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Hakuhodo DY Holdings

Hakuhodo DY Holdings Inc. (株式会社博報堂DYホールディングス) is a Japanese advertising holding company that owns Hakuhodo, Daiko, and Yomiko Advertising. It is the second largest advertising company in Japan, following Dentsu. Its headquarters are located in Akasaka, Minato, Tokyo.

History
On December 3, 2002, the second-largest advertising agency, Hakuhodo, along with the fifth-largest, Daiko, and the sixth-largest, Yomiko, announced that they had agreed to establish a holding company and integrate their management by October 2003. This was the first integration of Japanese advertising companies, with the aim of pursuing the expansion of their business and competing with their largest domestic rival, Dentsu. The combined revenue of the three companies reached about 1 trillion yen, and they became the eighth largest advertising company in the world. According to the agreement, the three companies will enter the holding company as they are. After the establishment of the holding company, the companies will separate their media purchase businesses and content (program, project) development businesses from their existing structures and integrate them under a newly established media business company.

On March 7, the name of the holding company was announced as Hakuhodo DY Holdings Inc and its president was announced as Tomio Miyagawa, the president of Hakuhodo. Ryuichi Tokai, the chairman of Hakuhodo, Ken Adachi, the chairman of Daiko, and Makoto Toriyama, the president of Yomiko Advertising, were appointed as chairman and vice chairmen of the holding company, respectively. The new company name for the consolidation of the business of buying advertising space from television, newspapers, and other media is Hakuhodo DY Media Partners (Hakuhodo DYM).

On April 17, 2003, the three companies decided to list the planned holding company on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange in October 2004. Following Dentsu's listing in November 2001, Hakuhodo had initially announced plans to list independently in the autumn of 2003, but had changed its direction in December of the previous year to list the holding company formed by the integration of the three companies.

On August 5, 2003, the three companies announced that the management integration and establishment of the holding company would be carried out on October 1. The capital of the holding company was 10 billion yen, and it had about 70 employees. In addition, one share of the holding company's stock was exchanged for each share of Hakuhodo stock, 0.341 shares for each share of Daiko stock, and 0.276 shares for each share of Yomiko stock.

On September 29, the three companies announced the management plan of Hakuhodo DY Holdings. The holding company will start with a capital of 10 billion yen and 86 employees, with the goal of listing its shares in the fall of 2004. The plan is to increase the combined sales of the three companies from 985.4 billion yen in fiscal year 2002 to 1.1 trillion yen in fiscal year 2005, and to raise their share of domestic advertising expenses from the current 17% to over 18% by fiscal year 2005. Tomio Miyagawa, who will become the president of the holding company, stated that "we will challenge Dentsu, which is the industry leader. The three companies under the holding company umbrella will continue to compete as before, and we want to demonstrate the effect of integration as a whole."

On October 1, 2003, the management integration and establishment of the holding company were completed.

On December 1, 2003, Hakuhodo DY Holdings announced the establishment of a wholly-owned subsidiary, Hakuhodo DYM. The new subsidiary consolidated the purchasing of advertising space and planning of sports events that Hakuhodo, Daiko, and Yomiko Advertising had previously done independently.

On June 30, Hakuhodo DY Holdings announced its first settlement, the consolidated financial results for the fiscal year ending March 2004, with net sales of 906.6 billion yen, operating income of 18 billion yen, and net income of 7.1 billion yen.

On January 16, 2005, it was announced that Hakuhodo DY Holdings would go public on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in mid-February. The TSE is expected to approve the listing soon, and there is a high likelihood of being listed on the first section of the TSE. It is the first advertising giant to go public since Dentsu in November 2001, and the lead underwriter is Nikko Citigroup Securities. On January 17, the Tokyo Stock Exchange announced that it has approved the listing of Hakuhodo DY Holdings on February 16. The company is expected to be listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. The number of shares to be offered for sale is 4,198,300. On February 7, Hakuhodo DY Holdings announced that the offering price for its own shares in conjunction with its listing had been set at 6,500 yen. The company's shares were listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange on February 16. The shares opened at 7,360 yen, exceeding the offering price. The company offered approximately 10% of its issued shares, or 4,198,300 shares, with a market capitalization of 252.5 billion yen based on the offering price.

In March 2006, it was announced that Hakuhodo DYM would participate in a capital investment along with other advertising companies such as ADK and Tokyu Agency in PresentCast, a new company established in April by Dentsu and the five Tokyo-based commercial broadcasters for the internet distribution of TV programs. PresentCast launched the TV program distribution site Dogatch in June 2006.

On April 26, 2006, Hakuhodo DY Holdings announced that Hirokazu Toda would be promoted from Managing Director to President, and Toshio Miyagawa would become Chairman with representative rights.

On June 15, 2006, Hakuhodo DY Holdings announced that it would relocate its headquarters from Higashi-Shinbashi in Minato, Tokyo to Akasaka, in Minato by the end of 2008. Hakuhodo would also move to the same building from Shibaura in the same ward.

On April 16, 2007, Hakuhodo DYM announced that they would acquire all the shares of Toshiba Entertainment, a wholly owned subsidiary of Toshiba engaged in the movie business, in May. Toshiba Entertainment changed its name to Showgate as of June 1, 2007.

On December 3, 2009, Hakuhodo DYM announced that they would open a new Chūbu branch office in Nagoya in April of the following year. The Nagoya branch offices of Hakuhodo, Daiko, and Yomiko Advertising would also move to the same building as the Hakuhodo DYM Chubu branch in May of the same year.

On October 27, 2010, Hakuhodo DYM announced that it had acquired a 20% stake in the advertising company Asahi Advertising with which they had cooperated in advertising transactions. Asahi Advertising bought back the shares held by its employees and sold them to Hakuhodo DYM on October 26. With this acquisition, Hakuhodo DYM became the second largest shareholder in Asahi Advertising, following Asahi Shimbun with a 30.5% stake.

On July 7, 2012, it was revealed that five subsidiaries of Hakuhodo DY Holdings, along with the holding company itself, were subjected to a tax investigation by the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau, and were found to have underreported approximately 1 billion yen in taxable income for the two years ending in March 2010. The six companies were charged a total of around 440 million yen, including additional taxes and penalties. According to Hakuhodo DY Holdings, the investigation found errors in the timing of recording expenses related to a computer system implemented by the holding company and its subsidiaries, as well as a mistake in the calculation of received dividend income. The tax bureau also determined that about 1 million yen of the timing errors constituted a fraudulent concealment of income, as the companies had instructed an external company to issue an invoice in March 2009 for work that had actually been completed the following month. While there were disagreements between the tax bureau and the company, the Hakuhodo DY Holdings IR department explained that they had followed the bureau's instructions.

On May 23, 2017, Hakuhodo DYM announced the establishment of a new company called Premium Platform Japan, together with TBS Holdings, TV Tokyo Holdings, Wowow, Nikkei and Dentsu, to provide video content for streaming services. The new company launched the video streaming service Paravi in April of the following year.

On November 16, 2020, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department arrested four individuals, including a former department head at Hakuhodo DYM, on suspicion of fraudulently obtaining cash by fictitiously ordering part of the production work for TV commercials and receiving payments from the company where they worked. According to the police, in November 2018, the four individuals ordered part of the production work to two other advertising companies in addition to the external advertising agency to which Hakuhodo DYM had ordered a TV commercial for a major corporation, and tricked the company into transferring a total of about 32 million yen to the two companies. It is suspected that they repeated fictitious orders dozens of times since May 2016, totaling about 700 million yen. According to Hakuhodo DYM, the suspect department head was dismissed for misconduct in a company internal investigation in September of last year. On May 31, 2021, the former department head defendant was sentenced to six years in prison (prosecution sought a sentence of seven years) by the Tokyo District Court for the charge of fraud.

On February 28, 2023, the Fair Trade Commission announced that Hakuhodo, along with six other companies including Dentsu and Tokyu Agency, had been charged with violating the Antimonopoly Act (unfair restraint of trade) by pre-determining the winning companies for the management of test and main games ordered by the Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games between February and July 2018. Additionally, Kenichiro Yokomizo, the former head of Hakuhodo DYM' Sports Business Bureau, was individually indicted.

title: Hakuhodo DY Holdings


text: User talk:68.0.231.29

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.0.231.29


text:
Talk:Barry Horne (activist)

Untitled

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Requested move 2 February 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (non-admin closure) Adumbrativus (talk) 19:57, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

Barry Horne → Barry Horne (activist) – No primary topic, the activist and the footballer are similar views wise (one day aside). A disambiguation covering these two and the racing driver should be created at the main title. Jovanmilic97 (talk) 12:42, 2 February 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support the activist has 16,079 views but the footballer has 12,296 and the racing driver has 495.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:29, 2 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support, place DAB at base name.--Ortizesp (talk) 18:53, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barry Horne (activist)


text:
Paul Shanley

Paul Richard Shanley (January 25, 1931 – October 28, 2020) was an American Roman Catholic priest who became the center of a massive sexual abuse scandal in the Archdiocese of Boston in Massachusetts. Beginning in 1967, the archdiocese covered up numerous allegations of child sexual assault against Shanley and facilitated his transfers to other states.

Shanley was convicted of child rape and removed from the priesthood in 2004. Shanley appealed his conviction in 2007 based on questions about the validity of repressed memories, but his conviction was upheld. Shanley was incarcerated from 2005 until his release from state prison in 2017. He died in 2020.

Early life
Paul Shanley was born on January 25, 1931, in Boston, Massachusetts. His father owned a bowling alley and pool room and his mother worked as a legal secretary. Shanley attended Huntington School for Boys, working in the summer as a camp counselor. Shanley would later claim that he was sexually abused by a priest when he was 12 years old. After graduating from high school in 1950, Shanley entered Boston University. However, after two years, he entered St. John’s Seminary in Boston to study for the priesthood.

1960s
Shanley was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Boston in 1960. After his ordination, Shanley was assigned as an assistant pastor at St. Patrick's Parish in Stoneham, Massachusetts. The next year, a parent in Stoneham complained to the police that Shanley had sexually abused his 11 year old son. The police were ready to prosecute Shanley, but the father backed off. The mother wrote a complaint letter to Cardinal Richard Cushing, the archbishop, but heard nothing back. There were other complaints about Shanley in Stoneham.

In 1967, a priest at the National Shrine of our Lady of La Salette in Attleboro, Massachusetts wrote a complaint letter to the archdiocese about Shanley. The priest relayed allegations from two boys that Shanley sexually abused them during a weekend visit to a cabin in the Blue Hills.

In 1969, Shanley started his Youth Apostolate in the Roxbury section of Boston, ministering to people suffering from drug addiction and young runaways struggling with their sexuality. He gained "the nickname the hippie priest for his long hair and outspoken views, including his public rejection of the church's condemnation of homosexuality." Shanley's writings included Changing Norms of Sexuality. His work with youth inspired three nuns to start a similar social agency in Boston.

1970s and 1980s
At a church meeting in Rochester, New York, in 1977, Shanley said that when an adult and a child have sex, '' the adult is not the seducer—the kid is the seducer. '' In addition, he said that punishing the adult only hurts the child. An attendee at that meeting noted his remarks and sent them to the Archdiocese of Boston.

In 1979, Shanley attended a conference in Boston on sexuality as a representative of the archdiocese. The February 12, 1979 issue of Gaysweek contained an article about the conference titled "Men & Boys". The article stated that Shanley defended the value of relationships between men and boys. Although he was not part of it, a number of conference attendants decided to form the North American Man-Boy Love Association (NAMBLA)  During the 1980s, Shanley served as pastor for several years at St. Jean the Evangelist Parish in Newton, Massachusetts.

1990s
In 1990, the archdiocese arranged for Shanley to minister temporarily in the Diocese of San Bernardino in Southern California. While working in California, Shanley was to be on paid sick leave from the archdiocese. Bishop Robert J. Banks wrote a letter in January 1990 to the bishop of San Bernardino stating that Shanley had a clean record. Shanley also signed an affidavit for the Diocese of San Bernardino saying that he did not have any allegations of wrongdoing in Massachusetts.

Shanley was assigned to assist the pastor at St. Anne's Parish in San Bernardino, California. While posted at St. Anne's, Shanley and Reverend John J. White opened a small bed and breakfast property in Palm Springs, California, that catered to gay men. In October 1993, the Diocese of San Bernardino received a letter from Reverend John B. McCormack, a deputy of Cardinal Law, that said the archdiocese had received records of past child sexual abuse allegations against Shanley. The Diocese of San Bernardino suspended Shanley immediately.

The archdiocese in late 1993 sent Shanley to the Institute of Living, a psychiatric facility in Hartford, Connecticut, for evaluation. While at the institute, Shanley admitted to sexually abusing four boys and admitted an attraction to adolescent males. The Institute diagnosed Shanley as being 'narcissistic' and 'histrionic'.

Shanley moved to New York City in 1995 to serve as assistant director of Leo House, a Catholic residence facility in Manhattan. In 1997, Cardinal John O'Connor of the Archdiocese of New York was considering Shanley's promotion to director. However, Cardinal Law dissuaded him from doing it, citing potential embarrassment to the church from Shanley's past.

Conviction and appeal
In May 2002, Shanley was arrested in San Diego, California, on three counts of child rape from Massachusetts. The allegations dated to when he was a pastor at St. Jean's. The victim had filed charges against Shanley only a few days earlier, saying the attacks occurred for several years between ages six and 15.

In February 2005, Shanley was convicted in Massachusetts of indecent assaults and statutory rape; he received a sentence of 12 to 15 years in state prison. Shanley was laicized in 2004.

The Shanley case was based on recovered memories of abuse that happened 20 years earlier when the plaintiff was a young child. The validity of recovered memory and the alleged prejudice against Shanley due to heavy media coverage formed the basis for his legal appeal.

In 2007, Shanley's new attorney, Robert F. Shaw, Jr., filed a motion for a new trial, challenging his convictions as unjust. During a May 2008 hearing, Shaw argued that repressed memories of childhood rape and sexual assault by family and clergy were without general acceptance in the scientific community and were so-called "junk science". Shaw claimed that the court had not received accurate information about the scientific status of repressed memories before Shanley's trial.

On November 26, 2008, Superior Court Judge Stephen Neel denied Shaw's motion for a new trial. Shaw then filed a petition for review in the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, arguing that Neel had erred, and that "repressed memory" is an unproven, hypothesized phenomenon that has not been accepted in the scientific community and should not be admitted as evidence in Massachusetts courts. In January 2009, the Supreme Judicial Court granted the petition and ordered the case transferred from the intermediate appellate court for review by the state's highest court.

On September 10, 2009, the Supreme Judicial Court heard arguments in the Shanley case. Shaw argued that Shanley was prosecuted, convicted and imprisoned based upon inadmissible evidence. The case was closely watched throughout the United States and abroad. On January 10, 2010, the Supreme Judicial Court unanimously affirmed Shanley's conviction. It concluded: "'In sum, the judge's finding that the lack of scientific testing did not make unreliable the theory that an individual may experience dissociative amnesia was supported in the record, not only by expert testimony but by a wide collection of clinical observations and a survey of academic literature. ... There was no abuse of discretion in the admission of expert testimony on the subject of dissociative amnesia.'"

Prison release and death
Shanley was released on parole from Old Colony Correctional Center in Bridgewater, Massachusetts on July 28, 2017, after serving 12 years. His sentence required him to be on supervised probation until 2027.

Paul Shanley died of heart failure in Ware, Massachusetts, on October 28, 2020, at age 89.

title: Paul Shanley


text:
Nevada Museum of Art

The Nevada Museum of Art, is an art museum in Reno, Nevada. Located at 160 West Liberty Street in Reno, it is the only American Alliance of Museums (AAM) accredited art museum in the state of Nevada. The museum has chosen a thematic approach, placing a special emphasis on human interaction with the land and the protection of nature in its collections and exhibitions. In 2003, the Museum moved into a new building designed by architect Will Bruder.

Permanent Collections
The Museum's Permanent Collection, which consists of more than 2,000 works of 19th through 21st-century art, is divided into four focus areas unified by an overarching focus on natural, built and virtual environments. This thematic, rather than historical or stylistic specialization is a natural outgrowth of the institution's collecting practices over the years and offers varied perspectives on the ways in which humans interact with the environments.

"As curator of exhibitions and collections," Ann Wolfe explains, “the images suggest that the earth's surface offers an irrefutable record of some of civilization's most impressive endeavors – as well as its worst failures.”

Contemporary Collection
The Museum's rapidly expanding Contemporary Collection is devoted to work by national and international artists. Paintings, works on paper, photography, sculpture, digital media, and mixed media installations created by living artists shed new light on contemporary society. Their curators seek out works that reflect the institutional commitment to artists’ creative interactions with natural, built, and virtual environments. Notable artists in their expanding collection include Tim Hawkinson, Andrea Zittel, Petah Coyne, and Lordy Rodriguez.

The Altered Landscape: Carol Franc Buck Collection
This is the museum's largest focus collection and features contemporary landscape photographs. Since its establishment in the early 1990s, the collection has aimed to address and engage issues related to land use and the changing landscape. While the collection represents a diversity of artists, techniques, visual styles, subjects, and ideological positions, it is unified by two basic principles: In 1998, an endowment for Altered Landscape acquisitions was established through the generosity of the Carol Franc Buck Foundation. In 2011, a major book on the collection was co-published by the Nevada Museum of Art and Skira Rizzoli; it received the Frances Smyth Ravenal prize for the best publication designed by an art museum in the United States in 2012. There are 150 images by 100 photographers in The Altered Landscape book, culled from more than 900 photographs the museum has amassed in its collection since the 1970s.
 * A concern for inspiring dialogue about the impact of human activity on natural environments
 * An effort to depart from idealized notions of scenic beauty and pristine wilderness that were dominant in the early 20th century.

The Robert S. and Dorothy J. Keyser Art of the Greater West Collection
The Art of the Greater West Collection broadens conventional definitions of the West by expanding the scope of the collection's geographic emphasis to encompass a region generally bounded from Alaska to Patagonia and from Australia to the United States Intermountain West. While this collection's roots are grounded in the Sierra Nevada/Great Basin region, new acquisitions make connections between the diverse cultures and artistic practices of the Western region.

The E.L. Wiegand Collection
This collection centers around the theme of the work ethic in American art, including paintings that depict varied manifestations of work, laborers, or work environments. Highlights of this collection include 19th and 20th century works by Carl Oscar Borg, Lorser Feitelson, Lovell Birge Harrison, Helen Lundeberg, Guy Pène du Bois, Elsie Palmer Payne, Jacob Getlar Smith, Moses Soyer, and Grandma Moses.

Center for Art + Environment
The Center for Art + Environment in the museum was formed in 2009 as an initiative surrounding the interaction of people and the natural, built, and virtual environments. The Center serves as the Museum's research department, and its Archive Collections house more than 50 archives comprising 12,000 items that represent work from more than 500 artists working on all seven continents. Significant archives include materials from Earthworks artists Michael Heizer, Walter De Maria and Lita Albuquerque, environmental architects such as Rodrigo Perez de Arce in Chile, Smout Allen in England, and Richard Black in Australia, and the ongoing programs of the Center for Land Use Interpretation (CLUI) and Land Arts of the American West. The CA+E is the only research institute in the world devoted to the study of art and the environment.

The Center for Art + Environment hosts a triennial Art + Environment Conference. The first Art + Environment Conference took place in 2008 with speakers: Matthew Coolidge of the Center for Land Use Interpretation, artist and architect Vito Acconci, photographer Michael Light, artists Fritz Haeg and Katie Holten, Bill Gilbert from Land Arts of the American West, and cultural organizer Cheryl Haines, and Geoff Manaugh of BLDGBLOG.

The second Art + Environment Conference took place in 2011 and featured speakers: Diana Al-Hadid, Subhankar Banerjee, David Benjamin, Richard Black, Edward Burtynsky, Gaetano Carboni, John Carty, Pilar Cereceda, William L. Fox, Amy Franceschini, Fritz Haeg, Newton Harrison and Helen Mayer Harrison of The Harrisons Studio, Laura Jackson, Patricia Johanson, Chris Jordan, Thomas Kellein, Geoff Manaugh, Mandy Martin, Christie Mazuera-Davis, Paul D. Miller, Gerald Nanson, Jorge Pardo, Rodrigo Pérez de Arce, John Reid, Alexander Rose, Sean Shepherd, Mark Smout, Bruce Sterling, Nicola Twilley, Leo Villareal, Stephen G. Wells, Ann M. Wolfe, Liam Young.

The third Art + Environment Conference took place in 2014 and featured speakers: JoAnne Northrup, Adam Duncan Harris, Claude d’Anthenaise, Petah Coyne, Bryndis Snæbjörnsdóttir, Mark Wilson, Bruce Sterling, Geoff Manaugh, Nicola Twilley, Yvonne Force Villareal, Elmgreen & Dragset, David Brooks, Kenneth Baker, Ugo Rondinone, John Giorno, William L. Fox, Mandy Martin, Dennis Scholl, Jamie Brown, John Carty, Guy Fitzhardinge, Henry Skerritt, Edward Morris, Susanna Sayler, Lauren Bon, Susannah Sayler, Helen Mayer Harrison, Newton Harrison, Ken Goldberg, Fernanda Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Terry Evans, Elizabeth Farnsworth, Maya Lin.

Scholastic Art Awards
The museum participates in the Scholastic Art Awards program by providing secondary school students from northern Nevada a place to exhibit their works. The newly renovated E.L Cord museum school provides various art classes to help develop art related skills for artists and teachers.

title: Nevada Museum of Art


text:
File:Kmfdmmoney.jpg

Cover of KMFDM's album Money.

title: File:Kmfdmmoney.jpg


text:
Category:College World Series

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:College World Series


text:
Standing NATO Maritime Group 2

Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 (SNMG2) is a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) standing maritime immediate reaction force. SNMG2 consists of four to six destroyers and frigates. Its role is to provide NATO with an immediate operational response capability.

History
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) was activated on 30 April 1992, at Naples, Italy. STANAVFORMED was the successor to the NATO Naval On-Call Force Mediterranean (NAVOCFORMED) – which had been periodically activated for more than 20 years.

During the 1990s, STANAVFORMED was heavily involved in Operation Maritime Monitor (July 1992 to November 1992), Operation Maritime Guard (November 1992 to June 1993) and Operation Sharp Guard (June 1993 to October 1996), the maritime embargo operations in the Adriatic Sea established to ensure compliance by Serbia and Montenegro with United Nations (UN) resolutions 713, 715, 787, 820 and 943. Between November 1992 and June 1996 some 74,000 ships were challenged, almost 6,000 were inspected at sea and more than 1,400 were diverted and inspected in port.

On 6 October 2001, STANAVFORMED deployed to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea in support of Operation Active Endeavour, NATO's maritime contribution to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction.

The force was re-designated Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 in January 2005.

From June 2009 to August 2009 SNMG2 was deployed by NATO off the Somali coast to conduct Operation Allied Protector, to deter, defend and protect World Food Programme (WFP) vessels against the threat of piracy and armed robbery, thereby allowing WFP to fulfill its mission of providing humanitarian aid.

Since August 2009, SNMG2 has been providing ships for NATO's Operation Ocean Shield anti-piracy mission in the Gulf of Aden.

In 2019, SNMG2 was tasked with patrol of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. In 2021, SNMG2 took part in Exercise Sea Breeze 2021 in the Black Sea, co-hosted by the Ukrainian Navy and the United States Sixth Fleet.

Current ships
As of 20 January 2024, SNMG2 consists of: {{legend|#cbcefb|Previous flagship}} {{legend|#969dfa|Current flagship}} Ships in bold are currently part of the naval force

Previous task groups
As of 16 February 2023, SNMG2 consists of: {{legend|#cbcefb|Previous flagship}} {{legend|#969dfa|Current flagship}} Ships in bold are currently part of the naval force

In 2022, SNMG2 consisted of: {{legend|#cbcefb|Previous flagship}} {{legend|#969dfa|Current flagship}} Ships in bold are currently part of the naval force

In 2021, SNMG2 consisted of:

{{legend|#cbcefb|Was a flagship at any time during its deployment}}

Organization
SNMG2 is a component of the NATO Response Force (NRF).

title: Standing NATO Maritime Group 2


text:
Gilbert LaBine

Gilbert A. LaBine,  (10 February 1890 – 8 June 1977) was a Canadian prospector who, in 1930, discovered radium and uranium deposits at Port Radium, Northwest Territories. LaBine was president of Eldorado Gold Mines (later Eldorado Mining and Refining) from its start in the late 1920s to 1947. He left the company, which had become a Crown corporation in 1944, to prospect for uranium minerals as an independent mine developer. In the 1950s he brought the Gunnar Mine to production at Uranium City, Saskatchewan.

Early life and education
Adelard "Gilbert" LaBine was born on a farm at Westmeath Township, Renfrew County, Ontario, on 10 February 1890. He studied at the Haileybury Provincial School of Mines.

Discovery
LaBine made his first prospecting strike "in some silver claims near Cobalt" in the Ottawa Valley. He incorporated his own company in 1926 under the name "Eldorado Gold Mines, Limited".

At the end of March 1930, LaBine traveled to Great Bear Lake in the Northwest Territories to do some prospecting. On 16 May, while exploring an island at Echo Bay, LaBine discovered "a very rich deposit of uranium ore".

LaBine stockpiled uranium ore at Great Bear Lake from the time of early production after the staking of the company's first two claims in May 1930. Eldorado's pitchblende (the outcrop of rock containing uranium, cobalt, radium, silver etc.) was refined initially for radium because it traded at a high value and was used for treating cancer. Uranium was a by-product of the refining process, and the company had little use for it. When radium prices dropped, operations slowed down. "By mid-1940, Eldorado's sales totaled less than $8 million and its prospects were not encouraging ... In July, the mine was shut down and allowed to fill with water."

War effort and awards
By 1944 Canadian Munitions and Supply Minister C. D. Howe had purchased a controlling interest in and expropriated Eldorado Mining Company. Howe authorized LaBine, Eldorado's president, to begin buying the company's stock in secret. Howe considered LaBine to be both a personal friend and a good manager, assuring the British government that he "could be left in control of the company". According to Peter C. Newman's analysis, financing could not have come from investors, "who would have had to be kept in ignorance of the project's significance". The government had the mine immediately "drained and cemented ... and employed prospectors to search for additional uranium deposits". The miners hired to reopen Eldorado were screened by the RCMP and sworn to secrecy. Given this notion it seems secrecy was conducted the same way uranium contracts had been allocated; efficiency and development of an atomic weapon took precedence over political concerns like communist attitude amongst the workforce or homage to Britain. According to historian Robert Bothwell, Howe concluded that the issue over Canadian uranium was "of extreme, and permanent, importance. If Eldorado were seized using the government's emergency powers, the company would revert to its original ownership and control when the war emergency lapsed." Because Eldorado was purchased outside the scope of the War Measures Act, Canada remained in control of the mine after the war had ended. Howe left discretionary power in the hands of LaBine, who continued on as manager. LaBine was kept on as Eldorado president until 1947 and made "an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his war work". LaBine was inducted as an Officer of the Order of Canada on 27 June 1969 in recognition of "his varied contributions to the mining industry in Canada", his last official recognition before his death. He was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame in 1989.

The Northern Transportation Company named the tugboat Radium Gilbert after Labine. She spent her operational career carrying ore and supplies on Great Bear Lake.

title: Gilbert LaBine


text:
Talk:Vicksburg campaign

Untitled
I wrote this article as a companion to the other campaign articles I've contributed. It used to be a REDIRECT to the Battle of Vicksburg. I intend to rewrite that 'battle' page to represent only the actual battle/siege of the city. Actually, that 'page' is eight separate articles and once the text about the siege and the Battle of Champion Hill is relocated, there should be no reason to keep 7 of the 8 pages. They don't fit into the overall encyclopedia style anyway. They are long-winded, colloquial, seem to have section headers for every few sentences, and are packed with quotations from popular historians. And they include too much biographical commentary on Grant. It's more like a magazine article than an encyclopedia article. Hal Jespersen 22:39, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

expansion
I am starting an upgrade of the Vicksburg-related articles and have started with a partial upgrade of the campaign article itself. I have added in a number of references that I intend to use for footnotes, but this process is not completed yet. I would appreciate it if others would not delete any of these references until I am finished. Thanks. Hal Jespersen (talk) 23:17, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

List of sources
FYI, a list of sources on this subject can be found here:. Cla68 (talk) 04:00, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Confederate Strength and Casualties
I would thank if someone could help me to understand the confederate strength/casualties numbers in Vicksburg Campaign. NPS states 9,091 casualties from April 22nd to July 4th. Obviously, that excludes 29,495 soldiers captured upon the fall of the fortress and the losses before the blockade running on April 16th (that must have been small). Adding the numbers results in 38,586 ("bayou phase" excluded). But no source I seen (except Grants own estimation of 60,000) mentions the confederate strength to exceed 36,000. How that may be explained? The only explanation I see (except for grossly inaccurate numbers) is that the confederate losses were replenished during the campaign, being 36,000 the peak strength. Is that correct? M.Campos (talk) 16:27, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes. A single strength figures for a lengthy period is difficult to establish because men come and go as well as become casualties. Also, throughout the war, Confederate strength and casualty figures are often not as accurate as the Union ones. Hal Jespersen (talk) 01:16, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Balfour House Christmas Ball
I've written a short article about Vicksburg's Balfour House that includes some information I think might be useful in this article. It was during a Christmas Ball at this house that Gen. Smith received word that Union forces were approaching the city by river, and thus a surprise attack on Vicksburg was thwarted, one which might well have dramatically shortened the Vicksburg Campaign.

Does anyone object to me adding a sentence or two to the present article referring to this Ball? Berberry (talk) 03:17, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

 * A well constructed "sentence or two" would be fine. Please note that Smith was not in overall command at Vicksburg as that article originally indicated. And the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou was definitely not a "skirmish." Hal Jespersen (talk) 16:32, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

"Major General" Grant?
Why does the article say that the Vicksburg Campaign was directed by "Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant", and then conclude with his promotion to Major General? He was not a Major General during the campaign, right? If this is the standard for military articles, fine, but by extension of the same logic, one could as well say that the Vicksburg Campaign was directed by "President U.S. Grant". :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.44.146.227 (talk) 18:12, 28 September 2011 (UTC) Oops, my mistake, but I still think the article is not quite clear. Grant apparently held a brevet commission as Major General, and the promotion was to a permanent commission.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.44.146.227 (talk) 19:05, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

 * He started the campaign as a Maj. Gen. of volunteers. This is not the same as a brevet appointment, it's essentially a temporary wartime rank that is created for management of the large-scale volunteer units raised for the war. Virtually all of the ranks you see listed for Civil War officers are of this type. Regular Army ranks are "permanent"--one does not revert to a lower rank at the end of the war--and it is therefore much harder to receive a high rank in the Regular Army. Hal Jespersen (talk) 20:38, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

Lead section
Your lead section has been divided in two by the Contents box. It clearly ends before the section headed 'Background'. 86.144.117.25 (talk) 12:03, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * You're right. Hal Jespersen (talk) 18:49, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Goodrich's Landing
The wording for the Goodrich's Landing section is misleading. The way it is currently worded implies that the Union leased farmland and then employed freedmen to farm it. This is incorrect. The land was in fact confiscated from its owners and leased out to others, who 'employed' former slaves only in the broadest since of the term, as the workers were never actually paid for their labor, and the whole experiment was a failure on the part of the Union. Lorzu (talk) 08:00, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

 * This section is derived from the brief battle article, which is essentially a copy of the public domain article from the National Park Service, http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/Battles/la014.htm. If you would like to propose changes, please provide appropriate citations to balance or counter the NPS view. Hal Jespersen (talk) 00:06, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

New book, 2019
A new book about Grant, by Donald L. Miller (Simon and Schuster, Oct. 2019) is slated for release on October 29: Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign That Broke the Confederacy. Hopefully there will be a review that tells us what this book has to offer that previous such works have not, if indeed it does so. Simon and Schuster has a review, however, it's more of a generic promotional piece than an unbiased review. -- Gwillhickers (talk) 19:51, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

Timing of events at Grand Gulf
This summary on this page says "After dark, however, the ironclads engaged the Confederate guns again while the steamboats and barges ran the gauntlet." However, the full article at Battle of Grand Gulf says "Later that afternoon, while the angle of the sun interfered with Confederate aiming, Porter again sent his ships to Grand Gulf." Was it dark or was the sun interferring with aiming at the time? Or, eventually, both? Housecarl (talk) 23:40, 11 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I have several books about Vicksburg but am out of town (I'm a primary author of the Grand Gulf article). I'll check once I get back. Hog Farm Talk 01:09, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
 * That's great, thanks. I have also copied the information from the Grand Gulf article that just days after the battle of Grand Gulf on April 29, the Confederates abandoned their positions there on May 3. Looking at this map and dates: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/VicksburgCampaignAprilJuly63.png I'm guessing they abandoned Grand Gulf as they were in danger of being cut off as Union troops moved north near Willow Springs, but I didn't want to state that as I'm making an assumption. If it's right perhaps that could be added to both articles. Housecarl (talk) 21:32, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I kinda forgot about this, will try to remember to look at this tonight. Hog Farm Talk 19:27, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
 * - The quote from the source at Grand Gulf (Ballard p. 219) Taking advantage of the late afternoon sun to blind Confederate gunners, Porter led his boats in a screening action to get transports and barges past Grand Gulf to ferry Grant's troops across downstream Hog Farm Talk 03:02, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

"Actions Prior to Grant's Landing" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actions_Prior_to_Grant%27s_Landing&redirect=no Actions Prior to Grant's Landing] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Mdewman6 (talk) 22:56, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vicksburg campaign


text:
Talk:John McLaughlin (musician)

Zappa quote
I removed the Zappa quote mainly because it appears in a section called "Influence", and the quote does nothing at all to suggest that Zappa was in any way influenced by McLaughlin, nor have I heard this suggested anywhere else. (I've read countless interviews with both musicians and Zappa's memoir). I don't think the Zappa quote belongs anywhere else in the article either, though, considering that Zappa never played with McLaughlin, consistently disavowed jazz, and was never a professional music critic. Moreover, the quote conveys no real information (McLaughlin can play fast but Zappa doesn't always like what McLaughlin plays? So what and who cares?) TheScotch (talk) 10:32, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed, good call. - DVdm (talk) 10:34, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:John McLaughlin (musician)


text:
List of French Open men's doubles champions

Champions by country

 * If the doubles partners are from the same country then that country gets two titles instead of one, while if they are from different countries then each country will get one title apiece.


text:
Evangelista Santos

Evangelista Santos ( born December 12, 1977) is a Brazilian retired mixed martial artist. A professional from 1997 until 2016, Santos competed for Strikeforce, Bellator MMA, the PRIDE Fighting Championships, Cage Rage, International Vale Tudo Championships, Pancrase, Jungle Fight, Legacy FC, and World Victory Road. Known for his exciting fighting style, 14 of his 21 wins ended via knockout. Santos is a former runner up for the Strikeforce Welterweight Title.

Background
Born and raised in the city of Rondonopolis, Santos did not have a particularly safe upbringing; at the age of 12, he was introduced to cockfighting, which was popular and not yet illegal in Brazil. After training and taking care of fighting roosters for five more years, he began training in kickboxing which eventually led him to vale tudo at the age of 18. Santos was also a four-time Brazilian national champion in Muay Thai.

Early career
Santos turned professional when he was 20 years old and began his career 2-0 before facing legendary Brazilian fighter Jose "Pele" Landi-Jons, losing by TKO. Santos won his first two fights with the British Cage Rage organization before returning to Brazil's Jungle Fight, winning over future KSW Middleweight Champion Michal Materla by knockout, which is Materla's only knockout loss of his career to date. Santos then fought against Dutch kickboxer Melvin "No Mercy" Manhoef for the Cage Rage World Light Heavyweight Championship. The two fought a highly-entertaining bout, trading punches but Santos ultimately lost after being knocked out. Santos won his next two fights, including a majority decision over future UFC veteran Francis Carmont before making his debut in PRIDE FC.

PRIDE Fighting Championships
Santos made his debut in Japan's PRIDE FC against submission specialist Kazuhiro Nakamura, losing by a keylock submission. His next fight with the Japanese organization was against Japanese professional boxer Yosuke Nishijima, which Santos won by a rear-naked choke submission.

World Victory Road
Santos fought again for the Cage Rage World Light Heavyweight Championship against James Zikic but lost by unanimous decision. Santos also lost his next fight against Armenian superstar Gegard Mousasi by TKO before making his debut in World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku Raiden Championships against Makoto Takimoto, winning by an achilles lock. Santos fought once more for the Japanese organization against future UFC veteran Siyar Bahadurzada, losing by TKO after receiving an arm injury.

Strikeforce
Santos made his Strikeforce debut June 19, 2009, and headlined the Strikeforce Challengers: Villasenor vs. Cyborg event, but came up short against former King of the Cage Middleweight Champion Joey Villasenor losing by a split decision. In his next fight, he went on to face and defeat Marius Zaromskis, who battled Nick Diaz for the vacant Strikeforce Welterweight Title.

Santos challenged Strikeforce Welterweight Champion Nick Diaz for the title on January 29, 2011, at the HP Pavilion in San Jose, California. He lost the fight via armbar submission in the second round.

Santos was due to fight Paul Daley at Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Henderson but was forced to withdraw due to a shoulder injury. Santos fought Strikeforce newcomer Jordan Mein on September 10, 2011, at Strikeforce World Grand Prix: Barnett vs. Kharitonov. After a grueling back and forth fight "Cyborg" was defeated by Mein via TKO due to Elbows in the third round handing "Cyborg" back to back defeats, Santos has now suffered his fourth loss in his last six fights.

After a long period of inactivity, Santos requested his release from Strikeforce to fight more consistently. His request was granted.

Legacy Fighting Championship
Santos was expected to face Pete Spratt at Legacy Fighting Championship 17 on February 1, 2013. However, Santos was forced to pull out of the bout due to injury and was replaced by Dan Hornbuckle.

After nearly two years away from the sport, Santos returned to face Artenas Young in the main event during Legacy Fighting Championship 50 on January 22, 2016. He won the fight by unanimous decision.

Gringo Super Fight
Santos made his GSF debut on April 28, 2014, against Melvin Manhoef in a rematch from 2006. Santos, who was knocked out by Manhoef in their first outing, lost to Manhoef again via first-round knockout. Santos then announced his retirement shortly after the fight.

Bellator MMA
On March 1, 2016, it was announced that Santos signed a multi-fight contract with Bellator MMA.

Santos made his organizational debut April 22 on the main card of Bellator 153 in a welterweight matchup beating Brennan Ward via first round submission.

Making a quick turnaround, Santos agreed to fight Saad Awad at Bellator 154 on May 14, 2016, but lost.

On July 16, 2016, Santos faced Michael "Venom" Page and was defeated via KO by a flying knee, resulting in a frontal sinus fracture.

Santos retired in January 2017. He spent a year coaching in Curitiba, Brazil. In early 2018 he returned to the USA and is coaching in his own gym in Texas. In August 2018 Santos confirmed he had no plans to return to competition.

Personal life
Santos was married to women's MMA fighter Cristiane Justino from 2005 to December 2011. It was during this time she adopted his nickname for herself.

title: Evangelista Santos


text:
Ross O'Carroll-Kelly

Ross O'Carroll-Kelly is a satirical fictional Irish character, a wealthy South County Dublin rugby union jock created by journalist Paul Howard. The character first appeared in a January 1998 column in the Sunday Tribune newspaper and later transferred to The Irish Times. The series comprises twenty-one novels, three plays, a CD, two other books, a weekly podcast, and the newspaper column, as of 2023.

Language
The novels are written entirely from Ross's first-person perspective, written in an eye dialect representative of the intonation attributed to affluent areas of South Dublin, commonly called "Dortspeak" (after the DART, a rail service covering the Dublin coast). This accent is one of the primary targets of satire in the columns and novels. Due to the wide variety of esoteric slang used in the novels, a glossary ("ThesauRoss") appears as an appendix to Ross O'Carroll-Kelly's Guide to (South) Dublin: How To Get By On, Like, €10,000 A Day. Though the basic idioms are derived largely from standard Hiberno-English, the South Dublin accent as represented by Howard has distinctive features:
 * "Car" is written as "cor", "Arts" as "Orts", "star" as "stor", "fuck" as "fock", and "right" as "roysh".
 * The "aspirated T" or "soft T" prevails: "right" becomes "roysh", "DART" becomes "Dorsh".
 * A form of rhyming slang is used: A taxi is a "Jo Maxi" (or simply a "Jo"), a face is a "boat race", breasts are "top tens" (Top Ten hits – tits) and a love-bite is a "Denis" (Denis Hickie). Ross often refers to having an "Allied Irish" (Allied Irish Banks: "wank"). "Padraig Pearse", "fierce".
 * Other forms of wordplay (occasionally employing equally obscure references) are also common. For example, a girl who has "fallen to the communists", has "Munster playing at home" or has won a "starring role in a period costume drama" is (or is speculated to be) having her period.
 * Ross, in particular, describes women by comparing them to female celebrities. For example, "A total Ali Landry", "A bit of a girl-next-door vibe, if your next door neighbour happens to be Cheryl Tweedy".
 * Ugly women are often referred to as "moonpigs" or "swamp donkeys".

Although the main satirical targets of the columns are affluent South Dublin dwellers, elements of working-class culture (sometimes called skanger culture) are also parodied, again, primarily through language.
 * Common exclamations include "Ah Jaysus!", and "(Wat's de) Story, bud?" (meaning "How are you?").
 * The 'th' sound becomes a 'd' sound: "Wudja looka dat young fella over dare" ("Would you look at that young man over there").
 * "The Herald" becomes "De Heddild", "aren't" becomes "arden't", and crime figure "The General" becomes "de Generodle".
 * Working-class people are sometimes referred to by Ross as "Howiyas" (based on the Dublin accent rendering of "How are you?"), and the women as "Jacintas", "Anitas" (pronounced as Anee-eh) or "Natalies" (names perceived to be common among working class Dublin women).
 * The term "steamer" is a phrase used by Ross referring to a guy who "bats for the other team" or "drives on the wrong side of the road" i.e.: is homosexual.

Eye dialect is also used to portray the accents of people from Northern Ireland, "culchies" (rural people), and foreigners.

Cultural impact
Ross O'Carroll-Kelly was something of a craze in Ireland, and his name has become a byword for all that is perceived to be wrong in Celtic Tiger Ireland. Though it is largely viewed as satire, there are those who view Ross O'Carroll-Kelly as a role model or an idol. Paul Howard has claimed some people have imitated Ross's friends pastime of driving through disadvantaged areas in expensive cars, shouting "Affluence!" at passers-by and throwing €5 notes out the window. Following Ross's move to The Irish Times, the Irish Independent began a similar column, OMG! featuring a female counterpart to Ross, in its Weekend supplement on 22 September 2007.

title: Ross O'Carroll-Kelly


text:
Weight (album)

Weight is the fourth studio album by American rock band Rollins Band, released on April 12, 1994. It featured the band's biggest hits, "Liar" and "Disconnect".

Writing and recording
The songs for the album were written throughout 1993, after the band completed touring for their previous release The End of Silence. The writing for the songs took place in East Village, Manhattan, since all of the members of the band lived in New York, with the exception of Henry Rollins, who was based in Los Angeles. Rollins has said that he conceived several song lyrics and musical ideas on his way to band practice in New York. In a 1997 interview, he further recalled that "a lot of the initial songs, like a big hunk of them, were written really fast. 'Volume 4', 'Fool', 'Disconnect', and 'Liar' were written in like two days. Then there's another burst that gave us another hunk. Then they were groomed, argued over, mantled, dismantled, different bridge sections put in. Then the rest of the record took the rest of the summer into the fall." Rollins Band played a small number of shows during 1993, where they previewed some of the new material they had been writing. They then recorded Weight during a snowy December 1993 in Echo Creek Ranch, in Meyers, California. While recording the album in Echo Creek Ranch, Rollins was interviewed by MTV, and said "we recorded the album out here at this log cabin in the middle of nowhere because it enabled us to make a lot of noise night and day and not worry about neighbors. We could go seven days a week as many hours as we wanted and hopefully create a very free musical atmosphere and that's why we did it." Rollins added that, "having recorded in this cabin like this in a very kind of homey atmosphere, I wouldn't want to go back to a studio again."

Music and influences
In May 1994, Spin described the album as a mix of rap, punk, funk, metal and jazz, also calling it a "far cry" from Henry Rollins' previous band Black Flag. It was produced by the band's long time sound technician, the Dutch-born Theo Van Rock. Around this time, Van Rock was often being credited as a fifth member of the band, despite playing no instruments, and even appeared in the music video for "Liar" and in several photo shoots alongside the other members. When asked about Weight, Van Rock told MTV that, "the sound of the album is warm, open and honest. Henry's been known as somebody who's like very strong in his, let's say screaming, and now we are doing the singing thing as well."

For the album, bassist Andrew Weiss was replaced by Melvin Gibbs, known at the time for his jazz work. In his book The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, music critic Colin Larkin described Gibbs as adding a stronger funk influence to the band's sound, with songs such as "Liar" and "Tired" also drawing heavily from jazz. Rollins said in 1993, "having an new member in the band, Melvin Gibbs on bass, has really changed things. He and the drummer, Sim Cain, together have formed this really amazing rhythm alliance." Gibbs noted that he had some familiarity with progressive rock and hardcore punk bands such as Bad Brains, but that he had only become familiar with heavy metal music much more recently. He remembered in 2011 that, "the big joke of the Rollins Band was how little I actually knew about rock music, and metal in particular. One of the reasons was, when I was growing up, that was the Do the Right Thing era in Brooklyn and essentially any kid who wore a Black Sabbath t-shirt was going to call me the N-word, and I was going to have to fight him. So that was my association of heavy metal music – a bunch of racist dudes that I was going to end up in a fistfight with." He added, "later I found out that they actually are a really great band, but at that time I didn’t really listen to them. I actually got into metal in the '80s when I was working at Tower Records." According to Gibbs, Rollins was being heavily influenced by the stoner rock band Sleep around the making of Weight, which led to him becoming a fan of the style as well. Gibbs said he stopped following heavy metal music as closely after leaving the Rollins Band at the end of 1997, but that he still continued to listen to several stoner rock bands.

Lyrical content
"Liar" has been described as being written from the perspective of a manipulative male character, although Rollins refuted this in a May 1994 interview with MTV's Headbangers Ball, saying, "the person in the song isn't necessarily a guy. Everyone has manipulated someone else to get to the desired endpoint. Everyone has. Guys, girls. And everyone has felt very lonely and open to being pulled around, and convinced and lied to. Guys do it to girls, girls do it to guys. It happens all the way around. So it's not about a guy doing a thing to a girl, it's about what people do to each other." In this same interview, Rollins described the closing track "Shine" as the most positive song on the album, and said that it revolved around "triumph [and] standing up."

Touring and promotion
In support of Weight, Rollins Band went on a 24-date American tour with Helmet and the Les Claypool project Sausage. The tour with Helmet and Sausage lasted between July and August 1994, with all of the shows being recorded.

The video for "Liar" was directed by Dutch photographer Anton Corbijn in a desert location and featured Rollins dressed as a devil, a nun, Superman and a police officer, with the latter three being meant to represent "icons of truth". The video was heavily featured on MTV's alternative program 120 Minutes and the metal program Headbangers Ball. It gained further popularity after appearing on a 1994 Beavis and Butt-Head episode titled "Liar! Liar!". Another video from the album, "Disconnect", appeared twice on the series, first in the 1995 episode "Top o' the Mountain", then as part of the episode "Shortcuts" in March 1997 (the same month the band's follow-up Come In and Burn was released). The song "Civilized" was also used as the closing theme for Dennis Miller Live from 1994–2002 on HBO.

Release
It had sold 423,000 units in the United States as of 1996, making it their most commercially successful release, and one of the most successful releases of Imago Records. In 2004, a companion album titled Weighting was released on Rollins' own 2.13.61 label. It featured Weight-era live recordings and B-sides, as well as songs from an unreleased 1993 album the band had made with free jazz saxophonist Charles Gayle. Due to rights issues with Imago, Weight is not available on Spotify in the United States and other territories. Up until 2023, Come In and Burn was also not available on Spotify due to similar rights issues with the band's next record label, DreamWorks.

Reception
The album received positive reviews from critics, and In 1995, "Liar" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave it a four out of five star rating, saying "on Weight, the Rollins Band is able to mix the musicians' love for jazz with a blindingly direct hard rock assault, making a twisted form of metal-jazz." Richard Cromelin of The Los Angeles Times awarded it a three out of four rating, saying in April 1994 that "[Rollins] is like a martial-arts hero of the psychic terrain, and his war with hypocrisy and repression is played out on a scale that’s both intimate and larger than life — his feelings are too intense and colossal to be conveyed in conventional terms, so his bellow is super human, and his band plays its deliberate sludge-metal riffs with crushing power." Deborah Frost of Entertainment Weekly gave it an A− rating in April 1994, saying "the guitarist’s heavy-metal cliches never quite rise to frontman Rollins’ or new bassist Melvin Gibbs’ Richter-scale rumbling. Still, [it's] a near masterpiece." Orla Swift of the Record Journal listed it as one of the best albums of the year in December 1994, observing that "the addition of new bassist Melvin Gibbs gives the band a more fluid sound and allows guitarist Chris Haskett's divebombing guitar to be heard." Mark Jenkins of The Washington Post wrote in August 1994 that "[Rollins] imagines himself the Jean Genet of punk-metal. He may be 'high on your poison,' but what makes this album more interesting than most Rollins releases is not its Dionysian intensity — that's standard — but its unaccustomed musical variety. Speaker-rattling bassist Melvin Gibbs introduces a contrapuntal funkiness to the quartet's slamming hard rock."

The Michigan Daily also praised the addition of Gibbs, writing "jazz bassist Melvin Gibbs is the perfect compliment behind Rollins' savagely honest lyrics." In an August 1994 review of a Rollins Band concert with Helmet and Sausage, Jeff Vice of the Deseret News wrote "heavy metal just keeps getting weirder and weirder", adding that "alternative metal act Rollins Band [plays] near jazz/metal." In October 1994, the Manila Standard review stated, "for Weight, Rollins Band's second recording, Rollins and cohorts carry on with their traditional mettle of diverse-paced yet always heavy, non-traditional metal, supported by lyrics that realize Rollins' apparent thematic objective: to inject some self-assuring sense into the listener, those who may be attracted to the noise as a source of escape from self-demeaning reality." The Beaver County Times labelled it the band's "most proactive album" in May 1994, saying "poet, author and rock icon Henry Rollins — whose band laid the groundwork for the current 'message metal' — has some advice for the angst-ridden: Stop whining about systemic oppression; change is up to the individual."

Legacy
In his 1998 book, Turned on: A Biography of Henry Rollins author James Parker reflected, "Rollins Band's Weight, released the month of Cobain's death, sounded like a retort to grunge, a slapdown — its grooves had the weight, not of collapse, but of a muscled certainty." Spin wrote in 2000 that this album and Come In and Burn saw Rollins "play self-help drill sergeant against the atonal guitar riffs and Frankenstein grooves blueprinted [on] 1988's Life Time. Rolling Stone placed it 25th on a 2014 list titled "1994: The 40 Best Records From Mainstream Alternative’s Greatest Year", saying that "In the seven years since Rollins formed his eponymous band, the group had evolved into a jazz-metal hybrid with tight grooves that could either play it cool or sizzle and seethe along with him." In 2016, Metal Hammer included it on their "10 essential alt-metal albums" list. Louder Sound ranked it as the best Rollins Band album in 2022.

Track listing
All songs are credited to the Rollins Band.
 * 1) "Disconnect" – 4:57
 * 2) "Fool" – 4:26
 * 3) "Icon" – 3:41
 * 4) "Civilized" – 3:54
 * 5) "Divine" – 4:01
 * 6) "Liar" – 6:34
 * 7) "Step Back" – 3:58
 * 8) "Wrong Man" – 4:19
 * 9) "Volume 4" – 4:39
 * 10) "Tired" – 3:46
 * 11) "Alien Blueprint" – 3:45
 * 12) "Shine" – 5:26

Rollins Band

 * Henry Rollins – vocals
 * Chris Haskett – guitar
 * Melvin Gibbs – bass
 * Sim Cain – drums

Production

 * Theo Van Rock – production
 * David Bianco – mixing
 * John Jackson – mixing
 * Peter Rave – recording
 * Brant Scott – recording
 * Rob Sieffert – recording
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering

Charts
Album

Singles

title: Weight (album)


text:
Talk:Weight (album)

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title: Talk:Weight (album)


text: User talk:209.78.29.185

title: User talk:209.78.29.185


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Talk:Upland (geology)

omg, what a worthless explanation. up land. land that is up!

Conisdering that I do a whole course on the Uplands, this is pretty pathetic.

title: Talk:Upland (geology)


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Colomac Mine

The Colomac Mine was a privately owned and operated open pit gold mine located 200 km northwest of Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories in Canada. It operated between 1990–1992, and 1994–1997. It was operated by Neptune Resources Limited, which had little success in making a profit during its operation. In 1994, the mine had reopened under Royal Oak Mines Inc. Both Neptune Resources and Royal Oak Mines where both owned and operated by Peggy Witte. Due to low gold prices and high cost of mining, Royal Oak Mines was forced into bankruptcy. The Federal Government of Canada became owners of the mine, along with the related environmental issues. A major cleanup effort was completed to prevent the mine from polluting the environment. On January 26, 2012, Nighthawk Gold Corporation completed an agreement to acquire 100% of the mineral claims and leases of the former producing Colomac Gold Mine and surrounding mineral leases (Colomac Property), from then Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) now Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC). The Colomac Property lies within the central portion of Nighthawk Gold’s 930 square kilometre property. Nighthawk Gold has since been responsibly exploring and advancing the Colomac Gold Project with the goal to restart gold mining operations in the future, assuming positive economics and the receipt of operating permits.

Production
The Colomac Mine processed a total of almost 12,300 Megagrams of ore, and produced 16.7 Megagrams (535,708 troy ounces) of gold, with an approximate value of $916 million. This figure is based on 2012 gold prices, averaging close to USD $55,000 per kg.

In April 2007, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada engaged the Professional Services company Deloitte & Touche LLP to become their solicitor, in order to find another independently-owned and -operated company to acquire the idle mine as well as the resources on the land it occupied. To generate interest, they featured the mine as holding 6.6 Teragrams of untapped resources, a gold processing mill and related equipment, a maintenance building, a dorm room styled housing complex, power and fuel storage facilities, and mobile equipment (rock trucks, excavators and loaders). It was also featured on the popular reality television show Ice Road Truckers.

Cleanup
After being shut down in 1997 and abandoned shortly after by Royal Oak Mines, it transferred into the Canadian Government's hands and responsibility in mid-December 1999. In accordance with water licensing laws and regulations in Canada, Royal Oak Mines had posted a $1.5 million security deposit and in 1999 they were charged with cyanide dumping by the Federal Government. The government of Canada had estimated the cost of the cleanup at $70 million due to high levels of cyanide and ammonia content, as well as acid mine drainage.

For the people of Indian Lake the tailing pond owned by the mine was at one stage threatening to overflow unless immediate action was taken to prevent a disastrous environmental impact. A public hearing was called to cancel the mine's license and to begin a cleanup.

In 1999, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND) awarded a one-year, $2 million contract to a consortium of aboriginal businesses from DetonÇho Corporation, the Dogrib Rae Band and the North Slave Métis Alliance to undertake final reclamation activities at the Colomac Mine. The consortium conducted studies into contamination and took responsibility for on-going environmental monitoring and maintenance of the site. After the contract was awarded, Royal Oak Mine was finally charged under the Water Act and the Fisheries Act for the pollution it had caused, this was much too late, since the company was already in receivership.

According to MineWatch Canada in a 2001 publication: "Now, the water license has not been changed, the money needed to clean-up the site is not forthcoming, and the Dogribs are faced with a potential catastrophe if the tailings pond overflows. Says Dogrib leader Ted Blondin: "I think there is a fiduciary responsibility that the federal government has to looking after the Dogrib interests, and these are the arguments that we will use towards ensuring that the quality of water and the work that has to be done for the cleanup is done."

During the initial cleanup phase, many new and effective remediation procedures where developed and put into place, including the use of farmed micro-organisms to remove hydrocarbons from soil contaminated by poor management of the fuel tank farm located on site.

On 25 February 2010 a $19 million contract was awarded to two aboriginal firms, Tlicho Engineering/Environmental Services Ltd and Aboriginal Engineering Ltd for a final two year remediation contract, which will also create local jobs in the area. According to Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada this two year remediation will cover: "final remediation of the site, including: major demolition activities (primary and secondary crushing facilities, mill complex, maintenance shop and camp); hydrocarbon remediation (restoration of Steeve's Lake shoreline, free product recovery and soil treatment); site restoration (Truck Lake channel construction, stream crossing restoration) and capping of the non-hazardous landfill sites as well as continued provision of site services and maintenance. The contract, which follows a competitive process, will last until April of 2012 when the companies will conduct a full and final demobilization of the site."

In May 2010, officials suspended the remediation project due to an accident, which occurred at mine in April 2010. It occurred after a foremen working for Aboriginal Engineering Ltd suffered leg injuries after a 2.5 cm cable snapped. Human Resources and Skills Canada announced in May 2010 that they would not allow this remediation to continue until Aboriginal Engineering Ltd set out to implement the standards for health and safety set out by the Federal Government in relation to this type of task.

title: Colomac Mine


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Lego Loco

Lego Loco is a Lego-branded virtual world game for Microsoft Windows, released in November 1998. It is a simple open-ended construction game with an emphasis on rail transport. The aim of the game is to construct a town in which Lego minifigures can live. This was the first game released by Lego Media, the publishing division of The Lego Group that was founded after the commercial success of Mindscape's Lego Island.

Gameplay
At the start of the game, the player is bestowed with a "Toy Box", from which they can select different parts from lists and place them directly into the space provided. They can place down roads, railway lines, stations, crossings, buildings, and scenery. To start the simulation, the player must close the Toy Box, and the town will come to life (though the player can open it again to make changes, save the town, or open a new one). After a while Lego figures will begin moving into the houses provided (if any), and the player can, like with ordinary figures, pick them up and place them elsewhere. This can affect the figure's mood, depending on where it's placed.

Using the train house (engine shed), the player can create trains to run on the railway lines. If a train has passenger carriages it will stop at any stations that have been placed alongside the track. The player can control the train's speed and direction and add a mail carriage to the train, thus enabling it to stop at post offices and carry postcards that have been created by the player. The train or trains can also go through tunnels that the player can place at the edge of the map, and some tunnels can be used to help exchange postcards with other players (provided a network has been set).

Reception
Lego Loco was generally well received with it having been awarded 2 noteworthy accolades: CODIE Software Publishers Association Excellence in Software Awards - Best New Strategy and Simulation Software; and PIN Quality Mark Gold Award - Parents Information Network.

Aaron Curtiss from the Los Angeles Times said in his review that "Lego Loco is a mess. The intent was to give kids a virtual railroad to build and run. What they get is a game that made me want to tie myself to the tracks".

title: Lego Loco


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Formal charge

In chemistry, a formal charge (F.C. or $q*$), in the covalent view of chemical bonding, is the hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity. In simple terms, formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons of an atom in a neutral free state and the number assigned to that atom in a Lewis structure. When determining the best Lewis structure (or predominant resonance structure) for a molecule, the structure is chosen such that the formal charge on each of the atoms is as close to zero as possible.

The formal charge of any atom in a molecule can be calculated by the following equation: $$q^{*} = V - L - \frac{B}{2} $$

where $V$ is the number of valence electrons of the neutral atom in isolation (in its ground state); $L$ is the number of non-bonding valence electrons assigned to this atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule; and $B$ is the total number of electrons shared in bonds with other atoms in the molecule. It can also be found visually as shown below.

Formal charge and oxidation state both assign a number to each individual atom within a compound, they are compared and contrasted in a section below.

Examples

 * Example: CO2 is a neutral molecule with 16 total valence electrons. There are different ways to draw the Lewis structure
 * Carbon single bonded to both oxygen atoms (carbon = +2, oxygens = −1 each, total formal charge = 0)
 * Carbon single bonded to one oxygen and double bonded to another (carbon = +1, oxygendouble = 0, oxygensingle = −1, total formal charge = 0)
 * Carbon double bonded to both oxygen atoms (carbon = 0, oxygens = 0, total formal charge = 0)

Even though all three structures gave us a total charge of zero, the final structure is the superior one because there are no charges in the molecule at all.

Pictorial method
The following is equivalent:

 * Draw a circle around the atom for which the formal charge is requested (as with carbon dioxide, below)
 * [[Image:ls1.png|center|150px]]

 * Count up the number of electrons in the atom's "circle."  Since the circle cuts the covalent bond "in half," each covalent bond counts as one electron instead of two.
 * Subtract the number of electrons in the circle from the number of valence electrons of the neutral atom in isolation (in its ground state) to determine the formal charge.
 * [[Image:ls3a.png|center|350px]]

 * The formal charges computed for the remaining atoms in this Lewis structure of carbon dioxide are shown below.
 * [[Image:ls4.png|center|450px]]

It is important to keep in mind that formal charges are just that – formal, in the sense that this system is a formalism. The formal charge system is just a method to keep track of all of the valence electrons that each atom brings with it when the molecule is formed.

Usage conventions
In organic chemistry convention, formal charges are an essential feature of a correctly rendered Lewis–Kekulé structure, and a structure omitting nonzero formal charges is considered incorrect, or at least, incomplete. Formal charges are drawn in close proximity to the atom bearing the charge. They may or may not be enclosed in a circle for clarity.

In contrast, this convention is not followed in inorganic chemistry. Many workers in organometallic and a majority of workers in coordination chemistry will omit formal charges, unless they are needed for emphasis, or they are needed to make a particular point. Instead a top-right corner ⌝ will be drawn following the covalently-bound, charged entity, in turn followed immediately by the overall charge. The top-right corner ⌝ is sometimes replaced by square brackets enclosing the entire charged species, again with the total charge written in the upper right corner, just outside the brackets.

This difference in practice stems from the relatively straightforward assignment of bond order, valence electron count, and hence, formal charge for compounds only containing main-group elements (though oligomeric compounds like organolithium reagents and enolates tend to be depicted in an oversimplified and idealized manner), but transition metals have an unclear number of valence electrons so there is no unambiguous way to assign formal charges.

Formal charge compared to oxidation state
The formal charge is a tool for estimating the distribution of electric charge within a molecule. The concept of oxidation states constitutes a competing method to assess the distribution of electrons in molecules. If the formal charges and oxidation states of the atoms in carbon dioxide are compared, the following values are arrived at:
 * [[Image:co2comp.png|center|350px]]

The reason for the difference between these values is that formal charges and oxidation states represent fundamentally different ways of looking at the distribution of electrons amongst the atoms in the molecule. With the formal charge, the electrons in each covalent bond are assumed to be split exactly evenly between the two atoms in the bond (hence the dividing by two in the method described above). The formal charge view of the CO2 molecule is essentially shown below:
 * [[Image:co2-1.png|center|200px]]

The covalent (sharing) aspect of the bonding is overemphasized in the use of formal charges since in reality there is a higher electron density around the oxygen atoms due to their higher electronegativity compared to the carbon atom. This can be most effectively visualized in an electrostatic potential map.

With the oxidation state formalism, the electrons in the bonds are "awarded" to the atom with the greater electronegativity. The oxidation state view of the CO2 molecule is shown below:
 * [[Image:co2-2.png|center|200px]]

Oxidation states overemphasize the ionic nature of the bonding; the difference in electronegativity between carbon and oxygen is insufficient to regard the bonds as being ionic in nature.

In reality, the distribution of electrons in the molecule lies somewhere between these two extremes. The inadequacy of the simple Lewis structure view of molecules led to the development of the more generally applicable and accurate valence bond theory of Slater, Pauling, et al., and henceforth the molecular orbital theory developed by Mulliken and Hund.

title: Formal charge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ursula Gupton

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 21:33, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ursula Gupton
Not notable. Thue | talk 22:45, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, Speedy delete if possible, vanity page. Howabout1 22:50, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. -- Brhaspati\talk/contribs 00:19, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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4th Dalai Lama

Yonten Gyatso or Yon-tan-rgya-mtsho (1589–1617), was the 4th Dalai Lama, born in Tümed on the 30th day of the 12th month of the Earth-Ox year of the Tibetan calendar. Other sources, however, say he was born in the 1st month of the Earth Ox Year.

As the son of the Khan of the Chokur tribe, Tsultrim Choeje, and great-grandson of Altan Khan of the Tümed Mongols and his second wife PhaKhen Nula, Yonten Gyatso was a Mongol, making him the only non-Tibetan to be recognized as Dalai Lama other than the 6th Dalai Lama, who was a Monpa—but Monpas can be seen either as a Tibetan subgroup or a closely related people.

Biography
The Nechung, state oracle of Tibet, and Lamo Tsangpa, another oracle, had both predicted the next reincarnation would be born in Mongolia. About this time, the chief attendant of the Third Dalai Lama, Tsultrim Gyatso, sent a letter informing the authorities in Tibet that the reincarnation had been born and details of some of the wonders accompanying his birth.

 * "He was recognized by a delegation from his Drêpung monastery and the princes of Ü, which had gone to Kweisui (Köke Qoto, Inner Mongolia) to meet him 1601."

Yonten Gyatso left for Tibet in 1599 when he was already ten years old, with his father, Tibetan monks and officials, and a thousand Mongol cavalry. They arrived in 1603 after stopping at all the major monasteries on the route.

When he reached Lhasa he was enthroned as the Fourth Dalai Lama and initiated by Sangen Rinchen, the principal holder of Tsonkapa's lineage and ex-abbot of Gaden monastery.

He began studies at Drepung Monastery, where he was a student of the Fourth Panchen Lama Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, and in 1614 he received the full ordination of a monk from him.

Yonten Gyatso became the abbot of Drepung and, later, Sera monasteries.

Many Tibetans did not recognize him and there were several attempts to retake power from him, supported by the Kagyupa order. In 1605 one of the princes supporting the Kagyu invaded Lhasa and drove the Mongol cavalrymen out. When he was twenty-one warriors attacked Drepung monastery and Yonten Gyatso had to flee.

In 1616 he made a retreat in the caves above Sangyib Hot Springs, famous for the footprint Padmasambhava left there on the cliff face when he empowered the site in the 8th century CE.

He died under suspicious circumstances (some say he was poisoned – but evidence is lacking) in the 12th month of the Fire Dragon Year (January 1617) at the age of 27.

His chief attendant was Sonam Rapten (Sonam Choephel), who later discovered "the Chong-Gya boy" to be the Fifth Dalai Lama and who was the regent of the fifth Dalai Lama, the Desi.

title: 4th Dalai Lama


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Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots

Joan Beaufort (c. 1404 – 15 July 1445) was Queen of Scotland from 1424 to 1437 as the spouse of King James I of Scotland. During part of the minority of her son James II (from 1437 to 1439), she served as the regent of Scotland.

Background and early life
Joan Beaufort was a daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, a legitimised son of John of Gaunt by his mistress (and later third wife) Katherine Swynford. Joan's mother was Margaret Holland, the granddaughter of Joan of Kent (wife of Edward the Black Prince) from her earlier marriage to Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent. Joan was also a half-niece of King Henry IV of England, first cousin once removed of Richard II, and great-granddaughter of Edward III. Her uncle, Henry Beaufort, was a cardinal and Chancellor of England.

King James I of Scotland met Joan during his time as a prisoner in England, and knew her from at least 1420. She is said to have been the inspiration for King James's famous long poem, The Kingis Quair, written during his captivity, after he saw her from his window in the garden. The marriage was at least partially political, as their marriage was part of the agreement for his release from captivity. From an English perspective an alliance with the Beauforts was meant to establish Scotland's alliance with the English, rather than the French. Negotiations resulted in Joan's dowry of 10,000 marks being subtracted from James's substantial ransom.

Queen of Scotland
On 12 February 1424, Joan Beaufort and King James were wed at St Mary Overie Church in Southwark. They were feasted at Winchester Palace that year by her uncle, Cardinal Henry Beaufort. She accompanied her husband on his return from captivity in England to Scotland, and was crowned alongside her husband at Scone Abbey. As queen, she often pleaded with the king for those who might be executed.

The royal couple had eight children, including the future James II, and Margaret of Scotland, future spouse of Louis XI of France.

Regency
James I was assassinated in Perth on 21 February 1437. Joan had also been a target of assassination along with her husband, but managed to survive her injuries. She successfully directed her husband's supporters to attack his assassin Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, but was forced to give up power three months later. The prospect of being ruled by an English woman was unpopular in Scotland. The Earl of Douglas was thus appointed to power, though Joan remained in charge of her son.

Near the end of July 1439, she married James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorne after obtaining a papal dispensation for both consanguinity and affinity. James was an ally of the latest Earl of Douglas, and plotted with him to overthrow Alexander Livingston, governor of Stirling Castle, during the minority of James II. Livingston arrested Joan in August 1439 and forced her to relinquish custody of the young king. In 1445, the conflict between the Douglas/Livingston faction and the queen's supporters resumed, and she was under siege at Dunbar Castle by the Earl of Douglas when she died on 15 July 1445. She was buried in the Carthusian Priory at Perth.

Issue
With James I of Scotland:
 * Margaret Stewart, Princess of Scotland (1424–1445) married Prince Louis, Dauphin of Viennois (later King Louis XI of France)
 * Isabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland (1426–1494) married Francis I, Duke of Brittany
 * Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan (c. 1428 – 1465) married Wolfart VI van Borsselen
 * Joan of Scotland, Countess of Morton (c. 1428–1486) married James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton
 * Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (born and died 1430); twin of James II
 * James II of Scotland (1430–1460)
 * Eleanor Stewart, Princess of Scotland (1433–1484) married Sigismund, Archduke of Austria
 * Annabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland (c. 1436 – 1509) married and divorced 1stly Louis of Savoy, and then married and divorced 2ndly George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly

With James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorne:
 * John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl (c. 1440 – 1512)
 * James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan (1442–1499)
 * Andrew Stewart, Bishop of Moray (c. 1443 – 1501)

title: Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots


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Joan Beaufort

Joan Beaufort may refer to:

 * Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland (1379–1440), daughter of John of Gaunt and his mistress, Katherine Swynford, later proclaimed legitimate
 * Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots (died 1445), queen consort of James I of Scotland and niece of the above

title: Joan Beaufort


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Bladder exstrophy

Bladder exstrophy is a congenital anomaly that exists along the spectrum of the exstrophy-epispadias complex, and most notably involves protrusion of the urinary bladder through a defect in the abdominal wall. Its presentation is variable, often including abnormalities of the bony pelvis, pelvic floor, and genitalia. The underlying embryologic mechanism leading to bladder exstrophy is unknown, though it is thought to be in part due to failed reinforcement of the cloacal membrane by underlying mesoderm. Exstrophy means the inversion of a hollow organ.

Signs and symptoms
The classic manifestation of bladder exstrophy presents with:
 * A defect in the abdominal wall occupied by both the exstrophied bladder as well as a portion of the urethra
 * A flattened puborectal sling
 * Separation of the pubic symphysis
 * Shortening of a pubic rami
 * External rotation of the pelvis.

Females frequently have a displaced and narrowed vaginal orifice, a bifid clitoris, and divergent labia.

Cause
The cause is not yet clinically established but is thought to be in part due to failed reinforcement of the cloacal membrane by underlying mesoderm.

Diagnosis
In a small retrospective study of 25 pregnancies, five factors were found to be strongly associated with a prenatal diagnosis of bladder exstrophy:
 * Inability to visualize the bladder on ultrasound
 * A lower abdominal bulge
 * A small penis with anteriorly displaced scrotum
 * A low set umbilical insertion
 * Abnormal widening of the iliac crests

While a diagnosis of bladder exstrophy was made retrospectively in a majority of pregnancies, in only three cases was a prenatal diagnosis made.

Management
The extreme rarity of the disease limits the surgical opportunities to practice the complex closure required in these patients. For this reason, patients have the best outcomes when the bladder closures are performed at high volume centers where surgical and nursing teams have extensive experience in caring for the disease. The highest volume center in the United States, and the world, is the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland; they have seen over 1300 exstrophy patients in the past 50 years.

Upon delivery, the exposed bladder is irrigated and a non-adherent film is placed to prevent as much contact with the external environment as possible. In the event the child was not born at a medical center with an appropriate exstrophy support team then transfer will likely follow. Upon transfer, or for those infants born at a medical center able to care for bladder exstrophy, imaging may take place in the first few hours of life prior to the child undergoing surgery.

Primary (immediate) closure is indicated only in those patients with a bladder of appropriate size, elasticity, and contractility as those patients are most likely to develop a bladder of adequate capacity after early surgical intervention.

Conditions that are absolute contraindications despite bladder adequacy include duplication of the penis or scrotum and significant bilateral hydronephrosis.

Surgery
Modern therapy is aimed at surgical reconstruction of the bladder and genitalia. Both males and females are born with this anomaly. Treatment is similar.

In males treatments have been: In the modern staged repair of exstrophy (MSRE) the initial step is closure of the abdominal wall, often requiring a pelvic osteotomy. This leaves the patient with penile epispadias and urinary incontinence. At approximately 2–3 years of age, the patient then undergoes repair of the epispadias after testosterone stimulation. Finally, bladder neck repair usually occurs around the age of 4–5 years, though this is dependent upon a bladder with adequate capacity and, most importantly, an indication that the child is interested in becoming continent. In some of the bladder reconstructions, the bladder is augmented with the addition of a segment of the large intestines to increase the volume capacity of the reconstructed bladder. In the complete primary repair of exstrophy (CPRE) the bladder closure is combined with an epispadias repair, in an effort to decrease costs and morbidity. This technique has, however, led to significant loss of penile and corporal tissue, particularly in younger patients.

In females treatment has included: Surgical reconstruction of the clitoris, which is separated into two distinct bodies. Surgical reconstruction to correct the split of the mons, redefine the structure of the bladder neck and urethra. Vaginoplasty will correct the anteriorly displaced vagina. If the anus is involved, it is also repaired. Fertility remains and women who were born with bladder exstrophy usually develop prolapse due to the weaker muscles of the pelvic floor.

Bladder exstrophy males reassigned and raised as females
Between 1960 and 2000, doctors believed XY males with cloacal exstrophy (the most extreme form of bladder exstrophy) would be happier socially as females, and surgically reassigned them. This occurred under the belief that humans were born psychosexually neutral. The practice proved controversial, after follow-ups by William Reiner found that many struggled to adhere to a female gender identity, had masculine interests, were attracted to females, or reverted to the male sex spontaneously or upon learning they were genetic males.

According to J. Michael Bailey: "Reiner thinks that all the cloacal cases born as boys would be happier as boys rather than girls, because their brains have been biologically prepared for the male role. He thinks that those who remain girls are at best missing out, and at worst are experiencing great inner torment. He thinks their parents should tell them and, essentially, let them choose their sex." In terms of their sexual orientations, a 2016 academic review by J. Michael Bailey found 7 published cases of boys reassigned female at birth and raised as girls, of which 5 were cloacal exstrophy cases. All were strongly attracted to females. According a 2015 article in The Boston Globe, Wiliam Reiner has followed up on the sexual orientations of approximately 70 genetic males who were raised as females. Only one reported having sexual attractions to males, "I’m more convinced than ever that sexual orientation is built in... certainly for males" he said. A 2023 review by Swift-Gallant et al. also cited two additional cases from media reports, both of whom were gynephilic.

Reiner's results have caused some doctors to reconsider the practice of sex reassigning genetic males. A 2011 study found that 79% of paediatric urologists surveyed favoured male assignment for genetic males with cloacal exstrophy.

Cases in the media

 * Joe Holliday. British cloacal exstrophy male who was raised female. Masculine interests and attracted to females. Found out born male at age 25, and reverted to male sex.
 * Sophie Ottaway. British cloacal exstrophy male raised as a female. Found out about birth sex at age 22. Retained female identity, although believes the reassignment was incorrect. Attracted to women.

Prognosis
The most important criterion for improving long-term prognosis is success of the initial closure. If a patient requires more than one closure their chance of continence drops off precipitously with each additional closure - at just two closures the chance of voiding continence is just 17%.

Even with successful surgery, people may have long-term complications. Some of the most common include:
 * Vesicoureteral reflux
 * Bladder spasm
 * Bladder calculus
 * Urinary tract infections

Epidemiology
Occurring at a rate between 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 50,000 with a male-to-female ratio of 2.3–6:1, bladder exstrophy is relatively rare. For those individuals with bladder exstrophy who maintain their ability to reproduce, the risk of bladder exstrophy in their children is approximately 500-fold greater than the general population.

title: Bladder exstrophy


text: User talk:69.250.246.128

title: User talk:69.250.246.128