between March and September 2005. A second anime series aired between August and November 2007. In late 2005, a PlayStation 2 game titled ''Game ni Natta yo! Dokuro-chan: Kenkō Shindan Daisakusen'' was released in Japan.

Plot
Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan tells the story of 13-year-old junior high schooler Sakura Kusakabe, who twenty years in the future develops a technology that causes all women to stop physically aging after they reach twelve years old in an attempt to create a "Lolicon's World". However, this act accidentally creates immortality amongst humans, thus offending God. Dokuro Mitsukai, a member of an order of assassin angels that are called Lulutie, has been sent from the future to kill him. Believing that Sakura can be redeemed, Dokuro decides instead to keep Sakura so occupied and distracted that he can never develop the immortality technology. In response to her reluctance to complete the assassination mission, Sabato, another assassin of the Lulutie order, is dispatched to ensure the mandate of God is carried out. Using her feminine wiles along with her electric baton as her weapons of choice, Sabato seeks to kill Sakura herself and Dokuro is forced to oppose her. In so doing, Dokuro pits herself against the will of Heaven itself in order to protect him.

Ironically, she herself quite possibly poses a greater threat to his well-being as a result of her capricious and highly volatile personality. Due to her impulsive nature and super-human strength, she often carelessly or unthinkingly kills him with her massive spiked kanabō (club), Excalibolg, only to regret it moments later and return him to life with angelic power accompanied by her whimsical personal chant of "Pipiru-piru-piru-pipiru-pii". This repeated trauma, along with myriad other problems she causes for him, prompts Sakura to ultimately question whether her "protection" is worth it and ponder that it might be ultimately preferable to simply allow Sabato to kill him permanently and put an end to his perpetual misery.

Characters

 * Sakura Kusakabe (草壁 桜)
 * Sakura is a 13-year-old second-year junior high school student whose life changed the day the "Bludgeoning Angel" Dokuro-chan appeared. Since then his life has become one of her gory clubbings and resurrections. This has come about because some time in the future, Sakura is apparently destined to create a technology that stops girls from aging after they reach the age of twelve years. Dokuro, an angel assassin, is sent back in time to prevent this by killing him. She fails to do so because she falls in love with him. Sakura's life is still in danger because a second angel assassin has been sent back in time to ensure his elimination. Due to having two young heart-breakingly beautiful angels attracted to him, Sakura gains a reputation as a lolicon at school (though this is only because the male population are jealous of him). While not perverted by nature, Sakura finds himself in tricky situations with Dokuro and her sister, Zakuro. Sakura has a crush on his classmate and childhood friend, Shizuki Minakami, who he spends much of his time with but is too afraid to confess his feelings. Despite gradually developing feelings for Dokuro, despite the way she treats him, Sakura continues to pursue Shizuki, even going on a date with her which fails when Dokuro and Sabato intervene. He is indecisive, and he is unable to choose between Shizuki and Dokuro even towards the end of the series. But after suffering Dokuro's volatile personality and the "protection" she brings, he begins to think Shizuki is the better option.
 * Sakura is a 13-year-old second-year junior high school student whose life changed the day the "Bludgeoning Angel" Dokuro-chan appeared. Since then his life has become one of her gory clubbings and resurrections. This has come about because some time in the future, Sakura is apparently destined to create a technology that stops girls from aging after they reach the age of twelve years. Dokuro, an angel assassin, is sent back in time to prevent this by killing him. She fails to do so because she falls in love with him. Sakura's life is still in danger because a second angel assassin has been sent back in time to ensure his elimination. Due to having two young heart-breakingly beautiful angels attracted to him, Sakura gains a reputation as a lolicon at school (though this is only because the male population are jealous of him). While not perverted by nature, Sakura finds himself in tricky situations with Dokuro and her sister, Zakuro. Sakura has a crush on his classmate and childhood friend, Shizuki Minakami, who he spends much of his time with but is too afraid to confess his feelings. Despite gradually developing feelings for Dokuro, despite the way she treats him, Sakura continues to pursue Shizuki, even going on a date with her which fails when Dokuro and Sabato intervene. He is indecisive, and he is unable to choose between Shizuki and Dokuro even towards the end of the series. But after suffering Dokuro's volatile personality and the "protection" she brings, he begins to think Shizuki is the better option.

 * Dokuro Mitsukai (三塚井 ドクロ)
 * Dokuro is a 12-year-old bludgeoning angel of Lulutie (a committee of angels that protect the domain of God) from the future sent back in time to kill Sakura Kusakabe, but decides to save him instead after falling in love with him. As a result, Dokuro vows to stay by his side to protect him from any dangers which may appear. She wields the magical spiked club (kanabō), "Excalibolg", with which she clubs her victims, or to express her displeasure (almost exclusively Sakura). Dokuro has super-human strength and endurance (because of this she often underestimates her own strength and unintentionally harms Sakura), and is also capable of bringing anyone back to life with Excalibolg by chanting "Pipiru piru piru pipiru pii". She can, and does, use her magic to cause humans to transform into animals or to completely erase them from existence, mainly as an excuse to pair up with Sakura. When she is not brutally killing Sakura she teases him mercilessly, mostly using sexual innuendo. Eventually, she founds a school club dedicated to watching wood glue dry, after gaining a teacher's approval using some sort of torture involving "the nerves of your teeth". She promptly coerces Sakura into becoming its second member (by sticking him onto a board and leaving him there until he joins) and has stated her desire to achieve the national championship in this particular 'sport'. As of the second season, Dokuro has become more "comfortable" with Sakura seeing her nude. Every sentence Dokuro says ends in "dayo".
 * Dokuro is a 12-year-old bludgeoning angel of Lulutie (a committee of angels that protect the domain of God) from the future sent back in time to kill Sakura Kusakabe, but decides to save him instead after falling in love with him. As a result, Dokuro vows to stay by his side to protect him from any dangers which may appear. She wields the magical spiked club (kanabō), "Excalibolg", with which she clubs her victims, or to express her displeasure (almost exclusively Sakura). Dokuro has super-human strength and endurance (because of this she often underestimates her own strength and unintentionally harms Sakura), and is also capable of bringing anyone back to life with Excalibolg by chanting "Pipiru piru piru pipiru pii". She can, and does, use her magic to cause humans to transform into animals or to completely erase them from existence, mainly as an excuse to pair up with Sakura. When she is not brutally killing Sakura she teases him mercilessly, mostly using sexual innuendo. Eventually, she founds a school club dedicated to watching wood glue dry, after gaining a teacher's approval using some sort of torture involving "the nerves of your teeth". She promptly coerces Sakura into becoming its second member (by sticking him onto a board and leaving him there until he joins) and has stated her desire to achieve the national championship in this particular 'sport'. As of the second season, Dokuro has become more "comfortable" with Sakura seeing her nude. Every sentence Dokuro says ends in "dayo".

 * Sabato Mihashigo (三橋檎 サバト)
 * (credited as Elle Deets)
 * Sabato is another 12-year-old angel sent from the future to assassinate Sakura before he can create his "Lolicon's World". Also with super-human strength, she has ram horns on her head. Since her defeat, Sabato lives in a small cardboard box under a bridge. Her living allowance comes from an unknown source. Her weapon is the deadly shock-baton, "Durandal" (in which she can "char blue whales in the blink of an eye"). It is later revealed that her mother is Babel Mihashigo, the chairman of Lulutie and the main instigator of the operation to kill Sakura. Sabato is not allowed to return home until she kills Sakura. Even though Dokuro and Sabato have opposite aims, they are actually friends and hang out together when not fighting over Sakura. Every sentence Sabato says ends in "desu".

 * Zansu (ザンス)
 * Zansu is yet another angel from the future who accompanied Dokuro in the attempt to save Sakura's life. His appearance is very odd, looking more like a member of a biker gang. Unlike the other angels, Zansu is often on the receiving end of the stick whenever he makes an appearance around Sakura. His trademark pink Mohawk is his most defining trait. It is later revealed that he has a hidden camera in it which he uses to take erotic pictures of Zakuro. He is, unfortunately, revealed to have some perverted tendencies and in the second series is frequently nude. Every sentence Zansu says ends in "Zansu". Sakura describes him as a "has-been death metal punk" and a "lolicon."
 * Zansu is yet another angel from the future who accompanied Dokuro in the attempt to save Sakura's life. His appearance is very odd, looking more like a member of a biker gang. Unlike the other angels, Zansu is often on the receiving end of the stick whenever he makes an appearance around Sakura. His trademark pink Mohawk is his most defining trait. It is later revealed that he has a hidden camera in it which he uses to take erotic pictures of Zakuro. He is, unfortunately, revealed to have some perverted tendencies and in the second series is frequently nude. Every sentence Zansu says ends in "Zansu". Sakura describes him as a "has-been death metal punk" and a "lolicon."

 * Zakuro Mitsukai (三塚井 ザクロ)
 * Zakuro is a tall 9 year-old angel with a far larger bust than her older sister, Dokuro. She has the super-human powers of most angels and wears a naval officer's uniform, as well as an eyepatch on her left eye for unknown reasons. Zakuro is unusually polite, addressing people with the formal "-san" suffix after their names rather than the informal "-kun" or "-chan". Calm and soft-spoken, she is quite proficient in battle. Her weapon is a wet towel called "Eckilsax" which can split into two or more for close combat, as well as stretching itself to bind opponents. In the second series, she moves in with Sakura and Dokuro. Zakuro seems to get on well with Sakura and appears to have a crush on him, although she sometimes suggests that Dokuro kill Sakura only to realize what she's saying and apologize (but is usually too late by then).
 * Zakuro is a tall 9 year-old angel with a far larger bust than her older sister, Dokuro. She has the super-human powers of most angels and wears a naval officer's uniform, as well as an eyepatch on her left eye for unknown reasons. Zakuro is unusually polite, addressing people with the formal "-san" suffix after their names rather than the informal "-kun" or "-chan". Calm and soft-spoken, she is quite proficient in battle. Her weapon is a wet towel called "Eckilsax" which can split into two or more for close combat, as well as stretching itself to bind opponents. In the second series, she moves in with Sakura and Dokuro. Zakuro seems to get on well with Sakura and appears to have a crush on him, although she sometimes suggests that Dokuro kill Sakura only to realize what she's saying and apologize (but is usually too late by then).

 * Shizuki Minakami (水上 静希)
 * Shizuki is 12 years old and one of Sakura's classmates as well as his childhood friend. Much like the rest of Sakura's classmates, Shizuki is unfazed by the chaos which the angels introduce. It is noteworthy however that while Sakura's classmates think that he is a lolicon and treat him with contempt and jealousy, Shizuki believes him to be a good person and is the only character to stick by him amongst the chaos. Shizuki seems to have a crush on Sakura but is unable to confess her feelings to him (just like he cannot confess to her). She is a bit jealous of Dokuro because of how much attention Sakura gives her (mostly out of responsibility for her actions) but seems to care about her all the same.
 * Shizuki is 12 years old and one of Sakura's classmates as well as his childhood friend. Much like the rest of Sakura's classmates, Shizuki is unfazed by the chaos which the angels introduce. It is noteworthy however that while Sakura's classmates think that he is a lolicon and treat him with contempt and jealousy, Shizuki believes him to be a good person and is the only character to stick by him amongst the chaos. Shizuki seems to have a crush on Sakura but is unable to confess her feelings to him (just like he cannot confess to her). She is a bit jealous of Dokuro because of how much attention Sakura gives her (mostly out of responsibility for her actions) but seems to care about her all the same.

Light novels
Dokuro-chan first began as a light novel series originally created by Masaki Okayu and illustrated by Torishimo was first serialized in the Japanese manga magazine Dengeki hp published by MediaWorks. There are ten individual light novels in the series. There is also a single volume of short stories written by other popular light novel authors.
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan ISBN 4-8402-2392-0
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan 2 ISBN 4-8402-2490-0
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan 3 ISBN 4-8402-2637-7
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan 4 ISBN 4-8402-2784-5
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan 5 ISBN 4-8402-2994-5
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan 6 ISBN 4-8402-3143-5
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan 7 ISBN 4-8402-3343-8
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan 8 ISBN 4-8402-3548-1
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan 9 ISBN 978-4-8402-3756-7
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan 10 ISBN 978-4-8402-4030-7
 * Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan desu ISBN 4-8402-3443-4
 * Stories by Tsutomu Mizushima, Nagaru Tanigawa, Toshihiko Tsukiji, Keiichi Sigsawa, K-Ske Hasegawa, Ryohgo Narita, and Kazuma Kamachi.
 * Illustrated by Clamp, Hekiru Hikawa, Noizi Ito, Eeji Komatsu, Akio Watanabe, Shaa, and Kanna Wakatsuki.

Manga
The manga version of Dokuro-chan written by Mitsuna Sakuse and illustrated by Mitsuna Ouse was first serialized in the magazine Dengeki Comic Gao! published by MediaWorks.

Anime
The first season of the Dokuro-chan anime first aired in Japan on March 12, 2005, and contained eight episodes in length. Each of the eight episodes is less than 15 minutes in duration, though they were aired in pairs which totaled four parts that were each 25 minutes in length including the opening and ending songs. The second season of Dokuro-chan anime first aired on August 11, 2007, with a DVD box set release date of August 24, 2007. The second season ran for four episodes, and is released in two parts consisting of two episodes each. In the TV airings, some of the more violent or dubious scenes are replaced with an image of a beach and one of the students that were transformed into animals, leaving just the audio. New changes were made with the second season, such as Dokuro's hair color changing to blue, Zakuro moving in with them both, the only appearance of Sabato's mother, and the animation being slightly different from the first season.

Two pieces of theme music were used for both anime seasons; one opening theme and one ending theme each. The first season's opening theme is "Bokusatsu Tenshi Dokuro-chan", and the ending theme is "Survive", both sung by Saeko Chiba. The second season's opening theme is "Bokusatsu Tenshi Dokuro-chan (2007)", and the ending theme is "Bokusatsu Ondo de Dokuro-chan", again both by Saeko Chiba.

Media Blasters acquired the license of both Bokusatsu Tenshi Dokuro-chan and Bokusatsu Tenshi Dokuro-chan 2 on June 10, 2008. The series is licensed as Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan, translating the "Bokusatsu Tenshi" from the title as "Bludgeoning Angel". Dokuro-chan was released on September 30, 2008, as an English-subtitled release, and a bilingual English-dubbed "Smashing Special Edition" was released on June 18, 2010. Discotek Media re-licensed the series in 2019 and it will be released on Blu-ray Disc on January 28, 2020.

Video game
In late 2005, a video game based on the series titled It's a Game Now! Dokuro-chan: Great Health Diagnosis Strategy (ゲームになったよ! ドクロちゃん〜健康診断大作戦〜) was released in Japan. The game was given an 18+ rating from CERO, because of highly disturbing violence and nudity. The game was re-rated as "D" (17+) on their website since this game was released while the "D" rating was not created. In the game, Sakura meets a new angel named Benomu. The game is set up as a visual novel where the player has to pick which opinions to go with. This game features the affection system, where the main character Sakura has to spend time with one of the six girls to maximize their heart meter and get the good ending for that character. Even though this game features voices, the minor characters still remains un-voiced, which results in only viewing text written on the screen while the character is silent. "Zansu" is one example. The voiced characters only include: Sakura, Zakuro, Dokuro, Benomu, Sabato and Shizuki.

There are videos in the game, but are recycled from the TV anime. The extremely violent scenes are censored by only showing a white screen with blood splatting all over it. However, the CG is all new and the game has over 90+ pictures. There are five mini-games added together in the game. Once the games are completed, the players gets a CG from the character of the player's choice. A challenge mode in the mini-game section is opened afterwards, where the player has to score 100 points on those five games to be able to make available a last chapter where Sakura dreams where all girls turn twelve-years-old; this chapter includes the remaining CGs of the characters.

Dokuro also appears as a playable character in the game, Dengeki Gakuen RPG: Cross of Venus for the Nintendo DS and as a cameo costume for the main character in Nippon Ichi Software's Z.H.P. Unlosing Ranger VS Darkdeath Evilman for the PlayStation Portable. Dokuro also makes an appearance as an assist in the French Bread fighting game Dengeki Bunko: Fighting Climax.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan


text:
User talk:Michael Hopcroft

Welcome!
Hi Michael Hopcroft, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 13:02, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Articles
Michael,

 * 1) I think having an article for Dwight Jaynes is a big stretch.

 * 2) How about an article on Mike Rich?

WikiDon 16:37, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Roleplaying Articles
Hi, Michael. I followed your suggestion and merged HERO System into Hero System (thought about merging the other way around, but saw most Wikipedia articles linked to the latter). I also touched a few related articles Generic Systems, Justice Inc., ...) You did great work. Please forgive, or, better, feel free to correct, any mistakes I made during the merge. GRuban 21:05, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

A&E
Michael-

Fancy meeting you here. Looks like we've both been working on the A&E article.

Jonathan Tweet 15:52, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Card Captor Sakura
Let me know if you write or find any themes from this anime. I'm looking for those themes, and would like to find a site where they are published. For example, the theme of combining unlike elements to work together (wind and water to beat fire), west and east energies to make the clow cards, etc... --Charizardpal 16:14, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Mark C. MacKinnon
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Azumanga Daioh Good Article Reassessment
As a major contributor to Azumanga Daioh, I thought you'd want to know that that article is currently under going a Good Article Reassessment as part of the GA Sweeps. The article currently fails the good article criteria, as detailed at Talk:Azumanga Daioh/GA1. Its reassessment is on hold for seven days to allow time for the issues to be addressed. Thanks. -- Collectonian  (talk · contribs) 19:00, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Disscussion of the merge of Nabiki Tendo to List of Ranma ½ characters
There are not many people discussing the proposed merger to I invite you to add your comments at Talk:List of Ranma ½ characters. 97.115.129.240 (talk) 17:23, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Michael Hopcroft


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User talk:Andre Saito

Welcome!
Hi Andre Saito, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

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title: User talk:Andre Saito


text: Talk:Motor skills disorder

title: Talk:Motor skills disorder


text:
Jan Mulder (politician)

Jan Mulder (born 3 October 1943 in Diever) is a Dutch politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1994 until 2004 and from 2010 until 2014. He is a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), a member party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

Political career
Mulder served as vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets and its Committee on Budgetary Control. In 2007 he was elected one of the six quaestors of the European Parliament.

He was a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and the Committee on Fisheries. During the 2009 European Parliament elections, he was not re-elected but in May 2010 he replaced Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert who was elected in the Dutch parliament.

Mulder is in favour of the European cause and supported the Spinelli Group manifesto.

Other activities

 * European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), Chairman of the Supervisory Committee

Education

 * 1970: Agricultural engineer

Career timeline

 * 1970–1975: Assistant FAO expert and subsequently FAO expert in Kenya
 * 1975–1976: Official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague
 * 1976–1994: Official of the European Commission, Brussels
 * 1977–1988: Chairman of the VVD Brussels section
 * 1994–2009, 2010–2014: Member of the European Parliament

title: Jan Mulder (politician)


text:
Roast (comedy)

A roast is a form of comedy, originating in American humor, in which a specific individual, a guest of honor, is subjected to jokes at their expense, intended to amuse the event's wider audience. Such events are intended to honor a specific individual in a unique way. In addition to jokes and insult comedy, such events may also involve genuine praise and tributes. The assumption is that the roastee can take the jokes in good humor and not as serious criticism or insult. The individual is surrounded by friends, fans, and well-wishers, who can receive some of the same treatment during the evening. The party and presentation itself are both referred to as a roast. The host of the event is called the roastmaster, since it rhymes with and plays on toastmaster. Anyone mocked in such a way is said to have been roasted.

There is a parallel tradition in some countries in which the host of formal events, such as award ceremonies and annual dinners, is expected to good-naturedly mock the event's attendees. In some cases, this has caused controversy when the host is seen as being too insulting.

There is also a concept of roasting on internet social media, where a person asks others to mock them, usually by putting up a photo of themselves. Though the mockery is solicited, this activity, too, has caused controversy, with some considering it a form of cyberbullying. Even more controversial is the practice of simply insulting others for comedic effect, which some have referred to as "roasting", though comedians have stressed that a true roast requires the consent of the target.

History
In 1949, the New York Friars Club held its first roast, with French singer Maurice Chevalier as the guest of honor.

This tradition has its roots in the raucous gatherings of the Friars Club of New York City in the early 20th century. These gatherings were private events where members could express themselves freely, often poking fun at each other in jest.

The format gained public popularity with the "Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts" in the 1970s, televised events that brought the concept into American living rooms. Here, celebrities were humorously insulted, praised, and tributed by colleagues and comedians, establishing the roast as a form of high-profile entertainment that celebrated the careers and personalities of public figures.

Roasts have since evolved, with Comedy Central further popularizing the format in the late 1990s and 2000s with its series of celebrity roasts. These events maintained the tradition's spirit, combining affectionate tribute with biting humor, and often featured a dais of comedians and celebrities who took turns roasting the honoree and each other.

Kraft Music Hall
The final few seasons of the television show Kraft Music Hall, from 1968 to 1971, included broadcasts of the Friars Club Roast; the celebrities roasted included Johnny Carson, Milton Berle, Jack Benny, Don Rickles, and Jerry Lewis.

Dean Martin's Celebrity Roasts
Dean Martin hosted a series of roasts on television in 1974 as part of the final season of his self-titled variety show. After the show was cancelled, NBC decided to schedule a series of The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast specials from the former MGM Grand Hotel and Casino (now Horseshoe Las Vegas) in the Ziegfeld Room; these were recorded and aired approximately once every two months from late 1974 to early 1979, and another three were produced in 1984.

Comedy Central Roasts
From 1998 to 2002, the cable channel Comedy Central produced and broadcast the annual roast of the New York Friars Club, featuring celebrities such as Drew Carey, Jerry Stiller, Rob Reiner, Hugh Hefner, and Chevy Chase.

Based on the success of these roasts, Comedy Central began hosting their own roasts on a roughly annual basis, under the name Comedy Central Roast. The first roastee was Denis Leary in 2003, followed by Jeff Foxworthy, Pamela Anderson, William Shatner, Flavor Flav, Bob Saget, Larry the Cable Guy, Joan Rivers, David Hasselhoff, Donald Trump, Charlie Sheen, Roseanne Barr, James Franco, Justin Bieber, Rob Lowe, Bruce Willis, and Alec Baldwin.

Comedian Jeff Ross notably gained fame through his participation in the televised Comedy Central roasts, and is frequently referred to as the "Roastmaster General" (a position he in fact holds with the New York Friars Club).

In 2010, Comedy Central's international affiliates began to produce and air their own local roasts as well. Comedy Central New Zealand has aired roasts of Mike King and Murray Mexted, Comedy Central Africa has aired roasts of Steve Hofmeyr, Kenny Kunene, Somizi Mhlongo, AKA and Khanyi Mbau, Comedy Central Latin America has aired a roast of Héctor Suárez, Comedy Central Spain has aired roasts of Santiago Segura, El Gran Wyoming, and José Mota, and Comedy Central Netherlands has aired roasts of Gordon (which was the highest-watched broadcast in the history of the channel), Giel Beelen, Johnny de Mol, Ali B and Hans Klok.

Other televised roasts in the United States
The fourth (and final) episode of The Richard Pryor Show in 1977 was a roast of host Richard Pryor.

Playboy produced one roast in 1986 of Tommy Chong that aired on the Playboy Channel.

Basketball player Shaquille O'Neal produced two editions of his Shaq's All Star Comedy Roast: of himself in 2002, and of Emmitt Smith in 2003.

The cable channel MTV produced one roast in 2003, of Carson Daly, which was billed as the MTV Bash.

The cable channel TBS produced one roast in 2008, of Cheech & Chong, which was billed as Cheech & Chong: Roasted.

The cable channel A&E produced one roast in 2008, of Gene Simmons.

The magazine Guitar World organized three "Rock & Roll Roasts" from 2012 to 2014, of musicians Zakk Wylde, Dee Snider, and Corey Taylor.

A Friars Club roast of Terry Bradshaw was aired on ESPN2 in 2015.

The cable channel Fusion aired a roast of Snoop Dogg in 2016, billed as the Snoop Dogg Smokeout.

RuPaul's Drag Race has aired five roast-themed episodes: A roast of RuPaul in season 5 in 2013 and in RuPaul's Secret Celebrity Drag Race in 2020, a roast of Michelle Visage in season 9 in 2017, a mock-funeral roast of Lady Bunny in season 4 of All-Stars in 2019 and a Nice Girls Roast in season 13.

The cable channel TNT aired a roast of the anchors of the TNT show Inside the NBA in 2020.

In 2024, Netflix hosted the roast of Tom Brady.

United Kingdom
Some attempts have been made to adapt the American roast format to a British audience. Channel 4 launched the latest British version on April 7, 2010 with A Comedy Roast, with initial victims being Bruce Forsyth, Sharon Osbourne, and Chris Tarrant. Davina McCall and Barbara Windsor were other victims.

The television series Roast Battle ran for four series from 2018 to 2020 on the British channel Comedy Central. It was an adaptation of the US series Jeff Ross Presents Roast Battle.

Canada

 * Roast Battle Canada

Australia

 * The Roast of John Cleese 2023 Melbourne Seven Network
 * Roast Battle Australia
 * Comedy Roast: Battle Royale!, Perth

India
The Indian comedy group All India Bakchod organized the live show AIB Knockout in January 2015 featuring Arjun Kapoor and Ranveer Singh with Karan Johar as the roastmaster. The programme caused a controversy for allegedly featuring distasteful, sexist, offending, and humiliating content. Videos of the event were removed from YouTube. Comedy Nights Bachao by Optimystix Productions is also based on this format; however, they avoid going too racy to keep the show family friendly.

China
Artists and producers working for Shanghai Xiao Guo Culture Co. Ltd., started importing foreign stand-up comedy formats since 2012. Roast!, a Chinese version of Comedy Central Roasts, has reached 2.33 billion hits on Tencent's video streaming platform, according to Maoyan, a movie and TV site. Roast! differs in that, instead of a single annual special, it consists of annual seasons of 10 shows with a different celebrity victim – typically singers or actors – each week (season one contains 11 including a triple-length Chinese New Year special). Its offspring, web show Rock & Roast, has also become a hit in China, with 70 million viewers in its 2019 season, a steady increase from 50 million in its prior season.

Fictional roasts
Roasts have sometimes been portrayed in fictional TV shows. In other cases, standalone roasts have been produced of historical characters, with both roastees and roasters played by actors.

The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast aired one fictional roast, of George Washington (played by Jan Leighton), on March 15, 1974.

Part 2 of the 1979 TV special Legends of the Superheroes was a roast of various DC Comics superhero characters, hosted by Ed McMahon.

The 1997 episode "The Roast" of the series The Larry Sanders Show revolved around a roast of the title character (Garry Shandling). The main plot of the 2013 episode "Correspondents' Lunch" of the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation involves protagonist Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) roasting the media of the fictional town of Pawnee in a local correspondents' lunch. In the 2009 episode "Stress Relief" of The Office, main character Michael Scott (Steve Carell) organizes a roast of himself.

The 2019 Netflix series Historical Roasts, hosted by Jeff Ross, featured roasts of historical figures Abraham Lincoln (played by Bob Saget), Freddie Mercury (James Adomian), Anne Frank (Rachel Feinstein), Martin Luther King Jr. (Jerry Minor), Cleopatra (Ayden Mayeri), and Muhammad Ali (Jaleel White).

In United States politics
During presidential election years in the U.S., it is customary for both major party candidates to attend the Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner, typically engaging in a roast of each other, and occasionally themselves.

The White House Correspondents' Association and Radio and Television Correspondents' Association have annual dinners that, in some years, feature a comedy roasting of the U.S. President. Don Imus at the RTCA in 1996, Stephen Colbert in 2006 and Michelle Wolf in 2018 have received particular attention for their biting remarks during their speeches.

 * "I don’t know. You don’t know. But a handful of armchair psychoanalysts — reporters for major news organizations, no less — have decided that it all began at the 2011 White House Correspondents’ Association dinner, where Trump was the butt of jokes by President Obama and Saturday Night Live comedian Seth Meyers." — Roxanne Roberts

title: Roast (comedy)


text:
Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire

Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire may refer to:

 * Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire (Senedd constituency)

title: Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire


text:
Buddy Baker

Elzie Wylie "Buddy" Baker Jr. (January 25, 1941 – August 10, 2015) was an American professional stock car racing driver and commentator. Over the course of his 33-year racing career, he won 19 races in the NASCAR Cup Series, including the 1980 Daytona 500. Known by the nickname "Gentle Giant", Baker was noted for his prowess at NASCAR's superspeedways, Daytona and Talladega, at which he won a combined six races. After his racing career, he worked as a broadcaster and co-hosted a number of radio shows on Sirius XM.

Early life
Baker was born on January 25, 1941, in Florence, South Carolina, the son of two-time NASCAR champion Buck Baker. A high school athlete, Baker began racing in 1958 at age 17, and started his NASCAR career the following year. As a teenager, he idolized many of NASCAR's top drivers, including his father and Fireball Roberts, and he studied them closely during his early NASCAR career.

Career
Baker won his first race in 1967, winning the National 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. On March 24, 1970, he became the first driver ever to exceed 200 mph (320 km/h) on a closed course, accomplishing the feat while testing the Chrysler Engineering #88 blue 1969 Dodge Daytona. That car was the only one to exceed 200 in 1970. He became known for his skill at superspeedways; in his career, he won four races at Talladega and two at Daytona, including the 1980 Daytona 500. Baker's victory in that race remains the fastest Daytona 500 in NASCAR history, posting an average speed of 177.602 mph (285.809 km/h).

He is one of nine drivers to have accomplished a Career Grand Slam, a feat which involves winning NASCAR's four most prestigious races: the Daytona 500, Aaron's 499, Coca-Cola 600, and Southern 500. The only other drivers to have accomplished this feat are Richard Petty, David Pearson, Bobby Allison, Darrell Waltrip, Dale Earnhardt, Jeff Gordon, Jimmie Johnson, Kevin Harvick, and Denny Hamlin. Of the ten, Baker is one of two to have never won an Cup Series championship. He generally raced part-time, having only raced three full seasons, and co-owned his car from 1985 to 1989. He competed in two International Race of Champions series, IROC IV and IROC VII, and helped run the Buck Baker Racing School with his brother for a number of years.

Baker retired from NASCAR in 1992, finishing with 19 career victories. His 1,099 laps led at Talladega Superspeedway remain the track's all-time career record.

Broadcasting career and later life
After his retirement, Baker became a television broadcaster, acting as an analyst initially for The Nashville Network beginning in 1991, and later for TBS and CBS beginning in 1996. As a commentator, he helped call some of the most legendary moments in NASCAR history, including the first Winston All-Star Race held at night, the last 500-mile race at Dover in 1997, Dale Earnhardt's only Daytona 500 win, and the first race at Daytona to be held under the lights in Prime Time. He remained with all 3 networks until the new consolidated television package took effect beginning with the 2001 season, after which he stepped away from the broadcasting booth.

In 2007, Baker became the part-time co-host of "The Driver's Seat" with John Kernan on Sirius XM's new NASCAR Radio channel. He later became a regular on "Tradin' Paint" with Steve Post and co-host on "Late Shift" with Alex Hayden.

On July 7, 2015, Baker announced his retirement from broadcasting, and revealed that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer. During his final broadcast, he told his audience, "Do not shed a tear. Give a smile when you say my name".

Baker died on August 10, 2015, at his home in Catawba County, North Carolina. During the August 2015 race weekend at Michigan International Speedway, the drivers in all three NASCAR series placed stickers on their cars to honor Baker's legacy.

Awards
In 1997, Baker was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in Talladega, Alabama, and the National Motorsports Press Association Hall of Fame. He was named one of NASCAR's 50 Greatest Drivers in 1998.

He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2008, and the NASCAR Hall of Fame in January 2020.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

International Race of Champions
(key) ( Bold – Pole position. * – Most laps led. )

title: Buddy Baker


text:
John of Gothia

John of Gothia (᾿Ιωάννης ἐπίσκοπος τῆς Γοτθίας, Iōánnēs epískopos tēs Gotthiás; ? – c.  791 AD) was a Crimean Gothic metropolitan bishop of Doros, and rebel leader who overthrew and briefly expelled the Khazars from Gothia in 787. He was canonized as an Eastern Orthodox saint.

John of Gothia was born to a Crimean Gothic family, the son of Leon and Fotina, in Partenit, Crimea, where he grew up to become a bishop. John went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and stayed there for three years. From there he became a bishop in Georgia in 758, until he returned to Gothia and became metropolitan bishop of Doros.

In 787 John led a revolt against Khazar domination of Gothia. The Khazar garrison and Tudun were expelled from Doros, and the rebels seized the mountain passes leading into the country. The Khazars however managed to retake the city in less than a year, and John was imprisoned in Phoulloi. He later managed to escape, and sought refuge in Amastris in the Byzantine Empire, where he died in 791. His remains were brought home to a church on the Ayu-Dag mountain, Partenit, Crimea, where a memorial to him has been built. John was canonized as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church. His memorial day is 26 June.

title: John of Gothia


text: User talk:85.186.64.115

title: User talk:85.186.64.115


text:
Udo Bullmann

Udo Bullmann (born 8 June 1956) is a German politician who has been serving as a member of the European Parliament since 1999. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), part of the Party of European Socialists. He has been re-elected to serve as a member until 2029.

Personal life
Udo Bullmann is married and has 3 children.

Academic career
Bullmann studied political science, sociology, public law, as well as economics. In 1982 he received a M.A. in political science and 1988 the doctorate in social science. From 1989 to 1996 he was a research assistant at the University of Giessen. He held a scholarship of the German Research Council from 1994 to 1997, and was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Department of Government at Strathclyde University in Glasgow, Scotland, from 1994 to 1998. The year before being elected to the European Parliament in 1999, he was a university lecturer and Jean Monnet Professor for Studies in European integration at the University of Giessen.

Political career
Since his entry into the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1975, Bullmann was mostly engaged with the Young Socialists branch until 1991. He was the chair of the Hesse regional association of the Young Socialists.

Member of the European Parliament, 1999–present
In 1999 Bullmann was elected to the European Parliament. From 2003 to 2012, he served as deputy chair of the SPD group in the European Parliament, before taking on the role as its chair from 2012 to 2017.

Bullmann's political work in that position focused on economics and employment, the Lisbon Strategy, the European financial service sector, as well as development politics and regional policy. From 1999 to 2018, he was a member of the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. Between 1999 and 2014, he was also a member of Joint Parliamentary Assembly of the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific states and an alternate member of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, Bullmann serves as member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Trade Unions and the European Parliament Intergroup on Western Sahara.

In early 2014, the SPD chose Bullmann to be the party list’s number 3 for the 2014 European elections, following Martin Schulz and Birgit Sippel. He also led the German delegation within the S&D Group until 2018.

In March 2018, the S&D Group chose Bullmann as their new leader; he received 86 votes, while his competitor Kathleen Van Brempt got 61 votes. Following the poor performance of his own party in the 2019 elections, Bullmann decided not to run again for the leadership; instead, the position went to Iratxe García. Bullmann subsequently became a member and S&D coordinator of the Committee on Development. In 2020, he also joined the Committee on International Trade. He is also a member in the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America and the Delegation to the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly. In February 2023, Bullmann was elected chair of the Subcommittee on Human Rights following the resignation of the subcommittee's previous chair Maria Arena in January 2023.

In the European Parliament elections 2024 Bullmann was re-elected to the Parliament. He was listed on number 8 of his party's national voting list.

Role in national politics
In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the SPD following the 2013 German elections, Bullmann was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on banking regulation and the Eurozone, led by Herbert Reul and Martin Schulz. He also participated in similar negotiations following the 2017 elections.

In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the SPD, the Green Party and the FDP following the 2021 federal elections, Bullmann led his party's delegation in the working group on European affairs; his co-chairs from the other parties are Franziska Brantner and Nicola Beer.

Other activities

 * Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Member of the Political Advisory Board (since 2020)
 * Europäische Akademie der Arbeit, Member of the Board
 * German United Services Trade Union (ver.di), Member
 * Brussels Branch of the Labour Party

title: Udo Bullmann


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Hair spray

Hair spray (also hair lacquer or spritz) is a common cosmetic hairstyling product that is sprayed onto hair to protect against humidity and wind and have it stay in a desired shape. Hair sprays typically consist of several components for the hair as well as a propellant.

Ingredients and operation
Hair sprays consist of the following components: concentrate, plasticizers, luster agents, and fragrances, as well as propellants.

Concentrate
Hair spray are a blend of polymers that provide structural support to hair. These frequently include copolymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). Vinyl acetate-crotonic acid copolymers give harder films. In this way hairsprays can be formulated as flexible, medium, and maximum hold. The copolymer mixture is usually adjusted to achieve the desired physical properties (adhesive strength, foaming, etc.), using plasticizers such as aminomethyl propanol, surfactants such as benzalkonium chloride, and other agents like dimethicone.

Propellants
Since the phase-out of CFCs in the 1980s, hydrocarbons are popular propellants. These include propane, butane, isobutane, and related volatile hydrocarbons, as well as other mixtures. Such hydrocarbons are poor solvents for the active ingredients such as the polymers. For this reason dimethyl ether is often added as well. It functions both as a propellant and a solvent. In addition to hydrocarbon propellants, fluorinated gases have been widely used as propellants to replace CFCs, with the most common gas being 1,1-difluoroethane. It is often listed as hydrofluorocarbon-152a.

Other components
Plasticizers used in hair spray include esters of citric acid and adipic acid. Silicones and polyglycols are also used.

The concentrate comprises only a small volume of a can of hairspray. Most of a canister is filled solvents such as isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) and ethanol.

History
Early hair sprays were developed in Europe in the 1920s. In the US, hair sprays were developed around the time of the aerosol can in the 1940s, and the first patents describing copolymers for hair styling were published in the 1940s.

In the US, the first to package it was Chase products (an aerosol manufacturer) in 1948, as the beauty industry saw that the aerosol cans used in World War II for insecticides could be used as a dispenser for hairspray. It thrived and became increasingly popular and mass-produced, as updos and other such hairstyles were created. By 1964, it became the highest selling beauty product on the market.

In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." These included hairspray, which was among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture" and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Sales of hairspray declined in the 1970s as hairstyles became predominantly worn straight and loose. By the 1980s, hairspray’s popularity came back as big hairstyles resurged with the glam metal scene.

Prior to 1979, the most popular propellants in hairsprays were CFCs. Owing to environmental concerns, they were replaced.

Hair spray can be used for things other than hair. For example in the beauty world one might spray some hairspray on the leg and on the inside of the dress so that the dress won't ride up and stay in place.

title: Hair spray


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Division of Hughes

The Division of Hughes is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

History
The division was created in 1955 and is named for Billy Hughes, who was Prime Minister of Australia from 1915 to 1923. Originally a marginal Labor seat, it was taken by the Liberals in their 1966 landslide. However, the Liberal margin was redistributed away in 1968 when most of its Liberal-friendly territory was shifted to newly created Cook, and Labor won it back on a large swing. It remained in Labor hands for the next quarter-century, though it became increasingly marginal from 1984 onward.

It was one of many marginal seats taken by the Liberals in the 1996 landslide. The Liberals have held it ever since – although they came close to losing it in the 2007 Labor landslide – and it is now generally considered to be a safe Liberal seat.

The member for Hughes between the 2010 federal election and the 2022 Australian federal election was Craig Kelly. He served as a Liberal until he resigned from the party to sit as an Independent in February 2021, before joining Clive Palmer’s United Australia Party in August 2021. In the 2022 Australian federal election, the Liberal Party of Australia won the seat back, with Jenny Ware becoming the new MP.

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

The division is located in the southern and southwestern suburbs of Sydney, including Alfords Point, Bangor, Barden Ridge, Bonnet Bay, Bundeena, Como, Engadine, Garie Beach, Grays Point, Hammondville, Heathcote, Holsworthy, Illawong, Jannali, Kareela, Kirrawee, Loftus, Lucas Heights, Maianbar, Menai, Oyster Bay, Pleasure Point, Sandy Point, Sutherland, Voyager Point, Waterfall, Wattle Grove, Woronora, Woronora Heights, and Yarrawarrah; as well as parts of Audley, Gymea, Moorebank, Royal National Park, and Sylvania. The Liverpool Military Area—comprising Holsworthy Barracks and Steele Barracks—is also located in the electorate.

title: Division of Hughes


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Albert Dess

Albert Dess (Deß ; born 17 April 1947) is a German politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 until 2019. He is a member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria, part of the European People's Party.

Education and early career
Albert Dess graduated from Agricultural college in 1966. He obtained his Master's in agriculture in 1979. Albert had a Secondary occupation as farmer and worked in commerce and industry. He became managing director of a farming cooperative and in 1977, a Full-time farmer/training establishment.

Career in local politics
In 1974 Albert Dess became the District Chairman of the Junge Union. In 1981 he became a Member of the CSU district executive and later in 1984, he became the Municipal Chairman of the CSU. He later rose in ranks by becoming the District Chairman in 1987, Regional Vice-chairman (1989–1995) and Regional Chairman (1995) of the CSU Agricultural Association. Albert was a Member of the CSU district executive from 1989 and in 1997, a member of the CSU Regional Executive Committee. From 1972 to 1996 he was in the Municipal Councillor, Berngau. He became a District Councillor, Neumarkt/Oberpfalz in 1978. In 1984–1996, he was the Vice-chairman of Neumarkt/Oberpfalz district council and from 1984 to 1996, the Mayor of Berngau.

Member of the German Parliament, 1990–2004
Albert Dess from 1992 to 2004 was the Farm policy spokesman for the CSU Regional Group in the Bundestag and from 1997 to 2004, a Member of the CDU/CSU Group Executive Committee. He later became the Chairman of the CSU Regional Group working party for Agriculture, Consumer Protection, Environment, Transport, Building and Energy from 2000 to 2004.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2019
Dess was a member of the European Parliament's Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development (AGRI). He was a substitute for the Committee on International Trade (INTRA), a member of the delegation for relations with Mercosur and a substitute for the delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

In May 2018, Dess announced that he would not stand in the 2019 European elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

Controversy
Outside Germany, Dess is best known for trying to introduce in the European Parliament a Volkswagen-written piece of legislation that would have exempted a whole class of vehicle from pollution controls. The proposal was dropped after the Volkswagen emissions violation scandal erupted and Dress has thus far refused requests to comment on his actions.

Recognition

 * 1998: Bundesverdienstkreuz with ribbon

title: Albert Dess


text:
Executive Order 12170

Executive Order 12170 was issued by American president Jimmy Carter on November 14, 1979, ten days after the Iran hostage crisis had started. The executive order, empowered under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, ordered the freezing of all Iranian government assets held within the United States.

The release of the US hostages, as well as the unfreezing of Iranian assets and establishing arbitration for resolving claims on both sides was negotiated in the Algiers Accords; the accords were signed on the last full day of the Carter administration and assented to by the incoming Reagan Administration.

The order was first declared on 14 November 1979 (EO 12170). At least 11 executive orders were based on this emergency state. The emergency, which was renewed in 2023 for the 44th time, is the "oldest existing state of emergency." The renewal of the emergency state with respect to Iran was equal to continuation of non-nuclear US sanctions against Iran.

By 2014, this state of emergency was among 30 others which US was dealing with. According to Gregory Korte of USA Today, this state of emergency gives "extra ordinary powers" to the president to "seize property, call up the National Guard and hire and fire military officers at will," since it is declared by executive order. The language of such declarations are "nearly apocalyptic," according to the USA Today. Although bound by law to review the emergence declarations, Congress provides little "oversight" on them, said Korte.

2016
By 2016 (the year the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action was implemented), some of the executive orders issued pursuant to the declared national emergency were terminated. However, the situation was extended by President Barack Obama for an additional year, as he believed that US relations with Iran had not yet returned to normal, and the process of implementing the agreements with Iran, dated Jan. 19, 1981, Algiers Accords, had not been fully implanted. "Despite the historic deal to ensure the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear program, certain actions and policies of the Government of Iran continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States," wrote Obama in his letter to the Congress.

Most of the U.S. sanctions against Iran are legally originated from this state of emergency. This renewal meant that "non-nuclear US sanctions against Iran will remain in effect for at least another year."

2017
On November 6, 2017, President Donald Trump extended the national emergency for another year and wrote a letter to Congress.

title: Executive Order 12170


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Tudun

A tudun was a governor resident in a town or other settlement in the ancient Bulgar, Avar or Gokturk empires, particularly those of the Bulgars and the Khazars. The tudun was the personal representative of the imperial government and could function both as an administrator and a diplomat. At times, a tudun would be appointed for a town nominally under another power's control but de facto within the sphere of influence of the tudun's khagan.

title: Tudun


text:
Garrelt Duin

Garrelt Duin (born 2 April 1968) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

Education
Duin was born in Leer, Lower Saxony. From 1987 to 1995 he studied law and Protestant theology at Bielefeld and Göttingen. In 1995 he completed his First State law examination, Higher Regional Court, Hamm; in 1998 he finished his Second State law examination, Higher Regional Court, Celle

Early career

 * since 1985: Member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
 * since 1993: Member of the executive of the SPD district of Weser-Ems
 * 1996–2006: Member of Hinte Municipal Council (2001–2006: Council chairman)
 * since 2001: Member of the SPD executive
 * since 2002: Chairman of the SPD district of Weser-Ems

Member of the European Parliament, 2002–2005
In the European Parliament, Duin served on the Committee on Regional Policy, Transport and Tourism (2000–2004) and on the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (2004–2005). In addition to his committee assignments, he was a member of the parliament's delegation for relations with Switzerland, Iceland and Norway from 2000 until 2004.

Member of the German Bundestag, 2005–2012
Duin was elected as Member of the German Bundestag in the 2005 federal elections; he got 58 percent of the vote in the Aurich-Emden region in northern Germany. In parliament, he served on the Committee on Economic Affairs and Technology. Within his parliamentary group, he held the position of commissioner for industry policy (2006-2009) and chairman of the working group on economic affairs and technology (2009-2012).

In addition to his committee assignments, Duin served as deputy chairman of the German-British Parliamentary Friendship Group from 2010 until 2012. He was also a member of the German-Austrian Parliamentary Friendship Group, the German-Dutch Parliamentary Friendship Group and the German-Swiss Parliamentary Friendship Group.

Also in 2005, Duin was elected chairman of the SPD in Lower Saxony, succeeding Wolfgang Jüttner. He resigned from this position in 2010 and was replaced by Olaf Lies. Within his party, he belongs to the Seeheim Circle.

Together with Doris Ahnen, Bärbel Diekmann, Barbara Ludwig and Heiko Maas, Duin co-chaired the SPD's 2009 national convention in Dresden.

State Minister for Economic Affairs, 2012–2017
Duin resigned as Member of the Bundestag on 21 June 2012 and was appointed Minister for Economics, Energy, Industry and Commerce of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in the government of Minister-President Hannelore Kraft on the same day.

In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections, Duin was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on economic policy, led by Ilse Aigner and Hubertus Heil.

During his time in office, Duin was a member of the German-Russian Friendship Group set up by the German Bundesrat and the Russian Federation Council. From 2014 and 2016, he was one of the members of Germany's temporary National Commission on the Disposal of Radioactive Waste.

Life after politics
In February 2018, Duin joined ThyssenKrupp, where he has since been working in the Dortmund-based Industrial Solutions business area.

Corporate boards

 * Stadtwerke Köln, Chairman of the supervisory board (since 2018)
 * NRW.BANK, Ex-Officio Member of the supervisory board (2012-2017)

Non-profit organizations

 * Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES), Member
 * Forum for Future Energies, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Christoph Metzelder Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Stiftung Lebendige Stadt, Member of the Foundation Board
 * Norddeutscher Rundfunk, Member of the Broadcasting Board
 * German United Services Trade Union (ver.di), Member
 * Workers' Welfare Association (AWO), Member
 * Eurosolar, Member

title: Garrelt Duin


text:
Talk:Hell, Norway

Being in Norway where the winters are harsh, can we then presume that Hell freezes over?

 * I nominate this for the funniest line to ever grace Wikipedia

Seconded. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.66.47.150 (talk) 22:34, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Helvete and Helvetia?
Is there any connection between the given Norwegian word for Hell (the other place), helvete, and the Latin name for Switzerland, Helvetia? --FOo 04:35, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Not that I'm aware of, but it's a possibility. The Old Norse hell was called Hel, and as such isn't that far away either. krikkert 19:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't think Helvetia would be related to Hell or helvete as most Germanic h sounds are replaced with k sounds in the Romance languages. For instance: heart and cardio stem from the same Indo-European word, but heart came to us via Germanic languages, while cardio came to us via Latin.  Based on the fact that Helvetia is a name the Romans gave to a Celtic tribe, I'd guess that word somehow originated in Celtic.  --Laura Scudder | Talk 08:09, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I've read that there is no connection, meaning that the words helvete and helvetia stem from unrelated roots. Helvete means "Hel knows", ie. "the place which Hell knows", Hel being the Norse God of the underworld. The English word "hell" is derived from this. What the root of Helvetia is, I don't know, but it's supposedly unrelated. Disclaimer: IANAL (I Am Not A Linguist). -Kvaks 07:33, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you're wrong about the second part. I read that the -vete comes from Old Norse "vite", meaning penalty or punnishment, (related to English blood-wit and Scots wite. Helvetia comes from an old Celtic tribe, that were called something like "the Helvetes". 81.232.72.53 11:50, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Vite means to know in norwegian (both norse and modern norwegian), and thus "helvete" meaning Hel Knows would be correct. Another thing is that Hel was no god but rather the daughter of Loki a half god\Æse (Æsir being almost the equivalent of demons, but in norse mythology trolls and giants) and a æse, making Hel one of the aeses. But since she was the daughter of Loki the other godsfelt that she should get her own domain, and made her the master of the land of the dead. The place where women and cowards went when they died, which was almost the same as hell. Further more I have read something about Christians came up with the name Hell because of her, but I am not certain. (Æ=AE)
 * Tor Erik

 * So why does my norrøn ordbok say this: "helvíti n. helvete (eig. hel-straff)"? It also lists two "vita", one including the modern "know", and the other meaning something along the lines of "punishment". H3st (talk) 21:56, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Can Æs really be compared to demons? as Ás is defined as a god, a deity if you will, whilst a demon is more comparable to a jotun?

Anyway; According to the current standard dictionary Helvete is derived from helvíti where the suffix is punishment. It should be concidered that Hell and Helvete are not perfect matches, i am not sure about the english Hell but helvete is not so tightly attached to the christian hell. but lastly i believe there is no connection between helvete and helvetia.
 * Unable-to-makeup-a-nick-right-now
 * Æsir is plural of Ás, so no. They're the gods, btw. Ás = God, Æsir = Gods. There were no real demons, but the "bad guys" were the giants, Jötnar. And Loki wasn't of the Æsir, he was a Jötunn (Jotun in modern Norwegian). But he wasn't a real bad guy either, just a trickster. But his daughter is Hel, yes. Mirithing 13:45, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Helvete is the modern Norwegian name for the Christian Hell, so yes, they are perfect matches. AdamantBMage (talk) 23:37, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Really funny thing is that there used to be a train station called Paradis in Bergen, not that far from Hell. And the tickets from Paradis to Hell ad back were quite popular. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.161.255.120 (talk) 10:23, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Hell Music Festival
Entered "The Hell Music Festival in 2007 was not a complete success however. It failed due to poor ticket sales and weak advertizing and left the future of the festival uncertain." I have heard that the festival no longer exist. But since this are just rumours, i'll leave it like this. (Perkristian876) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.167.102.195 (talk) 18:19, February 27, 2008 (UTC)

Huh?
Who would name a place this? I know how they derived it from another word, but jeez. 24.3.119.127 (talk) 17:55, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

To add to it, they wrote godsekspedisjon wrong (gods expedition), just to attract turists. They are clever, those nordmenn! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.27.161.163 (talk) 15:10, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

This is actually not true - see 2010 article from Dagbladet with 1964 picture of same station: http://www.dagbladet.no/2010/07/16/magasinet/postkort_fra_norge/sommer_2010/geografi/reise/12591167/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.0.134.157 (talk) 09:24, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

Gods-expedition
I noticed that this article and also the Norwegian (bokmål) version of this article say that "Gods-expedition" is an old spelling of the word meaning "cargo handling". But is it really Norweigan? The Swedish version say it is the Swedish spelling (and it is, albeit syllabicated). Meråkerbanen/Norrländska Tvärbanan was built between Norway and Sweden when the two countries was united in a union. Thus "Godsexpedition" may be original, reflecting the Swedish connection. Steinberger (talk) 09:36, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

 * The two languages are pretty similar. It looks to me (as a Norwegian) like old Norwegian spelling. __meco (talk) 10:45, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

 * In the 1880's, when the railway was built Norway used Danish as its official written language. So wouldn't the Old Norwegian (Danish) spelling be "Godsekspedition"? "Godsexpedition", with that spelling, have been used in Sweden since at least 1862. Steinberger (talk) 15:47, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Expedition was the Danish/Norwegian spelling in the 19th century. The word is derived from Latin expeditio, so the X is the original in virtually any language. This was modernised to ks in Norwegian and Danish in the 20th century. Danish/Norwegian would use a hyphen in the 19th century, as in Gods-Expedition. Words that were formerly hyphenated are nowadays often written as one word, so Gods-Expedition (in both Danish and Norwegian) has become godsekspedition in Danish and godsekspedisjon in Norwegian. Norway has never, ever used the Swedish language under any circumstances. Norwegians weren't even taught Swedish as a foreign language during the Swedo-Norwegian personal union. The written language of Norway until the early 20th century was Danish, when a number of successive spelling reforms started in 1907 which gradually made the language (mainly in spelling/grammatical details) a little different from Danish over the course of the following decades. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Viggo CC. (talk • contribs) 05:10, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
 * You seem to be correct that it is the old Danish spelling. According to the examples in Dansk Ordbog the spelling was changed from "expedition" to "ekspedition" somewhere between 1844 and 1898. It thus fits well with the Danish spelling reform 1889-1892 that took place well after Hell's station was opened in 1881. Steinberger (talk) 10:54, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hell, Norway


text:
Nikita Koloff

Nikita Koloff (born Nelson Scott Simpson on March 9, 1959) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with Jim Crockett Promotions and its successor, World Championship Wrestling between 1984 and 1992, where he was billed from Russia (and, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Lithuania). During his career, Koloff held championships including the NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship, NWA World Tag Team Championship, NWA United States Championship, NWA World Television Championship, and UWF World Television Championship. He was inducted into the George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2006 and the National Wrestling Alliance Hall of Fame of 2008.

Early life
Koloff was born on March 9, 1959, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, one of four children born to Paige and Olive Simpson. When he was two years old, his father left the family, leaving his mother as a single parent. When Koloff was 10, his family relocated to the suburb of Robbinsdale. While in junior high school, Koloff began weightlifting. He attended Robbinsdale High School where he played for the Robbinsdale Robins football team as a defensive lineman and on offense was an all-conference wide receiver. His fellow students included other future professional wrestlers Barry Darsow, Brady Boone, Curt Hennig, John Nord, Rick Rude, and Tom Zenk.

Koloff graduated from high school in 1977. He enrolled in Golden Valley Lutheran College where he played college football alongside fellow future wrestler Joe "Animal" Laurinaitis. He suffered an injury playing football but rehabbed to play for Minnesota State University Moorhead where he suffered another injury.

"The Russian Nightmare" (1984–1986)
In 1984, Simpson was going to try out for the USFL when Road Warrior Animal, a professional wrestler from the Minnesota area, called him to ask him to become a professional wrestler. Simpson decided to go with wrestling and was told to shave his head bald and to show up. Jim Crockett, Jr., the promoter of the NWA's Jim Crockett Promotions, renamed him "Nikita Koloff", the Russian Nightmare, and teamed him with "uncle" Ivan Koloff and Don Kernodle, a turncoat American. Koloff was briefly trained by Eddie Sharkey. He debuted on June 5, 1984, and won his first match in 13 seconds, with the only edict from Crockett being that should Koloff trip on the ropes, he would be fired on the spot.

Koloff wrestled briefly in Puerto Rico for World Wrestling Council (WWC) and engaged in some bouts with Hercules Ayala. He returned with Ivan Koloff in 1986 and faced Invader I and Invader III at a big house show at Juan Ramon Loubriel Stadium in Bayamon.

While he learned more about the sport on the road with Ivan and Kernodle, Koloff was booked in very short matches until his skills developed. During television promos, Nikita stood behind Ivan and Kernodle with his arms folded while they took interviews. As his wrestling ability and speaking skills grew, the length of his matches and interviews grew as well. His improvement negated the need for Kernodle to continue teaming with Ivan and, shortly thereafter, the Russians turned on the American turncoat. Koloff went to great lengths to keep the "Evil Russian" gimmick as realistic as possible. He learned Russian and refused to come out of character, even when away from the ring.

With Kernodle out of the picture, Uncle Ivan Koloff introduced a new comrade named Krusher Khruschev (fellow Robbinsdale High School classmate Barry Darsow). In December 1984, Jim Crockett rewarded the Russians with the NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. Three months later, on March 18, 1985, Koloff and Ivan defeated Dusty Rhodes and Manny Fernandez to win the NWA World tag team title. Ivan invoked the Freebird rule which dictated that any two of the three could defend the titles. Ivan and Krusher lost the titles to The Rock 'n' Roll Express (Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson) on July 9.

Prior to committing themselves with Jim Crocket Promotions, The Koloffs feuded with then AWA World tag team champions the Road Warriors in both the AWA and the NWA in a brutal series during 1985. One of their encounters was voted Match of the Year runner-up by the readers of Pro Wrestling Illustrated. The feud was often fought in steel cage Russia chain matches, with lights-out stipulations. The Russian 'chain match', using thicker chains than normal chain matches, was considered a Nikita Koloff specialty.

Continuing to improve, Koloff became a big enough heel to get a match against NWA World Champion Ric Flair at The Great American Bash 1985 on July 6. Koloff lost to Flair and was even attacked by a fan during the match, but he established himself as a superstar in the wrestling business. According to Koloff, it was his favourite match of his career.

The Koloffs went on to regain the NWA World Tag Team title from the Rock 'N Roll Express three months later, on October 13, but lost it to the same opponents on November 28 at StarrCade 1985 in a steel cage match.

In 1985 and 1986, Koloff wrestled several matches for Capitol Sports Promotions in Puerto Rico as part of a talent exchange, facing Hercules Ayala on several occasions. During one bout, Koloff sustained a cut to the arm when an audience member threw a spark plug at him.

In spring of 1986, Koloff started one of the biggest, most anticipated feuds in the history of Jim Crockett Promotions when he attacked NWA United States Heavyweight Champion Magnum T. A. Following an incident where Magnum hit on-screen NWA President Bob Geigel for demanding an apology after T.A. started a brawl with Nikita during a contract signing (which started when the Koloffs berated Magnum's mother, who was present), T.A. was stripped of his title. The two were then booked in a best-of-seven series, which took place during The Great American Bash 1986 tour. The winner of the series would be declared champion. Koloff and T.A. wrestled all summer, ending up tied after six matches with one no contest. The final match took place on August 17 and featured run-ins by Kruschev and Ivan and several false-finishes. Nikita defeated T.A. to win the title.

The following month, Koloff defeated Wahoo McDaniel to unify his US Title with Wahoo's NWA National Heavyweight Championship on September 28. He was readying to embark on a feud with Ron Garvin that would last through the upcoming Starrcade 1986. The idea of head booker Dusty Rhodes was for Koloff to reignite his feud with Magnum T. A. the following year. The plan called for T.A. to defeat Ric Flair for the NWA World Championship at StarrCade 86; after a short program of rematches with Flair, T. A. would begin a long program with Koloff that ran through The Great American Bash Tour of 1987. As of the beginning of October, Rhodes had not decided whether to give Koloff the title at some point during the feud.

Feud with The Four Horsemen (1986–1987)
In October 1986, Magnum T. A. was involved in a career-ending car accident. Dusty Rhodes saw an alternate opportunity. The Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev had been growing in popularity throughout the country with his political reform of Glasnost and Perestroika. The era of evil Russian heels was coming to an end. Rhodes decided to strike while the iron was hot, booking Koloff to become a face and his greatest ally against The Four Horsemen. The historic moment took place on October 24 in Charlotte, North Carolina. Rhodes needed a partner to take on Ole Anderson and J. J. Dillon in a cage match. The fans in Charlotte erupted when Koloff entered the cage to help Rhodes. Koloff stated that even though he and Magnum T. A. had a bitter rivalry, T.A. had earned his respect, and that Nikita would work to earn the respect of the American people. This evening established Koloff as one of the top faces in the NWA.

Immediately after his face turn, Koloff resumed his quest for Ric Flair's NWA World Title and came very close to winning it on several occasions. Flair's Four Horsemen comrades bailed him out almost every time. The two fought to a double disqualification at StarrCade '86 on November 26. After StarrCade, Koloff was firmly established as one of the NWA's most popular stars. On 1987, Krusher, who left the NWA for the World Wrestling Federation, asked Koloff to join him. However, Koloff declined the offer because he felt loyalty to the promotion and he didn't want to start a new gimmick.

Throughout the early months of 1987, Koloff continued to defend the United States title against members of the Four Horsemen and Paul Jones' Army, which now included "Uncle" Ivan. In March, as part of his ongoing feud with Ivan and Dick Murdoch, Koloff's neck was "injured" by a Murdoch brainbuster on the concrete floor (of course this was a work). On April 11, Koloff and Dusty Rhodes won the second-annual Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament, defeating the Four Horsemen team of Tully Blanchard and Lex Luger in the finals.

As the 1987 Great American Bash tour got under way, the feud between Koloff, Rhodes, The Road Warriors, and Paul Ellering versus The Four Horsemen and J. J. Dillon was booked as the centerpiece. The tour began and ended with two revolutionary matches created by Rhodes, known as WarGames: The Match Beyond. The team of The Super Powers and The Legion of Doom emerged victorious in both contests.

Also during The War Games, Flair and Blanchard reaggravated Koloff's neck injury by delivering two spike piledrivers. The worked injury set up the pretext for dropping the US Title to Lex Luger. On July 11, 1987, Koloff faced Luger in a steel cage match and was defeated after being hit with a chair. This ended Koloff's reign of nearly 11 months, which still stands today as the fifth longest U.S. title reign in the more than 33-year history of the title. Dusty Rhodes booked Koloff to rebound quickly, winning the NWA World Television Championship from Tully Blanchard on August 27.

Various feuds (1987–1989)
In the fall of 1987, Jim Crockett Promotions acquired Bill Watts' Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF). Dusty Rhodes decided which members of the UWF roster to retain and how best to use the infusion of new talent that he now had access to on an exclusive basis, beginning with a cross-promotional program between NWA Television Champion Koloff and UWF Television Champion, Terry Taylor. The feud began when Taylor, alongside his fellow members of Hot Stuff International, Inc. - Eddie Gilbert and Rick Steiner- attacked Koloff and stole his championship belt. Koloff and Taylor were booked to face each other in a unification bout at StarrCade '87, but Koloff vowed to get his TV belt back before the match. During a TBS World Championship Wrestling (WCW) broadcast leading up to what would be Jim Crockett's first foray into pay-per-view, Taylor and Gilbert jumped Koloff again, beating him unconscious, and draping his version of the TV title across his limp body. On November 26, Koloff and Taylor battled in what would be the only NWA/UWF unification bout at the UIC Pavilion in Chicago. In front of his first pay-per-view audience, Nikita became the undisputed Television Champion by defeating Taylor on November 26. He still has the UWF belt as a trophy from that night.

Koloff lost the NWA TV Title to Mike Rotunda of The Varsity Club on January 30, 1988. During this period, Koloff had altered his appearance somewhat, dropping some muscle mass (Koloff used anabolic steroids during the early part of his career but stopped when he saw where they were leading - he lost his muscle mass due to taking time off to take care of his wife, Mandy) and growing his hair out into a crewcut. He was given the singles main event when he wrestled NWA World Champion Ric Flair at the final Jim Crockett Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament. Koloff defeated Flair by disqualification so the title was retained by Flair. He then lost to Barry Windham in the finals of the tournament for the vacant NWA United States Championship, before beginning a feud with Al Perez and teaming with Sting to feud with the Four Horsemen. During the year, he legally changed his name to 'Nikita S. Koloff'.

In the fall of 1988, Koloff was quickly losing interest in professional wrestling for personal reasons. His wife Mandy was suffering from Hodgkin's disease and died in the summer of 1989. After Ivan himself turned face when manager Paul Jones went against him, Koloff helped Ivan briefly against Jones' henchmen, the masked Russian Assassins, and then he took a sabbatical on November 27. A booked showdown at StarrCade '88 in December was to pit Ivan and Koloff against the Russian Assassins. Koloff's departure resulted in the Junkyard Dog substituting for him as Ivan's partner. The Russian Assassins were victorious.

Eventually, Koloff eased back into the business part-time. He returned to WCW/NWA as a special guest referee at WrestleWar '89 in match for the NWA World Tag Team Championship between The Road Warriors and Mike Rotunda and "Dr. Death" Steve Williams. Rotunda & Williams were disqualified for attacking Koloff, and later stripped of the titles.

Despite some people's beliefs, Nikita was never offered any sort of contract with WWF. He met Vince McMahon only twice: first time while working out in a gym in Las Vegas, Nevada (they shook hands and said "hello") and again at Road Warrior Hawk's funeral.

AWA and Various promotions (1989–1990)
In late 1989, Koloff began wrestling with Verne Gagne's AWA (as a part of a talent share with the NWA) in his native Minnesota. The promotion was in its twilight and given Nikita's stature, Gagne positioned Nikita to challenge then AWA World Heavyweight Champion Larry Zbyszko almost immediately. Koloff continued wrestling in the NWA and the AWA for the remainder of the year and the first half of 1990, headlining numerous television broadcasts and Twin Wars '90, the last major event with the AWA under Gagne. Koloff also wrestled briefly in Herb Abrams' Universal Wrestling Federation, in no way affiliated with the original UWF of Bill Watts, where he reignited a feud with 'Uncle' Ivan.

World Championship Wrestling (1991-1992)
Koloff returned to WCW on February 24, 1991, at WrestleWar. He attacked Lex Luger, claiming he had "stolen" the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship from him in 1987 and that he wanted it back. At SuperBrawl I on May 19, 1991, Koloff accidentally hit Sting with a chain while interfering in a tag team match between Sting and Lex Luger and The Steiner Brothers. Koloff and Sting went on to face on another in a Russian Chain match at The Great American Bash on July 14 which was won by Koloff. The feud came to an abortive end in August 1991 when Koloff left WCW to focus on running his gym, "Nikita's Fortress of Fitness," in Concord, North Carolina.

Koloff returned to WCW in February 1992, saving Sting from an attack by The Dangerous Alliance. He explained on WCW's syndicated shows that he had seen the error of attacking Sting. At WrestleWar on May 17, 1992, Koloff teamed with Sting, Ricky Steamboat, Barry Windham, and Dustin Rhodes to face The Dangerous Alliance in a WarGames match. Koloff went on to feud with Rick Rude over Rude's WCW United States Heavyweight Championship. In late-1992, he began feuding with Big Van Vader, with the two men facing one other at Halloween Havoc on October 25. During the bout, Koloff sustained a herniated disc in his neck, leading him to retire from professional wrestling. Koloff worked some house shows against Rick Rude and Vader until his last match losing to Vader on November 8.

Retirement (1992–present)
Koloff became a born-again Christian in 1993. He now runs a ministry. He also runs his own small wrestling promotion, the Universal Wrestling Alliance UWA as an outreach of his ministry.

He made a few appearances for NWA:TNA in 2003 as a masked man called "Mr. Wrestling IV" who attacked Dusty Rhodes. He finally unmasked but ended up helping Rhodes against the Sports Entertainment Xtreme stable.

On July 15, 2006, Koloff received the Frank Gotch Award from the George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame at the International Wrestling Institute and Museum in Waterloo, Iowa, for contributing to the positive public image of wrestling.

On March 3, 2024, Koloff was shown in the crowd during Sting's retirement match at AEW's Revolution alongside Magnum T.A. and Scotty Riggs.

Professional wrestling persona
Koloff was originally billed as being a Russian. He was billed as the nephew of fellow faux-Russian Ivan Koloff, from whom he took his ring name. He was nicknamed "The Russian Nightmare", a play on Dusty Rhodes' nickname, "The American Dream". He was also known as "The Russian Road Warrior" due to his power and ferocity, which was compared to The Road Warriors. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Koloff was billed from Lithuania. To enhance the verisimilitude of his character, Koloff learned to speak Russian.

Koloff had an "evil" appearance with a black singlet, shaved head, and goatee. His character has been described as "wrestling's equivalent of the Drago character in Rocky IV...big, strong, scary and Russian. His finishing move was the "Russian Sickle", a clothesline.

Other media
Koloff has written three books. He has acted in a small number of films and television episodes, as well as appearing on an episode of America's Funniest People in which his daughter won the $10,000 grand prize. His character appeared in the 2004 videogame Showdown: Legends of Wrestling as well as the 2021 game Retromania Wrestling.

Personal life
Nikita married his first wife, Mandy Smithson, on September 20, 1988. She died from Hodgkin's disease on June 14, 1989. At her funeral he met Mandy’s longtime friend and his future wife, Victoria. They married on August 17, 1990. The couple had two daughters together, Kendra, who was born in June 1992, and Kolby, who was born in May 1996, while Victoria had two daughters (Teryn and Tawni) from her previous relationship. Nikita and Victoria were divorced on April 23, 2007.

Koloff legally changed his name to Nikita Koloff in 1988.

Nikita is a member of a religious group called Fellowship of the Sword and serves as an East Coast representative.

Championships and accomplishments
1 Koloff defeated Wahoo McDaniel to unify the title with the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship. The title was also won after Georgia Championship Wrestling was purchased by Jim Crockett Promotions.
 * George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2006
 * Jim Crockett Promotions
 * NWA World Television Championship (1 time)
 * NWA National Heavyweight Championship (1 time)1
 * NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (2 times) – with Ivan Koloff
 * NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Ivan Koloff and Don Kernodle (1), Ivan Koloff and Krusher Khruschev (2), and Ivan Koloff and Baron von Raschke (1)
 * UWF World Television Championship (1 time)2
 * Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament (1987) with Dusty Rhodes
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2008)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI Feud of the Year (1987) with Dusty Rhodes and The Road Warriors vs. The Four Horsemen
 * PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1987)

2 Koloff defeated Terry Taylor to unify the title with the NWA World Television Championship. The title was also won after Bill Watts' Universal Wrestling Federation promotion was purchased by Jim Crockett Promotions.

title: Nikita Koloff