text:
Corona del Mar High School

Corona del Mar High School (CdM) is a public school located in the Eastbluff neighborhood of Newport Beach, California, and belongs to the Newport-Mesa Unified School District. It is a combination of a middle school (7th and 8th grades) and a high school (9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th grades). The school was founded in 1962 and has an enrollment of approximately 2,100 students. The school covers an area of just over 1,700,000 square feet. According to US News, there are 92 full-time teachers.

It has been ranked by Newsweek as one of the top 200 high schools in the United States, and it has been a state champion in several sports. However, it has also been featured in the national media for scandals involving homophobia, sexism, and academic dishonesty.

Construction
The school was founded in 1962. In the mid 1970s, the school went through an extensive design process to develop its media center. The Marian Bergeson Aquatic Center, named for state senator Marian Bergeson who was from Newport Beach, opened in May 1990 at a cost of $1.75 million. In March 2015, a 29,000 sqft performing arts center was finished. The center cost $16 million and seats more than 360 people. Newport-Mesa Unified School District got approval for construction of the Enclave, a 38,000 sq. ft structure consisting of two buildings(one 3-story and one 2-story) connected by passages for 7th and 8th graders. It was designed by Dougherty & Dougherty Architects and built by KPRS Construction, and was completed by June 2014 and cost $23.2 million. Construction began in June 2019 on a $14.6 million renovation project to build a new track and two lighted artificial turf sports fields, which were completed by January 2021. The track bleachers have a seating capacity of 664, and the back field has portable bleachers that can accommodate 200 spectators. As part of a two-school $5 million construction project with Ensign Intermediate School, 8-foot security fences were built around the perimeter of the school and were completed by January 2021. The project also included a new entry structure adjacent to the pool with a school sign and LED board, finished by March 2021.

Controversies
Between 2009 and 2014 Corona del Mar was the subject of a series of controversies concerning sexism and homophobia. In February 2009, when a production of the musical Rent was cancelled, the theater teacher alleged it was due to the principal objecting to the play's depiction of homosexuality. Student demand eventually brought back the play. The following month, after a video surfaced of male students threatening to rape and kill a female peer, the American Civil Liberties Union sued the school for inadequately responding to, allowing, and even condoning an atmosphere of sexist and homophobic violence. A settlement was reached in September, when the District agreed to create and enforce anti-harassment policies and train both students and staff. In May 2014, the school again attracted negative attention for an NFL-style "prom draft" in which female students were ceremonially "drafted" as dates by their male peers. Writers for the Los Angeles Times cited a former Corona del Mar High School disciplinarian in their argument that the "draft" was the result of a problematic sense of entitlement among Newport Beach residents.

The school also experienced a series of publicized academic integrity incidents. In 2012, school officials discovered that ten students had bought the answers to their tests from Amazon.com. In early 2014, eleven Corona del Mar High School students were expelled  for hacking into school computers with the help of a tutor to alter their grades. The following October, the tutor was arrested on charges of burglary, computer access and fraud. In response to the hacking and "prom draft" scandals, the school hired an "ethics consultant" in June 2014, with hopes of restoring the school's reputation. The consultant's duties include training the students to accept diversity and be more honest and inclusive.

In November 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, a student was suspended for three days for "threatening remarks to another student" after telling her "Free Palestine", the designation was confirmed by a district spokesperson who indicated that the district does not tolerate hateful speech, which prompted outrage. Shortly after the students suspension and the news being posted, the district's superintendent stated that while the suspension was still upheld the district does not consider "Free Palestine" as hate speech.

Rankings
The school has been placed on multiple national and state-level lists of "top schools". In 2011 U.S. News & World Report ranked it 127 of 21,786 high schools in math and science and Newsweek included it as number 172 of the 500 best high schools in the United States. It earned a gold medal from U.S. News & World Report in 2014, with a national ranking of 222 (37 in California). Niche.com ranked the school #144 out of 16,801 for Best College Prep Public High Schools in America in 2020. U.S. News also gave the school a national ranking of 658, 89th in California, 42nd in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, and first in the Newport-Mesa School District. They also reported that 75% of students have taken at least one AP exam, 63% passed at least one AP exam, 63% were proficient in math, 80% were proficient in reading, and that the school has a graduation rate of 95%.

Sports
Corona del Mar competes in the Sunset Conference of the CIF Southern Section, having moved from the Pacific Coast League following the 2017–2018 season. The Sea Kings have won 81 CIF Southern Section Championships and 12 California Interscholastic Federation State Championships.

The school opened a $1.75 million aquatic center in 1992. An evening fundraiser in 2007 raised $221,000 for a refurbishment project. They have won the Boys' Water polo southern section divisional title 13 times, including nine Division 1 titles.

The school has won six State Championships in Girls' Cross Country. In 2010 the boys' soccer team won the SoCal State Championship and finished ranked second in the nation. In 2011 the boys' volleyball team won the Powerade Fab 50 ESPN Rise National championship trophy. The high school also competes in sailing, crew and surfing. Corona del Mar Football won the Division III State Football Championship in 2013 as well as the Division 1-A State Championship in 2019.

Parent and booster groups annually raise large sums of money for the school and related extracurricular programs, with just three of the projects raising a total of over $235,000 annually.

Notable alumni

 * Tumua Anae, Olympic water polo goalie
 * Debbie Cook, 2007-2008 mayor of Huntington Beach, California
 * Taylor Dent, tennis player
 * Firoozeh Dumas, author
 * Brian Fargo, video game designer, producer of Fallout
 * Chase Garbers, quarterback for the Las Vegas Raiders
 * Kevin Hansen, Olympic indoor volleyball player
 * Stephania Haralabidis, American and Greek water polo player
 * John Ireland, sportscaster
 * Matt Keough, baseball player
 * Bill Leach, Olympic canoer
 * Julie Leach, Olympic canoer, triathlete
 * Brad Alan Lewis, Olympic gold medalist in rowing
 * Bill Macdonald, sportscaster
 * Eric Marienthal, Jazz Musician
 * Jack McBean, soccer player
 * Mark McGrath, lead singer of the pop rock band Sugar Ray
 * McG, film director and producer
 * John Mann, Olympic water polo player
 * Leslie Mann, actress
 * Sam Mikulak, Olympic gymnast
 * Madeline Musselman, 2016 Olympic gold medalist in water polo
 * Keri Phebus, tennis player, NCAA singles champion for UCLA
 * Dave Rohde, baseball player (Houston Astros, Cleveland Indians)
 * Kelly Rutherford, actress
 * Rodney Sheppard, guitarist, bass player from pop rock band Sugar Ray
 * Brad Sherman, Congressman
 * Michael Steele, bass guitarist for rock band The Bangles
 * Jeff Thomason, football player
 * Brian Tyler, composer, conductor, and producer
 * Lars Ulrich, drummer, Metallica
 * John Vallely, UCLA and NBA basketball player
 * Neil Weber, baseball player (Arizona Diamondbacks)

title: Corona del Mar High School


text: Talk:Battle of Maysalun

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Battle of Maysalun


text:
Koltsovo International Airport

Koltsovo International Airport (Аэропорт Кольцово) is the international airport serving Yekaterinburg, Russia, located 16 km (10 mi) southeast of the city. Being the largest airport in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Koltsovo also serves nearby towns such as Aramil, Sysert, and Polevskoy. In general, the airport is responsible for serving approximately 4,290,000 people yearly. The airport is a hub for Ural Airlines, RusLine and Aviacon Zitotrans. Due to its location in the center of Russia, Yekaterinburg's airport is included in the "Priority Airports" list of Russia's Federal Air Transport Agency (Rosaviatsia).

Description
Koltsovo was first used as a civil airport on July 10, 1943.

In 2014, Koltsovo Airport had a passenger traffic of 4,526,167, a +5.4% increase from that of 2013. Domestic passenger traffic of 2014 made up for 2,407,429 (+11.3%) passengers; international passenger traffic consisted of 2,118,738 (-0.5%) passengers. In 2014 Koltsovo operated 25,531 tonnes of cargo, a -8.1% decrease from that of last year. Koltsovo operated 3,600 tonnes of mail, a 250% increase from that of 2013. In 2013, it handled 4,293,002 passengers and 27,800 tonnes of cargo, representing a +13.5% increase compared to the previous year.

Koltsova is managed by Airports of Regions Holding, who also manage Kurumoch International Airport (Samara), Strigino International Airport (Nizhny Novgorod), Platov International Airport (Rostov-On-Don) and Gagarin International Airport (Saratov), with two new airports planned: Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Novy Urengoy. It is a joint public-private enterprise with private investments exceeding 70 billion rubles.

Koltsovo is a member of Airports Council International (ACI) and is in the top 7 busiest airports in Russia.

The base is home to the 32nd Independent Composite Transport Aviation Regiment as part of the 14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army.

1928–1945
Koltsovo's original aerodrome was constructed between 1928 and 1930 at the behest of the Air Force Institute of the USSR. It was primarily built as a military aerodrome. In 1932, the 33rd air division, formerly belonging to the Privolzhsky Military District, was transferred to the Koltsovo aerodrome; the division was later redirected to the border with Finland during the Winter War. After Nazi Germany declared war on the USSR, entangling the Soviet Union into World War II, construction of a 1 km runway was announced. Construction began the next day and the runway was completed in three months, a record breaking time for the 1940s.

On 15 May 1942, USSR's first jet engine plane, the BI-1, completed its maiden flight from Koltsovo airport. The new aircraft was manually operated by Grigory Bakhchivadzhi. Six experimental flights were conducted on the BI-1, until, on the 7th flight, during maximum speed testing, the pilot lost control of the trajectory of the plane and crashed, resulting in Bakhchivadzhi's death. A 1:1 scale replica of the BI-1 jet plane was recreated in the front square of the airport in honour of the BI-1 and Grigory. The monument still stands.

On 10 July 1943, the airport gained domestic status. This made Koltsovo the first airport in the USSR to have civil and military status at once. Flights from Yekaterinburg to Moscow were conducted on a daily basis. In December 1943, on the way back from Tehran, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt stayed overnight at the Koltsovo airport. During World War II the airport acted as a joint in the classified route between Fairbanks, Alaska and Moscow, Russia, in which C-47 aircraft were imported into the USSR. By January 1944, Koltsovo owned four aircraft, granted by the USSR Ministry of Civil Aviation for the purpose of domestic flights: two LI-2 and two Junkers. After the surrender of Nazi Germany, Koltsovo was used as joint for the relocation of military aircraft to the Pacific Front for the combating of the Japanese Empire. Between 1943 and 1945, despite the extremely high traffic rates for an airport of such size, no airplane crashes were recorded.

1945–1991
In 1951, the airfield underwent a reconstruction. In the early 1950s, flights from Moscow to Beijing, China, made a layover in Koltsovo. The route from Koltsovo to Beijing was also the airport's first international flight. In 1954, a new terminal completed construction. The Russian Imperial-Modern style and the large spire made this terminal a prominent symbol of Yekaterinburg and all of Sverdlovsk. In 1956 all runways were extended and reinforced with concrete flooring. This allowed for larger aircraft such as the Tu-104 and IL-18 to dock at Koltsovo. In 1958, a hotel with 100 rooms was built 800m from the terminal. The hotel went bankrupt in 1961 and was the demolished the preceding year.

In 1963, a new 3-star "Liner" hotel with 235 rooms completed construction. On 1 January 1967, a new terminal complex was exploited for domestic flights. This terminal was twice as large as the original terminal and had a passenger traffic limit of 1,500,000 passengers and could support 700 pax/hour. The terminal was placed to the right of the original terminal; today, the new Terminal A and B stand where the 1967 terminal stood.

In 1983, an arrival terminal was built. On 6 March 1987, a second runway completed construction and was exploited. In 1991, due to the dissolution of the USSR, the Sverdlovsk united air group of the Ural Civil Airports Office was reformed to the First Sverdlovsk Airline. In October 1993, Koltsovo was granted international status. On 28 December 1993, as a result of the division and privatization of the First Sverdlovsk Air, two joint-stock companies were set up: OJSC (now JSC) "Airport Koltsovo" and JSC "Ural Airlines". Later JSC Koltsovo Airport was renamed to JSC "Koltsovo Invest", Koltsovo's current owner company.

2003–present
In 2003, an implement of the airport development as a hub Program was started with the support of Russian Federation Ministry of Transport, Sverdlovsk Oblast Government and the Renova Group. Investment into the Koltsovo large scale reconstruction of 2003–2009 years estimated about 12,000,000,000 rubles: private investments totaled 8,000,000,000 rubles (to the air-terminal complex development and technical re-equipment of services), state investments totaled 4,000,000,000 rubles (to rebuild aerodrome pavement and control tower building). In 2005, a new international terminal for Yekaterinburg finished construction and was exploited for proper use. The same year Yekaterinburg established new borders of the city, resulting in Koltsovo village, where the airport was located, in becoming part of Yekaterinburg's municipal district. A new catering facility was also implemented in 2005, as well as the international terminal.

In 2006, the original Koltsovo terminal was converted to a business terminal and underwent a complete renovation. The preceding year, the domestic terminal adjacent to the international terminal completed construction. In 2008, an aeroexpress railway station from the center of Yekaterinburg to Koltsovo finished building. On 14 June 2009, Koltsovo received its first ever jumbo jet: the Air China Boeing 747 with the Chinese delegates. On 15 June 2009, the international terminal was expanded again and opened by the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev in time for the BRICS (then known as BRIC) summit. Additionally in 2009, the 4-star Angelo hotel, new control tower, and a fixed runway were put into exploitation. This enabled the airport to handle all types of heavy aircraft, including the Airbus A380, Airbus A320, Boeing 737, Boeing 747, and Airbus A330 aircraft.

Beginning 24 May 2014, Koltsovo began cooperating with CIS Routes. On 24 July 2012, the airport opened a new cargo terminal with a total area of 19,185 m2. The opening ceremony was attended by the governor of the Sverdlovsk Oblast Yevgeny Kuyvashev and Mayor of Yekaterinburg, Alexander Jacob. On 13 June 2013, a new business lounge for domestic passengers was opened.

Terminals

Terminal A completed construction in 2007. It is used solely as a departures and arrivals facility for domestic flights. The terminal was 19,600 m2 and had a capacity of 1,000 pax/hour. Later the 2005 International terminal was joined to Terminal A, making the total area of the terminal 35,000 m2 and the capacity of 1600 pax/hour. The terminal is 2 floors in height. The ground floor contains check-in desks, baggage claim areas (with carousels), currency exchange centers, a staff room, and several coffee shops. The second floor has several restaurants, including Grenki Pub, a children's nursery room, and the domestic business lounge which opened on 13 June 2013. The lounge is accessible by passengers with business class tickets or for a fee of 1960 rubles. The terminal has 5 jet bridges and several other bus gates. renovations to the domestic terminal were made as early as of 18 February 2014, with the stylistic and congestion reductional changes. The renovations began in 2012 with NefaResearch design studies winning the bid for the reconstruction, with Phase I completed on 27 December 2012, and Phase II on 18 February 2014. The total price of the renovations was listed at 141,000,000 rubles.

Terminal B original completed construction in 2005, with the total area of 15,400 m2 and the capacity of 600 pax/hour. On 15 June 2009, a larger, 45,000 m2 international terminal completed construction in time for the BRICS summit, and took the role of Terminal B. The original one was merged with the domestic terminal. Terminal B has a capacity of 1600 pax/hour. The terminal consists of 2 floors and is conjoined to Terminal A. The ground floor houses the check-in desks, a baggage claim area with the baggage carousels, customs control and several retail stores. On the second floor there stand the security control, international business lounge, a duty-free shop, a smoking room and several retail shops. General renovations were made alongside the domestic renovation project. The business terminal was renovated as recent as February 2014.

The business terminal, otherwise known as the VIP terminal, offers those willing to pay a unique experience. The business terminal is accessible only through direct payment. Prices can range from 8,500 rubles (one pass) to 250,000 rubles (12-month membership). The business terminal is located in Koltsovo's first terminal, built in 1954. The structure has a mix of empire style and Russian neoclassical revival styles, enhancing the royal feel. Inside, the VIP terminal is also styled in neoclassical revival. The business terminal offers separate check-in desks, passport and custom controls. Free WiFi, catering, and delivery to the airplane is also offered. The total area of the VIP terminal is 9,800 m2.

Runways
The airport has 2 runways. Runway 1 is 3004х45 m; Runway 2 is 3026х53. Both runways pass the ICAO Category I standards. Both runways are also equipped with OVI-1 lighting facilities and are capable of handling aircraft of any size in any type of weather. Maintenance of the runways has been conducted as recently as of June 2012.

Cargo Traffic (tonnes)
Reference:

title: Koltsovo International Airport


text:
Talk:Amy Goodman

Birthplace
There is no proof that she was born in Washington DC. Citation 3 notes that the youtube states that she says she is born in DC at 29:05 (when in fact she never states this during anytime of the duration of the video). This should be taken down as it is conflicting with the information that states she was born in New York.
 * ...and a d.o.b. might be added, in line with Wiki practice. Valetude (talk) 00:22, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

Salary
Per WP:BLPPRIMARY, we should exercise extreme caution in using primary sources. Unless this has been discussed by a reliable secondary source, listing Amy Goodman's salary in the article is not appropriate. (For a similar discussion, see for example Talk:Simon_Danczuk). --Edcolins (talk) 20:35, 17 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Clearly correct revert, Edcolins. Doesn't have any business here. NorthBySouthBaranof (talk) 21:10, 20 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Cherry-picked factoids are not suitable for anything let alone a BLP. Johnuniq (talk) 02:54, 21 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Per our rules about primary sources it's not encouraged, and per WP:BLP we want to be very cautious about salaries, which for most people is considered pretty private (although it's public in her case). The Wikipedia is not about muckraking journalism. So rolling back the info is probably a good call and our rules support it. (I can see a case for including info like generally this when it's already in a public document -- IMO it's more useful for getting a handle on the subject than how many siblings they have or where the went to high school, which information we often include. It tells the reader something that is or could be useful for understanding where the subject fits in the world. But our rules pretty much discourage it.) Herostratus (talk) 03:46, 21 February 2017 (UTC)
 * The only reasonable exception I can come up with for including someones salary in their biography is where they are a public sector (government) employee and its come up for discussion in reliable sources. Otherwise its just completely irrelevant material that shouldnt be included per BLPPRIMARY. Only in death does duty end (talk) 13:58, 21 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Just wondering if the fact that tax-payers indirectly subsidize Democracy Now through tax-deductions for contributors because of Democracy Now's 501(c)3 status would have any bearing on the reasonableness of the public knowing what the tax-supported organization is spending money on? I don't have an opinion but it seems like a question that Democracy Now would ask. N0w8st8s (talk) 12:08, 25 September 2020 (UTC)n0w8st8s
 * This has no relevance. 2600:8802:5913:1700:D95E:4856:9AD2:F43D (talk) 11:54, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

technical question
I can see the references in the Editor, but they don't register as citations in the article. Why is this? 72.174.131.123 (talk) 21:18, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amy Goodman


text:
Latteridge

Latteridge is a hamlet in South Gloucestershire, England. It lies on the B4059 road north of Iron Acton, and south of Rudgeway and Earthcott. The hamlet is divided by the B4059, there is a large village green, a railway crossing, a large duck pond and a ruined church.

title: Latteridge


text:
Talk:Kobold

Proposed Merger of Kobold Pages
This article isn't at all organized, isn't formatted normally, and contradicts itself! At the moment, i don't know enough about it to fix it myself. --Heah 07:35, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Do we really need 3 pages about Kobolds? One on the general case, one for D&D, and one for other games? Otherwise, I agree with Heah.

-- GumbyProf: "I'm about ideas, but I'm not always about good ideas." 03:37, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Having more than one page allows for easier disambiguation of a topic, and allows the focus of each page to be more narrow. Besides, a D&D kobold is a completely different fellow from a mythological kobold.  BOZ

 * Oppose. Keep the folklore and anorak stuff seperate! --MacRusgail 14:07, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * New Idea. I see how the folklore stuff could be seperate (although it's still pretty short). Could we combine the two gamer pages, at least? GumbyProf: "I'm about ideas, but I'm not always about good ideas." 16:35, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Several imaginary creatures share the same name in various works. Goblins, for instance, appear in folklore, Tolkien's works, Everquest, and Dungeons & Dungeons, yet none are exactly the same creature. Merging subjects just because they share the same name would make articles unneccessarily long, cluttered, & confusing. This is why we have disambiguation pages. --Robbstrd 23:18, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Nevermind. To retort the above, none of the articles are long at all; they're already confusing; and Kobold has no disambiguation page. The longest part is probably the least important (the D&D stuff). I think the goblin article maybe has the length and depth to be seperate, but I'm not sure three short articles, without proper links to one another is the right answer. As for the folklore, I do wish someone would flesh out the folklore page. I think it's really interesting. OK, well, then this is still marked for cleanup, and maybe that will take care of it all. GumbyProf: "I'm about ideas, but I'm not always about good ideas." 21:38, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Basis. I don't think that merging D&D's kobold and the mythological kobold in one page is a good idea. After all, the myth kobold was the base for the D&D's kobold, so pretty much, no, I don't agree.

They're different things. For example, if you're gonna merge into one page every "King Arthur" that people write about, you'd find out that Arthur was actually named "Arthuria" and bore the cogname of "Saber", and everyone knows that there's adedicated space for that kind of information.

 * Oppose. Since 3rd Edition D&D Kobolds have almost nothing to do with the folklore kobolds, I doubt merging them would be wise. Besides, given the significantly greater culture behind D&D kobolds, merging the folklore kobolds into it would probably relegate the folklore to a single paragraph or footnote. 124.190.224.8 08:38, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Oppose D&D kobolds have been completely divorced from their folklore namesakes since 1st edition, mixing the two in the same article would lengthen the page needlessly and cause confusion. Similarly, games have made enough use of them that a separate page on kobolds in gaming seems to be a defensible proposition. --Svartalf 21:32, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Oppose. All they share with the folkloric kobolds are their name. -- Poisonink (talk) 23:26, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Kobolds in a nutshell
I see that the article isn't organized well, but I'm not exactly certain where it is contradictory. Other than the fact that Kobolds have evolved to mean different things over time.

As I see it, in brief:

1. Kobold comes from German, and loosely translates as Goblin.

2. Kobolds primarily seem to fill the class of house spirit such as Domovoi in Slavic Folklore. They can be mischevious, or helpful, depending on how they are treated. They also seem to often be the spirit of a child killed in or near the house.

3. Now having been established as a mischevious goblin like creature, Miner's name the metal Cobalt after them, believing that silver has been replaced by "Kobolds" with the more useless metal.

4. Popular fantasy, mostly influenced by DnD, has diverged from the original meaning of Kobold. Different versions of DnD have described them differently. The most recent version has clearly described them as small reptilian humanoids. However, earlier versions have also called them Dog-like, and many people have come to think of them as such. Thus, their appearance in the Suikoden game as a dog race.

5. Neil Gaimen uses them in American Gods in a way that is closer to their original house spirit meaning. However, like much in that book, he twists the meaning. The name seems obviously derived from Heinzelmännchen, but instead of being the spirit of a dead child, it is a spirit that kills children. But then performs it's protective spirit role for the whole town. I can't seem to find any reference to the tribal protective spirit nature of Kobolds, but that doesn't mean it doesn't exist. Or anything about the stabbing and wrapping a child.

Ok, so now I know more than I ever expected to about Kobolds. I'm not sure if I'm the one to write the article however...

Best sources I can find is:

Kobold at Everything2

Kobold from American Heritage Dictionary

--Deinol 23:15, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * OK. Here's a draft rewrite. I've deleted the "kobold named after cobalt" theory - kobolds predate the (1730s) discovery of cobalt - as well as the tribal god bit. I can't find it anywhere either, but it can be reinstated if anyone can provide a reliable source. User:Raygirvan:Raygirvan May 06 2005

 * I think what Deinol is saying is that Cobalt is named after Kobolds, not the other way around. Applejuicefool (talk) 19:23, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

2nd edition
It should be noted that fantasy kobolds in D&D suffered a major change from dog like creatures in 2nd edition to lizardfolk in 3rd edition

Small Gods Section?
The section referring to "Small gods" seems to come -completely- out of the blue, and is therefore rather confusing, and certainly sounds completely unsupported. Is this in referrence to Neil Gaiman's book, or folklore of some regional spiritualism/superstition, or is it simply baseless?

Section removed pending some kind of referrence/citation or having it make sense. Here it is:

As far as small gods go, a Kobold is one of the more quaintly created. A kobold is usually the remains of a Teuton/Germanic tribal good-luck-god. These gods were made by raising an infant in an underground hut for five years, never letting it see the sun. Then, on its fifth birthday, it would be dragged up at night, and before the entire tribe be pierced by two blades -- one of bronze, the other of steel. The body would then by held over the flames until dry and brown; the end result would be a small dry fetish which would be carried around and worshipped. When the creature and container were finally destroyed and forgotten, the remains of the god would become a Kobold or a Brownie. They are usually bitter and malicious, a product of their creation and abandonment.

Tchalvak 17:58, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Etymology
I quote from a note in Herbert Hoover's translation of De Re Metallica, in which Hoover quotes from another of Agricola's works, De Animantibus Subterraneis: "Then there are the gentle kind which the Germans as well as the Greeks call cobalos, because they mimic men." Agricola goes on to describe creatures identical to knockers. If we accept this derivation, presumably the term was extended from the (benevolent) knockers to include malicious mine goblins, from whence we get kobolds, cobalt, and so forth. Choess 05:29, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Merger
I propose a merger of the three pages:

 * 1) Kobold
 * 2) Kobolds in gaming
 * 3) Kobold (Dungeons & Dragons)

There's no reason to have three pages covering the same topic. It might be better to have one main article (this one), which branches off into the others if(/as/when) required. At this point, it makes the whole thing a good bit messy. xC | ☎  18:12, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Partial Support. I say merge the gaming pages, (maybe into Kobold (RPG)?) but leave the folklore seperate; disambig at the top.  --mordicai. 15:12, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I was leaning towards the same thing. I support Mordicai's suggestion. xC | ☎  06:19, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Partial Support. As per mordicai.. The Kobold article is about a German spirit, entitely unrelated to the other two. Robert Brockway 06:12, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I roll a "1" on support Feh, this seems to be a pointless exercise in merger. I can go along with Mordicai. I would argue there is no operational impact. Kobolds in DnD 3.5 are reptilian, while kobolds in WoW and DnD 2.0 are rodent-like. Dominick (TALK) 14:36, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose, as these articles are unusual candidates for merger (even the two on gaming): most mergers are a good idea on practical grounds (they cover overlapping or small amounts of information, neither of which is really true for these three articles). The real question is whether the data is sufficiently notable. Also, a similar proposal seems to exist on this talk page in the section above. How is this proposal very different from that one? (Excluding the argument from frivolity, mythological Kobolds have more in common with the D&D version than that species does with many of the other gaming variants, so we could equally argue for a merger of the D&D & mythological articles on grounds of similarity). Therefore, I suggest a merger of the merger suggestions. --Wragge 18:15, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Vehemently oppose. The urge to group together vaguely related subjects that share a name and not much else is unencyclopedic, sloppy, and unprofessional. It makes a mess of Wikipedia and reflects poorly on the ignorant, if well-intentioned, busybodies who propose such things. - Poisonink (talk) 23:31, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

The merge suggestion seems to have been soundly rejected. I'm removing the notices. — Dulcem (talk) 02:31, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Lead facts
I recently rewrote the lead to this article to match the information I found in my studies and which I used to write the article body. In rewriting the lead, I removed some facts that my sources did not back up. If anyone can provide references for this material, it probably belongs somewhere in the article. Here are the facts that were removed:

 * The name comes from "Kobe" = house, hut and the word "hold" = comely, good (Paul Hermann, "Deutsche Mythologie") and is often translated in English as goblin. [While there is a reference to Hermann here, there is no specific edition or page number indicated. Can someone consult Hermann and provide one?]

 * Kobold is often translated in English as goblin.

 * The most common version is the Heinzelmännchen. [My sources simply say that these are a specific case of domestic kobolds and are not a type per se, and the domestic kobold is the most common type, not the specific example of that type, the Heinzelmännchen.]

 * Kobold is often used in German to translate the word leprechaun, a type of Irish fairy goblin.

 * I removed the note about Kobold being a German surname as irrelevant.

Thanks for any help! — Dulcem (talk) 02:30, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Peer Review
OK, I'll jot some notes here: Casliber (talk · contribs) 23:34, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Wow, alotta redlinks. I'll try to blue some later...Casliber (talk · contribs) 02:02, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately bogie links to the train thingies....need to figure out what you want it to link to in bogey....Casliber (talk · contribs) 02:04, 23 February 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Casliber (talk • contribs)
 * Thanks for the notes so far. I'll try to kill some red links too. Just wrote kobalos, for example. — Dulcem (talk) 01:09, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry I haven't had much spare time. I have another source with some stuff to add as well. looking good though...Casliber (talk · contribs) 02:22, 25 February 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Casliber (talk • contribs)

Another point. I know this is tricky but I got a bit confused as there is some overlap between etymology and characteristics - possibly unavoidable when talking about alternate names etc. I'll get back to it later. Casliber (talk · contribs) 08:00, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Book with material
I was going to add this but not sure where to put it or how it disagrees/agrees with what you have:

Book:

 * Kolbolds were originally held to be tree spirits, and later cut into and carved figures in a fashion thought so that the kobold remained in the carving; this also happened with Kaboutermannikins. (p. 135)

 * Kobolds are known as Galgenmännlein in southern Germany, and in the rest of Germany as Oaraunle, Glucksmännchen, Allerünken, or Alraune. The Galgenmännlein, Oaraunle and Alraune were all carved from mandrake roots. The elves who lived inside could take the form of cats, children or worms. (p. 136)

 * The Kobolde were originally 1-2 foot high carved wooden figurines, made from mandrake roots or boxwood and kept in glass or wooden containers. They had green clothing and large mouths. The Monoloke was one example made from white wax, with a blue shirt and black velvet vest. (p. 136)

 * Mentions Kobolds as occurring in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark and Sweden. (p. 137)

Useful? Casliber (talk · contribs) 07:57, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, yeah; most of that material should go into the article. Do you still have access to the book? Could you give specific page numbers for each bit so I can make full footnotes? The only bit I'm suspicious about is the part about kobolds in other countries. I think that those countries mostly have their own types of sprites, called by other names (though I could be wrong). Thanks! — Dulcem (talk) 12:45, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Mostly all intergrated. I'm still hesitant about the Austria . . . Sweden bit. I can buy that kobolds occur in German-speaking Austria and Switzerland, but Denmark has its own critter (the nisse), and Sweden has its tomte. Authors have a bad habit sometimes of lumping several beings together under the local name, like the way goblin and elf are often used to describe non-English spirits. — Dulcem (talk) 05:32, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Mention of D&D Kobolds?
Yeah, I get that you don't want to merge the pages, but there should at least be some mention on here of the fact that kobolds are also used in D&D. I would wager that most people searching for kobolds on Wikipedia are looking for the D&D version, or at least, looking for the origin of the D&D version. If nothing else, a "For kobolds as used in Dungeons and Dragons, click here." If no objections and nobody beats me to it, I'll do it later after I'm off work. Applejuicefool (talk) 21:08, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * No, that gives undue weight to D&D. Why should we single out D&D kobolds and not kobolds from any other fantasy game or work of fiction? The article already links to Kobolds in gaming, and that should be sufficient so as to avoid bias toward D&D. — Dulcem (talk) 23:27, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Erm, I don't think a 1-2 sentence increase in gaming will be any undue weight as the article is getting quite substantial. As a person who played D&D from 1978, I would have thought D&D was the first gaming genre to introduce a kobold figure into fantasy role-playing (and later computer fantasy gaming). My impression is that Gygax borrowed the word and used it in a fairly reductionistic sense for a goblin-like critter, with size and the elf/goblin being status the only attributes it has in common with the older kobolde of German folklore. And that since then the use of the term has mushroomed into other gaming systems, but clearly derived from D&D. But all this is OR if we can't get some refs for it. Casliber (talk · contribs) 01:04, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

 * have a look what I did with vampire WRT folklore to fiction interface/evolution. This sorta stuff fascinates me as to how concepts evolve and stay with us over time. Casliber (talk · contribs) 01:04, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the original poster was advocating adding a hatnote to the effect of, "For kobolds in Dungeons & Dragons, see Kobold (Dungeons & Dragons)." That's what I object to. At the very most, the hatnote should point to kobolds in gaming and not specifically to D&D.
 * Regarding kobolds in pop culture, yes, that is one area I feel stymied on. I searched high and low for some sort of discussion of the topic, but I struck out. I'll take a look at vampire for some ideas on what to do. Kitsune is another featured folklore article that may offer some hints. — Dulcem (talk) 01:16, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Bleh. Kitsune's not help, as it seems to only allow referenced mentions, which end up being "high culture" ones such as plays. No mention of anime, video games, and the like. — Dulcem (talk) 10:28, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

 * (lightbulb above head goes on) I have thought of someone to ask, just as soon as I can remember the username...Casliber (talk · contribs) 12:20, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Sod it, I can't recall who I was looking for, bu I placed a request here. Casliber (talk · contribs) 12:33, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, good deal. Hopefully that will bear fruit. I used to own a book called The Rough Guide to Fantasy Land, which is a sort of light-hearted look at fantasy stereotypes, but might be useful for that very reason. I wonder if it mentions kobolds? — Dulcem (talk) 13:09, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Yeah, my idea was the hatnote thing, and I guess I should have been less specific: I wasn't advocating singling out D&D, although that's what I said. I'd just like some easily findable mention of gaming kobolds. To be honest, I had scanned the article and completely overlooked the mention of gaming kobolds. It's not that easy or intuitive to find. I'm saying that most of the people coming to this article are going to be looking for RPG kobolds, and there should be at least an easy-to-find link to get them to the right page. Applejuicefool (talk) 01:40, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd advocate for 1 line at the bottom of the lead, and (refs allowing) 2-3 lines where they are now. Casliber (talk · contribs) 02:24, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Just to ask, why at the bottom of the lead and not at the top, like in most articles? Applejuicefool (talk) 16:27, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, I threw up a hatnote to give us something to talk about. What's wrong with it? Please discuss before reverting. Applejuicefool (talk) 16:36, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Erm, I thought of putting material into text is all, rather than a seealso link. Casliber (talk · contribs) 19:32, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * So is there something wrong with having the link there? That would definitely get all those looking for RPG kobolds to the right place. If they're specifically looking for D&D kobolds, well, there's a link right at the top of the Kobolds in gaming article for them. And it doesn't significantly distract from the main point of this article. Applejuicefool (talk) 21:11, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I have no problem with the hatnote. I think there's a template for that sort of thing, so we may need to change it a bit, but no objections on its presense. — Dulcem (talk) 13:02, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Image idea
I wonder if some german folk museums have some of these wooden kobolde carvings in them. Not easy for me to get there given I am in Australia...Casliber (talk · contribs) 23:54, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Isn't there a page somewhere for requested pictures? I wonder if any of our users in Germany might be able to snap one (assuming the carvings are on display somewhere). — Dulcem (talk) 13:03, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I left a note under yours on WP Germany..but have no idea if anyone can find one...Casliber (talk · contribs) 19:23, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I have also put up a request at Commons Picture requests. It's a longshot, but worth a shot. — Dulcem (talk) 05:00, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Ditto Requested pictures/History. — Dulcem (talk) 05:07, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Material moved from Hödekin
As discussed at Talk:Hödekin, it appears that the material from Arrowsmith's book on the Hutchen is more appropriate for the kobold article. Here are the bits in question:

 * Described as industrious and loyal, this being works for food once a week and on holidays, in return performing numerous household tasks, foretelling the future and giving advice and magical gifts. The Hödekin may be forced to leave a household if given clothing, repeatedly insulted, rushed in his work, or if the house is burnt down or a wagon wheel is left in front of it. These actions will anger the house-elf as well, and it will depart, cursing the household. The Hödekin are said to be 0.3-1 m (1-3 ft) tall, with red hair and beard, and clad in red or green clothing and a red hat. Occasionally blind, they are shape-shifters able to transform into children, cats, bats, snakes or roosters.

To be properly integrated into the article, this paragraph will need to be broken up. Casliber, do you still have the book in question? Could you indicate where the various pieces of info come from? In other words, what comes from p. 249, what from 250, 251, and 252? Thanks for your help with all this. — Dulcem (talk) 01:46, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

As follows: Casliber (talk · contribs) 03:10, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Described as industrious and loyal, this being works for food once a week and on holidays, in return performing numerous household tasks, = p. 248

...foretelling the future and giving advice and magical gifts. = p. 250

The Hödekin may be forced to leave a household if given clothing, repeatedly insulted, rushed in his work, or if the house is burnt down or a wagon wheel is left in front of it. These actions will anger the house-elf as well, and it will depart, cursing the household. The Hödekin are said to be 0.3-1 m (1-3 ft) tall, with red hair and beard, and clad in red or green clothing and a red hat. Occasionally blind, they are shape-shifters able to transform into children, cats, bats, snakes or roosters. = all p. 250
 * Thanks, merged. — Dulcem (talk) 11:50, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Images
Three of the images in this article (the ones from The Fairies and the Christmas Child) are up for deletion on Commons. They are clearly PD in the US, but the argument is that they are not PD in the UK, where they were created. Anyone with a Commons account can weigh in here. — Dulcem (talk) 11:28, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Communion in the media section?
I'm not sure about the book, but in the film adaptation of Communion, Whitley's friend European friend Alex mentions kobolds after Whitley tells of seeing/hallucinating things while on vacation in the New England wilderness. Should this be mentioned in the media section? --76.115.67.114 (talk) 07:35, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Servant of the Bones Kobold
Neil Gaiman, the author of _American Gods_, presents an entirely different meaning for the term "kobold", which would seem to precede the others. I leave it to you to dig up the full implications, as I am tempted to spell it out all too clearly here. TheLastWordSword (talk) 01:22, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Okay, so I'll spell it out then. There are a number of relics of the bones of saints throughout the world. Many of these bones have evidence of damage by fire, which many assume to be damages made long after the death of the person who was the source of those bones. This assumption is incorrect, however, as the fire (typically a bonfire) is, in fact, the cause of death. Secondly, these remains are often, if not typically, smaller than a reasonably-sized adult, even for the historic eras in question.

 * Given this factual background, then let me impart the more questionable and legendary explanation. A child is selected, for whatever reason, to be raised in complete darkness, deprivation, and social isolation. The child is then brought before a bonfire, and told of their special and elect purpose: to be the spiritual guardian of their community. They are told that they will be loved and admired by the entire community. They are subsequently burned, either alive or dead, and the remaining bones are kept as the physical anchor of their spirit.

 * While today we hold such beliefs and practices as unbelievably barbaric and superstitious, in various historic cultures these would be held as effective and expedient means of dealing with natural forces otherwise beyond human control, and a weapon to defeat enemies in the most terrifying manner possible. Possession of a kobold by a rival tribe would be rather daunting if the other tribe did not also possess a kobold of their own. Not only is this true for rather superstitious reasons, but also for rather effective psychological ones: the very creation of a kobold implies a frightening level of determination (or desperation), and would tend to justify an unlimited and merciless approach to dealing with tribal enemies.

 * Any similar treatment of a child, perhaps well into adult life, would require both desperate circumstances (the threat of global thermonuclear war perhaps), and an individual of rather exceptional mental and spiritual power. It's hard to imagine what insights such a person might be capable of.

 * While I realize this explanation might be rather controversial, much of the kobold lore would easily follow from this origin. As I have no better evidence than the arguments I have presented above, I'm willing to let the matter rest unless or until better evidence is available. -- TheLastWordSword (talk) 14:38, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

Evidence for survival of Pagan Beliefs?
I really wonder about the wording in this section becasue the current state of research in German ethnology is that actually no evidence for survival of pagan beliefs in Chistianity exists. All former evidence are either based on pure linguistic research working with suspected but not provable prehistoric sources of words or are based in the so-called mythologic school of folklore which did not work with evidence but purely on possibility. The tenor is, that there is no possible way of tracing any belief or custom further back than medieval times - or Roman times in special cases - but never to pre-christian Germanic times since there is no written evidence of or about Germanic religious practices. Especially important on this topic is Hans Mosers work, but most other ethnologists after WWII wrote something about this subject. -- 188.195.34.163 (talk) 15:52, 15 September 2012 (UTC)
 * While I haven't taken a look at this article for some time, I can say that t the above comment is total nonsense from both an academic and popular cultural point of view. There is no such "current state of research", there never was, and it would seem to me that the author of the above comment hasn't even dipped their toe into the huge body of research that exists on this topic. From the runic corpus to skaldic poetry to matronae and Germania to modern folklore, there's no shortage of material to analyze on the subject of Germanic paganism and its echoes and influence into the modern era. :bloodofox: (talk) 21:10, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

I recommend Palgrave's Witchcraft Historiography as a debunking of the 'Paganism survived past the Christianization of Europe' theory. It is certainly not 'total nonsense.' Akwia (talk) 17:27, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

A Heinzelmann is something else
To my knowledge as having grown up with German Children's books, Heinzelmann is a generic term, not an individual name. I've never come across a single elf called Heinzelmann in any book. They are not exactly kobolds, but benevolent dwarfs who help in the house, while a kobold is mischievous. The name Heinz-el-mann seems to be a taboo term, Heinz being a nickname for Henry, -el- a diminuitive, and Mann = man, so it means “Lil' Henry man”.

Quite famous in Germany is the ballad of the Lil' Henry men of Cologne (Die Heinzelmännchen von Köln), put into verse by August Kopisch. The story goes that nobody used to work in Cologne because the lil' Henry men did all the work at night. But the tailor's wife wanted to see them. So she spread peas on the staircase and hid herself there. When the lil' Henry men slipped and fell, the tailor's wife laughed at them. This made the Henry men so angry that they left the city, and the people had to work themselves.

So while a Kobold is held responsible if you have lost something in the house, or if you keep stumbling somewhere, or if your cat is scared for no good reason, a Heinzelmann is quite the same as the nisses and tomtes of Scandinavia, except that they have nothing to do with Christmas. --Curryfranke (talk) 10:21, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

First paragraph
How can something be derived from German folklore AFTER its spread through Europe?It's quite poorly written, but I'll leave the correction to someone familiar with the facts, which I am not. Just English. 67.240.185.14 (talk) 10:55, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kobold


text:
NPG

NPG may refer to:

Music

 * The New Power Generation, the former backing group of the musician Prince
 * NPG Records, a record label of the musician Prince
 * NPG Music Club, a website of the musician Prince

Organisations

 * Nageswar Patra Group, an Indian diversified company
 * Nature Publishing Group, a publisher based in London
 * Negative Population Growth, an organization in the United States
 * Nederlands Padvindsters Gilde (Dutch Girl-pathfinders Guild), an organisation that became Scouting Nederland
 * News-Press & Gazette Company, a United States media group
 * National Portrait Gallery (disambiguation), several galleries
 * Northern Powergrid, electrical Distribution Network Operator in the United Kingdom

Science and technology

 * Neopentyl glycol
 * Non Processor (DMA) Grant, part of the early computer bus Unibus
 * Network participating group, a functional group of Link 16 participants

Other

 * Nevada Proving Grounds, a former name of the Nevada National Security Site

title: NPG


text:
Burkhanism

Burkhanism or Ak Jang (Ак јаҥ "the White Faith") is an indigenist new religious movement that flourished among the Altai people of Russia's Altai Republic between 1904 and the 1930s. The Russian Empire was suspicious of the movement's potential to stir up native unrest and perhaps involve outside powers. The Soviet Union ultimately suppressed it for fear of its potential to unify Siberian Turkic peoples under a common nationalism.

Originally millenarian, charismatic and anti-shamanic, the Burkhanist movement gradually lost most of these qualities—becoming increasingly routine, institutionalized (around a hierarchy of oral epic singers) and accommodating itself to the pre-existing Altaian folk religion. It exists today in several revival forms.

On the whole, the Burkhanist movement was shown to be a syncretistic phenomenon combining elements of ancient pre-shamanist, shamanist, Tibetan Buddhist and Eastern Orthodox Christian beliefs. According to a professor of Tomsk State University Liudmila Sherstova, it emerged in response to the needs of a new people—the Altai-kizhi or Altaians who sought to distinguish themselves from the neighboring and related tribes and for whom Burkhanism became a religious form of their ethnic identity.

Origins of the name
Burkhanism is the usual English-language scholarly name, which has its origin in the Russian academic usage. One of the Burkhanist deities is Ak-Burkhan, or "White Burkhan". Burkhan is the Turkified version of the name Buddha —derived from Middle Chinese 佛 (MC bjut, “Buddha”) and Old Turkic 𐰴𐰣 (qan, “ruler, king”)— yet Burkhanism is not considered Buddhist, as the term is also used in shamanistic nomenclature. For example, in Mongolian shamanism, the name of the most sacred mountain, the rumored birthplace and final resting spot of Genghis Khan, is also Burkhan Khaldun. Ak-Burkhan is only one of a pantheon of deities worshiped by Burkhanists (see list below), but Ak-Burkhan nevertheless provides the name of the religion in Russian, and hence into other languages.

The Altaian name for the religion is Ak Jang "the White Faith". "White" refers to its emphasis on the upper world in the three-world cosmology of Tengrism. Alternatively, the name may also allude to Ak Jang's rejection of animal sacrifices in favor of offerings of horse milk or horse-milk alcohol. Jang means authority; faith; custom; law or principle; and canon or rules of ensemble. In more colloquial settings, the term may also be used as a "way of doing things" and is used in reference to religions as well as political systems.

Early history

In April 1904 Chet Chelpan (or, Chot Chelpanov) and his adopted daughter Chugul Sarok Chandyk reported visions of a rider dressed in white, and riding a white horse. This figure, whom they called Ak-Burkhan ("White Burkhan"), announced the imminent arrival of the mythical messianic hero Oirat Khan who was actually a real historical figure—Khoit-Oirat prince Amursana. The central figure in the research of Burkhanism in the past forty years, however, has demonstrated that Oirot-khan is a mythologized image of the Dzungar past of the people of Altai-kizhi. Chet and Chugul gathered thousands of Altaians for prayer meetings, initially in the Tereng Valley. These were violently suppressed by mobs of Russians, instigated by the Altaian Spiritual Mission, who were afraid of the potential of the competing religion to decrease the Orthodox Christian flock in Altai. Chet and Chugul were arrested, Chugul was released, and after a prolonged trial Chet was fully exonerated by court and released in 1906.

Researcher Andrei A. Znamenski compares the Burkanist movement to other indigenous revitalizing movements around the world, such as the Native American Ghost Dance or the Melanesian Cargo Cult. An exhaustively detailed treatment of the comparisons and comparability of Burkhanism with the Melanesian Cargo Cult, the Mennonites, the Dukhobors of Georgia, the Mariitsy of Nizhnii Novgorod, and many other movements, is provided in Sherstova's dissertation from the 1980s.

Znamenski says, the prime motivating factor was Altaians' fear of displacement by Russian colonists, Russification, and subjection to taxation and conscription on the same basis as Russian peasants.

Andrei Vinogradov (thesis linked below) sees Burkhanism as a typical nomadic Turko-Mongolian mobilization pattern—aiming to link families and clans (seok) into a steppe empire (which in this case never materialized). The Burkhanists' veneration of heroes from oral epics, he says, serves much the same cultural centralizing function as the veneration of other divine heroes such as Gesar, Manas, or Genghis Khan. As such it constitutes a major aspect of Turko-Mongolic religion, distinct from shamanism.

After the arrest of Chet and Chugul, Tyryi Akemchi arose to become the most prominent iarlikchi, and helped organize the movement. Having been exposed to Buddhism through his years as a translator in Mongolia, Tyryi added a number of Buddhist trappings to Burkhanist ritual, such as bells. Within a decade, most of the Altaian population had joined the new faith.

In 1918 Gregorii Choros-Gurkin and other Altaian leaders declared the formation of something called the "Karakorum-Altaian Regional Government" (Karakorum-Altaiskaia Okruzhnaia Uprava), with the object of establishing an "Karakorum-Altai Republic". This was intended to include not only Altai but also neighboring republics of Tuva and Khakassia. It was forcibly dissolved with arrival of Bolshevik power in 1922.

Deities
Burkhanism accepts the "three worlds" of Mongolic and Turkic tradition. (These are the upper, middle, and lower worlds—in other words heaven, earth, and the underworld.) However, it rejects worship of traditional deities associated with the underworld. In addition, it imports into worship many figures from Altaian oral epic lore, which were not worshipped in the "shamanic" part of the Altaian religion.

Uch Kurbustan—"Uch" means "three", while "Kurbustan" comes from the Soghdian "Khormazta" (and thence from the Avestan "Ahura Mazda"). Thus, a triune God. Though imported from oral epics, Uch Kurbustan is a generalized spirit rather than a hero of stories with a personality. He may be analogous with the Turko-Mongolian High God Tengri ("Heaven").

Rather than an import from Buddhism, Christianity, or Turkic Islam, this particular trinity is likely to have been inspired by other triune gods and heroes from Turkic culture (sometimes in the form of a god with three sons). Uch Kurbustan is connected with the following three messianic heroes, also from Altaian oral epic lore:

 * Oirat or Galden-Oirat—mythological ancestor of the Western Mongols. A conflation / dim historical memory of a number of real-life Western Mongolian leaders from around the seventeenth century including Galdan Tseren.

 * Amursana—a legendary Khoit-Oirat chieftain who fled Chinese territory for Russian after the 1756 Qing destruction of Dzungaria.

 * Shunu ("Wolf")—the Altaian version of Asena, the totemic lupine ancestor recognized by various Turkic peoples.

The gods of the upper world, or aru tos ("pure ancestors"), are considered fragments or emanations of Uch Kurbustan. Burkhanism calls these Burkhans. Among them are:

 * Ak-Burkhan ("White Burkhan")—depicted as an old man with white hair, a white coat, and white headgear, who rides a white horse. Possibly analogous to the Mongolian "white old man", Tsagan Ebugen. A symbol of good fortune.

 * Jajyk—a formless spirit-mediator, assists with human-divine communication. Vinogradov compares with the Holy Spirit. Altaians distinguished between an Ak-Jajyk ("White Jajyk") who carried messages to the gods of the upper world, and a Sary-Jajyk ("Yellow Jajyk") who did the same for gods of the middle world, and is identified with the hearth.

 * Umai—the goddess of childbirth and children. Other Turkic lore—but not the Altaian—makes her the consort of the High God Tengri, and thus a primordial mother figure.

 * Ot-ene, the "Mother of Fire"—worshipped before every sacrifice, but especially during one of the three major Burkhanist festivals

Gods of the "middle world"—i.e. the familiar spheres of nature and human affairs—include numerous local spirits, such as spirits associated with mountains (taika-eezi) or springs (arzhans), or "masters of the game". They may also be associated with particular clans (seok). More generalized ones include:

 * Altai-eezi, the "Master of Altai"—a sort of genius loci, suitably adapted for an Altaian national consciousness.

 * Ul'gan—a spiritual ancestor of several Altaian clans. Originally a proper name, now generalized. Some sources describe Ul'gan as the creator of the universe in Burkhanist theology; this is probably a misunderstanding.

Historically, Burkhanism rejected the traditional gods of the underworld, notably Erlik (Yerlik), its chief. This rejection is closely related to Burkhanism's rejection of Altaian shamanism, and corresponding elevation of oral epic singers (yarlikchi). (By "shaman" is here meant manjaktu kams, i.e. the "costume-wearing" specialists who communicate with the underworld gods.) Both rejections are likely to have been inspired by oral epic lore, which regularly features shamans as villains.

Practices

 * Burning juniper (archyn) for blessing, purification, or healing
 * Home or hilltop altars (kure or murgul), with candles and milk-offerings
 * Erecting of cairns (oboo)
 * Recitation / composition / patronage of oral epics
 * Divination and weather-control
 * Display of white and yellow ribbons or streamers (from trees or strings, or dangling from the back of one's headgear)
 * Prayer while standing, with hands raised; or with prostrations
 * Celebration of festivals:
 * Shuten or Murgul—a semiannual (spring and fall) festival dedicated to Uch Kurbustan
 * Chok or Jajyk Choktor—a fall festival dedicated to jajyks
 * Ot Takyr—dedicated to Ot-Ene

Some sources speak of a list of "Twenty Commandments" for Burkhanism. The evidence for this is sparse. Alcohol and tobacco were proscribed in the early years.

Chugul came to be venerated as the main recipient of the original message. This was much less true of Chet, although both were addressed with honorific titles.

Burkhanism today
Russian painter Nicholas Roerich and his wife Helena Roerich passed through Altai in 1926. Nicholas painted Oirat—Messenger of the White Burkhan based on his understanding of the movement. (Note that the painting's title apparently gets the theology backward—it was rather White Burkhan who was the messenger for Oirat.) Followers of Agni Yoga, an esoteric movement founded by the Roerichs, have encouraged a recent revival of interest in Burkhanism among non-Altaians. At the same time they have insisted on a link with Tibetan Buddhism and a veneration of Mount Belukha, elements not found in traditional Burkhanism.

A number of Burkhanist revival organizations emerged during the 1990s, mostly as attempts to formulate or preserve an Altaian ethno-nationalist identity. To that end many of them have been persuaded to reconsider earlier Burkhanism's vexed relationship with shamanism and/or Buddhism.

According to recent statistical studies, up to 70 % or 81 % (data of the Research State Institute of Altaic Studies) of the Altaians continue to profess the so-called "Altai Faith"—Burkhanism, shamanism and other folk spiritual cults and traditions.

List of movements

 * Altai Faith (Алтай Jаҥ)
 * Sacral Altai public ecological organization (Общественная экологическая организация "Сакральный Алтай") (2016)
 * Altai Faith White Faith (Алтай Jаҥ Ак Jаҥ (Jаҥы Алтай)) (2004)
 * Soul Ecology School "Tengri" (Школа экологии души "Тенгри") (1995)
 * Spiritual and Health center "Ak Sanaa" (Духовно-оздоровительный центр "Ак Санаа")
 * Spiritual center of the Turks "Kin Altai" (Духовный центр тюрков "Кин Алтай") (2005)
 * Tengrism—Heavenly Faith (Тенгрианство — Небесная Вера) (2010)
 * Buddhist communion—Ak Burkhan (1991)

Notable Burkhanists

 * Grigory Gurkin, a Soviet landscape artist and chairman of the Karakorum-Altaian Regional Government;
 * Paslei Samyk (1938–2020), a poet and translator.

title: Burkhanism


text:
Genting Group

The Genting Group is headquartered in Wisma Genting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Group comprises the holding company Genting Berhad (myx: 3182), its listed subsidiaries Genting Malaysia Berhad (myx: 4715), Genting Plantations Berhad (myx: 2291), Genting Singapore Plc (sgx: G13), as well as its wholly owned subsidiary Genting Energy Limited.

Founded in 1965 by the late Malaysian entrepreneur Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong, the Genting Group is headed by Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay, the chairman and Chief Executive, who joined the Group in 1976.

The group has developed, operated and marketed casinos and integrated resorts in different parts of the world, including the Americas, Australia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and the United Kingdom. The Group's pioneer integrated resort is Resorts World Genting, formerly known as Genting Highlands Resort. The main attractions of the resort are its casino, theme park, concert shows, food & beverage and retail shopping.

From its initial leisure and hospitality activities, the Genting Group has expanded and diversified into other activities including plantations, properties, power generation, oil and gas, e-commerce, information technology and biotechnology.

The Group and its affiliates employ about 47,000 people worldwide and have over 4,500 hectares (11,000 acres) of prime resort land and 238,400 hectares (589,099 acres) of land for plantation.

Group structure
Genting Berhad is principally an investment holding and management company. The company is headquartered in Malaysia. It is listed on the main board of Bursa Malaysia, with a market capitalisation of RM18 billion (about USD4.5 billion) as at 31 December 2021.

 * Genting Singapore PLC (52.7% owned by Genting Berhad) – investment holding company. It is listed on Singapore Stock Exchange. Market capitalisation was USD6.91 billion as of 31 December 2021.
 * Genting Malaysia Berhad (49.5 % owned by Genting Berhad) – It is involved in leisure and hospitality, gambling and entertainment which includes its casino businesses in Malaysia, in the Americas and the United Kingdom. Genting Malaysia owns and operates major properties including Resorts World Genting in Malaysia, Resorts World Casino New York City in the US, over 40 casinos including Resorts World Birmingham in the UK and Resorts World Bimini in the Bahamas. It is listed on the main board of Bursa Malaysia with a market capitalisation of about RM16 billion (USD4 billion) as at 31 December 2021.
 * Genting Plantations Berhad (55.4% owned by Genting Berhad) – is involved in plantations, biotechnology and property, which includes its property arm, Genting Property. Genting Plantations owns 243,500 hectares of land in Malaysia and Indonesia. It is listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia with about RM6.0 billion (USD1.5 billion) market capitalisation as of 31 December 2021.
 * Kien Huat Realty – the real estate development and investment entity created by Genting founder Lim Goh Tong owns about 43 percent of Genting Berhad.

Diversification and expansion
In December 2006, Genting Group won the bid in obtaining one of two Singapore casino licences to build an integrated resort, named Resorts World Sentosa, under Genting Singapore. The project requirements include hotel, gambling, leisure facilities, convention space and retail.

In 2007, Genting Plantations ventured into biotechnology to develop synthetic genomic processes and naturally occurring processes for alternative energy resources through an equally owned joint venture with "Synthetic Genomics".

In July 2007, Genting Group disposed of its paper and packaging business.

In August 2009, Genting Hong Kong opened Resorts World Manila in partnership with Alliance Global Group. It is one of four groups that won approval in 2008 to build hotels and casinos as part of Philippines' US$20 billion Pagcor City development on Manila Bay. In June 2009, Genting Group supported the capital raising exercise of MGM Mirage.

In August 2010, Genting Property began construction on an upscale retail destination, Johor Premium Outlets in partnership with Indianapolis, Indiana-based Simon Property Group, as part of a wider 7000 acre integrated township project in the southern state of Johor.

In September 2010, Genting New York won a bid to build a racino at Aqueduct Racetrack in New York City, the first step of a planned expansion in the United States. Among the attributes of the plan was providing a diversion for passengers on extended stays at John F. Kennedy International Airport. Resorts World New York opened in October 2011.

In May 2011, Genting Malaysia purchased 14 acre of Biscayne Bay front land surrounding the headquarters of The Miami Herald for US$236 million; The McClatchy Company announced that the Herald and El Nuevo Herald would be moving to another location by 2013. The land is to be used for a mixed-use development, Resorts World Miami, that would include hotels, restaurants, residences, retail shops and a convention centre. Genting Group sees the Miami land acquisition as an integral step in its pursuit of expanding internationally in the leisure, hospitality and entertainment industry.

In June 2011, Genting UK was awarded a casino licence for a 55,000 sq-metre mixed-use facility in Birmingham. The development is in partnership with the NEC Group.

In March 2013, Genting bought the site of Echelon Place, an unfinished casino resort on the Las Vegas Strip and announced plans for Resorts World Las Vegas.

In May 2015, Genting Hong Kong purchased 100% ownership of Crystal Cruises and plans for expansion into river cruising, private jet charters using Boeing 777 aircraft and the new build of three 100,000 GT mega cruise ships was announced for the brand. Genting also announced the construction of a 204,000 GT ultra-luxury and giant cruise ship. In October 2016, Genting Hong Kong was entirely sold to the Lim Kok Thay's family-owned unit trust Golden Hope Limited as part of a family business restructuring exercise, separating it from Genting Group but retaining it under ownership of Lim Kok Thay's family.

In 2016, Genting announced the building of Resorts World Miami. This project will cost about US$3 billion. This project has the world's biggest swimming pool.

In 2017, Genting announced they would lend their name to a new resort, Resorts World Catskills. The casino was originally to be named Montreign Resort Casino.

In January 2018, Genting announced plans to build a new casino resort in Andorra. The resort is expected to cost EUR€105 million and will host many different musical and cultural events.

Malaysia

 * Resorts World Genting, Genting Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia
 * Resorts World Awana (Formerly Awana Genting Highlands Golf & Country Resort), Genting Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia
 * Resorts World Kijal, Terengganu, Malaysia
 * Resorts World Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia

United Kingdom

Genting Malaysia owns the largest number of casinos in the UK, with 46:

 * Resorts World Birmingham
 * Crockfords Club, London
 * The Colony Club, London
 * The Palm Beach Casino, London
 * Maxims Casino Club, London
 * Genting Casino, Bolton
 * Genting Casino, Bournemouth
 * Genting Casino, Blackpool
 * Genting Casino, Brighton
 * Genting Casino, Bristol
 * Genting Casino, Coventry
 * Genting Casino Cromwell Mint, London
 * Genting Casino Edgbaston, Birmingham
 * Genting Casino, Glasgow, Scotland
 * Genting Casino, Leicester
 * Genting Casino, Luton
 * Genting Casino, Margate
 * Genting Casino, Newcastle
 * Genting Casino, Nottingham
 * Genting Casino, Plymouth
 * Genting Casino Renshaw Street, Liverpool
 * Genting Casino, Salford
 * Genting Casino, Torquay
 * Genting Casino York Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
 * Genting Chinatown Casino, Birmingham
 * Genting Chinatown Casino, London
 * Genting Casino Fountainpark, Edinburgh, Scotland
 * Genting Casino, Manchester
 * Genting Casino Queen Square, Liverpool
 * Genting Casino, Reading
 * Genting Casino Riverlights, Derby
 * Genting Casino, Sheffield
 * Genting Casino, Southport
 * Genting Casino, Stoke-on-Trent
 * Genting Casino Terminus Terrace, Southampton
 * Genting Casino, Wirral
 * Genting Electric, Luton
 * Genting Electric, Portsmouth
 * Genting Electric Westcliff, Southend
 * Maxims Casino, Southend

Genting owns the Park Lane Mews Hotel in Mayfair, London.

Singapore

 * Resorts World Sentosa
 * Universal Studios Singapore (in partnership with Universal Studios)
 * Genting Hotel, Jurong
 * Resorts World Cruises

Philippines

 * Newport World Resorts (formerly Resorts World Manila; jointly-owned with AGI)
 * Resorts World Bayshore City (under construction; part of Entertainment City)

US and the Caribbean

 * Resorts World New York City
 * Resorts World Las Vegas
 * Resorts World Miami (planned)
 * Resorts World Bimini
 * Resorts World Catskills (Owned & managed by Empire Resorts, an 88.7% subsidiary)
 * Casino of the First Light, (planned)
 * Resort World Hudson Valley (planned)

China

 * Genting Resort Secret Garden

Online Casino

 * Genting Casino Online UK
 * Genting Casino Spain
 * Genting Casino Online Germany
 * Genting Casino Online Ireland

Investments in the United States

 * Foxwoods Resort Casino, Connecticut (capital loan to the Mashantucket Pequot tribe through Kien Huat Realty)
 * Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel, Niagara Falls, US (capital loan to Seneca Nation of Indians through Kien Huat Realty)
 * Monticello Raceway, Catskills (majority shareholder of Empire Resorts through Kien Huat Realty)
 * Massachusetts Region C casino development (financing the development and lobbying expenses behind Wampanoag people Casino of the First Light

Previous properties

 * Burswood Entertainment Complex, Perth, Australia (formerly known as Burswood Island Casino)
 * Lucayan Beach Resort and Casino, Bahamas (in partnership with the Bahamian government)
 * Norwegian Cruise Line, headquartered in Miami. Genting sold their remaining shares in December 2018.
 * Genting Hong Kong
 * Star Cruises
 * Crystal Cruises
 * Dream Cruises
 * MV Werften

title: Genting Group


text:
Armstrong's mixture

Armstrong's mixture is a highly shock and friction sensitive primary explosive. Formulations vary, but one consists of 67% potassium chlorate, 27% red phosphorus, 3% sulfur, and 3% calcium carbonate. It is named for Sir William Armstrong, who invented it sometime prior to 1872 for use in explosive shells.

Toys
Armstrong's mixture can be used as ammunition for toy cap guns. The mixture is suspended in water with some gum arabic or similar binder and deposited in drops, each containing a few milligrams of explosive, to dry between layers of paper backing. The dots explode with some smoke when struck.

Armstrong's mixture can be used in impact firecrackers known as cap torpedoes, which explode on impact when the ball (made of clay or papier-mâché) is thrown or launched by slingshot. The firecrackers may include gravel with the explosive mixture to ensure detonation.

Military use
With the addition of a grit such as boron carbide (in a modified formulation given as 70% KClO3, 19% red phosphorus, 3% sulfur, 3% chalk, and 5% boron carbide by weight), Armstrong's mixture has been considered for use in firearm primers. This use as primer for artillery propellants may have been Armstrong's original purpose.

Armstrong's mixture has been used in thrown impact-detonated improvised explosive devices, made simply by loading it into hollow balls. It also was seen in various patents for matches, novelty fireworks, and signalling devices.

Safety
Armstrong's mixture is both very sensitive and very explosive, a dangerous combination that limits its practical use to toy caps. Such toy caps and fireworks typically contain no more than 10 milligrams each, but gram quantities can cause maiming hand injuries.

The mixture is likely to explode if mixed dry and is even dangerous wet. It is recommended that Armstrong's mixture be prepared as a slurry in water and adjusted to a slightly basic pH with an alkaline buffer, such as calcium carbonate, in order to neutralize any acid that may have been generated by oxidized phosphorus on contact with the water, which would cause it to deteriorate while slowly drying. The wet slurry or paste is loaded into the fireworks, then allowed to dry.

Simple mixtures of red phosphorus and potassium chlorate can detonate at a wide range of proportions; a 20% phosphorus mixture had 27% of the equivalent power of a like mass of TNT in a laboratory experiment, and the detonation of the 10% and 20% phosphorus mixtures even in small unconfined samples of 1 gram was described by the authors as "impressive" and "scary". Pyrotechnician John Donner wrote in 1996 that it "is the most hazardous mixture commonly used in small fireworks." Davis Tenney called it "a combination which is the most sensitive, dangerous, and unpredictable of the many with which the pyrotechnist has to deal. Their preparation ought under no conditions to be attempted by an amateur."

Toy charges, such as the several-milligram dots used for cap guns, are individually harmless but potentially dangerous in large numbers. On May 14, 1878, such an accident occurred in Paris. A store containing some six to eight million paper caps, totaling about 64 kilograms of explosive mass, caught fire and exploded, killing 14 and injuring 16 more.

title: Armstrong's mixture


text:
Elberton, Gloucestershire

Elberton is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Aust, in the South Gloucestershire district, in the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire, England. In 1931 the parish had a population of 137.

The village is located near the River Severn and the Severn Bridge, and is situated on the main road between the villages of Aust and Alveston. The nearest town is Thornbury and the nearest city is Bristol. Neighbouring villages also include Olveston and Littleton-upon-Severn.

Elberton is mostly a farming community, with a church, a village hall, and a garage.

History
The name Elberton means the farmstead of a man called Æthelbeorht. The name dates back to at least 1086, when the village was listed in the Domesday Book. On 1 April 1935, the parish was abolished and merged with Aust.

Elberton Camp
The earthworks of an Iron Age defended settlement, Elberton Camp, can be found in the Vineyards Brake woodland overlooking the village.

Quakers
In 1654, in the wake of the English Civil War, the influential early Quaker preachers John Audland and John Camm held a meeting in the village of "1000 people". Elberton and neighbouring villages remained home to many Quaker families, such as the Goldney family who from 1674 owned Elberton Manor over multiple generations. The family later sold the manor to the Sturge family, who were also Quakers.

Later generations of the Sturge family included the leading abolitionists Joseph Sturge (1793-1859) and Sophia Sturge (1795-1845) who were both born in the village. Joseph Sturge purchased a sugar plantation in Montserrat and renamed it Elberton, hoping to demonstrate the commercial viability of a plantation built on free waged-labour, as opposed to slave labour.

Quarry
On the edge of the village lies the former Harn Hill quarry, which has since been filled in as a landfill site. The expansion of the quarry in 1960s saw the demolition of a number of buildings, including the old vicarage. The landfill now serves as a source for biogas generation, producing 2.6MW for the national grid.

Miscellaneous
From 1799 to 1802 the Welsh antiquarian Edward Davies was curate to the village.

The organist and composer Basil Harwood composed a hymn tune named after the village.

St John's Church
The tower of the Church of St John the Evangelist dates back to the 14th century, while the rest of the church was mostly rebuilt in 1858, and the spire refurbished in 2000. The graveyard includes a number of Grade II listed tombs.

title: Elberton, Gloucestershire


text:
Ulanqab

Ulanqab or Ulan Chab (Ulagancab.svgUlaɣančab qota; Mongolian Cyrillic.Улаанцав хот) is a region administered as a prefecture-level city in south-central Inner Mongolia, China. Its administrative centre is in Jining District, which was formerly a county-level city. It was established as a prefecture-level city on 1 December 2003, formed from the former Ulanqab League. The Ulanqab Stadium is located in the city.

Ulaan Chab city has an area of 54473.6 km². It borders Hohhot to the west, Mongolia to the north, Xilin Gol League to the northeast, Hebei to the east and Shanxi to the south. As of the 2020 census, its total population was, 1,706,328 inhabitants (2,143,590 in 2010) whom 550,231 inhabitants lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Jining District and Qahar Right Front Banner largely conurbated in its northern part.

The western part of Ulaan Chab used to be part of the now-defunct Chinese province of Suiyuan.

Administrative subdivisions
Ulaan Chab has eleven administrative divisions: one district, one county-level city, five counties and four banners:

Geography and climate
Ulanqab features a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), marked by long, cold and very dry winters, warm, somewhat humid summers, and strong winds, especially in spring. More than half of the annual precipitation of around 340 mm falls in July and August alone.

Demographics
In the 2000 census, there were 2,284,414 inhabitants:

Transport
Ulanqab's transportation network is well-developed, connected by several railways and highways. Some of the railways the pass through the prefecture are the Beijing−Baotou, Jining−Erlianhot, and the Jining−Tongliao Railways. Major inter-provincial roads include the G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway (京藏高速), China National Highway 110 (Beijing to Yinchuan, Ningxia) and 208 (Erlianhot, Inner Mongolia to Changzhi, Shanxi). The city is also served by Ulanqab Jining Airport.

Known people from Ulanqab

 * He Pingping (1988–2010) was the smallest walking man standing at just 73 cm
 * Guo Shuqing, banker, politician, Governor of Shandong

title: Ulanqab


text:
Talk:History of Sweden (1523–1611)

I suggest to move this article to Foundation of modern Sweden. Fred-Chess 10:10, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Readability
Just for fun, I did a test on the section "Reformation" http://www.ilovejackdaniels.com/readability.php to check its readability. Here is the scores:

Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease: 30 Ideally, web page text should be around the 60 to 80 mark on this scale. The higher the score, the more readable the text.

Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level: 16 Ideally, web page text should be around the 6 to 7 mark on this scale. The lower the score, the more readable the text.

Gunning-Fog Index: 24 Ideally, web page text should be between 11 and 15 on this scale. The lower the score, the more readable the text. (Anything over 22 should be considered the equivalent of post-graduate level text).

Fred-Chess 23:49, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmm I get this result for all texts I try. Maybe it doesn't compute. / Fred-Chess 23:54, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Gustav Vasas way to power
Theres a miss in the History of Sweden series. Gustav Vasas way to power isnt described in any of the articles. It should be somewhere in between Early Swedish history and Early Vasa era. The question is, in wich article should we put it? It is needed in the first to understand the final breakdown of the Kalmar Union, but its needed in the second as well to give a background to Gustavs rule. Propably there should be a more lenghty description in one of the articles, and a summary in the other. But where should we put the biggest part of the information?

--Screensaver 22:18, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Sweden (1523–1611)


text:
John Murray Gibbon

John Murray Gibbon (12 April 1875 – 2 July 1952) was a Scottish-Canadian writer and cultural promoter. He was born in Ceylon on 12 April 1875 the second son of William Duff Gibbon a tea planter and Katherine née Murray. Gibbon was educated at Aberdeen, Oxford and Göttingen universities. He immigrated to Canada in 1913 to work for the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). In 1921, he became founding president of the Canadian Authors Association.

A long-time enthusiast of folk culture, Gibbon organized the CPR Festivals; a series of folk and crafts festivals sponsored by the CPR. With Sir Ernest MacMillan, he published the four-volume French Canadian Folk Songs (1928). Histories he wrote included Scots in Canada (1911), Steel of Empire: The Romantic History of the Canadian Pacific (1935), Canadian Mosaic (1938) and two histories of nursing. He also wrote several novels.

Gibbon's work was to have a major impact on the creation of a bilingual, multicultural, national culture. Canadian Mosaic influenced the adoption of the concept of a "cultural mosaic" in the Canadian government's multiculturalism policies. Additionally, Gibbon had a keen interest in horseback riding in the Canadian Rockies and was the founder of the Trail Riders of the Canadian Rockies. (www.trailridevacations.com) in 1923. He was secretary-treasurer of the club for over 30 years. He died at Montreal, Quebec.

Works

 * The True Annals Of Fairyland In The Reign Of King Cole [edited], (1909)
 * Scots In Canada, (1911)
 * Hearts And Faces: The Adventure Of A Soul, (1916)
 * Drums Afar, (1918)
 * A Canadian Calendar, (1919)
 * The Conquering Hero, (1920)
 * Pagan Love, (1922)
 * Eyes Of A Gypsy, (1926)
 * French Canadian Folk Songs [Fr=?] [translated & edited], (1928)
 * Canadian Folksongs Old And New [?=?] [translated & edited], (1929)
 * Prince Charlie And Flora, (1929)
 * Melody And Lyric, From Chaucer To The Cavaliers, (1930)
 * The Magic Of Melody, (1933)
 * Steel Of Empire:...The Canadian Pacific Railway..., (1935)
 * Northland Songs, (1936)
 * The Man Comes Down From The Moon, (1937)
 * Canadian Mosaic: The Making Of A Northern Nation, (1938)
 * New World Ballads, (1939)
 * The New Canadian Loyalists, (1941)
 * Pioneer Songs Of Canada, (1941)
 * Canada In Song, (1941)
 * The Victorian Order Of Nurses For Canada, (1947)
 * Three Centuries Of Canadian Nursing [with Mary S MATHEWSON], (1947)
 * Canadian Cadences, (1949)
 * New Colour For The Canadian Mosaic: The Displaced Person, (1951)
 * The Romance Of The Canadian Canoe, (1951)
 * Ballads Of BC

Source:

title: John Murray Gibbon


text:
User:Mdhashim

Mohamed Hashim A Bangalorean (Indian) by birth and an Engineer by profession.

title: User:Mdhashim


text:
Chancellor Williams

Chancellor Williams (December 22, 1893 – December 7, 1992) was an American sociologist, historian and writer. He is noted for his work on African civilizations prior to encounters with Europeans; his major work is The Destruction of Black Civilization (1971/1974).

Early life, migration, and education
Williams was born on December 22, 1893, in Bennettsville, South Carolina, as the last of five children. His father had been born into slavery and had grown up to gain freedom and voting after the American Civil War. His mother Dorothy Ann Williams worked as a cook, nurse, and evangelist. The family suffered after Democrats regained power in the state legislature in the late 19th century and passed bills disfranchising black citizens, as well as imposing racial segregation and white supremacy under Jim Crow. Williams' innate curiosity about racial inequality and cultural struggles, particularly those of African Americans, began as early as his fifth-grade year. Encouraged by a sixth-grade teacher, he sold The Crisis, published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); and The Norfolk Journal and Guide, as well as reading them and using their recommended books to direct his studies.

Years later, he was quoted in an interview as saying:

"I was very sensitive about the position of black people in the town... I wanted to know how you explain this great difference. How is it that we were in such low circumstances as compared to the whites? And when they answered 'slavery' as the explanation, then I wanted to know where we came from."

As part of the Great Migration out of the rural South, the Williams family moved to Washington, DC, in 1910. His father hoped for more opportunity there, especially in education, and Williams graduated from Armstrong Technical High School. Williams' mother died in 1925, leaving his father a widower. All their children were grown by then.

After working for a while, Williams entered college at Howard University, a historically black college. He earned an undergraduate degree in education in 1930, followed by a master's degree in history in 1935. After completing a doctoral dissertation on the socioeconomic significance of the storefront church movement in the United States since 1920, he was awarded a Ph.D. in sociology by American University in 1949.

International studies
Williams began his studies abroad in England as a visiting professor to the universities of Oxford and London in 1953 and 1954. In 1956, he did field research in African history at Ghana's University College. At that time, his focus was on African achievements and the many self-ruling civilizations that had arisen and operated on the continent long before the coming of Europeans or East Asians. His last study, completed in 1964, covered 26 countries and more than 100 language groupings.

Career
In 1935, Williams started as Administrative Principal for the Cheltenham School for Boys in Maryland. Four years later, he became a teacher in the Washington, DC, public schools. With World War II imminent, he entered the civil service system in the Federal government in 1941, serving as section chief of the Census Bureau, a statistician for War Relocation Board, and an economist in Office of Price Administration.

In 1946, he returned to his alma mater Howard University as a social science instructor, teaching until 1952. He transferred to the history department. By the 1960s, he was lecturing and writing about African history from a position of Afrocentrism. He concentrated on African civilizations before the European encounter, and was one of a group of scholars who asserted that Egypt had been a black civilization. He was a scholar at Howard until his retirement in 1966. Afterward he continued his studies and writing.

The Destruction of Black Civilization
In 1971/1974, Williams published his major work, The Destruction of Black Civilization: Great Issues of a Race Between 4500 B.C. and 2000 A.D.. The following year, the book received an award from the Black Academy of Arts and Letters (BAAL), founded in New York in 1969. He asserted the validity of the Black Egyptian hypothesis and that Ancient Egypt was predominantly a black civilization which was accepted by most scholars and rejected by some participants. Williams' central thesis is that Egypt, particularly Upper Egypt constituted the Northern boundary of a larger Ethiopian empire rooted in Napata and Kerma. Further, Williams asserts the king Narmer unifies Upper and Lower Egypt by compelling political unity among 'Asiatics' then resident in the Nile Delta. He further asserts in Chapter III, Egypt: The Rise and Fall of Black Civilization, that the name "Egyptian" becomes a referent to the children of Africans and Asians who reside throughout the country, rather than to either Africans or Asiatics residing at the respective ends of the Nile Valley and beyond (pg. 103). at the UNESCO "Symposium on the Peopling of Ancient Egypt and the Deciphering of the Meroitic Script" in Cairo in 1974. Mainstream scholars have abandoned the notion that traditional, racial categories can be applied to Ancient Egypt; they maintain that, despite the phenotypic diversity of Ancient and present-day Egyptians, applying modern notions of black or white races to ancient Egypt is anachronistic. In addition, scholars reject the notion, implicit in the notion of a black or white Egypt hypothesis, that Ancient Egypt was racially homogeneous; instead, skin color varied between the peoples of Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, and Nubia, who in various eras rose to power in Ancient Egypt. Within Egyptian history, despite multiple foreign invasions, the demographics were not shifted substantially by large migrations. Although, various scholars have argued that the origins of the Egyptian civilisation derived from communities which emerged in both the Saharan and Sudanese regions of the Nile Valley.

Death
Williams died of respiratory failure on December 7, 1992, aged 98, at Providence Hospital in Washington, DC. He had been a resident of the Washington Center for Aging Services for several years. He was survived by his wife of 65 years, Mattie Williams of Washington, and 14 children; 36 grandchildren; 38 great-grandchildren; and 10 great-great-grandchildren.

Books

 * The Raven: A Novel of Edgar Allan Poe (1943)
 * And If I Were White, Shaw Publications (1946)
 * Have You Been to the River?, Exposition Press (1952)
 * Problems in African History, Pencraft Books (1964)
 * The Rebirth of African Civilization (1961); revised edition, introduction by Baba Zulu, United Brothers and Sisters Communications Systems (reprint 1993), ISBN 0-88378-129-8
 * The Destruction of Black Civilization: Great Issues of a Race Between 4500 B.C. and 2000 A.D. (1971/1974/1987), ISBN 0-88378-030-5, scanned version online
 * The Second Agreement with Hell Carlton Press (1979)

Legacy and honors

 * 1972: award from Black Academy of Arts and Letters

title: Chancellor Williams


text:
User:Alexs letterbox/Drafts

From Porgy and Bess

Musical elements
In the summer of 1934, George Gershwin worked on the opera in Charleston, South Carolina. His inspiration drew from the James Island Gullahs who he felt had traditions that were reminiscent of Africa. This research added to the authenticity of his work.

The music itself reflects his New York jazz roots, but are portrayals of the southern black traditions. Gershwin modeled the pieces after each type of folk song that the composer knew about; jubilees, blues, praying songs, street cries, work songs, and spirituals are blended with traditional arias and recitatives. The themes themselves are not folk melodies, but draw inspiration from them in such a way that genuine folk music is recalled successfully.

The music is also makes use of many leifmotives. The most recognisable of these themes is the Porgy theme, first heard when he arrives in the goat cart. Throughout the Opera, when Porgy is being talked about, the theme is heard; as well as in the coda of "I'm on my way". Sporting Life's theme is from "It Ain't Neccessarily So" and is used to represent his loose morals and corruptive ways. Before and after "There's a boat dat's leavin' soon for New York" the theme is used to underscore Bess's recitative, as she is slowly corrupted by him and his drugs. As Bess finally decides to follow him at the end of the scene, a dazzling, overblown orchestration of the aria is heard, complete with swaggering rhythms.

title: User:Alexs letterbox/Drafts


text:
Talk:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory

Image
I've changed the image in the article from to one which has the dome open, so that the telescope is visible. Please use it if you find a use for it. Avriette 07:55, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory