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Joey Mercury

Adam Birch (born July 18, 1979), better known by the ring names Joey Mercury and Joey Matthews, is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his tenure in WWE. Birch was most recently signed to Ring of Honor, where he worked as a producer, trainer, and member of the creative team.

Birch was trained by fellow wrestler Jimmy Cicero and made his wrestling debut in October 1996, using the name Joey Matthews as he wrestled in ECW Extreme Championship Wrestling. The following year, he began competing for Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation (MEWF), where he began competing in tag team competition and captured the MEWF Tag Team Championship, alongside Christian York. Throughout the late-1990s, Birch competed in various independent promotions, where he and York continued to work as a team. It was also during that time that he won various championships in singles and tag team competition.

In 2004, Birch signed with WWE and was assigned to their developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) in Louisville, Kentucky under the name Joey Mercury. While situated at OVW, he was placed in tag team competition, alongside Johnny Nitro, in which they won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on one occasion. It was also during this time that he and Nitro, alongside their manager Melina, were known as the stable MNM. The group were called up to the SmackDown! roster and on their debut in April 2005, Mercury and Nitro went on to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. After their third and final reign ended in May 2006, Nitro and Melina turned on Mercury, thus ending their faction. However, in November 2006, the team reunited for a brief period, before Mercury was let go from his contract in March 2007.

Following his stint with WWE, Birch continued his wrestling career, appearing at several independent promotions, including competing at Ring of Honor events. In March 2008, he returned to OVW, where he won the OVW Television Championship on one occasion. In October 2008, Birch announced his retirement from professional wrestling, following an injury, but later returned to wrestling in 2010, working for WWE as a producer and making a brief in-ring return as part of CM Punk's Straight Edge Society. He returned to TV once again in 2014 alongside Jamie Noble, (known as J&J Security) as an on screen security guard for the WWE World Heavyweight Champion Seth Rollins as part of The Authority faction.

Early career (1996–2001)
After being trained by fellow professional wrestler Jimmy Cicero, Birch made his debut in October 1996 under the name Joey Matthews. In 1997, approximately a year after his debut, Matthews began competing for the Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation (MEWF) promotion, where he won the MEWF Tag Team Championship with Christian York. Matthews defeated York on May 8, 1998, to regain the Southern Championship Wrestling Junior Heavyweight Championship in Wendell, North Carolina. Matthews and York, soon teamed up again, however, and won the Steel City Wrestling Tag Team Championship on December 20, 1998. Less than a month later, Matthews defeated York to win the Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance Light Heavyweight Championship on January 9, 1999.

He was also a member of the North Carolina based Organization of Modern Extreme Grappling Arts (OMEGA) run by Matt and Jeff Hardy, where he defeated York to win the OMEGA Light Heavyweight Championship on January 29, 1999. He was signed to a World Championship Wrestling contract in 1999; Birch did not make any appearances for the promotion during the seven months he was signed to a contract. A few months later, while competing in singles competition at Maryland Championship Wrestling (MCW), he once again defeated York to win the MCW Cruiserweight Championship on May 21. Matthews and York soon began teaming again, and, sometimes using the Bad Street Boys as a tag team name, they won numerous tag team championships, including the Atlantic Terror Championship Wrestling Tag Team Championship on January 15, 2000, and the MCW Tag Team Championship on May 17, 2000.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (2000–2001)
In late 2000, Matthews and York joined Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and lost to Danny Doring and Roadkill at Anarchy Rulz. They then began a feud with Simon and Swinger, whom they lost to at November to Remember, but defeated at Massacre on 34th Street. They competed in ECW for approximately six months, until the promotion closed in January 2001 and were on the company's final pay-per-view Guilty as Charged, where they suffered a loss to Jerry Lynn and Cyrus.

After the closure of ECW, they returned to the independent circuit, where, on February 3, 2001, the Bad Street Boys defeated Rick Michaels and David Young to become the NWA World Tag Team Champions, a championship that they held for two weeks. They won the MCW Tag Team Championship for the second time on November 3 by defeating Earl the Pearl and Rich Myers, and later won the Virginia Championship Wrestling Tag Team Championship on December 1, 2001.

Independent circuit (2001–2004)
In 2002, Matthews and York competed in Ring of Honor (ROH), and teamed together on several occasions, before Matthews joined a faction called Special K, of which he was a member until 2004. He also worked for various independent organizations such as Xtreme Pro Wrestling, Maryland Championship Wrestling (MCW) and Phoenix Championship Wrestling. On January 29, 2003, Matthews defeated Romeo Valentino to win the MCW Rage Television Championship, but lost it four months later to Doug Delicious on May 15.

On April 14, 2003, prior to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)'s flagship television program, Raw, Matthews and York defeated Phil Brown and Pat Cusick in a dark match. He continued wrestling dark matches and on supplementary programs Heat and Velocity, facing the likes of Lance Storm, Crowbar, Matt Hardy, Último Dragón and A-Train. On July 19, 2003, at ROH's Death Before Dishonor, he teamed with Krazy K in a loss to Jeff Hardy in a handicap match. In August 2003, Matthews lost to Chris Sabin on an episode of TNA Xplosion.

After spending some time at the Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) training center in 2003, Matthews made several appearances in Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling (3PW), defeating A.J. Styles, before defeating Jerry Lynn and Sabu to become the number one contender to the 3PW Heavyweight Championship. On April 17, 2004, he defeated Raven to win the championship, a title he retained until August 21 of that year, when he lost it to Christopher Daniels in a four-way elimination match, also involving A.J. Styles and Chris Sabin.

Meanwhile, Matthews was still active in WWE, and lost to Rhino and Maven on Sunday Night Heat. He was also still competing in TNA's X Division, and in August, he took part in a 20-Man Gauntlet match, in which Petey Williams won the X Division title. Afterwards, Matthews competed for Puerto Rico's World Wrestling Council (WWC), losing to Eddie Colón in September, and exchanging victories with Alex Montalvo in November.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2007)
Matthews wrestled in dark matches before being signed to a developmental deal by WWE in 2004; he moved to Louisville, Kentucky to the Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) farm territory. There he formed a faction with Johnny Nitro; along with manager Melina, they were known as "MNM". MNM wrestled in OVW for around a year, winning the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship once, before being called up to the main SmackDown! roster, where Matthews was renamed Joey Mercury.

In their first match for the SmackDown! brand, in April 2005, they won the WWE Tag Team Championship from Rey Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero. They held the titles for three months, having successful titles defenses against the teams of Mysterio and Guerrero and Hardcore Holly and Charlie Haas at Judgment Day, before dropping them to the new Legion of Doom (LOD) at The Great American Bash in July 2005. They recaptured the titles on the October 28 episode of SmackDown! in a four-way match defeating the Mexicools, William Regal and Paul Burchill, and LOD, but lost them to Mysterio and Batista two days before the Armageddon pay-per-view in December. Due to help from Mark Henry, they defeated Mysterio and Batista in a rematch on the December 30 episode of SmackDown! to win the WWE Tag Team Championship for the third time. They began a rivalry with the team of Paul London and Brian Kendrick that lasted over three months, until the Judgment Day pay-per-view on May 21, 2006, where MNM lost the WWE Tag Team Championship to London and Kendrick. Nitro and Melina suddenly turned on Mercury, attacking him and breaking up the group. Later that night Nitro and Melina were fired from the SmackDown! brand in storyline, to facilitate their move to Raw, where they reappeared the following week. The legitimate reason for the team's sudden split was later revealed to be Mercury failing a WWE Wellness Policy drug test and being forced to serve a 30-day suspension.

Mercury stayed off WWE television for six months. Mercury made a surprise return on the November 27, 2006 episode of Raw, temporarily reforming MNM with Nitro and Melina to take up the also recently reunited Hardys (Matt and Jeff) "open challenge" for December to Dismember. The Hardys went on to win the match at December to Dismember, but the feud continued across all three brands (Raw, ECW, and SmackDown!),  and in a fatal-four way ladder match for the WWE Tag Team Championship at December's Armageddon event, also involving London and Kendrick, and Dave Taylor and William Regal. During the ladder match, Mercury suffered a legitimate injury when he was struck in the face with a ladder, breaking his nose and orbital bone. He immediately left the match and was rushed to an emergency room where he received more than thirty stitches. As a result, Nitro continued the match on his own.

After missing a few weeks, Mercury returned wearing a protective face mask and his injury was worked into the angle, with both he and Nitro attempting to injure the Hardys in various ways for revenge. MNM lost to The Hardys at the Royal Rumble, and again in a six-man tag team match in which they teamed with Montel Vontavious Porter (Chris Benoit teamed with The Hardys) at the No Way Out pay-per-view in February which concluded the feud. He also wrestled in singles competition on SmackDown! until he was released from his WWE contract on March 26, 2007.

Independent circuit (2007–2008)

Birch's first appearance after his WWE release was on April 21 for Northeast Wrestling as Joey Matthews, when he and Romeo Roselli defeated The NOW. He went on to make appearances for MCW, Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South, and the New York Wrestling Connection, competing against wrestlers including Alex Shelley, Tyler Black, and Brother Runt. Matthew's wrestled in All American Wrestling (AAW) in July 2007, where he lost to Eric Priest in a match for the AAW Heritage Championship. He made another appearance on September 29, reuniting with Christian York, in a losing effort against the AAW Tag Team Champions, The Motor City Machine Guns (Chris Sabin and Alex Shelley).

In September 2007, Matthews began working for OVW as a trainer for the intermediate class. He also competed in dark matches at the OVW television tapings. At TNA's Bound for Glory pay-per-view in October 2007, he competed in a dark match, where he teamed with Johnny Swinger in a losing effort to The Motor City Machineguns. For the remainder of 2007, Matthews worked for independent promotions, including Pro Wrestling Unplugged and the United Wrestling Federation.

On March 12, 2008, at an OVW television taping, he defeated Jamin Olivencia to win the OVW Television Championship. After successful defenses against Olivencia, he dropped the title to Tommy McNailer a month later on April 16. In October 2008, Birch announced his retirement from professional wrestling due to injury.

Ring of Honor (2008)
On January 25, 2008, Matthews returned to ROH as the newest member of Age of the Fall (AotF), where he partnered with Jimmy Jacobs in a losing effort against Roderick Strong and Rocky Romero of the No Remorse Corps. The following night, Matthews lost to Mark Briscoe. Matthews was mainly utilized in a tag team role as a member of the AotF, teaming with fellow faction members Tyler Black and Necro Butcher. He continued to wrestle for ROH until Battle For Supremacy in June 2008, when he and Jimmy Jacobs lost to Kevin Steen and El Generico, in what was his last ROH wrestling match.

Return to WWE (2010–2017)
In 2010, Birch came out of retirement and returned to WWE at the SmackDown tapings on April 20, where he lost to Shelton Benjamin in a dark match. On April 25 at Extreme Rules, he reappeared on television as a masked member of the CM Punk's Straight Edge Society stable and interfered in Punk's match with Rey Mysterio, helping him pick up the win. Birch continued to interfere in Punk's matches during the following months, before being unmasked by Big Show on the July 23 episode of SmackDown. This led to a handicap match at SummerSlam where Big Show defeated the entire Society. In early September it was reported that Mercury had undergone surgery on a torn pectoral muscle.

In order to rehabilitate his injury, he began training at Florida Championship Wrestling, WWE's developmental territory. He later began working there as a trainer. Following this, he moved into a producer role for the main roster.

On the September 29, 2014 episode of Raw, Mercury and fellow producer Jamie Noble aligned themselves with The Authority. Dubbed "J&J Security", Mercury and Noble began acting as bodyguards to Authority member Seth Rollins. On the November 24 episode of Raw, J&J Security wrestled the first televised matches for each man in several years, partnering with Rollins in a three-on-two handicap match against John Cena and Dolph Ziggler, which they lost. On the March 16, 2015 episode of Raw, both Mercury and Noble seemingly left The Authority due to Rollins not listening them. Later that night, it was revealed to be a ruse, with all The Authority members coming out to help Rollins take out Randy Orton, but they were stopped by Sting, who made a surprise appearance and helped Orton fight off The Authority. On the June 22 episode of Raw, J&J Security reconciled with Rollins when the three of them and Kane attacked Brock Lesnar. On the July 6 episode of Raw, Mercury was viciously beaten by Lesnar, who after destroying his and fellow J&J Security member Jamie Noble's prized Cadillac car, which had been gifted to them by Seth Rollins the week before, picked him up and tossed him onto the then unbroken windshield of it. On July 7, it was reported that Mercury suffered mild contusions as a result of the attack and both members of J&J Security would be out of action indefinitely.

Mercury appeared on the March 14, 2016 episode of Raw breaking up the brawl between Triple H and Roman Reigns. In January 2017, it was reported that Birch had been released from WWE.

Return to independent circuit (2017–2018)
Birch, performing once again as Joey Matthews, announced his return as an active independent wrestler. Matthews won the MCW Shane Shamrock Memorial Cup. On September 30, 2017, he won the MCW Heavyweight Championship. In July 2018 he made four appearances on House of Hardcore's Australian tour. He would lose to the likes of Tommy Dreamer, Al Snow and Swoggle on the shows. He also appeared in Lucha Underground in August 2018 as "Joey Wrestling", as part of former tag team partner Johnny Mundo's (previously Johnny Nitro) stable Worldwide Underground. The following week, he lost his only Lucha Underground match to Matanza Cueto, after which he was "sacrificed to the gods," killing off his character in the show. That is the last match he has competed in to date.

Ring of Honor (2018–2019)
On May 19, 2018, he became one of the trainers at ROH's Baltimore Dojo a training school for the Ring of Honor promotion. Later on February 2, 2019, it was revealed that he would now be working as a producer, trainer and a member of the creative team for Ring of Honor going forward. In October 2019, he departed from Ring of Honor as a producer.

Personal life
During an interview in late 2007, Birch revealed that he had been using drugs since he was 15 and had mixed cocaine, crack, and heroin with alcohol: "I've been a drug addict and alcoholic since I was 15 years old, right before I started in wrestling – so that's the better part of 15 years." As a result of this, Birch has overdosed three times and wrecked ten cars. He entered rehab in 2006 and missed six months of work. Due to the facial injury he suffered at Armageddon in December 2006, Birch then became addicted to painkillers. After a direct intervention by Vince McMahon, Birch was released from the WWE and he credits this with helping him to address his addictions. After his release, CM Punk helped pay for his house, which was on the verge of foreclosure after losing his job.

Birch had a three-and-a-half-year relationship with Mickie James, and they lived together in Virginia before breaking up. He also briefly dated Christy Hemme.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Atlantic Terror Championship Wrestling
 * ATCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Christian York
 * American Wrestling Council
 * AWC Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Dynamite Championship Wrestling
 * DCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Christian York
 * Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance
 * IPWA Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * MCW Pro Wrestling
 * MCW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 * MCW Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
 * MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time)
 * MCW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Christian York
 * Shane Shamrock Memorial Cup (2001, 2017)
 * Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation
 * MEWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Christian York
 * National Championship Wrestling
 * NCW Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Christian York
 * New York Wrestling Connection
 * NYWC Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Organization of Modern Extreme Grappling Arts
 * OMEGA Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Ohio Valley Wrestling
 * OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Johnny Nitro
 * OVW Television Championship (1 time)
 * Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling
 * 3PW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Tag Team of the Year (2005) - with Johnny Nitro
 * PWI ranked him No. 74 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2005
 * Southern Championship Wrestling
 * SCW Junior Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 * Steel City Wrestling
 * SCW Television Championship (1 time)
 * SCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Christian York
 * Ultimate Championship Wrestling
 * UCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Vanguard Championship Wrestling
 * VCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Christian York
 * Virginia Championship Wrestling
 * VCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Christian York
 * World Wrestling Entertainment
 * WWE Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Johnny Nitro

title: Joey Mercury


text:
User talk:Soul1337

Tso Wung Wai
First, I should apologise for taking the liberty of moving the material that was here to your User page; this is where people leave you messages — the material that was here was appropriate for your User page. I can move it back if you want to be different...

Secondly, I didn't describe this article as 'fake' — the person who marked it to be deleted did that. My mistake was to check back through several edits, but not all of them; thus I missed the fact that the page had been repeatedly vandalised before being marked for deletion. I've now restored it. Again, I apologise for my carelessnes. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:14, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Districts and divisions of HKPF
Thanks for your help expand the list. :-D — Instantnood 17:36, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

User Categorization
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Hong Kong page as living in or being associated with Hong Kong. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Hong Kong Wikipedians for instructions. Rmky87 19:08, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:S-food-twinings-egbag.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 20:22, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:S-food-twinings-egpack.jpg
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Establishment of The Wikimedia Hong Kong
encyclopedist 08:57, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Venue suggestion needed for a meet-up in Yuen Long

Dear:  ：

In the past meet-ups, we always had our meeting in the centre of Kowloon, either Kowloon Tong or Mong Kok. However, apart from these places, I am sure that alternative venues in other region would be suitable.

This is the time for your suggestion! According to some discussion on Chinese Wikipedia, from August of 2007, the Hong Kong Wikimedians’ meet-up would be held in all districts of Hong Kong in a circulation basis.

Here is the tentative information of the first meet-up：
 * Date： 11, August, 2007 (Saturday)
 * Time： After 5:00pm
 * Proposed region： Yuen Long

The community would request for ideas of where we should hold the meet-up , in order to have a better decision. If you have any good ideas, don’t hesitate to give your opinions, million thanks!

"Please don't hesitate to give your good suggestion to us"

Regards, Hong Kong Wikimedian Sith lord darth vader 04:19, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

First Anniversary Celebrations of Wikimedia Hong Kong
Invitied by Sith lord darth vader (talk), 14:30, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

NowCommons: File:S-food-twinings-egbag.jpg
File:S-food-twinings-egbag.jpg is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:File:Twinings-teabag (1).jpg. This is a repository of free media that can be used on all Wikimedia wikis. The image will be deleted from Wikipedia, but this doesn't mean it can't be used anymore. You can embed an image uploaded to Commons like you would an image uploaded to Wikipedia, in this case:. Note that this is an automated message to inform you about the move. This bot did not copy the image itself. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 17:58, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:S-food-twinings-egbag.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:S-food-twinings-egbag.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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Celebrations for 2nd Anniversary of Wikimedia Hong Kong

Dear:  ：

Wikimedia Hong Kong has been founded two year ago. Today, we would like to invite you to a great event for our second anniversary celebrations, that is co-host by us - Digital Content Jam 1.0, which is belongs to The 3C Digital Creativity Dialogue Series -- Creativity, Content, Community.

This is the information of the event：

 * Date: 31, July, 2009 (Friday)
 * Time: From 7:00pm to 9:30pm
 * Venue: eTech Centre Meeting Room M2 &3, 4/F Opulent Building, 402-406 Hennessy Road, Wan Chai（Google map）
 * '''Language: Cantonese
 * Free snacks and drinks will be served!

'''Please register via the link below to tell us if you would like to join the event. Registration Form'''

Regards, Hong Kong Wikimedian Tango Chan×Chat with me 11:38, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:S-GOVT-HKPF-INS-CIP.gif

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Speedy deletion nomination of File:S-GOVT-HKPF-INS-CSP.gif

A tag has been placed on File:S-GOVT-HKPF-INS-CSP.gif requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an image licensed as "for non-commercial use only," "non-derivative use" or "used with permission," it has not been shown to comply with the limited standards for the use of non-free content. , and it was either uploaded on or after 2005-05-19, or is not used in any articles. If you agree with the deletion, there is no need to do anything. If, however, you believe that this image may be retained on Wikipedia under one of the permitted conditions then:
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If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. Kelly hi! 04:58, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 58
SusanLai (talk) 05:50, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

File:S-food-twinings-egpack.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:S-food-twinings-egpack.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Kelly hi! 20:51, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 83
SusanLai (talk) 10:54, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 83
SusanLai (talk) 10:54, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 84
SusanLai (talk) 07:32, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Soul1337


text:
Talk:Beta vulgaris

NPOV Dispute - Medicine
The Medicine section has been marked MPOV, but no comments have been placed in the Talk page relating to this, so I thought I'd create this section to see if there is any discussion to be had on this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.215.183.3 (talk) 16:34, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

I see no reason for the neutrality of this section to be disputed. It is clearly NOT an advertisement and though the info is not sited directly the author gave enough information for anyone to verify the statement's legitimacy. Willow42 (talk) 19:30, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

This should not be in dispute. There are three studies more recent than the one cited which show specific human benefits:

 * Queen Mary, University of London (2008, February 6). Daily Glass Of Beet Juice Can Beat High Blood Pressure, Study Shows. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 18, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080205123825.htm

 * University of Exeter (2010, August 26). Supplement produces a 'striking' endurance boost. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 18, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100826104137.htm

 * University of Exeter (2009, August 7). Beetroot Juice Boosts Stamina, New Study Shows. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 18, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090806141520.htm

ThreeRocks (talk) 21:11, 18 December 2010 (UTC)

Domain
Nice pictures, I must say. Very lovely baby beets, for sure! This page is redirected from beetroot, even though it is a seperate variety (not sure of the terminology) like sugarbeet. Shouldn't beetroot be a seperate article? Peter Isotalo 19:45, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * It's become more braod than the beetroot only article it was before, but the American usage seems to be beet, while UK is beetroot. GraemeLeggett 15:18, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Are carrots referred to as carrotroot?71.79.29.143 (talk) 22:23, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Units
From the article: "An average sized cup (250 ml) of sliced beets..." Including the metric equivalent was a nice thought, but in most metric-using countries solid ingredients are measured by weight, not volume. Does anyone happen to have a cup of sliced beets to hand, and if so, could they change that to give the equivalent in grams rather than millilitres?
 * Done --Renice 01:12, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Colour
I added the bit on colour but was unsure if the English "colour" rather than american "color" spelling was appropriate Andham2000 15:04, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's originally a European native plant, so it should be at international spelling - MPF 12:13, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * European native plant has nothing to do with it. If it is not dealing with something connected to a particular variant of the English language, original usage should prevail.  Your argument is like saying we should never use maize but always call it corn, using American English for an American native plant.  Gene Nygaard 14:35, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The spelling should be consistent - the change of "colorant" to "colourant" was more in keeping with consistency and minimal changes than changing all instances of "colour" to "color". GraemeLeggett 14:51, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The color spelling was used here for months before the colour spelling—and for more months after the inconsistent with existing spellings "colour" was added by Andham2000. Gene Nygaard 15:46, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Note also that the main reason I checked up and went to original spelling was because of the edit summary statement by User:Xyster, to match "international spelling". That simply is contrary to the Wikipedia rules.  As you point out, consistency within an article is an admirable goal; if Xyster had made his edit on that basis, it is unlikely I would even have checked what the original spelling was.  Gene Nygaard 15:52, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the lack of clarity in my edit - it actually was for consistency with the spelling of 'colour' in the rest of the article; I clouded matters with my reference to 'International English' quoted from MPF's comment above. Xyster 11:41, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

I made what I hope was a minor change to the (very useful) color section: I changed the word vaccuoles to a link and removed the word "(holes)", which was an inaccurate characterization of vacuoles included in the source document. Vacuoles in cells are not really holes, they are more like membrane bound sacks within the cell. Blindrhino 03:06, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Nutrition
Its not clear if the nutritional info given is for raw, cooked, pickled or whatever. In the interests of accuracy should this be checked? 20.133.0.14 28 June 2005 15:45 (UTC)
 * Yes, it should; such nutritional labels (U.S.-style) are not normally found on fresh veggies, so I suspect this is from canned beets. But I'm not in the U.S. so I can't run out and check this myself. Sharkford 14:46, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

suggestion/taste
I have never eaten a beet, or even seen a beet. Once I layed down beats. But in any case, I approached the article desiring to understand the experience of beet eating...how does it taste? What does the taste resemble?

There is nothing on the avalibility of the beet during the year, when is it best grown?

 * In Portland, Oregon, people generally buy the roots of beets that have been minced and canned (in metal cans). It is unusual to find bottled beets unless you do them yourself, and are the "do it yourself" -  When you buy them from the grocery store and open them up, they are almost always going to be in the shape of 1/4 inch cubes, all a deep scarlet red color.  I have, however, seen some beets that crinkle cut, as if they were processed like pickles are.

 * Beets out of the can are not crisp. They do not crunch like crisp pickles do.  They are a little on the soggy side because they are canned in their own broth.  I imagine the reason they are not crisp is because they are heated prior to canning or bottling.

 * So far as I can tell, beets have a fruity flavor, with almost no citric or ascorbic acid. They taste like they are a little bit on the pungent side because manufacturers soak them with cloves or allspice before canning.  I was recently reading a book about prisoners of war in Germany, and one of the soups that prisoners got to eat (i.e., sip) was beet soup - a kind of sweetish soup made of chopped, boiled beets and cabbage.  198.177.27.26 07:56, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Fresh beets that have been roasted have a very sweet, earthy flavour.Wwm101 17:10, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Merge?
I think the Beta stub should remain separate since it provides links to other species (as yet unpopulated, but still...). It's been 10 days since the notice was placed and there was no discussion, so I'm removing the notice. --Renice 02:54, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

I agree with you. But, beta article is like a stub, and beet is like a main article.--Ricardo Carneiro Pires 11:19, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm vascillating on this -- but, the one statement in the beta article that trips me up is "Almost all have the common name of 'beet'." If 'beet' were a common name for all beta species, there'd be no problem... Or, could merge beet into beta and make it the main article... ?? What are beta species that aren't commonly called beets? Chard (which is covered in the beet article)? Others? --Renice 13:58, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Beet follows standard wiki naming so it belongs as the main article compare with rose/rosa. GraemeLeggett 11:19, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * So you're arguing that beta should be merged into this article? (There's no Rosa article, only the rose article.) --Renice 13:50, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No. Just that renaming beet is not a sensible idea.GraemeLeggett 14:29, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I looked the beet definition in The Free Dictionary: Beet, and the most adequate name of this article is common beet. Because beet is the synonymy name of genus Beta.--Ricardo Carneiro Pires 11:32, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Root vegetable
Although several parts of the beet plant are used for food, I think it would be good to have a specific mention of the root as a root vegetable, with a link to the article on root vegetables. The article on root vegetables does list beets, under True root, Taproot. 140.147.160.78 21:52, 21 November 2006 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

Merge with mangelwurzel?
Beetroot and mangelwurzel are one and the same thing (Beta vulgaris). So why do we need two separate articles?? -- Sakurambo 桜ん坊  16:28, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Mangelwurzel is a seperate set of verieties, which are not eaten by humans and are only used as fodder. Wwm101 17:12, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Human vomit remark?
How would one go about tracking down who put a specific edit into an article without having to laboriously compare every single edit with its previous edit? I ask because someone put a remark about human vomit within the article, and I'm quite sure it's vandalism, or someone trying to push an agenda. (could be both though), although I don't know what to put in place of it or simply remove it. Brian Ryans 00:24, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Simply remove and ignore--there are vandals who put obvious prank comments like this in Wikipedia all of the time, usually they are just children making the modern equivalent of prank phones calls, wasting your time discussing it, repeating it in the edit history and the like are not necessary. However, these edits were simply the four done before you removed the information.  Usually stuff like this doesn't sit in an article for long, so just looking at what anonymous (IP address, often red-linked instead of blue) did the last edit is sufficient.  Thanks for the reverts. KP Botany 21:47, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Categorization
The data in the taxobox and the categorization are in dispute currently. According to the taxobox, beet belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae, but the article is in the category Amarantaceae. As far as I know, only APG treats Chenopodiaceae as a subfamily of Amarantaceae (and it should not be called Chenopodiaceae then but Chenopodioidae).

To provide we're not giving undue weight to APG, I propose recategorization of the article to the category Chenopodiaceae. --Eleassar my talk 08:22, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, unless there is some well-sourced compelling reason for doing otherwise, consistency within the article and the taxobox, tied to a source, with a single mention within the text of the APG I/II (whichever) classification. KP Botany 03:02, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * seems like someone could go through the whole genus and either put them into amarantacea or chenopodiacea, for example spinach and chard note amaranteacea as the family

trueblood 15:39, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Subspecies
While attempting to add material to this article from Zohary & Hopf's Domestication of plants in the Old World (third ed.), I found that they list two wild subspecies of B. vulgaris that are not mentioned in this article: Are these two different subspecies from what is listed, or are they synonyms of what is listed? -- llywrch 20:06, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * B. vulgaris macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell., "native to the warmer, more arid parts in the Mediterranean basin"
 * B. vulgaris adanensis (Pamukç.) Ford-Lloyds & Williams, "which thrives in the Mediterranean parts of Turkey"
 * B. vulgaris adanensis according to IPNI is B. adanensis. B. vulgaris macrocarpa is not listed on IPNI.  KP Botany 22:41, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Dubious
the sea beet page claims that sea beets are the true ancestral form, rather than the vulgaris sub-species —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.106.113.106 (talk) 02:45, 21 April 2007 (UTC).

 * The Sea Beet is the ancestral form, but once a plant has been sufficiently changed by domestistication, it is often considered a different subspecies or even species. Wwm101 17:15, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Cultural References
Should there be a section over the pretend band "The Beets" from the cartoon Doug? Should there be a section dedicated to cultural references in general? For instance, Dwight Schrute (a character on the TV show "The Office" in the U.S.) is a self proclaimed beet farmer.

the raddish
Shouldn't there also be an article on the raddish? Perhaps I'm spelling it wrong?
 * Indeed you are. It's "radish". Tevildoii (talk) 17:41, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

"open-pollinated"
this term should be wikified. I tried to find a target, but came out empty-handed. --Jerome Potts (talk) 01:57, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I've done so. The target is open pollination (which needs work, but at least it exists). I suppose there should be a redirect from open-pollinated and/or open pollinated (although the article itself should be a noun, if I'm remembering the WP:MOS correctly). Kingdon (talk) 04:48, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Beta vulgaris
Maybe the article should be under this heading? That's the advantage of scientific names, universality. It doesn't seem encyclopaedic to look for a town in the Netherlands and run smack into a North American (name for a) vegetable... So Beet would redirect to Beta Vulgaris (this article), Beets to the town with a top-of-page link to this article. Just an idea. Hakluyt bean (talk) 13:54, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

 * You should check Wikiprogect Plants' Naming Conventions. Wwm101 17:20, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

New article at garden beet
Just in case anyone is watching this page, I've created a new article at Garden beet to cover that variety of beet. This article is a bit confused with some editors seemingly treating the species Beta vulgaris as a whole while others focus in detail on specific varieties. Ideally this article should be general with links to the articles on relevant varieties, but I don't have time to do a thorough job at the moment. DJLayton4 (talk) 07:02, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Paralysis Claim and Organic "Cure"
I deleted a claim that beet juice causes vocal cord paralysis, but organic beet juice cures this. There was no citation provided, and this seems very far-fetched. If someone has supporting evidence, feel free to add it, but this seems highly unlikely. --Orthogonalogy (talk) 11:49, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

all cultivated are subspecies vulgaris, vs chard is maritima
This page says all cultivated beets are of the subspecies vulgaris, whereas the chard page says that chard is subspecies maritima. --Dan Wylie-Sears 2 (talk) 23:14, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Jewish New Year
You need to distinguish between what's said in Jewish classic literature and modern practice. The things most closely associated with New Year in European tradition are honey and apples, not beets. 4.249.63.185 (talk) 12:36, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae covers the classification issues. I'm not sure how much should be addressed in this article, or what additional refs we need. --Ronz (talk) 18:21, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia uses the the APG system for classification. Hardyplants (talk) 18:25, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * So what do you suggest? --Ronz (talk) 19:32, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * For consistancy sake, Wikipedia has abopted the APG system for taxaboxs because it is based on more current research and seems to be accepted by many current researchers in plant systematics. Other informational resources are not so up to date, the Spinach article lists a note that might be useful.  Hardyplants (talk) 21:45, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Here is a ref, though dated by a few years:  Hardyplants (talk) 21:51, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Minimally, I want to make it clear here on the talk page why it's classified this way and that there's some strong consensus for doing so. I think this brief discussion should be enough.  Thanks! --Ronz (talk) 23:41, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

Obama
Is the fact that he doesn't like beets really that important to the article?75.142.54.211 (talk) 01:20, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Good observation. I removed it. --Ronz (talk) 01:33, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Someone without a user name re-added this piece of trivia. I removed it, and it was added again. It doesn't add anything to the article, and I see it as going against the recommendations of WP:TRIV. I'm sure we could find references to every famous person's opinion on beet preference, but until we do that, this probably constitutes WP:UNDUE too. I don't want to get into an edit war as someone obviously is interested in keeping this thing in the article. Any suggestions on what to do? DJLayton4 (talk) 19:45, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

Beta vulgaris
The articles Beet, Beetroot and Chard should be merged into a single article under the title "Beta vulgaris". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.125.14.161 (talk) 20:59, 13 February 2011 (UTC)
 * This article deals with the wild species and the species complex, covering each cultivar briefly. Other articles deal with beetroots and chard in particular and in depth. See WP:FLORA for the policy on this. DJLayton4 (talk) 19:45, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

Dead links
refs 3 and 19 are dead links — Preceding unsigned comment added by Merlin-UK (talk • contribs) 10:26, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved; Beet redirected to Beetroot.  Mini  apolis  15:40, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

Beet → Beta vulgaris – Redirect the current title, Beet to Beetroot. This article is about a plant species that produces several edible products, including a root vegetable called Beet (US English) or Beetroot (UK English). Beet is ambiguous, referring either to the root vegetable, or the species as a whole. WP:FLORA generally supports using the scientific name as a title and this guideline is endorsed by the WP:AT policy at WP:MOSAT. The species is a whole is generally not discussed outside of a botanical context, where the scientific name would be appropriate. The vast majority of incoming links to this article use beet in a context where it is clear that the root vegetable, not the species, is the intended subject. Beet should redirect to Beetroot, and this article should be moved to the scientific name. Plantdrew (talk) 20:51, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Support redirection the vegetable is more likely that the plant itself. Though you could call this the beet plant or beet (plant) -- 65.92.180.137 (talk) 04:02, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment both of these options should become redirects if they do not become the name of the article. beet (vegetable) should similarly become a redirect to the root vegetable. -- 65.92.180.137 (talk) 04:04, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Support move to species name. There are more common names that apply to this species than have been dealt with yet on the page, such as Swiss chard, Mangold, and Mangel. It would be ideal if there were a page for each of the subspecies that is agriculturally important, and to move towards that, it is a good start to have this page under the species name. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 15:42, 28 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Support Beet doesn't refer unambiguously to the species as a whole, and more frequently to a plant product or the cultivars that produce that product. Ibadibam (talk) 17:20, 29 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose: it's a common garden vegetable, we have carrot, bean, potato, etc. all going to their common garden plant name, with appropriate dabs and such. The US/UK issue is minor, and the point is that we don't have anything CLOSE to universal naming by scientific name, see, e.g. tumbleweed, tulip, etc...   Montanabw (talk) 00:14, 31 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Comments: But mangelwurzels are not common garden vegetables, they are fodder for animals. This page name shouldn't be covering the entire species. Tumbleweed is an excellent example, there are many species that can become tumbleweeds late in their life history, and each of those species has a separate page under the scientific name, while the tumbleweed page lists them. They are not even related to one another, but examples occur in different plant families. Scientific names should be used when accuracy demands their use. As stated above, if the material currently on this page were on a page called Beta vulgaris then it would be possible to add the missing information about mangelwurzels, chard, etc. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 15:08, 31 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Right. Carrot refers to the domesticated cultivars of Daucus carota subsp. sativus, whereas Daucus carota covers the species as a whole. Bean is about a specific food product coming from a variety of species. Potato refers unambiguously to Solanum tuberosum. "Beet", on the other hand, might refer to Beta vulgaris or to a specific group of cultivars of that species. The question is, does "beet" refer more commonly to the whole species, or to the swollen root that is consumed as a food? Most dictionaries still list the species as the first definition for "beet", and the food product as the second. But I'd argue that many (in North America, anyway), use "beet" more commonly to refer to the root, or at least to those cultivars that are grown for the root. (I've never heard anyone refer to chard at the dinner table saying "pass the beet!") So while naming the species article "beet" may be accurate from a lexicographical perspective, it's a bit ambiguous. Hence the proposed move. Ibadibam (talk) 16:56, 1 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Well actually yes, Silver Beet is a "common name" that is actually quite common for what is elsewhere called Swiss Chard. That should, I think, be handled with a hatnote, beet the root vegetable, not to be confused with Silver Beet. Strangely, we have Chard as a separate page with a subspecies name, though it is rare for taxonomists to separate it as a subspecies. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 18:29, 1 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Maybe not all that common, but I see what you're saying. So the proposed hatnote would go at the top of Beetroot? And then we'd also have hatnotes for seakale beet, crab beet, sugar beet, field beet, fodder beet, etc? At that rate, we may as well point the hatnote to Beet (disambiguation) and settle it all there. Ibadibam (talk) 18:58, 1 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Hmm, clearly not at the top of Beetroot. I think it will be insisted that Beet (disambiguation) has to be called Beet, so this page should be a disambig. (Interesting, Silver Beet must be a regional name, it was the only term used where I grew up. I've no idea what they call Ruby Chard there now, but will ask.) Sminthopsis84 (talk) 20:37, 1 April 2013 (UTC)
 * My informant in an area where Silver Beet is a common name says that the coloured chard are called Rainbow Chard and Silver Beet has not been displaced. This further comment that I found amusing was offered "Perhaps the word Chard will have to be adopted into English." Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:42, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Chard should probably have the taxobox replaced with a cultivar infobox. The scientific name for chard (per ICNCP) is, as far as I can tell, "Beta Cicla Group". Beetroot could use a cultivar box as well, and all the "convar." stuff on the beet page could be updated (convar. seems to be a deprecated rank). There are many other articles on cultivated plants using taxoboxes/ICN style nomenclature where cultivar boxes and ICNCP nomenclature would be more appropriate.Plantdrew (talk) 02:53, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
 * It would be good if WP:PLANTS had a section on how to deal with cultivated plants, particularly cultivar groups. Do you feel up to the challenge of writing a draft for discussion at that project? Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:42, 2 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Support move to species name, the topic of the current page is the species in its many expressions. Hardyplants (talk) 20:50, 1 April 2013 (UTC)
 * To most people including gardeners, beet is beet, or some expression including "beet", and beta is a Greek letter. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 13:56, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
 * When you hear the word "beet", what is the first thing that comes to mind? Do you think of a large, edible, red or yellow root? The plant that produces it? Or do you think of a group of plants that includes that vegetable, plus chard, mangelwurzel, and a few other things? Ibadibam (talk) 16:31, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Multiple "History" sections
There are two "History" sections in the article (also, the root article has no history, but a trivia section). Is this left over from the recent move? Could someone take a look? Jd2718 (talk) 00:42, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I merged the sections, without doing any external research. I note that I kept more of the second section, which was better referenced. However, it nows leans too heavily on a single source. Jd2718 (talk) 00:11, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

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"It has been suggested the pigment molecule betanin in the root of red beets may protect against oxidative stress and has been used for this purpose in Europe for centuries."
Oh, come. Like anyone knew what oxidative stress was a century ago, let alone centuries. Adam Cuerden (talk) 08:32, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Beta vulgaris


text:
Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz

The Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz (Mädchenorchester von Auschwitz; lit. "Girls' Orchestra of Auschwitz") was formed by order of the SS in 1943, during the Holocaust, in the Auschwitz II-Birkenau extermination camp in German-occupied Poland. Active for 19 months—from April 1943 until October 1944—the orchestra consisted of mostly young female Jewish and Slavic prisoners, of varying nationalities, who would rehearse for up to ten hours a day to play music regarded as helpful in the daily running of the camp. They also held a concert every Sunday for the SS.

A member of the orchestra, Fania Fénelon, published her experiences as an autobiography, Sursis pour l'orchestre (1976), which appeared in English as Playing for Time (1977). The book was the basis of a television film of the same name in 1980, written by Arthur Miller.

Formation
The orchestra was formed in April 1943 by SS-Oberaufseherin Maria Mandl, supervisor of the women's camp in Auschwitz, and SS-Hauptsturmfuhrer Franz Hössler, the women's camp commandant. The Germans wanted a propaganda tool for visitors and camp newsreels and a tool to boost camp morale. Led at first by a Polish music teacher, Zofia Czajkowska, the orchestra remained small until Jews were admitted in May 1943. Its members came from many countries, including Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, the Netherlands and USSR.

According to professor of music Susan Eischeid, the orchestra had 20 members by June 1943; by 1944 it had 42–47 players and 3–4 musical copyists. Its primary role was to play (often for hours on end in all weather conditions) at the gate of the women's camp when the work gangs left and returned. They might also play during "selection" and in the infirmary.

In the early months, the ensemble consisted mainly of amateur musicians, with a string section, accordions and a mandolin; it lacked a bass section. The orchestra acquired its limited instruments and sheet music from the men's orchestra of the main Auschwitz camp. The repertoire of the orchestra was fairly limited, in terms of the available sheet music, the knowledge of the conductor and the wishes of the SS. It played mostly German marching songs, as well as the Polish folk and military songs that Czajkowska knew. It included two professional musicians, cellist Anita Lasker-Wallfisch, and vocalist/pianist Fania Fénelon, each of whom wrote memoirs of their time in the orchestra. Wallfisch, for example, recollected being told to play Schumann's Träumerei for Josef Mengele.

Conductors
The first conductor, Zofia Czajkowska, a Polish music teacher, was active from April 1943 until she was replaced by Alma Rosé, an Austrian-Jewish violinist, in August that year. The daughter of Arnold Rosé, leader of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, and niece of Gustav Mahler, Rosé had been the conductor of the Wiener Walzermädeln, a small orchestra in Vienna, and had arrived in Auschwitz from the Drancy internment camp in Paris.

By January 1944, the orchestra had 47 members, including five singers. Rosé died suddenly on 5 April 1944, possibly from food poisoning, after having dinner with a kapo (an inmate with special privileges). The third conductor was Sonia Winogradowa, a Ukrainian pianist. For several reasons, including reduced rehearsal time and Winogradowa's lack of experience, the orchestra's performance declined. It stopped performing in October 1944.

Move to Bergen-Belsen
On 1 November 1944, the Jewish members of the women's orchestra were evacuated by cattle car to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany, where there was neither orchestra nor special privileges. Three members, Charlotte "Lola" Croner, Julie Stroumsa and Else, were murdered there. On 18 January 1945, non-Jewish women in the orchestra, including several Poles, were evacuated to Ravensbrück concentration camp. Fénelon was interviewed by the BBC on 15 April 1945, the day of Bergen-Belsen's liberation by British troops, and sang "La Marseillaise" and "God Save the King".

Books
The best known publication about the orchestra is Fania Fénelon's memoir, Playing for Time (1977), first published in Paris as Sursis pour l'orchestre (1976). The memoir and subsequent TV adaptation assumed an important place in Holocaust scholarship. This was a source of frustration to other survivors of the orchestra, who disagreed with Fénelon's representation of the orchestra, particularly her portrayal of Alma Rosé and several other musicians, and the diminishment by Fénelon of their bond and support for one another. Fénelon presents Rosé as a cruel disciplinarian and self-hating Jew who admired the Nazis and courted their favor. A biography, Alma Rosé: From Vienna to Auschwitz (2000), by Rosé family friend Richard Newman and Karen Kirtley, presents a different picture.

List of members

 * Listed alphabetically by birth name or by first name where no surname is known.

Conductors

 * Zofia Czajkowska, Polish music teacher, first conductor, conducted until August 1943.
 * Alma Rosé, violin, Austrian, second conductor, died 5 April 1944.
 * Sonia Winogradowa, copyist, piano, voice, Ukrainian, third conductor.

Players

 * Margot Anzenbacher (later Větrovcová), guitar, Czech
 * Lilly Assael, Jewish, Greek
 * Yvette Assael (later Lennon), Greek
 * Stefania Baruch, music teacher, played guitar and mandolin
 * Esther Lowey Béjarano (Sarah Weiss), pianist, singer, accordion
 * Zofia Cykowiak (Zocha Nowak), Polish
 * Henryka Czapla, Polish
 * Helena Dunicz-Niwińska (Halina Opielka), violin, Polish, Nr. 64118, author of One of the Girls in the Band: The Memoirs of a Violinist from Birkenau (2014)
 * Fania Fénelon, piano and voice, French, Nr. 74862 author of Sursis pour l'orchestre (1976).
 * Henryka Gałązka, violin, Polish
 * Marta Goldstein
 * Hilde Grünbaum
 * Danuta Kollakowa, drums, piano, Polish
 * Fanny Kornblum (later Birkenwald)
 * Marie Kroner (murdered in Auschwitz)
 * Regina Kupferberg (later Rivka Bacia), Jewish
 * Irena Łagowska, Polish
 * Maria Langenfeld, Polish
 * Anita Lasker-Wallfisch (Marta Goldstein), cello, Jewish
 * Lotta Lebedová, Jewish from Bohemia.
 * Kazimiera Małys
 * Lily Mathé,(fr), Hungarian
 * Elsa Miller (later Felstein), violin, Belgian, Jewish
 * Claire Monis, French (fr)
 * Maria Moś-Wdowik, Polish
 * Hélène Rounder-Diatkin (fr)
 * Hélène Scheps (Irène Szal)
 * Helga Schiessel, piano, Jewish, German
 * Ruth Schiessel, Jewish, German
 * Flora Schrijver-Jacobs
 * Violette Jacquet Silberstein (Florette Fenet) violin, violin, Jewish, born in Romania
 * Helen Spitzer Tichauer
 * Eva Steiner (Ewa Stern), Transylvania [present-day Romania], Jewish, singer
 * Madam Steiner, mother of Eva, Transylvania [present-day Romania], Jewish, violinist
 * Ewa Stojowska, Polish
 * Ioulia "Julie" Stroumsa, Jewish, Greek (murdered in Bergen-Belsen)
 * Szura, guitar, Ukraine
 * Carla Wagenberg, Tamar Berger, Jewish, German, sister of Sylvia Wagenberg
 * Sylvia Wagenberg, Jewish, German
 * Irena Walaszczyk
 * Jadwiga Zatorska, violin, Polish
 * Rachela Zelmanowicz-Olewski, mandolin, Jewish, Poland

title: Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz


text:
Sun-Air of Scandinavia

SUN-AIR of Scandinavia A/S, usually shortened to SUN-AIR, is a Danish regional airline headquartered in Billund, with its main base at Billund Airport. It operates scheduled services as a franchise of British Airways using their name and corporate design as British Airways - operated by SUN-AIR of Scandinavia A/S. The airline also offers charter flights, air taxi services, specialist aerial work and aircraft brokerage services.

Early years
The airline was established by Niels Sundberg and commenced operations in 1978. The company initially operated solely as an air taxi and charter service. During 1987, the decision was taken to develop the company into a regional airline. By 1996, the airline was conducting around 250 departures each week and carrying roughly 120,000 passengers annually; at the time, Sun-Air's fleet comprises ten 18-seat British Aerospace Jetstream 31s and two 30-seat British Aerospace Jetstream 41s.

In 1993, Sun-Air opened its workshop at Aarhus Airport. During 1993, Sun-Air acquired 10% of Thisted-based North-West Air Service; over the following years, it would purchase the company outright. Sun-Air's maintenance division largely focuses on performing extensive aircraft overhauls, commonly replacing elements such as the landing gear, composite materials, wheels and brakes. Following the acquisition of aircraft maintenance company ScanTech (Scandinavian Aircraft Technologies A/S) in November 2014, maintenance of the company's Hawker Beechcraft aircraft was moved to the latter's facilities at Sindal Airport shortly thereafter. On 1 May 2016, Sun-Air Technic was formed by the merger of ScanTech and Sun–Air's workshops and warehouses. In 2015, Sun-Air acquired shares in Avex Technical, leading to the company cooperating with Avex Air in the South African market to perform aircraft maintenance and overhaul services.

On 1 August 1996, Sun-Air became a franchisee of the large United Kingdom-based airline British Airways, being the first regional airline outside of the UK to commit to a franchise agreement with the airline. Starting that month, Sun-Air services would form a network linking with British Airways' own services at Copenhagen, Oslo and Stockholm.

Under the British Airways franchisee arrangement, all scheduled services were operated under the British Airways Express brand; this name had already been applied to other airline's services via separate arrangements, including Brymon Airways, CityFlyer Express, Loganair and Manx Airlines. In accordance with this branding, Sun-Air's scheduled flights are operated with British Airways logos being prominently displayed in their corporate design. During the late 1990s, Danish artist Per Arnoldi designed the tail art for the new livery applied to Sun-Air's fleet; the livery has since been redesigned to incorporate the Union Jack flag on the tailfin instead.

Developments since the 2000s
Part of the reason Sun-Air had agreed to become a franchisee was to gain a strategic partner, particularly one that would be able and willing to assist in its growth and the acquisition of larger aircraft. During the late 1990s, Sun-Air initiated a long-term plan to introduce jet-powered airliners into its fleet by 2000. As a step towards this, and to help it handle increasing passenger traffic on its routes between Denmark and Britain, it acquired a pair of second-hand British Aerospace ATPs in late 1997. During 2001, in response to a complaint by Sun-Air, rival airlines Scandinavian Airlines and Maersk Air were fined around €52 million ($44 million) for engaging in anti-competitive behaviour following an investigation by the European Union.

During 2009, it was decided to restructure Sun-Air's charter division, leading to it being rebranded as JoinJet; Niels Sundberg's son, Kristoffer Sundberg, was appointed to head this subsidiary. Focusing largely on business jet operations, JoinJet taken steps to build an individual identity, including the adoption of a unique livery and distinct logo. It maintains a separate employee roster, which includes pilots, flight attendants, flight coordinators, and its own sales team.

According to Sun-Air, the company has traditionally placed an emphasis on providing passengers with a comprehensive service; as such, all scheduled flights have included provisions for meals, drinks, and luggage as default since 2009. The airline has been awarded multiple prizes related to its service quality, including the award of Best European Airline at the Danish Travel Awards.

In April 2014, Sun-Air launched a new daily services between Billund and Zürich in Switzerland, served by its Dornier 328Jets. During the 2010s, Sun-Air became the biggest civil operator of the 328JET. On 25 February 2017, British Airways terminated its flights from Bremen to London and Manchester which were both operated by Sun-Air; the latter had maintained a base for these routes at Bremen Airport.

During 2017, Kristoffer Sundberg took over as CEO of Sun-Air while Niels Sundberg remained chairman of the board. The airline is wholly owned by Niels Sundberg and has 175 employees. Sun Air is an affiliate member of the Oneworld alliance and also uses British Airways' frequent-flyer program Executive Club.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Sun-Air terminated several routes. In January 2021, the company filed for insolvency for its German operational subsidiary Sun-Air of Germany and laid off most of its Germany based staff.

Destinations
As of April 2024, after suspending several routes in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, SUN-AIR of Scandinavia serves or has previously served the following destinations as a British Airways franchisee:

Current fleet
As of April 2024, the SUN-AIR of Scandinavia fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Historical fleet
SUN-Air of Scandinavia has previously operated the following aircraft types:

title: Sun-Air of Scandinavia


text: User talk:85.224.166.232

title: User talk:85.224.166.232


text:
Fort Wheeling

Fort Wheeling, or simply Wheeling, is the title of a comics series set in colonial North America, by Italian comics creator Hugo Pratt.

Publication history
Wheeling first appeared in the Argentine comics magazine Misterix in 1962. The series has since 1972 been reprinted in several editions, among these collections by publishers Florenzo Ivaldi, Casterman and Les Humanoïdes Associés.

Synopsis
Patrick Fitzgerald, aristocrat, and Chris Kenton, Virginian, are young soldiers serving on the frontier of Great Britain's American colonies just prior to the American Revolution. During the French and Indian war they fall in love with the beautiful Mohena, a captive rescued from the Shawnee Indians. When the American Revolution begins, however, the two friends choose different sides.

title: Fort Wheeling


text:
Czech Republic at the 2000 Summer Olympics

The Czech Republic competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

Athletics

 * Key
 * Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
 * Q = Qualified for the next round by position in race or, in field events, by achieving the automatic qualification target
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target

 * Men
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

 * Combined events – Decathlon

 * Women
 * Track and road events

 * Field events

Flatwater

 * Men

Road

 * Men

Track

 * Time trial

 * Sprint

 * Pursuit

 * Keirin

Men
Head coach: 🇨🇿 Karel Bruckner
 * Roster

 * Aleš Chvalovský
 * Lukáš Došek
 * Adam Petrouš
 * Radoslav Kováč
 * Roman Lengyel
 * Roman Týce
 * Libor Sionko
 * Tomáš Ujfaluši
 * Marek Jankulovski
 * Tomáš Kučera
 * Milan Baroš
 * Jan Polák
 * Erich Brabec
 * Libor Došek
 * Martin Vozábal
 * Jan Šimák
 * Marek Heinz
 * Jaroslav Drobný
 * Marcel Lička
 * Luděk Stracený
 * Martin Čupr
 * Petr Čech

 * Group play

Gymnastics

 * Jana Komrsková
 * Katerina Maresova

Rowing
The Czech Republic had one rower participate in one of the fourteen events in 2000.

Shooting

 * Men

 * Women

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Triathlon
The Czech Republic captured one of the first Olympic triathlon medals when Jan Řehula passed ten other competitors during the final phase of the race to win the bronze medal. Two other Czech triathletes finished the race, while a fourth competitor withdrew during the cycling phase.


text:
User:Fragglet

Hi, I'm Simon Howard, called Fraggle by some: that name is taken here, so I use Fragglet.

 * Me on the Italian Wikipedia
 * Me on the Doom Wiki (the Doom Wiki is like a Wikipedia of everything related to Doom).
 * My website

it:User:Fraggle

title: User:Fragglet


text:
Silver Jubilee Bridge

The Silver Jubilee Bridge (originally the Runcorn–Widnes Bridge or informally the Runcorn Bridge) crosses the River Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal at Runcorn Gap between Runcorn and Widnes in Halton, England. It is a through arch bridge with a main arch span of 361 yards (330 m). It was opened in 1961 as a replacement for the Widnes–Runcorn Transporter Bridge. In 1975–77 the carriageway was widened, after which the bridge was given its official name in honour of the Queen's Silver Jubilee. It carries the A533 road and a cantilevered footway. The bridge is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. The bridge was closed to vehicles for refurbishment upon the opening of the new Mersey Gateway Bridge, but reopened as a toll bridge in February 2021.

Before construction
Until 1868, when Runcorn Railway Bridge was opened, the only means of crossing the Mersey at or near Runcorn Gap were by fording or by ferry, with the lowest crossing of the river being the road bridge at Warrington. The first bridge to carry vehicular traffic across Runcorn Gap was the Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge which opened in 1905. This was an inefficient means of transport and it had become inadequate for the amount of traffic using it before the outbreak of World War II. In 1946 the Ministry of Transport agreed that the transporter bridge should be replaced when sufficient funds were available. Mott, Hay and Anderson were appointed as consultant engineers.

Planning
The new bridge had to allow the passage of shipping along the Manchester Ship Canal. Many ideas were considered, including a new transporter bridge or a swing bridge. These were considered to be impractical and it was decided that the best solution was a high-level bridge upstream from the railway bridge. This would allow the least obstruction to shipping and would also be at the narrowest crossing point. The first plan for a high-level bridge was a truss bridge with three or five spans, giving an 8 yd dual carriageway with a cycle track and footpaths. This was abandoned because it was too expensive, and because one of the piers would be too close to the wall of the ship canal. The next idea was for a suspension bridge with a span of 343 yd between the main towers with an 8 yd single carriageway and a 2 yd footpath. However aerodynamic tests on models of the bridge showed that, while the bridge itself would be stable, the presence of the adjacent railway bridge would cause severe oscillation.

The finally accepted design was for a steel through arch bridge with a 10 yd single carriageway. The design of the bridge is similar to that of Sydney Harbour Bridge but differs from it in that the side spans are continuous with the main span rather than being separate from them. This design feature was necessary to avoid the problem of oscillation due to the railway bridge. The main span measures 361 yd and each side span is 83 yd.

Construction
Construction began on 25 April 1956. The contractors for the first phase of work, Leonard Fairclough of Adlington, cleared the ground and constructed the foundations for the piers. The contract for the second phase, the building of the main arch and the side arches, was given to Dorman Long of Middlesbrough who sub-contracted the building of the bridge deck, viaduct and roadworks to Leonard Fairclough. Building of the bridge itself began in March 1958 and the side spans were completed by November 1959. The main arch was built by cantilevering steelwork from the side spans until it met in the middle in November 1960. The carriageway was suspended from the arch by 48 lock-coil wire ropes. From February 1960, approach roads and viaducts were being built on both sides of the river; the total length of viaduct constructed was 525 yd. The approaches on the Runcorn side blocked the Bridgewater Canal at Waterloo Bridge and the line of locks leading down to the Mersey were filled in. The bridge was officially opened as the Runcorn-Widnes Bridge by Princess Alexandra on 21 July 1961. Since creation it has always been painted in a light shade of green.

Structure, specifications and costs
The main arch is 361 yd long and each side arch measures 83 yd. During its construction 720,000 rivets were used. Its height over the river bed is 285 ft and the headroom over the ship canal is 80 ft. During its construction 5,900 tons of steel were used and 7,500 tons of concrete. The bridge requires constant repainting, with each coat using 6000 impgal of paint. On the Runcorn side the approach viaducts are 359 yd in length, and on the Widnes side 166 yd. The cost of constructing the bridge was £2,433,000. At the time of its construction it had the third longest steel arch span in the world. It had the longest vehicular span in the country, but this record was held for only a few weeks until the Tamar Bridge was completed. By 2001 it was the 10th longest steel arch bridge, and at that time was just 8 in short of having Europe's largest span.

Usage
The bridge transformed Runcorn from an effective cul-de-sac into a town with through traffic. Road communications between north Cheshire and south Lancashire were immediately improved. Trade at the Port of Runcorn increased sixfold between 1960 and 1970. The presence of the bridge enabled the development of the New Town in Runcorn in the late 1960s and the 1970s. The amount of traffic using the bridge trebled between 1961 and 1970; this led to such severe congestion that in 1965 the first of two road widenings took place with a lane being added down the middle of the bridge (commonly referred to as the suicide lane). By 1975 traffic had increased to 40,000 vehicles per day and the bridge was widened again adding a fourth lane; the approach roads were improved creating a better flow on and off the bridge. The carriageway was widened by incorporating the footpaths, giving it four lanes, and a cantilevered foot-way was built on the east side of the bridge. This work was completed in 1977 and in that year the bridge was renamed from Runcorn Bridge to the Silver Jubilee Bridge to commemorate the Queen's Silver Jubilee. Since 1994 the bridge has been illuminated at night by floodlights. Repairs to chloride corrosion of the bridge's deck were carried out in the early 21st century using an innovative electrolytic method; they were shortlisted for the Prime Minister's Award for Better Public Building of 2010.

Refurbishment
Traffic on the bridge continued to grow to over 80,000 vehicles a day, and there was frequent congestion. In order to alleviate this, a further crossing was built, known as the Mersey Gateway Bridge. This is a six-lane toll bridge to the east of the Silver Jubilee Bridge that opened on 14 October 2017. Following the opening of the Mersey Gateway, the Silver Jubilee bridge was immediately closed to vehicles for refurbishment, after which it reopened with tolls applied to both bridges. It reopened, also as a toll bridge, to all traffic on 26 February 2021 with a single lane of vehicle traffic in each direction and a new cycle and footpath. The road network on the Runcorn side of the bridge was reconfigured. The West Viaduct, also known as the "Trumpet Loop", was demolished and replaced with a roundabout, with the land recovered from the viaduct used for new leisure and retail space.

Notes and references
Notes

Citations

Sources

title: Silver Jubilee Bridge


text:
South Africa at the 2000 Summer Olympics

South Africa competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

The South African Airways had one of their Boeing 747-300s specially painted in rainbow colours to transport the South African Olympic team to Sydney. The aircraft was fondly dubbed the Ndizani.

Archery
South Africa returned two of the archers that had competed four years earlier. Again, Lewis had the nation's only victory.

 * Women

Athletics

 * Men
 * Track & road events

 * Field events

 * Women
 * Track & road events

 * Field events

Baseball
South Africa's first appearance in the Olympic baseball tournament resulted in a last-place finish. The baseball team finished the preliminary round with a 1–6 record, having lost by 10 runs or more four times. The only team that South Africa defeated was the Netherlands.

 * Men

Preliminary round
Team Roster

 * Neil Adonis
 * Clint Alfino
 * Francisco Alfino
 * Paul Bell
 * Vaughn Berriman
 * Jason Cook

 * Errol Davis
 * Simon de la Rey
 * Nick Dempsey
 * Ashley Dove
 * Darryl Gonsalves
 * Brian Harrell

 * Tim Harrell
 * Richard Harrell
 * Ian Holness
 * Kevin Johnson
 * Willem Kemp
 * More MacKay

 * Liall Mauritz
 * Glen Morris
 * Alan Phillips
 * Darryn Smith
 * Russell van Niekerk

Boxing

 * Men

Sprint

 * Men

 * Women

Men's Team Competition

 * Team Roster

 * Emile Baron
 * Fabian McCarthy
 * David Kannemeyer
 * Nkhiphitheni Matombo
 * Matthew Booth
 * Quinton Fortune
 * Stanton Fredericks
 * Daniel Matsau
 * Toni Nhleko
 * Steve Lekoelea
 * Jabu Pule
 * Dumisa Ngobe
 * Abram Nteo
 * Aaron Mokoena
 * Siyabonga Nomvethe
 * Delron Buckley
 * Benni McCarthy
 * Brian Baloyi
 * Lebohang Kukane
 * Mzunani Mgwigwi
 * Patrick Mbuthu
 * Rowen Fernandez

 * Group D

Pool D
Advanced to medal round

Ninth and tenth place
Team Roster

'
 * Marilyn Agliotti
 * Kerry Bee
 * Caryn Bentley
 * Lindsey Carlisle

 * Pietie Coetzee
 * Alison Dare
 * Jacqueline Geyser
 * Anli Kotze

 * Michele MacNaughton
 * Luntu Ntloko
 * Karen Roberts
 * Karen Symons

 * Inke van Wyk
 * Carina van Zyl
 * Paola Vidulich
 * Susan Wessels

Judo

 * Women

Modern pentathlon
One female pentathlete represented South Africa in 2000.

 * Women

Rowing
Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; R=Repechage

Sailing

 * Men

 * Open

Shooting

 * Men

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Taekwondo
South Africa has qualified a single taekwondo jin.

Tennis

 * Men

 * Women

Wrestling

 * Freestyle


text:
Cerebral hypoxia

Cerebral hypoxia is a form of hypoxia (reduced supply of oxygen), specifically involving the brain; when the brain is completely deprived of oxygen, it is called cerebral anoxia. There are four categories of cerebral hypoxia; they are, in order of increasing severity: diffuse cerebral hypoxia (DCH), focal cerebral ischemia, cerebral infarction, and global cerebral ischemia. Prolonged hypoxia induces neuronal cell death via apoptosis, resulting in a hypoxic brain injury.

Cases of total oxygen deprivation are termed "anoxia", which can be hypoxic in origin (reduced oxygen availability) or ischemic in origin (oxygen deprivation due to a disruption in blood flow). Brain injury as a result of oxygen deprivation either due to hypoxic or anoxic mechanisms are generally termed hypoxic/anoxic injuries (HAI). Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition that occurs when the entire brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply, but the deprivation is not total. While HIE is associated in most cases with oxygen deprivation in the neonate due to birth asphyxia, it can occur in all age groups, and is often a complication of cardiac arrest.

Signs and symptoms
The brain requires approximately 3.3 ml of oxygen per 100 g of brain tissue per minute. Initially the body responds to lowered blood oxygen by redirecting blood to the brain and increasing cerebral blood flow. Blood flow may increase up to twice the normal flow but no more. If the increased blood flow is sufficient to supply the brain's oxygen needs then no symptoms will result.

However, if blood flow cannot be increased or if doubled blood flow does not correct the problem, symptoms of cerebral hypoxia will begin to appear. Mild symptoms include difficulties with complex learning tasks and reductions in short-term memory. If oxygen deprivation continues, cognitive disturbances, and decreased motor control will result. The skin may also appear bluish (cyanosis) and heart rate increases. Continued oxygen deprivation results in fainting, long-term loss of consciousness, coma, seizures, cessation of brain stem reflexes, and brain death.

Objective measurements of the severity of cerebral hypoxia depend on the cause. Blood oxygen saturation may be used for hypoxic hypoxia, but is generally meaningless in other forms of hypoxia. In hypoxic hypoxia 95–100% saturation is considered normal; 91–94% is considered mild and 86–90% moderate. Anything below 86% is considered severe.

Cerebral hypoxia refers to oxygen levels in brain tissue, not blood. Blood oxygenation will usually appear normal in cases of hypemic, ischemic, and hystoxic cerebral hypoxia. Even in hypoxic hypoxia blood measures are only an approximate guide; the oxygen level in the brain tissue will depend on how the body deals with the reduced oxygen content of the blood.

Causes
Cerebral hypoxia can be caused by any event that severely interferes with the brain's ability to receive or process oxygen. This event may be internal or external to the body. Mild and moderate forms of cerebral hypoxia may be caused by various diseases that interfere with breathing and blood oxygenation. Severe asthma and various sorts of anemia can cause some degree of diffuse cerebral hypoxia. Other causes include status epilepticus, work in nitrogen-rich environments, ascent from a deep-water dive, flying at high altitudes in an unpressurized cabin without supplemental oxygen, and intense exercise at high altitudes prior to acclimatization.

Severe cerebral hypoxia and anoxia is usually caused by traumatic events such as choking, drowning, strangulation, smoke inhalation, drug overdoses, crushing of the trachea, status asthmaticus, and shock. It is also recreationally self-induced in the fainting game and in erotic asphyxiation.
 * Transient ischemic attack (TIA), is often referred to as a "mini-stroke". The American Heart Association and American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) refined the definition of transient ischemic attack. TIA is now defined as a transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction. The symptoms of a TIA can resolve within a few minutes, unlike a stroke. TIAs share the same underlying etiology as strokes; a disruption of cerebral blood flow. TIAs and strokes present with the same symptoms such as contralateral paralysis (opposite side of body from affected brain hemisphere), or sudden weakness or numbness. A TIA may cause sudden dimming or loss of vision, aphasia, slurred speech, and mental confusion. The symptoms of a TIA typically resolve within 24 hours, unlike a stroke. Brain injury may still occur in a TIA lasting only a few minutes. Having a TIA is a risk factor for eventually having a stroke.
 * Silent stroke is a stroke which does not have any outward symptoms, and the patient is typically unaware they have had a stroke. Despite its lack of identifiable symptoms, a silent stroke still causes brain damage and places the patient at increased risk for a major stroke in the future. In a broad study in 1998, more than 11 million people were estimated to have experienced a stroke in the United States. Approximately 770,000 of these strokes were symptomatic and 11 million were first-ever silent MRI infarcts or hemorrhages. Silent strokes typically cause lesions which are detected via the use of neuroimaging such as fMRI. The risk of silent stroke increases with age but may also affect younger adults. Women appear to be at increased risk for silent stroke, with hypertension and current cigarette smoking being predisposing factors.

Pre- and postnatal
Hypoxic-anoxic events may affect the fetus at various stages of fetal development, during labor and delivery and in the postnatal period. Sometimes, even an infant that is still in the womb may exhibit signs of HIE or other hypoxic ischemic injury. Fetal distress being one of the most common signs of HIE or other oxygen-depriving event. Other problems during pregnancy may include preeclampsia, maternal diabetes with vascular disease, congenital fetal infections, substance/alcohol use, severe fetal anemia, cardiac disease, lung malformations, or problems with blood flow to the placenta.

Problems during labor and delivery can include umbilical cord occlusion, torsion or prolapse, rupture of the placenta or uterus, excessive bleeding from the placenta, abnormal fetal position such as the breech position, prolonged late stages of labor, or very low blood pressure in the mother. Problems after delivery can include severe prematurity, severe lung or heart disease, serious infections, trauma to the brain or skull, congenital malformations of the brain or very low blood pressure in the baby and due to suffocation in cases of Münchausen syndrome by proxy.

The severity of a neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury may be assessed using Sarnat staging, which is based on clinical presentation and EEG findings, and also using MRI. Signs and symptoms of HIE may include:
 * Low Apgar scores, <5 at 5 minutes and 10 minutes.
 * Floppiness, or unreactive to sights or sounds, or more tense and agitated.
 * Low heart rate.
 * Low blood pressure.
 * Poor muscle tone and absent reflexes.
 * Weak breathing, no breathing at all, or rapid breathing.
 * Need for resuscitation after delivery.
 * Weak cry.
 * Bluish or pale skin color.
 * Excessive acid in the blood.
 * Seizures or abnormal movements.
 * Problems feeding

Mechanism
Details of the mechanism of damage from cerebral hypoxia, along with anoxic depolarization, can be found here: anoxic depolarization in the brain

Classification
Cerebral hypoxia is typically grouped into four categories depending on the severity and location of the brain's oxygen deprivation:

 * 1) Diffuse cerebral hypoxia – A mild to moderate impairment of brain function due to low oxygen levels in the blood.
 * 2) Focal cerebral ischemia – A stroke occurring in a localized area that can either be acute or transient. This may be due to a variety of medical conditions such as an aneurysm that causes a hemorrhagic stroke, or an occlusion occurring in the affected blood vessels due to a thrombus (thrombotic stroke) or embolus (embolic stroke). Focal cerebral ischemia constitutes a large majority of the clinical cases in stroke pathology with the infarct usually occurring in the middle cerebral artery (MCA).
 * 3) Global cerebral ischemia – A complete stoppage of blood flow to the brain.
 * 4) Cerebral infarction – A "stroke",  caused by complete oxygen deprivation due to an interference in cerebral blood flow which affects multiple areas of the brain.

Cerebral hypoxia can also be classified by the cause of the reduced brain oxygen:
 * Hypoxic hypoxia – Limited oxygen in the environment causes reduced brain function. Divers, aviators, mountain climbers, and fire fighters are all at risk for this kind of cerebral hypoxia. The term also includes oxygen deprivation due to obstructions in the lungs. Choking, strangulation, the crushing of the windpipe all cause this sort of hypoxia. Severe asthma exacerbations may also lead to symptoms of hypoxic hypoxia.
 * Hypemic hypoxia – Reduced brain function is caused by inadequate oxygen in the blood despite adequate environmental oxygen. Anemia and carbon monoxide poisoning are common causes of hypemic hypoxia.
 * Ischemic hypoxia ( or "stagnant hypoxia") – Reduced brain oxygen is caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain. Stroke, shock, cardiac arrest and heart attack may cause stagnant hypoxia. Ischemic hypoxia can also be created by pressure on the brain.  Cerebral edema, brain hemorrhages and hydrocephalus exert pressure on brain tissue and impede their absorption of oxygen.
 * Histotoxic hypoxia – Oxygen is present in brain tissue but cannot be metabolized by the brain tissue. Cyanide poisoning is a well-known example.

Treatment
For newborn infants starved of oxygen during birth there is now evidence that hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy applied within 6 hours of cerebral hypoxia effectively improves survival and neurological outcome. In adults, however, the evidence is less convincing and the first goal of treatment is to restore oxygen to the brain. The method of restoration depends on the cause of the hypoxia. For mild-to-moderate cases of hypoxia, removal of the cause of hypoxia may be sufficient. Inhaled oxygen may also be provided. In severe cases treatment may also involve life support and damage control measures.

A deep coma will interfere with the body's breathing reflexes even after the initial cause of hypoxia has been dealt with; mechanical ventilation may be required. Additionally, severe cerebral hypoxia causes an elevated heart rate, and in extreme cases the heart may tire and stop pumping. CPR, defibrilation, epinephrine, and atropine may all be tried in an effort to get the heart to resume pumping. Severe cerebral hypoxia can also cause seizures, which put the patient at risk of self-injury, and various anti-convulsant drugs may need to be administered before treatment.

There has long been a debate over whether newborn infants with cerebral hypoxia should be resuscitated with 100% oxygen or normal air. It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen free radicals, which have a role in reperfusion injury after asphyxia. Research by Ola Didrik Saugstad and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010, recommending the use of normal air instead of 100% oxygen.

Brain damage can occur both during and after oxygen deprivation. During oxygen deprivation, cells die due to an increasing acidity in the brain tissue (acidosis). Additionally, during the period of oxygen deprivation, materials that can easily create free radicals build up. When oxygen enters the tissue these materials interact with oxygen to create high levels of oxidants. Oxidants interfere with the normal brain chemistry and cause further damage (this is known as "reperfusion injury").

Techniques for preventing damage to brain cells are an area of ongoing research. Hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy is the only evidence-supported therapy, but antioxidant drugs, control of blood glucose levels, and hemodilution (thinning of the blood) coupled with drug-induced hypertension are some treatment techniques currently under investigation. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is being evaluated with the reduction in total and myocardial creatine phosphokinase levels showing a possible reduction in the overall systemic inflammatory process.

In severe cases it is extremely important to act quickly. Brain cells are very sensitive to reduced oxygen levels. Once deprived of oxygen they will begin to die off within five minutes.

Prognosis
Mild and moderate cerebral hypoxia may result in seizures and impaired memory going forward. The outcome of severe cerebral hypoxia will depend on the success of damage control, amount of brain tissue deprived of oxygen, and the speed with which oxygen was restored.

If cerebral hypoxia was localized to a specific part of the brain, brain damage will be localized to that region. A general consequence may be epilepsy. The long-term effects will depend on the purpose of that portion of the brain. Damage to the Broca's area and the Wernicke's area of the brain (left side) typically causes problems with speech and language. Damage to the right side of the brain may interfere with the ability to express emotions or interpret what one sees. Damage on either side can cause paralysis of the opposite side of the body.

The effects of certain kinds of severe generalized hypoxias may take time to develop. For example, the long-term effects of serious carbon monoxide poisoning usually may take several weeks to appear. Recent research suggests this may be due to an autoimmune response caused by carbon monoxide-induced changes in the myelin sheath surrounding neurons.

If hypoxia results in coma, the length of unconsciousness is often indicative of long-term damage. In some cases coma can give the brain an opportunity to heal and regenerate, but, in general, the longer a coma, the greater the likelihood that the person will remain in a vegetative state until death. Even if the patient wakes up, brain damage is likely to be significant enough to prevent a return to normal functioning.

Long-term comas can have a significant impact on a patient's family. Families of coma patients often have idealized images of the outcome based on Hollywood movie depictions of coma. Adjusting to the realities of ventilators, feeding tubes, bedsores, and muscle wasting may be difficult. Treatment decisions often involve complex ethical choices and can strain family dynamics.

title: Cerebral hypoxia


text: User talk:216.124.227.130

title: User talk:216.124.227.130