text:
Jorge Pacheco Areco

Jorge Pacheco Areco (April 9, 1920 – July 29, 1998) was a Uruguayan politician and journalist and the 33rd president of Uruguay, serving from 1967 to 1972. Formerly the Vice President of Uruguay Pacheco became President after the sudden death of Óscar Diego Gestido. A member of the Colorado Party, Pacheco Areco had previously been a member of the National Representative from 1963 to 1967, before becoming the vice president.

Early life
Pacheco Areco Johnson was born on April 9, 1920 in Montevideo, son of physician and politician Manuel Pacheco González and Lilina Ofelia Areco Quintana. Born into a family of politicians, his paternal grandfather, Melchor Pacheco Stewart, was the brother of Matilde Pacheco, wife of President José Batlle y Ordóñez. While his maternal grandfather was the jurist Ricardo Areco.

Early political career
Pacheco joined the Colorado Party in the late 1950s, and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1962. Starting in 1967, In the government of President Gestido he was sixth person to hold the title of Vice President, a post which was revived when he took office, having been abolished several years earlier.

Presidential term (1967–1972)
On December 6, 1967, Vice President Pacheco was sworn in when President Gestido died suddenly after a few months in office. Pacheco immediately implemented price and wage freezes in an attempt to control inflation, and enforced a state of emergency in June 1968 to stem the resulting labour disputes. His administration fought the Tupamaros, an urban guerrilla group officially known as the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN) since being formed in 1963. The government, with Parliament's approval, imposed emergency measures from June 1968 to March 1969. Since Uruguay's constitution does not allow a president to run for immediate re-election, a referendum for constitutional reform was submitted to allow Pacheco to run for a second term in 1971, but it did not pass.

Post-presidential years (1972–1998)
After Pacheco left office, his successor Juan María Bordaberry appointed him as Uruguay's Ambassador to Spain. Later, President Aparicio Méndez appointed him Ambassador to Switzerland and then to the United States. Pacheco returned to Uruguay in 1982, to run in the all-party primaries of 1982, the first step towards democratization after a military takeover in 1973. The "Batllismo" faction of the Colorado Party, led by Julio María Sanguinetti, won the primary, bringing Pacheco's faction of the Colorado Party to an end for several years. In 1984, Pacheco ran for president against Sanguinetti again, and lost. Pacheco supported the new Colorado administration, and his UCB Party was represented in the cabinet. Sanguinetti designated Pacheco to be Ambassador to Paraguay. After returning from Paraguay, Pacheco ran for president again in 1989, obtaining the UCB nomination, but lost a third time.

Pacheco was part of the coalition government of President Luis Alberto Lacalle, causing a split with his former running mate, Pablo Millor, tho took with him half of the UCB's elected representatives, in order to form "Cruzada 94", a new within the Colorados. With his health in a quite frail state, Pacheco ran for President in 1994, losing to Sanguinetti, and then retired from active politics. Making only an occasional public appearance for the rest of his life, he died on July 29, 1998. As the former President of Uruguay, Pacheco was buried with presidential honours at the Central Cemetery of Montevideo.

In popular culture

 * Pacheco Areco was portrayed by Nemesio Antúnez in the 1972 political thriller film State of Siege.

title: Jorge Pacheco Areco


text: User talk:67.170.130.80

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:67.170.130.80


text:
User:Lupin/ichthus.svg

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text: File:Treehouse of Horror XIIIb.jpg

title: File:Treehouse of Horror XIIIb.jpg


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Carolyne Morrison

Carolyne Alexandra Morrison (February 18, 1905 – August 24, 1997) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. She was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1960 to 1969.

Born in Ridgeville, Manitoba in 1905, Morrison was educated at Emerson, Manitoba, and did teacher training in Brandon. She was a teacher and homemaker prior to her entry into politics. In 1938, she married Hugh Morrison, who was a member of the Manitoba Assembly from 1936 to 1957. She ran for election in the same constituency following the death of Maurice Ridley.

She was first elected to the legislature in a by-election on December 9, 1960, winning easy election in the rural, southern riding of Pembina. In the 1962 election, she defeated Liberal Charles Cousins by 211 votes. She won a greater margin victory in the 1966 election, and did not run in 1969. Morrison was never appointed to cabinet.

She was one of only two women in the Manitoba legislature during the 1960s (the other being fellow Progressive Conservative Thelma Forbes), and only the fifth woman ever elected to the legislature.

Morrison also served in the local Red Cross and on the Manitou Hospital Board; she was a news correspondent for the local district for the Western Canadian newspaper.

She died in Manitou at age 92, after suffering from Alzheimer's in her old age.

title: Carolyne Morrison


text:
Polish Language Council

The Council for the Polish Language (Polish: Rada Języka Polskiego) is the official language regulating organ of Polish. It was established by the Presidium of the Polish Academy of Sciences pursuant to Resolution No. 17/96 of 9 September 1996.

Organization
The council is composed of 36 members, including linguists, scientists, other specialists (e.g., in law, history of art, computer science, medicine, physics). It is tasked with advisory duties.

The council’s activities are outlined in the Polish Language Act (Polish: "Ustawa o języku polskim") of 1999.

The stated tasks of the council are:
 * analysis and evaluation of the condition of Polish and advising on the state language policy;
 * promoting knowledge about Polish, its variations, standards, and the criteria for evaluation of its usage; organization of discussions and conferences to this aim;
 * making decisions on disputes over elements of the language (vocabulary, grammar, spelling, punctuation, and syntax);
 * establishing rules for spelling and punctuation;
 * finding solutions for usage of Polish in science and technology (primarily in emerging disciplines);
 * evaluation of the names for new commercial products and services;
 * taking care of the language culture in Polish-language schools;
 * expressing views on non-standardized given names for children;
 * review of texts published by the Polish media and public administration.

Notable members
Among the most notable current members of the council are:
 * Jerzy Bartmiński
 * Andrzej Blikle
 * Jerzy Bralczyk
 * Andrzej Markowski
 * Jan Miodek

title: Polish Language Council


text:
Talk:Assault (horse)

Untitled
Who was riding Assault in the Kentucky Derby? --Randolph 01:43, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Assault-BookCover.jpg
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:03, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Assault (horse)


text:
User talk:Jaxal1

D&D articles for Wikipedia 0.7
Hi there! :)

As someone who's worked on D&D and/or RPG articles before, I'm inviting you to participate in our goal to both improve articles that have been selected to be placed in the next Wikipedia DVD release, as well as nominate more to be selected for this project. Please see the WikiProject D&D talk page for more details. :) BOZ (talk) 18:15, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jaxal1


text:
Talk:Aviacsa

Untitled
All the information used to expand this article came directly from Aviacsa's website - PRueda29

Fair use rationale for Image:Aviacsa logo.JPG
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 21:52, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Destinations page
I added a destinations page and moved all the desination information over to that page. I thought that it made the main page look cluttered. If anyone objects, feel free to revert it. (D.c.camero (talk) 00:00, 10 May 2008 (UTC))

Aviacsa returns to fly
Aviacsa returned to flying. So I need your help to add Aviacsa's name and destinations on its destination airport list. Like if you go to Monterrey, add Aviacsa, and add most of its destination it serves, since Monterrey's a home for the airline. Thank you! (8:26AM March 12, 2011, User talk:Airmario3) —Preceding undated comment added 16:26, 12 March 2011 (UTC).

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Pigs in Heaven

Pigs in Heaven (ISBN 9780060168018) is a 1993 novel by Barbara Kingsolver; it is the sequel to her first novel, The Bean Trees. It continues the story of Taylor Greer and Turtle, her adopted Cherokee daughter. It highlights the strong relationships between mothers and daughters, with special attention given to the customs, history, and present living situation of the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma. It is Kingsolver's first book to appear on the New York Times Best Seller list.

The New York Times Book Review praised Kingsolver's "extravagantly gifted narrative voice" and called the novel a "resounding achievement".

title: Pigs in Heaven


text:
Talk:St. Joseph, Missouri

Nicknames
Saint Joseph (also known as St. Joseph, St. Joe, or, even more informally, Joetown)

Oh, puhleeze, "Joetown"? I'm sorry, but that line is a bit too breezy for an encyclopedia article IMHO. Please forgive me for removing it. Catbar (Brian Rock) 01:47, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

lol it may be too 'breezy' for you but tis a legitimate and very well used nickname for my hometown FOR GENERATIONS... and since this is an online encyclopedia with more current idiomatic language and trivia than the usual sort of reference tome.. why shouldn't it be listed? DD — Preceding unsigned comment added by Delightfuldebi (talk • contribs) 17:41, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

Source?
The newly added text:
 * In 1998, St. Joseph was named an "All-American City."

needs to say by who, and it needs to be sourced. Paul August ☎ 22:07, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok I've found a source, for this and fixed the date (1997). Paul August ☎ 22:16, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

Joseph Robidoux

 * I removed the redirect from Joseph Robidoux and added an entry specifially for him. mobyrock 18:06, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Steve Walsh
I added Steve Walsh to the "born in st joseph" section. I have no idea how to link it further. Steve was and is a musician/vocalist for the band "Kansas" Born: Jun 15, 1951 in St. Joseph A famous rocker from St Joseph. Bill Hoffman

Jesse James and Uncle Charlie
Listen to the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's Uncle Charlie album (Uncle Charlie and his dog Teddy), and you'll hear Uncle Charlie sing the Jesse James song referred to in the History section, recorded on an old wire recorder.

Plan10 10:02, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Zip Codes
The Zip codes need to be added to the major stats at the right of the page, they are 64501,64502,64503,64504,64505,64506, and 64507. [government source]

Thegibbie (talk) 09:49, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from 207.160.210.138, 22 May 2011
Please remove the "Northwest Missouri State University" under the "Colleges and Universities" section. NWMSU is located in Maryville, not St. Joseph.

207.160.210.138 (talk) 23:37, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

Done Thanks for catching that! Qwyrxian (talk) 06:54, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

What's this town's lat. and long.?
Look at the table at the top of this page:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal,_Missouri

Why's it got more data than yours?

For the nth time, I came to Wikipedia to get one simple fact -- the latitude and longitude of St. Joseph, Missouri -- and for the nth time, I had to invoke an Alt-F4.

I'm mad as hell, and I'm not going to ... OK, OK. Anyway, fix yer page, will ya?

--Jim Luedke Jimlue (talk) 02:30, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

TransitAmerica Services
Not sure how notable, but added them, and requested them at article requests. perhaps someone here knows them enough to write about them.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 05:55, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

A post from Delightfuldebi
CAN I PLEASE GET SOME ASSISTANCE FROM ANYONE IN RESOLVING AN ISSUE THAT IS INSULTING AS WELL AS BIASED? my regular email is delightful_debi2 at hotmail.com. i am more than happy and willing to provide any and all proof required that i can get to verify any details.. but tis honestly appearing to be favortism or outright bias and denial. i have asked for clarifications and corrections only to get evasive editing and beyond vague definitions .. guidelines are pointed out to me yet ignored by some so no verfications.. references.. or actual articles existing or at least found for some entries DESPITE THE CLEAR STATEMENT HERE Notability. The person must be notable enough to have an article in Wikipedia. Verifiability, Reliable Sources, Citation. The person must be or must have been a true resident of the location itself; not a seasonal resident; not a resident of a nearby locale or community. Such residence must be verifiable through cited, reliable sources.

CONTACT ME PLEAS IF ANYONE IS WILLING TO ASSIST ME i wish to be listed amongst the notable natives of my own hometown and based on all the criteria listed about verification and being notable itself.. I QUALIFY TO BE LISTED.. other than not having an article written about me on here that is.. YET NEITHER DOES MORE THAN ONE PERSON ALREADY ON THE LIST.. WITHOUT ANY VERIFIABLE REFERENCES WHATSOVER AND NO EXPLANATION AT ALL TO SAY WHO THIS PERSON IS PRECISELY IN DIRECT VIOLATION OF THEIR OWN RULE OR GUIDELINE ...hopefully tis plainly obvious why the frustration and anger ... ppl are listed that truly dont qualify as natives of St Joe... tis insulting to all natives of Joetown to have a real native.. BORN IN ST JOE.. left out or TAKEN OUT... WRONGLY... yet others who barely spent much time in town are enbraced as notable natives when they are NOT native... the insult is from both of us being in the adult industry and actually getting into it approx the same time frame. yet receives preferential treatment in being put on the list to begin with.. since she is not a native.. nor a true resident.. im def well known in my hometown for most of my life and all over the usa since 1977 as a professional exotic dancer WITH OVER 27 YEARS OF STAGE PERFORMANCES AND FEATURE HEADLINING TO MY CREDIT AND THE OTHER HAVING BEEN A DANCER ONLY SINCE 2007 DOES ANYONE ELSE SEE THE BLATANT BIAS AND violation of their own rules and guidelines on this page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Delightfuldebi (talk • contribs) 08:28, 6 October 2011 (UTC) `````

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Attractions?
I wanted to learn more about St. Joseph after conducting a brief web search "Day Trips from Kansas City" which led to a site describing the museums located in St. Joseph (e.g., the psychiatric museum). I was surprised these attractions are not mentioned in the Wiki article on St. Jo. It seems a new section on attractions would be appropriate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Magical797 (talk • contribs) 14:47, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

Corrupt climate data
I suspect corrupt climate data ... See https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/868959971. Can't revert from a mobile phone, will look at it when I get to a PC if nobody else does. Lollipop (talk) 19:05, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

Two fold name
Grey wanderer,

I am curious about the link to the biblical Saint Joseph. You cited a reference to Ramsey, who is Ramsey? I am on a trail seeking some answers about the history of St Joe. So any info would be great. Thanks. Feather Feather865 (talk) 15:36, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Robert L. Ramsay was a University of Missouri professor and is often considered the authority on Missouri Place names. He is the author of Our Storehouse of Missouri Place Names (1973) University of Missouri Press ISBN 0-8262-0586-0. Grey Wanderer (talk) 22:45, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

International Space Station photo
While the skyline picture is really old, I dont think that a photo from the ISS should be used. It's not representative of the City, and it seems like the Skyline picture worked well. WeaponizingArchitecture |  scream at me  23:16, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Joseph, Missouri


text:
C-command

In generative grammar and related frameworks, a node in a parse tree c-commands its sister node and all of its sister's descendants. In these frameworks, c-command plays a central role in defining and constraining operations such as syntactic movement, binding, and scope. Tanya Reinhart introduced c-command in 1976 as a key component of her theory of anaphora. The term is short for "constituent command".

Standard Definition
Common terms to represent the relationships between nodes are below (refer to the tree on the right):
 * M is a parent or mother to A and B.
 * A and B are children or daughters of M.
 * A and B are sisters.
 * M is a grandparent to C and D.

The standard definition of c-command is based partly on the relationship of dominance: Node N1 dominates node N2 if N1 is above N2 in the tree and one can trace a path from N1 to N2 moving only downwards in the tree (never upwards); that is, if N1 is a parent, grandparent, etc. of N2. For a node (N1) to c-command another node (N2) the parent of N1 must establish dominance over N2.

Based upon this definition of dominance, node N1 c-commands node N2 if and only if:

 * Node N1 does not dominate N2,
 * N2 does not dominate N1, and
 * The first (i.e. lowest) branching node that dominates N1 also dominates N2.

For example, according to the standard definition, in the tree at the right,
 * M does not c-command any node because it dominates all other nodes.
 * A c-commands B, C, D, E, F, and G.
 * B c-commands A.
 * C c-commands D, F, and G.
 * D c-commands C and E.
 * E does not c-command any node because it does not have a sister node or any daughter nodes.
 * F c-commands G.
 * G c-commands F.

If node A c-commands node B, and B also c-commands A, it can be said that A symmetrically c-commands B. If A c-commands B but B does not c-command A, then A asymmetrically c-commands B. The notion of asymmetric c-command plays a major role in Richard S. Kayne's theory of Antisymmetry.

Standard Definition
A simplification of the standard definition on c-command is as follows:

A node A c-commands a node B iff
 * Neither A nor B dominates the other, and
 * Every branching node dominating A also dominates B

As such, we get sentences like:
 * (1) [John] likes [her]

Where [node A] John c-commands [node B]. This means that [node A] also c-commands [node C] and [node D], which means that John c-commands both [likes] and [her].

Syntax Tree
In a Parse tree(syntax tree), nodes A and B are replaced with a DP constituent, where the DP John c-commands DP he. In a more complex sentence, such as (2), the pronoun could interact with its antecedent and be interpreted in two ways.
 * (2) [John]i thinks that [he]i/m is smart

In this example, two interpretations could be made:
 * (i) John thinks that he is smart
 * (ii) John thinks that someone else is smart
 * (ii) John thinks that someone else is smart

In the first interpretation, John c-commands he and also co-references he. Co-reference is noted by the same subscript (i) present under both of the DP nodes. The second interpretation shows that John c-commands he but does not co-reference the DP he. Since co-reference is not possible, there are different subscripts under the DP John (i) and the DP he (m).

Definite Anaphora
Example sentences like these shows the basic relationship of pronouns with its antecedent expression. However, looking at definite anaphora where pronouns takes a definite descriptions as its antecedent, we see that pronouns with name cannot co-refer with its antecedent within its domain.

 * (3) Hei thinks that Johni* is smart

Where [he] c-commands [John] but [he]i cannot co-refer to [John]i*, and we can only interpret that someone else thinks that John is smart.

In response of the limits of c-command, Reinhart proposes a constraint on definite anaphora:
 * A given pronoun [DP e.g., he in (3)] must be interpreted as non-coreferential with any distinct non-pronouns [e.g. John] in its c-command domain

Binding Theory
The notion of c-command can be found in frameworks such as Binding Theory, which shows the syntactic relationship between pronouns and its antecedent. The binding theory framework was first introduced by Chomsky in 1973 in relation to the treatment of various anaphoric phenomena, and has since been revised throughout the years. Chomsky's analysis places a constraint on the relationship between a pronoun and a variable antecedent. As such, a variable cannot be the antecedent of a pronoun to its left. The first major revision to binding theory is found in Chomsky (1980) with their standard definitions:
 * a. An anaphor α is bound in β if there is a category c-commanding it and coindexed with it in β
 * b. Otherwise, α is free in β

Quantificational Binding
Compared to definite anaphora, quantificational expressions works differently and is more restrictive. As proposed by Reinhart in 1973, a quantificational expression must c-command any pronoun that it binds.
 * (3) [Every man] thinks that [he] is intelligent.
 * a. ∀x(man(x)): x thinks x is intelligent. (bound)
 * b. ∀x(man(x)): x thinks y is intelligent. (coreferential or 'free')

In this example, the quantifier [every man] c-commands the other pronoun [he] and a bound variable reading is possible as the pronoun 'he' is bound by the universal quantifier 'every man'. The sentence in (3) show two possible readings as a result of the bounding of pronouns with the universal quantifier. The reading in (3a) states that for all man, they each think that they (he) are intelligent. Meanwhile, sentence (3b) state that for all men, they all think that someone (he) is intelligent. In general, for a pronoun to be bound by the quantifier and bound variable reading made possible, (i) the quantifier must c-command the pronoun and (ii) both the quantifier and pronoun have to occur in the same sentence.

History
Relative to the history of the concept of c-command, one can identify two stages: (i) analyses focused on applying c-command to solve specific problems relating to coreference and non-coreference; (ii) analyses which focused on c-command as a structural on a wide range of natural language phenomena that include but are not limited to tracking coreference and non-coreference.

Stage 1: Coreference
The development of ‘c-command’ is introduced by the notion of coreference. This is denoted by the first stage of the concept of c-command. In the initial emergence of coreference, Jackendoff (1972). officially states... If for any NP1 and NP2 in a sentence, there is no entry in the table NP2 + coref NP2, enter in the table NP1 - coref NP2 (OBLIGATORY)

In other words, this rule states that any noun phrases that have not been associated with a coreference rule, are assumed to be noncoreferential. The tree to the right specifies this through the cyclical leftward movement of the pronoun and/or noun.

This is, then, edited by Lasnik (1976) in which...

''NP1 cannot be interpreted as coreferential with NP2 iff NP1 precedes and commands NP2 and NP2 is not a pronoun. If NP1 precedes and commands NP2, and NP2 is not a pronoun, then NP1 and NP1 are noncoreferential.'' According to this rule, it is essential that NP2 (denoted as NPy in the tree on the left) be a pronoun for the sentence to be grammatical, despite NP1 (denoted as NPx on the tree) being a pronoun or not. This can be shown through the examples below.

a) Lucy greets the customers she serves.

b) *She greets the customers Lucy serves.

c) *Lucy greets the customers Lucy serves.

d) She greets the customers she serves.

In this edition of coreference, Lasnik sets some restrictions on the permissible locations of NP1 and NP2, which hint at potential dominance.

Stage Two: Dominance
This leads to Stage 2 of the concept of c-command in which particular dominance is thoroughly explored. The term c-command was introduced by Tanya Reinhart in her 1976 dissertation and is a shortened form of constituent command. Reinhart thanks Nick Clements for suggesting both the term and its abbreviation. Reinhart (1976) states that...

A commands node B iff the branching node ⍺1 most immediately dominating A either dominates B or is immediately dominated by a node ⍺2 which dominates B, and ⍺2 is of the same category type as ⍺1

In other words, “⍺ c-commands β iff every branching node dominating ⍺ dominates β”

Chomsky adds a second layer to the previous edition of the c-command rule by introducing the requirement of maximal projections. He states...

⍺ c-commands β iff every maximal projection dominating ⍺ dominates β

This became known as "m-command."

The tree to the right compares the two definitions in this stage. Reinhart's "c-command" focuses on the branching nodes whereas Chomsky's "m-command" focuses on the maximal projections.

The current and widely used definition of c-command that Reinhart had developed was not new to syntax. Similar configurational notions had been circulating for more than a decade. In 1964, Klima defined a configurational relationship between nodes he labeled "in construction with". In addition, Langacker proposed a similar notion of "command" in 1969. Reinhart's definition has also shown close relations to Chomsky's 'superiority relation.'

Criticism and Alternatives
Over the years, the validity and importance of c-command for the theory of syntax have been widely debated. Linguists such as Benjamin Bruening have provided empirical data to prove that c-command is flawed and fails to predict whether or not pronouns are being used properly.

Bruening's take on c-command
In most cases, c-command correlates with precedence (linear order); that is, if node A c-commands node B, it is usually the case that node A also precedes node B. Furthermore, basic S(V)O (subject-verb-object) word order in English correlates positively with a hierarchy of syntactic functions, subjects precede (and c-command) objects. Moreover, subjects typically precede objects in declarative sentences in English and related languages. Going back to Bruening (2014), an argument is presented which suggests that theories of the syntax that build on c-command have misconstrued the importance of precedence and/or the hierarchy of grammatical functions (i.e. the grammatical function of subject versus object). The grammatical rules of pronouns and the variable binding of pronouns that co-occur with quantified noun phrases and wh-phrases were originally grouped together and interpreted as being the same, but Bruening brings to light that there is a notable difference between the two and provides his own theory on this matter. Bruening suggests that the current function of c-command is inaccurate and concludes that what c-command is intended to address is more accurately analyzed in terms of precedence and grammatical functions. Furthermore, the c-command concept was developed primarily on the basis of syntactic phenomena of English, a language with relatively strict word order. When confronted with the much freer word order of many other languages, the insights provided by c-command are less compelling since linear order becomes less important.

As previously suggested, the phenomena that c-command is intended to address may be more plausibly examined in terms of linear order and a hierarchy of syntactic functions. Concerning the latter, some theories of syntax take a hierarchy of syntactic functions to be primitive. This is true of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), and dependency grammars (DGs). The hierarchy of syntactic functions that these frameworks posit is usually something like the following: SUBJECT > FIRST OBJECT > SECOND OBJECT > OBLIQUE OBJECT. Numerous mechanisms of syntax are then addressed in terms of this hierarchy

Barker's input on c-command
Like Bruening, Barker (2012) provides his own input on c-command, stating that it is not relevant for quantificational binding in English. Although not a complete characterization of the conditions in which a quantifier can bind a pronoun, Barker proposes a scope requirement.
 * Barker’s Scope Requirement: a quantifier must take scope over any pronoun that it binds

 * As such, a quantifier can take scope over a pronoun only if it can take scope over an existential inserted in the place of the pronoun

 * (4) [Each woman ]i denied that [she]i met the shah

 * (5) [Each woman ]i denied that [someone]i met the shah

The sentence in (5) indicates that [each woman] scopes over [someone] and this supports the claim that [each woman] can take scope over a pronoun such as in (4).

 * (6) The man who traveled with [each woman ]i denied that [she]j met the shah

 * (7) The man who traveled with [each woman ]i denied that [someone]i met the shah*

The sentence in (7) indicates that [each woman] cannot scope over [someone] and shows that the quantifier does not take scope over the pronoun. As such, there is no interpretation where each woman in a sentence (6) refers to she and coreference is not possible, which is indicated with a different subscript for she.

Bruening along with other linguists such as Chung-Chien Shan and Chris Barker has gone against Reinhart's claims by suggesting that variable binding and co-reference do not relate to each other. Barker (2012) aims to demonstrate how variable binding can function through the usage of continuations without c-command. This is achieved by avoiding the usage of c-command and instead focusing on the notion of precedence in order to present a system that is capable of binding variables and accounting events such as crossover violation. Barker shows that precedence, in the way of an evaluation order, can be used in the place of c-command.

Wuijts' response to Barker's work
Another important work of criticism stems from Wuijts (2016) which is a response to Barker's stance on c-command and poses the question for Barker's work: How are “alternatives to c-command for the binding of pronouns justified and are these alternatives adequate?”. Wuijts dives deep into Barker's work and concludes that the semantic interpretation of pronouns serves as functions in their own context.

Wuijts further claims that a binder can adopt the outcome as an argument and bind the pronoun all through a system that utilizes continuation without the notion of c-command. Both Bruening's and Barker's alternatives to c-command for the binding of pronouns are determined as ‘adequate alternatives’ which accurately show how co-reference and variable binding can operate without c-command. Wuijts brings forth two primary points that justify using a form of precedence:
 * (1) Precedence is useful as it can be used to explain asymmetry which can not be explained through c-command

 * (2) The natural utterance and construction of sentences justify using a form of precedence.

Both Barker and Wuijts state that the goal is not to eliminate c-command entirely but to recognize that there are better alternatives that exist. In other words, c-command can still be used to effectively differentiate between strong and weak crossovers but it may not be as successful in other areas such as asymmetry which was previously mentioned. Wuijts concludes that a better alternative without c-command may be preferred and suggests that the current alternatives to c-command point to precedence, the binary relation between nodes in a tree structure, to be of great importance.

Cho's investigation of Chomsky's binding theory
Keek Cho investigates Chomsky's binding theory and proposes that lexical items in the same argument structures that stem from the same predicates, require an m-command-based binding relation whereas lexical items in arguments structures that stem from different predicates require c-command based binding relations.

Cho (2019) challenges Chomsky’s binding theory (1995) by showing that its definition of c-command in binding principles B and C, fails to work in different argument structures of different predicates. Cho states that binding principles use m-command-based c-command for intra-argument structures and binding principles use command-based c-command for inter argument structure. With this statement, Cho implies that the notion of c-command used in binding principles is actually m-command and both c-command and m-command have their own limitations.

Looking at Binding Relations in Intra-Argument Structures

By analyzing the following sentences, Cho is able to support the argument that the notion of c-command used in binding principles is actually m-command:
 * Tree for sentence (1b).png(1a) The tall boyi will hurt himselfi

 * (1b)*The short ladyi showed heri a picture of him

 * (1c)*The matronly womani believes that we hate Jinai

By analyzing sentence (1a), it is apparent that the governing category for himself, the anaphor, is the entire sentence The tall boy will hurt himself. The antecedent, boy, c-commands himself. This is done in a way that allows for the categorial maximal projection of the former to c-command the categorial maximal projection of the latter. Cho argues that the notion of c-command in sentences (1a), (1b), and (1c) are in fact m-command and that the m-command-based binding principles deal with binding relations of lexical items and/or arguments that are in the same argument structure of a predicate.

In sentence (1a), boy and himself are lexical items that serve as external and internal arguments of hurt, a two-place predicate. The two lexical items boy and himself are also in the same argument structure of the same predicate.

In sentence (1b), lady and her are lexical items that serve as external and internal arguments for showed, a three-place predicate. The two lexical items lady and her are also in the same argument structure of the same predicate.

In sentence (1c), beliefs is a two-place main clause predicate and takes on woman, the subject, as its external argument and that we hate Jina, the embedded clause, as its internal argument.

Looking at Binding Relations in Inter-Argument Structures

Cho argues that binding relations in the intra-argument structures utilize m-command-based c-command which is limited to the binding relations of arguments and/or lexical items belonging to argument structures of the same predicate. Cho makes use of the following sentences to demonstrate how command-based c-command operates for inter-argument structure binding relations:
 * (2a) The blond girl fainted when she heard the news

 * (2b) She fainted when the blonde girl heard the news

 * (2c) He has arrived and John will visit you

 * (2d) John has arrived and he will visit you

 * (2e) *John thinks she is good, and Tom thinks Mary is not good

 * (2f) *He sat down after John entered the room

 * (2g) After he entered the room, John sat down

Cho not only uses sentences (2a)-(2g) to explain command-based c-command and its role in inter-argument structure binding relations but also claims that command-based c-command can account for unexplained binding relations between different argument structures joined by a conjunctive phrase as well as explain why sentence (7d) is grammatical and (7e) is ungrammatical.

Memory
The notion of c-command shows the relation of pronouns with its antecedent expression. In general, pronouns, such as it, are used to refer to previous concepts that are more prominent and highly predictable, and requires an antecedent representation that it refers back to. In order for a proper interpretation to occur, the antecedent representation must be made accessible within the comprehender's mind and then aligned with the appropriate pronoun, so that the pronoun will have something to refer to. There are studies that suggest that there is a connection between pronoun prominence and the referent in a comprehender's cognitive state. Research has shown that prominent antecedent representations are more active compared to less prominent ones.
 * (i) "Where is my brush? Have you seen it?"

In sentence (i), there is an active representation of the antecedent my brush in the comprehender's mind and it coreferences with the following pronoun it. Pronouns tend to refer back to the salient object within the sentence, such as my brush in sentence (i).

Furthermore, the more active an antecedent representation is the more it is readily available for interpretation when a pronoun emerges, which are then useful for operations such as pronoun resolution.

 * (ii) "Where is my black bag with my brush and my hairties in it? Have you seen it?"

In sentence (ii), my brush is less prominent as there are other objects within the sentence that are more prominent, such as my black bag. The antecedent my black bag is more active in the representation in the comprehender's mind, as it is more prominent, and coreference for the pronoun it with the antecedent my brush is harder.

Based on findings from memory retrieval studies, Foraker suggests that prominent antecedents have a higher retrieval time when a following pronoun is introduced. Furthermore, when sentences are syntactically clefted, antecedent representations, such as pronouns, become more distinctive in working memory, and are easily integrable in subsequent discourse operations. In other words, antecedent pronouns, when placed in the beginning of sentences, are easier to remember as it is held within their focal attention. Thus, the sentences are easily interpreted and understood. They also found that gendered pronouns, such as he/she, increases the prominence compared to unambiguous pronouns, such as it. In addition, noun phrases also become more prominent in representation when syntactically clefted. It has also been suggested that there is a relationship between antecedent retrieval and its sensitivity to c-command restraints on quantificational binding, and that c-command facilitates the relational information, which help to retrieve antecedents and distinguish them from quantificational phrases that allows bound variable pronoun readings from quantificational phrases that do not.

Autism
Recent research by Khetrapal and Thornton (2017) questioned whether children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are capable of computing the hierarchical structural relationship of c-command. Khetrapal and Thornton brought up the possibility that children with ASD may be relying on a form of linear strategy for reference assignment. The study aimed to investigate the status of c-command in children with ASD by testing participants on their interpretation of sentences which incorporated the usage of c-command and a linear strategy for reference assignment. Researchers found that children with high-functioning autism (HFA) did not show any difficulties with computing the hierarchical relationship of c-command. The results suggest that children with HFA do not have syntactic deficiency however Kethrapal and Thornton stress that conducting further cross-linguistic investigation is essential.

title: C-command


text:
Bang Kwang Central Prison

Bang Kwang Central Prison (เรือนจำกลางบางขวาง; ) is a men's prison in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand, on the Chao Phraya River about 11 km north of Bangkok. It is a part of the Department of Corrections.

Bang Kwang is the site of the men's death row and the execution chamber of Thailand. the prison had about 6,000 inmates.

History
The prison houses many foreign prisoners. It is a harsh prison that handles death row and long-sentence prisoners. All prisoners are required to wear leg irons for the first three months of their sentences. Death row inmates were required to have their leg irons permanently welded on, although this practice ended in 2013. In the book The Damage Done, former prisoner and drug courier Warren Fellows recounts that the prison was nicknamed "Big Tiger" by the Thais because it "prowled and ate". Fellows's associate Paul Hayward also served part of his sentence there.

Death row
Bang Kwang contains Thailand's primary men's death row and execution chamber. Death rows for both men and women also are present in provincial prisons. , 510 persons remained on death row nationwide.

there was one man from the United Kingdom on death row at Bang Kwang, Alan John Davies. He was the first European to receive a death sentence in Thailand. He was freed after 17 years of "hell" in the Bang Kwang prison, returning to the UK in 2007 after being granted amnesty by the king.

Chaovaret Jarubon, the last executioner in Thailand to have performed an execution by shooting, died in 2012, having executed 55 prisoners during his career. He wrote an autobiography in 2006, The Last Executioner, and co-wrote A Secret History of the Bangkok Hilton, with Pornchai Sereemongkonpol.

title: Bang Kwang Central Prison


text:
Talk:Christopher Anvil

Untitled
This article is totally POV. (IMHO Anvil's "excellent" prose clunks like a very clunky thing, but never mind that.) Lee M 01:50, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It sure does ... One note: "Pandora's Planet" is most readily available in the book version of Pandora's Planet (collecting all the stories from the series), which is downloadable from the Baen Free Library - David Gerard 18:50, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Yep: it's my point of view. But feel free to add your own stuff and change anything you feel I got wrong.  I don't consider it 'my' page, I just started it because it was on the 'requested pages' list. - Simon Slavin 01:53, 04 August 2005 (UTC)

A Very Clunky Thing
Well, here is part of Joanna Russ's review of Pandora's Planet (in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, February 1973) for another view of Anvil's excellent prose:
 * PANDORA’S PLANET by Christopher Anvil turns on one naive joke: that we are smarter than the aliens who invade us. Human chauvinism seems fairly harmless — after all, how many giant ants have been demonstrating for civil rights lately — but PANDORA does not really include all humans. If “America” is geography and “Amerika” the radical-left nightmare, then PANDORA is pure Amurrica — women, children, non-whites, non-Americans, homosexuals, the poor, even the genuinely religious, need not apply. Even the invading aliens (to judge from the book’s details) are white, male, American, middle-class, and middle-aged. A fan writer recently characterized one type of s.f. fan as The Galactic Square. PANDORA’S PLANET is written for The Galactic Square. If we lived in a sensuous, emotional, erotically permissive, egalitarian, heterogenous, more-or-less matriarchy, Mr. Anvil’s novel would be a stunning piece of speculation. I’ve been kind to routine s.f. in the past, but PANDORA doesn’t have the energy or luridness that can make s.f. stereotypes minimally interesting. The central joke isn’t even new; a fine story written in the 1950s from the viewpoint of a human con-man ends with the aliens being sold the Brooklyn Bridge. And then one has to put up with PANDORA’s conviction that intelligence means only technical or military ingenuity, with emphasis on the latter (Einstein would not be at home here), that all humans have I.Q.s of 130 or above, that a deus ex machina is a good way to end a dramatic conflict (the book has two of them), and that Communism and Fascism are silly-simple decals. The only funny episode in the novel is one in which the alien hero undergoes a spell of deep depression brought on by watching TV.

Honestly, I have never read anything Anvil wrote, so I can't say either way, but the review amused me and I came here for more information. Idontcareanymore (talk) 17:19, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I find her complaints rather puzzling. The story is written from the POV of the alien commander who knows nothing about human races and understands little about human sex, and is not too bright.  Naturally he would not make distinctions about white vs non-white, Americans vs non-Americans, homosexuals vs heterosexuals, or various religions   ( A lot of Americans can't be fine distinctions among various Muslims).  To him they are simply humans, and very puzzling.CharlesTheBold (talk) 03:23, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

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POV and sources
Currently, this article is sourced pretty much exclusively to the various introductions and afterwards in the Baen books reprint collections of Anvil's works. Those are all by people who are acknowledged to be strong fans of Anvil's work, and most of them are not independent in that they were working to get Anvil republished, as part of their employment. I happen to agree with most of what they wrote, and own some of the reprint editions, but this is not a proper basis for a wikipedia article. Indeed it could be argued that as it stands at this moment the article doesn't even establish the notability of the subject. I do think Anvil is notable, but the article needs yto be improved to better establish this. It also needs better balance between supporters and those with other views. Citing the Russ review quoted above might be part of the fix for that. i am going to but some tags on the article until i can improve it (or others do so). DES (talk)DESiegel Contribs 23:40, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christopher Anvil


text:
Ben Goldacre

Ben Michael Goldacre (born 20 May 1974)   is a British physician, academic and science writer. He is the first Bennett Professor of Evidence-Based Medicine and director of the Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science at the University of Oxford. He is a founder of the AllTrials campaign and OpenTrials, aiming to require open science practices in clinical trials.

Goldacre is known in particular for his Bad Science column in The Guardian, which he wrote between 2003 and 2011, and is the author of four books: Bad Science (2008), a critique of irrationality and certain forms of alternative medicine; Bad Pharma (2012), an examination of the pharmaceutical industry, its publishing and marketing practices, and its relationship with the medical profession; I Think You'll Find It's a Bit More Complicated Than That, a collection of his journalism; and Statins, about evidence-based medicine. Goldacre frequently delivers free talks about bad science; he describes himself as a "nerd evangelist".

Early life and education
Goldacre is the son of Michael Goldacre, a professor of public health at the University of Oxford, and Susan Traynor (stage name Noosha Fox), lead singer of 1970s pop band Fox, both of whom are Australian. He is the nephew of Robyn Williams, a science journalist, and the great-great-grandson of Henry Parkes, politician and journalist who is considered the father of the Australian Federation. He has three children.

Goldacre was educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford. He studied medicine at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he obtained a first-class Bachelor of Arts honours degree during his preclinical studies in 1995 in Physiological Sciences. He edited the Oxford student magazine, Isis.

Goldacre was a visiting researcher in cognitive neuroscience at the University of Milan, working on fMRI brain scans of language and executive function. Following his studies at the Universities of Oxford and Milan, Goldacre studied clinical medicine at UCL Medical School, qualifying as a medical doctor in 2000 with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB, BS) degree. He also received a Master of Arts degree in philosophy from King's College London in 1997.

Scientific career
Goldacre passed the Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists (MRCPsych) Part II examinations in December 2005 and became a member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. He was made a research fellow at the Institute of Psychiatry in London in 2008, and a Guardian research fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford, in 2009.

In 2012, Goldacre was appointed a Wellcome Trust Research Fellow in Epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

In 2015, Goldacre moved to the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences's Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine at the University of Oxford, joining a project funded by a grant from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. In 2022, he became the first Bennett Professor of Evidence-Based Medicine and director of Oxford's newly-established Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science.

As of 2016, according to Scopus and Google Scholar his most cited articles have been published in NeuroReport, the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, the British Medical Journal, The Lancet, and PLOS ONE.

In 2020, Goldacre was, with Liam Smeeth, the principal investigator of the OpenSAFELY collaboration which created a software platform to analyse the records of 24 million NHS patients to provide detailed risk factors for hospital deaths from COVID-19.

"Bad Science" Guardian column and blog
Goldacre was known for his weekly column, "Bad Science", which ran in the Saturday edition of The Guardian from 2003 until November 2011. The column largely concerned pseudoscience and the misuse of science. Topics discussed included marketing, the media, quackery, problems with the pharmaceutical industry, and its relationship with medical journals.

Goldacre has criticised anti-immunisation campaigners (particularly followers of Andrew Wakefield such as Melanie Phillips and Jeni Barnett), Brain Gym, bogus positive MRSA swab stories in tabloid newspapers, publication bias, and the makers of the product Penta Water.

He has been a particularly harsh critic of the nutritionist Gillian McKeith. While investigating McKeith's membership of the American Association of Nutritional Consultants, Goldacre obtained a professional membership on behalf of his late cat, Henrietta, from the same institution for $60. In February 2007, McKeith agreed to stop using the title "Doctor" in her advertising, following a complaint to the Advertising Standards Authority by a "Bad Science" reader. In an interview with Richard Saunders of the podcast Skeptic Zone, Goldacre said, "Nutritionists are particularly toxic because they are the alternative therapists who, more than any other, misrepresent themselves as being men and women of science."

In 2008, Matthias Rath, a vitamin entrepreneur, sued Goldacre and The Guardian over three articles,  in which Goldacre criticised Rath's promotion of vitamin pills to AIDS sufferers in South African townships. Rath dropped his action in September 2008 and was ordered to pay initial costs of £220,000 to The Guardian. As of September 2008, the paper was seeking full costs of £500,000, and Goldacre had expressed an interest in writing a book about Rath and South Africa, as a chapter on the subject had to be cut from his book while the litigation proceeded. The chapter was reinstated in a later edition of the book, and also published online in 2009. Goldacre continues to cite Rath as a proponent of harmful pseudoscience.

Andrew Wakefield
Although challenging Andrew Wakefield's views about immunisation, Goldacre repeatedly defended Wakefield against an investigation by The Sunday Times into Wakefield's fraudulent 1998 paper in The Lancet, prompting criticism from the newspaper's reporter Brian Deer.

Writing in The Guardian in September 2005, Goldacre argued:

"The paper always was and still remains a perfectly good small case series report, but it was systematically misrepresented as being more than that, by media that are incapable of interpreting and reporting scientific data."

After Wakefield's falsifications of the data came to light, Goldacre continued to lambast journalists for credulity and sensationalism:

Even if it had been immaculately well conducted - and it certainly wasn’t – Wakefield’s "case series report" of 12 children’s clinical anecdotes would never have justified the conclusion that MMR causes autism, despite what journalists claimed: it simply didn’t have big enough numbers to do so.

Bad Science (2008)
Goldacre's first book, Bad Science, was published by Fourth Estate in September 2008. The book contains extended and revised versions of many of his Guardian columns. It was positively reviewed by the British Medical Journal (BMJ) and The Daily Telegraph, and reached the Top 10 bestseller list for Amazon Books. It was nominated for the 2009 Samuel Johnson Prize. In an interview in 2008, Goldacre said that "one of the central themes" of his book [Bad Science] was "that there are no real differences between the $600 billion pharmaceutical industry and the $50 billion food supplement pill industry."

Bad Pharma (2012)
His second book, Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients, was published in the UK in September 2012 and in the United States and Canada in February 2013. In the book he argues that: "Drugs are tested by the people who manufacture them, in poorly designed trials, on hopelessly small numbers of weird, unrepresentative patients, and analysed using techniques which are flawed by design, in such a way that they exaggerate the benefits of treatments. Unsurprisingly, these trials tend to produce results that favour the manufacturer. When trials throw up results that companies don't like, they are perfectly entitled to hide them from doctors and patients, so we only ever see a distorted picture of any drug's true effects. Regulators see most of the trial data, but only from early on in a drug's life, and even then they don't give this data to doctors or patients, or even to other parts of government. This distorted evidence is then communicated and applied in a distorted fashion. In their forty years of practice after leaving medical school, doctors hear about what works through ad hoc oral traditions, from sales reps, colleagues or journals. But those colleagues can be in the pay of drug companies – often undisclosed – and the journals are too. And so are the patient groups. And finally, academic papers, which everyone thinks of as objective, are often covertly planned and written by people who work directly for the companies, without disclosure."

Other journalism, writing and appearances
Goldacre contributed to The Atheist's Guide to Christmas (2009), a charity book featuring essays and anecdotes from 42 well-known atheists and apatheists, on the subject of "the power of ideas". He describes himself as an apatheist. He also wrote the foreword to a reissue of Testing Treatments: Better Research for Better Healthcare by Imogen Evans, Hazel Thornton, Iain Chalmers and Paul Glasziou, published by Pinter & Martin in March 2010. He has had several articles published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) on the MMR vaccine, science journalism, and related topics.

In June 2012, he collaborated with the Behavioural Insights Team of the UK government on a policy paper on the use of randomised controlled trials, and in May 2013, he wrote the foreword to the 'Official Guidebook' of the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway. In March 2014, he worked on a systematic review of the side effects of statins compared with placebos, published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. Although many newspapers that covered the review said that it found that statins have "virtually no side effects", Goldacre criticized this coverage as inaccurate. For example, he noted that the study relied on data from trial reports, which are likely to be incomplete.

Several of Goldacre's articles were assembled into the October 2014 release I Think You'll Find It's a Bit More Complicated Than That.

He was appointed Chair of the NHS HealthTech Advisory Board by Matt Hancock in September 2018.

Goldacre has also appeared on Geoff Marshall's YouTube channel expressing his love for railways during an episode about the least used station in Oxfordshire, Finstock.

Awards and honours
Goldacre has won several awards including:
 * Association of British Science Writers (ABSW) award for Best Feature 2003 for his article "Never mind the facts".
 * Association of British Science Writers award for Best Feature 2005 for his article "Don't dumb me down".
 * Freelance of 2006 at the Medical Journalism Awards.
 * The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) presented in 2006 the Balles Prize in Critical Thinking award for his column in The Guardian U.K. newspaper, Bad Science Columns include "Dyslexia 'cure' fails to pass the tests", "Bring me a God helmet, and bring it now", "Kick the habit with wacky wave energy", "Brain Gym exercises do pupils no favors" and "Magnetic attraction? Shhhh. It's a secret"
 * The inaugural Statistical Excellence In Journalism Award of the Royal Statistical Society for his article "When the facts get in the way of a story".
 * The HealthWatch Award from HealthWatch.
 * Honorary Doctor of Science at Heriot-Watt University (June 2009).
 * Honorary Doctor of Science at Loughborough University (July 2010).
 * Member of the Order of the British Empire "For services to Evidence in Policy" (New Year's Honours List 2018).

title: Ben Goldacre


text:
Leonine City

The Leonine City (Latin: Civitas Leonina) is the part of the city of Rome which, during the Middle Ages, was enclosed with the Leonine Wall, built by order of Pope Leo IV in the 9th century.

This area was located on the opposite side of the Tiber from the seven hills of Rome, and had not been enclosed within the ancient city's Aurelian Walls, built between 271 and 275. After Christianity had risen to prominence and the Western Roman Empire had collapsed, the area had to be defended through the construction of a new wall, since it housed St. Peter's Basilica.

Nowadays, the territory of the former Leonine City is made up of Vatican City State and the Roman rione of Borgo.

History
The Leonine Wall, which defines Leonine City, was constructed by Pope Leo IV following the sacking by Muslim raiders of Old St. Peter's Basilica in 846. Built from 848 to 852 as the only extension ever made to the walls of Rome, this three-kilometre wall completely encircled the Vatican Hill for the first time in its history. An abortive start had been made by Leo III, but disturbances in the city had suspended work, and the Romans dismantled the sections that had been begun and used them in private constructions. Pope Leo IV used his estate workers, inhabitants from the surrounding countryside, Saracens captured after the sea battle of Ostia in 849 and funding from an imperial Frankish donation, to construct the wall, which ran in an enclosing U-shape from the riverbank at Hadrian's Mausoleum, soon to be known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, up the slopes of the Vatican Hill encircling the basilica and descending again to the river. The walling was constructed of tuff and tiling, forty feet high, with 44 strong towers at bowshot intervals. The massive round corner tower that still crowns the Vatican hill has its origins in this construction campaign.

Three new gates gave access to the newly enclosed Borgo. Two were in the stretch of wall that led back from the Castel Sant'Angelo: a small postern gate behind the fortified Mausoleum, called the Posterula S. Angeli and later, from its proximity to the Castello, the Porta Castelli, and a larger one, the principal gate through which emperors passed, near the church of St. Peregrino, called the Porta Peregrini, later the Porta S. Petri. A third gate opened the Leonine City to the rione of Trastevere. A festival celebrated the official completion of the walling, 27 June 852.

In addition, chain towers were built along the Tiber river to repel Saracen assaults by water.

In 1083, after refusing to crown Henry IV as the next Holy Roman Emperor, Pope Gregory VII found himself under siege within the Leonine City. After Henry took the city, Gregory fled to Castel Sant'Angelo. Gregory attributed the loss of the Leonine City to famine and negligence and not so much to "the courage of Henry's men".

Later, more extensive circumvallation was effected under Pope Pius IV (reigned 1559–1565), when Leo's walling was broken in places. Three further gates had been opened in the walls.

In 1870, when the military forces of the Kingdom of Italy captured Rome, overthrowing what was left of the Papal States, the Italian government intended to allow the Pope to keep the Leonine City as a small remnant Papal State. However, Pope Pius IX would not agree to that arrangement, and thus there was a 59-year standoff, when the Popes considered themselves "prisoners in the Vatican", settled in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty, which recognized the sovereignty and independence of Vatican City.

title: Leonine City


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Ernest Miller

Ernest Clifford Miller (born January 14, 1964) is an American actor and former professional wrestler who worked for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) better known by his ring name, Ernest "The Cat" Miller. As an actor, he is perhaps best known for his role in the 2008 drama The Wrestler. He also appeared in Jackson Galaxy’s 2011 American reality series My Cat From Hell.

Early career
Miller graduated from Gordon High School in Decatur, Georgia, playing on the football team as a linebacker. He then went to Savannah State University in Savannah, Georgia studying electrical engineering and playing football as an All-American linebacker. He was brought to professional wrestling after being asked by WCW executive Eric Bischoff. Miller was by then a karate instructor and was teaching Bischoff's son Garett, when Bischoff asked him to become a professional wrestler.

Early years (1997–1999)
Miller made his World Championship Wrestling (WCW) debut on February 12, 1997, where he worked 3 matches that night for TV tapings. The first two matches were victories over Sgt. Buddy Lee Parker and Johnny Swinger. The last match was a loss to Glacier on WCW Worldwide which aired on April 13. He saved Glacier from a two-on-one attack by Wrath and Mortis at the 1997 Slamboree pay-per-view. Initially thought as just a fan who had jumped the railing, the WCW commentators then realized that this was no ordinary man and he was in fact the three-time karate champion Ernest Miller. Glacier and Ernest Miller quickly became tag team partners in their feud with Mortis and Wrath. After Glacier turned on Miller, Ernest left him and became a villain with Sonny Onoo as his manager. It was during this time that Miller's popularity heightened.

As a villain, Miller adopted an arrogant, Muhammad Ali-like trash-talking personality, calling himself "The Greatest" and gloating that he could beat anybody within two minutes, which he often did using his signature kicks. It was also around this time that Ernest began wearing ruby slippers in the ring and dancing in a James Brown-esque fashion to celebrate his victories. He would claim on Nitro that he knew the actual James Brown, leading to a pay-per-view "dance-off" between Miller and Brown, who had been brought in specially. Miller even went as far promoting his own instructional, karate home video with a pseudo infomercial. This served as a comedic parody to Billy Blanks' Tae Bo exercise videos which were quite popular at the time. Miller and Onoo also did comedy duo routines similar to Chris Tucker and Jackie Chan's characters from the film Rush Hour.

Miller then began a minor feud with Kaz Hayashi, as Onoo has been previously Hayashi's manager and had left him to manage Miller. Ernest won several matches over Hayashi with Onoo's help, and also enlisted Perry Saturn as his ally. However, Saturn suffered many losses against inferior opponents due to Miller's botched interference, so the two faced off at Starrcade, where Saturn won. Miller continued coming out and challenging the fans, the wrestlers, and anyone else to try and take him out, feuding with Scott Norton. For a time, he started coming out with the snow machine and music of Glacier, which Onoo had "purchased", but it was short-lived, and he soon returned to his James Brown music. In March 1999, Miller and Onoo attacked fellow martial artist Jerry Flynn, with Ernest cutting off Flynn's ponytail as a sign of disrespect. They all faced off in Uncensored in a handicap match, but Flyinn defeated them both. Miller bounced back after some time, getting a win over Scott Norton after hitting him with a crowbar. He and Norton were scheduled to wrestle in The Great American Bash, but Norton was pulled out for health problems and replaced with Horace Hogan, who Miller defeated after kicking him with a steel-tipped red dancing shoe.

In June 1999, Miller had a dancing contest with Disco Inferno, who he attacked in jealously over the fans's attention. They fought in Bash at the Beach in a "dance match" with the stipulation that the loser could not dance anymore (though this stipulation was removed at Bash at the Beach), with Miller winning thanks to Onoo. The Cat's next opponent would be Buff Bagwell, who became famous by doing an impersonation of Miller with a bald cap and black face paint. The two met at Road Wild, but this time Onoo's help backfired when he accidentally hit the wrong man with a briefcase, making Miller lose the match. After that, the two broke up and Onoo left WCW.

Commissioner (2000–2001)
Miller became a jobber for a long time, until he was chosen as Eric Bischoff's assistant. His role initially was composed of following Bischoff wherever he went and repeating whatever Bischoff said for comedic effect, but he was eventually appointed WCW Commissioner in 2000. As a commissioner, his motivations were the ratings and impressing the people in charge, and he often booked super matches for the main events. During this time, he got in a storyline where the Jung Dragons stalked him and tried to attack him, but Miller usually fended them off. In July 2000, Miller outlawed WCW United States Heavyweight Champion Scott Steiner's finisher, the Steiner Recliner, with the pretext of being too dangerous. Miller continued interfering in Steiner's reign, helping Mike Awesome during their fight in Bash at the Beach by disqualifying Steiner and stripping him of the title. Miller then feuded with yet another Japanese wrestler, The Great Muta, leading to a match at New Blood Rising. Although Muta used his Asian mist to blind Miller at one point, Ernest's ally Tygress interfered to hit Muta with a chair, which allowed Miller to land his finishing move for the victory.

After this match, he started to slowly turn into a fan favorite due to the high fan reaction he was getting whenever he entered an arena, coming to a rivalry with Mike Sanders from the Natural Born Thrillers stable, who sought to be the new commissioner. Miller offered Sanders a kickboxing match for the role, something which naturally had Mike afraid, but he agreed. During the match, Miller dominated three rounds, but at the last one he was attacked by Sanders's partner Shane Douglas, who pulled him out of the ring and made him being counted out. Angry at losing the commissionership, Miller kept chasing Douglas for the next months, enlisting Miss Jones as his valet to counter Douglas' Torrie Wilson. Ernest and Douglas fought at Mayhem, where Miller won after Jones overpowered Wilson and gave Miller his old loaded red shoe, which he used to knock Shane out.

Miller then became an enemy of Lance Storm, the leader of Team Canada, wrestling at Starrcade. The former karate champion had to endure many interferences from Major Gunns and Elix Skipper, but although he and Miss Jones kept them at bay, she accidentally knocked the referee out with a misguided kick, which allowed a reluctant Hacksaw Jim Duggan to attack Miller, making him lose. Right after, Team Canada turned on Duggan and beat him down, until Miller saved him. Ernest turned again to get the commissioner's spot and challenged Sanders for it, but Mike wanted none of it, bringing KroniK as mercenaries to take him down and putting the role on the line only if Miller accepted to give him Miss Jones's services. Miller and Sanders fought at Sin, where Sanders tried to hit The Cat with a chair, but Miss Jones impeded it. KroniK and Natural Born Thrillers came to finally put Ernest away, but then it was revealed that KroniK had been secretly hired by Miller, which turned them against Sanders and made Miller win the match, regaining his place as the WCW commissioner.

Miller's victory was short-lived, as Lance Storm came to reclaim the commissioner role with Ric Flair and his Magnificent Seven's help. Storm managed to defeat Ernest for the job and used the commissionership to aid his Team Canada, but Miller chased him and got a match for the role at SuperBrawl Revenge, where he won with Miss Jones's aid, gaining it back. The karate champion then started a feud with Chris Kanyon, who attacked Miss Jones to the point to put her in the hospital. Miller even gave up his role as commissioner in order to get a shot at Kanyon, chasing him for months and even having a street fight in Jones's hospital room. Kanyon then attacked Miller's limo driver M.I. Smooth by using a forklift to flip over his limo with Smooth inside, and later attacking him with several steel chair shots to the head. At Greed, Miller and Kanyon faced, with The Cat having to protect Miss Jones during the match, but he was victorious with Jones's help, later being attacked by Kanyon after the bell until Smooth made the save with the same chair he was attacked with. Miller and his drive feuded with Kanyon and his ally, Road Warrior Animal, but the feud never had a conclusion due to the purchase of WCW by Vince McMahon in March 2001.

Miller had two years on his WCW contract; as a result, he decided to stay at home for the two years to take care of his children. Miller also appeared at some World Wrestling All-Stars shows in early 2002 and independent shows before going to the WWE where he would have a somewhat brief career.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2002–2004)
After WCW, he kept his Ernest "The Cat" Miller ring name and gimmick, he made his dark match debut for World Wrestling Entertainment on October 28, 2002. He then served as an announcer for Velocity from December 2002 until August 2003. After his run on Velocity, he became an active wrestler on the main roster, competing for the SmackDown brand.

Miller appeared in the 2004 Royal Rumble match, making his entrance (along with manager Lamont) while the other two people in the ring, Chris Benoit and Randy Orton, were knocked down. Miller and Lamont proceeded to dance to his theme music, not bothering to capitalize on the advantage he'd been given. When Benoit and Orton got back up, both men quickly tossed him from the ring. During his time, his catchphrase, "somebody call my momma" (which was also used in WCW), started to be used in WWE. This phrase also appeared in the lyrics to his theme song, which he would dance to. Miller then competed in a 15-man Royal Rumble on SmackDown! to earn a shot at the WWE Championship against then Champion Brock Lesnar at No Way Out, but was once again thrown out during his theme song, this time by Kurt Angle. Following this, he started a short-lived feud with Tajiri after Tajiri attacked Lamont with his trademark Buzzsaw Kick. After the feud ended, Miller was released from WWE on February 10, 2004.

In 2012 his old theme song was then recycled for the entrance of Brodus Clay's new "Funkasaurus" gimmick. Brodus Clay also started to use his phrase, 'Somebody better call my momma'. Miller had this to say about the WWE and Brodus Clay recycling his music and phrase to Inside the Ropes Radio “I haven't watched it. I’ve nothing against him, he's working for a company. I feel like someone told him to do it. He's trying to make it work. Many fans have said he's not as good as me and it made me popular without being on the TV show. It's a little more than dancing. I was an athlete, I could wrestle. WWE had so many people afraid of their jobs, they never let me develop into what it could be. People like this guy out there dancing and saying call my momma, but he's not the original. I could’ve made it work so in other words, I'm a little pissed off about it.”

Years later in 2019, Miller further reflected his reasons for his WWE departure stating "I left WWE because they said they couldn't write for me. Which I thought was a little strange because how could you not write for somebody like me? I could do so many things and Vince McMahon used to tell me that every day. Every time he'd see me he'd say that you are talented and I'm a fan and you've got so many things you can do that all we have to do is give you a mic and go. But when I got there I saw that things were a little different and they were doing some different things and they did give me an opportunity up there and I was happy and I still appreciate them giving me the opportunity to work with them at WWE" and "it just wasn't my time. They wanted me to wrestle and I didn't understand at the time but I understand now what they were talking about. They wanted me to go and develop myself and come right back. That is what they told me. If you go and develop yourself as a wrestler go develop yourself on the Indy circuit and we will come back and get you. But I didn't know the business".

Later career (2006, 2015–2019)
Two years after his release from WWE, Miller worked a tag match on March 17, 2006, with his team losing. The event was held at Pro Wrestling Evolution in Canton, Georgia.

Miller came out of retirement on November 28, 2015, at WrestleCade competing in a battle royal won by Ethan Carter III in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He continued working in the independent circuit. On October 13, 2018, Miller teamed with fellow WCW alumnus Glaicer and 79 year old Bob Armstrong in a 6 tag match in which they won for Georgia Premier Wrestling in Rome, Georgia. On December 13, 2019, Miller teamed with former WCW wrestlers; Glacier, Haku and Luther Biggs as they won an 8 tag match for Sunray Pro Wrestling in Orlando, Florida. Afterwards Miller stopped wrestling due to COVID-19.

Return to wrestling (2022–present)
Miller returned to wrestling at 58 years old. He lost to Joey Janela at Game Charger Wrestling/Black Pro Label 4 Cups Stuffed in Hoffman Estates, Illinois on September 2, 2022.

Impact Wrestling (2023)
Miller made an appearance on the January 19, 2023 episode of Impact! to help the new Director of Authority Santino Marella make a six-person tag match to open that show.

Outside professional wrestling
Miller had a significant role in the Academy Award-nominated film The Wrestler as The Ayatollah, in-ring nemesis of Randy "The Ram" Robinson (Mickey Rourke). He played Earnie Shavers opposite Michael Jai White in the 2008 Chinese television series The Legend of Bruce Lee and appeared in the 2009 film Blood and Bone. In a January 2009 interview, Miller announced he was cast as George Foreman in an HBO biopic that has yet to be produced.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) ranked him No. 479 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the PWI Years in 2003
 * Martial Arts
 * 3-time Karate World Champion
 * World Championship Wrestling
 * 3-time WCW commissioner

title: Ernest Miller


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User talk:Privateart

Hi, I think that you created Irina fredericks article. I forwarded it to Irina Fredericks (last name capitalized), and also removed some clear POV stuff. Please read Help:Contents and welcome to Wikipedia. Also, please use "preview" button before you post. --Dejan Cabrilo 01:50, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Privateart


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Victory Gardens

Victory Gardens (1991) is the debut album from John & Mary, recorded in 1990 just six months after the two met in December 1989 and immediately following their signing with Rykodisc. John Lombardo, former member of 10,000 Maniacs and responsible for much of their early music, brought elements of the early Maniacs sound with him. Combined with the classically trained Mary Ramsey's blend of folk and classical influences, the album is considered by some to be heir to the 10,000 Maniacs album The Wishing Chair (1985), critically acclaimed for linking traditional influences with the contemporary new-wave sound.

Victory Gardens was produced by Lombardo and recorded at Mitch Easter's Chapel Hill Drive-In Studio in Winston-Salem, NC. The album features 10,000 Maniacs members Robert Buck and Jerome Augustyniak as well as special guests Ronnie Lane (Small Faces), Joey Molland (Badfinger) and Augie Meyers (Sir Douglas Quintet, Texas Tornados).

The song "Red Wooden Beads" was included on Steal This Disc Vol. 3, part of a series of compact discs released by Rykodisc in 1991. "Rags of Flowers" was included on Troubadours of Folk Vol. 5: Singer-Songwriters Of The '80s, part of a five volume series of compact discs released by Rhino Records in 1992.

Track listing
All tracks composed by John Lombardo and Mary Ramsey except where indicated
 * 1) "Red Wooden Beads" – 2:53
 * 2) "The Azalea Festival" – 4:28
 * 3) "Piles of Dead Leaves" – 4:14
 * 4) "We Have Nothing" (John Lombardo) - 3:47
 * 5) "Rags of Flowers" – 3:20
 * 6) "I Became Alone" – 3:33
 * 7) "The Open Window" – 3:45
 * 8) "July 6th" (John Lombardo) – 4:39
 * 9) "Pram" (John Lombardo) – 3:21
 * 10) "Un Canadien Errant" (Public Domain, arranged by Mary Ramsey) – 4:40

Personnel

 * John & Mary
 * John Lombardo – 6 and 12 string guitar, bass, vocal, producer
 * Mary Ramsey – vocal, viola, violin, piano, organ

 * Additional musicians
 * Robert Buck – lead guitar, mandolin
 * Jerome Augustyniak – drums, vocal (background - "We Have Nothing")
 * Armand John Petri – percussion ("Un Canadien Errant"), engineer, mixing
 * Ronnie Lane – vocal ("We Have Nothing")
 * Joey Molland – vocal, guitar, guitar solo ("I Became Alone")
 * Augie Meyers – accordion ("Un Canadien Errant")

 * Technical staff
 * Stuart Sullivan – engineer
 * Joe Barbaria – mixing
 * Mitch Easter – engineer
 * Toby Mountain – mastering
 * Shannon Carr – mixing
 * Dan Griffin – production

Singles
In 1991 Rykodisc released a 7-inch vinyl promotional-only single
 * 1) "Red Wooden Beads" – 2:53
 * 2) "The Azalea Festival" (live version) – 3:10

title: Victory Gardens


text: User talk:128.135.224.100

title: User talk:128.135.224.100