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John Winthrop the Younger

John Winthrop the Younger (February 12, 1606 – April 6, 1676) was an early governor of the Connecticut Colony, and he played a large role in the merger of several separate settlements into the unified colony.

Early life
Winthrop was born in Groton, Suffolk, England on February 12, 1606, the son of John Winthrop, founding governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was educated at the Bury St. Edmunds grammar school, King Edward VI School, and Trinity College, Dublin, and he studied law for a short time after 1624 at the Inner Temple, London.

Career
Winthrop accompanied the ill-fated expedition of the Duke of Buckingham for the relief of the Protestants of La Rochelle in France, and then travelled in Italy and the Levant, returning to England in 1629. In 1631, he followed his father to Massachusetts Bay Colony and was one of the assistants of the Colony in 1635, 1640, and 1641 and from 1644 to 1649. He was the chief founder of Agawam (now Ipswich, Massachusetts) in 1633, then went to England in 1634. He returned in 1635 as governor of lands that had been granted to Lord Saye and Sele and Lord Brooke, and he sent out a party to build a fort named Saybrook in their honor, located at the mouth of the Connecticut River. He then lived for a time in Massachusetts, where he devoted himself to the study of science and attempted to interest the settlers in the development of the colony's mineral resources.

He was again in England in 1641–43, then returned to establish iron works at Lynn (Saugus Iron Works) and Braintree, Massachusetts. In 1645, he obtained title to lands in southeastern Connecticut and founded New London in 1646, where he settled in 1650. He built a grist mill in the town and was granted a monopoly on the trade for as long as he or his heirs maintained it. This was one of the first monopolies granted in New England. One of Winthrop's Indian servants was Robin Cassacinamon, who became an influential Pequot leader through Winthrop's patronage.

While in England, he was elected as a Fellow of the newly organized Royal Society, and he contributed two papers to their Philosophical Transactions: "Some Natural Curiosities from New England" and "Description, Culture and Use of Maize". His correspondence with the Royal Society was published in series I, vol. xvi of the Massachusetts Historical Society's Proceedings.

Governor of the Connecticut Colony
Winthrop became one of the magistrates of the Connecticut Colony in 1651, was governor of the colony in 1657–58, and again became governor in 1659, being annually re-elected until his death. During his tenure as Governor of Connecticut, he oversaw the acceptance of Quakers who were banned from Massachusetts.

In 1662, he obtained the charter in England which united the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven. He was also one of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England in 1675.

Personal life
Winthrop married his cousin Mary Fones, the daughter of Thomas Fones II and Anne (née Winthrop) on February 8, 1630/1. She and their infant daughter died in Agawam (Ipswich) in 1634.

Winthrop's second wife was Elizabeth Reade (1615–1672), the daughter of Col. Edmund Reade and Elizabeth (née Cooke). They had nine children, including:

 * Elizabeth Winthrop (1636–1716), who married Rev. Antipas Newman and Dr. Zerubbabel Endecott, son of Gov. John Endecott
 * Fitz-John Winthrop (1638–1707), who served as major-general in the army, a colonial agent in London for Connecticut (1683–1687), and governor of Connecticut from 1696 until his death in 1707
 * Lucy Winthrop (1640–1676), who married Maj. Edward Palmes
 * Waitstill Winthrop (1642–1717), who married Mary Browne (1656–1690)
 * Mary "Mercy" Winthrop (1644–1740), who married the Rev. John Culver III
 * Sara Winthrop (1644–1704), who married the Rev. John Culver III
 * Margaret Winthrop (c. 1648–1711), who married John Corwin
 * Martha Winthrop (1648–1712), who married Richard Wharton
 * Anne Winthrop (c. 1649–1704), who married John Richards (son of accused witch Wealthean (née Loring) Richards)

Winthrop died in Boston on April 6, 1676, where he had gone to attend a meeting of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England.

Descendants
Paul Dudley Sargent was a descendant of Winthrop, a Patriot colonel in the American War of Independence. Another descendant was John Sargent, who was a Loyalist during that war. Another descendant was Dudley Saltonstall (1738–1796), a Revolutionary War naval commander most notable for his involvement in the ill-fated Penobscot Expedition.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Winthrop the Younger


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Talk:Geographical exploration

Dora the Explorer
I mean, come ON.

Thoughts about article improvement
Some random thoughts about improvement of the article. Other thoughts later, if i get the chance. hamiltonstone (talk) 08:06, 21 April 2014 (UTC)
 * It needs to begin with some introduction to the concept of exploration (as the lead currently does). We need to distinguish exploration from trade or use of territory. Not all travel is exploration - if it were, the article would become hopelessly bloated. I'm not sure how we should distinguish exploration from settlement.
 * I like the idea of the major sections being "definition / etymology"; "history (or notable periods) of exploration" and "methods of exploration". I'm not sure that we need "terrain and places" as well as sections that describe the history and the methods. However, what the article really needs and has almost nothing on, is material about exploration of the oceans, and of space. I admit I'm not sure how those things fit with the history / methods categorisation.
 * Do we need a separate section on notable explorers, or in a top-level article such as this, confine mention of them to the context in which they appear in the "history" section? I favour the latter.
 * Content that would be valuable: underwater exploration - history including work of James Clark Ross, Challenger expedition, dives of the Bathyscaphe Trieste and the Kaikō; technologies such as bathyscaphes; interplanetary exploration, including probes, and the technologies involved in delivering remote landers on other bodies (such as Mars or Titan).

 * I've added these suggestions to the todo list. ~KvnG 14:22, 21 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I am working on a draft for underwater exploration which should not be a redirect to oceanography and should become summary section/main hatnote content here. Finding good sources for some aspects of underwater exploration has been a bit slow. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 07:39, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Article now live in main space. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 09:10, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Summary section now added. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 17:39, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Philosophical aspects
I came here looking for the meaning of exploration and found almost nothing of interest, mostly some semi-coeherent criticism of the language and political inclusiveness or otherwise of space exploration, which seems mostly to be based on editorial type articles. There is room for improvement. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 12:01, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Indeed. I've tried to improve the lead based on Oxford's Atlas of Exploration, and Fernández-Armesto's Pathfinders, but the article obviously still needs far more work. DFlhb (talk) 18:51, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

Topic seems to be Geographical exploration
The more general topic of exploration is much broader. Is this use of the term justifiable as the primary topic? Should it be a disambiguation page? (Explorer (disambiguation) does not seem to be most appropriate disambiguation title, there are thousands of them, and they are people, while exploration is an activity) · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 05:36, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Since no-one has commented, I will propose a rename/move to Geographical exploration, leaving the current title for the broader topic of the general concept of exploration, Please restrict comments and recommendations to options which can be supported by rational argument and evidence. Cheers, · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 15:26, 15 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Still no comment, so will make the move.· · · Peter Southwood (talk): 17:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Modern Age is unsuitable section title
Technically the "Modern era" includes the "age of discovery", and "Modern Age" is otherwise undefined in this context, so not helpful to distinguish a time frame. Not sure what to suggest as an alternative, as I have not been much involved in writing this article. Maybe Late modern period or just define the period by a start date. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 05:50, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * In the absence of any counterproposals I will change it to Late modern period. I am not strongly attached to the term, but suggest that any better alternative that suddenly comes to mind be proposed and explained here before changing. I would appreciate a ping. Cheers, · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 15:37, 15 January 2023 (UTC)
 * This has been done. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 17:41, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geographical exploration


text: Talk:Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset

title: Talk:Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset


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Bobby McDermott

Robert Frederick McDermott (January 7, 1914 – October 3, 1963) was an American professional basketball player in the 1930s and 1940s. He was known as an outstanding shooter and has been called "the greatest long-distance shooter in the history of the game" by contemporaries. His grandson is businessman Bill McDermott. McDermott was named to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1988.

Professional basketball career
McDermott dropped out of high school after just one year, and was picked up by the Brooklyn Visitations after making a name for himself on the playgrounds. He continued the trend in the American Basketball League. He led the league in scoring, and helped Brooklyn win the 1934-35 ABL championship against the dominant Philadelphia Sphas in their prime. He spent a year in the New York Professional League where he set a playoff record for most points with 32. He played with the recently reorganized Original Celtics for the next three years.

He went back to the ABL and was again the league's scoring leader, returned to the Celtics for another season, then settled down for a while with the Ft. Wayne Zollner Pistons of the National Basketball League in 1941. From 1941 to 1946 he was at his peak. He improved his shot and for the first time, his free throw percentage rose near or around 80%. He continued to get more accurate and dangerous while keeping his legendary range. The Pistons won over 80% of their games and made four consecutive NBL finals appearances. They won NBL titles in 1944 and 1945, as well as the World Professional Basketball Tournament in Chicago. At the same time, his popularity soared, and he appeared at a war bond rally alongside Jack Dempsey and Martha Raye.

McDermott became a player-coach during 1946. He took up the same position when he moved to the Chicago Gears. On the Gears, he was teamed with the biggest inside threat in the league, George Mikan. They won the 1946–47 NBL championship together. Though he would continue to play professionally for several more years, McDermott's last year with the Gears was his final year of stardom on a winning team.

The American Gears joined the Professional Basketball League of America in 1947. But when that league folded in November 1947, after only three weeks of existence, the Gears players were distributed among NBL teams. McDermott landed with the Sheboygan Red Skins, with whom he was a player-coach for about a month. He scored 138 points in 16 games and coached the Red Skins to a 4–5 record.

Doxie Moore regained the coaching reins after McDermott left to join the Tri-Cities Blackhawks, where he coached and played for the next season and a half, compiling a 20–18 record. On the Blackhawks, McDermott continued to be renowned for his physical play, and was tied for the team lead in scoring at 12.1 points per game with Whitey Von Nieda. That postseason, McDermott led the Blackhawks past the Indianapolis Kautskys in the opening round, before losing to the eventual champion Minneapolis Lakers in the semifinals. The following season, he was replaced as coach by Roger Potter halfway through the year.

McDermott would next play for the Hammond Calumet Buccaneers, during their only year of existence, and then the Wilkes-Barre Barons, both of whom would make the playoffs of their leagues before being eliminated in the first round. His final season playing professionally, during which he was again a player-coach, came with the Grand Rapids Hornets in 1950. McDermott was fired midseason after a profanity-filled coaching performance in Casper, Wyoming during which the Hornets lost, and the franchise folded only a month later.

McDermott died in 1963, due to injuries he suffered in a car accident on September 23. He had been employed at Yonkers Raceway at the time of his death.

Accolades
McDermott was the World Professional Basketball Tournament MVP in 1944 and was named the NBL MVP in four consecutive seasons during the 1940s. In 1946 the NBL named McDermott the greatest player in league history. Collier's magazine chose him to an "All-World" team in 1950.

McDermott was named to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1988.

title: Bobby McDermott


text:
User:Ubernerd68

I am me

title: User:Ubernerd68


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Robert McDermott

Robert McDermott may refer to:

 * Bobby McDermott (1914–1963), American basketball player
 * Robert A. McDermott, American philosopher, professor of philosophy and religion at the California Institute of Integral Studies
 * Robert F. McDermott (1920–2006), American Brigadier General, chairman of United Services Automobile Association
 * Robert J. McDermott, American health educator

title: Robert McDermott


text:
Brendan O'Brien (bishop)

Brendan Michael O'Brien (born September 28, 1943) is a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Kingston from 2007 to 2019. He was previously Archbishop of St. John's (Newfoundland) and Bishop of Pembroke (Ontario).

Early life and ministry
Brendan Michael O'Brien was born in Ottawa, the oldest of the seven children of Redmond and Margaret (née Foran) O'Brien. He attended the University of Ottawa and St. Paul University, from where he earned his licentiates in philosophy and theology, before being ordained to the priesthood on June 1, 1968, at St George's Church (Ottawa).

Father O'Brien then did pastoral work in Ottawa and served as Co-Director of the Diocesan Synod. In 1971 he went to Rome, where he studied at the Pontifical Lateran University's Accademia Alfonsianum, from which he obtained a doctorate in moral theology. O'Brien, upon his return to Canada in 1975, taught at his alma mater of St. Paul University and served as pastor of an Ottawa parish.

Episcopate
On May 6, 1987, O'Brien was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Ottawa and Titular Bishop of Numana by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following June 29 from Archbishop Joseph-Aurèle Plourde, with Bishops John Beahen and Gilles Bélisle serving as co-consecrators. O'Brien was later named Bishop of Pembroke on May 5, 1993, and Archbishop of St. John's on December 4, 2000.

Pope Benedict XVI, on June 3, 2007, named O'Brien to succeed the late Anthony G. Meagher as Archbishop of Kingston. O'Brien's installation as Kingston's ordinary took place on July 25, 2007.

He was once State Chaplain for the Knights of Columbus in Ontario. From 2003 to 2005, he was President of the Canadian Episcopal Conference, of which he currently sits on the Social Affairs Commission.

title: Brendan O'Brien (bishop)


text:
West Ham Park

West Ham Park is a privately owned public park in West Ham in the London Borough of Newham. Spanning 77 acre, it is the largest park in the borough. The park has been managed by the City of London Corporation since 1874.

Records from 1566 show that the park had been a part of the estate of Upton House, later known as Ham House. William Rooke, who had inherited the estate, enlarged it to 28 acre in 1559. The estate was purchased by John Elliott in 1752, who owned it for 10 years. It was acquired in 1762 by John Fothergill, who enlarged the grounds to around 80 acre and created a sizeable botanical garden, which had been described as 'second only to Kew'. He would often accept rare plants in lieu of his fees as a physician. After Fothergill's death in 1780, the contents of the garden were largely sold off.

The estate was sold to James Sheppard in 1787, and after his death was purchased by Samuel Gurney, his son-in-law, in 1812. During this period, Gurney's sister, Elizabeth Fry, resided there. It was later passed to John Gurney, who lived in Norfolk and had no use for the estate. Ham House was demolished in 1872. In 1874, John Gurney gave a large contribution towards the purchase of the Ham House estate and grounds by the Corporation of the City of London, to serve as a public open space.

The park was the home to Upton Park FC, a local football club that drew large crowds at home matches. The venue was the site of the first ever FA Cup goal, scored by Jarvis Kenrick for Clapham Rovers in a 3–0 victory over Upton Park on 11 November 1871.

The park features ornamental gardens, children's playgrounds, and sporting facilities including five-a-side football pitches, cricket nets and tennis courts. Until its closure in 2016, a nursery stood at the north east corner of the park, and was one of the largest operations of its kind in the UK, producing over 200,000 spring and summer bedding plants each year for the park, gardens and churchyards in the City of London and other Corporation open spaces. Plants grown in the nursery were also used for state occasions and banquets hosted by the City of London Corporation.

title: West Ham Park


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Pond (disambiguation)

A pond is a small body of standing water.

Pond may also refer to:

Places

 * Pond, California, a community in Kern County, California
 * Pond River, a 90.8-mile-long (146.1 km) tributary of the Green River, located in the western part of Kentucky
 * Pond Creek (disambiguation)
 * Ponds Creek, a creek in New South Wales, Australia
 * The Pond, an informal term used primarily for the Atlantic Ocean
 * Honda Center, an indoor arena in Anaheim, California, nicknamed "The Pond" when it was formerly known as Arrowhead Pond
 * Pond, Missouri A former unincorporated community in St. Louis County

Other uses

 * Pond (surname), a surname
 * Pond (American band), rock band from Portland, Oregon
 * Pond (Australian band), psychedelic band from Perth
 * Pond (book), 2015 collection of short stories
 * Pond (currency), used in the Orange Free State, the South African Republic, and New Griqualand
 * Pond's, health and beauty care brand
 * Waste stabilization pond, a wastewater treatment system
 * Ice rink, slang term
 * An obsolete metric unit of force; see kilopond
 * "Pond", a song by Spratleys Japs from Pony

title: Pond (disambiguation)


text: File:Wychwood logo.png

title: File:Wychwood logo.png


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Cardinal Stadium (1956)

Cardinal Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in Louisville, Kentucky. It was on the grounds of the Kentucky Exposition Center, and was called Fairgrounds Stadium when it first opened for an NFL exhibition football game between the Baltimore Colts and Philadelphia Eagles on September 9, 1956. It was demolished in 2019.

History
The lone Bluegrass Bowl was held here in 1958. Cardinal Stadium was home to the Louisville Raiders football team from 1960 through 1962. It was the home to two minor league baseball teams in Louisville: the Louisville Colonels in 1957-1962 and again in 1968–1972 and the Louisville Redbirds in 1982–1999. It was to be the home of the American League Kansas City Athletics when their owner Charlie Finley signed a contract to move the team to Louisville in 1964, but the American League owners voted against the move. The Kentucky Trackers of the AFA played at Cardinal Stadium 1979–1980. It also served as the home of the University of Louisville football team from 1957 to 1997 and their baseball team from 1998 to 2004. It was also used heavily as a high school football stadium, hosting state championship games from 1964 to 2002, including hosting all four state championship games played annually 1979–2002.

The Dallas Cowboys' first win in franchise history came in August 1960 at Fairgrounds Stadium. The Cowboys won an exhibition game against the New York Giants 14–3.

The stadium was renamed Cardinal Stadium in 1982 when the Louisville Redbirds (now the Louisville Bats) of the American Association became co-tenants of the stadium.

Cardinal Stadium hosted the 1991 Triple-A All-Star Game. The team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeated the team of American League-affiliated All-Stars, 6–5.

After the university's football team moved into the new on-campus Cardinal Stadium, now known as L&N Federal Credit Union Stadium, in 1998 and the Redbirds moved downtown to Louisville Slugger Field in 2000, the stadium was largely vacant for the rest of its life, with its primary use as a venue for music concert and automotive events occurring during the Kentucky State Fair. Outside of the concerts for the Kentucky State Fair, the Rolling Stones played a concert at Cardinal Stadium on September 19, 1989, as part of the Steel Wheels Tour. Living Color opened for the legendary rock band. Boy band N'Sync performed at Cardinal Stadium on August 10, 2001, as part of the PopOdyssey Tour.

From 2001 to 2003, the Bands of America Louisville Regional Championships were held at the stadium.

Demolition
Local proposals included the demolition of Cardinal Stadium in order to build a new arena, as part of a long term push to build a new indoor-facility to replace the aging Freedom Hall, which is also at the Exposition Center. This became moot with the 2010 opening of the downtown KFC Yum! Center and continued use of Freedom Hall as a venue for concerts and smaller sporting events. More recent plans from the Kentucky State Fair Board sought to demolish this facility to build an outdoor amphitheater with permanent seating for 12,000. On April 26, 2013, the Kentucky State Fair Board stated that the seating in the stadium was unstable for people to sit in. Seating was placed on the field for concerts at the 2013 and 2014 Kentucky State Fair. Demolition of the most unsafe portions of the stadium (mainly the football-specific east grandstand) began on November 17, 2014.

During its 2018 regular session, the Kentucky General Assembly approved funds for the complete demolition of Old Cardinal Stadium, and in September of that year, the president of the Kentucky State Fair Board told legislators that complete demolition would start sometime in early 2019. The Fair Board has issued a request for proposals by private contractors to redevelop the stadium site.

Demolition was to officially commence the afternoon of January 24, 2019, with a media event featuring Governor Matt Bevin. The media event was cancelled. After weather-related delays, demolition officially began on March 20, 2019. Demolition was completed in June 2019.

title: Cardinal Stadium (1956)


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Koskenpää

Koskenpää is a village and former municipality of Finland in the Central Finland region. It was consolidated with Jämsänkoski in 1969, which in turn was consolidated with Jämsä in 2009.

It bordered Jämsänkoski, Jämsä, Kuorevesi, Keuruu, Petäjävesi and Korpilahti. The distance to Jämsä is roughly 26 km.

Villages
Villages include:
 * Koskenpää or Koskenpään kirkonkylä
 * Kalmavirta
 * Sahloinen
 * Hankaperä
 * Lylyniemi
 * Mäkikylä

Lakes
Significant lakes include Iso Rautavesi, Kalmavesi and Salosvesi.

History
The history of Koskenpää is deeply connected to the history of Jämsä. The area was originally a part of the Jämsä parish and the name Koskenpää originally referred to the parts of the parish beyond the Jämsänkoski rapids. It was also known as Koskenpäällystä.

The idea of separating Koskenpää from Jämsä appeared in the 1880s due to Koskenpää's distance from Jämsä proper. Koskenpää was defined as a chapel community in 1901, which became a separate parish in 1912. The municipality was formed later in 1926 along with Jämsänkoski.

Koskenpään Tervatehdas Oy, a tar production factory, was founded in 1909 and was closed in the 50s. It also produced charcoal and turpentine.

Koskenpää was consolidated with Jämsänkoski in 1969, while Jämsänkoski was consolidated with Jämsä in 2009. The area of the former Koskenpää municipality has its own village association, Koskenpää ry.

Services
There are over 30 businesses in Koskenpää.

Sauna production
The barrel-shaped sauna (tynnyrisauna) was invented in Koskenpää by Esko Niinimäki, who converted a large barrel from the defunct tar factory into a sauna. This sauna became an attraction and soon the production of barrel saunas was started in Koskenpää. Tynnyrimökit Oy still produces barrel saunas in the area of Koskenpää.

Education
Koskenpää has one school covering classes 1 to 6 (ala-aste). Grades 7-9 attend the Jämsänkoski school instead.

Travel
Like many other smaller settlements in Central Finland, Koskenpää has many summer homes, both private and rentable.

title: Koskenpää


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Creedmoor chassidism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 03:25, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Creedmoor chassidism
Hoax created by notorious vandal. Google comes up empty, needless to say. Rl 19:13, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. It's not a hoax, or vanvalism. It's a longstanding joke on the usenet group soc.culture.jewish and subsequently soc.culture.jewish.moderated. It's fiction, sophomoric humor IMHO. The scjm are taking this as "proof" of the unreliability of Wikipedia as a resource. -- micha 15:17, 11 Apr 2005 (EDT)
 * Strong delete. Not only Google comes up empty, I've verified otherwise. We should speedy this vandal's contributions. Solver 19:16, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Creedmoorer Chassidism is a very important development in recent Jewish history and we should be honoured to have it summarised here!
 * First two contributions ever by are this vote here and a vote at the Creedmore chassidism Vfd. -- Curps 11:01, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Dome of the Schlock (Wal-Mart)" kind of gives it away. -- Curps 19:21, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable. Xezbeth  19:22, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Abusive vandalism  Alai 23:08, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The author of this article write obscure Jewish humor on a Jewish Usenet newsgroup. This article is literally a joke, and as such must be deleted. RK 23:30, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. This is very funny and should certainly be retained. Ariadne
 * Last message by

 * Um, funny is not a criteria for keeping or deleting an article. RK

 * This is a hoax, a very funny one, by one of the regular contributors to a newsgroup on which I participate. If satirical articles aren't permitted, then this be deleted posthaste.   Garry

 * Delete --Eliezer 00:52, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete hoax DDerby 04:33, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, hoax. Megan1967 06:59, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. This article and the others are the kind of silly stuff people often write for Purim. Jayjg (talk) 22:08, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Irrelevantheart

Please do not remove VfD notices and please do not use Wikipedia to attempt to continue a scam. — Asbestos | Talk  19:14, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Whether or not it's a scam, the site is fully written up at Gratis Internet. We don't need links from wikipedia with your referral number on them, however. — Asbestos | Talk  19:24, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Irrelevantheart


text: User talk:67.81.11.113

title: User talk:67.81.11.113


text:
User:James Smith

James Smith is a citizen of Newfoundland, Canada, and is an undergraduate student at MUN, where he is pursuing a B.Sc. in biology with a minor in Philosophy.

title: User:James Smith


text:
User:Snowball~enwiki

Dankrad Feist

Personal Homepage

title: User:Snowball~enwiki


text:
Talk:Etymologiae

Tertullian
I have never made a suggestion for a Wikipedia article before so apologies if this is the wrong way to point this out, but Tertullian was a Christian author, not a Pagan one as it says in the article. 87.81.227.94 (talk) 12:39, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

Whether or not it supplanted other resources
It says right in the current text (which the reverting editor says he wrote himself) that "[t]hrough the Middle Ages Etymologiae was the textbook most in use, regarded so highly as a repository of classical learning that, in a great measure, it superseded the use of the individual works of the classics themselves, full texts of which were no longer copied and thus were lost. It was one of the most popular compendia in medieval libraries" (emphasis mine). This is referenced to: Barney, Stephen A.; Lewis, W. J.; Beach, J. A.; Berghof, O. (2006). The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-21969-6. I think that "superseded" and "supplanted" are pretty equivalent, particularly since the full texts were lost and no longer available, whereas disagrees and would rather edit-war than follow the standard process for discussing disagreement on content. That two separate and very different editors disagree with the reverting editor does not appear to have occurred to him. So...let's discuss. Risker (talk) 21:00, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Please maintain politeness. What the text, and the cited source, does not say is that "Scholars recognize its importance less for the preservation of classical texts that it largely supplanted than for the insight it offers into medieval thought." In other words, it is agreed by everyone that it did the supplanting; it is not at all agreed that scholars recognise its importance for that fact. The opposite may well be (I think is) true, namely that scholars are incredibly interested in the fragments it preserved. If you want to maintain that they aren't interested in the fragments but in the fact of supplanting, you definitely need sources for that. Chiswick Chap (talk) 21:17, 3 October 2018 (UTC)
 * My message is considerably more polite than the one you left on 's talk page, and I am quite shocked that you found it more polite to re-revert than to follow BRD, which is pretty much the type of rudeness that BRD is meant to prevent. The modern scholars, according to the article (and references 48, 47, and 4) all imply that the main longterm impact of the work is the reflection into the medieval mindset. Risker (talk) 22:05, 3 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I've added a mention of the medieval mindset in the lead. Chiswick Chap (talk) 06:21, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

Typography in volume 1
There is a reference based on a (respected) French magazine source at Quotation mark which quotes from the Etymologiae. I suspect that it is volume 1 from the table given in the article. To save you the effort, here is the relevant section: "The single quotation mark is traced to Ancient Greek practice, adopted and adapted by monastic copyists. In his seventh century encyclopedia, The Etymologiae, Isidore of Seville describes their use of the Greek diplé (a chevron) " ⟩ Diplé: our copyists place this sign in the books of the people of the Church, to separate or to indicate the quotations drawn from the Holy Scriptures"."

Even though the source doesn't say so, would it be reasonable to say "In Volume 1 of his seventh ..."? Is "Diplé" the correct word?--John Maynard Friedman (talk) 22:00, 5 June 2020 (UTC)

Citogenesis
appears to have captured a citogenesis in the wild! I've been waiting for ages to see one. I'm not sure that this one stands being pinned to the board though? Yes, I know, spoilsport. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 23:31, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I went to update the sentence with this extra information but before saving, concluded that the whole thing is off-topic, and furthermore violates wp:LEAD because it doesn't summarise body content. I moved the citations to the article about Isidore, where it belongs. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 20:33, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Etymologiae


text: User talk:85.64.51.216

title: User talk:85.64.51.216


text:
Talk:Mark Owen

Edit war-vs-discussion
The point of protecting the page was to stimulate discussion as opposed to the edit warring that has been going on. So, who wants to step up and present their side? Beeblebrox (talk) 00:03, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I have never edited this article. Yesterday, Owen admitted one affair lasting from 2004-2009, and around ten one-night stands during the same period. It is relevant to his life, and therefore should be included in his biography. It was The Sun he told, therefore they are the source of the story, hence its article I'm a love-cheat, a drunk... and a complete idiot should be included. The story has been reported by other national UK newspapers, including The Telegraph,Take That's Mark Owen admits affairs who are a reliable, high-quality broadsheet. Jim Michael (talk) 01:10, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with above statement. Post it!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.155.51.170 (talk) 14:11, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * This news has turned out to be massive and is potentially going to have an impact on his marriage and his future as a member of Take That. I think it's of enough importance to be included in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brommyefc (talk • contribs) 03:41, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * IMO it is not worth inclusion, also the citation offered at the time was the Sun, what did we have, rock star sleeps with girls....not very special is it, we could add that to every rock stars start bio. I imagine he was going to be outed with a kiss and tell and he got in  there first, but that is just my opinion. What is perhaps better to include as perhaps notable is the checking into rehab with an alchohol problem,a nd there is a BBC citation have a look. It should be remembered that this is not a celebrity magazine but the biography of a living person at wikipedia and we report notable things that relate to subjects notability not kiss and tell stories, mark said in 2010 that he slept with some other girls b4 he got married, yawn. Off2riorob (talk) 12:19, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The Sun ref should be added as it is the source of the story; The Telegraph ref as well, due to its reliability. Although Owen has only been married to Ferguson since November, he was in a relationship with her continuously since 2004; their son was born in 2006, their daughter in 2008. That he had an affair with Neva Handley from 2004-2009 is certainly relevant to his personal life, and since it being revealed in national newspapers and discussed on national TV, it is relevant to his public life. Whilst pop stars are not typically monogamous, Owen was widely believed / assumed to be. Sexual / infidelity details are typically stated on Wikipedia biographies when the info is reliably sourced. Owen has admitted the affair and the one-night stands, as well as having a drink problem. Hence the info should be included. If we write the info in a neutral way, stick to what the sources say and cite them, there are no neutrality / BLP vios or libel issues; he is a public figure who has chosen how to live his life and has then sold his story to the press. It appears that Handley was about to sell her story and he pre-empted that, although I can't find a reliable source that states that to be the case. Jim Michael (talk) 13:53, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * We are not required to add the source of the story and in this case the Sun is the primary source for the content and we are looking for high quality third party reports. Anyway, ask yourself this, imagine in ten years will this be notable valuable detail worthy of remembering, no of course it won't. But, none the less,(against my better judgment)the edit I have prepared for possible inclusion is below, neutrally written in a non tabloid, non titillating way, in line with policy. Off2riorob (talk) 14:03, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Whilst adding the source is not required, I think it would be preferable. The five-year affair with Handley is certainly relevant to Owen's bio, and will remain so for the rest of his life and for a long time after his death; it should be included. A mere vague mention of infidelity is underplaying it. Obviously, we should avoid tabloidish terms and not be judgemental, but we should not censor things either. Jim Michael (talk) 17:26, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Adding a titillating tabloid citation is never desirable or required. Also there is nothing being censored at all, all the major details have been included. Your claim that this indiscretion previous to marriage will be notable about him for long time is not really true at all, he will be notable long time for his singing not his kiss and tell. The claimed length of affairs and the number of claimed affairs is of little or no value to the addition. I am unsure as to your position regarding my offered addition but if you disagree that my addition is not ok then please offer your desired addition here and we can ask for opinions as to which is the preferable addition. Off2riorob (talk) 17:33, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Not all of the major details are included in the suggestion below; it fails to mention he had a five-year affair with Handley, which is an major part of his life. A bio is about the subject's whole life, not only his career. I never said or suggested that Owen is notable for his sex life. However, a person's verfied, reliably sourced sexual relationships, especially those of substantial duration, are routinely included in biographies on Wikipedia and elsewhere as they are relevant to the subject's life. In addition, the duration of his relationship with Ferguson (2004-present) should be stated, as should when they became engaged (2006), and when they moved in together. 'Two children' is nowhere near enough, it should be son (born 2006) and daughter (born 2008). Jim Michael (talk) 18:12, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Dates of children's births are of no value, and naming of a not notable person that it is claimed have a five year affair with, the name adds nothing as does the length of the affair, how is their relationship notable, did he write songs about her, did he perhaps buy her a love nest  what please present your desired addition here and we can request opinions as to the most correct within policy, thanks. Off2riorob (talk) 18:15, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I didn't claim that Owen is notable for his sex life. His five-year affair is relevant to his life, and hence his bio. Names of a subject's long-term sexual partners (notable or not) are routinely added to bios on WP and elsewhere. Thousands of WP bios, including Gordon Brown and Barack Obama, state their children's names, genders and years of birth. I'm not saying Owen's children's dates of birth should be stated, but the years should be. Jim Michael (talk) 18:31, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, I could compromise on the years of his children's birth, your other point about what is and is not routinely added to wikipedia is not my concern, I can and am only dealing with this one issue, if you want content added apart from my desired addition below then please place your exact desired addition here for compare as this discussion is not going anywhere, thanks. As a sign of my good faith I will add the birth years of his children. After looking it is not in the citation, but this is...  The singer added: "I'd like to ask the media to please respect the privacy of my wife and children during this difficult time."  Off2riorob (talk) 18:37, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I have refs for his children's birth years. Owen chose to talk to the Sun; Ferguson chose to receive attention from the media and public; she knew that was part of having a relationship with a famous person. It is not for you and I alone to decide on the wording, hence I am not suggesting what it should be. What I am saying is that a verified five-year affair is relevant to Owen's life and hence should be included on his bio. I would like to read other people's input, so that we can try to get consensus on this matter. Jim Michael (talk) 19:27, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, post what you want to add with your supporting citations and anyone can have a look at what you want to add. Off2riorob (talk) 19:40, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I fail to see why you didn't offer your addition here for comparison as discussed? Why is that? Off2riorob (talk) 21:01, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * You said to add what I wanted to, with supporting citations, which I was in the process of doing. The Telegraph is a reliable source. I didn't choose the wording until I entered the text; I was hoping for other people to enter the discussion here. Most of the people who have commented on this talk page want the affair mentioned, so I did so. If someone does not like the wording, they could alter it, but there are no laws, policies or guidelines broken by the edit of mine that you reverted. Jim Michael (talk) 21:07, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * If you did not understand that we are in discussion, I meant and requested multiple times that you add your desired addition here for comparison on the talkpage and when you do I will request wider community comment. If you need a further pointer, the naming of the person he is alleged to have had an affair with adds nothing to the article as she is not a notable person, so although she has been named, we do not need to add her name and the readers get nothing from the adding of such a not notable name.Off2riorob (talk) 21:10, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I wasn't sure of the wording to use, I was waiting for more comments here on the matter, but when the full protection expired without that happening, I chose to add it simply and neutrally, so that if anyone objected, there would be a WP:BRD process. I believe my addition was correct; I don't see any WP policy or guideline that says that a subject's long-term lover's name should not be stated in his bio. Names of non-notable lovers are stated on thousands of bios, on WP and elsewhere. Her name is stated in mainstream, national newspapers. Jim Michael (talk) 21:40, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see any benefit to our readers in including the name. Off2riorob (talk) 21:42, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see why it should be excluded, when no law or policy says we should. As names are routinely stated in bios, I don't see why this article should be any different. At the moment, the article just says he was unfaithful. What justification is there to exclude the length of the affair, even if the one-night stands are thought too trivial to mention? The reader should have a good idea of the subject's life. I don't really have an opinion of Owen; I only want to improve articles; this one is incomplete. Jim Michael (talk) 21:50, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see any benefit to our readers in including the name. We have added all the specifics of the issue, he has been unfaithful, but not since he got married and he has a drinking  problem and he has checked into rehab clinic, the excessive personal  details can be enjoyed at  celebrity on line. The content and main issues is complete. Off2riorob  (talk) 21:42, 14 March 2010  (UTC)
 * Not all the specifics are not stated. A vague 'unfaithful' is not stating that he had an affair that lasted from 2004-2009. A five-year sexual relationship undoubtedly has significance to a person's life; why exclude it? Jim Michael (talk) 22:31, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Personal life

 * On 8th November 2009, Mark married his girlfriend, Emma Ferguson in Cawdor,  Scotland. They have two children. In March 2010 Owen revealed that before he married Ferguson he had been unfaithful to her but said that he had been faithful since his marriage, he also revealed that his drinking had become  a problem and checked into a private clinic for rehabilitation.

Orphaned references in Mark Owen
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Mark Owen's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "bpi.co.uk": From Gary Barlow discography: http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx From Gary Barlow:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 20:25, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mark Owen


text: File:Logo of the Montreal, Maine & Atlantic Railway.png


text: User talk:68.56.223.80

title: User talk:68.56.223.80


text:
Yellowstone hotspot

The Yellowstone hotspot is a volcanic hotspot in the United States responsible for large scale volcanism in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Wyoming, formed as the North American tectonic plate moved over it. It formed the eastern Snake River Plain through a succession of caldera-forming eruptions. The resulting calderas include the Island Park Caldera, Henry's Fork Caldera, and the Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera. The hotspot currently lies under the Yellowstone Caldera. The hotspot's most recent caldera-forming supereruption, known as the Lava Creek Eruption, took place 640,000 years ago and created the Lava Creek Tuff, and the most recent Yellowstone Caldera. The Yellowstone hotspot is one of a few volcanic hotspots underlying the North American tectonic plate; another example is the Anahim hotspot.

Snake River Plain
The eastern Snake River Plain is a topographic depression that cuts across Basin and Range Mountain structures, more or less parallel to North American plate motion. Beneath more recent basalts are rhyolite lavas and ignimbrites that erupted as the lithosphere passed over the hotspot. Younger volcanoes that erupted after passing over the hotspot covered the plain with young basalt lava flows in places, including Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve.

The central Snake River plain is similar to the eastern plain, but differs by having thick sections of interbedded lacustrine (lake) and fluvial (stream) sediments, including the Hagerman Fossil Beds.

Nevada–Oregon calderas
Although the McDermitt volcanic field on the Nevada–Oregon border is frequently shown as the site of the initial impingement of the Yellowstone Hotspot, new geochronology and mapping demonstrates that the area affected by this mid-Miocene volcanism is significantly larger than previously appreciated. Three silicic calderas have been newly identified in northwest Nevada, west of the McDermitt volcanic field as well as the Virgin Valley Caldera. These calderas, along with the Virgin Valley Caldera and McDermitt Caldera, are interpreted to have formed during a short interval 16.5–15.5 million years ago, in the waning stage of the Steens flood basalt volcanism. The northwest Nevada calderas have diameters ranging from 15 to 26 km and deposited high temperature rhyolite ignimbrites over approximately 5000 km2.

As the hotspot drifted beneath what is now Nevada and Oregon, it increased ecological beta diversity locally by fragmenting previously connected habitats and increasing topographic diversity in western North America.

The Bruneau-Jarbidge volcanic field erupted between ten and twelve million years ago, spreading a thick blanket of ash in the Bruneau-Jarbidge event and forming a wide caldera. Animals were suffocated and burned in pyroclastic flows within a hundred miles of the event, and died of slow suffocation and starvation much farther away, notably at Ashfall Fossil Beds, located 1000 miles downwind in northeastern Nebraska, where a foot of ash was deposited. There, two hundred fossilized rhinoceros and many other animals were preserved in two meters of volcanic ash. By its characteristic chemical fingerprint and the distinctive size and shape of its crystals and glass shards, the volcano stands out among dozens of prominent ashfall horizons laid down in the Cretaceous, Paleogene, and Neogene periods of central North America. The event responsible for this fall of volcanic ash was identified as Bruneau-Jarbidge. Prevailing westerlies deposited distal ashfall over a vast area of the Great Plains.

Twin Falls and Picabo volcanic fields
The Twin Falls and Picabo volcanic fields were active about 10 million years ago. The Picabo Caldera was notable for producing the Arbon Valley Tuff 10.2 million years ago.

Heise volcanic field
The Heise volcanic field of eastern Idaho produced explosive caldera-forming eruptions which began 6.6 million years ago and lasted for more than 2 million years, sequentially producing four large-volume rhyolitic eruptions. The first three caldera-forming rhyolites – Blacktail Tuff, Walcott Tuff and Conant Creek Tuff – totaled at least 2250 km3 of erupted magma. The final, extremely voluminous, caldera-forming eruption – the Kilgore Tuff – which erupted 1800 km3 of ash, occurred 4.5 million years ago.

Yellowstone Plateau

The Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field is composed of four adjacent calderas. West Thumb Lake is itself formed by a smaller caldera which erupted 174,000 years ago. (See Yellowstone Caldera map.) The Henry's Fork Caldera in Idaho was formed in an eruption of more than 280 km3 1.3 million years ago, and is the source of the Mesa Falls Tuff. The Henry's Fork Caldera is nested inside of the Island Park Caldera and the calderas share a rim on the western side. The earlier Island Park Caldera is much larger and more oval and extends well into Yellowstone Park. Although much smaller than the Island Park Caldera, the Henry's Fork Caldera is still sizeable at 18 mi long and 23 mi wide and its curved rim is plainly visible from many locations in the Island Park area.

Of the many calderas formed by the Yellowstone Hotspot, including the later Yellowstone Caldera, the Henry's Fork Caldera is the only one that is currently clearly visible. The Henry's Fork of the Snake River flows through the Henry's Fork Caldera and drops out at Upper and Lower Mesa Falls. The caldera is bounded by the Ashton Hill on the south, Big Bend Ridge and Bishop Mountain on the west, by Thurburn Ridge on the North and by Black Mountain and the Madison Plateau on the east. The Henry's Fork caldera is in an area called Island Park. Harriman State Park is situated in the caldera.

The Island Park Caldera is older and much larger than the Henry's Fork Caldera with approximate dimensions of 58 mi by 40 mi. It is the source of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff that is found from southern California to the Mississippi River near St. Louis. This supereruption occurred 2.1 million years BP and produced 2500 km3 (700 mi³) of ash. The Island Park Caldera is sometimes referred to as the First Phase Yellowstone Caldera or the Huckleberry Ridge Caldera. The youngest of the hotspot calderas, the Yellowstone Caldera, formed 640,000 years ago and is about 34 mi by 45 mi wide. Non-explosive eruptions of lava and less-violent explosive eruptions have occurred in and near the Yellowstone Caldera since the last super eruption. The most recent lava flow occurred about 70,000 years ago, while the largest violent eruption excavated the West Thumb of Lake Yellowstone around 150,000 years ago. Smaller steam explosions occur as well – an explosion 13,800 years ago left a 5 kilometer diameter crater at Mary Bay on the edge of Yellowstone Lake.

Both the Heise and Yellowstone volcanic fields produced a series of caldera-forming eruptions characterised by magmas with so-called "normal" oxygen isotope signatures (with heavy oxygen-18 isotopes) and a series of predominantly post-caldera magmas with so-called "light" oxygen isotope signatures (characterised as low in heavy oxygen-18 isotopes). The final stage of volcanism at Heise was marked by "light" magma eruptions. If Heise is any indication, this could mean that the Yellowstone Caldera has entered its final stage, but the volcano might still exit with a climactic fourth caldera event analogous to the fourth and final caldera-forming eruption of Heise (the Kilgore Tuff) – which was also made up of so-called "light" magmas. The appearance of "light" magmas would seem to indicate that the uppermost portion of the continental crust has largely been consumed by the earlier caldera- forming events, exhausting the melting potential of the crust above the mantle plume. In this case Yellowstone could be expiring. It could be another 1–2 million years (as the North American Plate moves across the Yellowstone hotspot) before a new supervolcano is born to the northeast, and the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field joins the ranks of its deceased ancestors in the Snake River Plain. A 2020 study suggests that the hotspot may be waning.

Eruptive history

 * Wapi Lava field and King's Bowl blowout, northeast of Rupert, Idaho; 2.270 ka ±0.15. (2,270 years ago)
 * Hell's Half Acre lava field, west to southwest of Idaho Falls; 3.250 ka ±0.15. (3,250 years ago)
 * Shoshone lava field, North of Twin Falls, Idaho; 8.400 ka ±0.3.
 * Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve; Great Rift of Idaho; the lava field was formed during eight eruptive episodes between about 15 and 2 ka.
 * Kings Bowl and Wapi lava fields formed about 2.250 ka.
 * Yellowstone Caldera; between 70 and 150 ka; 1000 km3 intracaldera rhyolitic lava flows.
 * Yellowstone Park
 * Yellowstone Caldera (size: 45 x 85 km); 640 ka; VEI 8; more than 1000 km3 of Lava Creek Tuff.
 * Henry's Fork Caldera (size: 16 km wide); 1.3 Ma; VEI 7; 280 km3 of Mesa Falls Tuff.
 * Island Park Caldera
 * Harriman State Park
 * Island Park Caldera (size: 100 x 50 km); 2.1 Ma; VEI 8; 2450 km3 of Huckleberry Ridge Tuff.
 * Heise volcanic field, Idaho:
 * Kilgore Caldera (size: 80 x 60 km); VEI 8; 1800 km3 of Kilgore Tuff; 4.45 Ma ±0.05.
 * 4.49 Ma tuff of Heise
 * 5.37 Ma tuff of Elkhorn Springs
 * 5.51 Ma ±0.13 (Conant Creek Tuff) (but Anders (2009): 5.94 Ma)
 * 5.6 Ma; 500 km3 of Blue Creek Tuff.
 * 5.81 Ma tuff of Wolverine Creek
 * 6.27 Ma ±0.04 (Walcott Tuff).
 * 6.57 Ma tuff of Edie School
 * Blacktail Caldera (size: 100 x 60 km); 6.62 Ma ±0.03; 1500 km3 of Blacktail Tuff.
 * 7.48 Ma tuff of America Falls
 * 8.72 Ma Grey's landing Ignimbrite; VEI 8. At least 2,800 km3 of volcanic material.
 * 8.75 Ma tuff of Lost River Sinks
 * 8.99 Ma, McMullen Supereruption; VEI 8. At least 1,700 km3 of volcanic material.
 * 9.17 Ma tuff of Kyle Canyon
 * 9.34 Ma tuff of Little Chokecherry Canyon
 * Twin Falls volcanic field, Twin Falls County, Idaho; 8.6 to 10 Ma.
 * Picabo volcanic field, Picabo, Idaho; 10.09 Ma (Arbon Valley Tuff A) and 10.21 Ma ±0.03 (Arbon Valley Tuff B).
 * Bruneau-Jarbidge volcanic field, Bruneau River/ Jarbidge River, Idaho; 10.0 to 12.5 Ma; Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption.
 * Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field, Owyhee County, Idaho, Nevada, and Oregon; around 12.8 to 13.9 Ma.
 * McDermitt volcanic field, Orevada rift, McDermitt, Nevada/ Oregon (five overlapping and nested calderas; satellitic to these are two additional calderas), 20000 km2:
 * Trout Creek Mountains, East of the Pueblo Mountains, Whitehorse Caldera (size: 15 km wide), Oregon; 15 Ma; 40 km3 of Whitehorse Creek Tuff.
 * Jordan Meadow Caldera, (size: 10–15 km wide); 15.6 Ma; 350 km3 Longridge Tuff member 2–3.
 * Longridge Caldera, (size: 33 km wide); 15.6 Ma; 400 km3 Longridge Tuff member 5.
 * Calavera Caldera, (size: 17 km wide); 15.7 Ma; 300 km3 of Double H Tuff.
 * Trout Creek Mountains, Pueblo Caldera (size: 20 x 10 km), Oregon; 15.8 Ma; 40 km3 of Trout Creek Mountains Tuff.
 * Hoppin Peaks Caldera, 16 Ma; Hoppin Peaks Tuff.
 * Washburn Caldera, (size: 30 x 25 km wide), Oregon; 16.548 Ma; 250 km3 of Oregon Canyon Tuff.
 * Yellowstone hotspot (?), Lake Owyhee volcanic field; 15.0 to 15.5 Ma.
 * Yellowstone hotspot (?), Northwest Nevada volcanic field, Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and unnamed calderas; West of the Pine Forest Range, Nevada; 15.5 to 16.5 Ma; Tuffs: Idaho Canyon, Ashdown, Summit Lake, and Soldier Meadow.
 * Columbia River Basalt Province: Yellowstone hotspot sets off a huge pulse of volcanic activity, the first eruptions were near the Oregon-Idaho-Washington border. Columbia River and Steens flood basalts, Pueblo, and Malheur Gorge-region, Pueblo Mountains, Steens Mountain, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; most vigorous eruptions were from 14 to 17 Ma; 180000 km3 of lava.
 * Columbia River flood basalts, 175000 km3
 * Steens flood basalts, 65000 km3
 * Crescent volcanics, Olympic Peninsula/ southern Vancouver Island, 50–60 Ma.
 * Siletz River Volcanics, Oregon Coast Range, a sequence of basaltic pillow lavas.
 * Carmacks Group, Yukon, 63000 km2, 70 Ma.

title: Yellowstone hotspot


text:
HM Prison and Probation Service

His Majesty's Prison and Probation Service is an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice (MOJ) responsible for the correctional services in England and Wales. It was created in 2004 as the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) by combining parts of both of the headquarters of the National Probation Service and His Majesty's Prison Service with some existing Home Office functions. In 2017, some of the agency's functions transferred to the Ministry of Justice and it received a new name.

Creation as NOMS
NOMS was created on 1 June 2004 following a review by Patrick Carter (now Lord Carter of Coles), a Labour-supporting businessman. Carter had been asked by the government to propose a way of achieving a better balance between the prison population in England and Wales and the resources available for the correctional services. He proposed three radical changes. Firstly, that there should be 'end-to-end management' of each offender from first contact with the correctional services to full completion of the sentence. Secondly, that there should be a clear division between the commissioners of services and their providers. And thirdly that there should be 'contestability' amongst these providers. By this means, he argued, efficiency would be increased, unit costs reduced, and innovation encouraged. Growth in the prison population, which had increased by two thirds over the previous ten years, would be constrained by giving the courts greater confidence in the effectiveness of community sentences as opposed to prison sentences through better management of offenders, leading to reduced levels of recidivism. The Government accepted these proposals.

Changes following the creation of the MOJ
On 9 May 2007 the correctional services element of the Home Office was moved to join the former Department of Constitutional Affairs in the newly created Ministry of Justice. In January 2008, the then Secretary of State for Justice, Jack Straw, announced major organisational reform which resulted in the Director-General of His Majesty's Prison Service, Phil Wheatley, becoming the Chief Executive of NOMS, and assuming responsibility for both the National Probation Service (NPS) as well as HM Prison Service and management of contracts for private sector operation of prisons and prisoner escorting. Following this the Chief Executive post was reclassified as Director-General. and NOMS was designated as an executive agency within the Ministry of Justice

Introduction of HMPPS
In February 2017, the then-Secretary of State for Justice, Liz Truss, confirmed that NOMS would be replaced by HMPPS in April that year. Responsibility for commissioning services, development of policy and setting standards passed from the agency to the MoJ.

List of Chief Executives

 * Martin Narey (2004 to 2005)
 * Helen Edwards (2005 to 2008)
 * Phil Wheatley as Director-General (2008 to 2010)
 * Michael Spurr (2010 to 2019)
 * Jo Farrar (2019 to 2022)
 * Amy Rees (2022 to present)

title: HM Prison and Probation Service


text:
Street Legal (Canadian TV series)

Street Legal is a Canadian legal drama television series, which aired on CBC Television from 1987 to 1994, followed twenty-five years later by a six-episode season with a substantially different cast. Street Legal was the longest-running one-hour scripted drama in the history of Canadian television, holding the record for twenty years before being surpassed by Heartland's 139th episode on March 29, 2015.

Synopsis
Street Legal focuses on the professional and private lives of the partners in a small Toronto, Ontario law firm. The primary stars are Sonja Smits, Eric Peterson and C. David Johnson, and the cast also includes Julie Khaner, Albert Schultz, Cynthia Dale, Maria del Mar, Ron Lea, Anthony Sherwood and Diane Polley.

The series is distinctively Canadian, in the use of Canadian court customs and procedures. Much of the show's music was composed by Eric Robertson who was nominated for a Gemini Award in 1987 for his work on the show.

Cast and characters
In the early episodes, the show's three core characters were Carrie Barr (Smits), Leon Robinovitch (Peterson) and Chuck Tchobanian (Johnson), partners in the small downtown Toronto law firm of Barr, Robinovitch and Tchobanian. The three did not necessarily always see eye to eye on things: Tchobanian was a flashy, confident and conservative lawyer who was most interested in taking high-profile cases that would get his name into the media; Robinovitch was an activist labour lawyer who believed in defending the little guy and mounted a campaign for Mayor of Toronto during the series run; Barr was a soft-spoken and initially naïve young lawyer who was sometimes forced to mediate between her more opinionated partners. According to series producer Maryke McEwen, "if you want to label the characters I'd call them Liberal, Conservative and NDP."

Characters introduced later included Mercedes (Sealy-Smith), the firm's no-nonsense office manager; Olivia Novak (Dale), an aggressive, risk-taking new lawyer with the firm who was a foil for Carrie and a love interest for Chuck; Alana Newman (Khaner), a judge who was married to Leon; Rob Diamond (Schultz), who joined the firm as a junior lawyer; Dillon Beck (Sherwood), a crown prosecutor who married Carrie; and Laura Crosby (del Mar), a new lawyer who joined the firm after Carrie was killed by a drunk driver.

In the 2019 revival, Olivia loses her job with a Bay Street firm, and joins RDL Legal, a boutique firm with whom she was formerly competing to land a major case.

Original cast

 * Sonja Smits as Carrington "Carrie" Barr
 * C. David Johnson as Charles "Chuck" Tchobanian
 * Eric Peterson as Leon Robinovitch
 * Cynthia Dale as Olivia Novak
 * David James Elliott as Nick Del Gado
 * Julie Khaner as Alana Newman Robinovitch
 * Anthony Sherwood as Dillon Beck
 * Albert Schultz as Rob Diamond
 * Maria del Mar as Laura Crosby
 * Ron Lea as Brian Malony
 * Alison Sealy-Smith as Mercedes

2019 revival cast

 * Cynthia Dale as Olivia Novak
 * Cara Ricketts as Lilly Rue
 * Steve Lund as Adam Darling
 * Yvonne Chapman as Mina Lee
 * Joanne Vannicola as Sam
 * Emmanuel Kabongo as Roman Mussi

Show history
The original series pilot aired on CBC Television in 1986 as Shellgame, a television film written by William Deverell which starred Brenda Robins as a lawyer defending accused murderer André (Germain Houde). The film was not well received by audiences or critics, however, and the project was retooled and recast before premiering as a series in 1987.

The series debuted on January 6, 1987, with a six-episode run that season. Maryke McEwen was the executive producer. Early critical response to the series frequently compared it to the contemporaneous American series L.A. Law, with some reviewers even coining the dismissive epithet T.O. Law. The series then returned for a longer second season in September 1987.

From the third through the seventh seasons, Brenda Greenberg was first senior producer, then executive producer, with Nada Harcourt taking over for the final season.

The show's last regular weekly episode aired on February 18, 1994.

Production wrapped up with the two-hour television film Last Rights, which aired on November 6, 1994. Loosely based on the case of Sue Rodriguez, an assisted suicide activist who died a week before Street Legal's final regular episode aired, the film centred on Olivia's criminal trial after helping a terminally ill friend (Brent Carver) commit suicide. The film drew 1.6 million viewers.

Revival
The concept for a 2019 revival of Street Legal was first discussed during a lunch including Cynthia Dale and Sally Catto, CBC's general manager of programming. During a subsequent lunch, producer Bernie Zukerman and Catto began to plan specifics for a relaunch. The revival centres on Olivia Novak (Dale), joining a small boutique law office, RDL Legal, after losing her job with a powerful Bay Street firm. In addition to Dale reprising her original role, the cast also includes Cara Ricketts, Steve Lund and Yvonne Chapman. Eric Peterson and Anthony Sherwood made guest appearances reprising their roles as Leon Robinovitch and Dillon Beck, but were not part of the full-time cast. Actors Allan Hawco, Patrick Labbé, Leni Parker, Rosemary Dunsmore and Tom McCamus also appeared in supporting roles.

The new season of six episodes premiered on March 4, 2019, on CBC Television. After each episode was broadcast, it also became available for viewing on the CBC Gem streaming service. The primary theme of the six episodes is the opioid crisis in Canada, including a class action lawsuit against a major pharmaceutical company that manufactures a highly addictive drug.

In April 2019, the CBC announced that the reboot would not be renewed for a second season. The ninth season premiered on June 21, 2021, on Ovation in the United States and was also released on the Ovation NOW app streaming service in the "Mystery Alley" channel section early before its premiere.

Production
The creators of the 2019 series were Bruce M. Smith and Bernie Zukerman. Smith and Zukerman were also the executive producers. The series was co-produced by IGP Productions and Broken Clown Company. Cynthia Dale and Rayne Zukerman were producers. Filming of the six episodes was completed primarily in Montreal with some work done in Toronto.

title: Street Legal (Canadian TV series)


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Çiğdem Talu

Çiğdem Talu (October 31, 1939 – May 28, 1983) was a Turkish pop music lyricist. The writer Ercüment Ekrem Talu was her grandfather.

Çiğdem wrote her first song "Ağlıyorum Yine", which was sung by Nilüfer and released on her single, "Kalbim Bir Pusula". The great success of this song led her to write songs for many other singers, among them for Yeliz and Füsun Önal. Turkey participated at the Eurovision Song Contest 1975 held in Stockholm, Sweden for the first time, and three songs written by Talu were in the qualification in Ankara.

That year, she met composer Melih Kibar and they started to make music together. Their first song, "İşte Öyle Bir Şey" sung by Erol Evgin was a great hit. From then on, Talu wrote and Kibar composed pop music songs for Evgin, which became hits. Talu and Kibar produced around 200 songs.

Talu wrote the lyrics for the play "Nereye Payidar", while the music was composed by Timur Selçuk. Many pop music singers, Nükhet Duru and Zerrin Özer included, used her lyrics.

She died of breast cancer in Istanbul. Following her death, a number of artists organized a series of concerts in her honor. In 2006, a number of her songs were put together as an album and sold.

Her daughter Zeynep also became a songwriter and music producer, who wrote the lyrics of the Turkish entry "Sev" at the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 held in Dublin, Ireland.

title: Çiğdem Talu


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Gap (landform)

A gap is a geological formation that is a low point or opening between hills or mountains or in a ridge or mountain range. It may be called a col, notch, pass, saddle, water gap, or wind gap. Geomorphologically, a gap is most often carved by water erosion from a freshet, stream or a river. Gaps created by freshets are often, if not normally, devoid of water through much of the year, their streams being dependent upon the meltwaters of a snow pack. Gaps sourced by small springs will generally have a small stream excepting perhaps during the most arid parts of the year.

Water gaps of necessity often cut entirely through a barrier range and riverine gaps may create canyons such as the riverine gaps of the Danube River, Lehigh River Gorge, the Colorado River's Grand Canyon and the Genesee River. Such cuttings may expose millennia of strata in the local rock column writing the geologic record.

title: Gap (landform)


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Dmitri Ivanovsky

Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky (alternative spelling Dmitrii or Dmitry Iwanowski; Дми́трий Ио́сифович Ивано́вский; 28 October 1864 – 20 June 1920) was a Russian botanist, the co-discoverer of viruses (1892), and one of the founders of virology.

Life
Ivanovsky was born in the village of Nizy, Gdov Uyezd. He studied at the University of Saint Petersburg under Andrei Famintsyn in 1887, when he was sent to Ukraine and Bessarabia to investigate a tobacco disease causing great damage to plantations located there at the time. Three years later, he was assigned to look into a similar disease occurrence of tobacco plants, this time raging in the Crimea region. He discovered that both incidents of disease were caused by an extremely minuscule infectious agent, capable of permeating porcelain Pasteur-Chamberland filters, something which bacteria could never do. He described his findings in an article (1892) and a dissertation (1902). Then he worked at the Imperial University of Warsaw and at Donskoy University in Rostov on Don.

In 1898, the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's experiments and became convinced that the filtered solution contained a new form of infectious agent, which he named virus. Beijerinck subsequently acknowledged Ivanovsky's priority of his discovery of the submicroscopic entity that was filterable.

title: Dmitri Ivanovsky


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Wikipedia:Picture of the day/June 2005

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Mark McGuire

Mark McGuire may refer to:

 * A misspelling of Mark McGwire
 * Mark McGuire (musician) (born 1986), American musician

title: Mark McGuire


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Wikipedia:Picture of the day/July 2005

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Wikipedia:Picture of the day/May 2005

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title: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/May 2005


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User:Jag123/Template:EC

EC [http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/nicezyme.pl? ];

title: User:Jag123/Template:EC


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Orléanais

The Duchy of Orléanais is a former province of France, which was created during the Renaissance by merging four former counties and towns. However after the French Revolution, the province was dissolved in 1791 and succeeded by five départments (less some communes to others).

Dukedom
The Duchy of Orléanais was created in 1344 by raising the former County of Orléans to a Dukedom under King Philip VI for his second son Philip de Valois. With the creation of the duchy, several localities around the former county were also integrated, they included the County of Beaugency and the Seigneurities of Neuville-aux-Bois, Yèvre-le-Châtel, Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais, Lorris, and Boiscommun. In 1375, Prince Philip died without a legitimate heir, the title of 'Duke of Orléans' and the duchy itself were merged into the royal domain (crown lands) of the King of France. In 1392, the duchy was re-created by King Charles VI for his younger brother Louis de Valois-Orléans. The duke was later succeeded by his son Charles de Valois-Orléans who reigned until 1465 when he died of natural causes. He was succeeded by his own son Louis de Valois-Orléans, who became King Louis XII in 1495 and the title was merged into the crown once more.

In 1519, the dukedom was once again created by King Francis I for his second son Henri de Valois-Angoulême. However, Henri later renounced his title when he became Dauphin of France (heir to the throne) in 1536. He was then succeeded by his son Charles de Valois-Angoulême who reigned as duke until he died of the flu in 1545.

In 1549, the dukedom was again created for the one year old Prince Louis de Valois-Angoulême, who died just a few months into his tenure. He was succeeded by his older brother Charles, who became King Charles IX in 1560 and renounced his dukedom. Charles was succeeded by Henri de Valois-Angoulême, but dropped his title in 1566 in exchange for the Dukedom of Anjou. In February 1566, the title was transferred to Queen Consort Chatherine de' Medici as Duchess of Orléans. She died in 1589 and the dukedome was once again merged into the crown.

In 1626, Louis XIII re-created the Dukedom of Orléans for his younger brother Gaston, Duke of Anjou who reigned as duke until 1660 when he died of natural causes. Once again the title merged into the crown for the last time.

Finally in 1661 the Dukedom of Orléans was created for the final time by King Louis XIV for his brother Prince Philip, Duke of Anjou. He was succeeded by his son, then his grandson, great-grandson, and finally great-great grandson Louis Philippe II. In 1793, he was executed for treason during the Reign of Terror and succeeded by his son Louis Philippe III (later King Louis Philippe). The title then transferred for the last time to Prince Ferdinand Philippe de Orléans who died in an accident in 1842 and the title was dissolved as the Kingdom of France itself was dissolved in 1830.

Province
The Province of Orléanais roughly corresponds to the old Duchy of Orléanais and was created on 7 April 1498 when Louis II became King Louis XII. The new province incorporated local counties, including the Orléans, Blois, Vendôme, Chartrès, and Étampes. With the duchy absorbed into the royal domain, it was transformed into a province (really a military district instead of the equivalent of an English county or American state).

In 1558, the province was elevated into a Generality (Géneralité) or General Government (Gouvernment Général) and a permanent governor was installed in the region. During this period, the Duke of Orléans was de jure owner of the land, but the Governor was de facto overseer of the province.

In 1776, as part of a reorganisation of the military general governments (provinces), the governments were divided into three categories. The highest or "most important" were the First Category including notably Rennes, Lyon, Aix, Strasbourg, and Metz; the Second Category included Orléanais, La Rochelle, Angoulême, Nevers; and the Special Category including Paris and Monaco. The first category's military governor was to be a Marshal of France, the second class were reserved for Lieutenant Generals, and the special regions were assigned by the King.

In 1791, under the auspicious of 'unity of France', the provinces were dissolved and succeeded by smaller départments. The former province was split between several new départments: Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Eure-et-Loir, Seine-et-Oise, and Yonne.

Some communes joined other départments, including:

 * Cher (Brinon-sur-Sauldre)
 * Essonne (Abbéville-la-Rivière, Angerville, Authon-la-Plaine, Auvers-Saint-Georges, Blandy, Boigneville, Bois-Herpin, Boissy-la-Rivière, Boissy-le-Cutté, Bouville, Brouy, Cerny, Chalo-Saint-Mars, Chalou-Moulineux, Chatignonville, Champmotteux, Chauffour-lès-Étréchy, Courdimanche-sur-Essonne, D'Huison-Longueville, Estouches, Étampes, Étréchy, Fontaine-la-Rivière, La Forêt-Sainte-Croix, Gironville-sur-Essonne, Guillerval, Maisse, Marolles-en-Beauce, Méréville, Mérobert, Mespuits, Monnerville, Morigny-Champigny, Ormoy-la-Rivière, Orveau, Plessis-Saint-Benoist, Prunay-sur-Essonne, Puiselet-le-Marais, Pussay, Richarville, Roinvilliers, Saclas, Saint-Cyr-la-Rivière, Saint-Escobille, Congerville-Thionville, Valpuiseaux, Vayres-sur-Essonne, and Villeneuve-sur-Auvers)
 * Indre-et-Loire (Chemillé-sur-Dême, Épeigné-sur-Dême, La Ferrière, Les Hermites, and Monthodon)
 * Sarthe (La Chapelle-Huon, Marolles-lès-Saint-Calais, Poncé-sur-le-Loir, Ruillé-sur-Loir, Saint-Calais, and Saint-Gervais-de-Vic)
 * Seine-et-Marne (Boulancourt and Buthiers)
 * Yvelines (Ablis, Allainville, Boinville-le-Gaillard, Orsonville, Paray-Douaville, Prunay-en-Yvelines, and Saint-Martin-de-Bréthencourt)

Governors
A governor of a province in France before the revolution was initially the representative of the King in the area and held no real power. Until the transformations under Louis XIV, the governorship of a province was more of a de jure appointment, and had no status in decision making. However, after Louis XIV's reforms, the governorship of a province transformed into a military-held appointment. From then, the governor was not just the King's representative, but also military commander of the area. In addition to his military duties, the governor was de facto leader of the province while the titular holder (ex: Duke of Orléans) was de jure owner of the province. Below is a list of the Governors of Orléanais:

Assemblies
In 1558, most provinces in France were separated further into tax districts or Élections. Orléanais included the following: Beauce, Blésois, Vendômois, Bas-Vendômois, Chartrès, Dunois, and Gâtinais (only part).

The Généralite of Orléanis had a 52 member assembly in Orléans who worked alongside the Duke of Orléans to run the province. Among the notable presidents was Anne-Charles-Sigismond de Montmorency-Luxembourg, Duke of Montmorency-Luxembourg.

title: Orléanais


text:
Ethnic groups in Vojvodina

Vojvodina is a province in Republic of Serbia and one of the most ethnically diverse regions in Europe, home to 25 different ethnicities.

Serbs

 * Serbs – There were 1,289,635 Serbs in Vojvodina or 66.76% of the population in the province. Serbs make up an absolute majority in most of the municipalities and large cities of Vojvodina, except in Subotica (second largest city), which has a mixed population with no absolute majority of any nation (but the Serbian language is spoken by plurality in Subotica). Large cities with a Serb ethnic majority are: Sremska Mitrovica (87.37%), Ruma (86.58%), Inđija (84.87%), Pančevo (79%), Novi Sad (78.79%), Bačka Palanka (78.59%), Kikinda (75.43%), Zrenjanin (74.24%), Vršac (72.26%),  Sombor (63.29%), and Apatin (62.79%). Other municipalities with a Serb ethnic majority are: Pećinci (91.1%), Opovo (86.14%), Titel (86.51%), Žabalj (84.69%), Odžaci (83.16%), Stara Pazova (82.86%),  Irig (78.53%), Sremski Karlovci (77.94%), Šid (77.93%), Kovin (74.58%), Bela Crkva (73.21%), Sečanj (69.3%), Novi Bečej (67.42%), Beočin (69.66%), Temerin (67.56%), Nova Crnja (67.39%), Srbobran (65.63%), Žitište (61.96%), Alibunar (60.71%), Kula (58.55%), Novi Kneževac (57.19%), Vrbas (55.23%) and Plandište (51.76%). Serbs are also the largest ethnic group in Bač (46.86%). Serbian is one of six official languages of Vojvodina, and is spoken by 76.63% of people in Vojvodina.

Hungarians

 * Hungarians – There are 251,136 Hungarians in Vojvodina or 13% of the population and they are the second largest ethnic group in the region. Hungarians mostly live in northern Vojvodina (northern Bačka and northern Banat). They constitute an absolute majority in 5 municipalities: Kanjiža (85.13%), Senta (79.09%), Ada (75.04%), Bačka Topola (57.94%), and Mali Iđoš (53.91%). There are also 3 ethnically mixed municipalities, with no absolute majority held by any nation, in which ethnic Hungarians constitute the largest percent of the population: Čoka (49.66%), Bečej (46.34%) and Subotica (35.65%). About two-thirds of all Hungarians in Vojvodina live in these 8 municipalities. Hungarian is one of the six official languages of Vojvodina, and is spoken by 14% of inhabitants.

Slovaks

 * Slovaks – There are 50,321 Slovaks in Vojvodina or 2.6% of population. Slovaks are the third largest ethnic group in Vojvodina. They constitute an absolute majority in Bački Petrovac municipality (66.41%) and they also constitute the largest percent of the population in Kovačica municipality (41.07%). Slovak is one of six official languages of Vojvodina, spoken by 2.71% of the population of the province.

Croats

 * Croats – There are 47,033 Croats in Vojvodina or 2.78% of the population. The largest concentration of Croats could be found in the municipalities of Apatin (10.42%) and Subotica (10%). Most of Bunjevci and almost all of Šokci of Vojvodina declare themselves as Croats. Also one part of Yugoslavs of Vojvodina were declaring themselves as Croats before 1971. Croatian is one of six official languages of Vojvodina, spoken by 1.04% of the population.

Roma people

 * Roma (Gypsy) – There are 42,391 Roma in Vojvodina or 2.19% of the population. The largest concentration of Roma could be found in the municipalities of Nova Crnja (6.83%), Beočin (6.51%), and Novi Kneževac (5.04%). The Roma language is not official in Vojvodina, but there are TV programs and other publications in the Roma language.

Romanians

 * The Romanians - There are 25,410 Romanians in Vojvodina or 1.32% of the population. The largest concentration of Romanians could be found in the municipalities of Alibunar (24.1%) and Vršac (10.4%). They settled in Banat during great migrations of Balkanic peoples caused by Ottoman conquest (1552–1716), and also during Austrian administration (1716–1776). According to theories of origin of Romanians, they emanated from Romanization of the Roman Province of Dacia, i.e. they descending from the antique populations of Dacians (Getae, Thracians) and Roman legionnaires and colonists. It is assumed that this Romance population survived great migrations of early Middle Ages somewhere in Transylvanian mountains, from where it later spread to Wallachia, Moldova, Banat and other areas. Romanian is one of six official languages of Vojvodina, spoken by 1.08% of inhabitants.

Montenegrins

 * Montenegrins - there are 22,141 declared ethnic Montenegrins in Vojvodina or 1.15% of the population. This does not includine those who identify as Montenegrin on a regional or national basis yet proclaim a Serbian identity. They were settled in Vojvodina during the 20th century, mostly shortly after World War II. The largest concentration of Montenegrins could be found in the municipalities of Vrbas (17.47%), Mali Iđoš (16.26%), and Kula (10.06%). Settlements in Vojvodina with Montenegrin majority are: Lovćenac (Mali Iđoš municipality), Kruščić (Kula municipality), and Savino Selo (Vrbas municipality).

Bunjevci

 * Bunjevci – Bunjevci are small ethnic group whose members mostly live in northern Vojvodina. There are 16,469 Bunjevci in Vojvodina.  The largest concentration of Bunjevci could be found in the municipalities of Subotica (9.57%) and Sombor (2.4%). Members of Bunjevci community are divided according to declaration of nationality and many also declare themselves as Croats or Yugoslavs. This nationality division also divide some Bunjevac families and there are many cases in which one sibling has declared as Bunjevac, while the other one has declared as Croat. They speak (or have spoken) a specific Ikavian-Shtokavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian language. In census, they declare their language as Bunjevac or Serbian.

Rusyns

 * Rusyns – There are 13,928 Rusyns in Vojvodina and constitute 0.72% of the population. The largest concentration of Rusyns could be found in the municipalities of Kula (11.16%), Vrbas (8.21%), Žabalj (5.11%), and Šid (3.38%). Rusyn language is one of six official languages of Vojvodina and is spoken by 0.57% of the population. The Rusyn language is spoken mostly in Vojvodina and it is classified as western Slavic, thought it shares many similarities with Slovak. There is also a Rusyn language in Ukraine, but it is a different language classified as eastern Slavic.

Yugoslavs

 * Yugoslavs – There are 12,176 Yugoslavs in Vojvodina or 0.63% of the population. They mostly speak Serbian.

Macedonians

 * Macedonians- There are 10,392 Macedonians in Vojvodina. They settled in Vojvodina during the 20th century, mostly after World War II. The largest concentration of Macedonians could be found in the municipalities of Plandište (9.19%) and Pančevo (3.69%). They mostly speak Macedonian among themselves.

Ukrainians

 * Ukrainians – There are 4,202 Ukrainians in Vojvodina or 0.54% of the population. The largest concentration of Ukrainians could be found in the municipalities of Kula (2.99%) and Vrbas (1.99%). They mostly speak Ukrainian.

Ethnic Muslims

 * Ethnic Muslims – There are 3,360 declared Muslims (by ethnicity) in Vojvodina. They mostly speak the Serbian language. The largest concentration of ethnic Muslims could be found in the municipality of Bač (1.18%). The number of Muslims in the sense of followers of Islam is significantly higher.

Germans

 * Germans – There are 3,272 Germans or Danube Swabians in Vojvodina. They are part of a group that came in a couple of waves, mostly in the 18th century. The older ones mostly speak a form of Swabian German, with all of the children now fluent in Serbian, and often knowing High German (for economic reasons). The German population of Vojvodina was more numerous in the past (about 350,000 before World War II). More than 250,000 left during the withdrawal of German forces. As a consequence of the World War II events in Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav Communist government took a reprisals on ethnic citizens of German origin in Yugoslavia (including Vojvodina): they had their citizenship revoked and their belongings and houses were nationalized and taken from them. Between 1944 and 1946, a prison camp system was established for Yugoslav citizens of German origin, usually in settlements where they lived. After prison camps were abolished, ethnic Germans of Yugoslavia regained their rights and citizenship and most of them emigrated to Germany or Austria in the following years because of economic reasons. Before this war, the largest concentrations of Germans were in the municipalities of Odžaci (68.9%), Vrbas (61.1%), and Apatin (60.3%).

Albanians

 * Albanians – There were 2,251 Albanians in Vojvodina or 0.12% of the population.

Slovenes

 * Slovenes – There are 2,005 Slovenes in Vojvodina.

Czechs

 * Czechs – There are 1,648 Czechs in Vojvodina. They mostly speak Czech. The largest concentration of Czechs could be found in the municipality of Bela Crkva (3.99%). The only settlement in Vojvodina with Czech majority is Češko Selo in the Bela Crkva municipality.

Bulgarians

 * Bulgarians (mostly Banat Bulgarians) – There are 1,489 Bulgarians in Vojvodina.

Gorani

 * Gorani – There are 1,179 Gorani in Vojvodina.

Russians

 * Russians – There are 1,173 Russians in Vojvodina.

Jews

 * Jews – There were 206 ethnic Jews in Novi Sad city according to the 2002 census. The Jewish population of Vojvodina was quite large in the past (about 19,000 before World War II), but most of these Jews were killed or deported during the Axis occupation in World War II. The language of Vojvodina Jews was Yiddish, German or Hungarian, with many families bilingual (or even trilingual).

Poles

 * Poles – There are 103 Poles in Novi Sad.

Greeks

 * Greeks – There are 191 Greeks in Novi Sad.

Historical preview
Recent demographic trends among largest ethnic groups in Vojvodina:

title: Ethnic groups in Vojvodina


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kay Cee

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted. - Mailer Diablo 03:40, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Kay Cee
It seems like this should be a speedy to me, but User:Moonman deleted my tag and it doesn't strictly meet the criteria for this. Even so, should be a clear delete. I don't know what the plan he has for this page is, but its nowhere near an encyclopedia article. Mike C 19:25, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a message board. --Asriel86 20:26, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ditto. eehh, delete. Feydey 20:34, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted as an attempt to make contact. RickK 21:13, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kay Cee