text:
July 1944

The following events occurred in July 1944:

July 1, 1944 (Saturday)

 * A counterattack by the German II SS Panzer Corps failed to dislodge the British Second Army around Caen. When Gerd von Rundstedt phoned Berlin to report the failure, Chief of Staff Wilhelm Keitel purportedly asked, "What shall we do?", to which Rundstedt replied, "Make peace, you fools! What else can you do?"
 * The U.S. 133rd Infantry Regiment in Italy captured Cecina.
 * The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference began in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to regulate the international monetary systems of the post-war world.
 * U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Public Health Service Act and the Renunciation Act of 1944 into law.
 * "I'll Be Seeing You" by Bing Crosby topped the Billboard singles charts.
 * Died: Carl Mayer, 49, Austrian screenwriter (cancer)

July 2, 1944 (Sunday)

 * The Battle of Noemfoor began between Allied and Japanese forces in Netherlands New Guinea.
 * The day after his telephone outburst, Gerd von Rundstedt was sacked as Oberbefehlshaber West and replaced by Günther von Kluge.
 * German submarine U-543 was sunk southwest of Tenerife by a Grumman TBF Avenger.
 * The Razor's Edge by W. Somerset Maugham topped the New York Times Fiction Best Sellers list.

July 3, 1944 (Monday)

 * The Battle of Imphal ended in Allied victory.
 * Minsk, the last big German base on Soviet soil, fell to the 3rd Belorussian Front.
 * German submarine U-154 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by two U.S. destroyer escorts and aircraft.
 * The Allies enter Siena.
 * Born: Michel Polnareff, singer-songwriter, in Nérac, France

July 4, 1944 (Tuesday)

 * The Minsk Offensive and Polotsk Offensive ended in Soviet victories.
 * Canadian forces began Operation Windsor, an offensive to take Carpiquet.
 * The Battle of Vuosalmi began.
 * No. 617 Squadron RAF attacked V-1 flying bomb facilities in a large cave at Saint-Leu-d'Esserent north of Paris.
 * Japanese submarine I-10 was sunk east of Saipan by destroyer USS David W. Taylor and destroyer escort USS Riddle.
 * Johannes Frießner replaced Georg Lindemann as commander of Army Group North.
 * To celebrate American Independence Day, General Omar Bradley ordered all artillery units in the US First Army to open fire on the German lines precisely at noon. Some units fired red, white, and blue smoke shells at the Germans.

July 5, 1944 (Wednesday)

 * The Soviets began the Belostock Offensive, Šiauliai Offensive and Vilnius Offensive as part of Operation Bagration.
 * Operation Windsor ended in Allied victory.
 * The Kriegsmarine lost three submarines (U-233, U-390 and U-586) to enemy action in a single day.
 * Japanese destroyer Usugumo was torpedoed and sunk in the Sea of Okhotsk by the U.S. submarine Skate.
 * Born: Gene McFaddin, land-speed race driver, in Beaumont, Texas

July 6, 1944 (Thursday)

 * The Polish Home Army began Operation Ostra Brama, an armed uprising against Nazi occupiers in Wilno as part of Operation Tempest.
 * Hungarian Regent Miklós Horthy ordered a halt to the deportation of Hungarian Jews.
 * The Hartford circus fire occurred when a fire broke out in a tent during a Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus performance in Hartford, Connecticut. 167 people died in one of the worst fire disasters in U.S. history.
 * Winston Churchill gave a speech in the House of Commons about the V-1 campaign, revealing government figures that 2,752 had been killed and 8,000 injured by the flying bombs.
 * Jackie Robinson was placed under arrest in quarters for refusing to move to the back of a military bus. He would be court-martialed but eventually acquitted in a trial on August 2.
 * Died: Andrée Borrel, 24, Vera Leigh, 41, Sonya Olschanezky, 20, and Diana Rowden, 29, French Resistance fighters (killed at Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp); Chūichi Nagumo, 57, Japanese admiral (suicide)

July 7, 1944 (Friday)

 * Regent of Hungary Miklós Horthy ordered a stop to the deportation of Jews from the country. Even so, the Nazis declared all of Hungary except for Budapest free of Jews.
 * Japanese destroyer Tamanani was torpedoed and sunk off Manila by the American submarine Mingo.
 * German submarine U-678 was sunk in the English Channel by Allied warships.
 * The horror film The Mummy's Ghost starring Lon Chaney Jr. was released.
 * The largest banzai charge on 7 July 1944 at the Battle of Saipan
 * Died: Georges Mandel, 59, French journalist, politician and French Resistance leader (executed by the Milice)

July 8, 1944 (Saturday)

 * British and Canadian forces launched Operation Charnwood with the goal of at least partially capturing the city of Caen, which remained in German hands despite repeated attempts to take it over the past month.
 * With the Red Army approaching, SS authorities began liquidating the Kovno Ghetto. About 8,000 Jews would be transferred to Stutthof and Dachau.
 * German submarine U-243 was depth charged and sunk in the Bay of Biscay by a Short Sunderland patrol bomber of No. 10 Squadron RAAF.
 * Born: Jeffrey Tambor, actor, in San Francisco, California
 * Died: George B. Seitz, 56, American playwright, actor, screenwriter and director; Takeo Takagi, 52, Japanese admiral

July 9, 1944 (Sunday)

 * The Battle of Saipan ended in U.S. victory.
 * Operation Charnwood ended in Allied victory.
 * The Battle of Tali-Ihantala ended in Finnish defensive victory.
 * The Battle of Saint-Lô began.

July 10, 1944 (Monday)

 * Because of the danger of the German flying bombs, over 41,000 mothers and children left London in the second wartime exodus from the city and returned to their former wartime billets in the country.
 * The Battle of Vyborg Bay ended in defensive victory for the German/Finnish forces.
 * The Battle of Driniumor River began near Aitape in New Guinea.
 * The Axis troopship SS Duilio was sunk at Trieste by Allied aircraft.

July 11, 1944 (Tuesday)

 * The new German Tiger II heavy tank saw frontline combat for the first time during the Normandy campaign.
 * German submarine U-1222 was sunk west of La Rochelle by a Short Sunderland patrol bomber of No. 201 Squadron RAF.
 * The 12th Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh. The National League beat the American League 7-1.
 * Died: Gerald L. Endl, 28, American soldier and posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action near Anamo, New Guinea)

July 12, 1944 (Wednesday)

 * The Soviet 1st Baltic Front captured Idritsa.
 * The U.S. 88th Division in Italy took Lajatico.
 * Died: Theodore Roosevelt Jr., 56, American politician, business leader and brigadier general (heart attack)

July 13, 1944 (Thursday)

 * The Vilnius Offensive ended in Soviet victory.
 * Soviet forces began the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive.
 * The Allied Raid on Symi began during the Mediterranean Campaign.
 * The Nazis burn down the hospital in the Kovno Ghetto, killing hundreds of patients, among them Avraham Grodzinski
 * Born: Ernő Rubik, inventor and architect, in Budapest, Hungary
 * Died: Avraham Grodzinski, Polish Rabbi, mashgiach ruchani of the Slabodka yeshiva in Lithuania

July 14, 1944 (Friday)

 * Operation Ostra Brama ended in victory for the Polish Home Army when the German occupiers in Wilno were defeated, but the following day the Soviet NKVD entered the city and proceeded to intern the Polish fighters and arrest their officers.
 * Soviet forces captured Pinsk.
 * 28 prisoners revolted at La Santé Prison in Paris. All were shot.
 * German submarine U-415 struck a mine and sank in the Bay of Biscay off Brest.
 * Born: Aad Mansveld, footballer, in The Hague, Netherlands (d. 1991)
 * Died: Asmahan, 31, Arab Druze singer and actress (drowned after a car accident in a canal in Mansoura, Egypt)

July 15, 1944 (Saturday)

 * The Raid on Symi ended in Allied victory.
 * The Second Battle of the Odon began as part of the Battle of Normandy.
 * The Battle of Nietjärvi began.
 * German submarine U-319 was depth charged and sunk in the North Sea by a B-24 of No. 206 Squadron RAF.
 * Born: Jan-Michael Vincent, actor, in Denver, Colorado (d. 2019)
 * Died: Joseph Sadi-Lecointe, 53, French aviator (died from torture by the Gestapo)

July 16, 1944 (Sunday)

 * Adolf Hitler departed Berchtesgaden for what would be the final time as he flew to the Wolf's Lair.
 * Soviet forces captured Grodno.
 * The British Eighth Army in Italy captured Arezzo.
 * Born: Angharad Rees, actress, in Edgware, England (d. 2012)

July 17, 1944 (Monday)

 * The Second Battle of the Odon ended in operational Allied success.
 * The Battle of Vuosalmi and Battle of Nietjärvi both ended in Finnish victory.
 * Action of 17 July 1944: The Japanese submarine I-166 was sunk in the Strait of Malacca by the British submarine Telemachus.
 * The Port Chicago disaster occurred when a munitions explosion on a cargo vessel in Port Chicago, California killed 320 people.
 * German field marshal Erwin Rommel was seriously wounded when a Spitfire strafed his staff car near Livarot. Numerous Allied pilots claimed credit for the attack that knocked Rommel out of the war, but following the 2004 publicization of a Canadian historian's research into the incident, the Canadian Forces officially attribute the feat to Charley Fox of the RCAF.
 * The British executed Operation Mascot, a British carrier air raid against the German battleship Tirpitz anchored in northern Norway. but the attempt was unsuccessful.
 * German submarine U-347 was depth charged and sunk in the Norwegian Sea by a B-24 of No. 86 Squadron RAF.
 * German submarine U-361 was depth charged and sunk west of Narvik by a PBY Catalina of No. 210 Squadron RAF.
 * The British government announced plans to build between 3 and 4 million houses in the decade following the end of the war.
 * Born: Mark Burgess, cricketer, in Auckland, New Zealand

July 18, 1944 (Tuesday)

 * Soviet forces began the Lublin–Brest Offensive as part of Operation Bagration.
 * German submarine U-672 was depth charged and sunk north of Guernsey by the British frigate Balfour.
 * Died: Rex Whistler, 39, British artist (killed in action in Normandy)

July 19, 1944 (Wednesday)

 * The Battle of Verrières Ridge began as part of the Battle of Normandy.
 * The U.S. Fifth Army captured the Italian port city of Livorno.
 * Japanese cruiser Ōi was torpedoed and sunk in the South China Sea by American submarine Flasher.
 * The 1944 Democratic National Convention opened in Chicago, Illinois.

July 20, 1944 (Thursday)

 * An annular solar eclipse was visible in Asia, and was the 35th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 135.
 * 20 July Plot: An attempt was made to assassinate Adolf Hitler, perpetrated by Claus von Stauffenberg and other conspirators within the German military. At 12:42 p.m. during a conference at the Wolf's Lair, a bomb that Stauffenberg had concealed inside a briefcase went off, killing a stenographer and leaving three officers near death. The others in the room, including Hitler himself, were wounded but survived.
 * Stauffenberg flew to Berlin to carry out the next step of the military coup, but the plan stalled when he was unable to get confirmation that Hitler was dead. A radio broadcast at 6:30 p.m. reported that Hitler had survived and the situation became increasingly confused. By the end of the day the coup had failed and Hitler loyalists began arresting the conspirators.
 * A few minutes past four in the afternoon, Benito Mussolini arrived at the train station of the Wolf's Lair as scheduled and was surprised to see Hitler with his right arm in a sling. After learning of what had happened Mussolini was unsure of what he should do and considered leaving immediately, but he went ahead with his requests that included two Italian divisions to be sent from Germany and a pardon for four Italian naval officers who had just been condemned to death. Hitler, convinced that his remarkable escape was a sure sign of victory, was in a gracious mood and agreed to grant Mussolini almost everything he'd asked for. It would be the final meeting between the two dictators.
 * The Battle of Auvere began as part of the larger Battle of Narva on the Eastern Front.
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the Democratic National Convention after being nominated for an unprecedented fourth presidential term. Speaking from the naval base in San Diego, he said his decision to accept the nomination was "based solely on a sense of obligation to serve if called upon to do so by the people of the United States." The president also said he would "not campaign, in the usual sense, for the office. In these days of tragic sorrow, I do not consider it fitting. And besides, in these days of global warfare, I shall not be able to find the time. I shall, however, feel free to report to the people the facts about matters of concern to them and especially to correct any misrepresentations."
 * British destroyer Isis struck a mine and sank off Normandy.
 * The epic drama film Since You Went Away starring Claudette Colbert, Jennifer Jones, Joseph Cotten and Shirley Temple had its world premiere at the Capitol Theatre in New York City.
 * Born: Mel Daniels, Hall of Fame basketball player, in Detroit, Michigan (d. 2015)
 * Died: Mildred Harris, 42, American film actress

July 21, 1944 (Friday)

 * At 1 a.m., Hitler gave a speech over the radio to prove to the German people that he was still alive. He declared that the conspirators would be "exterminated quite mercilessly."
 * German troops poured into Berlin the day after the attempt on Hitler's life.
 * Heinz Guderian succeeded Kurt Zeitzler as Chief of Staff of the German Army.
 * The Battle of Guam began.
 * German submarine U-212 was depth charged and sunk south of Brighton by British warships.
 * Democratic vice presidential nomination of 1944: On the final day of the Democratic National Convention, Harry S. Truman won the vice presidential nomination due to dissatisfaction among party leaders with the incumbent Vice President Henry A. Wallace. Wallace won the first ballot, but on the second vote the supporters of William O. Douglas switched their support to Truman. Truman came to the podium and gave one of the shortest acceptance speeches on record, lasting less than a minute.
 * Born: Paul Wellstone, politician, in Washington, D.C. (d. 2002)
 * Died: Ludwig Beck, 64, German general and member of the 20 July bomb plot (shot by a German sergeant after his suicide attempt only severely wounded himself); Heinz Brandt, 37, German Wehrmacht staff officer (died of wounds sustained in the 20 July bomb plot); Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, 39, German colonel (executed by firing squad for his involvement in the 20 July plot); Claus von Stauffenberg, 36, German army officer and leading member of the 20 July plot (executed)

July 22, 1944 (Saturday)

 * Kuniaki Koiso replaced Hideki Tojo as Prime Minister of Japan.
 * The Soviet-controlled Polish Committee of National Liberation was officially proclaimed in Chelm.
 * Majdanek concentration camp was liberated by the Red Army, the first concentration camp to be liberated by Allied forces. The Soviet advance was so rapid that the SS fled before evidence of what went on in the camp could be destroyed. When Soviet officials invited journalists to the site, the full extent of Nazi atrocities began to be known to the world.
 * The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference concluded in New Hampshire.
 * Died: Günther Korten, 45, German Colonel General and Chief of the General Staff of the Luftwaffe (died of injuries sustained in the 20 July bomb plot)

July 23, 1944 (Sunday)

 * The Lwów Uprising, an armed insurrection of the Home Army in Poland against the Nazi German occupiers, began in the city of Lwów.
 * The Soviet 3rd Baltic Front captured Pskov and drove the Germans completely from RSFSR soil.
 * Heinrich Himmler launched a manhunt to catch the conspirators in the 20 July Bomb Plot.
 * Ferdinand Schörner replaced Johannes Frießner as commander of Army Group North.
 * Born: Alex Buzo, playwright and author, in Sydney, Australia (d. 2006)

July 24, 1944 (Monday)

 * The Battle of Saint-Lô ended in Allied victory.
 * The Battle of Tinian began in the Mariana Islands.
 * The Soviets began another Narva Offensive.
 * A British air raid at Kiel damaged the German submarine U-239, which never returned to active service.

July 25, 1944 (Tuesday)

 * The Battle of Auvere in Estonia ended in German defensive victory.
 * The Battle of Tannenberg Line began on the Eastern Front.
 * The Battle of Verrières Ridge in France ended in German defensive success.
 * The United States Army began Operation Cobra in Normandy.
 * II Canadian Corps began Operation Spring, an offensive south of Caen.
 * Operation Gaff: Six British commandos parachuted into German-occupied Orléans, France with the aim of killing or kidnapping German field marshal Erwin Rommel. When they learned that Rommel had already been injured they moved toward advancing U.S. Army lines on foot.
 * Hitler named Joseph Goebbels "Reich Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort".
 * Died: Lesley J. McNair, 61, U.S. Army officer (killed by friendly fire in Normandy); Jakob von Uexküll, 79, Baltic German biologist

July 26, 1944 (Wednesday)

 * The Battle for Narva Bridgehead ended after almost six months when German forces withdrew.
 * The Battle of Ilomantsi began.
 * President Roosevelt gathered his Pacific commanders at Pearl Harbor for a two-day conference on strategy in the Pacific. Douglas MacArthur supported an advance on the Philippines while Chester Nimitz argued for making Formosa the first priority. Roosevelt listened impartially and made no decision at the time.
 * Japanese submarine I-29 was torpedoed and sunk in the Balintang Channel by the American submarine USS Sawfish.
 * U.S. submarine Robalo struck a mine and sank west of Palawan Island. Four survivors who swam ashore were captured by Japanese Military Police, evacuated by a Japanese destroyer and never seen again. Robalo's Commander Manning Kimmel, son of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, is among those whose fate remains unknown.
 * German submarine U-214 was depth charged and sunk in the English Channel by the British frigate Cooke.
 * German submarine U-2323 struck a mine and sank off Kiel.
 * Died: Takakazu Kinashi, 42, Japanese submarine commander (killed in the sinking of the I-29); Reza Shah, 66, Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941

July 27, 1944 (Thursday)

 * The Lwów Uprising ended in Polish victory and the liberation of the city from the Nazis, although the Polish fighters would shortly afterwards be arrested by the invading Soviets.
 * The Gloster Meteor, the first British jet fighter and the Allies' only operational jet aircraft of the war, entered active service with No. 616 Squadron RAF.
 * The Belostock Offensive ended in Soviet victory.
 * Operation Spring ended in German tactical success but Allied strategic victory.
 * The Soviet submarine V-1 (formerly HMS Sunfish) was bombed and sunk off Norway by an RAF Liberator when she dived instead of firing recognition signals that the submarine was friendly.

July 28, 1944 (Friday)

 * The first objective of Operation Cobra was met when the U.S. 4th Armored Division took Coutances.
 * The Red Army began the Kaunas Offensive as part of Operation Bagration.
 * The rocket-powered German Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet fighter plane saw its first active combat.

July 29, 1944 (Saturday)

 * Radio Moscow broadcast appeals from Polish communists for Warsaw to rise up against the German occupiers.
 * During the Battle of Guam, the U.S. III Amphibious Corps captured Orote Peninsula, including an airstrip.
 * Died: Hans Collani, 36, German SS officer (committed suicide as his command post was being overrun by the Red Army); Bin Uehara, 35, Japanese popular music singer and soldier (killed in action in New Guinea)

July 30, 1944 (Sunday)

 * The Narva July Offensive ended in Soviet victory.
 * The Battle of Sansapor began when U.S. forces made amphibious landings around Sansapor, Dutch New Guinea.
 * During the Battle of Normandy the British Army began Operation Bluecoat with the goal of capturing Vire and Mont Pinçon.
 * German submarine U-250 was depth charged and sunk in the Gulf of Finland by the Soviet submarine chaser M-103.
 * Died: Lee Powell, 36, American actor

July 31, 1944 (Monday)

 * Operation Cobra ended in an Allied victory.
 * The Battle of Noemfoor ended in an Allied victory.
 * Soviet forces reached Praga, a district of Warsaw on the east bank of the Vistula.
 * Soviet forces in the north reached the Gulf of Riga, cutting off German Army Group North, which could now only be resupplied by sea.
 * German submarine U-333 was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean west of the Isles of Scilly by British warships.
 * Born: Geraldine Chaplin, actress and daughter of Charlie Chaplin and Oona O'Neill, in Santa Monica, California; Robert C. Merton, economist and Nobel laureate, in New York City
 * Died: Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, 44, French writer, poet, aristocrat, journalist and pilot (disappeared during a reconnaissance flight of southern France)

title: July 1944


text:
Ian Watson

Ian Watson may refer to:

 * Ian Watson (author) (born 1943), British science fiction author
 * Ian Watson (basketball) (1949–1981), Australian Olympic basketball player
 * Ian Watson (cricketer) (born 1947), English cricketer
 * Ian Watson (director), Australian filmmaker, director of several episodes of 2014 TV series ANZAC Girls
 * Ian Watson (footballer, born 1944), English footballer
 * Ian Watson (footballer, born 1960), English footballer for Sunderland
 * Ian Watson (priest) (born 1950), Archdeacon of Coventry
 * Ian Watson (politician) (1934–2023), Liberal party member of the Canadian House of Commons
 * Ian Watson (rugby league) (born 1976), Welsh rugby league footballer
 * Ian Watson (ice hockey), ice hockey goaltender
 * Iain Watson, British journalist and BBC political correspondent

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ian Watson


text:
Talk:Plymouth Brethren

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Man's Sphere, Woman's Sphere
Very impressive historical entry for this obscure movement! Well done! I would add, however, that a critically important subject is all but missing here: how the women in this movement are to think, feel, act, look, behave, be. This is a distinctive of the Plymouth Brethren that is central to its doctrine and practice. In Gathering Unto His Name (chapters 7 & 14), for example, Norman Crawford speaks definitively of a man's sphere (the public sphere) and a woman's sphere (the home), as does Sydney Maxwell in The Person of Christ (chapter 26). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tinyblip (talk • contribs) 15:43, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

Plain English
I changed "planting churches" to "establishing churches" because the article is written in English. This was reverted because th PB had written their own language - which of course they are entitled to do. However, the Wikipedia reader needs the English language to be consistent. For example, John planted turnips, and, John established an organisation. We should be careful not to write articles as publicity for the subject's organisation. Francis Hannaway (talk) 20:00, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
 * It is not "publicity" for anything. The article already utilizes and explains terminology used within PB circles, such as "Brethren assemblies (as their gatherings are most often called)", "open Brethren", "exclusive Brethren", and "Lord's Supper". The PB circles have not "written their own language" and this is hardly "inconsistent" use of the English language. —Dilidor (talk) 11:56, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

Notable People
It's true that Aleister Crowley was raised in the Plymouth Brethren, but as an apostate, does he really belong here? And identifying him as the MAIN inspiration for the Beatles? I wouldn't argue the fact that he was an inspiration for the Beatles, but the main one? Man, somebody is grinding an axe here! GnatFriend (talk) 11:35, 21 June 2021 (UTC)

Like it or not, AC is the singlemost notable person to come out of the Brethren. I've added him back in, though without the Beatles reference. 2600:8806:3400:E300:218F:2F4C:E661:CA15 (talk) 05:56, 5 March 2022 (UTC)

Ken Follett is also listed. Although raised in the Brethren, as an adult he's an atheist. Indeed, it's difficult to play any major public role in the modern world as an observant member of the Brethren, as the rules are so restrictive. --Ef80 (talk) 16:29, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

Covid contracts
Concerned that the information contained in subheading regarding covid contracts is irrelevant, what does it matter that this group has people who independently own companies that are awarded contracts? Feels unusual for listing under a Wikipedia article regarding a religious sect.

Secondly the information contained does not reflect the citations, with one saying only £1.1bn worth of contracts awarded while the article claims £2.2bn. Can someone straighten out this confusion? Being off by £1.1bn seems... A lot... 2A00:23C4:2281:7B01:F54F:B840:F845:B29B (talk) 09:06, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Context has not been provided by the editor as to why this is important information. The Plymouth Brethren Christian Church (not to be confused with this article) has been viewed as controversial in the UK for their practice of "shutting up". Questions were raised as to why contracts were awarded to such a group.
 * I would argue that this section is irrelevant for Plymouth Brethren and should instead be moved to the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church page. ThermoBoard (talk) 19:21, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plymouth Brethren


text:
File:Johnwayneglover.jpg

Fair use rationale for John Wayne Glover

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate a section of the article on the person depicted falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * It is unlikely that a freely-licensed image suitable for illustrating the section of the article describing the subject's arrest and incarceration will be found, owing to the nature of the section (unlikely that there are any freely-licensed images taken during this period). As such, the photograph can be reasonably described as "irreplaceable".
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used.
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright.

title: File:Johnwayneglover.jpg


text:
Seasons of Fear

Seasons of Fear is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.

Plot
When the Doctor finally manages to bring Charley to Singapore in 1930, they meet the immortal being Sebastian Grayle whose secret power they must discover in order to defeat him. Travelling across Earth in four different periods of its history, the Doctor comes face to face with an old enemy...

Cast

 * The Doctor — Paul McGann
 * Charley Pollard — India Fisher
 * Grayle — Stephen Perring
 * Marcus — Robert Curbishley
 * Lucilius — Stephen Fewell
 * Edward — Lennox Greaves
 * Edith — Sue Wallace
 * Lucy Martin — Justine Mitchell
 * Richard Martin — Stephen Fewell
 * Grayle's Masters' Voices — Robert Curbishley
 * The Auditor — Don Warrington

title: Seasons of Fear


text:
Talk:1 no longer prime

The gist of this should be dealt with at prime number. Redirecting again. Charles Matthews 17:43, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ok but its not and as you said it would be a very big discussion so it warrants its own page. Cyclotronwiki 02:33, 27 Apr 2005 Taipei

Look, it is absurd for you to copy into WP things I wrote to you in answer to your question. If you have a real interest in this matter, you should try to verify what I suggested. That is, research the question. It is a mildly interesting historical point, that's all. Like it says below the edit box:

 * Please cite your sources so others can check your work.

If you just add stuff like this, WP becomes less reliable. It is not meant to contain people's personal theories.

If you come up with something solid about this, come back and add it. Otherwise this isn't at all helpful.

Charles Matthews 18:43, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes I know that was cheeky but I couldn't cite you since you removed it from your user talk page. The number 1 being prime then not prime isn't a "personal theory" but an event in the history of mathematics. I'm glad you acknowledge the historical side of it but then you state it cannot be written about? No matter how mathematical you are this seems like censorship. Cyclotronwiki 03:07, 27 Apr 2005 Taipei

title: Talk:1 no longer prime


text:
Talk:Buzz pollination

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dawood34. Peer reviewers: 645gg, Jcwikman.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Shelby234. Peer reviewers: Hedgehog1017.

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Untitled
What pollinates Willow Trees, Hibiscus, Rafflesia and Titan Arum?

Our local hibiscus (Hibiscus aculeatus) certainly does not need buzz pollination, as pollen grains are large, sticky and freely dispensed. They are frequented by bumblebees and Melissodes bees. Cotton and okra, very close relatives, are freely visited by these and by honeybees, all of which are effective pollinators.

Willow is freely visited by honeybees and many other bee species, and again is not a candidate for buzz pollination, as pollen is freely dispensed. Pollinator 03:28, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)hi

Strange sentence - reword?
This line (last one in the article), sounds oddly political:

"This research is however competing with lobbying by potential importers of Bumble Bees, who would rather use those, disregarding the risk and the potential there for developing a "home grown" solution." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.66.223.21 (talk) 17:44, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

BIOL 422 Peer Review
This article is pretty comprehensive, and very well done. I can think of only a few things which may benefit the article.

One, it would be interesting to know the specific frequency at which bees must beat their wings in order to release the pollen. Also, are there differences in required frequency for the anthers of different flowers? Are there some bees which can produce higher frequencies, and thus have access to pollen from more flower species? I think a "Galapagos finch beak length vs. flower tube length" kind of discussion could be added here.

The agricultural implications of buzz pollination was a good addition to this article. I think a discussion of more buzz-pollinated species (like decorative flowers or even more food plants) would be nice, as there is currently only a sentence about green tomatoes.

The last thing I can think to add, perhaps, is an additional source or two for the "flower morphology" section. Jcwikman (talk) 16:35, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buzz pollination


text:
R. E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant

The Robert Emmett Ginna Nuclear Power Plant, commonly known as Ginna, is a nuclear power plant located on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, in the town of Ontario, Wayne County, New York, United States, approximately 20 mi east of Rochester, New York. It is a single unit Westinghouse 2-Loop pressurized water reactor, similar to those at Point Beach, Kewaunee, and Prairie Island. Having gone into commercial operation in 1970, Ginna became the second oldest nuclear power reactor, after Nine Mile unit 1, still in operation in the United States when the Oyster Creek power plant was permanently shut down on September 17, 2018.

History
The plant was named after Robert Emmett Ginna, a former chief executive of Rochester Gas & Electric, who was one of the nation's earliest advocates of using nuclear energy to generate electricity.

Ginna is owned and operated by Constellation Energy following separation from Exelon in 2022. Constellation, prior to merger with Exelon purchased it from Rochester Gas and Electric in 2004.

The Ginna plant was the site of a nuclear accident when, on January 25, 1982, a small amount of radioactive steam leaked into the air after a steam-generator tube ruptured. The leak which lasted 93 minutes led to the declaration of a site emergency. The rupture was caused by a small pie-pan-shaped object left in the steam generator during an outage. This was not the first time a tube rupture had occurred at an American reactor but following on so closely behind the Three Mile Island accident caused considerable attention to be focused on the incident at the Ginna plant. In total, 485.3 curies of noble gas and 1.15 millicuries of iodine-131 were released to the environment and 1690 gal of contaminated water was lost from the reactor.

In 1996 the original Westinghouse supplied steam generators (including the one that was damaged in 1982 and repaired) were replaced by two brand new Babcock & Wilcox steam generators. This project enabled an uprating of Ginna's output several years later and was a major factor in the approval of the plant's operating license extension for 20 years beyond the original license (originally valid until 2009).

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 mi of Ginna was 66,847, an increase of 12.7 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 mi was 1,269,589, an increase of 2.1 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Rochester (17 miles to city center). Canadian population is not included in these figures.

Seismic risk
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Ginna was 1 in 76,923, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.

title: R. E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant


text:
User:Subphreeky

I am subphreeky; A bass, and Thrash metal enthusiast.

title: User:Subphreeky


text:
Reverend Ike

Frederick J. Eikerenkoetter II (June 1, 1935 – July 28, 2009), better known as Reverend Ike, was an American minister and evangelist based in New York City. He was known for the slogan "You can't lose with the stuff I use!" Though his preaching is considered a form of prosperity theology, Reverend Ike diverged from traditional Christian theology and taught what he called "Science of Living."

Life and career
Frederick J. Eikerenkoetter II was born in Ridgeland, South Carolina to parents from the Netherlands Antilles, and was of African and Indo (Dutch-Indonesian) descent. He began his career as a teenage preacher and became assistant pastor at Bible Way Church in Ridgeland, South Carolina. After serving a stint in the Air Force as a Chaplain Service Specialist (a non-commissioned officer assigned to assist commissioned Air Force chaplains), he founded, successively, the United Church of Jesus Christ for All People in Beaufort, South Carolina, the United Christian Evangelistic Association in Boston, Massachusetts, his main corporate entity, and the Christ Community United Church in New York City.

Known popularly as "Reverend Ike," his ministry reached its peak in the mid 1970s, when his weekly radio sermons were carried by hundreds of stations across the United States. He was famous for his "Blessing Plan" – radio listeners sent him money and in return he blessed them. He said radio listeners who did this would become more prosperous. He was criticized for his overt interest in financial remuneration. In 1972, The New York Times described his church service: "“Close your eyes and see green,” the minister exhorted. “Money up to your armpits, a roomful of money and there you are, just tossing around in it like a swimming pool.”

The preacher was the Rev. Frederick J. Eikerenkoetter 2d—better known as “Reverend Ike”—urging several thousand of his devoted parishioners to think positive thoughts.

From the red‐carpeted stage of what was once a Loew's movie palace at 175th Street and Broadway, Reverend Ike evoked giggles from the predominantly black congregation. But they repeated his words obediently during a recent Sunday as, microphone in hand, he sang, “Lots and lots of money, ready for my use, oh yes, it's ready for my use.”"

Rev. Ike bought the Loew's 175th Street Theatre movie palace in the Washington Heights neighborhood for over half a million dollars, renamed it the "Palace Cathedral" – although colloquially it was known as "Reverend Ike's Prayer Tower" – and had it fully restored. Restorations included the seven-story high, twin chamber Robert Morton organ. The "Miracle Star of Faith", visible from the George Washington Bridge, tops the building's cupola. In 2016, the building was designated as a landmark by the New York City Landmark Commission.

Rev. Ike was also the "chancellor" of the United Church Schools, including the Science of Living Institute and Seminary (which awarded him, his wife, and his son Doctor of the Science of Living degrees); the Business of Living Institute (home of Thinkonomics); and other educational projects.

Other activities
Ike made a guest appearance on Hank Williams, Jr.'s single “Mind Your Own Business”, a Number One country music hit in December 1986. This song is Reverend Ike's only chart single.

In pop culture
In December 2005, John Lennon and Yoko Ono's personal assistant May Pang told Radio Times: "At night he (John Lennon) loved to channel-surf, and he would pick up phrases from all the shows. One time, he was watching Reverend Ike, a famous black evangelist, who was saying, 'Let me tell you guys, it doesn't matter, it's whatever gets you through the night.' John loved it and said, 'I've got to write it down or I'll forget it.' He always kept a pad and pen by the bed. That was the beginning of [the song] 'Whatever Gets You thru the Night'."

Personal life and death
Ike and his wife, Eula M. Dent, had one son, Xavier Eikerenkoetter. Reverend Ike died in Los Angeles on July 28, 2009, after not fully recovering from a stroke in 2007. He was 74. His son gave a eulogy at his father's memorial service comparing his father to Martin Luther King and Malcolm X – as a "spiritual activist" and a liberator of minds. Xavier subsequently took over the church.

title: Reverend Ike


text:
Cicely

Myrrhis odorata, with common names cicely, sweet cicely, myrrh, garden myrrh, and sweet chervil, is a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the celery family Apiaceae. It is the only species in the genus Myrrhis.

Etymology
The genus name Myrrhis derives from the Greek word myrrhis [μυρρίς], an aromatic oil from Asia. The Latin species name odorata means scented.

Description
Myrrhis odorata is a tall herbaceous perennial plant growing to 2 m tall, depending on circumstances. The leaves are fern-like, 2-4-pinnate, finely divided, feathery, up to 50 cm long, with whitish patches near the rachis. The plant is softly hairy and smells strongly of aniseed when crushed. The flowers are creamy-white, about 2–4 mm across, produced in large umbels. The flowering period extends from May to June. The fruits are slender, dark brown, 15–25 mm long and 3–4 mm broad.

Distribution and habitat
Myrrhis odorata is native to mountains of southern and central Europe, from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus. It has been introduced and naturalized elsewhere in cultivated areas, woodland margins, roadside verges, river banks and grassland. In the British Isles it is most abundant in northern England and eastern Scotland.

Cultivation and uses
In fertile soils it grows readily from seed, and may be increased by division in spring or autumn.

Its leaves are sometimes used as a herb, either raw or cooked, with a rather strong taste reminiscent of anise. The roots and seeds are also edible. It has a history of use as a medicinal herb.

Like its relatives anise, fennel, and caraway, it can be used to flavour akvavit. Its essential oils are dominated by anethole.

title: Cicely


text:
Embrace the Darkness

Embrace the Darkness is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.

Plot
The Eighth Doctor and Charley Pollard encounter an ancient race in the Cimmerian System, whose return could prove apocalyptic. But as the Darkness envelops the station the Doctor learns that their seemingly evil acts might be more than they appear. To save the day, the Doctor must battle an artificial intelligence as well as the Cimmerians

Cast

 * The Doctor — Paul McGann
 * Charley Pollard — India Fisher
 * Ferras — Lee Moone
 * Haliard — Mark McDonnell
 * Orllesnsa — Nicola Boyce
 * ROSM — Ian Brooker

Reception
The Discontinuity Guide like the set up, the new alien race and the story in general, but found the resolution to be low key and almost occurring off screen. Despite this, it recommended the story.

Production
Released April 2002, number 31 in the Big Finish Doctor Who Catalogue.

title: Embrace the Darkness


text:
Talk:Play piercing

Harold and Maude
It's been a few months since I've seen the film; why is Harold and Maude listed in the "see also" section? samwaltz 18:19, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm familiar with the film, and I can't imagine what connection that link is intended to make. I'm removing it. Glowimperial 19:37, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Suggested link to external article
I have an article on this subject my own wiki which is more detailed and extensive than the article here. I think it could be usefully linked to this wikipedia article (as an external link maybe?). Could someone check it out?

It's at:

http://www.peter-masters.com/wiki/index.php/Practical_Needle_Play

Thanks,

Pmasters (talk) 04:45, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry, it's not a reliable source.  Chzz  ► 22:48, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

relieving boredom
Writing this seems very odd. I'd like to remove it if no one objects? Mcshuffles (talk) 12:51, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Play piercing


text:
Stardust fire

The Stardust fire was a fatal fire which took place at the Stardust nightclub in Artane, Dublin, Ireland, in the early hours of 14 February (Valentine's Day) 1981. More than 800 people were attending a disco there, of whom 48 died and 214 were injured as a result of the fire; in later years suicides of survivors and family members were also linked to the event.

The club was located in what was formerly known as Butterly Business Park, now renamed Artane Business Park, opposite Artane Castle Shopping Centre. The escape of the disco attendees was hampered by chains and padlocks on multiple exits, by barred windows, and further by failure of the lighting system. Attendees at another event in the same building escaped without loss of life. A small part of the building including most of the front elevation remains to this day but the remnants of the nightclub section have since been demolished.

Initially, the cause of the fire was not conclusively determined; an initial determination of arson was later found to have been one of a number of hypotheses, and unproveable. Due to the arson finding, and despite criticism of safety points, the owners of the building claimed and received public compensation, and were not liable to civil action from the families of the deceased, and survivors. No charges were ever brought against any party for the causing of the fire or the loss of life. After reviews, and years of campaigning, in 2019 it was announced that fresh inquests would take place for the 48 victims, and these commenced in 2023. In 2024 the Dublin District Coroners Court found, in a majority verdict, that all 48 people died as a result of unlawful killing.

The Stardust Memorial Park was built in Bonnybrook, Coolock, on the banks of the Santry River, some distance from the site of the disaster, and later a monument was also established at the Stardust site. Multiple documentaries related to the fire have been made.

The nightclub
The building which housed the Stardust was built in 1948. It was initially a food factory, operated by Scott's Foods Ltd. In 1978, the owners of Scott's, the Butterly family, converted the premises into an amenity centre, consisting of a bar, The Silver Swan, a function room, The Lantern Rooms, and a nightclub, The Stardust. The club premises consisted of a dance floor, a stage, two bars and two seating alcoves, the North Alcove and the West Alcove. There were also tables and chairs on the dance floor area. The West Alcove area had enough seats for at least 280 people.

Beginning
The fire occurred on 14 February 1981 around 1:30am, with multiple patrons noticing the fire in different locations and times within the nightclub. There were 841 patrons gathered in the nightclub for the St Valentines eve disco event, and the owners had been given a Special Exemption Order to serve alcohol between 11pm and 2am. In order for the exemption to be given the event was billed as a "dinner dance".

The fire outbreak is believed to have derived from an electrical fault in the room beside the roof space. This non-planning-permission-compliant first-floor storage room contained dangerously flammable materials, including 45five-gallon (23 litre) drums of cooking oil. Staff observed a small fire outbreak on a seat in an alcove behind a curtain and they attempted to extinguish it but failed.

The blaze reportedly originated from the storeroom and spread to the roof. The flames breached the roof tiles, emerging into the nightclub's West Alcove, a banked seating area. The fire descended onto the backrest and the top of a seating bench, which was covered in PVC-coated polyester fabric. The incident was first noticed by a patron seated in front of the West Alcove, who observed a rise in temperature but did not detect any smoke.

Spread
The fire then spread to tables and chairs, and patrons noticed smoke and smelled burning. The fire was very small when first seen in the Ballroom. By 1:45am, a ferocious burst of heat and thick black smoke started quickly coming from the ceiling, causing the material in the ceiling to melt and drip on top of patrons and other highly flammable materials, including the seats and carpet tiles on the walls. The fire flashover enveloped the club and the lights failed. This caused mass panic as patrons began desperately looking for an escape. The DJ, Colm O'Brien, announced that there was a small fire and requested a calm evacuation.

Problems escaping
The attendees at a trade union function taking place in the same building escaped, but the escape of the Stardust patrons was hampered by a number of obstructions. Of the five emergency exit doors, most were either locked by padlock or chains or blocked by tables or vehicles outside in order to prevent individuals sneaking in. The windows were sealed with metal grilles and steel plates, which were unable to be removed by sledgehammers, axes, and even tow-ropes from individuals outside attempting to help. Firemen attempted to pull off the metal bars using a chain attached to a fire engine, but were unsuccessful. The failure of the lighting in the club led to widespread panic, causing mass trampling as many of the patrons instinctively ran for the main entrance. Many people mistook the entrance to the men's toilets for the main entrance doors, with responding firemen locating between 25 and 30 of those trapped in the front toilets. A survivor recounted later that in the panic he watched people run in different directions in the pandemonium, and that after evacuating the building he returned and helped others evacuate before tripping and being trampled.

Emergency services
The fire was first spotted by numerous people outside the building, including a woman 200 metres away from the Stardust, who quickly called the fire brigade. Within minutes of her call, two calls were made from inside the Stardust building to inform the fire brigade of a small fire 6 in high on a seat in the ballroom in the west section of the building. A young man named Peter O'Toole made a phone call to the Gardaí at Dublin Castle at 1:42am to report a handbag theft. The call was terminated by O'Toole as the first alarm of fire was given to the people in the foyer. The call was as follows:

Gardaí: Hello, yes, hello. O'Toole: I'm at the Stardust disco. Can you hear me? Gardaí: Yes. O'Toole: And my girlfriend's handbag was robbed. Gardaí: Your girlfriend's handbag was robbed? O'Toole: She's the manageress in the shoe shop in Northside Shopping Centre. Gardaí: Wait now would you....Stardust? O'Toole: Yes, I'm in the Stardust disco, discothèque, and my girlfriend's bag went missing, someone's after taking it. Can you hear me? Gardaí: Yes. O'Toole: Can you hear me? Gardaí: And where were you... where were... the guards, where will you meet the guards? O'Toole: Pardon? Gardaí: What's your name... what is your name? O'Toole: Hello? Gardaí: What is your name? O'Toole: [screams in background, caller hung up]" Ambulances from Dublin Fire Brigade, the Eastern Health Board, Dublin Civil Defence, the Red Cross, the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps, St John Ambulance Ireland and the Airport Fire Rescue Service were dispatched to the scene.The first fire engine responded around 1.51am and responders discovered bodies piled on top of each other inside the doors. Many ambulances left the scene carrying up to 15 casualties. CIÉ also sent buses to transport the injured, and local radio stations asked people in the vicinity with cars to come to the club. The city's hospitals were overwhelmed by the influx of injured and dying, in particular the Mater, Jervis Street and Dr Steevens' Hospitals.

Family members of victims stated there was no organised transport or support shortly after the fire. They were aided by taxi drivers who waived their fares for the families and were met by ill-prepared Gardaí at the city morgue.

Victims
The fatalities included 48 people in total; 46 in the fire and two later on, with the last recorded death occurring on 11 March 1981, and 214 injured. The ages of those who were killed ranged from 16 to 26, and in 23 cases the deceased were the eldest and sole breadwinner for their families. Most of the dead came from Artane, Kilmore and greater Coolock, and half of the deceased were aged 18 or younger, with four aged 16 and eight aged 17.

The fire was subsequently linked to the attempted suicides of about 25 people. The families of the victims and survivors fought in the courts for compensation, accountability, and justice. Victim compensation at the time was a total of £10.4 million paid to 823 individuals; five individuals received £100,000 or more, 24 received slightly more than £50,000 and the majority of individuals received between £5,000 and £10,000. Parents who lost a child in the disaster received a maximum of £7,500.

In 2007, the bodies of five victims who had been unable to be identified were exhumed from a communal plot in St. Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton. The remains were identified with modern DNA analysis, and then given separate burials.

Initial inquiry
The investigation at the time reported that the fire was arson. A tribunal of inquiry under Justice Ronan Keane, which held its first public meeting 12 days after the fire, concluded in November 1981 that the fire was probably caused by arson. This finding, which was disputed at the time and since, legally exonerated the Butterlys from responsibility. The finding of arson was dismissed in 2009, as there was never any evidence to support the finding. Despite making the arson finding, the inquiry was damning in its criticism of the safety standards. Keane criticised the Butterlys and the management of the Stardust for "recklessly dangerous practices" when it was discovered that some emergency exit doors had been locked on the night of the fire; nonetheless, no one was ever prosecuted or successfully sued for these practices.

Compensation tribunal
In 1986 a separate tribunal, called the Victims Compensation Tribunal, was headed by Judge Donal Barrington, solicitor Noel Smith and barrister (now Judge) Hugh O'Flaherty, to focus on monetary compensation for the victims and their families. The three men wrote an opinion after hearing testimony from survivors, victims' family members and friends and coworkers, which called the treatment of the victims after the fire 'neglect' as many had received no medical support.

Demand for new investigations
In 2009, four relatives of those who had died held a sit-in in a security hut at Government Buildings. They were asking the government to publish a report that examined the need to open a new investigation into the disaster. Following these protests, the government commissioned an independent examination by Paul Coffey SC of the case submitted by the Stardust Victims Committee for a Reopened Inquiry into the Stardust Fire Disaster.

Cause unknown
Due to the passage of time and lack of physical evidence, the examination's report stated that it would not be in the public interest to reopen the public inquiry, but that the public record should be altered to reflect paragraph 6.167 of the original inquiry- "The cause of fire is not known and may never be known. There is no evidence of an accidental origin: and equally no evidence that the fire was started deliberately" instead of that of arson (which led to the Butterlys' compensation). Following its publication, the Dáil voted on the evening of 3 February 2009 to acknowledge that the arson finding was hypothetical and that none of those present at the Stardust nightclub can be held responsible for the blaze. This led to a correction of the public record and the original arson conclusion was removed as the cause, due to there being no evidence to suggest that the fire was started maliciously.

New inquests
In June 2018, a campaign was launched to gather signatures on postcards supporting an appeal to the Attorney General of Ireland to finalise the coroner's reports on the deaths of the 48 killed in the fire. On 25 September 2019, the Attorney General confirmed that fresh inquests would be held into the deaths.

The inquests into the 48 deaths began at Dublin District Coroners Court in April 2023. On the first day, there was discussion about the appropriate order in which to call witnesses.

On 18 April 2024, the jury of the inquest returned a majority verdict of unlawful killing of all 48 people.

Aftermath
The owners, the Butterly family, pursued a claim for compensation against the city because of the arson finding, and were eventually awarded IR£580,000.

The aftermath led to a huge number of recommendations being made in relation to fire safety. Comparisons were made to the Summerland disaster of 1973 in the Isle of Man and the lessons learned in that jurisdiction.

Memorials
On 18 September 1993, the Stardust Memorial Park in Bonnybrook, Coolock, Dublin was officially opened by then Lord Mayor of Dublin, Tomas MacGiolla.

In 2006, the leaseholder and manager of the Stardust at the time of the fire, Eamon Butterly, planned to re-open licensed premises on the site of the Stardust on the 25th anniversary. Described as "insensitive", this action occasioned protests by the victims' families and their supporters. The protests lasted for 10 weeks and ended when the Butterly family agreed to erect a memorial on the site, and change the name of the pub from "The Silver Swan" to the "Artane House". The name "The Silver Swan" was the name of a pub attached to the nightclub, and so was rejected by the protestors.

On 13 February 2011, there was an afternoon Mass at Saint Joseph's Church in Coolock and a wreath was placed at the Stardust Memorial Park. The following evening, a candlelight vigil was held at the Stardust grounds.

"They Never Came Home"
In July 1985, Irish folk singer Christy Moore was found guilty of contempt of court after writing and releasing a song, titled "They Never Came Home", about the plight of the victims, seemingly damning the owners of the nightclub and the government. The song was released on the Ordinary Man album and as the B-side of a single in 1985. The song claimed, "hundreds of children are injured and maimed, and all just because the fire exits were chained". Mr Justice Murphy ordered the Ordinary Man album to be withdrawn from the shops, and costs were awarded against Moore. "Another Song Is Born" was recorded for the album's re-release. "They Never Came Home" later appeared on his box set and on the album Where I Come From.

Television
In 2006, Ireland's national broadcaster, Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), caused controversy by producing a docu-drama about the disaster entitled Stardust, to mark the 25th anniversary of the incident. The series was based on the book They Never Came Home: The Stardust Story by Neil Fetherstonhaugh and Tony McCullagh. Many families of victims objected to this and were upset by the painful memories it brought up. Reasons for objection included the depiction of the fire and a perceived focus on some key families, which some felt portrayed the disaster as only impacting a select few.

An edition of Prime Time, RTÉ's current affairs programme, broadcast on 14 February 2006, cast doubts on some of the findings of the original tribunal. The programme produced witnesses who were outside the building on the night. Some outside saw fire coming from the roof up to eight minutes before those inside did. New evidence concerning the building's contents and layout was also presented. Other details presented included the actual location of a storeroom containing flammable materials and cleaning agents. The plan of the building, which the tribunal used and which was critical to its findings, was shown to be confusingly flawed by locating the storeroom on the wrong level. It showed the storeroom to be "over the basement", but there was no basement in the building, and the store and lamp rooms were located in the roof space on the first floor. The list of contents of the store was not put before the inquiry and included large amounts of flammable materials, including polishes and floor waxes, with the inquiry assuming only normal everyday items were inside. A re-enactment of the fire suggested that it did not happen as the tribunal had found. The programme theorised that the fire started in the roof space where the storeroom was located and had already spread across the main nightclub roof space area before those inside were aware of it.

In early 2011, close to the 30th anniversary of the fire, a documentary was aired on TV3. The documentary, titled Remembering Stardust: 30 Years On, reflected on the events of the night of the fire, the aftermath and the various controversies and legal proceedings that followed. Survivors Jimmy Fitzpatrick and Antoinette Keegan along with retired Dublin fireman Paul Shannon were among those interviewed.

In December 2017, RTÉ broadcast a one-hour episode of a TV series where survivors of the fire and relatives of some of the 48 people who died were interviewed by Charlie Bird. Bird had been the journalist to the scene of the fire in 1981.

On 2 February 2022, TG4 interviewed Lisa Lawlor on their show Finné. Her parents died in the fire when she was just 17 months old.

title: Stardust fire


text:
Talk:Mediterranean monk seal

Comments
Another species nearly extinct due to the inhumane practice known as hunting... 71.126.192.8 18:18, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Hay que salvar las focas monje!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.136.18.65 (talk) 16:56, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

Vandalism
An anonymous user with the IP address 124.171.194.77 has been vandalising these pages. Just a heads up... Spincrus 14:42, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Capo Blanco
Sources of the article report 220 individuals in Capo Blanco. I have modified in the article with around 200 monk seals, previously was 150. This way the total number excesses 600. What do we do? Silvio1973 (talk) 16:17, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mediterranean monk seal


text:
Talk:Players' Club

There ought to be a space after the word Players'. Tuesday, April 26th, 2005 17:50Z

 * Remove the Tag now? I wrote the page, and have tried to remove problems with NPOV, have added links, and now I think it looks pretty fair. I am a life member of the club, and only wish it well and for it to thrive way into the future. JohnClarknew 20:55, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Tudor Hall
Unless the new owners of Harford County want a page of their own, having at present no page to link to, I appended a mention of this welcome development to this page, also it is on subject. JohnClarknew 23:41, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Players' Club


text:
Imperatorin

Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae), Angelica archangelica, Angelica dahurica, Glehnia littoralis, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Cnidium monnieri, Incarvillea younghusbandii, and Zanthoxylum americanum mill. It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative.

Isolation
The procedure for the isolation of imperatorin from Urena lobata involves exhaustively extracting under reflux with benzene the air-dried and pulverised roots followed by separation by column chromatography.

Biochemical activity
Imperatorin was identified from a Bioactive Molecules library in a high throughput screening experiment for inhibitors of the phosphodiesterase PDE4. It displays a significant preference for PDE4B over PDE4A. Imperatorin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity in chondrocytes. Imperatorin treatment inhibits the expression of iNOS and suppresses the production of NO in osteoarthritic chondrocytes.

title: Imperatorin