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Longhouses of the Indigenous peoples of North America

Longhouses were a style of residential dwelling built by Native American and First Nations peoples in various parts of North America. Sometimes separate longhouses were built for community meetings.

Iroquois and the other East Coast longhouses
The Iroquois (Haudenosaunee or "People of the Longhouses") who resided in the Northeastern United States as well as Central Canada (Ontario and Quebec) built and inhabited longhouses. These were sometimes more than 75 m in length but generally around 5 to 7 m wide. Scholars believe walls were made of sharpened and fire-hardened poles (up to 1,000 saplings for a 50 m house) driven close together into the ground. Strips of bark were woven horizontally through the lines of poles to form more or less weatherproof walls. Poles were set in the ground and braced by horizontal poles along the walls. The roof is made by bending a series of poles, resulting in an arc-shaped roof. This was covered with leaves and grasses. The frame is covered by bark that is sewn in place and layered as shingles, and reinforced by light swag.

Doors were constructed at both ends and were covered with an animal hide to preserve interior warmth. Especially long longhouses had doors in the sidewalls as well. Longhouses featured fireplaces in the center for warmth. Holes were made above the hearth to let out smoke, but such smoke holes also let in rain and snow. Ventilation openings, later singly dubbed as a smoke pipe, were positioned at intervals, possibly totalling five to six along the roofing of the longhouse. Missionaries who visited these longhouses often wrote about their dark interiors.

On average a typical longhouse was about 80 by and was meant to house up to twenty or more families, most of whom were matrilineally related. The people had a matrilineal kinship system, with property and inheritance passed through the maternal line. Children were born into the mother's clan.

Protective palisades were built around the dwellings; these stood 14 to 16 ft high, keeping the longhouse village safe.

Tribes or ethnic groups in northeast North America, south and east of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, which had traditions of building longhouses include the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee): Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Mohawk. The Wyandot (also called Huron) and Erie people, both Iroquoian peoples, also built longhouses, as did the Algonquian peoples, such as the Lenni Lenape, who lived from western New England in Connecticut, along the lower Hudson River, and along the Delaware River and both sides of the Delaware Bay. The Pamunkey of the Algonquian-speaking Powhatan Confederacy in Virginia also built longhouses.

Although the Shawnee were not known to build longhouses, colonist Christopher Gist describes how, during his visit to Lower Shawneetown in January 1751, he and Andrew Montour addressed a meeting of village leaders in a "Kind of State-House of about 90 Feet long, with a light Cover of Bark in which they hold their Councils."

Northwest Coast longhouses

The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest of North America also built a form of longhouse. Theirs were built with logs or split-log frame, and covered with split log planks, and sometimes an additional bark cover. Cedar is the preferred lumber. The wealthy built extraordinarily large longhouses. Old Man House, built by the Suquamish, at what became the Port Madison Squamish Reservation, was 500 by, c. 1850.

Usually one doorway faces the shore. Each longhouse contains a number of booths along both sides of the central hallway, separated by wooden containers (akin to modern drawers). Each booth has its own individual hearth and fire. Usually an extended family occupied one longhouse, and cooperated in obtaining food, building canoes, and other daily tasks. The gambrel roof was unique to the Coast Salish of Puget Sound. The front is often very elaborately decorated with an integrated mural of numerous drawings of faces and heraldic crest icons of raven, bear, whale, etc. A totem pole often was erected outside the longhouse. The style varies greatly, and sometimes it became part of the entrance way.

Tribes or ethnic groups along the North American Pacific coast with some sort of longhouse building traditions include the Haida, Tsimshian, Tlingit Makah, Clatsop, Coast Salish and Multnomah.

Excavations at Ozette, Washington
From beneath mudflows dating back to about 1700, archaeologists have recovered timbers and planks. In the part of one house where a woodworker lived, tools were found and also tools in all stages of manufacture. There were even wood chips. Where a whaler lived, there lay harpoons and also a wall screen carved with a whale. Benches and looms were inlaid with shell, and there were other indications of wealth.

A single house had five separate living areas centered on cooking hearths; each had artifacts that revealed aspects of the former occupants' lives. More bows and arrows were found at one living area than any of the others, an indication that hunters lived there. Another had more fishing gear than other subsistence equipment, and at another, more harpoon equipment. Some had everyday work gear, and few elaborately ornamented things. The whaler's corner was just the opposite.

The houses were built so that planks on the walls and roofs could be taken off and used at other places, as the people moved seasonally. Paired uprights supported rafters, which, in turn, held roof planks that overlapped like tiles. Wall planks were lashed between sets of poles. The position of these poles depended on the lengths of the boards they held, and they were evidently set and reset through the years the houses were occupied. Walls met at the corners by simply butting together. They stayed structurally independent, allowing for easy dismantling. There were no windows. Light and ventilation came by shifting the position of roof planks, which were simply weighted with rocks, not fastened in position.

Benches raised above the floor on stakes provided the main furniture of the houses. They were set near the walls. Cuts and puncture marks indicated they served as work platforms; mats rolled out onto them tie with elders' memories of such benches used as beds.

Storage was concentrated behind the benches, along the walls and in corners between benches. These locations within the houses have yielded the most artifacts. The rafters must have also provided storage, but the mudflow carried away this part of the houses.


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Category:Northwest Territories electoral districts

This is a list of current districts represented by members of the Northwest Territories legislature. There are 19 current districts.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty)

Aleksander (Yiddish: אלעקסאנדער) is a Polish Hasidic dynasty originating from the city of Aleksandrow Lodzki, Poland, where it was founded by Grand Rabbi Yechiel Denciger (1828–1894). Aleksander is a branch of Vurka, as Shraga Fayvel Danciger was a leading disciple of Rabbi Israel Yitzhak Kalish of Vurka. Prior to the Holocaust, Aleksander was the second to largest Hasidic group in Poland. They attracted artisans, merchants and water carriers rather than elite Talmudic scholars and richer people who were attracted to Ger. Like the rest of Polish Jewry, almost all of Aleksander hasidim were murdered in the Holocaust. Between the world wars, Hasidic Jews from all over flocked to the small village of Aleksander to spend the holiest days of the Jewish year in the presence of their spiritual leader, their rebbe, Rabbi Yitzchak Menachem Danciger (1879–1942). The Rebbe of Aleksander attempted to remain neutral in political issues while emphasizing communal prayer and the study of Torah. He was murdered by the Germans on September 5, 1942, eight days before Rosh Hashana, at Treblinka extermination camp. Today, Aleksander has emerged from the ashes of the Holocaust and continues growing in numbers in small communities in America, Europe and Israel (including a small, but growing community in Melbourne, Australia).

History

The founder of the dynasty of Aleksander was Rabbi Yechiel Dancyger (1828–1894), son of Rabbi Fayvl from Gritse, a disciple of Israel Yitzhak Kalish of Vurke.

His son, Yerachmiel Yisroel Yitzchok Dancyger (1853–1910), was even more famous, and accumulated a large group of followers. He was the author of Yismach Yisrael (Hebrew: "Israel will Rejoice", 1911), which he wrote together with his brother, Shmuel Tsvi (1860–1923), who later succeeded him and authored the Tiferes Shmuel. The teachings of the rebbes who followed stressed ethics, mysticism and ecstatic religious forms, putting less emphasis on studying the Talmud.

The followers of the rebbes from Aleksander were primarily merchants and artisans, especially from Warsaw, and also in Łódź, where there were approximately 35 houses of prayer and study. There were also shtiblekh in numerous other towns, including Bełchatów, Opoczno, and Piotrków. In 1914 his brother Betsalel Yoir (1856–1934) began to serve as a rebbe in Łódź, thus starting a second branch of Alexander. After Shmuel Tsvi's death, the dynasty was continued by his son, Yitzchok Menachem Mendel Dancyger (1880–1943), whose accomplishments included the expansion of religious schools in Łódź and in Aleksander. Unlike many chasidic leaders of that period, he was not interested in politics. During the Second World War, he was in the Warsaw Ghetto. Refusing to leave for the Land of Israel, he died along with his family in Treblinka. Nowadays, the community of chasidim of Aleksander exists mainly in Israel, but there are several synagogues (shtiblekh) in Boro Park, Monsey, Lakewood, Cleveland, Antwerp, London, Zürich.

Dynasty

 * Grand Rabbi Shraga Fayvel Danciger of Gritsa (d. 1848), disciple of Grand Rabbi Israel Yitzhak Kalish of Vurke, served as the rebbe of the Vurke hasidim for the final six months of his life.
 * Grand Rabbi Yechiel Danciger (1828–1894), first rebbe of the Aleksander dynasty, son of Rabbi Shraga Fayvel.
 * Grand Rabbi Yerachmiel Yisroel Yitzchak Danciger (1853–1910), author of Yismach Yisroel, son of Rabbi Yechiel.
 * Grand Rabbi Shmuel Tzvi Danciger (1860–1923), author of Tiferes Shmuel, son of Rabbi Yechiel.
 * Grand Rabbi Yitzchak Menachem Mendel Danciger (1880–1943), author of Akeidas Yitzchok, son of the Tiferes Shmuel, murdered in Treblinka along with his family.
 * Grand Rabbi Betzalel Yoir Danciger of Łódź (1856–1934), son of Rabbi Yechiel.
 * Grand Rabbi Yehudah Moshe Dancyger(1892–1973), author of Emunas Moshe, son-in-law of Rabbi Betzalel Yoir, Became Rebbe of Aleksander following the Second World War.
 * Grand Rabbi Avrohom Menachem Danciger (1921–2005 ), the Imrei Menachem, son of the Emunas Moshe.
 * Grand Rabbi Yisroel Zvi Yair Danciger oldest son of the Imrei Menachem, is the current Aleksander Rebbe.
 * Grand Rabbi Shneur Zalman Danciger younger son of the Imrei Menachem, is the current Aleksander Rebbe in Cleveland OH.

Aleksander Hasidism today
After the destruction of European Jewry, the surviving remnant of Aleksander Hassidim asked Rabbi Yehuda Moshe to assume the leadership. He was a prolific writer and published a number of works, including Responsa Hashava Letava (Lodz, 1933) and another volume that contained two works: Kedushat Yitzhak and Nahalat Zvi (Jerusalem, 1952) – the former on the hasidic masters who precipitated Aleksander Hassidism, and the latter comments on the weekly Torah portion. Rabbi Yehuda Moshe also spoke to survivors and collated their recollections of Aleksander Torah in Meoran Shel Yisrael (Bnei Brak, 1971). His main collection of thoughts on the Torah and the festivals was published posthumously under the title Emunat Moshe (Bnei Brak, 1976–1991).

Rabbi Yehuda Moshe was succeeded by his son Rabbi Avraham Menahem Dancyger (1921- 2005), whose hasidic insights are currently being printed under the title Imrei Menahem. Over the tenure of his thirty two years as Rebbe, R' Avraham Menachem expanded the Aleksander community in four countries, and built a seven-story and well respected yeshiva in Bnei Brak Israel. The yeshiva was the rebbes pride and joy, reviving the Aleksander Yeshiva system destroyed in the Holocaust. He died in 2005 shortly following the holiday of Purim.

The eldest son, Rabbi Yisroel Zvi Yoir Dancyger, was appointed Aleksander Rebbe.

R' Yisroel expanded the Aleksander Hasidic court by building new institutions in Israel and abroad, and attracts many young students from outside Aleksander chassidus to join the chassidus.

R' Shneur Zalman, the younger son of Rabbi Avraham Menahem, established himself in Cleveland, where he has been leading a Hasidic Kehilla (community) with the assistance of his son, Rabbi Yerachmiel Yisroel Yitzchak. This Kehilla, rooted in Hasidic traditions, has been warmly embraced by the local Jewish community in Cleveland. The presence of such a Kehilla indicates a vibrant and active engagement in religious and communal life, fostering a strong sense of spiritual and cultural identity among its members. The leadership of Rabbi Shneur Zalman plays a crucial role in guiding the community, offering spiritual direction, education, and support in accordance with Hasidic teachings and practices. This Kehilla likely contributes significantly to the diversity and richness of the Jewish religious landscape in Cleveland..

Important Aleksander literature
In addition to learning the chassidic works revered by all groups, Aleksander chassidim learn Aleksander chassidus regularly, often in weekly classes on Thursday evenings in their synagogues. The Aleksander Dynasty has produced a number of classic texts that are revered throughout the Jewish world.

 * Yismach Yisroel - The fundamental text of Aleksander ideology. Written by Yerachmiel Dancyger, including many of the teachings of the first Rebbe R' Yechiel. Completed after his death by his brother Shmuel Zvi. (Lodz, 1911)
 * Tiferes Shmuel - Written by the third Aleksander Rebbe R' Shmuel Zvi Dancyger. (Lodz, 1923)
 * Akeidas Yitzchok - Compiled after the holocaust, this book contains all the surviving teachings of R' Yitzchok Menachem Dancyger. (Israel, 1960)
 * Emunas Moshe - A five volume work written by R' Yehuda Moshe Dancyger on the weekly readings and holidays.
 * Imrei Menachem - Writings of R' Avraham Menachem Dancyger, currently being compiled and published.
 * Imrei Kodesh - The writings of the current Rebbe R' Yisroel Zvi Yoir.
 * Derech HaCHassidus - A concise guide to chassidic philosophy, written by R Eliezer Yitzchak Danziger, son of the current rebbe, for young students.

Other works published by the Aleksander sect are:
 * Meoron Shel Yisroel - Published in the back of Yismach Yisroel, containing personal accounts and collected teachings of early Aleksander Rebbes by holocaust survivors.
 * Roeh Neeman - By Yehuda Makover, is a history of Aleksander, particularly of R' Yitzchak Menachem Dancyger the Akeidas Yitzchok.
 * Emuros Tehoros - A weekly publication on the Torah portion
 * Karmeinu - A periodical containing teachings, histories and events in the community.
 * Perchei HaKerem - A triannual book containing insights by students of the Aleksander Yeshiva.

title: Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty)


text: Category:Nunavut electoral districts

title: Category:Nunavut electoral districts


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Urasenke

Urasenke (裏千家) is one of the main schools of Japanese tea ceremony. Along with Omotesenke and Mushakōjisenke, it is one of the three lines of the Sen family descending from Sen no Rikyū, which together are known as the san-Senke or the "three Sen houses/families" (三千家).

The name "Urasenke", literally meaning "rear Sen house/family", came into existence due to the location of the homestead of this line of the Sen family in relation to what was originally the frontmost house (the omote) of the Sen estate. The other main schools of Japanese tea ceremony, Omotesenke and Mushakōjisenke, also follow this naming convention, with the former meaning "front Sen house/family", and the latter derived from the street name of the family's homestead, Mushakōji.

History
The three Sen houses derive from descendants of Sen no Rikyū, who was active during the Azuchi-Momoyama period and is the most historically important figure within Japanese tea ceremony.

Rikyū's hometown was Sakai, in the province of Izumi (in present-day Osaka prefecture). However, as his activities became centered in Kyoto, he kept a house in Kyoto. He also had his adopted son-in-law, Sen Shōan, who was married to his daughter Okame, move from Sakai to Kyoto, leaving his natural son, Sen Dōan, to tend the family home and business in Sakai. This represents the origin of the two branches of the Sen family (Senke) referred to as the Sakai-Senke and Kyō-Senke.

The Kyō-Senke, headed by Sen Shōan, eventually settled in a house located on Ogawa Street, in the neighborhood of Honpō-ji temple; the house and property representing the original Sen estate in Kyoto. Following the death of Rikyū, both Sen Dōan of the Sakai-Senke and Sen Shōan of the Kyō-Senke, inevitably caught up in the wrath of Toyotomi Hideyoshi which had been the reason for Rikyū's self-immolation, were in danger of also losing their lives, and so, to protect their homes and families, they went into hiding. After a number of months, however, both were able to return home.

Sen Dōan, still living in Sakai, left no successors to carry on the Sakai-Senke. Sen Shōan, however, upon returning home to Kyoto, already had a son born of himself and Okame, Sen Sōtan, to succeed him as head of the Kyō-Senke.

Sōtan had five offspring: the elder two, Kan'ō Sōsetsu (?-1652) and Ichiō Sōshū (1605-1676), were his sons born of his first wife. However, following her death, Sōtan remarried, having two sons (Kōshin Sōsa (1613-1672) and Sensō Sōshitsu (1622-1697)) and a daughter (Kure, dates unknown) by his second wife. His first and second sons, Kan'ō Sōsetsu and Ichiō Sōshū, began living independently when they were young men, with his fourth son, Sensō Sōshitsu, also leaving the family as a young man to train as an apprentice under a local doctor named Noma Gentaku. Due to the untimely death of Gentaku, however, Sensō returned home in 1645, and thereafter, with his father Sōtan's support, trained as a chanoyu expert, similarly to his older brother, Kōshin Sōsa, the heir to the family.

Around the year 1646, when Sōtan was roughly 68 years old, he gave up his headship of the family to Kōshin Sōsa, and moved into quarters which had been built at the rear of the house, including a tiny tea hut known as the Konnichian (今日庵). Sōtan's retirement quarters became Sensō's home base, with Sensō eventually becoming heir to the property.

Sōtan found employment for his eldest son, Ichiō Sōshū, with the Maeda clan of the Kaga domain, but Ichiō soon quit his position with the Maeda, leading to Sōtan disinheriting Ichiō. Sōtan's second son, Kan'ō Sōsetsu, had in contrast been adopted by the Yoshioka family in Kyoto, known for specialising in lacquerware under their business name of Yoshimonjiya. During this period, Kan'ō went by the name Yoshioka Kan'uemon. In his later life, however, Kan'ō returned to the Sen family, establishing a tea room named "Kankyuan" at his residence on Mushakōji street, and retrained as a chanoyu expert. With this, the direct descendants of Sen no Rikyū branched into the three lines of both the Sen family and schools of tea ceremony known as the san-Senke today.

Before the Meiji Restoration (1868), the heads of the three families served as chadō magistrates under various daimyō, respectively receiving a yearly stipend from them as payment for their services. Sensō Sōshitsu, fourth son of the family and leader of the branch that would eventually be known as the Urasenke, served the Maeda clan of Kaga. In generations following this, the head of the Urasenke family also served as a chadō magistrate for the Hisamatsu clan of the Iyo domain (present day Ehime Prefecture), as well as serving as caretaker to the clan's Kyoto residence. The eleventh generation head of the family, Gengensai (1810–77), born as the fifth son of a minor daimyō named Matsudaira Noritomo of the Mikawa Okudono domain, married into the Urasenke family, whilst also serving the Owari branch of the Tokugawa family. However, following the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, the daimyō lost their positions, and the hereditary stipends which the three Sen families had been receiving came to an end. It was after this, and the loss of their positions serving the daimyō, that the Sen families established their iemoto system.

The entire historical Urasenke estate, located in the Kamigyō-ku ward of Kyoto, is referred to by the name of its representative tea room, the Konnichian.

Headmasters (iemoto)
All three major schools of Japanese tea ceremony share their first three generations of headmasters, known as the iemoto. Sen no Rikyū is their mutual first generation and family founder (祖), with his adopted son-in-law, Sen Shōan as their shared second generation iemoto, and Sen Shōan's son, Sen Sōtan, as their shared third generation iemoto.

From the fourth generation onwards, the three family lineages divide, with the heads of each family carrying the professional hereditary name used by the successive heads of their respective family. Upon succession to the position of iemoto of the Urasenke family and its school of chadō, the new iemoto assumes the professional name of Sōshitsu, and is officially referred to as Sen Sōshitsu. The current head of the Urasenke school of tea is Zabōsai Genmoku Sōshitsu, the 16th generation of the family, and is referred to as Sen Sōshitsu XVI.

Urasenke Foundation
The Urasenke Foundation (Ippan Zaidan Hōjin Konnichian (一般財団法人今日庵)) is an incorporated foundation originally registered by the Japanese government in 1949, during the era of the 14th generation grand master of Urasenke, Tantansai. Its stated purpose is to preserve and foster the cultural heritage of Urasenke, with its activities including the maintenance and management of the Urasenke estate and cultural assets, and the support of research and public education regarding the study of tea ceremony.

Its administrative office, together with that of the Urasenke Tankōkai Federation, is located within the five story Urasenke Center building located a short distance west of the historical Urasenke compound.

Branches
The Urasenke Tokyo Branch (Urasenke Tokyo Dōjō (裏千家東京道場)) was originally established in 1957 in Tokyo's Chiyoda ward, moving to its present quarters in the Ichigaya Kaga-cho section of Tokyo's Shinjuku ward in 1995. This Urasenke facility serves as the hub of the activities sponsored by the Urasenke head house in Japan's capital. Various training courses and special events held at Urasenke Konnichian are also held here, for the convenience of participants living in Eastern Japan. The main building contains replicas of the Totsutotsusai and Kan’untei tea rooms at Konnichian. The Urasenke Tokyo Branch is the only Urasenke branch in Japan.

From the mid-1960s onwards, Sen Sōshitsu XV (Hōunsai) began to dispatch qualified Urasenke chanoyu instructors to live overseas and, operating out of Urasenke Foundation branch offices or liaison offices, to teach the growing numbers of individuals who desired to pursue the practice of chado. The dates and places to which the teachers were dispatched and thus an Urasenke branch or liaison office was established were as follows:
 * 1966, September. Hawaii (Honolulu), and Boston
 * 1967, September. New York
 * 1969, August. Rome, Italy
 * 1972, June. Munich, Germany, when Urasenke donated a tea house named "Kanshoan" (閑松)
 * 1973, February. Mexico (Mexico City)
 * 1973, August. Hilo, Hawaii
 * 1974, March. Brisbane (liaison office), Australia
 * 1974, November. Peru (Lima)
 * 1976, April. London, England; Düsseldorf, Germany; and Paris, France
 * 1976, August. Brazil (São Paulo)
 * 1980, December. San Francisco, California
 * 1981, February. Seattle, Washington
 * 1986, May. Schwarzwald (liaison office; became Freiburg liaison office in 1997, April), Germany
 * 1991, March. Moscow (liaison office), Russia
 * 1991, May. Beijing (liaison office; became branch in 1993), China
 * 1992, August. Tianjin (liaison office), China
 * 1993, April. Vancouver (liaison office; became branch in 1994), Canada
 * 1993, August. Sydney, Australia
 * 1994, September. Washington D.C.
 * 1997, April. Netherlands (liaison office)

Independently registered Urasenke Foundation corporations
The Urasenke Foundation of Hawaii, headquartered at the Urasenke Hawaii Branch, was established as a USA registered non-profit corporation in 1976

The Urasenke Tea Ceremony Society, Inc, headquartered at the Urasenke Chanoyu Center, was established as a USA registered non-profit corporation in 1981, when the Urasenke New York Branch moved into the newly opened Urasenke Chanoyu Center, located at 153 East 69th St. in New York.

The Urasenke Foundation of California, headquartered at the Urasenke San Francisco Branch, was founded as a USA registered non-profit organization in 1994. It is generally known as Urasenke Foundation San Francisco.

Urasenke Tankōkai
The Urasenke Tankōkai (裏千家淡交会) is the membership organization for Urasenke teachers and students. It was initiated in 1940 by the fourteenth-generation head of Urasenke, Tantansai (1893-1964), with the aim of unifying and encouraging the practitioners of Urasenke chadō. In 1953, it was registered by the Ministry of Education and Culture as a not-for-profit incorporated association (shadan hōjin). It is now registered as a not-for-profit general incorporated association (ippan shadan hōjin). Its official registered name, as such, is Ippan Shadan Hōjin Chadō Urasenke Tankōkai (一般社団法人茶道裏千家淡交会). In English, it is referred to as the Urasenke Tankōkai Federation. Its stated aims are to ensure the standardization of the Urasenke chanoyu rules and tea-making procedures (temae), support research, encourage cooperation and exchange among all members, promote the practice of the principles laid down by the grand master, and expand the chadō population around the world. Also, it provides support for the purposes and activities of the Urasenke Foundation.

In Japan, the organization is divided into seventeen districts comprising 165 chapters (shibu) and 2 sub-chapters (shisho). Each district has a liaison council for the Gakkō Chadō (Tea Training in the Educational System) program sponsored by the organization. There are also 167 groups belonging to the organization's Seinenbu, or "Youth Division." These three entities organize seminars, tea gatherings, conventions, and many other activities. The central office, serving to coordinate the programs and activities of all these, is located in the Urasenke Center building at Urasenke headquarters, Kyoto. Twice a year, in the spring and autumn, it calls together a national meeting of chapter presidents, to decide upon general policies and activities. In 1999, the International Division of the Urasenke Foundation was moved under the umbrella of this office, effectively extending the organization to overseas regions. Currently there are 92 official Chadō Urasenke Tankōkai associations spread over 37 countries outside Japan.

Seinenbu
The Urasenke Tankōkai Seinenbu (裏千家淡交会青年部), or Urasenke Tankōkai Youth Division, is an organization for Urasenke chadō enthusiasts under the age of fifty. It was initiated in 1950 by the then Urasenke 15th-generation iemoto-to-be, Sen Sōkō, aiming to muster the combined power of Urasenke's youths toward rebuilding the war-torn nation. Its creed is "Train (修練) in order to better oneself; Serve (奉仕) your community; Friendship (友情) toward the world and among members." At first, the organization was called Seinenkai. This name was changed to Seinenbu in 1963. The organization's first chapters were established in Kure and Hiroshima in May, 1950. In 1966, the organization held its first National Convention, at the Kyoto International Conference Hall, at which there were over 2,200 attendees. In 1974, the organization's first chartered Urasenke Youth Ship (裏千家青年の船) friendship mission, with 418 participants, sailed to Okinawa and Hong Kong.

Urasenke Gakuen
The Urasenke Gakuen Chadō Senmon Gakkō (裏千家学園茶道専門学校), or "Urasenke Gakuen Professional College of Chadō," is generally known as the Urasenke Gakuen. It is located on the same neighborhood block as the Urasenke home in Kyoto, and is the only accredited school in Japan specializing in chadō education. It had its start in 1962, as the Urasenke Chadō Kenshūjō (裏千家茶道研修所), or "Urasenke Chadō Training Institute," run by Urasenke's incorporated foundation, Zaidan Hōjin Konnichian (known in English as the Urasenke Foundation). In 1971, its name was changed to "Urasenke Gakuen," and in 1976, its name was changed again, to "Urasenke Gakuen Chadō Senmon Gakkō." In 1983, it had its new start as a registered educational foundation (学校法人), and was formally accredited as a professional college by the Ministry of Education.

The number one characteristic of this professional college is that it is a chadō training center directly connected to the Urasenke Iemoto. The current Chairman of the Urasenke Gakuen Educational Foundation, and Principal of the Urasenke Gakuen Professional College, is Masako Sen, who is the wife of Urasenke Iemoto Sōshitsu Sen XVI.

In addition to its regular three-year course, which is referred to as the chadō-ka (茶道科) and provides a basic, comprehensive chadō education, it also has a separate one-year course and a graduate course referred to as the kenkyūka (研究科, "research course").

Furthermore, the Urasenke Gakuen has a non-Japanese students division called the "Midorikai" (lit., "green group"). The Midorikai study program is an intensive one-year program in which the students are provided with lectures and other instruction in English.

Urasenke in popular culture

 * The Choose Your Own Adventure book: Mystery of Ura Senke (nº 44), by Shannon Gilligan, deals with the theft of one of the Urasenke school's most famous tea ceremony bowls, worth millions of yen on the black market. The protagonist and their friend Kenichi Doi, whose older brother Takashi is an Urasenke school apprentice, start investigating the case.

title: Urasenke


text: Category:Yukon electoral districts

title: Category:Yukon electoral districts


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Cathedral of the Incarnation (Nashville, Tennessee)

The Cathedral of the Incarnation, located at 2015 West End Avenue in Nashville, Tennessee, is the cathedral seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nashville. It is named after the mystery of the Incarnation, which celebrates the miraculous conception of Jesus in the womb of the Virgin Mary, by which God became man according to Christian teaching. There have been three cathedral churches in Nashville. The first was the Holy Rosary Cathedral, which is now demolished, and which occupied the site of what is now the Tennessee State Capitol. The second was Saint Mary's Cathedral, which still stands on the corner of Fifth and Church Streets.

Construction of the Cathedral of the Incarnation began in 1910 under the direction of Bishop Thomas Sebastian Byrne. It was completed and dedicated July 26, 1914. The church has undergone three major renovations, one in 1937, another in 1987, and the most recent which began in March 2019. The 1987 renovation was supervised by Father Richard S. Vosko, a liturgical design consultant and priest of the Diocese of Albany who has overseen the redesign and renovation of numerous churches and cathedrals around the country. The 2019 renovation was begun by Father Edward Steiner and is being completed by Father Eric Fowlkes.

The church's architecture is modeled after the traditional Roman basilica, specifically the basilica San Martino ai Monti in Rome. The primary architect was Fred Asmus.


text:
Omotesenke

Omotesenke (表千家) is one of the schools of Japanese tea ceremony. Along with Urasenke and Mushakōjisenke, it is one of the three lines of the Sen family descending from Sen no Rikyū, which together are known as the san-Senke or "three Sen houses/families" (三千家).

The name "Omotesenke", literally meaning "front Sen house/family," came into being as a natural occurrence, because of the location of the homestead of this line of the family in relation to that of the line of the family at what originally was the rear (ura) of the Sen estate. The name "Mushakōjisenke" for the other of the three lines of the family derives from the fact that the family's homestead is located along Mushakōji street.

History
The Omotesenke estate, known by the name of its representative tea room, the "Fushin-an" (不審庵), was where Sen no Rikyū's son-in-law, Sen Shōan, reestablished the Kyoto Sen household after Rikyū's death. It is located on Ogawa street in the Kamigyō ward of Kyoto.

Shōan's son Sen Sōtan soon succeeded as the family heir and head of this estate. The next heir to the estate and family tradition was Sōtan's third son, Kōshin Sōsa, counted as the fourth generation in the Omotesenke family line. Sōtan, when he was ready to retire and gave the headship of the family over to Kōshin Sōsa, established his retirement quarters on adjacent property in the north, building a tiny tea room there, the "Konnichi-an" (今日庵). Eventually, Sōtan's youngest son, Sensō Sōshitsu, inherited that part of the estate, which came to be known as the home of the Urasenke.

Style
There are small stylistic differences between the different schools. For example, the Omotesenke school whisks the tea less than the Urasenke school, creating less foam on the top of the tea. Also, Omotesenke uses both an untreated bamboo chasen and a susudake chasen, or darkened-bamboo tea whisk, while Urasenke uses untreated bamboo for its chasen or tea whisk.

The Fushin-an estate, where the 3rd generation, Sōtan, lived until retirement, is the home and headquarters of Omotesenke.

The Kitayama Kaikan in Kyoto is a relatively modern Omotesenke facility, where Omotesenke sponsors exhibitions, lectures, and other educational programs for the general public.

Levels
Licenses or permissions are called kyojō (許状), menjō (免状) or sōden (相伝). They allow students to study certain tea procedures.

Warigeiko
The first skills a student in any Tea school learns are the warigeiko, literally divided or separate training. The warigeiko are skills practiced separately from actual temae (tea or charcoal procedures); since they form the basis of temae, they must be acquired before a student begins making tea. They include:

 * Basic tea room knowledge
 * opening and closing sliding doors; walking in the tea room; how and where to sit; how and when to bow; basic guest behaviour including use of fans

 * Fukusa
 * folding, opening and handling the fukusa

 * Natsume
 * the natsume is the first type of tea container students learn to use. Skills include how to fill the container with tea; how to pick it up, hold it, and put it down; how to purify it

 * Chashaku
 * how to handle and purify the tea scoop

 * Hishaku
 * how to handle the ladle; special movements for hot and cold water

 * Chasen
 * how to handle the tea whisk; how to whisk tea

 * Chakin
 * how to fold the tea cloth; how to use it to clean the tea bowl

 * Chawan
 * how to handle the tea bowl as both a host and a guest

Headmasters
The hereditary name of the head (iemoto) of this line of the family is Sōsa.

title: Omotesenke


text:
Talk:La Bouche

 * Addititonal info: http://www.danceartistinfo.com/labouche.htm http://www.discogs.com/artist/La+Bouche

Can someone please give link to the official site of La Bouche.Vivek 11:56, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

The section "2007 to Present" reads like an ad. Not sure if anyone else noticed? DaveLiao 2 January 2017

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BetacommandBot (talk) 18:25, 2 January 2008 (UTC) la bouche la plus grande au monde est celle de Angelina Jolie —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.64.26.144 (talk) 12:06, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

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Error in the Melanie Thornton departure
Clara Maroni and Sandy Chambers provided vocals for the songs “ Sunshine of my life” and “Runaway” by Orange Blue respectively, not Melanie Thornton. Check discogs.com 2603:6080:4D04:5300:98:5A8A:51A6:D3F6 (talk) 13:17, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:La Bouche


text:
User:Caseymrm

 * null-terminated projects
 * null-terminated Casey

title: User:Caseymrm


text:
If I Could Build My Whole World Around You

"If I Could Build My Whole World Around You" is a popular song recorded by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell in 1967 and released in November 14, 1967. Written by Harvey Fuqua, Johnny Bristol, and Vernon Bullock, the single was Gaye & Terrell's third single together and the second to go Top Ten on both the Pop and R&B charts of Billboard, peaking at number ten and number two, respectively.

Background
The duo's vocals go back and forth as they described what could be if either was able to "build a world" around their loved one. It was one of few songs that set the duo apart from other R&B duos of the time. In time, this song among other legendary duets by the two soul icons would become the landmark for R&B duets to this day. The song was also one of the few songs that was written by someone other than Ashford & Simpson, who had written several hit songs for the duo.

Billboard described the single as a "groovy blues item headed right for a choice spot on the top 100" with a "powerful vocal performance by the duet." Cash Box said that "vocal performances with enough power to make the side are highlighted by some wonderful lively arrangements."

Personnel

 * All vocals by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell
 * Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers


text:
Bartlett Arboretum

Bartlett Arboretum may refer to:

 * Bartlett Arboretum and Gardens, Stamford, Connecticut
 * Bartlett Arboretum (Belle Plaine, Kansas), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Sumner County, Kansas

title: Bartlett Arboretum


text:
Glycogen-branching enzyme deficiency

Glycogen-branching enzyme deficiency (GBED) is an inheritable glycogen storage disease affecting American Quarter Horses and American Paint Horses. It leads to abortion, stillbirths, or early death of affected animals. The human form of the disease is known as glycogen storage disease type IV.

Pathophysiology
Glycogen is a molecular polymer of glucose used to store energy. It is important for providing energy for skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, and for maintaining glucose hemostasis in the blood. Molecules of glucose are linked into linear chains by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Additionally, branches of glucose are formed off of the chain via α-1,6-glycosidic bonds. 2 molecules of glucose are joined into an α-1,4-glycosidic bonds by an enzyme known as glycogen synthase. This bond may be broken by amylase when the body wishes to break down glycogen into glucose for energy. Glycogen branching enzyme is responsible for the required α-1,6-glycosidic bonds needed to start a branch off of these linear chains. These branches are important, as they provide additional "free ends" for linear chains of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds, which can then be broken down by amylase. This allows for glucose to be removed at a faster rate than if all glucose molecules were in a single chain with only two free ends on which amylase could attach.

GBED is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation to the GBE1 gene, which leads glycogen branching enzyme activity that is reduced to absent. Subsequently, glycogen molecules are produced with few branches, which greatly decreasing the number of nonreducing ends, drastically slowing the rate at which the molecule can be synthesized or broken down. This causes low levels of muscle glycogen that is very resistant to amylase.

Clinical signs
Lacking proper glycogen storage, the horse's brain, heart muscle, and skeletal muscles cannot function, leading to rapid death. Most foals with GBED are aborted (usually in the second trimester), or are stillborn, and those that survive live only for a few months. Symptoms include general weakness, contracted tendons, hypoglycemic seizures, cardiac arrest, and sudden death.

Horses that are heterozygous for the GBED allele have been shown to have glycogen branching enzyme activity levels that were half that of an unaffected horse. However, there is no abnormal phenotype in these heterozygous carriers.

Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
This condition may be diagnosed with a muscle biopsy from affected animals. There is no treatment.

Because the disease is autosomal recessive, affected foals must be homozygous for the lethal GBED allele, meaning both parents must be heterozygous for the allele. A blood test for this allele was developed by the University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine and is licensed to the UC Davis Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. Using this, breeders can avoid crosses that could produce GBED foals, and eventually selectively breed it out. Carrier frequency has been estimated at 7.1% in the Quarter Horse, 8.3% in the Paint Horse, and as high as 26% in Western Pleasure horses.

This genetic disease has been linked to the foundation Quarter Horse sire King P-234.

title: Glycogen-branching enzyme deficiency


text:
Archambaud VIII of Bourbon

Archambaud VIII of Bourbon, nicknamed the Great (1189–1242), was a ruler (sire) of Bourbonnais in the modern region of Auvergne, France. His parents were Guy II of Dampierre and Mathilde of Bourbon.

Archambaud’s first wife was Alix de Forez. They married in 1205. Before she was repudiated, Alix bore:
 * Margaret
 * Archambaud IX of Bourbon

Archambaud later married Beatrice de Montluçon, who bore him;
 * William (Seigneur of Beçay)
 * Marie, wife of John I of Dreux
 * Beatrice, wife of Beraud VI of Mercœur

title: Archambaud VIII of Bourbon


text:
Airheads (candy)

Airheads is an American brand of the taffy candy owned by the Italian-Dutch company Perfetti Van Melle. They were created on August 7, 1985, by Steve Bruner. Airheads are available nationwide in the United States and Canada where the candy is available in 16 different flavors.

Company
Perfetti Van Melle has been based in Erlanger, Kentucky since 1979; in 1982, the company started making candy-based products. It is a 120,000-square-foot factory that currently has 200 employees.

In December 2015, an explosion occurred at the factory, causing it to catch fire. Nobody was harmed in the explosion, but production was halted periodically.

Flavors
The candy comes individually wrapped in long colored strips, in the flavors of:

 * Cherry (red)
 * Blue Raspberry (blue)
 * Watermelon (green)
 * Green Apple (light green)
 * Strawberry (pink)
 * White Mystery (white)
 * Orange (orange)
 * Grape (purple)
 * Lemon (yellow)
 * Pink Lemonade (light pink)
 * Strawberry-Watermelon (pink and green striped)
 * Mango-Chili (orange with red dots)
 * Blue Raspberry-Cherry (blue and red striped)
 * Double Mystery (2 random colors striped)
 * Maple (light brown, Canada only)
 * Pink Lemonade-Orange (light pink and orange striped)
 * Strawberry-Lime
 * Salted Watermelon
 * Birthday Cake (white with colored sprinkles)
 * Special Edition White Mystery (white)
 * Cotton Candy Bubble Gum (light pink)
 * Fruit Punch (red)
 * Citrus Rush (yellow-green)

The above flavors are also available in mini-size. Special edition flavors, such as Superman, SpongeBob and Spider-Man, are sold as promotions. "Airheads Xtremes" a, spinoff version of the candy, are fruit rolls with a sour taste. Airheads Pops are lollipops available in the flavors of apple, blue raspberry, strawberry, cherry, watermelon, grape, strawberry kiwi and berry.

In 2007, a flavor called BerryHot was introduced that claims to "heat up in your mouth".

In 2008, "Chilling flavors" were released as another version of the candy. Airheads "Blue Mystery Blast bars" were distributed to travelers on JetBlue Airways on October 31, 2007, in celebration of Halloween.

In June 2013, "Airheads bites" were released. They are tiny Airheads flavored candy items in a candy shell. The flavors included in this version of the candy are "Cherry", "Orange", "Blue Raspberry", "Watermelon", and "Mystery". In the initial release, there was a "berry variety" but the flavor has since been discontinued.

Perfetti Van Melle partnered with Koldwave Foods LLC to create "Airheads ice cream" in August 2015. The ice-cream came in 8 different flavors: "blue raspberry", "cherry", "watermelon", "orange", "green apple", "pink lemonade", "grape", and "strawberry". Ice cream sandwiches and sundae cups were also produced with the same flavor options. In November 2019, "Airheads Paradise Blends" were released, which contained a set of four tropical flavors: "Cherry Pineapple Blast" (red), "Raspberry Lemonade" (pink), "Citrus Rush" (green), and "Blue Hawaiian" (blue), along with "White Mystery" bars.

Nutritional facts
A normal 3.3 oz pack of Airheads is 360 calories, 51 grams of sugar, and 3 grams of saturated fat. "Airheads Xtremes Sweetly Sour Belts" (3 oz is 300 calories, 45 grams of sugar, and 0 grams of saturated fat.

A single 0.55 oz Airheads is 60 calories, 11 grams of sugar, and 0 grams of saturated fat.

Production
Airheads are made by creating long strips, similar to the method used to manufacture Play-Doh. The main ingredient is sugar. Airheads uses taffy as one of its main ingredients which allows it to be quite malleable. The candy is manufactured on a conveyor belt, where the taffy goes through sugars and sweeteners leading to a thinning, forming, and packaging process. The machines stir about 3,000 pounds of taffy.

All Airheads for the United States are made in Erlanger, Kentucky.

Distribution
Airheads were originally sold across Canada and the United States but an expansion into the United Kingdom was announced in 2015. "Airheads Xtremes" and "Bars" are manufactured in the US and "Airheads Pops" are manufactured and sold in Mexico and Spain.

Advertising
It was reported that Perfetti Van Melle spent $2.5 million on media exposure in 1999.

In 2000, Perfetti Van Melle started a partnership with Mattel to use targeted advertising against children in USA. The advertisements ran on children's programming networks like Fox Kids and Nickelodeon to continue Airheads' already existing "Out of Control" campaign. The advertisements offered sweepstakes to Disneyland, as well as coupons on the back of Airhead packets for Mattel's "X-V Xtreme Skateboarders".

In 2003, commercials started airing on Nickelodeon. Airheads.nick.com held a poll, advertising the green flavor, a trademark of the network.

title: Airheads (candy)


text:
Talk:Too Fast for Love

Untitled
WHAT THE HECK! Its not punk.

Well it's not glam metal either since it pre-dates it by at least two years. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.8.133.180 (talk) 17:42, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

It's just damn cool music, sorta like a thrashed out Crue. Then again, I've always liked the album since it first came out. Better then Shout at the Devil IMO. 24.68.46.39 (talk) 22:13, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

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Album length
The album length is wrong it should be much shorter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pickledawg (talk • contribs) 04:50, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Promo CD
That's just an outright lie. All known Non-Elektra CDs are bootlegs, and claiming that Nikki Sixx had it pressed before they signed to Elektra would have put the pressing at either late 1981 or early 1982, when the Compact Disc format didn't see release until October 1982. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.14.42.212 (talk) 21:23, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Glam Punk?
Wouldn't this still be considered glam punk along with heavy metal? It contains a lot of elements of both Punk (Glam Punk more specificly) and Heavy Metal, in some case together and in some cases separately. The song Come on and Dance is a perfect example of the Glam Punk style, using a Basic Punk Drum Beat focused on the Snare and Hi-Hat and Punk Riffs (Guitar and Bass). There are poppy hooks and less angry (but still edgy) vocals (compared to Hardcore and other Punk Styles) which helps differentiate the style from other types of punk. And as for the Heavy Metal Side, Live Wire is a perfect example of the Heavy Metal Side of it, using complex riffs, a rhythm provided by heavy and fast bass and drums and an emotional vocalist. Too Fast for Love is the perfect blending of the two styles which eventually would evolve into Glam Metal using a Punk Drum Beat focusing on the snare and Hi-Hat again, but still using metal riffs over the rhythm, still with poppy hooks (which would be important in Glam Metal, especially in the late 80's with the Related Pop Metal Style which would center around the the hooks), with both edgy and emotional vocals. Therefore this album should also be classified as Glam Punk and Heavy Metal, the two main foundations of Glam Metal (Which in turn was the foundation for Pop-Metal). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.171.126.58 (talk) 21:12, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

anybody ever notice it says they made a demo in 1980?the band formed in jan.1981...71.47.189.1 (talk) 21:51, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Too Fast for Love


text:
Christopher Rich

Christopher Rich may refer to:

 * Christopher Rich (theatre manager) (1657–1714), London theatre manager
 * Christopher Rich (actor) (born 1953), American actor

title: Christopher Rich


text:
Paul Public Charter School

Paul Public Charter School is a charter school in northwest Washington, D.C., serving students from fifth to twelfth grade.

History
Paul is named for Edward A. Paul, the first principal of Washington High School from 1877 to 1888. Paul was born in Haverhill in 1855 and graduated from high school in Lawrence before graduating from Dartmouth College in 1876. He moved immediately to Washington, D.C., to become a schoolteacher and, after a year, took over the Advanced Grammar School for Boys in Columbia Heights as its only teacher and principal. The experimental school was chosen instead of a high school as some objected to the establishment of a high school. Later, the Advanced Grammar School for Boys and a similar one for girls were combined to create Washington High School (the current Cardozo Education Campus). In 1885, he briefly served as acting superintendent of schools. In 1888, he died in a traffic collision when his bicycle was run down from behind by a horse-drawn carriage.

The school opened its doors as a public charter junior high school in 2000. The first and only public school in Washington, D.C. to convert to a charter, it was originally founded in 1930. The first high school class graduated in 2016.

In 2015, a renovation and expansion of the school building was completed.

title: Paul Public Charter School


text: User talk:129.239.208.52

title: User talk:129.239.208.52


text:
Category:Alberta provincial electoral districts

There are 83 Current Provincial Electoral districts in Alberta, past districts are in the Historical Alberta provincial electoral districts category.


text:
Talk:Disk read-and-write head

Major Revision Needed
The article needs increased focus on modern head techologies like MR, GMR, and TMR. A discussion of the role of the write pole and its structure would also be useful. Bruce C. Schardt 07:14, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Also, I am nearly certain that actuators are highly relevant but I see no mention of that. Sam Tomato (talk) 19:33, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

Multiple Read-Write Heads per platter side?
Are there any hard disks w/ multiple R-W heads per platter side?

I saw a community asking about this.

 * It has been tried, but no, there aren't. For the cost of a second head assembly, actuator, and read/write channel electronics, it's better to just add separate platters.

Physical and logical heads
I see on the Western Digital web site that they talk about "physical" and "logical" heads, each drive having different amount of those two. An explanation of the difference would be nice :). Thanks! Karih 23:32, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Logical heads might be those which are seen for CHS access method, these are a part of a way to access the disk. Physical heads might be phsical heads in drive. --Yyy 09:36, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This article is about the physics of (physical) read/write heads. Anything "logical" is a software convention that has no place in this article.

 * It can certainly go into the See also section. § Music Sorter §  (talk) 06:48, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

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Whither drums, tape and optical disks?
This article concerns itself only with disk read-write heads, but much of the technology for drums and tape is similar, and it seems pointless to have separate articles for them. Further, the title is misleading since the article dos not contain any information on optical disks. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 20:58, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disk read-and-write head


text:
Stubborn Kind of Fellow

"Stubborn Kind of Fellow" is a 1962 song recorded by Marvin Gaye for the Tamla label. Co-written by Gaye and produced by William "Mickey" Stevenson, "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" became Gaye's first hit single, reaching the top 10 of the R&B chart and the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100 in late 1962.

Recording
By summer 1962, Marvin Gaye had recorded for Tamla Records, a subsidiary of Motown Enterprises, for a year with limited success. The previous summer, Gaye released his first LP, The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye, an album of jazz and pop standards that failed to crack the charts. He had also released a total of three singles, all of which also failed to enter the Billboard charts. According to some within the label, he was considered "the least likely hit maker". During 1961, Gaye had spent time on the road as a drummer for fellow Tamla act, The Miracles, and had also drummed for blues artist Jimmy Reed, earning $5 weekly. In early 1962, Gaye scored his first major success as a songwriter, composing music with producer Mickey Stevenson and George Gordy on The Marvelettes' top 40 hit, "Beechwood 4-5789".

Though he had initially wanted to avoid the rhythm and blues market, Gaye figured it was his only way to establish himself as a crossover pop act, and reluctantly agreed to record a song in that style. Hiring Stevenson and Gordy, Gaye wrote and composed a song that fit his sometimes moody attitude, titling it "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" after Berry Gordy suggested some piano chord changes to Gaye. In a 1982 interview conducted in Europe, Gaye recalled "Berry heard me playing it on the piano. He came over and he said something to the effect of, 'I like that melody but can you do something else with it.' That was my first power encounter with him. I remember he wanted me to change some chords. I had a brief argument with him as to why I thought it should remain the way I wrote it. In any event, I changed things his way."

With Gaye singing the song in a husky, strong voice, the song's guitarist Dave Hamilton later stated, "You could hear the man screaming on that tune, you could tell he was hungry", further indicating Gaye's determination to succeed noting, "If you listen to that song you'll say, 'Hey man, he was trying to make it because he was on his last leg'." The song included Martha Reeves on background vocals with several of her friends from a former group, the Del-Phis, including Rosalind Ashford, Gloria Williams and Annette Beard. Reeves, Ashford and Beard later formed Martha and the Vandellas at the end of the year.

Personnel

 * Lead vocals by Marvin Gaye
 * Drums and piano by Marvin Gaye
 * Background vocals by The Del-Phis: Martha Reeves, Rosalind Ashford, Gloria Williams and Annette Beard
 * Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers

Release and live performances
Released as a single on July 23, 1962. Though Gaye was initially disappointed the song didn't become a bigger pop hit, he was satisfied that he finally had a hit record. The song and follow-up hit, "Hitch Hike", eventually gave Gaye top billing over other acts during the Motortown Revue performances of 1963.

Gaye performed the song constantly during his early years, most notably on the recorded performance of the Motortown Revue at the Apollo Theater in June 1963. Gaye performed it less frequently during the latter half of his career, often singing parts of the song as part of a "sixties medley" during his 1970s concert shows.

Chart history
"Stubborn Kind of Fellow" was Gaye's first song to crack the Billboard Hot 100, eventually peaking at number 46. On the Hot R&B Sides chart, the song peaked at number eight

Mentions

 * Gaye hinted at the title of the song on at least two recordings: on his 1973 duet album with Diana Ross, Diana & Marvin, he mentions "I'm just a stubborn kind of fella", at the end of their recording of the ballad, "Include Me In Your Life". On his 1978 album, Here, My Dear, he sings one of ex-wife Anna's quotes to him, "what's it husband, makes you so stubborn?"
 * When Phil Spector first heard "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" he was so excited he lost control of his car while driving down Sunset Boulevard with Jack Nitzsche.

Cover versions

 * The McCoys released a version of the song on their 1965 debut album, Hang on Sloopy.
 * Lou Courtney released a funk version as "Stubborn Kind of Fella" with his band Buffalo Smoke in 1976. It became a club hit in discotheques of France, Spain and Italy in 1978.

title: Stubborn Kind of Fellow


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Talk:German pope

I realize I should have worked harder on this before I saved it. Oh well... --Wetman 23:35, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:German pope


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Supermarine Spitfire/archive1

Supermarine Spitfire
Loads of great content, important subject, certainly the most iconic British fighter plane. --PopUpPirate 23:35, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

You can get rid of the Specifications (variant described) section, since all that information is in the info box. You could also include some info on well known pilots of this spitfire if there are any--nixie 01:16, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Too short - I would like to see more on its tactical uses, and comparisons to other Allied and Axis fighters. Also, a significant part of an article is just a quote (from From: Spitfire - A Test Pilot’s Story - Arrow Books). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 10:45, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The first thing I noticed is that there is no mention of Lady Lucy Houston's important contribution to the early project. The page could do with sections about the plane's contribution to the air war over Europe, N. Africa, and elsewhere. (Weren't they withheld from France in 1940?) There appear to be a few syntax issues in the Battle of Britain section. Thanks. — RJH 15:54, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

its just an awsome plane Timmons


text: User talk:70.108.42.134

title: User talk:70.108.42.134


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Sire de Bourbon

The Sire de Bourbon or Seigneur de Bourbon, meaning Lord of Bourbon, was the title by which the rulers of the Bourbonnais were known, from 913 to 1327, and from which the cognomen of the royal House of the same name derives. Louis I, count of Clermont, the ultimate holder, was created the first "Duke of Bourbon" and made "count of La Marche" by his cousin, King Charles IV of France, in exchange for Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, thus absorbing the title.

This title dates to at least the early 10th century and Aymar de Bourbon. Aymar lived under the reign of the Carolingian overlord Charles III of France who gave to him, in the year 913, several strongholds on the river Allier, such as the castle in the medieval town of Bourbon-l'Archambault. Of Aymar's ten successors all but three took the name "Archambault". His line ended in 1200 with the death of Archambaud VII, whose granddaughter, Mathilde of Bourbon, then became the first dame de Bourbon (dame being the feminine form of seigneur/sire), as she was Archambaud's eldest living relative (the title being heritable by female family members). Mathilde's husband, Guy II of Dampierre, added Montluçon to the possessions of the Lords of Bourbon, which had expanded to the river Cher during the 11th and 12th centuries. Their son, Archambaud VIII "the Great", seigneur de Bourbon from the year 1216 to the year 1242, rose to connétable de ("the constable of ...") France, the commander-in-chief of the French military.

Following the death of Archambaud IX in 1249 on crusade, the title then passed through his daughters; first, Matilda II (also known as "Mahaut"), Countess of Nevers, Auxerre and Tonnerre, and second, Agnes of Bourbon, whose husband, John of Burgundy, was the second son of the Duke of Burgundy, Hugh IV, and therefore a male-line descendant of Hugh Capet. John, himself seigneur de Charolais became lord of Bourbon as well upon the death of Matilda in 1262. He died five years later at the age of thirty-six and Agnes remained a widow. John's daughter by Agnes, Beatrice, after the death of her mother in 1287, became his heir both in Charolais and Bourbonnais. Her spouse, Robert of France, was the sixth son of saint Louis IX, King of France, and the founder of the line which was to reach the throne of France in the person of its 10th-degree descendant, King Henry IV of France. The son of Robert and Beatrice, Louis, became the first Duke of Bourbon, superseding the previous rank of seigneur.

Liste des seigneurs puis ducs de Bourbon Elenco di signori e duchi di Borbone Władcy Burbonii Сеньоры и герцоги де Бурбон

title: Sire de Bourbon


text:
Harold Stone

Harold Stone may refer to:
 * Harold J. Stone, American actor
 * Harold S. Stone, American computer scientist

title: Harold Stone


text:
Category:British Columbia federal electoral districts

The province of British Columbia currently has 42 electoral districts represented in the House of Commons of Canada. This category is intended only for currently existing ridings.


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River Taw

The River Taw in England rises at Taw Head, a spring on the central northern flanks of Dartmoor, crosses North Devon and at the town of Barnstaple, formerly a significant port, empties into Bideford Bay in the Bristol Channel, having formed a large estuary of wide meanders which at its western end is the estuary of the River Torridge.

Course
As a stream, the Taw heads north and gives its name to the villages of South Tawton and North Tawton. Headwaters add to the size from a number of two major upper course tributaries including the Lapford Yeo and Little Dart River. Along the middle course the Taw receives the River Mole (distributary of the River Bray and a second Yeo), which all rise on upland Exmoor to the north-east. By this midway stage the river has increased in size and becomes a season-round recreational trout, sea trout and salmon river before becoming tidal at Newbridge, approximately 19 km from the sea. The river drains a variable width basin as one of many rivers in the strongly agricultural county, the river has a rolling valley surrounded by (in order of frequency of occurrence) animal pasture, cultivated fields and woodland until near its end. Its length is approximately 72 km.

The Tarka Trail named after Tarka the Otter follows much of the river's course.

In 1604, the activity of timber merchants and carpenters who floated timber on the river to Barnstaple angered the landowners, the Earls of Bedford and Bath. The timber damaged banks made to protect marshy ground from flooding.

List of bridges
The following is a list of bridges over the River Taw listed going upstream from the estuary at Barnstaple. The left bank of a river is that on the left of a traveller progressing downstream.

Tidal section
The river shares the large tidal ranges of the Bristol Channel and daily changes of water depth of 6 m to 8 m are common near its mouth. This effect can also be seen in changes to the tidal-estuarine basin, which is 18 km long. The tidally-influenced river starts at Newbridge, 4 km south of Barnstaple, where the river's width is approximately 20 m. The channel's width increases dramatically over the next 8 km, reaching 1 km by Fremington.

At Barnstaple the Taw is joined by the (Barnstaple) Yeo, which is tidal for a short distance inland. Seawards of Fremington, the small River Caen joins the river on its north bank, the river of Braunton. This tributary was made navigable on its main lower course as the Braunton Canal in the early 19th century.

River legacy
The Taw also gives its name to Bishop's Tawton just before passing through the only town on its route, Barnstaple. The Long Bridge here, originally medieval, is the second-lowest bridging point of the Taw. Work finished in 2007 on the long-awaited 'downstream bridge', part of the Barnstaple Western Bypass and now the Taw's lowest crossing point; it was opened in May 2007. Seawards of Barnstaple, the river's journey is blocked by the large dune complex of Braunton Burrows, hence its late diversion south-westward and shared estuary mouth with the River Torridge across Zulu Bar sandbanks and out into Barnstaple (or Bideford) Bay.

The second lowest port on the Taw is Fremington. Between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries its tidal quay was the busiest port (tonnage) between Bristol and Lands End, mainly as it was a handy landing point for Welsh coal shipped across the Bristol Channel which could be distributed around the south-west peninsula by train (track finally closed 1987). The lowest port (or at least jetty) can be found at Yelland. The site of a coal-fired power station (closed 1984; demolished 1989), it still is used as a tanker-distribution centre for commercial and domestic petrol and diesel deliveries. The oil storage tanks here are filled from coastal lighters.

Flooding
The flooding of the Taw in August 1983 and the destruction of the sand dune causeway to Crow Island at the southern tip of Braunton Burrows was the inspiration for Ted Hughes' poem to commemorate the christening of Prince William, son of King Charles III - Rain-Charm for the Duchy.

Rail links
Local rail and road routes follow the river from Barnstaple through the centre of the county.

The Southern Railway built a series of 4-6-2 steam locomotives named after various places within the West Country. The locomotive that honours the Taw Valley is preserved in its rebuilt form on the Severn Valley Railway carrying its post-nationalisation number 34027.

Notes and references

 * Notes
 * References

title: River Taw


text: User talk:193.49.30.34

title: User talk:193.49.30.34


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Talk:2005 papal conclave/Archive 4

Cardinals from France
There is mention that the French archbishops are not considered papabile, for historical reasons. I think someone who knows more about why should explain further in the article. --Gerald Farinas 14:59, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This is just my speculation but it may have something to do with the extreme anti-clericalism of the revolutionary period and the capture of Rome by Napoleon (and Napoleon III as well?). You're right the article could use some informed explanation on this point. Lisiate 21:31, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I would guess that the whole Babylonian Captivity is of some note in this issue. There has not been a French pope since 1378, I think. john k 06:47, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There seems to be a view that the College will not elect a Pope from the US, Britain, France or Germany because such a choice would arouse political antagonisms. This seems to be the strongest factor working against Ratzinger (who is probably the ideological favourite and who made a good impression at the funeral), and also Lustiger (although his Zionism is also a problem) and Murphy-O'Connor. Adam 07:20, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Just a point of personal note. Being in England, I've never actually seen Cardinal O'Connor name being mention anywhere but on here. Even Cardinal O'Brian from Scotland has been mention more (in Scotland). Not that I think either of them would actually become Pope.... -- KTC 12:45, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Someone here seems keen to add everyone who has ever been mentioned anywhere to the list of papabile. I don't think either British Cardinal is a serious candidate. Most informed opinion says the next Pope will be either an Italian or a Latin American, with Ratzinger as the only other possibility. Adam 13:49, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The person who added Murphy-O'Connor was probably American as two news networks here have discussed Murphy-O'Connor as papabile: ABC News and CBS News. --Gerald Farinas 18:26, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've deleted André Vingt-Trois from the list of Papabile as he's from France and not even a Cardinal. If whoever just put him in really want to put him in, come back with some source citing him as a papabile AND put in the correct information in the table!. He's not a Cardinal, how can his "Year joining Cardinalate" being 2005? -- KTC 17:52, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The list mentions Cardinal Lustiger. It seems, though, that he is quite frail. Also, last time I saw him on TV he had trouble talking (a sore throat? a more serious health problem?). Also, he resigned as arch-bishop of Paris - also a possible indication of health problems. BTW, the same applies to Cardinal Sin from the Philippines. Luis rib 17:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Cardinal Lustiger submitted a retirement on his 75th birthday,which is required by Canon 401 Paragraph 1 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law.After that date it's the Vatican that decides when to accept it,in Lustiger's case they waited over three years.(The liberal Cardinal Williams of New Zealand had his resignation from Wellington accepted at once last month).I'm not sure to what extent health played a part in Lustiger's being replaced (John Cardinal O'Connor was permitted to die in office at 80) but I agree that Lustiger is quite a longshot.--Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 17:13, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Do we Really Need Another Whole List?
There's the list in the College of Cardinals article,in the List of Cardinals,in the List of Cardinals by Country...now Adam Carr has added a voting-cardinals list to this article (apparently dumped from catholic-hierarchy.org and then retitled as suits his view of Wikipolicy).Why can't we just direct people to the other lists?The College of Cardinals list identifies the voters from the non-voters.--Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 17:22, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The membership College of Cardinals (and the list there) will continually change over time as new cardinals are named and old ones die. Once the conclave is held, the list of cardinals who were voting will remain static and uniquely attached to this event. Looking towards the future, I think that the list should stay in Papal conclave, 2005. -- Seth Ilys 19:26, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well,the list at the College of Cardinals article is in the format used by all the lists at the Salvador Miranda website while the one lately added is alpha-by-surname rather than order-of-precedence.And the variant name-links are a little confusing.--L.E./12.144.5.2 20:10, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If we want to both achieve a static list for this year and one not in this article perhaps it could be placed in List of religious leaders in 2005? Upon review, it seems to specific for the list, perhaps we should have a List of Roman Catholic leaders in 2005 with the popes, cardinals (voting and non-voting), patriarchs, admins of the See and archbishops? This would also be suitable for past conclave years. --Oldak Quill 02:25, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

In defence of my list, it is a list of those Cardinals who were eligible to vote at this Conclave, and is thus different to all the other lists, and will remain fixed at this article while all the other lists change. I make no defence of the name forms used. I tried to make them conform, but since Wikipedia's Cardinals-names policy passeth all understanding, no doubt some of them are wrong. I would suggest getting rid of List of Cardinals, which seems to be redundant given the list at College of Cardinals. Adam 02:34, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * One is more clear alphabetical (list of cardinals), the other is according to date of being made cardinal. They are both seperately useful.

 * IMHO Adam was correct to produce a specific list for this conclave. Fear ÉIREANN  03:49, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

One of the problems with the names is that people insist on creating biographical articles with the person's full name in the title - thus John Joseph Doe rather than the agreed correct form John Doe. For Cardinals the agreed form appears to be John Cardinal Doe, and all the names in my list take that form, but many of the Cardinal articles take the form John Joseph Patrick Aloysius Francis Xavier Cardinal Doe. Others, such as Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, still have the incorrect word order. Adam 04:11, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * For the record,I am one person who STRONGLY prefers John Joseph Doe to John Doe when it comes to titling articles.Where cardinals are concerned it's a matter of knowing where in a string of names forenames stop and surnames,potentially compound,begin.I believe that the Dean of 1930-48,Gennaro Granito Pignatelli del Belmonte had the given names Gennaro Granito and the surname Pignatelli del Belmonte,thus "Cardinal" would go between those;but either way,I'd be furious enough to spit kittens if someone titled his bio Gennaro Belmonte.--Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 17:12, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * For the record, I too think that biographical pages should be titled by the full name of the subject. Can anyone, BTW, find an authoritative citation as to whether John Cardinal Doe is in fact still the standard style?  I'd heard that had been dropped, somewhere in the last 20 years or so.  --67.78.146.86 16:44, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

So you would title the Tony Blair article Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, would you? That is not the Wikipedia standard and won't become such. I agree that care should be taken with compound names. Adam 00:59, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This comment is in response to the listing of this page on RFC, so please take it in that light. I think that a whole list of cardinals in the article would be unwieldy, and so should be omitted. Long lists of any sort should stay in their own articles. The naming should be as Wikipedia conventions state. In this case, the names should be the first and last, even though the full name includes the word "cardinal." Bratsche talk random 02:28, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

I think the word "cardinal" should be in there, we already have articles with peerage titles in the article title. Some might see it as unfair to cardinals to omit their title. That said, redirects should be created to avoid excess article creation (the same way President Clinton is a redirect). Pakaran 16:47, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

In pectore
According to the In pectore article, there is one anonymous Cardinal. Is that person listed in this count of 111 and the votes of each country? RickK 08:21, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Since the name of the anon Cardinal was not revealed by John Paul II before his death or in his will, his Cardinalship lapses on the Pope's death. No one is ever likely to know who he was, and he can't vote in the conclave.-gadfium 08:27, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I note that the In pectore article contains still more links to articles about Cardinals whcih do not follow the naming convention. Someone needs to go through the list of Cardinals, search for all their surnames, and move all the articles about Cardinals to the correct naming formula (it won't be me). Adam 10:54, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Number present & absent
I wonder, is it really that difficult to wait until the conclave have actually started before we put how many of the Cardinal-electors are present or absent? Why do we have to have a figure before the event?? -- KTC 21:55, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I have not seen any suggestion that anyone other than Jaime Sin will be absent. Adam 11:57, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * On April 9th the Vatican officially announced that both Cardinal Sin and Cardinal Suarez Rivera (emeritus of Monterrey, Mexico will be absent.--Louis Epstein/le@put.com/12.144.5.2 17:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Vegas line
Someone, somewhere, probably Vegas, has the odds on who will be the next Pope. Would it be appropriate to find the odds and list them here? -Litefantastic 11:15, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There are links to sites listing the odds at the bottom of the page. As odds change frequently, it's not really appropriate to include them in the article, IMHO. -- Seth Ilys 13:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Could be useful for historical reasons to keep a copy of that "Vegas consensus" at the moment they enter the conclave. In 5 years when a new conclave is called, the "links at the bottom of the page" won't be available anymore PaulDehaye 08:03, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Dehaye that the last "consensus" odds are potentially notable. Also potentially notable would be a group that accurately predicted the election of a candadite considered by others to be a long shot. I Don't, however, think that there should be a "bookmaking" section of this article with links to betting sites. Dystopos 18:32, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Why Mention Ruini and Stafford?
While Cardinal Ruini and Cardinal Stafford retain their positions during the sede vacante,their being Vicar General of Rome and Major Penitentiary give them no specific responsibilities for the conclave.So why are they in the table on top?--Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 17:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Removed Sin from list of papabile
With Jaime Cardinal Sin announced as too ill to attend the upcoming conclave, it's extraordinarily unlikely that he will be chosen; I've therefore removed him from the long list of papabile. - Seth Ilys 17:15, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * There should be mention somewhere in the article that Cardinal Sin was indeed seriously considered as papabile (considered principal of the Asian cardinals), before the announcement of his illness. I'm afraid leaving such mention out of this article basically "erases him" from this important facet of history and would be overlooked by people coming to Wikipedia for research.  --Gerald Farinas 17:21, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Before the conclave itself actually occurs, this article is (at least in my opinion) less about reflecting history and more about depicting possibilities for the future. Until the conclave has finished and the article shifts from being a current event to a past one, we should try and limit the papabili list to only those with a reasonable chance of election.  After the conclave, however, it would be best to list maybe the top ten papabili including Sin, accompanied by a footnote explaining his illness. --PatadyBag 22:25, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hypothetically if Sin were to be elected, how would the College of Cardinals contact him to find out if he accepts and still maintain sectecy? (Alphaboi867 00:48, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC))

 * I generally agree with PatadyBag. As for the hypothetical, it has happened before.  I forgot which pope, though.  They'd find a way if any of the absent cardinals, or any of the ineligible voters over the age of 80 for that matter, were chosen.  I believe one of the officers of the College of Cardinals would be responsible for contacting a person not present in the conclave.  --Gerald Farinas 01:19, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I remember reading that the Cardinals wouldn't be locked in the Sistine Chapel this time around, so they'll pretty clearly be spending any extra days after the 18th sleeping in a different part of the Vatican- I'd imagine that if Sin were to be elected they'd fake a deadlock (burn the ballots with black smoke when it really warranted white) and discreetly contact someone and have them bring Sin to Rome to accept. --PatadyBag 01:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow that s a lot of speculation! PaulDehaye 08:04, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The last cardinal not at the conclave who was elected Pope was Pope Adrian VI in 1522.I don't think that Sin has really been a top-10 papabile for all that he has been an influential figure;and having been considered such years before a conclave does not make one a good candidate for a list in an article about that conclave.If they're going to elect someone not in the conclave,it would be easier to pick one of the over-80 cardinals who has been in Rome for the General Congregations and can take a local phone call!--Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 03:45, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This is all very silly. Sin is dying and there is not the slightest chance he will be elected Pope. Adam 08:27, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Is Sin actually on any recently published papabile list or are we engaging in original research?

Lustiger, at least, is being given 4-1 odds by the Irish bookmaker Paddy Power. AndyL 14:08, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Current odds from paddypower.com: -- Arwel 21:36, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 7/2 Ratzinger
 * 4/1 Lustiger
 * 9/2 Martini
 * 7/1 Hummes
 * 8/1 Tettamanzi, Arinze
 * 12/1 Bergoglio
 * 14/1 Errazuriz Ossa, Rodriguez Maradiaga
 * 20/1 Ruini, O'Brien
 * 25/1 Scola, Re, Policarpo
 * 33/1 Sodano, Schoenborn, Biffi, Daneels, Dias, Ortega y Alamina
 * 40/1 Nicora, Hoyos, Ce, Bertone.

...and a day later the odds change to: -- Arwel 15:13, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3/1 Ratzinger
 * 9/2 Martini. Lustiger, Hummes
 * 8/1 Tettamanzi, Arinze, Bergoglio
 * 12/1 Errazuriz Ossa
 * 14/1 Rodriguez Maradiaga
 * 16/1 Ruini
 * 20/1 O'Brien
 * 25/1 Scola, Policarpo
 * 33/1 Sodano, Schoenborn, Re, Dias
 * 40/1 Nicora, Murphy-O'Connor, Antonelli, Biffi.
 * News stories have said that the Paddy Power odds for Lustiger were influenced strongly by one man betting a lot on him,and on the next Pope choosing the name Benedict.--Louis E./12.144.5.2 17:27, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well the money seems to be going on Ratzinger for now. I keep hearing a vision (audition?) of Peter O'Sullivan commentating on the race to the winning post! I suppose we might get a winner in only 3 days' time. -- Arwel 19:12, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Latest betting just before the conclave starts....
 * 3/1 Arinze
 * 9/2 Ratzinger
 * 5/1 Lustiger
 * 7/1 Martini, Tettamanzi
 * 8/1 Hummes
 * 14/1 Errazuriz Ossa
 * 16/1 Rodriguez Maradiaga
 * 20/1 Ruini, Scola, Bergoglio, Policarpo, O'Brien
 * 25/1 Sodano, Schoenborn
 * 33/1 Bertone, Re, Dias
 * 40/1 Nicora, Hoyos, Murphy-O'Connor, Daneels, Ortega y Alamino, Napier
 * 50/1 Vallejo, Ouellet, Ce, Vithayathil, Antonelli, Biffi, Rivera Carrera
 * 66/1 Pell, Kasper, Agnelo, Cipriani, Vlk
 * 80/1 Vingt-Trois, Poletto, Sepe, Rodriguez, Piovanelli
 * 100/1 Ambrozic, Porras Cardozo, Kondrusiewicz, Gantin, Connell, Cassidy, Clancy, Stafford, Meisner, Medina, Saraiva Martins, Herranz, Rigali, Lehnmann, Keeler, Husar, Turkson, Martino, Carles Gordo, Quezada Toruno, De Giorge, Toppo, Williams, Turcotte, Martin, Milingo, Daoud, Tauran, Bozanic, Giordano, Barbarin, O'Malley, McCarrick, Puljic
 * 125/1 Cacciavillan, Magee, Zen Ze-Kiun, Razafindratandra, Backis, Wamala, Ghattas, Pham Minh Man, Terrazas Sandoval, Kitbunchu, Pengo, Etchegaray, Rouco Varela, Sfeir

Hmm, Arinze seems to have been attracting the money in the last few days... -- Arwel 14:01, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Even later Paddy Power odds had Ratzinger at 11-2...I wonder how many collected!--Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 19:15, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Why is Turkson on the Papabile list?
Alphabetizing it was silly enough,but nobody has yet answered (see my query on archives) on why Turkson was included.He's one of the most junior and youngest of all the cardinals,and while being junior has not stopped someone from being elected in the past,I expect that the radicalism of an African pope would not be compounded by choosing someone so young.Just who has listed him as a serious prospect,was it just a local cheerleader in Ghana?--Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 17:12, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. I did a google search for "turkson papabile" and the only mentions I found seemed to have been influenced by this Wikipedia article. I have therefore taken the initiative in deleting Turkson, if somebody can come up with a decent source they can revert. As for Sepe and Poletto who you mentioned earlier, I agree that they are unlikely but I have found mentions of them in mainstream print media. As far as alphabetizing the list, that was my doing and I don't think it was silly - it should be in some kind of order and this seems the fairest way to go about it, really the only feasible way of going about it. The fact that the list was in no order whatsoever could be misinterpreted as being in order of most often mentioned.--Transf1o 19:55, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, they were listed in order of precidence, with the Dean first, the vice dean second, the other cardinal bishops by seniority, the cardinal priests by seniority, and finally the cardinal deacons by seniority. Gentgeen 21:12, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't realize that. If that's the case it should have been made clear in the text of the article how the list was ordered. In any event, I think that kind of ordering would be more appropriate for the list of cardinal electors rather than the list of papabili, since their seniority is irrelevant to their chances of being elected. My concern is still that if the rationale for the order isn't clear, it's liable to be misinterpreted.--Transf1o 22:20, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I would say that it was obvious,since each rank of cardinal was identified in the table,all were ranked together,and they were in order of becoming Cardinals,which was also given.All the lists of cardinals participating in conclaves at Salvador Miranda's comprehensive website.--Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 16:19, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

electors by country list
I reverted the change to the electors by country list, which had been sorted by number of electors and was changed to simple alphabetical order. I think being able to see which countries control a lot of votes is more helpfull, as well as more compact, than knowing that Angola is the first country alphabetically. Gentgeen 00:03, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Am not convince either way, but what I do know is the article have enough lists such that the new version make it worse than the old one. -- KTC 00:41, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm with Gentgeen. The list could perhaps do with some prettification, but the presentation in descending order is by far the more useful of the two. –Hajor 00:55, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

North America, South America, Latin America, U.S. of America
A recent edit separated "North America" from "Latin America", and (by inference) listed North America as only the United States and Canada. The problem is that most lists include the countries of Central America and the Caribbean as being part of North America. I'm wondering how to best resolve this: revert to Latin America & "U.S./Canada", or put the Central American/Caribbean Cardinals into the North American list. --68.100.250.35 00:22, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That's how it was, prior to yesterday, but I saw in the edit summaries that someone objected to the implication that the USA and Canada were a single country (?). Dividing them into "Canada & U.S." and "Latin America" is a more useful breakdown, I think. –Hajor 15:30, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cardinal electors
Why aren't the Eastern Rite patriarchs not listed under the Cardinal electors section? Names like that of Nasrallah Pierre Cardinal Sfeir, Maronite Patriarch of Antioch, are missing from the list. Have we decided to snub them? --Gerald Farinas 15:41, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * My best guess is that since they're part of a distinct entity of the church, they aren't given the right to vote in the conclave. I'm not a Catholic (or even a Christian) so I don't know very well the ideological differences between the Western and Eastern branches, but if you add up the list of Cardinal electors given on the main page you get the 117 number widely reported in the media (and by the Vatican itself, as far as I know).--PatadyBag 17:15, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * They DO have the right to vote in the conclave if they are Cardinals and aged under 80,but as it happens,Sfeir and Ghattas are over 80 (Ghattas became a Cardinal only when past 80).The third Cardinal Patriarch (Ignace Moussa Daoud) resigned his patriarchate to take over the Congregation for the Oriental Churches in the Roman Curia.--Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 17:26, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Picture request
If anyone's in Rome, can they get a photo of the chimney, which has apparently just been set up. Everyone's eyes will be focused on this over the next few days - it is after all one of the definitive symbols of a conclave. — Trilobite (Talk) 23:16, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

20th century popes?
why in the world does this article have so many charts and statistics and trivia about 20th century popes? what purpose do they serve? it seems awfully arbitrary. Kingturtle 07:40, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I agree, much of the background material in this article belongs somewhere else. Adam 07:52, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't really see how you can have any meaningful "statistics" from such a small sample anyhow. Pakaran 16:43, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Updating
Change present to past tense. 62.7.161.217 21:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No result this evening?
Is it too early for us to conclude that there was no decisive result to this evening's single vote? If there were, would it be reported somewhere by now? Pakaran 16:43, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:2005 papal conclave/Archive 4