text:
David VII

David VII, also known as David Ulugh (დავით VII ულუ, "David the Senior" in the Mongol language) (1215–1270), from the Bagrationi dynasty, was king (mepe) of Georgia from 1246 to 1270. He first ruled Georgia jointly with his namesake cousin, David VI, from 1246 to 1259. From 1259, David VI, revolting from the Mongol hegemony, seceded in the western half of the kingdom and formed the Kingdom of Western Georgia, while David VII was left to rule a reduced Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329) in the region of eastern Georgia under Mongol control.

Early life
David was the morganatic son of the Georgian King George IV and a woman of non-noble origin. Because of this, he was considered an illegitimate son in the circles of the Georgian nobility, so his father was succeeded by his sister Rusudan upon his death in 1223. Since Georgia became a Mongol vassal in 1236 and no longer depended so much on the will of the local nobility, Rusudan, fearing that he would want to ascend the throne, sent him into captivity at the court of her son-in-law, Sultan Kaykhusraw II. Then in 1243 she sent her son, also David, to the court of the great khan in Karakorum, so that he could be recognized as the heir apparent to the Kingdom of Georgia.

Diarchy
After the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, which subdued the Sultanate of Rum to the Mongols, Kaykhusraw was forced to release David Ulu. Rusudan died in 1245, still waiting for her son's return from the Mongolian court. A part of the Georgian nobility, thinking that David the son of Rusudan had died, proclaimed David Ulu as the king of Georgia. In 1246 the two Davids (the future David VI, who had been in Mongolia since 1243, and the recently proclaimed David VII Ulu) attended the enthronement of Guyuk Khan at the Mongol court in Karakorum, Mongolia. The "two Davids", as incumbents for the throne of Georgia, attended the enthronement ceremony of the Mongol Khan Güyük on 24 August 1246, near the Mongol capital at Karakorum, together with a large number of foreign ambassadors: the Franciscan friar and envoy of Pope Innocent IV, John of Plano Carpini and Benedict of Poland; Grand Duke Yaroslav II of Vladimir; the brother of the king of Armenia and historian, Sempad the Constable; the future Seljuk Sultan of Rum, Kilij Arslan IV; and ambassadors of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim and Ala ud din Masud of the Delhi Sultanate. all bearing homage, tribute, and presents. This event was related by the 13th century historian Juvayni:

"From Khitai there came emirs and officials; and from Transoxiana and Turkestan the emir Masʿud accompanied by grandees of that region. With the emir Arghun there came the celebrities and notables of Khorasan, Iraq, Lur, Azerbaijan and Shirvan. From Rum came Sultan Rukn al-Din and the Sultan of Takavor (Trebizond); from Georgia, the two Davits; from Aleppo, the brother of the Lord of Aleppo; from Mosul, the envoy of Sultan Badr al-Din Luʾluʾ; and from the city of Peace, Baghdad, the chief qadi Fakhr al-Din. There also came the Sultan of Erzurum, envoys from the Franks, and from Kerman and Fars also; and from ʿAla al-Din of Alamut, his governors in Quhistan, Shihab al-Din and Shams al-Din. And all this great assembly came with such baggage as befitted a court; and there came also from other directions so many envoys and messengers that two thousand felt tents had been made ready for them: there came also merchants with the rare and precious things that are produced in the East and the West."

- Juvayni, 1: 249–50.

In order to control the country more easily, due to the apparent succession crisis, although the majority of the nobility did not side with the illegitimate son, the Mongols divided the Georgian nobles into two rival parties, each representing its own candidate for the crown. But there were also conflicts among the Mongols themselves, whereby David Ulu was supported by Baiju Noyan, the general and commander of Persia, and his contemporary brother Batu Khan, Khan of the Golden Horde. The Mongols appointed David VII as ulu ("senior") ruler, while David VI was appointed narin (junior) ruler.

Decline of the kingdom
In the following years, both David Ulu and David Narin showed unwavering loyalty to the Mongols even after the change at the head of the Mongol Empire and the coming to power of the great Khan Mongke in 1251. Georgia then came under the supreme rule of Batu Khan, who was given virtually independent rule over the western parts of the Mongol Empire by Mongke. Having embarked on an expedition to the Middle East in 1253, Mongke's brother Hulegu Khan was particularly keen to exploit the political and religious divisions of that part of the world. Attacking mostly Muslims, he tried to maintain the best possible relations with Georgians and Armenians. Numerous Georgian-Armenian military units participated in the Mongol conquest of Alamut in 1256, where they were personally led by David Ulu, and of Baghdad in 1258, and in the skirmishes between Mongol leaders during the campaign.

Later life
Georgia lost tens of thousands of soldiers in these campaigns, and was left without native defenders against the Mongol forces sent to suppress spontaneous rebellions that broke out due to high taxes and the heavy burden of military service. The country suffered heavily from the consequences of rebellions against the Mongol authorities, and even more devastating than the Mongol punitive expeditions were the internal conflicts between currents loyal and disloyal to the Mongols. In 1259, Georgian nobles led by David Narin rose up against the Mongols, separating the Kingdom of Western Georgia from the unified Georgia.

When in 1260 Hulegu Khan requested the presence of Georgians and Armenians as part of the Mongol units in the Levant, remembering the losses of his troops in the 1258 Siege of Baghdad, David Ulu rebelled. A large Mongol army led by General Arghun Aqa invaded Georgia from the south, inflicted a heavy defeat on David and Sargis I Jaqeli in a battle near Akhaldaba, and then brutally plundered the country. The Mongol campaign continued during the winter, and the following year the king was forced to flee to Imereti, which the Mongols failed to conquer. David's family was captured, and his wife Gvantsa was killed. Peace with the Mongols was achieved in 1262, when David Ulu returned to Tbilisi to reclaim his crown as a Mongol vassal, pledging allegiance to Hulegu, while David Narin only nominally recognized Mongol rule in Imereti. The reason for Hulegu's tolerance towards the rebel lies in the fact that since 1261, the Il-kan was at war with the Golden Horde, which was on a larger scale.

The territory of the Caucasus, and as part of it the Kingdom of Georgia itself, became the scene of war between Hulegu and the Khan of the Golden Horde Berke in the following years. David Ulu provided his support for the conflict between the Il-Khanate and the Golden Horde in 1263-1265. In 1263, King David's troops participated in the defense of the Siba fortress against the Golden Horde. In 1265, his troops, as the vanguard of the Ilkhanate army, defeated Berke and pushed his troops out of Shirvan. As Hulegu died in the same year, Berke began to prepare a major offensive. The following year, his army penetrated into Georgia, but the offensive was abruptly stopped due to the death of the khan in the vicinity of Tbilisi. However, Georgia's troubles continued, but now with the Ilkhanate. The nobles were encouraged to rise up against the crown, which naturally facilitated Mongol control over the country. In the same year, 1266, Sargis Jaqeli, prince of Samtkhe, who ruled city of Akhaltsikhe, received special protection and patronage from the new ilkhan of Abaqa Khan. In this way, Sargis was elevated to the rank of David and Georgia was torn into three entities.

In 1270, David Ulu led Georgian and Armenian troops in support of the Mongol Abaqa against Tekuder, who had found refuge in Western Georgia.

David VII Ulu died of a bowel infection at the age of 55 in the spring of 1270. He was buried at Mtskheta. He was succeeded by his son Demetre II.

Marriage and children
He was married four times. His first wife, Jigda-Khatun, either a Mongol woman or a daughter of the Sultan of Rum, died in 1252, and was buried at the reginal necropolis in Mtskheta. In the meantime (1249/50), he bigamously contracted a union with an Alan woman, Altun, whom he repudiated in 1252. His third wife Gvantsa, widow of the Georgian noble Avag Zakarian and daughter of Kakhaber, eristavi (duke) of Racha and Takveri, was executed on the orders of Hulegu Khan in 1262. In 1263, David married Esukan, daughter of the Mongol Noyan Chormaqan.

He had two sons and one daughter, including:
 * George (1250–1268) (by Altun), heir apparent, died before his father's death in 1268.
 * Tamar (by Altun) was married twice: a son of Arghun Noyan in c. 1273, and later the Georgian noble Sadun of Mankaberdi, regent of the kingdom in 1269–1278.
 * Demetrius (by Gvantsa), who succeeded him in 1270.

title: David VII


text:
Indian Peace Keeping Force

Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was the Indian military contingent performing a peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990. It was formed under the mandate of the 1987 Indo-Sri Lankan Accord that aimed to end the Sri Lankan Civil War between Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups such as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and the Sri Lankan military.

The main task of the IPKF was to disarm the different militant groups, not just the LTTE. It was to be quickly followed by the formation of an Interim Administrative Council. These were the tasks as per the terms of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, signed at the behest of Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Given the escalation of the conflict in Sri Lanka, and with the pouring of refugees into India, Rajiv Gandhi took the decisive step to push this accord through. The IPKF was inducted into Sri Lanka on the request of Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene under the terms of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.

The force was initially not expected to be involved in any significant combat by the Indian High Command. However, within a few months, the IPKF became embroiled in battle with the LTTE to enforce peace. The war erupted following the death of 17 LTTE prisoners, including two areas commanders in the custody of the Sri Lankan Army, which the LTTE blamed the IPKF for allowing to happen. Soon, these differences led to the LTTE attacking the Sinhalese, at which point the IPKF decided to disarm the LTTE militants, by force if required. In the two years it was in northern Sri Lanka, the IPKF launched a number of combat operations aimed at destroying the LTTE-led insurgency. It soon escalated into repeated skirmishes between the IPKF and LTTE. Numerous civilian massacres and rapes were committed by the IPKF during the conflict. Numerous soldiers of IPKF were killed by LTTE.

The IPKF began withdrawing from Sri Lanka in 1989, on the orders of the newly elected Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa and following the election of the V. P. Singh government in India. The last IPKF contingents left Sri Lanka in March 1990.

India's battle in Sri Lanka is often called 'India's Vietnam' by international media, by way of comparison to American military involvement in the Vietnam War.

Background
Sri Lanka, from the early 1980s, was facing increasingly violent ethnic strife in the Sri Lankan Civil War. The origins of the Sri Lankan Civil War can be traced to the independence of Sri Lanka in 1948, after the end of British rule. At the time, a Sinhalese majority government was instituted. This government, which included the Tamil Congress, passed legislation deemed discriminatory by some against the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka.

In the 1970s, two major Tamil parties, the Tamil Congress and a split, the Federal Party united to form the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), a separatist Tamil nationalist group that agitated for a separate state of Tamil Eelam in north and eastern Sri Lanka that would grant the Tamils greater autonomy within the federal structure.

However, the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka, enacted in August 1983, classified all separatist movements as unconstitutional, Outside the TULF, Tamil factions advocating more militant courses of action soon emerged, and the ethnic divisions eventually led to violent civil war.

Indian involvement and intervention
Initially, under Indira Gandhi and later under Rajiv Gandhi, the Indian Government sympathised with the Tamil insurrection in Sri Lanka because of the strong support for the Tamil cause within the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Emboldened by this support, supporters in Tamil Nadu provided a sanctuary for the separatists and helped the LTTE smuggle arms and ammunition into Sri Lanka, making them the strongest force on the island. In fact in 1982, the LTTE supremo Prabhakran was arrested by the police in Tamil Nadu, for a shoot-out with his rival Uma Maheswaran, in the middle of the city. Both of them were arrested and later released by the police. This activity was left unchecked as India's regional and domestic interests wanted to limit foreign intervention on what was deemed as an ethnic issue between the Tamils and the Sinhalese. To this end, the Indira Gandhi government sought to make it clear to Sri Lankan president Junius Richard Jayewardene that armed intervention in support of the Tamil movement was an option India would consider if diplomatic solutions should fail.

The first round of civil violence flared in 1983 when the killing of 13 soldiers of the Sri Lanka Army, sparked anti-Tamil pogroms—the Black July riots—in which approximately 3000 Tamils were killed. The riots only aided in the deterioration of the ethnic relations. Militant factions, including the LTTE, at this time recruited in large numbers and continued building on popular Tamil dissent and stepped up the guerrilla war. By May 1985, the guerrillas were strong enough to launch an attack on Anuradhapura, attacking the Bodhi Tree shrine–a sacred site for Buddhist Sinhalese–followed by a rampage through the town. At least 150 civilians died in the hour-long attack.

Rajiv Gandhi's government attempted to re-establish friendly relations with the various factions in Sri Lanka while maintaining diplomatic efforts to find a solution to the conflict as well as limiting overt aid to the Tamil militants.

The Sri Lankan government, deducing a decline in support for the Tamil rebels from India, began rearming itself extensively for its anti-insurgent role with support from Pakistan, Israel, Singapore, and South Africa. In 1986, the campaign against the insurgency was stepped up. In 1987, retaliating against an increasingly bloody insurgent movement, the Vadamarachchi Operation (Operation Liberation) was launched against LTTE strongholds in Jaffna Peninsula. The operation involved nearly 10,000 troops, supported by helicopter gunships as well as ground-attack aircraft. In June 1987, the Sri Lankan Army laid siege on the town of Jaffna. This resulted in large-scale civilian casualties and created a condition of humanitarian crisis. India, which had a substantial Tamil population in South India faced the prospect of a Tamil backlash at home, called on the Sri Lankan government to halt the offensive in an attempt to negotiate a political settlement. However, the Indian efforts were unheeded. Added to this, in the growing involvement of Pakistani advisers, it was necessary for Indian interest to mount a show of force. Failing to negotiate an end to the crisis with Sri Lanka, India announced on 2 June 1987 that it wound send a convoy of unarmed ships to northern Sri Lanka to provide humanitarian assistance but this was intercepted by the Sri Lankan Navy and forced to turned back.

Following the failure of the naval mission the decision was made by the Indian government to mount an airdrop of relief supplies in aid of the beleaguered civilians over the besieged city of Jaffna. On 4 June 1987, in a bid to provide relief, the Indian Air Force mounted Operation Poomalai. Five Antonov An-32s under fighter cover flew over Jaffna to airdrop 25 tons of supplies, all the time keeping well within the range of Sri Lankan radar coverage. At the same time the Sri Lankan Ambassador to New Delhi, Bernard Tilakaratna, was summoned to the Foreign Office to be informed by the Minister of State, External Affairs, K. Natwar Singh, of the ongoing operation and also indicated that the operation was expected not to be hindered by the Sri Lankan Air Force. The ultimate aim of the operation was both to demonstrate the seriousness of the domestic Tamil concern for the civilian Tamil population and reaffirming the Indian option of active intervention to the Sri Lankan government.

Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
Following Operation Poomalai, faced with the possibility of an active Indian intervention and lacking any possible ally, the President, J. R. Jayewardene, offered to hold talks with the Rajiv Gandhi government on future moves. The siege of Jaffna was soon lifted, followed by a round of negotiations that led to the signing of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord on 29 July 1987 that brought a temporary truce. Crucially however, the negotiations did not include the LTTE as a party to the talks.

The signing of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord on 29 July 1987 brought a temporary truce to the Sri Lankan Civil War. Under the terms of the agreement, Colombo agreed to a devolution of power to the provinces, the Sri Lankan troops were withdrawn to their barracks in the north, the Tamil rebels were to disarm.

Mandate
Amongst the provisions undersigned by the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord was the commitment of Indian military assistance should this be requested for by the Sri Lankan Government, as well as the provision of an Indian Peace Keeping Force that would "guarantee and enforce the cessation of hostilities". It was on these grounds, and on the request of President J. R. Jayewardene, that Indian troops were inducted to Northern Sri Lanka. J N Dixit, the then Indian ambassador to Colombo, in an interview to rediff.com in 2000 described that ostensibly, Jayawardene's decision to request Indian assistance came in the face of increasing civil riots and violence within the southern Sinhalese majority areas, including the capital Colombo that were initiated by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party that necessitated the withdrawal of the Sri Lankan Army from the Tamil areas of northern Sri Lanka to maintain order.

Order of battle
Originally a reinforced division with small naval and air elements, the IPKF at its peak deployed four divisions and nearly 80,000 men with one mountain (4th) and three Infantry Divisions (36th, 54th, 57th) as well as supporting arms and services. At the peak of its operational deployment, IPKF operations also included a large Indian Paramilitary Force and Indian Special Forces elements. Indeed, Sri Lanka was first theatre of active operation for the Indian Navy Commandos. The main deployment of the IPKF was in northern and eastern Sri Lanka. Upon its withdrawal from Sri Lanka the IPKF was renamed the 21st Corps and was headquartered near Bhopal and became a quick reaction force for the Indian Army.

Indian Army
The first Indian Army troops to be deployed to Sri Lanka were a ten thousand strong force from the 54th Infantry Division commanded by Major General Harkirat Singh, which flew into Palali Airbase from 30 July onwards. This was followed later by the 36th Infantry Division.

By 1987, the IPKF consisted of:
 * 54 Infantry Division
 * 10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
 * 65 Armoured Regiment, equipped with T-72 tanks.
 * 6th Battalion, Brigade of the Guards
 * 91 Infantry Brigade
 * 5th Battalion, Madras Regiment
 * 8th Battalion, Mahar Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
 * 76 Infantry Brigade
 * 12th Battalion, Garhwal Rifles
 * 2nd Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
 * 25th Battalion, Rajput Regiment
 * 47 Infantry Brigade
 * 11th Battalion, Madras Regiment
 * 5th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
 * 14th Battalion, Sikh Light Infantry
 * 36 Infantry Division
 * 115 Infantry Brigade
 * 5th Battalion, 1 Gorkha Rifles
 * 72 Infantry Brigade
 * 4th Battalion, 5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force).
 * 13th Battalion, Sikh Light Infantry
 * 41 Infantry Brigade
 * 5th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles
 * 57 Infantry Division
 * 4 Mountain Division
 * Independent Units
 * 340 Independent Infantry Brigade (Amphibious)
 * 1 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry (later part of 57 Inf Div)
 * 26 Punjab
 * 25 Madras
 * 3 Punjab
 * 18 Infantry Brigade
 * 4th Battalion, Mahar Regiment
 * 12th Battalion, Grenadiers
 * 5th Battalion, Parachute Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special forces)
 * 9th Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special forces)
 * 13th Battalion, Brigade of the Guards
 * 4th Battalion, Assam Regiment
 * 15th Battalion Mechanised Infantry Regiment
 * 25th Battalion Mechanised Infantry Regiment
 * 17 Parachute Field Regiment
 * 831 Light Regiment
 * 8 Engineer Regiment
 * 110 Engineer Regiment

Indian Air Force
Soon after its intervention in Sri Lanka and especially after the confrontation with the LTTE, the IPKF received a substantial commitment from the Indian Air Force, mainly transport and helicopter squadrons under the command of Gp.Capt. M.P Premi, including:
 * No. 33 Squadron- Antonov An-32s
 * No 109 and No. 119 Helicopter Units – Mil Mi-8 helicopters.
 * No. 125 HU – Mil Mi-24s.
 * No. 664 AOP Squadron Chetak and Cheetah

Indian Navy
The Indian Navy regularly rotated naval vessels through Sri Lanka waters, mostly smaller vessels such as patrol boats.
 * Indian Naval Air Arm
 * No. 321 Squadron of the Indian Navy – HAL Chetaks
 * No. 310 Squadron of the Indian Navy – Breguet Alizé
 * MARCOS (also the Marine Commando Force or MCF) – Took part in Operation Pawan (Hindi, "wind") in 1987 and in the raid on an LTTE base at Gurunagar. MARCOS operators (including Lt Singh) boarded two Gemini rafts off the coast of Jaffna City and towed two wooden rafts of explosives into a channel leading to the city's Guru Nagar Jetty. Avoiding mines, eight men and two officers shifted to the wooden rafts and paddled to the jetty then fixed demolition charges to the jetty and LTTE speedboats. The commandos were detected but laid down suppressive fire and detonated the explosives before retreating to the Geminis without taking casualties. Two nights later, commandos swam back into the harbour amidst heavy patrolling by the LTTE to destroy the remaining speedboats. They were again detected and sustained minor injuries. These actions helped recapture Trincomalee and Jaffna harbours from the LTTE. For leading these actions, the 30-year-old Lieutenant Arvind Singh became the youngest officer to receive the Maha Vir Chakra.

Indian paramilitary forces

 * Central Reserve Police Force
 * Indian Coast Guard

Casualties
In December 1999, Defence Minister George Fernandes disclosed the IPKF had suffered 1,165 personnel killed in action with 3,009 others wounded. The LTTE casualties are not known.

Intelligence failures
The Indian intelligence agencies failed to consistently provide accurate information to Indian forces. One example is the Jaffna football ground massacre. The LTTE's disinformation machinery leaked fake information to the Indian army that the LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran was hiding in a building near the Jaffna university football ground. A major operational plan was chalked out by the Indian generals to capture him alive. The plan involved airdropping commandos on the ground, while tank formations would move to surround the area, to prevent anyone from the stadium and its surrounding buildings to escape.

However, when the plan was executed, the Indian troops came under heavy attack from hidden LTTE sharpshooters. the tanks moving on the ground were ensnared by anti-tank mines placed by the LTTE militants. This resulted in heavy losses for the Indian side. According to later accounts, the LTTE leader, Prabhakaran was not in the area at the time of the operation.

The IPKF complained that accurate maps of the operational theaters were not made available to them by the various intelligence agencies.

There was also a case where an agent of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) was killed in an ambush set up by the IPKF. He had been acting on orders to carry out back channel diplomacy and peace talks with the LTTE.

Impact
The IPKF mission while having gained tactical successes, did not succeed in its intended goals. The primary impact of the IPKF, has been that it shaped India's counterinsurgency techniques and military doctrine. The political fallout, the IPKF casualties, as well as the deterioration of international relations has shaped India's foreign policy towards the Sri Lankan conflict.

Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
The decision to send the IPKF in Sri Lanka was taken by then Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, who held office until 1989. Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated at a rally at Sriperumbudur on 21 May 1991, while he was campaigning for re-election during the 1991 Indian general election, by a LTTE suicide bomber named Dhanu.

India's foreign policy
The IPKF intervention in Sri Lanka is raised at times in Indian political discourse whenever the situation in Sri Lanka shows signs of deterioration or, more broadly, when other foreign nations, ought to have a role in promoting peace on the island nation. India has never been directly involved in the peace talks between the LTTE and Sri Lanka but has supported Norway's efforts. As a result, relations between India and Sri Lanka became extremely sour. No defence pact has been signed between India and Sri Lanka even though India reaffirmed its strong defence cooperation with Sri Lanka.

War Crimes
The IPKF role in the Sri Lankan conflict was criticised in both Sri Lanka and India. It perpetrated a number of human rights violations, including rapes and massacres of civilians. Several neutral organisations pointed out that the Indian Army acted with scant regard for civilian safety and violated human rights. This led to considerable outcry and public resentment within Sri Lanka as well as India, especially in Tamil Nadu, where the IPKF was viewed as an invading and oppressing force.

Indian forces indulged in a number of civilian massacres, involuntary disappearances and rapes during their time in the Northeastern province of Sri Lanka. These include complicity in the incidents such as Valvettithurai massacre in which on 2, 3, and 4 August 1989 over 50 Tamils were massacred by the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Valvettithurai, Jaffna. In addition to the killings over 100 homes, shops and other property were also burnt and destroyed.

Another notable incident was the Jaffna teaching hospital massacre on 22 October 1987. Following a confrontation with Tamil militants near the hospital, IPKF forces quickly entered the hospital premises and massacred over 70 civilians. These civilians included patients, two doctors, three nurses and a paediatric consultant who were all in uniform. The hospital never completely recovered after this massacre.

The IPKF was also accused of complicity in murder of Sinhalese civilians. The then Sri Lankan government accused the Madras Regiment posted in the Trincomalee district of complicity, although the Indian officials denied responsibility, they withdrew the Madras Regiment from Trincomalee district.

Sexual violence
From October 1987, the IPKF commenced war on the LTTE in order to disarm them. During this conflict, the IPKF raped thousands of Tamil women. One IPKF official excused these rapes by stating the following: "I agree that rape is a heinous crime. But my dear, all wars have them. There are psychological reasons for them such as battle fatigue."

1987

 * On 6 November 1987, at about 7:30am the IPKF committed a massacre of Tamil civilians in Jaffna to avenge the loss of their comrades. One witness saw both his two daughters being stripped naked below the waist by Hindi speaking soldiers. The girls were both crying and begging for mercy. The soldiers then separated their legs and shot them through their genitals, keeping the rifle barrel between the thighs. The witness closed his eyes and played dead during the shooting. He also heard the two daughters of another man also being shot through the genitals. 10 Tamil civilians were killed in total during this massacre, including infants.
 * On 12 November 1987, at about 8am in Jaffna, three IPKF soldiers gang raped a Tamil mother in her mid 30s in her own home. Her husband was working abroad at the time. They also stole her gold jewellery. The victim reported suffering from nightmares following the attack and was haunted by the soldiers' faces and voices. She could still remember their beady eyes. She visited a psychiatrist who gave her drugs to quieten her down.
 * The IPKF also raped a 13 year old Tamil girl from a middle-class family in a house that had once been a Tiger camp. The family and child fled to Colombo after the rape.
 * On 16 November 1987, two IPKF soldiers raped a young Tamil girl in her home, after separating her from her parents. She bled after the rape and then jumped into the family well in desperation.
 * On 18 November 1987, between 2-3pm, two IPKF soldiers raped a widow (55) and a 22-year-old woman in a poor Catholic area of Jaffna. The younger girl was able to free herself after being raped, and ran down the road screaming. She cried out "they have spoilt me".
 * On 17 December 1987, Sepoy Karnail Singh of 14 Sikh light infantry of the IPKF faced dismissal and one year's imprisonment for raping a Tamil woman from the village of Idaikkurichy. Similar punishment was given to A. Mani, the barber of 93 Field Regiment for raping an unmarried woman near Kodikamam on 24 December 1987.
 * On 19 December 1987, at 11:30am, two Tamil women were raped in Jaffna by the IPKF. The younger woman was aged 25. The two women were taken into two separate rooms and raped. The IPKF soldiers left once the neighbours arrived en masse to the house, alerted by the dogs barking fiercely.
 * On 23 December 1987, an educated 18 year old Tamil virgin from a poor labourer family was gang raped by two IPKF soldiers in succession. The previous day the soldiers had come and stolen chickens from their garden.
 * Nail Banwari Lal and rifleman Gugan Ram of 18 Garhwal Rifles faced dismissal and 6 months' imprisonment each for trying to rape married women at Kaithadi on 25 December 1987.
 * In 1987, when Tamil journalist Mr A.Lokeesan was six years old, he heard a Tamil woman screaming in a paddy field as she was being raped by IPKF soldiers.
 * Karunaharen, a 16-year old Tamil boy was stopped along with his sister by IPKF soldiers. His sister was then taken into a house by the soldiers, where he heard her scream. He ran to the window and witnessed her being raped and then killed by the IPKF soldiers. He ran back to his home in terror. His parents later bought him a ticket to Canada, fearing for this safety. On his way to Canada, he was stopped at Seattle, taken off the plane and put in a detention centre with a criminal gang from Seattle. The gang members then beat and gang raped him. A sympathetic prison guard then handed him over to a Tamil lawyer living in Seattle.

1988

 * On 25 January 1988, the body of a 30 year old Tamil woman was found in a well. She had committed suicide after being raped by IPKF soldiers who had visited her house. The postmortem found clear evidence of rape, with lacerations to her vagina and bruises on the labia.
 * On 29 January 1988, at 12:10pm, a 22 year old Tamil student was raped by 4 IPKF soldiers behind the bushes, after they separated her from her semi-blind father near a temple in Jaffna.
 * Havildar Badan Singh of the IPKF committed sodomy against 4 male activists of the LTTE during their detention at Jaffna fort in January–February 1988.
 * On 1 February 1988, an IPKF soldier of 12 Grenadiers – Khem Raj Meena – faced imprisonment and dismissal from service for attempting to rape another married Tamil woman at Thunnalai south, Point Pedro.
 * On 27 May 1988, two IPKF soldiers, Latur Lal and Babu Lal of 12 Grenadiers, faced a year's imprisonment and dismissal from service for raping a married Tamil woman at Karaveddy during Operation Pawan.
 * On 15 November 1988, 6 members of the IPKF raped 7 Tamil women in Jaffna. The victims of rape were Mrs. Sushila Veerasingam, Miss Manjulu Nadarajah, Miss Mala Asaipillai, Miss Rani Subramaniam, Miss Rajani Subramaniam, Miss Thayalini Sundaram and Miss Syamala Rajaratnam.
 * Amnesty International reported an increasing number of allegations that IPKF personnel had raped Tamil women. Several dozen Tamil women have testified on oath that they were raped by IPKF personnel, for example in Kondavil East in the north and in Sathurkodanan and Morakkadanchenai villages in the east.

War memorial
The Sri Lankan government had mooted the idea of a war memorial to those soldiers of the IPKF who lost their lives during the peacekeeping mission, in the early Nineties during President Premadasa's rule. The memorial was finally constructed in Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte on the outskirts of Colombo in 2008. The names of the 1200 soldiers who died are inscribed on black marble. The first official memorial service was held on 15 August 2010 when the Indian High Commissioner to Sri Lanka, Ashok Kantha, laid a wreath to honour the dead. The absence of a representative of the Sri Lankan government has been criticised by Indian ex-servicemen who had served in the conflict. Later in 2014, India constructed a war memorial at Bhopal to honour the IPKF.

A renovated memorial for IPKF soldiers in Palaly, Jaffna, has been declared open in June 2015. The names of 33 who died in the operations in the Northern Province during 1987–1990 have been inscribed on a wall at the memorial site.

Notes and Further reading

 * Dixit, J. N. (2003) Assignment Colombo. Vijitha Yapa Publications, Colombo, ISBN 955-8095-34-6
 * Adele Balasingham. (2003) The Will to Freedom – An Inside View of Tamil Resistance. Fairmax Publishing Ltd, 2nd ed. ISBN 1-903679-03-6
 * Narayan Swamy, M. R. (2002) Tigers of Lanka: from Boys to Guerrillas. Konark Publishers; 3rd ed. ISBN 81-220-0631-0
 * 18 anniversary of Jaffna hospital massacre Tamilnet.com report
 * Asian Time series on Indian -Pakistan involvement in Sri Lanka by K.T.Rajasingham
 * SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord By K.T.Rajasingham

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Indian Peace Keeping Force


text: User talk:130.254.42.171

title: User talk:130.254.42.171


text:
Talk:Clerical clothing

Untitled
Moved all this from Vestment, where it does not, strictly speaking, belong. See Talk:Vestment for a good explanation why.

I have designated the Podryasnik/Anteri as "Inner Cassock" and the Ryasa/Riassa/Rason as "Outer Cassock". I am aware that there is no absolute consensus on this and that many Orthodox prefer the non-English terms. However, many Orthodox do use the term "cassock", and the Podryasnik and the Anteri are similar in appearance and practically identical in function, both with each other as well as with the western cassock. I see nothing wrong, therefore, with using this terminology, as well as with including Orthodox usage and terminology in the Cassock article. JHCC 14:48, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I don’t think I have ever heard a Catholic - clergy or laity - refer to the garment as a cassock; it is generally called a soutane. Perhaps this should be included somewhere? Jock123 (talk) 20:08, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

or ?
Good to add the various other Christian categories, but should this be an exclusively Christian article? Is there clothing worn exclusively by Clergy of non-Christian religions? JHCC (talk) 01:00, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Merging in Clergy Shirt and Clerical collar
It seems like there's an awful lot of duplication between this article on clerical clothing and the articles on clergy shirt and clerical collar. Couldn't we just have a well structured clerical clothing article, with sections/sub-sections on these items?Emerymat 03:58, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I would actually favor moving the bulk of the "clergy shirt" section of this article to the Clergy shirt article. This article is subdivided by tradition (RC/Orthodox/Protestant/etc), not by types of clothing.  Otherwise, we would have to have subsections for Cassock, Skufia, etc.  JHCC  (talk) 15:47, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * PS. Please sign your posts.  JHCC

 * There is a separate article on cassock. That said, I am all in favor of merging these three articles together. PKM 18:56, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed - merge clergy shirt, clerical collar, cassock, and anything else related to non-liturgical clergy-wear to this section and insert redirects. Since this has been on the table since January, can we go ahead and do this now?  Fishhead64 21:11, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It's really handy to have the links from cossack to clerical clothing to clerical collar. So if you're combining them, make sure they keep all the pictures and some internal links ok?  :-)

70.23.190.47 05:11, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Another related article (if you're merging) is Choir Dress...70.23.190.47 05:16, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Clerical shirt should be merged since it's a non-notable part of the clerical dress but clerical collar I'd argue is significant enough on its own to warrant a separate article. - DNewhall

 * Leave this article separate. A clerical collar is a distinct thing, that many people are curious about... I would not have found this article if it had been merged... 163.1.159.195 18:18, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * If it was a redirect, that wouldn't be a problem. Clerical clothing is clerical clothing - having a different article for each item of everyday clothing only makes sense when there is overlap with secular uses (e.g., gaiters), but items peculiar to clerical wear should be here. Fishhead64 18:26, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

If clerical collar and clerical shirt redirected to clerical clothing, there will be the possibility to organize clerical clothing better, I have noticed that both the articles for clerical collar and clerical clothing are very short on their own. ereiyo 14:31, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

A clarifying edit
Reading this article, I thought it ought to be edited to two sections "Orthodox Christianity" and "Western Christianity". The section entitled "Catholicism" discusses various Western Christian practices and the "Anglicanism" section merely refers back to the previous section.

I would have done the edits, but thought it would mess up the links.

Also, "dickie style" collars are actually called "rabats" (http://www.almy.com/rabats.html)

Rename as Clerical clothing (Christian)
I think this page should be moved to Clerical clothing (Christian) from Clerical clothing. I have created a general article, Religious clothing, to cover the subject overall, and I think the differences between the articles' topics would be made much clearer if this was renamed. I would still suggest keeping Clerical clothing, as a redirect to Clerical clothing (Christian). Many thanks, Drum guy (talk) 21:58, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Not unless there's going to be an article on Muslim clerical clothing. StAnselm (talk) 22:12, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Methodism
There are sections here for Anglicanism and Catholicism, as well as Lutheranism(which has no references) but none for Methodist? Tarheelz123 (talk) 22:03, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Done! Neuralwarp (talk) 16:35, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Discussion: purple for Anglican bishops only
Ooh, I'm sure this isn't right, or two main reasons. First, I seem to remember that C of E bishops can choose from a range of shades of "purple" - I think there's claret, crimson, russet, violet and magenta on the list. Second, the use of purple is related to their role as Lords of the church, and other clergy also fall into that category: mainly clergy appointed by the royal household. So that would include the Chaplain Royal and the choristers of Westminster Abbey, for example. Now if I can only find some references ... Neuralwarp (talk) 16:35, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

No it sounds right to me. I know of no clergy in England and Wales who would wear a purple clerical shirt unless they were a bishop as to do so would be regarded as "trying to look like a bishop" and comments would be made. Your reference to choristers of Westminster abbey is irrelevant as they are mostly lay people. If by "Chaplain Royal" you mean "Dean of the Chapel Royal" then this post is always held by the Bishop of London, therefore always a bishop anyway; if you mean "Honorary Chaplain to the Queen", such clergy often wear a red cassock and can also wear a special badge, but generally dress as other clergy would with regard to shirt colour. Whilst there is no specific rules, I believe the article to be correct. The fact that there are many shades of purple is irrelevant. Apj1974 (talk) 15:13, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Clerical clothing. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080517201531/http://www.covenantseminary.edu/worldwide/en/CH310/CH310_T_32.html to http://www.covenantseminary.edu/worldwide/en/CH310/CH310_T_32.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:09, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Clerical clothing. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080209194721/http://www.saintelias.com:80/ca/servers/clerical.php to http://www.saintelias.com/ca/servers/clerical.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:58, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clerical clothing


text:
Mehoopany

Mehoopany may refer to the following places in Pennsylvania:

 * Mehoopany Creek, a tributary of the North Branch Susquehanna River in Sullivan and Wyoming Counties
 * Mehoopany Township, Wyoming County
 * Mehoopany, Pennsylvania
 * North Mehoopany, Pennsylvania

title: Mehoopany


text:
Hughes & Kettner

Hughes & Kettner is a German manufacturer of instrument amplifiers, cabinets and effects boxes.

History
The company was founded in Neunkirchen in 1984 by two brothers, Hans and Lothar Stamer, and moved to St. Wendel three years later.

It is cited as a "long and good standing reputation as a maker of solidly performing tube amplifiers".

In 1989, Hughes & Kettner offered the first realistic speaker emulation device, the Red Box, providing the sound of a speaker without needing a microphone. In 1997, the company designed the Rotosphere, a tube-powered effects pedal simulating the sound of a rotary cabinet, similar to a Leslie, but in a much smaller form factor. It has been used by guitar players but also by some keyboard players, such as Jon Lord. In 2011, Music Radar named the Rotosphere as one of the best modulation and filter pedals of all time.

The company is actively producing new models, both tube and solid-state amplifiers. In 2020, the company released the 50W Spirit Nano amplifier head, which combines a transistor amplifier with a Red Box Leslie simulator. The era 1 and era 2 are general purpose amplifiers that are suitable for acoustic guitars and microphones.

Notable users
Notable users of Hughes & Kettner products include Rush's Alex Lifeson and Kiss' Tommy Thayer, who have signature amplifiers by the company (The TriAmp MKII Alex Lifeson and the Duotone Tommy Thayer). Marillion's Steve Rothery is a longtime user of the Rotosphere and prefers it to other Leslie simulators.

Other Hughes and Kettner users are Joel Stroetzel who has used the company's Rotosphere, Adam Dutkiewicz, Joe Bonamassa, Peredur ap Gwynedd who uses a GrandMeister 36, Nuno Bettencourt, Tony Macalpine, Michael Wilton and Allan Holdsworth.

Hughes & Kettner made a custom rig of steampunk styled guitar amplifiers for Rush's Time Machine Tour in 2010.

title: Hughes & Kettner


text:
Polaria

Polaria is the world's most northerly aquarium. It is located in Tromsø, in northern Norway.

Rather than a mainly scientific aquarium such as the one in Bergen in the Norwegian midlands, Polaria, which opened in May 1998, is designed to be an educational experience, with particular emphasis on displays for children.

Most of the displays focus on the northerly islands of Svalbard. There is a five-screen panoramic cinema, an "Arctic Walkway" area containing displays of polar exploration equipment, stuffed animals and simulated permafrost, many conventional aquaria displaying local marine life as well as open tanks and display tanks containing rock-shore animals, baby fish and other child-friendly exhibits. Its centerpiece is an open pool containing a group of bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus. These are trained and there are regular displays, as much to keep the animals active and healthy as for public entertainment. The seal enclosure has observation blisters set into its sides, so that visitors can look up at the animals from underneath, and a submerged walkway in a transparent tunnel across the bottom, allowing close access to the animals in their natural environment.

The building itself is also worthy of note. Its striking design represents ice floes that have been pressed up on land by the rough seas of the Arctic or pressure ridges. This attractive piece of modern architecture echoes the Arctic Cathedral across the harbour in Tromsdalen on the mainland.

One of Norway's most famous and successful seal hunting ships, the Polstjerna (T-80-T) has been preserved in a separate museum building less than a hundred metres away from Polaria. Tickets to the ship museum can be bought from Polaria.

title: Polaria


text:
Tommy Aldridge

Tommy Aldridge (born August 15, 1950) is an American heavy metal and hard rock drummer. He is noted for his work with numerous bands and artists since the 1970s, such as Black Oak Arkansas, Pat Travers Band, Ozzy Osbourne, Gary Moore, Whitesnake, Ted Nugent, Thin Lizzy, Vinnie Moore and Yngwie Malmsteen.

Self-taught, Aldridge was initially inspired by the music of Cream, the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix and Led Zeppelin. Drummers like Joe Morello, Ginger Baker, John Bonham and Mitch Mitchell were particularly influential as Aldridge developed his drumming style. Aldridge himself has become very influential and is regarded as a double bass drum pioneer in rock music.

Career
Raised in Jackson, Mississippi, Aldridge taught himself to play drums in the 1960s, building a kit piece by piece with money earned delivering newspapers and other odd jobs. He credits his unique style to learning without the benefit of a mentor or teacher. While his mother was supportive of his desire to play music, his father, apparently, was not. In the early 1970s, Aldridge began playing original music with Alley Keith in the Florida Panhandle. Inspired by drummers such as Louis Bellson and Sam Woodyard, he started using a double-bass drum setup and became an early pioneer of the hard rock double kick drum style of drumming.

After playing for a short time with the southern rock band David and the Giants in 1972, Aldridge auditioned for Black Oak Arkansas and was surprised to get the job. He made his recording debut in 1972 with Black Oak Arkansas' If an Angel Came to See You, Would You Make Her Feel at Home? album. He subsequently recorded several albums with the band between 1972 and 1976 and toured extensively. Aldridge has said that he wasn't particularly fond of Black Oak Arkansas' music and his intention when joining the band was to use the opportunity as a springboard to make a name for himself in the industry, something he says he's not particularly proud of in hindsight. Not happy with the band's heavy use of hashish, Aldridge attempted to leave Black Oak Arkansas. As the band's management wasn't keen on giving him his contractual freedom, Aldridge was forced to sneak away in the middle of the night and subsequently "hide out in Chicago". During that period he played with a local band called "d'Thumbs". One and a half years of lawsuits ensued, after which he was contractually free to record again. Aldridge spent 1978 to 1981 with the Pat Travers Band, recording five albums over that time.

Upon parting ways with Travers in 1981, Aldridge moved to London, England and began working with Gary Moore, recording the Dirty Fingers album. American guitarist Randy Rhoads, who had recently arrived in England to record with Ozzy Osbourne, was a big fan of Moore's guitar playing, and one day he and Bob Daisley arrived to watch Moore's band rehearse. Aldridge and Rhoads became friends immediately. Aldridge had known Osbourne for several years, as Black Oak Arkansas had toured with Osbourne's previous band Black Sabbath extensively in the 1970s, and Aldridge's new friendship with Rhoads would lead him to join Osbourne's band a few months later. Although Aldridge is credited in the liner notes and pictured on the inner sleeve of Osbourne's 1981 album Diary of a Madman, Lee Kerslake actually performed all the drum parts on the original release. Aldridge has stated that working with Rhoads in Osbourne's band was one of the "musical highlights" of his life. Rhoads stated of Aldridge in late 1981 that "he was always my favorite drummer", stating that he was "knocked out" by the drummer after seeing him perform with Black Oak Arkansas on television in the 1970s. Aldridge appeared on Osbourne's Bark at the Moon album in 1983 as well as a pair of live albums (Speak of the Devil and Tribute) before leaving the band in 1984.

Soon after, Aldridge, along with bassist and former Ozzy Osbourne-bandmate Rudy Sarzo, joined forces with guitar/keyboard player Tony MacAlpine and vocalist Rob Rock to form a short-lived project called M.A.R.S. Close friends, Aldridge and Sarzo both joined Whitesnake in 1987 as the band prepared to tour in support of its multi-platinum selling Whitesnake album. Aldridge and Sarzo performed on the band's follow-up album, Slip of the Tongue, released in 1989. Announcing he was going to take a break from the music industry, Whitesnake frontman David Coverdale put the band on indefinite hiatus after the tour, and Aldridge moved on.

Following his stint in Whitesnake, Aldridge played in the band Manic Eden, with his former Whitesnake bandmates Adrian Vandenberg and Sarzo. The line-up also included former Little Caesar vocalist Ron Young.

During the 1990s Aldridge recorded and toured with various acts including Motörhead, House of Lords, Yngwie Malmsteen, John Sykes, and Ted Nugent.

Aldridge has been an in-demand drum clinician since the early 1980s, and much of his work involves drum clinics and festivals each year.

From 2002 Aldridge toured with Whitesnake alongside David Coverdale (vocals), Doug Aldrich (guitar), Reb Beach (guitar), Marco Mendoza/Uriah Duffy (bass) and Timothy Drury (keyboards). Aldridge left Whitesnake in 2007 to pursue alternate musical endeavours.

From 1997 to 2001 and again from 2007 to 2009, Aldridge was touring with the (former Whitesnake and Tygers of Pan Tang guitarist) John Sykes-fronted version of Thin Lizzy alongside Scott Gorham, Darren Wharton and Marco Mendoza.

Thin Lizzy, along with The Answer, were scheduled to support AC/DC at stadium shows in England, Ireland and Scotland at the end of June 2009 but these appearances were canceled after Aldridge broke his collarbone in an accident. On June 30, it was announced that Sykes had left Thin Lizzy and all shows for the rest of 2009 were canceled or postponed. Gorham stated that he would announce the band's future plans shortly. In May 2010, Thin Lizzy did not include Aldridge in the new line-up due to him still recovering from his injury. Original Thin Lizzy drummer Brian Downey returned to the band.

On January 25, 2013, it was announced that Aldridge had rejoined Whitesnake for the third time for the band's upcoming "Year of the Snake" tour. He has since recorded the albums Flesh & Blood and The Purple Album with the group and remains their drummer as of August 2023.

Equipment
Aldridge plays Yamaha drums, a company he has been with since 1982. He has favored the Absolute Maple Nouveau series drums from Yamaha. Yamaha has made an Aldridge Signature Snare drum that is a 7x14 stainless steel model with die cast hoops and black chrome hardware. His kick drum pedals are fitted with Danmar 207A Tommy Aldridge pedal beaters. He uses Remo drum heads and Aldridge Signature Pro-Mark drum sticks.

Aldridge also endorses Paiste cymbals, and has been a Paiste Artist since January 2003. His cymbal selection can vary, but he prefers their 2002, Signature and RUDE cymbals.

Black Oak Arkansas

 * If an Angel Came to See You, Would You Make Her Feel at Home? (1972)
 * Raunch 'N' Roll Live (1973)
 * High on the Hog (1973)
 * Street Party (1974)
 * Ain't Life Grand (1975)
 * X-Rated (1975)
 * Balls of Fire (1976)
 * Live! Mutha (1976, recorded 1975)
 * Ten Year Over Night Success (1976)
 * King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Black Oak Arkansas (1998, recorded 1976)

Pat Travers Band

 * Heat in the Street (1978)
 * Live! Go for What You Know (1979)
 * Crash and Burn (1980)
 * Live in Concert (live 1977 and 1980)
 * Radio Active (1981)

Gary Moore

 * Dirty Fingers (1983)
 * Live at the Marquee (1983)

Ozzy Osbourne

 * Speak of the Devil (1982)
 * Bark at the Moon (1983)
 * Tribute  (1987 but recorded in 1981/1980)
 * Diary of a Madman 2011 'Legacy Edition' Disc 2 (2011 but recorded live in 1981)

Macalpine, Aldridge, Rock, Sarzo (MARS)

 * Project: Driver (1986)

Whitesnake

 * Slip of the Tongue (1989)
 * Live... in the Shadow of the Blues (2006)
 * Still...Good to Be Bad (2008; 2023 reissue) [Bonus tracks only]
 * Live at Donington 1990 (2011)
 * The Purple Album (2015)
 * The Purple Tour (2017)
 * Flesh & Blood (2019)

Manic Eden

 * Manic Eden (1994)

Others

 * Hear 'n Aid - "Stars" (backing vocals only) (1986)
 * Yngwie Malmsteen - Inspiration World Tour (1996) & Dragon Attack: A Tribute to Queen - Keep Yourself Alive
 * Ruby Starr – Scene Stealer
 * Vinnie Moore – Mind's Eye (1986)
 * Motörhead – March ör Die (1992) - all tracks except "Hellraiser" and "I Ain't No Nice Guy"
 * Steve Fister – Age of Great Dreams
 * House of Lords – Demons Down (1992)
 * Pata – Pata (1993)
 * Dragon Attack: A Tribute to Queen (1997)
 * Patrick Rondat – Amphibia (1996) & On the Edge (1999)
 * Thin Lizzy – One Night Only (2000)
 * Ted Nugent – Full Bluntal Nugity (2000)
 * Chris Catena – Freak Out! (2004)
 * John Sykes – 20th Century (1997)
 * John Sykes - Bad Boy Live! (2004)
 * Iconic – Second Skin (2022)

title: Tommy Aldridge


text:
Medicine Bow

Medicine Bow may refer to:

 * Medicine Bow, Wyoming, a town in southeastern Wyoming
 * Medicine Bow Mountains, a mountain range in Colorado and Wyoming
 * Medicine Bow Peak, the highest peak of the Medicine Bow Mountains
 * Medicine Bow National Forest, a U.S. National forest in Wyoming
 * Camp Medicine Bow, Yawgoog Scout Reservation, Rhode Island
 * Medicine Bow, an alias of American musician Kali Malone

title: Medicine Bow


text:
The Green Death

The Green Death is the fifth and final serial of the tenth season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in six weekly parts on BBC1 from 19 May to 23 June 1973. It was the last regular appearance of Katy Manning as companion Jo Grant.

In the serial, the alien time traveller the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) and the organisation UNIT investigate a South Wales mine where waste from an oil plant has killed miners and made maggots grow to giant size.

Plot
The Third Doctor, Jo, and Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart investigate the mysterious death of a miner in the abandoned coal mine in Llanfairfach in South Wales. The miner was found dead and glowing bright green.

Upon arrival, the Brigadier meets with Stevens of the nearby Global Chemicals plant. Meanwhile, Jo goes down the mineshaft with a miner called Bert to help another man, Dai Evans, who has called for help at the bottom of the mine. They find Dai, who is turning bright green and dying. Bert remembers there is an emergency shaft out of the mine, and he and Jo set off. The Doctor goes down after them and finds Dai dead.

Deeper inside the mine, Jo and Bert find a vast lake of bright green slime, filled with huge maggot creatures. The Doctor collects a huge egg to take back for experimentation. At the top of the natural shaft, they find a large pipe, with the insides covered with traces of crude oil waste—meaning that the pipe leads to the Global Chemicals plant. Bert is infected by the slime and dies that night. The egg hatches out into a giant maggot, which escapes from the house into the dark.

The next morning, the Doctor heads to Global Chemicals to find out who is in charge. On the top floor of the complex, he discovers the BOSS, a supercomputer with its own megalomaniacal personality. It runs the company, controls key staff members, including Stevens, and is responsible for the polluting chemical process.

Local environment scientist Prof. Clifford Jones discovers a cure for the "green death" infection in the form of a local fungus, but is infected with the 'green death' before he can share his knowledge. The Doctor discovers the cure in Jones' lab. The Doctor and Benton drive around the slag heaps, scattering the fungus, which proves deadly to the maggots.

The Doctor returns to Global Chemicals to confront the BOSS. The computer plans to link up with others and effect a corporate takeover of the human race. The Doctor breaks Stevens' hypnotic state, and Stevens, infuriated at what the BOSS has done to him, cross-feeds the generator circuits, causing the whole plant to explode, killing Stevens and destroying the insane computer.

Jo and Jones announce they are getting married. The Doctor gives his blessing, but since this means the end of Jo's travels with the Doctor, he quietly slips away while the party is in full swing.

Production
In the footage of the maggots around the quarry site, several of the maggot props were inflated party balloons; (some inflated with air, others with water). The colliery used for filming was Ogilvie Colliery near Deri, Caerphilly, while Global Chemicals was the RCA International factory in Brynmawr. The script required the Doctor to state that the maggots have "thick chitinous skin". Pertwee asked producer Barry Letts how to pronounce the word, and Letts, unaware of the term, told him to pronounce the first syllable "chit", rather than the more correct "kite". Two days after Episode 4 was broadcast, Letts received a letter consisting simply of the words, "The reason I'm writin'/Is how to say kitin [sic]."

The prime minister is addressed as "Jeremy", which was a production joke referring to the then Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe.

In 2004, Barry Letts said he was unhappy with the colour separation overlay effect used for the cavern scenes in this story.

Cast notes
Tony Adams, who played Elgin, was taken ill during the recording of The Green Death, and so Roy Skelton was brought in to play a new character called Mr James, who was given the lines written for Elgin. In Global Conspiracy (see 'Home media'), Adams actually uses his real illness as an explanation for his character's sudden absence towards the end of the story.

The part of Professor Clifford Jones was played by Stewart Bevan. Bevan was at the time engaged to Katy Manning. The fictional couple become engaged at the end of the story, whereas Bevan and Manning separated a year after the show was recorded.

Talfryn Thomas, who plays Dave had previously appeared in Spearhead from Space as Mullins.

John Dearth, who voiced BOSS, would later play Lupton in Planet of the Spiders (1974).

Broadcast and reception
An edited, condensed single omnibus episode of the story was broadcast on BBC1 at 4:00 pm on 27 December 1973, reaching a higher audience than the original episodes, with 10.4 million viewers. A repeat series of all six episodes was shown on BBC2 from 2 January to 6 February 1994, with ratings of 1.3, 1.1, 0.8, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.3 million viewers respectively. BBC Four showed the story in three double-length episodes at 7:10 pm on 3–5 April 2006.

Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping gave the serial a favourable review in The Discontinuity Guide (1995), though they noted that it "patronises the Welsh". In The Television Companion (1998), David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker felt that the story was "nicely set up", although they said that the script resorted to stereotypes with the hippies and the Welshmen. While noting that the story "suffers from an over-reliance on CSO" and that the acting of the Global Chemicals employees failed to impress, they praised the maggots, and Jo's departure. In 2010, Mark Braxton of Radio Times awarded it five stars out of five. He described The Green Death as "entertaining, frightening, poignant and important". He also felt the CSO was "woeful" but the maggots a success, and additionally praised the moral and cultural messages.

In 2012, SFX named Jo's departure as the fourth-greatest companion farewell, noting how it was the first time the Doctor was "truly upset" since leaving Susan. In 2009, they listed the scene where a giant maggot approaches Jo as the eighth-scariest Doctor Who moment. The magazine also listed the scene where the Doctor dresses in drag as one of the silliest moments in Doctor Who history in a 2010 article. In 2013, Ben Lawrence of The Daily Telegraph named The Green Death as one of the top ten Doctor Who stories set in the contemporary time. In the book Doctor Who: The Episode Guide, Mark Campbell awarded it ten out of ten, describing it as "one of the very best UNIT stories, offering terrifying maggots, horrible green slime and some very scary cliffhangers. There is also real character development and an attempt to address adult themes in an adult way." He also thought Jo's departure was "one of the series' saddest moments."

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Malcolm Hulke, was published by Target Books in August 1975. The company Global Chemicals had to be changed to Panorama Chemicals because a real Global Chemicals was found to exist. Hulke tells the story from several points of view including the possessed Stevens, the psychotic Hinks and even a hungry maggot. An unabridged reading by Katy Manning of the novelisation was released on CD in September 2008 by BBC Audiobooks.

Home media
The story was released on VHS in October 1996 as a two-tape set. On the back of the VHS box, BBC Video presented this serial's release as a tribute to Jon Pertwee, who had died a few months earlier in May 1996.

The Green Death was released on DVD in the United Kingdom on 10 May 2004. The Green Death featured in issue 48 of Doctor Who DVD Files, published 3 November 2010. A Special Edition DVD of the serial was released in the UK on 5 August 2013 containing extra bonus features including a new 25-minute documentary on the making of the serial called "The One With the Maggots", as well as The Sarah Jane Adventures serial Death of the Doctor, which reunites the Doctor and Jo.

The DVD release of this story features a fictitious documentary, Global Conspiracy, starring Mark Gatiss as investigative reporter Terry Scanlon, following up the events surrounding the incident at Global Chemicals. Several actors from The Green Death briefly reprise their roles, and it is revealed that Stevens and BOSS survived.

The serial was released on Blu-ray as part of "The Collection - Season 10" boxed set in July 2019 featuring special features from both DVD releases as well as new content created specially for this release.

title: The Green Death


text:
Pavel Rosa

Pavel Rosa (born June 7, 1977) is a Czech former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Los Angeles Kings.

Playing career
Rosa was selected by Kings in the second round (#50 overall) 1995 NHL Entry Draft, As a highly skilled forward, Rosa played in 36 games for the Kings since the 1998–99 season. Rosa most notably burst onto the North American stage in scoring two goals in his first NHL game.

During his junior career, he played with the Hull Olympiques and was one of the offensive leaders of a team that won the Memorial Cup in 1997. As a professional, he has played for the Manchester Monarchs and Fredericton Canadiens of the American Hockey League, Long Beach Ice Dogs of the International Hockey League, HPK and Jokerit of the Finnish Hockey League, HC Dynamo Moscow of the Russian hockey league, the Los Angeles Kings in the National Hockey League, and most recently Timrå IK, Rögle BK of the Swedish Elitserien league.

On July 7, 2014, Rosa signed as a free agent from Pelicans of the Liiga, to join on a one-year contract Czech based club, Orli Znojmo, who compete in the Austrian EBEL.

Awards
2003-04: AHL John B. Sollenberger Trophy

title: Pavel Rosa


text: Talk:Washington State Route 900

title: Talk:Washington State Route 900


text:
The Curse of Frankenstein

The Curse of Frankenstein is a 1957 British horror film by Hammer Film Productions, loosely based on the 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus  by Mary Shelley. It was Hammer's first colour horror film, and the first of their Frankenstein series. Its worldwide success led to several sequels, and it was also followed by new versions of Dracula (1958) and The Mummy (1959), establishing "Hammer Horror" as a distinctive brand of Gothic cinema.

The film was directed by Terence Fisher and stars Peter Cushing as Victor Frankenstein and Christopher Lee as the Creature, with Hazel Court and Robert Urquhart. Professor Patricia MacCormack called it the "first really gory horror film, showing blood and guts in colour".

Plot
In 19th century Switzerland, Baron Victor Frankenstein is awaiting execution for the murder of his maid Justine. He tells the story of his life to a visiting priest.

At age 15, the death of Victor's mother leaves him in sole control of the Frankenstein estate. He agrees to continue to pay a monthly allowance to his impoverished aunt Sophia and his young cousin Elizabeth. Soon afterwards, he engages scientist Paul Krempe to tutor him. After two years of intense study, the two begin collaborating on scientific experiments. One night, after a successful experiment in which they bring a dead puppy back to life, Victor suggests that they create a perfect human being from body parts. Paul assists Victor at first but eventually withdraws, unable to tolerate the continued scavenging of human remains, particularly after Victor's fiancée—his now grown-up cousin Elizabeth—comes to live with them.

Victor assembles his creation, with a robber's corpse found on a gibbet, and both hands and eyes purchased from charnel house workers. For the brain, Victor seeks out the ageing and distinguished Professor Bernstein, so that the creature can have a sharp mind and the accumulation of a lifetime of knowledge. He invites the professor to his house in the guise of a friendly visit but pushes him over a stair banister and kills him, making it look like an accident. After the professor is buried, Victor proceeds to the vault and removes his brain. Paul attempts to stop him, and the brain is damaged in the ensuing scuffle. Paul also tries to persuade Elizabeth to leave the house, as he has before, but doesn't want to tell her in detail about what Victor is doing, and she refuses.

With all of the parts assembled, Victor brings the creature to life. Unfortunately, the creature's damaged brain leaves it violent and psychotic, without the professor's intelligence. Victor locks up the creature, but it escapes and kills an old blind man that it encounters in the woods. After Paul shoots the creature in the eye, he and Victor bury it in the woods. However, after Paul leaves town, Victor digs up the creature and brings it back to life. Justine, with whom Victor has been having an affair, claims that she is pregnant by him and threatens to tell the authorities about his strange experiments if he refuses to marry her. He has her killed by the monster.

Paul returns to the house at Elizabeth's invitation the evening before she and Victor are to be married. Victor shows him the revived creature, and Paul threatens to report him to the authorities. The monster escapes up on to the roof where it threatens Elizabeth. Victor arrives with a gun and accidentally shoots Elizabeth after seeing the monster grabbing her. She falls unconscious, and without any more bullets, Victor throws an oil lamp at it and its clothes go up in flames, causing it to fall through the roof-light and into a vat of acid, destroying all evidence that it existed.

The priest does not believe Victor's story. When Paul visits him, Victor begs Paul to testify that it was the creature who killed Justine, but he refuses and denies all knowledge of the mad experiment. Paul joins Elizabeth, who is waiting outside, and tells her there is nothing they can do for Victor. After they leave, Victor is led away to the guillotine.

Cast

 * Peter Cushing as Baron Victor Frankenstein
 * Melvyn Hayes as Young Victor
 * Robert Urquhart as Paul Krempe
 * Hazel Court as Elizabeth
 * Sally Walsh as Young Elizabeth
 * Christopher Lee as The Creature
 * Valerie Gaunt as Justine
 * Noel Hood as Aunt Sophia
 * Paul Hardtmuth as Professor Bernstein
 * Fred Johnson as Grandpa
 * Alex Gallier as Priest
 * Claude Kingston as Little Boy
 * Michael Mulcaster as Warder
 * Andrew Leigh as Burgomaster
 * Ann Blake as Wife
 * Middleton Woods as Lecturer
 * Raymond Ray as Uncle

Production
Producer Max Rosenberg originally approached Michael Carreras at Hammer Films with a deal to produce Frankenstein and the Monster (Rosenberg claims that he came up with the title) from a script by Milton Subotsky. Later, both men were cut out of their profit participation making only a $5000 fee for bringing the production to Hammer. Rosenberg and Subotsky later established Amicus Films, Hammer's main rival in the production of horror films during the 1960s.

Screenwriter Jimmy Sangster, who adapted Mary Shelley's novel for Hammer, never mentioned seeing Subotsky's script or being aware of Rosenberg's involvement. Sangster had worked as a production manager and said that he was keenly aware of production costs and kept the budget in mind when writing the script. Sangster said that his awareness of cost influenced him to not write scenes involving the villagers storming the castle that was typically seen in the Universal horror films "because we couldn't afford it". Sangster in an interview with film historian Jonathan Rigby indicated that he hadn't seen any of the Frankenstein films that Universal made. He just adapted the book "the way I saw it".

Peter Cushing, who was then best known for his many high-profile roles in British television, had his first lead part in a movie with this film. Meanwhile, Christopher Lee's casting resulted largely from his height (6' 5"), though Hammer had earlier considered the even taller (6 '7") Bernard Bresslaw for the role. Hammer refrained from duplicating aspects of Universal's 1931 film, and so it was down to make-up artist Phil Leakey to design a new look for the creature bearing no resemblance to the Boris Karloff original created by Jack Pierce. Production of The Curse of Frankenstein began, with an investment of £65,000, on 19 November 1956 at Bray Studios with a scene showing Baron Frankenstein cutting down a highwayman from a wayside gibbet. The film opened at the London Pavilion on 2 May 1957 with an X certificate from the censors.

Character actor Patrick Troughton originally had a brief role as a mortuary attendant, but his scenes were cut from the finished movie.

Release
The Curse of Frankenstein premiered in London on 2 May 1957 at Warner Theatre in Leicester Square. It received a general release in the United Kingdom on 20 May 1957 where it was distributed by Warner Brothers and supported by the film Woman of Rome. The film was reissued in the United Kingdom in the late 1960s where it was distributed by Rank/Universal International where it was a double feature with The Mummy. In the US the film was released by Warner Bros on 20 July 1957 with X the Unknown as supporting feature. It was reissued in the United States on 16 December 1964, when it was released with Dracula (1958).

The film was re-mastered in the open matte aspect ratio of 1.37:1 for its 2013 release on Blu-ray. The restored film includes the magnified eyeball shot, missing from the U.S. print, but not the head in the acid bath scene, which remains lost.

The film received a restored release from Warner Archive on December 15, 2020, in a deluxe edition that included the three different aspect ratios it was exhibited in as well as special features including a commentary by Steve Haberman and Constantine Nasr. It also included the following special features: The Resurrection Men: Hammer, Frankenstein and the Rebirth of the Horror Film; Hideous Progeny: The Curse of Frankenstein and the English Gothic Tradition Torrents of Light: The Art of Jack Asher Diabolus in Musica: James Bernard and the Sound of Hammer Horror Original Theatrical Trailer (HD)

Box office
The film was a tremendous financial success and reportedly grossed more than 70 times its production cost during its original theatrical run.

In the UK, the film earned theatrical rentals of $1.9 million. According to Kinematograph Weekly the film was "in the money" at the British box office in 1957. According to another account the film made £300,000 in Britain and £500,000 in Japan.

In the US the outstanding box office success was a surprise. In its first week at the Paramount Theatre on Broadway Variety reported Curse earned $72,000 and noted, "it gave the Par flagship its biggest opening week on straight-film policy in the last two years". Variety continued to be impressed with its box office numbers as it opened across the US. "Curse" Terrific $30,900" in its first week in Los Angeles with supporting feature X the Unknown. In an era when horror films typically played for one week, Curse was often held over for two and sometimes three weeks in major markets like Boston.

Reception
When it was first released in the United Kingdom, The Curse of Frankenstein outraged many reviewers. Dilys Powell of The Sunday Times wrote that such productions left her unable to "defend the cinema against the charge that it debases", while the Tribune opined that the film was "Depressing and degrading for anyone who loves the cinema".

Monthly Film Bulletin declared that the Frankenstein story was "sacrificed by an ill-made script, poor direction and performance, and above all, a preoccupation with disgusting-not horrific-charnelry" The review did praise some elements of the film, noting "excellent art direction and colour" and the film score.

In the United States reaction was more positive, and reviewers were not repulsed by the film the way critics were in the UK. Film Bulletin deemed the film a "rattling good horror show... the Frankenstein monster has been ghoulishly and somewhat gleefully resurrected by our English cousins." Harrison's Reports called it "well produced but extremely gruesome", adding, "The photography is very fine, and so is the acting." Bosley Crowther in The New York Times dismissed it as a "routine horror picture" and oddly enough opined that "everything that happens, has happened the same way in previous films." Variety noted, "Peter Cushing gets every inch of drama from the leading role, making almost believable the ambitious urge and diabolical accomplishment. Direction and camera work are of a high order."

Later directors such as Martin Scorsese and Tim Burton have paid tribute to it as an influence on their work. Contemporary reviews have been much more positive, praising the film for its dark atmosphere, Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 81%, based on 21 reviews, with a rating average of 7.2/10.

Sequels
Unlike the Universal Frankenstein series of the 1930s and 1940s, in which the character of the Monster was the recurring figure while the doctors frequently changed, it is Baron Frankenstein that is the connective character throughout the Hammer series, while the monsters change. Peter Cushing played the Baron in each film except for The Horror of Frankenstein, which was a remake of the original The Curse of Frankenstein done with a more comedic touch, and featuring a young cast headed by Ralph Bates and Veronica Carlson.

 * The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958)
 * The Evil of Frankenstein (1964)
 * Frankenstein Created Woman (1967)
 * Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969)
 * The Horror of Frankenstein (1970, without Peter Cushing)
 * Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell (1974)

In other media
A novelization of the film was written by John Burke as part of his book The Hammer Horror Film Omnibus (1966).

The film was adapted as fumetti by Warren Publishing in 1966 (along with Horror of Dracula).

It was also adapted into a 20-page comic strip published in two parts in the magazine The House of Hammer (vol. 1) #2-3 (December 1976-January 1977), published by General Book Distribution. It was drawn by Alberto Cuyas from a script by Donne Avenell (based on the John Burke novelization). The cover of issue #2 featured a painting by Brian Lewis of the Baron being attacked by his creation.

title: The Curse of Frankenstein


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/LinuxQuestions.org

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:54, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

LinuxQuestions.org
Advertising for a website - if people want to know about linuxquestions.org they can visit the website itself! --Danrees 14:54, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Good stub. If they really do have 150,000 members, that's encyclopedic. Andrewa 16:41, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable community. —Markaci 2005-04-23 T 16:42 Z
 * Comment: Please don't assume all WP users have easy internet access. Kappa 17:12, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Huh? Who assumed that? Mgm|(talk) 21:44, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe he is making reference to Danrees, who said people should check the original site. Keep, BTW. --Sn0wflake 21:57, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, Danrees above, and Master Thief Garret below. Kappa 13:40, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Over a million Google hits.  RickK 22:47, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Expand I guess. Actually has 1.7 mil Google hits! But needs to be rewritten so as to not sound like an ad but rather an article. But since they already have their own wiki, do they need to be here also? I really don't know... Master Thief Garrett 02:43, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC). Go on with this, it is a very good forum (redhatrosh)

 * Keep and expand. Notable. Megan1967 04:23, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep major part of the Linux community. N-Mantalk 20:29, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep if it really gets almost 2 million google hits - why not Yuckfoo 00:58, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep An important Linux community site. I agree with a rewrite to make the article less ad-like. --Btmiller 17:31, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep A great resource for linux enthusiasts --Masand 19:37, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Although a member of this great website, I'm afraid LQ.org is not encyclopaedic content. What about other websites? Should Wikipedia serve as an advertising board for websites like this? Sorry. Please delete. --Bigbossman 01:55, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
USS Evans (DD-552)

USS Evans (DD-552), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans (1846–1912).

Construction and commissioning
Evans was launched on 4 October 1942 by the Gulf Shipbuilding Company at Chickasaw, Alabama sponsored by Mrs. C. E. Isherwood, and commissioned on 11 December 1943.

Marianas
Evans reached Majuro on 29 March 1944 from Pearl Harbor and the East Coast, and after escorting USS Cimarron (AO-22) to a midocean fueling rendezvous, conducted independent antisubmarine patrols around Japanese-held atolls in the Marshall Islands until 13 May. After training in the Hawaiian Islands, she departed Pearl Harbor on 3 June to screen the fueling and aircraft replacement group supporting both the fast carrier task force and the carrier escort force during the assault and capture of Saipan which began on 15 June. She continued to screen this fueling group through the summer as the Marianas were won, returning to Eniwetok to replenish from time to time.

Palau and Ulithi
On 26 August 1944, Evans sailed from Eniwetok to screen the fueling and aircraft replacement group for the assault and occupation of the Palau Islands, and arriving at Ulithi on 30 October, served on patrol and escort duty there through 11 January 1945. After a special assignment to hunt submarines near Yap and to bombard that island, from 11 to 13 January, Evans sailed to Saipan, from which she screened transports to the landings on Iwo Jima on 19 February. She conducted shore bombardment and supported the troops ashore with harassing fire on Japanese positions, then screened escort carriers until 8 March, when she sailed to Ulithi.

Okinawa
Evans cleared Ulithi on 21 March 1945 to screen escort carriers in pre-invasion air strikes on Okinawa and served with them through the 1 April assault on the island, and until 2 May, when she put into Kerama Retto. Eight days later, she got underway with USS Hugh W. Hadley (DD-774) for a radar picket station northwest of Okinawa. During the first night on station, 10–11 May, enemy planes were constantly in evidence; more than a hundred attacked the two destroyers and the two LCSs with them. Evans fought determinedly against this overwhelming assault, shooting down many of them, but in quick succession, four kamikazes struck her. After engineering spaces flooded, and she lost power, Evans' crew strove to save her, using portable fire extinguishers and bucket brigades. They succeeded, though 32 were killed and 27 wounded, and the ship was towed into Kerama Retto on 14 May for repairs. She was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for high gallantry and achievement.

Decommissioned and scrapped
After emergency repairs at Kerama Retto, Evans was towed to San Francisco, where she was decommissioned on 7 November, and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 November 1945. She was sold for scrap on 11 February 1947.

Honors
In addition to the Presidential Unit Citation, Evans received five battle stars for her World War II service.

 * United States Navy Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg Presidential Unit Citation

title: USS Evans (DD-552)


text:
Steven Wells

Steven Wells (10 May 1960 – 24 June 2009) was a British journalist, author, comedian and punk poet born in Swindon, Wiltshire. He was best known for ranting poetry and his provocative, unapologetic music journalism. In June 2006, he wrote in the Philadelphia Weekly about his treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma. After being in remission for a short time, he was diagnosed with enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in January 2009 and died on 24 June 2009 in Philadelphia.

Career
Wells was born in Swindon but moved to Bradford when young. The son of a company director, he attended Hanson comprehensive school in Bradford, but left with minimal qualifications in 1977 and later worked in a factory and as a bus conductor. It was at this time that he became involved with punk rock, including the radical socialist Leeds art-punk band The Mekons.

In 1981, whilst living in Leeds, he began performing as a ranting poet and comedian under the names Seething Wells, Swells and Susan Williams. He was a support act to various northern English punk bands, such as The Fall, Delta 5, The Mekons and Gang of Four, along with fellow ranting poets Attila The Stockbroker, Swift Nick, Little Brother, Mark Miwurdz, and Porky The Poet.

After moving to London, he began to write for NME, initially under the name Susan Williams. He championed socialist soul/punk band The Redskins; American hardcore punk bands such as Black Flag and the Butthole Surfers; British bands that merged thrash, hardcore and heavy metal, such as Extreme Noise Terror, Napalm Death; and certain pop artists, such as Daphne and Celeste. However, Wells was also critical of some artists and individuals such as Richard Branson, and when covering his appearance in issue #160 of the British Transformers comic, mockingly called Branson "the world's richest bearded git" and Transformers a "crap comic". In the 1990s, he diversified, occasionally writing comedy (for shows such as On the Hour and The Day Today) and other non-music related journalism.

In 1992, he and Nick Small formed GobTV, a music video directing partnership. GobTV videos were characterised by extreme visuals, rapid edits, a political agenda and humour. GobTV made promos for The Wildhearts, Manic Street Preachers, and Skunk Anansie amongst others, and were the top UK directors in 1994 and 1995. The partnership ended in 1996. In 1999 he started the Attack! Books publishing house and his debut novel was Tits Out Teenage Terror Totty. His illustrated history Punk: The Stories Behind the Songs was published in 2004. In 2009 he contributed a story to the Love Hotel City anthology.

Wells became a sports columnist for The Guardian, FourFourTwo, 90 Minutes, The Quietus music website and the Philadelphia Weekly, and was in the process of writing several books.

Tributes
There were many tributes to Wells after his death. Musician Billy Bragg wrote: "The antithesis of the bonehead racist, he was in fact an articulate left-winger and unlike the bully boy who only picks on those weaker than him, Swells chose to target the powerful, the popular, the hip and the cool."

Music journalist Everett True described Wells as "a tastemaker. He informed people's opinions, challenged them, led them, changed them…most of this by default, by sheer force of his personality and peerless ability to entertain.".

Boff Whalley, of anarcho-punk band Chumbawamba wrote: "Seething (Steven) Wells died two days ago. Then tonight, starting to write this, I find out that Michael Jackson has died. One of these two men owned a ranch called Neverland and had three children called Michael Joseph Jackson Jr, Paris Michael Katherine Jackson and Prince Michael Jackson II. The other one was the King of Pop."

Gareth Campesinos!, singer for the indie rock band Los Campesinos!, wrote on his band's website that

"...[T]here have been a few things that have stood out above others in Los Campesinos!' short history that have made me think 'shit, we're really doing this', and one of them was the first time I read Steven Wells ranting against us. That we were on his radar, and that he deemed us worthy of his bile was an honour [...] In October last year, Swells wrote: 'I have seen the future. It's Garry Bushell being kicked senseless by Gareth from Los Campesinos! forever. So it's not all bad.' I promise, if I ever get the chance, for the only good thing I can think of to ever come from Swindon, I will do that."

Welsh rapper Akira The Don devoted an entire mixtape to Wells shortly after his death, with the song "He Was The Greatest" entirely about Steven Wells in particular. The Wildhearts' 2009 album Chutzpah! is dedicated to Wells.

title: Steven Wells


text:
User:Scd

My name is Stewart C Duncan. I live in Aberdeen, Scotland. I would like to help expand the articles on Scottsh Roads. my email is asklips@hotmail.co.uk. Email me please!!!

title: User:Scd


text:
Ephraim Anderson

Ephraim Saul "Andy" Anderson, CBE, FRS (28 October 1911 – 14 March 2006) was a British bacteriologist, best known for his work highlighting the human health dangers of drug-resistant bacteria created by antibiotics, in particular by low-dose antibiotic use in animal feeding.

Biography
Anderson was born of Estonian-Jewish immigrants in a working-class area of Newcastle upon Tyne, and educated at Rutherford College before winning a scholarship to attend Durham University's Medical School. He served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during the Second World War. Anderson won worldwide recognition for his work on the plasmids that render the bacteria responsible for typhoid fever and bacterial food poisoning insensitive to antibiotics. Anderson was director of the Enteric Reference Laboratory of the Public Health Laboratory Service, between 1954 and 1978. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1968 and appointed a CBE in 1976. He died in London at the age of 94.

title: Ephraim Anderson


text:
User talk:Agesipolis III

This was a public account and abusive sockpuppet of User:Iasson.

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 14:57, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Agesipolis III


text: User:Liimes

title: User:Liimes


text:
Seething Wells

Seething Wells is a neighbourhood in southwest London on the border between Surbiton in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames in Greater London, and Elmbridge in Surrey. The area was historically a waterworks that supplied London with water from the River Thames. Nowadays it is mainly a residential area, with the notable exception of decommissioned filter beds — the Seething Wells Filter Beds — in the northwest part of the area that borders the Thames.

Etymology
The name is a gradual corruption of the original Siden Wells which appears on maps from the 18th century, recorded as the medicinal spring at Soothing Wells in a time-of-construction guide to the South Western railway and its neighbouring countryside. It denoted springs — reportedly warm springs of potable water.

Geography
Seething Wells is considered to roughly consist of any land previously used as a waterworks on the southeast bank of the Thames facing Hampton Court Park. This land lies primarily in Surbiton in Greater London, although a small part of this land extends into Elmbridge in Surrey.

The Seething Wells area is now primarily residential, bordering Long Ditton Recreation Ground on the west side, and the Victoria Recreation Ground to the south. As well as many houses, the residential area contains a hall of residence for Kingston University, and an old waterworks building that has been converted inside into a gym. On the east side is a clock tower in a small area called Electric Parade. A small plot of land inside the residential area is still used for pumping water, operated by Thames Water.

Towards the west end of the Seething Wells riverbank there is a marina. Midway along the riverbank there are 7, approximately 8 metre deep, decommissioned filter beds known as the Seething Wells Filter Beds (or less commonly, the Surbiton Filter Beds). At the southwest end of the filter bed site is a former coal wharf, with a former pump house building on top; near the site's centre there are a few pumps and pipes which are still in use. At the northeast section of the riverbank there is another marina, with Ravens Ait around 20 metres further northeast in the river.

The decommissioned filter beds are within the 0.23 km2 Riverside South Conservation Area which was identified in 2003.

History
There is no evidence of any substantial early settlement of the area, although a few Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Roman artifacts were discovered during the waterworks' construction. From medieval times to the early 1800s the area is thought to have been home to several springs and wells (giving rise to the name "Seething Wells") that were purported to have healing properties. In 1808 the area was enclosed for the first time, by the Baron King, and by this point had become occupied by around 200 people.

The Metropolis Water Act 1852 prohibited the extraction of water for household purposes from the tidal Thames. The Lambeth Waterworks Company anticipated this by choosing to build their works at Seething Wells in 1847, which were purchased around 1849, and completed and opened in 1852. Another company - the Chelsea Waterworks Company - joined the Lambeth Waterworks Company here, they started construction in 1854 and opened in 1856. The Lambeth Waterworks played a part in John Snow's investigations into cholera; he showed that homes supplied from further downriver by the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company had a cholera mortality rate 14 times that of homes supplied by Seething Wells, which was upriver and hence had cleaner water.

Despite carrying less disease, the inlets at Seething Wells sucked up too much mud with the water because of turbulence caused by the twin-mouthed River Mole, The Rythe, and the sharp bend in the Thames. The Lambeth Waterworks Company thus built a replacement intake at Molesey, and the Chelsea Waterworks Company followed them there three years later, after attempting to build works opposite Hampton Court. This left the two companies with just water treatment works at Seething Wells, which existed side by side until they were incorporated into the Metropolitan Water Board in 1903, which was in turn incorporated into the Thames Water Authority in 1973. The water treatment works was privatized as part of Thames Water in 1989, and it was mostly decommissioned by Thames Water in 1992 — a pumping station on Sehing Wells Lane now supplies the area with water from the Thames Water Ring Main.

In the early 21st century, most of the old waterworks were turned into a residential area, with the notable exception of 7 decommissioned filter beds — the Seething Wells Filter Beds. Several of the old waterworks buildings were converted inside, instead of being knocked down.

The Electric Parade area and the 130 year old Victoria Recreation Park at the edge of Seething Wells were not located inside the actual waterworks. Electric Parade originated as a row of shops along the pavement (Parade) of a road that used to be called Electric Parade; they were built around 1904-05 when electricity (Electric) first arrived in Surbiton, and were among the first in the area to use this new technology. The original shops all closed and were replaced with new ones within 15–20 years. Later on, the road was renamed to Brighton Road A243, and Electric Parade now refers to the narrow road and area facing the backs of these shops. The clock tower at the northwest end of the road used to have a globe on top, but it was damaged by a V-1 in WWII and replaced with a bell.

Transport
Seething Wells is served on behalf of Transport for London, via the Electric Parade and Victoria Recreation Ground stops on the K3 bus route, run by London United Busways. There are also the Seething Wells Kingston University Campus, St Leonard's Road, and Cleaveland Road bus stops, run by several other private companies.

The area is also around half a mile from Surbiton railway station.

Additionally, there are passenger ferries just north of the river facing side of Seething Wells.

title: Seething Wells