text:
Talk:Johns Manville

Opening heading
This article has a lot of potential. The corporation was involved in a considerable number of events with regards to asbestos production.

what you said
Right... for this reason, I added the corp-stub template to it... I hope that's proper.

Remove external link to http://www.jm.com/corporate/266.htm
Removed ext lk to Johns Manville Contact Information that previously followed "Denver" in the opening sentence. Asode from a mailing address for CHQ in Denver, it adds nothing. --AndersW (talk) 03:34, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Hyphen in name no longer in use.
Search of Trademark site shows trademarks for hyphenated name are expired, unhyphenated name in use since 1997. http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=78943406 This is reflected in the text of the article, but not in the current title. Will Sandberg.

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 00:31, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Johns-Manville → Johns Manville – Seconding the note above, there is no hyphen used in the article nor at the company website, http://www.jm.com/, which states: "Johns Manville, a Berkshire Hathaway company, is a leading manufacturer and...", and which is copyrighted "2011 Johns Manville". -- Tenebrae (talk) 10:26, 24 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Tone of this page, splitting the page?
The tone of this article is a bit list-like and sparse. It might be a good thing to have someone re-write it to be more encyclopaedic, and maybe split off the asbestos-related issues into a separate page for the now-split off Manville bankruptcy trust?Gofigure41 23:26, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

I added the name of our new CEO - plus, a question
My name is Holly Leiker, and I am the Media Relations & Internal Communications Lead at Johns Manville. I have a quick question that I hope you can help me with. I updated the Johns Manville Wikipedia page with the name of JM's current CEO, and the change appears on that page. However, when you do a Google search for Johns Manville, a box appears on the right that gives a few facts about Johns Manville (and it attributes those facts to Wikipedia). I wanted to change two things in that box: one, I want to take the hyphen out of Johns Manville, since the hyphen is no longer part of the name; and two, I would like the name of the current CEO, Mary Rhinehart, to appear. (Right now it shows the name of Todd Raba, who left JM over a year ago.) Could you please let me know how those changes could be made? Or would that be something that Google would update?

In addition, within the near future, we would like to add some content about JM to the article, to better reflect the company's current operations. I would like to see if there are any objections to that.

Sincere thanks,

Holly Leiker72.37.249.188 (talk) 22:51, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Your Google question has been answered at Teahouse/Questions ([//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Teahouse/Questions&oldid=591631873#How_to_change_our_CEO.27s_name_on_our_Wikipedia_page permanent link)]. We do have objections to companies editing their own articles. See FAQ/Organizations. PrimeHunter (talk) 22:58, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Johns Manville


text:
Sneha Ullal

Sneha Ullal (born 18 December 1987) is an Indian actress who has appeared in Telugu and Hindi films. She is known for her roles in the Telugu films Ullasamga Utsahamga, Simha and the Hindi film Lucky: No Time for Love.

Early life
Sneha Ullal was born & bought up in Middle East in Muscat, Oman by a Tulu Devadiga father from Mangalore and a Sindhi mother. She studied at Indian School Wadi Kabir and Indian School, Salalah in Oman. Later, she moved to Mumbai with her mother and attended Durelo Convent High School and studied at Vartak College.

Career
Ullal made her movie debut in the 2005 Hindi movie Lucky: No Time for Love opposite Salman Khan. After the movie, she was noted for her striking similarities in appearance with Aishwarya Rai. She later said that although the comparison didn't help her as an actor, it gave her a lot of recognition. Ullal then appeared with Khan's brother Sohail Khan in Aryan, which did not do well at the box office.

Fearing that she was too young and needed to be more mature to work in movies, she took a break from Bollywood. She made her debut in Telugu movies with Ullasamga Utsahamga, which turned out to be a huge hit. Nenu Meeku Telusa? was her second Telugu release. It was followed by an appearance in the song Nuvvu ready in the Telugu movie King opposite Nagarjuna.

In 2007, she was to appear in Pirate's Blood by prolific horror filmmaker and character actor Steg Dorr. In interviews, Dorr would say "we canceled them because of a hurricane. We could not get it going on and the financing fell through." The role later went to Oman actress Maimoon Al-Balushi.

Later, she signed Kaashh... Mere Hote to show that she is still interested in Hindi films. Her next few films didn't do well at the box office, but her 2010 release Simha opposite Balakrishna turned out to be a blockbuster.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sneha Ullal


text:
Agnes (card game)

Agnes is a patience or solitaire card game that emerged in England about the same time as Klondike appeared in the US. The classic version has the unusual feature of packing in colour, a feature it shares with Whitehead. By contrast, the later American variant appears to have been influenced by Klondike with packing is in alternate colours. The classic game has been described as the best single-pack patience yet invented.

History
The earliest account is given by Dalton in The Strand Magazine in 1909, who described "The Agnes" as "by far the best and most interesting one-pack Patience which has yet been invented." He believed that its rules had not been published before, even by Miss Whitmore Jones, the most prolific patience writer of that time. For him a distinguishing feature was that cards were packed in the same colour, not alternating colours as is usual.

Despite Dalton's endorsement, the game does not appear regularly in the compendia until after the Second World War. However, during the 1930s and 1940s, a new variant appeared, possibly influenced by the rise of Klondike which it resembles much more closely than the original game. This introduced a reserve row of cards and packing was in the usual alternating colour sequence.

In 1979 David Parlett gave 'surnames' to the two main variants of Agnes to distinguish between them. Both variants continue to be published.

Classic rules or Agnes Sorel
These are Dalton's 1909 original rules, which are still followed. Parlett calls this variant Agnes Sorel, after the mistress of Charles VII of France, whose image is believed to be that of Rachel on traditional French pattern card packs. The game's distinguishing features are that the tableau is packed in colour and there is no reserve.

After shuffling, twenty-eight cards are dealt, face up, in seven rows and aligned left. The first row has seven cards, the second six cards and so on. The tableau thus forms a right-angled triangle. The twenty-ninth card is turned up and placed above the tableau as the first "master card" (foundation card). The remaining three master cards are those of the same rank as the first and are placed in a row to its right when they become available.

The aim is to build on the master cards in suit and ascending sequence, turning the corner with the Aces if necessary. The lowest card in each column is "exposed" i.e. available to be moved to a foundation pile or onto the bottom card of the same colour in another column and in descending sequence. Two or more cards may be moved from one column to another as a packet if they are of the same suit as well as the same colour. So the 8 can be moved onto the 9, but they cannot be moved on together. In addition, any exposed card can be moved into a vacancy in the tableau, but such spaces need not be occupied.

When no more moves are possible on the initial layout, seven more cards are dealt to the bottom of the seven columns, after which any further moves may be carried out. Once all desired moves have been made, another seven cards are dealt to the columns and so on until the pack is exhausted. After the third deal, there will be two cards left in hand which may be looked at before the third deal is played. When all moves have been made, they are dealt to the first two columns. Only one deal is permitted and if any cards remain in the tableau, the patience has failed.

Klondike-like variant or Agnes Bernauer
Morehead (1949) describes a new version of Agnes that has been influenced by the rules of Klondike. Parlett dubs this variant Agnes Bernauer after the wife and mistress of Duke Albert III of Bavaria, whose father was unhappy with their relationship, and had Agnes drowned in the Danube River.

The key differences from Agnes Sorel are that cards are packed in alternating colours on the tableau and a reserve of seven cards is dealt below the first seven rows.

In this version the tableau is dealt from left to right as before, but aligned right as in Klondike. The reserve is dealt below the tableau after laying the first base card. Tableau cards may be packed or built as before, and cards from the reserve may be packed onto the tableau or foundations. A tableau vacancy may only be filled by a card of the next lower rank as the base. In Morehead, packed sequences must be moved in entirety; Parlett mentions an alternative laxer rule, whereby a portion of a sequence may be moved if desired.

When no further moves are possible, seven more cards are dealt to the seven reserve depots, covering any existing reserve cards, which only become available again once the card or cards above have been played. After three deals, the last two cards are turned up and both are available. The game is won when all cards have made their way to the foundations.

Literature

 * Bonaventure, George A. (1961) Games of Solitaire. Duffield & Green.
 * Coops, Helen L. (1939). 100 Games of Solitaire.
 * Dalton, W. (1909). "My Favourite Patiences" in The Strand Magazine, Vol. 38.
 * Morehead, Albert H. & Mott-Smith, Geoffrey. (1949). The Complete Book of Solitaire and Patience Games. NY: Longmans.
 * Morehead, Albert H. & Mott-Smith, Geoffrey. (2001) The Complete Book of Solitaire & Patience Games. Slough, Berkshire: Foulsham.
 * Moyse, Alphonse (1950). 150 Ways to Play Solitaire.
 * Parlett, David. (1979) The Penguin Book of Patience. London: Penguin.

title: Agnes (card game)


text:
Miz (singer)

Mizuki Watanabe (渡辺みづき), better known simply as Miz, is a Japanese pop/rock singer. Though most of her music is released in Japan, she does her work primarily from Gotland in Sweden, mainly doing promotional videos, photo shoots and recording there. She originally debuted in 1999 under Universal Music Japan using her real name, Watanabe Mizuki, releasing two singles. In 2003, she began working with the Swedish producer Tord Backstrom and debuted under Victor Entertainment with the pseudonym Miz in 2004. That same year, she released an English album in Sweden, with the lead single "Waiting" reaching #8 on the Hitlistan Swedish singles chart. In 2007, Watanabe returned to Universal Music Japan, changed her stage name to Mizrock, and released her first mini-album Good bye, yesterday and three singles. However, in 2009 she announced on her official blog that she had changed her stage name back to Miz. Her biggest hits in Japan are "New Day" and "In The Sky", the theme song for the Square Enix role-playing video game Grandia III.

Biography
At a very young age, Miz expressed a great interest and talent in music. She always wanted to become one of the singers on the radio, but living in such a rural area as Hokkaidō, there were very few opportunities for her. One of Miz's biggest hobbies during her high school years was going to a local beauty salon. And since she was a regular customer, she became very good friends with the salon manager. At this time there was held a talent competition, with advertising posters put up in over 20,000 beauty salons all over Japan. The salon owner suggested that Miz enter the contest, which she won from hundreds of other competitors. Mizrock entered the nationwide beauty contest "'99 Princess Audition", and was the winner out of the 3,200 entrants.

After graduating from high school, she moved to Tokyo. Soon afterward, she was signed under Universal Victor and, under her real name, released I WILL(TX TV show Renai Slot Kuru Kuru V's ending theme song), her first single. Five months later, she released a second single called "Ambition"(PlayStation game Kouklo Theatro's theme song). Neither single charted in the top 100 singles and she was not asked to release anything else after that. Both singles are now out of print in most Japanese CD stores. Mizrock wrote the lyrics to all four of the songs on these singles.

In August 2001, a song of hers, "Aoi Kioku", was used as the image song in the PC game Hello, world appearing in October the following year, when it was released on the soundtrack for the game. After the release of Ambition, her career stalled. She kept taking singing lessons at a studio, and eventually made a demo tape with the help of a writer. She was introduced to a producer named Tord Bäckström, who was looking for someone to perform a song written by a Swedish writer. In 2003, she travelled to Sweden and her first single, "Waiting", entered the charts at #8. Five months later, Miz released her second single, "New Day". The single entered the charts at #20, and is currently her biggest single. Her album, Story Untold, was released on September 22, 2004, and contains ten all-English songs.

By that time, she had also released some other music. Her Japanese comeback single, "New Day", came out in 2004, entering the Oricon charts at #20. Five months later, her second single, "Waiting for", was released. Later in the month in Japan, Miz's first album Say It's Forever was released, reaching #20 in Japan, spending two weeks at #1 in Taiwan. Half of the album used Miz's own lyrics. To promote her first Japanese album, Miz was invited to a Channel V-hosted concert in Taiwan along with other local and foreign artists, where she performed three songs, "New Day"", Waiting for" and "Say It's Forever". She also attended an AIUEO show to gain more publicity in her short visit. (The host was apparently her friend before she made her first major recording in Japan.) She became one of the most popular Japanese artists in Taiwan that year. In November, Miz released a separate, English language album in Sweden called Story Untold, but it failed to get into the top 60. A special version was released with the entire Say It's Forever album on a bonus disc. In 2005, Miz released her third album, DREAMS, in Japan. The album included the bulk of Miz's Swedish release album, though with a few omissions and some new songs. In August, Miz released two items: a photobook called "An Ordinary Day" about Miz in Sweden and the "In The Sky" single (the game Square Enix's Grandia III theme song). "In The Sky" was the Japanese version of a song from Story Untold called "Amazing". (For the English language release of the game a separate English version was recorded with different lyrics). Two new singles were quickly released in the following months: a Japanese version of "Backseat Baby" from her Swedish album in late 2005 and a completely new song, "Bittersweet", in 2006. These were followed by her second album, Mizrock.

After releasing Mizrock in February 2006, Miz disappeared for a long while. In May 2007, however, her official website was updated with news of a new release coming in July. Other websites such as ORICON and Tower Records confirmed this, listing a mini-album titled Good bye, yesterday to be released under the name "Mizrock". It is also with this album that Miz moved from Victor Interactive to Nayutawave Records.

In June 2007, "Good bye, yesterday" from her Good bye, yesterday album was used as the second ending song for the anime, Romeo X Juliet. In October 2007 she released a new single, "Best Friend", and in February 2008 "Thank You". On May 3, 2010, Miz updated her blog with a link to information regarding her new single, "'Faraway", released on May 26, 2010, under the name of "Miz" for the first time in four years. A new single by Miz, "Just Try", was scheduled to be released on July 24, 2011.

She took part in reality show "Otoboke House" and in the program "POPS". For her role plays are: Maureen in "Rent" (2010), "I got Merman" (2012) and Candy in "Tatoo 14" (2012). On September 16, 2014, the Korean girl group, TTS (TaeTiSeo), a subunit of Girls' Generation, released Holler, which is a cover of Miz's song, "Hello Me!".

Following on September 18, 2014, Miz announced her marriage and stated that she will be taking a break from her music career.

Mizuki Watanabe

 * Singles
 * "I Will" (June 18, 1999)
 * TV Tokyo's Show renai SLOT KURU-kuru V (恋愛スロット クルくるV) ending theme song

 * "Ambition" (November 24, 1999)
 * PlayStation Game Eternal Eyes (ククロセアトロ～悠久の瞳～) theme song. First pressing trading card included

 * "Aoi Kioku" (青い記憶) (August 2001)
 * PC game Hello, world. opening theme song

 * Compilations / other works
 * Hello, world. original sound track (October 25, 2002)
 * Aoi Kioku (Image version) (青い記憶 (Image version))

Miz

 * Singles (Japan)
 * "New Day" (February 18, 2004)
 * JVC Liquid Crystal Television EXE and Lip Lap commercial song

 * "Waiting For" (July 21, 2004)
 * JVC Enterprises image song

 * "In the Sky" (August 3, 2005)
 * First pressing DVD included Square Enix PlayStation 2 game Grandia III main theme song

 * "Backseat Baby" (November 30, 2005)
 * CD extra enhanced

 * "Bittersweet" (January 25, 2006)
 * CD extra enhanced

 * "Faraway" (May 26, 2010)
 * Just Try (July 24, 2011)
 * "Winning Winds" (August 21, 2011)

 * Albums (Japan)
 * Say It's Forever (September 22, 2004)
 * First pressing DVD included "If you run"：Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation & Nippon Television program Dotch Cooking Show ending theme song

 * Dreams (March 9, 2005)
 * English language album

 * Mizrock (February 22, 2006)
 * First pressing DVD included

 * Singles (Sweden)
 * "Waiting" (September 13, 2004)
 * CD extra enhanced

 * Albums (Sweden)
 * Story Untold (November 17, 2004)
 * First pressing special bonus disk Say It's Forever included

 * Compilations / other works
 * garp - garp2 (June 30, 2003) "Say It's Forever"
 * V.A. Light Mellow "blue oasis" (July 21, 2004) "Say It's Forever"

 * Photobook
 * An Ordinary Day (August 4, 2005), (JVC Entertainment Network Publication) - online mail order limit

Mizrock

 * Mini albums
 * Good bye, yesterday (July 25, 2007)
 * First pressing DVD included "Good bye, yesterday"：Mainichi Broadcasting System & Tokyo Broadcasting System program anime Romeo x Juliet ending theme song

 * Singles
 * "Best Friend" (October 24, 2007)
 * First pressing DVD included "Best Friend"：Nippon Television program Music Fighter (音楽戦士 MUSIC FIGHTER) POWER PLAY
 * "Hello me!":Composer Figge Boström, Anna Nordell

 * "Thank You xxx" (February 20, 2008)
 * First pressing DVD included "Pepper Keibu" (ペッパー警部; Inspector Pepper) (July 2, 2008), cover of the 1976 hit song by Pink Lady

 * Compilations / other works
 * "Ga-Ki ~ ~ Yu Aku Tribute " (July 30, 2008)
 * "Pepper Keibu"

 * "Q; indy "Philharmonique" (August 3, 2008)
 * "Understand"

 * "Rarapipo" (January 28, 2009)
 * "Baby Maria"

title: Miz (singer)


text:
User talk:Pupela

THE ROOT OF AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY Africa is a big continent with many clans and cultures.The people of this rich continent have for many centuries lived by their God given way of life and have never failed to tap and make use of the rich ancestral wisdom passed on to them from many generations. It all begins with education of a kind,that is nothing like the western form of education or formal education as it is called and universally accepted now.This African form of education was all based on the great lessons that came to fore through the kind messengers of mother nature. Because,it was believed that the master architect of the universe is all present in the works of his own hands and does communicate to mankind,by the simple use of these things including man himself.Therefore,it was thought of as wise to pay heed to the voice of the creator as it visibly and softly speaks about the simple principles of life,and the best way to live. Consequently,the African ancestors and philosophers taught the basic principles of life by making use of stories,that clearly outlines what everyone needs to know about this life.In sounding tunes,these stories were often told,after evening meals when all family members come together to share in what was more than food and drink - the ancestral word. From these stories every child was schooled to live and act responsibly in the society.Thus making peace with nature and neighbour,to the greater glory of God the invisible giver of all good things.

June 2014
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Akhenaten. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been reverted or removed. Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive, until the dispute is resolved through consensus. Continuing to edit disruptively could result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Chris Troutman ( talk ) 04:37, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
 * If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor then please discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page. Alternatively you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant notice boards.
 * If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, please seek assistance at Wikipedia's Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents.
 * A look at your edits leaves me with the impression that you are not here to help build the encyclopedia but to promote your own ideas. Another edit like those and you are very likely to be blocked indefinitely. Dougweller (talk) 09:09, 7 June 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pupela


text:
Agnes Bernauer

Agnes Bernauer (c. 1410 – 12 October 1435) was the mistress and perhaps also the first wife of Albert, later Albert III, Duke of Bavaria. Because his father, Ernest, ruling Duke of Bavaria at the time, considered this liaison with a commoner unbefitting his son's social standing, he clashed with his son over the matter and finally arranged to have Agnes condemned for witchcraft and drowned in the Danube in 1435. Her life and death have been depicted in numerous literary works, the most well known being Friedrich Hebbel's tragedy of the same name and the folk musical Die Bernauerin by the composer Carl Orff.

Biography
Agnes Bernauer was probably born around 1410; nothing is known of her childhood and youth. She is traditionally considered to have been the daughter of the Augsburg barber surgeon Kaspar Bernauer, whose existence has, however, not yet been proved. Since Ernest's son Albert participated in a tournament in Augsburg in February 1428, it is generally assumed that the latter met Agnes on that occasion and shortly thereafter brought her to Munich. In a Munich tax roll dated 1428, a "pernawin" is listed as a member of his royal household, which is probably a reference to Agnes Bernauer.

In summer 1432 at the latest, Agnes Bernauer was an integral part of the Munich court. She took part in the capture of the robber baron Münnhauser, who had fled to the Old Court in Munich, and she annoyed the Palatine Countess Beatrix, Albert's sister, because of her self-assured manner. It is possible that Agnes and Albert were already married at this point, but there is no concrete evidence of a marriage ceremony. Albert's frequent residence at Blutenburg Castle beginning in 1433 and the sale of two properties in the vicinity to Agnes suggest that the couple lived there together. There is no evidence of joint residence in Albert's county of Vohburg, and there are no known descendants of the couple.

Duke Ernest, Albert's father, was infuriated by the threat to the succession posed by his only son's unsuitable liaison. While Albert was on a hunt arranged by his relative Henry of Bavaria-Landshut, Duke Ernest had Agnes arrested and drowned in the Danube River on 12 October 1435 near Straubing. Albert then went to Ingolstadt to Duke Louis VII, but after a few months was reconciled with his father and married Anna of Brunswick in November 1436. The feared military conflict between father and son did not materialize; it is possible that Emperor Sigismund exerted a restraining effect on Albert.

Tributes to her memory

In December 1435, Albert endowed a perpetual mass and an annual memorial celebration in the Straubing Carmelite Cloister in memory of Agnes Bernauer. In 1447 he expanded the endowment in her honor. In 1436, his father had an Agnes Bernauer Chapel erected in the cemetery of St. Peter Straubing, probably to appease his son. It is not known whether Agnes was buried in the Carmelite cloister, which was her wish, or whether Albert arranged for the transfer of her mortal remains to the chapel dedicated to her. In any event, a tombstone of red marble with an almost life-size effigy of Agnes Bernauer was fitted into the floor of the chapel. The relief shows her lying with her head on a large pillow. In her right hand, on which she wears two rings, she holds a rosary, and two small dogs at her feet are there to guide her on her way to the hereafter. It was probably an oversight that the year of her death is incorrectly given there as 12 October 1436.

There are only a few records about the memorial endowments for Agnes Bernauer from the next three centuries. In 1508 a certain Johannes Haberlander was the chaplain responsible for the Bernauer Chapel. For its maintenance and the daily reading of the memorial mass he received 17 pounds in Regensburg pence from the ducal treasury. By 1526 his office had been transferred to a Leonhard Plattner, who received for his services 48 guilders and 4 schilling in Viennese pence. It is not known how long the chaplain's office was maintained. All that is known is that the church trustee Franz von Paula Romayr had the tombstone moved to the wall of the chapel in 1785 in order to protect it from further damage "caused by depredatory footsteps". The grave itself could not be located when the tombstone was repositioned.

Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 19th century the Agnes Bernauer Chapel became a tourist destination. One newspaper (the Bayerische National-Zeitung) even asserted it as being the only reason to pay a visit to Straubing. The locals were happy to supply visitors with information, not all of it reliable. One concerned reader wrote to the Königlich-Bairische Intelligenzblatt in 1813 that the sexton had informed him that Austrian troops had walked off with the remains of Agnes Bernauer. When the German poet August von Platen inspected the gravestone in 1822, he heard from the female sexton that Agnes and Albert had been switched as infants so that she was actually the duke's daughter and he the son of the barber-surgeon, but that the book which would have confirmed this exchange had been stolen by French soldiers.

After excavations in the Chapel at St. Peter failed to produce any results, the Bernauer biographer Felix Joseph Lipowsky had the Carmelite cloister grounds searched in 1897 for evidence of her grave. He found in the cloister archives a note indicating that the grave was in the former Nicholas chapel of the cloister church, but this chapel had been converted to a sacristy after 1692 and the vault underneath filled in. Lipowsky could only assume that her remains were reburied elsewhere during the reconstruction work. Despite subsequent searches, her grave remains undiscovered.

The Bavarian king Ludwig I, who had himself visited the Agnes Bernauer Chapel in 1812 when he was crown prince and later dedicated a poem to Agnes, saw to it that at least the masses for Agnes and Albert were again read in the Carmelite church. Since 1922, only one memorial mass is celebrated annually, due to financial limitations; it is paid for by the Bavarian government.

In 2013 at the Blutenburg Castle there was erected the Sculpture of Agnes Bernauer with Albert III, Duke of Bavaria by Joseph Michael Neustifter. The memorial was funded by Ursula und Fritz Heimbüchler.

In connection with the 1200th anniversary of the Obermenzing / Untermenzing (former Menzing) districts of Munich, on the stage belonging to the Temple "Leiden Christi" next to the Blutenburg Castle, in 2017 took place the premiere of the musical performance "Agnes or the Secret of the Blutenburg Castle", which presented a fantastic version of the fate of Agnes Bernauer.

Adaptations
Albert and Agnes' tragic love story has long been a staple of folk songs, and over the centuries many new literary and musical versions have been created.

 * Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau: Liebe Zwischen Hertzog Ungenand und Agnes Bernin, Poem, 1680
 * Joseph August Graf von Toerring: Agnes Bernauer, Vaterländisches Schauspiel, Play, 1780
 * Georg Joseph Vogler (Music), Carl Theodor Traitteur (Libretto): Albert der Dritte von Bayern, Singspiel, UA München 1781
 * Franz Gleißner (Music): Agnes Bernauerin, Melodrama, probably after Toerring, 1781, UA München 1790
 * Ignaz von Seyfried (Music, Karl Ludwig Giesecke (Libretto): Agnes Bernauerin (burlesque), 1798
 * Karl August Krebs (Music): Herzog Albrecht, Opera, UA Hamburg 8 October 1833 (revised version: Dresden 1858 as Agnes Bernauer)
 * King Ludwig I of Bavaria: An Agnes Bernauerin, Poem
 * Adolf Böttger: Agnes Bernauer, Drama, 1846
 * Melchior Meyr: Herzog Albrecht, Drama, 1852
 * Friedrich Hebbel: Agnes Bernauer - Ein deutsches Trauerspiel in fünf Aufzügen, Drama, 1855
 * Otto Ludwig, several versions of a drama, 19th century
 * Martin Greif: Agnes Bernauer oder der Engel von Augsburg, Drama, 1894
 * Eugen Hubrich: Die Agnes Bernauer zu Straubing, Open-air Play, 1935. From 1952 to 1989, the play was adapted several times for the Agnes Bernauer Festival in Straubing. Until 1963, Hubrich made the changes himself.
 * Hans Karl Meixner, Agnes Bernauer: Ein Leben voll Leid und Liebe: Roman. Reutlingen: Enßlin & Laiblin, Novel, 1937.
 * Carl Orff: Die Bernauerin - Ein bairisches Stück, Folk Musical, 1944, UA Stuttgart 1947
 * Raymond Bernard (Director), Bernard Zimmer (Screenplay), Joseph Kosma (Music): Le Jugement de Dieu, Historical Movie, 1949–51
 * Michel Boisrond (Director), Jacques Prévert (Screenplay), France Roche (Screenplay), Maurice Jarre (Music): Famous Love Affairs, Anthology film, 1961, with Brigitte Bardot as Agnes Bernauer
 * Karl Ristikivi. Nõiduse õpilane (The Student of Witchcraft). A novel in Estonian, 1967. Agnes Bernauer is one of the female main characters, causing political murder of the main character who is researcher and physician in the court of Dukes Ernst and Albrecht.
 * Franz Xaver Kroetz: Agnes Bernauer, Play, 1976
 * Manfred Böckl: Agnes Bernauer. Hexe, Hur' und Herzogin. Novel, 1993 ISBN 3-924484-63-5
 * Thomas Stammberger und Johannes Reitmeier: Agnes Bernauer - Ein Historienspiel in fünfzehn Bildern, Open-air Play, 1995 (2003 and 2007 revised by Johannes Reitmeier)
 * Richard Wunderer: Agnes Bernauer und ihr Herzog. Rosenheimer, Rosenheim 1999 ISBN 3-475-52940-8

title: Agnes Bernauer


text:
Mize

Mize may refer to:

People

 * Billy Mize (1929–2017), American musician, TV show host
 * Bob Mize (1907–2000), American Anglican bishop
 * Casey Mize (born 1997), American professional baseball player
 * Chester L. Mize (1917–1994), American politician
 * Johnny Mize (1913–1993), American Major League Baseball player
 * Larry Mize (born 1958), American golfer
 * Ola L. Mize (1931–2014), retired US Army colonel and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Verna Grahek Mize (1913–2013), American environmental activist

Places in the United States

 * Mize, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Mize, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * Mize, Mississippi, a town

title: Mize


text:
Executable compression

Executable compression is any means of compressing an executable file and combining the compressed data with decompression code into a single executable. When this compressed executable is executed, the decompression code recreates the original code from the compressed code before executing it. In most cases this happens transparently so the compressed executable can be used in exactly the same way as the original. Executable compressors are often referred to as executable packers, runtime packers, software packers, software protectors, or even "polymorphic packers" and "obfuscating tools".

A compressed executable can be considered a self-extracting archive, where a compressed executable is packaged along with the relevant decompression code in an executable file. Some compressed executables can be decompressed to reconstruct the original program file without being directly executed. Two programs that can be used to do this are CUP386 and UNP.

Most compressed executables decompress the original code in memory and most require slightly more memory to run (because they need to store the decompressor code, the compressed data and the decompressed code). Moreover, some compressed executables have additional requirements, such as those that write the decompressed executable to the file system before executing it.

Executable compression is not limited to binary executables, but can also be applied to scripts, such as JavaScript. Because most scripting languages are designed to work on human-readable code, which has a high redundancy, compression can be very effective and as simple as replacing long names used to identify variables and functions with shorter versions and/or removing white-space.

Advantages and disadvantages
Software distributors use executable compression for a variety of reasons, primarily to reduce the secondary storage requirements of their software; as executable compressors are specifically designed to compress executable code, they often achieve better compression ratio than standard data compression facilities such as gzip, zip or bzip2. This allows software distributors to stay within the constraints of their chosen distribution media (such as CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, or floppy disk), or to reduce the time and bandwidth customers require to access software distributed via the Internet.

Executable compression is also frequently used to deter reverse engineering or to obfuscate the contents of the executable (for example, to hide the presence of malware from antivirus scanners) by proprietary methods of compression and/or added encryption. Executable compression can be used to prevent direct disassembly, mask string literals and modify signatures. Although this does not eliminate the chance of reverse engineering, it can make the process more costly.

A compressed executable requires less storage space in the file system, thus less time to transfer data from the file system into memory. On the other hand, it requires some time to decompress the data before execution begins. However, the speed of various storage media has not kept up with average processor speeds, so the storage is very often the bottleneck. Thus the compressed executable will load faster on most common systems. On modern desktop computers, this is rarely noticeable unless the executable is unusually big, so loading speed is not a primary reason for or against compressing an executable.

On operating systems which page executable images on demand from the disk, compressed executables make this process less efficient. The decompressor stub allocates a block of memory to hold the decompressed data, which stays allocated as long as the executable stays loaded, whether it is used or not, competing for memory resources with other applications all along. If the operating system uses a swap file, the decompressed data has to be written to it to free up the memory instead of simply discarding unused data blocks and reloading them from the executable image if needed again. This is usually not noticeable, but it becomes a problem when an executable is loaded more than once at the same time—the operating system cannot reuse data blocks it has already loaded, the data has to be decompressed into a new memory block, and will be swapped out independently if not used. The additional storage and time requirements mean that it has to be weighed carefully whether to compress executables which are typically run more than once at the same time.

Another disadvantage is that some utilities can no longer identify run-time library dependencies, as only the statically linked extractor stub is visible.

Also, some older virus scanners simply report all compressed executables as viruses because the decompressor stubs share some characteristics with those. Most modern virus scanners can unpack several different executable compression layers to check the actual executable inside, but some popular anti-virus and anti-malware scanners have had troubles with false positive alarms on compressed executables. In an attempt to solve the problem of malware obfuscated with the help of runtime packers the IEEE Industry Connections Security Group has introduced a software taggant system.

Executable compression used to be more popular when computers were limited to the storage capacity of floppy disks, which were both slow and low capacity media, and small hard drives; it allowed the computer to store more software in the same amount of space, without the inconvenience of having to manually unpack an archive file every time the user wanted to use the software. However, executable compression has become less popular because of increased storage capacity on computers. It has its use in the demoscene where demos have to stay within a size limit, e.g. 64k intro. Only very sophisticated compression formats, which add to load time, keep an executable small enough to enter these competitions.

CP/M and MSX-DOS executable
Known executable compressors for CP/M-80 / MSX-DOS .COM files:

 * PMexe (since 1990, written by Yoshihiko Mino, PMARC.COM+PMEXE.CPM, signature "-pms-")
 * PopCom! (since 1992, written by Yoshihiko Mino, POPCOM.COM, signature "-pc1-")

MS-DOS executable
Known executable compressors for MS-DOS-compatible executable files (.COM or .EXE):

 * Realia Spacemaker (since 1982, written by Robert B. K. Dewar, SM.COM, signature "MEMORY$")
 * Microsoft EXEPACK (since 1985, written by Reuben Borman, EXEPACK.EXE, LINK.EXE /E[XEPACK], signature "RB")
 * LZEXE (since 1989, written by Fabrice Bellard, LZEXE.EXE)
 * PKWare PKLite (since 1990, written by Phil Katz, PKLITE.EXE)
 * DIET (since 1991, written by Teddy Matsumoto, DIET.EXE)
 * TINYPROG (TINYPROG.EXE)
 * RJS Software RJCRUSH (since 1994, written by Roland Skinner, RJCRUSH.EXE)
 * XPA (since 1995, written by JauMing Tseng, XPA.EXE)
 * Ibsen Software aPACK (since 1997, written by Jørgen Ibsen, APACK.EXE)
 * UPX (since 1998, written by Markus F. X. J. Oberhumer and László Molnár)
 * 32LiTE (since 1998, written by Oleg Prokhorov, 32LITE.EXE)
 * Knowledge Dynamics LZW Compressor
 * WWpack (since 1994, written by Piotr Warezak and Rafal Wierzbicki, WWPACK.EXE)
 * 624 (only for .COM files smaller than 25 KB, uses LZW)
 * AINEXE
 * AvPack
 * ComPAck
 * HASP Envelope
 * LGLZ
 * PMWLITE
 * ProPack
 * UCEXE
 * WDOSX
 * XE
 * XPack

OS/2 executable
Known executable compressors under OS/2:

 * NeLite
 * LxLite

New Executable
Known executable compressors for New Executables:

 * PackWin
 * PKWare PKLite (from version 2.01)
 * WinLite

Portable Executable
Known executable compressors for Portable Executables:

Note: Clients in purple are no longer in development.

ELF files
Known executable compressors for ELF files:

 * gzexe (uses a shell script stub and gzip, works on most Unix-like systems)
 * HASP Envelope
 * UPX
 * 624 (for Linux/386)

CLI assembly files
Known executable compressors for CLI assembly files:

 * .NETZ
 * NsPack
 * Mpress
 * HASP Envelope
 * dotBundle
 * Exepack.NET
 * DotProtect: Commercial protector/packer for .net and mono. Features on-line verifications and "industry standard encryption".

Mac OS Classic applications
Executable compressors for Mac OS Classic applications:

 * Application VISE
 * StuffIt InstallerMaker

Mach-O (Apple Mac OS X) files
Known executable compressors for Mach-O (Apple Mac OS X) files:

 * HASP Envelope
 * UPX
 * VMProtect

Commodore 64 and VIC-20
Known executable compressors for executables on the Commodore 64 and VIC-20:

 * PuCrunch
 * Exomizer
 * ByteBoozer

Amiga
Known executable compressors for executables on the Amiga series:

 * powerpacker
 * Titanics cruncher
 * imploder
 * TNM cruncher
 * Shrinkler
 * PackFire

Java
Known executable compressors for Java:

JAR files:

 * HASP Envelope
 * pack200
 * ProGuard

WAR files:
 * HASP Envelope

JavaScript
There are two types of compression that can be applied to JavaScript scripts:

 * Reduce the redundancy in the script (by removing comments, white space and shorten variable and functions names). This does not alter the behavior of the script.
 * Compress the original script and create a new script that contains decompression code and compressed data. This is similar to binary executable compression.

Self-decompressing compressors
These compress the original script and output a new script that has a decompressor and compressed data.

 * JsSfx
 * Packify

Redundancy reducing compressors
These remove white space, remove comments, and shorten variable and function names but do not alter the behavior of the script.

 * Packer
 * YUI compressor
 * Shrinksafe
 * JSMin

title: Executable compression


text:
Simpson Safari

"Simpson Safari" is the seventeenth episode of the twelfth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on Fox in the United States on April 1, 2001. When the Simpsons run out of food thanks to a bag boy strike, the family finds an old box of Animal Crackers in their attic. In the box is a golden cracker that was part of a contest conducted by the owners of Animal Crackers. Finding out that anyone that found the golden cracker would win a trip to Africa, Homer shows it to the company's owners, who refuse to honor the prize. When he is injured by one of the box's sharp corners however, the family is given a free trip to Africa as compensation.

Although "Simpson Safari" was written by John Swartzwelder, the idea for the episode was pitched by a former staff writer Larry Doyle. The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland, who had been to Africa as a child. Because of his visit there, Kirkland attempted to make the episode look as authentic as possible, even though the Simpsons trip to Africa was "all over the place" geographically.

The episode features Frank Welker as all the animals in Africa. In its original broadcast, the episode was seen by approximately 7.7 million viewers, finishing in 42nd place in the ratings the week it aired.

Following its broadcast, the episode received mixed reviews from critics. The episode was also nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series in 2001.

Plot
While Marge takes Maggie to the hospital after Maggie swallows an issue of Time magazine whole, Homer, Bart and Lisa go grocery shopping. Homer and other shoppers at the store mistreat the bag boys, which results in every bag boy and server in Springfield going on strike, which extends to knocking self-packed grocery bags out of the hands of customers. When the Simpsons run out of food in their home, the family follows Santa's Little Helper into the attic, where he finds a 30-year-old box of animal crackers.

Homer bites into a solid-gold giraffe, which is the winning contest piece for a trip to Africa. The animal cracker company initially refused to honor the prize because the contest ended a number of years ago. But when Homer is hit in the eye by a sharp corner of the box, the company gives the Simpsons their Africa trip in order to avoid a lawsuit.

The family lands in Tanzania. When the family is in Africa, their tour guide Kitenge takes them to experience such sights as the Masai Mara, Ngorongoro Crater, Olduvai Gorge, and meet with a group of Maasai tribesmen. During a vigorous tribal dance, Homer accidentally enrages a hippo. It chases after the family, but they manage to escape by using a tribal shield as a raft going down the raging Zambezi river. After surviving the plunge over Victoria Falls, the family eventually reach Mount Kilimanjaro and stumbles upon a nearby chimpanzee sanctuary maintained by the scientist Dr. Joan Bushwell (a parody of Jane Goodall). She claims to be researching the animals' behavior when a group of poachers arrives to take the chimps.

The Simpsons try to hold off the poachers, but eventually, they break into the sanctuary. The poachers are revealed to be Greenpeace activists, who prove that Dr. Bushwell is a chimp slave master, exploiting their labor at a nearby diamond mine. Worried that the Simpsons will report her to the authorities, Dr. Bushwell offers everyone diamonds as a bribe – which all the Simpsons except Lisa happily accept. On the plane ride back to Springfield, it is revealed that their former tour guide, Kitenge, is now president of the country, with the former president now the Simpsons' flight attendant.

Production
"Simpson Safari"'s setpiece shows some of Springfield's citizens mistreating the bag boys in a grocery store, prompting the bag boys to go on strike. The sequence was inspired by an Albertsons store in Los Angeles, whose employees went on strike at the time the episode was written. The idea to have the Simpsons visit Africa was pitched by former staff writer Larry Doyle. Former staff writer John Swartzwelder was then assigned to write the first draft of the episode's script. Because of his involvement with the episode, "Simpson Safari" contains several "classic" Swartzwelder-type jokes, according to staff writer Matt Selman. Examples of these include the cover of the Animal Cracker box and Homer and Dr. Joan Bushwell's discussion about the smell of feces in the doctor's hut. After Swartzwelder wrote the first draft, the writing staff rewrote the script. When writing the episode, the writers deliberately included factual errors to annoy viewers who wanted the series to seem realistic. Commenting on the episode, Selman said "It's kind of a combination of really nice, observational designs and then just [...] things that are deliberately wrong. To anger people who care about things being real."

Mark Kirkland, who had visited Africa before, served as the director for "Simpson Safari". When he was sixteen years old, Kirkland spent six weeks in Kenya with a film crew that was making a documentary film called A Visit to a Chief's Son. When he first read the script, he found that the episode was "all over the place" geographically. "It would be like in the United States, saying: 'I walked out of Grand Central Station and then I turned left and was standing on the south rim of the Grand Canyon.' The locations are just all over the place" he said in the episode's DVD commentary. Still, Kirkland strove to make the episode look as realistic as possible by drawing influence from his experience in Kenya.

For example, the steering column on Kitenge's Land Rover is placed on the right side of the car. At one point in the episode, the Simpsons visit the Maasai people, a Nilotic ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in Kenya and northern Tanzania. The way that some of the Maasai people in the episode are dancing is also true to a traditional dance performed by Maasai people in real life, and although the drinking of cow blood is faithful to the Maasai people's culture, the use of lip plates and neck rings are not. "That was kind of fun for me to try to make this stuff [...] as crazy as the story is, [to] make it realistic", Kirkland commented on directing the episode.

In a scene in the episode, the Simpsons are floating down a river on a shield. At one point, the family is seen by two Africans, who speak in Kiswahili. Additionally, the song that Kitenge sings when driving the Simpsons ("Wé-Wé" by Angélique Kidjo) was a popular song in Africa. In order to make it sound accurate, Hank Azaria, who portrays Kitenge in the episode, was taught to sing the song phonetically by a professor in Swahili in the University of California, Los Angeles. Dr. Joan Bushwell, the "Jane Goodall-type" character in the episode, was portrayed by American voice actress Tress MacNeille, who also voices Lindsey Naegle among other characters in the series. All animals' noises (except for Santa's Little Helper, who is voiced by main cast member Dan Castellaneta) were done by American voice actor Frank Welker.

Release
In its original American broadcast on April 1, 2001, "Simpson Safari" received a 7.5 rating, according to Nielsen Media Research, translating to approximately 7.7 million viewers. The episode finished in 42nd place in the ratings for the week of March 26-April 1, 2001, tying with an episode of the television newsmagazine Dateline NBC. Later that year, the episode was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore). It ultimately lost to an episode of the science fiction series Star Trek: Voyager. Since its broadcast, the episode has been released twice on home video. On May 23, 2005, it was released along with the season 10 episode "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo", the season 13 episode "Blame It on Lisa" and the season 15 episode "The Regina Monologues" as part of a DVD set called Simpsons Around The World In 80 D'ohs. On August 18, 2009, the episode was released as part of a DVD set called The Simpsons: The Complete Twelfth Season. Mike Scully, Ian Maxtone-Graham, Matt Selman, Tim Long, Yeardley Smith, Mark Kirkland and Michael Marcantel participated in the audio commentary for the episode.

Former The Simpsons' showrunner Mike Reiss stated, at an April 2007 talk in Bristol, Connecticut, that "Simpson Safari" is one of two of the show's episodes that he dislikes.

Following its home video release, "Simpson Safari" received mixed reviews from critics.

In his review of The Simpsons: The Complete Twelfth Season, Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide described the episode as "lousy". While he admitted that he found a couple of scenes funny, he argued that the episode over relied on broad gags and "never threatens to become inspired or amusing". He concluded by describing the episode as "disappointing".

Writing for Bullz-Eye.com, Will Harris gave the episode a negative review as well. He argued that the premise was "ridiculous", and that the episode "remind[s] longtime fans that the show's days of complete comedic perfection are behind them."

On the other hand, DVD Verdict's Mac McEntire was entertained by the episode. Although he mostly enjoy episodes that are "down-to-Earth" and emphasize the Simpson family, McEntire wrote that the "less realistic, more over-the-top crazy" episodes like "Simpson Safari" comprises the season's best episodes.

DVD Talk's Jason Bailey wrote that "Simpson Safari" makes use of one of his favorite story elements that he called a "wandering storyline". "Their habit of using the first act as a red herring, only semi-connected to the rest of the show, is ingenious and hilarious", he wrote. "'Simpson Safari', for example, begins with an extended bit about a bagboy strike, which leads the family to desperate culinary measures, which then leads Homer to a box of animal crackers in the attic, which then leads to the discovery of a prize inside the box for the safari trip that encompasses the rest of the episode. They'd been doing this kind of thing for years, but it still plays".

title: Simpson Safari


text:
User talk:Agathocles of Bactria

I was a public account but no longer am.

title: User talk:Agathocles of Bactria


text:
Mizen

Mizen (not to be confused with ) may refer to:

 * Mizen Head, one of the extreme points of the island of Ireland
 * Mizen potato, a potato variety
 * Jimmy Mizen, a 16-year-old boy killed in May 2008 in London.

title: Mizen


text:
International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience

The International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience commonly referred to as IAESTE (pronounced i-a-es-te or ai-es-te) is an international organization exchanging students for technical work experience abroad. Students gain relevant technical training lasting from 4 weeks to 52 weeks. IAESTE includes committees representing more than 80 countries, with the potential of accepting new countries into the organization every year. At the general conference 2005 held in Cartagena, Colombia, the statute and by-laws of IAESTE a.s.b.l. were established, making IAESTE a registered "associacion sans but lucratif" (non-profit organization), with the centre in Luxembourg. The current President is Thomas Faltner from Austria. IAESTE's motto is "Work, Experience, Discover". IAESTE's aims are to connect students with employers in foreign countries, provide university students with technical experience and culturally enrich students and their host communities.

History
IAESTE was founded in 1948 at Imperial College, London. The Imperial College Vacation Work Committee headed by Mr. James Newby initiated a meeting with national organizations from 10 European countries in a post war effort to promote better understanding between countries and cultures.

Since 1948, the association has grown to include more than 80 countries worldwide and has exchanged in excess of 300,000 students. IAESTE exchanges around 7000 students annually playing an important role in giving technical undergraduates/postgraduates/graduates practical work experience and a global perspective.

International organization structure
The IAESTE Association is a confederation of National Committees representing academic, industrial and student interests. Coordinating the daily administration of the association is the responsibility of the President. The President is elected for two years and is responsible for the General Conference or the GC as it is called in IAESTE. The GC makes the formal decisions in IAESTE and is composed of one delegate (National Secretary) from each country. The GC meets every year in January and is a forum for discussion.

The Board is an elected body which prepares the work of the General Conference and advises the President. It is composed of four elected members and the President.

The GC is the most important event of IAESTE each year. Here every country brings job offers they have obtained in their own country. Every job is written on a standardized form stating where and when the job is, who is eligible for the job and which qualifications (language, skills, etc.) are required. The jobs are traded during the Exchange Sessions. During these sessions, countries meet and try to get the best possible jobs to bring back home. This is very hectic as countries try to get the best jobs. These jobs either have to fit pre-selected students or are open for applications from students back home.

One other notable event at the GC is the "International Party". At this party, every member country brings a national dish, drinks and clothes.

The international work is funded by member fees based on GDP per capita and the number of students sent abroad and is paid by the National Committees.

National organization structure
The National Committees represent the member countries and are composed of persons representing academic, industrial and student interests. Every full member of the IAESTE has one vote at the GC. The National Secretary is normally the person with the formal vote, even though the decisions are often made by the whole National Committee.

Each National Committee is responsible for the administration of the exchange in its own country. Membership is given after the establishment of a National Committee in accordance with the statutes of IAESTE, together with a responsible permanent secretariat. The type of secretariat which administers the exchange varies according to each country's national structure, educational system and funding policies. The essential requirement is that the national secretariat, whatever its organization and status, should have competent permanent staff.

Every country has its own way of organizing the work of IAESTE, but the National Committee can mainly be classified into four categories:
 * Student-driven - The National Secretary is a student, normally serving for one to two years. Often there is one employed administrative staff for paperwork and keeping contact with other national committees, but the students are making decisions, organizing trainees and even raising funds. Examples are Norway, Denmark, Austria, Slovakia or Croatia.
 * Academically - The National Secretary is a professor or employed by a university to front IAESTE on the behalf of the university or the country. Usually, they have students to welcome trainees, but students are not involved in the decision-making. Examples are Turkey, Portugal.
 * Governmental - An employee of a governmental international work exchange organization is the National Secretary. Usually, the organization is responsible for several exchange programs and is quite professional. They also often employ students to welcome incoming students. Examples are Finland, Switzerland and UK.
 * Other - Non-profit organizations funded by various sources (students, companies, government) but not affiliated with a single institution. Examples are China, USA.

IAESTE varies a lot from country to country and even within countries, there can be a big difference from one city to another. Traineeships also vary a lot: some countries have extended programmes with students employed to help and organize events, while in other places arriving trainees organize events themselves.

Annual Conference (AC)

The most important international event that connects IAESTE leaders from all over the world. The AC 2021 was turned into an online conference, due to the COVID-19 pandemic (coordinated by a small team in Vienna), while AC 2022 and AC 2023 were hybrid conferences.

The IAESTE Alumni Network (IAN)
The Friends of IAESTE Network (FoIN) was founded 1996 in Denmark as the official Alumni branch of IAESTE, with the goal of helping former IAESTE trainees and members keep in touch.

In 2010, FoIN was re-branded as the IAESTE Alumni Network (IAN) and an Alumni Relations Manager was appointed to oversee all activities. The current holder of this position is Bruce Wicks from the United Kingdom. In 2011, IAN launched a new, online network which currently has over 10,000 members.

IAESTE Day
In 2005, an international IAESTE Day was created, for the purpose of global promotion of the organization as well as the celebration of its aims and goals. Starting with 6 countries, IAESTE Day was celebrated in 28 of its member countries in 2007. IAESTE Day is held on 20 October every year.

JUMP
Join Us to Motivate People (JUMP) is the "Motivation and Training Seminar" of IAESTE. JUMP was founded in 1995 in Vienna, Austria on the initiative of Martin Klaus, former National Secretary of IAESTE Austria. Martin became co-ordinator of JUMP, later this role was taken over by Adrian Keller from IAESTE Switzerland and in 2009 by Tomasz (Tomek) Pawliszyn from IAESTE Poland. JUMP is aimed to young members of IAESTE who want to explore more the organisation and meet other members of IAESTE.

Primarily new members of IAESTE meet in a different European city each year during four days in September or October for training sessions and discussion groups. An important component is cultural exchange with corporate tours, cultural events and tours and social events incorporating local cuisine and customs. The theme song for the seminar is Jump (For My Love) by the Pointer Sisters.

Usually, 40 - 70 participants take part in the event. Each JUMP is combined of six workshop sessions, led by experienced members, that cover the essence of IAESTE activities: Additionally, all participants visit various information boots on the topics of summer reception, career fairs, career websites, etc. All together combined with IAESTE related games, international evening, sightseeing trip and company presentation to show that IAESTE is much more than the exchange of job offers. One of the other highlights is motivation speeches by invited guests.
 * Introduction to IAESTE
 * Administration
 * Company Marketing and Fundraising
 * Job-Raising
 * Local Committee Management
 * Student Marketing and Member-Raising

Because of the global pandemic, the 2020 IAESTE JUMP Conference was virtual, hosted by IAESTE United States August 26–28, 2020.

CEC
The Central European Convention is a group of several IAESTE member countries in the specific geographic region. Those are all "student-run" countries, so students are in the decision making positions (contrary to academic or professional-run countries).

Those countries agree to meet twice a year and hold working and discussion groups. At the same time, they get to know the culture of the hosting country.

Goals

 * Motivation
 * Education
 * Developing IAESTE
 * Improve the situation of student-run countries

History
The Central European Convention (CEC) was founded in May 1998 in Tuheljske Toplice, Croatia, on the initiative of Thomas Haim, former National Secretary IAESTE AUSTRIA and Mario Kauzlaric, former National Secretary IAESTE CROATIA. Because of the great success, the CEC is held 2 times a year.

Past CECs
 * 43. Online (Croatia, October 2021)
 * 42. Kope (Slovenia, October 2019)
 * 41. Neum (Bosnia and Herzegovina, May 2019)
 * 40. Sopron (Hungary, October 2018)
 * 39. Wadowice (Poland, May 2018)
 * 38. Vienna (Austria, October 2017)
 * 37. Žďár nad Sázavou (Czech Republic, April 2017)
 * 36. Krk (Croatia, October 2016)
 * 35. Stara Lubovna (Slovakia, May 2016)
 * 34. Ljubliana (Slovenia, October 2015)
 * 33. Prijedor (Bosnia and Herzegovina, May 2015)
 * 32. Györ (Hungary, November 2014)
 * 31. Ustroń (Poland, May 2014)
 * 30. Klagenfurt (Austria, November 2013)
 * 29. Vyšší Brod (Czech Republic, April 2013)
 * 28. Maribor (Slovenia, October 2012)
 * 27. Trencin (Slovakia, April 2012)
 * 26. Zánka (Hungary, October 2011)
 * 25. Orahovica (Croatia, April 2011)
 * 24. Lackenhof (Austria, October 2010)
 * 23. Radějov (Czech Republic, April 2010)
 * 22. Bohinj (Slovenia, October 2009)
 * 21. Novy Smokovec (Slovakia, April 2009)
 * 20. Győr (Hungary, October 2008)
 * 19. Rijeka (Croatia, May 2008)
 * 18. Purbach (Austria, October 2007)
 * 17. Kobyli (Czech Republic, April 2007)
 * 16. Kranjska Gora (Slovenia, November 2006)
 * 15. Trencin (Slovakia Spring 2006)
 * 14. Sümeg (Hungary, Fall 2005)
 * 13. Wagrain (Austria, May 2005)
 * 12. Zagreb (Croatia, November 2004)
 * 11. Prague (Czech Republic, April 2004)
 * 10. Maribor (Slovenia, April 2003)
 * 9. Szentendre (Hungary, September 2002)
 * 8. Admont (Austria, May 2002)
 * 7. Krapinske Toplice (Croatia, November 2001)
 * 6. Prague (Czech Republic, May 2001)
 * 5. Myto pod Dumbierom (Slovakia, November 2000)
 * 4. Budapest (Hungary, May 2000)
 * 3. Kranjska Gora (Slovenia, November 1999)
 * 2. Oberalpendorf (Austria, December 1998)
 * 1. Tuheljske Toplice (Croatia, 1998)


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The Virgin Suicides (score)

The Virgin Suicides is a score composed by French electronic music duo Air for the 1999 film of the same name by Sofia Coppola. It was released on 23 February 2000 by Virgin Records. The album was nominated for Best Soundtrack at the 2001 Brit Awards. The French edition of Rolling Stone magazine placed The Virgin Suicides at number 49 on their list of the 100 essential French rock albums. In 2014, NME placed the album at number 11 on their "61 of the Greatest Film Soundtracks Ever" list. In 2019, Pitchfork placed the album at number four on their "Top 50 Best Movie Scores of All Time" list.

On 3 June 2010, Air performed the full score with the band Hot Rats (with members of Supergrass) at the Cité de la Musique in Paris.

To celebrate the 15th anniversary of the film The Virgin Suicides, a deluxe edition of the album was released in June 2015 as a two-disc set and a super deluxe box set. The former contains two studio outtakes on disc one and a bonus disc of previously unreleased live recordings, while the latter includes the album on 180-gram red vinyl, an exclusive picture disc featuring previously unreleased live recordings, the "Playground Love" EP on 180-gram red vinyl, the two-disc deluxe edition of The Virgin Suicides on CD, a 16-page booklet featuring an unpublished Air interview, a film poster, a replica VIP laminate pass and a download card.

Background
According to Jean-Benoît Dunckel, the album was recorded quickly. At first the music was inspired by the film and an attempt was made to synchronise the music with scenes from the film; towards the end of the process, the intention was to craft songs which could be listened to on their own.

Critical reception
The Virgin Suicides received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on 16 reviews. In a 2020 review of the score, NPR's Paula Mejía praised the music for capturing the spirit of being a teenager, concluding, "Listening to the Virgin Suicides score on loop hasn't been so much an exercise in nostalgia, or even a means of escape. Reliving it is more of a prescient reminder—one I needed to hear as a teenager, and that I could use again today—that now is not forever."

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Virgin Suicides.

 * Air – production, recording
 * Gordon Tracks – vocals, drums (track 1)
 * Hugo Ferran – saxophone (track 1)
 * Brian Reitzell – drums (tracks 3, 6, 7, 12, 13)
 * Pascal Garnon – drum recording
 * Stéphane "Alf" Briat – mixing
 * Mike Mills – drawing

title: The Virgin Suicides (score)


text:
Line of advantage

In astrology, the line of advantage is an imaginary line that connects the third decan of the third house to the third decan of the ninth house of the horoscope.

If the North Node of the Moon falls east of the line of advantage, it is believed to be a favourable and advantageous position within the horoscope.

title: Line of advantage


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Big Eyes, Small Mouth

Big Eyes, Small Mouth (BESM) is a tabletop role-playing game originally produced by Guardians of Order in 1997 that was designed to simulate the action of anime and manga. The title alludes to the common anime drawing style of characters with large expressive eyes and comparatively small mouths.

Gameplay
BESM uses a point-based character creation system. Players roll two 6-sided dice, add 10 to the total and then divide the resultant sum between Mind, Body, and Soul, against which all action checks are made. These are supplemented by Attributes, which can be positive (Acrobatics) or negative (Easily Distracted), giving the characters unique abilities.

First edition
The initial edition, designed by Mark C. MacKinnon, was released by Guardians of Order in 1997. Soon after that, RPG writer David L. Pulver began writing supplements for what was essentially a fairly simple game, adding a detailed system for the creation of mecha with his book Big Robots, Cool Starships. Skills were added with the next supplement, a genre book called Hot Rods & Gun Bunnies. At the same time MacKinnon and his colleagues were using BESM's system (now referred to as "the Tri-Stat System") as the basis for licensed games based on anime properties such as Sailor Moon, Dominion: Tank Police, Demon City Shinjuku and Tenchi Muyo! All of these innovations were incorporated into a second edition, which was released in 2001 to a very strong reception.

The first edition was a slim, grey-covered book. A vast promotion and beta test was organized, and included a number of demo-team members from around the world.

Since then, the other anime licenses that Guardians of Order obtained used the BESM system as their core rules. Instead of publishing complete games as they had done previously, the licensed books were published as "Ultimate Fan Guides". In addition, several genre based supplements were published for the game, as well as two original settings: Centauri Knights and Uresia: Grave of Heaven.

Reception
In the January 1998 edition of Dragon (Issue 243), Rick Swan dismissed BESM as "a stripped-down, entry-level RPG." Swan pointed out that the rules were primarily focussed on character creation, "but that’s pretty much all you get. There’s little in the way of background material, campaign outlines, or staging tips, making this more of an introduction to roleplaying than a ready-to-play game." He did not recommend the game, saying, "Hardcore anime might be better off investigating the Bubblegum Crisis game by R. Talsorian."

Two issues later, in the March 1998 edition of Dragon (Issue 245), Lester Smith gave an enthusiastic review, saying, "In a hobby where, all too often, games seem to be published without a clear vision of their topic or audience... BESM stands out as an example of a product that knows its subject and treats it right." Smith's only criticism was weapon damage, pointing out that since there are no penalties for wielding the largest weapon dealing the most damage, why wouldn't everyone simply choose the largest weapon? He also warned that combat can drag on if both players have good defences. Smith concluded, "For fans of anime, then, I highly recommend the Big Eyes, Small Mouth RPG. It is just about perfect for what it sets out to accomplish. Even if you aren’t anime fan, I recommend that you give the game a look anyway. It might just introduce you to a whole new world of adventure."

d20 edition
A version of BESM adapted to the d20 System was published in 2003. Sales were good but the critical response was mixed. New versions of Centauri Knights and Uresia were released under the new version. A later revised edition of this version was published in 2004, which, due to errors in the proofing and printing processes, did not contain the full set of revisions in its final published form. Company president Mark C. MacKinnon offered a public explanation and apology, and offered to refund buyers who were dissatisfied with their purchase of the book.

BESM 3rd Edition
The third edition of BESM was scheduled to be released in April 2006 after Mark C. MacKinnon had announced that the release would be delayed from its original release in the Summer of 2005. The third edition was at that time planned to come in three forms: BESM 3rd Edition (deluxe), BESM 3rd Edition (standard) and Vanilla BESM, an inexpensive and simplified variant created to introduce non-RP gamers. Mark MacKinnon announced that as of August 1, 2006, Guardians of Order was going out of business, and that "BESM Third Edition is finished and ready for press. Another company will be publishing it and providing future support. It's the most elegant version of BESM and the Tri-Stat System that I have put together and am very proud of it. If you pre-ordered the book from us, more information will follow."

On September 9, 2006, ArtHaus Games, whose titles are published by White Wolf Publishing, announced that it had acquired the RPG. The announcement stated that the company was "extremely confident" that a release date of January 2007 would be met, and confirmed that those who pre-ordered and prepaid for the book would be "in good hands", though they also stated that they had not taken on Guardians of Order's liabilities.

BESM 3rd Edition was released by ArtHaus on January 24, 2007. The new edition featured a change in the Tri-Stat game mechanic from a "roll-under" to the "roll-over and hit a target number" found in other games. The book was standard 8.5 x 11 in format and featured full color interior art. The Deluxe Edition was not released, and ArtHaus did not announce any plans to follow up with further releases or the previously-announced Vanilla BESM.

BESM Fourth Edition
On April 29, 2019, Dyskami Publishing Company announced that they had entered into a worldwide licensing arrangement with White Wolf Entertainment to produce a new edition of BESM. The new edition was to be written and updated by its original designer (and Dyskami founder), Mark MacKinnon, and co-published with tabletop game publisher Japanime Games. In addition to the regular and deluxe BESM Fourth Edition, Dyskami also announced plans to publish a stripped-down core role-playing game called BESM Naked, that would be a complete, stand-alone, alternate edition that could fully integrate with BESM Fourth Edition but presented as a "gateway product". After a successful crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter, Dyskami Publishing Company released complete PDF files of multiple BESM Fourth Edition products to the product's backers on December 23, 2019, including the core and Naked RPGs, game screen, adventures, character folio, and sample characters. The BESM Fourth Edition product line was sent to the printer in January 2020 and had its worldwide consumer and retailer release in October 2020. A second Kickstarter campaign in December 2020 ushered in the release of six additional game expansions for the line, featuring BESM Extras – a book dedicated to optional rule variations and expanded game mechanics.

To coincide with the digital BESM Fourth Edition launch, Dyskami Publishing Company also announced plans during the Kickstarter campaign to launch a community content PDF program on DriveThruRPG called Tri-Stat Emporium, whose name alludes to the Tri-Stat System generic role-playing game system used in all editions of BESM thus far. The Tri-Stat Emporium launched on June 8, 2020.

Ultimate Fan Guides
Starting in 2001, Guardians of Order replaced the company's previous practice of producing stand-alone games for anime series for which they had obtained licenses with Ultimate Fan Guides — a series of supplements for BESM which combine information on the episodes, characters and themes of anime series with statistics and game information for those series.

The Ultimate Fan Guide series was controversial among BESM fans. Although the books were usually well put-together and almost always featured many full-color pages with stills from the series involved, many fans believed the information provided in certain guides was incomplete and unreliable. In addition, there were occasional editing errors that led to embarrassing omissions.

Many anime series whose first RPG treatment was in the Ultimate Fan Guides series were also adapted to the d20 System edition of Big Eyes, Small Mouth. The Slayers guides were adapted into a stand-alone d20 game under the title The Slayers d20.

Due to licensing consideration, the three-volume set of fan guides for Slayers does not include any information from the movies and OVAs distributed by ADV Films. This means that there has never been an official BESM writeup for Naga the Serpent, a popular character who does not appear in the television series.

Core books

 * Big Eyes, Small Mouth Second Edition
 * Big Eyes, Small Mouth Revised Second Edition
 * Big Eyes, Small Mouth Retro Second Edition (both regular softcover edition and hardcover collector's edition)
 * Big Eyes, Small Mouth Third Edition
 * BESM Fourth Edition (both regular edition and a deluxe limited edition)
 * BESM Naked (Fourth Edition): a stripped-down version of the regular Fourth Edition

Expansions (First and Second Editions)

 * Big Eyes, Small Mouth Fast Play Rules: A free guide for Tri-Stat System RPG.
 * Hot Rods and Gun Bunnies: Action-adventure guide.
 * Big Robots, Cool Starships
 * Centauri Knights: A hard science future campaign.
 * BESM GM Screen
 * Cute and Fuzzy Seizure Monsters/Cute and Fuzzy Cockfighting Seizure Monsters: Guide for Pet Monster Trainers and Pet Monster. Different titles are used for alternate cover page.
 * Big Ears, Small Mouse: American animation and comic guide.
 * BESM Character Diary: A mecha design and combat supplement for BESM First Edition and the Tri-Stat System.
 * BESM Fantasy Bestiary: Fantasy campaign guide.
 * BESM Dungeon: Dungeon hack style guide.
 * BESM Space Fantasy: Space action and romance guide.
 * Cold Hands, Dark Hearts: Gothic horror theme guide.

Expansions (Fourth Edition)

 * BESM Extras: optional and expanded rules
 * BESM Multiverse: official multi-genre setting book
 * BESM Game Screen: includes an adventure
 * BESM Character Folio: enhanced character sheets
 * BESM Primer: Introductory fast-play rules
 * BESM Ikaris: epic fantasy world setting sourcebook
 * BESM Uresia – Grave of Heaven: irreverent fantasy world setting sourcebook
 * BESM Dramatis Personae: NPC collection
 * BESM Denizens of the Multiverse Deck: accessory deck for NPCs and monsters
 * BESM Adventures – Volume #1: introductory scenario
 * BESM Tokyo Sidekick: NPC collection from the Tokyo Sidekick board game
 * BESM 2D-Animinis: cardboard standees
 * BESM Dice Tower: cardboard constructible dice tower and two neoprene dice trays
 * BESM Dice: eight six-sided dice

BESM d20
It is a series for the d20 System with BESM theme.
 * BESM d20 Revised Edition
 * Uresia: Grave of Heaven d20: A fantasy campaign.
 * BESM d20 Monstrous Manual
 * BESM d20 Character Folio
 * Centauri Knights d20: A hard science future campaign.
 * BESM d20 Advanced Magic: Magic system supplemental.

Reception
The reviewer from Pyramid #30 (March/April, 1998) stated that "Big Eyes, Small Mouth succeeds, with fun and style. It really is the anime game to get."

Reviews

 * Knights of the Dinner Table Magazine #13 (Nov., 1997)
 * Games Unplugged #4 (Dec./Jan., 2000)
 * Backstab #9
 * Backstab #24 (second edition)

title: Big Eyes, Small Mouth


text:
Pneumatic motor

A pneumatic motor (air motor), or compressed-air engine, is a type of motor which does mechanical work by expanding compressed air. Pneumatic motors generally convert the compressed-air energy to mechanical work through either linear or rotary motion. Linear motion can come from either a diaphragm or piston actuator, while rotary motion is supplied by either a vane type air motor, piston air motor, air turbine or gear type motor.

Pneumatic motors have existed in many forms over the past two centuries, ranging in size from hand-held motors to engines of up to several hundred horsepower. Some types rely on pistons and cylinders; others on slotted rotors with vanes (vane motors) and others use turbines. Many compressed-air engines improve their performance by heating the incoming air or the engine itself. Pneumatic motors have found widespread success in the hand-held tool industry, but are also used stationary in a wide range of industrial applications. Continual attempts are being made to expand their use to the transportation industry. However, pneumatic motors must overcome inefficiencies before being seen as a viable option in the transportation industry.

Linear
In order to achieve linear motion from compressed air, a system of pistons is most commonly used. The compressed air is fed into an air-tight chamber that houses the shaft of the piston. Also inside this chamber a spring is coiled around the shaft of the piston in order to hold the chamber completely open when air is not being pumped into the chamber. As air is fed into the chamber the force on the piston shaft begins to overcome the force being exerted on the spring. As more air is fed into the chamber, the pressure increases and the piston begins to move down the chamber. When it reaches its maximum length the air pressure is released from the chamber and the spring completes the cycle by closing off the chamber to return to its original position. Piston motors are the most commonly used in hydraulic systems. Essentially, piston motors are the same as hydraulic motors except they are used to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Piston motors are often used in series of two, three, four, five, or six cylinders that are enclosed in a housing. This allows for more power to be delivered by the pistons because several motors are in sync with each other at certain times of their cycle.

The practical mechanical efficiencies attained by a piston air motor are between 40–50%.

Rotary vane motors
A type of pneumatic motor, known as a rotary vane motor, uses air to produce rotational motion to a shaft. The rotating element is a slotted rotor which is mounted on a drive shaft. Each slot of the rotor is fitted with a freely sliding rectangular vane. The vanes are extended to the housing walls using springs, cam action, or air pressure, depending on the motor design. Air is pumped through the motor input which pushes on the vanes creating the rotational motion of the central shaft. Rotation speeds can vary between 100 and 25,000 rpm depending on several factors which include the amount of air pressure at the motor inlet and the diameter of the housing. One application for vane-type air motors is to start large industrial diesel or natural gas engines. Stored energy in the form of compressed air, nitrogen or natural gas enters the sealed motor chamber and exerts pressure against the vanes of a rotor. This causes the rotor to turn at high speed. Because the engine flywheel requires a great deal of torque to start the engine, reduction gears are used. Reduction gears create high torque levels with the lower amounts of energy input. These reduction gears allow for sufficient torque to be generated by the engine flywheel while it is engaged by the pinion gear of the air motor or air starter.

Turbine motors
Air turbines spin the burr in high-speed dental handpieces, at speeds over 180,000 rpm, but with limited torque. A turbine is small enough to fit in the tip of a handpiece without adding to the weight.

Application
A widespread application of pneumatic motors is in hand-held tools, impact wrenches, pulse tools, screwdrivers, nut runners, drills, grinders, sanders and so on. Pneumatic motors are also used stationary in a wide range of industrial applications. Though overall energy efficiency of pneumatics tools is low and they require access to a compressed-air source, there are several advantages over electric tools. They offer greater power density (a smaller pneumatic motor can provide the same amount of power as a larger electric motor), do not require an auxiliary speed controller (adding to its compactness), generate less heat, and can be used in more volatile atmospheres as they do not require electric power and do not create sparks. They can be loaded to stop with full torque without damage. The efficiency of a rotary piston engine is highly dependent on mechanical energy losses. The value of mechanical losses, according to various estimates, can be 20% of the energy supplied to the engine. At the same time it was experimentally shown that efficiency of a motor can be increased by the usage of anti-friction additives to the lubricating oil.

Historically, many individuals have tried to apply pneumatic motors to the transportation industry. Guy Negre, CEO and founder of Zero Pollution Motors, has pioneered this field since the late 1980s. Recently Engineair has also developed a rotary motor for use in automobiles. Engineair places the motor immediately beside the wheel of the vehicle and uses no intermediate parts to transmit motion which means almost all of the motor's energy is used to rotate the wheel.

History in transportation
The pneumatic motor was first applied to the field of transportation in the mid-19th century. Though little is known about the first recorded compressed-air vehicle, it is said that the Frenchmen Andraud and Tessie of Motay ran a car powered by a pneumatic motor on a test track in Chaillot, France, on 9 July 1840. Although the car test was reported to have been successful, the pair did not explore further expansion of the design. The first successful application of the pneumatic motor in transportation was the Mekarski system air engine used in locomotives. Mekarski's innovative engine overcame cooling that accompanies air expansion by heating air in a small boiler prior to use. The Tramway de Nantes, located in Nantes, France, was noted for being the first to use Mekarski engines to power their fleet of locomotives. The tramway began operation on December 13, 1879, and continues to operate today, although the pneumatic trams were replaced in 1917 by more efficient and modern electrical trams. American Charles Hodges also found success with pneumatic motors in the locomotive industry. In 1911 he designed a pneumatic locomotive and sold the patent to the H.K. Porter Company in Pittsburgh for use in coal mines. Because pneumatic motors do not use combustion they were a much safer option in the coal industry.

Many companies claim to be developing compressed-air cars, but none are actually available for purchase or even independent testing.

Tools
Impact wrenches, pulse tools, torque wrenches, screwdrivers, drills, grinders, die grinders, sanders, dental drills, tire changers and other pneumatic tools use a variety of air motors. These include vane type motors, turbines and piston motors.

Torpedoes
Most successful early forms of self-propelled torpedoes used high-pressure compressed air, although this was superseded by internal or external combustion engines, steam engines (driven by the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide), or electric motors.

Railways
Compressed-air engines were used in trams and shunters, and eventually found a successful niche in mining locomotives, although in the end they were replaced by electric trains, underground. Over the years designs increased in complexity, resulting in a triple expansion engine with air-to-air reheaters between each stage. For more information see Fireless locomotive and Mekarski system.

Flight
Water rockets use compressed air to power their water jet and generate thrust, they are used as toys.

Air Hogs, a toy brand, also uses compressed air to power piston engines in toy airplanes (and some other toy vehicles).

Automotive
There is currently some interest in developing air cars. Several engines have been proposed for these, although none have demonstrated the performance and long life needed for personal transport.

Energine
The Energine Corporation was a South Korean company that claimed to deliver fully assembled cars running on a hybrid compressed air and electric engine. The compressed-air engine is used to activate an alternator, which extends the autonomous operating capacity of the car. The CEO was arrested for fraudulently promoting air motors with false claims.

EngineAir
EngineAir, an Australian company, is making a rotary engine powered by compressed air, called The Di Pietro motor. The Di Pietro motor concept is based on a rotary piston. Different from existing rotary engines, the Di Pietro motor uses a simple cylindrical rotary piston (shaft driver) which rolls, with little friction, inside the cylindrical stator.

It can be used in boats, cars, burden carriers and other vehicles. Only 1 psi (≈ 6,8 kPa) of pressure is needed to overcome the friction. The engine was also featured on the ABC's New Inventors programme in Australia on 24 March 2004.

K'Airmobiles
K'Airmobiles vehicles were intended to be commercialized from a project developed in France in 2006–2007 by a small group of researchers. However, the project has not been able to gather the necessary funds. People should note that, meantime, the team has recognized the physical impossibility to use on-board stored compressed air due to its poor energy capacity and the thermal losses resulting from the expansion of the gas.

These days, using the patent pending 'K'Air Generator', converted to work as a compressed-gas motor, the project should be launched in 2010, thanks to a North American group of investors, but for the purpose of developing first a green energy power system.

MDI
In the original Nègre air engine, one piston compresses air from the atmosphere to mix with the stored compressed air (which will cool drastically as it expands). This mixture drives the second piston, providing the actual engine power. MDI's engine works with constant torque, and the only way to change the torque to the wheels is to use a pulley transmission of constant variation, losing some efficiency. When vehicle is stopped, MDI's engine had to be on and working, losing energy. In 2001–2004 MDI switched to a design similar to that described in Regusci's patents (see below), which date back to 1990.

It has been reported in 2008 that Indian car manufacturer Tata was looking at an MDI compressed-air engine as an option on its low priced Nano automobiles. Tata announced in 2009 that the compressed-air car was proving difficult to develop due to its low range and problems with low engine temperatures.

Quasiturbine
The Pneumatic Quasiturbine engine is a compressed-air pistonless rotary engine using a rhomboidal-shaped rotor whose sides are hinged at the vertices.

The Quasiturbine has demonstrated as a pneumatic engine using stored compressed air.

It can also take advantage of the energy amplification possible from using available external heat, such as solar energy.

The Quasiturbine rotates from pressure as low as 0.1 atm (1.47psi).

Since the Quasiturbine is a pure expansion engine, while the Wankel and most other rotary engines are not, it is well-suited as a compressed fluid engine, air engine or air motor.

Regusci
Armando Regusci's version of the air engine couples the transmission system directly to the wheel, and has variable torque from zero to the maximum, enhancing efficiency. Regusci's patents date from 1990.

Team Psycho-Active
Psycho-Active is developing a multi-fuel/air-hybrid chassis which is intended to serve as the foundation for a line of automobiles. Claimed performance is 50 hp/litre. The compressed air motor they use is called the DBRE or Ducted Blade Rotary Engine.

Conger motor
Milton M. Conger in 1881 patented and supposedly built a motor that ran off compressed air or steam that using a flexible tubing which will form a wedge-shaped or inclined wall or abutment in the rear of the tangential bearing of the wheel, and propel it with greater or less speed according to the pressure of the propelling medium.

title: Pneumatic motor


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Acetoin

Acetoin, also known as 3-hydroxybutanone or acetyl methyl carbinol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)C(O)CH3. It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant, buttery odor. It is chiral. The form produced by bacteria is (R)-acetoin.

Production in bacteria
Acetoin is a neutral, four-carbon molecule used as an external energy store by a number of fermentative bacteria. It is produced by the decarboxylation of alpha-acetolactate, a common precursor in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Owing to its neutral nature, production and excretion of acetoin during exponential growth prevents over-acidification of the cytoplasm and the surrounding medium that would result from accumulation of acidic metabolic products, such as acetic acid and citric acid. Once superior carbon sources are exhausted, and the culture enters stationary phase, acetoin can be used to maintain the culture density. The conversion of acetoin into acetyl-CoA is catalysed by the acetoin dehydrogenase complex, following a mechanism largely analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; however, as acetoin is not a 2-oxoacid, it does not undergo decarboxylation by the E1 enzyme; instead, a molecule of acetaldehyde is released. In some bacteria, acetoin can also be reduced to 2,3-butanediol by acetoin reductase/2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase.

The Voges-Proskauer test is a commonly used microbiological test for acetoin production.

Food ingredients
Acetoin, along with diacetyl, is one of the compounds that gives butter its characteristic flavor. Because of this, manufacturers of partially hydrogenated oils typically add artificial butter flavor – acetoin and diacetyl – (along with beta carotene for the yellow color) to the final product.

Acetoin can be found in apples, yogurt, asparagus, blackcurrants, blackberries, wheat, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cantaloupes, and maple syrup.

Acetoin is used as a food flavoring (in baked goods) and as a fragrance.

Electronic cigarettes
It is used in liquids for electronic cigarettes to give a buttery or caramel flavor.

title: Acetoin