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Cyprien Tanguay

Cyprien Tanguay (15 September 1819 – 28 April 1902) was a French Canadian priest and historian.

Biography
He was born at Quebec in 1819 and died in 1902. After a course of classics and theology at Quebec Seminary, he was ordained in 1843. The first twenty-two years of his priesthood were devoted to parochial work, especially at Rimouski, where he greatly contributed to the foundation of the future diocesan seminary. His early taste for genealogical studies fully manifested itself after his official appointment to the Agriculture, Immigration, and Statistics Ministry,(1865). His whole time was henceforth spent in genealogical research compilation based largely on in-situ consultation of catholic parish registers throughout Quebec, the Maritime provinces, Ontario, and the old French settlements in the United States. He also twice visited Europe for the same purpose. As the result of his labours he published (1871–90) his Dictionnaire généalogique des familles canadiennes françaises depuis les origines de la colonie jusqu'à nos jours, comprising seven large double column volumes of over six hundred pages: a colossal undertaking, fit for a numerous body of collaborators, which he achieved alone. Although he was unable to realize the latter part of his program entirely and many inaccuracies have crept into his work, yet on the whole it is highly reliable and almost unique. Every French Canadian by completing from contemporary registers the information supplied by this dictionary can proudly trace back his genealogy to his ancestors from old France. It has proved valuable for the discovery of canonical impediments to marriage through relationship, and has given birth to a copious genealogical literature of less comprehensiveness. In recognition of his labours the author received a prelature from Leo XIII (1887). He also published Répertoire du clergé canadien-français (1868) and A travers les registres (1886).

Tanguay's Works

 * Tanguay, Cyprien (1868), Répertoire Général du Clergé Canadien par ordre chronologique depuis la fondation de la colonie jusqu’à nos jours, Québec, C. Darveau, Imprimeur-éditeur, 321 pp.
 * Tanguay, Cyprien (1871-1890). Dictionnaire Généalogique des Familles Canadiennes (DGFC) depuis la fondation de la colonie jusqu’à nos jours Montréal (Canada), Eusèbe Senécal et fils, Imprimeurs-éditeurs :
 * Volume I (1871), 1608-1700, 623 pp. [ABEL to ZAPAGLIA].
 * Volume II (1886), 1700-1760, 622 pp, [ABEL to CHAPUY].
 * Volume III (1887), 1700-1760, 607 pp. [CHARBONNEAU to EZIÉRO].
 * Volume IV (1887), 1700-1760, 608 pp. [FABAS to JININE].
 * Volume V (1888) 1700-1760, 608 pp. [JOACHIM to MERCIER].
 * Volume VI (1889) 1700-1760, 608 pp. [MERCIN to ROBIDOUX].
 * Volume VII (1890) 1700-1760, 688 pp. [ROBILLARD to ZISEUSE].
 * Tanguay, Cyprien (1885), Monseigneur De Lauberivière, cinquième évêque de Québec 1739-1740, Documents annotés, Montréal, Eusèbe Senécal et fils, 159 p.
 * Tanguay, Cyprien (1886), À travers les registres, Montréal, Librairie Saint-Joseph, 276 pp.
 * Tanguay, Cyprien (1893), Répertoire Général du Clergé Canadien par ordre chronologique depuis la fondation de la colonie jusqu’à nos jours, Montréal, Eusèbe Senécal et fils, Imprimeur, 526 pp.

L'abbé Cyprien Tanguay, Roman Catholic priest and genealogist, is the author of the DGFC Dictionnaire of French-Canadian families. A plaque marks the site of the house in which he lived in the Lower Town area of Ottawa not far from the National Art Gallery and the Byward Market.

Tanguay's original research and extensive publications placed French-Canadian genealogy on a solid footing, which has proven a great benefit not only to French Canadians but to the millions of Canadians and Americans and others who have one or more French-Canadian ancestors.

His DGFC Dictionnaire contains many errors and some unsupported speculation about incomplete marriages.

The DGFC Dictionnaire is a fundamental reference work for French-Canadian genealogy. Its seven volumes, containing more than 4,350 pages, have been published in a facsimile edition by Élysées Éditions in 1975, with a bonus volume by Abbé Tanguay's À travers les registres, also available on CD-ROM format. The CD contains Tanguay's DGFC Dictionnaire and the following other important works : Joseph-Arthur Leboeuf's 600-page Complément a Tanguay, Tanguay's 276-page A travers les registres and Tanguay's 526-page Repertoire général du clergé canadien. Tanguay's work has been supplemented by the research and publications of others, including by Leboeuf, as above, and Abbé Archange Godbout's Origine des familles canadiennes-françaises, but was not supplanted until a century later. It contains over 2,000,000 births, deaths and marriages with other notes covering the period from the founding of New France to the early 19th century.

DGFC Dictionnaire's influence
René Jetté summarizes Tanguay’s contribution along the following three dimensions : DGFC Dictionnaire user utilisation over time has evolved to include:
 * Tanguay was the starting point of an autonomous genealogical production, independent of jurists or historians;
 * He believed every person has ancestors, not just a titled minority;
 * He believed that genealogy is established only on evidence
 * An American reprinting in 1969 by Arms Press.
 * The Québecois reprinting in 1975 by Elysée.
 * The CD-ROM format available from Originis in 2001.
 * More recent internet availability including in terms of very recently making Tanguay's major works available via Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

The Québec-based Institut généalogique Drouin's founder, Joseph Drouin, first established in 1917 a commercial-basis genealogical service that included its Dictionnaire national des Canadiens français (1608-1760), which was based on Tanquay's Dictionnaire, this work being carried by his son Gabriel in 1937. In the late 1950s, the Institut developed its own dictionary based on parish registers, which was indexed to allow quick, efficient research.

Such genealogical innovations as developed by the Institut likely prompted the Franciscan priest Archange Godbout to found in 1943 the Société généalogique canadienne-française, the first such Québec genealogical society based in Montreal. Today the Fédération québécoise des sociétés de généalogie now includes 70 member genealogical societies, none of whom however have a national-scope genealogical dictionary.

In terms of worthy successor to Tanguay's Dictionnaire, French-Canadian genealogy had to wait until 1983 for René Jetté to come up with his Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec des origines à 1730, which is based on Montréal University PRDH's (Programme de recherche en démographie historique) Répertoire des actes de baptême, mariage, sépulture et des recensements du Québec ancien. In 2002, Jetté's PRDH colleague Bertrand Desjardins made available the Gaëtan Morin Éditeur CD-ROM Dictionnaire généalogique du Québec ancien des origines à 1765.

In 2013, the Institut généalogique Drouin (bought out by Jean-Pierre Pepin in 1997 or 1999) entered into a partnership with Montréal University's PRDH and BALSAC project's UQAC, Laval et McGill universities to ensure full indexing and diffusion of Institut's LAFRANCE database of Québec civil vital statistic records in the XIXth century. In his examination of L'Ancêtre articles published over the last 18 years since publication of his 2019 article referenced here, Fortier found that Tanguay's Dictionnaire was cited in 10% of articles, that is, far behind Jetté's 41% and PRDH's 49%.

Thus it is only in recent years that Cyprien Tanguay's Dictionnaire was substantially rehabilitated.

title: Cyprien Tanguay


text:
Talk:Zagwe

Merged Zagwe with Zagwe Dynasty. --Randolph 23:20, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Zagwe


text:
Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau

Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg (Claus-Casimir Bernhard Marius Max; born 21 March 2004), is the second child of Prince Constantijn and Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands and their only son. He is a member of the Dutch royal family and is sixth in the line of succession to the Dutch throne.

Life
His birth was overshadowed by the death, only a day before, of his great-grandmother Queen Juliana. He has two sisters: Countess Eloise, born 8 June 2002 and Countess Leonore, born 3 June 2006.

His baptism took place in the chapel of Het Loo Palace in Apeldoorn on 10 October 2004. Claus-Casimir's godparents are King Willem-Alexander, Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven, Ed P. Spanjaard, and Countess Tatiana Razumovsky von Wigstein.

After studying at Vrijzinnig Christelijk Lyceum (VCL) in The Hague, Claus-Casimir moved to Scotland to attend Gordonstoun School where he graduated in June 2022. Since September 2022, he studies at ESCP Business School. He studied the first year in Paris and he is currently studying the second year in Turin.

Titles and styles
By royal decree of 11 May 2001, nr. 227, it was determined that all children and male-line descendants of Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands would bear the title of Count (ess) of Orange-Nassau (with princely rank) and the honorific Jonkheer (Jonkvrouwe) van Amsberg with the style of "His/Her Highborn Lord/Lady" and have the surname Van Oranje-Nassau van Amsberg.

Upon the abdication of Queen Beatrix on 30 April 2013, the children of Prince Constantijn and Princess Laurentien ceased to be members of the Royal House, although they continue to be members of the royal family.

title: Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau


text:
Category:German styles of music

Styles of music from Germany.

title: Category:German styles of music


text:
Talk:Nursing model

Is there a value in having nursing model and nursing theory or can they be merged? If they do represent distinct concepts then maybe the articles should explain the distinction. Thoughts? Matt 23:21, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nursing model


text:
User:Agiorgio

I am a software engineer in Poughkeepsie, New York.

title: User:Agiorgio


text:
Massive retaliation

Massive retaliation, also known as a massive response or massive deterrence, is a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack. It is associated with the U.S. national security policy of the Eisenhower administration during the early stages of the Cold War.

Strategy
In the event of an attack from an aggressor, a state would massively retaliate by using a force disproportionate to the size of the attack.

The aim of massive retaliation is to deter another state from attacking first. For such a strategy to work, it must be made public knowledge to all possible aggressors. The aggressor also must believe that the state announcing the policy has the ability to maintain second-strike capability in the event of an attack. It must also believe that the defending state is willing to go through with the deterrent threat, which would likely involve the use of nuclear weapons on a massive scale.

Massive retaliation works on the same principles as mutual assured destruction (MAD), with the important caveat that even a minor conventional attack on a nuclear state could conceivably result in all-out nuclear retaliation. However, when massive retaliation became policy, there was no MAD yet since the Soviet Union lacked second-strike capability throughout the 1950s.

History
The concept of massive retaliation became U.S. policy with the approval of NSC 162/2 in October 1953 by Eisenhower. It stated that, in order to defend against Soviet aggression, the U.S. required "a strong military posture, with emphasis on the capability of inflicting massive retaliatory damage by offensive striking power."

Massive retaliation was part of Eisenhower's broader New Look national security policy, which attempted to balance a healthy economy with military strength. Military expenditures could be greatly reduced by relying more on atomic weapons as a substitute for conventional military strength.

The idea of massive retaliation sparked public controversy in a speech by Eisenhower administration Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, on January 12, 1954:

"We need allies and collective security. Our purpose is to make these relations more effective, less costly. This can be done by placing more reliance on deterrent power and less dependence on local defensive power... Local defense will always be important. But there is no local defense which alone will contain the mighty land power of the Communist world. Local defenses must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power. A potential aggressor must know that he cannot always prescribe battle conditions that suit him."

Dulles did not explicitly use the words "massive retaliation"; instead, he spoke about relation as a much less threatening term. In his speech, Dulles also stated that "local defense must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power". It is in that quote that the idea of massive retaliation being articulated is seen, but the use of the specific words are absent. Dulles never used the exact words because the term "massive retaliation" has an aggressive tone and caused much negative feedback from the public, which deemed it as a controversial subject. Dulles's speech in 1954 spawned the phrase and concept of massive retaliation, which would back up any conventional defense against conventional attacks with a possible massive retaliatory attack involving nuclear weapons.

One of the primary ideas that makes up the term "massive retaliation" is to make known to the enemy that the degree of retaliation is not confined by the magnitude of the attack. This would feasibly strike fear into the opposing side preventing any further or future attacks from happening. The U.S. has always been a national power and the idea of what a full blow retaliation attack could do to an opposing country has kept many hesitant to prod the U.S. into a state of attack.

It was made clear by the end of Dulles's speech that he and many other government officials viewed the "reactive measures" as a tactic of the past that would do no good for the U.S. in the near future and that the dependence on those measures could actually lead to the destruction of the U.S. The primary goal of "massive retaliation" was a type of preventative measure that was seen as a necessary step to prevent the U.S. from getting into any more wars that would cost American lives. Dulles's speech aroused feelings of anger and skepticism from Americans listening from home. Since World War II had recently ended, many Americans were still fearful of the possibility of a nuclear war, and this caused skepticism in a tactic that could provoke another war. The ultimate goal of introducing the massive retaliation tactic by powerful government officials such as Dulles and Eisenhower was to provide a military tactic that would sustain peace and prevail against communism.

Criticism
Two members of the RAND Corporation criticized the doctrine as too aggressive and identical to the first strike. Herman Kahn stressed that many military planners adhering to the "splendid first strike" believed that if the Soviets did provoke the U.S. then they should launch a large strike at "a time and place of our choosing." This is "the massive retaliation theory as enunciated by ... Dulles."

Similarly, Bernard Brodie noted that Dulles's doctrine "reflected a characteristically military dissatisfaction, one made familiar previously in the MacArthur hearings." It represented nothing new about the defense of America or Europe but it was startling because it seemed to reject restraint symbolized by Korea for areas of not vital interests. In the event of a similar Korean incident, the Dulles's doctrine implied much more than bombing the North Korean armies with thermonuclear weapons. We seem to be resolved to launch "a full-fledged strategic nuclear bombing attack on China!" And "we should probably have to include the Soviet Union as well." The Dulles Doctrine, Brodie concludes, "of course, is a preventive war, save that we have waited for an excuse, a provocation," and hence of time not entirely of our choosing.

Effects
In theory, as the Soviet Union had no desire to provoke an all-out nuclear attack, the policy of massive response likely deterred any ambitions it would have had on Western Europe. Although the United States and NATO bloc would be hard-pressed in a conventional conflict with the Warsaw Pact forces if a conventional war were to occur, the massive response doctrine prevented the Soviets from advancing for fear that a nuclear attack would have been made upon the Soviet Union in response to a conventional attack.

Aside from raising tensions in an already strained relationship with the Soviet bloc, massive retaliation had few practical effects at that time. Before the development of the US nuclear triad, the threat of massive retaliation was hard to make credible, and was inflexible in response to foreign policy issues, as everyday challenges of foreign policy could not have been dealt with using a massive nuclear strike. In fact, the Soviet Union took many minor military actions that would have necessitated the use of nuclear weapons under a strict reading of the massive retaliation doctrine.

A massive retaliation doctrine, as with any nuclear strategy based on the principle of mutually assured destruction and as an extension the second-strike capability needed to form a retaliatory attack, encouraged the opponent to perform a massive counterforce first strike. This, if successful, would cripple the defending state's retaliatory capacity and render a massive retaliation strategy useless. Subsequent developments such as thermonuclear warhead miniaturization, accurate silo-based ICBMs, accurate submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), stealth technology applied to cruise missiles, and GPS munitions guidance have resulted in a much more credible second-strike capability for some technologically advanced nations.

Still, if both sides of a conflict adopt the same stance of massive response, it may result in unlimited escalation (a "nuclear spasm"), each believing that the other will back down after the first round of retaliation. Both problems are not unique to massive retaliation, but to nuclear deterrence as a whole.

Policy shift
In 1957, three years after his announcement of massive retaliation, Dulles compromised his doctrine. In recent years, he wrote in Foreign Affairs that there has been no alternative to massive retaliation but the new response could be confined to limited targets. Historian of the Cold War, Marc Trachtenberg, finds that since the very announcement, Dulles was moving toward the flexible response. Nevertheless, Eisenhower continued to dismiss the idea of restraint in general war throughout his term. In 1959, he said: "Once we become involved in a nuclear exchange with the Soviet Union, we could not stop until we had finished off the enemy." There was no point to talking about "negotiating a settlement in the midst of the war," and there was no alternative, therefore, to hitting "the Russians as hard as we could."

President John F. Kennedy abandoned the policy of massive retaliation during the Cuban Missile Crisis in favor of flexible response. The Soviet nuclear MRBMs in Cuba had very short flight time to their U.S. targets and could have crippled the SAC bomber bases before the aircraft could take off to launch massive retaliation against the Soviet Union. Under the Kennedy Administration, the United States adopted a more flexible policy in an attempt to avert nuclear war if the Soviets did not cooperate with American demands. If the United States' only announced that its military reaction to any Soviet incursion (no matter how small) would be a massive nuclear strike, and the U.S. didn't follow through, then the Soviets would assume that the United States would never attack. This could have made the Soviet Union far more bold in its military ventures against U.S. allies and would probably have resulted in a full-scale nuclear war. Thomas Schelling's deterrence theory discusses this more sharply: "signalling", or the use of threats to intentionally deter an enemy from an attack or to make demands. If signals weren't being properly addressed by the Soviet Union, or if the threats were not intimidating or coercing them to remove the missiles from Cuba, then the Soviet Union would simply not have believed that the U.S.'s policy of massive retaliation held any water. By having other, more flexible policies to deal with aggressive Soviet actions, the U.S. could opt out of a nuclear strike and take less damaging actions to rectify the problem without losing face in the international community.

Another reason for this was the development of a Soviet second strike capability, in the form of silo-based ICBMs and later SLBMs.

title: Massive retaliation


text: Category:German music history

title: Category:German music history


text:
Semiquinone

Semiquinones (or ubisemiquinones, if their origin is ubiquinone) are free radicals resulting from the removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron during the process of dehydrogenation of a hydroquinone, such as hydroquinone itself or catechol, to a quinone or alternatively the addition of a single hydrogen atom with its electron to a quinone. Semiquinones are highly unstable.

E.g. ubisemiquinone is the first of two stages in reducing the supplementary form of CoQ10 (ubiquinone) to its active form ubiquinol.

title: Semiquinone


text:
Arcus-Air

Arcus-Air GmbH & Co. KG is an airline.  Arcus Executive Aviation is based in Zweibrücken, Germany and Arcus Air Logistics in Troisdorf, Germany operating chartered cargo and corporate flights out of Mannheim City Airport.

History
The airline was established in 1973. It offered scheduled passenger flights from Mannheim to Oberpfaffenhofen in the 1980s and to Leipzig and Dresden in the early 1990s, following the German Reunification. In 1997, Arcus-Air Logistic set up a subsidiary named Cosmos Air, which operated scheduled flights from Mannheim to Berlin and London, using the respective city-centre airports London City Airport and now-closed Tempelhof Airport, using Dornier 328 aircraft. In 1999, Cosmos Air was sold to Cirrus Airlines, bringing an end to scheduled flights operated by Arcus-Air Logistic.

On 18 June 2020 Arcus Air Logistic and Arcus Air OBC were acquired by Chapman Freeborn, a subsidiary of Avia Solutions Group. The two Dorniers will be owned by Chapman Freeborn but will be operated by the Arcus Air Group.

Fleet
As of January 2024, the Arcus-Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:

title: Arcus-Air


text:
Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau

Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg (Eloise Beatrix Sophie Laurence; born 8 June 2002), in the media often styled as simply Eloise van Oranje,  is the first child and daughter of Prince Constantijn and Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands. She is the first grandchild of Queen Beatrix and Prince Claus of the Netherlands. She is a member of the Dutch royal family and currently fifth in the line of succession to the Dutch throne.

Life
Countess Eloise was born in HMC Bronovo Hospital in The Hague. She lives with her parents, her brother and her sister in The Hague.

The christening of Countess Eloise took place in the chapel of Het Loo Palace in Apeldoorn on 15 December 2002. Her godparents are her paternal uncle Prince Friso, her father's first cousin Princess Carolina, Marchioness of Sala, the Crown Prince of Norway and Sophie van de Wow.

Countess Eloise graduated from Maerlant Lyceum in 2020, and is a student at Hotelschool in the Hague.

In 2021, she wrote her own book titled Learning by Doing about her experience of sharing on social media. This book is about style, study, home life, make-up, recipes and self-confidence tips.

She has a public Instagram account with more than 400k followers.

Style, titles and names
By Royal Decree of 11 May 2001, nr. 227, it was determined that all children and male-line descendants of Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands would bear the title of Count(ess) of Orange-Nassau (with princely rank) and the honorific Jonkheer (Jonkvrouwe) van Amsberg with the style of "His/Her Highborn Lord/Lady" and have the surname Van Oranje-Nassau van Amsberg.

Upon the abdication of Queen Beatrix, which took place on 30 April 2013, the children of Prince Constantijn and Princess Laurentien ceased to be members of the royal house, although they continue to be members of the royal family.

title: Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau


text:
Videocipher

VideoCipher is a brand name of analog scrambling and de-scrambling equipment for cable and satellite television invented primarily to enforce Television receive-only (TVRO) satellite equipment to only receive TV programming on a subscription basis.

The second version of Videocipher, Videocipher II, was the primary encryption scheme used by major cable TV programmers to prevent TVRO owners from receiving free terrestrial television programming. It was especially notable due to the widespread compromise of its encryption scheme.

Satellite providers
Though the first half of the 1980s, HBO, Cinemax and other premium television providers with analog satellite transponders faced a fast growing market of TVRO equipment owners. Satellite television consumers could watch these services simply by pointing their dish at a satellite, and tuning into the provider's transponder. Two open questions existed about this practice: whether the Communications Act of 1934 applied as a case of "unauthorized reception" by TVRO consumers; and to what it extent it was legal for a service provider to encrypt their signals in an effort to prevent its reception.

The Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 clarified all of these matters, making the following legal:

 * Reception of unencrypted satellite signals by a consumer
 * Reception of encrypted satellite signals by a consumer, when they have received authorization to legally decrypt it

This created a framework for the wide deployment of encryption on analog satellite signals. It further created a framework (and implicit mandate to provide) subscription services to TVRO consumers to allow legal decryption of those signals. HBO and Cinemax became the first two services to announce intent to encrypt their satellite feeds late in 1984.

Videocipher technology
Videocipher was invented in 1983 by Linkabit Corporation (later bought out by M/A-COM in 1985, operated as M/A-COM Linkabit). In the mid 1980s, M/A-COM began divesting divisions which fell outside their core RF & Microwave component and subsystem products. The Linkabit division was acquired by General Instrument in 1987.

Videocipher was used throughout the 1990s by RCTI and SCTV to encrypt some foreign programs (such as sports events and movies) as part of the term of their rights, to prevent overseas access so that the programs could only be accessed through the RCTI and SCTV networks via UHF/VHF frequency in Indonesia. Indovision also used Videocipher to encrypt their channels as a counteract against piracy between 1994 and 1997.

Variants
There were several variants of the Videocipher scrambling system:

Videocipher I
This was the first version of the Videocipher system that was first demonstrated by Linkabit in 1983.

Also known as Videocipher IB, this variation on Videocipher was commonly used by sports backhauls. CBS used this system from 1987 to the mid-1990s to encrypt its transmissions to affiliates on the Telstar 301 and Telstar 302 satellites.

In Canada, the CTV television network also used this technology on its network feeds. With this system the video is scrambled by means of re-ordering the video scan lines, while all audio remains in the clear. This system was in use as late as the early 2000s.

Videocipher I (VCI) system was initially considered for use by HBO in the 1980s. HBO tested VCI extensively, but was ultimately rejected in favor of Videocipher II. HBO's use of VCI would have required descramblers for home satellite viewers. Due to costs involved with VC1, maintaining VCI a descrambler was determined to be too expensive for consumer use.

PBS in the USA used VideoCipher I on its satellite feeds to its member stations in the mid-80s to take advantage of the high-fidelity digital audio capability offered by VCI. This was desirable for some of the programming PBS would air in that era, such as classical concerts and other musical programming, some of which were simulcast by partnering public radio stations using the same audio feed. PBS had attempted in 1979 to send its program audio digitally to its member stations using a system called DATE (Digital Audio for TElevision), which used the existing analog video's vertical blanking interval (VBI) to send digital audio. VCI provided this same feature while freeing up the VBI for other purposes like closed-captioning and teletext, making DATE obsolete by the mid-1980s (however, DATE did offer 4 channels of audio as opposed to VideoCipher I's 2-channel stereo).

The Leitch Viewguard scrambling system used for satellite feeds as well used the same video line re-ordering as well, while also leaving the audio intact. ABC and Fox used Viewguard as well on their analog network feeds to their affiliate stations shortly before switching to digital satellite distribution in 2005 (for ABC) and 2004 (for Fox).

Videocipher II

Videocipher II was the first consumer TVRO scrambling system. HBO and Cinemax, which had transponders on Satcom 3R and Galaxy 1, began encrypting their west coast feeds services with Videocipher II 12 hours a day early in 1985, then did the same with their east coast feeds by August. The two networks began scrambling full time on January 15, 1986, which in many contemporary news reports was called "S-Day". Within two years, encryption through Videocipher II was used by a majority of major cable television programmers. However, lapses in its security enabled some pirate decryption, modifying a consumer descrambler to receive free programming. Beginning in 1991, programmers began to phase out the VCII system in favor of the more secure Videocipher II Plus (RS) system. The system was fully phased out in 1993. Originally sold as a stand-alone decoder box that consisted of a fully electronic decoder and descrambler module, other satellite system manufacturers began to make their receivers with the GI descrambler module installed. This VCII system digitally encrypts stereo audio using the DES encryption scheme and scrambles video by inverting the video polarity and moving color information to a nonstandard area frequency. It is noteworthy that the Videocipher II Plus design did not alter the video scrambling scheme (only the audio encryption was improved). As such, a Videocipher II decoder is still capable of decoding the video portion of a Videocipher II Plus encrypted stream. In the late eighties and early nineties, VideoCipher II modules that had been pirated, began to receive constant Electronic Counter Measures (ECM).

In the early nineties, programmers increased the frequency of the top tier DES keys from monthly to near daily. Companies (such as Magna Systems) began offering services whereby users could continue to receive keys via fax electronic modifications/add-on boards such as "VMS" modems. These add-on modem modules would dial into a bulletin board system and automatically download the required keys to view all available programming.

Eventually (about 1992), HBO completely left the VideoCipher II datastream in favor of the more secure VideoCipher II Plus (RS) datastream; other programmers followed suit. Having a VideoCipher II module was no longer worth anything unless the viewer wanted to watch adult programming without audio.

At the time, most local cable providers did not pass the encrypted audio to subscribers. As such, some viewers who had both cable and satellite found a way to marry audio and video. Viewers found a way to get audio from a cable line and video from satellite with their VideoCipher II and push both to their VCRs and TVs. Due to the advanced VideoCipher II Plus datastream, video could appear to "flicker" or struggle on an old VideoCipher II module (modules with a newer "pirate chip" installed, tended to be less prone to this issue).

VideoCipher II was subject to ITAR restrictions on export of cryptography from the United States because of its use of DES, but an exception for consumer descramblers was added to the US Munitions List in 1992.

Videocipher II+/RS
In 1992, following years of security breaches with the Videocipher II system, General Instruments introduced the Videocipher II Plus descrambler module. In 1993, some VCII programming was phased out, especially premium movie channels and pay per view. For a time, many networks, like SportsChannel America, remained on the VC II stream. The Videocipher II+ was a higher-security system with two variants. The Videocipher-RS system (RS for Renewable Security) is the Videocipher II Plus system with a slot in the back of the descrambler module to where a card could be inserted to upgrade the security if the VCII Plus system were ever breached.

Technological obsolescence
General Instrument discontinued production of VC II+ RS modules in 1998 in favor of its DigiCipher system. Over the next ten years, broadcasters migrated to digital transmission delivery and discontinued their analog feeds. In October 2008, Motorola (who acquired General Instruments in January 2000) announced that their authorization center would no longer authorize any new decoders after December 31, 2008, and that the current remaining analog Videocipher channels would switch entirely to digital transmission after that same date. The Weather Channel, the last major television network to utilize the VideoCipher II system, discontinued its analog signal on AMC 11 transponder 13 on June 26, 2014, effectively ending the Videocipher era.

Legacy
Within the years of the change of signal scrambling from VC II to VCII+, DirecTV began to take on many former C band VideoCipher subscribers and illegal receivers of programming. Many who were involved with providing illegal VideoCipher II programming moved over to hacking and providing users illegal access to the (at the time) new RCA based MPEG-2 digital satellite subscription service.

title: Videocipher


text: Category:Victoria Cross books

title: Category:Victoria Cross books


text:
List of Iranian painters

The following is a list of Iranian painters.

Classical era

 * Reza Abbasi
 * Mihr 'Ali
 * Kamaleddin Behzad
 * Farrukh Beg

A

 * Aghapour, Shahla
 * Aghdashloo, Aydin
 * Alikhanzadeh, Samira (1967– ), painter
 * Alivandi, Bahram
 * Arabshahi, Massoud (1935–2019), painter
 * Aram, Kamrooz (1978– ), painter
 * Siah Armajani, conceptual artist

B

 * Bakhshpour, Jamal
 * Mohammad Ali Baniasadi
 * Behzad, Hossein
 * Borbor, Dariush

D

 * Delara Darabi
 * Iran Darroudi
 * Mir Abdolrez Daryabeigi
 * Ali Divandari
 * Bijan Daneshmand

E

 * Abolhassan Etessami (1903–1978), architect, calligrapher, painter, and novelist
 * Zohreh Etezad ol-Saltan, artist, painter, carpet weaver

F

 * Amir H. Fallah (1979– ), Iranian born, American painter based in Los Angeles
 * Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian
 * Farshchian, Mahmouad (1930– )

G

 * Ghanbari, Mokarrameh (1928–2005), heuristic and self made painter
 * Ghandriz, Mansoor, painter
 * Marcos Grigorian, painter

H

 * Raoof Haghighi
 * Fariba Hajamadi
 * Khosrow Hassanzadeh
 * Haydar Hatemi
 * Mansooreh Hosseini
 * Mehdi Hosseini

J

 * Pouran Jinchi

K

 * Abbas Katouzian
 * Kamal-ol-Molk
 * keikhosro khoroush
 * Kazemi, Zhaleh (1944–2005), painter, news anchor, and producer
 * Shokoufeh Kavani
 * Khodadadi, Reza

L

 * Farideh Lashai (1944– ), painter

M

 * Iman Maleki
 * Leyly Matine-Daftary (1937–2007), modernist painter, educator
 * Farshid Mesghali (1943– ), graphic designer, illustrator, and author
 * Mohammad Modabber (1890–1966), painter
 * Mohsen Vaziri-Moghaddam (1924–2018), painter and professor of art
 * Farhad Moshiri
 * Noreen Motamed
 * Mir-Hossein Mousavi (1941– ), painter, architect and politician

N

 * Naderi Yeganeh, Hamid (1990– ), Iranian mathematical artist
 * Afshin Naghouni (1969-), Iranian-British visual artist
 * Neshat, Shirin (1957– ), Iranian-American artist, photographer and filmmaker
 * Nodjoumi, Nicky (1942– ), Iranian-American painter
 * Nouri, Mina (1951– ), Iranian painter, and printmaker
 * Novin, Guity (1944– ), Iranian-Canadian figurative painter, and graphic designer
 * Nuri, Hossein (1954– ), Iranian painter, dramaturge, and filmmaker

O

 * Kazem Ordoobadi (1919–2002), painter

P

 * Kour Pour (1987– ), Iranian-British painter, printmaker

R

 * Shokouh Riazi (1921–1965), modernist painter

S

 * Gholamhossein Saber (born 1941), painter and photographer
 * Sadeghi, Ali Akbar (1937– ), painter
 * Sadeghi Amini, Farhad
 * Sadr, Behjat
 * Salimi, Homayoun (1948– ), painter and academic
 * Samad, Khwaja Abdus (16th century), painter and one of the founders of the Mughal school of painting in India
 * Sohrab Sepehri
 * Shafrazi, Tony
 * Shahrokh, Naz (born 1969 )
 * Keyvan Shovir (born 1985), Iranian-born American graffiti artist

T

 * Amir Shayesteh Tabar (1967– ), painter and poet
 * Towhidi Tabari (1964– ), painter and Persian style illuminator
 * Jazeh Tabatabai (1931–2008), avant-garde painter, poet, and sculptor
 * Taravat Talepasand (1979– ), Iranian American painter, sculptor
 * Mohammad Ali Taraghijah
 * Parviz Tanavoli, sculptor

V

 * Mohsen Vaziri-Moghaddam

Z

 * Zenderoudi, Hossein (1937– ), painter and sculptor
 * Ziapour, Jalil

title: List of Iranian painters


text:
User talk:Houseoflarue

Welcome!
Hello, Houseoflarue. I see you've just started editing. Welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! –Hajor

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

LaToya Langford
An article you started, LaToya Langford, has been proposed for deletion. Please see WP:BIO for relevant concerns. NickelShoe 04:11, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Houseoflarue


text:
Talk:Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland

Info
This information is public domain - I'm the PR manager for the association that built the website that i took the information from and I cleared its usage.
 * Isn't this association now no longer in existance? Ablaze 15:42, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes this association no longer exists neither does Scouting Ireland SAI as they both ceased to exist and became scouting Ireland on the first of January 2004. Wild ride 14:22, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Being a member i know! I was just asking Valfarly how can they be PR manager of an association that no longer exists!! Ablaze 18:27, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Ok, Valfarly is now the formor PR manager for the new asoociation Scouting Ireland and i'm guessing was involved in the old Scouting Ireland (CSI) association website which he cleared for use on this page. Ablaze 11:47, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Assessement
Needs refs and and intro for B-class.Rlevse 17:38, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

help..
Is there anyne who knows about Scouting in Ireland who has any advice as to how to improve this page? Stevecull 11:02, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Its an article about one of the old Scout Associations in Ireland. I dont think there is much you can do besides a clean up. Its all historic information. Stuff on real CSI activities and things might be useful to preserve the information. Like the Melvin etc... --Ablaze (talk) 12:16, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I was just wondering if any restructuring was suggested, because I have a fair idea of the content myself. I added brief biographies of the Chief Scouts which I will expand but at the mo, the structure is a bit higgeldy piggeldy Stevecull 13:10, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Chief Scouts
Hey, I was just reading about the Chiefs on this page. I got my Chief Scout Award from Joseph Lawlor in 1997. I think Paul Ring was before Joseph because I've never met Paul Ring before, we have had CSA's from 1996 onwards and I've only met Lawlor and Dixon (from CSI) ~ Ablaze (talk) 14:24, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Joe Lawlor served 2 terms, one before Paul Ring, and one after.... Stevecull 12:17, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Wosm-ireland-catholic.jpg
Image:Wosm-ireland-catholic.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 11:38, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland


text:
Elbe Air

Elbe Air Lufttransport GmbH, usually just known as Elbe Air, was a corporate charter airline from Germany, which offered worldwide on-demand flight services. The company was headquartered in Büren, Westphalia and had its operational base at nearby Paderborn Lippstadt Airport.

History
In 2002, Elbe Air operated a fleet of three Dassault Falcon 20 jets. In the same year, reports surfaced about poor safety and security standards with the airline. A former pilot had filed a report with the German Federal Aviation Office, concerning poorly trained pilots and ageing aircraft, which had not been properly maintained.

The airline filed for bankruptcy and was liquidated in 2008.

title: Elbe Air


text:
The Toast of New Orleans

The Toast of New Orleans is a 1950 MGM musical film directed by Norman Taurog and choreographed by Eugene Loring. It stars Mario Lanza, Kathryn Grayson, David Niven, J. Carrol Naish, James Mitchell and Rita Moreno. The film was made after That Midnight Kiss, Lanza's successful film debut, as an opportunity for Lanza to sing on the big screen again.

Plot
Set in Louisiana in 1905, the plot revolves around Pepe Abellard Duvalle, a bayou fisherman with a natural singing talent, who falls in love with opera star soprano Suzette Micheline (Grayson). Micheline's manager (Niven) hears Duvalle sing and invites him to come to New Orleans to sing. Reluctantly, Duvalle allows himself to be groomed for the opera. At first resistant to his advances, Micheline also falls in love with Duvalle, but is disenchanted by his transformation into a cultured gentleman. Ultimately, Duvalle regains his former rough charm and the couple unite.

Cast

 * Kathryn Grayson as Suzette Micheline
 * Mario Lanza as Pepe Abellard Duvalle
 * David Niven as Jacques Riboudeaux
 * J. Carrol Naish as Nicky Duvalle
 * James Mitchell as Pierre
 * Richard Hageman as Maestro P. Trellini
 * Clinton Sundberg as Oscar
 * Sig Arno as Mayor
 * Rita Moreno as Tina
 * Romo Vincent as Manuelo

Music
In addition to selected arias from the operas Carmen, Madama Butterfly, and La traviata, the film includes the song "Be My Love", which was nominated for an Academy Award.

Production
The success of the first screen pairing of Grayson and Lanza, That Midnight Kiss (1949), led quickly to the production of The Toast of New Orleans. Shooting began in late December 1949 and concluded in early March 1950. Thirty-five sets were required; three adjoining sound stages on the MGM lot were combined to house one of the largest indoor sets constructed for a film musical.

The climactic scenes feature Lanza and Grayson's characters performing in a production of Madama Butterfly. Previously, Lanza had made his debut on the operatic stage as Pinkerton in 1948.

Lanza earned $50,000 for his appearance in the film, twice what his contract provided. The Toast of New Orleans also marked Hageman's acting debut, and was Moreno's first role in a movie musical.

Reception
Distributed by Loew's, The Toast of New Orleans premiered at the Loew's State in New Orleans on September 19, 1950; it was released nationally on September 29.

According to MGM records the film earned $1,671,000 in the US and Canada and $1,580,000 elsewhere, leading to a profit of $22,000.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
 * "Be My Love" – Nominated

title: The Toast of New Orleans


text:
File:Iogbox.jpg

Summary
Box art for the SNES game Illusion of Gaia.

Fair use rationale
Rationale for the fair use of this image in the article Illusion of Gaia:
 * Enix has released no such images into the public domain or a free license, and a free replacement image cannot be created that would adequately provide the same information.
 * The image is being used for no purpose other than to identify the subject of the article.
 * The image resolution has been significantly decreased from the original, so copies made from it would be of inferior quality.
 * The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibits its salability in any way.

title: File:Iogbox.jpg


text: User talk:70.144.212.128

title: User talk:70.144.212.128


text: Category:Dutch styles of music

title: Category:Dutch styles of music


text:
Michael Collins (American author)

Michael Collins is the best-known pseudonym of Dennis Lynds (January 15, 1924 – August 19, 2005), an American author who primarily wrote mystery fiction.

Over four decades Lynds published some 80 novels and 200 short stories, in both mystery and literary themes. He was a recipient of the Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America (MWA), the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Private Eye Writers of America and the Marlowe Lifetime Achievement Award from MWA, Southern California Chapter.

Early life
Lynds was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the only child of actors who were touring at the time. He grew up in New York City and fought in Europe during World War II, earning a Bronze Star and a Purple Heart. He studied chemistry (Bachelor's degree in 1949) and journalism (Master's degree in 1951). After working as a magazine editor in New York, he moved to California in 1965 to write full-time. Married to thriller author Gayle Lynds, he lived in California until his death.

As Michael Collins
Written under the "Michael Collins" pen name, his Dan Fortune stories constitute one of the longest-running private detective series written, beginning in 1967 with Act of Fear, which earned a 1968 Edgar Award, for Best First Novel. As Collins, Lynds is largely credited with bringing the detective novel into the modern age:
 * "Many critics believe Dan Fortune to be the culmination of a maturing process that transformed the private eye from the naturalistic Spade (Dashiell Hammett) through the romantic Marlowe (Raymond Chandler) and the psychological Archer (Ross Macdonald) to the sociological Fortune (Michael Collins)"
 * - Private Eyes: 101 Knights (Robert Baker and Michael Nietzel)

"After naming Lynds the Best Suspense writer of the 1970s", Baker and Nietzel continue, the Crime Literature Association of West Germany praised him as follows:
 * "The break in private eye novels started with Michael Collins. At the end of the 1960s, he gave the form something new, a human touch needed for years. His novels are much more than entertainment. There is a philosophy behind the detective, and in each book we take a look at a special section of American society."

Baker and Nietzel point out a popular phenomenon that began with Collins's first book: "Act of Fear ... inspired the by-now monotonous chant by critics about each new hard-boiled author being 'the best since Hammett,' 'the new Chandler,' and 'the heir to Ross Macdonald.' Fortune enjoys a senior status among modern private eyes", predating Lawrence Block, Robert Parker, Elmore Leonard, Joseph Hansen, Joe Gores, Michael Lewin, and Bill Pronzini.

As Michael Collins, he also wrote two science fiction novels, Lukan War in 1969, and its sequel, The Planets of Death, in 1970. Both novels are about mercenaries in a future where they are despised and reviled by most people. When suddenly the society is attacked by a very dangerous enemy, they are called upon to fight and die to protect the same people who were treating them so badly not long before.

As William Arden
Beginning in 1968 with The Mystery of the Moaning Cave and ending in 1989 with Hot Wheels, Lynds wrote fourteen novels under the pen name William Arden for the juvenile detective series The Three Investigators, which was originated by Robert Arthur, Jr. Under this same name, he also wrote five novels featuring private eye Kane Jackson, a former military policeman who has become an industrial security specialist after leaving the military. The first Jackson novel, A Dark Power, appeared in 1968. As Arden, Lynds also wrote the highly regarded espionage short story "Success of a Mission," which was a finalist for the 1968 Edgar Award for best short fiction.

Other pseudonyms
Prolific, explaining that he had more ideas than he knew what to do with, in addition to his Collins name, he created additional series under the pseudonyms Mark Sadler, John Crowe, and Carl Dekker. For a few years, he published under three of these pseudonyms at the same time at three different publishing houses — Dodd Mead, Random House, and Bobbs-Merrill. For many years, The New York Times listed his books annually as among the nation’s top mysteries. One year, two appeared on the same list, each written under a different pseudonym. He also penned 8 Belmont Books mass-market paperbacks of The Shadow from 1964 to 1967 under the Shadow's author by-line Maxwell Grant.

Other works
As he was writing detective novels, he also published literary books and some 100 literary short stories. Five of the stories were honored in Best American Short Stories. He was twice short-listed for the Drue Heinz Literature Prize. His mystery and detective short stories have appeared in Best Crime & Mystery Stories of the Year many times. Twice he was the guest of honor at literary festivals in France honoring the American detective novel.

New styles
In the late 1980s and into the 1990s, Lynds's work took another turn. He began lacing his detective novels with short stories, biographies, and symbolic vignettes, a literary technique that recent mystery writers have copied and expanded. Critic Richard C. Carpenter discussed it in Twentieth Century Crime and Mystery Writers:
 * "Powerful and memorable, [these new works] indicate that Collins has embarked on a new course after some 60 books. Truly he is a writer to be reckoned with."

Science Fiction novels by Michael Collins

 * Lukan War, 1969
 *  The Planets of Death, 1970

Dan Fortune novels by Michael Collins

 * Act Of Fear, 1967
 *  The Brass Rainbow, 1969
 * Night Of The Toads, 1970
 * Walk A Black Wind, 1971
 * Shadow Of A Tiger, 1972
 * The Silent Scream, 1973
 * Blue Death, 1975
 * The Blood-Red Dream, 1976
 * The Nightrunners, 1978
 * The Slasher, 1980
 * Freak, 1983
 * Minnesota Strip, 1987
 * Red Rosa, 1988
 * Castrato, 1989
 * Chasing Eights, 1990
 * The Irishman's Horse, 1991
 * Cassandra In Red, 1992
 * Crime, Punishment, and Resurrection, 1992
 * The Cadillac Cowboy, 1995

Kane Jackson novels by William Arden

 * A Dark Power, 1968
 * Deal in Violence, 1969
 * The Goliath Scheme. 1970
 * Die to a Distant Drum, 1972 (aka Murder Underground)
 * Deadly Legacy, 1973

Detective short story collections by Michael Collins

 * Crime, Punishment And Resurrection, 1992
 * Fortune’s World, Crippen & Landru, 2000
 * Spies and Thieves, Cops and Killers, 2002
 * Slot-Machine Kelly: The Collected Private-Eye Cases of the "One-Armed Bandit,", Crippen & Landru, 2005

Paul Shaw novels by Mark Sadler

 * The Falling Man, 1970
 * Here To Die, 1971
 * Mirror Image, 1972
 * Circle of Fire, 1973
 * Touch of Death, 1981
 * Deadly Innocents, 1986

Mainstream novels and short story collections by Dennis Lynds

 * Combat Soldier, novel, 1962
 * Uptown Downtown, novel, 1963
 * Why Girls Ride Sidesaddle, short stories, 1980
 * Talking To The World, novella and short stories, 1995

title: Michael Collins (American author)


text: User talk:4.7.232.227

title: User talk:4.7.232.227


text:
Greezy Wheels

Greezy Wheels is an Austin, Texas-based progressive country band that formed in the 1970s. They played more frequently at the Armadillo World Headquarters than any other band in the history of the venue. They are regarded as the Armadillo house band and are elected members of the Austin Music Hall Of Fame.

Greezy Wheels' music is a raucous blend of rock, funk, R&B, alt-country, and Ozarks. In their early days, they were the only band with a female fiddler, Sweet Mary Hattersley. Sweet Mary consistently brought the crowd to a screaming frenzy with her version of the "Orange Blossom Special." The music of Greezy Wheels reflected the cultural dichotomy of Austin in the 1970s — a unique place where hippies had roots deep in the heart of Texas. Greezy Wheels opened Willie Nelson's first ever Armadillo World Headquarters show, putting him in front of the hippies who then adopted him and have been his fans ever since. They have shared the stage with (literally) too many greats to name.

The band played up to 1978, when they took a 23-year hiatus. Greezy Wheels reformed in 2001 and are now recording for their own label, MaHatMa Records, after releasing two CDs on the Tana Records label. Their music has become more sophisticated, but has kept its off-the-page personality and musical comparisons are difficult to make. Principal writer and leader, Cleve Hattersley, continues to write quirky music that gets good airplay around the country. Sweet Mary still blows people up with her fiddle.

Current members of the band: Cleve Hattersley on vocals, guitar, slide guitar, Lissa Hattersley on vocals, Sweet Mary Hattersley on fiddle and vocals, Penny Jo Pullus on vocals, Brad Houser (original member of Edie Brickell & New Bohemians) on bass and baritone sax, John Bush (also an original New Bohemian) on drums, and Matt Hubbard (7 Walkers) on keyboards, harmonica, accordion and trombone.

CD's: 'Millennium Greezy' (2001), 'HipPop' (2004), 'String Theory' (2007), 'Gone Greezy' (2011), Kitty Cat Jesus (2013), Unusual Thing (2014)

The old stuff: 'Juz Loves Dem Ol' Greezy Wheels' (1975), 'Radio Radials' (1976) - both on London Records.

title: Greezy Wheels


text:
FAI rent-a-jet

FAI rent-a-jet is a German charter airline based in Nuremberg and operating out of Nuremberg Airport.

History
The FAI was founded in 1986 by Siegfried Axtmann as IFA-Flugbetriebs GmbH, and in 1989 it was renamed as FAI Flight-Ambulance-Service International GmbH & Co. KG, later as FAI rent-a-jet AG after it was sold to Axtmann Holding. The sole shareholder is FAI Aviation Holding GmbH. The headquarters of FAI Aviation Group is located at Albrecht-Dürer International Airport in Nuremberg, Germany. FAI is also an approved provider for ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross), WFP (World Food Programme), and other global health and aid organizations.

Business model
The FAI Aviation Group is one of the largest providers of private jet charter flights in Europe, and it specializes, according to its own statements, in VIP flights, freight and express courier flights, the transportation of intensive care patients by ambulance jet, logistics support for authorities and non-governmental organizations, as well as aircraft management consulting, leasing, and sales.

The 100% subsidiary FAI Technik GmbH acts as a service provider for aircraft maintenance.

Fleet
FAI rent-a-jet operates Germany’s largest fleet of Bombardier Aircraft which utilised more than 14,000 hours of air time per year. FAI´s fleet of 20 jet aircraft includes five Bombardier Global Express, six Bombardier Challenger 604s, one Challenger 850 and eight Learjet 60 series. FAI runs a 14,000 m² carbon neutral FBO.

title: FAI rent-a-jet


text:
User:Valfarly

Valfarly chanced upon wikipedia and thought "that'll never work"... but after using it a few times, he eventually got sufficently annoyed by a typo to do something about it and on 15th March 2004 hit edit. From there it was a slippery slope to writing articles for things he found no-one else had written about and adding tidbits, factoids and other nuggets of information to previously covered topics. Finds himself correcting spelling and grammar far too often!

Born in 1975, he grew up in Dublin, Ireland.

He is now a resident of San Mateo, California, just outside of San Francisco in the United States of America. He having moved there in September 2015. He has previously lived in Falls Church, Virginia, Dallas, Texas, and Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California.

He was married in Dallas, Texas in January 2006.

title: User:Valfarly


text: User talk:69.114.75.212

title: User talk:69.114.75.212


text: Category:Argentine styles of music

title: Category:Argentine styles of music


text:
Agiez

Agiez is a municipality of the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

History
Agiez is first mentioned in 1011 as in Aziaco.

Geography
Agiez has an area,, of 5.5 km2. Of this area, 3.46 km2 or 63.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.72 km2 or 31.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.24 km2 or 4.4% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.03 km2 or 0.5% is either rivers or lakes and 0.02 km2 or 0.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 51.0% is used for growing crops and 10.6% is pastures, while 1.6% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the Orbe District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Agiez became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.

The municipality is located on a plateau above the banks of the Orbe river.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Argent and Gules, two crossed pikes counterchanged.

Demographics
Agiez has a population of. , 13.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 12.5%. It has changed at a rate of 14.3% due to migration and at a rate of -2.2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (216 or 96.4%), with Portuguese being second most common (4 or 1.8%) and German being third (2 or 0.9%).

The age distribution,, in Agiez is; 37 children or 14.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 33 teenagers or 13.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 14 people or 5.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 44 people or 17.5% are between 30 and 39, 32 people or 12.7% are between 40 and 49, and 31 people or 12.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 34 people or 13.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 17 people or 6.8% are between 70 and 79, there are 5 people or 2.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 4 people or 1.6% who are 90 and older.

, there were 88 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 108 married individuals, 13 widows or widowers and 15 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 98 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 31 households that consist of only one person and 7 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 100 households that answered this question, 31.0% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 34 married couples without children, 27 married couples with children There were 4 single parents with a child or children. There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people and 2 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 43 single family homes (or 55.8% of the total) out of a total of 77 inhabited buildings. There were 10 multi-family buildings (13.0%), along with 21 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (27.3%) and 3 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.9%).

, a total of 94 apartments (87.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 7 apartments (6.5%) were seasonally occupied and 7 apartments (6.5%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 6.19%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire village of Agiez is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 41.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (13.89%), the Green Party (10.84%) and the FDP (10.03%). In the federal election, a total of 85 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.1%.

Economy
, Agiez had an unemployment rate of 4.2%. , there were 32 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 13 businesses involved in this sector. 25 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 9 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 5 businesses in this sector. There were 106 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.3% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 52. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 21, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 24 of which 3 or (12.5%) were in manufacturing and 21 (87.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 7. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 42.9% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was a technical professional or scientist, 2 or 28.6% were in education.

, there were 11 workers who commuted into the municipality and 64 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 5.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 5.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 54.7% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 32 or 14.3% were Roman Catholic, while 142 or 63.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 6 individuals (or about 2.68% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.89% of the population) who were Jewish, and  32 (or about 14.29% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 12 individuals (or about 5.36% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Agiez about 88 or (39.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 23 or (10.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 23 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.2% were Swiss men, 30.4% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 36 students in the Agiez school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 22 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 14 students in those schools.

, there were 15 students in Agiez who came from another municipality, while 34 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Agiez


text:
Division of McPherson

The Division of McPherson is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland.

Geography
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

History

The division was created in 1948 and is named after the McPherson Range, which forms one of the divisional boundaries. McPherson is located in south-east Queensland, and originally included the entire Gold Coast region, stretching as far as the Scenic Rim and Southern Downs. However, the area's dramatic population growth has seen the seat shrink with successive redistributions, culminating in 1983, when most of its northern portion became Moncrieff.

McPherson now incorporates the southern portion of the Gold Coast, including Coolangatta, Burleigh Heads, Tugun and Palm Beach.

It has always been held by a conservative party. Indeed, most of the area has been represented by centre-right MPs without interruption since 1906; before 1949, most of the Gold Coast was part of Moreton. Originally a Country Party bastion, urbanisation has turned it into a Liberal stronghold.

title: Division of McPherson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/He Flew Like a Madman

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and delete. Mackensen (talk) 15:14, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

He Flew Like a Madman
Non-notable. TigerShark 23:37, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge in the last line in the appropriate section of Minor characters associated with Quidditch, then delete. — 130.76.32.15 00:21, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, WP:FICT. Radiant_* 13:56, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Battle of Fort Stephenson

The Battle of Fort Stephenson in August 1813 was an American victory during the War of 1812. American forces successfully defended the fort in August 1813; it guarded an important supply depot. It was located on the west bank of the Sandusky River more than 10 miles upstream from Sandusky Bay in what is now Ohio. The town of Fremont, Ohio developed around the site.

Background
After failing to defeat American forces in the siege of Fort Meigs, the British under Henry Procter withdrew. Procter attempted to take Fort Meigs again in July by staging a mock battle to lure the defenders out of the fort. The ploy failed, and Procter abandoned the idea of taking the fort.

The British and Indian force moved east to try to capture an American supply base on the Sandusky River, which was guarded by Fort Stephenson several miles from Sandusky Bay, also in northern Ohio. They sailed upriver with some of their ships.

The fort was commanded by Major George Croghan with a garrison of 160 U.S. Regulars (17th U.S. Infantry-later consolidated into US 3rd Infantry Regiment) under his command. William Henry Harrison, the U.S. commander of the Northwest Frontier, believed Procter's force to be larger than it was and ordered Croghan to destroy the fort and withdraw. Croghan insisted that he could hold the fort and stayed. Harrison agreed to let Croghan stay, but still fearing the worst, the commanding officer moved all other available forces 10 miles (16 km) away from Fort Stephenson.

Battle

In August 1813, American Major George Croghan was in charge of 160 soldiers at Fort Stephenson, a base on the Sandusky River in what is now Sandusky County, Ohio which guarded a nearby supply depot. British commander Henry Procter arrived with a superior force that included at least 500 British regulars, 800 American Indians under Major Robert Dickson, and at least 2,000 more under Tecumseh. Procter met Croghan under a flag of truce and urged him to surrender, but Croghan refused. The British then bombarded the fort by artillery and gunboat, to little effect. Croghan returned fire with his single cannon, "Old Betsy" while frequently changing its position in the hopes that the British would believe he had more than one artillery piece. When Croghan's supply of ammunition ran low, he ordered his men to cease fire.

Croghan deduced that the British were going to strike in full force at the northwestern angle of the fort, so he ordered his men to conceal "Old Betsy" in a blockhouse at that location. The next morning, the British feinted twice at the southern angle, then approached the northwest one. American gunners surprised them by uncovering "Old Betsy" and firing at point blank range, which destroyed the British column. Procter withdrew and sailed away. British casualties were reported at 26 killed, 41 wounded, and 29 missing. American casualties were only one killed and seven wounded.

Five currently active units of the US Regular Army (1-3 Inf, 2-3 Inf, 4-3 Inf, 2-7 Inf and 3-7 Inf) carry on the lineages of the old 17th and 24th Infantry Regiments, both of which had elements that were engaged at Fort Stephenson.

Results
The battle was a victory for the Americans. Croghan was celebrated as a national hero and promoted to lieutenant colonel. Both Procter and Harrison were criticized for their parts in the battle. The British and Tecumseh were growing increasingly aware of Procter's shortcomings. Harrison was criticized for not making a whole-hearted effort to come to the fort's aid. Yet the British had been defeated, and Procter withdrew to Canada. In the following months, the Americans won decisive victories at the battles of Lake Erie and the Thames.

title: Battle of Fort Stephenson


text:
Al Brooks

Al Brooks may refer to:
 * Albert Brooks (born 1947), American actor
 * Alfred Brooks (dancer) (1916–2005), American modern dancer and dance company founder

title: Al Brooks


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Curtis E. McCall

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 20:24, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Curtis E. McCall

 * Delete. Not notable.  Vanity. He's president of a small movie theater chain.  Google hits: 8.  -- Mwanner 23:39, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Sufficiently notable. Searching Google for his name without the middle initial returns many more relevant results. TigerShark 00:20, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Mm, no, I tried it. Of the 238 hits for "Curtic McCall", a great many of them appear to be for people other than the cinema minimogul (including a heavily-referenced academic). Delete.DS 13:13, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure of the exact proportions but 18 of the first 30 results seem to relate to this individual. Also this search returned 88. Of course simply getting a lot of hits on Google doesn't guarantee notability, but I just wanted to raise the point that the count seems to be significantly higher than the initial estimate of 8. Cheers. TigerShark 14:09, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete borderline notability. Megan1967 11:01, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Saltair (Utah)

The Jazz
I don't see anything about the Utah Jazz playing there until the ESA/Delta Center was built. Seems like that would be worth mentioning. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.195.192.133 (talk) 07:27, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Pics
Last time I visited Saltair, I noticed sections of a few waterslides. It was pretty funny because there were pices missing in mid air. Pretty delapidated. If someon can grab some good snapshots of present day Saltair, that'd be neato.

 * That should do it. BigBen212 18:30, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

i work at saltair. do youtube search. there are some great videos —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.69.33.2 (talk) 15:47, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Bands that have played there.
I added Panic at the disco and evanescence as they are both bands that have had shows there. I know this cause I have been to them. I have the exact dates for both shows. If we need to provide some soft of proof, I can arrange that.

Pic of Saltair from Carnival of Souls
That pic is nowhere in the film. There is no shot from the angle; the lake level is wrong; the aspect ratio is wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.184.40.166 (talk) 22:08, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Maybe the pic you are talking about was removed. The ones in the article now are of the first and third versions. It was the second one that appeared in that film. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.54.250.11 (talk) 17:13, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

The lake level fluctuates drastically from year to year, so that's no help. The scenes from Carnival of Souls were shot in the interiors; I don't know if any exterior shots were done at Saltair.D&RGW 223 (talk) 14:32, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Gentlemen broncos
Saltair features in the indie film Gentlemen Broncos — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.119.25.27 (talk) 15:54, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

"Swimmers at Saltair, c. 1890s" pic
Caption is likely wrong, also on Commons, and in the source (BYU Library). The latter says "Probably photographed by Charles R. Savage" (who died in 1909). Well, that's impossible because the building is "Saltair II" build in 1926. Compare the tower roofs and other details, there's a lot of pics around (even the first Saltair here in the article). Also, there wasn't bathing suits like these "around 1900" or "ca. 1890s". Must be end of 1920s or even 1930s... -Amga (talk) 15:20, 28 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saltair (Utah)


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Pitsmoor

Pitsmoor is a former village, now a suburb of Sheffield, England. The name derives from Or-pits as, anciently, the main local industry was the mining of ore. The village falls within the Burngreave ward of the City.

History
In 1906, thirteen Roman coins were found in the suburb. In the late Middle Ages, the Duke of Norfolk was the lord of the manor and owned the large woods surrounding it, now almost all covered by housing. A coal mine was developed, with its entrance on what later became Grimesthorpe Road. Its outflow ran by the side of the lane as far as Burngreave Vestry Hall, where it was joined by a burn which rose in Old Park Wood.

A small number of old houses survive in Pitsmoor, including Abbeyfield House and Toll Bar Cottage, which was built in 1837 on what was then the main road from Sheffield to Barnsley, Wakefield and Leeds. A few more survive in Crabtree, formerly a separate hamlet, lying immediately north west of Pitsmoor. Christ Church was constructed to serve the area in 1850, which was made its own parish.

In the early 1900s houses were still being built in the area. If you take a walk up Burngreave Road from Spital Hill you can follow this progression uphill from the dates marked on the front of each villa on either side of the road. The people who lived in them were doctors, teachers, shopkeepers and business men. Pitsmoor was described as eminently respectable and a languorous and soothing suburb, in an article in the Sheffield Daily Telegraph in 1906. In 1909, Abbeyfield House and its grounds were purchased by Sheffield City Council for £10,500, the grounds becoming Abbeyfield Park. In 1913, another patch of land off Abbeyfield Road became Devon Gardens. The creation of these public green spaces was in aid of an urban population of factory workers who needed access to fresh air and space to exercise.

During the 1920s some of the back-to-back houses began to disappear but many of the courts persisted until after the Second World War. Areas around Verdon Street and Gower Street were still dominated by this type of housing.

The King Mojo Club was based in Pitsmoor.

title: Pitsmoor


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Talk:International Workers Party

Untitled
This entire article has been removed by vandals except for the first sentence. Curiously this was done the same day that a major story broke in the New York media exposing the IWP's Lenora Fulani. Thus wikipedia's IWP article (which has been vetted by several experts and former members of the group in question) has been unavailable to the media at a time when it would be most useful on this subject. This is the same type of vandalism that followers of Lyndon Larouche engage in. I hope that wikipedia's editors will correct this situation speedily.--April 2005

After this article was restored, substantial changes were made on May 1. To the latest editor's credit, he or she did not try to throw out the previous Wikipedia version and produce a piece of pure propaganda in the way the LaRouchians are fond of doing. I have kept a number of the changes but there were some things that I just couldn't let pass. For instance, the reference to ex-IWPers who have criticisms of Newman as being "angry former members." And the reference to the Newmanites as "less dogmatic" than the Class Unity Faction of the IWP. These are word games that have the effect of demeaning former members who have spoken out. I feel strongly about this because I know these people (including the former Class Unity folk) to be individuals of courage and integrity.

I also removed the absurd rhetorical questions about the IWP: Did it ever exist? Does it still exist? Of course it exists--it published a public newspaper The International Worker from 1974-76. It had a little red membership book that included the names of the Central Committee members. Since 1976 it has continued to circulate party documents internally; such documents of recent (since 2001) provenance have been quoted in the New York Post. Even some of the latest wikipedia contributor's own sentences confirm its ongoing existence up through the 1990s. Anyone with any doubts can go to ex-iwp.org and read huge amounts of material on the IWP. Do you think webmaster Marina Ortiz simply made all this up???

I disputed in detail the Newmanite claim to be the first people to denounce LaRouche's turn to the right. This claim is so far from the truth that I can only compare it to someone saying the Moon is made of lime-pie filling.

I also removed the claim that Lenora Fulani led the black community in New York in an upsurge for Michael Bloomberg. If the latest editor wants to make such an extraordinary statement (as opposed to simply saying that Independence Party voters of a variety of ethnic backgrounds gave Bloomberg his margin of victory), he or she should provide evidence from the election returns, petitions, etc. I have no objection to this claim being restored if the person making it can provide adequate data.

I removed the jargon words like "independent progressive"; if the latest editor wants to restore them, he or she should put them in quotation marks and clearly state that this is a term used by the Newmanites specifically to describe themselves and certain forces they are or have been allied with in the third party electoral political movement, and that many people think the term is misleading. It would be helpful also to define the term in a precise manner. What does "independent" really mean? Is the former Newmanite ally Pat Buchanan an independent?

Newman and Fulani do claim to be influenced by Vygotsky, and it is true that their foray into primary education (the Barbara Taylor school) purported to utilize such Vygotskian concepts as the "Zone of Proximal Development" (I didn't mention it in the article, because the article is about the IWP, not about Newmanite educational endeavors; there are several other Wikipedia articles on various aspects of the Newman movement where a more detailed comparison of their views and Vygotsky's could appropriately be made). But I just don't see any connection between Vygotsky and social therapy or Vygotsky and Newman's philosophical views, and certainly none between Vygotsky and the Newman group's political activities. Vygotsky's collected works are available in English, as is a masterful summary of his work by the Canadian psychologist David Lethbridge ("Mind in the World," Minneapolis: MEP Publications, 1992; see Part III). Wikipedia readers can check this out for themselves.

I removed the references to Fulani and Newman as "Dr." They both have Ph.D.s, as the Wikipedia articles on them either point out or should point out, but neither of them is a psychiatrist, a clinical psychologist or any kind of medical doctor. Thus the use of the honorific in M.D. style is inherently misleading in an article discussing a group that bases itself on psychotherapy. (Newman's doctorate is in Philosophy.) Furthermore it is not the practice in American journalism to refer to Ph.D.s as "Dr." when they are being written about as political candidates or activists. If Fulani were being interviewed specifically on her academic specialty it would certainly be reasonable to quote her as "Dr. Fulani." But in the IWP article she is dealt with as a political figure.

I note that the latest editor doesn't like the term "Newmanite." This amuses me, because I recall how the Newmanites marched through the streets of lower Manhattan around 1994 chanting that they were proud to be "Newmanites" and that it was "all right" to call them that. This was on the front page of their newspaper the National Alliance.

Finally I restored the quote from Fulani in which she calls herself a "post-modern Bolshevik." She said it, in print, in an academic anthology. And why should a follower of hers want to remove it? The statement shows she has a sense of humor. -- Dennis King, May 8, 2005

This is a Personal Essay by Dennis King, not an encyclopedia article
And full of serious WP:BLP issues.

The article was simultaneously | posted on King's personal website and |"announced" anonymously on another Newman obsessed site. This is not an encyclopedia entry. It is a personal essay, and Wikipedia is simply not a place for biased, POV, BLP violating personal obsessions that the author cannot find a reputable, or even a disreputable, publisher for. BabyDweezil 15:44, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Total POV nonsense from an advocate. Reverted.--Cberlet 04:27, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 14:32, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

removing unsourced information
Since this article has been thoroughly marked as needing citations for years, and none have been provided, I've removed the bulk of the unsourced text. Please feel free to restore any text that can be sourced to reliable sources per our core policy on verifiability. -- Khazar2 (talk) 14:36, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:International Workers Party


text:
Talk:Joelma fire

Untitled
This is listed on Google as the Joelma Building Fire, or Joelma Highrise Fire. It might be a good idea to find out what to call it specifically and move it there. I question whether the current article name Joelma Fire with a capital f is the most appropriate heading. --Randolph 23:39, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This article should be merged with Joelma Building or deleted. It offers no citations or sources, and adds nothing to the other article's more complete information.201.6.69.127 13:21, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

another 2016 san paulo fire
--46.130.145.23 (talk) 21:11, 15 May 2016 (UTC): a recent fire occured in may 15 2016.

title: Talk:Joelma fire


text:
Push and Be Damned Rapids

"Push and Be Damned Rapids" is the evocative name for rapids on the Southwest Miramichi River, one of the many tributaries of the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, Canada, near the village of Juniper.

The name refers to the difficulty of "poling", or pushing a canoe upstream with a pole, on these particular rapids.

title: Push and Be Damned Rapids


text:
Passerini reaction

The Passerini reaction is a chemical reaction involving an isocyanide, an aldehyde (or ketone), and a carboxylic acid to form a α-acyloxy amide. This addition reaction is one of the oldest isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions and was first described in 1921 by Mario Passerini in Florence, Italy. It is typically carried out in aprotic solvents but can also be performed in ionic liquids such as water or deep eutectic solvents. It is a third order reaction; first order in each of the reactants. The Passerini reaction is often used in combinatorial and medicinal chemistry with recent utility in green chemistry and polymer chemistry. As isocyanides exhibit high functional group tolerance, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity, the Passerini reaction has a wide range of synthetic applications.

Mechanism
The Passerini reaction has been hypothesized to occur through two mechanistic pathways. The reaction pathways are dependent on the solvent used.

Concerted mechanism
A concerted mechanism, seen in SN2 and Diels−Alder reactions, is theorized to occur when the Passerini reagents are present at high concentration in aprotic solvents. This mechanism involves a trimolecular reaction between the isocyanide, carboxylic acid, and carbonyl in a sequence of nucleophilic additions. The reaction proceeds first through an imidate intermediate and then undergoes Mumm rearrangement to afford the Passerini product.

As the Mumm rearrangement requires a second carboxylic acid molecule, this mechanism classifies the Passerini reaction as an organocatalytic reaction.

Ionic mechanism
In polar solvents, such as methanol or water, the carbonyl is protonated before nucleophilic addition of the isocyanide, affording a nitrilium ion intermediate. This is followed by the addition of a carboxylate, acyl group transfer and proton transfer respectively to give the desired Passerini product.

Reaction control
Molecular weights of polymers synthesized through the Passerini can be controlled through stoichiometric means. For example, polymer chain length and weight can adjusted through isocyanide stoichiometry, and polymer geometry can be influenced through starting reagents. To facilitate the Passerini reaction between bulky, sterically hindered reagents, a vortex fluidic device can be used to induce high shear conditions. These conditions emulate the effects of high temperature and pressure, allowing the Passerini reaction to proceed fairly quickly. The Passerini reaction can also exhibit enantioselectivity. Addition of tert-butyl isocyanide to a wide variety of aldehydes (aromatic, heteroaromatic, olefinic, acetylenic, aliphatic) is achieved using a catalytic system of tetrachloride and a chiral bisphosphoramide which provides good yield and good enantioselectivities. For other types of isocyanides, rate of addition of isocyanide to reaction mixture dictates good yields and high selectivities.

Applications
Apart from forming α-acyloxy amide products, the Passerini reaction can be used to form heterocycles, polymers, amino acids, and medicinal products.

Heterocycles
The original Passerini reaction produces acyclic depsipeptides which are labile in physiological conditions. To increase product stability for medicinal use, post-Passerini cyclization reactions have been used to afford heterocycles such as β-lactams, butenolides, and isocoumarins. To enable these cyclizations, reagents are pre-functionalized with reactive groups (ex. halogens, azides, etc.) and used in tandem with other reactions (ex. Passerini-Knoevenagel, Passerini-Dieckmann) to afford heterocyclic products. Compounds like three membered oxirane and aziridine derivatives, four-membered b-lactams, and five-membered tetrasubstituted 4,5-dihydropyrazoles have been produced through this reaction.

Polymers
This reaction has also been used for polymerization, monomer formation, and post-polymerization modification. The Passerini reaction has also been used to form sequence-defined polymers. Bifunctional substrates can be used to undergo post-polymerization modification or serve as precursors for polymerization. As this reaction has high functional group tolerance, the polymers created using this reaction are widely diverse with tuneable properties. Macromolecules that have been produced with this reaction include macroamides, macrocyclic depsipeptides, three-component dendrimers and three-armed star branched mesogen core molecules.

Amino acids and pharmaceuticals
Passerini reaction has been employed for the formation of structures like α-amino acids, α-hydroxy-β-amino acids, α-ketoamides, β-ketoamides, α-hydroxyketones and α-aminoxyamides. The Passerini reaction has synthesized α-Acyloxy carboxamides that have demonstrated activity as anti-cancer medications along with functionalized [C60]-fullerenes used in medicinal and plant chemistry. This reaction has also been used as a synthetic step in the total synthesis of commercially available pharmaceuticals such as telaprevir (VX-950), an antiviral sold by Vertex Pharmaceuticals and Johnson & Johnson.

title: Passerini reaction


text:
Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel

Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel is an American monthly sports news magazine that aired on HBO. The program was presented by television journalist and sportscaster Bryant Gumbel.

Format
Each episode consisted of four stories covering society and sports, famous athletes, or problems afflicting sports.

As of 2018, the show has been honored with 32 Sports Emmy Awards and won Peabody Awards in 2012 and 2015. In September 2023, it was announced that the series would end after 29 seasons. The final episode aired on December 19, 2023.

Real Sports was the inspiration for two other HBO shows: On the Record with Bob Costas and Costas Now.

Correspondents
Final Correspondents:
 * Bryant Gumbel (host)
 * Mary Carillo
 * Jon Frankel
 * Andrea Kremer
 * Soledad O'Brien
 * David Scott
 * Carl Quintanilla
 * Kavitha Davidson
 * Ariel Helwani

Former correspondents:
 * James Brown
 * Bryan Burwell
 * Frank Deford
 * Jim Lampley
 * Sonja Steptoe
 * Lesley Visser
 * Armen Keteyian
 * Bernard Goldberg

Camel Jockeys – Sports of Sheikhs
In 2004, guided by human rights activist Ansar Burney, an HBO team used a hidden camera to document slavery and torture in secret desert camps where boys under the age of five were trained to race camels, a national sport in the United Arab Emirates. This half-hour investigative report exposed a carefully hidden child slavery ring that bought or kidnapped hundreds of young boys in Pakistan and Bangladesh. These boys were then forced to become camel jockeys in the UAE. The report also questioned the sincerity of U.S. diplomacy in pressuring an ally, the UAE, to comply with its own stated policy of banning the use of children under 15 from camel racing.

The documentary won a Sports Emmy Award in 2004 for "Outstanding Sports Journalism" and the 2006 Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award for outstanding broadcast journalism. It also brought world attention to the plight of child camel jockeys in the Middle East and helped Ansar Burney Trust to convince the governments of Qatar and the UAE to end the use of children in this sport.

Jack Johnson and Kelly Slater singing "Home (Live from the Beach)"
During the summer of 2013, Jon Frankel's interview with Kelly Slater spawned an HBO Sports video of Jack Johnson and Kelly Slater performing "Home (Live from the Beach)".

Controversial remarks
In February 2006, Gumbel made remarks regarding the Winter Olympics and the lack of African-American participation. So try not to laugh when someone says these are the world's greatest athletes despite a paucity of blacks that makes the Winter Games look like a GOP convention.

On the August 15, 2006 episode of Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel, Gumbel made the following remarks about former NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue and National Football League Players Association president Gene Upshaw and directed these comments to new commissioner Roger Goodell: Before he cleans out his office have Paul Tagliabue show you where he keeps Gene Upshaw's leash. By making the docile head of the players union his personal pet, your predecessor has kept the peace without giving players the kind of guarantees other pros take for granted. Try to make sure no one competent ever replaces Upshaw on your watch.

In response, Tagliabue said, "What Gumbel said about Gene Upshaw and our owners is about as irresponsible as anything I've heard in a long time." Gumbel replied with, "It's a lot like covering any story [...] You see what is in front of you and you report on it."

On the October 18, 2011 episode, Gumbel invoked slavery in his criticism of NBA Commissioner David Stern over the league's lockout. His efforts are typical of a commissioner who has always seemed eager to be viewed as some kind of modern-day plantation overseer, treating NBA men as if they were his boys. [...] His moves are intended to do little more than show how he's the one keeping the hired hands in their place.

title: Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel


text:
Digital

Digital usually refers to something using discrete digits, often binary digits.

Hardware

 * Digital electronics, electronic circuits which operate using digital signals
 * Digital camera, which captures and stores digital images
 * Digital versus film photography
 * Digital computer, a computer that handles information represented by discrete values
 * Digital recording, information recorded using a digital signal

Socioeconomic phenomena

 * Digital culture, the anthropological dimension of the digital social changes
 * Digital divide, a form of economic and social inequality in access to or use of information and communication technologies
 * Digital economy, an economy based on computing and telecommunications resources

Other uses in technology and computing

 * Digital data, discrete data, usually represented using binary numbers
 * Digital marketing, search engine and social media marketing
 * Digital media, media stored as digital data
 * Digital radio, which uses digital technology to transmit or receive
 * Digital television, television systems which broadcast using digital signals
 * Digital signal (electronics), signals formed from a discrete set of waveforms, rather than continuous ranges
 * Digital signal (signal processing), sampled analog signals represented as a sequence of digital values

Art, entertainment, and media

 * Digital: A Love Story (2010), an indie video game by Christine Love
 * Digital (album), an album by KRS-One
 * "Digital" (Goldie song) (1998)
 * "Digital" (Joy Division song) (1978)
 * "Digital (Did You Tell)", a song by Stone Sour (2010)
 * "Digital", a song by Alexandra Stan from Unlocked
 * "Digital", a song by Imagine Dragons from Origins
 * "Digital", a song by Soulja Boy from The DeAndre Way
 * "Digital", a song by T-Pain from Three Ringz
 * Digital painting, a method of creating visual art using computers

Brands and enterprises

 * Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) or Digital, a computer company
 * Digital Research (DR or DRI), a software company

Other uses

 * Relating to the fingers
 * Digital exam, in proctology
 * Digital bank or Neobank
 * Digital Party, a political party in Uruguay
 * Digital rights, human and legal rights to access, use, create, and publish digital media or to access and use computers, other electronic devices, and telecommunications networks.
 * Vitalis Takawira or Digital, professional football player

title: Digital