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Bath (UK Parliament constituency)

Bath is a constituency in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom represented by Wera Hobhouse of the Liberal Democrats.

Perhaps its best-known representatives have been the two with international profiles: William Pitt the Elder (Prime Minister 1766–1768) and Chris Patten, the last Governor of Hong Kong (1992-1997). As of the 2024 general election it has the shortest name of any constituency, with 4 letters, having previously shared the distinction with Hove.

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, at the 2024 general election the seat was subject to moderate boundary changes which involved the gain of the Bathavon North ward from the former North East Somerset constituency.

Constituency profile
The seat is tightly drawn around the historic city including the University of Bath campus. Compared to UK averages residents are wealthier and house prices are higher.

History
Bath is an ancient constituency which has been constantly represented in Parliament since boroughs were first summoned to send members in the 13th century.

Unreformed constituency before 1832
Bath was one of the cities summoned to send members in 1295 and represented ever since, although Parliaments in early years were sporadic. Like almost all English constituencies before the Great Reform Act of 1832, it originally returned two members to each Parliament.

The precise way in which Bath's MPs were chosen in the Middle Ages is unknown. It is recorded that "election was by the Mayor and three citizens being sent from thence to the county court who in the name of the whole community, and by the assent of the community, returned their representatives"; but whether the "assent of the community" was real or what form it took is unrecorded, even assuming it was not a completely dead letter. By the 17th century, elections had become more competitive, as the means of election in Bath had become a franchise restricted to the Mayor, Aldermen, and members of the Common Council (the City Corporation), a total of thirty voters. The freemen of the city challenged this state of affairs in 1661 and again in 1705, claiming the right to vote and petitioning against the election of the candidates chosen by the corporation, but on both occasions the House of Commons, which at the time was still the final arbiter of such disputes, decided against them. The Commons resolution of 27 January 1708, "That the right of election of citizens to serve in Parliament for this city is in the mayor, aldermen and common-council only", settled the matter until 1832.

Bath was the most populous of the English boroughs where the right to vote was restricted to the corporation. At the time of the 1801 census, it was one of the ten largest towns or cities in England by population, and was almost unique in that the voters generally exercised their powers independently. As was the case elsewhere, the Common Council was not popularly elected, all vacancies being filled by co-option by the existing members, so that once a united interest had gained majority control it was easy to retain it. Most corporation boroughs quickly became pocket boroughs in this way, the nomination of their members of parliament being entirely decided by a patron who may have given some large benefaction to the area or simply used bribery to ensure only his supporters or croneys became members of the corporation. But in Bath, the Common Council retained its independence in most periods and took pride in electing two suitable members of parliament who had either strong local connections or else a national reputation. Nor was there any suggestion of bribery or other corruption, prolific in other "independent" constituencies. Pitt the Elder wrote to the corporation in 1761, on the occasion of his re-election as one of Bath's members, to pay tribute to "a city ranked among the most ancient and most considerable in the kingdom, and justly famed for its integrity, independence, and zeal for the public good".

But even in Bath the limited electorate who voted for its members of parliament expected them to work to procure favours for their constituents and enterprises to a degree that would be considered corrupt today. By exercising efforts successfully in this direction, the representatives could in return expect a degree of influence over the voters that differed little from patronage in the pocket boroughs, except that its duration was limited. Thus the lawyer Robert Henley, a Bath MP from 1747 and also Recorder of Bath from 1751, seems to have been assumed to have control over both seats while he held one of them and immediately after; yet when he gained a peerage and thus a seat in the House of Lords, Pitt replaced him on the understanding of being independently chosen. Pitt himself then acquired similar influence: the Council vetoed Viscount Ligonier's suggestion that he should be succeeded by his nephew when he was elevated the Lords in 1763, but instead allowed Pitt to nominate a candidate to be his new colleague, and voted overwhelmingly for him when he was opposed by a local man. But Pitt's influence also waned when he fell out with the Council over the Treaty of Paris later in 1763.

In the final years before the Reform Act, however, local magnates exerted a more controlling influence in Bath. Oldfield, writing early in the 19th century, stated that at that time the Marquess of Bath nominated one member and John Palmer the other; both were former members of parliament for the city (Lord Bath having sat as Viscount Weymouth, before his father's death took him to the Lords), but neither was then in the Commons – each had a relation sitting as one of the members for Bath. Palmer had succeeded Earl Camden who held one of the two seats before 1802. At the time of the Reform Act, the Lord Bath was still being listed as influencing one of the seats, although the second was considered independent once more.

Reformed constituency (1832–1918)
The Great Reform Act opened up the franchise to all resident (male) householders whose houses had a value of at least £10 a year and imposed uniform voting provisions for all the boroughs. Bath was one of the boroughs which continued to elect two members. Given the city's medium size and its generally high property values, its electorate increased by a factor of almost 100, from 30 in 1831 to 2,853 in 1832, and created a competitive and generally marginal constituency which swung between Whig and Tory (later Liberal and Conservative) control. The parliamentary borough's boundaries were also slightly extended, but only to take in those areas into which the built-up area of the city had expanded. Bath's most notable member during this period was probably the Conservative social reformer Lord Ashley, better remembered under his eventual title of 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, for the Factory Acts, the first of which came into effect while he was one of the MPs for Bath.

The franchise was further reformed in 1867 and 1885 with only minor boundary changes. Bath was lucky to retain its two-member representation in the 1885 reforms, as its electorate of under 7,000 was near the lower limit, and this situation lasted until the 1918 reforms. The continued Liberal strength was unusual for a prosperous and predominantly middle-class town, and the seats could until 1918 not be considered safe for the Conservatives.

Modern single-member constituency (since 1918)
Bath's representation was reduced to a single member in 1918. The Conservatives held the seat continuously until 1992, except in the 1923 Parliament, and until World War II generally won comfortably – the Liberals retained such strength that the non-Conservative vote was split, and Labour could not rise above third place until the landslide of 1945, when the Conservative James Pitman achieved a very marginal majority. From 1945 to 1970, Labour presented the main challenge, and came within 800 votes of taking the seat in 1966.

The Liberal revival in the 1970s saw the two more left-wing parties swap places, helped by the adoption of a nationally known candidate, Christopher Mayhew, who had defected from the Labour Party. The formation of the SDP–Liberal Alliance made Bath a realistic target. The SDP came 1500 votes from winning in 1987 under Malcolm Dean. In 1992, Conservative Chris Patten was ousted by Liberal Democrat Don Foster in a narrow defeat widely blamed on Patten's strategising, campaign leading and communicating as Conservative Party chairman rather than canvassing his own constituents. At each election from 1992 to 2015, a different Conservative candidate contested the constituency.

The boundary changes implemented in 1997 took Bathampton, Batheaston, Bathford, Charlcombe and Freshford from the Wansdyke district, containing about 7,000 voters; these were moved elsewhere in 2010. Nominally, these areas had a slightly higher tendency to prefer a Conservative candidate but, the national government suffering from sleaze, in 1997 Don Foster more than doubled his almost 4,000 vote majority to over 9,000 votes. After winning two intervening elections, in 2010 Foster achieved his highest majority of 11,883 votes.

In the 2015 general election, following the national Liberal Democrat collapse and Foster standing down, the seat was regained by the Conservatives under Ben Howlett with a 3,833-vote majority.

Bath is estimated to have voted to remain in the European Union by 68.3% in the 2016 referendum on the UK's membership of the EU.

In the 2017 general election, the constituency was regained by the Liberal Democrats' Wera Hobhouse, with the second-highest Liberal Democrat vote share increase nationally (after Richmond Park).

In December 2023, the Labour Party included the seat in its published list of 211 non-battleground seats, suggesting they did not see it as winnable.

2024-present
Following the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the composition of the constituency from the 2024 general election was expanded to bring the electorate within the permitted range by transferring the Bathavon North ward from North East Somerset.

2010-2024
Following the review of the constituencies in the former county of Avon carried out by the Boundary Commission for England, as of the 2010 general election the constituency covered only the city of Bath, and none of the surrounding rural area. Between 1997 and 2010, it also included some outlying villages such as Southstoke and Freshford which were transferred to the North East Somerset constituency. The changes in 2010 also resulted in Bath becoming a borough constituency, instead of a county constituency as it was before. With its 2010 boundaries, Bath was one of only two UK Parliament constituencies to be surrounded by another constituency, being encircled by North East Somerset; the other constituency, York Central, was entirely surrounded by York Outer.

The 2010 constituency's electoral wards were:
 * Bathwick, Combe Down, Kingsmead, Lambridge, Lansdown, Moorlands, Newbridge, Odd Down, Oldfield Park, Southdown, Twerton, Walcot, Westmoreland, Weston and Widcombe & Lyncombe.

In 2019, taking effect at that year's local elections, boundary changes to the wards took place, which included the abolition of Abbey ward, the merger of Lyncombe and Widcombe wards, the creation of Moorlands ward, and the replacement of Oldfield with Oldfield Park. These ward changes did not change the parliamentary constituency boundary.

Historic boundaries

 * Before 1832: The parishes of St James (Bath), St Peter and St Paul (Bath), and St Michael (Bath), and part of the parish of Walcot
 * 1832–1867: As above, plus the parishes of Bathwick and Lyncombe & Widcombe, and a further part of the parish of Walcot
 * 1867–1918: As above, plus part of the parish of Twerton
 * 1918–1983: The county borough of Bath (boundary changes in 1955)
 * 1983–1997: The City of Bath (no boundary changes)
 * 1997–2010: The City of Bath, and the District of Wansdyke wards of Bathampton, Batheaston, Bathford, Charlcombe, and Freshford

Members of Parliament
The current Member of Parliament is Wera Hobhouse of the Liberal Democrats.

From 30 July to 4 August 1766, Bath was the constituency of the Prime Minister: William Pitt the Elder represented the constituency until he was raised to the peerage as Earl of Chatham shortly after becoming Prime Minister.

Members of Parliament 1295–1640

 * Constituency created (1295)

Election in the 1930s
General Election 1939–40:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;
 * Conservative: Lord Ronaldshay
 * Liberal: Philip William Hopkins
 * Labour: George Gilbert Desmond
 * A minority of Bath Conservatives, led by the town Mayor, Adrian Hopkins objected to Ronaldshay who had no link with the town. Hopkins was considering running as an Independent. Desmond was under pressure to withdraw in favour of the Liberal candidate fighting on a Popular Front programme

Elections in the 1900s

Elections in the 1890s

Elections in the 1880s

 * Caused by Hayter's appointment as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury.

Elections in the 1870s

 * Caused by Dalrymple's death.

 * Caused by Cadogan's elevation to the peerage, becoming Earl Cadogan.

 * Caused by Tite's death.

Elections in the 1850s

 * Caused by Phinn's resignation after his appointment as Assistant Secretary to the Admiralty

 * Caused by Ashley-Cooper's succession to the peerage, becoming 7th Earl of Shaftesbury

title: Bath (UK Parliament constituency)


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Talk:Seventy (Latter Day Saints)

Future Directions
I know I'm largely responsible for some of the content on this page, but here are some things I would like to try out.
 * Cite sources. Go as close to the D&C and scripture as possible, and build out from there.
 * Cite magazine articles properly.
 * Cite the general conference where specific events occured.
 * Keep a separate list: List of Current First Quorum of Seventy members; List of Current Second Quorum of Seventy Members; List of Seventy Emeritus; List of Presidents of the Quorums of Seventy (historically and current);

Jgardner 22:30, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * And all that could feasibly be done by consulting the most recent edition of the LDS Church Almanac, which, in this case, is 2006. That has all the information anyone would need to know to do all that. Signed, A Friend and Fellow Church Member —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.90.93.10 (talk • contribs) 05:04, 1 January 2006

 * I think a full list of all quorum members is perhaps a bit too much, a list of the Presidents and notable members would perhaps be of more interest and use to readers. --Tobey 16:03, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I, on the other hand, would prefer a full list, especially at General Conference time. Not even lds.org lists the General Authorities, as far as I can tell. Those of us who live overseas may not have ready access to a copy of the Deseret News Church Almanac. Not to mention the fact that even the latest information is a year out of date by September. Meservy (talk) 12:24, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I think what you're looking for would be List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Good Ol’factory (talk) 21:37, 12 October 2008 (UTC)
 * There is also the list List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -- Trödel 01:50, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Seventy lower than High Priests?
Although it could be argued that after 1936, when the Seventy were placed under Stake control, that the Seventy became lower than High Priests, but before that time Seventies were generally thought of as holding a higher priesthood office and responsibility.

Note the following -

"There is nothing in the Doctrine and Covenants upon which an idea can be based that the High Priests have precedence over the Seventies." (Brigham Young, Deseret News, 6 June 1877)

"The High Priests possessed the High Priesthood; but the Seventies possesed the High Priesthood and the Apostleship which was the highest power on the earth or in the Church." (Parley P. Pratt, Seventies Record, Nauvoo, Book B, 25 January, 1846, p. 226)

See also Joseph Smith's letter to Orson Hyde, 14th May 1840, History of the Church 4:129.

There is much more substantiation on this point, but this I hope will suffice.

--Tobey 16:03, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Office of Seventy still exists in the Church?
It is my impression that the Priesthood office of Seventy no longer exists in the Church.

This is based on a October 5th 1986 article article in the Salt Lake Tribune, relating an announcement by LDS Church President Ezra Taft Benson the previous day, and titled "LDS Church Discontinues Office of Seventy".

This seems to be concurred by an article in the LDS Church's official magazine, the Ensign, which states -

(Ezra Taft Benson speaking:) "The seventies quorums in the stakes of the Church are to be discontinued, and the brethren now serving as seventies in these quorums will be asked to return to membership in the elders quorums of their wards. Stake presidents, in an orderly fashion, may then determine who among such brethren should be ordained to the office of high priest."

& "Now we announce the call of a new local officer to be known as an area authority. These will be high priests chosen from among past and present experienced Church leaders."

But this seems contradicted by the following line - "“Although the ordination to the office of Seventy is without term, a Seventy is called to serve in a quorum for a designated period of years."

Although this is anecdotal - I asked a friend of mine who worked in the Church Offices to ask one of the 'Seventies' is they had been ordained to that specific Priesthood office, and they told him they were a High Priest, and had only been set apart to perform the duties of a Seventy - a distinct difference. So I presume that in the previous quote it should say "set apart" rather than "ordained" but I am open to correction if anyone has any further information.

--Tobey 13:55, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't usually reply to old posts like this, but this is to dissipate any confusion that may later occur. Read the quote from President Benson closely. He is referring specifically to local quorums of seventy. Until 1978, each stake had one or more quorums of seventy. Many missionaries were ordained to the office of Seventy before going on missions, and so, while local seventy are now considered elders or high priests, the offices of General Authority and area authority seventy do indeed exist. Bruce 20:59, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Do you think the church public affairs would answer if we asked on behalf of wikipedia? Rdpuk 14:13, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm all for it. We'd have to make sure that the right question is asked.  I propose "Are Area Authorities ordained to the priesthood office of Seventy or are they instead set apart to hold that responsibility?"

 * Contact details are available on - http://lds.org/newsroom/contact/0,15327,3883-1,00.html
 * --Tobey 15:10, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

I recall looking at material that was being translated while on a mission in the year 2000 and noting that in the information on membership records it included "Seventy" as a priesthood office that could be indicated on a brother's membership record. --A.M. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.39.59.160 (talk • contribs) 05:29, 12 December 2006
 * As a purely anecdotal contribution to this ancient thread: I recall reading membership records around 2001 in a midwestern U.S. ward which reported the priesthood office of "Seventy" for three members of the local Elders Quorum. It was explained to me that their stakes ordained them to the office of Seventy during the 1970s (before the changes noted above), and they had not yet been ordained High Priests.  This seems to show that the LDS Church still officially recognizes the office of Seventy for those who are no longer members of a Seventies Quorum.
 * On another note, it's my understanding that the office of High Priest succeeds the office of Seventy, in the same way the office of Teacher succeeds the office of Deacon; one office follows the other and previous powers/duties are absorbed into the new office. I assume this means that when an Elder is ordained a High Priest, he also receives the powers/duties of the office of Seventy (in the same way that new convert ordained to be a Priest also receives the powers/duties of the offices of Deacon and Teacher).  Rich jj (talk) 16:53, 13 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I guess if I had been paying attention I would have seen the explanation was already in the article at Seventy (Latter Day Saints). ——Rich jj (talk) 19:56, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Yes, the Area Authorities are ordained to the Melchizedek Priesthood office of Seventy. When the area authority position was created it took the place of the old regional representatives. This was in 1995 and they just needed to be high priests and were just called "Area Authorities." In 1997 President Hinckley said that the area authorities would be ordained to the office of Seventy and would be organized into the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Quorums of Seventy which has now expanded to eight quorums (I think it's eight). Also, I was at a meeting in February 2007 with Elder Bednar where he said Seventy is a higher priesthood office than High Priest. 98.164.215.102 (talk) 01:27, 4 January 2009 (UTC) ChristianZ
 * That is fascinating about Bednar's comment. What meeting did he say this at?  I thought it might be his BYU fireside, but I didn't see reference to it in there.  I was convinced High Priests were higher than Seventies, because when stake quorums were discontinued in 1986, the church assigned seventies to Elder's Quorums.  Stake Presidents then followed the normal process in deciding which seventies should be ordained as High Priests.  See Seventy (Latter Day Saints), especially the footnote.  ——Rich jj (talk) 19:56, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

15 apostles?
There's to be a mistake .. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.227.206.232 (talk • contribs) 19:18, 24 May 2007

 * If you were to sign your name, and explain your reasoning about this "mistake", perhaps someone could help you. I just looked at the article closely and found no reference to "15 apostles." but my guess would be that if there were such a reference, it would refer to the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, who, though they are now 14 in number, all hold the priesthood office of "apostle." Does that help? --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable 23:46, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Martyrdom of Joseph Smith
There's been a short series of reverts around the phrase "By the time Joseph Smith was martyred".

I confess that this is not a cut-and-dried issue.

Here's Merriam-Webster's definition

1 : a person who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty of witnessing to and refusing to renounce a religion

2 : a person who sacrifices something of great value and especially life itself for the sake of principle

Using these definitions, it would seem obvious that Joseph Smith was a martyr. But, to be more precise, he was a Mormon martyr.

To be called a martyr is laudatory. To be called a heretic is derogatory. What's the difference? Whether the religion and/or principles are accepted as orthodox.

And this is what makes use of the word "martyr" POV. From a Mormon POV, Smith is obviously a martyr. From a secular POV, he is also a martyr but no more so than other heretics who are also martyred for their religion. From the POV of a "mainstream" Christian (e.g. a Catholic, Orthodox or Protestant), Smith was not a martyr, just a heretic.

Thus, to sidestep this whole POV dispute, it's easier to just avoid using the word "martyr" in this context.

--Richard 07:07, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that the word is best to be avoided. Saying he was "killed" or even "murdered" is less problematic and just as accurate. –SESmith 08:13, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Changes just made
I have made a few changes to this page, all in the Presidency of the Seventy section. I have placed by the name of each Presidency member the date of their call to the presidency, and the source for each date, which makes it verifiable. I have also changed Elder Tingey's title from "Presiding President" to "Senior President". While it is true that the most senior presidency member presides over the other six, he is defined as the Senior president in the following sentence: "Elder Carlos E. Asay will serve as Senior President of the Seventy." (Found in Ensign, Sept. 1995 p. 74) Further, note this sentence: "With Elder Asay’s release, Elder L. Aldin Porter will become the senior member of the Presidency of the Seventy." (Found in Ensign, Aug. 1996 p. 71) Consequently, the changes have been made. Thanks. --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable 23:47, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

A Discussion of "Seventies" Apostolic authority
The article states that "Seventies may act in the place of apostles, but a seventy does not hold apostolic authority. This means that they may have the power to do anything that is required to organize and administer the church, as long as they are under the direction of an apostle. Apart from the seven presidents of the seventy, seventies do not hold priesthood "keys."

I think that we should discuss this claim in more detail because there is a difference of opinion on whether Seventies have apostolic authority and the definition of apostolic authority. I will include some quotes for further discussion:

"'This day the Council [presidency] of the Seventy met to render an account of their travels and ministry, since they were ordained to that Apostleship.' (History of the Church 2:346)"

It seems to me that this quote would lead us to believe that the Seventy is an "apostleship" of sorts or in scriptural terms they are "especial witnesses" of Christ (see D&C 107:25). D&C 27:12 refers to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery by saying, "I have ordained you and confirmed you to be apostles, and especial witnesses of my name,..." D&C 107:23 refers to the Twelve Apostles as "special witnesses of the name of Christ in all the world" yet verse 26 says that the Seventy form a quorum that is "equal in authority to that of the Twelve special witnesses or Apostles just named." So there appars to be no difference, or little difference, between the terms "special witnesses" and "especial witnesses" but the scriptures clearly grant the 12 special witnesses authority over the 70 especial witnesses or in other words the scriptures grant the 12 Apostles authority over the 70 apostles. We don't refer to them as "apostles" for the sake of clarity but I believe they are apostles in their right and receive apostolic authority.

Members of the Church understand that being "equal in authority" means they can preside in the absence of other Quorums. We understand the President of the Church is an Apostle as are his Counselors whether ordained to the Quorum of the Twelve or not. We sustain the President, his Counselors and members of the Quorum of the Twelve as "prophets, seers and revelators" in General Conference. We don't sustain them as "apostles" yet I believe that they, like the Seventy, possess apostolic authority by virtue of their office. We do not sustain the Seventy as "prophets, seers and revelators" which seems to indicate that the apostolic authority has nothing to do with the person being a "prophet," a "seer" or a "revelator" but instead has to do with the right to bear witness of the name of Christ in all the world.

It's also important to note that the Seventy, the Twelve and the First Presidency are Presiding Quorums in their own right and by their own authority. The President presides, and whenever he dies, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve presides as he holds the keys and has the authority to exercise them. There has never been a case where the Seventy had to preside over the Church but they could in their own right do so as they are "equal in authority" to the Twelve.

Joseph Smith, in 1836, "'...called upon the quorums and congregation of Saints to acknowledge the presidents of Seventies who act as their representatives, as Apostles and special witnesses to the nations, to assist the Twelve in opening the Gospel kingdom among all people' ( History of the Church 2:418)"

It seems to me that Joseph Smith is distinguishing the role of "Apostle" as that of a "special witness" of the Lord. If this is the case then "apostolic authority" has little to do with "keys" of the priesthood as the article seems to imply, instead it is the authority to bear witness of Christ or the "apostolic authority." Which leads me to believe that presiding authority defined in scripture is separate from the apostolic authority. This would mean that apostles outside of the Twelve don't have the right to preside which has been the case in Church history. Several members of the First Presidency have been ordained as Apostles but not called to the Quorum of Twelve. For those who were subsequently called into the Twelve their standing in the Quorum was from the date of their ordination to the Twelve and not to the Apostleship.

Brigham Young speaking of the Seventy said they were called to be, "'apostles to the nations to carry the gospel; and when we send you to build up the kingdom, we will give you the keys, and power and authority' ( History of the Church 7:307)."

So, it seems the Seventy possess the keys, power and authority needed and the President and the Twelve have the authority to delegate any and all keys necessary to perform their labors and when the President and Twelve are absent the Seventy possess authority over the Church. Either way, I think it is important that we not confuse LDS and non-LDS by claiming that the Seventy don't possess apostolic authority. The following quote by Earl C. Tingey is the primary reason I think we should not do so.

Earl C. Tingey said of the Seventy, "'When they are ordained, members of the Seventy do receive apostolic authority to bear witness that Jesus is the Christ and to go forth in all the world as the Twelve may send them."

I can't speak for Elder Tingey but it seems clear to me that he understands that the Seventy receive "apostolic authority to bear witness that Jesus is the Christ" and to "go forth in all the world" as the Twelve may direct them. I think it would be important to keep this distinction in the article while removing the claim that the Seventy don't possess apostolic authority because as we have seen Joseph Smith, Brigham Young and Earl C. Tingey among others believe that the Seventy possess apostolic authority. Whether this is a portion of the apostleship or its entirety is something we can debate, discuss and pray about for many years but I think we have enough clarification that the Seventy have some, if not all, apostolic authority. I, of course, will wait to remove or re-word the sentence until there is some consensus. Edward Lalone | (Talk)

 * It seems to me you've been pretty thorough. I would only add that the Quorum of the Twelve is equal in authority to the First Presidency only when there is no First Presidency, and the Quorums of the Seventy are only equal to the two quorums previously named when said quorums do not exist. For the precedent, I direct you to something Joseph Smith once stated, which is: "Where I am not, there is no First Presidency over the Twelve." The reference for that is: HC 2:374 (History of the Church Volume 2, Page 374). By explaining the surrounding circumstances of that, I think I can prove my point far better than I could with just my own words. When this quote was made, it was part of a response given by Joseph Smith on behalf of the First Presidency regarding concerns, complaints, and questions about slights that the Quorum members felt had been practiced against them, as brought up in a council meeting of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve. See HC 2:372-375 for the complete proceedings. It is plain that when Joseph used the pronoun "I" in the above quotation that the "I" referred to in the above quotation means "the President of the Church." So let me restate the quote using that knowledge, as follows: "Where [the President of the Church is] not, there is no First Presidency over the Twelve." Because of that quote, I think we ought to add the specification that the Quourum of the Twelve only has totally equal authority to the First Presidency where there is no President of the Church. Likewise, the Quorums of the Seventy are equal in authority only when there is no Quorum of the Twelve or President of the Church, and so on. The way I wrote it was to prove a point, but it is lengthy and even hard for me to understand, so if you can understand it, since we know that's the case, maybe a change could be made based on the doctrine taught in this quote. Thanks. --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable (talk) 21:53, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Possible Wording

 * I apologize for any confusion I may have caused by my poor choice of words but I agree with you that the Quorum of the Twelve is equal in authority to the First Presidency only when there is no First Presidency. That is exactly what I meant when I wrote that:

 * "'Members of the Church understand that being 'equal in authority' means they can preside in the absence of other Quorums....It's also important to note that the Seventy, the Twelve and the First Presidency are Presiding Quorums in their own right and by their own authority. The President presides, and whenever he dies, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve presides as he holds the keys and has the authority to exercise them. There has never been a case where the Seventy had to preside over the Church but they could in their own right do so as they are 'equal in authority' to the Twelve.'"

 * I feel that the citation to HC 2:374 should be added to the article along with clarifying language. We need to somehow differentiate between "apostolic authority" and the authority to preside since the Seventy, technically speaking, possess apostolic authority and the authority to preside in certain circumstances but not in others. So I would propose the following language:

 * "Seventies, being equal in authority, act under the direction of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles as they labor in their apostolic ministry.  Members of the Church understand that being 'equal in authority' means they preside over the Church when the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve aren't constituted.  This means the seventies have the power to do anything that's required to organize and administer the church, as long as they do so under the direction of the First Presidency or the Quorum of the Twelve.  They do not, as a Quorum, preside over the Church, by their own authority, unless the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve are no longer in existence.  Apart from the seven presidents of the seventy, seventies do not hold priesthood 'keys' but are delegated the necessary keys to perform their duties.  A seventy holds apostolic authority in the sense of being an 'especial witnesses of Christ.'  and the Quorum of the Seventy may become the Presiding authority over the Church if the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve cease to exist. "

 * Please change this wording as you see fit so we can find the right balance.

 * Why this is so important

 * I wanted to add that I think it's really important that we get the wording right because a lot of people, both LDS and non-LDS, get their information from Wikipedia and I have heard many people inaccurately describe the functions of the organizations and quorums of the Church. We also live at a time when it's possible that both the Quorum of the Twelve and the First Presidency could by some freak chance be destroyed in one catastrophic event such as an earthquake. It would be good for members of the Church to know without question who is the presiding authority in such an event. Our doctrine of succession should be as clear to the non-LDS layperson as that of any other Church including the Catholic Church Edward Lalone | (Talk)

 * Thank you, Edward. This appears to be a solidly written, extremely well-worded paragraph. I would propose, then, that the following be the result:

 * "Seventies, being equal in authority, act under the direction of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles as they labor in their apostolic ministry.  Members of the Church understand that being 'equal in authority' means they preside over the Church when the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve aren't constituted.  This means the seventies have the power to do anything that's required to organize and administer the church, as long as they do so under the direction of the First Presidency or the Quorum of the Twelve.  They do not, as a Quorum, preside over the Church, by their own authority, unless the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve are no longer in existence.  Apart from the seven presidents of the seventy, seventies do not hold priesthood 'keys' but are delegated the necessary keys to perform their duties.  A seventy holds apostolic authority in the sense of being an 'especial witnesses of Christ.'  and the Quorum of the Seventy may become the Presiding authority over the Church if the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve cease to exist. "

 * As far as actual citations go, I would strongly encourage a reading of an August 2005 Ensign article on pages 48-50 by Elder Earl C. Tingey, Senior President of the Seventy. The article clearly lays out what the role of the Seventy is relating to their relationship to the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. I'm going to provide a link to that story, then leave you to read it and decide for yourself (since you're the one that come up with this excellent paragraph) how much of the article to use, which quotation should go where, and whether it would be profitable for to use the HC quote I included in my last post. As long as we have citations at the points noted, it should be okay to go with what we have. Great job! Keep up the good work, and let me know when you have something written with the appropriate citations. --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable (talk) 21:49, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

So, the members of the Presidency of the Seventy hold keys but no other Seventy does? That's a new one to me. I was under the impression that no Seventy held keys (unless perhaps while serving as a mission or temple president) but this is interesting new information to me that the Presidency of the Seventy hold keys. Do we have a reference for that? I don't see it mentioned in Elder Tingey's article. Also, at the meeting I was at with Elder Bednar he said that when the D&C says the Quorum of the Twelve is equal in "power and authority" to the First Presidency that the word "power" in this instance refers to priesthood keys. The D&C then says that the Seventy are equal in "authority" to the Quorum of the Twelve with the word "power" being purposely left out. 98.164.215.102 (talk) 01:40, 4 January 2009 (UTC) ChristianZ

 * I realise this is very late, but the reference for the presidency of the seventy holding keys can be found in the LDS Church's new Handbook here: "The Presidency of the Seventy are set apart and are given the keys to preside over the Quorums of Seventy." Good Ol’factory (talk) 04:06, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

First German Seventy?
I wonder who the first German Seventy was -- Elder Uchtdorf? -- pne (talk) 12:59, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Nope. That would be F. Enzio Busche. Mike (talk) 22:35, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Nope to the nope. Busche may have been the first German ordained a seventy and called to be a general guthority, but it is unlikely that he was the first German to be ordained a seventy. It is probable that several German immigrants to the United States in the 1800s were ordained to this priesthood office. Most missionaries were seventy rather than elders. There may have been Germans living in Germany who were ordained Seventies. Matthew R. Lee 00:34, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

Richard J. Maynes reference
In attempting to add information about Elder Richard J. Maynes's call to the Presidency, I ran into an error with the formatting for the reference, and don't know how to fix it. HELP! Thanks. --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable (talk) 08:39, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Someone (I'm not sure who) removed the sources I had listed for the changes made on February 11, 2012. Rather than removing them, they should have been fixed. Could someone with more WP experience than me please reinclude those references and fix the problem rather than removing them again? Thanks. --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable (talk) 03:19, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Just looked at the revision history. It has been claimed that the change doesn't become official until March 31, 2012. But changes in assignemnt don't have to be approved by the Church to become official. An announcement from the First Presidency suffices. Therefore, I am reverting the change. Please post here BEFORE reverting it again. --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable (talk) 03:24, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I suppose it's probably just a different interpretation of when things are "official". From my reading of LDS scriptures, one couldn't really say that the change is completely "official" until it is ratified by the common consent of church membership. That generally happens in a General Conference meeting. However, the change can certainly be implemented prior to common consent having been given. This is probably what has happened here, which changes the common consent bit into more of a formality or technicality than anything else. (Fixed the ref, by the way.) Good Ol’factory (talk) 03:31, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Any Church member knows that an annoucement from the First Presidency is enough to "make it official." It doesn't have to be ratified by the membership to be so. And, as you said in your reverts, the source says, "effective immediately." If it's in the source, it's good enough for me. Thanks for fixing this. Thanks for all your great work. Keep it up! --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable (talk) 06:00, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * As there has been some dispute over the date of Maynes's call, I looked it up using a google search. The Church's official website reports the date of the change as January 20, 2012. So that is the date that should be used, regardless of what the LDS Church News reports. Post here before reverting. --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable (talk) 18:35, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

August 2012 changes.
For the LDS section of this article, when August 1 arrives, we will want to make the following changes where it talks about the Presidency of the Seventy:
 * Jay E. Jensen will be released from the Presidency of the Seventy and as President of the North America Northeast Area.
 * Donald L. Hallstrom will preside over the North America Northeast Area, succeeding Jay E. Jensen.
 * Craig C. Christensen, newly called to the Presidency of the Seventy, succeeding Jay E. Jensen, will preside over the Idaho and North America Central Areas, succeeding Donald L. Hallstrom.

Thank you. --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable (talk) 06:04, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

Split
I think that the sections in the "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" need to be split from this page to a new page titled Seventy (LDS Church).

Pages using the title "(Latter Day Saints)" are, per MOS:LDS, supposed to be a generalized page covering all sects within the Latter Day Saint movement. Pages using (LDS Church) are specifically about The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This is similar to Quorum of the Twelve and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church), in that Quorum of the Twelve is a generalized page on all the groups in all sects that are related to the original Quorum of the Twelve, while the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) covers the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles specifically.

The problem is, this page is has so much stuff in it specifically related to the LDS church that is has become a LDS Church specific page. The "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" section need to be shorted to one paragraph with a "Main articles:" link to a Seventy (LDS Church) page, thereby restoring a "generalization" back to this page.--ARTEST4ECHO (talk/contribs) 13:24, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Sounds reasonable to me. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 16:18, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree with the article split as well. Good idea. Surprising no one thought of it sooner. --Jgstokes (talk) 01:42, 11 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I think clear that this is a good idea and we have a consensus. Therefore I'm making the change.--ARTEST4ECHO (talk/contribs) 18:39, 11 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I need some input on the choice of which page to wikilink to on 5 pages. Most pages are pretty obvious (i.e. Seventy (LDS Church) vs. Seventy (Latter Day Saints) but these 5 either cross the 1844 death of Joseph Smith, or the date they were made Seventies isn't provided.
 * Thomas Bullock (Mormon) - Made a Seventy but no date given. He was baptized in 1841 and did serve in a few positions before 1844.  However, I think he should probably link to Seventy (LDS Church) as most of his positions were after 1844 and he went with Brigham Young after Joseph Smith's death.
 * Gilbert Belnap - Made a Seventy but no date given, but it was in Nauvoo. He was baptized in 1842 and did serve in a few positions before 1844.  However, I think he should probably link to Seventy (LDS Church) as most of his positions were after 1844 and he went with Brigham Young after Joseph Smith's death.
 * Amasa Lyman - Was made a Seventy in 1835 so I would think he should link to Seventy (Latter Day Saints, but he went with Brigham Young after Joseph Smith's death and later became a member of the 12 in the LDS Church. I kind of feel that since he spent most of his time as a Seventy for the LDS Church he should link there.
 * Arnold Potter - Was made a Seventy in 1845, so I would think it should link to Seventy (LDS Church). However, he went on to form his own sect, so like others who were Seventies in other sects, he may need to link to Seventy (Latter Day Saints).
 * The Seventies Hall on the Nauvoo Historic District page. I have no idea when the Seventies Hall was build, or who owns it now.  Any change I would make would be a guess.
 * Which page do you all think they should link to?--ARTEST4ECHO (talk/contribs) 15:27, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Bullock, Belnap, Lyman- LDS. Potter, LDS Seventies Hall - Latter Day Saint. That would seem to be the fairest way to do it. Other thoughts? --Jgstokes (talk) 22:15, 12 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I too would put Bullock, Belnap, Lyman to (LDS Church). The Nauvoo Seventies Hall is owned by the Community of Christ, so I would put it to (Latter Day Saints). I agree that Potter should probably go to (Latter Day Saints), just because of his own personal history. I agree with what Jgstokes wrote. Good Ol’factory (talk) 22:28, 12 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Sounds good, and done.--ARTEST4ECHO (talk/contribs) 17:06, 16 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I take back what I said about ownership of the Seventies Hall. It might in fact be owned by the LDS Church. (Latter Day Saints) may still be the appropriate one, though, given that it was only used as a Seventies Hall during the Nauvoo period. Good Ol’factory (talk) 17:12, 16 September 2013 (UTC)

 * The Seventies Hall is most definitely owned by the LDS Church at present. However it was built in the early 1840s.John Pack Lambert (talk) 20:51, 16 September 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Seventy (Latter Day Saints)


text:
Randy McKay

Hugh Randall McKay (born January 25, 1967) is a Canadian former professional hockey player. Playing the right wing position, he played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1988 to 2003 with the Detroit Red Wings, New Jersey Devils, Dallas Stars and Montreal Canadiens. He was commonly referred to as Randy "The Rocket" Mckay" for not only his physical playstyle and consistent double digit goal seasons, but also most notably for his "head high screamers" or hard slapshots into the upper corner of the net.

Playing career
McKay was selected by the Detroit Red Wings in the sixth round, 113th overall, of the 1985 NHL Entry Draft. He split the 1987–88, 1988–89 and 1989–90 seasons between the Red Wings and their affiliate in the American Hockey League (AHL), the Adirondack Red Wings. McKay stuck with the Wings in the NHL for the 1990–91 season, appearing in 47 games. While showing a scoring touch in the AHL, McKay only scored 4 goals in 83 total games with the Red Wings and was unable to find consistent playing time. Following the season, McKay and Dave Barr were sent by rule of an arbitrator to the New Jersey Devils as compensation for the Red Wings' signing of free agent Troy Crowder. The deal did not work out for the Wings as Crowder only played in seven games for the team before incurring a serious injury. McKay developed into a solid third and fourth line player that the Wings would later covet in the latter part of the decade. It was a move that Red Wings senior vice president Jim Devellano resisted at the time and regretted later.

Although a physical presence on the ice, McKay also contributed offensively, with double-digit goal totals and a positive plus/minus most seasons (including +30 in 1997–98, fourth in the NHL). He is perhaps best remembered among Devils fans for scoring the winning goal in Game 6 of the 1995 Eastern Conference Finals against the Philadelphia Flyers; the Devils won the game 4–2 and went on to win their first Stanley Cup by upsetting the heavily-favoured Detroit Red Wings in four games.

On October 28, 2000, in a regular season game against the Pittsburgh Penguins, McKay and teammate John Madden each scored four goals in a 9–0 win for the Devils. It was the first time since 1922 that two teammates each scored four goals.

McKay was also a member of the Devils when they won the Stanley Cup in 2000 against the Dallas Stars in six games.

On March 19, 2002, McKay was traded (alongside Jason Arnott and a first-round pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft) to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Joe Nieuwendyk and Jamie Langenbrunner.

McKay retired after the 2002–03 season, finishing his career in his hometown as a member of the Montreal Canadiens.

Crash line
For a period of time with the New Jersey Devils, McKay was a member of "The Crash Line" alongside Bobby Holík and Mike Peluso. Head coach Jacques Lemaire created the line to counter the larger skilled players of the Eastern Conference at the time, including Eric Lindros, Cam Neely and Jaromír Jágr. The average weight of the linemates was 215 pounds, and each skater played a physical and aggressive style of hockey. The trio were part of the Devils Stanley Cup championship in 1995. Following the departure of Peluso, Holík and McKay often remained on the same line, which sometimes included Sergei Brylin.

Other
McKay is a graduate of Michigan Technological University (1984–1988).

McKay splits time between Houghton, Michigan and Marquette, Michigan. McKay and his wife, Katie have four children: Riley, Kaitlyn, Dawson and McKenna.

title: Randy McKay


text:
I, Jedi

I, Jedi is a novel, written by Michael A. Stackpole that is set in the Star Wars galaxy. It was the first Star Wars novel written in the first-person perspective of a character never seen in the movies.

The novel takes place around the same time as Kevin J. Anderson's Jedi Academy Trilogy, around seven years after the events of Return of the Jedi. Like the Jedi Academy Trilogy, I, Jedi is notable in that it provides a detailed, first-hand look at the training of a Jedi Knight. The novel revisits many of the situations first presented by Anderson.

Plot
In I, Jedi, Corran Horn must develop his Jedi powers to save the life of his wife, Mirax Terrik.

Corran Horn was a member of the elite X-wing force Rogue Squadron. After returning home from a long campaign to find his wife kidnapped, he turns to Luke Skywalker, the only remaining Jedi Master at the time, for help. This coincides nicely with the master's timing, as he is seeking students for his new Jedi Academy on Yavin 4. Corran knows that he is Force-sensitive, and that only with the Force as his ally can he track down his enemy.

It turns out that Corran's wife, Mirax, was tracking down a group of elusive pirates known as the Invids. The Invids' primary tactic is to drop out of hyperspace with the flagship, an Imperial Star Destroyer named the Invidious, strike, and disappear with perfect timing. As she grew closer to solving the mystery of how these pirates performed their supernaturally accurate attacks, she was kidnapped and placed into stasis on their fortress planet. On the journey to save Mirax, Corran learns that his grandfather was a Jedi, a member of the Halcyon line. His adopted grandfather shows Corran the records that the Jedi had left behind, and with that, Corran eventually makes up his mind to follow in his ancestor's footsteps and become a Jedi. After extensive training and being caught in a crisis involving the risen spirit of the Dark Sith Lord Exar Kun, Corran goes as far as he can, and infiltrates the pirates using his CorSec training. He quickly rises through the ranks, and finds out where Mirax is being held. With the timely help of Luke Skywalker and his squadron friend and wingman, Ooryl Qrygg, he fights his way past the Jensaarai, a splinter group of Jedi who focus on stealth and premonition, and into the fortress, where he is able to rescue his wife.

title: I, Jedi


text:
Salusbury family

The Salusbury family was an Anglo-Welsh family notable for their social prominence, wealth, literary contributions and philanthropy. They were patrons of the arts and were featured in William Shakespeare's The Phoenix and the Turtle and other works. The family mostly rose in power by supporting the rising Tudor dynasty.

Early History
John Williams, in Ancient and Modern Denbigh, traces back the family to Adam de Salzburg, a Bavarian knight from Salzburg who claimed descent from Charlemagne and who came over with William the Conqueror during the Norman Conquest where he states that the toponymic surname Salzburg was anglicised into Salusbury.

Hester Lynch Piozzi (1740-1821) recalls visiting a Benedictine convent in Salzburg where she was shown records of a “young Prince Adam” who came over with William the Conqueror. Prince Adam was supposedly granted a large estate in Richmondshire where he built a residence called Salzburg Court.

Furthermore, Williams traces the family's arrival in Denbighshire to the reign of Henry II where Adam de Saltzburg is recorded as Captain of the Garrison of Denbigh.

The Salusburys may have been present in the Vale of Clwyd as early as 1089 as a John Salusbury is recorded as residing in the area. This John was father of Syr Harri Ddu (or Sir Harry the Black), the namesake of the North Welsh traditional virtuoso fantasia arranged for harps. Sir Harry the Black is also regarded as the founder of Lleweni Hall, or at the very least, the family that would reside there.

Sir Thomas Salusbury was a crusader and may have been involved in the Siege of Acre. His son Sir John (d. 1289) also may have been a crusader. Sir John founded the Carmelite Priory in Denbigh. He was buried in the chapel, the inscription on his tomb, stating the following:

“Orate pro a’i’a Joh’is Salusburie Armigeri, qui quidem Joh’es Salusburie obiit ii die Mensis Martii A.D. 1289, cujus a’i’e p’picietur Deus.”

In 1416 John Salusbury was elected to represent Leominster in the House of Commons.

Thomas Salusbury fought at the Battle of Blackheath (1497) and was knighted by Henry VII and appointed steward of the Lordship of Denbigh.

Flourishment during the Tudor Period
Over generations through carefully cultivated matrilineal alliances with powerful Welsh heiresses, the Salusbury family became possessed of immense territories across North Wales resulting in many different branches of the family being settled in Bachymbyd, Bachegraig, Rug, Llewesog, Maescadarn, Brynbarcut, Dolbeledr, Plasisa, Brynsyllty, Berthddu. Henblas, and Llanrwst with large estates at Lleprog, Clocaenog, Llanrhaiadr, Llanfwrog, Llandyrnog, Gwytherin, and the previously mentioned Lleweni.

The estate and family of Lleweni remained the most powerful of the many branches of the Salusbury family tree, particularly in the Tudor period where many of its members held powerful positions such as Sheriff of Denbighshire and Custos Rotulorum. This series of titles and offices can likely be traced back to Sir Thomas Salusbury of Lleweni who was appointed Steward of the Lordship of Denbigh.

During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the young Thomas Salusbury was put in the care of the Earl of Leicester who was already unfavoured by the people of Denbighshire as the Lord of Denbigh. This alliance with the Earl of Leicester as well as a growing conservative sentiment in Denbighshire at the time led to an Anti-Lleweni faction which remained active for the remainder of the century.

The family was met with disgrace when Thomas Salusbury was found to be complicit in the Babington Plot, furthermore much of Lleweni had been leased out to the Crown and the family had found themselves facing ruinous fines and debts, all the while the Anti-Lleweni faction had managed to keep the Lleweni Salusburys out of office in favour of the Salusburys of Rug and Bachymbyd.

Thomas’ brother and successor to the estate upon his execution, John Salusbury, managed to somewhat restore the reputation of the family after successfully defeating his cousin Captain Owen Salusbury of Holt in a duel after the latter was placed under suspicion for recent illegal activities as a mercenary. The 5th Earl of Derby called the triumph an ‘advancement of [his] credit’. John would then go on to take part in suppressing the Essex Revolt of 1601 and would be knighted for his services. Sir John was also a respected poet and patron of the arts. A contemporary of Shakespeare, he worked alongside him and Robert Chester.

While Sir John eventually defeated the Anti-Lleweni faction and became Knight for Denbighshire, he fell into severe financial ruin and ultimately had to borrow heavily on his lands from his former political opponent, Sir Thomas Myddleton. He eventually settled his financial obligations to Sir Thomas by arranging a marriage between his heir, Henry Salusbury, and Myddleton’s daughter.

Henry Salusbury, Sir John’s heir, was a distinguished loyalist during the time of Charles I. He received a baronetcy in 1619. Henry and his descendants appear to have found financial stability and Lleweni prospered under them.

Post-Georgian era
In 1762, upon the death of Sir John Salusbury, the family had a lack of male heirs and the estate passed on to his sister, Hester Salusbury, who married Sir Robert Cotton. The many other branches of the family met the same fate, with much of their estates passing on to heiresses who married into other families who took or double-barrelled the name Salusbury to boost their prestige.

John Williams concludes his chapter on the Salusbury family as such:

“In conclusion, it may not be improper to observe that many indirect, distant, and even spurious off-shoots of this ancient and honourable stock, have, from time to time, assumed the name of Salusbury, to strengthen weak or doubtful titles; whilst many of their more direct descendants have become reduced to indigency or poverty.”

Salusburys of Lleweni

 * John Salusbury (MP) (1520-1578)
 * William Salusbury (1520–1584)
 * Sir Thomas Salisbury (1564–1586)
 * Sir Henry Salusbury, 1st Baronet (1589-1632)
 * Sir Thomas Salusbury, 2nd Baronet (1612–1643)
 * Sir Thomas Salusbury, 3rd Baronet (1634-1658)
 * Sir John Salusbury, 4th Baronet (died 1684
 * Sir John Salusbury Piozzi Salusbury (1793–1858)

Salusburys of Bachygraig

 * Sir John Salusbury (1707–1762)
 * Hester Piozzi (1741–1821)
 * Rosamund Victoria Salusbury (1885-1950)

Salusbury of Rug

 * John Salusbury (died 1540s) (MP)
 * John Salesbury (MP)
 * Robert Salesbury (MP)

By marriage

 * Sir Richard Clough (1530–1570)
 * Katheryn of Berain (1534–1591)
 * Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth (1560–1639)
 * Sir Hugh Myddleton (1560–1631)
 * Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 3rd Baronet (1650–1721)
 * Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton, 3rd Baronet (1695–1748)
 * Charles Ingoldsby Paulet, 13th Marquess of Winchester (1764–1843)
 * Stapleton Stapleton-Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere (1773–1865)

title: Salusbury family


text:
User talk:Pigger

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

JacksonBrown
Just wanted to stop by and commend (that's commend, not condemn) you for the calm and civil way you've advocated for JacksonBrown. If he had acted more like you to begin with, he wouldn't have been blocked. Thanks for your coolheadedness. -- Essjay ·  Talk 12:12, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks to you for being reasonable. Pigger 22:01, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

You're welcome; I believe that when someone does somthing worth commending, they should be commended. Keep up the good work. -- Essjay ·  Talk 10:22, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Holocaust
I hope you can understand that this edit disturbs me. If you persist in such edits, some users might label you as a vandal. Pakaran 02:15, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Image of Siniša Vuco
You uploaded an image of Siniša Vuco ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Vuco.jpg ) without providing information on its copyright status. Please do so, otherwise it will have to eventually be deleted. –Fantastique 05:19, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:Areems.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Areems.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:12, 9 December 2006 (UTC) Gamaliel 21:34, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Sandbox vandalism
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. But use it properly; even the sandbox has its limits, including, but not limited to: (1.) No redirects. (2.) No deleting the sandbox template. HKT talk 02:47, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I did use the sandbox. How am I supposed to test how redirecting works if not in the sandbox? Pigger 11:44, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pigger


text:
Sharpei

Sharpei could refer to:

 * Shar Pei, the dog breed
 * Iberian green woodpecker (Picus sharpei)
 * Sharpe's longclaw (Hemimacronyx sharpei)

title: Sharpei


text:
Leon Root

Leon Root (June 15, 1929 – September 21, 2015) was the former Chief of Pediatric Orthopaedics at the Hospital for Special Surgery. He was President of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine in 1988. Dr. Root wrote the popular "No More Aching Back" in 1992. He died at the age of 86 in September 2015.

Education

 * MD, New York Medical College, New York, New York, US
 * Fellowship, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, US

Selected awards

 * President American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine 1988
 * Chairman Orthopaedic Section of New York Academy of Medicine

Selected writings

 * Root, L. "Surgical treatment for hip pain in the adult cerebral palsy patient." Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009 Oct; 51 Suppl 4:84-91..
 * Raphael BS, Dines JS, Akerman M, Root L.. "Long-term followup of total hip arthroplasty in patients with cerebral palsy." Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010 Jul; 468(7):1845-54..
 * Widmann RF, Laplaza FJ, Bitan FD, Brooks CE, Root L., "Quality of life in osteogenesis imperfecta." Int Orthop. 2002; 26(1):3-6..

title: Leon Root


text: Category:Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America


text:
Braintree branch line

The Braintree branch line is a railway branch line in the East of England that diverges from the Great Eastern Main Line at Witham and runs north-west to Braintree. The route is 6 mi in length and there are five stations, including the two termini. The line is part of Network Rail Strategic Route 7, SRS 07.06, and is classified as a London and South-East commuter line.

The stations and all services are currently operated by Greater Anglia. As of 2019 the typical off-peak weekday service-frequency is one train per hour in each direction. The timetabled journey time between Witham and Braintree is 16 minutes.

History
Originally constructed from Maldon to Braintree via Witham, only the line from Braintree to Witham remains open. The line was proposed by the Maldon, Witham & Braintree Railway (MWBR) and given royal assent in June 1846. The MWBR was subsequently purchased by the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR), and the line opened in 1848.

The section from Maldon to Witham was constructed as double-track, however one track was lifted during the period of the Crimean War (1854–56) and sold to the War Office.

The Bishop's Stortford–Braintree branch line, built by the Great Eastern Railway (GER), was opened in 1869. This created a route from Maldon through to the West Anglia Main Line.

The line was extended from Maldon to Woodham Ferrers in 1889.

In 1923, both lines became part of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER).

During the Second World War passenger services on the section between Maldon East and Heybridge and Woodham Ferrers were withdrawn and never reinstated.

The Bishop's Stortford–Braintree branch closed to passenger traffic in 1952 and then to freight in 1971. The section from Maldon East and Heybridge to Witham was closed to passengers following the Beeching cuts to the railways in 1964, although goods services on that section continued until 1966. Conversely, the Witham-Braintree section saw an upsurge in passengers after a railbus was tried in the early 1960s, which was then replaced by a diesel multiple unit.

The franchise for the line is currently held by Greater Anglia.

Infrastructure
The line is single-track throughout and the route is electrified at 25 kV AC. It has a loading gauge of W6 and a maximum line speed of 50 mph.

Services are formed of units. The first entered service on 16 December 2020.

Most of the former railway alignment between just east of Bishops Stortford and Braintree has been preserved, and is managed by Essex County Council as the Flitch Way linear park. Two local groups volunteer to improve the site and campaign for improvements.

Stations
The following table summarises the line's five stations, their distance measured from London Liverpool Street, and estimated number of passenger entries/exits in 2018–19:

title: Braintree branch line


text: Category:Resident Evil characters

title: Category:Resident Evil characters


text:
Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan)

Eleventh Avenue is a north–south thoroughfare on the far West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, located near the Hudson River. Eleventh Avenue originates in the Meatpacking District in the Greenwich Village and West Village neighborhoods at Gansevoort Street, where Eleventh Avenue, Tenth Avenue, and West Street intersect. It is considered part of the West Side Highway between 22nd and Gansevoort Streets.

Between 59th and 107th Streets, the avenue is known as West End Avenue. Both West End Avenue and Eleventh Avenue are considered to be part of the same road.

Description
Between Gansevoort Street and West 22nd Street, Eleventh Avenue is part of the West Side Highway, a very wide expressway. At a split with Twelfth Avenue/West Side Highway at West 22nd Street, Eleventh Avenue continues as a standard-width avenue.

Following the split, Eleventh Avenue is two-way traffic for access to 23rd Street, as well as for 24th Street to access Chelsea Piers. North of 24th Street, Eleventh Avenue is one-way southbound from 24th to 34th Streets, where two-way traffic resumes for access to the Lincoln Tunnel. The segment between approximately 39th and 59th Streets is home to the largest concentration of auto dealerships in Manhattan. Eleventh Avenue again becomes one-way southbound between 40th and 57th Streets; two-way traffic resumes north of 57th Street.

The portion north of 59th Street is called West End Avenue, which has mixed commercial and residential use. The northern 2 mi are a sedate Upper West Side residential street ending at Straus Park, 107th Street, and Broadway. Traffic is bidirectional, except for the northernmost block, north of 106th Street.

History
The West Side Line of the New York Central Railroad once had on-street running along part of Eleventh Avenue, which, along with Tenth Avenue, become known as "Death Avenue" because of the large number of deaths that occurred due to train–pedestrian collisions. In 1929, the city, the state, and New York Central agreed on the West Side Improvement Project, conceived by Robert Moses, and allocated funds for an elevated railway that would eliminate the grade crossings and alleviate the problems along Tenth and Eleventh Avenues; it also included construction of the West Side Elevated Highway.

Meanwhile, the avenue's West End Avenue section was originally created in the 1880s as the northern extension of Eleventh Avenue, and was intended to be a commercial street serving the residents of the mansions to be constructed along Riverside Drive. When West End Avenue was named in the 1880s, the Upper West Side was fairly sparsely populated, and that upper portion of the avenue, subsequently, was called the "West End" because of its separation from the core of the city. Seeking to distinguish the area from the factories and tenements below 59th Street, a group of real estate developers renamed the northern portions of the West Side's avenues.

Portions of both West End Avenue and Eleventh Avenue were run down in the mid-20th century, with single room occupancy hotels, prostitutes and drug addicts a common sight. The city's economic comeback in the 1980s brought recovery and gentrification.

The upper portion of the avenue retains stretches of late nineteenth-century town houses and several handsome churches and synagogues, but is almost entirely made up of handsome residential buildings about twelve stories tall built in the first decades of the twentieth century. The near total absence of retail on that part of the street marks its quiet, residential character, as opposed to the high-traffic, noisy character of Eleventh Avenue.

Architecture
The architecture of buildings on Eleventh and West End Avenues differs significantly. West End Avenue is noteworthy for its almost unbroken street wall of handsome apartment buildings punctuated by brief stretches of nineteenth-century townhouses and several handsome churches and synagogues. Notable architecturally historicist houses of worship include:
 * Ansche Chesed, in Byzantine Revival style
 * Saint Ignatius of Antioch Episcopal Church in English Gothic revival style
 * West End Collegiate Church in Dutch Colonial, a subset of Renaissance Revival style
 * Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church

Among the more notable apartment buildings are:
 * The Apthorp
 * Cleburne Building at 105th Street
 * 520 West End Avenue, the former Leech mansion, which is now landmarked
 * Lincoln Towers, six-building residential complex on 20 acres between 66th and 70th streets, built in the 1960s

Eleventh Avenue, meanwhile, is lined with new-age residential buildings – such as 100 Eleventh Avenue – adjacent to warehouses and car dealerships.

Between 34th and 59th Streets there are a number of new car dealerships including: Audi Manhattan, BMW of Manhattan, Cadillac of Manhattan, Chrysler-Dodge-Jeep-Ram Manhattan, Jaguar-Land Rover Manhattan, Lexus of Manhattan, Manhattan Motorcars, Mercedes-Benz Manhattan, Mini of Manhattan, Open Road Volkswagen, Toyota of Manhattan, and Volvo Cars Manhattan. Additionally, numerous vehicle service stations, car washes, and car rental lots are found along this stretch.

This area has served the transport trade for more than a hundred years; most of the stables for New York's remaining horse cabs are located on its side streets, though many now store taxis and pedicabs. It is not uncommon to hear the clip clop of horses in the vicinity, as a result. The carriage horses live in historic stables originally built in the 19th century, but today boast the latest in barn design, such as fans, misting systems, box stalls, and state-of-the-art sprinkler systems. As horses always have in densely populated urban areas, the carriage horses live upstairs in their stables while the carriages are parked below on the ground floor.

Historic districts
One historic district lies on Eleventh Avenue, the West Chelsea Historic District, designated in 2008.

Two segments of West End Avenue lie within designated New York City historic districts: both sides of the avenue from 87th to 94th Street can be found in the Riverside-West End Historic District. The west side of the avenue from 75th Street through mid-block between 78th and 79th streets, and the east side between 76th and 77th streets are contained within the West End-Collegiate Historic District. Concern over building demolition filings for the demolition of three row houses and a six-story elevator apartment building at the southwest corner of West End Avenue and 86th Street spurred a grassroots effort to seek historic district designation for the entire stretch north of Lincoln Towers from 70th to 107th Street. On March 18, 2009, the West End Avenue Preservation Society formally submitted a request for evaluation to the chair of the city's Landmarks Preservation Commission along with a 260-page survey prepared by Andrew Dolkart.

Points of interest
Points of interest on or within one block of Eleventh Avenue include:
 * 3 Hudson Boulevard at 34th/35th Streets
 * 15 Hudson Yards and attached Culture Shed (at 30th Street)
 * 35 Hudson Yards (at 33rd Street)
 * 55 Hudson Yards (between 33rd and 34th Streets)
 * 100 Eleventh Avenue, designed by Jean Nouvel
 * 200 Eleventh Avenue, corner of West 24th Street, designed by Annabelle Selldorf, includes apartments with a "Sky Garage", allowing cars to be parked directly outside the apartment.
 * Chelsea Market (between 9th and 10th Avenues and 15th and 16th Streets, one block east of 11th Avenue)
 * Chelsea Piers (from 18th to 23rd Streets along the West Side Highway segment of Eleventh Avenue)
 * Comedy Central
 * Former studios of The Colbert Report (at 54th Street)
 * Studios of The Daily Show (at 51st Street)
 * Former site of the Copacabana nightclub (at 34th Street); the nightclub is now at 47th Street in Midtown; site occupied by the 34th Street–Hudson Yards subway entrance
 * DeWitt Clinton Park (between 52nd and 54th Streets)
 * The High Line (roughly parallel to Eleventh Avenue from Gansevoort Street to 34th Street)
 * The Hudson River Park (parallel to the West Side Highway segment of Eleventh Avenue from 11th Street to 22nd Street; also manages the Chelsea Waterside Park on the west side of Eleventh Avenue between 22nd and 24th Streets)
 * IAC Building (at 19th Street)
 * The Javits Center (between 34th and 39th Streets)
 * Michael J. Quill Bus Depot of the MTA (at 41st Street)
 * Pier 57 (at 15th Street)
 * Silver Towers (at 41st/42nd Streets)
 * Starrett-Lehigh Building (at 26th/27th Streets)
 * The Whitney Museum of American Art (at Gansevoort Street)

Points of interest on or within one block of West End Avenue include:
 * Abraham Joshua Heschel School's high school division (at 60th Street)
 * Calhoun School (between 80th and 81st Streets)
 * Collegiate School (between 77th and 78th Streets)
 * Lincoln Towers (between 66th and 70th Streets, with all buildings having West End Avenue addresses)
 * Pomander Walk (between 95th and 96th Streets)
 * Riverside Park (one block west of West End Avenue north of 72nd Street)
 * Straus Park (between 106th and 107th Streets)

Mass transit
Eleventh Avenue has been served by the New York City Subway's, built as part of the 7 Subway Extension, at a station under the avenue at 34th Street, since September 2015.

The New York City Bus's route has served the avenue south of 57th Street since September 2014; plans for the bus route were formulated in early 2014. The M57 crosstown bus route serves West End Avenue between 57th Street and 72nd Street. Several crosstown bus routes, namely M14D+ Select Bus, M23+ Select Bus, M31, M34+ Select Bus, M66, M72, M86+ Select Bus, M96 and M106 use the road to loop around and change directions, with the exceptions being the M23+ and the M72.

Notable residents
Notable current and former residents include:
 * Harry Belafonte (1927-2023), folk singer, actor, and activist lived in a 6-bedroom, 21-room apartment at 300 West End Avenue for 48 years. Because he had been turned away from other apartment buildings, he had his white publicist rent an apartment at 300 WEA for him. When he moved in, and the owner realized that he was an African American, he was asked to leave.  Belafonte not only refused, he used three dummy real estate companies to buy the building and converted it into a co-op, inviting his friends, both white and black, to buy apartments. At Belafonte's invitation, the apartment became the New York City base of operations for Martin Luther King, Jr.
 * Judy Collins (born 1939), folk singer and song writer resides at 845 West End Avenue.
 * Domenico Dolce is a noted resident of 200 Eleventh Avenue.
 * Tina Fey (born 1970), former SNL cast member and creator of NBC's 30 Rock lives on West End Avenue near 80th Street
 * Joseph Heller (1923–1990), wrote Catch-22 while living at 390 West End Avenue.
 * Lena Horne (1917-2010), dancer, actress, singer, and activist lived in a penthouse at 300 West End Avenue in the 1960s.
 * Elena Kagan (born 1960), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, grew up on West End Avenue and 75th Street.
 * Nicole Kidman and Keith Urban live at 200 Eleventh Avenue.
 * Jesse L. Lasky (1880–1958), the theatrical and burlesque producer lived at 601 West End Avenue
 * Madeleine L'Engle (1918–2007), author, wrote A Wrinkle in Time and its sequels while living in the Cleburne Building at 924 West End Avenue.
 * Economist Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973) lived at 777 West End Avenue.
 * Anna Netrebko (born 1971), operatic soprano, has an apartment on the 32nd floor of 10 West End Avenue.
 * Estelle Parsons lived in the Cleburne Building
 * Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter
 * Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873–1943) lived at 505 West End Avenue
 * The rural mansion of Isidor Straus and Ida Straus was located between West End and Broadway at 105th on the site of the present Cleburne Building.
 * L'Wren Scott, who died in early 2014, lived in 200 Eleventh Avenue up to her death.
 * Charlie Smalls, composer of The Wiz
 * Novelist Herman Wouk lived at 845 West End Avenue during his college years.

In popular culture

 * The Prince of West End Avenue, a novel by Alan Isler, is based on West End Avenue.
 * The Mirror Has Two Faces, a film starring and directed by Barbra Streisand, was set in an apartment at 505 West End Avenue.
 * "Way Out West (on West End Avenue)", a song by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart introduced in the 1937 musical Babes in Arms, was set along West End Avenue.
 * The IAC Building on Eleventh Avenue is featured in the movie The Other Guys, as well as Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps.
 * The opening scene in the Will Smith movie Hitch takes place with Smith exiting an 865 West End Avenue apartment building.
 * Suzanne Vega's 2007 song "Zephyr and I" features West End Avenue, and spending time with graffiti writer Zephyr.

title: Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan)


text:
Stefan Lessard

Stefan Kahil Lessard (born June 4, 1974) is an American musician, best known as the bassist for the Dave Matthews Band.

Early life
Lessard was born in Anaheim, California, to musicians Ron and Jacqueline Lessard. After moving a number of times during his childhood, Lessard and his family eventually settled in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1987. They had previously lived from 1980 to 1984 in Buckingham County, Virginia and in Richmond, Virginia from 1984 to 1986.

Career
After moving back to Charlottesville from Madison, Wisconsin in 1987, he enrolled in the Tandem Friends School, where he studied music under trumpeter John D'earth and bassist Peter Spaar. D'earth and Spaar recommended Lessard to Dave Matthews for inclusion in his new band, which was looking for a bassist. Lessard joined Dave Matthews Band just as it was forming, when he was sixteen years old. Due to his age, he sometimes had to sneak in the back door of the clubs where the band was playing due to prohibitions on persons under 21 entering venues that serve alcohol.

Lessard completed his junior year of high school and was accepted into the Jazz Studies program at Virginia Commonwealth University. He passed the GED examinations in the summer of 1991 in order to enter the program later that year. However, he withdrew after six weeks when it became evident that he could not pursue full-time college studies and simultaneously be a touring member of a band with rising popularity.

In 2006, Lessard began maintaining a MySpace page called LowenDude. He also owns and maintains a blog at izstyle.com. During the 2007 European Tour, Lessard also began a video blog on YouTube.

On January 9, 2008, Lessard performed with members of Guster and Barenaked Ladies under the name Yukon Kornelius in a benefit concert sponsored by Okemo Mountain Resort, a ski resort in Vermont. Later that year, he co-wrote the original music for Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk.

Personal life
Lessard married long-time girlfriend Josie Baucom in 1997. They had one son together, Elijah "Diggy" Diego (born January 9, 1998) and lost a daughter, Aslan, to SIDS in 1996. They divorced in 2004.

In October 2005 he married Jaclyn Burton, and together they have three daughters, Hazel Bailey (born March 6, 2004), Flora Jude (born July 13, 2006), and India (born November 2015).

On November 29, 2007, Lessard's home in western Albemarle County, Virginia, burned down, with a loss estimated at over 2 million dollars. It took over 40 firefighters from five different fire departments to extinguish the blaze. The origin of the fire is unknown, but the Albemarle County Fire Marshal's Office cites the structure's cedar shake siding as a contributor to the rapid spread of the fire. Lessard and his son were home at the time of the fire, though they escaped unharmed.

Equipment
Lessard plays a variety of bass guitars, including those made by Nordstrand, Modulus, Warwick, Ken Smith Basses, and hand-made Stambaugh Custom Basses. On the Dave Matthews Band album Busted Stuff, he plays piano, Hammond organ, and Dobro guitar.

Bootleg Hunington Series
 * 1968 Fender P-Bass
 * Thomastik-Infeld Power Bass Strings
 * Ampeg SVT-2 and SVT-4 Pro Heads
 * Ampeg 8x10 and 2x15 Bass Cabinets
 * Furman PL-8 Power Conditioner
 * Shure U4D-UB Wireless Units
 * Eventide GTR-7000 Ultra-Harmonizer
 * Whirlwind 4ch Multi Selector
 * Korg DTR-1 Digital Tuner
 * Rane SM26B Splitter/Mixer
 * Moog Taurus 3 Pedal

Solo discography

 * "Beautifully Broken" (featuring Stefan Lessard) (2001) – Gov't Mule's The Deep End, Vol. 1
 * "Burning Star" (featuring Stefan Lessard) (2012) – Pete Kilpatrick Band's Heavy Fire

title: Stefan Lessard


text:
User:Koolniczka

Koolniczka
And not much to see here anyway. Move along please, don't spoil the taffic. ;-)

title: User:Koolniczka


text:
User talk:Belginlima

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 23:38, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Belginlima


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Joh Bjelke-Petersen/archive1

Joh Bjelke-Petersen
Having recently died, he is currently receiving a lot of press attention and I'm trying to make his article as good as possible. I'm aware that there are some flaws, most notably the lack of references, but I do plan to remedy that over the coming months by consulting various biographies. With that in mind, would people mind giving it the once-over? I'm particularly concerned that the article correctly presents both sides in the myriad controversies associated with his rule. Slac speak up!  23:38, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A few things that come to mind, information on his marrige to Flo, and his role in the SEQEB strike in 1985 and opposition to the state funeral. Try and work the quotes into to the text, or move them to Wikiquote--nixie 00:42, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I didn't put them in. I was planning to shift them there myself. Slac  speak up!  01:53, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * a) For most of the early sections there are no references given. This needs to be improved (as you've already said).  The references in the later sections are made as direct links, which means that if the target page is moved or modified it will be impossible to tell the intention.  If you converted to footnotes or another system of inline references and stored full reference information (author, publication, date, date of retrieval for use as a reference, a one sentence summary), this would be much better. b) "fobbing off journalists with irrelevant non-answers" (for example) is questionably phrased and needs to be backed up with quotes.  c) quotes might be mirrored in wikiquote and possibly only specific ones selected.  probably better to spread them through the article to illustrate specific points, than to group them (which can be done in wikiquote). Mozzerati 20:59, 2005 May 10 (UTC)


text:
Portal:The arts/Featured article

Instructions
The layout design for these subpages is at Portal:The arts/Featured article/Layout.
 * 1) Add a new Featured article to the next available subpage.
 * 2) *The list should only contain articles that have been given a quality rating of Featured articles.
 * 3) The "blurb" for all Featured articles should be approximately 10 lines, for appropriate formatting in the portal main page.
 * 4) Update "max=" to new total for its Random portal component on the main page.

Featured articles list
Portal:The arts/Featured article/1

Portal:The arts/Featured article/2

Portal:The arts/Featured article/3

Portal:The arts/Featured article/4

Portal:The arts/Featured article/5

Portal:The arts/Featured article/6

Portal:The arts/Featured article/7

Portal:The arts/Featured article/8

Portal:The arts/Featured article/9

Portal:The arts/Featured article/10

Portal:The arts/Featured article/11

Portal:The arts/Featured article/12

Portal:The arts/Featured article/13

Portal:The arts/Featured article/14

Portal:The arts/Featured article/15

Portal:The arts/Featured article/16

Portal:The arts/Featured article/17

Portal:The arts/Featured article/18

Portal:The arts/Featured article/19

Portal:The arts/Featured article/20

Portal:The arts/Featured article/21

Portal:The arts/Featured article/22

Portal:The arts/Featured article/23

Portal:The arts/Featured article/24

Portal:The arts/Featured article/25

Portal:The arts/Featured article/26

Portal:The arts/Featured article/27

Portal:The arts/Featured article/28

Portal:The arts/Featured article/29

Portal:The arts/Featured article/30

Nominations

 * Adding articles
 * Feel free to add Featured quality Arts articles to the above list.
 * If you are unsure or do not know how to add an entry, feel free to post a question, suggestion or nomination here below, or at the talk page Portal talk:Arts.

title: Portal:The arts/Featured article


text:
User talk:Matro~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 23:39, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:John searle2.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 10:08, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of CollinsMCAT
A tag has been placed on CollinsMCAT requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Oore (talk) 23:43, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Matro. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Matro~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:41, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:03, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matro~enwiki


text:
Carbonization

Carbonization or carbonisation is the conversion of organic matters like plants and dead animal remains into carbon through destructive distillation.

Complexity in carbonization

Carbonization is a pyrolytic reaction, therefore, is considered a complex process in which many reactions take place concurrently such as dehydrogenation, condensation, hydrogen transfer and isomerization.

Carbonization differs from coalification in that it occurs much faster, due to its reaction rate being faster by many orders of magnitude.

For the final pyrolysis temperature, the amount of heat applied controls the degree of carbonization and the residual content of foreign elements. For example, at T ~ 1200 K the carbon content of the residue exceeds a mass fraction of 90 wt.%, whereas at T ~ 1600 K more than 99 wt.% carbon is found. Carbonization is often exothermic, which means that it could in principle be made self-sustaining and be used as a source of energy that does not produce carbon dioxide. In the case of glucose, the reaction releases about 237 calories per gram.

When biomaterial is exposed to sudden searing heat (as in the case of a nuclear explosion or pyroclastic flow from a volcano, for instance), it can be carbonized extremely quickly, turning it into solid carbon. In the destruction of Herculaneum by a volcano, many organic objects such as wooden furniture were carbonized by the intense heat.

How wood is transformed into charcoal
The carbonization of wood in an industrial setting usually requires a temperature above 280 °C, which frees up energy and hence this reaction is said to be exothermic. This carbonization, which can also be seen as a spontaneous breakdown of the wood, continues until only the carbonised residue called charcoal remains. Unless further external heat is provided, the process stops and the temperature reaches a maximum of about 400 °C. This charcoal, however, will still contain appreciable amounts of tar residue, together with the ash of the original wood.

Industrial safety in carbonization
Carbonization produces substances which can prove harmful and simple precautions should be taken to reduce risks.

The gas produced by carbonization has a high content of carbon monoxide which is poisonous when breathed. Therefore, when working around the kiln or pit during operation and when the kiln is opened for unloading, care must be taken that proper ventilation is provided to allow the carbon monoxide, which is also produced during unloading through spontaneous ignition of the hot fuel, to be dispersed.

The tars and smoke produced from carbonization, although not directly poisonous, may have long-term damaging effects on the respiratory system. Housing areas should, where possible, be located so that prevailing winds carry smoke from charcoal operations away from them and batteries of kilns should not be located in close proximity to housing areas.

Wood tars and pyroligneous acid can be irritant to skin and care should be taken to avoid prolonged skin contact by providing protective clothing and adopting working procedures which minimize exposure.

The tars and pyroligneous liquors can also seriously contaminate streams and affect drinking water supplies for humans and animals. Fish may also be adversely affected. Liquid effluents and waste water from medium and large scale charcoal operations should be trapped in large settling ponds and allowed to evaporate so that this water does not pass into the local drainage system and contaminate streams. Kilns and pits, as distinct from retorts and other sophisticated systems, do not normally produce liquid effluent - the by-products are mostly dispersed into the air as vapours. Precautions against airborne contamination of the environment are of greater importance in this case.

Carbonization and biodiesel fuels
In one study, carbonization was used to create a new catalyst for the generation of biodiesel from ethanol and fatty acids. The catalyst was created by carbonization of simple sugars such as glucose and sucrose. The sugars were processed for 15 hours at 400 °C under a nitrogen flow to a black carbon residue consisting of a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic carbon sheets. This material was then treated with sulfuric acid, which functionalized the sheets with sulfonite, carboxyl, and hydroxyl catalytic sites.

title: Carbonization