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Perl Compatible Regular Expressions

Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) is a library written in C, which implements a regular expression engine, inspired by the capabilities of the Perl programming language. Philip Hazel started writing PCRE in summer 1997. PCRE's syntax is much more powerful and flexible than either of the POSIX regular expression flavors (BRE, ERE) and than that of many other regular-expression libraries.

While PCRE originally aimed at feature-equivalence with Perl, the two implementations are not fully equivalent. During the PCRE 7.x and Perl 5.9.x phase, the two projects coordinated development, with features being ported between them in both directions.

In 2015, a fork of PCRE was released with a revised programming interface (API). The original software, now called PCRE1 (the 1.xx–8.xx series), has had bugs mended, but no further development. , it is considered obsolete, and the current 8.45 release is likely to be the last. The new PCRE2 code (the 10.xx series) has had a number of extensions and coding improvements and is where development takes place.

A number of prominent open-source programs, such as the Apache and Nginx HTTP servers, and the PHP and R scripting languages, incorporate the PCRE library; proprietary software can do likewise, as the library is BSD-licensed. As of Perl 5.10, PCRE is also available as a replacement for Perl's default regular-expression engine through the  module.

The library can be built on Unix, Windows, and several other environments. PCRE2 is distributed with a POSIX C wrapper, several test programs, and the utility program  that is built in tandem with the library.

Just-in-time compiler support
This optional feature is available if enabled when the PCRE2 library is built. Large performance benefits are possible when (for example) the calling program utilizes the feature with compatible patterns that are executed repeatedly. The just-in-time compiler support was written by Zoltan Herczeg and is not addressed in the POSIX wrapper.

Flexible memory management
The use of the system stack for backtracking can be problematic in PCRE1, which is why this feature of the implementation was changed in PCRE2. The heap is now used for this purpose, and the total amount can be limited. The problem of stack overflow, which came up regularly with PCRE1, is no longer an issue with PCRE2 from release 10.30 (2017).

Consistent escaping rules
Like Perl, PCRE2 has consistent escaping rules: any non-alpha-numeric character may be escaped to mean its literal value by prefixing a  (backslash) before the character. Any alpha-numeric character preceded by a backslash typically gives it a special meaning. In the case where the sequence has not been defined to be special, an error occurs. This is different to Perl, which gives an error only if it is in warning mode (PCRE2 does not have a warning mode). In basic POSIX regular expressions, sometimes backslashes escaped non-alpha-numerics (e.g. ), and sometimes they introduced a special feature (e.g.  ).

Extended character classes
Single-letter character classes are supported in addition to the longer POSIX names. For example,  matches any digit exactly as   would in POSIX regular expressions.

Minimal matching (a.k.a. "ungreedy")
A  may be placed after any repetition quantifier to indicate that the shortest match should be used. The default is to attempt the longest match first and backtrack through shorter matches: e.g.  would match first "ab" in "ababab", where   would match the entire string.

If the  flag is set, then quantifiers are ungreedy (lazy) by default, while   makes them greedy.

Unicode character properties
Unicode defines several properties for each character. Patterns in PCRE2 can match these properties: e.g.  would match a string beginning with any "opening punctuation" and ending with any "close punctuation" such as. Matching of certain "normal" metacharacters can be driven by Unicode properties when the compile option PCRE2_UCP is set. The option can be set for a pattern by including  at the start of pattern. The option alters behavior of the following metacharacters:,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , and some of the POSIX character classes. For example, the set of characters matched by  (word characters) is expanded to include letters and accented letters as defined by Unicode properties. Such matching is slower than the normal (ASCII-only) non-UCP alternative. Note that the UCP option requires the library to have been built to include Unicode support (this is the default for PCRE2). Very early versions of PCRE1 supported only ASCII code. Later, UTF-8 support was added. Support for UTF-16 was added in version 8.30, and support for UTF-32 in version 8.32. PCRE2 has always supported all three UTF encodings.

Multiline matching
and  can match at the beginning and end of a string only, or at the start and end of each "line" within the string, depending on what options are set.

Newline/linebreak options
When PCRE is compiled, a newline default is selected. Which newline/linebreak is in effect affects where PCRE detects  line beginnings and   ends (in multiline mode), as well as what matches dot (regardless of multiline mode, unless the dotall option   is set). It also affects PCRE matching procedure (since version 7.0): when an unanchored pattern fails to match at the start of a newline sequence, PCRE advances past the entire newline sequence before retrying the match. If the newline option alternative in effect includes CRLF as one of the valid linebreaks, it does not skip the  in a CRLF if the pattern contains specific   or   references (since version 7.3). Since version 8.10, the metacharacter  always matches any character other than linebreak characters. It has the same behavior as  when the dotall option aka   is not in effect.

The newline option can be altered with external options when PCRE is compiled and when it is run. Some applications using PCRE provide users with the means to apply this setting through an external option. So the newline option can also be stated at the start of the pattern using one of the following:

 * Newline is a linefeed character. Corresponding linebreaks can be matched with.
 * Newline is a carriage return. Corresponding linebreaks can be matched with.
 * Newline/linebreak is a carriage return followed by a linefeed. Corresponding linebreaks can be matched with.
 * Any of the above encountered in the data will trigger newline processing. Corresponding linebreaks can be matched with  or with  . See below for configuration and options concerning what matches backslash-R.
 * Any of the above plus special Unicode linebreaks.

When not in UTF-8 mode, corresponding linebreaks can be matched with or.

In UTF-8 mode, two additional characters are recognized as line breaks with :

 * LS (line separator, U+2028),
 * PS (paragraph separator, U+2029).

On Windows, in non-Unicode data, some of the  linebreak characters have other meanings.

For example,  can match a horizontal ellipsis, and if encountered while the   newline is in effect, it would trigger newline processing.

See below for configuration and options concerning what matches backslash-R.

Backslash-R options
When PCRE is compiled, a default is selected for what matches. The default can be either to match the linebreaks corresponding to ANYCRLF or those corresponding to ANY. The default can be overridden when necessary by including  or   at the start of the pattern. When providing a  option, you can also provide a   option, e.g.,. The backslash-R options also can be changed with external options by the application calling PCRE2, when a pattern is compiled.

Beginning of pattern options
Linebreak options such as  documented above; backslash-R options such as   documented above; Unicode Character Properties option   documented above;   option documented as follows: if your PCRE2 library has been compiled with UTF support, you can specify the   option at the beginning of a pattern instead of setting an external option to invoke UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32 mode.

Backreferences
A pattern may refer back to the results of a previous match. For example,  would match either "aca" or "bcb" and would not match, for example, "acb".

Named subpatterns
A sub-pattern (surrounded by parentheses, like ) may be named by including a leading   after the opening parenthesis. Named subpatterns are a feature that PCRE adopted from Python regular expressions.

This feature was subsequently adopted by Perl, so now named groups can also be defined using  or , as well as. Named groups can be backreferenced with, for example:  (Python syntax) or   (Perl syntax).

Subroutines
While a backreference provides a mechanism to refer to that part of the subject that has previously matched a subpattern, a subroutine provides a mechanism to reuse an underlying previously defined subpattern. The subpattern's options, such as case independence, are fixed when the subpattern is defined. would match "aacabc" or "abcadc", whereas using a backreference  would not, though both would match "aacaac" or "abcabc". PCRE also supports a non-Perl Oniguruma construct for subroutines. They are specified using  or.

Atomic grouping
Atomic grouping is a way of preventing backtracking in a pattern. For example,  will match as many "a"s as possible and never back up to try one less.

Look-ahead and look-behind assertions
Patterns may assert that previous text or subsequent text contains a pattern without consuming matched text (zero-width assertion). For example, / / matches a word followed by a tab, without including the tab itself.

Look-behind assertions cannot be of uncertain length though (unlike Perl) each branch can be a different fixed length.

can be used in a pattern to reset the start of the current whole match. This provides a flexible alternative approach to look-behind assertions because the discarded part of the match (the part that precedes ) need not be fixed in length.

Escape sequences for zero-width assertions
E.g.  for matching zero-width "word boundaries", similar to.

Comments
A comment begins with  and ends at the next closing parenthesis.

Recursive patterns
A pattern can refer back to itself recursively or to any subpattern. For example, the pattern  will match any combination of balanced parentheses and "a"s.

Generic callouts
PCRE expressions can embed, where n is some number. This will call out to an external user-defined function through the PCRE API and can be used to embed arbitrary code in a pattern.

Differences from Perl
Differences between PCRE2 and Perl (as of Perl 5.9.4) include but are not limited to:

Until release 10.30 recursive matches were atomic in PCRE and non atomic in Perl
This meant that  would match in Perl but not in PCRE2 until release 10.30.

The value of a capture buffer deriving from the quantifier (match 1 or 0 times) when nested in another quantified capture buffer is different
In Perl  will result in   containing "a" and   containing , but in PCRE will result in   containing "b".

PCRE allows named capture buffers to be given numeric names; Perl requires the name to follow the rule of barewords
This means that  is unambiguous in Perl, but potentially ambiguous in PCRE.

This is no longer a difference since PCRE 8.34 (released on 2013-12-15), which no longer allows group names to start with a digit.

PCRE allows alternatives within lookbehind to be different lengths
Within lookbehind assertions, both PCRE and Perl require fixed-length patterns.

That is, both PCRE and Perl disallow variable-length patterns using quantifiers within lookbehind assertions.

However, Perl requires all alternative branches of a lookbehind assertion to be the same length as each other, whereas PCRE allows those alternative branches to have different lengths from each other as long as each branch still has a fixed length.

PCRE does not support certain "experimental" Perl constructs
Such as  (a callback whose return is evaluated as being part of the pattern) nor the   construct, although the latter can be emulated using.

Recursion control verbs added in the Perl 5.9.x series are also not supported.

Support for experimental backtracking control verbs (added in Perl 5.10) is available in PCRE since version 7.3.

They are,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , and.

Perl's corresponding use of arguments with backtracking control verbs is not generally supported.

Note however that since version 8.10, PCRE supports the following verbs with a specified argument:,  ,  , and.

Since version 10.32 PCRE2 has supported,  , and.

PCRE and Perl are slightly different in their tolerance of erroneous constructs
Perl allows quantifiers on the  construct, which is meaningless but harmless (albeit inefficient); PCRE produces an error in versions before 8.13.

PCRE has a hard limit on recursion depth, Perl does not
With default build options  will fail to match due to the limit, but Perl will match this correctly.

Perl uses the heap for recursion and has no hard limit for recursion depth, whereas PCRE2 has a compile-time default limit that can be adjusted up or down by the calling application.

Verification
With the exception of the above points, PCRE is capable of passing the tests in the Perl " " file, one of the main syntax-level regression tests for Perl's regular expression engine.

title: Perl Compatible Regular Expressions


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Bus Stop (song)

"Bus Stop" is a song recorded and released as a single by the British rock band the Hollies in 1966. It reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart. It was the Hollies' first US top ten hit, reaching No. 5 on the Billboard charts in September 1966. In Canada the song reached No. 1 and was their second top ten hit there.

Background
"Bus Stop" was written by Graham Gouldman, who also penned major hits for the Yardbirds ("For Your Love") and Herman's Hermits ("No Milk Today"), as well as the Hollies' first venture into the US top 40 with "Look Through Any Window". With the release of "Bus Stop" as a single in June 1966, the Hollies joined the trend known as raga rock, a subgenre first popularised by the Beatles, the Byrds and the Kinks. Musicologist William Echard highlights the guitar solo and its sitar-like sound as an indicator of the Indian musical element evident in the song. Billboard said of the single that there was a "good group vocal on this teen-aimed, easy-rocker with more commercial potential than their [earlier single] "I Can't Let Go." Cash Box described the song as a "rollicking, hard-driving bluesy weeper with a plaintive, melodic undercurrent."

In a 1976 interview Gouldman said the idea for "Bus Stop" had come while he was riding home from work on a bus. The opening lines were written by his father, playwright Hyme Gouldman. Graham Gouldman continued with the rest of the song in his bedroom, apart from the middle-eight, which he finished while riding to work – a men's outfitters – on the bus the next day.

Thirty years later he elaborated on the song's beginnings: "'Bus Stop', I had the title and I came home one day and he (Hyme) said 'I've started something on that Bus Stop idea you had, and I'm going to play it for you. He'd written Bus stop, wet day, she's there, I say please share my umbrella and it's like when you get a really great part of a lyric or, I also had this nice riff as well, and when you have such a great start to a song it's kind of like the rest is easy. It's like finding your way onto a road and when you get onto the right route, you just follow it.

"My late father was a writer. He was great to have around. I would write something and always show him the lyric and he would fix it for me. You know, he'd say 'There's a better word than this' – he was kind of like a walking thesaurus as well and quite often, sometimes, he came up with titles for songs as well. 'No Milk Today' is one of his titles, and also the 10cc song 'Art for Art's Sake'."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bus Stop (song)


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Battle of Nikopol

The Battle of Nikopol, or Nicopolis (Turkish: Niğbolu Muharebesi), was one of the early battles of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). As the Russian army crossed the Danube River, they approached the fortified city of Nikopol (Nicopolis). The Turkish high command sent Osman Pasha with the troops from Vidin to oppose the Russians' crossing of the Danube. Osman's intentions were to reinforce and defend Nikopol. However, the Russian IX Corps under General Nikolai Kridener reached the city and bombarded the garrison into submission before Osman could arrive. He instead fell back to Plevna. With the Nikopol garrison eliminated, the Russians were free to march on to Plevna.

title: Battle of Nikopol


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Christopher Patton

Christopher Patton may refer to:

 * Chris Patton (born 1971), American actor
 * Christopher D. Patton (born 1969), Canadian poet

title: Christopher Patton


text:
User talk:Tardigrade~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Learn about some of the Wikipedia landmarks by trying our Wikipedia scavenger hunt!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 03:29, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Deforestation and water
Following your request, I added a token comment on effects of deforestation on water resources. I'll add more in the future. Cheers, Daniel Collins 02:44, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tardigrade. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tardigrade~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:58, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:31, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tardigrade~enwiki


text: File:Here come the tears.JPG

title: File:Here come the tears.JPG


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Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation

The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (日英通商航海条約) signed by Britain and Japan, on 16 July 1894, was a breakthrough agreement; it heralded the end of the unequal treaties and the system of extraterritoriality in Japan. The treaty came into force on 17 July 1899.

From that date British subjects in Japan were subject to Japanese laws instead of British laws. The jurisdiction of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan, the British Court for Japan under it and consular courts in each treaty port ceased on that date, save for pending cases which were allowed to continue. British subjects from that date became subject to the jurisdiction of Japanese courts.

Background
In February 1853 Russia discovered that a US fleet led by Commodore Matthew Perry was to leave Norfolk for Japan. Tsar Alexander II then organized an expedition and entrusted its command to Admiral Yevfimiy Putyatin. The Russian delegation arrived in Nagasaki on 12 August 1853, a month after the Americans, and began a series of negotiations that would lead to the signing of the Treaty of Shimoda with the Tokugawa Shogunate on 7 February 1855.

The American and Russian maneuvers however had not gone unnoticed. During a parliamentary question on 23 June 1854, Lord John Russell stated that the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir John Bowring, had been ordered to keep a close eye on Commodore Perry's activities in Japan. Commander of the East Indies and China Station James Stirling, however, did not consider such an initiative a priority at the time.

The outbreak of the Crimean War forced the British to review the project. Admiral Stirling was commissioned to capture or sink the Tsar's Pacific Fleet. The Admiralty made it a priority to prevent the Russians from using Japanese ports, but Stirling thought this was an excellent opportunity to make an agreement with the Land of the Rising Sun. When he arrived in the port of Nagasaki on 7 November 1854, he took the opportunity to enter into negotiations with the Japanese authorities. The negotiations mainly concerned war matters and regulated naval traffic in Japanese waters for the duration of the conflict, in effect almost closing the country again to foreign vessels.

On 14 October 1854, the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty was signed, an agreement that did not, however, grant any obvious commercial advantages to the British.

Lord Elgin mission
The 1854 Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Friendship received mixed opinions at home. The Foreign Office praised Admiral Stirling's work, and Grand Admiral James Graham himself paid tribute to him in Parliament, but the greatest criticism came from British citizens living in China, who hoped to intensify their business with the Japanese country. Subsequent British expeditions made it clear, however, that the agreements had granted considerable advantages to the Shogunate. The Japanese authorities wanted to control foreign trade and any transition had to take place under their supervision.

In August 1855 the Foreign Secretary Lord Clarendon entrusted Sir John Bowring, Governor of Hong Kong, with the task of claiming more significant commercial advantages for Britain in Japan. Still, the outbreak of the Second Opium War in China and the Sepoys' revolt in India forced Britain to concentrate its forces in these regions, delaying any possible action in the Rising Sun.

The war in China ended with the Treaty of Tientsin, signed for Britain by James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin. After signing the treaty with China, he was sent to Japan with a small fleet. His mission included the delivery of the steamship Emperor to the Shogun as a gift from Queen Victoria and the renegotiation of the previous treaty.

Yet subsequent negotiations highlighted the internal divisions within the Shogunate and the hostility of many Daimyo towards Westerners.

The new Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed in Edo on 26 August 1858. The concordat allowed foreign diplomats access to the interior of the country and enshrined the right of extraterritoriality. This stipulated that all British citizens who committed crimes against Japanese subjects or those of any other country were to be judged by consuls or other designated authorities under the laws of Great Britain.

The Internal Tension
The signing of the treaty was met with hostility from the Japanese people, who were opposed to the extension of foreign trade. The Japanese and British authorities found themselves unable to control their fellow citizens. Sailors, often drunkards and outsiders periodically harassed the natives while samurai aggression against westerners was increasing. The civilized population developed a real hatred for the foreigners and fervently wanted them removed.

Therefore, being aware of the delicate situation in Japan and wanting to protect their own interests, the British tried to move cautiously. The new Consul General, Harry Parkes, endeavored to keep his country neutral in the growing rivalry between the Tokugawa Shogunate and the pro-imperial forces, which later exploded in the Boshin War.

The Iwakura Mission
After the victory in the civil war, Emperor Mutsuhito began the complicated task of modernizing the country. In order to renegotiate the terms of previous treaties and better study western culture and technology, a great expedition around the globe was organized, led by Iwakura Tomomi.

In England, he held fruitful talks with Lord Granville, British Foreign Secretary, in November 1872, in which Japan was asked to modernize its laws before it could effectively renegotiate treaties and abrogate extraterritoriality. Modernizing Japanese institutions thus became a priority for the imperial government. Extraterritoriality had previously been imposed to protect British citizens, but by the time the Japanese had built a reliable system of laws that could also be observed by westerners, it would no longer have been necessary.

The modernization of Japan
Internationally, all of the imperial government's efforts were concentrated on the abrogation of the so-called 'Unequal Treaties', which were in fact unilateral, non-reciprocal pacts that subscribed to an implicit subservience of the Japanese country to western nations.

For the British authorities, the extraterritoriality clause was necessary to protect British citizens in Japan from Japanese law, which was considered barbaric and excessively cruel. The fact that there were no clear rules and that the Daimyo had full legislative and judicial autonomy within their own fiefdom was a further obstacle. It was therefore necessary for the imperial government to engage in substantial legislative reform.

In 1871 a decree was issued abolishing the Han, the territories of the Daimyo, reorganizing them into prefectures, while in the same year the Mikado worked to reduce the death penalty and flogging. In May 1873, a new penal code was drafted that abolished torture, further reduced the use of capital punishment, and almost eliminated corporal punishment. However, these changes were not enough to ensure the abolition of extraterritoriality, which continued to be constantly discussed at the country's various embassies.

The popular opposition
In 1882, the Japanese public, also taking advantage of printing, began to mobilize to demand full judicial and tariff autonomy. On 15 June 1886, in order to satisfy the imperial authorities, an Anglo-German delegation presented a plan to introduce mixed courts in the country to supervise cases between two parties of different nationalities. Such an initiative had already been successfully tested in Egypt and it was assumed that it could represent a further step towards the abrogation of extraterritoriality. But when the text of this proposal appeared in Japanese newspapers, the population greeted it with open hostility, considering such a judicial reform humiliating and dangerous.

The dissent led the Japanese government to adopt a stricter attitude towards western diplomats and this inevitably stalled the negotiations at the very moment when a timid opening by the great powers was looming.

In February 1888, Ōkuma Shigenobu became Foreign Minister. He engaged in a series of separate negotiations with each of the Western powers in the belief that if he could persuade one of them to sign a new treaty, the others would be forced to follow suit. He decided to turn to a lesser power that was more willing to concede more advantages to Japan. The choice fell on Mexico, which had no residents in Japan and did not trade extensively with it. On 30 November 1888, the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation between the two powers was signed in Washington, the first to actually provide for a level playing field between the signatories, as Foreign Minister Matías Romero renounced extraterritoriality in exchange for the right of Mexican citizens to trade and reside in the Japanese hinterland. However, this success was quickly thwarted by the intervention of Great Britain and France, who used the most-favored-nation clause to extend these concessions to them as well. One event that favorably influenced the attitude of the powers towards Japan was the Emperor's granting of a constitution, promulgated by him on 11 February 1889. This event was a key step in the westernization of Japanese institutions, which now also had a Prussian-inspired bicameral Diet. The latter, however, would have been extremely counterproductive for treaty revision negotiations. The representatives of the lower house, elected by the people and with little political experience, would undoubtedly have opposed concessions to the West and obstructed the government's work, while there were loud calls in the streets for a unilateral abrogation of the existing treaties.

Okuma succeeded in October 1899 in making new agreements with the United States, Germany, and Russia, but the Japanese population regarded these new treaties as yet another surrender against Japan. On 18 October 1889, after a meeting, Okuma was the victim of a bomb attack in front of the Department of Foreign Affairs by a fanatic from the nationalist group Gen'yōsha. This caused him to temporarily withdraw from political life, while Prime Minister Kuroda Kiyotaka resigned, effectively suspending all negotiations with the West.

Following these events, the government was temporarily presided over by Sanjō Sanetomi and then handed over to Yamagata Aritomo. The new Minister of Foreign Affairs, Viscount Aoki Shūzō, was in charge of the delicate situation concerning the re-discussion of the treaties.

Aoki then attempted to propose a new treaty that could avoid the emergence of internal problems. However, just when it seemed that an agreement had been reached, on 11 May 1891 a fanatic attacked a young westerner in the town of Ōtsu, leaving him partially disfigured. The victim was none other than Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov, the future Tsar Nicholas II, and such a scandal forced the incumbent government to resign due to the difficult internal situation in the country.

The new Treaties
Following the Ōtsu incident, the government was headed by Matsukata Masayoshi, with Enomoto Takeaki as Foreign Minister. The new executive devoted itself to drafting a Civil Code and a Commercial Code, but once these were made public they were met with criticism.

Both bills were rejected and the government fell again. Under these conditions, it was Itō Hirobumi, the man behind the 1889 Constitution, who was appointed Prime Minister on 8 August 1892. He chose as Foreign Minister Mutsu Munemitsu, a diplomat who had gained extensive experience both as Minister of Agriculture in the Yamagata government and as Japan's Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, a role that led him to be the signatory of the former Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with Mexico.

Mutsu was intent on resuming negotiations and was able to avail himself of the availability of Lord Rosebery, then still Foreign Minister, and the help of Aoki Shūzō, who despite previous failures had shown great ability.

Faced with yet more opposition from the Diet, the Prime Minister decided to resort to strong-arm tactics and dissolved the assembly. Once the internal obstacles had been removed, Ito and Mustu were able to devote themselves to drafting a new diplomatic agreement with Britain.

The effects of the First Sino-Japanese War
After complicated negotiations, an agreement on all points was finally reached on 13 July 1894. Growing tensions in the neighbouring kingdom of Korea, however, threatened to undermine the signing of the new treaty. Two factions had long been opposed in the country, one pro-Chinese, more conservative and linked to the imperial government, and one pro-Japanese, who wanted to emulate the successes of the 'Meiji Revolution'. The latter started an insurrection, the suppression of which was entrusted to an expeditionary force sent by the Chinese Empire. Japan reacted by sending its own troops to the peninsula, which captured the Korean ruler and imposed a pro-Japanese government. Mutsu entrusted the delicate matter to Otori Keisuke, Minister Plenipotentiary in Korea, but he dismissed a British naval instructor in the service of the Koreans from his position. This action led to a dangerous stalemate, as on 14 July 1894 Britain refused to sign the treaty unless it was first given clarification on the Korean question and the treatment of its officer. Mutsu, cornered, wasted no time and in the following days intensified his efforts to avoid disaster.

The signature of the Treaty
On 16 July 1894, however, contrary to all expectations, the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation was signed by the British authorities. For the first time, Japan was recognised as a Great Power peer.


text:
Wild Wild West (Will Smith song)

"Wild Wild West" is a song by American rapper and actor Will Smith from the 1999 film of the same name, in which he also starred. The song plays during the film's closing credits. The single samples Stevie Wonder's 1976 hit song "I Wish" and includes parts of the chorus from Kool Moe Dee's song of the same name. Kool Moe Dee re-performed the chorus for the song, and additional guest vocals are provided by Dru Hill. The album version of the song is introduced by a brief spoken-word interlude where Smith asks his infant son Jaden what song he should play next, interpreting Jaden's repeated non-verbal response as "Wild Wild West".

"Wild Wild West" was released on May 11, 1999, as a single from the film's soundtrack and as the lead single from Smith's second studio album, Willennium (1999). The song became a number-one hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, and its extended music video, directed by Paul Hunter, features Wonder and several other celebrities as guest stars. The song was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2000.

Music video
Directed by Paul Hunter, the music video includes several dialog sequences featuring Smith, Kool Moe Dee, Dru Hill, and a guest appearance by Stevie Wonder, intercut with clips from the film, featuring the film's characters. Salma Hayek also appears as her character Rita Escobar in the video's dialog sequences, as does an actor resembling Kenneth Branagh and his character of Dr. Loveless. Latin pop star Enrique Iglesias also appeared in the video playing a Prince. The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air co-star and tap dancer Alfonso Ribeiro appeared in the music video as one of the dancers. Other cameos include actor Larenz Tate, Shari Headley, singer/writer/producer Babyface and rapper MC Lyte.

Track listings
US CD and cassette single
 * 1) "Wild Wild West" – 4:05
 * 2) "Y'all Know" – 3:57

Australian and Japanese CD single
 * 1) "Wild Wild West" – 4:05
 * 2) "Wild Wild West" (radio version) – 3:29
 * 3) "Wild Wild West" (a cappella) – 4:05
 * 4) "Miami" (Miami Mix) – 4:40
 * 5) "Just the Two of Us" (Rodney Jerkins remix featuring Brian McKnight) – 4:14

European CD single
 * 1) "Wild Wild West" – 4:08
 * 2) "Wild Wild West" (instrumental) – 4:08

UK CD1
 * 1) "Wild Wild West" – 4:05
 * 2) "Gettin' Jiggy wit It" – 3:48
 * 3) "Big Willie Style" (featuring Left Eye) – 3:35

UK CD2
 * 1) "Wild Wild West" – 4:05
 * 2) "Miami" (Jason Nevins' Live on South Beach dub) – 5:10
 * 3) "Chasing Forever" – 4:16

UK cassette single
 * 1) "Wild Wild West" – 4:05
 * 2) "Big Willie Style" (featuring Left Eye) – 3:35

In popular culture

 * The song is featured as a playable song in Just Dance 4. If the song is completed on the Extreme Version with 5 stars players receive the "New Sheriff in Town" achievement.
 * OutsideXbox's Andy Farrant is known for having memorized the song and rapping portions of it during the Oxventure Dungeon & Dragon's campaign quest Wild Wild Woods.
 * The song has been featured as the intro to Matt and Shane's Secret Podcast since 2016.
 * Wild Wild West is sampled in Neil Cicierega's mashup album Mouth Moods, specifically the song Wow Wow.

title: Wild Wild West (Will Smith song)


text:
User talk:Silentcity

— Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  03:31, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Silentcity


text:
Lake Volvi

Lake Volvi (Λίμνη Βόλβη - Límni Vólvi) is located at the root of the Chalkidiki peninsula, in the Thessaloniki regional unit of Greece. It is the second largest lake in the country at 12 mi length and 6 or width. The area is 68 km² and the depth is 20 m. It is located east of Lake Koroneia (Lake Langadas).

The Via Egnatia Roman road runs along the northern shore of the lake, while a more ancient road ran along its southern one. On its east is the narrow valley of Rentina, also known as the "Macedonian Tempe". The municipalities of Volvi and Langadas have shoreline on the lake.

History
About a million years ago, Lake Volvi, Lake Koroneia and the entire Mygdonia formed a single huge lake.

In the antique description by Thucydides, Bolbe was the name of a lake in Mygdonia, located near the Aegean Sea. The lake emptied itself into the Strymon Gulf by means of a stream flowing through the pass once known as Aulon or Arethusa. The name of the stream is not mentioned in the description, but it is evidently the Erechios (Romanized as Rechius) mentioned in scholar Procopius' work, De aedificiis. Among the smaller streams flowing into the lake, Ammites and Olynthiakos are also mentioned. The perch (labrach) of the lake were particularly admired by the gastronomic poet Archestratus.

Per Greek mythology, the lake goddess or nymph Bolbe dwelled in Lake Volvi.

During the Ottoman period, the lake was named بشيك كولى "Beşik Gölü" (lit. Cradle Lake) or "Besikia" (plural) in Greek.

Ottoman Turkish forces, led by Yusuf bey, killed hundreds of Greek inhabitants by drowning in the lake during the Greek war of independence.

There was also a town named Bolbos (Romanized as Bolbus) located near the lake. Today, there are two towns (villages) incorporating Vólvi in their name, situated along the lake. It is not known exactly if any of these modern towns correspond to the site of ancient Bolbos.

title: Lake Volvi


text:
User talk:Cantthinkofagoodname

Earlier messages are in /archive1.

MK Dons
Why hate MK Dons? The villain is Winkleman. The Dons have just as much of a right to exist as, say, FC United. It's very easy to adopt a moral stance and turn your nose up at clubs like the Dons, which I feel you have done - not that I'm trying to offend you.

I think that stigmatising a team just because it is going through a process of capitalism (the new boss of English football - let's face it, us fans do not matter any more) is very short sighted and irrational.

Kicking the Dons around is totally against the spirit of football. I am not suggesting that franchising is a good thing for football, but surely being mean to someone just because you don't like some part of his or her history is spiteful. (That said, without spite football would be a much cleaner, more boring game)
 * El jefe 16:14, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Lots of football fans fundementally disagree with the whole idea of franchisimg. Uprooting a club from it's traditional area, changing it's name, colours and moving it 70 miles to play in a hockey stadium for possible financial gain is something most football fans disagree with. I don't see why we should treat them like any other club, because they're not. They are English football's first franchise and they must fail, or it could happen to another club. 152.71.84.114 19:55, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Non-League Football
I would like to help the project of Non-League football by beginning on the first club stub on the list: A.F.C. Aldermaston. But the problem is that I can't find the team's official website or unofficial, so what things I have to do??

Rakuten06 19:53, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Sock Puppets
What is the course of action a user (with a long respected track record at Wikipedia) can take to prove he or she is not a sock puppet when they share an IP location with several contributors to Wikipedia? --Caponer 01:23, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Pictures of Old Trafford
I have a picture of Old Trafford lying around. I saw you said you wanted some pictures of Old Trafford on the Manchester United talk page. The quality isn't too good, because the camera is crap,and it was raining that day (in Manchester, can you believe it?) so the visibility isn't the best, but it's a nice picture. You can see it here. I like the fact that there's a guy standing in the foreground, gives you an impression of how big the stadium actually is. It's yours to use as you wish.

On another note, i have a question for you. I too was (and still am) strongly opposed to the Glazer takeover, as well as other similar cases. I have been a Man Utd fan for all my life, but I have no geographic connection to the club (I'm Icelandic). Now, to the point. I was wondering how it was for you to leave the club you had been a fan of for so many years? Do you still follow Utd in the media, despite not going to matches? Or do you simple shrug off news of Utd winning (or losing) to Chelsea or Liverpool?

 * Thanks for the picture. I'll have a look for places to use it.  Would you mind if I uploaded it under a public domain licence?

 * It was extremely difficult turning down my season ticket, but I just felt that I couldn't let someone take £300m out of United and pay it off for him. I thought the season would be awful, but FC United have done exactly what they were set up for - given United fans who felt they couldn't give the Glazers their money another team to watch.  It would have been weird listening to United on the radio but I've had a match to go to most weekends so it's been alright.  I was amazed how quickly FC grew on me and it feels like I've supported them all of my life, although I think that's quite unusual - plenty of FC fans go to both clubs or follow big United more closely than I now do.

 * I still want United to win - loved it when we beat Liverpool, hated it when we lost to them, but it doesn't mean quite as much as it did when I was going. CTOAGN (talk) 15:00, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Go ahead and uploaded it under a public domain licence. Makes no difference to me. :)

Would you come back to "big Utd" if there would be a change in management (for the better obviously)? Hope you don't mind me asking these questions, but I'm just very curious about how local Mancunians feel about the changes. The media give you some idea, but it's always better to get it from the source, if you know what I mean.

Long time!
Great to see you back :) -Aabha (talk) 06:43, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot
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SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

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Football AID 2 April - 8 April
Thank you for participating in the Football AID vote this week. Timeline of football (soccer) has been selected as this week's collaboration. Please do help in working to improve it.

AFC Aldermaston History Page
Maybe this page will solve the mystery of AFC Aldermaston??

Clue to the Club History of AFC Aldermaston

Hey
Hey bud, how's it going? Was just reading the page on myelodysplasia, as my mum's just been diagnosed with it (bleak reading) and you'd mentioned you'd had it. Without wanting to intrude, hope you're better now. Proto   ||    type    22:28, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

RfA
Hi CTOAGN,

Thank you for the good luck. Your suggestion came as a complete surprise. Its really flattering to know that you think me capable, and your nominating me would be an honour. However, I don't think I'm ready for it yet, and there's a reason for that. I have hardly any experience with things like AfD and other discussions. I've been thinking that I should get more involved in the community and get to know these policies better..and adminship would definitely have to wait till that happens. Aabha (talk) 08:06, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Man Utd
You seem to be working with alot of football articles so I thought I'd ask you this. It says on the to-do list on the Man Utd article that citation is required. Just wondering, what sort of things need citing, as surely some things are just fact and dont need it. Philc T+C 21:56, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Football AID 9 April - 15 April
Thank you for participating in the Football AID vote this week. FC St. Pauli has been selected as this week's collaboration. Please do help in working to improve it.

THE ARTICLE HAS ALREADY BEEN DELETED.

THIS ARTICLE HAS ALREADY BEEN DELETED.

Football AID 30 April - 6 May
Thank you for participating in the Football AID vote this week. History of the FIFA World Cup has been selected as this week's collaboration. Please do help in working to improve it.

Question
I'm a bit confused. I understand people are interested in everything about the lives of celebrities, which is what sportspersons have become now, but isn't there a limit to how much energy is devoted to explorations about and interest in things like the sexual orientation of players? Everyday somebody has some new rumour to add. I mean, it might be true, but shouldn't the focus of these articles really be the game? I don't know what to do about this recent addition to the Shevchenko article - Andriy_Shevchenko. Nobody is ever going to find a 'real source' to any of it, unless of course the player in question decides to say anything. Should I keep on reverting everytime, saying that a source is required. Just wanted to be sure. Aabha (talk) 06:41, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Cleaning up Paul Hunter
Hi. From what I can see, you seem like the sort of person who can judge when cleanup is done, so I'm happy for you to remove the cleanup tag if you feel that's justified. All the best SP-KP 22:15, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Delete image
Sorry to bug you with this..can you please delete Image:Whitestripeonright.png? Messed up the file name. Thanks. Aabha (talk) 18:20, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Aabha (talk) 20:26, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Getting started
Thought I'd ask you this, since we've been talking a bit. I'm just getting started editing articles on Wiki, and I was wondering if you could read through an article about a local footballer which I recently improved considerably. I'm just wondering whether I've made any newbie mistakes. Also, how do I know whether I can use a photo or not? Is the best thing to do just to send the admin of the web page an email and ask him/her? (wanted to use this picture for the article.

Football AID 7 May - 13 May
Thank you for participating in the Football AID vote this week. Reading F.C. has been selected as this week's collaboration. Please do help in working to improve it.

Thanks for the help
Well thanks for the links you have given me...........I don't usually do much on the football articles but I saw the vanadalisation on the Manchester United page and decided to revert it back. I will try my hands on some football articles sometime, especially n Mohan Bagan, an Indian football club from Calcutta. Can you get me source for that?

--User:Unitedroad

Football AID 14 May - 20 May
Thank you for participating in the Football AID vote this week. Timeline of football (soccer) has been selected as this week's collaboration. Please do help in working to improve it.

Football AID 21 May - 27 May
Thank you for participating in the Football AID vote this week. Heysel Stadium disaster has been selected as this week's collaboration. Please do help in working to improve it.

Bodog
Good job putting the official site back. It was silly to not be there. Feel free to delete this message after you read it. 2005 18:02, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Peer Review
Hello, I've put FIFA World Rankings up for peer review here and all of your comments on the article would be appreciated, I'm telling you this because wether true or not from your posts and edits etc. you seem a very comprehenisve and good editor of football related articles, and I'd appreciate your input on the subject. Cheers! Philc TECI 16:37, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Notability threshold for clubs
Please join the debate as to what makes football clubs notable at WikiProject Football. BlueValour 11:54, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Need your help!
I need you to view this page urgently. Your help in this matter would greatly be appreciated. If this deletion process is a success, it would start a major precedence and harm may even come to the Non-league football project as well. Thank You and spread this message to other users you know who are dedicated to this project! -- S iva1979 Talk to me  18:53, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Galatasaray article
On the page of Galatasaray i saw a mistake but i cannot revert it becauce the page is under protection, in the Managerial area Yılmaz Gökdel was the manager in 1974-1975 season could you fix this?

http://www.webaslan.com/kulup/antrenor.php this is the official site of Galatasaray here it says that Gokdel is coach for the 74-75 season :)

Johnny200 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Projects in which you have an interest being considered for deletion
This is to inform you that the project page you created above, Wikipedia:WikiProject FA Cup finals, is currently being considered for deletion. So is Wikipedia:WikiProject Football (soccer) matches for that matter. Another project, WikiProject Football clubs, which has a project page on which you were one of the last active contributors, is being considered for deletion as well. I am currently going through all of the WikiProjects to put them on a project directory, and am, in the process, nominating those which have no activity for deletion. Nothing personal. Please feel free to follow the links on the project page to participate in the discussion. Thank you for your attention. Badbilltucker 14:36, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Help with Gilberto Silva
Hi there,

I come to you asking for your help with helping me improve the Gilberto Silva article. I have been working on it for several months (quite slowly), but I'm now giving a final push to get it featured. I come to you because you managed to get Denis Law to FA status; so far the only footballer bio to manage this. Now obviously there are some major differences between Gilberto and Law; their nationality, one being retired etc. - but I think your feedback would be invaluable. Could you give the article a quick lookover to see if there's anything which you think could be improved? I am going to get the article peer reviewed, but I thought I'd let a footie-player-bio expert look at it first.

Thanks for any help you can give, and good luck thinking of a good name. All the best, -GilbertoSilvaFan 17:01, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Edit: looks like CTOAGN's last activity was in May - I'm not holding out for a reply! Never mind. GilbertoSilvaFan 13:26, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Need your expert opinion.
Hello! I hope you are feeling great. I need your wise opinion on the comments I made in this page. Your views in this matter would be highly regarded. Thank you for your time! -- S iva1979 Talk to me  16:47, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Manchester United pre-1945
Hi there. Just looking at the articles that span the history of MUFC. There appears to be no formula for how the periods are decided. For example, the period prior to 1945 covers a whopping 67 years, but the succeeding articles cover the following periods of time 17, 12, 2, and 7 years respectively. I'm posting this comment on the project talk page but let me know if you have any thoughts on this. I am currently researching a book on the history of the club from 1878 to 1910/11 (prior to the Old Trafford years), would you mind if I created this article (it would mean a re-edit of the 'pre-1945' one)? I will not create this until I hear back from youself or someone on the project page.

As a side note, I too am a Mancunian Red and 3 generations of my family lived in the area of Monsall Road. Hence I am hoping to get some insight into the club's early origins that are sadly negelcted by United themselves. My family was also connected with the Newton Heath LYR for many years and my great grandfather was a furnace stoker around the time of 1878.

Cheers Robdav69 09:52, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Polish non-league team
Hello ! I am Bartek from Poland and I am interested in non-league football project. I am making an article about Tarant Wójcin - the team played in 6th level of Polish pyramid league system. Could you take a look on the article ? I know there is a lot of mistakes (English). I am going to write more about this club. Greetings from Poland Bartekos 18:33, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 03:50, 4 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

Featured article candidates/Derry City F.C./archive2
Hey there. Would you have any interest in contributing a suggestion or adding your support to the nomination of Derry City F.C. for featured article status? Cheers. Danny InvincibleTalk 02:35, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Need help
I don't think you remember me but anyways...the last message on my talk page and other numerous messages are being signed by some unknown user in the name of user:Fluence. So i'm getting confused as to who's sending me what. I believe this is vandalism and if it is...then it's going out of control in my case. Please look in the matter if you can-it's a requestVictoria Eleanor 16:06, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Don't bother it's all under control now.Victoria Eleanor 03:54, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Image:Denis Law signs for Manchester United.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Denis Law signs for Manchester United.JPG. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

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Denis Law
I have seen from your contributions that you haven't edited since 2006. If you are watching, : Denis Law has been nominated for a featured article review. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to featured quality. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, articles are moved onto the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Remove" the article from featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Reviewers' concerns are here. Woodym555 16:12, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:User fcum
A tag has been placed on Template:User fcum requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes (<noinclude>{{transclusionless}}</noinclude>).

Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 21:05, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Footnotestext
Template:Footnotestext has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. -— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 15:29, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Suspension of admin privileges due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative privileges of users who have been inactive for one year, meaning administrators who have made neither any edits nor any logged actions in over one year. As a result of this discussion, your administrative privileges have been removed pending your return. If you wish to have these privileges reinstated, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e., as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised and that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions). This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. RL0919 (talk) 20:13, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Notice of change
Hello. You are receiving this message because of a recent change to the administrator policy that alters what you were told at the time of your desysopping. The effect of the change is that you will not longer be able to request restoration of the tools because of your prior inactivity. You have until December 30, 2012 to request restoration or else the policy will prevent you from doing so in the future; you would need to seek a new WP:RFA. Until December 30, you can file a request at WP:BN for review by the crats. Thank you.  MBisanz  talk 04:22, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

(delivered by mabdul 23:06, 3 December 2012 (UTC))

Nomination of Julian Gardner (poker player) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Julian Gardner (poker player) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Julian Gardner (poker player) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Spartaz Humbug! 06:51, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:59, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cantthinkofagoodname


text:
User talk:Astro3

— Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  03:32, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Copyright problems with :Image:Gulzar.jpg
An image that you uploaded, :Image:Gulzar.jpg, has been listed at Copyright problems because it is a suspected copyright violation. Please look there if you know that the image is legally usable on Wikipedia (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), and then provide the necessary information there and on its page, if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. --Gurubrahma 06:13, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Astro3


text:
American Callers Association

The American Callers Association (ACA) is the second largest association of square dance callers in the United States. ACA is a non-profit organization with headquarters at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. ACA has members in the United States, Canada, Europe, and New Zealand.

Among other things, the organization provides accredited caller training and affordable BMI/ASCAP licensing and liability insurance for dance events.

The United States has over 1,900 callers.

title: American Callers Association


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christianforums.com

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 19:11, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Christianforums.com
Looks like just another minor website vanity page. – ClockworkSoul 03:33, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comment Is is an extremely well trafficed message board. There are other websites with similar traffic which have their own pages, such as Internet Infidels.

The difference is that this article thus far is just a vanity page. If it were more encyclopedaic, it might be fine, but as it is it should be deleted. Sholtar 03:43, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote as yet. Site itself boasts that the forums have 107,220 members, but it has an Alexa ranking of 49,546. Have there been precendents set for Web forums based on number of members? I think there have, but I can't find them. Normally, I'd vote delete on something like this and say "Wikipedia is not a website directory," but despite the Alexa ranking, this might be somewhat significant. (BTW, does anyone else find some forums are "Christian Only" as defined by the administrators a tad creepy?) android↔talk 03:58, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Regarding forum membership precedents, we seem to often vote to delete forums with an obviously small number of members, but on the other hand the opposite doesn't seem to be true: i.e. that forums with membership above a certain number should be kept. This makes sense, because obviously it's very easy to lie about membership numbers, and even "truthful" member counts almost always include inactive accounts, banned users, sockpuppets, bots, etc. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:45, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Complete This article isn't encyclopaedic, it's barely even well-typed. While I'm not sure whether or not this deserves a wiki entry, if it does, it needs a complete entry.  Currently, it is just a vanity page for a website.  Our comments on what to do with this contain more info than the actual posting.  --TheAdversary 06:49, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete pretty awful substub, reads more like an ad or web guide entry than an encyclopedia article. While the Alexa rank of 50,000 is higher than a lot of the websites we VFD, it certainly isn't so incredibly high that the article should be kept on that basis alone. Maybe someday somebody could write a decent article on this topic, but this isn't it (or even a good start for it). Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:49, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, irght now it's advertising, but if the number of forum members checks out and a significant amount of them is active, I'd have no problem with an encyclopedic entry on the site. Mgm|(talk) 14:27, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the Alexa rank speaks volumes. Notability just hasn't been established. --InShaneee 19:15, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, website advert/promo. Megan1967 03:57, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I think the same article may hav already been through vfd once --nixie 23:09, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, reasons as already stated by others. Loopy 19:32, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:24.20.226.249

title: User talk:24.20.226.249


text:
You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)

"You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles released initially as the B-side of the single "Let It Be" on 6 March 1970. Although first issued with their final single (and the penultimate single in the United States), the Beatles recorded the song in four separate sessions, beginning with three in May and June 1967, during the sessions for Magical Mystery Tour, with one final recording session conducted in April 1969 during the last sessions for Let It Be and Abbey Road. The song features a saxophone part played by Brian Jones of The Rolling Stones.

Composition
The song is a music hall comedy number with elements of bossa nova. John Lennon came up with the lyric/title after seeing a phone book. He said: "That was a piece of unfinished music that I turned into a comedy record with Paul. I was waiting for him in his house, and I saw the phone book was on the piano with 'You know the name, look up the number.' That was like a logo, and I just changed it."

McCartney once told Beatles recording analyst Mark Lewisohn, "[People] are only just discovering things like 'You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)'—probably my favourite Beatles' track!" He went on to explain:

"...it's so insane. All the memories ... I mean, what would you do if a guy like John Lennon turned up at the studio and said, 'I've got a new song'. I said, 'What's the words?' and he replied 'You know my name look up the number'. I asked, 'What's the rest of it?' 'No, no other words, those are the words. And I want to do it like a mantra!'"

The lounge section includes a reference to Denis O'Dell, associate producer on the A Hard Day's Night film, whom Lennon had also worked with on How I Won the War. Partway through the song, Lennon introduces McCartney as "Denis O'Bell". The reference prompted numerous telephone calls to O'Dell's home by fans who said things such as, "We know your name and now we've got your number."

Musical structure
The song is in the key of D. The "You know" involves F♯–D♯ melody notes against an I (D chord). A point of interest is the raised A melody note against a D/F♯ chord on "name", "three" and "name". A significant moment is the Tonicization of the dominant with the use of vii7/V chord (G♯dim) as part of the progression to V7 (A7 chord on "You know my name") and I (D chord after "number") that closes the verse. The song is also notable for the use of the 5th chord tone on the VII chord to produce extra dissonance.

Recording
All four Beatles participated in the first three recording sessions on 17 May and 7 & 8 June 1967. A saxophone part, played by Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, was recorded on 8 June.

The recording of the song was left unfinished and untouched until 30 April 1969 when, with the help of Mal Evans, Lennon and McCartney laid down all the vocal tracks and added additional sound effects. George Harrison and Ringo Starr did not participate in this last session. Nick Webb, second engineer on 30 April session, described it this way: "John and Paul weren't always getting along that well at this time, but for this song they went out on the studio floor and sang together around one microphone. Even at this time I was thinking 'What are they doing with this old four-track tape, recording these funny bits onto this quaint song?' But it was a fun track to do."

Release
Although eventually released as a Beatles song, "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" was nearly issued as the A-side of a Plastic Ono Band single. Lennon was determined to have this song and "What's the New Mary Jane" (a Beatles outtake from The Beatles sessions recorded by Lennon and Yoko Ono with Harrison in August 1968) released. He arranged for Apple to issue both songs on a Plastic Ono Band single. On 26 November 1969, four months after contributor Brian Jones drowned in his swimming pool and two months after he departed from the band, Lennon edited "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)", reducing the length from 6:08 to 4:19, a more suitable time for a single. The Plastic Ono Band single was given an Apple catalogue number (Apples 1002) and British release date (5 December 1969). In January 1970, Apple issued a press statement, describing the record as Lennon and Ono singing and backed by "many of the greatest show business names of today" which the press believed was a thinly disguised reference to the Beatles. The record was cancelled before it was issued.

In March 1970, the song was released as the B-side to the Beatles' single, "Let It Be", but mistitled as "You Know My Name (Look Up My Number)" on the label of the record itself (the correct title appeared on the record sleeve, however). The original Plastic Ono Band single catalogue number is visible, though scratched out, in the runout groove of the original British pressings of the "Let It Be" single. "What's the New Mary Jane" was not officially issued by the Beatles until the release of Anthology 3 in 1996. However, the song previously appeared on several bootleg records.

"You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" was the last Beatles song from the group's official canon to be included on an album, issued on an LP for the first time on Rarities (which had been included as a bonus disc in the British and American boxed set, The Beatles Collection in 1978, and released separately as an album in the United Kingdom in 1979). The first American album to contain "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" was the US version of Rarities, which was issued by Capitol Records in 1980. The first CD version was issued in 1988 on the Past Masters, Volume Two compilation.

The record was available only in mono until 1996 when an extended stereo mix was finally issued with the release of Anthology 2. However, while this mix restores portions of the song, it omits others that were issued on the original mono single, causing considerable differences between the mono and stereo versions of the track, whereas the full version was included on the expanded edition of Anthology 2, which restores portions of the song and others that were issued on the original mono single. For example, the ending of the stereo version has an early fade out, whereas both the mono and full versions do not fade.

In popular culture
The song is a favorite of musician Black Francis, lead singer of Pixies. Since 2017, the band often plays a recording of the song as they take the stage for a performance.

Personnel
Personnel per Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn, except where noted.

The Beatles
 * John Lennon – lead vocals, backing vocals, spoken vocals, guitar, maracas, sound effects
 * Paul McCartney – lead vocals, piano, bass, handclaps, sound effects
 * George Harrison – lead guitar, vibraphone
 * Ringo Starr – drums, timbales, bongos

Additional musicians
 * Brian Jones – alto saxophone
 * Mal Evans – sound effects (spade in gravel)

title: You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)


text:
Feminist existentialism

Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women. Existentialism is a philosophical and cultural movement which holds that the starting point of philosophical thinking must be the individual and the experiences of the individual, that moral thinking and scientific thinking together are not sufficient for understanding all of human existence, and, therefore, that a further set of categories, governed by the norm of authenticity, is necessary to understand human existence. (Authenticity, in the context of existentialism, is to recognize the responsibility we have for our existence. ) This philosophy analyzes relationships between the individual and things, or other human beings, and how they limit or condition choice.

Existentialist feminists emphasize concepts such as freedom, interpersonal relationships, and the experience of living as a human body. They value the capacity for radical change, but recognize that factors such as self-deception and the anxiety caused by the possibility of change can limit it. Many are dedicated to exposing and undermining socially imposed gender roles and cultural constructs limiting women's self-determination, and criticize post-structuralist feminists who deny the intrinsic freedom of individual women. A woman who makes considered choices regarding her way of life and suffers the anxiety associated with that freedom, isolation, or nonconformity, yet remains free, demonstrates the tenets of existentialism. The novels of Kate Chopin, Doris Lessing, Joan Didion, Margaret Atwood, and Margaret Drabble include such existential heroines.

Major existential feminists
Simone de Beauvoir was a renowned existentialist and one of the principal founders of second-wave feminism. Beauvoir examined women's subordinate role as the 'Other', patriarchally forced into immanence in her book, The Second Sex, which some claim to be the culmination of her existential ethics. The book includes the famous line, "One is not born but becomes a woman," introducing what has come to be called the sex-gender distinction. Beauvoir's The Second Sex provided the vocabulary for analyzing the social constructions of femininity and the structure for critiquing those constructions, which was used as a liberating tool by attending to the ways in which patriarchal structures used sexual difference to deprive women of the intrinsic freedom of their "can do" bodies. Some say Beauvoir is farther reaching than Sartre despite often being overlooked in many comprehensive works about existentialist feminism.

Jean-Paul Sartre was a French philosopher, existentialist and phenomenologist who contributed greatly to existential feminism through works like Existential Psychoanalysis. In this work, Sartre claims that the individual is the intersection of universal schemata and he rejects the idea of a pure individual.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty was another French philosopher who contributed many existential works to the field. Many following theorists, such as Judith Butler, critiqued his methods, including his sexual ideology. Other theorists omit him, viewing him as a "Sartre knock-off".

Simone de Beauvoir
Some critiques of the field are of Beauvoir and her portrayal of existentialist feminism specifically. Gwendolyn Dolske critiques that Beauvoir is inconsistent between her works, noting that the women in Beauvoir's fictional works resign to cultural norms rather than conquering their Otherness. Margaret Simons critiques Beauvoir's inability to transfer her work in theory into praxis.

Critiques against sexism
However, most of the critiques are of the limitations of the field overall. Margery Collins and Christine Pierce fault Sartre's limited anti-essentialism for his sexist views which Hazel Barnes then refutes. Maryellen MacGuigan criticizes Ortega's view of women's inferiority, Julia Maria's sexuate condition, and Frederick Buyendijk's narrative of women's experience.

Extension to gender and race studies
Jo-Ann Pilardi outlines the female eroticism in Beauvoir's work and Julien Murphy compares the gaze or look in Sartre to Adrienne Rich. Nancy Potter aligns female incest survivors' experiences with dread and anxiety. Janice McLane uses Merleau-Ponty's Concept of flesh to describe self-mutilation. Shannon Sullivan criticizes Merleau-Ponty's anonymous body. Linda Bell moves Sartre's notion of authenticity from feminist existentialism to feminist ethics. T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting uses Fanon's analyses of racist and colonized subjectivities to discuss feminism.

title: Feminist existentialism


text:
Troupes coloniales

The Troupes coloniales ("Colonial Troops") or Armée coloniale ("Colonial Army"), commonly called La Coloniale, were the colonial troops of the French colonial empire from 1900 until 1961. From 1822 to 1900 these troops were designated Troupes de marine ("Marine Troops" or just "Marines"), and in 1961 they readopted this name. They were recruited from mainland France and from the French settler as well as indigenous populations of the empire. This force played a substantial role in the conquest of the empire, in World War I, World War II, the First Indochina War and the Algerian War.

Makeup of French Colonial Forces
The Armée coloniale should not be confused with the units of the French Army generally stationed in North Africa such as the Foreign Legion, the Zouave regiments, the Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa or the indigenous North African Spahis, Tirailleurs and Goumiers; all of which were part of the Army of Africa. The North African units date back to 1830 and were brought together as the XIX Army Corps in 1873, forming part of the French Metropolitan Army.

Instead the Troupes Coloniales can be divided into:

 * 1) French long service volunteers (or until 1893 colonial settlers doing their military service) assigned to service in France itself or to garrisons in French West and Central Africa, Madagascar, New Caledonia or Indochina; and
 * 2) Indigenous troops recruited in any of the above regions, serving under French officers. These were designated as Tirailleurs sénégalais, Tirailleurs malgaches, Tirailleurs indochinois, etc. according to the name of the colony of origin. Tirailleurs sénégalais was the name given to all West and Central African regiments, because Senegal was the first French colony south of the Sahara.

All colonial troops (la Coloniale or the Colonial) came under a single General Staff. The troupes coloniales were predominantly infantry but included artillery units as well as the usual support services. At various dates they also included locally recruited cavalry units in Indo-China as well as camel troops in sub-Saharan Africa. Across the French colonial possessions in 1914, a total of up to 25,000 native auxiliaries served as civil guards, militia or gendarmes. While officered and partially administered by the Colonial Army these para-military units did not serve outside their territories of recruitment.

On the eve of World War I the Troupes Coloniales consisted of 42,000 French regulars (of whom approximately 13,000 were posted overseas); plus 50,000 African and Indochinese indigenous troops.

Two companies of cipahis (sepoys) garrisoned Pondicherry and other French enclaves in British India. These were converted to gendarmerie in 1907 but returned to the Troupes Coloniales in 1921.

Name changes
The precise meaning of the terms "colonial troops", "colonial army", marine troops or "troops of the French colonies" has changed several times since the 18th century:
 * During the 18th and early 19th centuries "marine infantry" was the title used to identify French troops stationed permanently in France's various overseas territories.
 * After the middle of the 19th century this term was extended to include the "native" troops recruited in the French colonies, excluding North Africa.
 * The title "colonial troops" was adopted in 1900, when all the Marine Infantry and Marine Artillery troops that had previously come under the Ministry of the Navy were transferred to come under the orders of the War Department. In 1958 when France's African colonies had gained their independence, the mission and title of these troops was redefined. After a brief period  as "Overseas Troops" (Troupes d'Outre-Mer) the traditional title of Marines was restored. The Marine regiments did however remain part of the French Army.

List of regiments in New France 1755–59
Colony troops:
 * Compagnies Franches de la Marine

Regular regiments of the Royal Army assigned to colonial service:

 * Régiment de La Reine
 * Régiment d'Artois
 * Régiment de La Sarre
 * Royal-Roussillon
 * Régiment de Bourgogne
 * Régiment de Languedoc
 * Régiment de Cambis
 * Régiment de Guyenne
 * Régiment de Berry
 * Régiment de Béarn
 * Volontaires Etrangers
 * Volontaires Etrangers

Uniforms
The European Colonial Infantry and Colonial Artillery regiments were, until 1914, uniformed in a similar style to their metropolitan counterparts (although the former had yellow fringed epaulettes and medium blue trousers instead of the red epaulettes and red trousers of the line infantry). On colonial service white, dark blue or light khaki uniforms were worn with topees, according to circumstances. Between 1895 and 1905 a light blue/grey (bleu mecanicien) uniform was worn for field dress in Africa and Indo China (see photograph opposite).

From 1873 onwards, the Troupes Coloniales wore a double-breasted tunic, known as a paletot which was only worn by them. This garment was worn throughout the First World War, and is useful in positively identifying Troupes Coloniales in photographs, as specifically distinct from troops of the Metropolitan Army who did not wear this garment.

As with the rest of the army, they adopted horizon blue uniforms in 1915, subsequent to the notice of 9 December 1914. Towards the end of, and after, World War I khaki became the norm for all colonial troops in contrast to the horizon blue of the metropolitan conscripts. The blue dress uniform was however restored for French personnel who enlisted as volunteers in either the Colonial Infantry or Colonial Artillery, from 1928 to 1939.

Tirailleur regiments in Africa wore red fezes and sashes with dark blue, or khaki uniforms until 1914. The Indo-Chinese units wore a salacco headdress and blue, white or khaki drill clothing based on local patterns. After World War I khaki became the normal dress for indigenous troops, although sashes and fezzes continued to be worn for parade until the 1950s.

The modern Troupes de Marine are distinguished in full dress by dark blue kepis with red piping and bronze anchor badges, red sashes and yellow fringed epaulettes. These traditional items are worn with the standard light beige or camouflage dress of the modern French Army on ceremonial occasions.

From Marines to Colonials and back again
From 1822 to 1900 these troops, both French and indigenous, had been designated as Troupes de Marine, though they were not directly linked to the French Navy. Both services were however administered by the Ministre de la Marine and shared an anchor badge. This insignia continued to be worn after the Troupes de la Marine became the Troupes Coloniales in 1900 and photographs of mehariste (camel corps) troopers taken in the 1950s show anchor badges even in the Mauritanian desert far from the sea. In 1961 the title of Troupes de Marine was readopted after a brief period (1958–61) as Troupes d'Outre-Mer (Overseas Forces).

Post colonial period
As the remaining French African territories became independent in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the tirailleurs were discharged, usually to join their new national armies. In 1964, the 7th Regiment of Tirailleurs, formed in 1913 as the 7e Régiment de tirailleurs Algériens was redesigned the 170e Régiment d'Infanterie. The various "Tirailleurs Indochinois" regiments were dispersed by the Japanese coup of 10 March 1945 and were not reformed.

On 1 May 1994, in the presence of veterans of the armée d'Afrique, légionnaires, spahis, zouaves and artilleurs, the 170e Régiment d'Infanterie was redesignated as the 1er Régiment de Tirailleurs. It wears the insignia and bears the honors and traditions of the old 1er régiment de tirailleurs Algériens, which was disbanded in 1964.

Status of colonial forces
Throughout their changing titles and roles the French Troupes de Marine or Troupes coloniales retained a reputation for toughness and professionalism. Whether French or indigenous they were, for the most part, long service regulars and as such comprised a genuine elite.

Modern
The Marine Infantry, Marine Parachute, Artillery and Engineer units remain as a distinct branch within the modern French Army.

Journals

 * Kim Munholland, The emergence of the colonial military in France, 1880–1905, Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1964.

Audio-visual media

 * Alain de Sédouy; Eric Deroo, The forgotten history: The native Senegalese infantry, The Indochinese paratroops, The Moroccan Goumiers: a series of three documentaries Paris: GMT Productions: France 3, 1992.

title: Troupes coloniales


text:
I Wish (Stevie Wonder song)

"I Wish" is a song by American singer Stevie Wonder. It was released in late 1976 as the lead single from his eighteenth album, Songs in the Key of Life (1976). Written and produced by Wonder, the song focuses on his childhood from the 1950s into the early 1960s about how he wished he could go back and relive it. The single hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and soul singles chart. At the 19th Grammy Awards, Stevie Wonder won the Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male for this song.

Composition
Wonder recollected how the music for "I Wish" came to him: "The day I wrote it was a Saturday, the day of a Motown picnic in the summer of '76. God, I remember that because I was having this really bad toothache. It was ridiculous...I had such a good time at the picnic that I went to Crystal Recording Studio right afterward and the vibe came right to my mind – running at the picnic, the contests, we all participated. It was a lot of fun ... and from that came the 'I Wish' vibe.'"

The lyrics came with more difficulty. The lyrics that wound up in the song deal with childhood and teenage experiences. But originally Wonder wanted to address broader topics. Wonder said he originally tried to incorporate "a lot of cosmic type stuff, spiritual stuff. But I couldn’t do that 'cause the music was too much fun — the words didn’t have the fun of the track," and that he "couldn't come up with anything stronger than the chorus, 'I wish those days [claps] would [claps] come back once more.' Thank goodness we didn't change that."

For the television series Classic Albums, Wonder recreated a small section from the song to demonstrate how he composed and arranged it. He played the keyboards and drums himself, and used most of the musicians that recorded the original.

Reception
Cash Box said that the song was chosen as the lead single from Songs in the Key of Life after "radio stations spent weeks determining which... cut the public wanted most" and "'I Wish' came out on top in terms of popularity and editability." Record World said that "this popular and much requested track should be a major hit."

title: I Wish (Stevie Wonder song)