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Talk:Tomato sauce

Pescatora, Marinara, "neapolitan" and other kinds of sauces
As from Naples in Italy I can say this article is full of errors and refers wannabe "foreign" italian sauces like "Fra Diavolo" as italian, while in Italy this kind of recipe for sauce it is quite unknown.

The correct word for sauces and food containing seafood it is "Alla Pescatora" ("fisherman style"), while Marinara ("sailor style") stands quite normally only for "Pizza alla marinara" that indicates Pizza garnished with only liquid tomato sauce, olive oil, salt and some garlic.

Also there are absurdities like those stating that neapolitan sauces are full of garlic and spicy!!! Absolutely false. these garnishments are used in very few quantitites and only in some minor recipes. Certainly these recipes are spicy and full of taste, but are minor ones.

"Sunday Gravy"
The two paragraphs theorizing about the term "Sunday gravy" (beginning with "Some Italian Americans...") do not have references, are likely purely anecdotal and should be removed.

Spope3 (talk) 02:59, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

Also chili pepper is used in Calabria region cuisine, and not in neapolitan cuisine.

With respect. --Raffaele Megabyte 15:05, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

I think you are hitting on an important point. I think it may be helpful to create a seperate section for Italian American sauces (which have had about 100 years to develop on their own, away from Italy). Just like the article on pizza, draws such a distinction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.110.167 (talk) 01:57, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Precursors?
OK, what did Europeans use before tomatoes for a pasta sauce? Not even McGee says anything about that. Figs? There must have been some food niche that it filled in Italy, just as chillis did in South Asia (that is more obvious). So?

 * Probably olive oil and a number of vegetables or fish thrown into the sauce. Also, pesto is a very old sauce, which is also olive oil based.  It is important to remember that tomatoes were embraced more in the south than in the north.  In Venetian cuisine, for instance, you hardly find tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, or anything else identified as "foreign."  The Venetians used a lot of black pepper, which was more expensive than gold at the time.  Venice was the NYC of its day, making its money by monopolizing the Indian spice trade.  This is why the Spanish contracted Columbus and so many other mariners: to find a way around the Venetian stranglehold and gain access to the wealth of the east.

 * Anyway, I digress. I have a cookbook by Valentina Harris called "Southern Italian Cooking."  In there it says the earliest pasta recipes came from the Arabs (a hundred years before Marco Polo's run to China) who took ceci beans and made a loose felafel-like mixture, and fried it into crepes.  The bean crepes were then sliced into strips and tossed with whatever the family had: leftover meat, wild greens, chestnuts which were very cheap back then, and herbs.  Pasta was basically a way to stretch the meal, like bread.72.78.11.48 13:38, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

More Marinara
Having edited the Marinara paragraph, I'm not really sure why it's not a article of its own. The first paragraph is pretty dubious too, but I don't have time to edit it now. It's all very well to put a disclaimer about the recipe at the bottom, but still... — Moilleadóir 12:02, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Marinara
Can anyone with knowledge of authentic Italian cooking comment on marinara? I heard somewhere that pasta alla marinara could have just about anything on it -- one description I read said something like "the cook put in everything but his horse". --FOo 23:40, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

As a far as I ate it in Italy, Marinara is when "There is seafood in there", especially "mussels" or "Vongole" = "Clams". Spagetti alla marinara have a tomato sauce with mussels or clams in it. In French kitchen, Mussels & marinara (Moules marinières), are mussels with a cream and white wine with herbs based food.

 * Marinara does not have fish in it. This is a tourist invention based on the expectations of the tourists.  "Marinara" refers to mariners, who needed a quick dish to make, as they were on the clock and fire is dangerous on any ship, especially the tiny fishing boats they used.  It is a contrast to a ragu, which could cook for hours.72.78.181.23 (talk) 14:34, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

HAM!
I realize there's a disclaimer that 'this is just one of hundreds of recipes' but is it really that common for italian tomato sauces to start out with HAM ground up in it, then strained?? I mean, surely there's one archetypal manner of saucery, which belongs in that first paragraph, and SURELY said proto-sauce lacks hammage.. I always thought the mainstay of the sauce was roasted or oven-cooked stewed tomatoes blended with wine..

Marinara is a Misnomer for tomato sauce without meat
Marinara is a tomato sauce for pasta, pizza, or dipping which contains seafood in a tomato sauce. From the Italian 'alla marinara' or 'sailor style', marinara sauce usually includes tomatoes, onions and herbs and can include a variety of seafoods such as scallops, oysters, and anchovies.

Marinara has become a misnomer for any type of tomato sauce, which does not contain meat, particularly in the United States. In Italy, much of Europe, and many of the finer restaurants in the United States, marinara specifically indicates that the tomato sauce contains seafood. Tomato sauce without meat or seafood is referred to as "Napoletana" whereas tomato sauce with meat is referred to as "Bolognese".

 * I don't think the preponderance of the evidence is on your side, based on a quick google search. There is indeed a number of seafood dishes known as "alla marinara", but I believe that on the whole it's a regional usage. There does seem to be an older salsa marinara that is based on wine and seafood, but I don't think it's all that common and doesn't have tomato in it. A couple of cites: a recipe in Italian Lidia Bastianich's recipe Now if a Lidia cite isn't authoritative, I don't know what is. Haikupoet 01:41, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * "Marinara" does mean sailor style, but as Lydia's recipe points out, it has more to do with being a quick, thrown together sauce, rather than a well simmered one. To say it must have fish in it, I think misreads the title.  After all, pasta puttanesca doesn't have prostitutes in it, right?  Puttanesca refers to pasta made "whore style" (derived from the fact that a lot of prostitutes hate to kiss their johns, so they ate pungent, smelly things like garlic, anchovies, peperoncino, etc.).  Most Italian food names indicate the process of how something is made: Mozzarella (mozzare - to pull into little balls), sopressata (pressed or compressed), tagliatelle (cut up or made into strips), etc. 72.78.11.48 13:19, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Confusing article
This is a very confusing article. This is perhaps best illustrated by this para: "In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and India the term 'tomato sauce' normally refers to the condiment otherwise known as tomato ketchup, whereas in Canada and the US, 'tomato sauce' replaces 'marinara sauce' and never refers to ketchup. In these countries, other sauces made with tomatoes are more usually referred to as pasta sauce etc., depending on their uses. In Australia, the term marinara often refers to a tomato-based seafood dish such as spaghetti marinara or marinara pizza." But the confusion seems to pervade the entire piece.

I agree that in Aust tomato sauce is close to the US ketchup. Then the next part of the sentence is really confusing and it just gets worse and worse. How does "tomato sauce" replace "marinara sauce" in Canada and the US? Confusing. I thought that it was only in the US that marinara refers to a tomato sauce containing no meat and no seafood (called Napolitana in Australia from my experience, as it is in Italy, while it is apparently called Neapolitan sauce in the US). Likewise Australia uses Marinara to refer generally to seafood being contained in the dish, which I thought many countries did with the exception of the US. Asa01 06:41, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * OK I plan a major edit/delete of the confusing elements of this article. I have saved the most confusing section below. Asa01 08:22, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Marinara sauce (from Italian alla marinara 'sailor style') is another term for a simple and generally quickly made tomato sauce for pasta made without meat and usually including tomatoes, onions and herbs. This usage of the term is confined to the United States, while in Italy it refers to seafood sauces for pasta, risotto, or pizza (with or without tomato sauce). Marinara sauce is spicy, often made with large amounts of garlic and chile pepper, but not to the degree of Fra Diavolo sauce. It can be used for any dish that requires tomato sauce, and is generally quicker to prepare than other tomato sauces. It is often used as a dipping sauce for foods such as calzone and fried mozzarella sticks.

Other common regional Italian tomato sauces include Amatriciana (diced tomatoes and pancetta), Arrabbiata (chile pepper), Vodka sauce (vodka and cream), Salsa Cruda (raw tomatoes), and Puttanesca (olives, garlic, anchovies). Most of these well-known sauces are typical of Roman and Neapolitan cuisine. Tomato sauce and pasta (much like olive oil) were rarely consumed in the North of Italy until they became increasingly available, beginning in the 1960s.

In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and India the term "tomato sauce" normally refers to the condiment otherwise known as tomato ketchup, whereas in Canada and the US, "tomato sauce" replaces "marinara sauce" and never refers to ketchup. In these countries, other sauces made with tomatoes are more usually referred to as pasta sauce etc., depending on their uses. In Australia, the term marinara often refers to a tomato-based seafood dish such as spaghetti marinara or marinara pizza.

Some Italian Americans use the term "gravy" to refer to tomato sauce, especially a tomato sauce with meat. "Sunday gravy" is a common type of long-simmered tomato sauce containing meat (often pork or meatballs; similar to an Italian Neapolitan ragù) that is often identified with Italian-American home cooking. It is generally served over pasta. Others just use the term "sauce" to refer to tomato sauce.

Pizza sauce generally refers to a thick, smooth sauce used as a pizza topping. It is similar to but not identical with a marinara sauce, and they are not considered interchangeable. It is, however, not universal; some pizza styles prefer a topping made of sliced, diced, or ground tomatoes with minimal seasoning.

Escoffier included a tomato sauce recipe using salt pork, butter, and a liaison of wheat flour as one of the mother sauces in his master work, Le Guide Culinaire, but it is not commonly used in French cuisine.

Tomato sauce is also used to some extent in Greek cuisine; it is commonly long-simmered and generally spiced with cinnamon and other typical Greek spices. Tomato sauce is also common in Filipino cuisine, where it is almost universally preferred sweet.

Health after exposure?
Are there exposure issues with tomato sauce of any sort? Ala egg salad, are there any health risks after being out warm or at room temperature for a number of hours? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.222.217.206 (talk) 11:19, 8 March 2007 (UTC).
 * Unless the tomato sauce was left in the heat and went off, I don't think there'd be anything wrong with it. Of course, don't go eating it if it looks green or has mold on it - I don't want to be done for food poisoning! Think outside the box 11:23, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

I left a whole pot out overnight after forgetting to put it away, since there was so much of it I couldn't bear to throw it out. I just made sure I heated up to sufficient (140+ F) temperature before reserving. I'm still here.

Escoffier
Can we mention something about Escoffier adding this to the mother sauces? I can write it when I get some time--Chfprd 05:28, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Dead Horse
Is there any reason why the term "Dead Horse" is used as a term to describe Tomato Sauce in Australia? I dont see the connection between sauce and horse apart from that it rimes.--MattyC3350 01:25, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It's rhyming slang. Zsero 01:29, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Which, of course, makes little sense to us Nauth American's who still have all of their R's. 69.95.240.178 (talk) 18:48, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Speak for yauself. In boston we've proudly dropped the R when it comes before a consonant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.110.167 (talk) 20:28, 2 January 2010 Perhaps, like the dead horse, there's no point in beating a tomato sauce? (UTC)

Recipes
I think removing all the recipes goes too far. There ought to be links to a few recipes, preferably representative of different styles. I think three or four such links would be ideal. But which ones? -- Zsero (talk) 15:16, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Sunday Gravy
I was redirected here from Sunday Gravy, but the term isn't used in the article. Either something should be added in this article explaining what the food is, or 'Sunday gravy' should have its own page. -- Rosie85 (talk) 12:15, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- 14:14, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Mexican Sauces
I would like to see a source for "Mexican tomato sauces usually contain large portions of Corona Light or home brewed tequila. " This is the first place I have ever heard this. It is especially questionable since 1) Corona Light was invented for the American market 2) Tequila is not brewed. The result of brewing agave in pulque which is then distilled into tequila 3) I have never heard or seen "home brewing" of tequila in Mexico since it is a pretty labor intensive process. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.196.102.28 (talk) 21:07, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

White Sauces
I suggest removing the line "Most often, Italian tomato sauces can be switched with more authentic white sauces". This seems to be giving a point of view, and it isn't terribly accurate to say. As anyone who has visited Italy can say. Whether the sauces are red or white depends on where you are and the occassion of the meal (and the tastes and preferences of your hosts). It may be more accurate to mention whether white sauces came before red sauces historically. But to suggest that one is more authentic seems off here. Tomato sauce is now an authentic italian food. And where does that leave Pesto sauce? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.110.167 (talk) 04:07, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Tomato sauce in the United States
I have not changed this section, but it clearly needs some further explanation or alteration: "In most of the U.S., "tomato sauce" refers to a tomato purée with salt and small amounts of spices sold in cans. This product is considered incomplete and not normally used as it is. Instead, it is used as a base for almost any food which needs a lot of tomato flavour, including versions of many of the sauces described on this page." I have never heard anyone in the US describe refer to tomato puree or crushed tomatoes in a can as Tomato Sauce. It's true that this forms the base of most Italian American tomato sauces, but few would call it a sauce on it's own. Is the writer trying to say that most tomato sauces are made from canned tomato products rather than fresh tomatoes? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.110.167 (talk) 23:40, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is what is called "tomato sauce" in the USA. If you buy a can of "tomato sauce", that is what is in it.  And no, it isn't a sauce that one would actually use on its own; that's precisely what the article says.  -- Zsero (talk) 00:00, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

I am sorry Zsero, but it appears you haven't shopped for tomato sauce in the US. This isn't the case at all. Most major brands sold in the US: Prego, Ragu, Classico, do not sell puree with minimal spices. Most include some kind of flavoring, such as cheese, meat, onion, garlic, etc. Most are also sold in jars (usually the generics imported ones are in cans, or tomato puree is in cans) and most have 5-10 different kinds of tomato sauce. The only sauce I have ever purchased in the US that consisted of salt, tomato puree, and a small amount of spices, was Pastene (and that is an Italian brand). Most sauces sold in the US, are sauces on their own. You are confusing tomato sauces with crushed or pureed canned tomatoes (which contain tomato (crushed or pureed), salt, spices (in some instances). Most Italian American's use these as a base for sauce. Few people I know use anything sold with the label Tomato Sauce as a base. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.110.167 (talk) 01:55, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Prego, Ragu, etc. are all sold as pasta sauces, not tomato sauces. Your last sentence is the whole point: Few people I know use anything sold with the label Tomato Sauce as a base.  But this section is about precisely that substance that is sold with the label "tomato sauce".  What do you suppose it's used for?  -- Zsero (talk) 16:41, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Tomato sauce and pasta sauce are interchangeable terms in the US. What you are describing is canned tomatos (crushed, whole or pureed) and that isn't what people in the US call Pasta Sauce. At the very least, the claim needs to be cited properly. This is something I have never heard, and I am an Italian American who has lived in the US my entire life on both coasts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.110.167 (talk) 19:11, 30 December 2009 (UTC) Zsero, have you ever shopped for tomato products in the US?

Zsero seems to have hijacked this portion of the article. The given definition of tomato sauce in the US makes no sense. There might be some product sold as "tomato sauce" to which Zsero is referring, but that is by no means what most Americans consider to be tomato sauce. Tomato sauce is basically "marinara sauce" or any red sauce made from a base crushed, puréed or concentrated tomato, prepackaged or homemade. I think the vast majority of Americans would agree to that. This type of reasoning, holding up one verifiable source against common knowledge, has become all too common on Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.138.219.113 (talk) 11:06, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Never heard of any american using the terms ZERO describes. 173.48.18.151 (talk) 00:47, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

In American supermarkets, a very common canned food product product, normally found next to the canned diced tomatoes and such, is the canned (tinned, for our European readers) product that is labelled "tomato sauce," and is normally sold under the same brand names as the diced tomato products, rather than the brand names of the common pre-made tomato pasta sauces (though of course there is some overlap here). Most brands are not much more than a salty tomato puree, though some have spices added. It is much more likely to be used as an ingredient in a recipe than consumed as it comes from the can.

A brief search with Google Images brings up a page with a picture of one of the common products, showing a typical label with the typical wording:

http://www.webstaurantstore.com/furmanos-tomato-sauce-6-10-cans-cs/10610463.html

Ready-prepared tomato pasta sauce, on the other hand, usually is sold in glass jars rather than tin cans (at least when sold through outlets intending it for home consumption; when packaged for a restaurant supply house it will normally be in packed in the large #10 size tin can), though there are exceptions, and the label typically says "pasta sauce," "spaghetti sauce," or "Italian sauce." Thus:

http://www.foodservicedirect.com/product.cfm/p/156116/Prego-Spaghetti-Sauce.htm

The pasta sauces are typically denser and heavier in texture, and much spicier (basil, oregano, garlic, and onion predominantly in most brands), than the "tomato sauce" products. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.41.40.24 (talk) 16:17, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Missing citations and poor references - also the 'Ketchup' conversation.
Fourth paragraph quote: "In countries such as Britain, Australia, New Zealand and in Southern Africa the term 'tomato sauce' is used to describe a condiment similar to that known in the USA as 'ketchup'.[1]"

However the reference is to http://journals.worldnomads.com/leah/gallery/13544/384186.aspx - which is a picture of a meat pie with sauce and a caption. Maybe an example, but hardly a reference and much has been added by the wikipedia author. Maybe this section should be removed.

There is an opening blurb that says: This article is about the sauces often used with pasta or pizza. In some countries, "tomato sauce" means ketchup. And part of the first paragraph reads: A tomato sauce is any of a very large number of sauces made primarily out of tomatoes, usually to be served as part of a dish (rather than as a condiment). Then lower down, there is a section on tomato sauce in Australia which says that it commonly refers to a sauce similar to American ketchup.

What I'm trying to illustrate here is that the first two statements contradict the Australian tomato sauce section, can't be referenced and I think the first needs to be removed and the second tidied up. Australian tomato sauce is still a tomato sauce, and fits the generalised description. No references can be given to support the former statements, and what an "average" Australian considers to be tomato sauce is covered by the article.

Further, it is improper to forward readers to "Ketchup" when they're looking for Australian (or non-American English-speaking world) tomato sauce. Ketchup is not the same as the type of tomato sauce. (Maybe ketchup itself should be referenced in the US section.) Belfry (talk) 11:17, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Mexican sauce
"Tomato sauce was an ancient condiment in Aztec food" ??? Reference please! "Tomato (not souce) was an ancient ingrediente in Aztec food" perhaps...--Schellenberg (talk) 20:33, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

Florentine Codex. This was linked previously. The translation is sound, or feel free to find someone to translate it from Spanish for your edification Here is an essay on the subject from Oxford http://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-655

Commonwealth
I live in the UK, and I have never used the term "tomato sauce" used for anything other than a fresh pasta sauce, nor heard it used that way. Calling ketchup "tomato sauce" is entirely absurd to me. I'm not sure about the other Commonwealth countries. Can we get some citations to support the claim that "tomato sauce" refers to something akin/identical to ketchup? Otherwise the section ought to be removed.--Newbiepedian (talk · contribs · X! · logs) 16:45, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

 * In South Wales ketchup is written on labels, but no-one calls it that. Red sauce or tomato sauce. Stub Mandrel (talk) 15:09, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

I also lived in the UK until recently (birth to early thirties) and I can confirm tomato-sauce is used for ketchup, at least in the areas I've lived; Hampshire and Midlands. It caught me out at first now I live in San Francisco. --rhs98 (talk · contribs · X! · logs) 10:09, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

In Australia, tomato sauce (which my father referred to as "dead horse") usually comes out of squeeze bottle, goes on pies, sausage rolls, and at barbies etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.171.80.2 (talk) 01:51, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

I'm from Yorkshire and most people here would first think of ketchup after hearing tomato sauce and usually a mixture of the two is used. People are more likely to call a tomato sauce made for pasta 'pasta sauce', although on menus dishes would be referred to as being 'with a tomato sauce'.

I'm from the Midlands. I grew up calling "ketchup" tomato sauce, as did my parents, who were born before WW2, and their parents, who were born before ww1. Mind you, neither them saw pasta sauce outside italy until the 1970s and so they would not have had a need to call anything else by the name "tomato sauce". Even in the 80's, we probably just called it "dolmio" after the leading brand of the time.151.170.240.200 (talk) 08:20, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

 * @Newbiepedian We have always called Ketchup "Tomato Sauce" and ketchup by contrast is never used. I've lived all across the UK, and heard both. Why is this still disputed? 81.174.170.144 (talk) 18:13, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

Just the facts, people. Mexico is the country of origin for Tomato Sauce.
Been seeing a lot of revisions, probably well intentioned, that implies Italy was the country of origin for tomato sauce, which is proven incorrect by a simple glance at the Florentine Codex. In it, Fray Bernardo describes a tomato sauce with the primary ingredients (presumably tomatoes, chilis, and salt in a stew) primarily found in Italian cookbooks several hundred years later. Let us not rewrite history. It would be more correct to create a wiki specific to the tyoes of tomatoes sauces that arose in Italy 200 years after its discovery in the new world.
 * Where is it in the history prose? Only the Itaian version can be found with no mention of Aztec origins. Vaselineeeeeeee★★★ 12:05, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

There needs no correlation between a cookbook mentioning a previous incantation of the object for the latter to have existed. As we know, there are myriad examples of different cultures developing the same style of cuisine. Only that here: 1) we have already established that the Florentine Codex, as also described in the Oxford article link (re-added here http://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-655) establishes without probable doubt that Tomato sauce as we know it (meaning combined with peppers like bell peppers and tomatoes in a stew, in an area where salt and onions were already available) was already in markets of Tenochtitlan, and 2) all the ingredients for making what Italians would eventually cite as needed for a tomato sauce were all available and in use in Mesoamerican cuisine.

I believe the contention here is on the term “Tomato Sauce” as has been popularized in the US to mean an Italian version of it. However, “tomato sauce” is already heavily marketed in the US and other countries as simple liquid tomato. “Pasta sauce” and its variations are well established as a separate creation altogether, vis a vis in grocery stores.

I understand that this page has some Italian history tagging, but the product is simply no more Italian than polenta, in that these were already in the new world and have a simple name change. One needs look no further than to remember when anyone asks for a “xerox” or “kleenex” when they only mean the utilitarian understanding of it and not the literal product.

The utilitarian description of “tomato sauce” is simply that: the most basic of sauces. No need to convolute it with being interchangeable with, say, marinara or arriabata sauce, as they serve no other purpose outside of showing a further iteration of the original.

Under the french section we have also established that tomato sauce in s a mother sauce, yet it has no resemblance to pasta sauce; It’s simply a rehashing of the original mexican tomato sauce.

“Where is it in the history prose?” The first western person to write of what may have been a tomato sauce was Bernardino de Sahagún, a Franciscan friar, who made note of a prepared sauce that was offered for sale in the markets of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City today). Of this he wrote (translated from Spanish), They sell some stews made of peppers and tomatoes — usually put in them peppers, pumpkin seeds, tomatoes, green peppers and fat tomatoes and other things that make tasty stews.[4] — Florentine Codex (1540-1585)

Btw this was already included on the wiki under Mexico

Under Description in the wiki, we have already written: “The simplest tomato sauce consists just of chopped tomatoes cooked down (possibly with olive oil) and simmered until it loses its raw flavor. Of course, it may be seasoned with salt, or other herbs or spices.”

With Wikipedia’s own accepted understanding of tomato sauce as cited above (the simplest of tomato sauce consists of just chopped tomatoes cooked down), that excludes Italian sauces from being the origin of tomato sauce, as again, this sauce was already in use in Mexican cuisine for entomatado foods.

 * This information should be reflected right away in the History section; I've done so. Vaselineeeeeeee★★★ 22:27, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

 * IMUH you don't know the difference between sauce and soup --Schellenberg (talk) 15:14, 7 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tomato sauce


text:
Talk:False arrest

Your opinions
Would a merge of Resisting unlawful arrest and this Article be a good idea?

If concensus deems not, I believe editors of this Article should also watchlist the other. It badly needs expert attention. Exit2DOS2000  •T•C•  10:35, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
 * That article seems to be a orphan, with no links directing to it. Due to it's obscure nature, I think merging is a good idea.  I will see what I can do about its content as well.Legitimus (talk) 11:38, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

resistunlawfularrest.com
There was a paragraph at the end of this article that discussed a so-called "internet meme" that it is legal to resist unlawful arrest. It linked to a site "www.resistunlawfularrest.com". The Wikipedia section was written, and link posted, by the author of the site (PalmettoDude). This was inappropriate for an encyclopedic article. There is certainly a place for examination of this issue, but the appropriate way to do that is to link directly to the primary source material, rather than cite a website that gives its own conclusion. My own interpretation of the situation is that the author feels very strongly about this issue and has perhaps been involved in online arguments about it, and has tried to edit the Wikipedia page to reflect his own viewpoint.

As the author of the above mentioned removed paragraph, web site and Wiki-newbie, I apologize if I inadvertently violated wikipedia usage guidelines. The intent or the original paragraph was to clarify previous statements appearing (see 20 July 2011 version) stating that the US Supreme court found that unlawful arrest was tantamount to a violent crime. As written, the paragraph could lead someone to unfortunate decisions when dealing with law enforcement personnel. I don't think a full examination of the lawfulness/unlawfulness of resisting arrest belongs in the false arrest entry. In fact, just citing a bunch of source material (i.e. links to various court decisions) out of context would probably leave people puzzled. At any rate, I am not asking for reinstatement of the paragraph, but would caution against reintroduction of the original paragraph which was present (and self-sourced) since 2009. — Preceding unsigned comment added by PalmettoDude (talk • contribs) 19:25, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Overview
This section states the officer may "arrest" the suspect only long enough to identify the suspect and give the suspect a summons.... In many jurisdictions Stop and identify statutes allow for detainment to verify identity and run license plates. This law is routinely violated upon asking for identification, without probable cause (traffic stop etc...), if an officer decides to "run" an ID for warrants or through NCIC. **Note: This is a true observation but OR without "references"**; This violation is almost impossible to "fight" as the officer can use the old "He acted suspicious" (or nervous). The federal government will never do anything about this because if a person has never been arrested, finger printed, or come up on an NCIC check they will not be in the "system" and a stop will "introduce" their name on record. It is otherwise a "free pass" for a check (local, and federal) "Free warrant and DWI and [insert offense here check". This is not usually the case on a pedestrian "stop and identify" in states that allow it. If there is "zero probable cause" (recent crime matching your description etc...), and an officer runs a background check, you are being unlawfully detained. Otr500 (talk) 18:55, 27 December 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:False arrest


text:
Talk:Marianne Williamson

Merger proposal
I propose merging Marianne Williamson 2024 presidential campaign into Marianne Williamson and leaving behind a redirect. I think that the content in the campaign can easily be explained within the biographical article for the foreseeable future, and a merger would not cause any article-size or weighting problems in the candidate’s main article. It is not clear whether the campaign will obtain enough note down the road to warrant its own article, but it is not useful to have a stub article at this moment. I am not opposed to a future spinning-off/re-creation of the campaign article if there later becomes sufficiently more to write about the campaign, but for now I believe the stub-article on the campaign serves no use and there is not enough to expand the article beyond what is now contained in it. I am in the process of making similar requests for some other 2024 campaign articles. SecretName101 (talk) 16:12, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per rationale of SecretName101, with no prejudice against restoring the article should significant coverage of Williamson's campaign increase enough to warrant it. A. Randomdude0000 (talk) 17:18, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, the campaign page is a pretty full and sourced article. Williamson is already near double-digits in polls, is receiving continued media coverage, and the major candidates, Biden and Kennedy, have campaign pages. No need for a merge at this point (if she drops out of the race before the primaries a merge would be appropriate, but as of now she's one of the declared candidates receiving reputably sourced notice). Randy Kryn (talk) 13:06, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Biden and Kennedy argument is an OTHERSTUFFEXISTS argument. And if you may have noticed, I also opened a discussion of the same move for Kennedy's article. Her campaign having reputably sourced information available is rationale to mention it on Wikipedia, but is not necessarily a rationale to support its coverage on Wikipedia to currently warrant a solo article. SecretName101 (talk) 22:41, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support, this would follow similar precedents set by Michael Bennet 2020 presidential campaign, John Hickenlooper 2020 presidential campaign, and Tim Ryan 2020 presidential campaign with the option of de-merging the article should it become necessary later down the road. --Woko Sapien (talk) 20:10, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support, poll this week in FiveThirtyEight has Biden 50 points up on Kennedy and has Kennedy 16 points over Williamson, head to head. Activist (talk) 05:19, 10 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose I believe it's too early to consider a merge and it's only fair to consider merging once the primary season starts or when the campaign has been suspended. --2601:249:8E00:420:B93B:A3A7:4E32:53B2 (talk) 14:33, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Why are the only edits for this IP before or since pretty much opposition to all merger proposals to 2024 campaign articles? Not sure if this was single-use IP puppeting or not. SecretName101 (talk) 07:08, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Wait until the primaries begin or when she drops out. The article looks good enough to merit its own article in the meantime. Not to mention in some polls she is polling higher than 5% and below 10% which is impressive given she's running against an incumbent. --TDKR Chicago 101 (talk) 19:54, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose I think it's too early to tell if her campaign won't get traction and would rather we wait to see if she is in any debates or wins any primaries before merging. Informant16 (talk) 23:40, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Plan is for there not to be any party debates, so answer to that appears to be "no". And note that several candidates who made it to the debate stage in the 2020 Dem primary do not have campaign articles anymore. It seems that we acknowledge that many campaigns that make it to the debate stage do not have a need for solo articles. Almost a WP:NOTNEWS situation SecretName101 (talk) 03:27, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support: maybe her campaign will take off and make reams of news, but it simply has not yet. Ann Teak (talk) 21:42, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * An alternative would be to combine it with the 2020 campaign article and create an article called Presidential campaigns of Marianne Williamson SecretName101 (talk) 03:34, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I like that idea. Was thinking the same thing myself, actually. A. Randomdude0000 (talk) 03:39, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I like this idea as well. She is not a major candidate so combining her campaigns makes sense.  S0091 (talk) 19:22, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * For the record, I would oppose this, as explained below. Zaathras (talk) 21:14, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
 * You could also, alternatively, include her congressional bid and political positions and call such an article "Political career of Marianne Williamson" SecretName101 (talk) 04:05, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per the overall arguments raised above. Arkansawyer25KADIMA (talk) 19:19, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Her campaign is getting significant coverage independent of herself and that's why we make separate pages. – Muboshgu (talk) 21:23, 20 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Can a coverage of a campaign exist independent of a candidate?
 * That aside, notability is an argument for inclusion in the project. But not an argument for the necessity of a spun-off article.
 * I contend that all that is contained in the spun-off article, for the time being and foreseeable future, suffices as a subsection in her article. SecretName101 (talk) 21:52, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose the campaign is notable, there are large numbers of reliable sources that talk about it and her candidacy is routinely included in virtually every poll taken regarding the primary since she announced her candidacy.XavierGreen (talk) 19:06, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Again, an argument for why it is notable that she has run for president. But not for why that cannot sufficiently be explored as a sub-section of the main article, or (alternatively) in an article that combines both this and her previous campaign. SecretName101 (talk) 21:54, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Weak Oppose Unlike RFK Jr's campaign for the Democratic nomination, I don't see any real media traction for Williamson, other than the fact that she was technically the first to enter the 2024 field. However, it is my belief in inclusionism and I generally feel that presidential campaigns of any note deserve their own pages. Her 2020 campaign has one, even though it polled lower and received less coverage than 2024, though one could argue she actually had some kind of chance then. For this reason, I oppose the merger, though not strongly. PickleG13 (talk) 20:52, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Strongly Oppose Her campaign is just one of two that are against incumbent president Biden and she has received enough media and polling support too. Biden and Kennedy have their own campaign articles too. If her article gets deleted, it would look heavily misogynistic, because Biden's and Kennedy's are left intact and hers gets merged. Glasperlenspieler (talk) 12:13, 4 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose There is sufficient material and sourcing to spin this off from the main biography. Williamson may be a minor candidate, but her polling is consistent, and she has qualified for debates in the past, which makes her a legitimate contender. I would also oppose combining the 2020 and 2024 articles into one. For joke candidates like Kanye West, that discussion of merging articles makes more sense. Not here. Zaathras (talk) 21:13, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Many campaign pages exist for the republican nomination that are polling smaller percentages than Marianne is, and it would be unfair to remove any of these pages. All political candidates should have their own campaign pages, especially when they are constantly polling higher than 1 or 2 percent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:638:1210:EDAF:EBE9:158D:B162 (talk) 05:50, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment: It looks like "oppose" is the winner. MonMothma (talk) 22:21, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I've also proposed similar mergers for a large number of GOP candidates. And polling 5 to 10% in a three-candidate race is very different than polling similar numbers in a far larger field. Poll numbers are not a straight-shot comparison here. SecretName101 (talk) 00:21, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose - as she is a candidate for the 2024 Democratic presidential nomination. GoodDay (talk) 21:55, 13 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @GoodDay That has never been automatic criteria for a spun-off article on a campaign. SecretName101 (talk) 15:06, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Absolutely not, until the 2024 election is over, her campaign is too nuanced and hot button of an issue to be merged into her biography article. 2600:1702:20B0:3530:28D8:6252:5FFE:4DBE (talk) 23:02, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @2600:1702:20B0:3530:28D8:6252:5FFE:4DBE Looking at the campaign article, can you explain to me where the nuance is? I see none. SecretName101 (talk) 15:05, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

I have removed the tag, as the proposal has clearly failed at this point. BD2412 T 03:58, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

 * @BD2412 A proposal needs to be formally closed by a non-contributor to the dicussion before a tag can be removed. Please don't unilaterally making decisions that are not your judgement to issue. SecretName101 (talk) 06:56, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * If you want to waste administrator time on these clear outcomes, go ahead. However, many of these propositions with the same discussion trajectories have been removed from their various pages by other editors, sometimes weeks ago, without a peep from you about it. BD2412  T 14:40, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm placing a request at WP:CR  Invading Invader  (userpage, talk) 01:40, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have added the parallel discussions for other campaign articles to that request. BD2412  T 02:31, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

Marianne Williamson has not ended her campaign

 * 'Believe nothing': Marianne Williamson rebuffs report that she's halting her campaign
 * Williamson says she discussed with volunteers whether to end presidential campaign

Be on the lookout for attempts to convert "is" to "Was" and similar. Zaathras (talk) 17:02, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

Can we change the profile pic?
There are thousands of better pictures. GeminiMoon88 (talk) 03:44, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

 * There's nothing wrong with the current image IMO, but if you have something in mind that satisfies the Wikipedia's WP:NFC policies, feel free to suggest one. Zaathras (talk) 02:59, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marianne Williamson


text:
Hafslund Nycomed

Hafslund Nycomed is a defunct company that existed between 1986 and 1996 after the power and industry company Hafslund had bought the pharmaceutical company Nycomed. The company was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. In 1996 it was demerged and Nycomed merged with the British pharmaceutical company Amersham, while Hafslund took the power division.

title: Hafslund Nycomed


text:
Isuzu Trooper

The Isuzu Trooper is a full-size SUV that was produced by the Japanese automaker Isuzu between September 1981 and September 2002. In the domestic Japanese market it was sold as the Isuzu Bighorn, the car was exported internationally mainly as a Trooper but it also received several other nameplates including Acura SLX, Chevrolet Trooper, Subaru Bighorn, SsangYong Korando Family, Honda Horizon, Opel Monterey, Vauxhall Monterey, Holden Jackaroo, and Holden Monterey.

In total, there were two generations of this vehicle: the first, produced between 1981 and 1991; and the second (UBS) produced between 1991 and 2002, with a substantial refresh in 1998.

The Trooper began as a rather basic and somewhat underpowered on- and off-road vehicle, offered only with four-cylinder motor, four-speed manual transmission, and part-time four-wheel drive. The first generation evolved to add both amenities and luxuries, including optional air-conditioning, power windows, and a more powerful V6 engine. The second generation was even more refined and available in two-wheel drive as well as four-wheel drive.

First generation (1981)
The first-generation Trooper, introduced in September 1981, was available as a three-door wagon or a soft top with independent front suspension. The soft-top model sold slowly and did not last long. In the Japanese market, the car was originally introduced as the "Isuzu Rodeo Bighorn", but the "Rodeo" part of the name was soon dropped. Early engines included a 1.95-liter gasoline and a 73 PS 2.2-liter diesel, lightly powered even by early-1980s standards for the vehicle's 3700 lb empty weight. The four-wheel-drive system was engaged by operating a three-position shifter adjacent to the transmission shifter. Both Aisin manual-locking and Isuzu's own auto-locking hubs were employed.

In 1983, Isuzu introduced the five-door version and the 4ZD1 four-cylinder engine 97 PS 2.3-liter petrol engine. Apart from higher power, changes to the previous engine included a Kevlar timing belt replacing the previous chain, and a larger two-barrel carburetor. Also available only for 1986 in the US was the 87 PS 2.2-liter C223T turbocharged diesel engine, using a Garrett turbocharger. It was not a popular option, and Isuzu North America changed to the larger 4ZE1 four-cylinder petrol unit for 1988, then used the standard 2.8-liter GM V6 for 1989 until their own new V6 engines could be manufactured.

In 1987, the rectangular headlights were introduced, and LS trim was available for the five doors. For 1988, the 4ZD1 (2.3-liter) engine was upgraded to 110 hp, and introduced a 120 hp 2.6-liter (4ZE1) I-TEC fuel-injected engine for the US market. In 1989, an optional General Motors 2.8-liter pushrod V6 borrowed from the Chevrolet S-10 pickup was also available. Later first-generation models offered an optional four-speed automatic transmission, with 4 cylinder vehicles fitted with an Aisin A340H and V6s a GM 4L30E. Models from 1988 to 1991 were equipped with live rear axles and four-wheel disc brakes.

Overseas model engines included the inline 4 Isuzu C223 (2,238 cc), C223T (a turbocharged version of the same) and in the late 1980s naturally aspirated and turbocharged 2.8-liter I-4 4JB1 dieselss. In Japan, a limited series of 100 "Bighorn Irmscher R" models was offered, which received cosmetic and interior upgrades by the German tuning house Irmscher.

The turbocharged 2.8-liter originally produced 95 PS, not much more than the 87 PS of the considerably smaller C223T due to new stricter emissions standards. Later versions with intercoolers fitted offered as much as 115 PS.

In 1989 only, a short-wheelbase (90-inch) 2-door Isuzu Trooper was imported to the US market as the Trooper RS. All of these short wheelbase Troopers were equipped with 2.6-liter fuel-injected inline-four engines, 4.77:1 differential gears and 15×7-inch aluminium alloy "snowflake" pattern wheels. Automatic and manual transmissions were offered.

In Central America, Troopers were offered with removable roofs and a higher wheel clearance. Powertrain options included the Isuzu 2.8-liter turbo diesel. In Venezuela, the Trooper was known as Caribe 442. It was assembled locally to meet import restrictions in Venezuela; local parts content reached 35 percent by weight.

Chevrolet Trooper
In Indonesia, where it was locally assembled by PT Garmak Motors, it was sold as the Chevrolet Trooper. Around 1987, a two-wheel-drive version called the Chevrolet Stallion was developed there; it has the Trooper's body on the chassis of a rear-wheel-drive Chevrolet LUV. It also has a rigid front axle instead of the Trooper's independent design. There was also a locally developed SUV model of the Isuzu Pickups built in the early 1980s called the Holden Lincah and Holden Raider. While similar to a Trooper in many ways it was a simpler vehicle and has bodywork partially made of fibreglass.

The Chevrolet Trooper name was also used in South America, except for Venezuela.

Holden Jackaroo
The Trooper was sold in Australia and New Zealand as the Holden Jackaroo, named after the Australian term for a young man working on a sheep or cattle station. The standard Trooper was also sold under the Isuzu nameplate in New Zealand only.

Subaru Bighorn
In November 1988, sales started for the Subaru Bighorn, which was only available with an Irmscher finish. It was only offered with Isuzu's 2.8-liter, inline four-cylinder turbodiesel engine with a four-speed automatic or five-speed manual transmission and part-time 4WD. Sales were stopped in February 1992.

Ssangyong Korando Family
In November 1988, SsangYong Motors started licensed production of the Isuzu Trooper with their own bodywork and sold it as the Korando Family. A concept model known as the KR-600 had first been shown in public at the Seoul International Trade Fair in 1984, after Keohwa Motors began plans to develop it in 1982. In 1984, Keohwa was taken over by Dong-A Motors who continued development until SsangYong took over in 1987 and went on to market the Korando Family under their own name. Korando means Korea Can Do or Korea Can Do It. Other meanings given include Korea Land Over and Korean Land Dominator.

It was only marketed in South Korea, Scandinavia, Southeast Asia, and to a lesser degree South America.

Initially, it used the Trooper's 2.2-liter diesel engine (Korean-built units being called "DC23" rather than C223), but in September 1991 the Peugeot 2.5-liter XD3P diesel engine became available. Isuzu's fuel injected 2.6-liter petrol engine was also installed, beginning in July 1991. Other changes included the addition of a translucent headlamps and chrome radiator grille. The KF had a 5-speed manual transmission.

The New Korando Family was launched in August 1994. All previous engine options were replaced by a 2.3-liter Mercedes-Benz OM601 diesel engine.

The SsangYong Korando ("New Korando") was launched in July 1996, replacing the KF after it debuted at the 1995 Frankfurt Motor Show.

Mekong Star 4WD
The Mekong Star 4WD, sometimes known as Mekong Stars-4WD, was the first vehicle made by Mekong Auto in 1992, with diesel engine and drivetrain provided by Ssangyong. Assembly was done at the Cuu Long Factory in Ho Chi Minh City. Exports were supposedly made in 1993 to China and Japan.

By 1997, around 30,000 Mekong Stars had been produced. Production ended that year as the supply of necessary parts dried up after Ssangyong changed over to producing the New Korando.

Second generation (1991)
In December 1991 for the 1992 model year, Isuzu completely redesigned the Trooper to keep pace with changes in the SUV marketplace, making it larger, more powerful, and more luxurious. Originally only the long wheelbase, five-door model was on offer, but in March 1992 the shorter three-door model was added. These 4155 lb vehicles used a 3.2 L 177 PS (SOHC) petrol engine or 3.2-liter dual overhead cam (DOHC) version rated at 193 PS. A SOHC 3.2-liter engine producing 193 PS was introduced in 1996, replacing the earlier DOHC engine in selected export markets. Most models still used a part-time four-wheel-drive system, which required stopping the vehicle to engage and disengage the front axle. Starting in the 1996 model year, some Troopers came with a "shift-on-the-fly" engagement system.

The UBS series was also available with a pushrod overhead valve (OHV) 3.1-liter inline-four engine intercooled turbo diesel (designated "4JG2") producing 114 PS at 3,600 rpm, and 260 Nm at 2,000 rpm. Japanese-market diesels have a claimed maximum power of 125 PS and 275 Nm of torque at the same engine speeds. It was offered as a more rugged and fuel-efficient option for towing and heavy-duty operation, relative to the standard 3.2-liter petrol. The diesel-powered Jackaroo was available with a five-speed manual transmission and manual front hubs only coupled to a part-time four-wheel drive system with open front and limited slip rear differentials. The 3.2-liter V6 petrol engine version was also available with an optional four-speed automatic transmission with automatic locking front hubs. The same diesel engine was also available in the UK and other markets with a belt-driven overhead camshaft, which developed slightly more power. After 1998, and the introduction of the "4JX1" 3.0-liter diesel engine, a four-speed automatic transmission was made available in addition to the five-speed manual transmission.

Around the same period, General Motors, Isuzu and Honda established a working relationship that saw the two-box design of the 5-door Trooper designed by GM with Honda providing petrol engine options and Isuzu providing diesel engine options. Under this partnership, the Trooper was thus sold in Japan as the Honda Horizon (1994 to 1999), in Europe as the Opel Monterey, in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall Monterey (1994–1998), in Australia as the Holden Jackaroo (1998–2002), and in the United States as the Acura SLX (1996 to 1999). The Trooper received a mid-life facelift in 1998 with new grille, bumper, headlamps, and front fenders. The rear received a body-colored, hard spare-tire cover.

The 1998 Australasian and US-spec Trooper became equipped with the DOHC 3.5-liter engine from the Isuzu/Holden Rodeo producing 215 hp. European and Asian buyers could opt for the diesel engine option of the 4JG2 3.1-liter (later superseded by the 4JX1 3.0-liter of 159 PS). A Borg-Warner torque-on-demand ("TOD") all-wheel-drive system was introduced, along with freshened styling. The grille was redesigned again for the 2000 model year.

Transmission options included a five-speed manual transmission, the Aisin AR5 and the electronically controlled 4L30E four-speed automatic. The 4L30E was fitted with both a "power" shift feature allowing the gearbox to take better advantage of the engine's power by adjusting the shifting nature and a "winter" mode permitting third gear starts for added stability in slippery conditions. The 2000 to 2002 Trooper included a feature called "Grade Logic" which allowed the transmission to automatically downshift on steep grades in order to slow the vehicle down.

The suspension consisted of a fully independent torsion bar front suspension, and a multilink coil sprung rear suspension integrated with a solid rear axle.

While US-spec Troopers came only equipped with five seats, elsewhere in the world a seven-seater version was also offered. Optional on all models was a rear limited slip differential. In the US the three-door RS model was sold only from 1993 to 1995. The Trooper LS and S models offered 117.8 cuft cargo space, while Limited models had 112.3 cuft.

In 2002, the Trooper was discontinued in the United States in favor of the smaller Axiom and the larger GM-produced Isuzu Ascender, a rebadged GMC Envoy. In Japan, the last Bighorn was built in September 2002 as Isuzu withdrew from manufacturing their own passenger cars.

A Trooper with the 16-valve 159 PS 3.0-liter 4JX1-TC engine was sold in the Philippines from 2002 to 2005. Known as the Skyroof Edition, it came in a rear-wheel-drive configuration with anti-lock brakes, a limited slip differential, billet-type radiator grille, and large power moonroof. Other standard options included leather seats, wood trim, and a VCD entertainment system. It was later succeeded by the Isuzu Alterra.

Acura SLX
The Acura SLX was a lightly upgraded and rebadged Isuzu Trooper sold by the Acura division of Honda from 1995 to 1999, as 1996 to 1999 year models. Sold only in the United States, the SLX was later replaced by the Acura MDX in 2001.

The SLX omitted some of the options available on Troopers from concurrent model years, including the manual transmission and certain engines. From 1996 to 1997 the SLX was only available with the 3.2-liter SOHC or DOHC V6 engine, switching to the new 3.5-liter DOHC V6 engine in 1998. The SLX received a restyled front end for the 1998 model year, but continued to sell poorly and was ultimately discontinued after 1999. It is said that sales were affected by bad press when the 1996 to 1997 models were rated "Not Acceptable" by Consumer Reports for their tendency to roll over during testing (see Rollover Controversy, below). Autotrader says it has a 3-star safety rating (Front and Passenger) and the base entry price was $36,300.

On December 5, 2019, Acura presented a 1997 SLX outfitted with a modern turbo, four-cylinder engine, 10-speed automatic transmission and an SH-AWD system used by the RDX. It was placed on display at the Radwood show in Orange County, California.

Holden Jackaroo/Monterey
The Australian version of the UBS-series was sold as the Holden Jackaroo/Monterey. Originally known as the Jackaroo, Holden introduced the "Monterey" as the top equipment level (V6 only) in 1994. Later, Holden Monterey became a standalone name for the more luxurious part of the range. In July 1993, Holden Special Vehicles launched the sporting HSV Jackaroo model, followed by a second HSV run under the Jackaroo SE badge. 79 of the HSV Jackaroo were built, followed by 234 of the Jackaroo SE. Both were cosmetic upgrades to the Holden donor and powered by the same 3.2-liter 177 PS (SOHC) petrol engine. The Jackaroo SE had the HSV badging optional.

Holden issued recall orders for the Jackaroo and Monterey due to bad earthing connections within the main engine wiring harness, which would lead to an unintentional increase in speed if the engine was left idle.

Honda Horizon
The Honda Horizon was retailed in Japan with either a 3.2-liter V6 gasoline engine or a 3.1-liter turbo diesel engine. On March 19, 1998, the Horizon (and the Bighorn/Trooper) was updated to a direct-injection 3.0-liter engine with 160 PS, equipped for low noise and cleaner exhaust.

Opel/Vauxhall Monterey
In Europe, the Trooper/Big Horn was sold as the Opel Monterey from 1992 to 1999. It received a light facelift for 1996, now with a honeycomb grille rather than the original design with vertical elements. Twin airbags were also new. The Monterey underwent a more thorough facelift and diesel engine changes for 1998, same as for the Trooper/Bighorn elsewhere. The Monterey nameplate lasted until 1999, after which sales were picked up by Isuzu's dealership network as the Trooper. The Trooper remained on sale in Europe until 2003.

From 1994 to 1998, the Trooper/Big Horn was sold in the UK with as the Vauxhall Monterey, but no other changes. However, it was not a strong seller and was withdrawn from sale a year before the Opel version.

Subaru Bighorn
In 1992, Subaru sold the Subaru Bighorn with a 3.2-liter V6 gasoline engine and a 3.1-liter, inline-four cylinder turbodiesel engine made available with a four-speed automatic or five-speed manual transmission. In mid-1994, Subaru discontinued further sales since the OEM contract signed by Subaru and Isuzu was expiring. The only model available was the "Handling by Lotus", with either a four-speed automatic transmission or a five-speed manual (turbodiesel only). Subaru reported the transmission was worked on with the assistance of Lotus.

Rollover controversy
The second-generation Trooper received negative press in the United States when the 1995–1997 models were rated "Not Acceptable" by Consumer Reports for an alleged tendency to roll over under testing.

In response to a petition from the publication's publisher, Consumers Union, the National Highway Traffic Administration conducted its own tests and found no issue that could lead to a need for a recall. However, Isuzu suggested that the magazine's claims had hurt sales of the vehicle.

After the release of the NHTSA report, Isuzu filed a lawsuit against Consumers Union seeking $242 million in damages, claiming that during Consumer Reports's tests the steering wheel had been twisted more sharply than "a driver is willing or able to make in response to an unexpected event.

The judge in the suit, Richard Paez, determined that because Isuzu had engaged in an extensive public relations campaign to refute the claims prior to filing suit, it was considered a public figure, raising the standard for defamation from a simple preponderance of evidence that the report was false to "clear and convincing evidence" that Consumer Reports published the article knowing it was false or with reckless disregard for whether it was true or false.

The defamation suit went to a jury, which found that eight of the 17 statements in the report questioned by Isuzu were false, with one displaying "reckless disregard" for the truth on the part of Consumer Reports magazine, but that Isuzu was not damaged by that statement. Two of the ten jurors on the panel did not believe the magazine believed that the other seven statements were untruthful when they published them. Consequently, the full jury panel did not award Isuzu monetary damages for the alleged damage to its reputation and lost sales.

Isuzu calculated the total cost of the Consumer Reports claims at $244 million. As Isuzu was denied damages on all counts, the formal court judgement in favor of Consumers Union entered by Paez required Isuzu to pay CU's "reasonable costs" of defending itself against the suit, not including attorney's fees.

Motorsport

 * 1989 – Jackaroo SWB won the Marathon class victory in '89 Australian Safari.
 * 1992 – Trooper won class victory in '92 Australian Safari.
 * 1993 – Troopers took first and second place in the class of '93 Australian Safari.
 * 1994 – Trooper won the Marathon class victory at the 1994 Paris–Dakar Rally.
 * 1994 – Trooper finished first in its class at the Photographs Rally.
 * 1998 - Holden Jackaroo did win the Round Australia Trial

Naming conventions

 * North America – Isuzu Trooper II (1983–1991), Isuzu Trooper (1991–2002), also sold by Honda as the Acura SLX from 1996 to 2000
 * South America and Africa – Isuzu Trooper and Chevrolet Trooper
 * Colombia – Chevrolet Trooper (First Generation), Chevrolet Trooper 960 (Second generation)
 * Venezuela – Caribe 442
 * Asia – Isuzu Trooper, also sold by Chevrolet as Chevrolet Trooper
 * Japan – Isuzu Bighorn, Subaru Bighorn, sold by Honda as Honda Horizon (similar to the 1995-1999 Acura SLX, introduced in 1994, discontinued in 1999)
 * Europe – Isuzu Trooper (1st and 2nd Generation) and Vauxhall Monterey (UK, 1992–1998), Opel Monterey (the rest of Europe and Ireland, 1992–1999)
 * New Zealand – Isuzu Bighorn, Isuzu Trooper, Holden Jackaroo, Holden Monterey
 * Australia – Holden Jackaroo, Holden Monterey

title: Isuzu Trooper


text:
Maidstone East railway station

Maidstone East railway station is one of three stations in the central area of Maidstone, Kent, England, but currently the only one with a regular direct service to London. The station is on the Maidstone line, 39 mi from London Victoria, and is served by trains operated by Southeastern.

History
Maidstone East was opened as Maidstone by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) on 1 June 1874 as the terminus of the line from Otford. The location of the station was determined by local geography, as the ground from the River Medway west of the station rises sharply to the east. Consequently, it was built on a restricted site across from a 113 ft high-level bridge over the river, immediately before entering the 98 yard Week Street tunnel. On 1 July 1884, the line was extended eastwards to Ashford West.

In 1899, following the merger of the LCDR with the South Eastern Railway (SER) which operated the Medway Valley line, the station was given its current name to distinguish it from the SER's identically named station which was renamed Maidstone West. Following the grouping of mainline rail companies into regional railways in 1923, the Southern Railway undertook electrification as far as Maidstone East in 1939. Electrification to Ashford was carried out in 1961.

The high-level bridge over the Medway was rebuilt in 1927, as the original could not support the full weight of locomotive traffic. A footbridge was incorporated into the new bridge, allowing a shorter route to Maidstone Barracks station.

The goods yard comprised ten sidings on the down side and two on the up side. There was a goods shed and a 10-ton capacity crane. West of the high-level bridge, a siding on the down side served a corn mill. In 1939, this siding was electrified to provide berthing siding for electric multiple units. In 1882, the Midland Railway opened a coal depot at the station. Their successor, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway sold the depot in 1934, although it continued to be used for that purpose. Freight services at the station were withdrawn on 13 September 1965. A small locomotive depot was located on the up side. It closed in 1933. During the 1960s Tony Hocking was a booking clerk at the station, locally famous for invariably having a bottle of Vimto visible on the desk despite this being in contravention of the strict railway bylaws of the era. On 2 August 2015, a fire damaged some of the station buildings. Part of the main goods yard was formerly a Royal Mail sorting office. The remainder is a car park for station users. A short siding from the down line to the west of platforms 2 and 3 is a remnant of tracks into the yard. The site of the up goods yard is now a car park.

Layout
The station is to the east of the River Medway but it is clear from a map of the town that it is actually located at the northern end of Maidstone. The approach from the west is via a high level truss bridge over the river, and a later girder bridge over the A229. Immediately east of the station is the portal to the 98 yd Week Street tunnel.

The booking office, open for most of the operational day, is located at street level on Station Road, above the tunnel portal, with other offices on up platform 1 as well as a coffee shop. There are also offices on Platform 2.

The station has three platforms: 1 and 2 are through platforms. Platform three is a bay platform on the north (down line) side. All 3 platforms are capable of handling and are often used by trains of up to 8 coaches. Ramps lead down to the platforms on each side. A disused face to platform 1 shows the alignment of a former bay platform. A third track runs as a passing track through the station between the up and down lines.

A pedestrian walkway on the railway bridge provides a route to the Medway Valley Line's Maidstone Barracks station on the west of the river. Maidstone's third station, Maidstone West, is 0.5 mi south of Maidstone Barracks.

Development
There have been plans to redevelop the station for a number of years. In 2005 Network Rail announced that they were in talks with the John Lewis Partnership who intended to build a large Waitrose supermarket on the site. However, in November of that year, the developer that had been working on the deal pulled out taking John Lewis with them. The following year a new redevelopment in conjunction with supermarket chain Asda was proposed. This development included a 50000 sqft store, hotel, 100 homes and parking for 515 cars. In 2007 it was reported that Asda were getting cold feet over the plans, although Asda stressed that talks were still ongoing, but in 2009 it was confirmed that Asda had withdrawn their interest due to their development of a site at the nearby St Peters' Street complex instead.

In November 2012, initial plans for the regeneration of Maidstone East Station were submitted to Maidstone Borough Council to determine whether an Environmental Impact Assessment was required. MBC concluded in December 2012 that due to the additional road traffic, an assessment would be appropriate. Plans include a new railway station, new large foodstore, other retail units, bar, cafe, commuter and retail parking (approx 1100 spaces) and associated landscaping. The proposed plan involves the demolition of the existing station ticket office, a disused hotel/bar, retail units opposite County Hall and the adjacent former Royal Mail sorting and enquiry office.

Accidents
The station has been the site of two accidents involving freight trains.

In the first, on 17 July 1967, a slow-moving westbound train passed a signal at danger and ran into the rear of a stationary passenger train at the up platform causing damage to both trains but only interrupting services for a few hours.

The second, on 6 September 1993, was more significant. At 02:02, a freight derailment occurred. A train, comprising 15 goods wagons was travelling from Dover to Willesden hauled by a Class 47 locomotive 47 288, when, due to excessive speed, the locomotive's rear bogie derailed in the tunnel approaching Maidstone East. The train was travelling at 60 mph when the speed limit was 25 mph. The locomotive ended up on its side on the track. Several wagons left the track, running into signals, platforms and buildings, and spilling their load of 900 tons of steel cable. The driver subsequently failed a breathalyser test. The station remained closed for several months as a result of the accident.

Services
All services at Maidstone East are operated by Southeastern using and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 1 tph to London Victoria (stopping)
 * 1 tph to London Charing Cross (semi-fast)
 * 1 tph to Ashford International

During the peak hours, the station is served by an additional hourly service between London Victoria and Ashford International.

On Sundays, the semi-fast services to London Charing Cross do not run.

title: Maidstone East railway station


text:
Cage aerial

A cage antenna (British cage aerial) is a radio antenna where a conventional design has been augmented by replacing a single long conductor with several parallel wires, connected at their ends, and held in position by ring spacers or support struts mounted on a central mast (if any). The "cage" is either mounted around a central mast (either conducting or non-conducting) or suspended from overhead wires.

Purpose
A cage can improve any antenna design by replacing a single wire in any section that carries large, unbalanced (radiating) current; the only issue is whether the improvement will be substantial enough to warrant the extra effort. The multiple parallel wires electrically simulate a single fat wire, roughly equivalent to a wire with a diameter half as wide as the distance separating the cage wires, giving the modified antenna higher radiation resistance, lowered conductor resistance, and a wider bandwidth without as much weight and wind resistance as the equivalent fat wire would entail.

Cage aerials have been built in different variants for broadcast stations in the longwave and mediumwave bands.

When used as the main section of a vertical antenna, the cage is usually built to have a length one-quarter of the operating wavelength, and to surround the entire length of the central mast. If the tower is grounded, the cage wires must be electrically insulated from the tower for their entire length, and only optionally connected at the top, if at all. The cage wires are always fed at the ring connecting the cage's lower edge, with the other electrical side of the feedpoint always being the ground system, regardless of whether or not the tower itself is grounded.

In the entirely optional case that the cage is electrically connected near the top of a mast and that mast's base is shorted to the ground plane, then the electrical function of antenna changes to a "folded unipole". When configured as a folded unipole, the cage wires are instead called "skirt wires". A folded unipole might or might not obtain the wider bandwidth expected of a cage antenna, depending on how the unbalanced current splits between the mast and the skirt.

 * Example : At 1,000 kHz the wavelength is 300 metres (1000′). Therefore, the minimum $1⁄4$ wave height of the cage antenna is a bit less than 75 metres (250′) for the cage, plus about 2 metres (6′) to raise the lower end of the cage out of reach from the ground (depending on the details of the antenna feed, the lower end of the cage can carry a very high RF voltage).

title: Cage aerial


text:
User talk:Boyko~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 12:09, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Boyko. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Boyko~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:40, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:12, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boyko~enwiki


text:
Stephen Murray (actor)

Stephen Umfreville Hay Murray (6 September 1912 – 31 March 1983) was an English cinema, radio, theatre and television actor.

Background and education
A member of Clan Murray headed by the Duke of Atholl, he was born in Partney, Lincolnshire, the son of the Reverend Charles Murray, Rector of Kirby Knowle, North Riding of Yorkshire, and Mabel (née Umfreville). He was the great-grandson of the Right Reverend George Murray, Bishop of Rochester, while the diplomat Sir Ralph Murray was his elder brother. He was educated at Brentwood School, Essex and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, London. He was also the great-uncle of the comedian Al Murray.

Acting career
Murray found his greatest fame as the new Number 1, later promoted to Lieutenant Commander in The Navy Lark on BBC Radio. His film debut was as the second police officer who interrupts an amorous Eliza and Freddy (Wendy Hiller and David Tree) in Pygmalion (1938). He was Gladstone to John Gielgud's Disraeli in The Prime Minister in 1941. He played Dr. Stephan Petrovitch in the 1943 Ealing war film Undercover. Among his other larger film roles were Uncle Henry in London Belongs to Me (1948, heavily made-up to look several decades older) and the lead in Terence Fisher's Four Sided Triangle (1953). He once again appeared under heavy make-up as the elderly Dr Manette in A Tale of Two Cities (1958).

Murray made his stage debut at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1933, and he played such parts as Seyton in Macbeth, among smaller roles. He later did seasons at the Malvern Festival and at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, where he played Hamlet. He worked at the Old Vic in London with Laurence Olivier and Tyrone Guthrie. He also played at the Open Air Theatre in Regent's Park, and in the West End. At the Westminster Theatre in 1940 he portrayed the title character in John Drinkwater's Abraham Lincoln. He was in many of the plays of George Bernard Shaw, and he did later engagements at the Mermaid Theatre in London and at Stratford, Ontario, Canada. On television he played in such prorammes as Dr. Finlay's Casebook, and had a leading role as Svengali. In 1952 he returned to the Old Vic to play King Lear, and toured Europe in that production. Several years later he also played Lear on radio.

Radio became one of Murray's most triumphant acting areas, with appearances in over 300 plays. He played Macbeth in 1949 with Flora Robson, a month after playing the part on television (with Ruth Lodge), so different were the two medium's audiences deemed to be. He played the part again on radio in 1960. He was a fine Leontes in The Winter's Tale in 1951 with Elspeth March and Fay Compton, and again in 1966 with Rachel Gurney and Edith Evans. He played Shakespeare's Timon of Athens both in 1961 and in 1975. In 1964, he played the title role in the monumental BBC Radio production of Marlowe's Tamburlaine with Sheila Allen as Zenocrate with Timothy West, Andrew Sachs, Joss Ackland, Gabriel Woolf, Bruce Condell and other leading Shakespearian actors of the day. He did two versions of the BBC radio epic The Rescue by Edward Sackville-West, where he played Odysseus. Other classic '50s roles included Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, John Gabriel Borkman and Brand as well as Calderon's The Mayor of Zalamea. However, his longest running part was that of "No 1" in The Navy Lark in which he starred from 1960 to 1977.

In 1970 Murray played alongside Glenda Jackson in the BBC drama series Elizabeth R about the life and reign of Queen Elizabeth I. In this he played Sir Francis Walsingham, head of Elizabeth's secret service, and a noted Puritan, whose work exposed the Babington Plot which led to the trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. Even in the 1970s he enjoyed the difficult roles, like August Strindberg's To Damascus with Zena Walker.

His expressive voice was often anguished and uncertain in his roles, so he was ideal for A Hospital Case by Dino Buzzati, a play which Albert Camus had translated and adapted for the Paris stage. He also did new radio work like Peter Tegel's Rocklife. In 1970 he was the old Prince Bolkonsky in BBC radio's War and Peace. He tried his hand at science fiction in radio's The Tor Sands Experience by Bruce Stewart.

Personal life
Murray married Joan Alestha, daughter of John Joseph Moy Butterfield, in 1937. He died in London on 31 March 1983, aged 70. Their daughter and only child Amanda appeared in several episodes of The Navy Lark with her father.

Filmography
''Any Man's Kingdom's Narrator BTF Travelogue about Northumbria -

title: Stephen Murray (actor)


text:
Bessie Head

Bessie Amelia Emery Head (6 July 1937 – 17 April 1986) was a South African writer who, though born in South Africa, is usually considered Botswana's most influential writer. She wrote novels, short fiction and autobiographical works that are infused with spiritual questioning and reflection.

Biography
Bessie Amelia Emery was born in Pietermaritzburg, Union of South Africa, the child of a "white" woman and a "non-white" man at a time when interracial relationships were illegal in South Africa. Bessie's mother, Bessie Amelia Emery, from the wealthy South African Birch family, had been hospitalised for several years in mental hospitals following the death of her first child, a boy. She was in the huge mental hospital in Pietermaritzburg when she gave birth to Bessie. Although she was not allowed to keep the child, she did give the daughter her own name.

Infant Bessie was first placed with white foster parents on the assumption that she was white. A few weeks later, these parents realised that she was brown and returned her to the authorities. She was then placed with a mixed-race or "coloured" family, the Heathcotes, in a poor non-white area of Pietermaritzburg. Here, she grew up with a strict foster mother, Nelly Heathcote, and attended the local Catholic Church and primary school. She never quite realised that she was not a Heathcote. She enjoyed a near-normal childhood of her time and place, except that her foster mother resented her love of books.

When Bessie was 12, after she had completed four years of primary school education, the authorities moved her to St. Monica's Home for Coloured Girls, an Anglican boarding-school in Durban. At first, Bessie tried to run away and go home. Later, she began to appreciate the wealth of books and knowledge that the school offered. At the end of her second year, she endured the first great trauma of her life. The authorities abruptly told her that she was the daughter of a white woman, not Nelly Heathcote, and that she would not be allowed to return to her former home for the Christmas holidays. The young teenager was devastated and withdrew into herself.

Two years later, at the end of 1953, Bessie passed her Junior Certificate examination. She went on to do a two-year Teacher Training Certificate at a nearby college, while living at St. Monica's. Finally, at the beginning of 1956, the court declared her an adult; she was awarded a provisional teaching certificate; and she accepted a job as a teacher in a coloured primary school in Durban. During this time she developed close friendships with several of the white staff of St. Monica's, as well as several members of the "Indian" community, and her interest in non-Christian religions flourished, especially Hinduism.

On the other hand, she had only a passing contact with the "black" African majority in Natal, who were overwhelmingly Zulu.

In mid-1958, tired of her daily routines and dreaming of bigger things, Head resigned her job. She had a 21st birthday party with old friends, then took a train for Cape Town, where she intended to become a journalist.

Cape Town and Johannesburg
South Africa's urbanised non-whites were beginning to stir under the ever-more-restrictive laws of apartheid. Several mass-market newspapers and magazines already catered to their tastes, of which the weekly Drum was the most famous. Head sought employment instead with Drum's sister publication, the weekly Golden City Post. She worked there for almost a year, filing courtroom stories and other small tasks given to rookies in the newsroom. She wrote under her real name, Bessie Amelia Emery.

Although Cape Town was then of a similar size to Durban, it was vastly more diverse and sophisticated, with a much longer history. It was and is the country's political capital, being the home to its Parliament. In Pietermaritzburg and Durban, Bessie had been a member of a small minority group, English-speaking Coloureds (mixed-race). In Cape Town she was suddenly a member of the largest local racial group — Coloured — but one that spoke Afrikaans in its daily life. Although she never became comfortable in this language derived from Cape Town's early Dutch settlers, she was soon able to get by. What she found more difficult to accept were the divisions in this community by skin tone and economic status. She was too dark to join the elite, so she preferred to associate with the workers and underclass in District Six, the large Coloured community that lived on the west side of Table Mountain, not far from the centre. Between her work and her lodgings in District Six, the young provincial newcomer quickly adopted to the style and pace of the big city. She also became more acutely aware of South Africa's many internal conflicts.

In 1959, Head moved to Johannesburg to work on Home Post, another of Drum's sister publications; she was given her own column and a steady salary. Here she met such noted writers as Lewis Nkosi, Can Themba, and Dennis Brutus, and experimented with her own independent writing. But her life-changing experiences at this time were that she came into contact with black nationalist political writings, especially those of the Pan-Africanists George Padmore and Robert Sobukwe. One of Padmore's books "gave me a new skin and a new life that was totally unacceptable to conditions down there," she later wrote. She met Sobukwe and found him an overwhelming personal presence. She also came into contact with jazz and jazz musicians, developing an instant crush on the young Abdullah Ibrahim, then known as Dollar Brand, who led the country's foremost jazz ensemble.

The personal and political exploded in early 1960. Head joined Sobukwe's Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) a few weeks before that party led a fateful mass protest in Soweto, Sharpeville, and other black townships. The Sharpeville massacre ensued, triggering decisive political and social changes in South Africa. Black political parties were banned and thousands of activists were arrested. Head worked briefly to support PAC prisoners before being arrested herself in an ugly incident of mutual betrayal among PAC sympathisers. Although the charges against her were eventually dismissed, she soon spiralled down into a deep depression and attempted suicide. After a brief hospitalization, she returned to Cape Town, temporarily broken in spirit and disillusioned with politics. Around 1969, Head also began to suffer symptoms of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

After a year of lying low, Head reappeared in Cape Town's intellectual and political circles, associating with the multiracial intellectuals of the Liberal Party as well as with the agitators of the PAC. She began to smoke and drink. In July 1961, she met Harold Head, a well-spoken young Coloured man from Pretoria who had many of the same intellectual interests as herself. Six weeks later they were married, and on 15 May 1962 their only child, Howard Rex Head, was born. The infant was marked by a slight (then unrecognised) foetal alcohol disorder, one that was to affect him throughout his life.

Both Harold and Bessie wrote articles at this time, most often for The New African, an upstart monthly published in Cape Town. Bessie also wrote a dramatic novella, The Cardinals, that went unpublished for 30 years. But mostly the Heads were poor and their marriage was deteriorating. Howard proved to be an unsmiling baby. In great frustration Bessie left Cape Town at the end of 1963 to live with her mother-in-law near Pretoria, taking Howard with her. When that relationship also broke down, Head had had enough. She applied for a teaching job in the neighbouring Bechuanaland Protectorate (now Botswana) and was accepted. Although she could not obtain a passport, a friend helped her to obtain a one-way exit permit. Toward the end of March 1964, she and her son boarded a train for the north. Head never saw South Africa again.

Botswana
In 1964, abandoning her life in South Africa, she moved with her young son to Botswana (then still the Bechuanaland Protectorate) seeking asylum, having been peripherally involved with Pan-African politics. It would take 15 years for Head to obtain Botswanan citizenship. Head settled in Serowe, the largest of Botswana's "villages" (i.e., traditional settlements as opposed to settler towns). Serowe was famous both for its historical importance, as capital of the Bamangwato people, and for the experimental Swaneng school of Patrick van Rensburg. The dethroned paramount chief of the Bamangwato, Sir Seretse Khama, was soon to become the first president of independent Botswana.

Her early death in Serowe in 1986 (aged 48) from hepatitis came just at the point where she was starting to achieve recognition as a writer and was no longer so desperately poor.

Writing
Many of Bessie Head's works are set in Serowe, including the novels When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971), and A Question of Power (1973). The three are also autobiographical; When Rain Clouds Gather is based on her experience living on a development farm, Maru incorporates her experience of being considered racially inferior, and A Question of Power draws on her understanding of what it was like to experience acute psychological distress.

Head also published a number of short stories, including the collection The Collector of Treasures (1977). She published a book on the history of Serowe, the village she settled in, called Serowe: Village of the Rainwind. Her last novel, A Bewitched Crossroad (1984), is historical, set in 19th-century Botswana. She had also written a story of two prophets, one wealthy and one who lived poorly called "Jacob: The Faith-Healing Priest". Her work is included in the 1992 anthology Daughters of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby.

Head's work focused on the everyday life of ordinary people and their role in larger African political struggles. Religious ideas often featured prominently, as in the work A Question of Power. Head was initially brought up as a Christian; however, she was later influenced by Hinduism (to which she was exposed through South Africa's Indian community).

Most of her writing took place while she was in exile in Botswana, having left South Africa in 1964. An exception is the novel The Cardinals (published posthumously in 1993), set in South Africa.

In some ways, Head remained an outsider in her adopted country, and some discern she had something of a love-hate relationship with it. She struggled with mental illness and suffered a major psychotic episode in 1969, which led to a period of hospitalisation in Lobatse Mental Hospital. A Question of Power, which Bessie Head considered as "almost autobiographical" was written after this episode.

Influences
Much of Head's work was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, and she said she had "never read anything that aroused my feelings like Gandhi’s political statements". Head was strongly inspired by Gandhi and the way he clearly described present political issues. Reading his papers, Head was amazed by the work and came to the conclusion that Gandhi must be "God as a man".

Honours and awards
In 1977, Head attended the University of Iowa's International Writing Program, to which only a select number of writers from all over the world are invited.

In 2003, she was posthumously awarded the South African Order of Ikhamanga in Gold for her "exceptional contribution to literature and the struggle for social change, freedom and peace." The Werda School in Durban, South Africa, which was known as the St. Monica's Diocesan School for Girls when Head attended it, has a memorial wall dedicated to her.

Legacy
In 2007, the Bessie Head Heritage Trust was established, along with the Bessie Head Literature Awards. On 12 July 2007 the main Msunduzi Municipal Library in Pietermaritzburg was renamed the Bessie Head Library in her honour.

The Bessie Head Papers are stored in the Khama III Memorial Museum in Serowe.

title: Bessie Head


text:
Talk:List of laws

Untitled
Should this list of laws enumerate all other lists with names like "List of type X Laws" (i.e. subcategories)?

I assume it should, so I've added a couple of other "Lists of Laws".

Wragge 12:11, 2005 Apr 14 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of laws