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User talk:Alfred Centauri

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BJT Comment
Alfred, I see that you are removing my edits. My edits are valid. My link was in the external links section, so I was not referring to them as direct support to the claim that the bjt is voltage controlled. I referenced a professor at a recognised university that address this issue. If you have an academic reference that shows that the physics of a bjt is base current controlled, please cite it. The realty is that, “base current control” is simple false. There is no physical mechanism in a bjt that can make that idea work. Kevin aylward 15:22, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

I note your reply to my comments. With all due respect, it is not a matter of debate as to whether the voltage controlled view is the correct view. It is truly basic physics. Anyone that understands the actual physics, can come to no other conclusion. As I have noted, it is F=q(E + vxB). That is, it is forces that make things move. In this case it is electric fields. The charge in the base is due to the applied voltage.

Furthermore, the current controlled model is contradictory to that which is already on the BJT page, to wit, the ebbors-moll equations. These clearly show that the emitter current is a pure function of Vbe. There is no base current term involved, so how can the emitter current be possible caused by base current? Yes, the collector is modified by alpha, but as a first order approximation, it is unity, so equal to the emitter current, therefor base current is not a factor. So, to make the page internally consistent, the notion that the base current controls the collector current should be put to rest once and for all. It cant controll it if, to 1st order, it does not apear in the equations. This is trully obvious. Kevin aylward 16:14, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Geodesics comment
Thank you for supporting at least some of my edits. The people who removed them seem to be practically vandals. I mean, for gosh sakes, if you have a mass bobbing up and down on a spring in a freshman lab it's not on a geodesic! My other item, also removed by the vandals or ostrogoths or people's great cultural revolution gave meaning to a spacelike geodesic. Do you see anything wrong with that part? Seems to me if you stretch a practically weightless fiber (maybe silk or catgut) over the shoulder of "The Thinker" and let it remain there, under tension, an instantaneous shot of it is a spacelike geodesic. But to define "instantaneous" you need clock synchronization over a "space section" which is why I threw in the stuff about the Killing vector.
 * It appears that Linas was thinking worldline when he read geodesic and he has since apologized for the revert. However, I must confess that I don't understand the spacelike geodesic stuff you wrote either as I am still a novice relativist.  Let's see, the worldline of a free particle is a timelike geodesic.  To 'see' a spacelike geodesic, would not the fiber above also need to be freely falling? Alfred Centauri 22:32, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Not sure what to do - edit back what I had in or report vandalism as well. I don't know how to do a "revert" without mouse-copying and re-editing, do you? Pdn 15:36, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Simply view your last edit, and then select edit, enter a comment that you are reverting and save. Alfred Centauri 22:32, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, AC. I admit my material on spacelike geodesic was not very clear. I am trying to say, perhaps too mathematically, what "everybody knows" about geodesics in 3-space or even 2-space (like the surface of a spheroid e.g.) but it gets complicated exactly because of that timelike dimension. Maybe you can advise how to put it in simpler terms. Imagine you and a friend are making an old-fashioned toy telephone system across a street, as I did in 1949. You each have a stiff paper cup, and you get some cord that is very light and strong, and put it under tension between the two cups, across the street dividing your apartments. Imagine passing to a limit where the string is virtually massless (actually, the tension in it would interact with gravity, but let the mass ->0 faster than the tension, but the tension -> 0 also! ). That string, which I called a "filament" - confusing Linas - does indeed have a timelike aspect, too. Each particle composing it is moving into the future. So to the relativist it is a sheet and is not a candidate for a geodesic, which has to be a line. But if we synchronize clocks suitably and grab an instantaneous "snapshot" of that string, we have a spacelike geodesic. There are some further problems just below the surface here, however. Due to the rotation of the Earth, one has to synchronize the clocks from a central source, not by exchanging light signals between them, unless the string is oriented exactly North-South. In that case synchronizing to WWV for example, will agree with synchronizing by light signals. (If one goes East-West one runs into the Sagnac effect, and in fact even if North-South there is a small error due to the Earth's motion around the Sun). I am probably being too rigorous. The "problem" I refer to is the "snapshot" issue. If one does not make the assumption I mentioned about a Killing vector (see Killing vector field)  one faces the difficulty that the "snapshot" is really a family of short segments, sort of like the fibers one can see in the feathers of a bird - they do not connect  because one has not handled the simultaneity issue correctly. One can still construct a spacelike geodesic representing a slice through the sheet that is the string (as explained before), but one has to allow a tiny time variation along it by following those little feathery segments in a continuous way. I was trying to avoid time varying along the spacelike geodesic, but I am probably introducing too many caveats in trying to get a simple static entity (constant time slice). Maybe I can just say that a tightly stretched string taken at one instant is a spacelike geodesic and let the "user" worry about the meaning of "instant." But I have another problem in nomenclature: Linas found the term "filament" confusing. Now I do not want to use "string" because we have string theory nowadays, and ordinary household strings are heavy, and I do not want to use "fiber" because we have "fibre bundle topology" so I tried "filament". I just checked it in Merriam-Webster and it looks OK. And I used to fish with a "nylon filament leader" [] so I am stumped. Seems like a light fibre or cord one could stretch quite a ways and get a good approximation to a space geodesic (remembering to use the snapshot idea rather than to follow the world-lines of each particle making up the filament).

I do hope you get the picture now (you may of course disagree). A tightly stretched filament is a collection of particles each of which has a timelike world-line. Orthogonal to that family of world lines, let's call it a "warp" (not a space-warp and hyperdrive, but a warp) one has a "woof" or weft. If the warp is the set of timelines, the weft lines are the spacelike geodesics (provided the filament or fibre is tightly stretched, and essentially massless). Pdn 01:45, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sympathy
My sympathy to you, now you know how I felt trying to explain the dreaded bootstrap cct to 'R'!! I wish I had not bothered. There are none so deaf as those who will not hear. Regards ;-)Light current 04:28, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Comments requested
Hi again Alfred, I noticed you've had a lot of input on the operational amplifier talk page and wondered if you could comment on my recent musings on the internals on Talk:Operational amplifer.(funny, cant link to it properly) I am most interested to hear your views. Light current 13:09, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Inductance Proposed change of defn
Alfred, I wonder if you could have a look at Talk:Inductance when you have some time. Im not happy with the existing defn. and have proposed an alternative which I think is more scientific/basic and doesnt need to mention inductors as such. The other things like Lenz law maybe could be kept to the other pages where they are mentioned. Also my proposal fits with the analogous defn of capacitance. What do you think? Please post any reply on Talk:Inductance page. THanks! Light current 14:49, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Agreement
Alfred, I'm so glad we seem to have reached some sort of agreement on capacitance/inductance. I'm hoping to further integrate (bind together) these ideas and I would really value your help in my attempts. Once again, many thanks for your educated insight into these knotty questions!! Light current 23:57, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Inductance Article
Alfred, I have spent some(a lot) time trying to simplify and segregate the topics in inductance, especially by splitting 'induced voltages in inductors' from 'applied voltages to inductors' thereby avoiding the confusion of signs and back emf and all that stuff. I would appreciate your comments on this severely modified page before I tidy into its final(?) form. THanks once more. Light current 07:42, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Grounding
Yes ,I agree with you here. 'Ground' seems to be an American term. Over here we use the word 'Earth'. Again not all electronics systems have their reference connected to earth (although for safety reasons many do indirectly). I have always shown the reference on my circuit diagrams (schematics) as 0v. So: Anal 0v, Dig 0v etc. Then, if 0v is connected to chassis, show the connection to the chassis symbol. If the chassis needs to be 'earthed', then this is shown as a wire connected from chassis to the earth pin of the mains plug. I suppose the word 'common' is good too. I could live with that! But the 5v 'return' would normally be connected to 'common' wouldnt it? Light current 21:06, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Current status
Thanks for letting me know what youre doing. My current status is reviewing pages for any new material/talk Light current 20:40, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Very interesting page
Alfred, wondered if you had seen this before. You may be interested

Has Electric flux actually been observed?
You say magnetic charge has not been observed, but magnetic flux has. Correct.

Now consider this: Electric charge has been observed. However, I would argue that, whilst we are all familiar with the concept, electric flux( ie flux meaning flow) is an imaginary concept that cannot be observed directly (same as magnetic charges cant). Is this any help in your thinking?? Light current 15:58, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, that's not correct! Magnetic charge may exist but it has not been observed (yet).  Further, if it does exist, it will be directly observable with, for example, a particle detector.

 * Now, contrast this with the question of observability of electric flux or any other field associated with EM. The answer may be suprising to you!

 * The magnetic flux has, in the absence of magnetic charge, zero divergence. Thus, it can be thought of as the curl of some other vector field we call the A field or vector potential.  I once asked my EM professor whether the A field is physical or just a mathematical construct.  His answer was "a mathematical construct".  In other words, he claimed that the A field was not directly observable.  However, I later found out that this isn't true.  If you pass a current through a solenoidal inductor, the magnetic flux density B is zero outside the inductor.  However, the A field can be non-zero outside the inductor as long as the curl of A outside the inductor is zero.  This A field external to an energized solenoidal inductor has been observed by the effect it has on the phase of the wave function of electrons passing near but outside the inductor Aharonov-Bohm effect.  Thus, it appears that A is the physical field and B is the mathematical construct!

 * It is likely the same for the scalar potential. That is, V is the physical (scalar) field and E is the mathematical construct.  BTW, if magnetic charge does exist, then there should be an electric vector potential and a magnetic scalar potential too. Alfred Centauri 16:20, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Your recent work
Although your recent work is extremely interesting and ,I think, important to the greater understanding of EM field theory, you probably wont be able to publish it on Wikipedia as recent/new work and self citing is not allowed. However, I feel that insights of this type are to useful to be 'hidden under the bed' and I wondered if Bill Beatty (to whose page I referred you) might be interested in your ideas. After all, his pages are full of unconventional ways of teaching people about 'electricity'. Just a thought! BTW Thanks for the tutorials! Light current 02:36, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I would definitely encourage you to communicate your ideas to Bill. I think he will be most interested. Maybe he could even incorporate them on his pages!! Light current 17:18, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

New Discussion
Thought you may be interested in a new discussion just breaking on Talk:Capacitor ;-)--Light current 01:18, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Look whose talking
Alfred, I think you have been talking to 'O' the past 30 mins. I havent been addessing you. I have just replied to 'O' on the talk page. Someone has not been signing his posts so it gets a bit dfficult to know whos who.--Light current 15:28, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Hint: look at earlier posts again....(A friend!)

WikiProject Electronics
I am wondering if we should start a WikiProject for Electronics. What do you think? — Omegatron 00:21, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The project was already started by another user, though I think we can consider it a prototype. You should bring up any concerns on the talk page.  — Omegatron 13:41, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Tom Bearden
Can I just ask you seriously what your view is on Tom Bearden. I had not heard of him till you mentioned him. I dont know if you were joking or not (I suspect you were) in your last post to David on Talk:Displacement current. Do you think he's a crank or what? Serious answer appreciated!--Light current 22:02, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Order of replies
If you don't interrupt my replies with your replies, I will stop rearranging your replies. Deal?--Light current 21:47, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Time for bed
look Alfred, as much as I enjoy these little chats of ours, I think its time for bed. BTW I dont mean ay offence to you. Lets just say were having a robust agrument and try to remain friends. What do you say?--Light current 01:06, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Equivalent series resistance-- can AC look at it please?
Alfred, could you please have a quick look at this page when you have time.Equivalent series resistance. There seems to be some silly statements in it. Can you confirm/deny. THanks--Light current 04:40, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!
Welcome Alfred to the Electronics project. I'm so glad you have decided to join us. I enjoy our little discussions so much! So, I'll probably see you over on WikiProject: electronics quite soon!--Light current 02:15, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Is the DC voltage across an inductor zero?
Hi Alfred,

In your User page, under this question you first wrote, "In DC steady state, all circuit voltages and currents are constant." This is also the meaning I understand for the term "DC". That is, not just currents, but also voltages are constant in DC analysis.

You then say, "a constant (DC) voltage across an inductor can exist if the current through the inductor changes at a constant rate." and therefore "the answer [to the titular question] is no." But you've contradicted the definition of DC, which requires that all currents are constant. A current that changes at a constant rate is not constant; it is changing.

To say it another way, for a value (current) to be constant, its derivative must be zero. Therefore the definition of DC requires that all dv/dt and di/dt are zero. Therefore, from the inductor equation v = L(di/dt), we have v=L*0, v=0.

There is probably an analogy here to the question of whether current "flows" or whether current is a flow of charge.

--The Photon 02:31, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Hi again,

You wrote (on UserTalk:The Photon): There is not contradiction. You have equated DC steady state and DC which is incorrect. A circuit consisting of an inductor and a DC voltage source has no DC steady state solution yet the voltage across the inductor is constant (DC). Alfred Centauri 11:27, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

I suppose you are right. You have been very subtle about the terminology difference between "DC" and "DC steady state". Your solution is a time-varying solution to a circuit with only DC sources. (But I think it would be confusing to students to call it a DC circuit or DC solution).

Also when you said, "It is commonly said that an inductor is a 'short circuit at DC'", this implies you define "at DC" to mean "in a DC analysis." not "in a circuit with only DC sources." The statement "an inductor is a short at DC" is obviously not correct if "at DC" means "the sources are constant in the time period of interest" in a transient analysis. I guess I accept that "at DC" means either "in a DC analysis" or "in the limit as t -> infinity in a transient analysis", or "in the limit as f -> 0 in an AC analysis". I haven't heard the term "at DC" used to mean "in a time-varying circuit with only DC sources."

If I took the perfect capacitor and perfect inductor, with nonzero i and v, as described in your page, and put them together to make an ideal lossless oscillator, would you still say the circuit is "at DC"?

--The Photon 17:17, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Talk Ivor Catt
Alfred, you may be interested to learn that some idiot on that talk page is again claiming that all capacitors are TLs and that Ivor Catt was in fact totally correct in his 1978 Wireless World article!--Light current 17:21, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

My beliefs & Merry Xmas
I have changed my wholesale acceptance of Maxwell's equations now. I now believe that displacement current does not in fact exist as a flow of anything at all. Current does appear to be transferred from one plate to the other in a capacitor, but this is purely an effect of the em energy flow down the distributed (TL) structure. NB displacement current I of course admit in dielectrics- but not in vacuum.--Light current 07:23, 1 January 2006 (UTC) As far as em propagation in space is concerned, I believe no current (flow of anything at rt angles to direction of propagation) happens there either, but that the changing electric field creates (by an as yet unknown process) the required magnetic field and vice versa.

My reasonings are outlined on Talk:displacement current

Of course, it may turn out that Maxwell was correct all along, if the theory of vacuum polarisation can be proved. But until then, I think I'll stick with this explanation, which whilst probably not satisfying everyone, satisfies me at the moment. You may not agree with my view, but I would ask you to respect it. Merry Xmas!!--Light current 03:59, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

A favour
Alfred, I am doing some editing of education and training of electrical and electronics engineers and Im short of syllabus content (mainly final year stuff) for the power engineering/machines/heavy current stuff. Would you be able to oblige us with an up to date syllabus please? --Light current 07:08, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks (put other thanks here)
Thanks for the triva on PFM. That'll be a useful term in my major (hint, its your major ; ). Fresheneesz 20:21, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Transformer
Alfred, do you know how transformers work - I mean really know how they work?. If so see Talk:Transformer. I think we could do with some insights! 8-)--Light current 01:14, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

E X H and transformers
Alfred, do transformers depend on Poynting vector for energy transfer? If so, how does it come into play? 8-)--Light current 01:04, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Flux in a transformer core
Alfred I am trying to reopen discussion on the important topic of whether or not there is substantial flux (due to increased secondary loading,say) in the core of a transformer aside from the magnetising flux. I am basing my present thoughts on the interesting paper by Edwards and Saha and it seems to me that they are in fact saying something about core flux, but not explicitly stating the magnitude of flux in the actual core. I would value your educated comments if you have time at Talk:transformer. --Light current 13:45, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Ground or common?
On your user page, you say:

 * The so-called 'ground' symbol is ubiquitous in virtually any schematic diagram. Yet, rarely is this node actually connected to 'ground'. Further, in many circuits, there is more than one 'ground', i.e., analog ground, digital ground, rf ground, etc. But technically, the term 'grounded' means connected to the Earth. If this node is not actually connected to ground, a more appropriate name might be 'common' or 'return', i.e., +5V return, analog common, etc.

Another commonly-used (sorry!) term is "reference", so "logic reference", "analog reference", and so on.

Atlant 13:56, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Re: Clock synchronization question.
I have posted a response of my talk page. --EMS | Talk 21:15, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Opinion needed
Alfred, do you know how magnetic guitar pickups work? I say they work on the variable reluctance principle, but many refs disagree. Even one supposed Univerity paper seems to say that the string must be 'magnetised' to work. Would you be able to spare some time to comment please at Talk:Pickup. THanks 8-)--Light current 18:43, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Plato
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction discussion Please, have a look on "Plato". Martin Segers (Belgium) Tsi43318 07:03, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Horsepower.
First, acceleration is not work and force over distance is not the definition of power (it is the definition of work) and second, while horsepower is important for top speed, it is torque that determines acceleration. Consider the case of an electric powered vehicle at rest. At the moment that the vehicle begins to accelerate, the horsepower generated by the motor (no matter how powerful it is) is exactly zero. Alfred Centauri 02:44, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You are very incorrect, a running engine (or electric motor) will never have zero horsepower. Because of how hp is measured (hp = tq x rpm / 5252) any rotating object can produce power. If you spin a bowling ball like a top and try to stop it with your hands it will put force on your hands at a certain rate, that is work being performed and to perform work you must have power. So even at idle you can imagine how an engine is making power. The thought that force starts the vehicle off and power keeps it moving is wrong because there is power at the very instant that motor begins to move. So in your electric car example the moment the car would begin to accelerate the motor would have a measurable amount of power. Also the reason power is so important to the performance of a vehicle (and the main thing many people don't understand) is that if you have more power you can create more force at a given rpm. To make a quick example, if you have an engine that makes 400 hp @ 10,500 rpm with 200 lb-ft of torque and an engine that makes 400 hp @ 5,250 rpm with 400 lb-ft of torque they will both be able to provide the same amount of wheel torque at the same rpm thanks to gearing.

 * 200 lb-ft @ 10,500 rpm geared 4:1 = 800 lb-ft at 2625 rpm
 * 400 lb-ft @ 5,250 rpm geared 2:1 = 800 lb-ft at 2625 rpm

 * The text you removed is not a misconception at all, the statement "horsepower is important for top speed, it is torque that determines acceleration." is very incorrect and a very common misconception. IJB TA 10:25, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Sorry, but your words demonstrate that you are very confused. You are using words like power *very loosely*. Let me give you an example. You said "because there is power at the very instant that motor begins to move". This is clearly wrong. At the instant the motor begins to turn, it is by definition not turning so the power is exactly zero. This is simply by the definition. But hey, don't take my word for it. **Do the math**. To make it simple, assume the motor produces a constant torque, say 100 lb-ft, from the moment the acceleration starts until the motor reaches 1000 rpm, 10 seconds later. Since the torque is constant, the angular acceleration is constant (assuming losses are minimal). Thus, the rpm is increasing at the rate of 100 rpm per second. So, here is the result:

Torque = 100 lb-ft from t = 0 to 10 (seconds) HP = 100 lb-ft * 100 * t / 5252 = 1.9 * t hp   t = 0, hp = 0 t = 1, hp = 1.9 t = 2, hp = 3.8 t = 3, hp = 5.7 ...   t =10, hp = 19

Don't you see? The horsepower is increasing every second yet the *acceleration* is constant!!! The torque is constant and the acceleration is constant. The horsepower is steadily increasing but the acceleration is constant. Hmmmm... Seems pretty obvious to me which one is responsible for the acceleration. Of course, if losses are *not* minimal but are increasing with rpm, then the acceleration will not be constant but will be reduced as the speed ramps up. However, the result is the same.

Once again, (and this is basic physics - don't take my word for it, go look it up!) it takes (net) torque to change angular speed. This is the definition of torque. Forget any of the other things you have heard - without net torque, angular speed doesn't change. And, if angular speed doesn't change, there is no linear acceleration developed by the tires on the road. To change the angular speed from zero doesn't require any power, only torque. To maintain speed, requires power only if there are losses. For an automobile traveling down the highway at high speed, there are losses from air resistance, tire to road friction as well as mechanical losses in the drivetrain. Thus, to *maintain* this high speed requires power (and therefore torque) from the engine. But, to *increase* that speed rapidly requires far more torque than horsepower.

Consider the following problem that I would think is more applicable to your mind set. Let's say that a car weighing 3000lbs is moving at 60 mph and engine is turning 2000rpm. Let's say the wheels are rotating at half that, 1000rpm (this implies that the radius of the wheel/tire combo is about 10 inches (the diameter would be about 20 inches). The losses (air resistance, tire friction, internal friction, etc.) require that the engine produce 10hp in order to maintain that speed. Using your hp formula above, the torque produced by the engine is 26.26 lb-ft (10hp *5252/2000).

Now, let's say we want to accelerate this vehicle, at the rate of 10mph/per second. This means we need to increase the angular speed of the engine by 334 rpm per second or the wheel/tire rpm by 168rpm per second. Well, at the instant the acceleration starts, the engine is still turning 2000rpm but our torque is way up. In order to *accelerate* the car, we need to change the wheel/tire rpm by 168rpm per second, which requires and additional torque of 1385 lb-ft at the wheels or 692 lb-ft from the engine. That's in *addition* to the torque required to make up the losses at 60mph. So, take a look

To accelerate from 60mph at the rate of 10mph/sec we need:

Torque = 719 lb-ft which is constant Acceleration = 10mph/sec (actually a poor assumption since the air resistance goes up as the square of the speed!) starting at t = 0 t = -1, hp = 10 t = 0, hp = 273 t = 1, hp = 319 t = 2, hp = 364 etc...

So, there ya go. To get that acceleration, we're going to need that torque. Note that, once again, the hp is going up as time progresses but the acceleration is remaining constant. Hmmmm... Alfred Centauri 02:15, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes I understand that it is wheel torque that determines the acceleration of a vehicle. The point is that in order to make more wheel torque you must make more power at the flywheel. That is why the statement "horsepower is important for top speed, it is torque that determines acceleration." is so very incorrect. A vehicle with more power will be able to accelerate faster than a vehicle with less power because it can provide a greater amount of force at the wheels. Power to weight ratio, hmmm...wonder why that came about instead of torque to weight ratio. IJB TA 02:36, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

No, to make more wheel torque requires more torque from the engine. You still don't 'get it' You are using the word power when you should actually be using torque. Please consult a physics text to learn the different. Or, try this for a second opinion: http://g-speed.com/pbh/torque-and-hp.html Alfred Centauri

 * You're forgetting the something VERY important, GEARS! Gears multiply torque. Again:

 * 200 lb-ft @ 10,500 rpm geared 4:1 = 800 lb-ft at 2625 rpm
 * 400 lb-ft @ 5,250 rpm geared 2:1 = 800 lb-ft at 2625 rpm

 * If you do the math you will notice both of those examples have 400 hp. IJB TA 02:52, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

I understand the principle of gears very well. In fact, a transmission is analogous to an electrical transformer where voltage is analogous to torque and current is analogous to rpm. And, in both cases, the product of the two must equal on each side (assuming ideal lossless components). When gears multiply torque, they simultaneously divide rpm so the power product is the same. Thus, to get maximum power to the wheels, we need maximum power from the engine, period. There can be no other way to see this. The power going in to the transmission is equal to or greater than the power going out. However, if we want maximum acceleration, we want maximum torque delivered to the wheels and the transmission can certainly multiply the torque for us but not the horsepower! Thus, if want the absolute maximum torque delivered to the wheels, we want the engine rpm at it's torque max to be reduced (usually) to the *current* rpm of the wheels. So, if we're going slow, we want a large ratio and if we're already going fast, a not so large ratio. Still, it is the max torque of the engine that determines the max acceleration. No way around that, I'm afraid. The max horsepower determines the max speed because, and again there is no way around this, the **transmission cannot increase the power delivered to the wheels**. Sure, if you want to be cute and stay in first gear then some other parameter will limit the speed.

Look, assume that the losses at some speed due to air resistance etc, exceed the maximum power output of the engine. Can the car go that fast continuously? Obviously, it cannot. What if the losses, exactly equal the maximum power output of the engine. Can the car go that fast continuously? The answer is yes if the gearing is correct. That is, when the engine is turning the rpm required for max power and that is reduced (usually) to the wheel rpm required for the speed at which losses match the max power, then all is good. If you reduce the hp output of the engine, that speed must now decrease. If the gearing isn't right, then the max speed will be lower because the engine power output will be lower at a different rpm. It's that simple. Alfred Centauri 03:28, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Is the voltage across a short circuit always zero?
Hi, I stumbled across your user-page, and I couldn't help but comment on this.

Placing a perfect S/C across a perfect voltage source is indeed an indeterminate solution; it's the same idea as connecting two perfect voltage sources together with zero resistance in series, and then trying to analyse it to find the voltage. There is no limit process which would help define it; therefore there is no solution, i.e. the value of the voltage across the S/C does not exist. It wouldn't even help to simply pick a definition (as we can for e.g. $$0^0$$), as it is a logically impossible scenario (see, for instance Irresistible force paradox).

Given that in all determinate scenarios, the voltage across a S/C is zero, and that in the indeterminate case, its value does not exist, it is safe to say that the voltage across a S/C is always zero.

Also, I'm not sure why you have a problem with the definitions "zero resistance path" and "always having zero volts across it" being equivalent. You say that "a short circuit is not at all like a zero ohm resistor but is instead, an ideal voltage source where the voltage is exactly zero", but this is no different to a voltage source being equivalent to that voltage source in series with a zero-ohm resistor, or a resistor being equivalent to that resistor in series with a zero-voltage source, etc.

Oli Filth 21:20, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

On my talk page, you replied:

 * "This may seem like hocus pocus but consider a well known derivation of the area under the unit impulse using a pulse of width X and height of 1/X. In the limit as X goes to zero, we have a finite area given by the product of 0 with infinity."

We don't, at least, not in the sense we can somehow derive this fact. We merely define it to be so. And even then, there is no meaningful answer to the question "what is the value of $$\delta(x)$$ at $$x = 0$$?". We can only use the definition in things like convolution integrals.

 * "So, if I for the product of R * I to be V (by putting a V volt voltage source across the resistor) and then let R go to zero, I goes to infinity and the product of R * I remains V!"

What you are saying is equivalent to saying that there is a meaningful solution (or useful definition) to $$1/x$$ at $$x = 0$$, which can be derived from a limit process. But there isn't, not least because there are two confliciting limit processes ($$\lim_{x->0^+}$$ and $$\lim_{x->0^-}$$). Sure, we could simply assign a definition to the expression (e.g. by choosing to work on a projective geometry), but what use would it be? e.g. we're told that $$I = \infty$$ and $$R=0$$, so $$V = ???$$.

 * "I hope you understand that my nitpickery is not intended to be a rant in any way but is instead meant to stimulate a conversation among EEs having a beer or three."

No worries! I don't have a lot to do this evening, so I'm trawling Wikipedia for mental stimulation. Oli Filth 22:55, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Distortion measurement
I have added a "" template to the article Distortion measurement, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Alfred Centauri 03:28, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I object to these deletions being made so quickly during a period when I was away from Wikipedia. I now have no way of seeing why this was so. It seems quite wrong to me that there should now be no page on 'colouration' where I had created one - it's a perfectly valid word with a well understood meaning.

Is there a way that I can see the two pages now as they existed? --Lindosland 13:45, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Suggested changes to Electrical impedance
Hi there Alfred Centauri, I am interested in making some changes to the article on impedance and noticed that you have been an active editor for a long time. I have explained my thoughts on the talk page, including a link to my user subpage where i'm trying out ideas.

The reason why i'm not immediately editing the article is that i'd like to make some wholesale changes, so I feel it's worth getting input from others before going ahead. Feel free to reply here, on the article talk page or on my talk page.

Thanks,

--DJIndica 00:18, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

magnetic field comment
Starwed, please reconsider posting comments in the middle of another comment. Thanks. Alfred Centauri 14:00, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Not something I normally like to do, but quoting specific points in order to directly respond to them would have bloated the talk page length even further. :( Looking back, I guess it makes it hard to read anon's comments as a whole, though, so I'll avoid this in the future..--Starwed 17:41, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Archiving Magnetic Field talk page
Get ready for a lengthy rant about an Orwellian cabal of fanatics dropping any traces of dissent down the memory hole. ;-) Pfalstad 15:40, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Objectivism RFC
Hi,

To let you know, I'm moving your comment in the above section of the talk page to where mine and the other guy's are - the comment section is for the person answering the request for comments, not us. WLU 16:42, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * To qualify, I'm 99% sure that the comment section is for the third party, based on the RFC instruction page. If you find on that page that I'm incorrect, feel free to move it back, but please drop me a line on my talk page so I won't repeat my mistake in the future.  Thanks!  WLU 16:44, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * My feeling is the RFC should come from someone completely removed from the article and all previous discussions. I don't know if the RFC page backs me up, but we'll see what the commentor says.  WLU 17:22, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * That's cool, thanks for the line. WLU 21:05, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Wikiswarm
A tag has been placed on Wikiswarm, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

Non-verified neologism

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet very basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. WebHamster 23:09, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:7points-in-plane.JPG
Thank you for uploading Image:7points-in-plane.JPG. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI 00:12, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Plagarism at How a transistor works
Thank's for the heads up. If someone likes my writing, they should link to it rather than copying its content to WP! BTW, I've given up on WP myself. The presence of huge numbers of anonymous trolls isn't worth the aggravation. A wikipedia with real people and no anonymous authors? Where good or bad behavior remains forever connected to the perpetrator? Now THAT would be something amazing and wonderful. --Wjbeaty 18:59, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Relativity
I've decided to introduce WikiProject Relativity as a subproject of WikiProject Physics. In particular, I'd like to bring your attention to the 'Missing articles' section which people can get their teeth into. Hope all's well. MP (talk•contribs) 13:57, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Rand Anon IP RfC
Looking at the dispute resolution protocol, I've made an RfC regarding one of the anon IPs who's trolling this article. Since you've been involved in a dispute with this person please certify it and post your observations here. Idag (talk) 06:09, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Wikiproject Electronics collaboration
Hi, I am writing to you because you have listed yourself as a member of the Electronics WikiProject. Sadly, this project is pretty dead, but I propose to resuscitate it with a collaboration. The idea is to have a concerted effort on improving one article per month, hopefully to GA or FA status and nominate the very best of them for the front page. I have prepared a page to control this process at WikiProject Electronics/Collaboration (actually, I mostly shamelessly stole it from WikiProject Mammals where a collaboration of this sort was succesfully run). There you can make nominations for articles for collaboration or comment on the nominations of others.

If you want to take part you might like to place this template  on your userpage which will give you a link to the current collaboration. If you are no longer interested in Wikiproject Electronics, please remove yourself from the members list, which is now at WikiProject Electronics/Members

Thanks for listening,  Sp in ni ng  Spark  14:21, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Atlas Shrugged Article
Hello! As a member of Wiki Project Objectivism would you please see my post on the excessive coverage of fictional technology, etc. in Atlas Shrugged and my proposal to replace it with more coverage of the meaning of the events in that novel. Thanks. —Blanchette (talk) 03:43, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Objectivism
I am clearing the participant list at WikiProject Objectivism due to inactivity. Please add yourself again if you want to participate. --Karbinski (talk) 22:20, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Something new to bring to a very old argument
I completely forgot that I had ever had an argument on the horsepower talk page, but continued to work out how horsepower affects vehicle performance. This was to be my final reply, but because the argument is so old now I figured I would just present it directly to you. These charts show the torque output of two engines, an LS7 from a Corvette Z06 and a torque curve loosely based on the Lamborghini Gallardo Superleggera.

Here both engines are geared so that each will produce maximum power at the same wheel rpm. Notice the engine with higher power output has more wheel torque at all speeds and in all gears. Why does this happen? Because power determines wheel torque at a given rpm!

Thank you for your time. IJB TA (talk) 23:29, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry I stuck that^ in the wrong spot, I'm quite tired these days. Anyway, I finally see what you're saying, but it's something I understood all along. Maximum acceleration is not at peak power but at peak torque, if acceleration were proportional to power, maximum acceleration would be at peak power. Still, I'm struggling to find the vocabulary to put into words what I can plainly see in the math. The math shows that a car with greater average power will always have the advantage of faster acceleration, regardless of engine torque output.

 * "...acceleration is proportional to engine torque and not engine power."

 * This statement simply doesn't make sense to me, even if power is not directly proportional to acceleration it does play a larger role than engine torque alone. Clearly of both cars in my example the higher horsepower car has the advantage, and there simply would not be a way to explain the performance of these vehicles without knowing the power output of both cars. I don't understand what relationship you think power has to the performance of a vehicle or why it's so easy for you to dismiss. IJB TA (talk) 06:34, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Nevermind what I said about the quote above. I'm just tired, and bored at work I guess. I think the only problem with this argument is that I'm looking at it from the standpoint of a car enthusiast and I'm used to seeing two numbers, peak torque and peak power. In the world of automotive competition comparing the peak torque number of two vehicles almost never gives any kind of indication of how the vehicles will perform, and this is clearly shown in my comparison above. So from the layman's point of view it should be said that horsepower always wins races, and torque is just a number. I'll leave you with a real world example of this, mainly just because they are fun examples to watch ;0).

 * The king of torque

 * The king

Cheers! IJB TA (talk) 17:23, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think I figured out how to use MS Excel (I used AutoCAD before and it took forever) to plot these torque curves out, so I can show what happens when these engines are geared the same. It should be noted though that to come up with the wheel torque in my example I used the actual gear ratios for the Corvette Z06 and higher gear ratios for engine 1 than what the Gallardo has to get the peak power at roughly the same wheel speed. Because the output for engine 1 is based on the output of the Gallardo and the Gallardo has lower ratios than what I've used, it can be assumed that the Gallardo actually has more wheel torque than what is shown here. IJB TA (talk) 22:22, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Here is the wheel torque output for both engines with the same ratios.

Engine 1 still has greater acceleration at some speeds. The chart shows that this gearing for Engine 1 is far from optimal if the goal is to provide maximum acceleration from a standing start. IJB TA (talk) 18:29, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Electromotive force
It would be great if you could take a look at Electromotive force. which could use some independent views. Please, and thanks. Brews ohare (talk) 14:23, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Faith in science
Hi,

I've answered your comment on my talk page. Man with two legs (talk) 21:52, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

User name
I don't think we've crossed paths before, but I must say your user name is an excellent one. Edison (talk) 01:15, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Characteristic impedance
More eyes are needed on this article. See this edit.  Spinning Spark  22:20, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

IEEE technical societies
If you are a member of one or more of the IEEE technical societies, you may wish to identify yourself as such on Wikipedia. I’ve created Wikipedian categories for each of the 38 IEEE technical societies. The new Template:User IEEE member creates a userbox identifying the society and your membership grade and includes your user page in the relevant Wikipedian category. If you have any questions, feel free to drop me a note. Yours aye, Buaidh  17:42, 11 December 2013 (UTC) — IEEE Life Member

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Jennies-solution.JPG

The file File:Jennies-solution.JPG has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unused temporary file as noted by uploader. No foreseeable use."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 12:28, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alfred Centauri


text: User talk:68.36.233.233

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.36.233.233


text:
Kad network

The Kad network is a peer-to-peer (P2P) network which implements the Kademlia P2P overlay protocol. The majority of users on the Kad Network are also connected to servers on the eDonkey network, and Kad Network clients typically query known nodes on the eDonkey network in order to find an initial node on the Kad network.

Usage
The Kad network uses a UDP-based protocol to:

 * Find sources for eD2k hashes.
 * Search for eD2k hashes based on keywords in the file name.
 * Find comments and ratings for files (hashes).
 * Provide buddy services for firewalled (Low ID) nodes.
 * Store locations, comments and (keywords out of) filenames.

Note that the Kad network is not used to actually transfer files across the P2P network. Instead, when a file transfer is initiated, clients connect directly to each other (using the standard public IP network). This traffic is susceptible to blocking/shaping/tracking by an ISP or any other opportunistic middle-man.

As with all decentralized networks, the Kad network requires no official or common servers. As such, it cannot be disabled by shutting down a given subset of key nodes. While the decentralization of the network prevents a simple shut-down, traffic analysis and deep packet inspection will more readily identify the traffic as P2P due to the high variable-destination packet throughput. The large packet volume typically causes a reduction in available CPU and/or network resources usually associated with P2P traffic.

Client search
The Kad network supports searching of files by name and a number of secondary characteristics such as size, extension, bit-rate, and more. Features vary based on client used.

Major clients
Only a few major clients currently support the Kad network implementation. However, they comprise over 80% of the user base and are probably closer to 95% of ed2k installations.

 * eMule: An open source Windows client which is the most popular, with 80% of network users. It also runs on Linux using the Wine libraries.

There are a number of minor variants, or forks, of eMule which support the same basic features as eMule itself. They include: aMule (A Linux client similar to eMule) and eMule Mods (not eMule Plus), possibly others.

 * aMule: An open source client popular among Linux Operating Systems. Currently aMule (officially) supports a wide variety of platforms and operating systems.
 * MLDonkey: An open source, cross-platform client that runs on many platforms and supports numerous other file-sharing protocols as well.
 * iMule: An anonymous, open source, cross-platform client. Supports only the Kad network and I2P network.  eDonkey network has been dropped.
 * Lphant: Supports also eDonkey network and BitTorrent protocol. To use Kad network make sure you have 3.51 version.

Malware/virus

 * TDL-4: A botnet virus that is reported to use this network as a backup for updates and new instructions if its Command and Control servers are taken down.

title: Kad network


text:
User:Grzesik~enwiki

Grzesik
I'm a little bit of a nut. I'm not really an expert on many topics so anything I edit is usually just a redirect of a formatting thing. I mostly use wikipedia for researching World War 2 battles and Video Game history.

title: User:Grzesik~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ubiquitous Software

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect to Ubiquitous computing. – Rich Farmbrough 16:29, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Ubiquitous Software
Tagged as since February. There is nothing that is encyclopedic or noteworthy in its two sentences. Zzyzx11 | Talk 02:59, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect to Ubiquitous computing Gazpacho 06:23, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to Ubiquitous computing Pavel Vozenilek 02:31, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * merge/redirect as above. Master Thief Garrett 00:46, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Daniel (Elton John song)

"Daniel" is a song written by English musician Elton John and his long-time songwriting partner Bernie Taupin, and performed by John. It was first released on John's 1973 album Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player.

In the United Kingdom, the song reached No. 4 in the official chart. In the United States, the song reached No. 2 on the pop charts (only held from number one by "My Love" by Paul McCartney and Wings) and No. 1 on the adult contemporary charts for two weeks in the spring of 1973.

In the US, it was certified gold in September 1995 and platinum in May 2018 by the RIAA. In Canada, it became his second No. 1 single, following "Crocodile Rock" earlier in the year, holding the position for two weeks in the RPM 100 national singles chart. John and Taupin received the 1973 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. The song appeared on the soundtrack of the 1974 film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore.

Composition
Bernie Taupin wrote the lyrics after reading an article in either Time or Newsweek about a Vietnam War veteran who had been wounded, and wanted to get away from the attention he was receiving when he came back home. The last verse in the original draft was cut from the final version, which has led to some speculation on the contents.

Reception
Cash Box said that the "fascinating lyrics by Bernie Taupin will make you want to listen over and over again." Record World called it "a natural smash, and one of [John's and Taupin's] best pennings in a while."

Personnel

 * Elton John – Vocals, back-up vocals, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Mellotron (for flute parts)
 * Davey Johnstone – acoustic guitar, banjo
 * Dee Murray – bass
 * Nigel Olsson – drums, maracas
 * Ken Scott – ARP synthesizer

Accolades

 * Grammy Awards

 * 1974
 * "Daniel"
 * Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Notable covers
"Daniel" was covered on the 1991 album Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin by Wilson Phillips. It reached number seven on the US and Canadian Adult Contemporary charts as an album cut. The song also reached number 26 on the Canadian pop chart.

Sam Smith covered the song for the 2018 tribute album Revamp: Reimagining the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin.

Marie Laforêt adapted and covered the song in French in 1974. It was released as the B-side of the "Cadeau" EP. 125,000 copies were sold in France.

The rock band Fuel recorded a cover version on their 2000 album, Something Like Human.

title: Daniel (Elton John song)


text:
106 & Park

106 & Park is an American hip hop and R&B music video show, set up in a countdown format, that was broadcast on weekdays at 6:00 pm ET/5:00 pm CT on BET; it aired on a one-day delay on BET International. It was the network's highest-rated show throughout its run. On November 14, 2014, BET cancelled 106 & Park, with an alleged shift to a digital-only format, with occasional specials during network event programming, though the last time it was seen in any form was the 2016 BET Experience, and the digital-only program never aired.

Location
The show was originally produced in Harlem, New York City, and the title of the show is derived from the original studio location, NEP's Metropolis Studios, at East 106th Street and Park Avenue. In 2001, Viacom's acquisition of BET prompted a change to the CBS Broadcast Center at 524 West 57th Street between 10th & 11th Avenues, in the Hell's Kitchen section of Midtown Manhattan, turning its title into a misnomer for the rest of its history.

A. J. & Free (2000–2005)
A. J. Calloway and Marie "Free" Wright were the first hosts of the show from September 11, 2000 until July 28, 2005, when Calloway announced that it would be his last show, as well as for Free (who spoke via phone), as the show was either presented by Calloway or Wright.

Julissa & Big Tigger (2005–2006)
On August 1, 2005, 106 & Park had been presented by television personality and model Julissa Bermudez and Rap City: Tha Basement's Big Tigger until July 3, 2006 as temporary replacements for the show before they could find another female co-host for Terrence J. Around this time, Terrence J guest co-hosted the show with Julissa. Celebrities (Bow Wow and Mýa) hosted the show as well.

Terrence J & Rocsi (2006–2012)
On July 6, 2006, Rocsi (Raquel Diaz), then an afternoon host for Chicago's radio station WPWX (92.3), and Terrence J (Terrence Jenkins) became the hosts after winning BET's "New Faces" contest. On May 29, 2012, Rocsi and Terrence J announced they would be leaving 106 & Park in 2012. Thus beginning a nationwide search for the next hosts of 106 & Park, which started on June 1, 2012 and ended on October 1, 2012. Terrence J and Rocsi's last episode as hosts was broadcast on September 28, 2012. The announcement for the new hosts of 106 & Park was broadcast on Monday.

The highly anticipated farewell episode aired on September 28, 2012, and was hosted by La La Anthony and Pooch Hall. In the taped video messages, several celebrities wish their farewell for Terrence J and Rocsi. They included Jim Jones, French Montana, Julissa and Big Tigger (former hosts of the show), 2 Chainz, Ace Hood, Alicia Keys, Amar'e Stoudemire, Big Sean, B.o.B, Bobby V., Brandy Norwood, Busta Rhymes, Cassidy, Ciara, Common, Doug E. Fresh, DMX, Dwyane Wade, Elle Varner, E-40, Future, Jacob Latimore, Keke Palmer, Mary J. Blige, MGK, Mike Epps, Ne-Yo, Shannon Brown and Monica, Stalley, Rick Ross, Robin Thicke, T.I., Wyclef Jean and Bow Wow (who later hosted with Miss Mykie for next month).

Bow Wow & "The Search" (2012–2013)
On October 1, 2012, the new hosts for 106 & Park were announced, including Shad "Bow Wow" Moss, Jordan "Shorty da Prince" Johnson, Kimberly "Paigion" Walker and Mykel "Miss Mykie" Gray. For the first time in the show's 12-year history, there were officially four hosts for 106 & Park, instead of two. On January 15, 2013, 106 & Park revealed a new set, graphics, logo, and theme music. On January 23, 2013, former host Rocsi Diaz made an unannounced appearance on the show. New segments included "The Mykie Report", "The Battle of the Sexes", "Girl Chat", "Inside the Rapper's Studio", "Virtually Famous" and other programs with 106 & Park guest correspondent "Franky J" in future works. On July 3, 2013, after several weeks of rumors and speculation about the fates of Johnson, Walker and Gray returning to the show, BET released a statement confirming the news that they would not return to the show. The hosts have never appeared on the show in the nearly two months since May 2013. Bow Wow remained as a permanent host on the show, along with Angela Simmons serving as a temporary co-host for the summer, her last day was on September 30, 2013, along with special guest co-hosts such as Adrienne Bailon.

Bow Wow & Keshia Chanté (2013–2014)
On September 27, 2013, Canadian rapper Drake made the official announcement that Bow Wow would be joined by another Canadian Keshia Chanté as the official new co-host, who would officially start on October 1, 2013. On November 14, 2014, BET cancelled 106 & Park. The show aired its final episode on December 19, 2014.

Broadcasting history
The show launched as an hour-long show until expanding to 90 minutes in 2001. In New Year's Eve (for all years), the show introduces to its only holiday special, called 106 & Party, along with performances by all artists. In 2008, the show was expanded to two hours with occasional 90-minute episodes during eventual weeks. The show celebrated its 2,000th episode on August 20, 2008. From July 25, 2011 to September 2, 2011, the show was also expanded to three hours.

The show's "10th anniversary" special was on October 6, 2010. The past hosts, A. J. Calloway & Free (original; 2000–2005), Julissa & Big Tigger (2005–2006) returned to the show to celebrate along with current hosts Terrence J and Rocsi.

The show's final episode ("The Final Act") was on December 19, 2014. The past hosts, A. J. Calloway & Free (original; 2000–2005), Julissa & Big Tigger (2005–2006), Terrence J & Rocsi (2006–2012) and Shorty da Prince, Paigion and Miss Mykie of "The Search" (2012–2013) also returned to the show to honor with current hosts Bow Wow and Keshia Chanté with a special guest appearances by Wale and Keyshia Cole.

Freestyle Friday
Each Friday, one popular segment is called Freestyle Friday, featured two aspiring rappers competing in a freestyle battle until the studio audience and celebrity judges, alternating for 30 seconds in each of two rounds.

BET Experience
The show returned during the 2015 BET Experience from Los Angeles. It was hosted by Ray J and Tinashe on June 26, 2015, along with Yara Shahidi, Marcus Scribner and Keshia Chanté on June 27, 2015. It returned again in 2016 for the last time.

106 & Park Video Hall of Fame
As with TRL's "Retirement Home", a video which appeared on the countdown 65 times would be retired from further countdown consideration and be placed into the "106 & Park Video Hall of Fame". This normally occurred frequently, and earned Bow Wow the permanent title of Mr. 106 & Park, and Aaliyah (died in 2001) the permanent title of Miss 106 & Park for having the most #1's of their respective genders. The final video to be retired was "Ridin'" by Chamillionaire featuring Krayzie Bone on December 19, 2014.

Reception
In 2016 (two years after its end), a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook likes found that 106 & Park "is popular in the New York metro area, generally"

title: 106 & Park


text:
Talk:Young Lions (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Belew Young Lions.jpg
Image:Belew Young Lions.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:42, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Young Lions (album)


text:
Mount Field (British Columbia)

Mount Field is a mountain located about 4 km northeast of the town of Field in Yoho National Park, Canada. The mountain was named in 1884 after Cyrus West Field, an American merchant who had laid the first Atlantic cable, 1858, a second in 1866; Mr. Field was visiting the Canadian Rockies the year as a guest of the CPR who were building the national railway, at the naming of a station and a mountain. Precipitation runoff from Mount Field drains into the Kicking Horse River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 1,360 meters (4,462 feet) above the river in two kilometers (1.2 mile). The Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) traverses the southern foot of the mountain.

Geology
Mount Field is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. The Burgess Shale is located below the ridge connecting Mt. Field to Wapta Mountain.

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Field is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C.

title: Mount Field (British Columbia)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joe Garden

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 01:00, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Joe Garden
No evidence of notability - not-encyclopedic Johntex 03:01, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete appears to be a ad to get votes on his website--nixie 07:53, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 08:13, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Crazy Frog (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. sjorford →•← 10:37, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Crazy Frog

 * The previous deletion discussion of this article, blanked by 67.15.2.22 when re-nominating this article, is at Votes for deletion/Crazy Frog.

Article about ringtone frog wasteful not notable. Delete 67.15.2.22 12:09, 2005 Apr 17 (according to history Uncle G 13:56, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC))
 * Keep. I've spent some time researching this entry, I'd be sorry to see it go. -- taviso 13:09, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's notable. A google search reveals many hits . There is also a BBC article linked form this article. Jeltz talk  13:14, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This only survived VfD recently, and is just as notable now as it was then. Xezbeth  13:55, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, come on, it's almost a FAC. never heard that song though Grue 17:54, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, has link to BBC article, survived a VFD and explains a controversy. I'm actually surprised so many interesting info can be dug up on a ringtone. Mgm|(talk) 19:55, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (but is it possible to delete the ringtone itself from existance?) The JPS 22:09, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the article, which is much more interesting and encyclopedic than I was expecting. Delete the annoying ringtone itself, as The JPS suggests. Jonathunder 04:30, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)
 * keep this again like last time Yuckfoo 06:45, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but it's a sad day when you can earn 14 million pounds off a ringtone. Meelar (talk) 06:46, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A lot of information here about a pretty well known subject. - MykReeve (T) (C) 23:55, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Anything this fucking annoying deserves an entry. Lee M 22:51, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Valley Arts Guitar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep rewritten article. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 22:39, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Valley Arts Guitar
A one-sentence substub that has been tagged with since March. It just reads, "Mike McGuire and Al Carness founded Valley Arts Guitar in the early 1970s in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California." So what? Zzyzx11 | Talk 03:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems to be a store formerly frequented by a few VIPs No vote —Wahoofive | Talk 04:27, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fails to establish notability. Megan1967 08:14, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, doesn't establish notability, smacks of advertising to me. Rje 00:14, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment-expanded this, although I think a merge and redirect as a section of Gibson (the current owner) would be appropriate until such time as a Valley Arts fanatic chooses to expand it even further. Soundguy99 16:45, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Jackson Hole Airport

Jackson Hole Airport is a public airport located seven miles (11 km) north of Jackson, in Teton County, Wyoming, U.S. In 2019, it was the busiest airport in Wyoming by passenger traffic with 455,000 passengers. During peak seasons of summer and winter, Jackson Hole has nonstop airline service from up to 15 destinations throughout the United States. The airport is served year-round by Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and United Airlines and seasonally by Sun Country Airlines.

Jackson Hole Airport is the only commercial airport in the United States located inside a national park, in this case Grand Teton. (The Provincetown Municipal Airport in Massachusetts is on land leased from the National Park Service, but it is not in a national park.)

History
The airport was created in the 1930s as the best place to put an airport in Teton County. The airport was declared a national monument in 1943 and merged with Grand Teton National Park in 1950. The runway was extended to its current length in 1959. President John F. Kennedy landed in an Army helicopter here on September 25, 1963. In the 1960s and 1970s a runway extension to 8000 ft to allow jets was considered; the National Park Service successfully opposed it. In the late 1970s jets began using the existing runway. The area is noise sensitive and the airport allows no jets louder than stage III. The airport is a popular mating ground for the rare sage grouse.

The original Frontier Airlines was the first carrier to serve Jackson Hole, starting in 1959 with routes to Denver, Salt Lake City, and Billings using Douglas DC-3s, and later the Convair 340 and 580. This was eventually upgraded to the Boeing 737-200 series aircraft shortly before the airline shut down in 1986 following the Airline Deregulation Act. Other than some commuter airlines that briefly served the airport, Frontier had the only service until Western Airlines began flights to Salt Lake City in 1983 using Boeing 737-200s. Since that time, the airport has also seen service from Continental Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Horizon Air, Big Sky Airlines, and Southwest Airlines in the past as well as many other commuter carriers.

The airport once had an unusual terminal resembling a pioneer log cabin. The terminal was completely rebuilt between 2009 and 2014. The new terminal, designed by Gensler, still blends with the unique surroundings of the national park with exposed wood, fireplaces, and nature photography throughout. The park limited the height of the terminal building to 18 feet. The terminal design received an American Institute of Architects Honor Award in 2014. In the spring of 2021, construction began on relocating the pre-security Café to baggage claim. Doing this gave check in counter space for Allegiant Airlines. In 2021, Allegiant left the airport due to small flight loads and the inability to reliably turn a profit at the airport. The next phase of construction will modernize and expand the TSA checkpoint and give more gate space to American Airlines. In the spring of 2022 when the airport is closed, construction will commence on rebuilding Jedediah's restaurant and adding two more gates.

Facilities
Jackson Hole Airport covers 533 acre; its one runway, 1/19, is 6,300 x 150 ft (1,920 x 46m) asphalt.

Jackson Hole Airport is noise sensitive and bans older, noisier aircraft with stage-II engines.

Due to a short runway at high altitude, the largest aircraft seen regularly at the Jackson Hole Airport is the Boeing 757-200 operated by Delta Air Lines on flights to Atlanta. Other aircraft typically seen include the Airbus A319, A320, Embraer 175, and the Bombardier CRJ700. Due to these conditions, Jackson Hole Airport does not typically see stretched versions of aircraft such as the Airbus A321 or Boeing 737-900, as they become weight restricted when taking off.

The airport currently has eleven hard stand gates and three baggage carousels. Jackson Hole Airport does not have jet bridges so passengers board aircraft via ramps. The airport terminal has a restaurant and gift shop post security as well as a cafe by the baggage claim area. The airport is served by Alamo, Avis, Budget, Enterprise and National rental car companies. Dollar, Hertz, and Thrifty offer shuttle service from the airport to in-town rental cars.

Jackson Hole Airport is one of 16 airports that employs its security screeners under contract with the Transportation Security Administration's Screening Partnership Program. Screeners are employed by the Jackson Hole Airport Board rather than TSA.

The airport has an antler arch at the entrance to terminal from the taxiway similar to the one in the town square.

Statistics
In the year ending December 31, 2019 the airport had 27,325 aircraft operations, average 75 per day: 37% general aviation, 29% air taxi, 33% airline and 1% military. 21 aircraft at the time were based at the airport: 17 single-engine, 2 multi-engine, and 2 jet.

Accidents and incidents

 * On September 11, 1988, a Snowy Butte Aviation Beechcraft Super King Air nosedived and crashed during a nighttime take off due to pilot fatigue and spatial disorientation. The sole occupant, the pilot, was killed.
 * On August 17, 1996, a U.S. Air Force C-130 Hercules aircraft assigned to the 317th Airlift Group at Dyess AFB, Texas was unable to clear Sheep Mountain, crashing into it and killing all nine aboard. The aircraft was supporting the United States Secret Service as part of visit by President Bill Clinton to the area.
 * On December 20, 2000, actress and resident Sandra Bullock survived the crash of a chartered business jet at Jackson Hole Airport. The aircraft hit a snowbank instead of the runway, shearing off the nose gear and nose cone and damaging the wings.
 * On June 27, 2005, John T. Walton, son of Walmart founder Sam Walton, died when his CGS Hawk Arrow homebuilt aircraft (registered as an "experimental aircraft" under FAA regulations) that he was piloting crashed in Jackson, Wyoming. Walton's plane crashed at 12:20 p.m. local time (1820 GMT) shortly after taking off from Jackson Hole Airport.

title: Jackson Hole Airport


text:
Glória Menezes

Nilcedes Soares de Magalhães (née Guimarães; born 19 October 1934), known professionally as Glória Menezes, is a Brazilian actress.

Life and career
Glória Menezes was born in Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Her real name, Nilcedes, is the joining of both her father's name, José Nilo, and her mother's name, Mercedes.

At the age of six, she and her family moved to São Paulo, where she attended University of São Paulo's School of Dramatic Arts and founded a theater group called Jovens Independentes. Her professional career began on São Paulo's TV Tupi in 1959, in the soap opera Um Lugar ao Sol, directed by Dionísio Azevedo. In 1962 she appeared in the film O Pagador de Promessas, alongside Leonardo Villar and Anselmo Duarte. In 1963, alongside Tarcísio Meira, she starred in the first daily soap opera on Brazilian television, 2-5499 Ocupado, broadcast by TV Excelsior. It was during this soap opera that the two actors began dating.

The Uruguayan LGBT rights activist Gloria Meneses, named herself after Menezes.

Partial filmography

 * Um Lugar ao Sol (1959, TV Series) - Eloá
 * Há Sempre o Amanhã (1960, TV Series) - Lucy
 * TV de Comédia (1960-1962, TV Series) - Elvira / Elza / Suzy
 * TV de Vanguarda (1960-1962, TV Series) - Maria Clara / Jane Eyre
 * O Pagador de Promessas (1962) - Rosa
 * A Estranha Clementine (1962, TV Series) - Clementine
 * 2-5499 Ocupado (1963, TV Series) - Emily
 * Lampião, O Rei do Cangaço (1964)
 * Uma Sombra em Minha Vida (1964, TV Series) - Maria Rosa
 * A Deusa Vencida (1965, TV Series) - Cecília
 * Pedra redonda 39 (1965, TV Series) - Jane
 * Almas de Pedra (1966, TV Series) - Cristina Ramalho
 * As Minas de Prata (1966-1967, TV Series) - Zana
 * O Grande Segredo (1967, TV Series) - Marta / Ana Célia
 * Sangue e Areia (1967-1968, TV Series) - Doña Sol
 * Passo dos Ventos (1968-1969, TV Series) - Vivian Chevalier
 * Rosa Rebelde (1969, TV Series) - Rosa Malena / Simone Grandet
 * O Impossível Acontece (1969) - Lúcia (segment "Eu, Ela e o Outro")
 * Máscara da Traição (1969) - Cristina Almeida
 * Irmãos Coragem (1970-1971, TV Series) - Lara / Diana / Márcia
 * O Homem Que Deve Morrer (1971-1972, TV Series) - Esther
 * Independência ou Morte (1972) - Marquesa de Santos
 * Caso Especial (1972-1973, TV Series) - Hermínia / Marina / Marguerite Gautier
 * O Descarte (1973) - Cláudia Land
 * Cavalo de Aço (1973, TV Series) - Miranda
 * O Semideus (1973-1974, TV Series) - Ângela
 * O Grito (1975-1976, TV Series) - Marta
 * Espelho Mágico (1977, TV Series) - Leila Lombardi (Rosana, em "Coquetel de amor")
 * Pai Herói (1979, TV Series) - Ana Preta
 * O Caçador de Esmeraldas (1979) - Maria Betim
 * Jogo da Vida (1981-1982, TV Series) - Jordana
 * Guerra dos Sexos (1983-1984, TV Series) - Roberta Leone
 * Para Viver um Grande Amor (1984)
 * Corpo a Corpo (1984-1985, TV Series) - Tereza Fonseca
 * Brega & Chique (1987, TV Series) - Rosemere
 * Rainha da Sucata (1990, TV Series) - Laura "Laurinha" Albuquerque Figueroa
 * Xuxa e a Fábrica de Ilusões (1991) - Herself
 * Deus nos Acuda (1992-1993, TV Series) - Bábara Silveira Bueno (Baby Bueno)
 * A Próxima Vítima (1995, TV Series) - Julia Braga
 * Vira-Lata (1996, TV Series) - Stela
 * Torre de Babel (1998-1999, TV Series) - Marta Leme Toledo
 * Porto dos Milagres (2001, TV Series) - Dona Coló (primeira fase)
 * O Beijo do Vampiro (2002-2003, TV Series) - Zoroastra
 * Da Cor do Pecado (2004, TV Series) - Kiki de Queensburg
 * Um Só Coração (2004, TV Mini-Series) - Camila
 * Senhora do Destino (2004-2005, TV Series) - Baronesa Laura
 * Se Eu Fosse Você (2006) - Vivinha
 * Páginas da Vida (2006-2007, TV Series) - Amalia
 * A Favorita (2008-2009, TV Series) - Irene
 * Cama de Gato (2009-2010, TV Series) - Herself
 * Louco por Elas (2012-2013, TV Series) - Violeta Corrêa Santiago
 * Joia Rara (2013-2014, TV Series) - Pérola Fonseca Hauser (adult)
 * Totalmente Demais (2015-2016, TV Series) - Stelinha Carneiro de Alcântara
 * Tá no Ar, a TV na TV (2018, TV Series) - Herself
 * Os Casais que Amamos (2020) - Herself
 * Ensina-me a viver (2021) - Maude

title: Glória Menezes


text:
F. David Peat

Francis David Peat (born 18 April 1938 Waterloo, England – died 6 June 2017, Pari, Civitella Paganico, Italy) was a British holistic physicist and author who has carried out research in solid state physics and the foundation of quantum theory.

He was director of the Pari Center for New Learning, which is located in the village of Pari near Grosseto in Tuscany, Italy. He was adjunct professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies and Schumacher College, a Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science and a Distinguished Fellow at the University of South Africa.

Education and career
In 1964, Peat received a PhD in physics from the University of Liverpool. In 1965, he became assistant professor at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Subsequently, from 1967 to 1975, he worked as research scientist for the National Research Council of Canada. During this time, from 1971 to 1972, he performed a sabbatical study with David Bohm and Roger Penrose at Birkbeck College in London.

For many years he was associated with physicist and philosopher David Bohm; the two wrote the book Science, Order, and Creativity together, and Peat later wrote Bohm's biography, Infinite Potential: The Life and Times of David Bohm. In the context of this biography, Peat emphasized how Bohm had worked intensely on finding a mathematical expression for his vision of an interconnected, enfolded implicate order, from which an explicate order, the world of classical physics unfolds. Bohm also aimed at re-introducing time as a dynamic entity. According to Peat, the use of the term Bohmian mechanics for his theory "would have shocked Dave [Bohm] somewhat": what was happening with the ideas of Bohm's and Hiley's theory, similarly as what had occurred with those of Grassman, Hamilton and Clifford before, was that physicists left the fundamental ideas aside and merely made use of them as an easy manner of performing calculations.

While living in Canada, Peat organized discussion circles between Western scientists and Native American elders, together with Leroy Little Bear who later obtained the 2003 National Aboriginal Achievement Award, now the Indspire Awards, for Education. While living in London, Peat organized a conference between artists and scientists. In 1996 he moved from Canada to Pari, Italy.

In 2000, he founded the Pari Center for New Learning, a center dedicated to education, learning and research, together with writer and researcher Maureen Doolan. The activities of the Pari Center comprise residential courses and conferences and possibilities for scholars and researchers to spend extended periods as residents in Pari.

Peat wrote on the subjects of science, art, and spirituality and proposed the notions of creative suspension and gentle action. He authored or co-authored many books including Synchronicity: The Bridge between Matter and Mind, Seven Life Lessons of Chaos, Turbulent Mirror, Gentle Action, and Pathways of Chance. His most recent book was A Flickering Reality: Cinema and the Nature of Reality.

Gentle Action
A focus of Peat's recent work was the concept of gentle action. This approach, as envisaged by Peat, emphasizes a certain manner of action that is aimed at creating change in an effective manner. The approach calls for tolerating uncertainty yet suspending action at its onset in order to allow an overall view to emerge. It emphasizes the value of small-scale, iterative actions compared to large, single-step interventions. In his book of the same name, published 2008, Peat points out connections of his approach to earlier concepts, emphasizing the importance of active listening and a similarity to the concept of Wu wei.

Peat's gentle action has been cited together with Otto Scharmer's Theory U and Arnold Mindell's worldwork as approaches by which individuals, groups, organisations and communities can deal with complex issues.

Learning modules based on Peat's gentle action approach have been put in place, among others, at the University of Minnesota and at Siena Heights University.

Books

 * Synchronicity: The marriage of matter and psyche, 2015, Pari Publishing ISBN 8895604261
 * A Flickering Reality: Cinema and the Nature of Reality, 2011, Pari Publishing ISBN 978-88-95604-09-1
 * Synchronicity: Multiple perspectives on meaningful Coincidence (with Lance Storm et al.) 2008, Pari Publishing ISBN 8895604024
 * Gentle Action: Bringing creative change to a turbulent world, 2008, Pari Publishing ISBN 978-88-95604-03-9
 * Pathways of Chance, 2005, Pari Publishing, ISBN 0-9768264-0-2
 * I sentieri del caso, 2004, Di Renzo Editore, ISBN 88-8323-079-5
 * From Certainty to Uncertainty: The Story of Science and Ideas in the Twentieth Century, 2002, Joseph Henry Press, ISBN 0-309-07641-2
 * The Blackwinged Night: Creativity in Nature and Mind, 2001, Basic Books, ISBN 0-7382-0491-9
 * Seven Life Lessons of Chaos: Spiritual Wisdom from the Science of Change, 1999, with John Briggs, HarperCollins, 2000 Harper Perennial paperback: ISBN 0-06-093073-X
 * In Search of Nikola Tesla, 1997, Ashgrove Publishing, 2002 edition: ISBN 1-85398-117-6
 * Infinite Potential: The Life and Times of David Bohm, 1997, Perseus Books, ISBN 0-201-40635-7
 * Glimpsing Reality: Ideas in Physics and the Link to Biology, 1996, with Paul Buckley, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-6994-0
 * Blackfoot Physics: A Journey into the Native American Worldview,1995/2002, Phanes Press, ISBN 1-890482-83-8
 * Lighting the Seventh Fire: The Spiritual Ways, Healing, and Science of the Native American, 1994, Carol Publishing, ISBN 1-55972-249-5
 * The Philosopher's Stone: Chaos, Synchronicity, and the Hidden Order of the World, 1991, ISBN 0-553-35329-2
 * Einstein's Moon: Bell's Theorem and the Curious Quest for Quantum Reality, 1990, Contemporary Books, ISBN 0-8092-4512-4
 * Turbulent Mirror: An Illustrated Guide to Chaos Theory and the Science of Wholeness, 1989, with John Briggs, Harper & Row, 1990 Harper Perennial paperback ISBN 0-06-091696-6
 * Superstrings and the Search for the Theory of Everything, 1989, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-8092-4257-5
 * Cold Fusion: The Making of a Scientific Controversy, 1989, Contemporary Books, ISBN 0-8092-4243-5
 * Quantum Implications: Essays in Honour of David Bohm, by F. David Peat (Editor) and Basil Hiley (Editor), Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London & New York, 1987
 * Science, Order and Creativity, 1987 with David Bohm, Routledge, 2nd ed. 2000: ISBN 0-415-17182-2
 * Synchronicity: The Bridge Between Matter and Mind, 1987, Bantam, ISBN 0-553-34676-8
 * Looking Glass Universe: The Emerging Science of Wholeness, 1986, with John Briggs, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-63215-9

title: F. David Peat


text: User talk:65.101.1.222

title: User talk:65.101.1.222


text:
Computer literacy

Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving. Computer literacy can also refer to the comfort level someone has with using computer programs and applications. Another valuable component is understanding how computers work and operate. Computer literacy may be distinguished from computer programming, which primarily focuses on the design and coding of computer programs rather than the familiarity and skill in their use. Various countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States, have created initiatives to improve national computer literacy rates.

Background
Computer literacy differs from digital literacy, which is the ability to communicate or find information on digital platforms. Comparatively, computer literacy measures the ability to use computers and to maintain a basic understanding of how they operate.

A person's computer literacy is commonly measured through questionnaires, which test their ability to write and modify text, trouble-shoot minor computer operating issues, and organize and analyze information on a computer.

To increase their computer literacy, computer users should distinguish which computer skills they want to improve, and learn to be more purposeful and accurate in their use of these skills. By learning more about computer literacy, users can discover more computer functions that are worth using.

Arguments for the use of computers in classroom settings, and thus for the promotion of computer literacy, are primarily vocational or practical. Computers are essential in the modern-day workplace. The instruction of computer literacy in education is intended to provide students with employable skills.

Rapid changes in technology make it difficult to predict the next five years of computer literacy. Computer literacy projects have support in many countries because they conform to general political and economic principles of those countries' public and private organizations. The Internet offers great potential for the effective and widespread dissemination of knowledge and for the integration of technological advances. Improvements in computer literacy facilitate this.

History
The term "computer literacy" is usually attributed to Arthur Luehrmann, a physicist at Dartmouth College who was a colleague of Kemeny and Kurtz who introduced the BASIC programming language in 1964. Luehrmann became a tireless advocate of computers in teaching. At an April 1972 American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS) conference, Luehrmann gave a talk titled "Should the computer teach the student, or vice-versa?" The paper is available online. In it he notes:

"If the computer is so powerful a resource that it can be programmed to simulate the instructional process, shouldn’t we be teaching our students mastery of this powerful intellectual tool? Is it enough that a student be the subject of computer administered instruction—the enduser of a new technology? Or should his education also include learning to use the computer (1) to get information in the social sciences from a large database inquiry system, or (2) to simulate an ecological system, or (3) to solve problems by using algorithms, or (4) to acquire laboratory data and analyze it, or (5) to represent textual information for editing and analysis, or (6) to represent musical information for analysis, or (7) to create and process graphical information? These uses of computers in education cause students to become masters of computing, not merely its subjects."

In 1978, Andrew Molnar was director of the Office of Computing Activities at the National Science Foundation in the United States. Shortly after its formation, computer literacy was discussed in several academic articles. In 1985 the Journal of Higher Education asserted that being computer literate involved mastering word processing, spreadsheet programs, and retrieving and sharing information on a computer.

France
Plan Calcul was a French governmental program in the 1960s to promote a national or European computer industry that was accompanied with a vast educational effort in programming and computer science.

The Computing for All plan was a French government initiative to introduce computers to all the country's pupils in 1985.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a number of prominent video game developers emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The ZX Spectrum, released in 1982, helped to popularize home computing, coding, and gaming in Britain and Europe.

The BBC Computer Literacy Project, using the BBC Micro computer, ran from 1980 to 1989. This initiative educated a generation of coders in schools and at home. This was before the development of mass-market PCs in the 1990s. 'Bedroom computer innovation' led to the development of early web-hosting companies aimed at businesses and individuals in the 1990s.

The BBC Computer Literacy Project 2012 was an initiative to develop students' marketable information technology and computer science skills.

Computer programming skills were introduced into the National Curriculum in 2014.

It was reported in 2017 that roughly 11.5 million United Kingdom citizens did not have basic computer literacy skills. In response, the United Kingdom government published a 'digital skills strategy' in 2017.

First released in 2012, the Raspberry Pi is a series of low-cost single-board computers originally intended to promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools in the UK. Later, they became far more popular than anticipated, and have been used in a wide variety of applications. The Raspberry Pi Foundation promotes the teaching of elementary computer science in UK schools and in developing countries.

United States
In 1978, the National Science Foundation put out a call to educate young people in computer programming. To introduce students to computing, the U.S. government, private foundations and universities combined to fund and staff summer programs for high school students.

Students in the United States are introduced to tablet computers in preschool or kindergarten. Tablet computers are preferred for their small size and touchscreens. The touch user interface of a tablet computer is more accessible to the under-developed motor skills of young children. Early childhood educators use student-centered instruction to guide young students through various activities on the tablet computer. This typically includes Internet browsing and the use of applications, familiarizing the young student with a basic level of computer proficiency.

A concern raised within this topic of discussion is that primary and secondary education teachers are often not equipped with the skills to teach basic computer literacy.

In the United States job market, computer illiteracy severely limits employment options. Non-profit organizations such as Per Scholas attempt to reduce the divide by offering free and low-cost computers to children and their families in under-served communities in South Bronx, New York, Miami, FL, and in Columbus, OH.

Worldwide computer literacy rates
In 2020, world averages in computer literacy, as determined by the World Economic Forum, revealed that the OECD countries were not as computer literate as one would expect. About a quarter of individuals did not know how to use a computer. At least 45% were rated poorly, and only 30% were rated as moderately to strongly computer literate.

title: Computer literacy