text:
Talk:History of the Quakers

Editing ideas
I would like to take out the second paragraph, as it interrupts the flow of the history and presents Quaker beliefs rather than history.

We need some good external links and sources added. Any suggestions? Logophile 16:12, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I added some references to a book about Quaker History in the 17th Century by Rosemary Moore, and to two volumes of the "Works of James Nayler" published in 2003 and 2004 by Quaker Heritage Press. Also added an external link to the Quaker Heritage Press, so readers can find more information about the latter books.--Richquaker 18:00, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

I also slightly edited the section on "Early Days" to clarify that Quakerism was not precisely a "breakaway" from Anglicanism or any earlier movement, never having been part of them. --Richquaker 18:02, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you are quibbling a bit. The very earliest Quakers had been part of the church of England and were breaking away from it.  Quakerism definitely grew up in that milieu and was a reaction against it.  It wasn't a brand new religion starated from scratch, was it?  Logophile 00:46, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It is my understanding of the history that Logophile's point is currect. Quakerism grow out of the religions that were already present, less related to the Church of England at the time, and more reacting to the growing Puritan movement.  In part a rejection of them, but not entirely.  Many of Foxes eariest converts were members of Cromwell's New Model Army, and were (until their expusion) considered to be in good standing both with the army and with God.  To give extact references I'd have to take some time to dig it out. --Ahc 23:36, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the point I am making is a quibble, as Logophile suggests, but let me try to explain it further. Lutheranism "broke away" (or was forcibly expelled) from Catholicism in the sense that Martin Luther was a priest in the Catholic Church, began by trying to reform it, developed some teachings that the main body of the Church found unacceptable, and finally had to leave it.  He brought whole congregations with him, so that many formerly Catholic Churches in central Europe broke away from their former affiliation and became Lutheran Churches.  In the 18th century, Methodism "broke away" from the Church of England in a similar way.  There are many other examples of denominations that began in this way (not least, the various branches of Quakerism that broke away from each other in the 19th century).

 * The original Quaker movement, however, did not follow this pattern. Some of its earliest members were "puritan" members of the Church of England (not a contradiction - the Church of England was internally divided over what direction should take, but under Cromwell it was supposed to be reforming), and some were followers of  "separate preachers" (as Fox called them).  Still others were Baptists, Seekers, Levelers, Diggers, etc.  Unlike Martin Luther, who tried to reform the Roman Catholic Church, or John Wesley, who tried to reform the Church of England, George Fox did not try to reform any of these pre-existing churches.  Nor was he ever part of the structure of these churches.  He felt that all existing churches were "apostate" and that people should "come out" of them to start over with a new one.  He saw this new Church (the Society of Friends) as the revival of a Primitive Christian Church that had ceased to exist in an organized form for some centuries.  There were very few entire congregations that stopped being something else and re-identified as Quaker Meetings, though I think there is mention in Fox's Journal of at least one Baptist congregation that did.

 * I'll just draw one more analogy to make my point. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in the 1960's was a "breakaway" from the Democratic Party of Mississippi, because it organized from within it, trie in vain to reform it, and finally became a separate organization. The Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee, however, had never been a part of the Democratic Party or any other political party in any state.  It was not a "break-away", it was a totally separate organization from the beginning.  This is true even though many of its members may, in fact, have started out as Democrats or Socialists or Republicans.  In this respect (though not in any other I can think of) The Lutheran Church is more like the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the Society of Friends is more like the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. --Richquaker 23:22, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Intro paragraph
Someone who has carefully read the whole article recently ought to write a succinct introductory paragraph to appear before the TOC. You do this by writing a first paragraph without its own double-equals-signs header. A nice hook that drew the reader into the rest of the article would be evidence of not hiding one's light under a bushel. --arkuat (talk) 06:06, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Goethean. --Arkuat 09:56, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem...it could certainly be improved... — goethean ॐ 16:18, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Source for population numbers?
What is the source for the 600,000 figure cited (currently) just before the TOC? The Pacific YM discipline claims that there were about 250,000 Quakers in 2000 AD. But then, I don't think it gives a source for that figure either. We ought to beware of false precision; given how difficult it is to say how many Friends there are in places such as Guatemala, Kenya, and Bolivia, perhaps something like "about half a million" would be more appropriate. --Arkuat 05:44, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

I just noticed the relevant FWCC page, which claims 338,219 (definitely false precision, but what can you do with this sort of project?). --Arkuat 05:51, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

First Sentence
We really need to do something about the first sentence in the Introduction and the first sentence in the Early Days section. They are practically identical. Any ideas? Be bold, somebody. I've wracked my brain and come up with nothing. Logophile 07:11, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Is it just the reiteration that is bothering you? Looking at this, it doesn't jump out as the first thing in the article that needs fixing. Not every single reiteration that occurs in wikipedia is necessarily a bad thing. --arkuat (talk) 05:11, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Valiant Sixty
I guess I just put in a request for an article on the valiant sixty (who cannot be precisely enumerated, of course, since so many of them died in jail early on), so I'm leaving this note here as a placeholder for further work on such an article. --Arkuat 06:00, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Moved from history section of main RSoF article
(Moved from Religious Society of Friends. I feel the below material is more appropriate for Quaker history, but it's not at all obvious where to fit this material into the article as it stands currently. Also, it would be nice to see some sources cited. --arkuat (talk) 20:29, 18 May 2006 (UTC))

Davidites, a breakaway group
In Canada, the Toronto meeting of Quakers split in two in 1812, with the losing faction, led by charismatic American immigrant David Willson rejecting the term "Quaker" altogether. They called themselves The Children of Peace and founded the colony of Hope north of Toronto. Davidites partially rejected the doctrine of plainness and were known for their elaborate musical concerts and compositions, and particularly for their ziggurat-like meeting house, the Sharon Temple. Meetings continued to be held in the Quaker fashion, and the group placed a high emphasis on charity. Davidites do not seem to have been strict pacifists, and were known for their role in the 1837 Rebellion, on the side of the rebels. Samuel Lount, a member of the group, was one of two people in Ontario executed for their role in the Rebellion. After Willson's death in 1866, the sect declined and eventually collapsed in 1886.

20th Century Developments
One of the most glaring gaps in this article is the 20th century, just as an even larger gap exists in current Quaker historiography. Over the next little while, I hope to begin remedying this situation, and I invite others to add to and expand on what I have written so that we may begin to fill this vacuum in our knowledge.

Larry Ingle
 * Larry, thanks for taking the time to other day to work on filling in this gap. --Ahc 18:32, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Quaker families in the 19th C
In London Yearly Meeting, The Chocolate Trinity - Fry, Cadbury and Rowntree, Pease family (Darlington), Fox family of Falmouth etc. .  .  all had a significant influence, as families not just as individuals. This has to a large extent ceased to be. Why? Can this be recognised in the article, please? === Vernon White - T A L K . . . to me. 00:04, 28 July 2007 (UTC) P.S. Looks like the Barclay family has gone!

Before Nayler
Looks like we need a section or two before Nayler. Vernon White '''. . . Talk''' 23:40, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

For what it's worth, I certainly agree. For an article on Quaker history to begin with only James Nayler and the controversy surrounding him is to do a grave injustice to the history of he Society of Friends and to severely limit readers's comprehension of the subject. Lingle (talk) 20:53, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

It seems that somebody removed the paragraph a while ago without reason in september 2007, I am going to restore the section as it was before it was removed. 145.97.216.101 (talk) 17:43, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

 * the nayler section is way too prominent, yes. Worth mentioning, yes. At this length and so far up, no. Richardbourke (talk) 14:22, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

Semi-Protection
I just noticed that this article has been semi-protected since last November to deal with some vandalism that was happening at the time. I've requested that the protection be removed, since it was added without discussion, and it is unlikely that it is still needed. --Ahc (talk) 00:00, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Removed new sentence
I have removed "It is also known as a christian denomintation. " added by an unregistered user. This sentence is unnecessary, in my view. This is a History article. The general article makes clear what relationship the RSoF has with the teachings of Jesus and the religious structures constructed upon them. Vernon White '''. . . Talk''' 16:07, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Neutrality/Cleanup
In the opening section, there reads ''Despite the separations, Friends remain united in their commitment to discover truth and promote it. '' Very unencyclopedic tone, as it sounds like it was written by one of them. — ᚹᚩᛞᛖᚾᚻᛖᛚᛗ (talk) 10:05, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Some parts of this article seems to lack balance and it has a lot of unreferenced pro-quaker assertion which may be true but the tone seems biased and the lack of citation suggests a tendentious approach. A particular example is on the para on how quakers were recognised in business. Ncmedwards (talk) 18:37, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

"The Quakers"
I have changed the first sentence, which did read The Religious Society of Friends, also known as The Quakers. Although Quaker(s) is often used as an equivalent term to Friend(s) (even in some formal uses recently in Britain), I think the term The Quakers (with a capital T) as an equivalent for the Religious Society of Friends is very informal usage, and probably does not belong in the first sentence of an encyclopaedic article. I think it would be like starting the article on the history of the Church of England as The Church of England, also known as The Anglicans, or an article on Islamic history as Islam, also known as The Muslims - which looks very messy indeed and doesn't really make grammatical sense (although I know that some people do call the Religious Society of Friends "The Quakers", the Church of England "The Anglicans", the Roman Catholic Church "The Catholics", etc). I have changed it to just the Religious Society of Friends in the first sentence, altering the second sentence to include the fact that Friends are also known as Quakers. The general "official" title used within Britain Yearly Meeting is the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), and I think this would also be a perfectly acceptable alternative for the first sentence of this article. Ceiriog (talk) 09:11, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

 * On a related note, I also think the title of the page (History of the Quakers) has the same problem with it. I think better alternatives would be either Quaker history or History of the Religious Society of Friends or History of Quakerism. Ceiriog (talk) 09:30, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

 * History of the Religious Society of Friends would be a good choice because it corresponds to the title of the main article. ✤ JonHarder talk 13:24, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

Quality of writing of the paragraph- Early days
I strayed into this article by accident- and in spite of my name I am not a member or attender. I would submit that the tone and quality of writing of this paragraph is an embarrassment to both the Friends and to the Wikipedia community. I have neither the time or access to the necessary resources to bring this paragraph up to an even reasonable standard. Sentences just don't make sense. The tone and language is that of twentieth century 13yr old rather than that of the 17th century theologian ¨wow¨. Then there is non-wikipedian markup-- shouting in the text etc. I am faced with one of two actions. Deletion or commenting out. In the spirit of the subject matter, I will do the latter so it can lie on the table.--ClemRutter (talk) 00:46, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Founded in 1647
The article currently states that "George Fox founded the Religious Society of Friends in 1647". As far as I am aware there is no definite date that Friends started. The usual date given in 1652, although there is plenty of evidence that there were people expressing the ideas which became known as Quakerism prior to this date. There is no one single event which marks the foundation of this movement, and I think the article should state this, maybe saying something like "the movement which became known as The Religious Society of Friends began in the early to middle part of the 17th century", or alternatively state specifically what happened in 1647 which the editor feels was the founding event.

Comment :

As I understand it 1647 is the earliest recorded use of the word " Quaker " - see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Quakers [ The Origins of the Term and the First usage of the Name " Quaker " ] - Martha Simmonds was probably one of these ' Quakers ' mentioned there - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Naylern mentions her but there is as yet no wiki page - and I am not about to do one.

I am not sure of the exact date in the 1640s but the first person to use the term ' Society of Friends ' was William Erbery - see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Erbery - it was his daughter Dorcas who stood trial with James Naylor, and his wife Mary who was the Quaker leader in Cardiff after his death and another daughter married one of Margaret Fell's sons. In conventional histories of Quakerism which follow the accounts devised by people like George Fox and Thomas Elwood during the years of persecution these names were deliberately written out - but William Penn remembered them.

Martha Simmonds and William Erbery can be argued to have founded Quakerism in the 1640s, or alternatively Quakerism can be seen as having erupted out of the circumstances of William Erbery being arrested in 1652 and put on trial for blasphemy as part of Cromwell's increasing grip upon the Commonwealth before he declared the Protectorate. Having survived imprisonment and then acquitted himself successfully William Erbury died in 1654 and it was at the point that the Valiant Sixty from ' The Children of Light ' who had before been ' Seekers ' arrived in London from Swarthmore Hall with the charismatic James Naylor and introduced themselves to the existing group in London whose headquarters was probably Simmonds' and Erbery's publishers Giles and Elizabeth Calvert : Martha was Giles' sister and her husband Thomas had refused to publish her radical texts. ( Apparently another person in the original group was Hannah Stranger ? ) I like to think of James Naylor as having ' gone native ' which was not the plan : having failed to convict Erbery, Cromwell then ensured that Naylor stood in for him in the second great blasphemy trial to try to stop the flow of religious and political radicalism - most of which was being printed and distibuted by the Calverts who were the only prominent leaders to stand by Naylor. After James Naylor's conviction and public punishment the leaders adhering to George Fox parted ways with the Calverts and placed their business with Thomas Simmonds who was expected in exchange to severely control Martha.

There were many other people involved in what was happening in London in the 1640s but it all awaits proper professional objective historical research that can penetrate the haze of hagiography : in my opinion it probably doesn't matter too much because it is what happened at the end of 1659 which was crucial - and everything thereafter.

http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=8832&back=

http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=37959&back=

http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/39669

http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/39670

http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=69127&back=

If you want to read a good book about the man who first declared that " The Church is a Free Company or Society of Friends " and gave up on preaching at people and having resigned his living then refused to live on tithes etc, then read -

http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Honest-Heretique-William-Himself/dp/1847714854

DaiSaw (talk) 19:31, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

Worldwide membership authentication.
Maybe those actively working on this article can be helped here A website with worldwide Quaker statistics.Stranger on the shore (talk) 09:24, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Beacon controversy
This topic is included in the article Religious_Society_of_Friends but not in this article.

"The Beaconite Controversy arose from the book A Beacon to the Society of Friends, published in 1835 by Isaac Crewdson. He was a minister in the Manchester Meeting. The controversy arose in 1831 when doctrinal differences amongst the Friends culminated in the winter of 1836-1837 with the resignation of Isaac Crewdson and of 48 fellow members of the Manchester Meeting. About 250 others left in various localities in England including prominent members. A number of these joined themselves to the Plymouth Brethren and brought influences of simplicity of worship to that society. Notable among the Plymouthists who were former Quakers included John Eliot Howard of Tottenham and Robert Mackenzie Beverley."

Anyone reviewing this text might benefit from having access to Roger C. Wilson's paper Manchester, Manchester and Manchester again - from "sound doctrine" to "a free ministry" the theological travail of London Yearly Meeting throughout the 19th Century Friends Historical Society (1990). It would be interesting to know the source of the view of the controversy from the Plymouthist point of view. Vernon White '''. . . Talk''' 08:54, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

Packed with lies and distortions
Typical cult trying to falsify history. Stupidly done too I might add. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.255.122.231 (talk) 15:54, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

history of quaker missions in africa / citation needed comments
I was hoping to find some material here on the history of the quaker missions in africa for the equivalent german article at Geschichte des Quäkertums. Seemingly not available. OK, I'll try and work something up. This source:

history of east africa missions for example looks good.
 * correction. It doesn't. Far too late in time — Preceding unsigned comment added by Richardbourke (talk • contribs) 14:36, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

I also note the depressingly large number of "citation needed" comments. Justifiable, I think. I'll keep a lookout for citations for here while citing on the german article.

Once I work out how to do the cross-language internationalisation link to the german page, I'll do that too, in both directions Richardbourke (talk) 13:38, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

A Couple of Books of Interest to this Page
A descendant of Christopher Holder, Charles Frederick Holder, wrote two books in the early 20th century which may be interest to this wiki page, if only in the sources and further reading sections: "The Holders of Holderness; a history and genealogy of the Holder family with especial reference to Christopher Holder, head of the American Quaker branch" (1902) and "The Quakers in Great Britain and America; the religious and political history of the Society of Friends from the seventeenth to the twentieth century" (1913). Copies of both can be found in the Internet Archive site. (I've also mentioned these books on the talk page for the bio on Christopher Holder.) --114.72.240.204 (talk) 08:25, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Netherlands
The section Business in the Netherlands seems rather incomplete. The WP article on Stephen Crisp indicates that he might be mentioned. The section ends sadly with an eviction. There needs to be some back story, if that is to make sense. Vernon White '''. . . Talk''' 17:50, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

Quakers and Business
"It is impossible to overestimate the contribution of Friends to the industrial revolution." (citation for this book quote needed). Reading this article, I would not realize that the Quakers owned most of the banks in London and Philadelphia, also in Rhode Island where half the population was Quaker at one time, and most of the colonial governors were also Quaker. For example, Lloyds of London, a famous insurance company, was Quaker-owned at its start.

The American industrial revolution was bankrolled by Friend Moses Brown, who brought Friend Samuel Slater to Rhode Island carrying engineering secrets of spinning thread in his head.

Friends acted somewhat as a unified body to set up individual Friends in trading stations around the world in the 1700s, to the end of Quaker shipowners being sure that they would get tradeable goods at a fair price whenever they arrived in port. Vertical integration of the importation of coffee and chocolate led to Friends starting early coffee houses in London.

Friends are responsible for international maritime law, an early transnational law among merchants operating in multiple countries.

Meetings in the 1700s reportedly would set up one member of the meeting in business, then another member, then another. Meetings would guarantee the debts of each such member. When a member occasionally defaulted on his debts, it was an internal scandal among Friends.

Friends, ever the social idealists, laid out the broad avenues of Philadelphia in such a way that no city-wide fire has ever swept through the town in the intervening centuries. Philadelphia was planned soon after a great fire destroyed much of London. Philadelphia was also given a good drinking water supply system to reduce waterborne diseases.

While we look upon Philadelphia as the richest city in the Colonies, at one point Friends were in default to the creditors that had financed Penn's Pennsylvania experiment. Penn lived in debtors prison rather than sell Pennsylvania. Eventually Friends cut a deal with the bondholders and Penn was released.

Friends in business were often innovators and early adaptors of innovations. The Quaker iron masters of Darby, England, invented a method of controlling the carbon content in steel. Early on, they created a fairly large network of railroad tracks in order to get their iron products to market. Friends in New Bedford and in Nantucket dominated the whale oil business. Whale oil in its day was the dominant form of lighting in America. A near-extinction of whales and the rise of petroleum led to the ending of the whaling industry.

In the 18th and 19th century, many wealthy British and American descendents of Friends started to enjoy their wealth and power, and renounced their Quaker roots. Others squabbled or were driven out of Friends for what were relatively minor offenses in retrospect. Paul Klinkman (talk) 04:21, 1 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Much of this could be incorporated if you could provide a reference for each statement.--ClemRutter (talk) 10:55, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

Cleanup
Having reflected for several months I am doing a little cleanup to make the article accessible to the target audience- those who are not big F Friends. I am addressing the structure, and will be adding wiki links, it would be positive if those with relevant books could tackle the missing references. --ClemRutter (talk) 10:53, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

Incorrect redirect
I fail to see the logic of doing a redirect from the correct title to a mere nickname. Zero effort has been put in to improve the article since June- nothing has changed. Is something constructive about to happen? --ClemRutter (talk) 06:21, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Obvious error
Section 5.1, entitled "Slavery Abolition," contains several errors. The most glaring one is the assertion that "The first two prominent Friends to denounce slavery were Anthony Benezet and John Woolman." Anthony Benezet was not born until 1713, and Woolman not until 1720, a quarter century after the first anti-slavery petition written in the New World was signed by Francis Daniel Pastorious and three other Germantown settlers. SouthHero205 (talk) 19:47, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Error
First sentence of 6.1. is wrong. It states "70% of Quakers owned slaves in the period from 1681 to 1705;" This is an error. Hackett's book is discussing the leadership of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting specifically and not the whole Quaker membership. Also, "Most Quakers owned slaves when they first came to America" is also a glaring error as your stated sources do not claim this at all. Wood's book states that Quakers began holding slaves after William Penn's statement "slavery was perfectly acceptable provided that slave owners attended to the spiritual and material needs of those they enslaved". Even after this, only 10% of all families in Philadelphia owned at least one slave in 1700.69.142.17.205 (talk) 16:22, 10 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on History of the Quakers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050310191304/http://www.maym.org:80/faith_and_practice/part_1/chap_1.htm to http://maym.org/faith_and_practice/part_1/chap_1.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:14, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

US/UK spelling usage
To ClemRutter: I have other things to do on Wikipedia at the moment. If you don't, please make the spelling consistent one way or the other. This conversation is now closed as far as I'm concerned. Bmcln1 (talk) 13:24, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

 * I quote the lead-

"The Religious Society of Friends began as a movement in England in the mid 17th century in Lancashire. Members are informally known as Quakers, as they were said 'to tremble in the way of the Lord.' The movement in its early days faced strong opposition and persecution, but it continued to expand across the British Isles and then in the Americas and Africa."
 * which is why probably why the rest of the article is written in a neutral English, established through consensus reverting to 17th Century Cumbrian/North Lancashire spelling if there is a need to choose. This article is a sub-article of The Quakers which was tagged  . Do we have consensus to add that tag here?

 * Thanks for this- - this is on my watch list but not on my to-do list. ip-editors ring a an alarm bell. Leave it here for comment- and come back in a month to see if a consensus has formed. ClemRutter (talk) 13:47, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

Jeyvj
Obviously you checked this useless  topic 2600:381:CFA0:A15:79AB:F556:18DF:763 (talk) 18:48, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of the Quakers


text:
Tso Wung-wai

Dr. Tso Wung-wai (born 28 February 1941), BBS is a Hong Kong politician and chemistry professor. He is an adjunct professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and has also served as a Hong Kong delegate to the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China.

Tso Wung-wai completed his bachelor's degree in biochemistry at CUHK, took an M.Sc in Miami, and went on to study for his Ph.D at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is a member of the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA).

2004 Legislative Council election
Prior to the 2004 Hong Kong Legislative Council election, the pro-Beijing camp predicted that the competition would be fierce. Some of the HKPA LegCo candidates were persuaded to quit the election, in an attempt to enable Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) candidates to stand a higher chances of obtaining LegCo seats. In response to this, David Chu Yu-lin, originally a candidate for the LegCo constituency of the New Territories East, was replaced by Tso. He had a slim chance of obtaining a seat in the election, and unsurprisingly he lost with just 14,174 votes, less than a quarter of any other list in the same constituency.

During his campaigns, Tso gained prominence for his slogans. One of his best-known slogans was 科學求真，智識救港 (literally, Seek the truth with science, and save Hong Kong with knowledge).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tso Wung-wai


text:
Lost and Safe

Lost and Safe is the third studio album by American musical duo the Books. It was released on April 5, 2005 by Tomlab. As with the duo's prior records, Lost and Safe features extensive sampling.

Composition
Lost and Safe is stylistically similar to previous Books albums, continuing the duo's rich use of samples. The samples used on Lost and Safe originate from sources as diverse as Raymond Baxter ("That's the picture. You s—you see it for yourself."), W. H. Auden ("This great society is going smash / A culture is no better than its woods", from his poem "Woods"), and a reading of Lewis Carroll's poem "Jabberwocky". "Venice" samples the bonus track of a 1966 opera record, on which an American reporter describes a Salvador Dalí "happening" in Venice. The eclecticism of the samples is partially owed to their origins in used "bargain bin" records. Throughout the album, these direct samples are juxtaposed with interpolated vocal passages performed by Books member Nick Zammuto. The Books opted to employ more linear song structures on Lost and Safe, with the intent of composing material more well suited to live performance.

Critical reception
Lost and Safe received highly positive reviews from music critics. On the review aggregation website Metacritic, the album has a rating of 84 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim". David Serra of AllMusic wrote: "From the songwriting to the production to the performance, the whole package that the Books present with Lost and Safe works wonderfully and makes for a very rewarding listen." The Wire named Lost and Safe the best album of 2005.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the 2005 and 2011 issues of the album.

The Books
 * Paul de Jong – music, mastering, mixing, recording
 * Nick Zammuto – music, mastering, mixing, recording

Additional personnel
 * Frieda Luczak – design

title: Lost and Safe


text:
Mercedes-Benz SL-Class (R129)

The Mercedes-Benz R129 SL is a roadster which was produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1988 until 2001. The R129 replaced the R107 in 1989 and was in its turn replaced by the R230 SL-Class in 2002 for the 2003 model year.

The R129 was offered as a two-door roadster with an automated (electro-hydraulic), fabric convertible roof; colour-matched, automated tonneau cover; and a manually detachable hardtop that could be fitted over the stored fabric convertible roof and tonneau. It was available with a variety of powertrains across its twelve-year production, including a V12 option used in the SL600.

Development and launch
Designed in 1984, the R129 was based on the shortened floorpan of the Mercedes-Benz W124. The new SL-class was presented at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1989, with left-hand drive sales beginning that summer and right-hand drive sales in the autumn. It came runner-up behind the Citroen XM for the European Car of the Year accolade.

Model history
Designed in 1984, the R129 was based on the shortened floorpan of the Mercedes-Benz W124 and featured many innovative details for the time, for instance electronically controlled damping (Adaptive Damping System ADS, optional) and a hidden, automatically extending roll-over bar. The R107's somewhat dated rear suspension with semi-trailing arms gave way to a modern multi-link axle. The number of standard features was high, with electric action for the windows, mirrors, seats and hydraulic convertible top.

This car has a distinction of being the first passenger vehicle to have seat belts integrated into the seats as opposed to anchoring to the floor, B-pillar, and transmission tunnel.

Starting in 1993 for the 1994 model year, R129 were re-designated. For example, 500 SL became SL 500. Starting in model year 1994, Mercedes-Benz offered special SL models from time to time, such as the Mille Miglia edition cars of model year 1994 or the SL edition of model year 2000.

1994 cars (for 1995 model year) had minor updates for the car
 * Odometer switched from mechanical to electronic
 * Option for portable cell phone with voice activated dialling
 * Clear front turn signal indicators for US SPEC models
 * Bose stereo now standard, rear speakers and subwoofer

1995 onwards R129s for the 1996 model year featured a minor facelift for the car:
 * Front wing vents updated; only 2 rounded slots, rather than 3 squared slots
 * Bumpers are now body colour
 * V8 and V12 upgraded to 5 speed electronic transmission; previous transmission was hydraulic 4-speed
 * Xenon HID headlamps standard on SL 600, optional on SL 500
 * Addition of side airbags

During 1996 for model year 1997, cars were the first year to have an option of the panoramic roof. Also newly available:
 * A new front-seat occupant-detection sensor could deactivate the right-side airbag when it determined that the passenger seat held less than 26 pounds
 * "Sport" package became an option
 * Automatic rain-sensing windshield wipers standard
 * Three-way programmable garage door opener "HomeLink" transmitters built into the rear-view mirror
 * Replaced the earlier climate control panel with one with a much larger LCD
 * Remote control uses dual infrared (IR) and radio (RF) control

A second facelift occurred in 1998 for model year 1999 which featured:
 * V8 engine switch from M119 to M113
 * Soft Nappa leather seats replace the perforated leather seats
 * New steering wheel design
 * Body colour door handles
 * Taillights with curved faces replacing the classic square ribbed lights
 * 17-inch wheels standard: Wheels are now 8.25 x 17" with 245/45ZR17 tyres. Sport package is 8" (front) and 9" (rear) x 18" with 245/40 and 275/35 tyres respectively.
 * Fiber-Optic digital audio links to the CD player instead of analogue copper
 * One-touch starting- called "Tip-start". Once the key is turned, the engine cranks on its own until it catches and starts.
 * Instrument cluster now has silver rings around each gauge
 * Oil pressure gauge replaced by oil temperature
 * Different engine vanity cover
 * Removed the automatic lock on the left rear storage compartment which houses the Bose subwoofer
 * Passenger side storage net on transmission tunnel

Engine history
Initially, there were three different engines available, and joined in July 1992 by the
 * 300 SL with a M103 3.0 L 12-valve SOHC I6 (188 hp at 5,700 rpm),
 * 300 SL-24 with a M104 3.0 L 24-valve DOHC I6 (228 hp at 6,300 rpm),
 * 500 SL with a M119 5.0 L 32-valve DOHC V8 (322 hp at 5,500 rpm),
 * 600 SL with a M120 6.0 L 48-valve DOHC V12 (389 hp at 5,200 rpm).

There was a choice of 5-speed manual or 4–5 speed automatic for the six-cylinder cars; the V8 and V12 could only be ordered with a 4-speed automatic gearbox.

In autumn 1993 Mercedes-Benz rearranged names and models. Also, the 300 SL and 300 SL-24 were respectively replaced by: Only the 280 was available with a manual gearbox. SL 500 and 600 continued with their respective engines.
 * SL 280 with a M104 2.8 L 24-valve DOHC I6 (190 hp at 5,500 rpm),
 * SL 320 with a M104 3.2 L 24-valve DOHC I6 (228 hp at 5,500 rpm).

A second facelift, introduced in late 1998, comprised new external mirrors, 17" wheels and new bumpers. Also new were the engines, The V12 engine remained unchanged.
 * SL 280 with a M112 2.8 L 18-valve SOHC V6 (201 hp at 5700 rpm),
 * SL 320 with a M112 3.2 L 18-valve SOHC V6 (221 hp at 5,600 rpm),
 * SL 500 with a M113 5.0 L 24-valve SOHC V8 (302 hp at 5,600 rpm).

Australian market
The new Mercedes Benz R129 roadster was first introduced into the Australian market with the 300SL and 500SL models with only the eight cylinder variant being available throughout the entire production run of the R129 model 1989-2001.

The six cylinder 300SL 24 was replaced in 1995 by the SL 280 and finally the SL 320 in 1999 and the twelve cylinder 600SL first arrived in 1993 changing to SL 600 in 1995 with the last SL 600 being delivered in 2000.

Only 38 cars of the 600SL/SL 600 were delivered to the Australian market.

North American market
Not all engines were offered in North America. The 1990 Mercedes-Benz SL base model was the 228 hp 300 SL version (European 300 SL-24) equipped with a five-speed manual or five-speed automatic transmission, but it was the 322 hp 500 SL (with a 5.0-litre V8 engine) which made the most headlines. For model year 1993, the 600 SL was additionally introduced stateside.

The SL 320 replaced the 300 SL in the United States in 1994, but the SL 280 was not offered. The 6-cylinder SLs were dropped from the US lineup in 1998, leaving just the V8 and V12.

1990–1995
Front suspension Independent damper struts with separate coil springs and gas-pressurised shock absorbers, triangular lower control arms with anti-dive geometry and stabiliser bar.

Rear suspension Independent 5-arm multilink with separate single-tube gas-pressurised shock absorbers and coil springs, geometry for anti-lift, anti-squat and alignment control, stabiliser bar.

Wheels 8.0Jx16H2 aluminium alloy and regular.

Tyres 225/55 ZR 16 steel-belted radial.

Brakes 2-circuit hydraulic power-assisted 4-wheel discs. Antilock Braking System (ABS).

1996–1997
Body construction Monocoque with front and rear crumple zones and removable hardtop.

Front suspension Independent damper strut with anti-dive geometry and stabiliser bar. Separate shock absorbers and coil springs. Negative-offset steering.

Rear suspension Independent 5-arm multilink with geometry for anti-lift, anti-squat and alignment control and stabiliser bar. Separate shock absorbers and coil springs.

Steering Recirculating ball with speed-sensitive power assist and hydraulic damper. Steering wheel turns (lock-to-lock) 3.0.

Tyres Steel-belted radials. Performance 225/55ZR16.

Wheels aluminium alloy 8.0Jx16 H2.

Brakes 2-circuit hydraulic power-assisted 4-wheel disc. Ventilated front, solid rear brake discs.

Antilock Braking System (ABS) ABS senses impending wheel lock-up under heavy braking and pumps the front brakes individually or the rear brakes together (to help maintain stability), as needed, up to 30 times per second to prevent lock-up and maintain steering ability.

300 SL
Wheelbase 99.0 in

Boot capacity 7.9 cu ft

Fuel capacity 79.9 L – 21.1 gal (US) 17.5 gal (Imp)

500 SL
Wheelbase 99.0 in

Boot capacity 7.9 cu ft

Fuel capacity 79.8 L – 21.1 gal

600 SL
Wheelbase 99.0 in

Curb weight 2020 kg – 4,455 lb

Boot capacity 7.9 cu ft

Fuel capacity 79.8l 21.1 gal

AMG offerings

AMG had already offered an SL version while still independent, the AMG 500 SL 6.0 of 1991. After being taken over by Daimler-Benz, there were several AMG SL-models available through D-B dealers.

The SL 60 AMG was the most numerous of these rare cars. Sold from 1993 to 1998, it used a 5956 cc V8 engine producing 375 hp at 5,500 rpm. AMG claimed a 0–100 km/h speed of 5.4 seconds. Its top speed was limited to 250 km/h.

Extremely rare was the SL 72 AMG, with a 7055 cc engine, sold through Mercedes-AMG in 1995, and offering the most powerful V12 engine ever put into an SL up to that time with 510 PS. Only 35 cars were made.

After a brief hiatus, the SL 73 AMG was offered with the new M120 engine 7291 cc from 1997 to 2001, with a bore x stroke of 91.5x92.4 mm DOHC 4 valves per cylinder, fuel fed by naturally aspirated Bosch HFM fuel injection and a compression ratio of 10.5:1, producing 518 hp at 5,500 rpm and 750 Nm at 4,000 rpm of torque, which was later used also by Pagani in the Zonda, enabling the SL 73 to set off from 0 to 100 km/h in no longer than 4.5 seconds, while achieving a top speed of above-199 mi/h. Only 50 cars were made.

Also very rare is the SL 70 AMG which was powered by a 7055 cc V12 engine developing 496 PS at 5,500 rpm and a maximum torque of 720 Nm at 3,900 rpm. It was a bored out version of M120 6.0 V12 and with a longer stroke. Produced between 1996 and 1997 in 150 units.

The SL 55 AMG was sold in the R129 body style from 1998 to 2001 in limited numbers (5.4L V8, 349 hp at 5,500 rpm). It was the predecessor of the production R230 SL 55 AMG sold later, albeit was normally aspirated in the R129 and not supercharged as in its R230 successor. 65 cars were made.

Only about 300 (without the SL 60) cars in the SL-class were customised by AMG prior to the 2003 model year.

Mille Miglia Edition
In 1995 Mercedes released the Mille Miglia edition, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Stirling Moss's win of the 1955 Mille Miglia road race. The limited edition was available in either SL 280, SL 320, or SL 500 guise; came in Brilliant Silver metallic; and had Evo II six-spoke polished alloys, red and black leather interior, carbon-fibre trim and extra equipment. Stirling Moss was given the first SL 500 built. According to the brochure of this special edition, only 600 pieces were to be built, however only 40 were built.

Silver Arrow Edition
A special edition of 2002 SL 500/SL 600 was made to celebrate the 1930s Silver Arrow race car. It had full AMG body package, painted in Silver Arrow only special 777 metallic paint, special Silver Arrow designation on interior and exterior badging, two-tone silver and black interior, leather on steering wheel and seats, Silver Arrow illuminated sill plates, Silver Arrow leather bordered floor mats, special dark wood, and special BBS 2 piece wheels with polished stainless steel beauty rings. For the US market, only 1550 Silver Arrow units were produced; 100 units of the SL 600 and 1450 units of the SL 500. For the UK market, just 100 Silver Arrows were made, all of which were SL 500 models.

Other editions
Several other editions were released of the 129 body SL. These include:
 * 40th Anniversary Roadster Edition (1997)
 * La Costa Edition (1997)
 * Sport model SL 320 included AMG staggered tire setup (1997)
 * Special Edition (1998)
 * Final Edition (2000)
 * SL Edition (2000)
 * Designo Slate Blue Edition (North America, 2000-01)
 * Designo Black Diamond Edition (North America, 2000-01)
 * F1 Edition (2001)

Media attention
The R129 received heightened media attention in 1991 for two reasons.

Diana, Princess of Wales sold her Jaguar XJS to lease a metallic-red 500 SL and became the first member of the royal family to use a foreign car. This was not without controversy as it sparked a media storm as it questioned whether a member of the British royal family should drive a foreign car. Media pressure eventually forced her to return the car to Mercedes-Benz in 1992. It now resides in the Mercedes-Benz Museum.

Victor Chang, Companion of the Order of Australia and Australian of the Century (People's Choice Awards) was a pioneer of modern heart transplantation, fatally shot while driving his 500SL in Sydney.

title: Mercedes-Benz SL-Class (R129)


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Greys Court

Greys Court is a Tudor country house and gardens in the southern Chiltern Hills at Rotherfield Greys, near Henley-on-Thames in the county of Oxfordshire, England. Now owned by the National Trust, it is located at, and is open to the public.

Overview
As Redrefield it was the principal manor of the six manors held in 1086 (as listed in the Domesday Book) by the Norman knight Anchetil de Greye (c.1052- post-1086), ancestor of the prominent Grey family.

The mainly Tudor-style house has a courtyard and gardens. The walled gardens contain old-fashioned roses and wisteria, an ornamental vegetable garden, maze (laid to grass with brick paths, dedicated by Archbishop Robert Runcie on 12 October 1981) and ice house. Within its grounds are the fortified tower built circa 1347, the only remains of the medieval castle, overlooking the gardens and surrounding countryside, as well as a Tudor wheelhouse.

The house remains furnished as a family home, with some outstanding 18th-century plasterwork interiors. It is a Grade I listed building.

History
John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield, one of the original founder Knights of the Garter, was granted a license to crenellate his Rotherfield house in 1346, when he also considerably enlarged the group of buildings and added a castle around 1347. The estate passed to the Crown in 1485 and was granted to Robert Knollys in 1514 for an annual rental of a red rose, remaining in the Knollys family until 1642, during which time the current house and its associated buildings were constructed. Sir William Paul bought the house in 1686 and it passed via his son William's daughter's dowry to Sir William Stapleton, 4th Baronet in 1724.

Between 1935 and 1937 the house was occupied by Evelyn Fleming, mother of the author Ian Fleming.

In 1937 the house was bought from the Stapletons by Sir Felix Brunner and his wife Lady Brunner (née Elizabeth Irving), the granddaughter of the Victorian actor-manager Sir Henry Irving. In 1969 the family donated the property to the National Trust, where Lady Brunner continued to live until her death in 2003.

Filming location
The house has been used as a filming location for Downton Abbey, Agatha Christie's Poirot, and Midsomer Murders.

title: Greys Court


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title: User talk:199.234.90.204


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title: Category:Learned societies of Sweden


text: User talk:68.1.184.244

title: User talk:68.1.184.244


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Talk:Let's Active

Several additions, a few subtractions
I generally fleshed out the history of the band, including lineup changes, but most importantly adding their final album. Since there is a separate article on Mitch Easter, I omitted some details about Chris Stamey and Sneakers, but left in the REM productions, which have broader significance. (Sneakers needs its own article, which I may start soon.) I did change the wording of the REM and IRS references, which seemed to confuse the timeline. (Let's Active was signed to IRS concurrently with Easter producing REM.)--emw 16:16, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Left of the Dial
I heard that the Replacements' song "Left of the Dial" was about Let's Active. They were touring and Paul Westerberg fell in love with a girl from this band and wrote the song about them. In the song the band is called "Sweet Georgia Breezes". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.170.155.196 (talk) 01:56, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

dead link for Ref 14 - this is an archive
https:// archive is /TaZhP#selection-1241.0-1355.233   ---  whomever is looking over this page can fix the reference for Faye Hunter's RIP announcement. You must change the "archive is" back without the spaces and a dot. 98.67.190.23 (talk) 06:37, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Can't do that, because that Icelandic archive site is blacklisted. So I removed the dead link, and added the obituaries from Spin and Billboard instead. They provide substantially the same information. Lwarrenwiki (talk) 14:12, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Let's Active


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Mercedes-Benz W113

 * See Mercedes-Benz SL-Class for a complete overview of all SL-Class models.

The Mercedes-Benz W 113 is a two-seat roadster/coupé, introduced at the 1963 Geneva Motor Show and produced from 1963 through 1971. It replaced both the 300 SL (W 198) and the 190 SL (W 121 BII). Of the 48,912 W 113 SLs produced, 19,440 were sold in the US.

The W 113 SL was developed under the auspices of Mercedes-Benz Technical Director Fritz Nallinger, Chief Engineer Rudolf Uhlenhaut and Head of Styling Friedrich Geiger, who had previously designed the iconic 500K/540K and 300 SL. The lead designers were Paul Bracq and Béla Barényi, who created its patented, slightly concave hardtop, which inspired the "Pagoda" nickname.

All models were equipped with an inline-six engine with multi-port fuel injection. The bonnet, boot lid, door skins and tonneau cover were made of aluminium to reduce weight. The comparatively short and wide chassis, combined with an excellent suspension, powerful brakes and radial tires gave the W 113 superb handling for its time. The styling of the front, with its characteristic upright Bosch "fishbowl" headlights and simple chrome grille, dominated by the large three-pointed star in the nose panel, paid homage to the 300 SL roadster.

W 113 SLs were typically configured as a "Coupé/Roadster" with a soft-top and an optional removable hardtop. A 2+2 was introduced with the 250 SL "California Coupé," which had a fold-down rear bench seat instead of the soft-top.

History
By 1955, Mercedes-Benz Technical Director Prof. Fritz Nallinger and his team held no illusions regarding the 190 SL's lack of performance, while the high price tag of the legendary 300 SL supercar kept it elusive for all but the most affluent buyers. Thus, Mercedes-Benz started evolving the 190 SL on a new platform, model code W127, with a fuel-injected 2.2 liter M127 straight-six engine, internally denoted as 220SL. Encouraged by positive test results, Nallinger proposed that the 220SL be placed in the Mercedes-Benz program, with production commencing in July 1957.

However, while technical difficulties kept postponing the production start of the W127, the emerging new S-Class W 112 platform introduced novel body manufacturing technology altogether. So in 1960, Nallinger eventually proposed to develop a completely new 220SL design, based on the "fintail" W 111 sedan platform with its chassis shortened by 30 cm, and technology from the W 112. This led to the W 113 platform, with an improved fuel-injected 2.3 liter M127 inline-six engine and the distinctive "pagoda" hardtop roof, designated as 230 SL.

The 230 SL made its debut at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1963, where Nallinger introduced it as follows: "It was our aim to create a very safe and fast sports car with high performance, which despite its sports characteristics, provides a very high degree of traveling comfort".

Safety legacy
The W 113 was the first sports car with a "safety body," based on Barényi's extensive work on vehicle safety. It inherited a rigid passenger cell and designated crumple zones with impact-absorbing front and rear sections built into the vehicle structure from the W 111 it is based on. The interior was "rounded," with all hard corners and edges removed, just like in the W 111 sedan. The steering gear was pulled back from the crash sensitive front of the engine compartent towards the fire wall, and the steering column was angled with universal joints to protect the driver from impalement in a frontal impact. The mid-life model refresh in fall 1967 brought another safety innovation from Barényi: a collapsable telescopic safety steering column with a padded steering wheel hub to better absorb kinetik energy during a crash. The W 113 was also the first Mercedes-Benz with radial tires.

230 SL (1963–1967)
Production of the 230 SL commenced in June 1963 and ended on 5 January 1967. Its chassis was based on the W 111 sedan platform, with a reduced wheelbase by 30 cm, recirculating ball steering (with optional power steering), double wishbone front suspension and an independent single-joint, low-pivot swing rear-axle with transverse compensator spring. The dual-circuit brake system had front disc brakes and power-assisted rear drum brakes. The 230 SL was offered with a 4-speed manual transmission, or an optional, very responsive fluid coupled (no torque converter) 4-speed automatic transmission, which was popular for US models. From May 1966, the ZF S5-20 5-speed manual transmission was available as an additional option, which was particularly popular in Italy. Of the 19,831 230 SLs produced, less than a quarter were sold in the US.

The 2308 cc M127.II inline-six engine with 150 PS and 196 Nm torque was based on Mercedes-Benz' venerable M180 inline-six with four main bearings and mechanical Bosch multi-port fuel injection. Mercedes-Benz made a number of modifications to boost its power, including increasing displacement from 2197 cc, and using a completely new cylinder head with a higher compression ratio (9.3 vs. 8.7), enlarged valves and a modified camshaft. A fuel injection pump with six plungers instead of two was fitted, which allowed placing the nozzles in the cylinder head and "shooting" the fuel through the intake manifold and open valves directly into the combustion chambers. An optional oil-water heat exchanger was also available.

Mercedes-Benz Chief Engineer Rudolf Uhlenhaut demonstrated the capabilities of the 230 SL on the tight three-quarter mile Annemasse Vétraz-Monthoux race track in 1963, where he put up a best lap time of 47.5 seconds vs. 47.3 seconds by Grand Prix driver Mike Parkes on his 3-liter V12 Ferrari 250 GT.

A brief chronology of the most notable changes made to the 230 SL:

 * 10/1963: First 230 SL with automatic transmission.
 * 09/1964: Spare tire well removed, tire mounted horizontally.
 * 11/1964: Optional tinted/thermal glass and new soft-top with steel bows (distinguished by missing chrome trim on the outer trailing edge).
 * 04/1964: US models with radio Becker Europa TR instead of Europa TG.
 * 08/1965: Some harmonization with new W 108/W 109 sedans, incl. new floor panels, combined brake and clutch fluid reservoir, boot light and interior changes. US models with hazard lights.
 * 03/1966: Mounts for three-point seat belts added.
 * 05/1966: Optional ZF 5-speed manual transmission; rare and now very desirable.

250 SL (1966–1968)
The 250 SL was introduced at the 1967 Geneva Motor Show. Production had already commenced in December 1966 and ended in January 1968. The short one-year production run makes the 250 SL the rarest of the W 113 series cars. The 250 SL retained the stiffer suspension and sportier feel of the early SLs, but provided improved agility with a new engine and rear disc brakes. Range also improved with increased fuel tank capacity from 65 L to 82 L. Like its predecessor, the 250 SL was offered with a 4-speed automatic transmission, and 4-speed or ZF 5-speed manual transmissions. For the first time, an optional limited slip differential was also available. Of the 5,196 250 SLs produced, more than a third were sold in the US.

The main change was the use of the 2496 cc M129.II engine with 6 mm increased stroke, 2 mm increased valve ports, and seven main bearings instead of four. The nominal maximum power remained unchanged at 150 PS, but torque improved from 145 lbft to 159 lbft. Resiliency also improved with a new cooling water tank ("round top") with increased capacity from 10.8 L to 12.9 L, and a standard oil-water heat exchanger.

The wider power band of the 250 SL resulted in noticeably improved performance, as the 230 SL engines rarely produced more than 143 PS in practice.

California Coupé
The 250 SL also marked the introduction of a 2+2 body style in 1967, the so-called "California Coupé", which had only the removable hardtop and no soft-top: a small fold-down rear bench seat replaced the soft-top well between passenger compartment and boot. A 280 SL California version was introduced in 1968.

Midlife improvements
In August 1967, a number of additional changes were incorporated to accommodate stricter safety regulations and US emission laws. The safety improvements included a collapsible steering wheel and padded wheel hub, concave control knobs, elastic black rubber heater levers (instead of rigid coloured translucent plastic), and softer, rounded dash top padding. Door handles, locks, and window cranks were modernized and less protruding, the door pockets were elastic, the rear-view mirror frame was black plastic instead of chrome, and the side view mirrors became more angular. Essentially, the 1967 250 SL retained the more classic "chrome" interior of the 230 SL, whereas the 1968 250 SL introduced the modernized "safety" interior of the 280 SL.

US models acquired side reflectors on the fenders, Kangol three-point seat belts, an illuminated automatic gearbox shift quadrant, and emission control equipment. The chrome horn ring was changed to matte finish.

280 SL (1967–1971)

The 280 SL was introduced in December 1967 and continued in production through 23 February 1971, when the W 113 was replaced by the entirely new and substantially heavier R107 350 SL. Over the years, the W 113 evolved from a sports car into a comfortable grand tourer, and US models were by then usually equipped with the 4-speed automatic transmission and air conditioning. Manual transmission models came with the standard 4-speed or the optional ZF 5-speed, which was ordered only 882 times and thus is a highly sought-after original option today. In Europe, manual transmissions without air conditioning were still the predominant choice. Of the 23,885 280 SLs produced, more than half were sold in the US.

The main change was an upgrade to the 2778 cc M130 engine with 170 PS maximum power and 180 lbft maximum torque, which finally gave the W 113 adequate power. The performance improvement was achieved by increasing bore by 4.5 mm, which stretched the limits of the M180 block. This required ungrouping the existing pairwise cylinder casts to improve thermals with cooling water passages between all cylinders, and mandated an oil-cooler, which was fitted vertically next to the radiator. Each engine was now bench-tested for two hours prior to being fitted, so their power specification was guaranteed at last.

The M130 marked the final evolution of Mercedes-Benz' venerable SOHC M180 inline-six, before it was superseded by the entirely new DOHC M110 inline-six introduced with R107 1974 European 280 SL models. For some time, it was also used in the W 109 300 S-Class, where it retired the expensive 3 liter M189 alloy inline-six.

A brief chronology of the most notable changes made to the 280SL:

 * 12/1967: One piece wheel-covers (like W 108/W 109 sedans).
 * 10/1968: US models with sealed beam headlights without fog lights.
 * 02/1969: New tail lights with amber turn signals.
 * 05/1969: ZF 5-speed manual transmission discontinued as listed option and available only on special request.
 * 07/1969: US models with headlight assembly with full amber lower section, illuminated side markers, transistorized ignition, and improved emission control.
 * 08/1969: Heated rear window for hardtop, hazard lights for all models, single master key for all locks.
 * 04/1970: Bosch Lichteinheit headlights optionally with halogen main beam (distinguished by "flat" instead of "bubble" lens).
 * 08/1970: Fuchs alloy wheels available as a factory-fitted option.
 * 11/1970: Opaque beige plastic coolant expansion tank (instead of satin-black paint over brass). New door locks: cylinder can be depressed while door is locked.

North American models

North American models have a number of subtle differences, the most obvious one being the distinctive "sealed beam" bulb headlights required in the US versus the Bosch Lichteinheit headlights for the rest of the world. 1970 US models also acquired amber turn-signal lenses on the rear lights, later than most other countries.

Other differences of the North American models include imperial gauges, chrome bumper guards, side reflectors (illuminated from 1970), lower rear-axle ratios for faster acceleration yet reduced top speeds, and no "single-side" parking lights. US market 280 SL engines required emission control modifications, including "softer" valve timings, a reduced compression ratio and a modified injection pump, which reduced power from 170 PS to 160 PS. In the US, automatic transmission, air conditioning, and white wall tires were much more popular than elsewhere.

European cars were popular US gray-market imports: those vehicles were brought to the US some years after their original delivery in Europe. Early European imports had aftermarket hazard lights and Kangol seat belts fitted, US safety requirements that were adopted in Europe only in later production years.

Pininfarina Coupé
While the original design by Paul Bracq is regarded highly today, it was more controversial at the time of its introduction. So in 1963, Pininfarina asked the Mercedes-Benz board to create its own custom-bodied version of the 230 SL. Pininfarina's Tom Tjaarda turned the roadster into a fixed-head coupé that vaguely resembled the Ferrari 250 GT Lusso. He retained the grille and headlamps of the original, but raked the grille more sharply, sculpted the wings, and made the sides more bulbous and thus wider, while making the bonnet narrower and shorter. The rear was reminiscent of the Ferrari 330 GT 2+2 (also a Tjaarda design), but without taking away the distinctive personality of the 230 SL. Inside, Tjaarda left the dashboard unchanged, but the interior as a whole exuded the stamp of elegant Italian hand craftmanship. The result was appealing but not convincing enough to go into production and remained a one-off that was subsequently acquired by German press baron Axel Springer.

W 113/12
Mercedes-Benz Chief Engineer Rudolf Uhlenhaut liked pushing the power envelope of his cars. In 1965, he fitted a 250 SL with the massive 6332 cc 250 PS M100 V8 engine from the Mercedes-Benz 600. This engine conversion gave the car, denoted as W 113/12, impressive power, but made it very front-heavy, so that this direction was abandoned. The car was eventually destroyed, the usual procedure for test vehicles at the time.

Frua Shooting Brake
In 1966, the Turin coachbuilder Pietro Frua, a prominent car designer in Italy in the 1960s, presented a coach built 230 SLX Shooting Brake version of the 230 SL.

R 113 W 33-29
In 1968, Mercedes-Benz fitted a 280 SL with a 206 PS M50F Wankel engine, denoted as R 113 W 33-29. With a top-speed of 205.1 km/h, a 0-60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration time of 8.7 seconds, and almost inaudible compared to regular SLs, it provided quite a surprise encounter for their owners in southern Germany at the time.

Timeline
The model timeline and production numbers are:

Spa-Sofia-Liège Rally
In 1963, Eugen Böhringer won the 6,600-kilometre Spa-Sofia-Liège Rally (Belgium to Bulgaria) on a race-modified 1963 230 SL. This vehicle was thought to have been destroyed for a long time, but turned up at a collector's house a few years ago. A newly build Replica is now in the permanent collection of the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart Untertürkheim, Germany. On 14 September 1963, Dutch Grand Prix racer Carel Godin de Beaufort took second place in class in the Vaals hill climb in a stock 230SL.

In 1964, Mercedes-Benz entered a modified 230 SL for Eugen Böhringer/Klaus Kaiser into the Spa-Sofia-Liège Ralley. These cars had special 2.6 liter engines (Probably with pairwise cylinder casts, a layout that was later adopted for M130 engine of the 280 SL). The 230 SL from the previous year was driven by Dieter Glemser/Martin Braungart, but did not finish. Also entered 2 W111 220 SE Limousines for Ewy Rosqvist/Manfred Schiek, who come 6th and Rolf Kreder/Alfred Kling, who did not finish. Due to considerable mechanical bad luck, Eugen Böhringer finished only third this time, after Rauno Aaltonen on Austin-Healey 3000 and Erik Carlsson on Saab.

Acropolis Rally
In 1965, Dieter Glemser entered the Acropolis Rally on a light-weight 230 SL similar to the Spa-Sofia-Liège cars. His tuned 2.3 liter engine produced 152 PS, further evidence to the fact that 230 SL production engines rarely met their power specification. Unfortunately, Glemser was given wrong directions by the police, costing him his comfortable lead and relegating him to third place.

Magazines

 * The Belgian webzine Gentlemen's Corner listed the W113 among its 20 "Most stylish cars of the past 50 years".
 * GQ listed the W113 among the "Ten cars that made Mercedes-Benz".
 * David Gandy of Vogue.com listed the W113 as one of his "15 favorite cars".
 * The Daily Telegraph put the W113 on its list of "The 100 most beautiful cars" of all time.

Top Gear
On the British automotive TV show Top Gear (Season 3, Episode 8) the 280 SL is thought of highly, notably being described by the host at the time, Jeremy Clarkson, as one of the cars from the 1960s that has stood the test of time, being "from a time when Mercedes was still building its cars properly."

Famous owners
Prominent owners of the W113 (mainly 280 SL) included Juan Manuel Fangio (230SL), Charlton Heston, David Coulthard (midnight blue (904G) 1971 280 SL), Tony Curtis, Walt Disney, John Lennon (dark blue (332G) 1965 230 SL, which was for sale for $495,000 in 2011 ), John Travolta (havana brown (408G) 1970 280 SL), which was stolen in September 2011, Kate Moss (metallic blue (387H) 280 SL ), Nico Rosberg, Peter Ustinov, Sophia Loren, Stirling Moss ), Colin Powell, Priscilla Presley (a gift from her then-husband, Elvis Presley, her 1969 white convertible 280SL is at Graceland on permanent display) and John Gutfreund.

title: Mercedes-Benz W113


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title: User:Davekinnear


text: Template:User ms-2

title: Template:User ms-2


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Act of Indemnity

In legal terms, an Act of Indemnity is a statute passed to protect people who have committed some illegal act which would otherwise cause them to be subjected to legal penalties. International treaties may contain articles that bind states to abide by similar terms which may involve the parties to the treaty passing domestic legislation to implement the indemnity laid out in the treaty.

International treaties

 * Treaty of Westphalia 1648 (Art 2)
 * Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1774 (Art I)

United Kingdom and preceding states
The United Kingdom has three legal jurisdictions. Those acts passed during the Interregnum (1649–1660) were themselves rendered null and void with the Restoration of the monarchy in England, Scotland and Ireland in 1660.

England and Wales

 * Act of General Pardon and Oblivion 1652, passed by the Rump Parliament during the First Commonwealth
 * Act of Indemnity and Free Pardon 1659, during the Second Commonwealth
 * Indemnity and Oblivion Act (or Act of Indemnity 1660), following the Restoration
 * Indemnity Act 1690, following the Glorious Revolution
 * Indemnity Act 1703
 * Indemnity Act 1717, following the Jacobite rising of 1715
 * Indemnity Act 1727, relieved Dissenters from the oaths of the Test and Corporation Acts
 * Indemnity Act 1747, following the Jacobite rising of 1745
 * Indemnity Act 1767, one of the Townshend Acts, relating to the British colonies in North America
 * Coatbridge & Springburn Elections (Validation) Act 1945
 * Camberwell, Bristol & Nottingham Elections (Validation) Act 1945
 * House of Commons (Indemnification of certain Members) Act 1949
 * Reverend J. G. MacManaway's Indemnity Act 1951
 * Price Control & Other Orders (Indemnity) Act 1951
 * Niall Macpherson Indemnity Act 1954
 * Validation of Elections Act 1955
 * Validation of Elections (No. 2) Act 1955
 * Validation of Elections (No. 3) Act 1955
 * Charles Beattie Indemnity Act 1956
 * Town and Country Planning Regulations (London) (Indemnity) Act 1970

Scotland

 * Act of Pardon and Grace to the People of Scotland 1654 (Cromwell's Act of Grace)
 * Act of indemnity and oblivion (Scotland) 1660

Ireland prior to 1921 and Northern Ireland

 * Act of Free and General Pardon, Indemnity, and Oblivion [for Ireland] 1664–1665?
 * Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 see also Sentence Review Commission

Bangladesh

 * Indemnity Act, Bangladesh, which gave immunity from legal action to the persons involved in the assassination of president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

South Africa

 * Indemnity Act, 1961, which gave immunity to the government in relation to the Sharpeville massacre
 * Indemnity Act, 1977, which gave immunity to the government in relation to the Soweto uprising

title: Act of Indemnity


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Inclined tower

An inclined tower is a tower that was intentionally built at an incline. Towers are built with an incline in order to support the weight of another structure, such as the Montreal Tower. Some towers are built with an incline due to the steep terrain upon which they stand, or simply for aesthetics.

Design
Despite the outward appearance of an inclined tower as "leaning-over", they are as structurally sound as any non-inclined tower. The mass of the tower's upper section is always equal or less than the mass of the tower's lower section, ensuring the building remains balanced around its centre of mass.

Inclined tower vs. inclined building
Inclined towers are specifically distinguished from "inclined buildings" in that they are not built to be habitable, but to serve other functions. The principal function is the use of their height to enable various functions to be achieved, including: visibility of other features attached to the tower such as clock towers; as part of a larger structure or device to increase the visibility of the surroundings for defensive purposes as in a fortified building such as a castle; as a structure for observation for leisure purposes; or as a structure for telecommunication purposes. Towers can be stand alone structures or be supported by adjacent buildings or can be a feature on top of a large structure or building.

Tallest inclined towers
As of September 2019, this list includes all intentionally inclined towers which reach a height of 60 metres (197 ft) or more, as assessed by their pinnacle. Inclined buildings and inclined structures that are not designed for public or regular operational access are excluded from this list.

Towers

 * The Capo Grande Tower is a proposed 111 m (364 ft) additionally-supported inclined observation tower located in Koper, Slovenia overlooking the city and the Gulf of Koper.
 * The Gravity Discovery Centre and Observatory located in Gingin, Western Australia, Western Australia features a 45 m (148 ft) tall inclined tower designed so that visitors can recreate the experiments of Galileo Galilei.

Structures

 * An inclined structure is used to hold the roof of Schwarzwald-Baar-Center, a mall in Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
 * Many inclined transmission towers can be found at the Hoover Dam on the border of Arizona and Nevada.
 * The Alamillo Bridge in Seville, Andalusia, Spain features a 70.7 m (232 ft) tall bridge tower.
 * The Montjuïc Communications Tower is a 136 m (446 ft) tall inclined telecommunications tower located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
 * The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway just outside of the city of Palm Springs, California features five inclined support towers, three of which are completely self-supporting (Towers 3, 4, and 5).
 * Tower 1 of the Sandia Peak Tramway measures 70.7 m (232 ft) tall and features an 18° incline pointing back toward the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
 * The Seri Wawasan Bridge in Putrajaya, Malaysia features a 75° forward‐inclined pylon with a height of 96m.

title: Inclined tower


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Mary Norton (writer)

Kathleen Mary Norton (née Pearson; 10 December 1903 – 29 August 1992), known professionally as Mary Norton, was an English writer of children's books. She is best known for The Borrowers series of low fantasy novels (1952 to 1982), which is named after its first book and, in turn, the tiny people who live secretly in the midst of contemporary human civilisation.

Norton won the 1952 Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising The Borrowers as the year's outstanding children's book by a British author. For the 70th anniversary of the Medal in 2007 it was named one of the top 10 winning works, selected by a panel to compose the ballot for a public election of the all-time favourite. Norton's novels The Magic Bed Knob; or, How to Become a Witch in Ten Easy Lessons and Bonfires and Broomsticks were adapted into the 1971 Disney film Bedknobs and Broomsticks.

Life
Kathleen Mary Pearson was the daughter of a physician and grew up in a Georgian house at the end of the High Street in Leighton Buzzard. The house now forms part of Leighton Middle School, known within the school as The Old House, and was reputedly the setting of her novel The Borrowers.

She married Robert Charles Norton on 4 September 1926 and had four children, two boys and two girls; her son, also named Robert Norton, became a printer and Microsoft executive. Her second husband was Lionel Bonsey, whom she married in 1970.

Norton began working for the British War Office in 1940 before the family moved temporarily to the United States. She began writing while working for the British Purchasing Commission in New York City during the Second World War. Her first book was The Magic Bed Knob; or, How to Become a Witch in Ten Easy Lessons, published by J. M. Dent in 1945. Its sequel Bonfires and Broomsticks followed two years later and they were re-issued jointly as Bed-Knob and Broomstick in 1957. The stories became the basis for the 1971 Disney film Bedknobs and Broomsticks.

During her latter years Norton lived with her second husband in the village of Hartland in Devon. She died of a stroke in Bideford, Devon, England, on 29 August 1992.

Works
The first edition hardcover books were published in Britain by J. M. Dent. A picture book version of her first story appeared in the US as The Magic Bed-Knob (1943), with color illustrations by Waldo Peirce.
 * The Magic Bedknob (1944)
 * Bonfires and Broomsticks (1947)
 * The omnibus edition Bedknob and Broomstick (Dent, 1957) included new illustrations by Erik Blegvad; following the 1971 Disney film adaptation, the plural Bedknobs and Broomsticks was also used in print.

In the UK the first four Borrowers novels were illustrated by Diana Stanley and The Borrowers Avenged was illustrated by Pauline Baynes. In the U.S. all five novels were illustrated by Joe and Beth Krush. They have also been illustrated by Ilon Wikland.
 * The Borrowers (1952) — winner of the Carnegie Medal
 * The Borrowers Afield (1955)
 * The Borrowers Afloat (1959) — a Carnegie runner-up
 * The Borrowers Aloft (1961)
 * Poor Stainless: A New Story About the Borrowers (1966)
 * Are All the Giants Dead? (1975) — no relation to the Borrowers series
 * The Borrowers Avenged (Viking Kestrel, 1982)
 * The Complete Borrowers Stories (1983) — omnibus, excluding Poor Stainless, issued with an introduction by the author
 * Poor Stainless (Viking UK, 1994) — revised as a novelette with a short author's note

 * The Bread and Butter Stories (1998) - collection of short stories for adults, written for magazines

Film, TV and theatrical adaptations
Norton's novels The Magic Bedknob; or, How to Become a Witch in Ten Easy Lessons and Bonfires and Broomsticks were adapted into the 1971 Disney film Bedknobs and Broomsticks, starring Angela Lansbury and David Tomlinson.

There have been several screen adaptations of The Borrowers:
 * The Borrowers: a 1973 American made-for-TV movie.
 * The Borrowers: a 1992 BBC TV series and its 1993 sequel The Return of the Borrowers, both starring Ian Holm and Penelope Wilton.
 * The Borrowers: a 1997 film with a British/American cast including Tom Felton, John Goodman, Jim Broadbent, Celia Imrie and Mark Williams.
 * The Secret World of Arrietty: a 2010 Japanese animated film from Studio Ghibli.
 * The Borrowers: a 2011 British film starring Stephen Fry, Victoria Wood and Christopher Eccleston.

There have also been numerous theatrical adaptations of The Borrowers.

title: Mary Norton (writer)


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Talk:Massie Township, Warren County, Ohio

Link to Adams Book
Lebanon, Ohio was listed in single brackets intentionally as no place of publication is given in the book. However, the Society is in Lebanon, so I supplied that. In bibliography, one puts the place in single brackets when that is done. PedanticallySpeaking 16:18, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)


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Kitsuno

Kitsuno (生駒 吉乃) was a Japanese woman from the Sengoku period to the Azuchi–Momoyama period. She was a concubine of Oda Nobunaga, a Sengoku Daimyō of the Owari Province.

Her posthumous Buddhist name is Kyūan Keishō Daizenjō-ni (久菴桂昌大禅定尼).

Name
The name of this woman, who was Nobunaga's concubine and the daughter of Ikoma Iemune, is unknown, as is the case with many women of this period. She is merely listed as a woman in the family tree and her official name has not been passed down to the Ikoma family. She is generally known as Kitsuno (吉乃), but this name was popularised by Bukō Yawa and does not appear in any of the Ikoma family archives or other historical documents. In recent years, rumours have circulated on the internet and elsewhere that the Ikoma family called her Rui (類) or Orui (お類), but these stories were written in Bukō Yawa, and there is no such mention in the ancient documents left by the Ikoma family.

Documents in the Ikoma family from the early to the end of the Edo period list her as Keishō (桂昌) or Keishō-ni (桂昌尼), which seems to be taken from part of her commandment name, and from the Taisho era to the pre-war period, the Ikoma family called her Kyūan (久菴) or Kyūan-san (久菴さん), which is also taken from part of her commandment name.

Life
She was born as the eldest daughter of Ikoma Iemune, a local clan of Koori, Niwa County, Owari Province (present Kōnan, Aichi Prefecture), who served the Oda clan.

Kitsuno was married once before becoming Nobunaga's concubine. The Maeno family documents, Bukō Yawa and Bukō Yawa Shūi, state that she first married Dota Yaheiji, a Gōzoku of Mino Province, who was killed in action. However, he is only mentioned in the Ikoma family tree as a certain Yaheiji, and for reasons unknown, his family name is not given and his origins are unclear. After the loss of her husband, Kitsuno returned to her family's home, Ikoma mansion. It was there that she met Oda Nobunaga.

As Nobunaga's concubine, she bore his heir Nobutada, his second son Nobukatsu and his eldest daughter Tokuhime for three consecutive years from 1557. According to one theory, Nobutada was adopted as Nobunaga's legitimate son by his legal wife, Nōhime, who had no children with Nobunaga. Nobukatsu was adopted by the Kitabatake clan to avoid a succession struggle with Nobutada, while Tokuhime married Matsudaira Nobuyasu, the legitimate son of Tokugawa Ieyasu, an ally of Nobunaga.

She is said to have not recover from the postpartum, and died in 1566. If she was born in 1528, she would have died at the age of 39, and in 1538, she would have died at the age of 29.

After her death, she was given the commandment name Kyūan Keishō Daizenjō-ni (久菴桂昌大禅定尼), and her family temple, Kyūshō-ji (久昌寺), received 660 koku from Nobunaga as an incense fee. Kyūshō-ji was rebuilt in 1566 after Nobunaga ordered it to be her family temple. Kyūshō-ji was also protected by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and memorial services were held by the Kashiwabara clan, which was descended from the Oda clan (Nobukatsu), during the Edo period. Since then, it has been maintained by the Ikoma family, Kitsuno's birth place, as a family temple for generations, but it became difficult due to the age of the building and costs, and was closed in 2022 after Kōnan City concluded that it would not provide a budget to maintain the temple.

Her other family temple, Sofuku-ji in Gifu Prefecture, became the family temple of the Oda family after Kitsuno's tablets were enshrined there, and the tombs of Nobunaga and Nobutada were also built by Nobunaga's concubine Onabe no Kata.

Legend of Nobunaga's beloved
Kitsuno was the beloved of Nobunaga in Bukō Yawa. According to the book, she and Nobunaga met at the Ikoma family mansion. At the time, the Ikoma family belonged to Oda Nobukiyo, lord of Inuyama Castle, but also did business as a samurai merchant, and various people from different provinces came to their mansion and gathered a lot of information. Nobunaga, who valued the gathering of information above all else, had noticed the wealth and intelligence of the Ikoma family and had visited their mansion many times. It was during one of these visits that Nobunaga met Kitsuno and fell in love at first sight. He frequented the Ikoma residence and eventually decided to take her as his concubine.

In Bukō Yawa, Nobunaga built a palace in Komakiyama Castle, which he built as a base for his Mino campaign, to welcome Kitsuno. When Nobunaga learnt that Kitsuno was unwell, he went to the Ikoma residence, placed her in a palanquin and personally escorted her to Komakiyama Castle. Nobunaga visited her frequently, but her illness did not improve and she died at the age of 39 in 1566, a year after moving to Komakiyama Castle. When Kitsuno died, Nobunaga is said to have wept for three days and three nights without being seen. These episodes made Ikoma Kitsuno famous as 'the woman most loved by Nobunaga'.

Bukō Yawa also states that at Ikoma Mansion, where Nobunaga and Kitsuno met, there were various other encounters that had a great impact on later generations. For example, it is said that it was here that Hachisuka Koroku, who was related to the Ikoma family, met Hashiba Hideyoshi, who he later served. There is also an anecdote that it was Kitsuno who introduced Hideyoshi to Nobunaga.

However, there is no similar description in the Ikoma family archives that provided information to Bukō Yawa authors, nor in other historical documents, and either episodes are considered to be later creations.

Meanwhile, a document from Kyūshō-ji, Kitsuno's family temple, mentions that Nobunaga climbed the turret of Komakiyama Castle and wept as he gazed into the smoke of her cremation.

title: Kitsuno


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User talk:207.59.74.170

Nomination of Safari Software for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Safari Software is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Safari Software until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  Onel 5969  TT me 12:04, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.59.74.170


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Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class (R170)

The R170 Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class is the first generation of the Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class range of compact luxury roadsters manufactured by Mercedes-Benz between 1995 and 2004, using a shortened variant of the W202 Mercedes C-Class platform.

With over 300,000 manufactured, the first generation SLK was replaced by the Mercedes R171 SLK in 2004.

The SLK nameplate derives from the roadster's design mission to be sportlich (sporty), leicht (light) and kurz (compact).

Development and launch
The R170 Mercedes SLK is based on the SLK I Concept, presented during Spring of 1994 at the Turin Motor Show, and SLK II Concept, presented during Fall of 1994 at the Paris Motor Show, which is a two-seater roadster concept car that features a folding metal electro-hydraulic roof, dubbed 'vario-roof' by Mercedes, and takes 25 seconds to operate. A German design patent was filed on 30 September 1993, with the final production version of the SLK introduced at the Turin Motor Show on 22 April 1996.

The R170 SLK is based on the W202 C-Class platform, sharing many drivetrain and chassis components, as well as using a shortened version of the floor pan. The wheelbase is also identical to the wheelbase of the 190SL and 300SL, at 2400 mm.

The platform of the R170 Mercedes SLK is also used by the Chrysler Crossfire, which shares 80% of its components with the car.

Equipment
Standard equipment includes power seats, power windows, power steering, dual-zone climate control, dimmable interior mirror, and alloy wheels. Safety features include front and side driver and passenger airbags, anti-lock brakes, and electronic stability control. Models could also be optioned with the AMG body design package, also sometimes called a "sport package" that features body colour side skirts, chromed tailpipes, 17-inch AMG alloy wheels on lower profile performance tires, and a sculpted front apron with black-mesh air intakes. Wider wheels were also available on SLK 230 Kompressor models. Other available options included a 5-speed "Touch Shift" 5G-Tronic automatic transmission, heated seats, xenon headlamps, a premium Bose sound system, a trunk-mounted 6-CD changer, 8-way power seats, and a manually telescoping steering wheel. Many of these options were standard on the SLK 32 AMG.

SLK 200 Kompressor
The SLK 200 Kompressor was exported and sold exclusively to Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Turkey, and Greece, and was only available with the Getrag five-speed manual transmission. After the 2000 facelift, the SLK 200 Kompressor was introduced to the worldwide market.

Engines
 *Acceleration times are for manual/automatic gearbox

SLK 32 AMG
The SLK 32 AMG was introduced in 2001, designed to rival the BMW M Roadster and Porsche Boxster S. The car featured the same, though upgraded version of M112 engine as in the SLK 320, but has a helical twin-screw supercharger and water-to-air intercooler.

The SLK 32 AMG introduced Mercedes' new SpeedShift 5G-Tronic (automatic) transmission, that allow for manual shifting of the gears, and faster automatic downshifts before overtaking. There was no manual transmission option available for the SLK 32 AMG.

The SLK 32 AMG features a more angular steering wheel, AMG instrument dials, an updated front and rear bumper with larger air intakes, and larger brakes; from 300 mm, upgraded to 334 mm in diameter. SLK 32 production started from January 2001, to March 2004. A total of 4,333 were produced; 979 were sold in Germany, 2,056 were imported to the US, and 263 to the UK.

1998

 * Passenger airbag will now automatically deactivate if Mercedes-branded child seat is fitted

1999

 * Storage net, automatic-dimming rear view mirrors, and vehicle motion sensing alarm added
 * Introduction of Manual transmission and AMG Sport package options, which included Sport aero body kit, 17" staggered AMG wheels, HD sway bars, and performance exhaust

2000 facelift
Production for facelift models began after February 2000. Major changes include:

 * Exterior design changes including: redesigned front and rear bumpers, a redesigned silver grille and taillights, body-colour painted side-skirts and door handles, integrated indicators in wing mirrors, and stainless steel trim in the exhaust
 * Interior design changes including: a restyled steering wheel and transmission shifter, and more supportive sports seats
 * Naturally-aspirated SLK 200 discontinued, SLK 230 Kompressor engine updated, SLK 320 introduced, and SLK 200 Kompressor now introduced for worldwide market
 * Electronic stability control upgraded
 * The fuel tank volume was increased from 45 litres to 53 litres

2001

 * Six-speed manual transmission introduced, replacing the existing five-speed manual transmission
 * SLK 32 AMG high performance variant introduced

Production volumes
The following are production figures for the R170 SLK:

Awards

 * The R170 Mercedes SLK was on Car and Driver's Ten Best list for 1997.
 * Named ‘North American Car of the Year’ for 1997.

title: Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class (R170)


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Talk:Economy of the Empire of Japan

Deposit
Yaciemiento (Spanish) = deposit (English). Charles Matthews 16:20, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sources?
This article should provide sources, preferrably online ones. If some vanal comes here and changes a numbre there's only small chance to verify. Pavel Vozenilek 14:35, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

historical objetive
one objetive of economical commercial sections and ancient dates and other relationed if aid to reconstructed at commercial and some aspects of japanese common life style,how theirs thinked and your ideology and local policy. in comparison at present japanese contemporary and your actual lifestyle and political thinking.

other idea if the knowed are the economical resources and your founts for why japanese empire poses monetary resources in your war efforts in pacific conflict.

Sources + mice?
I came along to clean up this article and stumbled upon this paragraph:

''Japan developed 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km²) for rice and 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km²) for rye and mice, and another 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km²) for soybean, wheat, tobacco and cotton. 7% of peasant families were employed in this cultivation which produced 5,000,000 tonnes annually. The harvest supported 1,700,000 cows, 1,400,000 pigs and others.''

So, mice? I was thinking it was a typo for rice, but mice was mentioned in the previous few words so that is confusing. Citations are heavily needed in this article to provide verifiability. It may even be best to rewrite this article to start from scratch and provide sources. Could someone clarify what is intended by that sentence? Cowman109 Talk 04:39, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of the Empire of Japan