text:
Talk:Avco World Trophy

Fair use rationale for Image:Avcocup.jpg
Image:Avcocup.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Possibly incorrect statement
Re: The Avco Trophy is the "only" major sports award to be sponsored by a commercial organization. I'm not sure if it's still the case, but the Indy 500's Borg-Warner Trophy may negate that claim. I'm pretty sure there are probably other examples out there as well. Duncan1800 (talk) 01:06, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

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Talk:Ilves

Fair use rationale for Image:Ilves.png
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 * I added something of a fair use rationale to the image. If anyone sees a need to correct something about it, please do so, or contact me. Saruwine 17:02, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

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Hazmat suit

A hazmat suit (hazardous materials suit) is a piece of personal protective equipment that consists of an impermeable whole-body garment worn as protection against hazardous materials.

Such suits are often combined with self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to ensure a supply of breathable air. Hazmat suits are used by firefighters, emergency medical technicians, paramedics, researchers, personnel responding to toxic spills, specialists cleaning up contaminated facilities, and workers in toxic environments.

History
An early primitive form of the hazmat suit arose during bubonic plague epidemics, when European plague doctors of the 16th and 17th centuries wore distinctive costumes consisting of bird-like beak masks and large overcoats while treating victims of the bubonic plague. At the time, it was thought that the inhalation of "bad air" was the cause of disease (a theory known as the miasma theory), so the bird-like beak masks functioned as respirators that contained aromatic items such as herbs and dried flowers. The modern hazmat suit is believed to originate from the Manchurian plague of 1910–1911, wherein Malayan physician Wu Lien-teh promoted the use of various forms of personal protective equipment to prevent the spread of the pneumonic plague.

Overview
The United States Department of Homeland Security defines a hazmat suit as "an overall garment worn to protect people from hazardous materials or substances, including chemicals, biological agents, or radioactive materials." More generally, hazmat suits may provide protection from:

 * Chemical agents: through the use of appropriate barrier materials like teflon, heavy PVC or rubber and Tyvek
 * Nuclear agents: possibly through radiation shielding in the lining, but more importantly by preventing direct contact with or inhalation of radioactive particles or gas
 * Biological agents: through fully sealed systems—often at overpressure to prevent contamination even if the suit is damaged or using powered air purifying respirators with full hoods and protective suits to prevent exposure (level C protection level)
 * Fire/high temperatures: usually by a combination of insulating and reflective materials which reduce the effects (see also fire proximity suit)

The hazmat suit generally includes breathing air supplies to provide clean, uncontaminated air for the wearer. In laboratory use, clean air may be supplied through attached hoses. This air is usually pumped into the suit at positive pressure with respect to the surroundings as an additional protective measure against the introduction of dangerous agents into a potentially ruptured or leaking suit.

Working in a hazmat suit is very strenuous, as the suits tend to be less flexible than conventional work garments. With the exception of laboratory versions, hazmat suits can be hot and poorly ventilated (if at all). Therefore, use is usually limited to short durations of up to 2 hours, depending on the difficulty of the work. Level A (United States) suits, for example, are limited by their air supply to around 15–20 minutes of very strenuous work (such as a firefighting rescue in a building). However, OSHA/EPA protective level A suits/ensembles are not typically used in firefighting rescue, especially during a building/structure fire. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) compliant "turnout gear", and NIOSH-certified SCBA, or CBRN SCBA, are the primary protection technologies for structure firefighting in the US.

In the United States
Hazmat protective clothing is classified as any of Level A, B, C, or D, based upon the degree of protection they provide.

 * Level A: The highest level of protection against vapors, gases, mists, and particles is Level A, which consists of a fully encapsulating chemical entry suit with a full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). A person must also wear boots with steel toes and shanks on the outside of the suit and specially selected chemical-resistant gloves for this level of protection. The breathing apparatus is worn inside (encapsulated within) the suit. To qualify as Level A protection, an intrinsically safe two-way radio is also worn inside the suit, often incorporating voice-operated microphones and an earpiece speaker for monitoring the operations channel.
 * Level B: Level B protection requires a garment (including SCBA) that provides protection against splashes from a hazardous chemical. Since the breathing apparatus is sometimes worn on the outside of the garment, Level B protection is not vapor-protective. Level B suits can also be fully encapsulating, which helps prevent the SCBA from becoming contaminated. It is worn when vapor-protective clothing (Level A) is not required. Wrists, ankles, facepiece and hood, and waist are secured to prevent any entry of splashed liquid. Depending on the chemical being handled, specific types of gloves and boots are donned. These may or may not be attached to the garment. The garment itself may be one piece or a two-piece hooded suit. Level B protection also requires the wearing of chemical-resistant boots with steel toes and shanks on the outside of the garment. As with Level A, chemical-resistant gloves and two-way radio communications are also required.
 * Level C: Level C protection differs from Level B in the area of equipment needed for respiratory protection. The same type of garment used for Level B protection is worn for Level C. Level C protection allows for the use of respiratory protection equipment other than SCBA. This protection includes any of the various types of air-purifying respirators. People should not use this level of protection unless the specific hazardous material is known and its concentration can be measured. Level C equipment does not offer the protection needed in an oxygen deficient atmosphere.
 * Level D: Level D protection does not protect the person from chemical exposure. Therefore, this level of protection can only be used in situations where a person has no possibility of contact with chemicals. A pair of coveralls or other work-type garment along with chemical-resistant footwear with steel toes and shanks are all that is required to qualify as Level D protection. Most firefighter turnout gear is considered to be Level D.

In Europe
Most suits used in Europe are covered by a set EU Norms, and divided into a total of six types (levels) of protection:

 * Type 1: Protects against liquid and gaseous chemicals. Gas tight. (EN 943 part 1). More or less equivalent to US level A.
 * Type 2: Protects against liquid and gaseous chemicals. Non gas tight. (EN 943 part 1). More or less equivalent to US level B.1
 * Type 3: Protects against liquid chemicals for a limited period. Liquid jet tight. (EN 14605)
 * Type 4: Protects against liquid chemicals for a limited period. Liquid saturation tight. (EN 14605). More or less equivalent to US level C.
 * Type 5: Protects against airborne dry particulates for a limited period. (EN ISO 13982-1).
 * Type 6: Protects against a light spray of liquid chemicals (EN 13034). More or less equivalent to US level D.

1: Can be used in places where the chemical in gaseous form isn't harmful to the body exterior.

GOST System
In the GOST system of norms, EN 943 is equivalent to GOST 12.4.284.2-2014.

In Brazil
Following the American standards, there are 4 different types of suits, from A to D. The suits are known to the Brazilian military as Roupa Protetora Permeável de Combate (Protective Permeable Combat Clothing). There are within the Brazilian military several specialized hazmat regiments. The regiments were deployed during the FIFA 2014 World Cup, 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Types
Hazmat suits come in two variations: splash protection and gastight suits. The splash protection suits are designed to prevent the wearer from coming into contact with a liquid. These suits do not protect against gases or dust. Gastight suits additionally protect against gases and dust.

Gas/vapor protection
Such suits (level A in the US) are gas or vapor-tight, providing total encapsulation and the highest level of protection against direct and airborne chemical contact. They are typically worn with a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) enclosed within the suit.

These suits are typically constructed of several layers and, being airtight, include a release valve so the suit does not overinflate from air exhaled by the SCBA. The release valve does retain some air to keep some positive pressure ("overpressure") inside the suit. As noted, such suits are usually limited to just 15–20 minutes of use by their mobile air supply.

With each suit described here, there is a manufactured device designed to protect the respiratory system of the wearer (called a respirator) while the suit/ensemble is used to protect skin exposed to potential hazardous dermal agents. A respirator may be something as simple as a headband strap filtering facepiece respirator (FFR); to a head harness negative pressure full face respirator (air-purifying respirator/APR); to a full face, tight fitting, closed breathing air; or open circuit, self-contained breathing apparatus (CC-SCBA or SCBA).

Splash protection
Such suits (level B in the US) are not vapor-tight and thus provide a lesser level of protection. They are, however, worn with an SCBA, which may be located inside or outside of the suit, depending on the type of suit (encapsulating or non-encapsulating). They more closely resemble the one-piece Tyvek coveralls often seen used in construction and demolition work. Yet, Level B splash suits may also be fully encapsulating suits which are simply not airtight.

Lesser protection (level C in the US) suits may be coveralls of treated material, or multi-piece combinations, sealed with tape. This kind of protection is still "proof" against many non-invasive substances, such as anthrax.

title: Hazmat suit


text:
Olive Little

Olive Bend Little [Ollie] (May 17, 1917 − February 2, 1987) was an American baseballer, a pitcher in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League between the 1943 and 1946 seasons. Listed at 5' 3", 135 lb., Little batted and threw right-handed. She was born in Poplar Point, Manitoba, Canada.

Little was renowned for her strong fastball and for pitching four no-hitter games.

As a founding member, Little entered the AAGPBL with the Rockford Peaches in 1943. She won 21 games and pitched the league's first no hitter on June 10 of that year in a nine inning game, even though she was tagged for two runs on that game. She also made the All Star team with 151 strikeouts to her credit. Little was out in 1944 to have a baby, but returned in 1945 to win 22 games. She went 14−17 in 1946, her last season.

In a three-season career, Little posted a 57−43 record with 381 strikeouts and a 2.23 ERA in 112 pitching appearances.

Little gained induction into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 1985. She died at the age of 69.

Since 1998, the Olive Little Memorial Award is presented to The Manitoba Softball Association's Top Senior Female Player.

title: Olive Little


text:
Talk:Kirk Muller

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Talk:Breakaway (ice hockey)

Goalie Throwing Stick
I'm pretty sure that when a goalie throws his stick, the player is awarded an automatic goal. 70.100.165.76 01:23, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Breakaway (ice hockey)


text:
Kakum National Park

Kakum National Park, located in the coastal environs of the Central Region  of Ghana, covers an area of 375 km2. Established in 1931 as a reserve, it was gazetted as a national park only in 1992 after an initial survey of avifauna was conducted. The area is covered with tropical forest. The uniqueness of this park lies in the fact that it was established at the initiative of the local people and not by the State Department of wildlife who are responsible for wildlife preservation in Ghana. It is one of only 3 locations in Africa with a canopy walkway, which is 350 m long and connects seven tree tops which provides access to the forest.

The most notable endangered species of fauna in the park are Diana monkey, giant bongo antelope, yellow-backed duiker and African elephant. It is also an Important Bird Area recognized by the Bird Life International with the bird area fully overlapping the park area. The bird inventory confirmed 266 species in the park, including eight species of global conservation concern. One of these species of concern is the white-breasted guineafowl. Nine species of hornbill and the grey parrot have been recorded. And it also has more than 600 butterflies as well, and a new species was discovered in 1993. As of 2012, the densest population of forest elephants in Ghana is located in Kakum.

The Museums and Monuments Board of the Republic of Ghana has proposed that UNESCO declare the park a natural World Heritage Site under criteria vii and x. The submission made in 2000 is listed under the tentative List of World Heritage Sites.

History
In 1931, the area drained by the headwater catchment of the Kakum River was declared a forest reserve and managed by the Forestry Division. During this period, logging operations were prevalent, particularly of the mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) tree species. The logging operations continued till 1989 when the management of the reserve was transferred to the Wildlife Department.

A Feasibility Study and Preliminary 5-year Management Plan for the development of Kakum National Park as an ecotourism destination were developed in 1990 under a project conducted for the United Nations Development Program (Dudley 1990). The Feasibility Study included preliminary biodiversity assessments of the flora and fauna of Kakum Forest Reserve and adjoining Assin-Attandanso Forest Reserve, and an elephant population survey (Dudley 1990; Dudley, Mensah-Ntiamoah,& Kpelle 1992; Dudley 1995). The Feasibility Study and Preliminary 5-year Management Plan were developed in a collaborative and consultative process involving a consulting biologist, forestry officials, wildlife officials, local communities, Ghanaian universities, regional government officials, and other key stakeholders (Dudley 1992).

It must be recognized that one, Mr. Ebenezer Kwasi Agbley, the then Central Regional Manager for Ghana Tourist Board gave birth to this dream under a program he initiated and implemented - Tourism Development Scheme for Central Region (TODSCER) which was expanded and became CENTRAL REGION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM under a later created Commission - Central Region Development Commission (CECECOM). He showcased the TODSCER program in America and drew a number of sponsoring institutions both bilateral and multi-lateral from the donor community for the project to its maturity. The project later brought on board Game & Wildlife to manage and maintain the Park.

In 1992, the Wildlife Department gazetted Kakum to be a park under the Wildlife Reserves Regulations (Ll 1525) as the Kakum Conservation Area including the Assin Attandanso Forest Reserve. After a survey of the faunal richness of the conservation area, it was split into the Kakum National Park and the Assin Attandanso Forest Reserve during the same year. The split was justified with the argument that Cape Coast and 33 other towns and villages continue to need timber from the forest and potable water provided by the Kakum River.

Geography
The Kakum River originates within the park, and hence the park is named after the river. Its tributaries which flow through the park are Obuo, Kakum, Afia, Sukuma, Nemimi, Aboabo and Ajuesu. It is located 33 km north of Cape Coast and Elmina near the small village of Abrafo. It is easily accessible by taxis from the town center, and through organized tour buses. The park's welcome center contains a restaurant, lodge, picnic area, camping area, and a wildlife education center. The park is surrounded by 33 villages and also agricultural lands where food crops and coco are grown.

The park lies within an elevation range of 135 - 250 m. It is part of the Guineo-Congolian region under IUCN Category II. The reserve which borders this park is the Assin Attandanso Resource Reserve (game production reserve). Its habitat consists mainly of moist evergreen forest and also seasonal dry semi-deciduous forest. The habitat is formed of 90% forest area, 36% artificial terrestrial landscape while the remaining area has not been categorised. The park area receives an annual average rainfall of 1380 mm.

Flora
The dominant vegetation type in Kakum is the wet forest. Other vegetation types encountered in the park include swamp forests (permanent and periodic) and riverine forests. Also reported are the Boval vegetation of Hildegardia barteri-Polycarpaea tenuifolia community found in exposed granite rocks and in shallow soils. 105 species of vascular plants consisting of 57 trees, 10 shrubs, 9 climbers, 17 herbs and 12 grasses are reported from the park. Epiphytic plants are also reported to grow on the trees and shrubs are orchids and ferns and also figs.

Logging operations were prevalent in the park between 1975 and 1989. It is, however, noted that the logged areas have regenerated secondary forest consisting of a thick green mantle and vine tangles. This does not extend over the entire park, as much of the dense forest still remains conserved.

Specifically IUCN identified list of flora are listed below under subheadings of Moist forests, Swamp forest, Periodic swamp forest, Riverine forest and Boval vegetation.

 * Moist forests

 * Entandrophragma cylindricum
 * Entandrophragma angolense
 * Guarea cedrata
 * Guarea thompsonii
 * Piptadeniastrum africanum
 * Milicia excelsa (Lophira alata)
 * Triplochiton scleroxylon
 * Sterculia rhinopetalia
 * Sterculia oblonga
 * Pterygota macrocarpa
 * Anigeria robusta
 * Terminalia superba
 * Strombosia glaucescens
 * Cola gigantea
 * Mansonia altissima
 * Celtis zenkeri
 * Ricinodendron heudelotii
 * Antiaris toxicaria

 * Swamp forests

 * Alstonia boonei
 * Cleistopholis patens
 * Carapa procera
 * Mitragyna stipulosa
 * Raphia vinifera
 * Calamus deeratus (palm)
 * Laccosperma secundiflorum
 * Laccosperma opacum
 * Eremospatha macrocarpa
 * Glyphaea brevis (shrub)
 * Myriathus arboreus
 * Paullinia pinnata
 * Thaumatococcus daniellii (herb)
 * Sarcophrynium brachystachys
 * Ataenidia conferta

 * Riverine forest (Edaphic forest)
 * Pseudospondias microcarpa
 * Ceiba pentandra
 * Xylopia spp.
 * Uapaca guineensis

 * Boval vegetation
 * Sansevieria liberica
 * Commelina spp
 * Hildegardia barteri (red flowers bloom during Christmas)
 * Elaeophorbia grandifolia
 * Sterculia tragacantha
 * Ceiba pathandra
 * Albizia ferruginea
 * Ricinodendron heudelotii

Fauna
The park contains rare animals, including forest elephants, forest buffalo, civet and cats. Two hundred forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), potto (Perodicticus potto), Demidoff's galago (Galago demidovii), African civet (Viverra civetta), two-spotted palm civet (Nandinia binotata), leopard (Panthera pardus), bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros), many species of duikers (small antelopes), red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus pictus), giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), long-tailed pangolin (Manis tetradactyla), white-belied pangolin (Manis tricuspis), giant pangolin (Manis gigantea), many species of forest squirrels, North African crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata), dwarf crocodile (Osteolamus tetraspis), monitor lizards, Home's hinged tortoise, serrated tortoise and many other fauna are reported from the park.

Primates in the park include the Colobus vellerosus (VU), Procolobus verus (LR/nt), and Cercopithecus diana roloway (CR).

The initial Feasibility Study for the establishment of Kakum National Park included a preliminary biodiversity survey of the fauna of the Kakum Forest Reserve and adjoining Assin-Attandanso Forest Reserve, and a survey of the area's resident African Forest Elephant population. The elephant population size in 1990 was estimated on the basis of spoor data to be 100-150 individuals (Dudley, Mensah-Ntiamoah, & Kpelle 1992).

Avifauna
The Bird Life International included the park area under its list of Bird Life Areas in Ghana in 2002 under the criteria A1, A2, A3. The species recorded are 266 and the species though identified but yet to be confirmed are 56. All the species are resident and most of them are under the Least Concern categorization. The globally threatened species listed under the Near Threatened category are: green-tailed bristlebill (Bleda eximius), red-fronted antpecker (Parmoptila rubrifrons), rufous-winged illadopsis (Illadopsis rufescens) and copper-tailed glossy-starling (Lamprotornis cupreocauda). The Vulnerable species identified are white-breasted guineafowl (Agelastes meleagrides), brown-cheeked hornbill (Bycanistes cylindricus), yellow-casqued hornbill (Ceratogymna elata) and yellow-bearded greenbul (Criniger olivaceus).

Special features
A particular feature is the Komfo Boateng's Shrine, a circular rock near Aboabo, of approximately 100 m diameter with Bovine flora of Ceiba pathandra, Albizia furruginea and Ricinodendron heudelotii. The park has a long series of hanging bridges known as the Kakum Canopy Walkway at the forest canopy level to provide access to the forest, which is a unique feature in the entire African continent. At 40 m height, the visitor can approach the limits and view plants and animals from a vantage point that would otherwise be inaccessible to people. The canopy walkway passes over 7 bridges and runs over a length of 330 m. Some of the tree canopies are more than 50 m in height. Built with wire rope, aluminium ladders, wooden planks, it is secured by a series of netting for safety purposes. An additional viewing platform that will allow visitors to climb into the canopy without braving the canopy walkway is currently under construction. The Canopy Walkway was built by two Canadian engineers from Vancouver with the assistance of five (5) Ghanaians - the latter (staff of Ghana Heritage Conservation Trust- managers of the Kakum National Park Visitor Centre)have been maintaining the facility ever since.

The original concept for establishment of a canopy walkway at this location was the inspiration of Joseph Dudley, a conservation biologist recruited by Conservation International who coordinated the drafting of the Feasibility Study and Preliminary 5-year Management Plan for the development of Kakum National Park as an ecotourism destination under a project conducted for the United Nations Development Program (Dudley 1990).

The Park can now boast of a Tree House which sits about 20metres from the forest floor in the trees in the Secondary Forest. This facility which houses close to 25 people provides an adventurous opportunity for campers to especially at night experience forest life. Due to the thickness of the rainforest, a number of the fauna (genets, leopards, etc.) are active in the night searching for prey to feed on. The Tree House thus provide a close proximity to the wildlife of Kakum. A trained Tour Guide is always on hand to take campers on the night hikes as well as sharing Folklore of the Kakum Forest by a bonfire. It is an intriguing adventure.

Threats and conservation
The threats faced in the park which are being addressed relate to poaching; visible proof has been recorded in the form of "camps, empty matchboxes, pieces of rubber tyres, used carbide, gunshots and cartridges" ), hunting, land encroachments and chainsaw operation. Human-wildlife conflicts around the park are due to park elephants damaging the agricultural crops of the farmers. To prevent raids by elephants during the cropping season on the agricultural fields, farmers have adopted the practice of building pepper fences around their lands to protect their farms.

The park is administered by the Wildlife Department of Ghana. Under the direction of Conservation International and with funding support from USAID, Kakum is considered the best protected forest in Ghana. As a result, it is now a major tourist spot. Though poaching is still prevalent, the management practice of involving local communities to share the benefits of the park would yield positive results. In the park, gamekeepers are specially trained in the medical and cultural significance of the local foliage.

Tourism
Kakum is Ghana's first protected area which has received major support for visitor facilities. The visitor centre opened on Earth Day 1997 and the park received the Global Tourism for Tomorrow Award the following year. Tourism numbers have increased over the years: 2,000 in 1992; 27,000 in 1996; over 70,000 tourists in 1999; and it attracted 135,870 visitors during 2009.

title: Kakum National Park


text:
Haakon Ericsson

Haakon Ericsson (Old Norse: Hákon Eiríksson; Håkon Eiriksson; died c. 1029–1030) was the last Earl of Lade and governor of Norway from 1012 to 1015 and again from 1028 to 1029 as a vassal under Danish King Knut the Great.

Biography
Håkon Eiriksson was from a dynasty of Norwegian rulers in the eastern part of Trondheim, bordering the Trondheimsfjord. He was the son of Eirik Håkonson, ruler of Norway and earl of Northumbria. His mother is commonly believed to have been Gytha, a daughter of Sweyn Forkbeard and Sigrid the Haughty of Denmark and half-sister of King Knut. After the Battle of Svolder, Eirik Håkonson, with his brother Sveinn Hákonarson, became kings of Norway under Sweyn Forkbeard. In 1014 or 1015 Eirik Håkonson left Norway and joined Knut for his campaign in England. The north English earldom of Northumbria was given by Knut to Eirik after he won control of the north. Eirik remained as earl of Northumbria until his death between 1023 and 1033.

As his father's successor in Norway, Håkon Eiriksson ruled as a Danish vassal from 1012 to 1015, with Einar Tambarskjelve as his aide and his uncle, Sveinn Hákonarson, holding some areas as a Swedish vassal. After some years' absence in England fighting the Danes, Olaf Haraldsson returned to Norway in 1015 and declared himself king, obtaining the support of the petty kings of the Uplands. In 1016, Olaf defeated Sveinn Hákonarson at the Battle of Nesjar. After the victory of Olaf Haraldsson, Håkon fled to England where he was well received by King Knut and made Earl of Worcester. After the Battle of the Helgeå, Norwegian nobles rallied behind Knut.

He is recorded as being the ruler of the Sudreyar from 1016 until 1030. In 1028, Håkon Eiriksson returned as Knut's vassal ruler of Norway.

Håkon died in a shipwreck in the Pentland Firth, between the Orkney Islands and the Scottish mainland, in either late 1029 or early 1030.

title: Haakon Ericsson


text:
Olov Svebilius

Olaus (Olov) Svebilius (1 January 1624 – 29 June 1700) was a Swedish priest and professor. He was Bishop of the Diocese of Linköping and Archbishop of Uppsala. His most notable work was Martin Luthers Lilla katekes med Katekesförklaring, a Swedish language translation and explanation of Luther's Small Catechism.

Biography
He was born in Ljungby parish in  Kalmar, Sweden. He was the son of Jöran Ericsson Swebilius  (1589–1669)  and Ingeborg Larsdotter (1596–1672). His father served as crown commander (Kronobefallningsman) at  Södra Möre,  now part of Kalmar municipality. The surname Svebilius was derived from his grandfather's farm Sveby in Sillerud parish (Sveby gård i Sillerud) in Värmland.

He studied at University of Uppsala in 1638, two years later he enrolled in Königsberg University, and thereafter moved back to Uppsala  earning his Master of Philosophy in 1649. He subsequently conducted study trips to Strasbourg and Paris where he studied law. Appointed associate professor in Kalmar in 1652, he became rector and associate professor of philosophy in 1656, ordained priest in 1658, became associate professor of theology that same year and vicar of Ljungby in Kalmar diocese in 1663. He subsequently transferred to a theology professorship at Lund University.

He was appointed court chaplain in 1668, in 1670 was entrusted with the teachings theology to future King Charles XI of Sweden (1655–1697) and in 1671 became Pastor primarius at Storkyrkan church in Stockholm. After his coronation in 1675, King Charles declared it obligatory for all commoners to learn to read Luther's Small Catechism as translated by Olov Svebilius. In 1678, Svebilius became Bishop of the Diocese of Linköping and in 1681 Archbishop of Uppsala. He was the Speaker of the Clergy in the Riksdag between 1682 and 1697.

Personal life
In 1658, he married Elisabeth Gyllenadler (1639–1680), daughter of Samuel Enander (1607–1670) who was Bishop of the Diocese of Linköping (1655–1670).

His children were ennobled Adlerberg and introduced at the House of Nobility. A branch of the family were elevated to counts by the Czar of Russia and thus part of the Russian nobility.

title: Olov Svebilius


text: Talk:Matt Stajan

title: Talk:Matt Stajan


text:
Talk:Hereford

Founding Date?
This article has the founding as 'around 700 AD' but the article on the Bishop of Hereford says the See was founded in 676. Surely there must have been a settlement there before then or could the See have been founded on a 'green field' site? --Cavrdg 13:01, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

I think the point missing here is that Hereford really didn't appear out of the blue in either 700AD nor 676AD. It was re-named Hereford once the assimilation into Mercia was completed in the 8th Century. "Hereford" and the Welsh kingdom of Ergyng (the sister kingdom of Gwent) has many hundreds of years of history before the Mercians "founded" the town and you may be interested to learn that it was not until the Laws In Wales Acts of 1535 and 1542 that the uncertainty over the border was unilaterally put to bed by English Law. However, Herefordshire remained predominantly Welsh speaking until the 17th century with Welsh being spoken as late as 1750 in the Kentchurch area. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.53.204.196 (talk) 15:58, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

By-pass
Is there a firm plan for a by-pass? All I could see in the Highways Agency A49 Route Strategy is, under Route Outcome 6, a target to undertake studies to identify appropriate measures with a timescale of complete initial studies by 2008.--Cavrdg 12:29, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This is from a couple of years ago. Virginia said last year that an incoming Conservative government would fully commit to an up-to-date study of the volume of traffic which passes through and terminates in Hereford (the last one having taken place in the early 1990's. 21:36, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Pronounciation?
The Welsh name and pronounciation are provided, but a phonetic guide would be helpful in English as well. How is Hereford pronounced? Is it trisyllabic or bisyllabic?

 * It is pronounced trisyllabically, as something like 'hěrəfüd' 80.255 01:43, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Why not add this to the article? Or am I the only one who thought it might be "Here" (not "there") "Ford" (Model T)?

 * Having lived in Hereford all my life.... Astrolox 02:27, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually in my last edit I didn't describe that correctly at all, (Please ignore it). I suppose I would describe it as Hair-Re-Fud. If using a local accent you usually drop the H, being more Ere-Fud. I would give you a phonetic guide but I haven't a clue how they work. Astrolox 02:32, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, International Phonetic Alphabet gives you one option but I suspect the number of readers who would get it to display correctly and then understand it would be very small. I'd say Herry-furd and Erry-fud would do for renderings of the more and less posh versions respectively. --Cavrdg 08:33, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Some people do pronounce the end of the word as "Ford", as rhyming with Chord. But, most do say it more like "Fudd", rhyming with Could. The start of the word is just like as said. It's an easy word to pronounce, anyway --Cowards 16:47, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Redevelopment
How about a section on the redevelopment? Edgar Street, High Town, Asda, Left Bank, etc. Could be interesting.

Origins of the Name
I was always told that the name of Hereford stems from earlier Welsh names - as the area around Hereford was frequently under Welsh control in the early years of the city's existance. The idea of 'here ford' seems a little convenient and too close to modern English. I don't doubt that it may very well be that but surely a citation should be attributed to this? --80.43.95.32 01:54, 26 November 2006 (UTC) Is it possible that "Hereford" could just be an anglicized misrendering of "Henffordd"? There are plenty of examples of Welsh names being corrupted to create the English name. Is there any evidence that "Hereford" is derived from English rather than from Welsh? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.149.18.9 (talk) 09:32, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

Rewrite?
Or should I just say "write" since this article is quite small anyway? Is anyone interested in taking on this article properly i.e. doing away with pretty much everything that is on the page now and starting again with full sections on history, economy, demographics, etc. I'm not much of a history person so anything I write would be pretty poor but I'm happy to start writing a "Culture and society" section and a "Politics" section. There's a lot of information at the Hereford Times archive for pointers to economy and such like and the references here are an ideal starting point for a history section.WindsorFan 17:55, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Civil Parish
I've added a fact template to the claim in the section "Local Government" as it states that Herefors is one of only seven civil parishes to have city status, and yet the civil parish entry claims there are six. It may be that one is referring to just England, and the other to perhaps England and wales (where civil parishes no longer exist), but I think this apparent inconsistency needs resolving in some way. I wonder if anyone else knows how to check this quickly? DDStretch   (talk)  21:20, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * City status in the United Kingdom has a list of cities and their types of local government. The missing one of the seven is Truro.  I did wonder whether the omission was a result of Cornish Nationalists who claim Cornwall is not part of England but, from the history, it looks like it was just an oversight so I have updated the civil parish article.  --Cavrdg 13:41, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Welsh name of Hereford
This should stand because of the special realtionbship between the Marcher towns and cities and Wales. I, for example, was raised in Wales but born in Salop. Many border communities look East to England and always have done so. Many drover routes ended at Hereford, Gloucester, Chester & Salop. --MJB (talk) 14:55, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

I agree - you will see the Welsh name on signposts in Wales and as another post here says Welsh is likely the origin of the name. Johnrcrellin (talk) 06:28, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

Request for Consensus: Welsh Name (copied from Shrewsbury but same debate)
An anonymous user (User:217.39.132.9) has removed the Welsh pronounciation from the introduction repeatedly. I am not neccessarily opposed to this, because I personally don't see why it needs to be in the opening line either, but war-reverting with User:Maxburgoyne and User:Dpaajones is clearly not the answer. Perhaps a consensus needs to be reached with all editors. Asdfasdf1231234 (talk) 14:59, 16 January 2008 (UTC) Thank you. All the great Marcher towns and cities (Ludlow - once the capital of Wales and the Marches - Chester, Hereford and Shrewsbury) have a unique relationship with Wales. Alsace-Lorraine in France and its link with Germany is similar. I was raised in Knighton and we saw Salop, Ludlow and Hereford as our local centres; not LLandrindod Wells or Abergavenny (Y Fenni). The Welsh names are ancient and speak eloquently of this Marcher link. We are not suggesting a list of irrelevant Dutch, Spanish & Innuit names. Finally, English alternatives are usually given for Welsh towns. --MJB (talk) 15:05, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The reason Welsh towns have both names listed when available is because Wales has two official languages, English and Welsh. England has only one official language, English. As such only English names should be shown on articles for English towns. 217.39.132.9 (talk) 16:47, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If you'd said that a long time ago rather than edit-warring and breaching WP:3RR you would have saved some unnecessary drama. As it happens, I agree. These are, although in the Marches, English towns. Even an edit summary would have helped. -- Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 16:55, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * My two cents to this is that as a resident of Hereford, it would be wrong to include hereford's welsh name - as rightly said it isnt in wales. Does someone really want to be listing every town/city names in other languages? Its no different. Hereford is not in or belong to wales. H0sting (talk) 08:40, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

It's always been a city very much connected with Wales and Welsh affairs. Johnrcrellin (talk) 10:10, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Only because of its proximity. The city is still english, and doesnt speak welsh.H0sting (talk) 10:14, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Surely the point is that the Welsh name of Hereford might be of relevance to Welsh speakers, to whom it is an important city ? (And historically even more so - drovers etc). Is the article only for Herefordians - I think not ? I am English myself but I do find the additude of many on this issue insufferably "English" in a bad way ! Johnrcrellin (talk) 10:10, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

It is one tiny addition acknowledging a historic truth. My family on my father's side - Burgoyne - has been in Herefordshire for 300 yrs + and on my mother's side - Parry - in Wales for longer, so please do not overplay the ". . . I am from Hereford" trump card. --MJB (talk) 12:09, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It makes sense to include the Welsh name- but only if a cooked lump of dough is referred to either as "brith" or "bread" in Hereford, and by the same token, Shrewsbury. On the other hand, I am planning to go to Eboracum/Jorvik for a couple of days so may not have time to argue this out. -- Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 13:23, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Sadly your contribution lacks both wit and any attempt at research; the York page does make reference to the Roman and Latin names. QED. By the way, bread is bara in Welsh; brith is currant. --MJB (talk) 14:33, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, I have now had a little time to do some research. Wikipedia policy and guidelines, as far as I can tell, are silent on this kind of situation. So I sought outside authority, without much luck. There are references to Hengoed, but not as a current alternative to Hereford. I have been unable to find any authoritative website (whether national or local government) making this equation. Sure, the article for York refers to Eboracum and Jorvik, but not in the very first sentence as current usage. So I'd suggest either authority is provided for this use or we raise a request for comment to assess community opinion. It would also help if we wound down the personal angle on this. It should be a matter of fact, and fact alone. -- Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 15:02, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Actually, the Welsh name for Hereford, Henfordd, is in very common usage. Google it, or("Hengoed" is another place entirely.) It is also written "Henffordd", as in:.

I will add something with more subtlety that before. Howard Alexander (talk) 22:39, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Fine, if you can cite any authority that "Henfordd" is currently an official name for Hereford, that would be acceptable. What its name may be in Welsh is probably irrelevant, because, as far as I am aware, Hereford remains in England. It's OK for Cardiff to also be referred to as Caerdydd, because Wales has two official languages; England does not. What the Welsh Wikipedia does, with the greatest respect to it, is irrelevant to the English language Wikipedia. It's not a nationalist issue; it's a geographical and political (small "p") issue. My opinion, FWIW, is that "Henfordd" should not be referred to as an official alternative to "Hereford" in the lead, because legally, it isn't; as it is now, later on in the article, I don't have an issue with. -- Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 22:56, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * In agreement of the solution, or at least until wikipedia bring up guidelines about this sort of situation H0sting (talk) 23:58, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The guidelines are here and here but neither is prescriptive in this case. Reading these together, I can see an argument for "Henfordd" being an acceptable alternative name for "Hereford" in the lead if it can be shown to be shown to have substantial acceptance, so I'd say the ball remains within the court of those seeking to have it there to provide evidence of this usage, otherwise, I'd argue the current status of the article adequately represents the situation without going through this argument ad nauseam. Propose it stays as it is. -- Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 00:10, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, agree it stays as it is then H0sting (talk) 08:25, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to re-instate the Welsh version as it looks like a consensus has been reached to leave it out for now, but just for information the Welsh name for Hereford is 'Henffordd' not 'Henfordd' and it's in use today. Here are examples: by the BBC discussing Hereford FC, and by weather warnings by the Environment Agency (where it preceeded by ' Sir ' it refers to Shropshire, and by ' Dinas ' it refers to the city itself). Brith BTW means 'spekled'.--Rhyswynne (talk) 16:34, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Beg your pardon, I see the Welsh name(s) is mentioned later in the article. I'm going to change the " Henfordd (or Henffordd) " to Henffordd (or Henfordd) ". I'd never come across the Henfordd spelling before, but as with a lot of Welsh names with a ff (which gives the English 'f' sound) in it, it may have been mis-spelt over time (a single f gives the 'v' sound').  On Google searches for instance, Henffordd appears 6,000+ times compraed to 129 mentions of Henfordd.--Rhyswynne (talk) 17:05, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Discussion about addition of Welsh names to articles about English settlements
Since this matter has been raised on a number of pages now, and is ongoing, I think it best to refer people to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements/Archive 2 and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements/Archive 2 where the matter is being discussed for a number of articles (at least 4) about English settlements in which Welsh names have recently been added. DDStretch   (talk)  17:42, 16 February 2008 (UTC) bollocks to the welsh............... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.96.10.26 (talk) 19:35, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject Herefordshire
I was wondering whether anyone would be interested in helping to start a Herefordshire WikiProject. I got WikiProject Edinburgh off the ground a few months ago and am looking to start a few others so we can get better coverage of some of the UK's cities and counties. As Hereford has a long and interesting history I think it could be a useful collaboration. Any thoughts? TheRetroGuy (talk) 21:03, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I've started a very basic page for WikiProject Herefordshire to get it up and running. Feel free to help if you can. Cheers TheRetroGuy (talk) 19:26, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

Hereford College of Education
Just wondering if Hereford College of Education and Hereford Teacher Training College were one and the same. It would seem odd for there to have two teacher training colleges in such a small place. Can anyone help? Cheers TheRetroGuy (talk) 21:50, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Does anybody know what year the college was established? I've Googled it to death without success so thought I'd try my luck here. TheRetroGuy (talk) 11:51, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * After all that and I just found the answer. Apparently it was 1902

Counties without a university
I know this is probably not the place to ask, but since it is mentioned in the article, which three English counties don't have a university? Herefordshire is obviously one, but what are the other two? TheRetroGuy (talk) 15:01, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I believe Suffolk was the fourth one, but now has University Campus Suffolk. - Scribble Monkey (talk) 16:38, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Good question: definitely Cornwall, hence the existence of Combined Universities in Cornwall project (the University of Exeter has a campus however); Wiltshire? (although Bath Spa University have a campus at Corsham); Shropshire? (although the University of Wolverhampton have a campus in Telford), which makes four???Lozleader (talk) 12:12, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Shropshire can be crossed off the short list also because of the University Centre Shrewsbury (offshoot University of Chester)Cloptonson (talk) 10:42, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

Climate Data
Please do not revert the changes I have made to the climate section. It took me over 6 hours to do what I have done so far, but I am still not finished - note the provisionial record low values from weather 2, not as reliable as this source http://en.tutiempo.net/climate/ws-35220.html. If you would like you can go through all the months from Sep 2001 until Jun 2015, and work out the record low values per month, this is what I did with the record highs and that bit on it's own took over half the time of editing the section. I am planning on changing the record lows tomorrow, or when next possible, too much for one afternoon. Help is greatly appreciated, but remember, please consult this talk page and then wait at least 24 hours before making any changes except to the record lows. Also, please note, the record high temperature may have been surpassed on 1 July, but this information is not yet available. If it is higher, then feel free to change this as well, once the information becomes available--188.221.224.199 (talk) 22:35, 12 August 2015 (BST)
 * Consensus seems to be that climate is best covered at the county level rather than for every settlement. Apart from that Wikipedia just reports what published sources say. Calculating stuff from primary sources is original research, and if taken from more than one source may be synthesis.Charles (talk) 21:31, 13 August 2015 (UTC)
 * If I gather from the fact that this IP editor has been blocked for block evasion, I think it is a long-term vandal I came across another IP Sock a few months ago. I am certain they are done with this article, but others will follow, I am sure.  Scr ★ pIron IV 21:44, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

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Horton
I have a reference to Horton, County of Hereford, home of one Thomas Goode, with several significant descendants in South Australia. Is this an historical place or a typographical error, if so, any ideas to what it may refer? My AA Big Road Atlas yields no clues. Doug butler (talk) 22:03, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

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A small-scale edit war
Can I just gently remind all editors of the BRD requirements. I hope a small-scale edit war currently happening doesn't get worse. Thank you. DDStretch   (talk)  09:57, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

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Spelling in quotations
I recently changed a quotation to the cited source with the edit summary 'Correcting quote to source'  User:Ddstretch has altered the spelling of the sourced spelling 'color' to 'colour'. Am I wrong in thinking using a quotation as written should take precedence over local article spelling? If so could I be pointed to the guidance?SovalValtos (talk) 04:06, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

 * It appears that you are quoting from a film and not a written source. That was why I adjusted the spelling - it is a British town, and the SAS are a British organisation, so British spelling seemed the most appropriate. It had been "colour" for a while before the latest bout of editing. If I'm wrong, please give the written source so we can check.  DDStretch    (talk)  04:23, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Its been "colour" since 23 June 2017: here, and has gone by unchanged until just now. I checked on the IMDB site and read the Plot Summary and other text on that site. Nowhere is the quote even given! So, now that the quote appears to be unsourced, there's an argument for removing it entirely.  DDStretch    (talk)  04:51, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I think the point of my question is being missed. It was about the principle of the precedence of rules about quoting verbatim v "correcting" quote content which apparently has the wrong local spelling for an article. It is easy to understand the argument given that British spelling should be used in this article. I do not think an argument that it should be retained as it has stood for months would be a good one. Unlike User:Ddstretch the cited source link to IMDb gave me a page with the quote. IMDb looks to be user generated so probably not a good source. A web search came up with this page [ http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/r/ronin-script-transcript-david-mamet.html ] which gives the spelling 'colour' but as it looks to be self-published perhaps further searching is needed for an original script transcript or other source.SovalValtos (talk) 08:48, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * IMDB is not regarded as a reliable source, but the point User:SovalValtos makes is correct I think. I quite often have to revert "corrections" of archaic spelling in quotes taken from old text.Charles (talk) 09:30, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

Of course, I accept the point made, too. But, as I said, in this instance, it didn't seem to apply, and it still didn't after I went to re-check IMDB. So, what do we do about this quote now? It either doesn't appear in IMDB (for me it doesn't), and, even if it did, IMDB is not a reliable source. DDStretch   (talk)  12:12, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I am mystified that User:Ddstretch does not see the quote in the cited page . I see it each time I look. Can anyone else see it? My feeling is that the quote can be removed entirely. The article is on Hereford not the Special Air Service. It might possibly find a place in a media section in the SAS article but hard to justify here. There is a second mention of the Ronin film in this article's Media section which could be removed as could the Rainbow Six Vegas and Peep Show mentions.SovalValtos (talk) 19:46, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Changing to a different platform and browser, I can now see the quotes, but on the machine I was using, it simply didn't appear. My apologies. I still think it should be removed, as you suggest. But once again, my apologies for not being more extensive in trying to view the imdb site.  DDStretch    (talk)  19:57, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

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"An early town charter from 1189 granted by Richard I of England describes it as "Hereford in Wales""
- This sounds like some snide attempt at trying to claim Hereford is Welsh, or that Wales has a "claim" on Hereford, which they do not. This sounds like an attempt at trying to push a fringe theory.--2A00:23C4:3E07:D900:2DE2:ED0B:C489:42FD (talk) 20:27, 4 February 2018 (UTC)
 * No. It is just a fact. Wales and the marches were ruled by the Council of Wales and the Marches based at Ludlow castle, just up the road from Hereford.Charles (talk) 20:37, 4 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Hereford was regarded as part of 'the Marches' not of Wales itself in that context.Cloptonson (talk) 10:39, 8 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The term wasn't use at the time of the town charter so I really don't think Herefordshire being "part of 'the Marches" has any bearing on this. Also, as per the Welsh Marches page, the Marches comprise counties in both England and Wales and were administered as a single area (Council of Wales and the Marches). Cymrogogoch (talk) 08:53, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:14, 21 November 2020 (UTC)
 * UK-Motorway-icon.svg

English Civil War and Hereford (under History)
In December [1642] they withdrew to Gloucester because of the presence in the area of a Royalist army under Lord Herbert.

Lord Herbert is wikilinked to the 1st Lord Herbert of Cherbury. This is incorrect; Lord Herbert of Cherbury never served in the war, attempted neutrality and declined to rally to the Royalists at Shrewsbury on excuse of ill health (he was in his early 60s and half-blind). His son (who succeeded in 1648 as 2nd Lord H of C) was an active commander but would not have been courtesy titled, his father only being a Baron. I have removed the erroneous link.Cloptonson (talk) 10:36, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

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Notable residents
Needs to be a notable residents section 2A00:23C7:61D2:5701:A197:F17:4015:7B44 (talk) 08:38, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hereford


text: User talk:68.190.209.52

title: User talk:68.190.209.52


text:
Talk:Spengler Cup

trophy description
I have discarded the "Trophy" description paragraph for now, since it mentioned a "golden globe", which appears to be incorrect. The current incarnation, unveiled in 2010, has golden sticks but no globe on top. The previous version had a crystal or crystal-like globe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:2E96:BA90:796C:E8FD:13D1:5AEB (talk) 23:35, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

table v list
Does the table of winners added by an anon user really add anything over the simple list that was there before? Cjrother 04:23, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

table
Hey. I made a 2006 Spengler Cup wiki and linked to it on this wiki. I'll be updating the stats and scores as the tourniment progresses. MeoTwist 02:23, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe you'd want to write an article 2006 Spengler Cup and link from this page? (add a Category:Spengler Cup also. 70.51.8.97 09:50, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

media
What countries besides Canada airs this tournament as a national broadcast? 70.51.8.97 09:50, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Oxford
It says that for the first Oxford win the team was made up of Canadians, but they won it in 1925 and 1931 as well, and I wonder if those teams were also all Canadian or if there were some British players as well. 70.49.243.186 13:50, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

images
A photo of the cup would be nice, and the arena. 70.55.84.33 (talk) 13:30, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Team Canada
Team Canada is not the Canadian national team but a selection of Canadian players who play in the Swiss national league. --92.104.235.17 (talk) 10:22, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

oldest tournaments
Second oldest is incorrect. Both the Memorial Cup and Allan Cup are older, and have had teams from outside of Canada, making them international. The Allan Cup dates from 1909 and the Memorial Cup from 1919. Regardless, a statement that a tournament is the XXX oldest, MUST be backed up by a citation of some kind. Alaney2k (talk) 15:36, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spengler Cup


text:
Talk:Naval Station

Was this intended as a redirect? --Revised 18:34, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Naval Station


text:
Gary Smith

Gary or Garry Smith may refer to:

Music

 * Gary Smith (drummer) (born 1950), member of Chase and Survivor
 * Gary Smith (guitarist), British avant-garde guitarist, improviser and composer
 * Gary Smith (heavy metal guitarist)
 * Gary Smith (record producer), entrepreneur, record producer, and artists' manager

Politics

 * Garry R. Smith (born 1957), American politician in South Carolina
 * Gary Smith Jr. (born 1972), American politician in Louisiana
 * Gary Smith, burgess of Woodsboro, Maryland

Sports

 * Gary Smith (cricketer) (born 1958), South African cricketer
 * Gary Smith (footballer, born 1955), English footballer
 * Gary Smith (footballer, born 1966), St Kitts and Nevis international footballer
 * Gary Smith (footballer, born 1968), English football player and coach
 * Gary Smith (footballer, born 1971), Scottish footballer
 * Gary Smith (footballer, born 1984), English footballer
 * Gary Smith (footballer, born 1991), Scottish footballer
 * Gary Smith (ice hockey) (born 1944), ice hockey goaltender
 * Gary Smith (bowls) (born 1958), English world indoor champion bowler
 * Gary R Smith (born 1962), English bowls player
 * Gary Smith (rugby league, York born) (born 1963), English rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s
 * Gary Smith (rugby league) (born 1963), Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s
 * Garry Smith (rugby league), New Zealand international
 * Gary Smith (sailor) (born 1952), Australian Olympic sailor

Other

 * Gary Smith (EDA analyst) (1941–2015), electronic design automation business analyst
 * Gary Smith (economist) (born 1945), economist, author
 * Gary Smith (Ciena CEO), telecommunications industry executive
 * Gary Smith (sportswriter) (born 1953), long-time writer for Sports Illustrated
 * Gary T. Smith (born 1954), American screenwriter, actor and director
 * Gary Smith (philosopher) (born 1954), American philosopher and culture manager
 * Gary Mark Smith (born 1956), American street photographer
 * Gary Smith (trade unionist), Scottish trade union leader
 * Gary Smith, the main antagonist of the video game Bully

title: Gary Smith


text:
Talk:Joel Quenneville

Pronunciation?
Watching the Avs this year, I noticed that Barry Melrose consistently said "Kenville", while everyone else said "Kwenville", which is the only way I'd ever heard it pronounced prior to Melrose. (Barry, of course, still pronounced "Joel" in the regular old Anglo way, go figure.) Does anyone know which pronunciation Quenneville himself uses, French or Anglo? --Severinus 18:39, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure he's picky about it, but I knew some of his friends back in University and it was always "Kwenville"PKT 15:13, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Cool, thanks for the info -- Severinus 03:21, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It definitely is easy to mispronounce however! Jmlk17 06:25, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 15:43, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Significant work has been done on this article. I moved it to start. Alaney2k (talk) 16:40, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joel Quenneville


text:
What If? (essays)

What If?, subtitled The World's Foremost Military Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, also known as 'What If? The World's Foremost Historians Imagine What Might Have Been', is an anthology of twenty essays and fourteen sidebars dealing with counterfactual history. It was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons in 1999, ISBN 0-399-14576-1, and this book as well as its two sequels, What If? 2 and What Ifs? of American History, were edited by Robert Cowley. It was later combined with ''What If? 2 to form The Collected What If?''.

Cowley decided to create the book after several "What if?" articles were published in the Military History Quarterly, which he edits, and received much attention.

Essays

 * "Infectious Alternatives" by William H. McNeill
 * What if a plague had not forced the Assyrians to withdraw from their siege of Jerusalem in 701 BC?
 * "No Glory That Was Greece" by Victor Davis Hanson
 * What if the Persians had won the Battle of Salamis?
 * "Conquest Denied" by Josiah Ober
 * What if Alexander the Great had died at the Battle of the Granicus River?
 * "Furor Teutonicus: The Teutoburg Forest, A.D. 9" by Lewis H. Lapham
 * What if Varus had defeated Arminius at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest?
 * "The Dark Ages Made Lighter" by Barry S. Strauss
 * What if the battles of Adrianople in 378 and Poitiers in 732 had been won by the Romans and the Muslims, respectively?
 * "The Death That Saved Europe" by Cecelia Holland
 * What if Ogadai Khan had not died in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol siege of Vienna?
 * "If Only It Had Not Been Such a Wet Summer" by Theodore K. Rabb
 * What if Suleiman the Magnificent had begun his 1529 siege of Vienna earlier in the year?
 * "The Immolation of Hernán Cortés" by Ross Hassig
 * What if Cortés had been killed or his expedition into Aztec-dominated Mexico had failed? (The essay discusses La Noche Triste, the near-destruction of Cortés' force in 1520, as a key possibility of a point of divergence.)
 * "The Repulse of the English Fireships" by Geoffrey Parker
 * What if the Spanish Armada had successfully landed in England?
 * "Unlikely Victory" by Thomas Fleming
 * What if the Americans lost the Revolutionary War? (Thirteen ways are presented here.)
 * "What the Fog Wrought" by David McCullough
 * What if George Washington and his forces had not escaped after losing the Battle of Long Island?
 * "Ruler of the World" by Alistair Horne
 * What if Napoleon Bonaparte had chosen to do several things differently?
 * "If the Special Order 191 Hadn't Been Lost" by James M. McPherson
 * What if Robert E. Lee hadn't lost Special Order 191 during the Maryland Campaign and had been able to march through the Union state of Pennsylvania and the border state of Maryland without fighting the Battle of Antietam?
 * "A Confederate Cannae and Other Scenarios" by Stephen W. Sears
 * What if the Civil War had not lasted as long as it did? (Five ways are presented here.)
 * "The What Ifs of 1914" by Robert Cowley
 * What if the United Kingdom had remained neutral in World War I? (This and four other possibilities are presented here.)
 * "How Hitler Could Have Won the War" by John Keegan
 * What if the Wehrmacht had turned toward the Middle East instead of the Soviet Union?
 * "Our Midway Disaster" by Theodore F. Cook, Jr.
 * What if the Japanese had won the Battle of Midway?
 * "D Day Fails" by Stephen E. Ambrose
 * What if the Allied invasion of Europe had failed in June 1944?
 * "Funeral in Berlin" by David Clay Large
 * What if American and not Soviet forces had taken Berlin in 1945? What if the Berlin airlift had failed? What if German reunification had occurred in 1952? Etc.
 * "China Without Tears" by Arthur Waldron
 * What if the Chinese Civil War had ended with Chiang Kai-shek not marching to retake Manchuria from Mao Zedong and the Communists?

Reviews

 * "Probably the most interesting nonfiction historical fiction was What If?: The World's Foremost Military Historians Imagine What Might Have Been (Putnam, 1999). Its editor, Robert Cowley, persuaded two dozen historians to write essays on how a slight turn of fate at a decisive moment could have changed the very annals of time." —The New York Times
 * "The essays collected in What If? are sober extrapolations from historical fact. Even so, they're a lot of fun. They remind us of the slender threads on which our past hangs. One small break—at Poitiers or on Long Island, at Gettysburg or in Berlin—might have unraveled the entire tapestry of modern history." —CNN
 * "Those and other provocative 'counterfactuals' are the topic of the intriguing What if?, a compilation of essays by 34 distinguished historians... Each essay testifies to the fact that history hangs by a thread." —Houston Chronicle

title: What If? (essays)


text:
Talk:American Friends Service Committee

Mary Ellen McNish
I was redirected to this page when I clicked a wikipedia link to "Mary Ellen McNish". She (Mary) used to be the General Secretary of American Friends Service Committee but now she is not, as a quick google search will reveal. She's the head of the Hunger Project now - redirect there or create a brief article about her? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Julianbrelsford (talk • contribs) 02:57, 22 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Julian, I finally got around to fixing this. --Ahc (talk) 16:30, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Unprogrammed Friends
"Still, among many unprogrammed Friends, it has retained its appeal."
 * "Unprogrammed?" I don't know what that means, but it smells NPOV. There are legitimate criticisms of any organization, and just because you don't ally yourself with one doesn't make you somehow hypnotized.--Ben Applegate 18:31, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The term "Unprogrammed" Friends isn't a POV term in my opinion, it juxtaposed the reference to evangelical Friends earlier in the paragraph. It should probably be referenced over the Religious Society of Friends article to allow reader a chance to understand what the term means (granted there isn't a clear explanation of that term there because of clarity issues with that article). I don't share your concern about the phrasing here (although I agree any organization can be fairly criticized), nor do I see how removing the word "Unprogrammed" resolves your concern.  I read here a general description that states that two (of the three) major sub-groups within the RSoF have chosen to take different views on the organization.  I don't see the article as suggesting that one of those two groups is right.  If there's are POV issue here, I see it in the more subtle point of leaving out the third major sub-group of Friends.  For the time being I'm inclined to replace the removed term.  --Ahc 17:07, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see what you mean now. You mean "unprogrammed" as in "not belonging to a program." I took "program" in its sense of "trained to respond in a certain way by propaganda." I've replaced the term with "unaffiliated" to remove the possibility for confusion.--Ben Applegate 12:46, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually still not quite right. Among Friends programmed or unprogrammed is a term used to refer to types of worship (whether or not their form of worship has a planned order or events).  There are many other details about how Friends understand the world that generally track with the form of worship they choose.  See Religious_Society_of_Friends for some background.  As I said before it's not a perfect description, but you might find it helpful.  In truth a better term should be found, but unprogrammed is  one Friends would expect to see.  We just need to find one that's more accessible to outsiders (We [the editors] should probably add something to the list of Quaker terminology. --Ahc 13:16, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, OK, I see. It's probably pretty obvious that I just wasn't familiar with the term. Sorry, and thanks for your patience.--Ben Applegate 15:16, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Logo
Can we use their logo like that? Seems like a possible copyright vio.

I made a similar image for the stub tag, which could be used instead with a caption perhaps? Zach 14:12, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think using logos is fair use. Take a look at the logo article, and it's certainly common around Wikipedia. --Ahc 02:28, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Vietnam War
Can more be said about the organisation's role in the US-Vietnam war? The article does not at present reflect its prominence. I don't know enough detail to add it myself, but I do remember frequently hearing about the organisation's role at the time. Thanks. Itsmejudith 14:09, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Criticism
In terms of major criticism which isn't mentioned on this page, what about the article in the Philadelphia Inquirer on 10/8/2007 called "Quaker charity sued over a doctor's legacy; The suit claims that the American Friends Service Committee used millions for purposes other than those specified in his will"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.28.161.159 (talk) 01:13, 30 November 2010 (UTC) Article doesn't mention that a lot of criticism it receives now is from Israel supporters... AnonMoos 15:50, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

I am fairly certain that the article is in error citing a 1979 gathering of Friends General Conference in Richmond Indiana, as that is the home of Friends United Meeting and has only a small FGC Quaker population. Perhaps it was an FWCC gathering or something? Also I think in 1979 FGC was still holding its gatherings in Cape May, NJ. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.163.126.152 (talk) 19:42, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

I'm on record as NPYM corporation member saying I find this page "silly" however I mostly like the CO part. In our neck of the woods, CO Doug Strain, student of Linus Pauling, was part of a whole subculture later known as the Silicon Forest, that opposed militarism and imperialism. Doug's ESI (a company) gave us both our Quaker meetinghouse and our AFSC offices. Just some local history. What I find silly is listing FBI surveillance under "criticism" with external links to monitoring by Pentagon and NSA. I think Friendly organizations are well accustomed to monitoring by central authorities, be they Royalist or Nationalist, and don't thresh about it unnecessarily, whereas more ordinary Protestant church groups, political liberals and/or conservatives, tend to be more up in arms (more paranoid) over such domestic spying. I wouldn't waste time on it were I writing this page, even though I do think we must fight for our civil liberties, including the right to organize, assemble, influence public opinion and so forth.Kirbyurner (talk) 01:43, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

More criticism
Would someone please take the time to fix the newly added external links? If others feel they are valid sources they really should be included in the criticism section, not as part of the external links. On other articles I would do so myself, but I have a conflict of interest here, so I leave this review and editing to others. --Ahc 03:51, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Mission in Germany after World War I
When the A.F.S.C. was active in Germany instead of the A.R.A. Children's Relief Fund from 1919 on, did they use a translation of their name (e.g. as YMCA is translated into CVJM)?141.13.170.175 (talk) 18:01, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Conflict of Interest
In keeping with the COI Policy I am publicly stating that I am an employee of the American Friends Service Committee, and that I intend make edits to this page. I will make every effort to maintain a neutral point of view in those edits and defer to the community when conflict emerges. Please feel free to point out either here or on my talk page if you believe I have overstepped. --Ahc (talk) 15:25, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Edits to Criticism section
Since I do have a conflict of interest when editing this article, I figured it would be appropriate to note changes to sections that might raise concerns. Specifically I have just made several minor changes to the criticisms section. I tried to preserve the accusations listed and only edit for clarity, but others may wish to review the change. There are a couple places there that could use some additional citation, but I don't have good suggestions to offer there so I've left them as is.

I would appreciate feedback about how best to handle the fact that while some of the criticisms are real in that people make them, they are also baseless; I am thinking here mostly about the allegations of AFSC being a Communist organization. Through out AFSC's history the suggestion that it is communist has come from a variety of sources (you can see some of you review the FOIA documents referenced, and there are some similar Senate reports from the 1950's, as well as no shortage of conservative blogs that continue to make the suggestion), the only problem is that it has never been true (some of them are even down right funny, like the suggestion I read once that AFSC effectively runs Cuba). Can anyone provide some suggestions on useless ways to address frequent, but baseless criticism?

--Ahc (talk) 16:55, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree that when an organization like AFSC is subject to repeated baseless attacks, such as charges that they are Communist or anti-Semitic, we should (briefly) include the charges and the rebuttal. Some of the attacks seem to be giving credit to the charges, but we can (and should) edit the criticisms within Wikipedia style to make them neutral and objective. I don't believe that we should simply delete all criticism because it's wrong. A Wikipedia article should be a place to go for fact-checking -- to find false claims about a subject, and an explanation of why they're false. --Nbauman (talk) 13:46, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

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Vietnam War part two
I was a draft counselor for seven months during the Vietnam War, working with five other counselors in Ventura County, California, which is the next coastal county west of Los Angeles County in southern California. My stint was from about August, 1970, to February, 1971. I did not feel any "calling" whatsoever to be a counselor, I was Shanghaied, so to speak, when I was about to be drafted, and sought counseling to find out what my options were to legally avoid military service since I knew I had several physical problems that disqualified me. The senior counselor noticed I had a knack for talking to others who requested counseling, and "drafted" me into their service! The training I received was from mimeographed type-written pamphlets and word of mouth. Our one major guide was the United States Surgeon General's list of physical conditions, disabilities, and diseases that disqualified one from serving in the military. Things such as being too short, too tall, too underweight, too overweight, diabetic, hepatitis, blindness, colorblindness, deafness, missing limbs and digits, low intelligence, and many others. So, what we did was apprise those who came to see us of disqualifying conditions. Then there were things like conscientious objection to violence that was next to impossible to prove unless one was Amish, Mennonite, Quaker, a priest or in a seminary.

Then there were the young-looking FBI agents who came in, posing as guys who needed counseling to avoid the draft. These guys asked us if we could provide them with fake birth certificates from Sweden or Switzerland, or fake draft cards indicating they had completed military service, and a few other illegal things we would never consider doing since what we did was simply prevent Civil Rights violations and nothing more, not break the law! We could spot these government agents because they walked, talked, and looked like Marine Corps drill instructors, plus were arrogant.

Our headquarters was donated space in a church, and one evening when I came in to work, I noticed a second overhead phone cable from the telephone pole in the parking lot to the church. So, I called the minister and asked when the second phone had been installed, but was told the church still had just the one phone. I got one of the other counselors and we found a ladder to look up in the attic, and we saw where the new phone cable went, which was to the chandelier in the living room where we did our counseling sessions. We used the ladder and looked in the chandelier, where we found a microphone mounted up above the light bulbs so it wouldn't be found when changing a burned out light. We left the "bug" there and just didn't worry about it because we never said anything the FBI could use against us anyway.

Okay, you get the picture of what we did. But unfortunately, what I just wrote falls under "original research" and can't be used for this article. Somebody needs to interview me before too much time passes, of the six counselors at Ventura County, I think I'm the only one still alive, and I'm 70 (today, August 8, 2020). Linstrum (talk) 08:30, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Friends Service Committee


text:
Talk:Patrice Brisebois

External links modified
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title: Talk:Patrice Brisebois


text:
User talk:GRider/Schoolwatch/Archive

'This is an archive of closed or otherwise dated discussion. Please do not edit this page.'

Proposed move

 * Radiant! — Let me try to understand this. So you believe that this page on GRider's own namespace deletion related.  Therefore, by your definition, he cannot edit something in his namespace nor try to defend keeping it.  Doesn't sound very fair to me.  I also find it ironic that you're trying to drum up support this move by leaving messages to people on their user talk pages (User_talk:Rdsmith4).  There's nothing wrong with this, in my opinion, but it was GRider's attempt to do the very same this about school-related articles that caused him to start this page when he was repremanded for it by the school-deletionists.
 * Cheers.--BaronLarf 13:55, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not drumming up support. I only spoke to RDSmith about it.
 * Do you contest that this page is deletion-related? And if so, why?
 * Do you contest that GRider is currently prohibited from editing deletion-related pages (by ArbCom)? And if so, why?
 * Do you believe that I am the cause of either of those? And if so, why?
 * And if not, how am I unfair here? Cheers, Radiant_* 15:02, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Is the moving of an article deletion-related? I don't believe so, but I haven't reviewed all Wikipedia protocol on the issue.  I don't contest GRider's current prohibition on editing deletion-related pages, and I really am not familiar with the case either, so I'm not defending him there.
 * I'm just trying to say that it seems kind of crummy to have a debate about whether or not to move something out of a user's namespace and prohibit him from participating. Seems like the kind of thing that would just drive a dedicated user to become a Wikipedia alumni.  --BaronLarf 15:15, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not forbidding him from participating. I would welcome his opinion, or discussion on his or my talk page. My point is that it seems that he may not currently work on schoolwatch, so it shouldn't be in his user page. But of course he can join in this talk discussion. Radiant_* 15:22, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support the requested move. --Angr/(comhrá) 11:32, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, pages should not be moved out of user space against their will. Does "requested moves" even have authority to do so? Kappa 11:40, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does have the authortiy to do so. Radiant_* 12:19, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say that requested moves has the authority to move any page that has community support for the move. If we all wanted to move the Main Page to List of schools that GRider has voted to keep then it should be moved (although this is extremely unlikely and there may be technical restrictions on moving the main page, but you get the point). Thryduulf 11:49, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, if this is to be anything other than POV pushing it needs to be in a public namspace. Thryduulf 11:49, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose plus, I believe there are no grounds to allow anyone to move this out of GRider's name space. Even if the ayes have it in this case, I don't think it should be allowed.  --BaronLarf 12:04, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course, GRider may still keep a copy of this page in his userspace, but we should create a publical and neutral page in main space. Radiant!Radiant_* 12:19, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. If someone else wants to save the schools, there is nothing stopping them from creating their own Schoolwatch-like spinoff.  But to unilaterally move a page first, and then have a discussion about it later in order to prevent someone from freely expressing their own opinion within their own userspace after recently failing to have the same page deleted less than a week ago comes off as a bad faith attempt at page hijacking, IMHO.  —RaD Man (talk) 14:35, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm afraid it does come over as bad faith. However, let me assure you that it isn't. Please do not polarize. The way I see it, there are two possible approaches to the school issue: we can keep doing what we do now (which is getting into shouting matches and mass copy/pasted votes in VfD) OR we can do something constructive, like improving the relevant articles, and providing neutral ground for discussion. All I'm asking is that this page be neutral, as it claims to be a wikiproject. I do value GRider's opinion, and I would like his input on this matter, but this page can never be neutral as long as he unilaterally decides what's on here.
 * Please note that on the main schoolwatch page, I asked that it be used for improving school articles, rather than for copy/paste voting. Don't you agree that that is best for all? Radiant_* 15:02, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Put me down for a strong "Who cares?" The page serves the same functions whatever namespace it is in. I would much rather have good articles about non-notable schools than bad articles about non-notable schools. I continue to be skeptical that there are really enough people willing to do the Wikipedia-quality work on them but if GRider can organize such a cadre, more power to him. And on the other hand, if we are not willing to assume good faith, well, organized bloc voting is not new—see AIW for examplea—and probably can't be affected much by "parliamentary" maneuvering such as flipping pages into different namespaces. Dpbsmith (talk) 15:05, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Radiant -- at what point has GRider crossed the line in his namesspace?  Because he mentions specific articles?  What makes his page necessary to move, while your have your own page devoted to your opinion on school articles in your namesspace (User talk:Radiant!/Schools)] which you have only invited selected people to edit (example)?    Thanks much.  --BaronLarf 12:32, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem is that if it is in GRider's userspace, then ultimately it is his decision what goes on there, which makes it a good vehicle for POV-pushing. If someone from the opposing viewpoint wants to make a comment then GRider can erase it - after all, it's in his userspace.  But then it's patently obvious that this page is being used to manipulate policy and by-pass the normal process of VfD.  Thus, it should not be somewhere where someone can claim to have justification in pushing their own opinion on it.  Support a move out of userspace. Chris 23:24, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Decision
It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. Something in a persons user area should only be moved if they ask it to be. I alternatively suggest using and expanding Watch/schoolwatch. violet/riga (t) 10:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:GRider/Schoolwatch/Archive


text:
File:Aurora1957.jpg

Cover of April 1957 (?) Mechanix Illustrated magazine, featuring photo of the Aurora (1957 automobile) uploaded by Gerald Zuckier

Source: Picture of cover uploaded by Gerald Zuckier, User:Gzuckier

Fair Use for Mechanix Illustrated

 * This image illustrates a typical Mechanix Illustrated cover.
 * It is used in an article about the magazine.
 * It is a low resolution image.

title: File:Aurora1957.jpg