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Johann Bernhard Basedow

Johann Bernhard Basedow (11 September 1724 – 25 July 1790) was a German educational reformer, teacher and writer. He founded the Philanthropinum, a short-lived but influential progressive school in Dessau, and was the author of "Elementarwerk", a popular illustrated textbook for children.

Early life
Basedow was born in Hamburg, the son of a wigmaker. His father (Heinrich Basedau) has been described as "severe almost to brutality", and his mother, Anna Maria Leonhard, as suffering from "melancholy almost to madness", which made his childhood a less than happy one. It was planned that he should follow his father's profession, but, at the age of 14, he ran away from home, finding employment as a servant of a country physician in Holstein. His employer recognized Johann's extraordinary intellectual gifts and sent him back home to his parents with a letter which persuaded them to allow their son to be schooled at the Johanneum in Hamburg. Here, Johann came under the influence of the rationalist H.S. Reimarus (1694–1768), author of the famous Wolfenbütteler Fragmente, published by Lessing.

In 1744, Basedow went to the University of Leipzig as a student of theology, but turned instead to the study of philosophy, being particularly influenced by Wolff's "Philosophy of Reason". This made him examine his own Christian faith, arriving at a position that was "in a centre between Christianism and naturalism". Thus, he rejected his clerical vocation and turned instead to radicalism and reformism. He was the grandfather of Karl Adolph von Basedow.

Teacher and academic
Between 1749 and 1753, Basedow was a private tutor to the son of Herr von Quaalen, a nobleman living in Borghorst, Holstein. He developed new teaching methods based on conversation and play with the child, and a program of physical development. Such was his success that he wrote a treatise on his methods, "On the best and hitherto unknown method of teaching children of noblemen", which he presented to the University of Kiel in 1752, and obtained the degree of Master of Arts.

In 1753, he was appointed professor of moral philosophy and belles-lettres at Sorø Academy in Denmark. He proved to be a very popular teacher and was also called on to lecture on Theology. However, his fearless, anti-establishment views and the publication of a book in 1758, "Practische Philosophie" ("Practical Philosophy"), in which he expounded his unorthodox religious position, led, in 1761, to his removal from this post and transfer to Altona; here his published works brought him into conflict with the orthodox clergy. He was forbidden to give further instruction, but did not lose his salary; and, towards the end of 1767, he abandoned theology to devote himself with the same ardour to education, of which he conceived the project of a general reform in Germany.

The Elementary Book and Philanthropinum
In 1768, strongly influenced by Rousseau's ideas on education in Emile, Basedow published a book, Vorstellung an Menschenfreunde für Schulen, nebst dem Plan eines Elementarbuches der menschlichen Erkenntnisse ("Idea to philanthropists for schools, along with the plan of an elementary book of human knowledge"). He proposed the reform of schools and of the common methods of instruction, the establishment of an institute for qualifying teachers and solicited subscriptions for the printing of a new, illustrated, book, Elementarwerk ("Elementary Book"), where his principles were to be explained at length. He realized it is the responsibility of all of society to support these important education reforms intended to improve the quality of teaching, remove brutal treatment of students in all forms and replace it with compassion and understanding, and the introduction of new teaching materials and books to help students learn. He proposed his reform project to wealthy individuals who he knew were interested in helping humanity and soon received financial support. Initially he gathered over twenty thousand thalers and in 1774 he was able to publish Elementarwerk in four volumes, with illustrations by Daniel Chodowiecki. The Elementarwerk contained a complete system of primary education, intended to develop the intelligence of the pupils and to bring them, so far as possible, into contact with realities, not with mere words; it was the first picture textbook for children to be published since the "Orbis Pictus" of Comenius in 1664. There was also a companion "Methodenbuch" (Method Book) to assist teachers and parents.

This financial support from "friends of humanity" (Philanthropy = love of humanity), established Basedow as the founder of the philanthropic movement and he developed the first philanthropic concept. Philanthropy was integral to the forwarding of the education reform movement and could not have been successful otherwise.

Basedow was a friend of Goethe, and through him made the acquaintance of Prince Franz of Anhalt-Dessau, who became a firm supporter of Basedow's plans for educational reform and agreed to back the founding of a new school, the Philanthropinum, in Dessau. The school opened in December 1774, its keynote being "everything according to nature". Rich and poor were to be educated together, the curriculum was practically-based and conducted in German (rather than Latin or Greek), handicrafts were taught, there was an emphasis on games and physical exercise, and school uniform was made simple and more comfortable. Although the school was open for only a relatively short time until 1793, its reforming influence proved to be considerable and inspired the founding of many similar institutions in Germany and abroad.

Later life
Basedow, unfortunately, was not disposed by nature or habit to succeed in an employment which required the greatest regularity, patience and attention; his temper was intractable, and his management of the Philanthropinum was one long quarrel with his colleagues. He resigned his directorship of the institution in 1778. Basedow Married Gertrude Elizabeth Hammer. He had many children including Christine Henriette Louise von Basedow (who died at birth), Antonie Luise Emilie von Basedow, Ludwig von Basedow, and Henriech Josias von Basedow.

Basedow died in Magdeburg in 1790.

title: Johann Bernhard Basedow


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Field of fire

The field of fire of a weapon (or group of weapons) is the area around it that can easily and effectively be reached by gunfire. The term 'field of fire' is mostly used in reference to machine guns. Their fields of fire incorporate the beaten zone.

The term originally came from the 'field of fire' in front of forts (and similar defensive positions), cleared so there was no shelter for an approaching enemy.

The beaten zone is a similar concept in indirect infantry small arms fire, specifically machine guns. It describes the area between the "first catch" and the "last graze" of a bullet's trajectory. At the first of these points, a bullet will hit a standing person in the head; at the last of these points, as the bullet drops, it will hit a standing person in the foot. Thus, anyone standing within a given gun's beaten zone will be hit.

Given that there is variance in the path of each bullet, and differences in mechanisms as designed, all machine guns have beaten zones with some width. A good example from history is the duels between Australian soldiers and German MG34 teams, during the 'April battles' and later, at Tobruk during 1941. The much narrower beaten zone of the Mk1 .303 Bren guns helped the Australians to win those duels, despite the Bren's lower rate of fire.

The concept works best as part of a static defence with the area covered by a position plotted out beforehand. Usually the machine guns will be mounted on a tripod and indirect fire sights (such as a dial sight) fitted in addition to, or instead of, direct fire ones. Fire can then be called in by spotters to engage specific points in the guns' field of fire, even if out of sight of the machine gunners.

Overlapping machine guns, creating a crossfire, using the beaten zone concept, together with the idea of enfilading were an important part of World War I.

Beaten zone can also refer to the area that shells will usually land in when fired from an artillery piece. It is in the shape of a rectangle with the longer sides parallel to the direction of fire because artillery tends to deviate more forwards and backwards than right and left.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Field of fire


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George Nissen

George Peter Nissen (February 3, 1914 – April 7, 2010) was an American gymnast and inventor who developed the modern trampoline and made trampolining a worldwide sport and recreation.

Background
Born on February 3, 1914, in Blairstown, Iowa, to Franklin C. Nissen and Catherine M. (Jensen) Nissen, George became a keen gymnast in high school and won three NCAA gymnastics championships while a student at the University of Iowa. Nissen went to high school at Washington High School in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Nissen was also an initiated member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity while he was in school. He had seen circus trapeze artists use their safety nets as an elastic bed to rebound and perform additional tricks. He thought that this would be useful training tool for his tumbling. In 1934, Nissen and his coach, Larry Griswold, built the prototype trampoline from angle iron with a canvas bed and rubber springs. Nissen used it to help with his training and to entertain children at a summer camp.

After he had graduated in Business Studies in 1937, Nissen and two friends toured the United States of America and Mexico performing at fairs and carnivals. While in Mexico, he heard the word trampolín, springboard in Spanish, and decided to use it for his bouncing apparatus. He trademarked the word in an anglicised form. He built a few trampolines and promoted the sale of his trampolines by touring performances, which did gradually increase sales. In 1941, he and Griswold set up the Griswold-Nissen Trampoline & Tumbling Company in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Career
During World War II, the trampoline was used to train pilots by getting them used to orienting themselves in the air. After the war Nissen continued to promote the trampoline and began touring in Europe and later the Soviet Union promoting both the sport of "rebound tumbling" and his trampoline equipment. Nissen set up a manufacturing plant for his company in England in 1956 headed up by Ted Blake an English trampoline pioneer, first in Hainault then Romford and finally Brentwood, Essex by the mid-1960s, and manufactured trampolines there for many years. Brentwood still has a thriving trampolining community but no longer a local factory. But by the late 1970s other manufacturers had started to make similar equipment and eventually, although the word trampoline was originally trademarked by Nissen, it became a generic trademark for rebound apparatus. Soon after, Nissen's company ceased operations in the 1980s.

Nissen continued to have an influence on gymnastics and trampolining. In 1971, with Larry Griswold, he founded the United States Tumbling & Trampoline Association (USTA). He has been honored by the sports of both trampolining and gymnastics. The USTA has the Griswold-Nissen Cup for an outstanding trampolinist. There is an international trampolining competition held in Switzerland called the Nissen Cup. In the United States, the Nissen-Emery Award is given to the best male senior gymnast in the college gymnastics system. He sponsored the 1st. World Trampoline Championship at the Albert Hall, London in March 1964, which was commemorated by a stamp featuring Judy Wills, who became the first woman's champion and defended that title a further 7 times. Spaceball, which he invented, was his pet love and he sponsored the Nissen trophy for the first UK National champion, won by Nick Proctor in 1963. At the championship the USA team narrowly beat the GB team 7–6, 6–7, 7–6 in a demonstration international. "The History of World Trampolining" by Rob Walker.

Later years
Nissen remained involved in a trampoline manufacturing business making trampolines for exercise and for space ball, a game similar to volleyball but played on a trampoline surface.

Nissen had always wanted to have trampolining included in the Olympic Games. This finally happened in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. At 86 years old, Nissen attended the 2000 Olympics accompanied by his daughter Dian Nissen. Nissen was also able to travel to Beijing, China for the 2008 Summer Olympics with Dian and his grandson. He was given the honor of testing out the Olympic trampoline before the event.

He died in San Diego, California on April 7, 2010, at the age of 96 from complications from pneumonia.

title: George Nissen


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Talk:Coat of arms of Austria

The three classes

 * of the three "classes" (workers, peasants and bourgeoisie)

Not workers, bourgeoisie and aristorcracy? Mr. Jones 12:49, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No. Aristocracy was abolished in 1919. Martg76 17:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What do you think would represent the aristocracy in this picture? The sickle? No, thats for peasants, obviously.

 * The crown, genious. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Descendall (talk • contribs).
 * the mocking sarcastic use of "genius" is inappropriate in an encyclopedic discussion, and bitterly ironic since you spelled it wrong. Also this is a mural crown, which is not associated with nobility at all in traditional heraldry with nobility. Rather it represents a town or settlement- thus it is only natural for it to symbolize the bourgeoisie, as the bourgeoisie in medieval times first began to emerge along with the emergence of the new capitalist economy developing in towns. -anonymous

Hmmm... the mural crown article doesn't say anything about representing the bourgeoisie. More the military and republicanism. I'm going to put on this. A Geek Tragedy 10:50, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * If someone doesn't site this by 12 August 2007 I will remove it, as no one cited it within 6 months. More than enough time.Taboo Tongue 04:02, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I was a little late but I removed it today, as it was not cited within a year. Taboo Tongue (talk) 19:43, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Hammer and sickle
What is the meaning of the hammer and sickle? thanks. --SelfQ (talk) 10:55, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * hammer = workers/labour
 * sickle = farmers/agriculture —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.164.202.232 (talk) 08:51, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Is the usage of the hammer and sickle related to communism in this case (as it usually is)? Somebody should explain it because it confused me. I have no idea why that would be in their coat of arms. 69.242.75.186 (talk) 06:31, 28 September 2008 (UTC)
 * That question was actually what I was going for as well, it doesnt make a whole lot of sense to me ether.--SelfQ (talk) 16:21, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Broken chains
The article claims "The broken iron chain between the two claws indicates the liberation from Nazism and was added after World War II", which contradicts the fact that the the chainless version was used between 1934 and 1938. If so, what was used before 1934 (a seperate Austrian formed in 1918 already). If the chains were there after 1918 already, they must have meant something else.Ewok (talk) 07:20, 3 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It was poorly worded. I have substituted my translation of (part of) the German article.  Hopefully, this now makes more sense. Petecollier (talk) 01:32, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

older arms
this only covers the arms of the Republic. However depictions of older arms redirect here. Really this article gives the impression that these arms just suddenly appeared in 1919, which couldn't be further from the truth. 98.206.155.53 (talk) 07:07, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coat of arms of Austria


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Talk:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan

Suggestions for Improvement
To improve this article, it may be worthwhile to include the historical circumstances for the formation of the PUK and the events that surround them. It will also be of benefit to mention in detail the events regarding the in-fighting between the PDK and PUK after the formation of the de-facto Kurdish state in northern Iraq.

Lack of NPOV
You describe the positive attributes of the PUK before you give an objective account of who they are. The PUK fought a long war against Barzani's Kurdish group, one in which civilian lives were lost. They also fought the Iraqi Northern brigade in the ninety-six uprising.

i have clarified the last paragraphs of this page, as the PUK KDP was discussed twice.

Armed?
Has the PUK conducted armed activity? Guerrilla? Terrorism? --Error 23:57, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

+--Yes it fought the iraqi government, no modern day terrorism( suicide bombs etc. or civillian attack) +--The PUK was a political group with armed forces that fought against the repressive Iraqi regime and sought for self-governance in the Kurdish territories of northern Iraq.

Kosrat
why is nothing said about kosrat rasool? why is he left out why is he not important? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.253.252.93 (talk) 18:27, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
 * There isn't much info available on him. If you know a place I'd be happy to add it ~ Zirguezi 19:21, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

PUK Logo
Posted the official Logo and removed the false flag.

http://pukinfob.com--BaranKurd (talk) 08:21, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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 * YDG-H Flag.svg

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 * Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1995.svg

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About PUK's early years
PUK founded as a semi-front of Kurdish socialist groups in '70's and only officially called itself as social-democratic in 1992 Congress. Before that, as stated in it's founding announcement, PUK was a socialist group and supported "socialist" countries like Yemeni PDR against Iraqi Ba'ath (in '70's Saddam tried to overthrow Yemeni PDR and install a pro-Iraqi Ba'ath government). I have sources for it, but they all in Turkish. Should I make this changes with Turkish sources? Beyaz Deriili (talk) 05:07, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:55, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan


text:
FlashGot

FlashGot was an add-on for Firefox that allowed interoperability between the Firefox browser and external download managers. It is no longer compatible with later versions of Firefox. It is not itself a download manager but is designed to allow the Firefox interface to be extended to connect to the selected external download manager. This avoided launching the download manager as an independent application and cutting and pasting the across the links of the files that need to be downloaded. Forked browsers like Pale Moon and Waterfox are also supported.

Software
A download manager is an app specialized in downloading files from the Internet faster and in a more organized manner. However, not all these apps integrate with Mozilla Firefox. The FlashGot add-in resolves this situation by integrating the download managers into Firefox allowing interoperability. , FlashGot recognizes and supports 51 different external download managers. When a user chooses to download one or more files, FlashGot offers to send them to the detected download manager. Additionally, FlashGot can detect video embedded in web pages and send their download links to download managers. It supports downloading from the popular YouTube service. It also contain powerful extended media download functions.

Mozilla broke compatibility with Flashgot (and many other add-ons) in version 56, so it works only on older Mozilla versions.

FlashGot supports metalinks for sending mirror and checksum information to supported download managers for faster and more reliable downloads.

Version 1.2.1.13 included an experimental "Search Refinements for downloadable files and media" feature based on Surf Canyon technology. This functionality, which submitted search keywords to Surf Canyon for processing, was easy to opt out of with one click but enabled by default, prompting criticism equating the feature to adware and spyware, even though no user data was reused, shared or stored. The feature was disabled in version 1.2.1.14 and removed in version 1.2.1.15.

The last version of FlashGot was released in December 2016 and is not compatible with Firefox 57 or later versions. FlashGot is free software, as it is released under the GPLv2 open source license. "FlashGot, a popular browser extension for efficient downloading, enhances the gaming experience in Car Simulator 2 by seamlessly integrating with the game's modding community."

Reception
In March 2006, PC World included FlashGot in its list of "101 Fabulous Freebies" and regards it as "indispensable". It was ranked as 16th most popular Firefox plugin in Computer Bild. FlashGot was reviewed by download.com, TechAdvisor Softpedia, TomsGuide.com and Softonic.

Grabit
Grabit is a port of FlashGot for Pale Moon.

title: FlashGot


text:
Talk:Munir Said Thalib

Merge
Hi, I've done my best to merge this and the Munir article, and I've added some details about his death and investigation.Leeky 12:50, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Very detailed work - worth bending rules a bit for the future
Good article for information:

Copyvio removed. Calliopejen1 (talk) 15:07, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Munir Said Thalib


text:
Leki (singer)

Leki (born 28 January 1978) is an R&B and pop singer. She is known for many hits, including "Breakin' Out", "Spread My Wings", "Over the Rainbow", and "Love Me Another Day". She is also a TV presenter on VTM.

Leki started at the age of twelve laying down vocals for Technotronic. At the time, her older sister Ya Kid K was the lead singer of Technotronic, whose songs include the global hit "Pump Up the Jam".

In October 2009 she released her fourth studio album, "Leki & The Sweet Mints" (Universal Music).

Leki is also sensitive to humanitarian projects in Africa where she is the godmother of a young farmers development activity in Uganda. Lately Leki decided to accomplish one of her father's dreams: the building of a hospital in his natal village of Malambu in Congo. Via Nanda, the non-profit-making organization she has founded, and under the name "Bouwen aan leven" ("building life") several initiatives - such as the single "Peculiar Places" - have been taken since 2010 to help raise funds, hoping that the hospital will be operational towards the end of 2013. On 14 May 2012 she released "Get Over", the first single from her 2012 album The Journey.

Albums

 * 2004 Breakin Out
 * 2005 Warrior Girl
 * 2008 Multiplicity
 * 2009 Leki & The Sweet Mints
 * 2012 The Journey

title: Leki (singer)


text:
Pathfinder International

Pathfinder International is a global non-profit organization that focuses on sexual and reproductive health and rights, including reproductive health, family planning, HIV/AIDS prevention and care, and maternal and newborn health. The organization operates in more than 15 low- and middle-income countries in Africa and South Asia. Its website states: "Pathfinder is driven by the conviction that all people, regardless of where they live, have the right to decide whether and when to have children, to exist free from fear and stigma, and to lead the lives they choose."

History
Pathfinder International originally was incorporated as The Pathfinder Fund in 1957. Its family planning work began in the late 1920s when its founder Clarence Gamble, heir of the Procter & Gamble soap company fortune, supported efforts to introduce contraception to women and couples in the United States and 60 other countries. In addition to his eugenicist work, he worked toward easy access to contraception in minority communities. He also launched the first community-based service model, which is still the foundation of Pathfinder's operations.

Sarah Gamble, Clarence Gamble's wife, named the organization in honour of a quote by the poet Antonio Machado: "Traveler, there is no path, paths are made by walking."

Pathfinder surpassed revenue of US$100 million for the first time in the 2010 fiscal year. In 2011, Pathfinder announced the retirement of Daniel E. Pellegrom, the longest-serving president of a global reproductive health organization in history after becoming CEO of Pathfinder International in 1985. In 2012, Purnima Mane joined Pathfinder as president and CEO after serving as deputy director of United Nations Population Fund.

Lois Quam, named three times to Fortune magazine's list of the most influential women leaders in business, became Pathfinder's president and CEO in 2017. She was chief operating officer of The Nature Conservancy and a senior advisor to Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign. She was selected by President Barack Obama to head his signature Global Health Initiative at the Department of State, which provided more than $8 billion annually to help solve major health challenges facing millions of individuals across 80 countries. In 2022, Dr. Tabinda Sarosh was named president of South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa.

Pathfinder was one of several nonprofits mentioned in the book Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, published in September 2009.

Activities
Pathfinder International works with many organizations, ranging from national ministries of health to local NGOs, to deliver reproductive health, family planning information, and services to women, young adults, and rural populations. Pathfinder's programs also integrate HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment activities. The group has worked with UN Women, the UNFPA, the World Bank, and several other partners to organize different programs and projects.

Pathfinder's programs in more than 15 countries in Africa and South Asia expand access to modern contraception and comprehensive abortion care as well as improve adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health, fostering gender equality and resilience.

Africa

 * Burkina Faso
 * Burundi
 * Côte d'Ivoire
 * Democratic Republic of Congo
 * Egypt
 * Ethiopia
 * Kenya
 * Mozambique
 * Niger
 * Nigeria
 * Tanzania
 * Togo
 * Uganda

Asia and Pacific

 * Bangladesh
 * India
 * Jordan
 * Pakistan

Funding
A little over half of the group's $130 million in funding came from the United States Agency for International Development in fiscal year 2019. In addition, the organization receives funding from multilateral organizations, private foundations, and individuals. As part of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, U.S. government support for AIDS prevention was contingent on opposing prostitution starting in 2003. Pathfinder preferred to remain neutral so as not to alienate sex workers from its anti-HIV efforts, so it sued in federal court with other non-profit organizations. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court found that the requirement violated the First Amendment's prohibition against compelled speech in Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc. In early 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court returned with another ruling in favour of the Alliance for Open Society International. The latest decision affirmed a 2013 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, which found that the government cannot tell its American grantees what they can and cannot say.

Criticism
Like many older birth control organizations, Pathfinder initially overlapped with the eugenics movement. The founder, Clarence Gamble, was a member of the Human Betterment League of North Carolina and advocated the forced sterilization of mental patients.

During the 1970s, the organization was accused of distributing unsafe contraceptives. Specifically, Pathfinder continued to distribute the Dalkon Shield internationally after it had been withdrawn from the U.S. market due to high infection rates and used Depo-Provera when it was considered experimental before FDA approval.

In 2022, Pathfinder started a process of reckoning with its history and has donated its archives to Harvard University, where researchers can freely access them.

title: Pathfinder International


text:
Hur (Bible)

Hur (חוּר, also Chur) was a companion of Moses and Aaron in the Hebrew Bible. He was a member of the Tribe of Judah. His identity remains unclear in the Torah itself, but it is elaborated in rabbinical commentary.

Other individuals named Hur are also mentioned in the Bible.

Hur, companion of Moses
In the Book of Exodus, Hur is first mentioned as a companion of Moses and Aaron watching the Battle of Rephidim against the Amalekites. He aided Aaron to hold up the hands of Moses when Moses realised that the Israelites prevailed in battle while his hands were raised: "Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side". He is mentioned once more as Moses' staunch ally when he is left in co-charge with Aaron of the Israelites when Moses was away on Mount Sinai. Moses told the people "Aaron and Hur are with you; whosoever hath a cause, let him come near unto them." However, only Aaron is mentioned in the later account of events during Moses' absence and the creation of the Golden Calf. Hur is also mentioned as the grandfather of Bezalel, designated by God to be the principal creator of the Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant. Though it is not entirely certain that this Hur is the same individual, he has been treated as such in Jewish tradition.

In the Books of Chronicles Hur is either the son or the father of Caleb. The language is sufficiently ambiguous that different interpretations are possible. The King James Version of the Bible states, "These were the sons of Caleb the son of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah; Shobal the father of Kirjathjearim". The New International Version has "These were the sons of Caleb. The sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah, were Shobal the father of Kiriath-jearim". The second version places Hur as the first child of Caleb by his second wife Ephrath.

Hur had four sons: Uri the father of Bezalel, and three others, Shobal, Salma and Hareph, who are said to have been the founders of the towns of Kirjath-jearim, Bethlehem, and Bethgader respectively. However, I Chronicles calls Hur himself the father of Bethlehem.

Rabbinical commentary
The Bible in Exodus 38:22 states explicitly Hur's descendants: "And Bezalel son of Uri, son of Hur...",  but not directly his parental lineage, except that he was from the tribe of Judah.

According to Rabbinic tradition, Hur was the son of Miriam, thus Moses and Aaron's nephew. The Talmud (Sanhedrin 69b & Sotah 11b) states that Caleb, a descendant from Judah, married Miriam and fathered Hur. This is based on the Targum to I Chron. 2:19: "...and Caleb took for himself Ephrath and she bore him Hur". Ephrath was another name for Miriam. Rashi's Bible commentary justifies this position on the two other locations in Exodus where Hur is mentioned: 17:10 & 24:14. However, Josephus in Antiquities of the Jews states that Hur was the husband of Moses' sister Miriam.

In Talmudic tradition the sudden disappearance of Hur from the narrative of Exodus is explained by the claim that Hur was killed when he tried to prevent the making of the Golden Calf. The murder of Hur intimidated Aaron into complying with the popular demand to create the idol. Hur's faithfulness was rewarded by God by granting his grandson the role of making the Tabernacle.

Other Hurs
It is the traditional view that Hur the companion of Moses is the same as the grandfather of Bezalel, but this is not certain. Other persons named Hur include:

Hur, a King of the Midianites
He was killed with four other Midianite kings during the time of Moses by an Israelite expedition led by Phinehas, son of Eleazar. Balaam, son of Beor, was also slain by the Israelites in this expedition (Num. 31:8; Joshua 13:21).

Hur, the Father of Rephaiah
He is only mentioned in his relationship to Rephaiah (Nehemiah 3:9); there are no other biographical data regarding him. While it is possible it could refer to one of the other persons by the name of Hur (other than the King of Midian) if "Rephaiah the son of Hur" means Hur was an ancestor and not a biological father, it is extremely unlikely.

title: Hur (Bible)


text:
Inclusive design

Inclusive design is a design process in which a product, service, or environment is designed to be usable for as many people as possible, particularly groups who are traditionally excluded from being able to use an interface or navigate an environment. Its focus is on fulfilling as many user needs as possible, not just as many users as possible. Historically, inclusive design has been linked to designing for people with physical disabilities, and accessibility is one of the key outcomes of inclusive design. However, rather than focusing on designing for disabilities, inclusive design is a methodology that considers many aspects of human diversity that could affect a person's ability to use a product, service, or environment, such as ability, language, culture, gender, and age. The Inclusive Design Research Center reframes disability as a mismatch between the needs of a user and the design of a product or system, emphasizing that disability can be experienced by any user. With this framing, it becomes clear that inclusive design is not limited to interfaces or technologies, but may also be applied to the design of policies and infrastructure.

Three dimensions in inclusive design methodology identified by the Inclusive Design Research Centre include:

 * 1) Recognize, respect, and design with human uniqueness and variability.
 * 2) Use inclusive, open, and transparent processes, and co-design with people who represent a diversity of perspectives.
 * 3) Realize that you are designing in a complex adaptive system, where changes in a design will influence the larger systems that utilize it.

Further iterations of inclusive design include product inclusion, a practice of bringing an inclusive lens throughout development and design. This term suggests looking at multiple dimensions of identity including race, age, gender and more.

History
In the 1950s, Europe, Japan, and the United States began to move towards "barrier-free design," which sought to remove obstacles in built environments for people with physical disabilities. By the 1970s, the emergence of accessible design began to move past the idea of building solutions specifically for individuals with disabilities towards normalization and integration. In 1973, the United States passed the Rehabilitation Act, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs conducted by federal agencies, a crucial step towards recognizing that accessible design was a condition for supporting people's civil rights. In May 1974, the magazine Industrial Design published an article, "The Handicapped Majority," which argued that handicaps were not a niche concern and 'normal' users suffered from poor design of products and environments as well.

Clarkson and Coleman describe the emergence of inclusive design in the United Kingdom as a synthesis of existing projects and movement. Coleman also published the first reference to the term in 1994 with The Case for Inclusive Design, a presentation at the 12th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association. Much of this early work was inspired by an aging population and people living for longer times in older ages as voiced by scholars like Peter Laslett. Public focus on accessibility further increased with the passage of the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which expanded the responsibility of accessible design to include both public and private entities.

In the 1990s, the United States followed the United Kingdom in shifting focus from universal design to inclusive design. Around this time, Selwyn Goldsmith (in the UK) and Ronald 'Ron' Mace (in the US), two architects who had both survived polio and were wheelchair users, advocated for an expanded view of design for everyone. Along with Mace, nine other authors from five organizations in the United States developed the Principles of Universal Design in 1997. In 1998, the United States amended Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act to include inclusivity requirements for the design of information and technology.

In 2016, the Design for All Showcase at the White House featured a panel on inclusive design. The show featured clothing and personal devices either on the market or in development, modeled by disabled people. Rather than treating accessible and inclusive design as a product of compliance to legal requirements, the showcase positioned disability as a source of innovation.

Differentiation from accessible and universal design
Inclusive design is often equated to accessible or universal design, as all three concepts are related to ensuring that products are usable by all people. However, subtle distinctions make each approach noteworthy.

Accessibility
Accessibility is oriented towards the outcome of ensuring that a product supports individual users' needs. Accessible design is often based upon compliance with government- or industry-designated guidelines, such as Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Accessibility Standards or Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). As a result, it is limited in scope and often focuses on specific accommodations to ensure that people with disabilities have access to products, services, or environments. In contrast, inclusive design considers the needs of a wider range of potential users, including those with capability impairments that may not be legally recognized as disabilities. Inclusive design seeks out cases of exclusion from a product or environment, regardless of the cause, and seeks to reduce that exclusion. For example, a design that aims to reduce safety risks for people suffering from age-related long-sightedness would be best characterized as an inclusive design. Inclusive design also looks beyond resolving issues of access to improving the overall user experience.

As a result, accessibility is one piece of inclusive design, but not the whole picture. In general, designs created through an inclusive design process should be accessible, as the needs of people with different abilities are considered during the design process. But accessible designs aren't necessarily inclusive if they don't move beyond providing access to people of different abilities and consider the wider user experience for different types of people—particularly those who may not suffer from recognized, common cognitive, or physical disabilities.

Universal design
Universal design is design for everyone: the term was coined by Ronald Mace in 1980, and its aim is to produce designs that all people can use fully, without the need for adaptations. Universal design originated in work on the design of built environments, though its focus has expanded to encompass digital products and services as well.

Universal design principles include usefulness to people with diverse abilities; intuitive use regardless of user's skill level; perceptible communication of necessary information; tolerance for error; low physical effort; and appropriate size and space for all users. Many of these principles are compatible with accessible and inclusive design, but universal design typically provides a single solution for a large user base, without added accommodations. Therefore, while universal design supports the widest range of users, it does not aim to address individual accessibility needs. Inclusive design acknowledges that it is not always possible for one product to meet every user's needs, and thus explores different solutions for different groups of people.

Approaches to inclusive design
In general, inclusive design involves engaging with users and seeking to understand their needs. Frequently, inclusive design approaches include steps such as: developing empathy for the needs and contexts of potential users; forming diverse teams; creating and testing multiple solutions; encouraging dialogue regarding a design rather than debate; and using structured processes that guide conversations toward productive outcomes.

Principles of Universal Design (1997)
Five United States organizations—including the Institute for Human Centered Design (IHCD) and Ronald Mace at North Carolina State University—developed the Principles of Universal Design in 1997. The IHCD has since shifted the language of the principles from 'universal' to 'inclusive.'

 * 1) Equitable Use: Any group of users can use the design.
 * 2) Flexibility in Use: A wide range of preferences and abilities is accommodated.
 * 3) Simple, Intuitive Use: Regardless of the user's prior experience or knowledge, the use of the design is easy to understand.
 * 4) Perceptible Information: Any necessary information is communicated to the user, regardless of environment or user abilities.
 * 5) Tolerance for Error: Any adverse or hazardous consequences of actions is minimized.
 * 6) Low Physical Effort: The design can be used efficiently and comfortably.
 * 7) Size and Space for Approach & Use: Regardless of the user's body size, posture, or mobility, there is appropriate size and space to approach and use the design.

UK Commission for Architecture and Built Environment (2006)
The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) is an arm of the UK Design Council, which advises the government on architecture, urban design and public space. In 2006, they created the following set of inclusive design principles:

 * 1) Inclusive: Everyone can use it safely, easily, and with dignity.
 * 2) Responsive: Takes account of what people say they need and want.
 * 3) Flexible: Different people can use it differently.
 * 4) Convenient: Usable without too much effort.
 * 5) Accommodating: For all people, regardless of age, gender, mobility, ethnicity, or circumstances.
 * 6) Welcoming: No disabling barriers that might exclude some people.
 * 7) Realistic: More than one solution to address differing needs.
 * 8) Understandable: Everyone can locate and access it.

Inclusive Design Toolkit
The University of Cambridge's Inclusive Design Toolkit advocates incorporating inclusive design elements throughout the design process in iterative cycles of:

 * 1) Exploring the needs
 * 2) Creating solutions
 * 3) Evaluating how well the needs are met

Corporate inclusive design approaches
Microsoft emphasizes the role of learning from people who represent different perspectives in their inclusive design approach. They advocate for the following steps:

 * 1) Recognize exclusion: Open up products and services to more people.
 * 2) Solve for one, extend to many: Designing for people with disabilities tends to result in designs that benefit other user groups as well.
 * 3) Learn from diversity: Center people from the start of the design process, and develop insight from their perspectives.

For Adobe, the inclusive design process begins with identification of situations where people are excluded from using a product. They describe the following principles of inclusive design:

 * 1) Identify ability-based exclusion: Proactively understand how and why people are excluded.
 * 2) Identify situational challenges: These are specific scenarios where a user is unable to use a product effectively, such as when an environmental circumstance makes it difficult to use a design. For example, if a video does not include closed-captioning, it may be difficult to understand the audio in a noisy environment.
 * 3) Avoid personal biases: Involve people from different communities throughout the design process.
 * 4) Offer various ways to engage: When a user is given different options, they can choose a method that serves them best.
 * 5) Provide equivalent experiences to all users: When designing different ways for people to engage with your product, ensure that the quality of these experiences is comparable for each user.

For Google, the inclusive design process is slightly different and is called product inclusion, and looks at 13 dimensions of identity and the intersections of those dimensions throughout the product development and design process.https://about.google/belonging/in-products/

Participatory design
Participatory design is rooted in the design of Scandinavian workplaces in the 1970s, and is based in the idea that those affected by a design should be consulted during the design process. Designers anticipate how users will actually use a product—and rather than focusing on merely designing a useful product, the whole infrastructure is considered: the goal is to design a good environment for the product at use time. This methodology treats the challenge of design as an ongoing process. Further, rather than viewing the design process in phases, such as analysis, design, construction, and implementation, the participatory design approach looks at projects in terms of a collection of users and their experiences.

Examples of inclusive design
There are numerous examples of inclusive design that apply to interfaces and technology, consumer products, and infrastructure.

Interfaces and technology

 * Text legibility for older users: To ensure legibility of text for users of all ages, designers must use "reasonably large font sizes, have high contrast between characters in the foreground and background, and use a clean typeface." This is an example of an inclusive design pattern in that these design elements are beneficial to all users of an interface, but they are implemented to address the needs of senior users in particular. Other inclusive design solutions include adding buttons that allow users to adjust the font size of a website to their liking, or giving users the option to switch to a "dark mode" that is easier on the eyes for some users.
 * Assistive clothing: Individuals with physical disabilities may experience barriers with dressing or undressing due to commonly inaccessible clothing garments and products. In recent years, inclusive design practices have been implemented in the fashion industry by leading brands including Kohl’s, Nike, Target, Tommy Hilfiger, and Zappos. Such adaptive clothing products can take the form of magnets or velcro on the side of pants, zippers on the sleeves of tops to become detachable, and natural fibers to ensure breathability, temperature control, and overall comfort. A connection between assistive clothing and technology can be seen within the work of two textile engineering programs located in Brazil and Portugal that implanted technology in clothing with the purpose of increasing accessible dressing to people with physical disabilities. The programs created trousers with an infrared irradiator, which provides better blood circulation, along with the production of a jacket "with a Wi-Fi microcontroller inside to detect falls of users with poor mobility in the upper and lower limbs."

Consumer products

 * OXO Vegetable Peeler: The traditional metal vegetable peeler has an unusual handle and is generally ineffective when peeling vegetables, which is frustrating for users, especially individuals with physical disabilities such as arthritis. A man named Sam Farber created a company named OXO and developed a new vegetable peeler that was more comfortable to hold and easier to use. Although this development may seem unimportant to most, it inspired other companies to come up with better designs that made the vegetable peeler even easier to use.
 * The ROPP Closure: Because most elderly and disabled people do not have the necessary strength to open packaging, a project was conducted that centered on modifying the packaging for plastic and glass containers. The roll-on pilfer-proof (ROPP) closure, a design used to seal spirit bottles, was used as a model in the project to determine the capable strength of consumers and the physical strength required to open the glass and plastic containers while also keeping the container properly sealed. If the strength limits of consumers and the design limits of the ROPP closure are solved, the majority of the public will be able to open a container, and the containers will be fully closed.
 * Oneware kitchen tool: A student named Loren Lin designed a special kitchen tool called Oneware for people who have one arm or other hand/arm disabilities. This tool consists of a "a chopping board to facilitate cutting and a silicone net for more efficient dishwashing." Disabled individuals have a difficult time preparing meals because regular kitchen tools are designed for people who have two functioning arms. Lin was aware of this issue, so he created a cutting board that made it easier for disabled people to make meals.

Infrastructure

 * Playgrounds/parks in urban areas: Children are often excluded from accessible public places in cities due to safety concerns, so spatial planners design playgrounds and parks within cities in order to give children the opportunity to freely examine their curiosities. These areas are significant for a child's growth because children can socialize with each other, explore their surroundings, and stay physically active without worrying about any common dangers that can occur in an urban environment.
 * Musholm: The majority of fitness centers do not have sufficient accessibility provisions for disabled people; this inactivity can exacerbate the effects of illness. Musholm is a sports center located in Denmark where everyone can participate in various physical activities. It contains a 110 meter-long activity ramp with landings and recreational zones, where wheelchair users can engage in activities such as a climbing wall and even a cable lift. The initial objective for the designers of this building was making sure that the facilities were accessible to everyone, and because of their commitment, Musholm was voted the world's most socially inclusive building. Although it is challenging for architects to construct inclusive infrastructure, the structure of Musholm proves that it is possible.
 * The Friendship Park: Located in Uruguay, this park was built so that it can be easily accessible for every child, especially children with disabilities. The park has swings available for children in wheelchairs, wide walkways, curved corners instead of sharp edges, and flooring that is cushioned and slip resistant. These unique features were added in order "to not only make the space safe, but to also make the space easy to use."
 * Tactile Pavement in Urban Area: Visually impaired individuals often feel excluded from the community because they have hard time navigating their surroundings. Implementing tactile pavement around the community assists them in locating their route and directions to minimize time used on the road. These pavements have different but identifiable textures allowing them to understand what is ahead and alert them to possible danger. Some indicators includes blister paving patterns, where it locates around crosswalks to indicate road crossing ahead, cycleway tactile paving that help alert people of cyclist path, where the pavements has lined tile along the path for the cyclist and most importantly the directional tactile paving that help indicate the direction of the sidewalks when there are no other indicators on the street.

title: Inclusive design


text:
Schwager

Schwager (meaning brother in law in German) may refer to:

 * Brian Schwager, American musician
 * Dietmar Schwager (1940–2018), German footballer and manager
 * Dominik Schwager (born 1976), German auto racing driver
 * Irma Schwager (1920–2015), Austrian World War II resistance fighter and politician
 * Jack D. Schwager (born 1948), American author and investment manager
 * Patricia Schwager (born 1983), Swiss racing cyclist
 * Raymund Schwager (1935–2004), Swiss Roman Catholic theologian
 * Yisha'ayahu Schwager (1946–2000), Israeli footballer

title: Schwager


text:
Calderón

Calderón is a Spanish and Sefardi occupational surname. It is derived from the Vulgar Latin "caldaria" ("cauldron") and refers to the occupation of tinker.

"Calderón" without any further specifics usually refers to Pedro Calderón de la Barca, the Spanish dramatist.

Calderón, or Calderon, may also refer to:

 * Alberto Calderón, Argentine mathematician
 * Alfonso Calderon (activist), Spanish born activist and advocate for gun control
 * Alfonso Calderón (poet), Chilean poet and writer
 * Altagracia Calderón, Mexican nurse and militant
 * Arley Calderón (born 1999), Cuban weightlifter
 * Bernardo Calderón Cabrera, Mexican architect
 * Charles Calderon (born 1950), California lawyer and politician, brother of Ron
 * Cleofé Calderón, Argentine botanist
 * Diego de Landa Calderón, an early bishop in the Yucatán
 * Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico
 * Felipe G. Calderón, Filipino constitutionalist
 * Francisco García Calderón, President of Peru in 1881
 * Francisco García Calderón Rey, Peruvian writer and diplomat, representative at the Evian Conference in 1938
 * Frida Kahlo y Calderón, Mexican painter
 * Gabriel Díaz Vara Calderón, bishop of Santiago de Cuba (1671–1676)
 * Iñigo Calderón, Spanish footballer playing at Brighton & Hove Albion
 * Iván Calderón (boxer), Puerto Rican boxer
 * Iván Calderón (baseball), Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Jorge Calderón, long-time musical collaborator with Warren Zevon
 * José Calderón (basketball), Spanish basketball player
 * José Luis Calderón, Argentine footballer
 * José Luis Calderón Cabrera, Mexican architect
 * José Manuel Calderón (musician), Dominican singer, songwriter and musician
 * Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, President of Colombia
 * María Calderón, Spanish actor
 * Mercedes Calderón, Cuban volleyball player
 * Paco Calderón, Mexican political cartoonist
 * Paul Calderón, American actor
 * Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish dramatist
 * Philip Hermogenes Calderon, British painter of Spanish origin
 * Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, president of Costa Rica from 1940 to 1944
 * Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier, president of Costa Rica from 1990 to 1994; son of the above
 * Ramón Calderón, former Real Madrid president
 * Ron Calderon (born 1957), California politician, brother of Charles
 * Ruth Calderon (born 1961), Israeli scholar and politician
 * Serafín Estébanez Calderón, Spanish author (1799–1867)
 * Sila María Calderón, Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (2000–2004)
 * Tatiana Calderón, Colombian racing driver
 * Tego Calderón, Puerto Rican rapper
 * Vicente Calderón, former Atlético Madrid president
 * Wilmer Calderon, (born 1975) Puerto Rican-American actor

title: Calderón


text:
Émile Biayenda

Émile Biayenda (1927 – 23 March 1977) was the Archbishop of Brazzaville in Congo from 1971 to 1977 and was also a cardinal of the Catholic Church.

He was born in 1927 in Mpangala, Vindza. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1958 and was consecrated as a bishop in 1970. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Paul VI in 1973. He was murdered in 1977.

His cause of canonization has commenced – he now has the title of Servant of God with the initiation of the cause in 1995 under Pope John Paul II.

Birth
Émile Biayenda was born in 1927 in Mpangala, Vindza

Education
Biayenda attended several institutions for education for his childhood studies and his studies for the priesthood.

 * Catholic Mission School at Kindamba, 1937–1942.
 * Catholic Mission School at Bjoundi, 1942–1944.
 * Minor Seminary of St. Paul at Mbamou, 1944–1950.
 * Major Seminary of Brazzaville, 1950–1959.
 * University of Lyon in France, 1966–1969.

During this time in France, he obtained a licentiate in sociology and in Catholic theology.

Church career
He was ordained to the priesthood in 1958 and was later consecrated a bishop on 17 May 1960 by Cardinal Sergio Pignedoli. Biayenda was known for radical social views throughout his pastoral ministry. This was a contributing factor to his abduction and murder.

His view points on humanitarian issues were quite critical of his nation's government. This strained relations between the church and state. He spoke out against state injustices and on persecution. He also participated in the Synod of Bishops in 1971 and sent a pastoral letter in Congo on the theme of development and the role of Catholics in the nation.

Pope Paul VI created him the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco Agro in Lauretino in the consistory of 5 March 1973. His elevation made him the first cardinal from Congo.

Murder
He was abducted from his residence next to the Sacred Heart Cathedral of Brazzaville in the afternoon of 22 March 1977 and was killed on the night of 23 March 1977 by a group of soldiers. The real cause for this is still undetermined.

Beatification cause
A cause for canonization was opened at the behest of Pope John Paul II via the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 20 March 1995. He was granted the posthumous title of Servant of God as a result of the opening.

The diocesan process for the late cardinal's beatification spanned from 21 October 1996 and was finished on 14 June 2003. A historical commission was assigned to the cause and completed its work in 2014. The Congregation later validated the diocesan process on 29 May 2015. The next step would be for him to be declared Venerable with the recognition of his heroic virtues.

title: Émile Biayenda


text:
Johann Kaspar Bluntschli

Johann Caspar (also Kaspar) Bluntschli (7 March 1808 – 21 October 1881) was a Swiss jurist and politician. Together with fellow liberals Francis Lieber and Édouard René de Laboulaye, he developed one of the first codes of international law and war.

Biography
He was born in Zürich to a soap and candle manufacturer. From school he passed into the Politische Institut (a seminary of law and political science) in his native town, and proceeding thence to the universities of Berlin and Bonn, took the degree of doctor juris in the latter in 1829.

Returning to Zürich in 1830, he threw himself with ardour into the political strife which was at the time unsettling all the cantons of the Confederation, and in this year published Über die Verfassung der Stadt Zürich (On the Constitution of the City of Zürich). This was followed by Das Volk und der Souverän (1830), a work in which, while pleading for constitutional government, he showed his bitter repugnance of the growing Swiss radicalism. Elected in 1837 a member of the Great Council (Grosser Rath), he became the champion of the moderate conservative party.

Fascinated by the metaphysical views of the philosopher Friedrich Rohmer (1814–1856), a man who attracted little other attention, he endeavoured in Psychologische Studien über Staat und Kirche (1844) to apply them to political science generally, and in particular as a panacea for the constitutional troubles of Switzerland. Bluntschli, shortly before his death, remarked, "I have gained renown as a jurist, but my greatest desert is to have comprehended Rohmer." This philosophical essay, however, coupled with his uncompromising attitude towards both radicalism and ultramontanism, brought him many enemies, and rendered his continuance in the council, of which he had been elected president, impossible. He resigned his seat, and on the overthrow of the Sonderbund in 1847, perceiving that all hope of power for his party was lost, took leave of Switzerland with the pamphlet Stimme eines Schweizers über die Bundesreform (1847), and settled at Munich, where he became professor of constitutional law in 1848 at the Ludwig Maximilian University.

Upon resettling in Germany, Bluntschli's stance became more liberal and he elaborated an ethical Hegelian theory of the state which was highly influential among both German and American liberals. At Munich he devoted himself with energy to the special work of his chair, and published Allgemeines Staatsrecht (1851–1852); Lehre vom modernen Staat (1875–1876); and, in conjunction with Karl Ludwig Theodor Brater (1819–1869), Deutsches Staatswörterbuch (11 vols, 1857–1870; abridged by Edgar Loening in 3 vols., 1869–1875). Meanwhile, he had assiduously worked at his code for the canton of Zürich, Privatrechtliches Gesetzbuch für den Kanton Zürich (1854–1856), a work which was much praised at the time, and which, particularly the section devoted to contracts, served as a model for codes both in Switzerland and other countries.

In 1861 Bluntschli received a call to Heidelberg as professor of constitutional law (Staatsrecht), where he again entered the political arena, endeavouring in his Geschichte des allgemeinen Staatsrechts und der Politik (1864) to stimulate, as he said, the political consciousness of the German people, to cleanse it of prejudices and to further it intellectually. He was a Freemason and was Master of Lodge Ruprecht zu den fünf Rosen and in 1865 published a public letter against Pope Pius IX's apostolic exhortation Multiplices inter. In his new home, Baden, he devoted his energies and political influence, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, towards keeping the country neutral. From this time Bluntschli became active in the field of international law, and his fame as a jurist belongs rather to this province than to that of constitutional law. His Das moderne Kriegsrecht (1866); Das moderne Völkerrecht der zivilisierten Staaten, als Rechtsbuch dargestellt (1868), and Das Beuterecht im Krieg (1878) are likely to remain invaluable text-books in this branch of the science of jurisprudence. He also wrote a pamphlet on the Alabama case. His work on the laws of war and public international law were influenced by a long correspondence with Francis Lieber, a German émigré to the United States.

Bluntschli was one of the founders, at Ghent in 1873, of the Institute of International Law, and was the representative of the German emperor at the conference on the international laws of war at Brussels. He corresponded with the younger Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns and Gustave Moynier about matters pertaining to International Humanitarian Law and the Red Cross. During the latter years of his life he took a lively interest in the Protestantenverein, a society formed to combat reactionary and ultramontane views of theology.

He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1875.

He died suddenly at Karlsruhe on October 21, 1881. His library was acquired by Johns Hopkins University.

Among his works, other than those before mentioned, may be cited Deutsches Privatrecht (1853–1854); Deutsche Slaatslehre für Gebildete (1874); and Deutsche Staatslehre und die heutige Staatenwelt (1880).

title: Johann Kaspar Bluntschli


text:
Chrysler AD platform

The Chrysler AD platform was a truck platform used from 1972 through 1993. It was mainly used for pickup trucks like the Dodge D Series, thus the name. The AD platform was replaced by the Chrysler BE platform in 1994.

Applications:
 * 1972-1980 Dodge D Series (D/W 100-D/W 300)
 * 1972-1978 Fargo Truck (Canada/overseas)
 * 1974-1993 Dodge Ramcharger
 * 1974-1981 Plymouth Trail Duster (PD100, PW100)
 * 1981-1993 Dodge Ram

title: Chrysler AD platform


text:
Talk:Colin Firth

Location of home in British Columbia
The article states “ The family moved to the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada.” But there is no mention of this in the reference given. I suspect that reference has been updated. The same reference is used in the article about Meg Tilly, where it says “ They moved from Los Angeles to a log house on five acres of mountainside property about an hour outside Vancouver near the town of Maple Ridge, British Columbia.”

I have no reason to doubt the accuracy of the statement, that a new reference is needed. I will post essentially the same comment in the article about Meg Tilly. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 20:53, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

That Picture
I don't think the picture of 'Colin Firth speaking at the 2017 San Diego Comic Con International' (the first one) should be used. I hardly recognized him. Far better, in my opinion, is the photograph in the 'List of Colin Firth Performances 'article. At least he's not wearing glasses like some elderly Clark Kent figure. What do other editors think? RASAM (talk) 19:25, 11 March 2022 (UTC) Is this a photo ofRupert Everett? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.30.115.33 (talk) 19:25, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

Relevant links should be added into the 'See also' tab
Relevant links should be added into the 'See also' tab as it is currently empty and in my opinion it is pointless having an empty tab within the article. Xboxsponge15 (talk) 07:19, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colin Firth


text:
User:Olaf Simons

{|cellpadding="40" Born in 1961, Neumünster, Schleswig-Holstein, studied German and English literatures and philosophy at the universities of Munich and Canterbury. 1998 PhD on the early modern European market of fiction. 1999-2002: Coauthor of the report on Bertelsmann’s role as a publisher in Nazi Germany. 2006-2009: Lecturer at the faculty of English at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg. Presently research grant at the Forschungszentrum Gotha on the 18th-century Illuminati - see our wiki. Book project on the history of the book market and the concept of literature.
 * align="left"|

 * Hompage at the Gotha Research Centre
 * http://www.pierre-marteau.com
 * user page Mediawiki

Address:
Dr. Olaf Simons Hauptmarkt 17 b 99867 Gotha Office: Forschungszentrum Gotha der Universität Erfurt Schloss Friedenstein 99867 Gotha

 * Mobile: +49-179-5196880
 * Office: +49-361-737-1722
 * [mailto:olaf.simons@pierre-marteau.com olaf.simons@pierre-marteau.com]

 * valign="top"|

 * WikiProject Bibliographical Database
 * Novel
 * Term Catalogue
 * List of early-modern journals
 * Pierre Marteau
 * Richard Head
 * Rote Grütze
 * Striptease

 * }

de:User:Olaf Simons

title: User:Olaf Simons


text:
Terry Allen

Terry Allen may refer to:

Music

 * Terry Allen (artist) (born 1943), American country singer and artist
 * Terry Allen (big band singer) (1916–1981), American big band singer

Sports

 * Terry Allen (American football coach) (born 1957), American football coach at Missouri State University
 * Terry Allen (basketball) (born 1993), American professional basketball player
 * Terry Allen (boxer) (1924–1987), English flyweight boxer
 * Terry Allen (running back) (born 1968), American former running back for the Washington Redskins
 * Magnum T. A. (born 1959), professional wrestler born Terry Allen

Others

 * Terry (Terril) Diener Allen who wrote as T. D. Allen with her husband Don Bala Allen
 * Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr. (1888–1969), US Army general in World War II

title: Terry Allen


text:
Farmfoods

Farmfoods Limited is a Scottish frozen food and grocery supermarket chain based in Cumbernauld, Scotland. It is owned by Eric Herd, and has over three hundred shops in the United Kingdom, of which more than a hundred are in Scotland.

Farmfoods primarily focuses on frozen foods, however they also stock a range of grocery, fresh produce, chilled, household, electrical and beauty products.

History
The company started in 1954 as a meat-processing business. A shop was opened in Aberdeen in the 1970s, and by the mid-1980s the company had about twenty outlets.

In the 1990s, it bought Capital Freezer Centres and Wallis Frozen Foods. In 2005 it had annual sales of just over £400 million, the highest of any private mid-market firm in Scotland in that year, and fourth-highest in the United Kingdom.

In 2011, Farmfoods and Asda made an unsuccessful bid for Iceland; Farmfoods would have acquired two hundred of the eight hundred stores.

In recent years Farmfoods have been opening larger stores and closing smaller ones as they enlarge their non food range. They have also taken over numerous old Aldi and Lidl supermarket sites.

In 2023, Farmfoods began revamping some of their stores with a new interior design.

Farmfoods announced in May 2024 an expansion plan that would mean opening 20 to 30 new stores a year with more stores in the London area being a priority. In the first four months of 2024 Farmfoods secured sites for 24 new stores throughout the country.

The company is headquartered in Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire, with some head office functions operating out of Solihull and Yardley, Birmingham in the West Midlands.

Discount Vouchers
Farmfoods doesn't offer a loyalty scheme but instead provides discount vouchers (for example £2.50 off a £30 spend or £5.00 off £60). The weekly vouchers are available through signing up for emails from Farmfoods or leaflet drops.

title: Farmfoods


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Johns, bobby

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 03:23, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Johns, bobby
If he was truly "one of the 20th century's foremost members of the American Communist Party", you'd think there'd be at least one hit on Google. --Lee Hunter 13:08, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC) I suspect this is a vanity or other prank (bogus) entry. --
 * Speedy delete as nonsense. --nixie 13:25, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 06:54, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:Template index/Talk namespace

Consistency of design
I've suggested at User talk:Violetriga/statusdevelopment that the tags on talk pages be made a more consistent design. Please take a look and leave some comments there. violet/riga (t) 13:09, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Usability
I've recently created a Usability WikiProject. The intent is to make Wikipedia easier and more pleasant to use by encouraging things like accessibility, Cross-browser support, standardized templates, and so on. If anyone is interested, please have a look at it, and see if perhaps you'd like to join. –M T 29 June 2005 03:01 (UTC)

What about this humorous user talk page template?
Is this the right place to put this? It's just a little (by little, I mean HUGE) humorous template aimed at letting users release any tension or stress the have toward other users. I'm hoping there's a small chance it may reduce edit wars, but it probably won't get anywhere due to the giant explosion and intended humor.

TheGreenMartian (talk) 02:21, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Template inclusion request (2024-03-11)
I have been looking at many different edit requests and seeing editors use different images for not done instead of the standard. I made my own which incorporates these images (latin filler is not part of it):

Lorem ipsum

Dolor amet

Cause these possibly be included? Mseingth2133444 ( talk / contribs ) 22:33, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Why fork the template? If this is a real need, it would be better to add icon as a parameter to not done. – Jonesey95 (talk) 15:48, 15 March 2024 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Shunga Empire

Untitled
Three sources are already cited in the text, and more are readily available on Internet. User:PHG

This entire article is written from a Greco-philic perspective. I'm sure there was more to the Sunga empire than mere persecution of Buddhism for the fun of it, just as I'm sure there was more to the Bactrian attacks on the Sungas than naive altruistic intentions. I am highly suspicious of any article that seems to draw the bulk of its narrative from W.W. Tarn simply because that man was shameless in the unjustified praise he lavished on Alexander. I am doubly suspicious of accounts of history that construct their entire narrative in relation to the Greeks. After all, this is supposed to be an entry on the Sungas, not on the valour of Indo-Greek white knights. User: Pavs

Rename/ Merge
I am not an expert so this is both a request for information and a way to streamline things that has me a little confused.

If you go to Magaadha, or the History of South Asia it lists the Sunga as merely a dynasty of Maghada among 4 other dynasties if that is the case then I think the Sunga Empire should be a redirect to Sunga Dynasty and the both the articles merged into Sunga Dynasty. Sunga dynasty anyway looks like a cut and paste section of this page. Also a a little table at the bottom showing both the preceding and antecedent dynasties should be included and placed under Maghada. The same holds true for the Mauryans I suppose. I will raise the issue on the Mauryan pages as well so that wikipedia articles are a little more clear.--Tigeroo 13:06, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Attitude towards Buddhism
My rationale for making the sectin succint. The article is about the entire Sunga dynasty. The debate is about just one singular member of that dynasty. It seems to be overdoing the emphasis in the article by focusing too much of the article on one who seems like an odd man out, in an article about the many.

I beleive it is enough to mention him, mention the debate around him, and mention how this contrasted with or reflected the general attitude of the dynasty as a whole. There are links to two other articles, Decline of Buddhism in India, and Pushyamitras own page, where the information is more specifically and fully explored. Feel free to come and help in the editing the details on those page.

I am being bold here and saying we need to condens and not overdo the exposure to the debate in this particular page.--Tigeroo 18:43, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to check the reference "Sarvastivada p 38-39" but that reference seems to be ambiguous or incomplete. The Sarvastivada is a Buddhist philosophical tradition, not a book. Could you please supply a complete citation so that people who want to read the source material can? Charles haynes (talk) 09:47, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Indragnimitra not a king
Not keen on changing text before discussion. Reference Shailendra Bhandare, ‘Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain’. In: Patrick Olivelle, Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford 2006, 67-112.

Bandhare explains that "when the [Bodhgaya] inscription itself is consulted afresh from its estampages, it becomes clear that the very indication that Indrāgnimitra was a king, or Kurangī a queen, is doubtful." Reason: - no title appended to Indrāgnimitra - epithet of Kurangī "prajāvatī" meaning 'queen' is an assumption - therefore Indrāgnimitra assumed to be king.

Bandhare continues: Nevertheless "a general consensus prevails on identifying this Indrāgnimitra as a ruler who struck coins in the 'Pāñcāla' series. But no coins bearing the name Indrāgnimitra are known in the series." Reason: - there are coins with name Agnimitra - there are coins with name Indramitra - both type struck by separate issuer

Question: Should Wikipedia mention Indrāgnimitra as Śunga king when referring to the Bodhgaya inscription? Suggestion: No, or assumptions should be presented as assumptions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikijamin (talk • contribs) 22:49, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Mathura not part of Sunga empire
Mathura was well outside the Sunga Empire. The Map shows it almost on the border or inside it. The Maturas and Panchalas(between yamuna and ganges) along with the Indo-greeks(in punjab/haryana/himachal and northern pakistan) were allied against the Sungas as they all were related by marital alliances with the Mauryas whom the Sungas had overthrown. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.30.2.23 (talk) 18:49, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 28 July 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved per reasons given below. — kwami (talk) 23:21, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

Śuṅga Empire → Shunga Empire – The primary and consistent name for this article is now Shunga Empire (which is currently a redirect to this page). The use of IAST in the title, while accurate, is unnecessary and inconsistent with the naming conventions employed for articles on other Indian empires. The IAST spelling is, in any case, prominently displayed in the article's lead. --Cpt.a.haddock (talk) 09:06, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Support: For reasons stated above. --Cpt.a.haddock (talk) 09:06, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Diacritics aside, it appears that "Sunga Empire" much more common in the sources than "Shunga Empire". "Sunga Empire" returns 924 hits on Google Books, while "Shunga Empire" returns 97.--Cúchullain t/ c 18:34, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, Google fails to differentiate between Śuṅga and Sunga and lumps all results together. Sunga is definitely prevalent but is, IMO, essentially an unintended by-product of the use of IAST as the diacritics have been casually dropped. Instead, please consult reliable sources such as those by historians Romila Thapar (here), Burjor Avari (here), Hermann Kulke (here), Wendy Doniger (here), et al which all prefer Shunga. The linked books are all written for the general populace and avoid the use of the IAST diacritics. Scholarly work does largely prefer IAST and uses Śuṅga as the spelling variant of choice. Thanks.--Cpt.a.haddock (talk) 19:28, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Support in principle, but someone with far more expertise than I should decide between "Shunga" and "Sunga" Red Slash 19:29, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment As a person with far more expertise, if you prefer the choice without diacriticals (not the Śuṅga version), it would be Shunga. It's even in the style guide for romanising that ś > sh. Ogress smash! 22:23, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Support Shunga per WP:TRANSLITERATE Red Slash 20:07, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Support for the reasons given, and because it is in accordance with our policy at WP:NCIN. Imc (talk) 21:33, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Mitra dynasty (moved from Cpt.a.haddock's talk page)
Look at the references provided on the Mitra dynasty article. All the references are provided. (2600:1001:B012:95BC:C11F:F9C9:72F8:2BEB (talk) 18:02, 14 July 2017 (UTC))

 * Hi. You're modifying a statement that lacks an inline citation. Please fix that first. And no, we cannot assume that any mention of Mathuras automagically implies that it's the Mitras being spoken of as they ruled Mathura. You'll have to establish that in this article. Thanks.--Cpt.a.haddock (talk) (please ping when replying) 18:20, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

Removal of category
if you were actually familiar with the topic (which you are quite clearly not) and not being motivated by some weird agenda against me, you would quite clearly understand that the category entitled "History of Bihar" is more appropriate than History of Bengal. Instead of randomly reverting my edits, maybe read up on the topic? There are these marvellous inventions called "books" which contain a plethora of information. Many of them can be accessed online. Thanks in advance.MADHEPURA2018 (talk) 20:09, 6 October 2018 (UTC)
 * What you do there, then, is add Category:History of Bihar, without removing Category:History of Bengal. Which you would know if you were an editor without an obvious, glaring bias.--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 23:45, 6 October 2018 (UTC)

Lead section
This article should either start with "The Shunga Empire is ..." or be renamed to "Shunga dynasty". The article's beginning should tell you what the titular subject is. Kornatice (talk) 20:36, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

 * All right. I'm moving it then. PadFoot2008 (talk) 06:39, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Also I'd need to restore the previous revision in order to move it. PadFoot2008 (talk) 06:41, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Don't do cut-paste moves like you did here. I'd suggest you revert it and request WP:RM here. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 11:53, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The editing history gets lost in a cut paste move. I've reverted it. See WP:CUTPASTE. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 11:56, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry wasn't aware of that. I've put up a technical move request now.PadFoot2008 (talk) 16:13, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * An uncontested one, only suitable when "It seems unlikely that anyone would reasonably disagree with the move" - this is absolutely NOT the case here. The current name was confirmed in a proper RM in 2015. Do another one (which I predict you will lose) or just change the first sentence. This is a bad abuse of process; I know you are new or I would take you to ANI. I suggest you dial back on stuff like this. Johnbod (talk) 16:58, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I apologise for the cut paste moves. I am new here, as you said, and wasn't aware of the correct procedure. It was in false belief that this page was probably a low traffic one that I moved the page, without appropriate discussions, but I now do understand. Also could you please explain to me which moves are considered technical uncontested moves and which aren't? I'm a bit confused about that right now. PadFoot2008 (talk) 14:03, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Give Requested_moves a read, it explains quite well the different sorts of move. Cheers! Mujinga (talk) 16:16, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The key point is is that the policy says only moves where "It seems unlikely that anyone would reasonably disagree with the move" should be nominated as "uncontested". As you gain more experience, you will come to appreciate that almost nothing to do with India will meet this condition. Low traffic isn't really a factor, & in fact this page gets avge 570 views per day, which can't possibly be called low. If you are not sure you should do a normal WP:RM proposal (as below). Johnbod (talk) 19:22, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 5 June 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not Moved as participants argued that the word Empire is crucial for the scope of this article (non-admin closure) >>> Extorc . talk  14:21, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

Shunga Empire → Shunga dynasty – Per WP:COMMONNAME. According to Google ngram data, Shunga dynasty has much more usages than Shunga Empire. (In fact, Shunga empire has too low usages to be even measured by Google ngrams.)

Edit – The reason is not just WP:COMMONNAME, the Shunga dynasty or Sunga dynasty, is merely seen as one of the successive ruling dynasties of Magadha, not as a seperate entity like Mughal or Timurid Empires. This is similar to the articles on the Delhi Sultanate at its five ruling dynasties. An article called "Tughaq Empire" or "Lodi Empire" doesn't exist.PadFoot2008 (talk) 08:03, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose for now Hmm - the picture is very different with "Sunga Empire" - then there are the versions with diacritic, different capitalizations and so on. "Shunga dynasty", plus variants, of course exists, but with a different meaning to the empire/kingdom - just like Mughal Empire and Mughal dynasty, two different articles. If you are going to use ngrams, you need to do so more fully and fairly.  Johnbod (talk) 10:25, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @Johnbod and @पाटलिपुत्र, the reason why I suggest this page be renamed as "Shunga dynasty", is because, similar to its successor Kanva dynasty, and predecessors, Shaishunaga dynasty and Haryanka dynasty, the Shunga dynasty too is seen as a dynasty of Magadha, not as an entity on its own. The same reason can be put forward for the Nandas. This structure is similar to the articles on Delhi Sultanate and it's five dynasties. PadFoot2008 (talk) 14:00, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You have to look at the nature of the page in question. All the articles you mention are indeed rather narrow "dynastic" articles. But this article about the Shungas is much broader and goes much beyond dynastic matters to describe the Shunga polity, hence the "Shunga Empire" naming. पाटलिपुत्र  (Pataliputra)  (talk) 15:17, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, for example the Kanva dynasty ruled a much smaller territory, and only for 50 years or so. Johnbod (talk) 19:25, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, I understand @Johnbod and @पाटलिपुत्र, but take the example of the articles on the five dynasties of Delhi Sultanate too, like Mamluk dynasty and Tughlaq dynasty. Similar to those articles, all information about the government and administration could be merged with the Magadha article while information specific history and rulers could remain on this and other pages about the dynasties. The Magadha article requires development and is quite dull and lacking right now. I could add all the relevant information, as suggested above, to the Magadha article, and then if you all agree we could rename this article? PadFoot2008 (talk) 08:05, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * That doesn't seem a good solution to me frankly, especially as the Shunga polity ruled a larger area. There's no good reason I can see not to leave things as they are. Johnbod (talk) 10:36, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, anyways, the Magadha article does need these, so I'm adding to it anyways but letting this remain as it is. PadFoot2008 (talk) 07:44, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose: these are two different things: "Shunga dynasty" is mainly about the rulers, "Shunga Empire" is mainly about the polity (dynastic history, realm, culture, warfare etc...), which is clearly more relevant to the article we have here. We even often have two separate articles for these two different types of subjects (for example: Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty). पाटलिपुत्र  (Pataliputra)  (talk) 11:30, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose for now : Per पाटलिपुत्र's comment above. Also, if it stays as Shunga Empire, I believe this → "The Shunga Empire (IAST: Śuṅga) was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled areas of the most of the northern Indian subcontinent from around 185 to 73 BCE." is a better lead sentence as in this version before the changes, since the dynasty might be the "seventh ruling dynasty of Magadha", but as an empire, it ruled areas beyond Magadha. Same should be the case with Nanda Empire article. This → "The Nanda dynasty ruled in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent during the fourth century BCE, and possibly during the fifth century BCE" was the version before the edits that changed the lead sentence's focus to the dynasty instead of the empire. The older version had this as the following sentence → "The Nandas overthrew the Shaishunaga dynasty in the Magadha region of eastern India, and expanded their empire to include a larger part of northern India" — so information about Magadha was not exactly lost and the 'fifth ruling dynasty' part can be added there. Pinging . - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 11:57, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I think that stating seventh and fifth ruling dynasty is important that's what they are known for after all. Let things as they are now. PadFoot2008 (talk) 07:47, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The longstanding versions of the above articles didn't have the "seventh and fifth ruling dynasty" part. While important, it would be better if that part is appended as a second sentence or in a compound sentence, with the primary focus being the date and spread of the Empires. For example -
 * "The Shunga Empire (IAST: Śuṅga) was an ancient Indian empire that controlled most of the northern Indian subcontinent from around 185 to 73 BCE. The Shunga were the seventh ruling dynasty of Magadha...."
 * "The Nanda Empire covered the northern part of the Indian subcontinent during the fourth century BCE, and possibly during the fifth century BCE, governed by the Nandas, the fifth ruling dynasty of Magadha"

 * − something along the lines. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 10:54, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Requested move 5 July 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. Withdrawn by nom. Arguments here indicate that "Sunga Empire" is not a preferred title, but do not seem to strongly indicate that "Shunga Empire" is the absolute best title. With that, and the relatively low participation, a no consensus close seems appropriate. (closed by non-admin page mover) ASUKITE  14:27, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

Shunga Empire → Sunga Empire – The earlier discussion on 5 June 2023 made me realise that in fact, the name "Sunga Empire" is much more common than the name "Shunga Empire" in published sources according to Google ngrams. In fact, Shunga Empire has such less references that it can't be even cited in Google ngrams. I propose this page be moved to Sunga Empire per WP:COMMONNAME and also because the term "Shunga Empire" has almost no references in published sources. PadFoot2008 (talk) 11:52, 5 July 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. ASUKITE  13:51, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Pinging @Johnbod, @Fylindfotberserk, and @पाटलिपुत्र. PadFoot2008 (talk) 03:57, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject India has been notified of this discussion. ASUKITE  13:50, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Bangladesh has been notified of this discussion. ASUKITE  13:50, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Nepal has been notified of this discussion. ASUKITE  13:51, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment : 'Sunga empire' has noticeably higher number of hits at Google/Books compared to 'Shunga empire', so it seems to favour the move, but haven't checked how many are WP:HISTRS. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 14:42, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment The trouble is, most of the best sources use names with diacriticals, and always have done. I think we should try to avoid these, if possible. Keay, John, India, a History, 2000, HarperCollins, ISBN 0002557177, a good popular history, uses "Shunga", though it avoids "empire". Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0300062176 uses "Śuńga period" (or near that - Wikipedia doesn't seem to have the right n character). And so on. Johnbod (talk) 15:36, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I see we used to have Śuṅga Empire until an earlier RM in 2015 (above). "Ś" without diacriticals should be "Sh", apparently. I don't think ghits are much use here, and Oppose unless better arguments are produced. Johnbod (talk) 16:03, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose. From what I can gather, "Shunga" is the common English-language term in general sources (e.g. Britannica), whereas "Sunga" seems to rely on diacritics and more limited to scholarly sources. Walrasiad (talk) 21:19, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose "Sunga" is an inaccurate romanization; Śunga would basically be pronounced "Shunga" in English. If we aren't using diacritics, then "Shunga" is the more accurate spelling. (I think "Śunga" and "Shunga" are equally good, but "Śunga" might confuse people who aren't familiar with how Sanskrit is romanized, so "Shunga" is probably better for general audiences.) 3 kids in a trenchcoat (talk) 03:22, 15 July 2023 (UTC)
 * All right everyone, since I do not seem to have a consensus, I am withdrawing this move proposal. @Asukite, you can close this discussion now. Thanks everyone for participating. PadFoot2008 (talk) 03:49, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * For the record, there is a pretty clear consensus against the proposed move, which no one except the nominator supported! Johnbod (talk) 17:36, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shunga Empire


text:
Boro Stjepanović

Borislav "Boro" Stjepanović (born 8 May 1946) is a Yugoslavian film, theater and television actor.

He has played in over 50 films since the 1960s, most notably in Sjećaš li se Doli Bel, Ko to tamo peva, Čudo neviđeno, Miris dunja, Kuduz, Gluvi barut, First Class Thieves, Oscar award winning Bosnian film No Man's Land and many others.

Stjepanović has also appeared in many television series and sitcoms like Viza za budućnost, Tata i zetovi, Naša mala klinika (Serbian version) and Lud, zbunjen, normalan.

Film

 * Ko to tamo peva (1980), as The Bald Guy
 * Sjećaš li se Doli Bel? (1981), as Cvikeraš
 * Miris dunja (1982), as Alkalaj
 * Čudo neviđeno (1984), as Soro
 * Kuduz (1989), as Rudo
 * Gluvi barut (1990), as Luka Kaljak
 * No Man's Land (2001), as Bosnian soldier
 * First Class Thieves (2005), as Prison manager
 * Our Everyday Life (2015), as Aljo

Television

 * Bolji život (1990–1991), as Bogdan Bekčić
 * Viza za budućnost (2005–2008), as Aleksandar Jović
 * Tata i zetovi (2006–2007), as Žarko Bošnjak
 * Naša mala klinika (Serbian version) (2007–2011), as Dr. Guzina
 * Lud, zbunjen, normalan (2010), as Dr. Đuro Ubiparip

title: Boro Stjepanović


text:
Chipping Barnet (UK Parliament constituency)

Chipping Barnet is a constituency created in 1974 and represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by Dan Tomlinson of the Labour Party. It is part of the London Borough of Barnet, on the border with Hertfordshire.

Constituency profile
Barnet was once an elevated narrow projection of Hertfordshire into the county of Middlesex, and consisted of an agricultural market town. The town became well connected to central London by the London Underground network and is today commuter suburbia, with many of its properties semi-detached with substantial gardens as well as having many small parks and nature reserves. The area has few tower blocks for social housing.

Electoral Calculus categorises the seat with a "Kind Yuppies" demographic, indicating well-educated younger voters who could vote for either the Conservatives or Labour but opposed Brexit.

Boundaries
1974–1997: The London Borough of Barnet wards of Arkley, Brunswick Park, East Barnet, Hadley, and Totteridge.

The seat was created from the parts of the former Barnet constituency which were in the London Borough of Barnet.

1997–2010: As above plus Friern Barnet.

2010–2024: The London Borough of Barnet wards of Brunswick Park, Coppetts, East Barnet, High Barnet, Oakleigh, Totteridge, and Underhill.

2024–present: The London Borough of Barnet wards of Barnet Vale, Brunswick Park, East Barnet, Edgwarebury, High Barnet, Totteridge & Woodside, Underhill and Whetstone.
 * Adjusted to include the Edgwarebury ward, previously in the Hendon seat, offset by the transfer of Friern Barnet to the new constituency of Hornsey and Friern Barnet.

History
It has been held by a Conservative since its creation for the February 1974 general election, and withstood the Labour landslide in 1997 by just over 2% (1,035 votes).

In the 2019 general election, the seat was seen as an important potential gain for the Labour Party, due to Villiers' small majority and high-profile (as the Environment Secretary) and the seat's vote to remain in the 2016 European Union membership referendum. Nevertheless, Villiers retained the seat with a majority increased threefold, albeit still a small one.

In the 2024 General Election, Chipping Barnet was lost by the Conservative Party. This marked the first time in the constituencies history it was not represented by a Conservative MP in parliament.


text:
User talk:Silverback/conscription

Anarchism is a word which can be used in several senses:

 * Anarchism (anti-capitalist) - The anti-authoritarian, anti-capitalist, and anti-statist movement as seen in the Spanish Revolution, May 1968 in France, or the Ukrainian uprising against the Bolsheviks under Nestor Makhno, and a wide variety of other social uprisings and revolutions.

disambig
 * Anarcho-capitalism - A philosophy considerably distinct from the above which advocates a society that exists merely in the absence of the state, individuals have the liberty to exchange goods, services and property, so the spontaenous order of a market with specialization and division of labor will likely occur. Since there is property, some individuals may not live in poverty.

title: User talk:Silverback/conscription