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Baháʼí administration

The Baháʼí administration is a system of elected and appointed institutions to govern the affairs of the Baháʼí community. Its supreme body is the Universal House of Justice, elected every five years.

Some features set apart the Baháʼí administration from similar systems of governance: elected representatives should follow their conscience, rather than being responsible to the views of electors; political campaigning, nominations and parties are prohibited; and structure and authority of institutions to lead Baháʼís flowed directly from the religion's founder, Baháʼu'lláh.

The Baháʼí administration has four charter documents, the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, the Tablets of the Divine Plan, the Tablet of Carmel and the Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.

Character
<!--This is all primary sourced Shoghi Effendi wrote that the Baháʼí Administrative Order incorporates within its structure certain elements which are to be found in each of the three recognized forms of secular government: autocracy, aristocracy and democracy. His objective in effectively designing the Baháʼí Administrative Order was to embody, reconcile and assimilate within it "such wholesome elements as are to be found in each one of them..." while excluding the "admitted evils inherent in each of these systems..." such that it "cannot ever degenerate into any form of despotism, of oligarchy, or of demagogy which must sooner or later corrupt the machinery of all man-made and essentially defective political institutions."

Baháʼu'lláh commended the British system of government that enhanced kingship through consultation with the people, but did not specifically endorse parliamentary democracy.

These statements praise the principles of kingship and consultation with the people as principles for civil government. The Baháʼí Administrative Order concerns the system of administration within the Baháʼí Faith rather than civil government. This difference is highlighted in a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi concerning the future world government foretold by Baháʼu'lláh and outlined by Shoghi Effendi, stating "As regards the International Executive referred to by the Guardian in his "Goal of a New World Order", this statement refers by no means to the Baháʼí Commonwealth of the future, but simply to that world government which will herald the advent and lead to the final establishment of the World Order of Baháʼu'lláh. The formation of this International Executive, which corresponds to the executive head or board in present-day national governments, is but a step leading to the Baháʼí world government of the future, and hence should not be identified with either the institution of the Guardianship or that of the International House of Justice." In keeping with the Baháʼí principle of obedience to government, Baháʼí Administration is seen as subordinate to civil government. -->

Consultation
A central and distinct aspect of the administration of the Baháʼí Faith is the approach to decision-making through consultation. The ultimate aim of consultation is the collective search for truth and investigation of reality in a manner that maintains unity and concord. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá encouraged elected members to "take counsel together in such wise that no occasion for ill-feeling or discord may arise." Baháʼís are encouraged to express their views in consultation frankly and calmly, remaining detached from their own opinions and listening to the viewpoints of others without taking offence. After thorough consultation on a topic, if a decision is not unanimous, the decision can be made by a majority vote.

Structure
The Baháʼí administration includes both elected and appointed institutions. Governing bodies consisting of nine members are elected annually at both local and national levels, and every five years members of all National Spiritual Assemblies gather to elect the Universal House of Justice, an international governing body which possesses the authority to supplement and apply the laws of Baháʼu'lláh. Appointed institutions in the Baháʼí administrative order include the International Teaching Centre, Continental Boards of Counsellors, and Auxiliary Board members.

As there is no clergy in the Baháʼí Faith, the Baháʼí administration operates through a type of non-partisan democratic self-government. The individuals elected to serve on institutions in the Baháʼí community have no authority as individuals, it is only the elected body itself that makes decisions. Likewise, individuals who are appointed to serve in an institutional capacity also "have no legislative, executive, or judicial authority", and instead they provide advice, encouragement, and support to individuals in the community and to elected institutions.

The individual, the community, and the institutions are each viewed as protagonists that have different roles but that support one another to progress along a continuum of development.

Method of election
Local Spiritual Assemblies are elected each year on the first day of Ridván (usually 20th or 21st April). The nine members of the Local Spiritual Assembly are elected by secret ballot with no campaigning or nomination process. In general, all registered adult Baháʼís in the community are eligible to take part in the election and also are eligible to be voted for. Each individual writes on their ballot paper the names of nine individuals in the community whom they feel best demonstrate the "necessary qualities of unquestioned loyalty, of selfless devotion, of a well-trained mind, of recognized ability and mature experience." In order to determine who to vote for, Baháʼís are encouraged to become thoroughly acquainted with one another, to exchange views, and to freely discuss the requirements and qualifications for service on institutions; however, this should be done without even the slightest reference to specific individuals.

At the national level, a two-stage electoral process is used. In each electoral unit within a country, the members of the community elect annually a specified number of delegates, which are assigned proportionally to the population of each unit, and these delegates then gather at a National Convention to elect the members of the National Spiritual Assembly. Similarly, every five years the members of each National Spiritual Assembly gather at an International Convention to elect the members of the Universal House of Justice.

Non-partisanship
Shoghi Effendi sternly deprecated partisan politics and certain other practices current in western democracies, such as campaigning and nomination. As a result:
 * Nominations and campaigning are prohibited. Baháʼís should not seek to promote themselves as candidates.
 * Voters are urged not to consult with each other about the suitability of individuals.
 * Voters should "exchange views . . . mix freely and discuss among themselves the requirements and qualifications” of assembly membership. The discussion however must not refer to particular individuals.
 * Voters are strongly encouraged to study and discuss, in abstract, the qualities named by Shoghi Effendi as being necessary in those elected to serve, without reference to individuals. The qualities are “unquestioned loyalty, selfless devotion, well-trained mind, recognized ability and mature experience” and being “faithful, sincere, experienced, capable and competent”.
 * Voter should act "without the least trace of passion or prejudice, and irrespective of any material considerations”

Elected institutions
Sometimes referred to by Baháʼu'lláh as "the Rulers", Baháʼís elect members to councils which are vested with the authority of the community. The members of these councils, themselves, have no individual authority. When duly constituted, however, and specifically when deciding matters as a body, these councils act as the heads of the community. Baháʼu'lláh envisioned a Supreme House of Justice, with local Houses of Justice in every community where nine or more adult Baháʼís reside. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá unveiled the "Secondary", or National House of Justice in his will. Seen as embryonic institutions, national and local Houses of Justice are currently given the temporary appellation of "Spiritual Assemblies" and are expected, over time, to mature into fully functional Houses of Justice.

The Universal House of Justice is seen as morally infallible, though this belief has subtleties, in that the Universal House of Justice can both make new Baháʼí law and repeal its own laws. It may not alter the scriptural laws defined by Baháʼu'lláh and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. National and Local Spiritual Assemblies are seen as requiring deference and obedience, but can be overruled by a superior elected institution. All decisions by these bodies must be made, and are considered valid if, and only if the body is duly constituted, and meeting as a body with a quorum of members present. These decisions are made through a specific process of consultation.

Universal House of Justice
Every five years from 1963, members of all National Spiritual Assemblies are called to vote at an International Convention at the Baháʼí World Centre in Haifa, Israel for members of the Universal House of Justice. These members act as delegates in a manner similar to National Baháʼí elections. Those who are unable to attend send postal ballots.

The Universal House of Justice is the supreme governing body of the Baháʼí Faith. The Baháʼí writings affirm that its decisions are "the source of all good and freed from all error".

National Spiritual Assemblies
A National Spiritual Assembly (NSA) normally represents a country, although sometimes regions are assigned their own NSA (e.g. Alaska). Sometimes several countries are grouped together into a single Assembly, for instance the Baltic States, or (originally) Canada and the United States. These boundaries are subject to the discretion of the Universal House of Justice, and can obviously change, Canada and the USA now having their own individual National Assemblies. These assemblies are elected annually through locally elected delegates.

National assemblies (or regional councils) appoint various committees and boards to implement various functions: Regional Institute Boards, Area Teaching Committees, Cluster Growth Facilitators, Cluster Institute Coordinators, Cluster Junior Youth Spiritual Empowerment Programme Coordinators, and Cluster Children's Class Coordinator being examples.

Regional Baháʼí Councils
Regional Baháʼí Councils (RBC) have also been established in several larger national Baháʼí communities as an intermediate level of administration between the national and local spiritual assemblies so as to provide a means of decentralized decision-making where this is desirable. It usually happens when the size of the country is very large (e.g. USA, and India). They act under the direction of a National Spiritual Assembly and are elected by members of the local Spiritual Assemblies in their jurisdiction. They are increasingly taking on community growth and development activities, and provide guidance and structure for local communities' coordination on these.

Local Spiritual Assemblies
A Local Spiritual Assembly (LSA) represents a town, city, or county, and are elected annually by direct election. The Local Assemblies govern Baháʼí community life at the local level, and administer the affairs of the entire community, including coordinating the Nineteen Day Feast, holy day observances, funeral services, marriage counselling and many other tasks, though these are generally done through committee appointment.

Appointed institutions
Baháʼu'lláh makes reference to "the learned" among his people. The functions of this branch were originally carried out by the Hands of the Cause of God appointed by Baháʼu'lláh, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, and Shoghi Effendi. When it was determined that no more "Hands" could be appointed, the Universal House of Justice formed the Institution of the Counsellors to fulfill their duties. The appointed members act as individuals and they occupy a largely inspirational and advisory role. Their duties are divided into the two general categories of protection and propagation of the Baháʼí Faith.

International Counsellors
The International Counsellors are nine individuals appointed to the International Teaching Centre, which is a body that directly assists the Universal House of Justice at the Baháʼí World Centre. They advise Baháʼís at the international level and coordinate the efforts of the Continental Counsellors.

Continental Counsellors
Individual Counsellors are assigned to Continental Boards, where they interact directly with several National Spiritual Assemblies. They often act in an informational capacity, communicating the direction and discussions at the World Centre to national communities. They will often focus their work on one or a set of countries within their jurisdiction.

Auxiliary Boards
Auxiliary Boards are appointed by the Continental Counsellors to assist them on a smaller geographic scale. They work with any Local Spiritual Assemblies, Regional Councils, and individuals within their jurisdiction. There are typically two Boards in a single geographical region, one responsible for protection, and one for propagation of the community, though these functions often overlap. Both Boards report to the Continental Board that appointed them, regardless of their focus.

Assistants
Auxiliary Board members appoint "assistants" that operate on their behalf at the grassroots level. These assistants often meet with Local Spiritual Assemblies, speak at events, and are sought for advice by individual community members. They will sometimes have a very localized mandate, such as to focus on youth in a particular city, or they can be appointed broadly. Their role is as flexible as their Auxiliary Board member feels is appropriate.

During Baháʼu'lláh's lifetime
The earliest depiction of the administration currently at work within the worldwide Baháʼí community can be found in the writings of Baháʼu'lláh. Founded upon the belief that God guides humanity through messengers, many of whom have prophesied a "Kingdom of Heaven on earth", and the belief that Baháʼu'lláh's revelation is the fulfillment of such prophesies, Baháʼís see in his writings a system both of God and of the people.

Though Baháʼu'lláh intimated, earlier, many of the policies that would form the basis of the Baháʼí administrative system, his Kitáb-i-Aqdas provides the most solid initial glimpse of this system:

 * "The Lord hath ordained that in every city a House of Justice be established wherein shall gather counsellors to the number of Bahá, and should it exceed this number it doth not matter. They should consider themselves as entering the Court of the presence of God, the Exalted, the Most High, and as beholding Him Who is the Unseen. It behoveth them to be the trusted ones of the Merciful among men and to regard themselves as the guardians appointed of God for all that dwell on earth. It is incumbent upon them to take counsel together and to have regard for the interests of the servants of God, for His sake, even as they regard their own interests, and to choose that which is meet and seemly."

This House of Justice is described as being in concert with Baha'u'llah and the Aghsán, his descendants, but with the responsibility for creating and abrogating laws not explicitly revealed in the sacred scripture.

Over time, these concepts were clarified initially in Baháʼu'lláh's writings, and then in those of his eldest son and successor, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's ministry
It was ʻAbdu'l-Bahá who clarified the differing roles of Supreme/Universal (global) vs. the local Houses of Justice. During ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's life, he oversaw and encouraged the establishment of many elected local councils, calling them "Spiritual Assemblies". He wrote many clarifying letters, giving instructions to various Spiritual Assemblies, inspiring the Baháʼí world. The Tablets of the Divine Plan stand out, however, and formed a great part of the early goal setting and planning processes of the nascent spiritual community. This plan opened up whole new geographic regions to the Baháʼís, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá encouraging Baháʼís to connect with the peoples of all races and cultures.

One of his greatest legacies to the development of the Baháʼí administrative system, however, was his will and testament, wherein he describes several new institutions. Clarifying Baháʼu'lláh's comments about his descendants and authority, he described the Institution of the Guardianship, which he saw as functioning in concert with the Universal House of Justice – one bearing responsibility for interpretation of scripture, the other as legislator of new law not covered by existing scripture. To these he commanded the obedience of the Baháʼís.

 * "The sacred and youthful branch, the Guardian of the Cause of God, as well as the Universal House of Justice to be universally elected and established, are both under the care and protection of the Abhá Beauty, under the shelter and unerring guidance of the Exalted One (may my life be offered up for them both). Whatsoever they decide is of God. Whoso obeyeth him not, neither obeyeth them, hath not obeyed God; whoso rebelleth against him and against them hath rebelled against God; whoso opposeth him hath opposed God; whoso contendeth with them hath contended with God; whoso disputeth with him hath disputed with God"

In this document, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá also:
 * appointed his grandson Shoghi Effendi as the Guardian of the Cause of God
 * established criteria for the appointment of future Guardians.
 * defined a new scope of elected institution he called the "Secondary House of Justice", the first of which were elected under the administration of Shoghi Effendi.
 * enjoined the believers to shun Covenant-breakers – Baháʼís who opposed the head of the faith and attempted to create a split or faction.
 * defined some of the conditions for the future development of the Baháʼí administration.
 * clarified the institution of the Hands of the Cause, and clarified the requirements for their appointment.

Shoghi Effendi's administration
Under Shoghi Effendi, the Baháʼí Faith underwent its most dramatic shift in shape and process. While evolving from the skeletal structure established by Baháʼu'lláh and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi instituted large-scale campaigns of administrative consolidation, established practices and procedures for Baháʼí administrative bodies, appointed more Hands of the Cause, secured the legal position of the Baháʼí Community both in Haifa, but also, working with newly formed National Spiritual Assemblies, with many national governments. Over this period, Baháʼí institutions and inter-institutional collaboration became clearer, many finer points of Baháʼí law were explained, and the faith was spread to most of the globe. Baháʼí marriages became recognized in their own right in several regions and the Baháʼí Faith was recognized as an independent religion by many nations and religious courts, including Islamic religious courts in Egypt. Shoghi Effendi described the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and the start of his own administration as the end of the "Heroic age" and the start of the "Formative" age of the Baháʼí Faith.

Modern evolution
One hundred years after Baháʼu'lláh's death, the Baháʼís celebrated a "holy year", during which the fully authorized translation of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book) was published, coinciding with an increased implementation of Baháʼí law among non-Iranian Baháʼís and the maturation of the Spiritual Assemblies.

In 1997, the Universal House of Justice established regional Baha'i councils in very large countries (e.g. United States, Canada, India) to provide an intermediary form of administration between the local and national Spiritual Assemblies.

Response
Journalist and author Amanda Ripley in her 2021 book High Conflict: why we get trapped and how we get out, describes the Bahá'í administration electoral and system of governance saying "…everything about these elections is designed to reduce the odds of high conflict." indeed that "The Bahá'ís try to select people who do not crave attention and power." and "In every meeting, they follow a protocol called 'consultation,' and it’s designed to allow people to speak their mind without getting too attached to their own brilliance." In Ripley's summation "If social scientists designed a religion, it would look like this.… In this way, Baha’i elections are … designed to exploit the human capacity for cooperation, rather than competition."

title: Baháʼí administration


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User talk:Dasch

Social network
Good job on the diagram - it looks much better. Perhaps you could reproduce a bit more of the complexity of the first, however, since it would be useful to show how one individual can act as a bridge or broker between two groups. --Goodoldpolonius2 15:35, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, I'll do it right away. Daniel Schierbeck 14:09, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Dasch


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Ulrich Bez

Ulrich Helmut Bez (born 7 November 1943 in Bad Cannstatt, Germany) is a German businessman and was, until the end of 2013, chief executive officer of Aston Martin motorcars when he stepped down to serve as non-executive chairman.

Life
Bez holds a doctorate in engineering from the Technical University of Berlin. At various times throughout his career he has been responsible for product design and development at Porsche, BMW and Daewoo Motors.

While at Porsche, he led vehicle research and development and motor sport programmes in Formula One and World Endurance Championship in Indianapolis and Le Mans. He directed design and development of the 911 Turbo, the Carrera RS 2.7, the 968 and the 993.

Bez was the first director of BMW Technik GmbH (BMW Technology), developing a BMW V8 concept engine which helped to replace the big inline six-cylinder with an eight-cylinder engine, a DCT, voice activated car systems as well as the world's first acoustic wind tunnel and the responsibility for the design of the BMW Z1, a leading concept in its time for modularity, material, aerodynamics and safety.

At Daewoo Motors, Bez was vice president of engineering from 1993–1998, helping Daewoo Motors to become a globally recognized brand, involved with the development and launch of a series of models such as the Daewoo Matiz - the first four-door mini car, Daewoo Lanos, Daewoo Leganza and the Daewoo Nubira.

Before he became the chief executive officer and chairman of Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. in July 2000, he was a business advisor to the Ford Motor Company. Under his leadership Aston Martin has developed into a global recognized luxury brand, selling more than 50,000 cars in 13 years, more than three times the number sold from 1913 to 2000. Under his leadership the company developed and launched - based on the VH architecture which he initiated - 20 major car models, including the DB9, the V8 and V12 Vantage, the Vanquish and the four-door Rapide, as well as the supercar One-77, the V12 Zagato and the Cygnet, a concept addressing the needs of a crowded metropolis. Under his leadership the company also returned to motorsport with the GT1, GT2, GT3, GT4, and GTE cars.

Bez is also a keen racing driver and in the 24 Hours Nürburgring endurance race achieved 24th place in 2006, 126th place in 2007, 27th place in 2008 (all in an Aston Martin Vantage N24), and 21st place in the 2009 race (the race debut of the Aston Martin V12 Vantage). He has also run the 1959 24 Hours of Le Mans winning Aston Martin DBR1 in the Le Mans Legend race together with racing legend Sir Stirling Moss.

In 2013 Bez published a book, Making Aston Martin, which describes his background as well as his work at Aston Martin.

Bez lectured in 2013 and 2014 in Harvard, Columbia, Chicago Booth, UVA Darden, LBS, Kings College, INSEAD, Erasmus, and EBS.

In 2014 Bez joined ALSET, a technology company targeting zero emission in combustion engines with a hydrogen hybrid concept, as a non-executive vice chairman. He also served as an advisory board member for the Althoff Hotel Collection from 2012 to 2015.

In 2017 Bez joined the board of Magnis Energy Technologies as a non-executive director. A battery and technology company with a graphite mine that has strong prospects to become a major producer and supply many industries with very high quality graphite material for batteries and aerospace initiatives. Bez stated: "In my career, I have overseen many projects shaping the future in various areas of the automotive industry, sometimes 10 to 20 years ahead of implementation."

"The Nachu Graphite Project has attributes that can and will make a huge contribution to the automotive industry due to the quality of its graphite resource. The team at Magnis and their expertise in the lithium-ion battery industry, which includes the inventor of the Lithium-ion battery, is testament to the quality of the Project and the Company as a whole. I'm excited to join the Board and help take Magnis to the next stage of its development."

Awards

 * 1980 Safety award from NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety USA at ESV Conference in Kyoto
 * 2007 German-British Forum Dialogue Award
 * 2012 Honorary doctor degree HonDTech from Solent University in Southampton UK
 * 2013 ADAC award for special contribution to the Nuerburgring and the 24 hours race

Literature

 * Ulrich Bez: Making Aston Martin. teNeues Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3832795429

title: Ulrich Bez


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Talk:Michelle Kwan

Chinese Characters
Why is her name translated into Chinese characters? She is a natural born US citizen.-- JOJ Hutton  02:13, 27 November 2011 (UTC)
 * It's been well discussed. She's ethnic Chinese with Chinese-speaking parents. She's given a Chinese name at birth--in fact that's the origin of her legal middle name. Chinese is not an alphabetical language. Her Chinese name is not derivable from English, hence the relevance. HkCaGu (talk) 06:34, 27 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Well discussed? Do you mean that 5 year old discussion up top? Hardly reason not to research this topic again. Just about all Americans derive from some other place in the world. I understand that her last name is Chinese, but everybody has a last name that comes from some other country. My point being is that if she is an American, she should be American, not treated as if she is just part American because of her name.-- JOJ Hutton  13:19, 27 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Unwillingly repeating stuff from the old discussion: How does a Chinese name inclusion make her less American? How does the Chinese language (the third most used language in the United States and Canada) conflict with being "American"? And most importantly, one must understand that usages of most other immigrant languages (Hebrew, European languages, SE Asian lanugages and more) do not require the need and distinctness of a separate name like the Chinese language. And by the way, if she only has a Chinese last name but not given a Chinese first name, nobody would think of including Chinese characters and romanizations AT ALL. For each Chinese surname spelling, there are mostly one, sometimes two, rarely three or more, actual corresponding Chinese surnames. (End result: disambiguation belongs to the Chinese Wikipedias.) However, first name/given name possibilities are endless, therefore the relevance. HkCaGu (talk) 19:43, 27 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Respectfully, all Americans have foreign names, and many have names that derive from alternate alphabets. Although this is much bigger than just this page as it appears that a vast number of biographies do the same thing, even among non Asian alphabets. Seems very very odd to do this. Seems to be giving undo prominence to the foreign spelling in the lead.-- JOJ Hutton  21:23, 27 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Respectfully, you are wrong that "all Americans have foreign names". Most Americans DON'T. A foreign derived name is not a foreign name. An American's name ADAPTED into a foreign language by those speakers is not intrinsically that American's name. Michelle's father and grandfather are legally 關 (Kwan) and named Michelle "穎珊" (pronounced Wing Shan and subsequently registered as middle name Wingshan), and years later the family informed the Chinese-language media here (U.S.) and abroad of those three characters being Michelle's name. Unless one understands how Chinese is not based on alphabet but ideographs and homonyms are plenty, and how Chinese and non-Chinese names are used and/or derived in Chinese-language publications, one cannot understand a Chinese name's relevance in English Wikipedia. (As one of many examples, a newspaper in Mexico will gladly accept a Mexican-American named Michael without a need to convert to Miguel. However, Chinese-language press anywhere will not convert Michelle to any combination of characters sounding like Mi-xue-er once she and/or her family confirms she's 穎珊.) HkCaGu (talk) 23:35, 27 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Not sure how you are defining "foreign", but last time I checked, its anything not derived or native to the United States (at least for this argument it is). Even the popular surname Smith is not native to the United States. I was ready to accept that this is the way most of these articles are written, but then I just get crapped on. Nice! Of course if this type of discussion ever came up again in a more formal setting, say at WP:MOS, I would be emphatically against keeping these non English spellings, for American born biographies.-- JOJ Hutton  02:12, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Case in point: 关颖珊 (Guan Yingshan); while Tara Lipinski's article is 塔拉·利平斯基 (transliterated, "Tala Lipingsiji"). I agree with HkCaGu, Chinese characters should be retained here. TJRC (talk) 20:08, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm no longer convinced of my comment above, and am now striking it. TJRC (talk) 22:50, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

OK, kids, if her parents gave her a Chinese middle name it is part of name -- regardless of her citizenship. If you do a minimal amount of research you will find that many people of Chinese ancestry born in the United States have Chinese middle names. You will also find that many people of Japanese ancestry born in the United States have Japanese middle names. You will probably also find many European-Americans who have middle names that reflect their ancestry and/or ethnicity. In cases where a person's is not originally spelled in Roman lettering -- be the original script Chinese characters, Japanese characters, Greek, Cyrilic, Arabic, Hindi, Thai, Mongolian or whatever -- it is useful to spell it in the original script/characters as well as in English. {71.22.47.232 (talk) 07:57, 6 January 2012 (UTC)}
 * The original name/script/characters would be on her birth certificate or birth records. It is not "adapted". She may bot be commonly known as her legal name in foreign language sources, but that is irrelevant because we use her common names in English in the English Wikipedia as well as list her birth and legal names. 174.252.5.15 (talk) 07:45, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * You simply do not have a case to EXCLUDE that information, which is encyclopedic because of the subject's descent. We are not arguing the naming of this article, or what to call her. The Chinese name of a typical Chinese American is intrinsically part of that person, whether given at birth or self-adopted at a later stage of life. Widespread use of it makes it encyclopedic, and non-usage in the English world does not make it otherwise. HkCaGu (talk) 08:04, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Do not use stereotypes or original research to justify the creation of a manual of style. Being a Chinese American does not make a Chinese name important and your use of the word "typical" indicates you are stereotyping. This must be taken on a case by case basis, and this article on Kwan does not warrant the inclusion of Chinese names.174.252.5.15 (talk) 13:19, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

I'm going to point out that WP:BLP comes into this. The use of the Chinese characters certainly has been contested, which means it needs to be sourced. In order to include the data, someone needs to provide a source showing that it is a name she has used in some way.—Kww(talk) 11:14, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * We're not talking about an obscured middle name. This is a name that is so widely used that a simple internet search will produce millions of results. HkCaGu (talk) 19:48, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Which would be enough to say something like "Kwan is frequently referred to in Chinese media as 關穎珊." It's even enough to create a redirect at 關穎珊 that points to Michelle Kwan, because the standard for that is simply that Michelle Kwan be the likeliest target of an editor searching for 關穎珊. If you want to make the statement that it is her name, and include it in the infobox as such, you need to have a source that directly indicates that Michelle Kwan uses those characters as her name.—Kww(talk) 20:52, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Incorrect. That is her name, period. Chinese media could not have "figured out" her Chinese given name without asking her parents or herself. I can't see any reasonable grounds for a BLP challenge. So far all the cases have been from people who do not understand the Chinese language or its usage in America (or any Western country). To add a reference for such a widely-known figure is beyond WP:POINT, but for the sake of BLP "burden", I'll reference two versions of the same press release by the Committee of 100 (United States), a "by invitation only" group of prominent Chinese Americans. If you can't trust the million media outlets or what the Kwan family told the press decades ago, there should be no reason to argue against an elite organization, at least in the BLP sense. HkCaGu (talk) 22:55, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry ... that source simply shows that Chinese media and press releases use that as her name. Do you have any sources that verify your assertion that that is "what the Kwan family told the press decades ago"? Remember: WP:BLP prevents the inclusion of controversial material, and the very fact that the insertion has been challenged by multiple editors makes it controversial. If you have an issue with this, take it up at WP:BLP/N.—Kww(talk) 23:50, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * You know well that family telling a name is not news that would be documented, just like a cop spelling his name at a press conference, but the secondary evidence is unquestionable. An announcement from an elite, bilingual organization of her joining as member is also unquestionable--they have 100-odd members and they're not super-careful on names? Your demand is simply feeding the troll. HkCaGu (talk) 00:05, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Please read up on WP:3RR, WP:BLP (and WP:OR, which is what comparing an English and Chinese version of the same press release is). If you make that edit again, you will undoubtedly be blocked from editing.—Kww(talk) 00:24, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, HkCaGu is doing original research. 174.252.31.243 (talk) 01:26, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Calling that "OR" is a pure and simple disruption of Wikipedia. I'm simply providing a non-media, reliable (and highly respected) source as you requested. Should I instead post a link to a Google search of 關穎珊 which shows images of her and millions of links about her and links with the name in both languages? Wikipedia is a place where everyone contributes his knowledge, not a place where everyone challenges about things he does not know. BLP challenges have no legs to stand on, and the only argument is whether the information is encyclopedic. HkCaGu (talk) 02:00, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * No, I asked you to provide a source that indicates that Michelle Kwan herself uses those characters as her name. To my understanding (and feel free to point at a source correcting me), the type of source you provided would have used a phonetic transliteration of any Western name: if Robert Redford had been mentioned, his name would have been written 勞勃瑞福. That would in no way indicate that Redford used that transliteration or that the transliteration was in any way relevant to him. I'm certain that the distinction can be made: I'm not debating that. I'm saying that using your expertise and knowledge is WP:OR. Again, we have a whole noticeboard devoted to this: WP:BLP/N. If you want to include it, go there and make your argument. I'll abide by the consensus.—Kww(talk) 02:58, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Nomination as ambassador to Belize
Several editors are modifying this article to claim Kwan as a diplomat based on Biden's announcement of his intent to nominate her as ambassador to Belize. There are a few things to keep in mind here, though.

She's not ambassador until Senate confirmation and swearing. I expect that some of the editors here are coming from the figure-skating side of her career and may not be up on the requirements to become an ambassador, but the person must first be nominated; then the nomination must be confirmed in the US Senate; and then, finally, she must take the oath of office. Until all three of those are done, she does not have the position.

First, she has not yet been nominated. The announcement is of Biden's intent to nominate her. He still needs to make the nomination formal, i.e., put it in writing and formally transmit that to the Senate. There have been cases in the past where the intent to make a particular nomination has been announced, but the nomination actually never happens. And in any case it can be weeks or months between the announcement of the intent to nominate and the formal nomination itself.

This is accurately reflected in the article as I type this:

 * On December 15, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that he intended to nominate Kwan to be United States Ambassador to Belize.

More to the point, as of now, the following statement, and others like it, that have been added to the article is false:

 * In December 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Kwan to serve as the United States Ambassador to Belize.

Biden has not yet nominated her; he has announced his intent to nominate her.

Second, unless and until the Senate confirms her, she cannot take the position. This normally takes a month or two.

Finally, once the Senate confirms her, she must be sworn into the office. This is usually (but not always) a short time after confirmation; often on the same day. Still, it's not official until sworn. Unlikely as it would be, it's possible for a nominee to be confirmed, and then despite that not take the job (though I don't know of any such cases offhand, at least other than in the early days of the republic).

For comparison, consider the nomination of Michelle K. Lee to be head of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Obama announced his intent to nominate her on October 17, 2014. He did not actually nominate her until November 11, more than three weeks later. Her confirmation did not come about until March 9, three months after that. In fact, because of a change in Congress (which is not going to happen at the end of an odd-numbered year like 2021), Obama had to re-nominate her, but even accounting for that, there was a six-week gap between that renomination and her confirmation. Finally, Lee did not take the office for another week: she was sworn in on February 12.

So please, let's not jump the gun here. Do not edit the article to say Kwan has been nominated until she has been nominated. Do not edit the article to say she has taken office until she has taken office. It's certainly worthwhile to mention some of the intermediate steps: her appearance at her confirmation hearing; a vote and recommendation for confirmation by the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations; and of course, any confirmation by the Senate herself. But let's not put her down for being nominated until she's nominated; or for having the job before she has the job. TJRC (talk) 20:52, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree that it is too early to describe Kwan as a "diplomat" in the lede, but describing her nomination as "potential" after it was announced on Whitehouse.gov seems odd to me. KidAd  •  SPEAK  19:17, 20 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Except the point above is that her nomination has not been announced; only the intent to nominate, so it is still only potential (or maybe "likely"?) at this point. "Today, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate the following individuals..." TJRC (talk) 19:20, 20 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Update: Kwan was officially nominated on January 7; I've updated the article accordingly.
 * The cautions about updating the article to say she actually is ambassador continue to apply: the steps still remaining are: the Committee on Foreign Relations needs to hold its hearings; the Committee needs to vote to advance it to consideration of the full Senate; the Senate needs to vote to confirm; and then finally, Kwan has to be sworn in. All of these need to happen before we can say she is the Ambassador. As she advances through each of these steps, the advancement can be noted, but let's continue to refrain from saying she is ambassador until she actually is. TJRC (talk) 20:24, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Two more down, two to go.
 * "actually nominated": as noted above, done (Jan. 7)
 * "the Committee on Foreign Relations needs to hold its hearings": Done (May 18)
 * "the Committee needs to vote to advance it to consideration of the full Senate": Done (June 9)
 * "the Senate needs to vote to confirm": still pending; it's on the Senate Executive Calendar, item no. 981 Done (September 29).
 * "Kwan has to be sworn in": presumably shortly after confirmation.
 * TJRC (talk) 21:10, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

 * has added her Senate confirmation with source. (Thanks!). Now all that's needed is her being sworn, and we can document her as having the position.
 * (By the way, style points for CNN for its phrasing that "Kwan... skated through the chamber’s confirmation process with a voice vote," and kudos to OrangeLTE for their restraint declining to replicate the pun.) TJRC (talk) 22:10, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

Update (Dec. 2, 2022). Surprisingly, it's been a little more than two months, and there's still no indication that Kwan has taken the position. I'm not sure why this would be (except maybe the logistics of pulling up stakes and physically moving to Belize, maybe).

 * There have been no news stories (that I can find) showing Kwan having taken office.
 * There is no announcement on the State department saying she's taken office.
 * There is a transcript of a relatively informal talk given by State Deputy Secretary Wendy R. Sherman at a "Reception for the Diplomatic Corps in Honor of the World Cup" on Nov. 21, where she referred to "...Olympic champions like Michelle Kwan, who once served as a public diplomacy representative at the State Department and now serves as our ambassador to Belize." But that's a little too tangent to serve as a WP:RS for Kwan having actually taken office.
 * On the State Department's Belize mission website, the "Key Officers" page continues to list the ambassador position as "vacant" and Chargé d’Affaires, Leyla Moses-Ones as the person in charge in the absence of an ambassador.
 * The Belize mission's "Ambassador" page, which until recently previously listed Moses-Ones in lieu of an ambassador now generates a 404-Not Found error.
 * The Belize mission's "our relationship" page also continues to list Moses-Ones as the person in charge, with no mention of Kwan.

I think what we need to reliably report that Kwan has taken office we need either a news report showing she's taken office; some release or similar from the State Department saying she's taken the office; or an update to something on https://bz.usembassy.gov showing Kwan as ambassador (even if no actual announcement is made). TJRC (talk) 00:02, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

 * One day later, it's now official: Kwan is now listed on the State department's "our ambassador" Belize page as ambassador.
 * A couple other things I was able to find:
 * She received her official appointment following her September 9 confirmation on October 7;
 * She was sworn in (i.e., officially took office) on October 10.
 * I'll make these updates in the next few days if no one beats me to it. TJRC (talk) 21:17, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

Ambassadorship on infobox
Why isn't information about her being ambassador on her infobox? Normally if she were a nominee, that'd still be listed on the infobox. Now that she's been confirmed, I think it's a little overdue to add her ambassadorship to her infobox. 38.106.246.199 (talk) 19:24, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Because she's not ambassador, at least not yet. See, above. TLDR: she's been nominated and confirmed; once she's sworn, she's ambassador, and that has not yet happened; as of the time I write this, the U.S. State Department's Belize page still shows the ambassadorship as "vacant" and Leyla Moses-Ones as running the show as Chargé d'affaires; that will change if/when Kwan takes the oath of office and actually becomes ambassador. (I say "if/when" only out of an abundance of caution; I see no reason to think she won't be sworn.) TJRC (talk) 00:25, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michelle Kwan


text:
Gene Frankel

Eugene V. Frankel (December 23, 1919 – April 20, 2005) was an American actor, theater director, and acting teacher especially notable in the founding of the off-Broadway scene. Frankel served in the Army during World War II in entertainment and as a member of an aerial crew.

Life and career
Frankel's direction of the off-Broadway production of Jean Genet's The Blacks was regarded as a crucial production in promoting African-American theater during the civil-rights movement which opened in 1961 and ran at St. Mark's Theatre for more than 1,400 performances, the longest-running Off-Broadway non-musical of the decade. The cast included James Earl Jones, Roscoe Lee Browne, Louis Gossett Jr., Cicely Tyson, Godfrey Cambridge, Maya Angelou and Charles Gordone; sets were by Kim E. Swados, music by Charles Gross, and costumes and masks by Patricia Zipprodt.

He began his own career as an actor and was one of the earliest members of the Actors Studio. He moved behind the scenes and became a theater director on and off Broadway. His most notable Broadway production was Arthur Kopit's Indians starring Stacy Keach, who was nominated for the 1970 Tony Award as Best Actor for his portrayal of Buffalo Bill. The production was also nominated for a Tony Award for best play of 1970.

His other Broadway productions included A Cry of Players (1968), Kurt Weill's Lost in the Stars (1972) and Harry Chapin's The Night That Made America Famous (1975). His off-Broadway productions included Brecht on Brecht, (starring Viveca Lindfors, Lotte Lenya, Eli Wallach and Anne Jackson), I Am a Woman (again with Lindfors), and To Be Young, Gifted and Black starring Cicely Tyson. He directed an Arthur Miller play when Miller was married to Marilyn Monroe.

Gene Frankel Theatre
As well as directing over 200 shows and managing at least twelve theaters throughout his career, Frankel taught acting, writing and directing. His last stage was the Gene Frankel Theatre and Film Workshop at 24 Bond Street in Greenwich Village. Frankel said that the heart of successful acting was, "Truth. I don't let my actors tell lies. The camera doesn't lie, the stage doesn't let you lie." He was a visiting professor in theater at various institutions of higher learning including Columbia University, Boston College, and New York University.

On August 4, 1973, his Mercer Arts Center, a complex of seven small theaters, which had been located on the first two floors of the residential Broadway Central Hotel, physically collapsed. Frankel, who had been conducting a rehearsal at the time, noticed the ceiling and walls beginning to buckle and heroically led the actors and several residents to safety; five people died in the collapse.

Only his last theater was a financial success, serving as home to artistic director Christopher Groenwald's New Mercury Players and as a satellite location for artistic director Marilyn Majeski's Grove Street Playhouse.

In 2003 Frankel made Gail Thacker Managing Director of the Gene Frankel Theatre and Film Workshop at the Bond Street location. Upon Frankel's death his legacy passed into Thacker's trust.

Family
Frankel had two children, Laura Frankel and Ethan Frankel. His son, an aspiring actor, who studied at his father's school had struggled with psychiatric illness which led him to leap off the top of a Manhattan 17-floor-building in 1995 during a psychosis from which he survived. After a lengthy coma and therapy to learn to walk again Ethan was placed in a group home in the Bronx where he was murdered by a fellow resident the following year. Frankel created a scholarship at his theater in his son's name.

Broadway

 * The Night That Made America Famous, February 26, 1975 – April 6, 1975
 * The Lincoln Mask, October 30, 1972 – November 4, 1972
 * Lost in the Stars, April 18, 1972 – May 21, 1972
 * The Engagement Baby, May 21–23, 1970
 * Indians, October 13, 1969 – January 3, 1970
 * A Cry of Players, November 14, 1968 – February 15, 1969
 * Once There Was a Russian, February 18, 1961

Off-Broadway

 * A Gun Play, Cherry Lane Theatre
 * To Be Young, Gifted and Black, Cherry Lane Theatre
 * The Niggerlovers, Orpheum Theatre
 * The Firebugs, Maidman Playhouse
 * Brecht on Brecht, Sheridan Square Playhouse
 * Brecht on Brecht : His Life in Art, Lucille Lortel Theatre
 * Brecht on Brecht, Lucille Lortel Theatre
 * The Blacks: A Clown Show, St. Mark's Playhouse
 * Volpone, Rooftop Theatre

Awards and honors
Frankel was awarded the first Obie Award for directing, with his production of Volpone (1958) and then won two more also for directing. He also received the first Lola d'Annunzi and Vernon Rice awards for outstanding achievement in theater.

Obie Awards

 * 1956–57 Best Director for Ben Jonson's Volpone
 * 1959–60 Best Director for Sophie Treadwell's Machinal
 * 1960–61 Best Play for Jean Genet's The Blacks

Other

 * Drama Desk Vernon Rice Award for Outstanding Achievement in Theatre
 * Lola D'Annunzio Award for Lifetime Achievement In Theatre

Obituaries

 * The New York Times April 22, 2005
 * Variety April 26, 2005
 * Villager April 27 - May 3, 2005, Vol. 74, No. 51

title: Gene Frankel


text: Category:490 BC deaths

title: Category:490 BC deaths


text:
Category:Local government in Nottinghamshire

Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands region of England is divided into seven local government districts. The administratively independent unitary authority of Nottingham is also in the ceremonial county.


text:
Caveat

Caveat may refer to

Latin phrases:
 * Caveat lector ("let the reader beware")
 * Caveat emptor ("let the buyer beware")
 * Caveat venditor ("let the seller beware")

Other:
 * CAVEAT, a Canadian lobby group
 * Caveat, an album by Nuclear Death
 * Caveat (film), a 2020 horror film
 * Caveat, a rural locality west of Mansfield, Australia
 * Caveat (horse) (fl. 1983)
 * Classified information in the United States
 * A moratorium on probate, especially in Common Law jurisdictions
 * Caveat (property law)

title: Caveat


text:
Talk:Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania

Gangs
I think the sentence about the gangs and the one about the "civil war" are not correct. I park in Wilkinsburg every day, go to the Farmers Market there, and my husband and I both drive through it regularly with no issues. Also, there are no citations for anything on this page. JLFritz 23:06, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

I'm editing the paragraph re: LAW. In my opinion the entire thing could be deleted, but I'll leave that decision to someone else. However, the last three sentences are not necessary and certainly not encyclopedic, so I'm going to 86 them. Yem75 19:44, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

I've also added the best reference to the RICO indictments I could find. Admittedly it could be better, but it's a start.Yem75 19:52, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

I have no objections to any of these specific removals, but in general I like the idea of Wikipedia including information on a city's gangs. It seems like useful information that editors of traditional encyclopedias have no access to. Brock 17:07, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Origin
KDKA was not created in Wilkinsburg, it was created in Pittsburgh —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jbrown14 (talk • contribs) 00:18, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Image of mayor
User:Dcattell has added this image of Marita Garrett, the mayor of Wilkinsburg, to the article stating "mayors of municipalities are inherently notable". The mayor of a borough of 15,292 is not presumed notable, per WP:POLITICIAN and WP:POLOUTCOMES, and adding photos of non-notable politicians seems decorative, per MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE. The input of others would be appreciated. Magnolia677 (talk) 10:14, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Just for the record, WP:POLITICIAN and WP:POLOUTCOMES are completely irrelevant here: both only refer to article-level notability. Neither refer to pictures within articles. MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE has some relevance, but open to interpretation. Certainly, the suggestion that there is some quantitative size limit for a political entity or its associated politicians to be notable is completely unsupported by all three guidelines cited. I did look at other articles of various municipalities, however, and the inclusion of images of current office holders is not very common, and I can see how article maintenance is an issue here. Dcattell (talk) 20:33, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania


text:
The Extra Lens

The Extra Lens, formerly known as The Extra Glenns, is a band made up of Franklin Bruno (of Nothing Painted Blue and The Human Hearts) and John Darnielle (of the Mountain Goats). The band acts as a side project for both artists, and stayed underground throughout the 1990s, recording tracks for singles and some compilations. Both artists primarily concentrate on their own solo work, though as their popularity has grown, they have continued to work together.

In the early 2000s, the duo decided to keep the project going, and in 2002 Absolutely Kosher Records released Martial Arts Weekend, their first full-length album.

In August 2010, it was announced that The Extra Glenns had signed to Merge Records and changed their name to The Extra Lens. The new album, Undercard, was released on October 19, 2010. SPIN Magazine gave the record 7 out of 10 stars, calling it "vivid" and "haunting."

Compilation appearances

 * "Badger Song" and "That" - High Fly Graveyard cassette (Shrimper, 1992)
 * "Badger Song" - Abridged Perversion CD (Shrimper, 1994)
 * "I Hear the Planets" - Fantasy Band 7-inch EP (Shrimper, 1994)
 * "Process of Elimination" - The Long Secret CD (Harriet, 1995)
 * "Sure" - Sidereal Rest CD (Scratch, 1996)
 * "Gravedigger" - Extra Walt 2×7″ (Walt, 1996)

title: The Extra Lens


text:
Augustyn Józef Czartoryski

Prince Augustyn Józef Czartoryski (10 October 1907 - 1 July 1946) was a Polish noble (szlachcic). He was the son of Prince Adam Ludwik Czartoryski (and grandson of Princess Marguerite Adélaïde of Orléans) and Countess Maria Ludwika Krasińska.

After the death of his father, Prince Augustyn took over the running of the Family Museum and became ordynat of the Sieniawa Ordynacja properties. On 12 August 1937, he married Princess Maria de los Dolores of Borbon y Orleans, daughter of Prince Carlos of Bourbon, Infante of Spain and Princess Louise of Orléans.

Due to the prospect of war, the most precious objects were transported to Sieniawa Palace and walled up. The rest of the items were carried down to the Museum cellars, but in September as the bombs fell on Kraków Prince Augustyn and Princess Dolores, who was pregnant, decided to leave Sieniawa for a better refuge. On 18 September German troops found the cases and looted them.

After the Germans moved on, Prince Augustyn removed all the treasures to his cousin's estate in Pełkinie saving them from the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, but the Gestapo traced all objects and removed all important cases from their hiding places. Soon after, Prince Augustyn and Princess Dolores were picked up by the Gestapo and put under arrest. After heavy negotiation, and thanks to their royal Italian and Spanish connections, they were deported and managed to reach Spain before the end of 1939. During his exile in Spain Prince Augustyn was very active in the Polish resistance, but his poor health and his desperation had its toll on his life. He died at the age of 39, leaving his young son Adam Karol to be brought up in Spain.

In 1946, Prince Augustyn died and was buried in the crypt of the Silesian Church in Seville, Spain, along his son Ludwik Piotr who died at the age of one.

title: Augustyn Józef Czartoryski


text: Category:476 BC deaths

title: Category:476 BC deaths


text:
User talk:GameFAQs

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 16:11, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:Fisto.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:Fisto.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:09, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:GameFAQs


text:
User talk:Neuronaut

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 16:12, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neuronaut


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Discordian Pope

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Discordian Pope
I suggest the merger of this article with Discordianism, as it is quite illogical on its own. Not what most would call encyclopedic, and there is already a section regarding this on the main article anyway. --Sn0wflake 16:13, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep separate. The Discordianism artilce is long, and article splitting is wikipedia's policy. There is nothing illogical to have separate articles for separate subjects. And there is a huge number of fancruft in wikipedia that many people would deem eunencyclopedic, but fans have a different opinion. Mikkalai 17:53, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to a section in the Discordianism article, per WP:FICT. Not separately encyclopedic, even after a Catholic pope dies.  Parent article may be large but this topic can't be expanded to merit an article... unless you want to list all six billion Discordian popes.  Barno 19:26, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * WP:FICT is a semi-policy, to bundle two-liners into a list. If an article is over a 1000 characters, then let it be. Also, the current article is incomplete, despite your claim, and I am even not a discordianist :-). Right now I am adding an important bit, but there is more of it. Mikkalai 22:18, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep separate per Mikkalai Kappa 19:44, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Mikkalai. All hail discordia. 23skidoo 03:21, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article is long enough that a merge would make Discordianism even harder to read than it already is. DenisMoskowitz 13:22, 2005 Apr 24 (UTC)
 * Keep Shoulp we merge the topic "Pope" under Catholicism? The topics are related, but distinct.
 * Keep Discordian Pope is a distinct and self contained element of Discordianism that merits its own page. Besides, the Discordian page should be split into sperate articles as it is, why compound the problem by adding in more sections? brash
 * Keep. I've seen the Discordianism page. And you, sir, are no Discordianism page. -- 8^D gab 21:02, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)
 * Comment. Discussions on whether a merge is necessary properly belong on the article's talk page, not on VfD. Don't saddle admins with the responsibility of carrying out such merges; regular users can do this just fine, so they usually won't do it anyway. Putting the vote on VfD does not give it extra legitimacy, and what's worse, it emphasizes a vote over a discussion to consensus. In short: don't put things on VfD unless you want them deleted. JRM · Talk 08:57, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)
 * Wrong. Even shorter: we delete "articles", not "things". Mikkalai 18:38, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, to be replaced with a line "Every Discordian is a Discordian Pope" on Discordianism. All of these supposed elaborations on the power of a Discordian Pope are entirely in the mind of the author(s); the Principia just says that everyone is a Discordian Pope, and empowered to make up their own powers. None of this stuff reflects any sort of community consensus (this is Discordianism we're talking about) or any sort of canon (again, Discordianism). Any article that suggests some sort of structure or consensus in Discordianism should be taken with a massive grain of salt. A Man In Black 12:59, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * All these "elaborations" are documented. We have plenty of fictional things which are "in minds of their authors", but nevertheless are in separate articles. Mikkalai 18:38, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete/Merge - This simple idea has been articlized into a joke. Put it into the main article where it belongs. -  Tεx  τ  urε  18:21, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * What's wrong with a joke? Many elaborate enough jokes have own pages. With all due respect, your suggestion is an opposite to wikipedia's way: articles are being split as they grow. Mikkalai 18:38, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Moulsecoomb railway station

Moulsecoomb railway station serves Moulsecoomb and Hollingdean, both suburbs of Brighton in East Sussex, England. Train services from the station are provided by Southern, and the station is on the East Coastway Line 1 mi down the line from Brighton.

The station was opened in May 1980 — the first completely new station on the then Southern Region since the Beeching Axe. It is located adjacent to the Moulsecoomb campus of the University of Brighton.

The station has separate entrances to each platform; these are connected by a footbridge which also serves as a public right of way. The entrance to Platform 1 (the westbound platform) is via a set of steps from Queensdown School Road, a steeply sloping cul-de-sac off the main Lewes Road. Platform 2 is reached from a path leading from the end of Crespin Way, another cul-de-sac at the eastern edge of the Hollingdean estate.

Services
All services at Moulsecoomb are operated by Southern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 3 tph to Brighton
 * 2 tph to Seaford
 * 1 tph to Eastbourne

During the peak hours, a number of additional services between Brighton, Hastings and Ore also call at the station.

title: Moulsecoomb railway station


text: User talk:207.157.157.133

title: User talk:207.157.157.133


text:
Clausius–Clapeyron relation

The Clausius–Clapeyron relation, in chemical thermodynamics, specifies the temperature dependence of pressure, most importantly vapor pressure, at a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of matter of a single constituent. It is named after Rudolf Clausius and Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron. However, this relation was in fact originally derived by Sadi Carnot in his Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, which was published in 1824 but largely ignored until it was rediscovered by Clausius, Clapeyron, and Lord Kelvin decades later. Kelvin said of Carnot's argument that "nothing in the whole range of Natural Philosophy is more remarkable than the establishment of general laws by such a process of reasoning."

Kelvin and his brother James Thomson confirmed the relation experimentally in 1849–50, and it was historically important as a very early successful application of theoretical thermodynamics. Its relevance to meteorology and climatology is the increase of the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere by about 7% for every 1 °C (1.8 °F) rise in temperature.

Exact Clapeyron equation
On a pressure–temperature (P–T) diagram, for any phase change the line separating the two phases is known as the coexistence curve. The Clapeyron relation gives the slope of the tangents to this curve. Mathematically, $$\frac{\mathrm{d}P}{\mathrm{d}T} = \frac{L}{T\,\Delta v} = \frac{\Delta s}{\Delta v},$$ where $$\mathrm{d}P/\mathrm{d}T$$ is the slope of the tangent to the coexistence curve at any point, $$L$$ is the specific latent heat, $$T$$ is the temperature, $$\Delta v $$ is the specific volume change of the phase transition, and $$\Delta s $$ is the specific entropy change of the phase transition.

Clausius–Clapeyron equation
The Clausius–Clapeyron equation applies to vaporization of liquids where vapor follows ideal gas law using the specific gas constant $$R$$ and liquid volume is neglected as being much smaller than vapor volume V. It is often used to calculate vapor pressure of a liquid.

$$\frac{\mathrm{d} P}{\mathrm{d} T} = \frac {P L}{T^2 R},$$

$$V = \frac{RT}{P}.$$

The equation expresses this in a more convenient form just in terms of the latent heat, for moderate temperatures and pressures.

Derivation from state postulate
Using the state postulate, take the specific entropy $$s$$ for a homogeneous substance to be a function of specific volume $$v$$ and temperature $$T$$. $$\mathrm{d} s = \left(\frac{\partial s}{\partial v}\right)_T \, \mathrm{d} v + \left(\frac{\partial s}{\partial T}\right)_v \, \mathrm{d} T.$$

The Clausius–Clapeyron relation describes a Phase transition in a closed system composed of two contiguous phases, condensed matter and ideal gas, of a single substance, in mutual thermodynamic equilibrium, at constant temperature and pressure. Therefore, $$\mathrm{d} s = \left(\frac{\partial s}{\partial v}\right)_T \,\mathrm{d} v.$$

Using the appropriate Maxwell relation gives $$\mathrm{d} s = \left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial T}\right)_v \,\mathrm{d} v,$$ where $$P$$ is the pressure. Since pressure and temperature are constant, the derivative of pressure with respect to temperature does not change. Therefore, the partial derivative of specific entropy may be changed into a total derivative $$ \mathrm{d} s = \frac{\mathrm{d} P}{\mathrm{d} T} \, \mathrm{d} v,$$ and the total derivative of pressure with respect to temperature may be factored out when integrating from an initial phase $$\alpha$$ to a final phase $$\beta$$, to obtain $$\frac{\mathrm{d} P}{\mathrm{d} T} = \frac {\Delta s}{\Delta v},$$ where $$\Delta s \equiv s_\beta - s_\alpha$$ and $$\Delta v \equiv v_\beta - v_\alpha$$ are respectively the change in specific entropy and specific volume. Given that a phase change is an internally reversible process, and that our system is closed, the first law of thermodynamics holds: $$\mathrm{d} u = \delta q + \delta w = T\,\mathrm{d} s - P\,\mathrm{d} v,$$ where $$u$$ is the internal energy of the system. Given constant pressure and temperature (during a phase change) and the definition of specific enthalpy $$h$$, we obtain $$\mathrm{d} h = T \,\mathrm{d} s + v \,\mathrm{d} P,$$ $$\mathrm{d} h = T\,\mathrm{d}s,$$ $$\mathrm{d}s = \frac{\mathrm{d} h}{T}.$$

Given constant pressure and temperature (during a phase change), we obtain $$\Delta s = \frac {\Delta h}{T}.$$

Substituting the definition of specific latent heat $$L = \Delta h$$ gives $$\Delta s = \frac{L}{T}.$$

Substituting this result into the pressure derivative given above ($$\mathrm{d}P/\mathrm{d}T = \Delta s / \Delta v$$), we obtain $$\frac{\mathrm{d} P}{\mathrm{d} T} = \frac {L}{T \, \Delta v}.$$

This result (also known as the Clapeyron equation) equates the slope $$\mathrm{d}P/\mathrm{d}T$$ of the coexistence curve $$P(T)$$ to the function $$L/(T \, \Delta v)$$ of the specific latent heat $$L$$, the temperature $$T$$, and the change in specific volume $$\Delta v$$. Instead of the specific, corresponding molar values may also be used.

Derivation from Gibbs–Duhem relation
Suppose two phases, $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$, are in contact and at equilibrium with each other. Their chemical potentials are related by $$\mu_\alpha = \mu_\beta.$$

Furthermore, along the coexistence curve, $$\mathrm{d}\mu_\alpha = \mathrm{d}\mu_\beta.$$

One may therefore use the Gibbs–Duhem relation $$\mathrm{d}\mu = M(-s \, \mathrm{d}T + v \, \mathrm{d}P)$$ (where $$s$$ is the specific entropy, $$v$$ is the specific volume, and $$M$$ is the molar mass) to obtain $$-(s_\beta - s_\alpha) \, \mathrm{d}T + (v_\beta - v_\alpha) \, \mathrm{d}P = 0.$$

Rearrangement gives $$\frac{\mathrm{d}P}{\mathrm{d}T} = \frac{s_\beta - s_\alpha}{v_\beta - v_\alpha} = \frac{\Delta s}{\Delta v},$$

from which the derivation of the Clapeyron equation continues as in the previous section.

Ideal gas approximation at low temperatures
When the phase transition of a substance is between a gas phase and a condensed phase (liquid or solid), and occurs at temperatures much lower than the critical temperature of that substance, the specific volume of the gas phase $$v_\text{g}$$ greatly exceeds that of the condensed phase $$v_\text{c}$$. Therefore, one may approximate $$\Delta v = v_\text{g} \left(1 - \frac{v_\text{c}}{v_\text{g}}\right) \approx v_\text{g}$$ at low temperatures. If pressure is also low, the gas may be approximated by the ideal gas law, so that $$v_\text{g} = \frac{RT}{P},$$

where $$P$$ is the pressure, $$R$$ is the specific gas constant, and $$T$$ is the temperature. Substituting into the Clapeyron equation $$\frac{\mathrm{d} P}{\mathrm{d} T} = \frac{L}{T\,\Delta v},$$ we can obtain the Clausius–Clapeyron equation $$\frac{\mathrm{d} P}{\mathrm{d} T} = \frac {P L}{T^2 R}$$ for low temperatures and pressures, where $$L$$ is the specific latent heat of the substance. Instead of the specific, corresponding molar values (i.e. $$L$$ in kJ/mol and $R$ = 8.31 J/(mol⋅K)) may also be used.

Let $$(P_1, T_1)$$ and $$(P_2, T_2)$$ be any two points along the coexistence curve between two phases $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$. In general, $$L$$ varies between any two such points, as a function of temperature. But if $$L$$ is approximated as constant, $$\frac{\mathrm{d} P}{P} \cong \frac {L}{R} \frac {\mathrm{d}T}{T^2},$$ $$\int_{P_1}^{P_2} \frac{\mathrm{d}P}{P} \cong \frac{L}{R} \int_{T_1}^{T_2} \frac{\mathrm{d} T}{T^2},$$ $$\ln P\Big|_{P=P_1}^{P_2} \cong -\frac{L}{R} \cdot \left.\frac{1}{T}\right|_{T=T_1}^{T_2},$$ or $$\ln \frac{P_2}{P_1} \cong -\frac{L}{R} \left( \frac{1}{T_2} - \frac {1}{T_1} \right).$$

These last equations are useful because they relate equilibrium or saturation vapor pressure and temperature to the latent heat of the phase change without requiring specific-volume data. For instance, for water near its normal boiling point, with a molar enthalpy of vaporization of 40.7 kJ/mol and $R$ = 8.31 J/(mol⋅K), $$P_\text{vap}(T) \cong 1~\text{bar} \cdot \exp\left[-\frac{40\,700~\text{K}}{8.31} \left( \frac{1}{T} - \frac{1}{373~\text{K}} \right) \right].$$

Clapeyron's derivation
In the original work by Clapeyron, the following argument is advanced. Clapeyron considered a Carnot process of saturated water vapor with horizontal isobars. As the pressure is a function of temperature alone, the isobars are also isotherms. If the process involves an infinitesimal amount of water, $$\mathrm{d}x$$, and an infinitesimal difference in temperature $$\mathrm{d}T$$, the heat absorbed is $$Q = L\,\mathrm{d}x,$$ and the corresponding work is $$W = \frac{\mathrm{d}p}{\mathrm{d}T}\,\mathrm{d}T(V'' - V'),$$ where $$V'' - V'$$ is the difference between the volumes of $$\mathrm{d}x$$ in the liquid phase and vapor phases. The ratio $$W/Q$$ is the efficiency of the Carnot engine, $$\mathrm{d}T/T$$. Substituting and rearranging gives $$\frac{\mathrm{d}p}{\mathrm{d}T} = \frac{L}{T(v'' - v')},$$ where lowercase $$v - v'$$ denotes the change in specific volume'' during the transition.

Chemistry and chemical engineering
For transitions between a gas and a condensed phase with the approximations described above, the expression may be rewritten as $$\ln P = -\frac{L}{R} \frac{1}{T} + c,$$ where $$P$$ is the pressure, $$R$$ is the specific gas constant (i.e., the gas constant $R$ divided by the molar mass), $$T$$ is the absolute temperature, and $$c$$ is a constant. For a liquid–gas transition, $$L$$ is the specific latent heat (or specific enthalpy) of vaporization; for a solid–gas transition, $$L$$ is the specific latent heat of sublimation. If the latent heat is known, then knowledge of one point on the coexistence curve, for instance (1 bar, 373 K) for water, determines the rest of the curve. Conversely, the relationship between $$\ln P$$ and $$1/T$$ is linear, and so linear regression is used to estimate the latent heat.

Meteorology and climatology
Atmospheric water vapor drives many important meteorologic phenomena (notably, precipitation), motivating interest in its dynamics. The Clausius–Clapeyron equation for water vapor under typical atmospheric conditions (near standard temperature and pressure) is

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}e_s}{\mathrm{d}T} = \frac{L_v(T) e_s}{R_v T^2},$$

where $e_s$ is saturation vapor pressure,

$T$ is temperature,

$L_v$ is the specific latent heat of evaporation of water,

$R_v$ is the gas constant of water vapor. The temperature dependence of the latent heat $$L_v(T)$$ cannot be neglected in this application. Fortunately, the August–Roche–Magnus formula provides a very good approximation: $$e_s(T) = 6.1094 \exp \left( \frac{17.625T}{T + 243.04} \right),$$ where $$e_s$$ is in hPa, and $$T$$ is in degrees Celsius (whereas everywhere else on this page, $$T$$ is an absolute temperature, e.g. in kelvins).

This is also sometimes called the Magnus or Magnus–Tetens approximation, though this attribution is historically inaccurate. But see also the discussion of the accuracy of different approximating formulae for saturation vapour pressure of water.

Under typical atmospheric conditions, the denominator of the exponent depends weakly on $$T$$ (for which the unit is degree Celsius). Therefore, the August–Roche–Magnus equation implies that saturation water vapor pressure changes approximately exponentially with temperature under typical atmospheric conditions, and hence the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere increases by about 7% for every 1 °C rise in temperature.

Example
One of the uses of this equation is to determine if a phase transition will occur in a given situation. Consider the question of how much pressure is needed to melt ice at a temperature $${\Delta T}$$ below 0 °C. Note that water is unusual in that its change in volume upon melting is negative. We can assume $$\Delta P = \frac{L}{T\,\Delta v} \, \Delta T,$$ and substituting in $L = 3.34 \times 10^5~\mathrm{J/kg}$ (latent heat of fusion for water),

$T = 273 \, \mathrm{K}$ (absolute temperature in kelvins),

$\Delta v = -9.05 \times 10^{-5}~\mathrm{m^3 / kg}$ (change in specific volume from solid to liquid), we obtain $$\frac{\Delta P}{\Delta T} = -13.5~\text{MPa}/\text{K}.$$

To provide a rough example of how much pressure this is, to melt ice at −7 °C (the temperature many ice skating rinks are set at) would require balancing a small car (mass ~ 1000 kg ) on a thimble (area ~ 1 cm2). This shows that ice skating cannot be simply explained by pressure-caused melting point depression, and in fact the mechanism is quite complex.

Second derivative
While the Clausius–Clapeyron relation gives the slope of the coexistence curve, it does not provide any information about its curvature or second derivative. The second derivative of the coexistence curve of phases 1 and 2 is given by $$\begin{align} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2 P}{\mathrm{d} T^2} &= \frac{1}{v_2 - v_1} \left[\frac{c_{p2} - c_{p1}}{T} - 2(v_2\alpha_2 - v_1\alpha_1) \frac{\mathrm{d}P}{\mathrm{d}T}\right] \\ {} &+ \frac{1}{v_2 - v_1}\left[(v_2 \kappa_{T2} - v_1 \kappa_{T1}) \left(\frac{\mathrm{d}P}{\mathrm{d}T}\right)^2\right], \end{align} $$ where subscripts 1 and 2 denote the different phases, $$c_p$$ is the specific heat capacity at constant pressure, $$\alpha = (1/v)(\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}T)_P$$ is the thermal expansion coefficient, and $$\kappa_T = -(1/v)(\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}P)_T$$ is the isothermal compressibility.

title: Clausius–Clapeyron relation


text:
Vince Cellini

Vincent Robert Cellini (born June 10, 1959, in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American sports broadcaster for radio and television, currently working at NBA TV and Turner Sports.

Early life and career
Cellini was a lifeguard at Grovewood, a city pool on the east side of Cleveland.

In 1981, Cellini graduated from the College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio, with a bachelor's degree in communications. Cellini played tight end on the college's football team. He set three team records: most touchdowns in a season and in a career, and yards per catch in a season.

In 1982, Cellini began working as a sports anchor and reporter at Cleveland's WJW-TV. He also hosted a sports talk radio show on WWWE Radio in Cleveland.

CNN/Turner Sports
In 1989, Cellini left WJW-TV to join CNN Sports. In 1996, Cellini earned a CableACE Award for his work on CNN Sports Tonight, which he co-hosted with Van Earl Wright. He also hosted a late night program "Calling All Sports" from 1994 to 1995. He left the program and later joined the TNT Sunday Night NFL broadcasting team.

Cellini joined the network in January 2003 after a long stint at the now-defunct CNNSI network. During his tenure within Ted Turner's company, Cellini also worked on CNN itself at times, and was working alongside anchor Carol Lin at the CNN Center in Atlanta, Georgia, at the time of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

The Golf Channel
Cellini's first day on The Golf Channel was January 13, 2003, when he assumed hosting duties from Peter Kessler on Golf Talk. The first guest Cellini interviewed on that night was golfer Arnold Palmer, who, along with Joseph Gibbs, co-founded The Golf Channel in 1995. Cellini's other Golf Channel duties include anchoring the network's flagship news show, Golf Central, and hosting "Top Shelf Wednesday", a $2 1/2$-hour primetime lineup of shows. In February 2005, Cellini, along with fellow Golf Channel colleague Stephanie Sparks, began hosting the network's reality television competition show, The Big Break, with their tenure as hosts beginning with the show's third season, The Big Break III: Ladies Only. They also hosted The Big Break IV: USA vs. Europe, which aired in the Fall of 2005. Cellini and Sparks returned to host again on February 7, 2006, for The Big Break V: Hawaii, a second "ladies only" edition. Cellini left The Golf Channel in July 2007, then rejoined the channel the following January. According to different internet sources, including Golfweek.com, his contract, which expired in 2009, was not renewed after much negotiations.

Return to Turner Sports
Cellini serves as a full-time host for NBA TV's GameTime and a collection of online programs across Turner Sports' digital properties. A longtime cable sports veteran, Cellini was a former anchor on Sports Tonight and received a Cable ACE Award for his work in 1996.

Cellini is the host of mini-shows titled "Fantasy Showdown" and "The Preview Show" for Nascar.com, as of August 18, 2011.

Cellini has covered the PGA Championship since 2011 for TNT.

Other work
Since 2010, he has been co-host of Hawks Live show with Mike Glenn. This half-hour show precedes and then follows NBA Atlanta Hawks Telecasts on SportSouth. Beginning in 2011, he has also been co-hosting a local Cleveland-area golf show called "Par Three Shootout".

Personal
Cellini is married with three sons.

title: Vince Cellini


text:
Ksawery Branicki

Ksawery Branicki or Xavier Branicki may refer to:

 * Count Xavier Branicki or Franciszek Ksawery Branicki (1816–1879), Polish nobleman
 * Ksawery Branicki (1864–1926), Polish nobleman and naturalist
 * Franciszek Ksawery Branicki (1730–1819), Polish nobleman

title: Ksawery Branicki


text:
Youngstown Ridge

Youngstown Ridge is a sparsely populated mountain, adjacent to Youngstown, Pennsylvania in Westmoreland County. It is the collective name for two neighboring ridges, Sugarbrush Ridge and Solomon's Temple Ridge.

For many years, Sugarbush Ridge had a small ski resort and restaurant, known as Sugarbush Ski Resort, though this facility has been shut down for many years. The trail that John Forbes forged through the Alleghenies crossed over Sugarbush Ridge following the same general path that the current Youngstown Ridge Road now follows. Local legend holds that a cache containing a Revolutionary War-era payroll was buried somewhere on the mountain and remains there to this day.

The origin of the name of Solomon's Temple Ridge is unclear. Local legend holds that an actual temple was built somewhere on the ridge long ago. Such a place is mentioned in History of the County of Westmoreland Pennsylvania, with Biographical Sketches with Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men. 1882, Pg. 718... “but we have noticed that they are to be taken contrariwise when a churchly word is applied by a worldly people. There is, for instance, a one-story log church, with bench seats, standing on top of the Chestnut Ridge, which having been built on land donated by Mr. Solomon Blank, has been for half a generation known as “Solomon's Temple,”

title: Youngstown Ridge


text: Category:Ginger ale

title: Category:Ginger ale


text:
Wandlebury Hill

Wandlebury Hill is a peak in the Gog Magog Hills, a ridge of low chalk hills extending for several miles to the southeast of Cambridge, England. The underlying rock is present in a number of places on the hill. At 74 m it is the same height as the nearby Little Trees Hill, although the latter is a more notable landmark.

The top stands in Wandlebury Country Park, a nature reserve owned by Cambridge Past, Present & Future (registered charity number 204122), formerly known as the Cambridge Preservation Society. Wandlebury was already inhabited in the Bronze Age and 2500 years ago there was an Iron Age hill fort here known as Wandlebury Ring. This hill fort once had concentric ditches and earthen walls which were kept in place by wooden palisades. Although the fort has vanished, the ditch (the Ring) dug around the edge can clearly be seen and walked along, being 5 metres deep in places and offering an adventurous route along its edge. There is no evidence that it was ever used in defence.

The reserve, mainly beech woodlands and fields, is a place for birdwatching. Banyard bird hide, overlooking Varley's Field, was completed in February 2012. Like Little Trees Hill, the summit is on public land and is accessible when sheep or Highland cattle are not in the field. Dogs must be on a lead everywhere in Wandlebury Country Park. It can be reached by walking across the field from post 3 of the nature trail. Virtually no climb is involved in the ascent, just a stroll through woodland.

Wandlebury House
Wandlebury House, home of among others Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin, stood within the Ring. The house was demolished in the 1950s but the monumental stable block remains, now used for accommodation and as headquarters office of Cambridge Past, Present & Future. The grave of the Godolphin Barb horse, which died in 1753, can be seen under the archway. Maps and leaflets are available from the porch at all times and from a shed in car park on summer Sundays. The tail of a crashed World War II Wellington Bomber was visible wedged high in a beech tree within the estate, until it was dislodged by strong winds in the early 1990s.

Archaeoastronomical speculation
A number of hypotheses have been made about a supposed "Wandlebury enigma"; the purpose, function and decoration of Wandlebury Hill.

The first is the suggestion that an ancient hill figure had once been carved into the side of Wandlebury Hill, similar to the Cerne Abbas Giant. This was thought to have been overgrown or effaced in the 18th century. The figure was first recorded by Bishop Joseph Hall in 1605 and later by others including William Cole and John Layer. Investigation was carried out in 1954 by T. C. Lethbridge, an archaeologist and parapsychologist. He found small lumps of chalk to the south of the hill and proceeded to survey the area with a sounding bar, probing areas of soft ground and disturbed chalk. By placing markers he was able to draw out the pattern of what he claimed were 3 hill figures picturing ancient British deities - A horse goddess (Magog or Epona), a Sun god (Gog, Bel, Belinus or Lucifer) and a warrior figure with sword and shield. The Times reported on Lethbridge's discovery as a "previously lost, three thousand-year-old hill-figure". A later article about Lethbridge's efforts was written by W. A. Clark in 1997 which did not confirm his claims, nor did magnetometer and resistivity meter testing. The suggestion was dismissed by Glyn Daniel who commented that Lethbridge had not found any real antiquities but was "probably confusing geological features". A report by the Council for British Archaeology concluded that the 'hollows' were caused by common geological processes.

title: Wandlebury Hill


text:
London Road (Brighton) railway station

London Road (Brighton) railway station is a railway station located in Round Hill, an inner suburb of Brighton in East Sussex. It is the first intermediate station on the Brighton branch of the East Coastway Line, 57 chain down the line from Brighton station. The station is managed by Southern, who operate all services on the line.

Despite its name, the station is not located on London Road, which passes some 400 yard southwest of the station and bears the name Preston Road at the nearest point.

History
London Road (Brighton) station, which opened on 1 October 1877, features a design similar to other stations of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway built during that period, such as Hove and Portslade, resembling a Tuscan-style villa. It was built following housing development in the surrounding area. It was originally to be called Ditchling Rise, a more accurate name as London Road is 370m southwest. Until the Kemp Town branch line closed in 1971, trains to Kemp Town diverged from the Brighton – Lewes line here.

The building on platform 2 (Lewes bound) was demolished in the early 1980s. The station had a substantial refurbishment at the end of 2004 with some add-on parts to the original building demolished.

The station has been home to the Brighton Model Railway Club since 1971.

Services

All services at London Road are operated by Southern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 3 tph to Brighton
 * 2 tph to Seaford
 * 1 tph to Eastbourne

During the peak hours, a number of additional services between Brighton, Hastings and Ore also call at the station.

title: London Road (Brighton) railway station


text: Category:User tlh

title: Category:User tlh


text:
Daniel Adamson

Daniel Adamson (30 April 1820 – 13 January 1890) was an English engineer who became a successful manufacturer of boilers and was the driving force behind the inception of the Manchester Ship Canal project during the 1880s.

Early life
Adamson was born in Shildon, County Durham, on 30 April 1820. He was the 13th of 15 children – seven boys and eight girls – born to Daniel Adamson, landlord of the Grey Horse public house in Shildon, and his wife, Ann. Adamson was educated at Edward Walton Quaker School, Old Shildon, until the age of thirteen, when he left to become an apprentice to Timothy Hackworth, engineer to the Stockton and Darlington Railway, with whom he went on to serve as a draughtsman and engineer. By 1850, he had risen to become general manager of the Stockton and Darlington engine works (Soho Works, Shildon), and moved to become manager of Heaton Foundry in Stockport.

Business
In 1851 he established a small iron works in Newton, Cheshire, expanding it a year later by building a new foundry called the Newton Moor Iron Works on Muslin Street (now Talbot Road), between Hyde and Dukinfield. He specialised in engine and boiler making, initially following designs created by Hackworth, making and exporting the renowned "Manchester Boilers". Adamson was able to experiment with the newfound wealth from the worldwide export of these boilers which incorporated ring joints in the form of his patented Anti-Collapsive Flange Seam. He was also one of the pioneers of explosive forming used in the foundry process.

In 1872 he designed and built the Daniel Adamson and Co factory, a new premises in Dukinfield next to Dewsnap Farm (off Dewsnap Lane), with its entrance on Johnsonbrook Road. This new works was approximately 1000 yd from the old foundry but the site was large and had enough spare land around it for any planned expansion.

Between 1885 and 1888, Daniel Adamson and Co. supplied four narrow gauge steam locomotives to the Oakeley Quarry in Blaenau Ffestiniog, North Wales.

He improved the design and manufacturing process (pioneering the use of steel and taking out 19 patents in the process) over the 36 years he was involved with boiler and other foundry manufacturing. When he died in 1890 the business employed some 600 people.

Adamson's other business interests included a mill building company in Hyde ('The Newton Moor Spinning Company'), the Yorkshire Steel and Iron Works at Penistone, the Northern Lincolnshire Iron Company at Frodingham near Scunthorpe, and large share-holdings in iron works in Cumberland and South Wales.

The ship canal project
Adamson was a champion of the Manchester Ship Canal project. He arranged a meeting in Didsbury at his home, The Towers, on 27 June 1882, attended by 68 people including the mayors of Manchester and surrounding towns, leaders of commerce and industry, banker and financiers. Also present at the meeting was the canal's eventual designer Edward Leader Williams. Adamson was elected chairman of the provisional committee promoting the ship canal, and was at the forefront in pushing the scheme through Parliament in the face of intense opposition from railway companies and port interests in Liverpool. The requisite Act of Parliament enabling the canal was finally passed on 6 August 1885, after which Adamson became the first chairman of the board of directors of the Manchester Ship Canal Company – a post he held until February 1887. As a result of his resignation, the first sod was cut by his successor, Lord Egerton of Tatton, the following November.

Adamson remained a strong supporter of the project but did not live to see its completion in 1894. He died at home in Didsbury on 13 January 1890. Daniel Adamson and Co remained a family business until 1964, when it was sold to Acrow Engineers Ltd.

Memorials
There are blue plaques at The Towers (today the Shirley Institute), Wilmslow Road in Didsbury, and in Adamson Street, Dukinfield. Also in Dukinfield, St Luke's Church has a stained glass window in his memory. The Adamson Military Band was also named after him.

The Daniel Adamson Coach House has been preserved in Shildon.

The former Manchester Ship Canal Company steam-powered tug-tender Daniel Adamson (built in 1903 as Ralph Brocklebank but renamed in 1936) has been restored by the Daniel Adamson Preservation Society and entered passenger-carrying service under steam on 22 April 2017.

Adamson is buried at Southern Cemetery, Manchester, in grave space "A-Church of England-40". He was buried three days after his death at his home in Didsbury, on 16 January 1890.

He was a founder member of the Iron and Steel Institute and served as its president in 1887. He was awarded the institute's Bessemer Gold Medal in 1888 for his work on the properties of iron and steel and the use of steel for steam boilers and other purposes. He was also a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Cleveland Institution of Engineers, the British Iron Trades Association, the Railway and Canal Traders' Association, the Geological Society of London, the Society of Arts, the Manchester Geographical Society, the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, the Manchester Geological Society and others.

title: Daniel Adamson


text: Category:Open Source

title: Category:Open Source


text: Category:GNU

title: Category:GNU


text:
The Quality of Life (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

"The Quality of Life" is the 135th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. It is the ninth episode of the sixth season.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode Data discovers that a group of robots are likely intelligent lifeforms.

This episode introduces the Exocomp robots.

Plot
The Enterprise arrives at Tyrus 7A to oversee a fledgling mining technology, a "particle fountain", engineered by Dr. Farallon. While on the planet, the crew observe the use of small machines called Exocomps that Dr. Farallon claims can analyze a problem, replicate the correct tool to repair it, and "learn" this for future situations. During a test, one Exocomp refuses to enter a tunnel; moments later a confined explosion occurs within the tunnel. Dr. Farallon, Lt. Commander Data, and Lt. Commander La Forge investigate the Exocomp, finding several more new electronic pathways in its circuits than they expected. Dr. Farallon, having encountered this before, would normally erase the unit's memory, but Data suggests that the unit may have exhibited self-preservation behavior and wishes to examine it further. Data asserts that if this is true, the Exocomps should no longer be used on the particle fountain, but Dr. Farallon dismisses his claims, and says that any delay will ruin the years of work she has put into the project already.

Data tests the Exocomp aboard the Enterprise, instructing it to repair a malfunction in a Jeffries tube, though having jury-rigged a false alarm that would signal danger to the Exocomp. To his disappointment, the Exocomp continues to repair the malfunction through the alarm. However, when Data investigates the unit, he finds that it has repaired not only the malfunction but his false alarm, having sensed it was not in any danger from the test. Data concludes the Exocomps possess self-preservation and are sentient.

While Picard and other Enterprise crew are visiting the fountain, a malfunction occurs, threatening to release massive doses of radiation. All but Picard and La Forge are beamed to the Enterprise before the radiation blocks any further attempts. Riker and Dr. Farallon arrange to have the Exocomps beamed into the facility to shield Picard and La Forge long enough to beam them out at the cost of destroying the Exocomps, but Data has locked out the transporter controllers, claiming the machines are sentient and refusing to allow them to be forced to die for others. After some negotiating, Data allows the Exocomps to be used but only if they are given the choice to go. The Exocomps show their intent to proceed and are beamed to the fountain. The units configure themselves such that they not only allow Picard and La Forge to be rescued, but for all but one of the Exocomps to return to the Enterprise, the last one sacrificing itself for this purpose.

As the damage to the fountain is repaired, Dr. Farallon admits she is still not sure if the Exocomps are sentient but promises not to abuse them again. Data explains to Picard that he had to stand up for the Exocomps, just as Picard had stood up for him when his own sentience was questioned. Picard acknowledges that Data's actions were probably the most human thing he has ever done.

Reception
In 2011, this episode was noted by Forbes as one of the top ten episodes of the franchise that explores the implications of advanced technology. They compared the episode to an earlier episode "Evolution", noting the discussions between the character Data and others. They also note the idea of a computerized tool that can solve problems using software.

In 2011, The A.V. Club rated this episode a "B+", and praised the exploration of the character of Data. Keith DeCandido of Tor.com gave the episode three out of ten, saying "it fails to address its issues as well as it should, and it completely fails as drama."

Releases
The episode was released as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation season six DVD box set in the United States on December 3, 2002. A remastered HD version was released on Blu-ray optical disc, on June 24, 2014.