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Highland dance

Highland dance or Highland dancing (dannsa Gàidhealach) is a style of competitive dancing developed in the Scottish Highlands in the 19th and 20th centuries, in the context of competitions at public events such as the Highland games. It was created from the Gaelic folk dance repertoire, but formalised with the conventions of ballet, and has been subject to influences from outside the Highlands. Highland dancing is often performed with the accompaniment of Highland bagpipe music, and dancers wear specialised shoes called ghillies or pumps. It is now seen at nearly every modern-day Highland games event.

Highland dance should not be confused with Scottish country dance, cèilidh dancing, or clog dancing, although they too may be performed at Highland games and like competitions.

Basic description of Highland dancing
Highland dancing is a competitive and technical dance form requiring technique, stamina, and strength, and is recognised as a sport by the Sport Council of Scotland.

In Highland dancing, the dancers dance on the balls of the feet. Highland dancing is a form of solo step dancing, from which it evolved, but while some forms of step dancing are purely percussive in nature, Highland dancing involves not only a combination of steps but also some integral upper body, arm, and hand movements.

Highland dancing should not be confused with Scottish country dancing which is both a social dance (that is, a dance which is danced with a partner or partners) like ballroom dancing, and a formation dance (that is, a dance in which an important element is the pattern of group movement about the dance floor) like square dancing.

Some Highland dances do derive from traditional social dances. An example is the Highland reel, also known as the foursome reel or strathspey, in which groups of four dancers alternate between solo steps facing one another and a figure-of-eight style with intertwining progressive movement. Even so, in competitions, the Highland reel dancers are judged individually. All but three Highland dances are danced solo and those three dances are variations of each other.

Scottish and Irish dancing
Many non-practitioners think the two Celtic forms are synonymous. While some dance studios teach both, they are two distinct styles, not just in the attire. In comparison to Scottish Highland dance, Irish dancers rarely use their arms which are held beside their bodies (rather than raised above the shoulders), legs and feet are frequently crossed (not turned out at 45°), and frequent use of the hard-soled step shoes (compared to ghillies or "pumps"). There is a greater use of choreography than traditional movements.

History
Modern Highland dancing emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was "created from the Gaelic folk dance repertoire, but formalised with the conventions of ballet".

It seems that forms of sword dancing were performed by warriors in many parts of Europe in the prehistoric period. Forms of sword dancing are also attested in the late Medieval period. Ritualistic and combative dances that imitated epic deeds and martial skills were a familiar feature in Scottish tradition and folklore. The earliest reference to these dances in Scotland is mentioned in the Scotichronicon which was compiled in Scotland by Walter Bower in the 1440s. The passage regards Alexander III and his second marriage to the French noblewoman Yolande de Dreux at Jedburgh on 14 October 1285.

In 1573, Scottish mercenaries are said to have performed a Scottish sword dance before the Swedish King, John III, at a banquet held in Stockholm Castle. The dance, 'a natural feature of the festivities', was used as part of a plot to assassinate the King, where the conspirators were able to bare their weapons without arising suspicion. Fortunately for the King, at the decisive moment the agreed signal was never given.

Sword dances and Highland dances were included at a reception for Anne of Denmark at Edinburgh in May 1590, and a mixture of sword dance and acrobatics was performed before James VI in 1617, and again for Charles I in 1633, by the Incorporation of Skinners and Glovers of Perth,

The British central government's policy of cultural suppression against Highland culture culminated in 1747 when the Dress Act 1746 (part of the Act of Proscription 1746), which forbade the wearing of kilts by civilian males, went into effect. The act was repealed in 1782 and in the early 19th century, there was something of a romanticisation of Highland culture (or such as it was imagined to be). This revival, later boosted greatly by Queen Victoria's enthusiasm for it, included the beginnings of the Highland games as we now know them. Highland dancing was an integral part of the Games from the very start of their modern revival, but the selection of dances performed at Games was intentionally narrowed down, mostly for the convenience of judges. Therefore, while the tradition of Highland games seemed at first glance to have fostered and preserved Highland dancing, many older dances got lost because nobody considered them worthwhile to practice, as they were not required for competition. The nature of these displays and competitions also affected the style of the dancing itself.

Organisations
Most dancing prior to the 1900s was not organised at a national or international level. Judges of competitions were local persons, without specific standards for attire or the steps to the danced. Local Caledonian societies trained young dancers in the way of each society. Slowly consistency of steps was achieved, and dancing-specific organisations were established.

Dancers now undergo written examinations and practical assessments to become a teacher, and then further training and testing to become a dancer examiner, then competition judge or adjudicator.

Royal Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing (RSOBHD)
Many if not most Highland gatherings worldwide recognise the Royal Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing (RSOBHD), formed in 1950, as the world governing body of Highland dancing. The 'Royal' title from the Queen of the United Kingdom was approved by 16 November 2019. The RSOBHD standardised dance steps for competition purposes, established rules for competitions and attire, and certifies competitions and instructors. The RSOBHD World Highland Dance Championship has been held annually at the Cowal Highland Gathering since 1934. Today this RSOBHD World Championship is sanctioned by the RSOBHD at three levels: Juvenile, Junior and Adult. Only SOBHD-registered dancers may compete at this RSOBHD championship.

The RSOBHD is made up of representatives from many different Highland Dancing bodies and associations from around the world. The Board comprises delegates from the examining bodies (professional teaching associations), affiliated organisations in Australia (Australian Board of Highland Dancing Inc.), Canada (ScotDance Canada), South Africa (Official Board of Highland Dancing (South Africa)), New Zealand (Scot Dance New Zealand), and the United States (Federation of United States Teachers and Adjudicators) which represent the many Highland dance organisations in those countries.

The RSOBHD board sanctions Highland dancing championships although does not actually organise any of them. There are non-RSOBHD sanctioned championships run by non-RSOBHD aligned organisations at which registered RSOBHD dancers are forbidden to take part by the RSOBHD. At competitions and championships run by non-RSOBHD organisations, all dancers are welcome, however if they choose to participate they may receive a ban from the RSOBHD. Similarly, dancers not registered with the RSOBHD are forbidden to dance at RSOBHD sanctioned competitions by the RSOBHD. Each year the RSOBHD selects the championship steps to be performed by dancers at championships around the world. An official RSOBHD Highland Dance technique book for dancers and teachers has been published.

Other dancing bodies
Other organisations that qualify Highland dancers, teachers, and judges and hold competitions include:
 * the Scottish Official Highland Dancing Association (SOHDA)
 * the New Zealand Academy of Highland and National Dancing
 * the Victorian Scottish Union (Australia).

Such organisations provide a wide syllabus of Highland and national dances and steps within their teaching.

Highland games and competitions
At Highland games, the Highland dances were at first danced only by men. Women would take part in social dances, and girls did learn solo dances as part of their general dance classes. In fact, dancing masters would often encourage their most promising students (male or female) to perform solo dances at their end-of-term 'assemblies'.

In the late 19th century a young woman named Jenny Douglas (the name of Lorna Mitchell is also suggested) decided to enter a Highland dance competition. As this was not expressly forbidden, she was allowed to enter. Since then the number of females participating in the sport has increased until today in excess of 95% of all dancers are female. There have been numerous female World Champions crowned at the Cowal Highland Gathering since they began organising the competition in 1948. The first international competitor to win the Adult World Championship was Flora Stuart Grubb of Australia (1960) with Hugh Bigney being the first American to win the title in 1973. Indeed, the first three Adult World Championships were won by ladies: May Falconer, Motherwell (1948), Margaret Samson, Stirling (1949 and 1950). This feminisation of folk arts is a common pattern in the process of their 'gentrification', especially after they no longer serve a functional role in a male-centred, warrior culture. Males are still well represented at the world championships.

Highland dancing competitions may be held solely or as part of larger events. The small annual Scottish Glen Isla competition is almost inconspicuous on the roadside, and is beside piping events and some heavy game events. Canada's Glengarry Highland Games on the other hand is one of the largest dancing and piping events on the North American calendar. Many of Australia's competitions are held indoors as a solo activity, while Canadian and Scottish competitions are associated with Highland games with a nearby hall available in case of inclement weather.

As far as competitions were concerned, until the early 20th century the usual dances seen were the sword dance, the seann triubhas, the Strathspey and Highland reel, the reel of Tulloch, and the Highland fling. Since then, various other (pre-existing) dances have been added to the competition repertoire. For example, two character dances, The sailor's hornpipe and the Irish jig gained popularity in music hall and vaudeville productions.

Judging
Most judges today evaluate a dancer on three major criteria: timing, technique and interpretation/overall deportment.

 * Timing concerns the ability of the dancer to follow the rhythm of the music.
 * Technique has to do with the correct execution of the steps in coordination with the movements of the rest of the body, including head, arm and hand movements.
 * Artistic interpretation covers that essential element of all dance and artistry in general which cannot be quantified or reduced to any set of rules or specific points, but which does concern the ability of the dancer or performer to convey a sense of feeling, understanding, and appreciation of the art form.
 * The ability of the dancer including the jumping height and the confidence. While these may affect the final placings per dance they are not a particularly large contributing factor to most results.

The various governing bodies of Highland dancing establish parameters for the dances themselves and scoring systems to grade the dancers and determine their class and progress from one class to another. The scoring system for these competitions begins with each dancer starting with 100 points. For any mistakes, poor execution, etc., results in subtraction of points at the judges discretion. The dancers are then ranked from most to fewest points, and medals and points are given based on the number of dancers in the class although it is not uncommon, especially at the higher levels, for not every dancer to get placed in every dance.

The notion of how dances were to be executed changed dramatically over the years. For instance, doing an early-20th-century-style sword dance in a competition today would get a dancer disqualified nearly immediately. There used to be terrible confusion as to what would be allowed (or prescribed) where, until the RSOBHD came up with a standard that has become acceptable to the majority of competitive dancers.

Types of dances
Scottish Highland dances are generally divided into several types. Categories are more for convenience than strict style:

 * Highland dances (Highland Fling, Sword Dance, Seann Triubhas, and Reel)
 * National dances (which include the Scottish Lilt and Flora McDonald's Fancy)
 * Character dances (Specifically the Sailor's Hornpipe, and Irish Jig; although The Cakewalk used to be part of this category, it is no longer commonly danced)

Step dancing and clog dancing also used to regularly be part of some competitions.

Steps of each dance are now laid out in national and international syllabus such as the text books of the RSOBHD, United Kingdom Alliance Ltd (UKA), Scottish Dancing Teacher Association (SDTA), and British Association of Teachers of Dancing (BATD). Each dance comprises a number of steps, which may be numbered or worded. A RSOBHD four-step Highland fling may have the 1st step, 7th, 5th alternative, and finish with the 8th step; or by the step name: shedding, double shake and rock, second back-stepping, and last shedding.

Highland dances
The Highlander developed "as a necessary preparation for the management of the broad-sword ... used in certain dances to exhibit their dexterity"; this included dancing over two uncovered swords which are laid across each other on the floor, some while a dancer moves nimbly around them. Dextrously placing the feet by a peculiar step in the intervals between crossed blades, as in the Ghillie Callum, has long been linked with dances before a decisive battle or as a victory dance. Legend has it that on the eve of battle the highland chief would call out the clan's best dancers, who would dance the sword dance. If the dancers successfully avoided touching either blade, then it was considered an omen that the next day's battle would be in the clan's favour. A more practical explanation behind the meaning of this dance can be found in the training halls of older styles of fencing, where students of the sword developed their footwork by following geometric patterns of crosses, squares and triangles marked out on the floor.

In another version of Scottish sword dancing, the Highlander danced on a targe shield; this has similarities with an ancient Roman exercise in which the man standing on a shield had to defend himself and stay upright while others tried to pull it out from under him. Many of the Highland dances now lost to us were once performed with traditional weapons that included the Lochaber axe, broadsword, targe, dirk, and flail; the old Skye dancing song, Buailidh mi thu anns a' cheann (Scottish Gaelic for 'I will strike your head') indicate some form of weapon play to music; "breaking the head" was the winning blow in cudgelling matches throughout Britain, "for the moment that blood runs an inch anywhere above the eyebrow, the old gamester to whom it belongs is beaten, and has to stop".

The Highland dirk dance, in which the dancer flourishes the weapon, is often linked to the sword dance or dances called mac an fhorsair, (literally, 'the son of the forester'), the "broadsword exercise" or the bruicheath ('battle-dance'). They are mentioned in a number of sources, usually military, and may have been performed in a variety of different forms, practiced by two performers in a duelling form, or as a solo routine.

The tune of Gille Chaluim (anglicised as "Gillie Callum" and meaning 'Servant of Calum') has been claimed to date back to Malcolm III of Scotland (1031–1093), but this claim is certain to have been fabricated to provide false credentials for the antiquity of the dance which is unlikely to have been invented before 1800. According to one tradition, the crossed swords were supposedly placed on the ground before a battle while a soldier danced around the blades. If his feet knocked against the swords, he would be wounded in battle and if he kicked them, then he would die. This may derive from the folklore often surrounding warrior culture, but the style of the dance was changed by the Maclennan brothers of Fairburn.

One theory about the Highland fling is that it was a dance of triumph at the end of a battle. Another (no less romantic) theory is that it was performed before battles (like the sword dance), on top of the dancer's shield. The shield would have a spike in the middle, around which the dancer would do the dance that involves flicking of the feet, jumping and careful stepping supposedly to drive evil spirits away. The dancer is confined to one spot and snaps his fingers (which was reduced in recent times to merely holding the hands with the thumb touching the second joint of the middle finger, and the other three fingers extended in the air). Leaving aside the obvious difficulty of dancing around a sharpened spike on a shield, a much more plausible theory is that the Highland Fling is none other than a Foursome Reel with the progressive bits left out - at social gatherings, dancers would 'compete' by showing off the fancy solo steps they could perform, long before formal competitions at highland games had been invented.

Another story surrounding the Fling claims that it is meant to imitate a stag; the story goes that a boy who saw a stag was asked to describe it by his father. He lacked the words, so danced instead; the position of the hands resembles the head and antlers of a stag. This urban legend hides the fact that Highlanders used to snap their fingers as they danced.

Ruidhle Thulaichean (anglicised as 'reel of Tulloch') is supposed to have originated in the churchyard of Tullich, Aberdeenshire, where the congregation awaited the late minister. During the delay they whistled a highland tune and began to improvise a dance. A more gruesome version of the story is that the dance derives from a rough game of football that the inhabitants of Tulloch played with the severed head of an enemy; the Gaelic words to the tune bear this out.

The seann triubhas means 'old trousers' in Gaelic and is romantically associated with the repeal of the proscription of the kilt by the government after the failed Jacobite Uprising of 1745. However, the dance is considerably younger, with most of the steps performed today dating from the late 19th century.

Like other dance traditions, what is called "Highland dancing" is a hybrid form that has been constantly changing according to contemporary aesthetics and interpretations of the past. While some elements may be centuries old, other elements are much more modern. The vast majority of dances now performed were composed in the 20th century.

Highland dances are now supplemented at Highland games and dance competitions by what are known as national dances.

National dances

At competitions, the national dances include the Scottish Lilt, the Earl of Errol, blue bonnets, Heilan' laddie, the Scotch Measure, Flora MacDonald's Fancy, Village Maid, and Barracks Johnnie, which illustrate the history of dancing and other aspects of Scottish culture and history. Some of the national dances were taught by dancing masters in the 19th century and show a balletic influence, while others derive from earlier traditions and were adapted to later tastes. The Earl of Errol, for example, is based on an 18th-century percussive hard-shoe footwork, although today's Highland dancers perform it in soft Ghillies. Some of the national dances were preserved and taught by dance masters such as D. G. MacLennan and Flora Buchan, while some were interpreted and reconstructed in the mid-20th century from notes written in Frederick Hill's 1841 manuscript.

Character dances
The sailor's hornpipe was adapted from an English dance, and is now performed more frequently in Scotland, while the Irish Jig is a humorous caricature of, and tribute to, Irish step dancing (the dancer, in a red and green costume, is an interpretation of an Irish person, gesturing angrily and frowning). If the Irish jig is danced by a woman or girl, it is about either the distressed wife scolding her husband, a woman being tormented by leprechauns, or a washerwoman chasing taunting boys (or children in general) away who have dirtied her washing - the showing of the woman's fist symbolises her wanting to beat up the children, the leprechauns, or the husband. If it is danced by a man or boy, it is the story of Paddy's leather breeches, in which a careless washerwoman has shrunk Paddy's fine leather breeches and he is waving his shillelagh at her in anger and showing his fist, intending to hit her.

The hornpipe mimics a sailor in Royal Navy doing work aboard ship: hauling rope, sliding on the rollicking deck, and getting his paycheck, and has quite a lot of detail involved that portrays the character (e.g. the dancer does not touch his palms, assumed to be dirty, on his uniform). Performed in a British sailor's uniform, its name derives from the accompanying instrument, the hornpipe. It is performed to tunes such as "Crossing the Minch" (Pipe Major Donald MacLeod) "Jackie Tar" (Traditional), and many other both contemporary and traditional tunes.

Perhaps one of the most unusual elements of character dance in modern Highland dance competitions was the inclusion of the cakewalk. In 2021, the RSOBHD ruled to remove the dance from competition on the basis that it was derogatory to persons of colour. The cakewalk is originally a dance performed by black slaves in the southern US imitating, in exaggerated style, the stately courtship ballroom dancing of slave owners. It was unique in competitive Highland dance as it is the only dance always performed as a duo and is the only dance that originated outside the British Isles. Also unique was the inclusion of fanciful and often outrageous costumes upon which some of the judging of artistry was based. While costume contests do occasionally take place regarding the outfits worn for the other dances, the outfits for those dances are so carefully prescribed (differences are restricted primarily to choice of tartan, colour of jackets or sashes, and choices such as lace sleeves and velvet vests instead of velvet jackets) that costume does not play a significant role in the dance competition or vary much across dancers. In contrast, while the cakewalk could be danced in traditional Scottish attire, dancers involved in the cakewalk often attempted to come up with the most creative duo costume they could, such as Frankenstein's monster and his bride, or Mickey and Minnie Mouse. The cakewalk was generally only danced at very large-scale competitions such as national or provincial championships, and was generally restricted to the top level of competitive dancers known as "premier" (formerly "open"). The cakewalk was generally performed to 'Whistling Rufus', written in 1899 by Kerry Mills. The inclusion of the cakewalk in competitive Highland Dance is credited to dancer, judge, and examiner James L. McKenzie who introduced the dance to Scotland from the United States.

Hebridean dances
The Hebridean dances originated in the Hebrides and are now danced by Highland dancers. It is unknown when these dances originated, or who created them, but dance master Ewen MacLachlan taught them in the Western Isles during the mid-19th century.

They are named: Aberdonian lassie, Blue Bonnets, Over the Water to Charlie, Tulloch gorm (or gorum), flowers of Edinburgh, Scotch measure (twa'some), and first of August. Many other dances from the Hebrides have been partially or fully lost. More relaxed than the other dances, they have also been more influenced by step-dancing.

List of dances
The following list is by no means exhaustive. Those marked with an asterisk ('*') are regularly observed at RSOBHD competitions.

Highland dances

• Pas de Basques *

• Pas de Basques and high cuts *

• Highland fling *

• The Marquis of Huntly's Highland fling

• Sword dance *

• Sword salute

• Argyll broadswords

• Lochaber broadswords

• Jacobite swords

• Seann triubhas *

• Hullachan *

• Strathspey and Highland reel *

• Strathspey and half Tulloch *

• Strathspey, Highland reel, and half Tulloch

• Threesome reel

• Tulloch gorm

National and (soft-shoe) step dances

• Blue bonnets over the border *

• Earl of Erroll (reel) *

• Flora MacDonald's fancy *

• Highland laddie (Hielan' laddie) *

• Scotch measure (twa some) *

• Scottish lilt *

• Village maid *

• Wilt thou go to the barracks, Johnny? *

• Tribute to J. L. McKenzie

• Aberdonian lassie

• Betty's jig

• Bobby Cuthbertson

• The bonnie briest knot

• Bonnie Dundee

• Dancer's Delight

• The Dusty Miller

• The first of August

• Flowers of Edinburgh

• Hebridean laddie

• The king of Sweden

• Lady Louisa MacDonald of Sleat

• Lassies of Kyle

• Linkumdodie

• Louden lassies

• Miss Forbes

• Mrs MacLeod of Raasay

• Over the isles to America

• Over the water to Charlie

• The Thistle

• Tribute to Charlie Mill

Character dances

 * Cakewalk
 * Irish jig *
 * Sailor's hornpipe *

Dress
Each dancing association (RSOBHD, SOHDA, VSU, etc.) sets its own standard of dress, and various Highland games or other event may have its own rules. Items such as lipstick, earrings, tattoos, and the wearing of jewellery may be prohibited depending on the organisation.

The following is an indication of what is commonly observed. Attire has also changed over the decades. Ruffles around the neck and wrist-cuffs were once quite common. Early 20th-century photographs of dancers show a wide variety of dresses and skirts were once in use. Today, long-sleeved kilt jackets may give way to short-sleeved jackets depending on the climate. A dancer's skill level or sex may also determine the attire (under RSOBHD rules, premier-level dancers have more prescribed items than pre-premier dancers).

Highland dance attire

Soft-soled dance ghillies are worn by both sexes. These are quite distinct from harder-soled ghillie brogues, though they share the same lacing-up-the-ankle method. In Scotland most dancers tie their pumps around the arches of their feet instead. They are also very unlike hard-soled Irish dance shoes. The tartans used for dance-wear items, as described below, are today most often a dance or dress tartan that features white as a prominent colour.

Men wear a traditional Scottish bonnet (cap) in either the Balmoral or less often the Glengarry style, and a doublet of black or coloured velvet or cloth. If this jacket is in the Prince Charlie style, then it is to be accompanied by a shirt and bow tie with a waistcoat (vest), cummerbund, or belt. Doublets in the Montrose style are to be worn with a white lace jabot and, optionally, sleeve ruffles. A tartan kilt and hose (of a kilt-matching colour scheme, in tartan, argyle, or dicing) are worn; or tartan trews can be worn instead of a kilt for the seann truibhas and sometimes more generally. Whether a sporran is worn over the front of the kilts will depend upon the association or other rules-making body. A fly plaid (a narrow tartan shoulder cape of sorts) is usually no longer worn for male dancing.

Females wear a tartan kilt (without a sporran) with a velvet jacket, worn with a lace insert, or a similar but sleeveless velvet vest worn over a white blouse. The jacket or vest may be black or coloured, with a gold or silver braid and buttons down the front. Matching hose are also worn. Aboyne dresses have become more common in the recent years as general female dancewear (especially in North America), though this again varies by association or other rules-making body. The hair (if not very short already) is usually bound into a bun. Early-20th-century photographs also show that there was once a wider array of dress or skirt styles (sometimes fairly long), as well as use of the full plaid, decorative bonnets, and other accessories that are no longer typically in dance use.

The Royal Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing which is the world governing body of highland dance, has a set dress code for all competitors dancing in sanctioned competitions.

National dance attire
Males wear the same dress for national dances as Highland dances, however tartan trews may be worn instead of a kilt.

Females may wear a white dress with a tartan plaid (shoulder shawl) with a brooch, pinned to the right shoulder and waist. Alternatively, they may wear the increasingly popular Aboyne dress, which consists of a velvet bodice joined to a knee-length tartan skirt (which differs from a kilt in being pleated all the way around, without a flat front); it is worn over a white blouse and white underskirts, and a matching tartan plaid is usually pinned at the right shoulder and hangs down the back. Depending on the rules-making body, skin-coloured tights or white socks may be permitted instead of coloured ones that match the tartan.

Sailor's hornpipe attire
Both sexes wear the same sailor outfit for this dance, in either navy blue or white. A v-neck jumper is worn over a square-necked white vest with bell-bottom trousers. A navy or light blue collar (with three stripes) and a sailor's regulation cap are also worn. There used to be horizontal creases in the trousers.

Irish jig attire
Irish jig shoes are black, green or red and, though they closely resemble ghillies, are hard-soled shoes with heels.

Males wear a Paddy hat, red or green muffler and tailcoat, brown or khaki breeches, and a waistcoat in a contrasting colour to that of the tailcoat. A shillelagh, a kind of Irish cudgel, is carried for twirling.

Females may wear one of several combinations of red, green and white blouses, dresses, skirts and cummerbunds. Dancers also wear white underskirts and a white apron.

title: Highland dance


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Old Down

Old Down is a hamlet in South Gloucestershire, near the larger villages of Olveston and Tockington and a mile west of Alveston. A tourist attraction called Old Down Country Park now occupies the country house in the village, and there is also a pub, The Fox, as well as several sporting facilities (a cricket club, football pitch and a bowling green).

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Talk:Cadillac Cimarron

V6 Engine
I wonder how the person(s) who wrote GM 60-Degree V6 engine could possibly have completely missed including the Cimarron? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bizzybody (talk • contribs) 04:20, 8 April 2007 (UTC).

Cimarron by Cadillac
The fact that this car was originally badged as the Cimarron by Cadillac isn't nearly as big a deal as people seem to make it out to be. It does not imply any "lack of confidence" in the car by Cadillac. This phrasing was very common on cars, particularly among General Motors in the '60s, '70s, and into the '80s. Here are some examples of badges on actual cars: Nova by Chevrolet, Monte Carlo by Chevrolet, Grand Prix by Pontiac, Cutlass Supreme by Oldsmobile. Does this wording seem to imply a lack of confidence in these cars? If anything, it seems to me to be trying to add an air of distinction around the car. weetbixkid 11:43, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

"Cadillac's first manual since 1953"?
If Cadillac was still offering a manual transmission by 1953, I can't find it mentioned in any other Cadillac articles on the site. Whats the story on this? It'd be nice if somebody elaborated. I've always assumed 1948 was the first year of Cadillac's brand-wide automatic transmission. --Ragemanchoo (talk) 07:33, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
 * If you look at automotive history books (e.g., Standard Catalog of American Cars: 1976-1999) and even period material, such as the car's brochure and Consumer Guide's "Auto '82," you'd likely find references that the Cimarron came with a manual transmission. I'll check, but I think the Standard Catalog should confirm that the '53 Caddy was the last sold with the old "three-on-the-tree" (although it's probably a safe bet that a vast majority of 1948-1953 Cadillacs were sold with a HydraMatic transmission. Briguy52748 (talk) 12:45, 1 October 2009 (UTC)]]

Total Loss
This article is terrible! I added a few tags at the top pertaining to Weasel Words and clean up. In my opinion this article needs a TOTAL rewrite to be passable. The shape its in right now is absolutely horrendous. Someone please adopt this page if there is anyone who actually cares! — ASPENSTI — TALK — CONTRIBUTIONS  01:56, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Edits of 26 February 2010
I have substantially reworked this article today, removing the 'weasel words' and adding multiple citations. As a result, I have removed all article issue tags except the 'additional citations' tag, since several unreferenced statements remain. I will continue looking for additional references to bring this article up to standards. ObtuseAngle (talk) 19:07, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Cimarron Wins Worst of Show at 2011 Concours d'LeMons
Hey, ObtuseAngle, thought you might be interested in this, since you seem to be the one working on this article: http://concoursdlemons.com/ Andacar (talk) 23:17, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Poor Sourcing
The article cites Brock Yates 1983 book, The Decline and Fall of the American Automobile Industry. The problem is, I have the book, and the book doesn't support the sections of the article where it's used as a reference. For instance, the sentence below is ostensibly supported by p. 71 of the book -- but that page is about Roger Smith's upbringing and not the J cars:
 * "As General Motors began to prepare for the 1980s, Cadillac product planners sought to develop a sedan smaller than the Seville. While the Seville had sold well, in its research of buyers, Cadillac learned that in place of import buyers, many examples of the 1976-1979 Seville were purchased by traditional luxury-car buyers seeking a smaller car.  To diversify (and modernize) their product range, in addition to the Cadillac Seville competing against premium European luxury sedans, Cadillac dealers began to demand a vehicle competing against compact European sedans.

Unless someone who made these edits steps up to clarify how this is, I'll wait a bit and the scrub the article of these mis-references and the content they are purported to support. 842U (talk) 13:17, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

 * If the book refers mostly to Roger Smith, then [page 71] is likely useless as a source for this context. Part of the content is derived from the Cadillac Seville article, while the last part is from this article prior to its revisions (under minor rewording).

If the source is no longer useless, it should go. How far will the article be scrubbed? We all have different views on editing, so it could vary widely...--SteveCof00 (talk) 08:44, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

Nadir of GM product planning
While I'm not thinking of deleting it (because this product line remains a poster child for poor badge engineering), this is certainly a statement that should be expanded upon some more. --SteveCof00 (talk) 09:46, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cadillac Cimarron


text:
Wild garlic

Plant species in the genus Allium known as wild garlic include the following:

 * Allium canadense, wild onion
 * Allium carinatum, keeled garlic
 * Allium drummondii, Drummond's onion
 * Allium ochotense, Siberian onion
 * Allium oleraceum, field garlic
 * Allium paradoxum, few-flowered garlic or few-flowered leek
 * Allium triquetrum, three-cornered leek
 * Allium ursinum, ramsons, native to British and European woodlands
 * Allium vineale, crow garlic
 * Allium macrostemon (野蒜, ノビル), native to Japanese and East Asian woodlands

Wild garlic is also a common name for plants in the genus Tulbaghia.

title: Wild garlic


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Colonel Moran

Colonel Sebastian Moran is a fictional character in the stories written by Arthur Conan Doyle. An enemy of Sherlock Holmes, he first appears in the 1903 short story "The Adventure of the Empty House". Holmes once described him as "the second most dangerous man in London", the most dangerous being Professor Moriarty, Moran's employer.

Fictional character biography
In "The Adventure of the Empty House", Sherlock Holmes looks up for biographical information about Sebastian Moran in his index of criminal biographies. According to these data, Moran was born in London in 1840, the son of Sir Augustus Moran, CB, sometime Minister to Persia.

He was educated at Eton College and the University of Oxford before embarking upon a military career. Formerly of the 1st Bangalore Pioneers (Madras), he served in the Jowaki Expedition of 1877–1878 and in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, seeing action at the Battle of Char Asiab, 6 October 1879 (for which he was mentioned in despatches); the Battle of Sherpur, 23 December 1879; and at Kabul.

A devoted sportsman and highly skilled shot, he was author of the books Heavy Game of the Western Himalayas in 1881 and Three Months in the Jungle in 1884, and reportedly once "crawled down a drain after a wounded man-eating tiger". Although there was no open scandal after his turning to crime, he was obliged to retire from the army and return to London. Outwardly respectable, with an address in Conduit Street, Mayfair, and membership of the (fictional) Anglo-Indian Club, the Tankerville Club and The Bagatelle Card Club, he was nevertheless recruited by Professor Moriarty, and served as his chief of staff. Ultimately he is used solely for assassinations that required his peculiar skill with the rifle; Holmes mentions the killing of a Mrs. Stuart in 1887 which he suspects (but cannot prove) Moran was involved in. In "The Final Problem" (set in 1891), Moran escaped incrimination, and followed the Professor to Reichenbach Falls, where Moran attempted to kill Holmes by rolling boulders upon him.

Thereafter Moran earned a living in London by playing cards at several clubs. When one of the other players, Ronald Adair, noticed that Moran won by cheating and threatened to expose him, Moran murdered Adair with a silenced air rifle that fired revolver bullets. Dr. Watson and the returned Holmes having taken the case, Moran attempted to kill Holmes by firing the air rifle from a vacant house opposite the detective's residence. Holmes having anticipated this, Moran shot a wax effigy of the detective, while Holmes, Watson, and Inspector Lestrade all hid nearby to seize the would-be assassin.

In "The Adventure of the Illustrious Client", Holmes mentions Moran as still alive (in September 1902). Moran is also mentioned in "His Last Bow" as an example of Holmes's many adversaries who have futilely sworn revenge against him.

Colonel Sebastian Moran was also the villain in Doyle's Sherlock Holmes play The Crown Diamond, written in the early 1900s but not performed until 1921. When this play was adapted as the short story "The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone", Moran was replaced by 'Count Negretto Sylvius'.

Inspirations
Andrew Glazzard has suggested that in The Empty House, Conan Doyle may have alluded to the real royal baccarat scandal, in which Sir William Gordon-Cumming, 4th Baronet, an army officer and tiger hunter, had been accused of cheating at baccarat. He sued his accusers and the trial called the future Edward VII as a witness.

Literature

 * Moran appears in the Flashman Papers novella Flashman and the Tiger, and as a boy in the novel Flash for Freedom!, by George MacDonald Fraser. (Fraser gives him a birth-date of 1834, and the full name "John Sebastian 'Tiger Jack' Moran".) In Flashman and the Tiger, on the retreat from Isandlwhana to Rorke's Drift, Moran demonstrates amazing speed and unearthly accuracy with a Remington Model 1875 .44 revolver.
 * In Sherlock Holmes's War of the Worlds, the Artilleryman from The War of the Worlds is said to be Moran's son.
 * In Martin Powell's short story "Sherlock Holmes in the Lost World" (collected in Gaslight Grimoire) Moran attempts to rebuild Moriarty's criminal empire after the latter's death, but is killed by Professor Challenger.
 * Moran is the antagonist in the novel A Soul of Steel (formerly published as Irene At Large) by Carole Nelson Douglas, the third in her Irene Adler series. He is presented as a spy and double agent who betrayed the British and goes by the code name 'Tiger' and pseudonym Captain Sylvester Morgan.
 * Moran appears in several works by Kim Newman:
 * As a vampire in the alternate history horror novel Anno Dracula.
 * In the short story "The Man Who Got Off The Ghost Train", Richard Jeperson is dispatched to investigate a decades-old mystery in which Colonel Moran played a brief but memorable part.
 * In the book Moriarty: The Hound of the D'Urbervilles, a collection of related stories, Moran is deliberately portrayed as a foil to Watson, whose relationship and history with Moriarty parallels that of Watson's with Holmes, from their first meeting in "A Volume in Vermilion" to their final parting in "The Problem of the Final Adventure". Moran, nicknamed 'Basher', is portrayed as debauched, violent and as something of an adrenaline junkie but also as educated and not entirely without morals. As the title suggests, the stories feature guest appearances by many of Moriarty and Moran's fictional contemporaries. Around half the stories in the collection had previously been published separately: "A Shambles in Belgravia" in BBC Online's Sherlock Holmes anthology, "A Volume in Vermilion" in Sherlock Holmes' Mystery Magazine, "The Red Planet League" in Gaslight Grimoire, and "The Adventure of the Six Maledictions" in Gaslight Arcanum.
 * Moran appears in two stories in the anthology Shadows Over Baker Street: "A Study in Emerald" by Neil Gaiman (reprinted in Gaiman's collection Fragile Things) and "Tiger! Tiger!" by Elizabeth Bear. In "A Study in Emerald", a reimagining of A Study in Scarlet set in an alternate Cthulhu Mythos-inspired world, Moran takes on the role of narrator usually given to Watson, as he takes up residence in Baker Street with a consulting detective – although from then on events turn out very differently.
 * In David McDaniel's Man from U.N.C.L.E. novels, Moran is identified as having founded an organization known as THRUSH after Professor Moriarty's death at Reichenbach.
 * Moran appears as a minor character in Alan Moore's comic book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume I, as an underling of Moriarty, where they are both agents of the British Secret Service, assigned to create a criminal empire through which the government can control the criminal underworld. After Moriarty is promoted to the Directorship of the Service, Moran maintains control of the underworld on his behalf.
 * In T. S. Eliot's poem "Gus: The Theatre Cat" (which became one of the songs in Cats), it is said that Gus once played a man-eating Tiger pursued by an Indian Colonel down a drain.
 * In John Gardner's novel The Return of Moriarty, Moran is stated to have taken temporary charge of Moriarty's organization while The Professor was away from London following the events at the Reichenbach Falls (which are explained as never having happened as Watson [and later Holmes] described them). The events leading up to and of "The Empty House" are told from Moran's point of view.  Naturally, The Professor is not pleased to hear of Moran's actions and arrest, and has Moran poisoned while in police custody to prevent him from talking.
 * He appears briefly in Michael Kurland's novel Death by Gaslight as an associate of Professor Moriarty, and in a much larger role in the later The Empress of India, where he enlists Moriarty's help in retrieving a golden statue.
 * In Jamyang Norbu's novel The Mandala of Sherlock Holmes, Moran is portrayed as the inheritor of Moriarty's criminal empire, pursuing Sherlock Holmes across India.
 * He appears in David Stuart Davies's The Veiled Detective, a novel based mainly around a retelling of part of A Study in Scarlet, in which Dr. Watson is planted in Holmes's life by Professor Moriarty in order to monitor and report back on him.
 * In the anthology My Sherlock Holmes edited by Michael Kurland, a collection of stories told from the viewpoints of minor characters from canon, A Study in Orange by Peter Tremayne recounts how Moran partly outwitted Holmes on a case. Moran also appeared in Tremayne's The Affray at the Kildare Street Club in The Mammoth Book of New Sherlock Holmes Adventures where he was foiled in a petty theft by a young Holmes.
 * He appears as a minor character in the steampunk novel Whitechapel Gods by S.M. Peters (as does the blind mechanic Von Herder, the manufacturer of Moran's air rifle).
 * A female version of Moran appears in Liar-soft's 2008 visual novel Shikkoku no Sharnoth ~What a beautiful tomorrow~ as one of the principal characters.
 * Moran appears in the Italian comic book Storie da Altrove/Stories from Elsewhere (a spin-off series of Martin Mystère). In 1910, he unsuccessfully attempts to kill Sherlock Holmes. In the end, he was killed by Sherlock's brother Sherrinford who was possessed by a demon from another dimension.
 * Moran appears in the book The File on Colonel Moran – Volume One: The Lure of Moriarty by Vernon Mealor, published by The Clyvedon Press, the first part being a first person account by the colonel of his pursuit of Holmes and his arrest for the Adair murder, the other two stories being accounts of his early days with Moriarty, presented as stories related by a reporter who conducted interviews with him.
 * Moran appears as the main villain in the 2012 Sherlockian pastiche “Charlie Marlow y la rata gigante de Sumatra” (Charlie Marlow and the Giant Rat of Sumatra), a novel by Spanish author Alberto López Aroca, set in Mist Island (an alternative name for Skull Island). This novel also features many other fictional characters from Arthur Conan Doyle works, as Fred Porlock and Parker (two Moriarty Gang Members), Joseph Conrad’s Charles Marlow, Rudyard Kipling’s Peachey Taliaferro Carnehan, and an ancestor of C.C. Beck’s Doctor Sivana (misspelled “Sivane” in the novel), among others.
 * Moran appears in the 2014 novel Moriarty by Anthony Horowitz. He is only revealed to be Moran at the end of the book but has a few appearances throughout.
 * In Sherlock Holmes and the Servants of Hell by Paul Kane, it is revealed that Moriarty was able to escape his demise by using an incantation to transfer himself into the realm of the Cenobites, where he is transformed into the 'Engineer' of the Cenobites, intending to mount a new assault on Earth, eventually recruiting Moran for this purpose. In a confrontation in Hell, it is revealed that he is responsible for the death of Mary Watson, Watson's wife, as he attempted to poison Watson during Holmes' three-year absence but Mary took the poison by accident. During the confrontation in Hell, Holmes is able to make a deal with the master Cenobites to transform himself into a Cenobite to oppose Moriarty's forces while Watson is aided by Mary's spirit, with Mary destroying the transformed Moran to avenge her own death before her husband and friend defeat Moriarty and return to Earth.
 * In The Thinking Engine by James Lovegrove, set in 1895, Moran is revealed to have escaped prison, and Holmes and Watson realize that he is acting as an agent to an initially-unknown employer to advise certain criminals in the city on how to commit particularly elaborate crimes. They soon determine that he is working for Moriarty – who survived the confrontation at Reichenbach in a hideously crippled state – and Watson manages to capture Moran in a final chase after Moriarty's role is exposed, with Watson shooting Moran in the left arm and shooting off his right index finger in the subsequent stand-off.
 * In Moriarty Unmasked: Conan Doyle and an Anglo-Irish Quarrel, Stanford argues that Moran, 'a fierce big man' was inspired by John O'Connor (North Kildare MP), a Fenian leader.
 * Donald Serrell Thomas's 2013 novel Death on a Pale Horse features Moran's elder brother Rawdon "Randy" Moran as its chief antagonist. Holmes's biographical report conflates the histories of the two Moran brothers, crediting them both with distinguished actions in the British Army in Afghanistan and India, co-authorship of the two memoirs on hunting, and shared service to Professor Moriarty.  In his report to the British government on the elder Moran, dated shortly after the events of "The Adventure of the Empty House", Holmes also mentions that Sebastian was executed by hanging for Ronald Adair's murder.
 * Moran also appears in the manga and anime Moriarty the Patriot.

Television

 * Moran was played by Eric Maturin in the BBC television series Sherlock Holmes (1951), the first television series adaptation of Sherlock Holmes.
 * Moran's younger brother Jasper appears in the novel Young Sherlock: The Mystery of the Manor House written by Gerald Frow, and its Granada television adaptation.
 * Colonel Moran appears in two episodes of the 1983 television series The Baker Street Boys, played by Michael Godley.
 * Moran appears in the Granada television adaptation of "The Adventure of the Empty House" opposite Jeremy Brett as Holmes, here played by Patrick Allen. In this Moran is shown in flashback attempting to shoot Holmes at the Reichenbach Falls, rather than rolling rocks upon him as in the original story.
 * A similar event occurs with Moran in the Soviet television version of "The Adventure of the Final Problem".
 * In the CBS television series Elementary, which takes places in modern-day New York City, Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) captures a serial killer with the alias "M.", who Holmes believes responsible for the murder of Holmes's lover Irene Adler. In captivity, "M." reveals his real name to be Sebastian Moran (Vinnie Jones), a former Royal Marine now employed as an assassin, providing Holmes with the first clue to the existence of "Moriarty". Moran admits to his other crimes, but convinces Holmes that he is innocent of Adler's murder, and, realizing that Moriarty set him up to be captured, willingly goes to prison in the hope that Holmes will track down Moriarty. Holmes is later tricked into showing Moran a coded message in prison, informing him that his sister will be killed next unless he kills himself.  Moran slams his head against the mirror in his cell, and is last reported to be in critical condition.
 * "The Empty Hearse", the first episode of series 3 of the BBC television series Sherlock, features Lord Moran, a member of the House of Lords, as a mole for North Korea. He is ordered to carry out the bombing of the Palace of Westminster, but his plan is ultimately stopped by Holmes. The actor who portrayed this version of the character is unknown.
 * "A Study in Sherlock", one of several episodes of the Canadian historical drama Murdoch Mysteries to feature Arthur Conan Doyle, also features a character named Sebastian Moran who is implied to be Doyle's inspiration for the villain of "The Empty House".
 * Moriarty the Patriot is a Japanese animated television series where Sebastian Moran is voiced by Satoshi Hino in Japanese and Christopher Wehkamp in English.
 * In Lupin the 3rd Part 6, Moran shows up as an assassin working for "The Professor".

Film

 * Moran appears in three films starring Arthur Wontner as Sherlock Holmes. In The Sleeping Cardinal (1931) he is played by Louis Goodrich. In The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes (1935) he appears very briefly played by Wilfrid Caithness. He then appears in a larger role as Moriarty's right-hand man in Silver Blaze (a.k.a. Murder at the Baskervilles) (1937), played by Arthur Goullet.
 * Moran appears as a jewel thief and the main villain in the 1946 Basil Rathbone film Terror by Night, played by Alan Mowbray.
 * In the film Without a Clue, Moran (portrayed by Tim Killick) appears as Moriarty's tall bodyguard and has a scar down one side of his face. His weapon of choice is a switchblade which he uses to stab and cut his victims, and he is also a highly skilled knife thrower.
 * Moran, played by Paul Anderson, appears in the 2011 film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. Moran was renowned as one of the best marksmen in the British army, but following a "dishonourable discharge" (a mistaken reference to the procedure for expelling enlisted soldiers, rather than officers) he became a mercenary in the employ of Professor Moriarty, on whose orders Moran undertakes several assassinations throughout the film. He remains at large after the end of the film.

Radio

 * In the radio series The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, Colonel Moran was played by Rex Evans in "The Tankerville Club Scandal" (1946), and by Barry Thomson in "The Adventure of London Tower" (1948).
 * Colonel Moran was played by Noel Johnson in a radio dramatisation of "The Empty House" which aired in 1961 on the BBC Light Programme. It was part of a series of Holmes adaptations starring Carleton Hobbs and Norman Shelley.
 * Frederick Treves played Moran in the BBC Radio Sherlock Holmes adaptations of "The Final Problem" (1992) and "The Empty House" (1993).
 * Steve Manning voiced Colonel Moran in the 2009 Imagination Theatre radio drama "The Return of Sherlock Holmes", adapted from the short stories "The Final Problem" and "The Empty House".
 * John Banks voiced Moran in the Big Finish Productions audio dramas "The Final Problem" and "The Empty House", released in 2011, as well as in "The Master of Blackstone Grange". in 2018 and "The Fiends of New York City" in 2022, both set after his time in prison.
 * Moran was played by Angus King in Sherlock Holmes: The Voice of Treason, an Audible Original audio drama released in 2020.

Stage

 * Lauderdale Maitland appeared as Colonel Sebastian Moran in the 1923 play The Return of Sherlock Holmes.

title: Colonel Moran


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Tanjong

Tanjong Public Limited Company is a Malaysian power generation, entertainment, and real estate conglomerate. It was founded as Tanjong Tin Dredging Ltd on 2 January 1926 in England. The company subsequently changed its name to Tanjong PLC in 1991, following a corporate restructure. Tanjong shares were formerly listed on the Bursa Malaysia and London Stock Exchange.

The company's principal activities include the operation of Pan Malaysian Pools Sdn Bhd, a Malaysian lottery business. They have diversified into power generation plants, property investment, and liquefied petroleum gas distribution.

Power generation
Through its subsidiary, Tanjong plc owns and operates 13 power generation plants located throughout Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and Asia.

Subsidiaries

 * TGV Cinemas
 * Tropical Islands Resort
 * Impian Klasik Sdn. Bhd. (67%)

title: Tanjong


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Mark R. Hamilton

Mark Randall Hamilton (born February 25, 1945) is an American academic, and a past president of the University of Alaska. Hamilton graduated with a B.S. degree from the U.S. Military Academy in 1967. He received his master's degree in English literature from Florida State University. Additionally, he graduated from the Armed Forces Staff College in Virginia, and the U.S. Army War College in Pennsylvania. In 1998, he was selected to be the president of the University of Alaska System. Prior to this position, Hamilton served in the United States Army where he earned the rank of major general. His last major military duty post was that of head of recruiting for the Army. He retired with 31 years of service and accepted the president's position at UA soon thereafter.

title: Mark R. Hamilton


text:
David Landes

David Saul Landes (April 29, 1924 – August 17, 2013) was a professor of economics and of history at Harvard University. He is the author of Bankers and Pashas, Revolution in Time, The Unbound Prometheus, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, and Dynasties. Such works have received both praise for detailed retelling of economic history, as well as scorn on charges of Eurocentrism, a charge he openly embraced, arguing that an explanation for an economic miracle that happened originally only in Europe must of necessity be a Eurocentric analysis.

Career
Landes earned a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1953, after a B.A. from City College of New York in 1942. While he waited his call-up to serve in World War II, Landes studied cryptanalysis. He was assigned to the Signal Corps, where he worked on deciphering Japanese coded messages.

Historian Niall Ferguson called him one of his "most revered mentors".

Landes was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the United States National Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.

His son Richard Landes is a historian and author.

Works

 * Landes, David S., Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (1958)
 * Landes, David S., Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (1958)
 * Landes, David S., Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (1958)
 * Landes, David S., Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (1958)
 * Landes, David S., Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (1958)

title: David Landes


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Paddy Keenan

Paddy Keenan (born 30 January 1950) is an Irish player of the uilleann pipes who first gained fame as a founding member of The Bothy Band. Since that group's dissolution in the late 1970s, Keenan has released a number of solo and collaborative recordings, and continues to tour both as a soloist, and with singer/guitarist Tommy O'Sullivan.

The early years
Paddy Keenan was born in Trim, County Meath in 1950 to John Keenan (an Irish Traveller) and Mary Bravender Keenan (of settled descent). Though the Keenan family abandoned the Traveling lifestyle early in Paddy's life, he spent much of his youth contending with discrimination, including regular physical confrontations. His father and grandfather both played the pipes, and his father spent many nights playing along with piper Johnny Doran. When he was about six years old, Keenan was introduced to the tin whistle by his brother Johnny (a notable Irish banjo player) and began playing the pipes around age nine.

Recognizing his son's interest, John Keenan tutored Paddy, along with neighbouring children, including Finbar Furey and Davy Spillane. During this period, the Keenan household was an ongoing session. At age fourteen, Keenan played his first major concert at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, followed by a few years of touring with a number of musicians, including his father, as "The Pavees." At seventeen, Keenan went to England in an attempt to escape the strictness of his father's household, and ended up busking around London, singing and playing blues and rock songs on guitar for most of the following four years. After nearly selling or throwing away his pipes several times, he discovered in 1971 that busking with them was far more lucrative than with the guitar, and resumed his piping career.

Early groups and The Bothy Band
Returning to Dublin, Keenan played regularly with his brothers and father at folk clubs and various venues around Ireland. In 1975, he was part of a band called 'Seachtar', from the Irish word for 'seven people.' This band was the genesis of The Bothy Band, of which Keenan was a mainstay from its inception to its demise in 1979.

A solo career
Keenan's first (and eponymous) solo album appeared in 1975, and he also duetted with fiddler Paddy Glackin on the 1978 album Doublin. He subsequently recorded a second solo album for Gael-Linn Records, Poirt An Phiobaire, in 1983.

After rejecting the chance to join Moving Hearts in the early 1980s, Keenan's musical career went into abeyance. However, in the 1990s he relocated to North America, rediscovered his musical talents and in 1997 issued Na Keen Affair, recorded at Dadyeen Studios, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. Supporting musicians include Tommy Peoples and Patrick Moran on fiddle, Arty McGlynn and Tommy O'Sullivan on guitar, as well as Newfoundland musicians. This led to an ongoing musical relationship with the London-born, Kerry-based guitarist Tommy O'Sullivan. Together, the pair issued The Long Grazing Acre in 2001, touring jointly to promote the album. According to their respective websites, Keenan and O'Sullivan have continued to perform together periodically since 2001.

The 2008 documentary Dambé: The Mali Project tells the story of his 3000-mile cross-cultural musical adventure with Liam Ó Maonlaí (Hothouse Flowers) and friends, and features performances from the Festival au Désert.

Pipes and Pipemakers
Upon demonstrating an aptitude for, and interest in the pipes around the age of ten, John Keenan got Paddy a full set of pipes by John Clarks. Six years later, in 1966, Keenan's father bought him a full set made by the Crowley family, which (with the addition of a Leo Rowsome chanter), Paddy played until 2000. At that point, Keenan received a full set from maker Dave Williams of Grimsby, England, who died a few years later in a car accident. This set, which was a copy of the previous Crowley set, remains Keenan's primary instrument. He plays a boxwood chanter made by David Quinn with this set.

Solo albums

 * Paddy Keenan (1975)
 * Poirt An Phiobaire (1983)
 * Ná Keen Affair (1997)

With Paddy Glackin

 * Doublin' (1978)

With Tommy O'Sullivan

 * The Long Grazing Acre (2001)

As A Member of The Bucks

 * Dancin' To The Ceili Band (1994)

As A Member of Éire Japan
With Frankie Gavin and Junji Shirota (ja)
 * Éire Japan (2015)

See also The Bothy Band Discography

Sound sample

 * Reels: Scotch Mary/Earls Chair/Pigeon on the Gate
 * Air: Johnny's Tune, For The Avalon

title: Paddy Keenan


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Laurentian Valley

Laurentian Valley is a township municipality in Renfrew County in eastern Ontario, Canada. It borders on the Ottawa River, the city of Pembroke and the town of Petawawa.

This township was created on January 1, 2000, from the former townships of Stafford-Pembroke and Alice and Fraser.

Communities
The township comprises the communities of Alice, Cotnam Island, Davis Mills, Fairview, Forest Lea, French Settlement, Gorr Subdivision, Government Road, Greenwood, Hiam, Huckabones Corners, Indian, Kathmae Siding, Locksley, Lower Stafford, Micksburg, Pleasant View, Shady Nook, Stonebrook and Trautrim Subdivision.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Laurentian Valley had a population of $9,450$ living in $3,715$ of its $3,877$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $9,387$. With a land area of 539.08 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Budget
For the 2010–2011 fiscal year, the township will spend CA$2,700,000.

title: Laurentian Valley


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Shepperdine

Shepperdine is a small village in the parish of Oldbury-on-Severn in South Gloucestershire, England, with a border with Stroud District. The land lies wholly on the flood plain of the River Severn.

The name, first recorded in 1215 as Shepewardin, means "sheep enclosure", from the Old English sceāp "sheep" and worthiġn "enclosure or farm".

Landmarks
Shepperdine was well known as the location of a pub on the banks of the Severn, known as the Windbound (once formally known as the New Inn). The Windbound closed in 2004 and became a residential home, which itself closed. The building was demolished in 2015.

Shepperdine has a Church of England chapel of ease (small church) dedicated to St Mary next to Manor Farm in Nupdown Road. It is a tin tabernacle. The ecclesiastical parish is Oldbury on Severn, whose cleric is the vicar of Thornbury and that small town was its medieval (ancient) parish; it is centred 3 mi south-east.

Shepperdine House features an early C19 facade, and has "three bays, with cornice and parapet, and square-columned porch".

In a field to the northeast of the hamlet items of Roman and early medieval pottery have been unearthed.

Nuclear power plant project
In the summer 2009 the German power company E.ON started to acquire land from local farmers with the intention of constructing of a 3,300 megawatt nuclear power station on the banks of the River Severn. They formed a joint venture with German power company RWE. The two companies bought the existing Oldbury and Wylfa Magnox Nuclear Power Stations from the NDA for the sum of £500 million. RWE and Eon formed a company called Horizon to proceed with the development. In March 2012 it was announced that they had decided not to go ahead with the construction, but in 2014 Horizon bought the former pub, the Windbound, for demolition to make way for the new power station.

title: Shepperdine


text:
Talk:Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti

Untitled
Trey Stone: several comments about your recent edits:

 * 1. You removed this paragraph in its entirety:
 * ''FRAPH was established by Emannuel "Toto" Constant, who went on the CIA payroll as an informant and spy in early 1992 (according to the Agency, this relation ended in mid-1994, but the following October the American Embassy in Haiti was openly acknowledging that Constant -- now a born-again democrat -- was on its payroll). According to Constant, shortly after Aristide’s ouster, Colonel Patrick Collins, a US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), attache who was stationed in Haiti from 1989 to 1992, pressured him to organize a front that could balance the Aristide movement and do intelligence work against it (it is believed that members of FRAPH were working, and perhaps still are, for two social service agencies funded by the Agency for International Development, one of which maintains sensitive files on the movements of the Haitian poor).
 * The source for this information was given . Please justify this deletion.

 * 2. You changed this:
 * Allan Nairn revealed US government's role in establishing and funding
 * to this:
 * Allan Nairn raised questions about possible links between FRAPH and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and DIA.
 * If you read his original reports, he did not "raise questions", he asserted it was true.

 * 3. You added this paragraph:
 * ''Given the fact that the Clinton administration publicly supported Aristide to the point that he was granted asylum in the U.S. and was restored to the presidency in Haiti in 1994, such alleged links between the DIA and FRAPH are contradictory to administration policy and could be a case of unauthorized actions that went unnoticed by the executive branch. Another possibility could be a lack of credibility from Nairn's research, given the fact that his report relies on Constant as the one primary source.
 * This is blatant editorializing. Unless you can attribute this POV to someone, with a citatation, I will delete it.

Thanks, -- Viajero 08:07, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * One more thing, you deleted a source I cited, saying "Blum however is a nut in the Chomsky mold" . I have a copy of Killing Hope here and the section on Haiti is solidly referenced (as is the book as a whole); he drew heavily on mainstream media reports (NYT, etc). It is clear that you don't agree with the politics of William Blum, but do you have any evidence that his scholarship is shoddy? Given the abundance of citations, it would be pretty easy for someone to discredit him if it was, but to the best of my knowledge no one has. -- Viajero 10:12, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You still haven't explained why it makes sense for the Clinton administration to be backing an organization that was largely responsible for the Haitian refugee problem we had to deal with in Florida. The "editoralizing," as you call it, is there so readers know that the U.S. helped restore Aristide to power.

If we bring up issues of potential Bush-41 administration involvement in paying the founder as an informant, we also should note the Clinton administration's policy, rather than making it sound like both administrations were A-OK with absolutely everything this group did. 64.7.89.54 21:08, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I see that Trey Stone (talk · contributions) (failing to hide behind an anon. IP address) is again trying to change articles on the bases of what he thinks makes sense, rather than on the basis of the evidence. See No original research. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:22, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Good article, still needs work
i'm thankful that this article (some months ago I guess) came a long way from just a "U.S. supported FRAPH, period" POV stance, but I think it's too bloated. the problem is that journalists like Nairn have somewhat of an upper hand here because this sort of thing just isn't widely discussed outside of magazines like Z-Mag and The Nation (certainly not anywhere in the MSM, aside from that 60 Minutes deal,) so there's not a whole lot of sources for potential rebuttal. might rework it later... J. Parker Stone 9 July 2005 09:28 (UTC) if we can, we should avoid using sources like Blum's... like Chomsky, his writings contain a lot of factual data, but they're laced with a lot of commentary and conclusions on alleged motives that are mostly backed up through his personal suspicion and loathing of U.S. foreign policy. i don't object to Nairn, because even though he's a partisan he did some investigation on this subject. blum may have done some research but that doesn't change the fact that his writings are halfway between a factual account and a diatribe. a right-wing rant against Che Guevara was removed on that page (though admittedly that is more of a screed than Blum's) because it didn't add much, and i don't think this is a very good contribution to the article either. if anything, we should reference the sources cited in the article, which are more well thought-out. J. Parker Stone 22:32, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

recent edits
"antidemocratic forces such as..." We are talking about FRAPH, not any other group. Furthermore, we have already established that they are rapists and butchers, so this is redundant.

"U.S. backing for" -- As the quotes in this article make clear, possible CIA and DIA involvement in the group's inception has been investigated, but this does not equate to unambiguous "support." Just because the CIA doesn't like Marxist-leaning liberation theologians doesn't mean that alleged Clinton pressures on Aristide to move away from socialist policies = "fake" support for Aristide. Blum is a radical political commentator. His opinions should not be elevated to encyclopedic truth. J. Parker Stone 22:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) I don't accept your claim that rape and butchery imply anti-democracy. The phrase "forces such as" is normal English style in this sort of sentence.
 * 2) point taken.
 * 3) Your reasoning doesn't support your removal of any reference to U.S. involvement. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:49, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) i don't know what you're talking about, unless i accidentally removed something other than "U.S. support," which presents it as unambiguous when it is not. the U.S. involvement is detailed (probably over-detailed, almost entirely from the Nairn et al. perspective) in this article, and readers can draw their own conclusions. personally i would like a rewrite of the article so it's smoother and not overloaded with long quotes from various sources, but that'll take a while. i might propose some new changes later this week to be discussed with you and whoever else is interested in this article. J. Parker Stone 08:57, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Trey Stone: Please leave this article alone. Nothing you write above makes sense. You are trying to supress uncomfortable facts because they don't fit into your parochial worldview. William Blum, like Chomsky and McGhee, draw on mainstream media reports for their research, and their conclusions can easily be separated from their opinions. -- Viajero | Talk 09:45, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Viajero, most researchers draw on mainstream sources. What sets them apart are the conclusions they draw from such sources. I am not objecting to the Nairn investigation being put into this article. What I am objecting to is support for FRAPH being stated as if it is just that, done, over with. Nairn et al.'s arguments have to be compared to the fact that a) Clinton restored Aristide to power, b) the U.S. and UN funded a civilian police force (1994-96) to replace the military, and c) the Bush-41 administration condemned the coup and voted with the OAS to work toward economically isolating the junta. . if Nairn thinks this is all smoke and mirrors that's great, but these facts should not be diminished. J. Parker Stone 09:52, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * btw, i apologize if my "parochial worldview" inclines me to believe that the U.S. government is decent enough not to genuinely support a group of mass rapists and butchers. the idea that we have some obsessive need for control in Haiti is ludicrous considering it produces barely anything of value to us. J. Parker Stone 10:07, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah! The idea that the United States would ever intervene in the affiars of a poor Carribiean nation is absurd!  It's never happened!  Descendall 09:52, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * * zzz* J. Parker Stone 09:54, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

There's a good (and much more balanced than Nairn's) article on this that I'm reading in The Atlantic. Unfortunately, you need a subscription. J. Parker Stone 07:31, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

The problem here
Viajero wants to make the article entirely about proving that FRAPH operated with the full support of the U.S. I want to make the article an overview of FRAPH -including- a section on its ties to the CIA. I admit that the first section in initial rewrite reads a bit too much like Modern Haitian History, but I felt it was necessary to set up the background to the rise of the military regime.

I'm not saying thirdworldtraveler et al. are completely unreliable sources. I'm saying it's unacceptable to dump them into an article almost verbatim when they have a clear POV. And the long quotes, the majority of them from pro-Aristide sources, are also unnecessary -- Nairn's the guy who first broke this, so I figure he's the prime source we should reference on the CIA-FRAPH thing, again, without ultra-lengthy passages that slant the article. Then we can reiterate the Clinton admin's public support for Aristide, while referencing the NCHR guy on how he believes that there may have been some covert support early on, before the ugly nature of the group ran amok.

it's true that there aren't any hard facts that disprove Nairn's double-play theory, and the U.S. still has some classified FRAPH/FADH docs (actually, i thought i had read in the AM article that they may've been sent back to Aristide when Clinton was leaving in '01...gotta check,) but it is still his personal conclusion based on the observations he made. another explanation could be that the U.S. didn't like Aristide, and the CIA/DIA came in contact with Constant early on for purposes of forming a political organization that could "fill the void," but any semblance of support faded after they started their rampage post-Oct. 1993 (this would fit in with what the NCHR guy said.) this is "original research" because there was never a lengthy discussion in the mainstream media about it, but it seems to me infinitely more plausible to me than Mr. Nairn's Imperial IMF theory. there is also the likely official CIA explanation, which would be that Constant was just an intelligence asset, end.

my point is not to reintroduce the edits i was using when i first saw this article, but to just balance it so that is about FRAPH, not "The CIA paid Toto Constant." J. Parker Stone 10:19, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Your point is to downplay the role of USG support, not based on the evidence available but based on your beliefs in how the USG works. Constant is quoted in one of the sources we cite:
 * ''The FRAPH leader says that soon after Aristide's ouster an officer of the US Defense Intelligence Agency, Col. Patrick Collins, pushed him to organize a front that could balance the Aristide movement and do intelligence work against it.
 * This clearly indicates that FRAPH was basically a creation of the USG, not an organization which "just had some links to the CIA" as you would like think.

 * Your other comments, as you admit yourself, are original research; it is pure speculation. Nairn's findings are not just a "theory" based on his "personal conclusions". He is an investigative journalist who spoke first-hand to sources like Constant and his report was published in a reputable periodical (The Nation). His findings haven't been refuted by anyone, except you.

 * As for your "Imperial IMF" sneer, it just reveals how little you know about hemispheric realpolitik. The US regards even dirt-poor countries like Haiti, El Salvador, and Bolivia as being of strategic economic importance, and its policies during the 20th C, an outgrowth of the Monroe Doctrine, go a long way in explaining why the region as a whole looks more like Africa than Eastern Europe or South East Asia in terms of economic development. -- Viajero | Talk 18:02, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * For the both of you, and to put the light upon the rather-fractious nature of this issue, I simply suggest that all viewpoints be included unconditionally, and that the only editing that should be done must be for sake of grammer and context, and those exclusively. I agree with you, Mr. Parker, that the article possesses a cumbersome amount of quotes, probably more so than would be considered healthy for the maintenance of this article's integrity. However, I also agree with you, Sir Viajero, that nothing that has been mentioned in this article at any point should be downplayed, however variant in perspective that it may be.

 * That said, I politely request that you, Mr. Parker-Stone [sic], put the quotes back in their respective places, while I also ask you, Mr. Viajero, to show some literal and grammatical regard to as many press and public statements (concerning this issue, exclusively) as possible, so as, again, to maintain the encyclopedic integrity of this article. Thank You both. --Toussaint 20:21, September 13, 2005 (UTC)

The intro
The intro uses quite strong words. Even tough they may be factually accurate, I´d rather see "brutalize and murder" as words quoted from specific stakeholders, not as coming from Wikipedia itself. For this reason, I label the intro as non-POV and kindly ask for some rewording. Cheers Doidimais Brasil 00:23, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * You've made no case for the intro being PoV (I'm not sure what you mean by "stakeholders" though). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 20:56, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the intro is POV. Some words, such as those pointed out by Doidimais Brazil are simply intended to provoke an emotional reaction. It is much like say "terrorist" does so in certain articles even though we may personally agree with the labeling.--Jersey Devil 01:04, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Us involvement
I don't understand why the U.S. would even care about this lil island? Why would they want to over-trow an elected offcial if that's even true??--143.81.248.53 (talk) 07:47, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * There is no shortage of quotes from US officials, in the administrations of Bush I, Clinton, and Bush II, as to why they wanted Aristide out. 50.74.192.11 (talk) 16:46, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

Malware Link Removal
-- Gary  Dee  18:22, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Removal of a Potentially Damaging DOMAIN-URL:
 * Malware Domain: (EXPLOIT)
 * hxxp://www.williambowles.info/
 * https://www.virustotal.com/de/url/3f4dbe1047dacde8cdeb4d3f98ad3d611d1b1404cc0c7887610f32efd38d61e1/analysis/1373283876/
 * Threat: JS/Exploit-Blacole.cw
 * https://www.virustotal.com/de/file/724f5a794caab0893a48f5bc50294ccce3d99233f48be01c4202b1db43fc531a/analysis/1373306179/
 * https://www.virustotal.com/de/file/d38be604ab749776f818d100003de7d36a28a051db6b579387e404b6744b35a6/analysis/1373305674/
 * https://www.virustotal.com/de/file/eeab3b96c3fb7c420749ec3cc5788326150dcf631de7961b48991a945239d2be/analysis/1373305763/
 * https://www.virustotal.com/de/file/712b06fc8641c685f89a50512f6d62ee6d64a3b9426350f783f6865e665ea253/analysis/1373305770/
 * https://www.virustotal.com/de/file/63fab5670a5b1c0b11f21f752835d5ca0c2efdeac5a025239d2d8ff23360b3cf/analysis/1373306001/
 * https://www.virustotal.com/de/file/172c12f0e56e8875896f459202c94b1c74557b3ec3621285fd15e6aaa57e3551/analysis/1373306095/
 * REFERENCE: http://jsunpack.jeek.org/?report=a40619186e3f1c962744b1738c06e427ce47fc52
 * SEE ALSO: http://quttera.com/detailed_report/www.williambowles.info
 * 3 HIDDEN LINKS FOUND: http://www.UnmaskParasites.com/security-report/?page=www.williambowles.info

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text: User talk:140.112.1.98

title: User talk:140.112.1.98


text:
Talk:Hormone replacement therapy (trans)

Sources?
Obviously this article is well-researched, but what are its sources? Are they at the listed "External Links"? It'd be nice to get cites and a proper reference list in there. Dan B † Dan D 19:58, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

I wrote much of this article (a good while back.) The sources of pretty much all of it is in the copylefted book I subsequently co-wrote (Medical Therapy and Health Maintenance for Transgender Men: A Guide For Health Care Providers) which was cited at the end of this article by someone after the fact. The original sources are in the book, and if I had the time I would try to clean this article up with regard to citations, but 1) I am not going to bet smacked around for original research and citing my own work and 2) don't have the time to do it with the original sources I used. :( Sorry. NickGorton 06:11, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

HRT effects on youth
How about including the special case of HRT used in youths? HRT in youths precents most undesired secondary sexual charactoristics and better developed desired charactoristics. Also, it is common to block the onset of puberty "buying time" before starting HRT.

LexieM 01:53, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Penis size
Does the HRT change the size of the penis and the testicles or just the testicles?

 * Depending on how much testosterone is suppressed, the testicles will decrease in size anywhere from 100% of their original size. Because fat starts to accumulate in the pubic region during HRT, that can make the penis appear to be slowly shrinking. I also suspect that there is an atrophy of the spongy tissue due to much less frequency in erections rather than the penile skin atrophying which may be why the penis, when fully erect (as it can get post-HRT, that is), is not as large as it once was. But then again it might be the skin and spongy tissue as well or just the skin. I'm just speculating... -- WiccaIrish 02:45, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Casodex warning
Can Kiral please provide the source for his or her claims under Cardiovascular. Such as a study from PubMed or another reliable source, as the link given in the paragraph does not say anything about DHT, cortisol, etc. It also refers to 150mg tablets, however bicalutamide is very effective at a low dosage (even as low as 12mg) and has a long half-life. Most of the transwomen I've seen taking it use 12-50mg dosages, not 150mg. Also, I'm assuming what you are refering to is an Addisonian crisis, although those are typically caused by a withdrawal of corticosteroids. I've been searching on Google and PubMed but cannot find anything about a build up of DHT causing hypocortisolism upon withdrawal of using androgen receptor antagonists that would be reliable. I did, however, find one discussion board on an intersex website where one member says, "if your DHT levels get too high while taking an androgen receptor antagonist, you can have an adrenal crisis (hypocortisolism) when the antiandrogen wears off." They go on to say that they used Avodart to prevent such from happening. source

Since you do not have a talk page I cannot reach you directly, please consider becoming a member so others can contact you on your talk page. Thanks! -- WiccaIrish 19:41, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Reply: See here for a study of the effect of DHT on the adrenal gland and the ability of antiandrogens to block this. It is true that casodex approval was withdrawn specifically because of the deaths, rather than heart failure or adrenal problems, but those are known side effects. Perhaps these could be listed in separate sections if you don't feel they belong together. BTW half-life is somewhat misleading when dealing with lipophilic drugs. Since they are stored in fat cells, food intake can significantly affect serum concentrations. -- Kiral 11:21, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Would you say that a DHT inhibitor would still be recommended even on a low dosage of bicalutamide (12-50mg)? What if another anti-androgen (spiro or cypro) is taken concurrently? -- WiccaIrish 22:31, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I haven't seen any studies comparing the side effects of bicalutamide at different dosages. In theory though, low doses might actually be more dangerous.  The problem is that bicalutamide is lipophilic with a low aqueous solubility (see ) which is why it has such a long half-life.  What can happen is that due to food intake, nearly all of the bicalutamide can get bound up in fat cells, resulting in the androgen receptors getting temporarily un-blocked.  The sudden influx of DHT when the androgen receptors get un-blocked is what messes up the adrenal glands.  I doubt this problem could happen with spironolactone.  Spiro isn't very lipophilic, plus it blocks testosterone/DHT production.  Besides, spiro has a fairly good safety record, and people obviously aren't dying from it.  Cyproterone acetate creates a different sort of adrenal problem due to its blockade of 21-hydroxylase, which is the primary concern for adrenal insufficiency with cyproterone.  But cyproterone is lipophilic, although not as bad as bicalutamide, so the potential for the DHT problem is there too. -- Kiral 01:06, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as spiro blocking production of testosterone/DHT, spiro does not inhibit the formation of DHT. Although while it does decrease testosterone levels, it is my understanding that it doesn't take much testosterone to make plenty of DHT. By the way, the link to the pdf file didn't work but the link to an HTML version provided by Google did work so I fixed the link for those wanting to read that. -- WiccaIrish 11:41, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well at least one study indicated that spiro lowers DHT. -- Kiral 00:46, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

I've rewritten this paragraph to include more references. I think the issue of adrenal problems is relevant, but if it's too controversial then we can take it out. I didn't include the bit about Avodart since these studies only tested bicalutamide with LHRH or orchiectomy. That doesn't mean Avodart isn't effective - it probably is - just that there aren't any formal studies of casodex + avodart. I'd also like to find a better citation for the stuff about fat solubility, since as you pointed out, the original pdf seems to have disappeared. -- Kiral 03:01, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for including the references. I posted your first comment and the link to Health Canada on two different hormone lists and there was some skepticism regarding it, which is why I thought it would be a good idea to back it up with references. Not only to provide sources for the article, but also whether or not I should be recommending those who take bicalutamide to take either finasteride or dutasteride along with it. -- WiccaIrish 04:55, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I really can't make a recommendation about adding finasteride or dutasteride to casodex. Note that the discussion you cited was also talking about cyproterone acetate.  Cyproterone acetate suppresses testosterone production, leaving DHT as the primary androgen remaining.  Studies of hirsutism have shown that adding finasteride to CPA/EE treatment results in an improvement over CPA/EE alone. (summarized here)  So there is good reason to believe that adding finasteride to cyproterone acetate will result in better overall androgen suppression.  There is no such evidence with bicalutamide.  Bicalutamide does not reduce testosterone production, so it's unclear whether blocking DHT will have much practical effect, since testosterone levels remain high.  I looked up the study by Iversen et al. (the one cited by Health Canada) and under exclusion criteria it says "Therapy with a 5-α reductase inhibitor allowed."  I'm not sure whether that means they were excluded or exempt from exclusion, but in any event the combination of Casodex and 5α-reductase inhibitors was not studied.  Studies of cortisol suppression by androgens suggest that there are multiple mechanisms by which this occurs and show effects from both T and DHT.  There appears to be some genetic variation too, as the experiment in mice showed effects much sooner in one strain of mice than another.  So honestly it's not clear under what circumstances finasteride or dutasteride might be sufficient to protect against adrenal dysfunction caused by antiandrogen withdrawal. --Kiral 03:45, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Interesting Research Questions/Sourcing
Question for the forum: While the chemical activity of common preperations of estrogen and anti-androgens are known; the effects observed effects of these hormone regimens is mostly studied via patient reporting. Should this verifiable lack of direct experimental evidence be more throrough noted within the wikipage?

Can the user who created: section. Please provide sources for all claims therein. Note: While researchers have been able to isolate a "suspected" pheramone from male sweat, it is unclear if olefactor aroses or otherwise stimulates people who describe themselves as atracted to men.

 * This is anecdotal and observational. Once on HRT transwomen, or atleast the ones I've come across and myself included, seem to smell a particular odor from males that wasn't there prior to HRT. Even if the males have recently showered. All have described it as an unpleasant odor, regardless of her orientation. -- WiccaIrish 22:44, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Can the user who created: Please provide sources for the section. In particular, is there research positively correlating metabolic processes to sex hormornes in natal women and/or in males who recieve HRT? Note: I removed replaced the "tends" clause with "may" or "may be correlated."

 * Which are you referring to? The 'Metabolic' section under FtM or MtF? If FtM, that is up to Nick or Alex. -- WiccaIrish 22:44, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Can the user who created:Gland Development:Mammary Gland Development Please provide sources. Is it clear that the breast and nerve tissue development that natal males expierence with hormone thearpy -- is the same as what commonly occurs in natal women? Note: Most research sources report that breast development in Natal Males who undergo HRT tends to take place over the 18-24 months. Reference the external link.  Also Note: Is there evidence showing that HRT patients who undergo breath augmentation tend to choose larger implants? --Sarah 00:23, 11 August 2006 (PST)

 * Doctors treating MtFs have usually downplayed or rejected the role that a progestogen would play in HRT. Most older MtFs were never given progesterone and sometimes not even enough estrogen to reach full potential maturation of the breasts. There is no reason why a transwoman (especially a young one) when given adequate doses of bioidentical estrogen within her first several years of HRT along with progesterone (or hydroxyprogesterone) and sufficient suppression of testosterone wouldn't develop as much as the average cissexual female. One should keep in mind whether the subjects in any study addressing breast development were given adequate doses of estrogen for an adequate amount of time, whether progesterone or hydroxyprogesterone was included, and whether there was sufficient suppression of testosterone before one can come to a reasonable conclusion. As per the breast implants, that is also based on observation. -- WiccaIrish 22:44, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

MtF Hormone Effects - Bone - Tendons
I've never heard this before: "the hips will rotate slightly forward due to changes in the tendons so hip discomfort is not uncommon." - is there any sourcing for this? --Marumari 21:33, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

I was wondering that too... I hope this is true. Isn't there a hormone released in pregnant females that causes the pelvis to stretch and open more? What if transsexual women took this hormone? Would anything happen? Has this been experimented before?

Has there been any further information found about this? - 1958 6/24/16 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.77.192.224 (talk) 23:58, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

Testim and Androgel
If we supply a link to one branded formulation, we shouldn't refuse to supply the link to others.

Also, does anyone know what's available out of the US? I confess to being ignorant of that.

NickGorton 06:00, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Since 2006 I've used Androgel, Androgel 1.62, Testim and Axiron. There are others on the market in the US but these are the most popular. Axiron being the newest on the market in the US. Since this topic is about Adrogel and Testim, I'll focus on those two products. I believe the regular Androgel has been replaced by the 1.62 version. The 1.62 gel has more testosterone per amount of gel. For example, applying 8 pumps of the regular Androgel is equal to 4 pumps of Androgel 1.62. Also, the regular Androgel had to be worn for 5 hours without exercise for maximum absorption. Androgel 1.62 has to be worn for at least 2 hours for maximum absorption.

Testim is a good product but it has a perfume added to it. If you know what Testim smells like, you know when someone is wearing it. If you don't like people knowing your business or that you're taking HRT, Testim might not be for you. I personally didn't like the smell and neither did my wife. When I spoke to my pharmacist, she said some guys like it because it has a musky smell. However, when I looked over her shoulder at the Testim on the shelf behind the counter, they had a bunch of it piling up. I'm sorry but it doesn't smell like drakkar noir, grey flannel or old spice. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tommyt18 (talk • contribs) 15:36, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Moved from article page
HRT does not usually cause facial hair growth to be impeded; or the voice to change. - Will whoever edits this page say if there is a way for that to be done?- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.64.63.200 (talk • contribs), posted in good faith

When testosterone levels are suppressed and/or androgens prevented from binding to androgen receptors, any further *new* hair growth would most likely be halted. Any follicles producing terminal hairs that currently exist would most likely have to be killed with electrolysis/laser (a bit more success with electro over laser), although this isn't always the case (those in their teens, for instance). Also, hair regrowth will likely be slower.

Any further drop to the voice would likely be halted as well (this applies to those still in puberty of course). -- WiccaIrish 03:13, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Internal Link
A link on the SRS Male>Female page led me here I don't have the time to fix it. Could someone look into it for me? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.67.148.20 (talk) 09:59, 22 June 2008 (UTC)