text:
Gina Prince-Bythewood

Gina Maria Prince-Bythewood (born June 10, 1969) is an American film director and screenwriter. She began her career as a writer for multiple television shows in the 1990s, including the anthology series CBS Schoolbreak Special, for which she was nominated for two Daytime Emmy Awards. Prince-Bythewood made her feature film directorial debut with Love & Basketball (2000), for which she received an Independent Spirit Award.

Her other works include Disappearing Acts (2000), The Secret Life of Bees (2008), and Beyond the Lights (2014). She became the first black woman to direct a major comic-book film The Old Guard (2020). Prince-Bythewood earned nominations for Best Director at the Critics' Choice Movie Awards and the British Academy Film Awards for The Woman King (2022).

Early life
Prince-Bythewood was born in Chicago, Illinois, and adopted by Bob Prince, a computer programmer, and Maria Prince, a nurse, when she was 3 weeks old. Her adoptive father is white and her adoptive mother is of Salvadoran and German descent. She grew up in the middle-class neighborhood of Pacific Grove, California. She has four siblings through her adoptive family.

In 1987, Prince-Bythewood graduated from Pacific Grove High School. She attended UCLA's film school, where she also ran competitive track. At UCLA, she received the Gene Reynolds Scholarship for Directing and the Ray Stark Memorial Scholarship for Outstanding Undergraduates. She graduated in 1991.

She sought out her birth mother around 2014, but it was "not a positive experience". Her birth mother, who is white, was a teenager when she gave her up for adoption, because her family knew her child would be multiracial and they wanted her to have an abortion.

Career
After five years working in TV as a writer on shows like A Different World and South Central, Prince-Bythewood wrote her first film, 2000's Love & Basketball. The film was based on Prince-Bythewood’s personal life and her experiences growing up. It was developed at the Sundance Institute's directing and writing lab. It won 12 awards and was nominated for three more. It won Best Film and Best Film Poster at the Black Reel Awards, and Best First Screenplay at the Independent Spirit Awards. The film also grossed $27.7 million worldwide, making it the ninth most popular basketball film in the United States at that time.

She directed the feature film The Secret Life of Bees, adapted from the best-selling book by Sue Monk Kidd. It was released by Fox Searchlight in October 2008, and debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival and Urbanworld Film Festival that same year. In 2014, Prince-Bythewood directed Beyond the Lights, starring Gugu Mbatha-Raw. Prince-Bythewood began work on the film in 2007, before work on 2008's The Secret Life of Bees was completed, but struggled to find financing when the original production company, Sony, backed out after she insisted on casting Mbatha-Raw. The film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.

Beyond the Lights, originally called Blackbird, is based on the Nina Simone song "Blackbird" from the record Nina Simone with Strings. Prince-Bythewood said: "That song really inspired the movie and inspired Noni's story." The main character's story was loosely inspired by the lives of Marilyn Monroe and Judy Garland. Prince-Bythewood also stated that the movie is filled with intense personal issues with some resulting from her own adoption and her fraught encounter with her birth mother. Prince-Bythewood did research with the assistance of a number of singers, including Alicia Keys. The story was also inspired by an experience seeing Keys play the song "Diary". Elements of the film, especially the sexualization of female pop artists, act as a "critique of American media culture." The film was shot in 29 days and cost $7 million. All of the key crew members on the film were women, including costume designer Sandra Hernandez, production designer Cecilia Montiel, cinematographer Tami Reiker, and editor Teri Shropshire. Other collaborators were choreographer Laurieann Gibson (Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj), hairstylist Kimberly Kimble (Beyoncé), and record producer The-Dream.

In 2016 Prince-Bythewood announced her next project would be an adaptation of Roxane Gay's novel An Untamed State. The project would be co-written by herself and Gay and would star Gugu Mbatha-Raw.

In 2017 Prince-Bythewood, along with her husband Reggie Rock Bythewood, created the show Shots Fired for Fox. Later that year, Prince-Bythewood was announced as the director for Silver & Black, a film based on Marvel Comics characters Silver Sable and Black Cat.

She wrote the screenplay for the movie adaptation of the novel Before I Fall by Lauren Oliver. The film had an estimated $12,498,674 worldwide box office take by March 2017 after its release date (January 21, 2017). She directed the 2020 film adaptation of Greg Rucka's The Old Guard for Netflix, starring Charlize Theron and KiKi Layne. She is the first mixed race woman to make a comic-book film.

In 2020, she and her husband signed a deal with Touchstone Television to produce their output using the banner "Undisputed Cinema."

Prince-Bythewood directed the TriStar Pictures epic The Woman King, a feature inspired by true events that took place in the Kingdom of Dahomey, one of the most powerful states of Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries, The Woman King tells the story of Nanisca (Viola Davis), general of the all-female military unit known as the Amazons, and her daughter, Nawi, who together fought the French and neighboring tribes who violated their honor, enslaved their people and threatened to destroy everything they’ve lived for. She also directed the first episode of ABC's Women of the Movement.

In March 2021, Prince-Bythewood took on a new role as Co-Chair of the Directors Guild of America African American Steering Committee (AASC). Working alongside Director Jeffrey W. Byrd, Prince-Bythewood will be addressing needs of the African American members of the Guild such as job creation and career advancement in this new position. On August 26, It was announced that because of Prince-Bythewood's commitments to other projects, she would not direct The Old Guard 2 and will be replaced by Victoria Mahoney. Prince-Bythewood will remain as producer on the film.

Personal life
In 1998 Prince-Bythewood married film director and writer Reggie Rock Bythewood, whom she met on the writing staff of A Different World. The couple have two sons, Cassius and Toussaint, and live in Southern California.

Along with friends Mara Brock Akil, Sara Finney Johnson and Felicia D. Henderson, Prince-Bythewood endows The Four Sisters Scholarship.

Directorial style
Through her films, Prince-Bythewood explores themes that often reflect the experiences of women of color. Specifically, Prince-Bythewood's films frequently challenge popular portrayals of women of color rooted in cultural stereotypes by presenting women as passionate and ambitious figures committed to the realization of their goals. Furthermore, Prince-Bythewood’s films work to resist negative conceptions and ideologies about the ability of women to be dynamic; people who are both successful in their professional pursuits and in their maintenance of romantic relationships. Commenting on her film Love & Basketball, Prince-Bythewood spoke to normalizing the idea that women can balance working toward career aspirations and being romantic partners: “Girls are often told you can’t have both, so I just wanted to normalize the belief that you can have both. I wanted to normalize girls like Monica, who were girls like me, who grew up playing sports and were… made to feel different”. This element of Prince-Bythewood’s work - one that challenges expectations in arenas of society that refuse women’s (particularly black women's) ability to solidify their own subjectivity through passionate and purposeful vocational pursuits while also being desired romantically - has led some to label her work as romance films, in what some consider an oversimplification and dismissal of underlying womanist narratives and themes.

Additionally, throughout her work, Prince-Bythewood has indicated a particular investment in spotlighting the humanity of the female characters that her films depict. According to Christina N. Baker, Prince-Bythewood forefronts the humanistic quality of her film’s characters through the development of narratives that demonstrate the complexities of human emotion. In producing narratives that highlight the intricacies of feeling, thought, and behavior, Prince-Bythewood works to dispel limiting images and representations of women that regard them as objects of desire and self-sacrifice whose purpose is centralized around being in service of others, who are often men, around them. When asked by Kathleen Newman-Bremang why highlighting emotion within her film's female characters is a significant element of her work in a discussion at the 47th Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) with Viola Davis oriented around the debut of The Woman King (2022), Prince-Bythewood said “It’s showing our humanity. People don’t see our humanity. So, it’s important to put it up on screen”.

Feature film
Producer
 * Biker Boyz (2003)
 * The Old Guard 2 (TBA)

title: Gina Prince-Bythewood


text:
Plantronics

Plantronics, Inc. is an American electronics company — branded Poly to reflect its dual Plantronics and Polycom heritage — producing audio communications equipment for business and consumers. Its products support unified communications, mobile use, gaming and music. Plantronics is headquartered in Santa Cruz, California, and most of its products are produced in China and Mexico.

On March 18, 2019, Plantronics announced that it would change its name to Poly following its acquisition of Polycom, although it continues to trade on the New York Stock Exchange as Plantronics, Inc. (POLY; listed as PLT until May 24, 2021 ).

On March 28, 2022, HP Inc. announced its intent to acquire Poly for $1.7 billion in cash as it looks to bolster its hybrid work offerings, such as headsets and videoconferencing hardware. Including debt, the deal valued at $3.3 billion and closed in August 2022.

History
In the early 1960s, airline headsets were so large and cumbersome that many pilots had switched back to the use of handheld microphones for communications. The speed and complexity of jet airliners caused a need for the introduction of small, lightweight headsets into the cockpit. In 1961, United Airlines solicited new designs from anyone who was interested. Courtney Graham, a United Airlines pilot, was one of the many who thought the heavy headsets should be replaced by something lighter. He collaborated with his pilot friend Keith Larkin to create a small, functional design which was robust enough to pass airlines standards. (Larkin had been working for a small company called Plane-Aids, a Japanese import company which offered spectacles and sunglasses that contained transistor radios in their temple pieces.) The final design, incorporating two small hearing aid-style transducers attached to a headband was submitted to United Airline approval. UAL's approval of the innovative design caused Graham and Larkin to incorporate as Pacific Plantronics (now called Plantronics, Inc.) on May 18, 1961. They introduced the first lightweight communications headset, the MS-50, to the commercial marketplace in 1962.

In the mid-1960s, the Federal Aviation Agency selected Plantronics as the sole supplier of headsets for air traffic controllers, and thereafter was selected to supply headsets to the operators of the Bell Telephone company.

SPENCOMM and NASA
In 1961, NASA astronaut Wally Schirra contacted Courtney Graham, a fellow pilot, to discuss creating a design for a small, lightweight headset to be used in the Mercury spacecraft.

Pacific Plantronics assembled its Space Environmental Communications (SPENCOMM) division to begin working on a reliable solution. SPENCOMM personnel traveled to NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center (now Johnson Space Center) and Kennedy Space Center to meet with and get design feedback from Schirra and several other astronauts, including Gordon Cooper.

Together, SPENCOMM and NASA spent only 11 days to create a working microphone design for space communications and Schirra was the first to use the new communication technology during the Mercury-Atlas 8 mission. Significant redundancy was built into these headsets, as each microphone circuit had two transducers and each receiver had five transducers—in addition, the headsets were used in pairs. The use of these SPENCOMM-NASA headsets in astronaut space suits continued through the remainder of the Mercury program, the Apollo program and on to this day. The words spoken by U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong as he stepped on the Moon were transmitted through a Plantronics headset.

MS-50
Following the Pacific Plantronics partnership with NASA in the Space Program, the MS-50 headset gained recognition in the communication marketplace. The FAA, Western Electric, and companies with telephone call centers adapted the MS-50 as a replacement for existing headsets.

On May 18, 1965, U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,556 was issued to W. K. Larkin for a "miniaturized headset wherein a hearing-aid size microphone transducer and a similarly miniaturized transducer are placed in a capsule mounted near the user's ear; speech is conducted to the microphone via an acoustic tube positioned near the user's mouth, while incoming communications emanating from the receiver are conducted to the user's ear via a second acoustic tube."

StarSet
In 1970, Ken Hutchings, an engineer who had joined Pacific Plantronics, patented a device which was marketed as the "StarSet". United States Patent 3548118 describes "A self-supporting headset having a housing which accommodates a receiver and microphone. A flexible acoustic tube adapted to communicate between the auditory canal of the ear of the user and the receiver secured to the bottom of the housing, and an adjustable acoustic tube secured to the top of the housing with its distal end adapted to be disposed adjacent to the mouth of the user to transmit sound to the microphone."

Wireless products

In the 1980s, Plantronics created a line of cordless products using infrared technology. Though the technology utilized was the same one being used by television remote controls, the link did not require a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) telecommunications approval. One of the first products used the infrared beam to create a communications link between a small transmitter and a base unit which was connected to the telephone network. This product was the first "echo-free" speakerphone for use in conference rooms. The small transmitter could be handheld or clipped to clothing to ensure a good pickup of the speaker's voice.

Wireless office headsets
In 2003, Plantronics introduced the CS50 wireless headset for use on office phones. Since that time, Plantronics has manufactured other wireless headsets, including the "CS70N", CS500 Series, and Savi 700 Series. In recent years there has also been strong focus on Unified Communications headsets and speakers.

Mobile and Bluetooth mobile headsets

Plantronics manufactures mobile headsets, including a line of Bluetooth headsets for mobile phones. The Pulsar 590, for example, is designed for use with Bluetooth- and A2DP-enabled cellphones.

Computer and gaming headsets
Plantronics manufactured headsets for PC audio and online and console gaming via its GameCom and .Audio and RIG Gaming labels. Plantronics entered the multimedia headset market in 1999 with the release of the HS1 and the DSP-500 headsets, the latter featuring a built-in digital signal processing card. In 2002, Plantronics and Microsoft created the headset for the Xbox Communicator, the first headset to enable voice communication with Xbox Live. The company created a special headset for the Xbox as a tie-in with the videogame Halo 2 in 2004. Plantronics exited the gaming and consumer markets in 2019, focusing on enterprise collaboration with its Poly brand.

Corporate expansion and acquisitions
Plantronics has expanded into other segments of the audio equipment market through acquisitions.

Clarity
In 1986, Plantronics acquired Walker Equipment, Ringgold, Georgia, a manufacturer of amplified handsets and telephones. The Clarity products were created to enhance telephone usability for those with hearing impairment. Walker later acquired Ameriphone in 2002, and became Walker Ameriphone before changing its name to Clarity; Clarity is now a US supplier of amplified telephones. In February 2015, Plantronics released the Clarity 340 handset style phone for UC communications.

Altec Lansing
In 2005, Plantronics acquired computer speaker manufacturer Altec Lansing for approximately $166 million. In spite of a corporate makeover the brand continued to struggle and was acquired by Profit Equity in October 2009 for approximately $18 million.

Volume Logic
Plantronics later acquired Octiv, Inc. in March 2005 as one of its brands and renamed it as the Volume Logic division. Octiv produced an audio toolset for creating 5.1 surround sound soundtracks. Although the Volume Logic series of applications have since been discontinued, the underlying technology has been adapted for use in Plantronics telephony products.

Polycom
On March 28, 2018, Plantronics announced it would acquire Polycom for approximately $2 billion.

2005 to present
In October 2016, long-time chief executive S. Kenneth Kannappan retired and was replaced by Joe Burton, who had joined in 2011.

On February 10, 2020, Plantronics announced the appointment of Robert Hagerty as interim CEO, replacing Joe Burton.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Plantronics


text:
Shakhty

Shakhty (Шахты) is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the southeastern spur of the Donetsk mountain ridge, 75 km northeast of Rostov-on-Don. As of the 2023 Census, its population was 222,500.

It was previously known as Alexandro-Grushevskaya (until 1867), Gornoye Grushevskoye Poseleniye (until 1881), Alexandrovsk-Grushevsky (until 1920).

History
In the beginning of the 19th century sergeant-major Popov founded on the Grushevka River a Cossack stanitsa of Alexandro-Grushevskaya (Александро-Грушевская). While the exact reasoning behind this name is unclear, it is possible that the name was given in honor of Emperor Alexander I. Twelve Cossacks and fourteen peasant serfs lived in the stanitsa at that time. By the mid-19th century, fifty-seven coal mines operated in this area. In 1867, it was granted town status and renamed Gornoye Grushevskoye Poseleniye (Горное Грушевское Поселение). The name was changed to Alexandrovsk-Grushevsky (Александровск-Грушевский) in 1881.

By 1914, the population had reached 54,000. The main source of income was coal mining, which had been carried out in that region since the end of the 18th century. The population was poor, but the town had rail, telegraph and telephone networks, electricity and plumbing as well as libraries, hospitals and a post office. 1917 saw the city change hands three times, until it was taken on April 28, 1919, by the Don Army, under General Aleksandr Fitskhelaurov. For twenty months it was independent of the Bolsheviks, but was ravaged by typhoid.

In 1920, the city was given its present name. The name, which literally means mines in Russian, was chosen due to the strong association with coal mining. In 1920–24 Shakhty was part of Donetsk Governorate of the Ukrainian SSR. During the 1920s, many of the churches and the archives were destroyed. In 1928, the city was the location of the Shakhty Trial, a precursor of the show trials of the 1930s.

In 1941, an independent Cossack republic had been declared in Shakhty although this was suppressed by the NKVD before the Russian invasion. In July 22, 1942, during the Great Patriotic War, the city was occupied by the Germans; many coal pits and buildings were blown up by the Germans during their retreat in February 12, 1943. Twenty-nine of the townsmen were awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union.

In 1948, production levels in the mines reached what they had been before the war. During the Leonid Brezhnev years, the city was at the height of its development, with a population of over 250,000, and about ten million tons of coal being mined each year.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the city was the scene of many of Andrei Chikatilo's murders.

Perestroika proved devastating for the city, as mines were privatized and shut down, causing massive unemployment, which led to a severe rise in crime and drug abuse. Today's Shakhty is the main industrial center of the Eastern Donbas. The city is also one of the main producers and exporters of tile in Eastern Europe.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Shakhty Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.

Demographics
The city's population was 239,987 as of the 2010 Census; up from 222,592 recorded in the 2002 Census. As of the 1989 Census, the population was 225,797.

Attractions
There are several monuments and historical sites in Shakhty.

 * The Monument to Alexander II was opened on April 29, 2015, located in front of the main building of the Institute of Service and Entrepreneurship of Don State Technological Institute (DSTU) in the city centre of Shakhty. The monument was funded and built on donations. A representative of the house of Romanov, Pavel Eduardovich Kulikovsky-Romanov (great-grandson of Emperor Alexander III), was given the honor of unveiling the monument.

The monument was built by Yuri Alekseevich Levochkin. Its pedestal is made of dark granite, and the statue itself is cast from bronze. The lower half stand 5.7 meters high, and the figure of Alexander II is another 2.4 meters. On the front side, there is an engraving in gold letters that reads, "Alexander II. Tsar the Liberator". Viewed from the back, there is a brief biographical note on the ruler—"Emperor Alexander II abolished serfdom in Russia in 1861 and freed millions of peasants from centuries of slavery, conducted military and judicial reforms, introduced the system of local self-government, city dumas and local administrations, brought to an end the long-lasting Caucasian War, and liberated the Slavic peoples from the Ottoman yoke. He was killed on March 1, 1881 and was a victim of a terrorist."

The monument was erected on an initiative of the Historical Council of the City of Shakhty.
 * Monument to Vasily Alexeyev (2014), a Soviet weightlifter. He set 80 world records and 81 Soviet records in weightlifting, and won gold medals at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics. Alexeyev was born in Shakhty.
 * Monument to Soldier-liberator (1985)
 * Memorial to the Victims of Fascism (1975)
 * Monument to the fighters for Soviet power (1955)
 * Monument to soldiers-internazionalista (2010)
 * Monument to Taras Shevchenko (1972)
 * Monuments to Lenin (1945). Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
 * A memorial to the heroes of the first world war (2014). On the monument depicts a double-headed eagle. In his paws cadet standard, with the monogram of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II. On the plates under the wings of the eagle is engraved the names of all of the Don Cossack units that participated in the First World War.
 * Saint Alexander Nevsky Church

Twin towns – sister cities
Shakhty is twinned with:
 * 🇦🇲 Armavir, Armenia
 * 🇩🇪 Gelsenkirchen, Germany
 * 🇧🇬 Nikopol, Bulgaria
 * 🇺🇦 Sievierodonetsk, Ukraine

Notable people

 * Vasily Alexeyev (1942-2011), weightlifter
 * Lyudmila Kondratyeva (born 1958), sprinter
 * Alina Ermolova (born 2001), rhythmic gymnast
 * Marina Logvinenko (born 1961), sport shooter
 * Alexander Nevolin-Svetov (born 1988), Paralympic swimmer

title: Shakhty


text:
Werne

Werne an der Lippe (Westphalian: Wäen) is a town in the Federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia in the Unna district in Germany. It is located on the southern edge of the Münsterland region near the Ruhrgebiet. The population of Werne is about 32,000.

Middle Ages and early modern period

The first Bishop of Münster, Liudger established Werne as a parish by erecting a chapel in the southern parts of the Dreingau ("in pago dreginni"). He acted on orders of Charlemagne who, having finally brought the region under the fold of Francia following the conclusion of the Saxon Wars, was eager to press on with Christianization. The Latin text of the oldest preserved document ("in villa quae dicitur werina"), which dates from 834 and is being kept at the Leiden University Library, indicates that by this time a village had already formed around the chapel.

Traders and peasants continued to accrete throughout the next three centuries. At some point between the years 1192 and 1195, the regional bishopric established a customs agency at Werne and put the place under its direct jurisdiction. The year 1253 found Werne in an alliance (the "Werner Bund") with the cities of Münster, Dortmund, Soest and Lippstadt to defend transit and trading rights relating to a bridge over the Lippe river. In 1470 Werne became a member of the Hanseatic League. A town hall was built from 1512 to 1561.

The first moves towards a fortification of Werne date to 1302 when a trench was dug around the church; this was improved and extended to protect the entire settlement in 1383, two years before it received town privileges in 1385. After Adolph I, Duke of Cleves had burned Werne to the ground in 1400, the full fortification of the town commenced in 1415. However, this did not prevent occupation, looting and torching of the town on several occasions during the Thirty Years' War and of course it was no help at all against the Black Death, which killed 313 people (out of a population of about 1,000) in 1636 and 1637 while the war still raged. (Parts of the town wall and some of the towers were pulled down in 1779; the last town gate (the "Neutor") was demolished in 1843.)

The Peace of Westphalia, signed in 1648 at the nearby cities of Münster and Osnabrück, had essentially expelled Protestantism from the Werne region. From 1671 to 1673 the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin erected a monastery and, from 1677 to 1681, the Catholic Church. (The Martin Luther Church at the Wichernstraße dates from 1904).

From the Napoleonic time to industrialization
Werne, which had come under the administration of Prussia in 1803 when the Prince-Bishopric of Münster had been dissolved, was attached to the Grand Duchy of Berg by Napoleon in 1806. The Congress of Vienna restored the town to Prussia which incorporated it with other territories into its Province of Westphalia. In 1831 was granted a degree of administrative independence under the Prussian municipal code of 1831.

In 1873 and 1874 the search for coal produced a brine thermal spring, and the Werne Baths were established in 1878. The actual coal mine did not commence operations before 1899; it was operated until 1975. Today the buildings of the "Zeche Werne" have been converted to public meeting places, or are part of a business park.

The railway line Münster-Werne-Dortmund was opened in 1928. It had taken a significant amount of lobbying to get Werne a railway station, which was totally refurbished in 2005.

World War II
During the war, 471 citizens of Werne died and 500 more disappeared without trace. The town accommodated nearly 4,000 refugees.

Population
The population of the town of Werne (and the ward of Stockum) increased from 1974 to 2003 by about 23%. The proportion of foreigners was about five percent in 2003. In the same year, the ward of Stockum with 4,760 inhabitants presented 14.6% of the population of Werne. The proportion of the Catholic population amounted to 57.4%, the proportion of the Protestant population to 25.0%. 17.6% had no religious affiliation or belonged to another faith.

In 2012 Werne had a population of 29,482.

Schools

 * Gymnasium St. Christophorus
 * Anne-Frank-Gymnasium, municipal high school
 * Freiherr-vom-Stein vocational school
 * Konrad-Adenauer-Realschule
 * Marga-Spiegel-Schule, comprehensive school since August 2012, named after Marga Spiegel, a holocaust survivor
 * Schule am Windmühlenberg, municipal Hauptschule
 * Barbaraschule – special school, named after Barbara von Nikomedien
 * Kardinal-von-Galen school, catholic primary school
 * Uhlandschule, catholic primary school
 * Weihbachschule, undenominational primaryschool
 * Wiehagenschule, catholic primary school (also open day school)
 * Wienbredeschule, catholic primary school (also open day school)
 * Familienbildungsstätte
 * Folk high school Werne
 * Town library

Stages

 * Sylvan theatre Werne
 * Kolpinghaus Werne

Museums

 * Karl Pollender town museum

Notable people

 * Hans-Martin Linde (born 1930), classical flautist
 * Dietrich Schwanitz (1940–2004), writer and literature scientist
 * Theodor Homann (1948–2010), footballer
 * Gabriele Behler (born 1951), politician, former minister of North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Lars Müller (born 1976), footballer
 * Nikolas Katsigiannis (born 1982), handball player
 * Mehmet Kara (born 1983), footballer
 * Marvin Pourié (born 1991), footballer

Twin towns – sister cities
Werne is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Bailleul, France (1967)
 * Lytham St Annes, England, United Kingdom (1984)
 * 🇩🇪 Kyritz, Germany (1990)
 * 🇵🇱 Wałcz, Poland (1992)
 * 🇮🇹 Poggibonsi, Italy (2000)

title: Werne


text:
User:CrazyC

CrazyC, Macedonian. Providing Macedonian view on history.

title: User:CrazyC


text:
Maeve Ingoldsby

Maeve Ingoldsby (1947 - 2021) was a former writer of the Raidió Teilifís Éireann radio show Only Slaggin' and former writer on RTÉ soap operas Glenroe and Fair City. She is a well-known playwright and satirist. She has also written numerous children's plays including Earwigs, which was awarded "Best Young Peoples' Production" at the Dublin Theatre Festival in 1995. Two of her plays were the base for children's operas of Colin Mawby, commissioned and first performed by the National Chamber Choir of Ireland.

title: Maeve Ingoldsby


text:
A518 road

The A518 is a road in the Midlands, United Kingdom.

Route
It runs from Uttoxeter, Staffordshire to Telford, Shropshire via Stafford and Newport. Between Uttoxeter and Stafford it is a single carriageway, with a staggered junction with the dual carriageway A51. Entering Stafford from the east, it passes through the former Stafford Beaconside campus of Staffordshire University before hitting a roundabout with the A513, which at this point is named 'Beaconside'. It then heads into Stafford as 'Weston Road', passing around the town centre and heading out along 'Newport Road' and under the M6 motorway towards Telford.

title: A518 road


text:
Talk:St. Hedwig, Texas

Untitled
I found these pictures, but I don't know about copyrights so I didn't put them on the article. --fanturmandos 22:27, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Which St.Hedwig?
Is the town named after Hedwig of Andechs and Silesia or Saint Hedwig the Queen of Poland? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 10:48, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Because of the Polish history of the area I'm guessing St Hedwig Queen of Poland, but I would have to find an absolute source for that. 21:03, 3 June 2007 (UTC) Found it and added it into the History section. EDIT: I did some research and concluded it is the Hedwig of Andechs, Jadwiga of Poland wasn't canonized until 1997. --fanturmandos 23:59, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Hedwig, Texas


text:
A519 road

The A519 is a road in the Midlands, United Kingdom.

Route
It that runs between Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire and Newport, Shropshire.

At Newport it meets the A518 and A41. It heads broadly north, passing via Eccleshall, junction 15 of the M6 motorway, and then meets the A53 and various other roads in Newcastle-under-Lyme town centre.

The road follows the first part of the route of the medieval road from Shrewsbury to York, which passed through the ancient Forest of Lyme. Prior to Tudor times, this was the only major highway from the West Midlands to the North.

title: A519 road


text:
St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)

St Albans is a constituency in Hertfordshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Daisy Cooper, a Liberal Democrat.

This article also describes the eponymous parliamentary borough (1554–1852), consisting only of the city of St Albans, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) by the bloc vote system.

Constituency profile
Electoral Calculus characterises the seat's electorate as "Kind Yuppies", with right-wing economic views but more liberal social attitudes. Incomes and house prices in this seat are well above UK averages. The seat voted decisively to remain in the European Union in 2016, with an estimated Remain vote of 62% compared to 48% nationally.

Up to 1852
The Parliamentary Borough of St Albans was represented by two MPs in the House of Commons of England from 1554 to 1707, then of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and finally in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 onwards, until it was disenfranchised as a result of electoral corruption in 1852.

1885 to date
The constituency was re-established in an enlarged form by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (which followed on from the Third Reform Act) as one of four Divisions of the abolished three-member Parliamentary County of Hertfordshire, and was formally named as the Mid or St Albans Division of Hertfordshire.
 * Political history before 1997

Until 1997 the seat was held by one Conservative or another save for the very early 20th century Official Opposition leadership of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and the follow-on first part of his premiership, governing in minority, and later – from 1945 – five of the six years seeing Labour's landslide Attlee ministry.

The seat swung towards the left wing on boundary changes effective in 1997, and the founding of the New Labour movement which sought public sector reform and investment with expansion based on international investor-friendly economic growth. The seat followed its projections in line with the large swing led by Tony Blair, to sees its return to a Labour politician. Results, except for a strong Tory surge in 2015 are closer than the 1979–1992 Tory victories forming a complex three-party contest – only once another candidate in this time has reached the deposit (politics)-retaining threshold of 5% of the vote, UKIP at its 2015 peak.
 * Political history since 1997

Despite the former Labour MP for the seat, Kerry Pollard, standing there in 2005, 2015 and 2017, he fell varyingly short. The 2019 vote share fell to below that seen in the 1980s, locally, for the party's candidate – the party leader was to the left of the party, Jeremy Corbyn.

The seat has had great fluctuation in Liberal Democrat vote share: 2001 and 2015 were ebbs at below 20% of the vote; in 2010 and 2017 the Liberal Democrat candidate, promisingly, took 4.4% and 10.7% less than the winning Conservative. Liberal Democrat Daisy Cooper went on to win, in 2019. She became first member of a liberal party to represent the constituency since John Bamford Slack in early 1900s.

In December 2023, the Labour Party included the seat in its published list of 211 non-battleground seats, suggesting they did not see it as winnable.

Prominent members
The noble and local landowning Grimston family have produced nine members throughout the seat's history. The three first heirs to the Earldom of Verulam have won election in the seat - the latest MP from the family was John Grimston who later became the 6th Earl (died 1973).

Sir Hildred Carlile (died 1942) was a textiles entrepreneur and generous benefactor of Bedford College, University of London.

Francis Fremantle was chairman of the Parliamentary Medical Committee from 1923 to 1943.

Peter Lilley was a frontbench minister in government from 1992 until 1997, the Secretary of State for Social Security, after two years as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry.

1885–1918

 * The Municipal Borough of St Albans;
 * The Sessional Divisions of Barnet and St Albans; and
 * Parts of the Sessional Divisions of Watford, Hertford and Dacorum.

As well from the Borough of St Albans, the seat included the towns of Harpenden, Hatfield and Chipping Barnet.

1918–1945

 * The Municipal Borough of St Albans;
 * The Urban Districts of Barnet and East Barnet Valley;
 * The Rural Districts of Barnet and Hatfield; and
 * The Rural District of St Albans civil parishes of Sandridge Rural, St Michael Rural, St Peter Rural, and St Stephen.

''North-western parts, including Harpenden, transferred to the new Hemel Hempstead Division. South-western corner (Aldenham) transferred to Watford.''

1945–1950

 * The Municipal Borough of St Albans;
 * The Urban District of Welwyn Garden City;
 * The Rural District of Hatfield; and
 * The Rural District of St Albans civil parishes of Sandridge Rural, St Michael Rural, St Peter Rural, and St Stephen.

''The Urban Districts of Barnet and East Barnet (formerly East Barnet Valley) and the Rural District of Elstree (formerly Barnet) formed the new Barnet Division. The Urban District of Welwyn Garden City had been formed as a separate local authority which had previously been partly in the Hitchin Division. Other marginal changes as a result of changes to local authority boundaries.''

1950–1955

 * The Municipal Borough of St Albans;
 * The Urban District of Welwyn Garden City;
 * The Rural District of Welwyn; and
 * The Rural District of St Albans civil parishes of Sandridge Rural, St Michael Rural, St Peter Rural, St Stephen, and Wheathampstead.

''The Rural District of Welwyn was transferred from Hitchin and the parish of Wheathampstead from Hemel Hempstead. The Rural District of Hatfield was transferred to Barnet.''

1955–1974

 * The Municipal Borough of St Albans; and
 * The Rural District of St Albans civil parishes of Colney Heath, London Colney, Sandridge Rural, St Michael Rural, St Stephen, and Wheathampstead.

''The Urban District of Welwyn Garden City and the Rural District of Welwyn were transferred to Hertford. (The parish of St Peter Rural had been divided into the parishes of Colney Heath and London Colney).''

1974–1983

 * The Municipal Borough of St Albans;
 * The Urban District of Harpenden; and
 * The Rural District of St Albans civil parishes of Harpenden Rural, Redbourn, St Michael Rural, Sandridge, and Wheathampstead.

''Boundaries moved northwards: Harpenden U.D. and the parishes of Harpenden Rural and Redbourn were transferred in from Hemel Hempstead. The parishes of Colney Heath, London Colney and St Stephen were transferred out to form part of the new constituency of South Hertfordshire.''

1983–1997

 * The District of St Albans wards of Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Colney Heath, Cunningham, Harpenden East, Harpenden North, Harpenden South, Harpenden West, Marshalswick North, Marshalswick South, Redbourn, St Peter's, Sandridge, Sopwell, and Verulam.

Minor changes: Colney Heath transferred from abolished South Hertfordshire; Wheathampstead transferred to Welwyn Hatfield.

1997–2010

 * The District of St Albans wards of Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Colney Heath, Cunningham, London Colney, Marshalswick North, Marshalswick South, Park Street, St Peter's, St Stephen's, Sopwell, and Verulam; and
 * The District of Three Rivers ward of Bedmond.

''Moved southwards again, gaining London Colney from Hertsmere, Park Street and St Stephen's from Watford and the Three Rivers District ward of Bedmond from South West Hertfordshire. Northern parts, including Harpenden, formed part of the new constituency of Hitchin and Harpenden.''

2010–2024

 * The City of St Albans wards of Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Colney Heath, Cunningham, London Colney, Marshalswick North, Marshalswick South, Park Street, St Peter's, St Stephen, Sopwell, and Verulam; and
 * The Three Rivers District ward of Bedmond and Primrose Hill.

''Marginal adjustments to bring the parliamentary boundaries in line with those of local government wards, which had changed since the 1995 review. ''

Current
Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the composition of the constituency was unchanged except the small part previously in the District of Three Rivers, which was transferred to South West Hertfordshire.

Following a local government boundary review which came into effect in May 2022, the constituency now comprises the following wards of the City of St Albans from the 2024 general election:

The seat is in Hertfordshire, England. Specifically, it comprises the cathedral city of St Albans and some of the surrounding countryside, mainly to the south of the city.
 * Batchwood; Bernards Heath; Clarence; Colney Heath; Cunningham; Hill End; London Colney; Marshalswick East & Jersey Farm (majority); Marshalswick West (nearly all); Park Street; St Peters; St Stephen (nearly all); Sopwell; Verulam (nearly all).

Neighbouring seats, clockwise from north, are: Harpenden and Berkhamsted, Welwyn Hatfield, Hertsmere, South West Hertfordshire.

MPs since 1885
Hertfordshire prior to 1885

Elections in the 2010s

 * This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 2005 and 2010 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

Elections in the 1990s

 * This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1992 and 1997 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

Elections in the 1980s

 * This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1979 and 1983 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

Elections in the 1970s

 * This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1970 and February 1974 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful.

Elections in the 1950s

 * This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1951 and 1955 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

 * This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1945 and 1950 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

Elections in the 1940s

 * This constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1935 and 1945 general elections and thus calculation of change in vote share is not meaningful

Elections in the 1850s
On 3 May 1852, the borough was disenfranchised after a Royal Commission found proof of extensive bribery. The electorate was incorporated into Hertfordshire.

 * Caused by Raphael's death

Elections in the 1840s

 * Caused by Hare's appointment as a Lord-in-Waiting to Queen Victoria

 * Caused by Grimston's resignation by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds

title: St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)


text:
Fausto dos Santos

Fausto dos Santos (28 January 1905 – 29 March 1939), sometimes known as just Fausto, was a football (soccer) player, considered one of the best defensive midfielders of Vasco da Gama of the first half of past century. At the time, he and Jaguaré, another famous player at this era, was attempted to be loaned to Barcelona.

Popularly known as "Fausto, The Black Wonder" he was a pioneer to vindicate labor laws to footballers since the professionalization of Brazilian football in the beginning of the 1930s.

He also played for other clubs, such as Bangu, Nacional of Montevideo and Flamengo. He died at the age of 34 of tuberculosis.

Club

 * Campeonato Carioca (2):
 * Vasco da Gama: 1929, 1934

 * Copa Catalunya (1):
 * Barcelona: 1932

title: Fausto dos Santos


text:
Grumme

Grumme is a quarter of the Westphalian city of Bochum in Germany. It is north of the city centre. Grumme has a tram line running from Gerthe to Hattingen. Grumme is world-famous because of the Starlight Express, the most-viewed musical in the world. It is famous for its parks and avenues, the German Mining Museum, many hospitals and old buildings. It is one of the wealthiest parts of the Ruhr area. Grumme houses the largest stadium in Bochum, the Ruhrstadion. The most famous inhabitants from Grumme are the chief of orthopedics in NRW, the major of Bochum and the producent of "Bochum Total", a famous German music festival.

title: Grumme


text:
Nestor (solitaire)

Nestor is a patience or solitaire card game played with a single deck of standard playing cards. The object is the removal of pairs of cards with the same value from a layout of six rows of eight face-up cards and four additional face-up cards.

Rules
As described in Louis Hoffmann's book The Illustrated Book of Patience Games (1892), Nestor is played as follows:
 * Cards are dealt into eight columns of six cards. They are dealt in such a way that no two cards in the same column have the same rank. To avoid that, the identically ranking card is placed at the bottom of the deck and a new one is dealt.
 * Once the eight columns are dealt, the four remaining cards are placed either face-up or face-down in a row above or below the columns. These four cards will be the reserve.
 * Play is composed of removing pairs of cards with the same rank (such as two kings or two 7s). All cards in the reserve and the top card of each column are available for play. Once a pair has been removed, new cards become exposed and available for play.
 * The game is won once all cards are discarded.

Variations
Several variations exist. One alternative rule in this game is after the eight columns are dealt, the reserve cards are placed as one overlapping row and the top card is the only one available for play.

In the variant Vertical, seven columns of six cards each are dealt, with a reserve of 10 cards. With fewer buried cards, this increases the odds of winning.

In the variant Doublets, twelve columns of four cards each are dealt, with a reserve of four cards.

title: Nestor (solitaire)


text: User talk:195.26.41.65

title: User talk:195.26.41.65


text:
Cosmas of Prague

Cosmas of Prague (Kosmas Pražský; Cosmas Decanus; c. 1045 – October 21, 1125) was a priest, writer and historian.

Life
Between 1075 and 1081, he studied in Liège. After his return to Bohemia, he married Božetěcha with whom he had a son, named Hermann or Zdic, and remained in minor orders. His son later became Bishop of Olomouc. In 1094, he was ordained a deacon, and in 1099, he was ordained a priest at Esztergom, Hungary.

Works
His magnum opus, written in Latin, is called Chronica Boemorum. The Chronica is divided into three books:
 * The first book, completed in 1119, starts with the creation of the world and ends in the year 1038. It describes the legendary foundation of the Bohemian state by the oldest Bohemians around the year 600 (Duke Czech, Duke Krok and his three daughters), Duchess Libuše and the foundation of Přemyslid dynasty by her marriage with Přemysl, old bloody wars, Duke Bořivoj and the introduction of Christianity in Bohemia, Saint Wenceslaus and his grandmother Saint Ludmila, reign of the three Boleslavs, the life of Saint Adalbert and bloody wars after year 1000.
 * The second book describes Bohemian history for the years 1038–1092. The book starts with the heroic deeds of Duke Břetislav, known as the "Bohemian Achilles", for example with his victory over Poland. The Chronica also describes the long and great reign of King Vratislav, who was known as a forceful ruler but a brave and good man. There is also a reflection on his wars in Italy; this book ends with Vratislav's death.
 * The third book (1092–1125) starts with a description of the time of instability and bloody civil wars after Vratislav's death between years 1092 and 1109. The Chronica ends with the reign of Vladislav between 1109 and 1125. The same year, 1125, Cosmas died.

In the later 12th and 13th centuries, Cosmas's continuators brought his history down to 1283.

title: Cosmas of Prague


text:
Talk:Linux Desktop Testing Project

Example does not work anymore?
I've tested on modern installs of Lubuntu and Debian and using Travis CI. In all cases, the example fails. It does start gedit, then quits.

Does it still work at all?

Bilderbikkel (talk) 11:51, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

details
When saving the example to a script like 'test.py', then doing

the error is

External links modified
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title: Talk:Linux Desktop Testing Project


text:
Talk:Pilgrim's Rest, South Africa

how did pilgrims rest come into being a township?

Formation of Pilgrim's Rest, the town.
Man named Alex Patterson discovered first alluvial gold in 1873. in 1875 Pilgrim's Rest was declared a public gold digging area. The Transvaal Gold Mining Estates Ltd. mining company showed great interest in the area, and purchased mining rights through David Benjamin (year unknown). By 1940 mining had basically ceased, and the last gold mine was closed in 1971. The entire town was purchased by the provincial government in 1974, and proclaimed a National Monument in 1986. July 5th 2012. The department of public works, roads and transport in Mpumalanga has ordered the closure of 17 businesses in the small town of Pilgrims Rest, a historic gold mining town dating as far back as the 1800s, which was declared a national monument in 1986. Tourism is the main source of income for the community.

196.211.170.138 16:40, 23 January 2007 (UTC) Simmer & Jack Mines are now mining again in Pilgrim's Rest. Duke's Hill is in full operation, Clewer is winding down and the mines at Beta and Frankfort are gearing up for production. 196.211.170.138 16:40, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Population
The population given appears not to correspond with the location of the town. Garble (talk) 13:35, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Corrected it, thanks. - htonl (talk) 14:03, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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I have just modified one external link on Pilgrim's Rest, Mpumalanga. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Pilgrim's Rest, South Africa


text:
User talk:Accura

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Susvolans (pigs can fly) 10:58, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Accura


text:
Bochum-Westenfeld

Westenfeld is a part of the former town of Wattenscheid in the Ruhr area in Germany. Westenfeld now belongs to the city of Bochum. Westenfeld has the railway station in Wattenscheid which is most frequented by passengers. Westenfeld is one of the most important areas of the German textile industry. Sevinghausen is a rural part of Wattenscheid not belonging to Westenfeld.

title: Bochum-Westenfeld


text:
Kirk/Spock

Kirk/Spock, commonly abbreviated as K/S or Spirk and referring to James T. Kirk and Spock from Star Trek, is a popular pair in slash fiction, possibly the first slash pairing, according to Henry Jenkins, an early slash fiction scholar. Early in the history of Star Trek fan fiction, a few fan writers started writing about a romantic and sexual relationship between Kirk and Spock, highlighting a romantic or sexual element to the friendship between the men. As of 1998, most academic studies on slash fiction focused on Kirk/Spock, as Star Trek was by that point one of the longest-lived and most prosperous subjects of slash fiction, while its mainstream popularity made it one of the most accessible titles for academics and their audience. As the first slash pairing, K/S was created and developed largely independently from the influence of other slash fiction, with most of the conventions of the slash genre seeing their debut first in K/S slash.

Origins and creators' responses
Many homosocial scenes between Kirk and Spock have been interpreted by some fans as having significant homoerotic undertones. For example, in Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Spock realizes that emotions "play an important part in the richness of life". In a particular scene from the film, Spock, lying down in sickbay, clasps Kirk's hand and says that he understands "this simple feeling". Woledge points out that both the gesture and the words are "ambiguous", and can be interpreted as homoerotic. Eye contact and gestures throughout the series have also been cited as being part of a homoerotic subtext in their relationship.

In the novelization of Star Trek: The Motion Picture written by Gene Roddenberry, he introduces the Vulcan term t'hy'la to describe Kirk and Spock's relationship, translating it as friend, brother or lover. Regarding this, a footnote was added where Kirk addresses the rumor that he and Spock were lovers:

"I was never aware of this 'lovers' rumor, although I have been told that Spock encountered it several times. Apparently, he had always dismissed it with his characteristic lifting of his right eyebrow, which usually connoted some combination of surprise, disbelief, and/or annoyance. As for myself, although I have no moral or other objections to physical love in any of its many Earthly, alien, and mixed forms, I have always found my best gratification in that creature woman. Also, I would not like to be thought of as being so foolish that I would select a love partner who came into sexual heat only once every seven years."

In an interview, after revealing that he had cast Shatner as Kirk partly on the basis of his performance as Alexander, Roddenberry talked about fans seeing a possible parallel between Alexander and Hephaestion and Kirk/Spock:

"Marshak and Culbreath: There's a great deal of writing in the Star Trek movement now which compares the relationship between Alexander and Hephaistion to the relationship between Kirk and Spock -- focusing on the closeness of the friendship, the feeling that they would die for one another -- Roddenberry: Yes, there's certainly some of that, certainly with love overtones. Deep love. The only difference being, the Greek ideal ... we never suggested in the series ... physical love between the two. But it's the ... we certainly had the feeling that the affection was sufficient for that, if that were the particular style of the 23rd century. (He looks thoughtful.) That's very interesting. I never thought of that before."

In a similar interview, Roddenberry states:

"…I definitely designed it as a love relationship. And I hope that for men…who have been afraid of such relationships…that they [Spock and Kirk] would encourage them to be able to feel love and affection, true affection…love, friendship and deep respect. That was the relationship I tried to draw. I think I also tried to draw a feeling of belief that very few of us are complete unto ourselves. It’s quite a lovely thing…where two halves make a whole."

Another key scene which can be interpreted as homoerotic is in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, when Spock dies, and tells Kirk, "I have been and always shall be your friend." In 1985, Roddenberry recalled from publication Killing Time, a novel that suggested the existence of such a relationship between Kirk and Spock. It has also been noted that although Kirk has had many female companions throughout the series, he always leaves them behind, citing his duties to the Enterprise, but he frequently risks the Enterprise and defies his stated duties in order to keep Spock safe. During the production of "Shore Leave", writer Theodore Sturgeon suggested, when criticising a scene with McCoy and two women, that "the whimsical friction between Bones and Spock" should be addressed in a future episode with a prostate massage. "Shore Leave" also contained a back massage scene where Kirk believes that he is being massaged by Spock.

The first known Kirk/Spock fan fiction story was "A Fragment Out of Time" by Diane Marchant, published in the fanzine Grup #3 (September 1974). It consisted of a sex scene but was written to not identify its participants nor make both of their sexes clear; Marchant stated in the next issue, however, that they were Kirk and Spock. Although many early Star Trek fans were fans of science fiction in general, as the show's popularity increased, it acquired fans who were not general science fiction fans but rather found the show appealed to them as a "buddy" show, or as a heroic/romantic saga, in which Kirk and Spock were the focus. This led to a quantity of fan fiction about the show focusing on the relationships between characters on the show, with less of an emphasis on science-fictional elements. Many of these fans found that Kirk and Spock's deep friendship was the most interesting topic for writing about Star Trek fan fiction.

Such "relationship" stories (K&S) were distinct from homoerotic ones (K/S), but both often removed Kirk and Spock from the Enterprise to avoid science fiction "distractions" like the starship and the Federation. In June 1976, the first Kirk/Spock dedicated fanzine appeared, but as the number of non-science fiction fans grew, within several years "relationship" stories became the dominant form of Star Trek fan fiction outside the K/S genre. By 1987, 30 K/S fanzines existed to 47 non-K/S.

Among Star Trek fans, the pairing was euphemistically referred to as "the premise", and mentioning it as such was a verbal shibboleth or "secret handshake" used to identify like-minded fans.

Other responses
Susan Sackett, Gene Roddenberry's personal assistant for 17 years, sometimes commented on the slash phenomenon. In September 1978, a fan mentioned a letter Sackett sent to a UK fan club president, commenting on the debate about the acceptability of including K/S fiction in zines: "Susan Sackett, assistant to Gene Roddenberry, stated in a letter to Janet dated February 27th - 'Gene and the executives at Paramount feel that this is harmful to the STAR TREK concept, since this was never the intention in creating the series."

Star Trek: The Original Series writer David Gerrold, has also spoken about K/S slash sometimes. In 1985, Gerrold commented:

"One of the truths I've been telling lately is that Kirk and Spock are not lovers ... they're not even boyfriends. They're just good friends. This has offended a whole subculture that is convinced they are ... I was at a convention in Milwaukee a few weeks ago. This lady comes up to me with this stuff, and after a thirty minute discussion, I finally said, 'Stop! We're arguing over whether or not two fictitious characters are getting their hands in each others' pants.'"

When asked about whether there was intentional homoerotic content between K/S in the show, and in particular in the episode "Amok Time", Star Trek's writer D.C. Fontana replied, "In answer to your question, NO — there were no homosexual double-entendres in the script — at least none that were deliberate. If some viewers chose to read that into the dialogue, etc., that's their point of view, but certainly not ours. Writer Theodore Sturgeon was trying to reveal Spock's inner human in a struggle with what his culture, his upbringing and his half-human/half-Vulcan heritage had instilled in him about emotion and controlling it in an out-of-control situation. It also was a peek into the Vulcan culture that no one had seen before. That's ALL we were doing. I've heard this nonsense (especially about Kirk/Spock) for years. There is no basis to it. I hope this answer is helpful to you."

Academic interest
As one of the earliest "fandom" subcultures to emerge, Star Trek and K/S have attracted the attention of academics, particularly those of slash fiction. Henry Jenkins argued that "fandom" subculture, including fan writing, allows underrepresented groups to express their own interests and anxieties via a dominant cultural phenomenon. In this process, fan writings rewrite the original media by expanding on, emphasizing, and filtering the content to various extents. Jenkins claims that the way K/S reappropriates the Star Trek narrative and characters to the fan’s own interpretation is thus done by all fan writings, not just K/S.

Many academics have suggested that K/S slash fiction is not about homosexuality or sex at all. Joanna Russ argued that the women who wrote K/S slash fiction were exploring a want for an idealized relationship where both partners were truly equal, unbound by gender norms. This kind of relationship was difficult to imagine in a heterosexual relationship, and thus K/S was born. Lamb and Veith similarly claimed that an equal relationship was challenging to write into a heterosexual model, and K/S united masculine and feminine traits of both characters to create an “androgynous” combination. Then K/S slash fiction is about transcending gendered norms and relationships. Falzone has suggested that K/S “queers” the original Star Trek narrative, which serves to liberate one from traditional beliefs and, specifically with regards to Star Trek, better imagine the prejudice-free utopia that was envisioned in Star Trek: The Original Series. It also enables fans to push back against corporate media’s control of accepted narratives in the Star Trek universe.

On the other hand, some academics have argued for other reasons why K/S slash fiction is written. Camille Bacon-Smith speculates that K/S is a way for women to "openly discuss sexuality in a non-judgmental manner." Kirk and Spock's depiction in K/S zines has been described as "two equal individuals who complement each other", and a key theme has been that they can continue working and still be a couple, their relationship enhancing their ability to perform competently in their jobs. A fan has said of the pairing: "K/S has it all: friendship, relationship drama that gets resolved, enormous expressions of devotion through sacrifice, trust and commitment over a period of decades. It's really hard to find another fictional couple that did all that and did it as well." Bacon-Smith also speculated that as Kirk and Spock portray stereotypically feminine traits in K/S slash fiction, this allowed the predominantly female writers and readers of slash fiction to explore their own sexual fantasies. Constance Penley argued the women who write K/S slash fiction become “popular scientists” by taking figures from mass media (Kirk and Spock) to create their own productions from a marginalized position relative to patriarchal society and corporate media norms. Reasons why heterosexual women may write male homosexual slash fiction include: identifying oneself with the hero due to the original’s focus on a hero rather than a heroine, giving men emotional responsibility by rewriting male characters, or to reorder typical sexual norms, through which the female writer could reconceive their own sexual role.

K/S could also serve as a kind of “Mary Sue” that implied the writers’ wish to include homosexuality where it had been neglected in the source material. Although there is no consensus on how homosexuality is depicted in Star Trek, Woledge suggests that as K/S stories draw on many particular events from the canon of Star Trek, the text itself is homoerotic.

Star Trek and K/S are also important to the study of vidding. In 1975, Kandy Fong presented a slideshow at the Equicon/Filmcon convention composed of Star Trek cut scenes, still images, audio snippets, and music. This presentation is often regarded as the first fan vid that began vidding subculture. With Gene Roddenberry’s support, Fong produced several hours’ worth of shows, some of which were filmed and had cleaner audio added to them in an early example of vidding. Fong had been inspired to make these presentations based on promotional videos by the Beatles. Vidding has been used in K/S subculture by using clips from the episodes overlaid with other spoken or sung audio. Henry Jenkins has noted that particular scenes are singled out by vidders and used in multiple fanvids. An early example is Fong’s “Both Sides Now” from 1980, which explores the contrast and ambiguity between Spock's inner and outer voices to suggest Spock may be bisexual.

Common plot devices
Placing Kirk and Spock in the Star Trek setting can be both beneficial and limiting for K/S authors. Setting the characters there provides familiarity for the audience and minimizes worldbuilding for the author. However, a potential difficulty is providing an explanation for why the story does not focus on the mission, in order to focus on the relationship between the two men.

Pon farr, a physiological response introduced in "Amok Time" that impelled Vulcans to "have sex or die", is a device used in some stories such as "The Ring of Soshern", a pre-1976 fan fiction where Kirk and Spock are marooned on an uncharted planet. However, other writers suggest that it is biologically impossible for a male to consummate pon farr with another male. Furthermore, in the Original Series, it is clearly stated that Vulcans are legally bound to their mate in childhood. They may neglect the relationship in future years but pon farr compels them to consummate the marriage at the appropriate time. Vulcans must mate or die trying. However, in "Amok Time", Spock engages in the kal-if-fee, a Vulcan ritual battle, and finds that a substitute to giving in to pon farr is to kill another, and thus Spock's pon farr imperative ends after he kills. Similar common plot elements include the plak tow ("blood fever") which precedes the onset of pon farr; the fact that Kirk, because of his empathic bond with Spock, can sense when Spock is about to go into pon farr, which even causes Kirk to suffer some of its symptoms himself; and "lingering death", the fate of a Vulcan male in pon farr who is unable to claim a mate.

Another key element in "first time" stories and in established relationship stories is the mind meld, either as a way to break the barriers between the men, or as a plot device. Shore leave is also a common setting as the plot can focus on the characters themselves rather than their responsibilities aboard a starship. “Hurt/comfort” is also a common trope, wherein one character is hurt in some manner and the other character tends to them. This trope tends to be paired with “first time” plots and often functions to make the characters realize their feelings towards each other.

Backlash
In general, fans have often been shamed and attacked by writers from both the media and academia. This would isolate those fans and their interpretations, often nonconforming to traditional perspectives, of their media of interest. In England, slash was an arrestable offence that violated obscenity laws. As a result, participants of K/S subculture were often outcast from the mainstream fan community. Female participants of slash fiction subculture were especially mocked due to gender stereotypes and discrimination. Fans of K/S were further rejected due to stigmas against homosexuality at the time.

After the 2009 film reboot
In the 2009 feature film Star Trek, Spock and Nyota Uhura are depicted as a romantic couple. This resulted in some Kirk/Spock slash fans to dislike Uhura, including Henry Jenkins who expressed the opinion that in the 2009 film, Uhura's character is largely there to be the "love object" in "some kind of still to be explored romantic triangle" between Kirk and Spock, and to explicitly "discourage" slashers. Margaret A. Weitekamp and Christine Scodari expressed the opinion that the portrayal of Uhura's character in the reboot is a step forward in terms of the representation of women of color.

On August 24, 2013, at the Fan Expo Canada, actor Zachary Quinto (who plays Spock in the rebooted Star Trek, and who is himself gay) replied to a fan asking him about whether his fictional character (and him and Chris Pine, the actor who plays Jim Kirk in the reboot) are lovers:

"I mean no disrespect to people who either write or read fan fiction. I have absolutely no interest in it, it doesn't interest me, I understand how it interests other people, I respect their desire to be interested in it but I think both Kirk and Spock, and definitely me and Chris, are only good friends. Any suggestion otherwise has more to say about the person making that suggestion than it does about the character's lives."

title: Kirk/Spock


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Bergen-Hiltrop

Bergen-Hiltrop is a statistical area of the city of Bochum in the Ruhr area in Germany. Up to the 19th century  Westphalian was spoken here. Bergen-Hiltrop is a statistical area in the working-class north of Bochum, between Gerthe and Riemke.

title: Bergen-Hiltrop


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Doug McHenry

Doug McHenry is an American film director and producer.

Doug McHenry was born in 1952 and grew up in Richmond, California. He graduated from Stanford University in 1973 with a degree in economics, and from Harvard Law School and Harvard Business School.

He worked for film producer Peter Guber at Casablanca Records as a business affairs executive then production executive, involved in films Thank God It's Friday (1978), The Hollywood Knights (1980) and Foxes (1980) before starting his own production company, Elephant Walk Entertainment, with partner George Jackson. Jackson and McHenry produced a number of films together including Krush Groove, New Jack City, Jason's Lyric, A Thin Line Between Love and Hate and the series of House Party films.

He directed Jason's Lyric starring Jada Pinkett Smith, Allen Payne, and Forest Whitaker.

On August 14, 2018, Doug McHenry's daughter, Lyric McHenry was found unconscious and unresponsive in New York City. She was taken to the hospital where she was pronounced dead. She was 26 years old and had featured regularly on EJNYC as well as producing the show. It is believed she was 20 weeks pregnant at the time of her death.

title: Doug McHenry


text: Category:Office suites

title: Category:Office suites


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Alexander Alyabyev

Alexander Aleksandrovich Alyabyev (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Аля́бьев; 15 August 1787 – 6 March 1851), also rendered as Alabiev or Alabieff, was a Russian composer known as one of the fathers of the Russian art song. He wrote seven operas, twenty musical comedies, a symphony, three string quartets, more than 200 songs, and many other pieces.

Biography
Born to a wealthy family of Governor Alexander Vasilievich Alyabyev in Tobolsk in Siberia, Alyabyev learned music in his early years. He joined the Russian Army in 1812, during the Napoleonic War, and fought as an officer until 1823. He participated in the entry of the Russian forces into Dresden and Paris, and he won two awards.

In February 1825 Alyabyev and three others took part in an all-night card game which ended with retired colonel T.M. Vremev being accused of cheating and struck first by Alyabyev and then also by the two other players. The colonel died a few days later, possibly from a ruptured spleen, and Alyabyev was arrested on a charge of murder. While the evidence was not conclusive, Tsar Nicholas I expressly ordered him into exile to his native town of Tobolsk. Freed in 1831, he spent some years in the Caucasus before returning to Moscow, where he died in 1851.

The Nightingale and other songs
Alyabyev's most famous work is The Nightingale (Соловей), a song based on a poem by Anton Delvig. It was composed while Alyabyev was in prison, in 1825. It has entered Russian consciousness as akin to a folk song.

The song became more widely known after having been introduced into Rosina's singing lesson scene in Gioachino Rossini's The Barber of Seville by Pauline Viardot, followed by Adelina Patti and Marcella Sembrich.

Mikhail Glinka wrote piano variations based on the song, as did Mily Balakirev. Franz Liszt also wrote a transcription of it (S. 250/1).

It was one of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's favourite songs from his earliest childhood, as his mother often sang it to him.

Other songs by Alyabyev include "Ja vizhu obraz" (I See Your Image), "Ja vas ljubil" (I Loved You), "Uvy, zachem ona blistajet" (Alas, Why is She so Radiant) and "Nishchaja" (The Poor Woman/La Pauvre Femme by Pierre-Jean de Béranger).

Compositions

 * The Village Philosopher (vaudeville, with Alexey Verstovsky and Maurer, 1823)
 * The Nightingale (1827)
 * The Mermaid and the Fisherman (opera, 1842)
 * Ammalat-Bek (opera, 1843–47)
 * A Prisoner in the Caucasus (opera, 1845)
 * Morning and Evening (vaudeville)
 * Moonlit Night, or The House Spirits (opera)
 * Celebration of Muses (which opened the Bolshoi Theatre (1825)
 * The Magic Drum, or the Sequel to The Magic Flute (ballet)
 * incidental music to Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * incidental music to Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * three string quartets
 * Three Tens, or The New Two Day Adventure
 * Piano Trio in E-flat major (1815), unfinished
 * Piano Trio in A minor (1834), in 3 movements: I. Allegro ma non troppo, II. Adagio, III. Rondo: allegretto

title: Alexander Alyabyev


text:
Gerthe

Gerthe is a part of the city of Bochum in the Ruhr area in Germany. Up to the 19th century  Westphalian was spoken here. Gerthe is a district in the working-class north of Bochum, in the northeast, bordering Herne and Castrop-Rauxel. The tramline to Hattingen starts here.

title: Gerthe


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Magno Alves

Magno Alves de Araújo (born 13 January 1976) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He came to occupy the position of the highest scorer in world football among active players, He came to occupy the position of the highest scorer in world football among active players, which generated the nickname "The Magnate".

Career
Magno Alves was born in Aporá, Bahia, Brazil. Between 1998 and 2003, he made 265 appearances and scored 111 goals for Fluminense as a striker, winning the Rio State Championship in 2002. Alves' most famous match was against Santa Cruz. as he scored 5 goals, earning the nickname Magnata. After a short stint in the Korean Professional Football League (K-League), Alves joined Oita Trinita of the Japan Professional Football League (J1 League). In 2006, he joined J1 League champion, Gamba Osaka, as a replacement for the team's former ace striker Clemerson de Araújo Soares, who left the team for family reasons. He joined Saudi Arabian side Al-Ittihad after being sent away by Gamba Osaka due to disciplinary problems.

In July 2010, he signed a contract with Brazilian club Ceará.

He scored overall for Ceará 103 times in 224 matches, becoming the club's 6th goalscorer of all time.

Until 7 August 2021, he had scored 483+ goals in 986 official matches.

On 28 July 2022, Magno Alves was reported announcing his retirement from playing.

Club

 * Rio de Janeiro State: 2002
 * Brazilian Serie C: 1999
 * Japanese Super Cup: 2007
 * Ceará State: 2013, 2014
 * Copa do Nordeste: 2015

Individual

 * Brazilian League Top Scorer: 2000
 * J.League All-Star Soccer MVP: 2005
 * AFC Champions League top scorer: 2006
 * J.League Top Scorer: 2006
 * J.League Best Eleven: 2006
 * Qatari League top scorer: 2008–09

title: Magno Alves


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User:Callum-collins

Callum Collins (Also known as Anderson) comes from a small UK town called Blackpool located in lancashire part of the north west of england. He has also moved to Burnley in lancashire and Clacton in essex. He is one of the UKs best horse riders and business managers. He is the best male on the planet there is nothing he can not accomplish.

title: User:Callum-collins


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Apostolic prefecture

An apostolic prefect or prefect apostolic is a priest who heads what is known as an apostolic prefecture, a 'pre-diocesan' missionary jurisdiction where the Catholic Church is not yet sufficiently developed to have it made a diocese. Although it usually has an (embryonal) see, it is often not called after such city but rather after a natural feature, or administrative geographical area, which may be a name in use by the local inhabitants, or one assigned by a colonial authority, depending on the circumstances under  which the prefecture was established.

If a prefecture grows and flourishes, it may be elevated to an apostolic vicariate, headed by a titular bishop, in the hope that with time the region will generate enough Catholics and stability for its Catholic institutions, to warrant being established as a diocese. Both these stages remain missionary, hence exempt, that is, directly subject to the Holy See, specifically the Dicastery for Evangelization, rather than, as a diocese normally would, belong to an ecclesiastical province.

The full sequence of development is: independent mission, apostolic prefecture, apostolic vicariate, apostolic diocese; however steps may be skipped at the papal discretion, so the next steps may be bishopric or even archbishopric.

The apostolic prefecture and the apostolic vicariate are to be distinguished from the territorial abbacy (formerly called an "abbey nullius").

History
During the last centuries of the second millennium it was the practice of the Holy See to govern either through prefects apostolic or apostolic vicariates, many territories where no dioceses with resident bishops were erected and where local circumstances, such as the character and customs of the people or hostility of civil powers, made it doubtful whether an episcopal see could be permanently established. The establishing of a prefecture apostolic in a place supposes that the Church has attained only a small development in the area. Fuller growth leads to the foundation of an apostolic vicariate as an intermediate stage to becoming a diocese.

"'An apostolic vicariate or apostolic prefecture is a certain portion of the people of God which has not yet been established as a diocese due to special circumstances and which, to be shepherded, is entrusted to an apostolic vicar or apostolic prefect who governs it in the name of the Supreme Pontiff.' Can. 371 §1."

A prefect apostolic is of lower rank than a vicar apostolic. The prefect's powers are more limited and do not normally possess the episcopal character, as is ordinarily the case with a vicar apostolic. The duties of a prefect apostolic consist in directing the work of the mission entrusted to his care; his powers are in general those necessarily connected with the ordinary administration of such an office, for instance: the assigning of missionaries and the making of regulations for the good management of the affairs of the mission.

Prefects apostolic govern independent territories and are subject only to the pope. When a vicariate or a diocese extended over a very large territory in which the Catholic population was unequally distributed, the Holy See sometimes placed a portion of the territory in charge of a prefect apostolic; in which case the faculties of the prefect were more limited, and in the exercise of his office he was supervised by the vicar apostolic or the diocesan bishop. With a view to better protecting the authority of the local vicar apostolic or bishop, it was proposed in the First Vatican Council to abolish prefects apostolic having jurisdiction over districts within a vicariate or diocese of the Latin Church, but the Council was interrupted and the practice continued until Pope Leo XIII abolished them within the Oriental Churches by a decree of Propaganda Fide on 12 September 1896, and established superiors with special dependence on the papal representatives of the areas concerned.

In 1911 there were 66 prefectures apostolic: 5 in Europe; 17 in Asia; 3 in North America (e.g., the Yukon); 11 in South America; 23 in Africa and 7 in Oceania.

At the end of 2010, the prefectures apostolic were only 39, of which the vast majority (29) were in PR China (many vacant), where development of the Catholic Church, including that of the prefectures, had long been hindered by actions of the government. The 10 other prefectures included a newly created one for Azerbaijan, 4 more in Asia, 3 in Africa, 1 in the Americas and 1 in Oceania.

In China

 * Ankang 安康 (Hinganfu) / Ankang
 * Baojing 保靖 / Paoking
 * Guilin 桂林 / Kweilin
 * Hainan 海南 / Hainan
 * Haizhou 海州 / Haichow
 * Jiamusi 佳木斯 / Kiamusze
 * Jian′ou 建甌 / Kienow
 * Lingling 零岭 / Yongzhou 永州 / Yungchow
 * Linqing 臨清 / Lintsing
 * Lintong 臨潼 / Lintung
 * Lixian 澧縣 / Lizhou 澧州 / Lichow
 * Qiqihar 齊齊哈爾 / Tsitsibar
 * Shaowu 邵武 /
 * Shashi 沙市 / Shasi
 * Shiqian 石阡 / Shihtsien
 * Suixian 隨縣 / Suihsien
 * Tongzhou 同州 / Tungchow
 * Tunxi 屯溪 / Tunki
 * Weihai(wei) 威海衛 / Weihaiwei
 * Xiangtan 湘潭 / Siangtan
 * Xining 西寧 / Sining
 * Xinjiang 新絳 / Jiangzhou 絳州 / Kiangchow
 * Xinjiang-Urumqi 新疆-烏魯木齊 / Sinkiang
 * Xinxiang 新鄉 / Sinsiang
 * Yangzhou 揚州 / Yangchow
 * Yiduxian 益都縣 / Iduhsien
 * Yixian 易縣 / Yihsien
 * Yueyang 岳陽 / Yuezhou 岳州 / Yochow
 * Zhaotong 昭通 / Chaotung

Elsewhere in Eurasia

 * Battambang (បាត់ដំបង) in Cambodia
 * Kampong Cham (កំពង់ចាម) in Cambodia
 * Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia
 * Yuzhno Sakhalinsk in Asian Russia and Japan
 * Baku, in and covering Azerbaijan (raised to the level of prefecture on 4 August 2011; had been Mission sui iuris of Baku from 11 October 2006)

Americas

 * Falkland Islands (U.K.)

Oceania

 * Marshall Islands, not exempt but in the ecclesiastical province of Agana.

Africa

 * Misurata, in Libya
 * Robe, in Ethiopia
 * Western Sahara

Former apostolic prefectures

 * ''(very incomplete)

Most former apostolic prefectures were promoted to apostolic vicariate or territorial prelature (under a titular bishop) or (mostly later) to a diocese or even an archdiocese (under a residential bishop), but some ceased to exist (at least under their name or extent) being suppressed or sometimes dismembered.

Europe

 * Iceland (promoted Diocese of Reykjavík)
 * Rhodes and adjacent islands (insular Greece)
 * Apostolic Prefecture of Scotland (UK)
 * Luxembourg (promoted Apostolic Vicariate, now Archdiocese )

Germany

 * Lausitz (Lusatia)
 * Schleswig-Holstein

China

 * Apostolic Prefecture of Yachow

Indian subcontinent

 * French Colonies in India (then French India)
 * Jubbulpore
 * Madura (Diocese of Tiruchirapalli)

Malay Archipelago

 * Bangka and Biliton (now Diocese of Pangkal-Pinang)
 * Brunei (now Apostolic Vicariate of Brunei)
 * Labuan e Borneo, then Northern Borneo {Borneo Settentrionale} (now Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu)
 * Sarawak (now Archdiocese of Kuching)
 * Mindanào
 * Mindoro (now Apostolic Vicariate of Calapan)
 * Mountain Province (now Diocese of Baguio)
 * Palawan (now Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Princesa)
 * Sulu (now Apostolic Vicariate of Jolo)

North and central America

 * Îles de la Terre Ferme (now Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre|)
 * United States

South America

 * Alto Solimões (promoted diocese)
 * Apostolic Prefecture of Araucanía
 * Tefé (now Territorial Prelature)
 * Tumaco

Oceania

 * German Solomon Islands
 * Northern Solomon Islands
 * South Seas Islands

North Africa

 * Bahr el-Ghazal - part of the Diocese of Wau
 * Delta of the Nile (Egypt)
 * Equatorial Nile
 * Sahara and Sudan

Horn of Africa

 * Eritrea

Indian Ocean islands

 * Islands of the Indian Ocean, then Bourbon (now Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion)

West Africa

 * Bobo-Dioulasso (promoted Archdiocese, in Burkina Faso)
 * Katanga (then Belgian Congo)
 * Apostolic Prefecture of Kayes (now Diocese in Mali)
 * Mupoi (Diocese of Tombura-Yambio)
 * N’Zérékoré
 * Oubangui Chari (French colonial name of Central African Republic; now Metropolitan of Bangui)

Sources and external links

 * GCatholic.org - List of Current Apostolic Prefectures; and many other pages

title: Apostolic prefecture


text:
Harpen-Rosenberg

Harpen-Rosenberg is a statistical area of the city of Bochum in the Ruhr area in Germany. Up to the 19th century Westphalian was spoken here. Harpen-Rosenberg is a statistical area in the working-class north of Bochum. The large shopping center Ruhrpark, which includes a particularly large cinema, is in Harpen. Harpen-Rosenberg is in the east of Bochum.

title: Harpen-Rosenberg


text:
Exopeptidase

An exopeptidase is any peptidase that catalyzes the cleavage of the terminal (or the penultimate) peptide bond; the process releases a single amino acid, dipeptide or a tripeptide from the peptide chain. Depending on whether the amino acid is released from the amino or the carboxy terminal (N-terminus or C-terminus), an exopeptidase is further classified as an aminopeptidase or a carboxypeptidase, respectively. Thus, an aminopeptidase, an enzyme in the brush border of the small intestine, will cleave a single amino acid from the amino terminal, whereas carboxypeptidase, which is a digestive enzyme present in pancreatic juice, will cleave a single amino acid from the carboxylic end of the peptide.

Some examples of exopeptidases include:
 * Carboxypeptidase A - cleaves C-terminal Phe, Tyr, Trp, or Leu
 * Carboxypeptidase B - cleaves C-terminal Lys or Arg
 * Aminopeptidase - cleaves any N-terminal amino acid
 * Prolinase - cleaves N-terminal Pro from dipeptides
 * Prolidase - cleaves C-terminal Pro from dipeptides

title: Exopeptidase