text:
Prince Iaukea

Michael Laauli Hayner (born August 1, 1964) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling from 1995 to 2000 under the ring name Prince Iaukea and later The Artist Formerly Known as Prince Iaukea or simply The Artist.

Hayner made his WCW debut in 1996 and mainly competed as a fan favorite underdog. He was utilized as an enhancement talent during the early months of his career before winning the World Television Championship in 1997 and holding the title for nearly two months. Hayner then fell in the ranks due to some issues with management before being repackaged as "The Artist". He dominated the cruiserweight division during the first half of 2000, winning the company's Cruiserweight Championship twice before departing the company later that year.

Training and debut (1995–1996)
After being trained by Dean Malenko and Rico Federico, Hayner made his first appearance in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) at the 1995 Fall Brawl pay-per-view as a cadet delivering papers to Cobra for Craig Pittman. Later, Kevin Sullivan brought him to some television tapings and was so impressed by his professionalism, overall attitude, and respect for the business that Sullivan gave him the "Iaukea" name taken from King Curtis Iaukea, a good friend of Sullivan. Hayner was thus given the ring name "Prince Iaukea".

Hayner made his first appearance in WCW on the May 18, 1996 episode of Saturday Night, where he teamed with Rick Fargo as enhancement talents against Chris Benoit and Kevin Sullivan. He made his official television debut as the fan favorite "Prince Iaukea" on the June 1 episode of Saturday Night, where he defeated The Gambler. Two days later, Iaukea made his Monday Nitro debut with a loss to Kevin Sullivan and then remained a jobber to the stars for the remainder of the year. He made his pay-per-view debut at November's World War 3 as a participant in the World War 3 battle royal for a future title shot at the WCW World Heavyweight Championship, but failed to win. He quickly made a name for himself with his unique Samoan persona and real submission wrestling skills along with solid pro wrestling ability. The common pronunciation of his ring name came about by the mispronunciation from WCW announcer Tony Schiavone. Prince Iaukea also received blessing from King Curtis Iaukea during a phone conversation with King Curtis telling him that "he was family" and that he enjoyed the work that Prince was doing.

World Television Champion and struggle phase (1997–1998)
On the February 17, 1997 episode of Nitro, Iaukea captured the World Television Championship by defeating Lord Steven Regal after capitalizing on a distraction caused by Regal's scheduled pay-per-view opponent Rey Misterio, Jr. Iaukea successfully defended the title against Misterio, six days later at February's SuperBrawl VII and Uncensored. Iaukea began feuding with Regal and made a successful title defense against Regal at Spring Stampede, but was assaulted by Regal after the match. The following night, on Nitro, Iaukea attempted to rescue Misterio from an assault by Regal but ended up suffering a Regal Stretch and suffered a rib injury, leading him to drop the title to Último Dragón later that night. After his title loss, Iaukea received a title shot against Syxx for the Cruiserweight Championship and unsuccessfully tried to regain the World Television Championship from Lord Steven Regal on the May 19 episode of Nitro and Último Dragón on the July 28 episode of Nitro.

Hayner continued to compete as a mid-carder before going on tour with WCW's working partner New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) during the month of October, where he competed with established greats such as Shinjiro Otani and Koji Kanemoto. NJPW booker Riki Choshu was a huge supporter of Hayner. Hayner returned to WCW television as a participant in the World War 3 at the eponymous pay-per-view on November 23. He would then float around the lower mid-card for several years, mainly because of an alleged romantic link between Hayner and the wife of an upper level WCW executive. Hayner denied the allegations, but the rumor persisted.

He briefly feuded with Chris Jericho in early 1998 due to Jericho degrading Hayner's trainer Dean Malenko and Hayner stepped in to defend Malenko's honor. He unsuccessfully challenged Jericho for the Cruiserweight Championship at Spring Stampede. After the match, Jericho stole Iaukea's Hawaiian dress. He went on a hiatus and returned to the company on the October 8 episode of Thunder against Kanyon in a losing effort. He then lost to Norman Smiley at the company's premier pay-per-view Starrcade on December 27, 1998.

The Artist and Cruiserweight Champion (1999–2000)
After spending most of 1999 as a low-carder and being left off pay-per-view events, Hayner was repackaged as a villain on the December 6, 1999 episode of Monday Nitro as "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince Iaukea", a character based on singer Prince. He was soon then given a valet named Paisley and his ring name was shortened to simply "The Artist". In 2000, Artist entered a tournament for the vacant Cruiserweight Championship. He defeated Kid Romeo, Kaz Hayashi and Lash LeRoux at SuperBrawl 2000 to win the vacant title. Artist successfully defended the title against Psychosis at the following month's Uncensored pay-per-view, before losing the title to Billy Kidman at a live event on March 30, only to regain it from Kidman on March 31. All the WCW titles were vacated by Vince Russo on April 10 when Russo and Eric Bischoff "re-launched" WCW. The Artist was then placed in a six-way match for the vacant title at Spring Stampede, in which he was pinned by Chris Candido. As a result, Artist began a rivalry with Candido and received a title shot at Slamboree, where he failed to win the title. This would be Hayner's last pay-per-view appearance in the company. Hayner was released in August 2000, his last televised match being a loss to Big Vito on the August 19 episode of WorldWide.

Independent circuit (2000–2015)
Following his WCW release he wrestled the independent scene traveling around the country for various promotions. He was briefly known as The Tongan Prince for Jimmy Hart's X Wrestling Federation, but when that went under he used his military background and went to work for a security contractor overseas. In 2007 he started 3SX Entertainment (Samoan Strong Style Xtreme Wrestling and Entertainment) in American Samoa where work on a Pro Wrestling and MMA Dojo is ongoing.

He won the NWA Florida Junior Heavyweight title of the Floridan promotion Pro Wrestling Fusion by defeating Chris Jones on November 29, 2008, and held it for 6 months before losing it back to Chris Jones, but he rebounded and received a Heavyweight title shot against Steve Madison only to lose a close contest.

Iaukea's last match to date took place on October 17, 2015, unsuccessfully challenging for the Great Malenko Cup against Big O.

Other media
Hayner appeared as "Prince Iaukea" alongside several other WCW wrestlers in the 2000 movie Ready to Rumble.

Personal life
Hayner was married to Georgette and has a son who wrestles professionally under the name of Nick Primo. Hayner and his son both currently work for Pro Wrestling Fusion, New Florida Wrestling (NFW), and Definitive Wrestling International (DWI); all are Florida based independent wrestling promotions.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Pro Wrestling Eklipse
 * PWE Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Fusion
 * NWA Florida Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI Rookie of the Year (1997)
 * PWI ranked him #92 of the top 500 best singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" in 2000
 * PWI ranked him #495 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * World Championship Wrestling
 * WCW Cruiserweight Championship (2 times)
 * WCW World Television Championship (1 time)
 * WCW Cruiserweight Championship Tournament (2000)
 * Other titles
 * eXtreme Japan World Championship (2 times)
 * FXCW World Championship (2 times)
 * GPCW World Championship (3 times)
 * IWF InterNational Championship (1 time)

title: Prince Iaukea


text:
Atheos

Atheos may refer to:
 * ἄθεος, an Ancient Greek term meaning 'godless'; see history of atheism
 * AtheOS, an operating system

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Atheos


text:
Correction

Correction may refer to:

 * A euphemism for punishment
 * Correction (newspaper), the posting of a notice of a mistake in a past issue of a newspaper
 * Correction (stock market), in financial markets, a short-term price decline
 * Correction (novel), a 1975 novel by Thomas Bernhard
 * a perturbation to an equation in perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
 * radiative correction
 * oblique correction
 * nonoblique correction
 * loop correction

title: Correction


text:
Talk:Triple penetration

Closed deletion listing
This article was listed for deletion on 11 April, 2005. The discussion was closed with the result of no consensus. This article will not be deleted. You can view the discussion, which is no longer live: Votes_for_deletion/Triple Penetration. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:34, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Specifically, five votes to redirect, two to keep, and one to delete (plus the nominimation). I'd in fact construe that as a pretty decent 7/9 consensus to redirect, if we infer that deletionists would rather redirect than simply keep. I'd at any rate propose to do just that, unless there are strong objections... Alai 05:42, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * When I close a VfD I count all proposals separately (I think it's fairest) but of course after it's closed it's always possible to do merges and redirects, and sometimes I even do that myself if I feel like being bold. So go ahead. Only two voted to keep. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 07:02, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thought as much, must not be up to Full Operating Boldness myself, right now. Certainly a preferable policy to "the vote was close enough, so I'll do what I wanted to anyway".  Thanks, and done.  Alai 07:15, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Good. I think it's the best way. I close the VfD as "no consensus" but then sometimes I make an edit of my own labelled "being bold" so that it's clearly distinct from the VfD closure. I prefer to leave this up to other editors who are closer to the subject, though. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:21, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Triple penetration


text:
Template talk:Infobox Doctor Who episode

Box lines
Is it possible to keep the lines from the original look of the box? It looks a bit odd at the moment. --TimPope 21:34, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Khaosworks, to avoid having to make so many edits to a page you can use the "show preview" button, you have made an awful lot of minor edits here. ed g2s •  talk  15:26, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

There is a Wikiproject going on about Doctor Who, and so far no one has complained about the box. When it was first put up, the reaction was fairly positive, and when it was changed by yourself, there was TimPope's comment as above, which I tend to agree with. Perhaps we should put it back to where it was before and then discuss whether to change it. --khaosworks 16:47, May 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * As an additional comment, note that WikiProject Television episodes' infobox also has borders, being used for at least WikiProject Buffy, Babylon 5 and Stargate Atlantis. --khaosworks 16:56, May 5, 2005 (UTC)

A further comment. I've now read some of the discussion over at Template talk:Infobox Pope and while I agree completely with the standardisation of CSS styles, a lot could have been avoided if you had just explained clearly why you were making the changes. It looked awfully unilateral. I still think that the borders make it easier to read, and hence followed your suggestion to use border-collapse. --khaosworks 17:16, May 5, 2005 (UTC)

An extreme example but if you look at The Trial of a Time Lord with four writers and three directors, the lines would make the infomation clearer to distinguish. --TimPope 17:23, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

I think if I explained to the Pope editors CSS standardisation one more time, I might go insane! Personally I think a of cellpadding is enough to distinguish on a simple list like this, as you would have if it were just a bulleted list. I think the lines are unnecessary clutter - and take away from the padded look of the box. Especially with "vertical-align:top" it's quite clear where each section starts. ed g2s •  talk  12:09, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Another extreme example is Key to Time, but again, like Trial, it's a portmanteau entry for a story arc. I can see what you mean, but at the very least is there a way to isolate the title of the serial, like with a line dividing it from the rest of the entry or highlighting it? My coding skills in this regard are limited. --khaosworks 15:08, May 6, 2005 (UTC)

Added IMDB link
Following the Film infobox template, I've added a link to the IMDB profile. I think this has a lot of good information, now that individual episodes can be located on the IMDB. For multi-part serials, the IMDB has everything split up, so I recommend we only link to the first episode (as shown in the sample above) -- MisterHand 14:57, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Reformatting the template
I have made a slight adjustment to the template in order to bring it in line with WP:MOS-T, which outlines the Wikipedia conventions for television series and episode titles. The change involved adding quotes around the episode name variables. There are some pages (such as The Christmas Invasion) that use non-standard text in the variables, which unfortunately mucks things up. The alternative, though, is to go through every Doctor Who episode article and manually format the episode names. Thoughts? --Ckatz chat spy  00:37, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * There's been a lot of discussion about this in the past. If you'll check out Talk:Torchwood as the latest round on this. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 01:00, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

How about an entry for the companions? They change more than the Doctor. —Jonathan D. Parshall (Talk | contribs) 08:19, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Help with another template
I think the Doctor Who episodes template is very good, and being new to wikipedia, I don't know how to do them. (I've tried to grasp it but I just can't!) I was wondering if there was anyone kind enough to edit this DW template to make it into a "The Bill Episodes" template, as I am going to make a lot of pages for The Bill Episodes. I've created the page Template:Thebillepisodes but there is nothing on there. What I want is:

The top title bit to say the title of the episode, so that would have to be editable. The categories would then be:

 * Original Airdate (which of course is editable for each episode)
 * Written by (editable, and if not filled in will not appear)
 * Directed by (editable, and if not filled in will not appear)
 * Produced by (editable, and if not filled in will not appear)
 * Starring (editable, and if not filled in will not appear)
 * Previous Episode (editable)
 * Next Episode (editable)
 * List of The Bill Episodes (a wiki link to List of The Bill episodes)

Thanks very much if anyone can do this. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page. ( Just The Q ) 12:38, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

This has now been done. Thanks. ( Just The Q ) ( talk ) 23:57, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Companions
I'd like to add a Companions field. Any thoughts where it should go? Vagary 08:06, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Adding a "Missing Episodes" field
Given the significance of the missing episodes of Doctor Who, I think the template should have an optional field that would allow the template to list what episodes are missing from the serial. For flair, the field title should link to the Doctor Who missing episodes article. I'm going to try to put this into the template, but I welcome other user efforts to do so. (Particularly since I may fail) -- Y|yukichigai (ramble  argue  check ) 11:08, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Removing story number
There's a discussion underway here which is leaning towards removing the story number field from this template. Any interested party should go there and express their view. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 17:37, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Music
Could we add a parameter for the composer of the episode's music? For example, Francis Chagrin on The Dalek Invasion of Earth. Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 23:59, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

Should this infobox include a section for citations?
Various inboxen around the project included either a general section for citations or specific section for citing specific data in the infobox. Infobox locomotive uses a general section while Infobox settlement has specific sections. Below, I'm including some good points made by to help understand some of the possible options.

Would it be helpful to include some area for citations in this infobox? 64.40.54.49 (talk) 10:47, 10 January 2013 (UTC)
 * This a copy of the infobox from the Christmas Special article on 13 December. The cast list is ref'd with five different citations. (These references are listed below.) I don't see that have a footnote box is going to be helpful, or that dedicated parameters would work with a cast list? Edgepedia (talk) 12:41, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

20:00, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I did say what my editing purpose was, I said in one of my reverts on the template page With this way of writing the infobox, it will say Doctors, not Doctor, if there is more than one Doctor. Just saying.Theoosmond(talk)(warn) 20:22, 7 December 2015 (UTC)
 * "...in one of my reverts" is what the problem is. Either say so in your iniital edit, or on the talk page after being reverted.  21:08, 7 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok, recieved and understood.Theoosmond(talk)(warn) 21:17, 7 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Theoosmond seems to have an aversion to constructive discussion, preferring to re-revert and if that fails, hurl abuse. See User talk:Theoosmond, User talk:Theoosmond, User talk:Redrose64. -- Red rose64 (talk) 20:26, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

Question over Template usage
Should this template be really used for episode articles of Doctor Who, in place of the standard infobox per MOS:Television - Infobox - Episode Articles? GUtt01 (talk) 17:49, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
 * , I'd say yes, due to the different formatting. Does the parent template list the Doctors and Companions separately, and also differentiate between episode and serial? --  Alex TW 00:50, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

Deriving an episode/serial number
I would like to revisit [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_Doctor_Who_episode&action=history&offset=20181015070000&limit=3 this series of edits] from October 2018, made by and. Basically, it's taking the article Doctor Who (film), extracting the infobox from that from which it then extracts the value of the number parameter, all to obtain the value 156. This number is not going to change, although the total number of episodes/serials will increase. If this situation continues, the number of articles transcluding Doctor Who (film) will increase - it's [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Doctor_Who_(film)&hidelinks=1&hideredirs=1&limit=500 presently at 341], with the result that yesterday,.

I don't think that is necessary, and would like to eliminate the need for such protection by getting rid of all those transclusions. Accordingly, I would like to carry out to the infobox. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 14:57, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I wholeheartedly agreed with this edit, if it improves the efficiency of the template. If, for some mircular reason, the numbering did change, then we just need to change that value as well. -- / Alex /21  15:26, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Fine by me, I have no memory of this issue now! — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 15:30, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I also agree. I don't think we should be translcuding mainspace pages on other mainspace pages – ever. I'm going to start a discussion on this over at WP:VPT. For now I maintain the article should remain semi'd given its high trasnclusion count. — MusikAnimal  talk  15:56, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. According to the last lead paragraph in List of Doctor Who episodes (1963–1989), the number is unofficial and other numbering schemes have been used. But then we can just change the number here. If somebody is worried that the number is changed in Doctor Who (film) but forgotten here then we can insert a source comment about it at the number in Doctor Who (film). We could also transclude it in both the article and template from a subtemplate but I don't think it's worth the effort. Just set it in the template. PrimeHunter (talk) 21:49, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ * Pppery * it has begun... 04:33, 20 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I wasn't sure whether to act upon it myself. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 17:12, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

"Incidental music composer"
Would anyone be opposed to changing the parameter "Incidental music composer" to simply "Music by"? This is how Infobox film handles it, and I personally think it looks much cleaner when it's only on one line (and more consistent with "Directed by", "Written by", "Produced by" above it). Thanks in advance. – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 11:25, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * As the one who added that parameter, I have no objections - I don't remember now why I worded it as I did Etron81 (talk) 02:16, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I appreciate the response. There's certainly nothing wrong with the phrasing—it would have been changed years ago otherwise—it's just a small change that crossed my mind. Since it seems uncontroversial, I'll make the change; if anyone disagrees, feel free to revert and/or discuss here. – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 00:01, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

Inconsistencies with Infobox television episode
I recently noticed that this template was missing parameters for cinematographer and editor, like at Infobox television episode. I've added them to and testcases. Would anybody be opposed to their inclusion in the main infobox? – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 00:13, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I see no issue with this. -- Alex_ 21 TALK 03:20, 26 April 2023 (UTC)


text:
Decretum

Decretum may refer to:
 * Decretum Gratiani, a collection of Roman Catholic canon law compiled in the 12th century by a jurist named Gratian
 * Decretum Gelasianum, an ecclesiastical text traditionally attributed to Pope Gelasius I, which contains a list of works adjudged apocryphal
 * Decretum de Iudaeis, a series of draft documents of the Second Vatican Council, ultimately released as Nostra aetate
 * Decretum of Burchard of Worms, a collection of canon law compiled in the early 11th century

title: Decretum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Asian witchcraft

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep moink 01:01, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Asian witchcraft
I'm finding this slightly confusing as some of the votes seem ambiguous. It appears to me to be:
 * Delete: 0? Ok...
 * Keep: Master Thief Garrett, Meelar, Eiko, Tim Rhymeless
 * Merge: Megan1967

That's a pretty clear consensus to keep, then.

Delete. This should be covered sufficiently by other articles. The example is random and unscientific. Eixo 21:35, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As above. Master Thief Garrett 21:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) Keep if Expanded. Master Thief Garrett 23:28, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * What other articles would this be covered by? If you guys give a good example of where this coverage is, merge and redirect, but until then, keep and tag for cleanup. Meelar (talk) 22:10, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, you're right, I've changed my vote. Master Thief Garrett 23:28, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Witchcraft. Stubby article could be merged there. Witchcraft already lists European and African but no Asian so it can be perfectly slotted in there provided the information can be verified. Megan1967 04:04, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right. It has a right to live, I've put up a tag for attention instead. The article should deal seperately with each of the major cultural spheres of the continent. I've tried to give some structure to it, but I haven't written anything yet. Eixo 13:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Eixo. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  02:09, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Maltese dog

Corrigenda
this revert states that the old lead has to be restored because the page deals with the modern Maltese breed, Well, patently untrue, When I glanced at it, most of the page was dedicated to some ostensible 'history' regarding ancient writers' views on the 'Maltese dog'.

Worst still, the evidence from ancient sources was unbelievably slipshod, messy, ragged, with unreliable secondary sources, even including dated Latin books or generic commentaries on Mediterranean going back centuries. There was, indeed, very little on the modern Maltese breed, and the page seemed polemically designed to undercut the opinion that Malta had anything to do with the modern variety. That is a contradiction. Why assert that the page is about the modern breed, and get spill so much virtual ink on classical references to a 'Maltese lap-dog'.

As a neutral editor, the answer was clear. The term 'Maltese dog', whatever its ancient topological denotation, has absor5bed earlier editors, so one corrects that by using the best contemporary classical scholarship to put some order into the citational mess and errant opinionizing about Martial, Pliny, Strabo et al., the earlier version provided. So the lead must cover both bases: (a) the term 'Maltese dog' in classical sources and (b) the distinct modern breed.

What is annoying is that, I assume, editors familiar with the modern breed have added almost nothing of value, sparse details, on the modern breed, but are very much engaged in trying to twist the ancient evidence to undercut any possible association of the earlier species known by the same name as related. Well, of course they are not known to be related. But the term has a continuity between antiquity and modern times, and therefore the page must cover both, and clarify the confusion.Nishidani (talk) 15:00, 6 June 2022 (UTC) Problems The authoress wrote formerly 30 articles for the EB. Her link in profile says she is ‘Experienced Talent Development professional and certified executive coach with 12 years of experience working in the legal industry.’ The online EC is not a reliable source, esp. when the article happens to be written  by a non-expert, who here asserts the probability of a highly contested view.'breed of toy dog named for the island of Malta, where it may have originated about 2,800 years ago.' Nishidani (talk) 15:32, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * We use an article written by Chelsey Parrott-Sheffer,Maltese Encyclopedia Britannica-
 * The point here is that editors should not pick and choose bits and pieces from a grabbag of sources without discrimination, esp. when they contradict each other, as here.Nishidani (talk) 15:32, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

Citation style
There's been a formal objection to my adoption of a particular citational style in my overhaul of this article. I didn't think this important at the time, since this objection, and revert justification, has only emerged once, i.e. here, in the 900 articles which I have rewritten or created with software format Neil developed. People have of course raised occasional objections, but not to my format choice. But since Nableezy, - a redoubtable formalist, and stickler for the fine reading of policy, has wigged me on precisely this point - will be tempted seize the opportunity finally to cap his wiki ambitions by exploiting this oversight to take me to AE for a permaban, thereby proving he can, as often, succeed where a cast of hundreds have failed for two decades, I'll take the wigging seriously and go through the standard procedure.:) So I'd appreciate input on this. What are the objections to this format? Should we stick with the old page and its various conflicting templates or aspire to uniformity? etc.Nishidani (talk) 07:12, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The page before my editing had several citational templates. There was no consensus.
 * There were three reasons for my adoption of this style: Aesthetic effect: it's neat. (b) the possibility of adding notes for details that, though required, are philological or informative clarifications best hidden from the main text in footnotes to allow the reader to ignore them in reading, except if curiosity is spurred to verify the origins of information which most of the given sources fail to secure. It is a blight on this page that we have several texts citing a putative history of 'Maltese dogs' in classical sources, secondary texts written by dog lovers for dog lovers where patently these writers are people unfamiliar with the selfsame classical studies. Effectively we have meme reduplication between non-specialist sources, all drawing on positions that reflect, at best, ideas circulating loosely over a century ago
 * For the record (bona fides) I did begin by using my preferred style for the new sources I began introducing while leaving most of the others in the format I found on the page. The result was a visual mess caused by something in the software that produced messages of template conflicts. Of course, technically I'm a moronic hack, and so, my solution was to redraft all using one sinhle template, with its virtue of citational uniformity.
 * I'm no particularly worried about whatever citational form is eventually chosen, suffice it that the page, once reviewed thoroughly, adopt a single format. Once I'v finished the sadsack revision grind, with the format that enables me at least to rewrite the page efficiently, consensus will determine if it is then necessary to rework it with another model.

Characteristics
In the Characteristics, it explains on the weight and height, but believe there is misinformation? Here is what I mean ''' Adult weight is usually 3–4 kg (7–9 lb). Bitches are about 20–23 cm (8–9 in) tall, dogs slightly more.''' It's the Bitches are about 20–23 cm (8–9 in) tall, dogs slightly more. What are "bitches" in this context? I refuse to believe this breed has an demonym being "bitchs". (120.17.191.141 (talk) 06:04, 28 July 2022 (UTC))

 * It’s the standard in English for referring to female dogs, generically. This isn’t a matter of opinion or what you choose to believe. 176.80.136.148 (talk) 12:39, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Different types of Maltese dogs breeds
Maltipoo's are a Maltese and Poodle mix that are highly intelligent. I am new to Wikipedia editing but I own a Maltipoo and am very excited to share my knowledge. Davnee09 (talk) 00:53, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

Explanation of etymology of Malta in a dog breed article
@Nishidani why do you believe it's due/relevant to include this information in an article on a dog breed? It doesn't change anyone's understanding of the breed itself. Traumnovelle (talk) 20:04, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not a matter of belief, but of being thorough in covering the topic. One could anally demand that pages on dog breeds remove all historical documentation, and strip down to the essential stuff about their characteristics, behaviour, illnesses etc. The people with Maltese pups, and they are many, whom I've chatted with about their pets, have all been delighted by the colourful details of the history, the names, island confusion, etc. It's the kind of touch that good composition aims for, to enhance the pleasure of reading beyond mere data for utilitarian use. In the two years since I wrote it, it has averaged 1,000 viewers per diem, and of those 700,000 readers, you are the only one to express dissatisfaction with that detail.Nishidani (talk) 20:41, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The rest of the history section is good but this one part is just undue and unneeded, you didn't for example explain the etymology of the other Melita for example. It veers too far off what is relevant to the dog breed. Traumnovelle (talk) 20:51, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * You're entitled to your opinion. But you are abusing WP:Undue, which is hardly an issue with a brief sentence. 'Veering off'? The etymology of the other Melita? Well, one writes to sources, and if sources don't speak of that, one has no reason to challenge sources that speak of the known etymology of the other Melita. It's not a 'dog breed'. The article is about the confusion between two different breeds, the ancient and the modern, who happen to share the same name, and I wrote the article because endless editors were confused or editwarring precisely because they weren't familiar with these details, which very much demand some linguistic explanation. The Carthaginian toponym for example may well account for one tradition that maintained this older breed came from that area. This is a silly tempest in a teapot. No harm is done by that snippet, and it enlivens the background and the readers' knowledge. Wiki articles are not written to satisfy one or another individual's preferences, but to provide a broad encyclopedic coverage which can attract readers with all kinds of different interests and curiosities. If you are not curious, just ignore the sentence. Don't loose sleep over it. No one else among the 700,000 browsers has.Nishidani (talk) 21:07, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maltese dog


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hardz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 09:40, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Hardz
Currently a company advertisement. Zzyzx11 | Talk 21:37, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia is not your free billboard. Whoah, looks like an "our mission" whitepaper. Master Thief Garrett 21:47, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Advertising; not encyclopedic. Tobycat 03:38, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete wikispam--nixie 03:38, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hardz


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Amende honorable

Amende honorable was originally a mode of punishment in France which required the offender, barefoot and stripped to his shirt, and led into a church or auditory with a torch in his hand and a rope round his neck held by the public executioner, to beg pardon on his knees of his God, his king, and his country.

By acknowledging their guilt, the offender made it clear, implicitly or explicitly, that they would refrain from future misconduct and would not seek revenge. Often used as a political punishment, and sometimes as an alternative to execution, it would sometimes serve as an acknowledgement of defeat and an instrument to restore peace.

The term is now used to denote a satisfactory apology or reparation.

Origins
Despite its name, the Amende honorable is a ritual of public humiliation, which origins can be traced back to the Roman ritual of deditio or receptio in fidem.

From the 9th to the 14th century, a punishment called Harmiscara in Latin (Harmschar in German, Haschiée in French), consisting in carrying a dog or a saddle, was used to punish members of the nobility who had outraged the monarch or the church. Such a punishment was imposed, for example, in 1155 by Frederick Barbarossa to punish those who had troubled the peace in the Holy Roman Empire.

In a similar fashion, In 1347, the Burghers of Calais presented themselves in shirt and rope around their necks to beg the forgiveness of King Edward III, offended by the city's refusal to submit to him – a ritual that may have biblical origins.

The term Amende honorable seems to spread during the 14th and 15th centuries – historian Jean-Marie Moeglin notes that Enguerrand de Monstrelet used it in the context of the reparations requested by the Duchess of Orleans after the assassination of her husband, Duke Louis of Orleans. It appeared in the acts of Parliament at roughly the same time, in an agreement of 1401.

During the 15th century, the Amende honorable seems a rather common form of punishment administered by ecclesiastical courts. Studying the forms of punishment pronounced by the judicial vicar of Cambray, Véronique Beaulande-Barraud finds the Amende honorable to be among the most common of sentences, rarer than fines in wax but as common as prison terms and excommunications.

However, the Amende honorable rarely constitutes the full sanction, but generally a complement to other forms of punishment, such as banishment, pilgrimages, jail or even death sentences. Nicole Gothier notes:

"The Amende honorable is addressed to those who have suffered the insult or damage, [and] it takes place on the 'place of wrongdoing' as specified in the style of the Parliament. But such a ceremony, which puts the convicted person's self-esteem to the test, since it makes no mystery of the indignity of the crime, is rarely sufficient in itself. To punish the misdeed, once the culprit has publicly confessed their darkness and acknowledged their guilt, another penalty feels needed. In the best of cases it is only a banishment, [but] usually a corporal punishment, or even a death sentence. Thus, the Amende honorable is close to a confession and penance, made with the prospect of facing the tribunal of God."

Amende honorable by John the Fearless (1408)
The first widely known example of Amende honorable is the one made by Duke of Burgundy John the Fearless, after the murder of Duke Louis of Orleans in 1408: "In order to make reparation for his crime, the Duke of Burgundy had to make Amende honorable: in the presence of the entire royal court, he had to confess his crime publicly and ask forgiveness from the victims, that is the Duchess of Orleans and her son, while wearing a girdle or a chaperone, kneeling on the ground."

Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante thus describes the ordeal: "The Duke of Burgundy was to be brought to the Louvre or to whatever place the king liked.

There, in the presence of the king, or of the Duke of Aquitaine, of all those of royal blood, and of the council, before the people, the said Duke of Burgundy, without hood or belt, kneeling before Madame d'Orléans and her children, accompanied by as many people as they would like, was to say and confess, publicly and loudly, that, maliciously and by ambush, he had murdered the Duke of Orleans out of hatred, envy, covetousness and not for any other cause, notwithstanding the things he had claimed on the subject. For each and every one of his offenses, he repented and asked Madame d'Orléans and her children to forgive him, humbly begging them to forgive him; that he knew of nothing ill against the good and honor of the Duke d'Orléans.

He was then to be taken to the courtyard of the palace and to the Hôtel Saint-Paul where, on the scaffolding erected for this purpose, he would repeat the same words; he would remain there on his knees until the priests present had recited the seven psalms of penance, the litanies, and prayers for the repose of the soul of the Duke d'Orléans. Then, he would kiss the ground and ask for forgiveness. An account of this Amend would be made in the royal letters addressed to all the good cities, in order to be shouted and published to the sound of the trumpets."

Grande Rebeyne revolt (1529)
After the failed Grande Rebeyne revolt in Lyon, several rebels were sentenced to an Amende honorable in the streets of the city: "Several rebels had to make Amende honorable: it is said that they had to hold a burning torch in their fist, and to put a rope around their necks, escorted by sergeants and criers, who loudly and clearly announced the identity of the accused and his crimes. The undignified appearance comes to reinforce the public statement in two parts: confession and request for forgiveness for one's faults."

Amende honorable as part of the execution of Robert-François Damiens (1757)
The amende honorable was sometimes incorporated into a larger ritual of capital punishment (specifically the French version of drawing and quartering) for parricides and regicides; this is described in the 1975 book Discipline and Punish by Michel Foucault, notably in reference to Robert-François Damiens who was condemned to make the amende honorable before the main door of the Church of Paris in 1757.

In the arts
In Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, the death sentence imposed on Esmeralda includes an amende honorable: "The clerk then began to write, and presently handed a long scroll of parchment to the President; after which the poor girl heard the people stirring, and an icy voice say: 'Bohemian girl, on such a day as it shall please our lord the King to appoint, at the hour of noon, you shall be taken in a tumbrel, in your shift, barefoot, a rope round your neck, before the great door of Notre Dame, there to do penance with a wax candle of two pounds' weight in your hands; and from there you shall be taken to the Place-de-Grève, where you will be hanged and strangled on the town gibbet, and your goat likewise; and shall pay to the Office three lion-pieces of gold in reparation of the crimes, by you committed and confessed, of sorcery, magic, prostitution, and murder against the person of the Sieur Phœbus de Châteaupers. And God have mercy on your soul!'"

L'Amende Honorable is the name of an 1831 painting by Eugène Delacroix; it depicts an imaginary scene, taking place in the 16th century in the Palace of Justice in Rouen, in which a monk is dragged before the Bishop of Madrid for rebelling against his orders.

Alphonse Legros also painted an Amende Honorable (around 1868), depicting a religious court at the time of the Inquisition.

title: Amende honorable


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Railway spine

Railway spine was a nineteenth-century diagnosis for the post-traumatic symptoms of passengers involved in railroad accidents.

The first full-length medical study of the condition was John Eric Erichsen's classic book, On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System. For this reason, railway spine is often known as Erichsen's disease.

Railway collisions were a frequent occurrence in the early 19th century. Exacerbating the problem was that railway cars were flimsy, wooden structures with no protection for the occupants.

Soon a group of people started coming forward who claimed that they had been injured in train crashes, but had no obvious evidence of injury. The railroads rejected these claims as fake, sometimes belittling people's pain as litigation neurosis, implying that the only real problem was the injured person making a legal claim.

The nature of symptoms caused by "railway spine" was hotly debated in the late 19th century, notably at the meetings of the (Austrian) Imperial Society of Physicians in Vienna, 1886. Germany's leading neurologist, Hermann Oppenheim, claimed that all railway spine symptoms were due to physical damage to the spine or brain, whereas French and British scholars, notably Jean-Martin Charcot and Herbert Page, insisted that some symptoms could be caused by hysteria (now known as conversion disorder).

Erichsen observed that those most likely to be injured in a railway crash were those sitting with their backs to the acceleration. This is the same injury mechanism found in whiplash. As with automobile accidents, railway and airplane accidents are now known to cause posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychosomatic symptoms in addition to physical trauma.

title: Railway spine


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Johann Amerbach

Johann Amerbach (1444 in Amorbach, Germany; 25 December 1514 in Basel, Switzerland ) was a celebrated printer in Basel in the 15th century. He was the first printer in Basel to use the Roman type instead of Gothic and Italian and spared no expense in his art.

Early life and education
Amerbach was born in 1444 as Johann Welcker in Amorbach, Odenwald, to the Mayor of Amorbach, Peter Welcker. His family had enough financial means to provide Johann with a good education and sent him to study in Paris. At the Sorbonne in Paris where he graduated with B.A. in 1461 and a Master of Arts, in 1462. His lecturer in Paris was Johann Heynlin. It was during his studies in Paris, where he was surrounded by humanist luminaries such as Heynlein, Johann Reuchlin and Rudolf Agricola, where his interest into humanism is assumed to have developed. Following his studies in Paris, he stayed in Venice, one of the main printing locations at the time and developed an affinity for the printing business. Only later he was given the surname Amerbach. In 1477 where he was a witness between two German printers in a trial in Perugia and purchased punches from a closing printshop in Treviso. In around 1477 he settled in Basel, where he was initially known as the Hans of Venice. When he established his printshop he took on the name Amobach. His first print dates from 1478 and was a by Reuchlin composed lexicon for the latin language. Within a year, he became one of the major printers in town, only equated by one. During the 1480s, Jakob Wolff of Pforzheim was his partner in printing.

Printing career
In 1484 he earned the citizenship of Basel and became the city's most important printer, developing own distribution channels towards Strasbourg and Paris. Additionally he usually visited the fair in Frankfurt am Main twice a year, often accompanied by other printers of Basel. Many of his clients were of a christian religious background and he mainly printed theological books. A further cooperation with the printer Anton Koberger from Nuremberg, opened the market towards Eastern and Southern Europe for his books. In 1486 Johann Heynlin settled in Basel and soon became an influential editor in the press of Amerbach. Heynlein would live in the Carthusian monastery as Amerbachs neighbor, and induce the use of chapters and indexes for the books Amerbach published. With the publication of the edition of the Epistolarum Novum  of the humanist Francesco Filelfo in 1486, he became the first printer of a book in the Antique typeface. It was followed by a surge in published books authored by humanists. Between 1487 and 1500, he diversified and more frequently published in the German language. From 1498 to 1502 he printed a seven-volumed bible with a commentary of Hugh of Saint-Cher for Anton Koberger of Nuremberg. The editor of the bible was Conrad of Leonberg. In 1490 Amerbach bought the house "to the chair" in the centre of Basel where he opened an additional printing house and by 1496 he founded together with Johannes Petri and Johann Froben an alliance of three printers in which most of the costs for printing books was divided between either two or three printers. Larger projects like the collected works of Augustinus the three published together for smaller projects they relied on themselves. He and his fellow printers Johann Froben and Johannes Petri became known as the Three Hannsen, as they joined forces for many of their projects and were regarded as the major printers of Basel. Amerbach owned two printing houses, one on each side of the Rhine in Basel.

Even though he sold the printing house in the House to the Chair to Froben in 1507, the alliances cooperation would last until 1512. His successor would be Johann Froben, a close friend to Erasmus of Rotterdam. During his lifetime, he assembled an extensive library which would be included in the Amerbach-Cabinet by his grandson Basilius Amerbach.

Personal life
He married Barbara Ortenberg (a daughter of a politician of Basel) in 1483 and was the father of Basilius Amerbach ("the Elder", 1488–1535) and Bonifacius Amerbach (1495–1562, father of Basilius Amerbach the Younger). His first son Bruno was named after the founder of the Carthusian order. His daughter Margaret was named after Saint Margaret. He was close to the Carthusian order, which led the in his neighborhood. He also was the father of a daughter that died before her third birthday. He was buried in the Monastery St. Margarethental.

title: Johann Amerbach


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Dingo Fence

The Dingo Fence or Dog Fence is a pest-exclusion fence in Australia to keep dingoes out of the relatively fertile south-east part of the continent (where they have largely been exterminated) and protect the sheep flocks of southern Queensland. It is one of the longest structures in the world. It stretches 5614 km from Jimbour on the Darling Downs near Dalby through thousands of kilometres of arid land ending west of Eyre peninsula on cliffs of the Nullarbor Plain above the Great Australian Bight near Nundroo. It has been partly successful, though dingoes can still be found in parts of the southern states. Although the fence has helped reduce losses of sheep to predators, this has been countered by holes in fences found in the 1990s through which dingo offspring have passed and by increased pasture competition from rabbits and kangaroos.

History
The earliest pest exclusion fences in Australia were created to protect small plots of cropland from the predation by marsupials. In the 1860s and 1870s, introduced rabbit populations began to spread rapidly across southern Australia. By 1884, a rabbit-proof fence was built. Having been unsuccessful at keeping rabbits out, and more successful at keeping out pigs, kangaroos, emus and brumbies, and as more sheep farms were established, the interest for a dingo-proof barrier increased enough that government funds were being used to heighten and expand the fence. In 1930, an estimated 32,000 km of dog netting in Queensland alone was being used on top of rabbit fences. Prior to 1948, the idea of a Dingo Barrier Fence Scheme had not come into fruition as a statewide project for which annual maintenance and repair were kept. Since this time, there have been pushes to move away from a method of barrier-exclusion to complete extinction of the dingo and wild-dog cross-breeds. Poisoning the species with compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) baits has been seen as a much cheaper alternative than fence maintenance. A compromise in the form of the continued use of poison and the shortening of the fence from its previous length of over 8000 km has been made.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the dingo fence was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an iconic "innovation and invention".

Geography
The 2500 km section of the fence in Queensland is also known as the Great Barrier Fence or Wild Dog Barrier Fence 11. It is administered by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. The Wild Dog Barrier Fence staff consists of 23 employees, including two-person teams that patrol a 300 km section of the fence once every week. There are depots at Quilpie and Roma.

The Queensland Border Fence stretches for 394 km westwards along the border with New South Wales, into the Strzelecki Desert. The fence passes the point where the three states of Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia meet (Cameron Corner). At this point, it connects with the South Australian Border Fence, which runs for 257 km southwards along the border with New South Wales, these two sections are managed by the New South Wales Wild Dog Destruction Board. It then joins a section known as the Dog Fence in South Australia, which is 2225 km long.

Physical design
The fence varies in construction. Mostly it is made of 180 cm high wire mesh, but some sections in South Australia comprise multi-strand electric fence. The fence line on both sides is cleared to a 5 m width. Sheep and cattle stations protected by the fence are exceptionally large.

Parts of the Dingo Fence are lit at night by 86 mm cold cathode fluorescent lamps which are alternately red and white. They are powered by long life batteries which are charged by photovoltaic cells during the day. At minor and farm crossings, a series of gates allow vehicles to pass through the fence. Where the fence intersects major roads and highways, cattle grids are used to allow high-speed vehicles through.

Environmental impact
It seems that there are fewer kangaroos and emus on the northwestern side of the fence where the dingoes are, suggesting that the dingoes' presence reduces the populations of those animals. It has also been suggested that the larger kangaroo populations inside the fence have been caused by the lack of dingo predation, and competition for food leads to lower sheep stocking rates than would be possible without the fence.

Believed to have been introduced into Australia by Aboriginal peoples between 4,600 and 18,300 years ago, the dingo's status as a native or introduced species in Australia has been a controversy. According to Mike Letnic of the University of New South Wales, the dingo, as Australia's top predator, has an important role in maintaining the balance of nature. Where dingoes had been excluded by the fence, Letnic found reduced biodiversity, with fewer native mammals.

Although the fence has helped reduce the loss of sheep to predators, the exclusion of dingoes has allowed for increased pasture competition from rabbits, kangaroos and emus. Sheep are being lost to increasing numbers of feral dogs.

Drone and satellite technology have illustrated how removing dingos changes vegetation growth.

title: Dingo Fence


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Christopher Atkins

Christopher Atkins Bomann (born February 21, 1961) is an American actor and businessman. He starred in the 1980 film The Blue Lagoon and played Peter Richards on Dallas (1983–1984).

Early life
Christopher Atkins Bomann was born and raised in Rye, New York. He is the son of Donald Bomann and Bitsy Nebauer, who divorced during his childhood. Atkins was an aspiring baseball player; when his baseball aspirations were derailed by knee problems, he started a modeling career. When he began acting, Atkins dropped the last name Bomann and used his middle name, Atkins, as his last name.

Career

A friend suggested that Atkins audition for The Blue Lagoon. The film's director, Randal Kleiser, stated that Atkins was a sailing instructor with no acting experience when he was cast in the film. Atkins and co-star Brooke Shields played teenaged cousins who find love while living in an isolated tropical paradise after being marooned as children. Released in 1980, the film grossed over $58 million with a production cost of $4.5 million  but received negative critical responses. Atkins appeared both nude and scantily clad in the film. While Blue Lagoon was controversial due to its nude scenes and sexual content, it nevertheless became a "pop culture phenomenon". Although Atkins was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture – Male for The Blue Lagoon, critical responses to his performance were negative. A TV Guide reviewer wrote that "Atkins looks as if he would be more at home on a surfboard," and Gary Arnold wrote in The Washington Post that Atkins's performance "evoke[s] modeling sessions and beach-party movies."

In 1982 Atkins posed nude for Playgirl, and co-starred with Kristy McNichol in The Pirate Movie (1982), an update of Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta The Pirates of Penzance. His song "How Can I Live Without Her", which peaked at #71 on the Billboard Hot 100, was used in that film. For his performance in the film A Night in Heaven (1983), Atkins won the 1983 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor. For one season (1983–1984), Atkins had a recurring role as camp counselor Peter Richards on Dallas.

In 1999, Atkins appeared in the television sitcom Suddenly Susan, which starred Shields. In 2009, Atkins appeared on VH1's Confessions of a Teen Idol, a reality show featuring former teen idols. Atkins was ranked no. 76 on VH1's list of 100 Greatest Teen Stars.

Atkins became a luxury pool builder and co-developed the Christopher Atkins Strike Jacket E.F.L. (Extreme Fishing Lure), "a rubbery slipcovering for traditional baits."

In 2023, Atkins appeared in Ladies of the '80s: A Divas Christmas, where he reunited onscreen with his Dallas costar, Linda Gray.

Personal life

Atkins married Lyn Barron Weber of Sydney, Australia, on May 25, 1985. They have two children: son Grant Bomann (b. 1985 ) and daughter Brittney Bomann (b. 1987 ). They divorced in 2007.

In a 2009 interview, Atkins acknowledged his past struggle with alcoholism and stated that he had been sober for 22 years.

title: Christopher Atkins


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William Penney, Baron Penney

William George Penney, Baron Penney, (24 June 1909 –3 March 1991) was an English mathematician and professor of mathematical physics at the Imperial College London and later the rector of Imperial College London. He had a leading role in the development of High Explosive Research, Britain's clandestine nuclear programme that started in 1942 during the Second World War which produced the first British atomic bomb in 1952.

As the head of the British delegation working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos Laboratory, Penney initially carried out calculations to predict the damage effects generated by the blast wave of an atomic bomb. Upon returning home, Penney directed the British nuclear weapons directorate, codenamed Tube Alloys and directed scientific research at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment which resulted in the first detonation of a British nuclear bomb in Operation Hurricane in 1952. After the test, Penney became chief advisor to the new United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). He was later chairman of the authority, which he used in international negotiations to control nuclear testing with the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

Penney's notable scientific contributions included the mathematics for complex wave dynamics, both in shock and gravity waves, proposing optimisation problems and solutions in hydrodynamics (which plays a major role in materials science and metallurgy.) During his later years, Penney lectured in mathematics and physics; he was the Rector of Imperial College London 1967–1973.

Early life and education
William George Penney was born in Gibraltar on 24 June 1909, the oldest child and only son of William Alfred Penney, a sergeant-major in the British Army's Ordnance Corps who was then serving overseas, and Blanche Evelyn Johnson, who had worked as a cashier before her marriage. His parents moved about frequently, but Penney did not always accompany them. After the outbreak of the First World War, Penney, his mother and his sisters moved to Sheerness, Kent, where he went to primary school. He then attended a school near Colchester, and finally, was at Sheerness Technical School for Boys from 1924 to 1926, where he displayed a talent for science. He participated in boxing and athletics, winning the school's 100 yard dash. He also played cricket, and he was centre-forward on the school football team.

In 1927, Penney's passion for science landed him in a local science laboratory where he worked for 10 shillings a week as a laboratory assistant. This helped him to gain a Kent county scholarship and a royal scholarship to the Royal College of Science (RCS), a constituent college of Imperial College London. He played centre-forward on the RCS soccer team. He was permitted to skip the first year of the course, and graduated in 1929, obtaining his Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics with First Class Honours at age 20. His talent was recognised by the Governor's Prize for Mathematics from the faculty of science.

Penney was offered a research position at the London University, where he studied for a doctorate. He spent a term at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, where he worked with Ralph Kronig. Together, they developed the Kronig–Penney model, which described the motions of electrons in periodic fields. Penney was awarded his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Mathematics in 1931. He accepted a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship and travelled to the United States, where he became foreign research associate at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, studying under John H. Van Vleck, and was awarded a Master of Arts degree. While in the United States he visited Carl Anderson's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Ernest Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory at the University of California. He was a guest at Robert Oppenheimer's ranch in New Mexico, saw Babe Ruth play baseball, and was a spectator at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics.

On returning to England in 1933, Penney was granted the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship to attend Trinity College, Cambridge. He changed his mathematical career to physics, and conducted a thorough research and theoretical investigation into the structure of metals and the magnetic properties of crystals with John Lennard-Jones. In 1935, Penney submitted his final thesis, which contained the fundamental work in the applications of quantum mechanics to the physics of crystals. The University of Cambridge awarded him a PhD in 1935 and a Doctor of Science in Mathematical Physics in 1936. In 1936, he was elected to the Stokes studentship at Pembroke College, Cambridge, but in the same year he returned to London and was appointed Reader in Mathematics at Imperial College London, a post he held from 1936 to 1945. On 27 July 1935, Penney married Adele Minnie Elms, a university student from Kent he had known since his days in Sheerness. They had two sons, Martin, who was born in 1938, and Christopher, who was born in 1941.

Physex
Penney registered himself as available for scientific war work, but heard nothing for several months after the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939. He was then approached by Geoffrey Taylor. Taylor was an expert on fluid dynamics, and was dealing with more questions from government departments regarding the effects of explosions than he had time to answer. He asked Penney if he could investigate the behaviour of an underwater explosion. Penney became a member of the Physics of Explosives Committee (Physex), and reported his results to another committee, Undex, which was run by the Admiralty and was interested in underwater explosions such as those created by mines, torpedoes and depth charges, and their effects on the hulls of ships and submarines. Most of the data on underwater explosions was from the First World War.

With Royal Navy engineer officers Penney designed and supervised development of Bombardon breakwaters, steel structures that formed part of the Mulberry harbours that were placed off the Normandy beaches after the D-Day invasion. These mobile breakwaters protected landing craft and troops from the Atlantic rollers. Penney's job was to calculate the effects of waves on the Bombardons and devise the most efficient arrangement of them.

Manhattan Project
The August 1943 Quebec Agreement provided for British support of the American Manhattan Project, which aimed to develop atomic bombs. Over the objections of the Admiralty and Imperial College, Penney was sent to join the team of British scientists at the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where expertise on explosions and their effects was in demand. At Los Alamos Penney gained recognition for his scientific talents, and also for his leadership qualities and ability to work in harmony with others. Within a few weeks of his arrival he was added to the core group of scientists making key decisions in the direction of the programme. Major General Leslie Groves, the director of the Manhattan Project, later wrote:"Throughout the life of the project, vital decisions were reached only after the most careful consideration and discussion with the men I thought were able to offer the soundest advice. Generally, for this operation, they were Oppenheimer, Von Neumann, Penney, Parsons and Ramsey."

One of Penney's assignments at Los Alamos was to predict the damage effects from the blast wave of an atomic bomb. Soon after he arrived at Los Alamos, he gave a talk on the subject. Fellow Manhattan Project scientist Rudolf Peierls recalled that:"Soon after his arrival he gave a talk about the effect of blast waves on people, including many gruesome details to which his American audience was not accustomed. He presented all this with his usual cheerful manner, and so acquired for a time the sobriquet 'the smiling killer.'"

Penney's wife never recovered from post-natal depression after Christopher's birth, and died on 18 April 1945. He arranged for Joan Quennell, a nurse, to look after the boys. He wanted to return home, but Groves told James Chadwick, the British liaison to Manhattan Project in Washington, D.C., that Penney was too important to the project to be released. On 27 April 1945 Penney went to Washington for a target selection meeting. He gave advice regarding the height of the detonation which would ensure optimum destructive effects, whilst ensuring the fireball did not touch the earth, thereby avoiding permanent radiation contamination on the ground. The committee selected four cities from a list of seventeen. Penney attempted to forecast casualties and damage effects, but this was difficult because the exact energy of the bombs was not known. This was answered by the Trinity test detonation on 16 July 1945. Penney was assigned as an observer on an aircraft, but the flight was cancelled due to bad weather, and he did not witness the test. Five days later, Penney gave a presentation on the results of the test, during which he predicted that the bomb would level a city of three or four hundred thousand people.

The following month Penney went to Tinian Island as part of Project Alberta, the group of scientists and military personnel that assembled the atomic bombs. Along with Royal Air Force (RAF) Group Captain Leonard Cheshire from the British Joint Staff Mission in Washington, he represented the United Kingdom. The American authorities stopped them observing the bombing of Hiroshima but, after an appeal to Chadwick, they were permitted to accompany the second mission. On 9 August 1945 Penney witnessed the bombing of Nagasaki, flying with Cheshire in the B-29 observation plane Big Stink. Big Stink missed its rendezvous with the bomber Bockscar, so they witnessed the flash of the Nagasaki detonation from the air at too great a distance to photograph the fireball and the target was obscured by clouds. As the leading expert on the effects of explosions, Penney was a member of the team of scientists and military analysts who entered Hiroshima and Nagasaki following the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945 to assess the effects of nuclear weapons.

Penney returned to the United Kingdom on a civilian flight from the United States in September 1945. He brought artefacts from Hiroshima and Nagasaki with him, and was charged  for excess baggage. He married Joan Quennell on 3 November 1945. Penney returned to Imperial College, where he wrote a report on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He estimated that the bomb dropped on the former had a yield of 10 ktonTNT and that of the Nagasaki bomb of about 30 ktonTNT. He wanted to return to academic life, and he was offered a chair of mathematics at the University of Oxford.

British Nuclear Weapons Programme
At the end of the war the British government, now under the Labour Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, believed that America would share the technology that British leaders saw as a joint discovery under the terms of the 1943 Quebec Agreement and the 1944 Hyde Park Agreement. In December 1945, Attlee ordered the construction of an atomic pile to produce plutonium and requested a report to detail requirements for Britain's atomic bombs. Penney was approached by C. P. Snow and asked to take up post as Chief Superintendent Armament Research (CSAR, called "Caesar") at Fort Halstead in Kent, as he suspected Britain was going to build an atomic bomb of its own and he wanted Penney in this job. As CSAR he was responsible for all types of armaments research.

In 1946, at the request of Groves and the United States Navy, Penney returned to the United States where he was put in charge of the blast effects studies for Operation Crossroads at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands in July 1946. He wrote the after action reports on the effects of the two nuclear detonations. His reputation was further enhanced when, after the sophisticated test gauges failed in the Able test due to the bomb missing the intended target, he was able to determine the yield using observations from simple devices made from petrol tins. The second test, Baker, was an underwater test, and it impressed Penney greatly. He speculated on the possible effects if an atomic bomb was exploded near a port city in the UK.

The passage of the McMahon Act (Atomic Energy Act) in August 1946 made it clear that Britain would no longer be allowed access to US atomic research. Penney left the United States and returned to the United Kingdom where he drew up plans for an atomic weapons section in his department, submitting them to the Controller of Production, Atomic Energy, Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Portal, in November 1946. In January 1947, Penney went to the United States to attend a symposium on the Crossroads tests. With almost all other aspects of atomic co-operation between the countries at an end, his personal role was seen as keeping the contact alive between the parties. He returned to the UK at the end of February 1947.

Attlee's government decided that Britain required the atomic bomb to maintain its great power status. In the words of the Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, "We've got to have this thing over here, whatever it costs ... We've got to have the bloody Union Jack flying on top of it." Officially, the decision to proceed with the British atomic bomb project was made in January 1947. The government also endorsed Portal's proposal to place Penney in charge of the bomb development effort. The project was based at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, and was code-named "High Explosive Research" (HER). In May 1947, Penney was officially named to head the HER project. The following month he began assembling teams of scientists and engineers to work on the new technologies that had to be developed. He gathered 34 senior members of his fledgling team in the library at the Royal Arsenal and gave a two-hour talk on the principles of how to build an atomic bomb.

By mid-1948, it was clear that Penney's initial estimate that he would require 220 staff was wide of the mark, and that he would need nearly 500. This meant not only taking personnel from other projects, but scrapping some entirely. In October 1948, he submitted a request for developing a new, separate site for HER on grounds of safety, security and economy. This was approved, but it took another six months to locate a suitable site. A former airbase, RAF Aldermaston, was selected.

At the same time, it was decided to separate HER from the Armaments Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE). This resulted in a painful bureaucratic battle over personnel whose expertise was wanted for research on both nuclear weapons and guided missiles. In the end, HER kept 25 of the 30 key personnel that AWRE wanted. The site was taken over on 1 April 1950. Penney became Chief Superintendent High Explosive Research (CSHER). The first stage of work at Aldermaston was completed in December 1951, but the plutonium processing building was only handed over in April 1952, the month that the first plutonium was due to arrive from Windscale. At the peak of construction in 1953, over 4,000 personnel were working on the site. On 3 October 1952, under the code-name "Operation Hurricane", the first British nuclear device was successfully detonated off the west coast of Australia in the Monte Bello Islands.

British hydrogen bomb
Hurricane was but the first series of British nuclear weapons tests in Australia. Further tests required a site on land, so Penney visited Australia and chose a site at Emu Field in South Australia for the Operation Totem test series in 1953. Emu Field proved too remote, so Penney selected a more accessible site at Maralinga. The decision to develop a British hydrogen bomb meant that certain scientific information was urgently required and Maralinga was not yet ready, so a second series of tests, Operation Mosaic, was conducted in the Monte Bello Islands in 1956. The subsequent Operation Buffalo tests were carried out at Maralinga in September and October 1956. Penney personally supervised the Totem and Buffalo tests.

Penney was aware of the public relations issues associated with the tests, and made clear-speaking presentations to the Australian press. Before one series of tests, Lord Carrington, the High Commissioner of the United Kingdom to Australia, described Penney's press presence: "Sir William Penney has established in Australia a reputation which is quite unique: his appearance, his obvious sincerity and honesty, and the general impression he gives that he would rather be digging his garden – and would be, but for the essential nature of his work – have made him a public figure of some magnitude in Australian eyes".

Britain felt the need to quickly develop megaton-class weapons because it seemed that atmospheric testing could soon be outlawed by treaty. As a result, the UK wanted to demonstrate its ability to manufacture megaton-class weapons by proof-testing them before any legal prohibitions were in place. The Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, hoped to convince the US to change the McMahon Act, which prohibited sharing information even with the British, by demonstrating that the UK had the technology to make a thermonuclear weapon (an H-bomb), and he put Penney in charge of developing this bomb. The Orange Herald bomb was developed and was passed off as a thermonuclear bomb, when in fact it was a boosted fission weapon in which little of the energy came from fusion. The reports were unlikely to have fooled the American observers. The subsequent successful development of British thermonuclear weapons, which coincided with the Sputnik crisis led to the amendment of the McMahon Act, and the re-establishment of the nuclear Special Relationship with the United States.

In the late 1950s there was domestic and international pressure to discontinue atmospheric nuclear testing. Penney headed the UK delegation at a conference convened in Geneva on 1 July 1958. Macmillan took Penney along as an advisor to the conference in Bermuda in December 1961, where Macmillan met with President John F. Kennedy and concluded the Nassau Agreement. Penney continued as the government's advisor on arms control and participated in the preliminary discussion leading up to, and the signing of, the  Partial Test Ban Treaty in Moscow in July 1963.

Nuclear development was transferred from the Ministry of Supply (MoS) to the newly formed United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). Penney became a member of the UKAEA Board in 1954, and he chaired its official inquiry in the 1957 Windscale fire. When Sir John Cockcroft left in 1959 to become the master of Churchill College, Cambridge, Penney succeeded him as the Member for Scientific Research. He became deputy chairman in 1961 and chairman in 1964. The UKAEA had a difficult working relationship with the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB). Penney's management style was to avoid confrontation and seek consensus whenever possible, and the role of the UKAEA in the nuclear power industry was an advisory one. He endorsed the CEGB's 1966 decision to develop the Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor. He took the decision to proceed with the Prototype Fast Reactor at Dounreay and to upgrade the uranium enrichment plant at Capenhurst.

Imperial College
Penney was Rector of Imperial College London from 1967 to 1973. The job was far more trying than he anticipated, and there was no time for personal research. The university sector had expanded rapidly in the 1960s, and there were many personnel and financial difficulties to contend with. There was staff and student unrest that he had to deal with. Penney agreed to have student observers on the Board of Studies, and he brokered deals with the Association of University Teachers. Imperial College now had direct access to University Grants Committee funding and was no longer dependent on the University of London but money was still tight. Careful financial management created a surplus of income over expenditure. The college named the William Penney Laboratory at the South Kensington campus, which opened in 1988, in his honour. He served as the first chairman of the UK's Standing Committee on Structural Safety from 1976 to 1982.

Honours and awards
Penney was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1946. He was its treasurer from 1956 to 1960 and vice-president from 1958 to 1969. He became a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1962, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1970, and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1973. He received the Wilhelm Exner Medal in 1967. Among the honours he received in 1969 was the Rumford Medal by the Royal Society, the Glazebrook Medal and Prize of the Institute of Physics and the James Alfred Ewing Medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and he was awarded the Kelvin Gold Medal the following year. He was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Melbourne in 1956, the University of Durham in 1957, the University of Oxford in 1959, the University of Bath in 1966 and by the University of Reading in 1970. For his services to the United States, he was awarded the Medal of Freedom in 1946. Penney was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1946, and was raised to Knight Commander of the order in 1952. He was made a life peer, taking the title Baron Penney, of East Hendred in the Royal County of Berkshire on 7 July 1967, and was awarded the Order of Merit in 1969. As a life peer he was entitled to sit in the House of Lords, but did so only twelve times between 1967 and 1973, and voted for only three bills: for sanctions on Rhodesia in 1968, for an amendment to the redistribution bill in 1969, and for the accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities in 1970.

Death and legacy
In later years he admitted to qualms about his work but felt it was necessary. When aggressively questioned by the McClelland Royal Commission investigating the test programmes at Monte Bello and Maralinga in 1985, he acknowledged that at least one of the twelve tests had unsafe levels of fallout. However, he maintained that due care was taken and that the tests conformed to the internationally accepted safety standards of the time. Jim McClelland broadly accepted Penney's view but anecdotal evidence to the contrary received wide coverage in the press. By promoting a more Australian nationalist view, then current in the government of Bob Hawke, McClelland had also identified "villains" in the previous Australian and British administrations. As a senior witness Penney bore the brunt of the allegations, and his health was badly affected by the experience. He was diagnosed with cancer in 1991, and died on 3 March 1991 at his home in the village of East Hendred, aged 81. He burned his personal papers before he died.

In Penney's obituary in the New York Times he was credited as the "father of the British bomb". The Guardian described him as its "guiding light" and his scientific and administrative leadership was said to be crucial in its successful and timely creation. His leadership of the team that exploded the first British hydrogen bomb at Christmas Island was instrumental in restoring the exchange of nuclear technology between Britain and the US in 1958, and he was credited as playing a leading part in the negotiations which led to the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963. His Kronig-Penney model for the behaviour of an electron in a periodic potential is still taught and used today in solid-state physics and is used to explain the origin of band gaps.

title: William Penney, Baron Penney


text:
User:David Newton/SVG Graphics/British Civil Jack

This is the SVG of the British civil ship jack.

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text: Category:Salisbury

title: Category:Salisbury


text:
Teallite

Teallite is a sulfide mineral of tin and lead with chemical formula: PbSnS2. It occurs in hydrothermal veins and is sometimes mined as an ore of tin. Teallite forms soft silvery grey mica-like plates and crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. The Mohs hardness is 1.5 to 2 and the specific gravity is 6.4.

Teallite was first described in 1904 from its type locality in Santa Rosa, Antequera, Bolivia. It was named for the British geologist Jethro Justinian Harris Teall (1849–1924).

title: Teallite


text:
Forestville Mystery Cave State Park

Forestville Mystery Cave State Park is a state park in Minnesota. It contains the village of Forestville, which has been restored to a 19th-century appearance. The Minnesota Historical Society operates it as a historic site. Below ground the park contains Mystery Cave, the state's longest cave, which is open to the public. The park is between Spring Valley and Preston, Minnesota.

Mystery Cave
The park is in the Driftless Area, noted for its karst topography, which includes sinkholes and caves. The park is about 5 mi from Mystery Cave and occupies approximately 3170 acre, with camping, interpretive programs, and hiking, horseback, cross-country skiing trails, cold water streams and excellent trout fishing. The cave includes stalactites, stalagmites, and underground pools, and is a constant 48 °F. It has over 13 mi of passages in two rock layers and is being resurveyed and remapped by volunteers.

Geologic history
About 450 million years ago sedimentary rocks were deposited as the land was intermittently covered by shallow seas that transgressed and regressed. Over the eons the alternating deposits of mud and oceanic debris were compressed to form limestone, shale and sandstone layers. Today these layers are 1300 ft above sea level. Within the last 500,000 to 1,000,000 years, flood waters dissolved along fractures in the limestone bedrock to create most of the cave. Acidic rainwater also sculpted the land above and around the cave, creating thousands of sinkholes and other karst features in the surrounding county.

Wildlife
The park contains a range of wildlife, from relatively rare species such as glacial snails and timber rattlesnakes to common species such as deer, raccoon, beaver, two species of fox, mink, opossum, woodchuck, and four species of squirrels. Coyotes howl at dusk. Numerous reptiles and amphibians are present. At least 175 species of birds have also been recorded. The South Branch of the Root River contains brown trout, brook trout, and rainbow trout.

Historic Forestville
The Minnesota Historical Society operates Historic Forestville as a living museum set in 1899. Costumed interpreters portray Forestville residents and go about daily activities in the general store, house, kitchen, farm, and barn.

Forestville was a rural trade center in the 1800s that declined after the railroad was built elsewhere in 1868. Thomas Meighen, son of one of the town's founders, owned the entire village by 1890, including the general store, and the local residents worked on his property for housing and credit in the store.

Admission to Historic Forestville is separate from the caves. Historic Forestville is open from May through October.

title: Forestville Mystery Cave State Park