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Talk:New Zealand national cricket team

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:36, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * New Zealand players watch on as England are crowned champions.webp
 * New Zealand pose with ICC Knockout trophy.webp

Use of flags in squad table
I'm really concerned that the use of flags to add details regarding teams most recently played against in the squad table is an obvious problem with regard to:
 * making the table too wide to be helpful;
 * breaching MOS:FLAGS which is clear on how we should be using flags with text;
 * specifically creating issues for users who do not see flags because they have that functionality turned off;
 * creating accessibility issues for users operating screen readers and the like;
 * adding complex syntax to something that needs to be simple because it's often edited by inexperienced editors

Updating the table of "squad" members is an issue in itself as often there isn't so much a squad for home series. Adding a purely visual way of representing data within the table strikes me as a very bad idea itself.

The additions of this data in this format is very recent on a number of articles about national cricket teams and strikes me as an incredibly bad way of presenting this information. I'm sure that an additional table or diagrammatic which uses text to do this would be a better option. Just adding the season last played isn't a dreadful idea - the flag to represent something that should be text and the overloading of tables are my primary issues. Blue Square Thing (talk) 08:06, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

I'm sorry to have upset you with my "bad" editing skills, although, as I understand it every single page about a national cricket team has 3 columns in the 'squad' or 'current squad' menu regarding each players last match, (in that particular version of the sport), within the last year, as I have started to make. In summary, while your claims were just and totally respected by me, this is a communal editing site and I was just trying to provide upkeep on an already thriving Wikipedia page. Yours Julius Hardware. Julius Hardware (talk) 21:21, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

 * You haven't addressed any of the MOS and accessibility issues I raised above. Just because someone - you say you, but this account has few edits, so which account(s) are we talking about here - has made changes which create these problems elsewhere and not been challenged it doesn't mean these sorts of things are in anyway OK. If you can address the issues I've raised and/or show a wider support for these problems then we can discuss it. Blue Square Thing (talk) 08:09, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

Please state in your reply if I can go through with the edits, thanks again Julius Hardware. Julius Hardware (talk) 04:57, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

Would it be OK if I used words instead. E.g. "India national cricket team 2023". Or "India 2023"? Julius Hardware (talk) 09:30, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Words are clearly better than flags. The problem them is that we end up with a super wide table. It's less bad in the NZ case, but with something like Australia where we have state team, BB team, contract type and so on, that's really going to cause problems.

 * I wonder if a solution might be to have a standard squad list table - sort of like this one, although I think I'd lose the Forms column. Anything significant relating to that can go in the Notes column (for example, if someone only plays T20Is like, probably Milne). Then we find a way to add the sort of information you're talking about in some other way. I just don't quite know how or what this might end up looking like - perhaps something along the lines of "recent participation" as a sub-section? I'm just not sure what that would look like.

 * Another option might be to remove the rep team column to narrow the table, although I'm not sure that's necessarily going to be enough - I'm using a pretty wide monitor and it's starting to push things. My gut feeling is to see what it looks like on a phone screen turned landscape.

 * I've tidied the prose section a bit. It might be better to add a note for anyone uncapped rather than to use italics which cause some problems for screen readers. I've asked for some clarification on two points in the prose intro. Can you provide that?

 * I'd suggest that we work on this article and the Dutch one first and see if we can get something that looks OK. Then we can go to the wiki project and ask for a wider set of opinions. Blue Square Thing (talk) 19:56, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

Thank you for that, I am currently using a mobile device, and, turned landscape, I can clearly see the entirety of the table as it stands. I think your idea is a good one and is both following Wikipedia guidelines and making it easier for people to quickly understand the details within the page. Another question I had was seeing as you are a    highly experienced Wikipedia editor, why can you not use flags in a table, (according to MOS)? Julius Hardware (talk) 06:40, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

I am going to add recent participation into the table, you can remove what you want to make space. Julius Hardware (talk) 20:12, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

Shakib 116.58.205.150 (talk) 10:22, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

Results summary is overcomplicated
Series and matches are listed separately. The series tab should be removed and only overall matches listed. Calmkelp (talk) 17:30, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Zealand national cricket team


text: User:Zach Alexander/Templates/featured

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Zach Alexander/Templates/featured


text: User:Zach Alexander/Templates/oldvfd

title: User:Zach Alexander/Templates/oldvfd


text: User talk:67.41.21.69

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Talk:Axolotl

Suggest reversion of vandalism by registered user 03:01, 20 July 2015 DerekWinters (21,606 bytes) (0)
I'd do it myself, with a single click, but for the semi-protection...

Semi-protected edit request on 28 November 2015
add an additional website link http://www.manchester-axolotls.co.uk

title: Talk:Axolotl


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Anne Casey

Anne Casey, FRCN is a New Zealand-trained nurse based in England, who developed Casey's model of nursing. In October 2002 Casey was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing for her services to paediatric nursing.

Casey's Model of Nursing
Casey's Model of Nursing was developed in 1988 by Casey whilst working on the Paediatric Oncology Unit at the Great Ormond Street Hospital London. The focus of the model is on working in partnership with children and their families, and was one of the earliest attempts to develop a model of practice specifically for child health nursing. The model has been developed in other areas of England to focus upon local aspects of practice.

It comprises the five concepts of child, family, health, environment and the nurse. The philosophy behind the model is that the best people to care for the child is the family with help from various professional staff. Another paediatric nursing model developed by Smith in "Children's nursing in practice: The Nottingham Model" emphasizes the family as client; but Casey's Model sees the child as the client.

title: Anne Casey


text:
My Name Is Asher Lev

My Name Is Asher Lev is a novel by Chaim Potok, an American author and rabbi. The book's protagonist is Asher Lev, a Hasidic Jewish boy in New York City. Asher is a loner with artistic inclinations. His art, however, causes conflicts with his family and other members of his community. The book follows Asher's maturity as both an artist and a Jew.

Potok asserted that the conflict between tradition and individualism is constant and that the tension between religion and art is lifelong. Potok was, as well as an author, a painter, and his personal struggle is apparent in his painting titled "Brooklyn Crucifixion." And yet despite this seemingly agonizing struggle, Potok remained active as an artist/writer and engaged in the religion of his upbringing until his death in 2002.

Potok continued Asher Lev's story in the book The Gift of Asher Lev.

Plot
Asher Lev is a boy with a prodigious artistic ability born into a Hasidic Jewish family. During his childhood in the 1950s, in the time of Joseph Stalin and the persecution of Jews and religious people in the Soviet Union, Asher's artistic inclination brings him into conflict with the members of his Jewish community, which values things primarily as they relate to faith and considers art unrelated to religious expression to be at best a waste of time and possibly a sacrilege. It brings him into particularly strong conflict with his father, Aryeh, a man who has devoted his life to serving their leader, the Rebbe, by traveling around the world bringing the teachings and practice of their sect to other Jews. Aryeh is by nature incapable of understanding or appreciating art and considers Asher's early drawings to be "foolishness."

In the middle is Asher's mother, Rivkeh, who in Asher's early childhood was severely traumatized by the death of her brother, who was killed while traveling for the Rebbe. Rivkeh is only able to emerge from her depression when she decides to continue her brother's work and obtains the Rebbe's permission to return to college to study Russian affairs. Throughout the novel she suffers anxiety for her husband's safety during his almost constant traveling, and is frequently seen waiting at the large window of their apartment for her husband or son to return home.

The Rebbe asks Asher's father to relocate to Vienna, which would make it easier to perform his work establishing yeshivas throughout Europe. Asher becomes very upset about this and refuses to move to Vienna, in spite of requests from his parents and teachers alike. Rivkeh ultimately decides to stay in Brooklyn with Asher while Aryeh moves to Vienna alone.

While Asher's father is away, Asher explores his artistic nature and neglects his Jewish studies. Asher begins to go to art museums where he studies paintings, but is not sure what to make of paintings of nudes, nor paintings of crucifixions. Aryeh, returning home after a long trip to Russia for the Rebbe, discovers some drawings Asher has made of crucifixions as a way of studying them, and is furious. Asher's father thinks that his gift is foolish and from the sitra achra ("Other Side"), and wants Rivkeh to prevent him from going to museums; however, Rivkeh, torn between the wishes of her husband and the needs of her son, knows it is pointless to forbid Asher from going.

Eventually, the Rebbe intercedes and allows Asher to study under a great living artist, Jacob Kahn, a non-observant Jew who is an admirer of the Rebbe. Jacob Kahn teaches Asher artistic techniques and art history, and encourages Asher to paint the truth, so as not to become a "whore." Meanwhile, since Asher continues to refuse to relocate to Europe, Rivkeh moves there to support Asher's father, leaving Asher to live with his uncle and apprentice with Jacob Kahn. After several years, Asher has his first art show in New York, launching his career.

Their work in Europe completed, Asher's parents move back to Brooklyn, at which point Asher decides to travel to Europe to view and study great art. He visits Florence in particular and spends many hours studying The Deposition as well as Michelangelo's David. Later, after relocating to Paris, Asher paints his masterpiece: two works that use the symbolism of the crucifixion to express his mother's anguish and torment, since there is no artistic form in the Jewish tradition to fully express these feelings. When these works are displayed at a New York art show (the first of his that Asher's parents have ever attended), the imagery so offends his parents and community that the Rebbe asks him to move away. Asher, sensing that he is destined to journey the world, to express its anguish through his art, but to cause pain by doing so, decides to return to Europe.

Setting
My Name is Asher Lev is placed in the 1950s in a Hasidic Jewish community in Brooklyn, New York. Asher also studies art outside his community in New York, Massachusetts, and Europe.

Characters
Asher Lev – Asher is the protagonist and narrator of the story. The book takes the reader through the first segment of Asher's life, ending when he's around 22 years of age. During his childhood, Asher is overwhelmed with his passion for drawing and painting so much that he becomes apathetic towards most of the world around him. Because of his lack of dedication and focus towards his education, the people surrounding him (mainly his father) begin to feel ashamed of what he has become. Asher isn't rebelling intentionally, but he has grown too strongly attached to his art that he can't help himself. As Asher grows older, he learns to channel his emotion and energy into his artwork and becomes immensely successful.

Jacob Kahn – Jacob Kahn is a successful artist. He freed himself from all conditioning forces such as religion, community, and popularity in an attempt to create a lifestyle in which he could express himself freely. He believes in creating balance between inner emotions and true identity. He became Asher's mentor and taught him fundamental techniques that would influence and improve the overall progression of Asher's artistic future. He is extremely firm, and usually so in a demeaning manner.

Aryeh Lev – Asher's father and an important member of the Jewish community. Deeply committed to his work for the Rebbe, he travels throughout Europe building yeshivas and saving Jews from Russian persecution. Aryeh holds a master's degree in political science and speaks English, Yiddish, French, and Russian. He highly distrusts gentiles due to his father's death at the hands of a drunken axe-wielding Christian. Aryeh does not understand art and cannot comprehend why his son would spend his life making art. He gets in many disagreements over Asher's gift which causes him to dislike his son. Aryeh is close-minded, stubborn, and has difficulty with value systems other than his own.

Rivkeh Lev – Rivkeh Lev is torn between her love of her husband and son. She struggles daily with the conflict between them. After she recovers from her illness, she returns to school to finish her brother Yaakov's work. She receives a master's degree and then pursues a doctorate in Russian affairs. Rivkeh is torn, but ultimately sides with her husband, and goes with him to Europe leaving Asher behind to live with his uncle. Rivkeh doesn't always understand Asher's art work.

The Rebbe – Leader of the Ladover Hasidic Jews, it is he who orders Aryeh to travel. The Rebbe understands Asher's gift and arranges for him to study under the tutelage of Jacob Kahn.

Yudel Krinsky – The proprietor of the shop where Asher buys supplies, he was rescued by Aryeh after spending years in Siberia. Krinsky feels that Asher shouldn't cause a good man like his father so much trouble. Despite this, he tolerates and enables the art because he is friends with Asher.

Yaakov – Asher's uncle who died in a car crash when Asher was six years old. His death had a very profound effect on Asher's mother. Rivkeh became very ill and depressed because they were very close. Like Aryeh, he travelled for the Rebbe, and this disturbs Rivkeh.

Yitzchok – Asher's wealthy uncle who supports Asher and his art skills. He is kind and generous, and gives Asher a place to stay while his parents are in Europe. Yitzchok is one of the first to recognize that Asher's ability can make a fortune, and he invests in his work. Asher lived with him for a while.

Anna Schaeffer – A very sophisticated woman and owner of the art gallery where Asher's art is displayed. Anna's work to promote Asher's works results in much recognition for Asher. She is introduced to Asher through Jacob Kahn. She is impatient, but cares about her artists.

Mrs. Rackover – The Levs' housekeeper. She knows about Siberia and understands the suffering that Yudel Krinsky experienced there. She also is one of the first people to understand Asher's artistic gifts.

Conflicting traditions
This book explores conflicting traditions (in this case the tradition of Judaism and the tradition of art), father versus son, contentedness with one's life versus peace in the family (the Jewish value of "shalom bayit"), the traditional Jewish world versus secular America.

Suffering
My Name Is Asher Lev explores the nature of suffering. The discrimination that Asher's father has against Asher's artistic tendencies can be related to the suffering of the many Jews in Russia and Germany that were oppressed by the government. Just as they were oppressed and punished for their beliefs, Asher is negatively viewed by his father, his teachers, and his peers. Art is Asher's real religion, and not only he, but his mother suffers for it. When Asher tries to portray his mother's suffering, "[his] search for a motif reveals none powerful enough in [his] own tradition, and so [he] turn[s] to the central theme of suffering in the Christian tradition: crucifixion."

Beauty
Asher Lev's pursuit of art is complicated by his upbringing and training to see Jewish perspectives on beauty. Via his training, Asher Lev explores aesthetic traditions of beauty.

Self-identity
The book title itself signals Asher's issue with self-identity. Jacob Kahn tells Asher, "As an artist you are responsible to no one and to nothing, except to yourself and to the truth as you see it."

Reception
Considered one of Potok's best works, it has a sequel, The Gift of Asher Lev. The first "Brooklyn Crucifixion", a work by Asher which plays a central role in the novel's conclusion, is an actual painting by Potok, who was an accomplished artist as well as a novelist and rabbi; the second Crucifixion, which is described in the book as being superior to the first, does not have a real-life counterpart.

The book is a thinly disguised depiction of the Lubavitch community. "Brooklyn Parkway", with its heavy traffic and island promenades, is a reference to Eastern Parkway. However, contrary to popular opinion, the character of Yudel Krinsky is not meant to refer to Chaim Yehuda Krinsky, one of the assistants to Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson.

Adaptation
In January 2009, Aaron Posner's adaptation for the stage premiered in Philadelphia at the Arden Theatre Company. It was subsequently produced by the Round House Theatre in Bethesda, Maryland in March and April 2010. In 2012, the play was staged at the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven and by the Theatrical Outfit in Atlanta. The first New York City Off-Broadway production of the play opened at the Westside Theater on November 28, 2012. The play won the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Off-Broadway Play and the John Gassner Award.

title: My Name Is Asher Lev


text:
Antigua and Barbuda at the 2002 Commonwealth Games

Antigua and Barbuda was represented at the 2002 Commonwealth Games by Anguilla Amateur Athletic Association (AAAA) and abbreviated xx.

Antigua and Barbuda was first represented the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur. This was Antigua and Barbuda's second Games.

Athletics
Women's 100 Metres
 * Heather Barbara Samuel - 6th in Semi Final 1, 11.56 s

Women's 200 Metres
 * Heather Barbara Samuel - Did Not Start in Heat 4

Men's 400 Metres
 * Quincy Anthony - 7th in Quarter Final 2, 47.61 s

Women's 800 Metres
 * Janill Williams - 5th in Heat 5, 2 mins 11.58 s

Men's Triple Jump
 * Ayata Joseph - 11th, 15.15 metres


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Mandrill (band)

Mandrill is an American funk band from Brooklyn, New York, formed in 1968 by brothers Carlos, Lou, and Ric Wilson. AllMusic called them "One of funk's most progressive outfits... [with an] expansive, eclectic vision."

History
The Wilson brothers were born in Panama and grew up in the Bedford–Stuyvesant area of Brooklyn. With Carlos on trombone and vocals, Lou on trumpet and vocals, and Ric on saxophone and vocals, they formed the band to combine funk, soul, jazz, and Latin music. The band was named after the mandrill species of primate, which was known for its colorful features and family-oriented social structure. The other original members included keyboardist Claude "Coffee" Cave, guitarist Omar Mesa, bassist Bundie Cenas, and drummer Charlie Padro.

They signed with Polydor Records and released their self-titled debut album in 1970. The album and its self-titled single "Mandrill" both reached the Billboard charts. Fudgie Kae Solomon replaced Cenas for their second album Mandrill Is, which also reached the Billboard soul and pop charts.

Neftali Santiago then became Mandrill's new drummer. Their third album Composite Truth was released in 1973 and became their most successful release, with the single "Fencewalk" reaching number 19 on the Billboard soul singles chart. During this period, Mandrill gained critical notice as one of the most progressive and experimental funk bands of the 1970s, while their use of Latin elements drew comparisons to Santana and War. Funk historian Rickey Vincent noted Mandrill's multi-ethnic membership and "bizarre blend of African-based rhythms, scorching rock riffs, country fonk, bop jazz, and one-chord guitar rock operas."

Guitarist Dougie Rodriguez, a former Santana sideman, joined in time for the fifth Mandrill album, Mandrilland, which earned the band another entry on the Billboard R&B Albums chart. In 1975, all members of the group other than the Wilson brothers and Cave departed, and Mandrill switched to United Artists. The albums Solid and Beast from the East were recorded with session musicians. The band then switched to Arista Records and added a fourth Wilson brother, Wilfredo, on bass. Former drummer Neftali Santiago returned and guitarist Joaquin Jessup joined. This lineup released the album We Are One in 1977 and scored their biggest hits in several years with the singles "Funky Monkey" and "Can You Get It." The band released three more albums for Arista, with diminishing success, and stopped recording as a group in 1982.

Lou Wilson died at age 71 in 2013. In 2019 Mandrill announced a new album titled Back In Town. The album was released in October 2020. The current lineup includes Carlos, Ric, and Wilfredo Wilson, plus Marc Rey (lead guitar), Stacy Lamont Sydnor (drums), Derrick Murdock (bass), Eli Brueggeman (keyboards), and Keith Barry (viola, saxophone, flute).

Mandrill songs have been sampled by many acts, such as Johnny D, Public Enemy, Beck, DJ Shadow, Shawty Lo, Big L, Kanye West, Jin, Eminem, The Avalanches, and 9th Wonder.

Studio albums

 * Mandrill (1970)
 * Mandrill Is (1971)
 * Composite Truth (1973)
 * Just Outside of Town (1973)
 * Mandrilland (1974)
 * Solid (1975)
 * Beast from the East (1976)
 * The Greatest (with George Benson) (soundtrack, 1977)
 * We Are One (1978)
 * New Worlds (1979)
 * Getting in the Mood (1980)
 * Energize (1981)
 * Live at Montreux (2002)
 * Back In Town (2020)

Compilations

 * The Best of Mandrill (1975)
 * Rebirth (1992)
 * Fencewalk: The Anthology (1997)
 * The Ultimate Collection (2000)
 * Sunshine (2005)

Singles and EPs

 * Peace and Love (EP, 2001)
 * "Driving While Black and Brown" (single, 2001)
 * "Pre-nuclear War Blues" (single, 2004)
 * "Sunshine" (soundtrack contribution, 2004)

title: Mandrill (band)


text: User talk:68.61.9.50

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Luis Posada Carriles

Luis Clemente Posada Carriles (February 15, 1928 – May 23, 2018) was a Cuban exile militant and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent. He was considered a terrorist by the United States' Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Government of Cuba, among others.

Born in Cienfuegos, Cuba, Posada fled to the United States after a spell of anti-Castro activism. He helped organize the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and after it failed, became an agent for the CIA. He received training at Fort Benning, and from 1964 to 1967 was involved with a series of bombings and other covert activities against the Cuban government, before joining the Venezuelan intelligence service. Along with Orlando Bosch, he was involved in founding the Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations, described by the FBI as "an anti-Castro terrorist umbrella organization". Posada and CORU are widely considered responsible for the 1976 bombing of a Cuban airliner that killed 73 people. Posada later admitted involvement in a string of bombings in 1997 targeting fashionable Cuban hotels and nightspots. In addition, he was jailed under accusations related to an assassination attempt on Fidel Castro in Panama in 2000, although he was later pardoned by Panamanian President Mireya Moscoso in the final days of her term. He denied involvement in the airline bombing and the alleged plot against Castro in Panama, but admitted to fighting to overthrow the Castro regime in Cuba.

In 2005, Posada was held by US authorities in Texas on the charge of being in the country illegally: the charges were later dismissed. A judge ruled he could not be deported because he faced the threat of torture in Venezuela. The US government refused to repatriate Posada to Cuba, citing the same reason. His release on bail in 2007 elicited angry reactions from the Cuban and Venezuelan governments. The US Justice Department had urged the court to keep him in jail because he was "an admitted mastermind of terrorist plots and attacks", a flight risk and a danger to the community. The decision was also criticized within the US; an editorial in the Los Angeles Times stated that by releasing Carriles while detaining a number of suspected terrorists in Guantánamo Bay, the US government was guilty of hypocrisy.

Posada died in May 2018 in Florida, where hardline elements of the anti-Castro exile community in Miami still regarded him as "a heroic figure". Reporter Ann Louise Bardach called him "Fidel Castro's most persistent would-be assassin, while Peter Kornbluh of the National Security Archive referred to him as "one of the most dangerous terrorists in recent history" and the "godfather of Cuban exile violence."

Early years (1928–1968)
Posada was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba, on February 15, 1928. His family was relatively affluent. He had four siblings. The family moved to Havana when Posada was 17 years old, where he studied medicine and chemistry at the University of Havana. In 1956, he and Antonio Garcia established a pest control enterprise in Cienfuegos called Servicios Exterminadores Fumigadores de Insectos. The station wagon used for their business was destroyed by a bomb while parked on the street on the night of January 3, 1957. Posada worked in 1958 as a supervisor for the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. He worked initially in Havana, and was transferred to Akron, Ohio, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959.

As a student, he had come in contact with Fidel Castro, who had become a figure of some significance in the student politics of the time. Posada later said that Castro was three years ahead of him at the university. Misgivings about the Cuban revolution led Posada to become an activist in open opposition to the new government. After a spell in a military prison, Posada sought political asylum in Mexico. By 1961, Posada had relocated to the United States where he helped to organize the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba. The rest of Posada's family remained in Cuba, and continued to support the Cuban revolution; Posada's sister eventually rose to the rank of Colonel in the Cuban army. When asked in a 1998 interview why he had opposed the Revolution, he stated "All communists are the same. All are bad, a form of evil." Posada was stationed in Guatemala, where he was supposed to participate in a second wave of landings in Cuba. The initial attack on Cuban soil failed, and the operation was called off before Posada's force was to take part.

After the failure at the Bay of Pigs, Posada attended officer candidate school at the United States Army's facility in Fort Benning. There, he was trained by the CIA in sabotage and explosives between March 1963 and March 1964. While at Fort Benning, he served in the same platoon as Jorge Mas Canosa, later the founder of the Cuban American National Foundation: the two men became fast friends. He graduated from the training program with the rank of second lieutenant, but he and Mas Canosa left the army when they recognized that the US was unlikely to invade Cuba again. In a 1998 interview, he stated that "the CIA taught us everything ... explosives, how to kill, bomb, trained us in acts of sabotage." Posada received further training in guerrilla tactics in Polk City, Florida. He worked closely with the CIA in Miami and was active in the CIA's Operation 40. He later described his role as that of the agency's "principal agent", informing the organisation about political movements within the exile community and operating anti-Castro activities.

In Florida, Posada trained members of the JURE, Junta Revolucionaria Cubana, an anti-Castro militant organization. He was also associated with other militant groups, including RECE (Cuban Representation in Exile). CIA files indicate that Posada was involved in a 1965 attempt to overthrow the Guatemalan government. The same year, the CIA reported that Posada was involved in various bombing plans in association with Mas Canosa. Posada also supplied information about the Cuban exile community to the CIA, and unsuccessfully attempted to recruit his brother to spy for them. In 1968, relations frayed with the CIA when Posada was questioned about his "unreported association with gangster elements". Posada's other associates at the time included Frank Rosenthal, described as a "well-known gangster". Posada relocated to Venezuela, taking with him various CIA-supplied weapons including grenades and fuses.

Venezuela (1968–1985)
In Venezuela, Posada quickly rose through the ranks of Venezuelan intelligence. He became head of the service, known as DIGEPOL and later as DISIP, in 1969. The role involved countering various guerrilla movements supported by Cuba, and Posada threw himself into his work with enthusiasm. He invited Orlando Bosch, another Cuban exile who was then on parole from US federal prison, to join his operations in Venezuela: Bosch accepted his offer in 1974, thereby violating the terms of his parole. Posada was dismissed from the service in 1974 due to ideological differences with the government of Carlos Andrés Pérez, who had assumed office in that year. Posada went on to found a private detective agency in Caracas.

At approximately the same time, Posada's relations with the CIA also deteriorated. The agency began to suspect that he was involved in cocaine trafficking and dealing in counterfeit money. Posada was not confronted with these allegations to avoid compromising existing operations, but internal CIA communications referred to him as a serious liability. The Church Committee hearings of 1975, which had been triggered by fears that the CIA were running too many rogue operations, had a significant impact on the agency, and Posada's association was seen to be "not in good odor". In February 1976, the CIA officially broke off relations with Posada. Subsequently, Posada made several efforts to get back into the agency's good graces, including informing on an alleged plot by Bosch to kill Henry Kissinger, then US Secretary of State.

Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations
Along with Orlando Bosch and Gaspar Jiménez, Posada founded the Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations (CORU). The group first met in the Dominican Republic in June 1976, and laid plans for more than 50 bombings over the next year. The US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) described CORU as "an anti-Castro terrorist umbrella organization." CORU was responsible for a number of attacks in 1976. These included a machine gun attack on the Cuban embassy in Bogotá, the assassination of a Cuban official in Mérida, Yucatán, the kidnapping of two Cuban embassy employees in Buenos Aires, the bombing of a Cubana airlines office in Panama City, the bombing of the Guyanese embassy in Port of Spain, and the assassination of former Chilean ambassador Orlando Letelier in Washington, D.C.

The information Posada provided the CIA while attempting to reestablish good relations with it included a tip that Cuban exiles were planning to blow up a Cuban airliner. Cubana Flight 455 was a Cubana de Aviación flight departing from Barbados, via Trinidad, to Cuba. On October 6, 1976, two time bombs variously described as dynamite or C-4 planted on the Douglas DC-8 aircraft exploded, killing all 73 people on board, including all 25 members of the 1975 Cuban national fencing team. Investigators from Cuba, Venezuela and the United States traced the planting of the bombs to two Venezuelan passengers, Freddy Lugo and Hernán Ricardo Lozano. Both men were employed by Posada at his private detective agency based in Venezuela. A week later, Posada and Bosch were arrested on charges of masterminding the attack, and were jailed in Venezuela.

Declassified FBI and CIA reports also show that the agencies suspected his involvement in the airline bombing within days of its occurrence. According to a declassified CIA document dated October 13, 1976, with information from what the CIA deemed a usually reliable source, Posada – in Caracas at the time – was overheard to say a few days before Cubana flight 455 exploded: "We are going to hit a Cuban airliner ... Orlando has the details". The details were contained in a memorandum sent to Kissinger. The memorandum suggested that Posada was likely to have planned the bombing. Another CIA document, based on a Miami-based informant, also implicated Posada in the conspiracy.

Posada, who denied involvement in the Cubana-455 bombing, insisted his "only objective was to fight for Cuba's freedom". In prison, Posada and Bosch learned to paint, and sold their artwork in the US via intermediaries. Posada was found not guilty by a military court; however, this ruling was overturned and he was held for trial in a civilian court. Posada escaped from prison with Freddie Lugo in 1977, and the pair turned themselves in to the Chilean authorities, expecting to be welcomed for their role in the killing of Letelier, who was a target of the government of Augusto Pinochet: however, they were immediately handed back to Venezuela. Posada was held awaiting trial in Venezuela for eight years before escaping in 1985 while awaiting a prosecutor's appeal of his second acquittal in the bombing. His escape is said to have involved a hefty bribe and his dressing as a priest. According to Posada, the escape was planned and financed by Jorge Mas Canosa, who by then had become head of the Cuban American National Foundation.

Contras and Central America (1985–2005)
Posada was met in El Salvador by CIA operative Félix Rodríguez, who told Posada that he was supporting him "at the request of a wealthy Miami benefactor". Rodríguez had overseen the capture of Ernesto "Che" Guevara in 1967. He offered Posada a job as his deputy, ferrying supplies to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua, in an operation directed by Oliver North: the pair were to coordinate drops of military supplies to the rebels, who opposed the Sandinista government. Posada's fortunes rose after the Reagan administration took a more confrontational approach to Cuba and expanded covert operations in Latin America. Posada was given a house and a car, and paid $3,000 per month, $750 for each flight he made, and sundry expenses, primarily by US Major General Richard Secord, who was directing operations for North. Posada was responsible for managing supply flights from the Salvadoran base of Ilopango to the Contra rebels at the border. He was also responsible for coordinating between the Contras, their advisers in the US, and their allies in the military forces of El Salvador. Operating with the Salvadoran alias "Ramón Medina", Posada built relationships inside the government of El Salvador, its military, and its infamous death squads.

The supply flights to the Contra rebels ceased in 1986, after the Nicaraguan government shot down one of the planes. Two of the crew were killed, including a close friend of Posada's. American pilot Eugene Hasenfus survived, thanks to his oft-mocked habit of wearing a parachute, and was captured by the Nicaraguan government. He confessed to the role of the US government in supporting the Contras, and his story made headlines around the world. Posada was supposed to have been on the flight himself, but missed the flight narrowly. After Hasenfus's capture became known, Posada gathered a group of soldiers and flew to San Salvador, where he emptied the safe houses used by the operation. By getting rid of this evidence, he would later claim, he saved George H. W. Bush and Ronald Reagan from impeachment.

Posada was forced to remain in hiding in El Salvador during the Iran-Contra hearings before signing up as a security advisor to the Guatemalan government. He also remained in contact with Cuban exile groups during this period. In February 1990, Posada was shot while sitting in his car in Guatemala City by unknown assailants that Posada believed were Cuban assassins. In his memoir, Posada said that his recovery and medical bills were paid by the Cuban American National Foundation, with additional payments from Secord. Posada recuperated in Honduras, where the FBI believed him to have had a role in 41 bombings in the country. Posada himself admitted to planning numerous attacks against Cuba. His ploys included attempting to use information obtained from a Honduran captain about the movement of Cuban ships to place a mine on a freighter, and using a base in Honduras to launch an attack on Cuba with a force of Cuban exiles. Despite paying large bribes to the Honduran military for their support with the latter scheme, Posada eventually abandoned this plan, believing he could not trust the Honduran military.

Terrorist bombings of 1997
In 1997, Posada was implicated in a series of terrorist bombings in Cuba intended to deter the growing tourism trade on the island. An Italian-born Canadian national, Fabio di Celmo, was killed and 11 others were wounded as a result. In reaction to di Celmo's death, Posada told reporter Ann Louise Bardach of The New York Times in a 1998 taped interview that "the Italian was in the wrong place at the wrong time, but I sleep like a baby." In a taped interview, Posada said: "It is sad that someone is dead, but we can't stop." He added that Raúl Ernesto Cruz León, the man arrested and charged with the bombings, was a mercenary in his employ. Cruz León was sentenced to death by the Cuban authorities after admitting to the attacks; the sentence was later commuted to 30 years imprisonment. Posada repudiated his statements after being arrested in Panama in 2000. Posada was reportedly disappointed with the reluctance of news organisations in the US to report the bombing attacks, saying "If there is no publicity, the job is useless".

In 1998, The New York Times indicated that, even after the US government no longer sponsored Posada's violent activities, Posada may have benefited from a tolerant attitude on the part of US law enforcement. As bombs were being placed in tourist hotels and restaurants in Havana, The New York Times reported, a Cuban-American business-partner of Posada's tried to inform first Guatemalan, then US, law enforcement of Posada's involvement and possible links to Cuban exiles in Union City, New Jersey. Posada himself suggested his friendship with an FBI agent made it unlikely he would be officially implicated; the FBI denied claims of any friendship.

According to Posada, much of his funding in this period came through Mas Canosa and the Cuban American National Foundation, and that Mas Canosa was aware of his role in the bombings. The Cuban Ministry of the Interior claimed that on the September 4, 1997, three bomb attacks against hotels in Havana, in which one person was killed, were planned and controlled by CANF. CANF denied the allegations. Jose Antonio Llama, a former board member of CANF, stated in an interview published in 2006 that several of its leaders planned attacks in Cuba during the 1990s. In 1997, CANF published a statement refusing to condemn terrorist attacks against Cuba; the CANF chairman at the time stated that "We do not think of these as terrorist actions". The CANF repeatedly denied links with Posada and his activities after the publication of the 1998 interview, and threatened The New York Times with legal action. Multiple members of the foundation, however, confirmed links with Posada.

Arrest, conviction and release in Panama
In October 1997 Posada was implicated in an assassination attempt on Fidel Castro, after four men were arrested by the US Coast Guard in a boat off the coast of Puerto Rico. He denied any involvement, and called the plot amateurish, but was believed to have been involved by the FBI. On November 17, 2000, Posada was discovered with 200 pounds of explosives in Panama City and arrested for plotting the assassination of Castro, who was visiting the country for the first time since 1959. Three other Cuban exiles were also arrested: Gaspar Jiménez who worked at the Cuban American National Foundation in Miami, Pedro Remón Rodríguez and Guillermo Novo. While in prison, Posada released a statement renouncing terrorism, and stating that he had been framed for the assassination attempt in Panama by the Cuban intelligence services. By mid-2001, $200,000 had been raised via efforts on Miami radio for a defense fund for Posada and his colleagues.

Castro announced the alleged discovery of the plot on international television, describing Posada as "a cowardly man totally without scruples". He also blamed CANF for allegedly orchestrating the plot. Shortly after, Justino di Celmo, the father of Fabio di Celmo, the victim of one of the Havana bombings, appeared on Cuban television to urge the Panamanian authorities to extradite Posada to Cuba. Posada was subsequently convicted and jailed in Panama for the assassination attempt. Bardach described him as "Fidel Castro's most persistent would-be assassin. Posada was convicted of plotting to assassinate Castro; the plot allegedly involved using dynamite to blow up an auditorium full of college students.

In August 2004, Posada and the three other convicted plotters were pardoned by outgoing Panamanian president Mireya Moscoso. Moscoso, who had been close to the Bush administration in the US, denied that she had been pressured by US officials to engineer a release of the men, and US officials said they were not involved. "This was a decision made by the government of Panama", said State Department spokesman J. Adam Ereli. "We never lobbied the Panamanian government to pardon anyone involved in this case, and I'd leave it to the government of Panama to discuss the action." President Mireya Moscoso also commented, saying that "No foreign government has pressured me to take the decision", she told reporters. "I knew that if these men stayed here, they would be extradited to Cuba and Venezuela, and there they were surely going to kill them there."

Moscoso's decision was condemned by incoming Panamanian president Martín Torrijos, and speculation was rife that the pardon was politically motivated. Cuba expert Julia E. Sweig said the decision "reeks of political and diplomatic cronyism". Immediately after news of the pardon broke, Venezuela and Cuba withdrew diplomatic ties with Panama.

United States (2005–2018)
In 2005, Posada requested political asylum in the United States through his attorney. On May 3, 2005, the Supreme Tribunal of Venezuela approved an extradition request for him. Although he was arrested following international pressure on the administration of George W. Bush to treat him on par with other suspects in the War on Terror, the US refused to extradite him to either Venezuela or Cuba. On September 28, 2005, a US immigration judge ruled that Posada could not be deported because he faced the threat of torture in Venezuela. The Venezuelan government reacted angrily to the ruling, accusing the US of having a "double standard in its so-called war on terrorism". The United States government sought to deport Posada elsewhere, but at least seven friendly nations refused to accept him.

Posada was referenced in Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez's address to the United Nations General Assembly on September 20, 2006. Railing against the US for "imperialism" and "hypocrisy", Chávez called Posada "the biggest terrorist of this continent", and said: "Thanks to the CIA and government officials, he was allowed to escape, and he lives here in this country, protected by the government."

During a United Nations Security Council meeting to review the work of its three subsidiary counter-terrorism committees, the US was invited by the representatives of Venezuela and Cuba to comment on the evidence (above) in the Posada case. The US representative, Willson, stated that "an individual cannot be brought for trial or extradited unless sufficient evidence has been established that he has committed the offence charged." Willson said removal to Venezuela or Cuba could not be carried out because, she claimed, "it was more likely than not that he would be tortured if he were so transferred." The Venezuelan representative denied the allegation, and pointed to the United States' own record in Abu Ghraib and in Guantánamo as examples of what Venezuela would not do.

On May 8, 2007, US district judge Kathleen Cardone dismissed seven counts of immigration fraud and ordered the removal of Posada's electronic bracelet. In a 38-page ruling, Cardone criticized the US government's "fraud, deceit and trickery" during the interview with immigration authorities that was the basis of the charges against Posada. Cardone's ruling was overturned in mid-2008 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which ruled that Posada should be tried for the alleged immigration violation.

In 2009, a federal grand jury issued a superseding indictment, which marked the first time Posada was officially linked by the US government to the 1997 bombings in Cuba. On April 9, 2009, the Miami Herald reported:

"The superseding indictment from the grand jury in El Paso does not charge Posada, 81, with planting the bombs or plotting the bombings but with lying in an immigration court about his role in the attacks at hotels, bars and restaurants in the Havana area. The perjury counts were added to the previous indictment that accused Posada of lying in his citizenship application about how he got into the United States. Another new charge is obstruction of a US investigation into 'international terrorism.'"

2010 Texas trial
Posada was accused of lying to US authorities about his entry into the country and about his alleged involvement in bomb attacks in Havana in 1997, and went on trial in Texas. Many of his backers in the Cuban exile community gathered thousands of dollars for his defense during what they termed a "radio marathon" on Radio Mambí. His charges did not relate to his alleged involvement in the bombing of the Cubana airliner, or in the bombings in Havana. Instead, they revolved around lying to immigration agents about his trip to the US and illegally entering the United States. The fact that he was not tried for murder or terrorism was strongly criticized by Cuba and Venezuela, while the Center for Democracy in the Americas described it as "charging Al Capone with tax evasion".

Prosecutors alleged that Posada deceived them about his passport and arrived on a boat named the Santrina, not on a bus as he had told the government during interviews. Posada was acquitted on all charges against him in 2011. A spokesman of the US Justice Department expressed disappointment in the outcome, while the Cuban and Venezuelan governments denounced the trial: Venezuela stated that the US was protecting a known terrorist.

Personal life
Posada married in 1955. He separated from his first wife a few years after first moving to the US. He married his second wife, Elina Nieves, in 1963 while at Fort Benning. Nieves and he had a son while still in the US: a daughter was born after the family had moved to Venezuela in 1968. Posada and Nieves lived apart for most of their marriage. He had a lengthy relationship with Titi Bosch, who died of cancer in 2001. Towards the end of his life, Posada lived in Miami, where he often attended fund raisers among the right-wing exile groups, and participated in protests against the government of Fidel Castro. Among Cuban exiles, he was nicknamed "Bambi".

A November 2016, El Nuevo Herald newspaper article described Posada in a Miami restaurant celebrating Castro's death. The article reported that the then-88-year-old Posada was a cancer survivor and had suffered a stroke. He died on May 23, 2018, in Miami, aged 90: an obituary in The Washington Post stated that he had been diagnosed with throat cancer five years previously. His lawyer stated that Posada Carriles died at "a government home for veterans".

title: Luis Posada Carriles


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Irish Sailing Association

The Irish Sailing Association, also known as Irish Sailing, (Cumann Seoltóireachta na hÉireann) is the national governing body for sailing, powerboating and windsurfing in Ireland.

Mission
The association's aim is to develop, support and promote sailing in Ireland, for all ages.

Clubs and membership
Irish Sailing accepts membership both from sailing clubs and individuals across Ireland.

Training
Irish Sailing co-ordinates the training courses across Ireland in the following areas:
 * Dinghy;
 * Keelboat;
 * Catamaran;
 * Sailing Yacht;
 * Motor Yacht;
 * Powerboat;
 * PWC;
 * Inland Waterways;
 * Windsurfing;
 * Navigation;
 * Emergency Care;
 * Offshore Safety;
 * Instructor;

Sailing and Yachting
The promotion of sailing and yachting in non-competitive environments.

Racing
Irish Sailing administers sail and yacht racing across Ireland, including the following:
 * ECHO & IRC handicaps;
 * Sail Numbers;
 * Race Officials and training;
 * Rules;
 * Classes;
 * Match Racing;
 * Team Racing;
 * Powerboat Racing.

It also looks after Irish involvement in International racing.

Famous sailors
See Category:Irish sailors

Olympic sailing
See Category:Olympic sailors of Ireland

History of Irish Olympic Sailing

1948 – LONDON (Royal Torbay Yacht Club, Torquay). Firefly (single handed): Jimmy Mooney.

Swallow: Alf Delany, Hugh Allen.

Reserve: D. St. J. 'Jem' Sullivan.

Management: William 'Billy' Mooney, Errol McNally.

1952 – HELSINKI

Finn: Alf Delany

1956 – MELBOURNE

Finn: J. Somers Payne.

1960 – ROME

Flying Dutchman: Johnny Hooper, Peter Gray.

Dragon: Jimmy Mooney, David Ryder, Robin Benson.

Finn class: J. Somers Payne.

Reserve: Neil Hegarty.

Management: Clayton Love Jnr, Alf Delany.

Boatman: Jimmy Miller.

1964 – TOKIO

Dragon: Eddie Kelliher, Harry Maguire, Ian 'Rob' d'Alton.

Finn: Johnny Hooper

Manager: Leo Flanagan

1968 – MEXICO CITY – Sailing in Acapulco No competitors

1972 – MUNICH – Sailing in Kiel

Tempest: David Wilkins, Sean Whitaker.

Dragon: Robin Hennessy, Harry Byrne, Owen Delany.

Finn: Kevin McLaverty.

Flying Dutchman: Harold Cudmore, Richard O'Shea.

Reserves: Curly Morris (who sailed most races in the Dragon), Joe McMenamin.

Management: Peter Gray, Ken Ryan, Kare Brevik (weather).

1976 – MONTREAL – Sailing in Kingston.

470: Robert Dix, Peter Dix

Flying Dutchman: Barry O'Neill, Jamie Wilkinson.

Tempest: David Wilkins, Derek Jago.

Management: Ken Ryan, Jock Smith.

1980 – MOSCOW – Sailing in Tallinn. SILVER MEDAL Flying Dutchman: David Wilkins, Jamie Wilkinson.

Management: Michael Maguire, Tom Clancy

1984 – LOS ANGELES

Finn: Bill O'Hara

Management: Mick Wallace

1988 – SEOUL – Sailing in Pusan

Finn: Bill O'Hara.

Flying Dutchman: David Wilkins, Peter Kennedy

470(Women): Cathy MacAleavy, Aisling Byrne.

Reserves: Maeve McNally, Conrad Simpson.

Management: Michael Wallace, Con Murphy

1992 – BARCELONA.

Europe: Denise Lyttle

Flying Dutchman: David Wilkins, Peter Kennedy

Star: Mark Mansfield, Tom McWilliam

Reserves: Denis E O'Sullivan, Conrad Simpson

Management: Michael Wallace, Mark Lyttle, Trevor Millar

1996 – ATLANTA – Sailing in Savannah.

Laser – Mark Lyttle.

Europe – Aisling Bowman(Byrne).

Finn – John Driscoll.

Star – Mark Mansfield & David Burrows.

470 (Women) – Denise Lyttle & Louise Cole.

Soling – Marshall King, Dan O'Grady & Garrett Connolly.

Management – Derek Jago, Paddy Boyd, Anne Blaney (Physio) and Bill O'Hara.

2000 – SYDNEY

Europe – Maria Coleman.

Finn – David Burrows.

Star – Mark Mansfield & David O'Brien.

Management – Bill O'Hara, James Hynes, Garrett Connolly, Paddy Boyd, Anne Blaney (Physio)

2004 – ATHENS

Europe – Maria Coleman.

Finn – David Burrows.

Star – Mark Mansfield & Killian Collins.

49er – Tom Fitzpatrick & Fraser Brown.

470 – Gerald Owens & Ross Killian.

Laser – Rory Fitzpatrick.

Management – Garrett Connolly

2008 – QINDAO

Star – Peter O'Leary & Stephen Milne.

Finn – Tim Goodbody jnr.

Laser Radial – Ciara Peelo.

470 – Gerald Owens & Phil Lawton.

Management – James O'Callaghan.

2012 – Weymouth
 * Star – Peter O'Leary & David Burrows
 * 49er – Ryan Seaton & Matt McGovern
 * Laser Radial – Annalise Murphy
 * Laser – James Espey
 * 470 – Gerald Owens & Scott Flanigan
 * Management – James O'Callaghan

2016 – Rio
 * Laser Radial Womens – Annalise Murphy - WON SILVER MEDAL
 * 49er – Ryan Seaton & Matt McGovern
 * 49er FX – Andrea Brewster & Saskia Tidey
 * Laser Standard Mens – Finn Lynch
 * Paralympian Sonar - John Twomey, Ian Costello & Austin O'Carroll
 * Management – James O'Callaghan

2021 – Tokyo
 * Laser Radial Womens – Annalise Murphy
 * 49er – Robert Dickson and Sean Waddilove
 * Management – James O'Callaghan

Offshore sailing
See Category:Irish sailors (sport)

Hall of Fame
The Association operates a hall of fame that includes:

 * Clayton Love
 * Helen Mary Wilkes
 * Ken Ryan

Yacht clubs
See Category:Yacht clubs in Ireland

title: Irish Sailing Association


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Aad Bak

Adrianus ("Aad") Johannes Bak (Rotterdam, South Holland, 18 June 1926 - 16 January 2009 Schiedam, South Holland ) was a Dutch professional football player.

Club career
Bak started his career in the team of Excelsior. He played for Holland Sport during the 1954–55 season. Between 1955 and 1962, he played in the midfielder position for Feijenoord. While there, he won two Dutch national championships, in 1961 and 1962.

International career
Bak received his only cap in the Netherlands national football team in 1956.

title: Aad Bak


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Mauraz

Mauraz is a municipality of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Morges.

History
Mauraz is first mentioned in 1324 as Moraz. In 1547 it was mentioned as Moura.

Geography
Mauraz has an area,, of 0.5 km2. Of this area, 0.38 km2 or 76.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.05 km2 or 10.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.04 km2 or 8.0% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 8.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.0%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 48.0% is used for growing crops and 26.0% is pastures, while 2.0% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Cossonay District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Mauraz became part of the new district of Morges.

The municipality is located at the confluence of the Veyron and the Morand rivers.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Wall embattled Argent masoned Sable.

Demographics
Mauraz has a population of. , 9.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 31%. It has changed at a rate of 19% due to migration and at a rate of 14.3% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (46 or 95.8%), with German being second most common (1 or 2.1%) and Italian being third (1 or 2.1%).

Of the population in the municipality 17 or about 35.4% were born in Mauraz and lived there in 2000. There were 16 or 33.3% who were born in the same canton, while 7 or 14.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 5 or 10.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 2 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 1. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 2 and the non-Swiss population increased by 1 people. This represents a population growth rate of 5.8%.

The age distribution,, in Mauraz is; 9 children or 16.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 6 teenagers or 10.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 2 people or 3.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 8 people or 14.5% are between 30 and 39, 14 people or 25.5% are between 40 and 49, and 6 people or 10.9% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 6 people or 10.9% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 4 people or 7.3% are between 70 and 79, there are people or 0.0% who are between 80 and 89.

, there were 21 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 20 married individuals, 3 widows or widowers and 4 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 20 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 6 households that consist of only one person and 2 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 20 households that answered this question, 30.0% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 6 married couples without children, 6 married couples with children There were 2 households that were made up of unrelated people.

there were 2 single-family homes (or 16.7% of the total) out of a total of 12 inhabited buildings. There were 3 multi-family buildings (25.0%), along with 6 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (50.0%) and 1 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.3%). Of the single-family homes, none were built before 1919. The one single-family home was built between 1919 and 1945. The most multi-family homes (2) were built between 1996 and 2000 and the next most (1) was built before 1919.

there were 20 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 6. There were single-room apartments and 6 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 18 apartments (90.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 2 apartments (10.0%) were seasonally occupied. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 23.38% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Green Party (16.9%), the SP (16.34%) and the LPS Party (12.39%). In the federal election, a total of 20 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.3%.

Economy
, Mauraz had an unemployment rate of 4%. , there were 11 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. 1 person was employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business in this sector. 3 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 2 businesses in this sector. There were 25 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.0% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 11. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 8, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1, in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 2. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles and 1 was a technical professional or scientist.

, there were 15 workers who commuted away from the municipality. Of the working population, 4% used public transportation to get to work, and 56% used a private car.

The municipality is served by a station on the Bière–Apples–Morges railway.

Religion
From the, 10 or 20.8% were Roman Catholic, while 32 or 66.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. 3 (or about 6.25% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 3 individuals (or about 6.25% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Mauraz about 20 or (41.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 5 or (10.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 5 who completed tertiary schooling, 40.0% were Swiss men, 40.0% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 5 students in the Mauraz school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 2 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 3 students in those schools.

, there were 5 students from Mauraz who attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Mauraz


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Vigilante 8

Vigilante 8 is a vehicular combat video game developed by Luxoflux and published by Activision for PlayStation, Nintendo 64, and Game Boy Color. Although officially it has no connection to the Interstate '76 series, it features several of its themes including auto-vigilantes, the 1970s time frame, and specific fictional vehicle companies.

Home console versions
Players combat over a number of stages located over the western United States, whether in Story or Arcade Mode. Each stage has interactive features, such as ballistic missiles and launching Aurora planes for the Area 51 level. Every vehicle is equipped with a machine gun by default, but players can add up to three out of five available weapons - mines, auto-cannons, rocket pods, mortars, and homing missiles, plus a special weapon unique to the vehicle.

Three types of special attacks can be made using each of the five standard weapons, at a bigger cost in ammunition, by performing fighting game-style movements and button presses on the control pad. These attacks may be performed during normal play or to eliminate nearly-destroyed cars in a method called "Totaling." In line with the fighting-game style element, players can also score up to six combo hits called Whammies.

There are special icons scattered across the playing field; wrenches repair damage and yellow zigzag lines temporarily jam the opponent's homing-based weapons. Certain objectives in Story Mode must be completed to help unlock the game's secret characters and stages. The PlayStation version also offers players the option to play standard music CDs during a match.

The Nintendo 64 version includes a story mode for Y The Alien and a fantasy stage called Super Dreamland 64, as well as three multiplayer modes (two vs. two, three vs. one, and deathmatch) to take advantage of the system's four control ports, and a two-player Story Mode. A 480x360 hi-res mode is available from the pause menu if the Nintendo 64 Expansion Pack is installed. The Pack also enables a hidden 640x480 mode, available via password.

Game Boy Color version
The Game Boy Color (GBC) version features five levels, each one from the console versions: Casino City, Hoover Dam, Oil Fields, Ski Resort, and Valley Farms. The game also features five game modes, each one essentially identical, with only minor changes. The game's main story mode, Road Trip, takes the player through each level. The game features three difficulty levels. The player can choose from five different weapons, as well as a unique weapon assigned to each character. The game features digitized audio and voiceovers, as well as a two-player mode made possible with the use of a Game Link Cable. Unlike the console versions, environments in the GBC version are not destructible. The game features force feedback built into the cartridge.

Plot
Vigilante 8 is set in an alternate 1975. Australian terrorist Sid Burn is hired by OMAR to dispose of all competing oil companies in the U.S. so that OMAR can establish an oil monopoly in the country. After hearing reports of destruction by Sid Burn's gang, the Coyotes, a man named Convoy, a kind-hearted trucker, forms a group of his own, the Vigilantes, to combat the Coyotes and stop the tyranny of OMAR.

Characters
The game's protagonists are the Vigilantes, a group of residents from the Southwest who band together to preserve law and order in the light of chaos gripping the country. Their leader is Convoy, a rugged old cowboy driving a semi-trailer. He is accompanied in the fight by his rebellious niece Sheila; Las Vegas high-roller John Torque; Slick Clyde, whom Torque coerced into joining the Vigilantes; alien-obsessed hippie Dave, who somehow finds himself fighting with the Vigilantes; and FBI agent Chassey Blue, who was assigned to investigate reports of gun battles in the region.

The game's antagonists are the Coyotes, a group of hitmen recruited by OMAR to carry out their scheme by destroying commercial installations throughout the region, using weaponry stolen from the top-secret Site 4 military base in Nevada. Their founder is Sid Burn. His cohorts are disco-loving petty criminal Boogie; mentally-disturbed Site 4 test pilot Loki; Houston 3, a woman brainwashed by OMAR to become one of their assassins; beekeeper Beezwax, who was frustrated by the irradiation of his beehive; and juvenile delinquent Molo, who idolizes Sid Burn and is desperate to join the Coyotes.

An extraterrestrial being, named Y The Alien, appears in Vigilante 8 as a secret character.

Endings
Each character has their own ending, which is part of a bigger story. Not all endings show a character being successful; in fact, most of the Coyote villain endings show the character facing a setback or failure of sorts and some endings depict a character defecting to the opposing faction.

Molo successfully passes the Coyotes' initiation, but loses his enthusiasm as he is given an assignment to wash Sid's car, much to his chagrin. Sid receives his payoff money from OMAR for his services, but is left stranded in the middle of nowhere because his car is out of gas. John Torque finds Sid and stashes him in his trunk.

Houston breaks free of OMAR's mind control and goes away with Convoy, who detaches the machineguns from his truck. Sheila barely misses them at a gas station and is forced to walk on the road, only for Convoy and Houston to arrive and pick her up. Clyde finds Houston's mind-control armband and, out of curiosity, wears it, resulting in him emerging as the Coyotes' new leader.

Chassey Blue embarks on a Hollywood career, releasing her self-titled movie based on the adventures of the Vigilantes. An alien ship abducts Dave in the middle of the night. In the ship, Dave is seen beating his alien host in what appears to be a game of checkers. The police arrest Boogie, who is convicted of a number of charges. Beezwax is elated at having acquired three nuclear warheads, only to see a stray bee land on and sting one of the warhead's fuses, triggering an explosion that kills him. Loki finds a flying saucer and is eager to fly it, but can't control the spaceship and causes it to crash, and he is later mistaken for a live alien UFO pilot.

In the N64 version of the game, the spaceship Loki flew and crashed is revealed to belong to Y The Alien, who was seeking extra fuel and parts for his ship after being stranded on Earth for some time looking for his friends.

Development
Vigilante 8 was developed by a team of five people - Peter Morawiec, Adrian Stephens, David Goodrich, Jeremy Engleman, and Edvard Toth. The development company, Luxoflux, received no supporting code or technical assistance of any kind from Activision's in-house teams. The development team rewrote all of the PlayStation's libraries except ones for which Sony did not supply information regarding direct hardware access.

During market research, the school bus emerged as a favorite vehicle among focus groups.

Reception
Vigilante 8 received "favorable" reviews on all platforms except the Game Boy Color version, which received "mixed" reviews, according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Ryan MacDonald of GameSpot noted the easy control scheme and the well-designed graphics of the PlayStation version. MacDonald noted that the game's offerings would give reason for players to "retire" from Twisted Metal 2. Shawn Smith of Electronic Gaming Monthly noted the N64 multiplayer mode offered more fun and ran relatively smoothly in high-resolution mode. Edge gave the PlayStation version seven out of ten, calling it "a competent and interesting game for anyone who enjoys trashing automobiles. But the definitive car combat would probably exploit the sensation of cars driving at speed, while enabling players to indulge in violence." Next Generation gave both the Nintendo 64 and PlayStation versions favorable reviews in two separate issues, saying that the latter version was "more fun than Interstate '76 and currently the best game of its type on PlayStation" (#45, September 1998); and later saying of the former version, "If you're craving some driving action with guns for your N64, this is the title to get" (#53, May 1999). In Japan, where the PlayStation version was ported and published by Syscom on November 12, 1998, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40.

Major Mike of GamePro said of the PlayStation version in its August 1998 issue, "Overall, Vigilante 8 is worth a test-drive rental for fans of the genre. If the controls had spent more time in the shop, V8 could have been one topnotch lean, mean driving machine." Eight issues later, Dan Elektro said that the Nintendo 64 version "could have been a hack-job port of the PlayStation code, but instead, the game's been retooled and tweaked for its new platform – and the effort shows. N64 car-combat fans, start your engines!" Michael L. House of AllGame gave the PlayStation version four stars out of five, saying that it "more than makes up for the shortcomings with the fantastic shooting action and nicely designed arenas. Whether or not it's a better game than Twisted Metal 2 is up to the player; if you value shooting over everything else, it is. If you value style as the most important thing, it isn't. Nonetheless, Vigilante 8 is darn good." Later, Scott Alan Marriott gave the Game Boy Color version three stars out of five, calling it "a good game that could have been much better."

The PlayStation version was nominated for Best PlayStation Game at the 1998 CNET Gamecenter Awards, which went to Gran Turismo.

Sequel and remake
A sequel was produced, titled Vigilante 8: 2nd Offense, released for the PlayStation, Dreamcast, and Nintendo 64 in 1999. A remake for the Xbox 360, titled Vigilante 8 Arcade, was created by Isopod Labs, an independent company formed by the founders of Luxoflux. The game features a high-definition rendition of the past games plus some added multiplayer levels complete with an online mode. It was released onto Xbox Live Arcade on November 5, 2008. The developer of the two Vigilante 8 games, Luxoflux, produced a game very similar to Vigilante 8 using the Star Wars license (and the Vigilante 8 game engine), titled Star Wars: Demolition.

title: Vigilante 8


text: User talk:69.106.144.168

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Talk:Luis Posada Carriles

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Talk:Planned obsolescence (business)

critique
there should also be a section detailing "phantom" planned obsolescence. This would be a list of items that are frequently alleged to be produced with p.o. in mind but in reality not at all.
 * light bulbs
 * textbooks
 * pantyhose
 * etc...

List
This article would be more useful if it had a list of items that this is regularly done with.

Planned obsolescence Page
Should this page be merged with Planned obsolescence? Mokwella 20:03, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Yes, probably. However, there is a massive divide between the 'business strategist / marketeers' POV and the 'product designer / engineers' POV, which may not be reconcilable. --Davémon 13:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Indeed, such dispute exists. But I think the two sides must be discussed in a single page, so that readers can get the contrast of each vision. If nobody disagrees, I'm marking both as mergeable. -- Hatredman 17:06, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Planned obsolescence (business)