text:
Wallraf–Richartz Museum

The Wallraf–Richartz Museum (full name in German: Wallraf-Richartz-Museum & Fondation Corboud) is an art museum in Cologne, Germany, with a collection of fine art from the medieval period to the early twentieth century. It is one of the three major museums in Cologne.

History
The museum dates back to the year 1824, when the comprehensive collection of medieval art from Ferdinand Franz Wallraf came to the city of Cologne by inheritance. The first building was donated by Johann Heinrich Richartz, and the museum was opened in 1861, just after his death.

The collection was regularly expanded by donations, especially the Haubrich collection of contemporary art in 1946. In 1976, on the occasion of the donation of Mr. and Mrs. Ludwig, the collection was split. The new Museum Ludwig took over the exhibition of the 20th century art.

The current building from 2001, near the Cologne City Hall, was designed by Oswald Mathias Ungers. Also in 2001, Swiss collector Gérard Corboud gave his impressionist and postimpressionist collection of over 170 works to the museum as a permanent loan. The museum then added "Fondation Corboud" to its name.

Gothic collection
The Madonna of the Rose Bower is among the Gothic paintings in the collection of the Wallraf–Richartz Museum. It was created by Stefan Lochner, who lived in Germany between 1410 and 1451, mainly working in Cologne. He is considered a late Gothic painter. His work usually has a clean appearance, combining the Gothic attention to long flowing lines with brilliant colors and a Flemish influence of realism and attention to detail. This painting is considered typical of his style. It was executed about 1450, and shows the Virgin and Child reposing in a blooming rose arbor that is attended by Lochner's characteristic, child angels. Another outstanding Gothic painting in the Wallraf-Richartz's collection is an Arrest of Jesus by the "Master of the Karlsruhe Passion", the only surviving panel of that painter's influential Passion cycle not kept in the Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe.

Renaissance collection
The Wallraf-Richartz-Museum houses an altarpiece (1515) from the Great Saint Martin Church in Cologne, one of the few known works by Jacob van Utrecht. Among other early Renaissance works in the collection are the Adoration of the Child by an unknown artist; previously thought to have been painted by Hieronymus Bosch, and a panel of the Jabach Altarpiece by Albrecht Dürer.

Baroque collection
Among the artists in the collection from the Baroque through Rococo period are works by Rubens (Juno and Argus, 1610); Rembrandt (self-portrait); Jordaens; Frans Snyders; van Dyck; Frans Hals; Gerard van Honthorst; Pieter de Hooch; Gerard de Lairesse; François Boucher; Nicolas de Largillierre; Jean-Honoré Fragonard; Marguerite Gérard, and Giambattista Pittoni.

Impressionist collection
The Wallraf-Richartz collection includes works by the Impressionists Monet, Pissarro, Sisley, Gustave Caillebotte, and Berthe Morisot, whose Child among staked roses or "Kind zwischen Stockrosen", was painted in 1881.

Monet forgery discovered
On 14 February 2008, the Wallraf–Richartz Museum announced that On the Banks of the Seine by Port Villez, attributed to Claude Monet, was a forgery. The discovery was made when the painting was examined by restorers prior to an upcoming Impressionism exhibition. X-ray and infrared testing revealed that a "colorless substance" had been applied to the canvas to make it appear older. The picture was acquired by the museum in 1954. The museum, which will keep the forgery, still has five authentic Monet paintings in its collection.

title: Wallraf–Richartz Museum


text:
User:Shortenfs

Who writes Wikipedia?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Shortenfs


text:
User talk:Mullet

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --MarkSweep 15:44, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Y2K
What was the reference for the Berlin anecdote? I had to move almost all of the anecdotes out of this column and into the rumour column because they turned out to be urban legends without any sources. If you have a web reference put the link in. Another guy kept adding dozens of stories and said they were in the NY Times, but none checked out. He finally created a blog with his stories and linked to it. All the ones listed came from the BBC or CNN and link back to the original source. Cheers. Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 20:19, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I am sorry, I thought you added the anecdote, not just corrected the spelling. I will move it to the unsubstantiated rumours list, and remove it from the confirmed list.

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mullet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wikipedian Elitism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedian Elitism
Apparently Mr. Chauncy Covington arrived on Wikipedia and set up a vanity page for himself. He was scolded for doing so (see his talk page) and has retaliated by writing an article featuring the views of Chauncy Covington, "existentialist philosopher", on his perceived enemies at Wikipedia, the "elitists". This page has no value aside from its unintentional humor. Delete. Zora 15:44, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * delete obviously --Bucephalus 15:50, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC) Vote formated to standards by Asriel86 16:47, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, while the article is humerous to an extend I agree with it to an extent. --Asriel86 16:47, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. But as a "Wikipedian Eitist" (sic), I would say that... P Ingerson 16:49, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Oh my God, it is a Discordian prank! The thing is, most pranks are not funny. Especially those executed with the use of hipster diction. 195.148.74.159 18:11, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I, as a being, am too far removed to know not to vote delete. Meelar (talk) 19:02, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vandalism. N-Man'talk 19:06, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever is good for the common community, this ain't it. Delete. DJ Clayworth 19:41, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Funny. Delete.Feydey 20:07, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, rant, meets "original research" deletion criterion but contains nothing we haven't heard at least once a month in someone's temper tantrum. Not nearly funny enough for BJAODN.  Not worth cleanup.  I'm torn between "don't bite the newbies" and "wipe your poopy undershorts, your philosophy is smelly."  Barno 20:40, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mis-spelled pursui--Kyknos 19:06, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)t. Incorrectly wikified Aristotle. That's enough for me. -- 8^D gab 22:36, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV essay. Also provides false info as the author didn't develop the concept "Wikipedian elitism". Mgm|(talk) 22:47, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Additional comment: The concept has already been described disgrunted vandals (I'm not saying the anon is one), so it's not new at all. Mgm|(talk) 22:52, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article not created by a member of the cabal. RickK 23:16, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mildly amusing, perhaps even mildy factual, but totally inappropriate. Indrian 01:10, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete  POV essay --AYArktos 01:21, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete AMusing and to a certain extent true.Xiaoping choi 05:29, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh dear!  I read the article and discovered I was a pseudo intelectual and all this time I thought I was a real one.    'delete but keep his neologism, "benfactual"   ping 08:02, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * So true! Delete as neologism, original research, vanity and because the contributor is a poopy-head. Dpbsmith (talk) 17:11, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That was me that "scolded" him on his talk page, although I was trying to avoid that impression. Our friend Chauncy seems to regard Wikipedia as a forum for original research and self-promotion... Delete. —Miles (Talk) 17:55, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rhobite 05:19, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and Burn the author This is heresy. Unless these weeds are dealth with they'll poison everything. --Kyknos 19:06, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep You guys do kinda suck.
 * Comment made by 69.168.38.25
 * Delete. POV. Personal research. No credible third party references. Zzyzx11 | Talk 20:09, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV rant.  Elitism is good, though I'll stop short of jumping on the "Jimbo says" bandwagon. Chris talk back 23:34, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Delete. Elitism is something different than what I see on Wikipedia, should it be mess on WP... Pavel Vozenilek 00:50, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn povcruft. ComCat 06:28, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau

Untitled
Someone needs to add the names of the poets who made the two verse translations. --Doric Loon 15:45, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think someone who speaks Welsh should add a "pronunciation" version so boring old English speakers like me who enjoy learning random national anthems can more easily sing it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.118.29.203 (talk) 02:24, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I can't see the point of including 'translations' 1 and 3, they are not translations, but alternative English-language 'versions' set to the same tune. Translation 2 does at least give a 'flavour' of what the song is actually about for curious non-Welsh speakers.
 * I might have a stab at giving some idea of pronunciation. Even though I speak Welsh (badly) as a second language, I must confess that I still sing 'Moy hen-lad vur-naddoy urn an-oily mee', although I know that this will give people seizures up north :-)  OwenD (08Sep2005)

 * Argh! Bloody hwntws! :) -- Arwel 16:31, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * LOL...'Glad bayrth-er kantoryon, en-woggyon o-vree'. 'Eye goo-rol ruffle-whirr...... (just squeal when you've had enough :-)  Yackie-Daa! OwenD

 * Gives me blydi seizures too 'ychan, and I'm a hwntw myself ;).GarethRhys 16:16, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

use as an anthem
The claims of it's use as an anthem, and the dates, are very shaky. The only verification for this is a link to the Welsh tourist board, that says absolutely nothing about this!

It's well known that it was written as a poem in 1850s and a song a few decades later, and was a much loved song in Wales, but most countries didn't even have national anthems until the 1930s (it's a modern phenom) and smaller countries, it was actually post war.

I've seen evidence to say that this song was verified as an anthem for Wales in 1956. Nothing earlier.

Maybe an unofficial anthem - but, the sociological history of Europe really doesn't attribute countries like Wales or Scotland to having songs recognised as national anthems, until after the 1950s

Cjmooney9 (talk) 16:16, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Parodies
Does anyone know the parody "My hen laid an egg and I had it for tea"? That's the only line I know. -Nathan 02:14, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

correct lyrics?
Surely there is a mistake in the 3rd line of the Welsh lyrics? The line should be "Ei gwrol ryfelwyr", not, as printed, "Ein wyrol ..."? Try a Google search if in doubt! Hogyn Lleol 20:58, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Not really. "ei" refers to Wales (as feminine), so "Ei gwrol rhyfelwyr" is fine. AledJames (talk) 12:35, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
 * In other words, the mistake that Hogyn Lleol noticed almost two years ago has been corrected in the meantime. —Angr 12:40, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry, my mistake! I misread it as being a suggestion that "ein wrol" should be there. My comprehension skills really are lacking these days. AledJames 20:55, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Tros / Dros ...?
Whilst I am aware of the grammatical reasons for mutating "tros" to "dros" in the line "Dros ryddid collasant eu gwaed", why do so many sources (many more, in fact) quote it as "tros"? What was originally written? How does one determine the "definitive" form? Hogyn Lleol 16:16, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Having looked at the original manuscript - see(http://news.bbc.co.uk/welsh/hi/newsid_3160000/newsid_3163400/3163495.stm) he in fact wrote "Dros rhyddid gollasant ..." -  i.e "rhyddid" was not mutated (as it should be) and it seems to only have one "d" anyway, and "gollasant" was mutated when it shouldn't be.  I know that some rules of mutation have changed over the years, but not these, I believe.  May the debate rage on ....

Hogyn Lleol 16:37, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, further to my comment above, "Dros rhydid gollasant eu gwaed" is much clearer in this link - http://digidol.llgc.org.uk/METS/EJA00001/frames?div=82&subdiv=0&locale=en&mode=reference

Hogyn Lleol 16:46, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I have substituted "Tros" in observance of the Wikipedia convention of employing the most widely used form. While versions with "tros" and "dros" both exist -- and neither is, in that respect, incorrect -- "tros" is much more frequent and is also used in the Welsh Wikipedia, by BBC Cymru, etc. I agree that the oldest extant manuscript has "Dros", but there is no "rule" that says that the orthography of anthems in current use has to adhere in every respect to the spelling, punctuation, etc. first used. -- Picapica 13:02, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Picapica, whether we NOW say 'tros' or not, that doesn't change the anthem itself. You'll find many national anthems which use old language that changes, but that doesn't mean they stop using it. 'Dros' is what we sing, because it's what was written and adopted as the anthem. Bryn Terfel's version says 'dros' too if you listen to it. -- Dancraggs 15:15, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I see no point in getting into a reversion war with you, D. -- especially not on Dydd Gwyl Dewi -- but I would just point out that my argument, if you read it again, had nothing at all to do with what "we now say" (my italics); and even if it had I would be reluctant to allow Mr Terfel's particular pronunciation to determine Wikipedia policy! -- Picapica 20:15, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Point noted; but if you re-read MY argument, I stated that we as the public, and even professional singers (using Bryn Terfel as an example) sing 'dros', and therefore by definition it is the more frequented version. I've only once seen it written 'tros', and many times as 'dros'. Again, your argument for the revert to 'tros' is noted, but in addition we have comments above with people unsure of that reversion, and overall the general feeling seems to be better with 'dros'. (Gawd, all this over a letter. :-P)

 * I find it somehow reassuring that the author of the National Anthem had as much trouble with mutations as I do! -- Arwel (talk) 18:12, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to reopen this debate with a few questions/points: 1) Could a Welsh speaker please submit the grammatical reason that 'tros' would be mutated in this sentence? 2) The original manuscript contains errors in the lyrics and should not dictate the current spelling (it does not perfectly match the modern melody either - see the rhythm for 'annwyl i mi'). 3) It is still an issue that the lyrics on this page contradict most reliable sources. Unfortunately, a person asserting that it is sung or normally written one way is not a reliable source. If we need to consult and list authoritative sources then that is what should be done. Danlea (talk) 12:28, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Just for future reference, in answer to question 1: Adverbial phrases in Welsh take a soft mutation, and prepositions are often the first word in an adverbial phrase, so are mutated, hence tros becoming dros. The unmutated form had more currency in the past but now the mutated form is the more acceptable of the two (cf. trwy/drwy here) as the use of the mutation has progressed over time. A consequence of this is that some unmutated forms are never found in the modern language, e.g. gan (from can) and gyda (from cyd â). Llusiduonbach (talk) 14:40, 5 May 2014 (UTC)
 * So why has the version in the article got 'Tros', yes it's sometimes used in print but 'Dros' is at least as common and is what we actually sing. Too many WP editors trying to be clever. Stub Mandrel (talk) 16:42, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

Having been studying this song in detail, I found that 'Tros' was still being shown on this page, where it says clearly at the top of the column that the original words were being shown, and the arguments are strong for the correctness of 'Dros'. So I've changed it back to 'Dros'. I've also changed 'mâd' to 'mad' to match the original. All the dictionaries I have available, including the big 4-volume one, have no entry for the version with a circumflex on the 'a'. The fact that the 'a' in 'mad' is pronounced long does not imply that a circumflex is needed: 'hen' is also pronounced long, for example. Short words like this only have a circumflex in general when there are two different words, one short and one long, such as 'môr' = 'sea' and 'mor' = 'so'/'as'. While I was tweaking these, I corrected the translation of the title in the first paragraph, adding 'The' before 'Old'. In Welsh, a phrase of the form 'noun possessive-pronoun noun' translates as 'the noun of possessive pronoun noun", just like 'noun y/'r/yr noun' translates to 'the noun of the noun' (e.g. 'Pobl y Cwm' = 'The People of the Valley').

Translations - literal & loose
I see that there has been debate on this before, some 6 months ago.

The 1st free translation is extremely free, as inevitably are attempts to rhyme a piece in another language. As has been said, it gives a flavour of the anthem, and can be sung to the same tune, but that's where any similarity ends.

The 2nd piece much more resembles the wording of the Welsh anthem, but is still NOT a literal translation, again being constricted somewhat by the need to rhyme.

I feel quite strongly that there IS a place for a LITERAL tranlation (and to be honest, I think that a literal translation should have priority over any loose rhyming translations - what's the point of those anyway? (anyone ever heard one sung?) The point of any translated version is surely to show non-Welsh speakers what the words actually mean.  Only a literal translation can do this.

The text of this page still has a literal translation in it, but at some point in the past it has been disabled from appearing on the screen.

May I suggest that it be reinstated, showing clearly what is a literal translation, and what are less-literal rhyming versions (which are nevertheless still interesting in their own right).

Hogyn Lleol 16:21, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't realise that there was a literal translation hidden in HTML comments. Totally agree: we should use that as the first one instead of the rhymes-in-English version you find on tea towels. (On the BBC documentary on St David's Day, they used one of the rhyming translations too, which surprised me.)  Telsa (talk) 09:05, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

First Performance
Under the section on the first performance of the anthem, it previously said Capel Tabor chapel. I have removed the second chapel, which seems pretty much erroneous. Surely a non-Welsh speaker can see that the Welsh word does the job well enough on its own?GarethRhys 16:13, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

The cheating version for Anglophones
Nigel Jenkins' English phonetic comparative lyrics are amusing, but they can be tweaked to make them an even closer approximation to the Welsh words - if you can accept surrealism at the expense of some of the humour, but then the idea is not to smile anyway :

My hen laid a haddock, one hand oil a bee, Glad bears and centurions are woggling free, I could roll a bell here, going carpentry-mad, Don's ruddy Goth lass, a Thai bride. Glad, Glad, why don't you oil him, Glad? Two more appear, a beer hops by, O butter a hen, the bar high.

Cymru am byth! Jess Cully (talk) 16:57, 14 July 2009 (UTC) (25% Welsh)

I am an Englishman who has learnt Welsh as a second language. I think it is worth pointing out (despite the fact that it may diminish the humour) that the English Parody would sound absolutely nothing like the Welsh. It is probably also worth pointing out that the Poet appears to be a Welsh Speaker (from his wiki page), otherwise this comes across as being a rather bitter slight to the Welsh language by a non Welsh speaker. The suggestion that one might try to pull off this parody (whilst suppressing one's mirth) in a crowd of Welsh people during the anthem, should also perhaps come with the Caveat that this would be extremely rude, and would single you out for looks of bemused disgust. Imagine going to a British Legion event and singing:

"Sods paved our spacious green long live our bowling green"

How you'd be loved, what a wag! I don't think. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.216.246.159 (talk) 12:36, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

To make fun of everything one doesn't understand or that's strange is just the usual English behaviour! No one can deny the English being extremely xenophpobic and of course uneducated! 92.223.57.11 (talk) 10:40, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

Title
The title of the national anthem is Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau not Mae Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau. If you don't believe me, take a look at Wicipedia here, the Welsh Asembly Government's 'Visit Wales' here, or even BBC Cymru Wales here. Yes, I know that sentences need a verb ('Mae'), but song titles don't. I'm reverting all the "Mae's" at the beginning of the titles on the article page (let me know if I miss any, or just go ahead and make the change). Cheers, Daicaregos (talk) 16:34, 5 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Concur. FruitMonkey (talk) 16:46, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

Bloody Great Fishes.......
no mention of the micky-take chorus version sung by English Rugby clubs to annoy the Welsh (and sung by the English at internationals)???

Whales, Whales, Bloody great fishes are Whales. They swim in the sea. We have them for tea. Bloody great fishes are Whales.

Olddemdike (talk) 15:35, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

First national anthem sung at the start of a sporting event
The reference given (www.bbc.co.uk/wales) does not support the proposition that Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau was the first national anthem to be sung at the start of a sporting event, only that it was the first national anthem to be sung at the start of a rugby game. --Frans Fowler (talk) 01:38, 24 March 2015 (UTC)
 * It is permissable to look for a suitable reference to cite a statement, rather than changing the statement to fit the reference. Or the question could be posed here. Or a 'citation needed' template could be added to the statement. I have reverted to 'sporting event', and added a RS reference that supports the statement. Daicaregos (talk) 08:13, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

Is it an irridentist song ?
Didn't want to put this in the main text since it's a bit speculative. But is the song really about Wales as we understand it now, or is it as much about the 'Hen Ogledd' what is now Yorkshire/ Northumbria and south Scotland. 'Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau' does not equal 'Land of my fathers' as we tend to say in English, but the 'OLD land of my fathers'. Perhaps it refers not to the current land but the old lost lands? Especially when you consider the theme and feel, and that it was written in the 19th century when irridentist political and cultural movements were quite strong, it does make you wonder. Then you get 'Gwlad beirdd a chantorion enwogion o fri', you end up with something that could be translated into English as the "OLD land of my fathers, the land of the most famous bards and singers'. Well could you get bigger than Aneirin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneirin) whose attributed works include the Gododdin? The reference to the warriors who spilled their blood is perhaps a reference to Cattraeth? Okay the reference to fighting for freedom sounds like 19th Century Liberalism/ Whigism so a sort of linkage to (then) modern Wales to the past.

The looking at the final verse a reference is made to the revival of the Welsh language so is it a sort of a tale going full circle from the retreat of the Welsh Language to 19th Century optimism?

Still all a bit speculative, without sources but wanted to put this in the mix, because I doubt this is a particularly innovative idea. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.153.120.136 (talk) 00:40, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Yr Hen Ogledd is, of course, an intrinsic part of Welsh history. And it is quite possible the words written by Evan James of Pontypridd reference all ancestral Welsh lands and their people. However, without a reliable source stating that theory it can't be added to the article. If you find one let us know. Good hunting. Daicaregos (talk) 08:38, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

Cymru or Cymry?
I didn't know this song had 3 verses until just now, when I watched a version on Youtube with captions. In the third verse they had Cymry, which although I don't speak Welsh somehow looks right there. I found that an edit in September 2014 replaced Cymry with Cymru. Perhaps someone can check which is correct. 4shires (talk) 22:11, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the heads-up on this one. It should be "Cymry" (Welsh people), not "Cymru" (Wales). The line refers to "the language of the ...." so clearly it was wrong.  I've changed it back.  Hogyn Lleol (talk) 16:49, 25 May 2016 (UTC)

Mae'r hen or mae hen...
It should be "Mae'r hen", not "Mae hen", shouldn't it? Since "Mae hen" is "Old land", whereas "Mae'r hen" is "The old land"?
 * Translating one language to another is notoriously difficult. You cannot translate one part of a sentence in isolation and expect its meaning to be unchanged. The whole sentence needs translation for context. In this case the whole line is Mae hen wlad fy nhadau yn annwyl i mi, which literally means My father's old country is dear to me. The usual translation given may be due it scanning better in English. Whatever the reason they are the song's original lyrics and as they are sung today. Cited references are all for Mae hen wlad fy nhadau yn annwyl i mi, which is what we go with. Daicaregos (talk) 13:48, 26 June 2016 (UTC)

 * "Mae" does not have an English equivalent. "Old land" translates to "hen wlad", not "mae hen", so your translation is wrong. "Mae'r" (mae yr) appears before vowels, and H isn't a vowel. ConCass (talk) 16:35, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Actually the reason why there is no 'r is because 'r means the; hen wlad fy nhadau is a genitive phrase (it shows belonging/ownership). In English we can express this as 1) The Old Land of My Fathers, or 2) My Fathers' Old Land. Welsh can only use option 1, X of Y. To translate an English genitive phrase into Welsh one should follow the following steps:

 * Change the type of phrase if needed:

My Fathers' Old Land > The Old Land of My Fathers.
 * Delete any uses of the word 'of':

''The Old Land of My Fathers
 * Delete the word 'the' when it appears at the beginning of the phrase:

'' The Old Land My Fathers
 * Delete all other instances of 'the' except for the last one: (doesn't apply in this example)

Old Land My Fathers
 * Translate word-for-word into Welsh:

Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau

This works for all examples:

 * Change the type of phrase if needed:

The Hill's Top > The Top of the Hill.
 * Delete any uses of the word 'of':

''The Top of the Hill
 * Delete the word 'the' when it appears at the beginning of the phrase:

'' The Top the Hill
 * Delete all other instances of 'the' except for the last one: (doesn't apply in this example)

Top the Hill
 * Translate word-for-word into Welsh:

Pen y Bryn

This is why the song is mae hen wlad... and not mae'r hen wlad...

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150216034510/http://www.wales.com/en/content/cms/English/About_Wales/Wales_Fact_File/WelshNationalAnthem/WelshNationalAnthem.aspx to http://www.wales.com/en/content/cms/English/About_Wales/Wales_Fact_File/WelshNationalAnthem/WelshNationalAnthem.aspx
 * Added tag to http://www.rugbymuseum.co.nz/asp/container_pages/normal_menu/rmArticle.asp?IDID=150

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:27, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110928063648/http://webapps.rhondda-cynon-taf.gov.uk/heritagetrail/big_anthem_fawr/anthem_baf.htm to http://webapps.rhondda-cynon-taf.gov.uk/heritagetrail/big_anthem_fawr/anthem_baf.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090601215440/http://www.welshicons.org.uk/html/hen_wlad_fy_nhadau.php to http://www.welshicons.org.uk/html/hen_wlad_fy_nhadau.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:01, 2 November 2017 (UTC)

Copied from previous song?
This may sound sacrilegious (and certainly qualifies as the dreaded original research), but it seems possible that Evan James took some of his words/images from a song that was published forty years earlier, or was inspired by it.

Compare the English version (or the Cymraeg, if you can read it) with this one.

This 'arrangement of a Welsh tune' was commissioned from Haydn in 1804. It is named 'Ffarwel Jeuengetid' (although perhaps this should be 'Ffarwel Jeuengctid' - a dictionary and various other Welsh books (1, 2, 3) appear to show this spelling - et and ct ligatures can be confusingly similar).

The lyrics were by William Smyth (historian), and apparently commissioned after the music.

The song was published in the UK in 1817, and can be seen on IMSLP. (There is a clearer modern image but it has typos in the tune name.) Even though the older words could almost fit the tune used nowadays, the original Haydn tune is quite different (it can be heard on YouTube).

The Welsh title to the Smyth/Haydn song starts with 'Hen Wlad' even though the English text begins without a reference to 'old'. This Welsh title was in use by at least 1947.

Sadly I've not managed to find any academic paper looking into this, so it can't be included in the main article. It is of course entirely possible that the similarities are coincidental - nowt new under the sun. But if any academic reading this wants to research the theory... ;-) Ozaru (talk) 15:58, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

Edit war
There is a clear edit war going on, with repeated reversions between those who want the wording to be 'the official national anthem' and those who want it to be 'an unofficial anthem' (or similar wording). It is complicated by the fact that other minor changes are being made at the same time.

Edit warring: what to do initially suggests that to cool things down, "all participants should cease warring and discuss the issue on the associated talk page" (i.e. here). It also suggests that "if edit warring user(s) appear unaware that edit warring is prohibited, they can be told about this policy by posting a {uw-ew} or {uw-3rr} template message on their user talk page", although from what I see there are a large number of different participants, some maybe unregistered or with inactive user talk pages.

Before requesting the page be protected, or "appropriate dispute resolution" is pursued, can I suggest that the guidance is followed, i.e. "work collaboratively"? It should be possible to produce NPOV wording that avoids this to-and-fro (for example, simply putting something like "an anthem which is claimed by some to be the official national anthem while others claim it is merely a song with no official standing" (and preferably giving valid references to back up both points of view)? But in any case, we should discuss it here rather than making yet more changes to the page itself before consensus is reached.

Ozaru (talk) 06:42, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The first reference in the article says Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau gradually became accepted as Wales’ national anthem – though to this day, it has no official status as such, so it seems the inclusion of "unofficial" is warranted. It was originally removed without comment here. clpo13(talk) 19:55, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Thanks. I have also now added some info on petitions requesting 'official status' which have been rejected as 'not currently possible'. Ozaru (talk) 06:59, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:52, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
 * National Anthem of Wales- Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau (Instrumental).ogg

title: Talk:Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau


text:
Museum Ludwig

Museum Ludwig, located in Cologne, Germany, houses a collection of modern art. It includes works from Pop Art, Abstract and Surrealism, and has one of the largest Picasso collections in Europe. It holds many works by Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein.

History
The museum emerged in 1976 as an independent institution from the Wallraf-Richartz Museum. That year the chocolate magnate Peter Ludwig agreed to endow 350 modern artworks—then valued at $45 million —and in return the City of Cologne committed itself to build a dedicated "Museum Ludwig" for works made after 1900. The recent building was designed by architects Peter Busmann and Godfrid Haberer and opened in 1986 near the Cologne Cathedral. The new building was home to both the Wallraf Richartz Museum as well as Museum Ludwig. In 1994, it was decided to separate the two institutions and to place the building on Bischofsgartenstrasse at the sole disposal of Museum Ludwig. In 1999, Steve Keene painted in the museum.

The building is home to the Kölner Philharmonie. The Heinrich-Böll-Platz, a public square designed by Dani Karavan, is above the concert hall at the north-east of the building. During concerts people are not permitted to walk on the square, as it creates acoustic disturbances for the concert-goers below.

In 2016 the museum joined forces with the Bell Art Center to organize an unofficial retrospective of Anselm Kiefer, which opened at Beijing’s Central Academy of Fine Arts. The last stop on the tour in China was to be the new Jupiter Museum of Art in Shenzhen, but a delayed museum opening caused the works to be put into storage. At this point the museum lost track of the pieces and began to search for them.

In January 2020 they located the pieces in a warehouse in Shenzhen and attempted to retrieve the piece. They were stopped by Chinese authorities. Diplomatic action has been undertaken by the German Government, the City of Koblenz, and Kiefer himself, to secure the return of the pieces, which include the monumental work Pasiphae.

Collection
The museum essentially incorporates the Sammlung Haubrich, a collection by lawyer Josef Haubrich of art from 1914 to 1939 donated to the city of Cologne in May 1946. Directly after World War II, in May 1946, Haubrich presented the city with his Expressionism collection (Erich Heckel, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, August Macke, Otto Mueller) and works by other representatives of Classical Modernism (Marc Chagall, Otto Dix). The second integral part of the museum is the Sammlung Ludwig, a collection of art by Picasso, Russian avant-garde and American Pop-art artists.

With around 900 works by Picasso, the museum today has the third largest collection of this artist worldwide, after Barcelona and Paris. Peter Ludwig and his wife Irene later put their collection of the Russian avant-garde on permanent loan to the museum, including 600 works from the period 1905 to 1935 by artists such as Kasimir Malevich, Ljubov Popova, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov, and Alexander Rodchenko. Today the museum houses the most comprehensive collection of early Russian avant-garde artworks outside Russia.

Selected works of the collection

 * Pierre Alechinsky : Coupe sombre (1968).
 * Josef Albers : Green Scent (1963).
 * Peter Blake : ABC Minors (1955), Bo Diddley (1963).
 * Salvador Dalí : La Gare de Perpignan (1965).
 * Otto Dix : Bildnis des Dr. Hans Koch (1921), Vorstadtszene (1922), Mädchen mit rosa Bluse (1923), Bildnis Frau Dr. Koch (1923).
 * Richard Estes : Food Shop / Snack-bar (1967).
 * Natalia Goncharova : Nature morte à la peau de tigre (1908), Portrait de Larionov (1913), Vendeuse d'oranges (1916).
 * Duane Hanson : Woman with a Purse / Femme au sac en bandoulière (1974).
 * Jasper Johns : Untitled (1972).
 * Allen Jones : Figure Falling / Chute (1964), Perfect Match / Partenaire idéale (1966–1967).
 * Edward Kienholz : Night of Nights / Nuit des nuits (1961), The Portable War Memorial / Monuments aux morts portable (1968).
 * Jean Le Gac : Le Peintre aux scabieuses / Der Maler mit Ackerwitwenblumen (1977).
 * Roy Lichtenstein : Takka-Takka (1962), Mad Scientist / Le savant fou (1963), M-Maybe / P-Peut-être (1965), Explosion n° 1 (1965), Study for Preparedness / Étude pour Disponibilité (1968)
 * László Moholy-Nagy : Grau-Schwarz-Blau / Gris-Noir-Bleu (1920), Auf weissen Grund / Sur fond blanc (1923).
 * Kenneth Noland : Provence (1960), Shadow Line / Ligne d'ombre (1967).
 * Claes Oldenburg : The Street / La rue (1960), Success Plant / Félicitations pour l'avancement (1961), White Shirt with Blue Tie / Chemise blanche et cravate bleue (1961), Green Legs with Shoes / Jambes vertes avec chaussures (1961)
 * Eduardo Paolozzi : The Last of the Idols (1963).
 * Robert Rauschenberg : Odalisque (1955–1958), Allegory / Allégorie (1959–1960), Wall Street (1961), Black Market / Marché noir (1961), Axle / Axe (1964), Bible Bike (Borealis) (1991).
 * Gerhard Richter : Ema (Akt auf einer Treppe) / Ema (Nude on a Staircase) (1966), 48 Porträts / 48 Portraits (1971/72), Betty (1977), 11 Scheiben / Eleven Panes (2003).

 * James Rosenquist : Rainbow / Arc-en-ciel (1961), Untitled (Joan Crawford says...) / Sans titre (Joan Crawford dit...) (1964), Horse blinders / Œillères pour cheval (1968–1969), Starthief / Voleur d'étoiles (1980).
 * George Segal : Woman washing her Feet in a Sink / Femme se lavant les pieds dans un lavabo (1964–1965), The Restaurant Window I / La fenêtre du restaurant I (1967).
 * Frank Stella : Seven Steps (1959), Ctesiphon III (1968), Bonin Night Heron No. 1 (1976).
 * Wolf Vostell : Coca-Cola, Dé-coll/age (1961), Homage to Henry Ford and Jaqueline Kennedy (1967), Miss America (1968).
 * Andy Warhol : Two Dollars Bills (Front and Rear) / 80 billets de deux dollars (recto et verso) (1962), 129 Die in Jet (Plane Crash) / 129 morts (catastrophe aérienne) (1962), Close Cover before Striking (Pepsi-Cola) / Refermer avant d'allumer (Pepsi Cola) (1962), Do it Yourself (Landscape) / Modèle pour peintres amateurs(paysage) (1962), Two Elvis / Double Elvis (1963), Red Race Riot / Émeute raciale rouge (1963), Boxes / Boîtes (1964),  Flowers / Fleurs (1964).
 * Tom Wesselmann : Bathtub 3 / Baignoire 3 (1963), Landscape No.2 / Paysage n° 2 (1964), Great American Nude / Grand nu américain (1967).

Wolfgang Hahn Prize
Since 1994 the Friends of the Museum Ludwig have honoured each year an international artist with the ‘Wolfgang Hahn Prize’, presented during the city's art fair Art Cologne. Both the annual highlight of the Friends' activities and one of the cultural features of Cologne and the Rhineland, this purchase prize is dedicated to the memory of Wolfgang Hahn (1924–1987), chief conservator and painting restorer at Wallraf Richartz Museum / Museum Ludwig and one of Cologne's most far-sighted collectors. The budget for the prize amounts to a maximum of 100,000 euros per annum. The museum also acquires a work from each prizewinner.

An international jury chooses from the nominations submitted by the members. The Wolfgang Hahn Prize has been awarded to the following artists:

 * 1994 – James Lee Byars
 * 1995 – Lawrence Weiner
 * 1996 – Günther Förg
 * 1997 – Cindy Sherman
 * 1998 – Franz West
 * 1999 – Pipilotti Rist
 * 2000 –
 * 2001 – Raymond Pettibon
 * 2002 – Isa Genzken
 * 2003 – Niele Toroni
 * 2004 – Rosemarie Trockel
 * 2005 – Richard Artschwager
 * 2006 – Mike Kelley
 * 2007 – none awarded
 * 2008 – Peter Doig
 * 2009 – Christopher Wool
 * 2010 – Peter Fischli & David Weiss
 * 2011 – John Miller
 * 2012 – Henrik Olesen
 * 2013 – Andrea Fraser
 * 2014 – Kerry James Marshall
 * 2015 – Michael Krebber, R. H. Quaytman
 * 2016 – Huang Yong Ping
 * 2017 – Trisha Donnelly
 * 2018 – Haegue Yang
 * 2019 – Jac Leirner
 * 2020 – Betye Saar
 * 2021 – Marcel Odenbach
 * 2022 – Frank Bowling
 * 2023 – Francis Alÿs
 * 2024 – Anna Boghiguian

Directors

 * 1978–1984: Karl Ruhrberg
 * 1984–1991: Siegfried Gohr
 * 1991–1997: Marc Scheps
 * 1997–2000: Jochen Poetter
 * 2002–2012: Kasper König
 * 2012–2014: Philipp Kaiser
 * 2015–present: Yilmaz Dziewior

Nazi looted art
In 1999 the museum returned the painting Zwei weibliche Halbakte (Two Female Nudes ) (1919) by Otto Mueller to the heirs of Dr. Ismar Littmann. In February 2000 the museum returned La Grappe de Raisins (1920) by Louis Marcoussis (1883–1941) to the family of El Lissitzky and Sophie Lissitzky-Küppers.

In 2013 the city of Cologne agreed that the Ludwig Museum should restitute six valuable drawings looted by the Nazis from the Jewish art collector Alfred Flechtheim to his heirs. The drawings are by Karl Hofer, Paula Modersohn-Becker, Ernst Barlach, Aristide Maillol and Wilhelm Morgner. The Ludwig Museum also agreed to restitute five drawings by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Erich Heckel and Georges Kars to the heirs of Curt Glaser.

title: Museum Ludwig


text:
Mary Findlater

Mary Williamina Findlater (28 March 1865 – 22 November 1963) was a Scottish novelist and poet.

Early life
Mary Williamina Findlater was born at Lochearnhead, Perthshire, the second daughter of the Rev. Eric John Thomson Findlater and Sarah Borthwick Findlater. Her father was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland; he died in 1886. Her mother worked with her own sister, Jane Borthwick, to compile Hymns from the Land of Luther (1855), a book of translated German-language hymns, before she married. Writer Jane Findlater was her younger sister and lifelong collaborator.

Career
Findlater wrote novels and poetry both alone and together with her sister Jane. The sisters made two literary tours of the United States one in 1905. They collaborated with American writer Kate Douglas Wiggin, and were acquainted with Henry James, Ellen Terry, and Mary Chomondeley. Their best-known and most widely admired collaboration is the novel Crossriggs (1908), re-issued in 1986 by Virago Press. Her heroines are "surprisingly modern", often rejecting the expected path of marriage and motherhood, and preferring female companionship, care responsibilities, or a life in the arts.

Personal life
Findlater moved with her mother and sisters to Prestonpans after Rev. Findlater's death in 1886. They also lived in Devon, for their mother's health, and built a house in Rye They returned to Perthshire during World War II. Mary Findlater lived all her life with her sister Jane, until Jane died in 1946. Mary Findlater died in 1963, at St. Fillans. Her grave is in Comrie.

Selected bibliography

 * Songs and Sonnets (1895)
 * Over the Hills (1897)
 * Betty Musgrave (1899)
 * A Narrow Way (1901)
 * Tales that are Told (1901, with Jane Findlater)
 * The Rose of Joy (1903)
 * The Affair at the Inn (1904, with Jane Findlater, Kate Douglas Wiggin, and Allan McAulay)
 * A Blind Bird's Nest (1907)
 * Crossriggs (1908, with Jane Findlater)
 * Robinetta (1911, with Jane Findlater, Kate Douglas Wiggin, and Allan McCaulay)
 * Penny Monypenny (1911, with Jane Findlater)
 * Tents of a Night (1914)
 * Seen and Heard before and after 1914 (1916, with Jane Findlater)
 * Content with Flies (1916, with Jane Findlater)
 * Beneath the Visiting Moon (1923, with Jane Findlater)

title: Mary Findlater


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Talk:Warsaw/Vote

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was invalid listing. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:22, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Warsaw/Vote
Arguably, this page is already on VfD via Votes for deletion/Warsaw/Vote. But that's not entirely clear. To ensure prompt deletion of the page presently containing the poll, please vote here as well --Jerzy (t) 15:46, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)

 * Delete (vote by nominator) for reasons i gave on the other VfD page. --Jerzy (t) 15:46, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Query. If this page is already on VfD, what is the point of nominating it twice? Doesn't that just unecessarily increase vfd bloat? And what would happen if the result of one vfd was keep, but the other was delete? Dave the Red (talk) 19:02, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redundant. Treat it like any other page that's moved during vfd.  One debate's enough. —Korath (Talk) 21:22, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please see CSD criterion G8 and please read Deletion process. Uncle G 12:41, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * Actually, i shan't reread the less memorable portions of those pages, until i need the info: While i have an active interest in policy, and value the Wiki-lawyers who keep it codified, becoming a Wiki-lawyer is not part of my calling. And i don't need that info bcz none of it could change the clear fact that either the nomination for deletion names a page that was a redirect when nominated (obviously (to anyone who knows of RfD) improperly), or the instruction (placed on the page via template in the process of nomination) not to move a nominated page has been contravened.  A VfD that does not make sense on its face has unacceptably high cost in distraction of participants -- as would an RTFM msg like the one above, if it went unanswered.
 * My disambiguation of the situation at a point immediately visible to the VfD participants is a mediocre solution, but superior to what i found. I welcome a yet better solution; one might be
 * moving ("my") Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Talk:Warsaw/Vote to Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion/Talk:Warsaw/Vote,
 * deleting the resulting historyless redirect,
 * moving Votes for deletion/Warsaw/Vote to Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Talk:Warsaw/Vote,
 * adding to it a brief note with link to Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion/Talk:Warsaw/Vote, and
 * adjusting other links accordingly,
 * but IMO only a Wiki-lawyer is in a position to judge the acceptability of that means of making the VfD sensible on its face.
 * If WP:CfD and Deletion process don't provide for that or some other means of achieving face-value sense, i'm prepared to wait for the Wiki-lawyers to correct that deficiency in the codification and/or the on-the-scene instructions, and will continue, until they get to it, to edit, VfD, and responsibly improvise for the sake of face-value sense.
 * --Jerzy (t) 04:46, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Justin Johnson

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Justin Johnson
16-year-old from Chicago suburbs who's found the website of the Universal Life Church. Ultravanity. Meelar (talk) 15:48, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nothing against those under 30 here, but subject isn't notable. Delete --Asriel86 16:44, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, admit it, you are not very notable too. Grue 16:48, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Was that nessessary? My word, it's starting to seem like junior high in the vfd list. Just as contribution, then, you smell bad. --Asriel86 17:13, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Grue 16:48, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ever notice how these all seem the same? Fawcett5 17:00, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well ... this one has capital letters in the title. "unrealized aspirations".  Delete. Uncle G 17:40, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 20:02, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I concur with the votes above, nothing futher to add. Oliver Keenan 20:39, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Romano-Germanic Museum

The Roman-Germanic Museum (RGM, in German: Römisch-Germanisches Museum) is an archaeological museum in Cologne, Germany. It has a large collection of Roman artifacts from the Roman settlement of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, on which modern Cologne is built. The museum protects the original site of a Roman town villa, from which a large Dionysus mosaic remains in its original place in the basement, and the related Roman Road just outside. In this respect the museum is an archaeological site.

The museum also has the task of preserving the Roman cultural heritage of Cologne, and therefore houses an extensive collection of Roman glass from funerals and burials and also exercises archaeological supervision over the construction of the Cologne underground.

Most of the museum's collection was housed at the Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Cologne until 1946. In the front of the museum the former northern town gate of Cologne with the inscription CCAA (for Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium) is on display in the building.

The museum
The Römisch-Germanisches Museum, which opened in 1974, is near Cologne Cathedral, on the site of a 3rd-century villa. The villa was discovered in 1941 during the construction of an air-raid shelter. On the floor of the main room of the villa is the renowned Dionysus mosaic. Since the mosaic could not be moved easily, the architects Klaus Renner and Heinz Röcke designed the museum around the mosaic. The inner courtyards of the museum mimic the layout of the ancient villa.

In addition to the Dionysus mosaic, which dates from around A.D. 220/230, there is the reconstructed sepulchre of the legionary Poblicius (about A.D. 40). There is also an extensive collection of Roman glassware as well as an array of Roman and medieval jewellery. Many artefacts of everyday life in Roman Cologne — including portraits (e.g., of Roman emperor Augustus and his wife Livia Drusilla), inscriptions, pottery, and architectural fragments — round out the displays.

On the night of 18 January 2007, Cyclone Kyrill blew a sheet of plywood through the glass front of the museum right onto the Dionysus mosaic. The damage was repaired within a week.

The museum has the world's largest collection of locally produced glass from the Roman period.

Books

 * Gerta Wolff: The Roman-Germanic Cologne. A Guide to the Roman-Germanic Museum and City of Cologne. J. P. Bachem: Cologne, 2002, ISBN 3-7616-1371-7

title: Romano-Germanic Museum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Guy Demeter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Guy Demeter
Neither Graphix Global nor the software appear to be notable; "Guy Demeter" + GlobalBooks gets 0 google hits. Xezbeth 15:49, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete trivial --Asriel86 16:45, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not-notable. Grue 16:48, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete concur nn. Fawcett5 17:01, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted, since it had been blanked by the originator. RickK 23:17, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Wanda Toscanini Horowitz

Untitled
I don't understand this sentence:
 * Following Horowitz's death in 1989, Wanda purchased the couple's home "Pinci's Acres" in Ashfield, Massachusetts, and stocked it with American antiques and Horowitz memorabilia.

How is it that she purchased the house after his death? Did they previously rent it? In what sense was it previously "the couple's home"??? -- Viajero 15:51, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I suppose so. I forgot to mention the source, which is http://web.telia.com/~u85420275/trivia.htm. — Pladask 19:34, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, no, wait. I misunderstood the whole thing. Vladimir obviously never lived there, as it says "1990–1998". — Pladask 19:36, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

I am undertaking an extensive rewrite of this article. This will take a few days and I will add citations.THD3 (talk) 20:27, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, that was faster than I thought. Rewrite complete.  Tags deleted.THD3 (talk) 20:50, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Proposal for merger with Vladimir Horowitz

 * Ok. But with all respect, but do you really think this individual rates an encyclopedia entry? Simply being the wife or child of a famous person is not really enough. Again, it is no slight against her; quite possibly she was a wonderful individual, but I don't know of any accomplishments of hers that suggest that she was more than that. If she hadn't been married to Horowitz, what is the probability we would have an entry for her? I am all for creating stubs, but there should at least be a real possibility that the stub could grow to something more. I suggest we merge this information in the Horowitz article and redirect it there. -- Viajero 20:16, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Personally, I do think so, especially concidering that she's the child and _also_ the wife of a famous person (fortunately not the same famous person :-) ). Further, I do think the stub can grow into something more than this. I've seen Horowitz videos with interviews, and she seems to have been quite an interesting character. Anyway, IMHO, the current version justifies a Wikipedia entrance. — Pladask 14:47, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Wanda was an extraordinary character. This "battle-ax," as she was called, ruled Horowitz (and usually to his benefit) for most of his life. You can catch a glimpse of her in one of Woody Allen's films, in a cocktail party scene. Both she and Horowitz were good friends of Woody and Mia. WK has articles on virtually everybody....from Jenna Bush to Donald Trump, Jr.. Wanda clearly rates something in the WP Universe. 66.108.4.183 15:14, 21 July 2006 (UTC) Nash's Companion

 * Agreed. I OPPOSE the merger of this article with either Vladimir Horowitz or Arturo Toscanini.THD3 (talk) 12:50, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

After four years (including one year with the tag in the article) an no clear mandate for merger, I am deleting the merge tag.THD3 (talk) 19:49, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

If she was truly notable not just because of who her father and husband were, then we should be able to come up with something about her own personal notability in the lede. We haven't done that yet and we appear to still be violating WP's rules about notability of subjects. --  Jack of Oz    ... speak! ...   19:32, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Should we also delete the article about Amy Carter, then?THD3 (talk) 19:55, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

Homosexuality
See Vladimir Horowitz discussion. I don't know if we should just label him homosexual on this page either. Perhaps changing it to a manner which generalizes sexual things. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Arvindan Thekkadath (talk • contribs) 10:40, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't see any point in mentioning it on this page. It's not like Wanda was a lesbian (although according to Harvey Sachs,  Sonia was).THD3 (talk) 13:19, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I mean to say, changing the term homosexuality. Implying that it was sexual orientation which Horowitz was struggling from. If anything, shouldn't there be a reference.Arvindan T. 19:25, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wanda Toscanini Horowitz


text:
Alexander McNair

Alexander McNair (May 5, 1775 – March 18, 1826) was an American frontiersman and politician. He was the first Governor of Missouri from prior to its entry as a state in 1820, until 1824.

Early life
Alexander McNair was born in Lancaster in the Province of Pennsylvania and grew up in Mifflin County. His grandfather, David McNair Sr., immigrated to Pennsylvania from Donaghmore, County Donegal, Ireland around 1733 and had Scottish ancestors from Loch Lomond. David McNair Jr., Alexander's father (b. 1736), fought with General George Washington in the Trenton and Princeton campaigns in the winter of 1776–77, and died in February 1777 as a result of wounds received in battle and exposure when Alexander was less than two years old. Alexander went to school as a child, and attended one term at the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania). He reached an agreement with his mother and brothers that the brothers would have a boxing match and that the winner would receive the father's property. Alexander was defeated. He became a member of the Pennsylvania militia and fought for the government in the Whiskey Rebellion in 1791 and 1794.

Missouri
In 1804, McNair traveled to what is now Missouri, the United States having just acquired it following the Louisiana Purchase. In that year, he married Marguerite Suzanne de Reihle de Regal, the daughter of a French marquis. He lived in St. Louis, Missouri, participated in Freemasonry as a member of St. Louis Lodge 111, and served as a United States Marshal. He also became a successful businessman, and served two terms on the Board of Trustees of the Town of St. Louis, in 1808 and 1813.

On May 24, 1813, Stephen F. Austin, who was later responsible for the colonization of Texas, and for whom Austin, Texas is named, was commissioned an ensign in the Missouri militia. Later in September, he enlisted as a private in the First Regiment of Mounted Militia commanded by Colonel Alexander McNair.

McNair was elected governor in 1820, receiving 72% of the vote and defeating the famous explorer William Clark. After his time as governor, he worked in the Indian Department until his death.

Death
Alexander McNair died of influenza, and was buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis.

title: Alexander McNair


text:
Talk:Brigadier

2005-2006
Was colonel commandant a rank in its own right? Or was it simply an appointment (or even just a descriptive label) of a colonel commanding a brigade? Franey 15:53, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * An appointment. As was Brigadier itself until after WWII. -- Necrothesp 17:33, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * AFAIK, in the Royal Marines, brigadier didn't become a substantive rank until 1999 (same time as commodore became substantive in the RN). — Franey 12:18, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Rank and temporary appointment are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
 * Not sure what you mean, since in this case they are entirely different things. -- Necrothesp 23:33, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Hmmm. Brigadier may not have become a substantive rank until after WWII; but was it a temporary rank before then? Rank is rank, even when not held substantively: an acting major outranks a captain, though both have the same substantive rank; substantive majors do not outrank temporary majors (though they are senior to them).

Conversely, an RSM is senior by appointment to many other WO1s, but does not outrank them.

So:
 * did pre-WWII brigadiers outrank ordinary colonels?
 * Or were they merely senior by appointment to them?

We may be able to apply a saluting test, if King's/Queen's Regs on saluting were the same then as they are now.

IIRC, officers of the rank of major or higher must salute their superiors in rank. Would a pre-WWII colonel be expected to salute a brigadier?
 * if not, then Brigadier was indeed only an appointment;
 * but if the colonel was expected to salute, then Brigadier was a rank, albeit one that could only be held temporarily.

— Franey 12:18, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I would have said that Colonels did indeed salute Brigadiers, but I'm not sure the basis of your argument is correct. Surely a Lance-Sergeant outranked a Corporal and a Lance-Corporal outranked a Private even at the time when both were only appointments? Correct me if I'm wrong, but I'm pretty sure they did, since L/Sgts were treated as Sergeants in every way and L/Cpls were treated as NCOs. The appointments they held were not the same as those held by WOs, where one WO1 never outranks another WO1 no matter what his appointment. Would this not have been the same for Brigadiers? -- Necrothesp 13:03, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Queen's Regs are explicit: a field officer must salute any officer superior in rank, not any officer merely senior to himself (except on the parade ground, where any officer must salute his senior, even if they're the same rank). Assuming King's Regs were the same in WWII (a reasonable though hardly unassailable assumption), then if a colonel was expected to salute a brigadier (away from the parade ground), the brigadier must have been superior in rank, and ipso facto Brigadier must have been a temporary rank rather than just an appointment.

 * What's your argument for saying that l/sgts outranked sgts, and old-style l/cpls outranked privates? They had greater authority and privileges, but neither necessarily implies an "outranking". (A battalion 2ic exercises command over its other majors, but does not outrank them, and may not even be the senior major; Eisenhower was for a while at once both Monty's commander and his junior in rank. As for privileged treatment: a modern Guards lance sergeant is a member of the Sergeant's Mess, but is otherwise just a corporal in fancy dress.) Moreover, l/sgts weren't treated as sergeants in every way: some jobs called explicitly for l/sgts rather than sergeants proper — e.g. section commanders in WWII glider regiments.

 * In any case, I don't think you can simultaneously argue that A outranks B, and that A is actually the same rank as B: it looks like a contradiction in terms.

 * Just to make it clear: I'm not saying that Brigadier was a temporary rank rather than an appointment; I'm just raising the possibility. I think we're going to need a military lawyer (preferably with a historical bent) to be certain. — Franey 15:47, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not a military lawyer and I'm not arguing one way or the other. I too am merely raising the possibility that there may be a difference. This is the British Armed Forces remember - traditions do not necessarily follow either hard and fast rules or logic, and even the forces themselves are often unaware of the finer points (I've seen plenty of errors on official websites and in official documents). I think there's confusion anyway, since I've seen Lance-Corporal (pre-1961) described as both an appointment and a temporary rank. Another interesting one is Colour Sergeant: appointment of Staff Sergeant or actually a different but equal rank? I've seen both versions. This is a very confusing subject, as we both know. Out of interest, pre-1999, did an RN captain salute a commodore? -- Necrothesp 10:25, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

UDA
Should there be a section on the UDA? There is no higher level section on any national army. The UDA is not a proper military force. Furthermore, the UDA does not use brigadier in any special way. I think the UDA does not deserve a mention, let alone an entire section.Mesoso 17:58, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

"Emperor's New Clothes" link
Rm the link; it was an extremely POV essay on how great the UK ranking system was, and how other countries' ranking systems as deviations from it were "wrong, stupid, pointless, and confusing". It adds nothing to the article. -- Sig Pig  |SEND - OVER 20:30, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

A note:
Brigadier, is originally a Dutch word. Randalph P. Williams 10:29, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Not according to the dictionaries. Do you have a citation? -- Sig Pig  |SEND - OVER 10:45, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

As a British sub-officer rank
"Brigadier" seems to have been used in its Continental sense in the old Troops of Horse Guards. An example Gazette from 1782 gives appointments to the following ranks: The dual ranks were to reflect that regimental rank in the Guards carried with it higher rank in the Army, a situation that continued until the mid-nineteenth century. Opera hat (talk) 15:42, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Cornet and Major
 * Guidon and Major
 * Exempt and Captain
 * Brigadier and Lieutenant
 * Sub-Brigadier and Cornet
 * ...and there are still brigadiers in this sense in the Royal Company of Archers. Opera hat (talk) 23:36, 20 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I've added a section to Brigadier (United Kingdom) on this, though it could do with being better sourced. Opera hat (talk) 12:52, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

Merge?
Shouldn't this entry be merged with Brigadier general? 151.24.0.196 (talk) 10:49, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

 * No. Pdfpdf (talk) 13:49, 13 September 2013 (UTC)
 * (i.e. Why do you think it should be? Pdfpdf (talk) 13:49, 13 September 2013 (UTC))

 * There's already a disambiguation page::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_(disambiguation). If that page isn't working, then the two military ranks should be merged. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.195.221.201 (talk) 20:45, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Brigadier. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141204195951/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/Les-grades-dans-l-armee-de-terre.html to http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/Les-grades-dans-l-armee-de-terre.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:08, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:08, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Sri Lanka-army-OF-6.svg

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:55, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Brig LDF.png
 * Zambia-army 13.gif

title: Talk:Brigadier


text:
2006 New Mexico gubernatorial election

The 2006 New Mexico gubernatorial election was a race for the Governor of New Mexico held on November 7, 2006. Incumbent Democratic Governor Bill Richardson was running for re-election. He faced Republican John Dendahl in the general election and won by a landslide. , this was the last time a male candidate was elected Governor of New Mexico.

Democratic

 * Bill Richardson, incumbent Governor of New Mexico
 * Anselmo A. Chavez, veteran and perennial candidate

Republican

 * James R. Damron, physician
 * George Brent Bailey Jr., educator and minister

Candidates

 * Bill Richardson (Democrat), incumbent Governor of New Mexico
 * John Dendahl (Republican), former chair of the Republican Party of New Mexico

Campaign
Damron defeated Bailey in the Republican primary, but withdrew from the race on June 17, 2006 due to a lack of fundraising. John Dendahl was appointed by the Republican State Central Committee to replace him. There were no general election debates between the two candidates.

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Chaves (largest village: Roswell)
 * Eddy (largest city: Carlsbad)
 * Lincoln (largest city: Roidoso)
 * Otero (largest city: Alamogordo)
 * San Juan (largest city: Farmington)
 * Sierra (largest city: Truth or Consequences)
 * Torrance (largest city: Moriarty)
 * Los Alamos (largest city: Los Alamos)

title: 2006 New Mexico gubernatorial election


text:
User:ParappaYo

User: ParappaYo
I'm a total video game addict. "Kick, punch, it's all in the mind," as they say.

Favourite Wikipedia Pages
Most of these are pages that I'm trying to contribute to.

 * Tactical RPG
 * Working Designs
 * Hex Combat
 * Stella Deus: The Gate of Eternity

A.K.A.
I sometimes log in accidentally as "Parappayo" and was foolish enough to create that as a valid Wikipedia account. If you see contributions by Parappayo, know that I am the same guy.

title: User:ParappaYo


text: User talk:24.42.100.216

title: User talk:24.42.100.216


text:
Certificate of identity

A certificate of identity, sometimes called an alien's passport, is a travel document issued by a country to non-citizens (also called aliens) residing within their borders who are stateless persons or otherwise unable to obtain a passport from their state of nationality (generally refugees). Some states also issue certificates of identity to their own citizens as a form of emergency passport or otherwise in lieu of a passport. The visa requirements of certificates of identity may be different from those of regular passports.

1951 Convention documents (for refugees)
A certificate of identity issued to a refugee is also referred to as a 1951 Convention travel document (also known as a refugee travel document or a Geneva passport), in reference to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 145 countries are parties to the 1951 Convention and 146 countries are parties to the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Notably, the United States is not a party to the Convention, but provides travel documents to its lawful permanent residents, either as a Re-entry Permit or a refugee travel document under the 1967 Protocol.

1954 Convention documents (for stateless persons)
A certificate of identity issued to a stateless person is also referred to as a 1954 Convention travel document, in reference to the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. 89 countries are parties to the 1954 Convention.

Unlike a refugee travel document, a certificate of identity issued by most countries does not in itself entitle the holder to readmission into the country.

Non-Convention travel documents
Non-Convention (or non-National) travel documents are travel documents issued by a country to non-citizen (also called alien) residents who do not have access to passport facilities from their own countries, are not recognized as either Convention refugees, and are not officially stateless under the 1954 Convention relating to the status of stateless persons (or the country they live in has not signed that convention).

In these cases there is no formal international agreement to regulate the issue of travel documents to these people although most countries will issue their own version of a non-convention travel document to residents. These documents broadly meet ICAO standards for international identity documents. They are known variously as Alien's Passports in mainland Europe and Scandinavia and as a certificate of identity in the United Kingdom, Australia and Hong Kong.

National examples
Certificates of identity are issued under various names, including:
 * 🇦🇺 Australia – Australian Certificate of Identity
 * Brunei – Bruneian International Certificate of Identity
 * 🇨🇦 Canada – Canadian Certificate of Identity
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia – Estonian alien's passport
 * 🇫🇮 Finland – Finnish Alien's Passport
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong – Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes
 * before handover – Hong Kong Certificate of Identity
 * 🇮🇳 India – Indian Identity Certificate
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia – Paspor Orang Asing
 * 🇯🇵 Japan – Japan Re-entry Permit
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia – Non-citizens (Latvia)
 * Macau – Macau Special Administrative Region Travel Permit
 * before handover – Passaporte para Estrangeiros ('Passport for foreigners')
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia – Malaysian Certificate of Identity
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand – New Zealand Certificate of Identity
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore – Singapore Certificate of Identity
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom – British Certificate of Travel
 * 🇺🇸 United States – U.S. Re-entry Permit

title: Certificate of identity


text:
Talk:Geode (processor)

MMX
Quote: "The processors lack many of the SIMD instructions such as MMX and SSE, which are present in more popular processors." ... according to the AMD website, seemingly all Geodes nowadays support at least MMX. --Maikel 15:56, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Gaming device?
I'm curious... How would one of the Geodes fair in a handheld gaming device? Has anyone attempted this yet? Or is the Arm still a better choice? - Zephyrxero 10:01, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

A few issues
''Note: I am not a hardware engineer; these are from the view of a programmer and a little use of valgrind's cachegrind. Cachegrind options: (--I1=16384,4,32 --D1=16384,4,32 --L2=64,2,32) and just use the number of L2 cache references as the cache miss count (Valgrind doesn't know about L2-cacheless chips).''

The Geode NX chews WAY too much power, it's a repackaged Athlon. Power-critical applications will probably need a GX or LX; but neither of these have a full hardware FPU (extended prec is microcode) and they are lower performance.

The Geode GX uses 0.9, 1.0, or 1.1 watt of power, although it has limited speed. It also lacks extended precision floating point functionality; single precision floats execute in 1 cycle, anything more gets picked up by CPU microcode and pushed through the pipeline multiple times. It has 3DNow, 3DNow-A, and MMX; it has the SSE prefetch instructions PREFETCHNTA, PREFETCHT0, PREFETCHT1, and PREFETCHT2, but no more of SSE. Performance is likely to improve by some degree with a compiler that actually uses the prefetch; gcc does not, although there is a pending patch.

In large, CPU-bound workloads the Geode GX will probably have problems with cache. Geode GX has 32KiB of 4-way set associative L1 cache and no L2. Cache misses cost around 25 cycles each, so the nominal performance hit for CPU-bound loads can be 28% or even 33% (cachegrind on Python and Rhythmbox). Comparably, a desktop CPU with 512K L2 (i.e. Barton) has a 0.2% cache miss rate (i.e. miss L1, miss L2); and L2 only takes 1-2 cycles longer to access than L1. IO bound workloads (accessing disk, NAND flash, or the graphics hardware) will not really care very much.

An off-die L2 cache option so embedded systems requiring the cache could drop in a chip between 16KiB and 512KiB may have helped certain cases; on-die L2 would just be expensive and, where actually useful, would likely need to be a lot bigger than technically feasible, quickly becoming prohibitively expensive and highly wasteful on power. Still, off-die cache costs money, power, and added circuitry, and is slower than on-die so you can't likely get the 1-2 cycle difference; but that's rolled down to the IHV implementing the Geode-based board.

I think someone should add something to the article explaining how the Geode LX800 is now in the Raon Vega UMPC; this is one of the first consumer-level devices with one of these processors. http://www.dynamism.com/vega/main.shtml 67.175.75.186 06:44, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Amusingly the OLPC Project now uses the Geode LX. I heard rumors that the 64K I1 + 64K D1 + 128K L2 brought performance up 2-4 times. Not exactly consumer level, but pretty hot anyway.

Geode design team is gone
For those interested in Geode (real geodes - GX/SCx200/LX not NX) the design team was cut or redirected by AMD in 2006. The is no real capability left to build another Geode based on the GX/LX. The parts of the Geode team, in Longmont, CO, who AMD wanted to keep were told that they'd be moving to the Fort Collins, CO site in late '06. Several silicon designers, I think about 35 people, and 20 systems/software engineers were retained. The rest took the severance package and left. Geode never found a place to make good money, so perhaps this is for the best. Ex-geode-er 21:22, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

LX900 incorrect frequency
According to the AMD Technical spec page, the LX900 processor frequency is 600 MHz, not 667 MHz. http://www.amd.com/us-en/ConnectivitySolutions/ProductInformation/0,,50_2330_9863_13022%5E13058,00.html

Geode NX2001
User:Denniss keeps on reverting edits that remove the NX2001 from the list of Geode NX processors. I asked him why, because AMD doesn't provide any reference to the processor. The only references found on the Internet are some forums in Polish and German language and a handful of sellers of this CPU, there are no official sources available. All sellers say it is an Athlon XP 2200+ Thoroughbred really.

Though OPN (part number) ANXA2001FKC3D is suggested by Denniss, it doesn't appear in AMD's Geode datasheets and a Quantispeed rating ending in "1" is never used in any of AMD's numbering schemes. The OPN doesn't make sense (see also AMD Geode datasheet, AMD Athlon XP datasheet and AMD Athlon OPN reference):

ANX = AMD Athlon-based Geode Solution A = Geode: unknown TDP; Athlon XP: Desktop Processor 2001 = Model Number F = OPGA Package (Geode) K = 1.65V Vcore C = System Bus Speed 266 FSB (133 MHz) 3 = Size of L2 Cache: 256 kb D = Max. Die Temperature: unknown (Geode)

A 1.65V Vcore is way too high for mobile/low power use. Typically, a Thoroughbred core @1.65V would consume 60W or more power. Unless a Vcore/multiplier switching is at play, of course, which I doubt (requires special motherboards/BIOSes; the "A" in TDP suggests a desktop processor)

Specifications of the "AMD Geode NX 2001" as advertised: Clock Speed: 1.8 GHz, 1.65 Volts core operating voltage. There are no references found for low power operation, nor any figures for power consumption.

I don't think AMD is approving the sales at all, I think this is just a marketing trick to get rid of surplus stock Athlon XP processors, meant for the embedded CPU market. Unless someone can provide solid proof of power figures (25W/40W, I have only read one reference at a German forum, the sales ads do not give power figures), I would think it is just a relabeled desktop processor, or a mobile "desktop replacement" processor.

Cheers, Brinkie 14:19, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

I actually had this processor. For all means and purposes it behaved like a 2200+. It actually looked as a relabelled CPU, I didn't check this as I was afraid of doing damage, but it looked as if there was an original label (of Athlon XP 2200+ presumably) covered by Geode NX2001 quasi-nonsense label.--Azarien (talk) 20:59, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Missing discussion of SC1200/SC2200/SC3200, 1400, and SC1100
The SCxx00 Geodes were developed by National Tel Aviv (NSTA) based on IP from Longmont and other sources. The 1400 was first and was a disaster and wasn't productized. SCx200 followed and was a full x86 PC on a chip. Very similar to the GXm+CS5540+sio. SC1100 was a headless version. There was another variant too.

This entry is also missing information about the other chipset devices for the GX1 family. These were the CS5510, CS5520, CS5530.

CS5535 was designed by National in Santa Clara. CS5535 worked with GX2, as mentioned. It also works with LX.

CS5536 was designed by AMD in Dresden (DDC). CS5536 worked with LX, as mentioned. It also works with GX2.

During the last couple years of Longmont, the team developed two or three products with Dresden which were ultimately killed by management in the late stages of development. The lack of direction by management is what many believe led to the demise of the team.

Also, wrt OLPC, someone should reference the opensource efforts supported by the Longmont AMD staff. See http://ols.108.redhat.com/2007/Reprints/crouse-Reprint.pdf There are probably others to cite.

Ex-geode-er-2 01:22, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

GX2 RTL was given to a Chinese University by AMD in approximately 2004
The RTL for the GX2 processor and peripherals was given to a university in Beijing sometime around 2004 by AMD. The verification environment, scripts, etc. were also transferred. All was done on the up and up, so there weren't any legal or government issues doing this.

A couple AMD employees were sent to China to work with the university to help them build their own version.

Sometime in 2006 the university got the processor to function in a FPGA.

Just some interesting info on what companies do to gain market access for other products.

Ex-geode-er-3 16:53, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

CS5510, CS5520, CS5530, CS5540, CS5535, CS5536,
The CS5510, CS5520, CS5530, CS5530A all worked with the MediaGX/GXm/GXlv/GX1 architecture.

The GX2 worked with the CS5530A (in a special operational mode), the CS5535, and the CS5536.

The Castle (LX) worked with the CS5536 and the CS5535 devices.

Ex-geode-er-3 17:07, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

An image on this page may be deleted
This is an automated message regarding an image used on this page. The image File:AMD Geode Processor Logo.svg, found on Geode (processor), has been nominated for deletion because it does not meet Wikipedia image policy. Please see the image description page for more details. If this message was sent in error (that is, the image is not up for deletion, or was left on the wrong talk page), please contact this bot's operator. STBotI (talk) 14:20, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Geode (processor). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20041010210023/http://www.amd.com:80/us-en/ConnectivitySolutions/ProductInformation/0,,50_2330_9863,00.html?redir=CSPR07 to http://www.amd.com/us-en/ConnectivitySolutions/ProductInformation/0,,50_2330_9863,00.html?redir=CSPR07

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 12:53, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Geode (processor). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041205083656/http://www.national.com/appinfo/solutions/ to http://www.national.com/appinfo/solutions/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060104130003/http://www.quixant.co.uk/hardware.php to http://www.quixant.co.uk/hardware.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061113024604/http://www.wlug.org.nz/CompaqEvoT20Notes to http://www.wlug.org.nz/CompaqEvoT20Notes
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060603174613/http://www.bluetrait.com/archive/2005/08/07/installing-linux-2200-onto-the-ibm-netvista-n2200-8363 to http://www.bluetrait.com/archive/2005/08/07/installing-linux-2200-onto-the-ibm-netvista-n2200-8363/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:50, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geode (processor)


text:
Santa Elena

Santa Elena may refer to:

Inhabited places

 * Santa Elena, Entre Ríos, Argentina
 * Santa Elena, Cayo, Belize
 * Santa Elena, Corozal, Belize, a village in on the Belize–Mexico border
 * Santa Elena, Toledo, a municipality in Toledo, Belize
 * Santa Elena, a township in Medellín, Colombia
 * Santa Elena, Costa Rica
 * Santa Elena, Ecuador
 * Santa Elena Province, Ecuador
 * Santa Elena, San Salvador, a neighborhood in San Salvador, El Salvador
 * Santa Elena, Usulután, El Salvador
 * Santa Elena, El Petén, Guatemala
 * Santa Elena, La Paz, Honduras
 * Santa Elena, El Petén, Guatemala
 * Santa Elena, Chiapas, locality in the city of Ocosingo, Mexico
 * Santa Elena Municipality, Yucatán, Mexico
 * Santa Elena, Paraguay
 * Santa Elena, Virú, Peru
 * Santa Elena, Camarines Norte, Philippines
 * Santa Elena, Marikina, Philippines
 * Santa Elena, Samar, Philippines
 * Santa Elena, Spain
 * Santa Elena de Jamuz, Castile and León, Spain
 * Santa Elena, Texas, United States
 * Santa Elena (Spanish Florida), modern Parris Island, South Carolina, United States
 * Santa Elena de Uairén, Bolívar, Venezuela

Other uses

 * Santa Elena River, in Nor Cinti Province, Bolivia
 * Santa Elena (Mexibús), a BRT station in Chimalhuacán, State of Mexico

title: Santa Elena


text:
User:Itai/Draft

=Benguela railway=

The Benguela railway (Caminho de Ferro de Benguela) was a railway stretching through Angula, which connected the harbor of the city Benguela, with the rich farming and mining lands to the east, especially with the mines of landlocked Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Effects
Construction of Lobito.

Renovation
After a period of inactivity, efforts are now underway to renovate the Benguela railway.

http://www.angola.org/referenc/benguela.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4020069.stm

=Microwave radar=

A microwave radar is a radar which uses the microwave electormagnetic range.

External link

 * The Wizard War: WW2 & The Origins Of Radar (public domain)

title: User:Itai/Draft


text:
Rich black

Rich black, in printing, is an ink mixture of solid black over one or more of the other CMYK colors, resulting in a darker tone than black ink alone generates in a printing process.

A typical rich black mixture might be 100% black, 50% of each of the other three inks. Other percentages are used to achieve specific results, for example 100% black with 70% cyan (C), 35% magenta (M), and 40% yellow (Y) is used to achieve "cool" black. "Warm Black" is 35%C, 60%M, 60%Y, and 100%K. The colored ink under the black ink makes a "richer" result; the additional inks absorb more light, resulting in a closer approximation of true black. While, in theory, an even richer black can be made by using 100% of each of the four inks, in practice, the amount of non-black ink added is limited by the wetness that the paper and printing process can handle. (A safe and practical rule of thumb is that ink coverage should not exceed 240% on normal papers. Papers that "pick", such as low-end recycled papers, should have even less coverage.) Wetness is not a problem with laser printers, however, and registration black (or "400% black") produces very striking results in laser prints.

Rich black is often regarded as a color that is "blacker than black". While this is impossible from the point of view of color theory, the difference can often be seen in the printed piece. The difference is most apparent in backlit (also known as "translite") pieces, where rich black more thoroughly blocks the light from coming through.

The use of rich black has to be based on a full understanding of the printing conditions, including the inks, printing press and especially the paper. If too much ink is used on poor quality paper such as newsprint, this may cause the paper to literally fall apart. In addition, excessive amounts of ink may not have a chance to fully dry before the printed result comes into contact with other pages. The additional ink used to create rich black also results in higher printing costs.

Care must be taken when using electronic design programs (e.g. when managing a CMYK document in Adobe Illustrator or Corel Draw) – "black" may or may not equal 100%K depending on the CMYK profile specified in the image's settings, and Photoshop will represent the various tones using RGB values close to black; in an RGB document, "black" always equals RGB value (0, 0, 0).

Another reason to use rich black for small areas of black is to avoid trapping issues. Rich black is often used for text printed over a picture or colored background, because otherwise any slight mis-registration between printing plates would produce a white or colored halo around the text, making it much harder to read.

title: Rich black