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Talk:Tinder

This article seems to have progressed beyond a dictionary definition by including types of tinder and describing how to make a fire using tinder. --Pyrochem 01:33, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

factual error
The statement "Solid bars are impossible to ignite under normal conditions (and difficult even with a welding torch)" is incorrect. While solid bars can't be ignited under normal conditions, they can be ignited with a propane or welding torch.

Another possible error is the assertion that char cloth is a process of 'anhydrous pyrolysis'. 'anoxic pyrolysis' is more accurate since its the lack of atmospheric oxygen not water that allows this process to take place. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.127.215.241 (talk) 02:31, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

 * And of course, Douglas-fir is not a true fir. Kortoso (talk) 16:46, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

definition of Tinder
Tinder should not be defined as "Anything that can be ignited by a match ..."

according to one expert "Tinder, not to be confused with kindling, is a substance that glows when contacted by an incendiary spark, such as that produced by striking a steel. In Nature, few substances except the tinder fungus growing on living birch trees will readily glow, although char cloth, made by burning cotton and then snuffing out the flame, is a good substitute. Kindling, on the other hand, is a substance that will ignite from the open flame of a match. "

see http://www.fieldandstream.com/quiz.jsp?quizID=10001140 and go to 5th question.

hereby notice of this change

Carlw4514 (talk) 19:11, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

-

I agree with Carlw4514 on this. Tinder catches sparks which turn into glowing embers.

Nowadays, some things are mistakenly considered to be tinder, but are actually kindling. You see plenty of this mistaken idea on bushcraft / survival channels on YouTube. For example, in the article, small twigs are listed as a common material used as tinder. I've started A LOT of fires in my life, by all sorts of means, but have never seen sparks take hold on small twigs.

Thibeinn (talk) 19:39, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

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Termerate
I found, and removed, these sentences "Pitchwood can be found in the temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Fir trees, especially the Douglas fir, will leave stumps in the ground when they die." Although correct, their specificity explicitly tells the reader that it is only in these forests that "pitchwood" is found. I have personally found it in every forest with conifer trees that I have camped in. That covers nineteen states, from Maine to Washington, and the entire southwest. Pitchwood is a universal feature of conifers. Nick Beeson (talk) 12:26, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

Proposal to rename this article, and redirect its current namespace, "Tinder", to "Tinder (disambiguation)"
The article Tinder (app), which has become very popular in recent years, currently has 11 times more page views per day than this article (which has the same name). Nevertheless, typing "Tinder" directs one to this article, even though it's very unlikely the original intent. This is a bit absurd, and if anything, the namespace "Tinder" should direct to "Tinder (disambiguation)". Therefore, I propose updating the name of this article, "Tinder" into "Tinder (fire material)" - and appropriately updating any linked pages. Any opposition? Regards, Shalom11111 (talk) 14:37, 31 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The appropriate procedure for requesting a page move is through Requested moves. Cheers! bd2412  T 15:55, 1 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Until the move gains consensus, replacing direct links with links to “Tinder (material)” is premature, and IMO inappropriate. Just plain Bill (talk) 19:20, 1 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I brought up the proposal on this talk page, and seeing there was no objection I changed the name. Thank you for the comments, I now proceeded to do it the formal way (see below). Shalom11111 (talk) 22:11, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 1 January 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved - Planned to oppose myself however as the nom has essentially withdrawn below it's pointless to pile on, Consensus at this time is not to move the article. – Davey 2010 Merry Xmas / Happy New Year 13:22, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Tinder → Tinder (material) – The word "Tinder" has other, notably more popular uses. This raises the need to properly adjust/rename this article, and then redirect the namespace "Tinder" to "Tinder (disambiguation). The main reason is because Tinder (app) has become very popular in recent years, and that article currently has 11 times more page views per day than this one (3,200 daily views for the former compared with roughly 280 for the latter). Nevertheless, when people type "Tinder" they're automatically referred to this article - which is about a fire material - even though it's very unlikely to be the original intent. Therefore, I propose moving this article's name to "Tinder (material) or "Tinder (fire material)", and then redirecting Tinder to the disambiguation page appropriately. Shalom11111 (talk) 22:07, 1 January 2018 (UTC)
 * From WP:PTOPIC: “In a few cases, there is some conflict between a topic of primary usage and one of primary long-term significance.” Tinder as a fire-starting material was around for thousands of years before the social app, and will most likely continue to be useful long after the app is forgotten. How do we balance that against more people looking for info on the app? Just now I don’t have an answer to that, but I lean strongly towards keeping the status quo. WP is not a crystal ball, and we have no way of knowing how soon the app will become a historical curiosity. Just plain Bill (talk) 22:43, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose per long-term significance, and per "Apple", "Poppy", etc. Apps come and go, but tinder has lit our nights and heated our bodies since fire was tamed - a key part of one of the human race's first and highly-important high-tech advancements. Randy Kryn (talk) 00:13, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Clear long-term significance of a key component of one of humanities' oldest technologies - controlled fire - over a dating app. See also Apple, Pink, Air, Fire, and so on. Egsan Bacon (talk) 00:25, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think it is somewhat of a logical flaw to base your opposition on the fact that the fire material has been in the dictionary longer, or on the assumption (which I'm sure any tech-briefed person will dispute) that the Tinder app will soon be swiped away from history. I'd like to refer again to this |Tinder this tool which shows how irrelevant tinder (the material) is in traffic compared to the app with the same name that people search for. While your examples of other stuff from the nature make a strong point, I argue that the fact the material is much less known and is lacking so much in popularity should be taken into account - yes, in accordance with WP guidelines on the subject. Shalom11111 (talk) 01:19, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Much less known? Consider that Tinder is an obvious play on the word match, which can also mean a romantic pairing, as used in match.com. Both items are a means of kindling fire. Just plain Bill (talk) 01:34, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The fire-starting material is clearly the primary meaning of the term; the name of the app is derived from that. Also as noted above, the long-term significance of this usage of the term outweighs the current popularity of the app. Numbers of clicks and searches are irrelevant. --Srleffler (talk) 05:20, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose - long usage in ordinary life and in literature need not be changed. The recent borrowing of the name is as stated above a simple metaphor of the country music heart-like-a-flame kind, alluding to the term's long-established meaning. Chiswick Chap (talk) 08:02, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment: I guess I'm dropping the case. Though I still think this issue should somehow be addressed, to better "balance" Wikipedia users' needs as one the users above noted. Regards, Shalom11111 (talk) 08:34, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose  We work by WP:PRIMARYTOPIC not WP:MOSTPOPULAR. Before renaming this one article, you'd have to change that   (and then Apple et al.) Andy Dingley (talk) 11:49, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Final comment: Your points are right and convincing. Thanks to all of you for a constructive discussion. This will at least prevent the issue from arising again - at least in the foreseeable future. This proposal shall now be closed. Shalom11111 (talk) 12:24, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Meta reference in Slate for our egos
Just thought editors would be interested that this talk page was referenced and the above discussion linked in The Debate over Kavanaugh's Devil's Triangle article on Slate.com. The concluding graf in particular makes for warm thoughts: "'Whether it’s on-Wiki or off, we are increasingly being asked to defend basic policies and processes. Although it’s sometimes exhausting, it’s helpful to think through the underlying reasoning. To push back on so many bad faith arguments, we must know the principles and why we have them.'" SamuelRiv (talk) 02:50, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tinder


text: Category:Algerian styles of music

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Algerian styles of music


text: Talk:Semi-Automatic

title: Talk:Semi-Automatic


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User talk:TSA

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:TSA


text: User talk:68.12.199.157

title: User talk:68.12.199.157


text: Category:Panamanian styles of music

title: Category:Panamanian styles of music


text:
Talk:Samogon

Votes for deletion/Samogon

title: Talk:Samogon


text: Category:Home computer peripherals

title: Category:Home computer peripherals


text:
Swat

Swat or SWAT may refer to:

Places

 * Swat (princely state), a former princely state in the present-day Swat and other surrounding districts
 * Sultanate of Swat
 * Swat District, a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan
 * Swat River, a river in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan
 * Somerset West and Taunton, a district in England

Film and television

 * S.W.A.T. (1975 TV series), an American action crime series about a SWAT team
 * S.W.A.T. (film), a 2003 film based on the series
 * S.W.A.T. (soundtrack), the film's soundtrack album
 * S.W.A.T.: Firefight, a 2011 direct-to-video sequel to the film
 * S.W.A.T.: Under Siege, a third film in the series, released direct-to-video in 2017
 * S.W.A.T. (2017 TV series), a series based on the 1975 television series and 2003 feature film

Video games

 * SWAT, a 1984 arcade game developed by Coreland
 * Police Quest or SWAT, a series of police simulation video games:
 * Police Quest: SWAT
 * Police Quest: SWAT 2
 * SWAT 3: Close Quarters Battle
 * SWAT: Global Strike Team
 * SWAT 4
 * SWAT Force
 * SWAT: Target Liberty
 * SWAT Elite Troops

Other uses

 * Swat, to bat away a nuisance, as with a fly swatter
 * Block (basketball) or swat, a defensive play
 * SWAT (special weapons and tactics), a paramilitary unit of law-enforcement agencies
 * SWAT (Bangladesh), a tactical unit of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police
 * Beijing SWAT, a tactical unit of the Beijing Police, China
 * SWAT (magazine), an American firearms and law enforcement monthly
 * Samba Web Administration Tool (SWAT)
 * SWAT model (Soil & Water Assessment Tool), a river basin scale model

title: Swat


text: User talk:80.78.132.22

title: User talk:80.78.132.22


text: User talk:69.228.135.18

title: User talk:69.228.135.18


text:
Ennio De Giorgi

Ennio De Giorgi (8 February 1928 – 25 October 1996) was an Italian mathematician who worked on partial differential equations and the foundations of mathematics.

Mathematical work
De Giorgi's first work was in geometric measure theory, on the topic of the sets of finite perimeters which he called in 1958 as Caccioppoli sets, after his mentor and friend. His definition applied some important analytic tools and the De Giorgi's theorem for the sets established a new tool for set theory as well as his own works. This achievement not only brought Ennio immediate recognition but displayed his ability to attack problems using completely new and effective methods which, though conceived before, can be used with greater precision as shown in his research works.

De Giorgi solved Bernstein's problem about minimal surfaces for 8 dimensions in 1969 with Enrico Bombieri and Enrico Giusti, for which Bombieri won the Fields Medal in 1974.

De Giorgi's earliest work was on the aim to develop a regularity theory for minimal hypersurfaces, changing how we view the advanced theory of minimal surfaces and calculus of variations forever. The proof required De Giorgi to develop his own version of geometric measure theory along with a related key compactness theorem. With these results, he was able to conclude that a minimal hypersurface is analytic outside a closed subset of codimension at least two. He also established regularity theory for all minimal surfaces in a similar manner.

De Giorgi solved 19th Hilbert problem on the regularity of solutions of elliptic partial differential equations. Before his results, mathematicians were not able to venture beyond second order nonlinear elliptic equations in two variables. In a major breakthrough, De Giorgi proved that solutions of uniformly elliptic second order equations of divergence form, with only measurable coefficients, were Hölder continuous. His proof was proved in 1956/57 in parallel with John Nash's, who was also working on and solved Hilbert's problem. His results were the first to be published, and it was anticipated that either mathematician would win the 1958 Fields Medal, but it was not to be. Nevertheless, De Giorgi's work opened up the field of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations in higher dimensions which paved a new period for all of mathematical analysis.

Almost all of his work relates to partial differential equations, minimal surfaces and calculus of variations; these notify the early triumphs of the then-unestablished field of geometric analysis. The work of Karen Uhlenbeck, Shing-Tung Yau and many others have taken inspiration from De Giorgi which have been and continue to be extended and rebuilt in powerful and effective mannerisms.

De Giorgi's conjecture for boundary reaction terms in dimension ≤ 5 was solved by Alessio Figalli and Joaquim Serra, which was one of the results mentioned in Figalli's 2018 Fields Medal lecture given by Luis Caffarelli.

Di Giorgi's work on minimal surfaces, partial differential equations and calculus of variations earned him huge and lasting fame in the mathematical community, and was awarded many honours for his contributions, including the Caccioppoli Prize in 1960, the National Prize of Accademia dei Lincei from the President of the Italian Republic in 1973, and the Wolf Prize from the President of the Israel Republic in 1990. He was also awarded Honoris Causa degrees in Mathematics from the University of Paris in 1983 at a ceremony at the Sorbonne and in Philosophy from the University of Lecce in 1992. He was elected to many academies including the Accademia dei Lincei, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences of Turin, the Lombard Institute of Science and Letters, the Académie des Sciences in Paris, and the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. At the International Congress of Mathematicians he was invited to be plenary speaker in 1966 in Moscow and was an invited speaker in 1983 in Warsaw.

De Giorgi was associated for many years with the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, leading one of the brilliant schools of analysis in Europe at that time. He corresponded with many leading mathematicians of his time, such as Louis Nirenberg, John Nash, Jacques-Louis Lions and Renato Caccioppoli. He is largely responsible for leading and driving the Italian school of mathematical analysis in the second half of the 20th century to an international level.

De Giorgi was also a person of deep human, religious and philosophical values; he once noted that mathematics is the key to discovering the secrets of God. His work with Amnesty International in the 70s greatly extended his already-immense fame within and outside of his scientific career. He also taught mathematics at the University of Asmara, Eritrea from 1966 to 1973. He died on 26 October 1996 at the age of 68.

In 2016, a conference was held at the Scuola Normale in Pisa in memory of De Giorgi, and mathematicians like Camillo de Lellis, Irene Fonseca, Pierre-Louis Lions, Haïm Brezis, Alessio Figalli, David Kinderlehrer, Nicola Fusco, Felix Otto, Giuseppe Mingione and Louis Nirenberg have attended the event along with his many students such as Ambrosio and Braides who have been responsible for organizing it at the SNS.

Quotes

 * "If you can't prove your theorem, keep shifting parts of the conclusion to the assumptions, until you can"

Scientific papers

 * . The first note published by De Giorgi on his approach to Caccioppoli sets.
 * . The first complete exposition of his approach to the theory of Caccioppoli sets by De Giorgi.
 * . The first paper on SBV functions and related variational problems.

Review papers

 * . "Free-discontinuity variational problems" (English translation of the title) is a survey paper on free-discontinuity variational problems including several details on the theory of SBV functions, their applications and a rich bibliography (in Italian).

Books

 * . An advanced text, oriented to the theory of minimal surfaces in the multi-dimensional setting, written by some of the leading contributors to the theory.
 * A selection from De Giorgi's scientific works, offered in an amended typographical form, in the original Italian language and English translation, including a biography, a bibliography and commentaries from Luis Caffarelli and other noted mathematicians.

Biographical and general references

 * . There is also a preprint version of this paper in Adobe pdf format, available at the web page of the Research Group in Calculus of Variations and Geometric Measure Theory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa.
 * , available home page at the Research Group in Calculus of Variations and Geometric Measure Theory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa. A brief biography reviewing his major scientific contributions.
 * e-ISBN 88-8305-020-7. A collection of almost all commemorative papers, transcriptions of commemorative addresses on Ennio De Giorgi and personal reminiscences of pupils and friends, collected jointly with some philosophical papers of De Giorgi himself.
 * . Contains two chapters on De Giorgi.
 * . A brief commemorative and historical paper describing the events which led Ennio De Giorgi to hold a chair at the Scuola Normale Superiore.
 * . A brief commemorative and historical paper describing the events which led Ennio De Giorgi to hold a chair at the Scuola Normale Superiore.

Scientific references

 * . An important monograph detailing the results of Ennio De Giorgi and his school on the Minimal surface problem approached by the theory of Caccioppoli sets.

title: Ennio De Giorgi


text:
Promotion (marketing)

In marketing, promotion refers to any type of marketing communication used to inform target audiences of the relative merits of a product, service, brand or issue, persuasively. It helps marketers to create a distinctive place in customers' mind, it can be either a cognitive or emotional route. The aim of promotion is to increase brand awareness, create interest, generate sales or create brand loyalty. It is one of the basic elements of the market mix, which includes the four Ps, i.e., product, price, place, and promotion.

Promotion is also one of the elements in the promotional mix or promotional plan. These are personal selling, advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing, publicity, word of mouth and may also include event marketing, exhibitions and trade shows. A promotional plan specifies how much attention to pay to each of the elements in the promotional mix, and what proportion of the budget should be allocated to each element.

Promotion covers the methods of communication that a marketer uses to provide information about its product. Information can be both verbal and visual.

Etymology and usage
The term promotion derives from the Old French, promocion meaning to "move forward", "push onward" or to "advance in rank or position" which in turn, comes from the Latin, promotionem meaning "a moving forward". The word entered the English language in the 14th century.

The use of the term promotion to refer to "advertising or publicity" is very modern and is first recorded in 1925. It may be a contraction of a related term, sales promotion, which is one element in the larger set of tools used in marketing communications. The terms, promotion and marketing communications can be used synonymously, but in practice, the latter is more widely used.

Purpose
There are three objectives of promotion. These are: The purpose of a promotion and thus its promotional plan can have a wide range, including: sales increases, new product acceptance, creation of brand equity, positioning, competitive retaliations or creation of a corporate image.
 * 1) To present information to consumers and others.
 * 2) To increase demand.
 * 3) To differentiate a product.

The term 'promotion' tends to be used internally by the marketing function. To the public or the market, phrases like "special offer" are more common. Examples of a fully integrated, long-term, and large-scale promotion are My Coke Rewards in the USA or Coke Zone in the UK and Pepsi Stuff.

Types
There have been different ways to promote a product in person or with different media. Both person and media can be either physically real or virtual/electronic.

In a physical environment
Promotions can be held in physical environments at special events such as concerts, festivals, trade shows, and in the field, such as in grocery or department stores. Interactions in the field allow immediate purchases. The purchase of a product can be incentive with discounts (i.e., coupons), free items, or a sweepstakes prize draw. This method is used to increase the sales of a given product.

Interactions between the brand and the customer are performed by a brand ambassador or promotional model who represents the product in physical environments. Brand ambassadors or promotional models are hired by a marketing company, which in turn is booked by the brand to represent the product or service. Person-to-person interaction, as opposed to media-to-person involvement, establishes connections that add another dimension to promotion. Building a community through promoting goods and services can lead to brand loyalty.

Traditional media
Examples of traditional media include print media such as newspapers and magazines, electronic media such as radio and television, and outdoor media such as banner or billboard advertisements. Each of these platforms provide ways for brands to reach consumers with advertisements.

Digital media
Digital media, which includes Internet, social networking and social media sites, is a modern way for brands to interact with consumers as it releases news, information and advertising from the technological limits of print and broadcast infrastructures. Digital media is currently the most effective way for brands to reach their consumers on a daily basis. Over 2.7 billion people are online globally, which is about 40% of the world's population. 67% of all Internet users globally use social media.

Mass communication has led to modern marketing strategies to continue focusing on brand awareness, large distributions and heavy promotions. The fast-paced environment of digital media presents new methods for promotion to utilize new tools now available through technology. With the rise of technological advances, promotions can be done outside of local contexts and across geographic borders to reach a greater number of potential consumers. The goal of a promotion is then to reach the most people possible in a time efficient and a cost efficient manner.

Social media, as a modern marketing tool, offers opportunities to reach larger audiences in an interactive way. These interactions allow for conversation rather than simply educating the customer. Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest, Tumblr, as well as alternate audio and media sites like SoundCloud and Mixcloud allow users to interact and promote music online with little to no cost. You can purchase and buy ad space on social media platforms. Additionally, you can buy artificial Likes, Followers, and Clicks on your pages and posts with the use of third parties. As a participatory media culture, social media platforms or social networking sites are forms of mass communication that, through media technologies, allow large amounts of product and distribution of content to reach the largest audience possible.[2] However, there are downsides to virtual promotions as servers, systems, and websites may crash, fail, or become overloaded with information. You also can stand risk of losing uploaded information and storage and at a use can also be effected by a number of outside variables.

Brands can explore different strategies to keep consumers engaged. One popular tool is branded entertainment, or creating some sort of social game for the user. The benefits of such a platform include submersing the user in the brand's content. Users will be more likely to absorb and not grow tired of advertisements if they are, for example, embedded in the game as opposed to a bothersome pop-up ad.

Personalizing advertisements is another strategy that can work well for brands, as it can increase the likelihood that the brand will be personified by the consumer. Personalization increases click-through intentions when data has been collected about the consumer.

Brands must navigate the line between effectively promoting their content to consumers on social media and becoming too invasive in consumers' lives. Vivid Internet ads that include devices such as animation might increase a user's initial attention to the ad. However, this may be seen as a distraction to the user if they are trying to absorb a different part of the site such as reading text. Additionally, when brands make the effort of overtly collecting data about their consumers and then personalizing their ads to them, the consumer's relationship with the advertisements, following this data collection, is frequently positive. However, when data is covertly collected, consumers can quickly feel like the company betrayed their trust. It is important for brands to utilize personalization in their ads, without making the consumer feel vulnerable or that their privacy has been betrayed.

Sponsorship
Sponsorship generally involves supplying resources (such as money) to a group or an event in exchange for advertising or publicity. Company will often help fund athletes, teams, or events in exchange for having their logo prominently visible. This is done through the use of product placement or by placing logos on team uniforms/equipment.

title: Promotion (marketing)


text:
Talk:H. A. R. Gibb

Bibliography error
The first two citations in the bibliography (one could tell from the dates alone) are by another Gibb, the scholar after whom the Gibb series (of which HAR Gibb was a trustee) was named, namely, EJW Gibb. These need to be removed. Fulan52 (talk) 17:53, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:H. A. R. Gibb


text:
Tyroc

Tyroc is a fictional character appearing in media published by DC Comics, primarily as a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes in the 30th and 31st centuries. Created by writer Cary Bates and artist Mike Grell, he first appeared in Superboy #216 (April 1976), and is one of DC's first black superheroes.

Publication history
Tyroc first appeared in Superboy #216 (April 1976), and was created by Cary Bates and Mike Grell.

Jim Shooter, who had been prevented from introducing black characters into the Legion in the 1960s, objected to the characterization of Tyroc: "...I always wanted to have a character who was African-American, and years later, when they did that, they did it in the worst way possible....instead of just incidentally having a character who happens to be black...they made a big fuss about it. He's a racial separatist....I just found it pathetic and appalling".

According to Mike Grell, who co-created Tyroc with Cary Bates, the character of Tyroc was "sort of a sore spot with me". He had previously tried to introduce black characters into the series, but had been prevented by then-editor Murray Boltinoff. Grell recalled: "I kept getting stalled off...and finally comes Tyroc. They might as well have named him Tyrone. Their explanation for why there were no black people [in the Legion] was that all the black people had gone to live on an island. It's possibly the most racist concept I've ever heard in my life...I mean, it's a segregationist's dream, right? So they named him Tyroc, and gave him the world's stupidest super-power".

Grell's dislike of Tyroc was strong enough that he deliberately made him look ridiculous: "I gave him a silly costume. It was somewhere between Elvis' Las Vegas costume and something you would imagine a pimp on the street corner wearing".

Grell notes that physically, Tyroc is based on the football player Fred Williamson: "I modeled him somewhat on Fred "The Hammer" Williamson, who was a movie star at the time...and gave him this "Elvis Presley goes to Las Vegas" kind of a costume, and that's pretty much it. That was the extent of my contribution to Tyroc".

Some writers like long-time Legion scribe Paul Levitz claimed that Tyroc's powers, based upon sound, made him too difficult a character to depict in a comic book (even though DC's Black Canary appeared in comics for years, as did Marvel Comics' Banshee). Tyroc was the only Legionnaire introduced prior to 1989 who did not appear during Levitz's initial 15-year run on the Legion (even the deceased Ferro Lad, Invisible Kid, and Chemical King appeared in flashback stories). Levitz says this was because he thought Tyroc was "just such a stupid character....a sound-based character is, I think, intrinsically futile in a silent medium. He just never worked for me, so I did my best to dodge him". Despite his initial stance on the character, Levitz said in a Newsarama interview that Tyroc will be in his new Legion of Super-Heroes series. Tyroc appears in Legion of Super-Heroes (vol. 6) #2 (August 2010), marking the first time that the character has appeared in an in-continuity tale written by Levitz.

Marzal
Tyroc (real name Troy Stewart) was the only resident superhero of the island of Marzal, which usually existed in a different dimension. Like Brigadoon, Marzal Island would sometimes reappear on Earth. Unlike the legendary Scottish village, Marzal remained on Earth for several years at a time in a location near a coast of Africa. In the native language of Marzal, "Tyroc" means "Scream of the Devil".

Tyroc and his people were descended from African slaves who revolted on a ship during middle passage in the 18th century. Once all the slavers were set adrift, the liberated Africans settled on their own island off the coast of Africa, and built a civilization. Much to their surprise, their island paradise had a "Brigadoon-like" existence and disappeared from this dimension on a regular schedule every 200 years.

Left on their own, the islanders developed an advanced, highly technological civilization, with extreme isolationist tendencies. Marzalians believed that the people of Earth had ignored their island. As a result, outsiders were not welcome on Marzal.

The Legion
The Legion of Super-Heroes first met Tyroc when several Legionnaires responded to an emergency on Marzal Island. At first, Tyroc attempted to stop the Legion from assisting. After patching up their differences and working together to save the island, Tyroc was offered Legion membership. He initially refused, although he had come to admire the tolerance and courage of the Legionnaires he had met.

In later encounters, Tyroc accepted the Legion's offer to join the team and thus became the Legion's first black member. Tyroc and Black Lightning were created to help DC attract new readers and to provide more opportunities for socially relevant stories.

Until Tyroc's addition to the Legion, almost every humanoid alien in Legion stories were drawn with Caucasian facial features, including the orange-skinned Chameleon Boy, the blue-skinned Shadow Lass, and the green-skinned, blonde haired Brainiac 5.

Tyroc later returned to Marzal Island to be with his people when it left the Earth reality. Shadow Lass and Dawnstar, accompanying him, were almost trapped on the island as it shifted dimensions.

President of New Earth
Marzal's destruction at the hands of the Dominion was documented during the fourth volume of the Legion of Super-Heroes series while Keith Giffen was the writer. The Dominators managed to destroy Marzal Island within its dimensional pocket. An Earth recovering from the Dominion takeover chose their war heroes to lead them. Jacques Foccart (the second Invisible Kid) and Troy Stewart, who had proven themselves as effective leaders of the rebel forces, were rewarded with public offices by the people of Earth. Troy Stewart became the planet's vice president, and Jacques became president. Soon thereafter, Earth was destroyed in a disaster reminiscent of the destruction of Krypton over a millennium earlier. A few dozen cities and their inhabitants survived, and the planet was reconstituted as New Earth. Eventually, Jacques resigned to rejoin the Legion, and Troy ascended to the presidency.

This reality was erased from continuity by the events of the Zero Hour miniseries.

Post-Zero Hour/"Threeboot"
Tyroc did not appear in the Legion's second major continuity, which ran from 1994 through the end of 2004. In the "Threeboot" continuity which began in 2005, Tyroc appears briefly (with several other Legionnaires from previous incarnations of the team such as Blok and Dawnstar) in Legion of Super-Heroes (vol. 5) #15, as a character in a 'campfire story' showing the Legion's influence, and the urban legends and myths that have sprung up around it. This appearance was a cameo, and does not seem to take place in continuity.

Post-Infinite Crisis
The events of the Infinite Crisis miniseries have apparently restored a close analogue of the pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths Legion to continuity, as seen in "The Lightning Saga" story arc in Justice League of America and Justice Society of America, and in the "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" story arc in Action Comics. A statue of Tyroc was seen in Final Crisis: Legion of Three Worlds #1. The Pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths Tyroc later appeared along with an entire army of Legionnaires from alternate worlds, times, and realities, at the Vanishing Point to fight the Time Trapper.

The New 52
In 2011, DC rebooted its continuity and relaunched all of its titles in The New 52, among them Legion Lost, centering on a small team of Legionnaires including Wildfire, Gates, Dawnstar, Tellus, Timber Wolf, Chameleon Girl and Tyroc becoming trapped in the 21st century while pursuing a time-traveling genetic terrorist. After several adventures attempting to integrate with 21st century life, including an altercation with the Teen Titans, DC cancelled the series.

Powers and abilities
Tyroc's superpower was his reality-warping screams, which he could use to create dimensional portals and force fields, and to transmute, freeze, burn or simply destroy objects. He could also teleport himself and at least one other person, although the exact limits of this ability were unknown. The effects and range of his powers were consistent when he first appeared, but later seemed to vary with the writer. Later writers often treated his power as simply being a "sonic scream" similar to that of Black Canary.

Tyroc could fly using either his own inherent powers (as seen in his first appearance before joining the Legion) or his Legion flight ring.

Scream effects
Among the screams in Tyroc's arsenal:
 * EEYYAAAHH! – pyrokinesis
 * AHHRRRRRR! – force field
 * OYYUUUUUU! – teleportation
 * ARRRRHHHH! – explosions
 * ZZZRRRUUGGHH! – telekinesis
 * UIUUIEEEE! – transmutation
 * ARRREEEEG! – weather manipulation
 * IRRRRWWWW! – plant manipulation
 * CCCIIIRRR! – vertigo
 * RRRYYYY! – wind manipulation
 * WHEEEEW! – retrocognition

Equipment
As a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, he is provided with a Legion Flight Ring. It allows him to fly, survive in space, and communicate with his teammates.

In other media

 * Tyroc makes non-speaking cameo appearances in Legion of Super Heroes.
 * Tyroc makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Justice League vs. the Fatal Five.

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Talk:Necessary

Necessary trouble
Can a person be necessary when the in trouble 41.116.92.140 (talk) 15:43, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Necessary


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Il Divo (album)

Il Divo is the debut studio album to be released by classical crossover vocal group Il Divo, formed by Simon Cowell in 2004. The album was released on 1 November 2004 in the United Kingdom, via Syco Music, and on 19 April 2005 in the United States, via Columbia Records. The album contains three songs performed in English, six songs performed in Italian, and three songs performed in Spanish, excluding the bonus track. As of December 2013, the album had sold more than 1.5 million copies in the UK. The album has sold more than 5,000,000 worldwide copies to date.

Recording started in the first half of 2004 in Sweden, with producers Quiz & Larossi, Per Magnusson & David Kreuger and in the UK with producer Steve Mac. This self-titled album contained the Spanish Regresa a mí, their second single and first original song Mama; Sinatra's My Way (A mi manera); Nella Fantasia, and 1994's San Remo Festival winner Passerà.

The album hit the No. 1 slot on both Amazon.com and BarnesandNoble.com after a career-defining appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show on 5 April 2005, where they performed Regresa a mí.

In the United Kingdom, the Il Divo album knocked Robbie Williams off the number 1 spot in the UK charts, Williams allegedly said to them at the Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason film premiere, "So you are the four idiots who have forced me off my number one spot!"

This multiplatinum-selling CD became number one in the charts in a total of 13 countries around the world, and achieved top 5 placing in 25 countries.

Singles

 * "Regresa a mí" was released as the album's lead single on 22 October 2004. The song is a cover of the original English-language version performed by R&B singer Toni Braxton, originally released in June 1996. The single remain's the band most successful single release to date. The band's Spanish version of the track received positive appreciation from critics, who said that the cover "has the potential to be a hit and to open doors for many of operas most acclaimed stars."
 * "Mama" was released as the album's third single on 7 May 2005. "Mama" was the first original song ever released as a single by the band. It was released both as limited edition CD single and DVD single. It was also included on the band's live album, Live at the Greek Theatre. The songwriters behind "Mama", Andreas "Quiz" Romdhane and Josef Larossi, have contributed the largest number of original songs for the band, including "Sei parte ormai di me", "Isabel", "Si tu me amas", "Esisti dentro me" and "Una Noche". The song has also been covered and translated into other languages, including to Afrikaans by the artist Kurt Darren, and into Italian by Paul Potts.

title: Il Divo (album)


text: User talk:68.217.240.113

title: User talk:68.217.240.113


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Contractible space

In mathematics, a topological space X is contractible if the identity map on X is null-homotopic, i.e. if it is homotopic to some constant map. Intuitively, a contractible space is one that can be continuously shrunk to a point within that space.

Properties
A contractible space is precisely one with the homotopy type of a point. It follows that all the homotopy groups of a contractible space are trivial. Therefore any space with a nontrivial homotopy group cannot be contractible. Similarly, since singular homology is a homotopy invariant, the reduced homology groups of a contractible space are all trivial.

For a non-empty topological space X the following are all equivalent:
 * X is contractible (i.e. the identity map is null-homotopic).
 * X is homotopy equivalent to a one-point space.
 * X deformation retracts onto a point. (However, there exist contractible spaces which do not strongly deformation retract to a point.)
 * For any path-connected space Y, any two maps f,g: X → Y are homotopic.
 * For any space Y, any map f: Y → X is null-homotopic.

The cone on a space X is always contractible. Therefore any space can be embedded in a contractible one (which also illustrates that subspaces of contractible spaces need not be contractible).

Furthermore, X is contractible if and only if there exists a retraction from the cone of X to X.

Every contractible space is path connected and simply connected. Moreover, since all the higher homotopy groups vanish, every contractible space is n-connected for all n ≥ 0.

Locally contractible spaces
A topological space X is locally contractible at a point x if for every neighborhood U of x there is a neighborhood V of x contained in U such that the inclusion of V is nulhomotopic in U. A space is locally contractible if it is locally contractible at every point. This definition is occasionally referred to as the "geometric topologist's locally contractible," though is the most common usage of the term. In Hatcher's standard Algebraic Topology text, this definition is referred to as "weakly locally contractible," though that term has other uses.

If every point has a local base of contractible neighborhoods, then we say that X is strongly locally contractible. Contractible spaces are not necessarily locally contractible nor vice versa. For example, the comb space is contractible but not locally contractible (if it were, it would be locally connected which it is not). Locally contractible spaces are locally n-connected for all n ≥ 0. In particular, they are locally simply connected, locally path connected, and locally connected. The circle is (strongly) locally contractible but not contractible.

Strong local contractibility is a strictly stronger property than local contractibility; the counterexamples are sophisticated, the first being given by Borsuk and Mazurkiewicz in their paper Sur les rétractes absolus indécomposables, C.R.. Acad. Sci. Paris 199 (1934), 110-112).

There is some disagreement about which definition is the "standard" definition of local contractibility; the first definition is more commonly used in geometric topology, especially historically, whereas the second definition fits better with the typical usage of the term "local" with respect to topological properties. Care should always be taken regarding the definitions when interpreting results about these properties.

Examples and counterexamples

 * Any Euclidean space is contractible, as is any star domain on a Euclidean space.
 * The Whitehead manifold is contractible.
 * Spheres of any finite dimension are not contractible.
 * The unit sphere in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space is contractible.
 * The house with two rooms is a standard example of a space which is contractible, but not intuitively so.
 * The Dunce hat is contractible, but not collapsible.
 * The cone on a Hawaiian earring is contractible (since it is a cone), but not locally contractible or even locally simply connected.
 * All manifolds and CW complexes are locally contractible, but in general not contractible.
 * The Warsaw circle is obtained by "closing up" the topologist's sine curve by an arc connecting (0,−1) and (1,sin(1)). It is a one-dimensional continuum whose homotopy groups are all trivial, but it is not contractible.

title: Contractible space


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Hans Lewy

Hans Lewy (20 October 1904 – 23 August 1988) was an American mathematician, known for his work on partial differential equations and on the theory of functions of several complex variables.

Life
Lewy was born to a Jewish family in Breslau, Silesia, on October 20, 1904. He began his studies at the University of Göttingen in 1922, after being advised to avoid the more local University of Breslau because it was too old-fashioned, supporting himself during the Weimar hyperinflation by a side job doing railroad track maintenance. At Göttingen, he studied both mathematics and physics; his teachers there included Max Born, Richard Courant, James Franck, David Hilbert, Edmund Landau, Emmy Noether, and Alexander Ostrowski. He earned his doctorate in 1926, at which time he and his friend Kurt Otto Friedrichs both became assistants to Courant and privatdozents at Göttingen. The famous Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition originated from that time in 1928.

At the recommendation of Courant, Lewy was granted a Rockefeller Fellowship, which he used in 1929 to travel to Rome and study algebraic geometry with Tullio Levi-Civita and Federigo Enriques, and then in 1930 to travel to Paris, where he attended the seminar of Jacques Hadamard. After Hitler's election as chancellor in 1933, Lewy was advised by Herbert Busemann to leave Germany again. He was offered a position in Madrid, but declined it, fearing for the future there under Francisco Franco. He revisited Italy and France, but then at the invitation of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars and with the assistance of Hadamard found a two-year position in America at Brown University. At the end of that term, in 1935, he moved to the University of California, Berkeley.

During World War II, Lewy obtained a pilot's license, but then worked at the Aberdeen Proving Ground. He married Helen Crosby in 1947.

In 1950, Lewy was fired from Berkeley for refusing to sign a loyalty oath. He taught at Harvard University and Stanford University in 1952 and 1953 before being reinstated by the California Supreme Court case Tolman v. Underhill.

He retired from Berkeley in 1972, and in 1973 became one of two Ordway Professors of Mathematics at the University of Minnesota. He died on August 23, 1988, in Berkeley.

Lewy is known for his contributions to partial differential equations. In 1957, his famous example of a second-order linear partial differential equation was so stunning and unexpected that the whole field steered in a new direction, as well as shaping modern analysis in a significant way. Based on this example, Louis Nirenberg, Lars Hörmander and others have outlined some important changes to the theory and structure of the field. This was adopted by many analysts and mathematicians as a major development.

He also worked on several complex variables in relation to nonlinear hyperbolic equations and elliptic equations, well-posedness for initial value problems of wave fronts (now commonly called Sobolev spaces) in the early 1930s, solutions of the classical problems of Hermann Weyl and Hermann Minkowski for analytical data (the original problem was solved by Louis Nirenberg in 1949 as part of his PhD thesis), the extendibility of minimal surfaces on and analytical nature of its boundaries which is fully free or in part, free boundary problems of water wave fronts in hydrodynamics, and the proof of quadratic reciprocity theorem in number theory from 'hydrodynamical' perspective.

Awards and honors
Lewy was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1964, and was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He became a foreign member of the Accademia dei Lincei in 1972. He was awarded a Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1979, and a Wolf Prize in Mathematics in 1986 for his work on partial differential equations. In 1986, the University of Bonn gave him an honorary doctorate.

Publications
A selection of his work, edited by David Kinderlehrer and including his most important works, was published as the two volume work and The following works are included in his "Selecta" in their original language or translated form.
 * . With biographical essays by Helen Lewy and Constance Reid, and commentaries on Lewy's work by Erhard Heinz, Peter D. Lax, Jean Leray, Richard MacCamy, Louis Nirenberg and François Treves.
 * . There are also two English translations of the 1928 German original paper: the first one is a translation from the German by Phyllis Fox, circulated as a research report: . The second one is a typographical improvement of the first, published by IBM as: . A freely downloadable version of this one can be found here

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Promotion (rank)

A promotion is the advancement of an employee's rank or position in an organizational hierarchy system. Promotion may be an employee's reward for good performance, i.e., positive appraisal.

Organizations can use promotions to motivate and control employees. Before a company promotes an employee to a particular position it might ensure that the person is able to handle the added responsibilities by screening the employee with interviews and tests and giving them training or on-the-job experience.

A promotion can involve advancement in terms of designation, salary and benefits, and in some organizations the type of job activities may change a great deal. The opposite of a promotion is a demotion.

Elements
A promotion involve advancement in terms of designation, salary and benefits, and in some organizations the type of job activities may change a great deal. In many companies and public service organizations, more senior positions have a different title: an analyst who is promoted becomes a "principal analyst"; an economist becomes a "senior economist"; or an associate professor becomes a "full professor". The amount of salary increase associated with a promotion varies a great deal between industries and sectors, and depending on what parts of the hierarchical ladder an employee is moving between. In some industries or sectors, there may be only a modest increase in salary for a promotions; in other fields, a promotion may substantially increase an employee's salary. The same is true with benefits and other privileges; in some industries, the promotion only changes the title and salary, and there are no additional benefits or privileges (beyond the psycho-social benefits that may accrue to the individual). In some not-for-profit organizations, the values of the organization or the tightness of funding may result in there being only modest salary increases associated with a promotion. In other industries, especially in private sector companies, a promotion to senior management may carry a number of benefits, such as employee stock options, a reserved parking space, a corner office with a secretary, and bonus pay for good performance.

The degree to which job activities change varies between industries and sectors. In some fields, even after an employee is promoted, they continue to do similar work. For example, a policy analyst in the federal government who is promoted to the post of senior policy analyst will continue to do similar tasks such as writing briefing notes and carrying out policy research. The differences may be in the complexity of the files that the individual is assigned to or in the sensitivity of the issues that they are asked to deal with. In other fields, when an employee is promoted, their work changes substantially. For example, whereas a staff engineer in a civil engineering firm will spend their time doing engineering inspections and working with blueprints, a senior engineer may spend most of their day in meetings with senior managers and reading financial reports. In symphony orchestras, when a musician such as a violinist is promoted to the position of concertmaster, their duties change substantially. As a violin player, the individual played the music as part of the violin section. As a concertmaster, the individual plays solo parts, decides on the bowings and interpretation of the music, and leads the violins during performances.

Different organizations grant the hiring and promoting managers different levels of discretion to award promotions. In some parts of the private sector, the senior management has a very high level of discretion to award promotions, and they can promote employees without going through much procedures or formalities such as testing, screening, and interviewing. In the public sector and in academia, there are usually many more checks and balances in place to prevent favoritism or bias. In many Western public service bodies, when a manager wants to promote an employee, they must follow a number of steps, such as advertising the position, accepting applications from qualified candidates, screening and interviewing candidates, and then documenting why they chose a particular candidate. In academia, a similar approach is used, with the added safeguard of including several layers of committee review of the proposed promotion using committees which include members of other faculty and experts from other universities.

title: Promotion (rank)


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Definitive

Definitive may refer to:

 * Definitive (TV series), an American music television series
 * Definitive stamp, a postage stamp that is part of a regular issue of a country's stamps available for sale by the postal service

title: Definitive


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User:Harami~enwiki

ja:user:Harami

title: User:Harami~enwiki


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User talk:Harami~enwiki

Harami

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Harami. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Harami~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:28, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Harami~enwiki


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Paine Field

Seattle Paine Field International Airport — also known as Paine Field and Snohomish County Airport — is a commercial and general aviation airport serving the Seattle metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Washington. It is located in unincorporated Snohomish County, Washington, between the cities of Mukilteo and Everett, about 25 mi north of Seattle. PAE covers 1315 acre of land.

The airport was built in 1936 by the Works Progress Administration and began commercial service in 1939. It was named for Topliff Olin Paine in 1941, shortly before the Army Air Corps began the occupation of Paine Field for military use. The airport briefly returned to civilian use in the late 1940s, before conversion into an air force base during the Korean War. In 1966, the Boeing Company selected Paine Field for the site of its Everett assembly plant as part of the Boeing 747 program. By the 1970s, the airport had grown into a hub for light aviation and manufacturing, lacking commercial service. The county government sought to begin commercial service at Paine Field as early as the 1980s but was halted by opposition from neighboring cities.

In March 2019, Paine Field resumed commercial service at a newly constructed terminal. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2023–2027 categorized it as a non-hub primary commercial service facility.

Description
Paine Field has two runways: 16R/34L and 16L/34R. 16R/34L, at 9010 ft in length, is suited for the majority of aircraft and sees occasional heavy traffic. The first 1,000 feet of runway 16R is concrete, while the remainder is asphalt. It is in very good condition. Runway 16L/34R is 3004 ft in length, and suitable only for small aircraft. Its pavement is in fair condition, with a noticeable rise in elevation mid-field, when compared with the ends. Runway 11-29 was decommissioned on September 10, 2020, and Boeing is leasing some of the former runway space to park partially completed aircraft. The Paine (PAE) VOR/DME is located on the field. It is unusually mounted on top of a Boeing hangar.

The airport has 456 general aviation hangars, of which 326 are leased by the County, and 130 are "condominium" hangars. Wait time for a hangar currently ranges between 6 months and 5 years, depending on type.

Paine Field is home to the Boeing Everett Factory, the world's largest building by volume, and the primary assembly location for Boeing's wide-body 767 and 777, although the facility also produced the 747 and the 787, with the former ending production in 2022 and the latter being moved to Boeing South Carolina in March 2021.

Paine Field is also home to Aviation Technical Services (ATS), one of the nation's largest aviation maintenance facilities. ATS operates a 950000 sqft facility, formerly operated by Goodrich (formerly known as Tramco), and sold to ATS in the fall of 2007. ATS does 'heavy' checks for a number of airlines and cargo companies. According to their web page, they average 443 aircraft redeliveries each year.

Paine Field is home to four flight schools – Chinook Flight Simulations, Regal Air, Northway Aviation, and Everett Helicopters – making it a popular destination for flight training. There are also a number of flying clubs on the field.

Paine Field leases commercial space to aviation-related and other small businesses on its property at the "IAC Building" located between the runways at the south end of the airport.

The FAA-operated control tower maintains limited hours, operating only between 7 AM and 9 PM local time. During times that the tower is operational, both runways are active, but after hours, only runway 16R-34L is open. The airport has several natural reserves and sanctuaries around its perimeter, including ponds that were certified in 2019 as Salmon-Safe. The Salmon-Safe area is bounded generally by Mukilteo Speedway on the west, State Route 526 ("Boeing Freeway") on the north, Airport Road (east) and Beverly Park Road on the south.

History
Paine Field was originally constructed in 1936 as a Works Progress Administration project. At the time of development, it was envisioned that the Airport would create jobs and economic growth in the region by becoming one of the ten new "super airports" around the country.

Paine Field was taken over by the U.S. Army Air Corps prior to entry into World War II as a patrol, air defense, and fighter training base and was later controlled by the U.S. Army Air Forces. With the end of the war, the airfield began to be returned to the civilian control of Snohomish County. In 1947, as transition activities were still underway, military control of the then-Paine Army Airfield was transferred to the newly established U.S. Air Force, with the facility renamed Paine Field. Transfer of the property to the Snohomish County government was completed in 1948, however, the Air Force continued to maintain various Air Defense Command units at the airport as military tenants.

Before Snohomish County could start planning for the continued development of a "super airport", the United States was again involved in an armed conflict—this time in Korea and also the breakout of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. When the Pacific Northwest defense installations were reviewed House Representative Henry M. Jackson recommended more military presence in the area and Paine Field was reactivated as a military airbase.

Paine Field was returned to USAF control in 1951, renamed Paine Air Force Base, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Air Defense Command (ADC). While the county relinquished most of its commercial facilities to house USAF personnel, units, and assets, the site did not have an exclusive military presence. The airfield remained a joint civil-military airport with the Air Force operating the control tower and other air traffic control facilities, while the county, in a shared-use agreement, rented commercial leasehold areas to businesses such as Alaska Airlines. The 4753rd Air Base Squadron (later re-designated the 86th Air Base Squadron) was activated on the new Air Force base on February 1, 1952, as a placeholder unit.

Although inactive for only six years, significant military construction (MILCON) was necessary to bring the World War II training base up to postwar USAF standards. In 1951, additional land surrounding the Paine AFB site was appropriated for military facilities and extended runways. A 9,000-foot jet runway (Rwy 16/34) was constructed along with accompanying taxiways, permanent concrete buildings, and other support facilities to replace the temporary wartime wooden structures that were viewed as substandard for a permanent USAF base. The 529th Air Defense Group was activated on February 16, 1953, and became the permanent host unit at Paine AFB until redesigned as the 326th Fighter Group in 1955.

Various regular Air Force fighter-interceptor units and Air Force Reserve troop carrier units operated at Paine AFB from 1951 until the mid-1960s. In 1966, USAF identified Paine AFB for closure due to budgetary constraints caused by the cost of the Vietnam War. The by then-host unit, the 57th Fighter Group phased down operations with the departure of the interceptors and was inactivated in place on September 30, 1968. Paine AFB has inactivated on the same date and the facility was returned to full civilian control as Paine Field / Snohomish County Airport. The 215th Engineering Installation Squadron (215 EIS) of the Washington Air National Guard, formerly situated at Paine Field, was inactivated in 2013.

Paine AFB / Paine Field had also been under consideration in the 1960s by Army Air Defense Command as one of several sites for the Sentinel Anti-Ballistic Missile System due to its central location to several other major military bases and defense industries in the Puget Sound Region. Sentinel was eventually dropped in favor of the limited Safeguard system.

On July 25, 1966, Boeing announced that it would build the Boeing 747, a jet airliner capable of carrying nearly twice as many passengers as previous models. To build the giant aircraft, Boeing had to construct a facility large enough to handle the world's largest commercial jetliner. The land just north of Paine Field was chosen to construct the new facilities, including some development on the airport itself. Both the local government and the FAA concurred with the development. Work on the massive building began in August 1966 and the first employees arrived in early 1967. The 747 made its first flight at Paine Field on February 9, 1969.

In 1984, the Snohomish County Council considered legislation to rename Paine Field for Senator Henry M. Jackson, who had died a few months earlier. The proposal was put on hold after the Port of Seattle renamed Seattle–Tacoma International Airport for Jackson, which sparked public outcry and force them to revert to the original name.

In late 2005, construction of the Future of Flight Aviation Center & Boeing Tour building was completed. The project, formerly known as the National Flight Interpretive Center, includes the Boeing factory tour as well as a gallery that highlights the newest developments in aviation, including both parts and components of airplanes, manufactured by Airbus and Boeing. The facility was opened to a private audience on December 16, 2005, and the following day the facility was open to the public. The Museum of Flight also has a restoration center at the airport's main gate; located further south is the Me 262 Project. Paul Allen's Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum has a large, refurbished hangar at the south end of the field, which opened as a museum in June 2008. The Historic Flight Foundation also housed and maintained early military aircraft. However, the Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum closed in May 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and in April 2022 it was reported that the collection was sold and the museum would not re-open. The Historic Flight Foundation closed their museum at Paine Field in 2020 as well, with their museum at Felts Field in Spokane, Washington now being their only location.

Commercial service proposals and debate
The use of Paine Field for commercial air service is highly controversial.

Several local governments have adopted resolutions against the use of Paine Field for commercial flights including Snohomish County (the airport's operator), the neighboring cities of Brier, Edmonds, Lynnwood, Mountlake Terrace, Mukilteo, and Woodway. Additionally, a local citizens group called "Save Our Communities" has worked to oppose any commercial flights at the airport.

Notably, the city of Everett, the largest in the county and the county seat, has adopted a resolution in favor of the use of Paine Field for commercial air service.

The use and expansion of the airport is currently governed by an agreement that was forged during 1978–1979 negotiations, called the Mediated Role Determination (MRD). The MRD recommends the role of Paine Field to be as a general aviation and aerospace manufacturing airport, while discouraging other types of activities including supplemental/charter air passenger service. In 2005, Snohomish County commissioned a panel to review the MRD. That panel recommended that the MRD "should not be ratified or revised, but should be retired as a policy document". In June 2008, the Snohomish County Council rejected the findings of its panel, and as in 1989, 1992, and 2001, restated its opposition to commercial air passenger services operating from Paine Field with this resolution:

"Reaffirm our county's commitment to preserving the existing general aviation role of Paine Field, and [to] pursue any and all lawful and appropriate means to discourage any action that would facilitate, directly or indirectly, use of Paine Field for scheduled air passenger service or air cargo service, which may include an interlocal agreement."

Further reflecting its opposition to commercial air service, Snohomish County has adopted a policy of not spending funds to subsidize airlines or to pay for the infrastructure needed to support commercial air service.

In 2008, two airlines, Allegiant Air and Horizon Air, expressed interest in establishing passenger flights to Paine Field to the airport authority. In May 2008, in response to these requests, the Chairman of the Snohomish County Council sent Allegiant Air a letter stating their opposition to the request to start air service. The FAA wrote to the airport authority in June 2008 to reiterate that as a recipient of federal FAA grants, the County may not prohibit commercial aeronautical activities offering services to the public. If the County blocked commercial flights, it would risk an enforcement action under Federal Aviation Regulation 16.

The airport completed a draft environmental assessment of the effects of commercial aviation at Paine Field in December 2009, and the public comment period ended on February 5, 2010. Opposition to Paine Field hosting commercial air service was overwhelming in meetings held for comments on the draft environmental assessment. The neighboring city of Mukilteo hired an aviation attorney to represent the interests of the city during the environmental assessment process and promised to "make it time consuming, expensive and stretch it out. We'll fight the terminal legally."

On December 4, 2012, the FAA concluded that commercial airplanes could fly out of Paine Field without significantly adding to local noise and traffic. The findings cleared the way for commercial operations along with the construction of a terminal building. On February 5, 2013, the cities of Edmonds and Mukilteo, along with two individuals, filed notice with the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco that they intend to challenge the results of the Environmental Assessment.

On July 15, 2013, Allegiant Air refused the county's terms to operate a terminal at Paine.

Commercial service resumes
In June 2014, New York-based Propeller Investments asked Snohomish County to start discussions leading to their construction of a terminal and parking facility at Paine Field. Propeller Investments would shoulder the risk — leasing land from the airport, financing terminal construction, and finding tenant airlines. On March 2, 2015, Snohomish County approved a lease-option agreement that gave Propeller Airports three years to carry out preliminary design work, environmental studies and to obtain permits needed to construct a proposed two-gate passenger terminal. In turn, Snohomish County would receive about $429,000 per year in rent plus a share of flight and parking revenues.

On March 4, 2016, a federal court denied an appeal by the City of Mukilteo and other citizens groups to prevent commercial flights at Paine Field.

The ground was broken for the passenger terminal on June 5, 2017. The 30,000 square foot building will have two gates and will be capable of handling about 16 flights per day. The operator, Propeller Airports, has agreed to limit early-morning and late-night commercial flights to reduce noise impacts on Mukilteo and nearby residential areas.

Alaska Airlines was the first to announce in May 2017 that it would operate from Paine Field. The airline initially announced that it would fly nine daily flights with a mix of mainline and regional jets. In January 2018, Alaska announced that instead all flights from Everett would be operated by its regional subsidiary, Horizon Air using the Embraer 175 regional jet, but that it would be offering 13 flights each day. In November 2018, the number of daily departures was again increased to 18. Alaska plans daily flights to several west coast destinations: Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Orange County, Phoenix, Portland, San Diego, San Francisco, and San Jose.

United Airlines announced on August 10, 2017, that six flights a day will be operated to its hubs in Denver and San Francisco.

Southwest Airlines announced on January 25, 2018, their intention to serve the airport with five daily flights, three to Oakland and two to Las Vegas. However, on November 15, 2018, Southwest reversed that decision and transferred its slots to Alaska Airlines.

Between Alaska and United, the initial commercial flight schedule for the airport included 24 daily departures, which was 50 percent higher than airport managers had initially planned for. In June 2018, the FAA announced an additional review of environmental impacts of passenger airline service, delaying the start of service between November 2018 and November 2019. The environmental review was completed in September 2018, and no significant additional environmental impacts were found, clearing the way for commercial service to start in early 2019.

Alaska previously announced that it planned to inaugurate service on February 11 with a ceremonial flight to Las Vegas, before ramping up to a full schedule of 18 departures on March 12, 2019. Alaska added that the gradual ramp-up would allow the airline and its employees to ensure operations at the new airport terminal were running smoothly. Alaska later announced in January 2019 that it was tentatively postponing the start of operations from February 11 to March 4, 2019, due to the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown further delaying governmental approval to begin service. The first Alaska Airlines flight from Paine Field, carrying invited guests to Portland, departed at 10 a.m. on March 4, 2019; it was then followed by public flights to Las Vegas and Phoenix. United began service to Denver and San Francisco on March 31, 2019. The San Francisco flights ceased in March 2020, after the airline found insufficient demand.

Within a year of opening, the commercial terminal served more than one million passengers. Long-term plans for the terminal include free luggage carts, a cellphone lot, and a consolidated rental car center. The airport's operators have also stated their desire to see larger planes, including Boeing 737s, serve the terminal and routes to destinations like Hawaii. The commencement of commercial service brought new noise complaints from nearby residents, including 10 households who submitted 62 percent of the 3,656 complaints filed in December 2019.

San Juan Airlines announced plans in April 2019 to begin scheduled service from the separate Castle and Cooke Aviation building at Paine Field, in addition to its current charter offerings. Two daily flights to Friday Harbor Airport on San Juan Island began on May 1, using small Cessna airplanes.

The number of flights at Paine Field was reduced to a single daily round-trip operated by Alaska Airlines in May 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The airport announced that it would close for 71 days to complete repairs to the gate ramps and other maintenance while traffic and demand were reduced. The terminal reopened on August 1 with three daily flights: Las Vegas and Phoenix on Alaska Airlines; and Denver on United Airlines.

In July 2021, United announced that they would be ending service to Paine Field in October of that year, opting instead to consolidate their resources at Sea-Tac.

In August 2021, FedEx Express took over the lease of the former Boeing Dreamlifter Operations Center, and announced their intention to begin cargo service to Paine Field from Memphis, using Boeing 757 aircraft.

Alaska gradually added service from Paine Field throughout 2021, and in April 2022, announced they would resume their full pre-pandemic schedule of 18 peak daily departures. They also announced the beginning of mainline Boeing 737 service to the airport, supplementing the existing E-175 service from regional operator Horizon Air.

The county government renamed the airport to Seattle Paine Field International Airport on July 18, 2023. The new name is meant to advertise the airport's proximity to Seattle. The Washington Air National Guard plans to transfer 14 acre at Paine Field to the Snohomish County government for industrial use and to expand an existing access road.

Passenger terminal
The new passenger terminal is located on the east side of the airport, near the intersection of Airport Road and 100th Street Southwest. Adjacent to the control tower, it has two gates and an additional hardstand space. The terminal includes a check-in area, a single TSA security checkpoint, a lobby with 300 seats, a coffee shop, a bar, and a food stand operated by Beecher's Handmade Cheese.

The lobby also has a curated display case with aviation memorabilia that represent the history of Paine Field, Alaska Airlines, and United Airlines; additional public artwork is installed in the parking lot and outside the building, including a statue of Topliff Olin Paine. The terminal also has valet parking, curbside drop-off areas, and a ride-hail/taxi stand.

The terminal was named the best regional airport in the world by Monocle magazine and one of the best small airports in the United States by USA Today.

Airlines and destinations
At the time of its full launch in May 2019, Paine Field had 26 daily arrivals and departures on Alaska Airlines through their regional subsidiaries, as well as San Juan Airlines. The earliest departure was scheduled at 6 a.m. and the latest departure was 9:05 p.m. As of June 2022, Paine Field has 18 daily departures to 9 destinations. Most Alaska Airlines flights are operated by Horizon Air, though Alaska Airlines also operates a number of mainline jets to supplement the regional carrier.

Ground transportation
Paine Field's passenger terminal is located west of the intersection of Airport Road and 100th Street SW. Airport Road continues south towards State Route 99 and Interstate 5, the region's two primary north–south highways, and north towards State Route 526. State Route 526, a short freeway spur, connects the Paine Field area to Mukilteo and Everett via Interstate 5 and Evergreen Way.

Public transportation
The passenger terminal has two bus stops that are served by Community Transit and Everett Transit. A bus stop in the departures/arrivals area of the terminal is served by Everett Transit Route 8 with direct service to Everett Station. Community Transit operates two routes along Airport Road, serving stops that are within walking distance of the terminal. The Swift Green Line, a bus rapid transit route, debuted in late March 2019 and connects Paine Field to Seaway Transit Center, south Everett, Mill Creek, and northern Bothell. It runs every 10 minutes midday on weekdays and 20 minutes at other times. A separate local route, Route 105, also serves the same corridor during peak periods, continuing further south into Bothell.

Sound Transit, the regional transit system, also plans to build a Link light rail extension to Everett in 2036, with a stop in the Paine Field area.

Accidents and incidents

 * On July 29, 1962, a USAF North American Sabreliner on an orientation flight lost hydraulics and overshot the runway on landing, subsequently going through a barrier and hitting an embankment. Both occupants were killed.
 * On October 8, 1996, a Cessna 210 Centurion crashed just north of the airport while attempting to land in heavy fog, killing the pilot. The plane struck a utility pole and several trees before coming to a stop 100 yd short of the runway, narrowly missing State Route 526 in the process.
 * On June 10, 2015, a Beechcraft Bonanza crashed immediately after takeoff, going down in a wooded area south of the airport between the main runway and Mukilteo Speedway. Of the two occupants on the plane, one died at the scene while the other survived with bone fractures.
 * On May 2, 2017, a Piper PA-32-260 crashed immediately after takeoff south of the airport, striking a power line and several cars at the intersection of Harbour Pointe Boulevard and Mukilteo Speedway; the pilot reported losing power beforehand. Both the pilot and the sole passenger survived the crash uninjured; two people on the ground reported minor injuries.
 * On February 16, 2024, a C-152 crashed in Japanese Gulch, Mukilteo, near the north end of the field.

title: Paine Field


text:
Current-mode logic

Current mode logic (CML), or source-coupled logic (SCL), is a digital design style used both for logic gates and for board-level digital signaling of digital data.

The basic principle of CML is that current from a constant current generator is steered between two alternate paths depending on whether a logic zero or logic one is being represented. Typically, the generator is connected to the two sources of a pair of differential FETs, with the two paths being their two drains. The bipolar equivalent emitter-coupled logic (ECL) operates similarly, with the output being taken from the collectors of the BJT transistors.

As a differential PCB-level interconnect, it is intended to transmit data at speeds between 312.5 Mbit/s and 3.125 Gbit/s across standard printed circuit boards.

The transmission is point-to-point, unidirectional, and is usually terminated at the destination with 50 Ω resistors to Vcc on both differential lines. CML is frequently used in interfaces to fiber optic components. The principle difference between CML and ECL as a link technology is the output impedance of the driver stage: the emitter follower of ECL has a low resistance of around 5 Ω whereas CML connects to the drains of the driving transistors, that have a high impedance, and so the impedance of the pull up/down network (typically 50 Ω resistive) is the effective output impedance. Matching this drive impedance close to the driven transmission line's characteristic impedance greatly reduces undesirable ringing.

CML signals have also been found useful for connections between modules. CML is the physical layer used in DVI, HDMI and FPD-Link III video links, the interfaces between a display controller and a monitor.

In addition, CML has been widely used in high-speed integrated systems, such as for serial data transceivers and frequency synthesizers in telecommunication systems.

Operation
The fast operation of CML circuits is mainly due to their lower output voltage swing compared to the static CMOS circuits, as well as the very fast current switching taking place at the input differential pair transistors. One of the primary requirements of a current-mode logic circuit is that the current bias transistor must remain in the saturation region to maintain a constant current.

Ultra low power
Recently, CML has been used in ultra-low power applications. Studies show that while the leakage current in conventional static CMOS circuits is becoming a major challenge in lowering the energy dissipation, good control of CML current consumption makes them a very good candidate for extremely low power use. Called subthreshold CML or subthreshold source coupled logic (STSCL),  the current consumption of each gate can be reduced down to a few tens of picoamps.

title: Current-mode logic


text:
Commelinaceae

Commelinaceae is a family of flowering plants. In less formal contexts, the group is referred to as the dayflower family or spiderwort family. It is one of five families in the order Commelinales and by far the largest of these with about 731 known species in 41 genera. Well known genera include Commelina (dayflowers) and Tradescantia (spiderworts). The family is diverse in both the Old World tropics and the New World tropics, with some genera present in both. The variation in morphology, especially that of the flower and inflorescence, is considered to be exceptionally high amongst the angiosperms. The family has always been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG III system of 2009 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Commelinales in the clade commelinids in the monocots. The family counts several hundred species of herbaceous plants. Many are cultivated as ornamentals. The stems of these plants are generally well-developed, and often swollen at the nodes. Flowers are often short-lived, lasting for a day or less.

The flowers of Commelinaceae are ephemeral, lack nectar, and offer only pollen as a reward to their pollinators. Most species are hermaphroditic, meaning each flower contains male and female organs, or andromonoecious, meaning that both bisexual and male flowers occur on the same plant. Floral dimorphism may be accompanied by variable pedicel length, filament length and/or curvature, or stamen number and/or position. Species tend to have specific flowering seasons, though local environmental factors tend to effect exact timing, sometimes considerably. Species tend to flower at a specific time of day as well, with these periods being well defined enough to presumably isolate different species reproductively. Furthermore, some species exhibit differential opening times for male and bisexual flowers. Commelinaceae flowers tend to deceive pollinators by appearing to offer a larger reward than is actually present. This is accomplished with various adaptations such as yellow hairs or broad anther connectives that mimic pollen, or staminodes that lack pollen but appear like fertile stamens.

Description
Plants in the Commelinaceae are usually perennials, but a smaller number of species are annuals. They are always terrestrial except for plants in the genus Cochliostema, which are epiphytes. Plants typically have an erect or scrambling but ascending habit, often spreading by rooting at the nodes or by stolons. Some have rhizomes, and the genera Streptolirion, Aetheolirion, and some species of Spatholirion are climbers. The roots are either fibrous or form tubers.

Leaves form sheaths at their bases that surround the stem, much like the leaves of grasses, except that the sheaths are closed and do not have a ligule. The leaves alternate up the stem and may be two-ranked or spirally arranged. The leaf blades are simple and entire (that is, they lack any teeth or lobes), they sometimes narrow at the base, and they are often succulent. The way in which the leaves typically unfurl from bud is a distinctive feature of the family: it is termed involute, and means that the margins at the leaf base are rolled in when they first emerge. However, some groups are supervolute or convolute.

The inflorescences occur either as a terminal shoot at the top of the plant, or as terminal and axillary shoots arising from lower nodes, or rarely as only axillary shoots that pierce through the leaf sheath such as in Coleotrype and Amischotolype. The inflorescence is classed as a thyrse, and each subunit is made up of cincinni; this basically means that flowers are grouped in scorpion's tail-like clusters along a central axis, although this basic ground plan can become highly modified or reduced. Inflorescences or their subunit are sometimes enclosed in a leaf-like bract often called a spathe.

Flowers can have either one or many planes of symmetry; that is either zygomorphic or actinomorphic. They remain open for only a few hours after opening, after which they deliquesce. The flowers are usually all bisexual (hermaphrodite), but some species have both male and bisexual flowers (andromonoecious), the single species Callisia repens has bisexual and female flowers (gynomonoecious), and some have bisexual, male, and female flowers (polygamomonoecious). Nectaries are not found in any species within the family. There are always three sepals, although they may be equal or unequal, unfused or basally fused, petal-like or green. Likewise, there are always three petals, but these may be equal or in two forms, free or basally fused, white or coloured. The petals are sometimes clawed, meaning they narrow to stalk at the base where they attach to the rest of the flower. There are almost always six stamens in two whorls, but these occur in a myriad of arrangements and forms. They may be all fertile and equal or unequal, but in many genera two to four are staminodes (i.e. infertile, non-pollen producing stamens). Staminodes can alternate with the fertile stamens or they can all occur in the upper or lower hemisphere of the flower. The stalks of the stamens are bearded in many genera, although in some of these only some are bearded while others are hairless. Sometimes one to three stamens are absent altogether. Pollen is usually released from slits that open on the sides of the anthers from top to bottom, but some species have pores that open at the tips.

Phylogeny
The Commelinaceae is a well supported monophyletic group according to the analysis of Burns et al. (2011). The following is a phylogeny, or evolutionary tree, of most of the genera in Commelinaceae based on DNA sequences from the plastid gene rbcL

All clades shown have 80% bootstrap support or better.

title: Commelinaceae


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Murray Cumming

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 18:11, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Murray Cumming
Has been tagged with since January. It just says that this person is a software developer who maintains gtkmm and other open source software. Zzyzx11 | Talk 05:09, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unless more information is added. --DuKot 05:11, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agreeing with DuKot. Joyous 02:04, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Though the project (gtkmm) is noteworthy, the role of its current maintainer is not. The project has more than one maintainer and the role is not permanent. Source: gtkmm developer page  Also, a review of Mr. Cumming's Curriculum Vitae reveals a typical programmer/developer career with nothing particularly notable.  This may be a vanity page.Tobycat 05:49, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Félix Heredia

Félix Heredia Pérez (born June 18, 1975) is a Dominican former Major League Baseball relief pitcher. On October 18, 2005, he became the 11th MLB player to be suspended for testing positive for steroids. He is also known as "El Gato Flaco" (Skinny Cat in Spanish) and, "The Run Fairy" (a nickname sarcastically lampooning his poor performances in the latter part of his career).

Heredia attended Escuela Dominical in Barahona. He was signed as a free agent by the Florida Marlins in 1993 and made his major league debut with the Marlins on August 9, 1995. Heredia went on to pitch for the Chicago Cubs and Toronto Blue Jays before having his best season in 2003 with the Cincinnati Reds and New York Yankees. That year, he was 5–3 with one save and a 2.69 ERA in 69 relief appearances. However, his performance declined rapidly in 2004 with the Yankees, who traded him to the New York Mets for Mike Stanton prior to the 2005 season. However, he made just three appearances with the Mets in 2005 before going on the disabled list with an aneurysm in his left shoulder in June, and he missed the rest of the season.

The following off-season, he signed with Arizona, but was released during spring training. Four days later, Heredia signed with the Cleveland Indians, appearing in eight games for their Triple-A affiliate, the Buffalo Bisons, before being released on May 12. On December 16, 2006, the Detroit Tigers signed him to a minor league deal, but despite a 2.00 ERA in spring training, Heredia was released.

Heredia is married with three children and resides in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

title: Félix Heredia


text:
Integrated device manufacturer

An integrated device manufacturer (IDM) is a semiconductor company which designs, manufactures, and sells integrated circuit (IC) products.

IDM is often used to refer to a company which handles semiconductor manufacturing in-house, compared to a fabless semiconductor company, which outsources production to a third-party semiconductor fabrication plant.

Examples of IDMs are Intel, Samsung, and Texas Instruments, examples of fabless companies are AMD, Nvidia, and Qualcomm, and examples of pure play foundries are GlobalFoundries, TSMC, and UMC.

Due to the dynamic nature of the semiconductor industry, the term IDM has become less accurate than when it was coined.

OSATs
The term OSATs means "outsourced semiconductor assembly and test providers". OSATs have dominated IC packaging and testing.

Fabless operations
The terms fabless (fabrication-less), foundry, and IDM are now used to describe the role a company has in a business relationship. For example, Freescale owns and operates fabrication facilities (fab) where it manufactures many chip product lines, as a traditional IDM would. Yet it is known to contract with merchant foundries for other products, as would fabless companies.

Manufacturers
Many electronic manufacturing companies engage in business that would qualify them as an IDM:

 * Analog Devices
 * ams AG
 * Belling
 * Changxin Memory Technologies
 * Cypress Semiconductor
 * CR Microelectronics
 * Fujitsu
 * Good-Ark Electronics
 * Hitachi
 * IBM
 * IM Flash Technologies
 * Infineon
 * Intersil
 * Intel
 * LSI Corporation
 * Matsushita
 * Maxim Integrated Products
 * Micron Technology
 * Mitsubishi
 * National Semiconductor
 * Nexperia
 * NXP (formerly Philips + Freescale Semiconductors)
 * OMMIC
 * ON Semiconductor
 * Pericom
 * Qorvo
 * Renesas (formerly NEC semiconductor)
 * Samsung
 * SK Hynix
 * STMicroelectronics
 * Sony
 * Texas Instruments
 * Tsinghua Unigroup
 * Toshiba
 * Yangtze Memory Technologies

Reading

 * Understanding fabless IC technology By Jeorge S. Hurtarte, Evert A. Wolsheimer, Lisa M. Tafoya 1.4.1 Integrated device manufacturer Page 8

title: Integrated device manufacturer


text:
The Dock of the Bay (album)

The Dock of the Bay is the first of a number of posthumously released Otis Redding albums, and his seventh studio album. It contains a number of singles, B-sides, and previously released album tracks dating back to 1965, including one of his best known songs, the posthumous hit "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay". His final recordings were finished just two days before Redding's death in a plane crash on December 10, 1967. In 2003, the album was ranked number 161 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list.

Personnel

 * Otis Redding – vocals
 * Booker T. Jones – keyboards, piano
 * Isaac Hayes – keyboards, piano
 * Steve Cropper – guitar
 * Donald Dunn – bass guitar
 * Al Jackson Jr. – drums
 * Wayne Jackson – trumpet
 * Joe Arnold – tenor saxophone
 * Carla Thomas - vocals on "Tramp"

title: The Dock of the Bay (album)