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USS Jesse L. Brown

USS Jesse L. Brown (DE/FF/FFT-1089) was a Knox-class frigate of the United States Navy. She was named for Jesse L. Brown, the first African-American naval aviator in the U.S. Navy. The ship was eventually decommissioned and sold to the Egyptian Navy and was renamed Damiyat (F961). The name is also transliterated as Damyat and Damietta by some sources.

History
Jesse L. Brown, a 3963-ton Knox-class escort ship built at Westwego, Louisiana, was commissioned in February 1973. In July 1975, she was reclassified as a frigate and designated FF-1089. Her career was spent with the Atlantic Fleet, and included several deployments to the Mediterranean Sea, the Persian Gulf and northern European waters. Jesse L. Brown also participated in two joint operations with Latin American Navies, UNITAS XX in 1979 and UNITAS XXX a decade later.

Jesse L. Brown was operating off the Guantanamo Bay area during January 1979 when USS Farragut (DDG-37) mistakenly fired upon a Soviet oceangoing tug and Foxtrot-class submarine being given to the Cuban Navy. Farragut mistook the radar return for the US Navy fleet tug and towed target. During the next approximate 48 hours, Jesse L. Brown and the other ships maintained General Quarters while a state of near war existed, which included constant threat of attack by Cuban missile patrol boats and medium bombers.

Jesse L. Brown (in an episode foreshadowing her later service) was credited with a drug bust as a result of the rescue of an approximate 40 ft sailboat in Casco Bay, Maine, while undergoing post yard refit sea trials from Bath Iron Works. The ship bears the marks of this operation to this day with visible dents in her hull from the strikes from the large sailboat while transferring the seasick crew in heavy sea conditions. The sailboat crew was later transferred to a former Navy ATF Coast Guard cutter out of Portland, Maine, after a failed towing attempt of the sailboat.

Jesse L. Brown's motto was "Versatility, Victory, Valor!". In one episode during the Iranian Hostage Crisis, the ship recovered an SH-3 Sea King that couldn't refuel in flight and didn't have enough fuel to return to its carrier. Jesse L. Brown's commanding officer ordered ship into the wind and recovered the Sea King onto the limited space flight deck, even though it was not rated for helicopters the size of the Sea King. The helicopter landed with her tail wheel in the safety nets and less than 18 in of clearance between her rotors and the collapsed helicopter hangar. Quick repairs by both the helicopter's and ship's crew remedied the helicopter's fuel problem, and it was able to lift off and properly refuel airborne.

Jesse L. Brown and her crew were the first ship to escort three Pegasus-class patrol hydrofoils from Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, to Key West, Florida, by using her helicopter refueling system as an underway replenishment refueling rig to refuel the three hydrofoils underway.

Jesse L. Brown served as the U.S. liaison and on-scene commander for rescue attempts and subsequent body recovery for a diving bell from the Phillips Petroleum oil-exploration ship MV Woodeco 5 off the Ivory Coast in October 1979.

During the later 1980s and early 1990s, she engaged in counter-narcotics operations in the Caribbean area.

Jesse L. Brown was transferred to the Naval Reserve in January 1992, and was redesignated FFT-1089. She was actively involved in training reservists while participating in operations in the western Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico area. In 1993, she transited the Panama Canal and paid a visit to Ecuador. Jesse L. Brown was decommissioned on 27 July 1994 and leased to the Egyptian Navy the same day. Named Damiyat (F961) in Egyptian service (but also transliterated as Damyat or Damietta in some sources), she was purchased outright by the Egyptians on 25 March 1998. , Damiyat remained active with the Egyptian Navy as seen making a sortie out of the harbour at Alexandria by cruise ship passengers.

title: USS Jesse L. Brown


text: Category:Cantatas

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Cantatas


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David Shulman

David Shulman (November 12, 1912 – October 30, 2004) was an American lexicographer and cryptographer.

Shulman contributed many early usages to the Oxford English Dictionary and is listed among "Readers and contributors from collections" for the 1989 second edition of the OED. He said that he felt most at home in the New York Public Library, undertaking his lexicographic research there and donating many valuable items to it. Shulman described himself as "the Sherlock Holmes of Americanisms".

Shulman was a member of the American Cryptogram Association from 1933, and was a champion Scrabble player. At the age of 23 he wrote "Washington Crossing the Delaware," a 14-line sonnet in which every line is an anagram of the title.

Works

 * Shulman, David. An Annotated Bibliography of Cryptography. New York, London: Garland Publishing Co., 1976.
 * Shulman, David. Supplement to An Annotated Bibliography of Cryptography. 1985.
 * "Scientists Baffled: George Washington Spotted on Venus!!!" in Chapter 14: "On the Untranslatable" in Le Ton beau de Marot: In Praise of the Music of Language, by Douglas R. Hofstadter. pp. 438–439

title: David Shulman


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aleman-Zometa

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 03:17, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Aleman-Zometa

 * Delete as vanity. FreplySpang (talk) 23:54, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity. José San Martin 00:15, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity Dsmdgold 01:58, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Wmahan. 20:23, 2005 Apr 15 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Category:Signal cables

Most telecommunications require cables. Balanced pairs are used for purposes requiring low cost, and coaxial or optical cables for television and other purposes requiring high bandwidth.

title: Category:Signal cables


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Jin Kazama

Jin Kazama (風間 仁) is a character of the Tekken fighting game series created by Bandai Namco Entertainment (Formerly Namco). Introduced as the protagonist in the 1997 game Tekken 3, he has been the central character of the series from that game onwards. Trained by his grandfather Heihachi Mishima, Jin wishes to avenge the apparent death of his mother Jun Kazama by Ogre. Meanwhile Heihachi betrays Jin to awaken a genetic abnormality within his body known as the Devil Gene (デビルの血).

He is also antagonized by his father, Kazuya Mishima, from whom he inherited the devil gene. While dealing with his relatives, Jin loses control of the Devil Gene, which causes his transformation into an alter ego named Devil Jin (デビル仁), first introduced as a non-playable character in Tekken 3 and playable ever since Tekken 5. Outside of the video games, Jin has appeared in the animated and live-action films adapted from the games and has also appeared as a playable character in several other game franchises.

Initially conceptualized as an innocent man, Jin was developed as the series' new protagonist and a replacement for Kazuya, who he was based on visually. His constant fights with his family members would eventually lead him to become an antiheroic character, as crafted by Bandai Namco's director Katsuhiro Harada ever since his introduction. Nevertheless, Jin was portrayed as the main character from multiple adaptations of the games. He has been voiced consistently by Isshin Chiba since he debuted in Tekken 3 and has had multiple English actors across other appearances.

Critical reception to the character has been positive, with commentary focused on his moves and his role within the wider Tekken story. Since his introduction in Tekken 3, Jin has proven to be quite popular and has often been described as one of the best Tekken characters due to his fighting style and because of the impact he had on the storyline. His dark characterization was also noted while Devil Jin also remained popular for retaining Jin's classic Mishima-Ryu fighting style which he discarded since Tekken 4.

Development
Jin Kazama was created by Namco artist Yoshinari Mizushima after he graduated from college, with the character's design being a great surprise to the Tekken staff. Jin was introduced in Tekken 3 using the concept of a "misfortunate character" which was part of his dark character arc across the series. The staff also wanted to present him as a determined character. Despite their similarities, Jin was a more caring character in contrast to his mean spirited father, Kazuya. This was the result of their different upbringings. However, both end up becoming more alike as characters because of their dark stories like their shared antagonism for Heihachi Mishima. This would further corrupt Jin but in a different way than his father. Rather than destroying the world like his relatives, Jin instead wishes to end the Mishima bloodline, and himself in the process. Jin and Kazuya share powered up devil forms. They are a common element in fantasy which stands out because of them being genetically related in Tekken. The parallel between Jin and Kazuya's devils was compared to the protagonists from the Star Wars films, Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader, respectively.

Tekken series' director Katsuhiro Harada has said that Jin is his favorite character in the series along with Heihachi. He says the Tekken story is written from Jin's perspective because he is the main character. Jin's concept was that of an innocent young kid corrupted by the evils of society, who would become one of the series' greatest villains as crafted by Harada over the span of ten years. He only serve as villain role in Tekken 6, Harada motivated players to use the Scenario Campaign to explore Jin's darker character arc as well as his possible relationship with newcomer Lars Alexandersson. Devil Jin completes the character's arc that Harada crafted in terms of his corruption which is now represented in his genes. Harada recalls receiving letter from fans who were angry for turning Jin into a villain in Tekken 6.

In response to claims that the Tekken story is complicated, Harada denied this. He saw it as a "simple" struggle between members from the Mishima family. By 2017, fans still saw Jin as a hero. Harada replied that the character is still responsible for creating wars so the plot continues to have a sense of black and white morality. Harada compared his family with the Tekken characters who are constantly fighting each other: Heihachi, Jin and Kazuya. As a parent, he now has a "deeper respect for my family and parents in particular." A common interpretation of Jin's mother Jun Kazama's fate is that she was killed before the events of Tekken 3. This is explored in a story from Jin's point of view and is a belief that most gamers shared. However, Jin and the gamers were actually incorrect—Jun is missing. As a result, Harada explained that as far as the rivalry between Jin and Kazuya is concerned, Jun would be present at their eventual confrontation.

Before the revelation of Jin's inclusion in Tekken 7, there were many gamers who asked Harada if he survived his battle against Azazel in Tekken 6. Harada refrained from answering questions about Jin's status, but said Tekken 7 would be a proper sequel to the series with or without Jin. However, both Jin and his Devil persona were leaked in 2015 by fans. For Tekken 7, Jin was made into a hidden sub-boss in the game's arcade mode. Harada explained that the requirements to unlock him were very difficult. Harada added a hint that players who use Kazuya Mishima might have a better chance of fighting Jin while the Devil persona is a hidden boss.

The upcoming Tekken 8 was revealed with a fight between Jin and his father Kazuya, which has been building up for several years. While Jin already faced his relatives in previous games from the franchise, in the upcoming one, he is shown in a major conflict with his Devil Gene as it keeps absorbing his humanity to the point he becomes Devil Jin in the middle of the fight. However, Harada remarked that the final scene of the trailer involving broken chains act as symbolism to Jin breaking free from the conflicts he has been connected for several games.

Design
Jin's visual appearance was modeled after his father Kazuya Mishima who was missing in Tekken 3. Jin was given a similar appearance including spiky black hair, red gloves and similar black and red pants (keikogi) to the point it confused returning players. In early concepts, Jin was depicted with more clothing covering his left arm. The idea of his design was for it to be simple yet highly recognizable. Originally, Jin was named Jin Mishima (三島仁) with a visual appearance being more reminiscent to his father, most notably in his gloves. His design was made less muscular than his predecessors.

Although in his first appearance, he was shown wearing nothing to cover his torso, in following games, Jin was given a jacket along with a hood which Harada found to be highly popular with the fanbase. As a result, Harada views the constant comments about this as positive feedback despite his initial confusion over the fanbase's reaction. Tekken 5 features a special costume for Jin designed by guest artist Mutsumi Inomata: it is a panda-themed costume with an unzipped jacket that reaches just above his midriff with a blue flame motif and matching white pants. In Tekken 6, replacing the jumpsuit, Jin wears a long black coat similar to the one that he wore in his ending in Tekken 5. Jin's alternative outfit in Tekken 6 was designed by Clamp, a group of four Japanese manga artists. For Tekken 7, his regular design was made by Yūsuke Kozaki, while Ando Makoto did a special chibi illustration of the character.

Jin's alter ego, Devil Jin, possesses a tattoo that covers his entire torso. Harada claimed he grew to like this part of the design. Devil Jin is often shown wearing chains in his body though that instead is symbolic. Like his father's devil persona, Jin's also shown to possess wings though Harada claims they are actually related with his mother's heritage rather than the Mishima's. For the film Blood Vengeance, Jin manages to control his Devil powers, resulting in him achieving a new Devil transformation. This form was designed by Takayuki Takeya, who is famous designing characters from Devilman and Kamen Rider. Director Yōichi Mōri conceived, saying he wanted to change the impression of the Devil in the game. The New Devil Jin was given a "sinister yet beautiful" design the audience give a different impression from the game in order to attract more people.

Actors and related media
Isshin Chiba has been Jin's voice actor in all his Japanese game appearances. Chiba claimed he initially did not understand the character when first recording his lines in his debut. The actor grew attached to Jin over the years he voiced him and thus disliked how Jin changed from a kindhearted man to a corrupt person in the later games as well as his transformation into a devil. Jon Foo felt honored to play Jin's character in the live-action film based on the series. He says he is a fan of the Tekken games. Still, he found it difficult to play Jin as he spent three months on a diet in order to do the fighting moves for the live-action film. In the making of the film, Foo accidentally wounded Cung Le. The film's director, Dwight Little, found that this type of accident is common in fighting films.

For the film Tekken: Blood Vengeance (2011), writer Dai Satō added both Jin and Kazuya as a pair of men to provide "visual eye-candy" in the same way as the Williams sisters did. While Jin and Ling Xiaoyu appear to have developed a close relationship, Satō did not want to explore a romantic one in the film. Instead, the writer wanted to use these pairs to be played together in the spin-off game Tekken Tag Tournament 2, which relies on the use of teams composed of two fighters. Chiba was replaced by Patrick Seitz in the English release of the film, being credited as "Darren Daniels". Though Satō believes Jin is infatuated with Xiaoyu, he wanted his characterization to be dark especially with how brooding is Jin in an early scene where he laughs at the idea of his fight with Kazuya being the subject of the world's destruction which ambiguously connects Xiaoyu's story. Satō acknowledged that several members of the audience complained that Jin had little screen time but he is glad with it.

In the original version of the anime film Tekken: The Motion Picture (1998), Jin has been voiced by Minami Takayama, while Jacob Franchek has voiced him in the film's English dub. Jin has been voiced by Brad Swaile in the game Street Fighter X Tekken.

Comic book artist Cavan Scott said that his first impression of Jin in Tekken 3 was that he was unfit to be a Mishima based on his differences with Kazuya and Heihachi, who are described as "demons" in contrast to Jin's innocence. However, as he becomes a corrupt person, Scott believes Jin is no longer a good person but fits the narrative better because of conflicts with his relatives. Scott believes Jin became a more interesting character during this dark character arc. As Scott began writing a Tekken Western comic, he decided to tell the story from Jin's point of view as he was the most relatable character, despite his dark characterization. Jin feels guilty for all the chaos he has brought to the plot. Since Scott's comic was based on Tekken 6 and Tekken 7, he wanted to explore this take on Jin further since he was the center of the readers' attention even if he is missing through most of the plot.

While Chiba reprises his role for Tekken: Bloodline, Kaiji Tang voices Jin for the English dub. Chiba was glad that he kept voicing Jin after 25 years since his debut while Tang appreciated the shades of his personality.

Gameplay
As a result of being introduced as the protagonist in Tekken 3, Jin's movements were made to be balanced so that he would have neither strong nor weak movesets. This caused difficulties in his design. He was meant to appeal to veterans of the franchise as he uses both moves from Heihachi and Kazuya but not with the same amount of power. As Jin has no model for his fighting style, several of his karate moves were created by the Tekken staff. Ryu Narushima was Jin's motion actor as Narushima also possessed regular karate in his fighting style. Harada said he thought Steve Fox and the Mishimas—Jin, Kazuya and Heihachi—were considered the strongest characters to play in the series.

In his early appearances, Jin's moves were a blend of parents, Jun Kazama and Kazuya Mishima, a combination of "Kazama-Style Self Defense" (風間流古武術) and "Mishima Fighting Karate" (三島流喧嘩空手). He fights in this style in both Tekken 3 and Tekken Tag Tournament. In Tekken 4, however, this style was discarded in favor of "traditional" Karate, also known as Kyokushin karate. As a result, Jin performs unique techniques such as one known as the "Right Roundhouse Punch", Right Hook (右回し突き) in Japan. Jin is often regarded as the strongest character in Tekken 4. As his power was reduced in the following games, he went through minor changes that made him notably stronger in Tekken 6 than his Tekken 5 persona. Devil Jin incorporates moves from Jin's Mishima fighting style, which makes him a stronger fighter than the regular Jin. Like Kazuya's devil persona, Jin's devil form can create a projectile move. However, Devil Jin's fighting style is listed as "Unknown". Nevertheless, Devil Jin also possesses a number of weaknesses that separately balances his duality with the regular Jin.

In preparation for Tekken 7, Harada commented he would often try Devil Jin if he was an "intermediate player" comparing his skills with Heihachi's. Famitsu recommended the regular Jin to advanced Tekken players. For Capcom's crossover game Street Fighter X Tekken, the official guide noted how Jin could easily counterattack enemy's moves.

Main Tekken series
Jin's first appearance is in Tekken 3, where he is introduced as a teenager "claiming to be Heihachi's grandson" as a result of being Jun Kazama and Kazuya Mishima's child. He was raised by his mother, Jun, until she was attacked by a creature known as Ogre and disappeared. Seeking revenge, Jin goes to train with his grandfather, Heihachi Mishima. During Tekken 3, Jin defeats True Ogre in Heihachi's tournament. Shortly after his victory, Jin is killed by Heihachi's forces. However, Jin is revived when his body mutates into a devil, taking down his grandfather and escapes.

By Tekken 4, in the early arcade versions of the game, Jin can also be played through a lucky stab at the random-select feature. He is an unlockable character as he is first confronted as a boss in the game. The console's version explores how Jin has fallen into a pit of self-hatred, despising everything related to the Mishimas. Learning a new karate style for two years in secret in Brisbane, Jin enters fourth King of iron fist tournament where he is about to confront his father until Heihachi's soldiers capture him. Imprisoned in a dojo, Jin feels presence of his father Kazuya which causes him to mutate into a devil once again. After his Devil form awakens, Jin tries to kill Heihachi, but spares him after remembering his mother and abandons the area flying.

In the events of Tekken 5, Jin has lost control over his devil gene and senses that a presence in a new King of Iron Fist Tournament is related to it. Jin is also confronted by his friendly rival, Hwoarang, but he is unable to settle their score because of Jin's agenda. Following this he defeats his great-grandfather, Jinpachi Mishima, and becomes the new CEO of the Mishima Zaibatsu (三島財閥) special forces. Tekken 5 also marks the debut of Devil Jin as a playable character as well as sub-boss who is taking over the human persona. If Devil Jin defeats Jinpachi rather than the regular Jin, an alternative ending is featured showing Devil Jin absorbing Jinpachi's powers. In the same game, a mini-game focusing on Jin's prologue is featured called Devil Within. It features Jin's journey to G Corporation's laboratory where he faces multiple enemies after hearing Jun's voice.

During Tekken 6 Jin uses the Zaibatsu for world conquest, having started a war against all nations. Jin hosts the sixth King of Iron Fist Tournament to rid himself of Kazuya and his enemies. In gameplay, just as his devil form served as the Stage 8 sub-boss in Tekken 5, Jin serves as the Stage 8 sub-boss in Tekken 6. He is also the main antagonist from Tekken 6's "Scenario Campaign". In the Scenario Campaign, Jin is confronted by his half-uncle Lars Alexandersson who is rallying a faction within the Zaibatsu's military to take him down. However, Jin escapes by using Lars' partner, the robot Alisa Bosconovitch, as his servant. Jin once again serves as the scenario's final boss against Lars. Upon his defeat, Jin explains he has been throwing the world into disarray in an effort to awaken the beast known as Azazel. Jin's goal in awakening such a monster is to fight it in a suicidal battle and both save the world from Azazel and free himself of the Devil Gene. Despite killing Azazel, Jin's Devil Gene still remains inside his body. Alternatively, Devil Jin also appears as a hidden boss in the scenario.

Jin appears in Tekken 7 as a sub-boss, replacing Heihachi if the right conditions are met. However, in the updated arcade version, and the console ports, he is no longer a sub-boss. In the Story Mode, a weak Jin loses control of his Devil Gene again and starts causing a rampage. While in his weakened state, Jin wanders in the Middle East where Hwoarang defeated his devil form for the first time while still unsatisfied that he was not fighting the real Jin he knew, and rescue him from the UN pursuers, allowing Lars to rescue Jin in time. Lars transports him to Violet System, owned by his adoptive paternal uncle Lee Chaolan, to rest and regain his strength. Recovering after learning of Heihachi's death, Jin joins forces with Lars to bring the world back to order and kill Kazuya. Playing as Devil Jin results in an encounter with Hwoarang, but the battle is interrupted by multiple enemies.

In Tekken 8, Jin is first seen on a motorcycle confronting Kazuya in an organized ambush alongside Lee and Lars. He challenges him to a battle, with both assuming their devil forms, but Jin is defeated by Kazuya, causing the mission to end in failure. After recovering, he loses the Devil's power but still participates in Kazuya's tournaments. During the qualifiers, he meets Reina, a student from the Mishima Polytechnic and a fellow competitor. On her request, he agrees to let her aid him in his fight against Kazuya. In the finals, Jin fights and defeats Leroy Smith. The tournament is interrupted in between when Kazuya who reveals that the tournament was created as set-up to absorbs Azazel and transforms into a true Devil. Jin and a few other fighters, including Xiaoyu, escape to Yakushima, returning home after 7 years. Believing he may be able to regain his powers at the point of his origin, he visits the Kazama Sanctum. After a prolonged battle, Jin finally accepts his Devil side and his past, regaining his powers, and fights Kazuya. In the middle of their battle, Jin awakens his Angel form, Angel Jin (エンジェル仁), after seeing visions of his mother. The two fight all the way to outer space and the resulting clash from both sides leads to the removal of their Genes and also erases Azazel's existences. Jin and Kazuya, now regular humans, continue their battle, with Jin finally managing to defeat his father in the end.

Other games
As well as his canonical appearances, Jin appears in Tekken Card Challenge and Tekken Tag Tournament. Beating Tag Tournament as Jin results in a sequence where he tries to kill Kazuya, but his body then starts shaking. In Tekken Tag Tournament 2, Jin can defeat an enemy identical to his mother, Jun Kazama, but mutates when she disappears. In Devil Jin's ending, the berserker demon tries to leave the planet but is stopped by Jun's spirit. He then appears on a beach where soldiers rescue him. A Link outfit from The Legend of Zelda was given to him for Tekken Tag Tournament 2's Wii U version. Additionally, in the "Fight Lab" section of the game, Lee kidnaps Jin, Kazuya and Heihachi for Combot's final test of the machine.

Other appearances by him include: Tekken Advance, Tekken R, Tekken Resolute, Tekken Bowl, Tekken Pachinko Slot 2nd, Tekken 3D: Prime Edition, Tekken Card Tournament, Tekken Revolution, Tekken Arena, CR Tekken, Tekken Pachinko Slot 3rd and Tekken Mobile. Devil Jin's form from Blood Vengeance also appears in Tekken Tag Tournament 2.

Jin is also featured in Namco × Capcom, where he joins forces with Ryu and Ken Masters from Street Fighter series and seeks to defeat Devil Kazuya who was his father through the Devil Gene. Street Fighter X Tekken features Jin as a playable character, with Ling Xiaoyu as his official tag partner. The duo seeks to find an item known as Pandora's Box with Jin wanting to use it as a way to get rid of his demon. They are also together in Project X Zone where they are targeted by Street Fighter character Seth. They along with Virtua Fighter series hero, Akira Yuki, work together to stop him. He returns in the sequel Project X Zone 2 with Kazuya as his partner.

He appears on a promotional poster for the Namco-produced crossover fighting game Tekken X Street Fighter, along with Street Fighter's Ryu (as well as their alter egos "Devil Jin" and "Evil Ryu"). Devil Jin's fighting style and costume parts, along with his human form's Tekken 6 karate, are available for use with custom characters in Soulcalibur V. Harada's image was used to promote Jin's moves. Although he does not appear, Jin is mentioned in the crossover fighting game PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale. Additionally, Jin's image appears as downloadable content in Namco's game Ace Combat: Assault Horizon. He appears in SNK's mobile phone game The King of Fighters All Star in his classic look and his Tekken 7 design. His persona is used as card artwork alongside Kyo Kusanagi, the protagonist of The King of Fighters. Jin is the protagonist of the Tekken side of the game where he enters Rugal Bernstein's The King of Fighters tournament to finish his rivalry with Kazuya. Jin appears as a Spirit in the Nintendo crossover video game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, with the ability to be upgraded into his Devil form. He also appears in Brawlhalla.

In other media and merchandise
Jin makes a brief appearance as a child in the epilogue of the anime film Tekken: The Motion Picture. His role in the series is also briefly shown in the manga Tekken Comic, and the novel Tekken: The Dark History of Mishima. He is also the protagonist of the manga Tekken: The Other Side of Battle, as well as the Western comics Tekken Forever and The Tekken Saga. Titan's Tekken comics focuses on Jin's battles against Heihachi to protect Ling Xiaoyu and combat his inner demon.

He also appears in the CGI-animated film Tekken: Blood Vengeance, an alternate retelling of events between Tekken 5 and Tekken 6. In the film, Jin once again seeks a man known as Shin Kamiya who is tied to the Devil Gene. However, Kamiya is killed by Heihachi who was using him to attract both Jin and Kazuya to take their genes. With help from Alisa Bosconovitch, Jin emerges as the winner and leaves hoping his high school friend Ling Xiaoyu defeats him in the next tournament, having considered himself a threat to the world.

In the 2009 live-action film Tekken, Jin is portrayed by Jon Foo. This version of Jin differs significantly. He was not raised by Heihachi, and his mother was killed during a crackdown on insurgents by the Tekken Corporation. He is still the illegitimate son of Kazuya. He enters the Iron Fist tournament to take revenge on Heihachi for his mother's death, but during the tournament, he learns that it was Kazuya who was responsible. He progresses through the tournament, falling in love with Christie Monteiro and forming alliances with Steve Fox, Raven, and Heihachi himself when Kazuya overthrows him. Eventually, Jin makes it to the final, and defeats his father in battle, yet refuses to kill him because of their blood relation.

Jin has been featured as an action figure in both his Tekken 3 and Tekken 4 appearances.

Jin reappears in the original net animation Tekken: Bloodline as the protagonist based on his appearances of the game Tekken 3.

Popularity
Video game publications have praised Jin's character, which has appeared in various magazines. In Gamest's 1997 issue of Heroes Collection, Jin was voted the 31st staff favorite. Game Informer's described him as one of the best fighting game character and compared him to Star Wars character Luke Skywalker. On IGN's "Franchise Players 2: Reader's Choice" list, Jin was one of the video game characters voted to be featured in a live-action film. The site commented on his role in the Tekken series, noting that he could be the "focal point" of any film; the site's staff, however, did not choose any because of the poor quality of films based on fighting games. In May 2012, Namco Bandai opened the Tekken Museum in Osaka, Japan, which houses a statue of Jin and Kazuya in a cross-counter.

Critical response
Jin has been described as one of the best Tekken characters due to his rivalry with family members Kazuya and Heihachi Mishima. The character's popularity in the Tekken series also earned him special recognition among fighting games in general; his relationships with other characters throughout the series were also popular. The character's physical look has been the subject of much praise as well as the variability of his clothing across the series. Upon the reveal of Tekken 8, Kotaku enjoyed the friendly interaction he has with Lars Alexandersson, comparing it to Ryu and Ken Masters' dynamic from Street Fighter series though his interaction with Xiaoyu was criticized for being too stoic. Although Jin appears in Tekken 3 as a replacement for the protagonist Kazuya Den of Geek found the execution worked to the point that Netflix's staff appeared to have chosen such narrative as the one to adapt in Bloodline.

Critics have focused on Jin's devil alter ego and his darker characterization. Complex enjoyed Jin's transition from a regular hero to anti-hero. The website 4thletter enjoyed Jin's dark characterization in his debut due to the shock of him becoming a devil in the ending of Tekken 3. Despite acknowledging that fighting games lack deep storylines, Comic Book Resources found Jin's characterization brings an air of tragedy as a result of his desire to end his own life to get rid of his chaotic form. However, Den of Geek's Jasper Gavin did not find Jin's role as the main antagonist in Tekken 6 appealing. He compared him negatively with both Kazuya and Heihachi, who he felt were more menacing villains. Gavin felt his relationship with other characters in Tekken as well as his inner conflict with the Devil Gene were appealing but was disappointed by how Jin's character declined across the story. Devil Jin's debut in Tekken 5 was well received for his differences with the regular Jin. The crossovers Tekken had with Street Fighter also further raised Devil Jin's popularity with regard to similarities with the characterization of Evil Ryu. With the eventual release of Tekken 8, PCGamer and Redbull praised the return of the Mishima feud between Jin and Kazuya in the story mode despite finding it more like an anime rather than realistic.

There were multiple reactions in response to Jin's special moves. His initial move-set was noted to be based on his relatives' techniques, with the change shown in Tekken 4 praised for him bringing his own take on karate. Others found such modifications entertaining as it meant learning new moves, but also criticized the change as it made practice by veteran players pointless. Capcom senior community manager Seth Killian had found the Tekken 4 version too powerful to the point of quitting the series with Comic Book Resources also claiming he was too ovepowered. Regarding Jin's Tekken 5 fighting style, GameSpy stated that players would now need to be patient playing as him, as he lost his overpowered moves. Because of the change to Jin's moves in Tekken 5, sites recommended players use Devil Jin's incarnation in the game, if they missed his original techniques.

Critics have also focused on Jin's appearances in other media. For the first Tekken live-action film, BeyondHollywood thought Jon Foo's appearance might appeal to viewers based on his similarities with Jin. The Fandom Post disliked the love interests presented to Jin as well as his fights in the Iron Fist Tournament. DVD Verdict criticized how Jin was lacking most of his important traits, most notably his Devil Gene and commented that his quest for revenge was not appealing because of his interactions with other supporting characters. DVD Talk agreed, stating that Tekken struggled "to create a fulfilling hero's journey for Jin as he greets a dead end on his path to revenge". Although Martial Arts and Action Movies criticized Foo's acting to the point of making Jin emotionless, his fight sequences were praised. Roobla also praised the fight sequences, most notably Jin's fight against Eddie Gordo.

For the CGI film, PALGN's Bev Chen enjoyed the new devil versions of Jin and Kazuya, comparing them to Go Nagai's series Devilman. Titan's comics of Tekken earned mixed responses because of how the conflict with Jin is handled. Jin's incarnation from Bloodline resulted in praise from the media for how the narrative offers multiple point of views of Jin's morals as he is trained by both his pacifist mother and his violent grandfather but the heavy focus on him over the supporting cast was criticized. His characterization was compared to with those of archetypical shōnen manga protagonists due to his personality and powers. Isshin Chiba's performance was also acclaimed by critics as his best one from video games.

Analysis
In Dianna Ferrand's Industry Armageddon: Can Heroines Save the Game Industry? published by Stanford University, Jin is recognized as one of the first gaming characters to have a realistic personality as the narrative of Tekken 3 involves his quest to take revenge on Jun. Ferrand believed that, as a result, players might find Jin appealing. Similarly, the book Japanese Culture Through Videogames addresses Jin as a complex fictional character, comparing him with Metal Gears Solid Snake and Final Fantasys Terra Branford and Cloud Strife due to his identity issues over his powers and relatives. This is primarily explored in Tekken 4, where Jin confronts his father Kazuya for the first time, while also dealing with the Devil Gene he inherited from him.

In 2017's Refracted Visions: Transmedia Storytelling in Japanese Game, Rachael Hutchinson, an associate professor of Japanese Studies at the University of Delaware, noted that the Devil Gene is well explored in the character's fighting style as Jin performs different techniques when taking on this look. As a result, she regarded his characterization as one of gaming's best translations from storytelling to gameplay. Moreover, players who play Jin Kazama are noted to be highly skilled as they have to practice his two personas. The character's design and moveset were often cited as one of the biggest reasons behind his popularity within Tekken even if they come across as unrealistic comparing him with two other icons: Solid Snake and Lara Croft.

title: Jin Kazama


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Government Open Code Collaborative

The U.S. Government Open Code Collaborative or Government Open Code Collaborative Repository was an initiative for best practice exchange among government agencies in the United States employing free software, open source, share alike and other methods of solving software-related problems in an open collaborative way.

Launched in 2004, it was meant to be "a voluntary collaboration between public sector entities and non-profit academic institutions created for the purpose of encouraging the sharing, at no cost, of computer code developed for and by government entities where the redistribution of this code is allowed". After two years of activity, no new content has been added to its website since April 2006.

The initiative has been criticized by open source advocates for its failure to embrace open source culture entirely by monitoring access to the code by means of a membership scheme.

title: Government Open Code Collaborative


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Canthus

The canthus (: canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. More specifically, the inner and outer canthi are, respectively, the medial and lateral ends/angles of the palpebral fissure.

The bicanthal plane is the transversal plane linking both canthi and defines the upper boundary of the midface.

Etymology
The word ' is the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek ('), meaning 'corner of the eye'.

Population distribution
The eyes of East Asian and some Southeast Asian people tend to have the inner canthus veiled by the epicanthus. In the Caucasian or double eyelid, the inner corner tends to be exposed completely.

Commissures

 * The lateral palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum lateralis; external canthus) is more acute than the medial, and the eyelids here lie in close contact with the bulb of the eye.
 * The medial palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum medialis; internal canthus) is prolonged for a short distance toward the nose, and the two eyelids are separated by a triangular space, the lacus lacrimalis.

Surgery

Canthoplasty refers to a plastic surgery of the medial and/or lateral canthus. This technique is common in cosmetic procedures, as well as procedures that address eyelid function or malposition.

A canthotomy involves cutting the canthus, often performed to release excessive orbital pressure (i.e., from orbital hemorrhage or infection).

The two canthi of each eye (medial and lateral, that is, inner and outer) are represented in cephalometric analysis by the endocanthion and exocanthion landmarks (single points representing the point of each commissural angle).

Pathology
Telecanthus, or dystopia canthorum, is a lateral displacement of the inner canthi of the eyes, giving an appearance of a widened nasal bridge. It is associated with Waardenburg syndrome, which is due to mutation in PAX gene.

title: Canthus


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User:FightABunny24531

About FightABunny24531

FightABunny24531 is a guy. Not a girl, but a guy I tell you! Okay. Bye

title: User:FightABunny24531


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Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles

The wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles (later King Charles III and Queen Camilla) took place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Guildhall, on 9 April 2005. The ceremony, conducted in the presence of the couple's families, was followed by a Church of England Service of Prayer and Dedication at St George's Chapel. The groom's parents, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, did not attend the civil wedding ceremony, but were present at the Service of Prayer and Dedication and held a reception for the couple in Windsor Castle afterwards.

The marriage formalised the relationship between Charles and Camilla, and she became known as "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall". The proceedings of the Service of Prayer and Dedication were covered by the BBC network. Notable figures in attendance included international political, religious and royal figures, as well as various celebrities. The wedding was described by the media as "A Fairy Tale for Grown-Ups."

Engagement and preparations
On 10 February 2005, it was announced that Camilla Parker Bowles and Charles, Prince of Wales, would marry on 8 April 2005, at Windsor Castle with a civil service followed by religious prayer. The Privy Council met on 2 March 2005 to give effect to the Queen's consent to the marriage, in conformance with the provisions of the Royal Marriages Act 1772. The government indicated that the marriage was not morganatic. After the engagement announcement, the couple were congratulated by Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, issued a statement which read: "These arrangements have my strong support and are consistent with Church of England guidelines concerning remarriage which the Prince of Wales fully accepts as a committed Anglican and as prospective Supreme Governor of the Church of England." Prime Minister Tony Blair, Leader of the Opposition Michael Howard, Leader of the Liberal Democrats Charles Kennedy, Leader of the House of Commons Peter Hain, and the Prime Ministers of the other Commonwealth realms added their congratulations.

The Duchess' engagement ring was a Windsor family heirloom that had belonged to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. It has a 1920s platinum setting and it is composed of a square-cut central diamond flanked by six diamond baguettes.

Civil ceremony
A civil ceremony was presumably chosen to avoid potential controversy caused by the future supreme governor of the Church of England marrying a divorcée in a religious ceremony, Camilla Parker Bowles having divorced her first husband in 1995. In fact, the marriage of a divorced person whose ex-spouse is still living has been possible in the Church of England, at the discretion of the member of clergy conducting the ceremony, since 2002.

When Anne, Princess Royal married Timothy Laurence after having divorced Mark Phillips, she did so in the Church of Scotland. The remarriage of divorcés is not controversial in the Church of Scotland, which does not view marriage as a sacrament, and the sovereign has no constitutional role in the governance of the Church. The Prince of Wales and his bride did not elect this course of action.

Questioning a royal civil wedding
Charles is the first member of the royal family to marry in a civil ceremony in England. Stephen Cretney, a Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford, questioned whether Charles and Camilla could marry in a civil ceremony, as the Royal Family was specifically excluded from the law which instituted civil marriages in England (Marriage Act 1836). On 14 February the BBC's Panorama uncovered documents of official legislative research advice dating from 1956 and 1964, which stated that it was not lawful for members of the royal family to marry in a civil ceremony in England and Wales, though it would be lawful in Scotland. These documents' statements were dismissed in a statement published by Clarence House on the advice of four unnamed legal experts. It took the view that the 1836 Act had been repealed by the Marriage Act 1949.

In the newspaper The Times on 22 February 2005, the lawyer David Pannick wrote: "It is difficult to understand how the happy couple can marry in a civil marriage ceremony, as they intend, without causing a right royal nullity ... Section 79(5) of the 1949 Act still prevents a civil ceremony."

The first lawyer to put his name to a contrary view was Lord Falconer of Thoroton, Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and Lord Chancellor, who made the following statement in the House of Lords on 24 February:

"The Government are satisfied that it is lawful for the Prince of Wales and Mrs Parker-Bowles, like anyone else, to marry by a civil ceremony in accordance with Part III of the Marriage Act 1949. Civil marriages were introduced in England, by the Marriage Act 1836. Section 45 said that the Act '... shall not extend to the marriage of any of the Royal Family'. But the provisions on civil marriage in the 1836 Act were repealed by the Marriage Act 1949. All remaining parts of the 1836 Act, including Section 45, were repealed by the Registration Service Act 1953. No part of the 1836 Act therefore remains on the statute book. ... We are aware that different views have been taken in the past; but we consider that these were overcautious, and we are clear that the interpretation I have set out in this Statement is correct. We also note that the Human Rights Act has since 2000 required legislation to be interpreted wherever possible in a way that is compatible with the right to marry (Article 12) and with the right to enjoy that right without discrimination (Article 14). This, in our view, puts the modern meaning of the 1949 Act beyond doubt."

This argument was rejected by the law professor Rebecca Probert. She noted that the 1949 Act nowhere refers to "ancient procedures" but to the preservation of existing "law". As the heading indicates, Section 79 is a "saving". The purpose of a "saving" is to make specific provision for the continuance of an old law which would otherwise be abrogated by a new law. The government raised the issue of the Human Rights Act, noting that under this the 1949 Act had to be interpreted wherever possible to uphold the right to marry without discrimination. The key words are "wherever possible" - the Human Rights Act specifically states that where a statute makes something illegal the only way to make it legal is to amend or repeal the statute. For example, were the Sovereign to deny a member permission to marry under the Royal Marriages Act, an application to the Court for a declaration that the marriage must be permitted to go ahead under human rights legislation would fail.

Eleven objections were received by the Cirencester and Chippenham register offices but were all rejected by the Registrar General (and National Statistician) Len Cook, who determined that a civil marriage would in fact be valid.

Change of the wedding venue and date
On 17 February, Clarence House announced the marriage's change of venue from Windsor Castle to the Windsor Guildhall, immediately outside the walls of the castle. This substitution came about when it was discovered that the legal requirements for licensing the royal castle for civil weddings would require opening it up to other prospective couples for at least three years. On 22 February, Buckingham Palace announced that the Queen would not attend the wedding ceremony, but would attend the church blessing and host the reception afterwards. The reason stated by the palace was the couple wanted to keep the occasion low key. On 4 April, it was announced that the wedding would be postponed 24 hours until 9 April, so that the Prince of Wales could attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II as the representative of the Queen. The postponement also allowed some of the dignitaries who were invited to the funeral to attend the wedding. In keeping with tradition, the Prince of Wales spent the night apart from his bride-to-be at Highgrove House, his country home in Gloucestershire, with his sons Princes William and Harry, while Camilla remained at Clarence House.

Wedding and Service of Prayer and Dedication
The wedding took place at the Windsor Guildhall at 12:30pm BST (11:30 UTC) on Saturday 9 April 2005. Crowds had gathered on the streets since dawn ahead of the service. The ceremony was attended by senior members of the royal family apart from the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh.

At the wedding, the couple's witnesses were Prince William and Tom Parker Bowles, sons of the groom and bride respectively. In keeping with tradition, the couple's wedding rings are crafted from 22 carat Welsh gold from the Clogau St David's mine in Bontddu. The tradition of using Clogau Gold within the wedding rings of the Royal Family dates back to 1923. The design of the wedding rings is by Wartski, a London jeweller that has held the Royal Warrant to the King (until 2022 as the Prince of Wales) since 1979. The King wears his on the small finger of his left hand.

The civil wedding was followed by a televised blessing, officially termed a Service of Prayer and Dedication by both the Prince of Wales's office and the press. in the afternoon at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. This was attended by 800 guests and all the senior members of the royal family, including the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, and led by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams. During this ceremony Charles and Camilla joined the congregation in reading "the strongest act of penitence from the 1662 Book of Common Prayer", widely quoted in press reports of the wedding:"We acknowledge and bewail our manifold sins and wickedness, Which we, from time to time, most grievously have committed, by thought, word and deed, Against thy Divine Majesty, Provoking most justly thy wrath and indignation against us."

The arrangements for the wedding and service were strongly supported by the Archbishop of Canterbury as "consistent with the Church of England guidelines concerning remarriage". The "strongly-worded" act of penitence recited by the couple was a confessional prayer written by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury to King Henry VIII. It was interpreted as a confession by both, of past sins, albeit without specific reference and going "some way towards acknowledging concerns" over their past misdemeanours.

For the wedding, the Duchess wore a cream-coloured dress and coat with a wide-brimmed cream-coloured hat. For the Service of Prayer and Dedication afterward, she wore a floor-length embroidered pale blue and gold coat over a matching chiffon dress and a dramatic spray of golden feathers in her hair. Both ensembles were by Antonia Robinson and Anna Valentine, London designers who worked under the name Robinson Valentine, now solely called Anna Valentine; both hats were made by the Irish milliner Philip Treacy. The Duchess's flower bouquet contained daffodils, jasmine, Lily of the Valley, pink and cream lilies, camellias, hydrangeas, and roses which came from the Prince of Wales Highgrove House gardens. Charles and all male members of the royal family wore morning dress. The wedding cake was made by Dawn Blunden of the Sophisticake cake shop in Woodhall Spa, Lincolnshire. In April 2005, a hotelier paid £215 in an internet auction for a slice of the cake.

Following the service of blessing, the couple greeted the people who had lined outside the chapel. The party then moved to Windsor Castle's State Apartments where the Queen hosted a reception for a number of guests. The couple later went to Birkhall on the Balmoral Estate for their honeymoon.

The official photographer of the wedding was Hugo Burnand.

Public and commercial interest
Manufacturers of pottery and other commemorative items faced a late rush to change the dates on their products after the delayed wedding date became known. However, sales of those with the incorrect date soared when people began to think that they would become collectors' items. A cut-price replica of Camilla's diamond engagement ring went on sale at a British supermarket and immediately became the chain's fastest selling jewellery item. For the wedding day, the theme park Alton Towers changed the name of their rollercoaster "Rita: Queen of Speed" to "Camilla: Queen of Speed". Television commercials and signs around the park were all updated to reflect this change.

The BBC gained the rights to broadcast the event where there was live coverage of the Service of Prayer and Dedication from St George's Chapel. On BBC One, Dermot Murnaghan and Sophie Raworth presented the live coverage of the event and fashion advisors Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine contributed as the contemporary social commentators. The BBC had around thirty cameras at the event and shared footage with broadcasters throughout the world. BBC News 24 also had coverage during the day with Jane Hill and Simon McCoy reporting live from Windsor. The BBC reported an average audience of 7.3 million.

Many self-described fans of Diana, Princess of Wales opposed the wedding of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles, with some referring to the event as "Black Thursday" and writing to national newspapers to express their disapproval.

Wedding guest list
According to a list released by the office of Prince Charles:

Family of the Prince of Wales

 * The Prince of Wales' sons:
 * Prince William of Wales, the groom's son
 * Prince Harry of Wales, the groom's son
 * The Princess Royal and Rear Admiral Timothy Laurence, the groom's sister and brother-in-law
 * Peter Phillips, the groom's nephew
 * Zara Phillips, the groom's niece
 * The Duke of York, the groom's brother
 * Princess Beatrice of York, the groom's niece
 * Princess Eugenie of York, the groom's niece
 * The Earl and Countess of Wessex, the groom's brother and sister-in-law
 * The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon's family:
 * Viscount and Viscountess Linley, the groom's first cousin and his wife
 * Lady Sarah and Daniel Chatto, the groom's first cousin and her husband
 * Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy, the groom's first cousin, once removed

Family of Camilla Parker Bowles

 * Major Bruce Shand, the bride's father
 * Camilla Parker Bowles' children and their partners:
 * Tom Parker Bowles and Sara Buys, the bride's son and his fiancée
 * Laura Parker Bowles and Harry Lopes, the bride's daughter and her partner
 * Annabel and Simon Elliot, the bride's sister and her husband
 * Ben Elliot, the bride's nephew
 * Alice and Luke Irwin, the bride's niece and her husband
 * Katie Elliot, the bride's niece
 * Mark Shand, the bride's brother

Service of Prayer and Dedication guest list
According to official press package:

Members of the British Royal Family

 * The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, the groom's parents
 * The Prince of Wales' sons:
 * Prince William of Wales
 * Prince Henry of Wales
 * The Princess Royal and Rear Admiral Timothy Laurence, the groom's sister and brother-in-law
 * Peter Phillips, the groom's nephew
 * Zara Phillips, the groom's niece
 * The Duke of York, the groom's brother
 * Princess Beatrice of York, the groom's niece
 * Princess Eugenie of York, the groom's niece
 * The Earl and Countess of Wessex, the groom's brother and sister-in-law
 * The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon's family:
 * Viscount and Viscountess Linley, the groom's first cousin and his wife
 * Lady Sarah and Daniel Chatto, the groom's first cousin and her husband
 * The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, the groom's first cousin, once removed, and his wife
 * The Duke and Duchess of Kent, the groom's first cousin, once removed, and his wife
 * Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy, the groom's first cousin, once removed
 * James and Julia Ogilvy, the groom's second cousin and his wife
 * Prince and Princess Michael of Kent, the groom's first cousin, once removed, and his wife

Viceroys

 * The Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda and Lady Carlisle
 * The Governor-General of Australia and Mrs. Jeffery
 * The Governor-General of Barbados and Mrs. Husbands
 * The Governor-General of Canada and John Ralston Saul
 * The Queen's Representative in the Cook Islands and Lady Goodwin
 * The Governor-General of Grenada and Lady Williams
 * The Commonwealth Secretary-General and Clare de Lore
 * The Governor-General of New Zealand and Peter Cartwright
 * The Governor-General of Papua New Guinea and Lady Matane
 * The Governor-General of St. Kitts and Nevis

Members of reigning royal families

 * 🇧🇭 The King of Bahrain
 * 🇳🇱 Prince Constantijn and Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands (representing the Queen of the Netherlands)
 * 🇳🇴 The Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Norway (representing the King of Norway)
 * 🇸🇦 Prince Turki bin Faisal Al Saud and Princess Nouf of Saudi Arabia (representing the King of Saudi Arabia)
 * 🇸🇦 Prince Bandar bin Sultan of Saudi Arabia

Members of non-reigning royal families

 * King Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie of Greece
 * Princess Margareta and Prince Radu of Romania
 * Crown Prince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine of Yugoslavia

British politicians

 * The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Mrs. Blair
 * The Conservative Party Leader and Mrs. Howard
 * The Liberal Democrat Leader and Mrs. Kennedy
 * The First Minister of Scotland and Mrs. McConnell
 * The First Minister for Wales and Mrs. Morgan
 * The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland

Religious representatives

 * The Archbishop of Canterbury and Dr Williams
 * The Lord and Lady Carey of Clifton
 * The Dean of Windsor and wife
 * Canon Doctor Hueston Finlay and wife
 * Canon Laurence Gunner and wife
 * Canon John Ovenden and Christine Ovenden
 * Rev Canon John White

Other notable guests

 * Andrew Parker Bowles, and Rosemary Parker Bowles, the bride's first husband and his second wife
 * Lord and Lady Romsey, the groom's second cousin and his wife
 * Stephen Fry, broadcaster
 * Christopher Warren-Green, conductor
 * David Frost, broadcaster
 * Edward Fox, actor and Joanna David
 * Gordon Hunt, musician
 * Jilly Cooper, novelist
 * Joan Rivers, comic
 * Joanna Lumley, actress and ambassador for Prince's Trust
 * Jonathan Dimbleby, British presenter
 * Martina Milburn, chief executive of the Prince's Trust
 * Lord Bragg, broadcaster and author
 * Nicholas Soames, shadow defence secretary
 * Paddy Campbell, fashion designer
 * Philip Treacy, milliner
 * Prunella Scales, actress
 * Richard E. Grant, actor
 * Robert Harris, author
 * Ronald Harwood, playwright
 * Sanjeev Bhaskar, actor and comedian
 * Simon Sebag Montefiore, biographer, novelist and journalist
 * Sir Stephen Lamport, former private secretary to the prince
 * Timothy West, actor
 * Trudie Styler, actor and producer
 * Valentino Garavani, fashion designer
 * William Shawcross, writer and broadcaster
 * William Rees-Mogg, former editor of The Times
 * Staff from Clarence House, Highgrove House, Birkhall and Sandringham


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Philip Ahn

Philip Ahn (born Pillip Ahn (안필립), March 29, 1905 – February 28, 1978) was an American actor and activist of Korean descent. With over 180 film and television credits between 1935 and 1978, he was one of the most recognizable and prolific Asian-American character actors of his time. He is widely regarded as the first Korean American film actor in Hollywood. He is not to be confused with Philson Ahn, another screen actor who broke into films in the late 1930s; Philson was Philip's younger brother.

The son of Korean independence activist Ahn Changho, Philip Ahn was a longtime advocate for his father's legacy and the Korean-American community, helping to establish memorials to his father in his native Seoul and later arranging for his remains to be buried there.

Early life and education

Ahn was born in the Highland Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, on March 29, 1905. His given name Philip was an Anglicized version of the Korean name Pil Lip (필립). His parents, Ahn Changho (도산 안창호) and Yi Hyeryon (이혜련), were both Korean emigrants who had moved to the United States in 1902, making him the first American citizen born to two Korean parents in the United States. His father Dosan was a well-known educator and an activist for Korean independence while Korea was under Japanese rule; he moved to the U.S. to seek better educational opportunities. He became an informal ambassador to the Korean-American immigrant community in California and became one of its first leaders, founding the Mutual Assistance Society (Kongrip Hyophoe/공립협회), the first Korean political organization in America.

When he was in high school, Ahn visited the set of the film The Thief of Bagdad where he met Douglas Fairbanks. Fairbanks offered him a screen test, followed by a part in the movie. However, his mother told him, "No son of mine is going to get mixed up with those awful people."

Ahn graduated from high school in 1923 and went to work in the rice fields around Colusa, California. The land was owned by the Hung Sa Dan, or Young Korean Academy, a Korean independence movement that trained Koreans to become leaders of their country once it was free from Japanese rule. Since Koreans could not own land in California, the Academy put the property in Ahn's name. Unfortunately, the rice crops failed because of heavy rains, and Ahn found himself deeply in debt. He went to work as an elevator operator in Los Angeles to pay back the debt and help support his family.

It was not until 1934 that he could afford to attend the University of Southern California. His father told him if he really wanted to be an actor, he had to be the best actor he could and convinced him to take acting and cinematography courses. While still a student, he appeared in a stage production of Merrily We Roll Along, which toured the western United States.

Ahn served as president of the USC Cosmopolitan Club, was chairman of the All University Committee on International Relations and was assistant to the dean of male students as advisor for foreign student affairs. He organized visits by foreign dignitaries, including Princess Der Ling of China, Indian journalist Chaman Lal and archeologist-explorer Robert B. Stacey-Judd. After completing his second year, however, Ahn dropped out to act full-time.

Career
Ahn's first film was A Scream in the Night in 1935. He appeared in the Bing Crosby film Anything Goes, though the director Lewis Milestone had initially rejected him because his English was too good for the part. His first credited roles came in 1936 in The General Died at Dawn and Stowaway, opposite Shirley Temple. He starred opposite Anna May Wong in Daughter of Shanghai (1937) and King of Chinatown (1939), becoming the first self-represented on-screen Asian American romantic couple of sound-era Hollywood cinema.

During World War II, Ahn often played Japanese villains in war films. Mistakenly thought to be Japanese, he received several death threats. He was frequently cast in these roles opposite Chinese-American actor Richard Loo. He enlisted in the United States Army and served in the Special Services as an entertainer. He was discharged early because of an injured ankle and returned to making films.

Ahn's role as a conflicted Ilbongye Hangugin (Korean of Japanese descent) doctor in the 1945 Pearl Buck adaptation China Sky is notable as one of the first depictions of a Korean character in a major Hollywood film.

Ahn appeared in Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing, Around the World in Eighty Days, Thoroughly Modern Millie and Paradise, Hawaiian Style, with Elvis Presley. He played Korean characters in Korean War movies such as Battle Circus (1953) and Battle Hymn (1956).

After traveling to South Korea in the 1950s, Ahn considered emigrating there and acting in Korean films, but decided against it due to his unusual idiolect. Having learned Korean mostly from his mother, who was from the Northern part of the peninsula and had left Korea in the early 1900s, Ahn and his siblings spoke with a prominent North Korean accent and antiquated diction and grammar.

Television roles
In 1952, Ahn made his television debut on the Schlitz Playhouse, a series he would make three additional appearances on. Ahn would also be cast in four episodes of ABC's Adventures in Paradise, four episodes of the ABC/Warner Brothers crime drama Hawaiian Eye, and the CBS crime drama Hawaii Five-O. He made three appearances each on Crossroads, Bonanza, and M*A*S*H. He would also appear in two television movies.

Ahn's most notable television role was as "Master Kan" on the television series Kung Fu (1972). A Presbyterian, Ahn felt that the Taoist homilies his character quoted did not contradict his own religious faith.

Restaurant business
In 1954, Ahn opened a Chinese restaurant with his sister Soorah. Phil Ahn's Moongate Restaurant was one of the first Chinese restaurants in Panorama City, in the San Fernando Valley, and lasted for more than thirty years, before closing in 1990.

Personal life
Ahn was actively involved in the Korean community of Los Angeles. He worked to make Los Angeles a sister city of Busan, South Korea. He also helped to bring the Korean Bell of Friendship to San Pedro, California, which went on to appear in many films. He served for twenty years as honorary mayor of Panorama City, California. He lived at a house that was later lived in by Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love.

He worked to have his father and mother buried together in Seoul. His father had been buried far from the city because the Japanese hoped to downplay his independence work. His mother had died in California. They had not seen each other from the time Dosan returned to Korea in 1926, before the birth of his youngest son. Ahn worked with the South Korean government to establish a park to honor his father and was able to have his parents buried there.

Ahn's younger brother Philson had a minor acting career, and was best known as "Prince Tallen" in the twelve-episode serial Buck Rogers. His sister Susan was the first female gunnery officer in the United States Navy, eventually rising to the rank of Lieutenant and working for both Naval Intelligence and the fledgling National Security Agency.

In 1968, Ahn made a USO tour of South Vietnam, visiting both American and South Korean troops in the Vietnam War.

Death
Ahn died on February 28, 1978, due to complications from surgery. He is buried in the Courts of Remembrance, Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles.

Legacy
Ahn remains a seminal figure in Asian-American and Korean-American representation in Hollywood. In the 1940s and 1950s, Korea was a relatively obscure region to most Americans, recognized politically as a colony of Japan and little else. Not only was Ahn one of the first Korean-American actors to work in the American film industry, but he was also one of the first actors to portray Korean characters in American films.

Hye Seung Chung, an associate professor of film and media studies at Colorado State University, writes of Ahn that he “remains a true pioneer, one of the few performers of Asian descent to survive the racist casting politics of studio-era filmmaking and make a transition to the Television Age. Although Ahn played Korean characters in only a handful of Korean War films and television episodes, he was an important figure in Korean American history.”

Tributes
In 1984, Ahn was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion pictures star for his contributions to the film industry. His star is located at 6211 Hollywood Boulevard. He was the first Korean American film actor to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Filmography

 * Desirable (1934) as Chinese waiter (uncredited)
 * Shanghai (1935) as Servant (uncredited)
 * A Scream in the Night (1935) as Wu Ting (as Philip Ann)
 * Anything Goes (1936) as Ling (uncredited)
 * Klondike Annie (1936) as Wing (uncredited)
 * The General Died at Dawn (1936) as Oxford
 * Stowaway (1936) as Sun Lo, Barbara's friend in Sanchow
 * Counterfeit Lady (1936) as Maine (uncredited)
 * The Good Earth (1937) as Captain in revolutionary army (uncredited)
 * China Passage (1937) as Dr. Fang Tu (as Phillip Ahn)
 * I Promise to Pay (1937) as Taka (uncredited)
 * Roaring Timber (1937) as Crooner
 * Think Fast, Mr. Moto (1937) as Switchboard operator (uncredited)
 * Something to Sing About (1937) as Ito, Terry's man-servant
 * Tex Rides with the Boy Scouts (1937) as Sing Fung, laundry man
 * Daughter of Shanghai (1937) as Kim Lee
 * Thank You, Mr. Moto (1937) as Prince Chung
 * Hawaii Calls (1938) as Julius
 * Red Barry (1938) as Hong Kong Cholly
 * Charlie Chan in Honolulu (1938) as Wing Foo
 * North of Shanghai (1939) as Chinese doctor
 * King of Chinatown (1939) as Robert 'Bob' Li
 * Panama Patrol (1939) as Suri
 * Island of Lost Men (1939) as Sam Ring (uncredited)
 * Disputed Passage (1939) as Dr. Fung
 * Barricade (1939) as Col. Wai Kang
 * The Shadow (1940, serial) as Wu Yung (uncredited)
 * Drums of Fu Manchu (1940, serial) as Dr. Chang (Chapter 4 The Pendulum of Doom) (uncredited)
 * They Met in Bombay (1941) as Japanese officer (uncredited)
 * Passage from Hong Kong (1941) as Steamship official (uncredited)
 * A Yank on the Burma Road (1942) as Dr. Franklin Ling (as Phillip Ahn)
 * Ship Ahoy (1942) as Koro Sumo (uncredited)
 * The Tuttles of Tahiti (1942) as Emily's servant (uncredited)
 * Let's Get Tough! (1942) as Joe Matsui (as Phil Ahn)
 * Submarine Raider (1942) as 1st officer Kawakami
 * Across the Pacific (1942) as Informer inside theatre (uncredited)
 * China Girl (1942) as Dr. Kai Young
 * The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (1943, Serial) as Wu Tan
 * The Amazing Mrs. Holliday (1943) as Major Ching (uncredited)
 * They Got Me Covered (1943) as Nichimuro
 * Don Winslow of the Coast Guard (1943) as Hirota
 * China (1943) as Lin Cho, First Brother
 * Behind the Rising Sun (1943) as Japanese officer murdering Takahashi (uncredited)
 * The Man from Down Under (1943) as English speaking Japanese aviator (uncredited)
 * Around the World (1943) as Foo (uncredited)
 * December 7 (1943) as Shinto priest (uncredited)
 * The Purple Heart (1944) as Saburo Goto (uncredited)
 * The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) as Ping
 * Dragon Seed (1944) as Leader of city people (uncredited)
 * The Keys of the Kingdom (1944) as Mr. Pao, envoy for Mr. Chia
 * Forever Yours (1945) as Chinese Man (uncredited)
 * Betrayal from the East (1945) as Kato
 * God is My Co-Pilot (1945) Hong Kong radio announcer (uncredited)
 * China Sky (1945) as Dr. Kim
 * Blood on the Sun (1945) as Secret Police Captain Yomamoto (uncredited)
 * China's Little Devils (1945) as Farmer
 * Back to Bataan (1945) as Col. Coroki
 * They Were Expendable (1945) as Army orderly (uncredited)
 * Singapore (1947) as Jimmy – bartender (uncredited)
 * The Chinese Ring (1947) as Captain Kong
 * Intrigue (1947) as Louie Chin (as Phillip Ahn)
 * Women in the Night (1948) as Prof. Kunioshi (as Phillip Ahn)
 * The Miracle of the Bells (1948) as Ming Gow
 * Saigon (1948) as Boss merchant (uncredited)
 * The Cobra Strikes (1948) as Kasim – houseboy
 * The Creeper (1948) as Ah Wong – restaurant owner
 * Rogues' Regiment (1948) as Tran Duy Gian
 * State Department: File 649 (1949) as Col. Aram
 * Boston Blackie's Chinese Venture (1949) as Wong Chung Shee
 * Impact (1949) as Ah Sing
 * The Sickle or the Cross (1949) as Chinese official
 * The Gal Who Took the West (1949) as Party guest (uncredited)
 * The Big Hangover (1950) as Dr. Lee
 * The Glass Menagerie (1950) as Sailor (uncredited)
 * Halls of Montezuma (1950) as Nomura (alias of Maj. Kenji Matsuoda)
 * I Was an American Spy (1950) as Capt. Arito
 * China Corsair (1951) as Wong San
 * Secrets of Monte Carlo (1951) as Wong
 * Japanese War Bride (1952) as Eitaro Shimizu
 * Macao (1952) as Itzumi
 * Red Snow (film) (1952) as Tuglu – the spy (as Phillip Ahn)
 * Battle Zone (1952) as South Korean guerilla leader
 * Target Hong Kong (1953) as Sin How
 * Battle Circus (1953) as Korean prisoner with hand grenade
 * Fair Wind to Java (1953) as Gusti
 * China Venture (1953) as Adm. Amara
 * His Majesty O'Keefe (1954) as Sien Tang, dentist and O'Keefe's partner
 * Hell's Half Acre (1954) as Roger Kong
 * The Shanghai Story (1954) as Major Ling Wu
 * Jump Into Hell (1955) as Chinese POW lieutenant (uncredited)
 * Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing (1955) as Third uncle
 * The Left Hand of God (1955) as Jan Teng
 * Around the World in Eighty Days (1956) as Hong Kong citizen (uncredited)
 * Battle Hymn (1957) as Old man, Lun-Wa
 * The Way to the Gold (1957) as Mr. Ding, café owner
 * Hong Kong Confidential (1958) as Tan Chung
 * Yesterday's Enemy (1959) as Yamazaki
 * Never So Few (1959) as Nautaung, leader of the Kachin
 * The Great Imposter (1961) as Capt. Hun Kim
 * One Eyed Jacks (1961) as Uncle
 * Confessions of an Opium Eater (1962) as Ching Foon
 * A Girl Named Tamiko (1962) as Akiba
 * Diamond Head (1963) as Mr. Immacona
 * Shock Corridor (1963) as Dr. Fong
 * Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966) as Moki Kaimana
 * Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967) as Tea, Muzzy's head butler
 * The Karate Killers (1967) as Sazami Kyushu (archive footage)
 * The World's Greatest Athlete (1973) as Old Chinaman
 * Voodoo Heartbeat (1973) as Mao Tse Tung
 * Jonathan Livingston Seagull (1973) as Chang (voice)

Television

 * Schlitz Playhouse 4 episodes (Souvenir from Singapore) (1952) (Murder in Paradise) (1955) (Dealer's Choice) (1956) (East of the Moon) (1958)
 * Fireside Theatre 1 episode (The Traitor) (1953)
 * Captain Midnight 1 episode (Sutoc in The Arctic Avalanche) (1955)
 * TV Reader's Digest 2 episodes (Mr. Pak – interpreter in Mr. Pak Takes Over) (1955) (Wang Tsu in The Brainwashing of John Hayes) (1955)
 * Crossroads 3 episodes (Major in The Good Thief) (1955) (Lung Chan in Chinese Checkers) (1955) (Ah Hiu in Calvary in China) (1956)
 * Four Star Playhouse 2 episodes (Chang in Stuffed Shirt) (1955) (Capt. Shu Gat in Wall of Bamboo) (1956)
 * Jungle Jim 1 episode (Karja in Power of Darkness) (1956)
 * Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok 1 episode (Ho San in Jingles Wins a Friend) (1956)
 * Hey, Jeannie! 1 episode (Wong in The Proprietor) (1956)
 * Navy Log 2 episodes (General Chen in Operation Typewriter) (1956) (Korean soldier in The Commander and the Kid) (1957)
 * The New Adventures of Charlie Chan 1 episode (Mr. Kim in The Secret of the Sea) (1957)
 * The Alcoa Hour 1 episode (Major Pak in The Last Train to Pusan) (1957)
 * Telephone Time 1 episode (Patriarch in Pit-a-Pit) (1957)
 * Dragnet 1 episode (Gerald Quon in The Big Jade) (1958)
 * The Eve Arden Show 1 episode (Liza Meets Young Korea) (1958)
 * The Californians 1 episode (Choo in Death by Proxy) (1958)
 * Jefferson Drum 1 episode (Charles Wong in The Cheater) (1958)
 * Lawman 1 episode (Wong in The Intruders) (1958)
 * Have Gun, Will Travel 2 episodes (W. Chung in Hey Boy's Revenge) (1958) (Hoo Yee in The Hatchet Man) (1960)
 * The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin 1 episode (Hop Sing in The Ming Vase) (1959)
 * Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond 1 episode (Song in The Dead Part of the House) (1959)
 * Alcoa Theatre 1 episode (Boo Soon in Day the Devil Hid) (1959)
 * General Electric Theatre 1 episode (Rahm Sing in The House of Truth) (1959)
 * Adventures in Paradise 4 episodes (Ling in The Bamboo Curtain) (1959) (Ling Wan in One Little Pearl) (1960) (Reverend Yen in Command at Sea) (1961) (Mr. Chee in Build My Gallows Low) (1962)
 * The Islanders 1 episode (Governor Galli in The Generous Politician) (1960)
 * The Gale Storm Show 1 episode (Lee Sing in Made in Hong Kong) (1960)
 * Tightrope (TV series) 1 episode (Quon Lee in The Chinese Pendant) (1960)
 * The Rebel 1 episode (Quong Lee in Blind Marriage) (1960)
 * Wanted: Dead or Alive 1 episode (Tom Wing in Pay-Off at Pinto) (1960)
 * Richard Diamond, Private Detective 1 episode (East of Danger) (1960)
 * Checkmate 1 episode (Mr. Lu in Face in the Window) (1960)
 * The Brothers Brannagan 1 episode (Howard Mai in The Key of Jade) (1960)
 * Pete and Gladys 1 episode (Mr. Suki in No Man is Japan) (1960)
 * Mr. Garlund 2 episodes (Po Chang in The X-27 and To Double, Double Vamp) (1960)
 * Hawaiian Eye 4 episodes (Mr. Kwong in The Lady's Not for Traveling) (1960) (Mr. Sun in The Blue Goddess) (1960) (Li in The Manchu Formula) (1961) (Florist in The Broken Thread) (1962)
 * Bonanza 3 episodes (Mr. Lee Chang in The Fear Merchants) (1960) (Dr. Kam Lee in Day of the Dragon) (1961) (Wang Sai in A Pink Cloud Comes From Old Cathay) (1964)
 * Hong Kong 2 episodes (Feng in The Dragon Cup) (1960) (Hyung in Lady Godiva) (1961)
 * Alcoa Premiere 1 episode (Chinese major in The Fortress) (1961)
 * Follow the Sun 2 episodes (Dr. Kwai in Cry Fraud) (1961) (Han Lee in Ghost Story) (as Phillip Ahn) (1962)
 * The New Breed 1 episode (Joe Ohoshi in Echoes of Hate) (1962)
 * Mr. Smith Goes to Washington 1 episode (The Fork in the Road) (1962)
 * Perry Mason 1 episode (James Wong in The Case of the Weary Watchdog) (1962)
 * Ensign O'Toole 1 episode (Low Kong in Operation Intrigue) (1963)
 * The Third Man 1 episode (Easy One Seng in A Calculated Risk) (1963)
 * Stoney Burke 1 episode (Zen Master in The Weapons Man) (as Phillip Ahn) (1963)
 * Make Room for Daddy 1 episode (Wong Chow, the launderer in Sense of Humor) (1964)
 * The Rogues 1 episode (Magician in Our Men in Marawat) (1965)
 * I Spy 2 episodes (Charlie Huan in Carry Me Back to Old Tsing-Tao) (1965) (Tu Po in An American Empress) (1967)
 * The Wild Wild West 1 episode (Quong Chu in The Night the Dragon Screamed) (1966)
 * The F.B.I. 2 episodes (Police Chief Henry Nakamura in The Hiding Place) (1966) (Mr. Kwong in Dark Journey) (1972)
 * The Man from U.N.C.L.E 2 episodes (High Lama of Ghupat in The Abominable Snowman Affair) (1966) (Dr. Sazami Kyushu in The Five Daughters Affair: Part II) (1967)
 * The Time Tunnel 1 episode (Dr. Nakamura in Kill Two By Two) (1967)
 * Laredo 1 episode (Capt. Wong Lee in The Bitter Yen of General Ti) (1967)
 * The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. 1 episode (Wu in The Fountain of Youth Affair) (1967)
 * Hawaii Five-O 4 episodes (Attorney General in Pilot) (1968) (Attorney General in Cocoon: Part I) (1969) (Quon Li in Sweet Terror) (1969) (Lin Mai-Lu in Journey Out of Limbo) (1972)
 * The Big Valley 1 episode (Chen Yu in The Emperor of Rice) (1968)
 * My Three Sons 1 episode (Uncle George Wong in Honorable Guest) (1968)
 * Mannix 1 episode (Mr. Rhee in Shadow of a Man) (1969)
 * Mission: Impossible 1 episode (Dr. Liu in Doomsday) (1969)
 * It Takes a Thief 1 episode (Owner in Mad in Japan) (1969)
 * Ironside 1 episode (Nam Feng in Love My Enemy) (1969)
 * The Streets of San Francisco 1 episode (Mr. Wu in The Year of the Locusts) (1972)
 * Love, American Style 1 episode (Chow Lee in segment Love and the Golden Worm) (1974)
 * The Magician 1 episode (Chao Liu in The Illusion of the Lost Dragon) (1974)
 * Judgment: The Court Martial of the Tiger of Malaya – General Yamashita (TV movie) (1974)
 * Kung Fu 39 episodes (Master Kan) (1972–1975)
 * The Killer Who Wouldn't Die (TV movie) Soong (as Phillip Ahn) (1976)
 * M*A*S*H 3 episodes (The father in Hawkeye) (1976) (Korean grandfather in Exorcism) (1976) (Mr. Kim in Change Day) (as Phillip Ahn) (1977)
 * Sanford and Son 1 episode (Chinese man in The Defiant One) (1977)
 * Wonder Woman 1 episode (Colonel Minh in The Man Who Made Volcanoes) (1977)
 * Police Woman 2 episodes (Quon in Deadline: Death) (1977) (Mr. Won in The Human Rights of Tiki Kim) (1978)
 * Switch 1 episode (Charlie Kuang in The Tong) (1978)

title: Philip Ahn


text:
Kings House Hotel

The Kings House Hotel is a remote inn at the eastern end of Glen Coe in the Scottish Highlands. The inn, which is in an isolated position about 2 km east of Glen Etive, stands on the edge of Rannoch Moor. It faces Buachaille Etive Mor which makes it a popular hostelry with rock climbers. In 2019 the hotel was reopened after a substantial modern redevelopment which involved the demolition of a large 1960s extension. Only the original 18th-century coaching inn was retained and incorporated into the new building.

The inn is called the King's House because it was used as a barracks by the troops of the Duke of Cumberland during the subjugation of the Highlands by the British Army following the Jacobite Rising of 1745.

Early years
The original Kings House, said to be one of Scotland's oldest licensed inns, was built in the 18th century. It was sited at the head of Glen Coe for travellers crossing Rannoch Moor. The strategic military road crossed the River Etive at this point by the inn. The military route, built by the British army in the aftermath of the 1745 Jacobite rising, then headed towards Glen Coe before ascending the Devil's Staircase to Kinlochleven. Parts of the former military route are now used as the West Highland Way.

By the late 18th century, travellers came from Ballachulish to Loch Lomond via Tyndrum. In 1803, the inn was visited by Dorothy Wordsworth, the sister of Romantic poet William Wordsworth, who wrote disparagingly: Never did I see such a miserable, such wretched place, – long rooms with ranges of beds, no other furniture except benches, or perhaps one or two crazy chairs, the floors far dirtier than an ordinary house could be if it were never washed. With length of time the fire was kindled and after another hour of waiting, supper came, a shoulder of mutton so hard that it was impossible to chew the little flesh that might have been scraped off the bones. However, 100 years later standards had improved dramatically, as Dundee MP Alexander Wilkie recorded a pleasant stay: Arriving at Kings House Inn I have a hearty welcome. Tea, my clothes and shoes dried. Next morning after a walk round I go in for breakfast. What shall I have? – grapefruit? What! can I have grapefruit in Kings House; of course I can; and so I have grapefruit, and porridge and cream, and fish, and everything just like a west end city hotel. I tell you I am well looked after and at a charge so moderate that I am almost ashamed of my appetite.

In 1910, the first visitors with motor vehicles began to come to Glen Coe when the stone-shod road was upgraded with tarmac.

Later use
In 1959, the Kings House Hotel underwent its first 20th-century modernisation. The work was done so sensitively that the architect, John Thompson ARIBA of Weddell & Thompson, Glasgow, and unusually, also the builders (at the behest of the architect), Thos. Findlay and Sons Ltd of Mauchline, Ayrshire, both received Civic Trust Awards.

The inn continues to offer food and drink. Before its recent refurbishment it had 22 bedrooms with facilities for fishermen, walkers and climbers. In winter, the hotel also caters to skiers from the "White Corries" ski resort just across the road on the mountain of Meall a' Bhuiridh.

Camping on uncultivated ground is generally permitted in Scotland under the Scottish Outdoor Access Code, so it is common for people (especially hikers walking the West Highland Way) to camp in the vicinity of Kings House because the area is open moorland. However, campers must pitch on the opposite side of the river to the inn.

Refurbishment and extension
The property was put up for sale in 2014, and was bought by the adjacent Black Corries Estate. A project team including hotelier Crieff Hydro prepared proposals, and in 2015 they announced a major refurbishment, including removing a 1960s extension and opening a hostel. A further planning application was made in 2017, and on 1 November the hotel closed for refurbishment. Demolition of the old extension began that month, and in January 2018 the new plans were approved despite objections from the John Muir Trust. The new King's House Hotel, refurbished with 57 bedrooms, reopened in February 2019.

title: Kings House Hotel


text: User talk:70.181.116.158

title: User talk:70.181.116.158


text:
Martin Evans

Sir Martin John Evans FLSW (born 1 January 1941) is an English biologist who, with Matthew Kaufman, was the first to culture mice embryonic stem cells and cultivate them in a laboratory in 1981. He is also known, along with Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies, for his work in the development of the knockout mouse and the related technology of gene targeting, a method of using embryonic stem cells to create specific gene modifications in mice. In 2007, the three shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of their discovery and contribution to the efforts to develop new treatments for illnesses in humans.

He won a major scholarship to Christ's College, Cambridge at a time when advances in genetics were occurring there and became interested in biology and biochemistry. He then went to University College London where he learned laboratory skills supervised by Elizabeth Deuchar. In 1978, he moved to the Department of Genetics, at the University of Cambridge, and in 1980 began his collaboration with Matthew Kaufman. They explored the method of using blastocysts for the isolation of embryonic stem cells. After Kaufman left, Evans continued his work, upgrading his laboratory skills to the newest technologies, isolated the embryonic stem cell of the early mouse embryo and established it in a cell culture. He genetically modified and implanted it into adult female mice with the intent of creating genetically modified offspring, work for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2007. In 2015, he was elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales. Today, genetically modified mice are considered vital for medical research.

Early life and education
Evans was born in Stroud, Gloucestershire, on 1 January 1941. His mother was a teacher. His father maintained a mechanical workshop and taught Evans to use tools and machines including a lathe. Evans was close to his grandfather who was a choir master at a Baptist Church for over 40 years, and whose main interests were music, poetry, and the Baptist Church. His mother's brother was a professor of astronomy at the University of Cambridge. As a boy Evans was quiet, shy and inquisitive. He liked science, and his parents encouraged his education. He remembers loving old science books and receiving an electric experimental set which he wanted for Christmas. He attributes to a chemistry set, from which he learned basic chemistry, for the development of one of his "greatest amateur passions". He went to middle school at St Dunstan's College, an independent school for boys in South East London, where he started chemistry and physics classes, and studied biology. He worked hard studying for the University of Cambridge entrance exams. At school he was one of the best pupils, although not at the top of the class.

Evans won a major scholarship to Christ's College, Cambridge, at a time when there were many advances in genetics being made. He studied zoology, botany and chemistry, but soon dropped zoology and added biochemistry, finding himself drawn to plant physiology and function. He went to seminars by Sydney Brenner and attended lectures by Jacques Monod. He graduated from Christ's College with a BA in 1963; although, he did not take his final examinations, because he was ill with glandular fever. He decided on a career examining genetic control of vertebrate development. He moved to University College London where he had a fortunate position as a research assistant, learning laboratory skills under Dr Elizabeth Deuchar. His goal at the time was "to isolate developmentally controlled m-RNA". He was awarded a PhD in 1969.

Career and research
He became a lecturer in the Anatomy and Embryology department at University College London, where he did research and taught PhD students and undergraduates. In 1978, he moved to the Department of Genetics, at the University of Cambridge, where his work in association with Matthew Kaufman began in 1980. They developed the idea of using blastocysts for the isolation of embryonic stem cells.

After Kaufman left to take up a professorship in Anatomy in Edinburgh, Evans continued his work, branching out eclectically, "drawn into a number of fascinating fields of biology and medicine." In October 1985, he visited the Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, for one month of practical work to learn the most recent laboratory techniques.

In the 1990s, he was a fellow at St Edmund's College, Cambridge. In 1999, he became Professor of Mammalian Genetics and Director of the School of Biosciences at Cardiff University, where he worked until he retired at the end of 2007. He became a Knight Bachelor in the 2004 New Year Honours in recognition of his work in stem cell research. He received the accolade from Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace on 25 June 2004. In 2007, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies for their work in discovering a method for introducing homologous recombination in mice employing embryonic stem cells. Evans was appointed president of Cardiff University and was inaugurated into that position on 23 November 2009. Subsequently, Evans became Chancellor of Cardiff University in 2012. He is an Honorary Fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.

Stem cell research
Evans and Kaufman isolated the embryonic stem cells from early embryos (embryoblasts) of mice and established them in cell cultures. These early embryonic cells have the potential to differentiate into any of the cells of the adult organism. They modified these stem cells genetically and placed them in the wombs of female mice so they would give birth to genetically modified offspring. In 1981, Evans and Kaufman published results for experiments in which they described how they isolated embryonic stem cells from mouse blastocysts and grew them in cell cultures. This was also achieved by Gail R. Martin, independently, in the same year. Eventually, Evans was able to isolate the embryonic stem cell of the early mouse embryo and establish it in a cell culture. He then genetically modified it and implanted it into adult female mice with the intent of creating genetically modified offspring, the forebears of the laboratory mice that are considered so vital to medical research today. The availability of these cultured stem cells eventually made possible the introduction of specific gene alterations into the germ line of mice and the creation of transgenic mice to use as experimental models for human illnesses.

Evans and his collaborators showed that they could introduce a new gene into cultured embryonic stem cells and then use such genetically transformed cells to make chimeric embryos. In some chimeric embryos, the genetically altered stem cells produced gametes, thus allowing transmission of the artificially induced mutation into future generations of mice. In this way, transgenic mice with induced mutations in the enzyme Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) were created. The HPRT mutations were produced by retroviral insertion; it was proposed that by taking advantage of genetic recombination between the normal HPRT gene and an artificial gene sequenced added to the cultured embryonic stem cells, "it may also eventually be possible to produce specific alterations in endogenous genes through homologous recombination with cloned copies modified in vitro". The production of transgenic mice using this proposed approach was accomplished in the laboratories of Oliver Smithies, and of Mario Capecchi.

Personal life
When Evans was a student in Cambridge he met his wife, Judith Clare Williams, at a lunch held by his aunt, wife of an astronomy professor. After they were engaged, their relationship did not go well and Judith went to live in Canada; however, a year later she returned to England and they married. In 1978, they moved from London to Cambridge with their young children, where they lived for more than 20 years before moving to Cardiff. They have one daughter and two sons. Their older son was a student at the University of Cambridge and their younger son was a boarder at Christ Church Cathedral School in Oxford and sang in Christ Church Cathedral choir. Martin's granddaughter has graduated from the University of Nottingham and is now a practicing medicine Yorkshire and Humber.

His wife Judith Clare Williams, granddaughter of Christopher Williams, was appointed MBE for her services to practice nursing in the 1993 New Year Honours. She was diagnosed with breast cancer at about the time the family moved to Cardiff. She works for breast cancer charities, and Martin Evans has become a trustee of Breakthrough Breast Cancer.

Awards and honours
Evans has won numerous awards including:

 * 1990 - Elected an EMBO Member
 * 1993 - Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
 * 1998 - Founder Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences.
 * 1999 - The USA charity March of Dimes awarded their annual prize in Developmental Biology for research into embryonic growth jointly to Professor Richard Gardner at the University of Oxford and Evans.
 * 2001 - Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, jointly with Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies.
 * 2002 - Honorary doctorate from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.
 * 2004 - Appointed Knight Bachelor in the 2004 New Year Honours "for services to medical science".
 * 2005 - Honorary doctorate from the University of Bath, England.
 * 2007 - Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, jointly with Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies.
 * 2008 - Honorary doctorate from University College London, England.
 * 2009 - Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine
 * 2009 - Copley Medal of the Royal Society
 * 2009 - Member of the Advisory Board of the Faraday Institute
 * 2009 - UCL Prize Lecture in Clinical Science
 * 2015 - Elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales

title: Martin Evans


text:
NUTS statistical regions of the Czech Republic

The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of the Czech Republic for statistical purposes. The standard is developed and regulated by the European Union. The NUTS standard is instrumental in delivering the European Union's Structural Funds. The NUTS code for the Czech Republic is CZ and a hierarchy of three levels is established by Eurostat. Below these is a further levels of geographic organisation - the local administrative unit (LAU). In the Czech Republic, the LAU 1 is districts and the LAU 2 is municipalities.

NUTS codes

In the 2003 version, the Vysočina Region was coded CZ061, and the South Moravian Region was coded CZ062.

Local administrative units
Below the NUTS levels, the two LAU (Local Administrative Units) levels are:

The LAU codes of the Czech Republic can be downloaded here: ''