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Kalangala District

Kalangala, also known as Ssesse, is a district in Central Uganda. The district is coterminous with the Ssese Islands in Lake Victoria and does not have territory on mainland Uganda. Like other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Kalangala which is located on Bugala Island, the largest of the Ssese Islands.

Location
Kalangala District is bordered by Mpigi District and Wakiso District to the north, Mukono District to the northeast and east, the Republic of Tanzania to the south, Rakai District to the southwest, Masaka District to the west and Kalungu District to the northwest. The Kalangala district headquarters are located approximately 60 km, across water, southwest of Entebbe, in Wakiso District. The coordinates of the district are: 00 26S, 32 15E.

Overview
Kalangala District covers an area of 9103 km2, of which only 468.3 km2 (5.1%) is land and the rest is open water. The district is made up of eighty four widely scattered islands in the northwestern part of Lake Victoria of which only forty three are inhabited. The biggest island is Bugala Island which covers 296 km2 or 63.2% of the district land mass.

Population
The 1991 national population census estimated the district population at about 16,400. Eleven years later, the 2002 national census estimated the population of the district at approximately 34,800, with an annual population growth rate of 6.8%. In 2012, it was estimated that the population of Kalangala District was about 66,300.

The table below illustrates the growth trajectory of the district population during the first decade of the 21st century. All numbers are estimates. Kalangala District has the lowest population of all Ugandan Districts.

Economic activities
The three pillars of the district economy are: (a) fishing (b) tourism and (c) agriculture. The majority of the islanders depend a lot on fishing. The fishermen migrate following the seasonal movements of fish. Over fishing remains a concern.

Due to its location, its climate and its relative isolation, the district is a tourist magnet. Tourist facilities are rudimentary in most areas, although improvements in infrastructure (accommodations, road networks, communications, electricity supply, piped water etc.) are slowly improving.

Bidco Uganda, a private palm oil processor based in Jinja, maintains a controversial 15000 acre palm oil plantation in the district. In addition, out grower farmers grow palm oil on contract with Bidco and sell their produce to the processor.

Livestock farming and logging are other economic activities practiced in the district. , it was estimated that the livestock count in the district stood as follows:
 * 2,999 cattle, 250,000 poultry (chicken and ducks), 1,235 goats, and 7,000 pigs.

Land insecurity
According to Friends of the Earth International (FEI), Oil Palm Uganda Limited (OPUL) is involved in a long running dispute over land with local communities in Uganda. OPUL is 93 percent owned by Bidco Uganda, which itself is a joint venture formed by Wilmar International, Josovina Commodities, and Bidco Africa. According to The Guardian in March 2015, the land grabbing issue has plagued the community of Kalangala for a number of years. In July 2011 residents awoke to "find yellow machines churning up ... land and razing the crops ... grown in a bid to make way for palm oil plantations." According to FEI, the project implications include forced displacement, poor labour standards, deforestation, and insecurity, amongst others. The community has taken the venture to court.

David Balironda, the Kalangala district production officer, said he saw people being compensated. When asked why he had not objected to the inadequate compensation paid, he said: “It was their agreement with the landlord. These people were squatters on someone’s land. They agreed on the amount of money. ... I blame the NGOs; it is them amplifying people to rise up and demand for land even when they were compensated.”

Climate of Kalangala
The climate in Kalangala is warm, muggy, and overcast. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 67°F to 79°F and is rarely below 65°F or above 83°F.

Based on the tourism score, the best time of year to visit Kalangala for warm-weather activities is from early June to mid September.

title: Kalangala District


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Kayunga District

Kayunga District is a district in Central Uganda. It is named after its chief town, Kayunga.

Geography
Kayunga District is bordered by Amolatar District to the north, Buyende District to the northeast, Kamuli District to the east, Jinja District to the southeast, Buikwe District to the south, Mukono District to the southwest, Luweero District to the west, and Nakasongola District to the northwest. District headquarters Kayunga lies approximately 74 km northeast of Kampala, on an all-weather tarmac highway.

Overview
Kayunga District was carved out of Mukono District in December 2000. The district consists of two counties, Bbaale County and Ntenjeru County. It covers 1587.8 km2.

Population
In 2012, the district population was estimated at 358,700, up from 236,200 in 1991 and 294,600 in 2002. According to 2014 National Housing and Population census, the Kayunga population was about 368,064 with 181,920 (49%) males and 186,142 (51%) females. At that time the population density was 231 persons per km2.

Members of over 75% of the tribes of Uganda reside in the district.

Economic activity
Agriculture is the main economic activity and represents 90% of total employment. Kayunga practices animal husbandry and crop husbandry, primarily as subsistence agriculture. Crops include:

,About 30% of the arable land of Kayunga district is used for commercial sugar cane, led by the Mehta and Madhvani families.These investors acquired large chunks of land leaving some residents landless. Media covered land wrangles that involve some members of district administration, politicians and locals.
 * Vanilla
 * Cassava
 * Matooke
 * Pineapples
 * Maize
 * Millet
 * Watermelon
 * Passion fruit

History
In September 2009, Kayunga attempted to secede from the traditional Kingdom of Buganda. The King attempted to visit the district, but was banned by the Ugandan government, provoking riots in Kampala. Thirty people were killed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kayunga District


text: User talk:62.243.226.169

title: User talk:62.243.226.169


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Kiboga District

Kiboga District is a district in the Buganda Region of Uganda. The town of Kiboga is the site of the district headquarters.

Location
Kiboga District is bordered by Nakaseke District to the northeast and east, Mityana District to the south, Mubende District to the southeast, and Kyankwanzi District to the northwest. The district headquarters are approximately 120 km, by road, northwest of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The coordinates of the district are:01 00N, 31 46E (Latitude:1.0000; Longitude:31.7667).

Overview
The district was formed in 1991. It is predominantly a rural district. The district is traversed by a major highway linking Kampala with Hoima, the base of Uganda's petrochemical industry. In 2010, the district was split into two, the western part being set up as a separate district, Kyankwanzi District. Kiboga East County is the only county in the district.

Population
In 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at 98,200. The 2002 national census estimated the population at 108,900, with an estimated annual population growth rate of 4.3 percent. In 2012, the population of was estimated at 165,100.

Economic activities
It has been estimated that 80 percent of the district's labor force is engaged in agriculture.

title: Kiboga District


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User:EllG73

Hello!

I am going to start some projects on here shortly.

title: User:EllG73


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Luweero District

Luweero District (also spelled as Luwero) is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. Luweero is the site of the district headquarters.

Location
Luweero District is bordered by Nakasongola District to the north, Kayunga District to the east, Mukono District to the southeast, Wakiso District to the south, and Nakaseke District to the west. The district headquarters at Luweero are approximately 75 km, by road, north of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The coordinates of the district are 00 50N, 32 30E (Latitude:0.8333; Longitude:32.500).

Overview
Luweero District was the site of a fierce insurgency by the rebel group National Resistance Army and a brutal counter-insurgency by the government of Milton Obote, known as the Luweero War or the "Bush War", that left many thousands of civilians dead during the early to mid-1980s. The area affected by the war has come to be known as the Luweero Triangle. In 2005, Nakaseke County was split from Luweero District to form Nakaseke District. Luweero District is administered by the Luweero District Administration, with headquarters at Luweero. There are several town councils within the district, each with its own urban town council:

 * Bombo
 * Luweero
 * Wobulenzi
 * Bamunanika
 * Kalagala
 * Kalule
 * Ndejje
 * Ziroobwe

Population
The 1991 national census estimated the population of the district at 255,400. The national census conducted in 2002 estimated the population at 341,300. In 2012, the population was estimated at 440,200. The August 2014 national population census enumerated the population at 458,158.

Economic activities
Agriculture is the mainstay of the district economy. It has been estimated that 85 percent of the district population are engaged in agriculture.

Prominent people

 * Susan Nalugwa Kiguli is an Ugandan poet and literary scholar.

Points of interest
The following additional points of interest are located in Luweero District:
 * Main Campus of Bugema University
 * Main Campus of Ndejje University
 * a branch Campus of Kampala University
 * Bamunanika Palace, one of the palaces of the Kabaka of Buganda, located at Bamunanika
 * headquarters of the Uganda Land Forces, a unit of the Uganda People's Defence Force, located at Bombo
 * Bombo Military Hospital, one of the two military hospitals in Uganda, the other being Mbuya Military Hospital

Schools
Sandton Junior School Wobulenzi

Light Of Life Nursery & Primary School

Lugo Orphanage Primary School

Luweero Sda Primary School

Luwero Boys Day & Boarding Primary School

Luwero Girls Primary School

St Theresa Kisubi Girls Primary School

Ellen White Bright Future Primary School

Happy Times Junior School

Big Step Nursery And Primary School

Namaliga Church Of Uganda Primary School

Cream Bakers Junior Primary School

Donela Orange Primary School

Little Flower Primary School

Malayika Parents Primary School

Al Answari Primary School

title: Luweero District


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User talk:Tomhiggins

Why did you add that stuff about Toshi station to the sw-stub template? --Kross 19:42, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

i don't know what i'm doing. i tried to add it to the star wars one.
 * Kross, I believe his intentions are noble. Were you trying to make a new article on Tosche Station, Tomhiggens? -- Riffsyphon1024 01:26, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * It is my understanding the correct spelling is Toshi station, and I have created the page. -- Goldbot 15:51, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The reference book Inside the Worlds of Star Wars Trilogy spells it "Tosche Station". -- Riffsyphon1024 04:36, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tomhiggins


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Category:Districts of Uganda

See also Category:Regions of Uganda and article Counties of Uganda.

title: Category:Districts of Uganda


text: Category:Unsolved problems in physics

title: Category:Unsolved problems in physics


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Za Dengel

Za Dengel (Ge'ez: ዘድንግል; died 24 October 1604), throne name Atsnaf Sagad II (Ge'ez: አጽናፍ ሰገድ) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1603 until his death in 1604, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty.

Ancestry
Of Amhara lineage, Za dengel was the son of Lesana Krestos; brother of Emperor Sarsa Dengel.

Reign
Za Dengel may have been married to Woizero Wangelawit, eldest daughter of his second cousin Susenyos (later emperor) and lady Wolde Saala of Walaqa and Marabete (later Empress Sultan Mogassa).

Sarsa Dengel had intended to make his nephew as his heir, recognizing that to avert the civil war that would likely follow his death an adult would be needed, and the emperor's own sons were quite young. These plans were changed primarily through the influence of Empress Sena Maryam, stepmother of Emperor's eldest surviving son Prince Yaqob, who was made emperor in 1597. The empress had Za Dengel seized and confined in a religious retreat on the island of Dek in Lake Tana. Za Dengel eventually managed to escape, taking refuge in Gojjam.

In 1603, Za Dengel was made Emperor by Ras Za Sellase, who intended Za Dengel to be little more than a figurehead. He was crowned as Asnaf Segad ('He to whom the horizons bow'). However, Za Dengel summoned the Jesuit Pedro Páez to his court at Dankaz, who persuaded him to embrace Catholicism.

This religious conversion led to Za Sellase not only withdrawing his support, but actively working against him and stirred up a revolt in Gojjam. Za Dengel marched to the plain of Bartcho to put down this revolt, but despite the help of 200 Portuguese musketeers Za Dengel perished in battle on 24 October. According to James Bruce, Za Dengel's corpse lay unclaimed on the battlefield for three days, until some peasants buried it "in a little building, like a chapel (which I have seen), not above six feet high, under the shade of a very fine tree, in Abyssinia called sassa." The body was reinterred 10 years later in Daga Estifanos monastery on Daga Island in Lake Tana.

title: Za Dengel


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Talk:Cobra

Finnish link missing
It appears that there is no link to the finnish page here on Kobra. The finnish page that is equivalent talks about Naja the genus of cobras. While Naja in Finnish has the English link to Cobras, the other waz around is missing here. When I try and add the link it asks me about merging pages to put the link in. As I do not want to merge the English and 20 other languages but only put the link to he Finnish equivalent article AND NOT split the finnish article and write a separate page that will be duplicate content this means the interwiki does not function. The reason is that I want when I send the English page for people to be able to find the Finnish page from it. Can someone fix this so there is a link to the corresponding Finnish page for this English article?

Note prog lang
how come they do not have cobra programming language in wikipedia
 * Maybe you should write an article about it?   — J I P | Talk 09:11, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rinkhals (Hemachatus haemachatus)
I have created a page Rinkhals (Hemachatus haemachatus) which you may wish to put a link to on this page. I have added the page to Spitting cobra

--199.68.167.72 (talk) 13:24, 30 April 2012 (UTC)--199.68.167.72 (talk) 13:24, 30 April 2012 (UTC)== Egyptian Cobra =/= Spectacled Cobra. ==

This article states that the Egyptian cobra is the same as the Spectacled cobra, which is false. The hookers cobra is the one commonly known as the Spectacled cobra. This needs to be fixed. Rynoah (talk) 04:28, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Isn't the Indian Cobra also a commonly used name for the snake? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.36.137.134 (talk) 01:00, 16 June 2010 (UTC)  so i would say that this is one

Move proposal
This is a very poor article (no taxobox, bold claims with no references to speak of) and the subject is too vague to describe anything more than a subset of elapid genera that all have a similar threat display, but are otherwise quite different. Therefore, I propose that Cobra (disambiguation) be moved here and that this article be deleted. --Jwinius (talk) 12:44, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * If the word "cobra" does not define a specific taxon, then it should be a disambiguation page. StevePrutz (talk) 19:27, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It already is a disambiguation page. See set index articles. Cheers, --Jwinius (talk) 22:47, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Brazilian?
Why do we use a Brazilian name for a primarily Indian snake? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.122.208.21 (talk) 21:23, 5 February 2009 (UTC) "Cobra di capello" is not Portuguese. "De capelo" is the correct wrinting in this language. It may be written in Spanish or Italian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.34.42.112 (talk) 19:59, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

The first westerners to spot the Naja were Portuguese explorers, which named it "cobra de capelo". "Cobra" is the generic term for snake in Portuguese and "capelo" is the Old Portuguese word for hat, which now refers strictly to the mortarboard cap and the hat worn by Catholic bishops. In fact, although "Naja" is the most common term to refer to these snakes in Brazil, "cobra-capelo" or "cobra de capelo" are still recognized terms and appear in dictionaries. 189.115.185.115 (talk) 21:50, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Portuguese actually has two words for "snake": serpente and cobra, which correspond, more or less reciprocally, to Spanish serpiente/sierpe and culebra. In Portuguese, however, especially in Brazil, serpente has come to be used popularly for large snakes (python, boa and the like) and cobra for smaller ones, but this is not necessarily so. I am adding this to question the information that the English word cobra comes from an abbreviation of cobra de capelo and not from cobra itself. jggouvea (talk) 00:51, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

Correct, please
"de capello" is not Portuguese. It's "de capelo" with a single l —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.58.124.34 (talk) 01:23, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm correcting this now, because that part contains a lot of mistakes:

i wunt tacos —Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.24.249.135 (talk) 19:35, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
 * "cobra de capelo" is not Italian at all
 * "cobra di capello" literally means "cobra of a hair" in Italian, but that's absolutely NOT an expression used in Italy
 * the literal Italian translation of "snake with hood" is "serpente col mantello".Devil Master (talk) 18:43, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Cobrar is a Spanish verb meaning to charge
cobra is a conjugation of the verb meaning he/she/it charges. I do not know of any relationship with the namaing of this snake, so I post this as more of a question. 71.114.195.58 (talk) 16:15, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The same in Portuguese (though here in Brazil the word also means to "demand (payment of a debt or fulfilment of a promise"), but this is merely a case of homophony since no one ever demanded payment using a cobra to scare the debtor... Indeed there are many such cases of homophony in either language (Pt and Es), especially involving verb inflection. Gee, each verb has up to 73 different forms, making it easy for such coincidences, like

 * Como ("I eat") and como ("how")
 * acerto ("I hit") and acerto ("deal")
 * dado ("given") and dado ("dice")

One must be keen to read words in their context to understand the text. jggouvea (talk) 00:59, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

the king cobra —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.82.128.88 (talk) 17:27, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * "Cobra" is one of two Portuguese words for snake, derived from the Latin. It means only that: "snake", nothing more nor less.  KDS4444 (talk) 13:15, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

Eating habits

 * 1) What do they feed on?
 * 2) How often and how much do they eat at a time?
 * 3) Are they carnivores or herbivores?

Thanks in advance for the information

Naive
i love Dogs — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.182.65.32 (talk) 04:02, 12 January 2013 (UTC)
 * 59.182.65.32, note that this talk page is for improving the article only. Apparently in India, you are very naive if you think snakes eat plants. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.136.176.213 (talk) 12:08, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

Cobras and lists. Is there a herpetologist in the house?
The various WP articles dealing with cobras not only vary greatly in quality, but in construction and in their interrelationships. As a group they need drastic revision. This article might be a good place to start; it violates several principles and does not adhere to the functional nature appropriate to list-class articles. Among other articles for example, the one for Cape cobra, though in other ways superior, contains too much information that belongs in the article Naja, not specifically N. nivea. As I am NOT a herpetologist, I prefer not to undertake a project to correct the situation, so before I do commit myself, is anyone better qualified interested? JonRichfield (talk) 14:22, 10 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Oh, ! What this article really needs is a good team of people to work it into ARTICLE-of-the-DAY quality!!!  I did a total overhaul here a couple of months ago and walked away from it still feeling it was sub par...  but the topic is a highly relevant one, and has a lot of public appeal (it consistently gets over 1,000 views a day).  The fact that it still kinda reads like a grade school book report on the matter remains unfortunate and is disappointing.  Re: you not being a herpetologist: very few Wikipedia editors are "experts" in the fields they (we) write about, of course.  We piece together what we can find and we make decent articles out of what the real experts have discovered and published.  The likelihood that a real herpetologist will come along anytime soon and finally fix this article is probably too much to hope for.  The fact is, you and I could do everything that this article needs to have done to it.  If we could invest the time and the energy.  Which, I know far too well, is not always easy to come by.  I am as guilty as the next person of beginning with some good intentions and then getting exhausted by the volunteer effort of it all and walking away before it is finished.  I have never found the drive and focus to carry an article through to Article of the Day status.  Ever.  But I will admit that I have sometimes wanted to.  How about you??  I wouldn't bother to attack the subject alone, but maybe, with some company....?  :-)  Think about it, sir.  An Article of the Day awaits!  And I would consider you good company (I am reflecting on our interaction at Talk:Whorl (botany) in particular from (gasp!) three years ago, though no obligations!!!  you are free to walk away and I will feel no insult!).   KDS4444 (talk) 13:32, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

Phew, many thanks for the compliment. Things are a bit pressured at the moment (unlike when maybe?) so we might get off to an uneven start. If you can face that, then OK. If at any point I strike you as a bit scarce, DO feel welcome to rattle my cage and I promise not to bite you. I might be a couple of days roughing out what I think is needed, but if I am not back by the weekend, shout at me. Cheers, JonRichfield (talk) 19:44, 27 September 2016 (UTC) OK, I am starting, slightly belatedly. I'll start roughing it out then put it into my user space before zapping the original. With any luck I'll have the beginnings ready to give you an address to inspect. I think there is no reason you shouldn't think of topics and sources in the mean time. Anon and anon... JonRichfield (talk) 15:58, 1 October 2016 (UTC)
 * this sounds fantastic! Let's move the conversation to a user talk page and take it from there, yes?  I nominate mine!  Will ping you at that location as well.  KDS4444 (talk) 23:12, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

I want to move this to Cobra (disambiguation)
This article really shouldn't exist, we should move the relevant list under a new subsection called "snakes" under Science and Technology in the Cobra (disambiguation) page, and forward "Cobra" to Naja. Mstearnsa (talk) 20:23, 23 October 2018 (UTC)Mstearnsa
 * Oppose. We need to put in the time and effort to develop this article into a proper WP:BROADCONCEPT article. Rreagan007 (talk) 18:31, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

extend hatnote?
WikiNav for Cobra indicates that in October '23, there were 1.31k identified clickstreams towards the disambiguation hatnote. WikiNav for Cobra (disambiguation) in turn shows that most of this could be about the lookups of the COBRA acronym but lowercase, and in turn two topics about recent British politics. The uppercase redirect already goes there, so there's not much to do, but should we add some of these topics to the hatnote to short-circuit them, at least for a while? The |COBRA|COBRA_(British_TV_series)|Cabinet_Office_Briefing_Rooms page views for these big topics indicate these spikes to be transient, but they are pretty noticable still. --Joy (talk) 14:09, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cobra


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Mike Williams (wide receiver, born 1984)

Michael Troy Williams (born January 4, 1984) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the USC Trojans, receiving consensus All-American honors in 2003. The Detroit Lions selected him in first round of the 2005 NFL Draft, and he also played in the NFL for the Oakland Raiders, Tennessee Titans, and Seattle Seahawks.

Early life
Williams was born in Tampa, Florida. He attended Henry B. Plant High School in Tampa, and played both high school football and basketball for the Plant Panthers.

As a sophomore, Williams made 28 receptions for 631 yards (22.5 avg.) and 10 touchdowns. During his junior year, Williams made the all-state Class 4A second-team while making 35 receptions for 803 yards (22.9 avg.) and 14 touchdowns. As a senior, Williams had 38 receptions for 789 yards (20.8 average reception) with 14 touchdowns. Williams' honors included Tom Lemming All-American, Super Prep All-Dixie, PrepStar All-Southeast Region, St. Petersburg Times All-Suncoast second-team, and Tampa Tribune All-Hillsborough County.

In basketball, Williams was a 4-year Starter, winning over 100 games. As a Senior in 2002, Williams was a McDonald's All American Finalist. He earned “Tampa Tribune” All Hillsborough County 1st Team, District Tournament MVP, Western Conference MVP, and 3rd Team All State selections. Williams averaged 16.9 points, 8.3 rebounds, and 4.6 assists. As a junior in 2001, Williams earned Tampa Tribune All-Hillsborough County first-team honors, averaging 14.7 points, 10.7 rebounds and 5.3 assists while helping his team to the state semifinals. As a Freshman, Williams started every game, averaging 12.6 points, 9.6 rebounds and 4.6 assists while leading the team in Blocks and Rebounds. Williams graduated as the All Time leader in Blocks and Rebounds in school history.

College career
Williams attended the University of Southern California, where he played for coach Pete Carroll's USC Trojans football team from 2002 to 2003. Before attending USC, Williams was offered scholarships to Florida State University and the University of Florida, but neither school saw him as a wide receiver. Williams played split end wide receiver during most of his games for USC. Williams played in all 26 games during his freshman and sophomore years at USC, and started 15 of those games. He wore jersey No. 1 while on the football team.

His freshman season, he had 81 receptions for 1,265 yards and 14 touchdowns. These statistics are all USC and Pacific-10 Conference freshman records.

Williams was named First-team Freshman All-American choice by The Sporting News, Scripps/Football Writers, and Rivals.com. Selected as the Pac-10 Freshman of the Year, named to the All-Pac-10 second-team, All-American honorable mention, The Sporting News Freshman All-Pac-10 first-team, and The Sporting News All-Pac-10 Freshman Offensive Player of the Year.

In his final season, as a sophomore, Williams started all 13 games at wide receiver, and led the Trojans in receiving yards and touchdowns which resulted in 95 catches leading to 1,314 yards and 16 touchdowns. Williams was a finalist for the 2003 Biletnikoff Award (nation's top receiver) while finishing eighth in Heisman Trophy voting. He also earned first-team All-American (AP, ESPN.com, Football Writers, and SI.com among others) honors. Williams also was a 2003 All-Pac-10 First-team selection and CBS.Sportsline.com National Player of the Year. That year, he also completed two pass attempts for 38 yards and one touchdown against Michigan in the Rose Bowl, and blocked a field goal.

Awards and honors

 * Second-team All-Pac-10 (2002)
 * Pac-10 Freshman of the Year (2002)
 * First-team Sporting News Freshman All-American (2002)
 * Honorable mention All-American (2002)
 * First-team All-Pac-10 (2003)
 * Consensus First-team All-American (2003)
 * Biletnikoff Award finalist (2003)
 * Heisman Trophy finalist (2003)
 * CBS Sportsline.com National Player of the Year (2003)
 * Sporting News National Player of the Year (2003)

NFL draft controversy
Ohio State running back Maurice Clarett was suspended by his school following his 2002 freshman year. After being unable to gain reinstatement with Ohio State, Clarett made the decision to declare for the NFL Draft. However, since Clarett was only of true sophomore eligibility, he had to legally challenge the NFL rule that a player must be three years removed from high school to be eligible for the NFL Draft. After a court proceeding, a federal judge ruled that the NFL could not legally bar Clarett from entering the 2004 NFL Draft.

Williams, having completed his sophomore year and only two years removed from high school, made the decision to declare for the 2004 NFL Draft as well after hearing the federal judge's ruling. Williams hired an agent and moved forward presenting himself as a legitimate first round pick (and most, if not all, NFL pundits and NFL personnel agreed that Williams was a first round choice). By declaring his intent to enter the draft, hiring an agent to represent his interests, and filing the NFL paperwork necessary to enter the draft, he forfeited his remaining NCAA eligibility.

Before the 2004 NFL Draft, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned the federal judge's decision allowing Clarett to enter the Draft. Additionally, the United States Supreme Court refused to hear a final appeal. Clarett and Williams were ineligible for the 2004 NFL Draft.

As Williams was ineligible for NCAA reinstatement, he was required to sit the entire 2004 football season and was not allowed to practice with USC as well.

Detroit Lions
Despite sitting out an entire season, Williams was selected tenth overall in the 2005 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, the third wide receiver drafted in the first round in as many years by the Lions. Williams selected jersey #88, which had been retired in honor of Hall of Fame tight end Charlie Sanders.

As a rookie in 2005, Williams, appeared in 14 games with four starts. Williams recorded his first touchdown catch in his NFL debut, a 3-yard pass from quarterback Joey Harrington, in the season opener against Green Bay. Williams made his first career start against the Ravens and had 1 reception for 7 yards. Williams had a career-long, 49-yard reception in Cleveland. He finished that game with 5 receptions for 95 yards. Williams then again started in Minnesota and had 4 receptions for 43 yards. Three-of-four receptions were for first downs. Williams was then inactive for the Lions game in Dallas due to an injured ankle. Williams had a season-high 6 receptions for 84 yards against Atlanta and had a 21-yard reception for a first down in New Orleans on the Lions opening drive.

He finished his rookie season with 29 receptions for 350 yards and 1 touchdown.

In 2006, Williams was on the inactive list for both of the Lions' first two games. He played in just eight games in the 2006 season, and made eight catches for 99 yards and one touchdown. During the Lions' Week 15 loss at Green Bay, Williams led the Lions in receiving yards after catching three passes for 42 yards. Williams caught two more passes in a Week 16 loss to Chicago, but posted several drops as well, and was unable to secure a potential game-winning touchdown pass thrown by Jon Kitna as time expired. During the Lions' Week 17 win on the road in Dallas, Williams caught two passes, including a fourth quarter 50-yard pass.

Oakland Raiders
Williams was traded along with Josh McCown to the Oakland Raiders during the first day of the 2007 NFL Draft in exchange for a 2007 fourth-round pick which the Lions used to select A.J. Davis. In Oakland, Williams reunited with his former college position coach Lane Kiffin.

Tennessee Titans
Williams signed with the Tennessee Titans on November 22, 2007, reuniting him with former USC running back LenDale White and his former offensive coordinator from USC, Norm Chow.

Seattle Seahawks
After spending two years out of football, Williams signed with the Seattle Seahawks on April 15, 2010, reuniting Williams with former USC head coach Pete Carroll. After the Seahawks released T. J. Houshmandzadeh, Williams joined the starting unit, and during his debut for Seattle, Williams recorded four catches for 64 yards. In Week 6, he had career highs in both catches and yards going 10 catches for 123 yards in a 23–20 win against Chicago. He topped this performance four weeks later against the Cardinals, catching 11 passes for 145 yards. On Monday, January 3, the Seahawks rewarded Williams for his comeback season with a three-year contract extension. Williams responded by catching a touchdown pass in the Seahawks' wildcard victory over the New Orleans Saints, and two touchdowns in the following round's loss to Chicago. , Williams, Steve Largent, Jerramy Stevens and Jermaine Kearse as the only four Seahawks with two receiving touchdowns in a single post-season game; he is also the only receiver in franchise history with three receiving touchdowns in the same postseason.

Williams followed this up with a disappointing 2011 season in which he broke his leg and ankle and had only 18 catches.

He was released by the Seattle Seahawks on July 13, 2012.

Toronto Argonauts
On May 23, 2013, Williams signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. He was released by the team on May 31.

Coaching career
After retiring in 2011, Williams coached defensive backs in his first season of high school in Los Angeles. Williams was both the football and basketball head coach at Brentwood School. In 2014, Williams accepted a position as head coach at Locke High School in Los Angeles. In March 2016, he became the head coach at Van Nuys High School. Williams accepted the head coaching job at Wharton High School in Tampa, Florida. Accepting the position following the resignation of coach David Mitchell, who stepped away after 14 seasons to deal with family medical issues, he embraces the challenge of coaching in Florida's highest class, 8A. After 3 seasons a 27-8 record (only 3 road Losses), and 3 playoff appearances. Williams took over at T.R. Robinson HS in South Tampa. In the first season Williams lead the Knights to a regular season win increase and the 2M District 6 Championship, his first after 3 runner up finishes.


text:
Mpigi District

Mpigi District is a district in Central Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'main town', Mpigi.

Location
Mpigi District is bordered by Wakiso District to the north and east, Kalangala District to the south, Kalungu District to the southwest, Butambala District to the west and Mityana District to the northwest. The town of Mpigi, where the district headquarters are located, lies approximately 37 km west of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The coordinates of the district are:00 14N, 32 20E.

Overview
In the 1970s, Mpigi District comprised the Buganda Kingdom counties of Kyaddondo, Busiro, Mawokota, Butambala and Gomba. During the 1990s, Kyaddondo and Busiro were peeled off to form Wakiso District. In 2010, Gomba split off to form Gomba District and Butambala became Butambala District. Mawokota remained as the sole constituent of Mpigi District.

Population
In 1991, the district population was estimated at 157,400. At the 2002 census, the population of the district was about 187,800, with an annual growth rate of 1.4%. In 2012, the population of Mpigi District was estimated at 215,500. The district is primarily a rural district, with only 8.4% of the population living in urban areas.

Education
Mpigi is one of the few areas in Uganda and likely the whole of Africa to have Humanist schools. The Uganda Humanist Schools Trust UHST sponsors 3 Humanist schools with the support of the International Humanist Ethical Union.

Economic activities
The major economic activity in Mpigi District is agriculture. The major crops include:

 * Sweet potatoes
 * Beans
 * Cassava
 * Maize
 * Bananas
 * Groundnuts
 * Coffee
 * Cotton
 * Tomatoes
 * Cabbage
 * Onions
 * Avocado

title: Mpigi District


text:
Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)

Tenth Avenue, known as Amsterdam Avenue between 59th Street and 193rd Street, is a north-south thoroughfare on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It carries uptown (northbound) traffic as far as West 110th Street (also known as Cathedral Parkway), after which it continues as a two-way street.

Geography
Tenth Avenue begins a block below Gansevoort Street and Eleventh Avenue in the West Village / Meatpacking District. For the southernmost stretch (the four blocks below 14th Street), Tenth Avenue runs southbound. North of 14th Street, Tenth Avenue runs uptown (northbound) for 45 blocks as a one-way street. At its intersection with 59th Street, it becomes Amsterdam Avenue and continues as a one-way street northbound until 110th Street (Cathedral Parkway), where two-way traffic resumes.

As Amsterdam Avenue, the thoroughfare stretches 129 blocks north –narrowing to one lane in each direction as it passes through Yeshiva University's Wilf Campus, between 184th and 186th Streets –before connecting with Fort George Avenue south of Highbridge Park at West 193rd Street.

On the north side of Highbridge Park, unconnected to Amsterdam Avenue on the south side, Tenth Avenue then runs for slightly less than a mile from the northern terminus of the Harlem River Drive at Dyckman Street, to the intersection of West 218th Street where it merges into Broadway.

History
Tenth Avenue runs through the Chelsea and Hell's Kitchen neighborhoods on the west side of the borough, and then as Amsterdam Avenue, through the Upper West Side, Morningside Heights, Harlem, and Washington Heights. Much of these areas were working-class or poor for much of the 20th century. The street has long been noted for its commercial traffic. The street had grade-level railroad lines through the early 20th century.

The Hudson River Railroad's West Side Line ran along Tenth Avenue from its intersection with West Street to the upper city station at 34th Street, after which it veered to Eleventh Avenue; the line was completed to Peekskill, New York in 1849. Over this part of the right-of-way, the rails were laid at grade along the streets, and since by the corporation regulations locomotives were not allowed, the cars were drawn by a dummy engine, which, according to an 1851 description, consumed its own smoke. While passing through the city the train of cars was preceded by a man on horseback known as a "West Side cowboy" or "Tenth Avenue cowboy" who gave notice of its approach by blowing a horn. However, so many accidents occurred between freight trains and other traffic that the nickname "Death Avenue" was given to both Tenth and Eleventh Avenues.

Public debate about the hazard began during the early 1900s. In 1929, the city, the state, and New York Central agreed on the West Side Improvement Project, conceived by Robert Moses. The 13 mi project eliminated 105 street-level railroad crossings and added 32 acre to Riverside Park; it also included construction of the West Side Elevated Highway. It cost more than $150 million (about $2 billion in 2017 dollars).

The part of Tenth Avenue north of West 59th Street was renamed "Amsterdam Avenue" in 1890 at the request of local merchants seeking to distance themselves from "Death Avenue" and to increase the value of their properties in an area that had yet to "catch on". The name was intended to recall the Dutch roots of Manhattan's earliest colonization in the 17th century, when the city was known as New Amsterdam. They hoped that the area would become a "the New City" and a "new, New Amsterdam". The Board of Alderman approved the name change, but only after first considering "Holland Avenue"; the change was made just before the vote on the resolution. In their approval, the Board noted that other name changes in the area, including that of Eleventh Avenue to West End Avenue, had "a marked and beneficial effect on property" and that they held such name changes "as second in importance only to the advantages of increased rapid transit."

The Fort George Amusement Park, now a seating area in Highbridge Park, was located at the northern end of Amsterdam Avenue from 1895 to 1914.

Tenth Avenue and Amsterdam Avenue were converted to carry one-way traffic northbound in two stages. South of its intersection with Broadway, the avenue was converted on November 6, 1948. The remainder, to 110th Street, was converted on December 6, 1951. Amsterdam Avenue continues to carry two-way traffic north of 110th Street.

During the real estate boom of the late 20th century, Amsterdam Avenue from roughly 59th Street to 96th Street became one of the city's most expensive residential districts.

Transportation
The M11 bus runs northbound along Tenth and Amsterdam Avenues from 14th to 110th Street and in both directions from 110th to 135th Street. North of 72nd Street, the M7 bus also runs northbound on the avenue until 106th Street. The M100 and M101 serve Amsterdam Avenue north of 125th Street.

As part of the 7 Subway Extension, the New York City Subway's were extended to 34th Street in 2015. An intermediate stop, Tenth Avenue, was originally planned but was dropped from the official plans in 2008. The serves two stations along the Inwood portion of Tenth Avenue: 207th Street and 215th Street. The IND Eighth Avenue Line has a station at 163rd Street

A protected bike lane was installed in 2016 from 72nd Street to 110th Street. In August 2023, work began on a 10 ft protected bike lane from 38th to 52nd Street.

Notable sites

 * Cathedral of St. John the Divine
 * Chelsea Market
 * The Chitte Building
 * City College of New York
 * Columbia University
 * Empire Diner
 * General Theological Seminary
 * High Line Park
 * Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project
 * John Jay College
 * LaGuardia High School
 * Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
 * Manhattan Plaza
 * Martin Luther King Jr. Educational Campus
 * MiMA
 * NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital
 * Sherman Square
 * Mount Sinai Morningside
 * Verdi Square
 * West-Park Presbyterian Church
 * Yeshiva University

In popular culture

 * The Rodgers and Hart play On Your Toes (1936) included the comic dance number "Slaughter on Tenth Avenue", performed by Ray Bolger and Tamara Geva. It was later performed on stage, film and television. It has been performed by the New York City Ballet, and was featured in the film version of On Your Toes, danced by Eddie Albert and Vera Zorina. In the biographical musical Words and Music (1948), a "Slaughter on Tenth Avenue" ballet sequence is performed by Gene Kelly and Vera-Ellen.
 * The Girl from 10th Avenue is the name of a 1935 dramatic film starring Bette Davis.
 * Slaughter on Tenth Avenue is also the name of a 1957 crime film and the debut album of Mick Ronson in 1974.
 * In Moscow on the Hudson (1984), Robin Williams's character Vladimir Ivanoff lived on 1320 Amsterdam Avenue.
 * In How I Met Your Mother, Ted Mosby is said to have lived near the corner of 75th Street and Amsterdam Avenue.
 * In Donald E. Westlake's "Dortmunder" series of crime novels, the fictional O.J. Bar and Grill (the gang's favorite meeting place) is located on Amsterdam Avenue.
 * In the "Asterisk" episode of the American TV drama Suits, Mike Ross mentions renting an apartment "off 10th Avenue", to which his colleague Rachel Zane replies, "Does it come with a bullet-proof vest?".
 * Amsterdam Avenue is mentioned in the Joe Jackson song "Stranger Than You", from the album Night and Day II.

title: Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)


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Mubende District

Mubende is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Mubende is the site of the district headquarters. The district was reduced in size in July 2005 with the creation of the Mityana District and reduced again in 2019 when Kassanda District was carved out of it.

Location
Mubende District is bordered by Kyankwanzi District to the north, Kiboga District and Kassanda to the northeast and Mityana District to the east. Gomba District and Sembabule District lie to the south, Kyegegwa District to the southwest and Kibaale District to the northwest of Mubende District. Mubende, the district headquarters, is located approximately 172 km, by road, west of Kampala, the capital of Uganda, and the largest city in that country. The coordinates of Mubende District are:00 36N, 31 24E.

Overview
The district covers an area of approximately 4620 km2. It comprises three counties, namely Buwekula, Kassanda and Kasambya. The district has eighteen sub-counties and one town council which include: Kassanda is no longer among its counties. It has been confirmed to be an independent district.

• # Bagezza

• # Bukuya

• # Butoloogo

• # Kalwana

• # Kasambya

• # Kassanda

• # Kibalinga

• # Kiganda

• # Kigando

• # Kitenga

• # Kitumbi

• # Kiyuni

• # Madudu

• # Makokoto

• # Mannyogaseka

• # Mubende Town Council

• # Myanzi

• # Nabingoola

• # Naluntuntu

Population
The 1991 population census estimated the district population at about 277,500. In 2002 the national census estimated the population of the district to be about 423,450 people of whom (50.3%) were males and (49.7%) were female, with an annual population growth rate of 3.6%. It is estimated that in 2012, the population of the district was about 610,600.

Economic activity
The major economic activity in Mubende District is agriculture with emphasis on food crops like: • Sweet potatoes

• Beans

• Cassava

• Maize

• Bananas

• Groundnuts

• Onions

• Cabbage

• Tomatoes Cash crops grown in the district include:
 * Coffee
 * Tea

title: Mubende District


text:
Talk:Montclair State University

Section on residence halls
The list of buildings takes up a lot of space, but none of it is referenced and it is unclear whether these buildings have any historical or cultural significance. Simply listing names upon names of buildings is inappropriate for an encyclopedia. I propose deleting these sections if nothing changes. Melchior2006 (talk) 20:38, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Since nobody commented on this, I will delete the lists. --Melchior2006 (talk) 19:09, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Notable alumni vs references in fictional works
Carmela Soprano, a fictional character, is listed under other notable alumni. Perhaps this should be deleted or moved to a new section such as references in fiction. Canus (talk) 07:05, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Montclair State University


text:
File:La Piovra Soundtrack.jpg

Fair use in La Piovra 2 (soundtrack) - La Piovra 3 (soundtrack) - La Piovra 4 (soundtrack) - La Piovra 5 (soundtrack)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:La Piovra Soundtrack.jpg


text:
Manila Light Rail Transit System

The Manila Light Rail Transit System, commonly known as the LRT, is an urban rail transit system that primarily serves Metro Manila, Philippines. Although categorized as a light rail system because it originally used light rail vehicles, it presently has characteristics of a rapid transit system, such as high passenger throughput, exclusive right-of-way, and later use of full metro rolling stock. The LRT is jointly-operated by the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA), a government corporation attached to the Department of Transportation (DOTr), and the Light Rail Manila Corporation (LRMC). Along with the Manila Metro Rail Transit System and the Metro Commuter Line of the Philippine National Railways, the system makes up Metro Manila's rail infrastructure.

The LRT's 37.3 km is mostly elevated and consists of two lines and 33 stations. Line 1, also called the Green Line (formerly known as the Yellow Line), opened in 1984 and travels a north–south route. Line 2, the Blue Line (formerly, the Purple Line), was completed in 2004 and runs east–west. The original Line 1 was built as a no-frills means of public transport and lacks some features and comforts, but the newer Line 2 has been built with additional standards and criteria in mind like barrier-free access. In 2022, the system served 305,264 passengers on average. Security guards at each station conduct inspections and provide assistance. A reusable plastic magnetic ticketing system has replaced the previous token-based system in 2001, and the Flash Pass was introduced as a step towards a more integrated transportation system. In 2015, the plastic magnetic tickets were replaced with the Beep, a contactless smart card, introduced to provide a common ticketing to 3 rail lines and some bus lines.

Many passengers who ride the system also take various forms of road-based public transport, such as buses and jeepneys, to and from a station to reach their intended destination. Although it aims to reduce traffic congestion and travel times in the metropolis, the transportation system has only been partially successful due to the rising number of motor vehicles and rapid urbanization. The network's expansion is set on resolving this problem.

Network
The network consists of two lines: the original Line 1 or Green Line, and the more modern Line 2, or Blue Line. Line 1 is aligned in a general north–south direction along over 19.7 km of fully elevated track. From Monumento it runs south above the hustle and bustle of Rizal and Taft Avenues along grade-separated concrete viaducts allowing exclusive right-of-way before ending in Baclaran. A three-station east–west extension along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue that will connect Monumento to the North Avenue station was opened in 2010, although the common station is still under construction. Including the extension's two recently opened stations, Balintawak and Roosevelt, Line 1 has twenty stations. Line 2 consists of thirteen stations in a general east–west direction over 17.6 km of mostly elevated track, with one station lying underground. Commencing in Recto, the line follows a corridor defined by Claro M. Recto and Legarda Avenues, Ramon Magsaysay and Aurora Boulevard, and the Marikina-Infanta Highway before reaching the other end of the line at Antipolo. The system passes through the cities of Caloocan, Manila, Marikina, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, and San Juan.

During peak hours, Line 1 fields 30 trains at most; the time interval between the departure of one and the arrival of another, called headway, is a minimum of 3–4 minutes. On January 9, 2009, Line 1 fielded 31 trains with a headway of 2 minutes to service devotees in celebration of the Feast of the Black Nazarene. Line 2 on the other hand, runs 10 trains at most with a minimum headway of 5 minutes. With the proper upgrades, Line 1 is designed to potentially run with headway as low as 1.5 minutes. Line 2 can run with headway as low as 2 minutes with throughput of up to 60,000 passengers per hour per direction (pphpd).

In conjunction with the Line 3—also known as the new Yellow Line, a similar but separate metro rail system operated by the private Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC)—the system provides the platform for the vast majority of rail travel in the Metro Manila area. Together with the PNR, the three constitute the SRTS. Recto and Doroteo Jose serve as the sole interchange between both lines of the LRTA. Araneta Center-Cubao and EDSA stations serve as interchanges between the LRTA and the MRTC networks. To transfer lines, passengers will need to exit from the station they are in then pass through covered walkways connecting the stations. Blumentritt station meanwhile is immediately above its PNR counterpart.

Baclaran, Central Terminal, and Monumento are Line 1's three terminal stations; Recto, Araneta Center-Cubao, and Antipolo are the terminal stations on Line 2. All of them are located on or near major transport routes where passengers can take other forms of transportation such as privately run buses and jeepneys to reach their ultimate destination both within Metro Manila and in neighboring provinces. The system has two depots: Line 1 uses the Pasay Depot at LRTA headquarters in Pasay, near Baclaran station, while the Line 2 uses the Santolan Depot built by Sumitomo in Pasig.

Both lines are open every day of the year from 4:30 am PST (UTC+8) until 10:15 pm on weekdays, and from 5:00 am until 9:50 pm on weekends, except when changes have been announced. During Holy Week, a public holiday in the Philippines, the rail system is closed for annual maintenance, owing to fewer commuters and traffic around the metro. Normal operation resumes on Monday. During the Christmas and year-end holidays, operating hours are shortened due to low ridership. Notice of special schedules is given through press releases, via the public address system in every station, and on the LRTA and LRMC websites.

Early train system (1878–1945)
The system's roots date back to 1878 when an official from Spain's Department of Public Works for the Philippines submitted a proposal for a Manila streetcar system. The system proposed was a five-line network emanating from Plaza San Gabriel in Binondo, running to Intramuros, Malate, Malacañan Palace, Sampaloc and Tondo. The project was approved and in 1882, Spanish-German businessman Jacobo Zóbel de Zangroniz, Spanish engineer Luciano M. Bremon, and Spanish banker Adolfo Bayo, founded the Compañia de los Tranvias de Filipinas to operate the concession granted by the Spanish colonial government. The Malacañan Palace line was later replaced with a line linking Manila to Malabon, and construction began in 1885. Four German-made steam-operated locomotives and eight coaches for nine passengers each, composed the initial assets of the company. The Manila-Malabon line was the first line of the new system to be finished, opening to the public on October 20, 1888, with the rest of the network opening in 1889. From the beginning it proved to be a very popular line, with services originating from Tondo as early as 5:30 a.m. and ending at 7:30 p.m., while trips from Malabon were from 6:00 a.m. until 8:00 p.m., every hour on the hour in the mornings, and every half-hour beginning at 1:30 p.m.

With the American takeover of the Philippines, the Philippine Commission allowed the Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company (Meralco) to take over the properties of the Compañia de los Tranvias de Filipinas, with the first of twelve mandated electric tranvia (tram) lines operated by MERALCO opening in Manila in 1905. At the end of the first year around 63 km of track had been laid. A five-year reconstruction program was initiated in 1920, and by 1924, 170 cars serviced many parts of the city and its outskirts. Although it was an efficient system for the city's 220,000 inhabitants, by the 1930s the streetcar network had stopped expanding.

Post-war (1945–1977)
The system was closed during World War II. By the war's end, the tram network was damaged beyond repair amid a city that lay in ruins. It was dismantled and jeepneys became the city's primary form of transportation, plying the routes once served by the tram lines. With the return of buses and cars to the streets, traffic congestion became a problem.

In 1966, the Philippine government granted a franchise to Philippine Monorail Transport Systems (PMTS) for the operation of an inner-city monorail. The monorail's feasibility was still being evaluated when the government asked the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to conduct a separate transport study. Prepared between 1971 and 1973, the JICA study proposed a series of circumferential and radial roads, an inner-city rapid transit system, a commuter railway, and an expressway with three branches. After further examination, many recommendations were adopted; however, none of them involved rapid transit and the monorail was never built. PMTS' franchise subsequently expired in 1974.

Another study was performed between 1976 and 1977, this time by Freeman Fox and Associates and funded by the World Bank. It originally suggested a street-level railway, but its recommendations were revised by the newly formed Ministry of Transportation and Communications (now the DOTr). The ministry instead called for an elevated system because of the city's many intersections. However, the revisions increased the price of the project from ₱1.5 billion to ₱2 billion. A supplementary study was conducted and completed within three months.

Advent of Line 1 (1977–2003)

President Ferdinand Marcos created the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) on July 12, 1980, by virtue of Executive Order No. 603 giving birth to what was then dubbed the "Metrorail". First Lady Imelda Marcos, then governor of Metro Manila and minister of human settlements, became its first chairman. Although responsible for the operations of the system, the LRTA primarily confined itself to setting and regulating fares, planning extensions and determining rules and policies, leaving the day-to-day operations to a sister company of Meralco called the Meralco Transit Organization (METRO Inc.). Initial assistance for the project came in the form of a ₱300 million soft loan from the Belgian government, with an additional ₱700 million coming from a consortium of companies comprising SA Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi (ACEC) and BN Constructions Ferroviaires et Métalliques (today both part of Bombardier Transportation), Tractionnel Engineering International (TEI) and Transurb Consult (TC). Although expected to pay for itself from revenues within twenty years of the start of operation, it was initially estimated that the system would lose money until at least 1993. For the first year of operation, despite a projected ₱365 million in gross revenue, losses of ₱216 million were thought likely.

Construction of Line 1 started in September 1981 with the Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines (now the Philippine National Construction Corporation) as the contractor with assistance from Losinger & Cie, a Swiss firm (today Losinger Marazzi), and the Philippine subsidiary of the U.S.-based Dravo Corporation. The government appointed Electrowatt Engineering Services of Zürich to oversee construction and eventually became responsible for the extension studies of future expansion projects. The Electrowatt plan—which is still used for planning future metro lines—consisted of a 150 km network of rapid transit lines spanning all major corridors within 20 years, including a line on the Radial Road 6 alignment, one of the region's busiest road corridor.

The line was test-run in March 1984, and the first half of Line 1, from Baclaran to Central Terminal, was opened on December 1, 1984. The second half, from Central Terminal to Monumento, was opened on May 12, 1985. Overcrowding and poor maintenance took its toll a few years after opening. In 1990, the Line 1 fell so far into disrepair due to premature wear and tear that trains headed to Central Terminal station had to slow to a crawl to avoid further damage to the support beams below as cracks reportedly began to appear. The premature aging of Line 1 led to an extensive refurbishing and structural capacity expansion program with a help of Japan's ODA.

For the next few years Line 1 operations ran smoothly. In 2000, however, employees of METRO Inc. went on strike, paralyzing Line 1 operations from July 25 to August 2, 2000. Consequently, the LRTA did not renew its operating contract with METRO Inc. that expired on July 31, 2000, and assumed all operational responsibility. At around 12:15 pm on December 30, 2000, a bomb—later learned to have been planted by Islamic terrorists—went off in the front coach of a Line 1 train pulling into Blumentritt station, killing 11 and injuring over 60 people in the most devastating of a series of attacks that day, now known as the Rizal Day bombings.

The Line 2 project (2003–2021)
With Japan's ODA amounting to 75 billion yen in total, the construction of Line 2 began in the 1990s. In 2001, the Legarda portion of the project was briefly the site of the May 1 riots against the Philippine government, with one of the project's backhoe loaders being set on fire by protesters. The first section of the line, from Santolan to Araneta Center-Cubao, was opened on April 5, 2003. The second section, from Araneta Center-Cubao to Legarda, was opened exactly a year later, with the entire line being fully operational by October 29, 2004 During that time the Line 1 was modernized. Automated fare collection systems using magnetic stripe plastic tickets were installed; air-conditioned trains added; pedestrian walkways between Lines 1, 2, and 3 were completed. In 2005, the LRTA made a profit of ₱68 million, the first time the agency made a profit since the Line 1 became operational in 1984.

A two-station, 3.8 km extension of Line 2 eastward from Marikina up to Masinag, Antipolo in the province of Rizal opened to the public on July 5, 2021, six years after construction began in 2015.

Line 1 concession (2015–present)
On September 12, 2015, Light Rail Manila Corporation (LRMC), a joint venture company of Metro Pacific's Metro Pacific Light Rail Corporation (MPLRC), Ayala Corporation's AC Infrastructure Holdings Corporation (AC Infra), and the Philippine Investment Alliance for Infrastructure's Macquarie Infrastructure Holdings (Philippines) PTE Ltd. (MIHPL), started a 32-year concession for the operation and maintenance of Line 1 and the construction of a ₱65 billion extension project to Bacoor, Cavite.

Stations

With the exception of Katipunan (which is underground), the LRTA's 33 stations are elevated. They follow one of two different layouts. Most Line 1 stations are composed of only one level, accessible from the street below by stairway, containing the station's concourse and platform areas separated by fare gates. The boarding platforms are 100 m long and 3.5 m wide. Baclaran, Central Terminal, Carriedo, Balintawak, Fernando Poe Jr. and North Avenue stations on the Line 1, and all Line 2 stations are composed of two levels: a lower concourse level and an upper platform level (reversed in the case of Katipunan). Fare gates separate the concourse level from the stairs and escalators that provide access to the platform level. All stations have side platforms except for Baclaran, which has one side and one island platform, and Santolan, which has an island platform.

The concourse area at LRTA stations typically contain a passenger assistance office (PAO), ticket purchasing areas (ticket counters and/or ticket machines), and at least one stall that sells food and drinks. Terminal stations also have a public relations office. Stores and ATMs are usually found at street level outside the station, although there are instances where they can be found within the concourse. Some stations, such as Monumento, Libertad and Araneta Center-Cubao, are directly connected to shopping malls. Line 2 stations have two restrooms, but Line 1 restrooms have been the subject of criticism not only because of the provisioning of a single washroom at each station expected to serve all passengers (whether male, female, disabled or otherwise), but also because of the impression that the lavatories are poorly maintained and unsanitary.

Folding bicycles are allowed to be brought inside the trains to promote bimodal transportation. The LRTA has also designated the last car of each train as "green zones", where folding bicycle users can ride with their bikes, provided that it does not exceed the LRTA's baggage size limitations of 2 by.

Originally, Line 1 was not built with accessibility in mind. This is reflected in the Line 1's lack of barrier-free facilities such as escalators and elevators. It is also inconvenient in other ways: for one, because of the use of side platforms, passengers wishing to access the other platform for the train bound in the opposite direction at single-level Line 1 stations need to exit the station (and by extension, the system) and pay a new fare. The newer Line 2, unlike its counterpart, is designed to be barrier-free and allows seamless transfer between platforms. Built by a joint venture between Hanjin and Itochu, Line 2 stations have wheelchair ramps, braille markings, and tactile paving leading to and from the boarding platforms in addition to escalators and elevators.

In cooperation with the Philippine Daily Inquirer, copies of the Inquirer Libre—a free, tabloid-size, Tagalog version of the Inquirer broadsheet—are available at selected LRTA stations from 6:00 am until the supply runs out.

Rolling stock
Five types of rolling stock run on the system, with four types used on Line 1 and another used on Line 2. The Line 2, unlike the Line 1, runs heavy rail metro cars made in South Korea by Hyundai Rotem and provided by the Asia-Europe MRT Consortium led by Marubeni Corporation that have higher passenger capacity and maximum speed. All five types of rolling stock are powered by electricity supplied through overhead wires. Of the two LRTA lines, the Line 2 prominently employs wrap advertising in its rolling stock. The Line 1 have begun using wrap advertising as well initially for their second-generation trains, followed by their third-generation trains.

Line 1
Line 1 at various stages in its history has used two-car, three-car, and four-car trains. The two-car trains are the original first-generation BN (1000) trains. Most were transformed into three-car trains, although a lot of two-car trains remain in service. The four-car trains are the more modern second-generation Hyundai Precision and Adtranz (1100), the third-generation Kinki Sharyo / Nippon Sharyo (1200), and the fourth-generation Mitsubishi / Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (13000) trains. There are 259 railway cars grouped into 70 trains serving the line: 63 of these are first-generation cars, 28 second-generation, 48 third-generation, and 120 fourth-generation. One train car (1037) was severely damaged in the Rizal Day bombings and was subsequently decommissioned. The maximum speed of these cars ranges between 60 to 70 km/h.

As part of the second phase of expansion on the Yellow Line, 12 trains made in Japan by Kinki Sharyo and Nippon Sharyo were shipped and entered revenue service in 2006. The air-conditioned trains have boosted the capacity of the line from 27,000 to 40,000 passengers per hour per direction.

As part of the south extension of the line, 30 new trains built in Spain and Mexico by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles and Mitsubishi Corporation were procured in 2017. The trains entered service in 2023.

Line 2
Line 2 fleet runs eighteen heavy rail four-car trains with lightweight stainless car bodies and alternating current traction motors. They have a top speed of 80 km/h and usually take around forty minutes to journey from one end of the line to the other. Each train measures 3.2 m wide and 92.6 m long allowing a capacity of 1,628 passengers: 232 seated and 1,396 standing. Twenty sliding doors per side facilitate quick entry and exit. The line's trains also feature air conditioning, driverless automatic train operation from the Operations Control Center (OCC) in Santolan, low-noise control, enabled electric and hydraulic braking, and closed-circuit television inside the trains. Special open spaces and seats are designated for wheelchair users and elderly passengers, and automatic next station announcements are made for the convenience of passengers, especially for the blind.

An additional fourteen four-car trains for the east extension and the future west extension are currently in the process of being procured.

Signalling
The system has used various signalling systems throughout its history. The original signalling system used in the LRT Line 1 was based on fixed block and relay type trackside systems. Trains had an automatic train stop system that activates if the train passes by a red signal or over-speeding. In 2007, as part of a capacity expansion project, the signalling system was replaced with a signalling and train control system based on automatic train protection and automatic train supervision using Siemens technology. In 2022, as part of the line's south extension, the existing signalling system used in Line 1 was replaced by the Atlas 100 solution of Alstom, which is based on ETCS Level 1.

On the other hand, Line 2 uses the automatic train control system, which has three subsystems: automatic train protection (ATP), automatic train operation (ATO), and automatic train supervision (ATS). The ATO subsystem automatically drives the trains, while the opening and closing of doors is controlled by an onboard train attendant. It is a track circuit-based system with equipment supplied by Westinghouse Signals (later Siemens Mobility).

Safety and security
The system has always presented itself as a safe system to travel on, and despite some incidents a World Bank paper prepared by Halcrow deemed the running of metro rail transit operations overall as "good". Safety notices in both English and Tagalog are a common sight at the stations and inside the trains. Security guards with megaphones can be seen at boarding areas asking crowds to move back from the warning tiles at the edge of platforms to avoid falling onto the tracks. In the event of emergencies or unexpected events aboard the train, alerts are used to inform passengers about the current state of the operations. The LRTA uses three alerts: Codes Blue, Yellow, and Red.

Smoking, previously banned only at station platforms and inside trains, has been banned at station concourse areas since June 24, 2008. Hazardous chemicals, such as paint and gasoline, as well as sharp pointed objects that could be used as weapons, are forbidden. Full-sized bicycles and skateboards are also not allowed on board the train, however folding bicycles are allowed on both lines as of November 8, 2009. Those under the influence of alcohol may be denied entry into the stations.

In response to the Rizal Day bombings, a series of attacks on December 30, 2000, that included the bombing of a Line 1 train among other targets, and in the wake of greater awareness of terrorism following the September 11 attacks, security has been stepped up on board the system. The Philippine National Police has a special police force assigned at both lines. and security police provided by private companies are assigned to all stations with each having a designated head guard. Closed-circuit televisions have been installed to monitor stations and keep track of suspicious activities. To better prepare for and improve response to any adverse incidents, drills simulating terror attacks and earthquakes have been conducted. It is standard practice for bags to be inspected upon entry into stations by guards equipped with hand-held metal detectors. Those who refuse to submit to such inspection may be denied entry. Since May 1, 2007, the LRTA has enforced a policy against making false bomb threats, a policy already enforced at airports nationwide. Those who make such threats can face penalties in violation of Presidential Decree No. 1727, as well as face legal action. Posted notices on station walls and inside trains remind passengers to be careful and be wary of criminals who may take advantage of the crowding aboard the trains. To address concerns of inappropriate contact on crowded trains, the first coach of Line 1 and Line 2 trains have been designated for PWDs and females only.

Fares
In 2003, the Manila Light Rail Transit System was one of the least expensive rapid transit systems in Southeast Asia, costing significantly less to ride than other systems in the region. Unlike other transportation systems, in which transfer to another line occurs within a station's paid area, passengers have to exit and then pay a new fare for the line they are entering. This is also the case on the Yellow Line when changing boarding platforms to catch trains going in the opposite direction.

Both lines use two different fare structures: one for single journey cards and another for stored value (Beep) cards. Students, senior citizens, and persons with disabilities are entitled to a twenty-percent discount.

Ticketing
Before 2001, passengers on Line 1 would purchase a token to enter the station. Subsequent upgrades in the fare collection system eventually transitioned the Yellow Line from a token-based system to a ticket-based system, with full conversion to a ticket-based system achieved on September 9, 2001. Starting September 2015, the old magnetic tickets were decommissioned and replaced by contactless-based smart card technology by IDEMIA. Passengers can enter the system paid areas with either a single journey or stored value Beep Card. The Beep Card can be used on all LRT and MRT lines. Tickets can be sold from ticket booths staffed by station agents or from ticket machines.

Magnetic ticket

Previously, the system uses two types of tickets: a single journey (one-way) ticket whose cost is dependent on the destination, and a stored value (multiple-use) ticket available for ₱100. Senior citizens and disabled passengers can receive fare discounts as mandated by law. Tickets would normally bear a picture of the incumbent president, though some ticket designs have done away with this practice.

Single journey tickets are only valid on the day of purchase and will be unusable afterward. They expire if not used to exit the same station after 30 minutes from entry or if not used to exit the system after 120 minutes from entry. If the ticket expires, the passenger will be required to buy a new one.

Stored value tickets are usable on both lines although a new fare will be charged when transferring from one line to the other. To reduce ticket queues, the LRTA is promoting the use of stored value tickets. Aside from benefitting from a lower fare structure on the Line 1, stored value ticket users can avail of a scheme called the Last Ride Bonus that grants the use of any residual amount in a stored value ticket less than the usual minimum ₱12 fare, or the appropriate fare for the station of arrival from the station of departure, as a full fare. Stored value tickets are not reloadable and are captured by the fare gate after the last use. They expire six months after the date of first use.

Tickets are used both to enter and exit the paid area of the system. A ticket inserted into a fare gate at the station of origin is processed and then ejected allowing a passenger through the turnstile. The ejected ticket is then retrieved while passing through so that it can be used at the exit turnstile at the destination station to leave the premises. Tickets are captured by the exit turnstiles to be reused by the system if they no longer have any value. If it is a stored value ticket with some value remaining, however, it is once again ejected by the fare gate to be taken by the passenger for future use.

Despite the common practice for regular passengers to purchase several stored-value tickets at a time, the line barely has ticket shortages due to the inter-compatibility of tickets with the LRTA lines and the steady release of new tickets that addresses the problem.

Flash Pass
To better integrate the LRTA and MRTC networks, a unified ticketing system utilizing contactless smart cards, similar to the Octopus card in Hong Kong and the EZ-Link card in Singapore, was made a goal of the SRTS. In a transitional move towards such a unified ticketing system, the Flash Pass was implemented on April 19, 2004, as a stopgap measure. However, plans for a unified ticketing system using smart cards have languished, leaving the Flash Pass to fill the role for the foreseeable future. Originally sold by both the LRTA and the Metro Rail Transit Corporation, the Blue Line operator, the pass was discontinued with the election of Benigno Aquino III as President of the Philippines in 2010.

The pass consisted of two parts: the Flash Pass card and the Flash Pass coupon. A nontransferable Flash Pass card used for validation had to be acquired before a Flash Pass coupon can be purchased. To obtain a card, a passenger needed to visit a designated station and fill out an application form. Although the card is issued free of charge and contains no expiry date, it is expected to be issued only once. Should it be lost, an affidavit of loss had to be submitted before a replacement can be issued. The Flash Pass coupon, which served as a ticket, was linked to the passenger's Flash Pass card through the card number printed on the coupon. Coupons were sold for ₱250 and were valid for unlimited rides on all three lines of the LRTA and MRTC for one week. The card and coupon were used by showing them to a security guard at an opening along the fare gates, who after checking their validity allowed the holder to pass through.

Beep card
Beep is a reloadable contactless smart card aimed to be a replacement for the magnetic card-based system in paying rail based rapid transit transportation fares in and around Metro Manila. Beep is also aimed to be used in lieu of cash in some convenience stores and other businesses. The Beep system is implemented and operated by AF Payments Incorporated, which is primarily owned by Ayala Corporation and Metro Pacific Investments Corporation. It was first implemented in Line 2 in July 2015, followed by Line 1 a month later.

QR codes
The Light Rail Manila Corporation and AF Payments, Inc. presented a QR code-based ticketing system to be used in Line 1. Once approved, it can serve as viable alternatives to single journey tickets and can be purchased via mobile apps. Implementation of this ticket system was originally set for 2022 but has not been implemented yet.

Fare adjustment
Adjusting passenger fares has been employed by the DOTC (predecessor of DOTr) and LRTA as a means to boost flagging ridership figures and improve the lines' services, and the issue of fares both historically and in the present continues to be a political issue.

Current fare levels were set on August 2, 2023, after its initial implementation by April 2023 was deferred by President Bongbong Marcos as economic inflation remained a major concern. Proposals for such were delayed for several years despite inflation and rising operating costs. Prior to the current fare levels, fares for both lines were set on January 4, 2015. These lower fares—which are only slightly more expensive than jeepney fares—ended up being financed through large government subsidies amounting to around ₱25–45 per passenger, and which for both the MRT and LRT reached ₱75 billion for the 10-year period between 2004 and 2014. Without subsidies, the cost of a single trip is estimated at around ₱40–60, and a ₱10 increase in fares would yield additional monthly revenues of ₱2–3 billion a month.

Expansion
Plans for expanding the LRTA network have been formulated throughout its history and successive administrations have touted trains as one of the keys to relieving Metro Manila of its long-standing traffic problems. Expansion of the system was one of the main projects mentioned in a ten-point agenda laid out by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in 2005.

Extensions
A south extension of Line 1 is under construction. The envisioned line would have 8 stations over 11.7 km ending in Bacoor in the province of Cavite. It will be the third line extending outside the Metro Manila area after the opening of the Line 2 east extension in Antipolo, Rizal and the planned Line 7 that starts in North Avenue, Quezon City and ends in San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan. An unsolicited bid to build and operate this project from Canada's SNC-Lavalin was rejected by the Philippine government in 2005. The government is working with advisers (International Finance Corporation, White & Case, Halcrow, and others) to conduct an open-market invitation to tender for the construction of the extension and a 30-year concession to run it. An additional extension from Bacoor to Imus and from there a further extension to Dasmariñas, both in Cavite, are also being considered. On March 22, 2012, the ₱60 billion Line 1 south extension project was approved by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). In line with this, the operations and maintenance of Line 1 was awarded to the Light Rail Manila Corporation in 2014 and started operating the line on September 12, 2015. The groundbreaking ceremony of the south extension was held on May 4, 2017, with construction beginning on May 7, 2019. Partial operations of the south extension is slated for 2024, with full operations slated by 2027.

The LRTA is also currently conducting studies on the feasibility of a 6.2 km, four-station Line 1 spur from Baclaran towards Terminal 3 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport, with a projected daily capacity of 40,000 passengers. Funding for the project could be sourced from either official development assistance or a public-private partnership.

Line 2 is planned to be extended westward from Recto up to the Manila North Harbor in Tondo.

New lines
The LRT Line 6 was originally conceived as a continuation of the LRT Line 1 to Dasmariñas, Cavite. In its current form, the "Modified" Line 6 proposal is a 23.5 km elevated railway from Niog station in Bacoor to Governor's Drive station in Dasmariñas via the Molino–Paliparan Road. The line will also be extended further north to Ninoy Aquino International Airport (as Line 6B) in Pasay and further south as Tagaytay (as Line 6A extension). There will also be branch lines passing through Dr. Santos Avenue and Alabang–Zapote Road in southern Metro Manila. The combined length of the proposed line including the extensions and branch lines is at 86 km and with a track length 169 km.

title: Manila Light Rail Transit System


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Sofía Vergara

Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara (born July 10, 1972) is a Colombian and American actress and television personality. She is known for her role as Gloria Delgado-Pritchett in the ABC sitcom Modern Family (2009–2020) and drug lord Griselda Blanco in the Netflix miniseries Griselda (2024). She received a combined five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for both, while the former also earned her four Golden Globe Award nominations. The former role also established her as one of the highest-paid actresses in the United States.

Vergara rose to prominence while co-hosting two television shows for Spanish-language television network Univision in the late 1990s. After acting in the English-language film Chasing Papi (2003), she subsequently appeared in Four Brothers (2005) and Tyler Perry's comedies Meet the Browns (2008) and Madea Goes to Jail (2009), receiving an ALMA Award nomination for the latter. Vergara also acted in New Year's Eve (2011), The Three Stooges (2012), Machete Kills (2013), Fading Gigolo (2013), Chef (2014), and Hot Pursuit (2015). She has also had voice-over roles in the animated films Happy Feet Two (2011), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), and The Emoji Movie (2017).

Since 2020, Vergara has been a judge on the television talent show America's Got Talent. She is also known as a businesswoman, and brand ambassador. Vergara designs her own fashion line for Kmart and signed with both Pepsi and CoverGirl in 2011. Vergara launched her first fragrance "Sofia by Sofia Vergara" in 2014 and has since released four more fragrances. She is one of the few Latinas in ad campaigns in the United States.

Early life
Vergara was born to a Roman Catholic family in Barranquilla. Her mother, Margarita Vergara de Vergara, was a homemaker, and her father, Julio Enrique Vergara Robayo, was a cattle rancher for the meat industry. She was nicknamed "Toti" by her five siblings and many cousins.

Vergara initially studied dentistry for three years at National University of Colombia, but she left two semesters away from completing her degree to pursue opportunities in modeling and show business. In 1998, her older brother Rafael was murdered in Colombia during an attempt to kidnap him. Not wanting to be caught in the unrest that resulted in the murder, Vergara emigrated to the United States, settling in Miami, Florida. Her cousin and adopted sister, Sandra, is also a television actress in the United States.

Career
Vergara was discovered by a photographer while walking on a beach in Colombia, and she was quickly presented with offers of modeling and television work. She was "apprehensive about doing her first television commercial—until her Catholic schoolteachers gave her their personal permission to take the assignment." She made her first appearance, aged 17, in a Pepsi commercial aired in Latin America. She then began studies at the Creative Workshops School of Acting, where Gloria Estefan also trained.

In 2009, Vergara appeared in Chicago on Broadway as Matron Mama Morton for six weeks. She was scheduled to star in The Paperboy, an independent drama directed by Lee Daniels. However shooting was delayed and the revised resumption conflicted with her shooting schedule for the third season of Modern Family and she dropped out. In July 2011, she finished filming the Farrelly brothers' The Three Stooges, her first leading role in a major film. She said, "I play a mean woman that tries to manipulate the Three Stooges into killing her husband so that she gets all the money." In April 2012, she appeared in her son Manolo's YouTube web series Vida con Toty. She starred on the ABC sitcom Modern Family as Gloria Delgado-Pritchett, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series from 2010 to 2013. Vergara was the highest-earning woman in U.S. television, earning $19 million for the previous 12 months, according to a list released by Forbes.com on July 18, 2012. Vergara was named one of People magazine's "50 most beautiful people", and named by The Hollywood Reporter and Billboard as one of the most influential Latin women in Hollywood. Vergara received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 7, 2015. In 2015, Forbes estimated Vergara's annual income at $28.5 million.

In June 2016, the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting; in the video, Vergara and others told the stories of the people killed there. As of September 2016, Forbes reported that Vergara was the highest-paid actress in television, bringing in $43 million in the past year. In February 2020, it was announced that Vergara would be a judge on America's Got Talent, starting with its fifteenth season. She returned for her second season in 2021, her third in 2022, her fourth in 2023, and her fifth in 2024.

In 2024 Vergara became the first Latina born in a Latin American country nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie, for playing Griselda Blanco in the miniseries Griselda.

Business ventures
In 2011, it was announced that Vergara was designing a clothing line for Kmart targeting soccer moms. In 2011, Vergara was named the face of CoverGirl, with the first advertisements appearing in January 2012. In April 2011, she appeared in a Diet Pepsi commercial with David Beckham and another in January 2012. Also in 2011, she appeared in a number of commercials for Comcast's Xfinity brand and State Farm. In 2013, she signed endorsement contracts with Diet Pepsi, Rooms To Go, and the medicine Synthroid. Vergara launched a furniture line with Rooms To Go in 2013. She wanted to create well-made and affordable furniture, saying: "Everyone should be able to make their home look amazing and be proud of their home." In 2014, Vergara became a brand ambassador for the American anti-dandruff shampoo brand Head & Shoulders.

In March 2017, she reached a settlement with Venus Concept for alleged improper use of her likeness, which Vergara said created the false impression that she endorsed their beauty products. She launched her first fragrance "Sofia by Sofia Vergara" in 2014 and has since released four more fragrances. In June 2023, Vergara launched the beauty brand Toty. The brand is named after her childhood nickname.

Personal life
Vergara has naturally blonde hair. For movies and television, she is sometimes asked to color her hair dark brown or black to make her look more stereotypically Hispanic. Vergara was married at the age of 18 to her high-school sweetheart, Joe Gonzalez. They have a son named Manolo, who was born in Colombia on September 16, 1991. They divorced in 1993. Vergara and her boyfriend Nick Loeb became engaged in 2012 after dating for two years. On May 23, 2014, Vergara announced that the engagement had been called off. Vergara and True Blood star Joe Manganiello became engaged on Christmas Eve 2014 after dating for six months. They married in Palm Beach, Florida, on November 21, 2015. On July 17, 2023, Vergara and Manganiello announced to Page Six that they have separated and are planning to divorce after seven years of marriage. The divorce was finalized in February 2024. Since October 2023, she has been dating orthopedic surgeon Justin Saliman.

Vergara was diagnosed with thyroid cancer in 2000 at the age of 28. She had her thyroid removed, underwent radioiodine therapy, and made a full recovery. She takes medication to prevent hypothyroidism. On May 9, 2011, Vergara's younger brother Julio was deported from the United States to Colombia after being arrested in April that year; Julio also had a longtime drug addiction and previous brushes with the law. Vergara told Parade magazine, "To see somebody dying over 10 years, little by little, that's the worst punishment. Now he's like another person." During her December 2014 appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Vergara revealed that she had become a United States citizen after getting a perfect score on her citizenship test.

From 2015 to 2017, Vergara was involved in a legal dispute regarding the future of two fertilized embryos produced by in vitro fertilization while she was still in a relationship with Loeb; the embryos were kept in storage in cryopreservation in a medical clinic in California. Following the couple's split in 2014, Loeb filed a lawsuit for custody of the embryos in a California court, but he later dropped that lawsuit when the court demanded that Loeb identify two women who had abortions after he had impregnated them. In December 2016, a right-to-life lawsuit against Vergara was initiated in Louisiana with Vergara's embryos as plaintiffs.

The embryos were named "Emma" and "Isabella" in the lawsuit, and their "trustee" was listed as James Charbonnet, a New Orleans resident of no relation to Vergara. The intent of the suit was to give the embryos a chance to further develop using a surrogate carrier, hence to be born, and to benefit from an inheritance trust that had been created for them and is administered by Charbonnet. Loeb had written "Keeping them frozen forever is tantamount to killing them," in a 2015 op-ed in The New York Times. The suit also tried to terminate parental rights of Vergara because by keeping them in cryopreservation in a medical clinic she allegedly abandoned and neglected the embryos. The legal case was novel and took advantage of Louisiana's embryo laws; the state passed a law in 1986 that declares embryos to be "juridical persons", giving embryos the right to sue or be sued. In August 2017, a Louisiana judge dismissed the case on the grounds that the court had no jurisdiction over the embryos, which were conceived in California.

In 2024, Vergara launched Dios Mios Coffee, a brand devoted to elevating female Colombian growers.

Theatre

 * Chicago as Matron "Mama" Morton (2009)

Awards and nominations
In 2014, Vergara was ranked as the 32nd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes; her position was 38 the previous year.

title: Sofía Vergara