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Outlaw motorcycle club

An outlaw motorcycle club, known colloquially as a bikie gang (in Australia), biker gang or motorcycle gang, is a motorcycle subculture generally centered on the use of cruiser motorcycles, particularly Harley-Davidsons and choppers, and a set of ideals that purport to celebrate freedom, nonconformity to mainstream culture, and loyalty to the biker group.

In the United States, such motorcycle clubs (MCs) are considered "outlaw" not necessarily because they engage in criminal activity, but because they are not sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) and do not adhere to the AMA's rules. Instead, the clubs have their own set of bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture.

The U.S. Department of Justice defines "outlaw motorcycle gangs" (OMG) as "organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises".

Organization and leadership
While organizations may vary, the typical internal organization of a motorcycle club consists of a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, road captain, and sergeant-at-arms (sometimes known as enforcer). In some clubs, localized groups of a single, large MC are called charters or chapters, and the first chapter established for an MC is referred to as the mother chapter. The mother chapter serves as the ruling body of the club. Sometimes, the president of the mother chapter serves as the president of the entire MC, and sets club policy on a variety of issues, whereas other clubs either elect or appoint a National President for this role.

Larger motorcycle clubs often acquire real estate for use as a clubhouse or private compound.

Membership
Some "biker" clubs employ a process whereby members must pass several stages such as "friend of the club", "hang-around", and "prospect", on their way to becoming full-patch (see explanation of 'patching' below) members. The actual stages and membership process can and often do vary widely from club to club. Often, an individual must pass a vote of the membership and swear some level of allegiance to the club. Some clubs have a unique club patch (cut or top rocker) adorned with the term MC that are worn on the rider's vest, known as a kutte.

In these clubs, some amount of hazing may occur during the early stages (i.e., hang-around, prospecting) ranging from the mandatory performance of menial labor tasks for full patch members to sophomoric pranks, and, in rare cases with some outlaw motorcycle clubs, acts of violence. During this time, the prospect may wear the club name on the back of their vest, but not the full logo, though this practice may vary from club to club. To become a full member, the prospect or probate must be voted on by the rest of the full club members. Successful admission usually requires more than a simple majority, and some clubs may reject a prospect or a probate for a single dissenting vote. A formal induction follows, in which the new member affirms his loyalty to the club and its members. The final logo patch is then awarded. Full members are often referred to as "full patch members" or "patchholders" and the step of attaining full membership can be referred to as "being patched".

Biker culture
The majority of members of outlaw motorcycle clubs have no serious criminal record, and express their outlaw status on a social level, equating the word "outlaw" with disregard for the law of groups like the American Motorcyclist Association, not the laws of government. Outlaw bikers view themselves as a fraternity of men who reject societal norms, and their sense of brotherhood is reflected in tattoos, the wearing of club "colors", and earning ranks and titles within a club or chapter. However, there is also a subculture of outlaw biker activity which revolves around performing outrageous acts, the denigration of women, maintaining a macho image, and the heavy use of drugs and alcohol.

Many non-outlaw motorcycle clubs adopt similar insignia, colors, organizational structures, and trappings to outlaw clubs, making it difficult for outsiders (including police) to tell the groups apart. Much of the mystique and many of the unwritten rules, values, and ideals of non-outlaw clubs are believed to come from outlaw clubs.

Charity events
Outlaw clubs are often prominent at charity events, such as toy runs. Charitable giving is frequently cited as evidence that these clubs do not deserve their negative media image. Outlaw clubs have been accused of using charity rides to mask their criminal nature. The American Motorcyclist Association has frequently complained of the bad publicity for motorcycling in general caused by outlaw clubs, and they have said that the presence of outlaw clubs at charity events has actually harmed the needy by driving down public participation and reducing donations. Events such as a 2005 shootout between rival outlaw clubs in the midst of a charity toy drive in California have raised fears about the participation of outlaw biker clubs in charity events. Authorities have attempted to ban outlaw clubs from charity events, or to restrict the wearing of colors at events in order to avert the sort of inter-club violence that has happened at previous charity runs. In 2002, the Warlocks MC of Pennsylvania sued over their exclusion from a charity event.

Identification

The primary visual identification of a member of an outlaw motorcycle club is the vest adorned with a large club-specific patch or patches predominantly located in the middle of the back. The patches will contain a club logo, the name of the club, and the letters MC, and a possible state, province, or other chapter identification. This garment and the patches themselves are referred to as the colors or cut (a term taken from the early practice of cutting the collars or sleeves from a denim or leather jacket). Many non-outlaw motorcycle riding clubs such as the Harley Owners Group also wear patches on the back of their vests, without including the letters MC.

The club patches always remain property of the club itself, not the member, and only members are allowed to wear the club's patches. Hang-arounds or support clubs wear support patches with the club's colors. A member must closely guard their colors for allowing one's colors to fall into the hands of an outsider is an act of disgrace and may result in loss of membership in a club, or some other punishment.

One-, two-, and three-piece patches
The colors worn by members of some motorcycle clubs will sometimes follow a convention of using either a one-piece patch for nonconformist social clubs, two-piece patch for clubs paying dues, a three-piece patch for outlaw clubs or side patches. The three-piece patch consists of the club logo and the top and bottom patches, usually crescent shaped, which are referred to as rockers. The number and arrangement of patches is somewhat indicative of the nature of the club. Though many motorcycle clubs wear the three-piece patch arrangement, this is not necessarily an indication that a club is an outlaw motorcycle club.

Law enforcement agencies have confiscated colors and other club paraphernalia of these types of clubs when they raid a clubhouse or the home of a MC member, and they often display these items at press conferences. These items are then used at trial to support prosecution assertions that MC members perform criminal acts on behalf of their club. Courts have found that the probative value of such items is far outweighed by their unfairly prejudicial effects on the defence.

One percenter

Some outlaw motorcycle clubs can be distinguished by a "1%" or "Diamond" shape patch worn on the colors. This is said to refer to a comment made in 1960 by William Berry, a former president of the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA), that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, implying the last one percent were outlaws.

The alleged AMA comment, supposedly in reference to the Hollister riot of 1947, is denied by the AMA, who claim to have no record of such a statement to the press and that the story is a misquote. Whether the original quote is true or not, the "1%" patch is worn only by clubs characterized by criminality.

Outlaw clubs began wearing the "1%" patch after Hells Angels president Sonny Barger convened a meeting of the leaders of various Hells Angels chapters and other California clubs in 1960 in which the various clubs parleyed over the mutual problem of police harassment. The clubs voted to ally under the patch. In 1963, the Outlaws became the first club east of the Mississippi River to begin wearing the "1%" emblem.

Other patches
Other patches may be worn by members, including phrases and symbols. The style or meaning of these other patches can vary between clubs. Some, such as a skull and crossbones patch, or the motto "Respect Few, Fear None", are worn in some clubs by members who commit murder or other acts of violence on behalf of the club.

There are also wings or biker's wings, which are earned similarly to jump wings or pilot's wings, but with various color-coded meanings, e.g. in some clubs, it is said that a member who has had sex with a woman with venereal disease can wear green wings. It has also been suggested that these definitions are a hoax, intended to make fools of those outside the outlaw biker world, and also to serve the purpose of provoking outrage among conservative public and authorities.

Frequently, additional patches may involve symbols, such as the use of the Iron Cross, Nazi swastikas, the Sig Rune insignia of the Schutzstaffel or the Totenkopf. These may not indicate Nazi sympathies, but serve to express the outlaw biker's total rejection of social constraints, and desire for the shock value among those who fail to understand the biker way.

Sex and race

Most outlaw motorcycle clubs do not allow women to become full-patch members. Rather, in some 1%er clubs, women have in the past been portrayed as submissive or victims to the men, treated as property, forced into prostitution or street-level drug trafficking, and often physically and sexually abused, their roles as being those of obedient followers and their status as objects. These women are claimed to pass over any pay they receive to their partners or sometimes to the entire club. This appears to make these groups extremely gender segregated. This has not always been the case, as during the 1950s and 1960s, some Hells Angels chapters had female members.

Academic research has criticized the methodology of such previous studies as being "vague and hazy", and lacking in participant demography. Such reports may have made clear statements and authoritative analyses about the role of women associated with outlaw motorcycle clubs, but few state how they have come to such conclusions; one admitting that, "[his] interviews with biker women were limited lest [his] intentions were misinterpreted" by their male companions and that such views of women are mythic and "sexist research" in itself, using deeply flawed methodologies and serve two highly political purposes of maintaining a dominance myth of women by men and amplifying the deviance of the male club members.

These myths about the women are: that they are subservient working-class women, used as objects for club sexual rites; are hard bitten, unattractive, and politically conservative; and that they are 'money makers' for the biker men and clubs, i.e., prostitutes, topless barmaids or strippers who are forced to hand over their money to the club. A 1990 paper noted the changing role of women within outlaw motorcycle clubs, and a 2000 paper stated that they now have agency and political savvy, reframing the narratives of their lives. "We did it. We showed them we are real women dealing with real men. I'd much prefer to be living with an OMC member than some dork who is a pawn in the system", said one woman who felt she and her peers had "set the record straight". One woman in 2001 described the previous work done by men about women in the outlaw motorcycle club world by saying "the men that wrote that must be meatheads". They [women] are part of the scene because they want to be and enjoy it. These women have broken from society's stereotypically defined roles and find freedom with the biker world.

High-profile outlaw bikers have historically been white and their clubs are typically exclusively racially homogeneous. Other sources state outright, that "With few exceptions, blacks are excluded from membership or riding with one-percenter biker clubs." The average age for a club studied was 34.

There are black clubs, white clubs, and Mexican and other Spanish-speaking clubs. Bikers in American prisons, as prisoners generally do, band together along racial lines. It is claimed that racial discrimination within clubs has led to creation of rival clubs in the past, such as the Mongols Motorcycle Club after members were rejected by the local Hells Angels chapter. Some clubs or individual chapters are now multi-racial, but the number of "white supremacist biker clubs are growing nationwide".

Outlaw motorcycle clubs and crime
Many members of outlaw motorcycle clubs engage in criminal activities and organized crime and "pose a serious domestic threat". Law enforcement agencies perceive such individuals and motorcycle clubs as being unique among criminal groups because they maintain websites and businesses, identify themselves through patches and tattoos, write and obey constitutions and bylaws, trademark their club names and logos, and even hold publicity campaigns aimed at improving their public image. The term "outlaw motorcycle gang" was coined by the journalist Hunter S. Thompson in 1966 and was subsequently adopted by federal and local law enforcement agencies in the United States and elsewhere.

Outlaw motorcycle clubs as criminal enterprises
The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Criminal Intelligence Service Canada have designated four MCs as "outlaw motorcycle gangs": the Hells Angels, the Pagans, the Outlaws, and the Bandidos, known as the "Big Four". These four have a large enough national impact to be prosecuted under the U.S. Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute. The California Attorney General also lists the Mongols and the Vagos as outlaw motorcycle gangs.

The FBI asserts that outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMGs) support themselves primarily through drug dealing, trafficking in stolen goods, and extortion, and that they fight over territory and the illegal drug trade and collect $1 billion in illegal income annually. Motorcycle gangs frequently begin mutually beneficial partnerships with independent criminals, and maintain a large network of associates by doing so. Crimes are typically carried out by associates rather than "full patch" members in order to protect the club from implication by law enforcement. In 1985 a three-year, eleven-state FBI operation named Roughrider culminated in the largest OMG bust in history, with the confiscation of $2 million worth of illegal drugs, as well as an illegal arsenal of weapons, ranging from Uzi submachine guns to antitank weapons. In October 2008, the FBI announced the end of a six-month undercover operation by agents into the narcotics trafficking by the Mongols Motorcycle Club. The bust went down with 160 search warrants and 110 arrest warrants

Canada, especially, has in the late 20th century experienced a significant upsurge in crime involving outlaw motorcycle clubs, most notably in what has been dubbed the Quebec Biker War, which has involved more than 150 murders (plus a young bystander killed by an exploding car bomb), 84 bombings, and 130 cases of arson. The increased violence in Canada has been attributed to turf wars over the illegal drug trafficking business, specifically relating to access to the Port of Montreal, but also as the Hells Angels have sought to obtain control of the street level trade from other rival or independent gangs in various regions of Canada. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gazette, quoting from the Provincial Court of Manitoba, defines these groups as: "Any group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have voluntarily made a commitment to band together and abide by their organizations' rigorous rules enforced by violence, who engage in activities that bring them and their club into serious conflict with society and the law".

The Hells Angels sponsors charitable events for Toys for Tots in an attempt to legitimize themselves with public opinion.

Contrary to other criminal organizations, OMGs operate on an individual basis instead of top-down, which is how supporters can claim that only some members are committing crimes. Belonging guarantees to each member the option of running criminal activity, using other members as support—the main characteristic of OMGs being "amoral individualism", in contrast to the hierarchical orders and bonds of "amoral familism" of other criminal organizations such as the Mafia. U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) agent William Queen, who infiltrated the Mongols, wrote that what makes a group like them different from the Mafia is that crime and violence are not used as expedients in pursuit of profit, but that the priorities are reversed. Mayhem and lawlessness are inherent in living "The Life" and the money they obtain by illegal means is only wanted as a way to perpetuate that lifestyle.

Recently, authorities have tried tactics aimed at undermining the gang identity and breaking up the membership. But in June 2011 the High Court of Australia overturned a law that outlawed crime-focused motorcycle clubs and required members to avoid contact with one another. In the U.S., a Federal judge rejected a prosecutor's request to seize ownership of the Mongols Motorcycle Club logo and name, saying the government had no right to the trademarks. Federal prosecutors had requested, as part of a larger criminal indictment, a court order giving the government ownership of the logo in order to prevent members from wearing the club's colors.

Relationships between outlaw motorcycles clubs
Certain large one-percent MCs have rivalries between each other and will fight over territory and other issues. Sometimes smaller clubs are forced into or willingly accept supportive roles for a larger one-percent club and are sometimes required to wear a "support patch" on their vests that shows their affiliation with the dominant regional club. Smaller clubs are often allowed to form with the permission of the dominant regional club. Clubs that resist have been forcibly disbanded by being told to hand over their colors on threat of aggression.

In Australia and the United States, many MCs have established statewide MC coalitions. These coalitions are composed of MCs who have chapters in the state, and the occasional interested third party organization, and hold periodic meetings on neutral ground where representatives from each club meet in closed session to resolve disputes between clubs and discuss issues of common interest. Local coalitions or confederations of clubs have eliminated some of the inter-club rivalry and together they have acted to hire legal and PR representation.

Support clubs
Larger outlaw motorcycle clubs will often establish localized smaller clubs that are subservient to the gang. These clubs are referred to as support clubs, satellite clubs or puppet clubs. They act as auxiliary groups, providing support to the larger club by propelling their influence further, acting as sources of recruitment and various other ways in return for protection and to bolster their reputations. Support clubs can also be used to help the principal club facilitate criminal activities.

Regional scenes
Although the outlaw motorcycle club subculture has a tendency to be associated with the United States, a large number of regional scenes have emerged transcontinentally within countless nations across the globe.

Europol has reported that there has been steady growth in the membership of outlaw motorcycle clubs worldwide since the year 2005.

Australia
Outlaw motorcycle clubs are reported to have first appeared in Australia during the 1960s. Here, they are commonly referred to as "bikie gangs".

At present, there exist an abundance of outlaw motorcycle clubs in Australia - many of which are homegrown clubs (founded within the country) and have since expanded overseas. However, a good amount of the country's groups are chapters of international one-percenter clubs which originated outside of Commonwealth of Australia such as the Hells Angels and the Mongols MC.

The year 2007 saw an increase of the country's amount of OMCG chapters. According to the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission, there are (at least) 38 outlaw motorcycle gangs operating across the nation as of 2020.

Belgium
Outlaw biker clubs first began to appear in Belgium in the 1970s, and the Belgian biker scene continued to be dominated by small local clubs until the 1990s. In 1992, Belgium's Blue Angels club became the first international club in the country when they merged with the Blue Angels of Scotland. The Hells Angels opened its first Belgian chapter in Ghent in 1997. In 1999, the Outlaws formed its first chapter in Belgium through a "patch over" of an indigenous Outlaws club based in Mechelen. The Belgian Federal Police has designated the Bandidos, the Blue Angels, the Hells Angels and the Outlaws as criminal motorcycle gangs.

Canada
Outlaw motorcycle clubs first began to appear in Ontario and Quebec in the early 1950s. In 1978, the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada launched Project Focus, an investigation into motorcycle gangs. By 2002, there were 26 motorcycle gangs operating in Canada, the largest and most powerful of which being the Hells Angels. Canadian biker gangs are involved in money laundering, intimidation, assault, attempted murder, murder, fraud, theft, counterfeiting, loan-sharking, extortion, prostitution, escort agencies, strip clubs, and the trafficking of illegal weapons, stolen goods, contraband, and illicit alcohol and cigarettes.

Some of the other major biker organizations (aside from Hells Angels) that have operated in Canada, include the following:

 * Bandidos – Founded in the 1960s in Texas, the gang operates various chapters in many cities, such as Toronto at one time, they currently do not operate in Canada. According to NGIC's 2009 report, the Bandidos are the second-most powerful criminal biker gang, with more than 2,000 members in 14 countries.
 * Outlaws – First established in 1935 in the U.S., the Outlaws made their way into Canada in 1977 when several chapters of Satan's Choice (in Montreal, Quebec) changed allegiance and decided set up shop as the Outlaws Motorcycle Club of Canada. The Outlaws are known to detest the Hells Angels.
 * Rock Machine – Second only to Hells Angels in Quebec (not Canada). A long-running turf war with the Hells Angels has left hundreds of people dead while the two gangs fought over the territorial drug trade (as narcotics was, and still is, a lucrative black market business). The ongoing war also led to the enactment of anti-gang and anti-organized crime legislation by the federal government, consequentially leading to more severe penalties and harsher sentencing. The Rock Machine expanded into Ontario where they established three new chapters. In 2001, the organization aligned itself with the Bandidos.
 * Satan's Choice – Once one of Ontario's strongest, most cohesive motorcycle gangs, Satan's Choice became part of the Hells Angels' during H-A's 2000–2001 larger expansion further into Ontario. Satan's Choice had branches in Keswick, Kitchener, Oshawa, Sudbury, Simcoe County, Thunder Bay and Toronto — but nothing outside the province at that time.
 * Para Dice Riders – Another group that was once amongst Ontario's strongest biker gangs. Its membership was initially limited to the Toronto, Ontario area, until the group was absorbed by the Hells Angels in 2001, when the H-A moved into Ontario.
 * Last Chance – A small Ontario-based biker gang that agreed to switch over and join up with the Hells Angels when they, the world's most powerful biker gang decided to move into the province (Ontario).
 * Lobos – Originally from and concentrated around the Windsor, Ontario area, the Lobos motorcycle gang decided to take up with the Hells Angels on its offer of merge with them in 2001.
 * Loners – The Loners Motorcycle Club was founded in Woodbridge, Ontario in 1979, having a handful of chapters, which included a now-defunct chapter in southwestern Ontario. The Loners have at least sixteen (16) chapters in Canada, ten (10) chapters in Italy, nine 9) in the United States and several chapters in other countries across the world. The club was established by two well-known Italian-Canadian bikers, Frank Lenti and Gennaro Raso. As part of its Ontario expansion, the Hells Angels tried to persuade the St. Thomas, Ontario Loners chapter to merge with them. In Ontario, its highest media profile in recent years was in the infamous legal battle (by the Toronto chapter) involving animal rights and personal property. This 2001 legal court battle was so that the Loners could fight to keep their official mascot, Woody the Lion on their property, which was located just north of Toronto. The Loners lost the legal battle and their lion was removed and placed into an animal sanctuary outside of Toronto.
 * The Lion, nicknamed "Woody" was kept in a tidy 25-metre by 25-metre pen area. He was a club pet from the age of approximately three weeks, and was named for a biker who died in a motorcycle accident. Woody was confiscated and shipped to a compound near Barrie after the club was charged with violating a King Township bylaw against keeping exotic pets.  All on account of pre-dawn raids by the York Regional Police and the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP).
 * Vagabonds – An Ontario-based motorcycle gang that was mostly absorbed by the Hells Angels when they expanded into Ontario in 2000–2001.
 * The Red Devils – Said to be the oldest motorcycle gang in Canada (the "Original Red Devils," founded in 1948), the group is made up of a few dozen members concentrated in and around the Hamilton, Ontario area.

Canadian West
The late 1970s and early 1980s were considered to be the "golden age" in Western Canada for independent outlaw motorcycle clubs.

Quebec
Outlaw motorcycle clubs first appeared in the Canadian province of Quebec during the early 1950s. By the year 1968, the province was home to at least 350 of such groups – with most of, if not all, being "home-grown" – rather than having origins outside of Canada (or even Quebec). Some of the most notable outlaw biker gangs at this time were Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club, Popeye Moto Club, Devil's Disciples Motorcycle Club (unrelated to the American group of the same name), the Gitans, the Atomes, the Missiles MC, and of course, Hells Angels. The largest, most-feared chapter of Hells Angels was formed in Montreal, Quebec in 1977, when a biker gang called the Popeyes joined up the Hells Angels. After the Rock Machine emerged in 1986, they quickly became the number one rival of the Hells Angels, and a full-blown turf war between the two biker gangs erupted in the 1990s; unfortunately, claiming more than 150 individual lives, including two (2) prison guards and an innocent 11-year-old boy named Daniel Desrochers, who died several days after a planted car bomb exploded and a piece of shrapnel penetrated his head.

Throughout the 1990s, the province of Quebec witnessed violent confrontations between rivaling outlaw biker gangs with activities that ranged from homicides to bombings. Such violence and brutality was a decade-long conflict between the Hells Angels and the Rock Machine, better known as the "1994 Biker Wars." The Quebec Biker Wars officially began on 13 July 1994, when three (3) masked-men shot and killed Pierre D'aoust (member of a Hells Angels-affiliated club called the Death Riders) at a motorcycle shop in Montreal. This ongoing feud largely stemmed over territory and the narcotics trade in Quebec, while also being fueled further by long-standing rivalries, deep-seated hatred and animosities between major players in the Quebec criminal underworld at that time. To provide a general idea of the criminal underworld involvement, it's essential to recall that the Hells Angels in Quebec at that time (i.e. 1994) were backed by Vito Rizzuto (of the Montreal Mafia), while the Rock Machine were affiliated with the criminal coalition known as the Alliance Against the Angels (otherwise known as the Dark Circle). The two central figures in the 1994 conflict were the leaders of the two warring gangs (Hells Angels and the Rock Machine): Maurice "Mom" Boucher (leader of Quebec's Hells Angels); and Salvatore Cazzetta (leader of the Rock Machine). The extreme levels of violence, assassinations, bombings, arson attacks, fly-by-fire attacks eventually led to the creation and passing of both Bill C-95 in 1997 and Bill C-24 in 2001 – setting forth harsher punishments and penalties for members of gangs and organized crime groups.

Over the next several weeks, the violence reached a peak. In one week in September 1995, there was an assassination in a parking lot; bombings at a strip club, a bar and the mansion of an organized crime figure; arson attacks on a pawn shop, tanning salon and a used-car lot; and a friendly-fire incident where bikers accidentally killed three members of their own club.

The Hells Angels (or "H-A" as they're often referred to) were, and continue to be, one of the more prominent biker gangs still in existence today in Quebec and other regions of Canada – having at least 34 different chapters across the country in April 2009.

Germany
The first outlaw biker clubs in Germany were established by American military stationed in the country, including the Bones MC, founded in 1968, and the Ghost Riders MC, formed in 1972.

Indonesia
Outlaw motorcycle clubs began developing rapidly in Indonesia in the 1990s, although some of the country's homegrown groups are said to have existed as early as the 1970s. The presence of biker gangs in Indonesia has received national media attention.

Large international outlaw biker groups which have expanded into Indonesia include the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club, Eight Demons Motorcycle Club,Finks Motorcycle Club, Satudarah Motorcycle Club, Rebels Motorcycle Club, Rock Machine Motorcycle Club, and the Diablos Motorcycle Club.

Netherlands
Outlaw motorcycle clubs have been present in the Netherlands since the 1970s. In 1978, the Hells Angels absorbed the Kreidler Ploeg Oost biker club in Amsterdam.

The most prominent Dutch club is Satudarah MC. Following the group's initial foundation in Moordrecht, they've since expanded into 44 chapters across the nation and have branched out internationally within at least 20 countries. Another notable one of these groups to have come out of the Netherlands is No Surrender Motorcycle Club. While not as large as Saturdarah, they have still managed to set up branches overseas with an approximant total of more than one thousand members in roughly 19 nations across the globe.

Due to the notable presence of biker gangs in the Netherlands, alongside their tendency to be involved in criminal activity, certain one-percenter groups have been subject to nationwide prohibition by the Judiciary of the Netherlands.

New Zealand
New Zealand has a rather large outlaw motorcycle club scene which has gained a significant amount of national and international media attention over the years.

Biker gang violence is viewed as a growing problem within the country.

Sweden
The outlaw motorcycle club movement of Scandinavia and the Nordic countries started in Sweden after numerous groups were established throughout the country during the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Sweden's variation of the subculture was greatly influenced by the American one-percenter biker scene.

Thailand
The Kingdom of Thailand, along with many other parts of South-East Asia, have chapters of some of the most prominent international outlaw motorcycle clubs in the world including the Rebels Motorcycle Club, the Mongols Motorcycle Club, and the Outlaws Motorcycle Club. Additionally, the Comanchero Motorcycle Club, Gremium Motorcycle Club, Satudarah Motorcycle Club, No Surrender Motorcycle Club, and the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club all have chapters in Thailand.

One notable outlaw motorcycle club to have been founded in Thailand are the Diablos Motorcycle Club. They are a support club for the larger Bandidos Motorcycle Club, who themselves also have chapters within the country.

United Kingdom
The outlaw biker scene of the U.K. began as early as the 1960s and has four main independent clubs, the Blue Angels MC, Road Rats MC, Commitatus MC, and the Satans Slaves MC (unrelated to the New Zealand-based MC of the same name).

United States
The outlaw biker subculture emerged in the United States in the late 1940s, as disenfranchised servicemen returned from World War II and founded motorcycle clubs to replicate the camaraderie and psychological stimulation they had experienced in the war. Early biker clubs established by World War II veterans included the Boozefighters, the Hells Angels, the Market Street Commandos and the Pissed Off Bastards of Bloomington. Various other clubs, such as the Bandidos, the Sons of Silence and the Warlocks, were later formed by Vietnam veterans.

According to the U.S. Department of Justice, there were approximately 500 motorcycle gangs operating in the United States in 1991, with a combined membership of several thousand. These gangs range in levels of criminal sophistication, from groups of thugs to well-organized criminal networks. A government survey published in 1990 found that outlaw motorcycle gangs control 40% of the traffic of dangerous drugs in the U.S., including three quarters of the methamphetamine trade. A subsequent study concluded that outlaw motorcycle gangs control or are heavily involved in the sale of meth in 38 states.

East Coast
The drug trade is the main source of income for motorcycle gangs, and the bikers on the East Coast deal primarily in cocaine. Outlaw biker clubs also control approximately 70–80% of the methamphetamine market in New York City and Albany, New York, however. Motorcycle gangs are also more heavily involved in prostitution on the East Coast than on the West; women operate the streets and out of gang-owned massage parlours and escort services. Eastern U.S. biker gangs use bodyguard services, horse ranches, vending machine companies, lawn services, and real estate to launder money.

Midwest
Cocaine is the drug most commonly distributed by biker gangs in the Midwest. Motorcycle gangs in the central U.S. launder money via beauty shops, towing companies, construction companies, horse ranches, and real estate.

Detroit has had an affluent presence of outlaw motorcycle clubs since the 1960s. Some of the most notable clubs to have come out of the city of Detroit include the Forbidden Wheels Motorcycle Club, Highwaymen Motorcycle Club, Outcast Motorcycle Club, Satan's Sidekicks Motorcycle Club, and Scorpions Motorcycle Club.

West Coast

As of 2008, there are approximately 60 outlaw motorcycle gangs active in California, with a combined membership of around 2,000. Motorcycle gangs in the Western U.S. deal primarily in methamphetamine. As a result of stringent laws regarding the sale of precursor chemicals, and the formation of task forces to target clandestine labs in California, many methamphetamine manufacturers from the state relocated to the Pacific Northwest, where the rugged terrain and sparse population of rural Oregon and Washington made ideal conditions for clandestine meth labs. According to a 1989 report by the Western States Information Network (SWIN), 11% of drug labs seized had outlaw motorcycle gang paraphernalia present at the site. Motorcycle gangs in the western U.S. launder money through interior decorating businesses, construction companies, locksmiths, pizza parlors, jewelry businesses, and real estate.

Cultural influence
Outlaw motorcyclists and their clubs have been frequently portrayed and parodied in movies and the media generally, giving rise to an "outlaw biker film" genre. It generally exists as a negative stereotype in the public's subconscious and yet has inspired fashion trends  for both males and, as "biker babes", for females. The appearance has even been exploited by the fashion industry bringing it into legal conflict with some clubs and simultaneously encouraging a cultural specific fetishistic look that conveys sex, danger, rebelliousness, masculinity, and working class values.

The biker style has influenced the look of other sub-cultures such as punk, heavy metal, leather subculture and cybergoth fashion, and, initially an American subculture, has had an international influence. Bikers, their clothing, and motorcycles have become cultural icons of mythic status, their portrayal generally exaggerating a criminal or deviant association exploited by the media for their own often financial interests.

Literature

 * Brigands M.C. (2009), the eleventh novel in the teenage spy series CHERUB by Robert Muchamore, sees the protagonists attempt to take down the eponymous biker club.
 * The outlaw biker film genre took off in the mid-1960s, after the Hells Angels club became prominent in the media, in particular, after Hunter S. Thompson's book Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (1966) was published.
 * Brigands M.C. (2009), the eleventh novel in the teenage spy series CHERUB by Robert Muchamore, sees the protagonists attempt to take down the eponymous biker club.
 * The outlaw biker film genre took off in the mid-1960s, after the Hells Angels club became prominent in the media, in particular, after Hunter S. Thompson's book Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (1966) was published.

Television

 * The mini-series The Last Chapter (2002) was set in Toronto and Montreal, and portrayed a fictional feud reminiscent of the Quebec Biker War in which The Triple Sixers MC attempted to establish a chapter in the province of Ontario. This show predated Sons of Anarchy by six years.
 * Sons of Anarchy portrays a fictional outlaw motorcycle club, founded mainly by Vietnam War veterans, which is involved in various criminal activity and associated with underworld gangs. The show's creator thought it was too obvious to have them be methamphetamine dealers, and so instead they traffic illegal guns.
 * True Detective season one portrays an antagonistic outlaw biker club located in Galveston, Texas called the Iron Crusaders. Homicide Detective Rust Cohle infiltrates the club as his former undercover alias "Crash" and joins some of its members on a failed home invasion in order to elicit information on their methamphetamine cook who is believed to have ties to serial murders in Louisiana.
 * Bikie Wars: Brothers in Arms: The six-episode series dramatises the story of the Milperra massacre, when the Bandidos and the Comanchero motorcycle clubs went to war on Father's Day, Sunday 2 September 1984. The massacre had its beginnings after a group of Comancheros broke away and formed the first Bandidos Motorcycle Club chapter in Australia. This resulted in intense rivalry between the two chapters. At a public swap meet at the Viking Tavern at Milperra, New South Wales, a brief but violent battle ensued with seven people shot dead, including a 14-year-old innocent female bystander. A further 28 people were wounded with 20 requiring hospitalisation. Each episode starts with a quote stated by Justice Adrian Roden when the clubs went before the New South Wales Supreme Court; "As patriotism can lead to jingoism and mateship can lead to cronyism, so bikie club loyalty can lead to bikie club war."
 * Gangland Undercover is an American dramatized series inspired by the true story of police informant Charles Falco, who infiltrated several bike clubs in the United States in the early 2000s.
 * Mayans M.C. is a spin-off of Sons of Anarchy centered around the Sons' rivals turned allies, the predominantly Mexican Mayans Motorcycle Club.
 * The plot of the Danish-language miniseries Warrior revolves around a fictional biker gang in Copenhagen known as the Wolves MC.
 * The German-language TV show, Dogs of Berlin, features a fictional Muslim outlaw motorcycle club known as the Death Daggers MC.
 * The TV series Bad Blood features a fictional French-Canadian biker gang known as the Devil's Kings MC as a participant in Montreal's drug trade.
 * In Season 11, Episode 9 of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit features a New York-based outlaw motorcycle gang known as the Death Knights who reputably engage in contract killing as well as prostitution. The plot of the episode is centered around the murder of one of the club's members.
 * Several TV series set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe feature a fictional outlaw motorcycle gang called the Dogs of Hell, who engage in various criminal activities including theft, drug trafficking, and murder. In the episode "Yes Men" of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., members of the gang are enthralled by the Asgardian Lorelai as her personal army. In the Marvel/Netflix series Daredevil and The Punisher, the Hell's Kitchen, New York chapter of the gang is targeted for extermination by Frank Castle during his vigilante campaign against his family's killers, and are fought by both Castle and Matt Murdock/Daredevil.

Video games

 * The 2008 action-adventure game Grand Theft Auto IV and its episodic content feature two warring outlaw motorcycle clubs: the Lost and the Angels of Death. The former serve as the main focus of the first story expansion, Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned, which follows the efforts of the club's vice-president (later president), Johnny Klebitz, to keep the gang alfoat when they are faced with various problems, such as the war with the Angels and a conflict with the Mafia. The Lost return as minor antagonists in Grand Theft Auto V, where they become caught in a war with one of the protagonists, Trevor Philips, which ends with heavy losses for the gang. The club is also featured as antagonists in Grand Theft Auto Online, where many missions involve the player stealing the Lost's product or killing their members. An outlaw biker-themed update for the game, entitled GTA Online: Bikers, was released on 4 October 2016, and introduced various biker-themed weapons, clothing, and vehicles, as well as the ability for players to join or start their own motorcycle clubs and run illicit businesses, such as counterfeit cash factories and cocaine lockups.
 * The critically panned 2013 videogame Ride to Hell: Retribution tells the story of a one-percenter who seeks revenge for his brother's death, caused by the bosses of rival gangs.
 * Days Gone is a 2019 post-apocalyptic survival game set in Oregon where the protagonist, Deacon St. John and his friend William "Boozer" Gray, are former members of an outlaw motorcycle club known as the Mongrels, and they still wear their club's colors.

title: Outlaw motorcycle club


text: User talk:62.59.235.152

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:62.59.235.152


text:
Stonethwaite

Stonethwaite is a small village in the Lake District in the English county of Cumbria, historically part of Cumberland, it is situated in the valley of the Stonethwaite Beck, a side valley of Borrowdale, and within the Lake District National Park. It is on the Cumbria Way long-distance footpath.

History
The farm at Stonethwaite was once owned by the monks at Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire from 1195 as part of lands they owned in the Borrowdale valley. The monks of Furness complained to King Edward II that they objected to the terms of the ownership of what was now a thriving dairy business. The king did not adjudicate but merely sequestrated the farm and then sold it back to Fountains Abbey in 1304 for two pounds.

Governance
Stonethwaite is within the Copeland UK Parliamentary constituency and the North West England European Parliamentary constituency. Trudy Harrison is the Member of parliament.

Before Brexit for the European Parliament its residents voted to elect MEP's for the North West England constituency.

For Local Government purposes it is in the Keswick Ward of Allerdale Borough Council and the Keswick Division of Cumbria County Council.

Stonethwaite has its own Parish Council; Borrowdale Parish Council.

title: Stonethwaite


text:
Talk:Chord symbol

Heading
Wahoofive, are you able to change the heading "Pop chord symbols" to reflect the "naming conventions first, then analytical tools" layout on Interval (music). Hyacinth 17:21, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you mean. Do you want the page reorganized somehow, or do you just want the phrase "pop chord symbol" replaced with something that doesn't imply what kind of music it describes? If the latter, I haven't been able to think of anything so far. That's what we called them when I was teaching music theory, even when we were using them for Classical music. Anyway, the pop chords are arguably more descriptive and the Roman numerals more analytical, so we're still following the general order of Interval (music). There aren't any really serious analytical tools on this page, since it's about symbols only, as opposed to Chord (music) (a page that's on my list for serious reorganization) and diatonic function (which is pretty impenetrable). —Wahoofive | Talk 22:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

German
(moved from User talk:Woodstone) Thank you for your changes to Chord symbol. The only beef I have is the inclusion of the German H. I've never seen a chord symbol like Hm7. However, Note (music) should describe this, as well as "Es" for E-flat, "Fis" for F-sharp, and so on. —Wahoofive | Talk 23:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * In some German music sheets you can indeed see Hm, H7 etc. I double checked in my library. I also found some examples with mixed mode: H (for B), but still Bb. I will add the Bes and Fis notation.−Woodstone 16:21, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)

Flats
I don't know how to get rid of the extra space surrounding the flat sign. That's why I've continued to use b and #. —Wahoofive | Talk 17:35, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * How about italic b, like in Bb, so we get B# and Bb instead of Bb ? −Woodstone 18:42, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)

Looks good to me. —Wahoofive | Talk 21:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Spacing in relative measures
The latest few edits have been replacing relative measures (%) by absolute ones (px). This is a bad idea, since it does not scale for users that have other font and/or screen sizes. Please use only relative measures like %, em, ex. −Woodstone 21:19, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yup good point I've changed it now Andeggs 13:50, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Integrating this page with chord (music)
Why is this page seperate from Chord (music)? It seems to me like the two topics naturally fit together and would not create an overly-long page. Many beginners know a few chord symbols but don't understand how chords are created or fit with one another. One page describing all this would be helpful. Any thoughts?Andeggs 13:35, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd vote to keep them separate. If we combine them we'll just end up splitting them again in six months or a year when the combined article gets too large. It's a big topic, especially since "chords" could go far beyond anything notated by these symbols: see Polychord, Quartal and quintal harmony, etc. —Wahoofive (talk) 18:03, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * First off, I am happy to abide by what is agreed here. I do want to say however that the Chord (music) page needs a big shake-up. At the moment the wikipage of one of the foundational concepts of music is practically impenetrable to the beginner. It seems ludicrous that the triads and sevenths, for example, are listed here but not in the triad section of the chord page. One solution of course is to repeat the material on the two pages - but since 'chord symbol' really only requires one column in these tables - can't we just merge? To reiterate, I am happy to go along with the consensus - but I think these two pages could be much better and we need some debate on it. Tara Andeggs 22:13, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chord symbol


text:
Chester Transportation Center

The Chester Transportation Center is a SEPTA bus and train station in Chester, Pennsylvania. The outside portion of the ground level serves SEPTA City Transit Division Route 37, and Suburban Transit Division Routes 109, 113, 114, 117, 118, and 119.

Above the building of the transportation center is the train station. The tracks run over the building. The station is served by the Wilmington/Newark Line. The line offers southbound service to Wilmington and Newark, Delaware and northbound service to Philadelphia.

This station is located at 6th and Welsh Streets.

History
Chester station was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1903. While in the 1940s Chester was a common intermediate stop for services between New York and Washington, by the 1970s this was reduced to just one daily train; the station was also served by Amtrak's Chesapeake, which stopped both ways between Philadelphia and Washington during its existence from 1978 through 1983.

All long-distance services have since stopped calling at Chester. PRR/PC/Conrail local trains to Marcus Hook/Wilmington/Newark continued until SEPTA took them over in 1983.

Station layout
Chester has two low-level side platforms with walkways connecting passengers to the inner tracks. Amtrak's Northeast Corridor lines bypass the station via the inner tracks.

title: Chester Transportation Center


text:
Viral hemorrhagic fever

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses. VHFs may be caused by five distinct families of RNA viruses: the families Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and several member families of the Bunyavirales order such as Arenaviridae, and Hantaviridae. All types of VHF are characterized by fever and bleeding disorders and all can progress to high fever, shock and death in many cases. Some of the VHF agents cause relatively mild illnesses, such as the Scandinavian nephropathia epidemica (a hantavirus), while others, such as Ebola virus, can cause severe, life-threatening disease.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of VHFs include (by definition) fever and bleeding:
 * Flushing of the face and chest, small red or purple spots (petechiae), bleeding, swelling caused by edema, low blood pressure (hypotension), and circulatory shock.
 * Malaise, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea occur frequently.

The severity of symptoms varies with the type of virus. The "VHF syndrome" (capillary leak, bleeding diathesis, and circulatory compromise leading to shock) appears in a majority of people with filoviral hemorrhagic fevers (e.g., Ebola and Marburg virus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and the South American hemorrhagic fevers caused by arenaviruses, but only in a small minority of patients with dengue or Rift Valley fever.

Causes
Five families of RNA viruses have been recognised as being able to cause hemorrhagic fevers.

 * The order Bunyavirales includes the families Arenaviridae, Fimoviridae, and all members of the former family Bunyaviridae, especially Peribunyaviridae.
 * The family Arenaviridae include the viruses responsible for Lassa fever (Lassa virus), Lujo virus, Argentine (Junin virus), Bolivian (Machupo virus), Brazilian (Sabiá virus), Chapare hemorrhagic fever (Chapare virus), Venezuelan (Guanarito virus) and Whitewater Arroyo virus hemorrhagic fevers.
 * The former family Bunyaviridae includes
 * the causative agents of Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HV-HFRS) (Hantaviridae),
 * the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus from the genus Orthonairovirus (Nairoviridae),
 * Garissa virus and Ilesha virus from the genus Orthobunyavirus (Peribunyaviridae), and
 * the Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus from the genus Phlebovirus (Phenuiviridae).

 * The family Filoviridae (order Mononegavirales) includes Ebola virus and Marburg virus.
 * The family Flaviviridae (order Amarillovirales) includes dengue, yellow fever, and two viruses in the tick-borne encephalitis group that cause VHF: Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus and Kyasanur Forest disease virus.
 * The family Togaviridae (order Martellivirales) includes Chikungunya virus which causes Chikungunya fever.
 * Family Rhabdoviridae (order Mononegavirales): In September 2012 scientists writing in the journal PLOS Pathogens reported the isolation of a member of the Rhabdoviridae responsible for two fatal and two non-fatal cases of hemorrhagic fever in the Bas-Congo district of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The virus was named Bas-Congo virus. The non-fatal cases occurred in healthcare workers involved in the treatment of the other two, suggesting the possibility of person-to-person transmission. This virus is related to the Ephemerovirus and Tibrovirus genera.

The pathogen that caused the cocoliztli epidemics in Mexico of 1545 and 1576 is still unknown, and the 1545 epidemic may have been bacterial rather than viral.

Pathophysiology
Different hemorrhagic fever viruses act on the body in different ways, resulting in different symptoms. In most VHFs, it is likely that several mechanisms contribute to symptoms, including liver damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and bone marrow dysfunction. In DIC, small blood clots form in blood vessels throughout the body, removing platelets necessary for clotting from the bloodstream and reducing clotting ability. DIC is thought to cause bleeding in Rift Valley, Marburg, and Ebola fevers. For filoviral hemorrhagic fevers, there are four general mechanisms of pathogenesis. The first mechanism is dissemination of virus due to suppressed responses by macrophages and dendritic cell (antigen presenting cells). The second mechanism is prevention of antigen specific immune response. The third mechanism is apoptosis of lymphocytes. The fourth mechanism is when infected macrophages interact with toxic cytokines, leading to diapedesis and coagulation deficiency. From the vascular perspective, the virus will infect vascular endothelial cells, leading to the reorganization of the VE-cadherin catenin complex (a protein important in cell adhesion). This reorganization creates intercellular gaps in endothelial cells. The gaps lead to increased endothelial permeability and allow blood to escape from the vascular circulatory system.

The reasons for variation among patients infected with the same virus are unknown but stem from a complex system of virus-host interactions. Dengue fever becomes more virulent during a second infection by means of antibody-dependent enhancement. After the first infection, macrophages display antibodies on their cell membranes specific to the dengue virus. By attaching to these antibodies, dengue viruses from a second infection are better able to infect the macrophages, thus reducing the immune system's ability to fight off infection.

Diagnosis
Definitive diagnosis is usually made at a reference laboratory with advanced biocontainment capabilities. The findings of laboratory investigation vary somewhat between the viruses but in general, there is a decrease in the total white cell count (particularly the lymphocytes), a decrease in the platelet count, an increase in the blood serum liver enzymes, and reduced blood clotting ability measured as an increase in both the prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin times (PTT). The hematocrit may be elevated. The serum urea and creatine may be raised but this is dependent on the hydration status of the patient. The bleeding time tends to be prolonged.

Prevention
With the exception of yellow fever vaccine and Ebola vaccines, vaccines for VHF-associated viruses are generally not available. Post-exposure prophylactic (preventive) ribavirin may be effective for some bunyavirus and arenavirus infections.

VHF isolation guidelines dictate that all VHF patients (with the exception of dengue patients) should be cared for using strict contact precautions, including hand hygiene, double gloves, gowns, shoe and leg coverings, and face shield or goggles. Lassa, CCHF, Ebola, and Marburg viruses may be particularly prone to nosocomial (hospital-based) spread. Airborne precautions should be utilized including, at a minimum, a fit-tested, HEPA filter-equipped respirator (such as an N95 mask), a battery-powered, air-purifying respirator, or a positive pressure supplied air respirator to be worn by personnel coming within 1.8 meter (six feet) of a VHF patient. Groups of patients should be cohorted (sequestered) to a separate building or a ward with an isolated air-handling system. Environmental decontamination is typically accomplished with hypochlorite (e.g. bleach) or phenolic disinfectants.

Management
Medical management of VHF patients may require intensive supportive care. Antiviral therapy with intravenous ribavirin may be useful in Bunyaviridae and Arenaviridae infections (specifically Lassa fever, RVF, CCHF, and HFRS due to Old World Hantavirus infection) and can be used only under an experimental protocol as IND approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Interferon may be effective in Argentine or Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers (also available only as IND).

Epidemiology

 * Cocoliztli in Mexico 1545 and 1576 (suspected)
 * The Great Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 in Philadelphia, PA, US. Nearly 10% of the population of 50,000 died from the disease.
 * Mékambo in Gabon is the site of several outbreaks of Ebola virus disease.
 * Orientale Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo villages of Durba and Watsa were the epicenter of the 1998–2000 outbreak of Marburg virus disease.
 * Uíge Province in Angola was the site of another outbreak of Marburg virus disease in 2005, the largest one to date of this disease.
 * A VHF outbreak in the village of Mweka, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) that started in August 2007, and that has killed 103 people (100 adults and three children), has been shown to be caused (at least partially) by Ebola virus.
 * A viral hemorrhagic fever is a possible cause of the Plague of Athens during the Peloponnesian War.
 * A viral hemorrhagic fever is an alternate theory of the cause of the Black Death and the Plague of Justinian
 * The initial, and currently only, outbreak of Lujo virus in September–October 2008 left four of five patients dead.
 * The 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak, which was the biggest outbreak in history.

Biowarfare potential
The VHF viruses are spread in a variety of ways. Some may be transmitted to humans through a respiratory route. The virus is considered by military medical planners to have a potential for aerosol dissemination, weaponization, or likelihood for confusion with similar agents that might be weaponized.

title: Viral hemorrhagic fever


text:
Talk:Vitreous enamel

Old stuff
These images are copyright. Is this not a violation? --Wetman 17:22, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Don't worry, I'm the one with the copyright on them and the images are free to use, as long as they aren't changed.--Chammy Koala 19:00, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Can I mention Erika Speel Dictionary of Enamelling as a reference (being connected to the author)? Jackiespeel 18:11, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I removed an external link someone added to: http://www.frey-wille.com/ I don't think this is the place to advertise commercial sites with no educational content. In my opinion the Erika Speel reference would be a good contribution.

Pre-enamelling technique?
I came here looking for a technique i'd read about similar in technology ,creation and function to enamelling, but can't fid it. it was used by the scandanavian cultures (Viking era peoples) and IIRC, also used high temp baking ,but didn't use glass, but something else... anyone help?ThuranX 19:20, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * nevermind. it's niello.ThuranX 06:52, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Not enough science or technology
How does the process work? What sort of glass is used? Need much more info. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Scott Adler (talk • contribs) 08:55, 5 February 2007 (UTC).

I agree to this - we do need a lot more on the technology here. Ruth Fillery-Travis (talk) 17:46, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Enamelling - not just a metalworking technique
I have added a brief section on Roman glass vessel enamelling, but I wanted to point out that enamelling isn't just a metalworking technique. Perhaps someone who knows how (sorry, i'm just a beginner) could link this article to glass working etc as well? Ruth Fillery-Travis (talk) 17:45, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Bicycles...
"Bicycle frames and similar steel objects are traditionally stove enamelled in countries such as the UK."

I'm not really sure what the latter part of this sentence means. If this kind of technique is carried out in countries "such as the UK", what are these other 'similar' countries? Is the process done somewhere else? Is the stove-enamelling technique reserved to a certain kind of bicycle frame? And what kind of object is "similar" to a bicycle frame?? Jimjamjak (talk) 10:41, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

English variations
In the first version of this ariticle (found here) I found the following BR/US spelling:

 * colorful -US
 * Enamelling -BR
 * advertising -BR
 * jewelry -US
 * enameled -US
 * enameling -US
 * colored -US
 * gray - US

That's 6 to 2 for US spelling, therefore US spelling is what this article should be written in. Wizard191 (talk) 20:45, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * As Enamelling is used in the original I have restored it. Also, the claim of 'BR', which I assume you mean British, is not exclusively correct. For example 'enamelling' is used in a number of countries other than Britain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.184.32.190 (talk) 21:45, 23 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Also, the original contributor was British. See  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.184.32.190 (talk) 21:51, 23 April 2010 (UTC)
 * And the quoted temperatures were in centigrade and not fahrenheit. The latter now only being used in the US. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.184.32.190 (talk) 21:54, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I've asked for a 3rd opinion, because I don't think you are going to accept any argument I propose. However, I'm still going to point out that WP:ENGVAR doesn't say anything about using WHOIS to determine what type of English should be used, nor using the temperature, which is defined at WP:UNIT as being the most commonly used worldwide, here being Celsius. Wizard191 (talk) 22:04, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Please do nto start an edit war yourself and then post inapproprate warnins to others. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.184.32.190 (talk) 22:30, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I was the one who made the spelling consistent in April 2007, although I did miss the fact that the article used both enamelling and enameling. I agree with the third opinion, and I agree with the change  Wizard191 made. VMS Mosaic (talk) 02:37, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

Third opinion
Okay here is my opinion. First the facts: Those are the facts. We have one argument for US spelling plus several irrelevant points. Therefore, I agree that this article should comply with WP:ENGVAR and spell all words in the US style, because the majority of the article is written that way. ~Amatulić (talk) 01:23, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The original article used mostly US spelling. WP:ENGVAR requires that "each article should consistently use the same conventions of spelling, grammar, and punctuation." This is a strong argument for using US spelling given the preponderance of US-spelled words.
 * Celsius is a worldwide standard, and even US-context articles use that standard. All US scientists use the metric system. This is an article about a scientific subject, so it would naturally use the metric system. This is not an argument for using either US or UK spelling.
 * "Enamelling" is an accepted spelling in the US. The article uses both spellings; therefore, one cannot use this as an argument for US or UK spelling. Pick one and be consistent.
 * The "original contributor" is unknown. An anonymous IP from the UK moved this article here from somewhere else. This isn't an argument for UK spelling.

 * I have come here after looking at . My opinion (4th?) is of that to claim  is an error. My experience, from France + other countries, is that of what is called British spelling is the lingua franca, so the debate is really .

 * No, that isn't the debate. What one calls the spelling isn't relevant. What matters is Wikipedia policies and guidelines, specifically WP:ENGVAR. ~Amatulić (talk) 01:05, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Thanks for the help guys! Wizard191 (talk) 23:03, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Aluminium

 * The spelling of aluminium with -ium rather than -um is the most widely recognised.
 * Aluminium is used by Wikipedia itself, see Aluminium.
 * Aluminium is the recognised spelling of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
 * Aluminium is the spelling recognised by Wikipedia's Manual iof Style, see  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.160.123.159 (talk) 20:32, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

Layout
I'm in R & D at one of the major industrial porcelain enamel suppliers, and I am also active in the Porcelain Enamel Institute (PEI). This article starts with presenting enamel in terms of jewelry then goes into the industrial section that I wrote. I think it would be better to merge the two? Meanwhile, I am going to slowly expand the industrial section and try to add some technical information on frit making, enamel application, and so forth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Baldwinc4150 (talk • contribs) 16:55, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

The three noted examples of jewelry example should go with the descriptions of the techniques. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Baldwinc4150 (talk • contribs) 23:30, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

English variations - again
The following is a conversation I had on my talk page: Wizard191 (talk) 18:08, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

You have recently posted the follwing message which concerns the edits such as Thankyou. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.54.238.178 (talk • contribs)
 * The edits are not vandalism. The reasons for the edits were noted twice in the edit summary. I would be grateful if you took note of these reasons before claiming 'vandalism.'
 * The spelling of aluminIum is the spelling used: internationally, by Wikipedia itself (see Aluminium), and by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).
 * Changing from aluminIum to aluminum is a hypercorrection, as was noted inthe second of my edit summaries.

Was this edit a good idea? The point seems well made to me. See also Aluminium. Johnbod (talk) 23:05, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi guys. The reason I keep reverting the change in spelling of aluminium/aluminum is because the article is written in American English, which is noted on the talk page. The relevant policy for the spelling of aluminium/aluminum is WP:ALUM, which states: "These international standard spellings should be used in all chemistry-related articles on English Wikipedia, even if they conflict with the other national spelling varieties used in the article." This is not a chemistry article, therefore the American spelling should be used. Wizard191 (talk) 12:24, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

 * As such, aluminium should be spelled aluminum. Wizard191 (talk) 18:08, 12 July 2010 (UTC)
 * WP:ALUM is a paragraph in Manual of Style (chemistry)/Nomenclature. It therefore only relates to chemistry articles - you cannot at the same time cite it as an authority & then say it does not apply here because this is not a chemistry article! At the same time, I think that the principle it lays down is sound, and should apply here also. "Aluminium" cannot be said NOT to be an American spelling, especially in scientific contexts, though clearly it is not the most common. If we were talking about saucepan, things would be different. Incidentally, the original edit of this article, apparently moving text from somewhere else, mixed both US & UK spellings, so I wouldn't rely too much on the historical argument! Johnbod (talk) 18:18, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Well I'm completely confused by your logic now. WP:ENGVAR states to use the English variation that is first used in the article, which was determined above to be American English, therefore any Br/Am should be in American English. The only policy/guideline I know that over-rides this is WP:ALUM, but, as we both agree, this isn't a chemistry article. Therefore I don't see where the ambiguity comes from; aluminium should be spelled aluminum. Wizard191 (talk) 18:28, 12 July 2010 (UTC)
 * You were the one who introduced WP:ALUM. Imo this should apply to articles in related fields also. But in any case Aluminium is is also clearly a US spelling, very common in scientific contexts, if not in everday ones. Johnbod (talk) 19:08, 12 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I brought up WP:ALUM because it is the only guideline I know that overrides WP:ENGVAR. Your argument for its application too non-chem articles should be taken up at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (chemistry), as that is far outside the realm of this discussion. Wizard191 (talk) 19:24, 12 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I am resting my case on WP:ENGVAR; you are claiming that aluminium is not American English, but it clearly is, used all the time in scientific contexts. This is the 3rd time I have had to explain this. Johnbod (talk) 19:33, 12 July 2010 (UTC)
 * "Most countries use the spelling aluminium (with an i before -um). In the United States, this spelling is largely unknown, and the spelling aluminum predominates." This is the quote from aluminium; there are two references on that statement. If that is wrong, please fix it in the aluminium article and then you'll have a case to stand on. Wizard191 (talk) 20:55, 12 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree that the correct spelling for this article is controlled by WP:ENGVAR, and therefore is 'aluminum'. VMS Mosaic (talk) 04:01, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

I disagree. The spelling should be consistent with the article name aluminium, as that is the preferred international spelling, according to the article. I also agree that WP:ALUM overrides WP:ENGVAR. Why would an article about a chemical element substance not be a chemistry article? It seems to contain enough chemistry content to qualify; therefore, aluminium should be the spelling used. ~Amatulić (talk) 04:58, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
 * This article isn't about a chemical element, therefore I don't think you can correctly ascertain whether or not WP:ALUM applies. Wizard191 (talk) 12:20, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Late-night typo, fixed. I stand by my comment. ~Amatulić (talk) 15:06, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
 * That's an extremely low threshold for a chemical article. Paper is made from chemicals, but I don't think any one would call paper a chemistry article. Perhaps you should get someone from WP:CHEMS to comment on that aspect. Wizard191 (talk) 15:08, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

For a third time
From my talk page: Wizard191 (talk) 14:13, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Please stop this - the point is settled in the MOS: ALUM. Johnbod (talk) 20:53, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

 * The only time that WP:ALUM applies is "For articles about chemistry-related topics". Vitreous enamel is about a ceramic manufacturing process, not a chemistry article, therefore WP:ALUM doesn't apply. Wizard191 (talk) 14:03, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I had forgotten that this was discussed many times before (as shown above). It seems that there was no-consensus before, therefore the original layout revision should stand, until a consensus is built. Based the on the previous discussion, those seeking to change the spelling from aluminum to aluminium (JohnBod?) should discuss it at WP:CHEMS, instead of trying to strong arm me. Wizard191 (talk) 14:14, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Whether you have expressed your opinion against this spelling once, twice, thrice or more the spelling of aluminium is accepted, and as noted earlier
 * -ium is the most widely recognised.
 * -ium is used by Wikipedia itself, see Aluminium.
 * -ium is the recognised spelling of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
 * -ium is the spelling recognised by Wikipedia's Manual iof Style, see

 * Also, see another editor's recent comment "Please stop this - the point is settled in the MOS: ALUM."

 * Regarding your comment "Vitreous enamel is about a ceramic manufacturing process, not a chemistry article .." Given enamel is form of glass most sources would not class it as a ceramic material, but that's a digression. Anyway, as an article that unquestionably relates to a branch of material science any rules, policies or guidelines related to such a subject, one that is intimately connected to chemistry do apply, so to quote: "Wikipedia follows the recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry"; "Aluminium not Aluminum"; "These international standard spellings should be used in all chemistry-related articles on English Wikipedia, even if they conflict with the other national spelling varieties used in the article. This convention should also be applied to all compounds and derivative names of these chemicals: e.g. sulfate not sulphate; sulfuric not sulphuric; etc."

 * And, please could you not post aggressive 'warnings' about 'vandalism' to people when it is simply an edit you do not personally like, and when the reason for the change has been accurately noted in the edit summary, appropriate comments added to the discussion page and other editors have voiced support. These 'warnings' could be interpreted as attempts to bully. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.160.123.159 (talk) 07:31, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Seeing how we are just going round and round here, I've gone ahead and asked for input from the WP:CHEMS project. Wizard191 (talk) 19:22, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Coming in from that pointer, the only question I see is how broadly applicable the WP:ALUM standard is (whether this is a chemistry-related article, or just about some thing that by the definition of "thing" is made out of a chemical). I don't recall the MOS folks ever giving explicit precedence to either ENGVAR or ALUM over the other. Seems like WT:MOS might want to join us? Anyway, I'm with "ium", since in the context here, the article is clearly talking about this material as a chemical and its behavior or properties in combinations with other chemicals rather than just as a construction material. I'm not sure about "is the whole article a chemistry one", but chemistry seems pretty intimately related with the sections where this word is involved.
 * On another topic, it most certainly is not WP:VANDALISM to change something to be in line with an explicit wikipedia guideline, and even explaining that. Escalating vandalism warnings for good-faith edits is completely inappropriate. DMacks (talk) 19:42, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Everyone knows that there is only ONE mention of Al right? --Rifleman 82 (talk) 12:10, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
 * ....which I'm getting rather tempted to remove! Johnbod (talk) 12:49, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Well thanks for the input DMacks. Per your POV I'll concede that WP:ALUM applies. Wizard191 (talk) 19:34, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Factual errors and confusing sentence
The sentence now reads, "Enamelled" and "enamelling" are the preferred spellings in British English, while "enamelled" and "enameling" are preferred in American English. This is a confusing and incorrect sentence. The correct spelling in American English is "enameled". The anon IP editor refuses to acknowledge the correct English varieties and refuses to respect the national variety of English this article was originally written in. I encourage him or her to read WP:ENGVAR and please discuss here rather than edit-warring to defend these changes. Elizium23 (talk) 00:24, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, please stop this. Johnbod (talk) 00:57, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vitreous enamel


text:
File:Meersbrook park pan.jpg

Meersbrook Park, Sheffield. Aspect is approximately NW, looking towards city centre. Photograph taken 10-Apr-2005 by Lithiumlad (N.Cox). Image is 800x241 JPEG format.

title: File:Meersbrook park pan.jpg


text:
User:Soman/Tribhuvan University Teachers Association

Tribhuvan University Teachers' Association (TUTA), an organization of teachers at the Tribhuvan University, in Kathmandu, Nepal.

In order to bring the Tribhuvan University teachers out of them with their perspectives, TUTA University campus unit had initiated the publication of its journal Perspectives on Higher Education in 2002. Five volumes of this journal, though sporadically, have already been published.

Prof. Dr. Krishna Prasad Ghimire was the secretary of TUTA.


text:
Chichester Fortescue

Chichester Fortescue may refer to:

 * Chichester Fortescue (1718–1757), MP for Trim
 * Chichester Fortescue (1750–1820), Admiral and MP for Trim, son of the above
 * Chichester Fortescue (1777–1826), MP for Hillsborough, nephew of the above
 * Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford (1823–1898), Liberal politician, son of the above

title: Chichester Fortescue


text:
Talk:Elliott Gotkine

I went to uni with this guy and he's a total twat — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.146.150.154 (talk) 20:56, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

VFD
On 4 April 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Elliott Gotkine for a record of the discussion. – ABCD 17:23, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elliott Gotkine


text:
User:Gagrisofex

Hello everyone! My name is Gagriso (gu-GRIS-o). I picked up that nick name several years back, and now if you called me by my real name, i doubt i would answer. My real name is Josh Felix, if you are wondering. I live in Gresham, Oregon, with my girlfriend Becca. I am a manager at a grocery store. I like cats and I drink 4 cups of coffee a day. That's all about me.

title: User:Gagrisofex


text:
User talk:Dtwo

Image source problem with Image:Tc-db.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Tc-db.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 01:24, 9 August 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ~MDD4696 01:24, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Tc-dia.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Tc-dia.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 07:56, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dtwo


text: Category:Hong Kong lyricists

title: Category:Hong Kong lyricists


text:
User talk:Dvasi

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing!

title: User talk:Dvasi


text:
User talk:Salva31

 * Archive 1 -- April 2005 to October 2005

title: User talk:Salva31


text:
Template talk:File source

{{documentation|content=

Usage
The   template is used to notify a user that an image which they uploaded needs a copyright status to be clearly specified.

 Image:image name
 * Image:image name is the name of the image file.

Note that subst: should be used to emit this message. There is no need to reprocess the template. In fact, it's impossible; this is the result if you try:

Unspecified source for
Thanks for uploading :. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the file also doesn't have a copyright tag, then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

}}

Reminder of available tags
this should say something about the possible tags and such. - Omegatron 17:26, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

Header choice
The idw templates use the image name as the header. That's nice because you don't then get 10 headings all the same, I've tried to do the same here. Zeimusu | (Talk page) 08:39, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

List of copyright tags
I added a wikilink to Image copyright tags, so they could easily find the list of tags, as the copyright link is rather lengthy, and not really helpful for the users who wont read the whole thing. <> Who ? ¿ ? 7 July 2005 01:48 (UTC)

Why "copyright tag"?
Why does this say "it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag" when it's supposed to be about the lack of a source? Bovlb 07:00, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I am wondering about the same thing... Thue | talk 20:16, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have rewritten the template. Thue | talk 20:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Template nominated for deletion
‹The template Image_source has been proposed for deletion here.› // Pathoschild 06:45, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The template survived this nomination. See here for the discussion. -Splash talk 03:34, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Top image
I reccomend the image at the top of this template be deleted as it seems like an imposing warning to people who don't know the copyright policies for Wikipedia images. Despite whatever the text says underneath it, the image sends clear message of "STOP" when we should really be saying, "Hey, just letting you know..." Any opinions? JHMM13 (T | C)  05:21, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I just came here to say the same thing. I agree that the big red image should be removed as I think it really gives entirely the wrong message, and potentially will frighten off new Wikipedians, whose first action may have been to upload an image without thinking of copyright. The first sentence should however make it clear that the image may be deleted.  --RobertG ♬ talk 16:13, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Re This media may be deleted: it's ungrammatical
Media is always a plural in proper usage. Shouldn't we just change the template to read this image? H AM  20:34, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It sometimes refers to PDFs or ogg files. - cohesion t 06:03, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Image legality questions
The Untagged images project is going to start a new help page for people that get their images tagged as no source, or no license (see discussion ) At Image legality questions. image copyright, image source and Orphanbot's message will all point there as a centralized clearing house for questions so that they don't sit on individuals talk pages for long, and to help with the automated notifications. - cohesion t 06:13, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Minor wording issue
I notice that the headline says "Image tagging Image:x". Shouldn't it say "Image tagging for Image:x"? Mr.  L  e  fty   Talk to me! 18:42, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

User created images, how to attribute?
The current template reads:  If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

An either nor? These two if not's need combining, or fixing. Should the first sentence be if you did ? There should be direction for folks who did create the image themselves as to how to source. Is a GFDL-self enough combined with edit history, or is an explicit author attribution required in the image description? I'd like to see a similar pointer to the nsd template, see Template_talk:No_source. ∴ here…♠ 08:32, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Clarification and on-topic edits
Rather than boldly editing such a high-profile template, I propose that the first two paragraphs be changed as follows:

"Thanks for uploading :. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then you need to specify who owns the copyright, please. In most cases, a link to the website where it was taken from with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content is sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher then their copyright should also be acknowledged."

"As well as the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use."

This will keep the template on topic (it is supposed to be about image source, and so that's what the first paragraph should be about, the rest is incidental), and it also complies with the copyright policies, particularly fair use policy #10. Also, I think the template should say "please"! If there are no objections I will implement the change. --RobertG ♬ talk 11:04, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 26 May 2021
Please remove the GFDL-self suggestion. We shouldn't suggest users to even consider this impractical and obsolete license. We should suggest and Creative Commons instead. --MGA73 (talk) 06:00, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Lol it was not protected so I fixed it myself. --MGA73 (talk) 06:06, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Template talk:File source


text: User talk:68.175.33.69

title: User talk:68.175.33.69


text:
Richard Stokes (politician)

Richard Rapier Stokes, (27 January 1897 – 3 August 1957) was a British soldier and Labour politician who served briefly as Lord Privy Seal in 1951.

Early life and family
The second son of Philip Folliott Stokes, a barrister, and his wife Mary Fenwick Rapier, the only surviving child of Richard Christopher Rapier (1836–1897) of Ransomes & Rapier, Richard Stokes was educated at Downside School, Sandhurst and after the war Trinity College, Cambridge. He served in the Royal Artillery during World War I, winning the Military Cross and bar and the Croix de Guerre.

His uncle Sir Wilfred Stokes, chairman and managing director of the engineering firm Ransomes & Rapier invented the Stokes Mortar in World War I. His uncle Leonard Stokes was an architect who designed the new buildings at Downside School (built 1912, when Richard was at Downside). Another uncle was the landscape painter Adrian Scott Stokes.

Richard Stokes was the maternal uncle of Katharine Hull, coauthor of The Far Distant Oxus and its sequels, and was also a good friend of author Arthur Ransome, who helped with the books publication.

Business career
On going down from Cambridge he joined his family's business, Ransomes & Rapier, and was made managing director at the age of 30. When rearmament was proposed by the National Government Stokes offered to charge the nation cost price for all his firm's rearmament work, although it was rejected by the National Government - a rejection he criticised in his maiden speech. Though he held office under Labour governments he was said to have remained a backbencher at heart.

Prewar political career
Stokes was chairman (1939) and supporter of the School of Economic Science, an economics study group that expounded the economic theories of the American economist Henry George.

He unsuccessfully fought Glasgow Central for Labour in 1935.

He was a member of the anti-semitic group, Militant Christian Patriots.

Stokes won the Ipswich seat in a 1938 by-election, which he kept in the 1945, 1950, 1951 and 1955 elections. He was known for his independence in parliament.

Opposition to the Second World War
Prior to the war, he co-wrote a paper (with Andrew MacLaren and George Lansbury) analysing the economic forces menacing peace in Europe. He founded and led the Parliamentary Peace Aims Group which was critical of the war, although his opposition was regarded as being a "fascist fellow traveller" rather than a pacifist.

He was personally friendly with prominent English far-right figures such as Hastings Russell, Marquis of Tavistock and Gerard Wallop, Viscount Lymington.

In January 1940, Stokes wrote a self financed pamphlet entitled What is Happening in Europe? sent to every member of both Houses of Parliament which was sympathetic to German arguments, explicitly blaming Poland which he called "a state monstrously swollen by aggression" while Czechoslovakia was "a fortress state obviously directed against Germany".

Questioning the war's conduct
With Bishop George Bell and fellow Labour Member of Parliament (MP) Alfred Salter, he opposed area strategic bombing during World War II. Stokes was seen as the most determined critic of area bombing in the House of Commons.

It was Stokes's questions in the House of Commons on the bombing of Dresden that were in large part responsible for the shift in British opinion against this type of raid. Frederick Taylor writes that Stokes repeated information from the German Press Agency (controlled by the Propaganda Ministry) and although the destruction of Dresden would have affected people's support for the Allies regardless of German propaganda, at least some of the outrage did depend on Goebbels' falsification of the casualty figures.

Stokes raised other issues after the war relating to Yalta and the forced repatriation of Yugoslavs, and the treatment of Dr George Chatterton-Hill in Germany. He was part of the Hankey lobby that lobbied in favour of Wehrmacht generals so that they would be able to fight against the Soviet Union if needed. Stokes was also a prominent critic of the inadequacy of Allied tank design.

Postwar career
Following the 1945 general election, Labour were returned to power. Stokes was denied office, possibly because of his war time politics, devoted much of his energy to the Friends of Ireland group, of which he was treasurer. He was a member of the Executive of Save Europe Now, a group formed to improve the conditions for civilians in the British occupation zone in Germany.

He was appointed Lord Privy Seal and the new position of Minister of Materials in April 1951, succeeding Ernest Bevin but served only a few months before Labour lost the 1951 general election. He aimed to show that the proposed armaments programme could be carried out, contrary to Aneurin Bevan and Harold Wilson (who had resigned over this and other issues). He was involved in the controversy over the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. After Labour lost power to the Conservatives he was elected to the Shadow Cabinet where he served as shadow Defence spokesman, although he was voted out in 1956.

Death
Stokes died at home on 3 August 1957 in London of an apparent heart attack, according to his death notice. A few days before, on 23 July, he had been in a road accident when his car overturned during a thunderstorm on the flooded London road at Stanway near Colchester. The injuries which he sustained contributed to his death from a pulmonary embolism.

title: Richard Stokes (politician)


text:
User:Mickyates

Mick Yates is a Contemporary Documentary Photographer, a Visiting Professor, Inter-Disciplinary Ethics, University of Leeds, and co-founder, Photo|Frome Festival.

Following a global business career at Procter & Gamble and Johnson & Johnson he developed the 4Es Leadership Framework.

title: User:Mickyates


text:
User talk:Mickyates

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 17:27, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mickyates


text:
Philip Inman, 1st Baron Inman

Philip Albert Inman, 1st Baron Inman, PC (12 June 1892 – 26 August 1979) was a British Labour politician.

Background and education
Inman was the son of Philip Inman (d. 1894), of Knaresborough, Yorkshire, a rate collector, by his wife Hannah Bickerdyke, of Great Ouseburn, Yorkshire. He was educated at Headingley College, Leeds, and Leeds University. He fought in the First World War, where he was invalided out. He married May Dew on 27 August 1919; they had a son, Philip John Cope Inman, on 15 March 1929.

Career
In 1946 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Inman, of Knaresborough in the West Riding of the County of York. He served under Clement Attlee as Lord Privy Seal, with a seat in the cabinet, from April to October 1947, when he resigned. The same year he was Chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC.

Personal life and death
Lord Inman died in August 1979, aged 87. His son had predeceased him in 1968 and so the barony became extinct.

Legacy
A plaque in Knaresborough commemorates the house in which Inman was born.

title: Philip Inman, 1st Baron Inman


text: User talk:81.179.91.148

title: User talk:81.179.91.148


text:
User talk:John Frink

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Oliver Keenan
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Hello Mr. Frink, I was wondering where you got all of those candidate names for the 2005 Canadian elections? You filled in all of the atlantic provinces but I was wondering if you just filled them in by looking at last years candidates.--Esto 23:50, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:59, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:John Frink


text: User talk:218.103.193.183

title: User talk:218.103.193.183


text: File:Battle of Stones River, Dec 31 1862 to Jan 3, 1863.png