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Archdiocese of Uppsala

The Archdiocese of Uppsala (Uppsala ärkestift) is one of the thirteen dioceses of the Church of Sweden and the only one having the status of an archdiocese.

Lutheran archdiocese
Uppsala is the seat of the Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala. The diocese, which has its centre in the city of Uppsala, covers Uppsala County, Gävleborg County and parts of Stockholm County and Västmanland County. The archdiocese originally also included those parts of Norrland, which were included in the new Diocese of Härnösand when it was founded in 1647 and the City of Stockholm, which was made a diocese of its own in 1942.

As of 2005 the archdiocese consists of 201 parishes (församlingar or [historically] socknar) distributed over 86 pastorats and a smaller number of deaneries.

As the archbishop besides being head of Uppsala diocese also has a central role in the Church of Sweden on a national level. Since 2022, the position of archbishop is held by Martin Modéus. An additional position as assistant bishop in Uppsala diocese was created in 1990. In 2000 the diocese was divided into two pastoral regions, the smaller part of which is pastored by the archbishop and the greater by the bishop in Uppsala diocese, the position of assistant bishop thus being made a bishop in his own right. This office has been held by Tord Harlin (1990–2000) and Ragnar Persenius (2001–2019), before the incumbent Karin Johannesson.

Former Catholic archbishopric
When Ansgar, the Apostle of the North, went to Sweden in 829, the Swedes were still heathen and the country contained many sacrificial groves and temples for the worship of Germanic pagan idols. One of the most celebrated of the latter was the temple at Uppsala in what is now called Old Uppsala, the centre of idolatrous worship not only for Sweden but for all Scandinavia. Even after Christianity had spread through Sweden, heathen sacrifices were still maintained at Uppsala. The "Bishops' Chronicle", written by Adam of Bremen in the years 1072–76, says, "The Swedes have a well-known heathen temple called Upsala", and "Every ninth year, moreover, a great feast is celebrated at Upsala, which is observed in common by all the provinces of Sweden. None is permitted to avoid participation in the feast ... More horrible than any punishment is that even those who have become Christians must purchase exemption from participation in the feast ... The sacrifices are made thus: Nine heads are offered for every living creature of the male sex. By the blood of these the gods are appeased. The bodies are hung up in a grove not far from the temple. Dogs and horses may be seen hanging close by human beings; a Christian told me he had seen seventy-two bodies hanging together."

An episcopal see was established at Old Uppsala. One of the bishops was Henry, who took part in the Crusade to Finland led by king Eric IX of Sweden and suffered martyrdom there in 1157. The bishops of Sweden were first suffragans of the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, of which see Ansgar was archbishop when he died. Afterwards the Swedish bishops were suffragans of the Archbishop of Lund in Denmark, then Primate of Scandinavia.

In 1152 Cardinal Nicholas of Albano, later Pope Adrian IV, visited Sweden and held a provincial synod at Linköping. He had been commissioned to establish an independent Church province in Sweden, but the matter was deferred, as the Swedes could not agree upon the see of the archbishop. In 1164 Pope Alexander III established a separate ecclesiastical province of Sweden with the see at Uppsala. The suffragans were the Bishops of Skara, Linköping, Strängnäs and Västerås; at a later date the diocese of Växjö, as well as the diocese of Åbo in neighbouring Finland (which came to be ruled by the Swedish crown) were added.

The first Archbishop of Uppsala was Stephen, a Cistercian monk from the celebrated Alvastra Abbey. Cardinal William of Sabina came as papal legate to Sweden during the archiepiscopate of Jarler, a Dominican friar (1235–55). The legate had been commissioned, among other things, to establish cathedral chapters wherever such were lacking, and to grant them the exclusive right of electing the bishops. Another important matter which the legate had been ordered to carry out was the enforcement of the law of clerical celibacy. At a provincial synod held at Skänninge in 1248 under the presidency of the cardinal, the rules as to celibacy were made more severe. The pious and energetic Archbishop Jarler and his successor Laurentius (1257–67), a Franciscan, constantly strove to elevate the clergy and to enforce the law of celibacy. A century later Bridget (d. 1373), laboured zealously for the enforcement of the same law.

A new era arose in the history of the archdiocese when Archbishop Folke (1274–77) transferred the see from Old Uppsala to Aros, a town nearby on the Fyris which was given the name of Uppsala. This change was approved by the pope, the king and the bishops. The relics of the national saint, Eric, were also transferred to the new see. The cathedral of Uppsala, the most important church of Sweden and the largest in Scandinavia, was built by the French architect Etienne de Bonnuille in 1287. It was a masterpiece of the Gothic style, and is a monument of what Catholic art and Catholic self-sacrifice were able to create under the leadership of zealous archbishops and prelates.

The labours of the archbishops extended in all directions. Some were zealous pastors of their flocks, such as Jarler and others; some were distinguished canonists, such as Birger Gregersson (1367–83) and Olof Larsson (1435-8); others were statesmen, such as Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna (d. 1467), or capable administrators, such as Jacob Ulfsson Örnfot, who was distinguished as a prince of the Church, royal councillor, patron of art and learning, founder of the University of Uppsala and an efficient helper in the introduction of printing into Sweden. He died in the Carthusian monastery of Mariefred (Mary's Peace) in 1522. There were also scholars, such as Johannes Magnus (died 1544), who wrote the "Historia de omnibus Gothorum sueonumque regibus" and the "Historia metropolitanæ ecclesiæ Upsaliensis", and his brother Olaus Magnus (d. 1588), who wrote the "Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus" and who was the last Archbishop of Upsala.

The archbishops and secular clergy found active co-workers among the regular clergy. Among the orders represented in Sweden were the Benedictines, Cistercians, Dominicans, Franciscans, Brigittines (with the mother-house at Vadstena Abbey) and Carthusians. The monks and friars laboured in things spiritual and were also the teachers of the people in agriculture and gardening. Still greater credit is due the members of the orders, both men and women, for their services in the intellectual training of the people of Sweden. A Swedish Protestant investigator, Carl Silfverstolpe, wrote: "The monks were almost the sole bond of union in the Middle Ages between the civilization of the north and that of southern Europe, and it can be claimed that the active relations between our monasteries and those in southern lands were the arteries through which the higher civilization reached our country."

Sources and references
(incomplete)
 * CatholicHierarchy- Sweden (only current diocese: Stockholm)
 * GigaCatholic- Sweden
 * GigaCatholic- Sweden

title: Archdiocese of Uppsala


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Ebb Tide (song)

"Ebb Tide" is a popular song written in 1953 by the lyricist Carl Sigman and composer and harpist Robert Maxwell. The first version was sung by Vic Damone backed by Richard Hayman's orchestra. The highest-selling version was released by the Righteous Brothers in 1965.

This song is not to be confused with the title song from the film Ebb Tide (1937), which is a composition by Leo Robin and Ralph Rainger.

Notable recordings
The best-known versions are by:
 * In 1953, Frank Chacksfield and his Orchestra reached number two on the US pop chart, and number nine on the UK chart with an instrumental version of the song.
 * In 1954, Roy Hamilton reached number five on the US Best Sellers in Stores chart.
 * In 1965, the Righteous Brothers vocal version was the most successful, peaking at number five on the US Hot 100. Bobby Hatfield sang the lead on this song, and it was one of the last songs that Phil Spector produced for the Righteous Brothers. Originally peaking at number 48 in the UK in January 1966, it was re-issued there as a double A-sided single with the re-release of "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" in December 1990, reaching number three.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ebb Tide (song)


text: Category:Archdiocese of Uppsala

title: Category:Archdiocese of Uppsala


text: User talk:70.187.130.64

title: User talk:70.187.130.64


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Talk:Jeffrey Ake

Questions

 * ''Ake was the latest of 14 Americans who have been killed or gone missing in the past year in Iraq.

 * 1) How did you define the past year? From Apr 2004 to now or from Jan 2005 to now? Make it explicit.
 * 2) By 14, did you mean civilian who worked for the U.S. government?

End of my questions. -- Toytoy 05:33, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I was actually quoting all the newspaper articles on the subject but I can see your point about being more explicit in the timeline. The articles don't specify if they are civilians or government workers, though. -- Redfarmer 16:11, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Possible merge
This subject does not seem to be notable outside of the fact of his disappearance. There is probably a suitable merge target somewhere, and if not perhaps we should create one? Guy (Help!) 14:18, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. This 'article' also has a fair bit of editorialising (ie too much imho) --AlisonW 19:05, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Redirected to an appropriate target. Martinp23 19:11, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jeffrey Ake


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Centenary Diamond

The De Beers Centenary Diamond is, at 273.85 carat, the third-largest diamond to have been produced in the Premier Mine. Among top-color diamonds, only the Cullinan I and II are larger than the Centenary diamond. The Centenary Diamond is rated in color as grade D color by the Gemological Institute of America, which is the highest grade of colourless diamond and is internally and externally flawless. It was named the Centenary Diamond as it was presented in the rough for the Centennial Celebration of De Beers Consolidated Mines on 11 May 1988. The Centenary Diamond was unveiled in final form in May 1991.

Discovery
The Centenary Diamond was discovered in the Premier Mine on 17 July 1986 using their X-ray imaging system. The original rough was 599 carat and it was presented on 11 May 1988 in the Centennial Celebration of the De Beers Consolidated Mines. As then-chairman Julian Ogilvie Thompson said, "We have recovered at the Premier Mine a diamond of 599 carat which is perfect in colour – indeed it is one of the largest top-colour diamonds ever found. Naturally it will be called the Centenary Diamond."

Cutting the Centenary
Cutting such an immense and valuable diamond required expertise and a considerable investment. Gabi Tolkowsky was chosen to head the team responsible for cutting the Centenary Diamond, along with Geoff Woolett, Jim Nash and Dawie du Plessis, assisted by a specially-picked group of engineers, electricians and security guards to facilitate in the work on Centenary Diamond. There was a special room designed underground in the De Beers Diamond Research Laboratory in Johannesburg, South Africa for the sole purpose of working on the Centenary Diamond with design specifications including strength and stability so as to preclude mechanical vibration and temperature variation to minimise any factor that might interfere with the cutting of the Centenary Diamond.

The initial efforts were done by hand rather than with a laser or saw so as not to heat or vibrate the diamond. After cutting and removing 50 carat of cracked material over 154 days, the team was left with an egg-shaped gem of approximately 500 carat. Thirteen different designs were presented to the De Beers board, with a strong recommendation for what became the eventual modified heart-shaped design. The shape was described as, "Effectively, the Centenary Diamond is shaped like a heart-shape, but it does not have a groove. The image the team had in mind was a shape which would adorn the crown of an Indian Maharaja."

Statistics
The Centenary was completed in February 1991, weighing 273.85 carat with its dimensions measuring 39.90 × 50.50 × 24.55 mm. The final gem had 247 facets: 164 on the pavilion and crown, and 83 on the girdle. While the stone has never been publicly appraised for value, it is known to have been insured at over US$100 million at the time of its unveiling in May 1991. The stone was loaned to the Tower of London, where it was displayed for a number of years. It is believed that De Beers no longer owns the Centenary, but the current owner is unknown. De Beers declines to comment, citing its anonymity policy.

title: Centenary Diamond


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Limpet

Limpets are a group of aquatic snails with a conical shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. This general category of conical shell is known as "patelliform" (dish-shaped). Existing within the class Gastropoda, limpets are a polyphyletic group (its members descending from different immediate ancestors).

All species of Patellogastropoda are limpets, with the Patellidae family in particular often referred to as "true limpets". Examples of other clades commonly referred to as limpets include the Vetigastropoda family Fissurellidae ("keyhole limpet"), which use a siphon to pump water over their gills, and the Siphonariidae ("false limpets"), which have a pneumostome for breathing air like the majority of terrestrial Gastropoda.

Description
The basic anatomy of a limpet consists of the usual molluscan organs and systems:
 * A nervous system centered around the paired cerebral, pedal, and pleural sets of ganglia. These ganglia create a ring around the limpet's esophagus called a circumesophageal nerve ring or nerve collar.  Other nerves in the head/ snout are the optic nerves which connect to the two eye spots located at the base of the cerebral tentacles (these eyespots, when present, are only able to sense light and darkness and do not provide any imagery), as well as the labial and buccal ganglia which are associated with feeding and controlling the animal's odontophore, the muscular cushion used to support the limpet's radula (a kind of tongue) that scrapes algae off the surrounding rock for nutrition.  Behind these ganglia lie the pedal nerve cords which control the movement of the foot, and the visceral ganglion which in limpets has been torted during the course of evolution.  This means, among other things, that the limpet's left osphradium and oshradial ganglion (an organ believed used to sense the time to produce gametes) is controlled by its right pleural ganglion and vice versa.
 * For most limpets, the circulatory system is based around a single triangular three-chambered heart consisting of an atrium, a ventricle, and a bulbous aorta. Blood enters the atrium via the circumpallial vein (after being oxygenated by the ring of gills located around the edge of the shell) and through a series of small vesicles that deliver more oxygenated blood from the nuchal cavity (the area above the head and neck).  Many limpets still retain a ctenidium (sometimes two) in this nuchal chamber instead of the circumpallial gills as a means for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the surrounding water or air (many limpets can breathe air during periods of low tide, but those limpet species which never leave the water do not have this ability and will suffocate if deprived of water).  Blood moves from the atrium into the ventricle and into the aorta where it is then pumped out to the various lacunar blood spaces / sinuses in the hemocoel.  The odontophore may play a large role in assisting with blood circulation as well.

The two kidneys are very different in size and location. This is a result of torsion. The left kidney is diminutive and in most limpets is barely functional. The right kidney, however, has taken over the majority of blood filtration and often extends over and around the entire mantle of the animal in a thin, almost-invisible layer.
 * The digestive system is extensive and takes up a large part of the animal's body. Food (algae) is collected by the radula and odontophore and enters via the downward-facing mouth. It then moves through the esophagus and into the numerous loops of the intestines. The large digestive gland helps break down the microscopic plant material, and the long rectum helps compact used food which is then excreted through the anus located in the nuchal cavity. The anus of most molluscs and indeed many animals is located far from the head.  In limpets and most gastropods, however, the evolutionary torsion which took place and allowed the gastropods to have a shell into which they could completely withdraw has caused the anus to be located near the head.  Used food would quickly foul the nuchal cavity unless it was firmly compacted prior to being excreted. The torted condition of the limpets remains even though they no longer have a shell into which they can withdraw and even though the evolutionary advantages of torsion appear to therefore be negligible (some species of gastropod have subsequently de-torted and now have their anus located once again at the posterior end of the body; these groups no longer have a visceral twist to their nervous systems).
 * The gonad of a limpet is located beneath its digestive system just above its foot. It swells and eventually bursts, sending gametes into the right kidney which then releases them into the surrounding water on a regular schedule.  Fertilized eggs hatch and the floating veliger larvae are free-swimming for a period before settling to the bottom and becoming an adult animal.

True limpets in the family Patellidae live on hard surfaces in the intertidal zone. Unlike barnacles (which are not molluscs but may resemble limpets in appearance) and mussels (which are bivalve molluscs that cement themselves to a substrate for their entire adult lives), limpets are capable of locomotion instead of being permanently attached to a single spot. However, when they need to resist strong wave action or other disturbances, limpets cling extremely firmly to the surfaces on which they live, using their muscular foot to apply suction combined with the effect of adhesive mucus. It often is very difficult to remove a true limpet from a rock without injuring or killing it.

All "true" limpets are marine. The most primitive group have one pair of gills, in others only a single gill remains, the lepetids do not have any gills at all, while the patellids have evolved secondary gills as they have lost the original pair. However, because the adaptive feature of a simple conical shell has repeatedly arisen independently in gastropod evolution, limpets from many different evolutionary lineages occur in widely different environments. Some saltwater limpets such as Trimusculidae breathe air, and some freshwater limpets are descendants of air-breathing land snails (e.g. the genus Ancylus) whose ancestors had a pallial cavity serving as a lung. In these small freshwater limpets, that "lung" underwent secondary adaptation to allow the absorption of dissolved oxygen from water.

Function and formation
In order to obtain food, limpets rely on an organ called the radula, which contains iron-mineralized teeth. Although limpets contain over 100 rows of teeth, only the outermost 10 are used in feeding. These teeth form via matrix-mediated biomineralization, a cyclic process involving the delivery of iron minerals to reinforce a polymeric chitin matrix. Upon being fully mineralized, the teeth reposition themselves within the radula, allowing limpets to scrape off algae from rock surfaces. As limpet teeth wear out, they are subsequently degraded (occurring anywhere between 12 and 48 hours) and replaced with new teeth. Different limpet species exhibit different overall shapes of their teeth.

Growth and development
Development of limpet teeth occurs in conveyor belt style, where teeth start growing at the back of the radula, and move toward the front of this structure as they mature. The growth rate of the limpet's teeth is around 47 hours per row. Fully mature teeth are located in the scraping zone, the very front of the radula. The scraping zone is in contact with the substrate that the limpet feeds off of. As a result, the fully mature teeth are subsequently worn down until they are discarded – at a rate equal to the growth rate. To counter this degradation, a new row of teeth begin to grow.

Biomineralization
The exact mechanism behind the biomineralization of limpet teeth is unknown. However, it is suggested that limpet teeth biomineralize using a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism. Specifically, this mechanism is associated with the dissolution of iron stored in epithelial cells of the radula to create ferrihydrite ions. These ferrihydrite ions are transported through ion channels to the tooth surface. The build-up of enough ferrihydrite ions leads to nucleation, the rate of which can be altered via changing the pH at the site of nucleation. After one to two days, these ions are converted to goethite crystals. The unmineralized matrix consists of relatively well-ordered, densely packed arrays of chitin fibers, with only a few nanometers between adjacent fibers. The lack of space leads to the absence of pre-formed compartments within the matrix that control goethite crystal size and shape. Because of this, the main factor influencing goethite crystal growth is the chitin fibers of the matrix. Specifically, goethite crystals nucleate on these chitin fibers and push aside or engulf the chitin fibers as they grow, influencing their resulting orientation.

Strength
Looking into limpet teeth of Patella vulgata, Vickers hardness values are between 268 and 646 kg⋅m−1⋅s−2, while tensile strength values range between 3.0 and 6.5 GPa. As spider silk has a tensile strength only up to 4.5 GPa, limpet teeth outperforms spider silk to be the strongest biological material. These considerably high values exhibited by limpet teeth are due to the following factors:

The first factor is the nanometer length scale of goethite nanofibers in limpet teeth; at this length scale, materials become insensitive to flaws that would otherwise decrease failure strength. As a result, goethite nanofibers are able to maintain substantial failure strength despite the presence of defects.

The second factor is the small critical fiber length of the goethite fibers in limpet teeth. Critical fiber length is a parameter defining the fiber length that a material must be to transfer stresses from the matrix to the fibers themselves during external loading. Materials with a large critical fiber length (relative to the total fiber length) act as poor reinforcement fibers, meaning that most stresses are still loaded on the matrix. Materials with small critical fiber lengths (relative to the total fiber length) act as effective reinforcement fibers that are able to transfer stresses on the matrix to themselves. Goethite nanofibers express a critical fiber length of around 420 to 800 nm, which is several orders of magnitude away from their estimated fiber length of 3.1 μm. This suggests that the goethite nanofibers serve as effective reinforcement for the collagen matrix and significantly contribute to the load-bearing capabilities of limpet teeth. This is further supported by the large mineral volume fraction of elongated goethite nanofibers within limpet teeth, around 0.81.

Applications of limpet teeth involve structural designs requiring high strength and hardness, such as biomaterials used in next-generation dental restorations.

Role in distributing stress
The structure, composition, and morphological shape of the teeth of the limpet allow for an even distribution of stress throughout the tooth. The teeth have a self-sharpening mechanism which allows for the teeth to be more highly functional for longer periods of time. Stress wears preferentially on the front surface of the cusp of the teeth, allowing the back surface to stay sharp and more effective.

There is evidence that different regions of the limpet teeth show different mechanical strengths. Measurements taken from the tip of the anterior edge of the tooth show that the teeth can exhibit an elastic modulus of around 140 GPa. Traveling down the anterior edge toward the anterior cusp of the teeth however, the elastic modulus decreases ending around 50 GPa at the edge of the teeth. The orientation of the goethite fibers can be correlated to this decrease in elastic modulus, as towards the tip of the tooth the fibers are more aligned with each other, correlating to a high modulus and vice versa.

Critical length of the goethite fibers is the reason the structural chitin matrix has extreme support. The critical length of goethite fibers has been estimated to be around 420 to 800 nm and when compared with the actual length of the fibers found in the teeth, around 3.1 um, shows that the teeth have fibers much larger than the critical length. This paired with orientation of the fibers leads to effective stress distribution onto the goethite fibers and not onto the weaker chitin matrix in the limpet teeth.

Causes of structure degradation
The overall structure of the limpet teeth is relatively stable within most natural conditions given the limpet's ability to produce new teeth at a similar rate to the degradation. Individual teeth are subjected to shear stresses as the tooth is dragged along the rock. Goethite as a mineral is a relatively soft iron based material, which increases the chance of physical damage to the structure. Limpet teeth and the radula have also been shown to experience greater levels of damage in CO2 acidified water.

Crystal structure
Goethite crystals form at the start of the tooth production cycle and remain as a fundamental part of the tooth with intercrystal space filled with amorphous silica. Existing in multiple morphologies, prisms with rhomb-shaped sections are the most frequent". The goethite crystals are stable and well formed for a biogenic crystal. The transport of the mineral to create the crystal structures has been suggested to be a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism as of 2011. Limpet tooth structure is dependent upon the living depth of the specimen. While deep water limpets have been shown to have the same elemental composition as shallow water limpets, deep water limpets do not show crystalline phases of goethite.

Crystallization process
The initial event that takes place when the limpet creates a new row of teeth is the creation of the main macromolecular α-chitin component. The resulting organic matrix serves as framework for the crystallization of the teeth themselves. The first mineral to be deposited is goethite (α-FeOOH), a soft iron oxide which forms crystals parallel to the chitin fibers. The goethite, however, has varying crystal habits. The crystals arrange in various shapes and thicknesses throughout the chitin matrix. The varying formation of the chitin matrix has profound effects on the formation of the goethite crystals. The space in between the crystals and the chitin matrix is filled with amorphous hydrated silica (SiO2).

Characterizing composition
The most prominent metal by percent composition is iron in the form of goethite. Goethite has the chemical formula FeO(OH) and belongs to a group known as oxy-hydroxides. There exists amorphous silica between the goethite crystals; surrounding the goethite is a matrix of chitin. Chitin has a chemical formula of C8H13O5N. Other metals have been shown to be present with the relative percent compositions varying on geographic locations. The goethite has been reported to have a volume fraction of approximately 80%.

Regional dependency
Limpets from different locations were shown to have different elemental ratios within their teeth. Iron is consistently most abundant however other metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and copper were all shown to be present to varying degrees. The relative percentages of the elements have also been shown to differ from one geographic location to another. This demonstrates an environmental dependency of some kind; however the specific variables are currently undetermined.

Taxonomy
Gastropods that have limpet-like or patelliform shells are found in several different clades:
 * Clade Patellogastropoda, example Patellidae, the true limpets, all marine, in five living families and two fossil families
 * Clade Vetigastropoda, examples Fissurellidae, (the keyhole limpets and slit limpets), and Lepetelloidea, small deepwater limpets
 * Clade Neritimorpha, example Phenacolepadidae, small limpets related to nerites
 * Clade Heterobranchia, group Opisthobranchia, example Tylodinidae, the umbrella slugs with a limpet-shaped shell
 * Clade Heterobranchia, group Pulmonata, examples Siphonariidae, Latiidae, Trimusculidae, all air-breathing limpets

Marine

 * The hydrothermal vent limpets – Neomphaloidea and Lepetodriloidea
 * The hoof snails – Hipponix and other Hipponicidae
 * Slipper snails – Crepidula species, which are sometimes known as slipper limpets

Freshwater

 * The pulmonate river and lake limpets – Ancylidae

Some species of limpet live in fresh water, but these are the exception. Most marine limpets have gills, whereas all freshwater limpets and a few marine limpets have a mantle cavity adapted to breathe air and function as a lung (and in some cases again adapted to absorb oxygen from water). All these kinds of snail are only very distantly related.

Naming
The common name "limpet" also is applied to a number of not very closely related groups of sea snails and freshwater snails (aquatic gastropod mollusks). Thus the common name "limpet" has very little taxonomic significance in and of itself; the name is applied not only to true limpets (the Patellogastropoda), but also to all snails that have a simple, broadly conical shell, and either is not spirally coiled, or appears not to be coiled in the adult snail. In other words, the shell of all limpets is patelliform, which means the shell is shaped more or less like the shell of most true limpets. The term "false limpets" is used for some (but not all) of these other groups that have a conical shell.

Thus, the name limpet is used to describe various extremely diverse groups of gastropods that have independently evolved a shell of the same basic shape (see convergent evolution). And although the name "limpet" is given on the basis of a limpet-like or patelliform shell, the several groups of snails that have a shell of this type are not at all closely related to one another.

Symbiosis
Limpets have a mutualistic relationship with several other beings. Clathromorphum, a type of algae, provides food to limpets, which clean the algae's surface and allow its persistence.

The rough keyhole limpet (Diodora aspera) is host to the scale worm copepod Anthessius nortoni, which bites predatory starfish to discourage them from eating the limpet.

Homescars
Limpets wander over the surface of the rocks during high tide and tend to return to their favourite spot by following a trail of mucus left whilst grazing. Over a period of time the edges of the limpet's shell wear a shallow hollow in the rock called a homescar. The homescar helps the limpet to stay attached to the rock and not to dry out during low tide periods.

Bio-erosion
Limpets are known to cause bio-erosion on sedimentary rocks by the formation of homescars and by ingesting tiny particles of rock through the action of feeding. C.Andrews & R.B.G. Williams in their research paper titled Limpet erosion of chalk shore platforms in southeast England from Oct 2000 estimate from the amount of calcium carbonate deposits in faeces of captive limpets, that an adult limpet will ingest around 4.9 g of chalk per year. Suggesting that limpets are on average responsible for 12% of the chalk platform erosion in areas that they frequent, potentially rising to 35% + in areas where the limpet population has reached its maximum.

In culture
Many species of limpet have historically been used, or are still used, by humans and other animals for food.

Limpet mines are a type of naval mine attached to a target by magnets. They are named after the tenacious grip of the limpet.

The humorous author Edward Lear wrote "Cheer up, as the limpet said to the weeping willow" in one of his letters. Simon Grindle wrote the 1964 illustrated children's book of nonsense poetry The Loving Limpet and Other Peculiarities, said to be "in the great tradition of Edward Lear and Lewis Carroll".

In his book South, Sir Ernest Shackleton relates the stories of his twenty-two men left behind on Elephant Island harvesting limpets from the icy waters on the shore of the Southern Ocean. Near the end of their four-month stay on the island, as their stocks of seal and penguin meat dwindled, they derived a major portion of their sustenance from limpets.

The light-hearted comedy film The Incredible Mr. Limpet is about a patriotic but weak American who desperately clings to the idea of joining the U.S. military to serve his country; by the end of the film, having been transformed into a fish, he is able to use his new body to save U.S. naval vessels from disaster. Although he does not become a snail but a fish, his name limpet hints at his tenacity.

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Kinabalu Park

Kinabalu Park (Taman Kinabalu), established as one of the first national parks of Malaysia in 1964, is Malaysia's first World Heritage Site designated by UNESCO in December 2000 for its "outstanding universal values" and the role as one of the most important biological sites in the world with more than 4,500 species of flora and fauna, including 326 bird and around 100 mammal species, and over 110 land snail species.

Located on the west coast of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, it covers an area of 754 square kilometres surrounding Mount Kinabalu, which at 4,095.2 meters, is the highest mountain on the island of Borneo.

The park is one of the most popular tourist spots in Sabah and Malaysia in general. In 2010, the park received 611,624 visitors, including 47,613 climbers.

The site has been identified by UNESCO as a Centre of Plant Diversity for Southeast Asia, as it contains representatives from at least half of all Borneo’s plant species and is extremely rich in species with elements from China, Australia, the Himalayas, Malaysia and pan tropical floras.

History
The region was designated as a national park in 1964. British colonial administrator and naturalist Hugh Low led an expedition from Tuaran to the region in 1851. He also became the first recorded man to reach the peak of Mount Kinabalu. The highest peak of the mountain was later named after him—Low's Peak.

Geography
Kinabalu Park is situated on the Crocker Range on the western coast of Sabah. It is located within the district of Ranau, within the West Coast Division. The park is not to be confused with Crocker Range National Park which is a separate park in the south.

The park headquarters is 88 kilometres away from the city of Kota Kinabalu. There are sealed roads leading towards the park headquarters from other parts of Sabah. It is situated on the southern boundary of Kinabalu Park, at an elevation of 1563 m.

Administration and park features
This park is administered by an organisation called Sabah Parks. Accommodations in the form of chalets can be found in the park, mostly around the headquarters. Reservations for accommodation and mountain climbing guides are processed through Sutera Sanctuary Lodges, a private company. Every person who wishes to climb the mountain must be accompanied by a qualified guide. Sutera is now requiring hikers to stay one night at their lodge near the entrance, in addition to a required stay at Laban Rata. The cost to stay is considerably higher than at lodging just outside the park and includes a mandatory purchase of meals, etc.

The mountain summit trail begins at Timpohon. There is also an alternative route called the Mesilau Trail.

A notable feature of the park is Low's Gully. It is a 1.6-kilometer deep ravine stretching 10 kilometres on the side of the mountain peak.

Ecology
This botanical site contains a variety of flora and fauna that ranges over 4 climate zones; from rich lowland dipterocarp forest through the montane oak, rhododendron, to the coniferous forests, to the alpine meadow plants, and to the stunted bushes of summit zone. The mountain is also known for its many carnivorous plant and orchid species, most notably Nepenthes rajah.

It is also home to a multitude of endemic animal species, including the Kinabalu giant red leech and Kinabalu giant earthworm. The park also plays host to a variety of birds, insects, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles.

Mount Kinabalu is one of the youngest non-volcanic mountains in the world. It was formed within the last 10 to 35 million years. The mountain still grows at a rate of 5 millimetres a year

title: Kinabalu Park


text:
Talk:Al Hunt

Untitled
a quick google suggests he's left the journal for bloomberg. Nateji77 05:34, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

On 4/10/86, Mr Hunt was allegedly given a colorful comment ["You f--cking son of a bitch. I saw what you wrote. We're not going to forget this."] from George W. Bush over a piece of writing. What article elicited the response? 99.168.79.111 (talk) 03:22, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

"He has often been called a liberal but it is evident that he is part of the establishment press..." Liberals can't be part of the establishment press? This is junk writing. Is this a "bio" entry or a polemic ? "He has been for all U.S. military adventures for decades." Is this entry copied from some sort of moveon.org political almanac or something? I came here for some basic biographical information - not a screed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.124.147.174 (talk) 05:43, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, that was silly. However, I'm surprised that there is no mention of his political views, as his editorial page column at the Wall Street Journal was notable largely for his being the token liberal in a famously conservative environment, not unlike Thomas Frank currently (or the similar token conservatives at the NY Times). If someone knows a properly citable source for this it would be good to add a sentence or two. I'll keep my eye out. CAVincent (talk) 03:18, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Hello, Does anybody have a picture that actually shows this man's FACE? Thank You.GlenAnnieGirl (talk) 21:55, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Charlie Rose
Doesn't Al Hunt also sometimes host segments of the "Charlie Rose" show? Would that be notable enough to include in the article? 71.10.124.223 (talk) 04:37, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al Hunt


text:
Varnae

Varnae is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Steve Perry and Steve Bissette, the character first appeared in Bizarre Adventures #33 (December 1982). Varnae is a villainous vampire who has been an adversary of several of Marvel's supernatural and fantasy-related heroes, and is a major character in Marvel's Dracula mythos. He is named after Dracula's literary predecessor, Varney the Vampire.

Publication history
Varnae first appeared in Bizarre Adventures #33 (December 1982), and was created by Steve Perry and Steve Bissette.

Varnae's involvement with Dracula's origin was a retcon to the original Marvel version of Dracula's origin. According to the origin given in Dracula Lives! #2 & 3, Dracula became the Lord of the Vampires by killing Nimrod, who held the title before him. When revisiting the characters in the black and white magazine Bizarre Adventures, Steve Bissette and John Totleben decided to go further back and create a worthy sire for Dracula, and inserted Varnae into a darker version of the story from Dracula Lives!. Much later, writer Roy Thomas revisited the character of Varnae while writing Conan the Barbarian and Doctor Strange in the early 1990s. Thomas added the history of the character as an Atlantean and a foe of Conan and Red Sonja in the former, and revived the character in modernity in the "Vampiric Verses" storyline in the latter. Varnae's history was further fleshed out by the addition of the battles with Thor (in Marvel Comics Presents) and Aamshed (in the 2005 Tomb of Dracula miniseries).

Varnae appeared as part of the "Vampires" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #20.

Fictional character biography
Varnae was a sorcerer in ancient Atlantis who was a member of the cult of the Darkholders. The other Darkholders used the Darkhold tome to transform Varnae into the Earth's first vampire, but he turned on them when they tried to use him as a weapon against their nemesis, King Kull. Varnae became the Lord of the Vampires, and would retain that title for millennia. When Atlantis sank beneath the sea during the Great Cataclysm, Varnae entered a state of suspended animation, and awoke thousands of years later during the Hyborian Age. There, he fought Conan the Barbarian and his allies Red Sonja and Zula, but was forced away by Zula's magic. In ancient Sumeria circa 2000 BC, Varnae and the sorceress Aamshed created a spell that could magnify a vampire's power, but Aamshed twisted the spell so that it could only be cast on a vampire's home soil (which, in Varnae's case, no longer existed), and it could only be cast every 2,000 years. When the next opportunity came to cast the spell around 1 AD, Varnae attempted to mystically raise Atlantis, but Aamshed foiled his plans. During the Viking Age, Varnae traveled to North America, where he discovered a colony of Vikings and battled the Norse god Thor.

Eventually, Varnae tired of his existence, and set events in motion that would grant him a successor as the Lord of the Vampires. In the 15th century, Varnae manipulated a war between the Turkish Lord Turac and Dracula, who was then the mortal Vlad Tepes, prince of Transylvania. During a battle with Turac's forces, Dracula was fatally wounded by the immortal Apocalypse, but was saved from death when he was bitten and transformed into a vampire by Varnae's servant Lianda. Varnae rewarded Lianda with death, and rewarded another minion, Nimrod, with a taste of Varnae's own blood. Varnae named Nimrod the Lord of the Vampires, then set Nimrod against the fledgling vampire Dracula as a test for Dracula, who was his real choice for the title. As Varnae watched from afar, Dracula slew Nimrod and his lover Lala, only to be slain alongside the assembled vampires by a mortal priest. Varnae arranged for one of his minions to deflower a virgin near the waters where Dracula's ashes had been scattered; exposure to the former virgin's hymeneal blood was enough for Dracula to return to life. Dracula then slew the minion and confronted Varnae, but Varnae effortlessly overpowered Dracula. Varnae then forced Dracula to drink his blood to the point of saturation, placed Dracula in a coffin to sleep through the coming day, and walked into the dawn to die in the sunlight.

In the modern day, the voodoo priestess Marie Laveau sought the blood of a vampire; she had been given a potion in the 19th century by the immortal Cagliostro that would make her temporarily ageless, but each draught of the potion required a vampire's blood. Doctor Strange, the Earth's Sorcerer Supreme, had previously used the Darkhold's Montesi Formula to destroy all of the Earth's vampires (including Dracula) and prevent any more vampires from being created. Although Laveau had once been able to obtain vampire blood via time travel, she instead sought to undo the Montesi Formula so that she could more easily obtain vampire blood. She tried to cast the Vampiric Verses from Strange's Book of the Vishanti to completely counter the Montesi Formula. When that failed, she used the Darkhold to recreate the Lord of the Vampires, but instead of resurrecting Dracula as had been expected, she revived Varnae. Varnae fought Strange, Laveau, and Brother Voodoo to a standstill, and left with a grudging respect for Strange as a nemesis.

Varnae later fought several of Strange's allies John Blaze and the Nightstalkers. In his conflict with the Nightstalkers, Varnae took control of Bloodstorm (a clone of Dracula) and transformed the Nightstalkers' ally Taj Nital into a vampire. In the final battle, the sorceress Salome, who had usurped Strange's title as Sorcerer Supreme, freed Bloodstorm, with the resulting battle ending in an explosion that apparently killed the Nightstalkers Frank Drake (a descendant of Dracula) and Hannibal King (a vampire). The remaining Nightstalker, Blade, fought Varnae as well as Dracula, who had been reborn by the combination of the blood of Bloodstorm, King, and Drake. Since his rebirth, Dracula has again taken on the title of the Lord of the Vampires.

Eons ago during the "Blood Hunt" storyline, Varnae's theft of the Vibranium from the Fires of Ptah had caused him and his followers to run afoul of Khonshu, Bast, and their fellow gods in the Ennead and the Orisha. Kokou the Ever-Burning fought Varnae in his temple. It is later revealed that Varnae is possessing Blade and he initiated the Blood Hunt, transported to Central Park the Temple of First Blasphemy, a place of evil from ancient Atlantis, captured the living Darkhold and Thor so he can finish what he started eons ago, to become the Unliving Darkforce.

Powers and abilities
Varnae has superhuman strength, stamina, durability, speed, agility, and reflexes. In addition, he also possesses accelerated healing, hypnotism, shapeshifting, telepathy, and immortality.

Reception

 * In 2021, Screen Rant included Varnae in their "Marvel: 10 Most Powerful Vampires" list.
 * In 2022, CBR.com ranked Varnae 5th in their "10 Most Important Marvel Vampires" list.

title: Varnae


text: User talk:220.244.224.44

title: User talk:220.244.224.44


text:
Talk:Poor shunting

This was my first Wikipedia article. I started it simply because there wasn't much information on this topic on the web, and ignorance of this topic by certain people puts the safety of the motoring public at risk.

The Wikipedia has been my salvation when searching for information on some new or rapidly-changing field of study, so I'm just trying to repay a karmic debt. I hope that other contributors to this article will help make it into something useful for the railroad industry.

TimeriderTech 05:35, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poor shunting


text:
The Red Hot Valentines

The Red Hot Valentines were a power pop band from Champaign, Illinois. They formed in 1999, with Jeff Johnson (lead vocals, guitar), Tobin Kirk (backing vocals, guitar), David Gerkin (backing vocals, bass), Eric Humbert (drums), and Jason Searby (keyboards). They released two full-length albums and three EPs. Jason Searby left the band in 2001 for college shortly after recording their first album, and was replaced by Tyson Markley of The Amazing Kill-O-Watts,(as well as MANDROID destroyers of the human race, Analog Saves the Planet, and Tyson & the Friction) who left the band in 2003 to raise his kids. The band went on without a keyboardist, and started to go in a new musical direction, as they were tired of playing the catchy pop that they had been known and loved for. By the end of 2004, they had broken up. Their last show was on November 20, 2004. Jeff Johnson and Tobin Kirk each got married and moved away from the band's central Illinois homeland. Eric has since gone on tour with Fall Out Boy as a drum tech and is currently playing with the band EndeverafteR.

There Is No Plan B (EP)
The EP was self-released by the band in 2000, and is now out of print.

 * 1) "Everything's Fine"
 * 2) "Firecracker"
 * 3) "My Girlfriend Has A Boyfriend"
 * 4) "There Is No Plan B"
 * 5) "One Last Dance"
 * 6) "Qik-N-EZ Girl"
 * 7) "mountain"

The Red Hot Valentines (album)
The Red Hot Valentines was the self-titled debut album by the band of the same name. It was originally self-released in early 2002, but was soon picked up by Double Zero Records. It is now out of print.

 * 1) "I'm Sorry"
 * 2) "Everything's Fine"
 * 3) "Hit The Road"
 * 4) "My Girlfriend Has A Boyfriend"
 * 5) "Angela"
 * 6) "Sincere"
 * 7) "Linger Longer"
 * 8) "Already Gone"
 * 9) "There Is No Plan B"
 * 10) "You Sang To Me"
 * 11) "So Far Away"

The Red Hot Valentines/Retro Morning (Split EP)
This EP was released in 2002 by Double Zero Records. Tracks 1-3 are from The Red Hot Valentines, and tracks 4-6 are from Retro Morning.

 * 1) "Bring Back The Good Times"
 * 2) "You've Gotta Love"
 * 3) "Better Than Last Time"
 * 4) "Burning Song"
 * 5) "There I Go"
 * 6) "Monday Is A Lie"

Calling Off Today (EP)
The EP was released in January 2003 by Polyvinyl Record Co. to give listeners a taste of what was to come on their upcoming full-length release, Summer Fling (although only one track from this release, "Don't Bother" was actually on that album).

 * 1) "Calling Off Today"
 * 2) "Firecracker"
 * 3) "Don't Bother"

Summer Fling (album)
Summer Fling was the second full-length album from The Red Hot Valentines. It was released in May 2003 on Polyvinyl Record Co.

 * 1) "Wait For Summer"
 * 2) "This Heart Of Mine"
 * 3) "Pocket Full Of Secrets"
 * 4) "Fair Warning"
 * 5) "Wishful Thinking"
 * 6) "I Want To"
 * 7) "Christine"
 * 8) "Don't Bother"
 * 9) "All You Get"
 * 10) "One Last Kiss"

title: The Red Hot Valentines


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/InterNutter

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page, if it exists; or after the end of this archived section. The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk July 6, 2005 12:14 (UTC)

InterNutter
Somebodies quake id. Was up for vfd in Arpil but attracted no attention, delete--nixie 23:34, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - embarassing that this nonsense has been hanging around since April - thanks for catching it. CDC   (talk)  01:30, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It hasn't. You deleted an article about a female author on 2005-04-21.  This article was created on 2005-06-24 about a male games player. Uncle G June 28, 2005 12:50 (UTC)
 * Delete for obvious reasons. -Splash 01:53, Jun 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, oh my ... Pavel Vozenilek 01:57, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 28 June 2005 03:49 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clearly vanity. – Mipadi July 3, 2005 19:22 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be placed on a related article talk page, if one exists; in an undeletion request, if it does not; or below this section.


text:
User talk:216.153.214.94/archive5

 * User talk:216.153.214.94/archive1
 * User_talk:216.153.214.94/archive2
 * User_talk:216.153.214.94/archive3
 * User_talk:216.153.214.94/archive4

All entries prior to 04.06.05 have been archived (see above). 216.153.214.94 17:15, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Mel_Etitis&action=edit&section=new Please click here to leave me a new message. ]'''

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My apologies--I didn't see your original edit summary; when I did a quick comparison, all I saw was an anonymous user removing text. I shouldn't have made assumptions, and I'll roll back my changes. That said, it would be easier if you would create an account. Best, Meelar (talk) 03:22, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.153.214.94/archive5


text: Category:Roosevelt

title: Category:Roosevelt


text:
Talk:Eternal Buddha

Merge?
I wonder if this subject specifically requires an article dedicated to it. "Eternal Buddha" doesn't appear to be a discrete concept, but rather a description that some scriptures apply to one or various other Buddhas (Shakyamuni, Samantabhadra, etc.) We could perhaps merge this text into Buddha. On the other hand, I would interested in knowing more about the relationships of concepts such as Adi-Buddha and Dhyanibuddha, and the descriptions of Samantabhadra and of Vairocana as Primordial Buddha. - Nat Krause 05:43, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hallo Nat, good to hear from you again. I think your suggestion of a "merger" is a sensible one. I'll put the info contained in "Eternal Buddha" into the "Buddha" entry in the next few days. It will sit quite well there as a separate little section, I think. Thanks again for your useful suggestion. All the best to you - Tony TonyMPNS 08:52, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Nat, I've deleted my "Eternal Buddha" entry and shifted the info over to the "Buddha" entry. But I don't know how to get rid of the title of the entry, "Eternal Buddha", from Wiki altogether! That heading is still there. Can you help??? Thanks -  Tony  15:02, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, it could be done, but it would require the assistance of an administrator. It's not really necessary, though -- we can have Eternal Buddha redirect automatically to Buddha by changing the text to #REDIRECT Buddha . I went ahead and did that. - Nat Krause 03:59, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Many thanks as always, Nat, for your valuable help. Best wishes, from Tony  TonyMPNS 07:33, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:22, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:52, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Buddha body Avalokitesvara.svg

title: Talk:Eternal Buddha


text: User talk:65.34.129.161

title: User talk:65.34.129.161


text:
Cognitive approaches to grammar

Cognitive approaches to grammar are theories of grammar that relate grammar to mental processes and structures in human cognition. While Chomsky's theories of generative grammar are the most influential in most areas of linguistics, other theories also deal with the cognitive aspects of grammar.

The approach of Noam Chomsky and his fellow generative grammarians is that of an autonomous mental faculty that it is governed by mental processes operating on mental representations of different kinds of symbols that apply only within this faculty.

Another cognitive approach to grammar is that which is proposed by proponents of cognitive linguistics, which holds that grammar is not an autonomous mental faculty with processes of its own, but that it is intertwined with all other cognitive processes and structures. The basic claim here is that grammar is conceptualization. Some of the theories that fall within this paradigm are construction grammar, cognitive grammar, and word grammar.

title: Cognitive approaches to grammar