text:
Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra

The Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra (MPO; Orkestra Filharmonik Malaysia) is a Malaysian orchestra based in Kuala Lumpur. The orchestra is resident at the Petronas Philharmonic Hall (Dewan Filharmonik Petronas). It is one of Asia's leading orchestras and is praised for its musical qualities.

The patron of the MPO is Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali, wife of the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad, who was the prime minister when the orchestra was founded in 1997. The orchestra is funded primarily through Petronas, a Malaysian oil and gas company.

Background
Founded in 1997, the MPO made its debut concert on 17 August 1998 under the direction of its first music director and founder, Kees Bakels. In July 2003, Bakels announced his intention to stand down as music director for health reasons. In September 2003, the MPO appointed James Judd to succeed Bakels, effective with the 2004–2005 season. However, on 14 June 2004, the MPO issued a press announcement that "all contractual relationships between MPO and Mr. Judd have ceased with effect from 7 April 2004", without a formal explanation, with the result that Judd never took up the MPO post. Bakels subsequently remained as MPO music director through the end of the 2004–2005 season. Bakels subsequently took the title of conductor laureate of the MPO.

In November 2004, Matthias Bamert was named the new MPO's principal conductor, starting from August 2005. Bamert held the post until the end of the 2007–2008 season. Claus Peter Flor was the MPO's music director, starting from August 2008, with an initial contract of 3 years. Flor continued as music director until the end of the 2013–2014 season. Fabio Mechetti then served as MPO principal conductor for the 2014–2015 season, and stood down from the post in October 2015.

Dato' Seri Ooi Chean See was the founding Resident Conductor of the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra from 1998 until 2006. The position remained vacant until Ciarán McAuley held the position from 2014 to 2016. Naohisa Furusawa, a member of the MPO double bass section since January 2003, was named Resident Conductor in 2016. Gerard Salonga was appointed as an additional Resident Conductor in 2018.

In 2018, Jun Märkl first guest-conducted the MPO. He returned for further guest-conducting engagements twice in 2019, and in March 2020. In December 2020, the MPO announced the appointment of Märkl as its next music director, effective with the 2021 season.

Recordings
To date, the MPO has made 17 recordings under 3 labels.

Controversies
During Flor's music directorship, nine musicians on fixed-term contracts which expired on 15 August 2012 had been dismissed from the orchestra. The case led to calls to boycott auditions for the orchestra. On 15 February 2012, the MPO sent notices to the nine musicians to officially notify that their contracts will not be renewed. Seven out of the nine musicians who received the non-renewal notices filed a legal suit against the MPO at the Malaysian Industrial Court, challenging their former employer's decision not to extend their contracts. The musicians were Toko Inomoto (violist), Brian C. Larson (violinist), Paul Andrew Philbert (timpanist), Darcey Layne Timmerman (percussionist), Kevin Hugh Thompson (trombonist), Markus Gundermann (violinist) and Liu Jian (violinist).

In 2015, Malaysian Industrial Court threw out their dismissal suit, citing that the musicians’ fixed term contracts had naturally expired, and therefore, the MPO had not even needed to dismiss them. The court opined that the case is not considered 'sacking' or 'dismissal' but merely not extending the expired contract, which is common in many industries.

In a separate case, in May 2014, the Malaysian Industrial Court had ordered the MPO to pay a fine of US$147000 for the dismissal of its former General Manager, Kim Sargeant in 2006 This decision was reversed in 2016.

Music directors and principal conductors

 * Kees Bakels (1998–2005, Music Director)
 * Matthias Bamert (2005–2008, Principal Conductor)
 * Claus Peter Flor (2008–2014, Music Director)
 * Fabio Mechetti (2014–2015, Principal Conductor)
 * Jun Märkl (Music Director-designate, effective 2021)

Resident conductors

 * Ooi Chean See (1998-2006)
 * Ciarán McAuley (2014–2016)
 * Naohisa Furusawa (2016–present)
 * Gerard Salonga (2018–present)

title: Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra


text:
Talk:Spacehog

Untitled
spacehog yeah!

The article says "It went platinum on the Billboard charts, selling over 500,000 copies", though a platnium album is one which sells over 1,000,000 copies. Is this record actually gold, or did it actually sell over a million copies?

Noticed a few grammatical errors while rereading the article, most blaring was the sentence at the end, "In 2002, Spacehog quietly broke up and the band members went their separate ways, though in 2004, Royston Langdon teamed up with the remaining members of Blind Melon to form the band The Quick - later, running into problems touring with the name, they decided on The Tender Trio, sadly The The Tender Trio broke up on March 2nd, 2006." Not only on the verge of being nonsensical, I think my high school English teacher would have beat me to death for how run on it was. Fixed it up a bit. Warhorus 04:20, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Arckid
I added a couple of lines about Roy and Ant's new band, Arckid, as well as posing a link to Arckid's site. The new info was was removed (cited as linkspam). The minor reformatting I did was also removed (the need for the reformatting was arguable, and the removal does not cause me any grief). Could someone please explain to me why the Arckid info has been removed. If we aren't going to talk about the band's current activities, why not remove all references to Morningwood and the Twenty Twos? Are we just anti-Landon around here? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Wekoontz (talk • contribs).

 * Sorry, that was my spam-detection being overly sensitive. I didn't see the insertion of new material in with the reformatting, and spammers often make trivial changes higher up in articles so that people won't notice links being added. In combination with your red-linked username, I too-quickly judged it spam. I should have checked the link.
 * Still, I don't think the link belongs here. Notice that the Twenty Twos and Morningwood don't have links—the only external links are specifically Spacehog links. However, I've reinserted the info about Arckid. A better place for the link would be to turn Arckid into an (maybe short to start) article and have the link in the external links section there. Alternatively, the Antony Langdon and Royston Langdon articles could be turned into real articles instead of just redirects to Spacehog as they currently are, and an Arckid link would be highly appropriate there. What do you think?
 * (Aside from considerations of explicit links to the band site, I do think a reference-link is useful to back up the claim of what Arckid has accomplished so far, and I've put that in with the restored info.) — Saxifrage ✎ 16:41, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I say we keep at the bear minimum where the people in the band have moved on to. I think that people who liked these bands would be interested in knowing where the members split to so fans can follow the work. But beyond where they are, I don't think anything else in necessary. Oh, and I added a little note on Cragg joining Arckid. Comatoast 09:07, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree about splitting this into other articles—at this point almost half of this article is about stuff other than Spacehog. —johndburger 13:27, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Avril Troll spam
Don't know how it was done - but there is an annoying extra div overlapping the text of this page. Calydon (talk) 08:07, 10 July 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Calydon (talk • contribs) 07:32, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Chart positions
I see that recently someone added a bunch of singles and chart positions to the page. Correct me if I'm wrong but I dont believe that "one of thes days" was a number one single in the US. Ive never even heard of it being released as a single.

Could someone with a bit more knowledge clean that mess up. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 154.5.119.142 (talk) 09:10, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

 * They were added by 24.166.143.247. I've undone the edits as they appeared to be vandalism, and I've also undone edits by Roehl56, which is possibly the same user as they make similar edits to the same articles and both have previously received warnings for vandalism (although I'm not sure if the change to the US chart position of The Chinese Album was correct, as I couldn't find a source). snigbrook (talk) 17:13, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101231232555/http://shortformblog.com/music/joaquin-phoenix-spacehog-im-still-here/ to http://shortformblog.com/music/joaquin-phoenix-spacehog-im-still-here/

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Spacehog


text:
Rainham railway station (Kent)

Rainham railway station is on the Chatham Main Line in South East England, serving the town of Rainham, Kent. It is 38 mi down the line from London Victoria and is situated between Gillingham and Newington.

The station and most trains that call are operated by Southeastern. Following a timetable change on Sunday 20 May 2018, some trains are operated by Govia Thameslink. The station has three platforms. Platform 0 is an "up" bay platform, used mainly by Thameslink Services. Platform 1 is an "up" through providing services towards London, and Platform 2 is a "down" through for services towards Ramsgate and Dover Priory.

It is sometimes shown as Rainham (Kent) in order to distinguish it from the station of the same name in East London.

There are accessible entrances without stairs on both platforms, with step-free access via Platform 1 for services towards London (via main station entrance). Step-free access via Platform 2 for services away from London (via side entrance, short ramp from Granary Close). To interchange platforms, people needing accessible access must use the road and steep paths in excess of 250 metres. (There is also a steep staircase overpass over the tracks to interchange platforms.)

Induction loops are available and ticket counters are able to be lowered or raised. There are also accessible ticket machines in the station forecourt. There are fold-away ramps available on platforms for wheelchair train access.

Services
Services at Rainham are operated by Southeastern and Thameslink using, and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:

 * 2 tph to London St Pancras International
 * 2 tph to London Victoria
 * 2 tph to Luton via Dartford and Greenwich
 * 1 tph to Faversham
 * 1 tph to Dover Priory via Canterbury East
 * 2 tph to Ramsgate

Additional services including trains to and from London Bridge and London Cannon Street call at the station in the peak hours.

Thameslink Programme
In connection with the rebuild of Rochester Station, a new bay platform has been added on the south side (facing towards London).

Trains are now able to use this new platform as the East Kent Resignalling Project has been completed. Initially, only a couple of trains used it in the evening rush hour, but since May 2018, Thameslink trains are now starting from here to Luton, via Gravesend, Dartford and Greenwich. This replaces the Gillingham to Charing Cross services, meaning passengers will have to change at Dartford or London Bridge for Charing Cross or Cannon Street.

title: Rainham railway station (Kent)


text:
Talk:TIFF

Compression usage and support
How is the compression usage and support calculated?

I understand that the ZIP (zlib / deflate) compression is quite popular (here marked as "Uncommon"), although I'm unable to measure it. Which methodology was used to set this column of the table? When was it done? Should it be reviewed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vini.sch (talk • contribs) 15:26, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The non-standard value 0x80b2 for tag 259 is uncommon and obsolete, the standard value 8 should be used instead and for value 8 the table says that support for and usage of this tag value are common. The comment common or uncommon refers to the tag value, not what's behind it, although that could be made clearer. 2A02:A461:E1E:1:21B:FCFF:FE75:6ADE (talk) 15:55, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

Overview rewrite
It seems appropriate to reorganise the current description of the format (Features and options section) into two sections "Overview" and "Details", to let the reader see the big picture before getting into specific details. Drafting such an overview section here. 90.129.219.218 (talk) 07:50, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

This drafted text is now live in the article.130.243.94.123 (talk) 12:00, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

A TIFF file contains one or several images, termed subfiles in the specification. The basic use-case for having multiple subfiles is to encode a multipage telefax in a single file, but it is also allowed to have different subfiles be different variants of the same image, for example scanned at different resolutions. Rather than being a continuous range of bytes in the file, each subfile is a data structure whose top-level entity is called an image file directory (IFD). Baseline TIFF readers are only required to make use of the first subfile, but each IFD has a field for linking to a next IFD.

The IFDs are where we find the tags for which TIFF are named. Each IFD contains one or several entries, each of which is identified by its tag. The tags are arbitrary 16-bit numbers; their symbolic names such as ImageWidth often used in discussions of TIFF data do not appear explicitly in the file itself. Each IFD entry has an associated value, which may be decoded based on general rules of the format, but it depends on the tag what that value then means. There may within a single IFD be no more than one entry with any particular tag. Some tags are for linking to the actual image data, other tags specify how the image data should be interpreted, and still other tags are used for image metadata.

TIFF images are made up of rectangular grids of pixels. The two axes of this geometry are termed horizontal (or X, or width) and vertical (or Y, or length). Horizontal and vertical resolution need not be equal (since in a telefax they typically would not be equal). A baseline TIFF image divides the vertical range of the image into one or several strips, which are encoded (in particular: compressed) separately. Historically this served to facilitate TIFF readers (such as fax machines) with limited capacity to store uncompressed data — one strip would be decoded and then immediately printed — but the present specification motivates it by “increased editing flexibility and efficient I/O buffering”. A TIFF extension provides the alternative of tiled images, in which case both the horizontal and the vertical ranges of the image are decomposed into smaller units.

An example of these things, which also serves to give a flavour of how tags are used in the TIFF encoding of images, is that a striped TIFF image would use tags 273 (StripOffsets), 278 (RowsPerStrip), and 279 (StripByteCounts). The StripOffsets point to the blocks of image data, the StripByteCounts say how long each of these blocks are (as stored in the file), and RowsPerStrip says how many rows of pixels there are in a strip; the latter is required even in the case of having just one strip, in which case it merely duplicates the value of tag 257 (ImageLength). A tiled TIFF image instead uses tags 322 (TileWidth), 323 (TileLength), 324 (TileOffsets), and 325 (TileByteCounts). The pixels within each strip or tile appear in row-major order, top to bottom and left to right.

The data for one pixel is made up of one or several samples; for example an RGB image would have one Red sample, one Green sample, and one Blue sample per pixel, whereas a greyscale or palette color image only has one sample per pixel. TIFF allows for both additive (e.g. RGB, RGBA) and subtractive (e.g. CMYK) color models. TIFF does not constrain the number of samples per pixel (except that there must be enough samples for the chosen color model), nor does it constrain how many bits are encoded for each sample, but baseline TIFF only requires that readers support a few combinations of color model and bit-depth of images. Support for custom sets of samples is very useful for scientific applications; 3 samples per pixel is at the low end of multispectral imaging, and hyperspectral imaging may require hundreds of samples per pixel. TIFF supports having all samples for a pixel next to each other within a single strip/tile (PlanarConfiguration = 1) but also different samples in different strips/tiles (PlanarConfiguration = 2). The default format for a sample value is as an unsigned integer, but a TIFF extension allows declaring them as alternatively being signed integers or IEEE-754 floats, as well as specify a custom range for valid sample values.

TIFF images may be uncompressed, compressed using a lossless compression scheme, or compressed using a lossy compression scheme. The lossless LZW compression scheme has at times been regarded as the standard compression for TIFF, but this is technically a TIFF extension, and the TIFF6 specification notes the patent situation regarding LZW.

Most data in TIFF files are numerical, but the format supports declaring data as rather being textual, if appropriate for a particular tag. Tags that take textual values include Artist, Copyright, DateTime, DocumentName, InkNames, and Model.

The .svs suffix
I see that a ".svs" file name suffix can indicate a tiled TIFF format. Would someone who knows what they are talking about add mention of this suffix to the article at an appropriate place? Thanks! — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 15:28, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

Tag/Tagged
@Quantling, I noticed you reverted @Jojo-schmitz's edit which changed Tag to Tagged, and subsequently edited many pages to expand the acronym as Tag Image File Format. Your citation for this revert was this page on Adobe.com. And since Adobe owns the copyrights, who can argue with that, right? Well, I believe it is not so simple, as can be seen by this other page on Adobe.com that uses Tagged rather than Tag.

From 2005-2020, this article used Tagged. It was only with this edit in 2020 by @Dclunie that we changed to Tag.

If we look at the specs, we see version 4.0 from 1987 uses Tag, but version 5.0 from 1988 declines to expand the acronym, as does version 6 from 1992. If we take those specs at their word, the acronym has no official expansion.

But the Adobe specs aren't the only specs that mention TIFFs. RfC 2302 from 2002 uses Tag, as do RfCs 2301, 3949, 3950, 2306, and possibly more. But RfC 1314 slips and calls it Tagged (despite calling it Tag in its own references section - interestingly, it references version 5.0, the only text of which I can find does not have the title that the RfC gives it).

What about other reliable sources? The Library of Congress calls it Tagged and notes that both Tag and Tagged are in circulation, and that the title page of the 1992 specification does not spell out the abbreviation. It goes on to cite Wikipedia, at which point we should probably consider the issue of WP:CITOGENESIS. Wikipedia is influential. Perhaps our longstanding use of Tagged has influenced this page.

The UK National Archives unequivocally calls it Tagged. Other notable organisations in the Tagged camp include Mozilla, NASA, Microsoft, and Apple

But wait, Apple are also in the Tag camp, as are Microsoft.

What about a broad survey of general usage? I see 646,000 Google search results for "Tagged Image File Format" and 75,100 for "Tag Image File Format". Google Scholar returns 19,500 and 2,990 respectively.

What about Wikipedia readers? |Tag_Image_File_Format Page view analysis shows that readers overwhelmingly use the Tagged Image File Format redirect rather than the Tag Image File Format redirect.

What about the plain sense or style of the thing? To my ear, "Tagged Image File Format" makes a lot more grammatical sense than "Tag Image File Format". What's a tag image anyway?

In conclusion, I think that while Tag was clearly once the official usage, subsequent spec revisions have not endorsed this and there is now no official usage. In terms of common usage in sources, I think there is clear evidence that both usages are valid, with Tagged perhaps edging ahead due to its far greater usage in scholarship and being more grammatically sensical.

How to handle this in the lead sentence? We could write Tag/Tagged Image File Format, or Tag(ged) Image File Format, or perhaps omit any expansion of the acronym, but my preference would be to return the article to its longstanding pre-2020 lead and simply write Tagged Image File Format. The history of the name can come later in the article body. Barnards.tar.gz (talk) 23:00, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your research! It is definitely more complicated than I realized.  I would like to see both versions in the TIFF article because they are both used (WP:COMMONNAME).  However, I think it would be awkward to use both on other pages.  I would defer to using the article's name, "TIFF", which is neither "Tag Image File Format" nor "Tagged Image File Format".  So maybe other pages should say merely "TIFF".  (The TIFF article's name is not written in stone of course; you could propose a page move.)
 * FWIW, I think of "tag image" vs. "tagged image" to be similar to "color image" vs. "colored image"; all sound good to my ear and they are fine in their respective contexts. But I don't see it as all that relevant what your ear or mine says.  More importantly, we need to look to WP:COMMONNAME and similar policies.  — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 02:00, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

Talk archive
There is a fairly large archive for this Talk page at Talk:TIFF/Archive 1, but there is no link at the top of this page to guide the reader to it. Can somebody fix this? GrindtXX (talk) 12:11, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

OK, I've added a Talk header template, which seems to have fixed the problem. GrindtXX (talk) 13:19, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:TIFF


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Organization of Contents by Themes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:33, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Organization of Contents by Themes
This seems like a list of random book contents. A useless list that violates naming conventions. DDerby 08:45, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think this was a good idea in principle, but it may have been abandoned. Literary criticism identifies various common themes, and it would be a good idea to list these themes, explain them briefly and give examples. Also it might be worth trying to categorize as many works of fiction as possible by theme, and a page like this would be a useful resource on the way to doing that. Kappa 09:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a promising idea; what I saw there didn't come anywhere near usefulness, and we need to avoid mere useless lists - your suggestion avoids that well. Perhaps move to Literary themes. DDerby 09:59, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree and would be more than happy to help with the project. Robinoke 10:15, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maybe make each theme a category?  RickK 18:42, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I do not believe a thematic index of world literature could be maintained in that form. Phils 19:56, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Different University professors (usually from different countries) will always have different names for themes that they'll catagorize books in. Also if you were to include every theme, the division between a major and a minor theme is a gray area, and pretty much every book would have to be repeated under the Shakespearian themes of Romance, Comedy, Tragedy, and History, as well as all the other themes that would be listed here. RickGriffin 22:53, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:IPCC list of greenhouse gases

Old
(William M. Connolley 08:45, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)) IPCC, and the GW pages, use gases.

Keep this?
I see we're arguing about this page. Bear in mind that this page was created during one of the Vast Edit Wars and there may be a good argument for deleting the thing William M. Connolley (talk) 09:52, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Proposed edit
The summary statement says "This is a list of anthropogenic greenhouse gases as used by the IPCC TAR."

However, it is a list of LLGHG (long-lived greenhouse gases). Not the same thing. For example, water vapor is a Greenhouse gas, but not a LLGHG. And methane is a LLGHG, but not all methane is anthropogenic. While there is substantial overlap in the names, the radiative forcing values refer (I believe) to the total amount of the gas, not just the anthropogenic portion.

I think the edit is straightforward, but as there are a lot of people with a lot of interest and knowledge in these areas, I thought I'd mention it in the talk page first.-- SPhilbrick  T  23:58, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * In the absence of opposition, I'll make the edit.-- SPhilbrick  T  16:09, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Presentation
I accept these are the IPCC published numbers. But they are very strange. Take for example "HCFC-141b 18 ± 0.068 ppt" Does this mean the true figure is in a range of 17.932-18.068ppt or one of 17.432-18.568ppt? It is unhelpful rounding the central estimate and showing the precision of the unrounded estimate.

My other point is that the ppm and ppb numbers for CO2, CH4 and N2O are not comparable with the ppt for CFCs etc. CFC-12 at 538 ppt at first sight suggests that half the atmosphere (538/1000) is one particular CFC. It isn't. So more explanation is needed.--Rumping (talk) 08:09, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * On the second point, it seems ppt means parts per (short) trillion not parts per thousand. Awful, if this table is supposed to be a reference.--Rumping (talk) 09:37, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Inconsistent
I don't know why for the first chart one format is used, and for the remaining charts another format is used. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yuan Lin (talk • contribs) 23:12, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Water Vapor is missing from the list.
The Greenhouse gases article lists water vapor as a greenhouse gas but it is missing from this article. 24.78.163.237 (talk) 17:33, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Correctly so: this is the IPCC list of GHG's. And since WV isn't really a forcing, it isn't so interesting William M. Connolley (talk) 20:49, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Err, not so if the influence of H2O as a green house gas is much more significant than say CO2. Since CERN has recently shown the SUN's magnetic field affects the relationship between cloud creation and cosmic rays, water should be on the list.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.254.66.180 (talk) 19:18, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

 * As I said before, Correctly so: this is the IPCC list of GHG's. As for the other argument, you can have it on Greenhouse gases if you like, though the article itself explains the matter William M. Connolley (talk) 23:11, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

I have altered a recently added comment on this. The inclusion of the 95%/90% claim seems undue weight, since it is not an important anthropogenic component. I am tempted to remove any mention that water vapor is omitted, but left it in for discussion. Thoughts? --TeaDrinker (talk) 17:47, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I took it out. This is the IPCC list; there is no real reason to mention WV or to note that they don't. The 95% figure is trash, anyway William M. Connolley (talk) 18:09, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * WMC is right, this is the IPCC list. Adding a comment that something is missing is verging on, or blundering into OR. Water vapor as a GHG isn't missing from Wikipedia, it is well-covered. Not to mention (as I was reminded by reading my earlier comment) that it isn't even correct to say that water vapor is missing. The list is a list of long-lived greenhouse gases. Water vapor does not qualify. -- SPhilbrick (Talk)  18:13, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Merging this article and moving its content
I don't think we actually need this article at this point. The most valuable part of it is the combined table, which is great work, and deserves to be at Greenhouse gas, an article which receives far more daily views (~1,500 vs. 48) and where it would most likely replace that initial dotpoint list of greenhouse gases that's just not informative at all. Presumably, this article would then be redirected to that section as well.

The only other valuable elements here are the tables for Third and Fourth IPCC Reports, which are now 22 and 16 years in the past. Both of those should just be moved to the respective reports' pages.

Pinging @EMsmile about this suggestion. InformationToKnowledge (talk) 15:12, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Mild support. I can see your rationale for merging & redirecting this article but could also imagine arguments for keeping it separate. Either way, that first combined table should for sure be moved (or excerpted/transcribed). Regarding the other two tables, I think I would perhaps keep them together (and possibly move to the end of greenhouse gas if we dissolve this article) as they may show an interesting evolution (or are they anyhow included in the combined table already? Sorry, my brain is shutting down, it's 1 am here, otherwise I'd check myself ;-) ). Moving them to the AR3 and AR4 report articles could also be an option; those articles would have very low pageviews nowadays, so it's a bit like making those tables disappear. EMsmile (talk) 23:51, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support I agree with ITK Chidgk1 (talk) 17:20, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I've done the merger now. But I am struggeling with the formatting of the table - it seems too wide (at least on my screen). EMsmile (talk) 11:09, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Pinging User:Bikesrcool as they have done a lot of work on this. EMsmile (talk) 11:12, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Great merger proposal. I agree also. Bikesrcool (talk) 13:33, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @EMsmile I think have found an appropriate way to format that table. InformationToKnowledge (talk) 14:50, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:IPCC list of greenhouse gases


text:
Peter Lewis (politician)

Ivan Peter Lewis (1 January 1942 – 26 September 2017) was an Australian politician. Lewis was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly between 1979 and 2006 in the electorates of Hammond, Ridley, Murray-Mallee and Mallee. From 1979 he was in the House as a Liberal member, however he was expelled from the Liberals in 2000. He was re-elected as an independent, serving until 2006. His decision to serve as Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly for a Labor government resulted in Mike Rann becoming Premier of South Australia from the 2002 election. His death was reported on 28 September 2017 to have been earlier in the week, in Sydney.

Party affiliation
Lewis was first elected at the 1979 election as a Liberal candidate. He quickly gained a reputation as a maverick, defying the party authorities on many an occasion. In July 2000, the Liberals finally lost patience with Lewis and expelled him, even though it cost them their majority.

At the 2002 election, Lewis contested his seat under the banner of the Community Leadership Independence Coalition (CLIC) and was re-elected. Three other CLIC candidates contested seats in the South Australian House of Assembly but failed. During the campaign, Lewis said he would support any government that would commit to a program of parliamentary reform, including Labor. When pressed by The Advertiser, Lewis denied his statement meant he may help Labor form government, saying "You can quote me: That is bullshit. Clear, unequivocal, hot, green, sloppy, fresh bullshit. I'm not into forming government with Labor".

Support for Labor
At the 2002 election, with 24 seats required for a parliamentary majority, Labor won 23 seats, the Liberals won 20 seats, the SA Nationals won one seat, with three seats won by independents, including that of Lewis. Lewis negotiated with both Liberal leader and incumbent Premier Rob Kerin and Labor opposition leader Mike Rann. Eventually, Lewis agreed to support a Labor minority government on confidence and supply motions while retaining the right to vote on conscience. In return, Lewis became Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly, Labor agreed to hold a Constitutional Convention, and Lewis gained concessions for his electorate including the phasing out of commercial fishing in the River Murray, prioritising the eradication of the branched broomrape weed, changing water rates for irrigation, fast-tracking a feasibility study for a weir and lock at Wellington, and improving rural roads.

Lewis' deal allowed Rann to form government by one seat. However, Kerin stated that since the Liberals had won the two-party vote on 50.9 percent, he would stay in office until Labor demonstrated it had support on the floor of the legislature. The House of Assembly reassembled earlier than normal after an election. With Lewis in the speaker's chair, Kerin moved a motion of confidence in his government. He lost, confirming Rann as premier. The Liberals hinted at challenging the result in Lewis' seat, but this did not eventuate.

However, the other two independents, Rory McEwen and Bob Such, and the SA Nationals member, Karlene Maywald, later also agreed to support the Rann government in return for cabinet or speaker positions.

Speaker
As speaker, he earned widespread attention for his colourful style of regulating parliamentary debate. The Rann government held a Constitutional Convention as promised in 2003, and as an outcome organised what ended up as failed attempts at bills for optional preferential voting, citizen initiated referendums and four-year Upper House terms.

Terry Stephens
Lewis in 2002 faced media scrutiny over his links to businessman Terry Stephens (not to be confused with Liberal MP Terry Stephens) after claims were made in parliament, just prior to Lewis becoming speaker, by federal Liberal MP for Barker, Patrick Secker. Lewis was exonerated of any wrongdoing despite submitting himself to extensive police investigations. Stephens was later convicted of lying to smear Lewis.

Standfield, Utting and Ratcliff
In 2004 Lewis and some of his staffers, including two child abuse activists and volunteer staffers named Malcolm Barry Standfield and Wendy Utting, were speaking to 8 informants about alleged pedophiles. One of the most vocal informants was named Craig Ratcliff and whilst he was providing plausible information that he had been a victim himself, he had also been found guilty as a perpetrator and is recorded as a convicted child sex offender. Ratcliff was one of the informants who accused the MP during a television interview in August 2004. Ratcliff later recanted his claims, saying he realised the politician was not the man known as "Terry" who frequented gay beats in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was subsequently convicted to a suspended prison sentence in 2008.

Another of those informants named Robert Woodland was found bashed to death on 8 December 2004 in the South Parklands. Then on 25 February 2005 another of the informants named Shaine Moore was found dead in suspicious circumstances.

In early March 2005 the media and the Labor Government narrowed down the allegations of a pedophile politician to a male Labor Politician. On 1 April 2005 Standfield and Utting faxed a press release, giving names of the alleged sitting MP and 2 policemen.

A police investigation of Standfield, Utting and Ratcliff started and all 3 were charged with criminal defamation. In 2008 the two volunteer staffers working in Lewis' Office, Standfield and Utting, were found not guilty of defamation over the claims. In December 2008 Ratcliff was sentenced for criminal defamation for the allegations.

Resignation
On 4 April 2005 Lewis faced a potential motion of no confidence, but before a vote could be taken he gave a speech in parliament then resigned as speaker.

2006 election
For the 2006 election, Lewis did not stand for his seat of Hammond, but instead stood as an independent for election to the Legislative Council. However he was not elected, receiving 0.6 percent of the statewide vote.

2009 mining interests
Lewis owned eight mining leases, as well as interests in Goldus Operations and Mintech Resources. It was reported that Lewis had sold his iron ore project at Razorback Ridge, 80 km east of Yunta, to Western Australia's Royal Resources for $30 million.

Awards
Lewis was a 2004 awardee of the World Peace Prize.

title: Peter Lewis (politician)


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Defacement (flag)

In vexillology, defacement is the addition of a symbol or charge to a flag. For example, the New Zealand flag is the British Blue Ensign defaced with a Southern Cross in the fly.

In the context of vexillology, the word "deface" carries no negative connotations, in contrast to general usage. It simply indicates a differentiation of the flag from that of another owner by addition of elements. For example, many state flags are formed by defacing the national flag with a coat of arms.

History
Where countries pass through changes of regime with contrasting ideological orientations (monarchist/republican, fascist/democratic, communist/capitalist, secular/religious etc.) – all of which, despite their differences, claim allegiance to a common national heritage expressed in a venerated national flag – it can happen that a new regime defaces that flag with its own specific emblem while keeping the basic flag design unchanged. Such changing ideological emblems appeared over time, among others, on the flags of Italy, Hungary, Romania, Germany (West and East; see illustration), Ethiopia, and Iran. For example, during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Romanian Revolution of 1989, insurgents tore the emblem of the regime that they opposed out of the national flag and waved the flag with which they identified.

An already defaced flag can be further defaced. For example, the Australian flag is a defaced British Blue Ensign. The Australian Border Force Flag is further defaced with the words "Australian border force" in block letters.

In the United States, it is against the Flag Code to deface the national flag with advertising or with any other sigil, image, or insignia. Such flags are nevertheless commercially available, depicting the seals of various branches of the U.S. military, Native American-related objects such as tomahawks or war bonnets, and the like.

It is common for association football supporters travelling abroad for a match to bring a national flag defaced with the name of their hometown or a similar local identifier.

title: Defacement (flag)


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Knocker (folklore)

The Knocker, Knacker, or Tommyknocker (US) is a mythical, subterranean, gnome-like creature in Cornish and Devon folklore. The Welsh counterpart is the coblyn. It is closely related to the Irish leprechaun, Kentish kloker and the English and Scottish brownie. The Cornish described the creature as a little person 2ft 0in tall, with a disproportionately large head, long arms, wrinkled skin, and white whiskers. It wears a tiny version of standard miner's garb and commits random mischief, such as stealing miners' unattended tools and food. Tommyknocker is also a brewery in Idaho Springs, Colorado.

Cornish folklore
Cornish miners believed that the diminutive Knockers beckoned them toward finding rich veins of tin. As miners changed from independent, family-owned operators to hired laborers for large industrialized companies, there was an increased concern for safety, reflected in the knockers new role. They knocked on the mine walls to warn of impending collapse.

Generally considered benevolent, they were also tricksters who would hide tools and extinguish candles. They are similar to the coblynau of Welsh miners.

One interpretation holds that they are mine-spirits, believed to be the ghosts of the Jews who worked the mines in the 11th and 12th centuries; another view is that they are the spirits of those killed in a mine. To show appreciation, and to avoid future peril, the miners cast the last bite of their tasty pasties into the mines for the Knockers.

In the United States
In the 1820s, immigrant Welsh and Cornish miners brought tales of the Tommyknockers and their theft of unwatched items and warning knocks to western Pennsylvania. Cornish miners, much sought after in the years following the gold and silver rushes, brought them to Colorado, Nevada, and California. The underground elves became part of the folklore of miners throughout the American West, not just those of Cornish background.

When asked if they had relatives who would come to work the mines, the Cornish miners always said something along the lines of "Well, me cousin Jack over in Cornwall wouldst come, could ye pay 'is boat ride", and so they came to be called Cousin Jacks. The Cousin Jacks refused to enter new mines until assured by the management that the knockers were already on duty. Even non-Cornish miners, who worked deep in the earth where the noisy support timbers creaked and groaned, came to respect the Tommyknockers. The American interpretation of knockers seemed to be more ghostly than elfish.

Belief in the knockers in America remained well into the 20th century. When one large mine closed in 1956 and the owners sealed the entrance, fourth, fifth, and sixth generation Cousin Jacks circulated a petition calling on the mineowners to set the knockers free so that they could move on to other mines. The owners complied. Belief among Nevadan miners persisted amongst its miners as late as the 1930s.

Tommyknocker Brewery in Idaho Springs, Colorado owes its namesake to the mythical creature, and began serving in 1994 to meet the needs of the large number of prospectors, as part of the Colorado Silver Boom.

Knocker also appeared as a name for the same phenomena, in the folklore of Staffordshire miners.

In literature

 * Knockers are a motif found in the science fiction/horror book The Tommyknockers by Stephen King.
 * Tommyknockers are also mentioned in the Hardy Boys book, Hunting for Hidden Gold. "Tommy-clockers" is the title of chapter eight.
 * A benevolent knocker appears in The Ironwood Tree, the fourth book in The Spiderwick Chronicles, in which it helps the protagonists escape from a dwarf kingdom.
 * In the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner, protagonist Susan Burling Ward first hears about tommyknockers when her husband and his colleagues take her into one of the quicksilver mines at New Almaden.

title: Knocker (folklore)


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Gillingham railway station (Kent)

Gillingham railway station is on the Chatham Main Line in England, serving the town of Gillingham, Kent. It is 35 mi down the line from London Victoria and is situated between Chatham and Rainham.

The station and most trains that call are operated by Southeastern. Following a timetable change on 20 May 2018, some trains are also operated by Govia Thameslink. It is commonly suffixed as Gillingham (Kent) to distinguish it from the similarly named station in Dorset.

The station first opened in 1858. It currently has three platforms (two for London-bound services and one for country-bound services) and a passenger lift from the station entrance to the platforms.

The station underwent an extensive facelift between 2010 and 2012. This included a new entrance, better pavements, new roof, refurbished waiting rooms, and new cycle storage units.

Services
Services at Gillingham are operated by Southeastern and Thameslink using, , , and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:

 * 2 tph to London St Pancras International
 * 3 tph to London Victoria (2 of these run non-stop from Bromley South and 1 runs via Denmark Hill)
 * 2 tph to Luton via Dartford and Greenwich
 * 2 tph to Rainham
 * 1 tph to Faversham
 * 1 tph to Dover Priory via Canterbury East
 * 2 tph to Ramsgate

Additional services, including trains to and from London Charing Cross via Sidcup, and fast trains to and from London Cannon Street call at the station during the peak hours.

title: Gillingham railway station (Kent)


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User:Mark Bergsma/EasyTimeline

Mark's EasyTimeline scratchpad

title: User:Mark Bergsma/EasyTimeline


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Culture of Asia

The culture of Asia encompasses the collective and diverse customs and traditions of art, architecture, music, literature, lifestyle, philosophy, food,  politics and religion that have been practiced and maintained by the numerous ethnic groups of the continent of Asia since prehistory. Identification of a specific culture of Asia or universal elements among the colossal diversity that has emanated from multiple cultural spheres and three of the four ancient River valley civilizations is complicated. However, the continent is commonly divided into six geographic sub-regions, that are characterized by perceivable commonalities, like culture, religion, language and relative ethnic homogeneity. These regions are Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and West Asia.

As the largest, most populous continent and rich in resources, Asia is home to several of the world's oldest civilizations, that produced the majority of the great religious systems, the oldest known recorded myths and codices on ethics and morality.

However, Asia's enormous size separates the various civilizations by great distances and hostile environments, such as deserts and mountain ranges. Yet by challenging and overcoming these distances, trade and commerce gradually developed a truly universal, Pan-Asian character. Inter-regional trade was the driving and cohesive force, by which cultural elements and ideas spread to the various sub-regions, via the vast road network and the many sea routes.

Multiple cultural regions
Asia's various modern cultural and religious spheres correspond roughly with the principal centers of civilization.

West Asia (or Southwest Asia as Ian Morrison puts it, or sometimes referred to as the Middle East) has their cultural roots in the pioneering civilizations of the Fertile Crescent and Mesopotamia, spawning the Persian, Arab, Ottoman empires, as well as the Abrahamic religions of Judaism and later Islam. According to Morrison, in his book Why the West Rules--For Now, these original civilizations of the Hilly Flanks are so far (by archaeological evidence) the oldest (first evidence of farming c9000 BC). The Hilly flanks is also the birthplace of his definition of the west (which groups the Middle East with Europe). According to his definition this would make Asia the origin of western culture. Not everybody agrees with him though.

South Asia, India and the Indosphere emanate from the Indus Valley civilisation.

The East Asian cultural sphere developed from the Yellow River civilization. Southeast Asia's migration waves of more varied ethnic groups are relatively recent. Commercial interaction with South Asia eventually lead to the adoption of culture from India and China (including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism). The region later absorbed influences from Islam as well, and the Malays are currently the largest Islamic population in the world. North Asia's (otherwise known as Siberia) harsh climate and unfavorable soil proved to be unsuited to permanently support large urban settlements and only permits the presence of a pastoral and nomadic population, spread over large areas. Nonetheless, North Asian religious and spiritual traditions eventually diffused into more comprehensive systems such as Tibetan Buddhism that developed its own unique characteristics (e.g. Mongolian Buddhism). For these reasons it is becoming more unconventional to separate it from the rest of East Asian cultures.

Central Asia has also absorbed influences from both West Asia and East Asia (including Persia and Mongolia), making it another melting pot of cultures.

The cultural spheres are not mutually disjoint and can even overlap, representing the innate diversity and syncretism of human cultures and historical influences.

East Asia
The term East Asian cultural sphere defines the common cultural sphere of China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea in East Asia and Vietnam in Southeast Asia. Ethnic and linguistic similarities, shared artistic traditions, written language and moral values suggest that most East Asian people are descendants of the Yellow River civilization, that emerged in the flood plains of northern China around 10.000 years B.P. People within this sphere are sometimes referred to as East Eurasian, and the major languages of this region (including Sino-Tibetan, Austroasiatic, Altaic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai) are thought to have originated from regions in China (see East Asian cultural sphere#historical linguistics).

Historically, China occupied the prominent, central role in East Asia for a long time in recorded history, as it "deeply influenced the culture of the peripheral countries and also drew them into a "China-centered" [...] international order", that was briefly interrupted by the 20th century. Nations within its orbit from Central Asia to Southeast Asia paid to the Chinese tributary system (also see List of tributaries of China). The Imperial Chinese Tributary System is based on the Confucian religious and philosophical idea of submission to celestial harmony was also recognized by nations beyond, in Southeast Asia in particular. Ceremonies were presided over by the Emperor of China as the Son of Heaven and curator of the Mandate of Heaven. In elaborate ceremonies both, the tributary state and the various Chinese dynasties agreed to mutually favorable economic co-operation and beneficial security policies.

Some of defining East Asian cultural characteristics are the Chinese language and traditional writings systems of Hanzi as well as shared religious and ethical ideas, that are represented by the Three teachings Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. The Chinese script is one of the oldest continuously used writing systems in the world, and has been a major unifying force and medium for conveying Chinese culture in East Asia. Classical Chinese was the literary language of elites and bureaucrats. Historically used throughout the region, it is still in use by Chinese diaspora communities around the world, as well as in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and pockets of Southeast Asia.

However, as Chinese writing concepts were passed on to Korea, Japan and Vietnam, these nations developed their own characteristic writing systems to complement Hanzi. Vietnam invented their own Chữ Nôm glyphs, Japan invented Kana, and Korea invented their own alphabet Hangul. To this day, Vietnam mostly writes in Chữ Quốc ngữ (a modified Latin alphabet) but there is also a resurgence of Hán-Nôm (a type of writing that combines both Chữ Hán and Chữ Nôm) as well. Sino cognates compose a vast majority of the vocabulary of these languages (see Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary, Sino-Korean vocabulary, Sino-Japanese vocabulary). In the 20th century, China has also re-borrowed terms from Japan to represent western concepts known as Wasei-kango.

Apart from the unifying influence of Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese characters and numerous other Chinese cultural influences, East Asian national customs, architecture, literature, cuisines, traditional music, performing arts and crafts also have developed from many independent and local concepts, they have grown and diversified as many rank among the most refined expressions of aesthetic, artistic and philosophical ideas in the world. Notable among others are Japanese gardens and landscape planning, Heian literature, Vietnamese Water puppetry and the artifacts of the Đông Sơn culture. Modern research has also focused on the several nations pivotal role on the collective body of East Asian Buddhism and the Korean influence on Japanese culture as well as Japanese influence on Korean culture.

South Asia

Evidence of Neolithic culture has been found throughout the modern states Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka that represent South Asia (also known as the Indian subcontinent). Since 3,300 B.C. in modern-day northeastern Afghanistan, in Pakistan and northwestern India a sophisticated Bronze Age cultural tradition emerged, that after only a few centuries fully flourished in urban centers. Due to the high quality of its arts, crafts, metallurgy and buildings, the accomplishments in urban planning, governance, trade and technology etc. it has been classified as one of the principal Cradles of civilization. Referred to as the Indus Valley civilisation or Harappan Civilisation it thrived for almost 2.000 years until the onset of the Vedic period (c. 1500 – c. 600 B.C.). The great significance of the Vedic texts (that don't mention cities or urban life) for South Asian culture, their impact on family, societal organisation, religion, morale, literature etc. has never been contested. The Indus Valley Civilisation on the other hand has only come to light by means of 20th century archaeology. Scholars, who employ several periodization models argue over whether South Asian tradition is consciously committed to the Harappan culture.

Declining climatic conditions, (aridification) and population displacement (Indo-Aryan migration) are regarded as to have caused the fatal disruption of the Harappa culture, that was superseded by the rural Vedic culture.

Following the Indo-Aryan settlement in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the establishment of the characteristic social groups (Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras) in the caste system based on the Jāti model in the Varna order, the tribal entities variously consolidated into oligarchic chiefdoms or kingdoms (the 16 Mahajanapadas), beginning in the sixth century B.C. The late Vedic political progress results in urbanization, strict social hierarchy, commercial and military rivalries among the settlers, that have spread all over the entire sub-continent. The large body of Vedic texts and literature, supported by the archaeological sequence allows researchers to reconstruct a rather accurate and detailed image of the Vedic culture and political organisation. The Vedas constitute the oldest work of Sanskrit literature and form the basis of religious, ethic and philosophic ideas in South Asia. They are widely, but not exclusively regarded the basics and scriptural authority on worship, rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices, meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge for the future Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. Commentaries and discussions also focus on the development of valid political ideas and concepts of societal progress and ethic conformity.

Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism are major religions of South Asia. After a long and complex history of cosmological and religious development, adoption and decline, the Hindu-synthesis and the late but thorough introduction of Islam about 80% of modern-day Indians and Nepalis identify as Hindus. In Sri Lanka and Bhutan most people adhere to various forms of Buddhism. Islam is the predominant religion in Afghanistan, the Maldives (99%), Pakistan (96%) and Bangladesh (90%). Afghanistan and Pakistan are situated at the western periphery of South Asia, where the cultural character has been made by both, Persia, a civilization rooted in Mesopotamia and the Indosphere. Pakistan is split with its two western regions of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sharing a greater Iranic heritage due to the native Pashtuns and Baloch people of the regions. Its two eastern regions of Punjab and Sindh share cultural links to Northwest India. Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal share a common heritage and culture based on the Bengali language. The Culture of India is diverse and a complex mixture of many influences. Nepal is culturally linked to both India and Tibet and the varied ethnic groups of the country share many of the festivals and cultural traditions used and celebrated in North and East India and Tibet. Nepali, the dominant language of Nepal uses the Devanagari alphabet which is also used to write many North Indian languages. Bhutan is a culturally linked to Tibet and India. Tibetan Buddhism is the dominant religion in Bhutan and the Tibetan alphabet is used to write Dzongkha, the dominant language of Bhutan. There is a cultural and linguistic divide between North and South India. Sri Lanka is culturally tied to both India and Southeast Asia. Sinhala, the dominant language in the country is written in Sinhala script which is derived from the Kadamba-Pallava alphabet, certain cultural traditions, and aspects of its cuisine, for example, show South Indian influences. Cultural festivals, aspects of its cuisine and Theravada Buddhism, the dominant religion in Sri Lanka, show a Southeast Asian affinity.

Indo-Aryan languages are spoken in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sinhala of Sri Lanka and most of North, West and East India and Nepal. Dravidian languages namely Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam languages are spoken across South India and in Sri Lanka by the Tamil community. Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and North & North East India. Iranic Languages are spoken in Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in PakistanThe main languages of Afghanistan are Pashto and Dari.

Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia divides into Mainland Southeast Asia, that encompasses Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar and West Malaysia, and Maritime Southeast Asia, that includes Indonesia, East Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, East Timor, Brunei, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Christmas Island. At the crossroads of the Indian and East Asian maritime trade routes since around 500 B.C., the region has been greatly influenced by the culture of India and China. Most of the influence of India came in the era of the Chola dynasty spreading Tamil and Hindu cultures across present south east Asian countries and even expanding and establishing Hindu kingdoms in the region. The term Indianised Kingdoms is a designation for numerous Southeast Asian political units, that had to a varying degree adopted most aspects of India's statecraft, administration, art, epigraphy, writing and architecture. The religions Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam gradually diffused into local cosmology. Nonetheless, the Southeast Asian nations have very diversely adapted to these cultural stimuli and evolved their distinct sophisticated expression in lifestyle, the visual arts and most notably in architectural accomplishments, such as Angkor Wat in Cambodia and Borobudur in Indonesia. Buddhist culture has a lasting and significant impact in mainland Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam); most Buddhists in Indochina practice Theravada Buddhism. In the case of Vietnam, it is also influenced much by Confucianism and the culture of China. Myanmar has also been exposed to Indian cultural influences. Before the 14th century, Hinduism and Buddhism were the dominant religions of Southeast Asia. Thereafter, Islam became dominant in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. Southeast Asia has also had a lot of Western influence due to the lasting legacy of colonialism. One example is the Philippines which has been heavily influenced by the United States and Spain, with Christianity (Catholicism) as the dominant religion. East Timor also demonstrates Portuguese influence through colonialism, as is also a predominantly Christian nation.

A common feature found around the region are stilt houses. These houses are elevated on stilts so that water can easily pass below them in case of a flood. Another shared feature is rice paddy agriculture, which originated in Southeast Asia thousands of years ago. Dance drama is also a very important feature of the culture, utilizing movements of the hands and feet perfected over thousands of years. Furthermore, the arts and literature of Southeast Asia is very distinctive as some have been influenced by Indian (Hindu), Chinese, Buddhist, and Islamic literature.

West Asia
West Asia must be distinguished from the Middle East, a more recent Eurocentric term, that also includes parts of Northern Africa. West Asia consists of Turkey, Syria, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman and Yemen. Cyprus is frequently considered to be part of the region but it has ethnic and cultural ties to Europe as well. The Israelite/Jewish civilization of the Fertile Crescent would have a profound impact on the rest of West Asia, giving birth to the 3 Abrahamic faiths. In addition, the Jewish origins of Christianity, along with the many cultural contributions from both Jews and Arabs in Europe, meant that West Asian culture had left a lasting impact on Western civilization as well. Other indigenous West Asian religions include Zoroastrianism, Yazidism, Alevism, Druze and the Baháʼí Faith.

Today, almost 93% of West Asia's inhabitants are Muslim and is characterized by political Islamic, with the exception of Israel, a Jewish state. At its north-western end, Armenia and Georgia have an unmistakable Christian tradition, while Lebanon shares a large Christian and a large Muslim community. Ethnically, the region is dominated by Arab, Persian, Kurdish, Azerbaijani, and Turkish people. Among them smaller indigenous groups are the Jews, Assyrians, Druze, Samaritans, Yazidis and Mandeans. Many Middle Eastern countries encompass huge deserts where nomadic people live to this day. In great contrast, modern cities like Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Amman, Riyadh, Tel Aviv, Doha and Muscat have developed on the coastal lands of the Mediterranean Sea, the Persian Gulf and at the periphery of the Arabian Desert.

West Asian cuisine is immensely rich and diverse. The literature is also immensely rich with Arabic, Jewish, Persian, and Turkish dominating.

Central Asia
Central Asia, in between the Caspian Sea and East Asia, envelops five former Soviet Socialist Republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. However, Afghanistan is sometimes included. Its strategic and historic position around the east–west axis and the major trading routes such as the Silk Road has made it a theatre a steady exchange of ideas and east–west conflicts such as the Battle of Talas. The region was conquered and dominated by a variety of cultures, such as the Chinese, Greeks, Mongols, Persians, Tatars, Russians, and Sarmatians. As some Central Asian areas have been inhabited by nomadic people, numerous urban centers have developed in a distinct local character. This region was mainly dominated by Russians in the Soviet era and even after its dissolution in 1991. Even now the region is dominated by them.

North Asia
For the most part, North Asia (more widely known as Siberia) is considered to be made up of the Asian part of Russia solely. The geographic region of Siberia was the historical land of the Tatars in the Siberia Khanate. However Russian expansion essentially undermined this and thus today it is under Russian rule. Other ethnic groups that inhabit Siberia include the Buryats, Evenks, and Yakuts. There are roughly 40 million people living in North Asia and the majority consists now of Ethnic Russians. However, many East Asians also inhabit the region, and historically they have been the majority before Russia's expansion east.

Architecture
Asia is home to countless grandiose and iconic historic constructions, usually religious structures, castles and fortifications or palaces. However, after several millennia, many of the greatest buildings have been destroyed or dismantled such as the Ziggurats of Mesopotamia, most of the Great Wall of China, Greek and Hellenistic temples or the royal cities of Persia.

China
Chinese architecture has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries as the structural principles have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. An important feature in Chinese architecture is its emphasis on articulation and bilateral symmetry, which signifies balance. Bilateral symmetry and the articulation of buildings are found everywhere in China, from palace complexes to humble farmhouses. Since the Tang dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.

India
Indian architecture is that vast tapestry of production of the Indian Subcontinent that encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, transformed by the forces of history considered unique to the sub-continent, sometimes destroying, but most of the time absorbing. The result is an evolving range of architectural production that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across history. Being few architectures brought by Mughals in Northern India. Dravidian architecture in Southern India flourished under chola's, vijayanagara, satavahana and many other south India's flourished kingdoms until the Mughals occupation and followed by Britishers in India.

Korea
Korean architecture refers to an architectural style that developed over centuries in Korea. Just like in the case of other Korean arts, architecture tends to be naturalistic, favors simplicity, avoids the extremes and is economical with shapes.

Indonesia
The Indonesian architecture reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. It ranges from native vernacular architecture, Hindu-Buddhist temples, colonial architecture, to modern architecture.

Indonesian vernacular architecture is called rumah adat. The houses hold social significance in society and demonstrate local ingenuity in their relations to environment and spatial organisation. Notable examples include Rumah Gadang, Tongkonan, Balinese houses and Javanese Joglo. Hindu-Buddhist temple monument called candi, with the best example are Borobudur massive stone mandala-stupa and Prambanan Hindu temple dedicated to Trimurti gods. By the 16th century, the Portuguese followed by the Dutch colonize Indonesian archipelago, and developed European architecture technique and developed colonial architecture.

Japan
Japanese architecture is distinctive in that it reflects a deep ″understanding of the natural world as a source of spiritual insight and an instructive mirror of human emotion″. Attention to aesthetics and the surroundings is given, natural materials are preferred and artifice is generally being avoided. Impressive wooden castles and temples, some of them 2000 years old, stand embedded in the natural contours of the local topography. Notable examples include the Hōryū Temple complex (6th century), Himeji Castle (14th century), Hikone Castle (17th century) and Osaka Castle.

The architecture of any country is a marker of its culture, history and tradition. The materials used, the shape, the lines, curves and colours all come together to present a masterpiece that is unique and beautiful. Vietnamese architecture is no different. From vernacular stilt houses to extravagant palaces and concrete towers, the country's building is an ode to its rich past and its promising future.

Vietnam
Traditional houses in Vietnam were characterized by wooden structures topped by steep roofs. The roofs would be covered with fish-scale tiles and curve outwards, while beams and rafters held up the main building. In some places, stilt houses were built and the houses usually had an odd number of rooms. However, the coming of various dynasties shaped cultural landmarks in the country in different ways. Palaces, pagodas and citadels flourished in Vietnam for over 500 years. The Lý dynasty of the 11th century, for example, was deeply influenced by Buddhism and incorporated intricate reliefs and motifs into their architecture. In 1031, a staggering 950 pagodas were constructed by the reigning monarch Lý Thái Tông. During this period, rounded statues, door-steps, decorated roofs and bannisters were common features of Vietnamese architecture. The Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, a UNESCO world heritage site now, is a must-visit for tourists looking to experience Vietnamese heritage up close. Located in present-day Hanoi, the citadel was the political centre of the region for 13 centuries consecutively and will delight history buffs in particular. This magnificent structure is a fine example of Vietnamese architecture from the medieval era.

Trần dynasty, which gained a foothold in the 13th century, brought its own set of beliefs and customs that made its mark in Vietnam's architectural history. Buildings became more complex and demarcated, and gardens became a part of temples and places of worship. Tower-temples also emerged at this time; The Phổ Bình Tower in Nam Định province and Bình Sơn Tower in Vĩnh Phúc province are relics from the Trần dynasty.

Malay Peninsula
Various cultural influences, notably Chinese, Indian and Europeans, played a major role in forming Malay architecture. Until recent time, wood was the principal material used for all Malay traditional buildings. However, numerous stone structures were also discovered particularly the religious complexes from the time of Srivijaya and ancient isthmian Malay kingdoms.

West Asia
The ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system dates back to the 10th millennium BC and lead to the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats. The basic and dominant building material was the mudbrick, which is still in use in the region for the construction of residential structures. Kiln-burnt bricks were coated with a vitreous enamel for purposes of decoration and bitumen functioned as cement. Palaces or temples were constructed on terraces as rooms usually grouped round quadrangles, with large doorways and the roofs rested on richly ornamented columns.

Art

Middle Eastern dance has various styles and has spread to the West in the form known as bellydancing. In the Punjab region of India and Pakistan, bhangra dance is very popular. The bhangra is a celebration of the harvest. The people dance to the beat of a drum while singing and dancing.

In Southeast Asia, dance is an integral part of the culture; the styles of dance vary from region to region and island to island. Traditional styles of dance have evolved in Thailand and Burma. The Philippines have their own styles of dance such as Cariñosa and Tinikling; during the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, practitioners of Filipino martial arts hid fighting movements into their dances to keep the art alive despite the fact that it was banned by the occupiers.

Martial arts
Martial arts figure prominently in many Asian cultures, and the first known traces of martial arts date from the Xia dynasty of ancient China from over 4000 years ago. Some of the best known styles of martial arts in the world were developed in East Asia, such as Karate from Okinawa, Judo from Japan, Taekwondo from Korea and the various styles of Chinese martial arts known collectively as kung fu. Ancient India was home to many martial arts that were mentioned in the Vedas such as Khadgavidya, Dhanurvidya, Gadayuddha, and Malla-yuddha. These various martial arts and communities flourished after the Vedic period. Many other styles of martial arts originated in Southeast Asia, Southeast Asian boxing from Indochina, Vovinam from Vietnam, Arnis from the Philippines, and Pencak Silat from Indonesia. In addition, popular styles of wrestling have originated in Turkey and Mongolia.

Development of Asian martial arts continues today as newer styles are created. Modern hybrid martial arts systems such as Jeet Kune Do and Krav Maga often incorporate techniques from traditional East Asian martial arts. Asian martial arts are highly popular in the Western world and many have become international sports. Karate alone has 50 million practitioners worldwide.

Cinema
Cinema is prominent in South Asia, where the Bollywood (representing the most-spoken language in the region of Hindi) and South Indian film industries vie for dominance. Pakistan's Lollywood also is growing, while historically, Bengali cinema was highly acclaimed by international film circles, with the movies of Satyajit Ray still praised today.

China's cinema has grown in recent decades, with the country also influencing the content of Hollywood productions by virtue of its large market. Hong Kong cinema was historically very influential, with kung fu films a major cultural export of the city for decades.

Japanese and Korean productions have become very popular recently; Japanese anime and manga have supplemented each other and become a part of world culture, while Korean films, dramas, and music (K-pop) have grown with much support from the Korean government. The 2019 Korean film Parasite was the first Asian film to win an Academy Award.

Languages
Asia is a continent with great linguistic diversity, and is home to various language families and many language isolates. In fact, Asia contains almost every major language family except the Bantu languages. A majority of Asian countries have more than one language that is natively spoken. For instance, according to Ethnologue over 600 languages are spoken in Indonesia while over 100 are spoken in the Philippines. The census of India of 2001 recorded 30 languages which were spoken by more than a million native speakers and 122 which were spoken by more than 10,000 people, with hundreds of other, smaller languages. Korea, on the other hand, is home to only one language.

The main languages found in Asia, along with examples of each, are:
 * Afro-Asiatic: Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew
 * Altaic languages (not accepted to be a family but a convenient grouping): Japonic: Japanese, Ryukyuan; Korean; Mongolic: Buryat, Mongolian; Turkic: Azeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkish, Turkmen; Tungusic: Manchu
 * Austroasiatic: Khasi, Khmer, Mon, Santali, Vietnamese, Wa
 * Austronesian: Bicolano, Cham, Ilocano, Javanese, Kapampangan, Kedayan, Malay (Indonesian & Malaysian), Minangkabau, Pangasinan, Sundanese, Tagalog, Tetum, Visayan (Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray)
 * Chinese or Sino-Tibetan: Hakka, Hokkien (Taiwanese), Mandarin, Wu (Shanghainese), Yue (Cantonese), Burmese, Dzongkha, Lepcha, Meitei, Nepal Bhasa, Tibetan, Tshangla; Miao–Yao: Hmong, Iu Mien; Tai–Kadai: Bouyei, Isan, Kam, Lao, Shan, Thai, Zhuang
 * Circassian: Kabardian
 * Dagestanian: Chechen, Ingush
 * Dravidian: Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and relatively less spoken languages such as Tulu, Kodagu etc...
 * Georgian
 * Indo-European: Armenian, Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Dhivehi, Gujarati, Hindustani (Hindi, Urdu), Kashmiri, Kurdish, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Pashto, Persian (Tajik and Dari), Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Sinhala, Russian, Greek; as well as Romance-based creoles: Chavacano, Macanese
 * Uralic: Khanty, Mari, Nenets, Permics
 * Uralic: Khanty, Mari, Nenets, Permics

Arabic
Arabic literature is the writing, both prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. One of the most famous literary works of West Asia is One Thousand and One Arabian Nights.

Chinese
In Tang and Song dynasty China, famous poets such as Li Bai authored works of great importance. They wrote shī (Classical Chinese: 詩) poems, which have lines with equal numbers of characters, as well as cí (詞) poems with mixed line varieties.

Hebrew and Diaspora Jewish
Jewish literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern writings by Jews, both in their original homeland and in the diaspora. A sizable amount of it is written in the Hebrew language, although there have been cases of literature written in Hebrew by non-Jews. Without doubt, the most important such work is the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh). Many other ancient works of Hebrew literature survive, including religious and philosophical works, historical records, and works of fiction.

Indian
The famous poet and playwright Kālidāsa wrote two epics: Raghuvamsham (Dynasty of Raghu) and Kumarasambhavam (Birth of Kumar Kartikeya); they were written in Classical Sanskrit rather than Epic Sanskrit some other examples of his plays are Abhigyanam Shakuntala. Other examples of works written in Classical Sanskrit include the Pānini's Ashtadhyayi which standardized the grammar and phonetics of Classical Sanskrit. The Laws of Manu is an important text in Hinduism. Kālidāsa is often considered to be the greatest playwright in Sanskrit literature, and one of the greatest poets in Sanskrit literature, whose Recognition of Shakuntala and Meghaduuta are the most famous Sanskrit plays. He occupies the same position in Sanskrit literature that Shakespeare occupies in English literature. Some other famous plays were Mricchakatika by Shudraka, Svapna Vasavadattam by Bhasa, and Ratnavali by Sri Harsha. Later poetic works include Geeta Govinda by Jayadeva. Some other famous works are Chanakya's and Vatsyayana's Kamasutra.

Japanese
In the early eleventh century, court lady Murasaki Shikibu wrote Tale of the Genji considered the masterpiece of Japanese literatures and an early example of a work of fiction in the form of a novel. Early-Modern Japanese literature (17th–19th centuries) developed comparable innovations such as haiku, a form of Japanese poetry that evolved from the ancient hokku (Japanese language: 発句) mode. Haiku consists of three lines: the first and third lines each have five morae (the rough phonological equivalent of syllables), while the second has seven. Original haiku masters included such figures as Edo period poet Matsuo Bashō (松尾芭蕉); others influenced by Bashō include Kobayashi Issa and Masaoka Shiki.

Korean
Korean literature begins in the Three Kingdoms period, and continues through the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties to the modern day. Examples of Korean poetric forms include sijo and gasa, with Jeong Cheol and Yun Seon-do considered to be the supreme Korean poets. Examples of renowned Korean prose masterpieces include the Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong, The Cloud Dream of the Nine and the Chunhyangjeon.

Pakistani
Pakistani literature has a rich history, and draws influences from both Persian, Muslim and Indian literary traditions. The country has produced a large number of famed poets especially in the national Urdu language. The famous Muhammad Iqbal, regarded as the national poet, was often called "The Poet of the East" (Shair-e-Mashriq). Pakistani people wear their traditional and Islamic dress known as Shalwar Qameez.

Their Urdu poetry is widely famous in the whole world. Many times "Mushairas" are held. Pakistani women mostly prefer veil in normal routine days when going out somewhere and wear traditional "Burqa" or "Abaya".

Vietnamese
The earliest surviving literature by Vietnamese writers is written in Chữ Hán or Văn ngôn (Classical Chinese). Almost all of the official documents in Vietnamese history were written in Chữ Hán, as were the first poems. Not only is the Chữ Hán foreign to modern Vietnamese speakers nowadays, these works are mostly unintelligible even when directly transliterated from Chinese into the modern Quốc ngữ script due to their Chinese syntax and vocabulary. As a result, these works must be translated into colloquial Vietnamese in order to be understood by the general public. These works include official proclamations by Vietnamese emperors, royal histories, and declarations of independence from China, as well as Vietnamese poetry. In chronological order notable works include:

 * Thiên đô chiếu (遷都詔) 1010, Edict on transfer the capital of Đại Cồ Việt from Hoa Lư (modern Ninh Bình) to Đại La (modern Hanoi).
 * Nam quốc sơn hà (南國山河) 1077, Mountains and rivers of the Southern country, poem by General Lý Thường Kiệt.
 * Đại Việt sử ký (大越史記) Annals of Đại Việt by Lê Văn Hưu, 1272.
 * Dụ chư tì tướng hịch văn 諭諸裨將檄文, Proclamation to the Officers, General Trần Hưng Đạo, 1284.
 * An Nam chí lược (安南志略) Abbreviated Records of Annam, anon. 1335
 * Gia huấn ca (家訓歌 The Family Training Ode), a 976-line Confucian morality poem attributed to Nguyễn Trãi 1420s
 * Lĩnh Nam chích quái (嶺南摭怪) "The wonderful tales of Lĩnh Nam" 14th century, edited Vũ Quỳnh (1452–1516)
 * Đại Việt sử lược (大越史略) Abbreviated History of Đại Việt, anon. 1377
 * Việt điện u linh tập (越甸幽靈集), Spirits of the Departed in the Viet Realm, Lý Tế Xuyên 1400
 * Bình Ngô đại cáo (平吳大誥), Great Proclamation upon the Pacification of the Wu Forces, Nguyễn Trãi 1428
 * Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (大越史記全書) Complete Annals of Đại Việt, Ngô Sĩ Liên 1479.
 * Truyền kỳ mạn lục (傳奇漫錄, Collection of Strange Tales, partly by Nguyễn Dữ, 16th century
 * Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí (皇黎一統志) Unification Records of the Le Emperor, historical novel ending with Gia Long. anon.
 * Chinh phụ ngâm (征婦吟) "Lament of the soldier's wife", the original Chữ Hán version by Đặng Trần Côn d.1745
 * Đại Việt thông sử (大越通史) history by Lê Quý Đôn 1749
 * Vân đài loại ngữ (芸臺類語) encyclopedia Lê Quý Đôn 1773
 * Phủ biên tạp lục (撫邊雜錄) Frontier Chronicles Lê Quý Đôn 1776
 * Việt Nam vong quốc sử (越南亡國史), by Phan Bội Châu in Japan in 1905

Works written in chữ Nôm - a locally invented script based on chữ Hán - was developed for writing the spoken Vietnamese language from the 13th century onwards. For the most part, these chữ Nôm texts can be directly transliterated into the modern chữ Quốc ngữ and be readily understood by modern Vietnamese speakers. However, since chữ Nôm was never standardized, there are ambiguities as to which words are meant when a writer used certain characters. This resulted in many variations when transliterating works in chữ Nôm into chữ Quốc ngữ. Some highly regarded works in Vietnamese literature were written in chữ Nôm, including Nguyễn Du's Truyện Kiều, Đoàn Thị Điểm's chữ Nôm translation of the poem Chinh Phụ Ngâm Khúc (征婦吟曲 - Lament of a Warrior Wife) from the Classical Chinese poem composed by her friend Đặng Trần Côn (famous in its own right), and poems by the renowned poet Hồ Xuân Hương.

Other notable works include
Modern literature While created in the seventeenth century, chữ Quốc ngữ was not widely used outside of missionary circles until the early 20th century, when the French colonial government mandated its use in French Indochina. During the early years of the twentieth century, many periodicals in chữ Quốc ngữ flourished and their popularity helped popularize chữ Quốc ngữ. While some leaders resisted the popularity of chữ Quốc ngữ as an imposition from the French, others embraced it as a convenient tool to boost literacy. After declaring independence from France in 1945, Empire of Vietnam's provisional government adopted a policy of increasing literacy with chữ Quốc ngữ. Their efforts were hugely successful, as the literacy rate jumped overnight.
 * Chinh phụ ngâm (征婦吟) "Lament of the soldier's wife", translations from Chữ Hán into vernacular chữ Nôm by several translators including Phan Huy Ích and Đoàn Thị Điểm
 * Cung oán ngâm khúc (宮怨吟曲) "Lament of the Concubine" by Nguyễn Gia Thiều d.1798
 * Truyện Kiều (傳翹) "Tale of Kiều" epic poem by the blind poet Nguyễn Du
 * Hạnh Thục ca (行蜀歌) "Song of Exile to Thục" Nguyễn Thị Bích, 1885
 * Lục súc tranh công (六畜爭功) "The Quarrel of the Six Beasts"
 * Lục Vân Tiên (蓼雲仙傳) epic poem by the blind poet Nguyễn Đình Chiểu d.1888
 * Nhị độ mai (貳度梅) "The Plum Tree Blossoms Twice"
 * Phạm Công – Cúc Hoa (范公菊花) Tale of Phạm Công and Cúc Hoa
 * Phạm Tải – Ngọc Hoa (范子玉花) Tale of the orphan Phạm Tải and princess Ngọc Hoa
 * Phan Trần (潘陳) The clan of Phan and the clan of Trần
 * Quốc âm thi tập (國音詩集) "National pronunciation poetry collection" attributed to Nguyễn Trãi after retirement
 * Thạch Sanh tân truyện (石生新傳) anon. 18th century
 * Tống Trân and Cúc Hoa (宋珍菊花) Tale of Tống Trân and his wife Cúc Hoa
 * Trinh thử (貞鼠) "The Virgin Mouse"
 * Hoa tiên (花箋) The Flowered Letter

In those early years, there were many variations in orthography and there was no consensus on how to write certain words. After some conferences, the issues were mostly settled, but some still linger to this day. By the mid-20th century, all Vietnamese works of literature are written in chữ Quốc ngữ, while works written in earlier scripts are transliterated into chữ quốc ngữ for accessibility to modern Vietnamese speakers. The use of the earlier scripts is now limited to historical references.

Works in modern Vietnamese include

 * Việt Nam sử lược (越南史略) by Trần Trọng Kim 1921
 * Số đỏ by Vũ Trọng Phụng 1936

Modern literature
The polymath Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali poet, dramatist, and writer from India, became in 1913 the first Asian Nobel laureate. He won his Nobel Prize in Literature for notable impact his prose works and poetic thought had on English, French, and other national literature of Europe and the Americas. He also wrote Jana Gana Mana the national anthem of India as well as Amar Sonar Bangla the national anthem of Bangladesh. Moreover, translation of his another song “Namo Namo Matha" is the national anthem of Sri Lanka. This song was collected by his student Mr. Ananda Samarakoon and  M. Nallathamby translated in Tamil language. Other Asian writers won Nobel Prizes in literature, including Yasunari Kawabata (Japan, 1966), and Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan, 1994). Yasunari Kawabata wrote novels and short stories distinguished by their elegant and spartan diction such as the novels Snow Country and The Master of Go.

Family
Families have very great importance in Asian cultures. They teach their kids that the family is their protection and the major source of their identity. They expect loyalty from their children. Parents define the law and the children are expected to obey them. This is called filial piety, the respect for one's parents and elders, and it is a concept that originated in China as 孝 (xiao) with Confucian's teachings. They are expected to have self-control, thus making it hard for them to express emotions, they are also expected to show respect through their motions and the way they speak. Children are expected to look after their parents when they grow older. Sons are expected to stay home, while daughters go and live with their husband's family. In Chinese culture, sometimes children are expected to care for their elders (赡养), and in various diaspora communities one may find Chinese children living with even their grandparents.

The practice of matrilocality in Korea started in the Goguryeo period, continued through the Goryeo period and ended in the early Joseon period. The Korean saying that when a man gets married, he is "entering jangga" (the house of his father-in-law), stems from the Goguryeo period.

Philosophy
Asian philosophical traditions originated in India and China, and has been classified as Eastern philosophy covering a large spectrum of philosophical thoughts and writings, including those popular within India and China. The Indian philosophy include Jain philosophy, Hindu and Buddhist philosophies. They include elements of non-material pursuits, whereas another school of thought Cārvāka, which originated in India, and was propounded by Charvak around 2500 years before, preached the enjoyment of material world. Middle Eastern philosophy includes Islamic philosophy as well as Jewish and Iranian philosophy.

During the 20th century, in the two most populous countries of Asia, two dramatically different political philosophies took shape. Mahatma Gandhi gave a new meaning to Ahimsa, and redefined the concepts of nonviolence and nonresistance. During the same period, Mao Zedong's communist philosophy was crystallized.

Religions
Asia is the birthplace of many religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Druze, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Mandaeism, Shintoism, Sikhism, Taoism, Yazdânism, and Zoroastrianism. All major religious traditions are practiced in the region and new forms are constantly emerging. The largest religions in Asia are Islam and Hinduism, both with approximately 1.1 billion adherents. In 2010, the Pew Research Center found five of the ten most religiously diverse regions in the world to be in Asia.

Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated in India, a country of South Asia. In East Asia, particularly in China and Japan, Confucianism, Taoism, Zen Buddhism and Shinto took shape. Other religions of Asia include the Baháʼí Faith, Shamanism practiced in Siberia, and Animism practiced in the eastern parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Over 60% of the global Muslim population is in Asia. About 25% of Muslims live in the South Asian region, mainly in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives. If Afghanistan is counted, this number is even higher. The world's largest single Muslim community (within the bounds of one nation) is in Indonesia. There are also significant Muslim populations in the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, China, Russia, Central Asia and West Asia.

Christianity is a widespread religion in Asia with more than 286 million adherents according to Pew Research Center in 2010, and nearly 364 million according to Britannica Book of the Year 2014. In the Philippines and East Timor, Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion; it was introduced by the Spaniards and the Portuguese, respectively. In Russia, Georgia, and Armenia, Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion. Eastern Christian sects are the most dominant denomination in Asia, having adherents in portions of the Middle East (the Levant Anatolia and Fars) and South Asia. Eastern churches include Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox Church, Maronite Church, Syriac Catholic Church, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, among others. Significant Christian communities also found in Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia. Judaism is the major religion of Israel.

Religions founded in Asia and with a majority of their contemporary adherents in Asia include:

Festivals and celebrations
Asia has a variety of festivals and celebrations. In China, Chinese New Year, Dragon Boat Festival, and Mid-Autumn Moon Festival are traditional holidays, while National Day is a holiday of the People's Republic of China.

In Japan, Japanese New Year, National Foundation Day, Children's Day, O-bon, The Emperor's Birthday and Christmas are popular. According to Japanese syncretism, most Japanese celebrate Buddhism's O-bon in midsummer, Shinto's Shichi-Go-San in November, and Christmas and Hatsumoude in winter together.

In India, Republic Day and Independence Day are important national festivals celebrated by people irrespective of faith. Major Hindu festivals of India include Diwali, Dussehra or Daserra, Holi, Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Mahashivratri, Ugadi, Navratri, Ramanavami, Baisakhi, Onam, Rathayatra, Ganesh Chaturthi and Krishna Janmaashtami. Islamic festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, Sikh festivals such as Vaisakhi, and Christian festivals such as Christmas, are also celebrated in India.

The Philippines is also tagged as the "Fiesta Country" because of its all-year-round celebrations nationwide. There is a very strong Spanish influence in their festivals, thus making the Philippines distinctively "Western", yet retaining its native Asian characteristics. Fiesta is the term used to refer to a festival. Most of these fiestas are celebrated in honor of a patron saint. To summarize it all, at least every city or municipality has a fiesta. Some prime examples include Sinulog from Cebu and Dinagyang of Iloilo. Other famous Philippine festivals include the MassKara Festival of Bacolod and Panagbenga Festival of Baguio.

In Indonesia, the Independence Day and the birthday of Pancasila are important. This Muslim majority country also celebrates Islamic celebrations and festivals, such as Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Mawlid, Islamic New Year, Ashura, Tabuik, and Tasyrik day.

Sports
Due to the vastness of Asia, popularity of sports varies greatly across the continent.

Association football is widely popular in Asia. Boxing, badminton, and table tennis are very popular in East Asia. Baseball is popular in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Cricket is especially popular in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka; and more recently, in Nepal and Afghanistan. Traditional sports such as kabaddi and kho-kho also are watched to a significant extent in South Asia.

Cuisine
In many parts of Asia, rice is a staple food, and it is mostly served steamed or as a porridge known as congee. China is the world largest producer and consumer of rice. While grain flatbread were consumed in the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent.

Traditionally, it is a common practice in Central, South, and West Asia to eat using their bare hand. However, Western cutlery such as spoons and forks are currently being used increasingly and have also become widely available. With the advent of western cutlery, it may be viewed as rude in these nations to eat using the bare hands in some public places. In Indonesia and the Philippines, people usually use western cutlery such as the spoon, fork, and knife. While in China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and Vietnam, people usually use chopsticks to eat traditional food, but the shape of chopsticks are different in these countries. For example, Chinese chopsticks are long and square; Vietnamese chopsticks are long, being thick at one end and then gradually getting thinner at the other end, and are made of wood or bamboo; Japanese chopsticks are rounder, short, and spiral, having been designed to eat bony fish easily; Taiwanese chopsticks are made of materials such as bamboo, wood, and metal; Korean chopsticks are short, flat, and made of metal. It is said that wood is rarer than metal on the Korean Peninsula and that metal chopsticks can prevent poisoning. Fresh raw fish cuisines, such as sushi and sashimi are very popular in East Asia (especially Japan). These raw fish dishes were influenced by two major cultures: Chinese and Japanese.

In India, people often eat food with their hands, and many spices such as cardamom, cumin, and fennel seeds are used in every dish. Most spices originated within the Indian subcontinent. Durians are a common fruit in Southeast Asia, which, Alfred Russel Wallace, attested to its delicious flavor as worth the entire cost of his trip there.

The cuisine of Indonesia possess rich and diverse collection of dishes and recipes with regional cooking tradition flourished, such as Minang Sundanese to Balinese. Most Indonesians consume steamed rice with flavorful meat, fish, and vegetables in one serving such as in Nasi Padang and nasi campur. Other notable example include rendang, satay, soto, and nasi goreng.

In Filipino banquet, many unique dishes have arisen because of the country's long years of colonization and interactions with other neighboring cultures and nations; it has inherited Latin, Malay, Chinese, and American influences to its people's local blend.

Cultural spheres
The culture of Asia is divided into several overlapping cultural spheres, including:
 * Sinosphere
 * Indosphere
 * Persosphere
 * Arabsphere

Culture by people

 * Afghan people
 * Arab people
 * Armenian people
 * Assyrian people
 * Aryan
 * Azerbaijani people
 * Baloch people
 * Bangladeshi people
 * Bengali people
 * Betawi people
 * Bihari people
 * Buginese people
 * Burmese people
 * Chinese people
 * Cambodian people
 * Dravidian people
 * Filipino people
 * Georgian people
 * Hadhrami people
 * Haryanvi people
 * Hmong people
 * Hong Kong people
 * Iranian people
 * Indian people
 * Indonesian people
 * Igorot people
 * Israeli people
 * Japanese people
 * Jat people
 * Jewish people
 * Korean people
 * Kurdish people
 * Lao people
 * Macanese people
 * Malay people
 * Malaysian people
 * Miao people
 * Minangkabau people
 * Mongolian people
 * Moro people
 * Marathi people
 * Punjabi people
 * Pakistani people
 * Pashtun People
 * Peranakan people
 * Tibetan people
 * Rajasthani people
 * Rohingya people
 * Romani people
 * Russian people
 * Sindhi people
 * Tajik people
 * Turkic peoples
 * Taiwanese people
 * Thai people
 * Vietnamese people

title: Culture of Asia


text:
Template talk:Branches of chemistry

Arbitrary
Since I've got no answer on wikiproject I'm reposting here.

Hello. I work essentially in the Portuguese version of Wikipedia, which has serious problems in Chemistry related articles. I found one template which in my opinion is confused, and it's basically the same in English version. It's about Template:Branches of chemistry, which connects different areas in three main topics. I think it's a kind of arbitrary definition, some of that areas (eg Polymer chemistry, Physical organic chemistry, Pharmacy, Surface science, Geochemistry, Solid-state chemistry, Materials science, etc) are actually the result of mixing the three main topics (Physical, Inorganic and Organic Chemistry) with others scientific areas. I wonder if it wouldn't be better in a template such as in the Template:Branches of biology case, without these divisions. Rafael Kenneth (talk) 04:14, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the late answer (5 years later lol). I agree that polymer chemistry, organic, and pharmacy are subjects of the said Organic and Inorganic. I also think that it can be safely referred from both templates. AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 17:24, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

Turn this into a general Chemistry template
Hi. I wonder if this template can be converted to a general Chemistry template. Any objections? AXO NOV (talk) ⚑ 17:25, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Branches of chemistry