text:
File:Gorillas screenshot.png

Screenshot of the game called Gorillas. Taken by User:ZeroOne.

Fair use rationale
Fair use rationale for the Gorillas (video game) article:
 * No one has ever made any money with this game
 * This screenshot does not hinder the copyright holder's ability to continue not-making money
 * There are no free alternatives for this screenshot
 * A screenshot is needed to illustrate the game

title: File:Gorillas screenshot.png


text: Category:Schools in the East Riding of Yorkshire

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


title: File:Jay-z-blueprint-2-gift-curse.jpg


text:
User talk:Yeungb

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 02:24, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yeungb


text:
USS Vixen (1846)

The third USS Vixen was a steamboat in the United States Navy during the Mexican–American War.

Vixen was originally built for the government of Mexico by Brown and Bell of New York City, she was purchased by the Navy in May 1846 at the outset of the Mexican–American War.

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848
Immediately after her purchase, Vixen was deployed off the Gulf Coast of Mexico with Commodore David Conner's blockade squadron. There, she performed numerous patrol and reconnaissance assignments and was helpful in securing the Mexican coast in preparation for combined Army–Navy movements inland. Under the command of Joshua R. Sands, Vixen first saw action on 16 October 1846 when she participated in the unsuccessful attempt to take Alvarado, Mexico, the most important Mexican port east of Vera Cruz. During the engagement, she towed the schooners USS Bonita (1846) and USS Reefer (1846) but, together with the rest of the American fleet, was unable to cross the bar off the port and soon broke off the attack.

After this initial failure, the squadron moved south in an attempt to cut off the Yucatán Peninsula from the rest of Mexico. Success hinged upon the capture of the coastal port of Frontera, at the mouth of the Tabasco River, followed by the surrender of the city of Tabasco, upstream. Vixen and the rest of the squadron maneuvered into position off Frontera on 23 October. Commodore Matthew C. Perry assumed command of the gunboat and, with the schooners Bonita and USRC Forward (1842) in tow, dashed across the bar and captured the Mexican flotilla defending the port. Vixen and Perry ascended the Tabasco River on the 24th and 25th with other vessels of the squadron and finally secured Tabasco on the 26th after a three-shot bombardment of the city by Vixen.

Vixen returned to the blockade immediately after the successful conclusion of the Yucatán campaign and later participated in the capture of Laguna, on 20 September. She also assisted in the capture of Tampico, on 14 November and covered troop landings at Vera Cruz, the main military objective of the fleet, on 9 March 1847. After Mexican defenders rejected peace overtures, the American squadron attacked the city on the 23rd; and, two days later, USS Spitfire (1846) and Vixen made a daring and visually spectacular close range assault upon defensive fortifications ashore. Vera Cruz finally surrendered unconditionally on the 28th. This stunning victory enabled General Winfield Scott to march on Mexico City by the shortest overland route and, as such, was the decisive action of the Mexican War.

Home Squadron, 1848–1854
Vixen conducted clean-up operations with the squadron for the duration of the war. After the ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on 30 May 1848, she joined the Home Squadron and underwent repairs at the Washington Navy Yard in 1850. The gunboat was temporarily decommissioned at Pensacola, Florida, in 1853 after numerous fatal outbreaks of yellow fever swept her and underwent further repairs at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in 1854.

Vixen was sold in 1855.

title: USS Vixen (1846)


text:
Talk:James Bond 007: Nightfire

Weapons
I searched a few of the weapons on Google, and only came up with results for this game. I think they modified the names of real weapons to avoid copyrights. For example, "Wolfram PP7" instead of Walther P99.-LtNOWIS 02:23, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I suggest we move the weapons list to List of firearms in first-person shooters and find out the real names of the weapons mentioned. TonicBH 06:01, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Just so you know, the Wolfram PP7 was the Walther PPK, not P99, the Wolfram P2K is the P99. Emperor001 21:24, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Where did the weapons section go? Emperor001 01:59, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

The Storm is NOT based on the Uzi, but rather the Ruger MP9. Shouldn't the rest of the guns have their real life counterparts mentioned? I.E. K-40/80 = Glock 18 or the Raptor Magnum = Desert Egale71.145.191.237 23:23, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Why not just post the weapons as described in the instruction manual or something. It would be the best way considering this article should only contain info about the game and not those counter-parts. I can do it if somebody agrees. Bending Unit (talk) 05:47, 23 April 2008 (UTC)Bending Unit

Move to 007: Nightfire
I would like to suggest a move to 007: Nightfire as that seems to be the official title. Suggestions or opinions?--analoguedragon 20:10, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * According to the official website it as "James Bond 007: NightFire". I really don't care. K1Bond007 21:05, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, It's not very clear which is the correct name (they use both names on the official site), so I'll just leave it like this for now. I really don't care that much for James Bond games ;)--analoguedragon 22:29, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Spoiler
Added a spoiler warning above the Characters section -- I didn't know Dominique was killed!

 * Good idea. I may restructure the article to put those details elsewhere, spoilers shouldn't be in the character bios! --Benjrh 02:42, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Bad Reviews?
This game was not released to universally bad reviews, as the article states. In fact, it received very good scores from most major game websites and magazines and is widely considered to be one of the best Bond games. Perhaps the author confused this game with Agent Under Fire or Rogue Agent? Anyways, I'm changing it unless someone can back it up.
 * The game is great... but fans off course preffer games based in the films and not fictional-created by EA plot.
 * People say the PC version made by Gearbox Software as an inferior version. and I concur, the console versions are better than the PC version by far. The notice COULD be reinstated but to be clarified since the console versions DID get decent reviews. -TonicBH 04:09, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Correct... A comparsion between the versions may be needed. The PC version lack the the driving missions, as well as having very minimal hand to hand combat options... Also the AI is terrible. Characters stop their attack on you in mid action. I will layout plans for this section. --Benjrh 02:42, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

These should clarify the ratings conflict: http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbx/jamesbond007nightfire?q=nightfire http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps2/jamesbond007nightfire?q=nightfire http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/jamesbond007nightfire?q=nightfire http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/cube/jamesbond007nightfire?q=nightfire According to Metacritic's rating system all of the games (excluding the PC's) are "Generally Favorable". http://www.metacritic.com/about/scoring.shtml#game MafiaCapo 21:29, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Engine
The console versions do NOT use the GoldSrc / Half-Life engine. They use a proprietary engine written by Eurocom.

Gadgets
Shouldn't there be a gadgets section? Bibliomaniac15 01:33, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Good idea, I will add such a section when I improve the article.--Benjrh 02:42, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Content Errors/Improvements
There are details which are incorrect in this article. For example, the company name is clearly Phoenix International. Also the level of detail can be increased. I am not sure if the company name is different depending on the version. Can someone with a European version as well as a version for system (not PC/Mac) please confirm the name. Thank-you.

I plan to drastically improve the article in the coming weeks/months. Anyone interested in helping or wishing to talk about it, please post on here or on my discussion page--Benjrh 02:42, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
I added a piece about Halle Berry's appearence on the cover to the Trivia section. MafiaCapo 21:32, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * That's not Halle Berry. K1Bond007 22:02, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Hmmmm... it looks like her but I suppose it could be Kiko. MafiaCapo 02:18, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
 * My PS2-DVD version has a trailler of Die Another Day, located in options and off course Berry apeears. --Ragnarok Addict 18:58, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

The Person on the cover is suposed to be Domonique --Ncusa367 22:54, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Car level
I just notice the car level was made by Need for Speed: Host Pursuit 2 staff. I readed this on EGM November 2002. If close look at Vanquish it is exactly the same 3D model in Hot Pursuit 2. --Ragnarok Addict 18:57, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Missions
All the missions are written with "you". Shouldn't it be "the player" or "Bond"?
 * To be perfectly honest, I don't think we need the missions section in the first place. Stuff like that could be moved to StrategyWiki or something. -TonicBH 16:47, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, but we shouldn't simply cut it off. It would be better to clean all the section until there's only a complete mission list remaining. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Victao lopes (talk • contribs) 17:56, 10 December 2006 (UTC).

Armitage Rook
Who has acted Armitage Rook in Nightfire? Morris Munroe 16:29, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Oddjob
I removed oddjob from the characters section. He does not work for pheonix, does not appear in the story and is just as a cameo character for multiplayer. --Ncusa367 22:56, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Kiko merge
Sure, go - just well done. --HanzoHattori 20:05, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The article already seems to contain a sufficient description of the character. Redirecting. └  OzLawyer  /  talk  ┐ 20:13, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * HanzoHattori has reinstated the original article, saying it wasn't merged. I think the section in this article is adequate; nothing else needs to be merged.  Leebo  86 16:05, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Soooo why the mergin'? You got plenty articles like this or this (I just clicked two very random). --HanzoHattori 17:10, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Inclusion is not an indicator of validity, notability, or quality. Those articles deserve to be merged too.  Leebo  86 19:06, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Exactly. The information in the article is more than enough, and the fact that there are other articles that should be merged/deleted is not a reason to keep this one. I have re-redirected it.  └  OzLawyer  /  talk  ┐ 23:58, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Seriously, what about spoilers?
There really ought to be a spoiler warning around the plot summary. I would put it in, myself, if I knew its code. SpinyMcSpleen 01:11, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Plot sections are expected to have spoilers, so it is redundant. See WP:SPOILER for more information. TTN 01:13, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * If it were redundant, the spoiler tags would not exist. I added them to the article, by the way. SpinyMcSpleen 01:34, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * This has been discussed endlessly. The final line is that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and spoiler warnings break up the encyclopedic tone of the article. One comes here to read a fully detailed and broad factual description of the subject, and critical plot details are going to be part of that. If one doesn't wish to know about the subject, then avoiding the article is simple. Any number of other sites that aren't encyclopedias can avoid the plot.  Leebo  T / C  02:06, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * How about this: if the spoiler warnings are getting on your nerves, perhaps the entire plot section should be rewritten or deleted entirely. SpinyMcSpleen 17:27, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

console
It seems like internet users (both wikipedians and otherwise) tend to ignore the PC version and focus solely on the console versions. Other may do this; as an encyclopedia, we cannot. I haven't played this game in over two years (I don't even own it anymore), so someone else would probably have to take care of it. --MKnight9989 14:32, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The storyline between the console and the PC is basically the same, the only differences are in weapons, gadgets, and a few stages. There really isn't anything worth talking about as far as the PC goes other than it exists. SpinyMcSpleen 17:24, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Weapons, gadgets, and levels make up most of what the game is. The story certainly doesn't deserve an award --MKnight9989 12:11, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The plot doesn't change at all between the PC version and the console version. Like SpinyMcSpleen said, the PC version exists, that's all that's notable about it. 75.88.84.15 20:50, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

My point is this: the story is lackluster and stale and formulaic. For argument's sake, I am dismissing the story for those reasons. The weapons, gadgets, and levels are quite different, and since those things are actually interesting, I am discussing only those. There could at least be a section highlighting the major differences between the PC and the console versions. --MKnight9989 12:09, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * A section about major differences would be a good idea. Of course, there are certain users who may not agree. SpinyMcSpleen 06:17, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * SpinyMcSpleen, that's exactly who I was thinking of. Of course that user tends to only revert content that clashes with the Wikipedia guidelines. I'd say, make the section and, if anyone changes it, they're just damaging the accuracy of the article. 75.88.84.15 06:28, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Right, I've added a section on the major differences. It may need to be moved up on the page, though. Also, it is a MAJOR differences section, is in drastic changes in characters or stages, not as in the Ronin being able to spin 360° or the appearance of the weapons. SpinyMcSpleen 06:45, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks guys. Hope you didn't lose any hair over my nagging. --MKnight9989 12:09, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * A user called "Deltabeignet" is trying to delete the "Major Differences" section. Maybe Deltabeignet should read this thread. 75.88.84.15 04:41, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Nightfire Music -- not the title theme
Two things. One: Who composed the music, Ed Lima or Steve Duckworth? Two: What make and model synthesiser was used to perform the music? SpinyMcSpleen 21:48, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Steve Duckworth did the music for the FPS levels, Jeff Tymoshuk did the music for the driving levels. Ed Lima did one or two tracks found in the PC version.

Thank you, unknown user. So, just one more thing, then: anyone know anything about the synthesiser? SpinyMcSpleen 06:35, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Leave the "Major Differences" section alone!
All right, TTN, mate, look: don't just delete sections because you feel like it. The "Major Differences" section, although trivial, is the only way we (MKnight9989, an anonymous IP, and myself) could think of to do more than just mention the existence of a PC version of the game. I don't know if you've noticed, but the article is about the console version, without any information at all about the PC. Put a notice on this page first before you get too trigger-happy with the Delete key, right? That way, people can discuss why it should and shouldn't go. SpinyMcSpleen 06:00, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Locations section
The Locations section seems to be disjointed and badly-written. I intend to delete this section two days from this post unless someone can fix it (or deletes it first). SpinyMcSpleen 06:24, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Disregard. I have deleted the Locations section, as well as a bit of unnecessary strategy guide material. SpinyMcSpleen 10:17, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

"Night Fire 007"?
What the devil? There seems to be an article called Night Fire 007, which is essentially the same as this article. Why does it need to exist? I mean, the title isn't even right! Moreover, how does one go about suggesting that an article be deleted? SpinyMcSpleen 05:27, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Page is now a redirect. If you wished to delete it, I think WP:AfD would be where to go. (Personally I say leave it alone as a redirect) OSbornarfcontributionatoration 16:32, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Plot section
I'm not entirely convinced that we need a plot section that goes into such detail. Most of the time, the detail is provided by individuals who are unaware of (or who just disregard) Wikipedia policy on strategy guide material, so, most generally, a not insignificant amount of unnecessary rubbish about how to complete levels is weaselled into the plot summary. Perhaps, rather than explaining the events of each level, the necessary information could be condensed into one or two short paragraphs. I don't want to step on any toes, as it were -- that's why I've suggested it first... just to give anyone a chance to agree or disagree. SpinyMcSpleen 05:07, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with SpinyMcSpleen. The plot section is far too long and covers more information than the other sections put together. Also the 'plot' as written before above covers the Console version of the game, i.e The PC version starts in London. It's quite easy, and if you look back at previous edits, to write a briefer plot that covers all versions without conflict. Overall this article needs to be written in a comprehensive form that covers the 'Nightfire game' and not be weighed to a singular version.

87.194.134.42 03:45, 3 December 2007 (UTC)[OO9]
 * I've replaced the Plot section's content with that of the old "Overview" section. All of the necessary points are touched on without being overly descriptive. SpinyMcSpleen (talk) 17:04, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * This issue has still not been addressed. The overview is entirely written based on the console version when the PC version varies greatly from it.  For instance, the article makes no mention of Rook whom gets his face disfigured because of Bond in Austria.  At the same time, Kiko is also present at the party and the article makes no mention of her until over half way through the game.  Additionally, a lot of the extra points in the article pertains only to the console version (e.g. unlockable content).  I'm beginning to think the PC version needs it's own article because Gearcraft took a completely different approach than Eurocom.  The Mac version is essentially an OpenGL port of the PC version.  They should be able to be lumped together.  I'm not sure where the JV Games developed version fits best as I have never played it.  Regardless, the only similarities between console and PC/Mac is that of location (Austria, Japan, Space, etc.), plot (if you stand back far enough), and a few key characters.  Beyond that, they are completely different. FordGT90Concept (talk) 19:09, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I have a suggestion. We can keep the plot summary so that it pertains to the console version, since it is apparently more popular than the PC version. However, if no one objects, I will write an additional section on how the plot on the PC version differs from the console version since they share roughly the same storyline. I beat both the PC and console versions so I can write a good summary and comparison, but could someone give me some suggestions? 76.204.146.146 (talk) 12:51, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

I didn't get passed the second mission so I can't write a good summary. When I have time I can spend try to beat the game so I can do that. I managed to remove ", this is very much like the final scene of 'Moonraker' where Bond tries to stop Drax from firing bombs containing poisonous gases at Earth." because I thought it was irrelevant content and has nothing to do with the plotBending Unit (talk) 05:37, 23 April 2008 (UTC) Bending Unit

I don't know why it was added again but maybe a new section titled "Similarities to Bond Films" should be made because that info doesn't have anything to do with the plot. The plot is almost the same on the PC as it is on consoles. Can anybody confirm that the Gamecube version is the same as the other consoles? --Bending Unit (talk) 13:44, 7 May 2008 (UTC) Bending Unit

PC Game modifications
There was a section before on game modifications (creating/editing maps). I think this should be added back in as it is a big part of the history of the game. You can find it here under the section Modding http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=007:_Nightfire&diff=prev&oldid=120456170. It needs to be tided up and updated a bit, as it is now active with an editor and complier available to make modifications. 87.194.134.42 04:19, 3 December 2007 (UTC)[OO9]
 * I don't agree. The mod section was deleted because it was superfluous, being of no benefit to the article. SpinyMcSpleen (talk) 17:05, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with SpinyMcSpleen that Wikipedia is not the place for mods. I do, however, recommend placing an external link to the NFBSP Wiki where that content is very relevant.  I don't want to add it myself because I don't want to self-promote anything.  FordGT90Concept (talk) 04:50, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Move back to "James Bone 007: Nightfire"
"James Bond 007: Nightfire" is the official title. That is how it is named everywhere including the Start menu of the PC Version (less the colon because colons aren't allowed). Here's a list that include the "James Bond":
 * IGN
 * GameSpot -- Includes GBA, Mac, PS2, PC, X-Box, and GC.
 * Gearbox Software -- PC Developer
 * Amazon
 * JV Games -- X-Box, Gamecube, Playstation 2 Developer
 * EA Support -- The main page has been killed. EA is the majority publisher of this software title.

The only major player I can find that omits "James Bond" is on the Aspyr Support page.

I should have brought this up a long time ago but anyway, I highly recommend moving this article back to its rightful home: next to the rest of the James Bond franchise. FordGT90Concept (talk) 06:51, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Screenshot
The screenshot of the first level was badly taken. It looks as though someone just took a photograph of their television screen. Need I point out that there are loads of websites with decent pictures of NightFire. I'm sure that at least one of them most certainly has a higher-quality version of exact same picture (or something close to it). 75.88.87.7 (talk) 06:02, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

I own the game so I can take a couple in-game of relevant stuff. Bending Unit (talk) 05:31, 23 April 2008 (UTC) Bending Unit

"Nightfire" vs. "NightFire"
While the title of the article is "James Bond 007: Nightfire," it should instead read "James Bond 007: NightFire." Even in the instruction manual, there is a capital F. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.100.199.160 (talk) 06:46, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You are correct in that they always capitalized the F in offical documentation (like the fansite kit); however, in popular use, it is never capitalized (it is treated as a proper compound noun). I believe it is fine the way it is. FordGT90Concept (talk) 09:09, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Sequel
Look this: --188.107.251.23 (talk) 18:00, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

Remake
Added a part about the petition over at Nightfire007.com. This initiative is trying to convince all parties including Activision, Eurocom, MGM, and more to remake Nightfire. Please sign the petition if you agree. --VorteXLP (talk) 13:00, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Music information from Steve Duckworth Reply
In addition to the information in the section above, I received a response on 2013-09-19 to an enquiry about who composed what via YouTube from Steve Duckworth, who still comments on Nightfire videos.

"I wrote all of the interactive score for all the first person sections of the (GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox) - which is what we were responsible for at Eurocom. Driving sections were handled by EA, and they sent us the tracks to play for that. I can't remember who did that. I didn't even know there was a PC version. That must have been handled by another developer taking our assets. I have had a look and yes that is all my music too, but it hasn't been implemented with the same interactive Music system I developed at Eurocom. On the PC, it just cross fades between action and stealth. You really need to check out one of the console versions to appreciate the effort I put into that score. The music stems contain jump markers throughout describing where the Beat and Bar is, and when it jump and where to. This resulted in a more seamless musical score particularly when coping with moving from high tension (fast tempo) music back to slow. It won an award. Hope that Helps. Steve"

I've responded with questions on the award and the equipment he used. Hopefully this info can be integrated into the article by anyone wanting to expand the music section. —Vanderdecken∴∫ξφ 17:33, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:James Bond 007: Nightfire


text: Category:Tourist attractions in the East Riding of Yorkshire


text:
Harrison Salisbury

Harrison Evans Salisbury (November 14, 1908 – July 5, 1993), was an American journalist and the first regular New York Times correspondent in Moscow after World War II.

Biography
Salisbury was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He graduated from Minneapolis North High School in 1925 and the University of Minnesota in 1930.

He spent nearly 20 years with United Press (UP), much of it overseas, and was UP's foreign editor during the last two years of World War II. Additionally, he was The New York Times' Moscow bureau chief from 1949–1954. Salisbury constantly battled Soviet censorship and won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1955. He twice (in 1957 and 1966) received the George Polk Award for Foreign Reporting.

In the 1960s, he covered the growing civil rights movement in the Southern United States. From there, he directed the Times' coverage of President John F. Kennedy's assassination in 1963. In 1970, he served as the first editor of The Times' Op-Ed page, which was created by John B. Oakes, and was assistant managing editor from 1964–1972, associate editor from 1972–1973. He retired from The Times in 1973.

Salisbury was among the earliest mainstream journalists to oppose the Vietnam War after reporting from North Vietnam in 1966. He took much heat from the Johnson Administration and the political Right, but his previous standards of objectivity helped him to take the lead in journalistic opinion against the war. He is interviewed in the anti-Vietnam War documentary film In the Year of the Pig. He was the first American journalist to report on the Vietnam War from North Vietnam after having been invited there by the North Vietnamese government in late 1966. His report was the first that genuinely questioned the American air war.

Salisbury also toured America for Esquire, for which the Xerox company paid him $55,000.

Salisbury reported extensively from Communist China, where, in 1989, he witnessed the bloody government crackdown on the student demonstration in Tiananmen Square.

He wrote 29 books, including American in Russia (1955) and Behind the Lines—Hanoi (1967). His other books include The Shook-Up Generation (1958), Orbit of China (1967), War Between Russia and China (1969), The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad (1969), To Peking and Beyond: A Report on the New Asia (1973), The Gates of Hell (1975), Black Night, White Snow: Russia's Revolutions 1905-1917 (1978), Without Fear or Favor: The New York Times and Its Times (1980), Journey For Our Times (autobiographical, 1983), China: 100 Years of Revolution, (1983), The Long March: The Untold Story (1985), Tiananmen Diary: Thirteen Days in June (1989), The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng (1992) and his last, Heroes of My Time (1993). The 900 Days was in the process of being adapted into a feature film by Italian director Sergio Leone at the time of Leone's death in 1989.

In 1964, he married Charlotte Y. Salisbury, who accompanied him on numerous trips to Asia. She wrote seven books about their experiences.

Salisbury was an Eagle Scout and a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He was a member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. In 1990, he received the Ischia International Journalism Award.

He died in Providence, Rhode Island at age 84.

title: Harrison Salisbury


text:
Oikos

Oikos (Ancient Greek: οἶκος (pronunciation oi•kos ; plural: οἶκοι) was, in Ancient Greece, two related but distinct concepts: the family and the family's house.  Its meaning shifted even within texts.

The oikos was the basic unit of society in most Greek city-states. In normal Attic usage the oikos, in the context of families, referred to a line of descent from father to son from generation to generation. Alternatively, as Aristotle used it in his Politics, the term was sometimes used to refer to everybody living in a given house. Thus, the head of the oikos, along with his immediate family and his slaves, would all be encompassed. Large oikoi also had farms that were usually tended by the slaves, which were also the basic agricultural unit of the ancient Greek economy.

House
Traditional interpretations of the layout of the oikos in Classical Athens have divided into men's and women's spaces, with an area known as the gynaikon or gynaikonitis associated with women's activities such as cooking and textiles work, and an area restricted to men called the andron. In Lysias's speech On the Murder of Eratosthenes, the women's rooms were said to be situated above the men's quarters, Lysias, I.9 while in Xenophon the women's and men's quarters are next to one another.

More recent scholarship from historians such as Lisa Nevett and Lin Foxhall has argued for a more flexible approach to household space, with rooms not simply having a single fixed function, and gendering of space not being as simple as some rooms being for men and others for women. It has been argued that instead of dividing the household space into "male" and "female" areas, it is more accurate to look at areas as being private or public. In this model, access to the private areas was restricted to the family, while public areas accommodated visitors.

In Olynthos and Halieis, street plans in the classical city were rectilinear, and thus houses were of regular shapes and sizes. By contrast, in Athens houses appear to have varied much more in size and shape. In the classical period, houses excavated from Olynthos were "invariably" organised around a colonnaded courtyard. Likewise, of the houses excavated at Halieis in the Argolid, most of the houses seem to have had a single entrance which gave access to a court, and Nevett also cites three buildings excavated on Thasos as being similarly arranged around a courtyard. Only a minority of the houses had surviving evidence of staircases, demonstrating that they definitely had upper storeys, while for the remainder of Olynthian houses the evidence is inconclusive. On the Murder of Eratosthenes demonstrates that at least some Athenian houses also had an upper storey. Entranceways at Olynthos were designed for privacy, preventing passers-by from seeing inside the house.

Historians have identified a "hearth-room" in ancient Greek houses as a centre of female activity. However, Foxhall has argued that Greek houses often had no permanent kitchens. For example, a house in Attica known as the Vari House had multiple possible places which may have been used for cooking, but no fixed fireplace, and no one place was used for the entire lifetime of the house. Nevett points out that houses frequently had a "complex pattern of spatial usage", with rooms being used for multiple purposes.

Men
A man was the head (kyrios, κύριος) of the household. The kyrios was responsible for representing the interests of his oikos to the wider polis and providing legal protection to the women and minors with whom he shared his household. Initially the kyrios of an oikos would have been the husband and father of offspring. However, when any legitimate sons reached adulthood the role of kyrios could, in many instances, be transferred from the father to the next male generation. When a son was given his portion of the inheritance, either before or after his father had died, he was said to have formed a new oikos. Therefore, new oikoi were formed every generation and would continue to be perpetuated through marriage and childbirth.

The relationship between father and son was bound intrinsically to the transfer of family property: a legitimate son could expect to inherit the property of his father and, in return, was legally obligated to provide for his father in his old age. See If a son failed to care for his parents he could be prosecuted and a conviction would result in the loss of his citizen rights. However, sons were not compelled to maintain their fathers in their old age if they had not provided them with a skill. Furthermore, the heir to an inheritance would also be required to perform burial rites at the deceased's funeral and continue to provide annual commemorative rites. This would have been an extremely important consideration for the Athenians, who were notoriously pious.

Women
Although men were part of both the polis and oikos, women had a role only in the oikos. In Athens, women of citizen status did not have many of the rights citizen men had. They had no political rights and could take no part in government. They could conduct only limited business and hold and inherit limited property. All business was conducted on a woman's behalf by her husband or father.

Athenian inheritance laws prioritised men over equally closely related women, and daughters in the absence of sons did not inherit at all, but came along with the estate as epikleroi.

Instead of automatic inheritance rights, daughters were given dowries to support. As late as the fourth century, Athenian inheritance law forbade the disposal of property by testament away from legitimate children.

At Sparta women were able to own and inherit property. Aristotle, Politics, 2.9.1269b12–1270a34 Marriage was arranged for a woman by her father or male guardian. In the home women were kept segregated in their own quarters, called gynaikonitis, and were virtually unseen. They were responsible only for their oikos, which included providing for slaves and children, caring for the sick, and cooking, cleaning and making clothes. Much of this work, at least in wealthy families, would have been done by slaves, with the Athenian women largely taking a supervisory role.

Women rarely left the house, and even then would be accompanied by female slaves. Women did go shopping and to the wells to fetch water, but this was done mainly by slaves and by poorer women without slaves. Older women and widows had more freedom, as did Spartan wives. Wives in Sparta were permitted to drink alcohol, which was forbidden in most other city-states, as well as exercise more authority in the oikos. However, as evidenced in the literature of the time, this standard was rarely observed. Poorer women undertook work, including selling goods in the market, spinning, making bread, agricultural laboring, acting as wet nurses or working alongside their husbands. It was not possible in such households to segregate men from women. Poorer widows often had to work, if they had no means of financial support.

Within religion women did play an important role, such as a dominant role at funerals, weddings, and a large number of public festivals. There were many priestesses, and women also had their own festivals. At some festivals, though, it is believed that women were not present; nor may they have attended associated performances at theaters.

Children
Childbirth took place at home, with all the women of the household in attendance. A female midwife (maia, μαῖα) may have been present, and a male doctor called in if complications arose, but virtually no information on midwifery exists. Childbirth was regarded as polluting so was not allowed to take place on sacred ground. At birth the guardian (usually the father) had to decide whether to keep the child or expose it. If it was kept a purification ceremony took place on the fifth or seventh day after birth.

It was the mother's duty to breast-feed her children, but wet nurses were employed, and pottery feeding bottles are also known. There is evidence from vase paintings for cradles of wickerwork or wood. From the 4th century BC children appear much more in artistic representations. Children played a number of games, and evidence of toys comes from literature, vase paintings and surviving examples of the actual toys. It was customary at various festivals to give children toys. When girls were about to marry and when boys reached adolescence, it was customary for them to dedicate their playthings to deities.

Male children were favored for many reasons. They perpetuated the family and family cult, cared for parents in old age and arranged a proper funeral for deceased parents. In addition, sons could inherit their mothers' dowry. Boys were raised in the female quarters until about the age of six, when they were educated in schools, but girls remained under the close supervision of their mothers until they married. They rarely went out of the women's section of the house and were taught domestic skills at home, though they did attend some religious festivals. In Sparta boys were removed from their families at the age of seven to be reared by the state.

Adoption
It was permissible for a man to adopt a son in order to continue his family line. The earliest references to Greek adoption are in the Gortyn Code, where an adopted son had fewer inheritance rights than a son by birth. By the 4th century BC in Athens, there were three forms of adoption: firstly, while a man was still alive; secondly, in his will; and thirdly, if a man died without a male heir and without providing for the adoption of a son in his will, he could have a son assigned to carry on his family.

An adopted son was no longer a member of his original oikos, but was transferred to the oikos of his adopter. If he wished to return to his original oikos, he had to leave a son of his own in his adoptive oikos in order that it might continue.

Pets
Animals were sometimes kept, indoors or out, not only for practical or economic purposes but as hobbies, for show or affectionately as pets. Homer mentions dogs; the most popular pet was a small dog, often represented on 5th-century BC Attic gravestones and vases. Tame birds were also popular; but not cats. (Their sacred status in Egypt probably raised barriers.)

Adultery
If a married woman was caught committing adultery, her husband was required to divorce her. Additionally, any woman found with a moichos (adulterer) was barred from public religious practices, as well as from wearing any ornament. Lysias's speech On the Murder of Eratosthenes offers two possible reasons for the concern of Athenian men with moicheia: firstly, that the seducer not only damages a woman's chastity, but also corrupts her mind, and secondly that a clandestine relationship brings into question the paternity of the woman's children. Christopher Carey considers that the second reason given, the bringing into doubt of the paternity of children, was the more important consideration, as not only was the paternity of children important for inheritance, in ancient Athens this inheritance involved the cult of the family's ancestors, making the purity of the blood even more important than it might otherwise be. Finally, adultery was feared because through seduction, unlike through rape, an adulterer might gain access to the household and its possessions.

Modern sociology
The term oikos is also in recent and contemporary use. Weber used it to characterise social groups where members contribute fixed quantities of goods and services, in kind, for use within the group rather than for the market (or which depend completely on such contributions made externally): one of five types of rational association for satisfying wants (He attributes the term in this sense to Karl Rodbertus ).

Several dozen to several hundred people may be known, but the quality time spent with others is extremely limited: only those to whom quality (face-to-face) time is devoted can be said to be a part of an oikos. Each individual has a primary group that includes relatives and friends who relate to the individual through work, recreation, hobbies, or by being neighbors. The modern oikos, however, includes people who share some sort of social interaction, be it through conversation or simple relation, for at least a total of one hour per week.

The term oikophobia is used to refer to fear of the home or of household appliances. It has been extended by the philosopher Roger Scruton to mean rejection of one's home culture. This is also the sense in which conservative philosopher and classicist Benedict Beckeld has been using the term.

title: Oikos


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The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse

The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse (stylized as The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse) is the seventh studio album by American rapper Jay-Z. A double album, it was released on November 12, 2002, by Roc-A-Fella Records and Island Def Jam Music Group. The album serves as a sequel to his sixth album The Blueprint (2001). The album debuted at number one, shipping with first-week sales of 545,000 units. The album is certified 3x Multi-Platinum by the RIAA. In 2013, Jay-Z cited this album as his second-worst due to an overabundance of songs on the album. A one-disc reissue, titled Blueprint 2.1, was released in 2003.

Background
The recording sessions took place after Jay-Z's critically acclaimed and commercially successful sixth album The Blueprint (2001). The production on the album was handled primarily by Just Blaze and Kanye West – both of whom had recently established themselves as two of hip-hop's most celebrated producers due to the success of The Blueprint – while other producers include The Neptunes, Timbaland, No I.D., Darrell "Digga" Branch, Charlemagne, Big Chuck, Dr. Dre, Jimmy Kendrick, Heavy D, and Neff-U. Unlike The Blueprint which was almost void of guest appearances, The Blueprint² features many featured guests, even out-of-genre artists that include Lenny Kravitz and Sean Paul. Other features include West Coast rapper and producer Dr. Dre, Rakim, Beyoncé, Faith Evans, Beanie Sigel and Scarface. The album also includes an uncredited verse from Kanye West on the Timbaland-produced track "The Bounce". Pharrell also provides vocals and hooks of many of his produced tracks, for example "Excuse Me Miss" and "Nigga Please". Though the album has no strict concept, the album contains two discs. The first disc titled "The Gift" features mainstream, pop-oriented music. The second disc titled "The Curse" contains dark, emotional, and bravado street songs such as the dark-toned retelling of "Meet the Parents", the emotional substance of escaping the dangerous ghetto in "Some How Some Way", the dissing of Nas and Jaz-O in "Blueprint2", and the bravado "Nigga Please".

"The Bounce"
West's verse on the track "The Bounce" marked his first appearance as a rapper on a Roc-A-Fella release (although he contributed an uncredited hook to the Blueprint's "Never Change" the previous year), which was on the sequel to The Blueprint (2001), an album he helped produce.

Vocals from Audio Two's 1987 single "Top Billin'" are sampled throughout the song. As well as this, it samples vocals from Alka Yagnik and Ila Arun's 1993 song "Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai" throughout. Pitchfork described "The Bounce" as Jay-Z showing 'extreme assonance'. In 2003, the track peaked at number 12 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart and remained on it for a total of seven weeks.

Critical reception
The Blueprint 2 received lukewarm reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 64, based on 19 reviews. According to Nathan Rabin, the record "led many to claim that [Jay-Z] lost his vise-like grip on rap music". In his review for The A.V. Club, Rabin deemed it "overreaching but surprisingly solid", featuring a first disc of clever pop-rap jams and a second that was "darker and more erratic". Rolling Stone critic Christian Hoard said The Blueprint 2 was another "strong record from hip-hop's most dependable voice" but felt Jay-Z's flow was more impressive than the production, finding it "long on both bouncy funk and forgettable R&B samples". AllMusic's John Bush believed Jay-Z showcased some exceptional songs but could not carry the 110-minute double album as consistently as its predecessor. Soren Baker was more critical in the Chicago Tribune. He felt Jay-Z's reworking of other rappers' music ("A Dream", "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", and "The Watcher 2") was unimaginative while the rest of the album lacked his usual enthusiasm. "It reminds me of nearly every other double CD", David Browne wrote in Entertainment Weekly. "It could have been a good single disc." Robert Christgau named "U Don't Know (Remix)" and "Poppin' Tags" as highlights while writing in his Village Voice consumer guide that he was disappointed Jay-Z sampled Paul Anka for "I Did It My Way" when he could not get permission to use Frank Sinatra's recording of "My Way".

Rollie Pemberton was more enthusiastic in his review for Pitchfork, writing that Jay-Z "weaves his way through every imaginable style and flavor with unyielding expertise". Billboard hailed it as "the most ambitious and most fully realized album of his career", while Q felt it surpassed his previous album. In the opinion of Spin critic Chris Ryan, The Blueprint 2 found Jay-Z "tightening the screws of his delivery" and discovering a "bruising poetry in a flow that once seemed clumsily conversational".

Blueprint 2.1
Blueprint 2.1 is a reissue by rapper Jay-Z, created from a re-cut version of The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse. It was certified gold by the RIAA. One single was released from the album, "La-La-La". It contains half the tracks of the original.

In other media

 * "U Don't Know (Remix)" was featured in Madden NFL 2005

Bonus tracks
The album contains two bonus tracks (after "What They Gonna Do, Pt. II") not included in The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse. The track "Stop" is a new cut and "La-La-La (Excuse Me Miss Again)" can also be found on the soundtrack to the 2003 film Bad Boys II. The bonus tracks are unlisted and do not have track numbers. The Jay-Z remix of Punjabi MC's "Beware of the Boys" is included as an additional bonus track on the European version only and is lifted off Punjabi MC's album/CDS.

In other media

 * "U Don't Know (Remix)" was featured in Madden NFL 2005
 * "The Bounce" was featured in NBA 2K13

title: The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse


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Category:Tourist attractions in South Yorkshire

See also Category:Tourist attractions in Sheffield


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Bill Baird (activist)

Bill Baird (born June 20, 1932) is a reproductive rights pioneer, called by some media the "father" of the birth control and abortion-rights movement. He was jailed eight times in five states in the 1960s for lecturing on abortion and birth control. Baird is believed to be the first and only non-lawyer in American history with three Supreme Court victories.

In 1967, hundreds of students at Boston University petitioned Baird to challenge a Massachusetts law that prohibited providing contraception to unmarried persons. On April 6, 1967, he gave a lecture at Boston University, during which he gave a condom and a package of over-the-counter contraceptive foam to a female college student. He was immediately arrested and eventually jailed. His appeal of his conviction culminated in the 1972 Supreme Court decision Eisenstadt v. Baird, which established the right of unmarried persons to possess contraception on the same basis as married couples. U.S. Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote in that decision: "If the right of privacy means anything, it is the right of the individual to be free from unwarranted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as to whether to bear or beget a child." Eisenstadt v. Baird has been described as "among the most influential in the United States during the entire century by any manner or means of measurement".

Early life
Baird grew up in Brooklyn, and was raised a strict Lutheran.

Birth control rights activism
Bill Baird's advocacy for reproductive rights began in 1963 after witnessing the death of an unmarried mother of nine children who died of a self-inflicted coat hanger abortion. As the clinical director of EMKO, a birth control manufacturer, he had been coordinating research at Harlem Hospital when she stumbled into the corridor, covered with blood from the waist down.

In 1963, he began giving away EMKO birth control foam samples including at malls where his activities often met with religious opposition. He was threatened with arrest for distributing free birth control foam in Hempstead, New York. Baird founded the Parents Aid Society and later distributed contraceptives in a converted delivery truck that he called the "Plan Van." In 1966 Baird established the first birth control club on a college campus at Hofstra University.

He was sent to jail for teaching birth control and distributing abortion literature in New York, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Baird's punishment galvanized feminists like Anne Koedt to speak out in his defense. On May 13, 1965, he challenged New York's anti-birth control statute, law 1142. He was arrested in Hempstead, NY and jailed for teaching birth control out of his mobile "Plan Van." Baird's challenges led to the legalization of birth control in New York. Planned Parenthood President Alan Guttmacher criticized Baird and stated that Baird was "overenthusiastic and every couple seeking birth control information should seek a physician."

In 1966, Baird challenged New Jersey's restrictive birth control statute after the commissioner of welfare threatened to jail unwed mothers under the law of fornication. When Baird arrived in Freehold, New Jersey in his "Plan Van" to challenge the law, he was arrested and jailed for publicly displaying contraceptive devices.

Baird challenged restrictive birth control laws in the state of Wisconsin in 1969 and was again arrested and jailed for showing "birth control and indecent articles" to a Northland College audience in Ashland.

Eisenstadt v. Baird
In 1967 Boston University students petitioned Baird to challenge Massachusetts's stringent "Crimes Against Chastity, Decency, Morality and Good Order" law (i.e. Chapter 272, section 21A). On April 6, 1967 he gave a speech to 1,500 students and others at Boston University on abortion, birth control, environmental pollution, and overpopulation. He gave a female student one condom and a package of contraceptive foam. Police arrested him as a felon and he faced up to ten years in jail. He was convicted and sentenced to three months in Boston's Charles Street Jail.

He fought to legalize birth control without the support of major abortion rights or feminist organizations, several of which attacked him. Betty Friedan of the National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL) has implied many times since 1971 that Baird was a "CIA agent", including a statement in The New York Times. During his challenge to the Massachusetts law, Planned Parenthood stated that "there is nothing to be gained by court action of this kind. The only way to remove the limitations remaining in the law is through the legislative process."

Despite this opposition, Baird fought for five years until Eisenstadt v. Baird legalized birth control for all Americans on March 22, 1972. Eisenstadt v. Baird, a landmark right to privacy decision, became the foundation for such cases as Roe v. Wade and the 2003 gay rights victory Lawrence v. Texas. Eisenstadt v. Baird is mentioned in over 52 Supreme Court cases from 1972 through 2002. Each of the eleven U.S. Court of Appeals Circuits, as well as the Federal Circuit, has cited Eisenstadt v. Baird as authority. The highest courts of all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have cited Eisenstadt v. Baird.

Abortion rights activism
Reporter Georgie Anne Geyer called Baird "father of abortion rights", a label that has oft been repeated for decades in the media. Baird established the nation's first abortion referral center in 1963 in Hempstead, New York.

In 1967 Baird facilitated the first abortion slush fund on a college campus.

A Washington Post article on Baird's clinic, with a waiting room packed with women from across the nation, reported, "It was 3 a.m. before the last patient saw Baird . . . Nowhere is such help available in the U.S." Baird risked a 10-year jail term for each of the thousands of women he helped to get abortions. Others provided abortion information anonymously through the mail; however, Baird was thoroughly out in the open doing so.

Baird continued fighting for reproductive freedom and directed three non-profit clinics that are now closed due to constant opposition. In 1979, his Hempstead clinic was firebombed by anti-abortion terrorist Peter Burkin. All escaped due to Baird's training drills with his employees that prepared them for such a violent attack. Burkin was given a very light sentence, two years in a mental hospital. With his clinic under constant threat, Baird wrote and distributed the nation's first clinic self-defense manual to combat terrorism.

Bellotti v. Baird
Baird has two other U.S. Supreme Court victories, Baird v. Bellotti I (1976) and Baird v. Bellotti II (1979), which gave minors the right to abortion without parental consent.

Pro Choice League
Baird is the founder and co-director, along with his wife Joni Baird, of the Pro Choice League. In 2002, the Bairds and Fr. Frank Pavone, co-founder and director of Priests for Life, issued a statement calling for an end to anti-abortion inflammatory rhetoric and violence.

Education
Baird earned his B.S. from Brooklyn College in 1955.

Appearances
Baird is a frequent public speaker, lecturing at universities, civic and professional organizations, as well as conferences on women, feminism, politics, free speech, and reproductive rights.

Books
In 2012 Joni Baird finished Bill Baird's biography after nearly thirteen years of research and writing. She is still seeking an interested literary agent to help get Bill Baird's biography published.

Awards and recognition

 * Life Time Achievement Award, Brooklyn College Alumni, 2004.
 * The NARAL Courage Award 2000, Oklahoma affiliate of the National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League, 2000.
 * Certificate of Appreciation, Legal Association of Women at Brooklyn Law School, 1999. "For his many contributions and valiant efforts in the Public Interest".
 * Bill Baird Eternal Vigilance Award, Brown University American Civil Liberties Union, 1998.
 * Reproductive Rights Pioneer, National Organization for Women—New York State, 1997.
 * Distinguished Alumnus Award, Faculty of Brooklyn College of CUNY, 1997.
 * Certificate of Distinction, National Organization for Women, 1989. "For outstanding leadership for women's rights".
 * Man of the Year, The Nebraska Coalition for Women, 1989. "A Pioneer and an Activist in the fight for Reproductive Freedom".
 * National Abortion Rights Action League, Ohio, 1987. "For His Unwavering Commitment to Reproductive Freedom For All Women".
 * Freedom of Speech Award, American Atheists, 1985. "For his continuing efforts to disseminate birth control information".
 * National Abortion Rights Action League of Pa., "For promoting reproductive freedom and civil rights".
 * Patriot Award, State of Massachusetts, 1998

title: Bill Baird (activist)


text:
Talk:Samuel Ajayi Crowther

Untitled

 * References to the Niger expedition- I need to read more on this, but I'm pretty sure this refers to the Niger River, not Niger, the modern country/region. I say this because of the fact that he began working on Igbo translations after a later expedition. Rjhatl 02:29, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You're absolutely right. 'Niger' as used in the Schon/Crowther journals and the archives of the CMS of that period always refers to the river, especially the lower delta in what is today Nigeria. — mark ✎ 10:50, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

After 1864
See this valuable post on Abecedaria and the references cited therein, in particular this Christianity Today article. — mark ✎ 15:25, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

1806 or 1807?
What is the reference for the 1807 birth year? Both Hair (1967) and Ajayi (1965) give ca. 1806. Does anyone have the authoritative Ajayi (2002) A Patriot to the Core: Bishop Ajayi Crowther? — mark ✎ 15:25, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

the name
As a freed slave from a boat, meaning no contact with new world slavery,why is it that he has english first name and lastname and not something along the lines of Ajayi Kuti or Olusegun etc. any information would be nice.

 * As the article says, he was freed by the British Navy and he was taken to Freetown, Liberia. He probably got his name from agents of the CMS where he received schooling. As far as I know, not much is known about the origin of Crowther's European name, but it might be relevant that at that time in the colony of Freetown, it frequently happened that liberated slaves assumed the family names of Europeans. Ajayi (or Ajai) most probably was his Yoruba family name. Hair (1967:12) points out that, for some unknown reason, all his scholarly publications just bear the name 'Samuel Crowther'. — mark ✎ 12:37, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

There is a character called "Ajayi" in the novel "Walking on Glass" by Iain Banks. The character is imprisoned, and learns English and numerous other languages to try to escape. Sounds like this Ajayi may well have helped to inspire the character. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.26.184.110 (talk) 21:33, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Another Samuel Crowther (1880-1947) was the co-author with Henry Ford of some books in the 1920s. --LA2 (talk) 21:04, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Text from Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim
In 1821 a 12-year old Yoruba boy by name Ajayi was captured by the Muslim Fulani slave raiders and sold to Portuguese slave traders. The British navy rescued Ajayi from the Portuguese slave traders and took him to Freetown in Sierra Leone. Ajayi was cared for in Sierra Leone by the Anglican Church Missionary Society and converted to Christianity. He was baptized in 1825 and took the name Samuel Crowther. He was taught English in Freetown, sent to Islington Parish School in England, and returned to Freetown Fourah Bay College to study and teach Greek and Latin. In 1841 Crowther was drafted for the first Niger expedition because he was a Yoruba man from the Niger area. Although the expedition was a failure, the Church Missionary Society was so impressed with the ability of Samuel Crowther that they invited him to England for training and ordination. Shortly after his return to Sierra Leone in 1843, Crowther and a young Englishman, Henry Townsend, were sent as Christian teachers to some of the liberated slaves who had returned as prosperous merchants to their native country around Lagos and so began the Yoruba mission with its headquarters at Abeokuta.

Crowder began compiling a Yoruba dictionary and translating the Bible into the Yoruba language soon after his arrival at Abeokuta in 1843. He produced a primer for the Igbo language in 1857 and another for the Nupe language in 1860. Crowther was invited back to England in 1864 to be consecrated Bishop of the Niger territories with eventual responsibility for the whole area from the Nupe Country in the north to the Delta states in the south.

Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther suffered a stroke and died in 1891, a few years after he had completed the translation of the Bible into the Yoruba language.

 * Most, if not all of this information is already here, but I wanted to make sure nothing got lost. Editor2020 (talk) 20:59, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 8 February 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. No opposition after a week. Cúchullain t/ c 18:23, 16 February 2016 (UTC)

Ajayi Crowther → Samuel Ajayi Crowther – This article is well referenced and almost every book, article or newspaper report refers to the subject as "Samuel Ajayi Crowther". Perhaps his mother called him Ajayi, but to the rest of the world he was commonly known as Samuel Ajayi Crowther, with spelling variations of Ajayi Wayne Jayes (talk) 14:36, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050309115620/http://www.ultraint.com:80/igboyc_7102002.htm to http://www.ultraint.com/igboyc_7102002.htm

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Mission accomplished
So his n mission was to help crhisanity grow 102.219.153.71 (talk) 20:27, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samuel Ajayi Crowther


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Yannick Noah

Yannick Noah (born 18 May 1960) is a French former professional tennis player and singer, who was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2005. Noah won the French Open in 1983, and is currently the captain of both France's Davis Cup and Billie Jean King Cup teams. During his nearly two-decade career, Noah captured 23 singles titles and 16 doubles titles, reaching a career-high singles ranking of world No. 3 in July 1986 and attaining the world No. 1 doubles ranking the following month. Since his retirement from the game, Noah has remained in the public eye as a popular music performer and as the co-founder, with his mother, of a charity organization for underprivileged children. Noah is also the father of former NBA player Joakim Noah.

Early life
Born in Sedan, in the north of France in 1960, Yannick Noah is biracial. His late father was Cameroonian footballer, Zacharie Noah, and his mother, Marie-Claire, was French. After a sports injury in 1963, Noah's father returned to Africa with his family. Yannick was living in Cameroon when he made his debut in tennis and was discovered at age 11 by Arthur Ashe and Charlie Pasarell. He soon showed an amazing talent that eventually brought him to the French Tennis Federation's training center in Nice in 1971.

Tennis career
Noah turned professional in 1977 and won his first top-level singles title in 1978 in Manila. He became France's most prominent tennis hero in 1983, becoming the first Frenchman in 37 years to win the French Open, one of the four Grand Slam singles events. He dropped only one set during the two-week-long tournament, and defeated the defending champion, Sweden's Mats Wilander, in straight sets in the final, 6–2, 7–5, 7–6. He remains the last and most recent Frenchman to have won the French Open men's singles title.

Noah won the French Open men's doubles title in 1984 (with compatriot and best friend Henri Leconte). He was also the men's doubles runner-up at the 1985 U.S. Open (with Leconte), and the 1987 French Open (with compatriot Guy Forget). In August 1986, Noah attained the world no. 1 doubles ranking, which he would hold for a total of 19 weeks. At the end of 1986, Noah received the ATP Sportsmanship Award, as voted for by other ATP players. He reached the quarter-final stage or better on 10 occasions at Grand Slam level. He notably admitted using marijuana prior to matches in 1981, saying that amphetamines were the real problem in tennis as they were performance-enhancing drugs.

In 1992, Noah received the Legion of Honour medal. Noah was awarded the Philippe Chatrier Award (the ITF's highest accolade) in 2005 and was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame that same year. He remains France's highest male ranked player since the introduction of rankings in 1973. Noah played on France's Davis Cup team for eleven years, with an overall win–loss record of 39–22 (26–15 in singles, and in 13–7 doubles). In 1982, he was part of the French team which reached the Davis Cup final, where they were defeated 4–1 by the United States.

Davis Cup/Fed Cup captain success
In 1991, Noah captained the French team to its first Davis Cup victory in 59 years, defeating a heavily favoured US team 3–1 in the final. This feat was repeated in 1996, when Noah coached the French team to defeat Sweden 3–2 in the final held in Malmö. In 2017, Noah added a third Davis Cup win for France under his guidance as captain, defeating Belgium in the final in Lille. In 1997, he also captained France's Fed Cup team to its first ever win of that competition when they defeated the Dutch in the final.

Music career
After retiring from playing tennis, Noah developed a career as a popular singer, performing throughout Europe. He began his music career in 1991 with the album Black & What, featuring the popular track "Saga Africa", which he made the stadium sing with his players after the famous Davis Cup final win. In 1993, he released the album Urban Tribu with the single "Get on Back", followed by the album Zam Zam in 1998.

With the encouragement of his manager Jean-Pierre Weiller, his musical career got a great boost in 2000 with his self-titled 4th album Yannick Noah, written by Erick Benzi and Robert Goldman. The single "Simon Papa Tara" was written by Robert Goldman. The album also contained songs by Bob Marley and the group Téléphone. In 2005, Noah performed at Bob Geldof's Live 8 concert, a fundraiser aimed at alleviating poverty in Africa. On 21 July 2009, Noah made his U.S. live debut, headlining a concert in front of a packed house at the popular free outdoor performing arts festival in New York City, Central Park SummerStage. The performance was part of France's global music celebration Fête de la Musique. In 2010, Yannick made a comeback with the release of Frontières, his eighth album, containing the single "Angela", a tribute to Angela Davis. It also contained a duet with Aṣa in "Hello". On 25 September 2010, he filled the Stade de France for an exceptional concert that was attended by close to 80,000 spectators.

Charity
Noah is active in charity work. He supports Enfants de la Terre, a charity created and run by his mother, Marie-Claire, in 1988. Noah also founded Fête le Mur in 1996, a tennis charity and adaptation for underprivileged children, especially in the poor areas and the banlieues. It is presided by Noah himself. He is also a spokesman for Appel des Enfants pour l'Environnement that was started by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

He took part in singing with Les Enfoirés to help Les Restos du Cœur. He also took part in telethons and sponsored the Téléthon 2005. He also sponsors the Association Terre-des-Hommes in Massongex (Suisse) and donated proceeds of his 2008 concert of Grands Gamins, to Sol En Si, an AIDS charity.

Noah has taken a particular interest in UN-SDG6, supporting the delivery of clean water through What Water ASBL. He has supported the cause on numerous occasions, including hosting an exhibition at his resort Village Noah in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Partly because of his involvement in a number of charities, Noah topped the list of the most favourite French personalities according to a joint survey of Ifop and Le Journal du Dimanche in 2007.

Personal life
Noah first attended school in Yaounde (Cameroon), where his parents had settled after meeting and marrying in France. He then left Cameroon to attend a sports-and-study program in France under the sponsorship of the French Tennis Federation. He dropped out of the program at age 17 to move to full time tennis schedule.

Noah's father, Zacharie Noah, was a former professional Cameroonian football star who won the French Cup with Sedan in 1961. His mother, Marie-Claire, is a teacher and a former captain of France's basketball team.

Noah has five children, of whom two are from his first marriage to Cécilia Rodhe (Miss Sweden 1978 and now a sculptor): Joakim (born in 1985) and Yelena (born in 1986). Joakim had a 13-year career in the NBA and represented France in international competitions. Yelena is a model. With his second wife, British model Heather Stewart-Whyte, he has two daughters: Elijah (1996) and Jénayé (1997). Noah was awarded custody of his daughters from his second marriage by British courts. Now married to French TV producer Isabelle Camus, with whom he has a son named Joalukas (born 2004). He owns a restaurant in Saint Barthélemy in the French West Indies called Do Brazil.

On 15 July 1996, the French fiscal authorities demanded payment of 6,807,701 francs in back taxes for 1993–1994. The Paris administrative tribunal court confirmed the decision alleging that Noah kept three non-declared bank accounts in Switzerland, the Netherlands and the United States. Noah disputed the court decision as unconstitutional.

Albums
Re-releases
 * 2004: Yannick Noah / Live (2 CDs – FR #134)
 * 2010: Charango / Pokhara (2 Cds – FR #103)

title: Yannick Noah