text:
Talk:Picnic at Hanging Rock (novel)

Reference to film synopsis
the synopsis refers to a "far more detailed synopsis" on the film entry, however the film entry currently has no synopsis at all.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.98.182.39 (talk) 11:09, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Whadderyameen
Whadderyameen the article doesn't site a reference? The book is a reference, innit? Captainbeefart 12:54, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Removal of Trivia/Fact
please englighten me, does the trivia on this, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemony_Snicket%27s_A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events#Trivia follow your justification (rvt: trivia sections aren't encyclopædic). NeoDeGenero 18:53, 16 June 2006 (UTC) Since there is no reply for more than a month, i am putting it back in. (NeoDeGenero 14:56, 27 July 2006 (UTC))

 * I don't know why they would have removed that, I think it's a great bit of trivia. Don't bits of trivia usually have a Trivia sub-heading though, rather than an Interesting Fact subheading?Dw290 14:23, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It was removed because trivia sections are un-encyclopædic and should be removed. It is folly to cite a similarly underdeveloped article as reason to retain an un-necessary section.--cj | talk 02:13, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you need to expand your views on what is and isn't encyclopedic in this newly evolving online media. Speaking of folly in citing other articles, your own hyperlinked article is an essay, not a policy; that is yours or some person's opinion.  personaly, if there is interest, and somebody wants a trivia section, what's the big deal?  please don't sit there and lecture me or others on what you think is or isn't encyclopedic.  you're acting like a trivia-nazi. --Joe_Volcano71.198.147.17 19:57, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You are incorrect. It is a guideline with wide approval, not an essay as you falsely purport. Whether you like it or not, Wikipedia is an encyclopædia, and has set ideas about what it is not. And that you are resorting to ad hominen indicates to me that your argument is already lost.--cj | talk 13:36, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Then if you be so kind, please incorporate that little piece of information into the article somehow. I mean, what is the use of that information not available on Wikipedia, if everyone who studied the book were told that the author mucked up the date [/sarcasm] Ps. Dw290, i had it as a Trivia subheading, until it was removed. (NeoDeGenero 15:38, 10 March 2007 (UTC))

Link to Time Warp
The link time warp points to an article on the Rocky Horror Picture Show dance. The relevance escapes me, please enlighten.

Daydream believer2 July 8, 2005 14:42 (UTC)
 * I've changed the link to one more suitable.

Historical Inspiration?
This article is written as if the book/film were a work of fiction. As I understand it however, it's based (I don't know how closely) upon a true event. Can anyone confirm this? jmd 07:01, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It isn't based on a historical event in any way. -Branddobbe 08:33, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * However, lest we get confused, the book does begin with a statment claiming the book is based on a possibly true event. Lindsay attempted to, and for years succeeded, make the reader question whether or not it had happened. Daydream believer2 09:43, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I was under the impression, and was taught in high school, that the book was inspired by the Beaumont children Beaumont_children_disappearance. The timing seems right, however I'm not sure if this is a rumor or if there is merit to it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.175.105.29 (talk) 11:32, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Somebody keeps on reversing any changes indicating that this book is fictitious. Kindly stop that. It may be amusing to some people to maintain an entertaining lie, but Wikipedia is not the place for it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.172.140.232 (talk) 21:46, 26 September 2015 (UTC)

This article from the Daily Telegraph claims that the story may have a basis in historical events, but is rather suspiciously sketchy on details: http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/stellar/picnic-at-hanging-rock-mystery-behind-famous-film-lives-on/news-story/a93e2031a29af6794a8abb4c6b1fe174 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.62.216.188 (talk) 13:41, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

Clocks
I removed the following paragraph because it's unclear whether the details refer only to the film or to the book and the film. Someone familiar with both should clarify this. The Singing Badger 03:13, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

In real life, Lindsay was well known for her abhorrence of clocks -- she would not permit them in her home, and she titled her autobiography Time Without Clocks''. The date of the picnic -- St. Valentine's Day, 1900 -- suggests a number of mystical and religious referents; the coachman's watch stops just as the party reaches the rock; just before the girls vanish, Irma hears a far-off sound, which suggests that she is hearing the sound of the searchers beating sticks on sheets of tin -- an event that does not take place until hours after the girls disappear. Edith also later recalls that she saw a reddish cloud through the trees of the rock, as she was fleeing down the rock. In the film, just before Miss McCraw sets off to find the girls, she is shown reading from a mathematics book, which is opened to a diagram depicting a number of interlocking geometrical figures.''

Apparently, Joan Lindsay loved clocks. I read that she had a whole wall of them in her house, none operating, and all showing different times. --Natalex (talk) 12:36, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Symbolism
I pretty sure there should be some sort of symbolism section, which there normally is in many book articles. Hillhead15 14:38, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Film/Novel
This article should be about the novel only since it's a separate thing from the film, so I'm changing the article accordingly, tell me if you disagree.

There, changed the article around a little, added a few things and removed some others, but most importantly I separated this book article from the already existing one about the film (left the film paragraph in though). The article still needs fixing up and sources though. --Hst20 06:11, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

The Spoiler Warning
I also added a spoiler warning about the plot. Now I know this might be the wrong thing to do, but in this case I felt that one was necessary since the plot section is so short. It goes from the beginning to revealing the entire end in two sentences. Now since there are sources on the plot that's at least an easy edit, if I'm up for it soon or for anyone else, but until then I feel the spoiler warning is justified, anyone agree? --Hst20 06:11, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Picnic at Haning Rock (book).jpg
Image:Picnic at Haning Rock (book).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:49, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Musical adaptations
I've deleted references to musical adaptations of the novel: none of the the writers are notable enough to have their own Wikipedia pages, and at least one of the references is a Wordpress blog, which isn't a credible source. The details of the British adaptation were pretty spammy, and I suspect they were copied and pasted from a press release, possibly in an attempt at free advertising (they were also very out of date) ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 17:26, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm okay with this deletion but for the record I think the reasoning given here is shaky. The fact that the writers don't have Wikipedia pages isn't particularly relevant. And as to the second adaptation (by Zaitchik) there are quite a few more credible recent sources that can be found easily through Google search. However, it appears that that adaptation still hasn't had a full professional production so it's still of doubtful notability. Mrhsj (talk) 20:43, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Picnic at Hanging Rock (film) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 19:00, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

'... considered by many critics to be one of the most important Australian novels of all time.[25][26]'- citations do not support this claim.
The two citations (25, 26) don't relate to critics' opinions or importance of the novel at all- they only relate to the book's inclusion on lists of popular books as voted by readers, from MammaMia and from Tuesday BookClub viewers. This sentence is also in the first section of the article too, so it's worth fixing both. I've checked several of the other references for this article and can't find any of them supporting the claim for critical importance for the novel either. (There is evidence for critical importance of the film though.)

As it stands, the sentence could be reworded to something like 'Picnic at Hanging Rock has been listed as one of the Top 10 most popular Australian novels, as voted by readers' with citations 25, 26 then providing evidence. However, It won't make sense to have that as the first sentence in the 'Critical Analysis' section.

I see that the reviewer who provided feedback on the failed 'good article' nomination has suggested combining the Critical Analysis and Publication History sections into one new Release and Reception section. The correction of this sentence would make sense in that context. I don't know how to combine sections, but I can fix just this sentence and move it to end of section, if no one else gets onto it in the meantime. Jbo9995 (talk) 13:32, 4 July 2017 (UTC)

Sara a suicide?
Mrs. Appleyard had threatened Sara with removal to an orphanage because of her guardian's failure to pay Sara's tuition and school fees. When school staff and students returned from church one Sunday, Mrs. Appleyard lied and said that Sara's guardian had come for Sara that morning. When the gardener finds Sara's body on the ground next to the school's gardens, directly beneath a tower, days later, not only is Sara in a nightdress "soaked with dried blood" but her "head was crushed beyond recognition." The latter seems strongly indicative of Sara's having committed suicide by having jumped from the school's tower. (There is a scene in which Mrs. Appleyard, searching in Miranda's and Sara's room, recalls Sara saying to her "No, no! Not that! Not the orphanage!") But it does seem odd that Mrs. Appleyard, apparently aware that Sara had jumped that Sunday morning, and knowing then full well that the body would soon be discovered, would be silent for days about the death. I found myself wondering whether Sara had instead been spirited off the premises that Sunday morning, and somehow murdered and placed in the garden. But I think the evidence is strong for suicide. For example, there is an earlier scene in which Dora Lumley finds Sara curled up behind the door of the staircase leading to the tower, "wretched" and "snivelling," having been threatened not long before by Mrs. Appleyard with "other arrangements" because of Mr. Cosgrove's failure to pay. And Mrs. Appleyard had found and destroyed a "note" (presumably a suicide note) in Sara's and Miranda's room.

DonaldMWright (talk) 08:41, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

The 'final chapter' - a fake chapter?
I find it extraordinary that some text, published several years after Joan Lindsay's death, is easily attributed to her literary heritage without due scrutiny. I am talking about this 'secret chapter' that several sources attribute to Lindsay without the slightest evidence. Yes, a little booklet was published in 1987, and the publisher - with his clear financial interest - claimed that it was originally written by Lindsay. But why would Wikipedia accept this as 'fact'? There is NO material evidence. There is NO manuscript, NO annotated typoscript, NO diary entry, NO correspondence with the publisher, NO copyright transfer, NO notary document, NO last will stipulating what should be done with that chapter - there's NOTHING. Let alone a credible source.

In the mean time, we KNOW that Lindsay was a fierce advocate of her novel being open-ended. There's a tangible revulsion at the idea that her novel would have some 'logical' ending. Lindsay claims to have written 'Picnic' as en open-ended story, much like 'The Turning of the Screw'. A 'final chapter' with a resolution of the mystery would blow Lindsay's architecture of her most beloved novel.

I suggest that the wording in the Wikipedia lemma be adapted, so that it reflects the present uncertainty of the origin of 'The Secret of Hanging Rock'. Any decision on this, pro or contra, will affect the literary heritage of one of Australia's greatest literary authors. I propose that we tread carefully here.Mcouzijn (talk) 03:51, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Has the authenticity of the "secret final chapter" been debated in WP:RELIABLE sources? Muzilon (talk) 08:14, 26 February 2020 (UTC)
 * No, it hasn't. Mcouzijn (talk) 20:30, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Donald Barrett, not Donald Bartlett
Consider please this passage from the article: In 1987, literary scholar Donald Bartlett drew comparisons between Lindsay's treatment of the rock and that of the fictitious Marabar Caves in E. M. Forster's A Passage to India, which has been interpreted as a metaphor for Pan, the Greek god of the wild: "There is more, of course, to A Passage to India than Pan motifs, for example symbols such as the snake, the wasp and the undying worm, not to mention the vast panorama of India's religions. But I believe it probable that Joan Lindsay consciously borrowed the elements [from A Passage to India]."

Does anyone know anything about the literary author Donald Barrett (who is misidentified as Donald Bartlett)? It evidently isn't the same as this one Donald Bartlett2603:6010:4E42:500:B037:9083:307B:5B18 (talk) 05:10, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Picnic at Hanging Rock (novel)


text:
Eleanor Johnson

Eleanor Johnson may refer to:

 * Eleanor Ileen Johnson (1910–1998), American telephone operator and Titanic survivor
 * Eleanor Murdoch Johnson (1892–1987), American educator and editor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eleanor Johnson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Transport system in animals

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge then delete. ugen 64 20:49, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Transport system in animals
Delete as redundant with information about the heart, the circulatory system, etc. which are easier to find under those names. Merge any useful info out to those articles. FreplySpang (talk) 01:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree with FreplySpang. It's not likely that people will search under that title so no redirect either. --Fuzzball! (talk) 04:47, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Circulatory system. Megan1967 07:54, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and text and history, then delete. Mgm|(talk) 09:48, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Circulatory system--Jetru 07:48, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Like Megan1967 says. Pavel Vozenilek 00:02, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Basalmon

Image copyright
Thank you for uploading Image:Orchid multiple.jpg and for stating the source. However, its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. If it is open content or public domain, please give proof of this on the image page. If the image is fair use, please provide a rationale. Thank you.

– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs, blog) 01:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Basalmon


text:
Ryū-te

Ryu-te (琉手) is an Okinawan martial art founded by the late Seiyu Oyata (1928–2012) (親田清勇). The word Ryū-te is a shortened form of Ryūkyūte (琉球手 "Ryūkyū hand"). Ryukyu is the original name of Okinawa prior to it becoming part of Japan. Before 1995, Oyata referred to his style as Ryukyu Kempo (琉球拳法), but eventually renamed it "Ryu-te" as Ryukyu Kempo was a reference to all styles originating in Okinawa rather than to any one particular style. Ryu-te emphasizes effective self-defense while deliberately minimizing the harm to the opponent. Its practitioners consider Ryu-te neither a sport nor a form of exercise, but rather a method of training the body and mind for the betterment of mankind.

Technically, Ryu-te is characterized by combining joint manipulation techniques 取手術  (tuite jutsu)    with effective strikes to the body's weak points 急所術 (kyusho jutsu). These terms, which have become well known among martial artists, were originally introduced to the United States by Oyata in the early-1980s.

Unlike many styles of karate and other Asian martial arts which are derived from publicly taught styles popularized by notable practitioners such as Gichin Funakoshi, Ankō Itosu, Sokon Matsumura and Tode Sakugawa, Ryu-te is principally derived from private, family styles. Oyata first learned Okinawan weapons (kobudo) from Uhugushiku, a bushi and retired palace guard. He also studied with Wakinaguri, whose family was descended from the Chinese families who emigrated to Ryukyu during the Ming Dynasty. Ryu-te is also influenced by Shigeru Nakamura's Okinawan Kenpo, as Oyata was a member of the Okinawa Kenpo Karate Kobudo Federation from the time of Uhugushiku and Wakinaguri's passing until Nakamura's death in 1968.

Etymology
The word Ryu-te is a concatenation of two kanji:
 * – Ryū – Precious stone (Lapis Lazuli)
 * – Te – Hand, arm

琉 (Ryū) is the first character of 琉球 (Ryūkyū) which is the name originally associated with the islands now known as Okinawa. Oyata chose to use this character in order to honor the Ryukyu Kingdom and the goals of developing a peaceful and productive society. In addition, Ryu can mean "to float", which is intended to provide a description of both how the hands should move during techniques as well as the calm state of the practitioner's mind.

手 (Te) is the word for "hand" which refers back to both the part of the body as well as the indigenous Okinawan art of the same name (Te).

Philosophy and Oyata Shin Shu Ho
The basic philosophy of Ryu-te is one of life protection. This can be seen in Oyata's book Ryu-Te No Michi with his translation of budo. Budo is commonly translated as "martial way" or "martial art", however, Oyata prefers to translate it as "life protection art". This interpretation stems from an analysis of the first kanji Bu. From an etymological perspective, it is composed of two kanji: (tomaru) which means "to stop" and  (hoko) which means "spear". Thus the underlying meaning of 武 can be thought of as "to stop fighting" rather than something pertaining to combat.

This underlying goal of life protection is central to Oyata's idea that martial arts are intended to improve society. With that in mind, in 1991 Oyata introduced the concept of "Oyata Shin Shu Ho" (真手法) which embodies this philosophy.
 * – Shin – Truthful
 * – Shu – Hand
 * – Ho – Method

Oyata introduced this expression with the hope that the "true protection spirit possessed by the ancient Ryukyu warriors would be inherited by true modern practitioners". He also explains that the first word, Shin, has several homophones in Japanese and while he chose to use, he had the other meanings in mind as well. The other kanji are:

 * – God
 * – Heart
 * – Parents
 * – Trust

Keeping all of these ideas in mind, Oyata's intended interpretation of Oyata Shin Shu Ho is "to strive to attain true moral goodness and to express it through one's every action".

To further reinforce the importance of these ideals, in 1994 Oyata began to induct members of his organization into the Oyata Shin Shu Ho group. These are senior members of his organization who Oyata feels embody this idea.

Initial development
Oyata's first introduction to martial arts came from his father, Kana Oyata, who was a champion in OKinawan Wrestling or Tegumi. During World War II, he was introduced to several martial arts and trained in judo, iaido and kendo after returning to Okinawa after the war ended. Then, shortly after World War II, Oyata met Uhugushiku on a beach in Teruma. Uhugushiku was an Okinawan bushi  and was a retired gate guard. During this time karate was taught openly as a public art, however, Uhugushiku's art was only taught within his family, handed down through generations. As a result, he initially would not teach Oyata, but upon learning that Oyata was related to Jana Ueekata, Uhugushiku agreed to teach him. Uhugushiku was an expert in Okinawan weapons, in particular the bo. He passed on his knowledge of weapons as well as his knowledge of tuite to Oyata.

Later, Uhugushiku introduced Oyata to his good friend, Wakinaguri. Wakinaguri was also a bushi and while of Chinese descent, was 6th generation Okinawan. Wakinaguri taught Oyata his family's style of martial arts (to-te or "Chinese Hand") which included the pressure-point strikes later popularized by Oyata in the United States. Since neither Uhugushiku nor Wakinaguri had children to whom to pass on their arts, Oyata became the inheritor of both.

Influence of Okinawan Kenpo
After Uhugushiku and Wakinaguri died, Oyata sought other karate masters to continue his training. He joined several research groups and trained directly with Shigeru Nakamura. Under Nakamura, Oyata learned 12 basic empty-hand kata that are practiced in Ryu-te today and helped establish Bogu Kumite as the "sporting" aspect of Okinawan Kenpo.

Introduction to the United States
In the late 1960s, several Americans servicemen began to train with Oyata and, in 1977, several of Oyata's senior American students (Jim Logue, Bill Wiswell, and Greg Lindquist) began to organize within the United States. They brought Oyata to Kansas City, Kansas and established the "Ryukyu Kempo Association". Then in 1995, since Ryukyu Kempo became a generic term for any forms of karate from Okinawa, he renamed his organization to the "Ryu-te Association".

In the 1980s, Oyata began to broaden the knowledge of the general martial arts public by introducing the concepts of tuite and kyūsho jutsu that have influenced the way in which karate is taught in the modern day.

International dissemination
At the present time (2015), there are no schools affiliated with Oyata's Ryu-Te Association outside of the North American Continent.

Open Hand Kata
Oyata stressed that the kata form the foundation of Okinawan life protection arts as the techniques and most important concepts are contained within. The twelve basic kata taught to Oyata by Nakamura came from a variety of sources, reflecting the different influences on Okinawan Kenpo and, through Nakamura, on Ryu-te. According to Oyata, the source for each kata is listed below:

Weapons Kata
Ryu-te incorporates Okinawan weapons, as the study of weapons supplements the empty-hand techniques as an integral component of training. Practitioners study the interrelationship between empty-hand movements and weapons techniques, with an emphasis on the value of weapons training in the perfection of empty-hand movement. Weapons include bo, jo, eiku, tan bo, tonfa, nunchaku, chizikun bo, sai, nunte bo, manji sai, kama, and suruchin.

Below is a partial list of weapons kata included in Oyata's art

Physical training
Training aims to improve flexibility, strength, stamina, coordination, and balance by requiring students to push themselves to and stretch beyond their physical limits. Physical training also functions as a means to spiritual attainment (i.e., improved mental and physical discipline, greater vigilance, and increased self-confidence.)

Moral and spiritual discipline
Students are required to learn and live by a basic moral code, expressed in five "Dojo Kun" and ten "Guiding Principles." Similar Dojo Kun are used in many Japanese martial arts; the English translation used for the Ryu-te Dojo Kun is:

 * 1) To strive for good moral character.
 * 2) To keep an honest and sincere way.
 * 3) To cultivate perseverance, or a will for striving.
 * 4) To develop a respectful attitude.
 * 5) To restrain your physical abilities through spiritual attainment.

The Guiding Principles

The Dojo Kokoroe (Principles) were originally from Nakamura and not Taika. Though these are good tenets to live by, Taika felt you should memorize his motto; 'Strive to attain true moral goodness, and express it through one's every action.' The following articles were written so that those who seek the way of karate will always be aware of their guiding principles.

 * 1) When asking to be taught, be submissive and free from prejudice, accept the teachings as shown.  In this way, you will not establish your own peculiarities or bad habits.
 * 2) Be polite and obedient to the master and other superiors.  Be courteous among fellow students and followers.  You must strive to develop humbleness.
 * 3) Cultivate a spirit of perseverance, you will develop a healthy body if you have strength of mind and train fearlessly.
 * 4) Strive to be a warrior for the construction of a peaceful and free world by using the character building, morality and spirituality contained in the way of karate.
 * 5) In daily conduct, do not encourage fights or arguments.
 * 6) Move from easy to difficult, and from simple to complicated.  More time is required to train longer and harder as you progress.  Do not hurry or engage in senseless or reckless practice.  Develop gradually.
 * 7) Become familiar with the use of the makiwara and other training equipment.  Train yourself to use your fists, body and positions.  Be patient and study earnestly the kata and matches.  Do not aim for hurried success.
 * 8) In the past, a single kata was studied for three years.  A long time ago a particular master analyzed a single kata for ten years.  Do not think you have mastered a kata and become proud of your success.  Pride will lead you to hurt your achievement in virtue and technique.  Thus pride can be like a poison to the world.
 * 9) Take care not to develop only your favorite technique, neglecting others, because that will leave a weakness in your defense.  Be cautious about becoming too theoretical or technical because these too are weaknesses.
 * 10) Ask questions freely of the master or superior because you must strive to understand what you are learning.

title: Ryū-te


text:
Comillas

Comillas is a small township and municipality in the northern reaches of Spain, in the autonomous community of Cantabria. The Marquessate of Comillas, a fiefdom of Spanish nobility, holds ceremonial office in the seat of power at a small castle which overlooks the town. The Comillas Pontifical University was housed here before it moved to Madrid, and the old university buildings are among the finest examples of architecture in the town. Besides this, there are many notable medieval and baroque buildings.

From the second half of the 19th century, the Spanish royal family started spending their summers in Comillas, and so did a large part of the Spanish nobility, whose many descendants still frequent the town every summer. As a result, Comillas left an imprint of architectural relics such as palaces and monuments designed by renowned Catalan artists in particular, i.e. Gaudí or Doménech i Montaner. From the second half of the 20th century however, southern Spain and the islands became more popular due to an increasing inclination towards sunnier destinations, and so places like Marbella, Sotogrande or Mallorca became attractive prospects for the rich and famous. Although the town has seen an upsurge in the last years, it still maintains its character as "the haven for the decadent and discreet aristocracy".

Comillas was the capital of Spain for one day, on 6 August 1881, following an agreement between king Alfonso XII and the Minister's Council to gather at a formal meeting in town. It also became the first place in Spain to use Edison's electric light bulbs, in 1880.

History
Comillas was first inhabited in prehistoric times when the caverns that are plentiful in the area were used as shelters. The Neolithic inhabitants left behind them rock paintings that depicted the animals they hunted. Magdalenian and Bronze Age artefacts have been found in nearby Ruiseñada, and there was an ancient mine at La Molina in which utensils and Roman coins have been found as well as an altar dedicated to the god Jupiter. Arrowheads have also been found here. On the border between Comillas and Ruiloba, heaps of shells have been found showing that the ancient people, besides hunting, specialised in collecting food from the sea.

The remains of the medieval castle of Peña del Castillo are still visible and another castle later occupied the same strategic site. The earliest documents relating to the town date to the eleventh century, although most of them were destroyed later in a fire at the town hall. Garcilaso de la Vega built a tower on the coast to demonstrate the town's dominance in maritime affairs. After the conclusion of the Valles Lawsuit against the Duke of Infantado in 1581, Comillas became part of the Province of Nine Valleys, a judicial and administrative body. Historically, the town was one of four towns making up the Alfoz of Lloredo. The town is sometimes known as the "Town of the Bishops", because five priests who were born here went on to become bishops in several different dioceses during the Middle Ages.

During the second half of the 19th century, the first Marquess Antonio López y López invited King Alfonso XII to his mansion at Comillas and the town became popular with the aristocracy; the architect Joan Martorell built the enormous Palacio de Sobrellano on the instructions of the marquess.

Geography
Comillas is situated close to the coast in the autonomous community of Cantabria. To the north lies the Bay of Biscay and to the south the Cantabrian Mountains which run parallel with the coast, the highest point of which is the Torre de Cerredo, 2648 m. Santander lies fifty kilometres to the east. There is a sandy beach and headlands and the town is set a little way back from the sea.

Buildings
The Plaza del Corro de Campios, in the centre of the oldest part of the town, is surrounded by ancestral mansions with shields on the walls depicting the noble families who lived there. The town hall and the seventeenth century parish church of San Cristóbal are nearby, and there are some interesting mausoleums in the cemetery. The Neo-Gothic university buildings overlook the town. The Art Nouveau buildings are some of the finest in Cantabria and include the Sobrellano Palace Chapel, the Pantheon, and El Capricho, a fantastic creation by the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí.

Marquess of Comillas
The first Marquess of Comillas was Antonio López y López (died 1883). Founder and owner of the Compañía Transatlántica Española, he was born in Comillas in 1817 and made his money in Cuba in shipping and slaves. He bought the title in 1878. The second Marquess of Comillas was his son Claudio López Bru. The current Marquess of Comillas is Don Juan Alfonso Güell y Martos.

title: Comillas


text:
Broomhall

Broomhall may refer to:

 * Broomhall, Cheshire, England
 * Broomhall (surname)
 * Broomhall House, near Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland

title: Broomhall


text: User talk:70.25.232.25

title: User talk:70.25.232.25


text:
Talk:Sagittarius A*

Why are there 3 bright spots on the Sgr A* photo?
At 8:28 in "How to Understand What Black Holes Look Like" by Veritassium. (Wikipedia won't let me link the video)

Derek from veritassium talks about how one side of the image will look brighter than the other because of the spin of the acretion disk. And shows a more accurate simulation of the interstellar black hole.

But to me, I would just expect 1 kinda lump where it's brighter on that one side. But in the Sagittarius A* photo there are 3 bright spots.

Even the M87 photo kinda looks like 2 bright spots instead of just 1 like I would expect. 2600:100C:B257:C80E:4928:A5B1:2F28:FE4E (talk) 16:05, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid talk pages are made for editors to discuss how they can improve the article they are dedidcated to, not as a place to talk about the topic itself. Please keep this in mind next time you use a talk page. Infrish 2 (talk) 11:53, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sagittarius A*


text:
Talk:Underbody wash

Is this real? Joyous 01:24, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Underbody wash


text:
Chris Redman

Chris James Redman (born July 7, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Louisville Cardinals and was selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the third round of the 2000 NFL Draft. Redman spent four seasons with the Ravens, primarily serving as a backup, and was part of the team that won a Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XXXV. After four years away from the NFL, he returned in 2007 with the Atlanta Falcons, where he played his last five seasons.

Early years
Redman played high school football at Louisville Male High School, where his father, Bob Redman, was the veteran head coach. He helped lead the Bulldogs to the Kentucky Class 4A 1993 state championship (Kentucky's largest class at the time). He was a two-time All-State quarterback and Parade's National Player of the Year in 1994 after setting national high school records for most touchdown passes in a season (57) and most touchdown passes in a half (8, twice), the latter of which still has not been broken according to NFLHS.com.

Recruitment
As a top blue chip recruit, Redman was sought-after by many top college football programs. In-state Louisville was Redman's first choice, giving a verbal commitment in 1994. That changed when coach Howard Schnellenberger left to take the head coaching job at Oklahoma, taking offensive coordinator Gary Nord along with him. Schnellenberger did not recruit Redman further out of respect to his former employer, although Redman himself would back out of his commitment.

Redman then turned his attention to the Illinois, giving them a commitment based on the recruiting efforts of Illini offensive coordinator Greg Landry. Illini head coach Lou Tepper ignited a controversy when he unexpectedly fired Landry the day after Redman signed his letter of commitment. Tepper denied any attempt to deceive Redman about Landry's future at Illinois and eventually released Redman from his commitment. The losses of Landry and Redman damaged Tepper's reputation among fans and media. The NCAA decided to void the LOC based on the unusual circumstances, restoring Redman to full eligibility and without transfer restrictions.

In the spring of 1995, Redman visited Tennessee and Auburn before deciding to follow Schnellenberg to Oklahoma, giving another verbal commitment. That commitment lasted only a few months, as Redman backed out based on concerns about the depth chart and distance from home. In the summer of 1995, Redman signed a letter of intent to play college football at Louisville, his original choice, under new head coach Ron Cooper.

College career
Redman completed his college career as the NCAA Division I-A career leader in passing completions (1,031) and attempts (1,679). His 12,541 career passing yards ranked third behind Brigham Young's Ty Detmer (15,031 yards) and Louisiana Tech's Tim Rattay (12,746). Redman threw 84 touchdown passes and 51 interceptions and still holds virtually every single game, single season and career passing record at the University of Louisville.

Redman played in 10 games as a redshirt freshman in 1996, starting the final five, and earned Conference USA All-Freshman honors after he threw for more than 1,700 yards. In his first legitimate college action, coming off the bench to replace injured starter Jason Payne, Redman amassed 325 yards and three touchdowns in Louisville's come-from-behind win at Michigan State.

As a sophomore in 1997, Redman started all 11 games and shattered single-season school passing marks in attempts (445), completions (261), yards (3,079) and total offense (2,958). Louisville struggled to a 1–10 record and head coach Ron Cooper was fired.

In 1998, under the guidance of new offensive coordinator Bobby Petrino and new head coach John L. Smith, Redman started 10 of 11 regular-season games as a junior and established Conference USA and Louisville season records for attempts (473), completions (309), yards (4,042) and touchdowns (29) despite missing a game because of a knee injury. His 404.2 yards-per-game average was the fifth highest in Division I-A history. On November 14, 1998, Redman torched East Carolina by completing 44 of 56 passes (with six touchdown passes) for 592 yards—the 10th-best single-game yardage total of all time. The Cardinals had a huge turnaround from the season before, going 7–4 in the regular season and participating in a bowl game for the first time since 1993.

As a senior in 1999, Redman started every game and completed 317 of 489 passes for 3,647 yards with 29 touchdowns and 13 interceptions. He became the first quarterback in Division I-A history to complete more than 1,000 passes in a career, and he matched the I-A record for most seasons (three) with at least 3,000 passing yards. Redman received the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (named for the former University of Louisville and Baltimore Colts star), which is presented each year to the nation's top senior quarterback. Redman was the Conference USA Offensive Player of the Year, guiding Louisville to seven come-from-behind wins and helping the Cardinals make their second consecutive bowl appearance.

Baltimore Ravens
Redman's professional career began when he was selected in the third round (75th overall) of the 2000 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Ravens. He was the third quarterback taken and one of the six drafted ahead of Tom Brady. Redman threw just 19 yards that year as he backed up Tony Banks and Trent Dilfer. Redman earned a Super Bowl ring that year when the Ravens won Super Bowl XXXV. In 2001, despite Banks and Dilfer both leaving, Redman did not play at all that year as veterans Elvis Grbac and Randall Cunningham took the snaps.

On October 6, 2002, Redman had arguably his best outing as a pro, completing 19 of 30 passes for 208 yards and two touchdowns with no interceptions in a 26–21 victory at division-rival Cleveland.

Redman served as Baltimore's backup in 2003 after recovering from back surgery. In a November 9, 2003, nationally televised game at St. Louis, Redman replaced injured starter Kyle Boller during the game and was injured himself, suffering a torn labrum in his right (throwing) shoulder. The season-ending injury was not diagnosed until after the game.

New England Patriots
After recovering from shoulder surgery in 2004, Redman was signed to play with the New England Patriots on January 6, 2005, but he was waived on June 1. Incidentally, had he made the team, he would have backed up Tom Brady, who was taken three rounds later in the same draft.

Tennessee Titans
He was then signed by the Tennessee Titans on August 23, 2005, but was waived on September 4.

Austin Wranglers
On January 4, 2007, the Austin Wranglers of the Arena Football League announced that they had signed Redman to a contract. However, shortly into his arena football career, Bobby Petrino, the Atlanta Falcons new head coach, sought after his former college quarterback to be a backup.

Atlanta Falcons
Redman was signed by the Falcons on March 23, 2007, after Atlanta traded backup quarterback Matt Schaub to the Houston Texans in exchange for two second-round picks and an agreement to switch first-round picks for the 2007 NFL Draft. Redman began fall practice as the third-string quarterback but moved to No. 2 on the depth chart before Atlanta's first preseason game. His backup role was solidified when D. J. Shockley suffered a season-ending knee injury in the Falcons' first preseason game.

On September 18, 2007, Redman was moved to No. 3 on the depth chart after the Falcons signed former Jacksonville Jaguars quarterback Byron Leftwich. With Leftwich battling a leg injury throughout the season and Harrington playing inconsistently, Coach Bobby Petrino kept rotating both Leftwich and Harrington into the starters role.

In Week 12 on December 2, 2007, Redman replaced an ineffective Joey Harrington against the St. Louis Rams and completed 16 of 24 passes for 172 yards with two touchdowns and one interception, all in the fourth quarter, nearly bringing Atlanta back from a 21–3 deficit. He was named the starter on December 6, and in his first start in five years completed 23 of 40 passes for a career-high 298 yards with two touchdowns and one interception in a Monday Night Football loss to the New Orleans Saints on December 10. Redman had a disastrous Week 14, going 4 of 15 for 34 yards with two interceptions and a lost fumble against Tampa Bay, and had been the last QB to have a 0 passer rating for that game until Peyton Manning did it in 2015. He rebounded in his third start for the Falcons by completing 28 of 42 for a career-high 315 yards with two touchdowns and one interception in an overtime loss to Arizona. In the season finale, Redman completed 17 of 27 passes for 251 yards with a career-high four touchdowns in the Falcons' 44–41 victory over the Seattle Seahawks on December 30, winning his first NFC Offensive Player of the Week award. While playing in six games, four of them being starts, Redman had career highs in completion percentage (59.7), passing yards (1,079), touchdowns (10) and passer rating (90.4).

Following the 2007 season, Atlanta signed Redman to a two-year deal.

In Week 12 of the 2009 season, filling in for the injured Matt Ryan and playing for the first time since December 30, 2007, Redman led the Falcons to a dramatic comeback win against the struggling Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In the final seconds he threw a pass to Roddy White for the go-ahead touchdown on 4th and goal. Despite shaking off some rust, he was 23 of 41 for 243 yards with two touchdowns and no interceptions. As the starter for Ryan in Week 13 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Redman was 23 of 44 for 235 yards with one touchdown and two picks, one returned for a touchdown by the Eagles. In a second consecutive start filling in for Ryan against the undefeated Saints, Redman was much sharper, completing 23 of 34 passes for 303 yards with one touchdown (a 50-yard post pattern to Michael Jenkins) and one interception in a 26–23 loss.

Following the 2009 season, Redman signed a two-year extension worth $5.6 million.

On August 28, 2012, the Falcons released Redman.

title: Chris Redman


text:
List of Hungarian painters

This is an incomplete list of Hungarian painters. For sculptors see List of Hungarian sculptors

A

 * Béla Apáti Abkarovics - Hungarian painter and graphic artist (1888–1957)
 * Béla Nagy Abodi - Hungarian painter and graphic artist (1918–2012)
 * Mór Adler - Hungarian painter (1826–1902)
 * Gyula Aggházy - Hungarian painter and teacher (1850–1919)
 * Tivadar Alconiere - Austro-Hungarian painter (1797–1865)
 * Friedrich von Amerling - Austro-Hungarian portrait painter (1803–1887)
 * Margit Anna - Hungarian painter (1913–1991)
 * István Árkossy - Hungarian painter and graphic artist (1943–)

B

 * Ottó Baditz - Hungarian painter. He painted mostly genre pictures in an academic style (1849–1936)
 * Endre Bálint - Hungarian painter and graphic artist (1914–1986)
 * Rezső Bálint - Hungarian landscape painter (1885–1945)
 * Pál Balkay - Hungarian painter and teacher (1785–1846)
 * László Balogh - Hungarian painter
 * Ernő Bánk - Hungarian teacher painter noted for his miniature portraits (1883–1962)
 * Miklós Barabás - Hungarian painter noted for his portraits (1810–1898)
 * Jenő Barcsay - Hungarian painter (1900–1988)
 * Andor Basch - Hungarian painter (1885–1944)
 * Gyula Basch - Hungarian painter (1859–1928)
 * Gyula Batthyány
 * Gyula Benczúr - Hungarian painter and pedagogue (1844–1920)
 * Lajos Berán - Hungarian sculptor and artist noted for his medal work (1882–1943)
 * Róbert Berény - Hungarian painter (1887–1953)
 * Aurél Bernáth - Hungarian expressionist painter (1895–1982)
 * László Beszédes - Hungarian sculptor, noted for his small bronze and terracotta statuettes (1874–1922)
 * Sándor Bihari (1855–1906)
 * Tamás Bimbó - Hungarian landscape painter (1968-)
 * Zsolt Bodoni
 * Pál Böhm (1839–1905)
 * Josif Bokshaj (1891–1976), painter
 * József Borsos - Hungarian portrait painter and photographer (1821–1883)
 * Miklós Borsos - Hungarian sculptor (1906–1990)
 * Sándor Bortnyik - Hungarian painter and graphic designer (1893–1976)
 * Samu Börtsök (1881–1931)
 * Gabor Breznay
 * József Breznay
 * Károly Brocky
 * Sándor Brodszky
 * Lajos Bruck

C

 * István Csók - Hungarian Impressionist painter (1865–1961)
 * Lajos Csontó - Hungarian painter
 * Béla Czóbel - Hungarian painter (1883–1976)
 * Tibor Czorba - painter (1906–1985)

D

 * Adrienn Henczné Deák (1890–956)
 * Valéria Dénes (1877–1915)
 * Gyula Derkovits
 * Balázs Diószegi - Hungarian painter primarily using the colour black (1914–1999)
 * László Dombrovszky - Hungarian painter (1894–1982)
 * János Donát - Hungarian painter (1744–1830)
 * Géza Dósa - Hungarian painter (1846–1871)
 * Orshi Drozdik - Hungarian feminist artist (1946–)

E

 * József Egry - Hungarian modernist painter (1883–1951)

F

 * Bogi Fabian - Hungarian painter who uses glow-in-the-dark techniques
 * Adolf Fényes
 * Árpád Feszty - Hungarian historical painter (1856–1914)
 * Béni Ferenczy - Hungarian sculptor and graphic artist (1890–1967)
 * Károly Ferenczy - Hungarian painter (1862–1917)
 * Noémi Ferenczy - Hungarian tapestry designer and weaver (1890–1957)

G

 * Tamás Galambos
 * Ilka Gedő - Jewish Hungarian artist (1921–1985)
 * Ernő Grünbaum - Jewish Hungarian painter (1908–1944/45)
 * Lajos Gulácsy
 * Jenő Gyárfás (1857–1925)
 * Líviusz Gyulai - Hungarian graphic artist, printmaker, illustrator (1937–2021)

H

 * Sam Havadtoy - neo-pop painter and interior designer (1952–)
 * Simon Hantaï - influential painter using folding method (1922–2008)
 * Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl - historical and mythological painting (1860–1933)
 * Simon Hollósy - Hungarian painter of Armenian ancestry (1857-1918)
 * Elmyr de Hory - Hungarian-born painter and Famous art forger (1906–1976)
 * Istvan Horkay - Hungarian painter (1945–)

I

 * Béla Iványi-Grünwald

J

 * Gyula Jakoby (1903–1985)
 * Viktor de Jeney
 * Ferenc Joachim - Hungarian (Magyar) painter of portraits and landscapes (1882–1964)
 * Zoltán Joó - Hungarian painter (1956–)

K

 * Bertalan Karlovszky
 * Lajos Kassák - Hungarian poet, novelist, painter, essayist, editor, and father of many modernisms (1887–1967)
 * Nándor Katona - painter (1864–1932)
 * Isidor Kaufman - Hungarian painter of Jewish themes (1853–1921)
 * Gusztáv Kelety - painter (1834–1902)
 * Dóra Keresztes - Hungarian painter, printmaker, illustrator, graphic designer and animated film director (1953–)
 * Károly Kernstok
 * Károly Kisfaludy - Hungarian dramatist (1788–1830)
 * Bálint Kiss
 * Zoltán Klie
 * Béla Kondor - Hungarian painter, prose writer, poet, photographer, and avant-garde graphic artist (1931–1972)
 * Aladár Körösfői-Kriesch
 * József Koszta
 * Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka - Hungarian painter (1853–1919)

L

 * Márta Lacza - Hungarian graphic artist and portrait painter (born 1946)
 * Émile Lahner - Hungarian painter (1893–1980)
 * Philip de László - Hungarian painter of portraits of royal and aristocratic personages (1869–1937)
 * Sándor Liezen-Mayer
 * Emil Lindenfeld - Hungarian-American oil-painter (1905–1986)
 * Károly Lotz - German-Hungarian painter (1833–1904)

M

 * Viktor Madarász - Hungarian romantic painter (1840–1917)
 * Americo Makk - Hungarian ecclesiastical, historical portrait painter (1927–2015)
 * Jack C. Mancino - Hungarian Abstract expressionist (1968–)
 * Ádám Mányoki - Hungarian Baroque painter (1673–1757)
 * Ödön Márffy - Hungarian painter (1878–1959)
 * Károly Markó the Elder
 * Zsuzsa Máthé - Hungarian painter, founder of Transrealism (1964–)
 * Eszter Mattioni (1902–1993) - Hungarian painter
 * László Mednyánszky - Hungarian painter in the Impressionist tradition (1852–1919)
 * Attila Meszlenyi
 * Géza Mészöly - Hungarian Romantic painter (1844–1887)
 * László Moholy-Nagy - Hungarian painter, professor, and photographer (1895–1946)
 * Master M. S. - painter who specialized in late Gothic art and in early Renaissance art
 * Mihály Munkácsy - Hungarian painter of genre pictures and large scale biblical paintings (1844–1900)

N

 * István Nagy - Hungarian painter (1873–1937)
 * János Nagy Balogh - Hungarian painter (1874–1919)
 * Vilmos Aba Novák - Hungarian painter and graphic artist (1894–1941)

O

 * István Orosz - Hungarian painter, printmaker, graphic designer and animated film director (1951–)

P

 * László Paál - Hungarian Realist landscape painter (1846–1879)
 * Béla Pállik - painter and opera singer (1845-1908)
 * Arthur Pan - portraitist noted for paintings of Sir Winston Churchill and Jan Smuts
 * Károly Patkó - Hungarian painter and copper engraver, noted for his nude paintings in a plastic presentation (1895–1941)
 * Soma Orlai Petrich - Hungarian painter (1822–1880)
 * Ervin Plány - Hungarian painter (1885-1916)
 * Bertalan Pór - Hungarian painter (1880–1964)

R

 * István Regős - Hungarian painter and designer (1954–)
 * István Réti - Hungarian painter, professor, art historian and leading member, as well as a founder and theoretician, of the Nagybánya artists' colony (1872–1945)
 * József Rippl-Rónai - Hungarian painter (1861–1927)
 * Charles Roka - Hungarian painter of artistic kitsch (1912–1999)
 * Tibor Rényi - contemporary Hungarian painter (1973–)
 * György Rózsahegyi - contemporary Hungarian painter (1940–2010)

S

 * István Sándorfi - Hungarian/French painter (1948–2007)
 * Michael Aloysius Sarisky - figure, genre, and landscape Hungarian painter, who lived in Ohio, USA (1906–1974)
 * János Saxon-Szász
 * Hugo Scheiber
 * Mihály Schéner - mid-20th century modernist artist (1923–2009)
 * Schilling Oszkar Von Tordai
 * Henriett Seth F. - Hungarian autistic savant poet, writer and artist (1980–)
 * Oliver Sin - contemporary Hungarian painter, science art, math art (1985–)
 * Bertalan Székely - Hungarian Romantic painter of historical themes (1835–1910)
 * Adam Szentpétery - Hungarian Abstract painter (1956-)
 * Pál von Szinyei-Merse - Hungarian painter and politician (1845–1920)
 * István Szőnyi
 * Lili Árkayné Sztehló - Hungarian painter and stained-glass decorator (1897–1959)

T

 * Judy Takács - Hungarian-American figurative realist painter (1962–)
 * Mór Than - Hungarian realistic, pre-impressionist style painter (1828–1899)
 * Ernő Tibor - Jewish Hungarian painter (1885–1945)
 * Lajos Tihanyi
 * János Tornyai - Hungarian painter (1869–1936)

U

 * Géza Udvary - Hungarian Romantic and Symbolist painter (1872–1932)

V

 * János Valentiny (1842–1902)
 * György Vastagh (1834–1922)
 * János Vaszary - Hungarian painter (1867–1938)
 * Lajos Vajda - Hungarian avant-garde painter (1908–1941)

W

 * Henrik Weber - Hungarian portrait and history painter (1818–1866)
 * Félix Bódog Widder - Hungarian painter and graphic designer (1874–1939)

Z

 * Mihály Zichy - Hungarian painter and graphic artist (1827–1906)

title: List of Hungarian painters


text:
Bruce Anderson (columnist)

Bruce Anderson (born 1949) is a British political columnist, currently working as a freelancer. Formerly a political editor at The Spectator and contributor to the Daily Mail, he wrote for The Independent from 2003 to September 2010, and ConservativeHome until 2012.

Early life and education
Anderson was born in Orkney, and was educated at Campbell College, Belfast, and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he read History. He was a contemporary of the historian Paul Bew at both school and university.

Politics
In his youth he was a Marxist, and it was as a member of the radical organization People's Democracy (alongside Bew) that he first became involved in the civil rights campaign in Northern Ireland. Anderson participated in the most "dramatic moment in the story of People's Democracy": a four-day 'freedom walk' from Belfast to Derry, which began on New Year's Day 1969. On 4 January he and his fellow marchers were attacked by approximately 200 loyalists at Burntollet Bridge, just outside Derry.

He still writes regularly for The Spectator, where his contributions are distinguished by their unstinting support for Britain's former Prime Minister David Cameron, whom he identified as a future Conservative Party leader in 2003. Following the outcome of the referendum on Britain's membership of the European Union in June 2016, Anderson commented that:

It is the sovereign people who have got everything catastrophically wrong. I would not be surprised if there is a surge in demand to recall David Cameron, in months rather than years. Not so much 'Come back, all is forgiven' as 'Come back, and forgive us.'

title: Bruce Anderson (columnist)


text:
Talk:Carter Doctrine

Carter's response before the event?
Quicksite (talk) 07:45, 21 December 2008 (UTC) (newbie comment; sorry i am not familiar enough with the format & protocols for "discussion". But I read the following from the top of this wiki entry and it seems that one date much be off?

The Carter Doctrine was a policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 20 January 1977, which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf region. The doctrine was a response to the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union

This seems to state that a 1977 speech was in response to an invasion 2 years later.

 * This was the first thing I noticed too. I'll try to fine an answer but perhaps someone will fix this sooner.172.135.146.125 (talk) 05:49, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Carter Doctrine
The Carter clearly warns other powers, and not the Soviet Union by name; this according to all sources was done specifically & deliberately. It is a rewrite of history to categorically state the Carter Doctrine was singularly & solely addressed to the Soviet Union.

Go to the Carter Presidential Center for the evidence if you need to. --nobs

How's this language:

"While the Carter Doctrine was addressed to other powers, it was widely accepted at the time this meant the Soviet Union, (coming on the heals of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan). Subsequent presidents, namely G.H.W. Bush used the Carter Doctrine declaration of Persian Gulf security as being vital to U.S. strategic national interests as the basis for Gulf War of 1991." thx--nobs

 * I don't understand what you're talking about; the "Carter Doctrine" speech was directly addressed to the Soviet Union. Here's the passage from Carter's speech:

 * "The Soviet Union is going to have to answer some basic questions: Will it help promote a more stable international environment in which its own legitimate, peaceful concerns can be pursued? Or will it continue to expand its military power far beyond its genuine security needs, and use that power for colonial conquest? The Soviet Union must realize that its decision to use military force in Afghanistan will be costly to every political and economic relationship it values.

 * "The region which is now threatened by Soviet troops in Afghanistan is of great strategic importance: It contains more than two-thirds of the world's exportable oil. The Soviet effort to dominate Afghanistan has brought Soviet military forces to within 300 miles of the Indian Ocean and close to the Straits of Hormuz, a waterway through which most of the world's oil must flow. The Soviet Union is now attempting to consolidate a strategic position, therefore, that poses a grave threat to the free movement of Middle East oil.

 * "This situation demands careful thought, steady nerves, and resolute action, not only for this year but for many years to come. It demands collective efforts to meet this new threat to security in the Persian Gulf and in Southwest Asia. It demands the participation of all those who rely on oil from the Middle East and who are concerned with global peace and stability. And it demands consultation and close cooperation with countries in the area which might be threatened.

 * "Meeting this challenge will take national will, diplomatic and political wisdom, economic sacrifice, and, of course, military capability. We must call on the best that is in us to preserve the security of this crucial region.

 * "Let our position be absolutely clear: An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force."

 * Even the speechwriter says: "I did write that phrase and insisted that it be incorporated in the speech. It was designed to make it very clear that the Soviets should stay away from the Persian Gulf."

 * Seems pretty cut-and-dried to me. Is there something I'm missing? --Kevin Myers 02:21, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * here's the critical passage of the text (from the Carter Library):

"Let our position be absolutely clear: An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force."

any outside force specifically included, at that time, the 5th largest standing military in the world, Iraq.

or this excerpt from the book published in 1980, The Real War

other referance: Cyrus Vance, 'US Foreign Policy: Our Broader Strategy' 27 March 1980 Policy No. 153 --nobs
 * Likewise one can take this excerpt from President Carter's Nobel Lecture:
 * Our president, Woodrow Wilson, was honored here for promoting the League of Nations, whose two basic concepts were profoundly important: "collective security" and "self-determination." Now they are embedded in international law. Violations of these premises during the last half-century have been tragic failures, as was vividly demonstrated when the Soviet Union attempted to conquer Afghanistan and when Iraq invaded Kuwait.

You can plainly see the President wedding his Presidential Doctrine (collective security of Afghanistan and Kuwait) to the continuos foreign policy of a predecessor, Woodrow Wilson. Hence, in President Carter's own words, the Gulf War of 1991 was the continuation of American foreign policy as articulated by both he and Woodrow Wilson.

I will concede that the Carter Doctrine largely at the time was construed to mean U.S prepared to use nukes if necessary to keep the Soviets out of the Gulf (as footnote 5 here suggests) Richard Burt, "Study Says a Soviet Move in Iran Might Require U.S. Atom Arms," The New York Times, February 2, 1980, p. 1., however the strategic assessment at the time was all encompassing, to include any oustide force, and as the President's speech said including military force, likewise carried the ambiguous message of conventional and/or nuclear means, and was not an effort tone down rhetoric or pacify the public who may have been leary of nuclear weapons. This strategic assessment was made by policy advisors, not speech writers. The speech writers job was simply to write the ambiguity into the text and make it all encompassing.

It makes no sense that the U.S. would nuke the Soviets if they moved against Kuwait or Saudi Arabia, but allow Iraq to do it conventionally. And likewise this Presidential declaration of U.S. strategic interests was not limited to Jimmy Carter's final year of office, restated here in declassifed Presidential Directive NSC-63, January 15, 1981, 6 days before President Carter left office, complete with a referance to "diminishing radical influences", the same language used the "The Real War" referancing "Radical Iraq"nobs

 * I guess we're making progress. Let me summarize. We need to be clear, so don't be offended by my brusqueness:
 * Your earlier contention that the Doctrine did not specifically mention the Soviet Union was clearly flat-out wrong;
 * Your conviction that the Doctrine was also intended as a warning to Iraq rests on your own analysis (and thus does not belong in a Wikipedia article). If you come up with a citation of an expert that clearly says the Carter Doctrine was also intended as a warning to Iraq (or whoever), by all means put it in the article.
 * Your statement that the strategic interests expressed in the Doctrine were not limited to Carter's term is correct, though I don't think this was ever in doubt.

 * The article could use work expanding that last point -- how Presidents since Carter have (or have not) pursued the strategy expressed in the Carter Doctrine, like the "Legacy" section in the Monroe Doctrine article.

 * BTW, your analysis of the Carter Nobel Speech IMO misses the mark somewhat with regards to the Carter Doctrine. His denunciation of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan doesn't really self-validate the Carter Doctrine, which was about protecting American interests against further action by the Commies, and in no way served to counter the Soviet invasion. (He was praising his other efforts to protest the invasion, and not specifically the Carter Doctrine). But this is original interpretation by you and I, and not relevant in Wikipedia. --Kevin Myers 05:56, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your inputs & comments very much. I think we can work together. Did some thinking overnight especially on NSC-63 and perhaps the article can be expanded to include a link to the Rapid Deployment Force. Will clarify my contention about what the term "any" means.

As a side bar, the Nobel lecture was interesting in that President Carter spoke to Europeans in Europe about extending the doctrine of "collectively security" to Afghanistan and other parts outside of Europe. This has been a contention about the role of NATO & the future of NATO for several years now, which I have accumulated a mountain of information recently. (In no way do I suggest including in the article, as an aside I simply mention President Carter sounds like Nixon, Reagan, and both Bush's here).--nobs

A page on the Vietnam build down needs to be started. This will also be an important piece of Rumsfeld's early bio.--nobs This policy thus warned the Soviets away from Iran, which had just had a revolution and at the time was holding hostages in the United States Embassy, and from Iraq."
 * Any attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force.

To argue that "an assault" on Iran, a nation which
 * (1) had no diplomatic relations with the United States as of November 1979.
 * (2) had no trade relations, i.e. stopped shipping oil to the United States in November 1979
 * (3) was not part of any "collective security" agreement with the United States since November 1979

would be "an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America", even though the United States had no treaty obligations to do so, which would be repelled by "any means necessary", a vailed refernace to nuclear war is an incorrect reading of the Carter Doctrine.
 * The vital interests of the United States are collective security agreements and treaty obligations with co-signatories, i.e. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the Gulf Emirates.
 * The term "any", includes, but not limited to, Russia, Iraq, Mexico, al-Qaide, the mafia, the boy scouts, and virtually anyone.
 * the term "outside" is ambiguos; does it mean "outside the Persian Gulk region" or could it mean "outside the security umbrella of American collective treaty alliances"
 * the term "force" is used, and not the term "power", "nation", "state", or "government" etc. Hence it can include non-governmental entities, such as terrorist groups, etc, but may exclude boy scout organizations, for example.

And I beleive both former President Carter and Zbignew Brezhinski will support my arguement. --nobs

While the Carter Doctrine was prompted by the Afghan-Soviet War, and a fear existed of further Soviet movements against Iran, or other powers encroaching upon nations in the Gulf with collective security agreements with the U.S., a tremendous fear existed about harassment of shipping through the Strait of Hormuz.
 * Both President Carter and Richard Nixon make light of this in 1980. Both speak of the Soviets being "within 300 miles of the Straits of Hormuz", Carter in 1980 State of the Union, Nixon in his book The Real War where he adds, "From bases in southwestern Afghanistan, MiG fighters can reach the Straits, something that was previously beyond them.

This is from the Department of the Navy-- Naval Historical Center:
 * "During his final years in office, President Jimmy Carter took steps to restructure U.S. policy in the Middle East, although too late to save his political future. In his 1980 State of the Union address, the president outlined what became known as the Carter Doctrine, warning that the United States would not allow the Soviet Union to threaten the flow of oil from the Persian Gulf. A 1980 pledge by Secretary of State Edmund Muskie went even further, putting the gulf states on notice that the United States would not allow anyone to interfere with oil tanker traffic through the Strait of Hormuz. To add muscle to these pronouncements, the Carter administration began to build up the Rapid Deployment Forces, what would eventually become Central Command. In the interim, the president relied heavily on naval power. Carter expanded the naval presence of the United States in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, marking the beginning of what would turn out to be a decade of crisis and war in the region."

A harsh assessment, which I wouldn't necessarily argee with in its entirety. Or this from Professor Jean-Paul Rodriguez, Department of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University:

"Initially this doctrine aimed at deterring the Soviet Union after its invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, but its application has been the result of very different events and contexts. The old Cold War nemesis gone, the threatening force turned out to be internal to the Gulf region; Iraq. The Carter Doctrine has been applied twice; in 1990 during the First Gulf War and in 2003 for the Second Gulf War. In the first case it was to quell the intentions of Iraq to gain control of a large portion of the regional oil fields with the potentially damaging economic and political consequences. In the second, a hidden goal was to insure the future stability of the Persian Gulf region and thus its oil supplies."

Or read the short article by Michael Klare (whose views and articulations I find fascinating and admire very much).

Or President Clinton's Defense Secretary William Perry's remarks to the Council on Foreign Relations:

"I think back to the Carter era. When we described our rapid deployment force, we had nothing available in the area to deal with its security needs…

"In 1980, President Carter created the Rapid Deployment Forces designed for emergency deployment to the gulf. My military assistant, [Army] Maj. Gen. Paul Kern, was part of an Army unit assigned to the rapid deployment force, and he tells me that if they had been asked in 1980 to move quickly into the gulf, it would have taken them three months to put a substantial deterrent force into the theater. In August of 1990, it took us three weeks. In October of 1994, we did it in about three days. "It's been 50 years since President Franklin Roosevelt on his way back from the Yalta conference, met with King Abdul Aziz, the founder of the Saudi state. Roosevelt was the first U.S. president to declare that the United States has vital interestss in the region."

Point again is, the Carter Doctrine did not end with Jimmy Carter's Presidency, it gave birth to CENTCOM, a large non-NATO U.S Command which has thus far fought 3 wars in the region. To say the Carter Doctrine was intended to warn the Soviets from invading a country the U.S had no diplomatic, economic, or military alliances with, but its resources were of America's vital interests is essentially justifying a policy of neo-colonialsm.--nobs

Lookin good
Kevin: This article is looking pretty good; it looks more like a major foreign policy doctrine, rather than just a White House press release. I would suggest, while you're doing the research, seriously look at "vital interests", because an article along those lines needs to be created. Keep up the good work! nobs 17:07, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you! I notice a lot of gaps here & there in articles about the history of U.S. foreign policy, but I don't know how much time I'll find to work on them. My work on this article is probably finished. Peace! --Kevin Myers | on Wheels! 18:56, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Carter Doctrine


text:
Flop (basketball)

In basketball, a flop is an intentional fall or stagger by a player, after little or no physical contact by an opponent, to induce an official to call a personal foul on the opponent. The move is sometimes called acting, as in "acting as if he were fouled". Because it is inherently designed to deceive the official, flopping is considered unsportsmanlike, but it is widely practiced. The player who commits the act is called a flopper.

Flopping effectively is not easy to do, primarily because drawing contact sometimes results in the opposite effect—a foul called on the defensive player—for making excessive contact or not being in the correct position. Also, if no foul is called on either player, by falling to the floor, the flopper cannot provide further defense, making it easier for the offense to score. To consistently draw offensive fouls on opponents takes body control and practice.

Penalties
In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the penalty for flopping is a technical foul if caught in-game, and a fine if caught after the game in video reviews. The technical foul is a non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul (one of six fouls a player may be assessed before disqualification; no ejection is possible). In FIBA play, the penalty is a technical foul that counts as one of two towards ejection.

National Federation of State High School Associations basketball rule 10.6.f of 2012–13 specifically defines "faking being fouled", in the judgment of an official, as unsportsmanlike conduct subject to penalty of a technical foul. However, as there is no in-game access to replay video, this call is rare.

NBA
The NBA ruled in 1997 that the personal foul of charging would not be called once the ball carrier was within 4 feet (1.22 meters) of the basket. This restricted arc is noted with a dashed circle. This rule made it pointless to flop near the basket.

The NBA regulated flopping starting in the 2012–13 season. Any player who flops during the regular season would first be warned, followed by fines in increments of $5,000 for each successive flop during the season. The fines would increase to $30,000 for a fifth offense, when a suspension would also be considered. In the playoffs, players are fined $5,000 for their first flopping offense, $10,000 for a second, $15,000 for a third, and $30,000 for a fourth. Any player who flops five or more times could be suspended.

History
Frank Ramsey, who played on seven championship teams for the Boston Celtics from 1954 to 1965, wrote a cover story in Sports Illustrated in 1963 with writer Frank Deford, where he detailed his flopping technique. Afterwards, Ramsey was reprimanded in a letter by NBA president Walter Kennedy. In the 1970s, Ramsey's coach, Red Auerbach, criticized flopping in one of his "Red on Roundball" segments at halftime during NBA game telecasts.

On May 28, 2008, the NBA announced that it would impose fines on players who show a clear case of flopping and suspensions for repeat offenders. However, the league did not impose any fines, but continued to monitor the situation.

NBA player Rasheed Wallace has been critical of flopping in the league. In a 2008 interview, when he was with the Detroit Pistons, he complained that: "All that bull[expletive]-ass calls they had out there. With Mike [Callahan] and Kenny [Mauer] -- you've all seen that [expletive]," Wallace said. "You saw them calls. The cats are flopping all over the floor and they're calling that [expletive]. That [expletive] ain't basketball out there. It's all [expletive] entertainment. You all should know that [expletive]. It's all [expletive] entertainment." (redactions in original)

On November 28, 2009, Wallace, by this time with the Boston Celtics, again made sports news wires when he claimed that Hedo Türkoğlu, then with the Toronto Raptors, duped the officials into giving Wallace his fifth technical of the season by flopping:

They've got to know that he's a damn flopper. That's all Turkododo do. Flopping shouldn't get you nowhere. He acts like I shot him. That's not basketball, man. That's not defense. That's garbage, what it is. I'm glad I don't have too much of it left.

Commissioner David Stern complained about flopping as offensive against the game's officials, but the league has been unable to find a way to punish it or prevent it. And, although Stern agreed with Wallace in principle, the league fined Wallace $25,000. for the 2008 outburst (because of the obscenities) and $30,000 for the second.

Shaquille O'Neal loathes opponents who resort to flopping. He criticized Dikembe Mutombo, the 2000–2001 Defensive Player of the Year, in the 2001 NBA Finals and Vlade Divac in the 2002 Western Conference finals for their theatrics. O'Neal said he would never exaggerate contact to draw a foul. "I'm a guy with no talent who has gotten this way with hard work." In a 2006 interview in Time, O'Neal said if he were NBA commissioner, he would "Make a guy have to beat a guy--not flop and get calls and be nice to the referees and kiss ass." However, in a matchup against the Orlando Magic on March 3, 2009, O'Neal flopped against center Dwight Howard. Magic coach Stan Van Gundy was "very disappointed cause [O'Neal] knows what it's like. Let's stand up and play like men, and I think our guy did that tonight." O'Neal responded, "Flopping is playing like that your whole career. I was trying to take the charge, trying to get a call. It probably was a flop, but flopping is the wrong use of words. Flopping would describe his coaching."

Shortly before the Indiana Pacers were to take on the Miami Heat in the 2012 Eastern Conference semifinals, Pacers head coach Frank Vogel criticized his opponents for alleged flopping: They are the biggest flopping team in the NBA. It'll be very interesting [to see] how the referees officiate the series and how much flopping they reward... Every drive to the basket, they have guys not making a play on the ball, but sliding in front of drivers. Oftentimes they're falling down even before contact is even being made. It'll be interesting to see how the series is officiated. Vogel was fined $15,000 by the league for these remarks.

In May 2012, Commissioner David Stern reiterated that flopping is a legitimate concern. Fines for flopping were introduced the following season. On November 21, 2012, Brooklyn Nets forward Reggie Evans became the first NBA player to be fined for flopping. After having been warned for a previous offense, the NBA league office identified an instance of flopping on Evans in the Nets' loss to the Los Angeles Lakers on November 20, 2012. Evans was fined $5,000. The rate of violations slowed as the season progressed, an indication that players realized the rule was being enforced. There were 24 violations during that regular season, with five players receiving the $5,000 fine for a second offense.

In the 2013 Eastern Conference semifinals between the Chicago Bulls and the Miami Heat, Bulls head coach Tom Thibodeau accused LeBron James of flopping. James vehemently denied the accusation, saying "I don't need to flop. I play an aggressive game but I don't flop. I've never been one of those guys. I don't need to flop. I don't even know how to do it. So it doesn't mean much to me." Thibodeau was fined $35,000 by the league for his comments. Nonetheless, James was seen winking after a flop in Game 5 of the Eastern Conference semifinals in 2011. On May 29, 2013 before Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals against Indiana Pacers, James again denied that he is a flopper, but said that he recognizes flopping as an effective strategy. "Some guys have been [flopping] for years, just trying to get an advantage. Any way you can get an advantage over the opponent to help your team win, so be it," James said.

As of June 14, 2013, eight players had been fined for flopping during the playoffs: Pacers' Jeff Pendergraph, Thunder's Derek Fisher, Knicks' J. R. Smith, Grizzlies' Tony Allen, Heat's LeBron James and Chris Bosh, Pacers' David West and Lance Stephenson. Stern said that the amounts of the fines were insufficient "when the average player's salary is $5.5 million. And anyone who thought that was going to happen was allowing hope to prevail over reason."

On June 7, 2013, Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban announced that he is funding a study on flopping. One of Cuban's companies, Radical Hoops Ltd., has provided $100,000 to have biomechanics experts from Southern Methodist University launch an 18-month study into the forces involved in collisions during basketball plays. The goal is to investigate the possibility of using video or motion capture techniques to distinguish between legitimate collision and flop. The Mavericks' Dirk Nowitzki did not believe that flops were a problem if a player was pushed and tried "sell it a little" to get a favorable call from referees.

title: Flop (basketball)


text:
Dumah (angel)

Dumah (Heb. dūmā, "silence") is an angel mentioned in Rabbinical and Islamic literature as an angel who has authority over the wicked dead. Dumah is a popular figure in Yiddish folklore. I. B. Singer's Short Friday (1964), a collection of stories, mentions Dumah as a "thousand-eyed angel of death, armed with a fiery rod or flaming sword". Dumah is the Aramaic word for silence.

The angel
Duma(h) or Douma (Aramaic) is the angel of silence and of the stillness of death.

Dumah is also the tutelary angel of Egypt, prince of Hell, and angel of vindication. The Zohar speaks of him as having "tens of thousands of angels of destruction" under him, and as being "Chief of demons in Gehinnom [i.e., Hell] with 12,000 myriads of attendants, all charged with the punishment of the souls of sinners." As the patron of Egypt, he disregarded the command of God to exercise judgment over the Egyptian deities. Whereupon God banishes him into Gehenna, there he becomes its ruler and three angels of destruction are appointed to him. He and his fellow angels torment the sinners every day in the week except on Sabbath.

According to hadiths mentioned in Al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik, Azrael hands over the souls of the deceased unbelievers to Dumah.

Other references

 * Dumah is a city associated with the descendants of Ishmael that was known to the Assyrian empire as Adummatu and is known in modern times as Dumat Al-Jandal.
 * Dumah is the name of one of the seven compartments of Gehenna.
 * In the video game Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver, Dumah is the name of a boss character. He is the vampire brother of Raziel, and along with Turel is the one who cast him into the Abyss on Kain's orders. In reference to the meaning of his name, when finally confronted, he has been killed by vampire hunters, and his corpse is sitting silently on a throne.
 * Doma (a variation of Dumah) the Angel of Silence is a card in the card game Yu-Gi-Oh!.
 * Dumah makes an appearance in Neil Gaiman's The Sandman (DC Comics), specifically in "The Season of Mists". He, along with Ramiel, become the keepers of Hell after Lucifer abandons his throne.
 * Dumat, the Dragon of Silence in the Dragon Age series of video games, is named after this angel. Within the series' backstory, he was the first of the Old Gods to become an archdemon, necessitating the creation of the Grey Wardens (the series' primary protagonists) to stop him, some 1,200 years before the series begins.
 * In the video game Fire Emblem Gaiden and its remake Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia, Duma is the final boss of the story. He believes that humanity is weak and that hardship makes them strong. He is the patron deity of Rigel and is worshiped as the War Father, but becomes denounced as a Fell God by some of the characters because of his descent into madness. In his corruption, he takes the form of a large one-eyed green dragon.
 * An angel named Dumah appears in The CW television series Supernatural, portrayed by Erica Cerra. She debuts in the "War of the Worlds" episode of season thirteen.

title: Dumah (angel)


text:
Wilson Carey McWilliams

Wilson Carey McWilliams (2 September 1933 – 29 March 2005), son of Carey McWilliams, was a political scientist at Rutgers University.

Biography
McWilliams served in the 11th Airborne Division of the United States Army from 1955 to 1961, after which he took his master's degree and Ph.D. degrees at the University of California, Berkeley. There he studied under Sheldon Wolin, John Schaar and Norman Jacobson, and also recognized the influences of political theorists Leo Strauss and Bertrand de Jouvenel. He wrote a Masters thesis on the political realism of Hans Morgenthau and Reinhold Niebuhr. He was also active in the early stages of the Berkeley Free Speech Movement and the student activist group SLATE.

Prior to teaching at Rutgers University he taught at Oberlin College and Brooklyn College. He was also a visiting professor at Yale University, Harvard University and Haverford College. He came to Yale in the Spring of 1969 with a timely and provocative seminar on "American Radical Thought". At Harvard he taught the evening seminar "American Political Theory in the 19th Century" during the spring of 1998, a popular course attended by several professors including Harvey Mansfield. As a visiting professor he went out of his way to connect with the students in his courses (and sometimes in nearby bars).

McWilliams was the recipient of the John Witherspoon Award for Distinguished Service to the Humanities, conferred by the New Jersey Committee for the Humanities, and also served as a vice-president of the American Political Science Association.

Recordings are available of his last class, American Political Thought since the Civil War, which was continued after his death by his daughter, Susan McWilliams Barndt, a Ph.D. candidate in the department of politics at Princeton University at the time and currently a professor of politics at Pomona College.

At the time of his death, McWilliams had been married for more than 30 years to the psychoanalyst and author Nancy Riley McWilliams. Their daughter Helen McWilliams was the lead singer of VAGIANT Boston.

Writings
McWilliams was author of The Idea of Fraternity in America (1973, University of California Press), for which he won the National Historical Society prize in 1974. In this book, McWilliams argued that there was an "alternative tradition" to the dominant liberal tradition in America, which he variously traced through the thought of the Puritans, the Anti-federalists, and various major and minor literary figures such as Hawthorne, Melville, Twain and Ellison. He argued that this tradition drew philosophical inspiration from ancient Greek and Christian sources manifested in an emphasis upon community and fraternity, which was properly the means to achieving a form of civic liberty. He contrasted this tradition with the liberal tradition, which conversely held that individual liberty was thought to culminate in political fraternity. A major influence on McWilliams's thought was the book Democracy in America by the French theorist Alexis de Tocqueville, and like Tocqueville, McWilliams commended to modern liberal democracy the arts of association and a chastening form of religious faith.

McWilliams was also a prolific essayist, whose works appeared in Commonweal and other journals. His essays on American elections from 1976 to 1998 were collected in two volumes, The Politics of Disappointment (1995, Chatham House) and Beyond the Politics of Disappointment (2000, Chatham House). In 2011, two edited collections of his essays were published, co-edited by Patrick J. Deneen and his daughter, Susan J. McWilliams. The books were entitled, respectively, Redeeming Democracy in America (University Press of Kansas, 2011) and The Democratic Soul: A Wilson Carey McWilliams Reader (University Press of Kentucky, 2011).

title: Wilson Carey McWilliams


text:
Skarstein

Skarstein or Skardstein is a village in Andøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located along Norwegian County Road 82 on the northeastern part of the island of Andøya, along the Andfjorden. The village of Andenes lies about 10 km to the north, and the village of Fiskenes lies about 2 km to the northeast.

Trivia
The village itself is named after a large rock near the local harbor, named Skarvesteinen, meaning "The Cormorant rock" in Norwegian. Its name is derived from the Cormorants that usually inhabit the rock's surface.

title: Skarstein


text: User talk:24.26.101.247

title: User talk:24.26.101.247


text:
James Brooks

James, Jim, or Jimmy Brooks may refer to:

 * James Brooks (American football) (born 1958), American football player
 * James Brooks (architect) (1825–1901), English architect
 * James Brooks (bishop) (1512–1558), Bishop of Gloucester
 * James Brooks (musician) (1760–1809), English violinist and composer
 * James Brooks (civil servant) (1863–1941), British Admiralty Director of Victualling
 * James Brooks (painter) (1906–1992), American painter
 * James Brooks (politician) (1810–1873), United States Representative from New York
 * James Brooks (rugby union) (born 1980), English rugby player
 * James Brooks (Texas Ranger) (1855–1944), American lawman
 * James Brooks (priest), Anglican clergyman
 * James Brooks, Jr. (1942–1999), American actor, known by his stage name of Stephen Brooks
 * James F. Brooks (born 1955), American historian
 * James G. Brooks (1801–1841), American newspaper editor and poet
 * James L. Brooks (born 1940), American producer, writer and film director
 * Jim Brooks, co-owner of the Lehigh Valley Phantoms ice hockey team
 * Jimmy Brooks, fictional character on Degrassi: The Next Generation
 * James Brooks, guitarist with British post-rock band Appliance

title: James Brooks


text:
Rune Skarstein

Rune Skarstein (born 7 April 1940) is a Norwegian radical economist employed at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, Norway. Skarstein was born on 7 April 1940 in the village of Olden in Nordfjord in Western Norway.

He graduated as a chartered engineer at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (now part of NTNU), with an emphasis on construction and building. He continued his education and obtained a PhD in social economy in 1974. He has worked at CMI in Bergen, later in Tanzania, and since 1980 he has worked for the University of Trondheim (UNiT) which is now part of NTNU.

Main interests

 * Developmental economy
 * Editor-in-chief for the journal «Vardøger» (tutelary deity) from its beginning.
 * Member of the Socialist Left Party and was twice inaugurated as a member of Trondheim City Council.

title: Rune Skarstein


text:
Talk:Andhra cuisine

[Untitled]
what about biriyani? andhra pradesh is famous for it. many of the items listed in the article are generic south indian dishes.

Ok, I added biryani. Kind of. Jenigmat429 01:29, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Telugu Cuisine not Andhra Cuisine
If this article discusses the cuisine of Andhra Pradesh. It should be titled "Telugu Cuisine" or "Andhra Pradesh Cuisine" not Andhra Cuisine as Andhra itself refers to a distinct region within the state.

99.228.38.167 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 08:00, 27 February 2011 (UTC).

Non Veg Dishes
Outside A.P Andhra Cuisine is well known for its spicy non veg food. This article talks only of veg breakfast and meals. May be a veg Panthul is behind it. The article is not complete without the mention of non veg items. Brothers in Arms 19:34, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

I think you missed the menu of the regular meal which mentioned chicken, mutton, prawns, pork etc.Kumarrao (talk) 13:27, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup in progress (September 2009)
Based on the current article, I am rewriting some parts of the article, and also making a table sort of thing to list all the delicacies. Since the task takes time, I am making the changes separately at కిరణ్మయి/sandbox. Please drop your suggestions here or on my talk page.

Kiranmayee&#124కిరణ్మయి (talk) 23:05, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andhra cuisine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ryu te

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect (already done) CDC   (talk)  23:10, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ryu te
The article for Ryu te needs to be deleted, as the name is incorrect (should be "Ryu Te," with a capital 'T'). The article cannot be moved, because Ryu Te already exists. The two articles contain identical content as of today. Alue 2005-04-13 (UTC)
 * Couldn't you just redirect one to the other? Kappa 01:41, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as redundant/duplicate article. Megan1967 07:55, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Kappa, redirect. If it was misspellet once it is probable to be mizpelled again. Radiant_* 09:06, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. --InShaneee 18:54, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I did a redirect when I saw both pages on the new list, about 30 minutes after they were created. Vegaswikian 06:17, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. This should be common procedure, not needing vfd. Pavel Vozenilek 00:03, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ryu te


text:
Dig Up Her Bones

"Dig Up Her Bones" is the seventh single by the punk rock band the Misfits. It was the first single released by the re-formed lineup of the band, after the original incarnation broke up in 1983. It was the only single released from their 1997 album American Psycho, and the accompanying music video was the first official Misfits music video ever released.

Background
The original incarnation of the Misfits had been active from 1977 to 1983. A series of legal battles ensued in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with bassist Jerry Only and his brother, guitarist Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein, seeking writing credits and the rights to the Misfits name from singer/songwriter Glenn Danzig. The result was an out-of-court settlement in 1995 which gave Only and Doyle the rights to record and perform as the Misfits, sharing merchandising rights with Danzig. They quickly formed a new incarnation of the band, recruiting singer Michale Graves and drummer Dr. Chud. The new lineup released American Psycho in 1997 with "Dig Up Her Bones" as the seventh track.

Release information
5,000 copies of the single were issued on blue 7" vinyl, while a promotional CD single was distributed to radio stations. The B-side of the single is "Hate the Living, Love the Dead", also from American Psycho.

Music video
The music video for "Dig Up Her Bones" was directed by John Cafiero, who also directed a video for "American Psycho". It was the first official music video ever released by the Misfits and was composed of live footage of the band, Graves singing in a mock graveyard, and clips from the 1935 horror film Bride of Frankenstein. An image of the Bride was used as the cover image for the single. Permission to use the likeness of Boris Karloff, who played the Monster in the film, was given by his daughter Sara Karloff. Permission was also given by the estate of Elsa Lanchester, who played The Bride, to use her likeness. Two cuts of the music video were released, the only difference being that one version incorporated an intro with the 1930s Universal Pictures logo and a dialogue clip from Bride of Frankenstein. Live portions of the video were shot at Lupo's Heartbreak Hotel in Providence, RI, on June 22, 1997.

The video debuted on MTV's 120 Minutes and was also featured on the Sci Fi Channel. Along with the "American Psycho" video, it continued to run in rotation on MTV, MTV Europe, MTV Japan, MTV Latin America, MTV Brasil, MuchMusic, and The Box.

Band

 * Michale Graves – lead vocals
 * Jerry Only – bass, backing vocals
 * Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein – guitars
 * Dr. Chud – drums, backing vocals

Additional musicians

 * Daniel Rey – keyboards

title: Dig Up Her Bones


text: File:Catwoman-ninelives-tpb.jpg

title: File:Catwoman-ninelives-tpb.jpg


text:
Kleinmann

Kleinmann is a common surname:

 * Dieter Kleinmann (born 1953), German politician
 * Georges Kleinmann, a French journalist
 * Larissa Kleinmann (born 1978), German cyclist
 * Louis Théodore Kleinmann (1907–1979)
 * Ralf Kleinmann (born 1971, Cologne, Germany), a German-American football player
 * Wilhelm Otto Max Kleinmann (1876–1945)
 * Kleinmann's tortoise, Egyptian tortoise or Leith's tortoise (Testudo kleinmanni)

title: Kleinmann


text:
Talk:Mindat.org

VfD
On April 13, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Mindat.org for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 17:59, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mindat.org