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Lancaster railway station

Lancaster railway station (formerly known as Lancaster Castle railway station) is a railway station that serves the city of Lancaster in Lancashire, England. It is one of the principal stations on the West Coast Main Line. It is located 20 mi from Preston and is the zero point for mileages onward to Carlisle.

History
Originally known as 'Lancaster Castle Station' in order to distinguish it from the first Lancaster Station (1840–1849), Lancaster station was officially opened on 21 September 1846. The first public service ran into the station on 17 December the same year. The station was built as the southern terminus of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway after the initial planned route for the line - which would have followed the Lancaster Canal and crossing the River Lune from Ladies Walk to Skerton - was changed in favour of a cheaper route west of the city.

The station was remodelled in 1900-1906 when additional lines and platforms were added and further station buildings constructed. The new buildings were styled mock-Elizabethan with the intention of mirroring the battlements of the nearby Lancaster Castle. Platforms 5 and 6 (on the east side of the station) were electrified in 1908 to serve the now-closed Midland Railway route to Morecambe and Heysham. This line closed in January 1966 and the overhead line equipment was removed.

The track layout in the station area was rationalised in 1973 when control of the signalling was transferred to the new Preston Power Signal Box. This included the removal of the track from Platform 6, although this platform had seen no regular use for some time prior to this. The West Coast Main Line through Lancaster was electrified in 1974, and regular electric passenger services recommenced at the station 7 May 1974.

Description
The main building constructed in 1846 by William Tite was situated on the west side of the line in Tudor Revival style using roughly squared sandstone rubble. This two-storey building was extended southwards in 1852 in similar style although this section terminated in a tower of three storeys. A new entrance was constructed in 1900 on the eastern side of the line at footbridge level; this is nearer the town and houses the remaining ticket office.

The booking office is open throughout the week, closing only in the late evening (ticket machines are also available). A full range of facilities is offered, including a newsagents whilst there is also a buffet, waiting rooms and toilets on both sides and lifts between the footbridge and platforms. The station is therefore fully accessible for disabled passengers. The entrance through the original building remains open. This opens onto Platform 3 which is mostly used by northbound services. Two bay platforms to the north of this are used by terminating trains off the various branches to Heysham Port, Barrow-in-Furness and the Cumbria Coast Line, Morecambe, Windermere and Leeds.

Two through lines without platforms separate these three platforms from the remainder of the station; these are used by non-stop passenger services and freight trains. Beyond is Platform 4, which is the principal one used by southbound trains but as with platform 3 it can be used for trains going on both directions. This is an island platform with a second face, Platform 5, which can be used by both northbound and southbound trains or by terminating services. All platforms are signalled for arrivals and departures in either direction. Opposite Platform 5 are the remains of Platform 6 which has no track and has been out of use for many years.

Services

Lancaster is served by several train operators.

Avanti West Coast operate express trains from London Euston to Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Central using Class 390 Pendolinos, and Class 221 Super Voyagers. Early morning or late evening services to/from Edinburgh Waverley/Glasgow Central or Carlisle or Lancaster start or terminate at Birmingham New Street or Wolverhampton and peak services to and from London Euston terminate and start at Lancaster or Carlisle. A few services to/from Crewe also terminate/start at Lancaster. These services normally use platforms 3 and 4.

TransPennine Express operate regional express services from Manchester Airport, Liverpool Lime Street and Preston to Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Central via the West Coast Main Line using Class 397 EMUs. These services also use platforms 3 and 4.

Northern operate local & regional services along the Furness line to Barrow-in-Furness and then onto Carlisle via the Cumbrian Coast line, to Windermere via Oxenholme and the Windermere branch line (since the April 2016 franchise changeover), the Morecambe branch line to Morecambe and Heysham and the Leeds–Morecambe line to Skipton and Leeds. These services are operated using DMUs of Classes 150, 153, 156, 158 and 195s. Through services use the same platforms as Avanti West Coast and TransPennine Express trains, whilst those starting & terminating here mostly use platforms 1, 2 and 5. One Northern Trains service a day travels to Morecambe via Carnforth, with some trains continuing to Heysham Port to connect with the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company's ferry service to Douglas. Nuclear flask trains serving Heysham power station are the other main users of the Heysham branch.

title: Lancaster railway station


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Freiberg University of Mining and Technology

The Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (abbreviation: TU Bergakademie Freiberg, TUBAF) is a public university of technology with 3,471 students in the city of Freiberg, Saxony, Germany. The university's focuses are exploration, mining & extraction, processing, and recycling of natural resources & scrap, as well as developing new materials and researching renewable energies. It is highly specialized and proficient in these fields.

Today, it is the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world.

Pre-1945
The institution was established in 1765, during the Age of Enlightenment, by Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony based on plans by Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel and Friedrich Anton von Heynitz. At the time, it was called the Kurfürstlich-Sächsische Bergakademie zu Freiberg (by 1806: Königlich-Sächsische Bergakademie zu Freiberg). Its main purpose was the education of highly skilled miners and scientists in fields connected to mining and metallurgy. There had developed a need for mining, as an industry to regenerate Saxony's economy, since Saxony had been defeated in the Seven Years' War.

Before the establishment of the Bergakademie (mining school), four similar institutions had been founded in other countries: Potosí, Bolivia (1557–1786); Kongsberg, Norway (1757–1814); Schemnitz, today's Slovakia (Banská Štiavnica, 1762–1919); and Prague (1762–1772). Since these do not exist anymore, Freiberg University is the oldest and still operational University of Mining and Technology. After the École des Ponts et Chaussées, which was established in 1747, it is also the second oldest institution of higher learning with focus on STEM-research (university of technology).

The chemical elements indium (1863) and germanium (1886) were discovered by scientists of Freiberg University. The polymath Alexander von Humboldt studied mining at the Bergakademie from 1791 to 1792, as did the poet Novalis from 1797 to 1799.

In 1899, it was incorporated as a Technische Hochschule. In 1905, Bergakademie gained the right to grant doctorates in engineering (Dr.-Ing.), and in 1939 for natural sciences (Dr. rer. nat.). In 1940, two novel faculties (divisions) where established: Natural Sciences and Mining & Metallurgy. In 1956, another faculty concerning economy was added.

1945 to 1990
After World War II, education of future engineers and scientists, as well as research were quickly re-established in order to (re-) build primary industry in the Soviet Occupation Zone/GDR. The campus and faculty-staff were expanded rapidly. The educational direction changed through establishing novel courses. Also, the student demographics changed (percentage of women increased), since the access to college was directed by central authorities. Additionally, children of "workers & farmers", who traditionally didn't pursued tertiary education, were supported by having a college preparation institute (Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Fakultät (ABF) "Wilhelm Pieck").

Since 1990
In the aftermath of German reunification, the infrastructure and academic body were reorganized in order to fit the new political circumstances. After its incorporation into the West German system of higher education, Bergakademie quickly found a prime position as "The University of Resources". As the first East German University, it joined the German Research Foundation. In connection, the social sciences section were eliminated, while a faculty for economics was restructured and expanded to 15 professorships.

One of the emerging focus points in research was semiconductors, which led to corporations settling in and around Freiberg. These include Siltronic AG, Meyer Burger Technology AG, and JT Energy Systems, specializing in semiconductors, solar power, and lithium-ion batteries, respectively. Besides geo- and materials sciences, environmental science became a university strong point.

In March 1993, then Technische Hochschule Bergakademie Freiberg was renamed Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, underlining its increased status and significance.

Today, TUBAF is a modern & environmentally focused university, internationally recognized as a "university of closed resource cycles".

The university's history is presented in the Historicum through numerous exhibits, paintings and photographs, and documents. The Forum for Mining History (Forum Montangeschichte) is responsible for digitizing and publishing historic essays and publications concerning Saxony's historical mining and metallurgical industry.

Historical figures and scientific achievements
A number of known figures studied and/or lectured at the Bergakademie:

Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749–1817) was a highly influential lecturer and scientist, who systematized minerals and rock formations. He is considered the founder of an early form of geology as a science, called 'geognosis'. Thus, he laid the foundation for mineralogy and resource deposit theory. During his tenure, he attracted a wide range of students and peers, among them Alexander von Humboldt, Franz Xaver von Baader, Leopold von Buch, Friedrich Mohs, and Robert Jameson.

Wilhelm August Lampadius (1772–1842) was a professor of chemistry and metallurgy. He installed the first gas light on the European continent and advanced the technology to an industrial scale. Also, Lampadius founded the world's first chemical research laboratory in a university in 1796/97.

The poet Novalis (1772–1801; Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg) studied in Freiberg from 1797 through 1799. He also created his pseudonym for his literary works during this time. Many topics and themes of his work came from the mining culture surrounding him.

The polymath Alexander von Humboldt enrolled on 14 June 1791 and went through a rather short, but intense program, qualifying him in natural sciences and metallurgy. He took a special interest in developing appliances, such as the "Licht-Erhalter". One of Humboldt's most famous discoveries was the vegetation underground, published in 1793 as "Flora Fribergensis". Many of the plants described were discovered and characterized by him.

1848 to 1851, Gustav Anton Zeuner studied in Freiberg. He later went on to lay the groundwork for thermodynamics as field of study in engineering.

Karl Heinrich Adolf Bernhard Ledebur was one of the first to study processes in metallurgy and ironwork empirically with modern scientific tools and methods. During his tenure, he founded the university's iron laboratory.

In 1863, the chemical element indium was discovered by chemist Hieronymus Theodor Richter (1824–1898) and physicist Ferdinand Reich (1799–1882), naming it after its indigo-blue colored flame.

In 1886, chemistry professor Clemens Alexander Winkler (1838–1904) isolated the element germanium for the first time while analyzing the rather uncommon mineral argyrodite. This proved Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table and his prediction of a so-called ekasilicon.

In the field of process engineering, Erich Rammler and Georg Bilkenroth were awarded the National Prize of the German Democratic Republic (1st class) for their work on lignite coke & coal gasification in 1951.

Profile
The university has defined core fields that create a unique profile in education and research:

Geo
Exploring, researching, and (resourceful) use of the system Earth is the focal point of TUBAF's geosciences. The work is based on innovative and novel technologies, e.g. for finding resources, extracting them without unnecessary destruction, and resourceful processing.

Materials
Innovative materials for today's problems and uses are being developed. This includes the making, as well as recycling of these materials.

Energy
In this field, scientists develop new, green solutions to energy problems. Production, use, and storage of energy are researched in conjunction. Additionally, digitisation of the energy sector is another topic.

Environment
Environmental sciences focus on safety and conservation aspects, e.g. of drinking water, as well as on processes in the primary and energy industry.

Technology
Engineers work on future-oriented solutions, novel products, and optimization of already existing processes & methods. Their studies include applied research as well as foundational questions.

Economics
Economic topics arise from all of the fields mentioned above. Therefore, researchers in this field work on projects in pure economic disciplines and interdisciplinary projects alike.

Research
TUBAF describes itself as a modern research university, especially focused on current and future ecological and econonmical challenges. Interdisciplinary research is emphasized. Most investigated topics revolve around alternative methods in resource extraction, energy systems, compound materials and recycling. The university is recognized worldwide for its expertise in geo and materials science.

TUBAF is in the Top 10 of universities in Germany based on thrd-party (private) funding per professor, according to a 2022 study. A number of patents and inventions by TUBAF-based researchers are recognized each year.

With SAXEED, a founders network, start-ups are being supported. The program has helped several successful companies like NaPaGen GmbH, Just in Time-Food GmbH and Rockfeel GmbH.

Programs
The university offers programs taught in German, as well as international programs entirely taught in English. All in all, there are 75 programs. Among those are unique ones, such as Applied Natural Sciences, Industrial Archeology, Mine-Surveying, and Chemistry (Diplom), which are taught in German.

Admission to all programs from Bachelor through Ph.D. is performance-based and without tuition fees (as usual for consecutive studies at German public universities); students pay a registration fee of €94 per semester, of which €7 is dedicated solely to the Student Body (Council).

13 masters programs (date: WS 2022/23) are taught in English:

 * Advanced Materials Analysis (AMA)
 * Advanced Mineral Resource Development (AMRD)
 * Computational Materials Science (CMS)
 * EMerald master in Resources Engineering (EMerald)
 * Geomatics for Mineral Resource Management
 * Geoscience
 * Groundwater Management
 * International Business and Resources in Emerging Markets (IBRE)
 * Mathematics for Data and Resource Sciences
 * Mechanical and Process Engineering (MPE)
 * Metallic Materials Technology (MMT)
 * Sustainable Mining and Remediation Management (MoRe)
 * Sustainable and Innovative Natural Resource Management (SINReM)
 * Technology and Application of Inorganic Engineering Materials (TAIEM)

Freiberg University of Mining and Technology has been ranked among the best universities worldwide for mining engineering.

Though a public university, it has a relatively large private endowment. The university is home to one of the largest German university foundations.

Structure
TU Bergakademie Freiberg is led by a rectorate, legislative decisions are made by the senate or extended senate.

The rectorate consists of rector, chancellor, and two prorectors for Education and Research, respectively.

The university has 6 subdivisions called faculties:

 * 1) Mathematics and Computer Science
 * 2) Chemistry and Physics
 * 3) Geosciences, Geoengineering and Mining
 * 4) Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering
 * 5) Materials Science and Technology
 * 6) Economics

Student body
In winter 2022/23 3,471 students were enrolled at TUBAF, 85% in MINT-programs, with a 30% female share.

Freiberg is a highly international university. Among its c. 3500 students, 41% are from foreign countries. There are double degree agreements with universities in China, France, Ghana, Italy, Poland, Russia, Thailand, and others. About 30% of the doctoral degrees awarded by the university are given to foreign students.

Campus
Unlike other historical universities in Germany, TUBAF has a campus with most of its buildings and facilities in close proximity. The oldest buildings lie in the historic (medieval) city center, among these the

 * Main Buildung - administration, student office, and Faculty 1
 * Schlossplatzquartier - Faculty 6, international office, SIZ (student café)
 * Alte Mensa - former dining hall, now eent location and student-run bar
 * Werner-Bau - Faculty 3

The majority of the university's infrastructure can be found in the north of the city, including

 * Library "Gregorius Agricola"
 * Dining Hall "Neue Mensa" with cafeteria and a student-run bar
 * several buildigs of Faculties 1 through 5
 * student housing (dorms)

The two main parts are connected by a so-called 'corridor' of recent buildings and greenery.

Additionally, a part of the university is located above and around the "Lehr- und Forschungsbergwerk Reiche Zeche", a historical mine, operated today as a teaching and research facility.

Other infrastructure includes the university sports centre, Lessing-Bau and the Scientific Diving Center.

Institutes and facilities
Through its specialization, TUBAF has created a number of institutions, centers, and facilities with state-of-the-art research equipment. Unique in Europe is the still operational mine for teaching as well as underground exploration research. TUBAF is one of two German institutions, where scientific divers are trained.

List of notable facilities

 * EIT RawMaterials – Regional Center Freiberg (RCF)
 * ERP-Kompetenzzentrum sächsischer Hochschulen
 * Forschungs- und Lehrbergwerk "Reiche Zeche"
 * Interdisziplinäres Ökologisches Zentrum (IÖZ)
 * Zentrales Reinraumlabor (ZRL)
 * Zentrum für effiziente Hochtemperatur-Stoffwandlung (ZeHS)
 * Biohydrometallurgical Center for Strategic Elements (BHMZ)
 * DBI Bergakademie
 * Freiberger Hochdruckforschungszentrum (FHP)
 * Mine Water Research Center (MWRC)
 * Scientific Diving Center Freiberg (SDC Freiberg)
 * Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz (ZIK) VIRTUHCON
 * Zentrum für Wasserforschung (ZeWaF)

Partners & cooperations
TU Bergakademie Freiberg has an extensive network of regional and national cooperation partners in science and industry.

These include, among others, affiliated institutes as independent research facilities that cooperate with the university and complement its teaching and research offerings. These include:

 * IBEXU Institut für Sicherheitstechnik GmbH Freiberg
 * Forschungsinstitut für Leder und Kunststoffbahnen (FILK) gGmbH Freiberg
 * Stahlzentrum Freiberg e. V.
 * Institut für Korrosionsschutz Dresden GmbH
 * UVR – FIA GmbH Verfahrensentwicklung-Umweltschutztechnik-Recycling Freiberg
 * DBI – Gastechnologisches Institut GmbH Freiberg
 * HAVER ENGINEERING GmbH – Ingenieurbüro für Aufbereitungstechnik, Meißen
 * DBI VIRTUHCON GmbH, Freiberg
 * PARFORCE Engineering & Consulting GmbH, Freiberg

In addition, there are cooperations and joint projects with non-university institutions.

In 2011, the university founded the joint Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology ("Helmholtz-Institut Freiberg für Ressourcentechnologie") with the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf to develop technologies for raw material supply, utilization and environmentally friendly recycling.

TU Bergakademie Freiberg also has close cooperation in the field of electronic material production and material processing with the Fraunhofer Technology Center for High Performance Materials (THM) and the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) in Freiburg. It also operates a joint department of the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology (IISB) in Erlangen.

The Institute of Geophysics at TU Bergakademie Freiberg operates the Berggießhübel Seismological Observatory.

TUBAF is also a co-initiator of the university-based "Internationalen Hochschulinstituts Zittau" (IHI), founded in 1993 and now a subdivision of TU Dresden, and the start-up network SAXEED.

In addition to direct cooperation with individual companies and institutions, participation in international networks and associations is an essential instrument for the transfer of ideas, knowledge and technology. The TU Bergakademie Freiberg is, among others, a member of:

 * Geokompetenzzentrum Freiberg e. V. (GKZ)
 * EIT RawMaterials
 * Silicon Saxony
 * EnergieRohstoff-Netzwerk (ERN)
 * Freiberger Interessengemeinschaft der Recycling- und Entsorgungsunternehmen e. V. (FIRE)
 * InnoRegio Mittelsachsen
 * Interdisziplinäres Kompetenzzentrum Flächenrecycling CiF e. V. Freiberg/Berlin/Aachen
 * World Energy Council (WEC)
 * Deutsch-Russischen Rohstoff-Forum (DRRF)*
 * German Resource Research Institute (GERRI)
 * Energy Saxony e. V.
 * biosaxony e. V.
 * Leichtbau-Allianz Sachsen e. V.
 * GlasCampus Torgau
 * AMZ Sachsen
 * 4transfer Innovations- und Transferverbund
 * TransferAllianz e. V.

In total, the university cooperates with 274 partner institutions in 74 countries. Connections to non-European companies and research institutions exist, among others, to Bolivia, Chile, China, Mozambique, South Africa, Vietnam and Mongolia.[12] In Mongolia and Kenya, for example, TU Bergakademie Freiberg is helping to establish the German Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology (GMIT) in Ulan Bator and the Kenyan German Centre for Mining, Environmental Engineering and Resource Management (CEMEREM) at Taita Taveta University College in Voi. It is also active in research and teaching with a wide variety of projects at universities in Russia*, South America, Asia and Africa.

All in all, TUBAF currently has 184 active partnerships (including 76 ERASMUS agreements & 18 interdisciplinary university cooperations), 755 official contacts with other universities worldwide, and Joint-/Double-Degree-agreements with partner universities in China, France, Ghana, Italy, Poland, Thailand, Czech Republic, Hungary and Ukraine. Contracts with Russian universities have been suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Foundations and trusts
The history of foundations for the Freiberg Mining Academy dates back to 1702, when a scholarship fund was established by the Saxon Elector at the Freiberg Mining Authority. In the further course, the university repeatedly received grants, which were initially primarily used to support students, and later increasingly for research infrastructure. After 1990, the idea of foundations and trusts, which had been interrupted after the Second World War, was revived. The following important foundations were established:

 * Sparkassen-Stiftung (1998)
 * Stiftung Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (2002)
 * Pohl-Ströher-Mineralienstiftung (2004)
 * Dr.-Erich-Krüger-Stiftung (2006)
 * Stiftung Mineralogische Sammlung Deutschland (2008)
 * Dr. Frank-Michael und Marianne Engel-Stiftungsfonds (2009)
 * Heinisch-Stiftung (2015)
 * Ursula und Prof. Dr. Wolf-Dieter Schneider Stiftung (2019)
 * Stiftung Christian Grosse Geschichtsbibliothek (2019)

From the Dr.-Erich-Krüger-Stiftung, TUBAF received an amount of several millions, the largest endowment of a state university in Germany to date. The university uses these funds to equip research with large-scale equipment and to support doctoral students. On July 12, 2007, Peter Krüger, who had been appointed honorary senator of the Bergakademie shortly before, died in Munich. His wife Erika Krüger, who was made an honorary senator of the university in 2017, continues the foundation. Among other things, she made possible the establishment of the Graduate and Research Academy, the Freiberg Biohydrometallurgical Center and the Freiberg High Pressure Research Center. Erika Krüger also supports the university privately with great commitment and considerable financial resources - including "Deutschlandstipendium" scholarships for particularly committed students.

Collections
Since its foundation in 1765, TUBAF has had premises to house its models, equipment, specimens and instruments used in research and teaching. In addition to the library, where manuscripts, maps and cracks were also kept, the geoscientific collections emerged from the so-called "Stufenenkabinett". There was also a collection of models of innovative mining machines, which were produced in a separate workshop from 1840 and later housed in a separate model room. Over the last 250 years, a large number of new technical collections have been added. Today, they comprise more than one million scientific specimens, 15,000 scientific instruments and models, and about 1,000 works of art and cultural-historical objects.

The geoscientific collections of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg are among the ten oldest as well as most extensive geoscientific and mining collections in the world. They serve practical student education and training, complement research, and still embody enormous scientific potential today. About five percent of the total holdings are displayed in the show collections. These include a Mineralogical Collection, a Deposit Collection and a Petrological Collection in the Werner Building, a Paleontological and Stratigraphical Collection in the Humboldt Building and a Fuel Geological Collection near the Rich Colliery.

Since October 2008, TU Bergakademie Freiberg has also exhibited the world's largest private mineral collection in Freudenstein Castle. The permanent exhibition terra mineralia is on permanent loan from the Swiss patron Erika Pohl-Ströher and celebrated its tenth anniversary in April 2019.

The minerals of German sites of the famous Pohl-Ströher Mineral Foundation as well as special mineral specimens from the Geosciences Collections of TUBAF and minerals from the university foundation "Mineralogische Sammlung Deutschland" (Mineralogical Collection Germany), established in 2008, are on display in the Krügerhaus, which was renovated in 2012 by the Dr.-Erich-Krüger-Stiftung.The exhibition is open to the public.

In the Historicum, the university presents numerous exhibits, pictures and contemporary documents in a vivid way.

In the Forum Montangeschichte one can find since 2015 digitized and in full text freely available historical essays on Saxon mining and metallurgical history, including previously unpublished works, as well as current publications.

Notable alumni

 * Luo Gan, former Member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
 * Mary Hegeler Carus – the first woman to legally enroll (in 1885).
 * Edward Renouf, chemistry professor, Johns Hopkins University.
 * Alexander von Humboldt, renowned naturalist, historian, and humanitarian

International University Rankings
The 2021 QS World University Rankings by subject rated TU Bergakademie Freiberg No. 17 for Mineral and Mining worldwide and No. 3 in Europe. The Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked TU Freiberg 64th among German universities on research performance.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Densities of the elements (data page)

Density, solid phase
In the following table, the use row is the value recommended for use in other Wikipedia pages in order to maintain consistency across content.

WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
 * A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
 * D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 77th edition, 1996.
 * J.A. Dean (ed) in Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 14th edition, 1992.
 * G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.

CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
 * David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

CR2

 * David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts

LNG
As quoted from an online version of:
 * J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

VDW
The following molar volumes and densities for the majority of the gaseous elements were calculated from the van der Waals equation of state, using the quoted values of the van der Waals constants. The source for the van der Waals constants and for the literature densities was: R. C. Weast (Ed.), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (53rd Edn.), Cleveland:Chemical Rubber Co., 1972.

Other

 * KCH: Kuchling, Horst, Taschenbuch der Physik, 13. Auflage, Verlag Harri Deutsch, Thun und Frankfurt/Main, German edition, 1991. ISBN 3-8171-1020-0
 * (a) Gray and Ramsay, Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 84: 536; (1911)

title: Densities of the elements (data page)


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Talk:Densities of the elements (data page)

This page is intended as an authoritative data collection with citation of sources, that may be cited as a central reference by other articles (such as for the chemical elements). Femto 16:52, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Original research?

 * The following molar volumes and densities for the majority of the gaseous elements were calculated (31 July 2005, User:Physchim62) from the van der Waals equation of state, using the quoted values of the van der Waals constants. The source for the van der Waals constants and for the literature densities was: R. C. Weast (Ed.), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (53rd Edn.), Cleveland:Chemical Rubber Co., 1972.

I removed the ref to User:

Fplay 04:51, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * While it admittedly is an inessential detail, the username was included because I think as a reference this page should be as clear as possible with regard to the provenance of the data. It's not a stand-alone page but more like an outsourced reference section, the usual article style rules seem less important here.

 * The numbers in the VDW section are not directly cited from a source, but Physchim62 only applied a published formula to published coefficients. I absolutely would not call it original research. Femto 12:59, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Neptunium
Can someone change the density of neptunium to 20.45 g/cm3? I'm reluctant to edit a data reference page by myself. The number 20.45 is probably the current best-known value because it's from the paper authored by the people who recently experiment with the criticality of a neptunium-237 sphere. Warut (talk) 14:13, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Iridium and Osmium
Those numbers are error: Iridium's density is 22.56 g/cm3, not 22.65 g/cm3, and osmium's density is 22.59 g/cm3, so osmium is the heaviest element, not iridium! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.126.202.81 (talk) 14:12, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Title?
Why is this page not titled Densities of the elements? The parenthetical appears to be unnecessary and I cannot find a guideline supporting it.--ukexpat (talk) 19:17, 19 May 2016 (UTC)


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Barret Jackman

Barret D. Jackman (born March 5, 1981) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the St. Louis Blues and the Nashville Predators. Jackman was selected 17th overall in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft by the St. Louis Blues. Jackman was born in Trail, British Columbia and grew up in Salmo, British Columbia & later Fruitvale, British Columbia. Jackman was often known for his physical style of play and fighting abilities.

Playing career
Jackman first started playing Junior "A" and "B" with his hometown's Trail Smoke Eaters and the Beaver Valley Nitehawks in the 1996-97 season. With the Nitehawks, he captured the KIJHL Championship along with winning the Cyclone Taylor Cup; the British Columbia Junior "B" Championships in his first and only season in juniors.

The following year he was named the youngest captain ever in the history of the Regina Pats in the Western Hockey League and played four seasons there, with 796 penalty-in-minutes (PIM) in 234 regular WHL season games played.

After playing junior and major junior hockey for five years, he was drafted in the first round, 17th overall, in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft at the FleetCenter in Boston by the St. Louis Blues.

In the 2002–03 NHL season he finished with a plus-23 rating and was among the leaders for NHL rookies in average ice time per game. Jackman won the Calder Memorial Trophy (Rookie of the Year) in 2003, narrowly beating out the Detroit Red Wings' Henrik Zetterberg and the Columbus Blue Jackets' Rick Nash.

He was sidelined by a chronic dislocated shoulder during much of the 2003–04 season, and thus played in only 15 games that season; a somewhat disappointing follow-up to his stellar rookie year.

When the NHL was locked out Jackman stayed in St. Louis and played for the Missouri River Otters. He returned to the Blues for the 2005–06 season. For the 2006–07 season Jackman set career highs in assists and points. He was a member of the 2007 Canadian IIHF World Championship team that won gold in a 4–2 win against Finland in Moscow, Russia.

On June 18, 2012, Jackman was re-signed by the Blues to a three-year contract extension.

On June 11, 2015, Jackman was informed by the Blues that his association with the club after 16 years would end, releasing him to free agency. On July 1, 2015, Jackman signed with Central Division rivals the Nashville Predators on a two-year contract, worth an average of $2 million per season. In the 2015–16 season with the Predators, Jackman was a staple on the blueline, adding 5 points in 74 contests. He appeared in all 14 post-season games before the Predators were eliminated in the Conference Semi-Finals by the San Jose Sharks. After only one year in Nashville, on June 30, 2016, Jackman was placed on unconditional waivers for the purpose of buying out the final year of his contract.

Jackman officially retired on October 4, 2016, after signing a one day contract with St. Louis to retire as a member of the Blues.

Personal life
Jackman married Jenny Jackman in July 2007. They have two children together. Jackman's childhood home was used for filming in the Canadian television series Road Hockey Rumble.

title: Barret Jackman