text:
Talk:Economy of Israel

Article text very dated
The text of this article is clearly taken from a 1997-8 source and so its references to current situations and trends is not relevant. It needs a good clean-up.
 * "Two developments have helped to transform Israel's economy since the beginning of the decade."
 * "Until the last decade, Israel's trade with the Arab world..."
 * Which decades are these?24.64.166.191 05:47, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

U.S Financial Aid To Israel: Figures, Facts, and Impact Summary Benefits to Israel of U.S. Aid Since 1949 (As of November 1, 1997)

Foreign Aid Grants and Loans $74,157,600,000

Other U.S. Aid (12.2% of Foreign Aid) $9,047,227,200

Interest to Israel from Advanced Payments $1,650,000,000

Grand Total $84,854,827,200

Total Benefits per Israeli $14,630 Cost to U.S. Taxpayers of U.S. Aid to Israel

Grand Total $84,854,827,200

Interest Costs Borne by U.S. $49,936,680,000

Total Cost to U.S. Taxpayers $134,791,507,200

Total Taxpayer Cost per Israeli $23,240

Special Reports:

POV statement
"Israel's strong commitment to economic development and its talented work force led to economic growth rates during the nation's first two decades that frequently exceeded 10% annually." My comment: how can we say "talented work force"? Compared to who? References? I get associations to "Ubermench" here. Ugh. I suggest we delete "and its talented work force".

Also: Should there not, in all fairness (when mentioning the high growth rate in this period), be a reference to the compensations payed to Israel from Germany in this period? Huldra 19:20, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Yes, but that compensation from Germany was not charity. Is was owed to a substantial percantage of Israelis who had assets stolen during WWII.

Israel has the highest percentage of engineers and physicians per 1000 people in the world, Israel has the most patents per 1,000 people in the world. Do you need anymore confirmation? Just google it and you'll see.

 * Yes, but this has to do with the population being EDUCATED, not "talented". "Talented workforce" is a nonsensical term that reeks of fascism. IDiO (talk) 01:25, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm with IDIO on this. As an engineer, I do not consider my engineering a "talent."  "Educated" is a much more accurate term for the Israeli workforce.  Also, how much of the growth rate in the first 2 decades was due to population growth, and how much to per capita economic growth?  Regards.  Plazak (talk) 11:41, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

"With such an impressive track record for creating profit driven technologies, Israel has become the first choice for many of world's leading entrepreneurs, investors, and industry giants" This reads like a venture capitalist pitch, not a Wikipedia article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Friend-of-the-planet-99 (talk • contribs) 14:12, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

US aid to Israel
Unbelievably, there is not a single reference to the total US economic support to Israel. The last numbers I saw, (from 2001) was UD$ 2800 mil. For 1 year. And that is not an unusual year: 2-3 billion US$ pr. year has been the average these last few years, as far as I know. That´s serious money, in my world! Still: nowhere, absolutely nowhere (as far as I can see) under ANY of the articles about Israel (in Wikipedia) is this total mentioned!! Incredible. (If I´m wrong, and I´ve missed the information somewhere in an article about Israel on wikipedia, please inform me, and I´ll gladly retract my words.) (Yes, I see that the article says: "Economic aid - recipient: $662 million from US (2003 est.)" ...but that is without the greatest part of the aid! (-namely the military aid), as far as I can see.)

And when one user had included some statistics on this aid a short time ago (admittedly, not all very relevant), then another user:Humus sapiens deletes it all with the (POV) comment "crap"!

A couple of billion dollar every year cannot be ignored! If such basic facts are sensored out from Wikipedia, then Wikipedia becomes absolutely useless and meaningless as an informationsource on the Middle East. Btw, where I live (in Scandinavia) broadcasters on the state media (who are payed to be NPOV) routinely term the US as "the paymasters of Israel". Nobody (to my knowledge) has objected; it is accepted as a matter of fact. Which is a crying shame since "paymasters" is a completely inaccurate framing of the relationship. Scandinavian media are NOT NPOV, so thanks for proving the point.Kimwell (talk) 17:00, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

Sooooo: I propose: either we get these facts into this article, or: we create a new article, named, say: US aid to Israel. Actually, the subject is so large that perhaps it should be a separate article...inf. I would like to see is: when did economic support really start "big-time"? (wasn´t it in the 60´s?) ..a histogram/graph showing how the amounts of aid has developed over the years could be informative. Also: how much to the military, how much to civil use?

Anyway, as this article stands now it is a disgrace to Wikipedia. IMO. Huldra 19:20, 26 September 2005 (UTC) PS: and nooooo: I´m not proposing an article with the name: US: the paymasters of Israel. Thought I should make that clear :-D

 * Huldra, I agree: foreign aid on the order of 2-3% of GDP per year warrants mentioning.  There should probably also be a separate article on US aid to Israel (or at least the US-Israeli relationship), because it does constitute approximately a third of all US foreign aid, and this for a nation of just 6.5 million.  Marsden 19:35, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * ...yes, and that for a nation which in no way is among the poorest in the world. The US-Israel relationship/aid is certainly also an important project. However, I think one should start with  one article, and I suggest the US: the paymasters of Isr.. oooooopsh, I mean: the US aid to Israel-article. 8-> Do you have any good references? Easily available? Huldra 22:56, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Don't let Humus put you off. The only place he gets neutral is the transmission of his car. I think the way to proceed would be to write a more up-to-date section on US aid to Israel, clearly an important part of the Israeli economy, and then break it out into another article if it gets too long. Don't fill it full of bumph though. Just clear, straight facts. If Humus reverts it, RfC it. If he gets support in an RfC, it's time to leave Wikipedia to the Zionists, because let's face it, if you are willing to suppress facts such as a $3 billion subsidy, we're just another hasbara organisation.

I note also that "aircraft parts and other defense equipment" is an interesting way of stating what Israel imports from the US. The CIA factbook is rather more blunt. It says "military equipment". Grace Note 01:31, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * There is an over-arching problem on Wiki of what I'll call the "Hasbara Mafia," who team up to perpetrate the fraud that the Israeli government (or sometimes even the Netanyahu branch of Likud ...) position on matters concerning Israel is the NPOV. We've all seen it.  They can generally muster about five people to participate in an edit war, so I don't think there's much point in trying to do anything directly to oppose them unless similar numbers can be found to support it.

 * A lot of what the Hasbara Mafia does is actually positive, and certainly their positions should be noted within articles. What really bothers me is that they have sometimes -- as in this article -- thoroughly censored information that they don't like, and in other cases (see Occupied territories) they have hijacked articles so as to avoid the use of terms that they don't like.

 * What I'd like to see would be for the Hasbara Mafia to stop relying so heavily on winning editting wars: from what I have seen, when they are confident they can win an edit war with their prefered position, that is what they will do; when they are less confident, they'll stall and try to outlast their opponents; and when they see they have little chance, they can be quite reasonable.  In an enterprise like Wikipedia, it is naturally very easy for an interested minority to take control of areas in which there is no coherent opposition, and that, in my opinion, is what has happened here.  A coherent opposition needs to be formed.

 * Marsden 16:18, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Well, I will not comment on the "Hasbara Mafia," (frankly, I´m unfamiliar with the name), but I can tell you this: my reason for interest in this field is the following: in 2001 I travelled in the Middle East (not Israel) for several months -(visiting historical sites etc). Now, what stunned me & suprised me most during these months was the low opinion of local people towards the US (of course, they had an even lower opinion of Israel, but that was a more well-known/expected attitude.....). Again & again & again I met people who expressed an intense hatred of the US. Why? Always the same answer: because of US support for Israel. (And I´m not talking moral support here: no, I´m talking cash, $, money.) And these were relatively well-educated people (spoke English, for a start!). When I returned to Scandinavia (=home) I started reading more about modern history of the region, and understood more. Then came 9/11, & I´m sad to say: I was´t very suprised. (Now I always laugh (laud!) when I hear Bush et al. claim that the US was/is attacked because "people hate our freedom and democracy". I have never met a single person who hate the US because its "freedom and democracy". Not a single one. Actually, people in the Middle East don´t give a damn (mostly) about the internal policies of the US, (just like the people in US don´t give a damn (mostly) about internal policies in the Middle East.)) At the same time: people I met in the Middle East also expressed wildly different opinion about these matters: some seem to think that 90% of Israels income came from the US(!) (no, I´m not joking!). Then imagine my suprise when, browsing Wikipedia, I do not find a single reference to what so many people consider the most important issue regarding the US & the West & Israel! Not only that; I find that references to this is "edited" (read: censored) out with comments like "crap"! Well, I think we are all loosers here. Actually, I suspect Israel/US will (possibly) be the biggest loosers in the end: when real information is not found easily, a lot of false information will thrive and blossom instead. What I propose is this: instead of meddeling (too much) with this article: lets have a general statement like: "Israel also recieves substantial aid from the US." Let us link this this statement to the n ew article. Let us then get all facts, figures /years into this article AND: the sources! Very, very important. We have to document every single number. (Actually, I´m always very "ad fontes" when I edit articles...it is in "discussion"-pages I´m "huldra"! :-)). Anyway, let us start as a "stub", and expand it. How about it? PS: and if people who like to think that Israel manages on its "talented work force" alone deletes such an article; well, I think it will be worst for them, It will only mean that there are people in Egypt, Jordan, Syria etc.+ some in the West who will continue to believe that Israel gets 90% of its income from the US, even after they have consulted Wikipedia.... Sigh. Huldra 21:50, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

CERTAIN people want to single Israel out. Truth is that a lot of countries have benefited from US taxpayers more than Israel. Jordan and Egypt each receive more US aid (economic and military) than Israel does (%of GDP). you can put a "US AID TO ...." section for a substantial amount of countries. The Marshall Plan, South Korean, the Mexican bailout, aid to Egypt and Jordan, etc.

And this garbage about Israelis get 90% of income from US. It sounds more like someone made up the number. What is that even based on? It doesn't even make any sense. Why does Israel have $18 billion in FDI this year (foreign direct investment-for those less than intelligent wanna be "Palestine is great, Israel sucks" economists)? why does Warren Buffet make his only major foreign acquisition in Israel? Why does Israel have the most companies on the Nasdaq (outside of US)? Why does Israel in the top 5 every year in patents? Why does Donald Trump build skyscrapers in Ramat Gan? Why is Israel growing at 5% a year (in a war year) when Portugal has a growth rate of 0% (from ECB).

Another fact: Israel is the largest purchaser of American products in the world (per capita)

Lets get this straight once and for: Israel gets $2.4 billion in Military aid, which can ONLY be spent in the US. Which is why Boeing and Lockheed Martin are very much in favor for Israel getting aid. This also adds income and jobs in these industries, AND the US gov't gets 35% back in taxes. SO BOTH SIDES MAKE OUT WELL. Israel gets $600 million for "economic aid", but in reality this money is used to pay back loans Israel made from American banks in the 1970's - although this is peanuts compared to the $58 billion that the US gave South Korea in 1998 and the untold billions the US gave Mexico for a bailou, all at US taxpayer expense.

I will put some facts into this part of the article.

Sources:

U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel - CRS Report for the Congress

http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf

Israel: Background and Relations with the United States - CRS Report for the Congress

http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf

Bpgergo (talk) 00:02, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

I've reverted you addition, due to the mixing of civilian and military aid. The civilian aid is direct aid to the economy, basically cash money. The military aid can only be used for purchases in the US, effectively subsidizing the US economy (see above). I have no objection to mentioning the military aid as well, but I don't want the two types to be mixed up this way. okedem (talk) 07:01, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

substantial government ownership
"Israel has a diversified modern economy with substantial government ownership". I want to insert the information that most of the land is government owned and rented only to jews.24.64.166.191 05:21, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever you add: make absolutely sure that you have a source for it, and then give the ref. to that source. Regards, Huldra

 * I'm all in favour of sources.
 * "Ninety-three percent of the land in Israel is owned or controlled by the government, the Israel Lands Authority, or the Jewish National Fund. Some 2.8 percent is privately owned by Jews and 4.2 percent by Arabs. Rarely is public land leased to Arabs."
 * "Farming remains a major endeavor for Israeli Arabs who work on privately-owned land. They are allocated 2.3 percent of the water quotas ... . In contrast, Jews are allocated state-owned land if required and receive over 97 percent of the water quotas"
 * Gerald B. Bubis

its not true.. most of land is in the hand of the Israel Lands Authority, the sell the land for anyone.. of course arabs allso.. some precenteg is of the Jewish National Fund.. but after a supreme Court case they allso sell to evrybody.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nadave (talk • contribs) 11:41, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

GDP
The GDP table (even if sourced) is blatantly wrong. A GDP of 1 million NIS in 1965 would imply that each person generated about 40 agorot per year (I know the currency has changed since then, but the broad point remains). I'll look for a more credible alternative... Pontificake 18:23, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Good, good. I'm not sure what the base price is, but the table at the source seems to forget to take into account inflation, leading to ridicules thing like 395% growth in GDP in 1984 - which was a horrible year, with 400% inflation. It's like they took today's money, and tried to list all of the previous years' GDP in today's Shekels, only by inflation, and not by actual worth (currency was exchanged for rates like 1:1000 at times), thus mucking everything up. I couldn't find another source, but it says that "While the GDP per capita was only 30% of what it was in the United States in 1948; today it stands at 65% of the American level." (this is at 1998, Israel's jubilee). okedem 19:57, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st14_01x.pdf seems to have various useful data series. What's best to use - per capita (very relevant given the population growth), total in real terms, total in NIS terms, total in dollar terms? We could, of course, use more than one. Pontificake 20:35, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Oh, the CBS. Why didn't I think of that? I tried to find data in the Bank of Israel website, but got nowhere. Well, the problem with NIS terms remains, it's quite meaningless. I also don't really understand how the two tables - of total GDP, and per capita GDP, can coexist - they don't add up. I don't understand what they mean by "At current prices" on the total GDP, and why, when that one looks ridicules, the per capita table (at 1995 prices) seems reasonable. I think the per capita is the most relevant, but we could use all of them, though I wouldn't bother writing something as silly as the entire Israeli nation has a GDP of 47,000 NIS in 1950... okedem 21:09, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Lead-in - GDP and 500 million by Germany
1. Has anybody a link to the German annual payments. As far as I know there are compensation payments, but not to the State of Israel nor in the amount stated in the lead-in.

2. The GDP comparison with European countries is misleading. The only countries that have a lower GDP per capita in "Western Europe" are Greece and Portugal. Spain has a higher GDP per capita. Themanwithoutapast 19:15, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Net Foreign Transfers
Dfalao I think that you are giving the wrong link or that you are confusing a few things. The link that you give is about the Net Balance of Payments of Israel, it mainly deals with the foreign trade balance and not the US military aid. Israel is now receiving a $3 billions US military aid (not economic aid) for the next 10 years. I personally think this is a huge mistake but that's not the issue. I do not know how much Israel receives from other sources like private Jewish donators, but anyway you need to separate the money that goes to the Israeli budget (if any) from what is given to private institutions. Benjil 09:41, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The figure I gave was net transfers, which is not part of the balance of trade, but is part of the current account, which in turn is a part of the balance of payments. Transfer payments are unilateral transfers included in the current account, e.g., gifts and support payments. The figure includes military aid, or indeed any other unilateral transfers. It would appear that you are not familiar with balance of payment statistics. The total net transfers to the government amounted to $4.4 billion in 2006, while net current transfers to the rest of the economy were $3.0 billion, for a total of 7.4 billion US dollars.

 * The information and figures I gave were accurate and relevant. As it stands, it appears Israel receives only 0.12 billion, which is completely misleading. Too bad you chose to censure the relevant information.

 * Further information, for the interested: http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2007n/09_07_045e.pdf http://www.bankisrael.gov.il/deptdata/mehkar/indic/eng_c09.htm http://www.bankisrael.gov.il/deptdata/pik_mth/ex_debt/define.htm

 * Dfalao 15:49, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * So let's do that again: the Bank of Israel link does not say what you say. The data you quote is from the CBS link and it also does not say exactly the same thing because $3 billions out of the $7.4 go to the private sector. So the aid that Israel received was, according to this, $4.4 billions, an increase of $1.4 billion from $3 billion of military aid in 2005, probably the special aid after the war or something like that. If someone knows the details, he is welcome to give more explanations. 07:32, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I specifically say above "The total net transfers to the government amounted to $4.4 billion in 2006, while net current transfers to the rest of the economy were $3.0 billion, for a total of 7.4 billion US dollars." The Bank of Israel doesn't split the sum into different sectors of the economy like the CBS, but reaches the same grand total. Thus, 7.4 billion was the net transfers to Israel in 2006, which is a significant sum. It is certainly worth reporting, for anyone who wants NPOV articles in Wikipedia. Dfalao 16:28, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

German aid to Israel
Aside from the complete misrepresentaion of the scale of US aid, why is there no mention of the massive amount of German aid?

KBuck

 * Because Israel doesn't receive aid from Germany. It did, a long time ago (up till 1965), but even then it wasn't "massive" (but lets not debate semantics). okedem 16:54, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

That's funny because according to everyone else eg

http://www.wrmea.com/html/us_aid_to_israel.htm

" But there also has been extensive German military assistance to Israel during and since the Gulf war, and a variety of German educational and research grants go to Israeli institutions. The total of German assistance in all of these categories to the Israeli government, Israeli individuals and Israeli private institutions has been some $31 billion or $5,345 per capita, bringing the per capita total of U.S. and German assistance combined to almost $20,000 per Israeli"

For some reason this page isn't prepared to mention either the proper scale of US aid or German aid at all. What's the problem?

KBuck
 * You're mixing very different things here. The bulk of the assistance was in the form of reparations given to the Israeli government from 1953 to 1965. 1965, mind you, was 42 years ago.
 * The other major part is money given directly to holocaust survivors - this is not "German aid to Israel", but given directly to the survivors, and thus is not mentioned here.
 * Other major assistance - German shipyards built 3 submarines for Israel, which only had to pay for one, and the German government financed the other two - this is direct military assistance, and has nothing to do with the economy.
 * Research grants? That's peanuts, and not worthy of mention. Aid in this form has negligible impact of the economy.
 * Just to give some scale - your link says the sum total of Germany's aid, in all these forms (some of which irrelevant to this article), was $31 billion. Israel's budget for the year 2008 will be around $70 billion, and its GDP for 2006 was $135 billion. So while German aid was useful, most of it was a long time ago, and even then it wasn't what kept Israel going. What is relevant today is not in the form of economic assistance, and thus isn't mentioned. okedem 13:47, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

That's funny... I've never heard anyone saying military aid and expenditure is nothing to do with the economy before... everyone else seems to think its a part of the economy. The aid given to Israel - from the US/Germany/Jews abroad is all part of the economy. To claim otherwise is ridiculous. As is your attempt to paint $5,345 per capita - money which in large part built Israel's infrastructure, as a small sum. As is giving the impression that the only aid Israel gets from the US is the relatively small sum labelled economic rather than the $billions of military aid every year. A completely misleading piece of propoganda.

KBuck

 * I demand you take back your accusations, and apologize for them.
 * I only wrote about aid from Germany. I haven't said a word about US aid, not civilian, nor military. Whatever you thought I said, is your problem. Don't attack me for things you imagined, and throw around words like "propaganda" if you want to be taken seriously.
 * Giving a submarine as a gift isn't economic aid, in that it has no economic impact, and is not a part of the budget. It's military aid. It's not military budgets, to be spent rather freely, as the US gives (although it can only be used for American equipment). Even if you do include it, it's not worth that much, relatively.
 * I gave the numbers for scale. I say again, for the last time - the major economic aid was given over 40 years ago, and what is given today is given to individuals, and has relatively little impact. okedem 14:42, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

What accusations - "Propoganda" was a reference to the impression given in the article that US aid is small "120 million, or about 0.07% of Israel's GDP." Totally misleading. As for your odd position that military aid isn't economic - even Bank of Israel Governor Stanley Fischer says exactly the opposite in todays announcement of $30 billion from the US for Israel over the next 10 years.

"We have an exceptionally heavy defence burden... The fact that the United States is willing to share a significant part of that burden ... is a critical element in the budget."

http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/56F1803E-796B-4ACD-A9E3-0F03338F46D6.htm

KBuck

 * Your quote doesn't support your claim. And if you don't want to be perceived as attacking people, try phrasing your sentences better. okedem 16:03, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The article said that yearly US economic aid to Israel is $120 million - and this is already wrong. It is 0. But it is true that the article does not include the $2.4 billion and from next year $3 billion military aid. So I propose to add it. But we need to explain that it hurts the Israeli economy as much as it helps it, that this is mainly a US subsides for its military industry, and that NATO countries get lower prices when they buy US weapons, while Israel pays the full price - so this is just the way to do the same thing. Benjil 06:55, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It's just outdated. The economic aid has been decreasing year by year. I support your suggestion. okedem 10:00, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Misinterpretation of the Balance of Payments
Article previously stated that Israel receved 7.4 bil$ from US. This give an impression that US gave the money, wile this in reality is a trade surplus. To whoever added this in the first place: please be carefull to understand the sources before adding them to WP. -- H eptor  talk 02:14, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1 New Israeli Sheqel (1994-1995).jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 18:59, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1 New Israeli Sheqel (1994-1995).jpg
Image:1 New Israeli Sheqel (1994-1995).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:50, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1 New Israeli Sheqel (1994-1995).jpg
Image:1 New Israeli Sheqel (1994-1995).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:46, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

External Trade
2006 the volume was 4,9 Mrd. US$. Being 8,26 % (3,2 Mrd. US$) of Israels Imports and 5,58 % (1,7 Mrd. US$) of Israels Exports.

Might be good to mention not only the US ex and import but the first two or three partners.--Stone (talk) 14:02, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Self congratulatory text
The third paragraph sounds a bit over the top. 217.132.28.149 (talk) 22:32, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

EU israel tax problems
Will EU Penalize Exports from Israeli Settlements? is article about the problematic practice that stuff produced in the israel seatlements is exported to the EU, but the tax free agrement is only valide for israel, but not for palestina, the occupied terretories, Gazza or the Westbank or what the ares are called.--Stone (talk) 18:07, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Unemployment rate?
What is the unemployment rate in israel? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.11.113.192 (talk) 04:43, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * 5.8% (April 2011) Hmbr (talk) 22:45, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

Issues
Apart from needing a copy-edit, it does in many places read like an advertisement or brochure. There needs to be more neutral, even critical, info on the economy; I can think of one problem it faces already, and I'm not even an expert.

The "Income" table is weird: compares loads of apples and oranges: different criteria in the same columns, different years, clutter of local currencies. I think it needs to go completely and be replaced by a short para. Tony  (talk)  02:14, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * More, on revisiting ... the Income section is a shocker. Out of date, messy, inconsistent categories (why US states? NZ is surely overstated, etc.) Ungrammatical language. Needs expansion. I think the table needs to go completely or be rethought. Anyone willing to help? Tony   (talk)  03:39, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Metric units
I have noticed that there are non-metric units creeping into the text (such as the information on natural gas reserves). As Israel exclusively uses the metric system, this article needs to be cleaned up to ensure that only metric units are used. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.94.113.241 (talk) 01:07, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

userpage 21:56, 14 May 2021 (UTC)
 * What's the harm of including some other units of measurement in parentheses?  TheKuygerian  contribs

2004 Congressional Research Service report
The 2004 the U.S. Congressional Research Service report has historical significance is no longer relevant and thus should not be in the very first paragraph of the article. Moving to history section. Below are three important points as to why the 8-year old report is no longer relevant.

US Aid to Israel: Makeup and constituent share of current economy

The US no longer provides Israel with economic aid. In 2012, the US will provide Israel with approximately $3 billion worth of military aid and about $0.6 billion in support of joint weapon development activities. Note that most of this aid cannot be spent in the Israeli economy, rather in the US to purchase US-made products. Also, Israel has not taken out any loans using loan guarantees provided by the US since at least the middle of the last decade.

In 2012, Israel is expected to have a GDP of approximately $250 billion. $3.6 billion would be about 1.5% of gross domestic product. Nowadays, one cannot reasonably argue that aid making up only 1.5% of GDP makes the Israeli economy wholly reliant on US aid as the report suggest.

The relative performance the Israeli economy compared to the economic performance of other high-income, western developed countries since the report was written.

Since the report came out, the world has experienced a devastating financial crisis. This crisis has shown which countries have solid economic fundamentals and which have economies resting on shaky economic legs. Or as they say, when the tide goes out, you can see which swimmers have been swimming naked and which had swimsuits underneath. In almost every conceivable economic parameter the Israeli economy has far outperformed those of other countries during the crisis. Certainly if the Israeli economy was as fragile and "unsustainable" as the report claims, the outcome for the Israeli economy would have been completely different and it wasn't.

Current budget deficit

The report also claims that the Israeli economy relies heavily on borrowing to survive. Israel's budget deficit in recent years has been under 3% of GDP, thus requiring very low borrowing, and well below that of other western countries. Again, the report is detached from current reality.

Given these reasons, it makes more sense to reference the report in an historical context rather than in a section which implies the report has current relevancy to the Israeli economy. I made this change.

Wikiliki (talk) 02:20, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

userpage 21:41, 14 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Talk with the people in Talk:Economy_of_Israel.  TheKuygerian  contribs

External link to tariff data
Hello everyone, I am working for the International Trade Centre (ITC), a UN/WTO agency that aims to promote sustainable economic development through trade promotion. I would like to propose the addition of an external link (http://www.macmap.org/QuickSearch/FindTariff/FindTariff.aspx?subsite=open_access&country=SCC376%7cIsrael&source=1|ITC) that leads directly to our online database of customs tariffs applied by Israel. Visitors can easily look up market access information for Israel by selecting the product and partner of their interest. I would like you to consider this link under the WP:ELYES #3 prescriptions. Moreover, the reliability and the pertinence of this link can be supported by the following facts 1) ITC is part of the United Nations, and aims to share trade and market access data on by country and product as a global public good 2) No registration is required to access this information 3) Market access data (Tariffs and non-tariff measures) are regularly updated

Thank you, Divoc (talk) 09:50, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

Lack of information on everyday life
This article contains nothing whatsoever about the sector of the economy - the service industries - which are actually most important in the everyday lives of Israelis. Nothing is mentioned about the supermarkets popular shopping chains or everyday purchasing habits of Israelis. Instead the information, taken largely from official reports, is precisely of the kind which can be looked up anywhere and has very little relevance to everyday life in the country. Can someone who knows more about the subject please do something to help remedy this.

Many Thanks, Chris

Noticed that some language and grammer is a bit off. Might need to be fixed. mostly in the history area. sorry too busy to fix myself — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.240.52.25 (talk) 04:20, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

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lack of talk of stolen U.S. trade secrets through espionage
Israel has had the largest number of spies in America of any other foreign country, including the USSR. Much of these were military secrets, including their atom bomb project, their aerospace and military industries. Often this tech is then sold or derived, Israeli made products old to rogue states--e.g., Pakistan and China, particularly China's front-line J9 figher, which was based on the Israeli Lavi, itself built with U.S. aid, both overt and covertly stolen.

Additionally, the spy-network as integrated federal agencies, as synergy with AIPAC, ADL and other Israeli/Zionist organizations.

Of course, the new, post-people powered wiki will likely delete this. Given the backgrounds of the CEO and moderators, it's not surprising this is the only locked country page, at least I am aware of. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.24.205.198 (talk) 04:12, 7 March 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:56, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Israel Product Exports (2019).svg

New section?
I've published a new page on Israeli conomy - Israeli cybersecurity industry, maybe it will be good to use some parts in this article. JorienBye (talk) 13:26, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 September 2023
Request to add Corruption in Israel under the section Economy of Israel. 223.25.74.34 (talk) 14:30, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Per WP:SEEALSO, links in the section should be limited in number and the list is already longer than most such sections. If consensus is in favor of the addition, then I personally have no objection. DrKay (talk) 15:42, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

Accessibility issues
As noted, the file you're adding presents significant accessibility issues. Specifically:

 * It includes text below 85% of default size (MOS:SMALL)

 * It uses colour to communicate important information, and has insufficient contrast between text and background colour (MOS:COLOUR)

 * It uses an image in the place of a properly formatted chart (MOS:ACCIM) or text (MOS:TEXTASIMAGES)

In addition to all of these issues, it simply does a poor job of conveying information since once you get past the largest boxes much of the text is cut off or missing entirely. This is because at its source it is designed as an interactive image (where if you hover you can see additional information) but here is static and therefore unusable. Nikkimaria (talk) 13:23, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

Many articles saying economy is shrinking but article says it's growing?
Example: https://www.ft.com/content/763bb384-a974-4222-996f-8aecfbc32074 202.47.36.141 (talk) 14:03, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

Technical: CIA ref issue
There is a perfectly well written ref with the ref name CIA. In spite of it, the Ref list ends with a screaming-red error announcement:
 * "Cite error: A list-defined reference with the name "CIA" has been invoked, but is not defined in the tag (see the help page)."

WTF? Arminden (talk) 09:35, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of Israel


text:
File:FirstBandOnTheMoon.jpg

The Cardigans - First Band on the Moon album cover. Copyright 1996 Mercury Records.

Fair use rationale for First Band on the Moon

 * No free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information.
 * The image does not replace the original market role of the single.
 * The image is low resolution.
 * The image has previously been published.
 * The image contributes significantly to the article by identifying the subject of the article.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:FirstBandOnTheMoon.jpg


text:
Osgood, North Dakota

Osgood was a city in Cass County, North Dakota in the United States. The city was located on the east side of the Sheyenne River, three miles south of West Fargo. Osgood was founded in 1884 as "Garfield" (named in honor of the recently assassinated President James A. Garfield). The name was changed to "Osgood", in honor of the landowner who ceded the site to C.C. Furnberg, who located a country store and post office at the town site. The post office and country store ceased operations in 1953. Furnberg's son, Oscar, donated the store to the Cass County Historical Society, where it was restored and put on display at the Bonanzaville, USA pioneer village museum. Today, Osgood is no longer a city. Instead, the general vicinity of Osgood is now a neighborhood of Fargo, North Dakota, centered on a golf course. The course and neighborhood still bear the "Osgood" name. Many roads in the neighborhood, such as Fernberg Place and Houkum Court, were named after families who originally lived in the town. Pictures of the former town can be found in the Osgood Golf Course clubhouse and in the Osgood Hornbacher's supermarket.

title: Osgood, North Dakota


text:
User:BijuGC

Biju_GC

I wish wiki also had a Slide Show option I tried to make one called Colosseum which convert a wiki to and S5 presentation.

My Uploads

title: User:BijuGC


text: User talk:BijuGC

title: User talk:BijuGC


text: Talk:Americophile

title: Talk:Americophile


text: Talk:Bar (Aramaic)

title: Talk:Bar (Aramaic)


text: Talk:Coaming

title: Talk:Coaming


text: Category:Musical subgenres by genre

title: Category:Musical subgenres by genre


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Marquis of Tweedale

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep as redirect to Marquess of Tweeddale. sjorford →•← 10:50, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Marquis of Tweedale
Currently tagged with. This article only tries to describe George Hay, the 8th Marquis of Tweedale. Still, I fail to see how the title "Marquis of Tweedale" is notable enough. Zzyzx11 | Talk 04:42, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Should be moved to George Hay, 8th Marquis of Tweedale and expanded, and the Marquis of Tweedale page made into a dab page for a list of all of the marquises. That's the standard for other British title articles.  RickK 20:14, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

We now have a cut and paste move. I'm going to delete George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale, revert Marquis of Tweedale, move it to George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale, then change the redirect to Marquess of Tweeddale (then fix the markup). RickK 20:58, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like someone has mostly fixed this already. Briefly:
 * In the UK, the title is usually Marquess, rather than Marquis.
 * Tweedale is a typo; it should be Tweeddale.
 * Marquis of Tweedale's content should be moved to George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale. This has been done, but by cut & paste rather than page move; an admin will have to properly merge the histories.
 * Marquis of Tweedale should redirect to Marquess of Tweeddale. This has been done.  The latter page lists all the Marquesses of Tweeddale.
 * So, leave this as a redirect to Marquess of Tweeddale. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 23:53, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur with RickK's fix below. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 22:06, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. RickK 21:05, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ai Qing

Ai Qing (, March 27, 1910 – May 5, 1996), born Jiang Zhenghan and styled Jiang Haicheng, was a 20th-century Chinese poet. He was known under his pen names Linbi, Ke'a and Ejia.

Life
Ai Qing was born in Fantianjiang village (贩田蒋), Jinhua county, in eastern China's Zhejiang province. After entering Hangzhou Xihu Art School in 1928, on the advice of principal Lin Fengmian, he went abroad and studied in Paris the following spring. From 1929 to 1932 while studying in France, besides learning art of Renoir and Van Gogh, the philosophy of Kant and Hegel, he also studied modern poets such as Mayakovsky and was especially influenced by Belgian poet Verhaeren.

After returning to Shanghai, China in May 1932, he joined China Left Wing Artist Association, and was arrested in July for opposing the Kuomintang. During his imprisonment, Ai Qing translated Verhaeren's poems and wrote his first book Dayanhe—My Nanny (—), "Reed Flute" (芦笛), and "Paris" (巴黎). He was finally released in October 1935.

After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Ai Qing wrote "Snow falls on China's Land" (雪落在中国的土地上) after arriving at Wuhan to support the war effort. In 1938, he moved to Guilin to become the editor of Guixi Daily newspaper. In 1940, he became the dean of the Chinese department at Chongqing YuCai University.

In 1941, he moved to Yan'an, and joined the Chinese Communist Party in the subsequent year. Beginning in 1949, he was on cultural committees. He was editor of Poetry Magazine, and associate editor of People's Literature.

However, in 1957, during the Anti-Rightist Movement, he defended Ding Ling and was accused of "rightism". He was exiled to farms in northeast China in 1958 and was transferred to Xinjiang in 1959 by the Communist authorities. During the period of the Cultural Revolution he was forced to work daily cleaning the communal toilets for his village of about 200 people, a physically demanding job he was required to carry out for five years, then aged in his 60s. According to an account by his son Ai Weiwei, he lost vision in one of his eyes due to lack of nutrition. He was not allowed to publish his works Return Song (《归来的歌》) and Ode to Light (《光的赞歌》) until he was reinstated in 1979. In 1979, he was vice-chairman of the Chinese Writers Association.

He made a second journey to France in 1980, and in 1985 French president François Mitterrand awarded him the title of Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters.

Family
He is the father of the prominent Chinese artist and activist Ai Weiwei, who participated in designing the Beijing National Stadium, and the painter Ai Xuan. He had two daughters with his second wife.

Pen name
In 1933, while being tortured and imprisoned by the Kuomintang and writing his book Dayan River — My Nanny, he went to write his surname (Jiang, 蒋), but stopped at the first component "艹" due to his bitterness towards KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek. He resented sharing the same surname (Jiang/Chiang) and simply crossed out the rest of the character with an "X". This happens to be the Chinese character ài (艾), and since the rest of his name, Hǎi Chéng meant the limpidity of the sea, it implied the color of limpid water qīng (青, turquoise, blue, or green), so he adopted the pen name Ai Qing.

Works

 * Kuangye (1940; “Wildness”)
 * Xiang taiyang (1940 “Toward the Sun”)
 * Beifang (1942; “North”)
 * Guilai de ge (1980; “Song of Returning”)
 * Ai Qing quanji (“The Complete Works of Ai Qing”) in 1991.

Works in French

 * Le chant de la lumière «Guang de zange » 光 的 赞 歌, éditor, translator Ng Yok-Soon. Ed. les Cent fleurs, 1989
 *  De la poésie ; Du poète / Ai Qing « Shilun » 诗 论, translator Chantal Chen-Andro, Wang Zaiyuan, Ballouhey, Centre de recherche de l’Université de Paris VIII, 1982
 * Poèmes / Ai Ts’ing'', éditor, translator Catherine Vignal. Publications orientalistes de France, 1979.
 * Le récif : poèmes et fables / Ai Qing, éditor, translator Ng Yok-Soon. Ed. les Cent fleurs, 1987

Works in German

 * Manfred und Shuxin Reinhardt (ed. and transl.): Auf der Waage der Zeit. Gedichte. Volk und Welt, Berlin 1988 (in Nachdichtungen von Annemarie Bostroem)
 * Susanne Hornfeck (ed. and transl.): Schnee fällt auf Chinas Erde. Gedichte. Penguin Verlag, München 2021

Works in English

 * Eugene Chen Eoyang (ed), Selected Poems of Ai Qing, Indiana University Press, 1982

Anthologies

 * Huang, Yunte. (2016). The Big Red Book of Modern Chinese Literature. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 290. ISBN 978-0393239485.
 * Huang, Yunte. (2016). The Big Red Book of Modern Chinese Literature. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 290. ISBN 978-0393239485.
 * Huang, Yunte. (2016). The Big Red Book of Modern Chinese Literature. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 290. ISBN 978-0393239485.

Portrait

 * Ai Qing. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming at Portrait Gallery of Chinese Writers (Hong Kong Baptist University Library).

title: Ai Qing


text:
Talk:Drugs and prostitution

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): RenjiaGuo, Sleepislife2016, ItsTriki.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
For a previous deletion discussion on this article, see Votes for deletion/Crack whore.

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Aburg043.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:53, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Article Written for University Purposes
Some of this article has been written by university students for academic purposes. Any form of vandalism was not intended. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sleepislife2016 (talk • contribs) 15:46, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

New article at drugs and prostitution
This article is a new article covering the general phenomenon of drug use among prostitutes and prostitution among drug addicts, and so, I hope, should not be confused with the previously transwiki'd "crack whore" article. -- Karada 11:37, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Since the epidemic of drug abuse in America is driving the expanding epidemic of AIDS, there need to be links from this article to articles discussing HIV/AIDS. ````

To do
-- 4:06 (GMT) 11 April 2017
 * This article is kind of a mess. Made a few grammar fixes but more is needed.

-- Karada 12:19, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Explain difference between the phenomena of drug use among prostitutes and prostitution among drug addicts (not all prostitutes who use recreational drugs are driven to prostitution by their habit, but the two subcultures are still closely linked).
 * Statistics, with sources.

Rent
What does Rent (musical) have to do with prostitution? I've seen the play, and as far as I recall there were no whores in it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.243.72.161 (talk) 09:33, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

References?!
There is not a single reference in this article, even though statements are written as if they were a fact.

Some examples,

"...some drug addicts, most commonly heroin or crack cocaine users, obtain their drugs primarily through prostitution."

"Such addicts most commonly take part in street prostitution..."

"...many brothels do not want to employ visible drug users."

"The stereotype of a drug addict...", this whole paragraph needs references.

"correlation between street prostitution and illegal drug use is high."

Where do all these and other statements come from? The material is not verifiable and does not follow Wikipedia's core policies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pidno (talk • contribs) January 24, 2008

 * I've tagged it with Original research for now. There's bound to be some mentions in medical journals somewhere that we can use to reference this article. -- OlEnglish (Talk) 23:33, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Peer Review
Here are our comments for this article:

1. The first quote needs clear citation.

2. There is definitely a neutral point of view. Statistics help, but sometimes the statistic should be explained more.

3. "The average age for people whom engage in sex work with Drug Abuse, was five months younger than those whom have had no problem with drugs (19.2 years old instead of 19.7 years old)." This may be a conversion error. It says 5 months, but the difference in 19.7 and 19.2 is 6 months.

4. "In comparison to the 13%, who work in an indoor-associated escort type agency, such as a sauna, massage parlor, flat or Escort agency.[4]" This is not sentence

5. The last 3 sections do not have citations where they should. Especially risk factors.

6. I think the connections in the Drug Use section should be more clear. With every statistic, the link between prostitution and drug use should be emphasized

7. Structure and Orientation of article is good. Each section has its own purpose and does not deviate far enough to create a split

8. I think when linking the links they should be lowercase following the grammar rules so beginning of sentence or proper nouns.

9. In terms of notability, this article is pretty notable. It covers an important subject and makes an important connection backed with good evidence.

10. The article links very well and is linked to a good amount. I would consider linking to it more because this article can be linked to in almost every drug or prostitute article. I would also consider linking drug/ prostitute agencies in the "See Also" section. That might be interesting.

11. Could use another read over some of the grammar is article. Try to make it flow more and there are some fragments some which we have mentioned here

12. The article is understandable and well written. The external links are helpful but not required to understand the article as a whole. Everything is clear and well said

13. The article is an appropriate length and complete. It provides the necessary information without restatement and is clear in doing so.

Snallapa, Atticus.Finch, The Wiki Man

title: Talk:Drugs and prostitution


text:
Category:Hip hop genres

This category is a list of hip hop genres. Hip hop music can be subdivided into various subgenres, fusions with other genres and regional hip hop scenes.

title: Category:Hip hop genres


text:
Palaihnihan languages

Palaihnihan (also Palaihnih) is a language family of northeastern California. It consists of two closely related languages, both now extinct:

 * Palaihnihan
 * Atsugewi
 * Achumawi (ís siwa wó disi, also known as Achomawi, Pit River Indian)

Reconstruction
The original reconstruction of proto-Palaihnihan suffered from poor quality data. David Olmsted's dictionary depends almost entirely upon de Angulo, who did not record the phonological distinctions consistently or well, and carelessly includes Pomo vocabulary from a manuscript in which he (de Angulo) set out to demonstrate that Achumawi and Pomo are not related. William Bright has also pointed out problems with Olmsted's methods of reconstruction. The reconstruction is being refined with newer data.

Good, McFarland, & Paster (2003) conclude there were at least three vowels, *a *i *u, and possibly marginal *e, along with vowel length and ablaut. Consonants were as follows:

Genetic relations
The Palaihnihan family is often connected with the hypothetical Hokan stock. Proposed special relationships within Hokan include Palaihnihan with Shastan (known as Shasta-Achomawi) and within a Kahi sub-group (also known as Northern Hokan) with Shastan, Chimariko, and Karuk.

title: Palaihnihan languages


text:
User:Mako

I live in Sydney, but am a New Zealander.

My hobbies, interests and knowledge might include: New Zealand and Australian history, rugby union, sailing (and nautical history), environmental issues, sewage and industrial waste treatment, and computer games.

Notes to myself

title: User:Mako


text: Talk:Incomplete flower

title: Talk:Incomplete flower


text: Talk:Periderm

title: Talk:Periderm


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael J. Pohl

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 18:08, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Michael J. Pohl
Has been tagged with for two weeks. Just says, "Former Assistant press seceritary for President James Carter. Former CEO SkyConnect. Former CEO nCUBE Inc. Current President of Business Software solutions LLC C-COR Inc." Zzyzx11 | Talk 04:48, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as a page with little content--nixie 02:24, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Pavel Vozenilek 02:15, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Check of Carter Library only shows only one reference to him, and it is as Director of the Office of Media Advance.  Not a significant member of the Carter administration. Tobycat 23:44, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Promotion (chess)

In chess, promotion is the replacement of a pawn with a new piece when the pawn is moved to its last. The player replaces the pawn immediately with a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same. The new piece does not have to be a previously captured piece. Promotion is mandatory when moving to the last rank; the pawn cannot remain as a pawn.

Promotion to a queen is known as queening; promotion to any other piece is known as underpromotion. Promotion is almost always to a queen, as it is the most powerful piece. Underpromotion might be done for various reasons, such as to avoid stalemate or for tactical reasons related to the knight's unique movement pattern. Promotion or the threat of it often decides the result in an endgame.

Rules
When a pawn is promoted, it is removed from the board, and the new piece is placed on the square the pawn moved to. A piece may be promoted to regardless of whether it has been captured. Consequently, a player might have two or more queens, or three or more rooks, bishops, or knights. In theory, a player could have as many as nine queens, ten knights, ten bishops, or ten rooks, though these are highly improbable scenarios.

Representation of promoted pieces
Most chess sets come with only the 32 pieces used in the starting position. Some chess sets come with an extra queen of each color, but this does not accommodate the possibility of having three or more pieces of the same type. When multiple sets are available, promoted pieces are borrowed from other sets if required. Under FIDE rules, a player may stop the clocks and summon the arbiter to provide a piece for promotion.

Under US Chess Federation rules and in casual play, an upside-down rook may designate a queen. However, according to FIDE arbiter guidelines, such a move is treated as a legal promotion to a rook (not an illegal move, which would incur a time penalty).

History
Promotion first existed in chaturanga, an ancestor of chess created in the 6th century. In chaturanga, a pawn is promoted upon reaching the last rank of the board. Historians dispute what the pawn can be promoted to. Some sources state that a pawn can be promoted only to a mantri, an early form of the queen only able to move one square diagonally, with the idea being that a foot soldier that advanced all the way through the enemy lines was promoted to the lowest rank of officer. Others claim that the pawn, if the piece is available for promotion, is promoted to the piece initially positioned on the file on which the pawn stands, except if the pawn stands on the king's file, in which case it is promoted to a mantri. If the piece is unavailable, the pawn remains unpromoted on its square.

Different versions of the latter rule have been recorded. In some instances, the pawn's promotion is based on the file on which it starts instead of the one on which it ends. Additionally, according to some sources, an immobile pawn on its last rank is promoted as soon as the appropriate piece becomes available.

Chaturanga was introduced to the Middle East as shatranj around the 7th century. In shatranj, a pawn can be promoted only to a fers (equivalent to chaturanga's mantri). As chaturanga and shatranj spread to the western world and eastern Asia, as well as several other regions of the world, the promotion rule evolved. (See Regional games of the chess family section for more information.)

After the queen gained its modern identity and abilities in the 15th century, replacing the farzin or ferz, some players objected to the fact that a king could have more than one queen via promotion. One old set of chess rules says, "A promoted pawn became a ferz, with the move of the queen."

In Italy, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, a pawn could be promoted only to a captured piece; if none of the promoting player's non-pawn pieces were captured, the pawn remained inactive until a piece became available, whereupon the pawn immediately assumed that piece's role. Philidor did not like the possibility of having two queens; in all editions of his book (1749 to 1790), he stated that a promotion could only be to a piece previously captured. Lambe also stated this rule in a 1765 book. A player could thus never have two queens, three knights, three rooks, or three bishops. The restricted promotion rule was applied inconsistently. Jacob Sarratt's 1828 book gave unrestricted promotion. By Sarratt's time, unrestricted promotion was popular, and according to Davidson, it was universal by the mid-19th century. However, Howard Staunton wrote in The Chess-Player's Handbook, originally published in 1847, that Carl Jaenisch said that the restricted promotion rule was still in force in northern Europe, Russia, Scandinavia, and Germany. For instance, an 1836 Norwegian game-book by Peter Tidemand Malling clearly states "Queen, Rock, or any other officer that has been lost", and this wording was used as late as 1862 for the third and final reprint.

1862 British Chess Association rule
Under Law XIII of the 1862 "Code of Laws of the British Chess Association", a pawn reaching its last rank had the option to remain as a pawn instead of being promoted. In his 1889 work The Modern Chess Instructor, Wilhelm Steinitz, the first World Chess Champion, endorsed this rule, explaining its purpose by referring to the position diagrammed, which he cited from Johann Löwenthal's Book of the London Chess Congress, of 1862.

If White plays 1.bxa8=Q?? or any other promotion, Black wins with 1...gxh3, whereupon checkmate via 2...h2 is unstoppable. Instead, White draws by 1.bxa8=P!, when 1...gxh3 or 1...Kxh3 stalemates White, and other moves allow 2.Bxg2, with a drawn endgame. Steinitz wrote, "We approve of the decision of the London Chess Congress, of 1862, although the 'dummy' pawn rule was denounced by some authorities." The same rule and explanation are given by George H. D. Gossip in The Chess-Player's Manual.

The broad language of Law XIII appears to allow promotion to any piece. This led to the whimsical joke chess problem illustrated. White is to play and checkmate in one move. No solution is possible under modern-day rules, but with Law XIII in effect, the surprising solution is 1.g8=black N#!, when the newly promoted knight blocks its own king's flight square. Other amusing problems have been created involving promotion to a white or black king, which Law XIII also appears to allow.

Howard Staunton vigorously opposed the 1862 rule when it was proposed, but the tournament committee passed it by a large majority of votes. It did not catch on, however. Philip Sergeant wrote: "A correspondent in the May [1865] Chess World ... did not exaggerate when he wrote that the B.C.A. Code had been very generally rejected by British amateurs, and emphatically condemned by the leading authorities of America, Germany, and France. In particular, the absurd 'dead Pawn' rule, against which Staunton had made his protest in 1862, had failed to win acceptance."

The British Chess Association code was superseded by the "Revised International Chess Code" of the London 1883 international chess tournament, under which promotion is mandatory.

Strategy
The ability to promote is often the critical factor in endgames and thus is an important consideration in opening and middlegame strategy. A far-advanced pawn can threaten to be promoted and thus be a valuable asset. Almost all promotions occur in the endgame, but promotion can happen at any point in the game.

Due to the pawn's ability to be promoted, having an extra pawn can often be a decisive advantage. In general, a pawn is more valuable the farther advanced it is, as it is closer to promotion. As a result, it is often beneficial to place a pawn in enemy territory; even if it does not control any important squares, it may still be useful, as it forces the opponent to ensure that it is not promoted.

A passed pawn is a pawn that no enemy pawns can stop from reaching promotion. A passed pawn is highly valuable in the endgame, where few enemy pieces remain to prevent it from being promoted.

A is a situation in which each side tries to promote a passed pawn before their opponent. Usually, the first player to promote wins unless their opponent can promote immediately afterward.

Opening promotion
Promotion occasionally occurs in the opening, often after one side makes a blunder, as in the Lasker trap, which features a promotion to a knight on move seven:

 * 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e5 3. dxe5 d4 4. e3 Bb4+ 5. Bd2 dxe3 6. Bxb4 exf2+! 7. Ke2 fxg1=N+!

Schlechter–Perlis, Karlsbad 1911 could have featured a promotion to queen on move 11:

 * 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 Bf5 5. Qb3 Qb6 6. cxd5 Qxb3 7. axb3 Bxb1? 8. dxc6! Be4?? 9. Rxa7! Rxa7 10. c7

Threatening both 11.cxb8=Q and 11.c8=Q. Perlis avoided the trap with 8...Nxc6!, losing more slowly.

The British grandmaster Joe Gallagher used the same tactical pattern a half-move earlier in Terentiev–Gallagher, Liechtenstein Open 1990:

 * 1. d4 Nf6 2. Bg5 Ne4 3. Bf4 c5 4. c3 Qb6 5. Qb3 cxd4 6. Qxb6 axb6 7. Bxb8? dxc3 8. Be5?? Rxa2!

And now White could have resigned, since if 9.Rxa2, ...c2 promotes the c-pawn. In the actual game, White played 9.Nxc3, dropping a rook, and played on in a hopeless position for several more moves.

Another example occurs after the moves:

 * 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 5. Ng3 h5 6. Bg5 h4 7. Bxf6?? hxg3 8. Be5 Rxh2! 9. Rxh2 Qa5+! 10. c3 Qxe5+! 11. dxe5 gxh2

With the dual threat of 12...hxg1=Q and 12...h1=Q, as in Schuster–Carls, Bremen 1914 and –Torre, Mexico 1928. If 10.Qd2 instead of 10.c3, then 10...exf2+! 11.Kd1 (11.Kxf2 Qxd2+) Qxd2+ 12.Kxd2 fxg1=Q rather than 10...Qxe5 11.dxe5 gxh2 12.Nf3 h1=Q 13.0-0-0 with a strong attack.

There are also a few opening lines where each side gets a desperado pawn that goes on a capturing spree, resulting in each side queening a pawn in the opening. An example is seen in the position diagrammed, where play continued '''10... bxc3 11. exf6 cxb2 12. fxg7 bxa1=Q 13. gxh8=Q'''.

Both players promoted by White's seventh move in Casper–Heckert:

 * 1. e4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. e5 d4 4. exf6 dxc3 5. d4 cxb2 6. fxg7 bxa1=Q 7. gxh8=Q

More than two queens
In master play, it is rare for one or both players to have more than one queen. One of the best known games in which each side had two queens is Bobby Fischer vs. Tigran Petrosian, 1959 Candidates Tournament, illustrated in the diagram and analyzed extensively in Fischer's My 60 Memorable Games. Four queens existed from move 37 until move 44.

Very few games have been played with six queens; two examples are Emil Szalanczy–Nguyen Thi Mai (2009) and David Antón Guijarro–Alejandro Franco Alonso (2011). In the first game, each side had three queens from move 58 to move 65. The game ended in a draw with a single queen on each side. In the second game, both sides also had three queens; Black ultimately resigned with each side having one queen.

Linares incident
An unusual incident occurred in a 1993 game between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov. When the game reached the diagrammed position, Karpov was in serious time trouble, having one minute to make 16 moves in order to reach overtime. Kasparov captured the rook on d1 with the pawn on c2 and said, "Queen!", indicating promotion to a queen. However, no queen was immediately available; it took some time for the arbiter to find a black queen. Kasparov later said that, if he had been more attentive, he would have promoted to a rook, using the black rook that had been taken on move 23.

Kasparov's clock was running while the arbiter was getting a queen, so he started Karpov's clock. Karpov immediately played 25.Qxe4, and Kasparov told him that he was in check, to which Karpov replied, "From what? It might be a bishop on d1." At this point, the clocks were stopped. The arbiter eventually found a black queen, and the game was backed up to the position after 24...cxd1=Q+. Kasparov's move was ruled to be illegal, as he had started his opponent's clock without placing the promoted piece on the square of promotion; as a result, Karpov was given two extra minutes on his clock. Regardless, Kasparov soon won the game. Kasparov later disputed that his move had been illegal.

Canadian championship incident
The 2017 Canadian Chess Championship, played under FIDE rules, was controversially decided by an incorrectly executed promotion.

At the end of the regular tournament, Bator Sambuev and Nikolay Noritsyn, both former champions, were tied for first place and were required to decide the title by playoff. After a series of rapid games failed to resolve the tie, a "sudden death" blitz playoff began; pairs of games would be played, and the first player to win a game and to win or draw the reverse would win the championship.

The first blitz game was drawn. In the second game, Noritsyn had seconds remaining on the clock and was about to make his 50th move, an automatic promotion to a queen on d1. Noritsyn moved his pawn to d1, and not seeing a queen readily available (Sambuev was holding it in his hand ), grabbed a rook, turned it upside down, placed it on the promotion square, and announced, "Queen!" The arbiter immediately stepped in and ruled that the newly promoted piece was in fact a rook. Noritsyn subsequently lost the game and the title. Sambuev denied that he had deliberately concealed the queen in order to make it difficult for Noritsyn to execute the queen promotion correctly in the available time. Noritsyn's appeal was dismissed.

Underpromotion
An underpromotion is a promotion to a knight, rook, or bishop. Although these pieces are less powerful than the queen, there are some rare situations where underpromotion is advantageous. In practice, many underpromotions are inconsequential, described as "silly jokes" by Tim Krabbé.

Due to the knight's unique movement pattern, promotion to a knight may be useful for a variety of reasons (illustrated below). Because the queen combines the powers of the rook and the bishop, there is rarely a reason to promote to either of those pieces. Doing so is occasionally advantageous, however, usually to avoid an immediate draw by stalemate if the promotion were to a queen.

Promotion to knight or rook in practical play is rare, and promotion to bishop is even rarer, but they are a popular theme in composed chess problems, such as the Saavedra position. For example, a study by Jan Rusinek sees White promoting to knight, bishop and rook in order to induce stalemate. An Allumwandlung is a problem where promotions to all four possible pieces occur. An extreme example is the Babson task, a where promotions by Black must be countered by matching promotions by White (so if Black promotes to a rook, so does White, and so on).

Promotion to a knight
In the diagrammed position, 1...d1=Q? leaves material equal and leads to a drawn position. Instead, promotion to a knight with 1...d1=N+! wins by virtue of a fork: 2.K(any) followed by 2...Nxb2 leaves Black a piece up with a winning endgame.

Promotion to knight may also be done for defensive reasons. For example, a knight promotion is a standard defensive technique in a rook versus pawn endgame; a 2006 game between Gata Kamsky and Étienne Bacrot shows such a case. White threatens to capture the pawn or checkmate by Rh1 if the black pawn promotes to a queen, rook, or bishop. The only move that does not lose for Black is 74...e1=N+! The resulting rook versus knight endgame is a theoretical draw (see pawnless chess endgame). In the actual game, mistakes were made in the rook versus knight endgame, and White won on move 103.

Zurakhov–Koblencs is a very rare example of a game with two significant promotions to knights; it also features a rare instance of a non-checking knight promotion. In the first diagram, Black threatens 57...Nxg7, and if White avoided this by promoting to queen, rook, or bishop, Black would reach a drawn position with the knight fork 57...Ne7+ and 58...Nxg8. The only winning move is 57.g8=N!, which White played.

Twenty-one moves later, the players reached the position in the second diagram. Once again, a promotion to anything other than a knight would allow a knight fork, e.g. 79.c8=Q?? Nd6+ and 80...Nxc8, with a drawn ending. White instead played 79.c8=N+! (there are other winning moves, such as 79.Kc5) 79...Kb8 80.Kb6 and Black resigned, since White cannot be stopped from promoting a third pawn, this time to a queen.

Promotion to a rook
In the diagrammed position, Black threatens to capture White's pawn and draw the game. Promotion to a queen would result in a stalemate, whereas the move 1.g8=R! wins because White can force an elementary checkmate from the resulting position.

In the diagrammed position from the game Short–Daly, 2006 Irish Chess Championship, a promotion to queen would allow stalemate: 70...b1=Q?? 71.Qh3+! Kxh3 stalemate (or 71...Kg1 72.Qh1+!, and now the black king is forced to capture). Instead, the game concluded 70...b1=R!

Less often, promotion to rook is necessary to stalemate to save a draw in an otherwise hopeless position. The example shown is from the end of a study by Frédéric Lazard. Black threatens checkmate by moving the king and playing ...Bf4. Promotion to queen does not work: 1.d8=Q? Bf4 2.Qd2+ Kf3 3.Qxf4+ Kxf4, and Black easily wins the pawn ending. Promotion to rook saves the draw, however:
 * 1. d8=R! Bf4

If 1...Bxh2, then 2.Rd3+!
 * 2. Rd2

Now king moves by Black cause stalemate because the rook is pinned and cannot move. If Black instead moves the bishop along the c1–h6 diagonal, White can parry this with a perpetual pursuit of the bishop with the rook, so Black cannot make any progress: 2...Bg5 3.Rd5 Kf4 4.Rd2 Bh6 5.Rd6 Kg5 6.Rd2 is one possible continuation.

Promotion to a bishop
In the diagrammed position, the pawn must be advanced to c8 and promoted; otherwise, it is captured, resulting in a draw. Promotion to a queen or rook would pin the bishop, leaving Black with no legal moves, resulting in a stalemate; promotion to knight may appear to threaten checkmate via 2.Nb6#, but Black moves their bishop next turn, so there is no mate, and White cannot make any further progress. Promotion to bishop is the only way to win, threatening mate with Bb7 that the enemy bishop, being confined to dark squares, is helpless to prevent:

 * 1. c8=B! B(any) 2. Nd7 B(any) 3. Bb7#

Less often, promotion to bishop is necessary to stalemate to save a draw in an otherwise hopeless position. The example shown is from the end of a study by Hermanis Matisons.

Both king moves lose quickly (they can be met by 6...Rgg7, for example), so the pawn must be promoted. 6.b8=Q and 6.b8=R both lose to a capture on c8, and 6.b8=N, while leaving a stalemate after 6...Rgxc8??, loses quickly after 6...Rcxc8. This leaves only 6.b8=B!: since the c7-rook is now pinned, Black must either lose it with a theoretical draw or play 6...Rxc8 which, with a bishop on b8 rather than a queen or rook, is stalemate.

In the diagrammed position from a 1972 game between Aron Reshko and Oleg Kaminsky, promotion to a queen or rook would allow 61...Qf7+! 62.Qxf7 stalemate. White could promote to a knight, but that would not be sufficient to win after 61...Qa7! White wins after:

 * 61. a8=B! Qb3 62. Qd7

If 62.Bc6 Qa2 63.Bd7 Qg8 64.Qxg8+ Kxg8 65.Kg6 also wins.
 * 62... Qg8 63. Bd5 Qf8 64. Bf7 Kh8 65. Qe8 Qxe8 66. Bxe8 Kh7 67. Bf7 Kh8

Black is in zugzwang for two moves.
 * 68. Kg6 h5 69. Kxh5 wins.

This position has been included in several books with the move 61.a8=B! as the problem-like solution. According to Müller and Pajeken, however, the actual game continuation was 61.a8=N? Qa7 62.g5 hxg5 63.hxg5 fxg5 64.Qg6+ Kg8 65.Qc6 Qf7+? (65...Kh7! draws) 66.Kg4 1–0.

Insignificant underpromotions
In practical play, the majority of underpromotions are made when there is no real reason not to promote to a queen. These occur usually because the promoted piece is immediately captured, rendering the choice of promotion unimportant, or because the game is easily won regardless of the choice of promoted piece. One high-level example of the former occurred in the game Shirov–Kramnik, Amber Blindfold, 2005. In the diagrammed position, Black played 25...e1=B+. This underpromotion is inconsequential, as 26.Qxe1 is forced whether Black promotes to a queen or bishop.

In 1932, a long game between Milan Vidmar and Géza Maróczy had reached an opposite-colored bishops endgame and been a theoretical draw for many moves. White promoted to bishops on two successive moves, both pieces being immediately captured by Black's king:
 * 124. h8=B+ Kxh8 125. d8=B Kxg8

The game was drawn on move 129.

Western chess variants
Most variants of Western chess feature promotion. The promotion rule in these variants is usually similar to that of standard chess, though it is sometimes amended to cohere with the variant's rule set. In general, the following apply:
 * A pawn is promoted upon reaching the last rank of the board, regardless of the board's size.
 * A pawn may be promoted to any non- fairy piece featured in the variant. The mann, a non-royal version of the king, may be one such piece.

Due to the first guideline, a pawn on a longer board has to move further to be promoted. Some variants partially compensate for this by allowing the pawn to advance further than two squares on its initial move; for example, in the 16×16 chess on a really big board, a pawn can advance up to six squares on its first move.

The second guideline has unusual consequences in some games. For example, in Knightmate, the knight is royal while the king is not, so the player may promote a pawn to a king but not to a knight. In losing chess, the king is not royal, so a pawn can be promoted to a king.

Regional games of the chess family
Most regional games of the chess family (with the notable exception of janggi) include promotion, though the rule varies.

Makruk
In makruk, pawns begin the game on their third rank. When a pawn reaches its sixth rank, it is promoted to a Met (Makruk's queen), a piece that may move one square diagonally.

The pawn in makruk has a flat shape and can be flipped over to represent the new piece.

Sittuyin
In sittuyin, the promotion zone is marked by two diagonal lines, each line connecting two opposite corners of the board. A pawn standing on a promotion square on the opponent's half of the board may be promoted to a queen. Promotion can occur only if the player's queen is captured, so a player cannot have several queens at once.

A pawn is not promoted the moment it reaches a promotion square; it may be promoted only on a subsequent move. It is unclear how this promotion is effected: some sources claim that the pawn is simply replaced with the new piece as a move, but others state that the pawn moves one square diagonally like a queen and then is promoted to one within the same move, as long as this move does not give check or capture an enemy queen.

A pawn may move through a promotion square without being promoted, whereupon it loses its opportunity to do so. A pawn that reaches the back rank must remain there until captured, unless it is on a promotion square.

Shogi
Uniquely among modern games of the chess family, shogi allows almost all pieces to be promoted. Promotion usually occurs multiple times in a game of shogi.

In standard shogi, a player's promotion zone consists of the three farthest ranks of the board. A piece can be promoted when it moves into, out of, or within its promotion zone. A piece can be dropped, however, only in its unpromoted state, regardless of where it is dropped and whether it was promoted when captured, though it can then be promoted on subsequent turns.

Six of the eight types of pieces can be promoted. Unlike in chess, each piece can be promoted only to one particular piece. Two of these promoted pieces have movement patterns that are only available by promotion, and the remaining ones have the same movement as the gold general.

Promotion in shogi is usually optional; the only exception is when an exclusively forward-moving piece advances so far forward that it would have no legal move on subsequent turns if left unpromoted (e.g. a pawn moving to the last rank). Once a piece is promoted, it cannot be demoted back into its original form unless it is captured.

The ability to choose whether or not to promote is important, as some pieces lose some of their power upon being promoted (e.g. a promoted silver general can no longer move diagonally backwards); thus, there can be a legitimate reason not to promote, even though all pieces theoretically gain more than they lose upon promoting.

Shogi variants
Most shogi variants have similar promotion rules to standard shogi, where all but a few pieces have the ability to be promoted, each to one type of piece. In most variants, the player's promotion zone is bounded by the position of the opponent's pawns at the start of the game.

There are, however, some differences, especially in variants larger than shogi itself. For example, in the historical variants chu shogi and dai shogi, among others, the option of promotion is more restrictive than in the standard game: a piece can be promoted normally as it enters the promotion zone, but if it makes a move out of or wholly within the zone, it can be promoted only if it also captures another piece. Also unlike standard shogi, a forward-moving piece in these variants may be left unpromoted at the far end of the board, unable to move. Furthermore, some pieces have different promoted states depending on the variant played (e.g. a silver general is promoted to a gold general in shogi but to a vertical mover in chu shogi and dai shogi).

In maka dai dai shogi, there is no promotion zone at all; instead, pieces can be promoted only upon capturing an opponent piece. Promotion is optional if the captured piece is unpromoted but mandatory if the captured piece is promoted. This is particularly important, as many pieces' promoted forms are in fact far weaker, so these pieces will often avoid capturing promoted pieces. This variant is also unique in that the king can be promoted as well: it is promoted to a very powerful piece called the emperor, which can jump to any unprotected square on the board. The king in the three-player hexagonal variant sannin shogi can also promote, gaining the ability to move like a hexagonal chess queen and the ability to capture, without moving, any undefended pieces it could capture by moving.

Many large variants (including chu shogi, dai shogi and maka dai dai shogi, as well as sho shogi which is a direct predecessor of standard shogi) have a piece known as the drunk elephant, which is promoted to a prince. The prince has exactly the same movements as the king and is also a royal piece; this means that, when a drunk elephant is promoted, the player has two royal pieces, and the opponent must capture both to win the game.

Xiangqi
Xiangqi has a rule that resembles promotion: the soldier, which moves and captures one point vertically forward, gains the additional ability to move and capture one point horizontally after crossing into the opposing half of the board. This does not change the piece's identity, however.

title: Promotion (chess)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mick Martin

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 18:10, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mick Martin
Has been tagged with since February. Just says that this person is co-editor of the Bold DVD And Video Guide. Zzyzx11 | Talk 04:51, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, really really not notable or encyclopedic--nixie 07:31, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Provisional delete if more can't be said about him than that or the Bold DVD and Video Guide is more notable. I thought it referred to former Kangaroos AFL premiership player Mick Martin (AFL) who warrants an article. Capitalistroadster 03:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not an actual author but a two-time book editor. Checked Amazon and has only the two edited works mentioned in the article.  Additionally, those works are non-enduring.  As movie-guides they become outdated within a short timeframe.Tobycat 05:42, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Mike DeJean

Michael Dwain DeJean (born September 28, 1970) is a former right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball.

Career
DeJean played shortstop during his college career at Mississippi Delta Community College and Livingston University. In 1992, while playing for Livingston in the Division II College World Series, DeJean pitched to two batters, retiring both. He was selected in the 24th round of the 1992 amateur draft by the New York Yankees and signed to a professional contract as a pitcher.

The Yankees traded DeJean to the Colorado Rockies for Joe Girardi after the 1995 season. He made his major league debut on May 2, 1997, pitching a scoreless inning in relief against the Philadelphia Phillies. DeJean achieved modest success as a closer for the Milwaukee Brewers in 2001 and 2002, but struggled mightily during brief tenures with the St. Louis Cardinals and Baltimore Orioles. He was named National League Player of the Week for May 26 through June 1, 2003. He was traded to the New York Mets during the 2004 season, but was released in June 2005. With the Mets, DeJean posted 3–1 record and 6.31 ERA. In July 2005, DeJean signed with the Rockies, re-joining the team that he began his career with in 1997. With the Rockies, DeJean posted 2–3 record and 3.19 ERA in 38 games, all in relief.

On October 27, 2005, the Rockies announced they signed DeJean to a one-year contract, guaranteeing him $1.3 million ($1.15 million in base salary and $150,000 on a mutual option of $1.5 million salary in 2007). He appeared in 20 games for AAA Colorado Springs Sky Sox on an injury rehab assignment, but was released before making an appearance with the major league club. After signing a minor league contract with the Houston Astros during the 2007-2008 off-season, Dejean was released before appearing in a game.

DeJean is married with two children and resides in West Monroe, Louisiana.

title: Mike DeJean


text: Category:Funk genres

title: Category:Funk genres