text:
Talk:VHF omnidirectional range

NPOV dispute
"VORs are quickly being ignored in favour the much more user-friendly GPS system, and it is generally thought that they will be turned off around 2010. Oddly the airways have become so important to air traffic control that aircraft are forced to follow them even when they are using GPS for navigation."

This is a rather contentious statement, and contains some POV remarks "Oddly...". Nothing odd about it. VOR cannot be "ignored", since as yet GPS is not necessarily actually admitted as a primary means of navigation in many territories. In addition, GPS receivers that are approved for use for aerial navigation are very expensive pieces of kit - the cheap handheld and mobile units are not considered good enough for aircraft use. Thousands of GA aircraft do not have GPS, nor are ever likely to, yet many are fitted with VOR equipment. As a pilot, I have never heard that VOR is likely to be switched off, just as NDB have not been switched off despite being superceded decades ago. Unless you can point to a reliable source for this factoid, I for one am inclined to take it with a very big pinch of salt. Since it's also opinion-laden, I will remove it from the article until it can be verified and reworded.Graham 13:32, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

''Graham, I've added a point of view template on top of the page as I see what you mean... thanks for the input!'' -|->TheFSaviator-|-> (talk) 01:25, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * THere is much dispute on the NDB page over wether NDB's are obsolete or being phased out. a few authors contend there is no proof

they are being phased out. --71.178.199.89 (talk) 05:51, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

David.lecomte (talk) 00:11, 14 April 2011 (UTC) VORs are being phased out in en-route applications - that is supposed to happen before 2015. They are mandated at airports by many authorities until 2015 - 2020. FAA don't expect complete change-over to satellite based navigation until 2025, thus they expect traditional DME/VOR systems at airports until then. For example see https://www.eurocontrol.int/eatm/gallery/content/public/library/NAV_Application_NAVAID_Infrastructure_Strategy_15_MAY_08.pdf

NDBs are supposed to be phased out by 2012. Here in Australia, though, Air Services just bought (18 months ago) a stack of new ones. I was told by one engineer that he has been told that NDBs would be phased out for the last 20 years - he sees no sign of it happening yet.David.Lecomte

I've reworded the Future section and cited the relative advantages in the Features section. I've also elaborated the operation section to address other issues in this discussion). My hope is to remove the neutrality check from this article.  Hopefully helpful, --Grandfatherclok (talk) 21:20, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

After 30d, with 38 watchers, there has been no NPOV discussion. I plan therefore to remove the NPOV tag in approximately 1 week. --Grandfatherclok (talk) 18:16, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

If the article were only focused on VOR usage in the United States this would be true. The VOR system is effectively (if not officially) being phased out by increased GPS usage. But the fact of the matter is that many countries still rely on VORs (and NDBs) almost exclusively. As mentioned here, GPS equipment can be very expensive. Additionally, in order to be safely used for instrument approaches you typically need WAAS (or LAAS) augmentation, which depends upon even more expensive ground facilities and even more expensive receivers installed in the aircraft.

On paragraph in the current version which I find unusual is: "Today VOR has almost entirely replaced the low/medium frequency ranges and beacons in civilian aviation. Due to the higher maintenance cost and siting limitations of VOR transmitters, more airports have NDB and RNAV (GPS) approach procedures than have VOR approach procedures. Due to lower receiver and data update costs, more aircraft are equipped for instrument approach by VOR than by GPS, though the number of aircraft equipped for GPS approaches, and the number of approved GPS approaches is growing significantly."

Do we really know that more airports have NDB approaches than VOR approaches? I'm not as familiar with European and foreign airports, but here in the United States I'm fairly certain that VOR approaches outnumber NDB approaches. Admittedly, this may not be the case in other countries (although the United States maintains a majority, relatively speaking, of the world's airports). Regardless, the paragraph in question is lacking any solid citations and seems poorly constructed. --Matthammer (talk) 21:40, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

 * This does indeed seem to be an unsubstantiated statement - while I agree that GPS approaches appear to gradually be replacing VOR and NDB approaches, I don't believe that NDB approaches are more abundant than VOR approaches. In Canada, both seem to be slowly disappearing, although that is strictly from observation, I have not seen any numbers to back this up.  Since the last comment was from June of last year and there has been nothing further added, I will change that statement per our comments.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by HiFlyChick (talk • contribs) 20:04, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Possible incorrect link in text of VOR description.
Thanks for this excellent explanation of VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range)! However, in the first sentence of the last paragraph of the sub-section titled "Using the VOR", the words "flight director" are intended to refer to a computer on the airplane but they link to a Wikipedia page describing the Chief of Flight Operations for a NASA space mission.

I'm a novice here, so I haven't made any changes regarding this possible incorrect link. Perhaps a more knowlegable contributor can check/fix this.

Thanks for creating and maintaining this excellent encyclopedia!

Steve-vts --  Sept 13, 2005

I have removed the incorrect link to flight director Sfisher 23:08, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Requested move to VHF Omnidirectional Range

 * Oppose Capitalization may be a convenient way to clarify the abbreviation VOR, but this is not a proper noun and should remain in lower case. —Michael Z. 2005-10-19 18:40 Z

 * Oppose Just because an acronym is often capitalized, that doesn't mean the spelled out version should be. The capitalized acronym in the introductory paragraph as it should be, though it should probably follow rather than precede the spelled out version, which need not be capitalized nor hyphenated. Gene Nygaard 05:19, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Result: 2-1 against page move: page not moved. Eugene van der Pijll 18:28, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

I am a FAA Systems Specialist and I maintain and certify two VOR facilities, one conventional and one doppler. At no time does the FAA ever refer to a VOR facility as a Vor or a vor. Air Traffic Control acronyms are very specific, dictated by a published order. The terms VOR, VOR/DME and VORTAC are always capitalized per Air Traffic Control orders.(FM Guinta 17:35, 26 June 2007 (UTC))

Flight Director
"Electronics can solve this problem, and the flight director makes such tasks almost foolproof. A flight director is an analog computer..."

The Flight Director is an analogue or digital computer that represents navigational data on the Attitude Indicator as an attitude and angle of bank or rate of turn to fly.

The term you need is "Area Navigation System" which has the slightly bizarre acronym "RNAV": this being an analogue or digital computer system that in its most basic form uses VOR/DME signals to allow direct flight to/from points other than the VORs themselves (these points in the basic equipment are defined as radials and DME distances from VOR/DMEs and are known as 'ghost stations'). Very advanced digital Area Navigation Systems use input from many other navigational sources and do lots more besides and are known as Flight Management Systems.

Corrected, and removed some other related text that was incorrect.

BaseTurnComplete 22:32, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Operational description in error?
The article currently says, "The combined signal is fed to an array of four omnidirectional antennas, which rotates the signal at 30 times a second." I've always thought that the carrier signal is radiated in all directions simultaneously and the subcarrier (and only the subcarrier) is rotated as its phase changes. Again, I'm not completely sure of this, thus the discussion rather than an outright edit. However, I would think that, if the article as it stands is correct, there would be a pulsing effect to the received morse identifier (the 30Hz rotation), and this doesn't happen. ChadScott 22:27, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

David.lecomte (talk) 00:11, 14 April 2011 (UTC) The refererence to four omnidirectional antennas is most probably a reference to one of the techniques (not the most common), of designing a Conventional VOR. In a CVOR, the 30HZ variable signal is the "AM" signal as received by the plane. This signal is not modulated onto the carrier. By manipulation of the phase of signals fed to a complex slotted tube antenna, the directivity of the antenna is steered through 360 degrees at 30 times per second. The sub-carrier is amplitude modulated onto the carrier that is fed into these feeds. The aircraft receives the composite signal from all the feeds which combines in space to create the semblance of amplitude modulation. An older less common technique was to use four Alford Loop antennas, with the phase rotation applied to the feeds of all four. Note that the idea is to try and create the semblance of a sinusoidal shape to the signal that combines in space - the result is an approximation that is not too pretty when looked at without a sharp filter. David.Lecomte

 * That whole paragraph might need a bit of rewording. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pubs/frp2001/FRS2001.pdf page 81 of 126 has a brief description:
 * "A VOR transmits two 30 Hz modulations resulting in a relative electrical phase angle equal to the azimuth angle of the receiving aircraft. A cardioid field pattern is produced in the horizontal plane and rotates at 30 Hz. A nondirectional (circular) 30 Hz pattern is also transmitted during the same time in all directions and is called the reference phase signal. The variable phase pattern changes phase in direct relationship to azimuth. The reference phase is frequency modulated while the variable phase is amplitude modulated." (PD-US-GOV)
 * I'm pretty sure the 1020 Hz ident (and sometimes voice ident) is/are transmitted periodically on the carrier output, along with the reference signal (which is omni-directional, non-rotating and equal amplitude in all directions). The electronically rotated pattern is transmitted via the same four antennas and fed via a sideband 1 and sideband 2 signal. Don't ask me for a source for that or how to incorporate any of the above into the article. I'll try to find something on the net later. -Dual Freq 03:06, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I've reworded the article a bit to make this clearer to the reader. ChadScott 05:57, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it's worse now, from above: "The reference phase is frequency modulated while the variable phase is amplitude modulated." (PD-US-GOV) FM is the 9960 Hz which is the reference, AM is the cardioid / rotating pattern. --Dual Freq 11:10, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe I've fixed the paragraph, bottom line from the FAA source above is the reference is 30Hz FM and the variable is 30 Hz AM. Right now all I can cite as a source is the above paragraph and what's in my head (which may not be an acceptable source). I'll look for a net source, but I don't know if I can find one. However, I'd rather pull the whole paragraph than leave it with something that's not correct, what's in there now is as correct as I can be with no other sources. --Dual Freq 00:33, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I think this is close, but I'm still not sure it's totally correct. The variable signal is on the subcarrier, isn't it?  In other words, the morse-code ID and reference 30Hz tone are omnidirectional FM and the variable rotating signal is AM on a 9660 subcarrier? ChadScott 07:13, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I think this backs me up, the 9960 Hz if FM modulated by 30Hz ref. Then that is AM to the carrier. "A 30-Hz fixed-phase reference signal (0°-Magnetic  North) is frequency  modulated  on  a  9960-Hz subcarrier and then amplitude modulated to the operating rf frequency of the station. A 30-Hz variable phase signal (representing 0° to 360°) is directly amplitude modulated to the same rf frequency. The two audio tones are detected from the received VOR rf; the phase of the reference signal Is corrected for a selected course other than 0°, and the two signals compared. The difference between the two indicates the angular deviation of the aircraft from the selected course."TM-11-1510-213-34 (PD-USGov-Military-Air Force) Lower font size in browser if the linked page is hard to read because of overlapping text. The ref says directly AM to the RF carrier, but I've always heard it described as space-modulation via the sideband signals meaning the modulation occurs somewhere other than the transmitter, but to the aircraft receiver it still modulates the carrier amplitude, so I guess it is AM. If this modulation were visualized, it would look like a cardioid pattern rotating at 30 Hz. The phase of the two 30 Hz signals is what is compared, not the amplitude. --Dual Freq 11:12, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * In the case of a conventional VOR, the 30Hz omnidirectional FM signal is the reference signal to which the 30Hz rotating AM signal is referred. In the case of a Doppler VOR (DVOR) transmitter, the 30Hz AM signal is transmitted from a single omnidirectional antenna and the other signal is frequency modulated by the doppler effect as the transmitter scans around a ring of antennas 30 times per second. So in the case of a DVOR the 30Hz AM is regarded as the reference signal to which the 30Hz FM is referred -- just the opposite of the conventional VOR. Since the roles of the reference signal and the rotating signal are reversed, the DVOR ring antenna array is scanned counterclockwise. Dulciana 11:01, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

David.lecomte (talk) 00:11, 14 April 2011 (UTC) I'm not sure what the conclusion is, but I can write with absolute certainty that the IDENT information is modulated onto the reference signal of a DVOR. Thus the reference signal is modulated with an audio signal that consists of three inputs - the 30Hz reference signal (nominally 30% modulation index), a voice signal (usually at a maximum of 30% modulation) and the Ident (10%). This is radiated from the centre antenna of the DVOR ring.

The sideband antennas only broadcast the carrier signal +/- 9960Hz. This is only amplitude modulated according to the manufacturer's preferred method of blending. The phase of the upper and lower sidebands are referenced to the phase of the carrier. This way the two sideband signals are kept in phase. The relative phase of their phase centre can (usually) be adjusted so that distortions caused by coupling can partially compensate distortions caused by blending. No signals are modulated onto the sub-carriers.

Note that the IDENT is transmitted usually every 10 seconds when there is no co-located DME, or every 7.5 seconds when there is. In the latter case, every 4th Ident signal is not transmitted by the VOR, but instead by the DME. As both audio paths are combined in an RNAV receiver in the aircraft, the pilot (should he be listening) just here the ident every 7.5 seconds. Ident synchronisation is done by setting up either the DME as master (and VOR as slave) or vice-versa. David.Lecomte

 * I elaborated the operation section in the hope of making it clearer. The ICAO (as cited above) requires that the phase angle by which the AM signal lags the FM signal be equal to the azimuth.  For the sake of common language, the ICAO (as cited above) arbitrarily (or historically) identifies the signals by reception.  The received leading (i.e. FM) signal is reference, and the lagging (i.e. AM) signal is variable, regardless of generation.  Between conventional and doppler signals, testing and monitoring procedures necessarily differ by what must me checked anisotropically and what can be checked more simply.  Ideally, receivers cannot discern (within accuracy limits) whether rotation/revolution is electronic or mechanical.  --Grandfatherclok (talk) 02:47, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Grandfatherclok - This is not correct. I believe that it would be much more logical to always refer to the FM signal as REF and the AM signal as VAR regardless of generation method but unfortunately it is not so. ICAO Annex 10 Chapter 3.3.5.1 says [referring to 9960 Hz FM subcarrier] "For the conventional VOR the 30 Hz component of this FM subcarrier is fixed without reference to azimuth and is termed the 'reference phase'. For the doppler VOR, the phase of the 30 Hz component varies with azimuth and is termed the 'variable phase' ". The Annex continues on to state the equivalent concept with the 30 Hz AM signal. http://www.scribd.com/doc/5509183/Annex10-ICAO --120.155.89.81 (talk) 08:04, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

Accuracy
I added the accuracy standard ARINC 711 reference. This standard is the most difficult to obtain but it is possible and can be far better using an optimal receiver algorithm. --bloublou 18:03, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * As stated in the article. 1.4 degree system accuracy per FRS that is cited. That probably includes the .4 ARINC specifies for reciever equipment and 1.0 FAA uses for ground based transmitter equipment. Ground based VORs are monitored with a +/- 1 degree tolerance and will shutdown if they exceed it. Dual Freq 22:14, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

ILS subsection
I removed the ILS subsection as VORs and ILS work completely differently. Calling an ILS a "narrow" VOR is an inaccurate simplification. ChadScott 01:40, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Their only overlap is that the share the 108-112MHz band David.Lecomte

Internationalized
I've pruned quite a bit of US-specific stuff and internationalized other stuff accordingly. To our American friends: you're not the only English speakers in the world, nor does the world end at your borders. Please try to bear this in mind when editing articles that are not inherently US-specific!BaseTurnComplete 09:25, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Creation of Rotating Field
I've deleted the work "electronic" from the sentence: "A second, amplitude modulated 30 Hz signal is derived from the rotation of a directional antenna array 30 times a second." (previously: "...derived from the electronic rotation...").

As I wrote under the discussion heading 'Operational description in error?', this sentence is true as it applies to conventional VORs, where the rotating field is created by mechanically rotating a directional antenna. If you talk about electronic rotation of an antenna array, then you're talking about a DVOR and here it's the 30Hz FM signal that's created by electronically scanning (rotating) the array, not the AM signal. Dulciana 11:12, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

It is my understanding that the ICAO differentiates by whether the F3 reference signal is isotropic (CVOR) versus anisotropic (DVOR), primarily as to the difference in certification and inspection procedures. I believe the first conventional VOR stations used an antenna on a physically rotating platform as developed for WWII radar. The rotating platform also turned a variable capacitor to F3 modulate the reference signal. In the early 1970s, transistors reduced the cost of bandwidth relative to vacuum tubes, and FFT software made more complex and precise antenna design practical. Electronic trim, rotation, and revolution of antenna "arrays" became less expensive than mechanical for radar, direction finding, beaming, etc. If ~250 m2 (2000 ft2) of lateral room was available, electronically revolving twin upper and lower sideband antennae fed from a single centrally located antenna required little manufacturing precision. If there was no room at an existing site, an electronically rotated array of 4 elements (as diagrammed) fit in ~1 m2 (10 ft2) but required much more precise manufacture. I understand the cost of lateral room was usually less than precision manufacture, so most VOR stations are now DVOR, and the cost of precision manufacture was usually less than lifetime mechanical maintenance, so most CVORs now use electronic rotation. --Grandfatherclok (talk) 01:39, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

DME
I see how the VOR works?

How does DME work? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jokem (talk • contribs) 17:04, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

See the separate article on DME. Electronically speaking, VOR and DME are two completely separate systems; although the ground stations are often co-located. -- Dulciana (talk) 10:54, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Thx, I will put DME questions on the DME Page. I will also add this link to the VOR page if there is not one already. Jokem (talk) 20:54, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

David.lecomte (talk) 00:11, 14 April 2011 (UTC) DME & VOR are co-located at airports because an RNAV receiver tunes to both. Most pilots refer to DME/VOR as "VHF Navs", being unaware that DME operates in the UHF band. This is because the VOR channel is directly associated with the DME channel. The pilot selects the VHF channel for the VOR, and that automatically selects the ICAO defined DME channel associated with that VOR channel - hence their confusion. In most airports the DME antenna is located about 20 metres from a CVOR, or right on the edge of the counterpoise of a DVOR. They are synchronised with respect to their Ident, with the DME transmitting every fourth IDENT burst. If one listens to the VOR IDent bursts, one will hear three bursts and then a pause, and then three bursts. In the pause, the DME transmits its burst. The pulse train that encodes the Morse code sequence in the DME is converted to audio by the DME receiver, and its audio output is combined with the audio signal sent by the VOR. If everything is OK, the pilot can hear the Morse burst every 7.5 secs typically. If the DME is out, he will notice the pauses on every 4th code. If the VOR is out there will be long gaps between hearing the one Morse code.

-- Each should refer to the other -- [User:David.Lecomte|David.Lecomte]]

VOR = VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range
An unregistered user edited the introduction, suggesting VOR = VHF Omnidirectional Radio. He or she apparently misunderstood the word "range"; it doesn't mean range in the sense of distance between the ground facility and the aircraft, rather "range" should be understood in the sense of an area of land that is served by the facility (cf. rifle range, testing range etc.). It's easier to understand the derivation of "omnidirectional range" if you're acquainted with the much older MF bidirectional radio range -- see the last paragraph of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Range#Lorenz. Dulciana (talk) 15:02, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

-Concur and have changed this to reflect how the FAA describes VOR on their website. "Radio" removed.

"zero-zero" weather
I changed the Future section so that one sentence that previously said (practically speaking, landings in "zero-zero" weather) to now say "zero visibility weather" as it makes more sense to the layman, and is more accurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.117.205.221 (talk) 22:42, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

USA only information?
Last time I looked on the political map the USA is not equivalent to The World. As far as I know the FAA has no authority outside the USA. The developments in the USA are not always applicable to the rest of the world. I see the same approach on many, if not all, aviation pages on the Wiki. There is life outside the USA. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.74.116.14 (talk) 12:24, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

Life outside the USA? Don't be ridiculous! 184.58.163.96 (talk) 02:24, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

To/From
This article currently states that "An "ambiguity" (TO-FROM) indicator shows whether following the selected course would take the aircraft to, or away from the station." This is not entirely accurate since the VOR system has no way of knowing which direction you are flying along the radial. I am currently studying PPL and my instructor showed me a practical example of this the other day. All radials come From the station and it's perfectly possible to fly towards a VOR beacon with the FROM indicator showing. It is equally possible to fly away from the VOR on a TO radial, which is the cause of much confusion to pilots unfamiliar with the system. Again, the beacon or the equipment in the aircraft doesn't know which direction you are flying. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.150.96.122 (talk) 14:40, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The "VOR system" consists of the transmitter and your receiver. Yes, your system does know if you are on flying to/from a radial provided you are referencing the correct radial. and not the line that runs through the radial an out the other side of the transmitter (On a course of 000 flying directly north at a VOR, your instruments can certainly show a FROM indication. It isn't wrong, you just have your equipment set up on a reciprocal heading. Put it on 180 and that TO/FROM indicator will show what you are expecting). I think this article explains it quite well, but if you think it can be improved, feel free to contribute and make a change! Buffs (talk) 23:50, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Simulator link not working?
I've tried the online VOR simulator referenced in the External Links section with Flash version 11.8.800.175 but it doesn't seem to be working. I am unable to update my flash due to system administrator settings. Can anyone else confirm that the simulator works? --203.94.174.142 (talk) 00:30, 10 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Works for me 69.12.250.21 (talk) 00:58, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

Who knew?
VOR signal strength is enhanced by reflections from clouds? Much of the "Features" paragraph is nonsense, what happened here? Did not have time to fix today. Altaphon (talk) 01:28, 30 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Never mind, fixed. Added some references to balance the GPS-averse assertions made some time ago. Altaphon (talk) 07:16, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

Bolding
Sentence in question: "By comparing the phase of the secondary signal with the master, the angle (bearing) to the aircraft from the station can be determined."

Original edit: (Unnecessary bolding: the bearing to the station can be determined just as easily)

Revert: (The bearing "to" the station would not be a correct description of a VOR radial.)

But the sentence doesn't use the phrase "VOR radial". It just makes a statement which is equally true whether the word "to" or "from" is used, so the heavy emphasis on "from" is misleading. The term "radial" is introduced a couple of sentences later, and that's the place where the distinction should be made. – Smyth\talk 17:07, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

May edits
In reviewing the large chunk of edits made in May, I have found a significant number of factual errors and inappropriate material. For example:

 * The FAA Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge says, "a radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing extending outward from the VOR station". The repeated usage of the term "radial" to refer to the bearing TO the station is therefore incorrect.
 * No WP:Reliable source has been provided to support use of the term "VOR Head", yet the above edit suggests it is preferred terminology.
 * The statement "Live voice can also be received on VOR frequencies, to which the pilot must reply on a COM frequency (such as 122.100R)." is unsourced and presumably specific to a certain location.
 * Other expanded explanations of principles are largely correct, but made longer and more complicated.

On balance, I do not feel this series of edits improve the article, so I have reverted them. Any specific suggestions for improving the article can be discussed on this page in order for them to gain WP:CONSENSUS. Burninthruthesky (talk) 09:33, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

I just made some changes to the lead and will explain them here lest they be reverted.

by 1946, VOR was the standard air navigational system in the world, ⇒ by 1946, VOR became the standard air navigational system in the world, I feel this is better style.

used by both commercial and general aviation, but as of 2015, commercial aviation relies almost exclusively on satellite navigation systems such as GPS.⇒ ...used by both commercial and general aviation, until supplanted by satellite navigation systems such as GPS in the early 21st century. I suspect that the date of change was not in one particular year, moreover this disagrees with dates given in the article. The word supplanted gives a sense of replacement and superseding. Also the prev version implies that GPS is used only by commercial aviation, but I suspect that GA pilots also use it extensively. Mozzie (talk) 23:13, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

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You are invited to the upcoming Wiki Loves Pride edit-athon, which will be held at the Pacific Northwest College of Art (511 NW Broadway) on Tuesday, June 27, 2017, from 5–8pm. For more information, visit the meetup page or Facebook event page.

Hope to see you there! -MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:38, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

Upcoming Wikipedia edit-a-thon dedicated to artists of color - Thursday, Oct. 26 at PNCA
On Thursday, October 26, a Wikipedia edit-a-thon dedicated to artists of color will be held from 4–8pm at the Pacific Northwest College of Art (511 NW Broadway). Learn more at Facebook. Hope to see you there! -MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:27, 21 October 2017 (UTC)

Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon: Jewish Women Artists (March 8, Oregon Jewish Museum)
On March 8 (International Women's Day), the Oregon Jewish Museum and Center for Holocaust Education and artist Shoshana Gugenheim will be hosting a Wikipedia edit-a-thon to create and improve Wikipedia articles about Jewish women artists. Click here for more information. You can also express interest or suggest articles to create or improve here. This event is free and open to the public, and will serve as both a public art action and a public educational program. Participation is welcome in person and remotely (for those outside of Portland). MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 23:25, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon (March 10, Pacific Northwest College of Art)
On Saturday, March 10 (11am to 4pm), the Pacific Northwest College of Art (PNCA) will be hosting a Wikipedia edit-a-thon to create and improve Wikipedia articles about art, feminism, and women. You can read details on the Facebook event page, or this Wikipedia meetup page. Tutorials for new editors, reference materials, childcare, and refreshments will be provided. Bring your laptop, power cord and ideas for entries that need updating or creation. For the editing-averse, you're welcome to stop by to show your support! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 15:50, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon (April 13, University of Oregon)
On Friday, April 13 (3pm to 6pm), the University of Oregon will be hosting a Wikipedia edit-a-thon to create and improve Wikipedia articles about art and feminism. You can learn more at the Dashboard page, or our Wikipedia meetup page. Tutorials for new editors, reference materials, and snacks will be provided. Please bring your laptop, power cord and ideas for entries that need updating or creation. For the editing-averse, we urge you to stop by to show your support and have snacks! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:01, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

Wikipedia Editathon: The Visibility Project - Saturday, January 19
Make+Think+Code and the Pacific Northwest College of Art are hosting a Wikipedia editathon at the Shipley Collins Mediatheque (511 NW Broadway) on Saturday, January 19 from 10am to 2:30pm. The purpose of the event is to make Wikipedia a more vibrant, representative, inclusive and diverse resource. Please visit Meetup/MakeThinkCode/TheVisibilityProject for more information. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 20:46, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

Oregon State University Black History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon, Friday, February 8
To commemorate Black History Month, Oregon State University, Wikimedia Nigeria, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, and AfroCROWD are hosting a Wikipedia edit-a-thon at the Oregon State University Valley Library on Friday, February 8 from 2–5pm. The purpose of the event is to reduce Wikipedia's diversity gap by creating and improving articles about African American culture and history, as well as notable people of African descent and the African diaspora in general. Please visit here for more information. Remote participation is welcome! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:37, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

PNCA Art+Feminism Wikipedia Editathon, Saturday, March 9
The Pacific Northwest College of Art (PNCA) is hosting a Wikipedia edit-a-thon in the Shipley Collins Mediatheque (511 NW Broadway) on Saturday, March 9 from 10am – 2:30pm. This is a free community event designed to teach people to add and edit information about cis and transgender women and nonbinary folks to Wikipedia. We'll have training sessions, artist talks, snacks, free childcare, and plenty of exciting energy and collaboration! You're welcome to drop in any time during the event. Participants are encouraged to bring their own laptops and charging cables, though if you are not able, computer stations will be available. Please visit this link for more information. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 20:02, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

International Women's Day Wikipedia Edit-a-thon, Oregon Jewish Museum, Thursday, March 7
The Oregon Jewish Museum and Center for Holocaust Education, in partnership with social practice artist Shoshana Gugenheim and as part of the Art+Feminism Project, will host the 2nd Annual International Women's Day Wikipedia Edit-a-thon to edit and/or create Wikipedia articles for Jewish women artists. The event will be held at the museum on Thursday, March 7 from 4 to 8 pm. Pre-registration is preferred but not required. Members of the public are invited to come to the museum to learn about the editing process, its history, its impact, and how to do it. We aim to collaboratively edit/enter 18 Jewish women artists into the canon. Support will be provided by an experienced local Wikipedian who will be on site to teach and guide the process. This edit-a-thon will serve as both a public art action and a public educational program. Participants will have an opportunity to select an artist/s ahead of time or on site.

Please visit this link and the meetup page for more information. Thanks! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:25, 5 March 2019 (UTC)

Please join us for our Cascadia Wikimedians annual meeting, Monday, December 23, 5:30pm PST
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Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia - Editathon 2021
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You're Invited! Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia
On, Friday, February 25, 2022, Oregon State University will be hosting an online editathon focused on Black history of the Pacific Northwest. You can learn more here and/or register here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:25, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

Portland Art+Feminism Edit-a-thon: March 12, 2022
You are invited! An Art+Feminism Wikipedia edit-a-thon will be held in Portland, Oregon, on March 12, 2022. Learn more here!

Wikipedia is one of the most-visited sites on the internet—and it’s created by people who volunteer their time to write and edit pages. Learn how to edit Wikipedia and be a part of shaping our understanding of our world. In this workshop, volunteer Wikipedia editors will be on hand to train participants on how to get started editing pages and offer ideas for which pages you can pitch in to help improve. Show up at any point during the four hours to get started!

Also: Free burritos!! We will be providing vegan, vegetarian, and meat burritos from food cart Loncheria Las Mayos. Alder Commons has a large, fenced playground. Children are welcome! Some computers will be available to borrow, but if you have a laptop, please bring it to use. We will also be leading an online training for new editors at 11am-12pm PST. Please feel free to join that training if you are not able to show up IRL.

This event is part of the international month of events organized by Art+Feminism, which is building a community of activists committed to closing information gaps related to gender, feminism, and the arts, beginning with Wikipedia. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:36, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

International Women’s Day Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon, Sunday, March 10
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title: User talk:DragonKore


text:
Reg Noble

Edward Reginald Noble (June 23, 1896 – January 19, 1962) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward and defenceman who played 17 professional seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Blueshirts, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto St. Pats, Montreal Maroons, Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings between 1916 and 1933. He was a three-time winner of the Stanley Cup, with Toronto and Montreal and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962. He was also the last active player from the NHL's inaugural season, the NHA and the 1910s.

Playing career
Prior to turning professional Noble enlisted in February 1916 with the 180th Battalion (Sportsmen) to serve in the First World War. However he was medically discharged in September that year due to previous foot injury (a tendon in his right foot had previously been cut) which prevented him from marching for long periods, and did not go overseas.

Noble started his professional career with the Toronto Blueshirts during the 1916–17. The club was suspended by the league and he was assigned by the league to the Montreal Canadiens for the rest of the season. The following year, the new NHL assigned the Toronto franchise to the Toronto Arena owners and Noble signed with the team. The Blueshirts, despite the ownership difficulty and several personnel changes, won the NHL title and defeated Vancouver for the Stanley Cup championship. Noble would stay with the franchise as it became the Arenas, and later the St. Pats, until he was traded to the Montreal Maroons in the 1924–25 season. The St. Pats would win the Stanley Cup again in 1922, a season where Noble was playing coach and captain. One season after joining the Maroons, the Maroons themselves would win the Stanley Cup in 1926. In 1927, he was traded to the new Detroit franchise in the NHL, then named the Falcons. He would play for the franchise for six seasons, eventually returning by trade to the Maroons in 1932–33. He retired with 181 goals in 536 games in the NHA and NHL.

After retiring Noble worked as a referee in the NHL between 1937 and 1939. He died of a heart attack January 19, 1962. He was inducted posthumously into the Hall of Fame in 1962.

Awards and achievements

 * 1914–15 – OHA-Jr. First All-Star Team
 * 1918 – Stanley Cup championship (Toronto Arenas)
 * 1922 – Stanley Cup championship (Toronto St. Pats)
 * 1926 – Stanley Cup championship (Montreal Maroons)
 * 1962 – Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame

Transactions
Source:
 * November 25, 1916 – signed as a free agent by Toronto (NHA)
 * February 11, 1917 – assigned to Montreal Canadiens (NHA) by NHA in dispersal of Toronto (NHA) players
 * December 5, 1917 – signed as a free agent by Toronto (NHL)
 * November 1, 1921 – named player coach of Toronto (NHL).
 * November 1, 1922 – resigned as coach and captain of Toronto (NHL)
 * December 9, 1924 – traded to Montreal Maroons by Toronto for $8,000.
 * October 4, 1927 – traded to Detroit by Montreal Maroons for $7,500.
 * December 9, 1932 – traded to Montreal Maroons by Detroit for John Gallagher.

title: Reg Noble


text:
Talk:Blue Line (MBTA)

Rolling stock
Thanks for the nice addition of the new "Rolling stock" section!

Atlant 13:34, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Power
The article states that "Blue Line cars are unique among rapid transit vehicles in Boston in that they use both third rail and overhead pantograph current pickup. The line switches between the two at the Logan Airport station where it transitions between running in a tunnel and running above ground." I believe that the power is switched at the Maverick Station, not at the Logan Airport Station. Can anyone verify this? It's been awhile since I was on the Blue Line, so I'd like the benefit of some additional comments before editing the document. Thanks. --abl 13:51, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * No, the power switch definitely used to occur at Airport Station, not Maverick. I think it still does, even with the reconstruction of Airport Station. -- Atlant 14:42, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Definately still at Airport. I watched the pantographs going up and down there only two weeks ago. The continuous overhead lines stop just on the inbound side of the platforms, although there did appear to be remnants of earlier overhead lines heading inbound into the tunnel mouth, so possibly the transition was once at Maverick. -- Chris j wood 16:56, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The power switch has occured at either location over the years. I remember it happening at Maverick years ago, before the Hawkers. I remember because lights and AC cut out for several seconds during the transfer. Airport I believe is the standard place now, but while the new Airport station was being constructed, it was done at Maverick. Doconeill 00:03, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * One thing that baffled me was the statement about using overhead wires due to icing during the winter. If this were the case, then the Red Line would also use overhead where it runs above ground.  Not to mention, if the Blue Line's tunnels were indeed designed for streetcars, why doesn't the entire Blue Line use overhead wires all the way to Bowdoin and get rid of the third rail and associated extra equipment (pickup shoes etc)? 71.241.70.24 (talk) 09:21, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

 * There is insufficient vertical clearance in the East Boston Harbor Tunnel for an overhead power feed to the heavy rail cars. The Red Line failed miserably in February 2015 due to third rail icing; third-rail heaters were installed along part of the most vulnerable sections later in 2015, with more to be installed in 2016. Reify-tech (talk) 22:26, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

Strange sentence - what does it mean
The third para of the intro section says:

 * The northward extension project would either run on the ex-Boston and Maine Railroad Eastern Route Main Line or the ERML in combination with narrow gauge.

which seems a bit odd. There is no other reference in the article to narrow gauge, and 'in combination with narrow gauge' could mean any number of things. I don't think the Blue Line is currently narrow gauge, and there doesn't seem to be any logical reason to contemplate building the extension in a different gauge to the existing line, so maybe I'm misreading this. -- Chris j wood 16:56, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The new Siemens cars definitely claim to be "Standard Gauge" so that's not the answer to the mystery: the author can't be talking about the Blue Line cars.

 * Atlant 00:01, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe the author means that the extension could involve just the ERML or a combination of the ERML with the remainder of the old narrow-gauge right of way which is still owned by the state - the old BRB&L right of way. It was a 3ft narrow gauge line. I think the confusion is because unless you follow the BRB&L article, you won't know that it was narrow-gauge. I recommend replacing "with narrow gauge" with "with the remainder of the BRB&L right of way". Doconeill 00:02, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It's been a while, and no objections, so I'll make the change. Doconeill 22:57, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Cambridge Street Portal photo
I just uploaded a historic image of the Cambridge/Joy Street Portal from the 1915 Boston Transit Commission annual report.

I'm new to Wikipedia and don't want to break anything by adding this to the article. Feel free to do so: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:East_Boston_Tunnel_-_Cambridge_Street_Portal.jpg

TrainManTy (talk) 22:10, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

 * There ya go. Don't worry about breaking things - the preview button is your friend (I sometimes use it dozens of times for a major edit), and worst case you can just undo it. You can't actually break anything permanently unless you're an admin; there's funny stories out there about deleting the main page and deleting the sandbox. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 03:26, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

Fantasy map
How do proposed extension stations get on the schematic map? Those stations don't exist, and a map in an encyclopedia should not include extensions desired by advocates. People coming to Massachusetts from Wisconsin don't need to be confused by a map with bad information on it. MarkinBoston (talk) 02:47, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

Both the Red-Blue connector and the Lynn extension are not merely railfan fantasy; they are official MassDOT projects. They are also explicitly marked as "Proposed" on the Route Diagram Template. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 02:51, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

A couple of weaknesses of this article

 * 1) I know those who live in Boston know the MTBA has four subway lines, but doesn't the Green Line use streetcar technology?  While much of its route is underground, or on an above ground separate right of way, isn't part of its route shared with regular vehicular traffic?  Can't local Boston pride be accommodated by using a term for the four lines that includes both heavy rail rapid transit and light rail rapid transit?
 * 2) When the tunnel under the harbor was built, wasn't it built for streetcars?  Aren't the narrower tunnels and tighter turns tracing to  this history the reason the route has to use different, shorter rolling stock than the other heavy rail lines?  This is one of the most interesting things about this line, and should definitely merit coverage here.  Geo Swan (talk) 19:10, 29 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The Green Line is officially "LRV" or "light rail" technology. In local common usage, there isn't a distinction made between "metro" heavy rail and light rail; they are all called "subways".  Wikipedia can't change this local usage, but probably should document it in the main MBTA article.
 * The fact that the Blue Line harbor tunnel was originally built for streetcars should be mentioned in the article, since it does explain the smaller tunnel cross-section and tighter track curvature, as you say. Reify-tech (talk) 17:59, 26 June 2014 (UTC)
 * All these concerns have been addressed in the article for some time now. Reify-tech (talk) 22:26, 26 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Great! Thanks!  Geo Swan (talk) 17:13, 22 June 2016 (UTC)
 * 1) I don't see any mention of how many passengers per day the line carries.  Similarly, what is the maximum number of passengers caried during a busy rush hour?  Geo Swan (talk) 17:13, 22 June 2016 (UTC)
 * The former is already in the infobox. The latter is not, to my knowledge, published anywhere. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 17:59, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

Dual power
Although the "Equipment" section of the article describes the dual sources of power, it doesn't describe the technical specs. Is the power 600 V DC for both third rail and pantograph? Reify-tech (talk) 17:59, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, the four subway lines and the trackless trolleys all use 600VDC power regardless of the physical transmission method. There is logic behind this; it allowed East Boston Tunnel trolleys and trains to operate over the Red Line to Eliot Shops from 1916 to 1952, among other uses. The Draft CIP has bits and pieces about power systems in it. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 23:30, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

Expansion of History section
I have started a long overdue expansion of the History section, with references. I also imported some material stranded at the Bowdoin (MBTA station) article, which really is more relevant to the entire Blue Line, and will look for other similar material. In addition, we need a map showing the physical route of the Blue Line relative to surrounding neighborhoods, to supplement the excellent schematic route diagram already in the article. Reify-tech (talk) 22:26, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

English
In section "History," the first sentence literally calls a tunnel a subway. A tunnel is a piece of infrastructure; a subway is a train. Change "subway" to "subway tunnel".

(I'd make the change myself, but I'm loath to modify articles outside my expertise.)

Jimlue (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 18:38, 9 April 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Pi.1415926535 (talk) 03:07, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blue Line (MBTA)


text:
Dossa and Joe

Dossa and Joe is a 2002 Australian television comedy series, created and co-written by Caroline Aherne. Peter Herbert served as co-writer.

Made by Granada Australia for the BBC, the Sydney-based series centres on a working class couple called Dossa and Joe. When Joe retires from his job as a factory worker, the couple realizes that they know very little about each other despite being married for forty years. Against Joe's wishes, the couple begins marriage counseling.

The series starred Anne Charleston as Dossa and Michael Caton as Joe. The cast also included Jeanie Drynan and Roy Billing.

While the series received positive reviews, there were some dissenters. The series failed to earn good ratings and was not renewed for a second series.

Cast

 * Anne Charleston as Dossa
 * Michael Caton as Joe Bailey
 * Jeanie Drynan as Vanessa
 * Roy Billing as Charlie
 * Darren Gilshenan as Wayne
 * Ryan Johnson as Bobby Bailey
 * Joel Edgerton as Robbo

title: Dossa and Joe


text:
Bloc Party (EP)

Bloc Party is an EP compilation of Bloc Party's first two UK-only singles: "She's Hearing Voices" and "Banquet/Staying Fat". Released on 24 May 2004, it was Bloc Party's first V2 Records EP. It was released later in Japan in August 2004, and then in the United States by Dim Mak Records in September of the same year. The EP was lauded in Pitchfork for carefully balancing the dynamics between post-punk revival and new wave. In 2015 NME cited the EP's tracks "Banquet" and "She's Hearing Voices" as having made a splash in 2004 leading up the 2005 debut of their album "Silent Alarm". The single "Banquet", is cited by DIY Magazine as being influential on Wichita Records, then a nascent label, signing Bloc Party and notes the record impacts musicians in the genre today.

Track listing
All songs written by Bloc Party except "The Answer", written by Bloc Party and Liz Neumayr.

Personnel

 * Mark Aubrey – Producer
 * Bloc Party – Producer
 * Paul Epworth – Producer
 * Scott McCormick – Producer
 * Linsey Tulley – Illustrations
 * Simon White – Management
 * Tony Perrin – Management

title: Bloc Party (EP)


text:
Holger K. Nielsen

Holger Kirkholm Nielsen, known as Holger K. Nielsen (born 23 April 1950), is a Danish politician, member of the Folketing for the Socialist People's Party. He was Denmark's Minister for Foreign Affairs for 49 days from December 2013 through January 2014. He was the leader of the Socialist People's Party from 1991 to 2005 and served as the Minister for Taxation from 2012 to 2013.

Born at Ribe, Nielsen studied social science and Danish at the University of Aarhus from 1973 to 1979, and in 1978 at the University of Belgrade.

Political career
He was elected to the Danish Parliament in 1987. He became leader of the Socialist People's Party in 1991 at a time when the party was going through some major ideological soul-searching following the collapse of socialism in Eastern Europe. The opposing candidate for the party leadership was Steen Gade, a self-styled moderniser intent on reforming the party in ways which the majority found too radical. Holger K. Nielsen was considered a 'safer' choice in the eyes of the party's old guard, and thus assumed the leadership allied to the more leftist elements in his party.

Among the policies that had to be addressed was the party's approach to European integration. Having opposed membership of the EC (EU) in 1972, and then campaigned against ratification of the Single European Act in 1986, the party had by the late 1980s grudgingly reconciled itself to Danish membership, dropping the demand for withdrawal in 1990. However, when the Maastricht Treaty came up for approval by referendum in 1992, the party remained true to its roots and recommended a 'NO' vote. Holger K. Nielsen became one of the leaders in this campaign, and was later judged to have swung far more than his own socialist voters towards the NO-side, which to great surprise emerged victorious by a wafer-thin margin. The following year, however, he reversed that position, recommending acceptance of the Maastricht Treaty, supplemented with the four Danish opt-outs. This decision came close to tearing the party apart, with some 60% of its voters remaining opposed, but this time the yes-side prevailed.

During the years of the Poul Nyrup Rasmussen governments (1993–2001), Holger K. Nielsen managed to take the Socialist People's Party closer to the mainstream of Danish politics, positioning the party as a slightly more leftist alternative to the ruling Social Democrats. During this time the party entered into several major compromises with the government in many policy areas, including several state finance bills. However close the socialists moved to the government, though, they never quite became acceptable as coalition partners, much to the chagrin of Holger K. Nielsen. A real popular breakthrough also never materialised, despite the leader's high media profile. The party lost seats in both the 1994 and 2001 elections, only managing to hold on in the 1998 election.

The party was successful in shoring up the centre-left governments of the 1990s. The party remained in the sceptic camp during the 1998 referendum campaign for the Amsterdam Treaty, a move which prompted several prominent pro-Europeans, such as Steen Gade and Christine Antorini, to leave politics. Again in 2000, when the issue was Denmark entering the Economic and Monetary Union, the Socialists were in the forefront of the successful NO-campaign, with Holger K. Nielsen taking a prominent lead. However later that same year, riding high in the opinion polls, Holger K. Nielsen performed a spectacular U-turn and made his party endorse the Nice Treaty, thus making a referendum avoidable. This was the opening shot in a campaign to turn the formerly EU-sceptic party into pro-Europeans, a process that culminated in late 2004, with the party's rank-and-file following Holger K. Nielsen's advice, and endorsing a pro-ratification stance towards the EU's Draft Constitution.

Following the election in 2001 of a liberal-conservative coalition, the Socialist People's Party found themselves in opposition. After the 2005 parliamentary election, Holger K. Nielsen resigned as party leader.

When Annette Vilhelmsen became the new leader of the party in October 2012, Nielsen, who had been a strong supporter of Vilhelmsen's candidacy, was named new Minister of Taxation in the Cabinet of Helle Thorning-Schmidt. He later became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the same cabinet until 30 January 2014, when the Socialist People's Party left the coalition and the Thorning-Schmidt II Cabinet was inaugurated.

Nielsen is in his second marriage and has four children, two from each of the marriages.

title: Holger K. Nielsen


text:
Clerical clothing

Clerical clothing is non-liturgical clothing worn exclusively by clergy. It is distinct from vestments in that it is not reserved specifically for use in the liturgy. Practices vary: clerical clothing is sometimes worn under vestments, and sometimes as the everyday clothing or street wear of a priest, minister, or other clergy member. Eastern Orthodox clerical clothing is a subset of a monk's habit.

In modern times, many Christian clergy have adopted the use of a shirt with a clerical collar; but the use of clerical clothing is most commonly among Catholic, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Orthodox clergy.

Catholicism
In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council made it mandatory for all the Christian clergy to wear distinctive dress. Its purpose was not necessary to elevate the status of the Christian clerics; it was intended that they would catch the public eye if any member of the clergy is seen on the street. However, the rules at the time were not the same as the modern rules, and the rules vary by jurisdiction.

 * Cassock: A long-sleeved, hoodless garment. Depending on the climate it can be made of very lightweight material or heavy wool. In tropical climates white is worn. This is the norm for secular clergy and members of religious institutes. Some religious societies such as the Jesuits and Redemptorists wear their own style of the cassock. Monks and friars wear a habit that can differ considerably from the cassock. Cassocks are generally ankle-length. The color is black for priests, black with purple piping for canons, black with magenta piping for monsignors, black with amaranth red piping for bishops; and black with scarlet red for cardinals. The Roman Pontiff wears a white cassock. Monsignors, bishops and cardinals have what is known as a "choir cassock" for liturgical occasions but this is not worn for everyday wear.
 * Ferraiolo: A full-length cape reaching to the ankles. This is only worn with the cassock on formal white tie or Morning dress occasions.
 * Cape: A covering for the cassock in cold weather.
 * Greca (clothing) (douillette): An overcoat covering the cassock.
 * Hat: zucchetto, biretta, or cappello romano depending on circumstance.
 * Clerical collar: There are a variety of options for daily clerical attire, all involving the use of a clerical collar:
 * Collarino (Tab Collar): This is probably the most common type of shirt and collar among Roman-rite Catholic clergy. It resembles a standard dress shirt but has a standing black collar that is sewn to accommodate a white cloth or soft plastic insert, leaving a small white square at the base of the throat.
 * Neckband: A collarless shirt (similar to a banded collar shirt) tailored to accommodate a strip of linen or plastic that, when worn over the shirt, creates a standing white collar that rings the neck. This detachable collar is fastened with collar stays or buttons. These shirts and detachable collars were originally intended to be worn underneath a waistcoat, rabat, or cassock. Today these shirts are almost invariably black poly-cotton, but when worn under a waistcoat or rabat are usually white and made of a higher quality oxford cotton weave.
 * Clerical waistcoat or rabat: Clerical waistcoats or rabats are the most traditional and formal item of clerical costume. They are almost always black and are made of worsted wool. Clerical waistcoats generally sport silk backing. They are worn over a neckband shirt and a detachable collar to create a cassock-like appearance about the neck. Unlike the waistcoats that accompany suits, they button all the way to the collar. The rabat is a late innovation, and exactly mirrors the clerical waistcoat, except that it is backless.

Eastern Christianity
In the Eastern Catholic Churches and Eastern Orthodox Churches a useful distinction between liturgical vestments and clerical clothing is that vestments are required to be blessed before being worn. Conversely, clerical clothing is not, and is regarded as daily wear.

 * Inner cassock: The inner cassock (or simply, cassock) is a floor-length garment, usually black, worn by all clergy members, monastics, and seminarians.
 * Outer cassock: Called a ryasa (ряса) or exorason, the outer cassock is a large flowing garment worn over the inner cassock by bishops, priests, deacons, and monastics.
 * Skufia: A soft-sided cap worn by monastics or awarded to clergy as a mark of honor.
 * Kamilavka: A stiff hat worn by monastics or awarded to clergy as a mark of honor.
 * Apostolnik: A veil worn either by nuns, either alone or with a skufia.
 * Epanokamelavkion: A veil extending over the back, worn with the kamilavka by all monastics and bishops.
 * Klobuk: A kamilavka with an epanokamelavkion permanently attached; more common in the Russian tradition.

Eastern Orthodox examples

 * Married priests can wear an exorasson or zostikon when not celebrating Liturgy and may opt to wear the more informal skufia over the more formal kalimavkin. They may also wear a vest called a kontorasson, usually during colder weather. The colors of their cassocks vary between the typical black, grey and blue.
 * Monks, hieromonks & bishops all wear the klobuk as part of their mark of celibacy. Some monks will wear the zostikon, kontorasson and skufia when doing daily work around a monastery.
 * Readers & subdeacons rarely wear a cassock outside of church but are often required to wear one in church when not serving.
 * In the Greek tradition, chanters will often wear an exorasson directly over their secular clothing (i.e. without an inner cassock/anteri) during liturgical services. A Chanter who is a seminarian, or a tonsured Reader or Subdeacon, may on occasion wear an anteri instead of an exorasson while at the Chanter's Stand.

Anglicanism
According to the 1604 Canons of the Church of England, the clergy were supposed to wear cassock, gown, and cap whilst going about their duties. The cassock was either double or single-breasted; buttoned at the neck or shoulder and was held at the waist with a belt or cincture. The gown could either be of the special clerical shape – open at the front with balloon sleeves – or the gown of the wearer's degree. This was worn with the Canterbury cap, which gradually stiffened into the familiar 'mortar board' in the course of the 17th and 18th centuries. Cassock and gown were worn as an outdoor dress until the beginning of the nineteenth century, with the Canterbury cap being replaced by the mortarboard or tri-corn hat latterly. Increasingly, though, ordinary men's clothing in black, worn with a white shirt and either a black or white cravat, replaced the dress prescribed by the Canons.

In the 19th century, it was fashionable among gentlemen to wear a detachable collar which was washed and starched separately from the shirt. Initially, with the detachable collar, Anglican clergy wore a white cravat, later a white bow tie, with a waistcoat with a standing collar and a loose clerical frock coat resembling a knee-length cassock with multiple buttons to waist level. Alternatively, they could wear the normal style of gentleman's frock coat and a rabat (see above). In the earlier part of the century, Evangelicals often wore 'swallow tail' coats to distinguish themselves from the high church clergy who favoured the frock coat. This distinction is mentioned as late as 1857 when it is alluded to in Anthony Trollope's Barchester Towers. In the middle of the century, Anglican clergy began turning the collar around backward, creating the first versions of the "dog collar". This form of distinctive dress was seen as a controversial affectation of the high church party, but as time progressed the collar-turned-backward became more common and even survived the demise of detachable collars among the general public. Although the black waistcoat has given way to a black shirt, the collar has become a daily part of a clerical costume for most Anglican clergy. However, some Anglican clergy join with ministers of reformed churches in eschewing distinctive clerical costumes entirely.

During the 20th century, Anglican bishops began wearing purple (officially violet) shirts as a sign of their office. Along with the pectoral cross and episcopal ring, this marks them off from other clergy in appearance. While there is no law among the churches of the Anglican Communion that prevents other members of the clergy from wearing a purple shirt, to do so is generally not considered appropriate.

Until the Regency period, Anglican clergy regularly wore the cassock in public. After enjoying something of a revival in the mid-20th century, this custom is again less common. The traditional Anglican headwear with the cassock was the Canterbury cap, which is now seldom used. Many Anglo-Catholic clergy still wear the biretta. From the mid-18th century, bishops and archdeacons traditionally wore a shortened version of the cassock, called an apron (which hung just above the knee), along with breeches and gaiters. The gaiters, buttoned up the side, would cover the trouser leg to a point just below the knee. This form of everyday vesture, common up until the 1960s, is now almost extinct. (This was appropriate for them in the time when some of their travelling would be on horseback but continued into the middle of the 20th century.)

Some Anglican clergy favour a double-breasted cassock (known as a Sarum cassock), often with an external button at chest level on which to hook an academic hood (which is worn as part of the choir habit). However, many clergy, especially most Anglo-Catholic clergy, choose the single breasted cassock. Like Roman Catholic clergy, some Anglican clergy wear the fascia (known within Anglicanism as a cincture) around the waist, while others prefer a belt. Where extra protection from the elements is needed a cloak may be worn over the cassock.

Clergy of the Royal Peculiars, senior chaplains to the forces, members of the Chapels Royal and honorary chaplains to the King may wear a scarlet cassock and a special badge (the King's cipher surmounted by St Edward's crown surrounded by oak and laurel leaves) on their scarf.

It has been mentioned above that the headcover normally worn with the cassock is the biretta (for Roman Catholics) or the Canterbury Cap (for Anglicans). In the 19th century, like most men of the time, clergy wore the tall silk (top) hat with their outdoor dress and this remained traditional for bishops and other senior clergy for many years. However many clergy preferred to wear the cappello romano, a distinctive broad brimmed round topped hat resembling a low crowned bowler and this remained popular until World War I, when it tended to be substituted by the dark or black Homburg style hat worn by many professional men until more recent times.

Lutheranism
Lutheran clerical clothing varies depending on locality and denomination. The clerical clothing of Lutheran pastors and bishops often mirrors that of Catholic clergy: clerical shirt and a detachable clerical collar.

In Scandinavia, but also in Germany, Lutheran bishops usually wear a pectoral cross. Danish clergy will wear a black cassock, as in Anglican and Catholic traditions, but with a distinctive ruff. Pastors in the old Hanseatic towns of Hamburg and Lübeck may also wear ruff ("Halskrause" in German). The ruff is a large collar, stiffly starched, worn over the top of a full clerical collar. Until the 1980s, this used to be the custom in Norway also, and was a relic of the period when Denmark-Norway had shared a common monarchy (1384-1814). In Sweden, a distinctive form of frock coat (called kaftan) was worn by the clergy, and is still seen on formal occasions when it is worn with a stand-up collar and short bands. German pastors usually wear a black gown with two white preaching tabs when conducting services. For non-liturgical events, they wear ordinary clothing or a clerical shirt and collar. For more formal occasions they may wear a black Lutherrock, a form of frock coat.

In the U.S., Lutheran clergy are not mandated to wear specific clothing. Often a clerical color with a buttoned-down shirt (various colors) is worn with dress slacks or a skirt.

Presbyterianism
Most traditional Presbyterian churches, whether in mainline American denominations like the PC (USA) or evangelical like the PCA, have departed wearing the Geneva gown which came from John Calvin's attire preaching in Geneva. Many now will wear cassocks with perhaps another robe and clerical tabs. However, other Presbyterians also will wear cassocks. This is also common practice among Canadian Presbyterians and the Church of Scotland.

Scotland
In the Church of Scotland, the mother church for the mainline Presbyterian Church, the Minister will wear clerical vestments. Generally, a black or colored gown is worn over a cassock with preaching neck bands and stoles. However more and more colored and ornate vestments are worn in the Church of Scotland. In fact, most all of the ministers of the Church of Scotland wear reverse collars and ornate vestments.

In both the American and the Scottish churches, many of the ministers will wear clerical collars with their suits. Again this is very common in the PCUSA and to a lesser degree in PCA and other Presbyterian denominations. In the Church of Scotland, this is a very common practice with the ministers.

United Kingdom
In British Methodism, a minister (presbyter) often wears a simple business suit with a coloured shirt and clerical collar. For more formal services a minister will adopt a cassock with bands. For ceremonial and very formal occasions, such as the Remembrance Day service at the Cenotaph in London, a traditional black Geneva preaching gown, academic hood and bands may be worn.

Methodist deacons (male or female) have a less strict dress code; but they often wear dark blue clothing, and always wear the pectoral cross of their religious order.

United States
Dress in the United Methodist Church differs from the British norms. There are no official rules on vestments or clerical clothing. Therefore, use of clerical clothing by United Methodist clergy varies greatly by location and situation. Methodist clergy frequently wear clerical clothing on pastoral visits at hospitals and nursing facilities. Elders will most frequently wear black or blue clerical shirts while bishops will wear purple.

title: Clerical clothing


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Akerselva

Akerselva or Akerselven (Aker River ) is a river which flows through Oslo. It starts at Maridalsvannet in Oslomarka, and traverses the boroughs of Nordre Aker, Sagene, Grünerløkka, central Oslo and Grønland, whereby it finally ends at Paulsenkaien and Oset in Bjørvika. The river is considered to be a part of the Nordmarkvassdraget, and has the Norwegian watercourse number 006.Z. The entire river is about 9.8 km long, and has a difference in elevation between source and mouth of approximately 149 m.

In the past, the river was utilized as a source of energy for local industry, and along the river there are many old industrial buildings.

By the 1970s, the river was heavily contaminated after 150 years of industrial and sewage discharge. In the 1980s, a local initiative to limit emissions and revive the flora and fauna of the river began.

Akerselva has largely been rehabilitated is now "Oslo’s green lung" and along the bank of the entire river from Grønland to Maridalsvannet there are park areas. Salmon run and spawn in the upper part of the river.

Early in March 2011, Oslo's water and wastewater department accidentally discharged 6000 L of chlorine into the river near its headwaters, rendering the river virtually dead as of 11 March 2011. According to Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, the discharge occurred at the water treatment plant Oset.

Name
The first element is the genitive case of Aker, the name of the old farm and churchsite that has named several places in Oslo. The last element is the finite form of the noun elv ('river').

The river is considered to be the border between the eastern and the western part of Oslo. In the eastern part people treat the word elv as a feminine noun, so they say elva ('the river'). The westside dialect is influenced by Danish (considered a more appropriate language during the union with Denmark), where the feminine and masculine genders have merged into a common gender inflected like Norwegian masculine nouns. Therefore, people in the western part often treat elv as a masculine noun, causing them to say elven ('the river').

The Old Norse name of the river was Frysja, and this old name has been revived as the name of a neighborhood along the river. The name is probably derived from the verb frusa 'froth', referring to the many waterfalls in the river.

Geology
Akerselva flows from Maridalsvannet north of the city to Bjørvika, 9.8 km further down. The fall is 149 meters. The entire river course is in the construction zone, while the precipitation field is in Nordmarka.

The rocks in the ground below the river are syenite (northern market) and hornfels from Bjølsen and northwards, while the ground south of Bjølsen is mainly clay slate and tuber lime. Syenite and hornfels are hard rocks that are hard to decompose. The river is located in the geological Oslo field, where subsidence areas are formed by stretches in the Earth's crust, blocks are separated and middle parts sink in, allowing for rivers to cut down. The softer rocks further south hard formed the basis for brickwork on Myraløkka and Øvre Foss (Våghalsen), which in the 1840s was the country's largest, and large slides in the river, hence the street name Leirfallsgata at the bottom of Grünerløkka. In Øvre Foss lies a slab of solidified volcanic melt that has come up in a crack, which is tougher and harder than lime and slate and a reason why the waterfall is here.

Up in Nydalen, there are steep erosion cliffs that are part of the Grefsen moraine. The river has cut its way through thick masses of gravel, sand and clay that formed in front of the inland ice that receded about 9800 years ago (the Akert Step). At the largest bathtub at Stilla and at the gutters between the grasslands at Brekkedammen, there is visible syenite (circular swab) with clear scouring strips from the glacier. At Nedre Foss there is visible tuber lime, black clay slate and limestone (orthocer lime).

About 10,000 years ago, the sea rose 220 meters higher than today, about 9300 years ago the sea was 150 meters so that the Maridal waters were separated from the fjord and the Akerselva was born. , 6,000 years ago was the waterline at Myraløkka and 3,000 years ago at Cuba.

Waterfalls
The 20 waterfalls are, from above:
 * Kjelsås fall
 * Brekkefossen
 * Nydalsfossen, also called Nygårdsfossen
 * Gullhaugfossen, at Gullhaug square
 * Bjølsenfossen (two falls, fall height 16 meters), at Treschow's bridge
 * Lilleborgfossen, fall height 3 meters
 * Hjulafossen, below the Vøyen Bridge, which together with the Våghalsen form the Vøyen Falls
 * Daredevil, below the Beyer Bridge
 * Upper Waterfall, also called the Seilduksfossen
 * Nedre Foss, several falls, at the silo in Cuba

A lot of stone has been used in river banks and bridges: At the Vaterland Park, a rocky mountain of gray Østfold granite from Hvaler has been recreated, the same has been used in the bridges in Hausmann's bridge. Both Nybrua, Ankerbrua and Sannerbrua besides the millstone on Beyerbrua are in light, coarse-grained syenite.

title: Akerselva


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Roy Worters

Roy Thomas "Shrimp" Worters (October 19, 1900 – November 7, 1957) was a Canadian professional Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender who played twelve seasons in the National Hockey League for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Montreal Canadiens and New York Americans.

Worters recorded 66 shutouts in his career. At 5'3" (160 cm) tall, he was the shortest player ever to play in the NHL.

Playing career
Worters played junior ice hockey in Toronto with the Toronto Canoe Club Paddlers, winning the 1920 Memorial Cup, the national junior championship. He then spent several years in amateur and senior leagues, including the 1923–24 and 1924–25 seasons as the star netminder for the Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets of the United States Amateur Hockey Association, leading the Yellow Jackets to championships both seasons. Bolstered by the success, the expansion Pittsburgh Pirates joined the NHL the following season, with Worters in goal and substantially the same lineup as the Yellow Jackets. Worters proved an iron man, playing three seasons for the Pirates and in virtually all of their games, showing great skill while backstopping a weak defensive team; in the Pirates' first season, Worters stopped 70 of 73 shots (setting a then-NHL record) in a 3–1 loss to the Americans.

Worters refused to sign with the Pirates for the 1927–28 season, and was suspended briefly before being traded to the Americans, for whom he would spend the rest of his career (save for a single game on loan to the Canadiens in 1930). His first season with the Americans saw Worters becoming the first goaltender to win the Hart Memorial Trophy with a 1.15 goals against average as he led the Americans to second place in the Canadian Division, after the team finished in last place the year before.

During his time with the New York Americans, Worters had a corps of large defencemen in front of him, including Bullet Joe Simpson, "Red" Dutton, and Lionel Conacher. Coincidentally, Conacher grew up in the same Toronto neighbourhood as Worters. The Americans would make the playoffs only once more during Worters' career, although he would win the Vezina Trophy in 1930–31 as the league's best goaltender. During the ensuing contract negotiations following the season, Worters signed for $8,500 per season, an unprecedented sum for a goalie. He became the first goalie in NHL history to record back to back shutouts in his first two games for a new team.

While with the Americans, Worters was named team captain for the 1932–33 season.

In 1937, Worters needed hernia surgery and retired following the season. Roy Worters died of throat cancer on November 7, 1957. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1969.

Awards and achievements

 * Hart Memorial Trophy Winner in 1929
 * Selected to the NHL Second All-Star Team in 1932, 1934
 * Vezina Trophy Winner in 1931
 * First NHL goalie to record back to back shutouts
 * Inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1969

title: Roy Worters


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Gan Jiang and Mo Ye

Gan Jiang and Mo Ye  were a swordsmith couple, discussed in the literature involving the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. Some aspects of this material may be considered historical; others are certainly mythological. A pair of swords was forged by and named after them.

History
According to the historical text Wuyue Chunqiu, King Helü of Wu ordered Gan Jiang and Mo Ye to forge a pair of swords for him in three months. However, the blast furnace failed to melt the metal. Mo Ye suggested that there was insufficient human qi in the furnace so the couple cut their hair and nails and cast them into the furnace, while 300 children helped to blow air into the bellows. In another account, Mo Ye sacrificed herself to increase human qi by throwing herself into the furnace. The desired result was achieved after three years and the two swords were named after the couple. Gan Jiang kept the male sword, Ganjiang, for himself and presented the female sword, Moye, of the pair to the king. The king was already very displeased since he ordered the sword made in three months time but Ganjiang did not come back in three years, when he discovered Gan Jiang had kept the male sword, he was angered and had Gan Jiang killed.

Before his death, Gan Jiang had already predicted the king's reaction, so he left behind a message for Mo Ye and their unborn son telling them where he had hidden the Ganjiang Sword. Several months later, Mo Ye gave birth to Gan Jiang's son, Chi (赤), and years later she told him his father's story. Chi was eager to avenge his father and he sought the Ganjiang Sword. At the same time, the king dreamed of a youth who desired to kill him and, in fear, he placed a bounty on the youth's head. Chi was indignant and, filled with anguish, he started crying on his way to enact his vengeance. An assassin found Chi, who told the assassin his story. The assassin then suggested that Chi surrender his head and sword, and the assassin himself will avenge Ganjiang in Chi's place. He did as told and committed suicide. The assassin was moved and decided to help Chi fulfill his quest.

The assassin severed Chi's head and brought it, along with the Ganjiang sword to the overjoyed king. The king was however uncomfortable with Chi's head staring at him, and the assassin asked the king to have Chi's head boiled, but Chi's head was still staring at the king even after 40 days without any sign of decomposition, thus the assassin told the king that he needed to take a closer look and stare back in order for the head to decompose under the power of the king. The king bent over the cauldron and the assassin seized the opportunity to decapitate him, his head falling into the cauldron alongside Chi's. The assassin then cut off his own head, which also fell into the boiling water. The flesh on the heads was boiled away such that none of the guards could recognize which head belonged to whom. The guards and vassals decided since all three should be honoured as kings (With Chi and the assassin being so brave and loyal). The three heads were eventually buried together at Yichun County, Runan, Henan, and the grave is called "Tomb of Three Kings".

Historical records and legacy
Historical texts Xunzi and Mozi from the Warring States period mention the existence of the Ganjiang and Moye Swords.

The official biography of Zhang Hua in the historical text Book of Jin records that the two swords reappeared during the early Jin Dynasty. The swords were later buried at Yanping Ford (present-day Yanping District, Nanping, Fujian). A monument for the swords stands is still present in Yanping District.

Mount Mogan in Deqing County, Zhejiang, is named in memory of Gan Jiang and Mo Ye.

In popular culture
In popular media, Gan Jiang and Mo Ye are referenced in:
 * Fate/stay night Their swords appear as Archer's signature weapons and are represented as a pair of married swords, with their names translated to Japanese (Kanshou -Ganjiang- and Bakuya -Mo Ye-).
 * Kingdom The pair is referenced as having made the Bakuyu (Mo Ye) Sword. It was used by a Chu commander named Kou Yoku (Xiang Yi).
 * In Wolong Fallen Dynasty, Gan Jiang and Mo Ye are one of the famous historical weapons from the Spring and Autumn period avaliable for the protagonist to use alongside Ou Yezi's Chunjun, Zhanlu, Yuchang and Shèngxié.

title: Gan Jiang and Mo Ye


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Royal and Ancient Polar Bear Society

The Royal and Ancient Polar Bear Society or Polar Bear Club (Norwegian Isbjørnklubben, "Polar Bear Club") locates a small exhibition in the town of Hammerfest in Finnmark, Norway. The significance of the polar bear is that this animal is the town's mascot and heraldic crest.

For all its remoteness, Hammerfest has a long history as a trading port, and Polar Bear Club   sets out to commemorate this. In the museum's single room are a variety of mementos of the early life of Hammerfest, including a profusion of stuffed animals, early Arctic hunting, traveling and camping equipment, and a gallery of photographs, paintings, drawings and writings of and from the town's history. These depict the town as it was in previous centuries, showing that as far back as the seventeenth century, this tiny town was a nexus for travelers and traders in the far north and a meeting point for the isolated people of North Norway, traders sailing up from southern Europe and hunters and traders coming west from the Arctic Ocean and Russia.

Founded in 1963 by two local businessmen, the Polar Bear Club is not particularly ancient. Primarily, it is a somewhat jokey amenity for tourists. Although entrance to the actual exhibition is free of charge, visitors are encouraged to join the Society, which is rewarded with a membership pack, the contents of which include a certificate signed by the actual mayor, a sticker, a membership card and a lapel pin made of silver and enamel. Since the only way to join is in person at the Polar Bear Society, this pin signifies as proof of visiting this remote place.

title: Royal and Ancient Polar Bear Society


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Category:Scientific equipment

Scientific equipment contains all scientific equipment and devices not included in Category:Scientific instruments: broadly, those which are neither optically precise nor for precision measurement.

title: Category:Scientific equipment


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User talk:Konar

Welcome!
Hi Konar, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

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Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 13:41, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Konar