text:
Talk:Queen Sonja of Norway

Untitled
She doesn't have a last name, so I removed "Sonja Oldenburg". 15:15, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cambridge
Was Queen Sonja educated at Cambridge University or did she just work in a pub in Cambridge? I can't find a reliable news or other source on this. Bwithh 03:38, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus. There's no consensus for these particular moves, though this may change as the result of the RFC. I've moved it to a new section with a provisional title so the general discussion can continue. --BDD (talk) 17:57, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Queen Sonja of Norway → Sonja of Norway
 * Queen Silvia of Sweden → Silvia of Sweden
 * Queen Máxima of the Netherlands → Máxima of the Netherlands
 * Queen Sofía of Spain → Sofía of Spain
 * Queen Rania of Jordan → Rania of Jordan
 * Queen Noor of Jordan → Noor of Jordan
 * Queen Fabiola of Belgium → Fabiola of Belgium
 * Queen Paola of Belgium → Paola of Belgium

 * Support (as nominator). This guideline is repeatedly cited as the reason for keeping illogical, senselessly inconsistent, misleading and confusing titles. When a change to the guideline is suggested on the talk page, it is always ignored. Therefore, I propose moving these pages and then amending the guideline. There is no reasonable justification for referring to the monarch's wife as "Queen Z of Y" and to the monarch himself as "X of Y". It should be Noor of Jordan and Hussein of Jordan, not Queen Noor of Jordan and Hussein of Jordan; Máxima of the Netherlands and Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, not Queen Máxima of the Netherlands and Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, etc. Common sense indicates that, if the titles are not to match for some reason, he should actually be the one with the royal title and she the one without it.  The notion that the format Mathilde of Belgium indicates a monarch while the format Queen Mathilde of Belgium indicates a consort is nothing but a Wikipedia invention. Only Wikipedia editors who have been editing royalty-related articles for years can find it natural to have a monarch's wife as Queen Sofía of Spain and an actual monarch as Beatrix of the Netherlands (yes, I know she's not a monarch anymore but she was until a few months ago) . A random John Smith who comes to read about kings and queens will certainly not find that natural. If there is anything a random user can conclude from such formats, it's that the person with the title is more important and thus the monarch, while the one without the title is the consort. Of course, Wikipedia articles are written for non-experts, not for those who already know the names of all the world's kings and queens by heart. Surtsicna (talk) 11:26, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose – Though I understand it's a bit inconsistent, we may start a mess by naming the articles for queens consort the same way as queens regnant. --Article editor (talk) 02:11, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Why? What is that about the titles Queen Sonja of Norway and Beatrix of the Netherlands that suggests that the former is a queen consort and that the latter is a queen regnant? Nothing! Only Wikipedia users who are used to this practice can conclude such a thing. Any other reader would surely assume the opposite, if anything. Surtsicna (talk) 18:53, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I see the problem, but I don't think this is the answer to it. AlexTiefling (talk) 07:22, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Why? Could you explain what exactly is wrong with this proposition? Is the proposed change worse than the present problem? If so, how? Thanks. Surtsicna (talk) 18:54, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
 *  Weak support. I agree that the distinction probably flies over the heads of 98% of readers who encounter it (who may well be very misty about the difference between regnant & consort anyway).  So it's not the end of the world to lose the distinction in the title - it can be made clear elsewhere that the subject is a queen consort.  I'd support vanilla names even more, except that apparently some monarchies formally deny the old last names upon marriage, so that proposal would likely go nowhere and generate even more controversy. SnowFire (talk) 18:29, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Upgrading to a full support, partially because of some of the bizarre counter-arguments. The plausible counter-argument is "of course this is a Wikipedia-specific guideline, and that's okay."  The weak attempts to pretend this makes sense otherwise suggests that this guideline wasn't cleanly thought out in the first place.  As for where this discussion should take place, guidelines should be descriptive and not prescriptive IMHO, so this RM is a perfectly valid place to litigate the issue. SnowFire (talk) 00:53, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. What an astonishing way to show regency vs consortiness. Please, please, fix this. Red Slash 07:13, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The proposed move just makes it impossible to tell consorts from reigning monarchs. Convention dictates that consorts revert to their maiden names and titles after death. For example the present Queen's predecessor is Maud of Wales and not Maud of Norway. There is nothing unnatural about either King [name] of Country versus [name] of Country. We only use the latter for reigning monarchs because that is the convention. Moving this page would suggest the same convention for consorts as well.--Jiang (talk) 14:25, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * And how does the current situation help readers tell consorts from monarchs? How could a 30-year-old engineer, who has never read a thing about monarchies, be able to tell that Queen Sonja of Norway is a consort and that Juliana of the Netherlands is a monarch just by looking at the articles titles? If there is anything they could tell from the titles, it's exactly the opposite - that Sonja is a monarch because she's got the title and that Juliana is not. Surtsicna (talk) 14:46, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Why not move Juliana of the Netherlands to "Queen Juliana of the Netherlands" instead of moving the consort articles? or move Queen Sonja of Norway to "Queen Sonja" instead? The lack of "king" or "queen" in the title makes it less accessible and the only real reason we do it for cases such as Juliana of the Netherlands is that it is the convention used by real life academics. Removing it for the consorts makes it just more confusing for those unaware of any convention existing.--Jiang (talk) 17:26, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Hundreds if not thousands of articles would have to be moved if we decided to put the words "King" and "Queen" into all relevant article titles. You yourself said that omitting those words "is the convention used by real life academics". Removing "Queen" from titles of articles about consorts does not make it more confusing to anyone because only certain Wikipedia editors understand that the "Queen Y of Someland" format refers to a consort. Everyone else could only assume the opposite. Surtsicna (talk) 12:38, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Support. At first, I was against it. But now I think it's not good to have, for example Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands and Queen Máxima of the Netherlands. Keivan.f  Talk 14:54, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. If this is a rule that Wikipedia invented, then I agree that it's needlessly inconsistent. I might feel differently if this were a genuine titling convention that exists among real-world academics, but I haven't been able to find any evidence that this is the case. DoctorKubla (talk) 15:30, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. The status quo is confusing and inconsistent. —  Scott  •  talk  17:45, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Frankly, I'd probably support the rules change Surtsicna wants. But I really feel that this is a conversation to be had on Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility). Even if the guideline is a little silly, it also seems like the rule is clear, and that this proposed move is contrary to the rule. NickCT (talk) 14:21, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for commenting, NickCT! Discussions started at Wikipedia talk:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility) are usually ignored, as was the case when I tried having this discussion there. This is a proposal to change the silly rule so that common sense is no longer contrary to the rule. The rule, which you say is a "little silly", is not set in stone and is not really a rule at all, but a guideline invented by a couple of editors. If the I propposed would make the rule less silly, why oppose it? Surtsicna (talk) 14:28, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the feedback Surtsicna. Appreciate what you're trying to do here. Re "If the I propposed would make the rule less silly" - The proposal here isn't to change the rule, it's to rename the pages contrary to the rule. re " Discussions started at Wikipedia talk:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility) are usually ignored" - I appreciate that that may be the case. Can I ask, have you put an RfC on the guideline page? NickCT (talk) 14:32, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I think you missed the third sentence of my original comment. "Therefore, I propose moving these pages and then amending the guideline." If the community decides that the proposal is more sensible than the present guideline, the articles will be moved and the guideline will be amended. That way, the new titles would not be contrary to any rule but instead in accordance with it. That's the simplest way to do this. Anyway, I first opened a move discussion and was then advised to put a RfC here. Surtsicna (talk) 14:44, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * re "That's the simplest way to do this" - So you're breaking the rule, then using the fact that the rule has been broken to justify a change in the rule? How is that simple? I think you ought to change the rule first, then rename the pages to fit the changed rule. Scrap this RfC and set one up at Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility). I'll support you there if you do....... NickCT (talk) 15:00, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * With all due respect, no, I won't. I am not breaking any rule, unless it is against rules to suggest a change of the rule. I started the discussion to change the rule here because this is the place where we can get most input. Then there is also the rule of ignoring all rules. The articles would be moved and the rule would be changed simultaneously. This is a discussion, not a vote, and you've already said that the proposed change makes sense. If you want to, you can register your support at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility) as well, but very few people will respond there. Surtsicna (talk) 16:17, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Using this RfC to try and justify a change on Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility) is a little dodgy. If you want to change Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility), go to that talkpage and do it. This talkpage is not the appropriate to discuss changes to that guideline. Saying "very few people will respond" is not excuse to have an RfC in the wrong place. re " I am not breaking any rule " - But you understand the move you are proposing is against the current guideline/rule, right? NickCT (talk) 18:35, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Dodgy? Nonsense. Of course the talk page of an affected article is an appropriate place to discuss this. I am proposing a sensible change to the current guideline. I only started an RfC here because I had started a move discussion earlier, and was advised by an administrator to start a RfC at the same place to avoid creating a fork discussion. Surtsicna (talk) 19:12, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Did that admin understand that your move request was in fact also a proposal to change policy? You should probably ask them..... NickCT (talk) 21:20, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, he did. Frankly, this is all pointless nitpicking. There is no rule, guideline or policy, that prohibits this form of discussion. The Universe won't explode of this goes the way it's planned to go. Surtsicna (talk) 09:24, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * @Surtsicna - There are lots of policies that warn against this kind of discussion. Try Requests_for_comment - Edit the talk page of the article or project page that you are interested in, or Centralized discussion - Wikipedians frequently discuss proposed changes to Wikipedia policy; .... These discussions generally take place on relevant talk pages, or LOCALCONSENSUS - Consensus among a limited group of editors, at one place and time, cannot override community consensus on a wider scale. And beyond of this, there's just common sense. You're suggesting a policy change here. The discussion should be had on the relevant policy talk page. NickCT (talk) 15:28, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Those are the policies that warn against discussing guidelines? Where? Are you suggesting that talk pages of affected articles are not "relevant talk pages", or that this is not the "talk page of the article" that I am interested in? And to which editors is this group limited? Isn't everyone free to discuss here? Please don't tell me that people are more likely to discuss it at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility) because they are obviously not. Anyway, this has become pointless. I get it; you do think that the proposed changes should be implemented but you are only going to say that on another talk page. Fair enough. Surtsicna (talk) 18:51, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * All I'm suggesting is a proposed change to a guideline should be discussed on that guideline's talkpage. Not that radical an idea. Anyways, I and a number of other editors are trying to help you out here. It's a pity you're not going to get any traction on this for want of proposing the idea in the right way. NickCT (talk) 21:04, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You're the only one trying to help out (the other user would oppose anyway) and I can see that. If this discussion results in no consensus, I'll try requesting a comment at the guideline talk page but honestly, the chance of getting more attention there is next to nothing. Surtsicna (talk) 23:16, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * re "honestly, the chance of getting more attention there is next to nothing" - Hey! Be more optimistic. Sometimes the wikidrama settles and cool minds come together to make things happen. If you do RfC the guideline page, let me know in advance. I'd like to see if I can help you with it. NickCT (talk) 12:09, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose per NickCT's argument that NCROY is the better place to have this discussion about a change to numerous articles and to a guideline principle which falls under that page's rubric -- if someone had not posted mention to this discussion there, I would not have known about this controversial proposal to change so many articles! Wikipedia's at-a-glance distinction between articles on queens regnant and queens consort is worth preserving because the two positions happen to share the same title but are in fact fundamentally different functions, both legally and historically. When readers don't notice our distinction no harm is done, but when they do it helps clarify the functional difference by alerting them to it. The distinction is not arbitrary (and although I completely disagree with the nominator, I will refrain from characterizing the preference of those with whom I disagree in this matter as "silly" or by other unnecessary expressions of contempt) but reflects the fact that historically consorts of kings are often called "Firstname of Birthcountry" in English, especially after they are no longer the king's consort (e.g., Catherine of Aragon, Mary of Modena, Alexandra of Denmark) whereas during their husbands' reigns I think the use of the queenly title is more common. I concur with Surtcicna that there should be a change in the titulature of monarchs, male and female, to facilitate clarity: those without ordinals should be accorded their substantive title in the format title follows the given name (e.g., Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands, Louis Philippe, King of the French, Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, etc.), while queens and empresses who are consorts of reigning kings should have their title prefix their given name as now -- and I would gladly support that modification at NCROY, which would go far to address the concern that it is counter-intuitive to call monarchs "Firstname of Realm" while calling their consorts "Queen Firstname of Realm", since the ordinal is much of what signals readers that the article is about a monarch, and in its absence the contrast with their consorts' titles is more stark. FactStraight (talk) 21:14, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * NickCT called the guideline silly; I followed the lead because I was not sure why he would oppose changing a "silly" guideline. Why didn't you respond to Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility) when I attempted to start this discussion there five days ago? Why should I have bothered posting there again when my first attempt achieved nothing? Anyway, would you mind explaining how come the distinction is not arbitrary? Which academic distinguishes between monarchs and consorts by applying the title to consorts but not to monarchs? I know that the positions are very distinct but I strongly disagree that this is the right way to distinguish between them. Why do you think a first-time reader would assume that Queen Sonja of Norway is a consort and not a monarch? What should that same reader assume upon encountering articles about Marie of Romania, Maria of Yugoslavia, Catherine of Bosnia, etc? Only a Wikipedian with lots of experience in editing royalty-related articles (such as you) can assume that the "Queen Firstname of Realm" format naturally implies a consort and not a monarch. Surtsicna (talk) 21:30, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment I think all these sort of articles should move to commonnamehere, Title-Consort of AristocraticRealm/Title -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 07:26, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The courtesy title Queen is appropriate and expected for a living queen. The suggested title is appropriate for a dead historic queen regnant and never for a non-regnant consort. The "of Norway" may be changeable, but the suggested rename would be wrong. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 10:35, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Why? Which historian said that? That is nothing but a guideline invented by a couple of Wikipedians many years ago. There is nothing inherently natural or appropriate about it. Nobody assumes that Marie of Romania was a Romanian queen regnant, or that Maria of Yugoslavia was a Yugoslavian queen regnant. The "rule" has already been "broken" many times by consensus, and it is high time to replace it with one based more on sense than on someone's assumption that readers will somehow (miraculously?) know that "Queen Y of Someland" is a consort while "Z of Someland" is a queen monarch. Surtsicna (talk) 10:55, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * "Queen Y of Someland" the consort is ambiguous, but she should be living. "Z of Someland" should be a dead historic figure.  We typically leave off "Queen" for past queens to avoid confusion with current queens
 * I don't know which historian did it first, but I think it derives from court and diplomatic documents, and that the practice is very old. Marie of Romania is misleading. We usually choose an article title derived from a consort's pre-marriage status, usually.  "of nation" implies regnant, or a person of great international and historical significance. I suggest adding "consort" for living consorts if more clarity is desired, and that all living people with great titles have their highest title in the article title, if, as usual, that is how they are known. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 11:40, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * With all due respect, that is not true. No historian (and no academic whatsoever) practices what we practice, and I have no idea what kind of "court and diplomatic documents" you are referring to - and I don't think you do either. Do you truly believe that historians at some point made a deal to refer to current queens as "Queen Y of Someland", to past queens as "X of Homeland" and to monarchs as "Z of Someland"? Of course they did not. Marie of Romania is not misleading. That is the name by which she is known. Who could be misled by that name? Only people who have been influenced by the rule Wikipedians made up and who haven't encountered a lot of non-Wikipedia references to Marie herself.
 * As I was afraid, Wikipedia editors interested in royalty cannot grasp that this "rule" is not a rule at all, and that there is nothing inherently appropriate about it. They assume that all readers will understand something that can only be understood by reading Naming conventions (royalty and nobility). We should not make such assumptions. As another user put it, this is truly "an astonishing way to show regency vs consortiness". "Queen Silvia of Sweden" is not a monarch but "Philippe of Belgium" and "Juliana of the Netherlands" are? Truly astonishing. Surtsicna (talk) 11:58, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Henry VIII wrote to and referred to Charles of France. I don't know of either referring to the other's consorts. I agree with the point on astonishment, and that something ought to change, but disagree with your solution. Consorts should not be named "of nation". --SmokeyJoe (talk) 12:19, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't think Henry VIII was an historian. Anyway, I am truly puzzled as to how the Queen of Norway is not "of Norway". I don't think she herself would agree on that! Surtsicna (talk) 18:34, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * If you drop the "Queen", then she needs her maiden title or surname. As she is living, we usually title per her current courtesy titles. When dead, there is a split, some choosing to title as per her status per-marriage, others as per her highest status in life. I think the second is better, better recognised, better reflecting more sources, and I would prefer to insert "consort" to clarify the problem you have identified. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 21:07, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * And that is exactly the kind of invented rules I am talking about. That guideline was made up by a couple of Wikipedia editors. It was not agreed on by any academics and certainly not by diplomats of any kind. The "some" and "others" you refer to are also Wikipedia editors and nobody else. Surtsicna (talk) 21:33, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree that you have a good point. I don't agree that this nomination is a good solution.  Removing "Queen" from the various examples reduces recognisability for the general reader.  I think a better solution is to add King/Queen to regnant kings and queens, possibly add "regnant", and probably include "consort" for Kings and Queens consort.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:02, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but that proposal is guaranteed to attract much more opposition than this one, and leaving it half-way is the worst kind of mish-mash solution. Surtsicna (talk) 23:11, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I've re-read the guideline and some of the archives. These rules weren't just made up, but they did casually evolve in the early days of the project.  I'm not so sure that a sensible proposal to fix the real problem you point out will trigger knee jerk opposition.

 * It is odd that Kings/Queens/Emperors regnant have their titles dropped, but consorts get titles, and lesser titles don't get dropped. I suspect that this usage derives from an affection deriving from original court/diplomatic sources, as I mentioned previously.  I suspect that this original usage, of droping "King" etc for regnants, which feels familiar, perhaps due to occurance in movies, derives from a tendancy of old monarchs to address each other on familiar terms.  As such, I don't think it is a usage we need to hold.

 * I support including King/Queen/Emperor in the article titles.
 * I note that the convention of calling a King a King, weighing recognizability above concision, is in practice on DAB pages, and it reads sensibly. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 12:27, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

RfC notification
The RfC on queen titles which BDD mentions in his closing comment has been moved to WT:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility). DoctorKubla (talk) 20:20, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

 * The Wikipedia guidelines say:

 *  Living royal consorts are referred to by their present name and title.

 * Well, there are no such titles e.g. as Queen Máxima of the Netherlands or Queen Mathilde of Belgium. Based on what Wikipedia itself recommends, the articles should be renamed "Queen Maxima, Princess of the Netherlands" and "Mathilde, Queen of the Belgians" (or "Queen Mathilde of the Belgians").161.24.19.112 (talk) 13:49, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

The Name Game
Oh, I wish I'd come across this discussion much earlier! I was looking at Maxima's page & completely confused by the Talk pg chatter stating that calling her Queen Maxima was the correct way to do it! I thought, whatever happened to the rule that consorts get called things like Eleanor of Aquitaine & Anne Boleyn?

Why isn't Maxima's pg called Maxima Zorreguieta? Or Mathilde's pg called Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz? Or Letizia's pg called Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano? Or Sofia's pg called Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark? Or Silvia's pg called Silvia Sommerlath? Or Maria-Teresa's pg called María Teresa Mestre y Batista? Or Sonja pg's here being called Sonja Haraldson? Etc, etc. It's stupid that they have to be dead to suddenly revert back to their *maiden names* all of a sudden! What's the issue on re-directs for people who search for them as Queen So & So?

There's Crown Princess Mary of Denmark instead of Mary Donaldson. And Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway instead of Mette-Marit Hoiby. Why not just use their birth names before they demise? No confusion at all that way.

Why does every media outlet in the world say *Kate Middleton* & only Wikipedia says *Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge* when Kate Middleton (9,070,000 hits for KM v 973,000 for C, DoC, that a diff of OVER EIGHT MIL!) is the more common usage? Isn't WP all about the more common usage? WP RE-DIRECTS from KM because we KNOW KM is the more likely search term, so why bother with the C, DoC pg title?

AND saying Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is the style used for a DIVORCED noblewoman on top of that, just like Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall & Sophie, Countess of Wessex are! It's THE Duchess of Cambridge, THE Duchess of Cornwall, THE Countess of Wessex; they're still married to their husbands! Diana was THE Princess of Wales until she & Charles were divorced, and then she became *Diana, Princess of Wales* BECAUSE SHE WAS DIVORCED. But I'd bet if she'd still been alive & married to Charles when WP began, she would've been called D, PoW anyway!

If it's supposed to be done by titles, then at least get the proper style on them! What about Sophie Rhys-Jones & Camilla Shand (Parker-Bowles) rather than these incorrectly used titles? Catherine Middleton if you wish to give Kate some ducal dignity? (but it'll still need a re-direct from Kate!) Charlene Wittstock or even Charlene of Monaco would be OK; Charlene, Princess of Monaco is NOT. Her title is actually Her Serene Highness THE Princess of Monaco. NO NAMES! The only correct pg is Sarah, Duchess of York....because SHE'S divorced.

Why does WP go against actual protocol on this stuff? The rules around here do my head in!

Maybe something like *The Princess of Monaco (Charlene Wittstock)* as a pg title instead?

What's wrong with just Maxima of the Netherlands, Mathilde of the Belgians (not Belgium!), Letizia of Spain, Sofia of Spain, Silvia of Sweden, Maria-Teresa of Luxembourg, Sonja of Norway, Mary of Denmark, Mette-Marit of Norway, etc, etc? Even the princesses royal or wives of dangling spares.....Madeleine of Sweden, Alexandra of Luxembourg, Beatrice of the United Kingdom, Laurentien of the Netherlands, Marie of Denmark, etc, etc. Although it's stupid in the long run because they'll just have to be changed to their maiden names when they cork off. But methinks people get the idea that when a person is *Maizy-Rae of Yonder Kingdom*, it generally means they're a royal, or married to one.

The only place a title is OK in the title of a pg for a royal is when it's a title like Prince of Wales. You CAN do Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden (but NOT for Mary & Mette-Marit, as it's their husbands who are the heirs to the thrones, not them!), Leonor, Princess of Asturius, Elisabeth, Princess of Brabant, Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange, Ingrid, Hereditary Princess of Norway (& WHY is she called Ingrid Alexandra throughout her article, when no other princess gets the double-name treatment except for Catharina-Amalia, which ought to be obvs due to the hyphenation that it's a single given name), because it denotes their current status as heirs apparent, just as Charles, Prince of Wales or Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway does for the males. We're in a situation now where soon ALL the heirs apparent will be females (except for Denmark & the UK), so WP best get a consistent system for that, & dealing with the influx of not-princesses-by-birth.

Are WP'dians confused here because all but one of these ladies (Sofia of Spain) are commoners, not princesses of the blood royal? There's no longer any Princess of Wherever coming up as a consort. The Catherine of Aragon days are fading into the past. We need a new rule for that now that the royals of Europe are no longer inbreeding.

Like I said, wish 'd seen this when it came up for discussion, If we're not going to call the guys King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, King Harald of Norway, King Carl Gustaf of Sweden (ordinals or nay), then we shouldn't be calling their queens consort Queen Maxima, Queen Sonja, Queen Silvia, either. It DOES give off the wrong impression for those not in the royal know of things, like kids researching school reports, or people curious about a royal they've seen in the news for something.

I just did a WP search for *King Harald of Norway*, to see what came up. Yknow what it told me? THIS PAGE DOESN'T EXIST! But wouldn't that be exactly what people would search for? If you're unfamiliar with royalty, you won't recall the ordinal. You'll be lucky to spell his name right (since in English it would be Harold that would spring to mind). But even spelling it the right way, WP says it's got nothin' on him. But then you look down the search results, & the 1st one says *Harald V of Norway*. Um, yes, WP, he DOES exist, for pity's sake! But are kids doing a school report going to scroll past all that stuff at the top & actually see that he does?

Je désespère! ScarletRibbons (talk) 07:03, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Queen Sonja of Norway


text:
Methylotroph

Methylotrophs are a diverse group of microorganisms that can use reduced one-carbon compounds, such as methanol or methane, as the carbon source for their growth; and multi-carbon compounds that contain no carbon-carbon bonds, such as dimethyl ether and dimethylamine. This group of microorganisms also includes those capable of assimilating reduced one-carbon compounds by way of carbon dioxide using the ribulose bisphosphate pathway. These organisms should not be confused with methanogens which on the contrary produce methane as a by-product from various one-carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide. Some methylotrophs can degrade the greenhouse gas methane, and in this case they are called methanotrophs. The abundance, purity, and low price of methanol compared to commonly used sugars make methylotrophs competent organisms for production of amino acids, vitamins, recombinant proteins, single-cell proteins, co-enzymes and cytochromes.

Metabolism

The key intermediate in methylotrophic metabolism is formaldehyde, which can be diverted to either assimilatory or dissimilatory pathways. Methylotrophs produce formaldehyde through oxidation of methanol and/or methane. Methane oxidation requires the enzyme methane monooxygenase (MMO). Methylotrophs with this enzyme are given the name methanotrophs. The oxidation of methane (or methanol) can be assimilatory or dissimilatory in nature (see figure). If dissimilatory, the formaldehyde intermediate is oxidized completely into to produce reductant and energy. If assimilatory, the formaldehyde intermediate is used to synthesize a 3-Carbon compound for the production of biomass. Many methylotrophs use multi-carbon compounds for anabolism, thus limiting their use of formaldehyde to dissimilatory processes, however methanotrophs are generally limited to only metabolism.

Catabolism
Methylotrophs use the electron transport chain to conserve energy produced from the oxidation of compounds. An additional activation step is required in methanotrophic metabolism to allow degradation of chemically-stable methane. This oxidation to methanol is catalyzed by MMO, which incorporates one oxygen atom from into methane and reduces the other oxygen atom to water, requiring two equivalents of reducing power. Methanol is then oxidized to formaldehyde through the action of methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) in bacteria, or a non-specific alcohol oxidase in yeast. Electrons from methanol oxidation are passed to a membrane-associated quinone of the electron transport chain to produce.

In dissimilatory processes, formaldehyde is completely oxidized to and excreted. Formaldehyde is oxidized to formate via the action of Formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH), which provides electrons directly to a membrane associated quinone of the electron transport chain, usually cytochrome b or c. In the case of  associated dehydrogenases,  is produced.

Finally, formate is oxidized to by cytoplasmic or membrane-bound Formate dehydrogenase (FDH), producing and.

Anabolism
The main metabolic challenge for methylotrophs is the assimilation of single carbon units into biomass. Through de novo synthesis, methylotrophs must form carbon-carbon bonds between 1-Carbon molecules. This is an energy intensive process, which facultative methylotrophs avoid by using a range of larger organic compounds. However, obligate methylotrophs must assimilate molecules. There are four distinct assimilation pathways with the common theme of generating one molecule. Bacteria use three of these pathways while Fungi use one. All four pathways incorporate 3 molecules into multi-carbon intermediates, then cleave one intermediate into a new  molecule. The remaining intermediates are rearranged to regenerate the original multi-carbon intermediates.

Bacteria
Each species of methylotrophic bacteria has a single dominant assimilation pathway. The three characterized pathways for carbon assimilation are the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) and serine pathways of formaldehyde assimilation as well as the ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) pathway of assimilation.

Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) cycle
Unlike the other assimilatory pathways, bacteria using the RuBP pathway derive all of their organic carbon from assimilation. This pathway was first elucidated in photosynthetic autotrophs and is better known as the Calvin Cycle. Shortly thereafter, methylotrophic bacteria who could grow on reduced compounds were found using this pathway.

First, 3 molecules of ribulose 5-phosphate are phosphorylated to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). The enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO) carboxylates these RuBP molecules which produces 6 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA). The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase phosphorylates PGA into 1,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPGA). Reduction of 6 DPGA by the enzyme glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase generates 6 molecules of the compound glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP). One GAP molecule is diverted towards biomass while the other 5 molecules regenerate the 3 molecules of ribulose 5-phosphate.

Ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle
A new pathway was suspected when RuBisCO was not found in the methanotroph Methylmonas methanica. Through radio-labelling experiments, it was shown that M. methanica used the Ribulose monophate (RuMP) pathway. This has led researchers to propose that the RuMP cycle may have preceded the RuBP cycle.

Like the RuBP cycle, this cycle begins with 3 molecules of ribulose-5-phosphate. However, instead of phosphorylating ribulose-5-phosphate, 3 molecules of formaldehyde form a C-C bond through an aldol condensation, producing 3 molecules of 3-hexulose 6-phosphate (hexulose phosphate). One of these molecules of hexulose phosphate is converted into GAP and either pyruvate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). The pyruvate or DHAP is used towards biomass while the other 2 hexulose phosphate molecules and the molecule of GAP are used to regenerate the 3 molecules of ribulose-5-phosphate.

Serine cycle
Unlike the other assimilatory pathways, the serine cycle uses carboxylic acids and amino acids as intermediates instead of carbohydrates. First, 2 molecules of formaldehyde are added to 2 molecules of the amino acid glycine. This produces two molecules of the amino acid serine, the key intermediate of this pathway. These serine molecules eventually produce 2 molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate, with one molecule going towards biomass and the other being used to regenerate glycine. Notably, the regeneration of glycine requires a molecule of as well, therefore the Serine pathway also differs from the other 3 pathways by its requirement of both formaldehyde and.

Yeasts
Methylotrophic yeast metabolism differs from bacteria primarily on the basis of the enzymes used and the carbon assimilation pathway. Unlike bacteria which use bacterial MDH, methylotrophic yeasts oxidize methanol in their peroxisomes with a non-specific alcohol oxidase. This produces formaldehyde as well as hydrogen peroxide. Compartmentalization of this reaction in peroxisomes likely sequesters the hydrogen peroxide produced. Catalase is produced in the peroxisomes to deal with this harmful by-product.

Dihydroxyacteone (DHA) cycle
The dihydroxyacetone (DHA) pathway, also known as the xylulose monophosphate (XuMP) pathway, is found exclusively in yeast. This pathway assimilates three molecules of formaldehyde into 1 molecule of DHAP using 3 molecules of xylulose 5-phosphate as the key intermediate.

DHA synthase acts as a transferase (transketolase) to transfer part of xylulose 5-phosphate to DHA. Then these 3 molecules of DHA are phosphorylated to DHAP by triokinase. Like the other cycles, 3 molecules are produced with 1 molecule being directed for use as cell material. The other 2 molecules are used to regenerate xylulose 5-phosphate.

Environmental Implications
As key players in the carbon cycle, methylotrophs work to reduce global warming primarily through the uptake of methane and other greenhouse gases. In aqueous environments, methanogenic archaea produce 40-50% of the world's methane. Symbiosis between methanogens and methanotrophic bacteria greatly decreases the amount of methane released into the atmosphere.

This symbiosis is also important in the marine environment. Marine bacteria are very important to food webs and biogeochemical cycles, particularly in coastal surface waters but also in other key ecosystems such as hydrothermal vents. There is evidence of widespread and diverse groups of methylotrophs in the ocean that have potential to significantly impact marine and estuarine ecosystems. One-carbon compounds used as a carbon and energy source by methylotrophs are found throughout the ocean. These compounds include methane, methanol, methylated amines, methyl halides, and methylated sulfur compounds, such as dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Some of these compounds are produced by phytoplankton and some come from the atmosphere. Studies incorporating a wider range of one-carbon substrates have found increasing diversity of methylotrophs, suggesting that the diversity of this bacterial group has not yet fully been explored.

Because these compounds are volatile and impact the climate and atmosphere, research on the interaction of these bacteria with these one-carbon compounds can also help understanding of air-sea fluxes of these compounds, which impact climate predictions. For example, it is uncertain whether the ocean acts as a net source or sink of atmospheric methanol, but a diverse set of methylotrophs use methanol as their main energy source. In some regions, methylotrophs have been found to be a net sink of methanol, while in others a product of methylotroph activity, methylamine, has been found to be emitted from the ocean and form aerosols. The net direction of these fluxes depends on the utilization by methylotrophs.

Studies have found that methylotrophic capacity varies with the productivity of a system, so the impacts of methylotrophy are likely seasonal. Because some of the one-carbon compounds used by methylotrophs, such as methanol and TMAO, are produced by phytoplankton, their availability will vary temporally and seasonally depending on phytoplankton blooms, weather events, and other ecosystem inputs. This means that methylotrophic metabolism is expected to follow similar dynamics, which will then impact biogeochemical cycles and carbon fluxes.

Impacts of methylotrophs were also found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Methylotrophs, along with sulfur oxidizers and iron oxidizers, expressed key proteins associated with carbon fixation. These types of studies will contribute to further understanding of deep sea carbon cycling and the connectivity between deep ocean and surface carbon cycling. The expansion of omics technologies has accelerated research on the diversity of methylotrophs, their abundance and activity in a variety of environmental niches, and their interspecies interactions. Further research must be done on these bacteria and the overall effect of bacterial drawdown and transformation of one-carbon compounds in the ocean. Current evidence points to a potentially substantial role for methylotrophs in the ocean in the cycling of carbon but also potentially in the global nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus cycles as well as the air-sea flux of carbon compounds, which could have global climate impacts.

The use of methylotrophs in the agricultural sector is another way in which they can potentially impact the environment. Traditional chemical fertilizers supply nutrients not readily available from soil but can have some negative environmental impacts and are costly to produce. Methylotrophs have high potential as alternative biofertilizers and bioinoculants due to their ability to form mutualistic relationships with several plant species. Methylotrophs provide plants with nutrients such as soluble phosphorus and fixed nitrogen and also play a role in the uptake of said nutrients. Additionally, they can help plants respond to environmental stressors through the production of phytohormones. Methylotrophic growth also inhibits the growth of harmful plant pathogens and induces systemic resistance. Methylotrophic biofertilizers used either alone or together with chemical fertilizers have been shown to increase both crop yield and quality without loss of nutrients.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Methylotroph


text:
Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder

"Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder" is the sixth episode of the eleventh season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 14, 1999. In the episode, Homer becomes a local celebrity after bowling a perfect game, but his fame quickly fades as "yesterday's news". After a botched suicide attempt, Homer decides to spend time with Maggie after seeing Ron Howard spend time with his children. Howard guest-starred as himself in the episode, which also features guest appearances by Penn & Teller, Pat O'Brien, and Nancy O'Dell.

Plot
Homer is extremely late for work after sleeping for more than a whole day. As punishment for his lateness, Mr. Burns makes Homer eat toxic waste in a dark room. Lenny and Carl come in and invite Homer to go bowling. Homer lies to Marge on the phone, telling her that he was not able to attend a tea party date with Maggie because there was a breakdown at the plant and Lenny was hospitalized. Homer then goes bowling with Lenny and Carl. He bowls a 300 game, and makes the evening news, earning the attention of the entire town. With this accomplishment, Homer becomes a celebrity, appearing on The Springfield Squares. The appearance ends disastrously, with Homer getting into a fight with fellow celebrity guest Ron Howard, leading Kent Brockman to lament inviting a "flavor of the month" like Homer onto the show. Determined to prolong his moment in the limelight, Homer attempts a walk-on during a Penn & Teller special. This also backfires on him as Penn chases him off the stage with a crossbow (and leaves Teller slowly descending into a tub of shark-filled water).

Homer's 15 minutes of fame wanes, and he becomes "yesterday's news" according to an entertainment news show. Worrying that his life has peaked, he attempts to commit suicide by jumping from a tall building, but Otto, who is bungee jumping, saves him. Thankful for being alive, Homer dedicates his life to his children after seeing Ron Howard take his children to a zoo. He tries, but fails to connect with Bart (who already has a father figure in construction workers, the Internet, and Nelson Muntz) and Lisa (who is too intellectual for him), so he decides to spend more time with Maggie. He tries to teach her how to swim, but she does not trust him and will not go in the water. When Homer takes Maggie to the beach, he gets caught in a rip current and nearly drowns. Maggie swims out and pulls him to shore. For saving him, Homer treats Maggie to a game of bowling—and she bowls a perfect game, but Homer penalizes her for going over the foul line.

Production
The episode was written by Al Jean and directed Mike B. Anderson as part of the eleventh season of The Simpsons (1999–2000). Penn & Teller, Ron Howard, Pat O'Brien, Nancy O'Dell guest starred in the episode as themselves. Howard had previously guest starred on The Simpsons as himself in the season ten episode "When You Dish Upon a Star" (1998). Howard was set to appear in "Children of a Lesser Clod" (2001), but dropped out for unknown reasons.

The author of the 2003 book Ron Howard: From Mayberry to the Moon… and Beyond, Beverly Gray, noted that by playing himself in these episodes, "Howard showed once again that he could laugh at his own public persona. His appearances on The Simpsons also suggest how much he remains an American icon, long after the end of his acting career. It's rare indeed for a director or producer to be as instantly recognizable as most Hollywood stars."

Cultural references
Several references to popular culture are featured in the episode. The title is an allusion to the novelty song "Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh" by comedian Allan Sherman. The song was previously used in "Marge Be Not Proud". Springfield Squares is a parody of the show Hollywood Squares. The scene in which Homer bowls the strike that wins him the perfect game takes many elements from the Robert Redford film The Natural (1984), including the camera flashes, music and slow-motion.

Homer sings The Doors song "The End" when he walks through the streets considering suicide. Homer plays a Where's Waldo? game on the back of the cereal box he eats his breakfast from. While he is doing this, Waldo walks past the window behind him. After Homer bowls his perfect game, he pulls out a "Before I Die I want To-" list and checks off the item "Bowl a Perfect Game". Below that is listed "See Stevie Nicks Naked", which has been checked three times. Stevie Nicks is a singer and member of the group Fleetwood Mac.

Mrs. Krabappel reads a "Teacher's Edition" of the 1973 novel Fear of Flying. When Homer and Otto descend into the sewers on the bungee rope, they pass three underground societies: the Morlocks (from the 1960 film The Time Machine), the C.H.U.D.s (from the 1984 film C.H.U.D.) and the Mole People (from the 1956 film The Mole People).

When Maggie swims out to save Homer from drowning in the ocean, the main theme from Victory at Sea plays.

Release
"Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder" originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 14, 1999. On October 7, 2008, it was released on DVD as part of the box set The Simpsons – The Complete Eleventh Season. Staff members Mike Scully, Al Jean, George Meyer, Ian Maxtone-Graham, Matt Selman, and Mike B. Anderson participated in the DVD audio commentary for the episode. Deleted scenes from the episode were also included on the box set.

While reviewing the eleventh season of The Simpsons, DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson commented that "this episode refers to Maggie as 'the forgotten Simpson', and they ain’t kidding. She rarely gets much attention, and for good reason: she doesn’t bring much to the series. ['Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder'] has some laughs – particularly during a fun bit that spoofs The Natural - but its story feels like it’s all over the place. Maggie episodes are rare – and rarely very good. That holds true for this one as well."

However, in his review of the eleventh season of The Simpsons, Den of Geek critic Mark Oakley wrote that "there are some fine episodes to be found", such as "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder", which he described as a "highlight".

title: Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder


text:
David Carabott

David Carabott (born 18 May 1968) is a former professional footballer who played for as a defender or midfielder. Born in Australia, he was capped 122 times for the Malta national team, making him second most capped player in Maltese football history.

Club career
Carabott was born on 18 May 1968 in Melbourne, Australia, and his family moved to Malta at an early age. He joined local club Marsaxlokk in 1979 and made his first team debut in the Third Division match against Mellieħa in the 1981–82 season. He slowly became a regular fixture with the team, and in 1987 he joined Premier League side Hibernians. In 1993, with the arrival of new coach Brian Talbot, Hibernians soon transformed to a title-challenging side, winning two league titles in the 1993–94 and 1994–95 season. Carabott during this time established himself as one of the best wing-backs in the game.

International career
Carabott made his first appearance for the Maltese senior team on 15 November 1987, a 1–1 draw against Switzerland. A year later, on 23 November 1988, he scored his first international goal, the opener in a 1–1 draw against Cyprus. In total he played 122 times for the national team and with 12 goals, Carabott was at one point one of the highest scorers. One of these was a goal in a friendly against England, played on 3 June 2000, which temporarily equalised the game, although England went on to score the winner later on. Carabott also had a chance to score a second equaliser late on when Malta were awarded another penalty, but this effort was saved by Richard Wright.

International goals

 * "Score" represents the score in the match after Carabott's goal.

title: David Carabott


text:
Dream (American group)

Dream was an American girl group from Los Angeles, California. After a successful audition, the group signed with rapper Puff Daddy's Bad Boy Records label to release their debut studio album It Was All a Dream (2001), which peaked at number six on the Billboard 200. The album was preceded by the single "He Loves U Not" which peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. Following conflicts with their label, their second studio album Reality (2003) did not see a widespread release and the group disbanded. Dream briefly reunited in 2015 and independently released the single "I Believe" the following year before disbanding once more.

1998–2001: Formation
The group was originally formed in October 1998. Talent scout Debbie Fontaine selected Holly Blake-Arnstein, Melissa Schuman , Ashley Poole , and Alex Chester , four teens from California, to comprise a girl group called First Warning, which was later changed to Dream.

The group auditioned for Sean Combs and were subsequently signed to Bad Boy Records. Following this, the group stopped working with Fontaine, who later sued Combs and Blake-Arnstein, Schuman, and Poole, but lost her court case. In January 1999, Chester was replaced by Diana Ortiz.

2000–2001: It Was All a Dream
Dream released their debut single "He Loves U Not" in 2000. "He Loves U Not" peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 17 on the UK Singles Chart. The video for the single peaked at number 2 on MTV's TRL. Their debut album It Was All a Dream was released on January 23, 2001. The second single from the album, "This Is Me", was not as successful, but the music video hit number 1 on TRL. An alternate song with the same name but different lyrics and production, titled "This Is Me (Remix)" was also released featuring rapper Kain and Sean Combs, and was later included on the compilation Totally Hits 2001. Bad Boy Records had planned to release more singles from It Was All a Dream, but these releases were later canceled. According to Blake-Arnstein, this was partly due to the impact of the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001.

To promote It Was All a Dream, Dream participated in the 2001 TRL tour, and opened for Destiny's Child, Eve, NSYNC (No Strings Attached Tour) and Nelly. They were featured in a segment of MTV Cribs. Play Along Toys released dolls of the group in 2001. Dream made various appearances on television shows, including TRL, The Rosie O'Donnell Show, The Early Show, Live with Regis and Kelly, and Good Morning America.

2002–2003: Lineup change and disbandment
In April 2002, Melissa Schuman left the group to pursue an acting career. A lengthy search conducted by Sean Combs and the three remaining members led to Kasey Sheridan joining the group in Fall 2002.

Dream spent the subsequent months recording new songs for their second album. In the summer of 2003, the group released the single "Crazy" featuring rapper Loon which coincided with a sexier image. Blake-Arnstein later noted that the sexier, more mature image pushed upon the group by Combs and their management was not a welcome change, and that she and the other members were no longer enjoying the experience. "Crazy" peaked at #39 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40. Dream's album Reality was completed and was scheduled to be released in Fall 2003, but its release was repeatedly postponed by their label. The album did not see a wide release and was only released for digital download from the French Virgin Megastore website. Bad Boy Records later dropped Dream and they disbanded, though their dissolution was never formally announced.

2003–2012: Post-breakup activities
Ashley Poole and Melissa Schuman pursued solo singing careers, and Holly Blake-Arnstein joined the California-based band Whirl Magnet.

On May 9, 2008, Clockwork Entertainment released two compilation albums titled Daddy's Little Girl and Dream Never Land. These albums feature demo songs recorded before their debut and include early member Alex Chester. Subsequently, Reality also became available for purchase on iTunes on May 13, 2008. A third compilation, Dream Back To You, was released in 2009.

Around this tine, Clockwork Entertainment attempted to rebuild Dream with completely new members. The newly revived lineup consisted of Jordan McCoy, Danielle Keaton, Lindsay Taylor and Imaj Thomas. This new iteration of Dream was given a soft launch via the official YouTube channel but would fail to make a proper debut following the departure of several members.

Meanwhile, members Melissa Schuman, Ashley Poole, and Diana Ortiz started a new group under the name Lady Phoenix. A reality show documenting their search for new members was in the works, but was not picked up by any networks, and the group disbanded in 2012.

2015–2016: Comeback and "I Believe"
On May 11, 2015, the original members of Dream posted a video online performing a cappella version of their 2000 single "He Loves U Not". On May 29, 2015, Dream announced they would be making a comeback and launched a new Twitter and Facebook page. On December 17, 2015, Dream released a studio recording of "O Holy Night".

On August 2, 2016, Dream released their first single together in 13 years, titled "I Believe".

In 2016, Dream opened for 98 Degrees on the My2K Tour. They also performed at the 2016 Mixtape Festival on August 6 with New Kids On The Block headlining. On August 25, 2016, former member Kasey Sheridan joined Dream on stage to perform "Crazy" at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles, California.

On October 5, 2016, Ashley Poole announced that Dream had once again disbanded.

title: Dream (American group)


text:
WUSB (FM)

WUSB (90.1 FM) is a non-commercial radio station licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Stony Brook, New York. The station is owned by the State University of New York, with studios located on the second floor of Stony Brook University's West Side Dining facility, and its transmitter is located in Farmingville, New York. WUSB is a free-form radio station, staffed by more than 150 volunteers who devote their time and energy for the love of music and free-form radio. The station is partially listener-supported.

History
The station began in 1962 as a carrier current station, broadcasting only within the confines of the then-new Stony Brook campus on 820 kHz on the AM band. The station was, at the time, an integral part of Stony Brook University's once-lively concert scene, which brought such bands and acts as Simon and Garfunkel, Thelonious Monk, The Grateful Dead (in their first-ever East Coast concert appearance), Jimi Hendrix, The Doors, Jefferson Airplane, Arlo Guthrie, Joni Mitchell, Janis Joplin, the Allman Brothers Band, Pink Floyd, Van Morrison, The Who, Jethro Tull, Cat Stevens, Hot Tuna, Santana, Stony Brook's own Blue Öyster Cult, the Beach Boys, Frank Zappa, Billy Joel, Bob Marley and the Wailers, Jerry Garcia and more. Many of these musicians paid a visit to the station as well. In its earliest days, the studios were located in a "hole in the ground" in the Pritchard Gymnasium, before relocating to another cramped space in the basement of one of the dormitories, James College. One of the station's broadcasters, Paul (the Bean) Kornreich, was not only one of the station's DJ's but also its first basketball announcer. In 1975, the studios then moved to the Student Union, Room 240, where they remained until they moved to the second floor of the West Side Dining facility on January 27, 2017.

In 1965, New York mandated that all of its campus radio stations across the state make the transition to FM, as part of its master plan for the university system. Since it was up to each individual school to obtain a license on its own, WUSB began a long battle to get a spot on the increasingly crowded FM dial. Efforts to get the station on FM began in 1970, originally with an attempt to purchase a plot of land near campus to build a transmitter. New York regulations, however, prevented that from happening. Ultimately, construction began on a tower atop the Graduate Chemistry building, which, at the time, was the tallest building on the Stony Brook campus, and approval for the construction of the new station was received from the Board of Trustees in 1973.

However, WUSB's construction permit was challenged by Adelphi University, whose station, WBAU, which at the time broadcast on the first-adjacent frequency, 90.3, out of Garden City on Long Island (but which is no longer on the air), objected to the proposed station, citing potential interference to their signal. However, the FCC overruled WBAU's objections in 1976, and granted WUSB a license to begin broadcasting in 1977.

At the time, WUSB was Long Island's most powerful non-commercial radio station, putting out 4,000 watts of power, primarily covering central Suffolk County. The station signed on as an FM station for the first time on June 27, 1977, at 5:30 in the afternoon.

The station's first General Manager was Norm Prusslin, a University alumnus, employee, adjunct professor and advisor. He held this position continuously until his retirement in early 2006. He was later succeeded as General Manager by Isobel Breheny Schafer. Many of the station's original volunteers, including its Chief Engineer, Frank Burgert, were students in 1977. Many alumni of Stony Brook remain to this day as WUSB volunteers. Rich Koch was the station's first program director when the station began broadcasting on FM and he also remains as an active WUSB staffer.

The initial location of WUSB's antenna provided excellent coverage to the campus and much of Long Island's north shore, but the high wattage of the station began to have adverse effects on experiments conducted in laboratories of the Chemistry building, as well as those in the nearby Physics building. In the mid-1980s, it was determined that, to eliminate interference, the antenna would either have to be moved or have its power drastically reduced. It was decided to move the antenna to a new off-campus location.

After many potential locations were examined across Suffolk County, an agreement was reached with the owners of a new tower being constructed at Bald Hill in Farmingville, New York, one of the highest points on Long Island. WBLI had already signed on as a tenant on the new tower, and WUSB leased space there as well. However, objections were raised again, with first-adjacent stations broadcasting on 89.9 and 90.3 FM on Long Island. WUSB ultimately was able to successfully overcome these objections, and since November 1995, has broadcast from atop the "Mile High" tower at Farmingville. The move also resulted in WUSB increasing its geographic coverage of Long Island (within its primary and secondary signal contours) by close to 100%, despite the fact that power was lowered to 3,600 watts as part of the move. An unfortunate byproduct of the move was that reception on campus worsened, due to local topography and structures creating partial barriers between the University and Bald Hill.

During normal operations, WUSB's audio signal is sent from its studios to the transmitter site via a T1 line. However, the old antenna location, atop the Graduate Chemistry building, remains as an emergency alternative to the Farmingville transmitter site, as well as an emergency studio-transmitter link to the Farmingville tower.

WUSB has traditionally been funded by students through the Undergraduate Student Government (formerly known as Polity). Since 1989, WUSB has held annual radiothons (originally once per year, now twice per year, in the fall and spring) to raise money from listeners to pay for the station's operating expenses. Much of the money raised goes to pay for the station's transmitter lease and fixed operating expenses.

Translator
In 2003, WUSB applied for a translator. If approved by the FCC, it would have allowed the station to rebroadcast its signal on 98.3 FM on the North Shore. It would also improve the signal in other areas, such as the main campus, where there are dead spots or interference from other stations. This application was dismissed in 2013. The station applied for another translator to broadcast on 107.3 FM and received a construction permit from the FCC in 2013. license to cover was accepted on January 6, 2017.

Notable alumni

 * Eric Corley, editor and founder of 2600 Magazine
 * Sam Taylor, blues and jazz musician

Radio training
Each fall and spring, WUSB holds a radio training class, open to all residents of the community as well as University students, who are interested in learning more about radio and broadcasting, and offering the opportunity for interested individuals to become volunteer staff at the station, upon successful completion of training and approval of the Program Director. On occasion, a training class is also offered by the station during the summer months.

title: WUSB (FM)


text:
Talk:The Wall (movie)

From WP:RfD:

 * The Wall (movie) → The Wall. Nothing links here.  Krash 03:26, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, we may have external links that point there. As an aside, the redir should probably go to Pink Floyd The Wall (film). Burgundavia 17:06, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur. Incorrect redirect was part of my reasoning.  See no harm in keeping though, in line with your logic. Likely search term too. Krash 19:29, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Wall (movie)


text:
User:ChrisGude

Hi! My name is Chris Gude and I'm just getting started with WikipediA. This project is fascinating.

I have a Ph.D. in pychology and have worked in business and education for several years. I am currently the Director of Instruction for Cardean Learning Group, a distance education company that operates Ellis College of the New York Institute of Technology and Cardean University.

I hope to contribute in the following areas:

Baseball history; Civil War history; Native American history; Canoeing; American rivers

title: User:ChrisGude


text:
Dresden Generating Station

Dresden Generating Station (also known as Dresden Nuclear Power Plant or Dresden Nuclear Power Station) is the first privately financed nuclear power plant built in the United States. Dresden 1 was activated in 1960 and retired in 1978. Operating since 1970 are Dresden units 2 and 3, two General Electric BWR-3 boiling water reactors. Dresden Station is located on a 953 acre site in Grundy County, Illinois, at the head of the Illinois River, near the city of Morris. It is immediately northeast of the Morris Operation—the only de facto high-level radioactive waste storage site in the United States. It serves Chicago and the northern quarter of the state of Illinois, capable of producing 867 megawatts of electricity from each of its two reactors, enough to power over one million average American homes.

In 2004, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) renewed the operating licenses for both reactors, extending them from forty years to sixty.

Unit 1
After the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 allowed private companies to own and operate nuclear facilities, Commonwealth Edison contracted with General Electric to design, construct, and place into operation the 192 MWe Dresden Unit 1 for $45M in 1955. One-third of the contract price was shared by a consortium of eight companies comprising the Nuclear Power Group Inc.

The BWR at GE's Vallecitos Nuclear Center and the AEC's BORAX experiments provided research data and operator training for Dresden.

The core contained 488 fuel subassemblies, 80 control rods, and 8 instrument nozzles. Each subassembly contained 36 fuel rods in a Zircaloy-2 channel. The fuel was uranium dioxide clad in Zircaloy-2 tube. The core thermal power was 626 MWt. The reactor vessel was rated to 1015 psia and measured 12 ft. 2 in. diameter and 42 ft. tall.

The reactor featured a dual cycle, with steam coming from both the stream drum and steam generators. This made for rapid response to changes in power demand. Reactor power was regulated by actuation of the secondary admission valve by the turbine's governor. Decreasing the rate of secondary steam reduces reactor power, and vice versa. Thus, the secondary pressure varies with the external load.

Cooling
The plant has three cooling modes:

 * Direct open-cycle mode: Intake from canal leading to the Kankakee River, discharge directly to the Illinois River. The cooling canal system, cooling lake, and the supplementary cooling towers are completely bypassed in this mode of operation.
 * Indirect open-cycle mode: Intake from canal leading to the Kankakee River, discharge to cooling canal leading to Dresden Cooling Lake, discharged from lake through return cooling canal that eventually discharges into the Illinois River. Use of the cooling towers for supplemental cooling of canal system water is usually necessary during this mode of operation.
 * Closed-cycle mode: Intake from return cooling canal leading back from Dresden Cooling Lake, discharge to cooling canal leading to Dresden Cooling Lake. Use of the cooling towers for supplemental cooling of canal system water is usually not necessary during this mode of operation.

It also has cooling towers

Incidents
Between the 1970s and 1996, Dresden was fined $1.6 million for 25 incidents.
 * June 5, 1970: A false high pressure signal due to instrument failure on the Dresden II reactor pressure control system caused turbine valves to dump steam (a "turbine trip"), which in turn automatically initiated a SCRAM. Void collapse in the reactor water caused the reactor water level to drop, which resulted in an automatic increase in feedwater flow. The feedwater pumps then tripped on low suction pressure. One pump turned back on automatically when the low suction pressure signal reset, feeding water rapidly into the now lower-pressure reactor vessel. Water level in the reactor rose rapidly until water entered the main steam lines. At this point, the false high pressure signal disappeared. The turbine dump valves closed, increasing back pressure in the reactor vessel and slowing the feedwater inlet flow. Cooling reactor water temperature caused further void collapse. Reactor water level began to rapidly lower once again. This again automatically caused the feedwater system to increase the flow rate into the vessel, and began to raise reactor water level. As cooler feedwater was again rapidly pumped into the reactor, void collapse caused water level to lower. The feedwater system responded by increasing feedwater flow. However, the indicator needle on the water level recorder stuck, which caused the operator to assume level had stopped rising in the reactor. The operator began increasing feedwater flow in order to raise water level in the reactor, manually overriding the automatic control system. The operator never checked a second indicator that showed the increasing level. Reactor water level continued rising and flooded the main steam lines. Two minutes later, the operator tapped on the water level recorder and the water level needle became unstuck, at which point the operator began reacting to the now high water level by manually reducing feedwater flow. At this point, the operator manually opened a steam line relief valve to reduce rising reactor pressure. However, due to the earlier introduction of water into the main steam lines, a hydrostatic shock occurred in the steam lines, which caused a safety valve to open, admitting steam and water into the drywell causing drywell pressure to increase. This caused the initiation of safety injection systems, and for the next 30 minutes reactor water level and pressure seesawed as the operators attempted to stabilize the reactor. It was not until two hours later that reactor level, reactor pressure and drywell pressure were reduced to normal. The movie The China Syndrome bases its initial plot device on this event, with the needle becoming unstuck when the operator taps the recorder.
 * December 8, 1971: Events similar to the ones the year earlier on Dresden II occur on Dresden III.
 * May 15, 1996: Lowering water levels around the nuclear fuel in unit 3 reactor's core prompt a shut down at Dresden Generating Station and placement on the NRC's "watch list" that merit closer scrutiny by regulators. Dresden was on the NRC watch list six out of nine years between 1987 and 1996, longer than any of the 70 other operating plants in the nation.
 * July 15, 2011: Plant declared an Alert at 10:16 a.m after a chemical leak of sodium hypochlorite restricted access to a vital area that houses plant cooling water pumps.

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 mi of Dresden was 83,049, an increase of 47.6 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 mi was 7,305,482, an increase of 3.5 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Chicago (43 miles to city center).

Ownership
Both currently operating units are owned and operated by Constellation Energy following separation from Exelon, which also owns and is responsible for the decommissioning of Unit 1. Prior to August 3, 2000, all three units were owned by Commonwealth Edison.

Seismic risk
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Dresden was 1 in 52,632, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.

Averted closure
In August 2020, Exelon announced they would close the plant in November 2021 for economic reasons, despite the plant having licenses to operate for about another 10 years and the ability to renew the licenses for an additional 20 years beyond that. On September 13, 2021, the Illinois state senate passed a bill subsidizing the Byron and Dresden nuclear plants, which Governor J. B. Pritzker signed into law on September 15, and Exelon announced it would refuel the plants.

title: Dresden Generating Station


text:
David Hamilton (architect)

David Hamilton (11 May 1768 – 5 December 1843) was a Scottish architect based in Glasgow. He has been called the "father of the profession" in Glasgow.

Career
Notable works include Hutchesons' Hall, Nelson Monument in Glasgow Green and Lennox Castle. The Royal Exchange in Queen Street is David Hamilton's best known building in Glasgow. It was completed in 1829, built around an existing mansion house dating from 1778. It now serves as the city's Gallery of Modern Art.

In 1835, Hamilton came third in the competition to design the Houses of Parliament (London) and won £500. He was the only Scottish architect to win a prize for his entry.

He is known to have been sculpted by both William Mossman and Patric Park.

Thomas Gildard and John Thomas Rochead were trained by him.

He was father-in-law to the architect James Smith and maternal grandfather of the infamous Madeleine Smith.

title: David Hamilton (architect)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toretto

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 09:50, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Toretto
Appears to be vanity, made by a vandal nonetheless --Clngre 13:55, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity, site promo. Megan1967 03:41, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, not notable. Tobycat 03:01, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toretto


text:
User:JohnWinn

Being new to Wikipedia, I am intrigued at how the quality of articles remains relatively high despite the editing freedoms that potentially allow vandalism. This has set me thinking about ways to automate protecting high quality content whilst not providing barriers to contributors.

Schemes for automatic protection of content could be based on
 * a reputation system where each user has a score indicating the expected quality of their edits. This could either be explicit (where other users get to vote on the quality of your edits) or implicit (based on how much of your edits are reverted/deleted, how many page views they get).
 * the age of the content, either in terms of time or number of views. The idea here is that the more people who have eyeballed a piece of content without editing it, the more likely it is to be high quality.

To investigate the second point, I have written a prototype tool which takes the edit history of a page and uses it to render the page showing the age of each word. The tool runs offline at the moment, but some examples are below. The tool would hopefully make it easier to spot recent changes for those looking to undo vandalism and also help the reader judge the quality of the content.

Examples of pages showing the age of the content

 * Train
 * St John's College
 * Vatican City
 * This page (shortly after I last edited it).

About the content age tool
The tool is written in Java and uses Special:Export to retrive an XML version of the edit history of an article. A diff is performed between the latest version of the article and each of the previous versions. Each word is marked with the revision that it first appeared in and the result is used to create the marked-up article (as shown in the above examples).

title: User:JohnWinn


text:
Talk:B*witched

There are 2 articles about this band. This one, and one spelled B*Witched. Iirc, the latter is the correct spelling. Could these two be combined? And that B*witched links to the other page? 62.131.23.75 13:58, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It appears that this suggestion has been implemented; I am working today on cleaning up all of the other links to these articles. Engineer Bob 18:09, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:B*witched


text:
Perry Nuclear Generating Station

The Perry Nuclear Power Plant is located on a 1100 acre site on Lake Erie, 40 mi northeast of Cleveland in North Perry, Ohio, US. The nuclear power plant is owned and operated by FirstEnergy-subsidiary Energy Harbor Corp. (Formerly FirstEnergy Solutions Corp.).

The reactor is a General Electric BWR-6 boiling water reactor design, with a Mark III containment design. The original core power level of 3,579 megawatts thermal was increased to 3,758 megawatts thermal in 2000, making Perry one of the largest BWRs in the United States.

Perry was expected to close in 2021 as it is no longer profitable to run when competing against natural gas plants. To avert this, Ohio House Bill 6 was signed into law in July 2019 which added a fee to residents' utility bills that funded subsidies of $150 million per year to Perry and the Davis–Besse nuclear plant to keep both plants operational. However, the bill was alleged to be part of the Ohio nuclear bribery scandal revealed by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) in July 2020.

History
Perry was originally designed as a two-unit installation, but construction on Unit 2 was suspended in 1985 and formally cancelled in 1994. At the time of cancellation, all of the major buildings and structures for the second unit were completed, including the 500 ft cooling tower. It is possible that a second unit could be constructed on the site, but current economic and regulatory conditions are not conducive to doing so (in addition to back taxes that would be due to the "abandon in place" designations on many objects in Unit 2).

Eleven hundred acres at the Perry plant were designated in 1993 as an urban wildlife sanctuary by the National Institute for Urban Wildlife. The area has trees, shrubs, streams and ponds; and a habitat for heron, belted kingfisher, ducks and geese. The forested area is ideal for the crane-fly orchid, a rare species in Ohio. The site includes a wetland that contains spotted turtles, an endangered species in Ohio.

On March 28, 2010, there was a fire in a lubrication system for one of the water pumps that feeds water for generation of steam. Reactor power automatically lowered to 68% due to the reduction in feed water flow, and the fire was extinguished in less than three hours. Two plant fire brigade personnel were brought to a local hospital for "heat stress" following the fire. No customers lost power during this event. On February 9, 2016, the plant was unexpectedly shut down for maintenance to a recirculation pump. The reactor was brought back to full power by February 20, 2016.

In addition to Perry, Energy Harbor also owns and operates the Davis-Besse and Beaver Valley nuclear plants.

In July 2023, Energy Harbor applied for a license renewal for the Perry nuclear power plant, requesting an additional 20 years of operation.

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 mi of Perry was 83,410, an increase of 8 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 mi was 2,281,531, a decrease of 3.0 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 mi include Cleveland (36 mi to city center). Canadian population is not included in these figures.

Seismic risk
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Perry was 1 in 47,619, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.

Security threats
At around 6:00pm EDT on April 7, 2021, the FBI's Cleveland Field Office tweeted that there was an ongoing security situation at the plant that necessitated a bomb squad. The following day, law enforcement disclosed that a 33-year-old Michigan man drove to the power plant and told plant security officers that there was a bomb in the trailer he was towing with his pickup truck. No bomb was found; the man was arrested.

title: Perry Nuclear Generating Station


text:
Terminalia catappa

Terminalia catappa is a large tropical tree in the leadwood tree family, Combretaceae, native to Asia, Australia, the Pacific, Madagascar and Seychelles. Common names in English include country almond, Indian almond, Malabar almond, sea almond, tropical almond, beach almond and false kamani.

Description
The tree grows to 35 m tall, with an upright, symmetrical crown and horizontal branches. The fruit is corky and light and dispersed by water. As the tree gets older, its crown becomes more flattened to form a spreading, vase shape. Its branches are distinctively arranged in tiers. The leaves are large, 15 - 25 cm long and 10 - 14 cm broad, ovoid, glossy dark green, and leathery. They are dry-season deciduous; before falling, they turn pinkish-reddish or yellow-brown, due to pigments such as violaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin.

The trees are monoecious, with distinct male and female flowers on the same tree. Both are 1 cm in diameter, white to greenish, and inconspicuous with no petals; they are produced on axillary or terminal spikes. The fruit is a drupe 5 - 7 cm long and 3 - 5.5 cm broad, green at first, then yellow and finally red when ripe, containing a single seed. When the seed germinates, it unfolds the largest pair of foliar (leafy) cotyledons of any plant; up to 8.5 cm wide by up to 3.5 cm long. Pollen grains measure about 30 microns.

The species epithet is based on its Malay name Ketapang.

Distribution and habitat
The tree has been spread widely by humans, so the native range is uncertain. It has long been naturalised in a broad belt extending from Africa to northern Australia and New Guinea through southeast Asia and Micronesia into the Indian subcontinent. More recently, the plant has been introduced to parts of the Americas. Until the mid-20th century, the tree had been used extensively in Brazilian urban landscaping, since being a rare case tropical deciduous, their fallen leaves would give a "European" flair to the street. This practice is currently abolished, and the "amendoeiras" are being replaced by native, evergreen trees.

Cultivation and uses
T. catappa is widely grown in tropical regions of the world as an ornamental tree, grown for the deep shade its large leaves provide. The fruit is edible, tasting slightly acidic. The seeds are edible raw or cooked when ripe and the source of its 'almond' common names, but are small and difficult to extract.

The wood is red and solid, and has high water resistance; it has been used in Polynesia for making canoes. In Tamil, almond is known as nattuvadumai.

The leaves contain several flavonoids (such as kaempferol or quercetin), several tannins (such as punicalin, punicalagin or tercatin), saponines and phytosterols. Due to this chemical richness, the leaves (and the bark) are used in different herbal medicines for various purposes. For instance in Taiwan, fallen leaves are used as an herb to treat liver diseases. In Suriname, an herbal tea made from the leaves has been prescribed against dysentery and diarrhea. The leaves may contain agents for prevention of cancers (although they have no demonstrated anticarcinogenic properties) and antioxidants, as well as anticlastogenic characteristics. Extracts of T. catappa have shown activity against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (FcB1) and CQ-sensitive (HB3) strains.

Keeping the leaves in an aquarium may lower the pH and heavy-metal content of the water. It has been used in this way by fish breeders for many years, and is active against some parasites and bacterial pathogens. It is also believed to help prevent fungus forming on the eggs of the fish. While common in hobby fishkeeping, this use of catappa leaves is not used in commercial aquaculture.

title: Terminalia catappa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wikipedia Sucks

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete moink 11:38, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia_Sucks
Sure buddy, sure.

 * Speedy Offensive nonsense (not the "Wikipedia Sucks" bit, but the comments on Americans) TigerShark 14:53, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence

In physics, the Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence, named for Lev Landau and Eberhard Hopf, was until the mid-1970s, the accepted theory of how a fluid flow becomes turbulent. It states that as a fluid flows faster, it develops more Fourier modes. At first, a few modes dominate, but under stronger conditions, it forces the modes to become power-law distributed as explained in Kolmogorov's theory of turbulence.

title: Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence


text:
Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art

MIMA, or Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, is a contemporary art gallery based in the centre of Middlesbrough, England. The gallery was formally launched on Sunday 27 January 2007; since 2014 it has been part of Teesside University.

History and estates
The gallery's opening marked the completion of an accumulative journey for the art collection of post-industrial Middlesbrough. The early artistic heritage of a town as young as Middlesbrough rested largely on the success of the Linthorpe Art Pottery (1879–1889), co-launched by Christopher Dresser out of the Sun Brickworks that also built the suburb of Linthorpe. A School of Art opened alongside the Mechanics' Institute in the old town's Durham Street, in 1870, and by the 1950s that, too, had relocated to Linthorpe. The region's cultural profile was further amply boosted by the Cleveland International Drawing Biennale, until that competition's extinction in the 1990s.

A site for the town's first art gallery was granted by the father of the Mayor, Sir Arthur Dorman, in 1904. This was on Linthorpe Road opposite, and conceived in the same spate of events as, what was to become the Dorman Museum outside Albert Park. Funding shortfalls amid the onset of war, however, ensured that only a rest garden was eventually sited there. In the meantime, from 1927, the Carnegie library and Grange Road Methodist Church housed the collection of paintings. No permanent provision for the pieces materialised until 1957, with the purchase by the Council of a former doctor's surgery on Linthorpe Road. It was not until 2003 that this building was vacated.

The former Cleveland Crafts Centre, on Gilkes Street, catered for a collection of twentieth-century British studio ceramics, and artist-made jewellery dating from the 1970s onwards. The Cleveland Crafts Centre was closed as an exhibition venue in January 2003, and thereafter operated as the mima offices whilst the new gallery was being constructed. Its sister institution that lasted until 1999, the Cleveland Gallery, resided nearby in the unused school buildings on Victoria Road. They are today home to the University of Teesside's graduate incubation studios in aid of new business start-ups.

Following the closure in January 2003 of the two surviving galleries, construction of the present accommodation comprising the gallery spaces, education suite, auditorium, café-bar, shop, roof terrace, collection stores and conservation studio commenced in 2004. The centre was designed by Erick van Egeraat Associated Architect. Whilst construction was underway, mima programmed a series of offsite exhibitions and events including such artists as John Harrison and Paul Wood, Susan Pietzsch, Yuka Oyama, Graham Dolphin, Chicks on Speed, Martin Creed, Oliver Zwink and Mah Rana.

MIMA's founding director was Godfrey Worsdale, who left in 2008 to become director of the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. He was succeeded by Kate Brindley, previously director of Museums and Galleries at Bristol City Council She was briefly succeeded by Mark Robinson, who was acting director during the transition of ownership between the local authority and the university, and managed the recruitment of Alistair Hudson, previously Deputy Director at Grizedale Arts, who took on the role in 2014 and left in 2017 to become Director of the Manchester Art Gallery and the Whitworth. The current director is Laura Sillars, who joined from Sheffield's Site Gallery.

MIMA has participated in the Tate's programme Artist Rooms, featuring exhibitions by Gerhard Richter, Jannis Kounellis and Louise Bourgeois.

On 21 and 22 November 2009, the cast of the BBC motoring programme Top Gear – Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May – held an exhibition of automotive art at MIMA, which featured in the 5th episode of the 14th series of the show, setting an all-time record for the gallery.

Middlesbrough Collection
MIMA's Middlesbrough Collection comprises outstanding fine and applied art from 19th century to the present day, with many pieces acquired by mima's forerunners, Middlesbrough Art Gallery and the Cleveland Craft Centre.

Works include; Frank Auerbach, Elizabeth Blackadder, David Bomberg, Ken Currie, Jeremy Deller, Tracey Emin, Sir Jacob Epstein, Dame Elisabeth Frink, James Walter Gozzard, David Hockney, Peter Howson, Gwen John, Panayiotis Kalorkoti, L.S. Lowry, Ben Nicholson, Eduardo Paolozzi, Adrian Piper, Katherine Pleydell-Bouverie, Anne Redpath, Paula Rego, David Remfry, Lucie Rie, Stanley Spencer, Nancy Spero and Kara Walker.

In 2015, Tees Valley Arts donated a collection of significant artworks to the gallery as the Tees Valley Arts Collection, including works by artists Vivan Sundaram, Len Tabner and Adrian Wiszniewski.

title: Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art


text:
Bistrica

Bistrica or Bistrice, from Proto-Slavic *bystrъ 'quickly flowing, rushing', may refer to:

Albania

 * Bistricë, Albania, a settlement in Vlorë County

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Bistrica (Banja Luka)
 * Bistrica (Gradiška)
 * Bistrica (Fojnica)
 * Bistrica (Gornji Vakuf)
 * Bistrica (Jajce)
 * Bistrica (Zenica)
 * Bistrica, Žepče

Croatia

 * Bistrica, Croatia, a village in eastern Croatia
 * Marija Bistrica, a town and Marian shrine
 * Zlatar-Bistrica, a town in western Croatia

Kosovo

 * Bistrica, Leposavić, a village in Leposavić municipality

Montenegro

 * Bistrica, Mojkovac, a village in Mojkovac municipality
 * Bistrice, Podgorica

North Macedonia

 * Bistrica, Bitola, a village in Bitola municipality
 * Bistrica, Čaška, a village in Čaška Municipality

Romania

 * Bistrița, a city in Bistrița-Năsăud County, in northern Transylvania

Serbia

 * Bistrica (Crna Trava), a village
 * Bistrica (Lazarevac), a village
 * Bistrica (Leskovac), a village
 * Bistrica (Nova Varoš), a village
 * Bistrica (Novi Sad), a quarter of the city of Novi Sad
 * Bistrica (Petrovac), a village in the Petrovac na Mlavi municipality, Braničevo District

Slovenia

 * Bistrica, Črnomelj, a settlement in the Municipality of Črnomelj
 * Bistrica, Litija, a settlement in the Municipality of Litija
 * Bistrica, Naklo, a settlement in the Municipality of Naklo
 * Bistrica ob Sotli, a settlement in the Municipality of Bistrica ob Sotli
 * Bistrica pri Tržiču, a settlement in the Municipality of Tržič
 * Bistrica, Šentrupert, a settlement in the Municipality of Šentrupert
 * Bohinjska Bistrica, a settlement in the Municipality of Bohinj
 * Ilirska Bistrica, a town in the Municipality of Ilirska Bistrica
 * Kamniška Bistrica, a settlement, a valley, and a river
 * Slovenska Bistrica, a town the Municipality of Slovenska Bistrica

Albania

 * Bistricë (river), a river between Delvinë and Sarandë in southwestern Albania

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Bistrica (Vrbas), a river in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, tributary of Vrbas
 * Bistrica (Drina), a river near Foča in Eastern Bosnia, tributary of Drina
 * Bistrica (Livanjsko Polje), a river near Livno in Western Bosnia

Greece

 * Haliacmon (Bistrica), longest river in Greece

Kosovo

 * Bistrica (Ibar), tributary of Ibar
 * Dečani Bistrica, a river in western Kosovo, tributary of the White Drin
 * Peć Bistrica, a river in southwestern Kosovo, tributary of the White Drin
 * Prizren Bistrica, a river in northern Kosovo, tributary of the White Drin
 * Kožnjar Bistrica, see Dečani Bistrica
 * Loćane Bistrica, tributary of Erenik, see Dečani Bistrica

Montenegro

 * Bistrica (Lim), 2 tributaries of the Zeta and Lim river in Montenegro

Romania

 * Bistrița (Someș), a river in the Romanian region of Transylvania

Serbia

 * Bistrica (Nišava), a river in southeastern Serbia, tributary of the Nišava
 * Bistrica (Vlasina), a river in southeastern Serbia, tributary of the Vlasina
 * Bistrica (South Morava), a river in southeastern Serbia, tributary of the South Morava

Slovenia

 * Kamnik Bistrica, an Alpine river in northern Slovenia, tributary of the Sava
 * Triglav Bistrica, an Alpine river in Upper Carniola, tributary of the Sava Dolinka
 * Tržič Bistrica, a river in Upper Carniola, tributary of the Sava

title: Bistrica