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Explicit memory

Explicit memory (or declarative memory) is one of the two main types of long-term human memory, the other of which is implicit memory. Explicit memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts. This type of memory is dependent upon three processes: acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval.

Explicit memory can be divided into two categories: episodic memory, which stores specific personal experiences, and semantic memory, which stores factual information. Explicit memory requires gradual learning, with multiple presentations of a stimulus and response.

The type of knowledge that is stored in explicit memory is called declarative knowledge, the counterpart to explicit memory is known as implicit memory, refers to memories acquired and used unconsciously such as skills (e.g. knowing how to get dressed) or perception. Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory learns rapidly, even from a single stimulus, and it is influenced by other mental systems.

Sometimes a distinction is made between explicit memory and declarative memory. In such cases, explicit memory relates to any kind of conscious memory, and declarative memory relates to any kind of memory that can be described in words; however, if it is assumed that a memory cannot be described without being conscious and vice versa, then the two concepts are identical.

Episodic memory
Episodic memory consists of the storage and recollection of observational information attached to specific life-events. These can be memories that happened to the subject directly or just memories of events that happened around them. Episodic memory is what people generally think of when they talk about memory. Episodic memory allows for recalling various contextual and situational details of one's previous experiences.

Some examples of episodic memory include the memory of entering a specific classroom for the first time, the memory of storing your carry-on baggage while boarding a plane, headed to a specific destination on a specific day and time, the memory of being notified that one are being terminated from their job, or the memory of notifying a subordinate that they are being terminated from their job. The retrieval of these episodic memories can be thought of as the action of mentally reliving in detail the past events that they concern. Episodic memory is believed to be the system that provides the basic support for semantic memory.

Semantic memory
Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge (facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) that can be articulated and is independent of personal experience. This includes world knowledge, object knowledge, language knowledge, and conceptual priming. Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory, which is the memory of experiences and specific events that occur during people's lives, from which they can recreate at any given point. For instance, semantic memory might contain information about what a cat is, whereas episodic memory might contain a specific memory of petting a particular cat. Humans can learn about new concepts by applying their knowledge learned from things in the past.

Other examples of semantic memory include types of food, capital cities of a geographic region, facts about people, dates, and the lexicon of flowers; a language, such as a one's vocabulary or a person's final vocabulary both exemplify semantic memory.

Hybrid types
Autobiographical memory is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory.

Spatial memory is the part of memory responsible for recording information about one's environment and its spatial orientation. For example, a person's spatial memory is required in order to navigate around a familiar city, just as a rat's spatial memory is needed to learn the location of food at the end of a maze. It is often argued that in both humans and animals, spatial memories are summarized as a cognitive map. Spatial memory has representations within working, short-term and long-term memory. Research indicates that there are specific areas of the brain associated with spatial memory. Many methods are used for measuring spatial memory in children, adults, and animals.

The model of language
Declarative and procedural memory fall into two categories of human language. Declarative memory system is used by the lexicon. Declarative memory stores all arbitrary, unique word-specific knowledge, including word meanings, word sounds, and abstract representations such as word category. In other words, declarative memory is where random bits and pieces of knowledge about language that are specific and unpredictable are stored. Declarative memory includes representations of simple words (e.g. cat), bound morphemes (morphemes that have to go together), irregular morphological forms, verb complements, and idioms (or non-compositional semantic units). Irregular morphological structures fall into the declarative system; the irregularities (such as went being the past form of go or idioms) are what we have to memorize.

Declarative memory supports a superposition associative memory, which allows for generalizations across representations. For example, the memorization of phonologically similar stem-irregular past tense pairs (e.g. spring-sprung, sing-sang) may allow for memory-based generalization to new irregularities, either from real words (bring-brought) or from novel ones (spring-sprung). This ability to generalize could underlie some degree of productivity within the memory system.

While declarative memory deals with irregularities of morphology, procedural memory uses regular phonology and regular morphology. Procedural memory system is used by grammar, where grammar is defined by the building of a rule governed structure. Language's ability to use grammar comes from procedural memory, making grammar like another procedure. It underlies the learning of new, and already learned, rule-based procedures that oversee the regularities of language, particularly those procedures related to combining items into complex structures that have precedence and hierarchical relations- precedence in the sense of left to right and hierarchical in the sense of top to bottom. Procedural memory builds rule-governed structure (merging or series) of forms and representations into complex structures such as:

 * 1) Phonology
 * 2) Inflectional and derivational morphology
 * 3) Compositional semantics (the meaning of composition of words into complex structures)
 * 4) Syntax

Broca and Wernicke's Brain Region
Broca's area is important to procedural memory, because, "Broca's area is involved in the expressive aspects of spoken and written language (production of sentences constrained by the rules of grammar and syntax)." Broca's area corresponds to parts of the inferior frontal gyrus, presumably Brodmann's area 44 and 45. Procedural memory is affected by Broca's aphasia. Agrammatism is apparent in Broca's aphasia patients, where a lack of fluency and omission of morphology and function words occur. While those with Broca's aphasia are still able to understand or comprehend speech, they have difficulty producing it. Speech production becomes more difficult when sentences are complex; for example, the passive voice is a grammatically complex structure that is harder for those with Broca's aphasia to comprehend. Wernicke's area is crucial for language development, focusing on the comprehension of speech, rather than speech production. Wernicke's aphasia affects declarative memory. Opposite of Broca's aphasia, paragrammatism is apparent, which causes normal or excessive fluency and use of inappropriate words (neologisms). Those with Wernicke's aphasia struggle to understand the meaning of words and may not recognize their mistakes in speech.

History
The study of human memory stretches back over the last 2000 years. An early attempt to understand memory can be found in Aristotle's major treatise, On the Soul, in which he compares the human mind to a blank slate. He theorized that all humans are born free of any knowledge and are the sum of their experiences. It was only in the late 1800s, however, that a young German philosopher by the name of Herman Ebbinghaus developed the first scientific approach to studying memory. While some of his findings have endured and remain relevant to this day (Learning Curve), his greatest contribution to the field of memory research was demonstrating that memory can be studied scientifically. In 1972, Endel Tulving proposed the distinction between episodic and semantic memory. This was quickly adopted and is now widely accepted. Following this, in 1985, Daniel Schacter proposed a more general distinction between explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) memory

With the recent advances in neuroimaging technology, there have been a multitude of findings linking specific brain areas to declarative memory. Despite those advances in cognitive psychology, there is still much to be discovered in terms of the operating mechanisms of declarative memory. It is unclear whether declarative memory is mediated by a particular memory system, or if it is more accurately classified as a type of knowledge. Also it is unknown how or why declarative memory evolved in the first place.

Hippocampus
Although many psychologists believe that the entire brain is involved with memory, the hippocampus, and surrounding structures appear to be most important in declarative memory specifically. The ability to retain and recall episodic memories is highly dependent on the hippocampus, whereas the formation of new declarative memories relies on both the hippocampus and the parahippocampus. Other studies have found that the parahippocampal cortices were related to superior recognition memory.

The Three Stage Model was developed by Eichenbaum, et al. (2001), and proposes that the hippocampus does three things with episodic memory: To support this model, a version of Piaget's Transitive Inference Task was used to show that the hippocampus is in fact used as the memory space.
 * 1) Mediates the recording of episodic memories
 * 2) Identifies common features between episodes
 * 3) Links these common episodes in a memory space.

When experiencing an event for the first time, a link is formed in the hippocampus allowing us to recall that event in the future. Separate links are also made for features related to that event. For example, when you meet someone new, a unique link is created for them. More links are then connected to that person's link so you can remember what colour their shirt was, what the weather was like when you met them, etc. Specific episodes are made easier to remember and recall by repeatedly exposing oneself to them (which strengthens the links in the memory space) allowing for faster retrieval when remembering.

Hippocampal cells (neurons) are activated depending on what information one is exposed to at that moment. Some cells are specific to spatial information, certain stimuli (smells, etc.), or behaviours as has been shown in a Radial Maze Task. It is therefore the hippocampus that allows us to recognize certain situations, environments, etc. as being either distinct or similar to others. However, the Three Stage Model does not incorporate the importance of other cortical structures in memory.

The anatomy of the hippocampus is largely conserved across mammals, and the role of these areas in declarative memory are conserved across species as well. The organization and neural pathways of the hippocampus are very similar in humans and other mammal species. In humans and other mammals, a cross-section of the hippocampus shows the dentate gyrus as well as the dense cell layers of the CA fields. The intrinsic connectivity of these areas are also conserved.

Results from an experiment by Davachi, Mitchell, and Wagner (2003) and subsequent research (Davachi, 2006) shows that activation in the hippocampus during encoding is related to a subject's ability to recall prior events or later relational memories. These tests did not differentiate between individual test items later seen and those forgotten.

Prefrontal cortex
The lateral Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is essential for remembering contextual details of an experience rather than for memory formation. The PFC is also more involved with episodic memory than semantic memory, although it does play a small role in semantics.

Using PET studies and word stimuli, Endel Tulving found that remembering is an automatic process. It is also well documented that a hemispheric asymmetry occurs in the PFC: When encoding memories, the Left Dorsolateral PFC (LPFC) is activated, and when retrieving memories, activation is seen in the Right Dorsolateral PFC (RPFC).

Studies have also shown that the PFC is extremely involved with autonoetic consciousness (See Tulving's theory). This is responsible for humans' recollective experiences and 'mental time travelling' abilities (characteristics of episodic memory).

Amygdala
The amygdala is believed to be involved in the encoding and retrieval of emotionally charged memories. Much of the evidence for this has come from research on a phenomenon known as flashbulb memories. These are instances in which memories of powerful emotional events are more highly detailed and enduring than regular memories (e.g. September 11 attacks, assassination of JFK). These memories have been linked to increased activation in the amygdala. Recent studies of patients with damage to the amygdala suggest that it is involved in memory for general knowledge, and not for specific information.

Other structures involved
The regions of the diencephalon have shown brain activation when a remote memory is being recovered and the occipital lobe, ventral temporal lobe, and fusiform gyrus all play a role in memory formation.

Lesion studies
Lesion studies are commonly used in cognitive neuroscience research. Lesions can occur naturally through trauma or disease, or they can be surgically induced by researchers. In the study of declarative memory, the hippocampus and the amygdala are two structures frequently examined using this technique.

Hippocampal lesion studies
The Morris water navigation task tests spatial learning in rats. In this test rats learn to escape from a pool by swimming toward a platform submerged just below the surface of the water. Visual cues that surround the pool (e.g. a chair or window) help the rat to locate the platform on subsequent trials. The rats' use of specific events, cues, and places are all forms of declarative memory. Two groups of rats are observed: a control group with no lesions and an experimental group with hippocampal lesions. In this task created by Morris, rats are placed in the pool at the same position for 12 trials. Each trial is timed and the path taken by the rats is recorded. Rats with hippocampal lesions successfully learn to find the platform. If the starting point is moved, the rats with hippocampal lesions typically fail to locate the platform. The control rats, however, are able to find the platform using the cues acquired during the learning trials. This demonstrates the involvement of the hippocampus in declarative memory.

The Odor-odor Recognition Task, devised by Bunsey and Eichenbaum, involves a social encounter between two rats (a subject and a demonstrator). The demonstrator, after eating a specific type of food, interacts with the subject rat, who then smells the food odor on the other's breath. The experimenters then present the subject rat with a decision between two food options; the food previously eaten by the demonstrator, and a novel food. The researchers found that when there was no time delay, both control rats and rats with lesions chose the familiar food. After 24 hours, however, the rats with hippocampal lesions were just as likely to eat both types of food, while control rats chose the familiar food. This can be attributed to the inability to form episodic memories due to lesions in the hippocampus. The effects of this study can be observed in humans with amnesia, indicating the role of the hippocampus in developing episodic memories that can be generalized to similar situations.

Henry Molaison, previously known as H.M., had parts of both his left and right medial temporal lobes (hippocampi) removed which resulted in the loss of the ability to form new memories. The long-term declarative memory was crucially affected when the structures from the medial temporal lobe were removed, including the ability to form new semantic knowledge and memories. The dissociation in Molaison between the acquisition of declarative memory and other kinds of learning was seen initially in motor learning. Molaison's declarative memory was not functioning, as was seen when Molaison completed the task of repetition priming.

His performance does improve over trials, however, his scores were inferior to those of control participants. In the condition of Molaison the same results from this priming task are reflected when looking at the other basic memory functions like remembering, recall and recognizing. Lesions should not be interpreted as an all-or-nothing condition, in the case of Molaison not all memory and recognition is lost, although the declarative memory is severely damaged he still has a sense of self and memories that were developed before the lesion occurred.

Patient R.B. was another clinical case reinforcing the role of the hippocampus in declarative memory. After suffering an ischemic episode during a cardiac bypass operation, Patient R.B. awoke with a severe anterograde amnesic disorder. IQ and cognition were unaffected, but declarative memory deficits were observed (although not to the extent of that seen in Molaison). Upon death, an autopsy revealed that Patient R.B. had bilateral lesions of the CA1 cell region along the whole length of the hippocampus.

Amygdala lesion studies
Adolph, Cahill and Schul completed a study showing that emotional arousal facilitates the encoding of material into long term declarative memory. They selected two subjects with bilateral damage to the amygdala, as well as six control subjects and six subjects with brain damage. All subjects were shown a series of twelve slides accompanied by a narrative. The slides varied in the degree to which they evoked emotion – slides 1 through 4 and slides 9 through 12 contain non-emotional content. Slides 5 through 8 contain emotional material, and the seventh slide contained the most emotionally arousing image and description (a picture of surgically repaired legs of a car crash victim).

The emotionally arousing slide (slide 7) was remembered no better by the bilateral damage participants than any of the other slides. All other participants notably remembered the seventh slide the best and in most detail out of all the other slides. This shows that the amygdala is necessary to facilitate encoding of declarative knowledge regarding emotionally arousing stimuli, but is not required for encoding knowledge of emotionally neutral stimuli.

Stress
Stress may have an effect on the recall of declarative memories. Lupien, et al. completed a study that had 3 phases for participants to take part in. Phase 1 involved memorizing a series of words, phase 2 entailed either a stressful (public speaking) or non-stressful situation (an attention task), and phase 3 required participants to recall the words they learned in phase 1. There were signs of decreased declarative memory performance in the participants that had to complete the stressful situation after learning the words. Recall performance after the stressful situation was found to be worse overall than after the non-stressful situation. It was also found that performance differed based on whether the participant responded to the stressful situation with an increase in measured levels of salivary cortisol.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) emerges after exposure to a traumatic event eliciting fear, horror or helplessness that involves bodily injury, the threat of injury, or death to one's self or another person. The chronic stress in PTSD contributes to an observed decrease in hippocampal volume and declarative memory deficits.

Stress can alter memory functions, reward, immune function, metabolism and susceptibility to different diseases. Disease risk is particularly pertinent to mental illnesses, whereby chronic or severe stress remains a common risk factor for several mental illnesses. One system suggests there are five types of stress labeled acute time-limited stressors, brief naturalistic stressors, stressful event sequences, chronic stressors, and distant stressors. An acute time-limited stressor involves a short-term challenge, while a brief natural stressor involves an event that is normal but nevertheless challenging. A stressful event sequence is a stressor that occurs, and then continues to yield stress into the immediate future. A chronic stressor involves exposure to a long-term stressor, and a distant stressor is a stressor that is not immediate.

Neurochemical factors of stress on the brain
Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid in the human body. In the brain, it modulates the ability of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex to process memories. Although the exact molecular mechanism of how glucocorticoids influence memory formation is unknown, the presence of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex tell us these structures are some of its many targets. It has been demonstrated that cortisone, a glucocorticoid, impaired blood flow in the right parahippocampal gyrus, left visual cortex and cerebellum.

A study by Damoiseaux et al. (2007) evaluated the effects of glucocorticoids on hippocampal and prefrontal cortex activation during declarative memory retrieval. They found that administration of hydrocortisone (name given to cortisol when it is used as a medication) to participants one hour before retrieval of information impairs free recall of words, yet when administered before or after learning they had no effect on recall. They also found that hydrocortisone decreases brain activity in the above-mentioned areas during declarative memory retrieval. Therefore, naturally occurring elevations of cortisol during periods of stress lead to impairment of declarative memory.

It is important to note that this study involved only male subjects, which may be significant as sex steroid hormones may have different effects in response to cortisol administration. Men and women also respond to emotional stimuli differently and this may affect cortisol levels. This was also the first Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) study done utilising glucocorticoids, therefore more research is necessary to further substantiate these findings.

Consolidation during sleep
It is believed that sleep plays an active role in consolidation of declarative memory. Specifically, sleep's unique properties enhance memory consolidation, such as the reactivation of newly learned memories during sleep. For example, it has been suggested that the central mechanism for consolidation of declarative memory during sleep is the reactivation of hippocampal memory representations. This reactivation transfers information to neocortical networks where it is integrated into long-term representations. Studies on rats involving maze learning found that hippocampal neuronal assemblies that are used in the encoding of spatial information are reactivated in the same temporal order. Similarly, positron emission tomography (PET) has shown reactivation of the hippocampus in slow-wave sleep (SWS) after spatial learning. Together these studies show that newly learned memories are reactivated during sleep and through this process new memory traces are consolidated. In addition, researchers have identified three types of sleep (SWS, sleep spindle and REM) in which declarative memory is consolidated.

Slow-wave sleep, often referred to as deep sleep, plays the most important role in consolidation of declarative memory and there is a large amount of evidence to support this claim. One study found that the first 3.5 hours of sleep offer the greatest performance enhancement on memory recall tasks because the first couple of hours are dominated by SWS. Additional hours of sleep do not add to the initial level of performance. Thus this study suggests that full sleep may not be important for optimal performance of memory. Another study shows that people who experience SWS during the first half of their sleep cycle compared to subjects who did not, showed better recall of information. However this is not the case for subjects who were tested for the second half of their sleep cycle, as they experience less SWS.

Another key piece of evidence regarding SWS's involvement in declarative memory consolidation is a finding that people with pathological conditions of sleep, such as insomnia, exhibit both reduction in Slow-Wave Sleep and also have impaired consolidation of declarative memory during sleep. Another study found that middle aged people compared to young group had a worse retrieval of memories. This in turn indicated that SWS is associated with poor declarative memory consolidation but not with age itself.

Some researchers suggest that sleep spindle, a burst of brain activity occurring during stage 2 sleep, plays a role in boosting consolidation of declarative memories. Critics point out that spindle activity is positively correlated with intelligence. In contrast, Schabus and Gruber point out that sleep spindle activity only relates to performance on newly learned memories and not to absolute performance. This supports the hypothesis that sleep spindle helps to consolidate recent memory traces but not memory performance in general. The relationship between sleep spindles and declarative memory consolidation is not yet fully understood.

There is a relatively small body of evidence that supports the idea that REM sleep helps consolidate highly emotional declarative memories. For instance Wagner, et al. compared memory retention for emotional versus neutral text over two instances; early sleep that is dominated by SWS and late sleep that is dominated by REM phase. This study found that sleep improved memory retention of emotional text only during late sleep phase, which was primarily REM. Similarly, Hu & Stylos-Allen, et al. performed a study with emotional versus neutral pictures and concluded that REM sleep facilitates consolidation of emotional declarative memories.

The view that sleep plays an active role in declarative memory consolidation is not shared by all researchers. For instance Ellenbogen, et al. argue that sleep actively protects declarative memory from associative interference. Furthermore, Wixted believes that the sole role of sleep in declarative memory consolidation is nothing more but creating ideal conditions for memory consolidation. For example, when awake, people are bombarded with mental activity which interferes with effective consolidation. However, during sleep, when interference is minimal, memories can be consolidated without associative interference. More research is needed to make a definite statement whether sleep creates favourable conditions for consolidation or it actively enhances declarative memory consolidation.

Encoding and retrieval
The encoding of explicit memory depends on conceptually driven, top-down processing, in which a subject reorganizes the data to store it. The subject makes associations with previously related stimuli or experiences. This was termed deep encoding by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart. This way a memory persists longer and will be remembered well. The later recall of information is thus greatly influenced by the way in which the information was originally processed.

The depth-of-processing effect is the improvement in subsequent recall of an object about which a person has given thought to its meaning or shape. Simply put: To create explicit memories, you have to do something with your experiences: think about them, talk about them, write them down, study them, etc. The more you do, the better you will remember. Testing of information while learning has also shown to improve encoding in explicit memory. If a student reads a text book and then tests themselves afterward, their semantic memory of what was read is improved. This study – test method improves encoding of information. This Phenomenon is referred to as the Testing Effect.

Retrieval: Because a person has played an active role in processing explicit information, the internal cues that were used in processing it can also be used to initiate spontaneous recall. When someone talks about an experience, the words they use will help when they try to remember this experience at a later date. The conditions in which information is memorized can affect recall. If a person has the same surroundings or cues when the original information is presented, they are more likely to remember it. This is referred to as encoding specificity and it also applies to explicit memory. In a study where subjects were asked to perform a cued recall task participants with a high working memory did better than participants with a low working memory when the conditions were maintained. When the conditions were changed for recall both groups dropped. The subjects with higher working memory declined more. This is thought to happen because matching environments activates areas of the brain known as the left inferior frontal gyrus and the hippocampus.

Neural structures involved
Several neural structures are proposed to be involved in explicit memory. Most are in the temporal lobe or closely related to it, such as the amygdala, the hippocampus, the rhinal cortex in the temporal lobe, and the prefrontal cortex. Nuclei in the thalamus also are included, because many connections between the prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex are made through the thalamus. The regions that make up the explicit memory circuit receive input from the neocortex and from brainstem systems, including acetylcholine, serotonin, and noradrenaline systems.

Traumatic brain injury
While the human brain is certainly regarded for its plasticity, there is some evidence that shows traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young children can have negative effects on explicit memory. Researchers have looked at children with TBI in early childhood (i.e. infancy) and late childhood. Findings showed that children with severe TBI in late childhood experienced impaired explicit memory while still maintaining implicit memory formation. Researchers also found that children with severe TBI in early childhood had both increased chance of having both impaired explicit memory and implicit memory. While children with severe TBI are at risk for impaired explicit memory, the chances of impaired explicit memory in adults with severe TBI is much greater.

Memory loss
Alzheimer's disease has a profound effect on explicit memory. Mild cognitive impairment is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease. People with memory conditions often receive cognitive training. When an fMRI was used to view brain activity after training, it found increased activation in various neural systems that are involved with explicit memory. People with Alzheimer's have problems learning new tasks. However, if the task is presented repeatedly they can learn and retain some new knowledge of the task. This effect is more apparent if the information is familiar. The person with Alzheimer's must also be guided through the task and prevented from making errors. Alzheimer's also has an effect on explicit spatial memory. This means that people with Alzheimer's have difficulty remembering where items are placed in unfamiliar environments. The hippocampus has been shown to become active in semantic and episodic memory. The effects of Alzheimer's disease are seen in the episodic part of explicit memory. This can lead to problems with communication. A study was conducted where Alzheimer's patients were asked to name a variety of objects from different periods. The results shown that their ability to name the object depended on frequency of use of the item and when the item was first acquired. This effect on semantic memory also has an effect on music and tones. Alzheimer's patients have difficulty distinguishing between different melodies they have never heard before. People with Alzheimer's also have issues with picturing future events. This is due to a deficit in episodic future thinking. There are many other reasons why adults and others may begin to have memory loss.

In popular culture
Amnesia is frequently portrayed in television and movies. Some of the better-known examples include:

In the romantic comedy 50 First Dates (2004), Adam Sandler plays veterinarian Henry Roth, who falls for Lucy Whitmore, played by Drew Barrymore. Having lost her short-term memory in a car crash, Lucy can only remember the current day's events until she falls asleep. When she wakes up the next morning, she has no recollection of the previous day's experiences. Those experiences would normally be transferred into declarative knowledge and allow them to be recalled in the future. The movie is not the most accurate representation of a true amnesic patient, but it is useful to inform viewers of the detrimental effects of amnesia.

Memento (2000) a film inspired by the case of Henry Molaison (H.M.). Guy Pearce plays a former insurance investigator suffering from severe anterograde amnesia, which was caused by a head injury. Unlike most other amnesiacs, Leonard retains his identity and the memories of events that occurred before the injury but has lost all ability to form new memories. That loss of ability indicates that the head injury affected the medial temporal lobe of the brain, which has resulted in his inability to form declarative memory.

Finding Nemo features a reef fish named Dory with an inability to develop declarative memory. That prevents her from learning or retaining any new information such as names or directions. The exact origin of Dory's impairment is not mentioned in the film, but her memory loss accurately portrays the difficulties facing amnesiacs.

title: Explicit memory


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Lamorak

Lamorak (or Lamerak, Lamorac(k), Lamorat, Lamerocke, and other spellings) is a Knight of the Round Table in Arthurian legend. Introduced in the Prose Tristan, Lamorak reappears in later works including the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Thomas Malory's compilation Le Morte d'Arthur. Malory refers to him as Arthur's third best knight, only inferior to Lancelot and Tristan, and the Prose Tristan names his as one of the top five, but Lamorak was not exceptionally popular in the romance tradition, confined to the cyclical material and subordinate to more prominent characters.

Arthurian romance

Lamorak is one of the sons of King Pellinore and a brother of Aglovale, Drian, Percival, and Tor. His siblings may also include the Grail maiden Dindrane and others. Named after his uncle, who in his time had been one of the best knights of King Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, he gains fame for his strength, fiery temper, and feats of martial prowess, such as fighting off at least thirty knights by himself on more than one occasion. Lamorak's adventures often involve the Cornish prince Tristan, first as his mortal enemy, later turned his best friend.

Lamorak's death comes from how his father Pellinore, one of King Arthur's earliest royal allies, had once killed the rebellious King Lot of Orkney in battle. Ten years later, Lot's sons Gawain and Gaheris retaliated by slaying Pellinore in a duel. Lamorak, who meanwhile has joined Lot's sons at the Round Table, inflames the families' blood feud by having an affair with Lot's widow, Morgause. Morgause's son Gaheris catches the lovers in flagrante delicto while staying at Gawain's estate and promptly beheads her, letting her unarmed lover go. Lamorak reappears at a tournament and explains the situation to Arthur, but rejects the king's promise of protection at his court and enforcement of a truce between the two royal families. When Lamorak rides off alone, he is ambushed in a wood by Gawain and Gaheris along with their brothers Agravain and Mordred, who had just killed Drian. Together, the four unfairly fight him all at once for hours. Ultimately, it is Mordred who delivers a fatal blow on Lamorak from behind, after which Gawain beheads him.

Arthur learns of the murder and the suspicion falls on the Orkney brothers. Lamorak's cousin, named Avarlon in the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Pinel le Savage in Le Morte d'Arthur, later attempts to avenge Lamorak's murder by poisoning Gawain at Queen Guinevere's dinner party. However, the poison is accidentally taken by another knight (Gaheris of Carhaix / de Karaheu, unrelated to son of Lot), whose brother Mador de la Porte then blames the queen and demands Arthur to have her executed. Guinevere is saved when Lancelot fights Mador as her champion while the sorceress Nimue uncovers the truth behind the incident.

The Italian La Tavola Ritonda features his uncle named Lamorat de Listenois, a brother of Pellinore. He helps Tristan escape from the castle of the lustful fairy enchantress Medea, and is later accidentally killed by Dinadan's father known as the Good Knight Without Fear when the latter mistakes him for his enemy.

title: Lamorak


text:
Talk:Xiao Xiao

Xiao Xiao 9
Why isn't Xiao Xiao 9 on the official website? Is the Newgrounds one a fraud?

Actually Xiao Xiao 9 can be seen in stickpage.com meaning it isn't a fraud. Benjida 01:28, 19 March 2006 (UTC) (User:Benjida March 18,2006 8:28 PM)

Timeline
What I'd like to see is a timeline, particularly when did the first Xiao Xiao movie appear? When did it become famous? Etc. LeoDV 30 June 2005 18:00 (UTC)

I also am interested in this. Is it really the first stick death anime. Was it around before stickdeath.com? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.164.85.143 (talk) 00:06, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Website
The official website, http://www.xiaoxiaomovie.com/, doesn't seem to work. --Yar Kramer 00:03, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

It runs under RealPlayer, I think. Deletion Quality 18:09, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Gender?
Has it been stated what gender Xiao Xiao and/or the Boss are?
 * I've always assumed male.

LazyguyI r needing userboxes plz! 14:34, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Reference
Can anyone put a reference thing for Xiao Xiao #3? Where is it claimed as "the one that sets the bar"?

--Many people on message boards and stick fighting related sites consider it to be 'the best one in the series'

Can we get a reference for this?
--This practice has been frowned upon by many in the Flash cartooning community GatoMuerto 00:57, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Xiao Xiao screenshot.png
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:40, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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Pronunciation
Should we include a pronunciation note in the intro? RJFJR (talk) 15:53, 30 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xiao Xiao


text:
The Dartmouth

The Dartmouth is the daily student newspaper at Dartmouth College and America's oldest college newspaper. Originally named the Dartmouth Gazette, the first issue was published on August 27, 1799, under the motto "Here range the world—explore the dense and rare; and view all nature in your elbow chair."

First published by Moses Davis, the newspaper is now published by The Dartmouth, Inc., an independent, nonprofit corporation chartered in the state of New Hampshire. Many alumni of The Dartmouth have gone on to careers in journalism, and several have won Pulitzer Prizes.

About The Dartmouth
The newspaper, commonly known as The D, is the campus's only daily newspaper and is free for students. The Dartmouth publishes Monday through Friday from September to June, except during federal holidays and College vacations. During summer months, the paper publishes on Fridays. During the fall, winter and spring terms, The Dartmouth's editorial board publishes a house editorial, the "Verbum Ultimum", in the Friday edition of the paper. The editorial board is composed of the editor-in-chief, executive editors and opinion editors. The offices of The Dartmouth are located on the second floor of Robinson Hall, where over 200 student staff members contribute to the paper weekly either through the editorial or business staffs. The Dartmouth hires new staff at the start of every term.

The Dartmouth is run entirely by undergraduate students, with the publisher serving as the head of the business side and the editor-in-chief serving as the head of the editorial section of the paper. Members of The Dartmouth's senior directorate serve year-long terms and each directorate selects the next year's leaders. Both business and editorial directorates transition to new leadership between the winter and spring terms.

On the editorial side, applicants can apply to write for any of the various content sections, which include news, opinion, arts, media, sports, and news magazine "The Mirror". They can also to work on the photography, graphics, design or copyediting staff. Students are asked to submit an application before interviewing with current staff. On the business side, students can apply for the advertising, strategy, communications and marketing, or product development sections. Applicants are asked to submit an application before interviewing with current staff.

The Dartmouth publishes two weekly supplements, "Big Green Sports Weekly" on Mondays and "The Dartmouth Mirror" on Wednesdays.

Special editions are printed for such events as Homecoming weekend, Winter Carnival, Green Key Weekend and Commencement, and a special freshman issue is sent to the homes of all incoming students the summer before matriculation.

During the New Hampshire primary, The Dartmouth is known for its interviews with the presidential candidates.

The Dartmouth maintains its own photo and poster store with pictures in current editions as well as copies of historical front pages, available for purchase.

Early years
The Dartmouth was first published in Hanover, New Hampshire, on August 27, 1799, by Moses Davis "on College Plain" under the name the Dartmouth Gazette. "Here range the world –explore the dense and rare; And view all nature in your elbow chair," Davis wrote in the first issue of the Dartmouth Gazette. In his first column, Davis stressed the necessity of avoiding "personal reflections" while maintaining "impartiality in view". The first issue contained a request for subscribers throughout the local area to follow the news provided by the Dartmouth Gazette. The newspaper started with revenue from its subscribers. Davis wrote, "The Dartmouth Gazette shall be printed on paper of the present size and quality. The price will be One Dollar and fifty cents per ann. delivered at the Printing-Office. To give the paper a start, 25 cents is required on receipt of the 1st No. and 50 cents, if offered, will not be refused." The size of the first issue measures roughly 10 by. A copied image of the first issue hangs framed in the office suites of The Dartmouth.

The first articles of the Dartmouth Gazette focused on local news, but also printed two pages of foreign and national news. The Gazette's aim was to print news articles that were of practical use to readers, often covering information about local events, laws that would affect local residents, and imminently dangerous sicknesses. The first issue of the Dartmouth Gazette contains a poem and short story signed by "Icarus", who was later found to be Daniel Webster. Issues of the Dartmouth Gazette demonstrate that the newspaper provided a record of local events relating both to the town and to the college. For example, "the second issue has a long and rather tediously written discussion of New Hampshire school laws, and a report of Dartmouth's Commencement activities from Wednesday, August 28, 1799." It is also clear that mischief consistent with undergraduate students was not eliminated from the Dartmouth Gazette entirely by the editing process.

Becoming The Dartmouth
The Dartmouth Gazette changed its name to The Dartmouth Daily and then The Dartmouth as the newspaper was published more regularly. It also started to create a greater emphasis on news of Dartmouth College, rather than news of a national import.

The name of the newspaper was changed "to be a faithful expression of the mind of the students, — to be, what its title imports, The Dartmouth, possessing such a local character and stamp of individuality as will render it acceptable to all who claim this Institution as their Alma Mater." This changing focus on local and College news contrasts with the greater national and local focus of the newspaper in the first decades of the 1800s. Financially, The Dartmouth was self-sustaining through a subscription revenue model.

The Dartmouth's printing press changed several times during the 19th century. In 1840, the editors noted, "We hope our convenience, which demanded a change of printers, will not compel us to do it at the expense of our typography." The April 1840 issue of The Dartmouth stated bluntly, "[T]his month has not been prolific in College news." In this context, The Dartmouth's original local and national news focus becomes clear.

The Dartmouth printed many editorials in its pages, which "tackled a variety of topics, mostly of an academic nature. The Dartmouth also contained a College News section with one or two-line items on professorial appointments, alumni news, and an editors note regarding correspondence."

By 1842, The Dartmouth regularly ran to 40 pages and was printed eight times a year. Under the principle of "write for your readers," the writing in The Dartmouth was "to be geared to the popular reader instead of the academic."

Christopher R. Johnson '94 completed a detailed thesis history of The Dartmouth, after receiving a grant from the Hewlett Foundation for The Dartmouth's Historical Archives Project. According to Johnson, "From the editors' note at the end of each issue comes something as typically mock vainglorious as this segment: '...[A]s a consequence, The Dartmouth is making an illumination. Be careful you are not dazzled by its luminous pages.'"

The Dartmouth went through a substantial developmental phase in 1875 under the watchful eye of Samuel Merrill of the Class of 1876. Starting in September 1875, The Dartmouth began publishing regularly every Thursday morning. Merrill doubled the size of the newspaper and increased subscription terms to $2 a year. Also in 1875, advertisements appeared in The Dartmouth for the first time. At this time, The Dartmouth was the only college paper published weekly in New England, and was one of the three largest college weeklies in the world.

Incorporation
The newspaper's organization prior to 1913 was a simple business partnership between the Publisher and Editor-in-Chief. The masthead section would state that the newspaper was published by the Publisher and Editor-in-Chief, using the last names of these two students. As such, The Dartmouth was financially independent from the college. Although this system worked, it was recognized that some formal organization would be needed, making the newspaper an independent corporate organization that would be able to withstand an assault by the college.

On September 18, 1913, a news story announced that The Dartmouth had become a corporation chartered in Maine over the summer break. "Instead of a mere union of editors putting forth a newspaper by common consent, there is a legal corporation for the purpose, a legal entity which exists in the eyes of the law apart from the particular individuals who form its personnel at a given time. The paper has changed from individualistic to corporate control," the issue read.

The newspaper's board of management (currently called the Directorate, the group of editors and business directors) spent many hours preparing and executing the incorporation of the paper. The newspaper was chartered in Maine because the college could have a powerful hold on New Hampshire politicians if necessary, since it was a major employer and influence in the state. By incorporating the newspaper in Maine, the newspaper could escape some of the college's political power in case of a lawsuit.

In 1939, the college's political influence was no longer deemed problematic, and The Dartmouth, Inc. was transferred from Maine to New Hampshire.

Vox Clamantis Fund
The Dartmouth maintains the Vox Clamantis Fund, created in 1999 to help enable reporters, editors, directors and staff to supplement their "on-the-job" training by meeting and working with journalists and business journalism professionals. The fund consists mostly of donations alumni and community members make through The Dartmouth's webpage. Since its founding it has donated nearly $140,000.

In the past, the fund has awarded leave-term stipends for unpaid internships at news organizations including Hearst Newspapers, The New York Times, CongressNow, Condé Nast and The Atlantic Monthly, providing stipend recipients with front-row access to the world of journalism.

The Vox Fund has also allowed The Dartmouth to bring renowned journalists to Hanover to work alongside staff through the Editor-in-Residence program. Former Editors-in-Residence include long-time Philadelphia Inquirer reporter George Anastasia '69, former correspondent for NBC News Robert Hager '60, and New York Times reporter Jacques Steinberg '88.

The fund also sponsors reunions for alumni of The Dartmouth during each of the college's "big weekends". These events bring together staffers from throughout The Dartmouth's history, and allow staffers a chance to meet some of their predecessors.

Journalism

 * Geeta Anand, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author
 * George Anastasia, journalist and author focusing on organized crime
 * Anne Bagamery, International Herald Tribune senior editor
 * David Boldt, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and former editor of The Philadelphia Inquirer
 * Tim Burger, journalist
 * Thomas Braden, journalist and author of Eight is Enough
 * Francis Brown, former editor of The New York Times Book Review
 * Vincent Canby, former chief film critic for The New York Times
 * Susan Dentzer, editor-in-chief of Health Affairs
 * Dan Fagin, Pulitzer Prize winning environmental journalist and New York University journalism professor
 * Thomas Gerber, former editor of The Concord Monitor
 * Paul Gigot, Pulitzer Prize-winning conservative political commentator and editor of The Wall Street Journal's editorial pages
 * Jamie Heller, reporter and editor for The Wall Street Journal
 * David Herszenhorn, reporter for The Washington Post
 * Ralph Nading Hill, writer and preservationist
 * Richard Hovey, author of Dartmouth College's "Alma Mater"
 * Jim Newton, journalist and author
 * Mort Kondracke, political commentator and journalist
 * Eric Konigsberg, author, journalist and writer for The New Yorker
 * Bill Leonard, television executive and former president of CBS News
 * Peter Prichard, journalist, former editor-in-chief of USA Today and current chairman of the Newseum
 * David Rosenbaum, journalist for The New York Times
 * David Scherman, photojournalist and editor
 * David Shipler, journalist and Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land
 * Jacques Steinberg, reporter for The New York Times
 * Jake Tapper, journalist and current CNN anchor
 * Howard Weinberg, documentary filmmaker, television journalist and professor at Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
 * Christopher Wren, former foreign correspondent for The New York Times and editor at Newsweek and the International Herald Tribune
 * Felicia Schwartz, Financial Times reporter and former reporter for The Wall Street Journal

Other media

 * Keith Boykin, broadcaster, commentator and author
 * Mindy Kaling, actress, comedian, writer and producer of NBC's The Office
 * Budd Schulberg, Academy Award-winning screenwriter, television producer, novelist and sports writer

Business

 * Jeff Blatt, CEO of the Synapse Group, Inc.

title: The Dartmouth


text:
Herman Wrice

Herman Wrice (1939–2000) was a renowned community organizer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and inventor of the Wrice Process method of direct action, whereby neighbors directly confront street-level drug dealers in their communities.

In 1988, Herman organized Mantua Against Drugs (MAD). In a white hard-hat, provided by Mayor Wilson Goode, Herman began the demolition and closing of crack houses and led marches against drug dealers who operated freely on street comers in Mantua. He often faced death threats; he was not only fearless, he once taunted the drug dealers to come get him while he worked cleaning a street comer park. They didn't. He put up "Wanted" posters with pictures of the Dealer of the Week. Herman's methods were adopted by other communities in Philadelphia. His message: "Stand up to them and they’ll leave."

Philadelphia police took notice and began helping Herman. Soon communities saw that the police were there to help get rid of dealers. Herman observed, "Communities (had) thought the police were the enemy — and the dealers loved it."

Wrice died of a heart attack on March 10, 2000.

title: Herman Wrice


text:
Talk:Leap week calendar

Leap year rule
The rule determining whether a year has 53 weeks, will be more complicated than a leap year rule, especially if the variation of the equinox and solstice dates is less than two weeks.

Incorrect. Gregorian-level accuracy can be achieved with this simple rule: Leap weeks are added in multiples of 5 except for multiples of 40 not divisible by 400.

 * Yes, but this rule gives rise to a variation in excess of two weeks see []. That is why I added the especially clause. It is also a slightly more complicated than the Gregorian rule, from using a 40 rather than 100 year period for the exceptions. Karl (talk) 13:11, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Inherently a leap week calendar has greater equinox or solstice wobble than a leap day calendar, but that can be minimized by using a leap rule that distributes the leap years as smoothly as possible, which is simpler to do anyway. Furthermore, there are astronomical advantages in distributing the leap years symmetrically within each leap cycle, which is also no more complex to accomplish, see Symmetrical Leap Cycles.  If you are really determined to use a 400-year leap cycle, and I don't recommend it because it yields a calendar mean year that is slightly too long relative to the mean northward equinoctial year that is typically taken as the target, then there must be 71 leap weeks per cycle.  It can't be a perfectly symmetrical cycle because 400 is an even number, but it can be made almost perfectly symmetrical and leap years smoothly distributed by the simple single-step leap rule:  Year y is leap only if the remainder of (71 y + 200) / 400 < 71. Kalendis (talk) 21:18, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * That is, year y is a leap year only if "mod(71y+200,400)<71" is true. ◦Cup o' Java (talk • contribs) 21:25, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Equal complexity to the Gregorian calendar's leap day rule.

 * I was just about to make the same coment. Let's remove this line, shall we?  By the way, I do wonder what the equinoxes and solstices have to do with it.  Jimp 7Sep05

 * Normally a calendar mean year is designed to approximate an equinoctial or solstitial mean year to minimize long-term drift of the calendar relative to the target equinox or solstice. In the present era the only sensible choices for a simple fixed arithmetic leap cycle are the mean northward equinoctial year or the mean north solstitial year, as they are currently stable. By contrast, the mean southward equinoctial year and south solstitial year are currently getting progressively shorter, see: The Lengths of the Seasons (on Earth). Kalendis (talk) 21:22, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

 * The whole concept of leap week has a problem that equinoxes and solstices are not on the same day every year. Depending on which calendar to use, they can vary from 3 days up to 19 days. It can be a significant problem in computing Easter as March equinox has to be on March 21. --Quest for Truth (talk) 14:48, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

 * False. The equinox does not, in fact, have to be March 21, and, in fact, it is not always March 21 in the Gregorian calendar. Victor Engel (talk) 15:42, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

 * True, there is greater variation in the dates of equinoxes and solstices (but, as noted above, variation exists in the Gregorian calendar) but how big a problem is this? Easter is unimportant to two-thirds of the World's population and, as for the rest, I'm sure they won't be too fussed if it were moved from the first Sabbath day once the Moon hath waxen full since the equinox of March to, say, the eighth of April (if they even notice). J IM ptalk·cont 07:49, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

External links: ISO leap years link wrong
The lnk goes to the CCC&T site, and lists leap weeks according to that calendar. This is wrong because different leap year rules were used to derive the list (CCC&T uses unspecified astronomical data - ISO 8601 is derived from the underlying gregorian year) and because the CCC&T calendar begins on Sunday rather than Monday, meaning that start dates cannot be matched.

Renaming Leap Week Calendar to Week Calendar
What is the reason for renaming the article? I note that related links in the newly renamed article still refer to "Leap Week Calendar" rather than "Week Calendar". I see no compelling reason to have changed the name, but maybe I'm missing something. Victor Engel (talk) 14:26, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

I agree. A calendar that uses a leap week is a leap week calendar, a calendar that uses a leap day is a leap day calendar, and a calendar that uses a leap month is a leap month calendar. One can equally well use a skip week, skip day, or skip month calendar with the same duration leap cycles, it doesn't change how many years are long vs. short. Leaps per Cycle = Years per Cycle minus Skips per Cycle. Kalendis (talk) 21:09, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

 * There is no adequate week calendar article yet. Leap week calendars are a special kind of week calendars, i.e. all leap week calendars are week calendars, but not all week calendars have a leap week. Instead of writing a new article from scratch it made sense to me to extend this one (and therefore first rename, i.e. move it).
 * WP:PRECISION quoted in the revert of the move doesn’t apply, because the change is not about a controversial title or something like that, but founded in changing the scope.
 * It's not controversial to you because you dreamed it up. Can you even cite any references that use the term "week calendar"? Victor Engel (talk) 04:14, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Lastly, although I do use the term some people object to “leap week”, “leap week year” and “leap week calendar”, since they only consider “leap” valid in combination with 29 February. See the version history of ISO week date that resulted in “long year”.
 * That, of course, presumes the calendar under consideration even has such a date as 29 February. It may not. I'm not sure what relevance a discussion on ISO week date has. As mentioned in that article, that is a special case of a leap week calendar, so there may be things specific to it. On the flip side, I don't think it's a given, either, that a leap week calendar must have weeks consisting of 7 days. Suppose a calendar was made up of 6 day weeks. A short year then might have 60 weeks, and a long year 61 weeks. In such a calendar, week 53 really has no special meaning at all. Victor Engel (talk) 04:30, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Anyhow, I actually have more important things to care about at the moment. — Christoph Päper 23:31, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, you said something like that before, and then proceeded to amend the article. Victor Engel (talk) 04:14, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Procrastination
 * FWIW, “week calendar” is better established than “leap week calendar”: “week calendar” wins Google battle, over two magnitudes. — Christoph Päper 13:00, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Advantages
One of the advantages is apparently "For leap week calendars without months, each date of the year can be completely specified with three data (week, weekday, year), instead of four (weekday, month, ordinal day, year)." Call me old fashioned, but I only need 3 pieces of data NOW to reference any day in any year. Day of month, month, and year. MrZoolook (talk) 00:28, 14 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree. This should be changed. Feel free to go a head and be bold! –Cup o' Java (talk • contribs) 01:27, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * That's what I was thinking. Jimp 10:38, 19 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I remove the sentence, as there is no advantage (three data for both). Kiwipidae (talk) 10:29, 21 October 2017 (UTC)

Complicated leap-year rules
Says the article "Leap-year rules are usually more complicated than the Gregorian rule—except for the ISO Week Date, which follows the Gregorian calendar, having no leap-year rule of its own.".

What kind of exception is this? You have to figure out what day the Gregorian year starts on. To do that you have to use the Gregorian rule to figure out leap years but your not finished, you then have to figure out what day the Gregorian year would start on. It is a rule of its own, a very complicated rule.

There is, however, a simple rule which gives average years of a reasonable length (I don't know whether any notable proposal suggests it, though). We could switch the 4, 100 & 400 of the Gregorian with 5, 40 & 400. This rule is just as simple and gives a year just as long. Jimp 10:38, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Notice that 1/4-1/100+1/400 = 97/400, while 1/5-1/40+1/400 = 71/400. Kiwipidae (talk) 23:22, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes, there are 97 leap days or 71 leap weeks per 400-year cycle. 400 * 365 + 97 = 400 * 52*7 + 71*7
 * 5:40:400 was proposed (at least) by Rick McCarty for his Weekdate calendar design. — Christoph Päper 08:59, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

 * 5:40:400 is not used in Rick McCarty's Weekdate calendar. One criticism of 5:40:400 is that it varies 17 days against the Gregorian calendar rather than 7 days as the ISO week date does. The Weekdate calendar has this variation reduced somewhat by having a more complicated rule in which the exceptions (to a leap year once every 5 years) occur in intervals of 40, 45 or 50 years. - Karl (talk) 12:45, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Karl is correct, although Weekdate uses a 400-year leap cycle with a regular leap week every 5 years, its exceptions are more smoothly distributed. James Reich uses 5:40:400 for the New Earth Calendar. Robert McClennon also used it or his Common-Civil-Calendar-and-Time Calendar and this was a (or even the) major difference to the Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar, which Dick Henry explicitly based upon CCC&T. I may have confused the Scottish names. — Christoph Päper 02:35, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Apples are being compared with oranges here.  One leap day in five years is eighty in 400, less ten for the 40 - year exception makes seventy, and plus one for the 400 - year exception makes 71.   In terms of the mean calendar year that's 365 + (71/400) = 365.1775 days.   Compare that to the mean tropical year and this calendar will slip back by one day every fifteen years.   At Reference desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2017 October 31 there's mention of a "Revised Gregorian calendar" which doesn't have a leap - year cycle so cannot go wrong.   The article was in user space but has been deleted "G6:Housekeeping and routine (non-controversial) cleanup".   It seems a suitable subject for inclusion in mainspace.   Maybe one of the administrators who have edited this article      could do this? 2A00:23C0:8601:9701:8104:2131:4710:21B2 (talk) 14:48, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

 * You are mixing up your apples and oranges. 5:40:400 is a rule for leap weeks, not days. 364 + (71*7/400) = 365.2425 days. — Christoph Päper 15:07, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

Having said that, I think the right thing to do, in the spirit of WP:IAR and WP:UCS, would be to obtain the permission from (or at the vert least give reasonable advance notice to) User:Megalibrarygirl before undeleting the page, even if just as a courtesy. --Waldir talk 15:56, 23 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Regarding the undeletion of User:Megalibrarygirl/Jacinto Quirarte: that's an interesting question. I see nothing in Deletion policy or Viewing and restoring deleted pages that would prevent another administrator to undelete a user subpage deleted by the user themselves. The former says:, and goes to further say that (emphasis mine), which doesn't seem to be the case here. The latter says  − which, again, doesn't seem to be the case here.

 * I've been trying to clear out my subpages for a while. However, in this case, I got some strange information pasted into the article draft (which I no longer needed as Jacinto Quirarte is in the mainspace now), so I felt that I was being spammed. Deleting the page caused the spamming to stop. If you need to retrieve info from there, please undelete for now, but know that I will eventually be cleaning it out (eventually will take a long time), so it may be good to move it to another space. However, to address another issue involved, I'm flummoxed that anyone would need to retrieve my user draft about an art historian specializing in Chicano work in relation to leap years. It's confusing, but I don't want to obstruct anyone's work, either if it was accidentally pasted in my userspace. I hope that helps! Megalibrarygirl (talk) 15:13, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I found it odd as well :) Ok, given your consent, I'll restore the page, with the caveat to those looking into recovering information from it that it might get deleted soon. Ideally, the anonymous editor above can navigate the history and copy the relevant content here, so that your userspace can be unburdened of that subpage. --Waldir talk 17:45, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

 * No problem, ! I hope they can get what they need out of there. :) Megalibrarygirl (talk) 18:25, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Not sure what I'm supposed to do here, but the following section is the text of the article.  If someone can transfer it into mainspace then the section can be reverted. 2A00:23C0:8601:9701:3066:7135:A200:564F (talk) 13:33, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

 * The below text on a "Revised Gregorian calendar" appears to be complete OR, originating from the banned user 156.61.250.250 on [|this talk page]. Indeed, the text's placement in Megalibrarygirl's userspace could be an attempt to circumvent proper processes after Draft:Revised Gregorian calendar was deleted twice. If so, there is no point in keeping the page, nor is there any reason to move the text into mainspace. Arcorann (talk) 04:35, 22 January 2018 (UTC)
 * You haven't edited any talk page for a year and a half.  The article has been cleared for transfer to mainspace by two administrators (one of whom said that he would have done the job himself if his native language had been English).   Apart from the scrutiny it has received, the fact that the draft has six references is an indication that your claim that it "appears to be complete O[riginal] R[esearch]" is wholly misconceived. 2A00:23C0:8601:9701:15C7:C14B:DFF5:4509 (talk) 16:34, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

Revised Gregorian calendar
Because of tracking errors the frequency of centennial leap years will have to be reduced if the dates of the equinoxes and solstices are to be maintained. Tidal friction causes a progressive increase in the length of the day, the retardation in clock time compared to about 1820 being known as delta T.

If the present Gregorian calendar is left unaltered the dates of the equinoxes and solstices will continue to move backwards as they have done since it was first introduced in 1582. The calendar could be reconfigured so that the mean vernal equinox never falls later than 1 PM Greenwich Mean Time on 19 March. The significance of this is that the astronomical equinox in turn falls no later than noon GMT on 21 March. This prevents Easter Sunday falling on the same day as the astronomical equinox anywhere in the world.

The trigger for the introduction of the Revised Gregorian calendar would be when the mean vernal equinox in a year giving remainder three on division by 400 was calculated to fall for the first time earlier than 1 PM (GMT) on 18 March. The preceding leap year would be cancelled. Thereafter all centennial years would normally be common, until the third year following was calculated to have a mean vernal equinox later than 1 PM (GMT) on 19 March, in which case the preceding leap year would be reinstated.

Extrapolating delta T forward, based on the average rate of increase over the past 27 centuries,  the tipping point will be reached in the year 8403, when the mean vernal equinox is calculated to fall at 3 AM (GMT) on 18 March, conveniently very close to the year (AD 8599) when the Easter table in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England expires. AD 8400 would be common, with the next two centennial leap years in AD 8800 and AD 9700. These dates are only provisional, since the future rate of increase of delta T cannot be predicted with complete certainty. Looking further ahead, when the mean tropical year drops below 365.24 days the minimum four-year interval between leap years will have to be extended.

Looking ahead millions of years, if there are still people around then, when the mean tropical year falls below 365 days, August would lose a day. Below 364 days, December would lose a day. Below 363 days, January would lose a day. Below 362 days, August would lose another day. Below 361 days, December would lose another day. Below 360 days, June would lose a day. Below 359 days, April would lose a day. Below 358 days, September would lose a day. Below 357 days, November would lose a day. Below 356 days, January would lose another day, thus restoring the lengths of the months to those of the Roman Republican calendar, which was replaced by the Julian, itself replaced by the Gregorian.

title: Talk:Leap week calendar


text:
User talk:Grasshoper

Grasshopper Info on account:::

action on my accout::::: "

Depression Symptoms
Your article Depression symptoms has been tagged for deletion as it is not only an unneeded article because all the information is in the Depression article already, but it is also suspected for copyright violation. Please do not plagiarize on Wikipedia.  Darth griz 98 07:40, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

November 2007
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. A Softer Answer 02:22, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Coffeegames
A tag has been placed on Coffeegames, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read our the guidelines on spam as well as the Business' FAQ for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Chaotic Reality  04:14, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

June 2008
Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia. While objective prose about products or services is acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be a vehicle for advertising or promotion. faithless  (speak)  04:28, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

July 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Winfield Scott Hancock, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Winfield Scott Hancock was changed by Grasshoper (u) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2008-07-03T00:15:35+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 00:15, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did to John Hancock. Your edits have been automatically marked as unconstructive/possible vandalism and have been automatically reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: John Hancock was changed by Grasshoper (u) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2008-07-03T03:24:41+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 03:24, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Don_Brash_in_2007.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Don_Brash_in_2007.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 09:25, 21 August 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. OsamaK 09:25, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

May 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to the page User talk:210.54.239.196 has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. J.delanoy gabs adds 21:56, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Ggstore

A tag has been placed on Ggstore requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here.  GILO  A& E⇑  23:15, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Ggstore

A tag has been placed on Ggstore requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Jbh (talk) 01:08, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grasshoper


text:
User:Dcclark

Leave me a message on my talk page

Due to beginning my PhD, I am mainly in maintenance mode. I am watching for vandalism and adding small edits. If you are looking for someone to do major edits, revisions, or weigh in on important issues, I'm not your man.

Stats

 * Name: David
 * Location: Houghton, Michigan, by way of Lower Michigan and Ontario
 * Occupation: Professional Student (of Mathematics)

Useful Stuff

 * Recent changes in Michigan-related articles
 * Michigan-related AFD's
 * New Pages
 * User warning template reference sheet
 * AFD Process
 * Speedy Delete process

Articles Created or Significantly Contributed

 * Central Michigan
 * Copper Country
 * Copper Country Strike of 1913-1914
 * Copper mining in Michigan
 * Keweenaw Waterway
 * Michigan Technological University
 * Pasty
 * Pine Mountain Music Festival
 * Porcupine Mountains
 * Quincy Mine
 * Pixie (Macintosh software)
 * Lac La Belle, Michigan
 * Stamp sand
 * Category:Upper Peninsula of Michigan

 * Pictures I have uploaded

title: User:Dcclark


text:
Pemba, Mozambique

Pemba is a port city and district in Mozambique. It is the capital and largest city of the Cabo Delgado province and lies on a peninsula in Pemba Bay, the third largest in Africa. It is located northeast of Maputo, Mozambique's capital.

Pemba is known as a prime destination for water sport and diving enthusiasts due to the bay and coral reef that surrounds the city. Whales, sunfish, sea turtles, and other various oceanic wildlife are known to frequent Pemba's coast.

History
There is no record of the town's existence or settlement before the 20th century, mainly serving as fishing ground for visiting Malagasy and Swahili fishermen. The first attempt at settlement was made by the Portuguese with a temporary fort that was dismantled after a few years in the late 1800s.

The town was founded by the land-controlling and recently formed Niassa Company in 1898 as a small trading port. It was shortly renamed as Porto Amélia, after the last Queen of Portugal, Amélie of Orléans.

After the end of the Niassa Company in 1929, Pemba was transferred to direct Portuguese control and became the capital of the newly-created district of Cabo Delgado. It took the place of the nearby village of Ibo, in part due to Pemba's access to large ships. It was renamed Pemba at the end of Portuguese rule, in 1975.

The city's inhabitants are primarily Swahili, Makondes, Macuas and Mwanis. Local languages that are spoken are Kimwani and Makhuwa, although Portuguese is widespread.

Pemba is taking refugees in the aftermath of the Battle of Palma, but has not yet been directly involved in the ongoing Insurgency in Cabo Delgado.

International relations
Pemba is twinned with:

 * 🇵🇹 Aveiro, Portugal
 * 🇮🇹 Reggio Emilia, Italy

Municipality
The municipality of Pemba covers 100 km2 and recorded 201,846 people in the 2017 census. The actual settlement, however, is mostly just the tip that faces the bay, with most of the land undeveloped.

Climate
Pemba has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Temperatures fluctuate little throughout the year due to the city's tropical location and closeness to the equator. It has only two seasons. The wet season is from December to April and brings heavy but reliable rainfall, the wettest month typically being March with an average rainfall of 202.2 mm. Conversely, the dry season stretches from May to November and brings marginally cooler temperatures, sunny skies, and very little rain, the driest month typically being September with an average rainfall of 2.2 mm. Humidity is very high during the wet season, averaging 80-90%, but is much lower in the dry season. The warmest months are January and February and the coolest is July.

Infrastructure
Pemba is connected to the rest of Mozambique through the N1 Highway, which leads directly to Montepuez to its west. It is also directly connected to Mecúfi via highway connection.

A port is located in Pemba and serves as the main logistics hub for the Cabo Delgado province.

Pemba Airport provides domestic and international flights to Johannesburg, South Africa and Nairobi, Kenya.

title: Pemba, Mozambique


text:
Man-hour

A man-hour or human-hour is the amount of work performed by the average worker in one hour. It is used for estimation of the total amount of uninterrupted labor required to perform a task. For example, researching and writing a college paper might require eighty man-hours, while preparing a family banquet from scratch might require ten man-hours.

Man-hours exclude the breaks that people generally require from work, e.g. for rest, eating, and other bodily functions. They count only pure labor. Managers count the man-hours and add break time to estimate the amount of time a task will actually take to complete. Thus, while one college course's written paper might require twenty man-hours to carry out, it almost certainly will not get done in twenty consecutive hours. Its progress will be interrupted by work for other courses, meals, sleep, and other human necessities.

Real-world applications
The advantage of the man-hour concept is that it can be used to estimate the impact of staff changes on the amount of time required for a task, which can done by dividing the number of man-hours by the number of workers available. For example, if a task takes 20 man-hours to complete then a team of 2 people will complete it in 10 hours of work, while a team of 5 people will complete it in 4 hours.

This is, of course, only appropriate to certain types of activities. It is of most use when considering 'piece-work', where the activity being managed consists of discrete activities having simple dependencies, and where other factors can be neglected. Therefore, adding another person to a packaging team will increase the output of that team in a predictable manner. In transport industry, this concept is superseded by passenger-mile and tonne-mile for better costing accuracy.

In reality, other factors intervene to complicate this model. If some elements of the task have a natural timespan, adding more staff will have a reduced effect: although having two chefs will double the speed of some elements of food preparation, they roast a chicken no faster than one chef. Some tasks also have a natural number of staff associated with them: the time to chop the vegetables will be halved with the addition of the second chef, but the time to carve the chicken will remain the same. Economies of scale and diseconomies of scale further lead to a non-linear relationship between the number of workers doing a given task and the amount of time it takes them to complete it. Some tasks cannot be done by less than a required minimum number of workers (e.g. lifting heavy loads) or they will be done with drastically better efficiency if the workforce exceeds a minimum efficient scale. In other cases an excessive number of workers might get in each other's way, reducing efficiency and the per person productivity of the individual worker.

Another example is the adage, "Just because a woman can make a baby in nine months, it does not follow that nine women can make a baby in one month." This adage is often cited in systems development to justify the belief that adding more staff to a project does not guarantee it will get done quicker.

Another problem with this model, as Fred Brooks noted, is that organization, training, and co-ordination activities could more than outweigh the potential benefits of adding extra staff to work on a task, especially if considered only over a shorter time period.

Similar units
The similar concept of a man-day, man-week, man-month, or man-year is used on large projects. It is the amount of work performed by an average worker during one day, week, month, or year, respectively. The number of hours worked by an individual during a year varies greatly according to cultural norms and economics. The average annual hours actually worked per person in employment as reported by OECD countries in 2007, for example, ranged from a minimum of 1,389 hours (in the Netherlands) to a maximum of 2,316 hours (in South Korea).

Productive system hours
The concept of productive system hours (PSH) has been used in forestry in Austria and by extension to other work. It includes time for breaks and can be used to calculate how long it may take to complete a task, including required recovery times from physically strenuous work, as well as legally required breaks or other human interactions. If it includes 15-minute breaks, it is written as (PSH15).

A related concept is productive machine hours (PMH).

title: Man-hour


text:
Tim Mayotte

Timothy Mayotte (born August 3, 1960) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.

Professional career
A tall serve-and-volleyer, Mayotte learned to play the game on the public courts of Forest Park in his hometown of Springfield, Massachusetts. He played tennis for Stanford University in the early-1980s and won the NCAA singles title in 1981.

Mayotte won his first top-level professional singles title in 1985 at the inaugural Lipton International Players Championships (now known as the Miami Masters). Other career highlights included winning the Queen's Club Championships in London in 1986, capturing the Paris Indoor title in 1987, and winning the men's singles silver medal at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. Mayotte beat almost every great player of his era including Agassi, Sampras, Edberg, Becker, Noah, Connors, Michael Chang etc.

His best performances in Grand Slam tournaments came in reaching the semifinals at Wimbledon in 1982 and the Australian Open in 1983. He also reached the quarterfinals of the US Open in 1989. Mayotte brought home a Silver Medal in the 1988 Olympics in Seoul. It was the only competition his mother Mary watched in person.

During his career, Mayotte won 12 singles titles and one doubles title. His career-high singles ranking was world No. 7. His final singles title was won in 1989 at Washington DC. Mayotte retired from the professional tour in 1992.

He was hired by the United States Tennis Association (USTA) to serve as a national coach in July 2009. "Tennis Magazine" voted him one of Tennis' Heros in 2018 because of his stand on improving the standards of coaching in the United States.

Mayotte was the youngest of a great tennis family that sprung out of Springfield. Mayotte's older brother Chris also played on the international tennis tour for a few seasons reaching as high as 80 ATP. Their older brother John was the number one junior player in New England and later one of the top players in the New England Tennis Stars (NETS), a tour started by Ted Hoehn in the late 1970s and 1980s.. Mary Mayotte was a great junior player in New England but sadly played before Title 9 forced colleges to offer scholarships to women.

Tim Mayotte's agent was his brother in law Tom Ford along with his brother John. John went to work as a tennis agent working for Donald Dell's ProServ. There, he managed top-ten and All-American players on the ATP and WTA Tours. His clients included Amanda Coetzer and Greg Rusedski, who became semifinalist and finalists at the French Open and US Open consecutively.

Coach with USTA Player Development Program
After working as a coach for USTA Player Development under General Manager Patrick McEnroe, Mayotte spoke publicly about his experiences:

"One big issue and an expression of the pervading arrogance is that the bosses there at the USTA PD have no willingness or ability to deeply discuss ideas and methods.  They want to produce great, strong independent players who can be flexible and adjust and yet they (the bosses) do not display any of these qualities. We have cultural dissonance of the highest and most destructive order going on there. Jose, and to a tragic level, Patrick feel somehow by virtue of their celebrity that their "magic" will rub off on people they control. What they are too lost to see is the word "development" in PD.  As you know so well, building healthy individuals means walking thru [sic.] the trenches with them and helping them analyze the moral, mental, and emotional choices they (and the parents) have to make and develop a  healthy strong person in the process. Hard to do when you are dictating from a broadcast booth and a board room."

title: Tim Mayotte


text:
OurColony

OurColony is a search opera-type alternate reality game (ARG) and a viral marketing campaign for the early marketing of the Xbox 360. The game asks players to form colonies and earn points by completing various tasks. This use of an ARG is similar to I Love Bees, which was a viral marketing campaign for the Xbox game Halo 2, and another ARG for the Xbox 360 game Halo 3.

Brief history
On 14 March 2005, emails were sent to members of the ARG community, from someone named Gamem8ker, with a link to an image. On the main page of the site were instructions to submit 36 images, as well as a strange series of letter combinations. It was explained that "when the right 36 pictures are sent to me, the real game begins." The letter combinations turned out to be the codes of international airports.

OurColony hit a larger gamer audience on 6 April after an article was published on GameSpot. This overloaded servers and the error message "The colony is quickly growing. Please be patient." became common. With this influx of users came rumors of hacking, cheating and spies.

Initially OurColony general forums were set up to allow any user to delete any post or thread, making it almost impossible for people to have steady and meaningful communications. This led many players to create forums outside the official site where communication could continue without disruption. The site's general and colony forums were eventually removed.

The game progressed from the first stage, chaos, to the second and final stage, truth; gameplay between the two stages was identical.

The end of OurColony came with the release of a video showing J. Allard of Microsoft identifying the new Xbox 360 console as the successor to the original Xbox. At the end of the video, all participating colonies were listed on a final scroll in the credits, with top-scoring colonies first. The site is no longer owned by Microsoft.

Official

 * gamem8ker blog Gamem8ker's blog at blogspot.com.
 * gamem8ker blog Gamem8ker's blog at blogspot.com.

Press coverage

 * GameSpot article This GameSpot article goes into great detail in showing the links between and the Xbox 2. The article also discusses other ARGs and the links between Ourcolony.net and Haunted Apiary.

title: OurColony