text:
Talk:London Bridge Is Falling Down

Hi all!
I remember playing this as a small child. The way we played was that two (usu. girls) would clasp hands held high, forming an arch and all would sing, "London Bridge is falling down, falling down, falling down,...my fair lady." And during this time other children would pass underneath. When we reached the part of the second verse "lock her up" the arch would fall and "lock up" the child who happened to be passing through. Did anyone else play this game as a child and do you remember if there was anything else involved? And -- where are you from, where did you play this? I am from North Carolina, in the US. JH

My fair lady
I read somewhere about a noble woman naked on a horse.... so many people crowded London Bridge to see her that it collapsed into the Thames. Where/when does that come from? Wildart84 (talk) 08:32, 26 December 2013 (UTC)Dan W.Wildart84 (talk) 08:32, 26 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I think you are mixing London Bridge up with Coventry's Lady Godiva. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 12:44, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

The song in Scandinavian traditions
London bridge? In Scandinavia we have this song in many different variants, and it is played in the same way as described in this article. But it is never said that it is about "London bridge". It is rather the bridge to hell.

Exists in portugal to, its called the 'falua' (falua is a thype of boat). the song goes more a less like: 'what a beautifull falua that sails this way/ it comes from bethelem. i will ask the boatman to pass me trought/i have many little children and can not provide for them all' - sang by the 'mother' who leads the line. and the 'bridge' (the players who form the arch) reply: 'youl shall pass/ but one must stay. if it is not the first one it shall be the last'. the bridge gets the last in line and ask a question. according to the answer, he goes behind one of the bridge players. in the end, the last one to be caught by the bridge players that gattered the largest team is seated in a 'chair' formed by the arms of the 2 bridge players and there is a count to 10, while they rock the chair. is the 'chair' doesnt brake, the bridge with the largest team wins. the funny thing here is that according to the song, the two bridge players should represent the boatman (who keeps a child as toal) but they are called 'the bridge' - a ponte. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.210.65.185 (talk) 01:06, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Song Title
"Is" should be capitalized in this song's title, as it is a verb.

Dead Virgin in the Foundation
Nonsense obviously, but where does this theory come from? In the Topping out ceremony, in the UK and USA, a tree is sometimes placed on the roof of tall buildings Columbia University. This is a guardian spirit, protecting the building. Also, there are over 1,000 instances of archeologists finding shoes hidden in the fireplace of buildings. This appears to date back to about 1540. There is an example from the Czech Republic, from c 1360 Concealed Shoes. Going back to Vedic times (and possibly Rome and Greece), a dog, goat or sheep was put into the foundations of important large buildings Vedic Ceremonies. From there, it is a small imaginative leap to claim that virgins must be buried in bridges. See also [Mithriac ceremonies. There is no evidence for the virgin business, yet, on the first website in the "External links" section, the nonesense is repeated - Nursery Rhymes, claiming that children were buried. Oh dear. I would put all this into the article itself, but it's a bit cumbersome, and extremely remote from the supposed topic - London Bridge. A similar claim is made in the book "Folk Music" by Norm Cohen (2005) (Greenwood Press), on page 35, relating to the song "London Bridge is Falling Down". Maybe somebody had read that book and extrapolated the rest. [[User:Ogg|Ogg]] 19:45, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

I agree the theory leaves one to ask where the information comes from. The "Meaning" section requires some citations for their bold claims. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.52.20.230 (talk) 22:30, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

London Bridge in the Midwest
I grew up in the southeastern part of Iowa, in the US, and I also remember playing a London Bridge game when I was a small child- 3 or 4 years old -with the other children of my preschool/daycare class.

This is the way we played: Two children would face each other and clasp their hands above their heads in the shape of an arch, while the other children would walk underneath during the first verse of the song. Once we got to the second verse, the arch would "capture" whoever was underneath at the time. The two children who had formed the arch would then swing their arms back and forth so that the captured child was somewhat tossed around.

That's as much as I can remember- I think after we finished the second verse the game was over, and we restarted. --Holtkca (talk) 06:13, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

First printed earlier than 1744
"The earliest printed English version is in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book (c. 1744)" according to the article.

But in fact it is in Namby Pamby, printed in 1725:  "London-Bridge is broken down: // Now he courts the gay Ladee // Dancing o'er the Lady-Lee." 91.85.165.30 (talk) 21:38, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Extra verse and origin of "My Lady Lea"
Growing up in the Black Country during the 1960s, after "Iron and Steel" we had the verse: Build it up with stone so strong,

Dance over My Lady Lea;

Hurrah! It will last for ages long,

With a gay Lady. I understood that the stones literally "danced" over the River Lea as they were transported downstream in barges.

I don't have independent sources or citations, and indeed some might claim WP:NOR so will not suggest this for the main page.Martin of Sheffield (talk) 16:21, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Pity, its an interesting alternative to the original and presumably branched off early for that one. I will check some sources just in case someone collected it.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 22:02, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I've found a source for the verse and so have added it to the main text. I still haven't found anything about the River/Lady Lee/Lea though. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 11:32, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Good job. I am still keeping eyes open for the river/lady.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 11:43, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Found a citation for the last verse. Time & Tune Autumn 1964.  Not Black Country at all but the BBC! Martin of Sheffield (talk) 15:25, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Alternate lyrics
When I was little, we would sing:

London bridge is falling down Falling down Falling down London brdge is falling down My fair lady

Take the key an' lock 'er up Lock 'er up Lock 'er up Take the key an' lock 'er up My fair lady

In the first verse, two people would open clasp hands and let everyone under the bridge. When we get to the second verse, we'd put our arms down so the lady was trapped, and we'd swing her from side to side. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.203.227.69 (talk) 17:16, 6 July 2012 (UTC) This is how we did it in Alabama, in the 60's. There were many lyrics, but, I can only remember the "falling down" and "take the key" verses. Seems like there was one verses about "taking her far away", but I can't recall exactly. Hopefully, someone else will remember the rest!

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.127.122.28 (talk) 08:53, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

Popular Culture....
A show which is rather popular among Japanese animations is Kuroshitsuji, also known as Black Butler. Episodes 11 - 12 contain a Japanese version of the song. In the English dub of it, it's something along the lines of:

"Build it up with wax and stone Wax and stone, wax and stone Build it up with wax and stone My fair lady

Build it up with iron and steel Iron and steel, Iron and steel Build it up with iron and steel My fair lady

Build it up with silver and gold Silver and gold, silver and gold Build it up with silver and gold My fair lady

Iron and steel will bend and bow Bend and bow, bend and bow Iron and steel will bend and bow My fair Lady

Silver and gold is stolen away Stolen away, stolen away..."

Would be what drove me to look up this song in the first place, so I thought it'd be relevant to the topic... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mihoshika (talk • contribs) 04:56, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Related: Is there anything about the "wax and stone" verse outside of Black Butler? Or was it made up for the anime? 122.213.236.124 (talk) 08:06, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

 * what 2600:6C5A:1C3F:D836:40B5:7610:95C3:C5D (talk) 20:23, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Bridge history
The section Age and damage theory contains " the original London Bridge (built in 1176 ...)". The original was of course the Roman pontoon bridge, or Roman wooden bridge (depending upon your definition of bridge). The 1176 bridge was far from original. Would someone care to correct the paragraph please. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 13:07, 11 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Would "original stone bridge" cover this?--  SabreBD  (talk ) 17:49, 11 March 2014 (UTC)

I believe I once sang the wax and stone but what was it from? And when? 2 years ago when I had learned of black butler and saw that episode. I don't think it was outside of the anime. Dinah Kirkland (talk) 13:27, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

Fire Damage in 1632
Please add a citation or remove "but in the fire of 1666 this damage acted as a fire break and prevented the flames from further damaging the bridge and crossing to the south side of the Thames" since this statement seems incorrect based on several sources, including primary sources. According to The Great Fire of London by Walter George Bell (1914) assessing the 1666 fire's damage, "About one-third the length of [London Bridge] was cleared of the buildings encoumbering [sic] it, but the damage went down. Arches and piers that had stood firm with centuries' use were left insecure when the stones had cooled. The Bridge House [the trust managing London Bridge] spent £1,500 in necessary repairs before the leaseholders could attempt to rebuild. The keyed wooden structure known as Nonsuch House, which was the wonder of the Bridge, the drawbridge, and the remaining houses towards Southwark were not touched by the fire." That sounds to me like the exact same part of the bridge that burnt in 1632 had been rebuilt and was burned again during the fire in 1666 and then rebuilt again. The painting "The Great Fire of London" (1675) shows parts of London Bridge not only rebuilt but on fire. Further, Samuel Pepys diary on 2nd Sept. 1666 states "there I did see the houses at that end of the bridge all on fire and an infinite great fire on this and the other side the end of the bridge; which, among other people, did trouble me for poor little Michell and our Sarah on the bridge." 2601:245:C100:5E5C:80C6:EF80:5FB3:94A3 (talk) 02:50, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You certainly seem to have proved your point. Now please rewrite that subsection, quoting your sources. Sweetpool50 (talk) 10:28, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:London Bridge Is Falling Down


text: Category:210s BC deaths

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:210s BC deaths


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Maphrian

The Maphrian ( or maphryono), originally known as the Grand Metropolitan of the East and also known as the Catholicos, was the second-highest rank in the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Syriac Orthodox Church, right below that of patriarch. The office of a maphrian is an maphrianate. There have been three maphrianates in the history of the Syriac Orthodox Church and one, briefly, in the Syriac Catholic Church.

The first maphrianate, called the Maphrianate of the East or the Maphrianate of Tagrit, was established in 628 to give the Syriac Orthodox Church an ecclesiastical hierarchy in the Sasanian Empire and lands outside the control of the Roman Empire. The seat of the bishop was initially at Tagrit and he ranked second in the hierarchy after the Patriarch of Antioch. Initially he used the title catholicos in direct opposition to the rival Catholicos of Seleucia-Ctesiphon of the Church of the East. The title "maphrian" first came into use around 1100. In 1156 the seat of the maphrian was moved to Mosul. The Maphrianate of the East was abolished in 1860 as a result of a decreasing number of Syriac Orthodox outside of the region of Ṭur ʿAbdin. By then it had been a merely titular see for a long time.

The second maphrianate was the Maphrianate of Ṭur ʿAbdin established in 1495 under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Ṭur ʿAbdin. It is unclear what kind of jurisdiction this maphrian exercised. No new maphrian was appointed after the death of the last one in 1844.

The sole Syriac Catholic maphrian was Baselios Isḥaq Jbeir who took the title in 1693. Although elected patriarch, he refused the title, keeping his position as a Maphrian, thus not establishing a patriarchal line.

In the 20th century a new maphrianate nominally under the Syriac Orthodox Church was established in India in 1912, creating a new autocephalous church, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. This was not recognised by the then-reigning Patriarch of Antioch until 1958. The situation, however, deteriorated in 1975 and the Malankara Orthodox Church split again from the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (an integral branch of the Syriac Orthodox Church). Since that time there have been two rival maphrianates in India, although the title in actual use is Catholicos of India.

Etymology
The word "maphrian" is an Anglicisation of the Arabic mafiryān, itself from Syriac maphryono (mprynʾ), which means "one who bears fruit, fructifier", metaphorically "consecrator" of bishops.

History
The ecclesiastical dignity dates back to the seventh century however its origins began with the instatement of the Catholicos of the East in the fifth century, which was made to unite Christians within the Sassanian Empire under a single ecclesiastical authority and act as a link with the Christians within the Roman Empire. However, after the Nestorian Schism in 431, the teachings of Nestorius were branded heretical at the First Council of Ephesus and Nestorians were forced to relocate to the Sassanian Empire. From this point on the catholicate became increasingly Nestorian, forcing the few remaining Persian Miaphysites, such as Philoxenus of Mabbug, into exile.

Despite this, within the Sassanian Empire, the Mesopotamian town of Tagrit alone did not adopt Nestorianism and would become the centre of Miaphysite missions. With the birth of the Syriac Orthodox Church in the late sixth century, the office of Metropolitan of the East was created by the energetic Jacob Baradaeus for the bishop Ahudemmeh, however he was executed by the Sassanians in 575. During this period, Miaphysites were subject to a great deal of persecution from the Sassanians, under suspicion that as they obeyed a spiritual head residing in Byzantine territory, they were therefore inclined to support the Byzantines. This was spurred on by accusations of favouring the Byzantines from Nestorians at the Shah's court at Ctesiphon; thus encouraging further persecution.

During this period, the Persians were known to enslave much of the Roman territory they conquered and return with a multitude of captives, including Byzantines, Egyptians and Syrians, increasing the number of Miaphysites within Persia. The Miaphysites were under the authority of the Syriac Orthodox Metropolitan of the East until 624 when the seat was left empty for five years. So once the hostilities had drawn to a close at the end of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, in 629 the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Athanasius I Gammolo appointed Marutha of Tagrit as the first maphrian, with the task of organising the Miaphysites in the Sassanian Empire from the Miaphysite stronghold of Tagrit.

The efforts of Marutha of Tagrit were to be crowned with greater success than the previous metropolitans with the assistance of Chosroes II's physician, Gabriel de Shiggar, who had completely won the confidence of the Christian queen Shirin. This allowed him to rebuild churches and administer the church. He also undertook fruitful missionary work among the Arabs and throughout the valley of the Tigris, spreading the Syriac Orthodox faith. With the appointment of the maphrian came large ecclesiastical autonomy from the Church in Antioch. This was done to help improve the position of Miaphysites within the Persian Empire, refuting accusations of favouring the Byzantines.

Over time, the relations between the Maphrian and the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch became increasingly strained, and at times lead to schisms and interference into the election of both maphrian and patriarch. In 869, the Council of Capharthutha was held to regulate the relationship and resolve the differences between the two positions. The Council agreed that just as the patriarch consecrated the Maphrian, the consecration of a new Patriarch would be reserved to the Maphrian and that both would avoid interfering in the administration of the other.

However, the Maphrians often had disputes with bishops within his own administration, such as the metropolitan of the Monastery of Mar Mattai near Nineveh, who was jealous of the preponderating influence of Tagrit. The maphrianate was based in Tagrit until 1089 upon the destruction of the main cathedral, known as the Green Church and was relocated to Mosul. The maphrian returned to Tagrit where he united the two sees of Nineveh and Tagrit in 1152 before being forced to permanently move to the Monastery of Mar Mattai in 1155 whilst retaining an immediate jurisdiction over Tagrit and Nineveh.

From 1533, the title was changed to the Maphrian of Mosul to distinguish it from the new office of Maphrian of Tur Abdin. In time, the number of Syriac Orthodox Christians in Mesopotamia decreased, and the maphrianate lost its original significance. It became largely a titular designation for the Syriac Orthodox Church's second highest office until being abolished altogether in a synod of 1860.

In 1975, the title was resurrected for use by the regional head of the Syriac Orthodox Church in India (Jacobite Syrian Christian Church). The current Maphrian is Baselios Thomas I.

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction
The following dioceses were suffragans of the Maphrianate of the East at various points in its existence:

 * 1) Beth Arbaye
 * 2) Sinjar
 * 3) Maltha
 * 4) Arzen
 * 5) Gomel or Marga
 * 6) Beth Ramman (Baremman) or Beth Waziq (Bawazij)
 * 7) Karma
 * 8) Beth Zabdai, later moved to Jazirat Ibn ʿUmar
 * 9) Beth Nuhadra
 * 10) Peroz-Shapur
 * 11) Shahrzur
 * 12) Al-Hirah
 * 13) Anah and the Banu Taghlib
 * 14) Nineveh and Mosul
 * 15) Baghdad
 * 16) Monastery of Saint Matthew
 * 17) Kufa
 * 18) Narsibad
 * 19) Kurum
 * 20) Qronta
 * 21) Beth Arsham
 * 22) Hassasa
 * 23) Tirhan
 * 24) Balad
 * 25) Beth Saida
 * 26) Sistan
 * 27) Herat
 * 28) Tabriz
 * 29) Urmia
 * 30) Nisibis
 * 31) Bahrain
 * 32) Julamerk
 * 33) Monastery of Saint Behnam

title: Maphrian


text: User talk:216.194.63.225

title: User talk:216.194.63.225


text:
User:Kashum

Videoblogger, microcontent specialist, technical generalist, software architect, project manager, tech mentor, audio/video producer, director, improvisor. Active in audio, and video production, improvisation, story theory, comedy writing and radio.

title: User:Kashum


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Alien (Strapping Young Lad album)

Alien is the fourth studio album by Canadian extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad. It was released on March 22, 2005. The album was written by Devin Townsend and Gene Hoglan over a six-month time period. The album reached No. 32 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and No. 35 on the Top Independent Albums chart.

Background
Townsend was diagnosed with bipolar disorder around 1998, a condition that was unknowingly exacerbated by his alcohol and drug use at the time. To compensate, he was prescribed anti-psychotic medication, but by the time of the writing and recording of Alien, he began expressing doubt about the initial diagnosis, and decided to stop taking the medication, but continued with his substance abuse, and he eventually "flipped out" during the process, and called the resulting album "toxic" and "psychologically very unhealthy".

Townsend and Hoglan were the primary writers of the album, since Simon and Stroud were busy with other commitments. Townsend has stated that the easiest track to record for the album was "Zen", and the most difficult track to record, "Skeksis", was his favourite. The making of Alien was documented and made viewable online on Century Media's official site in February 2005. It was also available as a bonus DVD of the limited first edition of the album. The band recorded a cover of Tom Jones's "What's New Pussycat?" that was scheduled to appear on Alien, but it was not recorded entirely because "it did not fit the flow" of the album. The song is not expected to be released anytime, even though Blabbermouth.net has reported so.

Due to some kind of error, the unmastered promotional release of Alien (and subsequently the early leaks of the album on the internet) contained the longer version of "Love?" and a version of "We Ride" which had most of the guitar solos missing. Also, on this promo release the track "Thalamus" was credited as being called "Landscape". Previous to the promotional release, press releases credited "Thalamus" as being called "Mega Bulldozer".

The voice heard during the intro to the song "Two Weeks" belongs to a British mathematician Andrew Wiles. Wiles was interviewed for an episode of the BBC documentary series Horizon that focused on Fermat's Last Theorem. The singer, guitarist of Zimmers Hole, Chris Valagao Mina.

"Love?"
"Love?" was chosen as the sole single from the album. Townsend has stated that the chorus was "ripped off" from the song "City of Love" by the band Yes. Townsend added, "I met Jon Anderson at one point and told him. He seemed to find it funny." Allmusic described the song's chorused harmonies as "King's X from hell". In 2018, the band Machine Head released the album Catharsis which contained the song "Beyond the Pale", with a riff that mirrors that of "Love?" almost note by note. Machine Head's Robb Flynn claimed that it was accidental plagiarism, that he spoke with Devin Townsend, and Devin referenced the Yes "rip off". The two musicians are on good terms.

Its accompanying music video, inspired by the cult horror film, The Evil Dead, was directed by Joe Lynch. The video garnered the band wider attention, and helped "Love?" become one of their most recognizable songs. Jed Simon admitted to having produced a video for this particular song because it had "the most commercial potential". "Love?" was originally one of two confirmed songs for an EP that was supposed to contain four new songs and four covers. Although planned for release in 2003, the EP was eventually cancelled.

A second music video was released for the track "Zen," which would also later appear in 2007 film Shoot 'Em Up, where Clive Owen's character notices that the "Zen" music video calms a crying baby. The song "Love?" was featured in the 2005 video game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Lockdown and later, the single was featured on the in-game radio station 106.66 The Blood, in Saints Row: The Third.

"Info Dump"
Townsend explained that the final track "Info Dump", an instrumental noise track, is a reflection on the panicked state of mind that ensued when he stopped taking his medication prescribed to treat his bipolar disorder. The screaming child at the end is meant to represent his realization.

There are pulses of sounds heard in the middle of the track that, in Morse code, translate to the word "om". The rhythm of these sound pulses were later used to create the rhythm used at the end of "Colour Your World" on Townsend's album Ziltoid the Omniscient.

In a retrospective point of view, Townsend said that the track was "basically structured noise containing a morse code for a math equation," and that during the recording of the album he watched a television program about mathematician Andrew Wiles about his solving of Fermat’s Last Theorem. "[It was] a problem thought previously insolvable with a very elegant solution: X2 + Y2 = Z². Although I’m far from a mathematician, I enjoyed the thought that two opposing ways of thinking could be linked by a simple equation. I was just struck with that during the Alien time, and it just so happens that ‘Ziltoid 2’, ‘Z²’, is an answer for me—of how to proceed. It just seems to tie up everything, including Strapping, in a way that I think is satisfying."

Release
Alien was released on March 22, 2005, selling 3,697 copies in its first week. It reached No. 32 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, and No. 35 on the Top Independent Albums chart.

Critical reception
Critics praised Townsend's inventiveness and the dynamism of the songs in which "melody and discord meet midway"; Adrien Begrand of PopMatters wrote "Strapping Young Lad have raised the bar yet again", while Blabbermouth.net's Krista G. called it "a total and complete metalized SHIT FIT" and one of the best albums of the year. Townsend himself has gone on to state that Alien is the Strapping album that he's "most proud of".

Strapping Young Lad

 * Devin Townsend – guitar, vocals, keyboards, samples, production, engineering
 * Gene Hoglan – drums
 * Byron Stroud – bass guitar, associate production
 * Jed Simon – guitar

Additional personnel

 * Dave Young – keyboards, vocals
 * Will Campagna – live keyboards
 * Chris Valagao Mina – guitar, backing vocal

Male vocal choir
Rossy Living, Cam Krotche, Will Campagna, Shane Clark, Ross Gale, Christ Stanley, Will Cochrane, Ash Manning, Ross Empson, Mike Quigley, Billy Marquardt and Jeff Cook.

Female vocal choir
Laurielynn Bridger, Marnie Mains, Ani Kyd, Tammy "Tamz" Theis, Magdalena Bulak, Shay Ward, Steph Reid, Deborah Rodrigo-Tyzio, Michelle Madden, and Joanna Ussner.

Children vocals
Dorian Glaude-Living, Damian Moore, Ethan Belcourt-Lowe and Jayden Gignac.

Production

 * Shaun Thingvold – engineering, mixing
 * Kristina Ardron – 2nd engineering, editing
 * Ryan Van Poederooyen – drum technician
 * Alex Aligizakis – editing
 * Scott Cooke – editing
 * Bryan Seely – editing, assistant
 * Rob Stefanson – assistant
 * Alan Wong Moon – assistant
 * Greg Reely – mastering at Green Jacket Studios
 * Travis Smith – art consultant
 * Per Johansson – artwork, layout design
 * Omer "Impson" R. Cordell – photography

title: Alien (Strapping Young Lad album)


text:
2002–03 in Scottish football

The 2002–03 season was the 106th season of competitive football in Scotland.

Scottish Premier League
The 2002–03 Scottish Premier League was won on goal difference by Rangers by a single goal over Celtic. Both Rangers and Celtic qualified for the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League and Hearts got the UEFA Europa League place. Motherwell finished bottom, but there was no relegation from the SPL as Falkirk did not meet SPL stadium criteria. Celtic's trophyless season was in spite of being favourites to clinch the title and reaching the UEFA Cup final, losing in extra time to F.C. Porto.

Note: There was no relegation from the Scottish Premier League.

Scottish First Division
Note: There was no promotion from the Scottish First Division.

Summary
Average coefficient – 7.375

Scotland national team
Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * ECQG5 = European Championship Qualifying – Group 5

Notes and references
Skotsk Premier League 2002–2003

title: 2002–03 in Scottish football


text:
Richard Beckhard

Richard Beckhard (1918–1999) was an American organizational theorist, adjunct professor at MIT, and pioneer in the field of organization development.

Beckhard co-launched the Addison-Wesley Organization Development Series and began the Organization Development Network in 1967. His classic work, Organization Development: Strategies and Models, was published in 1969. Beckhard was an adjunct professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management from 1963 to 1984. He died on December 28, 1999.

He helped to define organization development as: "an effort (1) planned, (2) organization-wide, (3) managed from the top, to (4) increase organization effectiveness and health through (5) planned interventions in the organization's 'processes', using behavioural-science knowledge". He was the first to coin the practical precept for decision-makers: "let it happen; [if not] help it happen; [if not] make it happen!" Through the Organization Development Network and The Gestalt Institute of Cleveland in the United States and The Professional Development Institute PDI Inc. in Canada, Richard Beckhard shared this precept, for over thirty years, with managers and executives in business and governments. Together with David Gleicher, he is credited with developing a Formula for Change. The formula proposes that the combination of organisational dissatisfaction, vision for the future and the possibility of immediate, tactical action must be stronger than the resistance within the organisation in order for meaningful change to occur.

Beckhard is also credited for developing the GRPI model of team effectiveness, which highlights four key conditions (Goals, Roles, Processes, Interpersonal) for teams to succeed.

Another area of Beckhard's work was concerned with change and continuity within family-owned businesses.

Selected publications

 * Books, a selection
 * Beckhard, Richard. "Organization development: Strategies and models." (1969).
 * Beckhard, Richard, and Reuben T. Harris. Organizational transitions: Managing complex change. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1977.
 * Beckhard, Richard, and Wendy Pritchard. Changing the essence: The art of creating and leading fundamental change in organizations. Vol. 10. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992.
 * Hesselbein, Frances, Marshall Goldsmith, and Richard Beckhard. The leader of the future. Jossey Bass, 1996.
 * Louis L. Carter, Marshall Goldsmith, Jay Conger, and Richard Beckhard. Best Practices in Organization & Human Resources Development Handbook, Linkage Press, 2000.
 * Articles, a selection
 * Beckhard, Richard, and Gibb Dyer Jr. "Managing continuity in the family-owned business." Organizational Dynamics 12.1 (1983): 5–12.

title: Richard Beckhard


text:
Western Force

The Western Force is an Australian professional rugby union team based in Perth, Western Australia, currently competing in Super Rugby Pacific. They previously played in Super Rugby from 2006 until they were axed from the competition in 2017. Following their axing they played in the National Rugby Championship in 2018 and 2019, replacing the Perth Spirit, and Global Rapid Rugby from 2018 to 2020, an Indo-Pacific competition organised by Andrew Forrest.

Following the cancellation of both the 2020 Super Rugby season and 2020 Global Rapid Rugby season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Western Force were invited to compete in the 2020 Super Rugby AU season, a domestic competition organised by Rugby Australia to replace the cancelled Super Rugby season. The Force competed in the 2021 Super Rugby AU season and Super Rugby Trans-Tasman, before being confirmed that their return to Super Rugby will be permanent in the revamped 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season.

The bid
The bid for entry into an expanded Super 12 competition started in the early 2000s, when in 2002, a group was formed to oversee developments in the push for a new Australian franchise. The group's objective was to ensure that if SANZAR agreed to a fourth Australian franchise, that RugbyWA would be ready. RugbyWA were invited to bid for the fourth Australian team, and the union assembled a project team, which was given four weeks to formulate their bid. The bid was backed by the state government, which loaned more than one million dollars to RugbyWA, as well as committing $25 million towards an upgrade of the Members Equity Stadium. It was announced in December 2004 that RugbyWA had beaten Rugby Union Victoria for the right to host the fourth Australian franchise.

The first season
On 10 February the Western Force made their 2006 season rugby debut against the Brumbies at a near sold out Subiaco Oval in Perth, losing 25–10. After this result, the Force had a difficult debut in Super 14. A one-sided loss to the Hurricanes and an ugly loss at home to the Chiefs in Perth followed. Many fans were unimpressed, with only approximately 23,000 turning up to watch a match against the Bulls. On 31 March, in front of 24,000, the Force came closest to their first win, losing 26–25 to the Stormers at Subiaco Oval. This was after leading 10–0 early on in the match. This was the Force's first competition point ever, and was the longest it had ever taken a side to get a point in Super rugby history (8 rounds/7 matches).

On 21 April a crowd of 32,231 saw the Force nearly pull off the upset of the year, drawing 23-all with the undefeated defending champion Crusaders. Though the Force were leading 7–0 after several minutes the feeling was still that the Crusaders would win, especially after they scored a try seconds later to make it 7–5. Only when the Force had blown the score out to 17–5 did anyone begin to talk of an upset. Leading 20–8 at half time the Force did not hold on for the win after the Crusaders scored two tries and a penalty within the closing half. At 23-all with seconds left the Force crashed over the line but were denied by the television match official.

Two days after the draw with the Crusaders, the Force were able to sign rising star Matt Giteau from the Brumbies, effective with the 2007 season. Giteau, whose contract with the Brumbies ended after the 2006 season, inked a three-year deal reportedly worth A$4.5 million, making him the highest-paid player in the history of any Australian football code.

On Saturday 6 May the Force announced they had managed to sign another player, Reds winger Drew Mitchell. However, during the same week the Force were fined $110,000 after an "independent committee found that Rugby WA had entered a negotiation process with Al Kanaar in a way that was contrary to and in breach of the contracting protocols." The Force notched up their first win by defeating the Cheetahs 16–14 on 6 May.

Super Rugby years
The Western Force continued to play in Super Rugby until the 2017 season. During this time they struggled to achieve much success, failing to qualify for the playoffs in a single season. Their best season came in 2007, where they finished 7th out of 14 teams. Ahead of the 2018 Super Rugby season, SANZAAR made the decision to reduce the competition from 18 to 15 teams, deciding to cut 2 South African teams and 1 Australian team. On 11 August 2017 it was announced that the Western Force would be the Australian team to be axed from Super Rugby.

Global Rapid Rugby and National Rugby Championship years
In September 2017, Australian billionaire Andrew Forrest made plans to launch an Indo-Pacific Rugby tournament, consisting of the Western Force and other teams from the Indo-Pacific region. Several countries – such as, and  – expressed an interest in joining the new competition.

While organisation of the Indo-Pacific tournament was still underway, Andrew Forrest announced that the Western Force would play a series of matches in 2018 in what would be known as World Series Rugby. The Force played matches against Fiji A, Tonga A, Samoa A, the second tier national sides of those countries, along with the Hong Kong national team, Super Rugby sides Melbourne Rebels and the Crusaders, and Japanese club Panasonic Wild Knights.

Andrew Forrest's Indo-Pacific Rugby tournament was officially announced as Global Rapid Rugby and began in 2019. The inaugural 2019 season consisted of a series of showcase matches with the competition adopting a full home and away round-robin format for the 2020 season. The Western Force played in Global Rapid Rugby against teams from Fiji, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Samoa and Singapore.

During this time the Western Force also played in the 2018 and 2019 National Rugby Championship seasons, replacing Perth Spirit, who had previously acted as a feeder team for the Force during their Super Rugby years. The National Rugby Championship was Australia's second-tier competition below Super Rugby, taking place after the Super Rugby season and featuring players who were not selected to play for the Australian national team in the test season, similar to New Zealand's Mitre 10 Cup and South Africa's Currie Cup. The Western Force finished 3rd in the 2018 season, being knocked out in the semi-finals, and won the 2019 season, beating the Canberra Vikings 41–3 in the final.

Return to Super Rugby
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Global Rapid rugby season, which the Western Force were competing in, was cancelled. The pandemic had also caused the cancellation of the 2020 Super Rugby season, and international travel restrictions meant that it was unfeasible for the competition to continue in its current state, as it consisted of teams from 5 countries. Due to this, Rugby Australia launched a domestic competition known as Super Rugby AU, its inaugural 2020 season featuring the Western Force joining the current four Australian Super Rugby sides in a 12-week round robin tournament that ran from 3 July to 19 September.

The Western Force competed in the 2021 Super Rugby AU season, along with Super Rugby Trans-Tasman, a trans-tasman competition that featured the five Super Rugby AU teams taking on the five Super Rugby Aotearoa teams.

Super Rugby's future is uncertain, but a new, 12 team competition started in 2022. This competition includes the full time return of the Western Force, who competed against the four other Australian Super Rugby sides, the five New Zealand sides, a Fijian-based team Fijian Drua, and Moana Pasifika, a team composed of players with Pacific Islander heritage. The Force missed out on the Finals Series of the inaugural season by a single point.

Name and colours
On 19 April, RugbyWA unveiled the franchise team name as well as the logo, at a reception at the Burswood International Resort in Perth. Months of detailed community involvement went into selecting the name for the team. 'Western Force' was chosen as the name, which best reflected the franchise's location (state) and its 'values of strength, energy and community'. The logo was unveiled to be a black swan, which is the state's traditional insignia. The swan is set in a blue background, representing the Western Australia coastline and sky, whilst the gold represented the beaches, mineral wealth and sunshine. Some speculated that the team was going to be called the 'Black Swans'.

In July at function at the same venue as where the logo was unveiled to the public, the Force's jersey and naming rights sponsor was revealed. The home jersey was unveiled on Brendan Cannon, being blue with a black swan. Lachlan MacKay emerged with the side's alternate strip, which was gold with a black swan; black and gold being the State colours of Western Australia. The team's first jersey was auctioned off for $30,000, and the first alternate strip was then also auctioned off for $30,000 as well.

Logo
In March 2018, a new renewed Western Force changed their logo and jersey. The logo was very similar to the previous logo, this came after being axed from their most recent season of Super Rugby.

Support
Shortly after RugbyWA won the fourth Australian franchise, an on-line register was set up for members to record their interest. In the space of weeks, 10,000 people had registered. When membership was officially launched in July, more than 13,000 were registered, with around 400 companies expressed interest in hospitality packages. Soon the Force had the largest membership base of any of the Australian Super 14 teams. By the time pre-season had started, the Force had 16,000 members.

Australian Rugby Union CEO Gary Flowers told the media that "people power" was a key factor in Western Australia being awarded the franchise ahead of Victoria. Prior to the announcement, more than 25,500 Western Australians signed a petition in support of their state's bid. In addition, 5,000 people, including the state's premier Dr Geoff Gallop, attended a rally at Subiaco Oval, organised by two rugby mothers "the Scrum Mums" (Jennifer Hoskins and Irma Cooper) to show how much the people of Western Australia wanted the franchise. By the end of the first season, the Force finished with the highest crowd average out of all the Australian teams, despite finishing in last place, the fans still came out to see Wallaby stars such as Matt Giteau, Drew Mitchell and Nathan Sharpe (though Mitchell and Giteau were not in the 2006 line-up).

Stadium
For the first four seasons, the Force played all of their home games at Subiaco Oval. The stadium had a capacity of 43,500 configured in an oval shape for Australian rules football.

The club moved to the Perth Oval for the 2010 season and, with association football club Perth Glory, pushed for an upgrade to the venue which would create a rectangular venue for the two clubs. As of 2019, the stadium is known as HBF Park after WA's biggest health insurer took over naming rights at Perth's home of soccer and rugby. The Force were given a limited grant by the government to improve facilities at the stadium, and the capacity was increased to 20,500 in time for the 2010 Super Rugby Season.

Between 2010 and 2011 the State government developed a masterplan for an improved rectangular stadium and then completed a business case which saw $88million dollars allocated to the first stage which was to include a new permanent East stand, new lights, two video replay boards, LED signage at pitch level, replacement of the playing surface and replacement of the south scaffold stand with new scaffold. A Project Definition Plan was then completed and following this, the government allocated a further $7.14million to add corporate amenity including 48 corporate boxes and a 250-seat BBQ deck to the new Eastern stand.

In June 2012 builder BGC were awarded the head building contract for the project and on 7 June 2012 the Minister for Sport and Recreation Terry Waldron MLA announced that hard work by the project team, led by the Department of Sport and Recreation, and a keen price by builders would enable the south stand to become a permanent, unroofed structure rather than new scaffold. It was completed in September 2013, with a capacity of 20,441.

Development teams
RugbyWA's two elite development squads just below full-time professional level are the Western Force A and WA Under 19 teams. These teams are closely aligned with the Western Force and train at McGillvray Oval, the training base used by the Force. RugbyWA also previously fielded a separate National Rugby Championship team, the Perth Spirit, until the end of season 2017 but competed in this tournament as the Western Force from 2018. From 2019 the Development Team, Perth Gold, competes in Emerging State Championship.

Western Force A
The Western Force A team plays matches against interstate and international representative teams, and has also competed in tournaments such as the Pacific Rugby Cup. Teams known by various names over the years including Western Force A, Western Force Gold and Force Academy have been selected from the best emerging rugby talent in Western Australia. The current squad is a mix of Western Force contracted players, Force Academy players from elite youth programs, and selected Premier Grade club rugby players.

In 2006 the Western Force Gold, playing in the traditional gold and black colours of Western Australia, undertook a two-week tour to South Africa. The team played the Golden Lions and Blue Bulls before returning home to Perth to play Manu Samoa and Japanese Top League teams Toshiba and Yamaha. In 2008, the Force Academy beat the Singapore national side by 113–7.

 * 2019 Emerging States Championship Champions

Under 19
The Western Force under 19 side plays in the URC competition. Western Australian teams played in the Southern States Tournament up until 2015 and also played occasional matches against other representative sides such as Pacific Rugby Cup teams. Prior to 2008, state colts teams at under 21 and under 19 age levels were fielded in national tournament but these teams were consolidated as under 20s ahead of the inaugural World Rugby U20 Championship. In 2018, an under 19 age limit was reinstated for the state colts teams.

Global Rapid Rugby
Notes: Summary of all matches in the 2019 Global Rapid Rugby season, including the Asia and Pacific showcases.

Honours

 * Global Rapid Rugby
 * Champions: 2019
 * National Rugby Championship
 * Champions: 2019
 * Playoff appearances: 2018
 * World Club 10s
 * Champions: 2016

Minor honours

 * Toyota Challenge: winners 1 time runner up 3 times

Notes: Western Force won both the Asia and Pacific showcases in an undefeated 2019 Global Rapid Rugby season.

Current squad
The squad for the 2024 Super Rugby Pacific season is:

Coaches
Updated 24 June 2023. * denotes combined record across Global Rapid Rugby, National Rugby Championship and all Super Rugby competitions.

Firsts

 * First pre-season game – vs the Cheetahs (lost 19–29)
 * First season game – Round 1, 2006 vs Brumbies (lost 10–25)
 * First try – Scott Fava vs Brumbies
 * First points – Scott Daruda (3-point penalty kick) vs Brumbies
 * First conversion – Scott Daruda vs Brumbies
 * First draw – Round 11, 2006 vs Crusaders (23–23)
 * First drop goal – Matt Giteau vs Cheetahs
 * First penalty try – Pre-Season 2006 vs Cheetahs (19–29)
 * First win – Round 13, 2006 vs Cheetahs (16–14)
 * First home win – Round 6, 2007 vs the Hurricanes (18–17)

Controversies
In November 2007, Western Force players Scott Fava and Richard Brown were fined and ordered to do community service for mistreating protected native quokkas at a team bonding session on Rottnest Island, 19 km off the coast of Perth.

Eye-witness accounts stated that the players had mishandled the animals, including trapping and throwing them, though none were known to be seriously injured. Alcohol was said to be a factor.

As a result of the actions, Australian Wallaby number 8 Fava was ordered to pay $11,000, attend a week of community service and undergo counselling for alcohol abuse, while flanker Richard Brown was sentenced to a $5000 fine as well as seven days' community service. Both fines were payable to the Rottnest Island Conservation Foundation.

In February 2008, Matt Henjak and Haig Sare were involved in a fight at a pub in Perth. Henjak hit Sare and broke his jaw and was sacked by the Force for misconduct. Haig Sare returned to play for the Force at the end of Season 2008 once his injuries healed.

Firepower funding debacle
Sponsorship payments from the fuel technology company Firepower were a major factor in luring Wallaby star Matt Giteau and others to play for the Western Force in Perth. The luckless Giteau was one of a number of sportsmen owed millions of dollars after the collapse of Firepower. A new consortium offered to cover the Firepower money if Giteau extended his existing contract; he, however, chose not to and returned to Canberra to play for the Brumbies.

title: Western Force


text:
Molecular machine

Molecular machines are a class of molecules typically described as an assembly of a discrete number of molecular components intended to produce mechanical movements in response to specific stimuli, mimicking macromolecular devices such as switches and motors. Naturally occurring or biological molecular machines are responsible for vital living processes such as DNA replication and ATP synthesis. Kinesins and ribosomes are examples of molecular machines, and they often take the form of multi-protein complexes. For the last several decades, scientists have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to miniaturize machines found in the macroscopic world. The first example of an artificial molecular machine (AMM) was reported in 1994, featuring a rotaxane with a ring and two different possible binding sites. In 2016 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart, and Bernard L. Feringa for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.

AMMs have diversified rapidly over the past few decades and their design principles, properties, and characterization methods have been outlined better. A major starting point for the design of AMMs is to exploit the existing modes of motion in molecules, such as rotation about single bonds or cis-trans isomerization. Different AMMs are produced by introducing various functionalities, such as the introduction of bistability to create switches. A broad range of AMMs has been designed, featuring different properties and applications; some of these include molecular motors, switches, and logic gates. A wide range of applications have been demonstrated for AMMs, including those integrated into polymeric, liquid crystal, and crystalline systems for varied functions (such as materials research, homogenous catalysis and surface chemistry).

Terminology
Several definitions describe a "molecular machine" as a class of molecules typically described as an assembly of a discrete number of molecular components intended to produce mechanical movements in response to specific stimuli. The expression is often more generally applied to molecules that simply mimic functions that occur at the macroscopic level. A few prime requirements for a molecule to be considered a "molecular machine" are: the presence of moving parts, the ability to consume energy, and the ability to perform a task. Molecular machines differ from other stimuli-responsive compounds that can produce motion (such as cis-trans isomers) in their relatively larger amplitude of movement (potentially due to chemical reactions) and the presence of a clear external stimulus to regulate the movements (as compared to random thermal motion). Piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, and other materials that produce a movement due to external stimuli on a macro-scale are generally not included, since despite the molecular origin of the motion the effects are not useable on the molecular scale.

This definition generally applies to synthetic molecular machines, which have historically gained inspiration from the naturally occurring biological molecular machines (also referred to as "nanomachines"). Biological machines are considered to be nanoscale devices (such as molecular proteins) in a living system that convert various forms of energy to mechanical work in order to drive crucial biological processes such as intracellular transport, muscle contractions, ATP generation and cell division.

History
Biological molecular machines have been known and studied for years given their vital role in sustaining life, and have served as inspiration for synthetically designed systems with similar useful functionality. The advent of conformational analysis, or the study of conformers to analyze complex chemical structures, in the 1950s gave rise to the idea of understanding and controlling relative motion within molecular components for further applications. This led to the design of "proto-molecular machines" featuring conformational changes such as cog-wheeling of the aromatic rings in triptycenes. By 1980, scientists could achieve desired conformations using external stimuli and utilize this for different applications. A major example is the design of a photoresponsive crown ether containing an azobenzene unit, which could switch between cis and trans isomers on exposure to light and hence tune the cation-binding properties of the ether. In his seminal 1959 lecture There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, Richard Feynman alluded to the idea and applications of molecular devices designed artificially by manipulating matter at the atomic level. This was further substantiated by Eric Drexler during the 1970s, who developed ideas based on molecular nanotechnology such as nanoscale "assemblers", though their feasibility was disputed.

Though these events served as inspiration for the field, the actual breakthrough in practical approaches to synthesize artificial molecular machines (AMMs) took place in 1991 with the invention of a "molecular shuttle" by Sir Fraser Stoddart. Building upon the assembly of mechanically linked molecules such as catenanes and rotaxanes as developed by Jean-Pierre Sauvage in the early 1980s, this shuttle features a rotaxane with a ring that can move across an "axle" between two ends or possible binding sites (hydroquinone units). This design realized the well-defined motion of a molecular unit across the length of the molecule for the first time. In 1994, an improved design allowed control over the motion of the ring by pH variation or electrochemical methods, making it the first example of an AMM. Here the two binding sites are a benzidine and a biphenol unit; the cationic ring typically prefers staying over the benzidine ring, but moves over to the biphenol group when the benzidine gets protonated at low pH or if it gets electrochemically oxidized. In 1998, a study could capture the rotary motion of a decacyclene molecule on a copper-base metallic surface using a scanning tunneling microscope. Over the following decade, a broad variety of AMMs responding to various stimuli were invented for different applications. In 2016, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Sauvage, Stoddart, and Bernard L. Feringa for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.

Artificial molecular machines
Over the past few decades, AMMs have diversified rapidly and their design principles, properties, and characterization methods have been outlined more clearly. A major starting point for the design of AMMs is to exploit the existing modes of motion in molecules. For instance, single bonds can be visualized as axes of rotation, as can be metallocene complexes. Bending or V-like shapes can be achieved by incorporating double bonds, that can undergo cis-trans isomerization in response to certain stimuli (typically irradiation with a suitable wavelength), as seen in numerous designs consisting of stilbene and azobenzene units. Similarly, ring-opening and -closing reactions such as those seen for spiropyran and diarylethene can also produce curved shapes. Another common mode of movement is the circumrotation of rings relative to one another as observed in mechanically interlocked molecules (primarily catenanes). While this type of rotation can not be accessed beyond the molecule itself (because the rings are confined within one another), rotaxanes can overcome this as the rings can undergo translational movements along a dumbbell-like axis. Another line of AMMs consists of biomolecules such as DNA and proteins as part of their design, making use of phenomena like protein folding and unfolding.

AMM designs have diversified significantly since the early days of the field. A major route is the introduction of bistability to produce molecular switches, featuring two distinct configurations for the molecule to convert between. This has been perceived as a step forward from the original molecular shuttle which consisted of two identical sites for the ring to move between without any preference, in a manner analogous to the ring flip in an unsubstituted cyclohexane. If these two sites are different from each other in terms of features like electron density, this can give rise to weak or strong recognition sites as in biological systems — such AMMs have found applications in catalysis and drug delivery. This switching behavior has been further optimized to acquire useful work that gets lost when a typical switch returns to its original state. Inspired by the use of kinetic control to produce work in natural processes, molecular motors are designed to have a continuous energy influx to keep them away from equilibrium to deliver work.

Various energy sources are employed to drive molecular machines today, but this was not the case during the early years of AMM development. Though the movements in AMMs were regulated relative to the random thermal motion generally seen in molecules, they could not be controlled or manipulated as desired. This led to the addition of stimuli-responsive moieties in AMM design, so that externally applied non-thermal sources of energy could drive molecular motion and hence allow control over the properties. Chemical energy (or "chemical fuels") was an attractive option at the beginning, given the broad array of reversible chemical reactions (heavily based on acid-base chemistry) to switch molecules between different states. However, this comes with the issue of practically regulating the delivery of the chemical fuel and the removal of waste generated to maintain the efficiency of the machine as in biological systems. Though some AMMs have found ways to circumvent this, more recently waste-free reactions such based on electron transfers or isomerization have gained attention (such as redox-responsive viologens). Eventually, several different forms of energy (electric, magnetic, optical and so on) have become the primary energy sources used to power AMMs, even producing autonomous systems such as light-driven motors.

Types
Various AMMs have been designed with a broad range of functions and applications, several of which have been tabulated below along with indicative images:

Biological molecular machines
The most complex macromolecular machines are found within cells, often in the form of multi-protein complexes. Important examples of biological machines include motor proteins such as myosin, which is responsible for muscle contraction, kinesin, which moves cargo inside cells away from the nucleus along microtubules, and dynein, which moves cargo inside cells towards the nucleus and produces the axonemal beating of motile cilia and flagella. "[I]n effect, the [motile cilium] is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines ... Flexible linkers allow the mobile protein domains connected by them to recruit their binding partners and induce long-range allostery via protein domain dynamics." Other biological machines are responsible for energy production, for example ATP synthase which harnesses energy from proton gradients across membranes to drive a turbine-like motion used to synthesise ATP, the energy currency of a cell. Still other machines are responsible for gene expression, including DNA polymerases for replicating DNA, RNA polymerases for producing mRNA, the spliceosome for removing introns, and the ribosome for synthesising proteins. These machines and their nanoscale dynamics are far more complex than any molecular machines that have yet been artificially constructed.

Biological machines have potential applications in nanomedicine. For example, they could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells. Molecular nanotechnology is a speculative subfield of nanotechnology regarding the possibility of engineering molecular assemblers, biological machines which could re-order matter at a molecular or atomic scale. Nanomedicine would make use of these nanorobots, introduced into the body, to repair or detect damages and infections, but these are considered to be far beyond current capabilities.

Research and applications
The construction of more complex molecular machines is an active area of theoretical and experimental research. Though a diverse variety of AMMs are known today, experimental studies of these molecules are inhibited by the lack of methods to construct these molecules. In this context, theoretical modeling has emerged as a pivotal tool to understand the self-assembly or -disassembly processes in these systems.

A wide range of applications have been demonstrated for AMMs, including those integrated into polymeric, liquid crystal,  and crystalline  systems for varied functions. Homogenous catalysis is a prominent example, especially in areas like asymmetric synthesis, utilizing noncovalent interactions and biomimetic allosteric catalysis. AMMs have been pivotal in the design of several stimuli-responsive smart materials, such as 2D and 3D self-assembled materials and nanoparticle-based systems, for versatile applications ranging from 3D printing to drug delivery.

AMMs are gradually moving from the conventional solution-phase chemistry to surfaces and interfaces. For instance, AMM-immobilized surfaces (AMMISs) are a novel class of functional materials consisting of AMMs attached to inorganic surfaces forming features like self-assembled monolayers; this gives rise to tunable properties such as fluorescence, aggregation and drug-release activity.

Most of these applications remain at the proof-of-concept level, and need major modifications to be adapted to the industrial scale. Challenges in streamlining macroscale applications include autonomous operation, the complexity of the machines, stability in the synthesis of the machines and the working conditions.

title: Molecular machine


text:
User:Evan C

I am... Evan Cottle

Welcome to my page. Do you need a welcome? You be the judge, I guess. I shall describe myself using these obnoxious userboxes, like so...

Feel free to change the linkings of any userboxes on my page, if they have been moved as part of The German solution.

About me

 * I am an 18 year old male;
 * I live in Melbourne and Seymour, Victoria;
 * I am interested in computers, electronics and technology;
 * I am interested in trains, in trams and rail transport in general;
 * I enjoy digital photography and graphic design.

Other
I guess that about covers it.

title: User:Evan C


text:
User:Athalus

I an alum of the University of Florida. I have a B.S. in psychology, and a MS in Developmental Psychology, focusing on conflict resolution.

title: User:Athalus


text:
Talk:Economy of French Guiana

Cause of unemployment
I looked up the economy of French Guyana to see the effects of the country being a full fledged part of France. As I understood it, this means that people get unemployment benefits that are out of proportion in the regional economies, resulting in people not having a sufficient incentive to work. Indeed, unemployment is high, but there is no mention of this cause. Does anyone know more about this? It is particularly interesting because it is an experiment of sorts; I don't know of any other country in a similar situation.

Also, all sums are in US dollars, which isn't the country's currency. But that would then have to be recalculated for the dates of all these sums, and many of them are rather out of date, so the whole page should be updated (I already updated the exchange rate to the US dollar). And the euro didn't exist yet at some of those dates. So it makes more sense for the person who is going to do this updating to also do it in euros.

DirkvdM 08:45, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

External links modified
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More up to date info
Système électrique de la Guyane contains information (sourced but in French) that should be incorporated onto this article. Both the article and the current and more recent CIA entry are out of date. Andrewa (talk) 13:26, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of French Guiana


text:
User talk:Landolf~enwiki

I apologize for deleting your entry on the vandalism page accidentally. I tried to fix it, but the page took too long to load because of the article's size. I see you've restored it. 郵便箱 08:45, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Landolf. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Landolf~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:04, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:15, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Landolf~enwiki


text: Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Gansu


text:
User talk:Athalus

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 08:51, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

.

 * Thanks for the welcome
 * Athalus

title: User talk:Athalus


text: Category:Super 14 teams

title: Category:Super 14 teams


text:
Tura Satana

Tura Satana (July 10, 1938 – February 4, 2011) was a Japanese American actress, vedette, and exotic dancer. From 13 film and television credits, some of her work includes the exploitation film Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965), and the science fiction horror film The Astro-Zombies (1968).

Early life
Satana was born Tura Luna Pascual Yamaguchi in Hokkaidō, Japan. Her father was a Japanese silent movie actor of Filipino descent, and her mother was a circus performer of Native American (Cheyenne) and Ulster-Scots background. After the end of World War II and a stint in the Manzanar internment camp in Lone Pine, California, Tura and her family moved to Chicago.

Walking home from school just before her 10th birthday, she was reportedly gang raped by five men. According to Satana, her attackers were never prosecuted, and it was rumored that the judge had been paid off. She reports that this prompted her to learn martial arts, such as aikido and karate. Over the next 15 years, Satana tracked down each rapist and exacted revenge. "I made a vow to myself that I would someday, somehow get even with all of them," she said years later. "They never knew who I was until I told them." Around this time, she formed a gang, "the Angeles," with Italian, Jewish, and Polish girls from her neighborhood. In an interview with Psychotronic Video, Satana said, "We had leather motorcycle jackets, jeans and boots...and we kicked butt." Because of frequent delinquency, she was sent to reform school. When she was 13, her parents arranged her marriage to 17-year-old John Satana in Hernando, Mississippi, which lasted nine months.

Satana moved to Los Angeles and by age 15, using fake identification to hide the fact she was a minor, began burlesque dancing. She was hired to perform at the Trocadero nightclub on the Sunset Strip, and became a photographic model for, among others, silent screen comic Harold Lloyd, whose photos of her appear in Harold Lloyd's Hollywood Nudes in 3-D.

Satana returned to Chicago to live with her parents and started dancing at the Club Rendevouz in Calumet City, where she was known as Galatea, the "Statue that Came to Life." She was offered a raise to become a stripper. She claimed that after singer Elvis Presley saw Satana perform at Chicago's Follies Theater, the two began a romantic relationship that some reports say ended in a marriage proposal she declined. Satana eventually became a successful exotic dancer, traveling from city to city. She credited Lloyd with giving her the confidence to pursue a career in show business: "I saw myself as an ugly child. Mr. Lloyd said, 'You have such a symmetrical face. The camera loves your face...You should be seen.'"

Acting career
Satana's acting debut role was a cameo as Suzette Wong, a Parisian prostitute in the film Irma la Douce, which starred Jack Lemmon and Shirley MacLaine. Her next was as a dancer in Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed? (1963), which starred Dean Martin and Elizabeth Montgomery. Soon after, Satana appeared in the television shows Burke's Law (1964) and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964).

Satana then starred as "Varla" in the 1965 film Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!—a very aggressive and sexual female character. She did all of her own stunts and fight scenes. Renowned film critic Richard Corliss called her performance "the most honest, maybe the one honest portrayal in the Meyer canon and certainly the scariest." Originally titled The Leather Girls, the film is an ode to female violence, based on a concept created by Russ Meyer and screenwriter Jack Moran. Both felt at her first audition that Satana was "definitely Varla." The film was shot on location in the desert outside Los Angeles during days when the weather was more than 100 degrees Fahrenheit and freezing nights, with Satana clashing regularly with teenage co-star Susan Bernard due to Bernard's mother's reportedly disruptive behavior on the set. Meyer said Satana was "extremely capable. She knew how to handle herself. Don't fuck with her! And if you have to fuck her, do it well! She might turn on you!"

Satana was responsible for adding key elements to the visual style and energy of the production, including her costume, makeup, usage of martial arts, dialogue and the use of spinning tires in the death scene of the main male character. She came up with many of the film's best lines. At one point in the film, the gas station attendant was ogling her cleavage while confessing to a desire to see America. Varla replied "You won't find it down there, Columbus!" Meyer cited her as the primary reason for the film's lasting fame. "She and I made the movie", he said. Meyer reportedly later regretted not using Satana in subsequent productions.

After ''Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!, Satana primarily worked with film director Ted V. Mikels in such films as The Astro-Zombies (1968), and The Doll Squad'' (1973). After making Mikels' The Doll Squad in 1973, Satana was shot by a former lover. She later found employment in a hospital, a position she kept for four years. She had studied nursing at Firmin Desloge Hospital. She was then briefly employed as a dispatcher for the Los Angeles Police Department. In 1981, her back was broken in a car accident. She spent the next two years in and out of hospitals, having two major operations and approximately fifteen others.

In 2002, she returned to acting, reprising the role of Malvina Satana in Mark of the Astro Zombies (2002), the sequel to The Astro Zombies.

Personal life
Satana claimed to have dated Elvis Presley but turned down his marriage proposal, although she kept the ring.

Death
Satana died on February 4, 2011, in Reno, Nevada, and was survived by her daughters, Kalani and Jade, and her sisters, Pamela and Kim. Her long-time manager, Siouxzan Perry, gave the cause of death as heart failure.

Selected filmography

 * Irma la Douce (1963) – Suzette Wong
 * Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed? (1963) – Stripper (uncredited)
 * Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965) – Varla
 * Our Man Flint (1966) – Stripper (uncredited)
 * The Astro-Zombies (1968) – Satana
 * The Doll Squad (1973) – Lavelle Sumara
 * Mark of the Astro-Zombies (2002) – Malvira Satana
 * The Wild World of Ted V. Mikels (2008) – Herself
 * Sugar Boxx (2009) – Judge #1
 * The Haunted World of El Superbeasto (2009) – Varla (voice)
 * Astro Zombies: M3 – Cloned (2010) – Malvina (final film role)

Tributes

 * The alternative metal band Tura Satana is named after her.
 * The Argentine rock band Babasónicos created a song honoring her, titled Viva Satana!, from their 1996 album Dopádromo.
 * "Song For Tura Satana" is the sixteenth track on Zopilote Machine by The Mountain Goats.
 * Australian punk-pop band Ratcat had a B-side called Tura Satana in 1989.
 * Seattle industrial band Kill Switch...Klick released a four-song EP in 2008 featuring Super Amanda on vocals performing four different mixes of the Tura Satana Tribute song, Hemi Charger.
 * Las Vegas burlesque performer Elaina Satana adopted her stage surname as a tribute to Tura Satana.
 * She appears in the painting titled, A Doorway to Whitney by Joe Coleman.
 * In 2010, British band Dustaphonics released their first LP on Dirty Water Records featuring the song "Tura Satana" wrote in 2009 by Time Out London's journalist Simone Baird and Yvan Serrano-Fontova (Healer Selecta).
 * Satana wrote "Burlesque Queen" for the Dustaphonics, the Londoners recorded the song and Dirty Water released the single in 2009, published by Wipeout Publishing UK 2009.
 * London's based musician and DJ Healer Selecta recorded in 2008 "Tura Stomp" for the British Funk-Soul label Freestyle Records/Kudos publishing.

title: Tura Satana


text:
User:Rezwan

Hello there! This is Rezwan from Bangladesh. I am a CSE graduate from Leading University, Sylhet and currently employed in Bangladesh. Please join us in enriching the Bangladesh related information in Wikipedia.

title: User:Rezwan


text:
RNA polymerase I

RNA polymerase 1 (also known as Pol I) is, in higher eukaryotes, the polymerase that only transcribes ribosomal RNA (but not 5S rRNA, which is synthesized by RNA polymerase III), a type of RNA that accounts for over 50% of the total RNA synthesized in a cell.

Structure and function
Pol I is a 590 kDa enzyme that consists of 14 protein subunits (polypeptides), and its crystal structure in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was solved at 2.8Å resolution in 2013. Twelve of its subunits have identical or related counterparts in RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III). The other two subunits are related to Pol II initiation factors and have structural homologues in Pol III.

Ribosomal DNA transcription is confined to the nucleolus, where about 400 copies of the 42.9-kb rDNA gene are present, arranged as tandem repeats in nucleolus organizer regions. Each copy contains a ~13.3 kb sequence encoding the 18S, the 5.8S, and the 28S RNA molecules, interlaced with two internal transcribed spacers, ITS1 and ITS2, and flanked upstream by a 5' external transcribed spacer and a downstream 3' external transcribed spacer. These components are transcribed together to form the 45S pre-rRNA. The 45S pre-rRNA is then post-transcriptionally cleaved by C/D box and H/ACA box snoRNAs, removing the two spacers and resulting in the three rRNAs by a complex series of steps. The 5S ribosomal RNA is transcribed by Pol III. Because of the simplicity of Pol I transcription, it is the fastest-acting polymerase and contributes up to 60% of cellular transcription levels in exponentially growing cells.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the 5S rDNA has the unusual feature of lying inside the rDNA repeat. It is flanked by non-transcribed spacers NTS1 and NTS2, and is transcribed backwards by Pol III, separately from the rest of the rDNA.

Regulation of rRNA transcription
The rate of cell growth is directly dependent on the rate of protein synthesis, which is itself intricately linked to ribosome synthesis and rRNA transcription. Thus, intracellular signals must coordinate the synthesis of rRNA with that of other components of protein translation. Myc is known to bind to human ribosomal DNA in order to stimulate rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I. Two specific mechanisms have been identified, ensuring proper control of rRNA synthesis and Pol I-mediated transcription.

Given the large numbers of rDNA genes (several hundreds) available for transcription, the first mechanism involves adjustments in the number of genes being transcribed at a specific time. In mammalian cells, the number of active rDNA genes varies between cell types and level of differentiation. In general, as a cell becomes more differentiated, it requires less growth and, therefore, will have a decrease in rRNA synthesis and a decrease in rDNA genes being transcribed. When rRNA synthesis is stimulated, SL1 (selectivity factor 1) will bind to the promoters of rDNA genes that were previously silent, and recruit a pre-initiation complex to which Pol I will bind and start transcription of rRNA.

Changes in rRNA transcription can also occur via changes in the rate of transcription. While the exact mechanism through which Pol I increases its rate of transcription is as yet unknown, evidence has shown that rRNA synthesis can increase or decrease without changes in the number of actively transcribed rDNA.

Transcription cycle
In the process of transcription (by any polymerase), there are three main stages:
 * 1) Initiation: the construction of the RNA polymerase complex on the gene's promoter with the help of transcription factors
 * 2) Elongation: the actual transcription of the majority of the gene into a corresponding RNA sequence
 * 3) Termination: the cessation of RNA transcription and the disassembly of the RNA polymerase complex.

Initiation
Pol I requires no TATA box in the promoter, instead relying on an upstream control element (UCE) located between −200 and −107, and a core element located between −45 and +20.

 * 1) The dimeric eukaryotic upstream binding factor (UBF) binds the UCE and the core element.
 * 2) UBF recruits and binds a protein complex called SL1 in humans (or TIF-IB in mouse), composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and three TBP-associated factors (TAFs).
 * 3) The UBF dimer contains several high-mobility-group boxes (HMG-boxes) that introduce loops into the upstream region, allowing the UCE and the core elements to come into contact.
 * 4) RRN3/TIF-IA is phosphorylated and binds Pol I.
 * 5) Pol I binds to the UBF/SL1 complex via RRN3/TIF-IA, and transcription starts.

Note that this process is variable in different organisms.

Elongation
As Pol I escapes and clears the promoter, UBF and SL1 remain-promoter bound, ready to recruit another Pol I. Indeed, each active rDNA gene can be transcribed multiple times simultaneously, as opposed to Pol II-transcribed genes, which associate with only one complex at a time. While elongation proceeds unimpeded in vitro, it is unclear at this point whether this process happens in a cell, given the presence of nucleosomes. Pol I does seem to transcribe through nucleosomes, either bypassing or disrupting them, perhaps assisted by chromatin-remodeling activities. In addition, UBF might also act as positive feedback, enhancing Pol I elongation through an anti-repressor function. An additional factor, TIF-IC, can also stimulate the overall rate of transcription and suppress pausing of Pol I. As Pol I proceeds along the rDNA, supercoils form both ahead of and behind the complex. These are unwound by topoisomerase I or II at regular intervals, similar to what is seen in Pol II-mediated transcription.

Elongation is likely to be interrupted at sites of DNA damage. Transcription-coupled repair occurs similarly to Pol II-transcribed genes and requires the presence of several DNA repair proteins, such as TFIIH, CSB, and XPG.

Termination
In higher eukaryotes, TTF-I binds and bends the termination site at the 3' end of the transcribed region. This will force Pol I to pause. TTF-I, with the help of transcript-release factor PTRF and a T-rich region, will induce Pol I into terminating transcription and dissociating from the DNA and the new transcript. Evidence suggests that termination might be rate-limiting in cases of high rRNA production. TTF-I and PTRF will then indirectly stimulate the reinitiation of transcription by Pol I at the same rDNA gene. In organisms such as budding yeast the process seems to be much more complicated and is still not completely elucidated.

Recombination hotspot
Recombination hotspots are DNA sequences that increase local recombination. The HOT1 sequence in yeast is one of the most well studied mitotic recombination hotspots. The HOT1 sequence includes an RNA polymerase I transcription promoter. In a yeast mutant strain defective in RNA polymerase I the HOT1 activity in promoting recombination is abolished. The level of RNA polymerase I transcription activity that is dependent on the promoter in the HOT1 sequence appears to determine the level of nearby mitotic recombination.

title: RNA polymerase I