text:
Talk:Applicant tracking system

Older comments
I have no idea why this text was banned. I am in the HRIS business and quickly wrote the ATS description without referring to any outside materials. The page this is linking to as claiming infringement I've never seen before in my life. Any relation to that source was coincidental.
 * removed copyvio tag, unable to find matching text.--Duk 17:25, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Can someone help me out here? I added a link to our system on this page and my change was reverted. This is my first post on Wikipedia. Did I do something wrong? Thanks! I appreciate the help. The link was to ForumJobs which is a company that provides an Applicant Tracking System, much like all the other external links on the page. --Jenoverholt 23:41, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Please take a look at [WP:EL|our guidelines on external links]]. This page has now been tagged for cleanup and removal of external links.—WAvegetarian•(talk) 01:30, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

I found locating CATS difficult, so I changed the title of CATS to make it easier to google search something relevant to it. Edit: 2nd thought, calling it CATS Applicant Tracking System seems recursive and overemphasized. Is there any way we can make this slightly more searchable? Perhaps CATS needs its own wikipedia page?

CATS should be removed
Although the software is open source, the hosting company is profiting from the referrals. It seems that this link clearly violates the advertising policy.

Drasticp 21:44, 12 October 2007 (UTC)drasticp

CATS should be added
The Open Source project has now separated from the company who offered CATS SaaS. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.212.29.67 (talk) 12:01, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Some suggested edits
This is Jacob Gordon, Media and Communications Officer at JobDiva, an Applicant Tracking System. I’ve been attempting make some edits to the Applicant tracking system Wikipedia page. I’d like to more fully explain the nature of the edits I’ve been trying to make.

JobDiva is the only ATS on the market that filters candidates by years of experience based on the resume. Therefore, the following statement in the Wikipedia page -- “In many cases they filter applications automatically based on given criteria such as keywords, skills, former employers, years of experience and schools attended. This has caused many to adapt resume optimization techniques similar to those used in search engine optimization when creating and formatting their résumé" – is potentially misleading. The proximity of the terms “in many cases,” “years of experience,” “skills,” and “resumes” could easily lead the reader to the false conclusion that this filtering ability is shared by many ATSs.

In my attempted edits thus far, I’ve backed up JobDiva’s claim to be the only ATS to filter candidates in this manner with references to JobDiva patents as they are listed on the US Patent Office website. The response I received suggested that I would have to find a reliable source other than the patent office in order to bolster these claims. If I interpret this response correctly, it suggests that other organizations may be using this filtering ability even though we hold patents on it – that is, they are engaging in patent infringement. We’ve gone to court to protect our patents in the past, and I can assure you that if anyone were infringing on our patents, we would be suing them as we speak. We are not aware of any infringement currently taking place. If anyone is aware of any such infringement, please bring it to our attention – you are a witness to a violation of the law.

Finally, I am puzzled by the rejection of the Patent Office references when some of the references currently on this page seem dubious. The page’s first reference, for example, is a link to SmartRecruiters’ home page; it is used to back up the article’s claim that “an ATS is very similar to customer relationship management systems.” Yet the SmartRecruiters home page says nothing about the similarities between ATSs and CRMs. Similarly, the fifth reference bolsters the claim that “the majority of job and resume boards have partnerships with ATS software providers to provide parsing support and ease of data migration from one system to another.” Yet the reference is simply a link to Monster.com’s About page, which says nothing at all about ATSs. It seems to me that our proposed Patent Office references are more solid and reliable than some of the references currently on the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jacobg898 (talk • contribs) 21:22, 24 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Jacob, thanks for sharing your concerns and questions here. I reverted your edits primarily because they appear to be drawing exclusively from patent which makes the material original research.  In general, we prefer to rely on secondary and tertiary sources because that helps us ensure that the material has been discussed enough to warrant inclusion in an encyclopedia article.  If editors conduct their own original research or rely on primary sources then we don't really know if the statements are accurate much less whether they have been widely discussed.
 * I'm also quite concerned that you appear to have a conflict of interest in adding this specific material to this article. In cases where a conflict of interest may be present, it's usually best to request that another (neutral) editor make the edit to help us avoid potential COI problems.
 * Finally, I understand and share your frustration that it seems like your edits are being held to a higher standard than material that is already in the article. That may indeed be the case but for me I can assure you that it's not personal.  It's merely a result of my limited time as a volunteer where often the best I can do is help prevent some articles from becoming worse than they already are instead of being able to dedicate the time to clean them up entirely. ElKevbo (talk) 14:05, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

Thank you for this reply. However, I remain unpersuaded. It seems to me that the US Patent Office qualifies as a third-party source, and a reliable one at that -- would the US Patent Office website publish false information? A primary source, in this case, would be a reference to our patents on the JobDiva website itself. I'd also reiterate my earlier point about our proposed patent office references being more reliable than several of the references currently on the page.Jacobg898 (talk) 16:44, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

At least Jacob revealed his COI here... Zezen (talk) 16:05, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Only benefits?
This article is inbalanced, as it only mentions benefits, but no disadvantages. Best regads.--91.67.145.42 (talk) 08:12, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

I am concerned about the references as reference link number two and four link back to software companies who offer applicant tracking systems. I believe these two links may be present to promote the two websites, and may be a form of citation spam. They certainly may have a conflict of interest as they are both software companies that offer either job board posting software or an applicant tracking system.

Panissidi (talk) 04:00, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Seriously, I'm surprised there isn't a section named "Challenges for applicants". There are two main problems: 1) few candidates know that they need to format their resumes to comply with ATS's, and 2) ATS's are like MyMathLab in that minor changes in spacing or capitalization can cause mismatches, but unlike MyMathLab, candidates rarely get feedback about how they need to correct their text (unless they shell out for LinkedIn Premium or the like).

 * Of course that's WP:OR. But the Wall Street Journal article does cover a few of the downsides:

 * "Tracking software has its pitfalls. It may miss the most-qualified applicant if that person doesn't game the system by larding his or her résumé with keywords from the job description, according to Mark Mehler, co-founder of consulting firm Career Xroads, which advises companies on staffing.

 * One small error, such as listing the name of a former employer after the years worked there, instead of before, can ruin a great candidate's chances.

 * 'There are some things parsers are just too stupid to figure out,' says Bersin & Associates Chief Executive Josh Bersin. And they do add to job seekers' impression that submitting applications online is largely futile, even after that person customizes a résumé for a job that seems a natural fit."

 * --Hirsutism (talk) 19:10, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

The structure
It seems to me that it is necessary to add one additional section. It is necessary to write about modern ATS optimized robots. Such robots as Resumebot have their own algorithm and are able to mimic the algorithm of the ATS system operation in such a way as to predict exactly how the resume should be optimized to ensure that the document will not be discarded by the system. In addition, I support the previously expressed views that it is necessary to highlight not only the advantages, but also the disadvantages of the ATS system. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.90.49.236 (talk) 10:10, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Applicant tracking system


text:
Talk:Michigan J. Frog

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Question
Where does Michigan sing I love to Singa, Singing in the Bathtub, Beautiful Dreamer, Modern Major General or Can-Can? 70.23.11.172 (talk) 21:58, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Michigan J. Frog


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Talk:Censorship in the Republic of Ireland

Untitled
Are any Movies still banned in Ireland? --Richy 19:48, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * As the article says, Natural Born Killers is still banned. Kiand 19:55, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Or not, if the IMDB is to be believed. Claims to have been rerated. Will contact IFCO. Kiand 19:57, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

http://imdb.com/List?certificates=Ireland:(Banned)&&heading=14;Ireland:(Banned) lists all movies to have ever been banned here, whether now unbanned or not.

No, NBK is not still banned in Ireland. In fact, hardly any of the films listed on the IMDb as banned in Ireland are still banned. The listing only reflects the initial ban, and if you follow the link for most of the films you will see what year the film was unbanned. In some cases it was within weeks of the first submission.

--Attila the Pooh 23:18, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * One that I'm pretty sure still is, is Showgirls, but I'm not positive. Bans are effectively useless now, if the film isn't banned everywhere in the EU. You could import a copy, and under the assumption you got caught (its extremely unlikely, but a neccessary tool for this example) you could challenge the ban of the film as a barrier to trade - a violation of EU legislation. There are a good few films on amazon.co.uk which are banned in Ireland, but they will ship here nonetheless, Showgirls being one. - Рэд хот 13:23, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Lads it was unfair to remove my edit about Ryanair as it is accurate. The ASA is a toothless dog and won't take sanctions against advertisers. The passage in the article is inaccuate. The ASA cannot take a publication off the sheleves. The ASA is a trade association and not a govt funded association. Prehaps they need to cite their source for this section of article before I remove the ryanair references which I can back up. Aerlingus 18:05, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Music
What is the source for many shops sourcing their stock from North America to avoid censorship? I have never seen an album or single in any shop in Dublin, that didn't say "Made in the EU" on the back, and this includes multiple albums with explicit lyrics, an example I know for sure is I'm Not Dead by P!nk, which has explicit lyrics, and carries "Made in the EU" on the back. The only case I have seen is an album which has not (yet) been released in Ireland, e.g. Oral Fixation Vol. 2 was an import in HMV for a long time, until the Irish release. Can someone get a source for this North America thing? - Рэд хот 13:02, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * That'd be because most CD pressing plants are in Europe... most of my direct US imports here have "Made in the EU" on them to. Check the catalogue numbers of CDs, particularly Warner or Sony ones, against discogs.com and you'll notice they're usually all Canadian or US versions, not the UK version. Anyway, its not to avoid censorship, its cost/parent company related, US releases are far -more- likely to be censored, it just means that you get more CDs in stores here with the "Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics" stickers on them than you do in the rest of Europe. --Kiand 14:41, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I see... unless I'm missunderstanding what you're saying, then the article's statement isn't wrong, but it's not exactly right either? Is that it? And I also have imported a few CDs from US but they all have "Made in USA" on them. Also, if they're made in the EU, then they're not exactly "sourcing" the stock from North America - I can't imagine its exported there, then imported back. - Рэд хот 17:36, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Worryingly, it often is. Even more wasteful than Microsoft sending all their Irish pressed CDs to Malta to be posted out to Irish users. I also have some US discs with "Made in the USA" on them, as well as European or Australian ones; but the majority of pressing plants are in the EU. --Kiand 20:14, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Well thanks. That's very strange though. - Рэд хот 19:36, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * "Buying" CDs, now that is quaint. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.70.219.86 (talk • contribs) 20:05, June 20, 2007

Under the Music subsection in the Unusual Oversights section there is a reference to Channel 6. However, this channel is now known by another name

The Ban on Jazz
Did any countries apart from Ireland share the dubious distinction of having "jazz" banned from radio airplay with Nazi Germany ? 2.216.13.220 (talk) 11:17, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

Hardcore pornography contradiction?
What is the source that it is legal? I have not seen anything to this effect, in fact quite to the contrary. Can someone confirm this, especially hardcore? If it is, why is classification usually refused, since DVDs have to carry a cert unless exempt. Don't they? I think it contradicts itself as well, where it says that video games can be banned if they have it. - Рэд хот 14:05, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * DVD's have to have certification to be sold publically, virtually anything can be shown or sold in members clubs, which I presume those places you see dirty old men in raincoats going in to on Capel Street are... could be "members clubs" like the IFI where you just pay an extra 2 quid in if you don't have a card, mind. The IFI itself has shown a number of european "Art movies" that were refused 18 due to extreme sexual content. --Kiand 15:37, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Possession of it may not be by itself illegal and so if you obtain it somehow you couldn't be charged with any offence simply for having it in your possession therefore it is "legal".

 I believe it is the censor policy not to give it a certificate

I have heard stories that in the past the ban on  particular books only applied to one version of the book, usually a paperback version , and that it was quite legal to sell the hardback versionGarda40 15:55, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * As goes the books, sometimes the version of a book from one publisher was banned and it was legal from another, or the abridged version was banned and the full one wasn't (!), that was quite common. CPB was about as basketcase as every other state organisation is... --Kiand 15:59, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

That still seems to contradict other parts. If the films are kind of legal, then why could video games be banned for the same reason. - Рэд хот 12:33, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Because I believe it is Government policy and therefore by extension censor policy that Hardcore porn shouldn't be on sale publicly in Ireland and have given the censor power to ban it's sale whether in movies or a video game.

The thinking behind that seems to be that making the material impossible to obtain in Ireland legally was enough by itself and you didn't have to go and waste time amending the law to make possession itself illegal.Garda40 14:08, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * But in that case it's not really de jure legal (just de facto). Also, the website for Revenue says that obscene materials may be confiscated by customs authorities on entry, so doesn't that suggest otherwise? - Рэд хот 17:31, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Sex shops are definitely not members only. From time to time, they are raided by the gardai and many of the DVDS, videos confiscated. I think hardcore porn occupies a grey area, where it isn't legal but legislation isn't enforced. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.71.42.212 (talk • contribs) 17:43, 17 May 2007

A few things
Firstly I've added in the fact that TV3 used to show adult videos on their late-night music show a few years ago, I can't remember what the name of the show was or what specific years it ran from (I would think it was about '03 to '05), does anyone else know the details?

On another issue, this sentence from the Computer Games section is quite confusing "This led to an unusual situation where in the 1990s, UK owned game sales multiples sold the sanitised versions of Carmageddon, whilst Irish owned stores sold the uncut versions imported from the United States.". It seems to be badly worded and I can't quite understand what is being said. Is it saying that UK owned games stores sold the censored version (Like Electronics Boutique and GAME (retailer)) and Irish owned stores sold the uncensored version?

Oh and finally the article states "Games may only be banned if they contain content which could be classed as pornography.", well I'm pretty sure Porn games like Leisure Suit Larry are legal (and in the Shops) in Ireland, so either that rule doesn't exist, or it isn't being enforced. --Hibernian 17:10, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Firstly, "Music Cubed" or "Music³", depending on how you accepted their name. And yeah, EB, HMV, etc sold UK-cut versions of games; Irish independents generally sold the uncut version. As goes Leisure Suit Larry, erm.... no idea. --Kiand 18:57, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Im pretty sure TV3 didnt show hardcore pornography ? 213.40.112.15 (talk) 17:18, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

''Ireland is a member of PEGI, but places no legal powers on its age recommendations. Retailers may attempt to enforce them at their discretion, but in the case of a protest they must sell the product to the customer.'' THis bit is rather clumsily worded and misleading. PEGI is effectively an voluntary industry body. Its "age ratings" are simply recommendations. A retailer doesnt have to comply but on the other hand there is no law to say they MUST sell to a customer. A retailer does not HAVE to sell you anything (or even allow you on the premises) 213.40.112.15 (talk) 17:18, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Lots of pointless fact tagging by anon
An anon user has gone and added a huge amount of tags on entirely uncitable content - best example being that theres no legislation to ban music/games - if theres no legislation, theres not anything to cite now is there? Although there is [http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/FAQsLookup2/6CF88A14336BF61B80256EEE005B3519?OpenDocument&faqquestion=Does+IFCO+classify+video+games? the ifco site]. I've gone through the remaining ones and only one was actually easily citable. Many of the others hang on getting a full listing of what was controlled by the Censorship of Publications Board.
 * 1) Leaving Cert syllabus, that needs both a definitive CPB listing and a Dept. of Education syllabus listing, comparing those is Original Research so not citable
 * 2) Some movies still being banned - thats just true. IFCO's db doesn't go back more than 2 years and doesn't cover DVD releases so the, erm, three movies banned in the past 4 years or so aren't listed. Theres no way to cite for this, its just true.
 * 3) Movies getting lower age ratings - hard to cite for this one
 * 4) Movies not getting cut - ifco's own site says this albeit in far far more words, as does the wonderfully titled document "Irish Film Censorship: A Cultural Journey from Silent Cinema To Internet Pornography" which they provide on their site.
 * 5) NOTW/Playboy being banned - needs a definitive CPB listing. None seems to exist, theres a listing of what still is banned somewhere in a recent Iris Ofiguil mind...
 * 6) Both cites in the "Censorship of books section" need a CPB listing.
 * 7) Music videos - uncitable because this is again, "just true". most stations here get their videos from the UK record labels in the first place...

--Kiand 01:54, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Is the importation or possession of banned materials legal?
Forgive this question, but I'm not Irish and the article does not make it clear. Could an Irish person attempting to subvert the ban on say, Manhunt 2, simply order it from the United States? It seems likely that this would not be difficult to do, but is it technically legal? Also, once banned material is in the country, can people be arrested for possessing it? It isn't exactly clear precisely what the word "banned" means. Is it the sale, importation, or possession of "banned" material that is illegal? Whatever the answer, it should be made clear in the article. NoIdeaNick 12:23, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
 * the sale, importation, or possession of "banned" material are all illegal. If the Gardai(police) or customs come across such material they can sieze it although I'm not sure what (if any) other legal sanctions can be imposed ? 86.129.212.167 (talk) 21:08, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

Censorship Body In Ireland
Does anyone know he name of the censorship body in ireland?(not for films, for books, porn etc.) or maybe perhaps have a website. I would like to complain about some illegal sites I have found.

Does anyone know any irish laws on this? For example, whils on a torrent website I went to the "Top 100" and found some cp. I would like to try and get the cp websites blocked in Ireland. I have also found some "Child Modelling" sies while researching. I know this is off topic but they are clothed girls in explicit postures.

Does the Irish government block such sites ("legal", child modelling or otherwise) and is there a place i can report these to to be blocked? (derryquinn:no account) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.16.156.221 (talk • contribs) 15:04, April 9, 2008)

 * The censorship of publications board and The Film censors office are the two organisations 213.40.112.15 (talk) 17:12, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Broadcasting
The article could do with more about censorship in relation to Irish television (Other than Section 31/terrorism issues).

The film censorship legislation didnt appear to cover television. In theory it would have been possible for the Film censors office to ban a film from cinema/video release and for it to subsequently appear on Irish television although there are no known instances of this occuring as RTE seem to operate a certain degree of self censorship. Until a few years ago RTE didnt have an age rating system and television viewers had no easy way of knowing (other than a guess based on the time a film was scheduled for broadcast at) what "official" age rating had been given to a film. While it was generally understood that programming deemed unsutable for children wasnt broadcast in early evening peak time contrary to popular misconception the UK "9pm watershed" didnt apply in Ireland. To their credit RTE rarely (if ever) engaged in the practice (popular on UK channels -particularly ITV) of "cutting" films due to their content. They either showed a film in its entirety or didnt show it at all. UK television was widely available in many parts of Ireland and occasionally carried programming that would never be seen on RTE. On one occasion the govenment ordered Cable TV companies not to carry a programme about abortion which was being shown on one of the UK channels. (Of course there was nothing to stop those who could recieve UK television on their aerials watching) but such measures were extremely rare.

Regarding "section 31" there were a number of attempts to circumvent the ban by setting up illegal radio stations however such attempts were shortlived and suprisingly rare. Most/all of Irelands many "commercial" pirate radio stations (even those where the owners had "political sympathies") observed the ban as it was felt that to do otherwise would attract unwanted attention from the authorities. On the otherhand while a handful of these stations refused to play music which had been "banned" by RTE and/or the BBC most of them reacted by giving heavy airplay to such recordings. 213.40.111.40 (talk) 20:36, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

 * On one occasion the govenment ordered Cable TV companies not to carry a programme about abortion which was being shown on one of the UK channels.
 * Don't know where you got that from but the Government didn't do that even for items that would have breached Section 31 on RTE. That was only done for a programme once on foot of a court order and even then it wasn't for the reason you mention .Garda40 (talk) 05:21, 7 June 2009 (UTC)
 * So tell us more ? 2.216.13.220 (talk) 10:46, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

Fantasia
Query on this quote: ...including Monty Python's Life of Brian, Fantasia, From Dusk Till Dawn and A Clockwork Orange. A review in 2000 has meant that many of these have since been un-banned and rated anywhere from PG to 18. During that review process it was decided that no more films would be banned for either theatre or video release, but some bans are still in place. Fantasia rather stands out in this group. Does anyone have any idea why it was banned (assuming this is an accurate statement of course)? It seems odd that it would have been. Also, the date of 2000 is a little misleading. Life of Brian was only banned for eight years after its release and I have vivid memories of watching Fantasia on video as a small child in Ireland in the early 1990s. ANB (talk) 11:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

blasphemy Law
Hasn't been signed into law yet but will likely need to update the article to take this into account.©Geni 03:06, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

See:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/jul/09/ireland-blasphemy-laws

http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2009/07/20/f-ireland-blasphemy-law.html

©Geni 03:06, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Dreadful news. Yes, it needs to be included in the article.--Sum (talk) 14:34, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Music videos
This article states that music videos must be classified in the UK. However, the article on the BBFC, and also this page: http://www.lovefilm.com/features/detail.html?section_name=interview&editorial_id=2599 (an interview with someone from the BBFC), states that music videos are exempt from classification (as in Ireland). Is this an error, or is there some source for the statement? --LlwynogCymru (talk) 22:51, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

No film censorship in Irish film clubs for decades
Private film clubs have been screening uncensored films in Ireland for decades. The Irish Film Theatre at Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin showed uncut, transgressive, arthouse cinema from 1977 until it closed in May 1984. This liberal screening policy was resumed in 1992 with the opening of the Irish Film Centre (now the Irish Film Institute), on Eustace Street, Dublin.

The programme policy was so liberal in the 1970s at the original Irish Film Theatre that I saw Pier Paolo Pasolini's outrageous film, Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom, entirely uncut there. In contrast, when I went to see the film again at the famously liberal art and porn Scala Cinema in the sordid King's Cross district in London nearly ten years later, in 1987, the print shown there had the harder scenes cut out of it. --O'Dea (talk) 09:07, 31 July 2010 (UTC)
 * That is certainly true and needs mentioning.Red Hurley (talk) 06:57, 15 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree. Also true of A Clockwork Orange (film) - ClemMcGann (talk) 09:06, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Contradiction tag, 2009
The contradiction tag, that has been collecting dust since May-2009, has just been removed. It did not specify the supposed contradiction. If tag is replaced, please specify contradiction if it is beyond your ability, or it is simply none of your concern, to fix the problems you tag. Gwillhickers (talk) 19:44, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

State visits and flyposting
While flyposting is a form of expression, it is also subject to planning laws passed by democratically-elected bodies, and is not just banned because of its content but because of its generally messy appearance. Mentioning only the queen's visit in May 2011 is POV, as the city ban extended to cover Obama's visit a few days later. We can expect more such temporary bans during future state visits, but they come way down the list of types of censorship compared to (say) a permanent ban on a book covering the whole state.Red Hurley (talk) 09:38, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

Historical inaccuracy of Censorship of Books section
This section is largely inaccurate. I know the answer will be 'fix it yourself' but I have neither the time nor the ability to do this. (If you look at the the history of my attempts to add this section, you'll agree I am not very good at this). --86.42.245.132 (talk) 12:11, 22 July 2011 (UTC)If anyone is watching this page and would like to correct the section, they might consult Michael Adams, Censorship: the Irish experience and Peter Martin, Censorship in the two irelands. Firstly, the minutes of the Censorship board do not survive. It is impossible to say with certainty why any book was banned. Books were banned under one of two headings set out in the Censorship of Publications Act, 1929; either for being 'in general tendency indecent or obscene' or for 'advocating contraception or abortion'. Rumours abound as to why The Tailor and Anstey, for example, was banned, but we can know no more than that it eas considered 'in general tendency indecent or obscene'. Likewise, there is no evidence to support - or contradict - the argument that the Index was used as a guide by members of the Censorship board. However, it is highly unlikely: as even a glance at the (linked) Wikipedia article on the Index shows, this prohibited books deemed to be detrimental to faith and morals, not books dealing with sexuality. The Irish censors were not that bothered about faith and morals - indeed they appear not to have banned any book on the Index, although I am open to correction on this point.

 * I have made a number of changes to this section, added references and lists of books and authors affected, and would appreciate feedback. Hohenloh + 15:02, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

I'm the OP and am glad to give feedback. I think you have done a great job in improving this section. One thing I would be critical of - perhaps not required - is that while the quotation from DeV is a very good one, you need to remember that many politicians made similar statements and there is no reason to believe that they were influential. A section on 'quotes from Irish politicians supporting censorship' would put pressure on the servers. However, this is a minor quibble from someone who is surprised to have found their comment taken seriously. The section is really better now and it is really rewarding to know that editors are interested in anonymous comments. --86.44.131.161 (talk) 16:45, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

I have removed the first two sentences of this section. The claim that the Censorship of Publications Board was established in 1929 is not only untrue, it is contradicted by the following claim that the legislation was passed in 1929. The matter of the "Index" is discussed above.--137.43.144.131 (talk) 14:10, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Good man (or woman). That edit slipped in unbemerkt. Hohenloh+ 22:55, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Iris Oifigiúil
The Censorship of publications act requires the board to publish its decisions in Iris Oifigiúil the Irish state gazette. Bizarrely their lists include the names and addresses (mostly abroad) of the publishers of the materials in question. This could have the unintended consequence of alerting people as to where they might to be able to obtain (in instances where the publishers offer a mail order service) the publications they are attempting to suppress ! 2.216.13.220 (talk) 13:17, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hans Heinze

Hans Heinze, sometimes referred to as Euthanasie-Heinze ("Euthanasia Heinze"; 18 October 1895 – 4 February 1983), was a Nazi German psychiatrist and eugenicist.

Life
Heinze was born in Elsterberg, the 13th of 14 children, and was educated at Grimma. After service as a medical orderly during World War I Heinze studied medicine and trained as a psychiatrist at Leipzig, where he worked from 1924 in child psychiatry. He was later appointed director of the child psychiatry department of the University Clinic in Berlin, and also, in 1934, director of the Landesheilanstalt in Potsdam, holding the two posts simultaneously. On 2 October 1939 he was appointed Dozent for neurology and psychiatry in the medical faculty of Berlin University, where on 6 April 1943 he became a professor.

In November 1938 Heinze took over the direction of the Landesanstalt Brandenburg-Görden otherwise Landes-Pflegeanstalt Brandenburg an der Havel, a mental institution at Brandenburg an der Havel, housed in the old Brandenburg an der Havel Prison, commonly now referred to as the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre, with about 2,500 patients, 1,000 of them children. Here he supervised the murder by injection, starvation and poisoning of thousands of children whose brains he then supplied to Nazi researchers. He also trained physicians for the T4 Euthanasia Programme.

After the war Heinze remained in post at Brandenburg-Görden. The Russians were interested in some of his work and offered him the direction of an institution in the Crimea, but when he turned this down, tried him for crimes against humanity for approving "the measures of a fascist government and as a university professor trained fascists instead of medics." Heinze was found guilty on 14 March 1946 sentenced to 7 years in prison. He served most of his sentence in the Soviet Special Camp No. 7 at Sachsenhausen, where he worked as the camp doctor.

Heinze was released from prison on 14 March 1952 and declined offers of senior medical posts in the Volkspolizei and at the University of Jena in order to return to his family in West Germany. He took up the directorship of the department of child and adolescent psychiatry in the hospital of Wunstorf in Lower Saxony, where he remained until his retirement, and where he died in 1983.

German judicial investigation
In 1962 the legal authorities of Lower Saxony opened a preliminary investigation into Heinze, but the proceedings were halted after Heinze, represented by the lawyer Kurt Giese (formerly a senior lawyer in the Private Chancellery of the Führer), was declared psychologically unfit for the process.

Rehabilitation
In 1997 Dr Klaus-Dieter Müller, a German historian seeking research material, approached the Russian military authorities for their files on Heinze, which he was only able to obtain by entering a request for Heinze's rehabilitation (a recognition by the Russian authorities of his innocence of the crimes for which he had been imprisoned). As a result of Müller's request the Russian military legal service reviewed Heinze's case and in 1998 declared him rehabilitated. This caused considerable discussion in Germany of the extent to which historians should take responsibility for the consequences of their researches.

Publications

 * Veränderungen des Liquor cerebrospinalis und ihre Bedeutung für die Auffassung vom Wesen des Ischias, Leipzig 1923
 * Kindliche Charaktere und ihre Abartigkeiten, Paul Schröder with explanatory case studies by Hans Heinze, Breslau 1931
 * Zur Phänomenologie des Gemüts, Berlin 1932
 * Die Entstehung und Funktion des intervillösen Raumes, Halle 1933
 * Rasse und Erbe: Ein Wegweiser auf dem Gebiet der Rassenkunde, Vererbungslehre und Erbgesundheitspflege für den Gebrauch an Volks- und Mittelschulen, Halle 1934
 * "Zirkuläres Irresein (manisch-depressives): Psychopathologische Persönlichkeiten", Handbuch der Erbkrankheiten ("Handbook of Hereditary Illnesses"), ed. Arthur Julius Gütt, Vol. 4, revised by Hans Heinze et al., Thieme, Leipzig 1942
 * Ein Geschwisterpaar mit Myoklonusepilepsie, Bonn 1955

title: Hans Heinze


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Climate sensitivity

Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm for a doubling in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Its formal definition is: "The change in the surface temperature in response to a change in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration or other radiative forcing." This concept helps scientists understand the extent and magnitude of the effects of climate change.

The Earth's surface warms as a direct consequence of increased atmospheric, as well as increased concentrations of other greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide and methane. The increasing temperatures have secondary effects on the climate system. These secondary effects are called climate feedbacks. Self-reinforcing feedbacks include for example the melting of sunlight-reflecting ice as well as higher evapotranspiration. The latter effect increases average atmospheric water vapour, which is itself a greenhouse gas.

Scientists do not know exactly how strong these climate feedbacks are. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the precise amount of warming that will result from a given increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. If climate sensitivity turns out to be on the high side of scientific estimates, the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to below 2 C-change will be difficult to achieve.

There are two main kinds of climate sensitivity: the transient climate response is the initial rise in global temperature when levels double, and the equilibrium climate sensitivity is the larger long-term temperature increase after the planet adjusts to the doubling. Climate sensitivity is estimated by several methods: looking directly at temperature and greenhouse gas concentrations since the Industrial Revolution began around the 1750s, using indirect measurements from the Earth's distant past, and simulating the climate.

Fundamentals
The rate at which energy reaches Earth as sunlight and leaves Earth as heat radiation to space must balance, or the total amount of heat energy on the planet at any one time will rise or fall, which results in a planet that is warmer or cooler overall. A driver of an imbalance between the rates of incoming and outgoing radiation energy is called radiative forcing. A warmer planet radiates heat to space faster and so a new balance is eventually reached, with a higher temperature and stored energy content. However, the warming of the planet also has knock-on effects, which create further warming in an exacerbating feedback loop. Climate sensitivity is a measure of how much temperature change a given amount of radiative forcing will cause.

Radiative forcing
Radiative forcings are generally quantified as Watts per square meter (W/m2) and averaged over Earth's uppermost surface defined as the top of the atmosphere. The magnitude of a forcing is specific to the physical driver and is defined relative to an accompanying time span of interest for its application. In the context of a contribution to long-term climate sensitivity from 1750 to 2020, the 50% increase in atmospheric is characterized by a forcing of about +2.1 W/m2. In the context of shorter-term contributions to Earth's energy imbalance (i.e. its heating/cooling rate), time intervals of interest may be as short as the interval between measurement or simulation data samplings, and are thus likely to be accompanied by smaller forcing values. Forcings from such investigations have also been analyzed and reported at decadal time scales.

Radiative forcing leads to long-term changes in global temperature. A number of factors contribute radiative forcing: increased downwelling radiation from the greenhouse effect, variability in solar radiation from changes in planetary orbit, changes in solar irradiance, direct and indirect effects caused by aerosols (for example changes in albedo from cloud cover), and changes in land use (deforestation or the loss of reflective ice cover). In contemporary research, radiative forcing by greenhouse gases is well understood. , large uncertainties remain for aerosols.

Key numbers
Carbon dioxide levels rose from 280 parts per million (ppm) in the 18th century, when humans in the Industrial Revolution started burning significant amounts of fossil fuel such as coal, to over 415 ppm by 2020. As is a greenhouse gas, it hinders heat energy from leaving the Earth's atmosphere. In 2016, atmospheric levels had increased by 45% over preindustrial levels, and radiative forcing caused by increased  was already more than 50% higher than in pre-industrial times because of non-linear effects. Between the 18th-century start of the Industrial Revolution and the year 2020, the Earth's temperature rose by a little over one degree Celsius (about two degrees Fahrenheit).

Societal importance
Because the economics of climate change mitigation depend greatly on how quickly carbon neutrality needs to be achieved, climate sensitivity estimates can have important economic and policy-making implications. One study suggests that halving the uncertainty of the value for transient climate response (TCR) could save trillions of dollars. A higher climate sensitivity would mean more dramatic increases in temperature, which makes it more prudent to take significant climate action. If climate sensitivity turns out to be on the high end of what scientists estimate, the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to well below 2 °C cannot be achieved, and temperature increases will exceed that limit, at least temporarily. One study estimated that emissions cannot be reduced fast enough to meet the 2 °C goal if equilibrium climate sensitivity (the long-term measure) is higher than 3.4 C-change. The more sensitive the climate system is to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.

Factors that determine sensitivity
The radiative forcing caused by a doubling of atmospheric levels (from the pre-industrial 280 ppm) is approximately 3.7 watts per square meter (W/m2). In the absence of feedbacks, the energy imbalance would eventually result in roughly 1 C-change of global warming. That figure is straightforward to calculate by using the Stefan–Boltzmann law and is undisputed.

A further contribution arises from climate feedbacks, both self-reinforcing and balancing. The uncertainty in climate sensitivity estimates is entirely from the modelling of feedbacks in the climate system, including water vapour feedback, ice–albedo feedback, cloud feedback, and lapse rate feedback. Balancing feedbacks tend to counteract warming by increasing the rate at which energy is radiated to space from a warmer planet. Exacerbating feedbacks increase warming; for example, higher temperatures can cause ice to melt, which reduces the ice area and the amount of sunlight the ice reflects, which in turn results in less heat energy being radiated back into space. Climate sensitivity depends on the balance between those feedbacks.

Types
Depending on the time scale, there are two main ways to define climate sensitivity: the short-term transient climate response (TCR) and the long-term equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS), both of which incorporate the warming from exacerbating feedback loops. They are not discrete categories, but they overlap. Sensitivity to atmospheric increases is measured in the amount of temperature change for doubling in the atmospheric  concentration.

Although the term "climate sensitivity" is usually used for the sensitivity to radiative forcing caused by rising atmospheric, it is a general property of the climate system. Other agents can also cause a radiative imbalance. Climate sensitivity is the change in surface air temperature per unit change in radiative forcing, and the climate sensitivity parameter is therefore expressed in units of °C/(W/m2). Climate sensitivity is approximately the same whatever the reason for the radiative forcing (such as from greenhouse gases or solar variation). When climate sensitivity is expressed as the temperature change for a level of atmospheric double the pre-industrial level, its units are degrees Celsius (°C).

Transient climate response
The transient climate response (TCR) is defined as "the change in the global mean surface temperature, averaged over a 20-year period, centered at the time of atmospheric carbon dioxide doubling, in a climate model simulation" in which the atmospheric concentration increases at 1% per year. That estimate is generated by using shorter-term simulations. The transient response is lower than the equilibrium climate sensitivity because slower feedbacks, which exacerbate the temperature increase, take more time to respond in full to an increase in the atmospheric concentration. For instance, the deep ocean takes many centuries to reach a new steady state after a perturbation during which it continues to serve as heatsink, which cools the upper ocean. The IPCC literature assessment estimates that the TCR likely lies between 1 C-change and 2.5 C-change.

A related measure is the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE), which is the globally averaged surface temperature change after 1000 GtC of has been emitted. As such, it includes not only temperature feedbacks to forcing but also the carbon cycle and carbon cycle feedbacks.

Equilibrium climate sensitivity
The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the long-term temperature rise (equilibrium global mean near-surface air temperature) that is expected to result from a doubling of the atmospheric concentration (ΔT2×). It is a prediction of the new global mean near-surface air temperature once the concentration has stopped increasing, and most of the feedbacks have had time to have their full effect. Reaching an equilibrium temperature can take centuries or even millennia after has doubled. ECS is higher than TCR because of the oceans' short-term buffering effects. Computer models are used for estimating the ECS. A comprehensive estimate means that modelling the whole time span during which significant feedbacks continue to change global temperatures in the model, such as fully-equilibrating ocean temperatures, requires running a computer model that covers thousands of years. There are, however, less computing-intensive methods.

The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) stated that there is high confidence that ECS is within the range of 2.5 °C to 4 °C, with a best estimate of 3 °C.

The long time scales involved with ECS make it arguably a less relevant measure for policy decisions around climate change.

Effective climate sensitivity
A common approximation to ECS is the effective equilibrium climate sensitivity, is an estimate of equilibrium climate sensitivity by using data from a climate system in model or real-world observations that is not yet in equilibrium. Estimates assume that the net amplification effect of feedbacks, as measured after some period of warming, will remain constant afterwards. That is not necessarily true, as feedbacks can change with time. In many climate models, feedbacks become stronger over time and so the effective climate sensitivity is lower than the real ECS.

Earth system sensitivity
By definition, equilibrium climate sensitivity does not include feedbacks that take millennia to emerge, such as long-term changes in Earth's albedo because of changes in ice sheets and vegetation. It includes the slow response of the deep oceans' warming, which also takes millennia, and so ECS fails to reflect the actual future warming that would occur if is stabilized at double pre-industrial values. Earth system sensitivity (ESS) incorporates the effects of these slower feedback loops, such as the change in Earth's albedo from the melting of large continental ice sheets, which covered much of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum and still cover Greenland and Antarctica). Changes in albedo as a result of changes in vegetation, as well as changes in ocean circulation, are also included. The longer-term feedback loops make the ESS larger than the ECS, possibly twice as large. Data from the geological history of Earth is used in estimating ESS. Differences between modern and long-ago climatic conditions mean that estimates of the future ESS are highly uncertain. Unlike ECS and TCR, the carbon cycle is not included in the definition of the ESS, but all other elements of the climate system are included.

Sensitivity to nature of forcing
Different forcing agents, such as greenhouse gases and aerosols, can be compared using their radiative forcing, the initial radiative imbalance averaged over the entire globe. Climate sensitivity is the amount of warming per radiative forcing. To a first approximation, the cause of the radiative imbalance does not matter whether it is greenhouse gases or something else. However, radiative forcing from sources other than can cause a somewhat larger or smaller surface warming than a similar radiative forcing from. The amount of feedback varies mainly because the forcings are not uniformly distributed over the globe. Forcings that initially warm the Northern Hemisphere, land, or polar regions are more strongly systematically effective at changing temperatures than an equivalent forcing from, which is more uniformly distributed over the globe. That is because those regions have more self-reinforcing feedbacks, such as the ice–albedo feedback. Several studies indicate that human-emitted aerosols are more effective than at changing global temperatures, and volcanic forcing is less effective. When climate sensitivity to forcing is estimated by using historical temperature and forcing (caused by a mix of aerosols and greenhouse gases), and that effect is not taken into account, climate sensitivity is underestimated.

State dependence
Climate sensitivity has been defined as the short- or long-term temperature change resulting from any doubling of, but there is evidence that the sensitivity of Earth's climate system is not constant. For instance, the planet has polar ice and high-altitude glaciers. Until the world's ice has completely melted, an exacerbating ice–albedo feedback loop makes the system more sensitive overall. Throughout Earth's history, multiple periods are thought to have snow and ice cover almost the entire globe. In most models of "Snowball Earth", parts of the tropics were at least intermittently free of ice cover. As the ice advanced or retreated, climate sensitivity must have been very high, as the large changes in area of ice cover would have made for a very strong ice–albedo feedback. Volcanic atmospheric composition changes are thought to have provided the radiative forcing needed to escape the snowball state.

Throughout the Quaternary period (the most recent 2.58 million years), climate has oscillated between glacial periods, the most recent one being the Last Glacial Maximum, and interglacial periods, the most recent one being the current Holocene, but the period's climate sensitivity is difficult to determine. The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, about 55.5 million years ago, was unusually warm and may have been characterized by above-average climate sensitivity.

Climate sensitivity may further change if tipping points are crossed. It is unlikely that tipping points will cause short-term changes in climate sensitivity. If a tipping point is crossed, climate sensitivity is expected to change at the time scale of the subsystem that hits its tipping point. Especially if there are multiple interacting tipping points, the transition of climate to a new state may be difficult to reverse.

The two most common definitions of climate sensitivity specify the climate state: the ECS and the TCR are defined for a doubling with respect to the levels in the pre-industrial era. Because of potential changes in climate sensitivity, the climate system may warm by a different amount after a second doubling of from after a first doubling. The effect of any change in climate sensitivity is expected to be small or negligible in the first century after additional is released into the atmosphere.

Using Industrial Age (1750–present) data
Climate sensitivity can be estimated using the observed temperature increase, the observed ocean heat uptake, and the modelled or observed radiative forcing. The data are linked through a simple energy-balance model to calculate climate sensitivity. Radiative forcing is often modelled because Earth observation satellites measuring it has existed during only part of the Industrial Age (only since the late 1950's). Estimates of climate sensitivity calculated by using these global energy constraints have consistently been lower than those calculated by using other methods, around 2 °C-change or lower.

Estimates of transient climate response (TCR) that have been calculated from models and observational data can be reconciled if it is taken into account that fewer temperature measurements are taken in the polar regions, which warm more quickly than the Earth as a whole. If only regions for which measurements are available are used in evaluating the model, the differences in TCR estimates are negligible.

A very simple climate model could estimate climate sensitivity from Industrial Age data by waiting for the climate system to reach equilibrium and then by measuring the resulting warming, $ΔT_{eq}$ (°C). Computation of the equilibrium climate sensitivity, S (°C), using the radiative forcing $ΔF$ (W/m2) and the measured temperature rise, would then be possible. The radiative forcing resulting from a doubling of, $F_{2$\times$CO_{2}}|undefined$, is relatively well known, at about 3.7 W/m2. Combining that information results in this equation:

 * $$S = \Delta T_{eq} \times F_{2\times CO_2} / \Delta F$$.

However, the climate system is not in equilibrium since the actual warming lags the equilibrium warming, largely because the oceans take up heat and will take centuries or millennia to reach equilibrium. Estimating climate sensitivity from Industrial Age data requires an adjustment to the equation above. The actual forcing felt by the atmosphere is the radiative forcing minus the ocean's heat uptake, $H$ (W/m2) and so climate sensitivity can be estimated:

 * $$S = \Delta T \times F_{2\times CO_2}/(\Delta F-H).$$

The global temperature increase between the beginning of the Industrial Period, which is (taken as 1750, and 2011 was about 0.85 °C-change. In 2011, the radiative forcing from and other long-lived greenhouse gases (mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbon) that have been emitted since the 18th century was roughly 2.8 W/m2. The climate forcing, $ΔF$, also contains contributions from solar activity (+0.05 W/m2), aerosols (−0.9 W/m2), ozone (+0.35 W/m2), and other smaller influences, which brings the total forcing over the Industrial Period to 2.2 W/m2, according to the best estimate of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report in 2014, with substantial uncertainty. The ocean heat uptake, estimated by the same report to be 0.42 W/m2, yields a value for S of 1.8 °C-change.

Other strategies
In theory, Industrial Age temperatures could also be used to determine a time scale for the temperature response of the climate system and thus climate sensitivity: if the effective heat capacity of the climate system is known, and the timescale is estimated using autocorrelation of the measured temperature, an estimate of climate sensitivity can be derived. In practice, however, the simultaneous determination of the time scale and heat capacity is difficult.

Attempts have been made to use the 11-year solar cycle to constrain the transient climate response. Solar irradiance is about 0.9 W/m2 higher during a solar maximum than during a solar minimum, and those effect can be observed in measured average global temperatures from 1959 to 2004. Unfortunately, the solar minima in the period coincided with volcanic eruptions, which have a cooling effect on the global temperature. Because the eruptions caused a larger and less well-quantified decrease in radiative forcing than the reduced solar irradiance, it is questionable whether useful quantitative conclusions can be derived from the observed temperature variations.

Observations of volcanic eruptions have also been used to try to estimate climate sensitivity, but as the aerosols from a single eruption last at most a couple of years in the atmosphere, the climate system can never come close to equilibrium, and there is less cooling than there would be if the aerosols stayed in the atmosphere for longer. Therefore, volcanic eruptions give information only about a lower bound on transient climate sensitivity.

Using data from Earth's past
Historical climate sensitivity can be estimated by using reconstructions of Earth's past temperatures and levels. Paleoclimatologists have studied different geological periods, such as the warm Pliocene (5.3 to 2.6 million years ago) and the colder Pleistocene (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), and sought periods that are in some way analogous to or informative about current climate change. Climates further back in Earth's history are more difficult to study because fewer data are available about them. For instance, past concentrations can be derived from air trapped in ice cores, but, the oldest continuous ice core is less than one million years old. Recent periods, such as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (about 21,000 years ago) and the Mid-Holocene (about 6,000 years ago), are often studied, especially when more information about them becomes available.

A 2007 estimate of sensitivity made using data from the most recent 420 million years is consistent with sensitivities of current climate models and with other determinations. The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (about 55.5 million years ago), a 20,000-year period during which massive amount of carbon entered the atmosphere and average global temperatures increased by approximately 6 °C-change, also provides a good opportunity to study the climate system when it was in a warm state. Studies of the last 800,000 years have concluded that climate sensitivity was greater in glacial periods than in interglacial periods.

As the name suggests, the Last Glacial Maximum was much colder than today, and good data on atmospheric concentrations and radiative forcing from that period are available. The period's orbital forcing was different from today's but had little effect on mean annual temperatures. Estimating climate sensitivity from the Last Glacial Maximum can be done by several different ways. One way is to use estimates of global radiative forcing and temperature directly. The set of feedback mechanisms active during the period, however, may be different from the feedbacks caused by a present doubling of, which introduces additional uncertainty. In a different approach, a model of intermediate complexity is used to simulate conditions during the period. Several versions of this single model are run, with different values chosen for uncertain parameters, such that each version has a different ECS. Outcomes that best simulate the LGM's observed cooling probably produce the most realistic ECS values.

Using climate models

Climate models simulate the -driven warming of the future as well as the past. They operate on principles similar to those underlying models that predict the weather, but they focus on longer-term processes. Climate models typically begin with a starting state and then apply physical laws and knowledge about biology to generate subsequent states. As with weather modelling, no computer has the power to model the complexity of the entire planet and so simplifications are used to reduce that complexity to something manageable. An important simplification divides Earth's atmosphere into model cells. For instance, the atmosphere might be divided into cubes of air ten or one hundred kilometers on a side. Each model cell is treated as if it were homogeneous. Calculations for model cells are much faster than trying to simulate each molecule of air separately.

A lower model resolution (large model cells and long time steps) takes less computing power but cannot simulate the atmosphere in as much detail. A model cannot simulate processes smaller than the model cells or shorter-term than a single time step. The effects of the smaller-scale and shorter-term processes must therefore be estimated by using other methods. Physical laws contained in the models may also be simplified to speed up calculations. The biosphere must be included in climate models. The effects of the biosphere are estimated by using data on the average behaviour of the average plant assemblage of an area under the modelled conditions. Climate sensitivity is therefore an emergent property of these models. It is not prescribed, but it follows from the interaction of all the modelled processes.

To estimate climate sensitivity, a model is run by using a variety of radiative forcings (doubling quickly, doubling gradually, or following historical emissions) and the temperature results are compared to the forcing applied. Different models give different estimates of climate sensitivity, but they tend to fall within a similar range, as described above.

Testing, comparisons, and climate ensembles
Modelling of the climate system can lead to a wide range of outcomes. Models are often run that use different plausible parameters in their approximation of physical laws and the behaviour of the biosphere, which forms a perturbed physics ensemble, which attempts to model the sensitivity of the climate to different types and amounts of change in each parameter. Alternatively, structurally-different models developed at different institutions are put together, creating an ensemble. By selecting only the simulations that can simulate some part of the historical climate well, a constrained estimate of climate sensitivity can be made. One strategy for obtaining more accurate results is placing more emphasis on climate models that perform well in general.

A model is tested using observations, paleoclimate data, or both to see if it replicates them accurately. If it does not, inaccuracies in the physical model and parametrizations are sought, and the model is modified. For models used to estimate climate sensitivity, specific test metrics that are directly and physically linked to climate sensitivity are sought. Examples of such metrics are the global patterns of warming, the ability of a model to reproduce observed relative humidity in the tropics and subtropics, patterns of heat radiation, and the variability of temperature around long-term historical warming. Ensemble climate models developed at different institutions tend to produce constrained estimates of ECS that are slightly higher than 3 °C-change. The models with ECS slightly above 3 °C-change simulate the above situations better than models with a lower climate sensitivity.

Many projects and groups exist to compare and to analyse the results of multiple models. For instance, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has been running since the 1990s.

Historical estimates
Svante Arrhenius in the 19th century was the first person to quantify global warming as a consequence of a doubling of the concentration of. In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C-change if the quantity of was doubled. In later work, he revised that estimate to 4 °C-change. Arrhenius used Samuel Pierpont Langley's observations of radiation emitted by the full moon to estimate the amount of radiation that was absorbed by water vapour and by. To account for water vapour feedback, he assumed that relative humidity would stay the same under global warming.

The first calculation of climate sensitivity that used detailed measurements of absorption spectra, as well as the first calculation to use a computer for numerical integration of the radiative transfer through the atmosphere, was performed by Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald in 1967. Assuming constant humidity, they computed an equilibrium climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of, which they rounded to 2 °C, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper. The work has been called "arguably the greatest climate-science paper of all time" and "the most influential study of climate of all time."

A committee on anthropogenic global warming, convened in 1979 by the United States National Academy of Sciences and chaired by Jule Charney, estimated equilibrium climate sensitivity to be 3 °C-change, plus or minus 1.5 °C-change. The Manabe and Wetherald estimate (2 °C-change), James E. Hansen's estimate of 4 °C-change, and Charney's model were the only models available in 1979. According to Manabe, speaking in 2004, "Charney chose 0.5 °C as a reasonable margin of error, subtracted it from Manabe's number, and added it to Hansen's, giving rise to the 1.5 to 4.5 °C-change range of likely climate sensitivity that has appeared in every greenhouse assessment since ...." In 2008, climatologist Stefan Rahmstorf said: "At that time [it was published], the [Charney report estimate's] range [of uncertainty] was on very shaky ground. Since then, many vastly improved models have been developed by a number of climate research centers around the world."

Assessment reports of IPCC

Despite considerable progress in the understanding of Earth's climate system, assessments continued to report similar uncertainty ranges for climate sensitivity for some time after the 1979 Charney report. The First Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 1990, estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C-change, with a "best guess in the light of current knowledge" of 2.5 °C-change. The report used models with simplified representations of ocean dynamics. The IPCC supplementary report, 1992, which used full-ocean circulation models, saw "no compelling reason to warrant changing" the 1990 estimate; and the IPCC Second Assessment Report stated, "No strong reasons have emerged to change [these estimates]," In the reports, much of the uncertainty around climate sensitivity was attributed to insufficient knowledge of cloud processes. The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report also retained this likely range.

Authors of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that confidence in estimates of equilibrium climate sensitivity had increased substantially since the Third Annual Report. The IPCC authors concluded that ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 C-change and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 C-change, with a most likely value of about 3 C-change. The IPCC stated that fundamental physical reasons and data limitations prevent a climate sensitivity higher than 4.5 C-change from being ruled out, but the climate sensitivity estimates in the likely range agreed better with observations and the proxy climate data.

The 2013 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C-change (with high confidence), because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low. The report also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C-change (high confidence), and it is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C-change (medium confidence). Those values were estimated by combining the available data with expert judgement.

In preparation for the 2021 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, a new generation of climate models was developed by scientific groups around the world. Across 27 global climate models, estimates of a higher climate sensitivity were produced. The values spanned 1.8 to 5.6 °C-change and exceeded 4.5 °C-change in 10 of them. The estimates for equilibrium climate sensitivity changed from 3.2 °C to 3.7 °C and the estimates for the transient climate response from 1.8 °C, to 2.0 °C. The cause of the increased ECS lies mainly in improved modelling of clouds. Temperature rises are now believed to cause sharper decreases in the number of low clouds, and fewer low clouds means more sunlight is absorbed by the planet and less reflected to space.

Remaining deficiencies in the simulation of clouds may have led to overestimates, as models with the highest ECS values were not consistent with observed warming. A fifth of the models began to 'run hot', predicting that global warming would produce significantly higher temperatures than is considered plausible. According to these models, known as hot models, average global temperatures in the worst-case scenario would rise by more than 5°C above preindustrial levels by 2100, with a "catastrophic" impact on human society. In comparison, empirical observations combined with physics models indicate that the "very likely" range is between 2.3 and 4.7°C. Models with a very high climate sensitivity are also known to be poor at reproducing known historical climate trends, such as warming over the 20th century or cooling during the last ice age. For these reasons the predictions of hot models are considered implausible, and have been given less weight by the IPCC in 2022.

title: Climate sensitivity


text: User talk:85.224.201.13

title: User talk:85.224.201.13


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Adventure! (role-playing game)

Adventure! is a role-playing game designed and published by Tori Bergquist in 1985.

Description
Adventure! is a universal system.

Publication history
Adventure! was designed and published by Tori Bergquist in 1985 as a 48-page book.

title: Adventure! (role-playing game)


text: User talk:168.99.130.65

title: User talk:168.99.130.65


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Molbank

Molbank is a peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journal covering synthetic chemistry and natural product chemistry, established in 1997 as a section of Molecules and is published by MDPI. After 2001, the journal was published on its own, and become online-only in 2009.

The journal is focused on publishing short notes in a one-compound-per-paper format, on individual compounds containing experimental data records for individual molecules, which are not always publishable as such. Special attention is paid to a convincing characterization of new compounds which must be documented by appropriate supplementary material. In addition, depositing compound samples via the MolMall service is encouraged. Molbank was launched to preserve and exploit molecular diversity of both chemical information and chemical substances. The journal is indexed by CAS, DOAJ and Scopus.

title: Molbank


text: User talk:202.99.23.184

title: User talk:202.99.23.184


text: User talk:65.247.57.62

title: User talk:65.247.57.62


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Category:Canada politics stubs

See WikiProject Political parties and politicians in Canada for article coordination.

title: Category:Canada politics stubs


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Giorgio Carollo

Giorgio Carollo (born 30 March 1944 in Vicenza) is an Italian politician.

He is a Member of the European Parliament for North-East, elected with the Forza Italia, part of the European People's Party and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Fisheries and its Committee on Legal Affairs. He is a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and the Committee on International Trade.

A long-time member of Christian Democracy, he later joined Forza Italia, of which he was regional coordinator for Veneto from 1998 to 2005.

In 2005, he left Forza Italia and formed his own political group, Veneto for the European People's Party. In the 2007 provincial election of Vicenza, he is candidate for president with the support of parties both from the centre-left and the centre-right: Italy of Values, UDEUR, Liga Fronte Veneto, Christian Democracy, some citizen' lists and his own Veneto for the EPP, which is part of the majority supporting the regional government of Giancarlo Galan in the Regional Council.

Education

 * Graduate in business studies

title: Giorgio Carollo