text:
Much the Miller's Son

Much, the Miller's Son is one of the Merry Men in the tales of Robin Hood. He appears in some of the oldest ballads, A Gest of Robyn Hode and Robin Hood and the Monk, as one of the company.

History
In A Gest of Robyn Hode, he helps capture Richard at the Lee, and when Robin lends that knight money to pay off his debts, he is one of the Merry Men who insist on giving him a horse and clothing appropriate to his station. In Robin Hood and the Monk, he is one of the rescuers of the captive Robin. In this brutal ballad, Moche kills a page boy so the boy cannot bear word that the outlaws killed the monk of the title. He then disguises himself as the page and Little John disguises himself as the monk. The implication that Much is of small stature is not made explicit.

In other tales, he was known as Midge, the Miller's Son, the name by which he is known in Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar and Robin Hood and Queen Katherine (version 145B). It is also the name used by Howard Pyle for the character in his Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. This is in further contrast to the ballad Robin Hood and Allan-a-Dale where he is known as Nick, the Miller's Son.

Appearances in other media
Much plays a notable role in the 1938 film The Adventures of Robin Hood, played by Herbert Mundin. After nearly being executed for poaching, he is rescued by Robin Hood, and soon joins up with the Merry Men. Much helps to recruit men to join their band. Later using information relayed to him by Lady Marian's nursemaid, Bess, he warns the Merry Men that Prince John intends to locate and kill King Richard before the rest of England can learn of his return.

Much is the main character in a Xeric award-winning webcomic, Much the Miller's Son by Steve LeCouilliard. This comedy series loosely follows the legend of Robin Hood (drawing heavily from the Errol Flynn version) from the point of view of Much.

In the play Marian: or the True Tale of Robin Hood by Adam Szymkowicz, Much appears as a member of the band of thieves, originally addressed as Much the Miller’s Son. After showing discomfort to the group being referred to as the Merry Men, Much comes out as nonbinary. This leads to them being referred to as Much the Miller's Kid and the band of thieves calling themselves "Robin Hood and his Merry Men- and Much!"

BBC series
Much is also a major character in the BBC television series Robin Hood (2006–2009), but he is no longer a miller's son; in the second episode, he claims to have no family at all. Instead, he is Robin's former manservant, comrade-in-arms, and best friend from the Third Crusade, who has been given his freedom as a result of his services there, but finds himself outlawed with Robin upon their return home. In this version, he is the gang's cook and immensely loyal to Robin; he is often seen to be jealous of the attention Robin gives to others, especially Marian. In the series, Much was played by Sam Troughton, grandson of Patrick Troughton, the first actor to play Robin Hood on British television.

The role of Much as a cook has some literary precedent in J. Walker McSpadden's Stories of Robin Hood and His Merry Outlaws (1904). In this collection of Robin Hood tales, Much (who is still the son of a miller) is living in the household of the Sheriff of Nottingham and serving as his cook until he meets Robin and Little John and joins the Merry Men. He is portrayed as a "stout man and bold" and a highly skilled swordsman.

title: Much the Miller's Son


text: User talk:208.240.243.170

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:208.240.243.170


text:
Talk:Palaeography

why small caps?
The article is formatted this way:

''A history of Greek handwriting must be incomplete owing to the fragmentary nature of evidence. If one rules out the inscriptions on stone or metal, which belong to the science of, we are practically dependent for the period preceding the 4th or 5th century AD on the papyri from Egypt (cf. )''...

Why are epigraphy and papyrology in small caps? My instinct would be just to have them be wikilinks. Is there some specific Wikipedia style reason for this? --Jfruh (talk) 19:41, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palaeography


text:
Nuffield Organization

Nuffield Organization was the unincorporated umbrella-name or promotional name used for the charitable and commercial interests of owner and donor, William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield. The name was assumed following Nuffield's gift made to form his Nuffield Foundation in 1943, it linked his business interests to his existing very generous philanthropy. The same enterprises had previously been referred to as the Morris Organizations and at first described itself as The Nuffield Organization, A Cornerstone of Britain's Industrial Structure.

Productive members of the Nuffield Organization

The productive businesses were owned by Morris Motors Limited and this corporate structure appears to have been retained until the formation of British Leyland in 1968.
 * In 1945 the principal businesses among them were:

 * Morris Motors Limited - Morris vehicles which was also the Nuffield Organization's holding company for:
 * Wolseley Motors Limited – Wolseley cars
 * Riley (Coventry) Limited – Riley cars
 * The M.G. Car Company Limited – MG cars
 * Morris Commercial Cars Limited – producing vans and trucks
 * The S.U. Carburetter Company Limited
 * and included:

 * Nuffield Acceptances Limited – Arranged finance in connection with hire-purchase agreements for the purchase of motor cars
 * Nuffield (Australia) Pty Limited
 * Nuffield Exports Limited
 * Nuffield Mechanizations Limited – produced tanks during the war
 * Nuffield Metal Products Limited
 * Nuffield Tools and Gauges Limited – production equipment for the other companies
 * The Nuffield Press Limited – publishing handbooks, owners' magazine etc.

Morris-Austin merger
An agreement was reached between Morris and The Austin Motor Company in October 1948 amounting to amalgamation in everything but financial structure. The terms included the constant interchange of information on production methods, research, design, buying and almost every other aspect of their work. It also envisaged the pooling of factory resources. In July 1949 Morris and Austin announced the end of their scheme, no further steps would be taken to pool production resources and no merger of any kind was contemplated.

"Nuffield and Austin broke off arrangements for the exchange of confidential information in 1949 following the revival of long-standing hostilities between their chief executives and the Labour Party's decision not to include the industry in its plans for future nationalisation." Leonard Lord, chief of Austin, had been with Morris from 1923 to 1936, the last four years as Morris's chief executive. They had parted on extremely bad terms.

The motoring correspondent of The Times said the two concerns were fundamentally different in their structure. The Nuffield Organization under the control of Morris Motors made three Morris models with Wolseley (two), Riley (two), MG (two) as well as Morris Commercial trucks, Nuffield Universal tractors and marine engines. The main factory was at Cowley, Oxford, there were more at Birmingham, Coventry and Abingdon. The Austin business, Austin of England, was highly concentrated both in its huge Longbridge factory at Birmingham and in its products: six Austin car models, Austin trucks and marine engines and battery electric vehicles.

The nine different cars made by Nuffield using six engines and five (and a half) car bodies of which the "specialist" three were obsolescent, the rest very closely related if not identical.

 * The matrix of images shows the links between the models.
 * The four images on the left hand side are the mid-size and large Morrises with the matching Wolseleys beneath them.
 * The four images on the right hand side are two MGs — sharing one engine used in two bodies and two Rileys — two different engines sharing one body
 * The long-lived Morris Minor is top centre and Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank, to which Lord Nuffield provided part of the funding.

The specialist MGs and Rileys were to be the last of their separate-chassis line — except for the MG Midget TF and MGA, which latter lasted until the monocoque MG MGB of 1962. The bigger Morris and Wolseley cars shared an identical monocoque structure aft of their engine compartments and almost all mechanicals, the Minor's structure was a smaller version of the same monocoque design.

However, on Friday 23 November 1951 a joint statement announced plans for a merger. The two companies would retain their separate identities and would not produce the same models. Forty years later the merger was recognised to have been a political decision in the face of American competition and the absence of heirs for either Morris or Austin.

British Motor Corporation
Morris Motors Limited merged with The Austin Motor Company Limited in The British Motor Corporation Limited in 1952. The two groups were very evenly matched, not only in financial terms, each had produced and sold in the previous year an almost identical number of vehicles.

By an agreement between the Nuffield and Austin groups announced in November 1951 a new company was incorporated in February 1952 and named The British Motor Corporation Limited. On 29 February 1952 it offered to buy all the shares in Morris Motors Limited giving in exchange shares in BMC.

Holders of the ordinary shares in either Morris or Austin received the same number of new ordinary shares in BMC. Holders of preferred shares, because of the four different classes in Austin's capital received various apportionments of new 5% cumulative preference shares related to their market valuations. If BMC's offer had been accepted in full the capital of BMC would have been £9.2 million in preference shares with £4.8 million in ordinary shares. The effective date for exchange of the shares was to be 31 March 1952.

On 10 April 1952 it was announced that sufficient acceptances had been received to satisfy the conditions of the offer of 29 February.

The first published balance sheet of BMC, 31 July 1952 showed:
 * Current assets £54.8 million
 * Current liabilities £28.0 million
 * Net current assets £26.8 million
 * Fixed assets £17.5 million
 * Issued capital and reserves £44.3 million

On 8 September 1952 the British Motor Corporation advertised that it included:
 * Morris Motors Limited
 * Morris Commercial Cars Limited
 * Nuffield (Australia) Pty Limited
 * Nuffield Exports Limited
 * Nuffield Metal Products Limited
 * Riley Motors Limited
 * The M.G. Car Company Limited
 * The S.U. Carburetter Company Limited
 * Wolseley Motors Limited

as well as:
 * The Austin Motor Company Limited
 * Austin Motor Export Corporation Limited
 * The Austin Finance Company Limited
 * Vanden Plas (England) 1923 Limited
 * The Austin Motor Company (Canada) Limited
 * The Austin Motor Company Limited (England)
 * The Austin Motor Company (Australia) Limited
 * The Austin Motor Company (South Africa) (Proprietary) Limited
 * The Austin Motor Company (Rhodesia) Limited

Continuing identity
The Nuffield Organization and its members retained their individual identities until the formation of British Leyland.

title: Nuffield Organization


text:
The Sandman (wrestler)

James Fullington (born June 16, 1963), better known by his ring name The Sandman, is a semi-retired American professional wrestler, best known for his career with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), where he developed into a smoking and drinking "Hardcore Icon" and held the ECW World Heavyweight Championship a record five times. He also had stints in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).

Tri-State Wrestling (1989–1992)
Fullington got his start in professional wrestling in the Philadelphia-based Tri-State Wrestling Alliance under the ring name Mr. Sandman, managed by his then real-life wife Peaches. He also performed in Memphis in 1991–1992.

Surfer and pimp (1992–1994)
In April 1992 he arrived in Eastern Championship Wrestling (later renamed Extreme Championship Wrestling) as a crowd favorite. He won his first ECW Championship from Don Muraco on November 16, 1992, but lost it back to Muraco on April 3, 1993. At the end of 1992, he changed his name from Mr. Sandman to The Sandman. For the rest of 1993, Sandman teamed on and off with JT Smith and was featured regularly.

In 1994, Sandman changed his gimmick after ECW owner Tod Gordon suggested that he channel his own personality into his character, creating an edgier gimmick. In February 1994, he began a feud with his former tag team partner Tommy Cairo, after The Sandman was temporarily blinded following a match and inadvertently struck Peaches. When The Sandman regained his sight and saw Cairo assisting Peaches to her feet, he attacked Cairo. The Sandman subsequently became estranged from his wife (claiming "life's a bitch, and then you marry one"). After losing a match against Cairo, that led to Peaches hitting him with a strap profusely, Woman attacked Peaches and led her back to the ring where Sandman held her and Woman applied the strap to her skin before Cairo returned to save her. After this event Sandman adopted Woman as his new manager. In keeping with The Sandman's character, Woman opened his beers and lit his cigarettes prior to matches. She began carrying a Singapore cane with which she struck The Sandman's opponents.

After Cairo insinuated that he was sleeping with Peaches, The Sandman stated that Cairo owed him "$25 a romp" and began demanding that Cairo "pay your bills". Following the highly publicized caning of Michael P. Fay in Singapore on May 5, 1994, Sandman adopted another defining attribute of his new gimmick as he began wielding a kendo stick, referred to as a Singapore cane, taking delight in caning other wrestlers such as rookie Tommy Dreamer or his "estranged" wife. Sandman and Woman faced Cairo and Lori in a mixed Singapore Caning match on May 14, 1994, at When Worlds Collide. After Cairo and Lori defeated their opponents, Lori caned Sandman's crotch until Woman threw salt in her eyes, enabling Sandman to regroup and use his cane on both Lori and Cairo. During a match against Tommy Dreamer, Sandman's valet: Woman attempted to attack Dreamer on his behalf when Dreamer planted a long kiss on her. After the match Sandman was told by Woman that Dreamer was with Cairo and that they were both sleeping with his wife, which enraged Sandman. Woman wanted to make Dreamer suffer and so she lured Dreamer into a match with Sandman wherein whoever lost would have to receive ten strikes from the other with a Singapore cane. After losing the match Tommy began to take the strokes, when it became clear that Woman's intention was to humiliate him by making him beg her for mercy, which he did not, much to her chagrin, and Dreamer was idolized by the fans for his resolve and the level of disdain for the Sandman was increased. This was a defining moment for both men and for ECW in years to come.

In late-1994, The Sandman was once again (kayfabe) blinded after a lit cigarette was pushed into his eye during an "I Quit" match with Tommy Dreamer. Woman blamed Sandman for the injury and abandoned him. The Sandman subsequently claimed that he would have to retire as a result, with Dreamer responding by dedicating the remainder of his career to The Sandman. Cairo began mocking The Sandman, which led to Dreamer heavily beating him during a match at November to Remember. At Sandman's retirement ceremony during the same event, an attempted reconciliation with Lori was interrupted by Woman, who caned Lori and threatened Sandman. As Dreamer came to the rescue, Sandman revealed that he was not in fact blinded and attacked Dreamer. The Sandman later revealed that his blinding had been an elaborate ruse concocted to trick Dreamer into hurting Cairo on his behalf. Sandman had to wrestle Dreamer again the following month at Holiday Hell when he and now reconciled partner Tommy Cairo, teamed up against Cactus Jack and Dreamer, but were defeated by the duo.

ECW World Heavyweight Champion (1995–1996)
Sandman challenged Shane Douglas for the ECW Championship in April 1995 at Three Way Dance, but was attacked by his own valet, Woman, who helped Shane Douglas retain the title. In a rematch at Hostile City Showdown on April 15, 1995, Sandman faced Douglas (who had Woman in his corner) in a rematch. During the course of the match, Woman turned on the now overconfident Douglas, helping Sandman become the ECW World Heavyweight Champion. It was revealed that the entire sequence of events was a double-cross planned all along by Woman to aid Sandman while psychologically destroying Douglas in the process. Douglas attempted to regain the championship in the following months, but left for the World Wrestling Federation before he was able. Sandman's first title defenses after winning the ECW Championship were against Cactus Jack, with the latter never getting the upper hand due to interference by Woman, rival Terry Funk, 'stickler' referee Bill Alfonso, and Douglas, who was bitter over losing his title.

Sandman's feud with Cactus Jack lasted throughout 1995 and culminated in a series of matches involving barbed wire. In a Texas Death match in February 1995, Sandman was hit with a heavy metal frying pan, giving Fullington a legitimate concussion. Throughout the remainder of the match, Fullington was visibly disoriented and forgot the scripted ending of the match; several times Cactus Jack hit Sandman with his signature double underhook DDT and again and again Sandman instinctively kicked out. This went on for about a minute before Cactus Jack delivered a legit maneuver, hoping it would keep Sandman down. The referee also had to resort to making the ten-count (as per the match's rules) at nearly double his original speed.

On October 25, Sandman lost the title to Mikey Whipwreck in a ladder match. Three days later, Sandman teamed up with then Television Champion 2 Cold Scorpio to win the ECW Tag Team Championship from The Public Enemy. On December 9 at December to Dismember, Sandman regained his World Heavyweight title by defeating Whipwreck and Steve Austin in a Three-Way Dance. At the end of the month, 2 Cold Scorpio lost both the Television and Tag Team Championships to Whipwreck in a singles match on December 29, while Sandman became embroiled in his feud with Raven.

Sandman spent the time period from December 1995 through May 1997 engaged in a feud with Raven. On January 27, 1996, Sandman lost the World Heavyweight Championship to Raven and the two subsequently traded the title back and forth. Sandman joined forces with Raven's nemesis Tommy Dreamer and on October 5, 1996, at Ultimate Jeopardy, regained the title by pinning Stevie Richards in an Ultimate Jeopardy tag team match pitting Sandman and Dreamer against Brian Lee and Richards, who replaced Raven when he no-showed the event.

During the feud, Raven allied himself to the returned Lori Fullington and brainwashed her and Sandman's real-life son into joining his cult-like following, turning him against his father. Raven psychologically attacked Sandman by having his son deny his relationship with his father, telling Tyler that his parents' divorce was Sandman's fault, and making him perform Raven's trademark taunt "The Raven's Crucifix" and other mannerisms. On October 26, 1996, at High Incident, Tyler interfered to help his father. Afterward, the two embraced, but Raven came from behind with a Singapore Cane and smacked his enemy by piledriving Sandman through the table. Stevie Richards and The Blue Meanie came out with a giant wooden cross and crucified him. On December 7 at Holiday Hell, Sandman again lost the title to Raven in a barbed wire match.

Various rivalries (1996–1998)
In 1996, the team of Sandman and Tommy Dreamer became more permanent as the duo feuded with anti-ECW team of Sabu and Rob Van Dam, as well as the Dudley Boyz. At World Wrestling Federation (WWF)'s 1996 In Your House: Mind Games, Sandman, Tommy Dreamer, Paul Heyman and a number of other ECW stars caused a storyline disturbance at ringside during a Caribbean Strap match between Savio Vega and Justin "Hawk" Bradshaw. The disturbance resulted in Sandman whacking Vega over the head with his signature Singapore cane and spitting beer in his face. This event marked the start of the on-air working relationship between Vince McMahon's WWF and Paul Heyman's ECW and eventually led to ECW appearing on the February 24, 1997, WWF program Raw.

At the ECW premier pay-per-view event Barely Legal, Sandman wrestled a three-way dance with Terry Funk and Stevie Richards, for a shot at the ECW title later that night, but fell short of the title. In the summer of 1997, the Sandman began a long feud with Sabu. Although he was too injured to compete at Hardcore Heaven 1997, Sandman got involved in a skirmish with Rob Van Damn and Sabu who then brutalized him to the point of hospitalization, however, he returned later that evening to interference in the main event by assaulting Sabu, leading to Sabu's elimination, costing Sabu the ECW title. In September of that year at As Good as It Gets, Sabu badly burned the Sandman in a scheduled contest between the two. The damage to Sandman from the burn was considered so bad that the match was discontinued. As a result, Sandman was out of action until he once again attacked Van Dam and Sabu in the ring that November, earning a measure of revenge on Sabu. This led to their match at the November to Remember pay per view, which was promoted as a major cornerstone and culmination of all the events that year. In the match, Sandman dodged an attempt by Sabu to burn him, however Sabu went on to win the match. Over the next few months, they competed in high profile specialty matches such as ladder matches, table matches, and a dueling cane match. In one of the most notable examples, the Sandman fought Sabu in the 1st ever "stairway to hell" match involving tables ladders chairs and barbwire, which is especially noteworthy because no barb wire matches had been scheduled in ECW since after barb wire ripped open Sabu's bicep and required over 100 stitches in August 1997. The stairway to hell match proved to be one of the most violent in ECW history, coincidentally Sabu broke his jaw when missing a dive onto Sandman and inadvertently hit the guard rail, but continued to fight. After suffering heavy damage, Sandman earned the victory by finally pinning Sabu after hitting him with a cane. However, it wasn't until almost two months later that their feud effectively came to an end at Living Dangerously 1998. This match was heavily promoted and designated the penultimate which featured a dueling canes gimmick. During the match, the combination of Rob Van Dam and Sabu turned out to be too much for the Sandman, which led to him losing the contest.

Over the spring and summer of 1998, Sandman teamed up with Dreamer and Spike Dudley to feud with the Dudley Boyz, finally securing a victory in a six-man match at Heat Wave.

World Championship Wrestling (1998–1999)
In September 1998, Fullington joined World Championship Wrestling (WCW), signing a 3-year deal believed to be worth $200,000 annually according to Dave Meltzer. He first appeared in vignettes promoting Raven as a spoiled rich kid and Fullington as his preppy neighbor. The original plan to debut under this gimmick were scrapped. He later debuted under his longtime nickname, Hak (The Sandman name was trademarked by ECW) when he called out Bam Bam Bigelow and challenged him to a Hardcore match on Monday Nitro. During the match he was defeated by Bigelow and was not named on screen during the entire segment. In his short time there, Hak was mostly involved in angles featuring fellow ECW alumni Raven, Bigelow and Raven's storyline sister Chastity, with whom he developed an on-screen relationship after she turned on Raven. A few weeks later, Turner Standards & Practices became aware of Chastity's participation in a hardcore pornographic movie. She was immediately removed from television with no explanation and her contract was terminated. His presence also helped to bolster WCW's fledgling hardcore division. WCW started promoting hardcore wrestling within their product through utilizing wrestlers like Hak and Bam Bam Bigelow. At Uncensored, Hak defeated Bam Bam Bigelow and Raven in a Falls Count Anywhere Triple Threat match. At Spring Stampede, Hak lost to Bam Bam Bigelow in a Hardcore match. At The Great American Bash, Hak defeated Brian Knobs in another Hardcore match. And a month later at Bash at the Beach, Hak competed in the Junkyard Invitational, which was won by Fit Finlay. He suffered a separated shoulder and a neck injury during the contest. This turned out to be his final appearance in WCW because during his recovery, Fullington was released from his WCW contract in September 1999 as part of a cost-cutting measure by new WCW Executive Vice President Bill Busch.

Return to ECW (1999–2001)
After leaving WCW in late 1999, Fullington, as The Sandman, returned to ECW at Re-enter the Sandman in October 1999. He remained with the company until its demise in January 2001. He began a feud with Rhino in 2000, losing to him at Hardcore Heaven, Heat Wave, and other shows. On January 7, 2001, at ECW's last pay-per-view, Guilty as Charged, the Sandman won his fifth World Heavyweight Championship in a Tables, Ladders, Chairs, and Canes three-way dance with the champion Steve Corino and Justin Credible. After The Sandman won, however, the World Television Champion Rhino came out to the ring and challenged him to an impromptu title match. The Sandman accepted the challenge and after a 60-second match, Rhino defeated The Sandman to become the new World Heavyweight Champion, unifying ECW's two singles titles.

Xtreme Pro Wrestling (2001–2003)
After the closure of ECW The Sandman wrestled for Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) for a time. In February 2002, at the event Free Fall, he won the XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship from Supreme, turning heel and aligning himself with heel faction 'The E'. On a number of occasions Sandman was accompanied to the ring by former World Championship Wrestling (WCW) valet Tylene Buck. At XPW's 'Cold Day in Hell' reunion show, Sandman defeated Pogo the Clown, the wrestler he last feuded with before the company went out of business. While at XPW Sandman also wrestled within the fledgling Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling promotion. His most notable match was a 3-way dance with Sabu and New Jack. It is featured as a "bonus match" on the 3PW DVD Blood, Brawls and Broads.

In late 2002 and early 2003, The Sandman had a tenure in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), joining former-ECW wrestlers Justin Credible and Raven, along with New Jack and Perry Saturn in a stable known as "Team Extreme" and later "Extreme Revolution". He also competed in the Hard 10 Tournament, where he partly feuded with Sonny Siaki before winning the overall event.

NWA Total Nonstop Action (2003–2004, 2010, 2019)
The Sandman made his surprise debut in NWA Total Nonstop Action on February 12, 2003, where he was defeated by Raven in a falls count anywhere match. a week later on February 19 Sandman and Steve Corino faced Raven and Low Ki in a losing effort, on February 26 NWA/TNA Weekly PPV, Sandman lost to A.J. Styles after Raven hit Sandman with a steel chair. After several matches in the promotion, in June 2003 Sandman competed in a TNA Hard 10, a tournament to proclaim the most hardcore wrestler in the company. Sandman defeated Devon Storm in the Quarterfinals, Sonny Siaki in the semifinals and New Jack in the finals to win the tournament. On July 9, Sandman accepted the Hard 10 Cup, and was attacked by Don Callous and Iceberg. After a 3-month absence Sandman returned on the November 5 where he was defeated by Shane Douglas. He worked for TNA until February 4, when Sandman and Terry Funk lost to The Gathering (CM Punk and Julio Dinero) and after the match The Sandman left TNA. Sandman returned to TNA on July 27, 2010, at the tapings of the August 5 edition of TNA Impact!, in order to take part in the August 8 ECW reunion show, Hardcore Justice. At the event on August 8, Sandman assaulted former rival P.J. Polaco (Justin Credible) after his match with Stevie Richards. On the following edition of TNA Impact!, the ECW alumni, known collectively as EV 2.0, were assaulted by A.J. Styles, Kazarian, Robert Roode, James Storm, Douglas Williams and Matt Morgan of Ric Flair's Fourtune stable, who thought they didn't deserve to be in TNA. The following week TNA president Dixie Carter gave each member of EV 2.0 TNA contracts in order for them to settle their score with Fourtune. Sandman no-showed a TNA Impact! taping on August 23 and parted ways with the company.

On the May 31, 2019, episode of TNA Impact!, Sandman appeared during a match between Eddie Edwards and Killer Kross where he gave a Kendo Stick to Edwards helping him win the match. on the June 14, 2019, episode of TNA Impact!, Sandman lost to Killer Kross.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2005–2007)
In 2005, Sandman participated in the ECW reunion show Hardcore Homecoming against longtime rival Raven. Two nights later he appeared at the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) produced ECW One Night Stand pay-per-view event, another ECW reunion show, teaming with Tommy Dreamer to face The Dudley Boyz. The match saw Sandman and Dreamer lose to the Dudleys after Dreamer was powerbombed through a flaming table. In 2006, prior to the June 11 One Night Stand, The Sandman made a number of promotional appearances on WWE programming, first appearing, along with a number of other ECW stars, on Raw attacking John Cena then, two nights later, on the WWE vs. ECW Head to Head special taking part in a battle royal, in which it can be argued that he was the last ECW original eliminated. At One Night Stand, when Eugene made his way to the ring to read a poem expressing his love of ECW, The Sandman came out with his Singapore Cane and caned Eugene to the back.

On June 13, 2006, WWE officially relaunched ECW as a brand equal to Raw and SmackDown! with its own show on the Sci Fi Channel. In the new ECW, The Sandman was used for the first few weeks as a character who emerged from the crowd when a non-ECW style character was annoying the audience. Once the character had a few minutes to talk Sandman appeared and destroyed the character with his cane, often ending the "match" with his signature White Russian Legsweep. This gimmick escalated when Sandman confronted regular ECW fixture Mike Knox while he was attempting to stop his exhibitionist girlfriend, Kelly Kelly, in the middle of her weekly "exposé" strip show. The Sandman began a feud with Knox over this and eventually began teaming up with fellow ECW original Tommy Dreamer to take on Knox and Test in a feud that many felt symbolized the original vision of ECW (Sandman and Dreamer) versus the "new" vision of ECW (Knox and Test). At the same time Sandman was feuding with Test and Knox, a debuting Matt Striker began to rub him the wrong way and he started a secondary feud with him.

Subsequently, the Sandman has made several short appearances, mostly coming out through the crowd and caning someone whenever some injustice was done. After being briefly included in a feud with Elijah Burke, he became part of the ECW Originals stable and joined their feud with the New Breed. On April 1, 2007, at WrestleMania 23 he teamed with RVD, Sabu, and Dreamer to defeat Marcus Cor Von, Burke, Striker, and Kevin Thorn. On May 16, Sabu was released by WWE and soon after Rob Van Dam left to take a sabbatical from wrestling, leaving Sandman and Dreamer alone to feud with the New Breed. Sandman and Dreamer teamed up with CM Punk on multiple occasions, who was also feuding with the New Breed. On the June 4 episode of ECW, Sandman, Dreamer, and Balls Mahoney lost to Bobby Lashley in a hardcore three-on-one handicap match.

On June 17, 2007, Sandman was drafted to the Raw brand via the WWE Supplemental Draft. On the June 18 edition of Raw, Sandman debuted, going after Carlito with his Singapore cane. On the July 2 edition of Raw, Sandman had his first match on Raw, facing Carlito. Carlito won the match due to a disqualification when Sandman struck him with his cane after Carlito tried to use it on him. This started a feud between the two. Sandman did a similar thing next week when he lost to William Regal by disqualification, after hitting Regal and Carlito with his cane. The next week, Sandman faced Carlito again, this time winning when Regal attacked him. The Sandman was saved when Jim Duggan (who had a confrontation with Regal earlier that night) came down to the ring. At The Great American Bash he lost to Carlito in a Singapore Cane on a Pole match. The Sandman lost in a battle royal to determine the new General Manager of Raw where he was the last one eliminated by Regal who had faked an injury and was not in the match until Sandman was the only superstar in the ring; Regal then won after he snuck up on The Sandman and hit him in the back of the head with his boot. His last match was on the September 10 edition of Raw against Santino Marella which he won by disqualification. Fullington appeared to injure his ankle during a missed spot in this match and was released from his WWE contract on September 12, 2007.

Independent circuit (2007–present)
The Sandman appeared at IWA Mid-South's Ian Rotten Retirement Show in Plainfield, Indiana, on December 7, 2007, in a losing effort to Drake Younger. The next night, in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania, at the International Wrestling Cartel's A Call To Arms 4: Controlled Chaos, Sandman defeated Dennis Gregory in a steel cage match to capture the IWC Heavyweight Championship. The next night after that, he competed at the debut show for Firestorm Pro Wrestling, Destroy Erase Improve, in a match against Samoa Joe which he lost. On January 3, 2008, at the All Entertainment Action Wrestling event Crucifix Bombardment 2008 Sandman defeated 'The Raging Rhino' Hans Wilkshire in a Hardcore Match to win the vacant AEAW American Heavyweight Championship and the AEAW Hardcore Wrestling Championship. On April 19, 2008, he appeared on 1PW's supershow, 'Know Your Enemy 2008', in a losing effort to Damned Nation in an 8-man tag team match, where he teamed up with El Ligero and Bubblegum (Hubba Bubba Lucha) and Iceman. The Sandman then took part in a No Limit Wrestling special, in which he participated in a tag team match, in which he and his partner, Joe E. Legend, defeated Test and Chris Masters after a cane from Sandman allowed Legend to make the pin.

In October 2008, Sandman announced through a bulletin posted by his official MySpace account that he would be retiring from pro wrestling in the coming weeks. The bulletin stated that Sandman has a two-month-old child and a girlfriend to take care of, so he feels it is time to leave the wrestling business after a 20 plus year career. The bulletin also noted that he would still be accepting bookings over the next few weeks and that his official retirement date would be announced soon.

The Sandman appeared at the Armageddon convention in Auckland, New Zealand, wrestling for Impact Pro Wrestling between October 25–27, 2008. He defeated Joseph Kinkade in his first match and The Machine in his second match, both with the White Russian Legsweep. He then teamed up with IPW New Zealand Heavyweight Championship holder "The Deal" Dal Knox in a tag match against Kinkade and The Machine, which saw Knox take the win with a Knox Out on Kinkade. Sandman appeared at the Lonestar Bar & Grill in Temple, Texas, on July 13, 2009, wrestling for New School Federation. He was in a Tag Team match with the at the time NSF champion Ryan Genesis against the tag team of The Fringe Connection (Myke Fyre and Caribbean Tiger) in a NO-DQ match. Genesis scored the pinfall with the help of Sandman armed with a Singapore cane. On August 1, Fullington made an appearance at the Morecambe Carlton for the promotion SPW. There he along with fellow ECW alumnus Little Guido teamed up to take on the team of EGO.

Fullington made appearances with the Shane Douglas promotion Extreme Rising. Fullington's appearances mainly centered around him doing entrances to his theme music and performing "saves" for other wrestlers by caning their opponents. On February 2, 2013, Fullington made an appearance for WWC where he competed in a 4-way match for the #1 contender at the Puerto Rican title the match was won by Apolo. On June 21, 2013, Fullington competed for Family Wrestling Entertainment where he competed in a battle royal that was won by Tommy Dreamer. On February 8, 2014, Fullington teamed with his son Tyler Fullington to defeat Riley and Pete Lombardo.

On October 25, 2014, Fullington and Tommy Dreamer defeated Damien Darling and Danny Demanto. On July 2, 2016, Sandman lost a cage match to Sabu, in a match where Bill Alfonso was the referee. In March 2017 he teamed with New Jack and Justin Credible in a winning effort at an ECPW show.

Cameo appearances for major companies (2018–2019)
In November 2018 Sandman lost to Silas Young on Ring of Honor (ROH) weekly television show. In February 2019, Sandman teamed with Tommy Dreamer to face Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Brian Pillman Jr. at Major League Wrestling (MLW). They lost the match after Dreamer was pinned.

During 2019 The Sandman made various sporadic TV appearances and has participated in a match for TNA Impact! as part of a storyline involving Killer Kross and Eddie Edwards.

On July 4, 2020, The Sandman made an appearance at ICW No Holds Barred 3 in Millville, New Jersey.

On April 1, 2022, The Sandman made an appearance at ICW No Holds Barred 24 in Newark, New Jersey.

In other media
Fullington appeared as The Sandman in the video games ECW Anarchy Rulz, Backyard Wrestling 2: There Goes the Neighborhood, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 and WWE 2K24 as downloadable content.

Personal life
Fullington was married to Lori Fullington, with whom he has three children: Kelly (born 1987), Tyler (born 1989) and Austin Oliver (born 1998). Tyler was featured in ECW's Sandman versus Raven storyline and debuted as a wrestler himself in August 2008, wrestling as "Twisted Sand". Fullington also has another son with his second wife.

On July 20, 2008, at a party for Lou Albano, Fullington began fighting a Yonkers, New York, restaurant's employee when they called the police. Upon the police's arrival, he turned on them and started throwing glasses their way, injuring two of them. He was at first denied bail on July 23, due to two previous convictions for burglary in 1983. His bail was later set at US$10,000. The judge also issued a restraining order, barring Fullington from contacting the owner of the restaurant where the incident had occurred and Fullington was ordered to stay away from the restaurant. Fullington was fined $1,000, had to pay another $200 in court costs and was given a one-year conditional discharge. Fullington was also facing criminal mischief and assault charges, which were dropped in return for the guilty plea.

Championships and accomplishments
1 The Sandman's first reign occurred while the promotion was an NWA affiliate named Eastern Championship Wrestling, and was prior to the promotion becoming Extreme Championship Wrestling and the title being declared a world title by ECW. Sandman held the title an additional four times after the events.
 * All Entertainment Action Wrestling
 * AEAW American Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * AEAW Hardcore Wrestling Championship (1 time)
 * DDT Pro-Wrestling
 * Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (1 time)
 * Eastern Championship Wrestling / Extreme Championship Wrestling
 * ECW World Heavyweight Championship (5 times)1
 * ECW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with 2 Cold Scorpio
 * Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling
 * WEW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kodo Fuyuki
 * Future of Wrestling
 * FOW Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 * Hardcore Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2007
 * International Wrestling Cartel
 * IWC World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #60 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1995
 * PWI ranked him #250 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003
 * Stars and Stripes Championship Wrestling
 * SSCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 * TNA Hard 10 Tournament (2003)
 * USA Pro Wrestling
 * USA Pro United States Championship (1 time)
 * Universal Wrestling Federation
 * UWF Universal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Westside Xtreme Wrestling
 * wXw Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 * Xtreme Pro Wrestling
 * XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship (1 time)

title: The Sandman (wrestler)


text:
Contact tracing

In public health, contact tracing is the process of identifying people who may have been exposed to an infected person ("contacts") and subsequent collection of further data to assess transmission. By tracing the contacts of infected individuals, testing them for infection, and isolating or treating the infected, this public health tool aims to reduce infections in the population. In addition to infection control, contact tracing serves as a means to identify high-risk and medically vulnerable populations who might be exposed to infection and facilitate appropriate medical care. In doing so, public health officials utilize contact tracing to conduct disease surveillance and prevent outbreaks. In cases of diseases of uncertain infectious potential, contact tracing is also sometimes performed to learn about disease characteristics, including infectiousness. Contact tracing is not always the most efficient method of addressing infectious disease. In areas of high disease prevalence, screening or focused testing may be more cost-effective.

The goals of contact tracing include:

 * 1) Interrupting ongoing transmission and reduce the spread of an infection
 * 2) Alerting contacts to the possibility of infection and offer preventive services or prophylactic care
 * 3) Alerting the general public about exposures or outbreaks (IE: COVID-19, Measles, TB, etc.)
 * 4) Offering diagnosis, counseling and treatment to already infected individuals
 * 5) If the infection is treatable, helping prevent reinfection of the originally infected patient
 * 6) Learning about the epidemiology of a disease in a particular population
 * 7) Being a tool in multifaceted prevention strategy to effectively curb the spread of an infectious disease.

History
Contact tracing programs were first implemented to track syphilis cases in the 1930s. Initial efforts proved to be difficult given the stigmatization associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Individuals were reluctant to report infections because they were concerned for their privacy. Revealing partner history and details about sexual activity was challenging as it affected relationships among individuals and community members. In addition, public health officials targeted certain populations such as sex workers, minorities, and at-risk populations further eliciting feeling of fear, shame, and guilt in society. With these negative implications of contact tracing, particularly in the space of sexually transmitted infections, public health officials found it difficult to elicit information from exposed individuals. During the HIV epidemic, many affected person were hesitant to report information, which hindered the efforts to understand HIV and curb the spread. To combat some of the negative stigma associated with contact tracing and STIs, health departments sometimes referred to contact tracing as partner notification in the 1980s. Partner notification, also called partner care, is a subset of contact tracing aimed specifically at informing sexual partners of an infected person and addressing their health needs. This definition evolved from identifying infected individuals to including a comprehensive program that encompasses counseling and medical care to treat the infection.

The official title, contract tracers, was first implemented in the United Kingdom during the smallpox outbreaks. Dedicated individuals served on a surveillance-based team to curb the spread of disease. This process served as a blueprint for other public health agencies to have a formalized program. The United States soon followed and enacted a contact tracing program for the prevention of infectious diseases which included TB, HIV, SARS, and now SARS-CoV-2.

Steps

Contact tracing generally involves the following steps as provided by CDC:

 * 1) Notification of exposure: An individual is identified as having a communicable disease (often called the index case).  This case may be reported to public health or managed by the primary health care provider.  Ideally, all notification should be done within 24 hours of exposure. If contacts are not individually identifiable (e.g. members of the public who attended the same location), broader communications may be issued, like media advisories.  Communication with the contacts will be initially done through digital methods including texts and email.  Efforts to inform the contacts remotely should be exhausted before considering an in-person communication.  During this process, it is imperative that the identity of the source of exposure must not be revealed to the contact.
 * 2) Contact interview: The index case is interviewed to learn about their movements, whom they have been in close contact with or who their sexual partners have been.  Depending on the disease and the context of the infection, family members, health care providers, and anyone else who may have knowledge of the case's contacts may also be interviewed.  Interviews typically follow a template which include demographics, symptomology, pre-existing conditions, and timing of exposures to ensure consistency across all contact tracing efforts. Interpreters and source materials in different languages are utilized to accommodate persons with different cultural backgrounds.
 * 3) Recommendations for close contacts: Once contacts are identified, public health workers contact them to offer counseling, screening, prophylaxis, and/or treatment.  Contacts are provided education on concepts of quarantine, isolation, signs and symptoms of disease, and timely testing.  If applicable, contacts should wear appropriate personal protective equipment to reduce to transmission of disease.
 * 4) Assessing feasibility of self-quarantine and support: Contacts may be isolated (e.g. required to remain at home) or excluded (e.g. prohibited from attending a particular location, like a school) if deemed necessary for disease control.  Challenges for this process include access to resources during quarantine such as food, water, and safe living environment.  People with special roles lack the convenience practicing quarantine given their daily responsibilities.  Examples include, single parents, caregivers, and individuals with toddlers. Social services and ancillary support from the government become crucial to maintaining measures of quarantine and isolation.  Contacts should be made aware whether or not the quarantine or isolation is voluntary or mandatory.  Depending on the nature of the disease of interest, governments can issue legal orders to maintain integrity of contact tracing.
 * 5) Medical monitoring: Although contact tracing can be enhanced by letting patients provide information, medication, and referrals to their contacts, evidence demonstrates that direct public health involvement in notification is most effective. Ideally, contacts are checked upon daily for signs and symptoms of disease by contact racers. An alternative would be having the contacts report daily to their assigned official. This is usually done through digital platforms such as email and text.  If a contact is symptomatic, a case investigator is assignment to direct the individual to the appropriate testing and treatment.  This stage of contact tracing is highly dependent on resource availability.
 * 6) Contact close out: This stage is dependent on the duration of quarantine for people with and without symptoms.  The ideal number of days for quarantine and isolation are determined by the health agencies.  Once the contact adequately completes the quarantine/isolation for the defined number of days, they can be closed out.  Next steps such as returning to work and participating in social activities are discussed.

Contact types
The types of contacts that are relevant for public health management vary because of differing modes of transmission. For sexually transmitted infections, sexual contacts of the index case are relevant, as well as any babies born to the index case. This information is crucial for investigating congenital syphilis cases for example. For blood-borne infections, blood transfusion recipients, contacts who shared a needle, and anyone else who could have been exposed to the blood of the index case are relevant. This information becomes relevant for health systems to keep track of high risk populations and medical errors, unavoidable and preventable. For pulmonary tuberculosis, people living in the same household or spending a significant amount of time in the same room as the index case are relevant. Understanding the pathology and transmissibility of the disease guides the approach to contact tracing strategy.

Outbreaks
Although contact tracing is most commonly used for control of diseases, it is also a critical tool for investigating new diseases or unusual outbreaks. For example, as was the case with SARS, contact tracing can be used to determine if probable cases are linked to known cases of the disease, and to determine if secondary transmission is taking place in a particular community.

Contact tracing has also been initiated among flight passengers during the containment phase of larger pandemics, such as the 2009 pandemic H1NI influenza. Contact tracing played a major role in investigating Ebola virus in the UK in 2014 and monkeypox in the UK in 2018. The eradication of smallpox, for example, was achieved by exhaustive contact tracing to find all infected persons. This was followed by isolation of infected individuals and immunization of the surrounding community and contacts at-risk of contracting smallpox. Contact tracing can help identify the etiology of a disease outbreak. In 1984, contact tracing provided the first direct evidence that AIDS may be spread by an infectious agent during sexual contacts. The infective agent has since been identified as HIV.

Diseases for which contact tracing is commonly performed include tuberculosis, vaccine-preventable infections like measles, sexually transmitted infections (including HIV), blood-borne infections, Ebola, bacterial infections, and novel virus infections (e.g., SARS-CoV, H1N1, and SARS-CoV-2). Contact tracing has been a pillar of communicable disease control in public health for decades. With each outbreak and disease presenting with its own challenges, contact tracing is an adaptable tool used by authorities to identify, notify, and curb transmission of infections.

Backward and forward tracing
Backward (or reverse) tracing seeks to establish the source of an infection, by looking for contacts before infection. It can be used when a source of the infection is unknown and in situations of minimally monitored settings. The goal is identify the exposures associated with the index case and secondary exposures of those contact to halt the cycle of transmission. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the adoption by Japan in early spring 2020 of an approach focusing on backward contact tracing was hailed as successful,   and other countries which managed to keep the epidemic under control, such as South Korea and Uruguay,  are said to have also used the approach. In the United States, contact tracing had suboptimal impact on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, largely because 2 of 3 cases were either not reached for interview or named no contacts when interviewed. Engagement in contact tracing was positively correlated with isolation and quarantine. However, most adults with COVID-19 isolated and self-notified contacts regardless of whether the public health workforce was able to reach them. Identifying and reaching contacts was challenging and limited the ability to promote quarantining, and testing.

Forward tracing is the process of looking for contacts after infection, so as to prevent further disease spread. It is the more conventional way to investigate cases and inform close contacts to either quarantine or isolate.

For epidemics with high heterogeneity in infectiousness, adopting a hybrid strategy of forward contact tracing combined with contact tracing backwards is often used. Backward contact tracing is beneficial for identifying clusters of spreader events, while forward tracing can be used mitigate future transmission. The effectiveness of both approaches is limited by the resources dedicated to contact tracing. Journalist and author Laurie Garrett pointed out in late October 2020, however, that the amount of the virus in the U.S. is now so large that no health departments has the resources to contact and trace. Additionally, officials overlooked the effect of mistrust in the government and conspiracy theories regarding the virus on thwarting contact tracing efforts in the U.S.

COVID-19
Contact tracing requires tremendous resources and work hours to effectively contain an infection. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented period where contact tracing and public health efforts were put to the test. Creative strategies were used to sustain public health efforts. Non-health personnel and volunteers were used to meet the shortage of contact tracers. Existing infrastructure such as call centers and national helpline services were used for operations. Individuals who were the most sick and medically vulnerable were prioritized as contacts over healthier people. The advent of technology and digital tracing tools were implemented at a global scale without much vetting and testing. Various countries had different adaptations and outcomes with contact tracing. China used pre-existing WeChat and Alipay platforms to track person health status and travel patterns. Singapore, South Korea, and Vietnam had success limiting the initial spread of the virus. With contact tracing, once a person was identified to be exposed, they were immediately isolated. In some instances the government provided housing for isolation to limit movements. In Turkey, the government launched a public forum that highlighted risk zones in various regions of the country. Residents can self-report their health status and track areas with reported high rates of transmission. In the United States, contact tracing efforts varied by the respective health department in a particular state. Overall, effectiveness of contact tracing data in the country was determined by the caseload assigned to contact tracers. When on-demand testing was promoted, increases in negative tests were followed by increases in hospitalizations. Subsequent studies of cases and deaths found the same results. If increased testing were in response to surges, more testing should follow increases in cases, not precede them. An average of 208 extra miles were accumulated in the week following each negative test in U.S. counties. These results suggest that people who tested negative underestimated the risk of exposure when they traveled or visited.  As self-administered, home-based tests became increasingly used as the primary method to detect SARS-CoV-2, fewer cases were reached for case investigation and contact tracing by public health departments. As a result, fewer cases followed followed contemporary isolation recommendations.

Technology
The age of digital contact tracing started gaining traction during the COVID-19 pandemic. With widespread transmission and shortage of contact tracers, technology serves as a resource to bridge gaps. In addition, digital applications automate the process and replace the manual steps contact tracers take to track and notify exposed individuals. There are few benefits of using digital contract tracing apps over the traditional manual methods. Manual methods require a skilled workforce who put in significant hours to diligently follow the steps in contact tracing. This requires a heavy investment from the government, which at times is not feasible. Manual contact tracing is not suited to detect exposures unknown to the contact, as the process is limited to the interview and known knowledge. Areas such as restaurants and malls make it almost impossible for the contact to know whether they have been exposed. At a theoretical scale, digital applications propose mechanism to effectively prevent and stop epidemics.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, manual contact tracers used technology to augment their tracing efforts. Case managers in particular were a group of professionals that benefited from this resource. Case management software is often used by contact tracers to maintain records of cases and contact tracing activities. This is typically a cloud database that may have specialized features such as the ability to use SMS or email directly within the software to notify people believed to have been in close contact with someone carrying an infectious disease. Utilizing a database, provides benefit to track persons of interest and offers a platforms to look at data points such as race, zip code, and symptoms. Vendors offering contact tracing case management software include Salesforce, Microsoft and Watkyn.

Software
South Korea became a pioneer in utilizing digital contact tracing tools. Learning lessons from the MERS outbreak in 2015, the government executed a robust contact tracing program. Global positioning system (GPS) technology was used to track movement of individuals and appropriately notify persons who have been exposed. The South Korean government launched the Corona 100m application to implement their digital contact tracing measures. The application allowed the public health agencies to track super spreader events, inform the public, and guide them to treatment if applicable. At the end of April 2020, South Korea reported over 10,000 infections and 204 deaths, numbers which were vastly superior to contemporaries in the European Union.

Singapore was among the first countries to use Bluetooth technology in their contact tracing efforts. They launched the application—TraceTogether—which allowed smartphones to provide proximity information useful for contact tracing. Unlike South Korea, which utilized a central database to track cases, the Bluetooth-based apps reported information to an encrypted database that automatically deleted information after 14 days. The western world shortly followed and started developing their own Bluetooth-based applications. Facebook Labs patented the use of Bluetooth on smartphones for this in 2018. On 10 April 2020, Apple and Google, which account for most of the world's mobile operating systems, announced COVID-19 apps for iOS and Android. Relying on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) wireless radio signals for proximity information, the new tools would warn people that they had been in contact with who are infected by SARS-CoV-2.

Limitations
With the use of technology, certain limitations and challenges come with the territory. Tracking technology might not accurately notify individuals who have been exposed. Bluetooth does not differentiate between walls and structure, prompting incorrect notification of exposures. For instance, people separated by walls in an office building can be notified as exposed, even if they never interfaced with the contact. Moreover, the parameters set by the developers to contact trace vary and can miss potential cases. Such parameters include proximity or distance to trigger an exposure and the timeframe in which contacts are considered to be infectious (usually 14 days). Smartphone applications require people having access to smartphones and a competent infrastructure to provide internet access to the public. Not all countries can provide these services to their residents. Compliance is also a factor. Individuals must download the application, navigate the technology, and follow appropriate directions when notified. This becomes highly difficult when the use of smartphone applications is not mandated. Cohort studies which looked at the efficacy of digital contact tracing reported limited sensitivity in accurately catching cases due to the limitations mentioned above. In Pennsylvania, a digital exposure notification app for COVID-19 was downloaded by 5.7% of population (635,612 people). Unfortunately, only 0.1% of all reported cases in Pennsylvania used the app to notify their potential contacts of exposure during the study period (390 persons), resulting in 233 notifications as compared an estimated 573,298 eligible contacts.

Ethical and legal issues
Challenges with contact tracing can arise related to issues of medical privacy and confidentiality. Public health practitioners often are mandated reporters, required to act to contain a communicable disease within a broader population and also ethically obliged to warn individuals of their exposure. Simultaneously, infected individuals have a recognized right to medical confidentiality. Public health teams typically disclose the minimum amount of information required to achieve the objectives of contact tracing. For example, contacts are only told that they have been exposed to a particular infection, but not informed of the person who was the source of the exposure. In the United States, HIPAA is a legal measure for protecting health information. This ensures sharing of only relevant information in the contact tracing process. However, given the unprecedented spread and mortality of SARS-CoV2, advocacy groups argue the protections offered by HIPAA are spread thin. Some activists and health care providers have expressed concerns that contact tracing may discourage persons from seeking medical treatment for fear of loss of confidentiality and subsequent stigma, discrimination, or abuse. This has been of particular concern regarding contact tracing for HIV. Public health officials have recognized that the goals of contact tracing must be balanced with the maintenance of trust with vulnerable populations and sensitivity to individual situations.

Privacy is still a concern even if individual information is not disclosed by public health practitioners. The data collected in databases by governments and tech companies could be utilized for unrelated purposes. Big tech companies have access to data which provides insight on where people visit, what types of interests they pursue, and who interacts with each other. Therefore, questions regarding the extent of data collected, how long the information is stored, who it is shared with, and for what purpose it is being utilized come with serious ethical considerations. Contact tracing efforts miss vulnerable and under resourced populations. Manual tracing efforts face difficulty tracking hard to reach individuals given social complexities. Digital tools require a smart phone and a reliable internet connection, two factors that might exclude certain individuals from benefiting from the technology. Data is still pre-mature as to the efficacy of digital tools. Some stakeholders argue whether it is appropriate to shift contact tracing into a complete digital capacity.

Safeguards become topics of contention when designing digital contact tracing tools. Restrictions on which tracking software such as GPS, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth are used and when those services are turned on are debated among stakeholders. Who has access to the date is an important ethical issue as well. Centralized vs. de-centralized databases have been implemented across the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. The culture within a nation and those who run the government have a huge role in deciding in what players have access to data. Therefore, governing bodies have to consider ethical principles related to transparency and accountability to the public. Moreover, whether participating in contact tracing efforts should be voluntary or mandatory is another ethical dilemma that adds to the complexity of implementation. As noted above, there are numerous ethical and legal factors that go into implementation of contact tracing. Executing a robust contact tracing program requires resources, skilled professionals, and an ethical framework that complies with the fabric of a particular nation.

title: Contact tracing


text:
Adamsville, Atlanta

Adamsville is a predominantly African-American neighborhood on the west side of city Atlanta, Georgia. It is located where Interstate 20 and Interstate 285 meet on the west side.

The entertainers Killer Mike, Bone Crusher, A.K. Shay and Stevie-the-Steve-Man Corby came from Adamsville.

The skating rink Cascade Skating Fun Center in the movie ATL is located in Adamsville.

In the year 2000, the city of Atlanta parks and recreation department started construction on a new recreation center. It was finished in 2003 at the price of $13.1 million. The recreation center is known as the C.T. Martin Natatorium and Recreation Center. The 103000 sqft building features an indoor 50-meter pool and a gymnasium and is 10 times larger than the existing Adamsville Recreation Center.

The new C.T. Martin Natatorium and Recreation Center was built on 9.42 acre of land. The recreation center also includes racquetball courts, offices, meeting space, a parking lot for 185 cars and a quarter-mile-long (400 m) walking trail circling the site.

History
Founded as a farming village, Adamsville was possibly named for early resident G. W. Adams, who farmed there in 1882 when it was called Lick Skillet. The name was changed to Adamsville in 1906.

title: Adamsville, Atlanta


text:
The Monkey

"The Monkey" is a short story by Stephen King, first published as a booklet included in Gallery magazine in 1980. It was significantly revised and published in King's collection Skeleton Crew in 1985.

"The Monkey" was nominated for a British Fantasy Award for best short story in 1982.

Plot summary
The story begins with two young brothers, Peter and Dennis, finding a cymbal-banging monkey toy in the attic of their great uncle's house. Soon, it is revealed how their father, Hal, discovered the toy monkey inside an antique chest owned by his father (Hal's father was a merchant mariner who disappeared under mysterious circumstances; Hal suspects that the monkey led to his father's disappearance). The monkey is actually cursed, and every time it claps the mechanical cymbals together, someone close to Hal dies. Hal was tormented by the monkey as a child. He helplessly watched as the toy worked its lethal enchantment onto his family and killed them off, until Hal chucked it down an old well at the home of his uncle. In the present, Hal takes the monkey and throws it into Crystal Lake, hoping that it will be finished for good and never kill anyone again. The story ends with an excerpt from a newspaper article, which reports the mysterious death of many fish in the lake.

Similar stories
The X-Files episode "Chinga", scripted by Stephen King, deals with a cursed doll and bears similarities to "The Monkey". This doll, which deals out suffering in much the same way as the monkey, similarly finds itself sinking to the bottom of the ocean at the end of the episode. The film The Devil's Gift is very similar to "The Monkey," leading some to believe that the filmmakers plagiarized the story. The Devil's Gift was later re-edited as the second story in the film Merlin's Shop of Mystical Wonders, which was featured on the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000.

In the Supernatural episode "Home", the evil entity of the episode possesses a toy monkey with cymbals, which turned on the garbage disposal while a plumber was working with the sink.

Film adaptation
In May 2023, it was announced that Oz Perkins is set to write and direct the adaptation with Theo James starring in the film. James Wan is set to produce through his Atomic Monster banner. The film is set to release in the United States on February 21, 2025.

title: The Monkey


text:
William Allan (painter)

Sir William Allan (1782 – 23 February 1850) was a distinguished Scottish historical painter known for his scenes of Russian life. He became president of the Royal Scottish Academy and was made a Royal Academician.

Life and work

Allan was born in Edinburgh, the son of William Allan Snr., macer, an officer of the Court of Session. He was educated at the High School, Edinburgh, under William Nicol (1744?-1797), the companion of Robert Burns. Showing an aptitude for art, he was apprenticed to a coach-painter, and studied under John Graham at the Trustees' Academy, with David Wilkie, John Burnet, and Alexander George Fraser. Here Allan and Wilkie were placed at the same table, studied the same designs, and contracted a lifelong friendship.

After a few years he came to London, and entered the schools of the Royal Academy. His first exhibited picture was a Gipsy Boy with an Ass (1803), in the style of John Opie.

Not finding success in London, in 1805 he travelled, by ship, to Russia, but was wrecked at Memel, where he raised funds for the remaining journey by painting portraits of the Dutch consul and others. He then proceeded overland to St. Petersburg, passing through a great portion of the Russian army on its way to Austerlitz. At the Russian capital he found friends, including Sir Alexander Crichton, physician to the imperial family. Having learned Russian, he travelled in the interior of the country, and spent several years in Ukraine, making excursions to Turkey, Tartary, and elsewhere, studying the culture of Cossacks, Circassians, and Tartars, and collecting arms and armour. In 1809 his picture Russian Peasants keeping their Holiday was exhibited at the Royal Academy.

His wish to return home in 1812 had to be postponed due to the French invasion of Russia, many of the horrors of which he witnessed first-hand. Allan was able to return to Edinburgh in 1814, and, in 1815, his picture Circassian Captives attracted notice at the Royal Academy, though it did not find a purchaser. However, Sir Walter Scott, John Wilson (1785–1854) and his brother James (1795–1856), John Lockhart, and others, raised a lottery for it, with 100 subscribers at £10 10s. each, and the picture was won by Francis Wemyss-Charteris, 9th Earl of Wemyss. Allan remained in Edinburgh, and though his pictures (including Tartar Robbers dividing their Spoil) did not find purchasers amongst his countrymen, some of them were bought by the Grand Duke Nicholas when he visited Edinburgh, which resulted in a turn of fortune for the artist. Allan afterwards painted some scenes from Scottish history suggested by the novels of Sir Walter Scott, such as Death of Archbishop Sharpe and Knox admonishing Mary Queen of Scots (exhibited in 1823 and engraved by John Burnet). Also of note were Mary Queen of Scots signing her Abdication (1824) and Death of the Regent Murray (exhibited 1825), which was purchased by the Duke of Bedford for 800 guineas, and gained the artist his election as an associate of the Royal Academy.

In 1826 Allan was appointed master of the Trustees' School, Edinburgh, an office which he held until a few years before his death. Soon afterwards his health gave way, and he was threatened with blindness. To recuperate he went to Rome, and, after spending a winter there, proceeded to Naples, Constantinople, Asia Minor, and Greece. In 1826 he exhibited Auld Robin Gray and in 1829 Prophet Jonah. In 1830 he returned to Edinburgh, restored to health. His picture Slave Market, Constantinople was purchased by Alexander Hill, the publisher, and Byron in a Fisherman's Hut after swimming the Hellespont (exhibited 1831) by R. Nasmyth, who also bought Allan's portraits of Burns and Sir Walter Scott, which were engraved by John Burnet.

In 1832 Allan was living at 8 Scotland Street in Edinburgh's New Town.

In 1834 he visited Spain and Morocco, and in the same year he produced The Orphan, which represented Scott's daughter Anne seated near the chair of her deceased father. In 1835 he was elected a Royal Academician, and in 1838, on the death of Sir George Watson, was made president of the Royal Scottish Academy. In 1841 he went to St. Petersburg, and in the same year succeeded Wilkie as limner to the queen in Scotland, an office which was, as usual, followed (in 1842) by a knighthood.

Sir William's later years were occupied with battle-pieces. In 1843 he exhibited Battle of Waterloo from the English side, which was purchased by the Duke of Wellington. The next year he went again to St. Petersburg, where he painted, for the Czar, Peter the Great teaching his Subjects the Art of Shipbuilding, which was later exhibited in London. The last large work which he finished was a second view of the battle of Waterloo, this time from the French side. It was exhibited at Westminster Hall in 1846, in competition for the decorations of the Houses of Parliament, but was unsuccessful. He visited Germany and France in 1847.

In his final years Sir William lived at 72 Great King Street, a substantial Georgian townhouse over five storeys, in Edinburgh's Second New Town. He died of Bronchitis at his Edinburgh home on 23 February 1850.

At the time of his death Sir William was engaged on a large picture of the Battle of Bannockburn.

He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh against the north wall of the original cemetery backing onto the late Victorian extension.

Works

 * Russian Peasants keeping their Holiday (1809)
 * Bashkirs (1814, Hermitage)
 * Frontier Guard (1814, Hermitage)
 * The Sale of Circassian Captives to a Turkish Bashaw (1816)
 * Tartar Robbers dividing Spoil (1817, Tate Gallery)
 * John Knox admonishing Mary, Queen of Scots (1823)
 * The Regent Murray shot by Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh (1825, Woburn Abbey)
 * The Black Dwarf (1827, National Gallery of Scotland)
 * Lord Byron in a Turkish Fisherman's House after swimming across the Hellespont (1831)
 * Slave Market (1838, National Gallery of Scotland)
 * The Signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Kirkyard (Edinburgh City Arts Centre)
 * Heroism and Humanity (Robert the Bruce with soldiers) (1840 Kelvingrove Museum)
 * The Recovery of the stolen Child (1841, Aberdeen, art gallery)
 * Battle of Prestonpans (1842, private collection)
 * Peter the Great teaching his Subjects the Art of Shipbuilding (1845, formerly in the Winter Palace of the Hermitage, now lost)
 * Waterloo, 18 June 1815 (1843, His Grace Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington, Apsley House)
 * The Duke of Wellington – en route to Quatre Bras (1844, private collection)
 * The Battle of Waterloo (1845, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst)
 * Battle of Bannockburn (Royal Scottish Academy, on loan to the Wallace Monument, Stirling)

title: William Allan (painter)


text:
Bittell Reservoirs

The Bittell Reservoirs are located in Worcestershire between Barnt Green to the south and the Birmingham district of Longbridge to the north. They consist of the Upper (Upper Bittell) and Lower (Lower Bittell) reservoir. They were built to feed the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, which was finished in the 1790s, however, the reservoir was not completed until 1837. The 'Upper' reservoir is to ensure that the level of the canal is kept sufficiently high, even in times of drought. The 'Lower' reservoir(s) are compensatory reservoirs to ensure that the local area does not become parched in dry times.

The "Upper" reservoir can be seen as a form of insurance. A dried up, i.e. unusable, canal would have been disastrous for the owners of the canal as well as the artisans and tradesmen who relied upon it for a living. The irony of the reservoir is the length of time it took to build: only 6 years after it was finished the Birmingham & Gloucester railway was built alongside, mitigating the economic reasoning behind the large investment.

The reservoirs are quite obscure nowadays, however they are used actively. Today one can fish in several places, especially on the lower reservoirs. The upper reservoir is used for sailing and windsurfing, and is the home of the Barnt Green Sailing Club. The reservoir is also used by 1st Kings Norton Sea Scout Troop who occupy a large boathouse on the south east shore. The Upper reservoir is also used for open water swimming in the summer months by the local triathlon club. One bank of the reservoir is inaccessible because it is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). During the early 20th century, the bird life of the reservoirs was regularly recorded by the West Midland Bird Club, long before such site-monitoring became commonplace. They were also visited regularly by a young Bill Oddie.

The Telegraph (Wednesday 15 November 2017 page 32) reported that during draining of Upper Bittell they found 500 critically endangered European eels. They were rehomed in the canal that the reservoir feeds.

title: Bittell Reservoirs


text:
Capsella bursa-pastoris

Capsella bursa-pastoris, known as shepherd's purse because of its triangular flat fruits, which are purse-like, is a small annual and ruderal flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It is native to eastern Europe and Asia minor, but is naturalized and considered a common weed in many parts of the world, especially in colder climates, including the British Isles, where it is regarded as an archaeophyte, North America and China, but also in the Mediterranean and North Africa. C. bursa-pastoris is the second-most prolific wild plant in the world, and is common on cultivated ground and waysides and meadows.

Scientists have referred to this species as a protocarnivore, since it has been found that its seeds attract and kill nematodes as a means to locally enrich the soil.

Description
Capsella bursa-pastoris plants grow from a rosette of lobed leaves at the base. From the base emerges a stem most often 10–50 cm tall, but occasinally as much as 70 cm or as little as 2 cm, which bears a few pointed leaves which partly grasp the stem. The flowers, which appear in any month of the year in the British Isles, are white and small, 2.5 mm in diameter, with four petals and six stamens. They are borne in loose racemes, and produce flattened, two-chambered seed pods known as silicles, which are triangular to heart-shaped, each containing several seeds.

Like a number of other plants in several plant families, its seeds contain a substance known as mucilage, a condition known as myxospermy. Recently, this has been demonstrated experimentally to perform the function of trapping nematodes, as a form of 'protocarnivory'.

Capsella bursa-pastoris is closely related to the model organism such as Arabidopsis thaliana and is also used as a model organism, due to the variety of genes expressed throughout its life cycle that can be compared to genes that are well studied in A. thaliana. Unlike most flowering plants, it flowers almost all year round. Like other annual ruderals exploiting disturbed ground, C. bursa-pastoris reproduces entirely from seed, has a long soil seed bank, and short generation time, and is capable of producing several generations each year.

Taxonomy
Capsella bursa-pastoris subsp. thracicus (Velen.) Stoj. & Stef. is the only known subspecies.

History
A very early European illustration of Capsella bursa-pastoris was published in a medieval Herbarius in aproximatly 1486. The book was printed in Louvain in what is now Belgium. The species was apparently not included in the ancient pharmacopoeia with William Turner stating in 1548 that it and twenty or thirty others had come to be known as medicinal plants from Arab sources.

It was formally described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication Species Plantarum in 1753, and then published by Friedrich Kasimir Medikus in Pflanzen-Gattungen (Pfl.-Gatt.) in 1792.

Names
William Coles wrote in his book, Adam in Eden (1657), "It is called Shepherd's purse or Scrip (wallet) from the likeness of the seed hath with that kind of leathearne bag, wherein Shepherds carry their Victualls [food and drink] into the field."

In England and Scotland, it was once commonly called 'mother's heart', from which was derived a child's game/trick of picking the seed pod, which then would burst and the child would be accused of 'breaking his mother's heart'.

Uses
Capsella bursa-pastoris gathered from the wild or cultivated has many uses, including for food, to supplement animal feed, for cosmetics, and in traditional medicine  —reportedly to stop bleeding. The plant can be eaten raw; the leaves are best when gathered young. Native Americans ground it into a meal and made a beverage from it.

Cooking
It is cultivated as a commercial food crop in Asia. In China, where it is known as jìcài (荠菜; 薺菜) it is commonly used in food in Shanghai and the surrounding Jiangnan region. The savory leaf is stir-fried with rice cakes and other ingredients or as part of the filling in wontons. It is one of the ingredients of the symbolic dish consumed in the Japanese spring-time festival, Nanakusa-no-sekku. In Korea, it is known as naengi (냉이) and used as a root vegetable in the characteristic Korean dish, namul (fresh greens and wild vegetables).

The seeds of shepherd's purse were used as a pepper substitute in colonial New England.

Chemistry
Fumaric acid is one chemical substance that has been isolated from C. bursa-pastoris.

Pathogens
Pathogens of this plant include:
 * White rust Albugo candida
 * One species of downy mildew Hyaloperonospora parasitica
 * Phoma herbarum

title: Capsella bursa-pastoris


text:
Banana Joe

Joe Montione, commonly referred to as Banana Joe, (born in Hartford, Connecticut, January 21, 1954 – died in Los Angeles, Sept.11, 2021) was a well-known a radio personality.

Early career
Banana Joe grew up in Pittston, PA, about 100 miles north of Philadelphia. Joe first worked as a DJ at King's College station WRKC-FM. He then began his commercial DJ career at WILK-AM Wilkes-Barre, eventually being hired at Philadelphia's WFIL. He also worked at other stations, including Y100/Miami, CHUM/Toronto, WLOF/Orlando and in 1979 moving to Los Angeles to work at KHJ radio.

Later career
Montione later returned to Pennsylvania at WILK radio/Wilkes-Barre as Program Director/Afternoon Drive personality. It was there he formed an investment group, and in 1983 purchased WHTF-FM York, PA, and in 1984 bought WTLQ-FM/Wilkes-Barre-Scranton, PA.

After selling his interest in both stations in 1988, Montione moved back to Los Angeles. In 1991 he premiered the Banana Joe Flashback show on KIIS-FM. Montione also became National Programming/Marketing Director for Premiere Radio Networks and launched a station in Denver and later at WUSA Tampa and KTXQ in Dallas. Joe returned to Los Angeles in 2003, forming the Banana Joe Radio Group launching Internet station Flashbacktop40.com in 2005. In addition to FT40, Montione is Senior VP for satellite replacement company Synchronicity.co, featuring new platforms and automation systems for radio. The 70s, 80s, 90s Hits format that make up Flashback Top-40, is now in syndication to terrestrial radio in addition to the online version. Banana Joe is heard weekly live from Hollywood to a worldwide audience on Flashbacktop40.com radio.

title: Banana Joe


text:
Talk:2005 Organization of American States Secretary General election

Current tally

 * (moved from Talk:Secretary General of the Organization of American States)

Are you sure? It contradicts much of what is said about the candidates' support in the paragraphs immediately above. Do you have a single source for those figures, or is it a compilation? –Hajor 02:13, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * —Cantus… ☎   03:30, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Paraguay and Peru will probably vote Bolivia's way, and Colombia (as the US) for Flores. I hope I'm wrong :) —Cantus… ☎   03:51, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

Your most recent changes have addressed most of my concerns; I'm still a bit worried about listing Panama and SK&N under Insulza, precisely because they (and Peru) are where the (first round) battle is going to be fought. If Insulza doesn't get 18 on the first attempt, the 2nd round between him and Derbez is when it'll get interesting. The Mexican press is already discussing replacements for Derbez. Do they announce how the individual votes were cast, or is it a secret ballot? –Hajor 04:24, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Breaking the deadlock
Obvious solution: readmit Cuba. Deciding vote; problem solved. –Hajor 20:25, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Cuba would have probably abstain. —Cantus… ☎   21:06, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Cuba could have made all the difference in the choice. But the United States pushed to perminantly banned Cuba from the OAS since 1962.Caricom Backing Sure For Chile's Man As OAS Head.
 * Cuba would more then likely vote for whomever Venezuela votes. CaribDigita 01:04, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Or for whomever the US does not vote. —Cantus… ☎   03:30, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Highlights on the listing
Hmm... how about dividing them all up into blocs: Caricom; Andean Comm'ty and Mercosur (or combine as SACN?); NAFTA; Central American Parliament / Common Market. Overlaps? Guyana & Suriname are more Caricom than SACN. Any others? –Hajor 21:52, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm worried about the possible 'overlaps.' CARICOM members are interesting because they're small and numerous, and they can change an election with their support. —Cantus… ☎   23:08, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Breakdown:
 * 1) NAFTA (3): ca, us, mx
 * 2) Spanish-speaking Central America and the Caribbean (7): gt, hn, sv, ni, cr, pa, do (optionally, explain in a footnote that Panama's in the Parlacen, but not in CAFTA; Costa Rica is in the FTA but not the parliament.)
 * 3) SACN (12-2=10): bo, co, ec, pe, ve, ar, br, py, uy, cl -- add a footnote explaining about Guyana and Suriname not immediately joining and instead being listed under:
 * 4) Caricom (14): Antigua and Barbuda /  Bahamas /  Barbados /  Belize /  Dominica /  Grenada / Guyana / Haiti / Jamaica /  Saint Kitts and Nevis /  Saint Lucia / Suriname /  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines /  Trinidad and Tobago
 * Total = 3+7+10+14=34. Did I count anyone twice?

I think that works. I was just worried about singling out the Caricoms for highlighting, NPOV and all that. –Hajor 00:20, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * CARICOM is a special bloc. CARICOM although they wont admit it are heading towards a Political Union. CARICOM is probably the only--- trade bloc in the OAS that allows their Ministers of Foreign Affairs or Heads of State from any of the member states to handle issues for one another.

 * Example. Canada, the USA and Mexico are in NAFTA. When was the last time the United States allowed Canada to go craft a new deal with Mexico on the US' behalf? CARICOM states do this for one-another from time to time.  And they've agreed that many larger states use the divide-and-conquor method on them, so from now on they'll have a unified foreign policy.(CARICOM & Bush aren't on good terms.)
 * I wouldn't be affraid of CARICOM's-- votes. Brazil and Venezuela have said its time to actually consolidate CARICOM into a single bloc with South America.  That's why Guyana and Suriname went ahead and joined SACN right now.  They will be first to bridge the two trade blocs.  Cuba is going to integrate into the Mercosur, because 'democracy' puts Cuba in breach of the CARICOM charter.
 * As the plan goes. Venezuela gets to be incharge of the Latin America-Caribbean-OPEC oil company they want to form(That's their little pet project.). Brazil gets their "road network" deal where they become the central road network of South America.  "Guyana" gets to be the gateway between North/South America according to plan.  And if these blocs converge their votes and foreign policy, then that is when you'll really see something begin.
 * P.S. Belize is in something else besides CARICOM too, I think it's called "SICE"(?) which is why they told Mexico they would back them first. None the less, Latin America isn't as organized to the point of deciding not to compete against one another.  You have Mexico originally competing against El Salvador which ofcourse splits up all the votes of Latin America.  CARICOM makes it a policy to choose one state or member as a delegate and they wont introduce any other competitors to divide the CARICOM vote.  Latin America needs to start doing the same. IMHO you all can break all of these out into their Trade Blocs but you'll notice that CARICOM is pretty much the only one that makes it an issue or goal for having a cohesive foreign policy. Montserrat is still a part of the UK so they can't join the OAS or vote but if they were independent they would probably be infavor of Chile too.

 * None the less, CARICOM is also acting as a single bloc to have CARICOM be the headquarters of the Permanent Secretariat of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA-ALCA)
 * CaribDigita 00:40, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting analysis, thanks. If I could figure out where to start, I might hazard an answer. But it'd probably take me the best part of a day to write... Re the FTAA permanent secretariat HQ (if they actually bother deciding on one, with the fracas that has become, this OAS affair might lead to some of the South Americans abandoning Panama in favor of Port of Spain. Once the second-rate runners are eliminated, it'll be tight between T&T and Panama down to the post. And the SICE? Is that the Sistema de Integración Económica de C.A., SIECA? I know that's quite heavily involved with the Plan Puebla-Panamá. Cheers, –Hajor 20:43, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Port-Of-Spain currently has the backing of much of the Americas. Out of 34 total potential countries, there's  "21" countries according to the Foreign Minister of Trinidad and Tobago [www.foreign.gov.tt] now backing T&T. Article here That includes CARICOM's 14 votes + Venezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, & Colombia for sure.
 * Central America prob. wont get it because it's split between Panama, and two locations in Mexico (Puebla?, and Cancun) I think they are.
 * Also its the "SICA" (Central American Integration System) which Belize is also involved, which I was thinking of. CaribDigita 16:39, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Country swapping
In recent edits Paraguay was moved from Derbez undeclared to Insulza declared and Grenada moved from Insulza undeclared to Derbez declared. I haven't read about these changes in the press. Can someone point to a source for this or I'll have to revert it. Thanks. —Cantus… ☎   20:27, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Concur. I haven't seen anything to support that. –Hajor 20:43, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Source: http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=695444&high=derbez

(spanish) LeandroManuel 13 Apr

Spanish language external links
(Message left on User talk:Hajor by, copied here as an invitation for comments by the community at large.)

 * These links are not of relevance as they are not English. If they were in Chinese you wouldn't link them because they would be of absolutely no value—despite their quality.  You should create a page for the article on the Spanish Wikipedia where they belong.  Certainly you can reference them and reference the article in the Spanish Wikipedia.  Perhaps this would be better suited for wikinews, or in your case spanish. For example, this link does not help whatsoever because the average English speaker cannot read it.  That is the reason we have Wikpedia in other languages.

Needless to say, I disagree most strenuously with that position, and will continue to revert any deletion of those External Links, unless a strong community consensus emerges against me. The quality of, for example, today's article from El Mercurio is unparalleled by anything I have seen in the English-language press and it deserves inclusion. The Anglophone press has simply not been covering this story to the extent that the Latin American world has.

Were the Chinese url that anon cites to be included in an article of enormous interest to a part of the world where Chinese is predominantly spoken, I would not presume to delete it. After anon's first deletion of the urls, I classified them by language -- English links and Spanish links under each of the subheads -- and trimmed several of the more obsolete ones. That is as much of a compromise as I am prepared to offer at this point. As this news story evolves, if the English-speaking press begins to cover the story in any dept, and after the next round of elections comes and goes, the need to include foreign-language material will be less pressing, and most, if not all, of the Spanish links can be removed. –Hajor 04:00, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * One last postscript: creating a page called es:Your links are now here, where they belong on the Spanish-language Wikipedia -- just how close does that come to disrupting Wikipedia to illustrate a point? –Hajor

Well all I can say is read this. It's plain and simple M. bandana 07:35, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes it's plain and simple that English Wikipedia articles should be written in English. However, it's perfectly OK to cite external links in other languages if English sources are lacking or inadequate, as long as they're marked as being links in another language so people don't click on them for nothing.  These links can not only serve as references (an encyclopedia is supposed to cite references), but they can be a starting point for other editors who do understand the foreign language to do further research and add to the article. -- Curps 08:00, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * External links are for more depth, for the ability to verify sources of information. Not everybody is going to understand these: sometimes these are scientific research articles written in English, but incomprehensible to people unfamiliar with the concepts and the necessary mathematics. Should these links be excluded?
 * Moreover, articles in non-English languages often have external links to English language documents, simply because often the best sources, or at least the easiest good sources to find, are in English. Surely the reverse is acceptable too. Example - the polish language article on race: pl:rasa - both external links are to English language documents. Nobody is offended by the presence of these (en) external links AFAIK. Boud 12:50, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Just for the record, es:Your links are now here, where they belong was redirected to es:Elección de 2005 del Secretario General de la OEA and the redirect deleted. The article was then listed for deletion, on the grounds that los artículos de Wikipedia no son meras colecciones de enlaces -- "wikipedia articles are not just collections of links", here and on w:es, it would appear. –Hajor 16:32, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Update. The vote on es:Elección de Secretario General de la OEA, 2005 is currently at 4:2 in favour of deletion, even with the couple of stubby paragraphs Cantus and I wrote as an introduction (and, yeah, we're the two voting "keep"). The article didn't have the happiest of births, but (imho) Vfd-ing like that reflects very poorly on w:es. . –Hajor 16:58, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I have already become bored with people at Spanish wikipedia. They think people should only add complete articles, which is not the point of Wikipedia. I have tried to express my view before, but there seems to be a small cabal ruling that little project, and I have no interest in dealing with that. —Cantus… ☎   21:41, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reply. All in all, similar to my experience/conclusions. Allá ellos. –Hajor 22:10, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Paraguay for Chile and Grenada for Mexico

 * source: http://buscador.lanacion.com.ar/Nota.asp?nota_id=695444&high=derbez
 * (spanish)
 * A serious newspaper from Argentina.

 * Wow. Hadn't seen that in our press. I'll put a footnote after the listings. Thanks. –Hajor 03:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dominican Rep.
Does this mean we can move the Dom Rep up to "Insulza, declared"? –Hajor 12:58, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Breakdown of support table
I put it back to the way it was at the end of the first-round vote: the only subsequent change was Haiti, and leaving it at the 17:17 split is probably of more interest to the historical record. –Hajor 20:08, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Special Esperanto adverbs

Many of these words are not adverbs at all! For example, ĝis is used as a preposition (ĝis la revido) and arguably as a conjunction (ĝis hodiaŭ). Also, antaŭ is a preposition and a conjunction; in its adverbial use it's antaŭe, and so is completely regular.

Can you find adverbial uses for all these words? If not, I suggest going through this list and removing the half that are regular. --kwami 20:36, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, there's all sorts of stuff in here: pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and "particles" (little words such as eĉ that don't fit any of the parts of speech). I'm taking them out, but am trying to be conservative, so I'll probably miss a couple. I'm also taking out the correlatives, since they're listed in the main article, and this list will be more easily manageable without them (the ones ending in -om weren't adverbs anyway!) —kwami 04:10, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. I added tre (very) to the list. Obviously an adverb, and similar to tro.

title: Talk:Special Esperanto adverbs