text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Division No. 1, Subd. O, Newfoundland and Labrador

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 18:35, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Division No. 1, Subd. O, Newfoundland and Labrador
Non-notable. TigerShark 00:48, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep If we are going to have an article on every place in the U.S., I don't see why not in Canada. This is an unorganized census area. This place does exist, see here: -- [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Earl Andrew - talk 01:52, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Yes it may exist but, according to the article, the population is 687. I'm not sure that's enough, in its own right, to make it notable. Do you know if there are any other facts that might increase it's notability? Cheers. TigerShark 02:01, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * A place's population does not make it notable or non-notable. In fact, we have a whole page dedicated to places with less than 10 people. See List of places with fewer than ten people. -- [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Earl Andrew - talk 02:03, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes Earl. I didn't say that it made it non-notable (I'm not sure that anything can be made non-notable anyway, rather it is non-notable due to a lack of anything to make it notable). I just said that it didn't make it notable on the basis of population. That is why I asked if there was anything else that might make it notable. Also, I would suggest that high population could in itself make a location notable (although a location with a high population would almost certainly have something else to make it notable). Cheers. TigerShark 10:22, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Spinboy 02:01, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. EA is right, D1SO rates as important as most of the geographic entries we already have. But be fair -- TigerShark isn't being US-centric. D1SO sounds unimportant, because it doesn't have a name. Isaac R 02:14, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agreeing with Isaac R - IIRC a very important city in Soviet Russia didn't have a name, just a zip code. KickAir8P~ 02:31, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC)
 * This is like Sherwood No. 159, Saskatchewan, which I expanded out of a substub during its vfd a few months ago. Some weird naming conventions make real localities, at the right level of granularity, seem less important than they really are. Keep real places. Samaritan 02:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep real places, except for the occasional shed in someone's garden. Kappa 03:10, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but forget intentional sheds as well. Mikkalai 04:21, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all real places. RickK 07:18, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Keep all real places" goes without saying. But determining what's a real place takes a little thought. "Division No. 1, Subdivision O" sounds like some arbitrary mapmakers thing, but turns out to be a real place. Sandhill Farm sounds like a real place, but is just a name 5 people gave to the farm they live on.
 * Keep all real places. Including notable sheds.--Gene_poole 00:16, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep real places listed in census data. Potential for expansion in terms of history of district and community of interest. Capitalistroadster 02:40, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Gurney Evans

Edward Gurney Vaux Evans (September 3, 1907 – January 8, 1987) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1953 to 1969, and served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Dufferin Roblin and Walter Weir. His uncle, Harry Evans, was an Edmonton mayor.

He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the son of William Sanford Evans, a Winnipeg mayor and Conservative MLA and party leader, and Irene Gurney, Evans was educated at Ridley College and the University of Manitoba, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree. He became a publisher at his father's firm of Sanford Evans & Co. Ltd., and was assistant director of Ordnance Services in the Canadian Army from 1942 to 1946, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel. He received the Order of the British Empire, and was a member of the Canadian Empire Club.

Evans served as executive director for the Carswell-Shaw Commission which assessed Manitoba flood damages in 1950 and was executive director of the Red River Valley Board following the 1950 flood. He was also chairman of the Manitoba Civil Service Commission.

Evans was a longtime friend of Dufferin Roblin, and was personally encouraged by Roblin to run for the provincial Progressive Conservatives. He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1953 provincial election, in the riding of Winnipeg South. This riding elected four members by preferential balloting; Evans finished fourth on the first ballot, was declared elected on the sixth and final count. In 1954, members of the Winnipeg Press Gallery unanimously endorsed him as the "most dignified man in the house" at their annual dinner.

He was re-elected in the 1958 provincial election, easily winning in the redistributed single-member constituency of Fort Rouge. The Progressive Conservatives formed a minority government after this election, and Evans was named Minister of Industry and Commerce and Minister of Mines and Natural Resources on June 30, 1958.

The PCs won a majority government in the 1959 election. Evans, easily returned, was relieved of the MNR portfolio on August 7, 1959, and named Provincial Secretary on December 21.

Evans was re-elected again in the provincial elections of 1962 and 1966. He stopped serving as Provincial Secretary on June 12, 1963. On July 22, 1966, was promoted from Industry and Commerce to the high-profile position of Provincial Treasurer and Minister of Mines and Natural Resources. Walter Weir retained Evans in these positions when he replaced Roblin as Premier in 1967. As Treasurer, Evans suggested separating capital from operating in the budget.

The Progressive Conservatives were defeated in the 1969 provincial election, and Evans lost his seat to Cy Gonick of the New Democratic Party by 273 votes in the redistributed riding of Crescentwood. He did not seek a return to provincial office after this time.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gurney Evans


text:
Talk:Royal Northern College of Music

POV
"This is notwithstanding the fact that it is still considered as one of the weaker music colleges." - surely this is POV, can anyone find any evidence to (dis)prove this? -- Mariocki 00:49, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"It is POV, and rather misleading. Many authorities consider the RNCM the premier conservatoire in the UK today. The RNCM is at the very top of the Guardian teaching league tables for music. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/careers/don/story/0,11109,1154158,00.html"

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 10:32, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

affiliations
The infobox lists affiliation to the U. of Manchester. I'm unable to find any evidence of the RNCM being affiliated to any single university, therefore I put a tag in the box. Of course I'm willing to stand corrected if anyone could come with a suitable source. --Jotel (talk) 15:47, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

POV claims
"It is recognised as having one of the best keyboard departments in the world and the country's best composition department, which makes it renowned amongst both British and international students."

Any sources for this? This sounds like the PR department at work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.81.216.130 (talk) 07:58, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Even if sourced, such claims are highly unnencyclopedic, extremely subjective, and against Wikipedia's handbook of style. Please check Juilliard School as an example of a neutral article about a leading conservatory. The whole "League table ranking and reputaton" section is, even with the sources, just too partial and should be removed. This is an article and not a prospectus/viewbook. --Karljoos (talk) 22:51, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Isobel Baillie
Does anyone know any refs for Isobel Baillie teaching at Manchester School of Music (from 1970) and is that one of the precursors to the RNCM? (Msrasnw (talk) 23:55, 4 July 2010 (UTC))

title: Talk:Royal Northern College of Music


text:
Safety Second, Body Last

Safety Second, Body Last is an EP by American noise rock band The Locust. The band stated that the album is designed to be one 10-minute song, though it is split into two tracks, each of which is split into separate movements. The cover art is a piece titled "Treatment" by Neil Burke.

Reception
Johnny Loftus of AllMusic described Safety Second, Body Last as "grindy noise with disquieting lulls."

Track listing

 * 1) Armless and Overactive
 * "Who's Handling the Population Paste?"
 * "Invented Organs"
 * "New Tongue Sweepstakes"
 * "Consenting Abscess (Part 1)"
 * "Consenting Abscess (Part 2)"

 * 1) One Decent Leg
 * "Movement Across the Membrane"
 * "Oscillating Eyes"
 * "Immune System Overtime"
 * "Hairy Mouth"

title: Safety Second, Body Last


text:
User talk:Chill Pill Bill

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Ciara Goodies Music Album Cover.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Ciara Goodies Music Album Cover.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that your image can be used under a fair use license. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If your image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why your image was deleted. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Yamla 23:47, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Dragon_Quest_VIII_Japanese_Box_Art_Fairuse.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Dragon_Quest_VIII_Japanese_Box_Art_Fairuse.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 12:31, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Tamu-system-logo.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Tamu-system-logo.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:24, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Ciara Goodies Music Album Cover.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Ciara Goodies Music Album Cover.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 14:08, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Image:Jerry Maguire movie poster.jpg
I have tagged Image:Jerry Maguire movie poster.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. Thank you. Ubiq Mail 10:32, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Mtv-xbox-360-unveiling.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Mtv-xbox-360-unveiling.JPG. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 18:10, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Speed-channel-american-tv-n.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Speed-channel-american-tv-n.png. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ViperSnake151 17:03, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Missy Elliott - Under Contruction - Album.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Missy Elliott - Under Contruction - Album.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 01:46, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Copyright problem: Advertising campaign
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Advertising campaign, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. This article appears to be a copy from http://www.easinteractive.com/pages/faq.html, and therefore a copyright violation. The copyrighted text has been or will soon be deleted.

If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), versions 1.3 or later then you should do one of the following:

 * If you have permission from the author leave a message explaining the details at Talk:Advertising campaign and send an email with confirmation of permission to "permissions-en (at) wikimedia (dot) org". See Requesting copyright permission for instructions.
 * If a note on the original website states that re-use is permitted under the GFDL or that the material is released into the public domain leave a note at Talk:Advertising campaign with a link to where we can find that note.
 * If you own the copyright to the material: send an e-mail from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-en(at)wikimedia(dot)org or a postal message to the Wikimedia Foundation permitting re-use under the GFDL, and note that you have done so on Talk:Advertising campaign.

It may also be necessary for the text be modified to have an encyclopedic tone and to follow Wikipedia article layout. For more information on Wikipedia's policies, see Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.

If you would like to begin working on a new version of the article you may do so at [ this temporary page]. Leave a note at Talk:Advertising campaign saying you have done so and an administrator will move the new article into place once the issue is resolved. Thank you, and please feel welcome to continue contributing to Wikipedia. Happy editing! Nikkimaria (talk) 15:28, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Talk to Her English movie poster fairuse.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Talk to Her English movie poster fairuse.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ww2censor (talk) 04:31, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Mtv-xbox-360-unveiling.JPG
 Thanks for uploading File:Mtv-xbox-360-unveiling.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk ) 04:54, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Texas A&M University System seal.png
 Thanks for uploading File:Texas A&. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 19:05, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Nomination of Advertising campaign for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Advertising campaign is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Advertising campaign until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Koridas (...Puerto Rico for statehood!) 01:57, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

"MTV Presents: The Next Generation Xbox Revealed" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect MTV Presents: The Next Generation Xbox Revealed and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 September 15 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 08:57, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chill Pill Bill


text:
Livingstone, Zambia

Livingstone is a city in Zambia. Until 1935, it served as the capital of Northern Rhodesia. Lying 10 km (6 mi) to the north of the Zambezi River, it is a tourism attraction center for the Victoria Falls  and a border town with road and rail connections to Zimbabwe on the other side of the Victoria Falls. A historic British colonial city, its present population was enumerated at 177,393 inhabitants at the 2022 census. It is named after David Livingstone, the Scottish explorer and missionary who was the first European to explore the area. Until 2011, Livingstone was the provincial capital of Zambia's Southern Province.

Pre-colonial history
Mukuni, 9.6 km to the south-east of present-day Livingstone, was the largest village in the area before Livingstone was founded. Its Baleya inhabitants, originally from the Rozwi culture in Zimbabwe, were conquered by Chief Mukuni who came from the Congo in the 16th century. Another group of Baleya under Chief Sekute lived near the river west of the town. The predominant people in the area, though, were the Batoka under Chief Musokotwane based at Senkobo, 30 km north. These are southern Tonga people but are culturally and linguistically similar to the Baleya. The Subiya paid tribute to the Lozi of Barotseland but in 1838 the Kololo, a Sotho tribe from South Africa displaced by Zulu wars, migrated north and conquered the Lozi. The Kololo placed chiefs of their subordinate Subiya people of Sesheke over the Tokaleya. In 1855 Scottish missionary traveller David Livingstone became the first European to be shown the Zambezi in Livingstone vicinity, to see Victoria Falls by the Subiya-Kololo Chief Sekeletu.

Colonial history
In the 1890s Cecil Rhodes's British South Africa Company established the British rule north of the Zambezi and launched a wave of mineral prospecting and exploration activity and as well ventured into other natural resources such as timber, ivory and animal skins in a territory called North-Western Rhodesia. The main crossing point of the Zambezi was above the falls at the Old Drift, first by dugout canoe, later by an iron boat propelled by eight Lozi paddlers, or a barge towed across with a steel cable. The Batoka Gorge and the deep valley and gorges of the middle Zambezi (now flooded by the Kariba Dam) meant there was no better crossing point between the Falls and Kariba Gorge, 483 km north-east. As the Old Drift crossing became more frequently used, a British colonial settlement sprang up there and around 1897 it became the first municipality in the country; it is sometimes referred to as 'Old Livingstone'. Its proximity to mosquito breeding areas caused deaths from malaria, so after 1900 the Europeans moved to higher ground known as Constitution Hill or Sandbelt Post Office, and as that area grew into a town it was named Livingstone in honour of the explorer.

In the mid-1890s Rhodesia Railways had reached Bulawayo in Southern Rhodesia spurring industrial development there, fuelled by the coal mines at Hwange (then named Wankie) just 110 km south-east of Mosi-oa-Tunya. The railway was extended to Hwange for the coal, but Rhodes's vision was to keep pushing north to extend the British Empire, and he would have built it to Cairo if he could. In 1904 the railway reached the Falls on the southern side and construction of the Victoria Falls Bridge started. Too impatient to wait for its completion, Rhodes had the line from Livingstone to Kalomo built and operations started some months in advance of the bridge using a single locomotive which was conveyed in pieces by temporary cableway across the gorge next to the bridge building site.

The city was founded in 1905. The British South Africa Company moved the capital of the territory there in 1907. In 1911 the company merged the territory with North-Eastern Rhodesia as Northern Rhodesia. Livingstone prospered from its position as a gateway to trade between north and south sides of the Zambezi, as well as from farming in the Southern Province and commercial timber production from forests to its north-west. A number of colonial buildings were erected which still stand. Although the capital was moved to Lusaka in 1935 to be closer to the economic heartland of the Copperbelt, industries based on timber, hides, tobacco, cotton (including textiles) and other agricultural products grew. A hydroelectric plant was built taking water from the Eastern Cataract of the Falls. The town of Victoria Falls in Southern Rhodesia had the tourist trade, but many supplies were bought from Livingstone.

Of all the towns in Northern Rhodesia, colonial Livingstone took on the most British character. Surrounded by large numbers of African settlements, it had a strongly marked segregation which while not being officially enshrined as an apartheid policy, had similar practical effects. The north and western areas of the town and the town centre were reserved for the colonial government and white-owned businesses and associated residential areas, while African townships such as Maramba (named after the small Maramba River flowing nearby) were in the east and south and were inhabited by working servants, craftsman, tradesman, as well as large numbers of non-working black families suffering under welfare dependency. Asians and people of mixed race owned businesses in the middle, on the eastern side of the centre.

During World War II, 170 Polish refugees escaping from German- and Soviet-occupied Poland, were admitted in Livingstone in 1941, and a Polish consular post was established there.

As the British government began publicly discussing independence, and news of the large scale massacres of white colonials in nearby Belgian Congo was heard, many white residents feared abandonment by the British colonial government. Consequently, many began making moves to migrate south toward Southern Rhodesia or South Africa. When Northern Rhodesia obtained independence as Zambia, many more whites continued to leave. At the end of British rule in 1964, Africans were handed a country in which there were only 100 black college graduates, almost all in social sciences from the University of Fort Hare in South Africa. In 1968, a one party state had been established which seized most remaining non-black property, especially those of whites. Consequently, most of the remaining Northern Rhodesians left after an official policy of nationalisation in Zambia was announced.

Post-independence
Some colonial civic buildings were destroyed and replaced with an African architecture, although Livingstone was used as a location for a 1950s Rhodesian town in the 1981 movie The Grass Is Singing (based on the Doris Lessing novel of that name). . At the same time, a large infusion of cash from the British government to Zambia at independence was partially used in Livingstone. Livingstone suffered economic decline in the 1970s due in part to renationalisation of industries and in part to closure of the border with Rhodesia, first by the Zambian government and later by the Rhodesian authorities.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, Livingstone has experienced a resurgence in tourism and has firmly become the destination of choice when visiting the Victoria Falls. Livingstone has enjoyed a slight influx of investment in the industry from modern hotel chains like Sun International, to some modern street strip mall centers and restaurants. Apart from tourism, the other hope on Livingstone's horizon is development stimulated by the Walvis Bay Corridor with the opening of the Katima Mulilo Bridge and completion of the Trans–Caprivi Highway 200 km west, which funnels more trade through the town.

Climate
Livingstone has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) with hot and rainy wet seasons and very hot pre-wet seasons and mild dry seasons with large temperature differences between day and night.

Air
The city is served by Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport, which receives domestic flights from Lusaka and connects with various international cities, including Johannesburg, Cape Town, Mbombela & Nairobi.

Rail
The city is served by the operating sections of the Cape to Cairo Railway, which connect it to Lusaka in the north-east and Bulawayo in the south-east. The railway to Lusaka is also named the Zambia Railway. The Mulobezi Railway connects Livingstone to the Mulobezi timber industry in the west.

Road
The Lusaka-Livingstone road (T1 road) connects Livingstone with Kalomo, Choma and the national capital (Lusaka) in the north-east. The same road connects southwards, crossing into Zimbabwe via Victoria Falls Bridge (weight restrictions apply) (becoming the A8 road on the Zimbabwean side and passing through Victoria Falls Town before proceeding to Bulawayo).

The M10 road connects westwards to Kazungula (where the Kazungula Bridge, formerly the Kazungula Ferry, connects with the border into Botswana) and to Sesheke (where it crosses the Zambezi as the Katima Mulilo Bridge and reaches the Katima Mulilo Border with Namibia). This road from Livingstone to the Katima Mulilo Bridge is part of the Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road. The M10 further connects with Senanga and Mongu.

Places of worship
Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Diocese of Livingstone (Catholic Church), United Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Mount Zion Christian Centre - Livingstone (Pentecostal Church), Reformed Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Union of Zambia (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God. There are also Muslim mosques and Hindu temples. Previously, Livingstone hosted a strong Jewish community.

Culture
Livingstone has various museums, like the Livingstone Museum (archaeology, ethnography and history and contains a collection of memorabilia relating to David Livingstone), the Maramba Cultural Museum (featuring traditional dancing, singing, costumes), the Railway Museum of the Mulobezi Railway and the Victoria Falls Field Museum (featuring geology and archaeology around the Falls).

Education
Secondary schools in the area include Hillcrest Technical Secondary School and Linda Secondary School.

Twin towns – sister cities
Livingstone is twinned with:
 * Funchal, Portugal
 * 🇺🇸 Santa Fe, United States

title: Livingstone, Zambia


text: User talk:69.196.159.88

title: User talk:69.196.159.88


text:
Finsen (crater)

Finsen is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere, on the Moon's far side. It is attached to the southeastern exterior of the walled plain Leibnitz, and the ejecta from Finsen covers the southeastern part of Leibnitz's interior floor. To the southwest of Finsen is another walled plain, Von Kármán, partly overlain by Leibnitz.

This is a relatively young impact crater with well-defined features that have not been significantly eroded by subsequent impacts. The rim is circular but somewhat uneven along the edge, with outward protrusions along all sides except to the north and northwest. The inner wall has slumped in places, producing a sharp rim edge in the southern half. There are also a number of short terraces along the inner wall.

The inner wall is wider to the north, and so the relatively level interior floor is offset slightly to the south. At the midpoint of the crater is a central peak formation, occupying an area of roughly 15 km. This central peak has a higher albedo than the surrounding floor or rim, giving a lightened appearance. There are no significant impacts along the crater rim or within the interior.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Finsen.

title: Finsen (crater)


text:
Reu

Reu or Ragau (רְעוּ; ), according to Genesis in the Hebrew Bible, was the son of Peleg and the father of Serug, thus being Abraham's great-great-grandfather and the ancestor of the Israelites and Ishmaelites.

In scriptures
According to the apocryphal Book of Jubilees, Reu is said to have been born to Peleg and Lomna of Shinar at the time when the Tower of Babel was begun. 'Behold the children of men have become evil through the wicked purpose of building for themselves a city and a tower in the land of Shinar.'

- (10:18) His wife was Ora, daughter of 'Ûr, (the son of Kesed) (Jubilees 11:1).

According to the Masoretic text, Reu was 32 when Serug was born and lived to the age of 239 (when Abraham was either 18 or 78).

The Septuagint and Samaritan Pentateuch state that his age on fathering Serug was 132, and the Septuagint thus gives age at death as 339.

In popular culture
The biblical film Abraham (1993) features Nadim Sawalha as a minor character named Reko, a name phonetically similar to Reu.

title: Reu


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daniel Wright

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE, which will be implemented pending resolution of block compression errors. Postdlf 21:09, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Daniel Wright

 * Delete This is clearly a vanity page for a non-notable person. --H. C HENEY 00:55, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonnotable. Mikkalai 04:24, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1.5% of the vote for a minor municipal post and no other claim to notability... Delete. Samaritan 06:21, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * People who lost the vote in minor positions aren't notable. Mgm|(talk) 10:16, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops, that would be a delete. Mgm|(talk) 10:17, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Yakov Sinai

Yakov Grigorevich Sinai (Я́ков Григо́рьевич Сина́й; born September 21, 1935) is a Russian–American mathematician known for his work on dynamical systems. He contributed to the modern metric theory of dynamical systems and connected the world of deterministic (dynamical) systems with the world of probabilistic (stochastic) systems. He has also worked on mathematical physics and probability theory. His efforts have provided the groundwork for advances in the physical sciences.

Sinai has won several awards, including the Nemmers Prize, the Wolf Prize in Mathematics and the Abel Prize. He serves as the professor of mathematics at Princeton University since 1993 and holds the position of Senior Researcher at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Moscow, Russia.

Biography
Yakov Grigorevich Sinai was born into a Russian Jewish academic family on September 21, 1935, in Moscow, Soviet Union (now Russia). His parents, Nadezda Kagan and Gregory Sinai, were both microbiologists. His grandfather, Veniamin Kagan, headed the Department of Differential Geometry at Moscow State University and was a major influence on Sinai's life.

Sinai received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Moscow State University. In 1960, he earned his Ph.D., also from Moscow State; his adviser was Andrey Kolmogorov. Together with Kolmogorov, he showed that even for "unpredictable" dynamic systems, the level of unpredictability of motion can be described mathematically. In their idea, which became known as Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy, a system with zero entropy is entirely predictable, while a system with non-zero entropy has an unpredictability factor directly related to the amount of entropy.

In 1963, Sinai introduced the idea of dynamical billiards, also known as "Sinai Billiards". In this idealized system, a particle bounces around inside a square boundary without loss of energy. Inside the square is a circular wall, of which the particle also bounces off. He then proved that for most initial trajectories of the ball, this system is ergodic, that is, after a long time, the amount of that time the ball will have spent in any given region on the surface of the table is approximately proportional to the area of that region. It was the first time anyone proved such a dynamical system was ergodic.

Also in 1963, Sinai announced a proof of the ergodic hypothesis for a gas consisting of n hard spheres confined to a box. The complete proof, however, was never published, and in 1987 Sinai declared that the announcement was premature. The problem remains open to this day.

Other contributions in mathematics and mathematical physics include the rigorous foundations of Kenneth Wilson's renormalization group-method, which led to Wilson's Nobel Prize for Physics in 1982, Gibbs measures in ergodic theory, hyperbolic Markov partitions, proof of the existence of Hamiltonian dynamics for infinite particle systems by the idea of "cluster dynamics", description of the discrete Schrödinger operators by the localization of eigenfunctions, Markov partitions for billiards and Lorenz map (with Bunimovich and Chernov), a rigorous treatment of subdiffusions in dynamics, verification of asymptotic Poisson distribution of energy level gaps for a class of integrable dynamical systems, and his version of the Navier–Stokes equations together with Khanin, Mattingly and Li.

From 1960 to 1971, Sinai was a researcher in the Laboratory of Probabilistic and Statistical Methods at Moscow State University. In 1971 he accepted a position as senior researcher at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Russia, while continuing to teach at Moscow State. He had to wait until 1981 to become a professor at Moscow State, likely because he had supported the dissident poet, mathematician and human rights activist Alexander Esenin-Volpin in 1968.

Since 1993, Sinai has been a professor of mathematics at Princeton University, while maintaining his position at the Landau Institute. For the 1997–98 academic year, he was the Thomas Jones Professor at Princeton, and in 2005, the Moore Distinguished Scholar at the California Institute of Technology.

In 2002, Sinai won the Nemmers Prize for his "revolutionizing" work on dynamical systems, statistical mechanics, probability theory, and statistical physics. In 2005, the Moscow Mathematical Journal dedicated an issue to Sinai writing "Yakov Sinai is one of the greatest mathematicians of our time ... his exceptional scientific enthusiasm inspire[d] several generations of scientists all over the world."

In 2013, Sinai received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement. In 2014, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters awarded him the Abel Prize, for his contributions to dynamical systems, ergodic theory, and mathematical physics. Presenting the award, Jordan Ellenberg said Sinai had solved real world physical problems "with the soul of a mathematician". He praised the tools developed by Sinai which demonstrate how systems that look different may in fact have fundamental similarities. The prize comes with 6 million Norwegian krone, equivalent at the time to $US 1 million or £600,000. He was also inducted into the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Other awards won by Sinai include the Boltzmann Medal (1986), the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics (1990), the Dirac Prize (1992), the Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1997), the Lagrange Prize (2008) and the Henri Poincaré Prize (2009). He is a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He is an honorary member of the London Mathematical Society (1992) and, in 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Sinai has been selected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1983), Brazilian Academy of Sciences (2000), the Academia Europaea, the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society of London. He holds honorary degrees from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Warwick University, and Warsaw University.

Sinai has authored more than 250 papers and books. Concepts in mathematics named after him include Minlos–Sinai theory of phase separation, Sinai's random walk, Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measures, and Pirogov–Sinai theory, Bleher–Sinai renormalization theory. Sinai has overseen more than 50 PhD candidates. He has spoken at the International Congress of Mathematicians four times. In 2000, he was a plenary speaker at the First Latin American Congress in Mathematics.

Sinai is married to mathematician and physicist Elena B. Vul. The couple have written several joint papers.

Selected works

 * Introduction to Ergodic Theory. Princeton 1976.
 * Topics in Ergodic Theory. Princeton 1977, 1994.
 * Probability Theory – an Introductory Course. Springer, 1992.
 * Theory of probability and Random Processes (with Koralov). 2nd edition, Springer, 2007.
 * Theory of Phase Transitions – Rigorous Results. Pergamon, Oxford 1982.
 * Ergodic Theory (with Isaac Kornfeld and Sergei Fomin). Springer, Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften 1982.
 * "What is a Billiard?", Notices AMS 2004.
 * "Mathematicians and physicists = Cats and Dogs?" in Bulletin of the AMS. 2006, vol. 4.
 * "How mathematicians and physicists found each other in the theory of dynamical systems and in statistical mechanics", in Mathematical Events of the Twentieth Century (editors: Bolibruch, Osipov, & Sinai). Springer 2006, p. 399.

title: Yakov Sinai