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Kingdom of Norway (1814)

In 1814, the Kingdom of Norway made a brief and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to regain its independence. While Norway had always legally been a separate kingdom, since the 16th century it had shared a monarch with Denmark; Norway was a subordinate partner in the combined state, whose government was based in Copenhagen. Due to its alliance with France during the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark was forced to sign the Treaty of Kiel in January 1814 ceding Norway to Sweden.

However, many Norwegians were inspired by the rising tide of nationalism and resented being handed over without their consent to Sweden, a state they viewed as a traditional rival. Under the leadership of Christian Frederick, who was the Danish government's representative in Norway and also the king of Denmark's cousin and heir presumptive, Norway attempted to assert its rights as an independent state. A government was established and a constitution written, under which Christian Frederick was elected king of Norway in May 1814.

The fledgeling Norwegian state was unable to gain support or recognition from any foreign powers, and was defeated in a two-week war with Sweden in the summer of 1814. However, the Convention of Moss, signed at the end of the war in August, preserved many of the independence movement's achievements: Norway remained mostly autonomous in a personal union with Sweden, and was permitted to retain its new constitution with only slight modifications. Christian Frederick, forced to abdicate as king of Norway, would become king of Denmark as Christian VIII in 1839. Norway would eventually fully break away from Sweden in 1905.

Prior to 1814 – The independence movement
Denmark–Norway was involved as a part of the French side in the Napoleonic War through its participation in the Gunboat War. After Denmark-Norway lost its fleet, the shores remained defenceless by sea as the tides turned against France. The Royal Navy had blockaded all Norwegian ports effectively from 1808, thus severing all Dano-Norwegian connections and leaving the nation of Norway to handle diplomacy by itself. Under those conditions, tension grew in Norway, and a fledgling independence movement was formed in 1809, but with roots as far back as at least the 1790s. In the Swedish campaign against Norway in 1808–09, Sweden had been repulsed by the Norwegian army, and this was also a factor which made Norwegians more prone to independence.

The years of 1812 and 1813 were known for severe famine due to the blockade, and this also made Norwegians more negative to the union with Denmark.

Treaty of Kiel
On 7 January 1814, under the command of the elected crown prince of Sweden, Charles John, Frederick VI of Denmark proposed to cede The Kingdom of Norway to the king of Sweden in order to avoid an occupation of Jutland. He authorized his envoy Edmund Bourke to negotiate a peace treaty with Sweden and Great Britain on these terms, in return for immediate withdrawal of all Coalition troops from Danish territory and certain territorial compensations. In addition, he was to join the allied powers in their fight against Napoleon. These terms were formalized and signed at the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January, in which Denmark negotiated to maintain sovereignty over the Norwegian possessions of Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland. Secret correspondence from the British government in the preceding days had put diplomatic pressure on the negotiating parties to reach an agreement in order to avoid a full-scale invasion of Denmark. Bernadotte sent a letter to the governments of Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain thanking them for their support, acknowledging the role of Russia in negotiating the peace, and envisaging greater stability in the Nordic region.

These news did not reach Norway until the end of January, in a letter of 18 January from the Danish king to the Norwegian people, in which he released them from their oath of allegiance to him and his dynasty. By special courier, a secret letter of 17 January from the king was delivered on 24 January to his cousin and viceroy of Norway, Prince Christian Frederick with the most important details of the treaty, which the Prince decided to keep to himself while considering his reaction. The letter instructed him to deliver the Norwegian fortresses to Swedish forces and then return to Denmark.

The public were informed of the peace treaty on 26 January through a censored article in the newspaper Tiden, under the headline. "Peace, Peace in the North!" It did not inform the public of the fact that the king had ceded his kingdom to the king of Sweden, historically the enemy of Norway. As there was the annual February market in Christiania at the same time, a local priest observed that the entire marketplace swirled with rumours of the treaty, and with tension. As news spread, it was apparent to many Norwegian intellectuals that the people were offended by the treaty, by being delivered like cattle to a foreign sovereign.

Attempted reclamation by Christian Frederick
The viceroy and heir to the thrones of Denmark and Norway, Prince Christian Frederick, resolved to disobey the instructions from his king and to take the lead in an insurrection to preserve the integrity of the country, and if possible the union with Denmark. The king had been informed of these plans in a secret letter of December 1813. The Prince had also been instructed to keep the union with Denmark intact, but this was not in accord with Norwegian wishes at the time. In Norway, the sentiment was that Norway had been "sold out" to Sweden, their sworn arch-enemy.

Financial problems forced the Prince on 27 January to order banknotes to the amount of 3 million Rigsbankdaler to be issued by "The Provisional Rigsbank of Norway", stamped with the Norwegian coat of arms, to be redeemed by the Rigsbank. These so-called "Prince notes" were necessary to keep the wheels of government turning, but they contributed to the already chaotic monetary situation and the galloping inflation. The cause of the financial crisis was the refusal of King Frederick VI to establish a Bank of Norway.

Christian Frederick claimed the throne of Norway and to set up an independent government with himself at the head. The week prior to 30 January, the prince toured parts of Norway and found the same real or false willingness to fight everywhere he came. On 30 January he consulted several prominent Norwegian advisors. His position stated that King Frederick had no legal right to relinquish his inheritance, asserting that he was the rightful king of Norway and that Norway had a right to self-determination. His impromptu council agreed with him, setting the stage for an independence movement. After this day, the tour continued, all the way to Trondheim and back.

On 2 February the Norwegian public learned that their country was ceded to the king of Sweden.

On 8 February Bernadotte responded by threatening to send an army to occupy Norway, promising a constitutional convention, and threatening a continued grain embargo against Norway if Sweden's claims under the treaty of Kiel were not met. But for the time being, he was occupied with the concluding battles on the Continent, giving the Norwegians time to develop their plans.

The independence movement solidifies and is threatened by war
On 10 February Christian Frederick invited prominent Norwegians to a meeting to be held at his friend Carsten Anker's estate in Eidsvoll to discuss the situation. He informed them of his intent to resist Swedish hegemony and claim the Norwegian crown as his inheritance. But at the emotional session in Eidsvoll on 16 February, his advisors convinced him that Norway's claim to independence should rather be based on the principle of self-determination and that he should act as a regent for the time being. The council also advised the regent to hold elections and oaths of independence all over the country, thus choosing delegates to a constitutional assembly.

Arriving in Christiania (Oslo) on 19 February, Christian Frederick proclaimed himself regent of Norway. All congregations met on 25 February to swear loyalty to the cause of Norwegian independence and to elect delegates to a constitutional assembly to commence at Eidsvoll on 10 April.

On 20 February the Swedish government sent a mission to Christian Frederick, warning him that Norway's independence movement was a violation of the treaty of Kiel and put Norway at war with the victorious parties in the Napoleonic War. The consequences would be famine and bankruptcy. Christian Frederick sent letters through his personal network to governments throughout Europe, assuring them that he was not leading a Danish conspiracy to reverse the terms of the treaty of Kiel, but rather his efforts reflected the Norwegian will for self-determination. He also sought a secret accommodation with Napoleon I.

The mission from the Swedish government arrived in Christiania on 24 February and met with Christian Frederick. Christian Frederick refused to accept a proclamation from the Swedish king but insisted instead on reading his letter to the Norwegian people, proclaiming himself regent. The Swedish delegation characterized his decisions as reckless and illegal, asking for leave to return to Sweden. The day after, church bells in Christiania rang for a full hour, and the city's citizens convened to swear fealty to Christian Frederick. On 26 February he initiated a long correspondence with the Swedish government. The next day he introduced a new flag for independent Norway — the former Dano-Norwegian Dannebrog with the Norwegian Lion in the canton.

25 February is remembered in some sources as "people´s day" because of the elections and the oath. That day showed forth a de facto declaration of independence for Norway. All sources remembering that day agrees on the sacred tone of the day when all people assembled in their churches for a common cause. Bells rang from 10 am, chiming for a full hour. 4,000 people assembled in the central church of Christiania. At 11 am the regent arrived, and a service was held. Then the bishop intoned the oath: "Do you swear to claim the independence of Norway, and to dare life and blood for the beloved fatherland?" Both the regent and the congregation answered accordingly. This oath was taken in maybe 75 churches that day, and again over the country the next Sunday, and further until the oath was taken in all the congregations of Norway.

Carsten Anker was sent to London to negotiate recognition by the British government. Swedish authorities were canvassing border areas with pamphlets subverting the independence movement. By early March, Christian Frederick had also organized a cabinet and five government departments, though he retained all decision-making authority himself.

Christian Frederick meets increasing opposition from within and abroad
The Count of Wedel-Jarlsberg, the most prominent member of the Norwegian nobility, arrived in Norway on 3 March and confronted the regent, accusing him of playing a dangerous game. Christian Frederick responded by accusing Wedel-Jarlsberg of colluding with the Swedes. Returns from elections for delegates to the constitutional assembly also showed there were widespread misgivings about the independence movement. By the end of March, the opinion was openly expressed that Christian Frederick's ambition was to bring Norway back under Danish sovereignty.

Before Carsten Anker arrived in the United Kingdom, the British foreign secretary Robert Stewart, reimposed the naval blockade of Norway and assured the Swedish king that the British would refrain from accepting any Norwegian claims of sovereignty. A conciliatory letter sent by Christian Frederick to the Swedish king was returned unopened. On 9 March the Swedish mission to Copenhagen demanded that Christian Frederick be disinherited from succession to the Danish throne and that European powers should go to war with Denmark unless he disassociated himself from the Norwegian independence movement. On 17 March Niels Rosenkrantz, the Danish foreign minister, responded to the Swedish demands by asserting that the Danish government in no way supported Norwegian independence, but that they could not vacate border posts they did not hold. The demand for disinheriting Christian Frederick was not addressed.

In several letters to Count Hans Henrik von Essen, the commander of the Swedish military forces at Norway's borders, Bernadotte referred to Christian Frederick as a rebel who had probably been misled by the Danish nobility. He ordered his forces to treat all Danish officials who did not return home as outlaws, and all users of the "prince dollars" to be considered counterfeiters. Swedish troops amassed along the border to Norway, and there were daily rumours of an invasion.

In spite of his open opposition to Christian Frederick, Wedel-Jarlsberg was elected as a delegate to the constitutional convention on 14 March. There were clear signs that the convention, only weeks away, would be contentious.

Carsten Anker arrived in London on 24 March, where he met with an under-secretary of foreign affairs. The under-secretary rejected Anker's appeal for self-determination, and Anker found all other doors closed to him in London. On 2 April Christian Frederick sent Carsten Anker's brother Peter (1744–1832) to London as an unofficial emissary. On 3 April Carsten Anker was imprisoned for three days in debtors' prison on account of an old debt, probably at the behest of the Swedish ambassador to London.

On 31 March Christian Frederick arrested officers of the naval vessels stationed in Norway as they were preparing to follow orders to bring the ships to Denmark. The ships were confiscated as ships of the Norwegian navy.

On 1 April Frederick VI sent a letter to Christian Frederick, asking him to give up his efforts and return to Denmark. The possibility of disinheriting the crown prince was mentioned in the letter. Christian Frederick rejected the overture, in the same letter invoking Norway's right to self-determination and the possibility of keeping Norway under the Danish king. A few days later, Christian Frederick warned off a meeting with the Danish foreign minister Niels Rosenkrantz, pointing out that such a meeting would fuel speculation that the prince was motivated by Danish designs on Norway.

Constituent Assembly
Although the European powers refused to acknowledge the Norwegian independence movement, there were signs by early April that they were not inclined to support Sweden in an all-out confrontation on the matter.

As time approaches for the constitutional convention, there was growing support for opposition to the treaty of Kiel, especially from Bergen.

On 10 April the constitutional convention convened for the first time, at church services in Eidsvoll. The sermon caused some stir by flattering Christian Frederick in particular and the monarchy in general. The delegates were accredited that afternoon, after Severin Løvenskiold had refused to give fealty to the independence movement.

Seated on uncomfortable benches, the convention elected its officers in the presence of Christian Frederick on 11 April. The debates started on 12 April, when Nicolai Wergeland and Georg Sverdrup argued over the mandate of the assembly and the basis for the regent's legitimacy. Party lines took form, with the "Independence party," variously known as the "Danish party," "the Prince's party," or "the urgent" on one side of the aisle; and the "Union Party," also known as the "western party," "Swedish party," or "the hesitant" on the other.

As it turned out, there was a clear consensus among all delegates that independence would be the ideal solution, but there was disagreement on what solution was workable given real-world constraints.

 * The Independence party had the majority and argued that the mandate of the convention was limited to formalizing Norway's independence based on the popular oath of fealty from earlier that year. With Christian Frederick as the regent, the relationship with Denmark would be negotiated within the context of Norwegian independence.
 * The Union party, a minority of the delegates, believed that Norway would achieve a more independent status within a loose union with Sweden than as part of the Danish monarchy and that the assembly should continue its work even after the constitution was complete.

A constitutional committee presented its proposals on 16 April, provoking a lively debate. The Independence party won the day with a majority of 78–33 to establish Norway as an independent monarchy. There was also lively debate on the issue of military conscription, in which the upper classes argued for exemption. In the following days, mutual suspicion and distrust came to the surface within the convention. In particular, delegates disagreed on whether to give the sentiments of the European powers consideration, and some facts may have been withheld from the convention.

By 20 April the principle of the people's right to self-determination articulated by Christian Magnus Falsen and Gunder Adler had been established as foundational for the framing of the constitution. Continued work and debate was characterized by acrimony and recrimination, but the constitutional committee made steady progress.

Framing the constitution
On 1 May the first draft of the constitution was signed by the drafting committee. In addition to the principle of the Norwegian people's right to self-determination, the constitution's key precepts included the assurance of individual freedom, the right to property, and equality.

Following a contentious debate on 4 May, the assembly decided that Norway would profess itself to the Lutheran-Evangelical faith, that its monarch must always have professed himself to this faith (thereby precluding the Catholic-born Bernadotte from being a king), and that Jews and Jesuits would be barred from entering the kingdom (see Jew clause and Jesuit clause).

On 5 May the Independence party lost another battle when the assembly voted 98 to 11 to allow the kingdom's monarch to reign over another country with the assent of two-thirds of the legislative assembly's vote.

On 7 May the assembly outlawed the creation of new nobility in Norway, allowing the disposition of existing hereditary rights to be decided by a future legislative body. On 8 May, proposed laws concerning naturalization and suffrage were debated. On the next day, it was decided that foreign citizens would be eligible after ten years of residency and that the right to vote would be extended to men who were either farmers possessing their own land, civil servants, or urban property owners. With this, about half of all Norwegian men earned the right to vote, a radical proposition at the time.

On 8 May the assembly decided on a bicameral legislative body to be known as the Storting, with the expectation that one would be an upper house (Lagting), and a lower house (Odelsting). They also vested the right to establish and collect taxes in the legislative body. The assembly also passed the so-called "farmer's paragraph" stipulating that two-thirds of the Storting had to be elected from rural districts, and one-third from urban areas. (This paragraph remained in force until 1952).

On 11 May the assembly overwhelmingly passed universal conscription, over the objections of the financial and administrative elite, who threatened mass emigration if their sons were forced into military service.

On 13 May, after two days of debate, the assembly passed a law in which the assembly guaranteed the issue of a Norwegian currency. The Union party opposed this, claiming that there simply wasn't an economic basis for an independent currency. The Independence party, carrying the day, responded that an independent currency was necessary to ensure the existence of an independent state, regardless of the financial considerations. Nevertheless, on the next day, the assembly decided to postpone the establishment of a central bank until a legislative body was in session. Christian Frederick was dismayed by this decision.

The final edit of the constitution was approved on 16 May. The official copy was dated, signed and sealed by the presidency on 17 May, and signed by the other representatives on 18 May. 17 May is accordingly considered Constitution Day in Norway. On that same day, Christian Frederick was elected king of Norway. The election was unanimous, but several of the delegates put on the record that they would have preferred to see it postponed until the political situation had stabilized.

After the election, Georg Sverdrup, then president of the assembly, held a short speech:

''Raised is then once more within the boundaries of Norway the ancient throne which was occupied by Haakon the Good and Sverre, from which they ruled old Norway with wisdom and strength. That the wisdom and power exercised by them, the great kings of our ancient past, also will inspire the Prince which we, the freemen of Norway, in accordance with the wish of all the people, in gratitude and appreciation today unanimously have chosen, is a wish that every true son of Norway surely shares with me. God save old Norway!''

The last sentence was then repeated by all those present.

On 20 May the assembly adjourned, joining hands and proclaiming that they would remain "United and loyal until the mountains of Dovre crumble!"

Seeking domestic and international legitimacy
On 22 May the newly elected king made a triumphant entrance into Christiania, exactly one year after he first arrived as viceroy to Norway. The cannons at Akershus Fortress sounded off the royal salute, and a celebratory service was held in the cathedral. There was continuing concern about the international climate, and on 24 May the government decided to send two of the delegates from the constitutional assembly to join Carsten Anker in the UK to plead Norway's case.

On 25 May the first council of state convened, establishing the nation's supreme court.

On 31 May general major Johannes Klingenberg Sejersted proposed to take a stand against invading Swedish forces at the river Glomma, but some maintained that the Swedes should be stopped at the border.

On 5 June the British emissary John Philip Morier arrived in Christiania on what appeared to be an unofficial visit. He accepted the hospitality of one of Christian Frederick's ministers and agreed to meet with the king himself informally, stressing that nothing he did should be construed as a recognition of Norwegian independence.

Christian Frederick asked the British government to mediate between Norway and Sweden, but Morier never deviated from his government's prior rejection of refusing to recognize an independent Norway. Morier offered to bring the Norwegian emissaries Niels Aall and Wilhelm Christie to Britain onboard his ship, but ended up failing to follow through on his promise. He informed the Norwegians that they could expect no diplomatic support from the British government, and asked that his government's position be printed in all Norwegian newspapers. On 10 June the Norwegian army was mobilized and arms and ammunitions distributed.

On 13 June Christian Frederick also ordered a census in preparation for parliamentary elections.

On 16 June Carsten Anker sent a letter to Christian Frederick in which he made references to discussions he had recently had with a high-ranking Prussian diplomat. He learned that Prussia and Austria were waning in their support of Sweden's claims to Norway, that Alexander I of Russia (a distant cousin of Christian Frederick's) favoured a Swedish-Norwegian union but not with Bernadotte as the king, and that the United Kingdom was looking for a solution to the problem that would keep Norway out of Russia's influence.

Prelude to war
On 26 June emissaries from Russia, Prussia, Austria, and the United Kingdom arrived in Vänersborg in Sweden to convince Christian Frederick to comply with the provisions of the treaty of Kiel. There they conferred with von Essen, who told them that 65,000 Swedish troops were ready to invade Norway. On 30 June the emissaries arrived in Christiania, where they rudely turned down Christian Frederick's hospitality. Meeting with the Norwegian council of state the following day, the Russian emissary Orlow put the choice to those present: Norway could subject itself to the Swedish crown or face war with the rest of Europe. When Christian Frederik argued that the Norwegian people had a right to determine their own destiny, the Austrian emissary August Ernst von Steigentesch made the famous comment:

"The people? What do they have to say against the will of its rulers? That would be to put the world on its head."

In the course of the negotiations, Christian Frederick offered to relinquish the throne and return to Denmark, provided the Norwegians had a say in their future through an extraordinary session in the Storting. But he refused to surrender the Norwegian border forts to Swedish troops. On 15 July the four-power delegation rejected Christian Frederick's proposal that Norway's constitution form the basis for negotiations about a union with Sweden but promised to put the proposal to the Swedish king for consideration. The negotiations were a partial success in that the delegation left convinced that Christian Frederick was sincere and had the backing of a popular movement.

On 20 July Bernadotte sent a letter to his "cousin" Christian Frederick accusing him of intrigues and foolhardy adventurism. To add to the problems, the three Norwegians who had made their way to London were arrested, charged with carrying false passports and papers. They were deported immediately.

On 22 July Bernadotte met with the delegation that had been in Norway. They encouraged him to consider Christian Frederick's proposed terms for a union with Sweden, but the crown prince was outraged. He reiterated his ultimatum that Christian Frederick either relinquish all rights to the throne and abandon the border posts or face war. On 27 July a Swedish naval fleet took over Hvaler, effectively putting Sweden at war with Norway. The day after, Christian Frederick rejected the Swedish ultimatum, saying that such a surrender would constitute treason against the Norwegian people. On 29 July Swedish forces moved to invade Norway.

Swedish-Norwegian War
Swedish forces met with little resistance as they advanced northward into Norway, bypassing the fortress of Fredriksten. The first hostilities were short and ended with decisive victories for Sweden. By 4 August the fortified city of Fredrikstad surrendered. Christian Frederick ordered a retreat to the river Glomma. The Swedish Army, trying to intercept the retreat, was stopped at the battle of Langnes, an important tactical victory by the Norwegians. The Swedish assaults from the east were effectively resisted near Kongsvinger.

On 3 August Christian Frederick announced his political will in a cabinet meeting in Moss. On 7 August a delegation from Bernadotte arrived at the Norwegian military headquarters in Spydeberg with a cease-fire offer that would join Norway in a union with Sweden and respect the Norwegian constitution. The day after, Christian Frederick expressed himself in favor of the terms, allowing Swedish troops to remain in positions east of Glomma. Hostilities broke out at Glomma, resulting in casualties, but the Norwegian forces were ordered to retreat. Peace negotiations with Swedish envoys began in the town of Moss on 10 August. On 14 August the negotiations concluded. The Convention of Moss resulted in a general cease-fire based on terms that effectively were terms of peace.

Christian Frederick succeeded in excluding from the text any indication that Norway had recognized the Treaty of Kiel, and Sweden accepted that it was not to be considered a premise of the future union between the two states. Understanding the advantage of avoiding a costly war, and of letting Norway enter into a union voluntarily instead of being annexed as a conquered territory, something that, historically, the Swedes had never managed to do, Bernadotte offered favourable peace terms. He promised to recognize the Norwegian Constitution, with only those amendments that were necessary to open up for a union of the two countries. Christian Frederick agreed to call an extraordinary session of the Storting in September or October. He would then have to transfer his powers to the elected representatives of the people, who would negotiate the terms of the union with Sweden, and finally relinquish all claims to the Norwegian throne and leave the country.

Ceasefire
The news hit the Norwegian public hard, and reactions included anger at the "cowardice" and "treason" of the military commanders, despair over the prospects of Norwegian independence, and confusion about the country's options. Christian Frederick confirmed his willingness to abdicate the throne for "reasons of health," leaving his authority with the state council as agreed in a secret protocol at Moss. In a letter dated 28 August, Christian Frederick ordered the council to accept orders from the "highest authority," clearly referring to the Swedish king. Two days later, the Swedish king proclaimed himself the ruler of both Sweden and Norway.

On 3 September the British government announced that their naval blockade of Norway would be lifted. Postal service between Norway and Sweden was resumed. By 8 September prominent Norwegians were taking note of the generous terms offered by Bernadotte. The Swedish general in the occupied border regions of Norway, Magnus Fredrik Ferdinand Björnstjerna, threatened to resume hostilities if the Norwegians would not abide by the armistice agreement and willingly accept the union with Sweden. Christian Frederik was reputed to have fallen into a deep depression and was variously blamed for the battleground defeats.

In late September, a dispute arose between Swedish authorities and the Norwegian council of state over the distribution of grain among the poor in Christiania. The grain was intended as a gift from the Swedish king to the Norwegians, but it became a matter of principle for the Norwegian council to avoid the appearance that Norway had a new king until the transition was formalized. Björnstjerna sent several missives threatening to resume hostilities.

On 26 September, the Norwegian general in the "northern" region of Norway, Count Carl Jacob Waldemar von Schmettow, vowed in Norwegian newspapers to forcibly resist any further Swedish troop movements into Norway.

Easing into a new arrangement
In early October, Norwegians again refused to accept a shipment of corn from Bernadotte, and Norwegian merchants instead took up loans to purchase food and other necessities from Denmark. However, by early October, there was emerging support for a union with Sweden. On 7 October an extraordinary session of the Norwegian parliament convened. Delegates from areas occupied by Sweden in Østfold were admitted only after submitting assurances that they had no loyalty to the Swedish authorities. On 10 October Christian Frederick formally abdicated according to the conditions agreed on at Moss and embarked for Denmark. Executive powers were provisionally assigned to the Storting until the necessary amendments to the Constitution were enacted.

On 20 October, with one day to spare before the cease-fire expired, the Norwegian parliament voted 72 to 5 to join Sweden in a personal union, but a motion to acknowledge Charles XIII as king of Norway failed to pass. The issue was tabled pending the necessary amendments to the Norwegian constitution. In the following days, the parliament passed several resolutions to assert as much sovereignty as possible within the union. On 1 November they voted 52 to 25 that Norway would not appoint its own consuls. On 4 November the Storting adopted the constitutional amendments that were required to allow for the union, and unanimously elected Charles XIII as king of Norway, rather than acknowledging him as such.

title: Kingdom of Norway (1814)


text: User talk:69.104.16.55

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.104.16.55


text: User:Bakermac

title: User:Bakermac


text: User talk:70.111.59.152

title: User talk:70.111.59.152


text:
Robert Duncan Wilmot

Robert Duncan Wilmot, (16 October 1809 – 13 February 1891) was a Canadian politician and a Father of Confederation.

Early life and family
Wilmot was born in Fredericton, New Brunswick on 16 October 1809. He was the son of John McNeil and Susanna (Susan) Harriet (born Wiggins) Wilmot. He moved to Saint John with his family at around the age of five, and there he was educated. In 1833 he married Susannah (Susan) Elizabeth Mowat of St Andrews. His father, John McNeil Wilmot, was a big tank and ship owner. Wilmot worked for his father's business and represented the company in Liverpool, England from 1835 to 1840. It is there that his son, Robert Duncan Wilmot, Jr., a future Member of Parliament, was born.

New Brunswick
Wilmot served as mayor of Saint John from 1849 to 1850. He represented Saint John County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1847 to 1861, and from 1865 to 1867, and was member of the Executive Council of New Brunswick, serving as the Surveyor-General from 1851 to 1854, and provincial secretary from 1856 to 1857.

He was a New Brunswick delegate to the London Conference of 1866, which settled the final terms for Canadian Confederation.

Federal politics
Following Confederation, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada on 23 October 1867 by royal proclamation, and represented the Senate division of New Brunswick. In 1878, he became Speaker of the Senate, and was also a member of the ministry of John A. Macdonald.

Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick
Wilmot resigned from the Senate on 10 February 1880 and was appointed the sixth Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick. He served in that position until 1885.

Death
Wilmot died at his estate in Sunbury County at the age of 81. His home was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1975. He is buried in Sunbury County Oromocto Anglican Church cemetery on Broad Road.

title: Robert Duncan Wilmot


text:
User:Glenfmarshall

Glen F. Marshall is a retired health informatics architect with specialization in IT infrastructure, computer security, and standardization.

Address: 1006 Gwilym Circle, Berwyn, PA 19312

Employers

 * Security Risk Solutions 2015-2017
 * Grok-A-Lot, LLC 2008-2012
 * Siemens Medical Solutions Health Services 2000-2008
 * Shared Medical Systems 1970-2000 (acquired by Siemens)
 * Grady Memorial Hospital 1966-1970

Memberships

 * American Civil Liberties Union
 * American National Standards Institute, Health Information Technology Standards Panel
 * Representative for Siemens Medical Solutions 2005-2008
 * Representative for Grok-A-Lot, LLC 2008-2010
 * Co-chair, Security Privacy and Infrastructure Technical Committee 2007-2010
 * ASTM International E31 (medical informatics) 1999-2010
 * Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology
 * Member, Security Workgroup 2005-2010
 * Health Level 7 (HL7)
 * Co-chair, Security Technical Committee 1999-2010
 * Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE)
 * Member, International Board 2009-2011
 * Member and founding co-chair, IT Infrastructure Planning Committee 2003-2008
 * Member, IT Infrastructure Technical Committee 2003-2007
 * Member, Strategic Development Committee 2003-2007
 * Liaison to HL7 2003-2007
 * Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS)
 * Founding Co-chair, Interoperability Showcase Planning 2003-2008
 * Member, Privacy & Security Steering Committee 2006-2008
 * Member, Standards Task Force 2005-2009
 * Member, Information Systems Security Work Group 2007-2011
 * ISO/TC 215 (health informatics)
 * US Technical Advisory Group 2003-2010
 * Participant, WG4 (security) 2003-2010

Publications

 * RFC 3881 - Security Audit and Access Accountability Message XML Data Definitions for Healthcare Applications (2004)
 * "Privacy and Security in Pennsylvania", Journal of Healthcare Information Management, Spring 2009, Vol. 23 No. 2, with William “Buddy” Gillespie and Steven J. Fox, Esq.
 * "Ensuring Privacy and Security of Health Information Exchange in Pennsylvania", Pennsylvania eHealth Initiative, 2009, as executive editor
 * "The Standards Value Chain", Journal of the American Health Information Management Association, October 2009

Programming Languages (by type, in order learned)

 * Machine
 * RCA 301
 * IBM 402 (wired control board)
 * IBM 360 (enough to debug using dumps)
 * Assembler
 * IBM 7044
 * RCA 301 (native and SOBEL dialect)
 * RCA Spectra 70
 * IBM 360 and successors
 * Four Phase
 * Intel x86
 * Procedural
 * Fortran IV
 * COBOL in various versions and dialects
 * BASIC in various versions and dialects
 * PL/1
 * MUMPS
 * Pascal
 * Modula-2
 * C
 * C++
 * PHP
 * Non-procedural
 * IBM JCL
 * RDL (Report Description Language, proprietary to an employer)
 * Mark IV
 * Prolog
 * DOS batch script
 * SQL
 * HTML
 * XML
 * XSLT
 * Object-oriented
 * C++
 * Visual Basic
 * ASP
 * JavaScript
 * Java

College

 * Temple University BBA (Economics and Finance), class of 1975
 * Georgia State University undergraduate studies

High School

 * Gordon High School, Decatur, GA, class of 1964

Other

 * Born: 1946-07-10 6:08am in Boston, MA
 * Parents: Edwin B. Marshall 1912-1991 and Carolyn S. Packard 1921-2007
 * Married: Barbara J. Marshall, 1970-08-15
 * Children: Jeffrey F. Marshall, born 1973-02-07

title: User:Glenfmarshall


text:
User:Cmccabe77

The user masquerading as cmccabe77 has also been sighted editing the DavisWiki. Rumor has it that he's a graduate student in the anthropology department (ev. wing) at U.C. Davis.

title: User:Cmccabe77


text:
Spathiphyllum

Spathiphyllum is a genus of about 47 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas and southeastern Asia. Certain species of Spathiphyllum are commonly known as spath or peace lilies.

They are evergreen herbaceous perennial plants with large leaves 12–65 cm long and 3–25 cm broad. The flowers are produced in a spadix, surrounded by a 10–30 cm long, white, yellowish, or greenish spathe. The plant does not need large amounts of light or water to survive. They are most often grown as houseplants, however they are able to withstand the elements well enough to thrive when planted outdoors in situations that are hot and humid.

Description
Spathiphyllum is a genus of herbaceous evergreen plants with dark green foliage that can reach 1 to 6 ft in height. Rosettes of glossy, dark green leaves emerge directly from a low-lying or underground creeping stem. The leaves are elliptical or lanceolate, 4 to 25 in long and 1 to 10 in wide. They are supported on shoots (petioles) of shorter or similar length to the leaf.

The flowering structure rises above the foliage, with a single white or greenish-white spathe (specialized leaf associated with the flower) partially surrounding the flower structure. The spathe is elliptical or lanceolate, and 4 to 12 in long. It surrounds the spadix (short fleshy structure that contains the male and female flower parts), which is greenish-white or cream in color, and shorter than the surrounding spathe. The spadix is covered in equal-sized flowers that contain both the male and female reproductive parts. All Spathiphyllum flowers on a given spadix mature at the same time, and produce pollen for up to four days. Pollinated flowers produce ovoid fruits that mature over four to six months, each containing up to eight seeds.

Ecology and distribution
Members of Spathiphyllum are widespread in Central America and northern South America. Two species are found on Pacific islands: one on Cocos Island (S. laeve) and one in Indonesia and the Philippines (S. commutatum). They grow on the forest floors of tropical humid forests, in shady, moist or wet areas along rivers and streams, in river valleys and foothills. They often grow in colonies along waterways, and can be in places periodically inundated with water.

Taxonomy
Spathiphyllum includes 57 accepted species. Several sections of the genus have also been recognized. Massowia, which includes the widespread American S. cannifolium and the Pacific S. laeve and S. commutatum; Dysspathiphyllum containing only the Colombian S. humboldtii; and the larger sections Spathiphyllum and Amomophyllum.

Selected species
Species include:

 * Spathiphyllum atrovirens
 * Spathiphyllum bariense
 * Spathiphyllum blandum
 * Spathiphyllum brevirostre
 * Spathiphyllum cannifolium
 * Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum
 * Spathiphyllum commutatum
 * Spathiphyllum cuspidatum
 * Spathiphyllum floribundum
 * Spathiphyllum friedrichsthalii
 * Spathiphyllum fulvovirens
 * Spathiphyllum gardneri
 * Spathiphyllum grandifolium
 * Spathiphyllum jejunum
 * Spathiphyllum juninense
 * Spathiphyllum kalbreyeri
 * Spathiphyllum kochii
 * Spathiphyllum laeve
 * Spathiphyllum lechlerianum
 * Spathiphyllum maguirei
 * Spathiphyllum mawarinumae
 * Spathiphyllum monachinoi
 * Spathiphyllum montanum
 * Spathiphyllum neblinae
 * Spathiphyllum ortgiesii
 * Spathiphyllum patini
 * Spathiphyllum perezii
 * Spathiphyllum phryniifolium
 * Spathiphyllum quindiuense
 * Spathiphyllum silvicola
 * Spathiphyllum solomonense
 * Spathiphyllum wallisii
 * Spathiphyllum wendlandii

Cultivated hybrids include:
 * Spathiphyllum × clevelandii

Cultivation and uses
Spathiphyllum are popular houseplants due to their attractive dark foliage and contrasting white flowers, easy care, and variety of cultivars available of different sizes. Commercially, Spathiphyllum plants are typically propagated by plant tissue culture, then potted up to multi-well plastic trays, then on into larger containers containing peat, pine bark, vermiculite, and/or coir. Plants grow best between 70 to 90 F. Once at a size ready for sale, plants are sprayed with gibberellic acid, which induces flowering 9 to 12 weeks after a single treatment.

It lives best in shade and needs little sunlight to thrive, and is watered approximately once a week. The soil is best left moist but only needs watering if the soil is dry.

The cultivar 'Mauna Loa' has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

At least one Spathiphyllum is used as food. The young spadix of S. matudae is pickled in vinegar, or cooked with eggs.

Toxicity
Although it is called a "lily", the peace lily is not a true lily from the family Liliaceae. True lilies are highly toxic (poisonous) to cats and dogs, but the peace lily, Spathiphyllum is only mildly toxic to humans and other animals when ingested. Like many Araceae it contains calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause skin irritation, a burning sensation in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, and nausea, but it does not contain the toxins found in true lilies, which could cause acute kidney failure in cats and some other animals.

Diseases
The grey mould disease was first noticed in Tokyo Metropolis, Japan during the 1989-1994. The Myrothecium disease was an important disease during the in vitro culture plant. The Bacterial leaf rot disease was noticed in Argentina in 2008.

Ailments the plant can have is that from the leaf tip it will show water-soaked areas.

History
Heinrich Wilhelm Schott formally described the genus Spathiphyllum – literally "leaf spathe" – in his and Stephan Endlicher's 1832 book Meletemata Botanica. It encompassed two species: S. lanceifolium (previously described as Dracontium lanceaefolium by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1790) and S. sagittaefolium. Examinations of similar specimens by others resulted in new genera: Frederik Liebmann's Hydnostachyon in 1849 and Karl Koch's Massowia in 1852. Schott redefined Spathiphyllum in 1853, moving S. sagittaefolium into the new genus Urospatha, and claiming Massowia and Hydnostachyon to be more appropriately Spathiphyllum. Just five years later, Schott's Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum expanded Spathiphyllum to 22 species. From there, the genus remained relatively stable. Collections that included type specimens of many Spathiphyllum were destroyed by fire in Vienna (1945, where Schott had worked) and by war in Berlin (where Adolf Engler had described several Spathiphyllum species). George S. Bunting revised the genus as his PhD thesis work in 1960, encompassing a total 36 species.

title: Spathiphyllum


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Sea Dogs (video game)

Sea Dogs (Корсары) is a 2000 Russian role-playing video game for Microsoft Windows, developed by Akella and published by Bethesda Softworks. In it, the player is the captain of a ship and can serve as a privateer to a European power, or as a pirate. The game uses a custom 3D game engine and includes gameplay similar to Sid Meier's Pirates!, while also being a true inter-character dialog-centered RPG.

The game is often credited as one of the first successful Russian games, which had a notable influence on Russian game industry. It was followed by four sequels, one of which was tied in to Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean franchise.

Plot summary
The player's character, Nicolas Sharp, was raised by his mother since he was a child. The only memories left of his father are his departure on a ship, as well as a golden medallion he gave him. Nicolas grows, and as his father did before, goes to sea to seek adventures. Soon, he is captured by the Spanish, but manages to escape with a small ship and a crew. He arrives at the central British colony, where he has to start a new life.

Since the game is nonlinear, the player may work for any of the three nations, as well as start a pirate's career. Searching for his father is always possible, but in order to succeed, the player will need to change his ship's flags a number of times. This quest will reveal the secrets of the main character's father's life story and his death, as well as his legacy.

Development
The game was announced in March 2000. The game drew inspiration from games like Sid Meier's Pirates!.

Critical reception
Sea Dogs received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Scott Steinberg of IGN was impressed with it, calling it "one booty call you won't want to miss". Ron Dulin of GameSpot was also positive about the game, saying it's "an adventure that can be enthralling despite its many problems". Samuel Bass of NextGen said, "Flawed design choices and lack of atmosphere aside, Sea Dogs inarguably remains one of the finest action-trading simulations since the halcyon days of Elite."

Sequels
Sea Dogs has had a number of sequels, most of which do not bear the same English title for legal reasons. The first sequel, Sea Dogs II, was renamed Pirates of the Caribbean when Disney acquired the game in mid-development. Despite being marketed as a tie-in to Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, which was released around the same time, it is largely unrelated to the plot elements of that film.

The second sequel, Age of Pirates: Caribbean Tales, is a direct sequel to the original Sea Dogs. The title was changed because Akella wanted to create a brand name that they could control, rather than their publisher.

Two indirect sequels would follow: Age of Pirates 2: City of Abandoned Ships and Sea Dogs: To Each His Own in 2009 and 2012, respectively. Caribbean Tales and City of Abandoned Ships would eventually be digitally re-released on GOG and Steam in 2017 under the original Sea Dogs title.

title: Sea Dogs (video game)


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The Cure (1995 film)

The Cure is a 1995 American drama film directed by Peter Horton and written by Robert Kuhn. The film stars Brad Renfro and Joseph Mazzello and follows an unlikely friendship between two boys, one of whom is suffering from AIDS. When the boys hear of a possible cure for the disease, they set out on a quest to find it.

The film was distributed by Universal Pictures and was released to theaters on April 21, 1995. It was not a box-office success, earning only $2.57 million. Although The Cure received mixed reviews from critics, the performances of Mazzello and Renfro received acclaim and both actors earned Young Artist Awards nominations.

Horton received the Audience Award at the Cinekid Festival and Renfro won an award for Best Performance in a Drama Film at the first annual YoungStar Awards. The film also received a Grammy Award nomination for its score by Dave Grusin.

Plot
Erik is an eleven-year-old loner who has just moved to a small town in Stillwater, Minnesota. Accompanying Erik is his newly divorced, emotionally abusive and neglectful workaholic mother, Gail. Erik and his neighbor Dexter, who contracted HIV through a blood transfusion, become good friends despite initial mutual dislike and their differences, as Erik seeks the familial relationships he grew up without in Dexter and his mother Linda. Erik hides the friendship from his mother, knowing that she won't approve due to her own prejudice regarding AIDS.

Gail discovers the friendship one night after Linda comes over to ask Erik about something Dexter ate in the boys' quest to find a natural cure for his disease. She furiously warns Linda to keep Dexter away, but Linda encourages the friendship. When the boys read an article in a tabloid about a doctor in distant New Orleans who claims to have found a cure for AIDS, they set out on their own down the Mississippi River with the hope of finding a means of saving Dexter's life.

The boys take a boat down the river with a bunch of degenerates who don't treat the pair very well. Eventually the boys steal their money and try to hitchhike the rest of the way. When the boatmen find out their money has been stolen, they locate the kids at a bus station and proceed to chase them until they reach a dead end of a dilapidated building. Erik draws a switchblade and one of the men draws a knife. Dexter suddenly grabs the knife from Erik and cuts his own hand. He threatens the boatman with his blood, saying that he has AIDS and could easily transfer the disease to him through the man's open wounds. This scares the men off. Dexter then realizes what he has done by directly exposing his blood to the outside environment. He suddenly feels sick, so Erik escorts him back to the bus station. Realizing that their journey must end if Dexter is to be treated, Erik resorts to calling Linda to have her pick the boys up when they reach Stillwater by bus.

Once they return, Dexter spends the rest of his time in the hospital. As his relationship with his mother has grown increasingly strained, Erik goes to stay with Linda who lets him visit Dexter. The boys joke and prank the doctors three times that Dexter has died, but when a third doctor arrives to check on him, Dexter has died for real. While driving Erik home, Linda notices a mother holding her young child while crossing the street. Reminded of her own son, she pulls over and breaks down crying. Erik apologizes to her, saying that he should have tried harder to find a cure. Linda, taken aback by his comment, embraces Erik, explaining that he was the happiest thing in Dexter's difficult life. Upon their arrival at home, a furious Gail confronts the pair. When Gail starts to hit Erik, Linda quickly intervenes, angrily and tearfully informs her of Dexter's death, and demands that she allow Erik to attend the funeral and never hit him again and threatens to kill her. Gail guiltily complies.

At Dexter's funeral, Erik places one of his shoes in the coffin and takes one of Dexter's to let sail down the river. This pays homage to an earlier moment in their trip when Dexter, who was having nightmares, was given one of Erik's sneakers to hold as a reminder that he's always by his side.

Cast

 * Joseph Mazzello as Dexter Evans
 * Brad Renfro as Erik, Dexter's neighbor
 * Diana Scarwid as Gail, Erik's abusive mother
 * Bruce Davison as Dr. Stevens
 * Annabella Sciorra as Linda Evans, Dexter's mother
 * Nicky Katt as Pony
 * Aeryk Egan as Tyler, Erik's rival
 * Renee Humphrey as Angle, Pony's girlfriend
 * Peter Moore as Male Nurse
 * Andrew Broder as Tyler's Friend #1
 * Jeremy Howard as Tyler's Friend #2
 * John Carroll Lynch as Skipper #1

Development
The script for the film was written in 1993 by Robert Kuhn. Although studio executives were initially skittish about the film's commercial prospects due to its subject matter, the script became a hot property when Steven Spielberg's production company Amblin Entertainment showed interest in buying it. A resulting bidding war ended with a million-dollar sale to Eric Eisner of Island Pictures.

Eisner sought out Martin Brest to direct the film, but Brest declined as he was unsure he could get the necessary performances out of young actors. Other directors who declined were Sydney Pollack, Rob Reiner and Paul Brickman. Universal Pictures, who had signed on to distribute the film, expressed concern that no director had yet come on board, so Eisner halved the film's initial $20 million budget and hired Peter Horton to direct.

While the script circulated through talent agencies for the casting process, some industry figures criticized the script's irresponsibility in its treatment of homosexuality and accused it of homophobia. Particular criticism was directed towards scenes in which neighborhood bullies insult Dexter, calling him gay slurs while no other characters attempt to neutralize the insults. Horton attempted to address this problem through the character of Jerry, a gay male nurse played by actor Peter Moore. Commenting on Jerry's character, journalist Jess Cagle opined, "Jerry's homosexuality is apparent only in a slight part of Moore's performance. The result is an effeminate character who is at best secretly gay, at worst an offensive stereotype."

Casting
Horton hoped to cast big stars to boost the film's box office returns and asked his ex-wife Michelle Pfeiffer and actress Meg Ryan to participate, both of whom declined. Horton was hesitant to work with children as he doubted the ability of young actors to express the emotional weight needed for the film, but was blown away by the auditions of both Joseph Mazzello and Brad Renfro. Mazzello had not met anyone with AIDS before, so Horton suggested he watch an HBO special about an Australian boy who died of the disease.

Filming
The film was shot over the summer of 1994 in Stillwater, Minnesota. Locations included the St. Croix River and Minnehaha Creek.

Soundtrack
The original soundtrack to the film was composed by Dave Grusin and released by GRP Records on May 9, 1995.

Tommy Morgan contributed to the musical harmony and Michael Fisher worked with percussion. The instruments used in the martial band of the track are: piano, electric bass, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, synthesizer, and alto flute. The song called "My Great Escape" was written and performed by Marc Cohn. However, this song has never been released in any medium outside of the film.

In a review for AllMusic, Jason Ankeny commented, "The music's gentle strings and playful woodwinds sweetly capture the innocence of childhood without trafficking in schmaltz...More important, he treats the film's subject matter...with admirable restraint, eschewing heart-tugging treacle in favor of light, organic melodies that celebrate life instead of mourning its loss."

Box office
The Cure debuted in the number 13 spot in North American theaters and grossed $1.2 million during its opening weekend. Across 832 theaters in the US and Canada, the film's grosses totaled to $2,568,425. It performed better in Japan, grossing more than $4.5 million in its first three weeks of release with $1.73 million on opening weekend across 33 theatres.

Critical response
The Cure has an approval rating of 45% based on 11 critics' reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 5.5/10.

The performances of Renfro, Mazzello, and Sciorra were roundly praised. Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review, stating "Mazzello is naturally captivating and Renfro especially, is a remarkably instinctive young actor...What makes us cry is not that Dexter has AIDS, but that Dexter and Erik have each other to the end, until death separates them. It is an odd feat to create a dramatic story that brings us to tears even without worrying about AIDS. 'The Cure ' achieved this miracle." Peter Stack of The San Francisco Chronicle said Renfro and Mazzello's "performances are so warm and richly layered...in a loving, funny and wistful film that plays like a slightly torn Norman Rockwell illustration."

Kevin Thomas from the Los Angeles Times wrote, "[The film] works as a drama on friendship and its challenges" and commended Horton in drawing measured performances from his actors. Stephen Holden of The New York Times stated "it evokes with an intense clarity the particular blend of innocence, curiosity, terror and bravado that drives children to commit desperate acts."

Among the criticisms were that the film was predictable, implausible and manipulative. Thomas noted, "All told, 'The Cure ' plays more like a movie made for TV than the big screen." Leonard Klady of Variety stated, "Director Peter Horton is more assured with his artists, particularly the central youngsters. The strength he brings to the material is in the development of their relationship," but lamented that "wholly preposterous plot turns take over, and [the] pic never recovers once the two boys decide to paddle down the Mississippi a la Huck Finn."

Another criticism was towards the film's softening of the physical ravages of AIDS, "[reducing] the symptoms to weakness, occasional fever and a few mild coughing fits." Schwarzbaum wrote, "A dying child is emotional blackmail; a child dying of AIDS is an emotional bludgeon, and a filmmaker would do well to keep the case very, very specific, rather than make the deterioration a poetic mystery."

Joey O'Bryan of The Austin Chronicle said, "There are some good, effective moments in The Cure, but far too often the film lapses into silly heart-tugging...[ultimately] the movie's good intentions are rarely realized, and the nice message of this family film (Kids with AIDS are people too!) is unfortunately delivered with a slight whiff of homophobia. Then subtract another half a star for the absurdly in-your-face Butterfinger product placement, and what you've got left is a competently acted, high concept, family entertainment, coming of age, AIDS tearjerker that occasionally doubles as a candy bar commercial."

Home media
The Cure was released in DVD on November 23, 2004 and also in Blu-ray on March 23, 2021 in Japan.

The film was released on Blu-ray in the United States via Mill Creek Entertainment, under their "Retro VHS Collection", on October 4, 2022.

title: The Cure (1995 film)


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Talk:DART (satellite)

JAXA too ? navigation ?
I have an issue about "Currently, only the Russian Space Agency has autonomous space craft navigation."

I thought that NASDA (now JAXA) had demonstrated such capability with ETS-VII ???

 * Please, check your wiki link. It looks like JAXA ended up in failure.

http://www.nasda.go.jp/press/1999/10/ets7_991027_e.html Seems successful to me... 68.165.99.171 15:11, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Should we be talking about long range 'navigation' like Autonav, or autonomous rendezvous and docking ? - Rod57 (talk), 21 Feb 2021

Disambiguation of DART
NASA started a new, entirely unrelated, DART project for asteroid redirection. I can't do this right now, but this page needs to reflect that somehow. Nerfer (talk) 19:45, 3 July 2017 (UTC)
 * It's been done, with a hatnote to the Redirect mission. - Rod57 (talk) 17:52, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

Can we link to (or summarise) earlier and later proximity operation demos
Can we link to (or summarise) earlier and later proximity operation demos ? To put this in context, and see later work by NASA and others. - Rod57 (talk) 17:50, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:DART (satellite)


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Rick Del Gado

Rick Del Gado is an American radio personality and producer.

Career
Del Gado first gained prominence as the producer for the Opie and Anthony radio show from 1998 to 2002, when the show aired in afternoons on WNEW in New York City. He was fired after the show was cancelled following its controversial "Sex for Sam 3" segment, in which a couple were encouraged to engage in sexual activity in St. Patrick's Cathedral.

Following his departure from WNEW, Del Gado joined Preston & Steve on WPLY in Philadelphia. About a year later, he returned to New York City at WQHT in New York City. He was fired on January 31, 2005, along with comedian Todd Lynn, for writing, producing and broadcasting "The Tsunami Song", a parody of the 1985 hit single "We Are the World" which mocked the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

In June 2005, Del Gado was hired by KYLD/WILD in San Francisco to co-host and produce Strawberry in the Morning with "Strawberry" Eric Fielden and Fay Carmona.

In 2006, Del Gado accompanied former radio show guest and aspiring singer Gilbert Gonzalez Jr. to an American Idol audition. Creating a sign with Gonzalez's face that read "Gilbert stinks", Del Gado heckled him before and during the audition attempting to cause Gonzalez to fail. Gonzalez succeeded the preliminary rounds of the show regardless. Despite having been recently fired from the radio show that began reporting the progress of Gonzalez on the show, Del Gado still followed Gonzalez for his next round of American Idol.

In January 2007, Del Gado and Fielden became the hosts of The EF'R Show on KFRC in San Francisco until the station changed radio format in May 2007. Currently, Del Gado hosted Ugly American Radio on Inravio Radio. He currently hosts Elevated Radio. As of 2023 he’s a co host on Real America’s Voice Network Show Live from Studio 6B.

title: Rick Del Gado


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Albin Countergambit, Lasker Trap

The Lasker Trap is a chess opening trap in the Albin Countergambit. It is named after Emanuel Lasker, although it was first noted by Serafino Dubois. It is unusual in that it features an underpromotion as early as the seventh move.

Analysis
'''1. d4 d5 2. c4 e5'''
 * The Albin Countergambit.

3. dxe5 d4
 * The black pawn on d4 is stronger than it appears.

4. e3
 * Careless. Usual and better is 4.Nf3.

'''4... Bb4+ 5. Bd2 dxe3''' (see diagram)
 * Now White's best option is to accept doubled pawns with 6.fxe3, which the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings gives as the best move. Black gets a slight advantage, but White has avoided the worst and can defend.

6. Bxb4
 * Blundering into the Lasker Trap.

6... exf2+
 * Now 7.Kxf2 would lose the queen to 7...Qxd1, so White must play 7.Ke2.

7. Ke2 fxg1=N+! (diagram)
 * Promotion to a knight is the key to the trap. (If instead 7...fxg1=Q, then 8.Qxd8+ Kxd8 9.Rxg1 is okay for White.) Now 8.Rxg1 Bg4+ skewers White's queen, so the king must move again.

'''8. Ke1 Qh4+ 9. Kd2'''
 * The alternative, 9.g3, loses the h1-rook to the fork 9...Qe4+.

9... Nc6
 * White is hopelessly lost. After 10.Bc3, 10...Bg4 followed by 11...0-0-0+ is.

Alternate line
In an 1899 in Moscow that involved Blumenfeld, Boyarkow, and Falk playing as White against Lasker, the players played the Lasker Trap line up through Black's fifth move. White responded to 5...dxe3 with 6.Qa4+?, but Black wins after this move also. The game continued 6...Nc6 7.Bxb4 Qh4 8.Ne2 Qxf2+ 9.Kd1 Bg4 10.Nc3 0-0-0+ 11.Bd6 cxd6 12.e6 fxe6 13.Kc1 Nf6 14.b4 d5 15.b5 Ne5 16.cxd5 Nxd5 17.Qc2 Nb4 18.Nd1+ Nxc2 19.Nxf2 Rd2 (White resigned).

title: Albin Countergambit, Lasker Trap


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File:PrettyInBlack.jpg

Licensing
Fair use rationale:

 * 1) Depiction of album cover, used to illustrate the single or album.
 * 2) Album cover is for the main subject of the article.
 * 3) Low-resolution image is used; not the original resolution for the image and cover artwork.
 * 4) No free use substitute for the album cover is available.

title: File:PrettyInBlack.jpg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tina Chow

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  19:04, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tina Chow
Tagged as, this three-sentence substub really has not changed since it was first created back in November. There is nothing that is encyclopedic about it. Zzyzx11 | Talk 02:32, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, short memorial that may or may not be true--nixie 03:23, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, wikipedia is not a memorial. Megan1967 08:09, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, millions of people had dies from AIDS. Pavel Vozenilek 02:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unless Michael Chow is someone of importance, then neither is his wife. Also may not be true, or if it is then it may be POV. And, as above, this isn't Wikibituaries! Master Thief Garrett 00:46, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - who are these people? Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 05:42, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway

The Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway (abbreviated: CNO&TP; ) is a railroad that owns the Cincinnati Southern Railway from Cincinnati, Ohio, south to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and leases it to the Norfolk Southern Railway system.

The physical assets of the road were initially financed by the city of Cincinnati in the 1870s, and until March 2024 had been owned by the city. It had been the only such long-distance railway owned by a municipality in the United States. The CNO&TP now owns that property and operates one rail line, the Cincinnati Southern Railway, between Cincinnati and Chattanooga.

History
The line opened completely in 1880, and was financed by the city of Cincinnati. Construction was spurred by a shift of Ohio River shipping, important to the local economy. Fearing the loss of shipping traffic and the local salaries and tax revenue that came with it, the city recognized the need to remain competitive. The Ohio Constitution forbade cities from forming partnerships in stock corporations, so the city, led by Edward A. Ferguson, took upon itself the building of the railway.

With wide popular approval, city voters voted for $10 million in municipal bonds in 1869 to begin construction. With 337 miles of track and many tunnels to construct, another bond for an additional $6 million was necessary. Some portions were open by 1877, and the entire line opened February 21, 1880. The last spike was placed on December 10, 1879. It opened for passenger service on March 8, 1880.

Routing
The CNO&TP main line has three districts: the First District from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Danville, Kentucky; the Second District from Danville to Oakdale, Tennessee; and the Third District from Oakdale to Chattanooga.

The Second District is known as the "Rathole" due to steep grades, 27 tunnels, and numerous curves which were once this line's signature. While several projects over the span of 60 years eliminated several problem areas, the Southern Railway's line improvement project between 1959 and 1963 is the best known. This project saw numerous cuts and line relocations to bypass tunnels and reduce the steep grades and tight curves. Only Tunnels #22 and #24 at Nemo, Tennessee and Tunnels #25 and #26 at Oakdale remain on the line; all but #25 were built new in the 1960s.

Originally built to broad gauge, the line was converted to standard gauge,, in 13 hours in 1886.

The late 1990s saw another improvement with the Norfolk Southern Railway double tracking the segment south of Somerset, Kentucky, between Tateville and KD Tower (near Greenwood, Kentucky). As of 2013, a massive project is underway to double track from Woods, also known as Somerset, to Grove just north of Burnside. This project will straighten a curve near the Kentucky Route 914 bypass overpass, allowing improved train handling. NS planners and engineering officials are still considering improving the company's second most profitable line, including the initial $65 million in line improvement projects from 1959 to 1963 and 1996 to 2010. Norfolk Southern is projected to have spent over $1 billion in a span of 60 years.

Queen and Crescent Route
After two years of leasing the property to local companies, in 1881 the city entered a 25-year lease to an entity called Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway, which was held by an English corporation controlled by German-born Parisian banker Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Soon Erlanger held all five segments of railroad from Cincinnati to New Orleans, and west from Meridian, Mississippi to Shreveport, Louisiana. This was dubbed the Queen and Crescent Route, connecting the Queen City to the Crescent City.

Erlanger sold his interest in 1890. In 1894 the CNO&TP was one of many properties reorganized by Samuel Spencer into the vastly expanded Southern Railway.

The railroad inaugurated a named passenger train for the route, the Queen and Crescent Limited, in 1926. Never a financial success, the train carried both coaches and Pullman sleepers and a dining car. The train was discontinued in 1949.

1911 strike
White firemen of the CNO&TP struck on January 9, 1911, when the company refused their demand that their black counterparts be fired within 90 days. Trains continued to run, with black firemen on their crews, in the vicinity of Kings Mountain, Kentucky, Somerset, Kentucky, and Oakdale, Tennessee, in terrain well-suited for sniper attacks. Within four days, sharpshooters killed at least eleven people: nine black railroad employees and two detectives.

Cincinnati Southern Railway
The present-day Cincinnati Southern Railway runs 337 mi from Cincinnati to Chattanooga. It is still owned by the City of Cincinnati and is leased to the CNO&TP under a long-term lease; it is the only such long-distance railway owned by a municipality in the United States. The CNO&TP's lease of the Cincinnati Southern Railway is currently set to expire in 2026, with an option for a 25-year renewal.

The agreement is governed by the five-member Trustees of the Cincinnati Southern Railway, who are appointed by the Mayor of the City of Cincinnati.

The Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific is operated by Norfolk Southern as part of the Alabama Division. Between Cincinnati and Somerset the line is under control of the North End Dispatcher, Knoxville, Tennessee. Somerset to Hixson, Tennessee, is dispatched by the South End Dispatcher, Knoxville. The CT (Chattanooga Terminal) Dispatcher controls the last few miles and a few surrounding lines into Chattanooga.

More than 50 trains a day can be seen on the CNO&TP, with the heaviest concentration between Danville and Harriman, Tennessee. Quite a bit of the traffic is intermodal and automotive. General manifests, local freights, grain, coal, and other bulk commodities make up the rest of the traffic.

In 1925 CNO&TP reported 1688 million ton-miles of revenue freight (not including Harriman & Northeastern) on 338 route-miles operated; in 1967 it had 4116 million ton-miles on 337 route-miles. Revenue passenger-miles were 134 million in 1925 and 15 million in 1967.

In 2023 it was announced that Norfolk Southern had reached an agreement to buy the Cincinnati Southern for $1.6 billion, subject to approval by voters in Cincinnati, the Surface Transportation Board and the Ohio General Assembly. The Surface Transportation board has since given its approval. In November 2023, Cincinnati voters approved the deal to sell Cincinnati Southern. The Norfolk Southern closed on the acquisition in March 2024.


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The Mice (band)

The Mice were a Cleveland-based power-pop trio active in the mid-1980s. Brothers Bill Fox and Tommy Fox played with Bill's high school friends and performed music in various minor and untitled lineups. Together with a friend who would not end up in the band's final lineup, two recordings were made which appeared on a self-released ("Mouse Tunes") 500-copy 7" single, Can You Walk on the Water Baby?. An ad was placed in the newspaper that read closely to "Mice seek bassist. No metalheads!" and after the responses came in, Fox chose bassist Ken Hall to complete the trio's lineup. An EP was made on the Herb Jackson Record label called For Almost Ever, recorded in 1985, containing the song "Not Proud of the USA", which would receive considerable airplay on freeform station WFMU during the Bush presidential administration. The EP was followed up a year later with the full-length LP entitled Scooter on the St. Valentine record label. Scooter was also released in the UK on the What Goes On label.

The Mice played numerous Cleveland venues, performing a mix of their own songs as well as covers from The Who, The Beatles, The Ramones, and others. After touring the Midwest, they broke up when lead singer/songwriter/guitarist Bill Fox left the band, leaving behind the half-finished Canterbury Bells LP (which never saw a release) and canceling plans for a European tour.

In 2004, Scat Records released a reissue CD called For Almost Ever Scooter, which compiled together the two Mice professional releases, the For Almost Ever EP and the Scooter LP. The reissue CD was supposed to include the nine completed songs from the Canterbury Bells LP and selections of a live performance from Cleveland radio WRUW's Live From Cleveland show, but the extra material was taken out at the last minute at the band's request.

The Mice song "Bye Bye Kitty Cat" was covered by Superchunk on a 2014 Merge reissue of Indoor Living.

Discography

 * "Can You Walk on the Water Baby?" / "Little Creatures" (Self-released Mouse Tunes, 1984)
 * For Almost Ever (Herb Jackson, 1985)
 * Scooter (St. Valentine Records, 1986)
 * "Little Rage" (The Mice) / "House Fall Down" (Yo La Tengo) (What Goes On Records, 1987)
 * Jim Clevo Presents – Listen (cassette compilation, Label Unknown, 1987)
 * For Almost Ever Scooter (Scat Records, 2004)
 * Unreleased and Live Recordings (Scat Records, 2004)

title: The Mice (band)


text:
User:Kokoloko2k3

I'm just a regular dude... More to come later!

 * Position: l337 h4x0r & Texas A&M University Help Desk Central Student Consultant

Blogs

 * My Life in a Blog
 * Thoughtech:Opinions on the political and philosophical aspects of computing.
 * My Xanga Journal Depricated

Social Networking

 * Facebook Me!

title: User:Kokoloko2k3


text:
User talk:Jeff Bowman

So, what's up? This officially welcomes all to Jeff Bowman's User talk page. You are welcome to say anything, conforming to Wikimedia's specifications, of course. This includes correcting my links and typos. Unless you request otherwise, I'll be replying on this page, so please watch it if you expect a reply. Thanks!

Weblogs
Howdy Jeff. The Websites category is pretty stuffed right now, so I'm trying to sub-categorize (and sub-sub categorize...) it a bit more. May I suggest that we use Category:Weblogs as the parent for Category:Weblog services (which would have hosts, resources etc.) and Category:Weblog sites (which would have the actual locations of noteworthy weblogs)? Oberiko 17:29, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That definitely makes sense to me. I would suggest Weblog tools and services though, since programs like TypePad don't provide actual service; they just makes it easier if you have your own host.  Likewise, I'm sure there will be a GNU tool out there that uploads to multiple weblogs; that would be a tool, not a service.  If we're making a category about it, it might as well be inclusive of everything relevant.  Thanks for your response!  Jeff Bowman 00:47, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeff Bowman


text:
User:Nbeyer

Welcome to nbeyer's page.

title: User:Nbeyer


text: Category:Chess traps

title: Category:Chess traps


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Torpedo Moskau

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – Rich Farmbrough 16:27, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Torpedo Moskau
A one-sentence substub that has been marked as for three weeks. It just says, "Torpedo Moskau is a German punk rock band from Hamburg." So what? Zzyzx11 | Talk 02:38, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as a single-sentence non-article with no content. I've hung a  template on it.  Funny thing is, there's more content in the templates! - Lucky 6.9 03:18, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless compliance with Wikimusic Project guidelines. Capitalistroadster 04:43, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but not speedy--this clearly has content, namely that Torpedo Moskau is a German punk band. That's enough for it to escape speedy. Meelar (talk) 07:05, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Doggone loopholes. :^)  Just so long as it goes bye-bye...which seems likely. - Lucky 6.9 18:46, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to FC Torpedo Moscow, a football club from Russia. Grue 18:37, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:Brhaspati/indflag

This is a temporary page to get a good representation of the Flag of India.

Bugs
Current problems with the figure produced by this code:
 * Figure needs to be anti-aliased.
 * Chakra looks too blue in the center and too white in the edges. Looks a little like some sort of bacterium, especially at reduced sizes. This needs to be rectified.

Code
% indflag.m % Written by User:Brhaspati, 2005. % Code should work in most versions of MATLAB. % Released under GPL. % % MATLAB is a trademark of MathWorks Inc. %

clear all; close all; clc;

% Define colors (cite source if possible) saffron = [251 119   0] ./ 255;    % GOI uses this. FOTW uses [255 204 0]. white   = [255 255 255] ./ 255; green   = [ 19 136   8] ./ 255;    % GOI uses this. FOTW uses [51 153 51]. navyblue = [ 0   0 128] ./ 255;

radius = 1;    % Any positive real number should do - everything else is scaled to this. ratio = 0.75;  % ratio of diameter of Ashok chakra to the width of the white band. % This is 75% of the width. Though is misused by flag makers.

npoints = 5000;        % Use more points for better circles and slower rendering. twopi = pi + pi;       % self-explanatory r = 5 * pi / 72;       % radius of the small circles around the rim of the Ashok chakra rim = 5 * (1 + pi/72); % radius of the rim y = 6 * radius / ratio; % (1/6) of the height of the flag. x = 4.5 * y;           % width of the flag, keeping the specified 3:2 width:height ratio.

figure; hold on; axis equal; axis ([-x x -3*y 3*y]); axis off;

% Top band, saffron. X = [-x x x -x];   Y = [y y 3*y 3*y]; fill (X, Y, saffron, 'EdgeColor', saffron); % Middle band, white. X = [-x x x -x];   Y = [y y -y -y]; fill (X, Y, white, 'EdgeColor', white);  % middle band % Bottom band, green. X = [-x x x -x];   Y = [-y -y -3*y -3*y]; fill (X, Y, green, 'EdgeColor', green);  % bottom band

% Begin drawing the navy blue Ashok chakra. % Using FOTW description for shape and ratio of the chakra. % blue rim [X,Y] = pol2cart (linspace (0, twopi, npoints), ones (1, npoints) * 6 * radius); fill (X, Y, navyblue, 'EdgeColor', navyblue); % white annulus. Spokes will go here later. [X,Y] = pol2cart (linspace (0, twopi, npoints), ones (1, npoints) * rim * radius); fill (X, Y, white, 'EdgeColor', navyblue); % blue core [X,Y] = pol2cart (linspace (0, twopi, npoints), ones (1, npoints) * radius); fill (X, Y, navyblue, 'EdgeColor', navyblue);

% 24 spokes for theta = 0:15:359 % calculate some angles t = theta * pi / 180.0; t1 = (theta + 3.75) * pi / 180.0;      t2 = (theta - 3.75) * pi / 180.0; t11 = (theta + 7.5) * pi / 180.0;      t22  = (theta - 7.5) * pi / 180.0;

% draw a spoke. The spoke is a very thin pentagon, with its base resting on the core and the apex on the inner edge of the rim. X = [radius*cos(t1) radius*cos(t1)+radius*cos(t11) rim*radius*cos(t) radius*cos(t2)+radius*cos(t22) radius*cos(t2)]; Y = [radius*sin(t1) radius*sin(t1)+radius*sin(t11) rim*radius*sin(t) radius*sin(t2)+radius*sin(t22) radius*sin(t2)]; fill (X, Y, navyblue, 'EdgeColor', navyblue);

% draw the small blue circles around the inner edge of the rim. [X,Y] = pol2cart (linspace (0, twopi, npoints), ones (1, npoints) * r * radius); X = X + rim*radius*cos(t11);       Y = Y + rim*radius*sin(t11); fill (X, Y, navyblue, 'EdgeColor', navyblue); end

title: User:Brhaspati/indflag


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Wally Cleaver

Wallace "Wally" Cleaver is a fictional character in the iconic American television sitcom Leave It to Beaver. Wally is the thirteen-year-old son of archetypal 1950s suburban parents, Ward and June Cleaver and the older brother of the seven-year-old ("almost eight") title character, Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver. The characters grew older along with the actors.

Wally is portrayed in the series by Tony Dow. Dow portrays an adult Wally Cleaver in both the reunion telemovie, Still the Beaver (1983), and in the sequel series The New Leave It to Beaver (1985–1989). Child actor Paul Sullivan, however, portrays the character in the series pilot, "It's a Small World", which aired in April 1957. In the 1997 film adaptation of the original series, Leave It to Beaver, Wally is portrayed by Erik von Detten.

Leave it to Beaver was created by writers Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher, who found inspiration among their own children for plot lines and dialogue. Wally is based on Connelly's son, Jay.

Overview
Wally is the "all-American" boy. He is an intelligent, polite teenager, who is trusted by his parents, popular with his peers, and liked by his teachers. He is an athlete with track, basketball and baseball being his three favorite sports; and, he excels at all. His friends, Clarence "Lumpy" Rutherford and Eddie Haskell, have a knack for getting into trouble and taking Wally along for the ride. Unlike his brother Beaver (who thinks girls are "creepy"), Wally is popular with the girls and has many girlfriends during the course of the series' run. In the later seasons, Wally has a few after school jobs and buys a used car.

The humor of the character rests in Wally's teenage perspective. He occasionally makes blunt or inappropriate comments that are bewildering or embarrassing to adults. He slips into slang occasionally, which upsets his mother. He sometimes humorously regards his parents as clueless squares. His dating life is sometimes frustrating as he tries to deal with the thoughts and emotions of teenaged girls. Wally also acts as a foil to the shenanigans of Eddie and Lumpy, but sometimes reluctantly goes along with them.

Wally serves as a bridge between Ward, June and Beaver. He is more astute and experienced than his brother and often puts parental communications in simpler terms for Beaver's comprehension. At other times, he clues the parents in on Beaver's activities, plans and feelings. At the age of five, Wally gave a newborn Beaver his nickname while trying to pronounce his given name of Theodore.

Home life
Though there are four bedrooms in the Cleaver house, Wally and Beaver share a bedroom. Their bedroom is a principal setting on the show. Wally spends his time in the bedroom at a small desk doing school assignments, the boys entertain their friends in the bedroom, and the room is often the scene of Ward's disciplinary lectures. Though Wally sometimes warns Beaver he will suffer some sort of physical punishment from Ward ("Dad's gonna clobber you!"), such punishments never occur.

Wally is rarely seen doing regular chores around the house. He sometimes clears the dinner table for his mother (i.e., he carries a few dirty dishes to the kitchen), and in one episode is seen drying dishes. But the typical chores of a teen boy (mowing the lawn, carrying out the trash, washing windows), apparently are not his. After school time is spent practicing sports, and, once home, Wally spends most of his time doing schoolwork in his bedroom. In one episode, however, Ward is out of town and Wally is asked to play the man of the house. He carves the roast at dinner and monitors Beaver's behavior.

Many episodes have a very brief "after school" scene in the kitchen between June and Wally. Wally arrives home and finds his mother preparing dinner; he regales her with teenspeak banter about the day's events at school. Then, as Wally leaves the room with a parting bon mot and the canned laughter kicks in, the camera catches June's bewildered, dazed, or amused facial expression.

A few episodes deal with Wally's teen taste in hairstyles and clothing. In one episode, he infuriates his mother by wearing his hair in a greasy "tango dancer" style and in another episode he irks both his parents when he buys a garish suit in a men's wear store.

Wally's high-school days
In the first season of Leave It to Beaver, Wally is a thirteen-year-old in his final year (8th grade) at Grant Avenue Grammar School. In the second season, Wally attends Mayfield High School, and remains there for the show's last five seasons, despite the fact that he should have graduated. Wally is a good student, who, unlike his brother Beaver, rarely gives his parents or teachers cause for concern. He spends school nights at home glued to his textbooks and scratching out essays in his composition tablet. In one episode, Wally runs for class president but loses the election. In another episode, Eddie "slugs" Wally in the school corridor when he believes Wally is moving in on his girl, and in another episode, Wally is caught by the coach throwing towels around the locker room. The series ends with Wally a high-school graduate preparing for State college and Beaver looking forward to entering Mayfield High.

Wally's teen romances
Wally's age permitted the writers to place him in dating situations with his school friends. Wally's first girlfriend on the show is Penny Jamison, a New York girl he meets during ballroom lessons at Miss Spencer's School of the Dance. Penny has danced with college boys and thinks Wally dances just as smoothly as they do. She wraps Wally around her little finger, and even has him going to the library to fetch a copy of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm for her. The romance ends when Beaver sends Penny a toad in a nicely wrapped box. Wally then becomes romantically involved with Mary Ellen Rogers, though the viewer often hears about her rather than sees her. In a first-season episode, Mary Ellen cultivates Beaver's friendship in order to get to Wally, then maneuvers Wally into going to a dance against his will. In another episode, Wally takes cha-cha lessons to enter a dance contest with Mary Ellen. Even though Mary Ellen was Wally's principal romantic interest, Wally dated several other girls during his high school years. In one episode, he declines a vacation trip with his family to stay at home near his current flame, then discovers she has left town with her parents for a vacation trip. In another episode, he falls for a tennis playing "older woman" who uses him to make her estranged boyfriend jealous. One high-school friend who made five "romantic" appearances was Julie Foster. In one episode, Wally grows a moustache over the summer, thinking Julie will be enchanted with his debonair look, and then the poor boy is humiliated when she laughs at it when he arrives back to school.

Later seasons
As Beaver grew into an awkward young teen, he sometimes took a back seat to his older brother Wally, a student in his final years of high school. Tony Dow had grown into an attractive, athletic young man and was often featured in "heartthrob"-type magazines aimed principally at teen girls. Producers took advantage of Dow's popularity and scripted episodes delving into Wally's dating life, his after school jobs, his pals, and his car. Beaver was relegated to the background.

Finale
In June 1963, the series came to a close at milestones in the lives of Wally and Beaver: high school grad Wally preparing for State college and Beaver looking forward to entering Mayfield High. The last episode was a retrospective one called "Family Scrapbook" and has claimed its place in TV history as the first prime time sitcom episode specifically written as a series finale. In the episode, the Cleavers reminisce over old photos in a scrapbook while flashback clips are played from previous episodes. It is during the course of the last episode the viewer learns how Beaver got his nickname. The show ends with Beaver and Wally playing with a wind-up toy and laughing like children.

Subsequent history
In 1983, CBS aired the reunion telemovie Still the Beaver starring Jerry Mathers. Other members of the original series cast, including Dow, reprised their roles. In 1985, a sequel to the original series was produced called Still the Beaver, again starring Jerry Mathers and other original cast members. The series lasted one season on the Disney Channel before being picked up by TBS in 1986 and renamed The New Leave It to Beaver. The series aired until 1989.

In Still the Beaver and The New Leave It to Beaver, Wally is married to high school-sweetheart Mary Ellen and is an attorney engaged in private practice. Although it is not specified what Wally's exact specialties are, he did agree to be Beaver's attorney to fight for custody of his kids, but the plans changed when Beaver's ex-wife asked him to take the boys because the only vet school that will take her is in Italy. When the sequel series begins in 1984, Wally and Mary Ellen are the parents of a 10-year-old daughter, Kelly (Kaleena Kiff). In 1986, Mary Ellen gives birth to their second child, Kevin (who was age advanced to 4 years old in the fall of 1987 and played by Troy Davidson). The family lives at 213 Pine Street ... next door to his widowed mother June, Beaver, and Beaver's sons; Ward had died shortly before the events of Still the Beaver take place (series star Hugh Beaumont had died in 1982).

In 1997, the feature film Leave It to Beaver was released with young Erik von Detten as Wally.

title: Wally Cleaver


text: User talk:172.148.101.85

title: User talk:172.148.101.85