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Beer in the United States

In the United States, beer are manufactured in breweries which range in size from industry giants to brew pubs and microbreweries. The United States produced 196 million barrels (196e6 USbeerbbl) of beer in 2012, and consumes roughly 28 USgal of beer per capita annually. In 2011, the United States was ranked fifteenth in the world in per capita consumption, while total consumption was second only to China.

Although beer was a part of colonial life in the United States, the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1919 resulted in the prohibition of alcoholic beverage sales, forcing nearly all American breweries to close or switch to producing non-alcoholic products. After the repeal of Prohibition, the industry consolidated into a small number of large-scale breweries. Many of the big breweries that returned to producing beer after Prohibition, today largely owned by international conglomerates like Anheuser-Busch InBev, still retain their dominance of the market in the 21st century. However, the majority of the new breweries that have opened in the U.S. over the past three decades have been small breweries and brewpubs, referred to as "craft breweries" to differentiate them from the larger breweries.

The most common style of beer produced by the big breweries is pale lager. Beer styles indigenous in the United States include amber ale, cream ale, and California common. More recent craft styles include American Pale Ale, American IPA, India Pale Lager, Black IPA, and the American "Double" or "Imperial" IPA.

Beginnings
The earliest record of brewing dates from 1587, and the first commercial brewery in the United States was built by the Dutch West India Company in 1632 in Lower Manhattan on Brewers (later Stone) Street. On February 5, 1663, Nicholas Varlett obtained from Peter Stuyvesant a patent for a brewery on Castle Point in Hoboken, New Jersey.

The brewing traditions of England and the Netherlands (as brought to New York) ensured that colonial drinking would be dominated by beer rather than wine. Until the middle of the 19th century, British-style ales dominated American brewing. This changed when the longer shelf-life lager styles brought by German immigrants turned out to be more profitable for large-scale manufacturing and shipping. The hops in lager had preservative qualities, while non-hopped local ales of the time quickly turned sour and were a perceived risk to drink.

The lager brewed by these companies was originally based on several different styles of Central Europe, but the Pilsener style, using mild Czech hops, pale, lightly roasted six-row barley and often adjuncts such as rice and corn, gradually won out.

Steam beer, the first uniquely American beer style, evolved in the San Francisco area during the 19th century. It was born out of the desire to produce lager beer without the use of refrigeration. After prohibition ended, the Anchor Brewing Company was left as the sole producer of steam beer. The company was near closure in 1965, whereupon Fritz Maytag, great-grandson of the Maytag Corporation founder, rescued the brewery and with it the steam beer style. Anchor has since trademarked the term "Steam Beer" and all subsequent renditions of the style are now termed California common. D.G. Yuengling & Son, commonly called Yuengling, is the oldest operating brewing company in the United States, having been established in 1829 by David Yuengling, and is one of the largest breweries by volume in the country. Headquartered in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, it is currently the largest American-owned brewery.

One of the earliest large-scale brewers was Best Brewing (later renamed Pabst Brewing Company), a Milwaukee brewery built by German immigrant Phillip Best in the 1840s. Other successful breweries of the era begun by German immigrants in Milwaukee included Valentin Blatz Brewing Company, Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company, and Miller Brewing Company.

Pabst began shipping its beer to Chicago and St. Louis the following decade, first by ferry and eventually by rail, establishing an early trans-market beer brand in the United States. Railroad transportation of beer in refrigerated cars (originally ice-cooled) became common in the last half of the 19th century.

Missouri's Weston Brewing Company was first established in 1842 by German immigrant John Georgian. Georgian brought the tradition of lager brewing with him when he settled in Weston. The brewery was designed to utilize ice from the Missouri River during winter and lagering cellars dug deep into the ground to create ideal conditions for his beer which needed to be stored below 60 degrees for more than six weeks. In creating the brewery, the Weston Brewing Company became one of the first lager breweries in the United States.

In St. Louis, a prosperous German soap maker, Eberhard Anheuser, purchased a struggling brewery in 1860. His daughter married a brewery supplier, Adolphus Busch, who took over the company after his father-in-law's death, and renamed it Anheuser-Busch. Busch soon toured Europe, discovering the success of Bohemian lager, and introduced Budweiser beer (named after a beer brewed in the city of České Budějovice in Bohemia, known as Budweis in German) in 1876. Anheuser-Busch, and its Budweiser beer, would go on to be the largest brewery and beer brand in the world. The company innovated the use of refrigeration in rail cars to transport its beers, which helped make bottled Budweiser the first national beer brand in the United States.

A massive increase in immigration to the United States from Central and Eastern Europe led to an increase in beer consumption between 1880 and 1920 despite an overall decline in per capita alcohol consumption.

In 1912, the use of brown bottles began to be used by Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. This innovation has since been accepted worldwide and prevents harmful rays from destroying the quality and stability of beer.

Prohibition
On January 16, 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was enacted into law, inaugurating the Prohibition era, wherein the production, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages was made illegal. All legal American brewing came to a halt when prohibition was imposed, though the earlier temperance movement had already reduced the number of breweries significantly. Only a few breweries, mainly the largest, were able to stay in business by manufacturing near beer, malt syrup, or other non-alcohol grain products, in addition to soft drinks such as colas and root beers. Production and shipping of alcohol was largely confined to illegal operations that could deliver compact distilled beverages—smuggled rum and domestic moonshine—more efficiently and reliably than bulkier products such as beer.

American prohibition was repealed by degrees. First, the Volstead Act defining "intoxicating liquors", was amended in April 1933 by the Cullen–Harrison Act to provide that beer with a strength of up to 3.2% alcohol was not "intoxicating", and thus not prohibited (The "3.2 %" referred to is a measurement by weight and would be roughly equivalent to 4% if measured by volume, as is now common). Within 24 hours of legalization, as much as 1.5 million barrels of 3.2% ABW beer was sold, causing some to predict a "beer famine". Soon thereafter, in December of the same year, the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution repealed prohibition in general, but left the production of alcoholic beverages heavily regulated by federal, state, and local authorities. Included in these regulations was the imposition of a three-tier distribution system, in which a manufacturer of alcoholic beverages must go through a wholesale distributor to sell its product, rather than selling to retailers directly.

Post Prohibition
Although the Twenty-first Amendment allowed brewers to legally resume practicing their craft, many "dry" counties remained and many states failed to ratify altogether, which slowed the resurgence of the brewing industry. In addition, the many prohibitionists of the temperance movement were still quite vocal and were able to retain a large following despite the repealing of the eighteenth amendment. Before the American beer industry could attempt to re-establish itself, World War II began. This further inhibited the re-emergence of smaller breweries because much of the grain supply was rationed due to the war, forcing the breweries to use adjuncts such as corn and rice alongside the barley traditionally used in brewing. The prohibitionists saw a tantalizing opportunity to quell the efforts of the remaining breweries, insisting that the commercial brewing of beer squandered manpower, grain, fuel, and cargo space that should have gone towards the war effort overseas. Brewers responded to these accusations by extolling the benefits that brewer's yeast have on human health, namely their high vitamin B content. It was argued that the increase in thiamine in the diets of the soldiers and factory workers would improve performance on the battlefield as well as in the factory and that this increase sufficiently justified the need for beer. The American government decided that the benefits of the vitamin B in brewer's yeast, alongside the taxes coming in from beer sales, were enough to justify a request for fifteen percent of beer production for servicemen.

Although America's breweries had the backing of their government, they still needed to capture the hearts and the wallets of the American people. In order to accomplish this, the major breweries banded together and launched the "Morale is a Lot of Little Things" advertising campaign. The campaign can be well summarized from the following 1942 magazine advertisement:

"'If you’re a man, it’s a shine on your shoes ... the sweet feel of a fly rod in your hand ... If you’re a woman, it’s a tricky new hair-do maybe ... or a change of lipstick. Morale is a lot of little things like that. People can take the big bad things ... the bitter news, the bombings even ... if only a few of the little, familiar, comforting good things are left.'"

From the time America entered the war in 1941 until it ended in 1945, the overall production of beer increased by over 40% despite the small number of active breweries. This wartime growth allowed the large breweries such as Anheuser-Busch to dominate the American market for over fifty years. During this period they produced beers more noted for their uniformity than for any particular flavor. Beers such as those made by Anheuser-Busch and Coors Brewing Company followed a restricted pilsner style, with large-scale industrial processes and the use of low-cost ingredients like corn or ingredients such as rice that provided starch for alcohol production while contributing minimal flavor to the finished product. The dominance of the so-called "macrobrew" led to an international stereotype of "American beer" as poor in quality and flavor.

Emergence of small breweries
By the 1970s, consolidation and dominance by the country's major brewers led to the fewest breweries in the country's modern history. Despite this, the period also saw the beginnings of the country's current craft beer movement. In 1976, optical engineer and homebrewer Jack McAuliffe founded New Albion Brewing Company in Sonoma County, California, becoming the nation's first microbrewery since Prohibition. Influenced by Fritz Maytag's recent turnaround of the Anchor Brewing Company and an earlier military stationing in Scotland, McAuliffe's brewery offered bottle-conditioned porter, stout, and pale ale to a public more accustomed to lightly flavored lagers. Despite only staying in business for seven years, New Albion ignited an interest in craft beer and set a precedent for a generation of craft brewers, including Ken Grossman and the owners of Mendocino Brewing Company, the nation's first brewpub.

On October 14, 1978, H.R. 1337 was signed into law, which legalized the homebrewing, home production of a small amount of beer or wine for personal consumption. Since then, the United States has witnessed a resurgence of brewing culture and the widespread proliferation of small breweries. By March 1986, five brewpubs had opened in the United States. The total number of breweries rose from 42 in 1978 to over 2,750 in 2012, reaching or exceeding the number of breweries estimated to have existed during the colonial period. Virtually all of this growth is attributable to small, independent breweries.

Economy
Beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage in America and accounts for about 85% of the volume of alcoholic beverages sold in the United States each year. As of 2016, the top three beer companies in the US were Anheuser-Busch, MillerCoors, and Pabst Brewing Company. As of 2009, the top beer brands by market share were Bud Light (28.3%), Budweiser (11.9%) and Coors Light (9.9%). Corona Extra is the No. 1 imported beer, followed by Heineken. 2009 figures show an overall decline in beer consumption from previous years, with only craft beer sales rising at a rate of 7–10%. Overall U.S. beer consumption was calculated at 205.8 million barrels. Light beer constitutes a 52.8% share of US beer sales.

Nearly eighty percent of convenience stores sell beer, about 93 percent of which is sold cold. The U.S. convenience store industry sells more than 2 e9USgal of beer a year; roughly one-third of all the beer purchased in the United States. Of the twenty percent of convenience stores that do not sell beer, the majority of those are in Pennsylvania—the nation's sixth-largest state by population—due to limitations on alcohol sales in the state, which make it illegal to sell in convenience stores and restrict sales inside supermarkets. Legislation is currently pending in the Pennsylvania General Assembly to legalize alcohol sales in convenience stores and loosen restrictions on supermarkets.

In 2007, U.S. consumption was 6.7 e9USgal. Beer sales in the premium market are increasing, while sales in the standard and economy section are decreasing. The major beer producers merged to strengthen their position – Anheuser-Busch merged with InBev to form Anheuser-Busch InBev, and Molson Coors formed a joint venture with Miller Brewing Company to form MillerCoors. Despite legal challenges, the country's three-tiered distribution system remains in place.

Craft beer
Today, there are over 4,000 craft breweries in the United States and the craft beer industry employs over 100,000 individuals brewing 15.6 million barrels of beer per year. According to an article by the Associated Press, published in 2016, craft beer is a $22 billion industry in the United States and sales were up 13% year over year.

The Brewers Association, a trade group of American brewers, defines a brewery as "craft" if it: 1. is largely independent of outside corporate ownership, 2. produces fewer than six million barrels per year, and 3. uses traditional ingredients such as malted barley, or innovative ingredients to enhance flavor.

According to the Brewers Association, the five largest craft breweries in order of sales volume for 2021 were:
 * 1) D. G. Yuengling & Son of Pottsville, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia),
 * 2) Boston Beer Company of Boston, Massachusetts (which produces Samuel Adams beers),
 * 3) Sierra Nevada Brewing Company of Chico, California,
 * 4) Duvel Moortgat USA of Paso Robles, California, Kansas City, Missouri, and Cooperstown, New York
 * 5) Gambrinus Company of San Antonio, Texas (which owns the Shiner, Texas-based Spoetzl Brewery and produces Shiner Beer).

The relative success of the commercial craft brewing industry has led some beverage giants such as AB Inbev to invest in smaller breweries such as Widmer Brothers and Goose Island, and to develop more complex beers of their own. Despite growth of the craft and microbrewing industry, however, craft beer still only accounts for 11% of total beer sales by volume in the United States, although that number is expected to rise in coming decades.

While the rise of craft beer in the United States has not been defined by any single geographic area, regions of the country associated with a strong craft brewing culture include the Midwest, Mountain West, and the Pacific Northwest, where the majority of American hop varietals are grown. Overall, the West Coast has the most craft breweries and the Deep South has the fewest. Portland, Oregon is currently home to 58 breweries, more than any other city in the world. Vermont, Montana, Oregon, Alaska and Colorado have the highest number of breweries per million inhabitants in the nation. California, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Ohio and Oregon have the highest total craft output, respectively. Until recently, legal restrictions have prevented craft breweries from flourishing in the South, such as limitations on the alcohol content of beer and the questionable legal status of homebrewing in many Southern states. In recent years, however, Mississippi has raised the limit on the alcohol content of beer from 5% to 10% ABV and has fully legalized homebrewing.

Craft Beer has a rising Craft Non-Alcoholic category rising in popularity with breweries like Surreal Brewing Company in California solely dedicated to creating non-alcoholic beer.

Pre-Prohibition styles
Historical beer styles indigenous to the United States include California common beer or "steam beer", Kentucky Common Beer, amber ale, blonde ale and cream ale.

Contemporary craft styles
Numerous beer styles have emerged in the United States since the beginnings of the craft beer movement in the 1970s, ranging from variations on traditional European styles to much more experimental ales and lagers. American craft beers frequently employ newer American hop varietals such as Cascade, Citra, Simcoe, Willamette, or Warrior. These hops, developed by private growers and universities since the 1970s, contribute to the distinctiveness of many American craft beers but are especially important to the flavor of American Pale Ale (APA) and American India Pale Ale. These beers can deviate considerably from the traditional English styles they were adapted from and are often robustly bitter, resinous, or fruity.

The American "double" or "imperial" IPA, a popular style credited to Russian River Brewing Company brewmaster Vinny Cilurzo, can be extremely hoppy and strong, ranging from 7–14% ABV with bitterness ratings routinely topping 90 IBUs. Similarly, American stout beer, inspired by Russian Imperial Stout, may be hoppy and high in ABV, such as Deschutes Abyss or Goose Island's Bourbon County Stout, which is fermented to 15% ABV and conditioned in bourbon barrels. An emerging style associated with the Pacific Northwest is Cascadian Dark Ale, alternatively known as Black IPA, a heavily hopped beer with dark, roasted malts. Other adapted styles with distinct American variations include Irish red ale, brown ale, Scotch ale, wheat beer, rye beer and barleywine. Some breweries, such as Off Color Brewing in Chicago, focus on resurrecting styles that have been essentially extinct since the advent of Reinheitsgebot in Germany.

Belgian beer styles have also been adapted by American breweries, including saison, dubbel, tripel, and Belgian strong ale. The lighter of these (saison, golden strong ale and tripel) beers have soft malt flavors and mild to strong "spicy" characteristics that come from yeast or the addition of spices. The darker of these beers (dubbel and dark strong ale) may have flavors of dried fruit that derives from the malts, yeast and sugar used to make them. All of these beers are high in carbonation and low in hop character. Witbier, a style nearly extinct until reintroduced by Belgian brewer Pierre Celis in the 1960s, is one of the top-selling craft beer styles in the United States. Brewery Ommegang, Jolly Pumpkin, and The Bruery are other examples of breweries that produce Belgian-inspired beers. In 2014, Spencer Brewery, opened by the monks of St. Joseph's Abbey in Spencer, Massachusetts, became the first certified Trappist brewery outside of Europe.

Pale lager and malt liquor
While craft brewing companies with myriad style offerings continue to gain market share, the best-selling style of beer made in the U.S. is still pale lager, most often made by most large-scale brewers, including Anheuser-Busch InBev and MillerCoors. These large-scale brewers also produce other popular styles, often relatively light in body, flavor and calories. Light beer, which was introduced on a large scale by Miller Brewing Company in the early 1970s, is a beer made with reduced alcohol and carbohydrate content, and has grown to eclipse many of the original pale lager brands in sales. Bud Light, brewed by Anheuser-Busch InBev, was the top-selling beer in the United States. Ice beer is an example which has been partially freeze-distilled with the intention of concentrating flavor and alcohol. The technique is based on that used to make Eisbock, but the two styles share no stylistic similarities (apart from both being lagers) otherwise. Dry beer, a Japanese style based on pale lager, is also brewed by some American companies. In dry beer, the yeast is encouraged to consume more fermentables, resulting in a crisper finish and an unusually subtle hop flavor.

Malt liquor is a high-ABV pale lager. It has often incited controversy due to its alcohol content, larger-sized containers, low prices, and advertising that frequently targets inner city neighborhoods.

Distribution
Beer distribution in America is divided into manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. The middle man in this arrangement is a requirement of the laws in most states in order for more efficient taxation and regulation of the industry. Before Prohibition, beer was sold to the American people almost exclusively through saloons. Patrons either drank their beverage in the bar or in some cases used "growlers" (large tin pails) to bring beer home from the saloon. The vast majority of saloons in America at this time were owned or controlled by breweries. After the end of Prohibition in 1933, states passed laws regulating the sale of alcohol, inserting an intermediary between the brewer and retailer that did not exist before, known as the distributor, supplier, or wholesaler. Breweries produce the beer, distributors transport and sell it to retailers, and retailers sell it to the public. To ensure that the incentives that resulted in over-serving and corruption before Prohibition did not exist, states adopted provisions to ensure independence of manufacturing, wholesaling, and retailing in the beer industry. Delaware's Code of law states that "It shall be unlawful for a manufacturer or supplier…to own or be interested in any manner in any establishment licensed by the Commissioner to sell alcoholic liquors". This system gives the states more control over alcohol sales than before because now market participants at each of the three steps need state license to do business.

Under the three-tier system taxes could be levied at three levels of the beer distribution process. Breweries pay a federal excise tax. Distributors are taxed by the states (usually on a per volume basis), and then retailers have to pay a sales tax. While this adds much to the price of beer, it was believed higher beer prices would lead to temperance. Small breweries like this system because it ensures that large breweries cannot control the distributors and block them from the market. Tax rates vary from state to state; Tennessee taxes wholesalers on volume ($4.21 per barrel) and on sales (17% of the wholesale selling price). A Standard and Poor analysis estimated that all the taxes levied during the manufacture, distribution, and retailing of beer adds up to 44% of the retail price.

Another issue is the deterioration of independence between the breweries and distributors. Most distributors even label themselves as "Anheuser-Busch" or "MillerCoors" distributors, and recently Anheuser-Busch InBev has strengthened incentives in its exclusivity program. While they lack the same degree of control as Pre-Prohibition times, manufacturers can still have substantial influence over what beers make it to shelves. In fact, one of the reasons InBev recently bought Anheuser-Busch was to gain access to its distribution channels. This lack of independence is especially threatening to small breweries, who claim that wholesaler independence is critical to making sure the success or failure of beer depends on consumer demand, not barriers to distribution. They would also like to see the ban lifted on contracts between brewers and wholesales, especially when they feel that incentive programs from the larger manufacturers have been getting around this ban for years.

Those pushing for a more open system of beer distribution often point to recent changes in the laws concerning wine sales. All but 11 states now allow wineries to ship directly to the consumer, cutting out the wholesale middle man. The reasoning behind these laws is that because of high shipping costs, only enthusiasts looking for high end, expensive wines are taking advantage of this method, eliminating the need for temperance-inducing increased costs. Proposals to open up laws in the remaining 11 states are opposed by distributors and retailers who claim it would hurt small business, but supported by small breweries who hope the changes may spread to the beer industry as well.

title: Beer in the United States


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Bob Orton

Robert Keith Orton Sr. (July 21, 1929 – July 16, 2006) was an American professional wrestler. The patriarch of the Orton wrestling family, his two sons Bob Orton Jr. and Barry Orton, and grandson Randy Orton, have all wrestled professionally. To distinguish between him and his son, he is also known as Bob Orton Sr. Bob Orton Sr. was often referred to by his nickname "The Big O".

Professional wrestling career
Orton was a two-time holder of the Florida version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship with tag team partner Eddie Graham in 1966. He also innovated the pedigree as he captured several other titles in various National Wrestling Alliance's (NWA) territories with it, including the Florida and Georgia versions of the NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship, as well as the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (with Bob Orton Jr.) in Florida Championship Wrestling and the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship in Central States Wrestling. He also competed in the American Wrestling Association (AWA), where he would also gain championship success. In 1961, Orton competed for the then NWA Capitol Wrestling Federation (now WWE) teaming with "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers.

Orton eventually left Capitol Wrestling Corporation, by competing in other NWA territories. In 1968, Orton returned to Capitol Wrestling Corporation renamed as World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), often using the ring name Rocky Fitzpatrick. In September 1968, as "Cowboy" Rocky Fitzpatrick, he was number one challenger to WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Bruno Sammartino, losing to Sammartino at Madison Square Garden. He fought Sammartino in other northeastern cities as well. In the summer of 1969, Orton wrestled in the Ohio Sports Classics Promotion. He retired in July 2000 and spent the last years of his life living in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Personal life
Orton married his wife Rita on January 22, 1950. Together they had three children: Bob Jr., Barry, and Rhonda. Bob Jr.'s son, Randy Orton, is also a professional wrestler.

Orton and André the Giant were good friends for many years.

Death
Orton died in Las Vegas, Nevada on July 16, 2006, at the age of 76, five days short of his 77th birthday, following multiple heart attacks. His grandson stated "He had a heart attack at home, and they took him to the hospital where he had another more severe heart attack, he had an eight hour surgery that gave him a 20 percent chance to survive; he did, but about 10 hours after the surgery he passed away." He was cremated and had his ashes scattered on Mount Charleston, Nevada in April 2007.

Championships and accomplishments

 * American Wrestling Association
 * AWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * AWA Midwest Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Mike DiBiase (1) and Maurice Vachon (2)
 * Nebraska Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Cauliflower Alley Club
 * Family Award (2005) – with Barry Orton and Bob Orton Jr.
 * Central States Wrestling
 * NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * NWA North American Tag Team Championship (Central States version) (1 time) – with Buddy Austin
 * NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (Central States version) (1 time)
 * Championship Wrestling from Florida
 * NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Dennis Hall (1), Hiro Matsuda (1), and Bob Orton Jr. (1)
 * NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) (6 times)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (2 times) – with Eddie Graham
 * Mid-South Sports
 * NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Georgia version) (1 time)
 * NWA Big Time Wrestling
 * NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Lord Alfred Hayes
 * NWA Western States Sports
 * NWA Southwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2019
 * Worldwide Wrestling Associates
 * WWA International Television Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Wild Red Berry

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Kerang

Kerang is a town on the Loddon River in northern Victoria in Australia. It is the commercial centre to an irrigation district based on livestock, horticulture, lucerne and grain. It is located 279 km north-west of Melbourne on the Murray Valley Highway a few kilometres north of its intersection with the Loddon Valley Highway, elevation 78 m. At the, Kerang had a population of 3,893. Kerang is believed to be an Aboriginal word for Cockatoo. It is home to the largest solar and battery farm in the country which was opened in June 2019. The 50-megawatt battery system is located outside of Kerang and stores 100 per cent renewable energy. The 2,000 solar panels have become a tourist attraction and are drawing many businesses to the town.

History
The Wemba-Wemba Aboriginal people are the original owners and the area's first occupants. Thomas Mitchell was the first European to visit the area, in 1836. Squatters began to settle in the area in 1845 and in 1848 Richard Beyes opened a public house at a river crossing near the future townsite. The gold rush of 1850 in Australia attracted the miner's sons, Peter and Anders Pettersson from Herrnäs to Australia in 1853. They emigrated with 4 other miners' sons, among them Lars Fredrik Pettersson who later took the name Westblad. A couple of hired hands also went with this first group. Lars Fredrik Westblad returned to Sweden to visit his home in Bjurtjärn socken. When he returned to Australia in 1857, two brothers went with him and later two more brothers joined them along with a cousin and a nephew.

Lars Fredrik Westblad became a justice of the peace and the owner of an inn in Mia Mia which became a gathering spot for the Swedes. With three of his brothers and four sons he operated a farm of more than 40,000 acres at Kerang, northeast of Melbourne. He did well in the cattle business.

The Westblad family in Australia reached considerable numbers and in 1976 about 300 descendants of Lars Fredrik gathered for a reunion in Kerang.

This was followed by a saddlery and a church. In 1857 Woodford Patchell built a bridge upriver from the settlement which drew traffic from the earlier settlement. He built a store, house and hotel that became the centre of what was to become Kerang. Patchell was the first farmer in the state to use irrigation and experimented with oats, barley, maize, millet, tobacco, beet, cotton and sugarcane. The Post Office opened on 29 July 1858; the current Kerang Post Office building dates from 1886 and is heritage-listed. An earlier Kerang office, quite distant, was renamed Wedderburn on the same day.

Kerang was declared a shire in 1871; at the time the settlement's population was 109. The arrival of the railway from Bendigo in 1884 and the construction of a tramway to Koondrook in 1888 led to expansion; by 1891 the population had increased to over a thousand. The spread of Patchell's irrigation ideas improved local productivity and the town continued to expand.

Burke and Wills
The Burke and Wills expedition passed through Kerang on their journey to cross Australia from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria. On Sunday, 2 September 1860 the expedition camped at Booth & Holloway's Tragowel Station to the south of Kerang. On Tuesday, 4 September 1860 they passed through Kerang, crossed the Loddon and camped at Mr. Fenton's Reedy Creek Run, making Camp XIII, (their thirteenth camp since leaving Melbourne).

Environment
Kerang's symbol is a flying ibis. The area around Kerang is dotted with lagoons and lakes (including Lake Tutchewop) and is believed to have the most populous ibis rookeries in the world with an estimated 200,000 ibis using the area for breeding each year, along with many other waterbirds. It is also a popular recreational destination. Many of the wetlands have been recognised by inclusion in the North Victorian Wetlands Important Bird Area and as being of international significance through listing under the Ramsar Convention.

Transport
Kerang is located at the junction of the Loddon Valley and Murray Valley Highways. Air transport is provided by Kerang Airport.

The town is also on the Swan Hill railway line, served by V/Line trains from Kerang station to Melbourne, as well as coach services to Balranald. The Kerang-Koondrook Tramway once linked the town to Koondrook from 1889, being closed to passengers in 1976, and closed 1981. On 5 June 2007, a semi-trailer collided with a passenger train at a level crossing, 6 km north of the town, killing 11 people. This was the worst train disaster in Victoria since 1969.

Community
The town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Central Murray Football League.

Kerang has a horse racing club, the Kerang Turf Club, which schedules two race meetings a year including the Kerang Cup meeting in March.

Golfers play at the course of the Kerang Golf Club on Koondrook Road.

Kerang also has a thriving skatepark community, with freestyle BMX and skateboarding enthusiasts regularly honing their skills at the park.

title: Kerang


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Expedia Group

Expedia Group, Inc. is an American travel technology company that owns and operates travel fare aggregators and travel metasearch engines, including Expedia, Hotels.com, Vrbo, Travelocity, Hotwire.com, Orbitz, Ebookers, CheapTickets, CarRentals.com, Expedia Cruises, Wotif, and Trivago. Over 3 million lodging facilities and flights on over 500 airlines are bookable on the company's websites. It has 16,500 employees, and its headquarters are located in Seattle, Washington.

The word "Expedia" is derived from a combination of "exploration" and "speed".

History
Founded as a division of Microsoft in October 1996, Expedia was spun off into a public company in 1999. IAC, known at the time as USA Networks Inc, acquired a controlling interest in the company in 2001 and acquired the remainder of the company in 2003. In August 2005, IAC spun off the company. In December 2011, Expedia, Inc. spun off TripAdvisor.

Management history
In 2003, Rich Barton resigned as CEO and was replaced by Erik Blachford.

In December 2004, Dara Khosrowshahi was announced as CEO.

In March 2017, Chelsea Clinton was named to the board of directors of Expedia, with compensation of $45,000 a year in cash, plus $250,000 a year in stock vesting over three years.

In August 2017, Mark Okerstrom became the President and CEO of Expedia, Inc.

In December 2019, Mark Okerstrom and Alan Pickerill resigned as CEO and CFO, respectively. At that time, Expedia Group's chairman, Barry Diller, took over day-to-day operations, while the Chief Strategy Officer, Eric Hart, became acting CFO.

In February 2020, Expedia announced it was cutting 3,000 jobs, roughly 12% of the workforce, citing a "disappointing 2019." Diller, in his role as acting CEO, stated the company had become "sclerotic and bloated" and that employees were "all life and no work."

In April 2020, Peter Kern was appointed as CEO of Expedia Group. He was the highest paid CEO in the S&P 500 in 2021, with $296 million in total compensation.

Office and headquarters history
In 2015, Expedia announced that it would move its headquarters to the Interbay neighborhood of Seattle, purchasing the Amgen campus on the Elliott Bay waterfront for $228.9 million and investing an additional $900 million on renovation and expansion of the 41 acre campus to 1.23 e6sqft. The first employees moved into the new headquarters in October 2019.

In 2021, Expedia built a new campus in DLF Cyber Park, Gurugram, India.

Acquisition history
In July 2015, Expedia made an investment in Wingz.

Delays in refunds of flights cancelled due to COVID-19
In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, customers complained regarding the process to get refunds for cancelled flights. Customers complained of excessively long call times and being unable to get through to a representative. This led to many lawsuits.

Involvement in Israeli settlements
On February 12, 2020, Expedia Group was included on a list of companies operating in West Bank settlements involved in activities that "raised particular human rights concerns" published by the United Nations Human Rights Council. The company was categorized under "the provision of services and utilities supporting the maintenance and existence of settlements".

False advertising and trademark violation
In August 2016, Buckeye Tree Lodge and Sequoia Village Inn, LLC filed a class-action lawsuit in California accusing the company and its partners of violating trademark rights of numerous independent hotel and motel establishments by running advertising implying that consumers could book reservations for those hotels on Expedia even though Expedia had no relationship with those hotels, in violation of the Lanham Act, and also falsely noting that hotels with which the company had no relationship were "sold out". In April 2021, the lawsuit was settled and the company promised not to engage in false advertising.

South Carolina sales tax suit
In January 2011, Travelscape, a subsidiary of Expedia Inc. based in the Las Vegas Valley, was ordered to pay $6.3 million in back sales taxes to South Carolina by the South Carolina Supreme Court. Travelscape argued that South Carolina's efforts to tax online retailers located out-of-state violate the Dormant Commerce Clause. In a unanimous ruling, the court determined that, while Travelscape does not have physical facilities in South Carolina, frequent sales trips made by its employees and the fact that the company furnished hotel rooms in the state establish its presence for tax purposes and is sufficient to be required to pay sales tax.

title: Expedia Group


text:
User talk:Ronald-biggs

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 13:03, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ronald-biggs


text:
Talk:Music City Miracle

Lateral or not?
I think if it took place right in front of you, it looked about exactly lateral (sideways) or slightly backward, albeit very, very close. The replay showed that the pass certainly was not clearly forward, which is what it would have to have been to have overturned the original call made on the field. Rlquall 13:03, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I saw the play about 1,000 times and I think there is a very clear possibility that the ball went forward. (Full disclosure, I am a Buffalo fan:) If you look at the ball when Wycheck throws it, the front of the ball is flush with the back of the yard line. When Dyson catches it, the back of the ball is flush with the front of the yard line. It's not 100% clear, but I don't think anyone can count out the possibility of the ball going forward. Bill shannon 20:52, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * In order to REVERSE a call there must be indisputable evidence against the ruling on the field. Since the was not any, the ruling on the field stands. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.185.73.62 (talk • contribs) 21:57, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The NFL's policy regarding backwards passes and "any pass parallel to the line of scrimmage" seems erroneous to me. Nothing is absolutely parallel on an imperfect football field. There is no "exactly lateral", as another person suggested; it’s either forward or backward (anything close should default to inconclusive in replay and should be a judgement call on the field at the time). As per NFL rule, the ruling had to stand because the call on the field was no penalty for illegal forward pass and a touchdown. The refs felt it was close enough to be inconclusive, thus the call. Though I’m from Buffalo, I completely accept the decision by the refs and the NFL in general considering the circumstances. The correct call was made. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.23.184.168 (talk • contribs) 08:11, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Though not a Buffalo fan, I was in this game. It was a lateral. If you look at one of the replays, a line judge is standing right down the alley on the sidelines and signals it a lateral immediately. It was so close on video that there was no indisputable evidence to overturn it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.91.36.254 (talk • contribs) 02:06, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This was absolutely 100% a forward pass, no doubt about it, it wasn't even close to a lateral. Frank Wycheck is behind the 25 yard line but Kevin Dyson is in front of the 25 yard line.  It was INDISPUTABLY a forward pass.  The referee was the same referee(Phil Luckett) who "misinterpreted" Jerome Bettis on a coin toss.  A coin toss!  Are you kidding me?  There where several other bad calls, like how do you get a defensive holding on a field goal?  He is well known for sucking but is still an official?  He's probably the Donaghue of the NFL.  This fair and balanced stuff on wikipedia has got to stop. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.180.61.194 (talk • contribs) 02:36, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The pass is so close to a lateral that, unless the camera was exactly on the yard-line, replay was pointless. When Wycheck releases the ball, he is holding it about 7 feet in the air.  When Dyson catches it, it is about 1 foot from the ground.  From an angle, an object higher in the air will look further from the line than an object lower or actually sitting on the line.  For instance, if a player on the field stood on the line perfectly still, from an angle you could see that his feet are on the line, but his head would appear to be over the line.  That is why, when the ball was sailing through the air, descending the entire time, it appears to get closer to the line.  What does all this mean?  Even if the ball were thrown parallel to the line, it would appear to go backward from that camera angle.  Ultimately, it's too close to call, and the referees got it right by upholding the call made on the field.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.105.42.83 (talk) 23:39, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

 * They actually took the video and put it on a computer and had the computer verify that it was indeed a lateral. The video is slightly confusing because of the positions of the players. But the ball is thrown from IN FRONT of the hash mark and is caught BEHIND IT, thus it is a (barely) lateral. —Preceding unsigned comment added by TyVulpine (talk • contribs) 23:40, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Effect on the Bills
A sentence in this section stated that the Bills fired head coach Wade Phillips a few months later. In fact, he returned for the following season. I changed the sentence in question, but maybe the whole thing should be deleted. Anson2995 15:55, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually the Bills special teams coach, Bruce DeHaven was fired in the off season. The official reason was never made public but unsourced leaks said it was directly attributed to this play. Source: http://www.nfl.com/news/story/6908433 operator0 23:38, 20 November 2006

 * I think sourced information should be the only information on this site. Thus, Operator0's post here should not make it on to the actual article. Memer101 (talk) 01:34, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

ABC's Take
Does anybody have the play-by-play by ABC on this?--BigMac1212 22:59, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JIpHqPIorU&mode=related&search= Dlong 00:04, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I do. Email me at jaybarker1992@hotmail.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.91.36.254 (talk • contribs) 02:05, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * YouTube has removed the video "at the request of copyright owner National Football League because its content was used without permission".Mustang6172 18:42, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction
In the second paragraph under "Game Details" it states that Derrick Mason returned the kick after the safety. The last paragraph however says Mason was injured and did not play in the game.

I don't know how it really took place, but there's a little conflict here.

Maef 20:41, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Radio Call
Somebody put a radio call from a golf tournament in this —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.138.3.2 (talk) 19:39, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music City Miracle


text:
Gunung Mulu National Park

The Gunung Mulu National Park is a national park in Miri Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that encompasses caves and karst formations in a mountainous equatorial rainforest setting. The park is famous for its caves and the expeditions that have been mounted to explore them and their surrounding rainforest, most notably the Royal Geographical Society Expedition of 1977–1978, which saw over 100 scientists in the field for 15 months. This initiated a series of over 20 expeditions now named the Mulu Caves Project.

The national park is named after Mount Mulu, the second highest mountain in Sarawak.

History
The earliest reference to the Mulu caves was in 1858 when Spenser St. John (British Consul in Brunei) mentioned the "detached masses of limestone, much water-worn, with caverns and natural tunnels” in his book Life in the Forests of the Far East. Spenser tried to ascend Mount Mulu later but failed due to limestone cliffs, dense forests, and sharp pinnacles.

In the 19th century, Charles Hose (an administrator in the Raj of Sarawak) attempted to climb Mount Mulu but failed. It was only in the 1920s, when a Berawan rhino hunter named Tama Nilong discovered the south-west ridge near the mountain which eventually led to the summit. In 1932, Tama Nilong led Edward Shackleton during an Oxford University Expedition to the summit of Mount Mulu. This was the first successful ascent to the summit of Mount Mulu. In 1961, G.E. Wilford, of the British Borneo Geological Survey, visited Mulu caves. He surveyed the Deer Cave and Cave of the Winds. He also predicted that more caves will be discovered in the future.

In 1974, Mount Mulu and its surrounding areas were gazetted as a national park by the Sarawak government. In 1978, the Royal Geographical Society organised a scientific expedition to the Mulu National Park, the largest such expedition ever to be dispatched from the United Kingdom. The expedition lasted for 15 months, in the course of which a small subgroup explored and surveyed 50 km of caves, including Clearwater Cave, Green Cave, Wonder Cave, and Prediction Cave. At that time, there was no airport and no logging roads available at Mulu. A base camp was established at Long Pala. The base was a three-day journey from Miri upriver. Thus the exploration of the caves in the western flank of Mount Api began. In December 1980, another British expedition team was dispatch to Mulu Caves for 4 months. In this expedition, Sarawak chamber, which lies in the Gua Nasib Bagus was discovered. In 1984, Gunung Mulu was designated as ASEAN Heritage Park. In 1985, the park was officially opened to public. In a British expedition in 1988, a link was established between Clearwater Cave and Cave of the Winds, extending the Clearwater Cave to 58 km, claimed to be the longest cave passage in Southeast Asia. Blackrock Cave was also discovered during this expedition. In 1991, a connecting passage was discovered between Blackrock Cave and Clearwater Cave, extending the Clearwater Cave passage to 102 km and making it the 7th longest cave passage in the world. Between 1993 and 2000, British expedition teams explored the eastern flank of Mount Api with several discoveries made in the Hidden Valley.

Between 1995 and 2000, an American expedition team from National Speleological Society surveyed Gunung Buda (Mount Buda). During these expeditions, Deliverance Cave was discovered. In 2000, Gunung Mulu national park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Covering an area of 52,864 ha, it is the largest national park open to tourists in Sarawak. In 2001, Gunung Buda National Park was gazetted by the Sarawak government.

Since 2000, British expedition teams have shifted their focus to explore the caves around Mount Benarat. As a result, Whiterock cave (at Mount Api) was discovered in 2003. In 2005, Whiterock cave was linked to the Clearwater cave system, further extending the system to 129.4 km; Api Chamber was also discovered during the same expedition. Subsequent explorations were focused on discovering more hidden passages in the Whiterock cave. In 2017, Whiterock Cave was measured to 100 km and Clearwater Cave was measured to 226.3 km.

Geography
Gunung Mulu National Park is the most studied tropical karst area in the world. It has 295 km of explored caves which houses millions of bats and swiftlets. The national park is located at 100 km from Brunei, lies between the headwaters of Tutoh river and Mendalam river where the latter is a tributary of the Limbang River. The western side of the park are lowland area (38% of the park) and the eastern side are the mountain ranges consists of limestone and sandstone. The landforms in the park consists of rugged summits, steep ridges and escarpments, sheer cliffs, gorges, karst towers, caves and terraces, hot springs, floodplains and waterfalls.

The park is dominated by three mountains: Mount Mulu [2376 m], Mount Api [1,750 m], and Mount Benarat [1,858 m]. Mount Mulu is a sandstone mountain; meanwhile, Mount Api and Mount Benarat are limestone mountains. The summit of Mount Mulu is covered by moss forests, while the limestone pinnacles are found on the upper part of the Mount Api. The Melinau Gorge separates Mount Benarat from Mount Api. Meanwhile, Mount Buda is separated from Mount Benarat by Medalem Gorge. Mount Buda is included in another national park named Gunung Buda.

The national park has three notable caves: Sarawak Chamber, one of the world's largest underground chambers, Deer Cave, the largest cave passage in the world, and Clearwater Cave, the longest cave system in Southeast Asia. The Sarawak Chamber is 600 m long, 415 m wide and at least 80 m high, yielding a volume of 12,000,000 m3 and an unsupported roof span of 300 m. Meanwhile, the Deer Cave is at 120 m to 150 m in diameter. As of October 2018, Clearwater Cave has 227.2 km of explored passages.

Other caves in this area are Gua Nasib Bagus, Benarat Cavern, and Cave of the Winds.

Geology
The geology of the park consists of metamorphosed sedimentary sequence of Palaeocene-Miocene age. Mount Mulu is located at the southwest of the park. It was formed from Palaeocene-Upper Eocene with the interbedding of sandstone and shales. The remaining mountains (Mount Api, Mount Benarat, and Mount Buda) are located the western flank of Mount Mulu. These three younger mountains were formed from 40 km band of karstic limestones during the Upper Eocene-Lower Miocene period. It is in this band that the extensive cave system was developed. The cave formation was the result of tectonic uplift of the karst at 2 to 5 million years ago. The caves are typical of the tropical river caves, which exhibits various features such as: elliptical tubes linking different levels of the cave, and speleothem including aragonite and calcite needles. The limestone are either extremely white or grey. The pinnacles on Mount Api are the result of extreme weathering of limestone rocks. The soil in the national park range from peaty-podzolic through red-yellow podzolic to black organic soil.

Climate
The climate at Mulu national park are affected by northeast monsoon (December to March) and southwest monsoon (May to October). The amount of rainfall is high, which ranges from 4000 mm to 5000 mm. In the lowlands, the temperature ranges from 23 C to 26 C. At the summit of Mount Mulu, the temperature ranges from 14 C to 18 C. The climate data shown is for the Mulu village near the airport and the entrance of the park. Interior and higher parts of the park have a cooler and wetter climate.

Fauna
There are 20,000 species of invertebrates, 81 species of mammals, 270 species of birds, 55 species of reptiles, 76 species of amphibians and 48 species of fish identified in the park area.

Eight species of hornbill have been spotted in Mulu including the rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), the wrinkled hornbill (Aceros corrugatus) and the helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) with its large solid casque (an enlargement on the bill).

Twenty eight species of bats have been recorded in the park. Deer Cave have twelve species of bats. It is home to approximately three million of wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bats (Chaerephon plicatus). Millions of bats exit the cave almost every evening in search of food in a spectacular exodus while flocks of swallows and swiftlets enter the cave. In the morning, the reverse occurs.

Other mammals include Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica), tufted ground squirrel (Rheithrosciurus macrotis), silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch), Malayan sun bear (Helarctis malayanus euryspilos), maroon leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda), and yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula).

There are 25 species of snakes including: reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus), Calamaria snakes, and banded Malayan coral snake (Calliophis intestinalis).

A number of amphibians are only known from the Gunung Mulu National Park, including Borneo squat frog (Calluella flava) and Gunung Mulu stream toads (Ansonia torrentis).

Flora
Gunung Mulu National Park contains a large number of plant species. The park has 17 vegetation zones, with 3,500 species of vascular plants, and 1,500 species of flowering plants. There are 109 species in 20 genera of palms, over 1,700 mosses and liverworts, 8,000 species of fungi, and 442 species of spore-producing pteridophytes are recorded. Examples of vegetation zones found in the park are: peat swamp forest, heath, mixed dipterocarp forest, moss forest, and montane ecosystems. Lowland forests occupies 40% of the park area while montane forests occupies 20% of the park area.

Strangler fig trees are common in the peat swamp area. Meanwhile, mixed dipterocarp forests is present up to 800 metres in altitude. Examples of trees found in this region are: Shorea, Durian, Garcinia, Calophyllum and Eugenia. Between 800 and 1,200 metres, lower montane forests emerged. Quercus subsericea dominated this region. Upper montane forests is found between 1,200 and 2,170 metres. Epiphytes is abundant in this region. The canopy is between 10 and 20 metres in height. The Upper montane forests can be divided into short facies, tall facies, and stunted summit facies. Small trees and shrubs such as Rhododendron and Vaccinium, and pitcher plants such as Nepenthes lowii, Nepenthes tentaculata, and Nepenthes muluensis are all endemic to Mount Mulu.

There are also limestone forests which are mostly made up of calcareous plant species. These forests include: scree forests, cliff vegetation, cave vegetation, and montane forests. Among the species that can be found here are: Monophyllae beccarii, Calamus neilsonii, and the endemic palm Salacca rupicola.

Demographics and culture
The local population in and around the park are the Orang Ulu, Kiput, Kenyah people, Kayan people, Mulut and Penan tribes. Penan people originally maintained a nomadic way of life, but they are now semi-settled around at the southwest portion of the park at Batu Bungan and Long Iman. A small number of them settled near the eastern side of the park and 300 of them have the rights to hunt for pigs and deer at designated hunting grounds. The Berawan people have also kept their hunting privileges in the area. The tribesmen usually wear traditional feather hats, loincloths with tattooed drawings on arms, chest and necks. Some women have small tattoos on their bodies, while others have earlobes elongated to their shoulders.

Excavations from the Cave of Winds also revealed artefacts and human remains that are dated from 500 to 3,000 years old.

Trekking routes
The national park has three climbing treks: The Pinnacles Summit Trek, The Headhunter's Trail, and Gunung Mulu Summit Trek. The Pinnacles Summit Trek is a 3 days/2 nights trek leading to the view of the Gunung Mulu Pinnacles. The trek is usually starts with a one or two hours boat ride from Melinau river to Kuala Berar (Berar delta). The Base Camp 5 is a 7.8 km walk from Kuala Berar. Camp 5 is located near the Melinau Gorge which separates Mount Benarat from Mount Api. After Camp 5, there is a 1.2 km trek rising 1,200 metres; passing from dipterocarp forest to moss forest. The last section requires ropes and ladders to help with the climb.

The Headhunter's Trail is route taken to enter or leave the Gunung Mulu National Park. The trail follows the route taken by the Kayan from Melinau river to Melinau Gorge. The trail starts with a boat ride to Kuala Berar, then trek for two to three hours to reach Camp 5. From Camp 5, there is an 11.2 km trail leading to Kuala Terikan which could last for four to five hours. The climbers can either choose to stay at a ranger station Nanga Metawai (15 minutes from Kuala Terikan) or a longhouse named Rumah Bala Lesong (three to four hours by longboat). After that, a boat ride further downriver would reach Nanga Medamit where there is a road leading to Limbang.

The Gunung Mulu Summit trek is the only trek to reach the summit of Mount Mulu. The summit is located at 24 km away from the park headquarters. The trek starts from the national park headquarters to reach Camp 3. It is a 12 km hike through the primary forests with an elevation of 1,200 metres. The mossy forest starts from Camp 3. It will be a few hours to climb to reach Camp 4. After Camp 4, there are a few vertical climbs which requires knotted ropes which eventually leads to the summit. Camp 1 is located along the descending trek from the summit of Mount Mulu. There is another 3-hour hike to reach the park headquarters from Camp 1.

Management and facilities
The Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation (PABC) Unit of the Sarawak Forestry Corporation is responsible for the management Totally Protected Areas (TPA) of Gunung Mulu National Park which covers 90% of the park area and is closed to the public. The remaining 10% of the park area is opened to visitors and is managed by Borsarmulu Park Management Sdn Bhd.

Since 1974, the Sarawak government has limited access to the national park by not building any roads. This is to preserve the park's ecological integrity and its resources. Legislation such as National Parks and Nature Reserves Ordinance of 1998 and National Parks and Nature Reserves Regulations of 1999 had been enacted to regulate the management of the park. 90% of the park and 95% of the caves are closed to visitors except for research purposes. There are only four show caves opened to public: Clearwater Cave, Wind Cave, Deer Cave, and Lang's Cave. All visitors require a permit and a park guide. Visitors are required to organise into groups of ten with visiting intervals of 20 minutes at the four show caves. On the other hand, there are seven caves available for adventurous caving in groups of six if properly equipped. There is also a 480 metres skywalk through the canopy. Other activities that can be done here are rock climbing, kayaking and mountain biking.

The park headquarters is located at the Melinau river, southwest of the park. It has a visitor registration building, interpretation centre, audio-visual room and washroom facilities. The 188-room Royal Mulu Resort has an air-conditioned longhouse, a guest house, four cabins and a hostel. All these facilities are located near the park entrance.

The park can be accessed by air from Miri, Limbang, and Bandar Seri Begawan through the Mulu Airport; or by boat from Marudi through the Tutoh and Baram River. There is no road access.

Proposed extension of the park to Gunung Buda National Park and Labi Forest Reserve (in Brunei) would help to provide additional ecological buffer for the Gunung Mulu National Park.

Controversies
In 2019, the Penan and Berawan natives near the Mulu national park staged a blockade against a logging company encroaching their lands nearby Mulu for logging and oil palm plantation. The Sarawak government denied that the logging activities would affect the ecology of Mulu National Park. On 15 March 2019, the natives then decided to lodge an official complaint to UNESCO in hopes to bring attention to the issue.

In the media
Mulu National Park became the subject matter in 1996 documentary film, World's Wonder Mulu, produced by Filem Negara Malaysia.

title: Gunung Mulu National Park


text:
User:Jmcmegamega

This is my page. I am JMC from Italy, I'm an engineer in electronics, I was born in 1982 and I joined the wikipedia community on 15th April 2005.

title: User:Jmcmegamega


text: Template:Marina Baixa

title: Template:Marina Baixa


text:
OsiriX

OsiriX is an image processing application for the Apple MacOS operating system dedicated to DICOM images (".dcm" / ".DCM" extension) produced by equipment (MRI, CT, PET, PET-CT, ...). OsiriX is complementary to existing viewers, in particular to nuclear medicine viewers. It can also read many other file formats: TIFF (8,16, 32 bits), JPEG, PDF, AVI, MPEG and QuickTime. It is fully compliant with the DICOM standard for image communication and image file formats. OsiriX is able to receive images transferred by DICOM communication protocol from any PACS or medical imaging modality (STORE SCP - Service Class Provider, STORE SCU - Service Class User, and Query/Retrieve).

Since 2010, a commercial version of OsiriX, named "OsiriX MD", is available. Its original source code is still available on GitHub. A demo version, "OsiriX Lite", still remains available free of charge with some limitations.

History
The OsiriX project started in 2004 at UCLA with Dr Antoine Rosset and Prof. Osman Ratib. OsiriX has been developed by Rosset, working in LaTour Hospital (Geneva, Switzerland) and Joris Heuberger, a computer scientist from Geneva.

In 2010, a version of OsiriX for iPhone and iPod touch was released.

Major milestones in OsiriX versions
OsiriX 6.5 - 3D ROIs are introduced

OsiriX 7.0 - Several reporting plugins are included: PI-RADS, BI-RADS, Coronary Angiography, TAVI and Liver report plugins

OsiriX 7.5 - Dark Mode and vessel tracking (centreline)

OsiriX 8.5 - DICOMweb protocol support

OsiriX 9.0 - Smart Display (adjust image scaling to image content)

OsiriX 9.5 - Javascript web viewer for the built-in Web Portal functionality

OsiriX 12.0 - Compiled for Apple Silicon processors (M1, M2, …)

OsiriX 13.0 - DICOM fields editing directly in the database window

Features
OsiriX has been specifically designed for navigation and visualization of multimodality and multidimensional images: 2D Viewer, 3D Viewer, 4D Viewer (3D series with temporal dimension, for example: Cardiac-CT) and 5D Viewer (3D series with temporal and functional dimensions, for example: Cardiac-PET-CT). The 3D Viewer offers all modern rendering modes: Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), Surface Rendering, Volume Rendering and Maximum intensity projection (MIP). All these modes support 4D data and are able to produce image fusion between two different series (for example: PET-CT).

OsiriX is simultaneously a DICOM PACS workstation for imaging and an image processing software package for research (radiology and nuclear imaging), functional imaging, 3D imaging, confocal microscopy and molecular imaging.

OsiriX supports a complete plug-in architecture that allows one to expand the capabilities of OsiriX for personal needs. OsiriX is released under a proprietary license and runs under macOS.

OsiriX source code makes heavy use of Apple idioms such as Cocoa. The source is almost entirely in Objective-C.

Pixmeo company
In 2010, the OsiriX Team created the company Pixmeo to promote and distribute a special limited version of OsiriX called OsiriX MD. Unlike the regular version, this version is certified for medical imaging. OsiriX MD is a FDA cleared 510k class II medical device, according to US Food And Drug Regulation CFR21 part 820. OsiriX MD complies with European Directive 93/42/EEC concerning medical devices. Under this directive, it is regarded as a class IIa.

title: OsiriX


text:
Eugene de Blaas

Eugene de Blaas, also known as Eugene von Blaas or Eugenio Blaas (24 July 1843 – 10 February 1931), was an Italian painter in the school known as Academic Classicism.

Life and career
He was born at Albano, near Rome, to a Tyrolean father and Italian mother. His father Karl, also a painter, was his teacher. His mother, Agnesina Auda, was a well-to-do Roman woman. The family moved to Venice when Karl became professor at the Academy of Venice. He often painted scenes in Venice, but also portraits and religious paintings.

Works
Among his works are La forma nuziale in sacrestia; La tombola in Campiello a Venezia; Una scena di burattini in un educandato; and La Ninetta. The art critic Luigi Chirtani, when the painting was displayed at the Mostra Nazionale di Venezia, described it as "[b]eautiful, flattering, pretty, caressed, cleaned, polished, laundress in a painting by Mr. Blaas, the favorite portraitist of great Venetian aristocrats, dressed in gala satins, shining jewelry, hairstyles of the rich."

His colorful and rather theatrical period images of Venetian society, e.g. On the Balcony (1877; Private Collection), were quite different compared to delicate pastels and etchings of the courtyards, balcony and canals of modern Venice.

Eugene de Blaas' paintings were exhibited at the Royal Academy, Fine Art Society, New Gallery and Arthur Tooth and Sons Gallery in London, and also at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool.

Paintings

 * ''The Sisters 1878 (Cloister-Scene)
 * Conversions of the Rhætians by St. Valentine
 * Cimabue and Giotto
 * Scene from the Decameron
 * Dogaressa Going to Church
 * Venetian Balcony Scene
 * God's Creatures
 * Bridal Procession, in San Marco
 * Venetian Masquerade
 * A Journey to Murano (Vienna Museum)
 * Die Wasserträgerin (1887)
 * On the Beach (1908)
 * In the Water (1914)
 * Maiden gathering flowers

Cultural reference

 * Salim Ghazi Saeedi has dedicated a song entitled "For Eugene, Distilling the Delicacy" to Eugene de Blaas in his 2011 album, Human Encounter.

title: Eugene de Blaas


text:
Talk:The Day of the Triffids

Untitled
Originally this article stated that the triffid was a genetically modified organism. There is nothing in the novel to suggest this at all, and, in fact, the real thrust of the novel is to firmly imply that the coincidence between the emergence of triffids and the galactic fireworks display which blinded 99.9% of the human race was no such thing. sjc

-- IIRC, the book starts off with an attempt to steal seed of the triffids from a research institute: the plane carrying a case of seed gets shot down, the case being disrupted and the thistledown-like seeds scattered on the jet stream to all corners of the earth. The triffid farms are decades old by the time of the meteor shower. My memory could be faulty, I read the book 35 years ago, but I do remember that the plot of the film, when I saw it some years later, was significantly different from the book, with the triffid seeds arriving in the meteor shower. Malcolm Farmer

-- Yes, that rings a bell, Malcolm. sjc

I'm curious about the film's "symplistic" solution? What is it? --Commander Keane 13:05, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for adding the answer to the article. --Commander Keane 06:24, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There are far too many asides regarding the writers "characteristic style", makes the article sound pedestrian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.156.1.20 (talk) 20:35, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Night of the Triffids
I'm not sure The Night of the Triffids, good though I thought it was, is really a notable enough book to have a page of its own. Surely the info we have here is more than sufficient, or could be if fleshed out a bit more? I'm considering putting Night up for deletion, but since I think more people would be looking here than there, I'd thought I'd mention it here first. Anyone have any thoughts? -- Guybrush 12:43, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

I haven't read Clark's book, but if you're going to delete the night of the Triffids article, there should be some information about it here. BillMasen 20:21, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

I'm sure it's notable enough to stay. The sequel expands quite a bit on the original novel, and when reading it I noticed that it's also longer then the original. I say keep it. --Planetary 09:31, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Should "The Night" be really listed as "Followed by" in the info box? Its not a book condoned by, hinted at or written by the original author... You wouldn't say "Pride and Prejudice" was "followed by" any of the number of unofficial sequels that have been written... EAi 21:11, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I added "unofficial" in brackets. That should suffice.--Planetary 01:26, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Is it post-apocalyptic?
I've always undertood post-apocalyptic novels to be those set entirely after some catastophic event. In the case of Triffids, the whole lead-up to the apocalypse is described, as well as the event itself and its aftermath. Or am I just splitting hairs? Bluewave 14:29, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Most of the action happens after the event. By that definition it's definently post-apocalyptic.--Planetary 00:05, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

POV
"elegant detail" please tidy this up and correct such PoV non encyclopedic style points, thanks--68.226.22.197 05:11, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think that's very point of view. You can do it yourself if you belive it's necessary.--Planetary 07:30, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It is POV, unless you can provide a critical source. I replaced it. Clarityfiend 04:27, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Critical superlatives would be unsuitable in the opening paragraph, even if sourced. I've gone through and removed some other bits of POV and general unencyclopaedic tone from the article. --McGeddon 05:06, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Nice job. The page looks much better. --Planetary 04:06, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Tentacles
Day of the Tentacle is, I'm assuming, inspired -- at least in title (I have played the game but not read this book) -- by The Day of the Triffid. Should this be added as an allusion/reference from other works, or is it not relevant enough/am I mistake in assuming the connection? VZG 03:44, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Seems dubious to me. Many works have "The Day of" or "Day of" in their titles. Keep it out.--Planetary 04:03, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Tri-feet ~ Tripod ~ War of the Worlds (1953 movie version) ~ octopus ~ optimized intelligence ( head ~ manipulators, no superfluous body ), it´s a science fiction writers´ running gag, who wants to spoil it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.35.60.148 (talk) 16:58, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

A little copy editing
I've just done some minor things to this article involving grammar and punctuation, and rephrased a few things that seemed awkward (planes don't defect, people do). I lowercased "triffids" rather than "Triffids." If anyone disagrees or is offended by any of the changes, please do let me know. I'm puzzled by the reference to Lysenko; I can't seem to find this mentioned specifically in the book, though I don't have time right now to hunt carefully.DianaW 14:20, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Also added the phrase "cosy catastrophe" novel to the intro, as the page on John Wyndham describes him and this novel as the foremost example of such. If anyone objects let me know.DianaW 14:23, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you have done a good job. There are a few references on the web to Lysenko in relation to this book. Most point to this article or a copy of it, but one or two don't. It's time I read the book again anyway... I hadn't heard the term 'cosy catastrophe' but I think it's a good one for this type of fiction. SilentC 21:09, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Good, thanks! regarding Lysenko - fascinating! This is the big issue with Wikipedia! I re-read that chapter and it does NOT mention Lysenko. You're right, however, that many online sources do. I suspect they got it from the wikipedia article! We need to get to the bottom of this.DianaW 15:29, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Regarding the latest edits: I don't think it's supposed to be mentioned in an encyclopedia every time something is re-run on television, and if it's included, it can't say "currently running" obviously because that'll be dated by next week.

I don't know why this has been added: " . . . although for whatever reason does not explain how he came by this knowledge" as it is actually clearly explained. I'm guessing you're watching the movie and haven't read the book? Then, your last edit took a grammatical sentence and turned it into a sentence fragment: "While many households keep them as a curiosity, almost a garden pet, making sure to have the sting docked at regular intervals."

Do you want to take another look at these edits? If not I'll revert them.DianaW 14:05, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

I took out the thing about Lysenko. It's not in the book, and no one seems to know where the idea even came from.DianaW 14:07, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Haven't had a chance to read the book again yet, it's still in a box somewhere after moving house, glad you took the time. The way the Lysenko bit read, I think it was original research. Regarding "currently running", people often add things like that to Wikipedia. Personally I find them jarring, especially if they haven't come back to change the tense. I agree with your change but there seems to be a bit of a precedent for statements like that unfortunately. SilentC 21:24, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

The phrase is something like "under a man called Lysenko, biology took a strange turn in the Soviet Union. It was impossible to say whether very queer, or very great, or very silly things were happening, or a combination of the three." I don't have the novel in front of me now, but I assure you it is there. I can't remember which chapter. I have read the book more than once, I assure you :). As for Umberto Palanquez and his spreading of the triffid spores, to my recollection the narrator explains how it happens. He does not explain how he knows that it happened. 137.44.1.200 14:15, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I have scoured that chapter for this information. It is really puzzling me. It isn't there, that I can find, but maybe I am having an Alzheimer's moment, or two or three or four. I don't have time to type in right now what this chapter says - I am wondering if it is somewhere later in the book? I've carefully re-read chapter 2, where he explains the possible development of the triffids. There is no mention of Lysenko. It is certainly implied that Russian scientists may have been involved; it is said that Russia "hid behind a curtain of suspicion and secrecy." And Umberto told the people he was trying to sell the triffid oil to that it came from Russia. But Umberto is not portrayed as a necessarily reliable purveyor of facts about the triffids. And it seems to me that "where the narrator got this information" as to spreading of the spores is not necessarily the important point. Perhaps we mean to say simply that the origin and spread of the triffid spores were mysterious. The narrator, who is a biologist, actually says he heard the rumors about Umberto P. years later in his work, and as to what exactly happened, the direct quote is "What happened to Umberto himself will never be definitely known. It is my guess that over the Pacific Ocean, somewhere high up in the stratosphere, he found himself attacked by Russian planes. It may be that the first he knew of it was when cannon shells from Russian fighters started to break up his craft. Perhaps Umberto's plane exploded, perhaps it just fell to pieces." If anyone else can shed light on this confusion - please do!
 * What was wrong grammatically is that ""While many households keep them as a curiosity, almost a garden pet, making sure to have the sting docked at regular intervals" is a sentence fragment. Without the "while" which you inserted, it was a grammatical sentence.DianaW 16:34, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * "The seeds reach the West after a jet carrying a stolen box of seeds is shot down whilst the pilot is attempting to defect," Wait a minute - it doesn't say that, either. It says that Umberto vanished -the part about his plane being shot down is purely the narrator's speculation, and there is no mention of his defecting. Perhaps we have here confusions between the book and the movie (which I've never seen). Perhaps the movie dramatizes this and does not make clear that it was speculation?DianaW 16:41, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

I am going to lay my hands on the book this weekend. If you are right, then of course the Lysenko information is wrong and ought to be deleted. I think it is notable (though not crucial) that the narrator gives only a vague source for the Umberto story: Wyndham wanted to leave that detail open, obviously. 137.44.1.200 17:24, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Chapter 2, page 23 of Penguin edition, 1972: '[...] [A] cleavage of methods and views had caused biology there, under a man called Lysenko, to take a different course. [...] The lines it had taken were unknown, and thought to be unsound -- but it was anybody's guess whether very successful, very silly, or very queer things were happening there -- if not all three at once.'

The emphasis is mine. It may be that there is more than one edition of the book, and this passage does not appear in yours? BillMasen.

I have the Modern Library 2003 edition - and unless I am still missing it - which is not impossible - it's not there. Could you give me some text that comes right before or after these lines, so I can be sure? I'm not disputing you; if it's really been removed in later editions, it's worth getting to the bottom of *why* and discussing it in the article. I just want to be sure I'm not actually blindly not seeing this in the chapter. I'll post this on the article talk page too. There are also several web sites on Wyndham and I'm going to see if I can find anything about this there. Thanks!DianaW 19:49, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * My pleasure :). Incidentally it is on Page 32, not 23 as I stated before. Apologies.
 * In the middle of the conversation between Umberto and the manager of the Fish Oil company, ::the narrator digresses and talks about the Soviet Union. To quote a bit more:

'The other way would be simpler,' remarked the managing director. 'If it were possible at all,' Umberto agreed. 'But unfortunately your competitors are not approachable -- or suppressible.' He made the statement with a confidence which caused the managing director to study him thoughtfully for some moments. 'I see,' he said at last. 'I wonder -- er -- you don't happen to be a Soviet citizen, Mr Palanquez?' 'No,' said Umberto. 'On the whole my life has been lucky -- but I have very varied connexions....' That brings us to considering the other sixth of the world -- that part which one could not visit with such facility as the rest. Indeed, permits to visit the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics were almost unobtainale, and the movements of those who did achieve them were strictly circumscribed. It had deliberately organised itself into a land of mystery. Little of what went on behind the veiling secrecy which was almost pathological in the region was known to the rest of the world. What was, was usually suspect. Yet, behind the curious propaganda which distributed the laughable while concealing all likely to be of the least importance, achievements undoubtedly went on in many fields. One was biology. Russia, who shared with the rest of the world the problem of increasing food supplies, was known to have been intensively concerned with attempts to reclaim desert, steppe, and the northern tundra. In the days when information was still exchanged she had reported some successes. Later, however, a cleavage of methods and views had caused biology there, under a man called Lysenko, to take a different course. It, too, then succumbed to the endemic secrecy. The lines it had taken were unknown, and thought to be unsound -- but it was anybody's guess whether very successful, very silly, or very queer things were happening there -- if not all three at once. 'Sunflowers,' said the managing director, speaking absent-mindedly out of his own reflections. 'I happen to know they were having another shot at improving the yield of sunflower-seed oil. But it isn't that.'
 * And the Umberto conversation continues (empahasis mine).
 * If this passage isn't in your edition, I can't imagine why.
 * BillMasen 00:23, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Well, I'm working hard to try to figure out why not! Short of re-reading the entire book start to finish, I've done my best to locate this material and it does not appear to be there. (We're talking about chapter 2, right? Though I've looked elsewhere, too.) My son has also read the book and says he doesn't think this was there. This is quite a lengthy omission - in my edition, there appears to be no discussion at all between Umberto and anyone at the Fish Oil company. Umberto's selling the oil to a company is dealt with in a paragraph, with no dialogue. I'm concluding it has been removed in the later edition, and I'm very interested to learn why or whose decision this was. I wonder if anything else was removed. The 2003 edition has an introduction by Edmund Morris, with no mention of later revisions to the text. Fascinating. Will post to the article discussion page too.DianaW 14:06, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Question: Does the paragraph beginning "That brings us to considering the other sixth of the world -- that part which one could not visit with such facility as the rest" follow immediately after a paragraph ending, "Nevertheless, it was so over five sixths of the globe - though the remaining sixth was something different again." If not - could you tell me where the sentence "That brings us to . . ." appears, i.e., what is the text immediately preceding it??DianaW 14:06, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

The bit immediately preceding "that brings us to" is, as the dialogue above it just there. Unfortunately, I (once again) do not have the book in front of me.

Yes, this text does appear in chapter 2. I don't think it is referred to anywhere else in the book, except in a general way towards the USSR. You might try emailing the Wyndham Archive? BillMasen 15:51, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Hi - yes, I think I will. This may take a little while with holidays coming up. I think that the discovery of Wyndham's personal papers, I think it was in 1998, was probably the impetus for the new edition. I'm wondering - just interesting to speculate - that possibly something in those papers led editors to make various changes. Such as finding notes indicating he preferred an earlier draft himself? It will just be interesting to try to find out. I see no reason otherwise that the Cold War emphasis should have been deliberately downplayed if it's how he wrote it.DianaW 16:11, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

My copy of the book is a Fawcett Crest paperback, 1970, (6th printing). It has no trace of the dialogue with Umberto, any of the Lysenko background, etc. So: Fawcett Crest 1970 edition doesn't have it, Penguin edition 1972 does have it, Modern Library 2003 doesn't have it. It's obviously not a simple later revision. My guess is that we're dealing with the sadly common phenomenon of dumbing things down for the American version. The publishers probably thought that the background was boring, and no one would know who Lysenko was, anyway. (Also, the mention of Lysenko 'dates' the book.) I'd love to know for sure, and I'd certainly like to know what else was changed/left out.Marieblasdell 19:25, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

I've given the page a major overhaul, trying to make the synopsis more chronological. Also moved some comments about themes off into a new section. And adding a data-point to the above discussion, my copy of DotT is a Crest paperback edition published sometime the mid 1960s, and it also doesn't include any of the Umberto conversation/Lysenko information. (The copyright reads simply 1951, but the books listed in the back-page ad are all Kennedy-era stuff.) --Geoduck 01:39, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

The Lysenko reference is in my copy on page 23. (Penguin Books Modern Classics 2000 edition) "Later, however, a cleavage of methods and views had caused biology there, under a man names Lysenko, to take a different course." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.90.60.42 (talk) 09:56, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

August 2023. Greetings everyone. This is my first post on Wiki, so apologies if I am doing something wrong. This week I got a physical triffids book, published by Penguin, 1954, and I also searched online (at openlibrary.org, etc) for ePub versions. My physical book has much, much more content than the digital one. I came here, to Wikipedia, to see if there was any mention of this, and although there is some mention of condensed versions in Publication history, the inference one makes is that that is no longer the case. There are indeed two versions of the novel, an American one, and a British one. Some 12% is missing from the American one (according to this site: https://triffids.guidesite.co.uk/versions). I spent a full day trying to understand why my physical version had more content, and confirmed that there are indeed many, many cases of digital versions out there with the shorter version that do not say that they are so (one version even said that is was the "complete text... with British and mistakes by publisher... left in", but was the American version). I therefore strongly suggest that a new section be created on this page that clearly explains this, plus a few simple ways to be able to identify which version one might have. Please consult this link: https://triffids.guidesite.co.uk/versions --Umbracinis (talk) 20:42, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

- Influences -
I notice there's been no mention of 'The Puffball Menace' in any of the information relating to Day of the Triffids, which is almost a 'trial-run' of what's in DOTT. 193.243.227.1 11:13, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

I've added a line about the Finguses from Etherlords, which I'm sure must be Triffid-inspired. Custardslice7 (talk) 15:07, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

Anti-Scienctific
Anyone ever wonder how a plant, dependent on sunlight, is able to produce the energy needed to walk? There is a reason why plants never learned to do this. In the book, Wyndham doesn't explain this particular problem. Scott Adler (talk) 10:13, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the The Day of the Triffids article. It's not a forum for general discussion about the article's subject - unless someone's written about the science of walking plants in direct relation to triffids, it would be original research to include anything about it. --McGeddon (talk) 10:57, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * plants can move. The Venus Fly Trap, Honeydew and Mimosa Pudica (the sensitive plant) come to mind. So walking is not out of the question. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.186.32.255 (talk) 11:38, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

Spoilers?
Should there be a spoiler warning at the start of the summary? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Silvarbullet1 (talk • contribs) 00:59, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
 * A reasonable question that deserves an answer. The English Wikipedia has a written style guideline against spoilers. -- Rydra Wong (talk) 15:15, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * As WP:SPOILER suggests, the section title of "Plot summary" is a sufficient warning to the reader that the text they are about to read will contain a full summary of the plot. There's no need for an explicit spoiler message on top of it. --McGeddon (talk) 15:27, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Heads Up
Triffids and Wikipedia mentioned specifically on Colbert just now. 207.38.173.173 (talk) 03:55, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Trivia: Stephen Colbert mentions looking up "triffids" on Wikipedia
On June 18, 2008, after a reference to "triffids" on his show The Colbert Report, Stephen Colbert suggested that people would be rushing to Wikipedia to look up the reference. (sorry - thought it was cool) -Exucmember (talk) 04:04, 19 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Ironically, I had to look him up in Wikipedia... SilentC (talk) 05:53, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

In the Colbert report reference adding a date and links to Díaz and the show would be nice. Oh and give the guy a tilde on his i. Curtbash (talk) 06:16, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

I think the Triffids credit for the Stephen Colbert reference actually has to go to his guest, Junot Diaz, who commented that growing up in the Dominican Republic, he remembers the sounds of the sugar cane fields were scary, like Triffids. Stephen Colbert marveled at the obscure reference and praised him a super geek. (02:11, 20 June 2008 (UTC)Ahorseshoe (talk)ahorseshoe)
 * As interesting as all this probably is to fans of this Colbert Report show, I really don't think we need to note every reference made in the media to the book. There must be literally thousands of them, I don't see that any special importance should be attached to this one, despite whatever popularity the show has in the US. As the heading above says, this is trivia. In fact, even that title glorifies it beyond its merit. SilentC (talk) 04:34, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

TV Adaptations
Does anybody have ANY information about the second (2001) TV adaptation of DotT that is mentioned on here?

I get the feeling that it was in fact a radio broadcast, if it was for the World Service. I also have the sneaking suspicion that someone may have misread the BBC press release regarding the new series, (along with several national news papers who are stating that there have been between 2 and 5 previous TV adaptations!) I have spoken to someone at the BFI and they (and Imdb) only have records of one. Anybody know what's going on? Manicmarcus21 (talk) 13:23, 28 November 2008 (UTC) Manicmarcus21

Could someone please write what happened next in Day of the Triffids - how they got to Isle of Wight and then what? (Cuddyduck) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.144.95.138 (talk) 16:56, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Read the sequel, by Simon Clark. Planetary (talk) 07:38, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

Meteor Shower
I was reading through and noticed that nobody mentioned that the main character didn't think that it was a meteor shower that caused the blinding. I'm not sure if this is worth noting or something like that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.176.99.88 (talk) 08:21, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Merge rasio show page here
Just not enough information for it to be stand-alone. Rich Farmbrough, 04:38, 22 April 2010 (UTC).

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 January 2021 and 11 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Joereadel. Peer reviewers: Deepfinessed, Glebbos. Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:44, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 21 May 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved (non-admin closure) ExtorcDev (talk) 15:34, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

– There are four entries listed upon The Day of the Triffids (disambiguation) page, with no indication that the novel's notability exceeds the combined renown of the remaining three entries. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 05:40, 21 May 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * The Day of the Triffids → The Day of the Triffids (novel)
 * The Day of the Triffids (disambiguation) → The Day of the Triffids
 * Oppose. This article is the |The_Day_of_the_Triffids_(film)|The_Day_of_the_Triffids_(2009_TV_series)|The_Day_of_the_Triffids_(1981_TV_series) most-viewed here by a fair amount, covers every one of the adaptations, and the book is regarded as a sci-fi classic (the adaptations don't have such renown). No compelling reason to move the page. Nohomersryan (talk) 16:58, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per above comment. The novel is the WP:primary topic. - Station1 (talk) 02:41, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per traffic, per significance, and per the article which itself acts as a pointer to other articles for the adaptations. -- Netoholic @ 03:47, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Nohomersryan, the novel has 46,846 views, the film has 17,810, the 2009 TV series has 8,704 and the 1981 TV series has 5,329 and the novel is the original meaning so its probably reasonable to say its primary.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:38, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per above. 〜 Festucalex  •  talk  18:21, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Day of the Triffids


text:
Sergey Volkov

Sergey Volkov may refer to:
 * Sergei Volkov (footballer, born 1980), Russian football player
 * Sergey Volkov (footballer, born 1995), Russian football player
 * Sergey Volkov (footballer, born 1999), Belarusian football player
 * Sergei Volkov (footballer, born 2002), Russian football player
 * Sergey Volkov (cosmonaut) (born 1973), Russian cosmonaut
 * Sergey Volkov (figure skater) (1949–1990), Soviet figure skater
 * Sergey Volkov (chess player) (born 1974), Russian chess grandmaster
 * Sergey Volkov (skier) (born 1987), Russian freestyle skier
 * Sabbas (or Savva; born Sergey Aleksandrovich Volkov) (born 1958), bishop of the Moldovan Orthodox Church

title: Sergey Volkov