text:
Mercedes-Benz 300

Mercedes-Benz has sold a number of automobiles with the "300" model name:
 * 1951–1957 W186
 * 1951–1957 300
 * 1951–1958 W188
 * 1951–1958 300S
 * 1954–1963 W198
 * 1954–1963 300SL
 * 1958–1962 W189
 * 1958–1962 300d
 * 1961–1965 W112
 * 1961–1965 300SE
 * 1962–1965 300SEL
 * 1965–1967 W108
 * 1965–1967 300SEb
 * 1965–1972 W109
 * 1965–1970 300SEL
 * 1968–1972 300SEL 6.3
 * 1969–1972 300SEL 3.5
 * 1971–1972 300SEL 4.5
 * 1975–1976 W115
 * 1975–1976 300D
 * 1977–1985 W123
 * 1977–1985 300D
 * 1978–1985 300CD
 * 1979–1985 300TD
 * 1982-1985 300D Turbodiesel
 * 1982-1985 300CD Turbodiesel
 * 1981-1985 300TD Turbodiesel
 * 1978–1980 W116
 * 1978–1980 300SD Turbodiesel
 * 1986–1995 W124
 * 1986–1993 300E
 * 1987 300D Turbo
 * 1987 300TD Turbo
 * 1988–1989 300CE
 * 1988–1993 300TE
 * 1990–1992 300CE-24
 * 1990–1993 300D 2.5 Turbo
 * 1990–1992 300E 2.6
 * 1990–1993 300E 4MATIC
 * 1990–1993 300TE 4MATIC
 * 1993 300E 2.8
 * 1993 300E 3.2
 * 1993 300CE 3.2
 * 1993 300TE 3.2
 * 1995 E300 Diesel
 * 1981–1991 W126
 * 1981–1985 300SD Turbodiesel
 * 1986–1987 300SDL Turbo
 * 1988–1991 300SEL
 * 1989–1991 300SE
 * 1990–1993 R129
 * 1990–1993 300SL-24
 * 1992–1993 W140
 * 1991–1993 300SD 3.5 Turbodiesel
 * 1992–1993 300SE 3.2
 * 1996–1999 W210
 * 1996–1997 E300 Diesel
 * 1998–1998 E300 Turbodiesel
 * 2008–2009 W211
 * 2008–2009 E300 BlueTEC
 * 2006–2013 W221
 * 2006–2013 S300
 * 2010–2014 W204
 * 2011–2014 C300
 * 2012–2014 C300 CDI
 * 2010–2016 W212
 * 2010–2014 E300
 * 2010–2014 E300 CDI
 * 2014–2016 E300 BlueTEC
 * 2013–2016 E300 BlueTEC HYBRID
 * 2013–2020 W222
 * 2013–2017 S300 BlueTEC HYBRID
 * 2014–2021 W205
 * 2015–2021 C300
 * 2015–2021 C300d
 * 2019–2021 C300e
 * 2019–2021 C300de
 * 2016–present W213
 * 2016–present E300
 * 2019–present E300d
 * 2019–present E300e
 * 2019–present E300de
 * 2021–present W206
 * 2021–present C300
 * 2021–present C300d

title: Mercedes-Benz 300


text:
Talk:The Power of Myth

Possible edit
I would like to suggest cutting the whole of the conversation of the work's themes in the book section — from "Myths are the body of stories and legends " down to the bottom of the section.

As well worded as the exploration may be, it is original research — it doesn't quote Campbell, but interprets him.

If someone else can suggest a better edit, please share! David Kudler (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:39, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Power of Myth


text:
User:AndriuZ

my current about
WHAT A MESS!!! - if this is sonic boom, just curiuos what is knowledge boom?!

i12n
AndriuZ(LT) AndriuZ(EN) AndriuZ(RU) TRIZ(Lt) TRIZ(En) TRIZ(Ru) ТРИЗ(ru) +AndriuZ(LT) +Wikiknygos +AndriuZ(EN) +WikiBookz +AndriuZ(Викиучебник) +Викиучебник +Кулинарная книга

 * User:AndriuZ/sandbox

Fields of interest

 * user:AndriuZ/Fields of interest
 * user:AndriuZ/sandbox1-Category:Business leaders Category:Business theorists
 * user:AndriuZ/Timeline of management all
 * user:AndriuZ/50 books

Overall picture
start with Categories & Ontologies Table1
 * move2 user:AndriuZ/Overall picture

Table2

reCognition

 * move2 user:AndriuZ/reCognition

Category:Wikipedia official policy - policies that are widely accepted and that everyone generally follows .+ Category:Wikipedia guidelines - informal rules of thumb that are generally accepted by consensus to apply in many cases + from Policies_and_guidelines
 * earth.google
 * Interwiki_graphs
 * Table + Meta:Help:Table
 * Policies and guidelines guideline [‹gadlan] n (ppr. pl) 1 nurodymai, rekomendacijos, direktyvos 2 gairės, kursas +
 * Manual of Style Build the web
 * Preferred layout of your article, at Guide to Layout (see also Wikipedia:Boilerplate text)

---

 * Template talk:CompactTOC Wikipedia talk:Categorization policy Wikipedia talk:List of images Wikipedia talk:Lists Flat lists - wiki??? List of websites with a high PageRank
 * Category:Forbes 400 + CSPI Creative Problem Solving Institute Alex Osborn Alex Faickney Osborn A. F. Osborn Bruce Fairchild Barton Bruce Barton Barton Roy Sarles Durstine Roy Durstine R. S. Durstine Durstine + Category:Inventors Category:Engineers

---

— Chameleon Main/Talk/Images // —siro χ o Template:todo, Template:to-do, or Template:to do?

Template:Topics
Knowledge

FastWikiHelp
WikiProject Fact and Reference Check
 * move2 user:AndriuZ/FastWikiHelp

Template:delete  Special:Allpages, Special:Statistics
 * Images+Extended image syntax+Gallery

Templates
Template:MainPageIntro Template:Main Page banner Template:Wikipedialang Template:WikipediaSister Template:newpagelinksmain
 * Wikipedia:Template messages = Templates + Wikipedia:Template messages/All (Very long page)
 * main page
 * Template:Science Template:Sciencearticles Template:SciencecategoriesWikipedia:Wikiportal/Science/Categories, Template:Wikitopics? Tech tree Category:Trees (structure) Decision tree -- Big Science
 * Template:Wikisource Template:Science-stub Template:Scientific classification Template:C20YearInTopic Template:Tree horiz 4cols-15items Template:Tree31 moretrees Template:Tt - in WikiProject New York City Subway, Template:TopicInQuantum-theory
 * Template:see - see|Kennedy political family, Template:Seemain Template:Seemain1 - Template:Seemain10
 * Template:Portals Portals - are Wikipedia pages intended to be the main pages for Wikipedians interested in a specific area of knowledge, helping both to find the information on the specific topic and to develop articles connected with it. They can be associated with one or more WikiProjects.
 * Template:Wikiproject WikiProject - a collection of pages devoted to the management of a specific family of information within Wikipedia. It is not a place to write encyclopedia articles, but a resource to help coordinate and organize article writing. The attached talk pages are a convenient forum for those interested in a particular project. Projects can also have associated Wikiportals.

HowTo

 * How_to_revert + Edit summary legend + Edit_summary + Edit_summary short
 * Wikipedia Machine Translation Project - FaganFinderTranslationWizard(beta) - Google Language Tools
 * Tables HTML tables to wiki tools listed Meta:Help:Table(cnic.org - wackyboy.com - uni-bonn.de - diberri.dyndns.org - pywikipediabot)

Category schemes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_by_year_of_disestablishment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_properties_by_year_of_establishment Category:Timeline Category:Chronology Template:Timeline Geological Timescale Geologic time scale Logarithmic timeline Detailed logarithmic timeline Graphical timeline of human evolution Timeline of mathematics Timeline of evolution Kardashev scale http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Template:Sustainability_and_energy_development_group&action=edit http://www.accelerationwatch.com/spiral.html Timeline of project management Gantt chart Timeline of sociology  Unusual articles Editcountitis User:Magnus Manske Sealand Wikipediholic
 * Embassy
 * WikiMoney
 * User:Rambot WikiGnome WikiGremlin Template talk:Boschmeter wikiquote Category:Wikipedia humor Editing Weekend http://www.bodnotbod.org.uk/ User:Bodnotbod The Wikipedian's Prayer
 * Project_namespace + about Wiki
 * TOC
 * Utilitiesrepository for pages that are useful to "doing things" in Wikipedia

 * Boilerplate request for permission

Wikitech

 * move2 user:AndriuZ/Wikitech
 * Help:WordToWiki
 * HTML-WikiConverter-0.30 Try before you buy

About Wikitoolz (of my interest)
those tooolz are wery usefull, but more useful are functional Principles of those tooolz (they become as Techniques)!!!
 * record for the history category:TRIZ deletion

Wikimedia Commons
..was launched in September 2004, with the goal of providing a central repository for free images, music and, possibly, texts and spoken texts, to be used by all Wikimedia projects. Still in the planning stage, the project will, in future, allow images to be reused across projects. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:CommonsRoot ArticleType Commons Copyright statuses Image sources MediaType Other User Wikipedia bots
 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:MediaType Images: Photos · Paintings · Drawings · Diagrams · Symbols · Maps · Animations http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Images Advertisements Animation Autostereogram Cartoons Diagrams Drawings Droodle Featured pictures Free screenshot Illustrations Images by text Labels Lithographs Magazine covers Maps Microscopic images Photos Pictures of the day Postcards SVG Screenshots of various Wikipedias Symbols X-rays

The Tree of Life wikiproject
..,focusing on all organisms on the planet, continues to be the largest of all Wikipedia projects. It has contributors and content in many languages, and many thousands of articles to its name. // The board met online in September to discuss Wikispecies [1] (http://species.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page), a proposed biological project, related to the Tree of Life, that aims to provide data on every species. This resource will feed into Wikipedias of all languages. The project, which was created later that month, will work closely with the Tree of Life Wikiproject, and similar projects across the Wikipedias.

Wikiversity wikibooks
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 * 1) engineering Software engineering
 * 2) Beyond_e-Learning:_Extreme_Learning
 * 3) Wikisolutions & Category:Wikisolutions
 * 4) Note_taking
 * 5) Self-Replicating_Automata
 * 6) How_To_Build_A_Computer
 * 7) Freeware
 * 8) Neutral_Look_at_Operating_Systems

 * 1) Mambo (CMS)+ MamboBook

Licenses
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below: ---

lt:User:AndriuZ ru:User:AndriuZ

title: User:AndriuZ


text: User talk:167.102.225.2

title: User talk:167.102.225.2


text: Category:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars killed in battle


text:
Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally is a motorcycle rally held annually in Sturgis, South Dakota, and the surrounding Black Hills region of the United States. It began in 1938 by a group of Indian Motorcycle riders and was originally held for stunts and races. Since then, the rally has become a pluralistic endeavor that consists of events put on by many different groups. Attendance has historically been around 500,000 people, reaching a high of over 700,000 in 2015. The event takes place over 10 days and generates around $800 million in annual revenue.

History
The first rally was held by Indian Motorcycle riders on August 14, 1938, by the Jackpine Gypsies motorcycle club. The club still owns and operates the tracks, hillclimb, and field areas where the rally is centered. The first event was called the "Black Hills Motor Classic." The founder was Clarence "Pappy" Hoel. He purchased an Indian motorcycle franchise in Sturgis in 1936 and formed the Jackpine Gypsies in 1938. The Jackpine Gypsies were inducted to the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1997. Hoel was inducted into the AMA Hall of Fame the following year.

The focus of a motorcycle rally was originally racing and stunts. In 1961, the rally was expanded to include the Hillclimb and Motocross races. This could include half-mile track racing (the first year in Sturgis, there were 19 participants), intentional board wall crashes, ramp jumps and head-on collisions with automobiles.

The Sturgis Rally has been held every year, with exceptions during World War II. In 1942, the decision was made by the Black Hills Motor Classic Committee to not hold their regular event until after the war was over. The reason given for not holding the event was the "inability to obtain high-class talent." The Sturgis Rally would not be held again until 1946, when the Black Hills Classic Reorganized and made plans to revive the motorcycle rally.

Originally the rally was composed of two separate events that spanned three days. Starting of the event was a Gypsy tour, where riders would be guided through the Black Hills by an escort of Jackpine Gypsy club members. The following two days would be filled with motorcycle and automobile races. Additional events would be held in the downtown district of Sturgis, including parades, dances, and animal shows.

Through the 1970s and early 1980s, many attendees camped in City Park. When a record 40,000 visitors arrived in Sturgis in 1980, local residents became concerned with the behavior of these attendees. In 1982, a referendum was presented to the city asking them to no longer provide municipal services such as parking on Main Street, law enforcement and allowing camping in City Park. City attorney Dale Hansen advised that any vote would be non-binding and could not stop the rally because the motorcycle rally is sponsored by private groups. Although the referendum was defeated 1,454 to 826, the City of Sturgis followed the mayor's committee recommendation to prohibit camping in City Park and eliminate downtown street vendors.

For many years, the rally was a seven-day event starting on a Monday during the first full week of August.

In October 2016, the city of Sturgis expanded the city's dates to the 10-day format and have the rally start on the Friday before the first full week of August and end on the second Sunday. In 2017, the Rally became a 10-day event starting on the first Friday in August.

Attendance
The South Dakota Department of Transportation provides official traffic counts, which sometimes differ from official attendance figures. Attendance is higher on major anniversaries (e.g. 75th in 2015) and one or two years prior to the anniversary and falls off the following year or two. "Attendance" is defined as vehicle crossings at about a dozen roads around Sturgis for 10 days, city-wide trash collection, vendor licenses issued in Sturgis, and other sources, not just the actual number of people attending the rally. Most attendees are counted multiple times, so the actual number of people attending is much lower than the listed attendance.

Trademarks and ownership
For many years, the Sturgis Chamber of Commerce claimed ownership of the words "Sturgis", "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally" and "Sturgis Rally & Races" through an attempted trademark claim. Those trademark claims were later transferred to Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Inc., which made efforts to enforce the claims.

In 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit Court ruled the trademark invalid in a dispute between Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Inc. (SMRI) and Rushmore Photo and Gifts. In their ruling, the Court stated that the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally is a pluralistic endeavor promoted by multiple organizations. They further stated that the city's involvement does not extend beyond the provision of municipal services.

The record stated, “We agree and hold that the jury could not infer from the onerous planning that the City undertakes to provide infrastructure for the rally that the City was the organizer or sponsor of the rally. To allow such an inference would be tantamount to saying that it would be reasonable to infer that the City of New York organizes the sessions of the United Nations General Assembly because of everything it does to assist their occurrence. One cannot infer from the fact that a city augments its municipal services to accommodate those who attend an event-e.g., a funeral or political protest-that it organizes, promotes, or sponsors the event in a way that would permit it to acquire ownership over the event or its intellectual property."

For many years the city has been in an agreement with SMRI, and its predecessor-in-interest, the Sturgis Area Chamber of Commerce, to license use of the words "Sturgis", "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally" and "Sturgis Rally & Races". That agreement involving invalid trademark enforcement generated millions of dollars in royalties and sponsorship dollars. On December 11, 2019, Federal Judge Jeffery Viken ordered that SMRI may no longer attempt to claim ownership of "Sturgis", "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally" or "Sturgis Rally & Races". The court order called for trademark cancellations to be sent to the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Rally impact on community and nationwide
The City of Sturgis has calculated that the Rally brings over $800 million to South Dakota annually. The City of Sturgis earned almost $270,000 in 2011 from selling event guides and sponsorships. In 2019, the Rally generated $628,116 for local charities. In 2020, the rally provided 21% of the city's annual revenue.

There were 187 individuals jailed at the 2020 rally. Approximately $250,000 worth of motorcycles are stolen annually.

Rally-goers are a mix of white-collar and blue-collar workers and are generally welcomed as an important source of income for Sturgis and surrounding areas. The rally turns local roads into "parking lots", and draws local law enforcement away from routine patrols. Furthermore, the large numbers of people visiting the town and region served as a model for the state of Oregon in preparation for the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, given the expected impact on emergency services.

The Lakota Indian tribe in coalition with other tribes has protested the large amount of alcohol distributed at the event so close to the sacred Bear Butte, but also acknowledged that income from the event was important to the region and also benefits some members of the tribes.

There are generally several motorcycle related fatalities each year. The 75th anniversary in 2015 saw the highest number of fatalities at 15. The next most deadly years were 2023 and 1990 which both had 11 fatalities. In addition there are many more motorcycle accidents which are non-fatal. The number of non-fatal accidents generally range from 45-70 accidents. One of the leading causes of accidents is riders failing to navigate turns. Another leading factor is often alcohol or drugs.

Rallies during the COVID-19 pandemic
Concerns about the possible spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and travel restrictions were expected to lead to lower attendance in 2020. The 2020 final traffic count was about 462,000.

While some health officials and local leaders wanted to cancel the rally, that proved impossible since many events take place beyond the city limits. The 250,000 participants were recommended but not required to wear face masks in a state that had seen 9,371 confirmed cases, and 144 deaths due to contraction of COVID-19 (0.016% of the population). Several checkpoints to stop outsiders were put up on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation, an action that state and federal officials consider illegal. The 2020 final traffic count was about 462,000, with many attendees not wearing masks or observing social distancing.

Cell phone data showed that by August 25, 2020, 61% of US counties had been visited by a Sturgis attendee.

As of August 20, 2020, seven COVID-19 cases in the Nebraska Panhandle had been traced to the Rally, and 22 cases had been reported among out-of-state attendees. As of August 21, 2020, Minnesota had 15 cases traced to the rally, with more cases expected, and a few cases had been reported in Wyoming. Public health notices were issued for One-Eyed Jack's Saloon, The Knuckle Saloon, The Broken Spoke, and Asylum Tattoo in Sturgis, and for the Bumpin’ Buffalo Bar and Grill in Hill City. Some exposures in Minnesota could not be traced to specific locations. A Minnesota public health official urged all rallygoers to monitor for symptoms for 14 days, adding that "if you are feeling ill after returning from the event, please get tested and self-isolate while you wait for the test results."

By August 24, 2020, there were a total of 76 cases linked to the rally (0.016% of attendees), in four states, South Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska and Wyoming, with additional reports of cases in North Dakota and Washington State. The number rose to 103 (0.022% of attendees) on August 26, in at least eight states, including 37 cases in South Dakota, and cases in Wisconsin, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Washington and North Dakota. On August 26, 6 cases were reported in New Hampshire. On August 27, over 20 cases were reported in Colorado. Two of the cases reported in Minnesota were people who had been Sturgis event employees or volunteers.

On August 27, 2020, the results of mass testing in Sturgis became available. Out of 650 tests there were 26 positive results, all asymptomatic.

As of August 28, 2020, 46 cases in Minnesota had been linked to the rally, including two hospitalizations, with one person in intensive care. An additional cluster of secondary transmission from the rally was identified at a wedding. The number of infections increased substantially although health authorities suspected the real number could be far higher because many attendees refused to cooperate with contact tracers. On September 2, 2020, the first COVID-19 death related to the 2020 Sturgis rally was reported in Minnesota.

A paper by economist Dhaval Dave and colleagues at IZA Institute of Labor Economics estimated the number of cases that could have been caused by the 2020 rally, at which few attendees wore masks, could have infected 267,000 and result in $12.2 billion in health care costs. A partnership between Slate magazine, New America, and Arizona State University, questioned the methodology and thereby contested the findings of the study. The Slate analysis did find the IZA estimates for Meade County, South Dakota, between 177 and 195 cases (0.038–0.042% of attendees), to be consistent with the raw data. South Dakota governor Kristi Noem said the study was "fiction," and an "attack on those who exercised their personal freedom to attend Sturgis...Predictably, some in the media breathlessly report on this non-peer-reviewed model, built on incredibly faulty assumptions that do not reflect the actual facts and data here in South Dakota." State epidemiologist Joshua Clayton stated, "From what we know the results do not align with what we know."

By September 8, 2020, South Dakota reported 124 residents had become ill after attending the rally. On November 20, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified 51 people from Minnesota who were infected at the 2020 rally and another 35 who got secondary infections from attendees; four of the 86 were hospitalized and one died. Researchers noted that the actual figures were probably higher since many people who attended the rally refused to speak to them. They also pointed out that the study only involved one state, although rally attendees came from across the country.

Concerns about virus transmission appeared again before the 2021 rally, expected to draw 700,000 visitors. The City of Sturgis planned to make 15-minute self test kits for SARS‑CoV‑2 available during the 2021 rally.

Transportation to Sturgis
Shipping companies transport thousands of motorcycles to Sturgis for attendees who arrive via airline.

Print and Radio
The Rapid City Journal and South Dakota Public Broadcasting feature daily coverage of the Sturgis Rally.

The Seattle Times covered some of the 2008 Sturgis Rally while rock band Judd Hoos was playing at the Loud American Roadhouse. All Gas No Brakes covered the 2020 rally.

Television
In 1997, notable attendees at the rally included the crew from the television series COPS, and basketball player Dennis Rodman.

From 1996 to 1999, World Championship Wrestling (WCW) held a pay-per-view event called Road Wild (Hog Wild for the 1996 event). Rodman participated at the show in the final year in 1999.

Sturgis was featured in Season 7, Episode 13 of King of the Hill, "Queasy Rider." The episode features Hank and Peggy buying a motorcycle to rekindle their marriage and traveling to the event.

Television coverage of the festival by the VH1 Classic network includes interviews and performances as well as rock music videos from the Buffalo Chip Campground. The rally was featured in 2005 as part of the ESPN SportsCenter promotion 50 States in 50 Days.

The shows American Chopper and Orange County Choppers featuring bike builders Paul Teutul Sr and Paul Teutul Jr had multiple episodes that featured bikes being built for, and brought to the Sturgis Rally. American Chopper Season 2, Episode 10 "David Mann Bike 1" In the episode Paul Sr, Paul Jr and the rest of the crew go to the Sturgis Rally. Paul Sr talks about how he has been going to the Rally for a long time and reflects on all the people he had met at the Rally. One of those people was artist, David Mann, who had been in the hospital at the time and would die one month later, on September 11th of 2004. Paul Sr credits David Mann's paintings as the reason he wanted to start building choppers. American Chopper Season 7, Episodes 5-9 is a bike build off between Paul Sr and Paul Jr, in which they are competing to build bikes to be debuted at the Sturgis Rally. Paul Sr built an electric drag bike called "The Lawless Drag Bike", meanwhile Paul Jr built two bikes, "The Anti-Venom Bike" and "The Geico Bike". Episodes 8 and 9 are spent in Sturgis, while episodes 5-7 are focused on building those bikes. The bikes were debuted on stage at The Buffalo Chip. American Chopper Season 11, Episode 1 "Welcome Back" Paul Jr makes a trip to Sturgis to meet with the owner of The Buffalo Chip, Rod Woodruff. They discuss building a bike for The Buffalo Chip. Season 11, Episode 2 "Getting the Bike Back Together" Paul Jr unveils the "Legend's Ride Chopper" at The Buffalo Chip Speakeasy. In addition to all of the 'American Chopper' episodes filmed in Sturgis, Paul Sr, also filmed 1 episode of his short-lived show "Orange County Choppers' at the Sturgis Rally. Season 1, Episode 2 "The GAF Sturgis Bike" features Paul Sr and his team building a bike for GAF Roofing materials company. The company had the bike built with the request it would be gifted to veteran at the Sturgis Rally. Starting in 2009 an American reality television series began airing on the truTV network: Full Throttle Saloon, showing the inner operations at the world's largest biker bar just prior to the rally opening and for the duration of the rally each year.

Sturgis was also featured on American Pickers Season 4, Episode 6, "What Happens In Sturgis ...". Originally aired January 2, 2012, on the History Channel. "... When Mike tells Frank let's pack up for a trip to South Dakota, Frank says he can't. He's secretly going to his 30th annual trip to the legendary Sturgis motorcycle rally, but says he'll cover the shop ...". Sturgis has also been featured in the TV Show Pawn Stars in which Richard and Corey Harrison visit Sturgis with Chumlee Russell on his birthday.

title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally


text:
Mercedes-Benz 320

Mercedes-Benz has sold a number of automobiles with the "320" model name:

 * 1937—1942 W142
 * 1937—1942 Typ 320
 * 1937—1938 Typ 320N (shorter wheelbase)
 * 1993—1995 W124
 * 1993—1995 E320
 * 1994—1995 E320A
 * 1993—1998 W140
 * 1993—1998 S320/S320L
 * 1994—2001 R129
 * 1994—2001 SL320
 * 1995 W210
 * 1995 E320
 * 1998 C208
 * 1998 CLK320
 * 1998–2005 W163
 * 1998–2005 ML320
 * 2000–2011 W203
 * 2000–2007 C320 Sport Coupe
 * 2008–2011 CLC320 Sport Coupe
 * 1999—2005 W220
 * 1999—2005 S320/S320 CDI
 * 2006—2013 W221
 * 2006—2013 S320/S320 CDI
 * 2006–2011 W164
 * 2006–2011 ML320
 * 2011–2019 W166
 * 2011–2019 ML320 (GL320 2015–2019)
 * 2019–present W167
 * 2019–present GL320

title: Mercedes-Benz 320


text:
POC

POC most commonly refers to:
 * Person of color or people of color
 * Proof of concept, used to demonstrate the feasibility of an idea
 * Point of contact, in an organization

POC, PoC, P.O.C. or POc may also refer to:

Business

 * Paid outside closing, money paid in real estate transactions not included in calculations
 * Percentage-of-completion method, a work-in-progress evaluation
 * Production office coordinator, in film and television production

Medicine

 * Point of care, designating a service or product given at a medical-services facility
 * Portable oxygen concentrator, a medical oxygen source
 * Products of conception, tissue resulting from the union of an egg and sperm

Organizations and companies

 * Philippine Olympic Committee, the National Olympic Committee of the Philippines
 * Professional Officer Course, of the US Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program
 * Provisional Organizing Committee to Reconstitute a Marxist-Leninist Communist Party in the United States, a splinter of the Communist Party USA

Science and technology

 * Particulate organic carbon, carbon particles too large to pass through a filter
 * Products of combustion, the chemicals formed by burning materials in oxygen
 * Proof-of-capacity, an algorithm used to mine the Burstcoin digital cryptocurrency
 * Proto-Oceanic language (POc), the protolanguage ancestral to the Oceanic languages
 * Push to talk over cellular (PoC), a service to use a cellphone as walkie-talkie

Other uses

 * Atitlán grebe, an extinct water bird, also known as a poc
 * Brackett Field, a public airport a mile (2 km) southwest of La Verne, California; IATA airport code POC

 * Prisoner of conscience, anyone imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or political views
 * Pakistan Origin Card, issued to persons of Pakistani origin

title: POC


text:
Mercedes-Benz 350

Mercedes-Benz has sold a number of automobiles with the "350" model name:
 * 1972 R107
 * 1972 350SL
 * 1990–1991 W126
 * 1990–1991 350SDL Turbo
 * 1991 350SD Turbo
 * 1994–1995 W140
 * 1994–1995 S350 Turbo Diesel
 * 2005–2013 W221
 * 2005–2010 S350 V-6 Gasoline
 * 2010–2013 S350 BlueEfficiency V-6 Gasoline with direct-injection
 * 2009 S350 CDI BlueEfficiency V-6 Diesel
 * 2010–2013 S350 BlueTEC V-6 Clean Diesel

title: Mercedes-Benz 350


text: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ohio/Townships taskforce


text:
Mercedes-Benz 380

Mercedes-Benz has sold a number of automobiles with the "380" model name:
 * 1933 380
 * 1981–1985 R107
 * 1981 380SLC
 * 1981–1985 380SL
 * 1981–1985 W126
 * 1981–1983 380SEL
 * 1982–1983 380SEC
 * 1984–1985 380SE

title: Mercedes-Benz 380


text:
Paola, Malta

Paola (Raħal Ġdid, Casal Nuovo, both meaning "New Town") is a town in the South Eastern Region of Malta, with 8,706 inhabitants as of 2019. The town is a commercial centre in the Southern Harbour area of Malta, about 5 km from the capital Valletta, contiguous to Tarxien and Fgura, with which it forms a single urban area. Paola is named after Grand Master Antoine de Paule, who laid the foundation stone in 1626.

Paola is renowned for the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum, the Basilica of Christ the King (the largest church in the Maltese Islands), Antoine de Paule Square and its shopping centres, the Good Friday procession, and its football club, Hibernians FC. The Mariam Al-Batool Mosque, the only mosque in Malta, as well as an Islamic Cultural Centre are found in Paola. The country's correctional facilities (Corradino prison) and the largest burial grounds, the Addolorata Cemetery are also within the limits of Paola.

There are two parish churches, one dedicated to Christ the King and the other to Our Lady of Lourdes. The feast of Christ the King is celebrated on the last Sunday of July and Our Lady of Lourdes is celebrated on the first Sunday after 17 August. The parish also has a Franciscan church dedicated to Saint Anthony, in the Għajn Dwieli zone of the parish. St. Ubaldesca Church is the oldest church in Paola and was the first parish church there. In 2008 the church underwent minimal restoration. Villa Perellos, named after grand master Ramon Perellos y Roccaful, is a local historical landmark.

When the Order of St John came to Malta, a big part from Paola to Birmula, was named all Birmula but they changed them to 3 towns. A big part named Fgura and another big part, near dock 6 became Paola.

Prehistory
Although Paola was founded in the 17th century, several megalithic remains have been found within the locality. Several other remains from pre-history to classic antiquity also remain in Paola.

The Hypogeum

The Hypogeum has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Hypogeum is a large complex of rooms hewn out of the limestone about 11 m below the surface. It appears to have been used as a burial site, and also as a temple. Neolithic man carved out the Hypogeum using only antlers and stone picks as tools, and in semi darkness. The Hypogeum is made up of three levels, which are superimposed upon each other. The upper level resembles the earlier rock-cut tombs found elsewhere on the Islands. The middle level, hewn out during the temple period (3800 - 2500 B.C.) is made up of numerous chambers. Many statuettes, amulets, figurines and vases were recovered here. The most famous figurine is that of the so-called Sleeping Lady, a reclining figurine, perhaps meant as a representation of eternal sleep. It is on display at the National Museum of Archaeology, Valletta

Kordin Temples
The Kordin Temples were located on a high plain that overlooks the Grand Harbour:

 * Kordin I – The temple was excavated in part by A.A. Caruana, and later by Sir Themistocles Zammit in 1908 and finished by T. Ashby and T.E. Peet in 1909. It was poorly preserved and consisted of small and irregular rooms. Kordin I was left open to the elements. Bombings during the Second World War and construction on the site have obliterated all of the remains.
 * Kordin II – The temple was first investigated by Cesare Vassallo in 1840. A.A. Caruana started to excavate the site properly in 1892. The excavation was continued by Albert Mayer in 1901 and finished by Ashby and Peet in their campaign of 1908–9. The chronology was difficult to figure out, and whether all of the building could be dated to the temple period is debatable. Kordin II must have been in use during the entire temple period since pottery throughout this period's phases were found during its excavation. Kordin II was damaged by the air bombardments of the Second World War and the new buildings that were constructed since.
 * Kordin III – This is the only temple on Kordin still in existence today, and it is of the standard Ġgantija-phase 3-apse design. It is the only temple whose forecourt, which is in front of the concave façade, has a stone pavement, as is the entrance passage leading to the central court. Behind the temple and contemporary with it, are small rooms possibly used for storerooms or the like, or even an irregular, lobed minor temple. One of the most noted feature of Kordin III is the 2.75-metre-long 'trough' lying across the entrance to the left apse. It has seven deep transverse grooves produced by grinding. It is made of hard limestone brought from over 2 kilometres away so it is highly probable that it is for grinding corn (a multiple quern) and contemporary with the temple rather than for grinding 'deffun', the traditional Maltese roofing material, which would make it considerably more recent. Kordin III is in a walled area next to the Church of St. Anthony and is kept locked to give it maximum protection.

Order of St. John
The town is named after Grand Master Antoine de Paule, who laid the foundation stone in 1626. De Paule was appointed Grand Master of the Order of St. John on 10 March 1623, when he was 71 years old. On 20 July 1626, to address a growing population, he set up a new town on the hill known as Tal-Għerien (literally: of the caves) which was named Casal Nuovo (meaning: new town) since it was founded during the rule of the Order. The town was later named Casal Paola to bear the family name of the Grand Master. To present date, the town is still referred to by this name. The town's coat of arms originally consisted of a white and red octagonal cross contrasted against a white and red background. During the Military Order, the town became the spiritual successor of the neighbouring town Tarxien and still depended for military tactics by the Chief of Army of Zejtun.

To encourage migration to Paola, de Paule gave indemnity to the debts of the families who moved there.

During his rule, De Paule built a church in the town, dedicated to St. Ubaldesca who was a Sister of the Order of St. John, and this church was the first parish church of the town. Pope Urbanus VIII issued a bull that gave permission for this church to be built. This papal bull was issued from the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome on 31 July 1629. An extract from this bull reads as follows: "we accept this request and to the afore mentioned Antonius, with the Apostolic authority granted by this bull, we give the authority that in the mentioned town in a location of his preference, as long as it is comfortable and just, a church can be built in honour of the afore-mentioned Saint." On 12 November 1629, the Council of the Order of St. John decided to effect what was written on the bull. The laying of the first foundation stone of this church was celebrated in grand style by Grand Master de Paule himself on Sunday 25 August 1630.

"On the day of Sunday, the 25th day of the month of August 1630, which is the feast of the king Saint Ludovico, the Most Serene and the Most Revered Grand Master Fra Antoine de Paule went to the town, which for the past four years had taken the name of his family and which was established in the land of Marsa, and he was accompanied by numerous Venerable Gran Cruci as well as by numerous brethren from our Order and in front of a crowd of people he laid the first stone of the church which was to be built for the grace of God and the Holy Virgin Ubaldesca, sister of our Religion, with the permission of the Most Reverend Prior of the church, Fra Salvatur Imbroll, who was adorned with pontifical clothes and according to the rites of the Holy Roman Church. This was done with the apolostic authority given by the Magnificent His Holiness from Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, on the 31st of July 1629 and which was written in the public deed of the Notary Lorenzo Grima."

As accounted by Giovanni de Soldanis, in 1750 Paola was not yet its own parish, as it fell under the parish of Tarxien.

British and contemporary period

At the start of the British colonial period, Paula was almost deserted due to malaria rising from the marshes at Marsa. These marshes were drained by Captain Frederick Hunn, as well as by Francesco Zammit, a local entrepreneur who got in exchange the ownership of the newly dried lands, thus becoming by the 1830s the richest man in Malta. The end of malaria brought back population and wealth to Paola too.

In 1842 the British administration built the Corradino prison in Paola on the model of the Pentonville prison in London, with a capacity of 200 prisoners divided into 4 wings. Now fully surrounded by Paola's urban area, Corradino remains Malta's main correctional facility to date.

In 1862-1868 the new main resting place in Malta, the Addolorata Cemetery, was built on a hill known as Tal-Ħorr which was already a burial ground since prehistoric times. The cemetery and the chapel were built in a neo-gothic design based on designs by architect Emanuele Luigi Galizia, and opened on May 9, 1869. The first burial took place on January 23, 1872. The cemetery was further extended in the 1970s, and is full of old Mausoleums and statues in marble and bronze.

From 1905 to 1929, Paola Square hosted a stop of the Malta Tramways line from Valletta to Cospicua.

The St. Ubaldesca Church was enlarged in 1900 to accommodate the growing population, and Paola became a parish in 1910, when it was dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. A new and larger church, the Basilica of Christ the King, was eventually built to replace it in Antoine de Paule Square, the town's main square; it started to be used in 1936 and was consecrated and dedicated on June 3, 1967, by Archbishop Mikiel Gonzi. Since then, the church has undergone restoration and its interior is adorned with gold guilding and a niche holding the parish's titular statue of Christ the King. In April 2020 it was raised to the dignity of a minor basilica.

Paola also hosts the only mosque in Malta, the Mariam Al-Batool Mosque, whose first stone was laid by Muammar Gaddafi in 1978 and its doors were open to the public in 1982, and officiated in 1984. The complex also includes the Mariam Al-Batool School, the Islamic Cultural Centre (Ċentru Kulturali Islamiku), a courtyard, the Malta Islamic Cemetery (Iċ-Ċimiterju Islamiku f'Malta) and the Mediterranean Garden.

Since the 1960s until 2018, Pjazza Antoine de Paole (Paola Square) included a central pedestrian space, with a kiosk shaded by trees. In 2015, the Government of Malta entrusted architect Christopher Mintoff (nephew of Dom Mintoff) with a €3 million project for the regeneration of the square. Despite being presented as aimed at the creation of an "urban garden", the project entailed uprooting all the mature trees on the square. The architect justified this as the roots were damaging the underground infrastructure and the sappy spores of the ficus trees were making the floor filthy and attracting insects. The works proceeded with delays throughout 2017, although the square was not fully pedestrianised due to pressures from local shop-owners. Residents complained that the mature trees had been replaced with saplings, unable to provide the same shade.

Band clubs

 * Soċjeta' Filarmonika 11 ta' Frar- Madonna ta' Lourdes
 * De Paule Philharmonic Society Christ the King Band (Is-Soċjetà Filarmonika De Paule Banda Kristu Re) (tal-Ħomor)
 * Christ the King Band Club (Ghaqda Socjali w Muzikali Kristu Sultan Banda Paola) (tal-Ħodor)

Zones in Paola

 * Għajn Dwieli
 * Il-Qortin
 * Kordin (Corradino)
 * Moll il-Faħam
 * L-Ordinanza
 * Ras Ħanżir
 * Tal-Borġ
 * Tax-Xewk

Paola main roads

 * Pjazza Antone De Paule (Paola Square)
 * Telgħat Raħal Ġdid (Paola Hill)
 * Triq Bormla (Cospicua Road)
 * Triq Għajn Dwieli (Għajn Dwieli Road)
 * Triq Ħal Luqa (Luqa Road)
 * Triq Ħal Tarxien (Tarxien Road)
 * Triq Ħaż-Żabbar (Żabbar Road)
 * Vjal Kristu Re (Christ the King Avenue) - formerly called Triq il-Belt Valletta (Valletta Road)
 * Triq il-Perit Dom Mintoff (Dom Mintoff Road) - formerly called Triq Kordin (Corradino Road)
 * Triq l-Isqof Buhagiar (Bishop Buhagiar Street)
 * Triq Lampuka (Lampuka Street)
 * Triq Sammat (Sammat Street)
 * Vjal Santa Luċija (Santa Lucia Avenue)
 * Vjal Sir Pawlu Boffa (Sir Paul Boffa Avenue)
 * Triq Palma (Palm Street)
 * Triq l-Arkata (Arcade Street)

Notable people

 * Bernard Grech, Leader of the Opposition and of the Nationalist Party was born in this locality
 * Sir Paul Boffa (1890–1962), Prime Minister, resided in this locality
 * Ino Bonello, international movie art director
 * Chris Fearne, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Health
 * Immanuel Mifsud, author, winner of the European Union Prize for Literature in 2011

Twin towns – sister cities
Paola is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 Calcinaia, Italy
 * 🇫🇷 Saint Alban, France

title: Paola, Malta


text:
Ear pain

Ear pain, also known as earache or otalgia, is pain in the ear. Primary ear pain is pain that originates from the ear. Secondary ear pain is a type of referred pain, meaning that the source of the pain differs from the location where the pain is felt.

Most causes of ear pain are non-life-threatening. Primary ear pain is more common than secondary ear pain, and it is often due to infection or injury. The conditions that cause secondary (referred) ear pain are broad and range from temporomandibular joint syndrome to inflammation of the throat.

In general, the reason for ear pain can be discovered by taking a thorough history of all symptoms and performing a physical examination, without need for imaging tools like a CT scan. However, further testing may be needed if red flags are present like hearing loss, dizziness, ringing in the ear or unexpected weight loss.

Management of ear pain depends on the cause. If there is a bacterial infection, antibiotics are sometimes recommended and over the counter pain medications can help control discomfort. Some causes of ear pain require a procedure or surgery.

83 percent of children have at least one episode of a middle ear infection by three years of age.

Signs and symptoms
Ear pain can present in one or both ears. It may or may not be accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, sensation of the world spinning, ear itchiness, or a sense of fullness in the ear. The pain may or may not worsen with chewing. The pain may also be continuous or intermittent.

Ear pain due to an infection is the most common in children and can occur in babies. Adults may need further evaluation if they have hearing loss, dizziness or ringing in the ear. Additional red flags include diabetes, a weakened immune system, swelling seen on the outer ear, or swelling along the jaw.

Causes
Ear pain has a variety of causes, the majority of which are not life-threatening. Ear pain can originate from a part of the ear itself, known as primary ear pain, or from an anatomic structure outside the ear that is perceived as pain within the ear, known as secondary ear pain. Secondary ear pain is a type of referred pain, meaning that the source of the pain differs from the location where the pain is felt. Primary ear pain is more common in children, whereas secondary (referred) pain is more common in adults.

Primary ear pain is most commonly caused by infection or injury to one of the parts of the ear.

External ear
Many conditions involving the external ear will be visible to the naked eye. Because the external ear is the most exposed portion of the ear, it is vulnerable to trauma or environmental exposures. Blunt trauma, such as a blow to the ear, can result in a hematoma, or collection of blood between the cartilage and perichondrium of the ear. This type of injury is particularly common in contact sports such as wrestling and boxing. Environmental injuries include sunburn, frostbite, or contact dermatitis.

Less common causes of external ear pain include:
 * Auricular Cellulitis: a superficial infection of the ear that may be precipitated by trauma, an insect bite, or ear piercing
 * Perichondritis: infection of the perichondrium, or fascia surrounding the ear cartilage, which can develop as a complication of untreated auricular cellulitis. It is important to identify and treat perichondritis with antibiotics to avoid permanent ear deformities.
 * Relapsing polychondritis: a systemic inflammatory condition involving cartilage in many parts of the body, but often including the cartilage of both ears. The severity and prognosis of the disease varies widely.

Otitis externa
Otitis externa, also known as "swimmer's ear", is a cellulitis of the external ear canal. In North America, 98% of cases are caused by bacteria, and the most common causative organisms are Pseudomonas and Staph aureus. Risk factors include exposure to excessive moisture (e.g. from swimming or a warm climate) and disruption of the protective cerumen barrier, which can result from aggressive ear cleaning or placing objects in the ear.

Malignant otitis externa is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication of otitis externa in which the infection spreads from the ear canal into the surrounding skull base, hence becoming an osteomyelitis. It occurs largely in diabetic patients. It is very rare in children, though can be seen in immunocompromised children and adults. Pseudomonas is the most common causative organism. The pain tends to be more severe than in uncomplicated otitis externa, and laboratory studies often reveal elevated inflammatory markers (ESR and/or CRP). The infection may extend to cranial nerves, or rarely to the meninges or brain. Examination of the ear canal may reveal granulation tissue in the inferior canal. It is treated with several weeks of IV and oral antibiotics, usually fluoroquinolones.

Mechanical obstruction

 * Earwax impaction: results in 12 million medical visits annually in the United States. Cerumen impaction may cause ear pain, but it can also prevent thorough examination of the ear and identification of an alternate source of pain.
 * Foreign body: commonly include insects or small objects like beads

Less common

 * Herpes zoster: varicella zoster virus can reactivate in an area that includes the ear. Reactivation can produce pain and visible vesicles within the ear canal and, when combined with facial paralysis due to facial nerve involvement, is called Ramsay Hunt syndrome.
 * Tumors: the most common ear canal tumor is squamous cell carcinoma. Symptoms can resemble those of otitis externa, and cancer should be considered if the symptoms are not improving on appropriate treatment.

Acute otitis media
Acute otitis media is an infection of the middle ear. More than 80% of children experience at least one episode of otitis media by age 3 years. Acute otitis media is also most common in these first 3 years of life, though older children may also experience it. The most common causative bacteria are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Otitis media often occurs with or following cold symptoms. The diagnosis is made by the combination of symptoms and examination of the tympanic membrane for redness, bulging, and/or a middle ear effusion (collection of fluid within the middle ear).

Complications of otitis media include hearing loss, facial nerve paralysis, or extension of infection to surrounding anatomic structures, including:
 * Mastoiditis: infection of the air cells in the mastoid process, the area of the skull located right behind the ear
 * Petrositis: infection of the petrous portion of the temporal bone
 * Labyrinthitis
 * Meningitis
 * Subdural abscess
 * Brain abscess
 * Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Trauma

 * Barotrauma: results from changes in atmospheric pressure that occur, for example, when descending in a plane or deep diving. As atmospheric pressure increases with descent, the eustachian tube collapses due to pressure within the middle ear being less than the external pressure, which causes pain. In severe cases, middle ear hemorrhage or tympanic membrane rupture can result.
 * Tympanic membrane rupture: disruption of the eardrum. This can be caused by a blow to the ear, blast injury, barotrauma, or direct penetration of the tympanic membrane by an object entering the ear.
 * Noxacusis (Pain Hyperacusis): causes pain in the ear when exposed to noise that typically does not cause pain. This has been thought to be caused by type II nerves responding to damage of the outer hair cells.

Referred ear pain
A variety of conditions can cause irritation of one of the nerves that provides sensation to the ear.

Conditions causing irritation the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V): Conditions causing irritation of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) or glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX): Conditions causing irritation of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X):
 * Temporomandibular joint syndrome: inflammation or abnormal movements of the joint between the jaw and skull. These disorders are most common in women of childbearing age, and are uncommon in children younger than 10 years old.
 * Myofascial pain syndrome: pain in the muscles involved in chewing. There may be certain parts of the muscles or tendons (connective tissue connecting the muscles to bones) that are especially painful when pressed
 * Trigeminal neuralgia: attacks of shooting pain down the face that may be triggered by touching the face or temperature changes
 * Dental pain from cavities or an abscess
 * Oral cavity carcinoma
 * Tonsillitis: infection/inflammation of the tonsils
 * Post-tonsillectomy: pain following surgical removal of the tonsils
 * Pharyngitis: infection/inflammation of the throat
 * Sinusitis
 * Parotitis: inflammation of the parotid gland, the salivary gland right in front of the ear
 * Carcinoma of the oropharynx (base of tongue, soft palate, pharyngeal wall, tonsils)
 * GERD
 * Myocardial ischemia (inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle)

Conditions causing irritation of cervical nerves C2-C3:
 * Cervical spine trauma, arthritis (joint inflammation), or tumor
 * Temporal arteritis: an autoimmune disorder leading to inflammation of the temporal artery, a large artery in the head. This condition tends to occur in adults older than 50.

Primary ear pain
The ear can be anatomically divided into the external ear, the external auditory canal, the middle ear, and the inner ear. These three are indistinguishable in terms of the pain experienced.

Secondary ear pain
Many different nerves provide sensation to the various parts of the ear, including cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), and the great auricular nerve (cervical nerves C2-C3). These nerves also supply other parts of the body, from the mouth to the chest and abdomen. Irritation of these nerves in another part of the body has the potential to produce pain in the ear. This is called referred pain. Irritation of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) is the most common cause of referred ear pain.

Diagnostic
While some disorders may require specific imaging or testing, most etiologies of ear pain are diagnosed clinically. Because the differential for ear pain is so broad, there is no consensus on the best diagnostic framework to use. One approach is to differentiate by time course, as primary causes of ear pain are typically more acute in nature, while secondary causes of ear pain are more chronic.

Acute causes may be further distinguished by the presence of fever (indicating an underlying infection) or the absence of fever (suggesting a structural problem, such as such as trauma or other injury to the ear). Etiologies leading to chronic pain may be broken down by the presence or absence of worrisome clinical features, also known as red flags.

One red flag is the presence of one or multiple risk factors including smoking, heavy alcohol use (greater than 3.5 drinks per day), diabetes, coronary artery disease, and older age (greater than 50). These factors increase the risk of having a serious cause of ear pain, like cancer or a serious infection. In particular, second hand smoke may increase risk of acute otitis media in children. In addition, swimming is the most significant risk factor for otitis externae, though other risk factors include high humidity in the ear canal, eczema and/or ear trauma.

If red flags are present it may be necessary to do additional workup such as a CT scan or biopsy to rule out a more dangerous diagnosis. Such diagnoses include malignant (or necrotizing) otitis externa, mastoiditis, temporal arteritis, and cancer. While the presence of a red flag does raise suspicion for one of these four disease, it does not guarantee a diagnosis as any one symptom can be seen in a variety of situations. For example, jaw claudication can be seen in temporal arteritis, but also in TMJ dysfunction.

If there are no red flags, other sources of referred ear pain become more likely and are reasonable to pursue.

* Indicates a "Can't Miss" diagnosis or a red flag.

Management
Management of ear pain depends on the underlying cause.

Antibiotics
While not all causes of ear pain are treated with antibiotics, those caused by bacterial infections of the ear are usually treated with antibiotics known to cover the common bacterial organisms for that type of infection. Many bacterial ear infections are treated with cleaning of the area, topical or systemic antibiotics, and oral analgesics for comfort. Some types of bacterial ear infections can benefit from warm compresses included in the treatment. Some of the causes of ear pain that are typically treated with either a topical or systemic antibiotic include: Some bacterial infections may require a more advanced treatment with evaluation by otorhinolaryngology, IV antibiotics, and hospital admission.
 * Uncomplicated acute bacterial otitis externa (AOE). For symptoms that are not responsive to treatment within 10 days, a physician should evaluate for necrotizing external otitis.
 * Acute otitis media (AOM) self-resolves within 24–48 hours in 80% of cases. If it does not self-resolve, AOM thought to be caused by bacteria is treated with systemic antibiotics. If symptoms do not respond to a week of treatment, a physician should evaluate for mastoiditis.
 * Acute folliculitis.
 * Auricular cellulitis.
 * Suppurative otitis media. There is also a risk for tympanic membrane rupture.
 * Perichondritis. An otorhinolaryngologist should also evaluate it and if a foreign body is present in the cartilage, this foreign body should be removed. If there is cartilage involvement, then more advance care with hospitalization is needed.
 * Sinusitis can cause secondary ear pain. Treating the underlying sinusitis will treat the ear pain. (See sinusitis.)
 * Necrotizing external otitis is potentially fatal and should be evaluated by an otorhinolaryngologist with admission to the hospital and IV antibiotics. (See otitis externa.)
 * Acute mastoiditis is treated with admission to the hospital, otorhinolaryngology consultation and empiric IV antibiotics.   Cases with intracranial involvement are treated with a mastoidectomy with myringotomy.
 * Chondritis.

Procedures
Some causes of ear pain require procedural management alone, by a health professional, or in addition to antibiotic therapy.
 * Keratosis obturans is treated with removal of impacted desquamated keratin debris in the ear canal.
 * Chronic perichondritis and chondritis that continues to be symptomatic despite appropriate antibiotic management may require surgical debridement. Surgical drainage could be required.
 * Bullous myringitis leads to the development of bullae on the tympanic membrane that can be punctured to give pain relief.
 * Foreign body in the ear canal can cause pain and be treated with careful removal.
 * Infected sebaceous cyst is treated with incision and drainage of the cysts, oral antibiotics and otorhinolaryngology assessment.

Other
Given the variety of causes of ear pain, some causes require treatment other than antibiotics and procedures.
 * Relapsing polychondritis is an autoimmune disease treated with immunomodulating medications (medications that help modulate the immune system).
 * Temporomandibular joint dysfunction can lead to secondary ear pain and can be initially treated with a soft food diet, NSAIDs, application of a heat pack, massage of local area, and a referral to a dentist.
 * Myofascial pain syndromes are initially treated with NSAIDs and physical therapy. Local anesthetic injection into the muscle trigger point can be considered in severe cases.
 * Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is treated with carbamazepine.

Epidemiology
2/3 of people presenting with ear pain were diagnosed with some sort of primary otalgia and 1/3 were diagnosed with some sort secondary otalgia.

A common cause of primary otalgia is ear infection called otitis media, meaning an infection behind the eardrum. The peak age for children to get acute otitis media is ages 6–24 months. One review paper wrote that 83% of children had at least one episode of acute otitis media by 3 years of age. Worldwide, there are 709 millions cases of acute otitis media every year. Hearing loss globally due to ear infection is estimated to be 30 people in every 10,000. Around the world there is around 21,000 to 28,000 deaths due to complications from ear infections. These complications include brain abscesses and meningitis.

Otitis externae peaks at age 7–12 years of age and around 10% of people has had it at least once in their lives.

Cerumen impaction occurs in 1 out of every 10 children, 1 in every 20 adults and 1 in every 3 elderly citizens.

Barotrauma occurs around 1 in every 1000 people.

Of people presenting with ear pain, only 3% was diagnosed with eustachian tube dysfunction.

History
Not much was known about ear pain and acute otitis media before the 17th century. It was a common phenomenon with no treatment. That changed when the otoscope was invented in the 1840s by Anton von Troeltsh in Germany. Another shift came with the invention of antibiotics. Before antibiotics was introduced there use to be a high rate of ear infections spreading to the bone around the ear, but that is now considered a rare complication.

Society and culture
There was previously a strong tradition of treating acute otitis media with amoxicillin. One quote from the 1980s shows this sentiment by saying "any child with an earache has an acute amoxicillin deficiency". However, people started realizing that using antibiotics too much can cause bacteria to gain resistance. Increasing resistance makes antibiotics less effective. The term antibiotic stewardship is then used to describe the systematic effort to educate antibiotic prescribers to only give these medications when they are warranted. In particular to children, most ear pain resolves by itself with no complications. There are guidelines in place to help determine when antibiotics for ear pain are needed in children.

The ear itself played a role in treatment via acupuncture, also known as auriculotherapy. It was believed that acupuncture of the ear could be used to correct other pain or disorders in the body. Such practices may have started as far back as the Stone Age. The first documentation of auriculotherapy in Europe was in the 1600s. One physician described stimulating the ear by burning or scarring to treat sciatic pain, while another physician applied this treatment for toothache. Paul Nogier is known as the father of ear acupuncture for his theory that parts of the ear corresponds to other areas of the body in a reliable fashion.

Research
There are currently studies going on delivering antibiotics directly into the middle ear.

title: Ear pain


text:
Mercedes-Benz 400

Mercedes-Benz has sold a number of automobiles with the "400" model name:
 * 1926–1929 Type 400 (1924–1926 15/70/100 hp)
 * 1992–1995 W124
 * 1992–1995 400E
 * 1992 W140
 * 1992 400SE
 * 1993 400SEL

title: Mercedes-Benz 400


text:
Mercedes-Benz 420

Mercedes-Benz has sold a number of automobiles with the "420" model name: 2006-2009 Mercedes-Benz W221 S420 CDI
 * 1994–1995 W124
 * 1994–1995 E420
 * 1986–1991 W126
 * 1986–1991 420SEL
 * 1994-1999 W140
 * 1994-1999 S420
 * 1997 W210
 * 1997 E420

title: Mercedes-Benz 420


text:
Anusara School of Hatha Yoga

Anusara School of Hatha Yoga, also known as Anusara Yoga (In Hindi:अनुसार योग) is the successor of a modern school of hatha yoga founded by American-born yoga teacher John Friend in 1997. Friend derived his style from the Iyengar style of yoga and reintroduced elements of Hindu spirituality into a more health-oriented Western approach to Yoga.

Style of yoga
The Anusara style emphasizes a set of Universal Principles of Alignment which underlie all of the physical asanas and are connected to philosophical aspects of the practice. The school's ideology is "grounded in a Tantric philosophy of intrinsic goodness". The term "Anusara (a-nu-sar-a), means 'flowing with Grace,' 'flowing with Nature' and 'following your heart,'" as interpreted from the Sanskrit  (अनुसार), meaning "custom, usage, natural state or condition".

Instructors who are certified to teach Anusara are exclusively associated with the Anusara School of Hatha Yoga, formed in 2012, after John Friend and Anusara Inc. were embroiled in a scandal that resulted in Friend's stepping down from his role in Anusara. Friend transferred all rights to the name “Anusara” to the newly formed school and dissolved Anusara, Inc.

The Anusara School of Hatha Yoga (ASHY) became a non-profit corporation in 2017 and is recognized as a 501(c)(3) by the United States Internal Revenue Service. It has over 800 teachers worldwide.

Founder

John Friend (born May 30, 1959) started practicing yoga postures as shown in the book Integral Yoga Hatha by Swami Satchidananda at age 13. He lived in Ohio until 19 years old, and then moved to Texas. Before becoming a yoga teacher, Friend worked as a financial analyst until he quit in 1986 to teach yoga full-time. In the years following he traveled to California to study with Judith Lasater, and began to focus on Iyengar yoga. Friend was a popular teacher in the Iyengar style and, during the 1990s, served on the board of the Iyengar Yoga Organization for four years before leaving to found Anusara, Inc. in 1997. Since 2012, Friend has had no role in Anusara nor the training and certifying of teachers in the Anusara School of Hatha Yoga.

2012 scandal and exit from Anusara
In February 2012 an anonymous author published online accusations against Friend. The allegations accused Friend of being associated with a Wiccan coven made up of Anusara teachers and employees, and that Friend engaged in sexual relations with women in the coven, several of whom were married. Friend was also accused of de-funding employees' benefits plans without notifying them, and for arranging delivery of marijuana shipped for his own use to Anusara's main office. Friend soon announced his resignation as officer and director of Anusara Inc. In September 2012, Friend returned to teaching a set hatha yoga sequence of 108 asanas called "The Roots" based on Anusara's Universal Principles of Alignment.

title: Anusara School of Hatha Yoga


text:
Category talk:Townships in Ohio

Bot for Ohio Townships Project
I created WikiProject Ohio townships yesterday after having gone through and manually created articles on all the townships in Butler, Warren, and Clinton counties, e.g. Oxford Township, Butler County, Ohio. There is a wealth of data on each township in the Census data, which are also available more easily through Ohio State's site. Bots were used to create articles from this data on all of Ohio's villages and cities and I wonder if someone would be willing to create and operate a bot for me to add the Census data to the existing articles and to create new ones. I have some guidelines on the project page for how these articles should be set up. If someone's interested, please let me know on my talk page. And I'd welcome anyone to join the project as well. PedanticallySpeaking 15:20, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Wonderful!
I wanted to say how wonderful it is to see so many articles in this category. A few months ago there were only a handful. Good work everyone! PedanticallySpeaking 19:10, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Naming convention
I've proposed a standard form for naming articles on Ohio school districts: Naming conventions (Ohio school districts), which could easily be extended to apply to districts in other states. I'd welcome some feedback on this. PedanticallySpeaking 16:53, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Re-organization
I have begun the re-organization process for this category, as per the brief discussion here. Please do not move articles back to this category once they've been moved to the appropriate county-specific category. Thanks! Oldiesmann (talk) 17:07, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Townships in Ohio


text:
Mercedes-Benz 430

Mercedes-Benz has sold a number of automobiles with the "430" model name:
 * 1999 C208
 * 1999 CLK430
 * 1997-2005 W163
 * 1999 ML430 4.3 L V8
 * W210
 * E430
 * S430

title: Mercedes-Benz 430


text:
Pinutí

The Pinuti is a Filipino sword from the Visayas, Philippines. The weapon was originally intended as an agricultural implement. The grip is usually made of guava wood, which is light. The blade itself is approximately 16 to 18 inches (40 to 45 cm) long.

Pinuti is Cebuano for "whitened". As a farm implement, it would take on a dark patina due to contact with plant and animal fluids. When farmers sharpened their blades for combat, the blade was polished clean and white.

title: Pinutí


text:
Mercedes-Benz 450

Mercedes-Benz has sold a number of automobiles with the "450" model name:
 * 1972–1980 R107
 * 1972–1980 450SLC
 * 1973–1980 450SL
 * 1973–1979 W116
 * 1973–1976 450SE
 * 1974–1980 450SEL

title: Mercedes-Benz 450


text:
K-nearest neighbors algorithm

In statistics, the k-nearest neighbors algorithm (k-NN) is a non-parametric supervised learning method first developed by Evelyn Fix and Joseph Hodges in 1951, and later expanded by Thomas Cover. It is used for classification and regression. In both cases, the input consists of the k closest training examples in a data set. The output depends on whether k-NN is used for classification or regression:

 * In k-NN classification, the output is a class membership. An object is classified by a plurality vote of its neighbors, with the object being assigned to the class most common among its k nearest neighbors (k is a positive integer, typically small). If k = 1, then the object is simply assigned to the class of that single nearest neighbor.
 * In k-NN regression, the output is the property value for the object. This value is the average of the values of k nearest neighbors. If k = 1, then the output is simply assigned to the value of that single nearest neighbor.

k-NN is a type of classification where the function is only approximated locally and all computation is deferred until function evaluation. Since this algorithm relies on distance for classification, if the features represent different physical units or come in vastly different scales then normalizing the training data can improve its accuracy dramatically.

Both for classification and regression, a useful technique can be to assign weights to the contributions of the neighbors, so that the nearer neighbors contribute more to the average than the more distant ones. For example, a common weighting scheme consists in giving each neighbor a weight of 1/d, where d is the distance to the neighbor.

The neighbors are taken from a set of objects for which the class (for k-NN classification) or the object property value (for k-NN regression) is known. This can be thought of as the training set for the algorithm, though no explicit training step is required.

A peculiarity of the k-NN algorithm is that it is sensitive to the local structure of the data.

Statistical setting
Suppose we have pairs $$(X_1,Y_1), (X_2,Y_2), \dots, (X_n, Y_n) $$ taking values in $$\mathbb{R}^d \times \{1,2\}$$, where $Y$ is the class label of $X$, so that $$X|Y=r \sim P_r$$ for $$r = 1,2$$ (and probability distributions $$P_r$$). Given some norm $$\|\cdot\|$$ on $$\mathbb{R}^d$$ and a point $$x \in \mathbb{R}^d$$, let $$(X_{(1)},Y_{(1)}), \dots, (X_{(n)}, Y_{(n)}) $$ be a reordering of the training data such that $$ \|X_{(1)}-x\| \leq \dots \leq \|X_{(n)}-x\| $$.

Algorithm
[[File:KnnClassification.svg|thumb|right|Example of k-NN classification. The test sample (green dot) should be classified either to blue squares or to red triangles.

If k = 3 (solid line circle) it is assigned to the red triangles because there are 2 triangles and only 1 square inside the inner circle.

If k = 5 (dashed line circle) it is assigned to the blue squares (3 squares vs. 2 triangles inside the outer circle).]]

The training examples are vectors in a multidimensional feature space, each with a class label. The training phase of the algorithm consists only of storing the feature vectors and class labels of the training samples.

In the classification phase, k is a user-defined constant, and an unlabeled vector (a query or test point) is classified by assigning the label which is most frequent among the k training samples nearest to that query point.

A commonly used distance metric for continuous variables is Euclidean distance. For discrete variables, such as for text classification, another metric can be used, such as the overlap metric (or Hamming distance). In the context of gene expression microarray data, for example, k-NN has been employed with correlation coefficients, such as Pearson and Spearman, as a metric. Often, the classification accuracy of k-NN can be improved significantly if the distance metric is learned with specialized algorithms such as Large Margin Nearest Neighbor or Neighbourhood components analysis.

A drawback of the basic "majority voting" classification occurs when the class distribution is skewed. That is, examples of a more frequent class tend to dominate the prediction of the new example, because they tend to be common among the k nearest neighbors due to their large number. One way to overcome this problem is to weight the classification, taking into account the distance from the test point to each of its k nearest neighbors. The class (or value, in regression problems) of each of the k nearest points is multiplied by a weight proportional to the inverse of the distance from that point to the test point. Another way to overcome skew is by abstraction in data representation. For example, in a self-organizing map (SOM), each node is a representative (a center) of a cluster of similar points, regardless of their density in the original training data. K-NN can then be applied to the SOM.

Parameter selection
The best choice of k depends upon the data; generally, larger values of k reduces effect of the noise on the classification, but make boundaries between classes less distinct. A good k can be selected by various heuristic techniques (see hyperparameter optimization). The special case where the class is predicted to be the class of the closest training sample (i.e. when k = 1) is called the nearest neighbor algorithm.

The accuracy of the k-NN algorithm can be severely degraded by the presence of noisy or irrelevant features, or if the feature scales are not consistent with their importance. Much research effort has been put into selecting or scaling features to improve classification. A particularly popular approach is the use of evolutionary algorithms to optimize feature scaling. Another popular approach is to scale features by the mutual information of the training data with the training classes.

In binary (two class) classification problems, it is helpful to choose k to be an odd number as this avoids tied votes. One popular way of choosing the empirically optimal k in this setting is via bootstrap method.

The $1$-nearest neighbor classifier
The most intuitive nearest neighbour type classifier is the one nearest neighbour classifier that assigns a point $x$ to the class of its closest neighbour in the feature space, that is $$C_n^{1nn}(x) = Y_{(1)}$$.

As the size of training data set approaches infinity, the one nearest neighbour classifier guarantees an error rate of no worse than twice the Bayes error rate (the minimum achievable error rate given the distribution of the data).

The weighted nearest neighbour classifier
The $k$-nearest neighbour classifier can be viewed as assigning the $k$ nearest neighbours a weight $$1/k$$ and all others $0$ weight. This can be generalised to weighted nearest neighbour classifiers. That is, where the $i$th nearest neighbour is assigned a weight $$w_{ni}$$, with $\sum_{i=1}^n w_{ni} = 1$. An analogous result on the strong consistency of weighted nearest neighbour classifiers also holds.

Let $$C^{wnn}_n$$ denote the weighted nearest classifier with weights $$\{w_{ni}\}_{i=1}^n$$. Subject to regularity conditions, which in asymptotic theory are conditional variables which require assumptions to differentiate among parameters with some criteria. On the class distributions the excess risk has the following asymptotic expansion $$\mathcal{R}_\mathcal{R}(C^{wnn}_{n}) - \mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{R}}(C^\text{Bayes}) = \left(B_1 s_n^2 + B_2 t_n^2\right) \{1+o(1)\},$$ for constants $$B_1$$ and $$B_2$$ where $$s_n^2 = \sum_{i=1}^n w_{ni}^2$$ and $$t_n = n^{-2/d}\sum_{i=1}^n w_{ni} \left\{i^{1+2/d} - (i-1)^{1+2/d}\right\}$$.

The optimal weighting scheme $$\{w_{ni}^*\}_{i=1}^n$$, that balances the two terms in the display above, is given as follows: set $$k^* = \lfloor B n^{\frac 4 {d+4}} \rfloor$$, $$w_{ni}^* = \frac 1 {k^*} \left[1 + \frac d 2 - \frac d {2{k^*}^{2/d}} \{ i ^{1+2/d} - (i-1)^{1+2/d}\}\right] $$ for $$i=1,2,\dots,k^*$$ and $$ w^*_{ni} = 0 $$ for $$ i = k^*+1,\dots,n$$.

With optimal weights the dominant term in the asymptotic expansion of the excess risk is $$\mathcal{O}(n^{-\frac 4 {d+4}})$$. Similar results are true when using a bagged nearest neighbour classifier.

Properties
k-NN is a special case of a variable-bandwidth, kernel density "balloon" estimator with a uniform kernel.

The naive version of the algorithm is easy to implement by computing the distances from the test example to all stored examples, but it is computationally intensive for large training sets. Using an approximate nearest neighbor search algorithm makes k-NN computationally tractable even for large data sets. Many nearest neighbor search algorithms have been proposed over the years; these generally seek to reduce the number of distance evaluations actually performed.

k-NN has some strong consistency results. As the amount of data approaches infinity, the two-class k-NN algorithm is guaranteed to yield an error rate no worse than twice the Bayes error rate (the minimum achievable error rate given the distribution of the data). Various improvements to the k-NN speed are possible by using proximity graphs.

For multi-class k-NN classification, Cover and Hart (1967) prove an upper bound error rate of $$R^* \ \leq \ R_{k\mathrm{NN}} \ \leq \  R^* \left(2 - \frac{MR^*}{M-1}\right)$$ where $$R^*$$is the Bayes error rate (which is the minimal error rate possible), $$R_{kNN}$$ is the asymptotic k-NN error rate, and $M$ is the number of classes in the problem. This bound is tight in the sense that both the lower and upper bounds are achievable by some distribution. For $$M=2$$ and as the Bayesian error rate $$R^*$$ approaches zero, this limit reduces to "not more than twice the Bayesian error rate".

Error rates
There are many results on the error rate of the $k$ nearest neighbour classifiers. The $k$-nearest neighbour classifier is strongly (that is for any joint distribution on $$ (X, Y)$$) consistent provided $$k:=k_n$$ diverges and $$k_n/n$$ converges to zero as $$n \to \infty$$.

Let $$ C_n^{knn} $$ denote the $k$ nearest neighbour classifier based on a training set of size $n$. Under certain regularity conditions, the excess risk yields the following asymptotic expansion $$\mathcal{R}_\mathcal{R}(C^{knn}_{n}) - \mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{R}}(C^\text{Bayes}) = \left\{B_1\frac 1 k + B_2 \left(\frac k n\right)^{4/d}\right\} \{1+o(1)\},$$ for some constants $$ B_1 $$ and $$ B_2 $$.

The choice $$k^* = \left\lfloor B n^{\frac 4 {d+4}} \right\rfloor$$ offers a trade off between the two terms in the above display, for which the $$k^*$$-nearest neighbour error converges to the Bayes error at the optimal (minimax) rate $$\mathcal{O}\left(n^{-\frac 4 {d+4}}\right)$$.

Metric learning
The K-nearest neighbor classification performance can often be significantly improved through (supervised) metric learning. Popular algorithms are neighbourhood components analysis and large margin nearest neighbor. Supervised metric learning algorithms use the label information to learn a new metric or pseudo-metric.

Feature extraction
When the input data to an algorithm is too large to be processed and it is suspected to be redundant (e.g. the same measurement in both feet and meters) then the input data will be transformed into a reduced representation set of features (also named features vector). Transforming the input data into the set of features is called feature extraction. If the features extracted are carefully chosen it is expected that the features set will extract the relevant information from the input data in order to perform the desired task using this reduced representation instead of the full size input. Feature extraction is performed on raw data prior to applying k-NN algorithm on the transformed data in feature space.

An example of a typical computer vision computation pipeline for face recognition using k-NN including feature extraction and dimension reduction pre-processing steps (usually implemented with OpenCV):

 * 1) Haar face detection
 * 2) Mean-shift tracking analysis
 * 3) PCA or Fisher LDA projection into feature space, followed by k-NN classification

Dimension reduction
For high-dimensional data (e.g., with number of dimensions more than 10) dimension reduction is usually performed prior to applying the k-NN algorithm in order to avoid the effects of the curse of dimensionality.

The curse of dimensionality in the k-NN context basically means that Euclidean distance is unhelpful in high dimensions because all vectors are almost equidistant to the search query vector (imagine multiple points lying more or less on a circle with the query point at the center; the distance from the query to all data points in the search space is almost the same).

Feature extraction and dimension reduction can be combined in one step using principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), or canonical correlation analysis (CCA) techniques as a pre-processing step, followed by clustering by k-NN on feature vectors in reduced-dimension space. This process is also called low-dimensional embedding.

For very-high-dimensional datasets (e.g. when performing a similarity search on live video streams, DNA data or high-dimensional time series) running a fast approximate k-NN search using locality sensitive hashing, "random projections", "sketches" or other high-dimensional similarity search techniques from the VLDB toolbox might be the only feasible option.

Decision boundary
Nearest neighbor rules in effect implicitly compute the decision boundary. It is also possible to compute the decision boundary explicitly, and to do so efficiently, so that the computational complexity is a function of the boundary complexity.

Data reduction
Data reduction is one of the most important problems for work with huge data sets. Usually, only some of the data points are needed for accurate classification. Those data are called the prototypes and can be found as follows:
 * 1) Select the class-outliers, that is, training data that are classified incorrectly by k-NN (for a given k)
 * 2) Separate the rest of the data into two sets: (i) the prototypes that are used for the classification decisions and (ii) the absorbed points that can be correctly classified by k-NN using prototypes. The absorbed points can then be removed from the training set.

Selection of class-outliers
A training example surrounded by examples of other classes is called a class outlier. Causes of class outliers include:
 * random error
 * insufficient training examples of this class (an isolated example appears instead of a cluster)
 * missing important features (the classes are separated in other dimensions which we don't know)
 * too many training examples of other classes (unbalanced classes) that create a "hostile" background for the given small class

Class outliers with k-NN produce noise. They can be detected and separated for future analysis. Given two natural numbers, k>r>0, a training example is called a (k,r)NN class-outlier if its k nearest neighbors include more than r examples of other classes.

Condensed Nearest Neighbor for data reduction
Condensed nearest neighbor (CNN, the Hart algorithm) is an algorithm designed to reduce the data set for k-NN classification. It selects the set of prototypes U from the training data, such that 1NN with U can classify the examples almost as accurately as 1NN does with the whole data set.

Given a training set X, CNN works iteratively:
 * 1) Scan all elements of X, looking for an element x whose nearest prototype from U has a different label than x.
 * 2) Remove x from X and add it to U
 * 3) Repeat the scan until no more prototypes are added to U.

Use U instead of X for classification. The examples that are not prototypes are called "absorbed" points.

It is efficient to scan the training examples in order of decreasing border ratio. The border ratio of a training example x is defined as

where $a(x) = \|x'-y\|⁄\|x-y\|$ is the distance to the closest example y having a different color than x, and $\|x-y\|$ is the distance from y to its closest example x'  with the same label as x.

The border ratio is in the interval [0,1] because $\|x'-y\|$ never exceeds $\|x'-y\|$. This ordering gives preference to the borders of the classes for inclusion in the set of prototypes U. A point of a different label than x is called external to x. The calculation of the border ratio is illustrated by the figure on the right. The data points are labeled by colors: the initial point is x and its label is red. External points are blue and green. The closest to x external point is y. The closest to y red point is x' . The border ratio $\|x-y\|$is the attribute of the initial point x.

Below is an illustration of CNN in a series of figures. There are three classes (red, green and blue). Fig. 1: initially there are 60 points in each class. Fig. 2 shows the 1NN classification map: each pixel is classified by 1NN using all the data. Fig. 3 shows the 5NN classification map. White areas correspond to the unclassified regions, where 5NN voting is tied (for example, if there are two green, two red and one blue points among 5 nearest neighbors). Fig. 4 shows the reduced data set. The crosses are the class-outliers selected by the (3,2)NN rule (all the three nearest neighbors of these instances belong to other classes); the squares are the prototypes, and the empty circles are the absorbed points. The left bottom corner shows the numbers of the class-outliers, prototypes and absorbed points for all three classes. The number of prototypes varies from 15% to 20% for different classes in this example. Fig. 5 shows that the 1NN classification map with the prototypes is very similar to that with the initial data set. The figures were produced using the Mirkes applet.

k-NN regression
In k-NN regression, the k-NN algorithm is used for estimating continuous variables. One such algorithm uses a weighted average of the k nearest neighbors, weighted by the inverse of their distance. This algorithm works as follows:

 * 1) Compute the Euclidean or Mahalanobis distance from the query example to the labeled examples.
 * 2) Order the labeled examples by increasing distance.
 * 3) Find a heuristically optimal number k of nearest neighbors, based on RMSE. This is done using cross validation.
 * 4) Calculate an inverse distance weighted average with the k-nearest multivariate neighbors.

k-NN outlier
The distance to the kth nearest neighbor can also be seen as a local density estimate and thus is also a popular outlier score in anomaly detection. The larger the distance to the k-NN, the lower the local density, the more likely the query point is an outlier. Although quite simple, this outlier model, along with another classic data mining method, local outlier factor, works quite well also in comparison to more recent and more complex approaches, according to a large scale experimental analysis.

Validation of results
A confusion matrix or "matching matrix" is often used as a tool to validate the accuracy of k-NN classification. More robust statistical methods such as likelihood-ratio test can also be applied.

title: K-nearest neighbors algorithm


text:
Quebecor World

Quebecor World Inc. was a printing subsidiary of Quebecor Inc. based in Montreal, Quebec. It comprised a number of small and large print shops throughout the world. In 2010, Quebecor World (now known as Worldcolor) was acquired by Wisconsin-based Quad/Graphics.

History
Quebecor Printing started in 1954 with a single printing press. It began its expansion outside of Canada in 1985, when it bought Pendell Printing, a Midland, Michigan-based company and renamed Quebecor Pendell Printing Incorporated. The old Pendell plant became a Quad/Graphics (which acquired Quebecor World in 2010) until it closed in 2019. In 1988, it purchased the printing plants of Bell Canada Enterprises. This was followed by the 1990 purchase of the shops of Maxwell Graphics Incorporated of Minnesota from Maxwell Communication Corporation.

Merger with World Color Press
In 1999, Quebecor Printing merged with World Color Press in a US$2.7 billion deal to create Quebecor World. (World Color Press was founded in 1904 in St. Louis, MO. World Color had pursued major expansions in 1996 and 1997, purchasing Ringier America and Rand McNally's Book Services Group.)

Financial struggles
Quebecor entered a difficult period in the early 2000s as the market has gradually shifted focus to digital media. In response, the company's Board of Directors named Wes Lucas President and CEO, replacing Pierre Karl Péladeau, and announced a reorganization of its American book and magazine platforms, closing plants in Kingsport, TN, Phoenix, Arizona, and Brookfield, WI.

Quebecor World (USA) Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on January 21, 2008 at the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York, as well as for protection under the Companies' Creditors Arrangements Act at the Superior Court of Québec at Montreal. At the time of bankruptcy, the company's clients included printing publications for Time (magazine), Parade (magazine), and also catalogs for Victoria's Secret.

In May 2009, Chicago-based printer RR Donnelley tendered an unsolicited bid to purchase Quebecor World, which was rejected as the company emerged from creditor protection in July (having changed its name back to "Worldcolor Press").

On July 2, 2010, Sussex, Wisconsin-based printer Quad/Graphics purchased Worldcolor.

Locations
Quebecor had facilities in the United States, Canada, Brazil, France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Chile, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Mexico, and India.

Former QW plant in Richmond Hill, Ontario was shuttered in early 2009, but the Aurora, Ontario location was acquired by Quad/Graphics and since sold to TC Transcontinental in 2013.

title: Quebecor World


text:
Talk:Erik the Viking

Untitled
I have corrected the spelling of actor Antony Sher's name. (It is Antony, not Anthony)

Erik the Viking was not animated. I am changing the animation stub to a regular one.

computer game
If anyone knows or can find enough to write a decent article on the computer game then it sounds like a good idea - if is definitely a different genre and worthy of its own article. Iancaddy 03:00, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

There is barely any information on the game or the movie posted here. Now assuming both get huge overhauls and make them actual articles and not just crappy stubs containing less information than is currently posted, splitting the article will just make two worse articles. DeMyztikX 05:00, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

I've made a separate page for the computer game, so this one can be saved for the film. I'm just getting started on Wikipedia so I don't know how good it will be! Hope others will add/alter it as necessary. Zorba the Geek 23:34, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Book
It was predated by a book, too - beautifully illustrated by Michael Foreman, if I remember correctly. Similar in style to Jones's Fairy Tales book. HiddenInPlainSight 14:39, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The book may be unrelated despite the same title. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.8.70.189 (talk) 00:18, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erik the Viking


text:
Heloísa Périssé

Heloísa Perlingeiro Périssé (born 9 August 1966) is a Brazilian actress and writer.

Biography
Périssé was born in Rio de Janeiro and has appeared in Brazilian television shows and films. She has also written for the TV show Sai de Baixo.

Périssé has also written books including, Mãe, Você Não Tá Entendendo and O Diário de Tati.

She has been a daughter-in-law of Chico Anysio. She divorced Lug de Paula, Chico Anysio's son, after a seven-year marriage.

She has two daughters: Antônia and Luiza.

Television

 * 1994 - Incidente em Antares - Marfissa
 * 1994 - Escolinha do Professor Raimundo - Tati / Soledade (1994-1995)
 * 1995 - Você Decide - Cíntia
 * 1996 - Chico Total - Various roles
 * 1999 - Zorra Total - Malu
 * 2000 - Brava Gente - Dirce
 * 2000 - Os Normais - Kátia
 * 2002 - Fantástico - Tati
 * 2003 - Sob Nova Direção - Belinha (2003-2007)
 * 2008 - Fantástico - Lolô
 * 2009 - Cama de Gato - Taís
 * 2010 - Os Caras de Pau - Tati
 * 2010 - O Relógio da Aventura - Regina / Lívia
 * 2011 - Cordel Encantado - Neuza
 * 2012 - Dercy de Verdade - Dercy Gonçalves (young)
 * 2012 - Avenida Brasil - Monalisa Barbosa
 * 2013 - Junto & Misturado - Heloísa
 * 2014 - Segunda Dama - Marali/Analu
 * 2014 - Boogie Oogie - Beatriz
 * 2016 - A Lei do Amor - Mileide
 * 2022 - The Masked Singer Brasil - Coxinha
 * 2023 - Dança dos Famosos - Contestant

Film

 * 2002 - Avassaladoras - Receptionist Honeymoon
 * 2002 - Lara - Cinira
 * 2003 - Lisbela e o Prisioneiro - Prazeres
 * 2003 - Xuxa Abracadabra - Patrícia
 * 2004 - Sexo, Amor e Traição - Cláudia
 * 2005 - Madagascar - Gloria (Brazilian voice dubbing)
 * 2007 - Tati, o Filme - Tati
 * 2007 - Os Porralokinhas - Escarlete
 * 2008 - Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa - Gloria (Brazilian voice dubbing)
 * 2010 - Muita Calma Nessa Hora - Esoteric woman
 * 2012 - Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted - Gloria (Brazilian voice dubbing)
 * 2012 - O Diário de Tati - Tati
 * 2013 - Odeio o Dia dos Namorados - Débora
 * 2014 - Muita Calma Nessa Hora 2 - Esotérica

title: Heloísa Périssé


text:
Pope Heraclas of Alexandria

Pope Heraclas (Ἡρακλῆς) was the 13th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria, reigning 232–248.

Pope Heraclas of Alexandria was born to pagan parents who became Christians and were baptized after his birth. They taught him the Greek philosophy, then Christian doctrine. He also studied the four gospels and the epistles. Demetrius, 12th Patriarch of Alexandria, ordained him deacon, then a priest over the church of Alexandria. He was successful in the ministry and was faithful in all that was entrusted to him. He followed Origen as head of the Catechetical School of Alexandria.

When Demetrius died, Heraclas was chosen as Patriarch. He converted many pagans and baptized them. He devoted his efforts to teaching, preaching and instructing. He assigned to St. Dionysius the work of judging between the believers, and taking care of their affairs. Pope Heraclas sat on the throne of St. Mark for 16 years until his death.

He was the first Patriarch of Alexandria to be referred to as "Pope" (in Greek, Papás), a term, originally a form of address meaning 'Father', that was used by several bishops. The first known record of this designation being assigned to Heraclas is in a letter written by the bishop of Rome, Dionysius, to Philemon: "τοῦτον ἐγὼ τὸν κανόνα καὶ τὸν τύπον παρὰ τοῦ μακαρίου πάπα ἡμῶν Ἡρακλᾶ παρέλαβον. [I received this rule and ordinance from our blessed Pope, Heraclas.]"

title: Pope Heraclas of Alexandria


text:
Mercedes-Benz 500

Mercedes-Benz has sold a number of automobiles with the "500" model name, and the nomenclature usually refers the 5.0L V8 engine under the hood.

Most of the "500" badged cars featuring this type of engine are the various incarnations of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class flagship sedan, making it synonymous with the "500" vernacular. However, the engine and model number can also be found on other nameplates such as the E-Class midsize sedan, CL-Class coupé, and SL-Class roadster.

Examples

 * Mercedes-Benz W08 - Nürburg 500, 500
 * Mercedes-Benz R107 - 500SL
 * Mercedes-Benz R129 - 500SL, SL500
 * Mercedes-Benz W124 - 500E, E500
 * Mercedes-Benz W126 - 500SEC, 500SEL
 * Mercedes-Benz W140 - 500SEL, 500 SEC, S500
 * Mercedes-Benz W220 - S500
 * Mercedes-Benz W221 - S500 (S550 in North America)

title: Mercedes-Benz 500