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Talk:Mende language

Untitled
in the film 'amstad' as refered to in the head article the Mende language not having the auxillary verb 'should' is refered to. also as the difficulty in translating 'slave' comes up i believe the knowledgable person(s) should address these issues. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.82.7.239 (talk) 10:21, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Written forms
I've created a new section on written forms, including the existing paragraph and adding info on the alphabet. For the latter, there are two references I could only access via Googlebooks (without full text) for info on the vowels. If someone can access the latter, that should permit more complete info on the Latin-based Mende alphabet, and any changes that may have been made in it over the last 50-60 years.--A12n (talk) 15:41, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

Citation needed for lingua franca claim
Someone edited this page yesterday, questioning the claim that Mende is a lingua franca for Sierra Leone. Given that I know absolutely nothing about the subject matter (that’s why I was looking at the page) I merely noticed that the style was inappropriate and the use of bold superfluous. Hopefully, someone with actual knowledge of the subject matter will add that citation, or adjust the wording to take into account the viewpoint of whomever disagreed with it. Dan Villiom Podlaski Christiansen (talk) 21:14, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mende language


text: Category:Bishops of Gothenburg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Bishops of Gothenburg


text: User talk:156.63.116.143

title: User talk:156.63.116.143


text:
Jonathan Goldstein (author)

Jonathan Goldstein (born August 22, 1969) is an American-Canadian author, humorist and radio producer. Goldstein has worked on radio programs and podcasts such as Heavyweight, This American Life, and WireTap. Goldstein's work has been academically examined as representative of "the positioning of Jews and Canadians as potentially overlooked minorities in the late-twentieth- and early twenty-first-century United States".

Early life
Goldstein was born to Buzz and Dina Goldstein in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, where he spent the first four years of his life before the family moved to Montreal, Quebec, his mother's hometown. The family settled in the suburb of Laval. Goldstein attended McGill University and later completed a master's program in creative writing at Concordia University.

Career
After graduation, Goldstein supported himself by working in the telemarketing industry for ten years while continuing to write and attend readings. He talked about this time on an episode of This American Life, 'Plan B'.

Radio/audio
He hosted the CBC summer radio program Road Dot Trip in 2000 and has contributed to shows like Dispatches and Outfront. In 2000, his career received a boost after he was selected to work on Ira Glass' popular public radio program This American Life. Goldstein relocated to Chicago to work as a producer on the show. Many of Goldstein's pieces have been featured on This American Life where he is a contributing editor. From 2000 to 2002 he was also a producer of the show.

In 2002, Goldstein returned to Montreal and started work on several projects for CBC Radio One. He hosted WireTap, which debuted in 2004 and ended in 2015. The program featured stories told over the phone.

In May 2014, Goldstein played an "expert witness" in humorist John Hodgman's comedy/court show podcast Judge John Hodgman.

In September 2016, Goldstein began a new podcast, Heavyweight, with podcast network Gimlet Media. The podcast was discontinued in 2023 by Spotify, which had purchased Gimlet in the meantime.

Goldstein is a member of the Public Radio Exchange editorial board.

Writing
In 2001, Goldstein's debut novel, Lenny Bruce Is Dead, was published by Coach House Books. Goldstein also co-authored Schmelvis: In Search of Elvis Presley's Jewish Roots with Max Wallace, an account of a Hasidic Elvis impersonator and rabbi's quest to trace the Jewish roots of Elvis Presley. Goldstein has also been published in The New York Times Magazine, Saturday Night, The New York Times, The Walrus, GQ, the Journey Prize Anthology and the National Post. He has also self-produced a number of small publications, most notably carwash the size of a peach.

Other
In September 2007, WireTap producer Mira Burt-Wintonick released "Superstar of the Netherlands," a short film featuring Goldstein and WireTap regular Gregor Ehrlich, on YouTube. In February 2008, Goldstein debuted the internet project CBC Web 3.0 which features the short "The Future is Yesterday,” a comedic take on the impersonal nature of the Internet.

Personal life
Goldstein has resided in Montreal, Chicago, and New York City, and he now lives in Minneapolis.

Goldstein was in a relationship with the author Heather O'Neill that ended in 2007.

Goldstein married fellow radio producer Emily Condon in 2015, having been introduced by Sean Cole in 2013.

Books

 * Lenny Bruce Is Dead (ISBN 1552450694, 2001)
 * Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bible! (ISBN 1594483671, 2009)
 * I'll Seize the Day Tomorrow (ISBN 014317388X, 2012)
 * [[Schmelvis: In Search of Elvis Presley's Jewish Roots]] (with Max Wallace) (ISBN 155022462X, 2002)

Awards

 * ReLit Award (Regarding Literature Award) (2001)
 * Third Coast International Audio Festival: Gold Prize (2002)
 * Canadian National Magazine Awards: Silver Award for Humour (2004)
 * The New York Festivals: Gold World Medal for Best Regularly Scheduled Comedy Program (2006) for WireTap

title: Jonathan Goldstein (author)


text:
North Central State Airport

North Central State Airport is a public use airport in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The airport is owned by the State of Rhode Island and opened for service in 1951. It serves the northern portion of the Providence metropolitan area and is located 3 nmi east of the central business district of Smithfield. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2023–2027, in which it is categorized as a local reliever facility.

The airport is situated in the towns of Smithfield and Lincoln. It is located in the upper region of the state and is roughly horizontally centered in the state, hence the name North Central. It is designated as a reliever airport for general aviation activity from T.F. Green Airport.

North Central State Airport is one of six active airports operated by the Rhode Island Airport Corporation, the other five being T.F. Green State Airport, Quonset State Airport, Westerly State Airport, Newport State Airport, and Block Island State Airport.

Like all state-owned airports in Rhode Island, there is a US$5 landing fee for any aircraft not registered in Rhode Island.

Facilities and aircraft
North Central State Airport covers an area of 475 acre at an elevation of 441 ft above mean sea level.

It has two asphalt paved runways:

 * Runway 5/23 is 5000 by
 * Runway 15/33 is 3211 by

Runway 5/23 is used more often than Runway 15/33 due to crosswinds.

For the 12-month period ending May 31, 2023, the airport had 14,687 aircraft operations, an average of 40 per day: 95% general aviation, 4% air taxi and <1% military. At that time there were 34 aircraft based at this airport: 32 single-engine, 1 multi-engine, and 1 helicopter.

It is a non-towered airport catering to private pilots and general aviation; the aircraft seen there are usually either piston or light jet aircraft. The airport is not able to serve large airliners, and the use of North Central for these types of aircraft is purely emergency-related. The airport is the base for a repair facility.

Airlines

 * Angel Flight America Lancaster
 * Flight Options Oxford

title: North Central State Airport


text: Category:870s BC deaths

title: Category:870s BC deaths


text:
Jonathan Goldstein

Jonathan Goldstein may refer to:

 * Jonathan Goldstein (author) (born 1969), North American author and radio producer
 * Jonathan Goldstein (actor) (born 1964), American actor
 * Jonathan Goldstein (businessman), a British solicitor and entrepreneur
 * Jonathan Goldstein (composer) (1968–2019), British composer of music for film and television
 * Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker) (born 1968), American filmmaker
 * Jonathan A. Goldstein (1929–2004), biblical scholar and author
 * Jonathan L. Goldstein (born 1941), U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 1974 to 1977
 * Johnny Goldstein (born 1991), Israeli music producer, singer and member of Israeli band TYP

title: Jonathan Goldstein


text:
Valentine Chirol

Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol (28 May 1852 – 22 October 1929) was a British journalist, author, historian and diplomat.

Early life
He was the son of the Rev. Alexander Chirol and Harriet Chirol. His education was mostly in France and Germany. Growing up in France with his parents, Chirol lived in the city of Versailles, where he also finished secondary school.

In 1869, the young Chirol, already bilingual, moved to Germany, residing in a small town near Frankfurt am Main. By 1870, the Franco-Prussian War had broken out, which Chirol experienced from both sides. He returned to Paris in 1871, just in time to see the Germans enter the city.

Thanks to his good French and German, he was able to come and go easily passing for a citizen of either side, and he began to acquire his taste for adventure and politics.

Given the chaos in France, the Chirols returned to their family home in Hove. In April 1872, Chirol joined the Foreign Office where he worked for until spring 1876. Unsatisfied with the slow pace of life in the Foreign Office, Chirol returned to travelling where things were much quicker.

Having begun to learn Arabic before he left England, he set off to Egypt arriving in Cairo where he took up residence. In 1879, he set off for Beirut not long after the British had taken control of Cyprus. From there, he travelled inland through Syria with Laurence Oliphant from whom he would later learn to draw. In the Middle East, he took up journalism for the first time, for the Levant Herald, then the leading newspaper in the Near East.

Chirol moved on travelling, to Istanbul and later throughout the Balkans. From the travels came his first book, Twixt Greek and Turk.

Journalist
Chirol began as correspondent and editor of The Times travelling across the globe writing about international events. His first major post was to Berlin in 1892 where he formed many close relationships with the German Foreign Ministry including the Foreign Minister. He lived there until 1896 and reported on Anglo-German relations. Even after returning to London, Chirol travelled back to Berlin and often acted as a backchannel between the English and Germans.

Later, he succeeded Donald Mackenzie Wallace as director of foreign department of The Times in 1899.

Despite being in charge of The Times foreign line, he still managed to travel a great deal. In 1902, he travelled overland to India heading first to Moscow and on to Isfahan, Quetta, Delhi and, finally, Calcutta, where he met with Lord George Nathaniel Curzon. Chirol and Curzon got on quite well, having first met in Cairo in 1895. Chirol was impressed with Curzon's fine governing calling him "a marvellous man for work". Chirol's first visit to India inspired a longtime love for the place to which he would often return throughout his life. Towards the end of his trip, he travelled north to Indore where he stayed with Sir Francis Younghusband.

After returning to London, Chirol continued working on his next book, The Middle Eastern Question, based on a series of 19 articles by Chirol that appeared in The Times in 1902 and 1903. His book helped to bring the term Middle East into common usage. Chirol dedicated the book to his new friend, Curzon, whom he would soon see again. In November 1903 he sailed to Karachi where he boarded a yacht to tour the Persian Gulf with Lord and Lady Curzon. Other notable guests on the voyage included a young Winston Churchill. Chirol returned to London by Christmas and just as the Russo-Japanese War was breaking out. He later travelled to Washington D.C., where he met with Teddy Roosevelt and many US Congress members, facilitated by his close friend, Sir Cecil Spring Rice.

After two decades as a journalist he retired from The Times on 21 December 1911 and was knighted shortly thereafter, on 1 January 1912, for his distinguished service as a foreign affairs advisor. He rejoined the Foreign Office as a diplomat and was soon on his way to the Balkans as World War I broke out.

World War I
Travelling through Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania, Chirol, along with J.D. Gregory, met with foreign officials and heads of state to help convince them to join the Allied side. In addition, he wrote a stern critique of the Foreign Office's failings in the region, including the ongoing quagmire at Gallipoli.

Deprecatory comments in Chirol's book, Indian Unrest, resulted in a civil suit being brought against him in London by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, in the Indian independence movement. Although Tilak ultimately lost the suit, Chirol ended up spending almost two years in India on account of it, missing the bulk of World War I.

Later life
He later travelled to Paris as part of a government delegation whose job it was to work on terms of peace. Though no longer formally with the newspaper, Chirol continued to write articles occasionally and maintained his wide range of journalistic and diplomatic contacts.

In 1924, he travelled to the United States on a lecture tour and he spoke about the growing problems between the Occident and the Orient and warned against American isolationism, which he greatly feared. He spent the remainder of his retired life travelling the world to places like Morocco, Egypt, South Africa and, especially, India. In addition, he published a number of other books.

Chirol died in London in 1929 and was missed by many. Major-General Sir Neill Malcolm called him the "friend of viceroys, the intimate of ambassadors, one might almost say the counsellor of ministers, he was [also] one of the noblest characters that ever adorned British journalism". He was buried in the Brighton Extra Mural Cemetery.

title: Valentine Chirol


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Kurt Raab

Kurt Raab (20 July 1941 – 28 June 1988) was a West German stage and film actor, as well as a screenwriter and playwright. Raab is best remembered for his work with German film director Rainer Werner Fassbinder, with whom he collaborated on 31 film projects.

Biography
Raab was born in Bergreichenstein, which is now Kašperské Hory, Czech Republic. He completed the abitur at Musische Gymnasium Straubing, and studied in Munich.

He made his cinema debut in Fassbinder's Liebe ist kälter als der Tod (Love Is Colder than Death) in 1969. Over the next few years, he made numerous films with Fassbinder, including Warum läuft Herr R. Amok? (Why Does Herr R. Run Amok?) and Der Amerikanische Soldat (The American Soldier) in 1970, Warnung vor einer heiligen Nutte (Beware of a Holy Whore) in 1971, and Der Händler der vier Jahreszeiten (The Merchant of Four Seasons) in 1972.

He also worked as a production designer, assistant director, producer, and a screenwriter.

Raab was friends with Freddie Mercury of Queen, and appears as a ballerina in the band's music video for "It's a Hard Life". He is also seen in Mercury's "Living on My Own" video, dressed in drag as Mary, Queen of Scots.

On 28 June 1988, at age 46, Raab died of AIDS-related complications. Before Raab died, he worked to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS in West Germany. In 1987, he discussed his illness in Herbert Achternbusch's Wohin?, a film about AIDS hysteria. In 1988, he made Mitten im Leben, a documentary about AIDS, for Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen. However, the illness remained poorly understood and Raab was placed in quarantine-like conditions in the Hamburg Tropical Institute. While confined to a hospital bed, Raab and his friend Hans Hirschmüller compiled the documentary Sehnsucht Nach Sodom, in which they explored "subjects as taboo as AIDS, death and the Catholicism of a gay person." Sehnsucht was released posthumously in 1989.

Prejudice about AIDS was also evident when Raab's body was refused burial in Steinbeißen, the Lower Bavarian town in which his family had settled in 1945. He is buried in Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg.

title: Kurt Raab


text:
Can't Stand the Rezillos

Can't Stand the Rezillos is the debut studio album by Edinburgh-based punk band the Rezillos, released on Sire Records on 21 July 1978. The album has a more mainstream pop and rock and roll sound than the punk music of the time, and includes the UK top twenty hit "Top of the Pops", as well as several cover versions of 1960s songs: "Glad All Over" (originally a hit for the Dave Clark Five); "Somebody's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked In Tonight" (originally by Fleetwood Mac); and "I Like It", a Gerry and the Pacemakers hit.

Can't Stand the Rezillos received positive reviews from the UK music magazines and reached number 16 on the UK Albums Chart. The Rezillos split four months after the album's release, and the band did not make another studio album until their reformation in 2001 and the release of Zero in 2015, but Can't Stand the Rezillos has continued to receive critical acclaim since its release.

Recording
The band released their debut single "Can't Stand My Baby" in August 1977 on the independent Edinburgh-based record label Sensible Records. Towards the end of 1977 the band's energetic live shows were gaining the attention of the music press and several major record labels. The group eventually signed with New York-based Sire Records which at that point was regarded as the major label most sympathetic to the emerging punk and new wave music scene, having already signed the Ramones and Talking Heads. The band's second single, "(My Baby Does) Good Sculptures", which was originally also scheduled to be released on Sensible Records, was released in December on Sire instead.

Sire suggested to the Rezillos that they record the album in New York City, to which the band readily agreed, eager to travel outside the UK. The album was recorded during February 1978 at producer Tony Bongiovi's studio the Power Station, with Bongiovi and his assistant Lance Quinn originally scheduled to handle production duties. However, due to illness Bongiovi was unable to attend the majority of the recording sessions, and in his absence his engineer Bob Clearmountain ended up overseeing most of the album: the band recognised Clearmountain's contribution to the record and pressed for his name to be included on the production credits.

Release
Although mixing for the album was completed in March, its release was delayed for several months while Sire waited for its distribution deal with Phonogram Records to run out and to be able to switch to Warner Bros. Records. The Rezillos were angry with the lengthy delay, feeling that they were losing momentum and twice having to cancel a planned tour, and bass player William Mysterious quit the band in frustration. Can't Stand the Rezillos was eventually released in July 1978. A third single, "Top of the Pops" was released to coincide with the album and became the band's biggest hit. The single was a re-recorded version of the album track, featuring new bass player Simon Templar.

In 1993 the album was reissued on CD in a remastered and expanded version titled Can't Stand the Rezillos: The (Almost) Complete Rezillos. This 28-track version comprised the original thirteen-track album, the group's November 1978 single "Destination Venus" and its B-side "Mystery Action", and the 1979 live album Mission Accomplished... But the Beat Goes On. The final track of Mission Accomplished..., a live version of "Destination Venus", had to be dropped due to time constraints on the CD.

Critical reception
The reviews from the UK music press upon the album's release were very favourable. The NME's Paul Morley described the album as "13 quick cuts lustily shot through with cheap culture combinations ... The group's inventiveness does things with noise that are a little too clever for hippy-happy exhilaration; there's no chance of any calculated innocence here ... But it's all very clever: the parodied dissatisfaction of punk; the lashings of beat and controlled chaos; the frenzied passion of the production, and, above all else, lots of cosmic vibes, maan." Ian Birch of Melody Maker said, "There's no need for worried glances: the band have pulled the proverbial cat out of the bag. They have always been about wraparound, cartoon strip enjoyment and that's exactly what you get. Both sides seethe with great pop bluster which has been captured (as it should have been) in all its rough-edged immediacy." Nick Tester of Sounds stated that the album was "a definitive slice of the Scottish beat combo's past and present in full unabridged glory... No flabby excesses, the Rezillos stick 'wisely' to their ultra confident and rigid style, a format which sweeps through both sides with little hesitation or respite." The one reserved review came from Record Mirror, where despite her enthusiasm for the Rezillos' live act, Sheila Prophet felt that on record "they retain all their crazed energy and off-the-wall humour, but it's pretty much just one joke, and that tends to wear thin after a while ... Really, the problem facing the Rezillos is the same one facing any group who choose humour and parody as their medium: what sounds amusing on first hearing can quickly degenerate into being simply a disposable novelty."

AllMusic enthused over the "hyperactive tempos, raging guitar, abbreviated pop melodies, goofy and slightly off-kilter lyrics that display a fascination with junk culture and '60s pop... the real key to this album is its simple, good-hearted joie de vivre; funny-punk was rarely executed with the degree of skill, finesse, and pure delirious glee as the Rezillos summoned up on Can't Stand the Rezillos. It makes me smile more than any U.K. punk album ever made me, and it has the greatest Dave Clark Five cover ever committed to tape – what greater recommendation could you ask for? A triumph." Trouser Press called the band "a blast of fresh air compared to the more serious bands of new wave's first charge" and praised the album as "an action-packed document of their pop/camp approach".

Accolades
In 1994, All Time Top 1000 Albums named Can't Stand the Rezillos one of the 50 best punk albums of all time. The compilers stated that the Rezillos were "exuberant almost to the point of hysteria", creating "a body of work full of verve, style and humour", which this album "encapsulates to perfection". Punk aficionados acclaimed the album. In March 2003, Mojo magazine ranked the LP in its list of the Top 50 Punk Albums.

Track listing
All tracks written and composed by John Callis except where indicated.

Side one
 * 1) "Flying Saucer Attack" – 2:47
 * 2) "No" – 2:22
 * 3) "Somebody's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked in Tonight" (Jeremy Spencer) – 1:53
 * 4) "Top of the Pops" – 2:55
 * 5) "2000 A.D." (Callis, Mysterious) – 2:58
 * 6) "It Gets Me" (Mysterious) – 2:11
 * 7) "Can't Stand My Baby" – 2:22

Side two
 * 1) "Glad All Over" (Dave Clark, Mike Smith) – 2:07
 * 2) "(My Baby Does) Good Sculptures" – 3:10
 * 3) "I Like It" (Mitch Murray) – 1:46
 * 4) "Getting Me Down" – 2:06
 * 5) "Cold Wars" – 2:54
 * 6) "Bad Guy Reaction" – 2:15

Can't Stand The Rezillos: The (Almost) Complete Rezillos
Live tracks (originally from Mission Accomplished... But the Beat Goes On): "Top of the Pops" – 2:54 "Mystery Action" – 2:46 "Somebody's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked In Tonight" (Jeremy Spencer) – 1:48 "Thunderbirds Are Go" – 2:31 "Cold Wars" – 2:56 "Teenbeat" – 3:08 "No" – 2:15 "Land of a Thousand Dances" (Chris Kenner, Fats Domino) – 2:14 "I Need You" (Ray Davies) – 1:49 "Culture Shock" – 3:11 "Getting Me Down" – 2:01 "Ballroom Blitz" (Mike Chapman, Nicky Chinn) – 4:47 "(My Baby Does) Good Sculptures" – 3:20
 * 1) "Flying Saucer Attack" – 2:50
 * 2) "No" – 2:22
 * 3) "Somebody's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked In Tonight" (Jeremy Spencer) – 1:54
 * 4) "Top of the Pops" – 2:55
 * 5) "2000 A.D." (Callis, Mysterious) – 2:59
 * 6) "It Gets Me" (Mysterious) – 2:11
 * 7) "Can't Stand My Baby" – 2:23
 * 8) "Glad All Over" (Dave Clark, Mike Smith) – 2:07
 * 9) "(My Baby Does) Good Sculptures" – 3:11
 * 10) "I Like It" (Mitch Murray) – 1:46
 * 11) "Getting Me Down" – 2:07
 * 12) "Cold Wars" – 2:55
 * 13) "Bad Guy Reaction" – 2:16
 * 14) "Destination Venus" (non-album single, November 1978) – 3:35
 * 15) "Mystery Action" (B-side of "Destination Venus") – 2:46

 * Note: on all versions of the album "I Like It" is incorrectly credited to Calvin Scott, Clarence Carter and Felix Thomas.

Personnel

 * Jo Callis – electric guitars
 * Mysterious (aka William Mysterious) – bass on tracks 1–13, saxophone on tracks 16–28
 * Angel Paterson – drums
 * Fay Fife – vocals
 * Eugene Reynolds – vocals

Additional personnel
 * Simon Templar – bass on tracks 14–28
 * Gail Warning – backing vocals on tracks 16–28

title: Can't Stand the Rezillos


text:
Talk:Todd Huth

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''they actually had 5 demos. see primus family tree.'' removed from original article and added Avriette 14:26, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Todd Paclebar?
On the Frogs, Les presents his guitarist onstage as Todd Paclebar. Is that a middle name or nickname of Todd Huth, or what? --Howdybob (talk) 00:49, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Todd Huth


text:
Tony Norris

Cuthbert Antony Norris (9 January 1917 in Cradley, Worcestershire – 25 February 2005 in Worcester) was an English ornithologist. He was a member of the RSPB's council in the 1950s and 1960s, chairing its finance and general purposes committee. During that time, he persuaded the organisation to move from London to its current headquarters at The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire. Using his own money to facilitate the transaction he was, for one day, owner of the Lodge.

Norris was BTO President from 1961–1964 and was awarded their Bernard Tucker Medal in 1959. He was also secretary and chairman of the West Midland Bird Club from 1953–1975 and its president from 1975–1999. He was the youngest member of the British Ornithologists' Union. He was the instigator of the Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory and was the youngest member of the British Ornithologists' Union.

In December 1958 he presented a talk on the BBC Home Service, In Search of Prunella, about the alpine accentor (Prunella collaris).

In 1940, he married Cicely Hurcomb, daughter of Lord Hurcomb, and they had two daughters. During World War II, he was a Colonel in the British army responsible for a unit of troops from Sierra Leone, fighting the Japanese in Burma. He later ran a garden nursery in the Malvern area of Worcestershire and specialised in growing South African nerine lilies, for which he was awarded an RHS gold medal. Cicely died in 1976 and in 1985 Norris bred a Nerine 'Cicely Norris', named in her honour

He was a personal friend of Peter Scott and assisted him in setting up the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. He was also a friend of and supplier of much of his nerine collection to Monty Hollows, New Zealand’s pioneering nerine breeder and producer.

title: Tony Norris


text:
Panvel

Panvel is a city and taluka in Raigad district of Maharashtra, India. It is highly populated due to its closeness to Mumbai. Panvel is also governed for development purpose by the body of Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Panvel Municipal Corporation is the first Municipal Corporation in Raigad and the 27th Municipal corporation of Maharashtra State.

Geography
Panvel is one of the cities in the district of Raigad. It is also called the gate of Raigad because Panvel is the first city when entering in Raigad from west. It is also one of the most populous and developed cities in the district. Panvel is situated on the banks of the Gadhi river which flows and connects all the way to the Arabian Sea. It is also surrounded by hills on two sides.

Demographics
Panvel has a mix population consisting of the Agri samaaj and Koli communities. Panvel is a medium-sized city but densely populated as it is strategically placed between Mumbai and Pune. The city is the headquarters of the Panvel sub-division of the Raigad district, which is the largest in the district as per number of villages (564).

Religion
Hinduism is majority religion in Panvel city with 78.67% followers. Islam is second most popular religion in city of Panvel with approximately 10.85% following it, followed by Buddhism with 5.92% followers. In Panvel city, Christianity is followed by 2.13%, Jainism by 1.29%, Sikhism by 0.47%. Around 0.13% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.54% stated 'No Particular Religion'.

Climate
Weather is Sunny across the year. There is heavy rain during monsoon. May is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in May averages 34.3 °C. The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in January, when it is around 23.4 °C. Temperatures hover around 40 °C during most days of summer during mid-March till May. Highest temperature recorded around 44–45 °C. Average annual temperature of Panvel is 27.0 °C.

History
Panvel (also known as Panwell by the British) is about 300 years old, developed around trade routes (both land and sea), during the Maratha rule and hence after by the Mughal rule, British and the Portuguese. Once upon a time, Panvel was famous for its rice market. Panvel Municipal Council (PMC) was established in the year 1852, and was the oldest municipal council of Maharashtra, before the formation of Panvel Municipal Corporation. Panvel Municipal Council's elections started in the year 1910. The first mayor of the PMC was Mr. Yusuf Noor Mohammed Master Kachchi for the years 1910–1916. The sesquicentennial anniversary (150th anniversary) of the PMC was celebrated in the year 2002. The city prospered and grew due to the influence of large scale trade by land and sea. This was characterised by the large palace-like homes that came up during the Peshwa period. It is also said that old name of this city was Paneli (Panelim in Konkani). There were historic cannons (during the time of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj) situated on Panvel fort. On 1 October 2016, Panvel Municipal Corporation came into existence.

Location
Panvel lies approximately 40 kilometers east of Greater Mumbai, in Navi Mumbai, inside the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. It is surrounded by the mountains of Matheran to the east and south east and outer regions of Panvel i.e. villages of Dundhare, Maldunge are separated from the suburbs of Badlapur and Ambernath by hilly ranges of the Western Ghats. It lies adjacent to the Navi Mumbai International Airport forming its eastern boundary.

New Panvel
Most of the recent developments of Panvel are in New Panvel, as it's more of a planned city compared to Panvel city New Panvel is developed, administered, and maintained by CIDCO. Unlike Panvel city, New Panvel is strictly a node of Navi Mumbai. Though residents of New Panvel used to elect a representative in the Panvel Municipal Council, the Municipal Council does not control or manage any administrative or development activity in New Panvel.

Since October 2016, New Panvel was brought under administration of Panvel Municipal Corporation.

The development of New Panvel was initiated in 1970 to meet the housing requirements of employees working in the nearby industrial MIDC areas such as Taloja, Rasayani, Patalganga & Pen.

New Panvel is strategically located on the eastern side of the Mumbai-Bangalore National Highway (NH-4) and just west of the Mumbai-Pune Expressway. It is well connected to rest of India by roadways and railway.

New Panvel is divided in two parts – New Panvel East and New Panvel West (commonly known as Khanda Colony). They have 19 and 23 sectors respectively. It has separate railway station for Panvel and Khandeshwar.

New Panvel is just adjacent to the under construction D.B Patil International Airport which is located in Ulwe, a node in Navi Mumbai. It has a number of schools, colleges and hospitals, general stores and businesses. New Panvel is also a popular destination for the popular meal called Vada Pav.

Education
Educational institutions in Panvel include:

 * Pillai College of Engineering (Autonomous), New Panvel
 * Prudence International School (IGCSE and IB Board)

Economy
Panvel in Navi Mumbai city, is surrounded by some major Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) managed regions like Patalganga, Taloja, Nagothane, Roha, Khopoli, Bhiwandi. Some of the Indian industry majors like Larsen & Toubro Limited, Reliance, Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd., ISRO's Propellant Complex., ONGC, IPCL are based around Panvel providing mass employment. The JNPT port is also located near Panvel. New SEZ declared by government are coming around Panvel.

Karnala fort
Karnala fort is a hill fort in Raigad district about 10 km from Panvel city. Currently it is a protected place lying within the Karnala Bird Sanctuary. It was a fort of strategic importance as it overlooked the Bor pass which connected the Konkan coast to the interior of Maharashtra (Vidharba) and was the main trade route between these areas. It lies between Pen and Panvel near Shirdhon village. The fort is 370 m above mean sea level.

Karnala bird sanctuary
At the bottom of the fort there is a famous Karnala Bird Sanctuary Maharashtra government declared this 4.5 km region as the bird sanctuary in 1968–69. In the sanctuary one can find around 150 species of birds, such as the red vented bulbul, Indian grey hornbill, owl, paradise fly catcher.

Shirdhon
Vasudeo Balwant Phadke was born on 1845-11-04 in Shirdhon village of Panvel taluka based in Raigad district in Maharashtra state. The house and his belongings are preserved there.

Gadeshwar dam
During the monsoon, the Gadeshwar dam overflows. The place can be reached by entering New Panvel and via the Sukhapur-Nere road. Panvel is also famous for watermelons, which can be found abundantly in and around the city and the old Mumbai–Pune highway.

Matheran
Matheran is a hill station and a municipal council in the Raigad district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is a hill station in Karjat Tahsil and is also the smallest hill station in India. It is located on the Western Ghats range at an elevation of around 800 m (2,625 feet) above sea level. It is located around 90 km from Mumbai, and 120 km from Pune. Matheran's proximity to many metropolitan cities makes it a popular weekend getaway for urban residents. The Matheran Mountain can be easily viewed from certain areas in Panvel. One can trek matheran from Dhodani village in Panvel. The name Matheran means "forest on the forehead" (of the mountains).

Beth El Synagogue
Situated on M.G. Road, Panvel, it is the only synagogue in Panvel and is visited by both Jews and non-Jews. It is a tourist place and part of the Indian heritage.

Ballaleshwar Pali
Ballaleshwar (lit.: "Ballal's Lord") temple is one of the eight temples of Lord Ganesha. Among Ganesha temples, Ballaleshwar is the only incarnation of Ganesha that is known by his devotee's name. It is located in the village of Pali which is at a distance of 30 km from Karjat in the Raigad district. It is situated between fort Sarasgad and the river Amba. this is 11 km.from nagothane.

Varadvinayak, Mahad
Varadvinayak, also spelt as Varadavinayaka, is one of the Ashtavinayak temples of the Hindu deity Ganesha. It is located in Mahad village situated in Khalapur taluka near Karjat and Khopoli of Raigad district, Maharashtra, India. The temple was built (restored) by Peshwa General Ramji Mahadev Biwalkar in 1725AD. There is an NMMT bus no. 58 from Belapur to Khopoli which halts at Mahad.

Transport
Panvel is an important junction point as many major highways meet and pass through the city. The Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Sion-Panvel Expressway, NH 4B and NH 66 start from here while NH 4 passes through Panvel. Roads of New Panvel are maintained by CIDCO while those in Panvel by PMC. New Panvel, being developed by CIDCO, has well planned and wide lane major roads and even the arterial roads are of two lanes leading to a single direction. Old Panvel has relatively less maintained roads which are congested due to lack of planning on part of the PMC.

Proposed DB Patil International Airport
The Navi Mumbai International Airport (DB Patil International Airport]] is being built in the Panvel and lands of nearby villages in Panvel Taluka area in the city of Panvel through public-private partnership (PPP) — with the private sector partner getting 74% equity and Airports Authority of India (AAI) & Maharashtra government, through CIDCO, holding 13% each.

Railway
Panvel railway station is one of the most important junctions on Central Railway. Harbour line from Mumbai CSMT, central line from Diva / Karjat, Western Dedicated Freight Corridor from JNPT and the line from Roha meet at Panvel. Panvel railway station comes under Mumbai division of Central Railway. Panvel is one of the terminating stations of the harbour line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. It is also considered as an entry point for trains bound for Konkan Railway from northern and western India. Platforms 1,2,3 & 4 are for suburban trains while platforms 5,6 & 7 are for main line trains. Nine pairs of daily express trains, 13 pairs of non-daily express trains and 12 daily commuter (passenger) trains stop here. Also, the Ernakulam – Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express has a technical halt at Panvel for crew change, refueling and catering. In addition, Panvel handles 116 suburban trains which go to destinations Mumbai CSMT, Wadala Road, Goregaon and Thane. The station also handles a sizeable amount of freight trains. Panvel is considered equivalent to Mumbai for trains which skip Mumbai. The trains run on diesel traction and alternating current (the tracks to Konkan are not electrified south of Roha), and Panvel is a refueling point for their locomotives. In addition to refueling, Panvel has a huge number of parcel bookings, and most trains stop for periods varying from 5 minutes to 20 minutes for technical purposes. Panvel also handles crew and locomotive change for a few long-distance passenger / freight trains.

Diesel Locomotives has the facility to fill the Diesel. Good connectivity for Pune, Ahmedabad and Delhi on daily basis. Daily trains for Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Mangalore, Pune, Goa and Delhi along with Ahmedabad. Also there are trains for Patna, Bikaner, Chennai, Bhavnagar, Veraval, Vasco etc. Sampark Krantis and Rajdhanis have halt here along with Garib Rath and Double Decker. Some of the daily trains are 12051/52 Jan Shatabdi Express (Dadar – Madgaon), Mandovi Express, Pragati Express, etc. Now all the local trains will be 12 Coach as now the current line is AC current. Indian Railways's Central Railway division conducted an inaugural run of an AC local train from Panvel to Thane on 30 January 2020 at 3:30 pm on an open path towards Thane. On its return journey, the train ran from Thane to Panvel on an open path. The AC Local started its regular commercial services from 31 January 2020. The AC local also starts from Nerul and Vashi to Thane. On the day of its inaugural run, many travellers boarded the train as they weren't aware that a separate ticket was needed to board the AC Local. The train was even made to halt at one station as one door got blocked and wasn't opening. This further delayed the train's as well as other trains' timings on the route. This all happened despite the train had security guards and ticket checkers. Following this incident, the number of security guards and ticket checkers was nearly doubled and awareness was being created amongst travellers.

Autorickshaws
There are many autorickshaws in Panvel. The minimum fare is Rs. 20 in share-autos, but Rs. 40 for sole-hire. This is high as compared to the Rs. 18 in other parts of Navi Mumbai, Mumbai & Thane. Even though there is now the cheaper CNG fuel, autos – because of political support – are not controlled by the RTO. There is no "Fare Chart" defined by RTO for Panvel, unlike other parts of Navi Mumbai. This needs to improve for the benefit of commuters.

Bus
There are two main bus stands in Panvel – ST stand on the National Highway and NMMT stand near Railway Station. The ST buses are available from Panvel to Khopoli, Karjat, Rasayani, Alibaug, Pen, Roha, Thane, Bhiwandi, Kalyan, Dombivli, Badlapur, Dadar, Uran as well as beyond Mumbai Metropolitan Region. NMMT AC and Non-AC buses are available from Panvel to Vashi, Thane, Kalyan, Bandra, Nariman Point, Khopoli, Karjat, Rasayani and inner areas of Panvel city. Panvel is the second busiest bus station in the state after Latur. It is the major bus station for the state as it a junction for Konkan and Pune routes buses. There is a heavy rush on Ganpati Festival, Diwali Festival and May vacations.

title: Panvel


text: Category:891 BC deaths

title: Category:891 BC deaths


text:
Category:Archbishops and bishops of Lund

The city of Lund in Scania was made a see in 1060, and an archdiocese in 1103. The archbishops of Lund were at the time primates of Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia. It reverted to the status of a regular diocese with the Protestant reformation. In 1658 Scania, including Lund, was ceded to Sweden together with the adjacent provinces of Blekinge and Halland.


text: Category:Routing protocols

title: Category:Routing protocols


text:
Bryan Bergeron

Bryan P. Bergeron is an author of numerous books in the fields of medicine, computers, biotechnology, and business. He teaches in the HST Division of Harvard Medical School and MIT and is president of Archetype Technologies, Inc.

title: Bryan Bergeron


text:
Reset vector

In computing, the reset vector is the default location a central processing unit will go to find the first instruction it will execute after a reset. The reset vector is a pointer or address, where the CPU should always begin as soon as it is able to execute instructions. The address is in a section of non-volatile memory initialized to contain instructions to start the operation of the CPU, as the first step in the process of booting the system containing the CPU.

Examples
Below is a list of typically used addresses by different microprocessors:

x86 family (Intel)

 * The reset vector for the Intel 8086 processor is at physical address FFFF0h (16 bytes below 1 MB). The value of the CS register at reset is FFFFh and the value of the IP register at reset is 0000h to form the segmented address FFFFh:0000h, which maps to physical address FFFF0h.
 * The reset vector for the Intel 80286 processor is at physical address FFFFF0h (16 bytes below 16 MB). The value of the CS register at reset is F000h with the descriptor base set to FF0000h and the value of the IP register at reset is FFF0h to form the segmented address FF0000h:FFF0h, which maps to physical address FFFFF0h in real mode. This was changed to allow sufficient space to switch to protected mode without modifying the CS register.
 * The reset vector for the Intel 80386 and later x86 processors is physical address FFFFFFF0h (16 bytes below 4 GB). The value of the selector portion of the CS register at reset is F000h, the value of the base portion of the CS register is FFFF0000h, and the value of the IP register at reset is FFF0h to form the segmented address FFFF0000h:FFF0h, which maps to the physical address FFFFFFF0h in real mode.

Others

 * The reset vector for ARM processors is address 0x0 or 0xFFFF0000.  During normal execution RAM is re-mapped to this location to improve performance, compared to the original ROM-based vector table.
 * The reset vector for MIPS32 processors is at virtual address 0xBFC00000, which is located in the last 4 Mbytes of the KSEG1 non-cacheable region of memory. The core enters kernel mode both at reset and when an exception is recognized, hence able to map the virtual address to physical address.
 * The reset vector for PowerPC/Power ISA processors is at an effective address of 0x00000100 for 32-bit processors and 0x0000000000000100 for 64-bit processors.
 * The reset vector for SPARC version 8 processors is at an address of 0x00000000; the reset vector for SPARC version 9 processors is at an address of 0x20 for power-on reset, 0x40 for watchdog reset, 0x60 for externally initiated reset, and 0x80 for software-initiated reset.
 * The reset vector for 68000 processor family is 0x00000000 for Initial Interrupt Stack Register (IISR; Not really a reset vector and is used to initialize the stack pointer after reset.) and 0x00000004 for initial program counter (reset).

8-bit processors

 * The reset vector for 6502 processor family is a 16-bit address stored at 0xFFFC and 0xFFFD.
 * The reset vector for 6800 and 6809 processor families is a 16-bit address stored at 0xFFFE and 0xFFFF.

 * No Reset Vector
 * For 8051 / 8080 / 8085 / Z80, reset starts code execution at address 0x0000.
 * For AVR, reset starts code execution at address 0x0000; often a Relative Jump instruction (RJMP) is placed here to jump to the reset handling routine within the bottom 4K of memory.
 * For PIC, reset starts code execution at address 0x0000.

title: Reset vector


text:
Engagers

The Engagers were a faction of the Scottish Covenanters, who made "The Engagement" with King Charles I in December 1647 while he was imprisoned in Carisbrooke Castle by the English Parliamentarians after his defeat in the First Civil War.

Background
In the 17th and 18th centuries, politics and religion were closely linked; it is impossible to understand differences between Engagers, Royalists or Kirk Party political views without an appreciation of these distinctions.

'Presbyterian' versus 'Episcopalian' implied differences in governance, not doctrine. Episcopalian meant rule by bishops, appointed by the monarch; Presbyterian structures were controlled by Elders, nominated by their congregations. Arguments over structure or governance of the church were as much about politics and the power of the monarch as religious practice; political divisions often centred on different interpretations of this.

The Protestant Reformation created a Church of Scotland, or 'kirk', Presbyterian in structure and governance, but predominantly Calvinist in doctrine. When James VI and I became king of England in 1603, a unified Church of Scotland and England governed by bishops became the first step in his vision of a centralised, Unionist state. Although both churches were nominally Episcopalian, they were very different in doctrine; even Scottish bishops viewed many Church of England practices as little better than Catholicism.

Efforts by Charles I to impose uniform practices led to the 1638 National Covenant, whose signatories pledged to resist liturgical 'innovations'. In December 1638, bishops were expelled from the kirk; when Charles attempted to use military force, he was defeated in the 1639 and 1640 Bishops' Wars, which left the Covenanter party in control of Scotland.

Calvinists believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was part of God's plan; as a result, the vast majority of Covenanters agreed monarchy itself was divinely ordered but disagreed on who held ultimate authority in clerical affairs. Royalists and Engagers tended to argue the king held supreme authority, but that did not necessarily mean they supported bishops and individual motives were very complex. Many fought for both Covenant and king at different times, including Montrose.

When the First English Civil War began in 1642, Scotland initially remained neutral, but became involved in the Irish Rebellion; the bitterness of this conflict radicalised views in Scotland and Ireland. The Covenanter faction known as the Kirk Party, led by Argyll saw religious union with England as the best way to preserve a Presbyterian kirk and in October 1643, the Solemn League and Covenant agreed a Presbyterian Union in return for Scottish military support.

Royalists and moderates in both Scotland and England opposed union, as did the religious Independents like Oliver Cromwell, who dominated the New Model Army and opposed any state-ordered church. Both Covenanters and their English allies saw the Independents as a bigger threat than the Royalists and when Charles surrendered in 1646, they began negotiations to restore him to the English throne.

The Engagement
The Scots nominated three Commissioners to negotiate with Charles; Lauderdale, Lanark and Loudoun. In December 1647, Charles agreed to impose Presbyterianism in England for three years and suppress the Independents, but his refusal to take the Covenant himself split the Scots. It was not until April 1648 the Engagers achieved a majority in the Scottish Parliament; Argyll's Kirk Party did not trust Charles, objected to an alliance with English and Scots Royalists, and denounced the Engagement as 'sinful.'

Most of the Scottish army had been demobilised and efforts to recruit new regiments were undermined when many refused to serve, including their most experienced generals, Lord Leven and David Leslie. The inexperienced Duke of Hamilton was given command, with the Earl of Callendar as his subordinate. When deputy to Leven, Callendar's overestimation of his military abilities had led to constant conflict and this was repeated with Hamilton. His commander of infantry, William Baillie, had direct experience of the New Model Army and doubted their ability to defeat it.

After dispersing Kirk Party dissidents at Mauchline Muir in June 1648, a poorly trained Engager army of 9,000 marched into England. The Second English Civil War was intended as a series of Royalist risings in England and Wales, with the Scots providing support. By the time Hamilton's army entered Lancashire in early August, the other revolts had been suppressed and Cromwell routed the Engagers at Preston on 19 August. Hamilton was taken prisoner and executed in March 1649.

Aftermath
Defeat at Preston led to the collapse of the Engager regime; the Kirk Party took control of Edinburgh and although repulsed at Stirling in September, a new civil war seemed imminent. However, with Cromwell's support, Argyll took control and expelled his Engager opponents, with English troops being withdrawn.

The 1649 Act of Classes banned Engagers and Royalists from holding political or military office and established the Kirk Party as the government of Scotland. However, the execution of Charles in January 1649 was viewed by Covenanters as an offence against God; they proclaimed his son Charles II King of Scotland and Great Britain. In the 1650 Treaty of Breda, they agreed to restore Charles to the English throne; in return he accepted the Covenant. Defeats at Dunbar and Worcester resulted with Scotland being incorporated into the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1654.

title: Engagers


text:
Talk:Joseph Huber Brewing Company

Fair use rationale for Image:Joseph huber logo.JPG
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title: Talk:Joseph Huber Brewing Company


text:
Talk:Multigraph

Single character labels?
Is seems that this definition allows only for single character labels. Is that correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Khatchad (talk • contribs) 10:46, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

/{/{move|Labeled directed multigraph/}/}

This is because of the given definition is for a directed graph and not for a undirected one. Batztown 14:31, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Surely that's just an oversight that could be corrected; it doesn't require a move. Gdr 20:52, 2005 May 6 (UTC)

 * Agreed. On checking history reveals change already made by User:Mikkalai. Removed move request. Zanaq 5 July 2005 21:57 (UTC)

A multigraph is an object with many sides. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.82.66.161 (talk) 22:19, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

"Multiset" is wrong for "multidigraph"
"Multidigraph" should not be defined in terms of multisets, which do not support for example the notion of the multidigraph of all subsets of a set X and the functions between them. This notion arises for example in category theory as the underlying graph of the category of those subsets (underlying in the sense of forgetting the composition). In that notion the set of edges from one vertex to another is simply a set, not a multiset. Multisets have multiplicities of members, see the Wikipedia article multiset, there is no multiplicity here.

If you mean that each member of E is an edge (u,v) and that this edge has a multiplicity n, this doesn't work for a couple of reasons. First one wants the individual edges to work like the elements of a set, which doesn't happen if you only have the information that there are some number say 57 of them, as opposed to an actual set of them. For example if X has subsets Y and Z of size 2 and 4 respectively, then the multiplicity of the edge from Y to Z is the same as that from Z to Y, namely 16, when what you really need there is two distinct sets of edges, one set from Y to Z, the other from Z to Y, each set having 16 elements. Second, if X is an infinite set then you need an infinite multiplicity, also not catered for by multisets. And if you try to extend the notion of multiset by allowing infinite numbers, whether as cardinals or ordinals, this only makes matters worse.

A workable definition of a multigraph is as a quadruple (V,E,s,t) where s,t:E->V are two functions giving respectively the source and target vertex of each edge. No axioms are needed, the functions do the job on their own. An alternative definition is (E,s,t) where s,t:E->E give respectively the source and target of each edge as another edge; in this case one does need axioms, namely s(t(e)) = t(e) = t(t(e)) and s(s(e)) = s(e) = t(s(e)). One can then pick out the vertices as those special edges e for which s(e) = t(e), i.e. self-loops. This second definition makes a multigraph an algebra with signature (similarity type) 1-1 meaning two unary operations and satisfying the above axioms defining its equational theory. Multigraphs defined in either way form a variety, and moreover one which along with its homomorphisms forms a topos. Vaughan Pratt 15:12, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Random Multigraphs
We determine a random multigraph beginning only with a set of n vertices. After we proceed in steps. In each step we add one undirected edge uv, corresponding to an ordered pair (u,v) chosen uniformly from the set of the n2 ordered pairs {(1,1),(1,2),…(1,n), (2,1),(2,2),…(2,n),…,(n,n)}. Some authors use the term multigraph process to name the procedure described above.

When we want to determine a random graph, each step adds one new edge uv, and removes uv from the set of the $$ {n \choose 2}$$ edges when the process begins.

We see that the graph process always produce a graph, but the multigraph process can generate multigraphs with multiple edges, and self-loops. A self-loop is generated with probability 1/n2, while an edge uv, u distinct of v, is generated with probability 2/n2.

In practice we stop a process when a given event happens. Examples of such events:

(i)	The first m edges are added.

(ii)	Multiple edges first appear in the resulting multigraph.

If one throws a pair of “fair” dice until a total of seven happens, we see a multigraph process stopped when “a seven arises”. In this case n = 6. The set of the 62 ordered pairs is {(1,1),…, (1,6),(2,1),…(2,6),…,(6,6)}. With dice we can generate the edges of a multigraph. The sequence of pairs (1,2),(2,1),(2,2),(3,4), corresponds to the multigraph depicted on the right side.

Now suppose that one shuffles a deck of playing cards, and repeatedly deals one pair of cards from the deck until the sum of the values of the cards of a pair is 11, (face cards with value 10), or until there is no cards. In this way we always generate a graph, since two pairs with the same cards never appear, nor a pair of equal cards. Here n = 52, and there are $$ {52 \choose 2}$$ possible edges, or possible pairs of cards that we can see.

So essentially we have sampling with and without replacement. The graph processes described here, with discrete uniform probability distributions are very simple, and can be understood by a person with modest mathematical background. Computer simulations of this processes are easy to implement, and provide exercises that can help a student to understand the basic concepts necessary to use results of the theory of random graphs developed by great mathematicians. --Webonfim (talk) 02:44, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Contradiction
From the current article version: ''Multigraphs might be used to model the possible flight connections offered by an airline. In this case the pseudograph would be a directed graph with pairs of directed parallel edges connecting cities to show that it is possible to fly both to and from these locations.''

But the article says directed graphs are exclusive to multidigraphs. ?! --Abdull (talk) 08:49, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Office machine
Possibly some mention should be made and an article spun off with a hatnote at the top of this article about the office machine popular in the first half of the 20th century called the "Multigraph". photo. -- Infrogmation (talk) 22:10, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Simple vs multi
Is every graph either a multigraph or a simple graph? If yes, could this be added to the article here? -- RolfSander (talk) 12:06, 29 May 2017 (UTC)
 * It kind of depends on the definition of "simple", but arguably a graph with a self-loop but with one one edges between any pair of vertices is neither a simple graph nor a multigraph. --Saforrest (talk) 12:35, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Multigraph


text:
Winwick

Winwick may refer to:
 * Winwick, Cambridgeshire, England
 * Winwick, Cheshire, England
 * Winwick, Northamptonshire, England

title: Winwick


text:
Category:Local government in Derbyshire

The administrative county of Derbyshire is divided into eight districts, which are themselves divided into civil parishes. In addition the administratively independent unitary authority of Derby is part of Derbyshire for ceremonial purposes.

title: Category:Local government in Derbyshire


text:
User:The.cunning.ham

Hi, this is me, Emma. The best way to learn more about me is to visit my blog: http://some-antics.com

title: User:The.cunning.ham


text:
Talk:Leonia, New Jersey

Another source of information on Leonia is "Images of America: Leonia" by Carol Karels, Arcadia, ISBN 0-7385-0973-6. Over 212 historic images, with informative captions, are included.

Should the section, now titled "parks and recreation", be merged into the section above, titled "recreation"? I feel that it should be merged in some way. — Andy W. (talk/contrb.) 03:57, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Added transportation
I added a section about the transportation since I didn't see any transportation section in the Leonia article. NHRHS2010 Talk  00:31, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Leonia, New Jersey


text: Category:850s BC deaths

title: Category:850s BC deaths


text:
Freedom Day

Freedom Day may refer to any of the following days:

National and international

 * National Religious Freedom Day on 16 January in the United States, to commemorate the adoption of Thomas Jefferson's landmark Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in 1786
 * Freedom Day (Ukraine) on 22 January in Ukraine, anniversary of the signing of the Act Zluky by the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic in 1919
 * World Freedom Day on 23 January in Taiwan and South Korea to mark the return of ex-communist war prisoners of the Korean War
 * National Freedom Day on 1 February in the United States, to honor the signing by Abraham Lincoln of a joint House and Senate resolution that later became the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
 * Freedom Day (Belarus) on 25 March in Belarus, anniversary of the establishment of the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918
 * Freedom Day (Malta) on 31 March, anniversary of the withdrawal of British troops from Malta, 1979
 * Freedom Day (Portugal) on 25 April, anniversary of Carnation Revolution in Portugal, 1974
 * Freedom Day (South Africa) on 27 April, anniversary of the first general election in South Africa after the end of apartheid in 1994
 * Freedom Day (Malawi) on 14 June, anniversary of the first free election in Malawi in 1994
 * Juneteenth on 19 June in the United States, also known as Freedom Day, commemorating the day in 1865 when Union troops arrived in Galveston, Texas, announcing the end of slavery
 * Freedom Day (Equatorial Guinea) on 3 August, a public holiday in Equatorial Guinea
 * World Freedom Day (United States) on 9 November in the United States, to commemorate the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989

United States

 * Liberation and Freedom Day, 3 March, commemorating the day in 1865 when Union troops arrived in Charlottesville, Virginia, liberating the slaves
 * Chicago Public School Boycott of 22 October 1963, also known as Freedom Day
 * New York City school boycott of 3 February 1964, also known as Freedom Day

Other

 * An informal name for the anniversary (25 March) of the passage of Slave Trade Act 1807 in the United Kingdom
 * Celebration of the Wave Hill walk-off on 23 August, a landmark strike in the history of Indigenous land rights in Australia
 * The fictional holiday celebrated in the episode "A Taste of Freedom" of the animated TV show Futurama
 * "Freedom Day" in the United Kingdom, 19 July 2021, on which the last remaining social contact restrictions due to COVID-19 were repealed

title: Freedom Day


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Suzue Saito

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 02:03, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Suzue Saito
Google gets about 8 hits. Seems like she's only notable within her organization (and even that feels shakey)--InShaneee 14:36, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. No LexisNexis hits either, for what that's worth. CDC   (talk)  20:06, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Works for UNICEF - which would sound good, except I'm sure a lot of people work for UNICEF, and her title doesn't sound that high up the organisation. Average Earthman 22:27, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 06:07, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.