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Grubbs catalyst

Grubbs catalysts are a series of transition metal carbene complexes used as catalysts for olefin metathesis. They are named after Robert H. Grubbs, the chemist who supervised their synthesis. Several generations of the catalyst have also been developed. Grubbs catalysts tolerate many functional groups in the alkene substrates, are air-tolerant, and are compatible with a wide range of solvents. For these reasons, Grubbs catalysts have become popular in synthetic organic chemistry. Grubbs, together with Richard R. Schrock and Yves Chauvin, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in recognition of their contributions to the development of olefin metathesis.

First-generation Grubbs catalyst
In the 1960s, ruthenium trichloride was found to catalyze olefin metathesis. Processes were commercialized based on these discoveries. These ill-defined but highly active homogeneous catalysts remain in industrial use. The first well-defined ruthenium catalyst was reported in 1992. It was prepared from RuCl2(PPh3)4 and diphenylcyclopropene.

This initial ruthenium catalyst was followed in 1995 by what is now known as the first-generation Grubbs catalyst. It is synthesized from RuCl2(PPh3)3, phenyldiazomethane, and tricyclohexylphosphine in a one-pot synthesis.

The first-generation Grubbs catalyst was the first well-defined Ru-based catalyst. It is also important as a precursor to all other Grubbs-type catalysts.

Second-generation Grubbs catalyst
The second-generation catalyst has the same uses in organic synthesis as the first generation catalyst, but generally with higher activity. This catalyst is stable toward moisture and air, thus is easier to handle in laboratories.

Shortly before the discovery of the second-generation Grubbs catalyst, a very similar catalyst based on an unsaturated N-heterocyclic carbene (1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazole) was reported independently by Nolan and Grubbs in March 1999, and by Fürstner in June of the same year. Shortly thereafter, in August 1999, Grubbs reported the second-generation catalyst, based on a saturated N-heterocyclic carbene (1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)dihydroimidazole):

In both the saturated and unsaturated cases a phosphine ligand is replaced with an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), which is characteristic of all second-generation-type catalysts.

Both the first- and second-generation catalysts are commercially available, along with many derivatives of the second-generation catalyst.

Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts
In the Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts, the benzylidene ligands have a chelating ortho-isopropoxy group attached to the benzene rings. The ortho-isopropoxybenzylidene moiety is sometimes referred to as a Hoveyda chelate. The chelating oxygen atom replaces a phosphine ligand, which in the case of the 2nd generation catalyst, gives a completely phosphine-free structure. The 1st generation Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst was reported in 1999 by Amir H. Hoveyda's group, and in the following year, the second-generation Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst was described in nearly simultaneous publications by the Blechert and Hoveyda laboratories. Siegfried Blechert's name is not commonly included in the eponymous catalyst name. The Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts, while more expensive and slower to initiate than the Grubbs catalyst from which they are derived, are popular because of their improved stability. By changing the steric and electronic properties of the chelate, the initiation rate of the catalyst can be modulated, such as in the Zhan catalysts. Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts are easily formed from the corresponding Grubbs catalyst by the addition of the chelating ligand and the use of a phosphine scavenger like copper(I) chloride:

The second-generation Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts can also be prepared from the 1st generation Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst by the addition of the NHC:

In one study published by Grubbs and Hong in 2006, a water-soluble Grubbs catalyst was prepared by attaching a polyethylene glycol chain to the imidazolidine group. This catalyst is used in the ring-closing metathesis reaction in water of a diene carrying an ammonium salt group making it water-soluble as well.

Third-generation Grubbs catalyst (fast-initiating catalysts)
The rate of the Grubbs catalyst can be altered by replacing the phosphine ligand with more labile pyridine ligands. By using 3-bromopyridine the initiation rate is increased more than a millionfold. Both pyridine and 3-bromopyridine are commonly used, with the bromo- version 4.8 times more labile resulting in even faster rates. The catalyst is traditionally isolated as a two pyridine complex, however one pyridine is lost upon dissolving and reversibly inhibits the ruthenium center throughout any chemical reaction.

 * Third-generation Grubbs catalyst large.png

The principal application of the fast-initiating catalysts is as initiators for ring opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP). Because of their usefulness in ROMP these catalysts are sometimes referred to as the 3rd generation Grubbs catalysts. The high ratio of the rate of initiation to the rate of propagation makes these catalysts useful in living polymerization, yielding polymers with low polydispersity.

Applications
Grubbs catalysts are of interest for olefin metathesis. It is mainly applied to fine chemical synthesis. Large-scale commercial applications of olefin metathesis almost always employ heterogeneous catalysts or ill-defined systems based on ruthenium trichloride.

title: Grubbs catalyst


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Puerto Rican literature

Puerto Rican literature is the body of literature produced by writers of Puerto Rican descent. It evolved from the art of oral storytelling. Written works by the indigenous inhabitants of Puerto Rico were originally prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government.

It was not until the late 19th century, with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters, that Puerto Rican literature began to flourish. The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists. After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War and the island was ceded to the United States as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, writers and poets began to express their opposition of the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes.

With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the early and mid-20th century, and the subsequent rise of the Nuyorican Movement, Puerto Rican literature continued to evolve and many Puerto Ricans have distinguished themselves as authors, poets, novelists, playwrights, and essayists.

Early history
The development of Puerto Rican literature was hampered by the Spanish colonial government, which ruled over Puerto Rico since the early 1500s. The Spanish feared that, through literature, Puerto Rico would develop its own social and cultural identity and eventually seek independence. Written works by the indigenous inhabitants were prohibited and punishable by prison or banishment. Even though the first library in Puerto Rico was established in 1642, in the Convent of San Francisco, access to its books was limited to those who belonged to the religious order. The only people who had access to the libraries and who could afford books were either appointed Spanish government officials or wealthy land owners. The poor had to resort to oral story-telling in what are traditionally known in Puerto Rico as Coplas and Decimas. The island's first writers were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island. Among these writers were Father Diego de Torres Vargas, who wrote about the history of Puerto Rico, Father Francisco Ayerra de Santa María, who wrote poems about religious and historical themes, and Juan Ponce de León II, who was commissioned to write a general description of the West Indies.

The first native-born Puerto Rican governor, Ponce de León II, wrote about Taíno culture, particularly their religious ceremonies and language. He also documented the early exploits of the conquistadors. These works were sent to the National Archives in Sevilla, Spain, where they were kept.

Puerto Rican literary history changed with the arrival of the first printing press from Mexico, in 1806. That same year Juan Rodríguez Calderón (a Spaniard) wrote and published the first book in the island, titled Ocios de la Juventud. In 1851, the Spanish appointed governor of Puerto Rico, Juan de la Pezuela Cevallo, founded the Royal Academy of Belles Letters. This institution contributed greatly to the intellectual and literary progress of the island. The school licensed primary school teachers, formulated school methods, and held literary contests. However, only those with government positions and the wealthy benefited from the formation of the institution. The first Puerto Rican writers came from some of the island's wealthiest families, and they were critical of the injustices of the Spanish Crown.

19th century
In 1806, the Spanish Colonial Government established "La Gaceta de Puerto Rico" (The Puerto Rico Gazette), Puerto Rico's first newspaper. The newspaper was biased in favor of the ideals of the government.

The first written works in Puerto Rico were influenced by the Romanticism of the time. Journalists were the first writers to express their political views in the newspapers of the day and later in books. Through their books and novels, they illuminated social injustices, which included slavery and poverty. Many of these writers were considered to be dangerous liberals by the colonial government and were banished from the island. An example of this treatment was poet and journalist Francisco Gonzalo Marín, who wrote against the Spanish Crown. Some went to the Dominican Republic, Cuba or New York City where they continued to write about patriotic themes while in exile. The literature of these writers helped fuel the desire of some to revolt against the Spanish government in Puerto Rico, resulting in the failed attempt known as the Grito de Lares in 1868.

The period between 1868 and 1898 was crucial to the development of Puerto Rican institutions and the birth of a national arts and culture: there was a pro-independence rebellion, colonial reform, the formation of national political parties, the abolition of slavery (in 1873), and a brief period of autonomy. These events coincide with the promotion of a national culture expressed through literary language, music, architecture, and other arts.

When the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War in 1898, many members of the Puerto Rican literary class welcomed them, believing that eventually Puerto Rico would be granted independence. Instead, the island was declared a territory of the United States. Many writers and poets expressed their opposition by writing about patriotic themes through their work.

Twentieth-century migration to the United States
During the early part of the 20th century, many Puerto Ricans moved to the eastern coast and mid-western parts of the United States in search of a better way of life. Most settled in cities such as New York and Chicago. There they faced ethnic and racial discrimination and other hardships. Jesús Colón, known as the father of the Nuyorican Movement, was discriminated against because he was Black and had difficulty speaking English. He wrote about his experiences, as well as the experiences of other immigrants, becoming among the first Puerto Ricans to do so in English.

One of his works, A Puerto Rican in New York, preceded the literary movement known as the "Nuyorican Movement". Ultimately, the Nuyorican Movement significantly influenced Puerto Rican literature, spurring themes such as cultural identity and discrimination. The goal of the Nuyorican Movement is to maintain the cultural identity of the Puerto Rican people in a foreign land. This circle of intellectuals, writers, poets and playwrights express their experiences as Nuyoricans living in the United States, including those whose works eventually found mainstream audiences and scholarly attention: Nicholasa Mohr (El Bronx Remembered), Piri Thomas (Down These Mean Streets), Pedro Pietri (The Masses are Asses), Giannina Braschi (Yo-Yo Boing!), Esmeralda Santiago (When I Was Puerto Rican), and others.

Foundational fiction
Prominent 19th century Puerto Rican authors include Manuel A. Alonso, author of El Gíbaro (1849), a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer. Eugenio María de Hostos wrote La peregrinación de Bayoán (1863), which used Bartolomé de las Casas as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity. After this first novel, Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change.

Alejandro Tapia y Rivera ushered in a new age of historiography with the publication of The Historical Library of Puerto Rico. Cayetano Coll y Toste published a historical work that illuminated Taínos culture in The Indo-Antillano Vocabulary is valuable. Manuel Zeno Gandía (1894) wrote La Charca about the mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico. Antonio S. Pedreira, described in his work Insularismo the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the U.S. invasion.

A trend in Puerto Rican fiction to narrate urban stories and novels about migration and displacement is jettisoned by Puerto Rican authors who themselves migrate to New York City, including Edgardo Vega Yunqué, author of Omaha Bigelow and Blood Fugues; Giannina Braschi, author of Yo-Yo Boing! and United States of Banana; Pedro Juan Soto, author of Spiks; and Manuel Ramos Otero, author of "Loca la de la locura."

Early poetry
María Bibiana Benítez published her first poem "La Ninfa de Puerto Rico" in 1832. Her niece was Alejandrina Benítez de Gautier, whose "Aguinaldo Puertorriqueño," published in 1843, gave her the recognition of being one of the island's great poets. Alejandrina's son José Gautier Benítez is considered by many to be Puerto Rico's greatest Romantic-era poet. Lola Rodríguez de Tió wrote the lyrics to "La Borinqueña," which was used by the revolutionists in the Grito de Lares. Poets José de Diego, Virgilio Dávila, Luis Lloréns Torres, Nemesio Canales, Francisco Matos Paoli, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Clemente Soto Vélez and Hugo Margenat were independence advocates who wrote poems with patriotic inspired themes.

Nationalism
In 1928, Soto Vélez, along with Alfredo Margenat (father of Hugo Margenat), Pedro Carrasquillo, Graciany Miranda Archilla, Fernando González Alberti, Luis Hernández Aquino, Samuel Lugo, Juan Calderón Escobar, and Antonio Cruz Nieves founded the group "El Atalaya de los Dioses," which launched the literary movement known as "Atalayismo." The "El Grupo Atalaya" movement sought to connect the poetic/literary world with political action and most of its members, including Soto Vélez became involved with the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Giannina Braschi's postmodern work United States of Banana (2011) addresses the history of Puerto Rico decolonization efforts and declares the independence of Puerto Rico.

Universal lyricism
Mercedes Negrón Muñoz wrote under the name "Clara Lair" and published "Arras de Cristal" (1937), which describes the everyday struggles of the Puerto Rican. However, it was Julia de Burgos who was to be considered by many as one of the greatest poets to be born in Puerto Rico and who later lived in New York. The inspiration spurred by her love of Puerto Rico is reflected in her poem "Río Grande de Loíza". Other important lyric poets of the early twentieth century include Luis Palés Matos, Luis Lloréns Torres, and Evaristo Ribera Chevremont.

After the Spanish Civil War, poets Juan Ramón Jiménez (Nobel Laureate, 1956) and his wife Zenobia Camprubí emigrate to Puerto Rico and settle in Juan Juan in 1946. Jiménez's lyrical, philosophical poems influenced major Puerto Rican-born writers such as Giannina Braschi (Empire of Dreams, 1988), Manuel Ramos Otero (El Libro de la Muerte, 1985), and René Marqués (La Carreta, 1950).

Evaristo Ribera Chevremont's verses deal with nationality, folklore and regionalism, but also touch upon universal lyricism. Victor Hernández Cruz became the first Hispanic poet to be published by a mainstream publishing house (Random House) with the collection Snaps, in 1969.

Playwrights
Among the major figures in Puerto Rican theater is René Marqués (1919-1979 ) author of The Oxcart (La Carreta), which dramatizes the hardships of a Puerto Rican family who move from the island to New York City. His prose contributions include El Puertorriqueño Dócil y Otros Ensayos. Francisco Arriví (1915–2007), a prominent voice of Puerto Rican theater, developed a dramatic style known as Areyto and authored "Bolero y plena" (1958) and Vejigantes. He helped to establish various theater festivals and the Centro de Bellas Artes Luis A. Ferré (Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center) in Puerto Rico.

Luis Rafael Sánchez (1936-) wrote Pasión según Antígona Pérez (The Passion According to Antigona Perez), a tragedy based on the life of Olga Viscal Garriga.

Among the Puerto Rican experimental theater writers is Giannina Braschi whose dramatic dialogues celebrate Puerto Rican artistic expression and acknowledge the works of her compatriots Luis Palés Matos, Nilita Vientos, Luis Pales Matos, Pedro Pietri, and Julia de Burgos. Braschi's work United States of Banana, which features Hamlet, Zarathustra and Hamlet on a mission to liberate Puerto Rico, was staged at the Shapiro Theater in New York City (2015).

Emerging Puerto Rican playwrights include Aravind Enrique Adyanthaya, founder of Casa Cruz de la Luna in San Germán, Puerto Rico. Also notable in this category is playwright and screenwriter José Rivera, the first Puerto Rican screenwriter to be nominated for an Academy Award.

Stateside playwrights of Puerto Rican ancestry include Lin-Manual Miranda, who won a Pulitzer Prize and Grammy Awards for the Broadway musical Hamilton. Miranda, whose parents are Puerto Rican, co-created In the Heights with Quiara Alegría Hudes, whose mother is Puerto Rican.

Journalists
A variety of journalists and columnists further enrich Puerto Rican letters.

Nelson Antonio Denis published more than 300 editorials in El Diario La Prensa about the New York/Puerto Rican diaspora, which were recognized with repeated "Best Editorial Writing" awards from the National Association of Hispanic Journalists. Denis's history book War Against All Puerto Ricans, about the evolution of US-Puerto Rico relations since 1898, was the best-selling book in Puerto Rico in 2015 and 2016.

José Luis González (1926-1996) whose work País de cuatro pisos y otros ensayos describes the rigid structures of island society.

David Gonzalez is a journalist at the New York Times. Over a 25-year career, Gonzalez has written hundreds of stories in the New York Times which deal with the history, culture, politics and people of Puerto Rico. In 2013, the National Association of Hispanic Journalists inducted Gonzalez into its Hall of Fame, in recognition of his lifetime of committed and compassionate journalism.

Gerson Borrero is a journalist, radio host, and TV commentator in New York City. He has been editor-at-large of City & State NY and editor-in-chief of El Diario/La Prensa, the largest Spanish-language newspaper in New York City. His press coverage has ranged from New York City politics,  cultural reviews and personality profiles, to the Somos Uno Conference and the Puerto Rican Day Parade.

Historians
Historians such as Dr. Delma S. Arrigoitia have written books and documented the contributions that Puerto Rican women have made to society. Arrigoitia was the first person in the University of Puerto Rico to earn a master's degree in the field of history. Her publications, which cover Puerto Rico's early-20th-century politicians, include: Jose De Diego el legislador, San Juan, Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo: La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo;, Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo: Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barcelo, 1868-1938; and Introduccion a la Historia de la Moda en Puerto Rico.

Teresita A. Levy's Puerto Ricans in the Empire: The History of Tobacco Cultivation in Puerto Rico, 1898-1940, a study of the tobacco-growing regions in the eastern and western highlands of Puerto Rico, is the first book to tell how Puerto Ricans challenged United States officials and fought successfully for legislation that benefited the island. Her book has been praised by scholars. Puerto Ricans in the Empire provides an excellent introduction to Puerto Rico's crucial tobacco industry, with fascinating material on farmer organizations and agricultural research." —Herbert S. Klein, Gouverneur Morris Professor Emeritus of History Columbia University

Modern and contemporary Puerto Rican literature
After a nationalist tradition of Puerto Rican writers from the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, authors are catalogued by decade into "generations." Some highly representative writers from the early and mid-20th century were: Juan Antonio Corretjer, Luis Lloréns Torres, Palés Matos, Enrique Laguerre, and Francisco Matos Paoli. These Puerto Rican writers wrote in Spanish and reflected a literary Latin American tradition, and offered a variety of universal and social themes. Major writers who got their start in the 1950s include José Luis González, René Marqués, Pedro Juan Soto, and Emilio Díaz Valcárcel.

Authors whose careers began in the 1960s and 1970s include Jack Agüeros, Angelamaría Dávila, Lourdes Vázquez, Rosario Ferré, Luis Rafael Sánchez, Manuel Ramos Otero, Olga Nolla, Edgardo Rodríguez Juliá, Myrna Casas, and Luis López Nieves. Major writers of the 1980s and 1990s include Ana Lydia Vega, Giannina Braschi, Mayra Santos-Febres, Luz María Umpierre, and Eduardo Lalo.

Breakthrough voices of a new Puerto Rican literature began to emerge at the turn of the new century with the publication of Pedro Cabiya's Historias tremendas in 1999. Identity politics and the complexities of Puerto Rico's relationship with the U.S. — topics that had dominated the work of previous writers — gave way to the exploration of new genres and themes, such as Latinx speculative fiction, horror, fantasy, and noir, as seen in the short stories, novels, and comics by Pedro Cabiya, the experimentation by Bruno Soreno, and the short stories by José Liboy and Luis Negrón (whose Mundo Cruel won a Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction, 2014).

Emerging voices on the island include Rafael Acevedo, Moisés Agosto, Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro, Janette Becerra, Ricardo A. Domínguez, Ana María Fuster Lavín, Zoé Jiménez Corretjer, Juan López Bauzá, Alberto Martínez Márquez, Luis Negrón, Maribel Ortiz, Max Resto, and José E. Santos. Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes, Ángel Lozada, Benito Pastoriza Iyodo, Alfredo Villanueva Collado write and publish their works in Spanish on the mainland USA. Puerto Rican authors who write in English include Erika Lopez, Ivelisse Rodriguez, Lilliam Rivera, Quiara Alegría Hudes, Jaquira Díaz, Richie Narvaez, and Ernesto Quiñonez.

Anthologies
Anthologies that focus on Puerto Rican writers include:
 * Aftershocks of Disaster: Puerto Rico Before and After the Storm, edited by Yarimar Bonilla and Marisol LeBrón (Haymarket Books, 2019)
 * Boricua en la Luna, edited by Elena M. Aponte
 * Boricuas: Influential Puerto Rican Writings, edited by Roberto Santiago (Ballantine Books, 1995)
 * Borinquen: An Anthology of Puerto Rican Literature, edited by Maria Teresa Babin and Stan Steiner (Knopf, 1974)
 * Breaking Ground/Abriendo Caminos: Anthology of Puerto Rican Women Writers in New York, 1980-2012, edited by Myrna Nieves
 * Growing Up Puerto Rican, edited by Joy L. De Jesús (William Morrow and Company, 1997)
 * Literatura y narrativa puertorriqueña: La escritura entre siglos, edited by Mario Cancel
 * Literatura puertorriqueña del siglo XX: Antología, edited by Mercedes López Baralt
 * Los otros cuerpos: Antología de temática gay, lésbica y queer desde Puerto Rico y su diáspora, edited by David Caleb Acevedo, Moisés Agosto, and Luis Negrón, which focuses on LGBT themes
 * Nuestro New York: An Anthology of Puerto Rican Plays, edited by John V. Antush (SIgnet, 1994)
 * ¡Pa'que Tu Lo Sepas! edited by Angel Luis Colón
 * Puerto Rico en Mi Corazón, edited by Raquel Salas Rivera, Ricardo Maldonado, Carina del Valle Schorske (Anomalous Press, 2019)
 * Puerto Rican Poetry: A Selection from Aboriginal to Contemporary Times, edited by Robert Márquez
 * Puerto Rican Writers at Home in the U.S.A., edited by Faythe Turner (Open Hand, 1991)
 * San Juan Noir, edited by Mayra Santos-Febres (Akashic Noir, 2016

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Puerto Rican literature


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Talk:Schwerer Panzerspähwagen

I've updated some details on the 234 variants, and moved the 263 up to group it with the 232/233 models rather than keeping it in numeric order, as it makes more sense this way. --70.24.167.163 05:28, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Why isn't the numeric order sensible? GraemeLeggett 13:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The 263 was developed before the 233 and 234 variants and used the same chassis as the 231 series. Understandable move, though I'm pretty neutral either way. Oberiko 14:26, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Suggest Article Split - 6-rad and 8-rad
The huge differences in history, reliability, mechanical makeup, and performance between the 6-rad and 8-rad versions means that the general information does not apply to both vehicles; the 6-rad was unreliable with poor cross-country performance, the 8-rad was excellent. Also the 6-rad has a fascinating secret development history and propaganda history that does not apply to the 8-rad. Suggest article split.

Fabricated History and Incorrect Performance Information
Most of the detail of this article has been made up and is wrong. The introduction is completely contradicted by Jack Livesey, Armoured Fighting Vehicles of World Wars I and II. We read here (page 98) that the 231 actually excelled in desert and Russian mud conditions. The production statement "All 6-rad vehicles were produced DATE" is also wrong, the 6-rad was produced 1932-1935 (same reference, pg 97). The machine gun used on the 231 was not the MG 13 during war years - it was replaced by the MG 34 as the 13 was withdrawn from service in 1935. Given that the article doesn't cite any sources in the text I suggest that someone has just made this whole article up according to fancy. Suggest complete rewrite per-vehicle. The statement about the radio cars use in street fighting is clearly rubbish as they were long-range radio units used for reconnaissance (as stated already in introduction). This whole article is misleading.

SdKfz 233 Stummel
The SdKfz 233 - called the stumpy, would not be mistaken here with the SdKfz 231? Check this site; http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:SGD6BcnRuDUJ:www.aviapress.com/viewonekit.htm%3FROD-706+Schwerer+Panzerspahwagen+stumpy&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=1 and tell me if im wrong or righ paat 23:04, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Schwere or Schwerer
Was it Schwerer Panzerspähwagen (article name) or Schwere Panzerspähwagen (first line) ? Bukvoed 15:26, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * "Schwer" means "heavy" in this sense, "Panzerspähwagen" means "armored scout car", so heavy amored scout car. In contrast to the "Leichter Panzerspähwagen" (light a.s.car)
 * As a native german speaker i'll try to explain the difference. "schwere" is simply the plural form of "schwerer". "Panzerspähwagen" can be both. Quite confusing, isn't it ;) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.133.154.130 (talk) 08:43, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Why so much content on 234 series?
This isn't the "heavy armored car" article, it is the Sd Kfz 231 article. Shouldn't we be cutting out most of the 234 content and simply referencing that article? DMorpheus (talk) 16:08, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

?APDS
The spot under armament suggests the use of APDS ... can this be confirmed? I was under the impression that the Axis never developed APDS and relied on APCR rounds in the enhanced kinetic slot... 62.196.17.197 (talk) 09:15, 22 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Nope, just Tungsten-core APCR ammunition but availability was very limited and only for a short time. --Denniss (talk) 11:21, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

Pictures
I wanted to add some pictures of the various armored cars, but do not know what is 'legal'

https://www.google.com/search?q=sd.kfz.234+4+panzerspahwagen&biw=1600&bih=720&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=cSnMUsrQBYnTqgHztYHgAw&ved=0CCkQsAQ

Jokem (talk) 16:25, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

Which one is it?
"front armour in July 1942.

 * Sd. Kfz. 231

This was the standard reconnaissance variant built from 1937 to 1941. From July 1941, any need for a 231 was fulfilled by producing a 232 without the additional radio equipment. The official name was 'Schwerer Panzerspähwagen'' Sd. Kfz. 231 (8-rad)'''.

 * Sd. Kfz. 232

The Sd. Kfz. 232 (8-Rad), which was produced from 1938 to 1943, was a 231 with additional medium range radio sets and a large frame aerial. From 1942, a small Sternantenne ('star aerial') replaced the frame aerial, a modification retrofitted to older models. The official name was 'Schwerer Panzerspähwagen'' (Fu) Sd. Kfz. 232 (8-rad)'''."

So after 1941 any 231s were just 232s built without radio equipment. But a 232 is just a 231 with extra radios added. So what exactly is the difference? Did they build 232s with the frame antenna but no actual radios instead of building different types? Or is there more to making a 232 than adding radios? Does it apply to having the brackets, etc included where the radios would go, but they simply don't install them in vehicles that don't require them? Idumea47b (talk) 02:12, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Different chassis for 231/232 up to 1941, unified chassis from 1942 on (production series 4+). Very likely the later versions had provisions to use the space of the long range radio set for additional ammo. Attachment points and internal cabling for external antennas was likely present as well.--Denniss (talk) 03:17, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Schwerer Panzerspähwagen


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Frits Warmolt Went

Frits Warmolt Went (May 18, 1903 – May 1, 1990) was a Dutch biologist whose 1928 experiment demonstrated the existence of auxin in plants.

Went's father was the prominent Dutch botanist Friedrich August Ferdinand Christian Went. After graduating from the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands in 1927 with a dissertation on the effects of the plant hormone auxin, Went then worked as a plant pathologist in the research labs of the Royal Botanical Garden in Buitenzorg, Dutch East Indies (now Bogor, Indonesia) from 1927 to 1933. He then took a position at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, California, first researching plant hormones. His interest gradually shifted to environmental influences on plant growth. At Caltech, he was among the first to demonstrate the importance of hormones in plant growth and development. He played an important role in the development of synthetic plant hormones, which then became the basis of much of the agricultural chemical industry.

Frees is known for the Cholodny–Went model, named after Went and the Soviet scientist Nikolai Cholodny.

They proposed it in 1937, after coming independently to the same conclusions. This is an early model describing the phototropic and gravitropic properties of emerging shoots of monocotyledons. It proposes that auxin, a plant growth hormone, is synthesized in the coleoptile tip, which senses light or gravity and will send the auxin down the appropriate side of the shoot. This causes asymmetric growth of one side of the plant. As a result, the plant shoot will begin to bend toward a light source or toward the surface.

Funded by donors, Went constructed a series of greenhouses at Caltech in which he could vary light conditions, humidity, temperature, air quality and other variables. In 1949 this led to him to construct a large new complex of climate-controlled rooms called the Earhart Plant Research Laboratory, also known as the "phytotron." Here he produced foundational research of the effects of air pollution on plant growth.

In his 1960 article "Blue Haze in the Atmosphere" Went postulated the importance of biogenic volatile organic compounds emitted by forests for atmospheric new particle formation, which has been highly influential in the field of atmospheric chemistry. The blue haze is now known to be primarily a result of light scattering on secondary organic aerosols, generated via the partitioning of volatile organic chemicals in the atmosphere after successive oxidation and hence reduction in vapor pressure.

In 1958 Went was appointed director of the Missouri Botanical Garden and professor of botany at Washington University in St. Louis, at a point where he had become a world recognized authority on plant growth. He moved from Pasadena to St. Louis with his wife Catharina and their two children, Hans and Anneka. After the opening of the Climatron, the world's first geodesic dome greenhouse, Went's vision of a renewed Missouri Botanical Garden eventually came into conflict with that of its board of trustees, and he resigned as director in 1963. After two years as professor of botany at Washington University, in 1965 he then became director of the Desert Research Institute at the University of Nevada, Reno, where he continued his research on desert plants for the remainder of his career, and on occasion lectured in the department of biology. He remained active in many fields of botany until his death in 1990.

title: Frits Warmolt Went


text:
Basilica Aemilia

The Basilica Aemilia (Basilica Emilia) was a civil basilica in the Roman Forum, in Rome, Italy. Today only the plan and some rebuilt elements can be seen. The Basilica was 100 meters (328 ft) long and about 30 meters (98 ft) wide. Along the sides were two orders of 16 arches, and it was accessed through one of three entrances.

Pre-existing building
The new basilica was built on a site of the 5th-century BC tabernae lanienae ("butcher shops") and later (4th century BC) the tabernae argentariae. The latter housed the city's bankers, and after a fire was renamed tabernae novae ("new shops"). The square had two facing rows of shops. A first basilica had been built behind the tabernae argentariae between 210 BC and 195-191 BC, the date in which it is mentioned by Plautus. Archaeological studies have shown that this building comprised three naves paved with tuff from Monteverde, the back façade having a portico which opened to the Forum Piscatorium and the Macellum (the area later occupied by the Forum of Nerva).

The Basilica Fulvia-Aemilia
It was erected in 179 BC by censor Marcus Fulvius Nobilior with the name of Basilica Fulvia. After the latter's death, his colleague Marcus Aemilius Lepidus completed it, and it was frequently restored and redecorated by the members of the Aemilian gens, giving the basilica its current name.

The 78 BC consul, also called Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, embellished it with the clipei ("shields"). This intervention is recalled in a coin from 61 BC by his son, the triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.

According to other scholars, however, the Basilica Aemilia formed a different edifice from the Basilica Fulvia.

In the year 50BCE, Julius Caesar "...gave the consul Paulus fifteen hundred talents with which he added to the beauty of the forum by building the famous Basilica which was erected in the place of the one called "the Fulvia".

The Basilica Paulli
A new edifice in substitution of the Basilica Fulvia was begun in 55 BC by Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, and inaugurated by his son in 34 BC. This edifice had similar lines to the preceding one; however with a reduced length and a second nave in lieu of the back portico.

The columns in the central nave, in African marble, had Corinthian capitals and friezes with deeds from the history of Republican Rome. The columns in the second row were in cipolline marble and, finally, the external ones had Ionic capitals.

After a fire, Augustus in 14 BC heavily restored the edifice. In this occasion the tabernae which preceded it towards the Forum square and the portico were totally rebuilt. The latter was dedicated to the emperor's two grandsons (Porticus Gai et Luci): it had two orders of arcades with pilasters and Doric semi-columns. The two upper floors of the basilica were totally rebuilt. Over the upper order an attic was built, decorated with vegetable elements and statues of barbarians.

The basilica was restored again in 22 AD. On its two-hundredth anniversary, the Basilica Aemilia was considered by Pliny to be one of the most beautiful buildings in Rome. It was a place for business and, in the porticus of Gaius and Lucius (the grandsons of Augustus) fronting the Roman Forum, there were the Tabernae Novae (New Shops). The main hall or court (100 m long and 29.9 m deep) was located behind the shops.

The wooden roof, the Tabernae as well as the facade of the basilica were completely destroyed by fire when Rome was sacked by Alaric the Visigoth in 410 AD. On the colored marble floor one still can see the green stains of bronze coins from the early fifth century that melted in the fire. The basilica was rebuilt after the fire by adding a new floor while the central part of the front porch was replaced by a portico in c.420 with columns of pink granite on bases, much more dense than the pillars of the porch above (three of these columns were rebuilt after the excavations and are still on the east side toward the temple of Antoninus and Faustina). An earthquake in 847 caused the final collapse of the remaining structure. The remains were used as building material. Conspicuous remains of the basilica could still be seen in the Renaissance, they were however used for the Palazzo Giraud Torlonia.

title: Basilica Aemilia


text:
User:Hunter1084

I am a wikipedian from Calgary, Alberta, Canada. So far wikipedia has offered an effective distraction from my studies.

Thus far, the majority of my edits have been pitifully minor(such as inserting spaces between parentheses and the preceding text, and correcting spelling and grammar errors).

I could watch it for hours...

title: User:Hunter1084


text:
Robert Wyland

Wyland (born July 9, 1956) is an American artist and conservationist best known for his more than 100 Whaling Walls, large outdoor murals featuring images of life-size whales and other sea life to call attention to the plight of whales throughout the world.

Life and career
A native of Madison Heights, Michigan, Wyland began painting as a child and attended Detroit's Center for Creative Studies in the 1970s. His connection with whales began when he was 14 on a visit with his family to Laguna Beach, California where he saw the ocean for the first time and witnessed several gray whales migrating down the California coast towards Mexico. In 1977 he moved to Laguna Beach and in 1981 painted his first The Whaling Wall mural on the large wall of a Laguna Beach hotel parking lot. This original 1981 mural was obliterated in 1996 when it was painted over in a property ownership dispute. Wyland re-created the mural at nearly the same location with painted ceramic tile in 1996, followed by a wall-mounted canvas addition in 2019 when he included the additional title Gray Whale and Calf.

In 1993, he founded the non-profit Wyland Foundation "to help children rediscover the wonder of the ocean through art" (according to Steve Creech, the foundation's President) and to finance his Whaling Wall murals. Wyland's largest ocean mural sets an international record of over three acres in area, on the exterior of the Long Beach Convention Center. Wyland's 100th Whaling Wall was painted in Beijing in 2008. His foundation has since expanded its work to include other environmental initiatives such as sponsorship of the National Mayor's Challenge for Water Conservation.

By 1997, his commercial work (sold through Wyland Galleries LLC) and licensed merchandise sold at zoos and other outlets had become a multimillion-dollar business supporting both his galleries and his non-profit endeavors for the conservation of coasts and waterways. His artwork has been featured on California and Florida specialty license plates as well as on a series of four United Nations stamps issued in 2010 to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.

In 2018, Norwegian Cruise Line launched their newest cruise ship, Norwegian Bliss. Wyland designed and painted a massive mural on the hull of the over 1,000-foot-long ship, featuring his trademark images of life-sized whales.

Wyland lives in the Florida Keys, California, and Hawaii.

Conservation and outreach
After spending the first half of his career focused on drawing attention to marine mammal conservation, Wyland, along with co-author and frequent environmental collaborator Steve Creech expanded the focus of the Wyland Foundation to raise awareness about issues affecting U.S. waterways, including urban runoff, nutrient pollution, and marine debris issues. Among their work was the creation of a 1,000 square traveling clean water science center, featuring a 40-person onboard interactive movie theater, computer model simulations of region's affected by water pollution, and onboard running rivers. "You can't protect one area of water without thinking about how we protect all of it, because it's all connected," Wyland said. "If you want to think about protecting our ocean, you have to think about what we're doing to our freshwater habitats. The lakes, the rivers, the streams, the ponds, the wetlands. It's all connected."

Legacy
Wyland's pioneering efforts to create monumental artworks dedicated to marine life conservation pre-dated today's world of super graphics. At the height of his popularity, it was estimated that Wyland's artworks in cities around the world were seen by up to 1 billion people a year.

title: Robert Wyland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dennis Hofs World Famous Bunnyranch

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. ugen 64 20:17, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dennis Hofs World Famous Bunnyranch
The official name is Moonlight Bunny Ranch or Bunny Ranch depending on the source. An article with the name Moonlight bunny ranch was created today. The old article does not have a NPOV and likely has factual errors. The History items that appear to be valid were copied to the new article. Vegaswikian 05:32, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC

''I modified the headlines to === 's so as to mesh with standard practice. --Asriel86 06:01, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)''
 * Redirect or move to correct title as named above. Mgm|(talk) 08:34, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I decided to go here for the delete since there were no links to that page. The title seems to be in the vanity class.  Vegaswikian 16:38, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything with NPOV that might be useful into Moonlight Bunny Ranch and make this a redirect'. However, this title is misspelled because it should be "Dennis Hof's" not "Hofs".23skidoo 22:14, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
William A. Stanton

William A. Stanton (traditional Chinese: 司徒文; born 1947) is an American retired career diplomat. Since his retirement from the U.S. Foreign Service in 2012, he has consecutively served as a professor in Taiwan at National Tsing Hua University, National Taiwan University, National Yang Ming University which became National Yang Ming Jiao Tung University, and in 2021 as Chair Professor at National Chengchi University.

Early life and education
Born in 1947 to a mother of Armenian descent and a father of Irish and Italian descent, Stanton earned a B.A. magna cum laude from Fordham University and an M.A. and Ph.D. in English literature from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill which he attended on a National Defense Education Act Fellowship. He also spent a year studying at Albert-Ludwigs University in Freiburg, Germany.

Career
Dr. Stanton served for 34 years as a U.S. diplomat, serving as consular and political officer at Embassy Beirut (1979–81), watch officer in the Department of State Operations Center (1981–82), staff assistant for the Assistant Secretary for Near East and South Asian Affairs (1982–83), Country Officer for Lebanon (1983–85), political officer in Embassy Beijing (1987–90), chief of internal political reporting (1989–90), political-military affairs officer in Embassy Islamabad (1991–93), Special Assistant for East Asia and Pacific Affairs for the Under Secretary for Political Affairs (1993–4), Deputy Director for the Office of Chinese and Mongolian Affairs (1994–95), Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the Embassy Beijing (1995–98), Director of the Office of UN Political Affairs (1999-01), Director of the Office of Egyptian and North African Affairs (2001–03). While stationing at the Embassy Canberra, Australia, he served as the Deputy Chief of Mission (2003–05) and Chargé d'affaires ad interim (2005–06), then he was assigned to Embassy Seoul, Korea to take his post as DCM. His final posting was as Director of the American Institute in Taiwan (2009–2012). During his tenure, AIT achieved significant progress on a number of key bilateral issues, including Taiwan's entry into the U.S. Visa Waiver Program, two major security assistance agreements, increased high-level visits by U.S. Government officials, and resolution of trade disputes, including the re-introduction of U.S. beef into Taiwan. For his contributions to U.S. exports to Taiwan, Dr. Stanton won the 2011 Charles E. Cobb Award for Initiative and Success in Trade Development. For his overall contributions to U.S.-Taiwan relations, Taiwan awarded Dr. Stanton the Order of the Brilliant Star with Grand Cordon.

Dr. Stanton's State Department awards included the Secretary's Career Achievement Award, three Superior Honor Awards, one Superior Group Award, and several performance awards. For his contributions to the U.S. Forces Korea Command from 2006 to 2009, the U.S. Department of the Army awarded Dr. Stanton the Outstanding Civilian Service Medal.

Following his retirement in August 2012, he was granted a Taiwan Resident Certificate for his efforts in promoting US-Taiwan ties.

After diplomacy
Since August 16, 2019 Stanton has served as Vice President of National Yang Ming University in Taiwan. From August 1, 2017 to July 31, 2019, he served as Professor in the Center for General Education at National Taiwan University. From 2013 to 2017 he was the George K.C. Yeh Distinguished Chair Professor at National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu, Taiwan where he was the founding Director of the University's Asia Policy Center.

Family
Stanton was formerly married to another Foreign Service Officer and former Ambassador, Karen Stanton (Ambassador to East Timor). They have two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth.

title: William A. Stanton


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Noriega

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete --Carnildo 22:46, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

John Noriega
Delete as vanity. FreplySpang (talk) 05:33, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Page is blank. - Lucky 6.9 05:51, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Already speedied once.  -- Scott eiπ  05:59, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've speedied it again for being unencyclopedic and uninformative recreated vanity. Mgm|(talk) 08:33, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:70.26.73.140

title: User talk:70.26.73.140


text:
Talk:Normative legal thought

Untitled
What is this? This should be deleted.

Untitled 2
I don't know. It would be nice to have a page on normative legal thought, I have no idea of what it is.

But reading [|this], I can at least guess that it *does* mean *something* ... I suggest fixing it instead. Flammifer 12:12, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Normative legal thought


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christian objection to contraception

Delete I regret creating this article, and nothing can be written here which has not already appeared in another area of the site.
 * Speedy as creator has asked for deletion. FreplySpang (talk) 05:39, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Move - This topic hasn't been addressed specifically anywhere else in Wikipedia that I could find. It definately needs to be expanded though. I suggest moving it to "Christian views on contraception" so it can include a pluralism of Christian viewpoints. After all, I think aside from Catholics and Southern Baptists most Christian denominations don't forbid contraception anymore. Queerudite 00:03, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Move - I agree with above - a very important subject in contemporary debate - but it need a more balanced title --Doc Glasgow 09:05, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Definitely Keep, and the move is a good idea too. Very interesting topic that needs more development. --Spangineer ∞ 03:35, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Move --John Kenneth Fisher 22:31, May 13, 2005 (UTC)


text:
List of presidents of the Canadian National Railway Company

Presidents
List of presidents of the Canadian National Railway (CN) since 1919:


text:
Patrick Louis

Patrick Louis (born 22 October 1955, Vitry-le-François) is a French politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament for the south-east of France. He is a member of the Movement for France, which is part of the Independence and Democracy group, and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism.

He was also a substitute for the Committee on International Trade and a member of the delegations for relations with the Gulf States, including Yemen, for relations with the Mashreq countries, and to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

Career

 * University teaching qualification in economics and management (1984)
 * Visiting lecturer at the Franco-Czech Management Institute in Prague (1993)
 * Visiting lecturer at Bucharest (1995)
 * Visiting lecturer at the University of Georgia (United States) (1997)
 * Visiting lecturer at the University of Minnesota (1991, 1994, 2000)
 * Visiting lecturer at the Beirut College of Commerce (2004)
 * Examiner at the Institute for Advanced Studies in National Defence
 * Lecturer at Jean Moulin University, Lyon
 * Administrator, Interregional and Technical Union of Students' Mutual Associations
 * MPF regional officer (1994–2002)
 * RPF departmental secretary for Rhône (2000)
 * MPF regional coordinator for the Rhône-Alpes region
 * Member of Rhône-Alpes Regional Council (1998–2004)
 * Chairman of the Transport Committee of the Rhône-Alpes Regional Council (1998–1999)
 * Member of the TRANSALP public interest group
 * Cofounder of the movement 'Combat pour les valeurs' (Combat for Values)
 * Le Budgétaire, First, 1989 (collective work)
 * Encyclopédie de l'économie et de la gestion, Hachette, 1991 (collective work)
 * Knight of the Ordre des Palmes académiques

title: Patrick Louis


text:
8th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)

The 8th Panzer Division was a formation of the Wehrmacht Heer. The division was formed by reorganising the 3rd Light Division in October 1939. It was transferred to the west and fought in the Battle of France, in May 1940, and the German invasion of the Balkans in April 1941. Soon after the division advanced towards Leningrad under Army Group North in Operation Barbarossa, and would remain on the eastern front for the remainder of the war. Staying on defensive fronts, it saw action in the relief of Kholm in 1942, Orel and the withdrawals of Army Group Centre in 1943, until transferred to Army group South. The division then fought in a series of retrograde movements, back through Ukraine, into Hungary and finally into Silesia and surrender in May 1945.

During its existence, the division was headquartered in Cottbus, in the German military district Wehrkreis III.

Organization
In 1938, the 3rd Light Division was formed, consisting of the 67th Panzer Battalion, and the 8th and 9th Mechanized Cavalry Regiments as well as the 8th Reconnaissance Regiment. The 3rd Light Division was sent to participate in the 1939 Invasion of Poland, after which it was converted to the 8th Panzer Division in the winter of 1939. As part of the reorganization its reconnaissance regiment of two battalions was split, one going to the 10th Panzer Division and the other staying with the 8th Panzer Division. The two battalions comprising the 10th Panzer Regiment from East Prussian were added, as was the 8th Rifle Brigade, which now controlled the 8th Rifle Regiment of three battalions and the 8th Motorcycle Battalion. The panzer battalions were equipped primarily with Czech tanks and Mk II light tanks, leaving the 8th Panzer Division with a total of 212 tanks (58 Mk II, 118 38t, 23 Mk IV, & 15 command tanks ) in its organization for the attack into France.

The division also contained an anti-tank battalion of initially only two companies, equipped with the ubiquitous, but seriously underpowered 37mm PAK 35/36, a pioneer battalion, signals and support units. The divisional artillery was supplied by two battalions of 105 mm howitzers.

By February 1941 the division was organised as follows:
 * 8th Rifle Brigade. (HQ commanding the infantry regiments)
 * 8th Rifle Regiment (I, II, battalions)
 * 28th Rifle Regiment (I, II, battalions)
 * 8th Motorcycle Battalions
 * 10th Panzer Regiment (I, II, III battalions)
 * 80th Artillery Regiment (I, II, III battalions)
 * 43rd Panzerjäger Battalion
 * 59th Reconnaissance Battalion
 * 59th Pioneer Battalion
 * 84th Signals Battalion
 * 59th Division Support Units

The 67th Panzer Battalion had been incorporated into the 10th Panzer regiment as 3rd Battalion, the infantry was now organised under two Regiments of two battalions of motorised infantry each. The Artillery Regiment had gained another battalion of heavy Guns from the 645th Heavy Artillery Battalion.

History
It was made a part of XLI Motorized Corps for the Battle of France. In the battles of the Meuse Crossings, French forces were initially able to repel German attacks. Eventually, however, the French were forced to retreat in the face of an overwhelming assault by German tanks. The division was involved in the destruction of the 1st and the 7th Armies in May 1940, and remained on the line in France until the country's conquest in June 1940.

At the start of Operation Barbarossa, the 8th Panzer Division was assigned to Erich von Mansteins' LVI Panzer Corps, part of Panzer Group 4, which was tasked with the main drive through the Baltic states in the direction of Leningrad, Soviet Union's second largest city.

Attacking in the pre dawn hours of 22 June 1941, the division soon found a gap in the Soviet border defences and by nightfall had penetrated to a distance of 70 km. Driven by the division commander to maintain a rapid pace, and switching focus between its battle groups to find the path of least resistance, the division reached the Dvina river, on the morning of the 4th day. Its combat engineers, with the assistance of a company of Brandenburgers, mounted a ruse and managed to capture both the rail and road bridge intact. Soon the 8th Panzer Division had tanks and infantry across the River, but was forced to halt and wait for resupply and the other Panzer corps of Panzer Group 4 to catch up. The following days were spent gradually expanding its bridgehead whilst fending off Soviet counterattacks from the Soviet 21 Mechanised Corps.

Resumed a rapid advance to the east against a Soviet forces now in complete disarray.

On 7 October it began to snow in the Army Group North area, and by 15 October the snow was ankle deep. General Leeb completed his regrouping for the continued attack across the Volkhov river towards Tikhvin. The infantry formed bridgeheads from which 8th Panzer and the other mobile units of XXXIX attacked on 19 October. However progress was agonisingly slow, the muddy roads almost impassable to any but tracked vehicles, and the Army was having difficulties bringing in supplies behind the troops. The Corps finally reached and captured Tikhvin on 11 November, leaving a 100 kilometre flank weakly covered by the 8th Panzer. The freezing weather meant that the roads improved slightly, which helped the transport of supplies, but not the troops who, still lacking winter clothing, suffered greatly from the conditions.

Eventually nearly the entire division was united in the Kholm relief attempt, and after its successful relief, defended a very loose, but wide sector just to the south of Kholm, in the bogs and marches stretching down towards the Army group boundary. Here the division remained for most of 1942 until it was transferred to Army Group Centre, in the winter of 1942.

After the winter fighting of 1941, the incursions by the 3rd and 4th Soviet Shock armies between Army Groups North and Centre, had stretched the front to such an extent that the Germans could not occupy a single line, but resorted to isolated strong points instead. This defence stance, although necessary left them vulnerable to penetration, and in xx 1942 the Soviet exploited their weakness and encircled substantial forces in the city of Velikiye Luki. Hitler forbade a break out attempt by the troops and declared the city a fortress General Chevallerie, who had defended the area since the winter battles, determined to accomplish what the Wehrmacht had pulled off twice the previous winter, at Demyansk and Kholm, which was to have the encircled troops supplied by air and mount a successful relief operation. The 8th Panzer Division would become a main component of the relief attempt, and was in place by 1 December.

After an initial surge the division attack bogged down against fierce Soviet resistance. The relief forces continued to inch forward but progress was slow and costly, and by 13 December 1942 the 8th Panzer Division has suffered 1473 casualties including 82 officers. Two days later the divisions' drive was virtually stopped. The main weight of the relief was now with group W to the south, but its attacking units had similarly suffered highly and unit strengths were plummeting. The attack was kept going for the sake of the encircled troops but it was obvious to General Kurt von der Chevallerie that without additional forces it would not succeed.

At the start of January 1943, Army Group Centre assigned two additional divisions plus another panzer battalion for a renewed push towards the city. The 8th Panzer participated in the renewed offensive, but although the relief forces got to with in 4 km of the encirclement, they were only able to assist small groups to break out. thousands of wounded and stragglers were taken prisoner as the Soviet forces squeezed the garrison out of existence.

The 8th Panzer Division took up defensive positions north of the Ukrainian capital, but failed to prevent the Soviet armies break through, and was pushed back until Manstein, now commander of Army Group South orchestrated a counter stroke at Zhitomir temporarily stabilising the front. However the reprieve did not last and renewed Soviet thrusts forced the 4th Panzer Army and the 8th Panzer Division with it, back towards the Polish frontier.

On 10 November 1943, the division, already heavily depleted, suffered additional casualties at Zhytomyr, temporarily leaving it with zero operational tanks. On 20 November, 8th Panzer Division possessed 66 tanks, of which only 7 were operational.

On 12 July 1944 the Soviet 1st Ukrainian Front launched a massive offensive in the direction of Lvov (the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive). The front had over 800,000 men, 13,000 guns and mortars and 200 tanks, attacking with 2 main groupings, both rapidly broke through the German defenses and by the 6th day of the operation had trapped several units in a pocket under XIII Army Corps command, including elements of 8th Panzer Division. The 8th Panzer Division had been in reserve rebuilding near Brody, and was immediately committed to the breakthrough area but failed to stop the Soviet advance. On 20 the division mounted a failed relief attempt but was compelled to retreat. The trapped forces managed to break the ring around them but had to filter their way through the attacking Red Army formation and only a part of their numbers and without any vehicles or heavy weapons.

The division continued to resist the Soviet advances fighting in Hungary in the winter battles around Budapest and then transferred to Silesia, where it battled on until finally surrendering to Soviet forces near Prague.

Commanding officers
The commanders of the division:
 * General der Panzertruppe Adolf-Friedrich Kuntzen, 16 October 1939 – 20 February 1941
 * General der Panzertruppe Erich Brandenberger, 20–21 February 1941
 * Generalleutnant Walter Neumann-Silkow, 21 February 1941 – 26 May 1941
 * General der Panzertruppe Erich Brandenberger, 26 May – 8 December 1941
 * Generalleutnant Werner Hühner, 8 December 1941 – 28 January 1942
 * General der Panzertruppe Erich Brandenberger, 29 January 1942 – 6 August 1942
 * Generalleutnant Josef Schrötter, 6 August 1942 – 10 November 1942
 * General der Panzertruppe Erich Brandenberger, 10 November 1942 – 17 January 1943
 * Generalleutnant Sebastian Fichtner, 17 January 1943 – 20 September 1943
 * Generalmajor Gottfried Fröhlich, 20 September 1943 – 1 April 1944
 * Generalmajor Werner Friebe, 1 April 1944 – 21 July 1944
 * Generalmajor Gottfried Fröhlich, 21 July 1944 – 5 January 1945
 * Generalmajor Heinrich-Georg Hax, 5 January – 8 May 1945

title: 8th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)


text:
Knee-high boot

Knee-high boots are boots that rise to the knee, or slightly thereunder or over. They are generally tighter around the leg shaft and ankle than at the top. Originally made of leather, versions made of a synthetic rubber (PVC, Neoprene, etc.), they are used by fishermen, dairy workers, stable hands, duck hunters, clammers, etc. to protect the feet from water, mud, manure, etc. and to provide traction on slippery surfaces. Most slip on, but there are varieties with buckles or zippers, and those that lace up. They may, or may not, have high heels or platforms.

Knee-high boots are used in the fashion world since at least the 1950s. The fashion boot article discusses this in depth.

Certain types can also be known as muckers or fishing boots.

In university ROTC units, some members wear a dress boot reminiscent of a mounted cavalry boot, such as the boots worn by seniors in the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets. The leather slip-on boots may be accented with spurs or tassels, or be relatively unadorned. The boots are custom-fit by a cordwainer who takes a mold of the legs of the intended wearer to create a last for the bootmaking process. The unique pair of boots are then carefully sewn onto soles.

Such boots may be extremely difficult to remove, necessitating the use of talcum powder for lubrication, fellow cadets to manually pull the boot, and for elaborate boot pullers.

title: Knee-high boot


text:
Tundra Mine

The Tundra Mine is a gold mine that operated in the Northwest Territories, of Canada between 1962 and 1968, producing 104,476 ozt of gold, from 187,714 tons of ore. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada has a project to remediate the Tundra Mine site under their Northern Contaminants Program, funded by the Canadian Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan.

title: Tundra Mine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oh My Gods!

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 19:10, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Oh My Gods!
A webcomic; Alexa gives a ranking of 247,349. Nominated for speedy delete on the basis of advertising, but it's certainly not speedy material, and I'd contend it's not really advertising either, just too obscure to get an article. Meelar (talk) 05:46, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep While not famous, I think this one . Wikipedia describes numerous webcomics; Snail Dust has an Alexa rank of 383,589 and probably isn't seen in print like Oh My Gods! is at least occasionally DDerby 05:59, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I was basing this off of WikiProject Webcomics/Notability and inclusion guidelines, which specifies that Alexa rank < 200k. Personally, I'd be more inclined to nominate Snail Dust than keep this, but reasonable people can differ. Best, Meelar (talk) 06:56, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Not sure if I can vote, due to it being my article and all, but I go with keep. --Shivian Balaris 06:07, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Looking at the List_of_web_comics article I see many MANY just like this one. All apparently rife for deletion. If, in creating the article on Oh My Gods! any Policies were directly broken, can those be discussed within the Talk:Oh My Gods! section of said article, instead of merely point-clicking to get rid of it entirely? --Shivian Balaris 06:16, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain, the Alexa rank put it in a grey area IMO. I'm more concerned with excessive "advertising links" than the article existing. —Ashley Y 08:02, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * Keep not famous, but ranks higher that other articles that we haven't deleted. Oliver Keenan 09:19, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, the Alexa rank criteria is only a guideline after all. The article is interesting enough and the comic has been going quite a long time. Just make sure there's no advertising and that it is from a NPOV. -- Lochaber 09:50, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I've never read it, but have heard of it. Shimmin 12:28, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but trim the number of links down.--Matteh (talk) 12:30, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, encyclopedic and informative article. Alexa is not a useful indicator of importance.  ‣ ᓛᖁ  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ ᑐ ] 15:30, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Encyclopedic and informative.--Onlyemarie 15:44, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Meets the WikiProject Webcomics guidelines in number of strips -- it seems to have several hundred -- but doesn't meet the guidelines for Alexa rank. However, once you get below the top 1000 or so, Alexa rank starts to get much less meaningful. --Carnildo 22:52, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Spinboy 19:22, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This a very informative article. The comic itself has a steady fanbase that has constant growth. Why delete an article like this?

 * Keep, informative article, funny comic, deserves an entry. If this goes, then every other webcomic article should too. All in the interest of fairness, of course.

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Vishu

O.V.
I don't know which way to go. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.114.100.129 (talk) 16:02, 19 March 2017 (UTC)

[Untitled]
Folks, Ugadi is different from Vishu. Ugadi is the start of the Telugu/ Kannada/ Marathi lunar new year, while Vishu is the Mesha Sankranti, the day when the Sun enters the Mesha raasi. It doesn't even fall on the same day. Please modify the piece to reflect this more accurately. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.220.217.115 (talk) 02:44, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
How's vishu a Hindu festival? It's not religious at all. Even Onam can be called relgious but not vishu. Even onam is celebrated as a cultural festival. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.81.144.140 (talk) 12:03, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

Hi,

To my mind, Vishu is the only occassion when Kerala falls in line with the rest of India in the matter of festivities.Gudi Padwa, Baisakhi, Bihu, Ugadi, Vishu is celebrated all over India.

Deepawali is the festival of India if I may say so being celbrated with gusto in all parts of India. Here Kerala especially central Travancore does not celbrate with great ado.

The festival of Kerala Onam is the occassion of banishing Maha Bali to Nether World by Maha Vishnu. Here too it is not the Supreme Vishnu who caught the fancy of Malayalees but the benoveolent demon Maha Bali who was tricked into banishmnet..

So when Kerala synchs her festivities with the rest of the sub continent it itself is an occassion

'indeed

Job Mathew jobmathew@vsnl.com

It is true that though the observance of Vishu comes from Hindu traditions, nowadays it is celebrated by people across many religions in Kerala. However, this is true for many festivals, and it is hard to draw a distinction between which ones are religious and which ones are not. One source that clearly mentions Vishu as being a 'Hindu' festival is an article on the Kerala govt. website : Harivishnu (talk) 04:09, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

When is Vishu ?
When is Vishu in the Gregorian calendar ? -- 199.71.174.100 00:10, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd like to ask this same question this year. Can someone put the 2006, 2007, 2008,... dates in the article, please ? -- PFHLai 22:37, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * There is no exact date in the Gregorian calendar that Vishu falls on. The Malayalam calendar and the Gregorian calendar dont coincide with the dates. However, Vishu usually falls during April-May. thunderboltza.k.a.D e epu _ Joseph 10:20, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I know. Check out the table of dates of Easter to see what I'm asking for. I think such a table would be a very useful reference (on any wikipage about Hindu holidays). However, if it's always April 14, never mind. Is it really always April 14 as the article now says ? -- PFHLai 11:02, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I hadn't noticed the edits by User:Girish cs. I've removed the data. It doesn't always fall on April 14th. About the construction of a table analogous to the one in the Easter page, I think its a good idea. However, its implementation is going to be hard. Let me see if I can find some reliable sources with the info. thunderboltza.k.a.D e epu _ Joseph 14:03, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Maybe a table is too complicated. I think a section simlar to Arba'een would be good enough. -- PFHLai 08:28, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

It doesnt always fall on April 14th, but mostly this is the case. This reference would help Harivishnu (talk) 05:12, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

Is Vishu the New Year Day??
As far as my knowledge goes and as stated in the article, the Malayalam calendar starts with the month of chingam and not medam. As the first day of medam is observed as Vishu, Vishu is not the malayalam new year's day but the marking of spring (This is why flowers and fruits form part of the festivities).--GurufromIndia 18:06, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Vishu use to be Malayalam New Year day, and really a secular holiday in kerala. But at some point around 1980 the official new year day was switched to chingam 1st to make Onam the new year festival, as Onam is more prominent festival and main tourist attraction in Kerala. Even though Onam is really a Hindu festival(due to story of Mahabali is from Hindu mythology, secular side Onam is more a harvest festival), involvement of people from other religions is also more for Onam than Vishu. Hindus in Kerala still do kani ("that which is seen first") on Vishu as Vishukkani, but give no significance for chingam 1st. Now days many old people in Kerala still consider Vishu as new day, especially farmers across all religion, as it mark beginning of farming activities of the year. That will also explain people from city dont give prominence to Vishu.  --Anonymous (--208.15.90.2 (talk) 17:26, 30 August 2012 (UTC))

Yes it is true. Vishu is not the malayalam new year day. It is Chngam not Medam. Please change this mistake Ramki cmc 05:28, 14 April 2007 (

How can the copy say -Since the occasion marks the beginning of Malayalam New Year,- Vishu is not the accepted Malayalam New year day. No where in Kerala it is celeberated as as New Year. In Malayalam Wikipedia this is not mentioned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pvharikrishnan (talk • contribs) 13:23, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Vishu is not the new year as per the Malayali calendar. The Malayalam year is incremented on the 1st of "Chingam" month, which normally falls in August or September. --Rk662003 (talk) 10:15, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Yes, the above statement is true. The official new year day was switched to chingam 1st to make Onam the new year festival, as Onam is more prominent festival. This reference would help Harivishnu (talk) 05:12, 17 September 2013 (UTC).

Vishu is the Hindu New year for Malayalee Hindus
It has always been celebrated as the New Year for Malayalee Hindus right from our Ancestor's time.How can anybody else say not? Please do not try to rewrite tradition and culture. Muslims and Christians have never celebrated it. Don't copy hindus, follow your own religion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shibanair (talk • contribs) 22:53, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

The Malayalam new year falls on the 1st of "Chingam" month, and not on Vishu. This is easily verifiable by referring to any calendar which shows malayalam months and year (Matrubhumi, Malayala Manorama, etc.). --Rk662003 (talk) 10:15, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

vishu
vishu is my favorite festival i get gifts for vishu ican burst crackers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.216.76.166 (talk) 06:46, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:02, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Images and WP:BRD
Welcome to wikipedia. Please discuss your concerns with previous images, and why these hazy poor quality images are better? Please keep in mind WP:COI guidelines, and do not insist on your own personal images to be displayed in this or other wikipedia artcles. We already have two images in the main article that show Krishna. We need one that shows the items in a typical kani tray. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 01:59, 14 April 2017 (UTC)

 * IMQFT: This note relates to your April edits such as this where you edit warred. Please do not remove talk page comments such as these per WP:TALK. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 17:06, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

Image is Wrong: One of the two images added, under the title "Practices" has offerings to Vishnu, which include Onion. This is a wrong practice and the image included may have been published by someone who is ignorant of this fact. Please remove or replace this image. Onions are never offered to Lord Krishna / Vishnu. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tekymind (talk • contribs) 06:59, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

Plugging astrology?
you are adding unsourced content about astrology, which is not acceptable per wikipedia content guidelines. You are also removing sourced content, which is disruption. Please discuss your concerns. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 02:59, 14 April 2017 (UTC)

Protection
This page is vandalised by many unauthorized up idresses, so kindly protect the page Ruwenzari (talk) 04:44, 17 April 2020 (UTC)
 * - Try ask at Requests for page protection Christian75 (talk) 19:54, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

An island
Ffxghxfhugdvjuddbjugd — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.230.37.245 (talk) 15:49, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

Vishu festival
No suggession 49.15.80.39 (talk) 09:55, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vishu


text:
Lawrence Stone

Lawrence Stone (4 December 1919 – 16 June 1999) was an English historian of early modern Britain, after a start to his career as an art historian of English medieval art. He is noted for his work on the English Civil War and the history of marriage, families and the aristocracy.

Biography
Stone was born on 4 December 1919 in Epsom, Surrey, England. He was educated at Charterhouse School, an all-boys public school (i.e., a private boarding school). He studied for a time at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1938. He then studied modern history at Christ Church, Oxford from 1938 to 1940. His university studies were interrupted by service during the Second World War as a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. He returned to Oxford after demobilisation in 1945, and after a further year of study, graduated with a first-class Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1946. His BA degree was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Oxon) degree in accordance with the regulations of the university.

After graduating, he remained at the University of Oxford. From 1946 to 1947, he was a Bryce Research Student. He then worked as a lecturer at University College, Oxford between 1947 and 1950. In 1950, he was elected a Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. As such, he was a college tutor in history, and moved specialising in medieval history to Tudor history. For two years, from 1960 to 1961, he was also a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968 and the American Philosophical Society in 1970.

In 1963, Stone left Oxford and joined Princeton University as Dodge Professor of History. He served as chairman of the Department of History from 1967 to 1970, and in 1968 became the founding director of the Davis Center for Historical Studies, which was established to promote innovative methods of historical research. He retired in 1990.

Stone died on 16 June 1999 in Princeton, New Jersey, aged 79. He had been living with Parkinson's disease.

Storm over the gentry
Stone began as a medievalist, and his first book was the volume on medieval sculpture in Britain for the Pelican History of Art. He was a bold choice by the series editor, Nicholas Pevsner, but the book was well received.

A 1948 article was Stone's earliest venture in the quantitative study of the rise of the gentry and decline of the aristocracy along the lines that his mentor R.H. Tawney had suggested in 1941. He concluded there was a major economic crisis for the nobility in the 16th and 17th centuries. Stone's argument was marred by methodological mistakes and he came under heavy attack from Hugh Trevor-Roper and others. Christopher Thompson, for example, showed that the peerage's real income was higher in 1602 than in 1534 and grew substantially by 1641. Many other scholars entered the fray and the so-called storm over the gentry became a central theme of English historiography for some time.

Stone in 1970 summed up the causes of the English Revolution by stressing three factors: the Crown's failure to gain an army or a bureaucracy; the relative rise of the gentry in terms of status, wealth, education, administrative experience, group identity, and political self-confidence; and the spread of Puritanism. Rabb notes that "few contemporary Stuart historians would argue with Stone's assessment."

Family history
Stone moved from the study of the political importance of families to studies of their internal structure, helping to open up the field of new social history. In The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (1977) Stone used quantitative methods to study family life. The book was very well received. Writing in the Times Literary Supplement, Keith Thomas described it as "easily Professor Stone's most ambitious book yet, even though it comes from the pen of a historian who has by now produced some 3,000 pages in hard covers. Lawrence Stone is one of the most buoyantly invigorating figures on the contemporary historical scene, and his new work displays his usual attributes:  voracious reading, a striking capacity for synthesis and an ability to write vivid, continuously interesting prose...  He has offered an indispensable chart to a landscape which it will take at least another generation of historians to explore with any precision.  Indeed, The Family, Sex and Marriage is reminiscent of one of those pioneering maps from the age of discovery." Writing in the New York Review of Books, J H Plumb said "Professor Stone raises vast issues, settles them provocatively, and underpins his solutions with a wealth of illustration." Joseph Kett, in the New York Times Book Review, said "Vast in theme, exhaustive in research and with a cast of characters beyond counting, the result is a veritable War and Peace of social history. Truly, this is scholarship on the grand scale."

Some of his suggestions have been qualified by historians. Stone's suggestion that "affective individualism" did not become widely characteristic of marriage until the 18th century was questioned by medievalists who pointed to evidence of loving marriages before 1700. However, it was never Stone's position that love in marriage did not exist before the 18th century, and his book does not, in fact, say this.

Stone was a major advocate of the new social history—that is using the methods of the social sciences to study history and expanding the target of study to include larger and larger populations. Stone argued that using quantitative methods to assemble data could lead to useful generalizations about different periods in time. However, Stone never argued in favor of creating "laws" of history in the manner of Karl Marx or Arnold J. Toynbee. In Stone's view, the most one could do was to create generalizations about a particular century and no more. Stone was very much interested in studying the mentalité of people in the early modern period along the lines of the Annales School, but Stone rejected Fernand Braudel's geographical theories as too simplistic. Along the same lines, Stone was very fond of combining history with anthropology and offering "thick description" in the manner of Clifford Geertz.

Narrative history
According to Stone, narrative is the main rhetorical device traditionally used by historians. In 1979, at a time when Social History of the previous generation was demanding a social-science model of analysis, Stone detected a revival in historiography of the narrative. Stone defined narrative as follows: it is organized chronologically; it is focused on a single coherent story; it is descriptive rather than analytical; it is concerned with people not abstract circumstances; and it deals with the particular and specific rather than the collective and statistical. He reported that, "More and more of the 'new historians' are now trying to discover what was going on inside people's heads in the past, and what it was like to live in the past, questions which inevitably lead back to the use of narrative."

Stone's methodology was mildly controversial.

Stone's supposed thesis that the British political elite was relatively "closed" to new members was widely accepted and popularized in works like Simon Schama's survey of the French Revolution, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. It has recently been challenged by Ellis Wasson's Born to Rule: British Political Elites (2000) which argues that the ruling class was open to new members throughout the early modern period. In fact, Stone never argued to the contrary, and the difference appears to be one of degree.

Works

 * Sculpture in Britain: The Middle Ages, 1955 (2nd edn. 1972), Penguin Books (now Yale History of Art)
 * An Elizabethan: Sir Horatio Palavicino (1956)
 * The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 1558-1641 (1965)
 * The Causes of the English Revolution, 1529-1642 (1972)
 * Family and Fortune: Studies in Aristocratic Finance in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1973)
 * "Early Modern Revolutions: An Exchange: The Causes of the English Revolution, 1529-1642: A Reply," Journal of Modern History Vol. 46, No. 1, March 1974
 * The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (1977)
 * "The Revival of Narrative: Reflections on a New Old History," Past and Present 85 (Nov. 1979) pp 3–24
 * The Past and the Present (1981)
 * An Open Elite? England 1540-1880 (1984) with Jeanne C. Fawtier Stone
 * Road to Divorce: England, 1530-1987 (1990)
 * Uncertain Unions: Marriage in England, 1660-1753 (1992)
 * Broken Lives: Separation and Divorce in England, 1660-1857 (1993)
 * An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (1994) editor

title: Lawrence Stone


text:
Mathematical software

Mathematical software is software used to model, analyze or calculate numeric, symbolic or geometric data.

Evolution of mathematical software
Numerical analysis and symbolic computation had been in most important place of the subject, but other kind of them is also growing now. A useful mathematical knowledge of such as algorism which exist before the invention of electronic computer, helped to mathematical software developing. On the other hand, by the growth of computing power (such as seeing on Moore's law), the new treatment (for example, a new kind of technique such as data assimilation which combined numerical analysis and statistics) needing conversely the progress of the mathematical science or applied mathematics.

The progress of mathematical information presentation such as TeX or MathML will demand to evolution form formula manipulation language to true mathematics manipulation language (notwithstanding the problem that whether mathematical theory is inconsistent or not). And popularization of general purpose mathematical software, special purpose mathematical software so called one purpose software which used special subject will alive with adapting for environment progress at normalization of platform. So the diversity of mathematical software will be kept.

Software calculator
A software calculator allows the user to perform simple mathematical operations, like addition, multiplication, exponentiation and trigonometry. Data input is typically manual, and the output is a text label.

Computer algebra systems
Many mathematical suites are computer algebra systems that use symbolic mathematics. They are designed to solve classical algebra equations and problems in human readable notation.

Statistics
Many tools are available for statistical analysis of data. See also Comparison of statistical packages.

Numerical analysis
The Netlib repository contains various collections of software routines for numerical problems, mostly in Fortran and C. Commercial products implementing many different numerical algorithms include the IMSL, NMath and NAG libraries; a free alternative is the GNU Scientific Library. A different approach is taken by the Numerical Recipes library, where emphasis is placed on clear understanding of algorithms.

Many computer algebra systems (listed above) can also be used for numerical computations.

Music mathematics software
Music mathematics software utilizes mathematics to analyze or synthesize musical symbols and patterns.
 * Musimat (by Gareth Loy)

Websites
A growing number of mathematical software is available in web browsers, without the need to download or install any code.

Programming libraries
Low-level mathematical libraries intended for use within other programming languages:
 * GMP, the GNU Multi-Precision Library for high-performant arbitrary precision arithmetic.
 * Class Library for Numbers, a high-level C++ library for arbitrary precision arithmetic.
 * AMD Core Math Library, a software development library released by AMD
 * Boost.Math

title: Mathematical software