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2004 United States presidential election in Arizona

The 2004 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 2, 2004, and was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Arizona was won by incumbent George W. Bush by 10.5%. Prior to the election, 12 news organizations considered this a state Bush would win, or otherwise considered as a likely red state. Neither major party tickets campaigned here in the fall election. Arizona hosted the third presidential debate on October 13, 2004, in the city of Tempe.

, this is the last time Arizona was won by a double-digit margin of victory. This was the first election in which any candidate won more than a million votes as well as in which Maricopa County cast more than a million ballots.

Primaries

 * 2004 Arizona Democratic primary

Predictions
There were 12 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day.

Polling
Throughout several polls taken in the state in 2004, just one showed Kerry leading. The final 3 pre-election polls showed that Bush was leading with 51% to Kerry's 43%.

Fundraising
Bush raised $3,196,692. Kerry raised $1,525,930.

Advertising and visits
Neither campaign advertised or visited this state during the fall campaign.

Analysis
The exit polls showed that Bush was going to be the clear winner of the state, based on the fact that Bush won among both genders. A major key factor was how 55% of the people thought the state economy was good, and 70% of those people voted for Bush. Also, 55% of the state approved of Bush.

The key to Bush's victory was winning the highly populated Maricopa County with almost 57%. However, Kerry did win portions of the state such as Arizona's 4th congressional district and Arizona's 7th congressional district and 4 counties. 50% of the voting age population came out to vote.

Results by congressional district
Bush won six of eight congressional districts.

Electors
Technically the voters of Arizona cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Arizona is allocated 10 electors because it has 8 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 10 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 10 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 13, 2004, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from this state. All were pledged to and voted for George W. Bush and Dick Cheney.
 * 1) Linda Barber
 * 2) Malcolm Barrett
 * 3) Jim Click
 * 4) Cynthia J. Collins
 * 5) Webb Crockett
 * 6) Elizabeth Wilkinson Fannin
 * 7) Ross Farnsworth
 * 8) Ira A. Fulton
 * 9) Bernice C. Roberts
 * 10) Phillip Townsend


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Richard Greenbury

Sir Richard Greenbury (31 July 1936 – 27 September 2017) was an English businessman, and chairman and chief executive of the British retailer Marks and Spencer from 1988 to 1999. During his tenure, the company continued to grow until its profits peaked in 1997 and 1998 when it was the second most profitable retailer in the world after Wal-Mart, and the ninth largest company in Britain. After resigning as executive chairman, he was succeeded by Peter Salsbury.

Early life
Greenbury was born in Carlisle and educated at Ealing County Grammar School in London. As a young man he claimed to have been, "The most caned boy in school", an achievement that he suggested had taught him, "The importance of discipline." Although academically able, at over six-foot Greenbury's real enthusiasm lay in playing sport, which he excelled at. He played football for his school's 1st XI, and later at county level, while playing tennis as well.

However, after his mother contracted cancer, Greenbury felt obliged to leave school with only six O-levels and abandon sport; opting to start earning at the age of sixteen and missing out on a university education. Just before his seventeenth birthday, Greenbury took a modest job at Lillywhites.

Marks and Spencer
Greenbury's stay at Lillywhites was short lived. He later accepted a management trainee position at Marks and Spencer, who fortunately did not require A-levels for their programme. His hard work was soon recognised by Simon, Lord Marks, and he was taken under the wing of the founding father's son. Mark's dubbed Greenbury "Big Fellah", and soon moved him to head office as a trainee merchandiser and personal assistant to his son in law.

It was in men's knitwear where Greenbury made his name in the early 1960s, shortly after his marriage to first wife Siân Hughes in 1959. As noted by Marks, "Rick", as he soon became known, was a retailer through and through. Spotting the trend towards casual menswear Greenbury formed a strong friendship with Harry Djanogoly, who ran the knitwear company Nottingham Manufacturing, and transformed the then unknown aisle in every Marks and Spencer store into a profits power house for the company. This reputedly got Djanogoly his knighthood and Greenbury his promotion.

By 1972, Greenbury had been made the youngest director in the company's history, only twenty years after being welcomed by the business. Then, at the age of forty-one, Greenbury was made a managing director, and by 1978 he had worked in every area of the business; including food, and property, as well as clothing. In 1984, shortly after becoming chairman, Derek Rayner decided it was time to outline his immediate successor, and, in 1988, Greenbury took his place as chief executive. In 1991, he was promoted again, becoming executive chairman, in keeping with Marks and Spencer's business traditions.

Despite later criticism, when the company smashed the £1 billion profit barrier in 1997, the City sang Greenbury's praises; although the impact of his tenure became the subject of intrigue in the aftermath of the downturn. For every year that Greenbury was in charge, Marks and Spencer held more than twice the clothing market of any other high street name, and even after the crash, and Greenbury's departure, they remained the only retailer holding over 10% of the market.

In 1997, Greenbury received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University.

The Greenbury Committee
In 1995, Greenbury led a CBI committee which made recommendations on executive remuneration. The Greenbury Report, as it was widely known, has had longstanding implications for the method and scale of remuneration policy in UK PLCs. The committee included other notable senior industrialists of the time, such as Sir Deny Henderson, Sir Iain Vallance and Sir Michael Angus.

New leadership
In 1999, Greenbury's career as a CEO and chairman came to an end. He bore criticism as he stood down. One journalist would later impart; "Life has been unfair to Sir Richard, he had forty years of unmitigated success followed by one poor one; and that's the one he'll be remembered for." Despite this, Greenbury talked openly about the problems with the leadership succession that ultimately caused a slump at the retailer, as the four possible candidates for the job engaged in a bitter power struggled that stimulated headlines such as "Sparks Fly at Marks", in a Channel 4 documentary. The downturn in Marks and Spencer's fortunes has also been attributed to, in part, the costly Littlewoods acquisition, which reportedly cost several million pounds.

After stepping down, Greenbury went on to serve as a director with ICI, Zeneca, C&G, Game, British Gas, Lloyds TSB, and as a member of the supervisory board at Philips. He retired in 2010. Though his tenure has been remembered for the downturn in profits and share prices that followed his departure, it was under Greenbury that Marks and Spencer undertook its greatest international expansion, had the greatest number of employees, stores and floor space, and the highest share prices, share of the market, and pre- and post-tax profits of any retailer in Europe; and, excluding companies operating under multiple names, the world.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard Greenbury


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Marian Jaworski

Marian Franciszek Jaworski (Мар'ян Францішек Яворський, 21 August 1926 – 5 September 2020) was a Cardinal Priest and Archbishop of Lviv of the Latins in the Roman Catholic Church. He was a close friend of Pope John Paul II.

Early years
Born the son of Wincenty and Stanisława Łastowiecka in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine), his family was expelled from Ukraine in 1945 when the Soviets directed a "repatriation drive" for Poles living within the former borders of Poland in the entire Kresy region. Jaworski began his studies in Poland at the Lwów Major Seminary and was ordained in Kraków on 25 June 1950. He served as a priest for two years (1950–1952) at a parish near the Ukrainian border before returning to the Jagiellonian University to complete a Doctorate in Philosophy. He had three doctorates by 1965 – one in theology from the Jagiellonian University, and Ph.D.s from the Lublin Catholic University and Warsaw Theological Academy.

Later career
Jaworski was a professor for several years at the Warsaw Theological Academy and later at the Pontifical Theological Faculty of Kraków. He also lectured in metaphysics and the philosophy of religion at the seminaries of various religious orders. From 1981 to 1987 he was the first rector of the Pontifical Theological Academy of Kraków. He lived near Karol Wojtyla at that time. When Wojtyla was appointed archbishop of the Krakow Archdiocese in 1964, Jaworski was given an apartment in the archbishop's residence. In 1970, he was made secretary of the Polish Bishops' Scientific Council, a role he held until 1984. Jaworski was Dean of the Pontifical Theological Faculty in Kraków from 1976 to 1981.

Episcopacy
On 21 May 1984, Pope John Paul II appointed Jaworski the titular bishop of Lambaesis and apostolic administrator of Lubaczów, receiving episcopal ordination on 23 June 1984. At the time, Pope John Paul II was not able to appoint a new archbishop for Lviv due to Soviet interference. John Paul II asked Jaworski to be the administrator of the archdiocese temporarily from Lubaczow, Poland. Jaworski was then appointed apostolic administrator of Lviv for territories within Poland in May 1984 and was consecrated bishop on 23 June. When the Soviet Union fell, Jaworski was named Archbishop of Lviv by John Paul II on 16 January 1991. Jaworski set about rebuilding the diocese left shattered by 45 years of communist oppression. In 1992, Cardinal Jaworski was elected president of the Latin Church Bishops' conference for Ukraine.

Cardinalate
At the consistory of 21 February 1998, Jaworski was created Cardinal by John Paul II in pectore, one of four such secret cardinal appointments he made while pope; Jaworski's cardinalate was made public at the consistory of 21 February 2001. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. He surpassed the age of 80 in 2006, losing the right to participate in future conclaves. In October 2008, Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation as archbishop.

Death
Cardinal Jaworski died two weeks after his 94th birthday in 2020. In his condolence letter, Pope Francis recalled Jaworkski's deep friendship with John Paul II, and his close collaboration, as a theologian and philosopher, with Pope Benedict XVI. For his part, Pope Francis said that Jaworski’s cardinalate was announced in 2001, at the same consistory where he, at the time, Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio, was also created a Cardinal.

Publications

 * The Philosophy of Person: Solidarity and Cultural Creativity, Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, Series IVA, Vol. 1 (2005).

title: Marian Jaworski


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Red Arrows/archive1

Red Arrows
I wrote virtually all the text myself, thus input from others is particularly important. I think it is factually accurate and complete, and been supplied with some very nice photos. I think it would make a great featured article. thanks for your criticisms Bluemoose 14:49, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Nice work. A more deatiled references section following Cite sources will be needed to get the article featured, also if you used offline sources they should be added too.--nixie 23:17, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Renate, Lombardy

Renate is a comune in the region of Lombardy within the province of Monza and Brianza.

title: Renate, Lombardy


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Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Proposal

This is a policy proposal regarding Templates for deletion, to close a policy gap on TfD. Currently, a template that is not in the template namespace has no proper place to go, since TfD doesn't allow it, and other deletion pages would likely send it back to TfD. Therefore,

Proposal: The Templates for deletion page shall henceforth deal with any and all templates, regardless of the namespace they are in.

This was listed for Speedy Deletion for a while, but apparently it's not a valid criterion. I'll thus conclude that the proposal is valid. Consensus seems to be opposed though, so I'd welcome suggestions on other methods of dealing with this. Note that there's currently a query on Deletion Policy/talk about whether votes-by-template should be disallowed; maybe that should become policy. Radiant_* 12:13, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Support

 * 1) Thryduulf 15:08, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC). I would also support "The Wikipedia:Templates for deletion page shall henceforth deal with any and all templates, and pages used as templates, regardless of the namespace they are in." To avoid any bickering over the definition of a template.

Oppose

 * 1) This proposal is ill-conceived.  TFD should deal only with items in the Template namespace.  Anything else will be a confusing mess, becuase you'd first have to agree something is a "template", then hold a vote.  I have spoken to User:Radiant! and given suggestions as to a better approach to fighting off votes being made using templates or transcluded pages, which are both terrible practices.  This proposal just isn't the way. -- Netoholic @ 15:15, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * 2) I originally spoke in favor of leaving it at TFD, but I'm going to be a loathesome hypocrite and reverse myself.  If there's anywhere this truly belongs, it's on the talk pages of those transcluding the subpage, and if that fails, RFC. —Korath (Talk) 15:44, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) I'm going to agree violently with Korath here. Extending TFD into the User: namespace amounts to an attempt to regulate people's behavior through an inappropriate channel, and an ineffective one at that. We have established processes to deal with disputed behavior. Deleting superfluous entries from the Template: space is a good thing to get rid of clutter and confusion, but it does absolutely nothing to prevent people from pasting in identical content. --iMb~Meow 15:57, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Dream Theater/archive1

Dream Theater
Self-nomation. Spent over a week in peer review and only received one set of comments, all of which have been addressed. IMO one of the more complete and informative band-related articles on the 'pedia, but that's for YOU to decide! (I don't know if this affects anyone's voting, but all related articles [albums, members, etc] have also been completed.) plattopusis this thing on? 14:50, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object for now - Nice - but the TOC is a bit overwhelming. Consider combining smaller sections (esp for lists - the ; character can also be used in lists). History seems a bit long - consider summarizing it and creating a separate 'history of ..' article. --mav 16:36, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * History has been abridged and moved to History of Dream Theater. Not sure what you mean about the TOC, though. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 21:04, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't understand. All you did was copy the text and create a new article. The history section that was left is not an abridged summary, it is a complete fork. --mav 21:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I moved the previous history section to its own article, then cut-down any unnecessary content to create a shorter history section for the Dream Theater article. People wanting to view an in-depth history can click on the main article. Or have I missed the point completely? [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 21:25, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I see what happened. In one of the subsequent edits I must have been using an out-dated window, so the full version was restored. Fixed. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 21:29, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Much better. Support. --mav 21:07, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I disagree with the above objection about the TOC, although I agree about the length of the history. Good to see some people still believe in subheadings. It would be good to add a reference section, too. The Notes section already contains many references, but it's practical to have all references summarized in a separate section. Phils 20:03, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * See above for History; external links contains every website I referenced, and as far as I know there are no books on Dream Theater, so would renaming external links to "external links and references" be suitable? [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 21:04, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Follow the policy on Cite sources. Object until thats completed, support after.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 05:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I have cited specific sources (see Footnotes), do you mean I should compile a list of external references? If so, the external links is just that. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 06:33, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * If thats what they are, label them as such. External Links is for sites that represent the content but are not used as references.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 06:37, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I've added a references section. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 12:42, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I've been watching this article and making minor edits for a couple of months now, and it's amazing to see how far it has come in that time.  I've been a fan of Dream Theater for over 10 years, and even I was able to learn new things from this article.  Well-written and very comprehensive - well done!  --Durga2112 20:10, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. No bibliography.  PedanticallySpeaking 16:54, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * There are footnotes, references and external links. I don't see how that doesn't cover it. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 17:23, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Considering the frequency that weblinks go dead, there should be citations to print sources that will still be available in the future. PedanticallySpeaking 17:27, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Like I mentioned above, I am unaware of any books about Dream Theater, so there aren't any to reference. Although you have alerted me to the fact that I should have referenced my DTIFC magazines. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px|]] plattopusis this thing on? 17:33, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * All you can do is note the date you viewed the references. See Helium for an example. This is both standard and acceptable. If and/when these links go dead, then just find new links that confirm the info in this article. No big deal. :) --mav 02:50, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I see what you mean now. I've given general retrieval dates from when I wrote the article, but can't give specific dates (see below). plattopusis this thing on? 06:49, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * WP:Cite sources says "Since you're referring to a general website, and not any particular content on it, you do not need to give a retrieval date". I will add retrieval dates for the magazines. plattopusis this thing on? 05:49, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Whoa! You're quoting the WP:Cite sources comment on the example reference "Slashdot is a popular web site at http://slashdot.org/ ". For that, it would be plain silly to give a retrieval date, and for your "External links" it's hardly necessary, either; but your reference websites are another matter. If you haven't used "any particular content" on these sites for the article, I'm sorry to say that would make them kind of lousy references. I would really recommend you to provide retrieval dates for those. And the magazine articles need to be linked, or those retrieval dates aren't much use. (I know the examples at WP:Cite sources are a little confusing, but note the common-sense recommendation: "for online articles, make the article title a link to the URL.")--Bishonen | talk 00:28, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but they aren't online articles. I can't link to a URL that doesn't exist. I've just followed what it says on Cite Sources, so if something is wrong then it's a policy problem. plattopusis this thing on? 17:53, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * What? I'm mystified, sorry. I was talking about the magazines in the References section. You have added retrieval dates for them. They're not online? Uh, then what do you mean by "retrieval"? As for following what it says on Cite Sources, no, it actually isn't a policy problem. Maybe it's my explanatory skills that are the problem, or maybe I have annoyed you, but could you please just read my post above again while strenuously assuming good faith? I am trying to help, however unskilfully. You've used a fragment from Cite Sources for a context it doesn't apply to. Bishonen | talk 18:47, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You seem to be turning this into an argument... all I'm doing is taking peoples' suggestions and enacting them in the hopes of getting the Dream Theater article up to scratch. So I should remove retrieval dates for non-online references? Done. I should add retrieval dates for the websites? I'd love to, but I didn't look up specific pages when writing the article... those sites (especially the FAQ) are repositories of information about the band, which I have read thouroughly. I originally had them as external links, because that's what they are, but I was told to put them in the references. I'm just doing what people are telling me to do, and unfortunately for me, I'm getting conflicting suggestions. plattopusis this thing on? 06:44, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * (Outdenting.) I'm sorry you've felt buffeted by conflicting advice. I do understand that these things can be confusing, to the point where you'd start putting sources that weren't used as references into a references section, or adding retrieval dates to sources that were never retrieved. I have to say that nobody "told you" to do these things, though. (Example: saying "If that's what they are, label them as [references]" (Alkivar) is not synonymous with saying "Label them as references!") All the advice people have written you on the subject is good, you know, excepting the statement that you must have printed sources (which Mav immediately picked up on and contradicted). We're all trying to help. I will not strike out my own tips, but I do withdraw them as an objection, since their importance for sure doesn't warrant any more arguing. The particular issues I raised aren't so central that they ought to stand in the way of an article becoming featured. --Bishonen | talk 09:03, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * So I will take your comments as a non-vote (personally I believe they should be striked out because you have withdrawn them, but obviously it's up to you), but PedanticallySpeaking you have left your objection in place and I assume you are not aware of the changes I have made to the references. Do you still take issue with the formatting of the references? plattopusis this thing on? 18:55, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have not withdrawn my comments, only (and with some hesitation) my objection. I'm beginning to wonder if that thing is on.--Bishonen | talk 20:05, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's hard to take your comments seriously when you're so obviously looking to turn this into a petty argument. I have been open to all suggestions from reviewers (including you) and have been doing my best to accomodate what people suggest I do with the article, but all you're doing is "defending" what you presumably perceive to be your ignored opinion. I originally confused two sections of WP:Cite Sources, and instead of constructively suggesting how to fix my mistakes, you started insulting my intelligence and assuming I was ignorant of peoples' suggestions. I have stated numerous times that I am only attempting to fix what people believe is wrong with the article, there is no need to insinuate that I am mentally inferior to you or anyone else (and I assure you, it most certainly is on). I said that I consider your comments to be a non-vote (which you in fact agree with) and said that in my opinion they should be struck out (and, you'll notice, I mentioned that it's obviously not up to me to make that decision). Maybe you should start taking your own advice and assume a little good faith of your own? (Specifically the following warning of what might occur if you fail to assume good faith: "You might make a personal attack. Once you've made a personal attack on someone, they are likely to stop assuming good faith in you.") plattopusis this thing on? 20:35, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I absolutely did not mean to insinuate any derogatory opinion of your intelligence! Sheesh. I absolutely don't have a derogatory opinion of it. I'm very sorry you feel insulted. Your sig is a little elliptical, so I ought not to have jestingly quoted it, but made sure of being understood instead. "Is your readiness to listen switched on?" was what I meant.--Bishonen | talk 21:31, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment (Fully outdented, new train of conversation.) OK, instead of bickering, I think we should get back to the original point of this vote and try to make the Dream Theater article as good as it can be. I admit that I confused when one is or is not to use retrieval dates in references, and as a result of the helpful suggestions of others the online references are now dated and the offline ones are not. I understand that you believe I should give direct links to exactly the pages I have used as references, but to do that I would practically need to link every single page under the sites I listed. I think links to the DTFAQ and Tourography main pages are sufficient, because those sites are direct portals (front pages, if you will) to hundreds of individual pages of information, most of which have been used as references in the article. The pages I have used from the official Dream Theater website are all directly linked as notes, so should I remove that reference or leave it as a general website link? -- plattopusis this thing on? 17:45, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support Great article, NPOV, references, all top drawer, strong support --PopUpPirate 16:43, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. One of the best band-related articles in Wikipedia. --Jannex 09:09, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Damn close to the best and most interesting Dream Theater read on the internet. - user:defunkt 00:10, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Louis Schweitzer (businessman)

Louis Schweitzer (born 8 July 1942) is a Swiss businessman who is a former chairman of the board of Groupe Renault, first taking the post on 27 May 1992, succeeding Raymond Lévy. He was also CEO from 1992 to 2005. He was in addition Chairman of AstraZeneca until 8 June 2012 where he was appointed as a Director on 11 March 2004. He is a non-executive director of BNP Paribas, Electricité de France, Veolia Environnement, Volvo AB and L'Oréal, and Vice-Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Philips Electronics NV

Early life and education
Schweitzer is the son of Pierre-Paul Schweitzer, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 1963 to 1973. He is the grandnephew of Albert Schweitzer, and so related to Jean-Paul Sartre.

Schweitzer has a degree in law and is a graduate of France's elite Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) and École nationale d'administration.

Career in the public sector
Schweitzer was appointed Inspector of Finance at the French Treasury in 1970. In 1981, he became Chief of Staff to Prime Minister Laurent Fabius in his various government posts (Budget Minister, Minister for Industry and Research and Prime Minister).

Career in the private sector
Schweitzer joined Renault in 1986 and became Chief Financial Officer and Head of Strategic Planning in 1988.

Schweitzer was appointed Executive Vice President and COO in 1989, and President and COO in 1990. He was Renault's Chairman and CEO from May 1992 to April 2005, and president of the Renault-Nissan Alliance Board from 2001 to 2005. On 29 April 2005, he became Chairman of the Renault Board of Directors.

Schweitzer is a Commander of the French Légion d'honneur and National Order of Merit, and director of several French and foreign companies. He is also member of governing boards of various general organisations, particularly in the cultural field.

Since 6 March 2005, Schweitzer has been President of the Haute Autorité de Lutte Contre les Discriminations et Pour l'Égalité. This role was entrusted to him by the French President.

In 2013, he was appointed one of the 250 Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour.

Other activities

 * Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri), Vice-President of the Board of Directors
 * Paris Europlace, Member of the Board of Directors

Controversy
In 1995, the Justice Ministry investigated Schweitzer for being an "accomplice in poisoning" of hemophiliacs. The case stemmed from his tenure as Chief of Staff to Laurent Fabius and whether he knowingly allowed blood infected with HIV to be distributed to recipients. In 2003, the Court of Cassation dismissed the charges against him and several other officials.

Schweitzer was found guilty in 2002 of conducting surveillance on the phone of Jean-Edern Hallier as part of a special unit of the Elysée Palace and fined. The Court of Cassation upheld his conviction in 2008.

Education

 * Bachelor of Laws
 * Institut d'études politiques de Paris (IEP Paris)
 * École nationale d'administration

Personal life
Schweitzer is a Protestant.

Renault highlights in the Schweitzer years (1992-2005)

 * 27 May 1992 – Louis Schweitzer takes over from Raymond Lévy as head of Renault
 * December 1992 – Renault wins the Formula One Constructors' and drivers' championships.
 * 6 September 1993 – Renault and Volvo sign a merger agreement.
 * 2 December 1993 – Volvo pulls out of the merger.
 * 18 July 1994 – The Renault privatization bill becomes law. The Régie Nationale des Usines Renault is renamed Renault.
 * 13 September 1994 – The French government opens Renault to outside capital
 * End-1994 – Renault shares are floated at FRF 180.90. Renault joins the CAC40 index
 * 1 June 1995 – Renault decides to open a plant in Brazil.
 * 3 July 1996 – Renault is fully privatized, with the French government reducing its stake from 52% to 46%
 * 19 November 1996 – Renault Scénic is named European Car of the Year 1997
 * December 1996 – Carlos Ghosn is appointed Executive Vice President.
 * 27 February 1997 – The closure of the Belgian Vilvoorde plant is announced.
 * December 1997 – Williams Renault wins the Formula One Constructors' Championship for the sixth time.
 * February 1998 – Renault starts its New Distribution (Nouvelle Distribution) project.
 * 28 May 1998 – The Technocentre in Guyancourt, France is opened.
 * 2 July 1998 – Renault and the City of Moscow set up OAO Avtoframos.
 * November 1998 – Renault starts development work on a car retailing at €5,000.
 * 4 December 1998 – Inauguration of the Ayrton Senna Plant in Curitiba Brazil.
 * 27 March 1999 – Renault acquires 36.8% of the Japanese carmaker Nissan. Carlos Ghosn becomes head of Nissan.
 * 2 July 1999 – Renault takes control of Romanian carmaker Dacia.
 * 18 October 1999 – Carlos Ghosn announces the Nissan Revival Plan.
 * 21 April 2000 – Renault acquires South Korean carmaker Samsung Motors.
 * 25 April 2000 – Renault sells its trucks business to AB Volvo in exchange for a 20% stake in the Swedish group. The future of Renault Trucks is assured.
 * 12 March 2001 – Renault and Nissan draw-up plans to set up a global joint purchasing unit, called Renault Nissan Purchasing Organisation
 * 27 March 2001 – Laguna II becomes the first car ever to be awarded five starts in the Euro NCAP crash tests
 * 30 October 2001 – Renault increases its equity stake in Nissan to 44,4%, and Nissan takes a 15% stake in Renault. The Renault-Nissan Alliance Board is created.
 * 20 December 2001 – Renault and Nissan inaugurate their first joint plant, used to assemble LCVs in Curitiba, Brazil.
 * 28 June 2002 – Renault and Nissan set up Renault Nissan Information Services, the second joint venture under the Alliance.
 * 22 October 2002 – Production of the Trafic panel van starts at Nissan's plant in Barcelona, making Renault and Nissan's first joint production project in Europe.
 * 19 November 2002 – Renault Mégane is named Car of the year 2003.
 * 23 January 2003 – The Renault Production Way (SPR) is launched with the aim of ensuring that the Group's industrial system performs in line with the best in the world.
 * 24 February 2003 – Claas becomes the majority partner in Renault Agriculture by acquiring a 51% stake. (It later purchased the remaining 49%.)
 * 26 February 2003 – Renault invests €230 million in the production and marketing of its future X90 vehicle in Russia.
 * 28 July 2003 – Renault takes control of its SOMACA subsidiary, previously controlled by the Moroccan government, to make the X90 in Morocco.
 * 16 March 2004 – Renault lays the foundations for expansion in Iran by setting up Renault Pars.
 * September 2004 – Dacia Logan - the €5,000 car goes on sale
 * February 2005 – Renault announces record sales and financial results.
 * 22 February 2005 – Renault signs an agreement with Mahindra & Mahindra to produce Logan in India.
 * 6 April 2005 – The Avtoframos plant in Moscow is inaugurated.
 * 29 April 2005 – Carlos Ghosn takes over from Louis Schweitzer as president of Renault.

title: Louis Schweitzer (businessman)


text:
Category:Sport in Glasgow

 * Sport in Glasgow, Scotland.

title: Category:Sport in Glasgow


text:
Cusae

Cusae (Κοῦσαι or Κῶς; ⲕⲱⲥⲉⲓ or ⲕⲟⲥⲉⲓ) was a city in Upper Egypt. Its Ancient Egyptian name was qjs (variant qsy), conventionally rendered Qis or Kis. Today, the town is known as El Quseyya, and is located on the west bank of the Nile in the Asyut Governorate.

History
Cusae was the capital of the 14th Nome of Upper Egypt.

Middle Kingdom
It was a cult centre for Hathor, and also contained a necropolis, Meir, which was used during the Middle Kingdom to hold the tombs of local aristocrats.

New Kingdom
At the beginning of the reign of the Theban pharaoh Kamose, Cusae marked the boundary between the northern Hyksos realm (the 15th Dynasty) and the southern Theban kingdom (the 17th Dynasty).

Roman Period
During the 5th century, the city was the settlement of Legio II Flavia Constantia.

Bishopric
The bishopric of Cusae was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Antinoë, capital of the Roman province of Thebaid I. Achilles (or Achilleus) was ordained bishop of the see by Meletius of Lycopolis. Another, Elias, was of the 4th or 5th centuries. Theonas took part in the Second Council of Constantinople (553). Later bishops took the non-Chalcedonian side, the first of them being Gregorius, who assisted Pope John II (III) of Alexandria on his deathbed.

No longer a residential bishopric, Cusae is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

title: Cusae


text:
Dreadzone

Dreadzone are a British electronic music group formed in 1993 in London by ex-Big Audio Dynamite drummer Greg Roberts and musician Tim Bran. They have released eight studio albums, two live albums, and two compilations.

They gained a reputation as a live act in 1994 and had their first UK top 40 hit in 1996, with "Little Britain". BBC Radio 1's John Peel championed the group, and they recorded six Peel sessions between 1993 and 2001. The band has experienced several lineup changes, and they have released eight studio albums throughout their career.

Career
Dreadzone were formed in London, England in 1993 when ex-Big Audio Dynamite drummer Greg Roberts teamed up with Tim Bran, who had previously worked as a musician and sound engineer for Julian Cope and who has done production work for artists including London Grammar, Birdy, and the Dutch duo HAEVN. The name Dreadzone was suggested to Roberts and Bran by Don Letts.

Bran and Roberts signed to Creation Records in 1993 and released their first album, 360°. They were soon joined by bassist Leo Williams and keyboardist Dan Donovan, also formerly of Big Audio Dynamite. Throughout 1994 they developed a reputation as a live act and released the limited-edition live album Performance, and in June of that year they opened the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury. During these early years, their backing vocalists included Melanie Blatt and Alison Goldfrapp. The following year, the band signed to Virgin Records and released their second studio album, Second Light. In 1995, Earl Sixteen joined as a vocalist, singing on the single "Zion Youth". Dan Donovan left the group.

In January 1996, the group had their first and so far only Top 40 hit in the UK Singles Chart with "Little Britain", which reached No. 20. The song sampled a line from the 1968 cult British film If.... – "Britain today is a powerhouse of ideas, experiments, imagination".

John Peel championed Dreadzone on BBC Radio 1, and cited Second Light as one of his favourite albums of all time. Tracks from Second Light also dominated Peel's Festive Fifty in 1995, and the band recorded six Peel sessions between 1993 and 2001. In 1996 they supported Oasis at the Loch Lomond and Knebworth shows. In 1997, they released their third studio album, Biological Radio. A track from that album, "Dream Within a Dream", appeared on the soundtrack to the film The Saint.

Between 1998 and 2001, the Dreadzone sound system hosted the Dubwiser club night at Notting Hill Arts Club. During that time Roberts and Bran set up a studio together and recorded and released their fourth album, Sound, which featured Brinsley Forde and MC Spee. In 2000, MC Spee joined as a second vocalist. The album was released on the independent Rufflife label.

In 2001, Ben Balafonic joined, replacing Tim Bran. During the following years, Greg, Ben, Spee, Earl, and Steve Roberts recorded and released the fifth studio album, Once Upon a Time, in 2005, on the independent Functional label run by Biff Mitchell. The band also recorded, along with Leo Williams, the Live at Sunrise album released on Functional. In August 2006, Balafonic left the group. On 26 October 2006, Dreadzone guitarist Steve Roberts, the brother of Greg Roberts, died.

In 2007, the band were joined by new members Chris Compton and Chris Oldfield (DJ and lighting designer) and returned to touring. In 2007 and 2008, they played gigs and festivals across the UK and Europe, and signed to a new management company in 2008. In 2010, the band released their sixth studio album, Eye on the Horizon, on their own label Dubwiser.

In 2011, a compilation album was released by Dubwiser Records entitled The Good the Bad and the Dread: The Best of Dreadzone. That same year Greg and Leo were part of the Big Audio Dynamite reunion tour playing shows and festivals in Europe and USA.

In 2012, the band recorded their seventh studio album in Mick Jones' studio, with Tim Bran returning as musician and co-producer. James 'Bazil' Bainbridge joined the group, replacing Chris Oldfield.

In 2013, a new album, Escapades, was released. In the same year, Dreadzone celebrated twenty years as a band with a short film about their history. A single, "Too Late", featuring Mick Jones, was released.

In 2016, a new album was recorded, and released as Dread Times in February 2017, and included contributions from Don Letts.

Studio albums

 * 360° (1993)
 * Second Light (1995)
 * Biological Radio (1997)
 * Sound (2001)
 * Once Upon a Time (2005)
 * Eye on the Horizon (2010)
 * Escapades (2013)
 * Dread Times (2017)

EPs

 * The Warning (1993)
 * Maximum (1995)

Other releases

 * Performance (1994)
 * The Radio One Sessions (2001)
 * Live at Sunrise (2006)
 * Dreadzone: The Remixes (2007)
 * The Best of Dreadzone – The Good the Bad and the Dread
 * Presents Dubwiser Volume One (2019)
 * Rare Mixes Vol 1 (2020)
 * Dreadzone (Remixes) (2021)
 * Presents Dubwiser Volume Two (2022)

Singles

 * "The Good, the Bad and the Dread" (1993)
 * "Dream On" / "House of Dread" (1993)
 * "Fight the Power" (1994)
 * "Zion Youth" (1995)
 * "Captain Dread" (1995)
 * "Little Britain" (1996)
 * "Life Love and Unity" (1996)
 * "Earth Angel" (1997)
 * "Moving On" (1997)
 * "Crazy Knowledge" (2000)
 * "Believing in It" (2001)
 * "The Warriors" (2002)
 * "Once Upon a Time (in Jamaica)" (2005)
 * "King Dub Rock" (2005)
 * "Elevate" (2006)
 * "Iron Shirt" (2006)
 * "Mashup the Dread" (2006)
 * "Beyond a Rock" (2009)
 * "Gangster" (2010)
 * "Too Late" (2013)

title: Dreadzone


text:
Talk:League Leaders' Shield

[quote]British rugby league has been using a play-off rather that simply awarding the title to the top-placed team for the majority of its history. However awarding of a separate prize to the team finishing top only began in 2003; thus there have only been two winners to date

Dont want to change anything myself, but i do think that this needs adjusting. The Premiership that ran prior to the SL never had the kudos to compete with the league championship and that is why, initially, no trophy was every awarded to the top finisher in the Super League table, so that it couldn't conflict or upsure the new championship play-off system.

 * Actually, if you check Rugby League Championship you'll find that a play-ff for the championship was first used in 1904-05, then used every season from 1906-07 to 1972-73, apart from 1962-63 & 63-64. The premiership was introduced when the championship was split into two divisions, and the play-off donme away with. Grinner 09:32, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:League Leaders' Shield


text:
User:Santi~enwiki

I am Santi.

title: User:Santi~enwiki


text:
Talk:Ken Loach

Question of Leadership
Incidentally it is not technically true that the 'Question of Leadership' documentary was banned by the Conservative Government. Actually it was witheld from broadcast by Channel 4 on the grounds of 'lack of balance'. It was then (after an intensive going over by lawyers) cut to a two hour, one part documentary, which was due for broadcast at the time of the Miner's strike, but it was felt to be 'too inflammatory' and again its broadcast was 'postponed'. To date it has never been broadcast on British TV. (Comment by 130.209.6.40)

 * I've changed the article. Can you point us to some more concrete sources on this? Jihg 19:53, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

Politics
Perhaps we should mention Ken Loach's involvement in politics:

French presidential candidate Olivier Besancenot is endorsed by British filmmaker Ken Loach, known for his depictions of working-class struggles.

David.Monniaux 07:27, 20 April 2007 (UTC) the reaseon ken loach isnt a great filmmaker is he allows his political views get in the way and a lot of his films seem to have long drawn out political discussions in the middle Bouse23 19:12, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

And it should be mentioned that he is of the Loony Left, a virulent hater of Jews and Israel. A liar for and appeaser of evil. A man with no moral compass. Typical of his like, he demonises Israel and accuses it of aparthied when he would agree to its genocide and policide! The man is scum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.146.87.248 (talk) 09:38, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

At the moment the 'politics' section consists almost entirely of details of his comments on Israel. This is not a significant aspect of his work and does not belong here. Cooke (talk) 09:18, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Some 700 words on his film work, some 750 on his political life consisting "almost entirely of details of his comments on Israel. " For people wanting to drive traffic through their second-life Wiki entries, being considered anti-semitic might do the trick! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.249.54.119 (talk) 11:39, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Should the paragraph on Loach's attitude toward the difficulty of claiming benefits in the UK not go in the Political Activities section (possibly renamed) instead of under the general introduction? VanBoek (talk) 19:47, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Cathycomehome.JPG
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Realism?
Which side are you on? from the same year, told. This special film isn't a film to me, there are figures out of Carravaggio's kosmos and rooms well lightend. The action depends on this aethetic, directing figures and room. The in German so called Biographie isn't real told. Myth and fact are mixed out of the dying painters perspective. and it#s no realism! Dreaming  gay aethetic! Building beautiful picture with less sense.--Danaide (talk) 13:20, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Yesterday I've got the chance to watch Carravaggio from Ken Loach. This film isn't mentioned, but there is the question :

Extra info on NNDB
NNDB states that he is married with five grown up children. Can someone confirm that, as NNDB is not considered reliable enough to cite in Wikipedia articles. It also states that he was elected for RESPECT in 2004. Was he elected a councillor for them? If so, is he still a member of that party, and still a councillor? Nietzsche 2 (talk) 09:30, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Err excuse me guys
When I read this discussion Page, there was not one Movie made by Loach being discussed. What is this guy, a Movie maker or Political Activist?Johnwrd (talk) 01:38, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

if you havent noticed yet wikipedia seems to always be very very interested in someones political stance. even if its only a paragraph about someone they'll almost always be sure to tell the reader whether or not the person was a liberal or a conservative. It all goes way beyond suspicious. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.170.5.80 (talk) 17:11, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

IMDb links
Really necessary in the text? Looks ugly. The movies themselves are wikilinked, and these IMDB links are too much IMO. I suggest they are removed. S.G.(GH) ping! 10:56, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

Ruth Dudley Edwards criticism
"Like Hidden Agenda before it, The Wind That Shakes the Barley was criticised by Ruth Dudley Edwards for allegedly being too sympathetic to the Irish Republican Army and Provisional Irish Republican Army, though it would transpire that Edwards had not seen the film." Is criticism of a film by someone who hasn't seen it really justified? If no-one comes up with a robust answer I'll remove it. Cooke (talk) 20:07, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

External links modified
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No mention of his membership in the The Oxford Revue?
It seems like a pretty crucial link from studying law to directing films. - Immigrant laborer (talk) 23:13, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ken Loach


text:
Louis Schweitzer (philanthropist)

Louis Schweitzer (February 5, 1899 – September 20, 1971) was a Russian-born United States paper industrialist and philanthropist. He was an executive at the family paper company (now Schweitzer-Mauduit International) until its sale. He purchased the U.S. radio station WBAI from Theodore Deglin for $34,000 in 1957. An idealist, eccentric, and long-time radio enthusiast, Schweitzer ran the station as a personal hobby and an artistic endeavour, broadcasting the latest in music, politics, and ideas.

Schweitzer viewed radio as an art form, but became increasingly disillusioned with commercial radio as WBAI became more successful. After reading about KPFA and Pacifica Radio in Los Angeles, Schweitzer decided to donate WBAI (which was then valued at around $200,000) to Pacifica, and proceeded to do so in January 1960. WBAI became the third Pacifica station.

Schweitzer's other philanthropic activities included the donation of 1% of his annual income to the United Nations, and the ex gratia purchase of a barber shop on behalf of the barber who had previously rented the premises. Schweitzer's only requirement was an entitlement to a free haircut after regular business hours upon request.

In 1961, he founded the Vera Foundation, later renamed the Vera Institute of Justice, to reduce the numbers of poor people awaiting trial on New York City's Rikers Island. Under Schweitzer's leadership, Vera pioneered the use of controlled, experimental design research methods in state courts. When, in 1966, these experiments convinced the federal government to rewrite the laws governing bail in criminal cases, President Lyndon Johnson credited Schweitzer.

Schweitzer also proposed a "juvenile disarmament" resolution to the UN whereby toy guns and water pistols would be prohibited as an initial step towards effective disarmament and arms control. In response to criticism that this was a naive and quixotic proposal, Schweitzer stated, "The naive should inherit the earth because the realists have done such a lousy job".

In 1931 he married the actress Lucille Lortel. In 1955, he bought her the Theater de Lys as an anniversary present.

Schweitzer died of a heart attack on September 20, 1971 aboard the ocean liner SS France, returning from Europe.

title: Louis Schweitzer (philanthropist)


text:
Metropolitan Police Authority

The Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA) (2000–2012) was the local police authority responsible for scrutinising and supporting the work of the Metropolitan Police Service, the police force for Greater London (excluding the City of London Police area).

History
The establishment of the MPA in 2000 marked a fundamental change in the policing of London; establishing, for the first time, a local police authority for the metropolis, with the aim of ensuring that the Metropolitan Police Service was democratically accountable.

The MPA had a strategic role and was not responsible for the day-to-day delivery of policing – which continued to be the direct responsibility of the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. The MPA worked closely with the MPS and its partners, including London's 32 borough councils, crime and disorder reduction partnerships and other agencies in the criminal justice system. In addition to its general strategic functions, the MPA set and monitored the annual police budget.

It consisted of 23 members: 12 London Assembly members, appointed by the Mayor of London in accordance with the political balance on the Assembly, four magistrates, and seven independents. The MPA was set up in 2000 as a functional body of the Greater London Authority, by the Greater London Authority Act 1999. Previously, control of the Metropolitan Police had vested entirely in the Home Secretary.

The MPAs ceased to exist on 16 January 2012, when its functions were transferred to the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).

Former members

 * Kit Malthouse (Chair, London Assembly, Conservative)
 * Reshard Auladin OBE (Vice chair, independent)
 * John Roberts (independent)
 * Tony Arbour (London Assembly, Conservative)
 * Jennette Arnold (London Assembly, Labour)
 * Victoria Borwick (London Assembly, Conservative)
 * James Cleverly (London Assembly, Conservative)
 * Dee Doocey (London Assembly, Liberal Democrat)
 * Jenny Jones (London Assembly, Green)
 * Joanne McCartney (London Assembly, Labour)
 * Stephen O'Connell (London Assembly, Conservative)
 * Caroline Pidgeon (London Assembly, Liberal Democrat)
 * Faith Boardman (independent)
 * Christopher Boothman (independent)
 * Valerie Brasse (independent)
 * Cindy Butts (independent)
 * The Lord Harris of Haringey (independent)
 * Kirsten Hearn (independent)
 * Neil Johnson (independent)
 * Clive Lawton (independent)
 * Graham Speed (independent)
 * Len Duvall (?–2008)
 * Deborah Regal (2008–2010)
 * Richard Tracey (2008–2010)

title: Metropolitan Police Authority


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject C/stdio.h/printf

printf is a C function belonging to the ANSI C standard library, and included in the file stdio.h. Its purpose is to print formatted text to the standard output stream. Hence the "f" in the name stands for "formatted".

It takes the following unusual syntax: printf(string format, items-to-format)

It can take one or more arguments, where the first argument is a string to be written. This string can contain special formatting codes which are replaced by items from the remainder of the arguments. For example, an integer can be printed using the "%d" formatting code, e.g.: printf("%d", 42); This formats the integer "42" as text and prints it to the standard output.

printf is typically the first function any C programmer encounters, because it is the only function which appears in the standard Hello world program:

#include    int main(void) {       printf("Hello, world!\n"); return 0; }

The "Hello world" program uses printf in its simplest form: by simply passing it a string with no special formatting codes, and no extra arguments. The input text is simply printed to the screen. (Note that the "\n" special escape sequence is converted into a newline character.)

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject C/stdio.h/printf


text:
Hongan-ji

Hongan-ji (本願寺), also archaically romanized as Hongwanji, is the collective name of the largest school of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism (which further sub-divides into the Nishi and Higashi branches). 'Hongan-ji' may also refer to any one of several actual temple buildings associated with the sect. Nishi Honganji (西本願寺) and Higashi Honganji (東本願寺) are two major temples in Kyoto.

Early history
The Hongan-ji was established as a temple in 1321, on the site of the Ōtani Mausoleum, where Shinran, the founder of the Jōdo Shinshū ("True Pure Land") was buried. The mausoleum was attended by Shinran's grandson (through daughter Kakushinni), Kakue. Kakue's own son, Kakunyo, became the first chief priest of the Hongan-ji and third monshu (spiritual leader), and dedicated it to the worship of Amitābha (Amida). The Hongan-ji first gained power and importance in the 15th century, when Rennyo became its eighth monshu. However, the Tendai sect based on Mount Hiei saw this expansion as a threat and attacked the Hongan-ji three times with its army of sōhei. Rennyo fled to Yoshizaki-gobō, where he established a new temple compound.

During the Sengoku period, fearing the power of the monks of the Hongan-ji, Oda Nobunaga tried to destroy it. For ten years, he laid siege to the Ishiyama Hongan-ji in Osaka, one of the two primary temple fortresses of the sect. In 1580, the abbot of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji, Kennyo, surrendered, while his son Kyōnyo refused to surrender, for which he was publicly disowned.

After the death of Nobunaga in 1582 and the ascent of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Kennyo was rewarded for his opposition to Nobunaga by being granted land in Kyoto, at the site of modern-day Nishi Hongan-ji (西本願寺, "Western Hongan-ji"; sometimes called the Honpa Hongan-ji 本派本願寺). He was succeeded by his legitimate son, Junnyo, as abbot in 1592. While his brother Kyōnyo re-established the Osaka Hongan-ji in 1596 with local support, owing to his refusal to surrender to Nobunaga earlier. After the death of Hideyoshi in 1598, Kyōnyo openly supported Tokugawa Ieyasu, who became shōgun in 1602. In reward for his loyalty, Kyōnyo was rewarded with land for a temple in Kyoto to the east of Nishi Honganji, which then became known in 1603 as Higashi Honganji (東本願寺 "Eastern Hongan-ji"). In 1619 the government recognized the two entities as separate congregations. It is popularly believed, however mistakenly, that the institution was split in two in order to maintain control of the order.

Nishi Hongan-ji
Formally known as the Jodo-Shinshu Honganji-ha, it is the largest of all the Jodo Shinshu branches. Compared with the Higashi Hongan-ji, it has a history of institutional stability that accounts for high membership figures, and a larger geographical reach, but fewer well-known modern thinkers. The Nishi Hongan-ji has a sizable number of overseas temples in the United States, South America, Hawai'i, Canada, and Europe which are organized into several kyodan ("districts"). The largest of these is the Buddhist Churches of America.

The Hongwanji International Center, to the east of Nishi Hongan-ji, coordinates dialogue with Jōdo Shinshū organizations around the world and produces translation work.

The Nishi Hongan-ji operates the Hongwanji Publishing Company which produces books, music, films, and anime about Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism. They also publish a bimonthly newspaper, the Hongwanji Journal and their website includes, among other things, a TV channel devoted to explaining Buddhism and Hongan-ji's everyday operations.

Higashi Hongan-ji

Higashi Hongan-ji is one of the two dominant subsects of Jōdo Shinshū, the other being the Nishi Honganji.

During the Meiji Restoration in the 1860s, the government set down new guidelines for the management of religious organizations. An organization called Ōtani-ha was put in control of Higashi Hongan-ji. In 1987, this temple was renamed Shinshū Honbyō "Shinshū Mausoleum", although the earlier name is still used. The buildings have not been changed or moved, and of course the historical cultural and religious significance of the place has not changed.

Due to opposition to the creation of the Ōtani-ha, and a number of other controversies and disputes such as the Ohigashi schism, several new Higashi Hongan-ji branches came into existence such as the Higashiyama Hongan-ji, founded in Kyoto in 1996 by Otani Korin, and the Tokyo Higashi Hongan-ji, whose current leader is Otani Koken. Despite, or perhaps even because of, this climate of instability, the Higashi Hongan-ji movement has also produced a significant number of controversial but influential thinkers, such as Soga Ryōjin, Kiyozawa Manshi, Kaneko Daiei and Akegarasu Haya, amongst others.

The largest Higashi Hongan-ji grouping, the Ōtani-ha has approximately 5.5 million members, according to statistics.

Joint activities
In recent years some members of the Honganji sects have been involved in high-profile protests against the visits of Japanese politicians to the controversial Yasukuni Shrine.

Along with the other non-Honganji Jōdo Shinshū subsects, the Honganji issued a statement opposing the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Higashi Hongan-ji
The Shinshū Honbyō, the mausoleum of Shinran, is now owned by the Ōtani-ha but is still commonly called Higashi Hongan-ji (東本願寺) by Kyoto visitors and locals. The massive Goei-dō (also known as Mie-dō), or Founder's Hall Gate, is often one of the first things one sees walking north from JR Kyōto Station. Nearly identical to the Nishi Hongan-ji head temple in layout, it too features an Amida-dō, and a larger Mie-dō. The Mie-dō at Higashi Hongan-ji dates from 1895 and vies with a number of other structures for the claim of largest wooden building in the world.

A few blocks from the main grounds of the Higashi Hongan-ji is the Shosei-en garden, owned by the temple. Poet-scholar Ishikawa Jozan and landscape architect Kobori Masakazu are said to have contributed to its design in the 17th century.

Nishi Hongan-ji
The Nishi Honganji, like the Higashi Honganji, features a huge Goeidō (御影堂), Kaisando and a smaller Amida-dō (阿弥陀堂) or Amitābha hall housing an image of Amitābha. Nishi Hongan-ji's Kura (倉), or storehouse, houses many National Treasures, most of which are not on view for the public. The shoin (書院), or study hall, is also quite famous; it is split into two sections, the shiro-shoin(白書院), or white study hall, and the kuro-shoin(黒書院), or black study hall.

Nishi Hongan-ji also contains a large shōgun complex from the medieval period, which was largely moved into the temple from elsewhere in Kyoto in the 16th century. This includes Hiunkaku (飛雲閣), a large tea pavilion, four Noh stages, one of which is thought to be the oldest in existence and the other being the largest outdoor Noh stage, and the Kokei no Niwa (虎渓の庭) garden.

Some medieval parts of Nishi Hongan-ji are now independent organizations: Ryukoku University and Kōshō-ji.

title: Hongan-ji


text:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan

The Archdiocese of Milan (Arcidiocesi di Milano; Archidioecesis Mediolanensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Italy which covers the areas of Milan, Monza, Lecco and Varese. It has long maintained its own Latin liturgical rite usage, the Ambrosian rite, which is still used in the greater part of the diocesan territory. Among its past archbishops, the better known are Ambrose, Charles Borromeo, Pope Pius XI and Pope Paul VI.

The Archdiocese of Milan is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province of Milan, which includes the suffragan dioceses of Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Crema, Cremona, Lodi, Mantova, Pavia, and Vigevano.

Milan's archdiocese is the largest in Europe, and the one having the most priests in the world, with, as of 2021, 2,450 priests living in the diocese, among whom 1,712 are secular priests.

History
According to the legend, the Gospel was brought to Milan by the apostle Barnabas, and the first Bishop of Milan, Anathalon, was a disciple of that apostle. But a diocese cannot have been established there, as such, before 200, as the dioceses of the church evolved from the civil (Roman) dioceses following the reforms of Emperor Diocletian, for the list of the bishops of Milan names only five predecessors of Mirocles, who participated at the Lateran council held in 313 in Rome. During the persecutions of the third and early fourth century, several Christians suffered martyrdom and were venerated at Milan: among them Gervasius and Protasius (first persecution of Diocletian), Victor, Nabor and Felix, and Nazarius and Celsus. The persecutions ended in 313 when the Emperors Constantine I and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan which proclaimed the religious toleration in the Roman Empire.

Historically, the Milanese church has been in full communion with the Papacy. Among its bishops should be named Eustorgius I and Dionysius, who firmly opposed apostasy imposed by the Roman Emperor Constantius II. Dionysus was exiled to Cappadocia (355), while the Romans put Auxentius on the episcopal throne of Milan. At the death of Auxentius, Ambrose was elected bishop by the people of Milan (374-97). Among his successors, Simplicianus, Senator and Dacius (530-52), who lived almost always in exile at Constantinople on account of the Gothic War.

During the Lombard invasion, many things happened to the church in Milan. The Schism of the Three Chapters guaranteed autonomy of the Milanese Church for 38 years, since the Lombards were enemies of the Byzantines. At the siege of Milan by the Lombard Alboin, the Bishop Honoratus (568) sought refuge in Genoa, with a great number of his clergy, which returned to Milan only 70 years later under John the Good.

In the 10th century, the archbishops of Milan became feudatory of the Emperor extending his jurisdiction to all northwest Italy. The most distinguished of these was Ariberto da Intimiano (1018–45). As the power of the burghers grew, that of the archbishops waned, and with it the imperial authority which the prelate represented, and from the 12th century Milan became a Guelph town that fought the Emperor. The archbishop Ottone Visconti in the 13th-century caused himself to be proclaimed perpetual lord, thus putting an end to the Republic of Milan and establishing the power of the House of Visconti who ruled the Duchy of Milan from 1277 to 1447.

The figure who marked the modern history of the church of Milan was Charles Borromeo, archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584, who was a leading figure during the Counter-Reformation and was responsible for significant reforms in the Catholic Church. His pastoral efforts were followed also by his successors, such as Federico Borromeo (died 1631) and Giuseppe Pozzobonelli (died 1783).

In the 20th century, two Cardinal Archbishops of Milan were elected to the papacy: in 1922, Cardinal Achille Ratti was elected as Pope Pius XI, and in 1963 Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini was elected as Pope Paul VI. The church of Milan was governed from 1979 to 2002 by Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini, who had been a favorite of the Catholic left.

Present leadership
As of 7 July 2017, the current Metropolitan Archbishop of Milan is Archbishop Mario Enrico Delpini, who has been serving since his appointment by Pope Francis, having served previously as the Vicar-General and the Auxiliary Bishop of Milan. Delpini had succeeded the retiring Cardinal Angelo Scola, who had been in office since 2011 and had been a possible papabile.

Archbishop Delpini is assisted by four Auxiliary Bishops: Erminio De Scalzi, Luigi Stucchi, Franco Agnesi, and Paolo Martinelli. The resignations of Stucchi and De Scalzi were accepted by Pope Francis on 30 April 2020. That same day, he appointed Giovanni Raimondi and Giuseppe Vegezzi as auxiliary bishops.

Seminaries
The Seminary of the archdiocese has the principal seat in Venegono Inferiore. The minor seminary is located in Seveso.

Bishops and archbishops
A list of the bishops and archbishops of Milan is engraved on a plaque in the South nave of the Cathedral of Milan, but that list contains historical errors. The list below follows the work of Eugenio Cazzani.

Late antiquity
• : [Barnabas the Apostle, 1st century]

• Anathalon

• Caius

• Castricianus

• Calimerus (about 270–280)

• Monas (283–313?)

• Mirocles (313–316?)

• Maternus (316–328?)

• Protasius (328–343?)

• Eustorgius I (343–349?)

• Dionysius (349–355)

• * Auxentius (355–374), Arian, considered an intruder by the Catholic Church

• Ambrose (374–397)

• Simplician (397–400)

• Venerius (400–408)

• Marolus (408–423)

• Martinianus (423–435)

• Glycerius (436–438)

• Lazarus (438–449)

• Eusebius (449–462)

• Gerontius (462–465)

• Benignus (465–472)

• Senator (472–475)

• Theodorus I (475–490)

• Lawrence I (490–512)

• Eustorgius II (512–518)

• Magnus (archbishop of Milan) (518–530?)

• Dacius (530–552)

• Vitale (archbishop of Milan) (552–555)

• Ausanus (bishop of Milan) (556–559?)

Genoa period

 * Honoratus (560–571?)
 * Frontone (571–573?)
 * Lawrence II (573–592)
 * Constantius (593–600)
 * Deodatus (601–628)
 * Asterius (629–639)
 * Forte (639–641)

Middle Ages
• John the Good (641–669)

• Antoninus (669–671)

• Maurilius (671)

• Ampelius (671–676)

• Mansuetus (676–685)

• Benedict (685–732)

• Theodorus II (732–746)

• Natalis (746–747)

• Arifred (747–748)

• Stabile (748–750)

• Leto (751–755)

• Tommaso (755–783)

• Peter (784–803)

• Odelperto (803–813)

• Anselm I (813–818)

• Buono (818–822)

• Angilbert I (822–823)

• Angilberto II Pusterla (824–859)

• Tadone (860–868)

• Ansperto Confalonieri of Biassono (868–881)

• Anselmo II Capra (882–896)

• Landulf I (896–899)

• Andrea of Canciano (899–906)

• Aicone (906–918)

• Gariberto of Besana (918–921)

• Lambert (921–931)

• Elduin (931–936)

• Arderico (936–948)

• Adelman (948–953)

• Walpert (953–970)

• Arnulf I (970–974)

• Gotofredo I (974–979)

• Landulf II of Carcano (980–998)

• Arnolfo II da Arsago (998–1018)

• Ariberto da Intimiano (1018–1045)

• Guido da Velate (1045–1069)

• Attone (1070–1075)

• Gotofredo II da Castiglione (1070–1075), antibishop

• Tedald (1075–1080)

• Anselmo III da Rho (1086–1093)

• Arnolfo III (1093–1097)

• Anselmo IV da Bovisio (1097–1101)

• Grossolano (1102–1112)

• Giordano da Clivio (1112–1120)

• Olrico da Corte (1120–1126)

• Anselmo V della Pusterla (1126–1135)

• Robaldo (1135–1145)

• Umberto I da Pirovano (1146–1166)

• Galdino della Sala (1166–1176)

• Algisio da Pirovano (1176–1185)

• Umberto II Crivelli (1185–1187)

• Milone da Cardano (1187–1195)

• Umberto III da Terzago (1195–1196)

• Filippo I da Lampugnano (1196–1206)

• Umberto IV da Pirovano (1206–1211)

• Gerardo da Sesso (1211–1212)

• Enrico I da Settala (1213–1230)

• Guglielmo I da Rizolio (1230–1241)

• Leon da Perego (1241–1257)

• Ottone Visconti (1262–1295)

• Ruffino da Frisseto (1295–1296)

• Francesco I da Parma (1296–1308)

• Cassone della Torre (1308–1317)

• Aicardo da Intimiano (1317–1339)

• Giovanni II Visconti (1342–1354)

• Roberto Visconti (1354–1361)

• Guglielmo II della Pusterla (1361–1370)

• Simon da Borsano (1370–1380)

• Antonio de' Saluzzi (1380–1401)

• Pietro II di Candia (1402–1410)

• Francesco II Crippa (1409–1414)

• Bartolommeo Capra (1414–1433)

• Francesco III Piccolpasso (1433–1443)

• Enrico II Rampini (1443–1450)

• Giovanni III Visconti (1450–1453)

• Nicolò Amidano (1453–1454)

• Timoteo Maffei (1454)

• Gabriele Sforza (1454–1457)

• Carlo I da Forlì (1457–1461)

• Cardinal Stefano Nardini (1461–1484)

• Cardinal Giovan IV Arcimboldi (1484–1488) (absentee)

• Guido Antonio Arcimboldi (1488–1497) (absentee)

• Ottaviano Arcimboldi (1497) (absentee)

• Cardinal Ippolito I d'Este (1497–1520) (absentee)

• Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este (1520–1550) (absentee)

• Giovanni Angelo Arcimboldi (1550–1555) (absentee)

• Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este (1555–1556) (absentee)

• Filippo II Archinto (1556–1558) (absentee)

• vacant

Modern period
• Cardinal Carlo Borromeo (1564–1584)

• Cardinal Gaspare Visconti (1584–1595)

• Cardinal Federico I Borromeo (1595–1631)

• Cardinal Cesare Monti (1632–1650)

• Cardinal Alfonso Litta (1652–1679)

• Cardinal Federico II Visconti (1681–1693)

• Cardinal Federico III Caccia (1693–1699)

• Cardinal Giuseppe I Archinto (1699–1712)

• Cardinal Benedetto II Erba Odescalchi (1712–1737)

• Cardinal Carlo Gaetano Stampa (1737–1742)

• Cardinal Giuseppe II Pozzobonelli (1743–1783)

• Filippo Maria Visconti (1784–1801)

• Cardinal Giovanni Battista Caprara (1802–1810)

• vacant

• Cardinal Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck (1816–1846)

• Bartolomeo Carlo Romilli (1847–1859)

• Paolo Angelo Ballerini (1859–1867)

• Luigi Nazari di Calabiana (1867–1893)

• Cardinal Andrea Ferrari (May 21, 1894 – February 2, 1921)

• Cardinal Ambrogio Damiano Ratti (June 13, 1921–February 6, 1922), elected Pope Pius XI

• Cardinal Eugenio Tosi (1922–1929)

• Cardinal Ildefonso Schuster (June 26, 1929 – August 30, 1954)

• Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini (November 1, 1954–June 19, 1963), elected Pope Paul VI

• Cardinal Giovanni Colombo (August 10, 1963 – December 29, 1979)

• Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini (December 29, 1979 – June 11, 2002)

• Cardinal Dionigi Tettamanzi (July 11, 2002 – June 28, 2011)

• Cardinal Angelo Scola (June 28, 2011 – July 7, 2017)

• Mario Delpini (September 9, 2017 – Present)

Parishes
The 1,104 parishes all fall within the region of Lombardy. They are divided between the Province of Bergamo, the Province of Como, the Province of Lecco, the Province of Milan, the Province of Pavia, and the Province of Varese.

title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Silly Goose Productions

I have seen this Bryan Schwor film. It is about 45 minutes long and is relatively amusing, though the editing is less than perfect.

This group has reached achieved a niche fame in the pacific northwest. They make low budget comedy films. The Sily Goose group are mostly WSU students in Pullman, Washington. The company isn't school sanctioned or anything, but their movies aren't totally unknown to the area.

~James


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Dark Eden

 * Dark Eden is also a fortress in the Legacy of Kain series of video games
 * Dark Eden is also a novel by Chris Beckett.

Dark Eden is an out-of-print collectible card game designed by Bryan Winter and published by Target Games.

Description
Dark Eden is set in the post-apocalyptic universe of the Mutant Chronicles role-playing game, among the tribes on the ravaged planet Earth.

Publication history
Two expansion sets named Genesis (120 cards) and Exodus were planned but never released. Dark Eden was first released in April 1997.

The original set was sold in 60-card starter decks and 15-card booster packs.

Reviews

 * Arcane #20
 * Backstab (Issue 3 - May/Jun 1997)
 * Magia i Miecz (Issue 40 - Apr 1997) (Polish)

title: Dark Eden


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Catalan vault

The Catalan vault (volta catalana), also called thin-tile vault, Catalan turn, Catalan arch, boveda ceiling (Spanish bóveda 'vault'), or timbrel vault, is a type of low brickwork arch forming a vaulted ceiling that often supports a floor above. It is constructed by laying a first layer of light bricks lengthwise "in space", without centering or formwork, and has a much gentler curve than most other methods of construction.

Of Roman origin, it is a traditional form in regions around the Mediterranean including Catalonia (where it is widely used), and has spread around the world in more recent times through the work of Catalan architects such as Antoni Gaudí and Josep Puig i Cadafalch, and the Valencian architect Rafael Guastavino.

A study on the stability of the Catalan vault is kept at the archive of the Institute of Catalan Studies, where it is said to have been entrusted by Josep Puig i Cadafalch.

Though it is popularly called the Catalan vault, this construction method is found throughout the Mediterranean and the invention of the term "Catalan vault" occurred in 1904 at an architectural congress in Madrid.

The technique was brought to New Spain (colonial Mexico), and is still used in parts of contemporary Mexico.

In the United States
Valencian architect and builder Rafael Guastavino introduced the technique to the United States in the 1880s, where it is called Guastavino tile. It is used in many major buildings across the United States, including the Boston Public Library, the New York Grand Central Terminal, and many others.

title: Catalan vault