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Connolly Youth Movement

The Connolly Youth Movement (Ógra Uí Chonghaile, often abbreviated as CYM) is an all-Ireland Marxist–Leninist youth organisation named after revolutionary socialist, James Connolly. Until 2021 it was affiliated with the Communist Party of Ireland. It is a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth.

History and current status
The Connolly Youth Movement (CYM) was founded in 1963 by young people who were influenced by the Communist Party during the Dublin Housing Action struggle. In 1970, with the merger of the Irish Workers' Party and Communist Party of Northern Ireland, to form the Communist Party of Ireland (CPI), the Northern Ireland Young Communist League joined the CYM, with Madge Davison as its general secretary. The CYM disbanded in 1991 due to a reduction in membership following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and eastern and central European bloc and the resulting political crisis in the World Communist Movement. However, following the resurgence of the left and anti-capitalist movement in Ireland, the CYM re-formed in 2002, grouped mainly around young members of the Dublin Branch of the CPI and student activists at NUI Galway. The Connolly Youth Movement has relations with a number of young communist organisations around the world. The CYM attends the Meeting of European Communist Youth Organizations (MECYO).

The CYM supported the programme of the Communist Party of Ireland until a vote of the membership rescinded it at an Extraordinary Ard Fheis on 9 January 2021. The Communist Party issued a statement saying that, shortly before the split, several dual (CPI-CYM) members had been expelled for breaches of discipline and factional behaviour.

Policies and ideology
The CYM is constitutionally a Marxist-Leninist organisation. It opposes the Good Friday Agreement and the European Union. In July 2022 it published a new programme, Cause of Youth, Cause of Ireland. This included a commitment to Irish unity, revival of Irish culture and promotion of the Irish language, civil rights, free education, free healthcare on an all-Ireland basis, action on climate change, a public housing programme, international solidarity, and "a comprehensive system of worker's rights".

In 2020, CYM's then General Secretary Alex Homits stated that "poverty and trafficking are the leading creators of sex workers." The CYM have offered solidarity to those engaged in sex work, and support for decriminalisation of the purchase of sex.

The CYM condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine as an "inter-capitalist conflict" and a "highly dangerous and irresponsible course of action which will lead to the loss of many lives and create a fusebox of conflict". It criticised the Ukrainian government and said the eastward enlargement of NATO was a cause of the war. The CYM also recognizes the Russian-controlled breakaway states of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in Ukraine.

The CYM has denied China's human rights abuses against Uyghurs.

The CYM opposed the Israeli invasion of Gaza, calling it a "genocide", and supported calls to expel the Israeli ambassador. Previously they have also called for the release of Palestinian political prisoner and expressed support for Palestinian self-determination and opposition to Israel's illegal settlements in the West Bank. The CYM is also a supporter of the BDS campaign.

Activities
In 2017, members of the Cork branch of the Connolly Youth Movement occupied and re-purposed three derelict buildings near UCC as part of an initiative to highlight rising levels of homelessness. In 2018, two of these buildings were repossessed by the Garda Emergency Response Unit acting in conjunction with a contractor for the O'Dwyer Asset Management Company that owned the vacant properties. The first occupation, still ongoing as of 2021, is referred to as Connolly Barracks by the organisation.

The Connolly Youth Movement was involved in highly publicised instances of direct action in 2018 and 2019 when members of the movement disrupted Fine Gael public meetings in Cork in protest of government policy on homelessness and wealth inequality. One such action was criticised by Taoiseach Leo Varadkar, who stated "I think no matter what political party you come from or what your political views, we should all be committed to democracy and freedom of speech and trying to shout other people down and trying to shut down their meetings is profoundly anti-democratic". The CYM responded that it had a right to challenge and question the government on policy issues. In a March 2020 interview, CYM General Secretary Alex Homits said "Socialism will not and cannot be delivered through the ballot box and the CYM and its membership will not lie about this or endorse those who do".

In July 2020, Connolly Youth activists, supported by members of Saoradh, the Irish Republican Socialist Party and Lasair Dhearg, smashed an Irish Freedom Party stall in Belfast.

In March 2023, members of the Connolly Youth Movement disrupted an event in Dublin City University where Bertie Ahern was receiving an honorary doctorate, calling him an "architect of the financial crisis" before being removed from the venue.

In June 2023, Connolly Youth activists holding an anti-NATO banner disrupted a forum discussing Irish defence policy. Micheál Martin, who was giving a speech, accused them of being undemocratic and trying to shut down debate.

Publications
The CYM irregularly publishes a print magazine titled Forward, with online articles published under the same title.

Affiliations

 * World Federation of Democratic Youth

Prominent past members of CYM

 * Madge Davison – served as General Secretary of the CYM.
 * Declan Bree – served as Chairperson of the CYM
 * Manus O'Riordan – served on the executive committee of the CYM

title: Connolly Youth Movement


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Category:Illuminated manuscript images

For more information see Illuminated manuscript.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Illuminated manuscript images


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Talk:Liberals for Forests

Page move
I can't find the discussion regarding the page move, so I'll just kick in here.

 * I've reopened this move proposal as I just found this article and it seems to me that the previous vote was clouded by a merge issue.-- Ian ≡ talk 16:15, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Voting

 * Support Note that merging will have to take place. The second article is more detailed (and yes, authored by me.) - matturn 16:17, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but it's also flagrantly wrong. I made a serious effort to merge this, and found so many factual errors that I gave up. Ambi 23:57, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

The material from Liberals for forests should be merged into this article, Liberals for Forests. —Michael Z. 2005-04-17 16:54 Z
 * Oppose the move to a lower-case naming.
 * 1) Wikipedia can't have a page title in all lower-case; it's a technical limitation.  The first letter is always capitalized.
 * 2) I'm not familiar with this organization or its literature, but I would say that the all lower-cased name is a styling issue; a treatment created by a graphic designer, and perpetuated in a style guide for the people writing brochures and press releases.  But when marketing style guides don't override the rules of English orthography, a proper noun still has major words capitalized: Liberals for Forests.

 * Support as correct name is liberals for forests. See and . -- Ian ≡ talk 04:09, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose. It's hardly ever referred to with the lowercase name - maybe on the ballot paper, but never in the media. Use common names. Ambi 23:57, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Just because the media has largely decided on a certain form doesn't make it correct. I think the AEC and WAEC evidence is more than enough. I've read somewhere that the lowercase is used to increase percieved separateness from the Liberal Party of Australia. matturn 08:24, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
Matturn, since you own the entire edit history for "liberals for forests", we can probably get around merging the histories. Just incorporate or replace the text of that article into this one, or replacing this one, and everybody has credit.

Then we'll still have to vote on moving from this name to that name, since the move will require an admin (because the page liberals for forests has a history).

This will simplify the task for an admin, and will leave us in a situation with one article, instead of two. —Michael Z. 2005-04-17 19:03 Z

Article names can't begin with a lowercase letter (see Naming conventions (technical restrictions). I suggest merging the articles at Liberals for forests, adding at the beginning of the article, and making Liberals for Forests redirect to Liberals for forests. —tregoweth 01:44, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

Merger issues
I just came along to do the merge but found a few issues:
 * Which is correct:
 * Liberals for forests: Liberal Party
 * Liberals for Forests: Liberals for Forests is an Australian political minor party, an offshoot of the Liberal Party of Australia.
 * Should Politics of Australia be included when the party itself is not listed?

violet/riga (t) 21:59, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm genuinely not sure which of those leads is right, but please don't merge the lowercase one into this one unless you're prepared to do some serious fact-checking. I tried quite hard to merge the lowercase article when I found it, but I found so many factual errors that I gave up in frustration. Ambi 23:57, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * IIRC I had copious links to various reputable newspaper articles supporting everything I'd put in the article. Unlike false statements like lff is an offshoot of the Liberal Party which somehow has managed to remain, and unsourced at that. matturn 08:24, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Result
It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved.

I've contacted a few editors involved here and I guess it's going to remain a stalemate...

Also, to propose a merger you should probably use Proposed mergers.

WhiteNight T 03:03, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Requested move 25 March 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (non-admin closure) TonyBallioni (talk) 20:15, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

Liberals for Forests → liberals for forests – This was improperly moved as uncontroversial to the uncapitalised version several years ago, but unfortunately none of us noticed. The party's name, rather infamously, was not capitalised. Frickeg (talk) 10:33, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose it's evidently a proper noun, a name. It may have been stylized ungrammatically, but that should cut no ice here. and WP:RS use normal caps. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:34, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment I tend to think the current page location is correct. One might use  to show it lower case, or are there not enough reliable secondary sources to justify that? Reidgreg (talk) 14:21, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose per MOS:TM. This is definitely a proper name. The article already explains how and why the name was sometimes stylized in lower case. Station1 (talk) 18:47, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Move. It was always referred to as in lowercase. The Drover's Wife (talk) 20:27, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose per book sources. The claim about "always referred to as in lowercase" appears to be nonsense. Dicklyon (talk) 04:41, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Liberals for Forests


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Lord Lieutenant of Powys

This is an incomplete list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant for Powys. Prior to 1974, the Monarch was represented in the area by the Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire, the Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire and the Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire.
 * Col. John Lyon Corbett-Winder, 1 April 1974– (formerly Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire), with two lieutenants:
 * Captain Nevill Glanville Garnons Williams, 1 April 1974– (formerly Lord Lieutenant of Breconshire)
 * Brigadier Sir Charles Michael Dillwyn-Venables-LLewelyn, 1 April 1974– (formerly Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire)
 * Mervyn Leigh Bourdillon, 1986–1998
 * Dame Elizabeth Shân Legge-Bourke, 1998–2018
 * Tia C Jones, 10 September 2018 – present

title: Lord Lieutenant of Powys


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Nea Erythraia

Nea Erythraia (Νέα Ερυθραία) is a town and a suburb in the northeastern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. It was settled by Greek refugees from Erythraia (now Cesme, Turkey) after the 1923 Population Exchange. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kifissia, of which it is a municipal unit.

Geography
Nea Erythraia is situated at the western end of the forested Penteli mountain range. The municipal unit has an area of 4.831 km2. The small river Kifisos forms the northwestern border of the municipal unit. Nea Erythraia is situated 14 km northeast of Athens city centre. The built-up area of Nea Erythraia is continuous with that of the neighbouring suburb Kifisia. Motorway 1, Greek National Road 1 and Greek National Road 83 pass through the town.

For many years, Nea Erythraia was home to the senior division of Campion, one of Greece's oldest English-language schools.

On September 14, 2004, the paralympic flame arrived in Nea Erythraia as it travelled from Marathon.

title: Nea Erythraia


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Kazuhisa Ishii

Kazuhisa Ishii (石井 一久 Ishii Kazuhisa) (born September 9, 1973) is a Japanese former professional baseball pitcher and manager and general manager. He played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Yakult Swallows and Saitama Seibu Lions and in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers and New York Mets.

Playing career
Ishii was selected in the first round of the 1991 Japanese amateur draft by the Yakult Swallows. He made his debut in the Central League on June 9, 1992 at the age of 18. He was a member of the Japan Series winning team that season, a feat accomplished a total of five times during his career with the Swallows. During his ten years playing in Japan, he amassed a record of 78–46 with a 3.38 ERA and 1,277 strikeouts in 1,184 innings pitched. On September 2, 1997, he threw a no-hitter against the Yokohama BayStars.

Ishii was signed as a free agent by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2002 after the Dodgers posted the top bid for the right to negotiate with him. He made his major league debut on April 6, 2002, striking out ten batters and allowing two hits and no runs in five and two-thirds innings against the Chicago Cubs. He went on to win his first six starts and was named National League Rookie of the Month for April 2002.

On September 8, 2002, Ishii was struck in the face by a ball hit by Brian Hunter of the Houston Astros. Ishii underwent emergency surgery for a nasal fracture wherein he had bone chips removed and replaced with a small titanium plate. He did not pitch again that season. Ishii led the major leagues with 106 walks but finished with a 14–10 record and placed fourth in National League Rookie of the Year voting.

During 2003 and 2004, Ishii developed a reputation as a much better pitcher in the first half of seasons. In his three years in the major leagues, Ishii was 29–15 with a 3.50 ERA prior to the All-Star break, but only 7–13 with a 5.77 ERA after. Ishii was also known for his control problems, yielding 305 walks in 473 innings. He was among the top five in walks allowed each of his three seasons in the National League. He was also the only MLB pitcher to give up two bases-loaded triples in 2003.

In March 2005, the New York Mets acquired Ishii in exchange for catcher Jason Phillips to replace injured starting pitcher Steve Trachsel. After posting a record of only 3–9 with an ERA over five, the Mets released him the following December.

Ishii returned to Japan and played from 2006 for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows. He was signed as a free agent to the Saitama Seibu Lions in 2008.

Ishii announced his retirement on September 24, 2013.

Coaching career
In September 2018, Ishii became the general manager of NPB's Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles. In November 2020, it was announced that Ishii would take over both managerial and GM duties for the team's upcoming 2021 season.

On October 12, 2023, Ishii's contract expired, and Rakuten decided not to bring him back as manager. Instead, Ishii was appointed to the senior director position.

Personal
Ishii is married to Ayako Kisa, a television presenter for BS Asahi's "Ima Sekaiwa" ("今世界は") program, and has one child, Kanta, and resides in Chiba, Japan.

title: Kazuhisa Ishii


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Coat of arms of the Faroe Islands

The coat of arms of the Faroe Islands first appears on one of the medieval chairs in Kirkjubøur from around the 15th century. It depicts a silver ram (Veðrur) passant with golden hooves and horns on an azure shield. Later uses show a ram in a seal used by the Løgrættumenn, members of the Old Faroese law Court, the Løgting.

When the Løgting was abolished in 1816, the coat of arms went out of use, not appearing even after the Løgting was reestablished in 1852 and the Faroe Islands were effectively outside direct Danish rule during the British occupation in World War II.

In 1948, the coat of arms came into use again after the Home Rule Act came into force, not by the Løgting (Parliament) but by the Landsstýri (Government). The old title Løgmaður had been reestablished, but this time as the leader of the government, and the coat of arms followed him.

On 1 April 2004, the Prime Minister's Office announced that from then on that it would use a new version of the coat of arms. This new interpretation was based on the original found depicted on the chairs from Kirkjubøur. The colours were inspired from the Faroese flag Merkið, and golden yellow was added. The new coat of arms depicts a ram on a blue shield ready to defend. It can be used by Cabinet Ministries and by official Faroese representatives, though some still use the old symbol.

title: Coat of arms of the Faroe Islands


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Young Communist League of Canada

The Young Communist League of Canada (YCL-LJC) is a Canadian Marxist–Leninist youth organization founded in 1922. The organization is ideologically aligned with, but organizationally independent from, the Communist Party of Canada. The organization's members played a leading role in the On-to-Ottawa Trek and made up a significant portion of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion, which fought on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War.

1920s
The Young Communist League of Canada first organized on July 22, 1922, under the direction of the Communist Party of Canada. It was formally established as the youth wing of the Communist Party of Canada in 1923, at a convention in Toronto. The YCL later became affiliated with the Young Communist International.

Originally known as the Young Workers League (YWL) due to the War Measures Act proscription of communist and other radical organizations in Canada, the lifting of the act in late 1923 saw the name change to its current form. Leslie Morris was the League's first General Secretary (serving from 1923 to 1924.) The League soon became a member of the Young Communist International (YCI), an international association of similar bodies from around the world. Notably, the YCI included the USSR's Komsomol which served as the model for all other member organizations.

According to early organizer Dave Kashtan, the YCL "served as an educational organization for young workers and students, educating young people 'in the spirit of socialism'." Some of the League's earliest organized efforts took place in major cities such as Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg and Vancouver, finding notable success among the youth of immigrant communities. The interest of young people in the YCL reflected the times. The recent success of the October Revolution (which established the USSR) and the Western response to it had great impact on some Canadian workers. Although Canada's economy was in a boom, some youth could still remember the post-war unemployment and misery which abounded immediately after the First World War.

The YCL's stated purpose was to organize young workers and students toward achieving better working conditions and an enhanced quality of life; though its constitution declared it to be independent and without party affiliation, it publicly supported the policies of the Communist Party of Canada. According to Kashtan, who became a YCL organizer at age 17, "We believed that socialism offered the only remedy for unemployment and poverty."

By 1928, the League operated 40 schools in Canada with an attendance of 2,000 children. YCL organizers in Montreal around that time included Fred Rose and Sam Carr, who would later become leaders of Canadian Communism.

1930s
The onset of the Great Depression inflicted great suffering and hardship on Canadians. The YCL noted in its seventh national convention of August 1934, noted the conditions of "unemployment, hunger and misery".

Although the total membership was never large, the YCL's influence and activities in youth movements during the Great Depression were notable. YCL members were involved with unemployed movements, peace activism, trade union activism and campus organizations.

Under the slogan "Work and Wages", YCL members worked to organize the unemployed who populated relief camps across the country. "The leading preoccupation of the YCL when I became secretary," Maurice Rush says in his autobiography, "was to organize unemployed youth". Like many other observers, Rush (who was leader of the YCL in British Columbia after 1935) claims that the YCL was active in the Relief Camp Workers' Unions (RCWU), and played a role in mobilizing relief camp youth to participate in the On-to-Ottawa Trek. During the Trek, many working people opened their homes and cupboards to the protestors, sometimes sharing family relief rations. Communist women in Vancouver issued a call for a solidarity action, and five thousand working-class women came out to a special "Mother's Day" demonstration on behalf of the camp workers and to demand the closing of the camps.

Informed by Vancouver's mayor that the limited scope of the Municipal Council was ill-equipped to address their claims, the British Columbia branches of the YCL and the Communist Party of Canada together with the Camp Workers' Union decided to march on Ottawa, believing that only action on a national scale could motivate the Bennett Conservative government to hear their concerns. YCL member Arthur (Slim) Evans was elected leader for the cross-country journey.

Bennett was widely criticized for his handling of the situation. Later that year, the Bennett government fell in the election, providing impetus to the movements for public health care, education, unemployment insurance and other social safety-net reforms.

In the same period, a Pioneers movement of young children with Communist or sympathetic parents was organized with membership numbering around 6,000. Under the leadership of the YCL, the Pioneers published its own magazine with a circulation of roughly 4,000.

The YCL's mandate was not limited to the plight of unemployed youth. In 1935, an official Communist club was established at the University of Toronto. As British Columbia YCL leader Maurice Rush noted, "The members realized that the struggle for a decent life for the young generation of the Thirties required broad, united public action by all sections of young people. We worked tirelessly to build that unity, with considerable success.

Together with changing conditions domestically and internationally with the rise of fascism, this led to a new conception of the YCL and its role in the struggle.

Rise of fascism and the Canadian Youth Congress
As the 1930s progressed, Fascism was growing in Europe, Asia, and in North America itself. With the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and Fascist Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, Canadian Communists joined those sounding a warning against the growing threat fascism presented.

Some right-wing students at the University of Montreal organized demonstrations against the League, which became violent, involving bricks being hurled. At the same time, "the Mayor of Montreal banned protest meetings supported by labour organizations."

Together with the Communist Party, the YCL began reaching out to youth organizations across the country. A joint youth council sprang up in Winnipeg, followed by others around the country. In May 1936, the Canadian Youth Congress was founded at a national conference in Ottawa and prepared delegates for the World Youth Congress held in Geneva later that summer.

Among the Congress's aims was the intention to act as a lobby group on issues of peace, education and unemployment. To that end, the Ottawa conference produced the Declaration of Rights of Canadian Youth, resolutions on Canadian youth and world peace, and the proposed Canadian Youth Act. RCMP security bulletins show leading members of the YCL to have been enthusiastic proponents of the Congress and among its key organizers. As the likelihood of war increased, efforts to mobilize Canadian youth for peace took center stage alongside efforts to pass the "Youth Bill", a document which sought economic protection for youth and the repeal of the Military Service Act.

At its peak, the CYC had a constituent membership of over 400,000 and its annual national conferences were attended by over 700 young people. The second Canadian Youth Congress in Montreal in May 1937 saw a drive to broaden the scope of the movement and to increase participation among French-Canadian youth. British Columbia organized their own BC Youth Congress, which was initiated by the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in conjunction with the League. Annual conferences were held from 1936 to 1940 where CYC members continued to speak out against the rising tide of fascism until 1942.

Antifascism became a major position of the Congress, and Congress representatives became involved in activities that supported Loyalist Spain which the YCL strongly championed.

Spanish Civil War
The first major battle against fascism occurred in Spain, when General Franco mobilized his troops against the democratically elected government of the Spanish Republic; inciting the Spanish Civil War. Assistance to the Spanish Republican forces came from around the world, including Canada.

Throughout the Spanish Civil War, the YCL joined with other organizations to organize the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion in which YCL members fought with Republican troops. With the assistance of the Communist Party of Canada, 1200 Canadians made their way to Spain.

But help came in all forms. For example, YCLers active in the Workers Sports Association helped organize support:

The majority of the members (of the Workers Sports Association) were young needle trades union members.... The largest crowd ever at the games in Fletcher's Field took place at a soccer game between the Toronto and Montreal WSA clubs in support of Dr. Norman Bethune's Blood Unit in Spain. Many thousands of Montrealers rallied to give their support to the struggle to "Save Democracy in Spain."

Actions like this earned the WSA the attention of the police in cities like Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver, where WSA clubs were under police surveillance. "A boxing event was arbitrarily cancelled. In Toronto, hall owners were warned that their hall licences would be cancelled should the premises be rented for WSA functions. A police raid of the Vancouver WSA club led to the confiscation of its membership lists and the club's equipment." In BC, League members organized "Girls Brigades" to raise aid for Spain, a solidarity effort which won worldwide attention.

After the Spanish Civil War, the YCL continued its anti-fascist actions and published a newspaper, "The Young Worker" until the League and the Communist Party were banned in 1940. Canadian Communists re-organized themselves as the Labor-Progressive Party while the YCL became the National Federation of Labor Youth.

The NFLY was not formed as an explicitly Marxist-oriented organization, but instead based on the concept of the 'popular front.' In some instances it merged with chapters of the Co-operative Commonwealth Youth Movement, the youth wing of the social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. This policy was contrary to that of the CCF and resulted in the expulsion of numerous Communists from the party's ranks. While the new NFLY grew rapidly, the Federation reconsidered this approach after the war and re-oriented itself as a communist youth organization. In November 1945, the NFLY was a founding member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth.

Post-World War II, Korea and the Cold War
The NFLY along with the LPP faced repression throughout the Cold War. The NFLY attempted to fight growing anti-Communist sentiment and isolation through efforts in the peace movement, including a campaign against the Korean War.

Their efforts at this time included supporting the Canada-wide protest known as the Candy bar protest. The price of a candy bar in 1947 was 5 cents, but when the end of wartime price controls saw a three cent price increase, young people protested. According to CBC news, "Young people informally affiliated with the National Federation of Labor Youth flood[ed] the streets bearing placards protesting the 3-cent candy bar price hike to 8-cents each." Young people across Vancouver Island protested outside confectionery shops, and demonstrations were not limited to big cities. On April 30, 1947, approximately 200 children stormed the Victoria legislature demanding action. A day later in Toronto, students from three different secondary schools staged a mass protest. In Fredericton, children combined their sugar rations to make large masses of homemade fudge. There was a demonstration in every major city. "The kids' national boycott of more expensive candy was no laughing matter for stunned proprietors who watched their sales fall eighty percent overnight. Child pickets besieged storeowners with whistles, armbands and placards bearing slogans like 'Don't be a Sucker! Don't Buy 8 Cent Bars!'"

A cross-country protest was planned for May 3. The protest was quelled, however, by the Toronto Telegram's accusations that the National Federation of Labor Youth was a communist front determined to "plant a few of the seeds of Marxism."

Around the same time, the Federation also launched a campaign in support of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and worked with organizations like the Student Christian Movement to bring youth to the World Festival of Youth and Students in Prague (1947), Budapest (1949), Berlin (1951), Bucharest (1953), Warsaw (1955), and Moscow (1957).

End of the Cold War
In 1958, a divide appeared at the Labor-Progressive Party congress following the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary, Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech and allegations by J.B. Salsberg about anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union under Stalin and Khrushchev. Following the divide and the lifting of relevant prohibitions, the party reformed as the Communist Party of Canada while the NFLY re-organized as the Socialist Youth League of Canada and began publishing a newspaper called Scan. At the May 1960 meeting, the SYL voted to change its name to the Young Communist League.

Cuban Revolution, Vietnam War and YCL
In 1968, the Communist Party of Canada officially restarted the Young Communist League.

Unlike the NFLY, the new YCL was largely sidelined by more radical youth groups aligned with the New Left. This was especially true in the student movement, where it was unable to play an effective role in preventing the dissolution of the Canadian Student Union in the late 1960s. With offices across the country, the YCL resumed publishing The Young Worker, which became New Horizons.

1980s
The YCL benefited from the proposals of the USSR which were understood as calling for an end the arms race and for disarmament by the resurgent and broad anti-war movement in the early 1980s. The League changed the name of its publication to Rebel Youth, following the Cuban revolutionary youth group by that name. The 80s also saw renewal of YCL leadership in many areas, leading to a more open and active approach by the League to youth struggles.

The YCL also supported the developments in El Salvador and Nicaragua, sending a delegation to help with the 1989 Nicaraguan coffee harvest. The YCL also sent a member on a fact-finding mission to Palestine about the situation in the Gaza strip. Several members also toured the Soviet Union, and the YCL organized for the 1985 and 1989 youth festivals in Moscow and Pyongyang, respectively.

But the late 1980s were also a time of growing political and ideological disagreement within the League over the new policies of the Soviet Union, with Glasnost and Perestroika. But they were also a time when the YCL began to fight for queer-rights and take a more militant pro-feminist standpoint.

Ten-year liquidation
1990 saw a major debate develop in the YCL around the changes in the international socialist movement that were taking place at that time. This had also lead to a deep crisis in the CPC that followed the counter-revolution or dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Communist Party of Canada began an internal debate which would latter be described as a struggle for control of the party or a bitter internal factional fight leading to a split. By the end of the split, the group nominally led by George Hewison had formed the Cecil-Ross Society while those asserting to be the "Leninist core of the Party" retained the name of the CPC. The Cecil-Ross Society advocated the transformation of the CPC into a broad-left political organization. Until the time of their agreed separation, both sides attempted to direct the Party and its associated political and financial assets. The initial battles of the ideological dispute over the future of the Communist Party of Canada were quickly carried into the YCL. Here the Hewison group's effort attempted to wind-down the YCL and build a new organization known as "Rebel Youth".

Merle Terlesky's leadership saw the closing of the central YCL office after he returned from a 3-month trip to the USSR in 1991. Seeing little interest across the country in carrying on any form of youth organization, he did little to rebuild after the divisive convention. When Terlesky spoke at a YCL-USA convention and informed them that the YCL Canada has given up on Marxist and Leninist ideals, it was not received well. For a short time Terlesky even attended meetings of the I.S. ( International Socialists) in Toronto after the YCL ended, and then quit the Toronto left scene entirely and returned to his home province of Alberta. Shortly after, Terlesky denounced his involvement in Communist politics, as well as his queer-positive and pro-feminist views and became involved in the right-wing populist Reform Party of Canada, anti-abortion groups.

Terlesky's leadership appeared to have marked an end to the Canada's organized communist youth. While some members joined the Cecil-Ross organization, many former YCLers simply left communist politics altogether. A smaller core group of former YCLers chose to stay with the CPC, putting most of their efforts into rebuilding the party. In a few short years, the YCL had gone from a dynamic and active youth organisation to not existing. For the next eleven years, from 1992 to 2003, there would be no active YCL in Canada.

Reorganization
While the break-up and dissolution of the Young Communist League of Canada in the early 1990s was widely understood as a symbolic of a permanent defeat of Leninist ideas in the youth and student movement, both the currency of revolutionary politics among Canadian youth and the YCL's inactivity proved to be temporary.

The 1990s saw a major push of student activism as labour and social movements were invigorated to fight the massive cut backs initiated by the governing Liberal Party of Canada. In Quebec, the 1995 referendum exposed the crisis of confederation, which the communists argued was rooted in the capitalist inequality of nations and included the oppression of aboriginal nations. Indigenous youth were at the fore-front of the rise in aboriginal militancy from the east to the west with the so-called Oka Crisis on Mohawk land, and the Guftason Lake Standoff in uncieded Secwepemc territory. On the other hand, the problems of ideological clarity which had not been resolved in the 1980s continued. Opportunist ideas such as anarchism had filled the gap left by the Leninist left with a strong hostility to political parties, which intersected with opportunist social democratic ideas rejecting revolutionary change. In fall of 2003 a conference in Vancouver was held which formed a Young Communist League Preparatory Committee. In 2004–2005, the YCL was among a leading group which came together to organized a delegation to the 16th World Youth Festival in Caracas. Soon after the YCL requested to be readmitted to the World Federation of Democratic Youth, and began re-organizing in Quebec.

Rebuilding convention
In March 2007 the Young Communist League of Canada held a small three-day convention in Toronto, the 24th Central Convention of the YCL and the first since the 1991 dissolution. The convention adopted the framework for the re-establishment of the YCL especially a Constitution continuing the principles of democratic centralism. A Declaration of Unity and Resistance recognized among other things the dynamic and militant contribution of youth in the movement; the urgency of united action against war, environmental and ecological crisis; the multi-national character of Canada; the necessity for socialism; and the relationship of the YCL with the CPC.

Current policies and campaigns
At its 2007 Convention, the YCL laid-out a 12-point agenda in its "Declaration of Unity and Resistance" stating that its short-term goal was to help build youth resistance, and its long-term goal was to build socialism. The 12 immediate points of resistance are:
 * 1) Peace
 * 2) Jobs
 * 3) Free, Accessible, Quality Education
 * 4) Equality
 * 5) A Democratic Solution to the National Question
 * 6) Organize Young Workers
 * 7) Internationalism and Solidarity
 * 8) Freedom and Democracy
 * 9) Stop Privatization! Protect and Expand Social Services
 * 10) Defend and expand Canada's sovereignty including indigenous sovereignty and self-determination for Quebec
 * 11) Culture and Leisure
 * 12) Environmental Sustainability

The YCL organizes regular summer camps, schools, conferences and seminars on topical issues like the economic crisis and youth.

The YCL joined the World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) on 3 February 2008.

Recent central conventions
The Young Communist League held its 25th Central Convention in September 2010 at the University of Toronto. In May 2014 the YCL held its 26th Central Convention, again at the University of Toronto. The purpose of the convention was to elaborate the YCL-LJC's policy on current questions, debate updates to the constitution, set an organizational plan of work, elect a renewed central leadership, and develop a united, militant and activist strategy for the youth fightback. The slogan of the Convention adopted was "with militancy and unity we will build the youth and student fightback". In order to reverse the attacks and shift to a counter-offensive it is necessary that these struggles develop further and move beyond spontaneous protest towards an even broader united, militant and organized extra-parliamentary fightback with the labour movement at its core.

Concerning Canada, the delegates outlined the role played by the YCL-LJC in the fightback against austerity and neo-liberal policies imposed by federal and provincial governments. Outlining what they characterized the end of the "honeymoon" between certain labour and social movements and the Trudeau government, the young communists insisted on what they see as the importance to mobilize for a fundamental change in favour of policies that guarantee the interests of the youth and the people instead of the interests of the monopolies. The delegates passed a series of votes criticizing what they described as the corporate policies of the Trudeau government and shared their concerns about the danger of the rise of the ultra-right and of fascism. They supported what they labeled "a democratic and voluntary solution to the national inequality moving from the actual status quo based on the genocide of indigenous nations and the oppression of Québec and Acadian nations.".

In August 2020, following the cancellation of the 28th Central Convention due to the COVID-19 pandemic, an "Extraordinary Convention" was held. The convention sought to address the worsening health crisis, as well as immediate issues of organizing both within the League and surrounding the worsening environmental crisis, housing crisis, and issues surrounding police brutality and racism. In addition to drafting a new political resolution and plan of work, a new Central Committee and Central Executive Committee was elected. Due to the passing of Pierre Fontaine, longtime leader of the Parti communiste du Québec, and his succession by then-YCL-LJC General Secretary Adrien Welsh, a new General Secretary was due to be elected; this position was filled by Toronto club organizer Ivan Byard.

title: Young Communist League of Canada


text:
Halil Mutlu

Halil Mutlu (born Halil Aliev (Халил Алиев) on 14 July 1973 in Postnik, Bulgaria) is a former professional Turkish weightlifter with several World and Olympic championship titles. Mutlu is one of the five weightlifters who has achieved three consecutive gold medals at the Olympic Games. His weightlifting career includes five World championships, nine European championships and more than 20 world records at 52 kg, 54 kg and 56 kg combined.

Career
In 1994, he won both the European and world championships, titles that would soon become commonplace for him. He made his first Olympic appearance in 1992 in the 52 kg category and finished fifth. In 1996, in the 54 kg category, the reigning world champion and world record holder, Mutlu broke the world record in the snatch and went on to win the gold medal by 7.5 kg. At the 1999 World Championships he beat silver medal winner Adrian Jigău by around 20 kg and set a new world record. He remained undefeated until the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, where he was even more dominant than he had been in Atlanta. This time he set world records in both the snatch and the clean and jerk and won by 17.5 kg in the 56 kg category.

He was suffering from a shoulder injury in 2003 and temporarily moved to the 62 kg class. His career appeared in doubt after a torn right rotator cuff and ruptured biceps tendon sidelined him for most of 2002.

Mutlu dominated in his weight class since mid-1990s. By the time of the Athens Olympics in 2004, Mutlu won the world championship five times, although he had missed the 2002 season because of injury. In Athens he out lifted Wu Meijin of China by 5 kg in the snatch and then extended his lead in the jerk to earn victory by 7.5 kg. At 31, he captured his third consecutive gold medal at the Olympics in Athens.

Steroid ban
In 2005, Mutlu was banned from international competition by the International Weightlifting Federation for 2 years for use of anabolic steroid Nandrolone, although he insists that he never knowingly took steroids. The Turkish Weightlifting Federation itself had been suspended by the IWF for "repeated anti-doping violations" until May 2006. He pulled out of the 2008 Beijing Olympics stating that he was not able to "lift my targeted weight in practice." As a penalty, he was expelled from the ASKI.

Personal life
Mutlu is married and has lived in Ankara, Turkey since the early 1990s. He is a member of the Konya Kombassan Club in Konya and is coached by Ibrahim Elmali. Beside weightlifting, Mutlu enjoys wrestling.

Highlights

 * World junior champion (1993),
 * Five-time world champion (2003, 2001, 1999, 1998, 1994 - 1st; 1995, 1993 - 2nd.),
 * Nine-time European champion (2005, 2003, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994),
 * 25 gold medals (8 Snatch, 8 Clean and Jerk, 9 Total) in total at European Championships, winner of the most gold medals second after David Rigert with 27 gold medals,
 * Only fourth weightlifter to win three Olympic gold medals (2004, 2000, 1996),
 * Named as the "Sportsman of the year 1999" in Turkey,
 * He is one of five men in history to lift three times his bodyweight,

Medals
Olympics

World Championships

European Championships

 * CWR: Current world record
 * WR: World record

title: Halil Mutlu


text:
Man and Boy (play)

Man and Boy is a play by Terence Rattigan. It was first performed at The Queen's Theatre, London, and Brooks Atkinson Theatre, New York, in 1963, with Charles Boyer starring as Gregor Antonescu. It had a Broadway revival in 2011 with Frank Langella and Adam Driver.

Synopsis
The play is a study of a ruthless, sociopathic businessman: his inability to love and the impact of this on others (notably, his son and his wife). The central character Gregor Antonescu was based on the lives of Ivar Kreuger, the Swedish Match King, and Samuel Insull the Anglo-American investor.

Production history
The play, directed by Michael Benthall, originally opened at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on Broadway on November 12, 1963. It was poorly received, with a limited London run and only 54 performances on Broadway; but was revived by Maria Aitken in 2005 at the Duchess Theatre, London, with David Suchet as Gregor Antonescu, to great acclaim. Maria Aitken again directed the play for Roundabout Theatre Company on Broadway in the fall of 2011 at the American Airlines Theatre starring Tony Award winner Frank Langella as Antonescu. The Australian premiere of Man and Boy was performed at the Garrick Theatre in Perth, Western Australia, in June 2007.

title: Man and Boy (play)


text:
Heaven's Stairway

Heaven's Stairway was an Eastern Canadian cannabis seedbank, supplying around 300 different cannabis strains. Established in 1998, the Montreal-based company imported seeds from New Zealand and the Netherlands and shipped them worldwide, especially to customers in Canada, the United States and Europe. On or around January 31, 2006, the company was raided and their websites were taken down. A two-year investigation by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's Project Courriel seized 200,000 cannabis seeds, US $183,000 and three gold bricks. The company's owner Richard Hratch Baghdadlian, 38, aka Richard Calrisian, from Marsan Street in Montreal, and six other persons who operated the Heaven’s Stairway company have been charged with importing and trafficking in cannabis.

The cybercompany Heaven’s Stairway used the Internet sites hempqc.com, cannabisworld.com, overgrow.com, eurohemp.com, cannabisseeds.com, and cannabisbay.com. These sites were used to order cannabis seeds online and obtain information on cannabis cultivation. Topics included cannabis growing, cultivation articles, cannabis seeds, pictures and FAQs.

Overgrow.com, the largest cannabis grow site in the world at the time of its demise, was acquired by Baghdadlian in 2002. Overgrow.com was founded in 1999 and fought for the legalization of cannabis by teaching people how to grow their own marijuana. The site was equipped with a unique feature known as the "StrainGuide", which allowed users to search for their favorite type of cannabis by genetic lineage. Having been featured in Maxim and High Times magazines, their forums were popular places for members to chat and socialize, and at its peak had 6,016,336 posts from more than 133,700 registered members.

The DEA and the UN's International Narcotics Control Board held an active interest in the prosecution of Canadian seedbanks. The INCB in its report for the year 1999 said: "The Board notes with concern the indoor cultivation of very potent cannabis varieties is being promoted through the sale of both cannabis seeds and paraphernalia for growing cannabis over the internet through websites located primarily on servers in Canada.  There is an urgent need for action required to counter the spread of such cultivation." (Report of the INCB for 1999, chapter III, paragraph 271, Feb. 2000)

title: Heaven's Stairway


text:
Bandhavgarh National Park

Bandhavgarh National Park is a national park of India, located in the Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh. Bandhavgarh, with an area of 105 km2, was declared a national park in 1968 and then became Tiger Reserve in 1993. The current core area is spread over 716 km2.

This park has a large biodiversity. The park has a large breeding population of leopards, and various species of deer. Maharaja Martand Singh of Rewa captured the first white tiger in this region in 1951. This white tiger, Mohan, is now stuffed and on display in the palace of the Maharajas of Rewa. Historically villagers and their cattle have been at a threat from the tiger. Rising mining activities around the park are putting the tigers at risk. The park derives its name from the most prominent hill of the area, which is said to have been given by Lord Rama to his brother Lakshmana to keep a watch on Lanka (Bandhav = Brother, Garh = Fort). The fort was built by a Gond Dynasty king.

Structure
The three main zones of the national park are Tala, Magdhi and Khitauli. Tala is the richest zone in terms of biodiversity, mainly tigers. Altogether, these three ranges comprise the 'core' of the Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, constituting a total area of 716 km2.

Fauna

With the tiger at the apex of the food chain, it contains at least 37 species of mammals. According to forest officials, there are more than 250 species of birds, about 80 species of butterflies, a number of reptiles. But many people have the species' list of about 350 birds along with photographs. The richness and tranquity of grasslands invites pairs of sarus cranes to breed in the rainy season.

One of the biggest attractions of this national park is the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). Bandhavgarh has a very high density of tigers within its jungles. The 105 km2 of park area open to tourists was reported to have 22 tigers, a density of one tiger for every 4.77 km2. (Population estimation exercise 2001). The population of tigers in the park in 2012 was about 44–49. There is a saying about the Park that goes: "In any other Park, you are lucky if you see a tiger. In Bandhavgarh, you are unlucky if you don't see (at least) one." Bandhavgarh has one of the highest density of tigers known in the world and is home to some well-known tigers which are large. Charger, a tiger so named because of his habit of charging at elephants and tourists (whom he nonetheless did not harm), was the first healthy male known to be living in Bandhavgarh since the 1990s, as well as a female known as Sita. Charger once appeared on the cover of National Geographic and is considered the second most photographed tiger in the world. Almost all the tigers of Bandhavgarh today are descendants of Sita and Charger. Their daughter Joita, sons Langru and B2 also maintained their tradition for frequent sighting and moving close to tourist vehicles. Mohini, another female, became prominent following Sita's death. She mated with the male tiger, Mahaman. She later died of her wounds from a vehicle accident. Charger died in 2000 and his body was buried at Charger Point where he was kept in a closed region at his old age. Between 2003 and 2006, many of his descendants met with a series of unfortunate ends. B1 was electrocuted and B3 was killed by poachers. Sita was killed by poachers too. After the death of Charger, the fully grown B2 survived as the dominant male in the forest between 2004 and 2007. Mating with a female in the Siddhababa region of Bandhavgarh, he became father of three cubs. One of them was a male. He was named Bamera. He was first sighted in 2008 and is now Bandhavgarh's dominant male. In November 2011, B2 died. Postmortem studies suggest that he died a natural death. But some claim that he was injured by the locals from the village in the buffer area. Now, the most prominent tiger in Tala zone of Bandhavgarh National Park is Bamera (died recently). However, of late he has been challenged on several occasions by a new male. Blue Eyes (died recently due to drug over dose) and Mukunda are the dominant males of Magdhi and Khitauli zone respectively. The females who are seen more frequently are Rajbehra, Mirchaini, Banbehi, Mahaman, Sukhi Pattiya and Damdama. There are quite a few cubs also who are either in sub-adult stage or have entered adulthood and are separate now.

The reserve is also densely populated with other species: the gaur or Indian bison (Bos gaurus gaurus), are now extinct or have migrated elsewhere; sambar and barking deer are a common sight, and nilgai are to be seen in the open areas of the park. There have been reports of the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena hyaena) and the caracal (Caracal caracal schmitzi) the latter being an exclusive open area dweller. The tiger reserve abounds with chital or the spotted deer (Axis axis) which is the main prey animal of the tiger and the Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca). The Indian bison were reintroduced from Kanha.

Reintroduction of gaur
Bandhavgarh National Park had a small population of gaur, but due to disease passed from cattle to them, all of them died. The project of reintroduction of gaurs dealt with shifting some gaurs from Kanha National Park to Bandhavgarh. 50 animals were shifted by the winter of 2012. This project was executed by Madhya Pradesh Forest department, Wildlife Institute of India and Taj Safaris by technical collaboration.

Transportation
Bandavgarh National Park is roughly 4.5hrs (~200kms) drive from the nearest major city, Jabalpur. Jabalpur is very well connected to Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune and Indore via air travel. Bandhavgarh does not have the airport facility for mainstream flights, but Jabalpur city, which is the nearest city to Bandhavgarh, has good air connectivity with major cities of India. Private charters can land near Bandhavgarh National Park, Umaria district also has a small air-strip facility for charter planes. Jabalpur Airport (199 km/04:30hrs) is the best option to reach Bandhavgarh National Park as it is connected to: Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Hyderabad,  and Bhopal, with these airline options AirIndia, SpiceJet & IndiGo.

Train
Travel by train is another good option. Travel to Umaria station by train and hire a cab or taxi to the National Park.

Birds
Some of the typical and peculiar birds found in Bandhavgarh national park are

 * Plum-headed parakeet
 * Green-headed barbet
 * Orange-headed thrush
 * Brown-headed barbet
 * Coppersmith barbet
 * Common myna
 * Alexandrine parakeet
 * Indian grey hornbill
 * Rock pigeon
 * House crow
 * Carrion crow
 * Little egret
 * Cattle egret
 * Great egret
 * Black drongo
 * Pond heron
 * Common snipe
 * Black-winged stilt
 * Red-wattled lapwing
 * Indian peafowl
 * Greater coucal
 * Oriental magpie robin
 * Indian roller
 * Indian robin
 * Eurasian collared dove
 * Hoopoe
 * Sirkeer malkoha
 * Large-billed crow
 * White-browed fantail flycatcher
 * Yellow-crowned woodpecker
 * Rufous treepie (normal and pallida)
 * Lesser adjutant stork
 * Oriental white eye
 * Olive-backed pipit
 * Spotted dove
 * White-throated kingfisher
 * Red-rumped swallow
 * Lesser whistling teal
 * Common kingfisher
 * Black stork
 * Asian green bee-eater
 * Greater racket-tailed drongo
 * Red-vented bulbul
 * Long-billed vulture
 * Grey-capped pygmy woodpecker
 * Chestnut-shouldered petronia
 * Crested serpent eagle
 * Black redstart
 * Brahminy starling
 * Brown fish owl
 * Yellow-footed green pigeon
 * Malabar pied hornbill
 * Common kestrel
 * White-throated fantail flycatcher
 * Rufous woodpecker
 * Sapphire flycatcher
 * Crested hawk eagle (Cirrhatus)
 * Oriental turtle dove
 * White-rumped vulture
 * Lesser kestrel
 * Large cuckooshrike
 * Pied bushchat
 * Black-winged cuckooshrike
 * Black-rumped flameback woodpecker
 * House sparrow
 * Golden oriole
 * Rose-ringed parakeet
 * Paddyfield pipit
 * Dusky crag martin
 * Long-tailed shrike
 * Black ibis
 * White-necked stork
 * Purple sunbird
 * Giant leafbird
 * Tickell's flowerpecker
 * Little cormorant
 * Little brown dove
 * White-tailed swallow
 * Jungle babbler
 * Shikra
 * Jungle myna
 * Common tailorbird
 * Red collared dove
 * Red-necked vulture
 * Painted francolin
 * Eurasian thick-knee
 * Common sandpiper
 * Lesser spotted eagle
 * Greater whistling teal
 * Great cormorant
 * Pied kingfisher
 * Laughing dove
 * Bonelli's eagle
 * Dark black crow
 * Asian pied starling
 * Asian Duck

title: Bandhavgarh National Park


text:
Suzan Anbeh

Suzan or Susan Anbeh (born 18 March 1970) is a German actress best known to English-speaking audiences as the woman who stole Timothy Hutton away from Meg Ryan in the 1995 film French Kiss.

Anbeh was in a relationship with Austrian actor Bernhard Schir. They have a son born in 2000.

She appeared again in the lead role of My Ex-Boyfriend's Wedding (2006), a romantic comedy.

Anbeh has also been selling perfumes under the label Berlin de Vous.

Selected filmography

 * French Kiss (1995), as Juliette
 * Der Kranichmann (2002, TV film), as Karla Fischer
 * Agnes and His Brothers (2004), as Desiree
 * This Far from Paradise (film) (2005, TV film), as Rebecca McHenry
 * Ein Geschenk des Himmels (2005, TV film), as Susanna Samel
 * Heiraten macht mich nervös (2005, TV film), as Nina Becker
 * Mr. Average (2006), as Zoé
 * My Ex-Boyfriend's Wedding (2006, TV film), as Paula Andersen
 * Ich liebe den Mann meiner besten Freundin (2008, TV film), as Karen Burkhardt
 * The Door (2009), as Susanne Wiegand
 * The Theatre Bizarre (2011), as Mo
 * Der Mann auf dem Baum (2011, TV film), as Linda
 * Der Weihnachtskrieg (2013, TV film), as Yvonne Achenbach
 * Maya (2018), as Sigrid
 * Effigy: Poison and the City (2019), as Gesche Gottfried

title: Suzan Anbeh


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire. The title Lord Lieutenant is given to the British monarch's personal representative in the counties of the United Kingdom. Lord Lieutenants are supported by an appointed Vice Lord Lieutenant and Deputy Lieutenants. Since 1715, all Lord Lieutenants have also been Custos Rotulorum of Cambridgeshire.

The current Lord-Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire is Julie Spence.

Lord Lieutenants of Cambridgeshire to 1965
Incorporating the liberty of Isle of Ely, a county palatine from 1107 to 1535/6, declared a division of Cambridgeshire in 1837 when the secular powers of the Bishop of Ely ended. For the Soke of Peterborough to 1965, see Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire and for Huntingdonshire during this period, Lord Lieutenant of Huntingdonshire.

 * William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton 1547–?
 * Edward North, 1st Baron North 1557–1564
 * Roger North, 2nd Baron North 20 November 1569 – ?
 * unknown
 * Roger North, 2nd Baron North 8 April 1588 – 3 December 1600
 * vacant
 * Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk 17 July 1602– 28 May 1626
 * Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk 15 June 1626 – 3 June 1640
 * William Maynard, 1st Baron Maynard 17 June 1640 – 17 December 1640 jointly with
 * Dudley North, 3rd Baron North 22 October 1640 – 1642
 * Interregnum
 * James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk 25 July 1660 – 9 March 1681
 * William Alington, 3rd Baron Alington 9 March 1681 – 1 February 1685
 * Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Sandwich 1685 (did not serve; exercised in his absence by:)
 * Robert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury 4 March 1685 – 20 October 1685
 * vacant
 * Henry Jermyn, 1st Baron Dover 26 November 1686 – 10 May 1689
 * William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford 10 May 1689 – 7 September 1700
 * Lord Edward Russell 22 November 1700 – 27 November 1701
 * Wriothesley Russell, 2nd Duke of Bedford 27 November 1701 – 26 May 1711
 * William North, 6th Baron North 6 December 1711 – 28 October 1715
 * Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford 28 October 1715 – 26 November 1727
 * Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln 28 March 1728 – 7 September 1728
 * Henry Bromley, 1st Baron Montfort 13 June 1729 – 24 July 1742
 * Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle 24 July 1742 – 25 August 1757
 * Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke 25 August 1757 – 16 May 1790
 * Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke 3 July 1790 – 18 November 1834
 * Charles Yorke, 4th Earl of Hardwicke 20 January 1834– 17 September 1873
 * Charles Watson Townley 20 January 1874 – 17 October 1893
 * Alexander Peckover, 1st Baron Peckover 11 December 1893 – 12 December 1906
 * Thomas Agar-Robartes, 6th Viscount Clifden 12 December 1906 – 1915
 * Charles Adeane 25 October 1915 – 11 February 1943
 * Richard George Briscoe 15 May 1943 – 16 June 1958
 * Robert Henry Parker 16 June 1958 – 14 April 1965

Lord Lieutenants of Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely
The Lieutenancy became that of Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely on 1 April 1965, when that administrative county was formed. For Huntingdon and Peterborough, see the separate Lord Lieutenant of Huntingdon and Peterborough.

 * Geoffrey Taylor Hurrell 14 April 1965 – 31 March 1974

Lord Lieutenants of Cambridgeshire from 1974
On 1 April 1974, the new non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire was formed from Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely and Huntingdon and Peterborough. On 1 April 1998, the city of Peterborough ceded from Cambridgeshire as a unitary authority, but it continues to form part of that county for ceremonial purposes.

 * Geoffrey Taylor Hurrell 1 April 1974 – 26 March 1975 (former Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely), with
 * Dennis George Ruddock Herbert, 2nd Baron Hemingford 1 April 1974 – ?, styled Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire
 * Peter Esmé Brassey 26 March 1975 – 9 March 1981
 * Sir Peter Proby, 2nd Baronet 9 March 1981 – 1985
 * Michael Guy Molesworth Bevan 1985 – 2 March 1992
 * James Crowden 3 July 1992 – 2002
 * Sir Hugh Duberly 20 August 2003 – 4 April 2017
 * Julie Spence 4 April 2017 – present

Deputy Lieutenants
A deputy lieutenant of Cambridgeshire is commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire. Deputy lieutenants support the work of the lord-lieutenant. There can be several deputy lieutenants at any time, depending on the population of the county. Their appointment does not terminate with the changing of the lord-lieutenant, but they usually retire at age 75.

19th Century

 * 25 January 1831: William Henry Cheere
 * 25 January 1831: George Newton
 * 16 February 1831: John Bendyshe
 * 16 February 1831: Henry Hawkins
 * 16 February 1831: Richard Huddleston
 * 16 February 1831: Wedd William Nash
 * 16 February 1831: John Phillips
 * 16 February 1831: James Wortham
 * 25 February 1831: Ebenezer Foster
 * 25 February 1831: Robert Francis Pate
 * 25 February 1831: John Wing

title: Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire


text: User talk:80.44.84.20

title: User talk:80.44.84.20


text:
Talk:Ramsey–Lewis method

The example at the end looks faulty as P3 isn't used. Ben Finn 17:00, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It would appear to be so, but the 3 principles are not the properties. The assumptions are integrated in the text, as we can see from the mentioning of the word "tickles" and "cause lightning" (it would be even more abstract to designate "causes lightning" by some symbol, and I do not think that it would add to the article). No, P1 is the property of "electronhood" as outlined in the article, and P2 is the property of charge (so the statements in the parenthesis are equivalent to the assumptions, if you do the substitution) . I, too, was confused by this, but I am going to go ahead and clarify it.--Orthologist (talk) 11:37, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

Doesn't Ramsification presuppose higher order logic, as it is quantized over predicates? 129.70.124.103 17:08, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ramsey–Lewis method


text:
Talk:Supercontinent

Mu
If it actually existed shouldn't Mu be included on this list,or at least mentioned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.12.116.137 (talk • contribs)

 * Mu was unfortunately obsoleted by plate tectonics, and didn't actually exist. Also, it was hypothesized as a regular continent, not a supercontinent, since supercontinents as described here require plate tectonics to form. Darekun 01:12, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Inconsistency
The first paragraph says "The assembly of cratons and accreted terranes that form Eurasia[1] qualifies as a supercontinent today", and further down we read "Some historians call the combined land mass of Africa and Eurasia the supercontinent Africa-Eurasia, but it is not a geological supercontinent". Is Eurasia counted as a supercontinent by geologists, or is it not? It can't be both, y'know. :-) Dr Zak 01:43, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

The greatest inconsistency in the whole list is; The second greatest are; Rolinator 11:48, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
 * What is a supercontinent? Apparently, looking at this list, any major orogenic or rifting event brackets a "supercontinent". This is basically model driven terminology, because the authors appear to suggest that plate ectonics cannot exist without forming or destroying a supercontinent. There is no consistent standard expressed as to what constitutes a supercontinent except "something kludged together".
 * The Komaii formation. Its not a supercontinent, its a single lava event.
 * The Yilgarn Craton. In fact, most of these are "cratons" not superconinents. Or protocratons. Of course, there's a reason for this; most >500Ma rocks are in cratons. Making the leap to say that these rocks, in most cases metamorphosed, are produced on supercontinents is a different kettle of fish.

 * Agreed, the Komatii Formation and Yilgarn Craton don't seem to belong on this list. Unless someone objects I'll remove them in a few days.
 * Cephal-odd 22:45, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Ur
in the opening paragraph the article states you have to fit specific conditions to be called a supercontinent, but then under Ur it says that one could argue it was a supercontinent (presuably because it was big for its time?) which is inconsistent. Perhaps it should be shuffled down to the notes section...

List of supercontinents
Do we need a separate List of supercontinents article when most of the same lists appear in this one? We should either merge the articles or remove the lists here to the other article. Cephal-odd 16:32, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

No Kool Kirby (talk) 07:20, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Computer Simulation of the History of Earth Formation
It would be nice to have a computer simulation of the history of supercontinents. I have seen a few maps and simulation, but they are incomplete. I would like to see one that shows the increase in size of our Earth over time through accretion of mass, and can be revolved to show the globe from all sizes at any time in history. Maybe a job for Google Earth?--Robert van der Hoff 04:39, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

A more recent model on youTube that shows earth was much smaller, contained almost no water at all and it appear the whole landmass covered the whole sphere. As the model progresses, it expands into oceans and the actually size of the planet increases over the billions of years. If you do the math on the oceanic distances, it seem plausible as we continue to move farther from our neighbors across the pond. Today, the continents move about 4mm a year, about the grow rate of a fingernail. This topic hasn't addressed in years, but the 2008 model sort on YouTube that demonstrates the spherical growth, and there is a more recent Google Earth simulation that shows it http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xl5KYKz52dQ the shows the plate movement but doe not show the sphere growing in size (static size). Neverthe less, the Google example is visually the best I've seen to date. 10 Oct — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mapsurfer49 (talk • contribs) 10:51, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

An actual model would look like the "rifting of Pangaea" animation already on the page, not like those "spherical growth" animations. The time scales are vastly different, and accretion churns up the crust enough that continents as we know them can't coexist. That said, an actual model of the whole thing would be nice, showing the history to date of the fixed-size Earth, from the crust cooling enough that cratons and oceans can form, on through the supercontinents to today. — Darekun (talk) 04:11, 13 October 2015 (UTC)

List of Supercontinents and definition
As far as I am aware, the only supercontinents were Rodinia, Pannotia, Pangaea and to a lesser extent, Gondwana and Laurasia. Labelling Oceania a 'supercontinent' is wrong, it is just a standard continent.

A good explanation of supercontinents which I agree with is in the Sci-Tech Encyclopedia:

The six major continents today are Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Eurasia, North America, and South America. Prior to the formation of the Atlantic, Indian, and Southern ocean basins over the past 180 million years by the process known as sea-floor spreading, the continents were assembled in one supercontinent called Pangea (literally “all Earth”). Pangea came together by the collision, about 300 million years ago (Ma), of two smaller masses of continental rock, Laurasia and Gondwanaland. Laurasia comprised the combined continents of ancient North America (known as Laurentia), Europe, and Asia. Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, and South America made up Gondwanaland (this name comes from a region in southern India). The term “supercontinent” is also applied to Laurasia and Gondwanaland; hence it is used in referring to a continental mass significantly bigger than any of today's continents. A supercontinent may therefore incorporate almost all of the Earth's continental rocks, as did Pangea, but that is not implied by the word.

Laurasia, Gondwanaland, and Pangea are the earliest supercontinental entities whose former existence can be proven. Evidence of older rifted continental margins, for example surrounding Laurentia and on the Pacific margins of South America, Antarctica, and Australia, point to the existence of older supercontinents. The hypothetical Rodinia (literally “the mother of all continents”) may have existed 800–1000 Ma, and Pannotia (meaning “the all-southern supercontinent”) fleetingly around 550 Ma. Both are believed to have included most of the Earth's continental material. There may have been still earlier supercontinents, because large-scale continents, at least the size of southern Africa or Western Australia, existed as early as 2500 Ma at the end of Archean times.

The amalgamation and fragmentation of supercontinents are the largest-scale manifestation of tectonic forces within the Earth. The cause of such events is highly controversial. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ear4rgjb (talk • contribs) 09:52, 21 January 2009

 * Cut the list, redundant w/ List of supercontinents Vsmith (talk) 12:28, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Until 11,000 years ago, when Beringia was submerged, the Americas, Eurasia and Africa (including many parts that are now continental islands or submerged shelves) formed a single contiguous landmass. Wasn't that a supercontinent, too, given that it included most of Earth's continental material (the major exceptions being Sahul, separated from Sundaland by Wallacea, Zealandia and Antarctica)? America-Eurafrasia also had a highly continental climate, arid and mostly cold. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 16:36, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I mean, the Atlantic largely divided America-Eurafrasia (the Arctic Ocean not having been much more than a large ice-covered bay, with only a single narrow connection to the Atlantic), but Pangaea was largely divided by the Tethys too, so this cannot be enough to disqualify a supercontinent. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 16:54, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

Article is in Wikiproject Geology; I'm copy-and-pasting the comments from there to here
I want to increase the chances that someone will either agree with me or tell me not to combine the three articles.

Supercontinents - this article needs urgent attention because some of the definitions are wrong and the list of supercontinents is wrong. I have added some useful info in the discussion section of the article under 'List of Supercontinents and definition' —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ear4rgjb (talk • contribs) 2009
 * I will work on this article. I have some notes from my work on the Rove Formation and Vaalbara; on my user pages I am working on the Algoman/Kenoran Orogeny and I just moved the Saganagan Orgeny to my user page because of conflicting information. Anyway, I do have some notes and I am interested. Bettymnz4 (talk) 20:50, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I did start by adding the information I had from my visit to libraries a couple of weeks ago. I was thinking the next logical step would be to list the supercontinents, and then saw there was a Wikipedia article "List of supercontinents", with a notice on top that no references are cited. The information I used was essentially for the supercontinent cyling process; there is an existing Wikipedia article " Supercontinent cyle" with a notice that it has no inline citations. All three of these articles need work. I believe that all three should be combined. If no one objects by next Saturday (3/27/10) I will go ahead to integrate the three into one article "Supercontinents". I probably will omit SOME of the material on 'Effect on sea level' (particularly the mathematical equations). Bettymnz4 (talk) 04:37, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Hmmm - I'm poking around the internet some, looking for a list of supercontinents (because I think the Wikipedia article has more listed than I thought there were). Anyway the Wikipedia article seems to be copy-and-pasted from http://statemaster.com/encyclopedia/List-of-supercontinents with the section of Possible Future Subcontinents deleted.Bettymnz4 (talk) 04:56, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

I think that all 3 articles need to be combined into one. However I think the "so-called" list of supercontinents needs to be culled. Unfortunately I have very little experience of Pre-Cambrian geology so I can't offer my opinion on the "supercontinents" during this time. However, given that we are at a stage in history where the breakup of the continents is finishing and new continents are colliding i.e. Africa and Eurasia, there should be NO present day supercontinents in the list. You could put down Afro-Eurasia as a possible future supercontinet perhaps? I've also regone over some old references and cannot find any decent definitions of supercontinent (even in Glossary of Geology (5th Ed.) by Klaus K.E. Neuendorf, James P. Jr Mehl, and Julia A. Jackson 2005). Therefore I propose using the definition I posted on here a year ago from the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology (see above post) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ear4rgjb (talk • contribs) 23:40, 14 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The Statemaster article is a copy of the Wikipedia article - scroll down to the bottom of the Statemaster page to see the licence information. DuncanHill (talk) 23:45, 23 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I've lost focus (and therefore have lost interest) for continuing to work on this article. I have done quite a bit of work, which is at User:Bettymnz4/Supercontinent if anyone is interested in looking at what I've done. Bettymnz4 (talk) 04:39, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

Paleocontinent
Hello, paleocontinent redirects to this article but there is not any mention of this term into this page. Is it a synonym of supercontinent? Could you delete redirection or explain a little what is a paleocontinent? Thanks. Pamputt (talk) 00:02, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

Palaeopangaea
I've noticed the addition of this "Palaeopangaea" hypothesis to the article. It seems that the edits were made by the author of the hypothesis. Is there a WP:Conflict of interest problem here? These hypotheses are painted as being a primary contender to the seemingly more "mainstream" ones (the many-supercontinents model). Is this a real, significant controversy in the geological community? Thanks. I also posted about this earlier on WT:WikiProject Geology. mike4ty4 (talk) 05:56, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Nuna or Nena?
There are several mentions in the "General chronology" section of "Nuna" that I think should actually be "Nena." I don't feel confident making these changes though. Could someone take a look?  · rodii ·  00:40, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

Ma
"Ma" is never defined before its first introduction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.241.174.197 (talk) 01:00, 16 April 2019 (UTC)

 * The first use is now linked to Year. Mikenorton (talk) 08:27, 16 April 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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 * Afro-Eurasia (orthographic projection).svg

What is the "which" in list of supercontinents complaining about
There is a WP:AWW with text "which" at the top of the list of supercontinents. Why is it there? Newystats (talk) 09:43, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Going back a few years, this used to be a bit clearer, although we still have a citation to Dwight Bradley (2011), who says

"Multiple lines of evidence suggest that there have been times when some formerly independent continents came together, and other times when larger continents fragmented into smaller ones. When is a grouping of continents big enough to earn the name supercontinent? Does this semantic distinction even matter? Many tectonicists use the term supercontinent in the sense of Hoffman (1999): “a clustering of nearly all the continents” or Rogers and Santosh (2003): “an assembly of all or nearly all the Earth's continental blocks”. I suggest that an “all or nearly all” definition (1) sets the bar higher than the rock record requires, and (2) is impossible to rigorously apply in the Precambrian, when plate reconstructions are equivocal. Some researchers treat Gondwana as one of the supercontinents (e.g., Condie 2005; Korenaga, 2006) but it fails to meet the “all or nearly all” definition, because it didn't include Siberia, Baltica, or Laurentia, it became Pangea. Bleeker (2003) coined the term supercraton for clusters of continents that would not meet the “all or nearly all” requirement. I prefer a more inclusive definition of supercontinent: a grouping of formerly dispersed continents."

 * This is essentially what the lead is trying to say here I think, but I'll try to make that clearer, because I agree, it's not doing a great job right now. The looser definition favoured by Bradley isn't actually mentioned, which is the main issue. Mikenorton (talk) 12:01, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I've attempted to clarify by quoting Bradley - probably need at least another citation to show that other geoscientists are following Bradley's version. Mikenorton (talk) 12:07, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Well I think that I completely misread your original question, but hopefully solved another issue along the way. The "which?" got shifted from its original location when more text was added. I've changed it to say this uses Bradley's 2011 definition. Mikenorton (talk) 16:15, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
 * And I've added a column to the table for citations to justify inclusion of each of these in the list. Mikenorton (talk) 16:20, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

Supercontinents, supercratons and continents
Reviewing the literature, my take on this is that Vaalbara is now regarded as a "supercraton", rather than a supercontinent (although some workers continue to refer to it in that way). Ur is definitely regarded as a supercontinent. Kenorland (or just Kenor) also is, as are Columbia/Nuna, Pannotia and Rodinia. Arctica and Atlantica are generally not - rather more as supercratons or just continents. Laurasia and Gondwana were large continents, just not necessarily supercontinents. Mikenorton (talk) 17:17, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

Question
What was the name of the supercontinent comprised of the Americas and Afro-Eurasia which were connected by Beringia approx. 15,000 years ago? 2001:8003:9008:1301:AD8D:2348:2B9E:213C (talk) 12:29, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Our article states " According to the modern definitions, a supercontinent does not exist today". Whether Beringia is above or below sea level doesn't affect this as both sides of the Bering Strait are part of the North American Plate. The Americas are not geologically a single continent as there is an active, wide and complex plate boundary between the North American and South American Plates. The boundary between the North American Plate and Eurasian Plate is complex but active. In the collisions that created past supercontinents, the separate continental pieces become effectively welded together, with their past locations being shown by sutures. Mikenorton (talk) 16:14, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

Confusing beginning
(Apologies if this formatting is off. Editing on the app is confusing when you’re used to desktop only)

The first section has a part that says “ The earlier continent Gondwana is not considered a supercontinent under the first definition, since the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia were separate at the time.”

It’s not entirely clear what they mean by “the first definition”. Both definitions given prior to this statement seems to be inclusive of Gondwana. EliotWL (talk) 15:04, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

Supercontinent vs. super-continent
I have twice reverted edits changing supercontinent to super-continent, and I believe another editor has reverted a third such change. Is there any credible reason to prefer the hyphenated version? I don't believe I've ever seen it in a textbook or paper in hyphenated form. The Oxford English Dictionary (

) does not list super-continent as an alternate usage. --Kent G. Budge (talk) 00:49, 12 May 2022 (UTC)
 * In addition to the OED, the following English language dictionaries give the only spelling as "supercontinent": Merriam-Webster, Collins, Macmillan, Chambers and dictionary.com (i.e. Random House). Reliable geological sources also support the use of unhyphenated "supercontinent". I think that I have never seen the hyphenated version in a reliable source. If an editor wants to use "super-continent" instead, then the onus is on that editor to provide a reliable source. Otherwise the hyphenated version can be deleted. GeoWriter (talk) 16:44, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Supercontinent


text:
Talk:University of the West of Scotland

Motto?
What's the university's motto? If it has one (Tongs ya Bass doesn't count), can someone add it here and over at List of mottos. THanks. -- John Fader (talk | contribs) 17:02, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I deleted part of a sentence that read more like advertising copy or promotional material ("...great place to study..." etc). This is surely inappropriate language for an encyclopedia. AlistairBerrill 19:39, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

The motto of Paisley College was 'Accingere in Ardua'. I do not know if the university has a motto now. Laurec 20:00, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

text referendum?
Can anyone cite a source for this? I can't find anything on it. I'm guessing local papers, but there's no mention of it on the SNP site that I can find.

There was also a referendum held at the UoP for the students, the results of which showed the students were against the name change. What happens now, I don't know.

Official - name change going ahead
The university court voted to go ahead with the name change, ignoring the student vote. There will be more press releases and PR on the subject to come.

University ratings
(I'm posting this to all articles on UK universities as so far discussion hasn't really taken off on WikiProject Universities.)

There needs to be a broader convention about which university rankings to include in articles. Currently it seems most pages are listing primarily those that show the institution at its best (or worst in a few cases). See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Universities. Timrollpickering 22:07, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

University of the West of Scotland
I have merged University of the West of Scotland (old revision) here, on the basis that the institutional merger is complete, but the merged institution (i.e. including the former Bell College) is currently trading under the name "University of Paisley". In my view it's not worth having a stub up at University of the West of Scotland: it would just be a placeholder for a name that Paisley will (likely) assume in the future.

Editors might like to comb this article for inaccuracies: I've sourced some of it from the new website, but it (the Paisley website) looks as though it might need tweaking a bit: there are plenty of spelling mistakes, for a start. — mholland (talk) 11:55, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmm - this could be confusing. Manchester at least dug out their full name to distinguish between pre & post merger, but if the institution gets a new name then it may be best to use that to distinguish it all. Once a new name is in use can I suggest retaining the "University of Paisley" article as primarily historic/about the elements from Paisley in "UWS" (and also keep the Paisley and UWS categories separate, especially for alumni) and use UWS as a new article not a move? Timrollpickering 12:17, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. When a new name is approved, I'd support creating a new article for the institution established today, with a paragraph about how it called itself 'Paisley' for the first X weeks of its existence.
 * At least, I think that's what's going on here. I assume the Paisley name is being retained because Paisley is still authorised to be issuing degrees until the Government/Privy Council gets out its red pen. — mholland (talk) 12:38, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Motto?
Should the University of Paisley page not be more than just a page redirecting to here and about the history of Paisley University and Paisley Technical College? 82.9.197.121 (talk) 19:05, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070515172721/http://www.hesa.ac.uk:80/holisdocs/pubinfo/student/institution0506.htm to http://www.hesa.ac.uk/holisdocs/pubinfo/student/institution0506.htm

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Mohammad Bagher Nobakht (Iranian Politician) gets removed repeatedly from section "Notable people"
How do we protect this article temporarily against modification by an IP? YCH2277 (talk) 23:29, 15 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Is there any source that shows he attended the university? I cannot see one in the article. Aloneinthewild (talk) 21:42, 17 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Have a look at University of the West of Scotland, and check the links! 98% of the notable people listed there are not mentioned in the article otherwise. Shouldn't they all be treated the same?! YCH2277 (talk) 12:33, 18 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes they should be treated the same, I will tag it for sources. However, per WP:SOURCELIST every entry should be verifiable or they can be removed at any time.Aloneinthewild (talk) 20:17, 19 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Looking at the Farsi wiki his page says his education is Ph.D. in Management from Islamic Azad University, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania and judging by google translate that his Scottish degree may be fake. If you cannot provide a clear source for this then it will need to be removed. Aloneinthewild (talk) 21:47, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:24, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * UWS Students' Union Logo.png

title: Talk:University of the West of Scotland


text:
User:Oo64eva/Myadvice

Spelling
I must admit my weakest personal attribute is spelling. I often write my entries in word processors with automatic spell check before entering it in the entry and I encourage other users to do the same.

Preservation of neutrality
One caveat to using a word processing progam are its limitations in catching biased points of view. This can sometimes be a tricky subject and ambiguities should be discussed thoroughly with other wikipedians. Keep in mind that avoiding bias does not mean the addition of verbose statements like "is considered by many to be as some would put it in terms of a broad consensus…" This type of prose detracts from the main points of the entry and can end up boring the reader.

Copyright violations
It amazes me how many copyright violations there are each day. I'm not sure what percentage of the total copyright violations actually are reported but I see between thirty and fifty violations each day. Just because you're a new wikipedian doesn't mean you're new at life. Use your head. Copy and pasting from a website is no different than cutting a page out of a book and putting your name as the author. It's completely unethical and without regards to the copyright holder. There is no excuse. The rule of thumb should be better safe than sorry. If you have to question whether or not you are adding is a copyright violation, it's safer to assume so than run the risk of putting Wikipedia at risk for an intellectual property suit.

Preview button and proofreading
In my opinion, the most helpful tool in Wikipedia is the Preview button. No matter how certain you are that your edits are error free, previewing the entry can alert you of things you wouldn't have caught otherwise. Don't be cocky, be careful. It also doesn't hurt to proofread. It reflects poorly on you as an editor (novice or seasoned) if your edit has spelling and grammatical errors. Editing an entry in wikipedia should be no different than editing for a published encyclopedia when it comes down to proper spelling and syntax.

Give removal explanations
I'm also guilty of not doing this. If you decide to remove another Wikipedian's writing, and it isn't clear abuse, it is helpful to everyone to start a discussion on why you removed it. Even if you're willing to bet the farm that the information is in error, give someone else a crack at defending it. You may end up learning something you didn't know before, and adding relevant information to the entry that you would have otherwise removed without explanation.

3 Revert Rule (3RR)
A while ago I happened to notice someone being nagged about the 3RR when monitoring the recent changes page. Before that time, I had never been aware of this rule, which probably should have been made clear in my welcome message or on the surface of the Wikipedia help pages. The rule was deep in Wikipedia's documentation. It's helpful to be aware of this rule right away before learning about it through first hand experience and having a ban on your record. The rule states that you cannot make three reverts on the same entry in a 24 hour period. To resolve any ambiguities, 24 hour period means 24 hours from the first edit you made. This only applies per page and doesn't apply to reverting clear cases of vandalism or edits on your own work. Edit wars will not be tolerated and is the inspiration for this rule.

Edit summary
One of my pet peeves is when users either don't leave edit summaries or get by with just an rv, or sp. I'm not talking about new users really either, I'm speaking mainly on behalf of seasoned users and admins. It's much more help to users to make descriptive edit summaries for many things including surfing the recent changes and when deciding which version of a page to revert to.

When reviewing an edit summary, I like to see two parts.
 * 1) The reason
 * 2) A short example or statement of what was changed/added (if there is vulgar maybe a little censorship would be considerate)

Here's some examples:
 * (rv vandal - vulgarity, "jojo is the best f*ckbuddy ever!")
 * (New - still needs some work, gonna add taxobox soon)
 * (sp - thier -> their)
 * (/* Functional analysis */ pnc - it's -> its)

These are the edit summaries i typically use. Critiques are very welcome.

Abbreviations
rv (revert) sp (spelling) gr (grammar) pnc (punctuation) New (New page)

Revert vandalism

 * rv vandalism - vulgarity
 * rv vandalism - page wipe
 * rv vandalism - factual integrity test
 * When a user decides to change tiny hard to notice things like 1934 -> 1943 to test the factual integrity of Wikipedia.

 * rv vandalism - spam

Revert clueless newbie

 * rv nocluenewb - edit test
 * vandalism such as Bold textItalic text Link title$$Insert formula here$$

 * rv nocluenewb - page wipe

Revert with a reason

 * rv - "removed portion or description" (see talk page)
 * rv - trolling (see talk page)
 * rv - vandalbot

Boilerplates

 * copyvio - duplicate text found on...
 * vandal
 * I use this when I add test, test2, test3, etc... on a vandal's talk page.

Grammar, punctuation, and spelling edits

 * gr - old -> new
 * pnc - old -> new
 * sp - old-> new

title: User:Oo64eva/Myadvice


text: User talk:81.158.17.243

title: User talk:81.158.17.243


text:
Marling School

Marling School is a grammar school with academy status for boys, with a co-educational Sixth Form located in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England. It is on the Cainscross Road, the main route out of Stroud towards the M5, and is situated next to the girls' grammar school, Stroud High School, with which it shares some facilities.

History
Marling School is the oldest secondary school in Stroud, having been founded in 1887 by Sir Samuel Marling, a local cloth manufacturer and former Liberal Member of Parliament, along with Sir Francis Hyett and Mr S.S. Dickinson.

In 1882, Sir Samuel Marling offered £10,000 towards the building of the school, and the school also inherited a number of endowments from the Red Coat School which was founded in 1642 by Thomas Webb, the St Chloe School founded at Amberley by Nathaniel Cambridge in 1699, and the educational charities established in the 17th and 18th centuries by William Johns and Robert Aldridge.

The new school opened to fee-paying pupils, which included some boarding students, in 1889. In 1909, under a new scheme the school became a public secondary school. Its endowments, along with those of the Stroud School of Science and Art and the Stroud High School for girls, were placed under the administration of a body called the Stroud Educational Foundation.

The old school houses were built shortly after the school's foundation, designed by W. H. Seth-Smith.

In 1965, the school was amalgamated with the Stroud Technical School for Boys which had been founded on a neighbouring site in 1910. The Technical School buildings now form the Art and Drama departments.

The head teacher David Lock was dismissed for gross misconduct in 2007 after allegations of bullying.

Following the appointment of Dr Stuart Wilson as the new headteacher in 2010, Marling School converted to an academy in August 2011.

In November 2023, Stroud News and Journal reported that the headteacher Glen Balmer had resigned.

In January 2024, it was announced by the Cotswold Beacon Academy Trust that Jules Godfrey will be appointed as headteacher of Marling School from April 2024, becoming the school’s first ever permanent female headteacher.

The left hand side of the school shield contains the Marling family crest while the right hand side relates to the marriage of Samuel Stephens Marling to Margaret Williams Cartwright of Devizes.

Facilities
Marling School has a programme of rebuilding and refurbishment to improve the learning environment.

Following a successful bid to the EFA, the school was awarded a grant of £3.5 million to build a new block, named 'West Block' (or ‘WB) that houses the Geography, Mathematics and Religious Education departments and a new dining hall overlooking the cricket pitch and pavilion. The Design and Technology block incorporates teaching rooms for food technology, graphical products, resistant materials and electronics. This building is shared with Stroud High School. The South Block (or ‘SB’) built in 2005 houses English, Foreign Languages and Computing Science. The old gymnasium has been refurbished and repurposed as a library and school archive.

In late 2019, old, derelict original school buildings were refurbished and the History department now occupies them, moving out of the South Block and making way for more English and Maths. These new refurbished buildings are called 'East Block'. The Science department is situated in three buildings, near East Block, one being shared with Stroud High School, and another, which was built later and is more modern.

A modern sixth form block serves the students of both the Marling School and Stroud High School. This was the building used by Downfield Sixth Form until the two schools split into having their own sixth forms.

A separate Sports Hall is used along Cainscross Road, where students attend PE and sport-related clubs. Its facilities include a large indoor hall, where basketball, volleyball, and other indoor games are played, and grass pitches where games such as Football and Rugby are played.

Notable alumni

 * Peter Barnes - Dramatist
 * Eugene Paul Bennett - Soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Mark Chappell - Writer
 * Reginald Clarry - Member of Parliament
 * Rory Cowlam - Vet and TV presenter
 * Prof Philip Dee Physicist
 * Patric Dickinson - Genealogist and herald
 * Professor Brian Gardiner, palaeontologist and zoologist.
 * Giles Harrison - Physicist
 * Peter Hennessy, Baron Hennessy of Nympsfield - Historian and political journalist
 * Jack Lee - Film director
 * Laurie Lee - Poet, Novelist and screenwriter
 * Tim McInnerny - Actor
 * Roderick Oliver Redman - Professor of Astrophysics and past President of the Royal Astronomical Society
 * Christian Ribeiro - Footballer
 * Carl Trueman - Theologian
 * Colin Walker - Cellist
 * Sir Michael Angus - Ex-chairman of Unilever

title: Marling School