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Heterogeneous database system

A heterogeneous database system is an automated (or semi-automated) system for the integration of heterogeneous, disparate database management systems to present a user with a single, unified query interface.

Heterogeneous database systems (HDBs) are computational models and software implementations that provide heterogeneous database integration.

Problems of heterogeneous database integration
This article does not contain details of distributed database management systems (sometimes known as federated database systems).

Technical heterogeneity
Different file formats, access protocols, query languages etc. Often called syntactic heterogeneity from the point of view of data.

Data model heterogeneity
Different ways of representing and storing the same data. Table decompositions may vary, column names (data labels) may be different (but have the same semantics), data encoding schemes may vary (i.e., should a measurement scale be explicitly included in a field or should it be implied elsewhere). Also referred as schematic heterogeneity.

Semantic heterogeneity
Data across constituent databases may be related but different. Perhaps a database system must be able to integrate genomic and proteomic data. They are related—a gene may have several protein products—but the data are different (nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences, or hydrophilic or -phobic amino acid sequence and positively or negatively charged amino acids). There may be many ways of looking at semantically similar, but distinct, datasets.

The system may also be required to present "new" knowledge to the user. Relationships may be inferred between data according to rules specified in domain ontologies.

title: Heterogeneous database system


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Huancayo

Huancayo (in Wankayu, '(place) with a (sacred) rock') is the capital of the Junín Region and Huancayo Province, in the central highlands of Peru, in the Mantaro Valley and is crossed by the Shullcas, Chilca and Mantaro rivers. It was founded as a reduction by the name Santísima Trinidad de Huancayo on 1 June 1572, by Don Jerónimo de Silva, a Spanish conquistador. It is the fifth largest city in Peru, with a population of 500,000 and is among the highest cities in Peru, with an altitude of 3,256 meters (10,692 feet) above sea level. It is considered the economic and social center of central Peru

The Huanca people largely inhabited the area even before the Inca Empire at around 500 BC. They would later form the so-called Huanca kingdom.They were incorporated into the Inca Empire, becoming a stopping point along the Qhapaq Ñan, the section that runs through the city, which today is called Calle Real. Upon the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors notably Francisco Pizarro, the Huancas became faithful and staunch allies, participating in the capture of Cusco and the battles against the Incas of Vilcabamba.

Etymology
The word Wankayuq is composed of the root wanka ('stone') and the derivative suffix -yuq ('the one who has'), a common morpheme in other toponyms of the Mantaro Valley. In that sense, a translation of the name would be "The Place of the Stone." This theory is accompanied by an oral tradition of the city that pointed out that in the location of the current Huamanmarca square, there existed at the beginning of the population an oval stone of considerable dimensions. Currently there is no such rock or evidence of its location.

Pre-Columbian era
The area was originally inhabited by the Huancas. At around 500 BC, they were incorporated into the Wari Empire. Despite efforts to defend its independence, the Huancas were eventually subdued by the Inca leader Pachacutec in 1460 and the region was incorporated into the Inca empire. It subsequently became a notable stopping point along the Inca Camino Real.

It was the Wari culture, whose main center is located in what is now the Department of Ayacucho that first began its expansion northward in the sixth century. The peoples of the central area of the valley were part of what became known as the Wari empire. From that time are the remains of the Huari village of Huarivilca. The fall of this empire was followed by the rise of another culture, the Inca culture.

Around 1460, under the rule of the Incan emperor, Pachacuti, the Incas took control of the region and annexed it to their empire. The resistance of the Huancas, as well as the policy of acculturation of the Incas (based on the introduction of their religion and language), caused that in this area there was no peaceful coexistence but rather an area of constant convulsion and repression by the Cusco people. However, despite the resistance of the fortress of Watury, the valley was exploited for its fertility and the area was used as one of the main passes of the Inca trail that headed north towards the cities of Cajamarca and Quito.

Colonial era
After the Spanish colonization in 1534, Huancayo was overshadowed by Jauja, a provisional capital of Peru, until Lima took over that role, as established by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro. In 1570, the viceroy Francisco de Toledo established the site as the center of his encomienda Guancayo. The town was officially established on 1 June 1572 with the title of Santísima Trinidad de Huancayo. In 1813, Huancayo celebrated the promulgation of the Constitution of Cadiz, changing the name of "Plaza del Comercio" to "Plaza de la Constitución".

The main temple (now the Cathedral of Huancayo) was built on land donated by notable neighbors. Its construction began on March 18, 1799 and was completed on March 18, 1831. The square where the cathedral is located used to ge called "Plaza del Comercio" but was renamed "Plaza Constitución" in homage to the oath that was taken in Huancayo in 1813 of the signing of the Liberal Constitution of Cadiz in 1812.

General Simón Bolívar arrived in this valley in August 1824, already Supreme Dictator of Peru. During his stay, he rewarded many heroes and gave recognition to the patriotic soldiers, who helped achieve the independence of the different South American states. He also expelled the Franciscan friars from the convent of Ocopa from the region, considering them "recalcitrant royalists".

Republican era
During the war for independence, Huancayo was liberated on 20 November 1820. Construction on the cathedral commenced in 1831. The accord was made law in Huancayo in 1854, when Peru officially ended slavery. There is a statue in the Plaza Constitución commemorating this.

In the 1980s, Huancayo, like the entire central region of the country, was a center of anti-subversive struggle against the terrorist organizations of the Shining Path and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement. In the city, there were constant clashes between the National Police of Peru, the Peruvian Armed Forces and these two factions, which even confronted each other. The east of the city was under the control of Sendero while the west of the city was under the control of the MRTA. Among the most notorious attacks during this time was the assassination of the acting mayor Saúl Muñoz Menacho on July 24, 1984by former Mayor Félix Ortega Arce on March 29, 1987and the assassination attempt on January 22, 1989, against the then acting mayor, Ricardo Bohórquez Hernández.

In 1988, the leader of the MRTA, Víctor Polay Campos, was captured in the "Plaza Huamanmarca". Starting in 1992, as in the rest of the country, the Peruvian National Police and the Armed Forces managed to dismantle the subversive movement. Finally, on July 14, 1999, the last leader of the Shining Path, Oscar Ramírez Durand, alias Feliciano, was captured in the town of Cochas, an annex of the district of El Tambo.

Recent situation
Today, in addition to its importance as a center of commerce, Huancayo is known for the crafts and the many festivals of the surrounding towns. Having rapidly expanded in recent decades, it has few remaining colonial buildings. Currently, the cityscape is dominated by modern construction.

The city's rise began with the construction of a central railway Callao-La Oroya in 1908 and later extended from Lima to Huancayo in the early 1930s. The railway connection between Lima and Huancayo, introduced new ways of transporting goods. The railway's new avenues for transport contributed to the city's economic and population growth. Population growth was mostly present in Tambo and Chilica, two suburban districts near the highways. Furthermore, population growth between 1981 and 2007 was a result of in-migration due to terrorist attacks of Sendero Luminoso. People from highlands and amazonian lowlands sought refuge in Andean cities such as Huancayo.

Location
Huancayo is located in the Huancayo Province, serving as the province's capital. Situated in the Mantaro Valley at an altitude of 3,271 meters, it belongs to the Quechua region. Depending on delimitation, the agglomeration has a population between 340,000 and 380,000 and is the fifth most populous city of the country. Huancayo is the cultural and commercial center of the whole central Peruvian Andes area. Huancayo Metropolitano is made up of seven districts that form the urban center of the Junín region. This region is considered central Peru's economic and social hub.

Climate
Huancayo has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb) characterized by mild days, cold nights, and distinct wet and dry seasons.

The total annual precipitation is 660 millimeters (26.0 inches). Huancayo receives the majority of its precipitation during the wet season, which spans from November to March. The dry season, from May to September, sees significantly reduced precipitation, with June and July being the driest months, receiving only around 5 mm of precipitation.

Daytime temperatures are relatively constant throughout the year, with all months having average high temperatures close to 20 C. The dry season has significantly colder nights than the wet season, with temperatures regularly dropping to freezing, while low temperatures average above 6 C during the wet season.

Demographics
According to the National Census of 2007, the three main districts of Huancayo have a total population of about 340,000. However, the continuous settlement area have already reached periurban districts, resulting in the agglomeration's population to be at least 380,000 people. Amerindian and Mestizos (Amerindian and Spanish ancestry) are the two largest ethnic groups in the city. Asian (mainly descendants of Japanese and Chinese immigrants) and European descendants are important minority groups.

Provincial government
The city, as the capital of the province of the same name, is governed by the Huancayo Province, which has jurisdiction over the entire territory of the province. There is no authority restricted to the city. In this regard, the district municipalities of El Tambo, Pilcomayo, Huancán, Sapallanga, San Jerónimo, San Agustín, Sicaya and Chilca also have competence in matters relating to their own districts.

Regional government
The city, as the departmental capital, is the seat of the Regional Government of Junín. It also has a prefect with political powers at the departmental level. Finally, it is also the headquarters of the different regional directorates of the ministries that make up the public administration.

Judicial function
Huancayo is the seat of the Superior Court of Justice of Junín, the governing body of the Judicial District of Junín. According to the country's judicial organization, there are eight magistrates' courts (two in the district of El Tambo and one in San Jerónimo, four in the district of Huancayo, and one in Chilca), seventeen specialized courts (four family, five civil, seven criminal and one labor courts) and six higher courts (three criminal and three mixed).

Education
There are a total of 248 early education centres in the city; of which 121 are located in the district of El Tambo (34 public and 87 private), 96 in the district of Huancayo and 31 in the district of Chilca (10 public and 21 private). At the primary level, there are 234 educational centres in the city; of which 107 are located in the district of El Tambo (32 public and 75 private), 100 are located in the district of Huancayo (28 public and 72 private) and 27 in the district of Chilca (9 public and 18 private).

Local universities

 * Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru (UNCP)
 * Universidad Peruana Los Andes (UPLA)
 * Universidad Continental (UC)
 * Universidad Franklin Roosevelt (UFR)

Branches of other Peruvian universities

 * Universidad Alas Peruanas (UAP)
 * Universidad Los Angeles de Chimbote (ULADECH)
 * Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM)
 * Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión (UNDAC)
 * Universidad de Huanuco (UDH)

Language institutes

 * Instituto Cultural Peruano Británico
 * Instituto Cultural Peruano Norteamericano – Región Centro (ICPNA)
 * Alianza Francesa de Huancayo (French Alliance, AF)

Art
The work of the Huancaíno painter Guillermo Guzmán Manzaneda is the most popular and famous in the city.

Museums
The following is a list of museums in Huancayo:

 * Vicente Rasetto Salesian Museum
 * Catalina Huanca Museum of Archaeology
 * Museum and archaeological remains of Huarihuilca
 * Anthropological Museum of Andean Culture - UNCP

Cuisine
Papa a la huancaína is the most famous dish from Huancayo and one of the most famous in the country. It is a yellow cream over fresh cheese or cooked potatoes, hard boiled eggs, black olives and chili peppers. Another popular dish is cuy, guinea pig, and trout ceviche.

Sport
Association football (soccer) volleyball, and long-distance running are the most popular sports in Huancayo. Sport Huancayo is the citys largest club, participating in the Peruvian Primera División. Huancayo's largest stadium is Estadio Huancayo, which has a capacity of 20,000 and is home to various sports clubs. The stadium hosts the Marathon de los Andes every year. Several Peruvian athletes that participate in the Olympic Games are from Huancayo. Volleyball is another popular sport. Huancayo's largest arena is the Coliseo Wanka.

Transport
Huancayo has transportation connections by road and rail. The Francisco Carle Airport at Jauja offers daily connections to Lima and is located 45 minutes via car from Huancayo. Current airlines include LATAM Peru, LC Peru, and Peruvian Airlines. To travel by road, the Carretera Central links Huancayo with La Oroya and Lima, which generally takes seven to eight hours. Multiple bus carriers operate between Lima and Huancayo daily. The Ferrocarril Central Andino enables transport by rail. Huancayo was a break-of-gauge from gauge to  gauge for the 147 km extension to Huancavelica. In 2009, this line was being standardised. There was a plan (Metro Wanka) to use the railway line as a local metro; however, this never came to fruition.

Notable people

 * Damaris Mallma Porras (1986- ), Peruvian folk singer
 * Josué Sánchez (1945- ), painter
 * Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino (1940- ), linguist
 * Víctor Alberto Gil Mallma (1930–1975), musician
 * Juan Parra del Riego (1894–1925), poet
 * Enrique Bernardo (1980–), tenor and pianist

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Huancayo


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Lindsay Pagano

Lindsay Megan Pagano (born June 22, 1986) is an American singer who until 2003 was signed to Warner Brothers Records. She toured with Dream Street and Aaron Carter for several months. She also performed for the governor of California along with The Eagles and the Backstreet Boys.

She is mostly known for her 2001 song "Everything U R", which was originally on an AOL commercial before being the theme song for the WB show Maybe It's Me. She was signed to represent Reebok. Pagano stated in a 2004 interview with Vainquer Teens Magazine that she was in the process of recording a new album, but did not release any new material until 2008.

She appeared as a cartoon version of herself in the What's New, Scooby-Doo? episode "Riva Ras Regas", originally aired on Kids' WB on November 2, 2002. She performed three songs. In 2002, she became known as the AOL Girl due to her song being picked for their national commercials.

Pagano signed up as the first artist on The Matrix's label Let's Hear It Records, but the label closed before Pagano released any of her material.

Pagano is of Italian and Jewish descent. She resides in Philadelphia.

In 2009, Pagano began to release new songs via YouTube. In 2014, she announced on Twitter that she auditioned for the sixth season of The Voice. She performed on the show under Team Shakira for 3 episodes. Lindsay Pagano is became a member of the Big House Band, performing along the East coast of the United States.

The Voice
On the third episode of the Blind Auditions broadcast on March 3, 2014, she performed Labelle's song "Lady Marmalade." Only Shakira turned her chair, thus she defaulted to Team Shakira.

Albums

 * Love & Faith & Inspiration (2001)
 * 1) "Everything U R"
 * 2) "Love & Faith & Inspiration"
 * 3) "Cryin' Shame"
 * 4) "Romeo"
 * 5) "Dreams Like This"
 * 6) "Amazing High"
 * 7) "It Doesn't Get Any Better"
 * 8) "Burning in Me"
 * 9) "Number One (With A Bullet)"
 * 10) "So Bad" (featuring Paul McCartney)
 * 11) "Love & Faith & Inspiration" (Reprise)

Singles

 * 2001
 * "Everything U" (2001)
 * "Everything U R"
 * "Everything U R" (Philly Mix)
 * "Burning in Me"

 * 2009
 * "I Gotta Stop" (Radio Only)

title: Lindsay Pagano


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United States Bureau of Mines

For most of the 20th century, the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) was the primary United States government agency conducting scientific research and disseminating information on the extraction, processing, use, and conservation of mineral resources. The Bureau was abolished in 1996.

History
The U.S. Bureau of Mines was established in the U.S. States Department of the Interior on May 16, 1910, pursuant to the Organic Act (Public Law 179), to deal with a wave of catastrophic mine disasters. The Bureau's mission was gradually expanded to include:
 * The conduct of research to enhance the safety, health, and environmental impact of mining and processing of minerals and materials.
 * The collection, analysis, and dissemination of information about mining and processing of more than 100 mineral commodities across the Nation and in more than 185 countries around the world.
 * Analysis of the impact of proposed mineral-related laws and regulations upon the national interest.
 * Production, conservation, sale, and distribution of helium for essential government activities.
 * Respirator guidelines, and after the Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster, respirator regulation and approval.

The first director of the USBM was Joseph Austin Holmes, a pioneer in occupational safety and health. He served from 1910 until his death in 1915.

From its creation, the USBM was viewed, both nationally and internationally, as the focal point for new and emerging science and technology in the minerals field. Since entering competition in 1978, the Bureau of Mines won 35 R&D 100 Awards, given annually by R&D Magazine for the 100 most important research innovations of the year. This achievement is especially impressive considering the small size of the Bureau's research budget, compared to those of competing organizations, such as E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, General Electric Company, Hitachi, the Department of Energy, and NASA.

Evolution of USBM
USBM originally provided safety and health inspection for mines on a nationwide basis, replacing some, but not all state inspection operations. This division comprised the majority of personnel in USBM. In 1973 the Secretary of the Interior created a separate agency within the department, the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA), and the safety and health enforcement responsibilities were transferred to the new agency. In 1977 Congress passed the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act, which expanded the federal authority for health and safety regulation, and created a new agency, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). MSHA is located in the Department of Labor, and replaced MESA.

Congress created the Office of Surface Mining with the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, and this agency inherited USBM's surface mining activities. The Department of Energy (DOE), also established in 1977, took over the USBM Coal Productivity Research division. However, the work was left unfunded by the newly created DOE as other priorities took the budget. These reorganizations led to a reduction in USBM staff, from approximately 6,000 in 1968 to 2,600 in the late 1970s. At its peak, USBM had 14 centers throughout the nation, but that was eventually reduced to four "mining research centers" in Denver, Pittsburgh, Minneapolis, and Spokane.

Closure of USBM

 * "We leave knowing that the proud accomplishments of this agency did make a difference in the quality of life we now enjoy, and they will continue to do so well into the 21st century." — USBM Director Rhea Graham

In September 1995, Congress voted to close the Bureau of Mines and to transfer certain functions to other federal agencies. With USBM's closure, almost $100 million, or 66%, of its 1995 programs ceased, and approximately 1,000 of its employees were dismissed. Certain specific health, safety, and materials programs were transferred to the Department of Energy, and certain minerals information activities moved to the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Land Management. The Bureau's archive of mining maps was transferred to the National Mine Map Repository (NMMR), a part of the Office of Surface Mining (OSM). Closure of the Bureau of Mines, and the accompanying transfers of functions and employee layoffs were essentially complete in March 1996.

The Bureau's Minerals Information functions were transferred to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in early 1996. The "Mineral Industry Surveys", "Mineral Commodity Summaries", and the "Minerals Yearbook" continued to be published. The Bureau's technical reports are archived by the Technical Report Archive & Image Library.

The Health and Safety Research Program at the Pittsburgh and Spokane Research Centers was assigned on an interim basis to DOE (Public Law 104-99). In fiscal year 1997, it was permanently transferred to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (Public Law 104-134). NIOSH is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention within the Department of Health and Human Services. A total of 413 full-time equivalent employees were transferred to NIOSH on October 11, 1996: 336 in Pittsburgh and 77 in Spokane. A position of Associate Director for Mining in the NIOSH headquarters office was created. Under NIOSH, the Pittsburgh and Spokane Research "Centers" were renamed the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory and Spokane Research Laboratory. Both labs currently reside under NIOSH's Office of Mine Safety and Health Research.

Proposed re-establishment
On May 28, 2010, Senator Jay Rockefeller (D-WV) released a list of proposed changes to mine safety laws including re-establishing the Bureau of Mines.

Directors
The Bureau had 19 permanent directors from its inception in 1910 to its abolishment in 1996.

List of accomplishments
Since its founding, the numerous accomplishments of the Bureau of Mines have included the identification and development of many new processes, including:
 * Technologies that contributed to reduction of fatalities in mine disasters by 97 percent, from 3,000 in 1907 to 98 in 1993.
 * Self-rescue equipment to allow miners to continue to breathe when caught in underground disasters.
 * Low-cost methods to extract radium for cancer treatment.
 * Production processes for titanium, which is critical for aerospace and automobile manufacturing, and zirconium, which is essential to nuclear naval vessels.
 * Techniques to recover strategic and critical minerals, such as cobalt and chromium, to reduce U.S. vulnerability to import blockages in international crises, especially during the Cold War.
 * Construction of manmade wetlands to limit pollution of waterways by acid mine drainage from nearby mining and mineral-processing operations.
 * Methods to minimize damage from subsidence, the sinking of the surface of the earth above underground mines.
 * Improved recycling of metals, plastic and paper from municipal wastes, including a technology, now used around the world, to recycle municipal solid waste.
 * Non-intrusive ways to recover minerals without disturbing the surface of the land.
 * Use of bacteria to remove arsenic and cyanide from waste waters on public and private lands.
 * Uncovering the world's largest deposits of lead and zinc at Alaska's Red Dog Creek, leading to hundreds of millions of dollars in capital investments for mine development.
 * Karrick process (See Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program)

title: United States Bureau of Mines


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Talk:Rhine rift

Should it be "because an active fault has not been discovered southwest of the city"? Eixo 09:41, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

or do you mean "an active fault has NOW been discovered SW of the city? --dunnhaupt 13:32, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Reverse faulting?
I am a little confused about the type (I presume of rift?) being 'Reverse thrust dip-slip'. Rifts are a result of crustal extension, so what does the reverse thrust bit refer to? Mikenorton (talk) 12:23, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Merger
Support. In fact there is another article on the same subject at Upper Rhine which ought to be incorporated too. Strictly there is a distinction between the (Upper) Rhine Rift, which is the geological structure, and the Upper Rhine Plain, which is the geographical landscape on top of it. However that distinction can be brought out in the new merged article. If the merger grows too large, it can always be split out again, but perhaps more logically than the current 3 articles. For what it's worth, Upper Rhine Plain, Rhine Rift Valley and Rhine Rift are all authoritative English names (according to Dickinson or Elkins). I suggest we stick with Upper Rhine Plain as the overall title (since it embraces the others) and use Rhine Rift or Rift Valley as the sub-title of the geological section --Bermicourt (talk) 17:15, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rhine rift


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Leslie Carter

Leslie Barbara Ashton ( Carter; June 6, 1986 – January 31, 2012) was an American pop singer. In 2001, she debuted through DreamWorks Records with the single "Like Wow!". Originally set to release her debut album through the label, it was later canceled. From 2006 to 2009, Carter was a member of the band she founded, The Other Half.

Personal life and family
Leslie Carter was born in Tampa, Florida, the third of five children of Jane Eleonora Schneck (née Spaulding, previously Carter) and the late Robert Carter (1952–2017). She was born at the Garden Villa Retirement Home, where the Carter family were living and working at the time. She was the older sister of singer Aaron Carter (1987–2022) and his twin sister Angel Conrad (née Carter) and the younger sister of Bobbie Jean Carter (1982–2023) and Nick Carter. She also had an older half-sister named Ginger (1972–2023) and a younger half-brother named Kaden. On September 12, 2008, Leslie Carter married Mike Ashton and moved to Toronto, Ontario, where she gave birth to a daughter in 2011.

Leslie Carter experienced depression and mental illness. Prior to her death Leslie was planning to go to rehab for her addiction with help from Aaron. In 2019, her widower, Mike Ashton, was granted a restraining order against her brother Aaron. Later, Aaron claimed his sister raped him for three years, from the ages of 10 to 13.

Early recordings
Carter signed a record deal with DreamWorks Records in 1999 and began recording her debut album. This album was set for release in June 2000, but it was delayed because DreamWorks wanted to test Carter's fan base before releasing the album in order to ensure its success. Her single "Like Wow!" appeared on the Shrek soundtrack and received minor radio airplay, peaking at No. 99 on the Billboard Hot 100. Her debut album Like Wow! was set for release on April 10, 2001. However, DreamWorks later canceled the release. The cancellation followed a number of reported problems from the set of her debut music video. Promo copies later became available online, and "Metal Mike" Saunders of The Village Voice described it as "the best bubblegum album of the entire '97–Y2K era." The album also included a cover of "They Don't Know" by Kirsty MacColl.

The Other Half
Carter started a small club tour in Canada in December 2005, and had a showcase in New York City on January 19, 2006, with hopes it would lead to a new record deal. The songs performed on this tour had her abandoning her bubblegum pop roots for a more mature, pop rock-oriented sound. Carter co-wrote her material with High Holy Days guitarist Dave Thompson. In late 2006, Carter founded the band The Other Half, which included her backup musicians Mike Ashton, DJ Porter, Jose Batista, Casey Clowater, Paul Davidson, Daniel Resanovic and Dave Thompson. The final line-up consisted of Carter (vocals), Ashton (drums), Jason Eldon (electric guitar), and Sean Smit (bass guitar and back-up vocals). In September 2009, the band mutually decided to split up.

Carter was seen writing music and performing her own songs for her siblings on the family's reality show House of Carters.

Death
On January 31, 2012, at age 25, Carter, who had complained of feeling ill after falling in the shower, was found unresponsive at the home of Robert and her stepmother Ginger Elrod Carter, in Mayville, New York while she was visiting them. Leslie had fallen asleep after she fell in the shower and did not wake up. Leslie Carter was pronounced dead on arrival at Westfield Memorial Hospital in Westfield, New York.

While not attributing a cause of death, a Chautauqua County, New York, police incident report and supplemental "Overdose Follow Up" report said Carter had an overdose and was taking the prescription medications olanzapine (Zyprexa), cyclobenzaprine (a muscle relaxant) and alprazolam (Xanax). A decade later, Leslie's younger brother Aaron also died of a multiple drug overdose involving Xanax. Leslie's daughter was 10 months old at the time of her mother's death. Her funeral took place at Freay Funeral Home in Mayville, New York. Nick Carter did not attend the funeral; according to Nick, he stayed away because his family blamed him for Leslie's death and wanted him to be absent from the funeral. Leslie Carter is buried in Chautauqua Cemetery in Chautauqua, New York.

Albums

 * Like Wow! – unreleased (2001)

Singles

 * "I Need To Hear It From You" - promotional single
 * "Like Wow!" – No. 99 US Billboard Hot 100

Filmography

 * House of Carters (2006) (TV)

title: Leslie Carter


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Legal case

A legal case is in a general sense a dispute between opposing parties which may be resolved by a court, or by some equivalent legal process. A legal case is typically based on either civil or criminal law. In most legal cases, there are one or more accusers and one or more defendants. In some instances, a legal case may occur between parties that are not in opposition, but require a legal ruling to formally establish some legal facts.

Civil case
A civil case, more commonly known as a lawsuit or controversy, begins when a plaintiff files most a document called a complaint with a court, informing the court of the wrong that the plaintiff has allegedly suffered because of the defendant, and requesting a remedy. The remedy sought may be money, an injunction, which requires the defendant to perform or refrain from performing some action, or a declaratory judgment, which determines that the plaintiff has certain legal rights. The remedy will be prescribed by the court if the plaintiff wins the case. A civil case can also be arbitrated through arbitration, which may result in a faster settlement, with lower costs, than could be obtained by going through a trial.

The plaintiff must make a genuine effort to inform the defendant of the case through service of process, by which the plaintiff delivers to the defendant the same documents that the plaintiff filed with the court.

At any point during the case, the parties can agree to a settlement, which will end the case, although in some circumstances, such as in class actions, a settlement requires court approval in order to be binding.

Family case
Cases involving separation including asset division, support (also known as maintenance or alimony), and matters related to children are handled differently in different jurisdictions. Often, the court's procedure for dealing with family cases is very similar to that of a civil case (it requires service and disclosure, and will issue judgments).

Divorce and separation from a spouse is one of the most stressful situations, as rated by the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale, and so family proceedings are increasingly being "divorced" from the often very formal and impersonal process of civil proceedings, and given special treatment.

Criminal case
A criminal case, in common law jurisdictions, begins when a person suspected of a crime is indicted by a grand jury or otherwise charged with the offense by a government official called a prosecutor or district attorney.

A criminal case may in some jurisdictions be settled before a trial through a plea bargain. Typically, in a plea bargain, the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a lesser charge than that which was originally brought by the grand jury or prosecutor. A defendant who goes to trial risks greater penalties than would normally be imposed through a plea bargain.

Common elements
Legal cases, whether criminal or civil, are premised on the idea that a dispute will be fairly resolved when a legal procedure exists by which the dispute can be brought to a factfinder not otherwise involved in the case, who can evaluate evidence to determine the truth with respect to claims of guilt, innocence, liability, or lack of fault. Details of the procedure may depend on both the kind of case and the kind of system in which the case is brought – whether, for example, it is an inquisitorial system or a solo

Designation and citation
In most systems, the governing body responsible for overseeing the courts assigns a unique number/letter combination or similar designation to each case in order to track the various disputes that are or have been before it. The outcome of the case is recorded, and can later be reviewed by obtaining a copy of the documents associated with the designation previously assigned to the case.

However, it is often more convenient to refer to cases – particularly landmark and other notable cases – by a title of the form Claimant v Defendant (e.g. Arkell v Pressdram). Where a legal proceeding does not have formally designated adverse parties, a form such as In re, Re or In the matter of is used (e.g. In re Gault). The "v" separating the parties is an abbreviation of the Latin versus, but, when spoken in Commonwealth countries, it is normally rendered as "and" or "against" (as in, for example, Charles Dickens' Jarndyce and Jarndyce). Where it is considered necessary to protect the anonymity of a natural person, some cases may have one or both parties replaced by a standard pseudonym (Jane Roe in Roe v. Wade) or by an initial (D v D). In titles such as R v Adams, however, the initial "R" is usually an abbreviation for the Latin Rex or Regina, i.e. for the Crown. (For an explanation of other terms that may appear in case titles, see the Glossary of legal terms.)

title: Legal case


text:
User:TheoClarke/monobook.js

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text:
Blastfighter

Blastfighter is a 1984 action film directed by Lamberto Bava starring Michael Sopkiw and George Eastman.

Plot
Jake "Tiger" Sharp (Michael Sopkiw) is a former policeman who seeks revenge after his wife is murdered. After killing the murderer, Sharp is sentenced to seven years in prison. Upon release Jake is given an SPAS-12 Shotgun by his old friend Jerry in order to wreak vengeance upon the crooked attorney responsible for sending him away. However, Jake instead at the last minute decides to return to his secluded cabin in the Appalachian wilderness and bury his gun in the floorboards. Matters become complicated when a group of poachers run afoul of him and kill his baby deer. Jake goes to the Chinese herbal medicinist's office that the hunters have been selling to and smashes up the place.

Jake's estranged daughter Connie then joins him with Jerry and her boyfriend, but all of them are killed off when the hunters decide to get revenge for scaring away the herbal medicinist. Jake manages to escape back to his cabin and dig up his gun for one last battle with those who would break the law.

Production
Blastfighter was initially going to be a post-apocalyptic film directed by Lucio Fulci with screenwriter Dardano Sacchetti as a follow-up to Warriors of the Year 2072. Sacchetti later explained that Fulci argued with the producers, which led to it being settled in court. The film had already been sold without the original intended script being able to be used, so Lamberto Bava's Blastfighter only retains the title of the original Fulci production.

Release
Blastfighter was released theatrically in Italy where it was distributed by Medusa Distribuzione on 25 July 1984.

title: Blastfighter


text:
Talk:Cross Country Route

Archive
/Archive 1

Old talk
DO they use turbostars on the Lickey? And are they any good for torque? I'd have thought (on the basis mind you of prejudice) you needed the flexibility of a diesel-electric to make a decent fist of the gradient?? Linuxlad 09:45, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes Central Trains use them on Nottingham-Cardiff services. (Our Phellap 13:36, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC))

Ah yes. What speed do they do the Lickey? (the Voyagers seem to do about 60; the old 2,500 hp diesel-electrics were often struggling at 30 to 40 IIRC. (I like to set it as a work/energy problem to Year 11 students :-)) Linuxlad 13:49, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know sorry. They go quicker than the old diesel locomotives from what I recall. This may be because all carriages are motorised? (Our Phellap 13:51, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC))

NB NB - don't forget the stub Cross Country services created to lead in to all the routes through Brum with a cross-country flavour, 'drilling down' (chris j wood's nice phrase) to particular examples such as this (MR) one. In so far as the SW/NW route through Brum counts as Cross Country, it should perhaps be referenced there. Linuxlad 20:37, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * and this article talks about the second of Virgin's routes - that to Southampton. which certainly wasn't Midland: how to designate that? - Plus the Midland only went as far as Leeds on this current route: what about the NER/Cal/NBR - and the GWR? Peter Shearan 08:55, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

bhp of 'older diesels'
"many older diesels were underpowered' - this is a bit questionable as a statement - they provided 2500 bhp, just like it said they would on the can (a fun sum, within the capabilities of a competent GCSE student at Y11 :-)). And this was significantly better than the steam locos of earlier year which only did (from memory) 600 bhp. What is possibly true (IIRC ) is that a nominal 3300bhp electric loco was capable of being _over-run_ for a period, making it very useful on eg West Coast Main line... Bob aka Linuxlad 14:41, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

"cinderella" status
what is "cinderella" status? I'm guessing from the context maybe something to do with the fact that if it ran late it became severley delayed (turned into a pumpkin)? Is this correct? Could someone who knows expand the article please...? Tjwood 6 July 2005 10:41 (UTC)

Cinderella, though best of the bunch, usually had to play second string to her sisters. In a similar way, the cross-country route, though offering some of the longest Inter-City journeys on the network, was never actively promoted and timetabled, because of BR's structure. I recollect the phrase being Ivor Warburton's, but I may be wrong (it's many year's since the conversation, on the aforesaid route)Linuxlad

The actual route mentioned here
This would appear to include the route as follows

 * various, from Cornwall, Devon, etc
 * Taunton railway station
 * Bristol Temple Meads railway station
 * Gloucester railway station
 * Cheltenham Spa railway station
 * Birmingham New Street railway station
 * Tamworth railway station
 * Burton-on-Trent railway station
 * Derby railway station
 * Chesterfield railway station
 * Sheffield railway station (Leeds railway station?)
 * York railway station
 * Darlington railway station
 * Durham railway station
 * Newcastle upon Tyne railway station
 * Berwick upon Tweed railway station
 * Edinburgh railway station
 * etc

We need to identify which segments of rail are covered by which wikipedia articles already, and which aren't.  The Derby-Sheffield part is part of the Midland Main Line - there is only one railway line going north from Derby, which merges with the Nottingham loop of the MML south of Chesterfield and then goes through Sheffield. The main route here then appears to go via Rotherham, Swinton/Mexborough, Pontefract, York, Northallerton, Darlington, east of Aycliffe, Durham, Chester le Street, Gateshaed, Newcastle, etc. The latter part of this is of course the East Coast Main Line. So what bits of this route correspond to what? Morwen - Talk 23:39, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Bits of the main XC route. Our Phellap 00:13, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Plymouth-Bristol is Great Western Main Line
 * Bristol-Birmingham not currently covered
 * Birmingham-Derby not currently covered
 * Derby-Sheffield is Midland Main Line
 * Sheffield-Doncaster is covered by Sheffield to Hull Line
 * Doncaster-Edinburgh is East Coast Main Line

 * The history of the Bristol-Gloucester-Birmingham bits are already covered IIRC. Try going via the Lickey Incline article. And people like Chevin have written extensively on the Midland Railway bits around Derby Linuxlad

 * Any reasons why the section of XC route North of Derby comprises Derby, Dronfield, Chesterfield and York but Sheffield and say Meadowhall, which are all equally on the MML as well as the XC? Is Dronfield predominantly on the MML or the XC, for it is on both route digram templates. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons 15:42, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I would suggest that the locations on the concurrency are shown on both diagrams, for clarity. Chris cheese whine 22:44, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The Virgin XC service does not stop at Meadowhall, but it does make occassional stops at Dronfield, and is indicated on the Virgin network map.   jo h n w a l t o n    (talk) 21:11, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see it on that map. Chris cheese whine 22:32, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Sheffield is on the map, but not on the route diagram on the article, however the network map only shows te main stops as station XC does serve such as Wakefield Westgate and Burton-on-Trent are not found on the map. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons 23:26, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * New suggestion: Break off any specific parts of the route that do not already have their own historical articles, and on the diagram here list only the main stations from wherever-in-the-southwest to wherever-in-Scotland, including no junctions or connections. Pull information on key junctions and connections into the article itself as prose or a short list.  Thoughts?  Chris cheese whine 23:32, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Clarification: This should not merely end at wherever Virgin runs today, if there were historically trains from Penzance to Wick, then the strip should show the main stations on these (not even all main stations, we can link out in the article itself). Chris cheese whine 23:35, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd pretty much agree with the above. There should certainly be a mention of historical stops/routes in the article, but I think the schematic map should only show stations currently served. Virgin stop at Dronfield once a day, the stop is shown on the above link if you select "network view" or on the relevant timetable, but they don't make a stop at Meadowhall.   jo h n w a l t o n    (talk) 10:26, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * There still is no mention of Burton on Trent or Sheffield in the line diagram... The Virgin XC network map is off topic considering the header in the article which states that this is not the article concerning XC services but the historical line, on which many stops are missing and others arbitrarily chosen. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons 11:56, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Route?
Doesn't the cross country route go to Penzance, Aberdeen and Glasgow? Dewarw 09:44, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I had always thought of it in those terms - certainly when I first used to travel it regularly in the early 70s most of the big trains were going North beyond Sheffield and South beyond Exeter (and that's still true for VT3 I think). The Cardiff route was always a bit of a branch-line Bob aka Linuxlad 15:54, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

CrossCountry
In the new Cross Country franchise this route does not even exist anymore, Mark999 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mark999 (talk • contribs) 21:19, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Cardiff - Nottingham
Would this route be part of the cross-country route? as most of its route is on the current ccr and will be operated by crosscountry very soon Mark999 13:12, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The section from Cardiff to Gloucester is GW rather than Midland, so probably shouldn't be on the map in the first place. 90.203.45.244 18:14, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Separation
This article confuses the "Cross Country Route", as in the Midland line from Bristol to Derby and beyond, with the "Cross Country Franchise", as in the long-distance services running across it, and "CrossCountry", the current franchisee. The three need to be separated out somewhat. 90.203.45.244 (talk) 21:53, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Most lines have separate articles for their modern line and their historical constituents. For instance Midland Main Line is different from North Midland Railway etc. Here, for instance, Bristol to Gloucester Railway has acquired a template of lines which were never part of the original line. The actual modern line could be considered Derby (milepost zero) to Westerleigh Junction outside Bristol. I would suggest a separate article (though I cant think of a name) as it is today, and referring historically to its constituents: Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway, Birmingham and Gloucester Railway and Bristol and Gloucester Railway. 86.145.166.29 (talk) 13:10, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I've drafted out something very roughly in User:Chevin/Sandbox. Any comments would be welcome. Chevin (talk) 15:32, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Worcester?
Do we have a source to say Worcester is actually on the CCR? It seems like an odd diversion to me, especially given that the rest of it has no diversions whatsoever, and Worcester's hardly a big place. -mattbuck (Talk) 20:11, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

Template transclusion problem
There are currently problems with template transclusion in this article, see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK Railways. --David Biddulph (talk) 14:58, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

As at least a temporary fix I've moved the route diagram out to a separate page (Cross Country Route diagram) so that the rest of the templates in the article (including reference citations) can be displayed. If someone wishes to improve the links and formatting they are, of course, welcome to do so. --David Biddulph (talk) 15:56, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

As even that separate diagram hit the template transclusion size limit after a number of changes by other editors, I have now split the diagram into two parts, Cross Country Route (North) and Cross Country Route (South). --David Biddulph (talk) 00:51, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 15 February 2017
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move to an as-of-yet undetermined destination. The consensus is clearly to move the page (removing the Title Case), but there is no firm consensus about where to move it. I suggest a new discussion (possibly an RFC) to determine the new location. Primefac (talk) 14:06, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

Cross Country Route → Cross-country route – Or possibly some better name. I can't find any evidence of the current title, capped and punctuated thus, in sources. Dicklyon (talk) 15:59, 15 February 2017 (UTC) Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 07:37, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Indeed. This February 2015 article about the full 13 and a half hour, 785-mile journey does not even mention the term "cross-country". Per § CrossCountry, in the new Cross Country franchise this route does not even exist anymore. That would be the CrossCountry (camel case, a train operating company) franchise. Per, Aberdeen and Penzance are not on a basic route, but rather are extensions to the basic service pattern. See CrossCountry network map. Cross Country services (proper name, but not camel case), appears to be an article about the franchiser, rather than the franchisee (CrossCountry), but we don't have much sourcing about the franchiser (the British government?) either. Cross-country route seems too generic. There are many countries with cross-country routes, and many cross-country routes within a given country. These cross-country routes could be rail lines, or they could be roads, or even perhaps footpaths. Maybe Aberdeen–Penzance rail route? – wbm1058 (talk) 18:00, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * The hatnote on this says This article is about the railway line from Bristol to York. Template:Cross Country Route RDT has York at the top and Bristol Temple Meads at the bottom. But has:
 * The Cross Country Route (CrossCountry): since 1921. Penzance and for main summer holiday days other resorts of Cornwall — Birmingham — Sheffield — Leeds — Newcastle upon Tyne — Edinburgh — Aberdeen.
 * Something has to be done to clear up this muddle. – wbm1058 (talk) 18:39, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Gotta love those spaced em dashes, too; fixed that. Dicklyon (talk) 18:58, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

And I will happily withdraw this RM proposal in favor of a better name if someone proposes one that's likely to achieve consensus. Or we can just work it out in this discussion, perhaps. Dicklyon (talk) 19:00, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

OK, let's work out the scope and come up with a better name; but in any case, we don't make up proper names, so unless we find a better name, let's downcase this one (and put the hyphen as most sources do). Dicklyon (talk) 23:04, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * It's certainly not the CrossCountry Route, as franchises are temporary. I don't see any better name for this. Unless someone can come up with a specific name then I see no reason to move from one imperfect name to another. -mattbuck (Talk) 19:19, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I have a feeling that the problem here is the existence of this article at all, rather than the title. Despite having travelled on the route many times, I am having trouble finding evidence of its notability as a coherent whole, apart from the franchise as covered at CrossCountry. RGloucester  — ☎ 19:28, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm more concerned about hashing out the scope of the article than the title, at the moment. A couple of Americans here, not particularly knowledgeable about the details of British rail operations. So, for an overview I start at Inter-city rail in the United Kingdom: "After the sectorisation of British Rail, inter-city trains were operated by InterCity (British Rail). InterCity ran numerous Cross Country services, which were inter-city services that traversed several regions. The InterCity Cross-Country division operated services between city pairs that used a combination of the various main lines, but usually avoided Greater London; many of these served the Cross Country Route (MR)." (MR) means Midland Railway. Per, the Cross Country Route extended from Penzance to Aberdeen. Per , the InterCity Cross Country franchise was originally awarded to Virgin CrossCountry, which initially operated a route VT4: Aberdeen and Edinburgh Waverley through Birmingham New Street to Cardiff, Swansea, Paignton and Penzance, but that route was dropped by the time CrossCountry took over the franchise from Virgin. Now CrossCountry route 1 goes from Plymouth to Edinburgh Waverley, with extensions on both ends to get to Penzance and Aberdeen. An early version of the article acknowledged the ambiguity of the term: The term cross country route can clearly be a generic one; it is usually used on the English network to refer to the main routes through Birmingham, currently franchised to Virgin Trains. Principal amongst these is the North-East/South-West route through Birmingham, Derby and Sheffield, built by the Midland Railway (MR). Other routes will be added as links. So where and why did the idea come about that the Cross Country Route was just from Bristol to York, rather than Penzance to Aberdeen? wbm1058 (talk) 20:30, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * "Route simplified to show Cross Country Route only." (Bristol–York) 19 November 2007. wbm1058 (talk) 20:57, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Maybe even Bristol to York is too long. This issue goes way back. Although the 8 February 2007 version said it "includes" some of the longest inter-city rail journeys in the UK, eg Penzance to Aberdeen, the infobox of that version focuses on "the core Bristol-Birmingham-Derby route" (Bristol-Birmingham-Derby Line redirects to here). This article may exist because of the line's 'Cinderella' status. Cardiff Central to Newcastle Line also redirects to here, and although historical versions of the article included Cardiff, there is no mention of that city in the current version. wbm1058 (talk) 21:41, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * The Bristol-York bit has its origins in the predecessors of the Midland Railway (MR), created in 1844 by amalgamation; successive amalgamations brought other railways into the MR. A whole chain of railways linked Bristol with Leeds (from south to north, these were: the Bristol & Gloucester; the Birmingham & Gloucester; the Birmingham & Derby Junction; and the North Midland) and all were part of the MR by the end of 1846. At Normanton, the York & North Midland was a close ally, but did not become part of the MR - it amalgamated with others in 1854 to create the North Eastern Railway, but the close relationship remained, and so MR trains (and those of its successor, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway) were never denied access to York. The route north from York, and that south from Bristol, were in the hands of other companies right down to 1948, although through trains ran much earlier - particularly in the summer.
 * It's not even accurate to describe it as Aberdeen-Penzance (or even Penzance-Aberdeen); when originally introduced, and for at least thirty years, the Aberdeen-Penzance service didn't use the MR route, and didn't even run via Birmingham - its route between York and Exeter was via Sheffield Victoria, Leicester Central, Banbury, Oxford and Swindon. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 14:47, 16 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Looks as if the consensus is to move for now. Other article issues exist, but that doesn't justify the current bad name. Homunq (࿓) 14:21, 26 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Move - Cross country route is a generic definition, as per example. Suggesting Bristol to Leeds "something" (route/railway/rail link/...). --Robertiki (talk) 13:05, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Wait a minute. When I worked on the railways many years ago, the route was generally called the "North East-South West", abbreviated to "NE-SW" or "NE/SW".  There are plenty of references to that -, a lot of which are railfan pages, but many aren't as well   Page 10 of this.  Rather than move it from one wrong name to another, why not at least move it to one with some references?  (btw, NE/SW generally referred to Newcastle-Penzance, and didn't involve Scotland, although that may have been because cross-country services from Scotland in those days generally ran via Edinburgh, Carstairs and the WCML). Black Kite (talk) 16:21, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Edit: just found this from CrossCountry themselves, referring to it as such - . Black Kite (talk) 16:26, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * But North East - South West route is also pretty generic. That doc calls it "CrossCountry's North East - South West route".  The same description is applied in sources to various other lines. Dicklyon (talk) 03:25, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Relisting in the hope that we can still get a consensus to move somewhere because there seems to be agreement the current title is not ideal. Jenks24 (talk) 07:37, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Suggest "CrossCountry North East – South West route", on the theory that a) CrossCountry is a proper name (the business name), "North East – South West" is allegedly a proper name (trademark designation of the rail service in question), and "route" is just a descriptor. I would also be okay with lowercasing the middle part if it isn't really a service trademark and is also just descriptive.  Putting CrossCountry first is natural disambiguation and resolves any concern about the generic nature of the rest of it.  All that said, I tend to agree with RGloucester that the problem really may be that this is a bogus article that isn't about any one thing, but is a conglomeration of stuff that needs to be in separate articles. It looks to me rather like trying to write an article on "the Oakland – San José route", which is really just one of numerous paths one can use to get around the San Francisco Bay Area, traversing at least three different transit systems.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  04:19, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

We never did finish picking a name after the consensus that this needed to move, about 5 years ago. Any good ideas? SMcCandlish had suggested CrossCountry North East – South West route which might be as good as any, though more concise might be nice. I'm going to be on the road for a while; might check back and see if there's any further ideas, and if not maybe I'll just move to that one. Dicklyon (talk) 22:19, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I am happy to move the article but CrossCountry North East – South West route sounds a bit too wordy for my liking. I would prefer "to" rather than the dash. Would NE to SW be allowed under wiki criteria? GRALISTAIR (talk) 22:39, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Years ago there was a consensus to use the dash instead of "to" in railway naming, for symmetry. But I'd be happy with CrossCountry NE–SW route. Dicklyon (talk) 23:48, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * That seems fine, and goes well with WP:CONCISE. I think we can assume that the basic direction abbreviations are well-known enough to use them in titles.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  00:39, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

Sounds good to me but I suggest there is a bit more consensus than just us two 23:58, 10 April 2022 (UTC) GRALISTAIR (talk) 00:03, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Maybe the issue is that this route doesn't even exist. It might be a service route, but it's a whole lot of lines: Bristol to Gloucester, Birmingham to Derby, Midland Main Line, etc. -mattbuck (Talk) 09:39, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Given the 3 of us that are OK with it, and the consensus on the need to move, I went ahead and moved to CrossCountry NE–SW route. If anyone disagrees and has a  better idea, go for it. Dicklyon (talk) 18:06, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm not very satisfied with the new title or the level of consensus for it. CrossCountry NE–SW route is contrived, seems like a very unlikely search term and frankly would look made up by Wikipedians (a bit like the Sutton and Mole Valley lines). This is inevitable with York-Bristol actually being a collection of lines but you still need a concise and recognisable name. The archived discussion above seems to have arrived at no particular consensus for what to move the page to, with nothing strongly pulling towards NE/SW. Having had no proper discussion for five years - an RfC or at least notification at WP:UKRAIL wouldn't have gone amiss - I'm not sure how much you can say that closure reflects the opinion of editors today.
 * As far as I can see the main issue was with treating CrossCountry as a proper route title when it is only a franchise holder. I think we need to keep things simple; if the original title is still found intolerable, then pairing the franchise name with a capital R to avoid the possiblility of being confused with generic routes that could be anywhere to create Cross Country Route would seem best to me. But my first vote is to stick where we were until this has been resolved with more voices than the few who have contributed so far. It's a major route with a lot of inbound links and we ought to make a good and considered decision. Rcsprinter123   (interact)  22:35, 26 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree it's a terrible convoluted title, and there was no attempt to notify a wider pool of editors before a decision was unilatterlly made to move it. G-13114 (talk) 00:18, 27 April 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 17 August 2023
<div class="boilerplate mw-archivedtalk" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus; reverting back to previous stable title. The history of this article's title is a messy one, so before getting into my own rationale, I want to include a timeline of the titling history for reference:

 * The article was created on 31 March 2005, originally under the title.
 * On 8 February 2007, the article was moved to the title . The move was executed via technical request, so while it was not formally discussed, there was slightly more vetting than a standard WP:BOLD move.
 * On 15 February 2017, an RM was opened, proposing that the title be moved to "Cross-country route". The RM was closed on 13 March 2017 with a result of "Move to an as-of-yet undetermined destination" (effectively a WP:NOTCURRENTTITLE close, though I don't know if that section of WP:RMCI had been written yet). The closer did not move the article to any title themselves.
 * On 26 March 2017 (13 days after the RM closure), the title was WP:BOLDly moved to ; the choice of destination title was not discussed previously, and the mover identified it as an "interim title" in their edit summary.
 * On 6 May 2017, the article was reverted to the title, after a brief talk page discussion showed that some users disliked the new title.
 * On 10 April 2022, the issue of the article title was raised again informally. After Special:PermanentLink/1083214789, the article was moved to on 17 April 2022. Later in the month, other users who had missed the discussion expressed objections to the move.
 * The current RM was opened on 17 August 2023.

Within the RM discussion, I've seen opposition to the current title and the proposed title, but little willingness to expressly support any given title. The main arguments that pertain to these titles seem to be as follows: In summary, the current title is regarded as a poor title and the proposed title is regarded as a poor title; alternate titles were raised in one comment, only to be shot down in the same message that initially proposed them. This discussion did not result in a consensus for any title.
 * Multiple users expressed that the current title fails WP:NATURAL, with one describing it as contrived and another calling it a cumbersome mess.
 * It was noted that proper names tended to be used for other UK train lines (e.g. East Coast Main Line, West Coast Main Line), suggesting that the proposed move would align with WP:CONSISTENT.
 * It was argued that the title "Cross Country Route" is not used in sources, an appeal to WP:COMMONNAME.
 * Concerns about WP:RECOGNIZABILITY were raised in several forms:
 * One user argued that the proposed title was too vague to be applicable, arguing that readers unfamiliar with the topic area would be uncertain that the article subject was a train route in the first place. This line of argument was disputed by another participant, who argued for this topic being the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for "Cross Country Route".
 * One user argued that the "Cross Country Route" would be assumed by average UK readers to refer to the Plymouth–Aberdeen line (contra the article, which focuses on Bristol–York).
 * One user argued that the current title being perceived as unnatural also speaks to its lack of recognizability.

However, one participant did make the argument that – in the absence of consensus – the best course of action would be moving back to the most longstanding established title, which was Cross Country Route. I find myself convinced by this argument, for two principal reasons. First, although the current title has been in place for nearly a year and a half, it is also true that "Cross Country Route" has been the title for approximately 15 years throughout the article's history, indicating a strong level of stability. Second, the discussion that led this article to be moved to its current title had little publicity and few participants, and opposition emerged not long after the move went through; thus, any consensus to adopt the "CrossCountry NE–SW route" title was a very weak one in the first place.

Finally, just as a reminder about RM norms: because this proposal ended in a no-consensus result, participants should not feel dissuaded from opening a follow-up RM if they would like to propose a not-previously-discussed title for the article. We may not have found the ideal title for this article yet, but one may still exist out there somewhere. (closed by non-admin page mover) ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 16:12, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

CrossCountry NE–SW route → Cross Country Route – Per my comments of last April (above). The consensus was not there to move away from the old title, with no widely-publised RM and I happen to think the renaming was a mistake. Ping Dicklyon, GRALISTAIR, SMcCandlish, Black Kite, wbm1058. Rcsprinter123  (notify)  21:01, 17 August 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 13:52, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

 * By the way, those pings did not work, even after being re-tried. I check my notifications, and found nothing. Dicklyon (talk) 04:00, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * As I have explained on many occasions, there needs to be a new signed post that includes the links to all of the users that you wish to notify, and it all needs to be done in the same edit. failed to notify wbm1058 because it's a modification to an existing post, and not a new post. As for, the only thing that I can think of is that  uses a templated sig (albeit one that is WP:SUBSTd), and not one where all of the wikimarkup is contained in the custom signature box. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 20:41, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Support Cumbersome mess of a title we have at present. G-13114 (talk) 21:29, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Note: WikiProject Trains has been notified of this discussion. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 13:52, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

<div style="padding-left: 1.6em; font-style: italic; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; margin: 0.5em 0; padding-top: 0.5em">The discussion above is closed. <b style="color: #FF0000;">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Comment The long-standing franchise currently operated by CrossCountry covers several routes, some of which head NW–SE and barely touch the CrossCountry NE–SW route by crossing it at Birmingham. Can we find an even better title?   redirects there, but isn't ideal (terminates short of York; wrong sort of dash), and I think something like Cross Country core route might fail WP:COMMONNAME. Certes (talk) 16:18, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Question – What does CrossCountry call it, if anything? What do other reliable sources call it?  I'm not into researching it at the moment.  The problem before was that this title dressed up as a proper name did not seem to come from sources.  Does it now?  Dicklyon (talk) 03:33, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, I think I might have gotten a ping for this earlier which I may have forgotten about, but I just got (another?) one now so will add my top-of-the head thoughts. I'm annoyed to see that this still hasn't been settled after all these years, and annoyed to see fellow American Dicklyon still pushing the envelope (I saw that your AWB rights were just taken away for editing too fast without the expected care) with his lower-case titles everywhere agenda which continues to disrupt local consensuses that favored proper names. I'd rather let my fellow British editors who are most familiar with the topic decide. Part of the issue with this as I recall was defining the endpoints of what is considered the "cross country" route. The longest in the UK being Aberdeen–Penzance. A popular trip for extreme rail tourists which has been written about in travel magazines and such. But the scope of the article seems to have been defined as the main high-speed connection between Bristol and York. Noting that the other major rail lines in the UK are known by proper names, e.g. East Coast Main Line and West Coast Main Line then if you have sources that call this particular route, with well-defined endpoints of Bristol and York, Cross Country Route, then yes, move it there. That would make this the Cross Country Route operated by the operator CrossCountry; two distinct names, the rail line and the operator being different with the operator using camel case. I have a sense that the name of the operator has been crowbarred into the title in order to support the objective of keeping the title a proper name. As with the East and West main lines, CrossCountry is just one of several operators, and we don't name the others as "CrossCountry East Coast Main Line" and the like. I think Dicklyon would prefer to keep all proper names out of all British rail article titles, and I wouldn't be surprised if he has already proposed moving to "UK east coast main rail line" and this article title would be fully-Lyonized by a move to "UK cross country rail route" or "UK NE–SW cross country rail route". The thing that makes this line a bit different than the East and West is the ambiguity about the end points which might support moving to a lower-case title in the plural form to support having both Aberdeen–Penzance and Bristol–York in the same article, i.e. UK cross country routes. But I don't really care enough about this enough to want to spend more months or years debating it. – wbm1058 (talk) 22:58, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * If you'd talk less about me and more about the questions at hand, we might make progress. I have no agenda to keep proper names out of titles, just don't want to cap things that are not proper names.  Dicklyon (talk) 02:45, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The problem is that this needs to be a proper name. "Cross Country Route" is a proper name because it refers to a specific rail route, while "cross country route" is a generic term that could refer to many disparate things. – wbm1058 (talk) 15:44, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * One more point. If this ends up being another "no consensus" then I'd say that means moving back to the most longstanding established title, which was Cross Country Route. – wbm1058 (talk) 23:00, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with Certes above. Also, the proposed title, "Cross Country Route", is vague. It is confusing for unrelated readers. "Cross Country Route" of what, and where? Is it route of some cycling/motor sports? The proposed title doesn't answer that. Also, even if there is a hint about it being a train-route, the first train system/service/operator that comes to mind is TGV. "CrossCountry" is the operator here, so the title should add something about the route itself to avoid confusion/surprise. I am not opposed to moving to a better title, but the proposed title does not seem to an improvement, hence an oppose. —usernamekiran (talk) 03:38, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The above is essentially an argument for abolishing WP:Primary topic. All primary topics are, by definition, vague at some level. East Coast Main Line is vague. It could, theoretically, refer to a train running from Miami to Boston. West Coast Main Line is also vague, bringing to mind a train running from San Diego to Seattle or Vancouver. Cross Country Route (disambiguation) is a page that doesn't exist yet; therefore by definition, the title is unambiguous on Wikipedia and anyone living in the UK should be familiar with the term. "Cross Country Route" of what, and where? is a question which is answered by the lead sentence of the article. We don't expect our readers to immediately know what all 6+ million articles are about from just reading their titles; we expect them to read the ledes. – wbm1058 (talk) 15:44, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's a question for our UK editors. If you ask random people on the street, "what is the name of the rail line that connects Bristol and York?", if the typical answer you get is "Cross Country Route", then keep the longstanding title (move the page back). If, rather you hear, "I don't know", or "Bristol–York line, I guess", then move it there. If they say, "CrossCountry NE–SW route" then keep the current title. I doubt that would be a frequent answer, as our British friends seem to be telling us that this is a contrived title. – wbm1058 (talk) 15:59, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * To turn this around, if you asked them "Where does the Cross Country Route run between?", they'd say "Plymouth to Aberdeen". The fact that the section between Bristol and York is considered to be a separate line is known only to rail enthusiasts. Tevildo (talk) 19:04, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

UK?
Why is the suffix of UK now added to the title? To me, that seems less like a railway line and more like a description of a bunch of lines. Could I have some context as to why it had UK added, as I can't find it in the section above. Nathan A RF (talk) 09:55, 6 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, the rail line(s) is/are in the UK. I don't think that country has a monopoly on the term "cross-country route" (whether that's a proper name or not), so "UK" is needed for disambiguation. Of course, one could argue that the UK has many cross-country routes, not just the one described in this article. The comments in the closed discussion above about the difficulty in clearly identifying the scope of the article are directly relevant to our difficulty in determining an adequate title of the article. – wbm1058 (talk) 12:03, 6 May 2017 (UTC)
 * So after a move discussion doesn't get anywhere, decides to go to some random title which has never been used by anyone with a disambiguation which is unnecessary. I'm going to revert. -mattbuck (Talk) 12:34, 6 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree that was a truly terrible choice for a name. G-13114 (talk) 13:27, 6 May 2017 (UTC)
 * At the moment, I don't see any good choices for the title, so we have to settle for the best of the lot of poor choices. Really, the only way to solve this long-term is to focus on the content, and the title should then follow from that. Note that although I have this on my watchlist, I haven't checked in since the last discussion. wbm1058 (talk) 16:15, 6 May 2017 (UTC)
 * In that case, probably best just to leave it where it has been for years. It's as good as anything. G-13114 (talk) 04:24, 7 May 2017 (UTC)
 * As the close noted, there was a clear consensus to move. So moving back to the title with inappropriate caps among other problems can hardly be considered progress.  Do you not have any better ideas? Dicklyon (talk) 05:53, 7 May 2017 (UTC)
 * It says "to an as-of-yet undetermined destination". No destination was subsequently discussed; and yet you moved it to a name which you decided upon yourself, without first consulting anybody else, which was clearly in breach of your previous warnings about moving pages without discussion. Indeed, less than four days before you moved the page, you were given by . -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 13:40, 7 May 2017 (UTC)

Lead
"The Cross Country Route is a long-distance rail route in the United Kingdom that has in its central part superseded the Midland Railway." What does this mean? The Midland Railway ceased to exist in 1922. It was superseded by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, not by the Cross Country Route. What is this important first sentence trying to say? 87.75.117.183 (talk) 13:53, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * You're right it was gobbledegook, I've removed it. G-13114 (talk) 18:29, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

Electrification section update
This section was/is out of date. I have made a start updating it and will try and complete in next few days GRALISTAIR (talk) 20:14, 9 April 2022 (UTC) I have updated but if someone can check my work that would be good GRALISTAIR (talk) 01:59, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cross Country Route


text:
Cotswold sheep

The Cotswold is a British breed of domestic sheep. It originates in, and is named for, the Cotswold hills of the southern midlands of England. It is a large long-woollen sheep, and is kept as a dual-purpose breed, providing both meat and wool.

It is a rare breed: in 2021 it was listed as "at risk" on the watchlist of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust.

History
Cotswold sheep have been noted as commonly having a slightly golden coloured wool since the days of Drayton and Camden in England (circa late 16th century to early 17th century), with dark colours being exceedingly rare. This trait gave them the nickname of the "Golden Fleece Breed".

In the Middle Ages, Cotswold wool was highly prized and sought-after across Europe for its golden sheen and wealthy English merchants who profited from the wool trade funded the construction of many impressive wool churches which stand in the Cotswolds to this day.

Some old-time black "Cotswolds" historically hark back in some form or another to crosses like those originally noted in the flock of William Large of the early 19th century in England. Those sheep were the product of extensive crossing with English Leicesters, a breed more often known for possessing coloured wool.

In 2009 it was classified on the watchlist of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust as "minority", the lowest of five levels of concern; in 2021 it was one of twenty-four breeds listed as "at risk".

Roman
In July 1964 a Roman-sculpted replica of a sheep's head was described as having been unearthed near Bibury Church in Gloucestershire, England. A photo of this sculpture is on page 6 of the booklet The Cotswold Sheep. The resemblance to modern Cotswold sheep is striking.

Some authorities claim (Elwes, 1893) the Cotswold breed was already in the Cotswold Hills when the Romans got there circa 54 B.C. Others believe that the Cotswold descended from the breeding of local sheep with imported long wool breeds brought with the Romans.

United States
By 1831, this breed had been introduced to the United States by Christopher Dunn of near Albany, New York. Importation records of Cotswold only date back to that era.

While Christopher Dunn imported only one Cotswold ram to cross with his English Leicester ewes. The resulting crosses were so impressive that they prompted William Henry Sotham (funded by the Hon. Erastus Corning, also of Albany) to make extensive imports of Cotswold sheep from the flock of William Hewer of Northleach, Gloucestershire, England.

Another early contributor to American flocks was the Charles Barton Flock, of Fyfield, Northleach, England, whose owner had family records of Cotswold pedigrees going back to 1640 or before.

Like other longwool breeds, the Cotswold was often used for crossbreeding in early times. By 1914 over 760,000 had been recorded in the US and Canada by the American Cotswold Record Association. The breed was seen as a way of adding staple length to other breeds while not reducing the size of the carcase or thickness of wool.

The main reason for its early popularity over other lustre longwools in the USA was because it did not require "high feeding" (in other words, large amounts of grain) in order to make good growth.

According to Sheep! magazine editor Nathan Griffith's book on the breed, the largest recorded representative of the Cotswold breed in America was Broadfield's Pride, owned by Charles Mattocks during the 1870s. This sheep was born in 1870 on the farm of William Lane of Gloucestershire, England, and attained the enormous weight of 445 lb. Several of the lambs he sired attained weights of 280 to 300 lb by one year old.

Black Cotswold
In 1989, the Black Cotswold was recognised as a separate breed in the USA. In that year the Black Cotswold Society was formed to assist farmers in propagating the breed. The Black Cotswold can be any colour, including white if it is related to black sheep. The Black Cotswold is not recognised or bred in the UK. In over 130 years of registering Cotswold sheep, no sheep registered with the American Cotswold Record Association has descended from coloured ancestors.

Characteristics
The Cotswold is a large tall sheep. Ewes weigh some, and rams about. It is polled in both sexes. The legs and face are without wool and are usually white; it has a pronounced forelock.

Use
The Cotswold is reared both for wool and for meat. Lambs are commonly slaughtered at some four months old, when they may weigh.

The wool is lustrous; fleeces weigh from to. Staple length is approximately, with a Bradford count of 44s–48s.

title: Cotswold sheep


text:
Sarmoung Brotherhood

The Sarmoung Brotherhood was an alleged esoteric Sufi brotherhood based in Asia. The reputed existence of the brotherhood was brought to light in the writings of George Gurdjieff, a Greek-Armenian spiritual teacher. Some contemporary Sufi-related sources also claim to have made contact with the group although the earliest and primary source is Gurdjieff himself, leading most scholars to conclude the group was fictional.

Name
According to the author John G. Bennett, a student and aide of George Gurdjieff who first mentioned the concept, the word sarmoung uses the Armenian pronunciation of the Persian term sarman, which may mean either "he who preserves the doctrine of Zoroaster" or "bee".

Regarding the meaning, Bennett writes:

"The word can be interpreted in three ways. It is the word for bee, which has always been a symbol of those who collect the precious 'honey' of traditional wisdom and preserve it for further generations. A collection of legends, well known in Armenian and Syrian circles with the title of The Bees, was revised by Mar Salamon, a Nestorian Archimandrite in the thirteenth century. "The Bees" refers to a mysterious power transmitted from the time of Zoroaster and made manifest in the time of Christ.... Man is Persian meaning as the quality transmitted by heredity and hence a distinguished family or race. It can be the repository of an heirloom or tradition. The word sar means head, both literally and in the sense of principal or chief. The combination sarman would thus mean the chief repository of the tradition." Yet another possibility was "those whose heads have been purified", in other words: the enlightened.

Gurdjieff's account
The brotherhood was also sought by George Gurdjieff on his journeys (pre-1912) through Southwest and Central Asia. Describing the contents of an old letter written by a monk which he had obtained, Gurdjieff writes:

"Our worthy Father Telvant has at last succeeded in learning the truth about the Sarmoung Brotherhood. Their organisation actually did exist near the town of Siranoush, and fifty years ago, soon after the migration of peoples, they also migrated and settled in the valley of Izrumin, three days journey from Nivssi...." Then the letter went on about other matters.

What struck us most was the word "Sarmoung", which we had come across several times in the book called "Merkhavat". This word is the name of a famous esoteric school which, according to tradition, was founded in Babylon as far back as 2500 BC, and which was known to have existed somewhere in Mesopotamia up to the sixth or seventh century AD; but about its further existence one could not obtain anywhere the least information.

This school was said to have possessed great knowledge, containing the key to many secret mysteries

Many times had Pogossian and I talked of this school and dreamed of finding out something authentic about it, and now suddenly we found it mentioned in this parchment! We were greatly excited.

Gurdjieff goes on to relate the Sarmoung to the Nestorians, descendants of the ancient Byzantine, their expulsion from Mesopotamia and the city of Ninevah.

Gurdjieff's experiences on these journeys, and a sketchy account of his somewhat mysterious relationship with the Sarmoung Brotherhood, can be found in his autobiography Meetings with Remarkable Men. He says that he made contact with a representative of the Sarmoung through a friend, the Dervish Bogga Eddin (Bahauddin), in Bukhara. The chief monastery of the society was said to be located somewhere in the heart of Asia, about twelve days' journey from Bukhara by horse and donkey. Once he arrived at the monastery, Gurdjieff discovered that his old friend Prince Lubovedsky was already there. The Prince tells Gurdjieff that he had met a representative of the Sarmoung at the house of the Aga Khan in Kabul, Afghanistan. During his stay at the monastery, Gurdjieff recalls seeing a complex and ancient tree-like apparatus used to indicate bodily postures and train temple dancers.

Gurdjieff's attempts to establish a link between the Brotherhood, ancient Sumer, and even "pre-sand Egypt", was an intriguing attempt at acquiring esoteric knowledge that had been passed down from antiquity.

Major Martin's account
According to Account of the Sarmoun Brotherhood (1966, 1982) by Major Desmond R. Martin, a major centre of the contemporary Sarmoun Brotherhood was in the Hindu Kush mountains of northern Afghanistan. Major Martin was an associate of the writer and Sufi teacher, Idries Shah.

In the account, the motto of the Sarmouni is said to be "Work produces a Sweet Essence" (Amal misazad yak zaati shirin), work being not only work for God and for others but also self-work. In relation to this, it is maintained that just as the bee accumulates honey, so the Sarmouni accumulate, store and preserve what they term "true knowledge" (which is equally seen as existing as a positive commodity and associated with the spiritual gift or energy of Baraka). In times of need this is released once more into the world through specially trained emissaries. He describes a tree-like, multi jointed apparatus, similar to one described by Gurdjieff, and also a "No-Koonja" or nine-pointed figure, similar to Gurdjieff's Enneagram. The account hints that the central Asian activities of the Sarmoun are to be shut down and the organisation shifted to the west, and mentions an absent chief of the order, the Surkaur, who lives in a place called Aubshaur or "waterfall" (Another account of a visit to a remote monastery, published anonymously in The Times, links the Sarkar to Idries Shah ). Martin's account ends with a description of a symbolic ritual whose theme is the revival of the "dead letter" of traditional teaching.

O. M. Burke's and Idries Shah's accounts
A lengthy account of an encounter with the Sarmouni is given in Among the Dervishes (1973) by Omar Michael Burke, an associate of (or pen name of ) Idries Shah. He takes the term "Sarmouni" to be synonymous with the Amudaria dervishes. He describes the Sarmouni as a diffuse set of groups, rather than being located in a single monastery. Some groups have no permanent headquarters and meet in the open or private houses. In some cases, whole villages blend Sarmouni practices with their day-to-day lives. He describes them as having a practical orientation, and avoiding mystification and personality-cults. They occasionally display extrasensory perceptions, but do not attribute great significance to them. He reports meeting a nonagenarian with memories of "Jurjizada" (Gurdjieff). He also says they owe their allegiance to the "Studious King" (a literal translation of Idries Shah's name), and agrees with Major Martin that their teaching has been exported and adapted to the West. (He mentions the Azimiyya, a modern international Sufi order).

Other accounts
In Studies in Comparative Religion (Winter 1974), it is said that according to the Armenian book Merkhavat, the Sarmoung Brotherhood, also referred to as the 'Inner Circle of Humanity', originated in ancient Babylon circa 2500 BC, at around the time the Egyptians built the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Ouspensky Foundation state that the brotherhood was active in the golden Babylonian time of Hammurabi (1728-1686 BC) and is connected with Zoroaster, the teacher of Pythagoras (born c. 580 BC–572 BC, died c. 500 BC–490 BC). According to the Foundation, Pythagoras stayed for twelve years in Babylon. (Merkabah mysticism is in fact a form of Jewish esotericism, which Gurdjieff possibly encountered in an Armenian translation).

In The Masters of Wisdom, J. G. Bennett states that the Sarman left Babylon before the arrival of the Alexander the Great (who reigned 336-323 BC), moved up the Tigris and made their headquarters in the abandoned capital of the Assyrian Kings, close to modern-day Mosul in northern Iraq.

In Gurdjieff in the Light of Tradition (2002), the Perennialist Whitall Perry wrote that Gurdjieff believed that the northern Sufi orders could well be under the hidden direction of the Khwajagan - the 'Masters of Wisdom' - themselves in turn delegated by the Sarman 'Inner Circle', the 'Assembly of the Living Saints of the Earth'.

In The People of the Secret, Edward Campbell (writing as Ernest Scott), another associate of Idries Shah, describes studies in extrasensory perception being undertaken in the contemporary Sarmoun monastery in Afghanistan.

The Canadian diplomat and Gurdjieffian James George has speculated, on the basis of the similar name and location, that Surmang, a Tibetan Buddhist monastery currently within Chinese borders may be real basis of the Sarmoung. Surmang has been more recently associated with the renowned and controversial Kagyu teacher Chogyam Trungpa. In 2007, Buddhist priest Rev. José M. Tirado presented a paper to the All & Everything Conference in Loutraki, Greece detailing the probable Buddhist influences on Gurdjieff's teachings, and linking "Sarmoun" to the Surmang monastery, in "Beelzebub's Buddhas".

Skepticism
Mark Sedgwick, the coordinator of the Unit for Arab and Islamic Studies at Aarhus University writes: Although few commentators in Gurdjieff would put it so bluntly, it seems clear to me that the Sarmoung are entirely imaginary. No Sufi tariqa of such a name is known, and in fact "Sarmoung" is a typically Gurdjieffian fantastical name. It is immediately obvious to anyone who knows anything about regular Sufism that there is nothing remotely Sufi about the Sarmoung Order described by Gurdjieff.

James Moore, in his biography of Gurdjieff, writes Gurdjieff's claim to have found and entered 'the chief Sarmoung Monastery' is, in effect, a litmus test, distinguishing literal minds from those preferring allegory.

Literature

 * Adrian G. Gilbert, Magi: The Quest for a Secret Tradition, Bloomsbury Publishing, 1996

title: Sarmoung Brotherhood


text:
Isopropyl nitrite

The chemical compound isopropyl nitrite (or 2-propyl nitrite) is an alkyl nitrite made from isopropanol. It is a clear pale yellow oil that is insoluble in water.

Applications
Isopropyl nitrite is one of the compounds used as poppers, an inhalant drug that induces a brief euphoria.

Safety
Isopropyl nitrite has been associated with eye maculopathy, visual impairment with central scotomata, bilateral foveal yellow spots, and inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) junction disruption, which may be reversible.

title: Isopropyl nitrite


text: Template:Airports in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories