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Society for Individual Freedom

The Society for Individual Freedom (SIF) is a United Kingdom-based association of libertarians, classical liberals, free-market conservatives and others promoting individual freedom. It has links to the British intelligence community.

Early years
The website of the Society states that "The Society of Individualists was founded in 1942, with many of its leaders and supporters, including its first president Sir Ernest Benn, drawn from those associated with the remnant individualist wing of the Liberal Party. In 1944 the Society of Individualists merged with the National League for Freedom, which itself had been formed from those associated with the explicitly anti-socialist wing of the Conservative Party. The Society for Individual Freedom took on its present name in 1947".

1960s onwards
George Kennedy Young became president sometime after his departure from MI6 in 1961. Other notable officers include its chairman, Professor Peter Walter Campbell, founder of the Dept of Politics at Reading and founding chairman of the Conservative Group for Homosexual Equality (CGHE – LBGT). Gerald Howarth, later a Conservative MP, served as the organisations General Secretary from 1969 to 1971.

In 1967 the Young Libertarians, the youth organisation of SIF, broke off to create the Libertarian Alliance. There was an overlap of members and officers between the LA and the SIF.

The SIF is independent of all political parties and relies entirely on voluntary subscriptions and donations.

The SIF advocates personal freedom and less state control generally (e.g. it is opposed to censorship and identity cards), and a genuinely free enterprise economy including low taxation and no state subsidies to industry. Its membership tends to be strongly Eurosceptic.

The SIF campaigned for the institution of the UK's Parliamentary Ombudsman beginning in 1959, and in 1961, published the first English language book on such institutions, Occasion for Ombudsman: Is a Grievance Man Necessary for Britain?, by journalist T. E. Utley. The campaign for the Ombudsman system – for an unelected adjudicator to help prevent bureaucratic maladministration – eventually succeeded. In 1967 the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration was instituted.

In 1975 its chairman became John Monson, 11th Baron Monson, a position he kept for the next 35 years. Monson's most controversial campaign was against compulsory use of seat belts which eventually failed but led to accusations of irresponsibility.

In 1994 the SIF published The Power to Destroy, a study of the British tax system, by Professor D. R. Myddelton.

Links to British intelligence
In his 1981 book, former counter-terrorism operative Gordon Winter of the South African Bureau of State Security recalls a briefing with his London-based handler, Alf Bouwer, describing the Society as a British intelligence "front" for "disseminating Establishment-type propaganda", namely opposition to the free immigration of black people to Britain. He was informed that there were two intelligence officers operating within the organisation, former president George Kennedy Young and broadcaster Ross McWhirter, the latter being murdered by the IRA in 1975.

Current activities
The Society for Individual Freedom regularly offers public meetings with notable speakers, and holds occasional luncheons at the Houses of Parliament.

The SIF has two related campaigns. Tell-IT calls for information technology to be used to provide information on outcomes of drugs and treatments and to make them known and available to both doctors and patients. Choice in Personal Safety (CIPS) campaigns against compulsion in seatbelt laws and other related matters.

The SIF also publishes a journal, The Individual.

They are a member of Backlash, which was formed in 2005 in order to oppose a new law criminalising possession of "extreme pornography".

title: Society for Individual Freedom


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Irma Capece Minutolo

Irma Capece Minutolo (6 August 1935 – 7 June 2023) was an Italian opera singer who was one of the last companions of King Farouk I of Egypt. In later years, she claimed she was the king's last wife and used the name Irma Capece Minutolo Farouk.

Background
Irma Capece Minutolo was born in Naples, Italy on 6 August 1935, reportedly a daughter of Augusto Capece Minutolo.

In 1954, Time reported that Capece Minutolo's "right to be called a marchioness was recently disputed when two Italian newsmen declared that her parents were a chauffeur and a janitor's daughter." A trial for slander resulted, though its outcome is unknown.

Career
Capece Minutolo developed a successful opera career after the death of Farouk.

In addition to her opera career, she appeared in several motion pictures:
 * Napoletani a Milano (1953)
 * Siamo Ricchi e Poveri (1954)
 * Young Toscanini (1988, role: Signora Martelli), a Franco Zeffirelli film starring Elizabeth Taylor and C. Thomas Howell
 * Mutande Pazze (1992)
 * Boom (1992)

Declaration of marriage to King Farouk I
In 2005, in an interview with Al-Ahram Weekly, Capece Minutolo said that she married Farouk "in the Islamic tradition" when she was 16 and that she was writing a memoir of her life as the king's wife. Published sources such as Time magazine indicate that Capece Minutolo was born in 1935, which would place her supposed marriage at the age of 16 in 1951. That is the same year that the king married his second wife Narriman Sadek. Capece Minutolo also stated that she and Farouk had been married, at the time of his death in 1965, for a total of eight years, which would mean that the purported ceremony took place in 1957. However, in 1954, Time in describing Capece Minutolo as "his current traveling companion, a voluptuous Neapolitan", stated that the singer had declined to marry the deposed monarch, claiming, "Farouk is sensible and tender, but marriage is the tomb of love." Six years later, the couple's legal status had not changed, since Time described the singer as the former king's "one conspicuous indulgence: buxom, blonde Irma Capece Minuto [sic], his on-again-off-again sweetheart, whom Farouk may marry sometime." However, in Farouk's death notice, published in The New York Times, Capece Minutolo was identified as "Farouk's constant companion in recent years." Capece Minutolo further stated that she was 24 when Farouk died, in 1965, which would place her birth year as 1941. In February 1954, however, the same month that King Farouk and Queen Narriman divorced, Time referred to the singer as the King's "latest collector's item" and gave her age as 18, which would place her birth in 1935, given her birthday (6 August). Capece Minutolo's claim of having married the exiled Egyptian monarch has not been substantiated.

Death
Irma Capece Minutolo died on 7 June 2023, at the age of 87.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Irma Capece Minutolo


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Stable master

A stable master or head groom is the manager in charge of a stable.

At large horse establishments there may be several grooms under the management of the stable master. In a professional establishment the head groom usually has complete responsibility for the horses including devising training schedules, choosing feeds for optimum nutrition and ensuring the horses are shod, wormed, inoculated and provided with timely veterinary care.

Historically, one kind of stable master was an avener, or avenor, the chief officer of the stables of a king, and the officer in charge of obtaining positions for horses belonging to the king. The Latin version of the word was avenarius, from the Latin avena, meaning "oats" or "straw". The avenar was under the watch of the Master of the Horse, and in his duties administered the oaths of office to all other stable officials. He was also in charge of stable expense accounts and payroll.

An avenary, related to an avener, was the largest department in the household of the king. There was generally a staff of 100 to 200 valets and grooms which, under the watch of the avenar, tended to the horses of the king, his household, officials and attendants, as well as the horses of royal visitors.

In a private residence the stable master has these responsibilities and must also accommodate the riding schedules of the employer's family and, if necessary, arrange for lessons and training. The stable master must ensure that a groom is on call during specified hours in case any members of the employer's family wish to ride. The stable master is also responsible for the special needs of aged and retired horses, and usually for the maintenance and overall appearance of the stables. The stable master may or may not report to a steward or estate manager.

title: Stable master


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Novi Zagreb – zapad

Novi Zagreb – zapad (, "Novi Zagreb – west") has the status of a city district (gradska četvrt) in Zagreb, Croatia and as such has an elected council.

According to the 2011 Croatian census, Novi Zagreb – zapad had 58,103 residents.

List of neighborhoods in Novi Zagreb – zapad

 * Blato: recently assimilated in the Zagreb agglomeration
 * Botinec: famous for its streets that are named after Croatian fictional characters
 * Hrašće
 * Hrvatski Leskovac
 * Kajzerica: includes the Zagreb Chinatown
 * Lanište
 * Lučko
 * Remetinec
 * Savski gaj: neighborhood with one skyscraper, few buildings and mostly single-family houses.
 * Siget: high-quality soc-realistic buildings with small private houses
 * Sveta Klara
 * Trnsko
 * Trokut

title: Novi Zagreb – zapad


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User:Oolong

Fergus Murray in the real world, frequently Oolong online (after the tea), sometimes with a 0 because somebody's already taken the normal spelling (as at Flickr, LiveJournal and deviantArt) but with an O if I get in there first. A graphics programmer, writer, sculptor, photographer, web designer, activist and science teacher.

Mainly here to fill a few holes, correct the occasional bit of bullshit and the much more common bit of lousy writing, and get a feeling for how things work.

Feel free to email me at frm@oolong.co.uk

title: User:Oolong


text: User talk:65.186.24.172

title: User talk:65.186.24.172


text:
UTB

UTB may stand for:

 * The University of Texas at Brownsville (formerly known as UTB/TSC)
 * USCG Utility Boat
 * Under the Blacklight
 * Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
 * Universiti Teknologi Brunei
 * Uzina Tractorul Braşov (Braşov Tractor Factory), a Romanian producer of tractors
 * United Television Broadcasting Systems
 * Untribium, a hypothetical chemical element
 * "Under the Bridge", a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers
 * United Television Broadcasting, a TV channel in California
 * Muttaburra Airport, IATA airport code "UTB"

title: UTB


text: File:Lollipopcover.jpg

title: File:Lollipopcover.jpg


text: User talk:70.27.21.150

title: User talk:70.27.21.150


text: User talk:70.49.28.157

title: User talk:70.49.28.157


text:
User talk:Sean Antrim

Attack
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on this page, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because the article is a page created primarily to disparage its subject or a biography of a living person that is controversial in tone and unsourced, where there is no neutral point of view version in the history to revert to. (CSD G10).

To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting the article, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate the article itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. CSDWarnBot (talk) 09:10, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Laugh of the day
I appreciated the Edit Summary left for your Hot dog edit. It seems wonderfully appropriate for one of the most dingbat Wiki articles. Cheers, Piano non troppo (talk) 18:43, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Bob Rennie

A tag has been placed on Bob Rennie requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. DoDo Bird Brain (talk) 04:21, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

December 2013
Hello, I'm DVdm. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to User:Elliot Langford, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. DVdm (talk) 22:57, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sean Antrim


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Columbia station (SkyTrain)

Columbia is an underground station on the Expo Line of Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain rapid transit system. The station is located on Columbia Street in New Westminster, British Columbia, and is a major transfer point between the two branches of the Expo Line, which separate from the main line at the flying junction just east of the station, with one terminating at King George station in Surrey and the other at Production Way–University station in Burnaby.

History
Columbia station was built between 1988 and 1989, and served as the system's temporary terminus (replacing New Westminster station) until it was extended to Scott Road station the following year, following the completion of the SkyBridge. During planning and construction, it was known as "4th Street", but was ultimately named after Columbia Street.

In 2002, the station became a major transfer point between two SkyTrain lines as the Millennium Line was interlined with the portion of the Expo Line that ran between Waterfront station and this station. At the same time, the transfer point for regional buses from Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam, and Port Moody was moved north to Braid and Lougheed Town Centre stations. In 2016, the original Millennium Line service than ran between Waterfront and VCC–Clark via Columbia was replaced by an Expo Line branch with service between Waterfront and Production Way–University. In February 2020, TransLink announced preliminary plans to overhaul Columbia station to improve accessibility and passenger flow.

Structure and design
Columbia station was built horizontally on a slope, so that the inbound platform in the north is underground, while the outbound platform in the south is predominantly at grade. The track at both ends of the station dips underground below Clarkson Street.

During construction, the station was not planned to be a major transfer point and was built with side platforms, which prevents cross-platform transfers. There is also only one escalator at the station, which leads up to the inbound platform. A second up escalator to the outbound platform is proposed as part of Expo Line upgrades.

Entrances

 * 4th Street entrance: located at the east side of the station. Unlike the other two entrances, the entrance from 4th Street is located above the platform level. There is no elevator or escalator at this entrance.
 * Clarkson Street entrance: connects Clarkson Street with the station through a series of stairs. The entrance is located at the north end of the lower street level, at the opposite end from the Columbia Street entrance.
 * Columbia Street entrance : connects the west side of the station with Columbia Street, half a level above, through a small shopping mall. An elevator is provided by the mall for station access. However, since this elevator is not a property of TransLink, the reliability of this accessible entrance is not guaranteed and it had been reported that the elevator can be out of service for an extended amount of time. An up escalator is provided between the lower street level and the inbound platform only. Passengers accessing the outbound platform must climb up a full flight of 36 stairs.

Transit connections
The following local bus routes can be found in close proximity to Columbia:

title: Columbia station (SkyTrain)


text:
Douglas Harold Copp

Douglas Harold Copp (January 16, 1915 – March 17, 1998) was a Canadian scientist who discovered and named the hormone calcitonin, which is used in the treatment of bone disease.

Early life and education
Douglas Harold Copp was born in Toronto, Ontario, on January 16, 1915.

He received his MD from the University of Toronto in 1939 and his PhD in biochemistry from the University of California at Berkeley in 1943.

Career
In 1950 Copp became the first head of the physiology department in the newly-established Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia.

Recognition, honours and legacy

 * In 1967 he received the Gardner International Award jointly with the British endocrinologist Iain Macintyre who had sequenced calcitonin and showed it originated in the thyroid gland.
 * He was elected fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
 * In 1971 he was elected fellow of both the Royal Society
 * In 1971 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1980.
 * In 1972 he was awarded the Flavelle Medal Award of the Royal Society of Canada.
 * In 1980 he was made Companion of the Order of Canada
 * In 1994 he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.
 * In 2000 he was inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame.
 * From 2001 until 2009, the International Bone and Mineral Society awarded the biennial D. Harold Copp Award, named in honour of Copp.

title: Douglas Harold Copp


text:
Harvey's

Harvey's is a fast food restaurant chain operating in Canada, with locations in every province except British Columbia. It serves hamburgers, poutine, hot dogs, french fries, onion rings, and other traditional Canadian fast-food fare. The chain is owned by Recipe Unlimited (previously known as Cara Operations).

Opened in 1959, the company is one of Canada's longest-standing Canadian owned and operated restaurants. It is known for its grilled burgers and for providing customers with a choice of various toppings.

1959 and 1960s: inception and growth
Harvey's was co-founded by George B. Sukornyk and Rick Mauran in early 1959 as equal shareholders. Mauran originally thought to call the chain Humphrey's, riffing off of the down-home friendliness connoted by the Henry's Hamburgers chain that was already successful in the United States at the time (today, only one Henry's restaurant survives). As he was preparing to open the first restaurant in the summer of 1959, he saw an item in the now defunct Toronto Telegram indicating that the John Harvey Motors car dealership in the city was closing, and the sign — which simply designated it Harvey's — was available. Mauran obtained the sign and posted it outside his flagship store.

The first Harvey's location was opened on April 1, 1959, at the southeast corner of Yonge Street and Observatory Lane in Richmond Hill, Ontario, on a 10 acre parcel of land purchased from the owner of a bankrupt Dairy Queen. The location was initially expected to be seasonal, based on the precedent of the local Dairy Queen location, but it was successful enough to remain open year-round. The first franchised location was on the company owned property on Avenue Road. Subsequently, the land was purchased for additional locations to be developed and franchised in Etobicoke, Hamilton and Scarborough.

In 1959, Harvey's introduced three original concepts in the drive-in take-out business. The first concept was for a customer to order, purchase and obtain a receipt, which was placed on the topping counter. The cash was immediately placed in the cash register, thereby controlling and monitoring cash, and keeping theft to a minimum. The second concept was to have the customer move along the counter, following his/her receipt, and then, at his/her request, have an employee customize his/her hamburger with a variety of toppings. The third concept — developed for its full-line Swiss Chalet restaurants in Montreal — was to purchase potatoes from Prince Edward Island, have the franchisee wash and cut the fresh potatoes into oversized chips with skin on, and then deep-fry and serve the chips on-site. This approach was a distinction between thin pre-frozen and pre-cut French Fries of unknown origin that were being sold at the time. Ten years later, under different management, the number of toppings was substantially increased, and pre-frozen and pre-cut string French Fries were introduced, replacing the freshly cut PEI potato.

1970s: Foodcorp and Cara acquisition
Harvey's Food Limited merged with Industrial Growth Limited in the early 1970s to form Foodcorp, led by president Bernie Syron. The company grew to operate 80 restaurants, and was acquired by Cara Operations in 1979, which has since rebranded as Recipe Unlimited.

2010–present: Great Canadian and Health Check
After going through four different flagship burgers in twenty years, Harvey's introduced the Great Canadian as its flagship burger in 2010. It was discontinued in 2013 and replaced by the Angus burger, which has served as the chain's flagship burger since then.

In February 2012 the first Harvey's location was demolished to make way for condominiums. In the summer of 2012, Harvey's added Dole Strawberry Kiwi as a fountain juice. Later in November 2012, Harvey's introduced a Health Check approved section for its menu. This includes the veggie burger, the grilled chicken sandwich, the Lil' Original and the grilled chicken salad. Only approved toppings, condiments and dressings may be used on the sandwiches for them to meet the Health Check requirements. The Lil' Original has a price of $1.99, comparable to those found on competitors' value-priced burgers.

Operations
Harvey's claims that, in 1998, they were the first to introduce "Custom Combos", allowing customers to modify their combo with different items from those usually included. At a select number of locations, breakfast is served along with "Frings" ("Fridelles" in French), which are half french fries and half onion rings.

As of December 2019, Harvey's employed more than 7,000 employees and operated 274 restaurant locations across Canada.

Flagship burger
Harvey's has changed flagship burgers several times before introducing the current Angus in 2014: Harvey's introduced their Angus burger series as a competitive measure to McDonald's, which first introduced its own Angus burgers in Canada in 2008. Harvey's presently uses all-Canadian beef.
 * Superburger (1989–1996, $1/3$ lb)
 * Ultra Burger (1996–2001, $1/4$ lb, "steak-like")
 * Big Harv (2001–2007, 2022-present)
 * Angus Burger (2007–2010)
 * Great Canadian (2010–2013, over $1/3$ lb)
 * Great Canadian Angus (2013–2014, over $1/3$ lb. Introduced Spring 2013)
 * Angus (2014–present. $1/4$ lb. A Double Angus $1/2$ lb burger is also available. Introduced Spring 2014.)

E. coli outbreak
In October 2008, over 200 people were infected with the O157:H7 strain of E. coli due to contaminated onions at the North Bay, Ontario, location. There was a class action lawsuit against Harvey's; the end result was a cheque for $1,000 to $7,250 per victim.

Harvey's vs. Hardee's
There is no affiliation between Harvey's and the American hamburger chain Hardee's. The latter's parent company CKE Restaurants has been prevented from opening stores in Canada under the Hardee's name due to a trademark dispute. CKE has instead launched the Carl's Jr. brand in Canada.

Loyalty program
Harvey's began a partnership with Scene in February 2015.

They are also a CAA Partner.

Advertising
Harvey's advertising takes the form of promotional coupons, social media presence on Facebook and television commercials.

Free Burger Week
On the last Sunday of May each year in 2007, 2008 and 2009, Harvey's held a Free Original Hamburger Day at all locations across Ontario and Quebec. The purpose of this event was to "celebrate Canada's best tasting burger" and to attract new customers who might not otherwise go into Harvey's. These events were loss leader sales where Harvey's hoped to sell side items and create customer loyalty. The event was extended across Canada in 2008, and later in 2009 to coincide with the chain's 50th anniversary. All these events were limited to one free burger per person. From 2010 onward, the event was changed to a "Free Burger Week" in June of every year, but now works as a "buy one, get one free" instead of a completely free burger. However, there is no longer a limit of one per person, and any burger (including chicken and veggie) can be obtained with the new deal.

Retail presence
In the early 1990s, some Harvey's locations featured items from the American chain Church's Chicken. After Cara acquired Harvey's, the Church's partnership was ceased and replaced with Swiss Chalet. In some cases, locations are adjacent to or co-located with Swiss Chalet locations. There are also a few Home Depot Harvey's stores that are co-located with Second Cup, a coffee chain that used to be owned by Cara.

title: Harvey's


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Doug Alker

Doug Alker (born 1940) is the former chair of the British Deaf Association and the Royal National Institute for the Deaf. His self-published 2000 book, Really Not Interested in the Deaf?, is a criticism of the Royal National Institute for the Deaf (RNID) and the story of his departure from the group.

After he left RNID he set up the political pressure group Federation of Deaf People (FDP) in 1997. As the chair, he and the FDP are primarily responsible for pressuring the UK government into officially recognizing British Sign Language. On 18 March 2003 the UK government formally recognized that BSL is a language in its own right.

He previously worked as a researcher for the BBC television programme See Hear.

title: Doug Alker


text:
John David Eaton

John David Eaton (4 October 1909 – 4 August 1973) was a Canadian businessman and a member of the Eaton family. From 1942–1969, he was president of Eaton's, the department store chain his grandfather, Timothy Eaton, founded.

Early life and education
Eaton was born in Toronto on 4 October 1909. He was the second son of Sir John Craig Eaton and Flora McCrae. His paternal grandfather, Timothy Eaton, had founded the T. Eaton Company Limited, commonly known as Eaton's, in 1869. Eaton grew up in Toronto at Ardwold, his parents' palatial home overlooking the city. His mother, Lady Eaton, was a Toronto society matron and hosted many major functions at Ardwold.

Sir John Craig Eaton died of pneumonia in 1922 at the age of 45. Since none of his children were old enough to take over the presidency of Eaton's at his death, his cousin, Robert Young Eaton, assumed the role. Sir John Craig's will stipulated that his successor was to be chosen by the board of directions from his four sons once they had all come of age and one could distinguish himself. John David had proved himself the most worthy candidate from a young age and was unanimously chosen in 1942.

Eaton was educated at Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, and Stowe School in Buckinghamshire, England. He matriculated to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he studied foreign languages. He did not graduate, instead returning to Canada to begin working for Eaton's, in the Queen Street store in Toronto and the store in Winnipeg.

Career
Eaton became a director at Eaton's in 1934, overseeing its expansion in Northern Ontario, before being appointed director of the manufacturing head office in 1936 and elected vice-president of the company in 1937. On 9 December 1942, Robert Young Eaton resigned the presidency and was succeeded by 33-year-old John David.

As president, John David oversaw Eaton's expansion further west, acquiring Spencer's in British Columbia in 1948. The store also expanded beyond its traditional downtown locations and began opening in suburban shopping centres during his tenure. Eaton's also began partnering in the construction of shopping centres in downtown cores, many of which bore the name Eaton Centre. Many of these shopping centres failed and Eaton considered this his greatest failure as president. He implemented an employee welfare plan with life insurance, an employee discount and a vacation policy, as well as the Eaton Retirement Annuity Plan for his employees, which he donated $50 million of his personal fortune to start.

Eaton, suffering from arthritis, retired as president in August 1969 at the age of 60. He was succeeded by Robert Butler, the first non-Eaton to hold the position. Two of his four sons eventually held the position and oversaw the store's bankruptcy in 1999.

Personal life and death
On 9 August 1933, Eaton married Signy Stefansson at Kawandag, his family home on Lake Rosseau. He met Signy in Winnipeg while she was a student at the University of Manitoba and he was working at the Eaton's Portage Avenue store. They had four sons: John Craig Eaton II (born 1937); Fredrik Stefan Eaton (1938–2021); Thor Edgar Eaton (1942–2017); and George Ross Eaton (born 1945).

Despite being one of the wealthiest people in Canada, Eaton was a shy man who shunned publicity. He was a Freemason, belonging to Assiniboine Lodge No. 114 based in Winnipeg.

Plagued with ill health throughout his later career and retirement, Eaton died aged 63 from pneumonia on 4 August 1973 at home in Toronto. He was interred in the Eaton Mausoleum at Mount Pleasant Cemetery.

title: John David Eaton


text:
Two-state quantum system

In quantum mechanics, a two-state system (also known as a two-level system) is a quantum system that can exist in any quantum superposition of two independent (physically distinguishable) quantum states. The Hilbert space describing such a system is two-dimensional. Therefore, a complete basis spanning the space will consist of two independent states. Any two-state system can also be seen as a qubit.

Two-state systems are the simplest quantum systems that are of interest, since the dynamics of a one-state system is trivial (as there are no other states the system can exist in). The mathematical framework required for the analysis of two-state systems is that of linear differential equations and linear algebra of two-dimensional spaces. As a result, the dynamics of a two-state system can be solved analytically without any approximation. The generic behavior of the system is that the wavefunction's amplitude oscillates between the two states.

A very well known example of a two-state system is the spin of a spin-1/2 particle such as an electron, whose spin can have values +ħ/2 or −ħ/2, where ħ is the reduced Planck constant.

The two-state system cannot be used as a description of absorption or decay, because such processes require coupling to a continuum. Such processes would involve exponential decay of the amplitudes, but the solutions of the two-state system are oscillatory.

Representation
Supposing the two available basis states of the system are $$|1\rangle$$ and $$|2\rangle$$,  in general the state can be written as a superposition of these two states with probability amplitudes $$c_1, c_2$$, $$ |\psi\rangle = c_1 |1\rangle + c_2 |2\rangle. $$

Since the basis states are orthonormal, $$\langle i|j\rangle=\delta_{ij}$$ where $$i,j\in{1,2}$$ and $$\delta_{ij}$$ is the Kronecker delta, so $$c_i=\langle i|\psi\rangle$$. These two complex numbers may be considered coordinates in a two-dimensional complex Hilbert space. Thus the state vector corresponding to the state $$|\psi\rangle$$ is $$|\psi\rangle \equiv \begin{pmatrix} \langle 1|\psi\rangle \\ \langle 2|\psi\rangle\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} c_1 \\ c_2\end{pmatrix}=c_1\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0\end{pmatrix} + c_2\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1\end{pmatrix}=\mathbf{c},$$ and the basis states correspond to the basis vectors, $$|1\rangle \equiv \begin{pmatrix} \langle 1|1\rangle \\ \langle 2|1\rangle\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0\end{pmatrix}$$ and $$|2\rangle \equiv \begin{pmatrix} \langle 1|2\rangle \\ \langle 2|2\rangle\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1\end{pmatrix}.$$

If the state $$|\psi\rangle$$ is normalized, the norm of the state vector is unity, i.e. $${|c_1|}^2+{|c_2|}^2 = 1$$.

All observable physical quantities, such as energy, are associated with hermitian operators. In the case of energy and the corresponding Hamiltonian, $H$,  this means $$H_{ij}=\langle i|H|j \rangle=\langle j|H|i \rangle^*=H_{ji}^*,$$ i.e. $$H_{11}$$ and $$H_{22}$$ are real, and $$H_{12} = H_{21}^*$$. Thus, these four matrix elements $$H_{ij}$$ produce a 2×2 hermitian matrix, $$ \mathbf{H} = \begin{pmatrix} \langle 1|H|1 \rangle & \langle 1|H|2 \rangle \\ \langle 2|H|1 \rangle & \langle 2|H|2 \rangle \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} H_{11} & H_{12} \\ H_{12}^* & H_{22} \end{pmatrix} .$$

The time-independent Schrödinger equation states that $$H|\psi\rangle=E|\psi\rangle$$; substituting for $$|\psi\rangle$$ in terms of the basis states from above, and multiplying both sides by $$\langle 1|$$ or $$\langle 2|$$ produces a system of two linear equations that can be written in matrix form, $$ \begin{pmatrix} H_{11} & H_{12} \\ H_{12}^* & H_{22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} c_1 \\ c_2  \end{pmatrix} = E \begin{pmatrix} c_1  \\ c_2  \end{pmatrix}, $$ or $$\mathbf{Hc} = E\mathbf{c}$$ which is a 2×2 matrix eigenvalues and eigenvectors problem. As mentioned above, this equation comes from plugging a general state into the time-independent Schrödinger equation. Remember that the time-independent Schrödinger equation is a restrictive condition used to specify the eigenstates. Therefore, when plugging a general state into it, we are seeing what form the general state must take to be an eigenstate. Doing so, and distributing, we get $$ c_1 H | 1 \rangle + c_2 H | 2 \rangle = c_1 E | 1 \rangle + c_2 E | 2 \rangle $$, which requires $$   c_1 $$ or $$ c_2 $$ to be zero ($$ E $$ cannot be equal to both $$ \varepsilon_1 $$ and $$ \varepsilon_2 $$, the energies of the individual states, which are by definition different). Upon setting $$ c_1 $$ or $$ c_2 $$ to be 0, only one state remains, and $$ E $$ is the energy of the surviving state. This result is a redundant reminder that the time-independent Schrödinger equation is only satisfied by eigenstates of H, which are (by definition of the state vector) the states where all except one coefficient are zero. Now, if we follow the same derivation, but before acting with the Hamiltonian on the individual states, we multiply both sides by $$ \langle 1 | $$ or $$ \langle 2 | $$, we get a system of two linear equations that can be combined into the above matrix equation. Like before, this can only be satisfied if $$ c_1 $$ or $$ c_2 $$ is zero, and when this happens, the constant $$ E $$ will be the energy of the remaining state. The above matrix equation should thus be interpreted as a restrictive condition on a general state vector to yield an eigenvector of $$ H $$, exactly analogous to the time-independent Schrödinger equation.

Of course, in general, commuting the matrix with a state vector will not result in the same vector multiplied by a constant E. For general validity, one has to write the equation in the form $$ \begin{pmatrix} H_{11} & H_{12} \\ H_{12}^* & H_{22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} c_1 \\ c_2  \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \varepsilon_1 c_1  \\ \varepsilon_2 c_2  \end{pmatrix}, $$ with the individual eigenstate energies still inside the product vector. In either case, the Hamiltonian matrix can be derived using the method specified above, or via the more traditional method of constructing a matrix using boundary conditions; specifically, by using the requirement that when it acts on either basis state, it must return that state multiplied by the energy of that state. (There are no boundary conditions on how it acts on a general state.) This results in a diagonal matrix with the diagonal elements being the energies of the eigenstates and the off-diagonal elements being zero. The form of the matrix above that uses bra-ket-enclosed Hamiltonians is a more generalized version of this matrix.

One might ask why it is necessary to write the Hamiltonian matrix in such a general form with bra-ket-enclosed Hamiltonians, since $$ H_{ij}, i\neq j $$ should always equal zero and $$ H_{ii} $$ should always equal $$ \varepsilon_i $$. The reason is that, in some more complex problems, the state vectors may not be eigenstates of the Hamiltonian used in the matrix. One place where this occurs is in degenerate perturbation theory, where the off-diagonal elements are nonzero until the problem is solved by diagonalization.

Because of the hermiticity of $$ \mathbf{H}$$ the eigenvalues are real; or, rather, conversely, it is the requirement that the energies are real that implies the hermiticity of $$\mathbf{H}$$. The eigenvectors represent the stationary states, i.e., those for whom the absolute magnitude of the squares of the probability amplitudes do not change with time.

Eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian
The most general form of a 2×2 Hermitian matrix such as the Hamiltonian of a two-state system is given by $$ \mathbf{H} = \begin{pmatrix} \varepsilon_1 & \beta - i \gamma \\ \beta + i\gamma & \varepsilon_2\end{pmatrix},$$ where $$ \varepsilon_1, \varepsilon_2, \beta$$ and $γ$ are real numbers with units of energy. The allowed energy levels of the system, namely the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian matrix, can be found in the usual way.

Equivalently, this matrix can be decomposed as, $$ \mathbf{H} = \alpha\cdot\sigma_0 + \beta \cdot\sigma_1 + \gamma\cdot\sigma_2 + \delta\cdot\sigma_3 = \begin{pmatrix} \alpha+\delta & \beta-i\gamma\\ \beta+i\gamma & \alpha-\delta \end{pmatrix}. $$ Here, $\alpha = \frac 1 2 \left(\varepsilon_1 + \varepsilon_2\right)$ and $\delta = \frac 1 2 \left(\varepsilon_1 - \varepsilon_2\right)$  are real numbers. The matrix $$\sigma_0$$ is the 2×2 identity matrix and the matrices $$ \sigma_k $$ with $$k = 1,2,3$$ are the Pauli matrices. This decomposition simplifies the analysis of the system, especially in the time-independent case, where the values of $$ \alpha,\beta,\gamma$$ and $$\delta$$ are constants.

The Hamiltonian can be further condensed as $$ \mathbf{H} = \alpha \cdot \sigma_0 + \mathbf{r}\cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma} .$$

The vector $$\mathbf{r}$$ is given by $$(\beta,\gamma,\delta)$$ and $$\sigma$$ is given by $$(\sigma_1,\sigma_2,\sigma_3)$$. This representation simplifies the analysis of the time evolution of the system and is easier to use with other specialized representations such as the Bloch sphere.

If the two-state system's time-independent Hamiltonian $H$ is defined as above, then its eigenvalues are given by $$E_{\pm} = \alpha \pm |\mathbf{r}|$$. Evidently, α is the average energy of the two levels, and the norm of $$\mathbf{r}$$ is the splitting between them. The corresponding eigenvectors are denoted as $$|+\rangle$$ and $$|-\rangle$$.

Time dependence
We now assume that the probability amplitudes are time-dependent, though the basis states are not. The Time-dependent Schrödinger equation states $i\hbar \partial_t |\psi\rangle = H|\psi\rangle$, and proceeding as before (substituting for $$|\psi\rangle$$ and premultiplying by $$\langle 1|, \langle 2|$$ again produces a pair of coupled linear equations, but this time they are first order partial differential equations: $i\hbar \partial_t \mathbf{c} = \mathbf{Hc}$ . If $$\mathbf{H}$$ is time independent there are several approaches to find the time dependence of $$c_1, c_2$$, such as normal modes. The result is that $$\mathbf{c}(t) = e^{-i \mathbf{H} t / \hbar} \mathbf{c}_0 = \mathbf{U}(t) \mathbf{c}_0.$$ where $$\mathbf{c}_0 = \mathbf{c}(0)$$ is the statevector at $$t = 0$$. Here the exponential of a matrix may be found from the series expansion. The matrix $$\mathbf{U}(t)$$ is called the time evolution matrix (which comprises the matrix elements of the corresponding time evolution operator $$U(t)$$). It is easily proved that $$\mathbf{U}(t)$$ is unitary, meaning that $$\mathbf{U}^\dagger \mathbf{U} = 1$$.

It can be shown that $$\mathbf{U}(t) = e^{-i\mathbf{H}t/\hbar} = e^{-i \alpha t / \hbar} \left(\cos\left(\frac{|\mathbf{r}|}{\hbar}t\right)\sigma_0 - i \sin\left(\frac{|\mathbf{r}|}{\hbar}t\right) \hat{r} \cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma}\right) ,$$ where $\hat{r} = \frac{\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|}.$

When one changes the basis to the eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian, in other words, if the basis states $$|1\rangle, |2\rangle $$ are chosen to be the eigenvectors, then $$\epsilon_1=H_{11}=\langle 1|H|1 \rangle=E_1\langle 1|1 \rangle=E_1$$ and $$\beta+i\gamma = H_{21} =\langle 2|H|1 \rangle = E_1\langle 2|1 \rangle = 0$$ and so the Hamiltonian is diagonal, i.e. $$ |\mathbf{r}| = \delta$$ and is of the form, $$\mathbf{H} = \begin{pmatrix} E_1 & 0 \\ 0 & E_2 \end{pmatrix}.$$

Now, the unitary time evolution operator $$U$$ is easily seen to be given by: $$\mathbf{U}(t) = e^{-i\mathbf{H}t/\hbar} = \begin{pmatrix} e^{-i E_1 t/\hbar} & 0\\ 0 & e^{-i E_2vt/\hbar} \end{pmatrix} = e^{-i \alpha t/\hbar} \begin{pmatrix} e^{-i \delta t/\hbar} & 0\\ 0 & e^{i \delta t/\hbar} \end{pmatrix} = e^{-i\alpha t/\hbar} \left(\cos\left(\frac \delta \hbar t\right)\sigma_0 - i \sin\left(\frac \delta \hbar t\right) \boldsymbol{\sigma}_3\right) .$$ The $$e^{-i\alpha t/\hbar}$$ factor merely contributes to the overall phase of the operator, and can usually be ignored to yield a new time evolution operator that is physically indistinguishable from the original operator. Moreover, any perturbation to the system (which will be of the same form as the Hamiltonian) can be added to the system in the eigenbasis of the unperturbed Hamiltonian and analysed in the same way as above. Therefore, for any perturbation the new eigenvectors of the perturbed system can be solved for exactly, as mentioned in the introduction.

Rabi formula for a static perturbation
Suppose that the system starts in one of the basis states at $$t = 0$$, say $$|1\rangle $$ so that $\mathbf{c}_0 = \begin{pmatrix} 1\\ 0 \end{pmatrix} $, and we are interested in the probability of occupation of each of the basis states as a function of time when $$\mathbf{H}$$ is the time-independent Hamiltonian. $$\mathbf{c}(t) =\mathbf{U}(t)\mathbf{c}_0= \begin{pmatrix} U_{11}(t) & U_{12}(t)\\ U_{21}(t) & U_{22}(t) \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} 1\\ 0 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} U_{11}(t) \\ U_{21}(t) \end{pmatrix}. $$

The probability of occupation of state $i$ is $$P_i(t) = |c_i(t)|^2 = |U_{i1}(t)|^2$$. In the case of the starting state, $$P_1(t) = |c_1(t)|^2 = |U_{11}(t)|^2$$, and from above, $$U_{11}(t) = e^{\frac{-i\alpha t}{\hbar}} \left(\cos\left(\frac{|\mathbf{r}|}\hbar t\right) - i \sin\left(\frac{|\mathbf{r}|}\hbar t\right)\frac{\delta}{|\mathbf{r}|}\right) .$$ Hence, $$P_1(t)= \cos^2(\Omega t) + \sin^2(\Omega t)\frac{\Delta^2}{\Omega^2}. $$

Obviously, $$P_1(0)=1 $$ due to the initial condition. The frequency $$ \Omega = \frac{|\mathbf{r}|}{\hbar} = \frac 1 \hbar \sqrt{\beta^2+\gamma^2+\delta^2} = \sqrt{|\Omega_R|^2+\Delta^2}$$ is called the generalised Rabi frequency, $$\Omega_R = (\beta+i \gamma)/\hbar$$ is called the Rabi frequency, and $$\Delta = \delta/\hbar$$ is called the detuning.

At zero detuning, $$P_1(t) = \cos^2(|\Omega_R| t) $$, i.e., there is Rabi flopping from guaranteed occupation of state 1, to guaranteed occupation of state 2, and back to state 1, etc., with frequency $$|\Omega_R|$$. As the detuning is increased away from zero, the frequency of the flopping increases (to $Ω$) and the amplitude of exciting the electron decreases to $$\Omega^2/\Delta^2$$.

For time dependent Hamiltonians induced by light waves, see the articles on Rabi cycle and rotating wave approximation.

Precession in a field
Consider the case of a spin-1/2 particle in a magnetic field $$\mathbf{B} = B \mathbf{\hat n}$$. The interaction Hamiltonian for this system is $$ H = -\boldsymbol{\mu} \cdot \mathbf{B} = -\mu\boldsymbol{\sigma} \cdot \mathbf{B},$$ where $$\mu$$ is the magnitude of the particle's magnetic moment and $$\boldsymbol{\sigma}$$ is the vector of Pauli matrices. Solving the time dependent Schrödinger equation $$ H\psi = i\hbar \partial_t \psi$$ yields $$ \psi(t) = e^{i\omega t \boldsymbol{\sigma} \cdot \mathbf{\hat{n}}} \psi(0),$$ where $$ \omega = \mu B/\hbar$$ and $$ e^{i\omega t \boldsymbol{\sigma} \cdot \mathbf{\hat{n}}} = \cos{\left(\omega t\right)} I + i\; \mathbf{\hat{n}} \cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma} \sin{\left(\omega t\right)} $$. Physically, this corresponds to the Bloch vector precessing around $$\mathbf{\hat{n}} $$ with angular frequency $$ 2\omega $$. Without loss of generality, assume the field is uniform points in $$\mathbf{\hat{z}} $$, so that the time evolution operator is given as $$ e^{i\omega t \boldsymbol{\sigma} \cdot \mathbf{\hat{n}}} = \begin{pmatrix} e^{i\omega t} & 0 \\ 0 & e^{-i\omega t} \end{pmatrix}.$$

It can be seen that such a time evolution operator acting on a general spin state of a spin-1/2 particle will lead to the precession about the axis defined by the applied magnetic field (this is the quantum mechanical equivalent of Larmor precession)

The above method can be applied to the analysis of any generic two-state system that is interacting with some field (equivalent to the magnetic field in the previous case) if the interaction is given by an appropriate coupling term that is analogous to the magnetic moment. The precession of the state vector (which need not be a physical spinning as in the previous case) can be viewed as the precession of the state vector on the Bloch sphere.

The representation on the Bloch sphere for a state vector $$\psi(0)$$ will simply be the vector of expectation values $$ \mathbf{R} = \left(\langle \sigma_x \rangle, \langle \sigma_y \rangle, \langle \sigma_z \rangle \right) $$. As an example, consider a state vector $$ \psi(0) $$ that is a normalized superposition of $$\left|\uparrow\right\rangle $$ and $$\left|\downarrow\right\rangle $$, that is, a vector that can be represented in the $$ \sigma_z$$ basis as $$ \psi(0) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$$

The components of $$\psi(t)$$ on the Bloch sphere will simply be $$\mathbf{R} = \left(\cos{2\omega t}, -\sin{2\omega t}, 0\right)$$. This is a unit vector that begins pointing along $$\mathbf{\hat{x}}$$ and precesses around $$\mathbf{\hat{z}}$$ in a left-handed manner. In general, by a rotation around $$\mathbf{\hat{z}}$$, any state vector $$\psi(0)$$ can be represented as $$a\left|\uparrow\right\rangle + b\left|\downarrow\right\rangle$$ with real coefficients $$a$$ and $$b$$. Such a state vector corresponds to a Bloch vector in the xz-plane making an angle $$ \tan(\theta/2) = b/a $$ with the z-axis. This vector will proceed to precess around $$\mathbf{\hat{z}}$$. In theory, by allowing the system to interact with the field of a particular direction and strength for precise durations, it is possible to obtain any orientation of the Bloch vector, which is equivalent to obtaining any complex superposition. This is the basis for numerous technologies including quantum computing and MRI.

Evolution in a time-dependent field: Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an important example in the dynamics of two-state systems because it involves the exact solution to a time dependent Hamiltonian. The NMR phenomenon is achieved by placing a nucleus in a strong, static field $B_{0}$ (the "holding field") and then applying a weak, transverse field $B_{1}$ that oscillates at some radiofrequency $ω_{r}$. Explicitly, consider a spin-1/2 particle in a holding field $$B_0 \mathbf{\hat z}$$ and a transverse rf field $B_{1}$ rotating in the xy-plane in a right-handed fashion around $B_{0}$: $$ \mathbf{B} = \begin{pmatrix} B_1 \cos\omega_\mathrm{r} t \\ B_1 \sin\omega_\mathrm{r} t\\ B_0 \end{pmatrix}.$$

As in the free precession case, the Hamiltonian is $$H = -\mu \boldsymbol{\sigma} \cdot \mathbf{B}$$, and the evolution of a state vector $$\psi(t)$$ is found by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation $$H\psi = i\hbar\,\partial \psi/\partial t$$. After some manipulation (given in the collapsed section below), it can be shown that the Schrödinger equation becomes $$ \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial t} = i\left(\omega_1 \sigma_x + \left(w_0+\frac{\omega_r}{2}\right)\sigma_z\right) \psi,$$ where $$ \omega_0 = \mu B_0/\hbar$$ and $$\omega_1 = \mu B_1/\hbar$$.

As per the previous section, the solution to this equation has the Bloch vector precessing around $$ (\omega_1,0,\omega_0 + \omega_r/2) $$ with a frequency that is twice the magnitude of the vector. If $$ \omega_0 $$ is sufficiently strong, some proportion of the spins will be pointing directly down prior to the introduction of the rotating field. If the angular frequency of the rotating magnetic field is chosen such that $$ \omega_r = -2 \omega_0 $$, in the rotating frame the state vector will precess around $$ \hat{x} $$ with frequency $$ 2 \omega_1 $$, and will thus flip from down to up releasing energy in the form of detectable photons. This is the fundamental basis for NMR, and in practice is accomplished by scanning $$ \omega_r $$ until the resonant frequency is found at which point the sample will emit light. Similar calculations are done in atomic physics, and in the case that the field is not rotating, but oscillating with a complex amplitude, use is made of the rotating wave approximation in deriving such results.

Relation to Bloch equations
The optical Bloch equations for a collection of spin-1/2 particles can be derived from the time dependent Schrödinger equation for a two level system. Starting with the previously stated Hamiltonian $$ i \hbar\partial_t\psi = -\mu \boldsymbol{\sigma} \cdot \mathbf{B}\psi $$, it can be written in summation notation after some rearrangement as $$ \frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t} = i\frac{\mu}{\hbar}\sigma_i B_i \psi $$

Multiplying by a Pauli matrix $$ \sigma_i $$ and the conjugate transpose of the wavefunction, and subsequently expanding the product of two Pauli matrices yields $$ \psi^\dagger \sigma_j \frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t} = i \frac{\mu}{\hbar} \psi^\dagger \sigma_j \sigma_i B_i \psi = i\frac{\mu}{\hbar}\psi^\dagger \left(I\delta_{ij} - i \sigma_k \varepsilon_{ijk}\right) B_i \psi = \frac{\mu}{\hbar} \psi^\dagger \left(iI\delta_{ij} + \sigma_k \varepsilon_{ijk}\right) B_i \psi $$

Adding this equation to its own conjugate transpose yields a left hand side of the form $$ \psi^\dagger \sigma_j \frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial\psi^\dagger}{\partial t} \sigma_j \psi = \frac{\partial \left( \psi^\dagger \sigma_j \psi\right)}{\partial t} $$

And a right hand side of the form $$ \frac{\mu}{\hbar}\psi^\dagger \left(iI\delta_{ij} + \sigma_k \varepsilon_{ijk}\right) B_i \psi + \frac{\mu}{\hbar} \psi^\dagger \left(-iI\delta_{ij} + \sigma_k \varepsilon_{ijk}\right) B_i\psi = \frac{2\mu}{\hbar} \left( \psi^\dagger \sigma_k \psi\right) B_i \varepsilon_{ijk} $$

As previously mentioned, the expectation value of each Pauli matrix is a component of the Bloch vector, $$ \langle \sigma_i \rangle = \psi^\dagger\sigma_i\psi = R_i$$. Equating the left and right hand sides, and noting that $$ \frac{2\mu}{\hbar} $$ is the gyromagnetic ratio $$ \gamma $$, yields another form for the equations of motion of the Bloch vector $$ \frac{\partial R_j}{\partial t} = \gamma R_k B_i \varepsilon_{kij} $$ where the fact that $$ \varepsilon_{ijk} = \varepsilon_{kij} $$ has been used. In vector form these three equations can be expressed in terms of a cross product $$ \frac{\partial \mathbf{R}}{\partial t} = \gamma \mathbf{R} \times \mathbf{B} $$ Classically, this equation describes the dynamics of a spin in a magnetic field. An ideal magnet consists of a collection of identical spins behaving independently, and thus the total magnetization $$ \mathbf{M}$$ is proportional to the Bloch vector $$ \mathbf{R} $$. All that is left to obtain the final form of the optical Bloch equations is the inclusion of the phenomenological relaxation terms.

As a final aside, the above equation can be derived by considering the time evolution of the angular momentum operator in the Heisenberg picture. $$ i\hbar\frac{d\sigma_j}{dt} = \left[\sigma_j,H\right] = \left[\sigma_j, -\mu \sigma_i B_i\right] = -\mu \left(\sigma_j\sigma_i B_i - \sigma_i\sigma_j B_i\right) = \mu [\sigma_i,\sigma_j] B_i = 2\mu i \varepsilon_{ijk}\sigma_k B_i $$

When coupled with the fact that $$ \mathbf{R}_i = \langle \sigma_i \rangle $$, this equation is the same equation as before.

Validity
Two-state systems are the simplest non-trivial quantum systems that occur in nature, but the above-mentioned methods of analysis are not just valid for simple two-state systems. Any general multi-state quantum system can be treated as a two-state system as long as the observable one is interested in has two eigenvalues. For example, a spin-1/2 particle may in reality have additional translational or even rotational degrees of freedom, but those degrees of freedom are irrelevant to the preceding analysis. Mathematically, the neglected degrees of freedom correspond to the degeneracy of the spin eigenvalues.

Another case where the effective two-state formalism is valid is when the system under consideration has two levels that are effectively decoupled from the system. This is the case in the analysis of the spontaneous or stimulated emission of light by atoms and that of charge qubits. In this case it should be kept in mind that the perturbations (interactions with an external field) are in the right range and do not cause transitions to states other than the ones of interest.

Significance and other examples
Pedagogically, the two-state formalism is among the simplest of mathematical techniques used for the analysis of quantum systems. It can be used to illustrate fundamental quantum mechanical phenomena such as the interference exhibited by particles of the polarization states of the photon, but also more complex phenomena such as neutrino oscillation or the neutral K-meson oscillation.

Two-state formalism can be used to describe simple mixing of states, which leads to phenomena such as resonance stabilization and other level crossing related symmetries. Such phenomena have a wide variety of application in chemistry. Phenomena with tremendous industrial applications such as the maser and laser can be explained using the two-state formalism.

The two-state formalism also forms the basis of quantum computing. Qubits, which are the building blocks of a quantum computer, are nothing but two-state systems. Any quantum computational operation is a unitary operation that rotates the state vector on the Bloch sphere.

title: Two-state quantum system


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 April 11


text: User talk:67.170.19.84

title: User talk:67.170.19.84


text:
Talk:Embedded operating system

Windows
Windows XP is an embedded operating system? Windows CE is a real-time system? Come on!
 * Isn't there a desktop version and an Windows XP embedded version? I believe there is.--Jondel 00:03, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Embedded operating system


text:
Talk:Testimony of peace

Title
I'm not certain, but I'm pretty sure that Testimony should be lower case... if anyone agrees, feel free to switch it. Zach 23:06, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it should be capitalized because it acts as a proper title. Logophile 09:35, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree I agree that testimony should be lower case. It is not a proper title but a description of how Friends testify for peace.  I also do not think it should have a definite article (the) prior to it - I think it should be peace testimony not The Peace Testimony.  I think that the article should also mention that some Yearly Meetings use the word witness rather than testimony - ie witness for peace Ceiriog (talk) 19:40, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

I rewrote the introductory paragraph to re-frame the "testimony" as a way of acting rather than as a belief. I did not carry the same concept through in the rest of the article, though I think that would be a good exercise. The same could be done for each of the other "testimonies". I think it would also be good if someone could come up with a discussion of the fact that early Friends didn't usually refer to the "testimonies" plural, but to their "testimony" singular: a reference to the way in which their whole pattern of life "testified" to the "Truth".

In addition, I deleted the material in the "general explanation" paragraph that emphasized how the testimony can be modified or changed. This seemed to pose a stark and unexplained contrast to the quotation from the Declaration to King Charles which said that the Spirit of Christ would never move Friends to engage in war. The ensuing historical discussion seemed to make it sufficiently clear that in practice Friends' understanding of and faithfulness to the testimony has changed from time to time. --Richquaker 20:36, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Most of this article actually seems to be about Quakers' beliefs about peace and not their testimony for peace. Believing that war is wrong is a belief, yet acting to stop war is a testimony.  Most of this article is about why Quakers believe war is wrong rather than how they actively testify to this belief.  I have changed some of the wording to reflect this, however perhaps the title of the page should be Quaker beliefs and testimony for peace rather than simply Peace Testimony? Ceiriog (talk) 20:02, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Pro-life/Choice blurb
I'm a bit concerned about adding extraneous debate to the article, so I've pulled the following out of the applications section.

 * The Peace Testimony has also motivated many Quakers to have a pro-life view-point.  The vast majority of Quakers are pro-choice, believing, e.g., that consciousness and mental accumen beyond that of a newborn is necessary for meaningful communion with the Spirit.

If others feel it's important to keep this text in, we can. But of the applications and debates around the peace testimony, in my experience this is one of the more rare issues to come up. If we included a more complete discussion of out-growth of the peace testimony I might be more inclined to keep it, but I don't think it's representative in the current context. --Ahc 14:25, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * How about this:
 * The Peace Testimony has also motivated some Quakers to have a pro-life view-point, but the Quaker community has no consensus on the abortion issue. (The community generally has no consensus "on any of the 'boundaries of life' issues, which include abortion, euthanasia, and overpopulation.")
 * This is exactly what the article says, and I think that more applications of the Peace Testimony need to be added. Robotbeat 06:20, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I mean, under a title called "Application of the Peace Testimony" the statement of some pro-life Quakers citing the Peace Testimony seems like more than a valid example of "Application of the Peace Testimony." Robotbeat 06:24, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm all for including any applications of the Peace Testimony, but they should be well referenced. I think that we would need a quotation from a "Faith and Practice" or a mission/purpose statement from a Quaker organization to back up any assertions about how the Peace Testimony has been applied.  Logophile 14:20, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't mind a longer discussion of applications. And this could certianly be included, but I have two concerns here.  First, I aggree with Logophile, that it would be nice to be citing a group, not an individual (irrergaurdless of how many places she's cited).  Second, the phrasings that have been removed twice now imply that this is a major outgrowth within the society, and in my expereince that's not true.  In my expereince very few Quakers feel the Peace Testimony applies in this way, and it gives over-due weight to the issue.  I feel if we choose to include debated applications we start with more traditional points of debate (situations like Bosinia, CPT, etc.) where large numbers of Friends have debated how abosolute they feel lead to be about violence. --Ahc 06:04, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm in strong agreement with Ahc. I think there are far more relevant and long standing debates over interpretation/application of the peace testimony which should be included instead of the abortion issue. JFT 13:59, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I won't add anything. If someone thinks it's appropriate, then they can add it, but I won't. I just added it here, because in the general section about Quakers it was suggested that it be added here, instead of there. Again, the section about Application of the Peace Testimony seems to be a section giving different ways that it has been applied, which certainly makes it seem as though this certain application would be relavent (even though plenty here on Wikipedia seem to think that non-concensus (among the Quakers) views should be censored from this section, which I agree with if it causes unneeded confusion, but in this case I don't think it does). Robotbeat 03:07, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Robotbeat, pleased don't be soured by the talk here. If you can verify that a particular body of Quakers has a stated position on abortion based on the Peace Testimony, I for one would support the inclusion of it.  The source you cited didn't seem to include primary sources; did I miss them?  You can't make a claim on such a controversial subject without proving its validity.  I for one have not run across any primary source that substantiates what you originally wrote.  Logophile 08:32, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd like to second Logophile's comments. It's not that this article isn't open to points of disagreement (indeed, the main RSoF article would probably be 1/3 the length if points of disagreement among Friends were removed).  But for an article this short to include a topic that is rarely discussed, using 1 author as the source provides a disproportionate view of the debate, and therefore is a POV problem.  --Ahc 14:50, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I give you two more sources, although you are correct in that I previously only gave you one author's remarks.
 * and The first source is more of an overview, and is probably more "official" while the other source is merely a conversation about the topic, but this is the method that Quakers often use, so on issues without a consensus, you are unlikely to find anything that isn't "just a discussion." Robotbeat 21:32, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Here's another source that shows that there is a noteworthy view among some Quakers that the Peace Testimony implies an anti-abortion stance (look at the section called "Remember Three Things"): Robotbeat 22:50, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, here shows that some groups of Quakers (mostly the more traditional/less liberal ones) have reached a consensus that abortion is prohibited along with war, capital punishment, etc. Robotbeat 22:57, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Another official statement by a small body of Quakers: Robotbeat 23:33, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the added references. Looks like atleast in Indiana it's more widely discussed then I realized.  I'd still like to make sure it gets placed in context well (i.e. it should not be the only example of disagreement surrounding the Peace Testimony), but let's see if we can find a way to work it in. --Ahc 00:24, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I'd like to suggest the following replacement text for the existing section (this includes my most recent edits of a few mintues ago):
 * The peace testimony has inspired Quakers to protest wars, refuse to serve in armed forces if drafted, to seek conscientious objector status when available, and even to participate in acts of civil disobedience. Not all Quakers embrace this testimony as an absolute; for example, there were Friends that fought in World War I and World War II. Never-the-less, the American Friends Service Committee, and the Friends Service Council was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1947 on behalf of all of Quakerism for their work for peace after both world wars.

 * Friends frequently disagree on the details of how to apply the testimony; during the Bosnian War there were Friends that struggled with this testimony, while wanting to end the Bosnian Genocide. Also, while the majority of Friends in North America and Britian support a woman's right to choose to have an abortion, there are Friends that feel strongly that the peace testimony is based on an understanding that all forms of human life carry a divine spark, and are therefore sacred.

This does feel quite right to me yet, but I think it's a place to start. --Ahc 00:42, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Margaret Fell and the 1660 Peace Declaration?!?
Back in 2009 an unsigned editor made an change here attributing the famous 1660 Declaration ("A declaration from the harmless and innocent people of God, called Quakers") to Margaret Fell. I'm almost certain that's wrong. The academic Historical Dictionary of The Friends attributes it to "George Fox and other early Friends." Even more, the actual declaration was signed by twelve Friends (George Fox, Gerald Roberts, Henry Fell, Richard Hubberthorn, John Boulton, John Hinde, John Stubbs, Leonard Fell, John Furley Jnr., Francis Howgill, Samuel Fisher, Thomas Moore).

Margaret Fell did pen an letter earlier that year that touched on many of the same themes, Margaret Fell's Letter on Persecution, 1660.

I suspect the Wikipedia error might have come from a misreading of a passage of Britain Yearly Meeting's Faith & Practice. It excerpts the Declaration without attribution. At the bottom it says "Margaret Fell’s earlier expression of these ideas may be found at 19.46." If you read it carelessly you'll think it's implying she wrote the Declaration.

If anyone has any further information I'd love to know. --Martin kelley (talk) 16:18, 28 April 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Martin kelley (talk • contribs) 15:36, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

Should the article be moved to Testimony of peace?
It seems there was discussion many years ago, but no-one followed through on moving. I think this should be revisited.

Most (although admittedly not all) of the participants in that old discussion (top of this page) seemed to favour changing the title (although not necessarily to Testimony of peace). The article text itself generally favours lowercase, using it in the lead, but does so inconsistently throughout the article. Personally, I don't see any rationale for treating this as a proper noun, so the guidance of MOS:CAPS seems to favour lowercase. Notably, similar articles (Testimony of equality, Testimony of integrity, Testimony of simplicity) treat the their respective topics as common nouns, having lowercase titles. This appears to the only article which is inconsistent with this pattern. – Scyrme (talk) 23:34, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I've decided to be bold and just go ahead with the move. – Scyrme (talk) 23:47, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Testimony of peace


text:
User talk:MikeJ9919

Thanks
For the welcome. Sorry I didn't reply sooner, I've been getting started at a new job. Anyway, regarding the James Wilson Scholarship at Penn, I see the page you used and that looks to be the case now. I received a James Wilson Scholarship and it was only $15,000 (not that I'm ungrateful) and it was only for one year. I guess whatever fund they are using to pay these scholarships out has gotten some more cash! Dslawe 13:33, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

THON
Hey MikeJ9919, I just wanted to thank you for your work on the THON page – you're adding some great stuff! It's always cool to see someone take an article you created and make it grow. Now we've got one of the most comprehensive THON pages on the web! Thanks for your help, and also, welcome to the wikipedia! --Spangineer ∞ 13:32, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

Partial birth
mike, i dont care the least bit of what happens to this page, i think you have outed yourself as a pro-life-supporter (I'm not sure) but I understand that you are happy to support our vandalistic friend IP 214.13.4.151. (If you think the one edit that caused the npov-tag was harmless look at the others.) Go ahead I dont care. Do whatever you like. I will not be in your way on any of these subjects for a while, if it isn't possible to at least mark npov articles as such, there's nothing I can do for you. --Fenice 15:09, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

You're lending credence to his vandalism. I've been cleaning up after this person for days, this is ridiculous and it is a personal attack. Leave me alone with this entire issue. --Fenice 15:22, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Bullshido
Hi. I put the following on the VfD page:

 * Note - Sockpuppetry is futile. The admin who makes the final tally will, by long-established precedent, give proportionately less weight to votes from any accounts with few edits, and practically none to those with one or two, especially if they are all on this VfD. If anyone of the seeming multitude of concerned newbies has actually been an anonymous user for a while and wants to get previous edits assigned to their new account, this is the time to do so if they want their vote to "weigh" more. Fire Star 22:15, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

I am leaning towards a keep vote myself. We have so many crappy little articles about trivial fancruft that I don't see any harm in having a Bullshido article. I am going to look up their Alexa Internet ranking and Google hit count and get back to you. Cheers, Fire Star 22:20, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Indented comments on a numbered list
Hi; I saw your comments on Requests for adminship/Apollomelos, and just wanted to fill you in on how to fix numbered lists with indented comments. A lot of people here are unfamiliar with how to fix this type of wikicode...probably because it doesn't come up very often. Nevertheless, it's pretty handy for when you contribute to votes and other numbered lists, so here goes.

To fix the broken wikicode (which renders as the list below):

::: Response to the Reply to Comment Two :: Reply Two to Comment Two
 * 1) Comment One
 * 2) Comment Two
 * 1) Comment Three
 * 2) Comment Four

 * 1) Comment One
 * 2) Comment Two
 * Reply to Comment Two
 * Response to the Reply to Comment Two
 * Reply Two to Comment Two

 * 1) Comment Three
 * 2) Comment Four

...replace the first colon of each indented item with a number sign(#). This seems to inform the rendering engine that the numbered list continues past the indented remarks. The new wikicode:

#: Reply to Comment Two #:: Response to the Reply to Comment Two #: Reply Two to Comment Two
 * 1) Comment One
 * 2) Comment Two
 * 1) Comment Three
 * 2) Comment Four

 * 1) Comment One
 * 2) Comment Two
 * Reply to Comment Two
 * Response to the Reply to Comment Two
 * Reply Two to Comment Two
 * 1) Comment Three
 * 2) Comment Four

Ta da! Cheers, --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 20:05, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Baha'i Faith
Hi Mike, this is Bryan, my user ID is Cunado19

I absolutely didn't intend to delete the Baha'i Faith page. Actually I thought somebody else did, and I was in the middle of reverting when you wrote me.

I didn't realize there was a talk page, and I just started using Wikipedia a few days ago. I edited the page where I found problems, or saw an opportunity to explain things more clearly. In general I was following Shoghi Effendi's outline of history, and I added some relevant quotes from GPB. I changed the marriage information because to mention the exclusion of homosexual marriage is a touchy subject, and Baha'is should be careful not to be put into the black and white categories of pro-homo or anti-homo. It's a debate about chastity. I changed the heading of Shoghi Effendi to "The Formative Age of the Faith", because that follows the way Shoghi Effendi outlined it. I changed some things about the passing of Shoghi Effendi, and I was in the middle of providing references for the statistics under the demographics heading. I realized that it needed another page, so I created a "Baha'i Statistics" page, and put a link to it under "Demographics".

I'll finish what I'm in the middle of right now. Please let me know if you find any problems with how the information is presented. I don't want to be a nuisance to people who spend a lot of time and debate about how the site should look.

Cunado19 05:31, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I do have 2 questions for you. I deleted the whole page again and had to revert. What am I doing? The only thing I can think of is that I hit "save page" instead of "show preview".

and also, once I create a new page, how can I change the actual title of the page, as well as make redirect links for similar page titles. For example, I created Ten Year Crusade, then I realized that it is case-sensitive, and that I should have made it as ten year Crusade. I also want to make it redirect other titles to the one single page, so that Ten Year Crusade and ten year crusade all get redirected to ten year Crusade.

And with the edit summaries, I didn't even realize what that box was for until a few minutes ago. I'll see what I can do.

and like I said, if I'm doing something alarming just let me know. I'll go post on the talk page.

Cunado19 06:49, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wikifying dates
Please stop unwikifying dates. All dates have to be wikified throughout an article for good reason. Some people use the format dd/mm/yy, some mm/dd/yy, some yy/mm/dd. Users are able in their preferences to decide which format they want to see dates in articles shown to them as. But that only works if all dates are wikified. If they are left unwikified, you simply produce edit wars as users of different formats keep changing dates in articles to their preferred format. (To avoid that, the preference command was introduced, along with the requirement to wikify all dates to make it work.)

Also reign was wikified because not everyone knows what a reign is. So the link was put in to allow people unsure as to what it means to go to a page that explains what a reign is. Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 29 June 2005 20:49 (UTC)

 * Please clean up the irrelevant message at Image talk:Ireland flag large.png. Apparently you clicked on the preceding flag image instead of the Talk link.  And the Style page which seems to be relevant is Manual of Style (dates and numbers).  (SEWilco 30 June 2005 01:04 (UTC))

I have voted to undelete Edip Yuksel
Thanks for your note. See my comments at article undelete page. Hope we can work together on this, I am familiar with his work. BrandonYusufToropov 30 June 2005 19:00 (UTC)

 * Many thanks for your help. BrandonYusufToropov 30 June 2005 19:33 (UTC)

Edip article deletion
ARTICLE IS DELETED?? Uh oh, Edip/Khizar won't like this. Just though I'd make you aware.:) --Anonymous editor June 30, 2005 21:53 (UTC)

The removal of the article “Brin”
I do agree. I understand that this article is non-encyclopedic, it has nothing to do in Wikipedia. --kjetil_r June 30, 2005 23:07 (UTC)

VfD
Yeah, in my rush to process obvious deletes, I saw comments outside the bounds. I initial assumed it to be an error by the processing admin, but when I clicked the article I figured otherwise. However, since the VfD discussion is closed and that article is now irrelevant, and since it was deleted with prejudice, then I don't think there's too much of a problem with it. However, since there is likely to be a VfU proceeding, then that VfD article may be cited, so I should restore it. Thanks for keeping an eye out, and thanks for your message. --Golbez July 1, 2005 02:36 (UTC)

thanks!
Thanks, MikeJ9919, for the encouraging words on my RfA! I intend to do my best with my new responsibilities, and I appreciate the vote of confidence. --Spangineer (háblame)  July 4, 2005 03:56 (UTC)

Edip Yuksel
Just voted at VfD -- will check in and pitch in on article cleanup later today, Godwilling. Thanks for the note. BrandonYusufToropov 5 July 2005 15:42 (UTC)

Edits on Edip Yuksel
Looks good to me -- you are a good deal more willing than I to include quotes and so forth. :) I don't know what the status of the translation MS is. I imagine Edip will provide status and examples for this project on talk page... BrandonYusufToropov 5 July 2005 19:55 (UTC)

When is Edip Yuksel VfD result final?
Rookie question. Sorry.

Khizar wants to take VfD box out. What think? BrandonYusufToropov 13:50, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Ali Sina
I just got a feeling that maybe the additions were done because they have a proxy or program or something that automatically converts all links to that format. So I removed them and put in the changes; if they continue, I'll leave him a note to disable it, if he is running one. So now we can discuss the content. --Golbez 18:41, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Jihad
Inasmuch as I respect your opinion on such matters, can you please take a look at the editor's poll I posted at the Jihad talk page here? BrandonYusufToropov 14:37, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Chief Justice
Hi Mike,

I have removed John Roberts, Jr. from the table of Chief Justices; a mention of the nominee in the article is appropriate, but not the table. This is especially true because of the John Rutledge problem -- he was appointed by Pres. Washington in a Congressional recess, and scholars don't even all agree that he should be on the table. Of course, it is also important to respect the Senate's role in the confirmation process. I'm fairly certain he'll be on the table by Oct., but it is best to wait. Xoloz 19:43, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Grover Cleveland v. David B. Hill
What was your source for the role that Senatorial courtesy played in Hill's ability to defeat Cleveland's first two nominations? I've seen varying and incomplete summaries. I'm particularly interested because I've decided to be the first and only Wheeler Hazard Peckham specialist in the world. Thanks, Postdlf 18:47, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

disambiguation link repair
Hello. I wonder if I can persuade you to write origin instead of origin ? The problem is that it leads newbies to think it's necessary to use a capital letter, and then they do the same in visible text—"He was attacked by a large Dog." Michael Hardy 00:16, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Saints Wikiproject
I noted that you have been contributing to articles about saints. I invite you to join the WikiProject Saints. You can sign up on the page and add the following userbox to your user page.

Thanks! --evrik 19:23, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Temporal Cold War
Thanks for letting me know about this article. I've made one change that should make it sound less POV. — Natha n (talk) 05:41, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

I'll take a look at the rest of it after I've had some sleep. Thanks :) — Natha n (talk) 05:57, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Ahh, I certainy don't. Misread it myself.. Linking to Spike TV now, since they seem to have melded both TNNs with that. DrWho42 05:59, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

I've reverted the vandalism reversion. Thanks. AvB ÷ talk  19:04, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm open to the possibility that both users, Yaron1 and Gen99, could very well might be the same person (or not too far therefrom..)... But it's an inchoate theory based on merely only user contributions, and as Sherlock states: "It is a capital mistake to theorise before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts.".
 * Still, something to keep an eye on till further evidence arrives.. He recently salvaged and re-attached his three paragraphs, by-the-way and just to let you know.
 * DrWho42 08:22, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

My pleasure. But let it be noted that Jimbo's "yank it" works best when the author of unencyclopedic text is not around. AvB ÷ talk  00:08, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

SSP
Hello. Regarding the suspected sock puppet cose of Yaron1: Just like to update you on it, and that I have created a checkuser to be performed on both accounts. You might like to comment on the request for checkuser page, but no additional comment is actually required from you. Thanks. Iola  k  ana |(talk) 15:45, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Crystal Gail Mangum
I see that you've changed you vote to Keep in theArticles_for_deletion/Crystal_Gail_Mangum as you cite some of my postings/precedences. Though my Wiki-knowledge is less than yours and several others on CGM pages, I learned something today: that you (and probably others) have the integrity and courage to change your mind and publicly alter your opinion. Until today, I thought that was impossible. Bravo. --Robertkeller 20:26, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to VandalProof!
Thank you for your interest in VandalProof, MikeJ9919! You have now been added to the list of authorized users, so if you haven't already, simply download and install VandalProof from our main page. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me or any other moderator, or you can post a message on the discussion page. Prodego talk  20:51, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

NorseStar
Thank you very much for reverting the vandalism on my pages. NorseStar is a bit cross because I speedied something he wrote; I've decided to try welcoming him to Wikipedia and explain my action before I use the banhammer. So yes, I'll take it from here. Thanks again, SCZenz 21:43, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Weird Science (TV series)
A pity, really. I'm staying out of it in terms of editing articles for now but will be keeping an eye on this editor. Let's hope he'll either learn to appreciate NOR or keep his WP activities down. If not, he's heading for the door. AvB ÷ talk  07:48, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Temporal Cold War
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Temporal Cold War. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Temporal Cold War (2 nomination). Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:17, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Four Diamonds Fund

The article Four Diamonds Fund has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * A nice charity for sure, but I don't see any evidence of independent reliable sources to establish notability

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. GrapedApe (talk) 15:31, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Four Diamonds Fund for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Four Diamonds Fund is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Four Diamonds Fund until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  DGG ( talk ) 20:27, 26 August 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:MikeJ9919


text:
All Systems Go!

All Systems Go! was a Canadian punk rock supergroup with members from Big Drill Car, Doughboys, the Asexuals The Carnations, Descendents, C'mon and The Weakerthans.

History
The band was formed after Mark Arnold and Frank Daly's previous band Big Drill Car broke up in 1995, and John Kastner and Peter Arsenault's previous band, the Doughboys, broke up in 1996. Kastner and Arnold were long-time friends from Montreal who decided it was time to play together; they moved to Toronto, and recruited drummer Matt Taylor and singer to round out the group.

All Systems Go!, 1998-2001
The band made their debut at the 1998 North By Northeast Music Conference in Toronto, during a break in recording their first album. That summer, they also played the Toronto Warped Tour, and a concert at the Molson Centre in Barrie ON (now Park Place (Ontario)), opening for Pearl Jam (who were on their Yield Tour), along with Cheap Trick, Cracker, Hayden and Matthew Good Band.

The album, All Systems Go!, was released in 1999. It was produced by Daniel Rey, producer for the Ramones, and includes the song "Subzero", which Rey wrote with Dee Dee Ramone. The album's production was financed by Kastner, with money he made from scoring films. The album blended hard rock, punk, vocal harmonies and Arnold's guitar work, and elements of Doughboys and Big Drill Car are evident.

In 2000, Frank Daly left the band and was replaced by Thomas D'Arcy (from The Carnations) on bass and vocals. Matt Taylor also left and was replaced by C'mon drummer Dean Dallas Bentley.

Mon Chi Chi, 2002-2004
For their second album, Mon Chi Chi, Kastner and D'Arcy contributed to the songwriting and vocal leads but there were several other contributors, including singers Jonathan Cummins (Doughboys), Pete Stahl (Queens of the Stone Age), Leonard Phillips (The Dickies) and Melissa Auf der Maur. The band co-wrote their hit "Tell Vicki" with Daniel Rey, "Fascination Unknown" with Greg Dulli, and "Running Blind" with Kastner's former band-mate, Ivan Doroschuk from Men Without Hats. The album was released in 2002 on Bad Taste Records and the band went on a European tour in support of it.

In 2003, the band performed on the television show Open Mike with Mike Bullard They also played Belgium's Dour Festival

Thomas D'Arcy left the band shortly thereafter and was replaced by Karl Alvarez of (The Descendents). This line-up toured briefly but did not produce a studio album.

In 2006, the band's song "Tell Vicki" appeared in the film Firewall.

In 2006 All Systems Go! released A Late Night Snack on iTunes; this was a collection of outtakes and unreleased songs from the band's time together.

Members

 * Mark Arnold - guitars (see also Big Drill Car)
 * John Kastner - vocals, guitars (see also Asexuals and Doughboys)
 * Matt Taylor - drums, backing vocals
 * Dean Dallas Bentley - drums (see also C'mon)
 * Frank Daly - Bass (see also Big Drill Car)
 * Peter Arsenault - guitar (see also the Doughboys)
 * Thomas D'Arcy - bass (see also The Carnations)
 * Karl Alvarez - bass (see also Descendents))

Albums

 * All Systems Go!, Coldfront Records 1999
 * Mon Chi Chi, Bad Taste Records 2002
 * A Late Night Snack, Independent 2006

EPs

 * I'll Be Your Radio, Bad Taste Records 2000
 * Promo 2001, Bad Taste Records 2001
 * Fascination Unknown, Bad Taste Records 2002
 * Promo 2002, Bad Taste Records 2002
 * Tell Vicki, Bad Taste Records 2003

title: All Systems Go!


text:
User talk:Orange Life

Sorry if you got blocked, then. It wasn't me. But you can't just keep the vandalism up all day. Eventually, somebody gets fed up with it, and it's usually sooner rather than later. Everyking 23:07, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Listen orange fucker, I'm sick of the vandalism. It's people like you should be banned for life. Stop vandalizing fucker.

title: User talk:Orange Life


text:
Oscar Berger

Oscar Berger may refer to:
 * Óscar Berger (born 1946), President of Guatemala
 * Oscar Berger (cartoonist) (1901–1977), caricaturist and cartoonist born in Czechoslovakia
 * Oscar Berger-Levrault (1826–1903), French inventor

title: Oscar Berger


text:
All Systems Go (Rocket from the Crypt album)

All Systems Go is a compilation album by American punk rock band Rocket from the Crypt, released in 1993 by Cargo Records and Headhunter Records. The album collects songs which were previously only available on 7-inch vinyl singles, as well as some new and unreleased material.

The first version of All Systems Go was a Japan-only release in February 1993 intended as an introduction to the band to coincide with their Japanese tour, since most of their vinyl releases were not available in Japan. Because the Japanese CD contained many rare songs previously only available on vinyl, imported copies began turning up at record stores in the United States at exorbitant prices. Recognizing the desire of their American fanbase to get these songs on CD without paying expensive import fees, the band reworked the track list and released a different version of All Systems Go in the US containing tracks that were hard to find stateside.

In 1998 Sympathy for the Record Industry re-released the US version of All Systems Go, making it widely available nationwide for the first time. The following year Rocket from the Crypt singer–guitarist John Reis released a sequel compilation entitled All Systems Go 2 on his Swami Records label. A third installment in the series was released in 2008.

Personnel

 * Speedo (John Reis) – guitar, lead vocals
 * ND (Andy Stamets) – guitar, backing vocals
 * Petey X (Pete Reichert) – bass, backing vocals
 * Apollo 9 (Paul O'Beirne) – saxophone, percussion, backing vocals
 * Atom (Adam Willard) – drums
 * K'londo – keyboards on "Goodbye"

Album information

 * Record label:
 * Japanese version: Toy's Factory Records
 * original US release: Cargo Records/Headhunter Records
 * 1998 re-release: Sympathy for the Record Industry
 * All songs written by Rocket from the Crypt except "Pressure's On" by Red C, "Press Darlings" by Adam and the Ants, and "Chantilly Face" by the Big Bopper
 * Tracks 4–16 were previously released on 7-inch vinyl singles (see Song Information below)
 * Tracks 1–3 and 17–19 were unreleased prior to their inclusion on this album

Song information
These 3 songs are re-recordings of the songs "Kill the Funk (There Will Be No Funk in Outer Space)", "Bad Ninja", and "Goodbye", which appeared on the band's first 7-inch vinyl single Yum Kippered, released by the Italian label Helter Skelter Records in 1991. Due to a misunderstanding between Helter Skelter and the band's other label, Cargo/Headhunter, the band were given very few copies of the record and had no control over the amount pressed or sold. Unsatisfied with the mastering job, the band re-recorded the first two tracks at Hit Single Studios in San Diego and the third track at Westbeach Recorders in Los Angeles, giving them slightly different titles. These versions were unreleased before their inclusion on All Systems Go.
 * "Live the Funk"
 * "Bad Song Ninja"
 * "Goodbye"

These 3 songs originally appeared on the Boychucker 7-inch vinyl single released by Sympathy for the Record Industry in June 1992. "Boychucker" and "Jumper K. Balls" were recorded by Anthony Arvizu at Mambo Recorders in Long Beach. Reis states in the All Systems Go liner notes that the title "Jumper K. Balls" was inspired by Australian band Venom P. Stinger. "Lefty" came from a recording session for Back Off Cupids, a band in which Reis collaborated with future Rocket trumpeter JC 2000 in 1991.
 * "Boychucker"
 * "Jumper K. Balls"
 * "Lefty"

These 4 songs originally appeared on the Normal Carpet Ride 7-inch vinyl single released by Sub Pop in June 1992 as part of the Sub Pop Singles Club series. "Normal Carpet Ride" was recorded by Donnell Cameron at Westbeach Recorders in Los Angeles around the time the band recorded the Circa: Now! album, and remixed for All Systems Go at Hit Single. "Where Are the Fuckers" and "Slumber Queen" were recorded at Mambo Recorders and were originally written by Reis at age 15 for his band Conservative Itch. "Flip the Bird" came from a Back Off Cupids recording session.
 * "Normal Carpet Ride"
 * "Where Are the Fuckers"
 * "Slumber Queen"
 * "Flip the Bird"

This song originally appeared on the Smells Like Grease for Peace split 7-inch vinyl single with Deadbolt, released by Standard Recordings in October 1992. It was recorded at Mambo Recorders.
 * "Cha Cha Cha"

This song is one of 4 recorded for vinyl singles on Pusmort Records, but is the only one to appear on All Systems Go (the other 3 have not been released). These songs were at Westbeach Recorders before saxophonist Apollo 9 joined the band, and were the band's first recordings with drummer Atom. "Pressure's On" is a cover of the song by the Washington, DC hardcore band Red C. It was unreleased before its inclusion on All Systems Go, but later appeared on a double split 7-inch with the band Bloodthirsty Butchers in 1994.
 * "Pressure's On"

These 2 songs originally appeared on the Both Good Songs 7-inch vinyl single released by Merge Records in April 1993. Both songs were recorded at Westbeach Recorders.
 * "Pigeon Eater"
 * "The Paste That You Love"

These 2 songs originally appeared on the Pure Genius 7-inch vinyl single released by Drunken Fish Records in 1993. Both songs were recorded at Westbeach Recorders.
 * "Pure Genius"
 * "Lift and Love"

This song was recorded for a split 7-inch with Superchunk which never materialized. It is a cover of the song by Adam and the Ants. It was unreleased before its inclusion on All Systems Go. It was recorded at Westbeach Recorders.
 * "Press Darlings"

This is a re-recording of the song "Killy Kill" from the band's 1992 album Circa: Now!. The band re-recorded the song in 1993. It was recorded at Westbeach Recorders, and it was unreleased before its inclusion on All Systems Go.
 * "Killy Kill Again"

This is a semi-cover of the song "Chantilly Lace", originally performed by The Big Bopper. In this version the original song is played, with Reis responding to The Big Bopper's lyrics with his own and playing guitar over the chorus. Reis' vocals were recorded over the phone. It was unreleased before its inclusion on All Systems Go.
 * "Chantilly Face"


text: User talk:82.153.97.104

title: User talk:82.153.97.104


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-04-11/Yahoo support

Search giant to host content on servers in Asia
In an announcement this week, Yahoo! and the Wikimedia Foundation revealed that the search company was to provide substantial technical and financial support to the Foundation, the parent body of Wikipedia, Wikinews and several other Wikimedia projects. Yahoo! will be providing free hosting for Wikipedia content at one of its Asian facilities, a move that should greatly assist the growth of the project in the region.

David Mandelbrot, Yahoo's vice president of search content, was quoted by Reuters as saying that Yahoo's backing was worth "several hundred thousand dollars". Discussing the agreement in entry on Yahoo's blog, CEO of the Wikimedia Foundation Jimmy Wales said "Yahoo's generous donation to our cause … will have a huge impact on our ability to get our message of sharing knowledge out to the world".

Wales also stressed that the donation was purely charitable, with no strings attached. "[There are] no requirements for us to show advertising, and no ownership or control of our work by Yahoo of any kind. Yahoo is simply enthusiastic about the goodness of our work".

Wikipedia content featured in search shortcuts, starting with French
At the same time as its support for the Wikimedia Foundation was announced, Yahoo was also starting to introduce a facility to provide abstracts of Wikipedia entries above normal search results. The return of 'shortcuts' to Wikipedia content above the rest of the search results was rolled out first on the French Yahoo (see this example), and will be extended over the next few weeks to other languages for users in Asia, Latin America, Europe, and the USA.

The reason this new feature was introduced on Yahoo's French-language site was because the idea came out of discussions between Wikimedia Trustee Florence Devouard and Yahoo staff in France. Jimmy Wales said that the integration of Wikipedia information into Yahoo search results was even more exciting than the hosting offer, saying that it represented "recognition of the value of our work in enhancing the experience of Yahoo visitors".

Talks continue with Google
Previously, news had leaked that the Wikimedia Foundation was in talks with Google, Yahoo's competitor in the search engine business, with a view to arranging a similar deal (see archived stories). Jimmy Wales said that those talks still continue. Google has also recently begun to provide excerpts from Wikipedia articles with some search results – prefacing a search term with "who is" on google.com returns biographical details from Wikipedia where available; for example, Who is Ricky Tomlinson?.

In contrast with the Google negotiations, the Foundation managed to keep information about the Yahoo offer from getting out prior to the announcement. After the news was made public, Wikimedia Trustee Angela noted that "this offer had remained relatively private until today".