text:
User talk:Witkacy

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Bismarck jako przyjaciel Polski
Dałem link na stronie NB z przemówieniem Bismarka, w którym uzasadnia Kulturkampf istnieniem"Polskiego problemu".Czekam na odpowiedż iż udowadnia ona iż naprawdę Kulturkampf trzeba zaliczyć do antyniemieckiej postawy, bo Polacy nie chcieli się zgermanizować ;P Jak chcesz to tu jest link: http://h-net.org/~german/gtext/kaiserreich/speech.html PS:Można dodać, że w Niemczech prekursorem "Problemu żydowskiego" był "Problem polski" i dać link do przemówienia. Molobo

Polecam też
Bardzo ciekawy artykuł: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/401/212schlott.html

Great work!
Love your Poland portal, stop by more often

Władysław Krzysztof Grabiński
Presumably there is enough information about why Władysław Krzysztof Grabiński should be an aticle in Wikipedia, but there's nothing in the article to justify that. Being a Polish noble in the post-1921 era is not notable enough in my opinion to warrant an article, and there is nothing in the article to indicate why of the various people involved in the Warsaw Uprising, he was notable. Since you went to the effort to also add a picture to that article, I'm presuming that you have access to such information. However, if the article isn't improved soon, I'll be sending it to AfD. (If it weren't for that photo, I'd have already sent it there.)

Wincenty Frelichowski
Good morning i am a french reader of wiki and i found your contrbution about don Stephan Wincenty Frelichowski. Could you possibly send me some pictures of him and of polish scouting during and before the 2nd World War with good definition in order to share them with my scouts ?

palain@riaumont.net

thank you very much !! Père Alain HOCQUEMILLER

File:Antoni Potocki (1780-1850).jpg missing description details
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Nomination of Chopin (ship) for deletion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Primate of Poland

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Speedy deletion nomination of Piknik Country

A tag has been placed on Piknik Country requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organized event (tour, function, meeting, party, etc.), but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

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Orphaned non-free image File:Polityka1.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image File:Polish Scouting Association.png
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Nomination for deletion of Template:PLCOTW
Template:PLCOTW has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 18:15, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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File:Krzyz Niepodleglosci z Mieczami.gif needs authorship information
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File:Srebrny Krzyz Zaslugi z Mieczami.jpg needs authorship information
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Source and author required
for File:Zenon Jankowski.jpg. Masur (talk) 16:27, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:PLCOTWC
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Nomination for deletion of Template:Collab-polish
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Nomination of Barbara Lubomirska (17th century) for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Jerzy Zborowski

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Proposed deletion of Władysław Zdzisław Zamoyski

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Proposed deletion of Florian Zamoyski

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Proposed deletion of Aleksander August Zamoyski

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Proposed deletion of Konstanty Zamoyski

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Proposed deletion of Klemens Zamoyski

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Proposed deletion of Tomasz Łaźniński

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Proposed deletion of Roman Jacek Czartoryski

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Proposed deletion of Tomasz Antoni Zamoyski

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Proposed deletion of Jan Jakub Zamoyski

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Nomination of Tomasz Franciszek Zamoyski for deletion
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Nomination of Piotr Feliks for deletion
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Nomination for deletion of Template:WNBP todo
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Proposed deletion of File:Srebrny Krzyz Zaslugi z Mieczami.jpg

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Proposed deletion of Róża Maria Potocka

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Józef Stefan Godlewski
Józef Stefan Godlewski has been nominated for prposed deletion.John Pack Lambert (talk) 20:43, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

Nomination of Róża Maria Potocka for deletion
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Category:Polish pilots has been nominated for deletion
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Nomination of Florian Marciniak for deletion
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"Róża Potocka (1780–1862)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Potocka_(1780%E2%80%931862)&redirect=no Róża Potocka (1780–1862)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 19:32, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Natalia Potocka
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Nomination of Przemysław Potocki for deletion
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title: User talk:Witkacy


text:
Jáchym Topol

Jáchym Topol (born 4 August 1962) is a Czech poet, novelist, musician and journalist who became a laureate of the Czech State Award for Literature in October 2017 for his novel A Sensitive Person and his life work to date.

Life
Jáchym Topol was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, to Josef Topol, Czech playwright, poet, and translator of Shakespeare, and Jiřina Topolová, daughter of the famous Czech Catholic writer Karel Schulz.

Topol's writing began with lyrics for the rock band Psí vojáci, led by his younger brother, Filip, in the late '70s and early '80s. In 1982, he cofounded the samizdat magazine Violit, and in 1985 Revolver Revue, a samizdat review that specialized in modern Czech writing.

Because of his father's dissident activities, Topol was not allowed to go to university. After graduating from gymnasium he worked as a stoker, stocker, construction worker, and coal deliveryman. Several times he was imprisoned for short periods, both for his samizdat publishing activities and for his smuggling across the Polish border in cooperation with members of Polish Solidarity. He was also a signatory of the Charter 77 human rights declaration.

During the 1989 Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia, Topol wrote for the independent newsletter Informační servis, which later became the investigative weekly Respekt. He has also worked for the daily Lidové noviny. He currentlz works as program director for the Václav Havel Library, in Prague.

Topol has two daughters, Josefína and Marie, with his first wife, and a son, Vojtěch Eliáš, with his second.

Poetry
/ Topol's first collection of poetry, published in samizdat, received the Tom Stoppard Prize for Unofficial Literature (founded in 1983 by Tom Stoppard and awarded by the Charta 77 Foundation in Stockholm); first non-samizdat edition published by Atlantis in 1990. / translation Анжелина Пенчева (Anželina Penčeva): Обичам те до лудост, Парадокс, Sofie (2020, Bulgarian) / Five poems from this collection were published in Alex Zucker's translation in the Spring 1994 issue of Trafika: an international literary review.
 * Eskymáckej pes (Eskimo dog) (samizdat, 1982)
 * Stěhovavá tvář (Migratory face) (samizdat, 1983)
 * Noty pro podzimní bytost (Notes for an autumn creature) (samizdat, 1984)
 * Miluju tě k zbláznění (I love you madly; samizdat, 1988)
 * V úterý bude válka (The war will be on Tuesday; Edice 13x18, 1992)
 * Děsivý spřežení (Horrifying dog team) (Revolver Revue, 2016) – selection of poems from three samizdat collections plus the short story Venezuela.
 * Udržuj svou ledničku plnou. Písňové texty a zhudebněné básně 1979-2021 (Keep your refrigerator full: Song lyrics and poems set to music, 1979-2021) (Torst, 2021)

Novels
/ Received the 1995 Cena Egona Hostovského (Egon Hostovský Prize), awarded for a "novel which artistically exceeds the standard production" / English translation Alex Zucker: City Sister Silver (Catbird Press, 2000) / Polish translation Leszek Engelking: Siostra (Wydawnictwo W.A.B., 2002) / Also translated into German and Hungarian / German translation Peter Sacher: Engel Exit (Volk und Welt, 1997) / French translation Marianna Canavaggio: Ange exit (J'ai lu, 2002) / Turkish translation Martin Alaçam: Andel (Norgunk, 2005) / Also translated into Hungarian / French translation Marianna Canavaggio: Missions nocturnes (Laffont, 2002) / Polish translation Leszek Engelking: Nocna praca (Wydawnictwo W.A.B., 2004) / English translation Marek Tomin: Nightwork (Portobello Books, 2014) / Also translated into Croatian, Dutch, German, Italian, Spanish and Swedish / French translation Marianna Canavaggio: Zone cirque (Editions Noir Sur Blanc, 2009) / Polish translation Leszek Engelking: Strefa cyrkowa (Wydawnictwo W.A.B., 2008) / English translation David Short: Gargling with Tar (Portobello Books, 2010) / Also translated into Dutch, German, Italian, Norwegian. / Received the 2010 Cena Jaroslava Seiferta / Swedish translation Tora Hedin: Kallt land (Ersatz, 2009) ISBN 978-91-88858-95-5 / Dutch translation Edgar de Bruin: De werkplaats van de duivel (Anthos, 2010) / Italian translation Letizia Kostner: L'officina del diavolo (Zandonai, 2012) ISBN 978-88-95538-83-9 / English translation Alex Zucker: The Devil's Workshop (Portobello Books, 2013) / Received the State Prize for Literature in 2017 for this novel and his life work to date / Polish translation Dorota Dobrew: Wrażliwy człowiek, wydawnictwo czarne, Sękowa (2019) / German translation Eva Profousová: Ein empfindsamer Mensch, Suhrkamp (2019) / Italian translation Laura Angeloni: Una persona sensibile, Keller editore, Rovereto (2020) / Dutch translation Edgar de Bruin: Een gevoelig iemand, Uitgeverij Voetnoot, Antwerpen (2020, ) / Macedonian translation Соња Стојменска-Елзесер (Sonja Stojmenska-Elzeser): Чувствителен човек, Артконект, Skopje (2020) / French translation Marianne Canavaggio: Une personne sensible, Noir sur Blanc Lausanne (2021) / Serbian translation Uroš Nikolić: Osetljivi čovek, Heliks, Beograd (2021) / Lithuanian translation Vaida Braškyté Němečková: Jautrus žmogus, Aukso žuvys, Vilnius (2021) / Croatian translation Mirna Stehlíková Đurasek: Osjetljiv čovjek, V.B.Z., Zagreb (2022) / Swedish translation Marie Wenger: En Känslig Själ, Rámus förlag, Malmö (2022) / English translation Alex Zucker: A Sensitive Person, Yale University Press (2022)
 * Sestra (Sister; Atlantis, 1994)
 * Anděl (Angel; Hynek, 1995)
 * Noční práce (Nightwork; Hynek, 2001)
 * Kloktat dehet (Gargling tar; Torst, 2005)
 * Chladnou zemí (Through a chilly land; Torst, 2009)
 * Citlivý člověk (A Sensitive Person; Torst, 2017)

Novellas
/ English translation Alex Zucker: A Trip to the Train Station (Petrov, 1995; Albatros Plus, 2011; Czech-English bilingual edition)
 * Výlet k nádražní hale (Outing to the train station concourse; Edice Slza, 1994, limited edition of 350)

Short stories

 * Zlatá hlava (Golden head; Torst, 2005)
 * Supermarket sovětských hrdinů (Supermarket of Soviet heroes; Torst, 2007)
 * Trochu Medu (A Little Honey), full text (The Short Story Project)

Plays

 * Cesta do Bugulmy (Road to Bugulma) (Svět a divadlo no. 4, 2006)
 * Productions:
 * staged reading: Divadlo v Dlouhé Praha, režie: Karel Král, premiéra 23. 1. 2007
 * production: Divadlo Na zábradlí Praha, režie: Jiří Pokorný, premiere 15 June 2007
 * German translation Eva Profousová: Die Reise nach Bugulma, henschel SCHAUSPIEL (2006)
 * Polish translation Leszek Engelking: Droga do Bugulmy, Dialog no. 11 (2005), wydawnictwo czarne (2006)

Literary reports
/ English translation Anthony Bartos: Václav Švéda, the murdered idol (cardandcube, 2023)
 * Zabitý idol Václav Švéda (The murdered idol Václav Švéda; Respekt Special IV/2015)

Translations
/ A collection of Native American legends and myths, selected and translated into Czech from English by Topol
 * Trnová dívka (Thorn girl; Hynek, 1997)

Song lyrics

 * Psí vojáci: Sestra: Jáchym Topol & Psí Vojáci (1994)
 * Monika Načeva: Možnosti tu sou (There are possibilities here; 1994)
 * Monika Načeva: Nebe je rudý (The sky is red; 1996)
 * Monika Načeva: Mimoid (Weirdo; 1998)

Films

 * Anděl Exit (Angel Exit; 2000), directed by Vladimír Michálek; screenplay by Vladimír Michálek and Jáchym Topol.
 * Sestra (Sister; 2008), directed by Vít Pancíř; screenplay by Vít Pancíř based on the novel by Jáchym Topol; music by Psí vojáci.
 * Citlivý člověk (A Sensitive Person, 2023), directed by Tomáš Klein

Other
/ A book-length interview with Topol by Tomáš Weiss
 * Nemůžu se zastavit (I can't stand still; Portál, 2000)

Awards and honors

 * 1995 – Egon Hostovský Prize for City Sister Silver
 * 2010 – Jaroslav Seifert Prize for The Devil's Workshop
 * 2015 – Vilenica Prize
 * 2017 – Czech State Award for Literature for A Sensitive Person and life work to date

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jáchym Topol


text:
Ratcliffe

Ratcliffe or Ratcliff may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Ratcliff or Ratcliffe, former hamlet, Tower Hamlets, London
 * Ratcliffe-on-Soar, a village in Nottinghamshire
 * Ratcliffe on the Wreake, a village in Leicestershire
 * Ratcliffe College, a school in Leicestershire
 * Ratcliffe Culey, a village in Leicestershire

United States

 * Ratcliff, Arkansas, a city
 * Ratcliff, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Ratcliffe Manor, a former plantation house in Easton, Maryland

People

 * Arthur Ratcliffe (1882–1963), British Conservative Member of Parliament for Leek 1931–1935
 * Derek Ratcliffe (1929–2005), British ecologist
 * Don Ratcliffe (1934–2014), English footballer
 * Francis Ratcliffe (1904–1970), Australian zoologist
 * Henry Butler Ratcliffe (1845–1929), British Conservative Member of Parliament for Bradford Central 1918–1922
 * J. A. Ratcliffe (1902–1987), British ionospheric physicist and academic
 * Jack Ratcliffe (footballer) (1880–1948), English footballer
 * Jim Ratcliffe (born 1952), British billionaire, chemical engineer and financier
 * Jo Ratcliffe, British artist
 * John Ratcliffe (governor) (1549–1609), governor of the original Jamestown, Virginia, US
 * John Ratcliff (cricketer) (1848–1925), English cricketer
 * John Ratcliffe (American politician) (born 1965), US Congressman from Texas, Director of National Intelligence
 * John W. Ratcliff (born 1961), computer game developer
 * Jordan Ratcliffe, English teenager who went missing in 2008
 * Kevin Ratcliffe, (born 1960) Welsh footballer
 * Mary Curtis Ratcliff (born 1942), American artist
 * Mildred Ratcliffe (1899–1988), English painter, commercial artist and calligrapher
 * Paddy Ratcliffe (1919–1986), Irish footballer
 * Peter J. Ratcliffe (born 1954), physician-scientist
 * Richard Ratcliffe, husband of the Iranian-British detainee Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe
 * Richard Ratcliffe (died 1485), English nobleman
 * Richard Ratcliffe (1751–1825), American public official considered to be the founder of the city of Fairfax, Virginia, in 1805
 * Sandy Ratcliff (1948–2019), English actress
 * Simon Ratcliffe, of house music duo Basement Jaxx

Fiction

 * Governor Ratcliffe (Disney), a fictionalized representation in the animated film Pocahontas of John Ratcliffe of the Jamestown colony

title: Ratcliffe


text:
Frost (crater)

Frost is a lunar impact crater that is attached to the southern rim of the walled plain Landau, and lies on the far side of the Moon. Just to the east is Petropavlovskiy, and to the northeast along the edge of Landau is Razumov. The crater Douglass is located less than a crater diameter to the west-southwest.

The outer rim of Frost is eroded, but is overlaid by only one small craterlet along the northeast side. The inner wall is wider and heavier along the northern side where it has been reinforced by the former rim of Landau. The northern part of the interior floor is occupied by two smaller craters, with the larger of the two along the northwest inner wall. The southern part of the floor is relatively level and featureless.

Human activity
Frost was originally selected as the site of Station 5 for the Apollo 15 lunar surface operations, however astronaut David Scott elected to alter the mission plans and skip over the crater, believing that it was unlikely to be geologically distinct from the areas the Apollo 15 astronauts had already visited.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Frost.

title: Frost (crater)


text:
File:Chocolate Lab, Close Up of Face.png

Close-up view of a Chocolate Lab.

Taken with a Canon EOS Digital Rebel. 20% of original size.


text:
Talk:2005 papal conclave/Speculation about the papal conclave, 2005

Media speculation, particularly in the non-Catholic press, tended to describe the election as a contest between personalities, political ideologies or geographical regions. The Catholic Church's official position was that Cardinals sincerely believe the most important criterion for the new Pope to be holiness, and also that they would be guided by the Holy Spirit, through prayer, to make a choice which is in accordance with God's will. "People think that we are going to vote like in an election," said Óscar Andrés Rodríguez of Honduras shortly before the conclave began. "But this is something completely different. We are going to listen to the Lord and listen to the Holy Spirit."

There has been speculation since the 1990s about who the next pope would be, and names of possible candidates had been floated in the press. These were unofficially known as the papabili, an Italian word which roughly translates as able to be made pope. Some of the favorites included Francis Arinze  (Roman Curia, originally from Nigeria), Dionigi Tettamanzi  (Archbishop of Milan, Italy), Jorge Mario Bergoglio  (Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Argentina), Óscar Andrés Rodríguez(Archbishop of Tegucigalpa, Honduras), Jean-Marie Lustiger  (former Archbishop of Paris, France), and Cláudio Hummes  (Archbishop of São Paulo, Brazil).

Early speculation, before John Paul II's final illness and death, drew attention to the fact that of the five nations with the largest Catholic populations, only one, Italy, is European. Forty-six percent of the world's Catholics are in Latin America; the Philippines have more Catholics than Italy; some 120 million Catholics live in Africa. Yet 35 percent of the voting cardinals either officially represent an Italian diocese or work for the Vatican administration, the Curia. .

Analysis
The following presumptions and hypotheses are among those being put forward by current vaticanologists:

 * After the long reign of John Paul II, the cardinals may prefer the next pontificate to be brief and transitional. An older candidate, whose papacy would be expected to be shorter than a younger candidate, may find favor as a "transitional pope," giving the church time to consider the future and a chance to elect the succeeding pope relatively soon. This strategy could work in favor of a "safe" and unsurprising choice, on the premise that a bolder choice might be taken next time. Or perhaps the surprise and novelty of a pope from Africa or Latin America might be moderated and made to seem less of a departure if he were old and expected to reign for a relatively short time. In general, an older pope is seen as an acceptable compromise between the "Italian" and "Third World" factions. The cardinals will be mindful, however, of the potential for such a strategy to backfire: John XXIII, who was selected for his age as a "transitional pope", turned out to be one of the most influential popes in recent times, taking the bold and unexpected step of convening the Second Vatican Council.
 * It is thought unlikely, given the college's current composition, that the new choice will hold surprising theological opinions; all but three of the electors, after all, were appointed by John Paul II. However, many commentators believe that will be a strong push for "collegiality," for a pope who will reduce the power of the Vatican curia and delegate more freedom to individual diocese and national bishops' conferences. Hence the conventional wisdom holds that the new pope will continue the generally doctrinally conservative course of John Paul II but will be more open-minded in his views on church governance. Likewise, curial candidates may have a hard time being elected in this conclave. At present, only a quarter of the cardinal electors are curial administrators; three-fourths are pastoral cardinals, archbishops of large dioceses — a higher proportion than they have sometimes been in the past. A cardinal who has had both a curial and pastoral career, such as Francis Arinze and Ivan Dias, may be able to gather support from both groups.
 * Cardinals who are well respected and influential within the college often play the role of “kingmaker” or "grand elector", intriguing on behalf of their candidate of choice. Franz König famously played the role of kingmaker in the conclave that elected John Paul II. In the 2005 conclave, Cardinals Julián Herranz, Carlo Maria Martini, Joseph Ratzinger, Giovanni Re, Camillo Ruini, and Angelo Sodano are seen as the likely kingmakers. Although some of these cardinals are also mentioned as papabili, the roles of kingmaker and candidate are traditionally mutually exclusive. For example, in the conclave of August 1978, Giovanni Benelli, widely considered papabile, effectively removed himself from consideration in order to secure the election of his preferred candidate, Albino Luciani. Benelli was therefore kingmaker to John Paul I. Ratzinger, Dean of the College of Cardinals and for years one of John Paul II's closest associates, was at first considered too old and controversial to be a leading candidate and assumed instead to be the conclave's most influential "grand elector"; but in recent days much media speculation has put him back in the running as a front-runner papabile.
 * Italian cardinals may wish to see the election of another Italian pope and so may rally around one unified Italian choice, rather than as in 1978 split into rival factions, allowing the selection of a non-Italian. (Media reports suggest that Dionigi Tettamanzi of Milan may well be the unified Italian candidate.) One should keep in mind how historically rare non-Italian popes are; the last non-Italian to ascend to the position before John Paul II was Pope Adrian VI almost 500 years ago (1522–1523). However, there is still a great deal of division between cardinals from north Italy and cardinals from south Italy; the northerners prefer Giovanni Battista Re of Brescia, while the southerners want Crescenzio Sepe of Grado, who organized the Great Jubilee in 2000.
 * The selection of a pope from the United States is, as always, seen as unlikely, since a pope hailing from the world's primary power might be seen to compromise the Vatican's independence. (Many observers, indeed, warn that American pope might be actively mistrusted in some parts of the world, where there would be suspicion that the CIA had rigged his election or that Wall Street had bought it.)
 * Although Jean-Marie Lustiger, the former Archbishop of Paris, has often been named as one of the papabile, a few commentators also doubt that a pope would be chosen from France, which is at the heart of the current doubts and angst about Catholicism's place in Western Europe — a country with huge numbers of nominal Catholics who are in practice disenchanted with the church's conservative bent and leading increasingly secular lives. In addition, Lustiger, born a Jew, converted to Catholicism. On the one hand, some Jews see converts unfavorably, and this choice may thus play against the improved relationships between the Catholic Church and Jews that John Paul II promoted; on the other hand, Lustiger being of Jewish origin and being a strong supporter of Israel may enhance these relations. Furthermore, a pope perceived to be pro-Israeli may damage the image of neutrality of the Catholic Church in countries where the population is majority anti-Israeli, especially those where Christians are a minority.
 * A Latin American pope is a strong possibility, and would be the first in history. A likewise historical African or Asian pope is not thought likely from this conclave, unless perhaps Francis Arinze, who has spent his recent career not in Africa but in Italy with the curia, is chosen.
 * Different groups within the church are affiliated with certain cardinals, who are likely to consider the interests of these groups as they cast their votes. Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne of Lima is a member of Opus Dei; Miloslav Vlk of Prague is a known promoter of the Focolare Movement. Norberto Rivera Carrera is known to be close to the Legionaries of Christ, Angelo Scola was formerly an adherent of Comunione e Liberazione, and Dionigi Tettamanzi is reportedly a supporter of both Opus Dei and the more liberal Community of Sant'Egidio. Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa of Santiago de Chile has long been affiliated with the Schoenstatt Movement. Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Buenos Aires, a Jesuit priest, would be the first Jesuit pope in papal history if selected.
 * Although, after the vast worldwide popularity of the media-savvy and globe-trotting John Paul II, it is thought likely that the cardinals will opt for somebody somewhat quieter, languages may still be an important consideration. Italian, the language of the Vatican, is an essential; English, rapidly becoming a worldwide lingua franca, and Spanish, the language of most Latin American Catholics, are also important. Otherwise considered a front-runner, Dionigi Tettamanzi may suffer in this respect.
 * In one of the more controversial changes to the papal election process, if there is no clear winner after a certain number of votes, its possible for someone to win with a majority instead of a two-thirds vote. This has caused some to fear of the possibility of a polarized election where the winner does not appear to have the mandate of a large number of cardinals. At this time this outcome is generally not foreseen for this conclave.

Historical considerations

 * The newly elected pope often contrasts dramatically with his predecessor, a tendency expressed by the Italian axiom "After a fat pope, a lean pope." Indeed, every twentieth-century Pope was in some notable respect very different from the Pope who came before him. For example, the controversial one-time populist turned conservative, long-lived Pope Pius IX (1846–1878) was succeeded by the aristocratic diplomatic Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903). Nor does the fact that 113 of the 115 cardinal-electors who will participate in the 2005 conclave were appointed by John Paul II mean that a new pope will be similar to John Paul. Though vaticanologists regard the current College of Cardinals as conservative, past history (the 1878, 1903 and 1958 conclaves) does not support the theory that a college of cardinals, even if picked by a pope clearly identified as conservative or liberal, and presumed to share his theological outlook, will necessarily vote for someone fitting the same category. Past cardinals have often voted for someone radically different to the pope who appointed them: few expected Angelo Roncalli to be chosen by a conclave many of whose cardinal-electors had been chosen by Pope Pius XII. From these examples, it would appear that a cardinal who shares John Paul II's views or leadership style, or who is closely associated with his papacy, is less likely to be elected. History would suggest the selection of someone less theological and charismatic, a more administrative pope, given that John Paul II was noted more for being a thinker and world leader than an administrator.
 * According to the old saying, "He who enters the conclave as pope leaves it as cardinal." A man who enters the conclave certain of victory in the election is often not the man finally selected to be pope. In 1978, Sergio Pignedoli, who was seen as a strong contender for the papacy, was reported to have gone on a crash diet to fit the papal cassock. Instead Albino Luciani, who was so convinced that he would not be elected that he never got his hair cut (as his official portrait showed) and whose feet were so swollen he could not wear new shoes bought for him by his family, was elected.
 * Cardinals are not restricted to electing a pope from among themselves. In theory any baptized Roman Catholic male, and certainly any member of its clergy, is eligible for election. While the odds on that are slim (the last man not already a cardinal at the time of his election was Pope Urban VI, who served from 1378 to 1389), Giovanni Montini (later Pope Paul VI) is rumored to have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, even though at that stage he was still only Archbishop of Milan, having been denied the expected red hat by Pope Pius XII. It is possible that some archbishop who cardinals believe should have been appointed to the College of Cardinals but who may have been overlooked by John Paul II, possibly because the late pope was too ill at the end to hold another consistory to appoint new cardinals, might be chosen. Noted vaticanologist John Allen of the National Catholic Reporter has speculated that Italian Archbishop Angelo Comastri is a non-cardinal who could receive votes in the 2005 conclave.
 * The exclusion of cardinals over the age of eighty from participating in the conclave as electors is a relatively recent development. Cardinal-electors may always elect one of the cardinals who cannot vote because they are over eighty years of age. The likeliest reason for such a choice would be inability to agree on a younger candidate. Also, a radical step like an African or Latin American pope might be tempered by attempting to ensure that the new pontificate would be relatively short, by choosing one of the older such cardinals, such as the widely respected former Dean, Bernardin Gantin.
 * Only three of the current voting cardinals (William Wakefield Baum, Joseph Ratzinger and Jaime Sin) participated in the last conclaves in 1978. Cardinal Sin is absent from this conclave.

Dioceses that produced popes in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries
Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, serving in the Roman Curia, was incardinated in the Diocese of Rome, as was Bartolomeo Alberto Mauro Cappellari. Annibale della Genga was cardinal vicar of Rome when elected and had been private secretary to both Pius VI and Pius VII.
 * Venice, Italy: 3 (Pope Pius X, Pope John XXIII, Pope John Paul I)
 * Rome, Italy: 3 (Pope Leo XII, Pope Gregory XVI, Pope Pius XII)
 * Milan, Italy: 2 (Pope Pius XI, Pope Paul VI)
 * Imola, Italy: 2 (Pope Pius VII, Pope Pius IX)
 * Frascati, Italy: 1 (Pope Pius VIII)
 * Perugia, Italy: 1 (Pope Leo XIII)
 * Bologna, Italy: 1 (Pope Benedict XV)
 * Kraków, Poland: 1 (Pope John Paul II)
 * Munich, Germany: 1 (Pope Benedict XVI)

Previous experience of 19th, 20th and 21st century Popes

 * Archbishop, past curial experience: 5 (Leo XIII, Benedict XV, Pius XI, John XXIII, Paul VI)
 * Archbishop, no curial experience: 5 (Pius VII, Pius IX, Pius X, John Paul I, John Paul II)
 * Curial cardinal, no pastoral experience: 3 (Leo XII, Gregory XVI, Pius XII)
 * Curial cardinal, past pastoral experience: 2 (Pius VIII, Benedict XVI)


text:
Socio-architecture

Socio-architecture is a phrase coined by psychologist Humphry Osmond and Canadian architect Kyo Izumi as part of their research for the best architectural form for Osmond's Weyburn Mental Hospital in 1951.

Osmond is best known for his research into the treatment of schizophrenia, and on the other hand the facilitation of mystical experiences, with psychedelic drugs, but his Weyburn hospital became a design research lab to examine the functional aspects of architecture and its impact on the mentally ill. Osmond based his ideas of hospital design on the species-habitat work of German zoologist Heini Hediger, and on the research acid trips he took with Izumi.

Osmond also coined the terms "sociopetal" and "sociofugal" to describe seating arrangement that encouraged or discouraged social interaction. His 1957 article “Function as the Basis of Psychiatric Ward Design” is considered a minor classic. His work regarding architecture was continued by his colleague Robert Sommer.

title: Socio-architecture


text:
Lorenzo Cesa

Lorenzo Cesa (born 16 August 1951) is an Italian politician and the current Secretary of the Union of the Centre.

Biography
Cesa graduated in Political Science from the LUISS University in Rome. He was manager of important companies and banks, including ANAS.

He was elected Municipal Councillor of Rome with the Christian Democracy, and subsequently joined the Christian Democratic Centre and the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats.

In the 2004 European Parliament election Cesa was elected MEP with 103,000 preference votes.

On 27 October 2005 he was elected Secretary of the UDC, succeeding Marco Follini.

In the 2006 general election he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, so he resigned as MEP. He was also re-elected MP in the 2008 and 2013 elections.

In the 2014 European Parliament election he was again elected MEP, among the ranks of the New Centre-Right – UDC. In the general election of 2018 he was a candidate for the Chamber of Deputies, in the uni-nominal college of Nola (with the support of the centre-right coalition) and in the relative proportional list (Us with Italy – UDC), but he was not elected, so kept the office as an MEP.

In the 2019 European election Cesa was candidate on the Forza Italia list, but he was not re-elected.

Political proposals
Lorenzo Cesa proposed a Parliamentary Immunity to manage sex temptations allowing the Italian Parliament members' wives to get money from the Italian State to go in the city where their husbands work.

Legal problems
Lorenzo Cesa was condemned on 21 June 2001 to 3 years of imprisonment for bribery with the Anas company.

On November 2010 Italian Authorities sequestered 1 million euro private goods from Lorenzo Cesa.

title: Lorenzo Cesa


text:
Benedict Arnold (congressman)

Benedict Arnold (October 5, 1780 – March 3, 1849) was an American politician from New York, and a member of the House of Representatives.

Biography
Arnold was born in Schaghticoke, Albany County, New York (after 1791 Rensselaer County, New York) the son of Elisha and Sarah Francisco Arnold. He was named in honor of the famous Benedict Arnold at a time during the American Revolutionary War when he was still seen as a hero of the United States, stemming from the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. The name was also common in the Arnold family; the first Benedict Arnold immigrated from England with his father in 1635.

Arnold attended the local schools and became a successful merchant. He married Mary 'Polly' Bovee (sister of Matthias J. Bovee) on August 21, 1806, in Amsterdam, Montgomery County, New York. They had twelve children.

Career
Arnold owned large stretches of land, and was able to dedicate much time to philanthropy. As was common at the time for local magnates, he entered politics for a short period; in 1816 and 1817, he served as a member of the New York State Assembly.

In 1828, Arnold was elected to the Twenty-first United States Congress as an Anti-Jacksonian to represent the sixteenth district of New York. He served from March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1831, and did not seek reelection. He was president of the board of trustees of the village of Amsterdam in 1832 and did not engage in active business pursuits, but lived in retirement in Amsterdam, New York, until his death.

Death
Arnold died in Amsterdam, Montgomery County, New York, on March 3, 1849 (age 68 years, 149 days). He is interred at Green Hill Cemetery, Amsterdam, New York.

title: Benedict Arnold (congressman)


text:
Edward Askew Sothern

Edward Askew Sothern (1 April 1826 – 20 January 1881) was an English actor known for his comic roles in Britain and America, particularly Lord Dundreary in Our American Cousin. He was also known for his many practical jokes.

Early years
Sothern was born in Liverpool, the son of a merchant. He began studying medicine, and his parents hoped that he would become a minister, but he decided against pursuing those professions. He worked as a clerk in the late 1840s and married Frances Emily "Fannie" Stewart (died 1882). He began acting as an amateur in 1848 under the stage name of Douglas Stewart. In 1849 he appeared in his first professional engagement at Saint Helier in Jersey, as Claude Melnotte in Bulwer Lytton's The Lady of Lyons. In the early 1850s, he played in various English companies without particular success in Portsmouth, Wolverhampton and Birmingham.

Sothern travelled to America in 1852, first playing Dr. Pangloss in The Heir at Law in Boston, Massachusetts, with John Lacy's company at the National Theatre. He then played at the Howard Athenaeum in Boston and at Barnum's American Museum in New York. In 1854, he joined the company at Wallack's Theatre. In the early part of his career, Sothern's wife often performed with him. By 1856, he had begun using his own name, Sothern, on stage. He had become associated with Laura Keene's company in New York by 1856. He finally gained attention at Wallack's Theatre in New York starring as Armand in Camille. The critic Clement Scott noted that while Sothern was "as handsome a man as ever stood on the stage", he was not naturally suited to romantic roles.

Our American Cousin
As a result of his success in Camille, Sothern was given a part in Tom Taylor's Our American Cousin at Laura Keene's Theatre. This piece would later become famous as the play that Abraham Lincoln was watching when he was assassinated. Sothern's role was Lord Dundreary, a caricature of a brainless English nobleman. At first, he was reluctant to accept the role; it was so small and unimportant that he felt it beneath him and feared it might damage his reputation.

On 15 October 1858, Our American Cousin premiered in New York. After a couple of unhappy weeks in the small role, Sothern began portraying the role as a lisping, skipping, eccentric, weak-minded fop prone to nonsensical references to sayings of his "bwother" Sam. His ad-libs were a sensation, earning good notices for his physical comedy and spawning much imitation and merry mockery on both sides of the Atlantic. His exaggerated, droopy side-whiskers became known as "Dundrearys". Sothern gradually expanded the role, adding gags and business until it became the central figure of the play. The most famous scene involved Dundreary reading a letter from his even sillier brother. The play ran for 150 nights, which was very successful for a New York run at the time. Sothern made his London debut in the role when the play ran for 496 performances at the Haymarket Theatre in 1861, earning rave reviews. The Athenaeum wrote, "it is certainly the funniest thing in the world... a vile caricature of a vain nobleman, intensely ignorant, and extremely indolent".

Dundreary became a popular recurring character, and Sothern successfully revived the play many times, making Dundreary by far his most famous role. A number of spin-off works were also created, including Charles Gayler's sequel, Our American Cousin at Home, or, Lord Dundreary Abroad (Buffalo, New York, 1860, and then New York City, 1861 ) and H. J. Byron's Dundreary Married and Done For. Sothern wrote his own play, Suspense, produced for Keene's 1860-61 season. He won wide popularity from his interpretation of Sam Slingsby in John Oxenford's Brother Sam (1862; revived in 1865), a play about Dundreary's brother.

1860s and 1870s
In 1864, Sothern created the title role in Tom Robertson's David Garrick at the Haymarket Theatre. The play was a great success. The Times praised Sothern's acting in the Act II scene where Sothern depicted "the most extravagant form of drunkenness... perpetually brought into contact with the real agony of mind which is now on the point of casting aside the mask of debauchery". He also appeared in Robertson's Home and later claimed to have written some of the best scenes in each work (a claim that was disputed by Robertson). Other plays written for the now-famous Sothern were The Woman in Mauve, by Watts Phillips; The Favourite of Fortune and A Hero of Romance by Westland Marston; A Lesson for Life by Tom Taylor; and An English Gentleman by H. J. Byron (1871) at the Haymarket. Sothern continued to act mostly in London until 1876, but also toured extensively in the British provinces, North America and Europe.

Sothern became popular with Robertson's crowd, including with the Haymarket's manager, John Baldwin Buckstone, actor J. L. Toole, and dramatists Byron and W. S. Gilbert, who later wrote three plays for him, Dan'l Druce, Blacksmith (1876), The Ne'er-do-Weel (1878), and Foggerty's Fairy (1881). Sothern left England to tour in America in early 1876 and wrote to Gilbert to be ready with a play by October that would feature him in a serious role. This play eventually became Dan'l Druce. However, Sothern produced but did not star in the play. Gilbert soon wrote another play for Sothern, this time a comedy, The Ne'er-do-Weel. Sothern was not pleased with the work, and Gilbert offered to take it back. Although it was eventually produced, Sothern did not appear in it. Sothern had already paid Gilbert for the play, and Gilbert was unable immediately to pay him back. After various arrangements between Gilbert and Sothern involving American productions of another Gilbert play, Engaged (1877), Gilbert finally promised, in 1878, to write a new play for Sothern. This was to be Foggerty's Fairy.

Sothern never appeared in any of these works. His biographer T. Edgar Pemberton noted that one role he regretted not playing was Cheviot in Engaged. Instead, Sothern continued to tour and perform Dundreary and other works. In October 1877 at the Academy of Music in New York, he played the title role in Othello.

Sothern's next great role was the title role, Fitzaltamont, in a hit revival of Byron's The Crushed Tragedian (1878, originally named The Prompter's Box) at the Haymarket. The Era admired "the sepulchral tones, the glaring eyeballs, the long hair, the wonderful 'stage walk', the melodramatic attitudes" of his portrayal. He next appeared in The Hornet's Nest by Byron at the Haymarket. The Crushed Tragedian was not a great success in London, but it became a hit in New York. The Philadelphia Inquirer raved, "With what elaboration of detail does the actor embody his conception! There is not a gesture, not an intonation, not a movement, but seems to illustrate the character portrayed. He strides across the stage and it is as though he were wading through a sea of gore; he mutters to himself ‘Ha! ha!’ and you know that he is cursing fate with a bitterness loud and deep. always and in all things poor Altamont is exquisitely, indescribably ludicrous." In April 1879, he was still at the Haymarket, appearing in Bulwer-Lytton's play Money as Sir Frederick Blount.

Last years and family
In the autumn of 1879, after a long summer fishing trip, Sothern was on another American tour. The Era wrote in October 1879 that "It is proposed, during Mr Sothern's [American] engagement, to bring out revivals of The Crushed Tragedian, Dundreary, and David Garrick, the new comedy by Mr Gilbert being reserved for the spring engagement." On 29 February 1880 The Era reported: "Mr Sothern says that, although his new comedy, by Mr Gilbert, has cost him 3,000 guineas, he would not take 6,000 guineas for it now. It is a piece of the wildest absurdity ever perpetrated, and all the parts are immense." The same issue of The Era states that definite plans had been made for Sothern to appear at the Gaiety Theatre, London in Foggerty's Fairy, as the new play was now called, in October 1880, after the end of his American tour. Sothern had been ill for much of the time since the fall, although he fulfilled his performing commitments. He returned to England for a six-week holiday in June 1880, still planning to produce Fogerty's Fairy in New York. After one illness and a short European tour, Sothern fell seriously ill in the fall, and his health declined until he died in January 1881, never having performed Gilbert's play.

Sothern died at his home in Cavendish Square, London, at the age of 54 and is buried in Southampton Old Cemetery, Southampton. He was such a notorious practical joker that many of his friends missed his funeral, thinking it was a joke. His sister, Mary Cowan, was the principal beneficiary of his last will, signed shortly before his death. A previous will had given most of the estate to his widow and children. Sothern's widow contested the will but lost, and it took Cowan until 31 May 1881 to obtain probate. Gilbert suggested that she "underlet" Foggerty's Fairy to him, and he eventually had it produced.

Sothern and his wife had four children, all of whom became actors: Lytton Edward (1851–1887), Edward Hugh (E. H.), George Evelyn Augustus T. (born 1870; who used the stage name Sam Sothern) and Eva Mary. E. H. Sothern became prominent on the American stage. Sothern's house in Kensington, London was a resort for people of fashion, and he was as much a favourite in America as in the United Kingdom.

Practical jokes
Sothern was known as a sportsman and bon vivant and became famous for his magic tricks, conversation and, especially, his practical jokes (he was born on April Fools' Day), his passion for which amounted almost to a mania. He would often falsely announce the death of a friend or send people on fool's errands. Sothern and his friends would demand that clerks sell them goods not carried by the store in question, stage mock arguments on public omnibuses, run fake advertisements in newspapers, pay street urchins to annoy passers-by and so forth. At one restaurant, Toole and Sothern removed the silver and hid under the table. When the unfortunate waiter found the dining room empty and the silver gone, he ran to report the theft. By the time he returned, Toole and Sothern had re-set the table as if nothing had happened.

Among his most elaborate practical jokes was the following. When the husband of actress Adelaide Neilson, Philip Henry Lee, visited New York in the mid-19th century, he had been warned about the wild, bohemian behaviour of American authors, but expressed his doubt as to the veracity of the stories. Sothern assured him it was true and arranged a private dinner for Lee with twelve "writers and critics", who were really actors. During the dinner, a quarrel arose over literary matters, culminating in a fight breaking out. The men, apparently drunk, brandished an axe, knives and revolvers. The room was filled with shouts, shots and struggle. Someone thrust a knife into Lee's hand, saying, "Defend yourself! This is butchery, sheer butchery!" Sothern advised him to "Keep cool, and don't get shot", before the joke was exposed.

title: Edward Askew Sothern


text:
Chongnyon Hotel

The Chongnyon Hotel (Youth Hotel) is a hotel located in the Mangyongdae District of Pyongyang, the capital city of North Korea. It was opened on 1 May 1989 and is situated on the junction of Chongchun Street and Kwangbok (Liberation) Street.

The hotel has 30 floors, with 900 rooms, and has a karaoke room and an outdoor swimming pool.

title: Chongnyon Hotel


text: User talk:66.30.238.216

title: User talk:66.30.238.216


text:
Commission on Federal Election Reform

The Commission on Federal Election Reform was a private, bipartisan organization founded in 2004 by former US President Jimmy Carter and James A. Baker, III, a top official under presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, to overcome the flaws brought to light by the electoral uncertainty in Florida in the 2000 United States presidential election and in Ohio in the 2004 election. The commission continued work begun by Carter and former President Ford in a previous commission that studied unusual features of the 2000 presidential race. Its mandate was to examine the electoral process in the United States, bringing together leaders from the major political parties, academia, and non-partisan civic groups to explore how to maximize both ballot access and ballot integrity.

The commission was set up with twenty-one members, including Lee H. Hamilton, former Congressman and 9/11 Commission vice-chair; Tom Daschle, former Senate minority leader; Bob Michel, former House Minority leader; and Betty Castor, former Florida Superintendent of Public Instruction and 2004 Democratic Senate nominee. It set out to spend six months examining the state of elections and to offer recommendations on improving it.

Recommendations
The panel made 87 recommendations in all in its 91-page report. Implementation of all suggestions would require congressional action for some measures, as well as a total expected cost of $1.35 billion. A major point was the commission's call for nonpartisan professional and state oversight over elections. The panel noted that both the 2000 and 2004 elections were marred by partisan, campaign-affiliated officials who held roles in the Bush campaign and Florida and Ohio Secretary of State positions. Because the Secretary of State is responsible for certifying votes, these conflicts of interest were deemed by the panel as damaging to "confidence in elections".

The panel made a variety of other recommendations, including:
 * Developing a "universal voting registration system" led by states, rather than local jurisdictions
 * Increased voter registration efforts by the states, including an effort to allow ex-felons meeting certain conditions to vote
 * Creating a uniform photo identification method to match the voter to the voting roll, while establishing more offices to all non-drivers to more easily register and acquire photo IDs
 * Following the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primaries in presidential election years, states should hold four regional primaries and caucuses in place of the current schedule in order to reduce the influence of early states in choosing candidates

title: Commission on Federal Election Reform


text:
Talk:Todo

"...official religion of the Domain of Wikipedia."
Wikipedia has an official religion? Isn't this supposed to be a neutral project? MessedRocker 20:09, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

It'll never beat Kibology.
12.146.73.14 00:07, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Todo


text:
Jorgo Chatzimarkakis

Jorgo Chatzimarkakis, officially Georgios Chatzimarkakis (Γεώργιος Χατζημαρκάκης; born 21 April 1966) is a German politician of Greek descent, former Member of the European Parliament with the Free Democratic Party of Germany (part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe). He was a 2014 European Parliament candidate for the newly formed party Greek European Citizens (Έλληνες Ευρωπαίοι Πολίτες) of Greece. He currently holds the position of Chief Executive Officer of the European Hydrogen Association "Hydrogen Europe".

Education and career
Chatzimarkakis was born and grew up in Duisburg. In 1993 he graduated as M.A. in political science at the philosophical faculty of the University of Bonn. He supplemented his studies with a visiting research fellowship at St Antony's College, University of Oxford under the auspices of Ralf Dahrendorf in 1995. From 1993 to 1996 Chatzimarkakis worked as a science policy officer at the Bundestag.

From 1996 to 1998, he was member of the planning department of the Foreign Office of Germany. Chatzimarkakis held a lectureship at the University of Duisburg from 1997 to 2001, during which time he also worked on his doctoral thesis on Informational Globalism - A cooperation model of global governance using the example of electronic commerce (Informationeller Globalismus - Kooperationsmodell globaler Ordnungspolitik am Beispiel des Elektronischen Geschäftsverkehrs ). In 2011 the University of Bonn revoked his doctoral title. The committee found him guilty of plagiarism in his thesis.

Chatzimarkakis is married and has two daughters.

Political activities
Chatzimarkakis is a member of the national executive committee of the FDP and of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party council since 1995. From 2002 to 2010 he was secretary-general of the FDP regional association of the Saarland. He is a founding member of the Dahrendorfkreis, a wing of the FDP that advocates for sustainable liberalism. After the FDP lost two regional elections in Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-Württemberg, Chatzimarkakis was one of the main critics of the party leader Guido Westerwelle.

Chatzimarkakis has been a member of the European Parliament since July 2004 for the FDP party of Germany. In the 2014 European Parliament elections he stood for the newly formed Greek party Greek European Citizens. He currently sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Fisheries as well as on the Committee on Budgetary Control, for which he is a coordinator. He also chairs the Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Macedonia. He is a supporter of the Spinelli Group.

From February 2016 Chatzimarkakis is the first permanent Secretary General of Hydrogen Europe. Hydrogen Europe (formerly known as NEW-IG) is an industry association representing almost 100 companies, both large and SMEs, working to promote hydrogen and fuel cells energy. The association partners with the European Commission and the research community in the public-private partnership Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) to accelerate the market introduction of these clean technologies in the energy and transport sectors.

Greece
Chatzimarkakis wants Greece to stay in the Euro Zone. In September 2011, Vice Chancellor Philipp Rösler, wrote an article in the newspaper Die Welt, where he explained possible benefits of a Greek bankruptcy for the rest of the Eurozone. Chatzimarkakis criticized his party leader as not supporting investors to engage in Greece. Rösler was also heavily criticized by German media and major German politicians for his statement. Chatzimarkakis repeatedly criticised the austerity policy of the Troika, he argues it pauperizes the country. In May 2011, in German weekly DIE ZEIT, Chatzimarkakis published an opinion editorial in which he called for a European Marshall Plan for Greece called "Herkules Plan." The plan calls for investments in Health Tourism, Renewable Energies, Shipping and Information technology.

Plagiarism
In 2000 Chatzimarkakis received a doctor's degree at the University of Bonn. However the crowdsourcing project VroniPlag found cases of alleged plagiarism in the thesis. In May 2011 the University announced that it was investigating the claims at the request of Chatzimarkakis himself and on 13 July the University announced that the doctorate would be revoked after finding that part of the thesis was plagiarised. Chatzimarkakis went to court against this decision but on 22 March 2012 the Verwaltungsgericht Köln dismissed Chatzimarkakis' action against the University of Bonn on the following grounds: "The Faculty has consistently held that the plaintiff was guilty of deception. In his doctoral thesis he adopted long passages verbatim from foreign works, without highlighting these clearly and in accordance with the rules of good scientific practice."

Other activities
Before his political career in the European Parliament, Chatzimarkakis was managing director of the consultancy "polit data concept" and of the "Perl Academy". He is a founding member of the German-Greek Industrial Association (DHW) and was elected its president in 2004.

title: Jorgo Chatzimarkakis


text: Template:US-gov-stub

title: Template:US-gov-stub


text:
Three Guys from Miami

The Three Guys From Miami—Raúl Musibay, Glenn Lindgren, and Jorge Castillo—are chefs and food writers. They provide Cuban cooking tips and advice for professional and amateur chefs all over the world. Their recipes have been included in several cookbooks, newspapers, and national magazines.

The Three Guys From Miami were featured in a Public Television documentary, "La Cocina Cubana: Secretos de mi Abuela".

They also have made several appearances on the Food Network, had a cooking show on Miami Public Television, have appeared on the Travel Channel, and are frequent guests on National Public Radio (All Things Considered). They are authors of the books Three Guys From Miami Cook Cuban and Three Guys From Miami Celebrate Cuban.

Their website iCuban.com debuted in 1996 and has logged more than 5 million visitors in its 15-year existence.

Raúl Musibay went to the United States via Spain in 1980. A full-time Miami resident, Musibay is a proponent of traditional Cuban cuisine and an advocate of preserving Cuban culture in the United States.

Glenn Lindgren grew up in Minneapolis and first went to Miami in 1984, where he began his studies in Cuban and Latin cuisine. Lindgren is the writer of the group; he writes about the Three Guys From Miami in books, magazines, and on the Internet. He is an accomplished chef and author.

Jorge Castillo went to the United States via the Mariel Boatlift in 1980. Although born and raised in Cayo la Rosa, Jorge left Miami after three months to live in Iowa, where he mastered the English language and learned Midwest cooking techniques.

title: Three Guys from Miami


text:
Jack Elam

William Scott "Jack" Elam (November 13, 1920 – October 20, 2003) was an American film and television actor best known for his numerous roles as villains in Western films and, later in his career, comedies (sometimes spoofing his villainous image). His most distinguishing physical quality was his misaligned eye. Before his career in acting, he took several jobs in finance and served two years in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Elam performed in 73 movies and in at least 41 television series.

Early life
Born in 1920 in Miami, Arizonaa small mining town located 85 miles east of PhoenixJack was one of two children of Millard Elam (1887-1965) and Alice Amelia, née Kerby (1884-1924) Jack's father supported the family by working assorted jobs over the years, including stints as a carpenter, "millman", and accountant. The Elams by 1924 had moved from Miami to the nearby community of Globe, Arizona, where in September that year Alice died at the age of 40, succumbing to what state medical records cite as a three-year struggle with "general paralysis". After their mother's death, young Jack and his older sister Mildred went to live with various family members until Millard married again in April 1928 to Kansas native Flossie Varney. Federal census records show that two years later the children, their father, stepmother, and Flossie's own mother were residing together in Globe, where Millard had a new job as an investigator for a loan company. Flossie was employed as well at the time as a public school teacher, while Jack also contributed to the family's income by periodically working on nearby farms gleaning cotton.

Eye injury
In 1931 Elam suffered a severe injury to his left eye during an altercation with another boy, an injury that ultimately blinded him in that eye and permanently damaged the muscles surrounding it. As Jack grew older, the impaired muscles caused his eye increasingly to "drift" within its socket and not track in unison with his right eye, often giving him a cockeyed appearance. Percy Shain, a veteran film and television critic for The Boston Globe, interviewed Elam in 1974 and quoted the actor's comments about the injury:"'I lost my eye when I was 11 in a fight atwould you believe it?a boy scout [sic] meeting...It was a big initiation night but I got into a scrap with this other kid and he put a pencil through my eye. 'There was no doctor there and it wasn't looked at until sometime afterward. They finally took out the lens and made it sightless. It was 20 years, though, before it started drifting. If it became an issue I could have it operated on, but at this stage of life I probably won't. 'There was a time, though, when I was making Rawhide, the movie [1951], that I mentioned to Darryl Zanuck [head of 20th Century-Fox] that I could have it fixed. He said, 'Don't do it. It's part of your mystique.' So I never got back to it and it's become my trademark, in a way. 'At this stage, it only causes me minor inconvenience. Sometimes I'm a little off center, or when I'm talking to someone I do it at a slight angle.'" Zanuck's remarks about Elam's eye proved to be wise career advice, for despite any lifelong disadvantages that his "lazy eye" created for him personally, it proved to be an asset professionally, at least as a performer. His eye's distinctive appearance, combined with Elam's natural acting abilities, drew the attention of many casting directors of films and television series throughout the 1950s and 1960s.

Education, military service and jobs prior to acting
Before becoming an actor, Elam completed his high-school education, got married, attended college, worked in a variety of jobs, and, despite being blind in one eye, served two years in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He completed his secondary education in Arizona, graduating from Phoenix Union High School in the late 1930s and then moving to California, where he majored in "business studies" at Modesto and Santa Monica junior colleges. During that time, he was also employed in several positions before entering military service, including work as a salesman for a "house trailer agency", as an accountant for the Standard Oil Company, a bookkeeper at the Bank of America, and a manager at the Hotel Bel-Air in Los Angeles. For a few years after his discharge from the navy, Elam continued to apply his business training as an accountant for Hopalong Cassidy Productions and as an independent auditor for Samuel Goldwyn and other moguls and companies associated with the film industry. That work required Jack to spend long hours each day reading and examining in detail large quantities of financial records, a routine that put too much strain on his right eye, his "good eye". "'I only see out of one eye'", he explained in an interview published in The Baltimore Sun in 1974, "'and that eye kept going shut.'" While Elam was widely recognized in Hollywood as "a leading independent auditor in motion pictures", by 1947 he found it necessary to quit that successful occupation entirely. He added, "'I had [my right eye] operated on several times and finally the doctor said he couldn't open it any more. He told me I had to get out of the business immediately or go blind.'"

Acting career
Elam made his screen debut in 1949 in She Shoulda Said No!, an exploitation film in which a chorus girl's habitual marijuana smoking ruins her career and then drives her brother to suicide. Over the next decade as an actor, Elam continued to perform most often in gangster films and Westerns, firmly establishing himself in those genres as a reliable and memorable villain or "heavy". In fact, by the end of the 1950s various American news outlets and moviegoers were referring to him as "'the screen's most loathsome character'".

On television in the 1950s and 1960s, he made multiple guest-star appearances on many popular Western series, including The Lone Ranger, Gunsmoke, The Rifleman, Lawman, Bonanza, Cheyenne, Have Gun – Will Travel, Zorro, The Rebel, F Troop, Tales of Wells Fargo, The Texan, and Rawhide. In 1961, he played a slightly crazed bus passenger on The Twilight Zone episode "Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up?". That same year, he also portrayed the Mexican historical figure Juan Cortina in "The General Without a Cause", an episode of the anthology series Death Valley Days. In 1962, Elam appeared as Paul Henry on Lawman in the episode titled "Clootey Hutter".

Elam in 1963 received a rare opportunity to portray the good guy, appearing as a reformed gunfighter, Deputy U.S. Marshal J. D. Smith, in the ABC/Warner Bros. series The Dakotas, a Western intended as the successor of Cheyenne. The Dakotas ran for 19 episodes. He was then cast as George Taggart, "a former gunfighter who has become a U.S. marshal", in the 1963–1964 NBC/WB series Temple Houston.

In 1966 Jack Elam was cast in his first comedic role by Paramount Pictures, playing Hank in the Western film The Night of the Grizzly starring Clint Walker. The next year, for the Harold Hecht production The Way West, he was chosen for another light-hearted role, playing Preacher Weatherby and providing support to costars Robert Mitchum, Richard Widmark, and Kirk Douglas in a story about a wagon train traveling the Oregon Trail. Then, in 1968, Elam performed in the opening scenes of Sergio Leone's celebrated "spaghetti Western" Once Upon a Time in the West. In that film he portrays one of a trio of gunslingers sent to a train station to kill Charles Bronson's character. Elam in one sequence spends a good portion of his screen time simply trying to rid himself of an annoying fly, finally capturing the elusive insect inside the barrel of his pistol.

In 1969, he played another comedic role in Support Your Local Sheriff!, which was followed two years later by Support Your Local Gunfighter, both opposite James Garner. After his performances in those two films, Elam found his villainous parts dwindling and his comic roles increasing. (Both films were also directed by Burt Kennedy, who had seen Elam's potential as a comedian and directed him a total of 15 times in features and television.) Between those two films, he also played a comically cranky old coot opposite John Wayne in Howard Hawks's Rio Lobo (1970). In 1974–1975, he was cast as Zack Wheeler in The Texas Wheelers, a short-lived comedy series in which he portrayed a long-lost father returning home to raise his four children after their mother dies. Also on television, in 1979, he performed as Frankenstein's monster on the CBS sitcom Struck by Lightning, but the show was cancelled after only three episodes (the remaining eight were unaired (and remain so) in the U.S., though all 11 were aired in the UK in 1980). He then appeared in the role of Hick Peterson in a first-season episode of Home Improvement alongside Ernest Borgnine (season one, episode 20, "Birds of a Feather Flock to Taylor").

Later years
Elam portrayed Doctor Nikolas Van Helsing, a "crazed proctologist", in the 1981 action-comedy film The Cannonball Run; and three years later, he reprised the role for the production's sequel, Cannonball Run II. Elam then played the character Charlie Hankins, a town drunk, in the 1986 "Weird Western" picture The Aurora Encounter. During production, Elam developed what would become a lifelong relationship with an 11-year-old boy in Texas named Mickey Hays, who suffered from progeria. The 1987 documentary I Am Not a Freak portrays the close friendship between Elam and Hays. Elam, in what may be an apocryphal quote, said, "You know I've met a lot of people, but I've never met anybody that got next to me like Mickey."

In 1986, Elam also co-starred on the short-lived comedy series Easy Street as Alvin "Bully" Stevenson, the down-on-his-luck uncle of Loni Anderson's character, L. K. McGuire. In 1988, Elam co-starred with Willie Nelson in the made-for-television movie Where The Hell's That Gold?

In 1994, Elam was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, OK.

Personal life and death
Elam was married twice, first to Jean Louise Hodgert from 1937 until her death from colon cancer on January 24, 1961. Seven months later, in August 1961, Elam married again, then to Margaret M. Jennison. The couple remained together for 42 years, until 2003, when Jack died of congestive heart failure at their home in Ashland, Oregon.

Awards and recognition

 * 1983: The 1st Annual Golden Boot Awards
 * 1994: National Cowboy Hall of Fame, at the Western Heritage Center.

title: Jack Elam


text:
Talk:Calais, Vermont

Untitled
How did Calais get its name? Where did the name come from? Calais, the French port, is the obvious reference, but why? Did some early settler come from Calais, France?

adding images and other recent edits
Hi and thanks for helping make the Calais, Vermont page more useful and accurate. Please make sure you're acquainted with some of the Wikipedia guidelines to make sure that the additions you make are in line with standard practice. Information should be verifiable, so please cite sources when addding new information. The image of the people and the official snowman needs to be verifiable as well, a cite to some sort of newspaper article or even an authoritative website would be fine. Here are some more guildelines for working with images at Wikipedia. Thanks for helping make Wikipedia better. Jessamyn 02:18, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree that it is a great article. Still needs references though. Where did the original author come up with all that detail?Student7 03:22, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

notable residents
Hi! I've been going through VT towns and adding notable residents lists. It's great that there was already one for Calais, but try to make sure that the people added truly are notable, i.e. have a wikipedia page (or should have one! you could write one!). Also, please add links to your sources so the information can be verified. I took out Livingston because the source said he was born and lived elsewhere. If that's wrong, feel free to change it back but just add a source that states it for sure. h0n0r 1 March 2006

Book
Hello. I'm currently reading a book on Calais, actually. I found it lying around my house. It's called "Forever Calais: A History of Calais, Vermont", by Weston A. Cate, in 1999 by the Calais Historical Society. As soon as I'm done reading the book, I will post some findings. Twitchel 22:07, 30 August 2007 (UTC)Twitchel

External links modified
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title: Talk:Calais, Vermont


text: Category:Sport in Tyne and Wear

title: Category:Sport in Tyne and Wear