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Talk:Southern flying squirrel

Untitled
There seems to be some disagreement over whether the information on keeping as pets is worthy of inclusion. It is certainly accurate, and a review of other articles on domesticated animals (such as the chinchilla) suggests to me that it is also appropriate. ---- Michael Hays 21:55, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

For the record, as a random, web-surfing person who is not a common Wiki contributor, I find the statement regarding the keeping of the squirrels as pets to be biased. It explicitly implies a specific viewpoint (that the keeping of native wildlife -- even CAPTIVE BRED native wildlife -- is a bad thing), and I thought that this was not what Wiki was all about. This IS an opinion, not a fact, regardless of what "experts" supposedly state. (For the record, I am a veterinary student and I do keep some native species as pets and believe that it is entirely possible to do so responsibly, if only people are willing to take the time to learn to do so.)

How about just saying something like, "Southern Flying Squirrels are commonly kept as pets; however, many jurisdictions regulate the keeping of native wildlife, and the practice is controversial."?

All "domesticated" animals began as non-domesticated animals. Chinchillas were domesticated only within this century.

71.174.13.243 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 15:05, 21 September 2008 (UTC).

Chinchilla's are NOT NATIVE TO NORTH AMERICA. BIG DISTINCTION HERE. COMPARING APPLES TO ORANGES IS NOT GOOD SCIENCE. The keeping of native wildlife is frowned upon by the huge majority of scientists. Not to mention many, many jurisdictions in NA have made it illegal except via special permit. And the flying squirrel is NOT A DOMESTICATED ANIMAL. I apologize for the all-caps text, but you sure know how to frustrate a person with your inability to grasp the difference between a domesticated and wild animal, and native versus non-native wildlife.

Information on the keeping of wild animals as pets has no place on Wiki, IMHO.

Accurate, you say?

And I quote Mr. Hays - "and a poor diet can lead to rickets and death in a matter of hours".

This is one of the most ludicrous misinformations I have ever seen on Wiki.

It seems that you want to impose a PoV on Wiki that wild animals should not be kept as pets. That would seem to violate the whole idea non-PoV, unless you can provide data to support this sweeping generalization. 65.79.173.135 (talk) 20:51, 2 October 2008 (UTC)Will in New Haven65.79.173.135 (talk) 20:51, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Link Inconsistency
To expand on the comment below, Wikipedia does not prohibit external links to pages that contain advertising; its guidelines merely suggest that links "normally to be avoided" include those with "objectionable amounts of advertising." Therefore, the user quoted below has no right to dictate that advertising be expunged from an external page for it to be valid. Because the page in question presents an interesting illustrated article on Southern flying squirrels, links to another good illustrated flying squirrel article at the same site, and has minimal advertising--fewer ads, in fact, than the existing "Isidore of Seville" link--it should be restored.--75.19.99.51 17:22, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

On 21 January 2007, a user deleted a new external link, justifying his or her action as follows: "Removed commercial link. Delete the ads on the offending page and resubmit. Wiki is not here to help people make money." A check of the other external links with this article revealed one with 14 ads. I suggest that someone delete that site, too, or else restore the deleted link. You can't have it both ways. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.177.252.45 (talk) 00:33, 22 January 2007 (UTC).

Faunistic

 * What exactly makes that statement a "ludicrous misinformation"? Flying squirrels are prone to calcium defiency, which can lead to osteomalacia, otherwise known as "rickets," which can be prevented with a properly supplemented diet. A squirrel can die within hours of exhibiting symptoms. I've seen it happen, and I daresay I've had more firsthand experience with these creatures than you. As for whether or not information on how to keep animals has a place on Wiki, I personally believe the information to be relevant, judging by other articles. However, I leave it to the Wikipedia community at large to decide, and if that is not the general consensus, I am more than happy to remove this section. Having said that, I appreciate your taking the time to respond to my concerns. ---- Michael Hays 02:10, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Leave my deletions alone. I uploaded the info that I deleted recently, and you undid it. Leave the information that I contributed and then deleted alone. You are not a Wiki-god. And comparing chinchillas to flying squirrels - that"s a good one! I am blinded by your "science"!

As for your misinformation, you had best re-word your "will die in hours" statement by stating "will die within hours of exhibition of symptoms", as MBD (short for metabolic bone disease) is a CHRONIC disease. You, in your wisdom, make it sound like an ACUTE disease. It is also a condition that is found, for the most part, in captive flyers, NOT wild flyers. Why? Because these are wild animals with unique dietary and exercise requirements. Captive flyers are usually owned by people who should not own them. Hence, they develop MBD and die. MBD is not a concern in wild flyers. So keep promoting "flying squirrels as pets" and more will die senseless deaths.

The process Wiki people want me to go through to have your information modified so that it is correct is too convoluted to bother with. I don't have the time, and now, the inclination. You can now knock your brains out adding any info that suits your fancy - without interjection or comment by yours truly.

Goodbye!

Faunistic

 * First of all, if you had bothered to consult the history of the page, you would see that I am not the one who restored the info that you deleted. Although I do happen to agree with the person who restored it, since it was accurate. But whatever. Your ad hominem attacks are simply pathetic. I did not compare flying squirrels and chinchillas, I compared the articles. My "science" certainly is blinding. And shouldn't a disease that is found in captive flyers be relevant to a section on keeping flyers as pets? Call me crazy. I don't know where you get your idea that flying squirrels are owned by careless individuals, but I won't bother to argue it, because it's totally irrelevant. I guess I'll admit to wording one piece of information in a misleading way. So you have mentioned one problem that arises from misinterpretation, and you could have fixed that yourself with a small edit in the first place (instead, you chose to delete the whole section). Please, enlighten me as to the many other inaccuracies contained in the article, and I will be happy to discuss them – that is, if you can put on some big boy pants and handle things in a forthright manner. Now kindly quit blaming me for all your woes. —Michael Hays 23:55, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

From the desk of Michael Hays:

"Please, enlighten me as to the many other inaccuracies contained in the article".

Very well Mr. Hays. I obtained the Sheldon et al paper you seem to have fixated upon. After reading and absorbing this rather sparse missive, I found that NOWHERE is it mentioned that "flyers die within hours of symptom onset" or any reference at all to how long it took for symptoms to appear (from calcium-restricted diet). The worst so-called "experts" are the ones who blather about things they do not know. Next time you post a reference to a paper (or peer-reviewed note) that purports to subtantiate your fantasies, do us all a favor and read the damn thing first!

Faunistic

 * Look, friend, you seem to be taking this whole thing a little personally. I merely meant to cite the fact that osteomalacia is observed in captive flying squirrels, not how long it takes symptons to appear who how quickly they die. I think we can both agree at least that osteomalacia can be a problem in flyers. You have done nothing but nitpick on one sentence in this article so far, apart from calling the whole thing "silly" and "extraneous". A little civilized discourse could go a long way. I will say it again: please bring to light the inaccuracies present. What deeper issue do you take with this? Also, do not remove the link to FlyingSquirrels.com again, as it is a releveant link and removing it constitutes vandalism. —dustmite 21:08, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

BlueDustMite:

IF you had bothered to read the paper YOU CITED as PROOF that flying squirrels DIE WITHIN HOURS due to MBD, you would not have, assuming you are somewhat intelligent, taken the time to post on Wiki the erroneous information NOR post the reference to the aforementioned paper as your PROOF. The paper's summary states "Osteomalacia was accidentally produced in a group of flying squirrels by feeding sunflower seeds and peanuts." The colony of captive flyers was fed this diet for six months. You ASSUME that MBD is regularly found in captive flying squirrel populations. This is indeed, fortunately, not the case. Pretty much EVERY person who keeps flyers as a "pet" does better than that. But of course, you wouldn't know what the paper actually dealt with, would you? No, you just look at a paper's title and ASSUME. I doubt you have even read one flying squirrel-related peer reviewed paper in your life, yet you seem to think you are some sort of flying squirrel expert. This is the main problem with Wiki - people who have absolutely no science background have no business writing science-based digests. These people do more damage than good. If you want to push the "keeping flying squirrels as pets" agenda, do it on one of those pet flying squirrel bulletin boards. I have yet to meet or communicate with a mammalogist who advocates or condones the keeping of wildlife as "pets". Educational use, zoos, research use is OK, with caveats. Pets? No way. In fact, many (enlightened, I might add) US jurisdictions forbid the keeping of native wildlife as pets. Many US jurisdictions that currently allow the keeping of native wildlife as pets are considering adjusting their laws to prohibit same. Just so you know.

 * Do you in fact read my entire posts? I specifically said that I was citing the fact that osteomalacia occurs, not the time frame in which death can occur. That makes the paper relevant (yes, I have read it) and yes, osteomalacia is a very real threat to captive squirrels who do not have their diet supplemented correctly. Are you arguing that? The fact that it occurs is exactly why this kind of information is necessary. I won't bother to argue with you whether or not its "moral" to keep flyers as pets; that's beside the point. But as long as they are, this information serves a purpose. As for your contention that I have no background in science? Well, for someone who bemoans the evils of making assumptions, you've made a pretty big one (and incorrect, at that). —dustmite 22:12, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

No more link inconsistency
As per your own direction, two offending links that contained commercial, for-profit advertising have been removed. Please respect the Wiki community. If you don't like this policy, and If the link is to a relevant and informative site that should otherwise be included, please consider mentioning it on the talk page and let neutral and independent Wikipedia editors decide whether to add it.

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.95.123.158 (talk) 16:43, 14 February 2007 (UTC).

commonly not seen?
I've never seen these in the wild, despite seeing normal squirrels all the time. However, my cat killed and brought one home. Is this likely? I looked at it and all I could figure out was it was a dead flying squirrel. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.246.157.23 (talk) 06:47, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Flying squirrels are mostly nocturnal, which likely explains why you've never seen them. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 23:56, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Flying squirrels -- the unknown days
"Parents leave their young 65 days after they are born. The young then become fully independent at around 120 days of age."

So what goes on in the interim? WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 23:56, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Southern flying squirrel. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160106021252/http://www.conservationevidence.com/ViewEntry.asp?ID=578 to http://www.conservationevidence.com/ViewEntry.asp?ID=578

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title: Talk:Southern flying squirrel


text:
Zoe Saldaña

Zoë Yadira Saldaña-Perego (, ; ; born June 19, 1978) is an American actress. Known primarily for her work in science fiction film franchises, she has starred in four of the highest-grossing films of all time (Avatar, Avatar: The Way of Water, Avengers: Infinity War, and Avengers: Endgame). Films she has appeared in have grossed more than US$15 billion worldwide and, as of 2024, she is the second highest-grossing film actress. Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2023.

A trained dancer, Saldaña began her acting career in two 1999 episodes of Law & Order. Her first film role was in Center Stage (2000) in which she played a ballet dancer. She received early recognition for her work opposite Britney Spears in the road film Crossroads (2002). Beginning in 2009, Saldaña achieved a career breakthrough with her roles as Nyota Uhura in the Star Trek film series and Neytiri in James Cameron's Avatar film series. She portrayed Gamora in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, from Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) to Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023).

In addition to franchise work, Saldaña has starred in the science fiction film The Adam Project and the romantic drama miniseries From Scratch, both for Netflix in 2022. In 2023, she began playing the lead role of a CIA officer in the Paramount+ spy series Special Ops: Lioness. Saldana jointly won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress with her co-stars of the musical crime film Emilia Pérez (2024).

Early life
Zoë Yadira Saldaña Nazario was born on June 19, 1978, in Passaic, New Jersey. Her parents are Aridio Saldaña, who is Dominican, and Asalia Nazario, from Puerto Rican ancestry. As a child, Nazario was living with her mother in the Dominican Republic, but they immigrated to New York to escape political unrest. In an interview with Wired, Saldaña has said that she is Dominican and Puerto Rican.

She and her two sisters, Cisely and Mariel, were raised bilingual in English and Spanish; the latter was their first language at home. The majority of her early childhood was spent in Jackson Heights, Queens in New York City.

Their father died in a vehicle crash when Saldaña was nine. Her mother sent the three sisters to the Dominican Republic to be raised by their late father's family. She stayed in New York to work in order to afford private school for the girls. The widowed mother Asalia married Dagoberto Galán, who became the stepfather of the girls. They consider him fully their father.

With regard to her racial identity, Saldaña has said, "There's no one way to be Black. I'm Black the way I know how to be."

Saldaña discovered her love of dance while living in the Dominican Republic. She was enrolled in the ECOS Espacio de Danza Academy studying forms of dance, but describes ballet as her passion. She told Vanity Fair that she quit ballet because she did not "have the feet", and had too much pride and ambition to just be in the corps de ballet.

The family returned to New York City after her sophomore year; she completed her early education at Newtown High School in Queens.

In 1995, Saldaña performed with the Faces theater group in Brooklyn. She appeared in plays that encouraged teens by exploring such issues as substance abuse and adolescent sex. During these years, she performed with the New York Youth Theater; her appearance in their production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat led a talent agency to recruit her. Her dance training and her acting experience helped her land her first film role, playing ballet student Eva Rodriguez in Center Stage (2000).

Beginnings
Saldaña was a member of Faces after her exposure in an episode of Law & Order (titled "Refuge, Part 2") in 1999. Saldaña's first film role was in Center Stage (2000), directed by Nicholas Hytner, about dancers at the fictitious American Ballet Academy in New York city. She appeared in the Britney Spears vehicle Crossroads (2002). The film earned negative reviews from critics, but was a box-office success. Saldaña starred in the comedy-drama Drumline (2002), alongside Nick Cannon, earning mixed reviews.

In Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), she played Anamaria, a pirate joining Will Turner and Mr. Gibbs for a chance to confront Jack Sparrow for stealing her ship. She appeared in The Terminal as Dolores Torres, an immigration officer and Star Trek fan, a role helping Saldaña during her portrayal in the Star Trek reboot (2009). In 2004, she had roles in Haven and Temptation; both earned little-to-no box-office success.

In 2005, Saldaña appeared in Constellation, Guess Who with Ashton Kutcher, and Dirty Deeds. She starred in the romantic comedy-dramas Premium (2006) and After Sex (2007). Saldaña starred in Blackout, a television film set in New York city during the Northeast Blackout of 2003. The film premiered at the 2007 Zurich Film Festival, and debuted on BET in 2008. Saldaña had a supporting role as Angie Jones in the action thriller Vantage Point (2008).

Breakthrough with franchise roles
Saldaña appeared in two roles in 2009, raising her profile considerably. She played Nyota Uhura in Star Trek. The film's director J. J. Abrams asked Saldaña to play the role because he enjoyed her work. She met with Nichelle Nichols to understand the creation of Uhura's background and name of the character. Saldaña's mother was a Star Trek fan, leaving voice-mails during filming, advising on the role. Steven Spielberg taught her the Vulcan salute five years earlier while he directed her in The Terminal. Star Trek (2009) was a box-office success earning $385.7 million.

Saldaña's second high-profile film in 2009 was Avatar, where she portrayed the indigenous hunter Neytiri. Avatar was well received by critics, accumulating an approval rating of 83% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. It grossed $2.7 billion worldwide to become the highest-grossing film of all time, as well as in the United States and Canada. It also became the first film to gross more than $2 billion worldwide. The film was nominated for ten Saturn Awards, and won all ten at the 36th Saturn Awards ceremony. Saldaña's Saturn Award for Best Actress win marked a rare occurrence for an all-CG character.

In 2010, Saldaña performed in The Losers as Aisha al-Fadhil, a native Bolivian woman. For the role, she was required to gain weight to carry weapons for eight hours a day. In 2010, she appeared in Takers, Death at a Funeral, and Burning Palms. Her television ad for Calvin Klein's "Envy" line debuted in 2010. In 2011, Saldaña starred in the romantic comedy The Heart Specialist, and portrayed assassin Cataleya Restrepo in the crime drama Colombiana. Although the latter film earned negative reviews from critics, Saldaña's performance was praised.

In 2012, she appeared in the romantic drama The Words, earning negative reviews from critics with little success at the box-office.

In 2013, Saldaña reprised her role as Uhura in Star Trek Into Darkness, the sequel to the Star Trek re-boot. Like the previous film, it was a box-office success, ending its North American theater run with a box office total of $228,778,661, placing it as the eleventh-highest-grossing film of 2013. It earned $467,365,246 worldwide, ranking it in 14th place for 2013, and making it the highest-grossing film of the franchise. Saldaña voiced her character in the 2013 release of the Star Trek video game.

In 2014, Saldaña played Gamora in Guardians of the Galaxy. Saldaña portrayed the character with make-up rather than computer generated imagery (CGI) or performance capture. The film became the third-highest-grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3. It was the third-highest-grossing 2014 film (behind Transformers: Age of Extinction and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies), and the highest-grossing superhero film of 2014. The film earned positive reviews. Saldaña was nominated for numerous awards for her work in the film, including Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie, Favorite Action Movie Actress at the People's Choice Awards, and Best On-Screen Transformation at the MTV Movie Awards.

In May 2014, she performed in Rosemary's Baby, a television adaptation of Ira Levin's horror novel. Saldaña also co-produced the four-hour two-part show. In 2014, Saldaña was recognized by Elle magazine during The Women in Hollywood Awards, honoring women for achievements in film, spanning all aspects of the motion-picture industry, including acting, directing, and producing.

2016–present
Saldaña starred in Nina, an unauthorized biography about the jazz musician Nina Simone released in April 2016. The film depicts the late singer's rise to fame and relationship with her manager Clifton Henderson. Simone's family were critical of the decision to cast her in the role. In August 2020, Saldaña apologized for taking on the role, saying "I'm so sorry. I know better today and I'm never going to do that again. She's one of our giants and someone else should step up. Somebody else should tell her story." In 2016, she co-starred in the science-fiction sequel Star Trek Beyond released in July, and Ben Affleck's crime drama Live by Night released in December. *

Saldaña returned as Gamora in the Guardians of the Galaxy sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, released in May 2017. She reprised the role in Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its sequel Avengers: Endgame (2019), albeit as an alternate version of the character in the latter film. She returned in this role in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023), her last film in the MCU as Gamora.

Also in 2017, Saldaña played Mrs. Mollé in I Kill Giants, Anders Walter's adaptation of Joe Kelly's graphic novel I Kill Giants. Shooting commenced in Ireland in September 2016. Also that year, she appeared in My Little Pony: The Movie performing the voice of pirate parrot Captain Celaeno.

On May 3, 2018, she received a star at 6920 Hollywood Boulevard in the Motion Pictures section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In 2021, Saldaña starred in two Netflix productions, appearing as Rosita in the musical Vivo and as the titular character in Maya and the Three. She joined an all-star cast in David O. Russell's Amsterdam.

Saldaña reprised her role as Neytiri in Avatar: The Way of Water (2022), including attending the premiere in Los Angeles on December 12, 2022. As part of her role, she performed vocals for the original song "The Songcord" on the film's soundtrack, penned by Simon Franglen. She is returning as Neytiri for Avatar 3, set for release in 2025. She will also star in the Paramount+ television series Special Ops: Lioness, created by Taylor Sheridan.

Personal life
In June 2010, Saldaña was engaged to her longtime boyfriend Keith Britton, an actor and the CEO of My Fashion Database. In November 2011, she and Britton announced they had ended their relationship after eleven years.

Saldaña was in a relationship with actor Bradley Cooper from December 2011 to January 2013.

In March 2013, Saldaña began dating Italian artist Marco Perego. They married in June 2013 in London. In July 2015, Saldaña revealed Perego adopted her surname upon marriage. Thereafter, Zoë became Zoë Saldaña-Perego and Marco became Marco Perego-Saldaña. Their children would be Perego-Saldaña. Saldaña and Perego have three sons, identical twins born in November 2014, Cy Aridio and Bowie Ezio and a third son named Zen born in February 2017. Saldaña has stated her children will be multi-lingual because she and her husband speak Spanish, Italian and English around them.

In July 2016, during an interview with Net-a-Porter's The Edit, Saldaña revealed she has Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease, along with her mother and sisters. To combat the effects of this disease, Saldaña said she and her husband adhere to a gluten- and dairy-free diet.

Saldaña is a supporter of FINCA International, a micro-finance organization.

In 2017, she founded BESE, a digital media platform designed to "combat the lack of diversity in the mainstream media" with an interest on positive stories within the Latino community. In September 2020, Saldaña used her social media presence to participate in the VoteRiders #IDCheck Challenge to help spread the word about voter ID requirements for that year's presidential election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zoe Saldaña


text:
User:Allagappan.gnu/Archive0

Welcome
Hi, Welcome aboard. I wish you linke it here and stay on.

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re: query
You can't really rename an article, but can click on the "move" link that you see on the top of articles and give a target name. If you want to move something because it has been created by mistake, then you may want to tell the articles to me or some one else who can put it for votes for deletion. See WP:VFD. -- 13:20, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

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re: Name spaces
Hello Sir! How do you start something like this?

Metropolitan cities of India

 * I don't get your question. Do you want me to create a template like this? Btw, address me just as Sundar, not as Sir. -- 09:58, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Allagappan.gnu. Here's some info that may be useful to you. Example, if you want to create a template, the page's location is Template:nameofit . Most templates uses tables, How_to_use_tables will teach you the syntax to format and produce a similiar infobox you have stated above. Additional help too, can be found at Help:Template. Good luck! :) - Mailer Diablo 11:20, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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 * Unfortunately, we can't add copyrighted images to Wikipedia. Some companies like Google, Yahoo! etc will have standard logos that can be used in appropriate places. Also, some screen shots are permitted. Most preferred are the ones hand drawn or photographed by Wikipedians. We also have a number of public domain sources for images. Btw, if you have GFDL images, add it to commons. It can be accessed from other Wikipedias like Tamil Wikipedia -- 11:09, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Allagappan.gnu/Archive0


text:
Justice Douglas

Justice Douglas may refer to:

 * William O. Douglas (1898–1980), associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1939 to 1975
 * Andy Douglas (judge) (1932–2021), associate justice of the Ohio Supreme Court from 1985 to 2002
 * Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus (c. 1449–1513), Lord Chancellor of Scotland from 1493 to 1497
 * Chuck Douglas (born 1942), associate justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court
 * James Marsh Douglas (1896–1974), associate justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri
 * Michael L. Douglas (born 1948), associate justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada
 * Robert M. Douglas (judge) (1849–1917), associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court
 * Samuel J. Douglas (1812–1873), associate justice of the Florida Supreme Court from 1866 to 1868
 * Stephen A. Douglas (1813–1861), associate justice of the Illinois Supreme Court
 * Thomas Douglas (American judge) (1790–1855), chief justice of the Florida Supreme Court
 * Wallace B. Douglas (1852–1930), associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * William W. Douglas (1841–1929), associate justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court

title: Justice Douglas


text:
Site

Site most often refers to:

 * Archaeological site
 * Campsite, a place used for overnight stay in an outdoor area
 * Construction site
 * Location, a point or an area on the Earth's surface or elsewhere
 * Website, a set of related web pages, typically with a common domain name

It may also refer to:

 * Site, a National Register of Historic Places property type
 * SITE (originally known as Sculpture in the Environment), an American architecture and design firm
 * Site (mathematics), a category C together with a Grothendieck topology on C
 * The Site, a 1990s TV series that aired on MSNBC
 * SITE Intelligence Group, a for-profit organization tracking jihadist and white supremacist organizations
 * SITE Institute, a terrorism-tracking organization, precursor to the SITE Intelligence Group
 * Sindh Industrial and Trading Estate, a company in Sindh, Pakistan
 * SITE Centers, American commercial real estate company
 * SITE Town, a densely populated town in Karachi, Pakistan
 * S.I.T.E Industrial Area, an area in Karachi, Pakistan
 * Satellite Instructional Television Experiment, an experimental satellite communications project launched in India in 1975
 * Google Sites, web based website editor

title: Site


text: User talk:68.108.252.253

title: User talk:68.108.252.253


text:
Eugen Drewermann

Eugen Drewermann (born 20 June 1940) is a German church critic, theologian, peace activist and former Catholic priest. His work has been translated into more than a dozen languages.

Drewermann was born in Bergkamen near Dortmund. He is best known in Germany for his work toward a non-violent form of Christianity, which, he believes, requires an integration of Depth psychology into Exegesis and Theology. Trained in philosophy, theology, psychoanalysis, and comparative religious studies, he criticized the Roman Catholic Church's literal and biologistic interpretations of miracles, the virgin birth, Ascension, and Resurrection as superstitious and medieval. He called on Rome to understand biblical stories symbolically in such a way that they can become present and healing to readers today. Drewermann's controversial opinions on Catholic dogma, especially the Virgin birth of Jesus lead to a letter expressing "deep worry," in 1986 by Cardinal Ratzinger, later Pope Benedict XVI, to Drewermann's archbishop, Johannes Joachim Degenhardt.

The struggle propelled Drewermann into the public limelight and culminated in 1991 after he published a radical critique of what he considers to be the Vatican's psychologically cruel and mentally enslaving clergy ideal (Kleriker: Psychogramm eines Ideals [Clergy: Psychogram of an ideal]). Archbishop Degenhardt of Paderborn and the Catholic Bishops Conference of Germany engaged in a long drawn-out and heated debate with Drewermann which was closely followed by media and public. As a consequence, on 7 October 1991, the Archbishop disallowed him to teach at the Catholic Seminary of Paderborn and, shortly afterwards, revoked his license to preach in 1992.

Drewermann has uttered strong and controversial political opinions. He was against the Gulf War, the Iraq War, German participation in the NATO war against Afghanistan, and Israeli Air Raids during the 2006 Lebanon War. In the name of the German Peace Movement, he asked to abolish not only Walter Mixa's office as Military Bishop of Germany but the German military, the Bundeswehr, as such. Drewermann has signed public calls to support the Linkspartei and delivers speeches on conferences and protest demonstrations of the left.

Drewermann left the Catholic Church on his 65th birthday on 20 June 2005, a decision he announced on Sandra Maischberger's talk show on German television.

Early life
Son of a Lutheran father and a Catholic mother, Drewermann, after finishing grammar school (Abitur) in Germany, studied philosophy in Münster, theology in Paderborn and psychoanalysis in Göttingen.

Professional life
Ordained as a Catholic priest in 1966, he worked as a diocesan priest, student chaplain, and eventually began work in 1974 as assistant priest in the parish of St. George in Paderborn. At the same time, he worked as a psychotherapist, and from 1979 also held lectures in comparative religious studies and dogmatics at the Catholic Theological Faculty in Paderborn. He continues to hold lectures in Paderborn and talks at other universities.

Influenced by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and more recent psychoanalysts, Drewermann radically reinterprets biblical texts according to psychoanalytic, poetic, and existential criteria. His method of interpretation has been clearly outlined in the 1984–1985 two-volume work Tiefenpsychologie und Exegese. His interpretations are as immediate as poetry and aim to rediscover particularly the therapeutic message of Jesus and of the Hebrew prophets, both for the individual and for society at large.

A central topic of Drewermann is the specific way humans experience Angst (fear) due to our self-reflective capacity. He maintains that religion has as its central task to help calm our human anxiety and to stop its devastating effects on all levels of human life, in its personal, social, and global manifestations. Among his more than 80 books are dozens of titles presenting non-moralistic reinterpretations of nearly all biblical texts, including a monumental three-volume scholarly treatise on Genesis 2–11 (Strukturen des Bösen, 1977-8) and a two-volume commentary on the Gospel of Mark; a number of titles on urgent social issues such as war (Der Krieg und das Christentum, 1981), the environment (Der tödliche Fortschritt, 1982), and burning moral issues such as abortion, the will to live, suicide (Psychoanalyse und Moraltheologie, 1982-4, 3 vols); and, most recently, half a dozen volumes on the question of God in light of the findings of modern anthropology (1998), biology (1999), cosmology (2002), neurology (2006–2007); a depth psychological analysis of more than twenty of the most well-known fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm and one by Hans Christian Andersen.

Since 1992, Drewermann has been working as a freelance author and speaker. He has frequent appearances in German TV talk shows and is invited to lecture all over Germany, Europe, and the world. While his popularity as a church critic was at its maximum when Der Spiegel ran a cover story on him in its 1993 Christmas issue, he continues to be a highly sought-after commentator on spiritual, religious and social issues.

He owned his own monthly call-in radio show titled Redefreiheit (Freedom of Speech) in Bremen Redefreiheit – Nordwestradio – Radio Bremen, which was preceded by a prior regular call-in radio show in Berlin.

Drewermann has appeared twice with the Dalai Lama in Zurich, and has written a book with him on the dialogue among religions. After the 11 September 2001 attacks he described the attacks as the result of complex dynamics in which both sides in the terror war had contributed to the conflict. In agreement with the Dalai Lama, Drewermann called on the West to turn the attacks into an opportunity for peace not revenge.

Reception
In the 1990s, Hans Küng spoke out on behalf of Drewermann who lost his license to teach Catholic theology and was suspended as a priest because he, like Küng, challenged dogmatic structures. Küng delivered the laudatio when Drewermann was awarded the Herbert-Haag-Prize for Freedom in the Church in 1992 at the University of Tübingen.

Some Catholic scholars criticised Drewermann for focusing in his work on individual psychology without taking into consideration Christian communities and Christian tradition, arguing that Drewermann's approach had the effect of reducing the historical relevance of the Gospel and Revelation to a mere collection of texts used to cure individual anxiety. A similar approach to Drewemann's work came from psychological scholars Albert Görres and Helmuth Benesch.

Catholic scholar Klaus Berger accused Drewermann of using outdated ideas and research methods and of subscribing to ancient misunderstandings of the Old Testament. A pseudo Marcionism and using of biblical and other religious texts out of context is pointed out by Protestant scholar Manfred Oeming.

The political views of Drewermann have been sharply criticized by theologians Uwe Birnstein and Klaus-Peter Lehmann as being based on a traditional German antipolitical and romantic view and reducing all social aspects to individual fear and personal understanding and goodwill. Peter Neuhaus, in his comparison of the Political Theology of Johannes Baptist Metz and the theology of Drewermann, counters that Drewermann's theology is imminently social in its critique and does not share in antipolitical or romantic views of politics.

Henryk M. Broder referred to Drewermann and other German intellectuals as reason for a book, in which he denounces Drewermann and others as underplaying the role of Islamic terrorism and putting the blame solely on the west, especially Israel and the US.

Josef Isensee, a Catholic German lawyer and specialist for Constitutional law, sees in Drewermann the prototype of a self-proclaimed church critic using strong opinions to gain profile and public awareness and profiting on the very organizational body he was member for the most time of his life.

Awards

 * 1992 Herbert-Haag-Prize (Swiss) for his contribution to a radical reform of the Church.
 * 1994 Urania-Medal for his contribution to popular education.
 * 2000 Integration Prize of the Apfelbaum Foundation for Co-evolution (Cologne).
 * 2007 Erich Fromm Prize, together with Konstantin Wecker, for his work against war and antisemitism.
 * 2011 International Albert Schweitzer Prize, together with Raphaela and Rolf Maibach
 * 2013 Culture Prize of the Internationale Paulusgesellschaft
 * 2013 Medal of Honor of the City of Bergkamen
 * 2017 Löwenherz – Honorary Award of the NGO Human Projects
 * 2018 Peace Prize of the City of Bautzen (Bautzner Friedenspreis)
 * 2019 Prize of the International Hermann Hesse Society

Selected works

 * In English
 * 1991:
 * 1993:
 * 1994:
 * 1994:

 * In German
 * 1977–1978: (Habilitation)
 * 1981:
 * 1981:
 * 1982–1984:
 * 1984:
 * 1984–1985:
 * 1987/88:
 * 1989:
 * 1989:
 * 1991:
 * 1992: (novel)
 * 1992:
 * 1992:
 * 1992:
 * 1992–1995:
 * 1993:
 * 1994:
 * 1996:
 * 1998:
 * 1998:
 * 1999:
 * 2001:
 * 2002:
 * 2003:
 * 2003:
 * 2003:
 * 2003:
 * 2004:
 * 2004:
 * 2004:
 * 2005:
 * 2006:
 * 2006:
 * 2007:
 * 2023:

General

 * Eugen Drewermann Home Page — comprehensive German/English site with links to news, quotations, books, video & audio.
 * Calendar of events with Drewermann.
 * Das Gesamtwerk des Eugen Drewermann — comprehensive German website.
 * Eugen Drewermann: Religion for Our Time — another English site with translated quotations and overviews of his books.
 * Video of 1st US Lecture by Eugen Drewermann, titled "Biblical Myth and Inner Experience: Why Theology needs Depth Psychology", held at Union Theological Seminary on 16 November 1999.

Drewermann talks, videos & audio

 * Eugen Drewermann Video Lectures — the most complete site of video of talks, news, and public appearances of Drewermann.

title: Eugen Drewermann


text:
Talk:Doctor Who merchandise

According to the principle of be bold, I have started this article from material cluttering up Doctor Who spin-offs. Any organisational ideas for this page most welcome! Tim! (talk) 09:24, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

1970's figures
I've fixede the more obivous bits, but it needs clean up from an expert on the subject.(84.65.41.254 18:33, 3 April 2007 (UTC)).

Action figures
I tossed an Expand tag into the Action Figures section. I think it's a great idea, but there needs to be discussion about the Dapol releases and earlier Doctor Who action figures. I'd do it myself but I know very little about them. 23skidoo 23:02, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

More on toys
This article should have more information about general Doctor Who toys, including the Cyberman voice-changer helmet, which has been named Toy of the Year by the Toy Retailers Association. If anyone has a copy of Howe's Transcendental Toybox, I'm sure it has useful information that could be cited in this article.

There's also some redundancy in the "Product Enterprise" and "Character Options" sections, but I don't really know enough about this aspect of merchandising to reorganize the sections. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 22:02, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Wasn't there Torchwood figures made by a different company? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.44.149.179 (talk) 03:22, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

Abzorbaloff figure rumour
I'm sure I've read somewhere that Peter Kay has denied permission to do an Abzorbaloff figure, can anyone find this (because if it's true the Abzorbaloff figure can be removed from the list of rumoured action figures)? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by A wikipedia member with an awful username (talk • contribs) 17:49, February 6, 2007 (UTC)

Prices in what currency?
I'm thinking that the prices in this article are in U.S. dollars. (Seemed a bit strange to me, since I suspect most of these items were made and marketed in the U.K., but whatever.) If this is US$, perhaps that should be made clear (Australia and Canada use the same symbol for their currency). In addition, I'm wondering if the monetary estimates should be dated, since the value of currency changes over time. Accounting4Taste 17:45, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Doctor Who Boardgame.jpg
Image:Doctor Who Boardgame.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:53, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Skycov01.jpg
Image:Skycov01.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:26, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Destiny of the Doctors.jpg
The image Image:Destiny of the Doctors.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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Gamebooks
I notice the Make Your Own Adventure books are here (under "gamebooks"), but the Decide Your Destiny books are under New Series Adventures. I think it would make more sense to have them here as well. Daibhid C (talk) 14:52, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Magnetic board game
There was a magnetic board game as well, involving moving the doctor around with a magnet on a stick under the game board. Daleks would be attracted or repelled depending on the direction taken. Alas I have no name or detailed information, just the memory of having had it.

(user:lkchild 23:00, 6 September 09 (GMT) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.9.95.155 (talk)

Denys Fisher & Dapol
Those sections need to be heavily rewritten to remove WP:FANCRUFT if the article is going to include them; adding sources would also help. –Skywatcher68 (talk) 15:48, 13 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree but I would also say that section blanking is not helpful. Feel free to add the appropriate tags and/or prune the fancruft. MarnetteD|Talk 19:21, 13 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Appropriate tag has been added at the top of the article. –Skywatcher68 (talk) 07:36, 14 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks. MarnetteD|Talk 15:45, 14 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doctor Who merchandise


text: User talk:203.197.150.195

title: User talk:203.197.150.195


text:
Boiçucanga

Boiçucanga is a beach and neighborhood in the city of São Sebastião, Brazil, located on São Paulo state's northern coastline. The name comes from the Tupiniquim Indian language. Boi means snake. Açu means big and Canga means head. The sea at the beach is calm and has thick, yellowish sand. The water is a crystal turquoise color.

title: Boiçucanga


text:
User talk:TarmoK/Babel-5

How to use this "template":

Result: See User:TarmoK

title: User talk:TarmoK/Babel-5


text:
File:Clannad Legend album cover.jpg

Fair use rationale for Legend (Robin of Sherwood soundtrack)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because: Strangerer (Talk) 15:10, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of an album cover.
 * 2) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 3) The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original album.
 * 4) It illustrates educational articles about the album from which the cover illustration was taken.
 * 5) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of topics in the article. For an article about an album or artist, the cover artwork is very important and adds significantly to the article.
 * 6) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:Clannad Legend album cover.jpg


text:
Wakefield Regional Council

Wakefield Regional Council is a local government area in the Yorke and Mid North region of South Australia. The council seat is at Balaklava.

Geography
The Wakefield Regional Council includes the towns and localities of Avon, Balaklava, Barunga Gap, Beaufort, Blyth, Bowillia, Bowmans, Brinkworth, Bumbunga, Burnsfield, Condowie, Dalkey, Erith, Everard Central, Goyder, Hart, Hope Gap, Hoskin Corner, Inkerman, Kallora, Kybunga, Lake View, Lochiel, Marola, Mount Templeton, Nantawarra, Owen, Pinery, Port Wakefield, Proof Range, Rochester, Saints, Snowtown, Stockyard Creek, Stow, Watchman and Whitwarta, and parts of Alma, Barabba, Bute, Grace Plains, Halbury, Hamley Bridge, Hoyleton, Long Plains, Mundoora, Salter Springs, South Hummocks, Wild Horse Plains, and Wokurna.

On the west side of the Wakefield Regional Council's area is the coastal fringe along the north east of Gulf St Vincent and the Hummocks and Barunga ranges. The area spans wide fertile plains to the north Mount Lofty Ranges on its eastern border. Immediately to the east of the Hummocks and Barunga ranges are a series are low-lying salt lakes, of which Lake Bumbunga is the largest. The Wakefield River, from which the council name derives, flows from east to west across the council region approximately a third of the way from south to north border. A portion of the River Light and its confluence with the Gilbert River forms the south eastern border of the council area.

History
The Wakefield Regional Council came into being on 1 July 1997, as a result of the amalgamation of the former District Council of Blyth-Snowtown and the District Council of Wakefield Plains.

The amalgamation occurred when much of the boundary reform of the local government was coming from the State Government as a result of various provisions contained in the "Local Government Act 1934". As a result, the number of local councils in South Australia was reduced from 118 to 68 by the deadline of 30 June 1999.

The area falling under Wakefield Regional Council has been much affected by local government boundary changes that have taken place since the early 1980s. Prior to 1983, five district councils had served the area currently covered by the council since the previous major consolidation of local government bodies in 1935. The district councils in the area prior to 1983 were the District Council of Balaklava, the District Council of Blyth, the District Council of Owen, the District Council of Port Wakefield and the District Council of Snowtown.

The wards of the new Wakefield Regional Council completely erased the old ward boundaries. The entirety of the former Blyth and Snowtown councils as well as small parts of the former Balaklava and Port Wakefield councils became the new North ward. Most of the former Port Wakefield and Balaklava councils became the new Central ward. And the approximate area of the former Owen council became the new South ward.

Transport
The Wakefield Regional Council is well served by a developed transport and communication networks. The main roads, which include the Princes Highway, are all sealed and there are well maintained minor gravel roads.

There is no rail service for passengers in the council area, but it is traversed by the Adelaide-Port Augusta railway line.

Demographics
The population of Wakefield Regional Council is 6,756 (2009 estimate).

The council recorded a net decrease in its population of 4.2% between 1991-2001, about 27 people per annum. In 2001, the median age of the population was 39, an increase of 5 years since 1991, indicating a trend towards an ageing population.

The council's geographical area covers 3,469.4 sqkm in which 2,695 km of road existed at 30 June 2002. As at 1 July 2005, the total assessed value within the council area was $1,354,733,680 (capital value).

Councillors
The Wakefield Regional Council has a directly-elected mayor.

title: Wakefield Regional Council


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JSP (Internet Celebrity)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 19:17, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

JSP (Internet Celebrity)
NN, vanity. This article has already a fairly long and rocky edit history. Let's put it out of its misery. Rl 09:32, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity. Though it does get bonus points for trying to claim someone as an "internet celebrity" even without a current website.  Obviously JSP (being the Javascript file extension) and 665 (being a common number) are hard to Google, but a search for JSP +665 +vampire turned a handful of results but none relevant to the article subject within at least the first 5 pages.  I'm not sure whether the allegedy-popular 665 website was located at 665-dot-com or not, but if it was, it hasn't been in the Alexa top 100,000 for at least 2 years, according to Alexa. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  12:51, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note/update: According to DS, the website in question is sixsixfive.com, which has a current Alexa rank of 483,063, and hasn't been in the top 100,000 for at least the past two years (older data not available, but likely similar). Better than nothing, I guess, but not nearly enough for an article. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:26, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not JavaScript, it's Java Server Pages, which is a completely different thing (being written in another language, and being server-side rather than client-side).   — J I P | Talk 04:20, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right... and I knew that too, I dunno where my head was at. In any case, the underlying statement is true, that being a common file extension, JSP's notability cannot be determined by a simple Google search.  It's like if someone was nicknamed "MP3" or "HTML".  You might get tons of results, but very few (if any) relevant ones. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:51, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * According to googlism, 665 is a "great site", "my favorite website", "an expressway spur into the city of annapolis", and is "affiliated with the international brotherhood of teamsters". Do not delete. 60.240.140.20 19:07, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Eh, there was (and still is) a lot of funny, very readable stuff at sixsixfive.com, but I wouldn't have deemed it (or the creator) notable. Delete. DS 14:10, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Above vote had been vandalised. I have restored it to the original version. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:01, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I trust Starblind's assessment. Delete, unless proof surfaces. Mgm|(talk) 14:49, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * JSP is more notable than Fat Controller. Do not delete.
 * JSP, while as elusive as the dew on morning flowers, permeates the internet consciousness. He came up with the idea of chat pranks. DO NOT DELETE
 * Delete, and someone hurry up with adding an extra speedy case for blatant vanity. Chris 00:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unsigned-sockish-supported vanity; "He came up with the idea of chat pranks" triggers my lameness filter severely. VfD debate so far suggests that this person's current or future "celebrity" significance is "as elusive as the dew on morning flowers".  Barno 03:07, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Above vote had been vandalised. I have restored it to the original version. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:05, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not delete. JSP was the originator of the "Hampster Dance."
 * Delete as vanity supported by talking hosiery. - Lucky 6.9 06:19, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * For your information, I have spoken with JSP about this controversy. He is extremely unhappy that he is included on this website because he feels he is too famous and important. I told him that Winston Churchill and Stryper had articles too, but he wouldn't listen. KEEP
 * Delete, vanity. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:24, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete Everyone knows who JSP is.  His fame reaches far and wide.  An internet dictionary just isn't complete without a JSP entry.
 * Do not delete. JSPs ghostly internet presence was a runner up for beatification by the dearly departed pope JPII as the patron saint of the internet.  Do not desecrate his memory with your rash and ill-considered plans.  I must say that I find this kind of despoilment completely typical of the bearded and slovenly inhabitants of the internets.  I pray that you know not what you do.
 * The above by User:203.45.168.124. RickK 08:15, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sock puppet limit has been reached.  RickK 07:39, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The hampster dance comments seem to have merit, and I doubt JSP (Internet Celebrity) is responsible for the support of the entry.
 * You only get to vote once, User:67.188.68.113. But be advised that anonymous votes are generally not counted.  RickK 08:15, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * RickK, maybe you should double check the IP addresses. I did not make the comment above. I have not voted twice. I corrected your comment as to who really wrote it. It took me 3 tries initially due to some errors in my link. (User 67.188.68.113)
 * You're right, I apologize. I misread the diff.  RickK 08:39, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Webmaster and blogger without a website? popular with the vampire community? WTF? Seems to be popular with the sockpuppet community. jni 13:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep JSP is in a PSV, in this state he could not possibly be creating a 'vanity' entry. This entry must remain to show why 665 stopped updating several years ago. Like Terri Schiavo, we cannot allow his memory to be erased; We cannot give up hope!
 * Remark by User:67.115.122.75, user's first edit. Kill the socks!
 * Delete - utter nonsense supported by sockpuppets only- Skysmith 07:21, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, extreme vanity. Radiant_* 08:59, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, too obscure for Internet celebrity. Grue 06:43, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and more socks than a dresser drawer. DDerby 10:13, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Xezbeth  18:51, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Beefcake

untitled
I dispute that this term is used primarily by gay men. I've heard it often in various nongay pop culture outlets, for example South Park. I've not generally heard it in gay circles. Do you have a reference for this assertion? It _is_ used to suggest a man is attractive in a muscular way, similar to words like "hunk", but without any particular attachment to a demographic. --JoshuaRodman
 * ive never heard a gay man use this term, ive heard them use the word stud a lot, but even if they do use beefcake, i mean they also use the word cock a lot, none of these words are gay because gay people use them. ive always heard beefcake used to refer to a steroided out muscle dude or a fireman or muscle guy calendar, specially by women.
 * I tend to agree. It might also be used by gay men, but in the UK I'm most familiar with the term being used in reference to individuals in male strip acts such as the Chippendales and similar acts inspired by The Full Monty. -- Solipsist 10:40, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Since when is South Park a nongay pop culture outlet? It's totally gay. (In a good way.)

South Park is not gay, not specifically, south park is inclusive of gays lesbians bisexuals and transexual, and hermaphrodites too! but they are present in the same general percentage they are in the general population. if survivor, big brother, or the real world for instance, scratch that, those shows indeed have gay people on, but they are not gay shows. if the real world had 6 gays and 1 straight every single season well yeah then it would be a gay show wouldnt it. but its not and most of the charicters on south park are not gay. but many are. and thankfully they are hilarious regardless of who or how they love. and in the case of Mr. Garrison/Mrs. Garrison/Ms. Garrison S/he has been both a straight man, gay man, straight again but then a woman, then a lesbian, and also a pedophile and zoofiliac and goodness knows what else. but even that charicter is straight half the time.

This article doesn't say what beefcake is, and I still don't understand. Could someone add a real definition at the beginning, and possibly some history or etymology? Qqwref 00:34, 15 March 2007 (UTC) -

Yes... Here's the definition:

Cheesecake: slang; an image of a sexy young woman.

Beefcake is a spinoff slang of "Cheesecake" but for men that are well-muscled, well-built.

Beefcake (slang) An image of a well-muscled, well-built man.

Deleted
The origin of "Beefcake," a protein enriched meal supplement, comes from South Africa; ancient tribesmen invented it as a way of gaining weight quickly in order to compete for tribe leader. It is also widely acknowledged that "Beefcake" was consumed for spiritual ceremonies. An interesting fact is that it was not derived from the meat of bovine, but rather that of equine creatures. I've removed the above as dubious - if it's true we'll need some sourcing. -- Banj e b oi   22:35, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

A meal supplement used in rituals by the indigenous peoples of Fanshawe; a little known fact is that “beefcake” is actually a misnomer, as it contains neither beef nor cake. Removed for absent sources. – Conrad T. Pino (talk) 19:37, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Orton?
Maybe you should put Scott Steiner there instead of Randy Orton for the pic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.68.195.149 (talk) 15:24, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Vladimir Putin
Really? I cannot conceive exactly how Putin is relevant to the page. Unless someone is seriously suggesting he fits the requisite features of a beefcake? I'll remove it for now, though editors are obviously free to revert if they disagree. --144.173.65.163 (talk) 01:33, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

David/Anthony Socci
Is the 'original beefcake' reference accurate? When this part was introduced it mentioned Anthony Socci but was subsequently changed to David Socci. Couldn't find anything useful about either with regard to 'beefcake', nor did I find anything about the movie 'cumming .. backdoor', seems rather in jest. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.134.166.110 (talk) 00:01, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

Really?
I question how necessary and appropriate this article is. It goes into a lot of unneccessary detail about a single slang word that isn't even notable. Cadiomals (talk) 06:26, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Adrian Veidt? This is a fictional character from The Watchmen franchise of comics and a movie. If you're going to allow this, then Conan the Barbarian should be totally acceptable. Veidt should be removed. 2001:569:772D:EE00:D06E:19FB:B8E7:4B2 (talk) 15:43, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

Top photo...
...is more twink than beefcake... Also Steve Reeves, Reg Park, etc. should be in there somewhere. -- megA (talk) 20:47, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

World celebrated?
I have no idea why the sentence "On May 1,1979, the world celebrated the birth of the beefiest piece of beefy beefcake since Vin Campbell, Paul Dunlap" would be included. The world did not celebrate, "beefiest piece of beefy beefcake" is ridiculous and subjective, and who is Paul Dunlap - or Vin Campbell for that matter. The sentence should simply be deleted.203.80.61.102 (talk) 01:34, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Beefcake


text:
Miniature shrine

A miniature shrine, also referred to in literature as a portable shrine, pocket shrine, or a travel altar, is a small, generally moveable shrine or altar. They vary greatly in size and architectural style, and by which region or culture produced them.

Egypt
The Ikhernofret Stela, dated to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, is the earliest extant literary reference to a portable shrine. The stela is 100 cm high and made of limestone. Osiris is depicted standing under a winged sun disk facing Senwosret III. The text is laid out below Osiris in twenty-four horizontal lines. Underneath the text, Ikhernofret, a 12th dynasty treasurer under Pharaoh Senwosret III, is depicted at an offering table with his family. It reads:

"I acted as Son, Whom He Loves, for Osiris, First of the Westerners, I adorned the great [...] forever and ever. I made for him a portable shrine, the Bearer-of-Beauty of the First-of-the- Westerners, of gold, silver, lazuli, fragrant woods, carob wood, and meru wood, fashioned the gods belonging to his divine ennead, made their shrines anew."

The New Kingdom Gurob Shrine Papyrus is a fragment of a workman's designs for a portable altar. It dates perhaps to the 18th Dynasty.

One of the best-known artifacts of Ancient Egypt is the Anubis Shrine, which is in a portable form, placed atop a palanquin. The statue of a recumbent jackal is attached to the roof of the shrine. The statue is made from wood, covered with black paint. The insides of the ears, the eyebrows, and the rims of the eyes, and the collar and the band knotted around the neck, are worked in gold leaf.

Greece
In Greece, roadside shrines, often referred to as "kandilakia" (Greek: Kαντηλάκια) or εικονοστάσιο στην άκρη του δρόμου (ikonostásio stin akri tu drómu, literally "Shrine at the roadside") are seen throughout the country.

They are commonly built in the memory of a fatal car accident and usually include a photograph of the victim(s), their namesake/patron Saint and sometimes personal items. They may also be built from car accident survivors thanking the Saint who protected them.

Rome
By the early Imperial period, household shrines were known generically as lararia (plural lararium) because they typically housed a figure of a Lares, guardian deities in ancient Roman religion. Painted lararia from Pompeii show two Lares flanking a genius or ancestor-figure, who wears his toga in the priestly manner prescribed for sacrificers. Underneath this trio, a serpent, representing the fertility of fields or the principle of generative power, winds towards an altar. The essentials of sacrifice are depicted around and about; bowl and knife, incense box, libation vessels and parts of sacrificial animals. In households of modest means, small Lar statuettes were set in wall-niches, sometimes merely a tile-support projecting from a painted background. In wealthier households, they tend to be found in servant's quarters and working areas. The placing of Lares in the public or semi-public parts of a house, such as its atrium, enrolled them in the more outward, theatrical functions of household religion.

Asia
In Buddhism, portable shrines were made so that devout travelers with nowhere to worship could carry their shrines with them. The shrines were two-piece, and could be shut together to preserve the artwork. Miniature buddhas and goddesses could be carried in small lacquer cases carried on the wrist.

In Tibet, shrines called gau are worn as jewelry.

The mikoshi is a Japanese type of portable shrine used mostly during Shinto religious festivals called matsuri.

Christian Europe
The Monymusk Reliquary is an eighth-century Scottish reliquary made of wood and metal characterized by an Insular fusion of Gaelic and Pictish design and Anglo-Saxon metalworking, probably by Ionan monks. It is now in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. It is characterised by a mixture of Pictish artistic designs and Irish artistic traditions (perhaps first brought to Scotland by Irish missionaries in the sixth century), fused with Anglo-Saxon metalworking techniques, an artistic movement now classified as Insular or Hiberno-Saxon art. The casket is wooden, but is covered with silver and copper-alloy.

A particularly well-preserved portable shrine, the Shrine of the Three Kings in the Cologne Cathedral, is archetypal of the Romanesque style of reliquaries. The shrine is about 43 inches (110 cm) wide, 60 inches (153 cm) high, and 87 inches (220 cm) long. It is modeled after a basilica. Two sarcophagi stand next to each other, with the third sarcophagus resting on their roof ridges.

The great gilt-copper and enamel Reliquary Shrine of Saint Eleutherius in the cathedral of Tournai (Belgium), one of the masterpieces of Gothic metalwork, was commissioned by Bishop Walter de Marvis of Tournai, and completed in 1247, on the occasion of the retranslation of relics of Saint Eleutherius of Tournai, traditionally the city's first bishop. The shrine takes the architectural form of a chasse or gabled casket.

Colonial period
Nichos originated as a popular adaptation of the Roman Catholic retablo tradition of painting patron saints on wood or tin. Unlike the large, flat panels of retablo, nichos are small and built in shadow box style. Common structural conventions include hinged doors, carved borders, and multiple panels. Within the box there is a key object or central figure for whose honor or memory the nicho has been created. Nichos are usually painted with striking colors, often contrasting bright and dark, and tend towards garish. In addition to painted designs, nichos are decorated with all variety of images and objects from religious and popular culture.

World War I
During World War I, extremely small shrines (generally referred to as pocket shrines) became incredibly popular amongst soldiers, especially in France.

Contemporary developments
Some contemporary artists, particularly in Asia where domestic altars remain a cultural and spiritual staple, have acted as inspiration for a number of works.

Design
The Japanese design firm moconoco released a kamidana (literally "god shelf") modeled after the iPhone in order to "seamlessly incorporate [the altar] into modern environments." The front is etched with an image of the Ise Grand Shrine.

Fine art
In 2007, several contemporary Maya artists collaborated and released an artist's book in the form of a portable Maya shrine. Along with 12 candles and small effigies of animals, they contain three books entitled Hex to Kill the Unfaithful Man, Mayan Love Charms, and Magic for a Long Life.

The Korean artist Yeesookyung exhibited his piece Portable Temple, based on traditional East Asian folding screens, at the Mongin Art Center, South Korea in 2008.

title: Miniature shrine


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Old Bar, New South Wales

Old Bar is a coastal town in New South Wales, Australia in Mid-Coast Council. It lies around 18 km east of Taree on the Mid North Coast, and around 315 km north of Sydney.

Geography
Old Bar is on the southern side of the mouth of the Manning River.

Demographics
The population of the urban centre was measured at 3,650 people in the, and that of the suburb proper which includes some surrounding rural area at 4,272 people. It grew rapidly during a boom in housing in 1988.

Airstrip
Old Bar is a common place for light aircraft to land. Old Bar Airfield is an authorised landing area and is heritage listed.

2019 Bushfire
In November 2019, a bushfire that started at Hillville, south of Taree, jumped the Pacific Highway into the path of Old Bar and Wallabi Point. The day before, the NSW Rural Fire Service told residents in these areas to get out or defend. One home was confirmed lost on Old Bar Road.

Heritage listings
Old Bar has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 0.5 km off Old Bar Road: Old Bar Airfield

title: Old Bar, New South Wales


text:
J. Michael Luttig

John Michael Luttig (born June 13, 1954) is an American lawyer and jurist who served as a U.S. circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit from 1991 to 2006. Luttig resigned his judgeship in 2006 to become the general counsel of Boeing, a position he held until 2019.

An influential conservative legal figure, Luttig gained broader prominence after the presidency of Donald Trump, characterizing him as "a clear and present danger to American democracy," and advocated invoking the Fourteenth Amendment to render Trump ineligible to serve a second term as president.

Early life and education
Luttig was born in 1954 in Tyler, Texas. He graduated from Washington and Lee University in 1976 with a Bachelor of Arts with Omicron Delta Kappa honors. From 1976 to 1978, Luttig worked for the U.S. Supreme Court's Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Chief Justice, where he became close friends with Chief Justice Warren E. Burger. Luttig then attended the University of Virginia School of Law, graduating with a Juris Doctor degree in 1981.

Career
After law school, Luttig spent a year in the Reagan administration as an associate with the White House Counsel, Fred F. Fielding, who hired him on Burger's recommendation. Luttig's duties included reviewing potential judicial appointments and vetting them for ideological consistency with the administration's policies. From 1982 to 1983, Luttig served as a law clerk to judge (later Supreme Court justice in 1986) Antonin Scalia of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, one of the potential judges he had vetted in his prior job. Luttig then clerked for Chief Justice Warren Burger of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1983 to 1984. After his Supreme Court clerkship, Luttig continued to work for Chief Justice Burger as a special assistant until 1985. Luttig later served as co-executor of Burger's one-page will, which gained notoriety for Burger's failure to dictate how estate taxes should be paid.

In 1985, Luttig entered private practice at the law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell. He returned to government service in 1989, holding various positions within the United States Department of Justice until 1991 under President George H. W. Bush, including assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel. His duties in the Justice Department included assisting Supreme Court nominees David Souter and Clarence Thomas through the nomination and confirmation process, including their Senate confirmation hearings. Luttig's help to Thomas in his highly contested confirmation hearings and their aftermath was somewhat controversial because Luttig's own appointment to the federal bench had been approved by the Senate, but he delayed taking the judicial oath of office, presumably because he could not credibly serve as a federal judge, who is supposed to be nonpartisan, while fulfilling the task of ensuring that Thomas got a Supreme Court seat.

Federal judgeship
On April 23, 1991, President George H. W. Bush nominated Luttig to fill a newly created seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 26, 1991, and received his commission on August 2, 1991. He became the youngest judge (at age 37) on a federal appeals court at the time of his appointment.

On the bench, Luttig was compared to Justice Antonin Scalia for his analytical rigor and for criticizing his colleagues for inconsistencies or embellishments in their judicial opinions. He was also similar to Scalia in that his judicial philosophy sometimes led to opinions that were at odds with conservative legal orthodoxy.

Luttig was mentioned frequently as being near the top of George W. Bush's list of potential nominees to the Supreme Court of the United States despite opposition from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and a dispute between Luttig and the Bush administration over the handling of the case of alleged "dirty bomber" Jose Padilla (see below). Bush interviewed Luttig, but ultimately did not choose him to fill either of two Supreme Court vacancies in 2005; those two seats were filled by John Roberts and Samuel Alito.

Luttig was among the leading feeder judges on the U.S. court of appeals, with more than 40 of his law clerks going on to clerk with conservative justices on the Supreme Court. Of those, 33 clerked for either Justice Thomas or Justice Scalia. Luttig's clerks have nicknamed themselves "Luttigators".

Father's murder
Luttig's father, John Luttig, was fatally shot in 1994 in a carjacking by Napoleon Beazley, who at the time of the crime was a seventeen-year-old minor. Luttig testified in the sentencing portion of the trial, supporting imposition of the death penalty. Beazley was convicted, condemned to death, and eventually executed after twice appealing to the Supreme Court. Justices Antonin Scalia, David Souter, and Clarence Thomas recused themselves because of past association with Luttig. Scalia recused himself because Luttig had clerked for him; Souter and Thomas recused themselves because Luttig led the George H. W. Bush administration's efforts to win their Senate confirmation.

Padilla v. Hanft
In September 2005, Luttig wrote the opinion for a three-judge panel of the Fourth Circuit that upheld the government's power to designate José Padilla, the alleged "dirty bomber" who was captured at a Chicago airport, as an "enemy combatant" and to detain him in a military brig without charge. In December, the Bush administration, anticipating a reversal in the Supreme Court, petitioned the Fourth Circuit for approval to transfer Padilla to civilian custody for a criminal trial. The move set off a dispute between the Bush administration and Luttig. Luttig's panel refused to grant the transfer and castigated the government for potentially harming its "credibility before the courts." The government petitioned the Supreme Court to allow the transfer by arguing that the appellate court's refusal encroached on the power of the President. The Supreme Court granted the government's request.

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
In the case of Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, Luttig disagreed with the majority opinion of his colleagues on the Fourth Circuit and argued that Yaser Esam Hamdi, an American citizen captured in Afghanistan and held as an enemy combatant, deserved "meaningful judicial review" of his case. The Supreme Court eventually reversed the Fourth Circuit's judgment.

Resignation and corporate legal career
On May 10, 2006, Luttig resigned his federal judgeship to become general counsel and senior vice president for the American airplane manufacturer Boeing. He replaced Douglas Bain. In his resignation letter, Luttig wrote, "Boeing may well be the only company in America for which I would have ever considered leaving the court." He also mentioned his two children's upcoming college education; the position at Boeing promised more pay than the federal judgeship. At the time of his resignation, federal appellate judges were paid US$175,100 annually. According to Boeing's 2008 Annual Report, Luttig's total compensation for 2008 was $2,798,962. In 2015, Luttig was named the 7th highest paid general counsel in the United States by Above the Law with a salary of $4,236,580 (~$ in ).

Luttig resigned as general counsel to Boeing in May 2019. He was replaced by Brett Gerry. Luttig's resignation coincided with the terminations of former CEO Dennis Muilenburg and former Commercial Aircraft Executive Kevin McCallister that year, during the Boeing 737 MAX groundings crisis. In January 2021, he was hired by Coca-Cola Company to be counselor and senior advisor for tax matters.

Role in aftermath of 2020 presidential election
On January 5, 2021, John Eastman, an attorney representing president Donald Trump, and who had clerked for Luttig, met with vice president Mike Pence in the Oval Office to argue that the vice president had the constitutional authority to alter or otherwise change certified electoral votes for the presidential certification in Congress the next day. According to Eastman, he told the vice president that he might have the authority to reject electoral college votes, and he asked the vice president to delay the certification, a proposal which came to be known as the Pence Card. Pence rejected Eastman's argument and instead agreed with Luttig and another conservative scholar, John Yoo, that a vice president has no such constitutional authority. Pence released a letter on January 6 stating he would not attempt to intervene in the certification process, citing Luttig by name, who later said it was "the highest honor of my life" to be involved in preserving the Constitution.

On June 16, 2022, Luttig testified during a televised hearing conducted by the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack. Before the hearing, Luttig wrote a statement for the record, stating that Trump and his allies "instigated" a war on democracy "so that he could cling to power." He continued, "It is breathtaking that these arguments even were conceived, let alone entertained by the President of the United States at that perilous moment in history" and that January 6 "was the final fateful day for the execution of a well-developed plan by the former president to overturn the 2020 presidential election at any cost." At the close of the hearing, Luttig said:

"Donald Trump and his allies and supporters are a clear and present danger to American democracy. They would attempt to overturn that 2024 election in the same way that they attempted to overturn the 2020 election, but succeed in 2024 where they failed in 2020. I don't speak those words lightly. I would have never spoken those words ever in my life, except that that's what the former president and his allies are telling us."

Luttig co-authored a 69-page report refuting claims of fraud in the 2020 election, published in July 2022.

On August 19, 2023, Luttig and liberal legal scholar Laurence Tribe, published an article that argued that Trump is barred from presidential office pursuant to the Insurrection Clause (section 3 of the 14th Amendment) because of his apparent support for the January 6 United States Capitol attack and, regardless of the riot, "no person who sought to overthrow our Constitution and thereafter declared that it should be 'terminated' and that he be immediately returned to the presidency can in good faith take the oath that Article II, Section 1 demands of any president-elect." This view has been furthered by other legal scholars. Luttig makes the point that

"[Groups that filed lawsuits to bar Trump from the ballot] do not yet understand what disqualifies the former president, namely an insurrection or rebellion against the constitution. They have argued the cases as if he is disqualified because he engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States. That's why they have, unfortunately, focused their efforts on establishing or not that the former president was responsible for the riot on the Capitol. The riot on the Capitol is incidental to the question of whether he engaged in a rebellion against the constitution.'"

In November 2023, with Donald Trump leading the race for the Republican presidential nomination, Luttig said "I am more worried for America today than I was on January 6. For all the reasons that we know, his election would be catastrophic for America's democracy." Luttig followed up with an essay in The New York Times describing a possible way that lawyers can improve the political landscape.

On July 1, 2024, Luttig was interviewed on MSNBC regarding the Supreme Court's ruling in Trump v. United States (2024), which granted Trump and other presidents immunity from prosecution for crimes committed in their official capacity as president. Luttig stated that "There is no support whatsoever in the Constitution or even in the Supreme Court's precedents, for the past 200 years, for this reprehensible decision by the Supreme Court. Needless to say, the decision is irreconcilable with America's democracy, the Constitution, and the rule of law." He stated that "America's democracy and the rule of law are this country's heart and soul. Our democracy and the rule of law are what have made America the envy of the world and the beacon of freedom to the world for almost 250 years. Now, today, the Supreme Court cut that heart and soul out of America."

title: J. Michael Luttig


text:
Max Kramer

Dr. Max Otto Kramer (8 September 1903 – June 1986) was a German scientist who worked for the Ruhrstahl AG steel and armaments corporation. He was responsible for the construction of the Fritz X and the Ruhrstahl X-4 missiles (1943-1945), among others.

Personal background
Max Otto Kramer was born on 8 September 1903 in Cologne, Germany, earned a degree in electronic engineering at the Technical College of Munich in 1926 and received his doctorate in aeronautics from the Technical College of Aachen in 1931. Already by the late 1930s he was an authority on aerodynamics, working at the German Institute of Aeronautics in Berlin, and holding patents for important innovations related to aircraft, such as landing flaps. His specialty was in the modeling of complex airflows, especially those related to laminar-flow dynamics.

Early research in Germany
Kramer had a wide range of interests and his work encompassed automobiles, gliders, propeller noise, acoustic missile and wake tracking, and underwater coatings. However, he is best known for the development of the Ruhrstahl X-1 "Fritz-X" glide bomb, a radio-controlled bomb whose descent could be adjusted. This bomb was deployed a number of times in late 1943 and early 1944, achieving several successes before Allied air superiority and electronic countermeasures rendered it ineffective. Notable amongst its successes were the sinking of the ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Roma and the infliction of severe damage upon the British battleship HMS Warspite (03), the American light cruiser USS Savannah (CL-42) and the British light cruiser HMS Uganda (66).

Kramer continued to evolve the basic Ruhrstahl X-1 design during the war. One direction of research was to improve the ability of this weapon to penetrate the heavy armor of modern battleships of the British King George V-class battleship (1939) and the American North Carolina-class battleship classes. The X-2 and X-3 variants of the weapon did so by achieving even higher descent speeds into the transonic range without losing directional stability. The X-5 and substituted greater explosive power for descent speed, with a total weight approaching 2,250 kg. The X-6 attempted to overcome heavy deck armor with a very heavy steel tip and an enhanced explosive charge. None of the variants ever made it into large-scale production or operational use.

One of Kramer's most renowned development efforts involved the Ruhrstahl X-4, also known as the Kramer X-4. This was a highly innovative air-to-air missile, designed to be guided by airborne operators into the midst of Allied bomber formations. As such it was a precursor to the air-to-air guided missiles developed in the post-war period. Developed late in the war, X-4 does not appear to have been used in combat.

Post-war activities in the United States
Kramer relocated to the United States after World War II as part of Operation Paperclip. From 1947 to 1952 he worked for the Pilotless Aircraft Laboratory at the Naval Air Development Station in Johnsville, Pennsylvania conducting research on autonomous air vehicles and missiles and building upon his research on the X-4.

Kramer left government employment in 1952 to take a position as Technical Director with Coleman Engineering Company where his work focused on the highly efficient movement of structures through fluids via creation of laminar flows. He often reported that on crossing the Atlantic he noticed dolphins have a shape implying laminar flow and that this was the inspiration for his research. However, he had been researching laminar-flow issues long before he came to the U.S. After ten years of effort he discovered that a compliant coating, such as the skin of a dolphin would dampen any turbulent tendencies resulting from movement through water. He claimed that a 30% reduction in drag was possible, but subsequent researchers were unable to duplicate these results, leading to what has been called "The Kramer Controversy." Over time, as more research on the topic has been conducted, scientists have gradually confirmed Dr. Kramer's pioneering views.

In 1956, in order to monetize Kramer's research on “Boundary Layer Stabilization by Distributed Damping,” Coleman Engineering and Kramer founded a jointly-owned company, Coleman-Kramer, Inc. The result of this combined effort was a new material designed to reduce drag in underwater vehicles emulating the compliant skin of porpoises. In 1957 the technology was licensed to US Rubber Co. for manufacturing, under the trademark Lamiflo. The Navy wasn't interested in this material, so Kramer patented it. Later the FBI claimed he sold it to the Russians.

Kramer died in June 1986 in Pacific Palisades, California.

title: Max Kramer


text:
Polish Lowland Sheepdog

The Polish Lowland Sheepdog (Polski Owczarek Nizinny, also PON), is a medium-sized, shaggy-coated, sheep dog breed native to Poland.

Appearance
The PON is a muscular, thick-coated dog. The double coat can be of any color or pattern; white, gray, and brown are most common, with black, gray, or brown markings. It is common for colors to fade as the dogs reach adulthood. The undercoat is soft and dense, while the topcoat is rough and either straight or wavy, but not curly. The hair around the head makes the head appear to be larger than it actually is, and typically covers the eyes.

Males are 45 – 50 cm (18 – 20 inches) in height at the withers, while females are 42 – 47 cm (17 – 19 inches). Males typically weigh between 40 – 50 lb, females, 30 – 40 lb. The body is just off square, it appears rectangular due to the abundance of coat on the chest and rear; the ratio of the height to the body length should be 9:10 (a 45 cm tall dog should have a body 50 cm long). The tail is either very short or docked in the United States. European countries have banned docking for the most part and many PONs now have tails of varying lengths.

Temperament
Polish Lowland Sheepdogs are stable and self-confident. They have an excellent memory and can be well trained, but may dominate a weak-willed owner. PONs adapt well to various conditions, and are popular as companion dogs for apartment dwellers in their native Poland. PONs require a moderate amount of exercise daily.

Activities
The Polish Lowland Sheepdog can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, Rally obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. PONs that exhibit basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.

Health
In general, PONs are a very healthy breed. Animals should be checked for hip dysplasia and checked for eye abnormalities such as PRA (Progressive Retinal Atrophy) before being used for breeding. PONs require a low protein diet. The life expectancy of a PON is approximately 12 years.

History
Known in its present form in Poland from at least the thirteenth century, the PON is most likely descended from the Puli, Tibetan Terrier and the herding dogs.

Legend has it that the Polish Lowland Sheepdog was part-ancestor of the Bearded Collie.

Almost driven to extinction in World War II, the PON was restored mainly through the work of Dr. Danuta Hryniewicz and her dog, Smok ("Dragon"), the ancestor of all PONs in the world today, who sired the first ten litters of PONs in the 1950s.

In fact, Dr. Hryniewicz considered Smok to be the epitome of the breed, with a perfect anatomical build and a wonderful temperament. Smok set the standard and type that was emulated by PON breeders for generations to come, and from which the first official standard for the PON was finally written, and accepted by the FCI, Fédération Cynologique Internationale, in 1959. He is considered to be the 'father' of the modern Polish Lowland Sheepdog. His moderate build lends itself to working effortlessly all day long, running with ease to herd the sheep. Pictures of Smok can be seen in the book, "The Official Book of the Polish Lowland Sheepdog".

The American Kennel Club recognized the Polish Lowland Sheepdog as a breed in the Herding Group in 2001.

title: Polish Lowland Sheepdog


text:
VOX (German TV channel)

Vox is a German free-to-air television channel launched on 25 January 1993 and owned by RTL Group. The channel mainly broadcasts documentaries and US series and movies.

An integral part of the night program is the series Medical Detectives / Forensic Files, which regularly gets very high ratings, sometimes up to 20%, which is rather unusual for the broadcaster.

History
VOX started transmitting on 25 January 1993. It competed with public television by broadcasting many live and informational programmes. The channel was originally owned by an assortment of German media companies:
 * UFA (Bertelsmann) – 24.9%
 * Westdeutsche Medienbeteiligungsgesellschaft (West German Media Holding Company) – 25.1%
 * Holtzbrinck-Verlag (Holtzbrinck Publishing House) – 14.5%
 * Warner Music Germany – 14.5%
 * Development Company for Television Program (DCTP) – 11%
 * Mittelständische Unternehmensbeteiligung (Middle Class Business Holdings) – 10%

The director of programming at launch was Ruprecht Eser. One year after the channel's launch it seemed clear that the original programme concept would not work. Market share among the target group relevant for advertisers was at 1.5%, too low to attract much advertising. VOX took significant losses. By February 1994, all the original partners except UFA and DCTP had sold their stakes. As a result of the losses, the quality of programmes began to decline. VOX had to repeat its movies every few weeks to fill the schedule. On 1 April 1994, VOX went into liquidation. More than 250 employees were laid off.

VOX's logo consists of the letters V and X, with a red circle "eye" using negative space to create the O.

By November 1994 VOX had new owners:
 * News German Television Holding (News Corporation) – 49.9%
 * Canal+ – 24.9%
 * UFA (Bertelsmann) – 24.9%
 * DCTP – 0.3%

Gradually, VOX gained a foothold in the German television landscape. In 1998, VOX signed an output deal with 20th Century Fox, leading to more series and movies being broadcast alongside magazine-style shows. In December 1999, RTL Television bought out News Corporation. A short time later, Canal+ sold its share to UFA (Bertelsmann AG). 99.7% of the channel now belonged to RTL Group, with the remaining 0.3% held by DCTP.

Now, VOX is the most successful private television station of the so-called "second generation". The channel had so much success with series such as CSI and CSI: Miami that they were transferred to the more widely watched sister channel RTL Television. CSI: NY gets a market share of up to 21% on VOX.

Audience share in March 2008 was 5.4%, with share amongst 14- to 49-year-olds at 7.4%. In the 2011/12 television season, VOX had a 5.6% share of all viewers, making it the sixth-most watched channel, and 7.4% among viewers aged 14–49, making it the fourth-most watched channel by that demographic.

Germany
The average age of the viewers is 48.6 years (as of 2016).

title: VOX (German TV channel)