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Jaroslav Pelikan

Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.

Early years
Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois. His paternal grandfather was a Lutheran pastor in Chicago, and in 1902, a charter founder, and later president of, the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, which until 1958 was known as the Slovak Evangelical Lutheran Church, a strictly conservative orthodox church of the Augsburg Confession.

According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old because he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.

In 1946, when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri and a PhD at the University of Chicago.

Writings and interviews
Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public, notably, Mary Through the Centuries, Jesus Through the Centuries, and Whose Bible Is It?

His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, The Vindication of Tradition, included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in U.S. News & World Report. He said:

"Tradition is the living faith of the dead; traditionalism is the dead faith of the living. Tradition lives in conversation with the past, while remembering where we are and when we are and that it is we who have to decide. Traditionalism supposes that nothing should ever be done for the first time, so all that is needed to solve any problem is to arrive at the supposedly unanimous testimony of this homogenized tradition."

Yale University professor
He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.

While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by Field & Stream magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:

Semper siccandae sunt: potio Pulvis, et pelliculatio.

Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and an elected member of the American Philosophical Society. He was editor of the religion section of Encyclopædia Britannica, and, in 1980, he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.

In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book The Vindication of Tradition.

Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book Christianity and Classical Culture.

President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.

In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award of $500,000 to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: "Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").

Lutheran pastor to Orthodox layman
For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).

In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there". Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."

Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in The New York Times when the pope died in 2005:

It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.

Death
Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.

Selected bibliography

 * From Luther to Kierkegaard: A Study in the History of Theology. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House
 * (ed.) Martin Luther's works (1955–1969) multiple volumes
 * LUTHER'S WORKS, Companion Volume, "LUTHER THE EXPOSITOR: Introduction to the Reformer's Exegetical Writings,"(1959) St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House
 * The Riddle of Roman Catholicism (1959)
 * "The Shape of Death: Life, Death, and Immortality in the Early Fathers (1961) Abingdon Press
 * The Light of the World: A Basic Image in Early Christian Thought (1962) Harper and Brothers
 * The Finality of Jesus Christ in an Age of Universal History: A Dilemma of the Third Century (1966)
 * Development of Christian Doctrine: Some Historical Prolegomena (1969)
 * The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, 5 vols. (1971–1990). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
 * Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition 100–600 (1971) ISBN 0-226-65371-4
 * Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom 600–1700 (1974) ISBN 0-226-65373-0
 * Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology 600–1300 (1978) ISBN 0-226-65375-7
 * Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma 1300–1700 (1984) ISBN 0-226-65377-3
 * Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture since 1700 (1990) ISBN 0-226-65380-3
 * Jesus Through the Centuries: His Place in the History of Culture (1985) Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-07987-7
 * The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century (Forward) (1985) ISBN 0-8070-1301-3
 * Bach Among the Theologians (1986), Philadelphia: Fortress Press, ISBN 0-8006-0792-9
 * The Vindication of Tradition: The 1983 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities (1986) Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-03638-8.
 * Sacred Writings: Buddhism – The Dhammapada (1987) Book of the Month Club, no ISBN
 * The Melody of Theology: A Philosophical Dictionary (1988) ISBN 0-674-56472-3
 * The Excellent Empire: The Fall of Rome and the Triumph of the Church (1989)
 * Imago Dei: The Byzantine Apologia for Icons (1990)
 * Confessor Between East and West: A Portrait of Ukrainian Cardinal Josyf Slipyj (1990), ISBN 0-8028-3672-0
 * The World Treasury of Modern Religious Thought (1990), editor, hardcover: ISBN 0-316-69770-2, paperback: no ISBN issued
 * The Idea of the University: A Reexamination (1992) Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-05834-9
 * Sacred Writings: Hinduism – The Rig Veda (1992) Book of the Month Club, no ISBN
 * Sacred Writings: Islam – The Qur'an (1992) editor, Book of the Month Club, no ISBN, in English with Arabic sub-text
 * Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter with Hellenism (1993) Gifford lectures at Aberdeen, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-06255-9
 * Faust the Theologian (1995) Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-07064-0
 * Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture (1996) Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-07661-4
 * Fools for Christ: Essays on the True, the Good, and the Beautiful (1995) Fortress Press, (2001) Wipf & Stock ISBN 978-1-57910-802-1
 * The Illustrated Jesus Through the Centuries (1997) Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-07268-6
 * What Has Athens to Do with Jerusalem? Timaeus and Genesis in Counterpoint (1998) Thomas Spencer Jerome Lectures, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-10807-7
 * Divine Rhetoric: The Sermon on the Mount as Message and as Model in Augustine, Chrysostom, and Luther (2000) St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, ISBN 0-88141-214-7
 * Credo: Historical and Theological Guide to Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition (2003) Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09388-8
 * Interpreting the Bible and the Constitution (2004) Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-10267-4
 * Whose Bible Is It? A History of the Scriptures Through the Ages (2005) ISBN 0-670-03385-5
 * Mary: Images of the Mother of Jesus in Jewish and Christian Perspective (2005)
 * Acts (2005, 2006) Brazos Press, ISBN 1-58743-094-0. A theological Bible commentary

title: Jaroslav Pelikan


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File:StayawayJoeElvis.jpg

Fair use in Stay Away, Joe
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:StayawayJoeElvis.jpg


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Ochil and South Perthshire (UK Parliament constituency)

Ochil and South Perthshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election.

The constituency was created for the 2005 general election as a result of the Fifth Review of the Boundary Commission for Scotland. It has been represented since 2019 by John Nicolson of the Scottish National Party (SNP).

The seat was abolished prior to the 2024 general election and replaced by parts of five other constituencies.

Constituency profile
The Ochil and South Perthshire constituency covered the rural south of the Perth and Kinross council area south of the River Tay, running down through the Ochil Hills into the more industrial Clackmannanshire council area to the south. It was an affluent constituency.

Agriculture and tourism formed an important part of the local economy in the north of the constituency in southern Perth and Kinross-shire, housing affluent resort towns such as Auchterarder, Crieff and Kinross. Clackmannanshire is better known for its light industry and breweries dotted along the course of the River Forth and its northern tributary streams.

Voting patterns
The Ochil and South Perthshire constituency was formed from elements of the old Ochil and Perth constituencies. Perth was traditionally a strong area of support for the Conservative Party until the party's wipeout in Scotland at the 1997 general election, from then onwards; the area usually voted SNP. Ochil covered the counties of Kinross-shire and Clackmannanshire, alongside some of the more industrialised parts of Stirlingshire, traditionally an SNP-Labour marginal. When Ochil and South Perthshire was first formed, it was thought of as an SNP-Labour marginal; however, the SNP failed to win the constituency when it was created in 2005, and at the subsequent general election in 2010. Tasmina Ahmed-Sheikh gained the seat from Gordon Banks of the Labour Party in a landslide victory across Scotland at the 2015 general election as they won 56 of Scotland's 59 parliamentary seats. At the 2017 general election, Ahmed-Sheikh lost the constituency to Luke Graham of the Conservative Party, and in 2019, Graham lost the seat to John Nicolson, former SNP MP for East Dunbartonshire.

At the 2017 local election, all wards in southern Perth and Kinross-shire voted Conservative by a good margin. The result in Clackmannanshire was mixed, with the SNP forming the largest party across the county as a whole but missing out to the Conservatives in Dollar to the north-east of the council area and missing out to Labour in northern Alloa. The Conservatives came first across Ochil and South Perthshire on the whole, with the SNP in second place.

Boundaries
The constituency is composed of the Clackmannanshire council area (all five wards), and the Perth and Kinross council wards of Strathtay, Strathearn, Strathallan, Almond and Earn, and Kinross-shire.

The constituency was created to cover Clackmannanshire and a southern portion of Perth and Kinross; the Perth and North Perthshire constituency was created at the same time to cover the rest of the Perth and Kinross council area.

Prior to the 2005 election, the council areas had been covered by the Angus, Ochil, Perth and North Tayside constituencies. The Perth constituency was entirely within the Perth and Kinross council area, the North Tayside constituency covered a northern portion of Perth and Kinross and a northern portion of the Angus council area, the Angus constituency covered a small southeastern portion of Perth and Kinross, a southern portion of Angus and northern portions of the Dundee City council area, and the Ochil constituency covered another southeastern portion of the Perth and Kinross, the whole of Clackmannanshire and a southeastern portion of the Stirling council area.

Abolition
Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished for the 2024 general election, with its contents distributed to five new constituencies:

 * The bulk of Clackmannanshire, including the town of Alloa, to Alloa and Grangemouth
 * Strathearn, Almond and Earn and Kinross-shire to Perth and Kinross-shire
 * Strathallan to Stirling and Strathallan
 * The small town of Dollar to Dunfermline and Dollar
 * A small rural area in the north to Angus and Perthshire Glens


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Talk:Yvonne Vera

VFD
On 15 April 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Yvonne Vera for a record of the discussion. – ABCD 23:35, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Yvonne Vera


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Talk:Ruyi Jingu Bang

Weight inconsistency
This article says its weight translates to 8100 kg then in the next sentence that its weight translates to 8500kg. Which is it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.104.247.86 (talk) 21:23, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

the novels are famous for 1 thing. there inconsistancy. which considering how the chapters jump from 1 time to another i guess is not a major thing. as for the weight issue though the only logical assumption is that as its size increase so to does the mass meaning that when its super long/wide it would weight 8500kg where as a normal staff is proball closer to the 8100kg. either way more than enough to kill a man and knock downa demon if it was swung at them. 152.91.9.153 (talk) 00:58, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

Tracking this down, relevant edits are:

 * 03:40, 18 May 2011 by 98.223.27.239 : Added "/17,820 lbs"
 * 03:40, 29 December 2010 and 03:43, 29 December 2010 by 66.203.239.201 : Changed to "in modern measurements, it is slightly heavier than 8.5 metric tons"
 * 20:14, 12 May 2010 by 98.223.27.239 : Added "(8,100 kg)"
 * 06:22, 26 April 2009 by 60.238.148.135 : Added "(weighing "13,500 jīn")"
 * 13:25, 25 March 2008 by Ryukaiel : Added "It is immensely heavy; in modern measurements, it is slightly weightier than 7.5 metric tons, which is why it is feared by many deities and demons as the ultimate beating weapon to be killed by."

None are sourced and the only registered user involved was last active 5 years ago. 60.238.148.135's contributions seem reasonable, so I am changing the text to read:

 * It is immensely heavy, weighing "13,500 jīn" (8,100 kg/17,800 lbs).

 * But a source is desired. -- ToE 11:53, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I have added a more accurate weight for the staff based on historical units of measure. --Ghostexorcist (talk) 16:38, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

Date of Publication
It sounds like inconsiderate national jingoism on behalf of the Japanese to say something like they have a "predecessor" of Journey to the West, even going so far to say it dates back to the 13th century.

I thought Journey to the West is published in 16th century?

To answer your question, the novel that was written by Wu Cheng'en was published in 1592.

Journey to the West is the culmination of an oral storytelling and literary cycle revolving around the pilgrimage of Xuanzang to India and Monkey Pilgrim/Monkey King. There are two main printed narratives that we have that predate the 1592 novel Journey to the West.

The first is a 13th century novelette "The Story of How the Monk Tripitaka of the Great Country of Tang Brought back the Sutras" (Datang Sanzang qujing shihua, 大唐三藏取經詩話), which can be found in English in The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature (edited by Victor H. Mair, Copyright © 1994 Columbia University Press; pg. 1181-1207). It is often called the Kōzanji version because, as Note 6 says, two editions are mentioned in a 1633 catalog held by said temple, alerting scholars to the novelette’s existence. It is the oldest printed version of the cycle that we have.

The second is the early-Ming zaju play Journey to the West Zaju (Xiyou ji zaju, 西遊記雜劇). An English summary and discussion can be found Ning’s (1986) Comic Elements in the Xiyouji Zaju. It is also discussed in Dunbridge’s The Hsi-yu chi: A Study of Antecedents to the Sixteenth-Century Chinese Novel(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 1970.)

Here are links to both in Chinese: 2601:41:C201:D79A:4CCB:FB9:5397:5FFF (talk) 19:46, 2 May 2024 (UTC)Luminece
 * 大唐三藏取經詩話 - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=573452
 * 西遊記雜劇, listed as 西游記戲文 - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=140106

Identity as a Pillar
Can anyone clarify whether the JinguBang was actually supporting something like a pillar normally would, or is it just called a pillar only because of its shape, not its function? I thought the latter was the case, being stuck in the bottom of the sea, used to be used by the deity Bangu to measure the depth of floods and roll the lands flat. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.64.166.224 (talk) 16:39, 31 August 2014 (UTC)

 * It doesn't support anything. It is just described as a pillar (I've suggested elsewhere that this could have been based on the famous Delhi Iron Pillar). I believe the notion that it supported the milky way galaxy is based on a mistranslation from the W.J.F. Jenner edition. --Ghostexorcist (talk) 20:50, 31 August 2014 (UTC)

Warframe
The Ruyi Jingu Bang appears as the exalted weapon of the warframe Wukong in Digital Extremes' game Warframe. The ability in particular is called Primal Fury. Legowerewolf (talk) 05:27, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ruyi Jingu Bang


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Sovetskaya (Antarctic Research Station)

Sovetskaya was a Soviet research station in Kaiser Wilhelm II Land in Antarctica that was established on 16 February 1958 and closed on 3 January 1959.

The surface elevation was initially reported to be 3570 m; however, it was later revised to 3662 m. Reached on 16 February 1958 by the 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition for International Geophysical Year research work, it closed on 3 January 1959. Its WMO reporting ID was 89557.

title: Sovetskaya (Antarctic Research Station)


text: User:Jammydodger/New Nation/Ministers

title: User:Jammydodger/New Nation/Ministers


text: User talk:65.42.95.53

title: User talk:65.42.95.53


text: Category:Education in Tyne and Wear

title: Category:Education in Tyne and Wear


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Perth and North Perthshire (UK Parliament constituency)

Perth and North Perthshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The constituency was created in 2005.

Campaigns in the seat have resulted in a minimum of 30% of votes at each election consistently for the same two parties' choice for candidate, and the next lower-placed party's having fluctuated between 8.1% and 18.7% of the vote since its relatively recent creation. The seat attracted a record seven candidates in 2015 and has seen as few as four, in 2017.

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished. Subject to boundary changes - entailing the transfer of "North Perthshire" to the new constituency of Angus and Perthshire Glens, offset by the addition of Strathearn, Almond and Earn and Kinross-shire from the abolished constituency of Ochil and South Perthshire - it will be reformed as Perth and Kinross-shire, to be first contested at the 2024 general election.

Boundaries
As a result of the Fifth Periodical Review of the Boundary Commission for Scotland, the constituency (seat) was created to cover northern parts of the Perth and Kinross council area, and first used in the 2005 general election. Ochil and South Perthshire was created, at the same time, to cover the rest of that council area and the Clackmannanshire council area.

Before the 2005 election, these combined council areas had been covered by Angus, Ochil, Perth and North Tayside seats. The Perth seat lay within the Perth and Kinross council area, North Tayside covered a northern portion of that council area and a northern portion of the Angus council area, Angus covered a small southeastern portion of the Perth and Kinross council area, a southern portion of its associated council area, and northern portions of the Dundee City council area, and Ochil covered another southeastern portion of the Perth and Kinross council area, the whole of the Clackmannanshire council area and a southeastern portion of the Stirling council area.

Constituency profile
The seat's voters stretch across the north of the Perth and Kinross local council area in Scotland. It was an affluent, predominantly rural seat with notable livestock, salmon, fishing, hospitality, tourism and fruit-growing sectors. In its south, around the River Tay is Perth and its adjacent villages. Perth includes a mix of affluent middle-class suburbs to the south-west and more deprived areas around its north.

Notwithstanding the possibility of breakthrough national and local campaigns and developments, campaigns to date have produced a close-run two-candidate contest as to the lion's share of the votes between the Conservative and the Scottish National Parties' candidates. During the main forerunner seat's existence (Perth and East Perthshire, created in 1950), it returned MPs loyal to the Unionist Party and the Conservative and Unionist Party after the parties amalgamated in 1965.

The seat was one of eleven in Scotland to elect an SNP MP to Parliament at the 1974 October general election. With a rearrangement (redistribution) of seats in 1979 the successor seat of North Tayside went on to return Conservative candidate Bill Walker to Parliament until he was defeated by John Swinney of the SNP at the 1997 UK general election - from that point onwards the seat elected successive SNP members as its MP. The Conservatives narrowly missed out on gaining the seat at the 2005 UK general election: Douglas Taylor coming behind Pete Wishart by 1,521 votes. Wishart increased his majority such as with 9,641 votes clearance in 2015. The Conservative missed out on gaining the seat by 21 votes at the 2017 general election, the third-closest result in the nation after North East Fife and Kensington, but ahead of Kensington if ranked by percentage of the votes locally cast.

Elections in the 2010s
Perth and North Perthshire was the third most marginal result in the United Kingdom and second most marginal result in Scotland at the 2017 general election, with incumbent SNP MP Pete Wishart seeing his majority cut from 9,641 votes (17.8%) to just 21 votes (0.0%) ahead of the Conservatives, although he did receive the highest number of votes for any SNP candidate.


text: User talk:68.41.208.77

title: User talk:68.41.208.77


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File:Nashvillestar.jpg

Logo for television series "Nashville Star"

title: File:Nashvillestar.jpg


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The Family-Ness

The Family-Ness is a cartoon series from Scotland first produced in 1983. It was originally broadcast on BBC One from late 1984 to early 1985, with repeats airing throughout most of the 1990s and early 2000s, eventually ending with a short run on CBeebies on BBC Two between 11 and 22 February 2002. It was created by Peter Maddocks of Maddocks Cartoon Productions. Maddocks later went on to produce Penny Crayon and Jimbo and the Jet Set in a similar style. Family-Ness was about the adventures of a family of Loch Ness Monsters and the MacTout family, particularly siblings Elspeth and Angus. The 'Nessies' could be called from the loch by the two children by means of their "thistle whistles".

The series was followed with a large collection of merchandising including annuals, story books, character models and even a record. The single "You'll Never Find a Nessie in the Zoo" was written by Roger and Gavin Greenaway, but never made it into the Top 40.

Humans

 * Mr MacTout: Apparently the single parent to Angus and Elspeth (their mother is never seen or mentioned). A Scotsman, he has ginger hair with a bushy beard, and he plays the bagpipes. He is the keeper of the loch, but never sees a Loch Ness Monster, and when anyone mentions seeing one, he says it is "stuff of nonsense". He also happily thinks it's the wind whenever he hears a thistle whistle and even in one episode tells another that he hears this sound once in a while.
 * Angus MacTout: Seemingly older than his sister, Angus is adventurous, clever and quick and is usually successful in getting his father or one or several of the Nessies out of trouble when he needs to, though he sometimes underestimates the initiative of his sister, who often helps him. Angus’s design originally appeared in Peter Maddocks’ 1983 book The Sneezing Whale.
 * Elspeth MacTout: A friendly young girl who assists her brother in most of his adventures. Like Angus, her design originated in The Sneezing Whale.
 * Sergeant MacFuzz: The person most frequently approached when a Loch Ness Monster is seen. However, he seldom believes it – in the first episode because it was April Fool's Day, on another occasion because a monster was reported to be water skiing (which was in fact the truth) and other occasions simply because he arrives too late to see anything himself. He has a bully-like son, Willie MacFuzz, who also once saw a Loch Ness Monster, but he didn't believe him either.
 * Mrs McToffee: The keeper of the local sweet shop who is nevertheless careful not to sell too many sweets to young buyers in case they ruin their teeth.
 * Mayor and Mayoress: Possibly the least intelligent of all the characters here, human or non-human. Obsessed with their own importance and their love for one another, they are oblivious to the Nessies, even when one of them is actually in front of them, standing in for a Loch Ness Monster's lookalike competition. A piece of ignorance by the scriptwriters since there are no Mayors in Scotland.
 * Professor Dumkopf: A slightly mad scientist and hot air balloon pilot with a German-sounding accent who is set on proving the Loch Ness Monster's existence. He often does see one, but is always thwarted in proving it to anyone else either by the MacTout children or by the Nessies themselves (or both). He has tried every bizarre method imaginable to succeed in his aim from lowering a telescopic camera into the loch to catch the monster on film (but ended up having the telescope twisted by the Nessies so that all he shot was a seagull in the air) to pumping sherbet into the loch to try to bring out a monster in a bubble (but ended up falling into his machine and being carried away in one himself). The name Dumkopf means "stupid head" in German.The name was later used in an episode of Inspector Gadget for an unrelated character who was also, coincidentally, a mad scientist.

Nessies
Most of the Nessies are named after their main trait, like the Mr. Men, the Smurfs and the dwarfs from Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. With one exception, the Nessies bear little likeness to the stereotypical plesiosaurus/serpent appearance; most of them appear as very fat, yellowish dinosaurs with bulbous noses.
 * Ferocious-Ness: The first Loch Ness Monster to interact with the MacTout children, and subsequently the most frequent to appear in the series. A large, khaki crocodile/dragon-like creature who likes frightening tourists and passers-by, but is otherwise generally friendly and kind. He is able to change colour to blend in with his background when on land (only seen in one episode) and can, when this happens, get stuck in whatever colour he chooses, but can be made to change back if confronted with something more frightening than himself, creepy-crawlies being his greatest fear.  He once – courtesy of the Mayor and Mayoress – came third in a Loch Ness Monster look-alike competition, much to his annoyance.
 * Her High-Ness: The Queen of the Nessies, she originally made the rule that humans must not have dealings with Loch Ness Monsters, but when she saw how polite and helpful the children were, she made them the exception to the rule, and presented them with secret thistle whistles, to call them when necessary. She was seen to breathe fire in just one episode, which she learned to do from "a cousin in China" (presumably a dragon), and on another occasion she stowed away in a ship to visit that cousin. She bears little physical similarities with the other Nessies, having the appearance of a stereotypical Loch Ness monster.
 * Baby-Ness: The youngest Nessie with a dummy and nappy. He has a surprisingly "sweet tooth" for one who has not yet started teething, as demonstrated once when Forgetful-Ness lost him, resulting in his crawling into the back door of Mrs McToffee's sweet shop to steal sweeties, and on another occasion when he had the measles and Angus and Elspeth bought him a whole jar of sticky sweets to cheer him up.
 * Careful-Ness: An excessively cautious Nessie.
 * Clever-Ness: The most intelligent of the Nessies, who sports a fine pair of spectacles. Slightly old and doddering, but if called upon to assist the MacTout children in any way is usually successful in doing so.
 * Clumsy-Ness: A well-meaning but accident-prone Nessie who wears a jumper and a winter hat. He was hit on the head by a boat, which caused him to stagger across a nearby sea scout camp and squash the tents.
 * Eager-Ness: A slightly hyperactive Nessie who can get carried away, but is useful if the children want something done swiftly.
 * Forgetful-Ness: A tie-wearing Nessie who, when he does call the children, sometimes even forgets that it was he who called. Having lost and then retrieved Baby Ness with the help of Angus and Elspeth, he remembered to express his gratitude but forgot what the baby's name was.
 * Eyewit-Ness: Monster with a patch over one eye, who looks like a pirate. He has a tendency to place his telescope over the wrong eye.
 * Grumpy-Ness: An old grumbling Nessie who is the least grateful to hear and react to Angus and Elspeth's thistle-whistles, and perhaps for that reason is one of the least often seen.
 * Tidy-Ness: Helps clean up the camp that was accidentally destroyed by Clumsy-Ness.
 * Heavy-Ness: Strong monster, who wears circus "strong man" outfits. Teams up with Mighty Ness to pull Silly Ness free when he gets stuck.
 * Lovely-Ness: The only female Nessie apart from her High Ness. She has long, blonde hair.  A friendly Nessie, but often too dainty to help physically in a great deal of the adventures, and is therefore not often seen, though she does appear during the title credits.
 * Mighty-Ness: Another strong monster dressed in Circus Strongman clothes. Often seen with Heavy Ness.  They may be identical twin brothers.
 * Naughty-Ness: A trouble causing monster.
 * Silly-Ness: Dim monster that's always getting into trouble. Often gets stuck in small holes and caves and was the first Nessie the children saw- albeit with his backside up in the air.
 * Speedy-Ness: After Eager-Ness, generally the quickest to action, he is distinguished by his red crash helmet.
 * Sporty-Ness: Appears in the opening credits, but seldom reacts to the MacTout children's thistle-whistles. When he does appear he tends to show off. He is shown wearing a red and white striped T-shirt.
 * Hungry-Ness: A big Nessie who will eat anything, even diving bells!
 * Comfy Ness: A puffy pink Nessie who cushioned Angus when he fell from a loose kite.
 * Thirsty-Ness: A Nessie who seems to be in a constantly dehydrated state. He even drank a potion that made his bottom half disappear.

There are many unnamed Nessies used as background characters.

Credits

 * Written and Created by : Peter Maddocks
 * Voices by : Peter Hawkins, Susan Sheridan
 * Music by : Roger and Gavin Greenaway
 * Theme Tune Performed By : Roger Greenaway
 * Animation by : The Animation People, Gingerbread Animation Ltd, Bill Melendez Productions, T.V Cartoons Ltd, Bob Godfrey Ltd, The Ness Company
 * Head of Backgrounds : Kevin Smith
 * Layout : Ted Pettengel and David Elvin
 * Production by : Peter Maddocks, Nick Roberts, Gus Angus
 * Series Director : Jack Stokes
 * Dubbing by : MagMasters

Home releases
In the middle of 1985 after the final episode of The Family Ness was broadcast, BBC Video released one video with 14 episodes of the entire show.

In the mid-1990s Hallmark and Carlton Home Entertainment released one video with the first 9 episodes of 1984.

In 2002 Right Entertainment (distributed through Universal Pictures (UK) Ltd) released two videos with eight episodes on each one and then in Summer 2004 they were both re-released on 2 DVD releases.

title: The Family-Ness


text:
Myril Hoag

Myril Oliver Hoag (March 9, 1908 – July 28, 1971) was an American professional baseball player. An outfielder, Hoag played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, St. Louis Browns, Chicago White Sox, and Cleveland Indians between 1931 and 1945 and was on the winning team in three World Series. He appeared in the 1939 MLB All-Star Game.

Career
Hoag was born in Davis, California. He played in the major leagues from April 15, 1931, until September 16, 1945. Hoag batted and threw right-handed. He had a lifetime batting average of .271 with 28 home runs and 401 RBIs.

After two seasons with the Sacramento Senators, Hoag signed with the New York Yankees after the 1930 season. He spent seven seasons with the Yankees over eight years (playing in 1933 with the Newark Bears). Hoag missed some of the 1936 season due to having a blood clot on the brain, the result of an outfield collision with teammate Joe DiMaggio.

Hoag homered for the Yankees' first run as they won the final game of the 1937 World Series. He had a .320 batting average for his three World Series.

In 1939, Hoag made the American League All-Star team with the St. Louis Browns after the Yankees traded him there for Oral Hildebrand and Buster Mills. That year, he batted .295 with 75 RBIs and 202 total bases. He was fifth in the league in stolen bases in 1942 with the Chicago White Sox with 17, nearly double his second-best season (nine in 1939).

Hoag ended his career with 854 hits in 3,147 at bats. On June 6, 1934, he collected six hits in one game in a 15–3 rout against the Red Sox, and was the last New York Yankee to accomplish this feat until Gerald Williams did so against the Baltimore Orioles on May 1, 1996.

Personal life
Hoag died in High Springs, Florida from an emphysema attack at the age of 63. His grand-nephews, Max and Brock Stassi, play in MLB.

title: Myril Hoag


text:
Talk:Urban

What is "urban?"
Isn't urban a euphemism for African American? || Wikichange 03:14, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

No

Neh Sauce geinie (talk) 22:42, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes, it can be. Prinsgezinde (talk) 03:13, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Urban


text:
Gardens at Heather Farm

The 6 acre Gardens at Heather Farm are a set of gardens located at Heather Farm Park in Walnut Creek, California, United States. The gardens have a view of Mount Diablo, and are open to the public 7 days a week during daylight hours.

History
In 1967, Walnut Creek city park director Ruth Wallis called a meeting with the presidents of three local garden clubs to discuss the possibility of a gardening association for Walnut Creek. This group then asked the city for the use of part of the planned Heather Farm Park. The Heather Farm Garden Center Association was incorporated in 1971. Members of HFGCA included Philip and Ruth Bancroft, who donated land for Heather Farm Park and founded the Ruth Bancroft Garden. A groundbreaking ceremony for the gardens was held on August 12, 1979. The HFGCA's headquarters, the Heather Farm Garden Center building, opened in 1983 after being funded by plant sales, donations, and grants.

Gardens
Gardens at Heather Farm currently include:

 * Black Pine Garden (1989) – a small garden, including a bonsai Japanese black pine, and bonsai Colorado blue spruce.
 * Butterfly Garden (1996) – includes a hedge of escallonia with milkweed, passion vines, and Mexican sunflowers.
 * Children's Garden (1990) – grapes and goldflame honeysuckle. Much of the garden is planted each spring with edible produce.
 * Cowden Rose Garden (1991) – Gazebo with tea rose and floribunda roses, among a variety of rose displays.
 * Diablo Ascent Garden (1996).
 * Meadow Garden (1995) – rose hedge, background greenery, and conifers, with cape plumbago and pittosporum shrubs, and a hedge of Japanese rugosa shrub roses.
 * Mother's Garden (1996) – a bench set under Raywood Ash trees in an allée overlooking the Rose Garden, with creeping thyme, rhaphiolepis, violets, variegated society garlic, dwarf plumbago, sweet alyssum, a bearded iris from Bancroft Garden, statice, St John's wort, and artemisia.
 * Mural Garden (1990) – three African sumac trees, smoke tree, crape myrtles, a red horse chestnut tree, artemisia, verbena, strawberry trees, oleander, rockrose, berberis, verbena, gazania, thyme, coreopsis, and penstemon.
 * Native Plant Garden (1983).
 * Ree Display Grove (1995) – daffodils and twelve types of trees representing uncommon candidates for use in a home garden.
 * Riparian Garden (1992) – original valley oak trees, corkscrew leaf willows, birch, purpleleaf plum, liquidambar, vine maple, hemerocallis, buddleia, and ochna.
 * Rockery (1990) – an alpine garden, including miniature trees and conifers as well as perennials to emulate high elevation plantings. This garden contains plants suitable to Zone 14 that still appear alpine.
 * Sensory Garden – raised beds, water fountain and more than 75 fragrant herbs and plants interesting to touch.
 * Stroll Garden (1997).
 * Ward Garden (1989) – a lawn of tall fescue grass, with five ornamental cherry trees.
 * Water Conservation Garden (2004).
 * Waterfall Garden (2000) – eleven waterfalls, ponds, and two bridges.

title: Gardens at Heather Farm


text:
Star Wars trilogy

Star Wars trilogy can refer to several Star Wars film trilogies or related works:

Film trilogies

 * Star Wars original trilogy, released from 1977–1983
 * Star Wars prequel trilogy, released from 1999–2005
 * Star Wars sequel trilogy, released from 2015–2019

Video games

 * Star Wars Trilogy (pinball) (1997)
 * Star Wars Trilogy Arcade (1998)
 * Star Wars Trilogy: Apprentice of the Force (2004) – for GameBoy Advance

title: Star Wars trilogy


text:
Electron multiplier

An electron multiplier is a vacuum-tube structure that multiplies incident charges. In a process called secondary emission, a single electron can, when bombarded on secondary-emissive material, induce emission of roughly 1 to 3 electrons. If an electric potential is applied between this metal plate and yet another, the emitted electrons will accelerate to the next metal plate and induce secondary emission of still more electrons. This can be repeated a number of times, resulting in a large shower of electrons all collected by a metal anode, all having been triggered by just one.

History
In 1930, Russian physicist Leonid Aleksandrovitch Kubetsky proposed a device which used photocathodes combined with dynodes, or secondary electron emitters, in a single tube to remove secondary electrons by increasing the electric potential through the device. The electron multiplier can use any number of dynodes in total, which use a coefficient, σ, and created a gain of σn where n is the number of emitters.

Discrete dynode
Secondary electron emission begins when one electron hits a dynode inside a vacuum chamber and ejects electrons that cascade onto more dynodes and repeats the process over again. The dynodes are set up so that each time an electron hits the next one it will have an increase of about 100 electron Volts greater than the last dynode. Some advantages of using this include a response time in the picoseconds, a high sensitivity, and an electron gain of about 108 electrons.

Continuous dynode
A continuous dynode system uses a horn-shaped funnel of glass coated with a thin film of semiconducting materials. The electrodes have increasing resistance to allow secondary emission. Continuous dynodes use a negative high voltage in the wider end and goes to a positive near ground at the narrow end. The first device of this kind was called a Channel Electron Multiplier (CEM). CEMs required 2-4 kilovolts in order to achieve a gain of 106 electrons.

Microchannel plate
Another geometry of continuous-dynode electron multiplier is called the microchannel plate (MCP). It may be considered a 2-dimensional parallel array of very small continuous-dynode electron multipliers, built together and powered in parallel. Each microchannel is generally parallel-walled, not tapered or funnel-like. MCPs are constructed from lead glass and carry a resistance of 109 Ω between each electrode. Each channel has a diameter of 10-100 μm. The electron gain for one microchannel plate can be around 104-107 electrons.

Instruments
In mass spectrometry electron multipliers are often used as a detector of ions that have been separated by a mass analyzer of some sort. They can be the continuous-dynode type and may have a curved horn-like funnel shape or can have discrete dynodes as in a photomultiplier. Continuous dynode electron multipliers are also used in NASA missions and are coupled to a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) which allows scientists to determine the amount and types of gasses present on Titan, Saturn's largest moon.

Night-vision
Microchannel plates are also used in night-vision goggles. As electrons hit the millions of channels, they release thousands of secondary electrons. These electrons then hit a phosphor screen where they are amplified and converted back into light. The resulting image patterns the original and allows for better vision in the dark, while only using a small battery pack to provide a voltage for the MCP.

title: Electron multiplier


text:
Template:Pipe

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title: Template:Pipe


text:
Stay Away, Joe

Stay Away, Joe is a 1968 American comedy western film with musical interludes, set in modern times and starring Elvis Presley, Burgess Meredith, Joan Blondell, Katy Jurado and Thomas Gomez. Directed by Peter Tewksbury, the film is based on the 1953 satirical farce novel of the same name by Dan Cushman. The film reached number 65 on the Variety weekly national box office chart in 1968.

Plot
Native American rodeo rider Joe Lightcloud is a Navajo whose family still lives on the reservation. He returns to the reservation in a white Cadillac convertible that he uses to drive cattle.

Joe persuades his congressman to give him 20 heifers and a prize bull so that he and his father can prove that the Navajos can successfully raise cattle on the reservation. If their experiment is successful, the government will help all the Navajo people. But Joe's friend Bronc Hoverty accidentally barbecues the prize bull, while Joe sells the heifers to buy home improvements for his stepmother Annie Lightcloud.

Joe is able to borrow a bull named Dominick, but the bull is old and shows no interest in the heifers. Mamie Callahan, the daughter of shotgun-toting tavern owner Glenda Callahan, can't seem to stay away from the girl-chasing Joe. Joe trades in his horse at a used car dealership for a red convertible automobile from which he sells off the parts to obtain cash from a salvage yard. After almost all of the usable car parts are sold, Joe rides around on a beat-up motorcycle.

Joe's younger sister Mary, a bank teller in town, has a chance to marry into the reasonably wealthy Hawkins family. When the prospective mother-in-law visits the Lightcloud's rundown shack, things go well until Glenda Callahan chases Joe through the house firing her shotgun. Mrs. Hawkins promptly faints. The couple eventually reconciles.

To raise money, Joe organizes a contest in which riders have to ride Dominick the bull. Joe has to ride Dominick and hang on in order to win the prize money, which he does. At his father's house, Joe and his friends are involved in a large fight that destroys the house that they have been building.

Cast

 * Elvis Presley as Joe Lightcloud
 * Burgess Meredith as Charlie Lightcloud
 * Joan Blondell as Glenda Callahan
 * Katy Jurado as Annie Lightcloud
 * Thomas Gomez as Grandpa
 * Henry Jones as Hy Slager
 * L.Q. Jones as Bronc Hoverty
 * Quentin Dean as Mamie Callahan
 * Douglas Henderson as Congressman Morrissey
 * Dick Wilson as Car Salesman
 * Sonny West as Jackson He-Crow
 * Joe Esposito (uncredited)
 * Charlie Hodge (uncredited)
 * Susan Trustman as Mary Lightcloud
 * Angus Duncan as Lorne Hawkins
 * Anne Seymour as Lorne's Mother

Production
Burt Kennedy was originally announced as director.

Presley was paid $850,000 plus 40% of the profits.

The screenplay was adapted from the failed Broadway musical Whoop-Up and retained many of the same plot devices and characters, including Joe's grandfather who refuses to live in a house, preferring his ancestral teepee.

Soundtrack
For the first time since Wild in the Country, neither an LP record nor an extended-play single was planned for a Presley film soundtrack. Three songs were written for the film by the team of Sid Wayne and Ben Weisman, who had already contributed close to 50 songs for various Presley movies in the decade.

Although released before Speedway, this film and its soundtrack were made after the first of Presley's last five films in the 1960s in which musical numbers were kept to a minimum. The recording session took place at RCA Studio B in Nashville on October 1, 1967. At the end of the session, Presley made his record producer Felton Jarvis promise to never release "Dominick," the song written for him to sing to the bull. However, the song is actually sung to two women in the movie without the bull present. "Dominick" would eventually make its first official CD appearance on the Kissin Cousins/Clambake/Stay Away, Joe soundtrack compilation in 1994 (long after the deaths of Presley and Jarvis); it had previously been released, unauthorized, as "Dominick the Impotent Bull" on the 1982 bootleg compilation Elvis' Greatest Shit. The other two songs, "Stay Away, Joe" and "All I Needed Was the Rain," were not even featured on a promotional single for the film premiere, but instead respectively appeared on the budget albums Let's Be Friends in 1970 and Elvis Sings Flaming Star in 1969.

Two additional songs related to the film were recorded at sessions on January 10 and 11, 1968 at the same studio. "Goin' Home" by Joy Byers would not be used, surfacing on the soundtrack to the next Presley film, Speedway, while a different song entitled "Stay Away," rewritten from the tune of "Greensleeves" by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett, would appear as the B-side to the #28 hit single "U.S. Male." Released as catalog item 47-9465b on February 28, 1968, the B-side "Stay Away" would peak at #68 on the Billboard Hot 100 independently of "U.S. Male." The producer in charge of the recordings for MGM was Jeff Alexander.

Personnel

 * Elvis Presley – vocals
 * The Jordanaires – backing vocals
 * Pete Drake – pedal steel guitar
 * Scotty Moore, Chip Young – electric guitar
 * Charlie Hodge – acoustic guitar
 * Charlie McCoy – organ, harmonica
 * Hoyt Hawkins – organ
 * Floyd Cramer – piano
 * Bob Moore – double bass
 * D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman – drums

Film music track listing

 * 1) "Stay Away" (Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett) (melody taken from "Greensleeves)"- heard over opening credits
 * 2) "Stay Away, Joe" (Sid Wayne and Ben Weisman)
 * 3) "All I Needed Was the Rain" (Sid Wayne and Ben Weisman)
 * 4) "Dominick" (Sid Wayne and Ben Weisman)

Reception
Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "... could scarcely seem more embarrassingly tasteless or ill-timed than right now. In an unintentionally patronizing way it projects an image of the Indian as happy-go-lucky, immoral and irresponsible just when the public is becoming aware of how truly tragic his plight is. No amount of good-naturedness—and 'Stay Away, Joe!' undeniably has plenty of that—can compensate for humor based on stereotypes so offensive to minority-group sensitivities." However, Thomas suggested that if it had been made in a different time, "... it would seem a pretty good picture. It has plenty of bounce, a strong cast ... some spunky songs and good color photography of natural locales."

A review in Variety reported "generally flat comedy" with "many forced slapstick situations", and echoed Thomas's review by stating that the story was "... out of touch with latterday appreciation of some basic dignity in all human beings ... At best, film is a dim artistic accomplishment; at worst, it caters to outdated prejudice. Custer himself might be embarrassed — for the Indians."

The Monthly Film Bulletin reported: "Meandering Elvis Presley comedy, rather short on invention except for an amiably hectic finale ... The musical offerings are if anything even less memorable than usual."

title: Stay Away, Joe


text:
User talk:Juan Toledo

Uncontrolled Airspace
In your recent addition - do you have a citation for US controlled airspace topping out at FL660? I've heard it before but I wasn't able to find a document at FAA or ICAO, and standard basic pilot training doesn't mention it (which doesn't prove anything of course). I did find this at ICAO, but that's Europe only. David Brooks 23:41, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I didn't write the 660 level myself. It was something already in the article and I assumed it true.

The way to check it out is to look at the USA AIP, the ENR section, and verify the airspace class for the FIR. Unfortunately I don't have access to the USA AIP.

Juan.
 * Ah, yes, so it was (in the version I last edited :-, although that wasn't so specific about the US. I do remember trying to verify at the time, which is when I found the ICAO document. I guess it's not important to most pilots. David Brooks 14:30, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

New Case-Shiller values
Hi - I added some new Case-Shiller values to the svg using the excellent tools provided, but now I find I am too daft (and short of time) to figure out how to upload it. If I mail you the file, would you put it in the correct place? -- Ostermalm, Oct 28, 2009

title: User talk:Juan Toledo


text: User talk:68.121.85.6

title: User talk:68.121.85.6


text: User talk:24.111.1.182

title: User talk:24.111.1.182


text:
Faraday cup

A Faraday cup is a metal (conductive) cup designed to catch charged particles in vacuum. The resulting current can be measured and used to determine the number of ions or electrons hitting the cup. The Faraday cup was named after Michael Faraday who first theorized ions around 1830.

Examples of devices which use Faraday cups include space probes (Voyager 1, & 2, Parker Solar Probe, etc.) and mass spectrometers.

Principle of operation

When a beam or packet of ions hits the metallic body of the cup, the apparatus gains a small net charge while the ions are neutralized as the charge is transferred to the metal walls. The metal part can then be discharged to measure a small current proportional to the number of impinging ions. The Faraday cup is essentially part of a circuit where ions are the charge carriers in vacuum and it is the interface to the solid metal where electrons act as the charge carriers (as in most circuits). By measuring the electric current (the number of electrons flowing through the circuit per second) in the metal part of the circuit, the number of charges being carried by the ions in the vacuum part of the circuit can be determined. For a continuous beam of ions (each with a single charge), the total number of ions hitting the cup per unit time is

 * $$ \frac {N}{t} = \frac {I}{e}$$

where N is the number of ions observed in a time t (in seconds), I is the measured current (in amperes) and e is the elementary charge (about 1.60 × 10−19 C). Thus, a measured current of one nanoamp (10−9 A) corresponds to about 6 billion ions striking the Faraday cup each second.

Similarly, a Faraday cup can act as a collector for electrons in a vacuum (e.g. from an electron beam). In this case, electrons simply hit the metal plate/cup and a current is produced. Faraday cups are not as sensitive as electron multiplier detectors, but are highly regarded for accuracy because of the direct relation between the measured current and number of ions.

In plasma diagnostics
The Faraday cup uses a physical principle according to which the electrical charges delivered to the inner surface of a hollow conductor are redistributed around its outer surface due to mutual self-repelling of charges of the same sign – a phenomenon discovered by Faraday.

The conventional Faraday cup is applied for measurements of ion (or electron) flows from plasma boundaries and comprises a metallic cylindrical receiver-cup – 1 (Fig. 1) closed with, and insulated from, a washer-type metallic electron-suppressor lid – 2 provided with the round axial through enter-hollow of an aperture with a surface area $$S_F=\pi D^2_F/4$$. Both the receiver cup and the electron-suppressor lid are enveloped in, and insulated from, a grounded cylindrical shield – 3 having an axial round hole coinciding with the hole in the electron-suppressor lid – 2. The electron-suppressor lid is connected by 50 Ω RF cable with the source $$B_{es}$$ of variable DC voltage $$U_{es}$$. The receiver-cup is connected by 50 Ω RF cable through the load resistor $$R_F$$ with a sweep generator producing saw-type pulses $$U_g(t)$$. Electric capacity $$C_F$$   is formed of the capacity of the receiver-cup – 1 to the grounded shield – 3 and the capacity of the RF cable. The signal from $$R_F$$ enables an observer to acquire an I-V characteristic of the Faraday cup by oscilloscope. Proper operating conditions: $$h\geq D_F$$ (due to possible potential sag) and $$h\ll \lambda_i$$, where $$\lambda_i$$ is the ion free path. Signal from $$R_F$$ is the Faraday cup I-V characteristic which can be observed and memorized by oscilloscope

In Fig. 1: 1 – cup-receiver, metal (stainless steel). 2 – electron-suppressor lid, metal (stainless steel). 3 – grounded shield, metal (stainless steel). 4 – insulator (teflon, ceramic). $$C_F$$ – capacity of Faraday cup. $$R_F$$ – load resistor.

Thus we measure the sum $$i_\Sigma$$ of the electric currents through the load resistor $$R_F$$:  $$i_i$$ (Faraday cup current) plus the current $$i_c(U_g)=-C_F(dU_g/ dt)$$  induced through the capacitor $$C_F$$ by the saw-type voltage $$U_g$$of the sweep-generator: The current component $$i_c(U_g)$$ can be measured at the absence of the ion flow and can be subtracted further from the total current $$i_\Sigma(U_g)$$ measured with plasma to obtain the actual Faraday cup I-V characteristic $$i_i(U_g)$$ for processing. All of the Faraday cup elements and their assembly that interact with plasma are fabricated usually of temperature-resistant materials (often these are stainless steel and teflon or ceramic for insulators). For processing of the Faraday cup I-V characteristic, we are going to assume that the Faraday cup is installed far enough away from an investigated plasma source where the flow of ions could be considered as the flow of particles with parallel velocities directed exactly along the Faraday cup axis. In this case, the elementary particle current $$di_i$$ corresponding to the ion density differential $$dn(v)$$ in the range of velocities between $$v$$ and $$v+dv$$ of ions flowing in through operating aperture $$S_F$$ of the electron-suppressor can be written in the form

where

$$e$$ is elementary charge, $$Z_i$$ is the ion charge state, and $$f(v)$$ is the one-dimensional ion velocity distribution function. Therefore, the ion current at the ion-decelerating voltage $$U_g$$ of the Faraday cup can be calculated by integrating Eq. ($$) after substituting Eq. ($$),

where the lower integration limit is defined from the equation $$M_iv^2 _{i,s}/2=eZ_i U_g$$ where $$v_{i,s}$$ is the velocity of the ion stopped by the decelerating potential  $$U_g$$, and $$M_i$$  is the ion mass. Thus Eq. ($$) represents the I-V characteristic of the Faraday cup. Differentiating Eq. ($$) with respect to $$U_g$$, one can obtain the relation

where the value $$ -n_i S_F (eZ_i/M_i ) = C_i $$  is an invariable constant for each measurement. Therefore, the average velocity $$\langle v_i \rangle$$ of ions arriving into the Faraday cup and their average energy $$\langle \mathcal{E}_i \rangle$$  can be calculated (under the assumption that we operate with a single type of ion) by the expressions

where $$M_A$$  is the ion mass in atomic units. The ion concentration $$n_i$$ in the ion flow at the Faraday cup vicinity can be calculated by the formula

which follows from Eq. ($$) at $$U_g = 0$$,

and from the conventional condition for distribution function normalizing

Fig. 2 illustrates the I-V characteristic $$i_i (V)$$ and its first derivative $$i^\prime _i (V)$$  of the Faraday cup with $$S_F = 0.5  cm^2$$  installed at output of the Inductively coupled plasma source powered with RF 13.56 MHz and operating at 6 mTorr of H2. The value of the electron-suppressor voltage (accelerating the ions) was set experimentally at $$U_{es} = - 170 V$$, near the point of suppression of the secondary electron emission from the inner surface of the Faraday cup.

Error sources
The counting of charges collected per unit time is impacted by two error sources: 1) the emission of low-energy secondary electrons from the surface struck by the incident charge and 2) backscattering (~180 degree scattering) of the incident particle, which causes it to leave the collecting surface, at least temporarily. Especially with electrons, it is fundamentally impossible to distinguish between a fresh new incident electron and one that has been backscattered or even a fast secondary electron.

title: Faraday cup


text:
Durham (federal electoral district)

Durham (formerly known as Clarington—Scugog—Uxbridge) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1968 and since 1988.

Its first iteration was created in 1903 from Durham East and Durham West ridings. It consisted of the county of Durham. The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was merged into the Northumberland—Durham riding. It was recreated in 1987 from parts of the Durham—Northumberland and Ontario ridings.

The second incarnation of the riding initially consisted of the Town of Newcastle, the townships of Scugog and Uxbridge, Scugog Indian Reserve No. 34, the part of the City of Oshawa lying north of Rossland Road, the allowance for road in front of lots 1, 2, 3 and 4, Concession 3 and part of the Town of Whitby lying north of Taunton Road.

In 1996, it was redefined to consist of the Township of Scugog, Scugog Indian Reserve No. 34, the Town of Clarington and part of the City of Oshawa lying north of a line drawn from west to east along Taunton Road, south along Ritson Road North, east along Rossland Road East, south along Harmony Road North and east along King Street East.

The electoral district was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed between Clarington—Scugog—Uxbridge, Oshawa and Whitby—Oshawa ridings. Clarington—Scugog—Uxbridge was defined to consist of the townships of Uxbridge and Scugog, the Municipality of Clarington and the Mississaugas of Scugog Island reserve. In 2004, Clarington—Scugog—Uxbridge was renamed to its current name of Durham. Following the Canadian federal electoral redistribution of 2012, the riding lost territory to Pickering—Uxbridge and Northumberland—Peterborough South and gained territory from Oshawa and Whitby—Oshawa.

Following the report from the 2022 electoral redistribution, the riding will be redistributed into Bowmanville—Oshawa North (Clarington and Oshawa portions) and York—Durham (Scugog portion).

On August 24, 2020, then-Durham MP Erin O'Toole won the Conservative Party leadership election and was named Leader of the Official Opposition.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Languages: 81.8% English, 1.6% Tamil, 1.4% French, 1.4% Urdu

Religions: 52.1% Christian (21.7% Catholic, 7.0% United Church, 4.5% Anglican, 1.9% Pentecostal, 1.4% Baptist, 1.3% Christian Orthodox, 1.2% Presbyterian, 13.1% Other), 5.3% Muslim, 4.1% Hindu, 36.8% None

Median income: $45,600 (2020)

Average income: $57,600 (2020)

Geography
The riding is a mix of suburban, exurban areas. It contains all of Scugog, and the Mississaugas of Scugog Island First Nation, plus Oshawa north of Taunton Road and the western half of the Municipality of Clarington, which is home to over half the riding's population. Bowmanville is the riding's largest community. Most of the riding has supported the Conservatives in the 2019 and 2021 elections, with the strongest support coming from the riding's rural areas, especially in rural Scugog Township. The Liberals have been able to win much of the Oshawa part of the riding, outside of the city's rural northern section. The NDP have seen their strongest support in Oshawa and in Bowmanville.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Current member of Parliament
This seat is held by Conservative Jamil Jivani since a 2024 by-election to succeed former Opposition leader Erin O'Toole.

title: Durham (federal electoral district)


text:
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

The director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) is a statutory office that functions as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency, which in turn is a part of the United States Intelligence Community.

The director reports to the director of national intelligence (DNI) and is assisted by the deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DD/CIA). The director is a civilian or a general or flag officer of the United States Armed Forces nominated by the president of the United States, with the recommendation from the DNI, and must be confirmed by a majority vote of the United States Senate.

History
Before April 21, 2005, the director of Central Intelligence (DCI) headed both the Intelligence Community and the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition, DCI served as an advisor to the president of the United States on intelligence matters and was the statutory intelligence advisor to the National Security Council (NSC). On April 21, 2005, the director of national intelligence (DNI) took on the roles of head of the Intelligence Community and principal intelligence advisor to the president and the NSC.

The post of DCI was established in 1946 by President Harry S. Truman; it thus predates the establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (created by the National Security Act of 1947). After the end of World War II, the Office of Strategic Services was dismantled. Its functions were split between the departments of state and war (now defense). Truman soon recognized the inefficiency of this arrangement and created the Central Intelligence Group, which could be considered a smaller precursor to the National Security Council. The following year the National Security Act of 1947 created the Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Council, while formally defining the duties of the director of Central Intelligence. The duties of the DCI had been further defined over the years by tradition, congressional acts, and Executive Orders.

Beginning in February 2017, the D/CIA was elevated to Cabinet of the United States level status, as designated by the Trump administration. This ended with the beginning of the Biden administration. In July 2023, the D/CIA was once again elevated to Cabinet of the United States level status by the Biden administration.

Order of succession
The order of succession determines which official shall act and perform the functions and duties of the director in the event the director dies, resigns, or otherwise becomes unable to perform their duties. The official will serve as acting director.

If the official is already serving in an acting capacity, or otherwise not eligible under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, the order skips to the next person in line. However, the president of the United States retains discretion to depart from the list in designating an acting director.

List of directors
Position succeeded the director of Central Intelligence.