text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/YourLost

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 00:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

YourLost
Originally placed for speedy delete as nonsense. In fact genuine but not-notable web-forum. Delete as vanity --Henrygb 01:50, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Tempshill 22:26, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. My lost what?  RickK 23:16, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability, vanity and/or promo. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:52, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

Edit this page? As if we'd do a naughty thing like that.

ps. here is a photograph of a tiny, tiny penis. You may recognise it and cry now, tiddledicks.


text:
User talk:AndrewMack

Image:CFUG.JPG
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Westview high school beaverton oregon main mascot.png
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:AndrewMack


text: User talk:64.18.104.182

title: User talk:64.18.104.182


text:
San Carlo al Corso

Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso (usually known simply as San Carlo al Corso) is a basilica church in Rome, Italy, facing onto the central part of the Via del Corso. The apse of the church faces across the street, the Mausoleum of Augustus on Via di Ripetta.

This church is dedicated to Saint Ambrose and Saint Charles Borromeo, the patron saints of Milan. It is one of at least three churches in Rome dedicated to Borromeo, others including San Carlo ai Catinari and San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane.

Construction
The church of the Saints Ambrogio and Carlo al Corso is the national church of the Lombards, to whom in 1471 Pope Sixtus IV gave, in recognition of their valuable construction work of the Sistine Chapel, the small church of S. Niccolò del Tufo, which was first restored and then dedicated to S. Ambrogio, the patron saint of Milan.

Its construction was begun in honour of the canonization of St. Charles Borromeo in 1610, under the direction of Onorio Longhi and, after his death, of his son Martino Longhi the Younger. The site was that of the former church of San Nicola de Tofo. The ground plan is based on the Latin cross. The dome, resembling that of Santi Luca e Martina, was designed by Pietro da Cortona (1668), who was also responsible for the apse and rich internal decorations. The façade was designed by Cardinal Luigi Alessandro Omodei, who financed the completion of the church, and did not like the project prepared by Carlo Rainaldi.

Since 1906, the maintenance of the basilica has been entrusted to the priests of the Institute of Charity.

Decoration
The central vault is frescoed with a Fall of the Rebel Angels (1677–1679) by Giacinto Brandi. The altarpiece, depicting the Saints Ambrose and Charles Borromeo with the Virgin and Jesus, was painted around 1685–1690 by Carlo Maratta. The stucco decoration was by Giacomo and Cosimo Fancelli. The statue of the saints were by Francesco Cavallini. Frescos of Justice and Peace were painted by Girolamo Troppa. There are also paintings by the baroque painter Giovanni Battista Beinaschi.

San Carlo is the only church in Rome to have an ambulatory which contains the heart of Charles Borromeo, who was canonised on 1 November 1610 by Pope Paul V. It was donated to the church in 1614 by his cousin, Federico Borromeo.

The 16th-century oratory of St. Ambrose is beyond the left transept. The first chapel on the right is dedicated to the Crucifixion and has a fresco of Vigilance by Paolo Albertoni. The second chapel, on the right is dedicated to Mary, Aid of Christians (Maria Auxilium Christianorum), has an image of the Virgin donated by St Vincent Pallotti in the 19th century. The third chapel on the right is dedicated to the Holy Family. On its left side is a depiction of The Redemptor and Sts Ambrose and Charles as well as the sepulchral monument of Federico Borromeo.

On the exterior, to the sides of the apse and facing the ancient Mausoleum of Augustus, are two giant statues of the titular saints, among the largest in Rome.

Other artists active in the church include Pasquale de' Rossi, Luigi Garzi, Francesco Rosa, Giovanni Battista Buonocore, and Fabbrizio Chiari.

Chapel of St. Olav
The Chapel of St. Olav of Norway, to the left of the nave, is dedicated to the martyr king who converted to Christianity and was slain in the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030. The chapel was inaugurated by Cardinal Lucido Maria Parocchi on 9 April 1893, on the 50th anniversary of the first Mass celebrated legally in Norway since the Reformation.

The painting, by the Polish artist Pius Weloński, depicts the Viking king's victory over his own pagan past, which is represented by a dragon. It was a gift, presented on 3 March 1893, to Pope Leo XIII for the 50th anniversary of his episcopal ordination. Bishop Johannes Olav Fallize, then the Vicar Apostolic of Norway, had asked that it be placed in this chapel and it was unveiled by the Papal chamberlain, Baron Wilhelm Wedel-Jarlsberg. The Pope supported the idea of a Norwegian chapel in Rome.

A smaller picture on the altar shows St. Anne and her daughter, the Blessed Virgin. St Anne was a very popular saint in pre-Reformation Norway.

The relics of a Roman martyr, St. Saturninus, are interred in the altar. Nothing is known about him except his name.

The chapel was restored, and it was reinaugurated by John Willem Gran, the Bishop of Oslo, in 1980. The initiative for this restoration came from Cecilie "Ciss" Riber-Mohn (who was not herself a Catholic, and who died in 1978, before the restoration was complete), Olga Térése "Olgese" Mowinckel Ringler and her Italian husband Andrea Ringler. Rieber-Mohn had also preserved the chapel in the 1960s, when there was talk about using it for other purposes.

Mass is celebrated in Norwegian at Christmas, on 17 May (Constitution Day) and 16 October (feast of St. Olav's conversion), and many Norwegian expatriates, including non-Catholic, take part. Requiem masses are celebrated for Norwegians with connections to Rome. Norwegian pilgrim groups can make an appointment to celebrate Mass here, and at times tourist groups come here for ecumenical services.

Marriage of Liszt
San Carlo al Corso is the church where the marriage was planned to be solemnized between Franz Liszt and Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein. From 1849, this Polish princess granted hospitality to Liszt, her great lover, at the Altenburg in Weimar. In 1860 she left for Rome to dissolve her marriage with the Russian officer Nikolaus - which had already been done in Russia five years earlier. When this succeeded in January 1861, she organized her union with Liszt on 22 October 1861, Liszt's 50th Birthday, in the San Carlo, her parish church. On 20 October Liszt arrived in Rome, and made a marriage statement with Carolyne. Meanwhile, Bishop Von Hohenlohe, a brother of Carolyne's son-in-law, succeeded, with help of Carolyne's relatives, in preventing the marriage ceremony - and thus in keeping Carolyne's capital in the families: on the eve of the marriage Carolyne received a message from the pastor of San Carlo that the request was being reconsidered and the wedding postponed. Thereupon she broke her relationship with Liszt off - who remained in Rome, where he studied theology, became friendly with Von Hohenlohe, received from him the Minor Orders, and proceeded life as ‘Abbé Liszt’.

List of Cardinal-Priest

 * Desiderio Scaglia, O.P., 16 October 1627 – 21 August 1639
 * Angelo Dell'Acqua, O.SS.CA, 9 June 1967 – 27 August 1972
 * Ugo Poletti, 5 March 1973 – 25 February 1997
 * Dionigi Tettamanzi, 21 February 1998 – 5 August 2017

title: San Carlo al Corso


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oliver & Lopez

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 00:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Oliver & Lopez
Looks like a high school video from a study project and a yet to be produced movie, delete as non-notable. Rx StrangeLove 01:53, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as link spam. - Lucky 6.9 02:47, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, website promo. Megan1967 08:47, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Katharine Graham

Personal life
What was the nature of her relationship with Robert McNamara? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.146.141.49 (talk) 21:54, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

Agenda?
The quote about keeping secrets - which I moved to a separate section - seems jerry-rigged to make some sort of point. It needs to be included in more context: It implies that Graham's career was built on keeping things from people and helping the government hide things. - DavidWBrooks 01:58, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is. See Operation Mockingbird.Rich   Farmbrough 19:25, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Philip Graham's Arizona conference episode
Reverted from reversion by John Broughton, added sources. This is very much about Katharine, when she flies to Arizona to escort her husband back to DC, after he has accurately and publicly "outed" President Kennedy for having an affair with Mary Pinchot Meyer, then been drugged against his will, tied into a straitjacket, and hustled across country. Kennedy's affair with Meyer has been corraborated by a dozen people, it is no longer controversial. The story of Kate Graham is the story of a woman utterly enmeshed in DC power circles. This is the most important example of that story. Sources include:
 * T. Kelly, The Imperial Post. 1983
 * Deborah Davis, Katharine the Great, Sheridan Square Press; 3rd edition (October 1991)
 * J. DiEugenio, L. Pease, The Assassinations. 2003
 * Nina Burleigh, A Very Private Woman : The Life and Unsolved Murder of Presidential Mistress Mary Meyer (Bantam: 1998)
 * Interview with [[James Truitt]'s widow, Anne Truit, 2004]
 * Oberdorfer, Don. "JFK Had Affair With D.C. Artist, Smoked 'Grass,' Paper Alleges." The Washington Post 23 Feb. 1976: pp. A1, A9.
 * Bradlee, Benjamin C., A Good Life. Simon & Schuster: New York, 1995.
 * Nobilem, Phillip, and Rosenbaum, Ron. "The Circus Aftermath of JFK's Best and Brightest Affair." New Times 9 Jul. 1976: 22-33.
 * von Hoffman, Nicholas. "Unasked Questions." The New York Review of Books, 10 June 1976: 3+.
 * Ward, Bernie, and Toogood, Granville. "JFK 2-Year White House Romance." National Enquirer 2 Mar. 1976: 1. (Interviews James Truitt, story picked up by Washington Post, NYT, NYROB, others.)

 * I've done another edit - I tried to leave as much information in the article as possible while not turning it into a duplicate of the Philip Graham article, which is where all of your sources, above, belong. I appreciate all the work you're doing on this, but Katherine Graham was influenced by a lot of people - her father, her husband, Ben Bradlee, Warren Buffett, etc.  If any extended details of those lives went into Katharine's article, it would be closer to a book than an article.

 * Also, putting sources into a talk/discussion page is not standard in any way. Among other reasons, content in these pages often is archived.  John Broughton 18:15, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

one of the most powerful American women of the 20th century
I added a fact tag for that. Thanks, --Tom 19:48, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

RE Edit reverted on August 12
I reverted a recent edit by User:Dukered concerning speculation that Philip Graham may have been murdered. If there is indeed notable speculation concerning this, I would ask that: Maralia 17:13, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * multiple sources be provided (a search for "Philip Graham" "Katharine Graham" murder did not convince me that there is widespread speculation);
 * direct quotations be provided, but limited in size (the previous one of 12 sentences is too much), and used to illustrate assertions made in the article, not AS the assertion;
 * the bulk of any text about such speculation should be placed in Philip Graham, not in this article.

Katharine Graham
I'll fix the speculation to fit the article on Ms. Graham and to include it on Mr. Graham's, too, thank you. However you should know, as I said, that there's no public record on Philip Graham's alleged suicide. Besided, Dr. John Coleman accused Ms. Graham of the murder in a book, and she never refused those accusations. Dukered 23:17, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * This marterial reads as original research/commentary and imho doesn't belong. Is the website "disinformation" a reliable source? Just the name makes me wonder :). Anyways, Dukerd has accused me of having a conservative agenda in trying to remove this material so I will not edit for now. Again, maybe this can be fleshed out more in MR. Graham's article but its seems like a disproportionate amount of material in relation to the rest of the article. Thanks, --Tom 12:37, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * First, I apologize. I suggest to look at the other sources, there is enough to satisfy your demands. Anyway, I'm watching this page too. Dukered 16:57, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Coleman is a notorious conspiracy crackpot. His work is not reliable for Wikipedia entries.--Cberlet 12:59, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * That's YOUR opinion. You have no right to decide for others, or what people will or won't read. Besides, Coleman is cited by other authors, for your information. And you're not above the First Amendment. --Dukered 13:13, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm putting back some of the info on Philip Graham's death - information that came from Katharine's autobiography. This was a hugely important event in her life; omitting it is totally inappropriate.  I agree that detailed information' on Philip Graham should be the article on him, not here, but there needs to be SOME information here about the death in order for readers to understand the trama and the suddeness.  -- John Broughton  (♫♫) 19:31, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

A few days ago I chose to quietly recuse myself from this situation, after Dukered's highly overreactive responses to my utterly tame request above. Now that I see him throwing around the First Amendment and other largely irrelevant nonsense, I'm afraid I'll have to wade back in.

I am under no delusion that my opinions and input into the content of this article are any more important than anyone else's. However, trotting out 'the radicals guide to obfuscating a debate' will not prevent me, personally, from continuing to challenge content that risks the legitimacy of an article.

Dukered: You are trying to perpetuate what is, at best, a tiny minority view. You have accused other editors of censorship. You have made it clear that you presumed bad faith on my part from the beginning. You have refused multiple times to provide adequate additional sources, insisting that editors should 'look at the other sources' which are merely purported author's names. You have repeatedly reinserted material that has been rejected by multiple editors. In this case you are, sir, offering a textbook case of Tendentious editing. Maralia 00:33, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * First, what is an adequate source to you? After I provided three (3) sources, I think a Wikipedia editor is better fit to decide that.

 * About the First Amendment, please, do not misdirect things here, since I mentioned it to Cberlet because he deleted a book by John Coleman I put on the Tavistock Institute entry. That list works as a recommendation --therefore, you choose to read or not to read the book in question. That's why I told Cberlet he had NO right to decide for others. He can express his opinion freely, but not delete the recommendation. I sincerely hope that this is clear enough for you and user John Broughton.

 * Now, as user John Broughton dutifully told me earlier about Wikipedia policy on Disputes, I will disengage for a while. --Dukered 14:13, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You cited one source, and later anecdotally referred to books by Dr. John Coleman and Daniel Estulin. You at no point made any attempt to quote either of those sources. "He said it in a book" is not sufficient; the onus is on you to provide verifiable sources, and you have not done so. Should you or someone else provide additional verifiable sources, we can then reevaluate whether such speculation is widespread enough to be of note here.Maralia 15:05, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * However, I never put it as a fact. It was speculation and it still is. Your fierce defense on Ms. Graham is certainly admirable; however, on the basis that there are loads of Wikipedia entries with theories --which after all, is what helps discussion and deepens the learning-- the theory on Mr. Graham's murder is perfectly fine. Go out there and check yourself. I am not the only one who has said it.--Dukered 16:34, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Your continued refusal to assume good faith is insulting. I encourage you to review the edit history of the article by which you will note I have never contributed to it prior to this issue. I have no vested interest in this article or its subject; I merely came across your edit as a member of Recent changes patrol.

 * You fail to grasp the underlying issue here. No one expects you to prove murder. I do, however, expect you to prove that speculation of murder is widespread enough to be worthy of inclusion here. Maralia 17:16, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

And you just made a decision that speculation does not belong here. Katharine Graham was not a simple woman. She was a powerful individual with many (and very) powerful friends. It is not by chance that if you do some research on the possible murder of her husband, you'll find almost nothing. I did, and it was with great effort that I could come up with the sources you demanded. Go and try by yourself for a change, instead of reverting and reverting. At least let the people --the readers, that is-- be the judge, or a SysOp to decide. You don't have more authority than me. --Dukered 17:43, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Dukered, you haven't been here long not that it really matters, but it now seems that a number of editors have weighed in. The material you want to introduce is questionable so it needs to be properly sourced. This project is a compilation of already established, published, peeer reviewed material. Your edits do not fall under that category in my humble opinion. Anyways, --Tom 18:40, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

I've removed your edits and citations; you cannot cite fringe publications as reliable sources. Please read over WP:FRINGE to find out what standard of sourcing would be required for this conspiracy theory to be placed into these articles. TomTheHand 18:42, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you, TomTheHand. The war has ended, and I've lost, but I didn't lose the lessons. And I'm still here. --Dukered 20:33, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Nobody wants to chase you away or keep you from contributing. You've just got to contribute according to Wikipedia's standards for sourcing. TomTheHand 21:17, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Quotes
Could we get some additional input regarding this quote? While I don't doubt its authenticity, it seems awfully selective to highlight this one particular quote. Is this quote exemplary of Graham's convictions? Is this really the most relevant quote that can be attributed to her? By highlighting it, we're attaching quite a bit of weight to it, perhaps even editorially advancing a point, and I'm not convinced that it's appropriate. The editor who inserted the quote restored it with an edit summary indicating that it was, indeed, selected to advance a point, if I read correctly. Anyone else? MastCell Talk 22:20, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * How easy it is to imagine a prominent Washingtonian saying such a thing. I'll be reinserting this as necessary. Eye.earth (talk) 21:27, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, so you think it's "easy to imagine" and therefore belongs in the article, and you intend to "reinsert it as necessary". Anyone else care to weigh in? MastCell Talk 22:14, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I know I'm a decade late to the party, but I'll weigh in. I have added sources providing the full text of Graham's speech and better context for it. Graham believed in freedom of the press, but she also believed that there were some responsibilities that went along with it. The quote is frequently cherry-picked and delivered out of context by those who think the CIA controlled Graham or mass media for nefarious purposes. Rgr09 might have more on this. -Location (talk) 19:12, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

Buffett biography
I removed the following text temporarily so we can discuss better language here: ''
 * Affair with Warren Buffett

 * According to an authorized biography titled "The Snowball", biographer Alice Schroeder writes that Buffet and Graham had an affair that led to the demise of his first marriage to the late Susie Buffett. "When not trotting around the country "on business," they holed up at her Martha's Vineyard mansion. Rather than hide her flirtation, Graham would toss her house key to Buffett at parties.
 * ...Susie "made it plain to several friends that she was furious and humiliated," but sent Graham a letter granting her permission to date her husband. "Kay showed the letter to people as though it let her off the hook..." ''

This text is clearly based on the daily news article, which focuses on Buffett. Any suggestions for a rewrite that focuses more on Graham and less on Buffett (and therefore less on words like 'affair' which are arguably inappropriate here as Graham herself was widowed at the time)? Maralia (talk) 19:49, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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ONLY woman?
In the article we say "As the only woman to be in such a high position at a publishing company" -- but Oveta Culp Hobby ran the Houston Post from the 1930's. Should we rephrase? Or is it just wrong? ubiquity (talk) 16:55, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Katharine Graham


text:
Ross McLennan (singer)

Ross James McLennan is an Australian indie rock musician and songwriter. He was the founding mainstay of indie guitar pop band, Snout, from 1991 to 2002. He undertook a side project, Meuscram, with his younger brother, Lindsay (a.k.a. Link Meanie of the Meanies) to deliver a lo-fi self-titled album in 1995. McLennan has issued four solo albums, Hits from the Brittle Building (February 2004), Sympathy for the New World (February 2008), The Night's Deeds Are Vapour (2013) and All the Colours Print Can Manage (October 2017). Sympathy for the New World was short-listed for the Australian Music Prize for 2008.

1980s-1990: The Hybrid
Ross McLennan started his music career in Melbourne in the mid-1980s on bass guitar and vocals in a pop group, the Hybrid, alongside Peter Caffyn on trumpet, Phil Faiers on drums, Drew Nelson on saxophone and Rob Wolf on guitar and vocals. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, felt they were, "Utilising a solid pop base, the band was able to lay catchy melodies, punky guitar riffs and blazing horn arrangements over the top." They issued a single, "The Iceman Cometh" (October 1989) and an extended play, The Getting Weird of Nigel Budweg (1990). The Hybrid disbanded in November 1991.

1991-2002: Snout & Meuscram
McLennan and Wolf formed an indie guitar pop trio, Snout, with Hugh Williams on drums. They issued four albums, What's that Sound? (1994), The New Pop Dialogue (1996), Circle High & Wide (1998) and Managing Good Looks (2001). While that group was in hiatus in 1995, McLennan (as Ross Snout) formed a lo-fi duo, Meuscram, with his older brother, Lindsay (a.k.a. Link Meanie of the Meanies) on guitar to release an album,  Meuscram – Featuring the Sounds of Link Meanie & Ross Snout (October 1995) via Au Go Go Records. Snout broke up in November 2002.

2003- present: solo career
McLennan released a solo album, Hits from the Brittle Building in February 2004, via W. Minc. Bernard Zuel of The Sydney Morning Herald observed that he, "still has the schnoz for a bittersweet pop gem... [it] can veer from utterly charming yet with a wicked heart, to sharply spiked, but with a soft, almost delicate centre." McLennan recalled how he had first used, "computer recording replacing tape machines and stuff. Cal Orr, who was managing Snout in the 90s, built me a computer and set it up for me and I just went for it... The mixing is pretty wacky. The fidelity of that record is pretty in your face. I didn't really know anything about creating space in mixes, everything's really up and your face and crowded. It was such fun."

His second solo album, Sympathy for the New World was released in 2008 via Mistletone Records. The Age's Jo Roberts compared it to his previous album, "[it] swims even deeper into fantastic labyrinthine worlds of singing strings, ghostly brass and fluid, visceral sounds that take on an almost filmic quality, especially when paired with McLennan's vivid, at times out-there lyrics. Like Beck, Brian Wilson or Lambchop's Kurt Wagner, McLennan's musical vision is unimpeded by predictability or tradition." McLennan felt, "it's a lot darker kind of record. I think my lack of humour was starting to kick in a bit. I was also on medication at the time and that changed my brain a little bit too." Sympathy for the New World was nominated and then short-listed for the Australian Music Prize (AMP) of 2008.

A third solo album, The Night's Deeds Are Vapour, was released in 2013. It was long-listed for the AMP of 2013.

In October 2017 he issued his fourth solo album, All the Colours Print Can Manage.

Australian Music Prize
The Australian Music Prize (the AMP) is an annual award of $30,000 given to an Australian band or solo artist in recognition of the merit of an album released during the year of award. The commenced in 2005.

 * 2008
 * For the New World
 * Australian Music Prize
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Ross McLennan (singer)


text:
Talk:Shih Tzu

Bad Word
There is a bad word in the article٫ at the top of the article if you look at the thing on the side٫ it says the B word how do you remove that? GenZenny (talk) 21:23, 7 September 2022 (UTC)
 * "Bitch" is often used as a word to refer to a female dog. Not offensive or a bad word in this context --Octopusplushie (talk) 00:45, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * How come the B word refers to a female dog. How is it not offensive. Also I’m nine so don’t say bad words. 2600:1700:5EE0:3C10:104D:BEC6:32FB:9FB3 (talk) 01:25, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

Popular culture section
I feel there should be an " In popular culture" section talking about how Isabelle from Animal Crossing is a Shih Tzu 88T3 (talk) 02:59, 10 September 2022 (UTC)

Uk Kennel Club
At the end of the article٫ it states that the American Kennel Club and the Kennel Club (uk) Shih Tzu is different. It has a description for the american kennel club one٫ but not the other one. Someone needs to add a UK Kennel Club description of the Shih Tzu there. GenZenny (talk) 21:53, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

Pero que no se puede hacer el que realidad es un gran parte
de a 181.139.28.72 (talk) 17:38, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

 * JuIiana 🐕🐕a be at 181.139.28.72 (talk) 17:38, 23 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Amo mucho mucho mucho mucho más que realidad es un 181.139.28.72 (talk) 17:39, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shih Tzu


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yu Yu Hakusho Episode summaries

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus, so keep. Mackensen (talk) 04:42, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yu Yu Hakusho Episode summaries
Sorry, this does not seem encyclopedic to me at all. WhisperToMe 02:33, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't think it's an unencyclopedic topic, but it's utterly rife with typos and bad grammar, only covers a handful of episodes (of which there are surely dozens) in waaay too much depth, and (sniff, sniff) smells like it was copied from somewhere. If it's to be done, start from scratch and do it right. -- 8^D gab 02:57, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)
 * Keep and tag for cleanup and expansion. This is an encyclopedic topic, and the content is quite far removed from nonsense or being unreadable. Meelar (talk) 03:28, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Leaning toward keep if this isn't a copyvio. Man, talk about a cleanup job, though!  BD's solution isn't out of the question IMO. - Lucky 6.9 03:57, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Reading through the article, I'm afraid I'd have to agree with 2412, even if I think it's a worthy topic. Delete content, list on requested articles. Radiant_* 07:59, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopaedic, possible copyright violation, cruft. Megan1967 08:54, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with Megan1967 --Bucephalus talk to me  11:22, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep unless proved to be a copyvio. No reason that Star Trek should be allowed to have episode summaries if this isn't.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  11:59, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote. If it's a copyvio, it's not from the web-- it would have to be a text source.  I'm really opposed to all of this pop culture stuff, but clearly there is presently a huge precedent for including it.  Is there any hope of creating a WikiPopCulture project and transwikiing all the pop culture stuff over to it?  (sigh) Mwanner 12:37, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Another idea would be to create a "minipedia" within wikipedia which doesn't show all the pop culture, high schools and uninhabited villages to casual visitors. Kappa 14:57, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually there were plans for a 'light' version of Wikipedia, which seems to consist of a series of pages that link to 'highly encyclopedic' articles. What exactly qualifies as such is unknown to me, but likely would not include Yu Yu Hakusho. The idea was to get a comprehensive 'pedia with about 10000 articles. I don't believe the project is presently active. Radiant_* 15:45, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Starblind. Kappa 14:57, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep looks like crap, but if we delete this, there's a lot of other stuff that has to go, too. Condense with great gusto, though. --InShaneee 15:49, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I already voted but I'd like to chime in again and state that I very much oppose just assuming something is a copyvio because it's long and in-depth. Accusing an editor of having unlawfully copied an article is one of the most serious accusations we can make here on WP, and in the spirit of assuming good faith, we shouldn't do it unless we have some sort of evidence.  If an article is deleted, it should be based on something provable.  Voting to delete because something might be a copyvio is silly (and a Google search verifies that this isn't copied from the web and doesn't look like a print source either).  Deleting based on looking like a copyvio is every bit as silly as putting someone in prison because they look like a criminal type. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  16:29, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I understand that copyvio is a harsh accusation - I suggested it based not only on the length and depth, but also on the writing style, the format of the original posts (with large blocks of centered or indented text dropped in at a time) and the fact that it was initially posted by an anon (e.g. someone who may be unaware of copyvio policies). No offense meant to anyone, but it has enough signs to at least raise legitimate suspicions. Also, it turns out that there were a something like 112 episodes, and a few movies. As I said before, I'm not calling this unencyclopedic, just suggesting that, all things considered, we may be better starting from scratch with this one. -- 8^D gab 06:21, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)
 * Keep, seriously in need of a clean up and probably some trimming as well and I suppose renaming for capitalisation... There are two series listed on IMDB does anyone know if it's the 2002 or the 1992 version or is the article meant to be about both? Lochaber 17:11, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, subtrivial fancruft, probable copyvio. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:56, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Popcult trivia, WAY too granular. --Calton | Talk 02:18, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Dark Sanctuary

Dark Sanctuary is a French neoclassical darkwave, gothic metal band that was formed in Paris in 1996.

History
The band's first official release was a 20-minute single-track music CD, Funeral Cry, released in 1997. At that time, the band consisted of only two members, Arkdae on keyboards and Marquise Ermia on vocals.

In 1998, the band added additional members to their line-up: Hylgaryss (keyboards), Sombre Cÿr (percussion/bass) and Eliane (violins). Together, they recorded their debut album, Royaume Mélancolique. They also held their first concert in September 1998 near Paris.

In November 1999, they signed with Wounded Love Records, and after Marguerite (violins) joined, recorded their 2nd album, De Lumière Et d'Obscurité, which was released in November 2000.

Right after the recording sessions, Marquise Ermia left the band to continue her studies, and a new singer, Dame Pandora, joined.

Their third album, L'Être Las - L'envers Du Miroir was released at the beginning of 2003, a few months after the release of a two-track single.

After few concerts in France, the band returned to Germany to record their fourth album, Les Mémoires Blessées. This album, which was released in early 2004, confirmed Dark Sanctuary's own style while providing a deeper maturity, as well as new musical horizons.

In 2005, their first compilation album Thoughts: 9 Years in the Sanctuary was released.

Subsequently, they released two albums called Exaudi Vocem Meam – Part 1 and Exaudi Vocem Meam – Part 2, in 2005 and 2006, respectively.

As of 2009, they will be on an indefinite hiatus. They finished recording, and released a collaborative effort with Victoria Francés entitled Dark Sanctuary that year.

In 2017 Avantgarde Music released "Metal", a compilation of Dark Sanctuary’s own reinterpretation of a few tracks in a gothic-doom metal style, recorded here and there during the previous recordings in Germany.

And "Iterum", again, for the second time… After these long years Dark Sanctuary has decided to break the silence and returns to their essence by releasing this EP in early 2022. A rebirth that announces a return to faith and life, a need to compose again around the core of the band and a flame that had never really been extinguished.

In 2023, a new album is announced. Following the EP "Iterum" released in 2022, this album named "Cernunnos" is the first for 14 years, thus marking the return of the band.

Victims of illegal copying
German rapper Bushido has been charged with copying 16 songs from Dark Sanctuary. The song "Les Mémoires Blessées" was sampled by Bushido on his single "Janine" (2007) off his 6th and top-selling album Von der Skyline zum Bordstein zurück (2006). On that album Bushido sampled eight musical works of Dark Sanctuary without permission, including the songs "Les Larmes du méprisé" (used on "Hast du was bist du was"), and "L'autre Monde" (used on "Sex in the City").

On 23 March 2010, Bushido was convicted by the German courts, and was obliged to stop sales of the particular albums, singles and samples, including Von der Skyline zum Bordstein zurück. In addition to that, he was bound to recall and destroy all unsold copies.

A video was leaked to the internet, by Marzel Becker and Stephan Heller, two German music reviewers. In the video they compared Dark Sanctuary's songs to Bushido's songs.

Line-up
Current members
 * Dame Pandora – vocals
 * Arkdae – keyboards/guitars
 * Hylgaryss – keyboards/guitars
 * Sombre Cÿr – bass/percussion
 * Alexis – percussion

Former members
 * Eliane – violins
 * Marguerite – violins
 * Marquise Ermia – vocals

Albums

 * Royaume Mélancolique (1999)
 * De Lumière et d'Obscurité (2000)
 * L'être las – L'envers du miroir (2003)
 * Les Mémoires Blessées (2004)
 * Exaudi Vocem Meam – Part 1 (2005)
 * Exaudi Vocem Meam – Part 2 (2006)
 * Dark Sanctuary (2009)
 * Metal (2017)
 * Cernunnos (2023)

Singles and EPs

 * Funeral Cry (1998)
 * Vie Éphémère (2002)
 * La Clameur du Silence (promo) (2004)
 * Iterum (2021)

Compilations

 * Thoughts: 9 Years in the Sanctuary (2005)

title: Dark Sanctuary


text: File:TC-dbl-graph.PNG

title: File:TC-dbl-graph.PNG


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Longest words

The longest word in any given language depends on the word formation rules of each specific language, and on the types of words allowed for consideration.

Agglutinative languages allow for the creation of long words via compounding. Words consisting of hundreds, or even thousands of characters have been coined. Even non-agglutinative languages may allow word formation of theoretically limitless length in certain contexts. An example common to many languages is the term for a very remote ancestor, "great-great-.....-grandfather", where the prefix "great-" may be repeated any number of times. The examples of "longest words" within the "Agglutinative languages" section may be nowhere near close to the longest possible word in said language, instead a popular example of a text-heavy word.

Systematic names of chemical compounds can run to hundreds of thousands of characters in length. The rules of creation of such names are commonly defined by international bodies, therefore they formally belong to many languages. The longest recognized systematic name is for the protein titin, at 189,819 letters. While lexicographers regard generic names of chemical compounds as verbal formulae rather than words, for its sheer length the systematic name for titin is often included in longest-word lists.

Longest word candidates may be judged by their acceptance in major dictionaries such as the Oxford English Dictionary or in record-keeping publications like Guinness World Records, and by the frequency of their use in ordinary language.

Basque
The longest Basque toponym is Azpilicuetagaraicosaroyarenberecolarrea (40) which means "The lower field of the sheepfold (located in) the hight of Azpilicueta".

Esperanto
Since Esperanto allows word compounding, there are no limits on how long a word can theoretically become. An example is the 39-letter word oranĝ-kanton-pafil-limig-aktivul-malamanto, meaning "Orange County gun control activist hater". Such clusters are not considered good style (the 8-word alternative oranĝkantona malamanto de aktivuloj por limigo de pafiloj is more standard), but they are permissible under the rules of Esperanto grammar. Hyphens are optional in Esperanto compounds, so - is also technically a valid spelling.

The longest Esperanto word roots formally recognized by the Akademio de Esperanto are 13 letters long, shown here with the added noun ending "-o":

 * administracio (administration),
 * aŭtobiografio (autobiography),
 * diskriminacio (discrimination),
 * konservatorio (conservatory),
 * paleontologio (palaeontology),
 * paralelogramo (parallelogram), and
 * trigonometrio (trigonometry).

The longest word found in the dictionary Plena Ilustrita Vortaro as of its 2020 edition is the 24-letter proper noun Meklenburgio-Antaŭpomerio (the German state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), followed by the 21-letter word - (rations administration).

As of April 2024 the longest word found in the Tekstaro de Esperanto text corpus is the 66-letter word unue-volapukista-poste-esperantista-poste-idista-poste-denove-esperantista, meaning "first-volapukist-then-esperantist-then-idist-then-again-esperantist", which was used in a review published in Monato in 1997 to describe František Lorenz. However, this word does not follow normal Esperanto word formation rules. Other long words found in Tekstaro de Esperanto that follow regular word formation include:

 * sescent-kvindek-mil-kvadratkilometra (consisting of 650 000 square kilometers), 33 letters, used in an Esperanto version of a 2011 article by Marc Lavergne in Le Monde diplomatique,
 * tragedio-komedio-historio-pastoraloj (tragical-comical-historical-pastorals), 33 letters, used in L. L. Zamenhof's 1893 translation of Hamlet,
 * Nord-Atlantik-Traktad-Organizo (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 27 letters, more commonly translated with two words: Nord-Atlantika Traktat-Organiz(aĵ)o.

Estonian

 * Sünnipäevanädalalõpupeopärastlõunaväsimatus meaning "untiredness of a birthday week graduation party" which is 43 letters.
 * 31 lettered word of uusaastaöövastuvõtuhommikuidüll meaning "morning idyll after the new year".
 * There is also the 25 letter long word of põllumajandusministeerium which is "Ministry of Agriculture".
 * The word kuulilennuteetunneliluuk meaning "the hatch a bullet flies out of when exiting a tunnel" is 24 letters long and a palindrome. It could be one of the longest palindromes.

Finnish
Examples of long words that have been in everyday use in the Finnish language are kolmivaihekilowattituntimittari which means "three-phase kilowatt hour meter" (31 letters), liikekannallepanotarkastuskierros ("mobilization inspection round", 33 letters), peruspalveluliikelaitoskuntayhtymä ("a public utility of a municipal federation for provision of basic services", 34 letters), and lentokonesuihkuturbiinimoottoriapumekaanikkoaliupseerioppilas "airplane jet turbine engine auxiliary mechanic non-commissioned officer student" (61 letters), an actual military term, although one which has been deprecated. The longest military term in current use is vastatykistömaalinosoitustutkakalustojärjestelmäinsinöörierikoisupseeri "counter-artillery targeting radar systems engineer specialist officer" with 71 characters, with 2 more if grammatically incorrect extra hyphens added for readability are counted. If conjugated forms are allowed, even longer real words can be made. Allowing derivatives and clitics allows the already lengthy word to grow even longer, although the usability of the word starts to degrade. Because Finnish uses free forming of composite words, new words can even be formed during a conversation. One can add nouns after each other without breaking grammar rules.

If one allows artificial constructs as well as using clitics and conjugated forms, one can create even longer words: such as kumarreksituteskenteleentuvaisehkollaismaisekkuudellisennesk- enteluttelemattomammuuksissansakaankopahan (102 letters), which was created by Artturi Kannisto.

The longest non-compound (a single stem with prefixes and suffixes) Finnish word recognised by the Guinness Book of Records is epäjärjestelmällistyttämättömyydellänsäkäänköhänkään (see also Agglutination), based on the stem järki (reason, sanity), and it means: "I wonder if – even with his/her quality of not having been made unsystematized".

Äteritsiputeritsipuolilautatsijänkä and a defunct bar named after it, Äteritsiputeritsipuolilautatsi-baari, are the longest place names in use.

Greenlandic
The longest word in Greenlandic is Nalunaarasuartaateeraaranngualioqatigiiffissualioriataallaqqissupilorujussuanngortartuinnakasinngortinniamisaalinnguatsiaraluallaqqooqigaminngamiaasiinngooq, which has 156 letters. The rough translation of this word is: "There were reports that they apparently – God knows for how many times – once again had considered whatever I, my poor condition despite, still could be considered to be quite adept and resourceful as initiator to put a consortium together for the establishment of a range of tiny radio stations." The word is a tongue twister that forms an entire sentence, rather than being a word or phrase commonly heard in Greenland.

Inuussutissarsiorsinnaajunnaarnersiutilik, consisting of 41 letters, is the longest singular word in the Greenlandic dictionary.

Hungarian
Megszentségteleníthetetlenségeskedéseitekért, with 44 letters, is the longest word in the Hungarian language, and approximately means "for your [plural] continued behaviour as if you could not be desecrated". It is already morphed, since Hungarian is an agglutinative language.

The Hungarian language has many causes for writing words together, but there are a few rules for avoiding undisciplined length, resulting in unreadability.

Words with less than six syllables can be written in one. Agglutinated words have to be separated by one dash, if they are more than six syllables altogether. If there are more than two words that are already written with a dash and more are needed, a new dash must be used to add it (like C-vitamin-adagolás, meaning "Vitamin C rationing"). If there would be two long words to be written, they are advised to be used separately (possible: békeszerződéstervezet-kidolgozás meaning "peace agreement plan elaboration", but advised rather a békeszerződés tervezetének kidolgozása meaning "the elaboration of the plan of the peace agreement").

The longest dictionary form word is the word megszentségtelenített, with 21 characters (although it ultimately derives from the word szent meaning: "saint" or "sacred"), and it means "desecrated" or "profaned".

Indonesian
Indonesian belongs to the Austronesian language family. According from Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the longest word in the language is mempertanggungjawabkan, which is 22 letters long, meaning "take responsibility" in English, as well as heksakosioiheksekontaheksafobia, a 30-letter-long word meaning "hexacosioihexecontahexaphobia" in English.

Korean
There is some disagreement about what is the longest word in the Korean language, which arises from misunderstanding of the Korean language. All of these examples below contain spaces in Hangul and do not qualify as a single word.

The longest word appearing in the Standard Korean Dictionary published by the National Institute of the Korean Language is 청자 양인각 연당초상감 모란 문은구 대접 (靑瓷陽印刻蓮唐草象嵌牡丹文銀釦대접); Revised Romanization: cheongjayang-in-gakyeondangchosang-gammoranmuneun-gudaejeop, which is a kind of ceramic bowl from the Goryeo dynasty; that word is 17 syllable blocks long, and contains a total of 46 hangul letters. However, to call this a word would be incorrect. It simply consists of many words which act as adjectives for the one word 대접.

The word 니코틴아마이드 아데닌 다이뉴클레오타이드 (nikotin-amaideu adenin dainyukeulle-otaideu), a phonetic transcription of "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide", has a larger number of syllable blocks (19) but a smaller number of letters (41). It does not qualify as a single word.

In proper nouns, many Korean monarchs have overly long posthumous names built from many different Sino-Korean nouns describing their positive characteristics, for example Sunjo of Joseon, whose full posthumous name is the 77-syllable-block 순조 선각 연덕현도 경인순희 체성응명흠광석경계천배극융원돈휴의행소윤희화준렬대중지정 홍훈철 모건시태형창 운홍기고명박후강건수정계통수력 공유범문안무정영경 성효대왕 (sunjoseongag-yeondeoghyeondogyeong-insunhuicheseong-eungmyeongheumgwangseoggyeong-gyecheonbaegeug-yung-wondonhyuuihaengsoyunhuihwa-junlyeoldaejungjijeonghonghuncheolmogeonsitaehy-eongchang-unhong-gigomyeongbaghugang-geonsujeong-gyetongsulyeoggong-yubeommun-anmujeong-yeong-gyeongseonghyodaewang). This is simply writing the phrase in Hanja (Hanzi) 純祖先覺淵德顯道景仁純禧體聖凝命欽光錫慶繼天配極隆元敦休懿行昭倫熙化峻烈大中至正洪勳哲謨乾始泰亨昌運弘基高明博厚剛健粹精啓統垂曆建功裕範文安武靖英敬成孝肅皇帝, being transliterate in Hangul. It is not a single word and does not qualify as a lexical entry.

Malay
Malay, just like Indonesian, is an agglutinative language (at least in the formal language) and it belongs to the Austronesian language family. The longest word in Malay is mempertanggungjawabkan, which is 22 letters long, meaning "take responsibility" in English.

Mongolian
A popular example of the longest suffixed word in Mongolian is "Цахилгаанжуулалтыхантайгаа" (tsakhilgaanjuulaltykhantaigaa) which is 26 letters long. Here is a table showing, with translations, which suffixes are added.

Ojibwe
The longest word in the Ojibwe language is miinibaashkiminasiganibiitoosijiganibadagwiingweshiganibakwezhigan (66 letters), meaning "blueberry pie". This literally translates to "blueberry cooked to jellied preserve that lies in layers in which the face is covered in bread".

Tagalog
Tagalog can make long words by adding on affixes, suffixes, and other root words with a connector.

The longest published word in the language is pinakanakakapagngitngitngitngitang-pagsisinungasinungalingan, with 59 letters. This compound word means "to keep making up a lie that causes the most extreme anger while pretending you are not."

Turkish
Turkish, an agglutinative language, carries the potential for words of arbitrary length.

Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmişsinizcesine, at 70 letters, has been cited as the longest Turkish word. It was used in a contrived story designed to use this word. The word means "As if you would be from those we can not easily/quickly make a maker of unsuccessful ones" and its usage was illustrated as follows:

Kötü amaçların güdüldüğü bir öğretmen okulundayız. Yetiştirilen öğretmenlere öğrencileri nasıl muvaffakiyetsizleştirecekleri öğretiliyor. Yani öğretmenler birer muvaffakiyetsizleştirici olarak yetiştiriliyorlar. Fakat öğretmenlerden biri muvaffakiyetsizleştirici olmayı, yani muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştirilmeyi reddediyor, bu konuda ileri geri konuşuyor. Bütün öğretmenleri kolayca muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriverebileceğini sanan okul müdürü bu duruma sinirleniyor, ve söz konusu öğretmeni makamına çağırıp ona diyor ki: Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmişsinizcesine laflar ediyormuşsunuz ha? We are in a teachers' training school that has evil purposes. The teachers who are being educated in that school are being taught how to make unsuccessful ones from students. So, one by one, teachers are being educated as makers of unsuccessful ones. However, one of those teachers refuses to be maker of unsuccessful ones, in other words, to be made a maker of unsuccessful ones; he talks about and criticizes the school's stand on the issue. The headmaster who thinks every teacher can be made easily/quickly into a maker of unsuccessful ones gets angry. He invites the teacher to his room and says "You are talking as if you were one of those we can not easily/quickly turn into a maker of unsuccessful ones, huh?"

Other well-known very long Turkish words are:
 * Çekoslovakyalılaştıramadıklarımızdanmışsınızcasına means "As if you are one of those people whom we could not turn into a Czechoslovakian".
 * Afyonkarahisarlılaştırabildiklerimizdenmişsinizcesine means "As if you are one of the people that we made resemble from Afyonkarahisar". (Afyonkarahisar is a city in Turkey.)

Afrikaans
Afrikaans, as it is a daughter language of the Dutch language, is capable of forming compounds of potentially limitless length in the same way as in the Dutch language. According to the Total Book of South African Records, the longest word in the language is - (136 letters), which means "issuable media conference's announcement at a press release regarding the convener's speech at a secondhand car dealership union's strike meeting". This word, however, is contrived to be long and does not occur in everyday speech or writing.

Arabic
Currently, the longest word in Arabic is the 16-letter-long word أَفَإِستَسقَينَاكُمُوهما. Which means "Did we ask you to let us drink it?" However, according to some online sources the 20-letter-long word أَفَيَسْتَكْتِبونَكُمانيهِما is the longest word in Arabic meaning "Are they forcing you to write both of them?". Regardless, official sources supporting such a stance cannot be found.

Bulgarian
The Bulgarian online etymological dictionary claims that longest word in Bulgarian to be the 39-letter-long непротивоконституционствувателствувайте (neprotivokonstitutsionstvuvatelstvuvayte),  introduced in the Constitution of Bulgaria of 1947 (Dimitrov Constitution). The word means "do not perform actions against the constitution" (addressed to more than one person).

Catalan
The longest word in Catalan is considered to be Anticonstitucionalment, an adverb meaning "[done in a way that is] against the constitution", however, the scientific word Psiconeuroimmunoendocrinologia, related to endocrinology, has been proposed by the University of Barcelona to be the true longest word.

Croatian
The longest known word in Croatian is prijestolonasljednikovičičinima, meaning "to those who belong to the throne successor's little wife." The 30-letter word ("lj" is considered as one letter in Croatian) is the dative case of prijestolonasljednikovičica "the throne successor's little wife" which is the diminutive of prijestolonasljednikovica "the throne successor's wife."

Czech
Traditionally, the word nejneobhospodařovávatelnějšími ("of the least cultivable", 28 letters) is considered as the longest Czech word, but there are some longer artificial words. Most of them are compound adjectives in dative, instrumental or other grammatical case and derived from the iterative or frequentative verbal form or the ability adjective form (like "-able").

 * Nejnezdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávatelnějšími (47; Instrumental case of the ones least multipliable by a group of ninety-nine on a regular basis)
 * Nejnezdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávatelnější (Those who are the least multiplable by a group ninety-nine on a regular basis)
 * Nejzdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávatelnější (Those who are the most multiplable by a group ninety-nine on a regular basis)
 * Zdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávatelnější (Those who are more multiplable by a group ninety-nine on a regular basis)
 * Zdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávatelní (Those who are multiplable by a group of ninety-nine on a regular basis)
 * Zdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávat (Alternative of "multiply out by a group of ninety-nine on a regular basis")
 * Zdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovat (Multiply out by a group of ninety-nine on a regular basis — continuous grammatical aspect)
 * Zdevětadevadesáteroznásobovat (Multiply by ninety-nine on a regular basis – continuous grammatical aspect)
 * Zdevětadevadesáteroznásobit (Multiply by a group of ninety-nine once)
 * Zdevětadevadesáteronásobit (Multiply by a group of ninety-nine)
 * Devětadevadesátero (A group of ninety-nine)
 * Devětadevadesát (Inverse of devadesát devět = ninety-nine)

Danish
Danish, like many Germanic languages, is capable of compounding words to create ad hoc compounds of potentially limitless length. Nevertheless, the constructed word - – which means "a period of stabilising the planning of a specialist doctor's practice" – was cited in 1993 by the Danish version of the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest word in the Danish language at 51 letters long. It is however not possible (using Google) to find a text, which actually uses this word, except for in the context of discussing the longest Danish word.

Dutch
Dutch, like many Germanic languages, is capable of forming compounds of potentially limitless length. The 53-letter word -, meaning "preparation activities plan for a children's carnival procession", was cited by the 1996 Guinness Book of World Records as the longest Dutch word.

The longest word in the authoritative Van Dale Dutch dictionary (2009 edition) in plural form is -; 38 letters long, meaning "multiple personality disorders". The entry in the dictionary however is in the singular, counting 35 letters.

The free OpenTaal dictionary, which has been certified by the Dutch Language Union (the official Dutch language institute) and is included in many open-source applications, contains the following longest words, which are 40 letters long:
 * -, "carriers' liability insurance";
 * -, "drivers' liability insurance";
 * -, "conformity assessment procedures" (38 letters)

The word often said to be the longest in Dutch – probably because of its funny meaning and alliteration – which has also appeared in print, is - ("construction ground for the Hottentot soldiers' tents exhibition"); counting 53 letters.

English
The 45-letter word - is the longest English word that appears in a major dictionary. Originally coined to become a candidate for the longest word in English, the term eventually developed some independent use in medicine. It is referred to as "P45" by researchers.

The 30-letter word pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism refers to an inherited disorder, named for its similarity to pseudohypoparathyroidism in presentation, which is in turn named for its similarity to hypoparathyroidism. This is the longest word that was not contrived with the sole intention of becoming the longest word.

-, at 29 letters and meaning the act of estimating something as being worth so little as to be practically valueless, or the habit of doing so, is the longest non-technical, coined word in Oxford Dictionaries of the English language.

-, at 28 letters, is the longest non-coined, non-systematic English word in Oxford Dictionaries. It refers to a 19th-century political movement that opposed the disestablishment of the Church of England as the state church of England.

French
The longest word, hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobie (36 letters) is the fear (or phobia) of long words. The word is formed from the Latin word sesquipedalia (singular sesquipedalis), which the Ancient Roman poet Horace used in Ars Poetica to describe excessively long words; literally, it means "a foot-and-a-half long".

Like the other phobias in the list, hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobie can be pluralised by adding the letter s to the end. The adjective interdépartemental (18 letters), which also appears in the list, can be made longer by appending the letters es, which gives its plural, grammatically gendered form.

German
In German, whole numbers (smaller than 1 million) can be expressed as single words, which makes - (777,777) a 65 letter word. In combination with -malig or, as an inflected noun, (des …) -maligen, all numbers can be written as one word. A 79 letter word, -, was named the longest published word in the German language by the 1972 Guinness Book of World Records, but longer words are possible. The word was the name of a prewar Viennese club for subordinate officials of the headquarters of the electrical division of the company named the -, "Danube steam boat operation company".

The longest word that is not created artificially as a longest-word record seems to be - at 63 letters. The word means "law delegating beef label monitoring" but as of 2013, it was removed from the books because European Union regulations have changed and that particular law became obsolete, leading to news reports that Germany "had lost its longest word".

In December 2016 the 51-letter word - ("deferral of the second iteration of the federal presidential run-off election") was elected the Austrian Word of the Year 2016. The jury called it a "descriptive word" which "in terms of its content as well as its length, is a symbol and an ironic form of commentary for the political events of this year, characterized by the very long campaign for the presidential election, the challenges of the voting process, and its reiteration."

The tongue twister Rhabarberbarbarabarbarbarenbartbarbierbier gave rise to the novelty song Barbara's Rhubarb Bar (Barbaras Rhabarberbar), which became a viral phenomenon in 2024.

Greek
In his comedy Assemblywomen (c. 392 BC), Aristophanes coined the 182-letter word - (-), a fictional food dish consisting of a combination of fish and other meat. The word is cited as the longest ancient Greek word ever written. A modern Greek word of 22 letters is ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογράφημα (ilektroenkefalográfima) (gen. ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφήματος (ilektroenkefalografímatos), 25 letters) meaning "electroencephalogram".

Hebrew
The longest Hebrew word is the 19-letter-long (including vowels) וכשלאנציקלופדיותינו (u'chshelentsiklopediotenu), which means "And when to our encyclopedias..." The Hebrew word אנציקלופדיה (encyclopedia) is of a European origin.

The longest word in Hebrew that doesn't originate from another language is וכשלהתמרמרויותינו, (u'chshelehitmarmeruyotenu) which crudely means "And when, to our resentments/ grievances"

The 11-letter-long (including vowels) וְהָאֲחַשְׁדַּרְפְּנִים (veha'aḥashdarpením) is the longest word to appear in the Hebrew Bible. – Its meaning is "And the satraps". It also does not originate from Hebrew.

Other very long Hebrew words include:

 * וכשבהשתעשעויותיהם (u'chshebehishta'ashuateyhem) meaning: "And when they were having fun" or "And while in their playfulness".

Hindi
Hindi has a finite list of compound words which are based on established grammatical rules of the language. The word commonly cited as the longest in Hindi is लौहपथगामिनीसूचकदर्शकहरितताम्रलौहपट्टिका (lauhpathagāminīsūchakdarshkaharitatāmralauhpaṭṭikā), which consists of 24 consonants and 10 vowel diacritics, making up a total of 34 characters. The word literally means "a green railway warning signboard made of copper-iron". Its plural would be लौहपथगामिनीसूचकदर्शकहरितताम्रलौहपट्टिकाएँ (lauhpathagāminīsūchakdarshkaharitatāmralauhpaṭṭikāẽ), which has an additional vowel and a diacritic. It is a neologism and not in common use. However this word is a direct loan word or borrowing from Sanskrit rather than a Hindi word.

A much smaller word borrowed from Sanskrit which is in common use and is also often cited as the longest word is किंकर्तव्यविमूढ़ (kinkartavyavimūṛh). It consists of 8 consonants and 5 vowel diacritics, making up a total of 13 characters. The word literally means "confused about what to do", meaning to be bewildered or flabbergasted.

Icelandic
Icelandic has the ability to form compounds of arbitrary length by stringing together genitives (eignarfallssamsetning), so no single words of maximal length exist in the language. However, vaðlaheiðarvegavinnuverkfærageymsluskúr and vaðlaheiðarvegavinnuverkfærageymsluskúraútidyralyklakippuhringur are sometimes cited as particularly long words; the latter has 64 letters and means "a keychain ring for the outdoor key of road workers shed in a moor called Vaðlaheiði".

Analysis of a corpus of contemporary Icelandic texts by Uwe Quasthoff, Sabine Fiedler and Erla Hallsteinsdóttir identified Alþjóðaflutningaverkamannasambandsins ("of the International Transport Workers' Federation"; 37 letters) and Norðvestur-Atlantshafsfiskveiðistofnunarinnar ("of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries' Organization"; 45 letters) as the longest unhyphenated and hyphenated words.

The longest word occurring at least twice in the University of Leipzig isl-is_web_2015 corpus is Auðmannastjórnvaldaembættisstjórnmálaverkalýðsverðlausraverðbréfaábyrgðarlausrakvóta-ræningjaaftaníossaspilling (110 letters).

Irish
The longest non-compound word in Irish is grianghrafadóireacht, a 20-letter-long word meaning "photography".

Italian
The longest word in Italian is traditionally precipitevolissimevolmente, which is a 26-letter-long adverb. It is formed by subsequent addition of postfixes to the original root:
 * 1) precipitevole: "hasty";
 * 2) precipitevolissimo: "very hasty";
 * 3) precipitevolissimevole: "[of someone/something] that acts very hastily", (not grammatically correct);
 * 4) precipitevolissimevolmente: "in a way like someone/something that acts very hastily" (not grammatically correct, but nowadays part of the language).

The word is never used in every-day language, but in jokes. Nevertheless, it is an official part of Italian language; it was coined in 1677 by poet Francesco Moneti: "perché alla terra alfin torna repente / precipitevolissimevolmente" The word technically violates Italian grammar rules, the correct form being precipitevolissimamente, which is three letters and one syllable shorter. The poet coined the new word to have 11 syllables in the second verse.

Other words can be created with a similar (and grammatically correct) mechanism starting from a longer root, winding up with a longer word. Some examples are:
 * sovramagnificentissimamente (cited by Dante Alighieri in De vulgari eloquentia), 27 letters, "in a way that is more than magnificent by far" (archaic);
 * incontrovertibilissimamente, 27 letters, "in a way that is very difficult to falsify";
 * particolareggiatissimamente, 27 letters, "in an extremely detailed way";
 * anticostituzionalissimamente, 28 letters, "in a way that strongly violates the constitution".

The longest accepted neologism is psiconeuroendocrinoimmunologia (30 letters)..

Other long words are:
 * nonilfenossipolietilenossietanolo (33 letters – chemical)
 * pentagonododecaedrotetraedrico (30 letters – 3D geometric figure)
 * esofagodermatodigiunoplastica (29 letters – surgery)
 * elettroencefalograficamente (27 letters – medical adverb: electroencephalographically)
 * diclorodifeniltricloroetano (27 letters – chemical: DDT)

Láadan
Láadan is not agglutinating as there is no mechanism to combine arbitrary words into one without intermediating grammatical mechanisms (such as the ); however, there are a number of affixes that further elucidate the contextual meaning of a word. These are ignored when determining the longest words in the language. The primary reference for vocabulary is the 3rd edition of the official dictionary and grammar.

 * oshetham éelenethilethu, 22 letters not counting the space, or 17 phonemes (since for example ée is a toneme of e, and th is a separate sound from *t or *h separately—the asterisks indicate that neither sound exists in Láadan) – a set phrase for a wreath of grapevine, a common symbol of the language
 * shineshidethóo, 14 letters or 10 phonemes – an invited guest

Latin
The longest attested word in Classical Latin is subductisupercilicarptor, which was coined by the obscure poet Laevius in the 1st century. In Medieval Latin, the longest known word is honorificabilitudinitas, which was first attested in a treatise written by the 8th century Grammarian Peter of Pisa. One can further increase the length of the words by adding the Dative plural case to them, which would result in the words subductisupercilicarptoribus and honorificabilitudinitatibus respectively.

Lithuanian
The longest Lithuanian word is 40 letters long:
 * nebeprisikiškiakopūstlapiaujančiuosiuose – "in those, of masculine gender, who aren't gathering enough wood sorrel's leaves by themselves anymore." – the plural locative case of past iterative active participle of verb kiškiakopūstlapiauti meaning "to pick wood-sorrels' leaves" (leaves of edible forest plant with sour taste, word by word translation "rabbit cabbage"). The word is attributed to software developer / writer Andrius Stašauskas.

Māori
The Māori-language 85-letter place name - is the longest place name in English-speaking countries and second longest in the world, according to Wises New Zealand Guide and The New Zealand Herald.

Polish
Very long Polish words can be created as adjectives from numerals and nouns. For example, Dziewięćsetdziewięćdziesięciodziewięcionarodowościowego, 54 letters, is the genitive singular form of an adjective meaning roughly "of nine-hundred and ninety-nine nationalities". Similar words are rather artificial compounds, constructed within allowed grammar rules, but are seldom used in spoken language, although they are not nonsense words. It is possible to make even longer words in this way, for example:

Dziewięćsetdziewięćdziesiątdziewięćmiliardówdziewięćsetdziewięćdziesiątdziewięćmilionów-dziewięćsetdziewięćdziesiątdziewięćtysięcydziewięćsetdziewięćdziesięciodziewięcioletniego (176 letters, meaning "of 999,999,999,999 years old").

One of the longest common words is 31-letter dziewięćdziesięciokilkuletniemu – the dative singular form of "ninety-and-some years old one". Another known long word is konstantynopolitańczykowianeczka (32 letters), "a daughter of a man who lives in Constantinople" and pięćdziesięciogroszówka (23 letters), "a 50 groszy coin".

Romanian
The longest Romanian word is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcaniconioză, with 44 letters, but the longest one admitted by the Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române ("Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language", DEX) is electroglotospectrografie, with 25 letters.

Russian
Most likely one of the longest Russian words is a chemical term, - (-), which contains 55 letters. It was used in Russian patent RU2285004C2 (granted and published in 2006). This word is an adjective that can describe e.g. a chemical formula. As a noun, it is without the last 4 letters.

Another one is - (-), which contains 35 letters. It is an adjective in the bureaucratic language of the 19th century "meaning a very polite form of addressing clerks, something like Your Excellency, Your Highness, Your Majesty all together" (Guinness World Records 2003). Its dative singular form, - (-, with 36 letters) can be an example of excessively official vocabulary of the 19th century.

Numeral compounds can be long as well, such as - (-), which is an adjective containing 46 letters, meaning "1889-micrometers long".

Sanskrit
Sanskrit allows word compounding of arbitrary length. Nouns and verbs can be expressed in a sentence.

The longest sentence ever used in Sanskrit literature is (in Devanagari):

 * निरन्तरान्धकारितदिगन्तरकन्दलदमन्दसुधारसबिन्दुसान्द्रतरघनाघनवृन्द-सन्देहकरस्यन्दमानमकरन्दबिन्दुबन्धुरतरमाकन्दतरुकुलतल्पकल्पमृ-दुळसिकताजालजटिलमूलतलमरुवकमिलदलघुलघुलयकलितरमणीय-पानीयशालिकाबालिकाकरारविन्दगलन्तिकागलदेलालवङ्गपाटलघनसा-रकस्तूरिकातिसौरभमेदुरलघुतरमधुरशीतलतरसलिलधारानिराकरिष्णुत-दीयविमलविलोचनमयूखरेखापसारितपिपासायासपथिकलोकान्

In IAST transliteration:
 * nirantarāndhakārita-digantara-kandaladamanda-sudhārasa-bindu-sāndratara-ghanāghana-vṛnda-sandehakara-syandamāna-makaranda-bindu-bandhuratara-mākanda-taru-kula-talpa-kalpa-mṛdul̥a-sikatā-jāla-jaṭila-mūla-tala-maruvaka-miladalaghu-laghu-laya-kalita-ramaṇīya-pānīya-śālikā-bālikā-karāra-vinda-galantikā-galadelā-lavaṅga-pāṭala-ghanasāra-kastūrikātisaurabha-medura-laghutara-madhura-śītalatara-saliladhārā-nirākariṣṇu-tadīya-vimala-vilocana-mayūkha-rekhāpasārita-pipāsāyāsa-pathika-lokān

from the Varadāmbikā Pariṇaya Campū by Tirumalāmbā, composed of 195 Sanskrit letters (428 letters in the roman transliteration, dashes excluded), thus making it the longest word ever to appear in worldwide literature.

Each hyphen separates every individual word this word is composed of.

The approximate meaning of this word is:
 * "In it, the distress, caused by thirst, to travellers, was alleviated by clusters of rays of the bright eyes of the girls; the rays that were shaming the currents of light, sweet and cold water charged with the strong fragrance of cardamom, clove, saffron, camphor and musk and flowing out of the pitchers (held in) the lotus-like hands of maidens (seated in) the beautiful water-sheds, made of the thick roots of vetiver mixed with marjoram, (and built near) the foot, covered with heaps of couch-like soft sand, of the clusters of newly sprouting mango trees, which constantly darkened the intermediate space of the quarters, and which looked all the more charming on account of the trickling drops of the floral juice, which thus caused the delusion of a row of thick rainy clouds, densely filled with abundant nectar."

Slovak
Traditionally, the word najneobhospodarovávateľnejšieho ("of the least cultivable", 31 letters) is considered as the longest Slovak word, but there are some longer artificial words. Most of them are compound adjectives in dative, instrumental or other grammatical case and derived from the iterative or frequentative verbal form or the ability adjective form (like -able).

Artificial words, lexically valid but never used in language:
 * znajneprekryštalizovávateľnejšievajúcimi, 40 letters, "through the least crystallised ones"
 * znajnepreinternacionalizovateľnejšievať, 39 letters
 * najnezrevolucionalizovateľnejšiemu, 34 letters
 * najnerozkrasokorčuľovateľnejšieho, 33 letters

Artificial words using Slovak towns or places, lexically valid but never used in language:
 * znajneprehornádskodružstevnianskovávateľnejšievajúcimi, 54 letters
 * znajneprechminianskojakubovianskovávateľnejšievajúcimi, 54 letters

Numerals:
 * deväťstodeväťdesiatdeväťtisícštyristodeväťdesiatdeväť, 53 letters, "999499"
 * sedemstodeväťdesiatsedemtisícsedemstodeväťdesiatsedem, 53 letters, "797797"

Spanish
The longest word in Spanish is esternocleidomastoideitis (inflammation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, 30 letters). Runners-up are anticonstitucionalmente ([proceeding in a manner that is] contrary to the constitution (anticonstitutionally)) and electroencefalografistas (specialists that do electrical scans on brains (electroencephalographists)), both 23 letters.

The word anticonstitucionalmente is usually considered the longest word in general use. This word can be made even longer by the addition of the absolute superlative suffix, rendering anticonstitucionalísimamente (i.e.: "very strongly against the constitution"). Some dictionaries (but not the RAE dictionary ) removed its root word (anticonstitucional) in 2005, causing comments about it not "being a valid word anymore" and suggesting the use of inconstitucional as a replacement.

Swedish
Realisationsvinstbeskattning (28 letters) is the longest word in Svenska Akademiens Ordlista. It means "capital gains taxation", and is usually shortened to Reavinstskatt (same meaning). However, Swedish grammar makes it possible to create arbitrarily long words. One such word is Spårvagnsaktiebolagsskensmutsskjutarefackföreningspersonalbeklädnadsmagasinsförråd-sförvaltarens (94 letters) which means: "[belonging to] The manager of the depot for the supply of uniforms to the personnel of the track cleaners' union of the tramway company".

Toki Pona

The longest word in Toki Pona is - (15 letters), which was proposed in 2009 as an April Fools' joke by the language's creator Sonja Lang as a word for any animal of the Procyonidae family, which includes raccoons and related species. The word has since entered into common use, and it has become common to define - more broadly as any animal from the Musteloidea superfamily. In 2019 James Flear designed a glyph for - in Toki Pona's Sitelen Pona writing system, which has become a popular icon within the Toki Pona community.

As a minimalistic isolating constructed language, most words in Toki Pona are much shorter, the median being 4 letters. The longest words featured in the 2014 book Toki Pona: The Language of Good, Lang's first official Toki Pona publication, are the 7-letter words kepeken ("to use, by means of") and sitelen ("symbol, picture"). The list of proposed country names in the same book also mentions ma - ("Papua New Guinea"), which includes a 14-letter proper adjective.

Vietnamese
Vietnamese is an isolating language, which naturally limits the length of a morpheme. The longest, at seven letters, is, which means "inclined" or "to lean". This is the longest word that can be written without a space. However, not all words in Vietnamese are single morphemes. Indeed, nghiêng can be reduplicated as.

The written language abounds with compound words in which each constituent word is delimited by spaces, just like any freestanding word. Moreover, the grammar lacks inflection to mark parts of speech, and prepositions are often optional. Therefore, the boundary between a word and a phrase is poorly defined. Examples of this ambiguity include:

 * ("racism"), which is composed of the words ("ideology"),  ("discriminate"), and  ("race")
 * Cơm gà xào sả ớt, which literally describes a dish of grilled chicken sauteed with lemongrass and peppers on rice
 * , a polite pronoun composed of five kinship terms

Unlike locally coined compound words, compound words in Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary are less ambiguous, because of the use of premodifiers (as in English) as opposed to the native postmodifiers. Long Sino-Vietnamese words include ("encyclopedia") and  ("hydrodynamics").

Loanwords and pronunciation respellings from other languages can also result in long words. For example, "consortium" is (12 letters), and "Indonesia" may be left as-is or spelled  (13 counting hyphens). The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Vietnam systematically respells foreign names, introducing long names into an official Vietnamese lexicon:

 * Kômixacjepxkaia ("Komissarzhevskaya", 15 letters)
 * Rôjơđextơvenxki ("Rozhdestvensky", 15 letters)
 * Mêtơrôpôliten Ôpêra ("Metropolitan Opera", 18 letters)

Long initialisms in Vietnamese include:

 * (Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam, "Socialist Republic of Vietnam", 8 characters)
 * (Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam, "Viet Cong", 10 characters)

In modern Vietnamese, compound words can be identified fairly easily within title cased text: a morpheme that begins with a capital letter followed by one or more morphemes that begin with a lowercase letter. For example, ("socialism") is capitalized as one component within Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.

Welsh
-, a railway station on the island of Anglesey in Wales, is the longest place name in the Welsh language. At 51 letters in the Welsh alphabet (the digraphs ll and ch are each collated as single letters) the name can be translated as "St Mary's church in the hollow of the white hazel near to the rapid whirlpool and the church of St Tysilio of the red cave". However, it was artificially contrived in the 1860s as a publicity stunt, to give the station the longest name of any railway station in the United Kingdom.

Long words are comparatively rare in Welsh. Candidates for long words other than proper nouns include the following (the digraph dd is also treated as a single letter, as is ng in many instances including in the last word below):

 * gwrthddatgysylltiadaeth (antidisestablishmentarianism)
 * microgyfrifiaduron (microcomputers)
 * gwrthgyfansoddiaethwyr (anticonstitutionalists)
 * lled-ddargludyddion (semiconductors)
 * tra-arglwyddiaethasant (they tyrannised)
 * cyfrwngddarostynedigaeth (intercession) (-au can be added to form the plural, and the word can be further lengthened slightly by initial mutation: fy nghyfrwngddarostynedigaethau, "my intercessions")

title: Longest words


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David McGowan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 00:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

David McGowan
Article about the head of an English department at a college preparatory school. Not notable; however, the article itself is admirably neutral. Delete as vanity/unverified/non-notable. Meelar (talk) 02:10, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Revived 02:15, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 08:50, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. --Coolcaesar 19:20, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Balassa–Samuelson effect

a simple example
Need a simple example. I think an island potato market might be a good example, as this can equate to a real observation. I'm working on this, here's what I have so far:

A simplified story explaining the effect
There are four separate goods in this story: Main land acres, island acres, main land potatos and island potatos, but here we have the key distinction: potatos are a tradable, interchangable commodity. Therefore, there are three distinct goods, giving two prices: i & m. i is the number of potatos per acre on the island, and m the bag/acre mainland price. The exchange rate, e = i/m. At the start of the story, productivity per acre is 1.

...

Of course, in the real world, the serfs will have little motivation to improve productivity since the gain will accrue entirely to the owners. This is one reason why Irish tenant farmers were carful not to make improvements, which may have contributed to the Irish potato famine. [This is ambiguous: You are saying that improvements would have contributed to the Irish potato famine, but I don't think that is what you mean.]

After this, the sections must be re-organised.

Wragge 02:11, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)

 * Short lived famine is usually caused by weather/crop disease/war devastation. Perhaps other example would fit better. Pavel Vozenilek 23:02, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't worry - I don't plan to use famine as an example, just allude to it after the example. Also, I have split the original page in half, the empirical text is on Penn effect now. Wragge 01:24, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)

This has nothing to do with the Balassa-Samuelson effect at all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.149.63.92 (talk) 18:43, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Balassa–Samuelson effect


text:
Falcao

Falcão is a Portuguese surname meaning "falcon". It may refer to:

 * Alessandro Rosa Vieira (born 1977), nicknamed Falcão, Brazilian football and futsal player
 * Clarice Falcão (born 1989), Brazilian actress, singer-songwriter, screenwriter and comedian
 * Élson Falcão da Silva (born 1981), Brazilian footballer
 * Esquiva Falcão (born 1989), Brazilian amateur boxer
 * Lucas de Oliveira Teodoro Falcão (born 1998), Brazilian footballer
 * Lucas Falcão (born 1999), Brazilian footballer
 * Maiquel Falcão (1981–2022), Brazilian MMA Fighter
 * Marcondes Falcão Maia (born 1957), Brazilian singer, known mononymously as Falcão
 * Paulo Roberto Falcão (born 1953), former Brazilian footballer
 * Radamel Falcao (born 1986), Colombian footballer
 * Richard Falcão (born 1987), Brazilian footballer
 * Yamaguchi Falcão (born 1987), Brazilian amateur boxer

title: Falcao