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Talk:Calgary International Airport

Destination list needs an update
I know from just reading the departures list that this article is majorly out of date - Delta now comes here from Boston as well as MSP, and 9M runs far more routes than just Lloydminster and Edmonton. 68.146.92.51 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 01:13, 9 March 2010 (UTC).

Revert
I reverted as the new stuff has a copyvio in it. I can implement the infobox later as it is still being hashed out right now. Burgundavia 20:41, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Pictures?
So that means we can't put in any pictures then...
 * Dre, if you read your talk page, the pictures are all copyvios as well. As both the text and pictures were copyright violations, it was easier to revert everything, and then add the infobox back in when we has it out. Burgundavia 20:47, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Me to the rescue! I took some neat photos of the airport while visiting it today. Is taking photos of inside of the airport, by yourself, with your own camera, illegal in some way? If not, I should have some pictures up by Saturday or Sunday. - RPharazon 05:01, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No. It's not illegal in any way (although, I know that security sometimes have problems with people taking pictures inside airports these days :) ). Anyway, just specify the copyright status of your photos using the pull-down menu when you upload them. --Arch26 07:22, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Wonderful. I'll upload the best ones once I have them out of the developer. (I have a film camera, and the roll still has 8 pictures left.) - RPharazon 14:20, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Runway 16-34 issues
Length
 * Is it really due to the high altitude that the runway is that long? It is only 1000 feet longer than Vancouver (at sea level), and Mirabel (though now cargo only) is only 600 feet shorter.  There are a large amount of airports with a runway length around 11000 feet (including YYZ, YUL, YWG, YEG).  Or was it simply built this long because they could?  The area around the northern end of the runway didn't start to become developed until the late 1970s

In Calgary's case, it can safely be asserted that the additional runway length is primarily due to airport elevation. There are many considerations that drive a decision to make runways a certain length (land cost and topography, materials cost, altitude, supported aircraft types current and future, etc.), and so it's hard to say that altitude is the only reason. However, the following statements are true: 1] the longer a runway is, the safer it is, all other things being equal 2] the biggest jets, such as B747-400, safely require about 10000+ feet at sea level (on a hot day) 3] the higher the runway, in terms of elevation, the longer it needs to be

If Calgary's runway were 11000 feet like the examples above, then it would be unsafe for fully-loaded departing B747 traffic (such as Korean and Asiana Cargo to Seoul ROK). Therefore, the additional 1675 feet is primarily due to elevation. Note that Denver International Airport (high elev at 5431 feet) has 5 X 12000 foot runways, and a sixth runway at 16000 feet.

Space Shuttle
 * According to Transport Canada's "Designated NASA Space Shuttle Emergency Landing Sites in Canada" only Gander International Airport, Halifax International Airport, St. John’s Airport, Stephenville Airport, CFB Goose Bay are officially designated. According to http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/facility/sts-els.htm Calgary does not make the list of emergency landing locations.  In an absolute emergency it is conceivable that Calgary is a prospective landing location.  However, shuttle control would likely choose Mountain Home AFB in Idaho (490 nautical miles SSW) or White Sands Space Harbor in New Mexico (1175 nautical miles SSE) to reduce diplomatic issues (among other reasons).

No, they fly here about a dozen times per year. The 225's are rarer, about once a year. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.75.70.168 (talk) 23:04, 6 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Is this an urban legend in Calgary, due to the fact that the Antonov has used 16-34?
 * I suppose it must be. I have hear this claimed myself, though I do not remember the source. CConrad 18:26, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The Antonov An-124 has. I've seen it with my own eyes. The Antonov An-225 probably can, but it hasn't come to Calgary due to the fact that Calgary just isn't that type of place to have such a big cargo plane flown in for a customer or corporation or something. - RPharazon 06:04, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

I work at YYC and during ramp training we got to take a look up close at an Antonov and it had 6 engines, so I assume that was the An-225! But since that day I have only seen the four engine Antonov. But that six engine one took virtually every inch of 16-34 to get off the ground (it departed to the south) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.146.112.146 (talk) 00:33, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Radio frequencies?
I wonder, are radio frequencies really necessary for the purposes of a Wikipedia article? Alr 19:43, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I could be crazy Alr, but i don't see any radio frequencies mentioned in this article at all. Can you show me what you're talking about? – Fudoreaper 02:33:31, 2005-09-01 (UTC)

 * Oh i see, you've already removed them. So you're not wondering, you're asserting.  I think it's important to state how you feel if you're wanting action, and ask wondering questions when you're wanting people opinions BEFORE action.  Anyhow, i tend to agree that only aviators need radio frequencies like this, and thus, is outside the scope of Wikipedia.  However, there's also the idea that more info is usually better than less. – Fudoreaper 02:41:15, 2005-09-01 (UTC)

 * I just caught this, because I don't look at my watchlist every day. (Is there a way to get an email sent with updates to ones watchlist? I'm new at all this.) Soooo, sure, right after I correct a glaring omission, then you whack the list. :-) Anyway, as a pilot, I would tend to agree that the frequencies are not required here, and I wouldn't trust a list here to be up to date anyway. I would always get the information before a flight from official sources. However, the frequencies might be interesting for non-pilots to see, and I agree that more information is usually better. There is also the issue of consistency. Don't other airport articles have the frequencies? If this were a vote, I'd vote for reinstating them. But I don't feel strongly about it. –CConrad 16:11, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * No, i don't think there's an email watchlist feature. This is probably because if there was, people like me would get 47 emails a day (or more).  It would quickly get silly, for very active editors.  Other than that, your comments make sense. I'm not a pilot, i don't even know how to get these frequencies, so i'm not really going to make any edits to do with them.  Also, thanks for the contributions, C Conrad.  You'll get the hang of things. :) – Fudoreaper 17:34:00, 2005-09-07 (UTC)

British Airways Destination
The destination for British Airways was listed as London-Gatwick. It is actually Heathrow. []

B/C Concourse
Should the B/C concourse section be divided? All flights departing from the B concourse are International while all departing out of the C concourse are going to the USA. I feel that for better organization of the article it may be wise to divide this. If no one will object to this within the next week I will divide this section. --204.191.215.5 08:51, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

this should be divided, but take note that B concourse is not always international out, Air Canada domestic departs out of B concourse, and lots of domestic comes into B (most often turned into trans-border) as well. Phobal (talk) 18:51, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

is the hongkong thing going to happen or not???
 * I think it would be wise to make this division. YothSog 08:54, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

AC 777 to Operate YYC-LHR
Air Canada this week loaded up their schedule in a fashion that leads us to believe that on August 1st, the 77W will operate AC850 while the second flight will remain a 763. However, from what I've heard, this is just temporary, and the 77W will be needed elsewhere. There is a possibility that the Airbus A340-300 will operate the flight. -- Phoenix  (talk) 15:40, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

you are thinking about the 333. this summer it will be on a 333 and 763. Phobal (talk) 18:52, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Other Operation
There is a long list of airlines that are stated to operate out of their own private facility. I've removed UPS and DHL since they do not operate their own private facility at the airport. Although UPS will soon have their own, shouldn't be on this section yet. I will be removing others soon once I find out for sure.--Feelgood 02:32, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
 * fully incorrect; the YYC UPS gateway (located right beside air canada cargo) is a "private facility" for use by UPS. it's labeled as UPS and it's only used by UPS, although the ramp handling is done through ATS. the new facility near apron VII is intended to be a building to consolidate their two ground facilities and the gateway under one roof. using your "private facility" criteria in reference to buildings fully controlled by a cargo operation, only FedEx, CargoJet, Puro, Air Canada Cargo, UPS and Menzies Cargo would be considered "private facilities". OZ, CV definately do not have their own "private facilities", and why you would remove DHL yet not remove the airline operating for them (GB) really beats the hell out of me. therefore, UPS and DHL are worthy of being mentioned of having operations in YYC. Phobal (talk) 18:56, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Accidents and incidents
The Calgary airport has had several notable incidents, and as other Canadian airports have this section it should be added here for consistency. Sources can be gathered from aviation-safety.net. YYC T Dawg (talk) 21:29, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

History
There is no history section for this article, and as other Canadian airports have this section it should be added here for consistency. Notable items would seem to include the 1938 move as referenced at http://www.calgaryairport.com/Default.aspx?cid=21&lang=1 YYC T Dawg (talk) 21:33, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

Concourse A / B Gates
Since the closure of the Concourse B Pre-Screening area, there are no longer any gates labelled "B". All gates 20-28 are now either A or C depending on which Pre-Screening area you pass through. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.40.246.187 (talk) 23:12, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 10 December 2015
Can someone please remove the following:

- Alaska Airline (operated by SkyWest Airlines): this airline does not fly into Calgary International Airport - American Eagle: the airline does not land at the Calgary International Airport - Atlas Air (at the Cargo section): Atlas Air is already in the list under DHL Aviation. Kagoshima remains a year-round operation, while Kitakyushu is charter.

Can someone also add the following:

- Cargolux in the Cargo section: Seattle International Airport

205.206.131.251 (talk) 08:56, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made.  Ete ethan  (talk)  01:49, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:43, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 20 November 2016
All international flights are handled in Terminal 2, therefore all U.S. bound and international services should depart from either Concourse D or E 75.111.228.79 (talk) 19:25, 20 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. Topher385 (talk) 23:19, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

Frontier service
Please keep in mind that per WP:AIRPORT-CONTENT, an exact date must be mentioned in the source prior to being added. The Frontier source previously added does not mention this. Searching frontiers timetable is WP:OR, and must be avoided. There is no need to rush these entries. Wait for a quality source with an exact date mentioned. Garretka (talk) 23:55, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

I do not have auto confirmed access. This information needs a proper source and a proper date before it can be added, per WP:AIRPORT-CONTENT. Thanks if you're able to take care of this -, please cite a source mentioning an exact date or remove this information. Garretka (talk) 14:49, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

Airlines and destinations
Hello all, I have taken a WP:BOLD move by adjusting the "Airlines and destinations" table to account for WP:V and MOS:RELTIME. Rather than being a table that appears current and is constantly updated, this table is a snapshot of the airlines and destinations in September 2017. It only lists those destinations that were operating this month, so seasonal and new routes are not indicated (when the table is updated in future months, these destinations would appear in the table).

A clear difference from the old table is the fact that there are now references for all entries in the right-hand column. Because the references do not always specify whether, for example, a route is operated by Air Canada or Air Canada Express, I have opted to consolidate all destinations under the main airline along with a note ("Certain routes might be operated by a subsidiary...").

Please tell if you have any concerns or questions. — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 12:57, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

Hi there, thank you for being constructive with such edits, however there are a few problems that I have noted along with a few other moderators. It may seem like a good idea to provide a "snapshot" of each month at first, however in the grand scheme of things (more on the applicability side of it, it simply is not useful). For example, many people refer to this table to look to see when/what flights are operating direct to each destination, this can cause a problem because for example if I wanted to do book a flight a flight to Huatulco in November, I would have absolutely no idea that Air Canada Rouge is operating direct to Huatulco (starting November), which in turn would cause me to book perhaps a more expensive flight. Another example is WestJet, today they announced their new budget airlines Swoop (airline), which when they announce the routes (where Calgary will most certainly be apart of), this wikipedia page will not reflect this until the certain "month"... which is quite frustrating. Furthermore, there are no other major or even smaller airports that do this in their wikipedia page, it simply does not make sense. All wikipedia pages are being constantly updated, and I do know for a fact that some Wikiepdians jump on the fact that a certain airline is flying to such destination. As for the references, we can still easily provide references for all entries.This should not stay how it is, although your reasoning is trying to be constructive it does not make sense. Thank you for your contributions.

Martinillo (talk) 17:53, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Personally I like the revisions - these are edits that are bold and a trial for other airport pages. It should be noted that Wikipedia is not a travel guide, it is an encyclopedia. If users wish to book a flight they would do so using airline websites anyways. The way this table is laid out seems more in line with WP:V, but the trade of is the maintenance of these tables as they require periodic updating. Garretka (talk) 18:27, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi, thank you for coming to the talk page. I echo 's point on WP:V. It is true that many airport articles are updated regularly (mainly their "Airlines and destinations" tables) – however this is probably not the case for airports in non-English-speaking regions that don't get the same level of attention. I wanted to institute a format that has broad applicability., I don't believe the lists change tremendously over time. Updates could take place every few months or so. Inevitably it is a lot of information to update at once, on the other hand. — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 19:52, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Personally, I wholeheartedly disagree with any change to the existing format as it's not overly difficult to keep the list up to to date. But that's just me. -- Acefitt 20:59, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Do you support the use of references? (To be honest, I don't think we have a choice here, according to WP:V.) — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 11:31, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Of course I support the use of references. The ability to check what destinations are served seasonally at a given airport is a gigantic benefit and I (and many others) regularly access the section on many pages. I'm not fighting you on it here, but I'm strongly opposed to this anywhere else and will be the biggest advocate against it on other pages, as it makes the section useless in my opinion. -- Acefitt 13:29, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I completely agree with you, us like many others use this feature a lot, and is arguabley the most widely used feature in these airport pages. Martinillo (talk) 15:34, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Increasingly I am of the opinion that we need to get the page back to how it was and Sunny needs to take it up on the talk page of the WikiProject. These radical changes aren't going to happen anywhere else if I have anything to do with it; the correct place for the proposal is therefore the talk page of the WikiProject. I do not care if Wikipedia is not a travel brochure or what not; needlessly excluding information to prove a point (what point is it, even?) accomplishes absolutely nothing. -- Acefitt 00:47, 29 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry that you take it that way. I'm not trying to prove a point – I'm also a big aviation enthusiast and I'm trying to find a way to make these tables more compliant with Wikipedia policies. Please don't take this move as a threat. I have introduced RfC's at WT:AIRPORTS (here and here), I have inquired at the Reliable Source Noticeboard here. As the discussions have grown stale, I have tried to be more WP:BOLD to see what the community thinks.For anyone who finds the table is no longer useful, please explain why. Why is it important that the tables be current (but please read MOS:RELTIME!) and that seasonal destinations be included? — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 02:03, 29 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It's not that I want it to always be up-to-date, it's that I don't see the detriment of listing seasonal destinations. Is it not more work to have to be changing it on a monthly basis anyway? When AC announced the new Mexico routes launching from YYC this winter, the fastest way to see, "okay, do WS, TS and WG also fly to HUX seasonally" is to come here. Nowhere else on the internet lists this information in as quickly as accessible a format as the Destinations sections on Wikipedia. The flights operating today or in the coming days can be seen from any multitude of sources, namely the arrivals/departure board on yyc.com. I wouldn't come here for that specific info. -- Acefitt 02:12, 29 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The problem is that I don't know how to reference seasonal destinations. Sometimes we will find a press release or something similar, but most of the time what do we do? Ask readers to search several dates in an airline's timetable? — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 16:30, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Timetable documents can be cited, WestJet and Air Canada for example have entire pdf documents of their timetable. For those without, press releases or any other document from a reliable source could be cited. Definitely wouldn't be an issue here, though other airports would be more difficult. -- Acefitt 04:24, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * However, the timetable PDFs (at least all the ones I've seen) are only valid for a few months at a time, like Air Canada's. True, the route maps in that PDF include "seasonal [...] routes currently not operating," but the ones that are currently operating are not noted as being seasonal. Also could you please link me to WestJet's PDF timetable? This is the best I've managed to find. I like your point about how a reader can access the arrivals/departure board of the airport's website (and similar resources) for the same information. I would note, however, that the table format I've instituted does not present a single day's worth of flights, but rather the routes operating over the entire month. This information cannot be accessed on the airport's website, etc. in the coming months. Also I think we could make a similar argument about the normal table format. For current (or relatively current) route information, a reader can easily go to that same multitude of sources at any point in time. Chances are the current information on an airline's website and similar sources is more reliable than the "current" information in the normal table format, which has no indication of when it was last updated and could therefore contain errors (particularly in airport articles that receive less attention, like those about airports in Africa). — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 15:39, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * At this point, my only argument is that what you want to do is both less informative, and requires (on average) more frequent updating. Seems like a lose-lose. That's just my take on it. -- Acefitt 23:47, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I've tried my best to reconcile Wikipedia policy with these tables. If you or anyone else can propose something better, I'm all ears. — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 14:58, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

04-Oct-2017 The new format doesn't work at all. Suggest reverting it back. The article has now lost all reference to regional carriers, seasonal routes and seasonal airlines. This should be part of an encyclopedia. There is a reason the other airport articles are following the old format. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Forestburg1 (talk • contribs) 16:18, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

 * I am changing it back due to the strong consensus on this talk page. Until we are able to get a clear answer for ALL pages this will be the norm from now on. Please consider bringing this up elsewhere to start a new discussion but as of now, it does not make sense to have this for one airport; either all or none. Martinillo (talk) 17:41, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

I would hardly call this discussion a strong consensus, just sayin.. I'm standing by my opinion that if you cannot find an explicit reference, the information does not belong on Wikipedia, as is the case most often with these tables. Air Canada's PDF timetable for example, does not differentiate between mainline and express, so how do you accurately reference that the route is served by express without using original research? Garretka (talk) 02:46, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * You need to realize that this table is much less uninformative. The references issue can seriously be solved quite easily, check this out (it took me about 2 seconds of searching to find this) (here). This is the AC route map for ALL destinations. If you click on a certain destination it will tell you where it serves to and by whom. So for example West Kootenay Regional Airport in Castlegar, flies to YVR and YYC, it will also tell you that this route is operated by AC Express. The same can be said for AC Rouge destinations. There are similar tables for WestJet and other airlines. As far as I'm aware, we are not getting to get far with this discussion talking on the YYC talk page. Why don't you or bring this up to a bigger forum in which we can get a solid consensus for ALL airports, or try this idea on a bigger airport such as Heathrow Airport or Dubai International Airport, and see what type of feedback we receive there.Martinillo (talk) 03:12, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

 * feel free to explore the airport talk page. As far as being informative, great. But it can only be as informative at the references given, which currently, are slim to none (WP:V). Wikipedia is not a travel guide nor a fan guide and the deeper this discussion surrounding the tables gets, the more I believe they do not fit Wikipedia material. Garretka (talk) 03:16, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I already have... see here, here, here. Please also read the policies I cited above and in these discussions, like MOS:RELTIME. However, I'm going to hold off on pushing a new format until this RfC is closed (I've submitted it for formal closure due to the sharply diverging opinions and apparent lack of consensus). — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 11:32, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

References for seasonal routes
Hello all, an editor has assessed the latest RFC at WT:AIRPORTS, determining that references have to be provided for "any material whose verifiability has been challenged or is likely to be challenged" in the Airlines and destinations tables. The only thing I'm stuck on is figuring out how to reference seasonal routes, as I mentioned in the previous discussion as well. For example, Air Canada Express to Phoenix. I can't find any secondary sources for it, and the timetable (p.39) says there is only Rouge service right now... no word on Express service nor the seasonal nature of the route. What should we do in this case? — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 02:53, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I'd tend to remove seasonal routes, as this is not a travel guide. I don't see the encyclopedic point of having such information in airport articles.--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 17:29, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I'd tend to disagree wholeheartedly with that and keep seasonal routes, as the destinations listing is the most beneficial thing on a Wikipedia page for myself and many others who quickly use it to check if a destination is served. -- Acefitt 17:56, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree with you –  if we list year-round destinations, why not seasonal ones? Particularly for airports that depend on seasonal traffic, like tourist destinations. My question though is about how we reference them... — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 19:20, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
 * it's probably just something that will ahve to be continually addressed and updated by editors. i'm sure the airlines have listing of flights, ro the airport webpage. -- Aunva6talk - contribs 19:31, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Quite frankly this is why I liked the table format you had previously, discussed and rejected above. The problem with the previous comment is it's all interpretation and in my opinion original research using airline search pages. If they can't be referenced reliably then in my opinion, they shouldn't be there. Garretka (talk) 21:17, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
 * "as the destinations listing is the most beneficial thing on a Wikipedia page for myself and many others who quickly use it to check if a destination is served". That's exactly what Wikipedia is not for.--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 04:28, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * "it's probably just something that will ahve(sic) to be continually addressed and updated by editors." Doesn't continually needing to update something make it a directory Wikipedia is an Encyclopeadia it is not a directory as per WP:DIRECTORY [is NOT] "Directories, directory entries, electronic program guide, or a resource for conducting business."  Andrewgprout (talk) 04:53, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * My issue is this. The seasonal routes at Calgary carry an immense amount of traffic and are lucrative. Okay fine, WP is not a travel guide, but where are you drawing the line? You should probably scrub the entire table and not pick and choose what makes it a travel guide and what doesn't. UA isn't flying mainline to SFO at the moment yet it's on the table among other errors... either do it right and include everything or scrub it all. My preference at this point is to scrub it, because the desired cherrypicking of flight is immensely useless. -- Acefitt 08:00, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * In last year's RFC we decided to keep the tables while doing something about referencing. I don't see the problem with saying "As of December 2017..." and including the routes that are operating at that time – in other words, the routes for which we can find acceptable references. You make a good point about the significance of seasonal traffic for Calgary. However, there is no way for a reader to determine that just by looking at the table. This is where we see the value of Wikipedia as an encyclopedia of information based mainly on secondary sources, rather than as, to some extent, a "directory" of airline routes without additional context. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sunnya343 (talk • contribs)

A reader should neither interpret nor figure anything out from reading a table of destinations. Travel information is not provided here but at Wikivoyage. I just don't know why this is so hard to understand.--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 05:13, 7 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I see the conversation has not continued even though I think and I raised a good point. I am going to reconstruct the A&D table as I had done previously, now that the RFC has come through and I see no other way to reconcile the A&D tables with WP policy. Instead of reverting, please let's talk about it first. — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 18:02, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Can I just ask why does the reference need to be in a seperate column - there is a perfectly good inline place for a general reference next to the airline name in column one - it is not normal in Wikipedia to seperate references out from the detail that is being referred to. Perhaps the reason no-one bothers to reference in this general way is that this is not controversial and verifiability is obvious as per WP:V. Andrewgprout (talk) 21:35, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * It looks better. But yeah, you could do that too. I don't see a big difference. — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 00:27, 7 January 2018 (UTC)
 * A column for a general reference violates WP:CITEFOOT.--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 19:14, 10 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't think these are truly general references, as I explained here at WT:AIRPORTS. With regards to WP:CITEFOOT I don't think there's much of a conflict. The citation should be added close to the material it supports, and I believe this is the case. A reader accessing the reference in the right-hand column will see a map displaying all the destinations in the row, or something similar. It's not like the reference is placed at the bottom of the entire article with no indication as to the exact piece of information it supports. It is directly across from a list of destinations for a single airline in one row of the table. I don't know what other solution is feasible. — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 20:54, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

WestJet Nashville
With this new format that I have proposed (indeed a WP:BOLD edit, basing myself off of the recent RFC and my WP:GA nomination for this article), routes operating in January 2018 (see the sentence and note I added just before the A&D table) are the only ones to be listed in the table. On the other hand, I left new routes that were already listed, as I didn't know what to do with them... (I know it's common on Wikipedia for people to add new routes right when they're publicized.) Unless Nashville is a new destination, it should be removed from the table as per my proposed format.If you have a strong reason for including Nashville (which would mean changing the whole table format as well), you would need to add a reference, as per the RFC. — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 18:02, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * So basically, the table is updated seasonally with whatever routes are operating during that period? That makes no sense. No offense, I am not at all a fan of the new table you created. Unless I am reading it wrong? NBA2030 (talk) 19:57, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Correct, it makes zero sense and renders the list useless, but that's what he's been pushing for. This article is now a lost cause, I suggest simply moving on. Hopefully other airport article will retain their old format. -- Acefitt 17:29, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Your understanding is correct. The emphasis is on the referencing and not on how up-to-date the table is. The format could be different if we knew how to properly reference seasonal destinations like Nashville. — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 17:52, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * That is incredibly absurd to say the least. It is almost impossible for one to keep up with all the seasonal changes in real time. As long as it can be found in the timetable, a destination should be listed. That is the way it should be with every airline destination table in every airport article. It's plain and simple. I do not know what the big issue is. I'm really getting irritated with this referencing nonsense. Do not do this anywhere else. NBA2030 (talk) 01:05, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The issue is referencing in line with WP:V, these tables are the most edited and as a result the most edit warred on airport pages. With that said, they need to be referenced reliably (not the airline booking engine; but a timetable or press articles). Do I like this format? No. Do I have any idea how to reference seasonal routes given that it (often) requires timetable interpretation? No. The issue with Nashville (and other seasonal routes) is that given there is no inline source saying it's seasonal, the reader is left to arbitrarily search dates to assume seasonality for a particular route. What's plain and simple is referencing should always be included and not deleted when the fact that it's accompanying is not. If we really want to get encylopedic, historic routes should be included too and not deleted, but that's another discussion. Garretka (talk) 13:24, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The best thing at this point would clearly be to remove the section entirely, at least it's not misleading like the partial list created by not even being able to cite press releases that clearly stated a new route would be seasonal. -- Acefitt 16:29, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * If you can find a suitable reference for each seasonal destination explicitly saying so, I see no reason why the table can't return to its previous state. Garretka (talk) 17:07, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * What is incredibly absurd to me is the continuous criticism from various editors without providing anything substantial, something we can work off of in line with the nature of this encyclopedia, i.e. not "get rid of the whole thing." Instead of "I hate this" why not "Let's try this (a different format as opposed to the one I have proposed)"? — Sunnya343✈ (háblame • my work) 21:20, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Because you went ahead and changed the table without consensus. The old table format was fine. There really isn't a way you can explicitly cite seasonal routes other than the timetable. I still do not see what the issue is with having a timetable as one main reference for all the routes, seasonal and year round. It meets WP:V just fine. I apologize if I have come across as rude, but this is incredibly frustrating. Maybe I'm wrong, but it appears certain editors are beginning to elevate their personal preferences above everything else. I am at a complete loss here. NBA2030 (talk) 22:48, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

Because finding them in the format you desire is probably going to be very difficult, if not impossible. It's not me trying to be snarky, it's me genuinely thinking no list is better (and far less work) than a partial list that can't feasibly be maintained under these new criteria. -- Acefitt 21:31, 17 January 2018 (UTC) Seasonal routes will always be problematic in that it requires the user to interpret timetables with no set definition of seasonality. Another major hurdle to overcome is timetables change, routes get added or dropped with little warning, seasonal routes with WestJet being a prime example. I stand by the best way to cite seasonal routes is with explicit references, as using timetables in this regard are indeed original research. If this can't be achieved then to be honest, I don't have any suggestions, and getting input from the community other than "I don't like it" is excruciatingly painful. Garretka (talk)
 * Hence my suggestion that we ditch the list, which increasingly is the only way to realistically meet those expectations. This isn't an "I don't like it" response, it's a "stop wasting your time with something you now claim cannot realistically be achieved". If timetables are not valid sources, then the list can't ever be properly sourced and should be eliminated. Simple as that.  -- Acefitt 16:41, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

Reformat Runway Section
Hello. Go to runways:17R/35L should read:is 12,675 ft x 200 ft (3,863 m x 61 m) to keep the same consistent format.Just reverse the data. Thank you and have a good day.2601:581:8500:949C:493A:192D:A70E:BD78 (talk) 17:01, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I must have missed that the other day. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 02:42, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

Canadian North
What's the point of listing the charter destinations served by Canadian North? How often are these routes served and who are they for? Per WP:Airport, "Do not include ad-hoc, irregular, or private charter services." Thankyoubaby (talk) 01:28, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

runway map?
Should we add a runway map showing positions of terminals, taxiways, and runways? Whyme943 (talk) 23:04, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

Sunwing Airlines
Sunwing Airlines flies multiple routes from Calgary and should be added, not sure why it's missing --Mezaco (talk) 05:24, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

Hi
Can someone add Lufthansa to Frankfurt and westjet to ams and removed to lgw because they are correct also can someone add the concourses back to the airport! Thanks! Can someone help me with this! 2001:56A:7B14:CC00:DDF2:13F3:4A27:E79D (talk) 17:58, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:27, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Flag of Calgary, Alberta.svg

About the revert
Hey ! I reverted your edit because at least two of the removals you made seem to be contradicted by online sources: see this article and WestJet's website. Please discuss and establish consensus here if you want to make more changes of this kind. —TechnoSquirrel69 (sigh) 06:39, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

 * https://calgaryherald.com/business/local-business/westjet-granted-slots-for-direct-calgary-dubai-flights-but-airline-says-no-decisions-made
 * "In a statement, WestJet said it's continually evaluating its network opportunities and growing its list of destinations, but said there aren't currently any decisions to announce"
 * The additions were reverted because they were completely inaccurate and not factual.
 * https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/flights/direct-flights
 * From Westjet's website there are no indications of any of these non stop flights happening. And the Calgary Herald website is from November 2022 and the flights never happened. Please let the edits be reverted. There is absolutely zero evidence of these non stop flights. IceCream-Hehehe (talk) 12:37, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

Can someone revert the Destinations list?
I was just trying to make two edits (Air Canada to YOW is now year round and is mainline year round to YWG, no more Express). Somehow I messed up and now the entire table is screwed up, I didn't mean to do that I must have accidentally deleted some code because now the table is all messed up, I'm sorry! If someone could revert the table back to its proper formatting, but then make the two changes I noted above? Thanks! Zahav (talk) 22:31, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calgary International Airport


text:
User:Ack~enwiki

falli aj anad ta asj dja af

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ack~enwiki


text:
User talk:Gavardo

Gavardo - my compliments! --ClemMcGann 20:42, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Conference13 1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Conference13 1.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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title: User talk:Gavardo


text:
User talk:Sihamo05

Hi

title: User talk:Sihamo05


text:
User talk:Ack~enwiki

fal alk kadaf

Your account will be renamed
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Fortismere School

Fortismere School (simply referred to as Fortismere) is an 11–18 mixed, foundation secondary school and sixth form in Muswell Hill, Greater London, England.

In 2016, it was ranked by The Sunday Times as the 12th best comprehensive school in the country. In its most recent Ofsted inspection, it was rated "Good”.

Private schools
Tollington Park College, a private educational establishment for boys, was founded by William Brown in 1879 in Tollington Park, London N4. Rapid population growth around Muswell Hill created the need for a new school. Campbell Brown, the founder's son, established Tollington Boys School in Tetherdown, Muswell Hill in 1901. Brown then opened Tollington High School for Girls in nearby Collingwood Avenue in 1910. In 1919 both schools were purchased by the local education authority. Aside from the senior management, the two schools operated independently.

Grammar schools
After World War II, this became a state grammar school and the attached preparatory school became Tetherdown Primary School (this moved from the site in 1958 when it exchanged premises with the girls' grammar school). In 1958 the current building was erected and Tollington High School for Girls and Tollington Grammar School for Boys merged to become Tollington Grammar School (co-ed). In 1955, William Grimshaw Secondary Modern School (named after a local councillor) opened on an adjoining site in Creighton Avenue, taking the senior classes from Coldfall Council School. It offered extended classes from 1961.

Creighton Comprehensive School
With the introduction of comprehensive education in Haringey in 1967, Tollington Grammar School and William Grimshaw Secondary Modern School were merged to form Creighton School. Charles Loades, head of William Grimshaw since 1958, became head, remaining until his retirement in 1974.

In the early 1970s, Creighton School became the centrepiece of a Labour Party educational experiment. Situated in the middle-class, largely white suburb of Muswell Hill it was decided to integrate a large number of Afro-Caribbean and other ethnic minority children into the school from distant parts of the borough in an attempt to maximise education choice and social interaction – a policy based heavily on the United States' then-current system of desegregation busing. In 1975, before this new intake had worked through the school, around one-third of the Sixth Form was either a first-generation immigrant, or had a surname of Cypriot or Asian origin. The head who was charged with overseeing this experiment was Molly Hattersley, a leading socialist.

As a part of the continuing debate about comprehensive schools, Creighton School became the subject of a series of articles in the Sunday Times and a subsequent book by Hunter Davies, The Creighton Report, illustrated by an A-Level Photography student at the school and the Sunday Times photojournalist Frank Herrmann.

Fortismere School
After further reorganisation, Creighton School and another comprehensive, Alexandra Park School, were combined under the new name of Fortismere School. It opened in September 1983. Andrew Nixon, who had been headteacher of Alexandra Park School from 1980-3 prior to the merger, became Fortismere's first headteacher from 1983-2005, and played a major role in the development of the school's liberal and progressive ethos that emphasised pluralism, as well as gaining Technology College status in 1997, which lasted until it became a foundation school. Technology College status helped fund major developments to the school's infrastructure during Nixon's tenure, including construction of a new science block in 1999, a sixth form learning resource centre in 2002, and a county-standard sports hall, tennis courts and artificial pitch in 2004. During Nixon's tenure, the school routinely achieved 70% or more of students attaining five A*-C grade GCSEs, including in English and maths, was ranked among the top 100 non-selective comprehensive schools in the UK, and was noted for "valuing inclusiveness and egalitarianism". He was succeeded by David Jones, who served as interim headteacher in 2005-6, before the appointment of a permanent successor, Aydin Önaç. Önaç, who led the school in a very different direction in his three and a half years as headmaster 2006-9, told the Evening Standard of his contempt for the school's pre-existing ethos: "When I joined in April 2006, I inherited a school held back by an egalitarian mindset that was stuck in the Seventies."

Foundation status
In the summer of 2006, the school's governors and recently-appointed headteacher Aydin Önaç proposed to change the school's status to that of a foundation school. The governors argued that the increased autonomy from the LEA provided by foundation status would be beneficial to the school, while critics argued that the proposal was an attack on the school's comprehensive nature and would lead to a reduction in provision for pupils with special educational needs. On 1 September 2007, Fortismere became a foundation school – despite opposition from 70 per cent of parents and a petition from students demanding to be consulted on the changes. Önaç's reforms were marked by a conscious effort to attract middle-class children from affluent backgrounds in place of the racially and socially diverse communities that had previously made up the student body at Fortismere - he told the Evening Standard: "I estimate that a family with two children will save £250,000 in private school fees by sending them to us and [the school's sixth-form block] Tetherdown, and a family of four £500,000", and reflected that after he had been in post for two years implementing his reforms, "most families here are wealthy or middle-class".

An early reform by Önaç in 2006 was scrapping the school's previous policy of mixed-ability classrooms, and "setting" the pupils by ability for all subjects, prompting accusations from parents that poorly-performing students were being segregated and neglected. In September 2009, Önaç altered the comprehensive school's entry criteria, removing 10% of the school's places previously allocated to children from the local community, and instead reserving them for musically gifted children – a policy described as 'elitist', favouring children with wealthier parents who had been able to pay for private music tuition before the age of 11.

Önaç was also criticised for a policy towards children with special needs. Ten children were affected by the policy, which reduced personnel in what had been a well-staffed special needs department, and breached legal requirements concerning the hours of support provided to children. Parents sought a judicial review of Önaç's approach to special needs provision, but in December 2009 abruptly he resigned from his post mid-academic year, soon after the legal action started. The action was subsequently discontinued and special needs provision improved after Önaç's departure. Önaç resigned to take up the headmastership of the selective St Olave's Grammar School in September 2010, although after his suspension and resignation there amidst legal action in 2017, a Bromley London Borough Council inquiry found that he had knowingly carried out a series of unlawful policies throughout his time as headteacher there, including the unlawful exclusion of underperforming students in a bid to boost the school's league table rankings:   The Times divulged that Freedom of Information requests revealed 72 A-Level students had been forced out during Önaç's tenure at St Olave's. Parents at Fortismere would later liken Önaç's actions at St Olave's to his earlier actions at Fortismere.

Vertical tutoring and colleges
Under the leadership of headteacher Helen Glass, Fortismere adopted a vertical tutoring system in September 2012. Under the new system, students were sorted into tutor groups that consist of students from Years 7–11. The school also introduced a college system. Following an online vote, it was decided that the new 'colleges' would be named after the surnames of great writers and scientists. There were five 'colleges': Franklin, Keats, Selvon, Turing, and Wollstonecraft. Some two years after Helen Glass stepped down as headteacher, co-headteachers Jo Davey and Zoe Judge revised the previous model, with a horizontal tutoring system implemented, along with a focus on grouping students by year groups, contrary to the previous college system.

Madame Peng Liyuan visit
On 21 October 2015, China's first lady, Madame Peng Liyuan, was welcomed to Fortismere School by Schools Minister Nick Gibb, together with staff and students, as part of the official China state visit. The staff and students of Fortismere, which is notable for its Mandarin teaching, performed Chinese Mandarin poems and songs for Peng Liyuan. The visit followed an announcement made by Chancellor George Osborne in September 2015, that a £10 million investment would be made to allow more children to learn Mandarin at school.

Campus
The school occupies extensive grounds a little west of the centre of Muswell Hill. There are two main buildings on the site, the North Wing focuses mainly on English, Modern Languages and the Arts, with a separate music block, and South Wing which mainly focuses on Maths, Sciences and Humanities with a separate science block. The Wings are separated by playing fields, a sports hall, astroturf and tennis courts.

A sixth form building is adjacent to the South Wing, situated just inside the Tetherdown entrance. There are main entrances in Twyford Avenue (South Wing), Tetherdown (South Wing), and Creighton Avenue (North Wing).

Relationship with Blanche Nevile School
The secondary school part of the Blanche Nevile School for Deaf Children is located on the site of Fortismere School. The two schools maintain a strong partnership and are connected to the same computer server.

Governance
The instrument of government requires 12 governors: one local authority governor; four parent governors elected by the parents; one staff governor; two partnership governors; three co-opted and the headteacher. There are four sub-committees: Curriculum, Physical Resources, Resources and Admissions.

Admissions
As a foundation school, Fortismere sets its own admission procedure. The duty to have a fair admissions procedure was defined by the School Standards and Framework Act 1998. All students are funded by their local authority.

For year 7 entry it has a published admissions number of 243, which is 8 form entry. Applications are made through the local authority transfer procedure system. The school is responsible for defining the order of priority when more than 243 children apply.

Pupils with a Statement of Special Educational Needs or an Education, Health and Care Plan which names the school, are automatically offered a place. Places then go to Looked after children/previously looked after children, then to children with exceptional medical or social need, then to children with siblings in the school, and children of members of staff. Finally other children are selected by the distance they live from the reception area in the South Wing building.

Year 12 entry is dependent on students having five level 5 GCSEs or better, including English and Maths. For some courses, requirements may vary.

There are a minimum of 50 extra places available for students transferring from other schools.

Curriculum
As of 2010, the school follows the National Curriculum in Years 7–11 and offers a broad range of GCSEs, (national exams which are taken by students aged 14–16) and A-levels (national exams taken by pupils aged 16–18). The school has no affiliation with a particular religious denomination, but as is required by law, religious education is given throughout the school, and students may opt to take the subject as part of their GCSE options.

Key Stage 3 of the National Curriculum is covered during years 7, 8 and 9, though most subjects will commence using Key Stage 4 (i.e. GCSE) material during year 9. The 'Core Key Stage 3 Subjects' are English, Mathematics and Science. The Foundation Subjects are Art & Design, Geography, History, Music, Physical Education, Technology, Information Technology, Modern Languages. Additional Subjects are Religious Education, Drama and Wellbeing. The five cross-curricular themes are Careers, Wellbeing, Economic and industrial awareness, Environmental education and Health education.

Key Stage 4 students study up to 10 GCSEs, depending on their ability. There are four core subjects studied by all students and four options delivered by a varied options system. This allows for the study of three separate sciences, as well as two languages and a range of courses, including vocational options. French, German, Spanish and Mandarin are offered. The English Baccalaureate will be awarded to any pupil who secures good GCSE or iGCSE passes (C and above) in all of the following subject areas: English, Maths, two sciences (which includes computer science), a foreign language, history or geography. This qualification is of particular interest to Russell Group universities.

In addition to the subjects studied at Key Stage 3, Business Studies, Economics, ICT to include ECDL, Media Studies, Music Technology, Sports Studies, Health and Fitness, Photography, Engineering, Fashion and Textiles, Food and Catering, Performing Arts, Princes trust (Certificate), and Sociology are offered.

Students who opt to stay on after sixteen study for BTEC or A levels. The following courses are offered Biology, Chemistry, Classical Civilisation, Computer Science, Drama & Theatre Studies, Economics, English, Film Studies, Fine Art, Geography, History, Mandarin Pre-U, Maths, Media Studies, French, Spanish, German, Music, Music Technology, philosophy, Photography, Physics, Politics, Product Design, Psychology, Sociology. Entry to each course is dependent on GCSE exam grades. Students who fail to obtain a good AS-level pass, are advised to retake it before continuing the A level course in year 13.

Extracurricular activities
School clubs and societies include various language clubs, sport clubs, and musical activities.

Notable alumni

 * Anum Bandey, Olympic swimmer
 * Haris Bandey, Olympic swimmer
 * Joel Defries, former co-presenter of BBC's Blue Peter children's TV programme
 * Jess Glynne, singer-songwriter
 * Michael Kiwanuka, soul singer, completed his A-levels in 2005
 * Julian Morris, actor
 * Ed Skrein, actor

Tollington School

 * Felix Aprahamian, classical music concert organiser
 * Jennifer Bate, concert organist
 * Kenneth Alfred Biggs
 * Michael Casson, potter
 * Mark Hollis, singer/songwriter
 * W. J. MacQueen-Pope, theatre historian
 * Rudolf Uhlenhaut, chief engineer of Mercedes Benz

Tollington Grammar School

 * Chris Gilbey, music industry executive and composer
 * Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi, husband of Josephine Hart
 * Sir John Sorrell, designer, owner of Newell and Sorrell, and chairman from 1994 to 2000 of the Design Council
 * Anne Weyman, chief executive from 1996 to 2008 of the Family Planning Association

William Grimshaw Secondary Modern School

 * Dave Davies, rock singer
 * Sir Ray Davies, rock singer
 * Pete Quaife, rock bassist
 * Sir Rod Stewart, rock singer

Creighton Comprehensive School

 * Viv Albertine, songwriter/musician
 * Dexter Fletcher, actor/TV personality
 * Kate Osamor, Labour Party politician
 * Rachel Whiteread, artist, Turner Prize winner 1993
 * Toby Young, author and journalist

title: Fortismere School


text:
Talk:Millennium (Front Line Assembly album)

Backstreet Boys album
There's a Backstreet Boys album also called "Millennium". I got to this page via a link for that album, and all of the sudden it starts talking about industrial music and I'm just lost. --æsahættr 08:17, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Samples by other artists
Several of the songs on this album contain samples/riffs by other bands like Sepultura or Pantera. Which sample appears on which track is something I'd like to read in an article about this album. The info is here: http://www.mindphaser.com/index.php?page_id=43 Brack (talk) 22:10, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Metallica - Of Wolf and Man sample
I'm pretty sure that there is a sample of Metallica's "Of Wolf and Man" on "Division of Mind", as well as the Pantera one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.217.245.248 (talk) 16:54, 29 May 2019 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Ovidus~enwiki

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Biointeligentno, but we regretfully cannot accept articles in languages other than English. For more information, take a look at our policy library. Happy editing! Zzyzx11 | Talk 20:44, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Talk:Surface Patterns

Merger proposal
I propose that Surface Patterns be merged into Millennium (Front Line Assembly album). I think that the content in the Surface Patterns article can easily be explained in the context of Millennium (Front Line Assembly album), and the Millennium (Front Line Assembly album) article is of a reasonable size that the merging of Surface Patterns will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. This is an issue of all FLA singles articles and is discussed on Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject Industrial. There is already a Singles section in Millennium (Front Line Assembly album). IndustrialGiant (talk) 21:57, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Very weak agreement - there's no evidence of this single meeting Wikipedia's notability requirements, the single is already mentioned in Millennium (Front Line Assembly album). Adding much more information to the album article would be undue. However, a very selective merge and redirect would save the time and trouble of an AfD. Sionk (talk) 03:06, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Actually, what I had in mind, since I am the author of the Singles section in Millennium (Front Line Assembly album), is leaving the Singles section as it is and redirect Surface Patterns. I agree with you that there shouldn't be added any more information from Surface Patterns. Maybe the formulation of the merger proposal is a bit misleading. IndustrialGiant (talk) 07:55, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surface Patterns


text:
Julien Gracq

Julien Gracq (27 July 1910 – 22 December 2007; born Louis Poirier in Saint-Florent-le-Vieil, in the French département of Maine-et-Loire) was a French writer. He wrote novels, critiques, a play, and poetry. His literary works were noted for their dreamlike abstraction, elegant style and refined vocabulary. He was close to the surrealist movement, in particular its leader André Breton.

Life
Gracq first studied in Paris at the Lycée Henri IV, where he earned his baccalauréat. He then entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1930, later studying at the École libre des sciences politiques (Sciences Po.), both schools of the University of Paris at the time.

In 1932, he read André Breton's Nadja, which deeply influenced him. His first novel, The Castle of Argol, is dedicated to that surrealist writer, to whom he devoted a whole book in 1948.

In 1936, he joined the French Communist Party but quit the party in 1939 after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed.

During the Second World War, he was a prisoner of war in Silesia with other officers of the French Army. One of the friendships he formed there was with author and literary critic Armand Hoog, who later described Gracq as a passionate individualist and ferociously anti-Vichy.

In 1950, he published a fierce attack on contemporary literary culture and literary prizes in the review Empédocle titled La Littérature à l'estomac. When he won the Prix Goncourt for The Opposing Shore (Le Rivage des Syrtes) the following year, he remained consistent with his criticism and refused the prize.

Gracq taught history and geography in secondary school (high school) until he retired in 1970.

In 1979, he wrote the foreword to a re-edition of the Journal de l'analogiste (1954) by Suzanne Lilar, a work he called a "sumptuous initiation to poetry" ("une initiation somptueuse à la poésie").

In 1989, Gracq's work was published by the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. He remained distant from major literary events and faithful to his first publisher, José Corti.

Gracq lived a quiet life in his native town of Saint-Florent-le-Vieil, on the banks of the river Loire. On 22 December 2007, a couple of days after suffering a dizzy spell, he died at the age of 97 in a hospital in Angers.

The Opposing Shore
The Opposing Shore (Le Rivage des Syrtes, 1951) is Julien Gracq's most famous novel.

A novel of waiting, it is set in an old fortress close to a sea which defines the ancestral border between the stagnant principality of Orsenna and the territory of its archenemy, the mysterious Farghestan. Its lonely characters are caught in a no man's land, waiting for something to happen and wondering whether something should be done to bring about change, particularly when change may mean the death of civilisations.

Works

 * Au château d'Argol, 1938 (novel) (English translation: The Castle of Argol)
 * Un beau ténébreux, 1945 (novel) (English translation: A Dark Stranger)
 * Liberté grande, 1946 (poetry) (English translation: Great Liberty)
 * Le Roi pêcheur, 1948 (play)
 * André Breton, quelques aspects de l'écrivain, 1948 (critique)
 * La Littérature à l'estomac, 1949
 * Le Rivage des Syrtes, 1951 (novel) (English translation: The Opposing Shore)
 * Prose pour l'Étrangère, 1952
 * Penthésilée, 1954 (play; translation of Kleist's Penthesilea)
 * Un balcon en forêt, 1958 (novel) (English translation: Balcony in the Forest)
 * Préférences, 1961
 * Lettrines, 1967
 * La Presqu'île, 1970
 * Le Roi Cophetua, 1970 (novel) (English translation: King Cophetua); it inspired the film Rendezvous at Bray, directed by André Delvaux
 * Lettrines II, 1974
 * Les Eaux Étroites, 1976 (Allusions, allegories and metaphors on a French river, l'Èvre.) (English title: The Narrow Waters)
 * En lisant en écrivant, 1980 (English translation: Reading Writing)
 * La Forme d'une ville, 1985 (English translation: The Shape of a City)
 * Autour des sept collines, 1988
 * Carnets du grand chemin, 1992
 * Entretiens, 2002

title: Julien Gracq


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Music of West Africa

The music of West Africa has a significant history, and its varied sounds reflect the wide range of influences from the area's regions and historical periods.

Traditional West African music varies due to the regional separation of West Africa, yet it can be distinguished by two distinct categories: Islamic music and indigenous secular music. The widespread influence of Islam on culture in West Africa dates back to at least the 9th century, facilitated by the introduction of camels to trade routes between the North of Africa and West Africa. Islam-influenced West African music commonly includes the use of stringed instruments like the goje, while more secular traditional West African music incorporates greater use of drums such as the djembe.

Contemporary styles of music in West Africa have been influenced by American music, African jazz and gospel music. The forced migration of Africans to the Americas as a result of the transatlantic slave trade gave rise to kaiso music, which has influenced the sounds of Calypso, a style with major popularity throughout West Africa.

Griots, also known as 'wandering musicians', have traditionally been a major part in the distribution of music throughout West Africa, as their purpose is to spread oral tradition through musical storytelling. The role of griots remains significant in preserving smaller ethnolinguistic groups' cultures.

Popular music
The sounds of popular music throughout West Africa are comparable to a combination of Western, Latin American and traditional African music. Genres such as Highlife, Afro-Calypso and African Jazz reflect this fusion and have developed upon these styles' sounds.

Highlife is an upbeat, multi-instrumental and jovial style of music which is sung in many regional languages including Igbo, Yoruba and Ewe. Ghanaian music scholar V. Kofi Agawu (2006) writes: "Highlife is invested with a bundle of attributes that include personal and communal pride, stateliness, self-satisfaction, and a strategic complacency". Highlife is rarely sung in English. The original form of highlife holds its origins in Ghana, however most regions that have adopted highlife music compose their own variations on its sounds, altering the pace, instrumentation and lyrics. E.T. Mensah and E.K. Nyame were two Ghanaian musicians who pioneered the Highlife genre, gaining major popularity and acclaim throughout their careers.

Highlife is regularly played by big bands composed of a wide variety of instruments. The prevalence of modern, typically European instruments in large highlife bands dates back to the 19th century; when the Gold Coast was established, European missionaries and merchants brought with them accordions, brass instruments, guitars and harmonicas. The sounds of these instruments combined with the more traditional drum-focused music of West Africa to create the fusion that is highlife. A major factor in highlife's increase in popularity during the mid-20th century was the desire to raise spirits after World War Two.

Calypso music remains popular throughout West Africa. Developed from West African kaiso, the sounds of calypso are similar to those of highlife, however the two differ slightly in lyrics and instrumentation. Lyrics in highlife are generally repeated more than those in calypso songs, despite the two genres' subject matter remaining similar - both are commonly about romantic relationships and desire.

Many genres and styles of music popular throughout the Caribbean and French Antilles have their roots in West Africa due to transatlantic slave trading under various European colonial empires. This involved mass transportation of West African people such as the Ewe and the Yoruba, who took with them the distinct sounds of their musical culture.

Afrobeat is a music genre with major popularity throughout West Africa. Originating in Nigeria in the early 20th century , Afrobeat grew in popularity in the 1960s. This growth was mainly due to the considerable fame of Fela Kuti, the ‘Father of Afrobeat’, and other pivotal artists such as Tony Allen and Ebo Taylor. Afrobeat is influenced by palm-wine music and Ghanaian highlife, as well as jazz, funk and fuji. Fela Kuti devised the term 'Afrobeat' as early as 1968 in his home country of Nigeria.

Afrobeat music is characterised by multi-instrumental bands playing a jazz and funk-inspired groove with a focus on guitar riffs and horn sections. The lyrics have historically been political in nature, with Fela Kuti's lyrics covering topics from black power to dictatorship. The earlier sounds of Afrobeat have influenced Western artists such as British producer Brian Eno and American rapper Talib Kweli, while American EDM group Major Lazer are known for the regular inclusion of rhythms inspired by Afrobeat in their music.

Afrobeat is commonly confused with Afrobeats, the latter being a more general term used to describe popular contemporary music throughout West Africa. A distinct trait of Afrobeats’ sound is its focus on drum rhythms, commonly made electronically. Davido, Wizkid, Burna Boy Tekno are highly popular West African Afrobeats artists.

Development in music of West Africa
The land masses of West Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa are massive thus showing the diverse musical heritage, cultural vibrance and historical depth. These lands have a significant role in the continent’s overall well-being. Over many centuries, culture has changed due to evolution and many other internal and external effect and so has the changed. These changes have served as a mirror to the entire region’s culture, politics, economies and also religious practices. Music has evolved from the traditional rhythms, drumming and general instrumentation to a modern contemporary version. This has included fusion of the traditional and contemporary rhythms. The evolution has also been caused by various interactions between the local and foreign people especially during the colonial era. Having a better understanding of this evolution and development of music of this region helps one to have profound insights on the complexities of the music and cultural development of the region.

Sub-Sahara region refers to the region that lies south of the Sahara Desert. They include; Angola, Benin, Mali, Gambia, Cape Verde, Chad, Guinea, Guinea Bissau and Burkina Faso among others. Countries of West Africa include Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana and Togo.

African cultures and their music had a lot of instrumentation and dances since music and dance was and is still considered inseparable. The West African cultures were known for their art and craft in drums and stringed instruments. They had diverse array of instruments including drums such as the Djembe drums, talking drums and sabar among other prominent drum instruments. They also fancied their strengths in making stringed instruments such as the famous Ngoni, balafon and the legendary Kora which will be further discussed later on. They also had quite impressive taste in wind instruments also. During different ages before the colonial rule, the people had their way of transferring their musical knowledge from one generation to the other. This brings us to discuss ways of their information transfer.

Pedagogical methods of transferring music from one generation to another Apprenticeship- This involved a skilled individual teaching their musical skill through hands-on training and observation.

Oral traditions- This was the most common especially among the Griot families of Mali and The Gambia where the practices were transferred orally from generation to generation. This included telling stories of the cultural heritages and music so that it could bond with the people. Rituals and communities- Through certain rituals, generations had to understand the chants, the dance movements and the music performed in the ritual. This automatically made them to know and understand the music.

Mentorship- Kids born to musical families were most influenced by this as they got direct engagement with their parents or relatives which made them have them as musical mentors and they gained their knowledge through practice and advices.

The following are the factors that led to growth and development of music of West Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa:

Colonisation
Interaction of African people and the foreigners who came as missionaries and soldiers to induce colonial rule, had a very big impact in the growth of the music in general. This led to invention of new musical genres, new musical instruments, fusion of both the traditional African and Western and European musical styles. For example, the Kora instrument was developed and its tuning pegs were crafted into modernized guitar-like tuning pegs. Countries like Equatorial guitar which were colonised by the Portuguese got influenced by the Language and had introduction of the acoustic flamenco guitar that sky rocketed flamenco music in the region. European cultures such as the French who colonised a big portion of the Sub-Saharan region led to introduction of instruments such as the violins, guitar and brass instruments that were incorporated to music. Music such as the Yoruba music using the foreign musical instruments evolved into modern day Afrobeat. ( de Preameneu, J. B. (2020). From colonisation to globalisation (Doctoral dissertation, 서울대학교 대학원).)

Growth and identity of West African music on global music markets
West African music is arguably the most famous version of African music. The diverse sounds and energies that make up the music and a little of language backing has led to an own original Afrobeat genre of music that has the whole respecting it. Afro music is known for its famous log drums and Shekere shakers that play throughout the songs. These instruments have proven to be the masterpiece in music as their timbre is unique and appeals to a larger crowd. The musical recognition has now put African music on the scope of the world and has made local musicians show case their talent to international stages. Consequently, the music has led to increased interest by other people in African countries and oversees countries therefore growth in the industry in general.

Role of Griots in preserving and transmitting musical tradition
Griots also known as the Jali, are traditional West African musicians, storytellers and oral tradition historians. They are responsible for preserving and passing knowledge from one generation to another. Griots were and still are very respectable people in the society as the compose, sing and praise songs that celebrate accomplishments of individuals, families and communities as a whole. Through these people music developed from generation to generation depending on the skill level and expertise of the Griot. With an example given, Sona Jobarteh a famous Gambian Kora player was born in a family of griots which explains her successful career as a female Kora player in a field dominated by male gender. (Hoffman, B. G. (2017). The Roles of the Griot in the Future of Mali: A Twenty-First-Century Institutionalization of a Thirteenth-Century Traditional Institution. African Studies Review, 60(1), 101-122.)

Role of women in West African music
In the past, instrument playing was mostly restricted for the men and the ladies giving easier and more feminine role such as dancing. With the new era of music, women have been seen appearing more and more in fields dominated by men and are succeeding. This has led to development of newer sub-genres of music, new energy ad development of new movements both in instrumentations and dance choreography. Modern women have been given vital musical and communal roles such as; performing, acting as griots and ensuring cultural preservation, innovative and creativity role in the society and empowerment among other roles. In this way the women can now channel their views through music, they can show their talent through playing of instruments and performing and even empower other women through their music. Women like Sona Jobarteh and Tata Dindin Jobarteh are truly talented ladies that have proven real development in the music of Africa in general. (Olusola, K. (2022). Subverting Women’s Subjugation in West African Society: The Roles of Popular Music. Journal of Gender and Power, 18(2), 77-92.) The role of women in West African music has transformed from historically limited involvement to encompassing increased participation, success, and empowerment, with women now contributing to cultural preservation, innovative sub-genres, and societal empowerment through performance, instrument playing, and influential figures like Sona Jobarteh and Tata Dindin Jobarteh, thus reflecting broader societal changes and demonstrating the evolving landscape of musical expression in the region.

Influence of religion on West African music
West Africa, Sub-Sahara Africa and Africa in general during the pre-colonial periods was considered as an outdated region of the world. This was mainly because traditional cultures encouraged rituals and sacrifices. Witchcraft was also prominent in the West African countries. Traditional music also accompanied the religious practices which was condemned by the missionaries and was made to change due to introduction of Islam and Christianity. This shift in religion killed some of the original ritual songs and developed new songs that adhered to the new religious rules. For example, Christianity came with hymn singing and Gospel music that led to abandonment of some musical instruments that were considered demonic.

An example that would further define the music of Sub-Sahara is the Kora music and Kora instrument.

Kora music
Kora is music and also an instrument that is made of a Calabash or gourd resonator, has twenty-one strings, has a long neck that is attached to the resonator and has leather or modern tuning rings or pegs. The player uses both hands to pluck the strings, with both thumbs and index fingers used to create melodies. It produces a sound close to a harp and a lute combined. It’s known for its complex tuning that gives a wide variety of tones across all strings thus producing rich and complex sound. Kora instrument was and still is played by the few chosen skilled maestro players as it requires a lot of mastery for one to be able to play it properly. Kora can be played solo and can also come with an ensemble made of other traditional stringed, percussion and wind instruments. It is tuned to a nonequitonal heptatonic scale system.

Some important players of Kora are Sona Jobarteh, Tata Jobarteh and Toumani Diabaté of The Gambia and Mali respectively.

Metre
African music can be divided into two broad categories: d

 * Danceable music which can be further broken down into;

 * A 12-point set which can be similar to 6/8 music (ex. ••• ••• I •••  •••)

 * A 16-point set which can be similar to 2/4 music (ex. •••• •••• I ••••  ••••)

12 point tends to be used for formal occasions while 16 point tends to be more casual

 * Music that is not considered danceable which can be further broken down into;

 * A cross-set with a 12-point set with tuplets

 * A cross-set with a 16-point set consisting of triplets

This style is typically reserved for ritual or worship

Form
West African songs can usually be broken down into two categories:

 * The solo part, which

 * Can be heavily altered by the vocalist

 * Tends to not be accented

 * The chorus, which

 * Can act as a refrain to the solo part

 * Tends to be accented similar to Western music.

Pitch can affect how the vocal parts are accented:

 * High tones are slightly accented

 * Low tones have no accent

This accenting is a result of the local languages, where the pitch and accenting can determine what word is being said. Compared to rhythm, melody is unimportant and can be altered at the musicians' discretion.

Drum ensemble
The drum ensemble is critical in preserving the rhythm of a song. The responsibilities of the ensemble are typically divided into two categories:

 * The ostinato – background drummers who focus on maintaining the circular rhythm
 * The master drummer - “projects” rhythmic manipulations within the time structure

The master drummer's role can be further divided into;

 * Extrapolation and masking set units
 * Staggered subsets and supersets
 * Set interpolation

Artistry of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming
This book shows us into the rich tradition of Afro-Cuban Batá drumming, by showing its aesthetics, transmission methods, the communal bonding it brings, and the creativity it inspires. The Writer Who is Schweitzer examines the rhythms, spiritual significance, and cultural heritage that are in Batá drumming, showing us on its historical roots and contemporary practices. The book also explores how Batá drumming is passed down through generations and its role in strengthening social ties within Afro-Cuban communities. Through this exploration, Schweitzer brings the artistic nuances concept of Batá drumming and its broader significance in both musical and cultural contexts

Djembe
Rhythm is the foundation of West Africa's traditional music, so percussion instruments play a major role in constructing its sounds. Traditional music of West Africa incorporates the use of a variety of percussive instruments, the most popular of which is the djembe. Known also as the 'magic drum' or the 'healing drum', the djembe is spiritually important to West African tradition as it is believed that three spirits reside within the drum. These spirits are those of the tree which provided the drum's wooden frame, the animal which gave its skin for the drumhead and the carver or drum assembler.

The sounds of the djembe vary from low-pitched bass sounds (achieved by beating the centre of the drumhead with a flat, outstretched hand) to tone and slap sounds, which have a higher pitch, created by striking the drumhead closer to its edge with only fingertips. The greater tension of the drumhead skin towards the edge of the drum causes this higher-pitched note.

The djembe plays an important role in traditional music as it is seen as a way to communicate emotional experiences in communal situations. The emphasis on the djembe and many other drums as having the ability to 'talk' shows how these drums are valued for their communication purposes.

The sounds of the West African djembe are growing increasingly popular in the Western world. Guinean musician Fodéba Keïta incorporated use of the djembe throughout the 1950s worldwide tour of his dance company, Les Ballets Africains, which performed various traditional West African songs and dances. This considerably increased knowledge of the djembe and other West African instruments throughout Europe and Asia.

Some West African drummers famed for their djembe proficiency are Famadou Konaté, Mamady Keïta, Babatunde Olatunji and Abdoulaye Diakité. These people are what is known throughout Africa as master drummers.

Balafon
The balafon is an instrument similar to the xylophone in Western countries. A member of the idiophone family of instruments, the balafon is used by many Griots and is commonly found in Brikama, a location of great cultural and musical depth. Guinea's Susu and Mandinka peoples also regularly use the balafon in their traditional song and dance.

To create a sound, wooden keys on a bamboo structure are struck with gum-rubber mallets. A balafon typically has 17 to 21 keys, comprising three to four octaves in pentatonic or diatonic tuning. The number of keys on a balafon depends on their width and the desired pitch. Wide keys produce a sound with a low pitch, while narrower keys produce a higher-pitched sound.

An instrument of great cultural significance, the balafon has many complex stories behind it, however many regional narratives state that supernatural beings gifted the balafon and the skills to play it to a specific ancestor. This ancestor then passed the musical knowledge down to younger generations.

Balafon music is considered to be very similar to speaking, as it produces tonalities which are similar to human voices. As a result, the balafon can be used for political or social commentary, replacing lyrics with tones.

Stringed instruments
Stringed instruments have been an important part of West African music since at least the 14th century, when it was recorded that they were played in a royal ceremony in Mali. Soninke oral traditions indicate that their use goes back further, to the days of the Ghana Empire. There is a variety of stringed instruments throughout West Africa. Common amongst this variety are lutes such as the xalam, harp-lutes like the kora, and fiddles, including the goje.

Kora
The kora is a stringed instrument originating in The Gambia. It usually has 21 strings, however much like other instruments, there are variations depending on the regional origins of the instrument – it is not uncommon for the kora to have 22 strings in southern Senegal and Guinea-Bissau.

With a body made from calabash and a neck that extends approximately one metre, the kora is stood upright and plucked by a seated player, commonly accompanying lyrics about a person or family. The kora is typically tuned diatonically and has a range of over three octaves.

Papa Susso, Toumani Diabaté and Jaliba Kuyateh are renowned kora players famed for their instrumental proficiency.

Xalam
The xalam is a lute which has two melody strings and between two and four additional octave strings. The xalam originated with the Wolof people and is often played in pairs, in which one player repeats a musical motif while another tells a narrative. It has a long, wooden body, typically one that is rectangular or in the shape of an oval. A cowhide face is stretched over the body underneath the strings, and a circular hole is cut out towards the bottom of this membrane.

The playing position and method are similar to the ways in which a player would use a guitar, however the left hand, which supports the instrument's neck, is only used to pluck the two melody strings. The other strings can be plucked or strummed, like a kora.

Traditional songs played on the xalam are most often accompanied by lyrics about historical events, commonly the victories of warriors and leaders.

Goje
The goje is a fiddle with one to two strings, played with a bowstring. Its origins are with the Hausa people, and the goje is culturally significant because of the belief that it is imbued with the ability to communicate with spirits.

Secular performances of goje music take place to celebrate births, marriages and political inaugurations.

Dance
A major element of experiencing West African music, both traditional and contemporary (especially gospel music), is physical expression through dance. Dances are commonly named after the musical tunes which they follow, such as Yankadi, which originated in Southwest Guinea. This is a slow dance which has an emphasis on seduction; two rows of men and women face one another and dance with an emphasis on eye contact and 'touching each other's hands and heart region'. This develops into Makru, a faster-paced element of this courting dance which is danced separate from one's partner.

In many regions in West Africa, traditional dance is considered to be a part of language, a way to translate and communicate experiences. Dance is also a way by which different linguistic and cultural groups can represent and distinguish themselves. For example, the Mbalax dance is a significant cultural hallmark of Senegal, and the Bata dance is traditional to the Yoruba people of Southwest Nigeria.

Most traditional dances throughout West Africa are designated to a specific gender, requiring careful practice and coordination in order for a dancer to fully express the meaning behind a given dance. For example, the Mbalax dance holds its origins as a part of ndut rite of passage ceremonies and is thus traditionally valued as a sacred process.

Countries

 * Music of Benin
 * Music of Burkina Faso
 * Music of Cape Verde
 * Music of The Gambia
 * Music of Ghana
 * Music of Guinea
 * Music of Guinea-Bissau
 * Music of Ivory Coast
 * Music of Liberia
 * Music of Mali
 * Music of Mauritania
 * Music of Niger
 * Music of Nigeria
 * Music of Senegal
 * Music of Sierra Leone
 * Music of Togo

General references

 * Coester, M. (2008). Localising African Popular Music Transnationally: 'Highlife-Travellers' in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 20(2), 133–144.
 * Agawu, V. K. (1987). The Rhythmic Structure of West African Music. The Journal of Musicology, 5(3), 400–418.
 * Robotham, D. K. (18 January 2002). African music. Retrieved 19 March 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/art/African-music
 * Nketia, J. (1957). Modern Trends in Ghana Music. African Music, 1(4), 13–17.

title: Music of West Africa