text:
AAL1gator

The AAL1gator is a semiconductor device that implements the Circuit Emulation Service. It was developed between 1994 and 1998 and became a run-away success. It also played a role in the acquisition of four companies. The name was based on the fact that the AAL1gator implements the ATM AAL-1 standard.

Development of the AAL1gator
The AAL1gator was developed by Network Synthesis, Inc. under contract from Integrated Telecom Technology (IgT). It was the first semiconductor solution to implement the Circuit Emulation Service standard from the ATM Forum. It implemented 8 DS1/E1 lines worth of CES and had 256 channels. It flexibly converted the PDH DS1 signal into Asynchronous Transfer Mode cells.

The AAL1gator was principally designed by the Network Synthesis CEO, Brian Holden and a consultant, Ed Lennox. Brian Holden was also involved in the ATM Forum standardization effort for the Circuit Emulation Service. Additional design efforts came from Andy Annudurai, Ravi Sajwan, and Imran Chaudhri (who also came up with the name). Chee Hu did most of the work on getting the "C" version to work at speed and to be manufacturable. Denis Smetana did most of the work on the "D" version and on the later 32 DS1 version. Jim Jacobson of OnStream Networks was the Beta Customer.

Patents on the AAL1gator
Two U.S. patents were issued on the AAL1gator's calendar-based transmit scheduler, one on the original product and an even better one on the "D" version enhancements designed by Denis Smetana. The scheduler implemented several intricate methods of minimizing the jitter caused by the scheduling of the 256 channels. The AAL1gator also could have gotten another patent on its method of queuing the SRTS samples, but the designers were too busy to get the application in.

Functions of the AAL1gator
The AAL1gator could flexibly map individual DS0s or groups of DS0s into 256 ATM VCs. It also had a high speed mode which mapped a single DS-3 into ATM. Additionally, it had a high performance implementation of the SRTS clock recovery algorithm. The original AAL1gator also was delivered along with the code for an external digital frequency synthesizer. A later version incorporated that synthesizer.

The AAL1gator has been used in several applications that were completely different than the application it was designed for. The designers knew they had a hit product when reports of these uses came in. One use was to provide fractional T1 service over microwave radio. Another use was to move DS1's around within a box.

The AAL1gator and acquisitions
The AAL1gator played a significant role in the following four technology acquisitions:

 * Network Synthesis by Integrated Telecom Technology in June 1996
 * Integrated Telecom Technology by PMC-Sierra in April 1998
 * OnStream Networks by 3Com in 1996
 * Sentient Networks by Cisco Systems in 1998

The IgT acquisition happened after the development was showing signs of success. The PMC-Sierra acquisition happened after IgT's AAL1gator began to drive the sales of T1/E1 framers from PMC-Sierra. The Onstream and Sentient acquisitions happened after successful Circuit Emulation Service (CES) product developments based on the AAL1gator.

An anecdote from the AAL1gator's development is that Brian Holden and Ed Lennox made a quick, off-handed decision in a hallway to add the "PMC Mode" to the "B" version of the device in mid-1996 to provide a glueless interface to PMC-Sierra's TQUAD and EQUAD T1 and E1 framers. Little did they know then that this off-handed decision would be a key enabler of PMC-Sierra's acquisition of the company two years later.

The AAL1gator-32
PMC-Sierra developed a 32 line version of the AAL1gator known as the AAL1gator32.

title: AAL1gator


text:
User:KingoftheDogs

King of the Dogs is an artist, artiste, authority, brain, egghead, expert, hotshot, ivory dome, maestro, master, maven, old hand, old pro, old war-horse, master, phenom, powerhouse, pro, pundit, ringer, shark, specialist, star, superstar, topper, virtuoso, wizard, contender, iron man, muscle man, player, professional, sportsman, superjock, big cheese, big shot, big wig, boss, brains, brass, buff, city hall, connoisseur, czar, establishment, exec, expert, feds, freak, geek, governor, guru, judge, kingfish, kingpin, law, master, power elite, professor, scholar, specialist, textbook, the man, top brass, top dog, top hand, upstairs, veteran, ace, adept, buff, doyen, gnome, graduate, and generally cult-like in several areas of interest.

Contact KoftD at will for advice, review and/or general rhetoric about any of the following topics:

 * Postmodern literature
 * Kite aerial photography
 * Sensory deprivation chambers
 * Academy Awards (Oscars)
 * FileMaker Pro
 * Tanita Tikaram
 * Mars

King of the Dogs' main mission is to correct minor factual errors and expand limited factual statements in his areas of expertise. Ideally, these contributions will alleviate the occasional half-truths or limited factual data and catapult Wikipedia to world domination of the information age.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:KingoftheDogs


text: Category:Russian logicians

title: Category:Russian logicians


text:
Nicotine poisoning

Nicotine poisoning describes the symptoms of the toxic effects of nicotine following ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Nicotine poisoning can potentially be deadly, though serious or fatal overdoses are rare. Historically, most cases of nicotine poisoning have been the result of use of nicotine as an insecticide. More recent cases of poisoning typically appear to be in the form of Green Tobacco Sickness, or due to unintended ingestion of tobacco or tobacco products or consumption of nicotine-containing plants.

Standard textbooks, databases, and safety sheets consistently state that the lethal dose of nicotine for adults is 60 mg or less (30–60 mg), but there is overwhelming data indicating that more than 500 mg of oral nicotine is required to kill an adult.

Children may become ill following ingestion of one cigarette; ingestion of more than this may cause a child to become severely ill. The nicotine in the e-liquid of an electronic cigarette can be hazardous to infants and children, through accidental ingestion or skin contact. In some cases children have become poisoned by topical medicinal creams which contain nicotine.

People who harvest or cultivate tobacco may experience Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS), a type of nicotine poisoning caused by skin contact with wet tobacco leaves. This occurs most commonly in young, inexperienced tobacco harvesters who do not consume tobacco.

Signs and symptoms
Nicotine poisoning tends to produce symptoms that follow a biphasic pattern. The initial symptoms are mainly due to stimulatory effects and include nausea and vomiting, excessive salivation, abdominal pain, pallor, sweating, hypertension, tachycardia, ataxia, tremor, headache, dizziness, muscle fasciculations, and seizures. After the initial stimulatory phase, a later period of depressor effects can occur and may include symptoms of hypotension and bradycardia, central nervous system depression, coma, muscular weakness and/or paralysis, with difficulty breathing or respiratory failure.

From September 1, 2010 to December 31, 2014, there were at least 21,106 traditional cigarette calls to US poison control centers. During the same period, the ten most frequent adverse effects to traditional cigarettes reported to US poison control centers were vomiting (80.0%), nausea (9.2%), drowsiness (7.8%), cough (7.2%), agitation (6.6%), pallor (3.0%), tachycardia (2.5%), diaphoresis (1.5%), dizziness (1.5%), and diarrhea (1.4%). 95% of traditional cigarette calls were related to children 5 years old or less. Most of the traditional cigarette calls were a minor effect.

Calls to US poison control centers related to e-cigarette exposures involved inhalations, eye exposures, skin exposures, and ingestion, in both adults and young children. Minor, moderate, and serious adverse effects involved adults and young children. Minor effects correlated with e-cigarette liquid poisoning were tachycardia, tremor, chest pain and hypertension. More serious effects were bradycardia, hypotension, nausea, respiratory paralysis, atrial fibrillation and dyspnea. The exact correlation is not fully known between these effects and e-cigarettes. 58% of e-cigarette calls to US poison control centers were related to children 5 years old or less. E-cigarette calls had a greater chance to report an adverse effect and a greater chance to report a moderate or major adverse effect than traditional cigarette calls. Most of the e-cigarette calls were a minor effect.

From September 1, 2010 to December 31, 2014, there were at least 5,970 e-cigarette calls to US poison control centers. During the same period, the ten most frequent adverse effects to e-cigarettes and e-liquid reported to US poison control centers were vomiting (40.4%), eye irritation or pain (20.3%), nausea (16.8%), red eye or conjunctivitis (10.5%), dizziness (7.5%), tachycardia (7.1%), drowsiness (7.1%), agitation (6.3%), headache (4.8%), and cough (4.5%).

E-cigarette exposure cases in the US National Poison Data System increased greatly between 2010 and 2014, peaking at 3,742 in 2014, fell in 2015 though 2017, and then between 2017 and 2018 e-cigarette exposure cases increased from 2,320 to 2,901. The majority of cases (65%) were in children under age five and 15% were in ages 5–24. Approximately 0.1% of cases developed life-threatening symptoms.

Toxicology
The of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5–1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children. However the widely used human LD50 estimate of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal outcomes is 500–1000 mg of ingested nicotine, corresponding to 6.5–13 mg/kg orally. An accidental ingestion of only 6 mg may be lethal to children.

It is unlikely that a person would overdose on nicotine through smoking alone. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated in 2013: "There are no significant safety concerns associated with using more than one [over the counter] OTC [nicotine replacement therapy] NRT at the same time, or using an OTC NRT at the same time as another nicotine-containing product—including a cigarette." Ingestion of nicotine pharmaceuticals, tobacco products, or nicotine containing plants may also lead to poisoning. Smoking excessive amounts of tobacco has also led to poisoning; a case was reported where two brothers smoked 17 and 18 pipes of tobacco in succession and were both fatally poisoned. Spilling an extremely high concentration of nicotine onto the skin can result in intoxication or even death since nicotine readily passes into the bloodstream following skin contact.

The recent rise in the use of electronic cigarettes, many forms of which are designed to be refilled with nicotine-containing "e-liquid" supplied in small plastic bottles, has renewed interest in nicotine overdoses, especially the possibility of young children ingesting the liquids. A 2015 Public Health England report noted an "unconfirmed newspaper report of a fatal poisoning of a two-year old child" and two published case reports of children of similar age who had recovered after ingesting e-liquid and vomiting. They also noted case reports of suicides by nicotine, where adults drank liquid containing up to 1,500 mg of nicotine. They recovered (helped by vomiting), but an ingestion apparently of about 10,000 mg was fatal, as was an injection. They commented that "Serious nicotine poisoning seems normally prevented by the fact that relatively low doses of nicotine cause nausea and vomiting, which stops users from further intake." Four adults died in the US and Europe, after intentionally ingesting liquid. Two children, one in the US in 2014 and another in Israel in 2013, died after ingesting liquid nicotine.

The discrepancy between the historically stated 60-mg dose and published cases of nicotine intoxication has been noted previously (Matsushima et al. 1995; Metzler et al. 2005). Nonetheless, this value is still widely accepted over the 500 mg figure as the basis for safety regulations of tobacco and other nicotine-containing products (such as the EU wide TPD, set at a maximum of 20 mg/ml).

Pathophysiology
The symptoms of nicotine poisoning are caused by effects at nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Nicotine is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor which are present in the central and autonomic nervous systems, and the neuromuscular junction. At low doses nicotine causes stimulatory effects on these receptors, however, higher doses or more sustained exposures can cause inhibitory effects leading to neuromuscular blockade.

It is sometimes reported that people poisoned by organophosphate insecticides experience the same symptoms as nicotine poisoning. Organophosphates inhibit an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, causing a buildup of acetylcholine, excessive stimulation of all types of cholinergic neurons, and a wide range of symptoms. Nicotine is specific for nicotinic cholinergic receptors only and has some, but not all of the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning.

Diagnosis
Increased nicotine or cotinine (the nicotine metabolite) is detected in urine or blood, or serum nicotine concentrations increase.

Treatment
The initial treatment of nicotine poisoning may include the administration of activated charcoal to try to reduce gastrointestinal absorption. Treatment is mainly supportive and further care can include control of seizures with the administration of a benzodiazepine, intravenous fluids for hypotension, and administration of atropine for bradycardia. Respiratory failure may necessitate respiratory support with rapid sequence induction and mechanical ventilation. Hemodialysis, hemoperfusion or other extracorporeal techniques do not remove nicotine from the blood and are therefore not useful in enhancing elimination. Acidifying the urine could theoretically enhance nicotine excretion, although this is not recommended as it may cause complications of metabolic acidosis.

Prognosis
The prognosis is typically good when medical care is provided and patients adequately treated are unlikely to have any long-term sequelae. However, severely affected patients with prolonged seizures or respiratory failure may have ongoing impairments secondary to the hypoxia. It has been stated that if a patient survives nicotine poisoning during the first 4 hours, they usually recover completely. At least at "normal" levels, as nicotine in the human body is broken down, it has an approximate biological half-life of 1–2 hours. Cotinine is an active metabolite of nicotine that remains in the blood for 18–20 hours, making it easier to analyze due to its longer half-life.

title: Nicotine poisoning


text:
User talk:65.185.32.220

Nomination of Mudflap (Transformers) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Mudflap (Transformers) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Mudflap (Transformers) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. TTN (talk) 10:41, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.185.32.220


text:
Tifo

Tifo is the phenomenon whereby tifosi of a sports team make a visual display of any choreographed flag, sign or banner in the stands of a stadium, mostly as part of an association football match.

Tifo is most commonly seen in important matches, local derbies, and rivalries, and although the tradition originated at club teams, some national teams also have fans that organise tifo on a regular basis. Tifo is primarily arranged by ultras or a supporter club to show their love to the club, but are sometimes sponsored or arranged by the club itself.

History
The tifo culture, like the origin of its name, has its roots in Italy and Southern Europe, and has a strong presence in Eastern Europe. It has much in common with the ultras culture and appeared at the same time, in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Tifo, while highly prevalent in Europe, has become more widespread and more common in all parts of the world where association football is played. It gained popularity in the late 2000s and early 2010s among Major League Soccer teams in the United States, with some supporters' groups spending up to $10,000 for materials. The Portland Timbers–Seattle Sounders rivalry has featured some of the largest and most elaborate tifos in U.S. soccer.

Some tifo are political and controversial, as observed in Poland, where a tifo is known as an oprawa or oprawa meczu, and other countries.

title: Tifo


text:
Iður til Fóta

Iður til Fóta was a single released in 1981 by the Icelandic group Þeyr through Eskvímó and it was edited in 10" format. The title translates as "Moving Your Feet" but in Icelandic also forms a pun which can equally translate as "Guts at Your Feet".

This record was never reissued since the masters are believed to be lost. However, in 2001 some of its recordings appeared in Mjötviður til Fóta, a CD to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the creation of Þeyr. The title of this CD also combined the name of Mjötviður Mær (1981), the other album included.

The front and back covers
The front cover, which was designed by Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson, depicts a dancer being hypnoptized by a man who points at her and shows a geometric shape on her head. This illustration was intended to represent the hypnotizing effect of Þeyr's music towards the audience.

The back cover depicts a German inscription, here translated:

The fall of Asgard on Atlantis.

The Ragnarök of the Edda and "the thousand-year empire of God on Earth" according to Daniel, Ezekiel and John's Book of Revelation.

This text is followed by two quotations from the Bible written in Latin:

Væ væ væ habitantibus in terra. Apocalypsis VIII

Cuncta in quibus spiraculum vitæ est mortua sunt. Genesis VII

Where the first quotation refers to The Seventh Seal and means ''Woe! Woe! Woe to the inhabitants of the earth'' (Apocalypsis 8:13). The second quotation refers to The Flood and translates as follows: Everything on dry land that had the breath of life in its nostrils died. (Genesis 7:22)

These writings are complemented by an illustration of the Beinhaus (House of Bones) taken from a series of drawings of the Totentanz (Dance of Death).

Cassette track listing
Length time: 28:32

Credits
 Music and lyrics:

1 Magnús Guðmundsson.

2: Hilmar Örn Agnarsson and Magnús Guðmundsson.

3: Hilmar Örn Agnarsson.

4: Þeyr.

 Performers:  Vocalist: Magnús Guðmundsson.

Guitars: Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson and Þorsteinn Magnússon.

Bass: Hilmar Örn Agnarsson.

Drums: Sigtryggur Baldursson.

Other collaborators:

Cover design: Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson.

title: Iður til Fóta


text:
Vehicle registration plates of Turkey

Turkish vehicle registration plates are number plates found on Turkish vehicles. The plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, number plates are made by authorized private workshops.

Appearance
Turkish number plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminium. On the left, there is the country code "TR" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ş, İ, Ö, Ü and Ğ.

Dimensions

 * 150×240 mm in rear only for motorbikes, motorcycles and tractors with rubber wheels,
 * 110×520 mm in front and rear for cars, 210×320 mm rear available for off-road vehicles, vans, trucks and busses. The size is 150×300 mm for imported vehicles if the regular plate does not fit.

Blue stripe
The blue stripe was introduced after the entry of Turkey to the European Customs Union in 1996, in accordance to compliance to EU laws. Since then, the blue stripe area is often modified by car owners (even by some parliament members like Devlet Bahçeli ). The predominant modification of this sorts is to replace the blue color with red crescent and the star of the Turkish flag. This type of modification is in the grey area of the law, for it does not clearly specify which color is to be used in the stripe.

Additionally, vehicle inspection stickers were often stuck on this area.

Numbering system
The text format on the plates is one of the following:
 * "99 X 9999", "99 X 99999"
 * "99 XX 999", "99 XX 9999" or
 * "99 XXX 99", "99 XXX 999"

In some provinces, numbering is categorized in groups for tax collecting offices of different districts, for example dolmuş, a type of public transportation in Ankara have plates of the form "99 X 9999" and a vehicle from Polatlı, Ankara has plates of the form "99 XXX 99", "99 XX 9999" from Etimesgut district. On the other hand, a dolmuş in Eskişehir has a plate of the form "99 X 9999".

99 - two digits prefix denoting the location, shows the province code number of the main residence of car holder. There are 81 provinces as listed below:

X/XX/XXX – one, two or three letters.

9999/999/99 – four, three or two digits, depending on the number of letters before, not exceeding six letters and digits altogether.

Diplomatic and consular registration plates are issued with randomly generated numbers since 16 August 2004 for security concerns.

Location codes
First two digits indicating the province code:

Province names until code 67 go alphabetically, with the exception of Mersin, Kahramanmaraş and Şanlıurfa provinces for their previous names taken in account were İçel, Maraş and Urfa, respectively. The ones after the original 67 provinces are newer additions, these province names go chronologically.

title: Vehicle registration plates of Turkey


text:
Talk:Iður til Fóta

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Mjötviður Mær

Mjötviður Mær, released in 1981, is the second album by Icelandic new wave/rock group Þeyr. It was edited through Eskvímó in 12” vinyl.

Mjötviður Mær was Þeyr's most important work, according to the media. Formed by 12 songs, "Iss", "Þeir" and "2999" could be deemed as attempts to create a futuristic pop style thanks to voice distortions, keyboards and additional rhythm. “Úlfur” is a track that outstands due to its angry mood and thus became into one of the most famous. Also important are, “Mjötviður”, an instrumental track and “Rúdolf”, a song loaded with rock anger and constitute an antifascist lampoon of Adolf Hitler.

This record was never reissued. However, some of its recordings appeared in Mjötviður til Fóta (2001), a special release to commemorate the 20 anniversary of Þeyr's reincarnation. This CD also featured recordings from the single Iður til Fóta (1981).

Cover design and inserts
This album and their second work, As Above... had both exactly the same front covers, the only difference was the title. The image cover depicted a pentagram with the naked drummer inside it. It is a symbol that represents the interest in magic that their members had, and it is also a representation of the five-member band, and the perfect proportions of the human being, as defined by Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man. The background photograph portrayed Keilir, a cone-shaped mountain located at the outskirts of Reykjavík and which is believed to have magic powers. The road shown on the image is Suðurgata. This image is accompanied by runic writings which were taken from Völuspá.

The title refers to Scandinavian mythology, where the word Mjötviður, also known as Yggdrasil, means The Tree of Destiny, whose roots penetrate the three Underworld wells, and whose branches and foliage stretch throughout the whole Universe. The word Mær means Fair or Good.

The inserts of this album contain the lyrics to the songs and also feature several images related to magic and mathematics. Drawings of Pythagoras taken from Theorica Musica, by F. Gaffurio, represent the discovery of numeric relationships between harmonic sounds, known as Pythagorean tuning (see drawings). This is also complemented by other illustrations such as fragments of music writings from Alexander Scriabin’s Piano Sonata No. 3 in F sharp minor, Op. 23, engravings by Theodor de Bry from Robert Fludd's Utriusque Cosmi, and several pentagram illustrations, including Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa's pentagram taken from Three Books of Occult Philosophy which represents the golden symmetry of the human body. Other symbols featured are images of the Yggdrasil, drawings from Ancient Egypt, and satanic symbols, among others.

Track notes

 * ”2999” is the same as “Technologos” in As Above... (1982).
 * The tracks translate to English as 1. Wolf, 2. Duh! 3. Current, 4. 2999, 5. World Tree, 6. The Shout, 7. They, 8. Rudolf, 9. Never Suck, 10. That is Enough, 11. Hva-Than, 12. Unnamed.

Credits

 * Vocalist: Magnús Guðmundsson.
 * Guitars: Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson and Þorsteinn Magnússon.
 * Bass: Hilmar Örn Agnarsson.
 * Drums: Sigtryggur Baldursson.

 Tracks:  1: Music: Þeyr. Lyrics: Magnús Guðmundsson. 2: Music: Hilmar Örn Agnarsson. Lyrics: Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson. 3: Music: Hilmar Örn Agnarsson. Lyrics: Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson. 4: Music and lyrics: Þorsteinn Magnússon. 5: Music: Þeyr. 6: Music and lyrics: Þorsteinn Magnússon.

7: Music: Hilmar Örn Agnarsson. Lyrics: Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson. 8: Music: Magnús Guðmundsson. Lyrics: Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson. 9: Music: Þeyr. 10: Music: Hilmar Örn Agnarsson. Lyrics: Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson. 11: Music and lyrics: Þorsteinn Magnússon. 12: Music and lyrics: Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson.

Characters on the record label: Sigga Vala. Album, design and the wolf logo featured on the record label: Robert Guillemette. Photographs: Gunnar Vilhelmsson.

Acknowledgement: Eyjólfur and Jóhannes Vestdal.

title: Mjötviður Mær


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Talk:Mjötviður Mær

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User:Revas

fr:User:Revas es:Usuario:Revas

December 6 2005
''J'ai 10 ans, ça fait dejà 10 ans que j'ai 10 ans ''Je sais que c'est pas vrai mais j'ai 10 ans ''Si tu m'crois pas, t'vas voir t'as geule à la récrée

Quotes I found funny

 * Si je peux me permettre de te donner un conseil : oublie que tu n'as aucune chance, vas-y fonce, on sait jamais, sur un malentendu ça peut marcher. (Les Bronzés font du ski, a French movie)
 * To you I'm an atheist; to God, I'm the Loyal Opposition. (Woody Allen)
 * On the plus side, death is one of the few things that can be done just as easily lying down. (Woody Allen)
 * ''My love life is terrible. The last time I was inside a woman was when I visited the Statue of Liberty. (Woody Allen)
 * ''I can't listen to that much Wagner. I start getting the urge to conquer Poland. (Woody Allen)
 * ''La mayor desgracia de la juventud actual es ya no pertenecer a ella (Salvador Dali)
 * ''"At the age of six years I wanted to be a chef. At the age of seven I wanted to be Napoleon. My ambitions have continued to grow at the same rate ever since." (Salvador Dali)
 * ''La única diferencia entre un loco y yo es que yo no estoy loco (Salvador Dali)
 * ''Mais je vous en prie. Figurez-vous que Thérèse n'est pas moche. Elle n'a pas un physique facile... C'est différent. (Le Père noel est une ordure)
 * ''N'y voyez pas le fantasme de l'homme, mais plutôt le délire de l'artiste. (Le Père noel est une ordure)

US Presidential election
I'm sometimes working on the details of the last Presidential election, state by state (and District of Columbia), in order to to create 51 pages like this one : Results of 2004 election in New York

Listing of the 40 existing pages

 * To do list :

 * 1) Insert enrolment figure table for Staten Island
 * 2) Expand politics section for the 4 inner boroughs of NYC
 * 3) Expand Election results, New York Attorney General

title: User:Revas


text:
User:JdforresterBot

I'm an account of James F.'s for running a bot under.

 * Signed : JdforresterBot 22:46, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Confirmed : James F. (talk) 22:46, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User:JdforresterBot


text:
Gloucester railway station

Gloucester, formerly known as Gloucester Central, is a railway station serving the city of Gloucester in England. It is located 114 mi west of London Paddington, via Stroud.

The station was built originally as the terminus of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway in 1840; the arrival of the broad gauge Bristol and Gloucester Railway and Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway in 1844, and then conversion to a through station for the South Wales Railway in 1851, resulted in a very complex layout. Subsequent closures and rationalisation have left Gloucester with a station that is located off the main Bristol-Birmingham line; thus means that Great Western Railway services must reverse, while CrossCountry and Transport for Wales services continue to Newport.

History
The railway development at Gloucester was very complex involving four different railway companies and five distinct railway stations. The first company to open was the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway, which was a standard gauge line opening 4 November 1840. This line from Cheltenham was built by the Birmingham and Gloucester railway on a formation built by the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway (see below). The first station was a terminus built on land near the cattle market. This was seen as a temporary structure to be replaced by a more permanent structure nearer the docks when more finance was available, but this never happened and this structure determined the site of the station today.

The Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway (C&GWU) opened a broad gauge line from Swindon to Gloucester on 8 July 1844, and built their station adjacent and to the north of the Birmingham and Gloucester station. The line from Gloucester to Cheltenham was upgraded to mixed gauge so that the C&GWU could share tracks to Cheltenham, which meant trains had to reverse at Gloucester.

At the same time as the C&GWU opened, the Bristol and Gloucester Railway also opened a broad gauge line from Bristol to Standish Junction a few miles south of Gloucester, and shared the tracks of the C&GWU into Gloucester station. In 1845, the Midland Railway, which had already bought the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway, also absorbed the Bristol and Gloucester Railway. Similarly, the Great Western Railway had taken over the C&GWU, which resulted in a jointly-owned (MR & GWR), mixed-gauge station from which trains ran on shared mixed-gauge track both northwards and southwards from Gloucester.

In 1847, the GWR opened the Cheltenham Loop line which completed the triangle junction east of the station. This allowed GWR trains to avoid the reversal at Gloucester, but so as to allow GWR passengers to access Gloucester, a link line was built to a station on the loop called the Gloucester T station. Carriages were detached from trains at the T station, turned on turntables and taken into the main Gloucester station. This operation was not very successful and so was abandoned, along with the loop line, in 1851. Hereafter, GWR trains from London to Cheltenham continued to reverse at the main station, a practice that continues to this day.

On 19 September 1851, the Gloucester and Dean Forest Railway and the South Wales Railway opened a line southwestwards from Gloucester towards the Forest of Dean, Chepstow and South Wales. A new, 2-platform through-station was built immediately north of the existing station, although this was rebuilt in 1855 with a longer, single platform after it was found the original station was too small.

On 22 May 1854, the Midland Railway opened a new, standard gauge railway between Gloucester and Standish Junction, thus avoiding running on the ex-CGWU line into Gloucester. This new line paralleled the old route as far as Tuffley, where the Tuffley Loop swung into Gloucester and looped back onto the main Bristol-to-Birmingham line. The MR also rebuilt the old 1840 station, lengthening platforms and adding new buildings, but because this was still a terminus and the Tuffley Loop headed eastwards, trains still had to reverse in and out of the station. This anomaly was not sorted out for another 40 years until the MR opened a new station on 12 April 1896, south-east of the existing station, on the Tuffley Loop. The old station was demolished, to be replaced by sidings, and the new MR station was linked to the GWR station by a 250-yards-long, covered footbridge.

In 1901, the Cheltenham Loop, now known as 'the Gloucester avoiding line', was re-instated, primarily for goods traffic, but also for passengers from 1908. Between 1914 and 1920, the GWR station was expanded with a second long platform north of the running lines, two centre tracks for through movements and bay platforms. The two main platforms were also split in two with a scissors crossing in the middle. On 17 September 1951, the Western station was renamed Gloucester Central and the Midland station renamed Gloucester Eastgate to avoid confusion.

By the mid-1960s, plans were floated to rationalise the stations - the 1914 upside platform at Gloucester Central was reduced to a parcels-only platform and Gloucester Eastgate was reduced to two platforms. There was also a proposal for an entirely new station on the triangular junction east of the existing stations, to avoid the troublesome reversals, but this was not taken further. Even then, although the through-platforms of Gloucester Eastgate on the Bristol-Birmingham (former Midland Railway) line avoided the still-current problems with trains having to reverse direction, it was seen as a hindrance because the Tuffley Loop line had five level crossings, which caused a lot of traffic problems in town. Therefore, on 1st December 1975, Gloucester Eastgate and the Tuffley Loop line were closed and all operations were concentrated at Gloucester Central. This station was redeveloped and re-opened in 1977 with new station buildings and an extended platform at 1977 ft, long enough to take two Inter-City 125 trains then being introduced to the Western Region. In 1984, the 1914 parcels platform was brought back into use as a passenger platform and a new footbridge was opened to provide access.

On New Year's Eve 2010, a fire broke out in the booking office due to arson and the ground floor was severely damaged. The booking office was closed for over a year while the station was refurbished and a temporary ticket office was erected to the right of the entrance. In May 2013, the new booking office was reopened by Richard Graham, MP for Gloucester and new lifts were installed. Further redevelopment is being planned after complaints that the station does not give a good impression for visitors to the city.

In September 2015, Gloucester Railway Station was the first to sign up to a football style card system for dealing with constant trouble makers.

GWR Stationmasters

 * John Ashbee 1849 - 1874
 * J.E. Randall 1874 - 1885
 * Edwin Morgan Bridger 1885 - 1899
 * William Francis Marvin 1899 - 1916 (formerly station master at Ross)
 * W.P. Roberts 1916 - 1926 (formerly station master at Stroud)
 * Arthur George Ludecke 1926 - 1929 (formerly station master at Ealing Broadway)
 * Frederick L. Bannister 1929 - 1932
 * F.C. Price 1932 - 1941 (afterwards station master at Oxford)
 * E.G. Powell 1941 - 1945 (formerly station master at Cheltenham St. James)
 * R.G. Barnard 1945 - ca. 1950

Midland Stationmasters

 * Y.E. Fry ca. 1859 - 1874
 * Edward L Needham 1874 - 1876
 * John H. Stalvies 1877 - 1891
 * William Orton 1891 - 1901 (formerly station master at Redditch)
 * Richard William Mapp 1902 - 1903 (formerly station master at Belper, afterwards station master at Leicester)
 * John Henry Garton 1903 - 1908 (formerly station master at Kettering)
 * H.L. Bailey 1908 - 1925 (formerly station master at Bath)
 * William Hardy 1925 - 1927 (formerly station master at Willenhall, afterwards station master at Lincoln)
 * James Davies 1927 - 1928 (formerly station master at Bath)
 * Douglas Harold Day 1928 - 1931 (afterwards station master at Stoke on Trent)
 * Walter James Burfitt 1931 - 1938
 * Harry James King 1938 - 1946 (formerly station master at Evesham)
 * Alfred John Pickthorne 1946 - 1950

Description
At 1977 ft, Gloucester has the second-longest platform in the UK — the longest is Colchester's platform at 2034 ft (620 m), albeit Gloucester has the longest unbroken platform, as Colchester's is two different physical platforms. The platform was lengthened as part of the 1977 rebuilding by British Rail and was intended to handle two InterCity 125 trains at the same time. These trains were put into service on the Western Region London Paddington to Cheltenham Spa services at this time and all services were handled by the same platform.

The ticket office just inside the station entrance is open for most of the day, seven days a week. There is a Costa Coffee outlet on the main concourse of the station.

Planned redevelopment
In 2018, the government approved a £3.75 million redesign of the station with the backing of GFirst and Gloucester City Council but the funds were unavailable until April 2020. In February 2019, the council began a £425,000 redesign of the station. The project includes a new underpass and access, redesigned forecourt and cladding.

Services
The station is served by several train operating companies:
 * Transport for Wales operates an hourly local service (with an hourly gap every three hours during off-peak periods) between Maesteg, Bridgend, Cardiff Central, Chepstow and Cheltenham Spa.
 * CrossCountry operates an hourly Cardiff Central - Nottingham service, via Birmingham New Street.
 * Great Western Railway operates an hourly service to London Paddington, via the Golden Valley line; on Sundays, there is an hourly service to Swindon, with three services a day continuing on to Paddington. GWR also operate an hourly service to Westbury and a half-hourly service to Bristol Temple Meads, with hourly extensions to Cheltenham, Worcester and Great Malvern; this includes two daily services to and from Weymouth. There is a limited service to Chippenham and Melksham, as well as one through service per day to.

When engineering work occurs in the Severn Tunnel, trains run by Great Western Railway along the South Wales Main Line can be diverted at short notice via Gloucester, with trains running from Swansea to Swindon and London Paddington.

title: Gloucester railway station


text:
Talk:Submarine communications cable

April 2005
I've slapped a Stub template on this one. I am sure another kind of notice (a "work in progress" type of thing) would have been more appropiate, but I haven't found anything that convinced me enough. Unfortunately, being totally ignorant on the subject at hand, I cannot fill in the blanks and make the issue disappear althogether, which would be the way to go.--80.58.43.44 22:47, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lagrange?
I don't think there's any such thing as a "Lagrange" transform...should this not be Laplace? Or maybe Lord Kelvin did his differential equations the old-fashioned way? --Wtshymanski 01:03, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Map
Did someone consider creating a map of those cables ? This would definitely be more visually strinking than the list. Maybe I could do that, but does someone know of an automated (or scriptable) way to do it ? I assume the map will have to be changed often.
 * Yes, someone did. In my case, I've looked at various sources of mapping information that could be used under Wikipedia's GFDL licence, and realised that it is a *BIG* project to draw maps of all the submarine cable systems - especially if trying to draw them in a consistent style, and keep them in a format that can be easily edited and updated. I don't have the time to do that, unfortunately.  By the way - it would be useful if you could sign your comments with four tildes like this ~ (which will automatically put in your username (if you have one) or your IP address and date&timestamp the comment), or even better, register a username.  Thanks for the comment. WLD 16:24, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, could you then put here the list of sources you found, if you still have them ?
 * And do you know if it's at all possible to run scripts here on Wikipedia ? I guess it's not, but I'd like to know for sure.
 * I registered a username : Aftereight 18:54, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I haven't got the list on the PC I'm using at the moment. However, there's one major mapping project that looked promising, but I don't remember its name. Amongst other things it seemed to be in use by epidemiologists, and used a command line interface to generate maps.  One minor problem will be generating sensible cable routes - there's some, but not much, public information available. I would guess the obscurity helps to prevent those with malicious intent from  finding out too much. Drawing some kind of curve that avoids coastlines to join landing points is probably 'good enough', but creation of the connectivity maps will require knowledge of where the branching points in some of the submarine cables is.  Again, not easily get-attable information. Oh - I have no idea about scripting on Wikipedia. Thanks for registering - and welcome to the wonderful, if sometimes frustrating world of Wikipedia. WLD 19:29, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Here's a nice map, but I doubt we can use it on Wikipedia due to licensing lissues. It'd look great on this page, though. --Dantheox 23:25, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes - it's a Telegeography map. Not useable on Wikipedia. The project I was thinking about is this one http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu/ - Generic Mapping Tools. One decision to make is the format to have the maps in - I think the obvious one is PNG format, unless Wikipedia (and browsers) support SVG.  The ideal would be to have a template of the world's coastlines onto which cable routes could be plotted (and edited if necessary - which is why SVG would be good). WLD 23:37, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

GMT looks really fine, but I suspect that the amount of data needed to make an useful map is quite huge. What would you think we should have on the map ? The example at  looks fine, but not too informative in my opinion. I think cable names and bandwidth could be useful, along with cable landing points. Also, I'm creating a template Template:Submarine_communications_cable, so please have a look and fix it if you think it's utter crap :-)Aftereight 17:32, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, the usage seems to be using Infobox in the template name for what I want to do, so I'm creating Template:Infobox_Submarine_communications_cable instead.
 * There's rather a lot of cable systems, so I don't think an overview map could have it all and still be small enough to render nicely on a screen. KDDI have a nice map here http://www.kddi.com/english/business/oversea/pdf/kddi_gnm_en.pdf - but to see the detail, it has to be expanded quite a bit.
 * I like the Infobox a lot. I was daydreaming about doing something similar. Ideally, we'd list the cable system technology (there are still some coax cables in use), the design capacity and currently lit capacity and have a map of the particular cable system's route. Ownership gets a bit complicated.  Some of the newer cables have one or two owners, but the older ones were usually built by consortia with lots of members.  Hmm  mustn't get too enthusiastic - I'm meant to be taking a Wikibreak! WLD 21:18, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The KDDI map is really nice, although it lacks the bandwidth of each cable. But you're right about it being too large to fit on a screen. We should probably make several maps for each part of the world. Plus it could be nice to create separate pages for cables in each area.
 * But we do need some kind of specialized database to put all the map data in, don't we ?
 * As to the Infobox, feel free to add more cells. I put it on the TAT-14 page for a test, so you can try it there too until we settle on the bits of info we put in. Then we can start updating other pages to include it. Aftereight 15:00, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I've made some changes - feel free to revert them if you wish. We're probably not following the correct protocol to create a new Infobox, but I guess we'll get there in the end. I'd like to suggest the Infobox name be Infobox_Submarine_communications_cable_system or Infobox_Submarine_telecommunications_cable_system, as some of the self-healing ring topologies are built from more than one physical cable (this is me being typically pedantic). As for the maps, I think they would have to be created offline and a PNG put up, with colours chosen carefully (so, for example, red/green colourblind people can read them).  I'd expect GMT can output in a suitable format, which wouldn't take up too much space. WLD 18:02, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

A map (most suitable, I hope) has been added. Rarelibra 19:08, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I think there's a problem with the current map of submarine cables. There are 5 strands of cables shown leaving western United States towards the Pacific, but on the other side of the map, there seems to be only one strand going towards United States. What happened to the other 4? --Pavithran (talk) 15:35, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It's called a work in progress, plus I did annotate that it is an 'example' (not complete) - nor is it the ACTUAL position of the cables. NONE of the maps out there (unless a smaller scale) show the cables in the actual position. Rarelibra (talk) 18:50, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Hello, Please feel free to use the pdf world map located at http://extranet-submarine.alcatel-lucent.com/ This has been updated for Suboptics 2010 event of May 2010 and represent all cables, even ones in construction (doted line). From Philippe Dumont, head of ALcatel Lucent Submarine Networks. July 2010. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.39.3.197 (talk) 09:41, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Operation PLUTO and Siemens Brothers
I don't really get this bit. First, Siemens was a Nazi company during WWII that allegedly employed contrentration camp slave labor, and secondly, the Operation Pluto article doesn't mention Siemens brothers at all. Confused.

A little bit of economic history can help. When the First World War was started the multinational German firm of Siemens & Halske, owned by several brothers, with branches in all of the war countries, in Germany, Austro-Hungaria, Russia, France, and Britain, split into national companies to avoid being treated as an enemy company. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_AG and better http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens (in German). So the British Siemens Brothers were not identical with Siemens & Halske. --Ft93110 (talk) 16:53, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Depth?
I dont' seem to be able to find anything mentioning how deep these things go. I'm wondering if maybe they go all the way to the ocean floor? But I somehow doubt that. Any idea? --Phant 01:31, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * How deep do you think they should go?  Which is harder to believe:  that they lie on the bottom, or somehow float or are suspended only a mile down?  —EncMstr 01:34, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
 * All the way down. The route is carefully chosen preferring a depth of between one and two kilometres, deep enough to escape the sharks and the trawlers, not so deep that the technology becomes excessively difficult.Reg nim 20:17, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Technological Developments
I removed the reference to powering the repeaters to the sea as this is not explained, it wasn't done like that 15 years ago and I can't see how it would be possible. If I am out of date then please restore. But if they are powered to the sea how does it work all the way along 5000 km of cable. There would be a horrendous voltage loss at the middle of the cable. Reg nim 20:59, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * How was it done 15 years ago? As I understand it, the cable armour provides one path for the power current, and the earth (i.e. the sea) provides the return path. Shunt faults occur when the insulation on the armour breaks down.  I could well be wrong, but I'd like to know how it is/was actually done. WLDtalk 16:42, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Note that this pdf http://homepage.mac.com/ieee_oes_japan/ARENA/SSC03ARENAPower030527.pdf says "However there is only one electric conductor in the underwater optical telecommunication cable and the return current flows in the seawater. This feature strongly restricts the feasible power feeding system." WLDtalk 16:54, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Not then, and probably not now. The cable armour is high tensile steel, which is a poor conductor and has to be wet, else it would not be armour. Deep water cables needed no armour but they needed tensional strength to carry the catenary during laying and recovery. In the diagram at the top of the article there is a copper ring which contains the fibres, this has to be the conductor. The repeaters are powered by the same circuit as the lights on a Christmas tree. Returning power through the sea happens at each terminal station. TAT8 needed a total of 18 Kv at 1.6 A. Each end provided half. About half the power was dissipated in the repeaters and half was lost in transmission. But the separation of repeaters was only 15 Km. There was a cable from the UK to the Isle of Man which was 45 Km unrepeatered. To achieve this the lasers were powered to a level giving unacceptable reliability for the ocean bed. A shunt fault was water penetrating to the core conductor. Reg nim 17:08, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks - so rather than the armour, it is the copper (or aluminium) core which is the (single) conductor. I'll update the Shunt fault article then.WLDtalk 17:21, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

I also put in a bit about the functions of a repeater. Can someone familiar with current practice please review this. Reg nim 20:59, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Can someone knowledgeable sort out the paragraph which starts "Verizon ..." . It reads like a quote out of a promotional release, and I cannot understand why it need so many words. It seems like nonsense because three separate cables have the same tolerance. Is it a ladder design ? Reg nim 16:47, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I deleted it, and replaced with text that wasn't advertising copy. The system uses the Ciena Core Director to switch traffic (automatically) between different paths if one path fails. Verizon are not the only organisation using it, just the ones being most public about it.WLDtalk 17:21, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Added cleanup tag
I've added a cleanup tag to the page, as I think that the "History" section ought to be downsized, and that the current technology should be pulled out of it and made a separate section. Also, the current table of contents is a bit too big at the moment. Maybe a separate page, something like "History of submarine communications cables", should be created ? Unfortunately I don't have enough time to do that right now, but I'll try to give a hand over the next few days/weeks. -- Aftereight 21:00, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

I value the content of "History", so I hope that it will not be downsized. The subject is a branch of Transmission (telecommunications), mending this needs to create the network of articles from there down. Reg nim 21:13, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Jacobi
The article claims that "India rubber had been tried by Moritz von Jacobi, the Russian electrician, as far back as 1811." In 1811 Jacobi was ten years old; this seems rather hard to credit.

The factoid about Jacobi was added in this edit, listing him as simply "Jacobi". The identification with Moritz von Jacobi was made later. I would guess that in all likelihood either the 1811 date is wrong, or another Jacobi is being referenced. Which is it? --Saforrest 22:01, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Date error
In the beggining it says "As of 1903, submarine cables link all the world's continents except Antarctica." This must be an error. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Wiretapping
This article makes no mention of wiretaping of submarine cables. If it's ever happened and is documented, I think it ought to be in this article, as it must be quite difficult to achieve, whether the original wire cables or the modern optical fiber cables. Jedwards05 —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 02:55, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Cables deep under the sea are considered secure. Tapping occurs using terminal equipment, as explained by evidence in a current US court action. A land based cable or a microwave link is not secure, which is why deep cables at enormous extra expense go so far alongside land. Reg nim (talk) 21:47, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * This must have been the idea of the Soviet government, too, up to the moment when after the end of the Cold war the Americans showed that in operation Ivy Bell they had tapped the military cable at Kamchatka. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivy_Bells The US Navy has even constructed several submarines to put the monitoring equipment in place. See http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/05/23/2142216 and —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ft93110 (talk • contribs) 16:33, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The Virginia Class SSNs are able provide facilities for equipment and technicians to tap into fiber optic cables. This is accomplished by bending the core to a index of refraction that allows the signal light to pass through the core sheath. Thus, no physical splicing is required. This is all classified of course, are there any other sources that might even give a hint of this? 142.16.22.18 (talk) 01:39, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

The Usage of each part of submarine communication cable
Can someone tell me about the usage of each part of submarine communication cable? Thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ryan siow (talk • contribs) 07:58, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * What exactly are you asking? Rarelibra 13:00, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I mean the usage of each part of the cable--> the cross-section illustration of cable . Thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ryan siow (talk • contribs) 05:34, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * In the illustration, Numbers 1 thru 5 are mostly for protection - while 6 and 7 are for conductivity and 8 are the actual fibers. Rarelibra 12:46, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * 6 is copper, 7 is petroleum jelly. We know what Rarelibra means. Reg nim (talk) 21:50, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

The politics of submarine cable networks
It's funny that noone writes about the political motives of laying entire global submarine cable networks in the late 19th century and early 20th century, especially at places where there was low demand, for instance from Canada to Australia, or from Germany to its African colonies. Submarine cables ar more than just technology. --Ft93110 (talk) 16:37, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't see the need. Submarine cables are technology, period. The laying of submarine cables may be strategic, political, economic in nature, etc. But to try to expand or elaborate on this is unnecessary IMHO. One would expect countries to connect to their colonies, or to allies or partners, or economic alliances, etc, etc. That would be like trying to have a section that would 'predict' the future expansion based on what factors? Rarelibra (talk) 16:40, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The entry is about submarine communications cable, not about cable technology. Any historian of technology contradicts you. Anyone selling submarine cables contradicts you. To understand why there are submarine cables you need to embed the technological understanding by the political, military, legal, economic ect. contexts. A cable does not fall from the sky but is developed by some actor (company, government, etc.)for some objectif. An engineers's view is just incomplete.

 * A car is a car is a car ??? --Ft93110 (talk) 17:49, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Stop it. Your logic fails you. It doesn't make sense to have it in there, period. Because then you can talk about cable companies and their "more than just technology" motives, and consortiums, and, and... get the point? Rarelibra (talk) 19:29, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

No mention of latest 'accidents'?
Don't know if anyone else has been paying attention lately, but in the past week THREE major lines have been 'accidentally' broken. Two were off the coast of Egypt near Alexandria, with the third in the Suez. As a result, much of the middle east (and I think Pakistan, India and China as well) are without internet or have greatly reduced speeds. I believe phone lines have been affected as well.

Don't have the time to thoroughly research the situation, but I believe it probably deserves mention. --Lode Runner (talk) 06:20, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Lode Runner - good point. We'll make an effort to get the information in there, properly sourced. Rarelibra (talk) 07:50, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * So I filled in the event you mentioned, as well as two other particular events I remembered. If you think of any more, we can get those in as well. Rarelibra (talk) 08:32, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I've tweaked those mentions a bit (the 2008 cut was mentioned in two different places, for no reason I could see), including links to the individual cable pages (all of which had information on the cuts). The caveat with all this is Recentism and I suppose perhaps WP:NOT (or any other guideline about what kinds of lists make sense and what don't).  I don't have an especially strong opinion about whether or not we should be trying to list cable breaks (or significant breaks), but I would say that people who come to this article in response to the news stories will probably want to see background information about how cables work, how they can break, how they are repaired, etc. Kingdon (talk) 20:07, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

What's the real scoop on how those cables broke? Sarsaparilla (talk) 21:24, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, this counts as OR - so don't put it into the article - but let's look at the statistics:

 * I read someplace (linked from Slashdot IIRC) that cables get cut at a rate of about one in every three days worldwide. The article says that transatlantic cables are cut 50 times per year. So the fact that five cables got cut in a space of a week or so is a little more than average - but not so much as to make one suspicious.

 * What's extremely surprising is that all five cables lead to one country. In List of international submarine communications cables there are 267 'international' submarine cables and a further 142 'domestic' submarine cables. So let's go with 400 cables worldwide...one of which typically gets cut every 3 days. Look at five consecutive cable cuts...what is the chance that the first cable to be cut this week is one of the five that lead to Iran? 5 in 400. What are the odds that one of the remaining 4 cables gets cut next? 4 in 399. The third cable has odds of 3 in 398, the fourth gets 2 in 397 and the fifth has odds of 1 in 396. Multiply those probabilities together. This makes the chance of all five cables leading to Iran being cut so close together in time about 83,000,000,000:1 against. The odds of this happening faster than the cables could be repaired are even higher than that because the frequency of breakages is also so much higher than chance. We've gotta be looking at odds of a trillion to one against overall.

 * So the idea that this is just coincidence really isn't tenable.

 * This statistic only applies if the cuts are happening randomly - ergo, we may deduce that it's almost certain that these events are not random. There (almost) certainly has to be some common cause.  But the cuts were NOT all in one geographical area - some happened thousands of miles from Iran - so we can't use the increased odds of a cut happening in bad weather or it being due to negligance of some particular ship.  Natural causes are pretty much ruled out...which leaves human involvement.

 * The numbers speak for themselves: I think the conspiracy theorists are on to something this time.
 * SteveBaker (talk) 03:15, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It's all a probability game. Conspiracy theories are for those with too much time. Companies would not tolerate such repeated actions - do you realize the costs involved? Rarelibra (talk) 04:55, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm no "conspiracy theorist"; I am a transmission engineer. The official explanation for the first cable which was cut just outside of Alexandria harbour was it was an anchor. However, the on-shore CCTV cameras which monitor the area showed there were no ships close to the area 12 hours before and 12 hours afterwards. The cable was cut and an anchor conveniently left beside it. I have pictures from a recent cable "break" in Sardinia which is as obviously a cut cable as any I have ever seen; it was supposedly broken by fishing net - the picture still has the offending article attached. But one look at the "broken" end of the cable will tell any intelligent person everything they need to know about what really happened to it. Someone, somewhere, cuts submarine cables when it suits them. To claim this does not happen and that anyone who claims it does is a "conspiracy theorist" is to ignore reality. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.233.160.78 (talk) 17:24, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

map?
The "Map of submarine cables throughout the world" doesn't make sense to me. As far as I understand it, there is a blue and a red line from Britain to Denmark. What's up with this? 85.227.226.235 (talk) 19:44, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * How is it a map of cables throughout the world? The thumbnail explains the depiction of the single cable map. Rarelibra (talk) 19:57, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

And what's up with there being a real location and representative location? Why are they laid so strangely? --70.77.11.19 (talk) 04:27, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

I'm also a bit confused by this picture. I understand that here see the "real location" is twisted around because of movement, errors in laying, sea bed geology, maintenance, etc., but there is still something odd about it. The "real" route even goes overland for a while at one point, and has a long extra section that leaves the UK and goes nowhere. It also reaches land at different places from the "representative location". I think at the very least we need to understand what "representative location" is actually supposed to mean. Maybe we're better off without the red line? And a scale would be nice, too! • TheBendster (talk) 3 February 2008, 07:54 (UTC)

 * It is representative. The cable reflects actual GPS coordinates. If there is a problem with this - ask the cable owners why. I cannot explain why this is so - other than the bends and such are from the way the cable is initially laid, etc. Rarelibra (talk) 02:33, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * So, do you mean to say that "representative location" means the location officially recognized or published by the cable owner? My problem is that without explanation, the term "representative location" is pretty much meaningless. Thanks. • TheBendster (talk) 4 February 2008, 08:13 (UTC)

 * The blue line looks completely fake, especially as it loops around on land. Regardless of how true the lines really are they just give the impression that they are not factual and this reflects badly on wikipedia. Is there a way of providing a link to where the GPS coordinates are mentioned, or otherwise a refrence/statement from the cable owners that states how badly laid the cables are compared to the red line? • Percz (talk) 4 February 2008, 10:40 (GMT) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.3.229.164 (talk)

 * Percz - the link is on this website, the Kingfisher Information Service. You can go ahead and contact them with any questions regarding the actual placement and/or location of the cable, and the subsequent representation taken from the actual GPS coordinates. You have no background in cartography whatsoever, so it would be difficult for me to establish any meaning with your words about the blue line looking "...completely fake." The lines give no impression if a user understands maps and mapping concepts. For example, when you see a coastline on a map, it may be generalized and not include small islands, coves, etc. When you see a city on a map, you may view a dot and in your mind imagine that concept as a city... but the actual city has a polygon defining its limits and/or urban and/or rural area(s). This map simply shows a user two things - 1) the blue line, which is where the cable actually is (according to the GPS coordinates given by the referenced site), and 2) the red line, which is the representation of the cable in mapping terms. I could eliminate the blue line and you would automatically have no problem with the correlation that the red line represents the cable. But you would also assume that the red line is the actual location of the cable, which is not true. This map simply points out an interesting factual difference. Rarelibra (talk) 15:09, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I think that the problem here is that while the graphic may be perfectly correct and understandable to an expert in cartography, to an average viewer it is confusing and can easily be misinterpreted. Given that the purpose of Wikipedia articles is to be a general reference to the public, I would therefore suggest that the caption is changed adequately to make the map generally intelligible. • TheBendster (talk) 4 February 2008, 15:50 (UTC)

 * What do you suggest, Bendster? Be part of the solution. ? Rarelibra (talk) 16:14, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I suggest that you go and edit the caption to make the map understandable to the masses. Nobody else can do it, since you're the only one here who seems to know how to interpret it. Alternatively, we could remove the map completely. Even that would be better than having something that doesn't make sense. Personally, I would also like to see a return of the previous map (cable connections around the world). • TheBendster (talk) 4 February 2008, 17:03 (UTC)

 * I'll work on getting a worldwide map again - though without inviting any criticism like the crap you see above. Serious, I do this as a hobby not to take the kind of bs criticism about colored lines and such. Too many people are attempting to be expert analysts when they should look at it like any map in a newspaper article - supplementary, aiding in showing representative examples. Honestly, I don't see the disconnect as how the blue line and red line are confusing when they are so clearly spelled out in the title. Rarelibra (talk) 19:11, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Cool down, soldier. I only see comments from people who appreciate your work and want to help make it better with their constructive criticism. This is Wikipedia. You can expect comments from novices, you can expect to be "edited mercilessly", and the best thing you can do about it is to assume good faith and keep a thick skin. For myself I'm sorry if I wrote anything that you took offence at, but I have to say that I wouldn't take any of my points back. • TheBendster (talk) 4 February 2008, 19:30 (UTC)

 * The map is confusing because it makes no sense to a layperson why the cables would be laid that way. If that's the actual GPS data then more explanation is needed because it simply raises more questions than it answers. For example, why does it go out a quarter of the way into the sea then stop at one end? Why does it double around on itself so many times? Why does it cross over land at one point? I think this is probably because of insufficient data, they just don't have the gps info on enough points to make it clear. We're all trying to make an encyclopedia here, so we should never "look at it like any map in a newspaper article" (nor should you ever take a map in a newspaper article at face value).Mad031683 (talk) 00:18, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Whatever. Really - don't use a microscope on something so broad - you'll lose the trees for the forest. Serious. Maybe you should ask why the sky is blue, or why water is wet, or why clouds are white? Maybe you should ask what the meaning of life is, while you are at it. Rarelibra (talk) 03:59, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, the Wikipedia article on sky does explain why it's blue, the article on water does explain why it's wet, and the article on clouds does explain why they're white. And yes, there's even a Wikipedia article on the meaning of life! ;-> Let's lighten up, respect each other, and just try to work together to make the best encyclopedia we can. Everyone has a right to ask questions and point out things they think could be better, and you have a right to disagree with them. Just assume good faith and keep it pleasant. • TheBendster (talk) 5 February 2008, 07:34 (UTC)

Tell you all what - I am removing the image from the article. So hope it makes you all happy and sleep better at night. Too many critics and not enough open interpretation. I also challenge someone to do it better. Rarelibra (talk) 14:10, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I hope someone more open to critics will make another map. Chillum  16:05, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Your statement is unappreciated. Really. "More open to critics" is crap. Critics are weak individuals who don't wish to do it themselves, yet wish to attempt expert testimony at something they don't really know. I will make another map of cables - and this time I won't listen to anyone that isn't experienced with cartography or knowledgeable of cartographic principles of simplification, generalization, typography, etc. Rarelibra (talk) 21:51, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Contemporary Data?
The article seems to consist very heavily of historical information. While that definitely has a place in the article, I find it odd that very little mention is given to the cables that are in use today. I don't know enough to contribute anything on my own, but I think the article could be improved by adding more about the present infrastructure. Fogster (talk) 00:13, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Splicing cables?
Please add some details about how these cables are spliced during cable-laying and repair: In what lengths are they manufactured? How are the lengths of cable joined? How is it possible to splice a fibre-optic strand? What happens after a break when seawater gets into the cable? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.52.123.235 (talk) 16:08, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Ever think of going onto Google and/or Yahoo and doing keyword searches to find the references and add them? Just a thought. Rarelibra (talk) 16:42, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Cost
Does anyone know the cost to lay these things? How is it done? Is it one boat that drags one enormous cable across the ocean? What happens if there is a fault in the middle? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.113.120.82 (talk) 16:21, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Ever think of going onto Google and/or Yahoo and doing keyword searches to find the references and add them? Just a thought. Rarelibra (talk) 17:50, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

History
Many of historicity informations in this article are incorrect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.196.233.216 (talk) 13:46, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Current Cable Construction
The first picture on the article appears to show what current cables are made of, but there is no reference to the picture in the article. Can someone add a section that describes the construction of the cables and why each layer is used? Ost (talk) 19:02, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

History much lacking
There is very little said here of the impact that submarine communication cables had. I would imagine that the effects upon international politics, warfare, news gathering, etc would have been huge. It seems likely they changed how empires were run. Yet almost everything here is about the technology, rather than its results.

So this a request for anyone to contribute.--Mongreilf (talk) 02:47, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

 * "Anyone" includes you of course.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  09:17, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Titantic info
Does this - "The latter two were contracted to recover victims from the sinking of the RMS Titanic" - really merit mentioning? Unless they were repairing/laying cable when they called to the sinking ship, I don't really see why it's thrown in here an anything other than trivia. 98.239.166.251 (talk) 09:29, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It's a notable factoid that readers may find interesting, even if it is tangential to the subject.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  09:44, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. It could use a citation, though. 98.239.166.251 (talk) 14:02, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Cable Repair Section
I looked through the references and didn't find the word "shark" once in any of them, so I went ahead and added a reference for the first sentence in the section (it mentions anchors and trawlers as a threat as well, but not earthquakes or avalanches). It mentions more threats such as water currents and dredging activities, but I didn't bother to add them to the article.--Jambeeno (talk) 02:30, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Links to Terabit consulting
I have opened a discussion on inclusion of the Terabit Consulting presentations in the external links at EAR.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  18:17, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Links to maps
I would like to open a discussion on what external links to maps should be included in this article. The following is the list of maps that were there prior to the recent deletions.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  19:59, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Alcatel Optical Fiber Submarine systems Map, 2007.
 * Map and Satellite views of US landing sites for transatlantic cables
 * Map and Satellite views of US landing sites for transpacific cables
 * Positions and Route information of Submarine Cables in the Seas Around the UK
 * World map of optical fiber cables
 * World map of submarine cables by Telegeography
 * World map of submarine cables by Guardian
 * Interactive map of VSNL under sea cables

Much, if not most of the info contained in the maps and the Terabit Consulting presentation is difficult, if not impossible to find from other sources. The Telegeography maps are pretty much an industry-standard source. Kisca provides free, official maps. Shrug. Ignoramuses deleting stuff is one of the many reasons why I rarely contribute to Wikipedia these days. Don't bother replying. Verdreht (talk) 16:29, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Mid ocean ridges?
How is the constant spreading of the Earth's crust at the mid ocean ridges compensated for with these cables? Have any of the ocean crossing cables broken due to the spreading? Anywhere cables cross moving plate boundaries should pose a problem for eventually. 66.232.94.33 (talk) 09:44, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Plate tectonics says the rate is under 100 mm per year. Spread out over the length of a cable, that's not going to create enormous tension. I suppose if submarine cables lasted for geologic time, we'd have to take them up and splice on a few metres of cable every 1000 years or so. I would guess that it hasn't been a practical problem. --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:02, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Unlikely that any of them are going to survive trawlers/idiots/saboteurs/natural disasters long enough to have to worry about it.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  18:41, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Interwikis
I am not sure that this deletion was such a good idea. Sure, some of those articles cover wider ground than just communications cable, but they are a close enough match to make an interwiki link useful to the reader.  Spinning Spark  15:39, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

 * If you link en:Submarine communications cable to, for example, fi:Merikaapeli (which covers both communications and power cables), robots will then backlink fi:Merikaapeli to en:Submarine communications cable. I would think that fi:Merikaapeli is better linked to the disambiguation page Submarine cable which is about the same subject and from which the reader can find both kinds of submarine cables. — Now the reader who wants to navigate from fi:Merikaapeli to en is directed to communications cables, without so much as a hint that there is another article about power cables. So, do you think this is a great idea? --Jmk (talk) 11:43, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I think it is a great idea to stop bots doing such stupid things. I further think it is a horribly bad idea to stop human editors inserting well though out and useful links on the grounds that a bot might do something stupid on another wiki.  Deal with the problem with the bots, don't mangle the article to pander to them.  Spinning  Spark  12:58, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

 * And how would you proceed to stop bots from doing such things? It appears that the modus operandi of interwiki bots is pretty much established (if A→B then surely B→A, and other such ingenious decision rules). I'm not saying it is good that they operate that way, I'm just observing that they do. If you complain to their operators, the usual reply will be something like "it's not the robot's fault, go fix the original links if you don't want them to propagate". --Jmk (talk) 13:35, 7 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I have blocked interwiki bots in the past for edit warring with human editors and repeatedly inserting something that is wrong. Blocking generally works.
 * The concern of editors here is the articles on en.wiki. All power to those editors who are able to go and fix problems on other language wikis, but there is no reason we should have to.  Our concern is only whether or not the information in the en.wiki article is correct.  Bot owners are responsible for the edits of their bots as if they had done those edits themselves.  If the bot makes errors then the owner is expected to put them right.  It is simply not acceptable to say that the bot programming cannot cope with this or that scenario.  If that is the case then either an unsuitable bot is being used, or else the task was not suitable for a bot in the first place. Anyway, this is getting way off the subject of the article.  Spinning  Spark  15:23, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Petroleum jelly
Can someone explain the purpose of the jelly in the cable, as described in the cross section diagram? Ham Pastrami (talk) 18:44, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

 * The reasons are explained in the 1978 patent for this type of cable.  Spinning Spark  17:36, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Outdated Link
In the section titled ″Importance of submarine cables″, second paragraph, the following reference is present:

That link goes to a 404 page. However, there is mention that they have archived their old page following a move to a new one.

The information can now be found http://archive.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/1001/pc=PC_100223

I could have changed this myself but I am not familiar with Wiki's policy in this matter. Update links ad infinitum or keep things as is...?

Aethalides (talk) 10:50, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, update the link, that is always a useful thing to do. What should not be done is to delete altogether references that have gone dead.  The deadlink remains the source of the information and it is always possible it can be repaired or replaced by an editor if the original source information is left in place. SpinningSpark 11:00, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Done. Thanks for your insight Aethalides (talk) 09:07, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

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Inconsistencies in "First commercial cables" section
Hi Wiki - my first comment.

Can someone with access to reference 6 check and correct the first para of the "First Commercial Cables" section? The dates are inconsistent (which might just be a typo of 1859 for 1850) and the para says the first cable was not successful but according to reference 9 the first _trial_ happened in 1850 (no month given), and was successful the first day but failed overnight.Shandono (talk) 02:09, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The date is just an error. It was changed in this copyedit in July (User:Jspiegler please be more careful to preserve facts in your copyedits).  Yes, they "successfully" passed messages across the 1850 cable, but it lasted less than 24 hours before a fishing boat destroyed it.  In no way can that be considered a commercial success.  The quote about it being a successful trial comes from a document written by John Brett, the leader of this project, so it is not neutral.  It was not a trial, this was always intended to be the permanent cable.  You need to remember that Brett has now to explain to his investors why their money is permanently lost in broken equipment at the bottom of the Channel.  Characterising it as a successful first step might just persuade them to put up more money to have another go.  No independent reliable sources describe it in this way. SpinningSpark 12:29, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

Regenerative repeaters
I think the use of regenerative repeaters should be described, as well as how they are powered. IanHJames (talk) 15:37, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

Convert template
Hello User:Spinningspark, you reverted an edit where I used the Convert template to include kilometres in Submarine communications cable and gave the reason as poor English. If this is the case, can you please improve the English (maybe 2 miles of cable instead of wire) and include the Convert template which is required per MOS:UNIT instead of reverting. Thanks Avi8tor (talk) 12:53, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
 * MOS:UNIT does not require the use of conversion templates. It requires a conversion included to SI units. That doesn't have to be done with a template.  The original text said "a two-mile wire".  Your text reads "a 2 miles (3 km) wire".  That is incorrect use of the plural and has lost the rather better number in words as well as the hyphen.  I'm not a great fan of templates (because they continually cause problems like this) and it isn't essential to use them in this case when you could easily write "a two-mile (3 km) wire" in plain text.  So no, I'm not going to spend my time trying to coax the template into outputting what I want to see.  You can if you want, but I won't be surprised to see you give up on it. SpinningSpark 17:18, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
 * OK I'll change the text a bit "to submerged 2 mi of wire". The article has SI primary so I'll keep the same for consistency, a hyphen is not necessary. Far too many conversions done manually are incorrect and can be overly precise. It is possible to have the text for both units but is it necessary? You seem to dismiss by your erasing the SI conversion the fact that many English speakers worldwide are not familiar with miles or other non SI units. It would be interesting to see what the original text actually stated. Avi8tor (talk) 12:23, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

Notable events
All of these are problems with cables except in 2021 someone added planned cables. We don't have a section in this article for planned cables and it doesn't seem to fit with the rest of the list. I suggest removing these from here and putting them on the list of cables - this information will quickly become outdated here as either they will be laid (and are no longer planned) or the concept will not receive funding. SandrinaHatman (talk) 07:21, 27 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with removal. Planned anything – buildings, events, films – are only rarely notable and frequently never actually happen. Spinning<b style="color:#4840A0">Spark</b> 17:20, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Submarine communications cable


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Roger weide

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 23:52, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Roger weide
Not notable. Probably vanity. Suggested action: delete, or at the very least move to Roger Weide. — flamingspinach | (talk) 22:48, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * People that make flash are animatios and post them on messageboards are not notable, likely self-promotion, delete --nixie 23:14, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If he would be a notable Flash artist, he would pass the Google test. The International Moron Patrol votes: delete. - Marcika 23:18, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Heart of Eternity

The Heart of Eternity is a diamond measuring 27.64 carats (5.528 g), rated in color as "Fancy Vivid Blue" by the Gemological Institute of America. The Heart of Eternity was cut by the Steinmetz Group, who owned the diamond before selling it to the De Beers Group.

The Heart of Eternity is a member of an exceedingly rare class of coloured diamonds. It was found in the Premier Diamond Mine of South Africa. The Premier mine is the only mine in the world with an appreciable production of blue diamonds.

The Heart of Eternity was unveiled in January 2000 as part of the De Beers Millennium Jewels collection, which included the Millennium Star. The Heart of Eternity was featured with ten other blue diamonds; the collection of blue diamonds totalled 118 carats (23.6 g). The De Beers Millennium Jewels were displayed at London's Millennium Dome throughout 2000. An attempt on 7 November 2000 to steal the collection was foiled.

In 2012, there have been rumors that the boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr. bought the Heart of Eternity necklace for his fiancée, Shantel Jackson. De Beers refused to say whom they sold the Heart of Eternity Diamond to, and so its current owner was left unknown.

Popular culture
The Heart of Eternity is the gem which inspired the famous Heart of the Ocean, the blue heart-shaped diamond held by Rose, the protagonist in the iconic film Titanic. (the diamond has been unveiled in 2000, the movie titanic is from 1997)

title: Heart of Eternity


text:
User:Silvercloud

One day I hope to be able to fill this page with nice things I've done.

title: User:Silvercloud


text: User talk:67.174.4.10

title: User talk:67.174.4.10


text: User talk:158.165.5.86

title: User talk:158.165.5.86


text: Template:Nucleic acids

title: Template:Nucleic acids


text:
Talk:Live in Reykjavik (Psychic TV album)

Astru Track
I changed the track listings to make Astru into Asatru, the name of the religion. If the proper name IS astru, please notify me or, preferably, change it back.

Liastnir 05:50, 22 March 2006 (UTC)