text:
Normality (behavior)

Normality is a behavior that can be normal for an individual (intrapersonal normality) when it is consistent with the most common behavior for that person. Normal is also used to describe individual behavior that conforms to the most common behavior in society (known as conformity). However, normal behavior is often only recognized in contrast to abnormality. In many cases normality is used to make moral judgements, such that normality is seen as good while abnormality is seen as bad, or conversely normality can be seen as boring and uninteresting. Someone being seen as normal or not normal can have social ramifications, such as being included, excluded or stigmatized by wider society.

Measuring
Many difficulties arise in measuring normal behaviors—biologists come across parallel issues when defining normality. One complication that arises regards whether 'normality' is used correctly in everyday language. People say "this heart is abnormal" if only a portion of it is not working correctly, yet it may be inaccurate to include the entirety of the heart under the description of 'abnormal'. There can be a difference between the normality of a body part's structure and its function. Similarly, a behavioral pattern may not conform to social norms, but still be effective and non-problematic for that individual. Where there is a dichotomy between appearance and function of a behavior, it may be difficult to measure its normality. This is applicable when trying to diagnose a pathology and is addressed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Statistical normality
In general, 'normal' refers to a lack of significant deviation from the average. The word normal is used in a more narrow sense in mathematics, where a normal distribution describes a population whose characteristics center around the average or the norm. When looking at a specific behavior, such as the frequency of lying, a researcher may use a Gaussian bell curve to plot all reactions, and a normal reaction would be within one standard deviation, or the most average 68.3%. However, this mathematical model only holds for one particular trait at a time, since, for example, the probability of a single individual being within one standard deviation for 36 independent variables would be one in a million.

In statistics, normal is often arbitrarily considered anything that falls within about 1.96 standard deviations of the mean, i.e. the most average 95% (1.96). The probability of an individual being within 1.96 standard deviations for 269 independent variables is approximately one in a million. For only 59 independent variables, the probability is just under 5%. Under this definition of normal, it is abnormal to be normal for 59 independent variables.

Durkheim
In his Rules of the Sociological Method, French sociologist Émile Durkheim indicates that it is necessary for the sociological method to offer parameters in order to distinguish normality from pathology or abnormality. He suggests that behaviors, or social facts, which are present in the majority of cases are normal, and exceptions to that behavior indicate pathology. Durkheim's model of normality further explains that the most frequent or general behaviors, and thus the most normal behaviors, will persist through transition periods in society.

Crime, for instance, should be considered normal because it exists in every society through every time period. There is a two-fold version of normality; behaviors considered normal on a societal level may still be considered pathological on an individual level. On the individual level, people who violate social norms, such as criminals, will invite a punishment from others in the society.

Social norms
An individual's behaviors are guided by what they perceive to be society's expectations and their peers' norms. People measure the appropriateness of their actions by how far away they are from those social norms. However, what is perceived as the norm may or may not actually be the most common behavior. In some cases of pluralistic ignorance, most people wrongly believe the social norm is one thing, but in fact very few people hold that view.

When people are made more aware of a social norm, particularly a descriptive norm (i.e., a norm describing what is done), their behavior changes to become closer to that norm. The power of these norms can be harnessed by social norms marketing, where the social norm is advertised to people in an attempt to stop extreme behavior, such as binge drinking. However, people at the other extreme (very little alcohol consumption) are equally likely to change their behavior to become closer to the norm, in this case by increasing alcohol consumption.

Instead of using descriptive norms, more effective social norms marketing may use injunctive norms which, instead of describing the most common behavior, outline what is approved or disapproved of by society. When individuals become aware of the injunctive norm, only the extremes will change their behavior (by decreasing alcohol consumption) without the boomerang effect of under-indulgers increasing their drinking.

The social norms that guide people are not always normal for everyone. Behaviors that are abnormal for most people may be considered normal for a subgroup or subculture. For example, normal college student behavior may be to party and drink alcohol, but for a subculture of religious students, normal behavior may be to go to church and pursue religious activities. Subcultures may actively reject "normal" behavior, instead replacing society norms with their own.

What is viewed as normal can change dependent on both timeframe and environment. Normality can be viewed as "an endless process of man's self-creation and his reshaping of the world." Within this idea, it is possible to surmise that normality is not an all-encompassing term, but simply a relative term based around a current trend in time. With statistics, this is likened to the thought that if the data gathered provides a mean and standard deviation, over time these data that predict "normalness" start to predict or dictate it less and less since the social idea of normality is dynamic. This is shown in studies done on behavior in both psychology and sociology where behavior in mating rituals or religious rituals can change within a century in humans, showing that the "normal" way that these rituals are performed shifts and a new procedure becomes the normal one.

Since normality shifts in time and environment, the mean and standard deviation are only useful for describing normality from the environment from which they are collected.

Sexual behavior
As another example, understandings of what is normal sexual behavior varies greatly across time and place. In many countries, perceptions on sexuality are largely becoming more liberal, especially views on the normality of masturbation and homosexuality. Social understanding on normal sexual behavior also varies greatly country by country; countries can be divided into categories of how they approach sexual normality, as conservative, homosexual-permissive, or liberal.

The United States, Ireland, and Poland have more conservative social understanding of sexuality among university students, while Scandinavian students consider a wider variety of sexual acts as normal. Although some attempts have been made to define sexual acts as normal, abnormal, or indeterminate, these definitions are time-sensitive. Gayle Rubin's 1980s model of sexual 'normality' was comprehensive at the time but has since become outdated as society has liberalized.

Regulation
A disharmony exists between a virtual identity of the self and a real social identity, whether it be in the form of a trait or attribute. If a person does not have this disharmony, then he or she is described as normal. A virtual identity can take many definitions, but in this case a virtual identity is the identity that persons mentally create that conforms to societal standards and norms, it may not represent how they actually are, but it represents what they believe is the typical "normal" person. A real social identity is the identity that persons actually have in their society or is perceived, by themselves or others, to have. If these two identities have differences between each other, there is said to be disharmony. Individuals may monitor and adapt their behavior in terms of others' expected perceptions of the individual, which is described by the social psychology theory of self-presentation. In this sense, normality exists based on societal norms, and whether someone is normal is entirely up to how he or she views him- or herself in contrast to how society views him or her. While trying to define and quantify normality is a good start, all definitions confront the problem of whether we are even describing an idea that even exists since there are so many different ways of viewing the concept.

Effects of labeling
When people do not conform to the normal standard, they are often labelled as sick, disabled, abnormal, or unusual, which can lead to marginalization or stigmatization. Most people want to be normal and strive to be perceived as such, so that they can relate to society at large. Without having things in common with the general population, people may feel isolated among society. The abnormal person feels like they have less in common with the normal population, and others have difficulty relating to things that they have not experienced themselves. Additionally, abnormality may make others uncomfortable, further separating the abnormally labelled individual.

Since being normal is generally considered an ideal, there is often pressure from external sources to conform to normality, as well as pressure from people's intrinsic desire to feel included. For example, families and the medical community will try to help disabled people live a normal life. However, the pressure to appear normal, while actually having some deviation, creates a conflict—sometimes someone will appear normal, while actually experiencing the world differently or struggling. When abnormality makes society feel uncomfortable, it is the exceptional person themselves who will laugh it off to relieve social tension. A disabled person is given normal freedoms, but may not be able to show negative emotions. Lastly, society's rejection of deviance and the pressure to normalize may cause shame in some individuals. Abnormalities may not be included in an individual's sense of identity, especially if they are unwelcome abnormalities.

When an individual's abnormality is labelled as a pathology, it is possible for that person to take on both elements of the sick role or the stigmatization that follows some illnesses. Mental illness, in particular, is largely misunderstood by the population and often overwhelms others' impression of the patient.

Intrapersonal normality
Most definitions of normality consider interpersonal normality, the comparison between many different individual's behaviors to distinguish normality from abnormality. Intrapersonal normality looks at what is normal behavior for one particular person (consistency within a person) and would be expected to vary person-to-person. A mathematical model of normality could still be used for intrapersonal normality, by taking a sample of many different occurrences of behavior from one person over time.

Also like interpersonal normality, intrapersonal normality may change over time, due to changes in the individual as they age and due to changes in society (since society's view of normality influences individual peoples' behavior).

It is most comfortable for people to engage in behavior which conforms to their own personal habitual norms. When things go wrong, people are more likely to attribute the negative outcome on any abnormal behavior leading up to the mishap. After a car crash, people may say "if only I didn't leave work early," blaming the crash on their actions which were not normal. This counterfactual thinking particularly associates abnormal behavior with negative outcomes.

Behavioral normality
In medicine, behavioral normality pertains to a patient's mental condition aligning with that of a model, healthy patient. A person without any mental illness is considered a normal patient, whereas a person with a mental disability or illness is viewed as abnormal. These normals and abnormals in the context of mental health subsequently create negative stigmatic perceptions towards individuals with mental illness.

According to the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation, "an estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older—about 1 in 4 adults—suffer from one or more of (several) disorders in a given year." Though the population of American individuals living with mental illness is not as small of a minority as commonly perceived, it is considered abnormal nonetheless, therefore the subject of discrimination and abuse such as violent therapies, punishments, or labeling for life by the normal, healthy majority. The CDC reported that "cluster[s] of negative attitudes and beliefs motivate the general public to fear, reject, avoid, and discriminate against people with mental illnesses." In continuum, the resources available to those who suffer from such illness are limited, and government support is constantly being cut from programs that help individuals living with mental illness live more comfortable, accommodative, happier lives.

Neuronal and synaptic normality
Hebbian associative learning and memory maintenance depends on synaptic normalization mechanisms to prevent synaptic runaway. Synaptic runaway describes overcrowding of dendritic associations, which reduce sensory or behavioral acuteness proportional to the level of synaptic runaway. Synaptic/neuronal normalization refers to synaptic competition, where the prosper of one synapse may weakening the efficacy of other nearby surrounding synapses with redundant neurotransmission.

Animal dendritic density greatly increases throughout waking hours despite intrinsic normalization mechanisms as described as above. The growth rate of synaptic density is not sustained in a cumulative fashion. Without a pruning state, the signal to noise ratio of CNS mechanism would not be able to operate with maximum effectiveness, and learning would be detrimental to animal survival. Neuronal and synaptic normalization mechanisms must operate so positive association feedback loops to not become rampant while constantly processing new environmental information.

Some researchers speculate that the slow oscillation (nREM) cycles of animal sleep constitute an essential 're-normalization' phase. The re-normalization occurs from cortical large amplitude brain rhythm, in the low delta range (0.5–2 Hz), synaptically downscaling the associations from the wakeful learning state. Only the strongest associations survive the pruning from this phase. This allows retention of salient information coding from the previous day, but also allows more cortical space and energy distribution to continue effective learning subsequently after a slow-wave oscillation episode of sleep.

Also, organisms tend to have a normal biological developmental pathway as a central nervous system ages and/or learns. Deviations for a species' normal development frequently will result in behavior dysfunction, or death, of that organism.

Clinical normality
Applying normality clinically depends on the field and situation a practitioner is in. In the broadest sense, clinical normality is the idea of uniformity of physical and psychological functioning across individuals.

Psychiatric normality, in a broad sense, states that psychopathology are disorders that are deviations from normality.

Normality, and abnormality, can be characterized statistically. Related to the previous definition, statistical normality is usually defined it in terms of a normal distribution curve, with the so-called 'normal zone' commonly accounting for 95.45% of all the data. The remaining 4.55% will lie split outside of two standard deviations from the mean. Thus any variable case that lies outside of two deviations from the mean would be considered abnormal. However, the critical value of such statistical judgments may be subjectively altered to a less conservative estimate. It is in fact normal for a population to have a proportion of abnormals. The presence of abnormals is important because it is necessary to define what 'normal' is, as normality is a relative concept. So at a group, or macro, level of analysis, abnormalities are normal given a demographic survey; while at an individual level, abnormal individuals are seen as being deviant in some way that needs to be corrected.

Statistical normality is important in determining demographic pathologies. When a variable rate, such as virus spread within a human population, exceeds its normal infection rate, then preventative or emergency measures can be introduced. However, it is often impractical to apply statistical normality to diagnose individuals. Symptom normality is the current, and assumed most effective, way to assess patient pathology.

DSM
Normality, as a relative concept, is intrinsically involved with contextual elements. As a result, clinical disorder classification has particular challenges in discretely diagnosing 'normal' constitutions from true disorders. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the psychiatric profession's official classification manual of mental disorders since its first published version (DSM-I) by the American Psychological Association in 1952.

As the DSM evolved into its current version (DSM-V) in late 2013, there have been numerous conflicts in proposed classification between mental illness and normal mentality. In his book Saving Normal, Allen Frances, who chaired the task force for content in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR, wrote a scathing indictment of the pressures incumbent on the definition of "normal" relative to psychological constructs and mental illness.

Most of this difficulty stems from the DSM's ambiguity of natural contextual stressor reactions versus individual dysfunction. There are some key progressions along the DSM history that have attempted to integrate some aspects of normality into proper diagnosis classification. As a diagnostic manual for classification of abnormalities, all DSMs have been biased towards classifying symptoms as disorders by emphasizing symptomatic singularity. The result is an encompassing misdiagnosis of possible normal symptoms, appropriate as contextually derived.

DSM-II
The second edition of the DSM could not be effectively applied because of its vague descriptive nature. Psychodynamic etiology was a strong theme in classifying mental illnesses. The applied definitions became idiosyncratic, stressing individual unconscious roots. This made applying the DSM unreliable across psychiatrists. No distinction between abnormal to normal was established.

Evidence of the classification ambiguity were punctuated by the Rosenhan experiment of 1972. This experiment demonstrated that the methodology of psychiatric diagnosis could not effectively distinguish normal from disordered mentalities. DSM-II labelled 'excessive' behavioral and emotional response as an index of abnormal mental wellness to diagnose some particular disorders. 'Excessiveness' of a reaction implied alternative normal behavior which would have to include a situational factor in evaluation. As an example, a year of intense grief from the death of a spouse may be a normal appropriate response. To have intense grief for twenty years would be indicative of a mental disorder. As well, to grieve intensely over the loss of a sock would also not be considered normal responsiveness and indicate a mental disorder. The consideration of proportionality to stimuli was a perceived strength in psychiatric diagnosis for the DSM-II.

Another characteristic of the DSM-II systemization was that it classified homosexuality as a mental disorder. Thus, homosexuality was psychiatrically defined as a pathological deviation from "normal" sexual development. In the 7th printing of the DSM-II, "homosexuality" was replaced with "sexual orientation disturbance." The intent was to have a label that applied only to homosexual individuals who were bothered by their sexual orientation. In this manner homosexuality would not be viewed as an atypical mental disorder; only if it was distressing would it be classified as a mental illness. However, the DSM-II did not state that homosexuality was normal, either, and a diagnosis of distress related to one's sexual orientation was retained in all editions of the DSM until the DSM-5 in 2013, under different names.

DSM-III
DSM-III was a best attempt to credit psychiatry as a scientific discipline from the opprobrium resulting from DSM-II. A reduction in the psychodynamic etiologies of DSM-II spilled over into a reduction symptom etiology altogether. Thus, DSM-III was a specific set of definitions for mental illnesses, and entities more suited to diagnostic psychiatry, but which annexed response proportionality as a classification factor. The product was that all symptoms, whether normal proportional response or inappropriate pathological tendencies, could both be treated as potential signs of mental illness.

DSM-IV
DSM-IV explicitly distinguishes mental disorders and non-disordered conditions. A non-disordered condition results from, and is perpetuated by, social stressors. Included in DSM-IV's classification is that a mental disorder "must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one. Whatever its original cause, it must currently be considered a manifestation of a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual" (American Psychiatric Association 2000:xxxi) This had supposedly injected normality consideration back into the DSM, from its removal from DSM-II. However, it has been speculated that DSM-IV still does not escape the problems DSM-III faced, where psychiatric diagnoses still include symptoms of expectable responses to stressful circumstances to be signs of disorders, along with symptoms that are individual dysfunctions. The example set by DSM-III, for principally symptom-based disorder classification, has been integrated as the norm of mental diagnostic practice.

DSM-5
The DSM-5 was released in the second half of 2013. It has significant differences from DSM IV-TR, including the removal of the multi-axial classifications and reconfiguring the Asperger's/autistic spectrum classifications.

Criticisms of diagnostics
Since the advent of DSM-III, the subsequent editions of the DSM have all included a heavy symptom based pathology diagnosis system. Although there have been some attempts to incorporate environmental factors into mental and behavioral diagnostics, many practitioners and scientists believe that the most recent DSM's are misused. The symptom bias makes diagnosing quick and easier allowing for practitioners to increase their clientele because symptoms can be easier to classify and deal with than dealing with life or event histories which have evoked what may be a temporary and normal mental state in reaction to a patient's environmental circumstances.

The easy-to-use manual not only has increased the perceived need for more mental health care, stimulating funding for mental health care facilities, but also has had a global impact on marketing strategies. Many pharmaceutical commercial ads list symptoms such as fatigue, depression, or anxiety. However, such symptoms are not necessarily abnormal, and are appropriate responses to such occurrences as the loss of a loved one. The targets of such ads in such cases do not need medication and can naturally overcome their grief, but with such an advertising strategy pharmaceutical companies can greatly expand their marketing.

title: Normality (behavior)


text:
Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff

The Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff is a senior British military officer who reports to the Chief of the Defence Staff and Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff.

Early Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff
These were: Note: This single "Deputy Chief" role was redesignated Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff after 1964.
 * 1957 – 1960 – Lieutenant-General Sir Roderick McLeod
 * 1960 – 1962 – Air Marshal Sir Alfred Earle
 * 1962 – 1964 – Lieutenant-General Sir Denis O’Connor

Current arrangements
There are currently three people with the post of Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (DCDS) at any one time. These are:

 * Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Military Strategy and Operations)
 * Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Military Capability)
 * Chief of Defence People

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Military Strategy and Operations)
In 1989–91, the Defence Operations Executive, led by the Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Commitments) and including the Assistant Chiefs of the Naval, General, and Air Staffs, supervised the Joint Operations Centre which in turn passed orders to the forces in Cyprus, Belize, the Falklands, and Hong Kong. These commands consisted of units of all three services and were commanded by one or 2-star rank flag officers. Commander British Forces (CBF) British Forces Cyprus was a rotational post between the Army and RAF, at two-star level; CBF British Forces Belize was an Army brigadier; CBF Falklands was a rotational post between all three services at two-star level; and CBF Hong Kong was an Army major general.

These were: Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Commitments)
 * 1985 – 1987 Vice-Admiral Sir John Woodward
 * 1987 – 1989 Lieutenant-General Sir Antony Walker
 * 1989 – 1992 Air Marshal Sir Kenneth Hayr
 * 1992 – 1995 Vice-Admiral the Hon. Sir Nicholas Hill-Norton
 * 1995 – 1997 Lieutenant-General Sir Alexander Harley
 * 1997 – 2000 Air Marshal Sir John Day
 * 2000 – 2003 Lieutenant-General Sir Anthony Pigott
 * 2003 – 2006 Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Fry
 * 2006 – 2007 Vice-Admiral Charles Style
 * 2007 – 2009 Lieutenant-General Sir Peter Wall

Current title: Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Military Strategy & Operations)
 * 2009 – 2011 Lieutenant-General Simon Mayall
 * 2011 – 2013 Lieutenant-General Richard Barrons
 * 2013 – 2014 Lieutenant-General James Everard
 * 2014 – 2016 Lieutenant-General Gordon Messenger
 * 2016 – 2018 Lieutenant-General Mark Carleton-Smith
 * 2018 – 2021 Lieutenant General Douglas Chalmers
 * 2021 – 2024 Lieutenant General Sir Roland Walker
 * 2024 – present Air Marshal Harvey Smyth

Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff (Personnel and Training) / Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff (People) / Chief of Defence People
These were: Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Programmes and Personnel)
 * 1984 – 1987 Lieutenant-General Sir John Chapple
 * 1987 – 1989 Air Marshal Sir David Parry-Evans
 * 1989 – 1992 Vice-Admiral Sir Barry Wilson
 * 1992 – 1996 Lieutenant-General the Hon. Sir Thomas Boyd-Carpenter
 * 1996 – 1999 Air Marshal Sir Peter Squire

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Personnel)
 * 1999 – 2002 Air Marshal Sir Malcolm Pledger
 * 2002 – 2005 Lieutenant-General Anthony Palmer
 * 2005 – 2007 Air Marshal David Pocock
 * 2007 – 2010 Vice-Admiral Peter Wilkinson

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Personnel and Training)
 * 2010 – 2013 Lieutenant-General Sir William Rollo

The post was then re-designated as the Chief of Defence Personnel and later renamed as the Chief of Defence People.

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Financial and Military Capability)
These were: Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Operational Requirements)
 * 1967 – 1968 Air Marshal Sir Neil Wheeler
 * 1968 – 1971 Lieutenant-General Sir Noel Thomas
 * 1971 – 1973 Vice-Admiral Sir Ian McIntosh
 * 1973 – 1976 Air Marshal Sir Michael Giddings
 * 1976 – 1978 Lieutenant-General Sir Hugh Cunningham
 * 1978 – 1981 Vice-Admiral Sir Stephen Berthon
 * 1981 – 1983 Lieutenant-General Sir Maurice Johnston

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Systems)
 * 1983 – 1986 Air Marshal Sir Donald Hall
 * 1986 – 1989 Vice-Admiral Sir Jeremy Black
 * 1989 – 1992 Lieutenant-General Sir Anthony Mullens
 * 1992 – 1994 Air Marshal Sir Roger Austin

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Equipment Capability)
 * 1994 – 1995 Vice-Admiral Malcolm Rutherford

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Systems)
 * 1995 – 1997 Vice-Admiral Sir John Dunt
 * 1997 – 1999 Lieutenant-General Sir Edmund Burton

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Equipment Capability)
 * 1999 – 2002 Vice-Admiral Sir Jeremy Blackham
 * 2002 – 2003 Air Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup
 * 2003 – 2006 Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Fulton
 * 2006 – 2009 Lieutenant-General Andrew Figgures
 * 2009 – 2012 Vice-Admiral Sir Paul Lambert

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Military Capability)
 * 2012 – 2016 Air Marshal Sir Stephen Hillier
 * 2016 – 2018 Lieutenant General Mark Poffley

Current title: Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Financial and Military Capability)
 * 2018 – 2022 Air Marshal Richard Knighton
 * 2022 – present Lieutenant General Sir Robert Magowan

Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff (Intelligence)
''(post discontinued in 1984; taken over by Chief of Defence Intelligence)
 * 1964 – 1965 Vice-Admiral Sir Norman Denning
 * 1965 – 1968 Air Marshal Sir Harold Maguire
 * 1968 – 1971 Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Fyffe
 * 1971 – 1972 Vice-Admiral Sir Louis Le Bailly
 * 1972 – 1975 Lieutenant-General Sir David Willison
 * 1975 – 1978 Air Marshal Sir Richard Wakeford
 * 1978 – 1981 Vice-Admiral Sir Roy Halliday
 * 1981 – 1983 Lieutenant-General Sir James Glover
 * 1983 – 1984 Air Marshal Sir Michael Armitage

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff


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Talk:Silver ratio

Copyvio
This page was an almost exact copy of the Silver Ratio info at http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Silver+ratio and so I have deleted the entire article with the intent of rewriting it. -Voltaire 21:49, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Well I at least tried to delete it, but it got put back on. -Voltaire 22:18, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

It is worth noting that at the bottom of http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Silver+ratio it states:
 * This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.

So the fact that the articles are the same is not a problem! Andreww 04:35, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I thought the silver ratio was the number

 * $$ \sqrt{3} + 1 = 2 + \frac{2}{2 + \frac{2}{2 + \frac{2}{2+ ...}}}\,$$

which is the limit of the ratio of the terms of the sequence

 * $$ G_n = 2G_{n-1} + 2 G_{n-2}\,$$

or am I mistaken?Scythe33 15:19, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Serious errors
Hello. I do not know what actually is the definition of silver ratio, but

1.414... = Sqrt[2]

and

2.414... = 1 + Sqrt[2]

Thus NOT

1.414... = 1 + Sqrt[2] Wrong!

So, although I do not know the accurate answer, neither does this article give any such.

As a practical note, a rectangle with proportions 1:2.41 is quite elongated. So, if you asked me, I would guess that the answer is 1:1.41. However, as I've already noted, I don't know. 80.221.61.8 16:26, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

According to Mathworld, the silver ratio is defined as the sum of $$sqrt(2)$$ and 1. The corresponding continued fraction representation is correct according to the site.

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SilverRatio.html Opinionhead 17:42, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh for heaven's sake, it was just vandalism. See? Next time try fixing it. I'm removing the tag. Melchoir 23:38, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

So......
Why is the silver ratio important? Why does it merit being named, let alone having an article? I'm not saying there are no answers to these questions, just that it's disappointing that the article itself gives me no idea what the answers are. 84.70.26.165 11:38, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm a bit disappointed by this article, also. I've put it on my "to do" list, and will add a good explanation later. This will have to do for now.

 * In thinking about irrational numbers, it seems natural to consider only the irrational numbers on the half open real interval (0, 1]. Any other irrational number can then be expressed in the form n + Irr, where n is an integer and Irr is the fractional irrational part. Further, when thinking about the half-open interval (0, 1], the terms of the harmonic series {1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, ...} spring immediately to mind. They form a sort of ladder descending from 1 toward 0 (and never quite getting there), just as the integers {1, 2, 3, 4, ...} climb from 0 toward infinity, but never quite get there, either.

 * As explained in the article about simple continued fractions in canonical form, there is a unique representation of each irrational real number as a simple continued fraction in canonical form. Now as it turns out, if the irrational number x lies on the half-open interval (1/2, 1] its canonical representation starts off like this

x = \cfrac{1}{1 + \cfrac{1}{a_2 + \cfrac{1}{a_3 + \cfrac{1}{\ddots\,}}}} $$

 * where a2, a3, etc. are positive integers. When real numbers are expressed in this form, the famous "golden ratio" is seen to be "half-way" between 1/2 and 1. And if you add 1 to it, you get a number that is "half-way" between 1 and 2 (in a weird sort of way, from the perspective of looking at the simple continued fraction representations of the irrational numbers).

 * Anyway, this is getting long, so I'd better wrap it up. In the representation of irrational numbers on the interval (1/3, 1/2], the first partial denominator is always the integer 2. On (1/4, 1/3] it's always a 3, and so forth. So the silver ratio isn't particularly important all by itself. But the sequence of silver means (which is not very well explained in this article, imo) is of interest, because they're "half-way" between the terms of the harmonic series. DavidCBryant 12:52, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Separate silver means article
I think that the silver means in general deserve their own article...does anyone else agree? Carifio24 22:59, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Silver rectangle in an octagon
Two opposite edges of a regular octagon form a silver rectangle (the long type of silver rectangle), obviously enough, and this seems interesting and relevant enough to mention. But does anyone know of a reference for this fact? I couldn't find anything searching for the terms "silver rectangle" and "octagon" together in Google or Google Scholar, and I don't want to mention this in the article if it's WP:OR. —David Eppstein 05:51, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

I verified it for myself using compass and straightedge. Because of what you mentioned, I discovered a new way to construct the silver mean. Specifically speaking, since this is an easy shape to verify with the use of simple construction tools, why can't this part of the article be written? --Opinionhead 14:14, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

In danish
Does anyone know this ratios name in danish?--83.72.7.63 18:31, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Trigonometric Ratios
I made the connection to the article on exact trigonometric ratios because $$sqrt{2} + 1 = cot 22.5$$. Through some algebraic manipulation, I am sure other connections can be made. --Opinionhead 14:20, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

New Start, more to come
Hi

There is material in several sections (Pell number, square triangular number) that could be made more consistent. I might actually get to it. For now I put in a rough but not too rough start. If my learned fellow WIkipedians agree to let it stay (more or less) then I will move the current first line down to a new section computation and pursue further ideas. Before putting in more work I want to see how this sits with folks.--Gentlemath (talk) 08:23, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Removal of infobox
Based upon a discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics, I've removed the infobox from the article. If anyone disagrees, could you please join the discussion there. Thanks, Paul August ☎ 15:52, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Interesting fact about the manitissa for this number.
I've accidentally stumbled upon the fact that the mantissa of the Silver Ratio and Silver ratio itself are reciprocals. I'm sure I'm not the first person to observe this, but it seems like it deserves mention. Is this in there somewhere that I've missed? Furthermore, there is at least one other number like this with the (to me) remarkable property of being irrational and at the same time sharing a mantissa with it's reciprocal. Square root of 5 + 2. I'm pretty sure this is not news, but I'd never seen anything like it, before I found it accidentally just puttering around. Is there an article on Wikipedia where I can read about this?Lyleq (talk) 04:43, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Nvm. I see it is mentioned. Missed that the first time thru. Sry. Lyleq (talk) 04:48, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Sharing a mantissa with its reciprocal -- Yes, that is a remarkable property. Another Wikipedia article on a number that shares its mantissa with its reciprocal is the golden ratio.
 * $$ 0+\frac{b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} = 1 =$$ one
 * $$ 1+\frac{b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} = \varphi = \frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} =$$ the golden ratio = 1.6180... = 1/(0.6180...)
 * $$ 2+\frac{b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} = \delta_S = 1 + \sqrt{2} =$$ the silver ratio = 2.41421... = 1/(0.41421...)
 * It sounds like you are interested in other numbers in the series
 * $$ 3+\frac{b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} = $$ ?
 * $$ 4+\frac{b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} = 2 + \sqrt{5}$$ = the number mentioned by Lyleq above = 4.2360... = 1/(0.2360...)
 * $$ 5+\frac{b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} = $$ ?
 * $$ 6+\frac{b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} = $$ ?
 * Yes, there is an article about these numbers -- metallic means.
 * --DavidCary (talk) 05:58, 12 December 2020 (UTC)
 * --DavidCary (talk) 05:58, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

PROPERTIES
As I was looking through the main page under the PROPERTIES section of Silver means I noted the following curious observation- under odd numbered powers of S_m^n in the equations, if one sums the leftmost numerical units (taking 1 as default when nothing is listed) of each contribution, the result is every other Lucas number.

That is:

 * $$ \!\ S_m^3 = S_{(1m^3 + 3m)} $$  1+3=4

 * $$ \!\ S_m^5 = S_{(1m^5 + 5m^3 + 5m)} $$  1+5+5=11

 * $$ \!\ S_m^7 = S_{(1m^7 + 7m^5 + 14m^3 + 7m)} $$  1+7+14+7=29

 * $$ \!\ S_m^9 = S_{(1m^9 + 9m^7 + 27m^5 + 30m^3 + 9m)} $$  1+9+27+30+9=76

 * $$ \!\ S_m^{11} = S_{(1m^{11} + 11m^9 + 44m^7 + 77m^5 + 55m^3 + 11m)}. $$  1+11+44+77+55+11=199

This matrix of equations of itself seems very similar in spirit to the Pascal Triangle, and given that a sister of Pascal with sides 2,1 generates the Lucas series, by summing samplings across every other diagonal (just as the Fibonacci series does in the classical Pascal with 1,1 sides), even more interesting. The sides of these Pascal sisters provides the 'seeds' of these Fib-like series, which may appear as contiguous numbers anywhere in the series. Thus a connection may be made between Pascal systems, and the metal means. And to think I hated math in school.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.234.78.93 (talk) 05:01, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

These coefficients then turn out to come directly out of the 2,1 Pascal sister, from every other diagonal parallel to the 2'1 side, those which correspond to odd dimensions/powers- corresponding to the odd powers the above equations refer to. Very neat stuff indeed. Better than 6! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.234.78.93 (talk) 07:01, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

Metallic ratios
Hi all,

I think the notation for silver means should be changed to φn.

$$ \begin{align} \phi_n = \frac{n + \sqrt{n^2 + 4}}{2} \\ \text{so}\quad \phi_1 = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} = \phi \\ \end{align} $$

This could thus be generalized to all real numbers and even complex numbers.

Thanks,

The Doctahedron, 16:08, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Since Vera de Spinadel has published such a sequence of silver means, this suggestion has been incorporated into the article.Rgdboer (talk) 22:26, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

Projective lines
The silver ratio √2+1 on the real projective line (or the real axis or the imaginary axis on the complex projective line a.k.a. Riemann sphere) is halfway between 1 and ∞ (infinity pole). Its reciprocal √2−1 is halfway between 0 (zero pole) and 1. Those are straightforward consequences of the stereographic projection, cot(45°/2) and cot(135°/2) respectively. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.65.95.79 (talk) 12:01, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Silver ratio


text:
Højre

Højre (, Right) was the name of two Danish political parties of Conservative persuasion.

The Højre (1848–1866) existed from 1848 to 1866.

The Højre (1881), centred on Prime Minister J.B.S. Estrup, was founded in 1881. The party was succeeded by the Conservative People's Party, founded in 1916.

title: Højre


text:
Talk:Theocon

VfD
On April 11, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Theocon for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:50, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This article should be kept, as this term is in use as of the posting of this talk comment. The term was encountered in the online version of the New York Times, in the "Opinionater" blog op-ed section. Searching for a definition, this article came up as the number one hit on Google. The simplicity and conciseness in such a short article is perfect for a pop term (and this term still has its pop) plus there are links to other related sources. The article is completely unbiased and objective. I see no reason to delete an article that defines a term that is in current use.

peterr 10:04, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

It is not "completely unbiased." The term comes from political rhetoric. It is more often used by one group to describe another, usually disparagingly. To claim that a group is in fact whatever label their opponents put on them is extremely biased. Theocon is a term of art; it is not the person. RughRieder 18:24, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * What I really mean by unbiased is that the author of this article doesn't imply that a positive or negative connotation is associated with the term. Also, because the origin of the term is cited, and a quote from the “coiner” that helps to convey its meaning is included, I don’t think the definition’s accuracy is in question.

 * That it can be used (or misused) disparagingly in political rhetoric, is perhaps deemed a disparaging label in all contexts, I don’t disagree with. The point here though is to provide the definition in an unbiased manner.  For a pop-term especially, the reference to the source containing its genesis is valuable, as the undisputed definition can be provided for a new, if temporary, addition to our language.

 * You say “to claim that a group is in fact whatever label their opponents put on them is extremely biased” may be true, but the evil of bias is not in the term itself but rather perpetrated by the “opponents” that would label the “group”. I share your distaste for ugly and negative political rhetoric, but we’re getting philosophical when we consider how the term may be misused or that “theocon is a term of art; it is not the person”.

 * peterr 10:44, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * We appear to generally agree that "theocon" is a term and not a person, so further discussion might be moot in this context. I shall clarify my perceptions as a courtesy, and to promote better understanding of the value of precise description.

 * I maintain my argument that the article would be biased if it described persons in terms preferred by their opponents. That one editor did not detect the bias does not mean it is not present. I perceived an apparent bias from the same syntax another editor claims reveals no bias. Some editors detect bias in text that fails to use gender-neutral terms; others claim no such bias is betrayed by repetition of routine gendered references to otherwise gender-neutral concepts.

 * My allegation of bias arises from what I recognize as misappropriation of agency. I would be less likely to cite bias if the claim that a theocon is a person who holds a certain belief was advanced by the person so described embraced the moniker, rather than in circumstances where a moniker is used to describe a political foe. I would still criticize the approach that says a descriptive term is a person just as I would criticize an approach that says a map is the place a map describes.

 * To recognize that a term is sometimes used disparagingly, as I recognized here, is not to presume the term is "misused." I represent no opinion, in this context, about proper use of political rhetoric in political discourse, nor about the merits of disparaging language in popular discourse. My comments advocate accurate descriptive terminology for use in an ostensibly factual, descriptive text such as this.

 * I advance no opinion about the merits of ugly or negative political rhetoric. Mine is a purely clinical analysis that the term is used in some contexts to highlight and sometimes to devalue certain parts of an opponent's ideology. I certainly don't intend to advocate disdain for negative political rhetoric. To do so would be to introduce a personal view, which not only would be an inaccurate representation of my views in this matter, but which would be inappropriate in this context. The important factor here is that the term arose from partisan political rhetoric and not from a political science department of a non-partisan educational institution. In that regard, what we are describing here are the views of pundits that claim some political actors are motivated by theological beliefs. We do not cite references to academic political scientists who say theology is the basis of some conservative ideology and that those holding such theologically motivated conservative views are "theocons". Even if we do find and cite such authority, it is a limited authority unless it describes a broad consensus among all political scientists. Older and more widely used terms such as "Marxist" and "communist" are better recognized as accurate political descriptors by a consensus of political scientists. Even with those terms, in my volumes, I would steer toward the side of caution and precision, and not follow the direction of popular discourse. In articles about Marxism and communism, I would include sections explaining that the suffix "-ist" is appended to the term when it is used to describe a person holding those ideologies. I would be more likely to describe a social role as the person holding the role when it is a broadly accepted concept, such as "a doctor is a person licensed to practice medicine."

 * At least as far as my research indicates, my preferences for description of terms as terms instead of anthropomorphizing the descriptor is consistent with the approach used by most encyclopedias for the past century. My conclusion that the phrase "a theocon is a person" is an innacurate descriptor is based in my reading of other encyclopedias that explain concepts as concepts rather than to explain concepts as persons the concept attempts to describe.

 * Whether "we are getting philosophical" seems irrelevant. Why should an editorial effort not be informed by philosophical appreciation? How could an editorial effort not be informed by philosophical understandings? Are not institutional preferences for neutral point of view, verifiability from reputable published sources and open collaborative editing informed by philosophy? Philosophy indeed informs editorial activity -- in this matter the philosophy I offer is one that places highest value on most accurate descriptions. A human being is best described as a Homo sapiens, while terms used to describe political views of a person are best defined as terms and not as persons. The advice is rooted in standards offered by numerous usage guides that discourage anthropomorphizing concepts. RughRieder 18:25, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theocon


text:
Gerhard Lenski

Gerhard Emmanuel "Gerry" Lenski, Jr. (August 13, 1924 – December 7, 2015) was an American sociologist known for contributions to the sociology of religion, social inequality, and introducing the ecological-evolutionary theory. He spent much of his career as a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he served as chair of the Department of Sociology, 1969–72, and as chair of the Division of Social Sciences, 1976-78.

Life and career
Lenski was born and raised in Washington, DC, the son of a Lutheran pastor, the grandson of German-born theologian Richard Charles Henry Lenski, and the nephew of children's author Lois Lenski. He attended Yale University where he received a BA degree in 1947, after serving as a cryptographer with the 8th Air Force in England in World War II, and then earned his PhD from Yale in 1950.

Lenski was awarded a Pre-doctoral Fellowship by the Social Science Research Council, 1949–50, and later a Senior Faculty Fellowship, 1961–62; a Guggenheim Fellowship, 1972–73; and IREX Senior Faculty Exchange Fellowships, for Poland, 1978, and Hungary, 1988. He served as Vice President of the American Sociological Association, 1969–70, and was nominee for President in 1972. He was also President of the Southern Sociological Society, 1977–78 and elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1976. In 2002, he was awarded the Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award by the American Sociological Association.

His writings have been translated into German, Swedish, Spanish, Polish, and Chinese (both mainland and Taiwanese translations).

Lenski married poet Jean Cappelmann in 1948. He and Jean Lenski were active in the Civil Rights Movement and opponents of the Vietnam War. They had four children, including evolutionary biologist Richard Lenski. Following Jean's death in 1994, he married Ann Bonar, widow of sociologist Hubert "Tad" Blalock. Lenski died in Edmonds, Washington at the age of 91.

Sociology of religion
Much of Lenski's earliest work dealt with the sociology of religion and culminated in the publication of The Religious Factor. He defines religion as "a system of beliefs about the nature of force(s) ultimately shaping man's destiny and the practices associated therewith, shared by the members of a group. A reviewer in Commentary described the book as a "major achievement" in an often-neglected subfield, and Robert Wuthnow has referred to this volume as "arguably one of a handful of 'classics' among contributions by American sociologists to the social scientific study of religion."

In 1958, Lenski's empirical inquiry into "religion's impact on politics, economics, and family life" in the Detroit area revealed, among other insights, that there were significant differences between Catholics on the one hand and (white) Protestants and Jews on the other hand with regard to economics and the sciences. Lenski's findings supported basic hypotheses of Max Weber's work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. According to Lenski, "the contributions of Protestantism to material progress have been largely unintended by-products of certain distinctive Protestant traits. This was a central point in Weber's theory." Lenski noted that more than a hundred years prior to Weber, John Wesley, one of the founders of the Methodist Church, had observed that "diligence and frugality" made Methodists wealthy. "In an early era, Protestant asceticism and dedication to work, as noted by both Wesley and Weber, seem to have been important patterns of action contributing to economic progress. Both facilitated the accumulation of capital, so critically important to the economic growth and development of nations." However, Lenski said, asceticism was rare among modern Protestants, and the distinctive Protestant doctrine of "the calling" was largely forgotten. Instead, modern (white) Protestants and Jews had a high degree of "intellectual autonomy" that facilitated scientific and technical advance. By contrast, Lenski pointed out, Catholics developed an intellectual orientation which valued "obedience" to the teachings of their church above intellectual autonomy, which made them less inclined to enter scientific careers. Catholic sociologists had come to the same conclusions.

Lenski traced these differences back to the Reformation and the Catholic church's reaction to it. In Lenski's view, the Reformation encouraged intellectual autonomy among Protestants, in particular Anabaptists, Puritans, Pietists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. In the Middle Ages, there had been tendencies toward intellectual autonomy, as exemplified in men like Erasmus. But after the Reformation, the Catholic church leaders increasingly identified these tendencies with Protestantism and heresy and demanded that Catholics be obedient and faithful to ecclesiastical discipline. In Lenski's opinion, his study showed that these differences between Protestants and Catholics survived to the present day. As a consequence, "none of the predominantly and devoutly Catholic nations in the modern world can be classified as a leading industrial nation. Some Catholic nations - such as France, Italy, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile - are quite highly industrialized, but none of them are leaders in the technological and scientific fields, nor do they seem likely to become so. Recently [1963] some Brazilian Catholic social scientists compared their country's progress with that of the United States and concluded that the chief factor responsible for the differential rates of development is the religious heritage of the two nations."

Ecological-evolutionary theory
In subsequent publications (Power and Privilege, 1966; Human Societies, 1970; and Ecological-Evolutionary Theory, 2006 ), Lenski built on the foundations of evolutionary theory laid in the 18th century by A.R.J. Turgot, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and Thomas Malthus, and in the 19th and 20th centuries by Charles Darwin, Lewis Henry Morgan, and Leslie White and the many biological evolutionists following him, to propose a more contemporary ecological and evolutionary theory of societal development from the Stone Age to the present. He has viewed the cumulation of information, especially technological information, as the most basic and most powerful factor in the evolution of human societies (though not the only one, as some of his critics have claimed). Lenski has argued that the evolution of cultural information is an extension of the evolution of genetic information with the characteristics of human societies being the product of the interaction of both genetic and cultural influences.

Members of any given society are united by a shared and partially distinctive culture and networks of social relationships with one another. These ties vary in intensity and distinctiveness depending on the magnitude of the society's store of information and the extent of contacts with other societies. With the acquisition of signals, and later, symbols, the ancestors of modern humans gained the critically important ability to share information acquired through individual experience. These and other later advances in the technologies of communication and transportation laid the foundations for major developments in political and economic systems, social inequality, science, ideology, and other spheres of life.

Lenski's theory has been well received. A former president of the American Political Science Association, Heinz Eulau, described Power and Privilege as a "masterpiece of comparative social analysis" and Ralf Dahrendorf referred to it as "an imaginative and substantial work [and] an indispensable guide." Sociological Theory devoted an issue of the journal to commentaries on, and appreciations of, his work (vol. 22, no. 2, June, 2004).

One feature of Lenski's work that has won fairly wide acceptance among sociologists, as reflected in its incorporation into leading introductory textbooks in the discipline, is his ecological and evolutionary typology of human societies first proposed in Power and Privilege and enhanced later in Human Societies and other publications  This typology is based on a combination of two elements: (1) the kind of environment to which the society must adapt, and (2) its level of technological development. In its most basic form, Lenski identifies seven types of societies: These types are often combined in various ways (for example, industrializing horticultural and agrarian societies, such as Ghana and Brazil in the late 20th century) and can be usefully subdivided into more or less advanced (e.g., simple and advanced horticultural societies).
 * Societies of hunters and gatherers
 * Horticultural societies
 * Agricultural or agrarian societies
 * Industrial societies
 * Fishing societies
 * Herding societies
 * Maritime societies.

An important feature of Lenski's theory has been his emphasis on the need for a broadly inclusive approach in theory building. In a 1988 article, he argued that macrosociological theory should be based on our knowledge of the entire universe of human societies, past as well as present, and should seek to explain the major features of that universe, both its uniformities and its variations. This is undoubtedly a feature of the theory that many sociologists find troubling and unattractive because of the tradition developed in American sociology in the twentieth century of focusing theory and research on one's own society during a limited time period (i.e., American society in the 20th century) or a handful of societies (e.g., modern industrial societies) during an equally limited span of time.

Critique of Marxism
Another notable feature of Lenski's work has been his interest in Marxist societies. This grew out of his concern for the forces shaping societal development. Karl Marx, who had a major influence on sociological thought in the mid-twentieth century, had a very optimistic view of human nature that is reflected in his belief in the inevitability of communism in the future when the governing principle in human societies would be "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need." Lenski viewed the Marxist societies of the 20th century as important, but too often neglected, social experiments that put Marx's view of human nature to the test and found it wanting. His earlier work in the 1950s on status inconsistency (i.e. social class divisions and ethnic tension and discrimination) had received a positive reception among a number of influential Eastern European sociologists who found it a much more effective tool than the communist party's official model for analyzing and understanding the realities of social inequality in their societies, while at the same time providing a useful tool for challenging an increasingly unacceptable Communist social order.

title: Gerhard Lenski


text:
Marano (surname)

Marano as a surname has noble Italian origin, derives from last name Marani of Vicenza that came to Naples in the 16th century with Francesco Antonio buried in the church of Sant'Antonelli to Caponapoli in the ancient center of Naples city. Afterwards succeed to Francesco Antonio, Domenico, baron of the Preturo in 1591; Nicola with decree of the Gran Court on December 11, 1691, inherited all the properties of family and getting the title of marquis of Petruro on May 28, 1695, in Madrid; Alexander Marano was last marquis of the Petruro in the 19th century.

Overview
The surname was ascribed to the Register of the Vassals and recognized of ancient nobility in 1843 for the admission in the "Company of the Regal Watches" in person of Giovanni Camillo. Pietro Antonio Marano 1° lieutenant of the "12° Battalion Hunters" has participated in the 1860/61 against Piemontesi that invaded the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Registered in the list "Official Noble Italian" since 1922.

First found in Modena, anciently Multina, a city in Emilia capital of the province of Modena. It became Roman in 215 B.C. It was successfully defended by Brutus against Mark Antony. It changed hands many times between Church and Duchy. In 1859 the inhabitants declared in favor of unity with the Kingdom of Italy. The Ducal Palace is notable. Rick in art the city has many museums and galleries. But many noted scholars were born there. In those ancient times only persons of rank, the podesta, clergy, city officials, army officers, artists, landowners were entered into the records. To be recorded at this time in itself a family honor.

Some of the first settlers of this family name or some of its variants were: Francis Marano, who settled in Charles Town (Charleston), South Carolina in 1843; Pater E. Maregno, who arrived in Vermont sometime between 1854 and 1923.

Marano family name
Italian: habitational name from any of various places named with the Latin personal name Marius + the suffix -anu, notably Marano di Napoli (Campania), Marano Lagunare (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Marano Marchesato (Cosenza, Calabria), and Marano dei Marsi (L’Aquila, Abruzzo).

Spelling variations of this family name include: Marano, Maranto, Maurano, Mauritano, Marangoa and many more.

title: Marano (surname)


text:
Talk:LGP-30

Who designed and produced this? Kd5mdk 21:51, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed - should be merged. Mathew Graham 16:33, 17 Jan 2006 (AEST)

ACT-III
In what sense is this "Algol-like"?! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Qu1j0t3 (talk • contribs) 22:21, 14 April 2007 (UTC).

 * It's obviously not Algol-like in any way. However, we can't just remove that, because of WP:NOR. Anyway, the source has two problems: it's primary and the statement of an individual, based on his opinion and memory. It's invalid as a source. The second problem is that it's a dead link. At this point someone should be WP:BOLD and just remove the incorrect claim. David Spector 02:39, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Fractional multiplication
The article says, "...acting as if the binary point was on the left side of the word as opposed to the right side as most other computers assume." This sounds to me like fractional multiplication (retaining the most significant bits of the result), as opposed to integer multiplication (retaining the least significant bits of the result). I can't add this, because it is WP:OR. I'm not sure how to find a reference. David Spector 01:11, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * There were two multiply instructions: M and N. The former produced the most significant bits, the latter the least significant bits. MeanStandev (talk) 15:48, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The reference you are looking for can be found in Royal Precision Electronic Computer LGP - 30 Programming Manual which is in the article's refs. RastaKins (talk) 17:07, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

Mel Kaye
Mel Kaye actually wrote his legendary program for the RPC-4000. (from the Jargon file: http://catb.org/jargon/html/story-of-mel.html):

"The RPC-4000 computer had a really modern facility' called an index register."

Mel Kaye's trick used the index bit, a binary digit at the end of the 32-bit instruction word which (basically) enabled the index register's function. This was only possible in the RPC-4000, as the LGP-30 did not have an index register, or an index bit. In the LGP-30, that bit was used as a "spacer" between sectors on the drum memory.

In fact: "Mel's job was to re-write the blackjack program for the RPC-4000." There is some confusion, because Naher's account states that: "The vital clue came when I noticed the index register bit, the bit that lay between the address and the operation code in the instruction word, was turned on —"

This is clearly impossible, as the LGP-30 had two bits between the opcode and the operand address (and it did not have a Next Address bit sequence after this). In order for the carry bit to overflow all the way to the opcode (and turn it into a jump instruction) there would need to be two bits set between the opcode and the address (that's probably how he did it in the LGP-30). If either of the intervening bits was set to low, the carry overflow would simply fall into the zero. Then the instruction would execute with the operand in address 0000 0000 0000.

Here's an examle of an instruction word from the LGP-30 manual:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0                           (---)   (--)                            order bits   track bits     sector bits = bring      = 20           = 00 ( address = 2000 )

Here's the manual of the LGP-30: http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/lgp-30-man.html

And here's the one for the RPC-4000: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/royalPrecision/RPC-4000/RPC-4000_Programming_Manual.pdf

(the link opens a pdf, obviously).

So I changed the article to reflect this. Please free to propose a better wording. Stassa (talk) 20:08, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Actually source says that Mel Kaye wrote his program (blakjack) in hexadecimal for both the LGP-30 and RPC-4000 (his rewrite to RPC-400 triggered that story). --89.25.210.104 (talk) 15:06, 18 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Hex is just a shorthand for binary. Stassa

Anecdotes
The Clairol exhibit at the 1964 World's Fair in NYC featured a pink LGP-30 that gave out makeup suggestions. (This was told to me by a female high school classmate--our high school had an LGP-30. Only women were allowed in the exhibit.)

I don't know how widely this was known, but there was a mnemonic for the LGP-30 instruction set in binary order: Zed brings yellow roses in December, now Mary putters evenings, usually the house cleaning after supper. MeanStandev (talk) 15:43, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:LGP-30


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Muathe research group

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 09:41, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Muathe research group
Apparently advertising copy; can't find anything else on this company (unsigned, written by 128.95.93.162)
 * Delete, ads, 32 Google hits. And please DO remember to sign all your nominations and votes. Master Thief Garrett 22:09, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, advert. Megan1967 04:15, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertising. Sjakkalle 09:40, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Privacy International

English, Welsh and Scottish scores
From what sources have the scores for England and Wales and Scotland been drawn from, they are not mentioned individually under the source.

Unless a source can be found I propose we delete these scores Seriouslythelastnameleft (talk) 17:54, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Any citation given. I promise to get back on this page. --Stat-ist-ikk (talk) 07:22, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Copyright
I notice that the entry for Privacy International in Wikipedia has been replaced with a copyrightt infringement warning.

Please note that Privacy International has given the Wikipedia user permission to use this material for the updated entry. I am not sure how matters should proceed from this point, but I would certainly appreciate the article being reinstated.

Best wishes

Simon Davies Director Privacy International

simon@privacy.org
 * I've reinstated the page. --bjh21 18:00, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

thanks
Many thanks -bjh21. Much appreciated.

SD

Big Brother Awards
The Big Brother Awards (and The Winston Awards) needs to be mentioned. 129.241.11.200 12:38, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

I have removed "It should however be noted that Privacy International is not an inpartial organisation, much of the information they distribute is opinionated." This is unnecessary as the piece already stipulates that the organisation is coming from a human rights perspective, and sounds somewhat hostile. Simon Davies

Privacy index
The colors of the Privacy index and it's legend are misleadingly out of sync. 213.47.89.126 10:07, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

They don't match the map either. Colours are definitely wrong. 144.32.128.73 (talk) 12:09, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

"less unflattering"
In the paragraph talking about Microsoft and Google. A double-negative? Is there any reason why, if only for clarity's sake, this shouldn't be changed to read "more flattering"? 194.128.66.118 10:08, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I've actually just gone and made the change. Someone can always revert it if there's a specific reason for the clunky double-negative. 194.128.66.118 10:21, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

New rankings for 07
PI have released new rankings.

http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd[347]=x-347-559597

Whoever did them nice tables and the map (or someone else who have done similar things) might have interest in updating :) --Joffeloff (talk) 21:51, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd[347]=x-347-559597 - For the link to work copy and paste all of it, including the number bit at the end. Bsrboy 00:58, 15 March 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bsrboy (talk • contribs)

 * Because wikipedia cannot correctly link the URL to PI's 2007 document (I have asked for advice at Template talk:Citation) I have used WebCite to create an archive here: http://www.webcitation.org/5XpxPOdbb
 * Here is the full cite as suggested by WebCite:
 * Privacy International. Leading surveillance societies in the EU and the World 2007. 2008-05-15. URL:http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd[347]=x-347-559597 . Accessed: 2008-05-15. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5XpxPOdbb) - World Map, Table and key aspects per country
 * Full address is Privacy International, 6-8 Amwell Street, Clerkenwell, London EC1R 1UQ UK.
 * -84user (talk) 15:54, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * User Fullstop gave me this good fix for linking to these kinds of difficult URLs:
 * (this is the 2006 direct link, it seems to be the 2006 edition published in late 2007)

 * (this is the 2007 direct link with "The 2007 International Privacy Ranking")

 * (this is the WebCite archive 2007 link)

 * (I commented out the editor for 2007 because I could not find one) The trick is to replace any problem characters with their hexadecimal equivalents. The template does not have an accessdate parameter which could be a problem with websites that change their contents. -84user (talk) 21:00, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * User Fullstop has assisted me further here and suggested I use the editors of the series, like this:
 * -84user (talk) 23:47, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
 * -84user (talk) 23:47, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Archive of World Rankings?
The article states PI has issued reports since 1997 and gives a table and cite for 2006 (someone has linked 2007 above). I do not doubt this, and would like to see some history on how rankings have changed. I got as far back as 2000, (the internet archive has links to January 1999 but I got connection failures). I gave up digging much further, so if anyone thinks these are useful, here are some links:

URLs ending in phr2005 through to phr2008 result in various server error responses.
 * EPIC/PI - Privacy & Human Rights 2000, overview, country reports but no ranking
 * Privacy & Human Rights 2001, table of contents and link to this downloadable PDF
 * Privacy & Human Rights 2002, table of contents and links to report in three parts: part 1, part2 and part 3
 * Privacy and Human Rights 2003, web site with contents, html sections, and this September 2003 Global Data Protection Map by David Banisar - I used archive.org because current 2003 page has this May 2007 map!
 * phr2004 - it redirects to a difficult URL containing a reports 2002 to 2006, and an unlinkable 2006 World map from the Daily Telegraph November 2, 2006.

List of maps from archive.org's archive of Data Protection map (it changes even when the html page doesn't): The two accessible February 2007 maps are otherwise bitwise identical with the last, April 2007, map.
 * April 2004
 * August 2002 (archive is April 2003 but map labelled August 2002)
 * September 2003 archived at November 2003
 * April 2004 archived June 2005
 * April 2005 archived November 2005
 * the October 2006 archive link gave a file location error
 * September 2006 archived November 2006
 * September 2006 archived February 2007
 * the 19 February 2006 archive link gave a file location error
 * September 2006 archived April 2007

Things I noticed: -84user (talk) 17:38, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * archive.org, while useful, does not always contain all the old pages, and suffers frequent connection failures (and they respond to requests to remove information from the archive)
 * not all web sites archive their own documents reliably
 * PI uses redirects which may change in the future, increasing the importance of reliable archives
 * WebCite looks possibly useful for producing additional archives

British English - BBC or Oxford Spelling?
I agree that British English spelling is appropriate for this article, but only because the original editor was British.

Furthermore, he started the article with BBC English rather than Oxford English, and this may confuse other British spellers (like me) and also those non-native writers that learnt British-English using translation dictionaries.

The BBC and Oxford spell these words differently as follows:

The disadvantage with using BBC spelling is that most dictionaries do not recognize( I am an Oxford speller! ) it, in fact only Chambers has it as a variant, while all others that I could find use Oxford spelling exclusively. This extends to all British-English translation dictionaries in my possession (Hamlyn, Garzanti, Larousse, Zanichelli). -84user (talk) 12:57, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

the map is outdated
the map shows 2006 data and thus doesn't show new countries added in 2007 and doesn't show new data for example the us should now be in red — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.255.218.2 (talk) 07:31, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Neutrality in the "PI and public controversy" section
so the section titled "PI and public controversy", around what appears to be the second paragraph, about the controversy around the UK national identity card and the London School of Economics report, seems very much slanted against the government's position in its wording, and seems very highly dismissive of their (admittedly possibly ad hominem, but just as possibly relevant) accusation. I know nothing about what actually happened, though, or the political context that might illuminate it, so I am reluctant to mess with it too much. anamedperson (talk) 21:43, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Privacy International. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120910195419/https://www.privacyinternational.org/blog?cmd%2525255b347%2525255d=x-347-145834 to https://www.privacyinternational.org/blog?cmd%5b347%5d=x-347-145834
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071224082758/http://www.ips.gov.uk/identity/downloads/2005-11-23-mm-burnham-angell-public-sector-use-and-implementation-of-ID-cards-HB.pdf to http://www.ips.gov.uk/identity/downloads/2005-11-23-mm-burnham-angell-public-sector-use-and-implementation-of-ID-cards-HB.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:53, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Privacy International. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120110142304/https://www.privacyinternational.org/survey/phr2005/phrtable.pdf to http://www.privacyinternational.org/survey/phr2005/phrtable.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:04, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Privacy International. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121202193555/https://www.privacyinternational.org/people to https://www.privacyinternational.org/people
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121203070719/https://www.privacyinternational.org/people/simon-davies to https://www.privacyinternational.org/people/simon-davies
 * Added tag to http://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Documents/Communication_news_0412.htm

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Requesting a review of proposed edits.
Hello I’m hoping to get some feedback from the community regarding possible edits to this page. I am currently volunteering at Privacy International and noticed their Wikipedia page hadn’t been updated since around 2012. I’m not a PI employee but I thought it would be prudent to ask for review from the Wikipedia community before inserting my edits. Here is a link to my sandbox: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Michael_Morel/sandbox

My changes are mostly simple updates like correcting the employee count, listing recent publications and activities, and there are a few lines about structural changes to the organization since 2012. This is my first time editing so I’m being extra cautious. If someone has a chance to take a look and give me the go ahead, that would be much appreciated. Thanks for your time.Michael Morel (talk) 17:20, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

Unsource, probably incorrect or misleading file hidden
I have hidden the File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png in the article because it is not discussed in the article, and I cannot find anything resembling it at the Privacy International website. The map is apparently based on a ranking of Internet privacy published by Privacy International in 2007, although the current map has been edited and does not fully match that ranking. Also note that the ranking was of, while the word 'Internet' has been omitted in the map description and caption. Donald Albury 18:39, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Privacy International


text:
Chemotroph

A chemotroph Greek words “chemo” (meaning chemical) and “troph” (meaning nourishment) is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be organic (chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic (chemolithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which use photons. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic. Chemotrophs can be found in areas where electron donors are present in high concentration, for instance around hydrothermal vents.

Chemoautotroph

Chemoautotrophs are autotrophic organisms that can rely on chemosynthesis, i.e. deriving biological energy from chemical reactions of environmental inorganic substrates and synthesizing all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide. Chemoautotrophs can use inorganic energy sources such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia or organic sources to produce energy. Most chemoautotrophs are prokaryotic extremophiles, bacteria or archaea that live in otherwise hostile environments (such as deep sea vents) and are the primary producers in such ecosystems. Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups: methanogens, sulfur oxidizers and reducers, nitrifiers, anammox bacteria, and thermoacidophiles. An example of one of these prokaryotes would be Sulfolobus. Chemolithotrophic growth can be dramatically fast, such as Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus with a doubling time around one hour.

The term "chemosynthesis", coined in 1897 by Wilhelm Pfeffer, originally was defined as the energy production by oxidation of inorganic substances in association with autotrophy — what would be named today as chemolithoautotrophy. Later, the term would include also the chemoorganoautotrophy, that is, it can be seen as a synonym of chemoautotrophy.

Chemoheterotroph
Chemoheterotrophs (or chemotrophic heterotrophs) are unable to fix carbon to form their own organic compounds. Chemoheterotrophs can be chemolithoheterotrophs, utilizing inorganic electron sources such as sulfur, or, much more commonly, chemoorganoheterotrophs, utilizing organic electron sources such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Most animals and fungi are examples of chemoheterotrophs, as are halophiles.

Iron- and manganese-oxidizing bacteria
Iron-oxidizing bacteria are chemotrophic bacteria that derive energy by oxidizing dissolved ferrous iron. They are known to grow and proliferate in waters containing iron concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L. However, at least 0.3 ppm of dissolved oxygen is needed to carry out the oxidation.

Iron has many existing roles in biology not related to redox reactions; examples include iron–sulfur proteins, hemoglobin, and coordination complexes. Iron has a widespread distribution globally and is considered one of the most abundant in the Earth's crust, soil, and sediments. Iron is a trace element in marine environments. Its role as the electron donor for some chemolithotrophs is probably very ancient.

title: Chemotroph


text: User talk:213.83.78.72

title: User talk:213.83.78.72


text:
Watson Lake, Yukon

Watson Lake is a town in Yukon, Canada, located at mile 635 on the Alaska Highway close to the British Columbia border. It had a population of 1,133 in 2021. The town is named for Frank Watson, an American-born trapper and prospector, who settled in the area at the end of the 19th century.

Watson Lake is near the Liard River, at the junction of the Robert Campbell Highway and the Alaska Highway. The Stewart–Cassiar Highway's northern end is 22 km west of Watson Lake. The town is also served by the Watson Lake Airport; the airport was formerly served by Canadian Pacific Air Lines and other local and regional airlines, but now by Air North and corporate and charter services.

Watson Lake is the main centre of the small forestry industry in Yukon and has been a service centre for the mining industry, especially for the Cassiar, a now abandoned asbestos mine in northern British Columbia and the Cantung Mine, a tungsten mine on the Yukon-Northwest Territories border in the Mackenzie Mountains.

Tourist attractions in Watson Lake include the Northern Lights Centre and the much-imitated original Sign Post Forest. The Sign Post Forest was started in 1942 by a homesick United States Army Corps of Engineers G.I. working on the Alaska Highway, who put up a sign with the name of his home town and the distance. Others followed suit and the tradition continues to this day. As of August 2010 there are more than 76,000 signs of various types depicting locations across the world. The Sign Post Forest is one of four roadside attractions featured on the first series of the Canadian Roadside Attractions Series issued by Canada Post on July 6, 2009.

Watson Lake and the neighbouring Upper Liard settlement are the home of the Liard River First Nation, a member of the Kaska Dena Council. The Two Mile area immediately north of the core of town is a concentrated area of First Nations residents, while the town extends 5 mi out to the turn-off of Airport Road. (Originally, Airport Road extended directly to the Alaska Highway, but most of it is now part of the Campbell highway.)

History
The Town of Watson Lake annexed Two Mile and Two and One-Half Mile Village on January 2, 2016.

Climate
Like most of Yukon, Watson Lake has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with mild to warm summers and severely cold, snowy winters. Watson Lake experiences annual temperature average daily highs of 21.5 C in July and average daily lows of -27.5 C in January. Record high temperature was 35.4 C in July 2009 and the lowest was -58.9 C in January 1947. Watson Lake has more precipitation than other parts of Yukon with an average annual snowfall of 196.1 cm and 262.0 mm of rainfall, resulting in larger trees and a more viable forest industry.

Demographics
In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Watson Lake had a population of 1,133 living in 499 of its 564 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 1,083. With a land area of 109.77 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Watson Lake, Yukon


text:
Aurora Transit

Aurora Transit operated public transit within the town of Aurora, Ontario, Canada, from 1973 to 1999. From 1999 to 2001 transit service in Aurora was operated by Newmarket Transit. Service in the town is now provided by the current York Region Transit system.

 * 1) REDIRECT York Region Transit

Route

 * Regular Service Route – ran along various roads from and back to Aurora GO Station (Walton Drive, Batson Drive, Orchard Heights Boulevard, Crawford Rose Drive, Aurora Heights Drive, McLeod Drive, Wellington Street West, Murray Drive, Yonge Street, Dunning Avenue, Edward Street, Metcalfe Street, Berczy Street, Wellington Street East)
 * Dial-A-Bus Route

Terminals
Aurora GO Station was the only dedicated transit facility used by Aurora Transit. The route stopped at two shopping malls:

 * Aurora Bayview Centre – Aurora Centre (Bayview Shopping Centre) on Bayview Avenue north of Wellington Street East
 * Aurora Shopping Centre – Yonge Street at Murray Drive

Fleet
Aurora's fleet was small due to the size and usage of public transit north of Toronto, as well as the key Yonge Street corridor was part of the GO Transit Yonge Street B routing.

 * 781 – Ontario Bus Industries 1978 Orion I 01.501 (Retired by 1998)
 * 891 – Ontario Bus Industries 1989 Orion I 01.502 (Operated by York Region Transit as of mid-2006 ) Retired.

A school bus adjusted for mass transit (Laidlaw 90230) was used briefly in the spring of 1999.

title: Aurora Transit


text:
Talk:Liberty Belle (comics)

VfD
On April 11, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Liberty Belle for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:54, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Requested move 15 March 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. (non-admin closure) Material  Works  (contribs) 11:48, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

Liberty Belle (comics) → Liberty Belle (character) – The title does not follow Wikipedia's naming conventions. NeoBatfreak (talk) 21:00, 15 March 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. BilledMammal (talk) 23:37, 29 March 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. { {ping|ClydeFranklin }} (t/c) 00:15, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support No other notable character seems to be called Liberty Belle.★Trekker (talk) 13:03, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per analogous main title headers, such as Black Alice (comics), Empress (comics), Fire (comics), Godiva (comics), Gypsy (comics), Lady Luck (comics), Maya (comics), Nightstar (comics), Orana (comics) or Scorch (comics), to name but ten. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 21:44, 17 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Wrong, per Naming conventions (comics), and all the other pages should be rename too.--NeoBatfreak (talk) 02:00, 18 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Since Liberty Belle (comics) is not the name of a single "(character)", but the name of three characters — two from DC Comics and one from Charlton Comics — Liberty Belle (comics) could become a redirect to the Liberty Belle disambiguation page, while each character could have a separate entry, with the main title header for each one analogous to Bombshell (DC Comics), Bumblebee (DC Comics), Cyclone (DC Comics), Enchantress (DC Comics), Firebrand (DC Comics), Fury (DC Comics), Halo (DC Comics), Harbinger (DC Comics), Harlequin (DC Comics) or Hippolyta (DC Comics), to name but ten and also analogous to Charlton superheroes, such as Yellowjacket (Charlton Comics). —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 15:52, 18 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Per nom, although the move is mostly moot - this page should have been AfD'd a 2nd time as non-notable. The first one was not decided on policy. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 04:49, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Try again... { {ping|ClydeFranklin }} (t/c) 00:15, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Liberty Belle (comics)


text:
User talk:DeadSpam

Chineseensign.gif
I notice that you've uploaded a copy of the ensign and jack of the People's Liberation Army Navy. There is no information where you got that image from and what copyright licence it is released under. Please provide that information for the image. David Newton 21:55, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"Zuixin Geguo Guoqi Guohui Junqi Junhui" -National Flags, Emblems, Military Flags and Emblems of The World- published in Beijing March 2004. Ed Otto 2155, 28 Apr 2005 (IST)

 * OK, simply edit the image page in a similar way to how you've edited my talk page and your talk page and add the book soruce that you've put up here.

 * From what you're posted it appears you've posted an image from a copyrighted source. If that is so, then you either need to put in the fair use template and the rationale for why you're claiming fair use of the source (although I think that's fairly easy for a national flag/military flag), or you need to have/get permission from the copyright holder for using the image on the Wikipedia and post the appropriate licence tag on the image page.

 * In order to post the copyright tags have a look at the image copyright page Image copyright tags. David Newton 07:18, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ed, Edd & Eddy
Hi! Just a friendly note to ask that if you wish to add articles, please don't make them blank templates as you've done. Also, most individual TV episodes are considered non-encyclopedic. Information of that type is best left at the main article. Hope this helps. - Lucky 6.9 04:43, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Uh, now that I look at your edit history...what have you done? If you're running a bot, it's tantamount to vandalism at this point. - Lucky 6.9 04:44, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, Ed. I see that now that I looked at some of the earlier edits.  The vast number and their similarity made me think "bot."  Please accept my apology for my error. - Lucky 6.9 04:53, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh no. I think these articles are Fancruft, which is okay, if you intend to write about them, or expect someone else will at some point.  But please don't go through and put in placeholders that say nothing, it just clutters up the place.  It'd be better to start with a few favourite episodes and write good articles about them.  I've just deleted one of them, and I don't want to go through and delete the rest because it's a pain in the arse, but I am dissapointed.  Dunc|☺ 11:40, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm just filling out what some others had started per the request for text editing, et. al. that was in the original article. About 8 of the episodes had been entered, and no categories for them. About the time I got those cleaned up, I sort-of decided that they all needed to look the same - so I cleaned up some and came up with that template that I put in the other links.  I am finished with season 1 now and am into the middle of season 2.

 * I think that this should be a CATEGORY, however, and not an article, per se. What do you think, and what tags do I use to put it to a vote?

Ed Otto|Ed Otto 0120 30 Apr 2005 (IST)

Looks better to me, especially since the main article is linking back to the synopses. Keeps the main page from being cluttered IMO. And, it looks like you have your work cut out for you. :^) Good luck and stay away from the Kanker sisters! - Lucky 6.9 06:31, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Knock, Knock, Who's Ed?, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. If you plan to expand the article, you can request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material. To do this, affix the template   to the page and state your intention on the article's talk page. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. alanyst /talk/ 03:37, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:02, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Once Upon An Ed listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Once Upon An Ed. Since you had some involvement with the Once Upon An Ed redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Paper Luigi T • C 08:54, 7 January 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:DeadSpam


text:
User talk:Brendan642

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 21:56, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Redirect pages
I noticed you have been working on the article Gerhard lenski. You may be interested in learning how to use redirect pages. Zzyzx11 | Talk 21:56, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brendan642