text:
Tea caddy

A tea caddy is a box, jar, canister, or other receptacle used to store tea. When first introduced to Europe from Asia, tea was extremely expensive, and kept under lock and key. The containers used were often expensive and decorative, to fit in with the rest of a drawing-room or other reception room. Hot water was carried up from the kitchen, and the tea made by the mistress of the house, or under her supervision.

The word is believed to be derived from catty, the Chinese pound, equal to about a pound and a third avoirdupois. The earliest examples that came to Europe were of Chinese porcelain, and similar in shape to the ginger-jar. They had Chinese-style lids or stoppers, and were most frequently blue and white. Until about 1800, they were called tea canisters.

At first, English manufacturers imitated the Chinese, but quickly devised forms and ornaments of their own, and most ceramic factories in the country competed for the supply of the new fashion. Earlier tea caddies were made of either porcelain or faience. Later, designs had more variety in materials and decorations. Wood, pewter, tortoiseshell, brass, copper and silver were employed, but the material most frequently used was wood, and a number of Georgian box-shaped caddies in mahogany, rosewood, satin-wood and other timbers still survive. These were often mounted in brass and delicately inlaid, with knobs of ivory, ebony or silver. Many examples were made in Holland, principally of the earthenware of Delft. There were also many English factories producing high quality caddies. Soon the Western designs were also being made in Chinese export porcelain and its Japanese equivalent. The caddy spoon, typically in silver, was a wide shovel-like spoon for the tea, often with a scalloped bowl.

As the use of the jar waned and the box became more popular, the provision of different receptacles for green and black tea was abandoned, and the wooden tea chest or caddy, with a lid and a lock, was made with two and often three divisions for the actual caddies, the center portion being reserved for sugar. In the late 18th and early 19th century, caddies made from mahogany and rosewood were popular. The Chippendale company made caddies in the so-called Louis Quinze fashion, with claw-and-ball feet and exquisite finish. The designs of the wooden caddies were rich, the inlay simple and delicate, the form graceful and unobtrusive. Even when shaped like miniature sarcophagi, imitating the massive wine-coolers of the Empire style, with little claw feet and brass rings, they were regarded as pleasant.

The larger varieties were known as tea chests. This term was also applied to cube-shaped wooden crates used for exporting tea overseas; now, it denotes similar boxes chiefly associated with house removals.

As tea grew cheaper, there was less concern with the appearance of caddies, and as a result they fell out of use, as tea was kept in the kitchen.

title: Tea caddy


text:
Savage Alberta Railway

Savage Alberta Railway, known as Alberta RailNet between 1999 and 2005, was a Canadian short line railway that operated in the province of Alberta until late 2006.

History
Alberta RailNet was formed in June 1999 to purchase former Canadian National Railway trackage running north from Swan Landing to Grande Prairie, Hythe, Spirit River and Glavin. The company was owned by North American RailNet.

The Swan Landing to Grande Prairie line was opened in the 1960s as CN's Alberta Resources Railway, whereas the Glavin – Spirit River – Grande Prairie – Hythe line was the former Northern Alberta Railways (ex–Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway), which CN purchased in 1981. In total, the railway operated 345 miles of lines.

In 2005, Savage Industries, through its subsidiary CANAC, purchased Alberta RailNet's assets from North American Railnet, and renamed the railway to the Savage Alberta Railway.

On December 1, 2006, CN announced that it had purchased Savage Alberta Railway for $25 million and that it had begun operating the railway the same day.

The locomotive engineers, conductors and assistant conductors who work on the former Savage Alberta Railway lines (now CN) are represented by the Teamsters Canada Rail Conference (TCRC).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Savage Alberta Railway


text:
User talk:Ralfipedia

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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You could also consider putting WikiProject Mathematics on your watchlist, to be kept in touch with the math chat over there. Thank you for your contributions to cardinality. What you fixed was indeed an enbarrasing mistake. And a remark. One can use &le; for the less-than-or-equal-to sign, which shows up as ≤. Enjoy! Oleg Alexandrov 04:35, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Creation_myth

Itself
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. ...en passant! 19:21, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I have once more speedy deleted this article - as it has been on a number of previous ocassions - please do not re-create it - or you you risk facing a block. ...en passant! 13:20, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I have moved this former page's talk page to User:Ralfipedia/Talk-Itself - we don't need an orphan talk page and you seem to have a liking for it ... ...en passant! 14:01, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Ralph - me again; as a suggestion, why not start a new sub page in your user space - say User:Ralfipedia/Itself ((click this and get going on it)) work this into an article that you are happy with - and it will not be jumped on whilst it is in your space and post a link to one of the philosophy or language based discussion areas and ask for comments advice etc. This then might lead to a useful article that can be promoted back to the main pages. This way you develop your area of interest, get help from others all without falling out with others and risking an unnecessary ban! Hope this helps. Although I have a degree in Philososphy - I have no views on the philosphincal aspects of what you're aiming at! Kind regards :) ...en passant! 14:53, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ralfipedia


text:
Clandestine Colombian Communist Party

The Clandestine Colombian Communist Party (in Spanish: Partido Comunista Clandestino Colombiano) was an underground communist party in Colombia. It was politically linked to the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), which founded the party in 2000. After FARC officially broke with the Colombian Communist Party (CCP), a separate FARC-based party structure came into de facto existence during most of the 1990s, until the PCCC was officially founded in 2000. The party's founder and leader was FARC's commander Guillermo León Sáenz, also known as "Alfonso Cano", who was killed in action in 2011.

History
As a result of peace negotiations between FARC and the Colombian government in 1985, FARC, in conjunction with the Colombian Communist Party, founded the Patriotic Union (UP) as a legal political party that would participate in electoral politics. Although the formation of the UP was a provision of the negotiations with the government, the party was violently repressed by right-wing paramilitary groups as well as Colombian drug lords. Whatever optimism FARC held regarding entrance into mainstream politics was slowly abandoned as the UP all but disintegrated in the late-1980s.

Because FARC maintained a rigid ideology, they informally maintained a party structure known as the Bolivarian Movement for a New Colombia in the 1990s. This new emphasis on the figure of Simon Bolivar would later be incorporated into the official ideology of the PCCC. After the end of the Cold War, FARC would not abandon their ideological devotion to Marxism–Leninism but they did complement it with nationalist Bolivarian sentiment. The transformation of this movement into the founding of the PCCC was officially announced by FARC in 2000.

With the creation of the Common Alternative Revolutionary Force after the Colombian peace process, the party was disbanded, with its members joining the newly established political party.

Ideology
In adherence with Leninism, FARC did not intend for the PCCC to run in "bourgeois" elections. Instead, the PCCC was to remain underground, serving as the vanguard party for the FARC. As well as keeping the FARC rooted in Marxism–Leninism, the PCCC also sought to appeal to other members of the working class in hopes of building a revolutionary class consciousness in Colombia. The existence of an official ideological organ of FARC also helped the organization to legitimize itself as a viable alternative to bourgeois democracy.

Results
As the PCCC never participated in elections, it is difficult to evaluate the party's success in spreading its ideology as a revolutionary vanguard party.

title: Clandestine Colombian Communist Party


text:
Cassville, Georgia

Cassville is an unincorporated community in Bartow County in the U.S. state of Georgia. It was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County. The seat was moved to Cartersville after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864.

Cassville, although no longer incorporated, is said to encompass an area beginning at the Cassville Road-Firetower Road intersection and extending a mile in all directions. Cassville lies in between Adairsville and Cartersville, off U.S. Route 41. It is considered part of metro Atlanta but maintains its small town atmosphere.

Other points of interest include the Cassville History Museum, Cassville Visitors Information, and Cassville Confederate Cemetery, located on Cass-White Road.

History
The town of Cassville was platted in 1833, as the seat of justice for Cass County. It was soon the center of trade and travel in the region recently comprising the Cherokee Nation. Both the county and town were named in the honor of General Lewis Cass, Michigan statesman and Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Andrew Jackson. It was the county seat of Cass County from 1832–1861.

The name was changed to Manassas in 1861 after the success of the Confederacy in the First Battle of Bull Run. But as a direct result, the town was burned by Union General William T. Sherman in 1864 and never fully recovered.

About 300 unknown Confederate soldiers died of wounds or disease in Cassville's several Confederate hospitals. These hospitals operated from late 1861 until May 18, 1864, when ambulances moved patients south out of the path of the invading Federal forces. In May 1899, the Cassville Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, to honor these unknown soldiers, placed headstones at each of their graves in the local cemetery.

On May 19, 1864, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston tricked Sherman into dividing his forces at Adairsville and sending the XXIII Corps under General John M. Schofield across the Gravelly Plateau to Cassville. Johnston placed Lt. General Leonidas Polk's corps behind Two Run Creek northwest of Cassville to oppose Schofield in front as he began crossing the creek. Johnston then sent Lt. General John B. Hood's corps northward along the Spring Place Road, to ambush Schofield on the left.

Atlanta Campaign. On May 19, 1864, Johnston, entrenched on the ridge east of the marker, planned to give battle but Sherman threatened his flank and his corps commanders objected to the position. He therefore withdrew to Allatoona Pass. Rather than attack this strong position Sherman moved past it toward New Hope Church.

Confederate Army of Tennessee at Cassville. Johnston’s forces, reaching Cassville May 18, 1864 from Resaca, 30 mi north, took positions on ridge west of the town and prepared to withstand the advancing Federals. On May 19: Pursuant to this intention, Hood's corps moved north of the town to oppose the Federal XX and XXIII Corps marching south from Adairsville. But Hood's corps, diverted by an attack on its right by McCook's cavalry [US], changed front and was ordered with the rest of the Army [CS] to withdraw to ridge east and south of the town.

The Confederates held a council of war at the William Neal McKelvey residence May 19. They discussed the advisability of holding the position east and south of Cassville. Present were: Johnston; Polk; Hood; Maj. General S. C. French; and Captain W.J. Morris, Chief Engineer, Polk's aide-de-camp. After hearing the statements of the council, Johnston ordered the withdrawal of the army at midnight.

May 19, 1864: Butterfield's (3rd) Division, XXth Corps [US], moving southeast from McDow's, left the road here and marched to the Hawkins Price house, en route to Kingston The 1st and 2nd Divisions [US], on roads west, had the same objective - an erratic move by Sherman who assumed that Johnston's Army [CS] had retreated on Kingston. Butterfield's march disclosed that Johnston's Army was at Cassville, not Kingston. The XXIII Corps (Schofield) [US] marched on this road from McDow's, reaching Cassville at dark.

Here the night of May 19, 1864, the Confederate Generals Johnston, Polk and Hood, conferred and decided to abandon Cassville and to move south of the Etowah, although Johnston originally had intended to fight here.

Cassville Female College was founded in 1853. On May 19, 1864, skirmishers of Polk's Army Corps [CS] withdrew from this ridge east to Cassville when pressed back by Butterfield's (3d) Div., XXth Corps [US], from the Hawkins Price house. Battery C, 1st Ohio Light Artillery, supported by 73rd Ohio Infantry, 19th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment and 20th Connecticut Infantry regiment [US] occupied the ridge and shelled the town as Johnson's Army [CS] withdrew to a ridge east of it. At night Cassville was seized by the 19th Mich. & 20th Conn. the Female College and town were burned by the union.

Noble Hill Rosenwald School, now known as Noble Hill-Wheeler Memorial Center, was built in 1923 as the first standard school for black children in the Bartow County School System. The school closed in 1955 when all the county's schools for black children were consolidated to form Bartow Elementary School at a central location. Today the restored building is a cultural heritage museum with emphasis on black life in Bartow from the early 1900s to the present.

On Chapman Hill, a school for boys was established in January 1854. This was a large three-story brick building flanked by two-story wings. It burned in 1856, was rebuilt in 1857, and was destroyed by Federal forces on October 12, 1864. This, and the Methodist Female College 3/4 miles northeast, were the first chartered institutions of higher education in Cherokee Georgia. Their destruction, together with the burning of Cassville, marked the passing of a notable educational center in this section of the state.

Notable people

 * Barry Loudermilk, U.S. Congressman from Georgia's 11th congressional district.
 * Brigadier General William T. Wofford is buried here. He surrendered the last remaining Confederate troops east of the Mississippi in nearby Kingston.

title: Cassville, Georgia


text:
User talk:Hunter1084

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Learn about some of the Wikipedia landmarks by trying our Wikipedia scavenger hunt!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 04:36, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Good to meet a fellow scientist!
Heya hunter! It's always good to meet a fellow biologist. It's pretty funny, but there are actually several biologists here on wiki (it's funny because I haven't met many other kinds of scientists...). Cheers! – ClockworkSoul 00:14, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Calgary Wikipedia Meetup Reminder
The first Wikipedia Meetup in Calgary is this Monday, May 15, starting at 5pm(ish) at the Good Earth Café in Connaught (1502 - 11 Street SW; Just down from 17 Avenue on 11 Street). —GrantNeufeld 20:32, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Just A Note
Just wanted to let you know there is an "official" UofC userbox now, I made it this morning it is user UCalgary. Haha and I think scientists are better wikipedians since their articles don't cause as much media debate for inaccuracy! Thank god for minimally subjective subjects!! -- TristanJ Talk

I could watch it for hours, too! --Riley 00:04, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Allegations of sock puppetry on the Center for Science in the Public Interest page
Allegations of sock puppetry have been made against some of the accounts that have edited the Center for Science in the Public Interest page. I have instigated the wiki process for handling such allegations. See Suspected sock puppets/David Justin. As someone who has contributed to the CSPI page, please add your views to the Comments section. You have up to 10 days to make comments on the allegation. Nunquam Dormio 18:45, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Calgary Wikipedia meetup
Just a reminder that the Calgary Wikipedia meetup is this Sunday, 2pm, at Haymarket Café (1101 Macleod Trail SE). —GrantNeufeld 03:27, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Calgary Wikipedia Meetup
With the municipal election coming up, I figured it would be good to have another local meet of Wikipedia contributors in Calgary. This would be a chance to chat about Wikipedia stuff in general, but also to discuss ways to cover the election on Wikipedia. I’m suggesting next week, at a location (TBD) in the downtown area. If you’re interested in participating, please vote on when you’d like to schedule the meet. Thanks. —GrantNeufeld 21:59, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hunter1084


text:
Scott Spillane

Scott Edward Spillane (born September 26, 1965) is an American musician. He was part of The Gerbils and was one of the original members of the band Neutral Milk Hotel, for which he also served as a composer. He also has appeared on albums and in live shows by Elephant 6 artists such as The Olivia Tremor Control, of Montreal and Elf Power.

title: Scott Spillane


text:
Talk:Kamehameha III

pictures
No pictures of their postage stamps? They desired those best, such as Graven Imagery of the USA Presidents.74.82.228.84 (talk) 22:11, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

moving
just like Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom

this current heading of the article is a little disrespectful.. Antares911 23:54, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I am taking Hawaiian History currently in my Middle School and the above is correct.- Anon.

It was requested that Kamehameha III be moved to either Kamehameha III of Hawai'i, Kamehameha III, King of Hawai'i or King Kamehameha III of Hawai'i. I among others oppose such moves. As can be seen above, the request received opposition and the poll went stale. Requests denied. Arrigo 13:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Instead of having to place opinions on multiple pages, we should follow the example of the users over at the Japan manual of style pages and move all related discussions to one place. Thus, I'm requesting that we move all discussions about the naming conventions of Hawaiian monarchs to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Hawaii/Manual of Style. 青い(Aoi) 06:21, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Royal consorts and monarchs
hi there. i´m trying to get a discussion going to change the rules on naming consorts, monarchs, etc.. it´s a bit of mess at the moment. maybe you wanna join in and give your opinion? feel free cheers Antares911 23:55, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Third wife
I removed the note "marriage not recognized by Missionaries". We are writing about a King of Hawaii and he certainly didn't need the recognition of foreign missionaries to his marriages! They were only foreigners he hosted, not his controllers! Val —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.51.116.250 (talk) 15:06, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Kamehameha III's famous quote
Actually, "Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono" means "National independendence will be restored when the situation is corrected." Which it was. Tom129.93.17.214 00:40, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Not sure where you got that translation from, but I can deal with it. The part in the sentence "ua mau", gives the idea that what was started in the past is continuing, therefore the English word "restored" to me doesn't equate to "mau", but rather just to continue or to say that it has been continuing.  What was continued?  Ke ea, or sovereignty or in your definition, national independence. Mamoahina (talk)  —Preceding undated comment was added at 03:47, 2 November 2008 (UTC).

Unsourced material moved from main page
''Through out his life Kauikeaouli was protected by the Kaahanui family. The Hawaiian man known as John William Nakoa Kaahanui was his personal body-guard and his genealogy shows that the lineage of Kaahanui have been protecting the Kamehameha's for a long time.''
 * Thank you. --1.54.160.237 (talk) 11:40, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Infobox image
The portrait is based on a photograph of the king and stylistically more appropriate and is colored unlike a black and white photograph. Photographs are featured in the later life section when they photography first arrived in Hawaii during the late 1840s. The portrait also hangs prominently at Bishop Museum and is a more iconic image of the king. KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:14, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kamehameha III


text:
Talk:Creative Coalition

Where did this come from? --BDD 04:38, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Text Removed
I answered my own question, posed above, and found that this information was indeed taken verbatim from the Creative Coalition site. The text can be found on this page under the "What We Do" sections. Whether from a CC member or an outside user, this is not what we want on Wikipedia. If you feel up to the task, you're welcome to work with that text, which I have preserved below, to make a better article. I, for one, don't know anything about the group and feel like I couldn't add much to the subject - but I can make sure Wikipedia isn't just mirroring other pages. It's just not professional. --BDD 16:50, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Article as of April 14th
The Creative Coalition sponsors public forums for the discussion of central issues such as education policy, violence in America, the role of the media, campaign finance reform, gun control, and other topics of broad concern. These highly publicized events ensure a balanced approach that always includes concerned and informed members of the creative professions.

The Creative Coalition tackles issues of direct importance to the arts and entertainment community, including First Amendment rights, public funding for the arts, and arts education in the public schools. The Coalition testifies before Congress, sponsors awareness-building events, actively participates in the Democratic and Republican conventions, and plays an assertive role in presenting the creative community's views on these issues.

The Creative Coalition offers special services to its members to help prepare them for public roles as advocates and spokespeople. The Coalition believes informed advocacy is effective advocacy, and encourages the ongoing education of its members as they exercise their rights as citizens in public settings.

The Creative Coalition homepage

Rename to "The Creative Coalition"?
It should be called "The Creative Coalition" as the organization often goes by TCC. The page I created yesterday under that name was taken down when the information was researched,expanded, and updated from this current page. I do understand, however, that I did need to cite the info I added, but honestly I was going to do that today anyway to prove that the information is correct. -Jjanis1 August 12, 10:24 AM
 * As explained on User talk:Jjanis1, I reverted the copying and pasting from Creative Coalition to The Creative Coalition because it was done without attribution, violating the requirements of the CC-BY-SA license that the copied text is under. I don't see a pressing need to move the page, but I won't object if it is done in the proper way described at Moving a page.
 * You are still welcome to re-add sourced content, but please consider that extensive descriptions of one current charity effort might be desirable from a PR perspective and appropriate on the organizations own home page, but could be seen as less relevant for a neutral encyclopedia article encompassing the whole history of an organization.
 * In case this edit (removing information about the organization's political ties, and retainment of a lobbing firm) was made by you: Please avoid deleting sourced content without giving an explanation.
 * Regards, HaeB (talk) 20:41, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:Wild Thing (song)

Untitled
Now this article is about 2 songs that have the same name but are completely different. Tone Loc's song is well known and is worth mentioning. --TheSamurai 04:38, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

isnt this song the same as louis louis with just different words? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.50.169.229 (talk) 04:22, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Split?
Since someone put a split tag on here, I'll start the discussion. I'm all for it. I was actually the one who cleaned up the article to make it more even between the two songs (in the past, it was basically a Troggs article with a little Ton Loc added in for good measure). By the way, "Wild Thing" already has a disambiguation page, so we don't need another. --Rehcsif 14:57, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, "Wild Thing" should definitely be a disambiguation, not a redirect to Wild Thing (song). TheDavesr 21:15, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wild Thing (song)


text:
Return from Witch Mountain

Return from Witch Mountain is a 1978 American science fiction–adventure film and a sequel to Escape to Witch Mountain (1975) and the second film in the Witch Mountain franchise. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was written by Malcolm Marmorstein and is based on characters created by Alexander Key, who also wrote the novelization of the film for Disney. Ike Eisenmann, Kim Richards, and Denver Pyle reprise their roles as Tony, Tia, and Uncle Bené—humanoid extraterrestrials with special powers including telepathy and telekinesis. The two main villains are played by Bette Davis as Letha Wedge, a greedy woman using the last of her money to finance the scientific experiments of Dr. Victor Gannon, played by Christopher Lee. It was the final film of actor Jack Soo, who died of cancer in January 1979.

In September 1978, the film was re-released to theaters on a double bill with Escape to Witch Mountain.

A television film called Beyond Witch Mountain was made in 1982.

Plot
Tony and his sister Tia are in need of a vacation. Uncle Bené drops them off in their flying saucer at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Los Angeles, California, after which the siblings quickly become separated from each other. A man named Dr. Victor Gannon and his assistant Letha Wedge witness Tony using his powers to save Letha's nephew Sickle from certain death. Realizing that Tony has supernatural powers, Dr. Gannon drugs the boy with a tranquilizer shot and takes him back to their laboratory. There, Dr. Gannon successfully tests a new mind-control technology on him. Under its influence, Tony is completely hypnotized and does everything his kidnappers want him to do, including stealing gold from a museum exhibit and stopping Tia from finding them. With Tony at his robotic bidding, Dr. Gannon hopes to achieve recognition within the scientific community and worldwide power, while Letha merely wants a return on her investment.

The Earthquake Gang, a group of would-be tough boys Tia meets, are being chased by a group of rivals; Tia telepathically gets rid of them. The boys accept her into their ranks and help her look for her brother. They let her sleep in their secret hideout, where she has visions of Tony's location. Tia sees Tony at work with gold in a museum; he is controlled by a chip attached to his ear. He unstacks the gold but is followed by Mr. Yokomoto, the truant officer who thinks Tony should go to school, and unsuccessfully chases the doctor, aunt, nephew, and Tony in his minibus. While chasing them, Mr. Yokomoto destroys public property and loses his job.

Using her telepathy to find Tony, Tia discovers his captors' hideout but is caught by Sickle and placed in an anesthesia chamber by Gannon. Unable to move, Tia telepathically asks a goat to find the Earthquake Gang. The gang follows the goat back to the hideout and they free Tia as Tony, Letha, Sickle, and Victor drive to a plant to steal plutonium. Tia traces their location and describes it as a "big round ball". They come across Mr. Yokomoto, who tells them he lost his job and the only thing that works in the minibus is the radio. The news given about the plutonium plant stresses on the term "molecular flow".

Tia then asks Mr. Yokomoto to drive them to the location after she telekinetically repairs the minibus. After Victor and his gang reach the site, he shuts down the plant's cooling system. In exchange for turning it back on, he demands $5 million in cash (equivalent to $ million in ), a jet to escape, and public acknowledgement of his achievements. The people working at the plant make arrangements for the money as soon as possible, but Tia reaches the site in time, where she and Tony battle to turn on the cooling system. Tia manages to turn it on, but Victor commands Tony to kill his sister. Tia realizes he is being controlled and destroys the device. Tony levitates Victor, Sickle and Letha to the ceiling with no way of getting down. Mr. Yokomoto drives the kids to the Rose Bowl Stadium and the Earthquake Gang come along to say goodbye. Tony and Tia bid farewell to the kids after they board the flying saucer and go back to Witch Mountain.

Cast

 * Bette Davis as Letha Wedge
 * Christopher Lee as Dr. Victor Gannon
 * Kim Richards as Tia Malone
 * Ike Eisenmann as Tony Malone
 * Jack Soo as Mr. "Yo-Yo" Yokomoto
 * Anthony James as Sickle
 * Richard Bakalyan as Eddie
 * Ward Costello as Mr. Clearcole
 * Christian Juttner as Dazzler
 * Brad Savage as Muscles
 * Poindexter Yothers as Crusher
 * Jeffrey Jacquet as Rocky
 * Stu Gilliam as Dolan
 * William Bassett as Operations officer
 * Tom Scott as Monitor
 * Helene Winston as Dowager
 * Albert Able as Engineer
 * Denver Pyle as Uncle Bené
 * Brian Part and Pierre Daniel as Goons
 * Wally Brooks as Taxi fare
 * Mel Gold as Security guard
 * Bob Yothers as Cop
 * Casse Jaeger as School patrolman
 * Larry Mamorstein as Guard
 * Bob James as Gate guard
 * Ruth Warshawsky as Lady in car
 * Adam Anderson as Man in museum
 * Rosemary Lord as Woman in museum
 * Ted Noose as Policeman
 * Wally Berns as Man in car

Production notes
Actors Kim Richards and Ike Eisenmann appear in at least four films together: this one; the original Disney film Escape to Witch Mountain (1975); the television film Devil Dog: The Hound of Hell (1978); and a reimagined remake of the original film Race to Witch Mountain (2009), released in March 2009, in which Richards portrays a roadside waitress and Eisenmann portrays a sheriff.

Jack Soo (Mr. "Yo-Yo" Yokomoto) was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in the autumn of 1978, several months after the film's release. Return from Witch Mountain would be his final film appearance, as he died the following January.

Poindexter "Crusher" Yothers is the real-life brother of singer-actress Tina Yothers, of Family Ties (1982-1989) fame. Their father Bob also appears in this film, as a policeman.

The emergency voice heard over Yokomoto's minibus radio—announcing the problem at the plutonium plant—is that of Gary Owens.

Filming locations
Filming started on April 11, 1977.

The otherwise vacant lot upon which the children's dilapidated mansion hideout stands was at the Alameda Street railroad yard in California, where the Rochester House (a relic from the 1880s) was waiting for restoration and relocation. The house was never restored and was ultimately demolished in 1979.

Scenes of Dr. Victor Gannon's mansion, the location of his laboratory, were filmed at Moby Castle on Durand Drive, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles.

The tunnel scenes were filmed at the Fillmore and Western Railway in Fillmore, California constructing a faux tunnel structure. The faux tunnel still stands and can be seen from CA-126/Telegraph Road.

The gold bar robbery sequence was filmed at the Natural History Museum in Exposition Park, Los Angeles. The building facing the park's Rose Garden was used for exterior shots of the museum. The scene in which Yokomoto's minibus is overturned and breaks a fire hydrant was filmed near the Sunset Boulevard bridge and Glendale Boulevard underpass intersection, in the Echo Park district.

Novelization
Alexander Key wrote a novelization of Return from Witch Mountain, based on Malcolm Marmorstein's screenplay; the book was released by Westminster Press in 1978 to coincide with the film's theatrical release.

Home video
Return from Witch Mountain was released on VHS in April 1986. It was first released as a Special Edition DVD in Region 1 on September 2, 2003, re-released on DVD in a two-movie collection along with Escape to Witch Mountain on September 5, 2006, and re-released as part of the Walt Disney Family Classics line on March 10, 2009.

Return from Witch Mountain was released on Blu-ray as a Disney Movie Club exclusive title in October 2015.

title: Return from Witch Mountain


text:
1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom

The 1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, written in both English and Hawaiian, was constructed by King Kamehameha III. The purpose of its construction was to not only revise, but add to the 1840 Constitution in great length. The new constitution created a more democratic government much like those of the United States and Europe.

King Kamehameha III
The writer of the Hawaiian Constitution of 1852 was Kauikeaouli, referred to by the Hawaiian public as King Kamehameha III. He was the successor of Liholiho, King Kamehameha II. Kauikeaouli was the brother of Liholio and son of Kamehameha I. Kauikeaouli took over the throne at age eleven under the "regency" of his mother Ka'ahumanu. Kauikeaouli enacted the first constitution of Hawaii in 1840 which created a more western-like government with a two-body legislature. This was later revised in 1852. King Kamehameha III was the first Hawaiian monarch to rule as a "constitutional monarch" rather than an absolute monarch like his predecessors. This means he ruled in accordance with the sovereign people and a constitution declaring their rights.

Transition from 1840 Constitution to 1852 Constitution
The 1840 constitution was the first written constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and was heavily influenced by Europeans and Americans living on the Island and especially by Protestant missionaries who had arrived in 1820. It created two houses; the House of Nobles and House of Representatives. It also created a judicial branch similar to the one used in the continental U.S., which established a supreme court of which the king would be the chief judge. This first written constitution did effectively split the government in a European fashion, however it was very general. It contained nothing about foreign affairs or even civil affairs regarding land rights and organization of the communities. Because of the notable gaps becoming evident in the existing constitution, King Kamehameha III and the Hawaiian Kingdom Legislature picked three commissioners to revise the constitution of 1840. One commissioner was chosen by the King, one by the House of Nobles, and one by the House of Representatives. These commissioners were given the daunting task of revising the constitution and in doing so, practically rewrote it.

The new Constitution contained 106 sections. This was a major increase from the 47 that made up the previous constitution. The 1852 version created a much more specific Declaration of Rights than the previous. This helped to clearly outline the rights of the people in regards to land and the organization of communities which solved the confusion left unaddressed in the 1840 edition. The new constitution also served to declare freedom from servitude for all adult males. It also restructured the House of Nobles so that the members were no longer determined by heredity, but were rather appointed for life by the King. The delegated powers of the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive (Monarchy) branches of the Hawaiian government were also specified.

The Constitution of 1852
The Constitution of 1852 served as the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom from 1852 through 1864. It heavily liberalized the structure of the Hawaiian government compared to the previous 1840 constitution, introducing new elements of democracy into the government and reducing the influence of the monarch in kingdom affairs.

The 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii was divided into seven parts.

The seven parts were:

1. Declaration of Rights

2. Form of Government

3. Of the Executive Power

 * a. Section I: The King, His Prerogatives
 * b. Section II: Of the Kuhina Nui
 * c. Section III: Of the Privy Council
 * d. Section IV: Of the King's Ministers
 * e. Section V: Of the Governors

4. Of the Legislative Power

 * a. Of the House of Nobles
 * b. Of the House of Representatives

5. Of the Judiciary

6. General Provisions

7. More Amending of the Constitution

The Declaration of Rights stated that the Hawaiians were a free people.

The Form of Government stated that Hawaii was a Constitutional Monarchy.

The section "Of the Executive Power" declared the powers of the executive power.

The section "Of the Legislative Power" declared the powers of the legislative power.

The section "Of the Judiciary" declared the powers of the judiciary.

The General Provisions stated anything unmentioned earlier besides the amending power.

The final section allowed for amending of the constitution.

The Amendment of 1856
An amendment to the constitution of 1852 was proposed during the legislative session in the year 1855. It was ratified on September 15, 1856. The amendment contained eight articles. The primary focus of the amendment was to allow the legislature to meet biennially rather than annually.

Article 1 changed the 27th article of the constitution but only in the native language. One word was changed.

Article 2 amended the 29th article of the constitution. The 29th article of the constitution allowed the king to convene the legislature at the seat of the government or at a different location if safety was an issue. It also allowed the king to adjourn the legislature for up to one year in case of a disagreement between the two houses or with the king himself. Under the new amendment, the king had the discretion to adjourn the legislature for up to two years.

Article 3 amended the 32nd article of the constitution to remove the King's power to appoint the head of any executive office. The amended article would now only give the King the authority to remove the head of an executive office as well as to demand written information from any department head or officer regarding the oversight of their office.

Article 4 amended the 43rd article of the constitution. The original constitution stated that any Chief of Rank as appointed by the King would have the title "highness". The amendment removed this title and instead declared that any Chief of Rank would be known by their birth title or any other title the King gave them.

Article 5 amended the 54th article of the constitution. Article 5 of the 1856 amendment changed the requirement of each governmental department to report its transactions and business. The reports were now due by the start of each new fiscal year rather than just being a general annual requirement.

Article 6 amended the 61st article of the constitution. Under the amendment, the legislature was only required to meet on behalf of the welfare of the nation biannually rather than annually as previously defined by the constitution. This biannual convention would be held when and where the king dictated.

Article 6 amended the 99th article of the constitution. Under the new amendment the legislature would vote every two years on the appropriations based on an analysis of the previous two years revenue and spending as well as the projected revenue and spending of the next two years as given by the finance minister.

Article 8 amended the 72nd article of the constitution. The amendment addressed the possibility of members of the House of Nobles being able to resign from their position. Under the amendment the king would appoint members of the House of Nobles who would hold their seats for life except in cases of resignation. Members of the House of Nobles were subject to provisions stated in article 67 of the constitution and there would be a maximum of 30 members allowed.

Transition from 1852 Constitution to 1864 Constitution
The constitution of 1852 lasted through the reign of King Kamehameha III and King Kamehameha IV. When King Kamehameha IV died in 1863, King Kamehameha V resumed power but refused to endorse the constitution of 1852. King Kamehameha V despised the liberal nature of the 1852 constitution and wanted to restore power to the monarchy. He gathered a small group of delegates consisting of chiefs from the House of Nobles, some common citizens, and some missionaries to assemble a convention to re-write the constitution. Members at the convention refused to ratify the new constitution, so King Kamehameha V dismissed them and implemented the new constitution himself. The constitution of 1864 expanded the powers of the king, created a unicameral legislature, restricted freedom of the press, weakened the judicial, and discriminated against the poor through the institution of a property requirement for people to vote or serve in the legislature. The new constitution of 1864 contained 80 articles compared to the 106 articles in the constitution of 1852.


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Diego Velázquez/archive1

Diego Velázquez
A self-nomination. Your comments are appreciated. --DanielNuyu 04:40, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. A quick POV-check might be good, because the prose tends to be slightly passionate at times. Otherwise, good job. Phils 16:46, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Generally a good article, well-written if perhaps a trifle hagiographic. My main issue, however, is with the lead section. Its first paragraph really only mentions him as a portraitist; while this is important to mention, it neglects his work in other forms of painting. The second paragraph is just poorly written. Read literally, it would have you believe that later artists tried to learn from Velázquez's fame and importance, rather than from his artistic style. --Michael Snow 17:55, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Michael: A good point. See the lead as edited now. --DanielNuyu 21:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Reasonable, objection withdrawn. --Michael Snow 21:25, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. \m/ --Protokurios 21:29, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Nice work. Want to do El Greco and Goya next? I can't really see any overly positive POV comments that aren't supported by his reputation and the views of him by others. Is there an image of the portrait of Phillip IV (not on horseback) available? Seems like that is needed for the 'Madrid and Philip IV' section. - Taxman 14:01, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Taxman: There are several such portraits, and I happened upon one already uploaded being used in the Habsburg Spain article. I will integrate it here. --DanielNuyu 19:13, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, that's the one I was thinking of, thanks. Now what about the other Spanish painters? :) - Taxman 20:41, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It is my understanding that all substantially unaltered digital copies of all of Velazquez's works are in the Public Domain. Given that, shouldn't we have a pretty complete collection of his (and other pre-modern artists') works somewhere on WP?  I think the amount of pictures in the article is appropriate, but I would like to see pictures of all of his works collected in one place.  Something like a Gallery of Velázquez paintings article, which mainly just has pictures (analogous to the current ubiquitous "list of..." articles).  This would be fantastic, and in my opinion would be a great asset to WP as well as a differentiator from other encyclopedias (especially paper ones). - Bryan is Bantman 16:51, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * That does sound like an interesting idea, Bryan. The only concern I would have is, given the fact that Velázquez has been attributed some 274 pieces of art, this page would certainly require more server space than others. I'm not saying it's out of the question; I'd just like to see some kind of administrative comment/consensus before going with it. --DanielNuyu 19:10, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Galleries belong on Wikimedia Commons, and if one is created it could be linked from the article. --Michael Snow 23:42, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Apparently one already exists, which now has been linked. --DanielNuyu 00:46, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support: Wikipedia need more authoritative articles just like this. One minor quibble I personally don't like the heading : To the King's court (early period), and would prefer to see Philip IV's name or just Madrid or whatever. A brilliant page. Giano | Talk 09:07, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Appears now as "To Madrid (early period)". --DanielNuyu 20:26, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Much better thank you Giano | Talk 20:51, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Stephanie Pakrul

Category
I wonder if we should put her under the nude models catagory, since she has nude photos of herself on her website. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Karrmann (talk • contribs) 23:31, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

NPOV dispute - "Pornography"
Ok. Here's to hoping I'm doing this POV dispute thing right. The original line was (I believe): "She has also ventured off into the world of pornography, where she has added a special paysite feature on her website [1] where you can view pornographic pictures of her. pornographic pictures of her are also scattered on the internet." The current form of the line is: "She has also ventured off into the world of pornography, where she has added a special aysite feature on her website where you can view pornographic pictures of her." The line reads like a thinly veiled "OMG! This person has sold out and is selling nekkid peectures of themselves on the interwubs!" Worse yet, it has a faint implication (IMO) of porn in general being a 'bad thing'. It also still implies a 'recentness' to it all. As if this is something she's doing NOW as opposed to earlier. As far as I know, the adult section of her site has always existed in one form or another for as long as Steph was legally of an age to do that sort of thing. The mention of adult material could easily be rewritten and added into the first paragraph and/or immediately follow the first paragraph. Moving from a definition of Steph to a list of things she has been associated with back to a very focused mention of another aspect of who Steph is doesn't flow well. Moleculor 03:37, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Well Great and Powerful administrator this article is an ad for a pay site. The content is not for an enclopedia. But since you are a fan of hers just delete any comments against her. As far as staying anon I do not need the grief from the fans that disagree. I guess this is an enyclopedia of nepotism and fear.
 * 64.231.255.111 01:27, 2 April 2006

 * I've moved this recent comment out from under the 'deletion' discussion, since this article hasn't been under consideration for deletion for a while. It does tie into the NPOV debate, however, so I'm going to put it in here. I myself AGREE that this article should not be an ad for a paysite, which is another reason why I keep removing the comment about the porn that seems to harp on and focus on porn. Steph's 'paysite' is a single very tiny link amongst a gigantic amount of free material. The 'pay' portion of the site is nothing much, and it isn't the focus of Steph's site. Therefore it shouldn't be focused on in an article about HER. Especially since the article is supposed to be about HER, not her site.
 * Since we're not getting any other discussion on this NPOV debate, and the only comments in the past few weeks have agreed with the idea of removing the focus on the paysite/pornography portion of Steph's website, I'm going to remove the line, and hopefully figure out how to archive this 'discussion'.
 * Moleculor 04:48, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Steph herself has openly referred to SOME of her site as pornography. That is not a label that she is uncomfortable with. I do not believe the context used here is unfair or comes from a biased POV. It is merely fact, by the very definition of pornography - which are sexually implicit images used for sexual stimulation. Although much of Steph's work can fall under Burlesque just as easily as it can be considered Adult Entertainment, she is quite comfortable with the concept of pornography. However, as mentioned earlier, her adult work is a small portion of her site. LACameraman 02:30, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Deletion
While I'm not familiar with StephTheGeek, it appears she/it might be encyclopedic if the article were rewritten in a manner that's not obvious self-promotion. Might be a genuinely interesting article... --Chiacomo 04:40, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This is quite possible, as the article was taken from a blurb she had written for the purpose OF self-promotion. I think when they delete the article (because they will), I'll try to rewrite it so it's got more substance to it and less fluff.  Thanks for the advice.  63.240.225.182 17:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I completely disagree with any deletion suggestion. In the phenomenon of CamGirls, Steph The Geek is significant for a number of reasons. She is also an incredibly popular figure on the Internet who has often been called upon to consult and speak about Internet culture in general. This article is not an ad for her site. LACameraman 02:27, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, and fully support keeping and expanding the article. Mcavic (talk) 05:48, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I never heard of her. And what is this Internet thing of which you speak? --Brian Fenton (talk) 16:02, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stephanie Pakrul


text:
Talk:Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus II

I'm merging this article with Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus. "II" isn't part of his name, it's a label the original contributor has given him because he's the younger of two Marci Valerii Messalae Corvini who have articles on Wikipedia. And simply stating that he was a consul under Nero isn't enough for a full article. Binabik80 04:41, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Hot 107-9

Hot 107-9 may refer to:

 * WHTA-FM, near Atlanta, Georgia
 * WWHT, Syracuse, New York
 * WJFX, Fort Wayne, Indiana
 * KHXT, Lafayette, Louisiana
 * WPHI, Pennsauken, New Jersey
 * WPFM, Panama City, Florida

title: Hot 107-9


text:
Talk:1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom

Article Evaluation UCSF 2023
The lead section begins with a brief introduction of the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, its author, and its purpose. However, the lead section is lacking a set up for the rest of the article. The content in the article seems thorough because it highlights the important features of the development of the Constitution, such as its transition from the original constitution, its main sections, and the amendment in 1856. There does not seem to be information that is out of place or missing. This article is neutral and does not pose any bias. The links that I check do work and they seem reputable. I feel that there are some long paragraphs with only one citation where an additional resource could have been cited to back up some of the information. I did not notice spelling errors or grammar errors. The wording was very easy to read and no jargon was too complex for understanding. I liked the format of each topic header and then the specific information that correlated to that topic below it. The images are well-captioned and detailed. The chosen images give a good visual for what is being discussed in the article beside the image. In the talk page, I learned that this article is a part of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment and it is part of the Wiki Project Law. The talk page also reveals that this is just brief introduction to the entirety of the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and more research should be concluded regarding all of its sections. The article name was changed a few times, but this I did not find important. Overall, I liked the structure of the article, its simplicity, and the highlighted but brief background information regarding the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom.GraceHerron21 (talk) 23:34, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 September 2018 and 18 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Lacey.teel, Cshepherd73. Peer reviewers: Gtueller.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:57, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Article name
Please don't revert the move of your "Constitution of 1852" article to "1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii." This name follows established Wikipedia naming conventions on Hawaii constitution articles, as can be seen on the Constitution of Hawaii article. Note that an article named "1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii" already exists. I'm not moving the articles just to spite anyone, I'm doing it because Wikipedia articles need to be named consistently so no one gets confused. For example, Hawaii may not have been the only nation that established a constitution in 1852. If I'm not mistaken, New Zealand and France did as well. An article called "Constitution of 1852" could refer to any of these. Thank you very much. 青い(Aoi) 10:11, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The person that added new information should be thanked

Lack of important information
This article seems to cover the basics of the constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii, but it does not state who wrote it, the events that led up to its' writing, or the application the document today. I added a source because your information was not cited. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lacey.teel (talk • contribs) 16:19, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Kingdom of Hawaii which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:59, 3 July 2019 (UTC)


text:
NCEC

NCEC may refer to:

 * National Chemical Emergency Centre
 * National Committee for an Effective Congress

title: NCEC


text:
Burg Teck

Teck Castle (Burg Teck) was a ducal castle in the kingdom of Württemberg, immediately to the north of the Swabian Jura and south of the town of Kirchheim unter Teck (now in the district of Esslingen). The castle took its name from the Teckberg ridge, 2,544 ft high, which it crowned. It was destroyed in the German Peasants' War (1525). The site's current buildings were constructed during the 19th and 20th centuries on the ruins of the original castle.

Buildings
In 1889, an observation tower (called the Teckturm) with a refuge shelter was built and inaugurated on 1 September 1889. A hall was built in 1933 near the tower, called Mörike Hall (Mörikehalle).

Since 6 June 1941, the buildings have been owned by the Schwäbischer Albverein. From 1954 to 1955, the Mörikehalle became a restaurant with sleeping rooms. On 9 November 1999, the area surrounding the site was designated a protected area (Naturschutzgebiet).

Teck family
In 1863, the title "Prince of Teck" (Fürst von Teck) was conferred as a courtesy title by King William I of Württemberg upon the children of his cousin Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1804–85) by his morganatic marriage with Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde (1812–41), ennobled as countess of Hohenstein. In 1871, Prince Francis, the eldest son of Duke Alexander, was created Duke of Teck. His eldest son Adolphus (born 1868) was the holder of the title in 1910.

The most famous member of the Teck family is considered to be Duke Francis's daughter, Mary of Teck, who was queen consort to King George V of the United Kingdom and Empress of India.

title: Burg Teck


text:
Widmer Brothers Brewery

Widmer Brothers is a brewery founded in 1984 in Portland, Oregon, by brothers Kurt and Robert Widmer. It is part of the Craft Brew Alliance, Inc., the 12th largest brewing company in the United States in 2017.

Details
In 1986, the Widmer Brothers introduced their "Hefeweizen" beer – an American variant on a traditional Hefeweizen, which is usually characterized by distinctive yeast flavors. Instead, the Widmer brew was an unfiltered version of their existing wheat beer (Weizenbier), and used Cascade hops. Subsequently, both this style of "American Hefeweizen" and the custom of serving wheat beer with a slice of lemon have both spread widely.

In November 2007, Redhook Ale Brewery and Widmer Brothers officially announced plans to merge, forming a new company called Craft Brewers Alliance, which was later renamed as Craft Brew Alliance in 2012. The merged company retained both the Redhook and Widmer brands. The two had already been working closely for several years through a licensing agreement whereby Redhook brewed and distributed Widmer beers on the East Coast. Anheuser-Busch held a minority stake of approximately 32% in the company until they sold the stake to Tilray on 8 August, 2023.

On January 22, 2019, Widmer Brothers Brewing closed its taproom in Portland, Oregon's Eliot neighborhood, after 22 years.

In April 2021, Widmer Brothers unveiled official beers for two of Portland's professional soccer teams. IPA 'Til I Die was created for the Portland Timbers on the occasion of their 2021 MLS season opening on April 18, 2021. Slide Tackle Hazy IPA was created for the Portland Thorns and their home opener on April 9, 2021.

Beers

This is an incomplete listing of Widmer beers, past and present, and their types.

Year-round

 * Drifter Pale Ale, Pale ale
 * Drop Top Amber, Amber / Red ale
 * Hefeweizen, American Wheat ale / Hefeweizen
 * Upheaval IPA, IPA
 * Steel Bridge Porter, Porter

Seasonal

 * Brrr Seasonal Ale, NW red ale
 * Hefe Berry Lime, Hefeweizen
 * Deadlift Imperial IPA, Imperial IPA
 * Hefe Hopfruit
 * Hefe Twisted Citrus

Limited release

 * Barrel Aged Brrrbon (Vintage), Winter warmer
 * Galaxy Hopped Barleywine, Barleywine
 * Kill Devil Brown Ale, Brown Ale
 * Raspberry Russian Imperial Stout (Vintage), Russian Imperial Stout
 * Rotator IPA Series
 * SXNW: South By Northwest, Spiced ale

title: Widmer Brothers Brewery


text:
Space Cowboys

Space Cowboys is a 2000 American adventure drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood. It stars Eastwood, Tommy Lee Jones, Donald Sutherland, and James Garner as four aging former test pilots who are sent into space to repair an old Soviet satellite. It was theatrically released on August 15, 2000, received positive reviews from critics, and was a box-office success.

Plot
In 1958, two U.S. Air Force pilots and aspiring astronauts William "Hawk" Hawkins and Frank Corvin are testing a modified Bell X-2 when Hawk decides to break speed and altitude records. The plane stalls and they are forced to eject, narrowly missing a Boeing B-50 Superfortress flying with navigator "Tank" Sullivan. On the ground, Frank punches Hawk, but their fight is broken up by flight engineer Jerry O'Neill. Their boss, Bob Gerson chastises Hawk before taking them to a press conference, where he announces that the newly created NASA, rather than the USAF, will be conducting space flight tests.

In the present day, NASA is tasked to prevent a Soviet communications satellite, IKON, from decaying out of orbit and crashing to Earth because of the uplink loss. The satellite's archaic electronics are based on those of Skylab that Frank had developed. Bob, now a project manager at NASA, requests Frank's help. Frank still despises Bob, but agrees provided he has the help of "Team Daedalus" including Hawk, Tank, and Jerry. Bob plans to have younger astronauts shadow the four, so as to replace them before launch. When the press learn of Frank's team, the Vice President convinces Bob that they must be part of the mission for publicity. The old and young teams soon work together, with the older astronauts showing off skills learned without the aid of onboard computers.

The Space Shuttle Daedalus finds the satellite. It is not a communication satellite but in fact houses six nuclear missiles, relics from the Cold War and a violation of the Outer Space Treaty. Frank discovers that the satellite control system was stolen from Bob's files by the KGB, and without a control signal from the ground via the damaged uplink, the satellite's computers will launch the missiles at predetermined targets. NASA and the crew plan to use the payload-assist rockets to push the satellite into deep space. However, one of the younger astronauts, Ethan Glance, acting under Bob's original orders, tries to put the satellite into stable orbit himself. He sets off a chain reaction: the satellite collides with the shuttle, damaging most of the shuttle's computer systems and engines, destroying the solar panels on the satellite, and sending it into a faster decaying orbit, while Ethan is knocked out and dragged along with the satellite.

While Tank and Jerry tend to the other young astronaut Roger Hines, who suffered a concussion on the impact, Frank and Hawk space walk to the satellite in time to activate a booster rocket and slow the orbit's decay. As they see to Ethan, they realize that the only option is to have someone ride on the satellite as they fire the missiles' engines so that it escapes into deep space. Hawk, who was recently widowed and who has eight months to live from pancreatic cancer, sacrifices himself, hoping that he will be able to land on the Moon to fulfill his life's dream.

Frank, Tank, and Jerry now plan to bring the shuttle down over water since landing it would be difficult, but the shuttle comes in too fast. After safely bailing out Ethan and Roger, Tank and Jerry stay with Frank regardless of the risk. Frank recalls a maneuver Hawk had used before, purposely increasing the shuttle's angle in the flare to bring the aircraft near a stall, thus allowing the shuttle to drop its speed quickly and allowing him to land the shuttle safely.

The film ends with the Frank Sinatra song "Fly Me to the Moon", zooming in on the surface of the Moon showing that Hawk had not only landed there before he died, but survived long enough to lay against a rock formation, looking back at Earth.

Cast

 * Clint Eastwood as Colonel Francis D. "Frank" Corvin, Ph.D., USAF (Ret.)
 * Toby Stephens as Young Frank Corvin
 * Tommy Lee Jones as Colonel William "Hawk" Hawkins, USAF (Ret.)
 * Eli Craig as Young William "Hawk" Hawkins
 * Donald Sutherland as Captain Jerry O'Neill, USAF (Ret.)
 * John Asher as Young Jerry O'Neill
 * James Garner as Captain / Reverend "Tank" Sullivan, USAF (Ret.)
 * Matt McColm as Young "Tank" Sullivan
 * Marcia Gay Harden as Sara Holland
 * William Devane as Flight Director Eugene "Gene" Davis
 * Loren Dean as Ethan Glance
 * Courtney B. Vance as Roger Hines
 * James Cromwell as Bob Gerson
 * Billie Worley as Young Bob Gerson
 * Rade Šerbedžija as General Vostov
 * Barbara Babcock as Barbara Corvin
 * Blair Brown as Dr. Anne Caruthers
 * Jay Leno as Himself
 * Jon Hamm as Young pilot
 * Chris Wylde as Jason, The Birthday Boy
 * Anne Stedman as Girlfriend

Production
Principal photography started in July 1999 and lasted three months. Scenes were filmed on location at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, and the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. Interior shots of the flight simulator, shuttle, and mission control were filmed on sets at Warner Bros.

The 1958 portrayals of the characters are filmed with younger actors dubbed by their older counterparts.

The original music score was composed by longtime Eastwood collaborator Lennie Niehaus.

Release
The film grossed over $90 million in its United States release, and a further $38 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $128.8 million.

Reception
Space Cowboys was well received by critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports a critic score of 78% based on 122 reviews, with an average rating of 6.72/10. The website's consensus reads, "While the plot is overly clichéd, the superb acting by the stars (especially the tense interactions between Clint Eastwood and Tommy Lee Jones) and the spectacular special effects make this a movie worth seeing." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it three out of four stars and wrote: "It's too secure within its traditional story structure to make much seem at risk — but with the structure come the traditional pleasures as well."

Accolades
The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing in 2001.

title: Space Cowboys


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Zygospore

A zygospore is a diploid reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi and protists. Zygospores are created by the nuclear fusion of haploid cells. In fungi, zygospores are formed in zygosporangia after the fusion of specialized budding structures, from mycelia of the same (in homothallic fungi) or different mating types (in heterothallic fungi), and may be chlamydospores. In many eukaryotic algae, including many species of the Chlorophyta, zygospores are formed by the fusion of unicellular gametes of different mating types.

A zygospore remains dormant while it waits for environmental cues, such as light, moisture, heat, or chemicals secreted by plants. When the environment is favorable, the zygospore germinates, meiosis occurs, and haploid vegetative cells are released.

In fungi, a sporangium is produced at the end of a sporangiophore that sheds spores. A fungus that forms zygospores is called a zygomycete, indicating that the class is characterized by this evolutionary development.

title: Zygospore


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Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)

Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist) (Partido Comunista de Colombia (Marxista–leninista), PC de C (M–L)), is a Colombian anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party that splintered from the main Colombian Communist Party around 1965.

It was originally of Maoist orientation, but later it evolved a pro-Albanian stance. PC de C (M–L) is an underground party and a Hoxhaist follower.

The armed wing of PC de C (M–L) is the Popular Liberation Army (EPL) guerrilla group.

The PC de C (M–L) and EPL suffered a major setback in 1990, when the majority of its cadres surrendered to the government. The members of this defeated faction regrouped themselves as the political organization Hope, Peace, and Liberty (ESPALI). Internationally, it is affiliated with the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle).