text:
User talk:GilHamilton

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title: User talk:GilHamilton


text:
Joseph (Khazar)

Joseph ben Aaron was king of the Khazars during the 950s and 960s. Joseph was the son of Aaron II, a Khazar ruler who defeated a Byzantine-inspired war against Khazaria on numerous fronts. Joseph's wife (or probably, one of many wives) was the daughter of the king of the Alans.

Whether Joseph was the Khagan or the Bek of the Khazars is contested among historians. He describes leading Khazar armies which seems to imply the role of the Bek. However, as he does not refer to a co-ruler in his writings, it is possible that by his time the two-king system had been abandoned altogether (see Khazar Kingship).

Joseph actively sought contact with Jews elsewhere in the diaspora. He corresponded with Hasdai ibn Shaprut, a rabbi in Cordoba, and invited him to settle in Khazaria. He is also mentioned in the Schechter Letter.

Joseph was involved in wars against the Kievan Rus and the Pechenegs, as well as sporadic fighting with the Byzantines in the Crimea. He reported that he was allied with the Muslim states around the Caspian Sea against Varangian marauders from Rus' and Scandinavia.

Joseph's ultimate fate is unknown. As the destruction of the Khazar empire by Sviatoslav I of Kiev occurred soon after his correspondence with Hasdai (in 967 or 969), it is possible that Joseph was ruler during the Khaganate's collapse.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joseph (Khazar)


title: File:U2three.jpg


text:
Talk:Villa Montalvo Arboretum

Merge?
Shouldn't the information in this article be merged into the main Villa Montalvo article? Though the information in it is good, it's so short, it doesn't really make a satifying article. Since it's usually considered part of the estate, I think it should just go under an Arboretum section in the main article. I'll do that in the next few days and nominate this article for deletion (or make it into a redirect) unless someone objects (here). — Frecklefoot | Talk 14:25, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Villa Montalvo Arboretum


text:
Pinus armandii

Pinus armandii, the Armand pine or Chinese white pine, is a species of pine native to China, occurring from southern Shanxi west to southern Gansu and south to Yunnan, with outlying populations in Anhui. It grows at altitudes of 2200–3000 m in Taiwan, and it also extends a short distance into northern Burma. In Chinese it is known as "Mount Hua pine" (华山松).

It grows at 1,000–3,300 m altitude, with the lower altitudes mainly in the northern part of the range. It is a tree reaching 35 m height, with a trunk up to 1 m in diameter.

Description
It is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. They are 8–20 cm long. The cones are 9–22 cm long and 6–8 cm broad, with stout, thick scales. The seeds are large, 10–16 mm long and have only a vestigial wing; they are dispersed by spotted nutcrackers. The cones mature in their second year, this is a juvenile female cone:

The species has two or three varieties:
 * Varieties
 * Pinus armandii var. armandii. All the range except for the populations below.
 * Pinus armandii var. mastersiana. Mountains of central Taiwan.
 * Pinus armandii var. dabeshanensis. The Dabie Mountains on the Anhui-Hubei border. Alternatively, this variety may be treated as a separate species, Pinus dabeshanensis (Dabie Mountains pine). To add further confusion, Flora of China lists this as P. fenzeliana var. dabeshanensis.

IUCN has listed var. dabeshanensis (assessed as Pinus dabeshanensis) as vulnerable and var. mastersiana as endangered.

Pinus armandii has also been reported in the past from Hainan off the south coast of China, and two islands off southern Japan, but these pines differ in a number of features and are now treated as distinct species, Hainan white pine (Pinus fenzeliana) and Yakushima white pine (Pinus amamiana) respectively.

Uses
Pinus armandii seeds are harvested and sold as pine nuts. Research indicates that these nuts can cause pine mouth syndrome. The wood is used for general building purposes; the species is important in forestry plantations in some parts of China. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in parks and large gardens in Europe and North America. The scientific name commemorates the French missionary and naturalist Armand David, who first introduced it to Europe.

Problems
19 different Pestalotiopsis species (a genus of ascomycete fungi) have been found as endophytes from bark and needles of Pinus armandii in China.

Chinese culture
The tree, because of its evergreen foliage, is considered by the Chinese as an emblem of longevity and immortality. Its resin is considered an animated soul-substance, the counterpart of blood in men and animals. In ancient China, Taoist seekers of immortality consumed much of the tree's resin, hoping thereby to prolong life. Legend says that Qiu Sheng (仇生) who lived at the time of King Chengtang of Shang (商成汤王) (reigned 1675–1646 BCE), founder of the Shang Dynasty, was indebted for his longevity to pine-resin. The Shouxing, Chinese god of longevity (寿星), is usually represented standing at the foot of a pine, while a fairy-crane perches on a branch of the tree. In traditional pictures of "happiness, honor and longevity" (福禄寿三星), the pine-tree represents longevity, in the same manner as the bat symbolizes good fortune due to its homonymic association with the Chinese character for good luck (福). A fungus, that the Chinese call Fu Ling grows on the root of the pine-tree, and is believed by the Chinese to suppress all sensations of hunger, cure various diseases, and lengthen life.

title: Pinus armandii


text:
User:Jerzy/Red Links from LoPbN: C

 * Caballero, Flavio, actor
 * Cable, G. W., US novelist
 * Cabrera, Francisco, baseball player, hero of the 1992 NLCS for the Atlanta Braves
 * Cabrera, Pedro, (1938-2002), Cuban actor and director who on Puerto Rican television
 * Cachin, Marcel, founder of the daily L'Humanité
 * Cadez, Andrej, astrophysicist
 * Cadorna, Pietro Never mind, see talk:Pietro Cadorna
 * Cadwaladr, Dilys, poet
 * Caldwalader, Thomas, (1795-1874), American (Union Army) General
 * Cairncross, Alec, (born 1911), chancellor of the University of Glasgow
 * Caldwell, Zoe, (born 1933), actress
 * Call, Daniel, dramatist, author
 * Callender, Red, (died 1992), composer
 * Callinicus III, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Callinicus II, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Callinicus I, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Callinicus IV, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Callinicus, Patriarch of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Callistus II, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Callistus I, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Calvia, Pompeo
 * Camacho, Eliodoro
 * Cambosu, Salvatore
 * Cambridge, Godfrey, (1933-1976), actor
 * Camera, Dom Helder, (died 1999), Brazilian bishop and human rights activist
 * Camões, Luis de, poet, author of the Lusíadas
 * Campagna, Phil, Canadian writer
 * Campanella, Joseph, (born 1933), actor
 * Campbell, Archibald, (died 1661), Marquess of Argyll, Scottish Covenanter
 * Campbell, Archie, (1914-1987), comedian
 * Campbell, Edna, basketball player, Sacramento Monarchs
 * Campbell, Robin, (born 1954), guitarist and singer of UB40
 * Campero, Narciso
 * Campíns, Luís Herrera, Venezuelan president
 * Campo, Radulphus de Longo, scholastic philosopher
 * Campos, Fernando de, novelist
 * Can, Libel, musician
 * Canales, Johnny, musician
 * Candeloro, Philippe, Canadian figure skater
 * Canetti, Veza, dramatist, author
 * Cannan, Edwin, (1861-1935), British economist
 * Cannan, May Wedderburn, (1893-1973), poet
 * Cano, Juan Sebastian, (died 1526), Spanish explorer
 * Cano, Juan Sebastian del, completed the first global circumnavigation, started by Magellan
 * Cão, Diogo, (died c. 1486), Portuguese explorer
 * Cap, Frantisek, (1913-1972), film director
 * Cappai, Pietro Chessa
 * Capps, Steve, co-creator of Apple Macintosh and Newton
 * Capreolus, John, scholastic philosopher
 * Capuana, Luigi, novelist
 * Capuder, Andrej, (born 1942), poet
 * Caracciolo, Landulph, scholastic philosopher
 * Cardenas, Steve, musician
 * Cardi, Ludovico, (also known as Cigoli)
 * Cardoso, Edgar, expert in bridge engineering
 * Carey, Peter Stafford, (1845-1883), British bailiff
 * Carey, Thomas Godfrey, (1895-1902), British bailiff
 * Cargo, Ivan, (1898-1958), painter
 * Carleton, Will, poet
 * Carlille, Richard, (1790-1843), reformer
 * Carlson, Jessica, (born 1977), American archer
 * Carlson, John Fabian, (1875-1945), painter
 * Carnarvon, George, British aristocrat and Tutankhamon expedition sponsor
 * Carpentier, Patrick, race car driver
 * Carr, Leroy, musician
 * Carr, Marina, Aosdána
 * Carr, Sister Wynona, musician
 * Carriedo, Francisco
 * Carrillo, Rosa, (1960-2002), Univision news anchor.
 * Carroll, Thomas, first self-propelled combine harvester
 * Carroll, Thomas King, governor
 * Carrus, Maurizio
 * Carruth, Hayden, poet
 * Carson, Ciarán, Aosdána
 * Carson, Martha, musician
 * Carson, Sunset, (born 1922), actor
 * Carstens, Lina, (1892-1978), actress
 * Carta, Maria
 * Carter, Bo, musician
 * Carter, Carlene, (born 1955), country-music singer
 * Carter, Charles J., magician
 * Carter, Don, (born 1926), bowler
 * Cartier, Jean, muralist
 * Casamayor, Joel, world champion boxer
 * Casares, Maria, (1922-1996), actress
 * Casey, Philip, Aosdána
 * Casgrain, Henri Raymond, priest, author, historian
 * Cash, Dave, baseball player
 * Cash, Dave, disc jockey
 * Cassidy, Joanna, US actor
 * Cassini, Igor, (1915-2002), gossip columnist ("Cholly Knickerbocker")
 * Cassini, Oleg, (born 1913), fashion designer
 * Cassola, Carlo, novelist
 * Casson, Alfred Joseph, (1898-1992), painter
 * Casson, Lionel, historian
 * Castellano, Myrta, singer
 * Castellion, Sebastian, translator of the Bible
 * Castello-Branco, Camillo
 * Castelnau, Edouard de, (1851-1944), General
 * Castelvì, Jose Delitala
 * Castillo, Eric del, actor
 * Castinus, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Castinus, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Castle, Irene, (1893-1969), dancer
 * Castle, Vernon, (1887-1918), dancer
 * Castro, Julián, Venezuelan president
 * Casu, Pietro
 * Casula, Antioco, Montanaru
 * Casula, Francesco
 * Cates, Gilbert, (born 1934), producer, director
 * Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, US novelist
 * Catholicoi, of Armenia, bishop
 * Catlett, Big Sid, musician
 * Cattaneo, Danese, sculptor
 * Caulfield, Henry S., governor
 * Cavazza, Boris, (born 1939), actor
 * Cec, Toncka, (1896-1943), national heroine.
 * Ceffons, Peter, scholastic philosopher
 * Ceja, Gonzalo, musician
 * Cenni, Cosimo, sculptor
 * Ceram, C. W., (1915-1972), author
 * Cerar, Miro, (born 1939), gymnast, Olympic athlete
 * Cermelj, Lavo, (1889-1980), physicist
 * Cernej, Anica, (1900-1944), poet
 * Cernigoj, Avgust, (1898-1985), painter
 * Cerny, Jozka, musician
 * Cervi, Gino, Italian actor
 * Cesi, Bartolomeo, (1556-1629), painter
 * Ceulemans, Raymond, billiards player
 * Chads, John Cornell, British Virgin Islands president
 * Chadwick, Paul, US cartoonist of Concrete comic book
 * Chadwick, Whitefield, (1854-1931), composer
 * Chaffee, Gary, musician
 * Chagoyan, Maria Rosa, actress
 * Chakerian, Gulbank Don, mathematician
 * Chalbaud, Carlos Delgado, Venezuelan president
 * Chalifoux, Thelma, Canadian senator
 * Chamberlain, Steve, Binary File Descriptor, Cygwin
 * Chambers, Dennis, musician
 * Chambers, Dorothea, tennis player
 * Chambless, Edgar, Roadtown
 * Champion, Tony, athlete
 * Chang, Min Chueh, biologist
 * Changling, Wang, (probably mistaken filing of "Wang, Changling", retained for accessibility:) poet
 * Chanho, Park, MLB Player
 * Chapelle, Howard I., maritime history
 * Chaplin, Victoria, (born 1951)
 * Chaput, Maria, Canadian senator
 * Charitopoulos, Manuel, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Charles, Denis, musician
 * Chase, James Hadley, American mystery writer
 * Chatten, Klaus, dramatist, author
 * Chatton, Walter, scholastic philosopher
 * Chatzeres, Samuel, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Chaudhary, Mahima, Indian actress
 * Chauncy, Charles, (1592-1672), President of Harvard 1654-72
 * Chauncy, Charles, (1705-1787), pastor of First Church, Boston 1727-87
 * Chemnitz, Martin, (1522-1586), theologian
 * Cheney, James, (died 1964), US civil rights activist
 * Cherkasov, Nikolai, (1903-1966), actor
 * Chernov, Victor, Socialist Revolutionary Leader
 * Chertoff, Benjamin, Popular Mechanics research editor
 * Chhabria, Dilip, car designer, India
 * Ch'ien Mu
 * Childress, Alice, (1912-1994), novelist
 * Chisum, John, (died 1884), cattle baron
 * Chlebnikov, Velimir, (1885-1922), writer
 * Chliarenus, Constantine, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Chmielowski, Adam, Polish painter
 * Choi Yong-kun, North Korean president
 * Chomsky, Marvin J. (born 1929), film
 * Chotek, Sophia
 * Chouinard, Joseé, (born 1969), Canadian figure skater
 * Christensen, Ione, Canadian senator
 * Christmas, Eric, (died 2000), actor
 * Christodoulus of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Christopher I of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Christopher II of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Christopher of Bayern, (1442-1448), Icelandic ruler
 * Chrysanthus I, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Chrysoberges, Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Ciecierski, Tomasz, Polish painter
 * Cigliano, Fausto, musician
 * Cimperman, Franc, (1852-1873), poet
 * Cimperman, Josip, (1847-1893), poet
 * Civilis, Julius, rebel
 * Cizek, Franz, (1865-1946), painter
 * Claesson, Stig, Swedish writer
 * Claflin, Avery, (died 1979), composer
 * Clampitt, Amy, poet
 * Clapp, Gordon, (born 1948), US actor
 * Clara, Benjamin, musician
 * Clare, Alys, author
 * Clarembald of Arras, scholastic philosopher
 * Clark, Barney, (died 1983), first artificial heart recipient
 * Clark, Greg, (1892-1977), Canadian writer
 * Clark, Jimmy, Formula 1 driver
 * Clarke, Graham, illustrator
 * Clarke, Mick, musician
 * Clarkson, Frank Cecil, (1926-1934)
 * Clay, Otis, (born 1942), gospel and R&B singer
 * Clayton, Buck, musician
 * Clayton, Jo, author
 * Cleaves, Jessica, (born 1948), musician (P Funk)
 * Clemens, Clarence, (born 1942), US musician of (E Street Band)
 * Clement, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Clement, Martin W. (1881-1966), president of the Pennsylvania Railroad 1935–1948
 * Clements, Tom, athlete
 * Clements, William P., (1987-1991), American Governor of Texas
 * Clerc, Julien, musician
 * Cleveland, James, Reverend, musician
 * Cliff, Michelle, poet
 * Clifton, Harry, Aosdána
 * Clifton, Lucille, poet
 * Clive, Kitty, actor
 * Clodion, sculptor
 * Cluytens, Charles, conductor
 * Coady, Michael, Aosdána
 * Coates, Robert, US musician
 * Cobb, John R., (1899-1952), automobile racer
 * Cobb, Sylvanus, Jr., author of The Gunmaker of Moscow
 * Cobham, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Coburn, Alvin Langdon, photographer
 * Cochran, William, statistician
 * Code, Keith, racing instructor
 * Codman, Charles, (1800-1842), American painter
 * Coe, Barry, (born 1934), actor
 * Coe, Tony, musician
 * Coëme, Guy, Minister-President of Wallonia
 * Coetzer, Amanda, (RSA)
 * Coffin, Howard, (died 1937), co-founder of the Hudson Motor Company
 * Coffman, Virginia, author
 * Coggan, Frederick, (1909-2000), Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Cohen, Greg
 * Cohen, Stan, poet
 * Cohn, Joe, musician
 * Coi, Zuanne de Tonini da, mathematician
 * Coke, Robert, (1829-1897), U.S. Senator and Governor of Texas
 * Cole, Cozy, musician
 * Cole, Jerry, musician -- strike-thru un-lk non-bio-worthy  n-n ' 259 of about 612 for "Jerry Cole " "Surf rock" OR guitarist. ' entry
 * Cole, William Horace, UK prankster
 * Coleman, Helena, Canadian writer
 * Coleman, Joseph James, chemist, Bell-Coleman refrigerator
 * Coleman, Joseph James (born c. 1924), fugitive
 * Coleman, Wanda, poet
 * Coles, Cecil, (1888-1918), composer
 * Colijn, Hendrik, prime minister
 * Coll, John, sculptor
 * Colledge, Cecilia, (born 1920), figure skater
 * Collett, Jonas, (1833-1836), Norwegian Prime Minister
 * Colley, Scott
 * Collier, Eugenia W., (born 1928), professor, writer
 * Collignon, Robert, Minister-President of Wallonia
 * Collingwood, Robin, (died 1943), philosopher
 * Collins, Billy, (died 1984), American boxer
 * Collins, Patrick, Saoi of Aosdána
 * Collins, Rudy, (born 1934), drummer for the Dizzy Gillespie quintet
 * Collister, Christine, musician
 * Collot, Marie-Anne, sculptor
 * Coloma, Luis, (born 1851), Spanish Jesuit writer, theologian
 * Colombe, Jean, painter
 * Colquhoun, James, (1780-1855)
 * Colquhoun, Robert
 * Columbo, Rus, (born 1908), singer, bandleader, composer
 * Comencini, Luigi, film director
 * Comenus, John Amos, Orbis Sesualim Pictis Picture Book
 * Comins, Nicholas, (binaural stethoscope)
 * Compotista, Garlandus, scholastic philosopher
 * Compton, Richmal, (fl. early 20th century), Just William
 * Conant, James Bryan, (1893-1978), chemist and politician
 * Congdon, Bevan, (born 1938), New Zealand cricket player
 * Congiu, Raimondo
 * Coninckx, Stijn, film director
 * Connell, Evan S., Jr, poet
 * Connellan, Leo, (Clear Blue Lobster-Water Country trilogy)
 * Conner, Ralph aka Charles William Gordon, The Man from Glengarry, Glengarry School Days
 * Connick, Harry, Sr., district attorney, singer
 * Connolly, Peter, illustrator
 * Conrad, Walter Arensberg, (Dada)
 * Constant, (born 1920), painter
 * Constantine I, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Constantine II, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Constantine III, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Constantine IV, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Constantine V, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Constantine VI, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Constantius II, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Constantius I, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Contreras, Eleazar López, Venezuelan president
 * Cook, Joan, Canadian senator
 * Cook, Judith, author
 * Cook, Michael, Canadian writer
 * Cook, Roger, (fl. 1960s), songwriter, associated with Roger Greenaway
 * Cookman, Nathaniel George, (1896-1903)
 * Cooksey, Mark, composer
 * Coolidge, Clark, poet
 * Coolidge, William David (1873-1975), X-rays
 * Coolman, Todd
 * Coombs, D. D., US painter
 * Coombs, Robin, Coombs antibody
 * Cooney, Ray, British playwright (comedies and farces)
 * Cooper, Cinthya, WNBA basketball player
 * Cooper, Dave, comic creator
 * Cooper, Doug, Canadian writer
 * Cooper, Louise, author
 * Cooper, Mudbone, (born 1953), singer (P Funk)
 * Copeland, John Paul, Canadian writer
 * Copeland, Royal, Canadian athlete
 * Coppola, Carmine, (died 1991), composer, conductor
 * Corcoran, Frank, member of Aosdána
 * Cord, Errett, (born 1894), automobile entrepreneur
 * Corda, Alberto, Cuban photographer
 * Corda, Mario
 * Cordero, Joaquin, Mexican actor
 * Cordero, Paquito, Puerto Rican actor and producer
 * Cordoba, Hernandez Gonzalo de, (died 1515), "El Gran Capitan", Spanish General.
 * Cordy, Jane, Canadian senator
 * Cormeau, Yvonne, (1909-1998), Special Operations Executive agent, WW II heroine
 * Cornell, Thomas, (born 1937), American painter
 * Corner, Alexis, musician
 * Cornwallis, Frederick, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Corrolla, Adam, comedian
 * Corrothers, James D., poet
 * Cortes, Alberto, singer
 * Cortes, Nestor, comedian
 * Cortez, Jayne, poet
 * Cosmas I, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Cosmas III, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Cosmas III, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Cosmas I, of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Cosmas II, of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Cosmas III, of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Cosmas II, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Cosmas I, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Cossette-Trudel, Jacques, FLQ Terrorist
 * Cossu, Gavino
 * Costa, Beatriz, (actress)
 * Costa, Enrico
 * Côté, Paul, president of VIA Rail Canada
 * Coulber, Dunstan, musician
 * Coulibaly, Ouezzin
 * Cousteau, Simone, first woman scuba diver, wife of Jacques
 * Coutinho, Gago, (1869-1959), aviator
 * Couzyn, Jeni, poet
 * Covay, Don, musician
 * Cranston, Toller
 * Crase, Douglas, poet
 * Crathorne, William, scholastic philosopher
 * Craven, Beverley, singer-songwriter
 * Crawford, Rufus, athlete
 * Crayton, Pee, musician
 * Cremazie, Claude, (1827-1879), Canadian writer
 * Croft, Dash, (born 1940), musician
 * Cromwell, William Nelson, (1854-1948), American lawyer and entrepreneur
 * Cron, Al, musician
 * Cronin, Anthony, Aosdána
 * Cronin, Julie, horse racing jockey
 * Crotty, Thomas, (born 1934), American painter
 * Cruger, John H., (1738-1807), Colonel of Tory militia in Revolutionary War
 * Cruikshank, John Augustus Cockburn, Administrator of the British Virgin Islands (1946-1954)
 * Cucu, Gheorghe, (born 1882), composer
 * Cugusi, Michele
 * Cuk, Janez, (1933-1964), actor.
 * Cuk, Marij, (born 1952), poet
 * Cullars, Star, (born 1964), musician (P Funk)
 * Culver, Rick, musician
 * Cummings, Peter, Canadian writer
 * Cummings, Terry, American former NBA basketball player
 * Cundric, Valentin, (born 1938), poet
 * Cunnigham, Jack, british politician
 * Cunningham, John, RAF group captain and night-fighter ace
 * Cunningham, Johnny, (1957-2003) musician
 * Cunningham, Phil, accordionist
 * Curley, Carlo (1952-), concert organist
 * Curnow, Allen, (1911-2001), poet
 * Curry, Lige, (born 1953), musician (P Funk)
 * Curtis, Ernst Robert, (1886-1956), romanist
 * Cuypers, Pierre, architect
 * Cuypers, Pieter, (died 1669)
 * Cvetko, Ciril, (1920-1999), composer, conductor, pedagogue and publicist
 * Cybis, Boleslaw, Polish painter
 * Cybis, Jan, Polish painter
 * Cyprian, of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Cyprius, Gregory, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Cyriacus, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Cyriacus, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Cyril II, of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Cyril, Metropolitan of Moscow, (1568-1572)
 * Cyrus of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Cyrus, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Czachorski, Wladyslaw, Polish painter
 * Czapski, Jozef, Polish painter
 * Czarny, Marcin, Polish painter
 * Czechowicz, Szymon, Polish painter
 * Czyzewski, Tytus, Polish painter

title: User:Jerzy/Red Links from LoPbN: C


text:
Talk:Happy Planet

Websites
http://www.pccnaturalmarkets.com/producers/happyplanet.html http://www.shared-vision.com/2005/sv1804/fourtowatch1804.html http://kootenaycuts.com/archive/?7330 http://www.thetyee.ca/News/2004/11/08/NDPNewFaceBusiness/

title: Talk:Happy Planet


text:
Claro Que Si

Claro Que Si is Yello's second album, released in 1981. "Claro que si" is Spanish for "Yes of course" and was reissued in 2005 in part of Yello Remaster Series with rare bonus tracks.

Personnel

 * Yello
 * Boris Blank – electronics, backing vocals
 * Dieter Meier – vocals
 * Carlos Perón – tapes

 * Additional personnel
 * Beat Ash – drums
 * Chico Hablas – guitars
 * Zine el Abedine – vocals on "Ouad el Habib"

Cover Design / Illustration
 * Jim Cherry

title: Claro Que Si


text:
Three (U2 EP)

Three, also known as U2 3, is the debut release by Irish rock band U2. It was released in Ireland on 26 September 1979 through the CBS Ireland record label.

Three comprises three songs recorded at Windmill Lane Studios in August 1979, with the label's A&R representative Chas de Whalley serving as producer. "Out of Control" appears on the A-side, with "Stories for Boys" and "Boy/Girl" on the B-side, the result of a listener poll on Dave Fanning's radio programme; the release is variously referred to as a single and an EP. It was the group's first chart success, selling all 1,000 copies of its limited-edition 12-inch vinyl almost immediately. The 7-inch vinyl release of Three reached number 19 on the Irish Singles Chart.

"Out of Control" and "Stories for Boys" were re-recorded the following year and included on the band's debut album, Boy. Three was reissued for Record Store Day Black Friday in November 2019 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of its original release.

Involvement of Jackie Hayden
U2 first came to the attention of Jackie Hayden, a representative for the CBS Records label, through their participation in a music talent contest as part of Limerick Civic Week on St. Patrick's Day in March 1978. Hayden was on the judging panel that selected U2 as the winning act, and their prize consisted of £500 and a chance to audition for the label. Watching U2 perform, Hayden "liked them instantly", as he was drawn to lead singer Bono's "supremely confident stage presence" and the "workmanlike fashion" in which the other band members played.

A few weeks later in April, the group were booked for a recording session at Keystone Studios in Dublin to fulfil CBS's commitment to the Limerick Civic Week Committee. Hayden oversaw the session but was not an experienced producer. The session was largely unsuccessful, as the band were "extremely nervous" about their first recording session. Bassist Adam Clayton said, "It was horrible, because nobody told us anything." The group were accustomed to playing together live, in a room or on stage, and they found it difficult to communicate with each other while spread out in the studio and separated by baffles.

Hayden said that the intent of the session was to record eight to ten songs to allow the label to better judge the band's repertoire, rather than spend the entire time refining a few tracks. However, he did not think the band understood that, as they were only able to complete one song, "Inside Out" (by Clayton's recollection). The session was supposed to last late into the night but ended abruptly at 11 p.m. after the father of drummer Larry Mullen Jr. arrived and demanded he take his 15-year-old son home, believing that school the following morning took priority. Hayden was unimpressed by the recordings from the session but liked the band's material and work ethic. The group asked if he was interested in managing them, but he declined.

Several weeks later, Bono and Clayton visited Hayden at his office to discuss a recording contract, with Clayton acting as U2's de facto manager at the time. Though no one at CBS Ireland other than Hayden was interested in the band, he wanted to remain involved in their career. He gave them a copy of a standard CBS Ireland contract to review, which would have included a commitment of two or three singles while giving CBS Ireland international rights to the material for five years. The group had concerns with the contract, but Hayden said the terms were non-negotiable and that CBS UK did not think CBS Ireland should be signing new acts at all. U2 amicably declined to sign the contract, believing it to be the wrong deal at the wrong time. They remained in contact with Hayden, who continued to attend their concerts and include them in his reports to CBS UK.

Hayden later met Paul McGuinness, who had agreed to manage U2, and the two shared an enthusiasm for the group. Hayden expressed to McGuinness that the band would need a "very sympathetic producer" to translate the excitement of their live performances to studio recordings. McGuinness shared with him a second demo the group had recorded with producer Barry Devlin, consisting of the songs "Street Missions", "Shadows and Tall Trees", and "The Fool". Hayden said it was "infinitely better" than the audition demo he had produced, but still thought "there was a major gap to be bridged" between the band live and in the studio. Excitement for U2 continued to build after their performance at the Project Arts Centre during a 24-hour marathon concert called "Dark Space", which featured several British and Northern Irish acts. However, Hayden's continued advocacy for U2 was not currying him favour with CBS, which wanted him to focus on supporting their existing roster. Hayden did not want the label to miss out on an Irish band with potential international appeal, or for CBS UK to be seen as anti-Irish.

Involvement of Chas de Whalley
During a visit to London in February 1979, McGuinness met Chas de Whalley, an A&R representative for CBS UK. McGuinness played for him U2's latest demo, which was recorded at Eamonn Andrews Studios. De Whalley said that they "sounded like a thousand other wannabe new wave acts and made no real impression on [his] jaded ears". However, his interest was piqued after talking to McGuinness and learning that U2 had won a CBS-sponsored contest. Word had circulated in the label's London office that Hayden was raving about them from Ireland. De Whalley convinced his bosses, Muff Winwood and assistant A&R director Nicky Graham, that U2 were worth a speculative visit. Winwood was still disappointed that his team had missed out on signing the Undertones and thus approved the trip, provided that de Whalley be accompanied by another A&R representative, Howard Thompson, who had successfully scouted Eddie and the Hot Rods and Motörhead.

De Whalley and Thompson arrived in Dublin in June 1979. McGuinness gave them VIP treatment, personally picking them up from the airport and taking them to a party hosted by a prominent Dublin advertising agency in a garden as part of "Strawberry Time". Afterwards, they attended a U2 concert at McGonagles, which was the first in a series of four "Jingle Balls – Christmas in June" shows. By this point, U2 had become rising stars in the Dublin scene, but de Whalley was still not overly impressed by the band, recalling: "They were a pretty damn average post-punk band. They weren't particularly good – a lot of sound and fury signifying not a great amount. Except that [Bono] was absolutely mesmerizing even then". De Whalley remarked to Thompson that he thought Bono would either be the next Alex Harvey and burn out after a few hits or become the next David Bowie and "be a major force in pop music".

De Whalley thought enough of U2 that upon returning to London, he pitched to Winwood the idea of recording them. CBS regularly gave aspiring bands a day's worth of recording time in the smallest of the label's three studios at Whitfield Street in London, at a cost of £100 to the A&R department, before the label made any decisions on whether to sign the act. McGuinness told de Whalley that he could secure a two-day session at Windmill Lane Studios, Dublin's most prestigious studio, at the same cost. De Whalley proposed to his boss that they record U2 in Dublin while the business affairs department worked out a deal to sign them to CBS Ireland. Winwood agreed to the idea, with the provision that "if it was a complete disaster", they could release the demo as a single in Ireland to capitalize on the band's popularity there and recoup the label's travel expenses without making a commitment to the band. De Whalley was appointed to produce the session.

U2 ultimately signed a five-year deal with CBS Ireland for their native country only; De Whalley suspected it was for a very small royalty rate, but by then McGuinness's priority was to secure a record release to jumpstart the band's career. News of the recording session made Hayden feel like they "were getting somewhere at last". After attending another one of the group's concerts at the Community Centre in Howth, de Whalley gained "a much better handle on what U2 were all about". He met with the band members at the Clayton family house to discuss which songs they would record, after which they decided on three: the new track "Boy/Girl", and fan favourites from the group's live set, "Stories for Boys" and "Out of Control".

Recording
Three was recorded and mixed from 4–5 August 1979, during the weekend before Ireland's August Bank Holiday. De Whalley returned to Dublin that weekend and attended one of the band's now legendary Saturday afternoon concerts at Dandelion Market on 4 August, before heading to Windmill Lane Studios with them that evening for the recording session; it was the first of what would be many recordings there by the band during their career. The sessions lasted from 6 p.m. to midnight each day. The equipment for Clayton, Mullen, and guitarist the Edge was set up in the main studio room, while Bono's microphone was set up in the control room. This was done so Bono could record a guide vocal part that his bandmates could hear in their headphones that would not spill into their respective backing tracks. De Whalley said, "you wouldn't have known they were guide vocals by the way Bono went for them – giving it the full monty, arms flailing, legs pumping, willing his mates on the other side of the big plate glass window to pull out all the stops".

Although de Whalley had sat in on recording sessions before, he said that he was "no producer" and lacked the necessary technical and diplomatic skills. One of the toughest challenges he faced in the session with U2 was recording a suitable take of each song, as Mullen and Clayton were struggling to keep time. He said, "without the fuss and fury of a live show to hide behind, their tempos were not to be trusted". While adequate takes of "Stories for Boys" and "Boy/Girl" were eventually captured, the band had particular difficulty with "Out of Control". During a 24-bar section nearly two-thirds of the way into the song, the instrumentation was supposed to drop out for a "simple bass-drum figure" before building back up again. Mullen repeatedly lost his timing during this section, causing his bandmates to re-enter the song improperly. De Whalley insisted that the band record take after take until they got it right, as he thought it was their best song and needed to be coherent on record. This caused friction in the studio, particularly with Mullen. Bono was in disbelief that there was any issue with the rhythm section, telling de Whalley: "But Larry has lessons from one of the best drummers in Dublin! How can he be out of time?" Eventually, they completed a usable take of "Out of Control". De Whalley realised in retrospect that Clayton "operates on a slightly different sense of timing from virtually any other musician", which combined with Mullen's over-ambition, contributed to the band's rhythm issues.

The group reconvened at the studio on Sunday, 5 August, to mix the tracks. De Whalley recalled McGuinness passing him joints throughout the mixing: "Whether his plan was to help me pull down great ideas out of the ether or to get me so out of it I'd let him and the rest of the band call the shots, I don't know." The team agreed that the songs should sound "as tough as possible". De Whalley and the engineer, Bill, were aiming to emulate the musical style of the Ruts, a popular band at the time who had released "very rhythmically coherent post-punk records with a very tightly controlled driving guitar sound". In an attempt to copy their song, "Babylon's Burning", de Whalley and the staff applied extensive flanging to the Edge's guitar tracks.

Upon completion, de Whalley felt that the demos U2 had recorded with him were subpar. Sitting with Bono and the master tapes in the airport the following day, he felt that the flanger effect had not helped and that he had failed not only the band but also himself in his audition as a producer. He sensed that his bosses in London would not be excited by the recordings. McGuinness subsequently enlisted Robbie McGrath, the soundman for the Boomtown Rats, to remix the tracks.

Release and promotion
Hayden "was astounded" by what he heard from de Whalley's demos and grew more excited about U2 after attending another performance of theirs at Dandelion Market. Hayden spoke to his colleagues at CBS the following week and attempted to convince them that the buzz around the band was legitimate. However, certain representatives in the London office felt that the group would only be successful if they replaced Mullen as their drummer. Hayden then received a call from a CBS UK executive telling him to stand down and that the label's A&R department could "take care of U-2 and Paul McGuinness". Shortly thereafter, the label's London office decided to pass on the band. According to Hayden, CBS UK Chairman Maurice Oberstein had allegedly inquired if U2 could be profitable for the label within a year, but after an A&R representative told him the band would need two-to-three years to develop, he declined to sign them.

Hayden met with McGuinness to inform him of the news and discuss the role the Irish market could play in garnering the band attention internationally. Hayden thought the group would need a distinctive release in their native country for it to be seen as "anything but another Irish single by another Irish rock band destined for the bargain bins". Hayden proposed releasing a three-track, 12-inch vinyl record in a limited edition of 1,000 copies, while McGuinness suggested a simultaneous 7-inch vinyl single of the same tracks. A meeting was subsequently arranged with CBS Ireland general manager David Duke to sign U2 to a record deal for Ireland only. Hayden traveled to London to meet with Graham, where he successfully lobbied for CBS UK to give the tapes of de Whalley's U2 demos to CBS Ireland, since the UK office was no longer interested in the band.

McGuinness and Hayden devised a promotional strategy for the release that hinged on the Irish music magazine Hot Press and radio DJ Dave Fanning. Hayden used his rapport with the magazine's editor Niall Stokes to pitch the idea for a cover story about U2. Hot Press had never featured a group without a recording history on their cover, but the magazine had been critically supportive of U2 to that point. Hayden and McGuinness argued that since "some people were prepared to lay their necks on the line" for the band, they deserved the magazine's support; Hot Press accepted the proposal. Hayden and McGuinness were also successful in asking Fanning to play the record's three songs on his radio programme on RTÉ and poll listeners on which one should appear on the A-side. A different member of U2 appeared on the show each night to play a different track. As a result of the listener poll, "Out of Control" was voted to be the A-side of the record, while the runners-up, "Boy/Girl" and "Stories for Boys", became the B-side.

A listening session was held at Windmill Lane Studios for the CBS staff to meet the members of U2 and hear the songs from Three for the first time. According to Hayden, since sales and store staff were traditionally ignored within the record industry, the listening session made them feel more enthusiastic and invested in the promotional plan for Three. After receiving the record shipment from a local pressing factory, Hayden personally numbered each 12-inch copy from 1 to 1,000. He contacted record stores that specialised in rock music and secured orders by promising them certain numbered copies, such as 1–25, 500, or 999.

Three was released by CBS Ireland in the Irish market on 26 September 1979. The 12-inch vinyl sold out almost immediately, becoming the highest-selling 12-inch record in Irish history. The 7-inch single spent two weeks on the Irish Singles Chart, peaking at number 19. After Geoff Travis of the record label Rough Trade Records imported copies of Three into the UK, the British music press took notice of U2.

Following Three, the band released the singles "Another Day", "11 O'Clock Tick Tock", and "A Day Without Me" before releasing their debut studio album, Boy, in 1980. "Out of Control" and "Stories for Boys" were re-recorded for Boy. Live versions of the two songs were also later featured on various releases, such as the "Sweetest Thing" single and the Live from Boston 1981 digital album. "Out of Control" also made an appearance on U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle, Ireland. A live version of "Boy/Girl" was later featured on the "I Will Follow" single. The original EP made its CD debut in 2008 as bonus tracks on the Boy reissue. It has been reissued six times, but it remains a rarity and was first released on compact disc in 2008 as part of the bonus disc with that year's reissue of Boy.

40th anniversary reissue
Three was reissued for Record Store Day Black Friday in November 2019 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of its original release. It was pressed on a 12-inch vinyl single weighing 180 grams and cut at 45 RPM, and was made available in a limited edition of 17,000 copies. All three songs were remastered for the reissue.

Performance history
U2 performed all songs from Three live regularly in the band's formative years. The earliest known performances of "Out of Control" and "Stories for Boys" took place in August 1979. "Out of Control" was written on Bono's eighteenth birthday. "Boy/Girl" may have also been played at this stage: a song named "In Your Hand" may have been related in some way to "Boy/Girl" but no recordings of it exist. The first confirmed performance of "Boy/Girl" took place in October 1979. All three songs were regularly performed on the Boy Tour in 1980–1981, although "Boy/Girl" appeared less than the others. "Stories for Boys", which premiered at an unknown date in August 1979, was used as a concert opener a few times before being moved to late in the main setlist, nearer to "Out of Control", which was typically the last song of the main set. In mid-March 1981, the Three songs were united to close the main set. "Stories for Boys" was first, followed by "Boy/Girl", which segued into "Out of Control". This trilogy lasted until the end of the tour.

"Boy/Girl" and "Stories for Boys" did not remain in the band's live repertoire long after the end of the Boy Tour. "Boy/Girl" was played three times afterwards, while "Stories for Boys" was initially frequently performed on the October Tour before it was removed from the setlist in late March 1982. "Out of Control", however, remained in the band's live show for longer, rotating with "Gloria" as the concert opener on the War Tour and the first leg of the Unforgettable Fire Tour. It then appeared twice late in the Unforgettable Fire Tour before returning sporadically to the setlist on the third leg of the Joshua Tree Tour and three performances on the Lovetown Tour. "Out of Control" then had an absence from live shows of over eleven years. It was played again on 15 May 2001 on the Elevation Tour. After initial infrequent performances proved popular with fans, it became more regular in the setlist as the tour progressed. It was retained on the Vertigo Tour for special occasions; it was played a total of nine times, including instances in Toronto and Los Angeles where U2 performed it with local bands. "Out of Control" made its U2 360° Tour debut in São Paulo. It made 5 other U2 360° appearances. The song was also the closer to the Glastonbury 2011 set. The Vertigo Tour also saw part of "Stories for Boys" return to the setlist – Bono acknowledged its lyrical relationship with "Vertigo" by snippeting some lyrics from "Stories for Boys" at the end of "Vertigo". This snippet was a regular feature of shows on the Vertigo Tour's first leg but was done only sporadically on the second leg and never on subsequent legs. On the Innocence + Experience Tour, "Out of Control" was played second on the setlist, rotating with "The Electric Co." amongst other early U2 songs.

Personnel

 * Bono – lead vocals
 * The Edge – guitar, vocals
 * Adam Clayton – bass guitar
 * Larry Mullen Jr. – drums
 * U2, Chas de Whalley – production
 * Robbie McGrath – remixing

title: Three (U2 EP)


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Category:Trondheim

Trondheim is a city and municipality in the county of Trøndelag, Norway.

title: Category:Trondheim


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Colin Meloy

Colin Patrick Henry Meloy (born October 5, 1974) is an American musician, singer-songwriter and author best known as the frontman of the Portland, Oregon, indie folk rock band the Decemberists. In addition to vocals, he performs with an acoustic guitar, 12-string acoustic guitar, electric guitar, bouzouki, harmonica and percussion instruments.

Early life and education
Meloy was born in Helena, Montana. He attended the University of Oregon in Eugene for two years, studying English and theatre, before "a longing to be back in Montana" led him to study creative writing at the University of Montana in Missoula, graduating in 1998.

Musical career
While in high school, Meloy was in the band Happy Cactus, and when in college, in Missoula, he was the lead singer and songwriter for Tarkio. Both were indie/folk/alternative country bands. Soon after graduation, he left Tarkio and moved to Portland with the hope of establishing himself among the city's music scene. There, Meloy worked in a pizza parlor to pay rent while starting his musicianship anew by performing at various open mics, sometimes with no one listening except for the bartender. He later reflected in an interview with The Montanan that this experience helped to develop his musical style in the long run: "'When I was in that position, with nobody to appeal to or scare away, I thought, 'I might as well do whatever I want to do'...And that created a new thing.'"

The Decemberists formed in 2000 after Meloy met Nate Query, who introduced him to keyboardist Jenny Conlee, and the three scored a silent film together. Meloy had met multi-instrumentalist Chris Funk, who was a fan of Tarkio, at a solo show prior to meeting Conlee and Query. Since its formation, Meloy has served as the band's singer, guitarist, and principal songwriter. His work with the Decemberists thus far entails eight studio albums, ten EPs, twenty-two singles, two compilations, and two live albums.

In 2003 Meloy contributed vocals to the track "The Lady From Reims" on Reclinerland's The Ideal Home Music Library. Meloy also contributed vocals on the tracks "Cemetery Row" and "Twilight Distillery" on The Minus 5's 2006 Yep Roc release. Meloy covered the Elliott Smith song "Clementine" for a compilation of Portland, Oregon artists to support a children's charity, and in mid-2006, he contributed the track "Lazy Little Ada" on the Kill Rock Stars compilation, The Sound the Hare Heard. In 2007, Meloy lent his voice to an episode of Lil' Bush. He appeared with Charlie Salas-Humara in the music video for "A Pillar of Salt" by The Thermals.

In 2005, Meloy went on his first solo tour to support the self-released six-song EP, Colin Meloy Sings Morrissey, consisting of six Morrissey covers. Only 1000 copies of the album were made and they were sold only on this tour. Meloy did a second solo tour in January 2006, playing with Laura Veirs and Amy Annelle. On this tour, he sold an EP featuring covers of British folk artist Shirley Collins. 2006 tour performances were recorded for a live release.

Meloy contributed an online bonus track for Lavender Diamond on their Imagine Our Love album, performing a solo version of "Oh No".

Meloy began another solo tour in April 2008. This coincided with the release of his debut solo album, Colin Meloy Sings Live!, on the Kill Rock Stars label. Singer-songwriter Laura Gibson was the supporting act for the full tour. As with previous EPs, Meloy sold an EP only available on this run: Colin Meloy Sings Sam Cooke, a collection of five Sam Cooke songs, arranged and performed by Meloy, with Gibson singing harmonies.

Meloy appeared in the 2013 documentary film Another Day, Another Time: Celebrating the Music of "Inside Llewyn Davis", which detailed a one-off concert in New York City honoring traditional American folk music in preparation for the release of the Coen brothers' film Inside Llewyn Davis. The concert, organized by T Bone Burnett, featured several notable musicians representing multiple generations; Meloy performed a cover of Jackson C. Frank's "Blues Run the Game" as well as a version of "Joe Hill" alongside Joan Baez and Gillian Welch.

Literary career
In 2004, Meloy wrote a 100-page book about The Replacements' third album, Let It Be, released as part of the 33⅓ series.

In 2010, Meloy wrote a short story, The Grievous Demise of Mr. Whitley Rackham, illustrated by his wife, Carson Ellis, and published as a limited (200 copies), numbered letterpress edition.

Meloy made his debut as a children's writer with Wildwood, also illustrated by Ellis. He kicked off the book tour as the keynote of the AJC Decatur Book Festival on September 2, 2011. Meloy released a sequel, Under Wildwood, in 2012, and the third book in the series, Wildwood Imperium, was released in 2014.

In October 2017, Meloy released his fourth children's book, The Whiz Mob and the Grenadine Kid, also illustrated by Ellis.

In September 2022, Meloy released his fifth children's book, The Stars Did Wander Darkling.

Meloy has also released two picture books, The Golden Thread: A Song for Pete Seeger (2018), illustrated by Nikki McClure, and Everyone's Awake (2020).

Television
In the 2014 two-part episode of Parks and Recreation entitled "Moving Up: Part 1" and "Moving Up: Part 2", Meloy made a cameo appearance as himself with the rest of the Decemberists at the Unity Concert along with other notable artists such as Jeff Tweedy, Ginuwine, and Yo La Tengo.

Personal life
On February 24, 2006, Carson Ellis, Meloy's wife, gave birth to a son, Henry "Hank" Meloy. Ellis shares her birthday with Meloy, and produces much of the Decemberists' album and promotional artwork. In 2010, Meloy revealed that Hank has high functioning autism. On March 14, 2013, Ellis gave birth to another child, Milo Cannonball Meloy.

Meloy's sister is Maile Meloy, a fiction writer often published in The New Yorker and The New York Times, and his aunt is Ellen Meloy, who was also a writer.

Work with the Decemberists
See: The Decemberists discography

Solo discography

 * Colin Meloy Sings Morrissey (2005)
 * Colin Meloy Sings Shirley Collins (2006)
 * Colin Meloy Sings Live! (2008)
 * Colin Meloy Sings Sam Cooke (2008)
 * Colin Meloy Sings The Kinks (2013)

title: Colin Meloy


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User:Tom k&e/Sandbox

WIP

This sucks ass!

2♣ 3♣ 4♣ 5♣ 6♣ 7♣ 8♣ 9♣ T♣ J♣ Q♣ K♣ A♣  2♦   3♦   4♦   5♦   6♦   7♦   8♦   9♦   T♦   J♦   Q♦   K♦   A♦   2♥   3♥   4♥   5♥   6♥   7♥   8♥   9♥   T♥   J♥   Q♥   K♥   A♥  2♠ 3♠ 4♠ 5♠ 6♠ 7♠ 8♠ 9♠ T♠ J♠ Q♠ K♠ A♠

Alice's best five-card hand is 8♠ 7♠ 6♦ 5♦ 4♥ , making an 8-high straight. The best hand Bob can play is 4♣ 4♥ 4♦ A♣ K♠, for three 4's with A and K kickers. Carol can play A♠ K♠ 9♠ 8♠ 7♠ for an A-high flush. Finally, Ted can play K♠ K♥ K♦ 4♣ 4♥ , for a full house, which wins.

title: User:Tom k&e/Sandbox


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Dark galaxy

A dark galaxy is a hypothesized galaxy with no (or very few) stars. They received their name because they have no visible stars but may be detectable if they contain significant amounts of gas. Astronomers have long theorized the existence of dark galaxies, but there are no confirmed examples to date. Dark galaxies are distinct from intergalactic gas clouds caused by galactic tidal interactions, since these gas clouds do not contain dark matter, so they do not technically qualify as galaxies. Distinguishing between intergalactic gas clouds and galaxies is difficult; most candidate dark galaxies turn out to be tidal gas clouds. The best candidate dark galaxies to date include HI1225+01, AGC229385, and numerous gas clouds detected in studies of quasars.

On 25 August 2016, astronomers reported that Dragonfly 44, an ultra diffuse galaxy (UDG) with the mass of the Milky Way galaxy, but with nearly no discernible stars or galactic structure, is made almost entirely of dark matter.

Observational evidence
Large surveys with sensitive but low-resolution radio telescopes like Arecibo or the Parkes Telescope look for 21-cm emission from atomic hydrogen in galaxies. These surveys are then matched to optical surveys to identify any objects with no optical counterpart—that is, sources with no stars.

Another way astronomers search for dark galaxies is to look for hydrogen absorption lines in the spectra of background quasars. This technique has revealed many intergalactic clouds of hydrogen, but following up on candidate dark galaxies is difficult, since these sources tend to be too far away and are often optically drowned out by the bright light from the quasars.

Origin
In 2005, astronomers discovered gas cloud VIRGOHI21 and attempted to determine what it was and why it exerted such a massive gravitational pull on galaxy NGC 4254. After years of ruling out other possible explanations, some have concluded that VIRGOHI21 is a dark galaxy.

Size
The actual size of dark galaxies is unknown because they cannot be observed with normal telescopes. There have been various estimations, ranging from double the size of the Milky Way to the size of a small quasar.

Structure
Dark galaxies are theoretically composed of dark matter, hydrogen, and dust. Some scientists support the idea that dark galaxies may contain stars. Yet the exact composition of dark galaxies remains unknown because there is no conclusive way to identify them. Nevertheless, astronomers estimate that the mass of the gas in these galaxies is approximately one billion times that of the Sun.

Methodology to observe dark bodies
Dark galaxies contain no visible stars and are invisible to optical telescopes. The Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey (AGES) harnessed the Arecibo radio telescope to search for dark galaxies, which are predicted to contain detectable amounts of neutral hydrogen. The Arecibo radio telescope was useful where others are not because of its ability to detect the emission from this neutral hydrogen, specifically the 21-cm line.

Alternative theories
Scientists say that the galaxies we see today only began to create stars after dark galaxies. Based on numerous scientific assertions, dark galaxies played a big role in many of the galaxies astronomers and scientists see today. Martin Haehnel, from Kavli Institute for Cosmology at the University of Cambridge, claims that the precursor to the Milky Way galaxy was actually a much smaller bright galaxy that had merged with dark galaxies nearby to form the Milky Way we currently see. Multiple scientists agree that dark galaxies are building blocks of modern galaxies. Sebastian Cantalupo of the University of California, Santa Cruz, agrees with this theory. He goes on to say, "In our current theory of galaxy formation, we believe that big galaxies form from the merger of smaller galaxies. Dark galaxies bring to big galaxies a lot of gas, which then accelerates star formation in the bigger galaxies." Scientists have specific techniques they use to locate these dark galaxies. These techniques have the capability of teaching us more about other special events that occur in the universe; for instance, the cosmic web. This "web" is made of invisible filaments of gas and dark matter believed to permeate the universe, as well as "feeding and building galaxies and galaxy clusters where the filaments intersect."

FAST J0139+4328
Located 94 million light years away from Earth, this galaxy is visible in radio waves with minimal visible light.

HE0450-2958
HE0450-2958 is a quasar at redshift z=0.285. Hubble Space Telescope images showed that the quasar is located at the edge of a large cloud of gas, but no host galaxy was detected for the quasar. The authors of the Hubble study suggested that one possible scenario was that the quasar is located in a dark galaxy. However, subsequent analysis by other groups found no evidence that the host galaxy is anomalously dark, and demonstrated that a normal host galaxy is probably present, so the observations do not support the dark galaxy interpretation.

HVC 127-41-330
HVC 127-41-330 is a cloud rotating at high speed between Andromeda and the Triangulum Galaxy. Astronomer Josh Simon considers this cloud to be a dark galaxy because of the speed of its rotation and its predicted mass.

J0613+52
J0613+52 is a possible dark galaxy, discovered with the Green Bank Telescope when it was accidentally pointed to the wrong coordinates. Stars could possibly exist within it, but were observed as of January 2024.

Nube
Nube was discovered in 2023 by analyzing deep optical imagery of an area in Stripe 82. Due to its low surface brightness, Nube is classified as an "almost dark galaxy."

Smith's Cloud
Smith's Cloud is a candidate to be a dark galaxy, due to its projected mass and survival of encounters with the Milky Way.

VIRGOHI21
Initially discovered in 2000, VIRGOHI21 was announced in February 2005 as a good candidate to be a true dark galaxy. It was detected in 21-cm surveys, and was suspected to be a possible cosmic partner to the galaxy NGC 4254. This unusual-looking galaxy appears to be one partner in a cosmic collision, and appeared to show dynamics consistent with a dark galaxy (and apparently inconsistent with the predictions of the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) theory). However, further observations revealed that VIRGOHI21 was an intergalactic gas cloud, stripped from NGC4254 by a high speed collision. The high speed interaction was caused by infall into the Virgo cluster.

title: Dark galaxy


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Aruna Dindane

Aruna Dindane (born 26 November 1980) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He has 62 caps and 17 goals for the Ivory Coast since his debut in 2000, and has played at four Africa Cup of Nations and two FIFA World Cups.

Anderlecht
Born in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, Dindane was transferred from Ivorian club ASEC Mimosas to RSC Anderlecht in the summer of 2000 and helped the team to win the Belgian First Division Championship in 2001 and 2004, as well a Supercup in 2000 and 2001. In 2003, Dindane won both the Ebony Shoe as the best player of African origin in the Belgian League and the Golden Shoe as the best player in the Belgian League. In November 2004, he was given a Swan D'Or Award for a spell of back-to-back hat-tricks.

Lens
In June 2005, Dindane signed for French Ligue 1 club RC Lens.

Portsmouth
In August 2009, Dindane joined Premier League team Portsmouth on a one-year loan deal, with the option to sign him at the end of his loan spell. He scored his first goal for Portsmouth in a 3–1 League Cup win over Carlisle United on 22 September 2009. and his first Premier League goal as part of a hat-trick in the 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic on 31 October. On 5 December 2009, he scored against Burnley with a header after missing a penalty earlier in the game. On 9 February 2010, Dindane scored a 95th-minute equaliser in the 1–1 draw with Sunderland at Fratton Park.

On 21 March 2010, it was revealed he was left out of Portsmouth's match squad the previous day as, if he played one more game, the club would have to pay a £4 million fee to Lens. With Portsmouth in administration, they could not afford to pay this fee, and so he was dropped. However, he subsequently played in the FA Cup semi-final against Tottenham Hotspur on 11 April 2010, and Portsmouth were aiming to negotiate terms with Lens that allow him to play in the FA Cup Final and the remaining Premier League games without incurring the £4 million fee. Dindane was an injury doubt for the FA Cup final and ultimately did not feature.

On 4 April 2010, it was revealed that Blackburn Rovers were preparing a £2.5 million bid for the striker in time for the 2010–11 season. Dindane underwent and passed a medical at the club, only for the transfer talk to cool due to financial disagreements between Blackburn and Lens. Dindane reiterated his desire to stay in English football after the loan to Portsmouth had ended. However, on 24 May 2010, Dindane agreed a three-year deal with Lekhwiya of Qatar.

Qatar
In January 2012, Dindane agreed to join Qatari club Al-Gharafa. After a short spell at Al-Gharafa, he signed a one-year deal with Al-Sailiya Sport Club on 27 May 2012.

Return to England
After half a season at Al-Sailiya, Dindane was released and started training with Leeds United. On 23 March 2013, he signed for Crystal Palace until the end of the 2012–13 season. He was released just prior to the end of the season without having made a senior appearance and with doubts over his fitness.

After retirement
After his retirement, Dindane worked as general secretary of the Association des Footballeurs Ivoiriens (Ivorian Footballers Association).

International career
Dindane made his debut for Ivory Coast on 9 April 2000 against Rwanda. He participated in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, where he scored twice in a memorable comeback to win 3–2 in their last group match against Serbia and Montenegro. However, the team failed to reach the second round due to previous defeats against Argentina and the Netherlands.

Dindane represented his country at the 2006 African Cup of Nations, but left the tournament on 22 January 2006 following the death of one of his twin daughters. He was also selected in the Ivorian squad for the 2008 African Cup of Nations in Ghana. He currently has 67 international caps for his country.

After Dindane's successful season in England for Portsmouth, where he scored 10 goals in 24 appearances, he was called up to the Ivorian squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Dindane was a starter in their first two group games, against Portugal and Brazil.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Ivory Coast's goal tally first.

Honours
ASEC Mimosas
 * Côte d'Ivoire Premier Division: 2000
 * CAF Super Cup: 1999

Anderlecht
 * Belgian First Division: 2000–01, 2003–04
 * Belgian Supercup: 2000, 2001

Lens
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005
 * Ligue 2: 2008–09

Ivory Coast
 * Africa Cup of Nations runner-up: 2006

Individual
 * Belgian Ebony Shoe: 2003
 * Belgian Golden Shoe: 2003

title: Aruna Dindane


text:
Midnight Love

Midnight Love is the seventeenth studio album by Marvin Gaye and the final album to be released during his lifetime. He signed with the label Columbia in March 1982 following his exit from Motown.

The disc was certified triple platinum in the United States. It was nominated for a 1984 Grammy for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, spawning the two-time Grammy Award-winning hit "Sexual Healing". It was ranked number 37 on the Rolling Stone list of the best albums of the 1980s decade and the NME named the album as its Album of the Year in 1982.

Background
In January 1981, Gaye's final Motown album, In Our Lifetime, was released on Motown's Tamla label. Gaye was angry over its release and Motown's edit of the album, comparing it to an unfinished Picasso painting and having others finish the painting for him. Gaye vowed afterwards to never record for Motown again. The following month, a Belgian concert promoter and a longtime fan of Gaye's music, Freddy Cousaert, visited a visibly shaken and depressed Gaye, who was struggling with drug addiction, in London, following the end of a European tour. Concerned for Gaye's health and state, Cousaert offered Gaye a place in his pension in Ostend. Gaye, who was traveling with his younger brother Frankie and then-girlfriend, Dutch model Eugenie Vis, agreed to go on the trip though he admitted to Frankie later that he didn't know where Ostend was and that he "left that to the hands of God."

Gaye arrived at Ostend on February 14, 1981. That same month, Gaye's second marriage to  Janis Hunter ended in divorce two years after Hunter filed. Gaye cut down on his drug use while in Ostend and began exercising and attending the local church. Gaye recovered well enough to begin talks of a musical comeback. Disappointed in the results of his last two albums and in his relationship with Motown, as well as disappointing fans during his oft-chaotic concert tours, Gaye, with Cousaert's help, began rehearsing a new band for the short Heavy Love Affair Tour, named after Gaye's song from the In Our Lifetime album in Ostend. Some of the rehearsal footage aired on the Belgian TV documentary, Transit Ostend. The tour took place mainly in London, Bristol and Manchester, England, before Gaye performed the final two dates in Ostend. Gaye ended the tour after the Ostend performances and remained in Ostend, along with two of his touring musicians, Gordon Banks and Odell Brown.

Within the final months of 1981, with word of Gaye plotting a musical comeback and an exit from Motown, several labels offered record deals. Gaye eventually accepted CBS Records, which in turn gave him a three-album contract with Columbia. Details of how much the singer was paid when Gaye signed on March 23, 1982, was not made public due to possible interference with Gaye's payment to creditors to receive back taxes, which had prompted Gaye to permanently settle in Europe. It was later determined that it took $1.5 million (US$0 in dollars) to buy Gaye's contract out of Motown, with an additional $600,000 advance money (US$0 in  dollars) awarded to the singer. Gaye had begun recording on elements of his new album starting in December 1981 in Brussels before the deal was set. Figuring he had alienated record buyers and his legion of fans for writing interpersonal albums, Gaye sought to record more mainstream music to win them back. In explaining why he decided to go for the commercial sounds instead of looking inward as he had with his last album, In Our Lifetime, Gaye explained, "I'm worried that I'm getting so introspective, no one will listen. I can't afford to miss this time. I need a hit." In regards to the album's music, Gaye told a reporter:

“On one level, it’s a party record. It’s a record you can dance to and even freak to. But if you listen closely and go beneath your surface, you’ll hear my heart speaking. You’ll hear my heart saying, ‘It’s time to put the madness behind and let love lead the way.’ You’ll hear me testify that I still believe in Jesus, I still believe in God’s miraculous grace, I still believe that the Lord forgives even when — and especially when — we cannot forgive ourselves.”

Recording
One of the first songs Gaye had worked on with musician Odell Brown was a reggae-influenced track that Gaye and Brown had recorded around October 1981. The then-Rolling Stone reviewer David Ritz had arrived to Belgium in April 1982 after he had been tipped off to where Gaye was. Despite Gaye's pleas to not meet up with Ritz, Ritz eventually located Gaye in his Ostend apartment not too far from Cousaert's pension where he and Gaye reluctantly continued their interviews that led to the book, Divided Soul.

According to Ritz, he had seen several S&M comic book type of books in Gaye's bookshelf. Said to have been disgusted with this, Ritz told Gaye "you need some sexual healing". Ritz then alleged Gaye told him to write a poem. However, this story was disputed by Gaye's friends, family members and fellow musicians. When Cousaert was told of this story, he denied Ritz ever having anything to do with the song except for its title. Musicians Odell Brown and Gordon Banks also flatly denied Ritz's accounts, with Brown stating "I never met the guy. All I was told was that he was doing an interview for Rolling Stone." Banks stated that what really happened is Gaye had told Ritz that he was intrigued by Amsterdam's Red Light District and Ritz had responded to it by stating Gaye needed sexual healing but "that was it. David didn't have anything to do with that." Gaye's brother Frankie also stated that all Ritz said was "not only are you sexy but your music is healing" after Gaye played the track to him.

Gaye and Gordon Banks then worked on seven of the album's other tracks. To help out, Columbia had sent Gaye and his musicians several instruments along with the Roland TR-808 drum machine and a Jupiter 8 synthesizer. Gaye and Banks mainly contributed to the production, with Harvey Fuqua adding to the production by adding horn sections. In regards to the recording development of the album Gordon Banks stated:

It was basically him and I in the studio. Columbia Records gave him some new toys to play with. They gave him two drum machines, a synthesizer called a Roland TR-808 and a Jupiter 8. Marvin didn't know too much about technology so it was my job to figure out how to get the stuff working. He kind of liked the sounds that came from it and he went from there. Marvin was a great pianist. After getting past the challenges with the Jupiter 8, it was like he had been playing it his whole life.

The funk song, "Rockin' After Midnight", actually came by from the mixing of two songs. "My Love is Waiting", the sole Gordon Banks composition, was recorded much like the demo. Around April 1982, Gaye presented a rough demo of "Sexual Healing" to Columbia executive Larkin Arnold, who was as pleased with the song as Marvin had been. The album took more than nine months to be completed, and was mixed and edited in several studios in Belgium, Germany and the United States, particularly in California. Arnold explained that the production was costly and that Gaye's months in production were sporadic at best. According to Curtis Shaw, Gaye's lawyer, the cost of recording the album was $1.5 million (US$0 in dollars), though Arnold put it at "closer to $2 million" (US$0 in  dollars).

Composition
Midnight Love contains elements of funk, boogie, Caribbean music, reggae, new wave and synthpop, as well as older genres such as soul, R&B and doo-wop. The reason for these many genres was because, according to Banks, Gaye's music was "progressing" and that it was "changing and it had to change because he didn't want any more ties to Motown". As Larkin Arnold later explained, "Marvin had been living in Europe, and was influenced by both reggae and the synthesizer work of groups like Kraftwerk" and that he "took the rhythm of reggae, the new technology and American soul and came up with something fresh and unique".

"Midnight Lady" starts off with assorted percussion, provided by Gaye and other musicians, before its beat is delivered by a drum machine and overdubbed handclaps provided by the singer, followed by keyboard riffs (also played by Gaye), guitar lines by Banks and a horn section. It is almost two minutes before Gaye began singing the song's first lines. Musically the song has elements of funk, new wave and synthpop; Gaye's vocals were also influenced by the vocal styling in new wave records. The demo of this recording was listed as "Clique Games/Rick James". "Sexual Healing" was influenced by Caribbean music and reggae while also including funk elements musically; vocally the song recalls Gaye's gospel background while his background harmonies (which included Fuqua and Banks as co-backing vocalists) took influence from doo-wop. "Rockin' After Midnight" was also influenced by funk as well as boogie music while "'Til Tomorrow", the sole ballad in the album, was strongly influenced by doo-wop.

The original version of "Turn On Some Music", titled as "I've Got My Music", included some spiritual and autobiographical lyrics, that changed to sexually erotic ones. In addition to the original demo, another alternate version mixed both versions. The reggae-inspired "Third World Girl" is a tribute to Bob Marley, though Gaye refused to mention Marley by name on the track, explaining, "I won't exploit a leader to make a commercial song". The gospel-influenced "Joy" is a tribute to his father's ministry and his own religious background. The song also includes a rock-influenced guitar solo from Banks. "My Love is Waiting" has elements of funk, synthpop and gospel music, as evident to Gaye's final words in his thank you calls, "we like to thank our Heavenly Father, Jesus!" The entire album's length is under just 40 minutes.

A controversial outtake from the album sessions, "Sanctified Lady" was originally planned and expected by the singer to become a follow-up to the success of Sexual Healing. Another controversial outtake is a song titled "Masochistic Beauty". Originally incomplete during the times of the album's release and Gaye's death, both songs were later completed by Gordon Banks and released on the posthumous Dream of a Lifetime compilation.

Critical reception
In his review of Midnight Love, Rolling Stone reviewer Dave Marsh called the album in terms of it being viewed as a comeback as "remarkably arrogant", stating "it simply picks up from 1973's Let's Get It On as if only ten minutes had elapsed since Gaye hit his commercial peak", though he did state the album was a successful comeback. After its rank on the magazine's list of best eighties albums, the album was described as "an inspired, mature work from one of the greatest soul singers, and is certainly one of the best solo albums of the eighties." Village Voice critic Robert Christgau explained that the album's "concentration on the carnal is one reason it's his best ever". In its Picks and Pans Reviews, People cited "too long gone, the Soulful One shows he can still sizzle". At the 1984 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for a Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Grammy, losing out to Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean". "Sexual Healing" won two Grammys the previous year, the only two Gaye won in his lifetime.

Midnight Love was voted the eighth best album of 1982 in The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll. A similar placement was ranked on the Netherlands' Oorlijsten. The UK's NME listed it at number-one on its list. Since then, much like Gaye's previous albums, it has been listed on best-of lists, ranking at number 37 on the United States and Australia Rolling Stone list of top eighties albums. The UK magazine Melody Maker listed it as one of the significant albums to be released between 1982 and 1985. Gary Mulholland listed it as one of the "261 Greatest Albums Since Punk and Disco" in 2006.

Commercial performance
Midnight Love was released to record retail stores on November 1, 1982. In response to "Sexual Healing", the album was bought out in droves. By that December, the album had already hit #1 on the Top Black Albums chart and the Top 10 of the Pop albums chart, making it Gaye's eighth album to accomplish this. "Sexual Healing" crossed over to #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. By the end of 1982, it had already sold over a million copies.

Upon Gaye's return to the United States, Gaye attended a party in celebration of the album's accomplishment with a new polished look, reuniting with his ex- Anna Gordy Gaye and their son, Marvin III. Worldwide, the album also performed extremely well, hitting #1 in Canada and #7 in the United Kingdom. The album's biggest hit single, "Sexual Healing", sold over two million US copies and earned an RIAA Platinum certification. It hit the top of the charts in several countries and stayed at #1 on the Top Black Singles chart for ten consecutive weeks, making it the most successful R&B single of the 1980s.

Impact
The album made an impact on future R&B recordings. The Isley Brothers, who released their album, Between the Sheets, in April 1983, took the same musical approach of Midnight Love and added it to their album. Gordon Banks stated the album "influenced a lot of people doing a mellow thing with a funk vibe in it". Because the album was also among the first pop albums to use a Roland TR-808, the style would be copied by other artists of similar genres in the years to come. In the wake of its success, "Sexual Healing" became one of Gaye's most covered songs as well as being sampled by several artists in the hip-hop and R&B genres. The demo version of "Turn On Some Music" was sampled for Erick Sermon's hit, "Music", giving full credit to Gaye as a leading vocalist, giving Gaye a posthumous top 40 hit in 2001, 17 years after his death. In 1998, Sony Music re-released the album as a two-CD "Legacy" edition set titled Midnight Love and the Sexual Healing Sessions. The same edition would be re-released in 2007, to celebrate the album's 25th anniversary since its release.

Original release
All tracks composed by Marvin Gaye, except where noted.

The Sexual Healing Sessions

 * Like the 2000 CD reissue of the album, the 2002 Super Audio CD (SACD) reissue includes an instrumental version of "Rockin' After Midnight" as a bonus track. However, the latter release notes that the version present on the 2000 reissue, referred to as the "Instrumental Stereo Mix", is distinct from the version on the 2002 reissue, which was newly mixed in 5.1 surround sound for said release by engineer and producer Jimmy Douglass.

Personnel
Technical
 * Marvin Gaye – vocals, Fender Rhodes piano, Roland Jupiter-8 synthesizer, organ, drums, TR-808 drum machine, drum programming, bells, glockenspiel, vibraphone, finger cymbals, bongos, congas, cabasas
 * Gordon Banks – guitar, bass, backing vocals, drums, Fender Rhodes piano
 * James Gadson – drums on "Midnight Lady"
 * Bobby Stern – tenor saxophone, harmonica
 * Joel Peskin – alto and tenor saxophone
 * Harvey Fuqua – backing vocals on "Sexual Healing", editing, mixing, production advisor
 * David Stout and The L.A. Horn Section – horns
 * Curt Sletten – trumpet
 * Harry Kim – trumpet
 * Alan Kaplan – trombone
 * McKinley T. Jackson – horn arrangement
 * Larkin Arnold – executive producer
 * Mike Butcher – engineer, mixing
 * Brian Gardner, Alan Zentz – mastering
 * John Kovarek – engineer
 * Henri Van Durme – engineer

title: Midnight Love


text:
American Country Countdown

American Country Countdown, also known as ACC, is a weekly internationally syndicated radio program which counts down the top 30 country songs of the previous week, from No. 30 to No. 1, according to the Billboard Country Airplay chart. The program premiered in 1973 and as of January 2006 is hosted by Kix Brooks. It is syndicated by Cumulus Media Networks.

History
American Country Countdown was conceived as a spinoff program from American Top 40 (AT40), which had premiered in 1970 and showcased the week's most popular singles. The new program was a creation of Casey Kasem and Don Bustany, the same duo behind AT40, with Tom Rounds as co-creator and Watermark Inc. distributing. "In 1969, when Casey Kasem and I were planning 'American Top 40,' we said, 'Hey, if this works, we can do a country countdown, an MOR countdown, a whatever countdown,'" Rounds explained to Radio & Records magazine as to the show's conception. However, it was not until 1973 that the AT40 team thought there was sufficient support for a nationally syndicated program.

American Country Countdown launched nationwide on October 6, 1973. Like with its parent series, Billboard provided the chart information; in this case, the Hot Country Singles chart was used. Beginning in the late 2000s, the show used charts compiled by Mediabase, and in September 2017 it switched to using the Billboard Country Airplay chart.

Singer Don Bowman was the first host of the countdown, which was originally three hours long. Bustany was the producer, Hugh Cherry was the head writer, and Bowman was also a writer. There was editing help from Bustany, who was the head writer and producer of AT40.

In June 1974, Bustany stepped aside from his duties in order to focus on AT40 and tapped Bob Kingsley, who had been program director at country station KLAC-Los Angeles, to be ACC's producer. It was under Kingsley's watch that the program began to increase in popularity, as more and more stations picked up the countdown.

On May 6, 1978, Kingsley took on the added responsibility of hosting ACC. Don Bowman had not made any mention that he would be departing the program on the previous show; Kingsley informed the audience that Bowman had left the program to pursue other aspects of his career.

The show grew slowly, with fewer than 100 stations the first year before passing the 300-affiliate mark in 1980.

Beginning with the broadcast on January 11, 1986, ACC was expanded to four hours, adding several new features, including an "ACC Archives" feature (similar to one featured on American Top 40 several years earlier, with a chronological playback of No. 1 hits of the 1970s, and later, the 1980s) and an "ACC Calendar", spotlighting an artist, song, important innovation, or event in country music.

Kingsley hosted the program until December 2005, with his last show being a regular countdown airing Christmas weekend. Like Bowman before him, he never told the audience he would be leaving; in this instance, Kingsley was leaving to host the new Bob Kingsley's Country Top 40. After three weeks of substitute hosts, Brooks assumed the hosting duties as of January 21, 2006, a job he's held since.

Awards ceremony
The Fox Network's awards ceremony, American Country Awards, which started in 2010, was cancelled and replaced by the American Country Countdown Awards in 2014.

The ratings for ACCA dropped dramatically compared to the 2013 American Country Awards. According to TV By The Numbers, 18-49 ratings/share dropped from 1.4/4 to 0.9/3 and viewership dropped from 5.14 million to 3.39 million.

ACC specials
ACC broadcasts several special programs throughout the year. The most notable include:

 * Christmas in America was a six-hour program aired within the week of Christmas Day, with interview clips from country singers sharing Christmas memories interspersed between songs. The first special aired in 1989. While the title and format continued with Bob Kingsley's Country Top 40 production, ACC's version continued as American Country Christmas, with Brooks being joined by Ronnie Dunn (from 2006 to 2008); the 2009 special consisted of Brooks interviewing country music artists. In 2010, clips of Brooks's interviews with students at elementary schools from across the country were included in addition to the artist interviews.
 * The Year End Countdown. From 1973 to 1998, the year-end special reviewed the top 100 country hits of the year. The total was halved to 50 in 1979 and from 1999 to 2004, trimmed to 40 from 2005 to 2010, and cut to 30 starting in 2011 (with songs that "just missed" the top 30 played as extras). From 1978 through 2004, the most notable highlight was a montage of all the No. 1 songs included in the countdown's survey period (usually the previous November to the current November, although it has included early December for a time in the late 1980s) before Kingsley played the year's top song.

Other special programs, usually centering on a theme or to promote a much-anticipated album that was about to go on sale, air throughout the year. Past specials have paid homage to the West, presented unusual or notable chart facts and performer accomplishments, counted down the top acts of all time, profiled a performer, and presented the top female and male singers of the past decade.

Reairing of older shows
In April 2015, Nash FM, the media brand and network of country music stations owned by Cumulus Media, announced it would begin re-airing classic ACC programs from the Kingsley era, starting the weekend of May 2. The show, featuring programs originally aired between 1990 and 2005, was three hours in length (for four-hour programs, the first hour wasn't included).

The first aired ACC Rewind program featured an ACC show which originally aired May 1, 1993. The final program, a re-airing of the 1999 year-end countdown, aired the weekend of December 28, 2019.

Awards
ACC was named Billboard magazine's "Network/Syndicated Program of the Year: Country" from 1987 to 2002. Kingsley twice won the Country Music Association's National Broadcast Personality of the Year award (in 2001 and 2003).

Worldwide syndication
When ACC premiered in October 1973, it aired on just 45 stations. Today, the show is heard on more than 1,000 radio stations in the United States and worldwide, and can be heard on the Armed Forces Radio Network. In the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s, it aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Downtown Radio, Two Counties Radio, the medium wave service of Mercia Sound, Xtra AM, Scot FM, South East Radio in Wexford and Ritz Country 1035 in London.

ACC is produced and distributed by Cumulus Media Networks. Since 2007, the program has been distributed via Cumulus's "Today's Best Country" network and, since 2013, on most Nash FM stations as well. Tom Rounds's syndication company, Radio Express, distributes the program to radio stations outside the United States.

title: American Country Countdown


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Papal motto

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete --Carnildo 23:05, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Papal_motto
The text of this partial page is inflammatory, hate-mongering. There is no real value to this submission by someone who is against this particular man (Ratzinger) or against Germans generally, etc. Sjr 14:44, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Opel Diplomat

The Opel Diplomat is a luxury car manufactured by Opel from 1964 to 1977. Opel's top-ranging models were traditionally the Admiral and Kapitän, introduced in 1938 and 1937 respectively.

In 1964 these models were joined, in the so-called "KAD" (Kapitän, Admiral, Diplomat) range, by the new Opel Diplomat. In most respects the three were badge-engineered versions of the same vehicle.

Diplomat A (1964–1968)
In February 1964 Opel introduced a new range of flagship models as successors to the Opel Kapitän P-LV of 1959/1963. These KAD models (Opel Kapitän, Admiral and Diplomat; also referred to as "The Big Three" by Opel) were available with 2.6-litre and 2.8-litre in-line six-cylinder petrol engines (100 or 125 PS), or a V8-Chevrolet small-block engine 283 (4.6-litre) teamed with a two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission 190 PS. The latter engine was supplanted in the saloon by the 5.4-litre Chevrolet small-block "327" V8 with 230 PS in October 1966. As the company's range-topping model, the Diplomat was available only with the V-8.

A Diplomat Coupé, with the 327 engine only, was also available from 1965 to 1967 in limited numbers. The coupé was built by coachbuilder Karmann and cost DM 25,500 (as much as seven Volkswagen Beetles). 347 Coupés were built.

In September 1967 the Diplomat and its less expensive siblings received a light update consisting of rub strips on its flanks, new recirculating ball steering by ZF, and a heated rear window. At the same time, a HL (Hochleistung or high performance) version of the 2.8-liter six with 140 PS became available for the Kapitän and Admiral models.

These cars were even larger than their predecessors, stretching to almost 200 inches, and found little favour with the European public. Between February 1964 and November 1968, Opel built 89,277 KAD models (24,249 Kapitäns, 55,876 Admirals and 9,152 Diplomats), whereas its direct predecessor, the Kapitän P-LV, had registered 145,618 sales over a comparable four-year span.

Diplomat B (1969–1977)
In March 1969, Opel introduced a new line of KAD models with new bodies and a more sophisticated chassis with a De Dion tube rear axle. These cars were slightly smaller than their predecessors. While the lesser models (Opel Kapitän and Admiral) were also available with a carburetted 2.8 L-inline six, the Diplomat could be had with either a fuel-injected version of this engine (Diplomat E) or with Chevrolet's 327-V8 (Diplomat V8), now coupled to a 3-speed TH-400 Turbo-Hydramatic.

The new body was a typical General Motors style and bore a strong resemblance to the contemporary Holden Brougham from GM Australia. The Diplomat was never produced in right-hand drive for the British market, nor was there any equivalent Vauxhall version.

The Diplomat V-8 was hoped to compete with Mercedes' new 350 and 450 SE; from May 1973 Opel even offered a long-wheelbase version of the V-8 to keep up with Mercedes' SEL models. In October 1971 the Diplomat's list of standard features included H1 halogen headlamps, radio antenna integrated into the windscreen and remote-controlled rear view mirror. From January 1972 the 4-speed manual gear box was no longer offered on the Diplomat E. September 1972 saw the introduction of a modified grille with OPEL script relocated from its left side to its central portion. A number of the 'lesser' Admiral cars had their car boot lid fitted with Diplomat lettering/badges. This led to some confusion by today's car buyers, even in the TV series Der letzte Bulle (German), but the cars are easily identified by their vertical headlights for the Diplomat versus horizontal ones for the Admiral.

Opel continued the production until 1977 but found little success in the market: only 61,559 KAD cars were built from March 1969 to late 1977 (of which 4,976 Kapitäns, about 33,000 Admirals and about 23,500 Diplomats). Opel's British sister company Vauxhall had already abandoned the large executive segment when it discontinued its own Cresta/Viscount model in 1972. A joint model programme between the two marques saw the Diplomat superseded in 1978 by the new Senator/Monza/Royale (of a somewhat reduced size - being based on a stretched version of the Rekord E - and featuring more modern, European styling, that would act as the flagship for both GM's European brands).

In the early 1970s GM considered the use of Opel Diplomat as the basis of forthcoming first generation Cadillac Seville. But the precise panel gap tolerance found in Diplomat was beyond what the GM North American manufacturing plants could do without extensive and expensive changes to the sheetmetal stamping and welding process.

The Diplomat V8 furnished the technical base for the Bitter CD, a limited-production GT. The production of the handbuilt German car used the foolproof chassis, drivetrain, mechanicals, and even the dashboard of the Opel Diplomat. Bitter's enterprise of providing exotic car looks with Opel innards came to an end in the early eighties, when the Opel Diplomat chassis was no longer available to buy from Opel.

The 'Diplomat' name was resurrected in the early 1990s by both Opel and Vauxhall as an upscale trim level on both the Vectra A/Cavalier and Omega A/Carlton – positioned above the traditional 'CD' luxury trim level. 'Diplomat' has also made sporadic appearances as a special edition name on Opel/Vauxhall cars over the decades since.

In Brazil, the name 'Diplomata' (Diplomat in Portuguese) was used from 1980 to 1992 for the luxury version of the locally built Rekord C Chevrolet Opala.

title: Opel Diplomat


text:
William Buell Richards

Sir William Buell Richards (May 2, 1815 – January 26, 1889) was the first Chief Justice of Canada.

Richards was born in Brockville, Upper Canada, to Stephen Richards and Phoebe Buell. He earned law degree at the St. Lawrence Academy in Potsdam, New York and then articled with his uncle Andrew Norton Buell in Brockville. He was called to the bar in 1837 and continued to practice in Brockville with George Malloch until 1853 and then with his uncle again.

In 1848 Richards was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for the riding of Leeds, and by 1851 he became the Attorney General for Canada West. Leaving politics in June 1853, he was appointed to the Court of Common Pleas of Canada West and by 1863 he became Chief Justice.

In November 1868 Richards was appointed to Chief Justice of the province which was the highest court in Ontario at that time, the Supreme Court not yet having been created. It was during this time that he heard the appeal of Patrick James Whelan for the murder of Thomas D'Arcy McGee.

With the creation of the Supreme Court of Canada in 1875 Richards was appointed directly to the position of Chief Justice which he stayed at until his retirement on January 10, 1879.

His brother Albert Norton Richards served in the Canadian House of Commons and was Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia. His niece Frances Richards painted his official portrait.

title: William Buell Richards


text:
Talk:Decision-making

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alinamartell579.

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Wiki Education assignment: Academic Writing II
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title: Talk:Decision-making


text:
Vylkove

Vylkove (Вилкове, ; Вилково; Vâlcov) is a small city located in the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta, at utmost southwest of Ukraine, on the border with Romania. Administratively it is part of Izmail Raion (district) of Odesa Oblast (region). Vylkove hosts the administration of Vylkove urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population:

Geography
Vylkove is located inside the Danube Delta marshlands, which makes grain growing almost impossible, thus making fishery in the Danube, delta lakes and in the Black Sea the main occupation of the local people. In addition, the city is famous for its viticulture and cultivation of strawberries on the islands in the river delta. Due to a number of channels excavated inside its territory, get town is also known as "Ukraine's Venice". Boats are the most common method of transportation.

The administration of the Ukrainian Danube Biosphere Reserve is based in Vylkove. The territory of the Reserve includes the islands upstream and downstream the Danube, reedbeds to north from Danube, delta water bodies and adjacent area of the sea (2 km from the coast).

History
Vylkove was founded in 1746 and was assigned the status of "town" in 1762.

Until 18 July 2020, Vylkove belonged to Kiliia Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Kiliia Raion was merged into Izmail Raion.

Demographics
The population is about 9,300, according to the 2001 Ukrainian census. About 70% of the population consists of Lipovans, about 25% are Ukrainians, and the remainder are Romanians, Gagauz (Turkic-speaking followers of the Russian Orthodox Church), and Bulgarians. The main confession is Christian Old Believers (Lipovans) (about 70%, mainly Russians), the rest are the members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. There are three churches in Vylkove: two belong to Old Believers and one to Ukrainian Orthodox Church. In 2001, the city of Vylkove was 83.46% Russian-speaking, 15.34% Ukrainian-speaking and 0.54% Moldovan-speaking. Among the 9,426 inhabitants, there were 2,496 Ukrainians (26.48%), 6,597 Russians (69.99%), 831 Bulgarians (8.82%), and 120 Moldovans (1.27%).

title: Vylkove


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Tav

Tav or TAV may refer to:

Math, science and technology

 * Tav (number), in set theory the collection of all cardinal numbers
 * The Advanced Visualizer, a 3D graphics software package
 * Tomato aspermy virus, a plant virus
 * Tropical Atlantic Variability, in meteorology
 * Ti-6Al-4V, a titanium alloy containing aluminum and vanadium
 * Tire Assault Vehicle, a small teleoperated vehicle used to test Space Shuttle tires

Nickname

 * Tav Falco (born 1945), American musical performer, performance artist, actor, filmmaker and photographer
 * Octavio M. Salati (1914–2001), American engineer, academic and educator

Transportation

 * TAV, IATA airport code for Tau Airport, American Samoa
 * TAV, airline code for Compañía de Servicios Aéreos Tavisa
 * TAV-8B, the two-seat version of the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II aircraft
 * TAV Airports Holding (Tepe Akfen Ventures), a Turkish airport operator
 * Treno Alta Velocità, the a special-purpose entity working name for the Italian high-speed rail network
 * TAV RJ-SP, the far future possible Brazilian Rio–São Paulo high-speed rail system

Other uses

 * tav, ISO 639-3 code for the Tatuyo language of Colombia
 * Tav (letter), the last letter of many Semitic abjads
 * The Artists Village, an experimental arts group in Singapore
 * Toon-A-Vision channel

title: Tav