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Nottingham Canal

The Nottingham Canal is a canal in the English counties of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. As built, it comprised a 14.7 mi long main line between the River Trent just downstream of Trent Bridge in Nottingham and Langley Mill in Derbyshire. At the same time as the main line of the canal was built by its proprietors, the separate Trent Navigation Company built the Beeston Cut, from the main line at Lenton in Nottingham to rejoin the River Trent upstream of Nottingham, thus bypassing the difficult section of navigation through Trent Bridge. The section of the main line between Trent Bridge and Lenton, together with the Beeston Cut, is still in use, forming part of the navigation of the River Trent and sometimes referred to as the Nottingham & Beeston Canal. The remainder of the main line of the canal beyond Lenton has been abandoned and partially filled.

The canal leaves the River Trent by Meadow Lane Lock and runs close to Nottingham city centre, serving a number of wharves in the city. It rises through Castle Lock, overlooked by Nottingham Castle, and then continues to Lenton. From here the Beeston Cut continues to Beeston Lock, where it reenters the River Trent. Also from Lenton, the now disused main line rose through a further 17 locks to reach a long upper pound. At its upper end, a stop lock connected it to the Great Northern Basin, which provided access to the Erewash Canal and the Cromford Canal.

Construction began in 1792 and was completed in 1796, overrunning its budget by 77%. Traffic increased slowly, but from 1804 was sufficient to enable dividends to be paid to the shareholders. Competition from the railways began in the early 1840s, and rather than face continual decline, the company sold the canal to the Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway. A series of amalgamations took place, and by 1923, the canal was owned by the Great Northern Railway (GNR). The GNR leased the section from Lenton to the Trent to the Trent Navigation Company in 1936, and abandoned the remainder of the main line the following year. The Trent Navigation Company bought their section outright in 1946, whilst Nottingham City Council bought the section from Lenton to the city limits and began filling it in from 1955. Broxtowe Borough Council subsequently bought 6 mi of the upper section with the intention of retaining it as a public amenity. There was a brief attempt at re-opening the upper section for navigation, but subsequent road construction and the destruction of the canal bed by open-cast mining have made that impractical.

The main line of the canal from Trent Bridge to Lenton, together with the Beeston Cut from Lenton back to the Trent is still used by boats, as well as walkers on the towpath. In central Nottingham, the Castle Wharf area has been redeveloped with waterside bars and restaurants. On some parts of the abandoned section of the canal, the towpath is used by walkers, cyclists and naturalists, with some parts used for angling and horse riding. Car parks have been provided, and Nottinghamshire County Council have assisted with making the towpath accessible to the disabled.

History
The idea for the canal first arose in 1790. Prior to that time, supplies of coal for Nottingham travelled down the Erewash Canal and along the River Trent. When the Cromford Canal was authorised in July 1789, there was concern that collieries which were located near it would thrive, at the expense of those nearer to Nottingham. There were also worries that the Erewash company would effectively have a monopoly on coal supplies, and might use this to increase prices. Convinced that these issues were not just idle speculation, Thomas Oldknow, John Morris and Henry Green lobbied for a public meeting. The meeting, held at the Guildhall on 26 October 1790, debated the idea of a canal running directly from the Cromford Canal to the Trent, joining it below Trent Bridge. Those present approved a plan, and formed a committee, which included two men who were also connected to the company building the Cromford Canal.

The committee called upon the services of the surveyor William Jessop, who had experience with the successful Cromford Canal. A possible route had already been suggested by Lord Middleton, owner of Wollaton Hall and coal mines at Wollaton, but Jessop discounted this, on the basis that it would involve lengths of deep cutting and some tunnelling. Jessop then became ill, and suggested that the survey could be carried out by James Green, who worked for Lord Middleton at Wollaton. The committee decide to wait for Jessop to recover, but after six months, they relented and asked Green to survey the route in June 1791, as well as a branch from Lenton across Beeston Meadows to join the Trent at Beeston. This would allow traffic on the river to bypass Trent Bridge, where passage was difficult, and to pass the wharves in Nottingham. When the Erewash Canal company learnt of the proposal, they approached Nottingham Corporation about them building a route from Beeston through Nottingham to the Trent, but at this stage the Corporation declined.

Green's work was overseen by Jessop, and in September 1791, Jessop had produced a route and an estimated cost. The first route had passed to the west of Wollaton Park, but Lord Middleton had insisted that unless it ran on the eastern side of his park, he would oppose the whole plan. Although this route was more expensive to construct, the eastern route was chosen. The committee accepted Jessop's estimate at the September meeting, and a public meeting was arranged on 25 October, where there was enthusiastic support for the new canal. They agreed to limit dividends to ten per-cent, and negotiations with the Cromford Canal company resulted in an agreement for the Nottingham company to build reservoirs which would feed into the Cromford Canal, so that water could pass into the Nottingham Canal at its northern end.

It was the time of Canal Mania, and the initial offers for shares were over-subscribed. Amidst discontent from land owners, dividends were further limited to eight per-cent, the tolls on coal were reduced, and £20,000 of shares were set aside for purchase by the land owners. The bill was opposed by the Erewash Canal and the Trent and Mersey Canal, who were promoting a plan for the Trent Canal from Derwent Mouth, where the Trent and Mersey ended, via the Erewash, Beeston and Nottingham to the Trent below Nottingham. The Trent Navigation also argued against it, because they wanted to build the Beeston Cut themselves. Complicated negotiations followed, in which the Beeston Cut was dropped from the bill, on the understanding that the Trent Navigation would then apply to build it, and the Trent Canal bill was withdrawn when the Trent Navigation pledged to pursue a bill to improve the river. When an Act of Parliament was granted in May 1792, there were great celebrations in Nottingham.

Construction
The Nottingham Canal Act 1792 created the Nottingham Canal Company, who could raise £50,000 by issuing shares of £100, and could raise another £25,000 by obtaining a mortgage or by assigning the tolls, if required. The company were to build reservoirs which would feed into the Cromford Canal, in compensation for the water taken from that canal at Langley Mill. Jessop's original estimate for the cost of the works, excluding the Beeston Cut, had been £45,185 (£0 in 2015 ). Jessop was appointed engineer, with Green as superintendent, overseeing the day-to-day operation of the project. Benjamin Outram was given the task of calculating the water supply. He looked at the volumes of water flowing into the Erewash Canal and supplying mills on the Erewash, such as Langley Mill, and also at flows in the steams feeding the reservoirs. Measurements were taken in the summer of 1793, when flows were considerably less than in the winter, so that the amount of water that could be taken could be computed more accurately. Reservoirs were built at Greasley, which was sometimes called Moorgreen reservoir, and at Codnor Park, Butterley. Both fed water into the Cromford Canal, the first by a long feeder that entered the canal just above Langley Mill, while the second was a compensation reservoir, and was next to the canal, with only the towpath between them.

Work began on 30 July 1792. The River Leen ran along the southern edge of the city between Lenton in the west and Leen Bridge, a series of flood arches to the east. The river bed was enlarged to form the canal, while the river was diverted into a new covered channel further to the north. The flood arches were replaced by a new bridge, and the canal turned sharply to the south, to join the Trent. The proprietors wanted a basin where the canal joined the river, with a lock above that, but Jessop argued that such an arrangement would lead to the entrance becoming blocked with sand. Building the lock close to the river would ensure that the sand was flushed away whenever the lock was emptied. The town section was officially opened on 30 July 1793, giving access to wharves, although there was still much work to be completed. To the east of Leen Bridge, a weir was constructed, to feed water into the Brewery Arm, an enlargement of the river channel. At its far end, another weir overflowed back into the new course of the Leen. A second arm, the Poplar Arm, was made using water channels on Eastcroft Meadow, and joined the Brewery Arm.

The cost of building the canal onwards from Lenton exceeded Jessop's estimate, and by September 1794, this had been paid for by calling £140 on each of the £100 shares. Further calls were made, and had reached £150 in March 1795. In February 1795, sections of the new cut were damaged, when seven weeks of severe frost were followed by a rapid thaw which caused flooding. The proprietors wrote to Jessop to express their dissatisfaction with "the erroneous construction of many works on the canal and the very large expense incurred", but Jessop was already involved in much bigger projects. On 1 March 1796, the first boat reached Nottingham from the south, travelling along the completed Beeston Cut, which joined the Nottingham Canal at Lenton, and on 26 April, the whole length of the canal was open. The work had cost £80,000, and most of the proprietors resigned soon afterwards. The share issue was topped up by borrowing £5,000 as a mortgage, which had been repaid by 1804.

Operation
As built, the canal was 14.75 mi long, and rose through 19 locks, each 85 ft by 14.5 ft, with an additional stop lock at Langley, where the canal joined the Cromford Canal. 14 of the locks were concentrated in a flight at Wollaton, with a long, level section beyond that to Langley. There were a number of short branches. The Bilborough Arm was constructed from the main line, above Wollaton locks, to a wharf in Bilborough wood, from where tramways ran to Bilborough and Strelley collieries. The branch was privately owned, and was operational from mid 1799, but by 1813, much of it was no longer used and some of it had been filled in. The rest was abandoned around 1874. The Robinetts cut was located near Cossall, and was completed by 1796, while the Duke of Rutland's collieries at Greasley and Fillingham were served by the Greasley Arm, which was built in 1800. Both branches were linked to the collieries by tramways.

Trade built up steadily, although not quite at quickly as the company had estimated. Tolls produced £2,614 in the year to April 1798. During that year, a packet boat began running between Nottingham and Cromford, and in 1798, a second boat provided a service between Nottingham and Leicester. Income from tolls increased to £4,647 in 1799/1800. Most of the traffic was coal, amounting to 89,500 tons out of a total of 114,227 tons carried. Co-operation between the Cromford Canal and the Nottingham Canal was good, to the benefit of both companies. A brief attempt to poach traffic from the Erewash Canal in 1797 by undercutting their rates was a financial disaster, leading to an agreement to charge the authorised tolls for goods on both canals, and not to try to entice customers from each other. Once the mortgage was redeemed in 1804, the company agreed to pay dividends to the shareholders, at a rate of £12 per £150 share. These were paid twice a year, but from time to time a third payment was made, to reduce the backlog of payments, which were nine years in arrears on the date when the first payment was made. By 1830, tolls raised £9,879, and in 1840, this had risen to £12,825.

The Company warehouse near Wilford Street, Nottingham, was destroyed on 28 September 1818 by an explosion, which resulted in two men dying. The Nottingham Boat Company had delivered 21 barrels of gunpowder, and a man named Musson noticed that some of the powder had leaked from a barrel. He rather foolishly dropped a hot cinder onto the powder, which caused it all to explode. He was thrown some 126 yd by the blast. Several boats were destroyed and many of the surrounding buildings were damaged. When the insurance company refused to pay for the damage, the canal company sued the boat company, and were awarded £1000, and some of the legal costs, but they could not pay, and the claim was dropped in 1828. In January 1826, the company prosecuted Hooton and Bradshaw for running a steam packet boat, which was forbidden by a regulation passed the previous May. However, the operators of the vessel protested, and the company changed their policy in May 1826, so that steam boats could be run at their discretion.

The Midland Counties Railway (MCR) Act obtained in 1837 included clauses to protect the canal, but were accused of interfering with the canal while they were building their line, and the Nottingham Canal obtained an injunction. As part of the negotiations, the company agreed to the construction of an interchange basin near to Nottingham Station. Although the station did not open until 1842, the canal company started to reduce tolls in mid 1840, to retain traffic against railway competition. Despite these efforts, income soon began to fall, from £12,536 in 1841 to £5,981 in 1852. Some workers were dismissed, salaries were reduced, and other cost-cutting initiatives were made. The company decided that it would be better to sell the canal to a railway company, rather than see continual decline, and the Ambergate and Manchester Railway agreed to pay £225 for each canal share, within six months of opening their line. However, the railway company amalgamated with two others, becoming the Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway. They opened a line from Nottingham to Grantham in July 1850, but then refused to buy either the Nottingham Canal or the Grantham Canal, which had made the same agreement with the original railway company. After several court cases and an appeal to the House of Lords, the sale was agreed, and the final committee meeting of the canal company was held on 4 April 1856. A dividend of £1 and 10 shillings (£1.50) was paid on the original shares, but the shareholders only received £50 per share in cash from the sale, as the rest was paid in railway shares. Further amalgamations followed, and the canal was owned by the Great Northern Railway by 1861.

Decline
The Great Northern did little maintenance of the canal, and its condition slowly deteriorated. In 1916, the canal still carried 123,488 tons of traffic, with general merchandise accounting for 31,887 tons, coal at 17,133 tons, gravel at 16,819 tons, roadstone at 16,166 tons and manure at 14,731 tons. Tolls generated by this traffic were £1,028, but the majority of it was short-haul traffic, passing from the Trent to the Nottingham wharves, or using the Beeston Cut. There were regular complaints about a lack of water in the section from Lenton to Trent Lock, but the Great Northern did nothing to address the issues. Commercial traffic on the upper reaches above Lenton Lock ceased in 1928.

The Great Northern Railway had become part of the London and North Eastern Railway Company, when the railways were grouped in 1923, and they abandoned the main line of the canal in 1937. However, they leased the remaining section between Lenton and Trent Lock to the Trent Navigation Company from 1936, with an option to buy in due course, and it was purchased in 1946, to officially become part of the River Trent Navigation. Ownership passed to the British Transport Commission with the nationalisation of the waterways in 1948, and then to British Waterways in 1963. Since 2012, it has been managed by the Canal & River Trust.

Although abandoned, the unused canal still caused some problems. There were complaints that in times of heavy rainfall, the canal caused surrounding areas in the city to flood, and so Nottingham City Council bought the section running through the city in 1952. From 1955, a programme of draining the canal, laying pipes along its bed and filling it in began. The section from Derby Road to Radford Bridge Road, including locks 4 and 5, was completed in 1955, and by 1962, had reached lock 12 on the Wollaton flight. Lock 13 was adapted to feed surplus water into the pipes. Wollaton Colliery continued to use the canal to discharge water from the colliery bathhouse until its closure in late 1963, and once it had closed, the section up to lock 19 was drained and culverted in 1966. On 23 September 1964, a section of the top pound was drained, between Trowell and Wollaton, and a large portion of the remainder, between Awsworth and Bailey Grove, was subsequently destroyed by opencast coal mining. Most of the route through the city has subsequently been built over. The final section from Derby Road to Lenton Chain was, however, re-used as a new course for the River Leen, and so is still in water.

Closure
Following a public meeting on 22 July 1976, the Nottingham Canal Society was formed, with a view to preserving what was left of the canal, and to reinstating navigation between Langley Mill and Coventry Lane, Nottingham. They hoped to prevent further sections of the canal from being filled in, and to ensure that any plans for open-cast mining would include provision to reinstate the line of the canal afterwards. Also in 1976, children from Fernwood Junior School, Wollaton, created a nature trail along the bed of the canal near Wollaton colliery, and Browtowe Council announced that they were hoping to buy 5 mi of the canal for £7,350. The canal society began holding working parties to trim hedges, repair bridges, and mend the canal banks from April 1977, once ownership had passed from British Waterways to Browtowe Council. They also campaigned for the Awsworth Bypass, which was scheduled to be built in 1980, to include navigable headroom where it crossed the canal. A breach of the canal occurred in 1978, when part of the embankment at Trowell, near to the M1 motorway, slipped. It was repaired by the society, with some labour supplied by one of the local prisons, and machinery supplied by the Waterway Recovery Group. Bridge restoration work was carried out on the swing bridge at Bailey Grove, Eastwood and on Tinsley Road bridge, but in early 1979, Nottinghamshire County Council declared that the cost of a navigable bridge on the Awsworth Bypass would be £428,000. As that amount of money was not available, there would be no navigable culvert, and as that effectively prevented the canal reopening for navigation, the canal society was wound up soon afterwards.

Plans for further open-cast mining, which would have destroyed the Robbinetts Arm, were altered in 1994, which was celebrated by the Robbinetts Action Group, a pressure group campaigning against such strip mining. In the 1990s, the feeder from Moorgreen Reservoir was dredged, so that the reservoir could again supply water to the bottom end of the Cromford Canal and the Great North Basin at Langley Mill. The reservoir, which is now managed as a carp fishery by the Greasley Estate, covers 38 acre and is up to 30 ft deep in places, was built by the Nottingham Canal and is still owned by the Canal and River Trust.

The Nottingham & Beeston Canal
The section of Nottingham Canal between the River Trent just downstream of Trent Bridge and Lenton, together with the Beeston Cut from Lenton back to the Trent at Beeston Weir, remains in use as the Beeston and Nottingham Canal. This forms part of the navigation of the River Trent, with the river itself no longer navigable between Trent Bridge and Beeston Weir. This section was not originally built with a towpath, but in 1976, the Nottinghamshire Leisure Services Committee approved plans to construct one. The work took six years to complete, and was opened by Illtyd Harrington of British Waterways on 9 June 1982, at a ceremony also attended by the Lord Mayor of Nottingham, Peter Burgess. The towpath of the canal through Nottingham city centre forms part of Nottingham's Big Track, a 16 km circular car-free cycle route and footpath, which follows the canal from the railway station in Nottingham to the Beeston locks, and then returns via the Trent riverside path.

The canal in the middle of Nottingham, where it is overlooked by Nottingham Castle, forms the centrepiece of the city's Castle Wharf area. This area, formerly the home to quays and warehouses, has been redeveloped with waterside bars and restaurants in the old warehouse buildings, as well as new offices and residential properties.

The closed section
In 1977 Broxtowe Borough Council bought a 6 mi stretch of the top pound, running from Eastwood through Awsworth, Cossall and Trowell to the outer edge of the city of Nottingham at Bramcote. On the Trowell section are the remains of Swansea bridge, one of the original stone bridges, which is Grade II listed, was built in 1793–95, and has wooden keep gates. The view from the bridge overlooks Trowell Garden Centre where you can see the original stone built lock keepers cottages, 1&2 Swansea Cottages, Trowell, built in 1794–95. The name Swansea for the bridge and cottages originates from the fact that this particular part of the canal is where large quantities of swans used to congregate. Due to the lack of water in 1980 a decision was taken by the garden centre and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) to relocate them.

Broxtowe Council are helped by several organisations in the management of the canal, including Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust, The British Trust for Nature Conservation Volunteers, the Countryside Agency, Nottinghamshire County Council and Awsworth Angling Club. Because of the rich habitat that the route provides, it was declared a Local Nature Reserve in 1993. Sections of wetland habitat and open water have been created by dredging, but a major part of the council's task has been to provide alternative supplies of water, since the Eastwood section is cut off from the Langley Mill basin and the original water supply from Moorgreen Reservoir by an infilled section, and there is a 2 mi gap caused by open cast mining between Eastwood and Awsworth, which has destroyed the link with the water supply from Giltbrook. The need to dispose of rainwater when the Awsworth Bypass was built in 1995 provided one new source, and in 1998, an electric pump was installed to pump water from the River Erewash into the canal. Further development of the canal as an amenity took place in 1998, when the towpath and a number of bridleways connecting to the towpath were given public right of way status. The canal is well-used, by walkers, cyclists, and naturalists, with some sections available to anglers and horse riders. Nottinghamshire County Council have assisted with upgrading the towpath to provide disability access where possible.

title: Nottingham Canal


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Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:Taiwanese political parties

The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion. This is an archive of the discussion only; please do not edit this page. -Kbdank71 16:58, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Taiwanese political parties
The current official title of the country is Republic of China. And in fact most major parties take part in Quemoy and Matsu, which are not part of the Taiwan province of the ROC, and are not part of (and not near) the island of Taiwan. Renaming to category:Political parties of the Republic of China or category:Political parties of the Republic of China (Taiwan) will better reflect what this category is about. — Instantnood 19:02, Feb 14 2005 (UTC)

'''Please note that this request was based on the naming conventions on China-related topics. If you don't agree with the naming conventions, don't oppose here .''' See also the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese). — Instantnood 20:05 Mar 6 2005 (UTC)
 * By nominating I support renaming. — Instantnood 19:04, Feb 14 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep where it is Most people outside the US and Taiwan have never heard of and do not understand the term "Republic of China" - they would confuse it for the People's Republic of China. "Taiwan" is accurate enough here, and the most widely understood term, jguk 13:01, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Quoted from Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Chinese): " the word "Taiwan" should not be used if the term "Republic of China" is more accurate. ". "Republic of China" (ROC) is the current official title of the government currently governing Taiwan, Pescadores Islands, Matsu Islands and Quemoy. The word "Taiwan" is not an accurate description in this case, as on Wikipedia "Republic of China" is preferred over "Taiwan" when referring to the government. And as I have mentioned, Quemoy and Matsu are neither part of the province of Taiwan of the ROC, nor near to the island of Taiwan. — Instantnood 19:26, Feb 16 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The general direction nowadays is towards the word Taiwan, both inside and outside of Taiwan - XED . talk 20:00, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with others. Maurreen 05:20, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not accurate. Most political parties take part in elections on Matsu Islands and Quemoy as well, which are neither part of the island nor the province of Taiwan. — Instantnood 08:49, Feb 17 2005 (UTC)
 * Irrespective of the accuracy of the name, the format of the title is wrong, surely. At the very least it should be Category:Political parties of Taiwan Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 00:22, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * To keep is better than what has been suggested. However, I would prefer political parties of Taiwan. That is, until China and Taiwan reunite again, if ever. As for now, keep. gidonb  10:16, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. Naming convention supports this. Penwhale 16:13, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

'''Please note that this request was based on the naming conventions on China-related topics. If you don't agree with the naming conventions, don't oppose here .''' See also the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese). — Instantnood 20:05 Mar 6 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Pipers Island

Pipers Island, or Piper's Island, is the third-smallest map-named island in the River Thames, in England. It is on the Reading, Berkshire reach (the head of water above Caversham Lock). It is toward the edge of the central urban area of the town of Reading and connected by a gangway to Caversham Bridge, a road and pedestrian bridge that links that town to its left bank suburb of Caversham.

Use
Pipers Island has been hard-landscaped into a public house and restaurant, The Island, the surrounding decking of which is shared for restaurant use and moorings of boats, used for a boat hire and larger vessels running hourly cruises during the Summer months. The banks of the island are today sheet metal topped with wooden decking. A protective rail guards the lower and somewhat smaller upper decks of the restaurant which are similar in design.

Access
The ait is the third-smallest of those named on official maps of the Thames. Maps show it has clearly approximately kept its footprint measurement of 0.147 acres shortly before the year 1900, though the few rounded corners of its then-boathouse use have been neatly squared since the restaurant's opening. It is accessed on foot by a footbridge and staircase (also known together as a gangway) that connects the island to the centre of Caversham Bridge. The smallest island with vehicular access on the river is almost double its size, Swan Island, London which is in Twickenham.

Family owners within the Livery Company of Watermen and Lightermen
It is known that in 1766 the Firework Ait, Windsor was likewise called Piper's Eyot and had another name before its later renaming. Guinea Piper was a celebrated waterman at the time. One of Eton College's longboats was named after him - My Guinea's Lion. Another, Piper's Green was named after one of his watermen brothers Richard (known as Dick) or James (known as Jack) Piper and this eyot later came into the family's ownership where they plied a local boat repair trade.

Location
The ait is toward the edge of the central urban area of the town of Reading and connected by a gangway attached to the middle of the downstream stone balustrade of Caversham Bridge, a road bridge that links that town to its left bank suburb of Caversham, its closer bank.

title: Pipers Island


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Deborah Watling

Deborah Patricia Watling (2 January 1948 – 21 July 2017) was an English actress who played the role of Victoria Waterfield, a companion of the Second Doctor in the BBC television series Doctor Who from 1967 to 1968. She began her career as a child actress, making her debut as a regular in The Invisible Man (1958-1959). Watling is also well known for starring in the films Take Me High (1973) with Cliff Richard and That'll Be the Day (1973) with David Essex as well as playing Julie Robertson in The Newcomers (1969) and Norma Baker in Danger UXB (1979) on television.

Early life
Watling was born 2 January 1948 at the Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital in London the daughter of actors Jack Watling and Patricia Hicks. Her brother Giles and her half-sister, Dilys, were also actors. She was raised in Epping until the family moved to the 16th-century Alderton Hall in Loughton, Essex. Educated at Braeside School in Buckhurst Hill, Watling considered becoming a dentist before enrolling at the Italia Conti Stage School. Watling made her film debut aged three and started playing background roles in her father's films. During one of her half-sister's parties, Watling started talking to a boy who turned out to be Michael Craze from whom she would take over as a companion in Doctor Who many years later.

Career
Beginning as a child actress, Watling had a regular role as the niece of Peter Brady in The Invisible Man (1958) television series. She was later cast for the lead role in Alice (1965), Dennis Potter's play about Lewis Carroll and Alice Liddell, for the BBC's The Wednesday Play. She co-starred with Cliff Richard in the 1973 film Take Me High, and the same year had a small role in the film That'll Be the Day. She played Norma Baker in the ITV series Danger UXB (1979), and appeared regularly in the theatre.

According to the short BBC Video documentary The Dalek Factor about the making of the story, released in September 2021 as part of the animated restoration of the serial, Denise Buckley was cast in the role of Victoria Waterfield by director Derek Martinus. The production team had been hoping that Pauline Collins would continue in the role of Samantha Briggs, that she had played in the previous story The Faceless Ones, but had created Victoria as a potential ongoing character should Collins decline. When Collins confirmed she did not want to join the regular cast, it was decided to introduce Victoria as the new companion and Denise Buckley was released, but paid in full, with Watling replacing her as a more suitable actress for the continuing role. Watling played Victoria in Doctor Who from 1967 to 1968, though owing to the BBC's wiping policy of the time, The Tomb of the Cybermen (1967) and The Enemy of the World (1967–1968) are the only serials in which she appeared that still exist in their entirety. She also appeared in Dimensions in Time (1993) and Downtime (1995).

Watling also appeared in the Doctor Who audio drama Three's a Crowd and regularly attended Doctor Who conventions and events. In November 2013, she appeared in the one-off 50th anniversary comedy homage The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot.

Personal life
In her later years, Watling lived with her husband in Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex where she was a well known figure in the village and regularly used her acting experience by directing the local pantomimes. Her autobiography, entitled Daddy’s Girl, was published in 2010.

Death
Watling died on 21 July 2017, aged 69, at Beaumont Manor nursing home in Frinton-on-Sea, six weeks after being diagnosed with lung cancer.

title: Deborah Watling


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Barnard E. Bee

Barnard E. Bee may refer to:

 * Barnard E. Bee Sr. (1787–1853), early settler and political leader in the Republic of Texas
 * Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. (1824–1861), United States Army officer and Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War

title: Barnard E. Bee


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Talk:List of counties in Iowa

Untitled
Actually, there is an official way to number Iowa's counties. The numbers are assigned sequentially to the alphabetized list (i.e., Adair being #01, and Wright being #99).—Ëzhiki (erinaceus bud ) 16:59, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Except having that number gives you no better information in finding the county than if you had the county name. With the numbering scheme I used, you can readily find a county location given the number. Cburnett 17:22, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, I have nothing against the system you used, it makes good sense. I just wanted to let it be known that Iowa State uses a different scheme, which is perhaps worth mentioning.  Maybe adding a corresponding map would be beneficial, too.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 17:27, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * The information on this page is not useful. The county numbers are wrong and do not reflect the county numbers used on Iowa license plates, i.e. Alamakee county had 3 on the license plates to identify the county and Linn had 57.  Add this information into the page for it to be of use. Go hawkeyes go 22:09, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The numbers the state uses is simply the position of the county in an alphabetical list. Adair=1, Adams=2, Allamakee=3, ..., Wright=99.  Again, if the map were numbered with this system then the map just as well contain the names (which you can get anywhere).  Sorry you don't find it useful.  Cburnett 22:22, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Wikiproject help
Some helpful information on U.S. county lists can be found at WP:COUNTYLISTS. Tom pw (talk) (review) 16:23, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Numerical table "cover" Map of counties with numbers
Hi On 9 August 2007 14:29 I edited this page because I seen the Numerical table "cover" Map of counties with numbers. The botton-left of image is hidden by Numerical table. So, I added additional spacing. Maybe, this problem is on my computer only. Hi —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

List of counties by number
I think the work by Psychless is great with the exception that you can no longer find a county based on location. That was the point of the "by number" list. I restored it. Cburnett 18:00, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

2010 Census
The US Census data for Iowa counties is now available at Factfinder2. I was going to update this list but when I looked at it I got to wondering about how to designate the Population heading to show 2010. I do not know if it is possible, so at least for now I have not updated the list. Anybody have a suggestion? -- Rife Ideas  Talk  00:40, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

lee county
Lee County was formed in 1836. This was almost 30 years before Robert Lee's national fame. Iowa was a Union state not a Confederate state. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.152.100.4 (talk) 17:39, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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National Atlas numbers
"the number in the column headed "Map #" is used by the National Atlas of the United States, shown on the left" -- what is shown on the left of what, where? 104.153.40.58 (talk) 13:53, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Consistent oddity of shapes of Iowa's counties
The intro mentions that Iowa's counties are unusually artificial in shape, with many 'box-shaped' counties. Most of them are even in rows. But two of the rows have weird shapes in all of them. In the Dubuque to Woodbury row, as you go west, each county gradually gets a larger and larger chunk to the West at their Northern edge. The Harrison-to-Johnson row has something similar but at the counties' southern edge. WHY IS THIS?! I came to this article specifically hoping it would be mentioned. 2601:408:C402:BB8:25BC:A4B8:DA73:8007 (talk) 18:58, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

Iowa County
The diagram highlighting Iowa County highlights the entire state. Although that is technically correct (and pretty funny) as all the counties highlighted are counties in Iowa, I would like to see Iowa County specifically :) 65.155.240.194 (talk) 20:35, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of counties in Iowa


text:
Iowa Communications Network

The Iowa Communications Network (ICN) is a state-administered fiber optics network designed to provide equal access to citizens including Iowans with modern telecommunication resources.

Information
The Iowa Communications Network provides data, high-speed Internet connections, security, and voice (telephone) service to a variety of authorized users, which includes state and federal government agencies, K-12 schools, higher education institutions, healthcare and public libraries.

ICN sunsetted its video service in 2020.

Background
Governor Terry Branstad signed an authorizing bill in 1989. In 1991, construction began on Parts I and II of the network when one fiber optic endpoint was installed per county. In 1992 parts of the new fiber-optic system were activated. The network became operational in 1993 and by the next year the new network offered a full motion video connection to all 99 Iowa counties, its 3 state universities, public television, and state government. The Iowa Communications Network became a state agency directed by the Iowa Telecommunications and Technology Commission (ITTC) in 1994.

In 1995, the governor established a plan for Part III of the network. This four-year plan added full-motion video sites to public and private school districts, AEAs, and public libraries throughout Iowa. At the turn of the century the 700th full-motion video classroom was connected to the ICN, surpassing the original plan which only called for a maximum of 500 classrooms. One year later, ICN’s internet bandwidth was brought up to 400 Mbit/s for a faster, more efficient connection. In 2003, the network received a number of upgrades, appropriated through state legislation, which made it one of the most technologically advanced telecommunications services for state government as the time. In 2004, Danville High School was the final site to be added to the Network under Part III legislation.

In March 2005, the ICN became debt free and no longer receives general fund appropriations. To date over 231 million dollars has been invested by state and federal government in the development of the network. http://www.icn.iowa.gov/

ICN sunsetted its video service in 2020.

Capabilities and uses
Iowa Communications Network allows citizens to take advantage of Telemedicine, which makes specialty care more accessible to rural Iowans and simplifies provider education by allowing rural health practitioners to “attend” educational programs without leaving their communities. As well, the Iowa Communications Network has been integrated into a Telejustice system, a way of using two-way interactive video to reduce the expense of expert witnesses and allows crime victims to testify at parole hearings without the inconvenience and tension associated with traveling to a meeting where an inmate was present.

Emergency
After September 2001, the ICN became an important device for the security of the state of Iowa and its inhabitants. The ICN has been a valuable tool for the National Emergency Action agencies. The Iowa Department of Public Health has used the network to teach medical professionals around the state about bioterrorism. It has reduced response times and assisted in the recovery process during emergencies. http://www.icn.iowa.gov/

Recent legislation now allows Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management (HLSEM) to use the ICN when emergencies are declared by the governor. HLSEM can also use the ICN for emergency response training and exercises. It can create a command-to-command communications network that covers the entire state in times of emergency. In the case of an urgent situation, this will allow independent agencies to be organized at the county level as well as being connected on a larger scale with everyone whom the ICN is linked to.

Physically, the central operations hub of the ICN resides within Iowa National Guard State Area Command (STARC) Armory Complex, near Camp Dodge. This grants the network a degree of physical security against disruption in the event of a state or national emergency.

Education
With sites in over 400 K12 schools, 170 post-secondary institution classrooms, and 50 libraries, providing Educational-access television cable TV capabilities to all Iowans in a cost-effective way remains a core purpose of the ICN. Part of that function is the goal of bringing equal educational opportunities to K-12 students located in rural and underserved areas. ICN also provides Internet bandwidth to school districts and colleges around the state.

ICN makes it possible for instructors and learners physically separated by location to participate in interactive educational events such as college-credit and Advanced Placement classes, classes with shared teachers, and virtual field trips.

Training programs offered by the University of Northern Iowa have helped more than 9000 teachers, medical professionals, librarians, state employees, and other Iowans to use the ICN effectively.

In FY2007, over 50,000 Iowa students and teachers benefited from distance learning opportunities delivered over the Iowa Communications Network. Almost 7,000 of these hours of learning were delivered through Iowa Public Television's K-12 Connections programming, providing opportunities for students, educators, and school personnel to learn through live,

interactive sessions provided at no cost to the students, teachers, or school districts. Through the free K-12 Connections experience, students interact live with presenters and students attending the session from other schools or libraries. Professional development sessions are provided for teachers and other district staff.

For the State
The ICN buys telecommunications services from private providers in large volume and resells these services to users at a no-profit price. The result is that private sector providers get a large, steady revenue stream. Iowa benefits from the technology investment of providers who deliver service across the ICN. Users in rural communities get affordable services connecting them to the world.

Broadband Grant
On July 2, 2010, ICN receives $16.2 million for broadband infrastructure funding for its “Bridging the Digital Divide for Iowa Communities” grant project.

ICN submitted a Comprehensive Community Infrastructure (CCI) application to the federal Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP). The CCI project, proposed during the second round, will enhance the Network to a 10 GB/s (10 gigabytes per second) backbone that would reach all 99 counties in Iowa. This middle mile network advancement will also provide 1 GB/s of symmetrical Ethernet connectivity to 1,036 education facilities, hospitals, libraries, public safety, workforce development, and other Community Anchor Institutions throughout the state.

ICN’s CCI grant included partnering efforts with key anchor institutions throughout Iowa, such as Iowa Health System, Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi, community colleges, and several state agencies. ICN’s grant will enable many public and private partnerships to be established, specifically with Iowa’s local telecommunication providers.

title: Iowa Communications Network


text:
Lillafüred

Lillafüred (Miskolc-Lillafüred) is a town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary. Officially, it is a part of Miskolc, though it is almost 12 kilometres away from the city, in the Bükk Mountains. Lillafüred is a tourist resort.

History
Count András Bethlen, the minister of agriculture, decided in the 1890s to build a holiday resort near Lake Hámori. The resort was named after his niece, Erzsébet (nicknamed: "Lilla") Vay, who was the sister of the then-ispán, or count, of Borsod County, Elemér Vay. The Palace Hotel was built by István Bethlen.

Palace Hotel (Palotaszálló)
The Palace Hotel was designed by Kálmán Lux and built between 1927 and 1930 in neo-Renaissance style. One of the hotel's restaurants is named after King Matthias. Its stained glass windows show the castles of historical Hungary. The hotel is surrounded by a large park with rare plants.

Hanging gardens
The hanging gardens are below the hotel, between the streams Szinva and Garadna. The highest waterfall in Hungary, at 20 meters in height, can be found here. The waterfall itself is artificial. The internal water tubes form the "Anna Cave" at the bottom.

Caves
There are three natural caves not far from the hotel:
 * Anna Cave, with plant fossils preserved in limestone;
 * István Cave, a large dripstone cave;
 * Szeleta Cave, a cave where many Paleolithic relics have been found.

Lake Hámori
The artificial lake was formed in the early 19th century by the damming of the Szinva and Garadna, to supply the iron furnace with water. The lake is 1.5 kilometres long. In the summer, boats and paddle boats can be rented.

Ottó Herman's house
A small museum dedicated to the well-known ornithologist and polymath Ottó Herman. (Not to be confused with Ottó Herman Museum, which is in downtown Miskolc).

Miller's Rock
There are two different local legends explaining why there is a crucifix on the top of the rock. According to the better-known version, the daughter of a rich miller jumped down from the rock with her lover, the miller's poor apprentice, because her parents didn't allow them to marry. The other legend claims an old miller jumped from the rock when he learned that his young wife was cheating on him. This second version is less commonly known, but it was mentioned by the famous author Mór Jókai in one of his books.

Fehérkőlápa
The area south from Lillafüred Valley gets its name ("marsh of the white stone") from a rock which provides views of the area, and a nearby marsh. The place is within Bükk National Park. There is a guesthouse there, which is depicted in Vilmos Kondor's novel Budapest Noir.

Trout farm
A trout farm is situated a few kilometres away from Lillafüred, and from there visitors can buy freshly grilled or smoked trout. The narrow-gauge train that departs from Miskolc makes a stop at the farm on the days it is open. The stop is after the main Lillafüred stop.

Hámor Rock
Used by rock climbers, climbing competitions are held at Hámor Rock every January.

title: Lillafüred


text:
Babes on Broadway

Babes on Broadway is a 1941 American musical film starring Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland and directed by Busby Berkeley, with Vincente Minnelli directing Garland's big solo numbers. The film, which features Fay Bainter and Virginia Weidler, was the third in the "Backyard Musical" series about kids who put on their own show, following Babes in Arms (1939) and Strike Up the Band (1940). Songs in the film include "Babes on Broadway" by Burton Lane (music) and E.Y. "Yip" Harburg (lyrics), and "How About You?" by Lane with lyrics by Ralph Freed, the brother of producer Arthur Freed. The movie ends with a minstrel show performed by the main cast in blackface.

Production
Babes on Broadway was the third film in the "Backyard Musical" series, which included Babes in Arms (1939), Strike Up the Band (1940) and Girl Crazy (1943).

The film was stalled in the middle of production when Garland secretly flew to Las Vegas to wed her first husband David Rose. She was 19 years old.

Musical numbers

 * "Babes on Broadway" (Main Title) (MGM Studio Chorus)
 * "Anything Can Happen in New York" (Mickey Rooney, Ray McDonald, and Richard Quine)
 * "How About You?" (Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney)
 * "Hoe Down" (Judy Garland, Mickey Rooney, Six Hits and a Miss, The Five Musical Maids, and MGM Studio Chorus)
 * "Chin Up! Cheerio! Carry On!" (Judy Garland, St. Luke's Episcopal Church Choristers, and MGM Studio Chorus)
 * Ghost Theater Sequence:
 * "Cyrano de Bergerac" (Mickey Rooney as Richard Mansfield)
 * "Mary's a Grand Old Name" (Judy Garland as Fay Templeton)
 * "She's Ma Daisy" (Mickey Rooney as Harry Lauder)
 * "I've Got Rings On My Fingers" (Judy Garland as Blanche Ring)
 * "La Marseillaise" (Judy Garland as Sarah Bernhardt)
 * "The Yankee Doodle Boy" (Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland)
 * "Bombshell from Brazil" (Judy Garland, Mickey Rooney, Richard Quine, Ray McDonald, Virginia Weidler, Anne Rooney, Robert Bradford, and MGM Studio Chorus)
 * "Mama Yo Quiero" (Mickey Rooney)
 * Minstrel Show Sequence:
 * "Blackout Over Broadway" (Judy Garland, Mickey Rooney, Ray McDonald, Virginia Weidler, Richard Quine, Anne Rooney and MGM Studio Chorus)
 * "By the Light of the Silvery Moon" (Ray McDonald)
 * "Franklin D. Roosevelt Jones" (Judy Garland and MGM Studio Chorus)
 * "Old Folks at Home" (Eddie Peabody on banjo, dubbing for Mickey Rooney)
 * "Alabamy Bound" (Eddie Peabody on banjo, dubbing for Mickey Rooney)
 * "Waiting for the Robert E. Lee" (Judy Garland, Mickey Rooney, Virginia Weidler, Anne Rooney, Richard Quine, and MGM Studio Chorus)
 * "Babes on Broadway" (Finale) (Judy Garland, Mickey Rooney, Virginia Weidler, Ray McDonald, Richard Quine, and MGM Studio Chorus)

Box office
According to MGM records, the film earned $2,363,000 in the US and Canada and $1,496,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $1,720,000.

Home media
Babes on Broadway was released on DVD for the first time as part of a 5-disc DVD set The Mickey Rooney & Judy Garland Collection on September 25, 2007. The set contains Babes on Broadway, Babes in Arms, Girl Crazy, and Strike Up the Band, as well as a fifth disc containing bonus features on Rooney and Garland.

title: Babes on Broadway


text:
Catoctin Mountain

Catoctin Mountain, along with the geologically associated Bull Run Mountains, forms the easternmost mountain ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are in turn a part of the Appalachian Mountains range. The ridge runs northeast–southwest for about 50 mi departing from South Mountain near Emmitsburg, Maryland, and running south past Leesburg, Virginia, where it disappears into the Piedmont in a series of low-lying hills near New Baltimore, Virginia. The ridge forms the eastern rampart of the Loudoun and Middletown valleys.

Geography
Catoctin Mountain traverses Frederick County, Maryland, and extends into northern Loudoun County, Virginia. It rises to its greatest elevation of 1900 ft above sea level just southwest of Cunningham Falls State Park and is transected by gaps at Braddock Heights (Fairview Pass), Point of Rocks on the Potomac River and Clarke's Gap west of Leesburg, as well as several other unnamed passes in Maryland and Virginia. The mountain is much lower in elevation in Virginia, reaching its highest peak just south of the Potomac at Furnace Mountain (891 feet/271 m) and with only one peak above 800 ft south of Leesburg.

From its northern terminus in Maryland headed south, the range is composed mainly of a single north–south running ridge with periodic low-lying gaps, though it does contain several spur ridges, most notably near its intersection with South Mountain at its northern terminus. Its ridge character continues south of the Potomac in northern Loudoun County, losing elevation, until just north of Leesburg, where the range widens into a broad plateau of undulating hills separated by deep stream valleys. The range reaches its widest point north of Goose Creek at nearly three miles. South of the creek the Catoctin vanishes into the Piedmont countryside near the northern terminus of the Bull Run Mountains at Aldie.

Recreation
A number of federal, state, local, and private protected lands are located on Catoctin Mountain including the Emmitsburg Reservoir, Catoctin Mountain Park, Cunningham Falls State Park, the Frederick Municipal Forest, Gambrill State Park, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, all in Maryland, and the Morven Park estate in Virginia.

The 27 mi long Catoctin Trail traverses the northern half of the range. The trail, which is maintained by the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, starts at Gambrill State Park, which also contains several shorter hiking and mountain biking trails as well as picnic pavilions, and continues north through the Frederick Municipal Forest to Cunningham Falls State Park and Catoctin Mountain Park. Both parks contain many shorter hiking trails and organized campgrounds.

The Journey Through Hallowed Ground Byway, a National Scenic Byway, loops and weaves through the northern part of the range.

Names
The name of Catoctin Mountain follows the convention of referring to an entire mountainous ridge as a single "mountain" in situations where there is no single prominent peak. However, the ridge clearly has two prominent segments, one south of the Potomac River in Virginia and one north of it in Maryland.

According to the USGS, variant names of Catoctin Mountain have included Kittochiny Mountains, Kittockton Mountain, Kittocton Mountain, and South Mountain. However, in Maryland, South Mountain and Catoctin Mountain are separate, roughly parallel, mountains.

The portion of the ridge directly west of Frederick, Maryland, is known locally as Braddock Mountain, and is signed as such where Interstate 70 crosses its summit, although the name is not recorded in the federal Geographic Names Information System. (The GNIS does, however, recognize the community of Braddock Heights, which is located there.)

Geology
The mountain, like much of the Blue Ridge/South Mountain in the immediate area, consists of Proterozoic Catoctin metabasaltic greenstone interspersed by metasedimentary white quartz and other phyllites and Precambrian basalt flows. The greenstone was originally formed about 570 million years ago as part of the rifting of the super-continent, Rodinia. The greenstone was later uplifted during the Alleghenian Orogeny and thrust westward, being interspersed with the sedimentary rock deposited during the Paleozoic era.

Flora and fauna
Much of the mountain, being shattered rock, is home to large populations of timber rattlesnakes. There are also black bears, turkeys, and deer, as well as vultures and raptors.

History
The name Catoctin probably derives from the Kittoctons, an American Indian tribe or clan which once lived between the mountain and the Potomac River; a local tradition asserts that Catoctin means "place of many deer" in an Indian language.

Catoctin Mountain is perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States. It was first used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, who called it "Shangri-La." In the 1950s, President Dwight Eisenhower renamed it Camp David, after his grandson David Eisenhower. The resort is extremely well guarded by the United States Secret Service, and only approved guests of the President are allowed into the retreat. Due to its proximity to Washington, D.C., and its beautiful mountain scenery, Camp David has proven to be a popular weekend "getaway" for many United States presidents, and approximately one-third of Catoctin Mountain Park can be closed to the public on short notice.

title: Catoctin Mountain


text:
Talk:Lashkar-e-Taiba

alleged involvement
LeT has claimed responsibility of some of these terrorist acts. Why still say "India accuses......." for other incidents?

 * Because as you said "some" of these acts. India has accused them for several things, infact if it were possible, it would probably blame the group for a lot of its problems. Regardless, there need to be sources for definite acts by the group. Btw, there is also a source needed for the "pamphlet" material that you added otherwise those sentences will be removed. I will leave the material as it is for now, but unless a source is provided, it is objectionable. Thanks. --Anonymous editor 02:20, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

Changed the meaning of Lashkar-e-Toiba to army of the pure, it had been changed by someone to a derogatory word in Hindi- fkh8

Jama'at-ud-Da'wah
The Jama'at-ud-Da'wah article redirects to this article. Why? From what I have been reading, it is a different group.-Ganeemath (talk) 11:59, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Per Talk:Lashkar-e-Taiba/Archive_1 the articles were merged based on the media considering the two groups to be the same organization. Sario528 (talk) 17:01, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lashkar-e-Taiba


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:Sportspeople by country

The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion. This is an archive of the discussion only; please do not edit this page. -Kbdank71 17:05, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Sportspeople_by_country
Change all "Fooian sportspeople" to "Sportspeople of Foo", especially Category:Northern_Irish_sportspeople -> Category:Sportspeople_of_Northern_Ireland.

voting summary: Oppose - 2 (4 if fuzzied), Support - 2 after ~1 month Courtland 20:10, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)

one opposition was to the group move but supportive of the specific move noted as an example

 * Oppose That sounds ridiculously precious to me. Philip 02:57, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree for reasons given in the Category:Cinema_by_country CfD below. Bryan 09:55, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Are any of you who are voting yes for these things actually proposing to make a huge contribution to the huge effort required to make the transfers which, even if you don't think they will make things worse as I do, will be at best trivial "improvements" to Wikipedia? At the moment virtually all of the people categories are in the adjective form. Changing a few will create a mess that we will be stuck with for who knows how long. Surely you can come up with real ways to improve Wikipedia, rather than this nonsensical project. Wincoote 14:35, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 *  interpreted as OPPOSE

 * There are bots that can easily perform the work required to move articles between categories. RedWolf 17:22, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * For thousands of people categories when there is so much else that needs to be done? How many are you offering to do yourself? Wincoote 18:45, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Given Wincoote's comments, I think the whole structure needs to be examined as performing this renaming will lead to other inconsistencies within related categories. RedWolf 17:27, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Partial support I would not support moving categories en masse. However Category:Northern_Irish_sportspeople should be moved because in Northern Ireland this adjective is politically loaded. It is generally used by Unionists and abhorred by nationalists. It also just sounds odd to many people. As neutral terms the media in Northern Ireland tend to prefer the terms "Northern Ireland sportspeople/poets/etc" or "X from Northern Ireland". Category:Sportspeople_of_Northern_Ireland would be much better. Iota 02:05, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree. -Kbdank71 21:59, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I count only 2 clear oppose votes, plus the partial opposition as described. However, there is clearly no consensus to make this move at this time. Unless anyone disagrees in the next couple of days, I propose that we declare this unresolved and nominate the Northern Ireland category (since people from Northern Ireland appear not to call themselves "Northern Irish"). -Aranel (" Sarah ") 19:18, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * There aren't many favourable votes either. You are implying that a marginally larger but still tiny victory for advocates of change on this little visited page would justify massive changes which would override the preference established by precedence by the far larger number of users who have created people categories, nearly all of whom preferred the adjective form. IMO that would be an appalling abuse of this facility, so I'm pleased to see it wasn't proceeded with. Wincoote 00:15, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

A good suggestion. Implementing this now. -- Beland 03:33, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Jack Watling

Jack Stanley Watling (13 January 1923 – 22 May 2001) was an English actor.

Life and career
Watling was born 13 January 1923 in Chingford, east London, England. The son of a travelling scrap metal dealer, Watling trained at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts as a child; and made his stage debut in Where the Rainbow Ends at the Holborn Empire in 1936. He made his first film appearances (all uncredited) in Sixty Glorious Years, Housemaster (both 1938) and Goodbye, Mr Chips (1939).

In 1941, he played Bill Hopkins in Once a Crook in his West End debut. He starred as Flight Lieutenant Teddy Graham in the original 1942 production of Terence Rattigan's Flare Path.

Watling had a long career in low-key British films, originally in easy-going boyish roles. His early appearances were in Cottage to Let (1941). We Dive at Dawn (1943), The Demi-Paradise (1943) opposite Laurence Olivier, The Way Ahead (1944) with David Niven, The Winslow Boy (1948), Meet Mr. Lucifer (1953) and in Orson Welles' Mr. Arkadin (aka, Confidential Report, 1955). In the account of the sinking of the Titanic, the film A Night To Remember (1958), he played Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall and in Sink the Bismarck! (1960) as the Signals officer who reports "HMS Hood...has blown up!"

Television
His reputation as an effective and reliable television actor took root in the early 1960s. He appeared in Danger Man (1960) in the episode "The Traitor" as Rollo Waters. Between 1964–69 he was Don Henderson, the troubled conscience to tough businessman John Wilder (Patrick Wymark) in The Plane Makers and its sequel The Power Game. Watling also appeared as Doc Saxon in the 1970s series Pathfinders. He played Professor Edward Travers in the BBC science-fiction television series Doctor Who in the serials The Abominable Snowmen (1967) and The Web of Fear (1968), both of which also featuring his daughter Deborah Watling as the Second Doctor's companion Victoria Waterfield. He reprised the role decades later in the independent Doctor Who spin-off video Downtime (1995). He also took over the role of Arthur Bourne in the final series of The Cedar Tree in 1979

His final roles were all on television, in series including Bergerac, four episodes 1989–1991, as Frank Blakemore and Heartbeat as The Colonel 1994 in "Lost and Found".

Personal life
Watling was married to former actress Patricia Hicks. He was the father of actress Deborah Watling, actor/politician Giles Watling, sculptor Nicky Matthews, and a fourth child, Adam, who died in infancy. Watling was also the stepfather of actress Dilys Watling, Hicks's daughter from a previous marriage. The Watlings were long-term residents at Alderton Hall, Loughton.

Selected filmography

 * Sixty Glorious Years (1938) (uncredited)
 * The Day Will Dawn (1942) – Lieutenant (uncredited)
 * Flying Fortress (1942) – Rear Gunner (uncredited)
 * The Young Mr. Pitt (1942) – Atkinson (uncredited)
 * We Dive at Dawn (1943) – Navigating Officer – Lt. Gordon, R.N.
 * The Demi-Paradise (1943) – Tom
 * The Way Ahead (1944) – Buster – Marjorie's boyfriend
 * Journey Together (1945) – John Aynesworth
 * The Courtneys of Curzon Street (1947) – Teddy Courtney
 * Easy Money (1948) – Dennis Stafford
 * Quartet (1948) – Nicky (segment "The Facts of Life")
 * The Winslow Boy (1948) – Dickie Winslow
 * Under Capricorn (1949) – Winter
 * Once a Sinner (1950) – John Ross
 * The Naked Heart (1950) – Robert Gagnon
 * White Corridors (1951) – Dick Groom
 * Private Information (1952) – Hugh
 * Father's Doing Fine (1952) – Clifford Magill
 * Flannelfoot (1953) – Frank Mitchell
 * Meet Mr. Lucifer (1953) – Jim
 * Stryker of the Yard (1953) – Tony Ashworth
 * Dangerous Cargo (1954) – Tim Matthews
 * Trouble in the Glen (1954) – Sammy Weller
 * The Golden Link (1954) – Bill Howard
 * The Sea Shall Not Have Them (1954) – Flying Officer Harding
 * Tale of Three Women (1954) – Dick (segment "Thief of London" story)
 * Mr. Arkadin (1955) – Marquis of Rutleigh
 * A Time to Kill (1955) – Dennis Willows
 * Windfall (1955) – John Lee
 * Reach for the Sky (1956) – Peel
 * That Woman Opposite (1957) – Toby Lawes
 * The Admirable Crichton (1957) – Treherne
 * The Birthday Present (1957) – Bill Thompson
 * Gideon's Day (1958) – Reverend Small
 * A Night to Remember (1958) – Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall
 * Chain of Events (1958) – Freddie
 * Links of Justice (1958) – Edgar Mills
 * The Solitary Child (1958) – Cyril
 * Sink the Bismarck! (1960) – Signals Officer
 * Nearly a Nasty Accident (1961) – Flight Lt. Grogan
 * Three on a Spree (1961) – Michael Brewster
 * Mary Had a Little... (1961) – Scott Raymond
 * Nothing Barred (1961) – Peter Brewster
 * The Queen's Guards (1961) – Capt. Shergold
 * Never Back Losers (1961)
 * Flat Two (Edgar Wallace Mysteries) (1962) – Frank Leamington
 * Who Was Maddox?, (Edgar Wallace Mysteries) (1964) – Jack Heath
 * The Nanny (1965) – Dr. Medman
 * Follow Me! (1972) – Wealthy Client (uncredited)
 * The Adventures of Barry McKenzie (1972) – TV Director
 * Father, Dear Father (1973) – Bill Mossman
 * 11 Harrowhouse (1974) – Fitzmaurice
 * The Cedar Tree (1978-9) - Captain Palmer, and then Cdr. Bourne
 * Slip-Up (1986, TV film) – Champion

title: Jack Watling


text:
Albany and Susquehanna Railroad

The Albany and Susquehanna Railroad (A&S) was a broad gauge railroad from Albany to Binghamton, New York, operating 1851 to 1870. It was subsequently leased by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company and later merged into the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.

History
Construction began on April 19, 1851, from Albany to Schoharie Junction, New York, a 35 mi stretch that required 12 years to complete. In 1869, the line was extended to Binghamton, lengthening the railroad to 142 mi.

A&S vs. Erie railroad war
A relatively small road, the A&S connected with four larger ones heading south to the Pennsylvania coal mines. One of these was the Erie, owned by financier Jay Gould, who realized that the A&S might be used to bring coal to New England markets. He decided to add the A&S line to the Erie.

In the summer of 1869, Jay Gould and Jim Fisk began to buy up shares in A&S, aiming to accumulate a controlling interest and install their own people to the board and take over. A&S president Joseph H. Ramsey reacted by issuing to his supporters thousands of shares that had been sitting on the company's books. Ramsey then had the books spirited from his office and buried in the Albany Cemetery. Incensed, Gould and Fisk had him suspended as president of the A&S by a judge they controlled on the New York State Supreme Court, George G. Barnard. Gould and Fisk also conspired to falsely arrest Ramsey, Henry Smith, William L. M. Phelps, and Robert H. Pruyn, the latter three of whom were also executives associated with the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad. Ramsey applied to Albany judge Rufus W. Peckham, both sides trying to force the A&S into the control of a partisan recipient. Peckham succeeded, getting his order in first by a matter of minutes.

Fisk stormed the office of the A&S in Albany with hired thugs; he was taken to a police station by an A&S employee masquerading as a policeman. As soon as he was free from jail, Fisk returned to the A&S headquarters with a restraining order signed by Judge Barnard and a new set of thugs. They took over the A&S station at Binghamton, stole a train, and set off down the line to Albany, seizing stations as they went. A&S men flipped a switch to derail the cars. Fisk and his recruits met their adversaries, the men of the A&S, in a tunnel near Harpursville, where they attacked each other with all manner of weapons until the governor ordered state militia to take charge of the road.

John Pierpont Morgan, who had arranged a $500,000 mortgage for the road and been appointed a trustee, arrived in New York on September 1 and was recruited by Ramsey's supporters. In the name of Dabney, Morgan bought six hundred shares of A&S and made contact with all the shareholders loyal to Ramsey, ensuring that they or their proxies would be present at the annual meeting held in Albany on September 7. Personally supervising the voting, Morgan was elected a vice-president and director of the road. Gould and Fisk counteracted by voting in their own men in separate elections. The case reached the New York State Supreme Court which ruled in favour of the Ramsey group's elections.

On February 24, 1870, Morgan leased the A&S to the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company for 99 years, taking the company out of play.

On July 2, 1945, the company was merged into the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.

In 2003, Canadian Pacific proposed to abandon the 9.8-mile branch section from Voorheesville, New York, to Albany. Albany County filed a railbanking application, and purchased the right-of-way in 2009.

title: Albany and Susquehanna Railroad


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Talk:Women in Muslim societies

Change of article name and contents
I think Women in the Qur'an should be merged with this article, and then this article should be changed to Women in Islam. As it will allign this article with Rights and obligations of spouses in Islam.  TruthSpreader Talk 17:33, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I would have to disagree completely, Rights and obligations of spouses in Islam, even where it to turn into a good article, has a much more limited scope than this. This article can incorporate, and indeed does, that rights and obligations of spouses in Islam.  Added to that is that this is a better article which is free of quote dumping. So, no, it'd be a step backwards to do that. --Irishpunktom\talk 22:09, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This article is an Islam related article, it is confusing that what are the Islamic rulings and what is currently being followed. Otherwise this whole article should be converted into a secular article.  TruthSpreader Talk 02:01, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * This is also important to allign the article with Christian views of women and Role of women in Judaism.  TruthSpreader Talk 05:10, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with truthspreader. BhaiSaab talk 20:54, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

If I recall correctly, this article was originally called something like Islam and women, until someone changed it. The problem is -- and has been all along -- that Muslims have many views on the Islamically correct treatment of women. Add to this that diversity among the intelligentsia and the ulema is only the top layer on a variety of social customs, some of which seem (even to the non-Muslim observer) to contradict the Quran and Sunnah, but which are believed to be authentically Islamic by many Muslims. Some of those customs, such as honor killing, are getting extremely bad press these days, so there are many educated Muslims who deny that these are TRULY Islamic. I think it was one of those editors who changed the title of the article, trying to make the point that what Muslims do, or Muslim-majority societies do, is not necessary ISLAM. If the article is changed back to Islam and women, it shouldn't be censored to exclude all the embarrassing material, nor should it be written from the POV of a Muslim who is sure that honor killing is non-Islamic. Zora 21:12, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * But honor killing is non-Islamic. BhaiSaab talk 22:36, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The point is, embarassing issues like honor killing, cannot be explained through any phenomenon in Islam. What a husband can do maximum, I have already edited in rights and obligations of spouses in Islam? And I am pretty sure that any credible source wouldn't even accept honor killing, as punishments in Islam cannot be given by individuals, they have to be conducted by the Government. We can put a small section at the end of artcile that would lead to Criticism of Islam.  TruthSpreader Talk 02:33, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I have created a working version for Women in Islam. It can be edited here: User:Truthspreader/Women in Islam. If someone can improve it, that'll be great.  TruthSpreader Talk 10:40, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * done!!!  TruthSpreader Talk 20:53, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

You guys are darn sure that honor killing is not Islamic, but the prevalence of honor killing in many Muslim-majority countries -- and the failure of many local mullahs to speak against it -- suggests that there is a difference of opinion. The problem is coming up with published cites saying that it's Islamic, since the educated classes (the ones who write and publish things) are much more apt to reject it. WP has to give all views, including the deprecated ones. WP can't take a position on what is truly Islamic and what isn't; we don't issue fatwas. Zora 22:10, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * PS. Truthspreader, I just looked at your proposed article. It is simply not acceptable for a WP article to say "Islam says". People say and people have different views. You are trying to use the article to propound YOUR view of what is true. We have to give a survey of what all Muslims think -- even the ones with whom you disagree. Zora 22:14, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Dang it, that WAS NOT RIGHT!
Truthspreader, by "redirecting" everything to an already existing article (one which gives an "Islam says" version of things) you erased this article and its talk page. That is censorship, pure and simple. If you repeat that, I'll take it as vandalism. There is no consensus on a move and there are strong objections to the direction in which you are heading. WP is not an opportunity for dawa (if that's what your username means). We give all views. Zora 23:59, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I am trying to understand your point but just look at Christian views of women and Role of women in Judaism. They don't even have a section on criticism, even though they might had (if not today, which I will disagree) problems with women rights. In Islam, there is definitely no clergy, there are no two opinions about it, but all the primary sources have to be interpreted by scholars and because there is no clergy, scholars can disagree. I myself, feel to some extent, that the article's scope is little because I have very few references, but it doesn't mean, that we should not strive to reach this goal. And I am against the approach of learning religion in which a street guys opinion is also given. As I wrote before, I am trying to write Women in Islam and not Women in Muslim societies. And sometimes I feel that wikipedia has become a news website more than an encyclopedia.  TruthSpreader Talk 05:30, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I edited women in Islam to be a replacement for this article. If somebody can give some constructive ideas, that'll be great.  TruthSpreader Talk 07:53, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

The street guy's opinion is important, if this is what outsiders see of Islam. Furthermore, I think it's interesting that the Muslim clergy doesn't seem to be combatting the street guy's views in any way. Frex, an Islamic party in Jordan, the Islamic Action Front, agrees that honor killing is Islamically wrong, but refuses to support any reform in laws that let men kill their female relatives with impunity. The reason given is that the reform is motivated by "Western ideas". Funny that Islamists will strenuously oppose things like music or pictures of humans, prohibitions for which there is no Quranic warrant, but un-Islamic honor killing is just not an issue. Islamists are also opposing the repeal of the hudood laws in Pakistan, which are also conceded to be un-Islamic.

What some clergy SAY doesn't take precedence over what many Muslims DO. Zora 08:10, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If you really want to keep these ideas on wikipedia, I would strongly recommend securalization of this article. For the issue of Hudood law in Pakistan, there are Islamic Scholars that are battling for women rights, although, they are not getting much fame among Mullahs, which I think are more or less politically motivated than religiously. Just take a look at this transcript of discussions among different scholars on this contraversial issue of hudood laws, and you'll find that some scholars strongly oppose these oppressive laws and even ask to repeal them.

 * Secondly, Islam logo should be removed from the article and the problems in this article should be dealt with political understanding than Islamic understanding. This is the only way to get around (at least to my understanding). If someone can give comments, on how to do it, that'll be great.  TruthSpreader Talk 08:42, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Another way is to expand the criticism section of women in Islam and then redirect this article to there.  TruthSpreader Talk 09:01, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

The reason that the article HAS the current title is that someone felt strongly that the way many Muslims treated women was un-Islamic and that it was wrong to use a title like "Women and Islam" to discuss women's position in societies like Saudi Arabia or Pakistan. Now you're trying to remove this article, limit discussion to the way things SHOULD be, and tidy everything else away. Look, this is a large subject, it's a controversial subject, and it deserves its own article. I'm glad that you believe that executing women who have been raped is wrong, etc. I'm sure that many Muslims share your views. I don't believe that Islam is inherently evil, like some of the WP editors I've encountered. I think that the article should point out that Muslims have different views, that different countries have different laws, etc. I don't want the good expunged any more than I want the bad expunged.

I'm willing to think about removing the Islam template. Perhaps if we had a template for "Contemporary controversies about Islam" to put there instead ... Zora 09:39, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I asked User:Striver to make a template for contemporary controverseries about Islam and then put it here. Once that is done, a disambiguation page will be created at Islam and Women and then all the Islam labelling will be removed, including Islamic reasoning or defence for any offence, and more secular reasons will be put.  TruthSpreader Talk 16:56, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

No, you can't do that. Your intent seems to be to erase any connection between your version of Islam and embarrassing aspects of the treatment of women in Muslim-majority societies. You seem to be believe that it's all secular, cultural, political -- Islam can't be blamed for anything. Well, that's one POV and it should be represented. However, there are also critics outside Islam who say that Islam as it developed and is practiced today is inherently misogynist. You can't discuss women's issues without allowing those critics their say, or mentioning the controversy. Zora 18:11, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * PS -- I take strong exception to having Striver make a template. I will try to come up with something myself. Zora 18:13, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * My only concern is that, we should not have a fork POV of the same issue. If you have some other plan, I am ready to listen.  TruthSpreader Talk 18:22, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Women as theological figures
Can someone with the relevant background knowledge develope the appropriate areas of Women as theological figures article, and also create a parallel article to Religion and politics/Christianity and politics Jackiespeel 17:18, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Image change
The previous image of the girl from Hyderabad was a very inaccurate representation of the true Muslim society. According to Islam, the current image of the girl in proper Muslim attire (taken from a flickr user--see Image Summary for details) is much better representative of what the Muslim women should look like, as opposed to the fancy dressed-up girl from Hyderabad that was used prior. Rather, that was a representation of Hyderabad culture, which this article is not about. Simim 06:15, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Simim, you are one Muslim among millions, and you cannot tell anyone else what is true Islam and what isn't. I changed the caption, which implied that what that girl is wearing is "proper" and other dress is "improper".

 * I do think that that is a better picture, if it's fair use, but it should be only one of many. We need a gallery of Muslim women wearing different forms of hijab, or none at all. Zora 06:49, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the woman in the new picture is more pretty. So, I go for it. --Aminz 06:54, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * i think Picture on page is perfect.

Khalidkhoso 17:25, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Merge to Women in Islam
I agree with the merger to Women in Islam. --Matt57 (talk•contribs) 03:29, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree as well; both articles seem to cover the same content. Calliopejen1 02:31, 5 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree. "Women in Islam" is more accurate. "Muslim society" is a POV terminology. Sina Kardar 15:59, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree Merge to Women in Islam--Sefringle 03:16, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Discuss at Talk:Women and Islam. I am going to copy this discussion and put it there.--Sefringle 03:19, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Women in Muslim societies


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User talk:KBrannagan2187

hello my name is kathleen and i have a page on wikipedia!!!! sucks to your ass-marrrrrrrrrr.........

title: User talk:KBrannagan2187


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Carrère and Hastings

Carrère and Hastings, the firm of John Merven Carrère (November 9, 1858 – March 1, 1911) and Thomas Hastings (March 11, 1860 – October 22, 1929), was an American architecture firm specializing in Beaux-Arts architecture. Located in New York City, the firm practiced from 1885 until 1929, although Hastings practiced alone after Carrère died in an automobile accident in 1911.

Both men studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in France and worked at the firm of McKim, Mead and White before they established their firm. The partnership's first success was the Ponce de León Hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, designed for Henry Flagler. They went on to establish a successful practice during the 1880s and early 1890s, and rose to national prominence by winning the competition for the New York Public Library in 1897. The firm designed commercial buildings, elaborate residences, and prominent public buildings in New York, Washington and as far afield as Toronto, London, Paris, Rome, and Havana.

Carrère
John Merven Carrère was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the son of John Merven Carrère, a Baltimore native and Anna Louisa Maxwell, a Scots/Brazilian native of Rio who was the daughter of Joseph Maxwell, a prosperous coffee trader. The architect's father entered Maxwell's coffee business and later developed other business interests of his own in Brazil. As a boy Carrère was sent to Switzerland for his education until 1880, when he entered the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris, where he was in the atelier of Leon Ginian until 1882. He returned to New York where his family had resettled after leaving Brazil and worked as draughtsmen for the architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White. He and his Paris acquaintance, Thomas Hastings, worked there together before striking out on their own in 1885. During this period Carrère independently designed several circular panorama buildings in New York and Chicago. After he married Marion Dell in 1886, they lived on Staten Island and had three daughters, one of whom died as an infant. In 1901 they moved to East 65th Street in Manhattan and built a country house in Harrison, New York.

Carrère was most active in the firm's large civic and commercial projects, including the House and Senate office buildings on Capitol Hill, the Manhattan Bridge and its approaches, and the New York Public Library Main Branch. He was interested in civic affairs in New York, where, with the help of Elihu Root, he helped establish the Art Commission of New York City. Later his public service extended to the national arena. In the 1890s he worked with other leaders of the American Institute of Architects to persuade the US Treasury Department to implement the Tarsney Act, which had been passed by Congress in 1893 to allow the federal government to award architectural commissions for its buildings through open design competitions. During the extended Tarsney controversy, Jeremiah O'Rourke, the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, resigned. Carrère was offered the job, an offer he very publicly considered but ultimately declined, writing, "the system, not the man, should be changed."

Carrère was engaged in the development of city planning in the United States. He wrote pamphlets and lectured at universities and to civic groups on the subject. He collaborated with Daniel H. Burnham and Arnold Brunner on the Group Plan for Cleveland, Ohio (1903), and again with Brunner on a plan for Grand Rapids, Michigan (1909). Then, in 1910, he worked with Brunner and Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. on a plan for a Baltimore civic center (1910). In 1908, Carrère was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full member in 1910. Later, Carrère and Hastings produced a plan for the City of Hartford, Connecticut, which was completed in 1911, just prior to his death, which occurred when a streetcar collided with the taxi in which he was riding. He suffered a brain concussion and never regained consciousness.

Hastings
Thomas S. Hastings was born in New York City on March 11, 1860. His father, also Thomas S. Hastings (1827–1911), was a noted Presbyterian minister, homiletics professor, and dean of the Union Theological Seminary. His grandfather, Thomas Samuel Hastings (1784–1872), was one of America's leading church musicians of the 19th century: he composed hymns, including 'Rock of Ages,' and published the first musical treatise by a native-born composer in 1822. Hastings was educated in private schools in New York, and began his architectural apprenticeship at Herter Brothers, the premier New York furnishers and decorators. He attended the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris from 1880–1883 as a student in the atelier of Louis-Jules André. There he met his future partner, and both maintained ties to Europe throughout their lives (Hastings earning the French Legion of Honor as well as the Gold Medal of the RIBA).

Upon returning to New York, Hastings entered the office of McKim, Mead & White, the leading American firm of the American Renaissance. Renewing his friendship with Carrère, who was also in the office, he remained there for two years. A referral through his father to Henry Morrison Flagler resulted in the commission first for a library extension to Flagler's Mamaroneck estate and then for the Ponce de Leon and later Alcazar hotels in St. Augustine, Florida. Further ties to wealthy patrons, who were also members of his father's mid-town congregation, propelled the rapid success of the young architects. His brother Frank's ties to E. C. Benedict, a leading financier, introduced him not only to patrons but also to his future wife. In 1900, at the age of 40, he married Benedict's daughter Helen at the Presbyterian church in Greenwich, Connecticut. The ceremony was attended by many of New York's wealthy citizens. Charles F. McKim was the best man, Stanford White designed the church decorations, and White's son was a page.

Hastings is credited with many of the firm's designs and, in part because he survived Carrère by eighteen years, he is the often cited as the leader of the firm. He lectured widely and wrote a number of influential articles, later collected by David Gray in his brief biography of the architect. He and his wife enjoyed riding, and they built a country house in Old Westbury, Long Island. Following Carrère's death in 1911, Hastings maintained the firm's name and continued his role as principal in the firm, but shared responsibility in large commissions with trusted associates such as Richmond Shreve, Theodore Blake and others. Owen Brainard, an engineer, was a junior partner in the firm during Carrère's lifetime and continued to consult with the firm thereafter. Eventually this collaborative arrangement would result in the formation of Shreve, Lamb and Blake (later Shreve, Lamb and Harmon), the noted builders of skyscrapers.

Hastings died of complications of an appendectomy on October 23, 1929. Some of his papers were given to the American Academy of Arts & Letters, where he was a member and treasurer for many years. He was survived by his wife but left no heirs.

Collaboration and beyond
The firm's first major commission came from a parishioner of Rev. Hastings, Henry Morrison Flagler, the Florida developer and railway tycoon, for whom the partners built the Ponce de León Hotel (1885–1888) in St. Augustine, Florida (now part of Flagler College). This was followed by the Alcazar Hotel (1887–88 now the Lightner Museum), as well as the Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church (1887), both in St. Augustine, and a house for Henry Flagler nearby. In 1901 they designed a second house for Flagler, Whitehall, in the resort he developed, Palm Beach, Florida. Whitehall was completed in 1902. Whitehall is a Mediterranean-flavored house faced with white stucco, with palatial interiors in various styles ranged round a grand entrance hall with double staircase.

Carrère and Hastings were among the best-connected New York architects, and benefited from associations with the richest and most powerful of the city's citizens. Clients included Elihu Root, the noted attorney and cabinet secretary under Theodore Roosevelt, Edward H. Harriman, the railroad tycoon, Thomas Fortune Ryan, one of Wall Street's notorious capitalists, and several members of the Blair family of New Jersey. The early work of the firm was eclectic but always succinctly organized, an inheritance of their École des Beaux-Arts training. Following the World Columbian Exposition of 1893, and its influential classical themes, the firm's style began to exhibit modern French and Renaissance revival attributes. The attention to sculpture and surface embellishment in their work was always closely tied to the axial planning that ensured the functionality of the interior spaces and circulation. They were among the earliest users of new technologies, from structural steel to electrification, even employing passive air conditioning systems. But their major interest was in the adaptation of the classical language of architecture developed in Europe to the American scene, creating a modern American architecture out of centuries-old traditions.

One of the largest contributions of the firm was in the realm of urban design, a result of Carrère's abiding interest in the Beaux-Arts "City Beautiful" movement. An early advocate of comprehensive planning, he designed downtown plans for Baltimore, Hartford, Cleveland and Atlantic City. In collaboration with Hastings, he was largely responsible for carrying out the firm's major public commissions: the New York Public Library (1897–1912), the House and Senate Office Buildings in Washington (1908–09), the planning of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo (1901), the McKinnley Memorial in Buffalo, Richmond Borough Hall on Staten Island (1904–06), and the Paterson (New Jersey) City Hall (1896). The architects were also noted for their contributions to the country house and garden movement of the early 1900s, where they introduced both stylistic and compositional ideas that shaped domestic architecture for decades to come. Their garden designs were extensively published, and they created a comprehensive staff to handle interior design in large houses, one of the first offices to offer these services. Their largest and most notable country houses included Blairsden (1898) in Peapack, New Jersey, Bellefontaine (1897, altered) in Lenox, Massachusetts, Arden (1905–09) in Harriman, New York, and Nemours (1910) in Wilmington, Delaware.

The office's significant skyscrapers were not designed until the late 1910s and early 1920s when, in association with other architects, Hastings' office worked on the Cunard Building (1917–21) and the Standard Oil Building (1920–28), which stand across the street from each other on Broadway at Bowling Green. Hastings was a critic of tall buildings in cities, warning that buildings over six stories (the height of Parisian hôtels particuliers) produced alienation by removing references to human scale, and destroyed the urban streetscape.

Changing styles and the rise of International Modernism led architectural historians to neglect the work of Carrère and Hastings for half a century after the firm closed. Today the firm is recognized as one of the most important in the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Their contributions to civic design and classicism are of continued importance today.

Selected works

 * First Presbyterian Church of Rumson, New Jersey, 1885 (this church also has 3 authentic Tiffany windows)
 * Ponce de León Hotel, St. Augustine, Florida, 1885–87, now part of Flagler College
 * Hotel Alcazar, St. Augustine, Florida, 1887, now the Lightner Museum
 * The Commonwealth Club, Richmond, Virginia, 1891
 * Edison Building, New York City, 1891 (razed)
 * New York Evening Mail, New York City, 1892
 * Brookside Park, Tarrytown, New York, 1892
 * Central Congregational Church, Providence, Rhode Island, 1893
 * Jefferson Hotel, Richmond, Virginia, 1895
 * Cairnwood Mansion, Bryn Athyn College, Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, 1895
 * Paterson City Hall, Paterson, New Jersey, 1896
 * New York Public Library Main Branch, New York City, 1897–1911
 * Burrwood, one of the Gold Coast Mansions on Long Island, New York, 1898–1899 (razed)
 * Mary Scott (Mrs Richard T.) Townsend house (Cosmos Club), Washington, D.C., 1898–1901
 * Vernon Court, Newport, Rhode Island, 1898
 * Blairsden, C. Ledyard Blair house, Peapack, New Jersey, 1898–1903
 * Bellefontaine, Giraud Foster house, Lenox, Massachusetts, 1899
 * Hamilton Fish Park and Play Center, New York City, 1900 (original park razed)
 * Henry Flagler's Whitehall, Palm Beach, Florida, 1900–1901
 * Woolsey Hall and other buildings on the Hewitt Quadrangle, Yale University, 1901
 * Blair Building, New York City, 1902 (razed)
 * Knole, Herman B. Duryea house, Westbury, New York, 1903
 * Metropolitan Opera House interior, New York City, 1903 (razed)
 * Russell Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C., 1903–1908
 * Goldwin Smith Hall and Rockefeller Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, both 1904
 * First Church of Christ, Scientist, West 96th Street, New York City, 1904
 * William Collins Whitney Squash Court, at his Aiken Winter Colony estate in Aiken, South Carolina
 * Trader's Bank Building, Toronto, 1905
 * Arden, E.H. Harriman house, Harriman, New York, 1905–09
 * McKinley Monument, Buffalo, New York, 1907
 * Cheney-Balzell Manor House, Wellesley, Dover, MA, 1907 -Massachusetts Horticultural Society
 * Cannon House Office Building, Washington, D.C., 1908
 * Bagatelle, Thomas Hastings house, Old Westbury, New York, 1908
 * Century Theatre, New York, 1909 (razed 1931)
 * Nemours, Alfred I. DuPont house, Wilmington, Delaware, 1909–10
 * Col. Oliver Hazard Payne Estate, Esopus, New York, 1909–11
 * Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, New York City, 1910
 * Administration Building, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C.., 1910
 * Bangor Savings Bank Building, Bangor, Maine, 1912
 * Portland City Hall, Portland, Maine, 1912
 * W. B. Thompson Mansion, Yonkers, New York, 1912
 * U.S. Rubber Company Building, New York City, 1912
 * Bank of Toronto head office, Toronto, 1913 (razed)
 * Henry Clay Frick House, now housing the Frick Collection, 1 East 70th Street, New York City, 1913–1914
 * William Starr Miller house, New York City, 1914, now housing the Neue Galerie
 * Sidney Lanier Monument, Atlanta, 1914
 * Union Pacific Railroad Depot, 300 South Harrison Street, Pocatello, Idaho, 1915
 * Grand Army Plaza, New York City, 1916
 * Divident Hill pavilion in Weequahic Park, Newark, New Jersey, 1916
 * Kumler Chapel (site of Freedom Summer), Western College, now Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 1917-18
 * Colton Chapel, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, dedicated October 1916
 * Hotel Washington, Washington, D.C., 1917
 * Arlington Memorial Amphitheater, Arlington, Virginia, 1920
 * Cunard Building, New York City, as consulting architects to Morris & O'Connor, 1921
 * Boise Union Pacific Railroad Depot, 2603 Eastover Terrace, Boise, Idaho, 1925
 * Mausoleum of Herbert Eaton, 3rd Baron Cheylesmore in Highgate Cemetery, London, 1926
 * Standard Oil Building, New York City, 1926
 * Louisville War Memorial Auditorium, Louisville, Kentucky, 1929
 * Market Street Bridge, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, 1929
 * Embassy of Laos, Washington, D.C. 1929

title: Carrère and Hastings


text: Category:Churches in Merseyside

title: Category:Churches in Merseyside


text: User talk:66.244.231.160

title: User talk:66.244.231.160