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Chit fund

A chit fund is a type of rotating savings and credit association system practiced in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and other Asian countries. Chit fund schemes may be organized by financial institutions, or informally among friends, relatives, or neighbours. In some variations of chit funds, the savings are for a specific purpose. Chit funds are often microfinance organizations.

History
The chit fund is said to be an institution that has been handed down since ancient times. In 1887, William Logan, erstwhile Collector of the Malabar district of the Madras Presidency, described the custom of chit funds among friend groups in that region. In 1894, economic historian Edith Simcox mentioned that chit fund lotteries were used to raise money for special events like weddings in South India. Various reports in the 1930s point to the popularity of chit funds in current-day Kerala. In the 1930s and 1940s, between 1,000 and 10,000 formal funds functioned in the state every year.

Chit funds went through several stages of overlapping formalization in the 20th century. The organizer became more active in soliciting funds for the fund and merchants and salaried workers, not just farmers, had also begun to participate. Institutional organizers including partnerships, limited liability firms, co-operatives and joint-stock banks entered the business. During the 1930s, 166 banks were conducting chit funds in Kerala. The first state-run chit fund, Kerala State Financial Enterprises, was established in 1969 by the Kerala government. Its explicit purpose was to provide an alternative to unscrupulous private-sector chit fund organizers. In 2000, it had 77% of the capital volume of the chit fund business in Kerala, though just 37.5% of the number of chit funds. By 2012, it has grown to serve 2.5 million customers with Rs 14,646 crore in annual business.

Due to the rigid provisions of the 1975 Kerala Chitties Act, many fund organizers moved to other states and started operating there. Private chit funds declined significantly in Kerala as a result. In the 1990s, several chit-fund-like investment options were developed that technically fall outside of the chit fund regulations

Large chit funds for corporate needs have also been developed in the 1990s. The Model Chit Corporation in Hyderabad introduced a Rs 1 crore chit fund for the first time in August 1995.

Geographic distribution
In urban areas of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, 5 to 10% of households participate in registered chit funds. As of 2002, they were less popular in North India, except in Delhi, Gujarat, Maharastra and Haryana.

According to All Kerala Kuri Foremen's Association, Kerala has around 5,000 chit companies, with Thrissur district accounting for the maximum of 3,000. These chit companies provide employment to about 35,000 persons directly and an equal number indirectly.

In Pakistan seventy percent of rural population is involved in this kind of funds. This funding is most famous in Pakistan's lower and middle class and sole business community.

In Malaysia, chit fund was known as the kootu fund and it was banned under the Kootu Funds (Prohibition) Act, 1971.

Methodology
A chit fund comprises a group of members, called subscribers. An organizer, a company or a trusted relative or neighbor, brings the group together and administers the activities of the group. For their efforts, the organizer is either compensated each month or at withdrawal time. (The fee may be omitted in informal situations.)

The fund starts at an announced date and continues for the number of months equal to the number of subscribers. Each month, the subscribers put in their monthly installments into the pot. Then, an open auction is conducted to determine the lowest sum a subscriber is willing to take that month. For example, if the monthly installment is ₹1000 and there are 50 members, the pot in the first month will contain ₹50,000. If the auction determines a winner who is willing to accept ₹45,000 for that month, the surplus ₹5,000 is distributed to the other 49 members, after subtracting fees paid to the organizer. The subscriber who won the auction was able to access ₹45,000 in the first month and the others benefited in their share of the ₹5,000 surplus. The process repeats, distributing the auction amount to one member each month. All of the other subscribers, including the ones who took their share in a previous month, continue paying the monthly installments.

The system acts as a borrowing scheme, because subscribers are able to access large sums of money before they've paid the full amount. It also acts as a savings system, because each subscriber contributes every month and may retrieve a large sum in the future while receiving their share of the surpluses.

Variations of the system omit the auction part, instead drawing a winner by picking a chit out of a box. (The term chit fund comes from such an arrangement.)

Risk
Both organizers and subscribers in chit funds are exposed to credit risk because subscribers might default on their periodic payments. One analysis of data from two chit fund companies found that 35% of subscribers have defaulted at least once during their tenure at one of the companies and 24% of them have defaulted after winning an auction for the pot. Chit fund companies can sue defaulters in court but the procedure is time-consuming and is unlikely to produce a timely settlement. It's up to the chit fund organizers to vet the credit-worthiness of subscribers. To reduce the risk of default, some organizers also require subscribers who win auctions to submit sureties for their future liabilities.

Since chit fund payments are not insured by the government, the system is a riskier method of saving than using a bank savings account.

Legal framework
Organised chit fund schemes are required to register with the Registrar of Firms, Societies and Chits. A chit fund company is a company that manages, conducts, or supervises such a chit fund, as defined in Section of the Chit Funds Act, 1982. According to Section 2(b) of the Chit Funds Act, 1982:

"Chit means a transaction whether called chit, chit fund, chitty, kuree or by any other name by or under which a person enters into an agreement with a specified number of persons that every one of them shall subscribe a certain sum of money (or a certain quantity of grain instead) by way of periodical installments over a definite period and that each such subscriber shall, in his turn, as determined by lot or by auction or by tender or in such other manner as may be specified in the chit agreement, be entitled to the prize amount."

Though they are not required to be registered under the RBI Act, chit funds are regulated as Miscellaneous Non-Banking Companies (MNBCs). Their activities relating to soliciting deposits are governed by the Non-Banking Financial Companies and Miscellaneous Non-Banking Companies (Advertisement) Rules (1977) framed by the Government of India under Section 58A of the Companies Act 1956.

The following laws govern chit funds:

 * Union Government - Chit Fund Act, 1982 (except the State of Jammu and Kashmir)
 * Kerala: Kerala Chit Fund Rules 2012 & Amendment 2016
 * Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu Chit Funds Act, 1961
 * Karnataka: The Chit Funds (Karnataka) Rules, 1983
 * Andhra Pradesh: The Andhra Pradesh Chit Funds Act, 1971
 * New Delhi: The Chit Funds Act, 1982 and Delhi Chit Funds Rules, 2007
 * Maharashtra: Maharashtra Chit Fund Act 1975

Special purpose funds
Some chit funds are conducted as a savings scheme for a specific purpose. An example is the Deepavali sweets fund, which has a specific end date about a week before Deepavali. Neighbourhood ladies pool their savings each week. They use this fund to buy and prepare sweets in bulk just before the Deepavali festival, and they distribute sweets to all members. Preparation of Deepavali sweets may be a time consuming and costly activity for individuals. Such a chit reduces costs, and relieves members from extra work in a busy festival season. Nowadays, such special purpose chits are conducted by jewellery shops, kitchenware shops, etc. to promote their products.

title: Chit fund


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Technocriticism

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this  page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:27, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Technocriticism
Neologism, delete--nixie 06:00, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and send for cleanup. It has potentially useful and informative content, however needs to be brought down to a less technical level.  Needs work.  --Randy 11:30, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Not even a kilogoogle, and sounds like it comes from Dilbert's Mission Statement Generator. Delete this theory. Radiant_* 13:49, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have to say that the cleanup tag made me chuckle. This article has the prefix "techno-" occurring in every single sentence, sometimes more than once.  Upon reading it, the phrase "high-faluting gibberish" came to mind.  If there is such a thing as "technocriticism", this article does little to describe it, or even to narrow it down from "everything" to any great degree.  I notice that  has edited both bioconservatism and techno-progressivism.  This leads me to believe that, as Radiant! implies, this article is mere buzzword-generation in action.  Further: Reading this definition brought to mind the phrase "art-school wankery" that one Australian coined to describe Neurocam. Delete. Uncle G 16:44, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * Delete reads like semi-random words strung together. Excerpt: "The technoethical dimension of technocriticism undertakes the public deliberative engagement of multiple contending stakeholders to the problems of technological development"  I find it hard to imagine that anyone, anywhere, actually talks or writes like that.  This quasi-gibberish is either a lame joke or an even lamer attempt at a neologism. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  17:16, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Gosh, I grant the language wasn't the clearest in the world, but is some of this hostility directed at what varieties of critical theory really do care about whether everybody likes it or not, or is it all really about what a terrible writer and fraud I apparently am? I have tried to clean it up a little and would love others to have a go at it who are interested in this stuff.--Dale Carrico
 * You could help by adding some examples, and some references. Kappa 21:20, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Does the latest version seem clearer and more useful?--DC
 * Slightly. Kappa 19:32, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Gazpacho 09:02, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Triple Penetration

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this  page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:30, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Triple Penetration
Porn dicdef. Alai 06:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Group sex, where it already has a mention. —Korath (Talk) 07:02, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hrm, or to orgy, which is what triple penetration points at. —Korath (Talk) 14:01, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Group sex is better. Kappa 14:35, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dictionary definition. Megan1967 07:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, more than a definition. Incidentally group sex has a different description. Kappa 09:17, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * What is it with Wikipedia and group sex? Delete, dicdef, no potential. Chris talk back 17:17, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It has potential to cover history of use in pornograhy, possible court cases involving it, medical implications, quotes from people who have experienced it. Kappa 17:56, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Group sex, as Korath said. Jonathunder 04:28, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * So the group sex definition is correct, and not this one? Kappa 08:52, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and Merge I think both are not correct, but by combining them you might have something that is closer to correct. Any porn stars following this who can clear this up? ;-) Vegaswikian 06:05, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this entry is more than a definition and has the potential for further development. ElfWord 09:15, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * More potential than double penetration, which has been hanging around quite happily as a redirect to group sex since 08:26, May 9, 2003? —Korath (Talk) 13:59, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I bet double penetration would be featured article status by now if it hadn't been redirected. :) Kappa 14:35, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to something suitable. (I don't know what, not having any experience with it myself...) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:00, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge & Redirect to Group sex. If the definition in that page is different, then rewrite its entry to mention the fact that there are two possible interpretations for this expression. Vlad M V  ٭ talk 15:05, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:East Germanic tribes

Proto-East Germanic
I'm pretty sure I've heard that there was a Proto-East Germanic people and a Proto-East Germanic language, but I've never been able to find much information on either.

But then I'm well aware that a lot of these things are known through reconstruction and are often rather sketchy and hypothetical... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gringo300 (talk • contribs) 08:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, and we don't know very much about most of the languages.--Wiglaf 06:22, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Some Thoughts on the Map
I like the map currently used at the top of the article.98.82.197.27 (talk) 20:45, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:East Germanic tribes


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Republic Of Henderson Island

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Republic Of Henderson Island
Unknown micronation "yet to be declaired" (sic). There is a real article about the island at Henderson Island. Delete unless claims of sovereignty can be confirmed. jni 06:03, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.For once, I agree with you Jni. Hoax. Sjakkalle 06:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax/prank. Megan1967 07:57, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, if any of it is actually factual include on the Henderson Island page--nixie 08:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The factual parts are already on the Henderson Island page! Bollar 12:47, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete oer above. Factual info should be included on the existing page. Mgm|(talk) 09:07, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Dont Delete. It seems like an article which had not yet been completed. We should give them more time as it looks pretty convincing. As it is a micronation it should be listed as such.
 * By User:202.160.21.15, who has five edits
 * Delete per WP:WIN a crystal ball. Radiant_* 11:09, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as there are no references of any sort to this entity through any searches or any histories of the Pitcairn islands. Bollar 12:39, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax/ micronation. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 17:22, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax. Jayjg (talk) 20:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all micronations. RickK 00:21, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Given the factual information on teh island is already in its correct article, delete. No merge, no redirect. Chris talk back 04:06, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no past nor current factual existence. No merge nor redirect needed, for reasons noted by Bollar and Chris.  Barno 23:59, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep... has been updated. recommend patience. progress has been made. Metrovania
 * But it doesn't change the fact that Wikipedia is the only reference to this supposed entity. Are there no publications that discuss this entity?  Bollar 13:16, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. claims citizenship is passed on through word-of mouth and chain mails; this explains no web-site.
 * Keep. I can verify the genuine aspirations of this micronation as i have received several e-mails from the "government" which discuss the issues concerned on the page. Fiestaduck
 * User's only contributions are at the disputed page after it was posted for deletion. Mikkalai 17:37, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. notability. Mikkalai 07:32, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as all 10 google hits for "Republic Of Henderson Island" are related to this VfD. Xezbeth  21:54, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Doesn't exist. THIS IS A HOAX. Henderson Island has zero, zip, nada residents. Nobody lives there. See where it says "Henderson Island is an unihabitated raised reef island" --Durin 04:06, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hendersonian Defence Force
This related article has been created and should be deleted at the same time. Bollar 13:02, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User talk:Jlschaefer

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Pharos 06:04, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Jlschaefer


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan
Self nomination, clean, stable and good article.

 * Object; some of the English is clearly non-native. For example, this sentence Traders, clergyman, and envoys were provided with security and guidance under Mongol Empire, in which, for example, some of them reached China including traveller Giovanni da Pian del Carpini under Ogedei Khan's rule and Italian traveller Marco Polo to Beijing under Kubilai Khan's rule, whom each of them wrote books on their travels. Filiocht | King of Regulars 07:54, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object The concerns I raised about the structure when this was last nominated are mostly addressed, but the article is still in dire need of copyediting by a person with stronger English skills. Phils 10:04, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. I concur that this needs copy editing.  Since Genghis is an absolutely pivotal figure of world history that WP should have a really good article on, I'll do some work on it and see what I can do to improve it.  Edeans 16:21, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've since done a truly massive copyedit, but I'm sure there's still stuff in there that needs fixing. Could someone else please look at it? I'm a little burned out on the topic right now. Meelar (talk) 19:16, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. The intro gives his birth as "1155/1162/1167" and then the Early life section gives only the 1162 date.  Some explanation should be given for the different dates and why one may be prefered over the others. --Allen3 talk 19:44, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment- I'm curious as to why this article says the Mongol Empire was the largest ever, while the British Empire says that one is. Can someone clarify this in the article? --Dmcdevit 01:58, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous empire. Whereas the British Empire was the largest when you add all the territory areas together. CheekyMonkey 12:42, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I knew that. I guess it was more of a pointed question. I should say: I wonder if one of the Genghis Khan editors could confirm this and amend the article's inaccuracy accordingly. --Dmcdevit 01:44, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Quek Leng Chan

Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan (born December 8, 1941) is a Malaysian tycoon who co-founded Hong Leong Group Malaysia. In 2018, Quek Leng Chan ranked #217 on the Forbes World's Billionaires list, with wealth listed at US$7.2 billion. As of February 16, 2021, Tan Sri Quek's net worth is listed at US$9.9 billion and ranked 147th on Forbes.

Early life and education
Quek Leng Chan studied at Victoria School in Singapore and is qualified as a barrister-at-law from Middle Temple, United Kingdom.

Career
Quek has extensive business experience in various sectors, including financial services, manufacturing and real estate. He is the chairman and chief executive officer of Hong Leong Company (Malaysia) Berhad ("HLCM"), executive chairman of Hong Leong Industries Berhad ("HLI"), Hume Industries (Malaysia) Berhad ("HIMB"), Hong Leong Financial Group Berhad, GuocoLand (Malaysia) Berhad, Camerlin Group Berhad and chairman of Hong Leong Bank Berhad, HLG Capital Berhad ("HLG"), Hong Leong Assurance Berhad, Hong Leong Islamic Bank Berhad and Hong Leong Foundation ("HLF").

Quek oversees the Malaysian operations of the Hong Leong Group, while his cousin Kwek Leng Beng oversees the Singapore operations.

In September 2022, he was appointed chairman of the board of the real estate company GuocoLand Ltd.

Honours

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia :
 * MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara - Officer (K.M.N.).svg Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1976)
 * Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - SSM.svg Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (JSM) (1991)
 * Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - PSM.svg Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1994)

Family
Son: Justus Quek

title: Quek Leng Chan


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Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)

Anthony Kennedy (December 21, 1810 – July 31, 1892) was a United States Senator from Maryland, serving from 1857 to 1863. He was the brother of United States Secretary of the Navy John P. Kennedy.

Early life
Kennedy was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to merchant John Kennedy (1769–1836) and Anne Clayton (née Pendleton) Kennedy (1776–1854). His parents sent him to Charles Town, Virginia, (now West Virginia) in 1821, where he attended the Jefferson Academy.

Career
He studied law and also engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1839 to 1843 and a magistrate on the bench of the Jefferson County Court in Virginia for ten years.

Kennedy was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for election in 1844 to the Twenty-ninth Congress and declined the offer of President Millard Fillmore to be consul to Havana, Cuba, in 1850. He returned to Baltimore in 1851 and was elected as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1856.

Kennedy was elected by the American Party to the United States Senate and served from 1857 to 1863. He served as a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1867, afterwards retiring from active political life.

Personal life
On 1832, Kennedy was married to Sarah Stephena Dandridge (1811–1846). They lived on his farm near Ellicott City, Maryland. Together, they were the parents of three children:

 * Stephen Dandridge Kennedy (1834–1914), who married Frances Howell, a daughter of Lewis Howell and Margaret (née Armistead) Howell, in 1863. After her death, he married his cousin Mary Selden, a daughter of John D. Selden and Ann Rebecca (née Kennedy) Selden, in 1869.
 * Philip Pendleton Kennedy, who died young.
 * Agnes Spottiswoode Kennedy (1838–1907), who married Hall Harrison, a son of Rev. Hugh Thompson Harrison, in 1876.

Kennedy died in Annapolis, Maryland on July 31, 1892. He is interred in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland.

Descendants
Through his son Stephen's first marriage, he was the grandfather of Frances Howell Hughes Kennedy, who married William Maurice Manly. From his son Stephen's second marriage, he was a grandfather of four more, including Anthony Kennedy (b. 1873), Mary (née Kennedy) Page (1875–1936), Margaret Hughes (née Kennedy) Cox (1877–1934), Agnes Gray (née Kennedy) Mason (1881–1960).

title: Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)


text:
Churchill War Rooms

The Churchill War Rooms is a museum in London and one of the five branches of the Imperial War Museum. The museum comprises the Cabinet War Rooms, a historic underground complex that housed a British government command centre throughout the Second World War, and the Churchill Museum, a biographical museum exploring the life of British statesman Winston Churchill.

Construction of the Cabinet War Rooms, located beneath the Treasury building in the Whitehall area of Westminster, began in 1938. They became fully operational on 27 August 1939, a week before Britain declared war on Germany. The War Rooms remained in operation throughout the Second World War, before being abandoned in August 1945 after the surrender of Japan.

After the war, the historic value of the Cabinet War Rooms was recognised. Their preservation became the responsibility of the Ministry of Works and later the Department for the Environment, during which time very limited numbers of the public were able to visit by appointment. In the early 1980s, the Imperial War Museum was asked to take over the administration of the site, and the Cabinet War Rooms were opened to the public in April 1984. The museum was reopened in 2005 following a major redevelopment as the Churchill Museum and Cabinet War Rooms, but in 2010 this title was shortened to the Churchill War Rooms.

Construction
In 1936 the Air Ministry, the British government department responsible for the Royal Air Force, believed that in the event of war enemy aerial bombing of London would cause up to 200,000 casualties per week. British government commissions under Warren Fisher and Sir James Rae in 1937 and 1938 considered that key government offices should be dispersed from central London to the suburbs, and nonessential offices to the Midlands or North West. Pending this dispersal, in March 1938 Sir Hastings Ismay, then Deputy Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence, ordered an Office of Works survey of Whitehall to identify a suitable site for a temporary emergency government centre for use during bombing raids. Although it is commonplace for present-day governments to operate such facilities, this was the first time the British government had required one, and as such there was no precedent for how or where it should be built, or what it should contain. In May, as German troops were gathering on the border with Czechoslovakia, the Office concluded the most suitable site was the basement of the New Public Offices (NPO), a government building located on the corner of Horse Guards Road and Great George Street, near Parliament Square. The building now accommodates HM Treasury.

Work to convert the basement of the New Public Offices began, under the supervision of Ismay and Sir Leslie Hollis, in June 1938. The work included installing communications and broadcasting equipment, soundproofing, ventilation and reinforcement. Because the War Rooms are below the level of the River Thames, flood doors and pumps were installed to prevent flooding. Meanwhile, by the summer of 1938 the War Office, Admiralty and Air Ministry had developed the concept of a Central War Room that would facilitate discussion and decision-making between the Chiefs of Staff of the armed forces.

As ultimate authority lay with the civilian government the Cabinet, or a smaller War Cabinet, would require close access to senior military figures. This implied accommodation close to the armed forces' Central War Room. In May 1939 it was decided that the Cabinet would be housed within this room. In August 1939, with war imminent and protected government facilities in the suburbs not yet ready, the War Rooms became operational on 27 August 1939, only days before the invasion of Poland on 1 September, and Britain's declaration of war on Germany on 3 September.

Wartime use
Staff accessed the War Rooms via the main entrance of the NPO, and once inside the building, descended down Staircase 15, entering near to the Churchills' kitchen. During its operational life, two of the Cabinet War Rooms were of particular importance. Once operational, the facility's Map Room was in constant use and manned around the clock by officers of the Royal Navy, British army and Royal Air Force. These officers were responsible for producing a daily intelligence summary for the King, Prime Minister and the military Chiefs of Staff.

The other key room was the Cabinet Room, where the Prime Minister and his key advisers would meet with the three Chiefs of Staff- the heads of the army, navy, and air force. Secrecy was paramount, and two sentries were posted outside the door during meetings, which would sometimes continue into the small hours of the morning. Until the opening of the Battle of France, which began on 10 May 1940, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's war cabinet met at the War Rooms only once, in October 1939. Following Winston Churchill's appointment as Prime Minister, Churchill visited the Cabinet Room in May 1940 and declared: 'This is the room from which I will direct the war'. In total 115 Cabinet meetings were held at the Cabinet War Rooms, the last on 28 March 1945, when the German V-weapon bombing campaign came to an end.

On 22 October 1940, during the Blitz bombing campaign against Britain, it was decided to increase the protection of the Cabinet War Rooms by the installation of a massive layer of concrete known as 'the Slab'. Up to 5 feet (1.5 metres) thick, the Slab was progressively extended and by spring 1941 the increased protection had enabled the Cabinet War Rooms to expand to three times their original size. While the usage of many of the War Rooms' individual rooms changed over the course of the war, the facility included dormitories for staff, private bedrooms for military officers and senior ministers, and rooms for typists or telephone switchboard operators.

Two other notable rooms include the Transatlantic Telephone Room and Churchill's office-bedroom. From 1943, a SIGSALY code-scrambling encrypted telephone was installed in the basement of Selfridges, Oxford Street connected to a similar terminal in the Pentagon building. This enabled Churchill to speak securely with American President Roosevelt in Washington, with the first conference taking place on 15 July 1943. Later extensions were installed to both 10 Downing Street and the specially constructed Transatlantic Telephone Room within the Cabinet War Rooms.

Churchill's office-bedroom, open from 27 July 1940, included BBC broadcasting equipment; Churchill made four wartime broadcasts from the Cabinet War Rooms, the first being on 11 September 1940. Although the office room was also fitted out as a bedroom, Churchill rarely slept underground, preferring to sleep at 10 Downing Street or the No.10 Annexe, a flat in the New Public Offices directly above the Cabinet War Rooms. His daughter Mary Soames often slept in the bedroom allocated to Mrs Churchill.

Below the level of the Cabinet War Rooms, a further sub-basement nicknamed "the Dock" was provided for staff members to sleep, so that they didn't have to make their way home through heavy air raids at the end of their shifts. As the name suggests, the Dock was not a comfortable place. The ventilation system rattled throughout the night, mice were common, occupants had to stoop due to low ceilings, and there were no flushing toilets, only chemical ones. Ismay's personal secretary, Betty Green, described it as "revolting".

Rooms 60 Right and 60A were used as a telephone switchboard and a typing pool respectively. Due to the rudimentary nature of photocopying equipment available at the time, up to 11 typists were stationed in the typing pool at any one time, typing out copies of meeting minutes by hand.

Abandonment and preservation
On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, bringing an end to the war. The following day, the lights in the Map Room were simply turned off and the staff vacated their offices. Several were cleared and used for other purposes, but the Cabinet Room, Map Room, Transatlantic Telephone Room and Churchill's bedroom were preserved for their historic value.

Their maintenance became the responsibility of the Ministry of Works. In March 1948 the question of public access to the War Rooms was raised in Parliament and the Minister responsible, Charles Key MP, considered that 'it would not be practicable to throw open for inspection by the general public accommodation which forms part of an office where confidential work is carried on'. Even so, a tour was organised for journalists on 17 March, with members of the press being welcomed by Lord Ismay and shown around the Rooms by their custodian, Mr. George Rance.

While the Rooms were not open to the general public, they could be visited by appointment, with access being restricted to small groups. Even so, by the 1970s (with responsibility for the Rooms having passed to the Department for the Environment in 1975) tens of thousands of requests to visit the Rooms were being received every year, of which only 5,000 were successful. Meanwhile, the atmospheric conditions of the site, being dry and dusty, were having a detrimental effect on the rooms' furnishings and historic maps and other documents. The prospect was raised of decanting the contents of the Rooms to an established museum, with the National Army Museum and Imperial War Museum being suggested as candidates. In the event, £7,000 was secured to conserve the material in situ.

Opening and redevelopment
In 1974, the Imperial War Museum was approached by the government and asked to consider taking over the administration of the site. A feasibility study was prepared but came to nothing, the museum feeling it did not have sufficient resources to commit to the War Rooms. In 1981, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, known as an admirer of Winston Churchill, expressed the hope that the Rooms could be opened before the next general election. The Imperial War Museum was again approached. Initially still reluctant, the museum's trustees decided in January 1982 that the museum would take over the site, on the understanding that the government would make the necessary resources available. The initial costs were to be met by the Department for the Environment and the War Rooms intended to be self-supporting thereafter.

The Rooms were opened to the public by Thatcher on 4 April 1984 in a ceremony attended by Churchill family members and former Cabinet War Rooms staff. At first the Rooms were administered by the museum on behalf of the Department for the Environment; in 1989 responsibility was transferred to the Imperial War Museum.

Following a major expansion in 2003, a suite of rooms used as accommodation by Churchill, his wife and close associates, was added to the museum. The restoration of these rooms, which after the war had been stripped of furnishings and used for storage, cost £7.5 million.

In June 2012 the museum's entrance was redesigned by Clash Architects with consulting engineers Price & Myers. Intended to act as a 'beacon' for the museum, the new external design included a faceted bronze entranceway, and the interior showed the cleaned and restored Portland stone walls of the Treasury building and Clive Steps. The design was described as 'appropriately martial and bulldog-like' and as 'a fusion of architecture and sculpture'.

Churchill Museum
In 2005 the War Rooms were rebranded as the Churchill Museum and Cabinet War Rooms, with 850 m2 of the site redeveloped as a biographical museum exploring Churchill's life, the development of which cost a further £6 million raised from private funds. The museum makes extensive use of audiovisual technology, with the centrepiece being a 15 m interactive table that enables visitors to access digitised material, particularly from the Churchill Archives Centre. The museum is set out in chronological chunks, beginning with Churchill's appointment as Prime Minister in 1940 and going up to the end of his life in 1965 before starting again with his childhood and returning to May 1940. The Churchill Museum won the 2006 Council of Europe Museum Prize. During 2009–2011 the museum received over 300,000 visitors a year. In May 2010 the name of the museum was shortened to Churchill War Rooms.

title: Churchill War Rooms


text: Category:Azerbaijani scientists

title: Category:Azerbaijani scientists


text:
User talk:Kobayashihikaru

Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Finally, here are some open tasks:

Hope to see you around the Wiki! And if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page!

Welcome aboard ! Rama 06:18, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kobayashihikaru


text:
User talk:Gkotak

New user account for Gaurav Kotak

Welcome
Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk

 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not, How to write a great article

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk to me

title: User talk:Gkotak


text:
William Cheng

Tan Sri William Cheng Heng Jem or William H.J. Cheng (born 1943) is the chairman of Lion Group Malaysia, a conglomerate having diversified businesses encompassing retail, property development, mining, steel, agriculture and computer. He is known for introducing the Parkson department store chain in 1987.

Tan Sri Cheng previously served as the President of both The Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia (“ACCCIM”) and The Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor ("KLSCCCI”) and is now a Life Honorary President of ACCCIM and KLSCCCI. And director of Andalas Development Sdn Bhd.

Cheng is the largest shareholder of Parkson Holdings, which have more than 100 department stores in Malaysia, China, Vietnam and Indonesia. And assumed Parkson Retail Asia Ltd (PRA) executive position after his nephew Datuk Alfred Cheng stepped down as managing director in May 2013.

Honour of Malaysia

 * : Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (P.S.M.) (1991)

title: William Cheng


text:
Bloop

Bloop was an ultra-low-frequency, high amplitude underwater sound detected by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 1997. By 2012, earlier speculation that the sound originated from a marine animal was replaced by NOAA's description of the sound as being consistent with noises generated via non-tectonic cryoseisms originating from glacial movements such as ice calving, or through seabed gouging by ice.

Sound profile
The sound's source was roughly triangulated to -50°N, -100°W, a remote point in the South Pacific Ocean west of the southern tip of South America. The sound was detected by the Equatorial Pacific Ocean autonomous hydrophone array, a system of hydrophones primarily used to monitor undersea seismicity, ice noise, and marine mammal population and migration. This is a stand-alone system designed and built by NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) to augment NOAA's use of the U.S. Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), which was equipment originally designed to detect Soviet submarines. According to the NOAA description, the sound "rose" in frequency over about one minute and was of sufficient amplitude to be heard on multiple sensors, at a range of over 5000 km.

Ice quake origin
The NOAA Vents Program has attributed the sound to that of a large cryoseism (also known as an ice quake). Numerous ice quakes share similar spectrograms with Bloop, as well as the amplitude necessary to detect them despite ranges exceeding 5000 km. This was found during the tracking of iceberg A53a as it disintegrated near South Georgia Island in early 2008. The iceberg(s) involved in generating the sound were most likely between Bransfield Strait and the Ross Sea; or possibly at Cape Adare, a well-known source of cryogenic signals. Sounds generated by ice quakes are easily determined through the use of hydrophones since seawater, an excellent sound channel, allows the ambient sounds generated through ice activities to travel great distances.

Ice calving
In ice calving, variations result from a sound source's motion. As oceanographer Yunbo Xie explains, the alteration of waveforms from a detected sound "can also be caused by so-called angular frequency dependent radiation patterns associated with antisymmetric mode motion of the ice cover."

Rubbing and ridging events within an ice floe
Two processes known as rubbing and ridging are responsible for acoustical emissions similar to those from ice calving. Rubbing involves two or more areas of compacted glacial ice floes which are being forced together, inducing shear deformation at its edges and triggering horizontally-polarized shear waves, i. e. SH waves. Ridging occurs when that ice bends or slides at the ridges. According to Xie, both events will produce sound in the failure sequence (breakup) of an ice floe: ""A wave equation resulting from shear deformation will be defined in an ice floe with the rubbing effect coupled to the floe through its boundary with the adjacent ice," while "ridging deformation(s) revealed by this event indicate that the failure process is associated with a crushing process that seals air or vacuous gaps between ice floes. The acoustical signals emitted by this failure process are similar to those emitted from a collapsing air bubble in a fluid.""

Animal origin
NOAA's Christopher Fox, in an interview with CNN in 2001, stated that he believed Bloop to be ice calving in Antarctica. In 2002, Fox was interviewed by David Wolman for an article in New Scientist, where he stated that he did not believe its origin was man-made, such as a submarine or bomb. Fox also stated that while the audio profile of Bloop does resemble that of a living creature, the source was a mystery because it would be "far more powerful than the calls made by any animal on Earth." Wolman reported in his article the following:

According to author Philip Hayward, Wolman's speculations "amplified Fox's 'hunch' and—through the use of the word 'likely'—opened the door for subsequent speculation as to what such an 'efficient' noise-making entity might be. Over the last decade, consensus has supported the argument that the noise is produced by ice fracturing processes."

title: Bloop


text: User talk:66.214.109.112

title: User talk:66.214.109.112


text: Category:Budgets

title: Category:Budgets


text:
Talk:Phosphorus cycle

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 8 January 2019 and 23 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wanbiao. Peer reviewers: Windyor.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:20, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2019 and 9 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Eggball2333. Peer reviewers: RWJinZhugEo.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:20, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Kchang99.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
If anyone can add or cleanup this article, please do. Ecology's really not my thing; I only wrote this to stop people from creating nonsense articles here. — Knowledge Seeker দ 06:24, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Diagram
Would benefit from a diagram of the complete P cycle, with more detailed labelling and process information Jebus989 (talk) 16:15, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Planetary boundaries
Add The amount of phosphorous per year released into the oceans is a Planetary boundaries metric. 99.19.46.34 (talk) 03:48, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Why? — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 08:29, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Why, what? 99.109.126.34 (talk) 17:10, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Resource for Planetary boundaries: "Boundaries for a Healthy Planet" by Jonathan Foley, Gretchen C. Daily, Robert Howarth, David A. Vaccari, Adele C. Morris, Eric F. Lambin, Scott C. Doney, Peter H. Gleick and David W. Fahey Scientific American April 2010  99.190.85.150 (talk) 19:03, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * You're advertising the topic, just as you were advertising 350.org when I first noticed you. A separate source commenting on the notability of the the article planetary boundaries should be needed.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 19:19, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Scientific American article are based on other citations internal in Scientific American articles already, see above article. Moot.  Continue on Talk:Planetary boundaries?  99.119.128.35 (talk) 21:42, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Wrong. And we have not resolved the question of whether any tangential links to planetary boundaries are appropriate.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 10:17, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

Arthur, please help me understand what you are attempting to say, what tangential links? Did you say you wanted supporting links (a separate source relating) in Talk:Ocean acidification? Wouldn't the Talk be simpler on Talk:Planetary boundaries if you make slightly different comments on the related boundaries' articles? 108.73.113.97 (talk) 00:50, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * As far as I'm concerned, and unless you can provide a consensus otherwise, any link from a "planetary boundary" to planetary boundaries is tangential. Much of this discussion could be centralized in Talk:Planetary boundaries, but, even if there should be a link from the boundary to planetary boundaries, with some rare exceptions, you've selected a clearly wrong article to link planetary boundaries from.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 05:30, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The only one I see not in consensus is you Rubin. That is the one and only thing that is clear, I see. 99.190.87.1 (talk) 18:32, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The only one I see in agreement with you is you. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 06:15, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
 * More: Stephen R. Carpenter and Elena M Bennett, Reconsideration of the planetary boundary for phosphorus Environmental Research Letters 6 (January-March 2011) http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/6/1/014009 209.255.78.138 (talk) 18:53, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Apparently a better source, but doesn't seem to support the sentence you want to add. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 06:36, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * What sentence? It is a reference.  Why do you write apparently and doesn't seem?  See WEASEL.  Please write more clearly if possible, so we may edit more efficiently.  209.255.78.138 (talk) 18:33, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The sentence you wanted to add was The amount of phosphorous per year released into the oceans is a Planetary boundaries metric. That is the sentence not supported by your new reference.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 21:52, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * P discharge to the oceans directly from iopscience.iop.org's Environmental Research Letters Reconsideration of the planetary boundary for phosphorus Abstract. 99.19.44.88 (talk) 05:22, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Please learn to read, before posting. That abstract does not say that.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 07:43, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Bolding is mine. Reconsideration of the planetary boundary for phosphorus is the title, if you are still confused (and confusing).   99.181.133.155 (talk) 03:48, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

Ionic phosphorus?
"Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants and animals in the form of ions." Are not the phosphate units incorporated into organic molecules always or typically phosphates (PO4)?--Wetman (talk) 18:18, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
 * PO43- is the phosphate ion. I'd assume that is the ionic form referred to in the sentence. Vsmith (talk) 02:58, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

Copyvio removed
I've removed a bit of cut-n-paste copyvio from the Human interference section which was added back in 05 2010 by an ip. Vsmith (talk) 23:44, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080914101357/http://filebox.vt.edu/users/chagedor/biol_4684/Cycles/Pcycle.html to http://filebox.vt.edu/users/chagedor/biol_4684/Cycles/Pcycle.html

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--Wanbiao (talk) 04:21, 16 February 2019 (UTC)== Added Citations ==

Some citations that are missing in the article should be added. Reduction and redox speciation of phosphorus can be found in article of “Figueroa, I. A., and J. D. Coates. "Microbial phosphite oxidation and its potential role in the global phosphorus and carbon cycles." In Advances in applied microbiology, vol. 98, pp. 93-117. Academic Press, 2017.”. Usage of phosphorus by organisms can cite “Ruttenberg, K. C., The Global Phosphorus Cycle. In Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), Turekian, K. K., Ed. Elsevier: Oxford, 2014; pp 499-558.” and “Karl, David M. "Microbially mediated transformations of phosphorus in the sea: new views of an old cycle." Annual review of marine science 6 (2014): 279-337.”.Wanbiao (talk) 04:20, 16 February 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wanbiao (talk • contribs) 03:35, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: EEB 4611-Biogeochemical Processes-Spring 2024
— Assignment last updated by LynSchwendy (talk) 03:28, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

Planned Changes to the article
In the eutrophication tab, there is a section dedicated to wetlands/freshwater systems. I would like to add a section about how eutrophication also impacts the oceans/salt waters. Would this be a good idea? MitchKrings (talk) 16:16, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

I also am going to edit some of the human impact section to give it more quantifiable numbers and to help it flow better. I also altered the lead a little bit to reflect the information that I'm adding as well as to tweak some of the wording to make it run together more smoothly. MitchKrings (talk) 19:47, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phosphorus cycle


text: User talk:61.247.252.216

title: User talk:61.247.252.216


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sharkmaster

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this  page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:39, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sharkmaster
Inside joke. Delete. Allissonn 06:25, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopaedic. Megan1967 07:59, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Arab engineers

title: Category:Arab engineers


text:
George D. Winter

Dr. George D. Winter (1927–1981) was the British-born pioneer of moist wound healing. In 1962, while working at the Department of Biomechanics and Surgical Materials at the University of London, Winter published his landmark Nature paper Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelisation of superficial wounds in the skin of the young domestic pig (Nature 193:293 1962) where he demonstrated that, contrary to the conventional wisdom that wounds should be allowed to dry out and form scabs to promote healing, wounds instead healed faster if kept moist. Winter formed multiple partial thickness wounds on the backs of pigs, half left open to the air and half covered with a polymer film to keep them hydrated. The latter wounds healed faster, as measured by the migration of new epithelium on the wound bed. This work began the evolution of modern wound dressings that promote moist wound healing.

George D. Winter was the first president of the European Society for Biomaterials and has an annual award named after him.

title: George D. Winter


text:
Talk:Pirc Defence

Pirc players?
Do we have any Pirc players listening?

I "corrected" the redir from Robatsch Defense from Modern Defence to Pirc Defence, but I realize now that may have been a mistake. It seems that Robatsch and Ufimtsev may actually belong with Modern instead of Pirc. I had just created a bunch of redirects to Pirc Defence from Robatsch Defence, Ufimtsev Defence, and Ufimtsev Defense when I realized this may be an error. If so, those redirects should be changed and the Modern Defence page probably needs to mention Robatsch and Ufimtsev. Also, what about the Pirc-Robatsch? Quale 06:26, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Isn't the Robatsch Defense was a seperate defense from the Pirc. Since it is reached after e4 g6 versus the Pirc which is reached e4 d6 d4 nf6? I realize that they often end up similar but I don't think it should redirect here. Falphin 18:06, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not a Pirc player, but back in my day (the days of MCO-10), the two were grouped together as Pirc-Robatsch. But they are considered seperately now.  Bubba73 (talk), 00:50, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It is not uncommon that you can reach lines of another opening than the one you started with. E.g., there are positions in the Pirc defence that can also result from the Sicilian defence. (Pirc player here. :)) Guido den Broeder (talk) 14:03, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Hmm, is no-one paying attention to this? In case the overload of names in the first paragraph is confusing, I'll spell it out simply. Someone who has the power to do so needs to make Robatsch Defence a redirect to the page Modern Defence and not to here. 91.107.182.39 (talk) 21:14, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅. Bubba73 (talk), 22:16, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

chessgames.com
some of these openings seem to have links, on the main picture, to chess games.com, I was gonna delete it as it seem to just be advertising but is there some relevant reason for it being there? Broonsparrow (talk) 22:18, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

 * This has been discussed by the Chess Wikiproject (WP:CHESS) and we decided to allow links to ChessGames.com. Bubba73 (talk), 03:40, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Why Nc3?
Why does white have to play Nc3? Why isn't Bd3 covered? GrandMattster 18:28, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Bd3 isn't a great move. The bishop is better placed on e2, not on d3 where its movement is blocked by its side's own pawn. 91.107.166.123 (talk) 20:20, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't agree with the previous note, as you don't know where the bishop should be placed.

The reason that Bd3 is not covered in most places (It seems like a good choice, preparing c3, Nbd2, f4 with a strong center), is that Black immediately equalizes after ...e5! 4. c3 d5!, usually leading to a drawish endgame. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.84.217.166 (talk) 23:51, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Played frequently in the 1850's
I have virtually no knowledge off chess, but I came upon this article: a-data-driven-exploration-of-the-evolution-of-chess-popularity-of-openings. It states the following:

"I wanted to point out the short-lived spike in popularity of the Pirc Defence in the 1850s. Though the Pirc Defence is typically thought of as a relatively new opening, Moheschunder Bannerjee used this opening almost exclusively in his 50+ games against John Cochrane, winning 40% of the games (far above his overall 24% win rate as Black)."

Perhaps this is something for the article?

Bas van Leeuwen (talk) 07:51, 27 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, could definitely incorporate some of this into the article. A look at his profile on chessgames (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=85637) shows that Bannerjee didn't play this opening "almost exclusively", but there are certainly many instances of it, including recognised modern lines like the "Austrian Attack" and the "Classical Variation". One explanation for this is that Indian players were used to playing a version of the game where the pawn only moves one square; this would tend to encourage the fianchetto development of the bishop. While they adapted to Western rules, they retained the playing style from the old game. Could maybe mention Louis Paulsen too. MaxBrowne (talk) 10:20, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

150 attack naming
This passage is just confusing.

The main text claims the attack is named after "players of this strength"... but that's exactly what the "alternative" explanation says.

Who are "they"? The British players mentioned or somebody else?

Are there even two theories or could we simply bring over the text in the note to the main article? CapnZapp (talk) 06:18, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

Ambiguous Nd7 reference
In the "Other systems" subsection of the "Main line: 3...g6" section, there's an ambiguous reference to Nd7 in one of the lines, which I have flagged as ambiguous since in this position (I checked) it could refer either to Nbd7 or Nfd7. Although I explained this in the "reason" parameter of the "ambiguous" tag, it didn't show up in the published version. (It's possible that, in spite of my efforts to do so, I failed to use the syntax of the tag correctly.) HarmonicSphere (talk) 22:02, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It seems that text s/ have come earlier in the para. Have relocated it to fix the prob. Cheers, --IHTS (talk) 05:30, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * @Ihardlythinkso I could be missing something, but I'm still seeing the ambiguous Nd7 reference there, and I can't make out an earlier clarifying reference. The text I'm looking at reads, "4.Bc4 Bg7 5.Qe2 is a sharp try for advantage; 5...Nc6 can lead to hair-raising complications after 6.e5, when Black's best line may be 6...Ng4 7.e6 Nxd4 8.Qxg4 Nxc2+, avoiding the more frequently played 6...Nxd4 7.exf6 Nxe2 8.fxg7 Rg8 9.Ngxe2 Rxg7, which has been generally considered to lead to an equal or unclear position, though White has scored heavily in practice. 6...Nd7 is now considered fine for Black, in view of [...]"
 * I get one of 2 resulting positions from this, the first of which is r1bqk2r/pp1nppbp/2pp1np1/4P3/2BP4/2N5/PPP1QPPP/R1B1K1NR w KQkq - 1 7
 * as opposed to
 * rnbqk2r/pp1nppbp/2pp2p1/4P3/2BP4/2N5/PPP1QPPP/R1B1K1NR w KQkq - 1 7
 * I'm not sure which one applies, because both ensuing lines from these positions as described in the article look plausible to my admittedly amateurish eye. Any help disambiguating this position is gratefully appreciated! HarmonicSphere (talk) 14:27, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Nd7 is now in the context of 4.Bc4 Bg7 5.Qe2 Nc6 6.e5 Nd7 7.e6 fxe6 8.Qxe6 Nde5 9.Qd5 e6 in the article, where 6...Nd7 isn't ambiguous. (Ok?) Cheers, --IHTS (talk) 22:04, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * @Ihardlythinkso Thanks! That helps immensely. HarmonicSphere (talk) 06:09, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pirc Defence


text:
County Donegal Railways Joint Committee

The County Donegal Railways Joint Committee operated an extensive narrow gauge railway system serving County Donegal, Ireland, from 1906 until 1960. The committee was incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1906, which authorised the joint purchase of the then Donegal Railway Company by the Great Northern Railway of Ireland and the Midland Railway Northern Counties Committee.

History of the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee
On 1 May 1906, the Joint Committee was set up. The lines inherited by the Joint Committee totalled 106 mi and were:
 * Finn Valley Railway (FVR) from Strabane to Stranorlar
 * West Donegal Railway line from Stranorlar to Donegal
 * The Donegal Railway Company lines between Stranorlar and Glenties, Donegal Town to Killybegs, Strabane to Derry, and Donegal Town to Ballyshannon

By 1912 the company owned the following assets:
 * Locomotives and rolling stock: 21 locomotives; 56 passenger vehicles; 304 goods vehicles
 * Head offices and locomotive works at Stranorlar

The Strabane to Derry line was completely owned by the Midland Railway Northern Counties Committee, although it was operated by the CDRJC.

At its greatest extent, the County Donegal Railways Committee operated the largest narrow gauge railway system in the British Isles. The railway was affectionately known as the "Wee Donegal".

The Joint Committee opened the Strabane and Letterkenny Railway on 1 January 1909, bringing the total mileage operated by the company to 124.5 mi. Only 91 mi were directly owned by the Joint Committee, as the Strabane and Letterkenny Railway accounted for 19.25 mi, and 14.5 mi were property of the Northern Counties Committee.

Dieselisation
Under the management of Henry Forbes, traffic superintendent from 1910 to 1943, the County Donegal Railways became pioneers in the use of diesel traction. The first diesel railcar was built in 1930 (the first diesel railcar anywhere in the British Isles), although a petrol-engined railcar had been built in 1926 before standardisation on diesel traction in 1934. Eight articulated diesel railcars were constructed by Walker Brothers of Wigan between 1934 and 1951, by which time virtually all passenger services were operated by diesel railcar, being much cheaper to operate than conventional steam trains.

The railcars could only be driven from one end and had to be turned on a turntable to make a return journey. As well, they could not be worked in multiple, so if two railcars were working back to back, both required a driver. The railcars were incapable of hauling most freight wagons, so steam traction continued to be used on freight and excursion trains. The railcars could haul specially constructed trailers, and some lightweight freight wagons, which were painted red to distinguish them from the heavier wagons, which were grey. A diesel locomotive named Phoenix (converted from a steam locomotive) was also used, but due to its noisy operation and slow speed (top speed of 27 mph), it spent most of its career shunting, travelling 204577 mi during its working life.

Closure
The Glenties branch closed in 1947, the Strabane-Derry line closed in 1954, and the remaining passenger services ended on 31 December 1959. Much of the railway was closed on that date. Goods trains ran between Strabane and Stranorlar until 6 February 1960.

During the 1930s the Joint Committee began operating a fleet of buses. After the closure of the railway, it continued to operate as a road freight and bus company until 10 July 1971 when it was taken over by CIÉ.

In 1961, the two most modern diesel railcars were sold to the Isle of Man Railway.

Tourist attraction

Part of the line, which runs alongside Lough Finn near Fintown, has been re-laid as a tourist railway.

The Donegal Railway Heritage Centre has been established and contains historic details and artefacts of the CDRJC.

St. Connell's Museum, in Glenties has an extensive display of items from the railway.

The Foyle Valley Railway in Derry houses numerous CDRJC artefacts. It used to operate a small heritage railway along the Foyle on the original route of the Derry-Portadown railway line, which has since fallen into disrepair during the museum's period of closure.

In preservation
UFTM = Ulster Folk & Transport Museum; FVR = Foyle Valley Railway; BHR = Belturbet Heritage Railway; FTR = Fintown Railway; DRC = Donegal Railway Centre; IOMR = Isle of Man Railway; C&L = Cavan and Leitrim Railway
 * Carriages: 1 (UFTM), 3 (UFTM), 5 (DRC) 14 (FVR), 28 (DRC), 30 (FVR)
 * Goods wagons: 12 (DRC), 19 (FVR), 136 (UFTM), Unidentified horsebox (BHR), Unidentified Van (DRC)

title: County Donegal Railways Joint Committee


text:
User talk:1222

Whatever you number people are doing, please stop it. You're messing up the Microsoft article. Rhobite 06:29, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:1222


text:
György Lázár

György Lázár (15 September 1924 – 2 October 2014) was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1975 to 1987. He retired from politics in 1988.

Early life
He was born into a labour family in Isaszeg on 15 September 1924. His father was a carpenter. Lázár's original qualification was engineer. He worked as a technical draftsman from 1942 to 1944. During the Arrow Cross regime, he was forcibly conscripted into the paramilitary Levente organization in 1944. He was taken prisoner of war in January 1945. After that he joined the Hungarian combat units supported by the Red Army, which fought against the Nazi-backed Royal Hungarian Army in the western part of the country.

Political career
He joined Hungarian Communist Party (MKP) in 1945 and was also a member of its successor parties: Hungarian Working People's Party (MDP) since 1948 and Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP) since 1956. From 1948 he worked for the National Planning Board (OT), he became a Deputy Head of Department and Head of Department after 1953. He served as Vice Chairman of OT between 1958 and 1970. He was appointed to a member of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party in 1970 and served as Minister of Labour from 1970 to 1973. He became Deputy Prime Minister and Chairman of the National Planning Board in 1973 and also served as head of the State Planning Committee. Lázár functioned as Permanent Representative of Hungary to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance between 1973 and 1975.

After 11th Congress of the Party in March 1975 he was elected to a member of the Political Committee. Following the downfall and resignation of Jenő Fock he was appointed Prime Minister of Hungary (officially Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary). He also became a member of the National Assembly of Hungary due elections in June. He is the third longest-serving Head of Government in history of Hungary after Viktor Orbán and Kálmán Tisza. His term lasting 12 years and 41 days from 15 May 1975 until 25 June 1987. He was called Secretary-General János Kádár's "most loyal sidekick".

György Lázár signed a treaty in Budapest on 16 September 1977, which initiated the controversial large barrage project of Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Dams. During his premiership, along with his deputies Antal Apró and György Aczél, he was a member of that delegation which took over the returned Holy Crown from U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance in the Hungarian Parliament Building. In the summer of 1987, when the highest party and state offices' major personnel changes were made (although most senior official only got another post, the same cadres stayed), Lázár was appointed Deputy Secretary-General of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (i.e. deputy for Kádár). Károly Grósz succeeded him in the position of Prime Minister. The previous Deputy Secretary-General Károly Németh became Chairman of the Hungarian Presidential Council following the retiring Pál Losonczi.

Retirement and later life
In May 1988 at the party's national conference, when Kádár was replaced, Lázár was one of the few ancient leaders who were not elected to the new Central Committee. He lost all of his party functions. Lázár was retired in 1988. Since then, he lived away from the public view. In 2011 the issue of the former communist leaders and senior officials' high state pensions were highlighted. His name appeared on Heti Válasz's list, as well as the names of Béla Biszku or István Kovács.

He died on 2 October 2014 at the age of 90 in Budapest. He was buried without publicity, his family informed Népszabadság on Lázár's death on 30 October 2014.

title: György Lázár


text:
User talk:12234

Whatever you number people are doing, please stop it. You're messing up the Microsoft article. Rhobite 06:29, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:12234


text:
User talk:1221~enwiki

Whatever you number people are doing, please stop it. You're messing up the Microsoft article. Rhobite 06:29, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called 1221. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name 1221~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:29, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:05, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:1221~enwiki


text:
Jenő Fock

Jenő Fock (17 May 1916 – 22 May 2001) was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary from 1967 to 1975.

Career
Fock joined the Communist Party of Hungary in 1932. During the Second World War, he was imprisoned for his Communist activities from 1940 to 1943.

After the founding of the People's Republic of Hungary on 20 August 1949, he participated in communist governance from 1952 to 1954 as Minister for Steel Industry. In 1957 he became secretary of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP) and in 1961, he served as Deputy Prime Minister. From 1957 to 1980, he was also a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee. On 14 April 1967, he became the successor of Gyula Kállai as prime minister. During his tenure, he unsuccessfully tried to introduce some market economy elements.

Formerly the Central Committee of the MSZMP announced János Kádár’s plans for the reform of the economy, known as the New Economic Mechanism (NEM). The reform is considered as "the most radical postwar change" of any Comecon country. The plan, which became official on 1 January 1968, was a major shift to decentralization in an attempt to overcome the inefficiencies of central planning. The NEM represented a move away from the Joseph Stalin economic system of compulsory plan indicators in favor of a policy that states profits as the enterprises main goal. The new economic policy was a "comprehensive reform of the economic system", creating market relationships among companies, using prices as allocative functions and companies responding to prices to maximize profits, and using profits to budget new investments.

These attempts failed, because of the resistance from the Comecom states and the Soviet Union. As a result, Fock finally withdrew in favor of György Lázár on 15 May 1975.

Between 1945–1947, 1958–1967 and 1971–1985 he was a deputy in the National Assembly of Hungary. Later he was president of the Association of Technical and Professional Societies (MTESZ).

Publications

 * A szocializmus építésének gazdaságpolitikája. Kossuth, Budapest, 1973.

Death
Fock died in Budapest on 22 May 2001, five days after his 85th birthday.

title: Jenő Fock


text:
Gyula Kállai

Gyula Kállai (1 June 1910 – 12 March 1996) was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary from 1965 to 1967 and as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary 1967–1971. He was President of National Council of the Patriotic People's Front from 1957 to 1989.

In 1957, Kállai visited and questioned Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian prime minister, in exile in Snagov, Romania. His report led to his ultimate execution. That same year he wrote a pamphlet titled The Counter-Revolution in Hungary the Light of Marxism-Leninism.

title: Gyula Kállai


text:
User:Crazysim

I am crazysim! I am therefore I might exist.

I just edit some things here and there.

Old University Stuff
Here is my stuff for Writing 2E.

title: User:Crazysim


text:
User talk:CJ/Archive 1

Victoria Square
Hey Cyberjunkie,

Welcome and enjoy Wikipedia.

Be sure to check out Australian resources, like Australian Collaboration of the Week, New Australian Articles and Australian stub articles.

With regards to your edit on Victoria Square it is usual to not have a single article describing two seperate entities. I have Disambiguated the main page and created the articles Victoria Square, Birmingham and Victoria Square, Adelaide. Its that big of an issue, but thought I'd point it out to you.--ZayZayEM 02:47, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Separation of church and state
I have reverted your edits for the following reasons: i hope you take these into consideration before you consider editing the page again. Xtra 00:04, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * although the cth of aus is the official title it doesnt take you directly to the australia page, but rathr has to re-direct you.
 * funding of religious institutions is not a contentious policy in australia. some unions (i.e. the a.e.u. in the D.O.G.S. case) have opposed it only because they think that they will get more money if all religios institutions don't. but there is a general acceptance of gvt funding of religious institutions on a non-descrimanotary basis.
 * australia is not a secularist country. france is. australia recognises religion as integral to the country and that is why australia hasnt banned muslim women from wearing a hijab to public buildings. just because there is no state religion doesnt mean you cant build the country on religious principles.
 * with regard to conflicting laws. that is just wrong. see the D.O.G.S. case (i linked it in the separation article). the majority was 6 - 1 in favour of non-discrimanatory funding of religious schools. many decissions these days on less contentious issues go 5 -2 or 4- 3. there was only one dissenting judge there.
 * and finally, almost all members of parliament do attend "prayers" at the start of each day. that phrase is there to demonstrate that although australia has a stable separaton, religion is still welcome.
 * Response: I respect your right to revert my edits, and will not seek to re-establish them - for the time being. With regards to your comments, I believe you have largely misinterpreted my changes, but perhaps this is more an indictment on me. Firstly, redirect or not, Commonwealth of Australia still does take you to the Australia page. Because the section, overall, was discussing the Constitution, and, at Australia’s first mention, the very establishment of the nation, the official style seemed appropriate and, in fact, obligatory.
 * Secondly, funding of private schools (which I attended personally) does remain a contentious policy, as evidenced in the last election where division occurred over ALP private-school funding arrangements. However, perhaps this edit was un-necessary, given that is more concerned with politics than the topic of the article.
 * Thirdly, I never stated that Australia was a secularist country, I wrote: “secularism is not absolute”. By and large, Australia is secular, or at least more-so than other English-speaking nations. There are several different meanings of secularism, and you seem not to understand this. The separation of church and state is both a secularist concept and principle. Therefore, those countries where church and state are separate could broadly be considered secular. By stating that secularism is not absolute, I am pretty much affirming your statement that “Australia has a stable separation, religion is still welcome”. Also, I did not write that there were “conflicting laws”, I wrote that there were contradictions still existing in the legal system. To identify them all would be too time-consuming and, frankly, boring. But some examples include: mentions of God in the Constitution; religious oaths that public servants and citizens must swear where no atheist alternative exists (and there are still a few); and, technically, Australia’s association with the Queen, who is legally required to be Anglican, and must serve as head of the Church of England – a direct contradiction of the separation of church and state.
 * And finally, there is no way for you to know how many Parliamentarians attend the prayer service, or whether those who do attend are actually there for the service or convenience (given Parliament usually begins straight afterwards). Thus, I changed the absolutist “almost all” to “many”, which can be interpreted as the reader wishes.
 * So, whilst noting your concerns, my edits were minimal, and maybe in the future, you could examine changes in more detail before you revert them. My only intentions were to make the information more accurate and informative.--Cyberjunkie 09:42, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

response to response
I am aware of many things that you presume i am not. i have studied australian constitutional law, recieving an honours grade. however, i am not going to pick at your reply.

i will reconsider my reverts and see if i can come to a comprimise, possibly reinstating some of your work. Xtra 11:28, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

what do you think of: Xtra 11:50, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the founding of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, religion has been separated from the government. Section 116 of the Australian Constitution forbids the government from proclaming a state religion, or even favouring one religion over another. Some Australian judges (see murphy) have even gone as far to say that the government cannot support religious schools, even if done in a non-discriminatory way. Notwithstanding this, the High Court has consistently allowed funding of religious schools and institutions. The separation between religion and state is generally more lax than in the U.S. even though the constitutional term is near identical and in fact more absolute. Added to this, the Australian Parliament still holds prayers at the start of each sitting day and has since federation. While these prayers are optional, most Members of Parliament attend them. Often it is seen as a paradox that a government based on secular values should have religion so intertwined, yet it seems to work most of the time. The freedom of government to work with religion but not interfere may be one reason why Australian politics is far less religiously oriented in nature than in places like the U.S.
 * I apologise if I seemed presumptuous; I did not intend to be, only to point out things you might not have considered. I am delighted that you are also interested, and learned, in the Australian Constitution: it wouldn’t be a bad thing if many more Australians were. Your “compromise” is very acceptable, save the last few sentences.
 * Perhaps this is to your liking:
 * While attendance at the prayer service is optional, many Members of Parliament attend them. It is often seen as a paradox that a government firmly based on secular values, is still, in many ways, involved with religion. However, government has not been impaired, and respect for the freedom of, and non-interference with, religion may be one reason why Australian politics is far less religiously oriented than in other countries, like the U.S. --Cyberjunkie 12:12, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * seems ok. the last sentence might need some smoothing over though. Xtra 12:34, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Hope you are not too mad but I’ve copied the design of your user page :) "My" user page... I’m a Polish-born Australian living in Adelaide and I have recently translated a number of South Australia related articles for the Polish Wiki. Keep up the good work and thanks for great contributions!--Roo72 10:03, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That's perfectly okay, especially given that I myself copied it from another user. Actually, you're the third person to use the page. Good luck with your translation work.--Cyberjunkie 10:08, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Giving summaries on edits
Could you please give summaries on your edits so there's some explanation for what you're doing. I don't know if you're from a private school but I felt the reversion of my bit on private/public school funding was unwarranted. Diceman 13:55, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry Diceman, and yes, I admit to being extremely lax in giving summaries of my edits - I will try to give summaries more often. In response to your concern; I did attend private schools for 90 per cent of my schooling, however, that was not the reason for my edit. (If anything, I am ardently opposed to private schooling and government's funding them [or at least religious schools]).
 * The reason I changed your edit was because I thought it neglected to acknowledge the State Government as the principle financier, and that education itself is a State responsibility. I do actually believe that, if the information on school-funding was expanded in general, your information about the Commonwealth contribution would be very much warranted. But since this was not the case, I changed your edit to a generic “public and private education-systems are funded jointly by it and the Commonwealth Government”.
 * In any case, the article concerned is “Adelaide” and as such, only a general description is required – what that entails, however, we will have to decide. I believe that a full and detailed description of the South Australian education-system, with political considerations, should be reserved for either an “Education in South Australia” or “Education in Australia” article.--Cyberjunkie 07:48, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess I should looked at the changes more carefully, I thought it was a straight out reversion. Diceman 11:36, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

If I had of had written an edit summary, I suppose there wouldn't have been that confusion. My bad. So is it to stay as is? If so, there's a misspelling you might want to fix (should be: accessible).--Cyberjunkie 12:10, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CJ/Archive 1


text: User talk:152.93.77.54

title: User talk:152.93.77.54


text: User talk:61.222.240.184

title: User talk:61.222.240.184


text:
Rattle

Rattle may refer to:

Instruments

 * Crotalus (instrument), a liturgical percussion instrument
 * Rattle (percussion instrument), a type of percussion instrument
 * Rattle (percussion beater), a part of some percussion instruments
 * Cog rattle, or ratchet, a percussion instrument
 * Bird-scaring rattle, a Slovene device used to drive birds off vineyards and a folk instrument
 * Toy rattle, a baby toy

Music

 * The Rattles, German rock band who recorded an upbeat version of "Zip-a-dee-doo-dah" in the 1960s also famous for their 1970 hit "The Witch"
 * "Rattle" (song), a 2011 electro house song by Dutch duo Bingo Players
 * "Rattle!", a 2020 song by American contemporary worship band Elevation Worship
 * Rattle Records, a New Zealand contemporary art-music label.

Places

 * Rattle, Derbyshire, a hamlet in England
 * Rattle Hill, a summit in Sullivan County, New York

People

 * Frederick Rattle (1869–1950), Australian politician
 * Nick Levay aka Rattle (1977–2021), American computer security expert
 * Simon Rattle (born 1955), English conductor

Science

 * Death rattle, gurgling sounds often produced by a person near death
 * Rhinanthus, a genus of plants
 * RATTLE, a constraint algorithm used in molecular dynamics simulations
 * Rattle GUI a gui for the statistical programming language R

Other

 * Rattle (magazine), an American poetry journal

title: Rattle


text:
1993 Chilean general election

General elections were held in Chile on 11 December 1993 to elect the President, members of the Chamber of Deputies and elected members of the Senate. Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle of the Concertación alliance was elected President, and the alliance also won a majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and maintained its majority in the Senate. As of 2024, this is the most recent presidential election that did not result in a runoff.

Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia
The Concertación, which had governed with Patricio Aylwin since 1990, needed to choose a successor who would run as their presidential candidate in the 1993 elections. To determine their candidate, the parties decided to hold primary elections, marking a historic milestone as it was the first time in Chile that a political coalition used this mechanism to select its sole candidate. Participation in these primaries required prior registration of voters, and there was no law or support from the Election Certification Court (Tricel) or the Electoral Service (Servel) to regulate them.

The Christian Democratic Party (PDC) chose Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of former President Eduardo Frei Montalva, as their candidate. Frei Ruiz-Tagle had previously run as a pre-candidate for the Concertación in the 1989 presidential election, but was unsuccessful. He then focused on strengthening his position within the PDC and achieved this by winning a senatorial election in the Santiago Oriente constituency in 1989 and becoming the party's president in 1990.

The other pre-candidate was Ricardo Lagos Escobar, a prominent leader of the Party for Democracy (PPD), who also had the support of the Socialist Party (PS) due to his participation in the "No" campaign in the 1988 plebiscite. Lagos had run as a senatorial candidate for the Santiago Poniente constituency in 1989, but despite finishing second, he lost due to the workings of the binomial electoral system. In 1990, he became Minister of Education in the Aylwin government, a position he held until 1992 when he left to begin his presidential campaign.

An unsuccessful attempt was made to nominate Senator Anselmo Sule of the Radical Party (PR) and Cristián Reitze, president of the Humanist Green Alliance party, as candidates. Reitze later left the Concertación after realizing that there was a move to exclude him from the primary.

On May 23, 1993, the primaries were held, and Frei won by 64% of the vote, officially becoming the candidate on May 30. The PS and PPD respected the outcome and supported the chosen candidate.

Unión por el Progreso de Chile
In 1992, the largest right-wing party at the time, Renovación Nacional (RN), had two presidential pre-candidates: Senator for Santiago Oriente Sebastián Piñera and Deputy for Las Condes, Vitacura, and Lo Barnechea Evelyn Matthei. However, the aftermath of the Piñeragate political scandal that same year put an end to their aspirations, prompting RN to search for a new candidate. Manuel Feliú was ultimately selected as the replacement.

The Independent Democratic Union (UDI) initially nominated Jovino Novoa, its president, as its pre-candidate. However, there was a third candidate who gained support from various right-wing parties, particularly the UDI. This candidate was Arturo Alessandri Besa, an independent senator for Antofagasta who had family ties to two former presidents: Jorge Alessandri and Arturo Alessandri Palma.

A convention was held on August 8, 1993, at the Diego Portales Building to choose the coalition's candidate. The parties had been in conflict for several months over the mechanism for selecting the sole candidate, even considering primaries and who would run in them.

José Piñera Echenique, the former Labor Minister in the government led by Augusto Pinochet and brother of Senator Piñera, withdrew from the convention because he believed that the bloc's candidate should be elected through primaries. Additionally, Francisco Javier Errázuriz was considered as a potential candidate, supported by his party, the Union of Center-Center (UCC), the National Party (PN), and the Party of the South (SUR). However, negotiations over parliamentary seats led him to abandon his decision.

A total of 1,847 delegates from the coalition participated in the convention, including 547 from RN, 449 from UDI, 391 from the UCC, 46 from SUR, and 44 from the PN. The result of the first vote was as follows, in the order of the vote:

As per the agreed terms, a second vote had to be held if no candidate obtained more than two-thirds of the total votes. However, after the results of the first vote were announced, Feliú withdrew his candidacy in favor of Alessandri.

Despite efforts, Alessandri's presidential campaign failed to attract voters. With the realization that winning the presidential election was highly unlikely, the right-wing parties shifted their focus towards the parliamentary elections, diverting their economic resources to prevent the Concertación from gaining the required number of parliamentarians needed to block their intended constitutional reforms.

Cristián Reitze Campos (AHV)
After the Humanist Green Alliance (AHV) withdrew from the Concertación, they launched the candidacy of Cristián Reitze, who based his campaign on the humanist principles of Silo, as well as the parliamentary work of the former AHV representative for La Reina and Peñalolén, Laura Rodríguez.

Movimiento de Izquierda Democrática Allendista
The Movimiento de Izquierda Democrática Allendista (MIDA), which was primarily led by the Communist Party, organized an assembly attended by around 2,000 people to nominate their candidate from a list of five names: Eduardo Gutiérrez, Manuel Cabieses, Communist leader Gladys Marín, Deputy Mario Palestro (who withdrew before the vote during the assembly), and priest Eugenio Pizarro. The results of the vote were as follows:

Marín emerged as the initial winner, but due to the close vote, a second round of deliberation was held, resulting in the selection of Pizarro as the MIDA candidate. His candidacy was officially registered with the Servel through the collection of signatures, as required for any independent candidacy under Law 18,700.

Pizarro's campaign was known for its aggressive and tough tone, representing the left wing that identified with the policies of the Salvador Allende-led Popular Unity government.

Manfred Max-Neef (independent)
Manfred Max-Neef, an independent ecologist and economist, was also a candidate for the election with support from various social organizations, Mapuche communities, and sectors of the Christian Left, MAPU, and the Workers' Party. His campaign aimed to give voice to issues that were absent from public opinion, strengthen civil society, and create a scaled economy as an alternative to the alleged prevailing neoliberalism. He also positioned himself as completely horizontal on the political spectrum, which allowed him to attract votes from the Concertación, the right, the MIDA, and the AHV.

José Piñera (independent)
José Piñera launched his candidacy in January, but when he realized that Unión por el Progreso de Chile closed its doors to him, he continued on his own path. He began as a representative of people who did not identify with the political class, but later represented sectors identified with Pinochet and the dictatorship. As a result, he received support from collaborators of that dictatorship, such as Mónica Madariaga and Sergio Melnick, among others. He managed to take a considerable number of votes away from Alessandri's candidacy.

Failed candidacies
Juan Antonio Torres Araya, a representative of the Retirees' Party, was considered as a potential candidate but his candidacy did not succeed because the Electoral Service (Servel) rejected over half of the signatures submitted to register his candidacy. He eventually threw his support behind Alessandri.

The independent candidacy of Gonzalo Townsend Pinochet, the nephew of Augusto Pinochet, was successfully registered. Despite having run as a candidate for the Union of Center Center in the San Joaquín commune's municipal elections the previous year, Townsend aimed to represent the Acción Pinochetista Unitaria, a defender of the dictatorship's work, in the general election. However, after two weeks, Servel invalidated the candidacy as the candidacy had been sponsored by "more than 5% of people affiliated with political parties".

After his candidacy was rejected by the electoral agency, Gonzalo Townsend made a request that was ultimately denied. He accused the process of being a ploy to prevent his participation as a candidate and finally called for casting a null vote in the presidential elections.

title: 1993 Chilean general election


text:
Ferenc Münnich

Ferenc Münnich (18 November 1886 – 29 November 1967) was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary from 1958 to 1961.

Of German descent, he served in the Austro-Hungarian Army in World War I, and fought in the Eastern front, stationed at Sighetu Marmației, where he received a decoration for bravery and was promoted to a major. His unit was captured in October 1915 and were deported to a prisoner of war camp in Tomsk, Siberia. While in Tomsk, Münnich joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, then served as a commander of an international POW unit fighting for the Bolsheviks. In 1918 he became a regimental commander, but returned to Hungary in September 1918 to help form the Hungarian Communist Party. Ferenc headed the Organization Department of the War Commissariat for the Hungarian Soviet Republic, and then became a war commissar for the Slovak Soviet Republic. After the dissolution of the HSR, he joined Béla Kun's faction and participated in the March Action in the Weimar Republic, which led to his arrest and deportation back to Hungary. Münnich resided in the Soviet Union from 1922-1936, and joined the board of the Hammer and Sickle magazine, also serving as the editor from 1931-1933.

Ferenc fought in the Spanish Civil War and was commissar of Rakosi Battalion of XIII International Brigade. He later served in World War II as a partisan training officer and fought in the Battle of Stalingrad. Münnich served as head of the Hungarian Department of Radio Moscow before returning to Hungary in 1945, where he served as the chief of police in Budapest. From 1949 to 1956 he held diplomatic posts in Helsinki, Sofia, Moscow, and Belgrade, also serving as a member of parliament in Hungary from 1949 to 1953. He joined János Kádár in the CPSU Presidium meetings in Moscow in 1956 and was a key member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. After the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Ferenc served as the minister for the armed forces and public security, and then as the Prime Minister from 1958 to 1961. He served as a state minister from 1961 to 1965, member of the Central Committee from 1956 to 1967.

Münnich died at 81 on November 29, 1967 in Budapest.

title: Ferenc Münnich