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Project Cyclops

Project Cyclops is a 1971 NASA project that investigated how the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) should be conducted. As a NASA product the report is in the public domain. The project team created a design for coordinating large numbers of radio telescopes to search for Earth-like radio signals at a distance of up to 1,000 light-years to find intelligent life. The proposed design involving between 1,000 and 2,500 steerable dishes of 100m diameter each was shelved due to costs. However, the report became the basis for much of the SETI work to follow.

The approach NASA devised for SETI was to develop a framework with the present understanding of the universe, and then use that as the basis for increasing the probability of discovering extraterrestrials. Making no assumptions, apart from that extraterrestrial radio signals exist, it focused on scanning the skies for signals that could indicate the presence of intelligent life forms.

Original conclusions
The main conclusions, taken verbatim from the report. The italics are in the original, as is the flowery language (see for example conclusion 12):

1. It is vastly less expensive to look for and to send signals than to attempt contact by spaceship or by probes. This conclusion is based not on the present state of our technological prowess but on our present knowledge of physical law.

2. The order-of-magnitude uncertainty in the average distance between communicative civilizations in the galaxy strongly argues for an expandable search system. The search can be begun with the minimum system that would be effective for nearby stars. The system is then expanded and the search carried farther into space until success is achieved or a new search strategy is initiated.

3. Of all the communication means at our disposal, microwaves are the best. They are also the best for other races and for the same reasons. The energy required at these wavelengths is least and the necessary stabilities and collecting areas are fundamentally easier to realize and cheaper than at shorter wavelengths. 4. The best part of the microwave region is the low frequency end of the "microwave window"- frequencies from about 1 to 2 or 3 GHz. Again, this is because greater absolute frequency stability is possible there, the Doppler rates are lower, beamwidths are broader for a given gain, and collecting area is cheaper than at the high end of the window.

5. Nature has provided us with a rather narrow quiet band in this best part of the spectrum that seems especially marked for interstellar contact. It lies between the spectral lines of hydrogen (1420 MHz) and the hydroxyl radical (1662 MHz). Standing like the Om and the Um on either side of a gate, these two emissions of the disassociation products of water beckon all water-based life to search for its kind at the age-old meeting place of all species: the water hole.

6. It is technologically feasible today to build phased antenna arrays operable in the 1- to 3 GHz region with total collecting areas of 100 or more square kilometers. The Cyclops system is not nearly this large, but we see no technological limits that would prevent its expansion to such a size.

7. With antenna arrays equivalent to a single antenna a few kilometers in diameter at both the transmitting and receiving end, microwave communication is possible over intergalactic distances, and high-speed communication is possible over large interstellar distances. Thus rapid information transmission can occur once contact has been confirmed between two civilizations.

8. In the search phase we cannot count on receiving signals beamed at us by directive antennas. Neither can we afford to overlook this possibility. Beamed signals may be radiated at relatively low powers by communicative races to as many as a thousand nearby likely stars and for very long times. Long range beacons, intended to be detectable at any of the million or so likely stars within 1000 light-years, will probably be omnidirectional and very high powered ($$> 10^9 $$ W).

9. Beacons will very likely be circularly polarized and will surely be highly monochromatic. Spectral widths of 1 Hz or less are probable. They will convey information at a slow rate and in a manner that does not seriously degrade their detectability. How best to respond will be contained in this information.

10. The efficient detection of beacons involves searching in the frequency domain with very high resolution (1 Hz or less). One of the major contributions of the Cyclops study is a data processing method that permits a 100 MHz frequency band to be searched simultaneously with a resolution of 0.1 Hz. The Cyclops system provides a receiver with a billion simultaneous narrow channel outputs. Although the Cyclops system bandwidth is 100 MHz, no very great technological barriers prevent widening it to 200 MHz. This would permit searching the entire "water hole" simultaneously. If our conclusion as to the appropriateness of this band is correct, the problem posed by the frequency dimension of the search can be considered solved.

11. The cost of a system capable of making an effective search, using the techniques we have considered, is on the order of 6 to 10 billion dollars, and this sum would be spent over a period of 10 to 15 years. If contact were achieved early in this period, we might either stop expanding the system or be encouraged to go on to make further contacts. The principal cost in the Cyclops design is in the antenna structures. Adopting an upper frequency limit of 3 GHz rather than 10 GHz could reduce the antenna cost by a factor of two.

12. The search will almost certainly take years, perhaps decades and possibly centuries. To undertake so enduring a program requires not only that the search be highly automated, it requires a long term funding commitment. This in turn requires faith. Faith that the quest is worth the effort, faith that man will survive to reap the benefits of success, and faith that other races are, and have been, equally curious and determined to expand their horizons. We are almost certainly not the first intelligent species to undertake the search. The first races to do so undoubtedly followed their listening phase with long transmission epochs, and so have later races to enter the search. Their perseverance will be our greatest asset in our beginning listening phase.

13. The search for extraterrestrial intelligent life is a legitimate scientific undertaking and should be included as part of a comprehensive and balanced space program. We believe that the exploration of the Solar System was and is a proper initial step in the space program but should not be considered its only ultimate goal. The quest for other intelligent life fires the popular imagination and might receive support from those critics who now question the value of landings on "dead" planets and moons.

14. A great deal more study of the problem and of the optimum system design should precede the commitment to fund the search program. However, it is not too early to fund these studies. Out of such studies would undoubtedly emerge a system with greater a capability-to-cost ratio than the first Cyclops design we have proposed.

15. The existence of more than one Cyclops-like system has such great value in providing complete sky coverage, continuous reception of detected signals, and in long base-line studies, that international cooperation should be solicited and encouraged by complete dissemination of information. The search should, after all, represent an effort of all mankind, not just of one country.

More modern perspective
Many, but not all, of the conclusions have withstood the test of time - there is a chapter in the book SETI 2020 that revisits the conclusions of the Cyclops report. Particular differences include:
 * Points 4 and 5: Cyclops preferred the low end of the microwave band.  With technology advances, the disadvantages of higher frequencies are smaller, and they have other advantages.  Anything from microwave to optical looks roughly equivalent.
 * Point 6: The highest frequency of such an array can, and should be, much higher.
 * Point 8: Beacons will probably be pointed, and not omnidirectional.  Modern processing power makes this possible, and it is much more energy efficient.
 * Point 9: Although not called out in SETI 2020, the point "Beacons ... will surely be highly monochromatic," has suffered substantial criticism. As Earth's communication technology moves toward spread spectrum signals, SETI observations are being augmented with searches for high bandwidth signals. Furthermore, there are now proposals for beacons that are almost as easy to detect as monochromatic signals, but can contain information as well.
 * Point 10: The optical processing of Cyclops should be replaced by digital signal processing.

Current availability
In the 1970s, 10,000 copies of the Cyclops report were distributed by NASA. It is reasonable to assume that most major figures within the current SETI community have seen the document.

As of the 1990s, the Cyclops report had long been out of print. In 1995 The SETI League collaborated with the SETI Institute to reprint this important historical document. Project Cyclops, Second Printing, is currently available through The SETI League. It went on sale in June, 1996, honoring the 25th anniversary of the opening Project Cyclops meeting. John Billingham, who co-chaired the Cyclops team, wrote a dedication to Bernard M. Oliver, which appears in the new edition, along with introductory remarks by SETI League president Richard Factor and executive director H. Paul Shuch.

In the 2000s, NASA digitized the original report and made it available on-line at no cost.

title: Project Cyclops


text:
Andrei Chesnokov

Andrei Eduardovich Chesnokov (Андрей Эдуардович Чесноков; born 2 February 1966) is a former professional tennis player from Russia.

Career
Chesnokov's highest singles ranking was World No. 9 in 1991. The biggest tournament victories of his career came at the Monte Carlo Open in 1990, and at the Canadian Open in 1991 (both Tennis Masters Series events).

Chesnokov's best performance at a Grand Slam event came at the French Open in 1989, where he reached the semi-finals by eliminating Pablo Arraya, Jonas Svensson, Carl-Uwe Steeb, Jim Courier and the defending champion Mats Wilander in straight sets in the quarterfinals. He was eliminated by the eventual champion Michael Chang in four sets.

The most famous match in Chesnokov's career took place on 24 September 1995 in the semi-final of the 1995 Davis Cup against Germany. In the fifth set of the final deciding match of the semi-final, playing against Michael Stich, Chesnokov saved nine match points before emerging the winner, the final score being: 6–4, 1–6, 1–6, 6–3, 14–12. The next day President of Russia Boris Yeltsin awarded Chesnokov with Order of Courage.

During his career, Chesnokov won seven top-level singles titles and earned prize-money totalling US$3,084,188. He retired from the professional tour in 1999, even if the last full year on tour was 1995 and from 1996 on he played only a few tournaments.

On 20 November 2005, during a visit to Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), he was shot twice with rubber bullets after a quarrel in a restaurant with two unidentified men.

As a sixteen-year-old Chesnokov was one of those present at the UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem during which the Luzhniki disaster happened. He was an honorary member of the committee that organized a benefit match for the victims between Spartak Moscow and Haarlem, that took place on October 20, 2007.

Chesnokov is currently coaching Elena Vesnina.

In 2013, Chesnokov, whose mother was Jewish, who carried the last name Litvinova, celebrated his bar mitzvah in France.

Legacy
Chesnokov has always been outspoken about the Soviet system as a crucial reason for his less triumphant career. In February 2021, considering the fact of a higher level of availability of tennis to the general audience of citizens in the USSR, if compared to modern Russia, he stated: "Formally it was more available. But we had nothing. No balls, no racquets, no tennis shoes. You could count indoor courts on one hand. As a teenager, I could train on the court only 3 hours a week, and in winter I played mostly hockey. I think, if I was not born in the USSR I would have achieved more in tennis." In September 2021, he continued by declaring there was absolutely nothing good in the Soviet rule.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andrei Chesnokov


text:
Talk:Mount Unzen

Confusing dates
I'm having trouble understanding the following:

The first phreatic eruptions began in November 1990, and after inflation of the summit area, fresh lava began to emerge on June 20 1990.

This sentance seems to be slightly contradictory. The sentance is either written in the wrong order or the dates are wrong. KirbyMeister 01:24, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Fixed according to chronology at http://hakone.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/unzen/chr-1.htm. HTH, Jim_Lockhart 02:42, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

contradictory death toll
At the beginning it says 44 people were killed. In the middle of the article it says 43. Which one is it? Robin Chen 06:58, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It appears sources say "either 41 or 42 people" died in the incident, see for instance the well-sourced Harry Glicken article. Yes, User:Robin Chen, this article would be improved by making this more clear. CapnZapp (talk) 05:41, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

Question
When was the first reported eruption? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.169.41.33 (talk) 14:03, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Christian Massacre
I was surprised to find there was no mention on the mass murder of Japanese christians that took place on mount Unzen (17th century?). I am not well informed about the subject, so I don't feel qualified to write about it, but it seems that it would be worth mentioning. Here are some random references I found, though not of academic quality. No reference of the event in the Japanese wiki of Mount Unzen (http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E4%BB%99%E5%B2%B3) at this writing.

"The Martyrs of Unzen (29 Christians drowned to death in the Shimabara river or scalded to death in the sulphur springs of Unzen)" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan

"Did you know? In the early 17th century, when the then rulers began their crackdown on Christianity, many Christian converts were thrown into the boiling Unzen Hell. " http://www.ngs-kenkanren.com/eng/cs3.html

"During the depression of Jigoku (1627-1632) conducted by Shigemasa Matsukura, many Christians were killed. Though it is impossible now to indicate the exact place in which many Christians suffered martyrdom, two monumental stones were placed in "Oito-jigoku" to honor the martyrs." http://www.unzen.org/e_ver/history.html

Clearly related to The Shimabara Rebellion "The Shimabara Rebellion (島原の乱 Shimabara no ran) was an uprising largely involving Japanese peasants, most of them Catholic Christians, in 1637–1638 during the Edo period." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion

AerinZero (talk) 20:13, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I was also surprised, not only by that lack of history, but also the lack of any mention that links Mt. Unzen to the sulfur springs in the area, the hot spring baths, and the associated resorts. If an editor can find some good sources and add the missing information, the article and readers would surely benefit. Boneyard90 (talk) 17:32, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060620011230/http://hakone.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/unzen/chr-1.htm to http://hakone.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/unzen/chr-1.htm

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title: Talk:Mount Unzen


text:
Talk:Cantillon (brewery)

No more “only remaining brewery”
Many breweries disappeared, leaving indeed Cantillon as the only one remaining in Brussels, but it is not the case anymore. As a newcomer, the Brasserie de la Senne (www.brasseriedelasenne.be) has now an established reputation with beers Taras-Boulba, Stouterik and Zinnebir. The Brussels Beer Project (beerproject.be) plans a new brewery; they now sell a beer (Delta); I do not know if they have a brewery yet. --Dominique Meeùs (talk) 08:51, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cantillon (brewery)


text:
Deborra-Lee Furness

Deborra-Lee Furness Jackman, (born 30 November 1955)  is an Australian actress and producer.

Early life
Furness was born in Annandale, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, and raised in Melbourne, Victoria. At the age of 18, Furness attended secretarial school to learn shorthand and typing after her mother advised her to have a back-up career if her acting ambitions didn't eventuate to anything. She then got a job as the assistant to John Sorell, the news director at Channel 9. Despite describing herself as "such a bog secretary", Furness has said she thoroughly enjoyed the urgency, the fast action and the high energy of the newsroom. After working in the newsroom for a year, Furness was asked to work on No Man's Land, the station's daytime current affairs program which was produced exclusively by women and hosted by Mickie de Stoop. Furness started working on the show as a researcher before becoming an on-air reporter. After her work at Channel 9, Furness then travelled through Europe for one year.

She studied acting at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City, where she graduated in either 1981 or 1982. She performed on the stage in New York and played Kathleen, the Australian wife of Cole Gioberti (Billy Moses) on the television series Falcon Crest before returning to Australia to continue her acting career.

Career
Furness rose to fame in 1988 when she starred in the movie Shame, for which she won Best Actor awards from the Film Critics Circle of Australia and the Golden Space Needle Award from the Seattle International Film Festival. Other roles included an episode of Halifax f.p. and The Flying Doctors. In 1993, Furness appeared as Chrissy in the television mini-series Stark starring Ben Elton and Jacqueline McKenzie. In 1995 she featured in the film Angel Baby directed by Michael Rymer and starring Jacqueline McKenzie and John Lynch. The film followed the story of two schizophrenic people who met during therapy and fell passionately in love.

In 1995, she starred in the title role in the television series Correlli, where she met her future husband, Hugh Jackman. From 1995 to 1996, Furness starred in television series Fire alongside Andy Anderson and Wayne Pygram. Furness played the role of Dolores Kennedy.

An adoptive mother of two, Furness is known for her work assisting orphans globally and streamlining international adoptions, especially in her native Australia where she is a patron, and one of the creators, of National Adoption Awareness Week. She has addressed the National Press Club of Australia on the subject of adoption laws in Australia. Furness is a patron of the Lighthouse Foundation for displaced children and International Adoption Families for Queensland. She is also a World Vision ambassador and serves on the Advisory Committee for Film Aid International, working with refugees throughout the world.

Personal life
Furness met actor Hugh Jackman on the set of Australian TV show Correlli in 1995. Their wedding ceremony took place on 11 April 1996 at St. John's in Toorak, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne. After going through two miscarriages, she adopted two children with Jackman: a boy born in 2000 and a girl born in 2005. A portrait of Furness and Jackman by Paul Newton was a finalist in the 2022 Archibald Prize. In September 2023, the couple announced their separation.

Honour
In 2014, Deborra-Lee Furness was named as the New South Wales Australian of the Year for her work in adoption campaigning.

Awards

 * 1988 SIFF Award for the best actress in Seattle International Film Festival.
 * 1988 Film Critics Circle of Australia Award for the best actress.
 * 1991 Silver Shell for the best actress in San Sebastián International Film Festival.

title: Deborra-Lee Furness


text:
User talk:Bellababe

Headline text
Bella is 2 cool 4 U!

I'm sexy and hot and every thing ur not!

title: User talk:Bellababe


text:
Talk:MUSH

Untitled
I           intend to do a fairly significant revision of this article, since much of what it discusses is applicable to all sorts of TinyMUD-derived MUD servers, and the distinguishing characteristics of TinyMUSH are not properly discussed. In fact, I will probably move the article to be called "TinyMUSH", since that's the proper name, and leave a redirect from "MUSH"; I haven't yet decided whether to do a separate article on "mudding", or to create a new section within MUD. Squiddhartha 14:03, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Remove Citations Note?
MUSHING isn't something your really likely to /ever/ find a journal or newspaper article on. This isn't a religion or a company, its not a popular MMO or a scientific fact. Its a fringe group of text-based games. Having the citations note at the top of the page inspires trolling from people who have never mushed before, or have some sort of agenda (as seen below). The citations wikipedia already has are basically the only ones that /exist/. Hewhorulestheworld (talk)

Historical Note by Larry Foard
It is reliable. However designed might be too strong a word. The original TinyMush version was a set of many hacks on top of the original TinyMUD code. Done from a 2400 baud dumpster salvage terminal in an apartment next to the projects in North Hampton Mass. over 3000 miles of early 1990s internet to a machine at UCB. You typed a good fraction of a line of code before it echoed.

The time the company I was working for had hit hard times, so I had little in the way of work or money, but plenty of free time to fill. The work was done on a microvax system at Berkeley which I'd been graciously given an account by a nice guy who've I've met online. Sadly that machine died during an upgrade and that was the end of my role in TinyMush development. Luckily by that time several other people had the code and had started working with it, the first being the TinyTIM mud, which had started out as a TinyMUD. —User:64.81.61.206 02:46, Apr 15, 2005

Plural form
MUSHes? MUSHs? MUSH? I've seen all three. Which is most correct? Are they all good? More to the point: Should we standardise on one? Most of the internal article usage is singular, or adjective-style plural (MUSH servers), but some other pages use the plural noun form (of MUSH). (According to the Manual of Style, perhaps the 'MUSH server' form is most appropriate... their examples are 'blacks' versus 'black people', etc.) -- Wisq 16:56, 2005 Apr 30 (UTC)

 * I'm a passionate MUSHer...I've seen MUSH as singular everywhere I go. MUSHes is the typical plural. --Penta 03:52, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Article division
I fully intend to divide this article up into PennMUSH, TinyMUX, TinyMUSH, RhostMUSH, and so forth someday and leave this page as a glorified disambiguation. As a passionate MUSHer and a passionate pedant, I feel the differences between the four (particularly Rhost, which is one odd beast relative to the other three) need to be spelled out. Ain't got time to do it right now, though. Lord Bob 22:45, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * They could be spelled out, but I'm not sure it would be particularly helpful. To the player, I can say from 10+ years experience, you'd be unable to tell the difference between any of the codebases of MUSH and MUX. MUSH and MOO, yes. MUSH and MUX, let alone their internal derivatives like between PennMUSH and TinyMUSH? No. The differences hardly seem enough for more than a stub, at least. --Penta 03:55, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * As a player, I can usually tell the difference between PennMUSH and Tinyx as soon as I have to interact with a channel. :P I do see your point, but I was thinking seperate articles would be better more for their seperate histories than their seperate code. Lord Bob 04:54, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The differences between MUSH/MUX definitely deserve to be separated. As a longtime MUSH/MUX player, and having hosted hundreds of games, the vast majority of players I've dealt with are extremely particular about the nuances. More to the point, however, each codebase has its own development history and design philosophy, and there has often been a great deal of confusion this, particularly due to the naming conventions. Ignoring this is to substantially gloss over the topic.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.62.145.248 (talk) 03:14, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Bad times, good times, and society
I'm wondering if the Twink Olympics, Andy Awards, and Online Gaming Resource MUSH are worth mentioning in this article. Do they have a place to fit in? Sketch-The-Fox 01:46, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Probably not. The former two are just bits of MU* culture that might deserve an external link but are hardly relevant in the big picture. OGR is technically a MUX, for one thing (yeah, I'm a pedant like that), but more importantly it isn't really anything more than a hangout. In broad terms, it has no real importance to the future of MUSHdom, although I hang out there and think it's a cool place. Lord Bob 02:47, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

How do you know something is a MUSH server?
It's hard for me to see (even under a Pedantic standard) how any one of the four (PennMUSH, TinyMUSH, TinyMUX, or RhostMUSH) could claim the title as One True MUSH Server. TinyMUX and TinyMUSH are near to each other. The distance to PennMUSH is a little further, and parts of RhostMUSH are close to TinyMUX and TinyMUSH, other parts are close to PennMUSH, and other parts are yet further away from either. PennMUSH is neither the most distant relative nor at the center of the constellation. The majority of the distance of PennMUSH from TinyMUX and TinyMUSH is in it's parser (which is a proper top-down parser). This gives it a slightly different grammer, better handling of escapes in certain contexts, and makes it somewhat more vunerable to denial of service attacks. However, this does not set it apart as a separate, better class of MUSH server. So, this question of what makes something a MUSH server is probably a discussion topic in need of having. brazilofmux 22:59, 15, February 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think that either of them could say that they are "the one" server, no. I'd say that TinyMUX, TinyMUSH, RhostMUSH, and TinyMUX are all MUSH servers, and from there any smaller bases can be evaluated in relation to those four. I do not pretend this is anything more than one man's opinion, of course. Lord Bob 00:40, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Codebase Support Centers
Someone building a game will invariably interact with M*U*S*H, OGR, MPUG, or BrazilMUX. In two years, this list will probably change, and I may have left something out of the list, but these places (one is a PennMUSH, the other three are TinyMUXes) are the first line of support for people building MUSH games and using MUSH servers. Perhaps an argument can be made for why these places aren't appropriate for the MUSH topic, but it seems these places should be no more than one step away from this topic. brazilofmux 23:26, 15, February 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think they're worth having articles of their own, but they could do with being mentioned on this page, if only as external links. Lord Bob 00:40, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

MU* community has been kept alive through listings services, prominent listing services in the history of MU* need their own article. Some of them are still active. -Dan Mar 2, 2010- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.77.40.93 (talk) 00:20, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

BattletechMUX?
Okay, it's an actual server. What I get for getting lazy and not doing my research. :P But should it really be on the page regardless? I mean, as far as I can tell it's a not-particularly-notable fork of TinyMUSH. Has it really accomplished anything yet? I haven't heard about it being in something resembling common use, and there are plenty of custom codebases out there based on Tinysomething that justly do not have articles or links. Lord Bob 00:37, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't play Battletech myself, but I do know that it has been around for a while, its a reasonably complete implementation of the game. And there are several games that run the code. There are special MU-clients to go with it too, I think. I don't know how many players the various games have, but my feeling is that its probably enough to be at least mentioned. Ehheh 00:42, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * BattletechMUX has been around for ages in one form or another, it's accomplished much in the past and is certainly doing so now. Amongst other things, it's the first MUSH server to implement completely asynchronous SQL, it's the MUSH server that has the most available and developing in terms of graphical clients (see CHUD for a particularly impressive example), it has a well-developed and organized Documentation Site, Community Portal, SourceForge Project, and various other support structures. As far as modifications to the MUX source, most of it has been gutted and rewritten, taking a very aggressive stance towards speed. As mentioned earlier, the Battletech extensions allow players to fight and navigate in a realtime, 3D plane. There really is no more complex combat system out there in MU*, and that's not just a boastful statement, feel free to prove me wrong :) So in terms of it being a not-particularly-notable fork, do some more research before making a statement such as that as it couldn't be further from the truth. --SquishyWaffle 21:32, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Fuzzball
Added this for a couple of reasons:
 * It runs some of the larger MUSHes out there, including FurryMUCK.
 * It is in reasonably widespread use, being generally considered simpler to administer than TinyMUCK/X.
 * It currently has a stand-alone stub of an article, which is up for deletion. I favor a merge and redirect. Shimeru 17:58, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Seems fine to me, then. (Also, I like the use of "rrv" ;) ) Sketch-The-Fox 18:34, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Since the page just was deleted a few days ago, I created a redirect from Fuzzball MUCK to MUSH. -- Schnee (cheeks clone) 13:35, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Uh, wait, this is wrong. Fuzzball isn't a MUSH at all. It's a MUCK server base. Fuzzball should redirect to MUCK, not MUSH. Fixing that now. --67.142.130.18 21:14, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Woops, that was me. I figured out now why I wasn't able to stay logged in. The changes to this article from the above IP address are also me. --67.142.130.18 22:00, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * ...grrr. --Kynn 22:04, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Second Life
Is Second Life a mush?
 * Second Life would be more like an MMORPG. Typically, MUSHes have no graphics at all, barring the use of Pueblo or MXP (MUD/MUSH eXtension Protocol) protocols--and those aren't particularly widespread. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Sketch-The-Fox (talk • contribs) 17:31, 8 January 2007 (UTC).
 * True, it is not a MUSH from the code base, but the fact that it encourages players from developing own rooms, items and contributing code, seems to put it apart from existing MMORPGs, as much as MUSHes and MUDs are different. But you are right, Second Life does not belong into this article. --Schoelle 12:57, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Second Life does allow (and encourage) building and coding which is one of the typical activities of a MUSH, however, it is unlike MUSHes and MUDs in more ways than it is like them. Second Life allows people to collect items and setup a dream home. It is also a platform for making graphical puzzle games. However, it doesn't support story-telling particularly well (limit pose length, the stage is the screen itself yet there is no way to control the 'frame' other players have of the scene, pre-authoring all the required graphics and scripts for telling a cooperatively-created story is still too much work). It also is not a game in and of itself in the way that MUDs usually are. To summarize, graphics are not a story. They are props to a story. -- brazilofmux 21:51, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Content must be WP:V / WP:NPOV and not WP:PROMO
Per request on Jlambert 's talk page.

Content must be verifiable, opinions must be sourced to reliable third parties, content must not be promotional in nature. The article has been flagged for over 2 years regarding its poor condition. Removal of the improper content is completely valid. Restoration of improper content is not and can lead to accounts being blocked. 207.69.140.37 (talk) 15:41, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

I can see why this justifies the removal of unsourced opinion-like statements, such as those regarding the ease of coding, but the list of MUSH code variants is trivially verifiable by following the links and would seem encyclopedic in nature. Squiddhartha (talk) 20:16, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Reverted the page. Removed the term "Popular" from the "Mush Software" titled section which includes all current Mush branches anyway so it isn't promotional.  Removed the "easy to code" bit.  Jlambert (talk) 13:53, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Any source other than your personal claim to support your statement "includes all current Mush branches " - WP:V
 * The above quotation doesn't appear in the article. It's easily falsifiable, by simply including more Mush servers in the list, which I encourage you to do. Jlambert (talk) 01:15, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The raw links to outside sites are improper use of external links, and all they do is go to a site using it as a primary source.
 * Wikipedia is not here to provide readers a link to MUSH sites. It is here to provide verifiable third party information ABOUT MUSH. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.69.140.23 (talk) 07:27, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Those are not MUSH sites, those are code variants of the MUSH server. Squiddhartha (talk) 15:01, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Per WP:EL, links to official sites are allowed. I think that the links should be left in. - MrOllie (talk) 22:20, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed Jlambert (talk) 01:11, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Did you not read the first sentence of WP:EL? "Wikipedia articles may include links to web pages outside Wikipedia, but they should not normally be used in the body of an article" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.158.222.232 (talk) 12:40, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * In addition, at first glance, many of the "sources" that were added recently are not suitable per WP:RS. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.158.222.232 (talk • contribs)
 * If their presence in the body of the article is the root of your objection, why don't you move them to into a subsection of the external links rather than deleting them? - MrOllie (talk) 14:54, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me also so I moved it. Jlambert (talk) 22:32, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I hold that the links do NOT meet WP:EL Our links NOT to includes: "19.Links to websites of organizations mentioned in an article – unless they otherwise qualify as something that should be linked or considered." and 10. "Links to social networking sites (such as MySpace and Facebook), chat or discussion forums/groups (such as Yahoo! Groups), Twitter feeds, USENET newsgroups or e-mail lists."
 * These sites are NOT the official MUSH site, they are sites that run MUSH ware, therefore they do not qualify as links that should be linked or considered. They do not provide additional encyclopedic information about the topic of the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.158.222.173 (talk) 22:47, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I repeat, those are not "sites that run MUSH ware," they are sites that host variants of MUSH server code. I don't know who you are, or why you refuse to sign your comments, or why you insist on using an IP address rather than an account, or why you've latched onto this article for your attention, but if you can't see the difference between a running MUSH and a software host, perhaps you should look into other articles. Squiddhartha (talk) 02:50, 9 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Just as our article on "cars" does not externally link to "Ford" or Toyota" and our article on "soft drinks" does not link to "coke" or pepsi" or our article on "condoms" link externally to "Trojan". They are not appropriate links. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.158.222.90 (talk) 12:34, 9 December 2009 (UTC)
 * We've already argued that they are appropriate and the guidelines certainly allow external links. There's no point continuing the line of argument.  Jlambert (talk) 13:22, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Yeah, seriously. Some of the above people complaining about links via anonymous ip addresses have clearly never Mushed before. I hate it when people throw peanuts from the peanut gallery when they've never seen a peanut before. Hewhorulestheworld (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:19, 17 December 2009 (UTC).

From WP:EL "What should be linked ... 2. An article about a book, a musical score, or some other media should link to a site hosting a copy of the work... ... If the subject of the article has more than one official website, then more than one link may be appropriate."

So links to sites hosting the various publications of the software that this article is about are appropriate. Jlambert (talk) 14:52, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Perhaps "cars" doesn't link to "Ford" or "Toyota", but the article on Ford does link to Ford's website, and the article on Toyota links to Toyota's. Squiddhartha (talk) 15:37, 9 December 2009 (UTC)
 * And again, you are supporting my point. The "Ford" article links to "Ford"'s official web page. These are not links to MUSH's official web page Again from WP:EL "Official sites": ''An official link is a link to a website or other Internet service that meets both of the following:

1) The linked content is controlled by the subject (organization or individual person) of the Wikipedia article. 2) The linked content primarily covers the area for which the subject of the article is notable. '' MUSH does not control the PennMUSH site or any of the others. MM —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.69.140.23 (talk) 12:59, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Still waiting for anyone to show that these meet Wikipedia's "Official Links" policy. - MM
 * Well we moved the links outside the body of the article. You've cited 10. and 19. above and I disagree that the links could be characterized as any of those things.  I think they are well within acceptable guidelines. Jlambert (talk) 22:29, 18 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Your claim for inclusion is that they are official links which they are clearly not according to Wikipedia's definition. - MM —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.69.137.6 (talk) 18:43, 19 December 2009 (UTC)
 * There are a number of arguments A - "What should be linked...2. An article about a book, a musical score, or some other media should link to a site hosting a copy of the work...", B - The links do not meet any of the criteria for "should not be linked", C - They provide further information on the topic which cannot and ought not be included the article. Jlambert (talk) 20:42, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

FAQ's as sources
So exactly what's the problem with this statement and it's sources? "The source code for most widely used MUSH servers is open source and available from its current maintainers[8][unreliable source?][9][unreliable source?]." Jlambert (talk) 14:29, 10 December 2009 (UTC)
 * WP:RS Reliable sources are those with peer reivew, editorial boards or at least a reputation for fact checking. A FAQ has none of these. A FAQ is only suitable for providing non-controversial statements about the owner/maintainer of the FAQ site, in this instance about PennMUSH itself. - MM —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.158.222.189 (talk) 00:43, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * That's not what I asked at all. And ironic FAQ... Jlambert (talk) 04:59, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles themselves are never usable as reliable sources and trying to use as an example an article that has been tagged for 3 years as being poorly sourced does not help, either. MM —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.158.222.206 (talk) 12:25, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Dr. Alan Schwartz, who maintains the PennMUSH FAQ is the founding editor of the Journal of Virtual Environments and has published papers in the field. He is 'an established expert on the topic of the article whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable third-party publications.' and per WP:RS this source is acceptable. Lydia Leong has also published at least one paper, so should also fall under that bit of policy. I'm removing the tags. Mr. Anon, please be more careful and also bring this kind of thing up on the talk page before adding such tags in the future. Thanks. - MrOllie (talk) 15:13, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * "also bring this kind of thing up on the talk page before adding such tags in the future." Oh please. For an article that is in good shape and actively being improved it is OK to ask for people to bring their concerns to the talk page first. This article had been tagged as being in poor shape for 3 years before I started challenging the content and some sources were brought forward. Requesting a verification that a "source" is not some random FAQ placed on the web by Joe Schmoe is not something that requires pre-approval on a talk page.
 * However, now that there appears to be a group of editors that are interested in actually improving the article, I will bring my concerns here first. MM  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.69.139.140 (talk) 03:55, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

allegations of Conflict of interest

 * I'm guessing MM is MadMerv aka Locke aka Herbert Gilliand III. Jlambert (talk) 15:47, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * If your guess is correct, then as the author of a rival MUD server, his efforts here would represent a conflict of interest. It would explain a lot, though.  Squiddhartha (talk) 14:42, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
 * For the record, I am not MadMerv aka Locke aka Herbert Gilliand III nor associated in any way with any MUD MUCK MUSH or other online community of that sort nor do I even know anyone who is. I find interesting that an attempt to bring the article into better compliance with Wikipedia guidelines is met with accusations of COI rather than "Hmm, this article has been in bad shape for a long time and should be improved." MM —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.69.139.140 (talk) 04:50, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

MUSHcode name?
Does MUSHcode actually have any formal name, as opposed to things it's "usually referred to as"? —chaos5023 (talk) 18:47, 9 April 2010 (UTC) Mushcode is as close to a formal name you are going to get. Over at Pennmush dever page, Mushcode is how its refereed as well as softcode. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.79.178.39 (talk) 22:45, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

RhostMUSH
RhostMUSH is now opensource, the licence seem to be a modified version of the MIT Scheme License. Eddy Beaupré (talk) 15:29, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:MUSH


text:
Rendez-Vous (Jean-Michel Jarre album)

Rendez-Vous is the eighth studio album by electronic musician and composer Jean-Michel Jarre released on Disques Dreyfus, licensed to Polydor, in 1986. The album art was created by long-time collaborator Michel Granger.

Composition and recording
Rendez-Vous was created over a period of about two months. It features heavy use of the Elka Synthex, notably so on "Second Rendez-Vous", a track Jarre often performs using a laser harp. As with Zoolook, it contains elements from the album Musique pour Supermarché, in this case it is in "Fifth Rendez-Vous". Some of the other musical themes on Rendez-Vous were recycled from various singles Jarre wrote and produced for Gérard Lenorman in the 1970s.

The last track on the album was originally scheduled to include a saxophone part recorded by astronaut Ron McNair on the Space Shuttle Challenger, which would have made it the first piece of music to be recorded in space. However, on January 28, 1986, 73 seconds after lift-off, the shuttle disintegrated and the entire Challenger crew were killed. The track was later dedicated to McNair and the other six astronauts on board Challenger. The saxophone part is played by French jazz reedist Pierre Gossez. The album was recorded and mixed at Croissy studio.

Release
Rendez-Vous was released in 1986, the album reached no. 9 in the UK charts and no. 52 in the US. in that same year. It won the Instrumental album of the year category, at the Victoires de la Musique, and was nominated for Grammy Award for Best New Age Album in 1987. In April 5, 1986, Jarre performed the large-scale outdoor concert Rendez-vous Houston in Houston, celebrating the 150th anniversary of the founding of Texas and attracting 1.5 million people, marking its second entry into the Guinness World Records.

Jean-Michel presented another performance on October 5, Rendez-Vous Lyon, marking Pope John Paul II's visit to Jarre's hometown, Lyon. In 1998, British commercial broadcaster ITV used a remixed version of "Fourth Rendez-Vous" (called Rendez-Vous 98) for their television coverage of the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France. British group Apollo 440 were credited alongside Jarre for the remix.

Alternate track listing
Some editions of the album had the tracks Second and Fifth Rendez-Vous split up into separate parts, and slightly different timings for Fourth and Last Rendez-Vous (Ron's Piece).

Personnel
The personnel listed in album liner notes:
 * Jean-Michel Jarre – Seiko DS-250, Elka Synthex, Moog synthesizer, Roland JX 8P, Fairlight CMI, E-mu Emulator II, Eminent 310U, EMS Synthi AKS, Laser Harp, RMI Harmonic Synthesizer, Oberheim OB-X, Yamaha DX100, Roland TR-808, Linn 9000, Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, Casio CZ 5000, ARP 2600
 * Michel Geiss – ARP 2600, Eminent BV, Roland TR-808, Matrisequencer
 * Joe Hammer – E-mu Drumulator, percussions on "Second Rendez-Vous"
 * Dominique Perrier – Memorymoog on "Second Rendez-Vous"
 * The Choir of Radio France, directed by Sylvain Durand – vocals on "Second Rendez-Vous"
 * David Jarre – Baby Korg keyboard on "Fifth Rendez-Vous"
 * Pierre Gossez – saxophone on "Last Rendez-Vous (Ron's Piece)"

title: Rendez-Vous (Jean-Michel Jarre album)


text:
Digesting Duck

The Canard Digérateur, or Digesting Duck, was an automaton in the form of a duck, created by Jacques de Vaucanson and unveiled on 30 May 1764 in France. The mechanical duck appeared to have the ability to eat kernels of grain, and to metabolize and defecate them. While the duck did not actually have the ability to do this—the food was collected in one inner container, and the pre-stored feces were "produced" from a second, so that no actual digestion took place—Vaucanson hoped that a truly digesting automaton could one day be designed.

Voltaire wrote in 1769 that "Without the voice of le Maure and Vaucanson's duck, you would have nothing to remind you of the glory of France."

The duck is thought to have been destroyed in a fire at a museum in 1879.

Operation

The automaton was the size of a living duck, and was cased in gold-plated copper. As well as quacking and muddling water with its bill, it appeared capable of drinking water, and of taking food from its operator's hand, swallowing it with a gulping action and excreting what appeared to be a digested version of it.

Vaucanson described the duck's interior as containing a small "chemical laboratory" capable of breaking down the grain. When the stage magician and automaton builder Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin examined the duck in 1844, he found that Vaucanson had faked the mechanism, and the duck's excreta consisted of pre-prepared breadcrumb pellets, dyed green. Robert-Houdin described this as "a piece of artifice I would happily have incorporated in a conjuring trick".

Modern influence
A replica of Vaucanson's mechanical duck, created by Frédéric Vidoni, was part of the collection of the (now defunct) Grenoble Automata Museum. Another replica was commissioned privately from David Secrett, an automaton maker known for his archer figures.

The duck is mentioned by the hero of Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "The Artist of the Beautiful", and is referenced and discussed in John Twelve Hawks' novel "Spark". In Thomas Pynchon's historical novel Mason & Dixon, Vaucanson's duck attains consciousness and pursues an exiled Parisian chef across the United States. The duck is referred to in Peter Carey's novel, The Chemistry of Tears. Vaucanson and his duck are referred to in Lawrence Norfolk's 1991 novel Lempriere's Dictionary, as well as a brief mention in Frank Herbert's Destination: Void. The Duck is featured in Lavie Tidhar's The Bookman, in the Egyptian Hall, alongside the Turk. The duck is also a key element to Max Byrd's mystery novel The Paris Deadline.

In 2002, Belgian conceptual artist Wim Delvoye introduced the world to his "Cloaca Machine", a mechanical art work that actually digests food and turns it into excrement, fulfilling Vaucanson's wish for a working digestive automation. Many iterations of the Cloaca Machine have since been produced; the latest iteration sits vertically, mimicking the human digestive system. The excrement produced by the machine is vacuum-sealed in Cloaca-branded bags and sold to art collectors and dealers; every series of excrements produced has sold out.

title: Digesting Duck


text:
Talk:Hanging Gardens of Mumbai

Untitled
I think the Hanging Gardens of Babylon should be the main article and this one should be at Hanging Gardens of Mumbai. Or there should be an article about hanging gardens in general, and that should be the main article. Alensha 14:05, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree: for most people the Babylonian gardens will be the first thing associated with this title. I'll see if I can move this to Hanging Gardens of Mumbai. --Gareth Hughes 17:24, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hanging Gardens of Mumbai


text:
User:Darkside2010

Darkside2010
The darkside of the force, the Moon, the soul, are things which fascinate me. 2010 is the postcode of the suburb of Sydney where I currently live.

My Thoughts on Wikipedia

 * The idea of an online encyclopaedia where any article can be edited by anybody is bordering on the insane. but somehow it works!

 * Surely Wikipedia is the greatest invention since the internet itself!

 * Wikipedia quickly becomes an addiction.

title: User:Darkside2010


text:
Magnus Norman

Magnus Norman (born 30 May 1976) is a Swedish tennis coach and former professional player. He has been ranked by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) as high as world No. 2, in June 2000. His career highlights include reaching a major final at the French Open in 2000 (lost to Gustavo Kuerten), and winning a Masters title at the 2000 Rome Masters (defeated Kuerten in the final).

Norman owns the Good to Great Tennis Academy. Among its students are Stan Wawrinka, Gaël Monfils, and Grigor Dimitrov. He also plays bandy, a sport he played in his youth before deciding to concentrate on tennis.

Tennis career
Norman turned professional in 1995 when he was 19. His career was cut short when injuries struck during his peak in late 2000, after he reached semifinals of the Australian Open and the final of the French Open, as well as a Masters title in Rome and several other titles earlier during the season. He was on the verge of becoming world No. 1. His last match was played in September 2003 when he retired in the third round against Jiří Novák after just 3 games. He retired from tennis due to major hip and knee injuries in 2004 when he was only 27 and competed for just over 8 years on the ATP Tour.

Juniors
As a junior Norman posted a singles win–loss record of 46–24.

1997
In June, Norman made his first impact on the tour by reaching the quarterfinals of French Open. His most notable match of the tournament was his third round match against world No. 1 Pete Sampras, when Norman pulled off upset by defeating the heavily favored American in four sets. He then upset former semifinalist and Olympic gold medalist Marc Rosset in 4 sets. Eventually Norman would lose to Belgian qualifier Filip Dewulf in four sets. As a result of this run, Norman cracked the Top 50 for the first time in his career. A month later at Wimbledon, he astonished the tennis world even more when he defeated 2nd seed, 2-time finalist and 2-time semifinalist Goran Ivanišević in the second round in a titanic battle, 14–12 in the fifth set. A week later, Norman captured his first title on the ATP Tour by winning Swedish Open in Båstad by defeating Spaniard Juan Antonio Marín in straight sets. In October he reached another final in Ostrava, but has to retire after losing the first set in less than half an hour. He finished the year as world No. 22.

1998
Norman underwent corrective surgery for a heart valve condition in 1998 because of an irregular heartbeat. During the year he had a key role in Sweden's Davis Cup victory, which remained Sweden's last title to this date.

2000
Norman experienced tremendous success during the first half of the year: he reached the semifinals of the Australian Open, won the Rome Masters, beating Gustavo Kuerten of Brazil in 4 sets, and was the runner-up at the French Open, where he defeated Thierry Guardiola, Fabrice Santoro, Sargis Sargsian, Andrei Medvedev, Marat Safin and Franco Squillari before Kuerten took revenge in the final, after Norman saved 10 championship points. Had he won the match he would have become the first Swede since his idol Stefan Edberg to ascend to the world No. 1 position. The loss also snapped his streak of winning 8 consecutive finals dating to 1998.

His decline from persistent major injuries in the hips and knees began late that year at the Sydney Olympics, when he lost in the third round to Frenchman Arnaud Di Pasquale in straight sets (Di Pasquale went on to win the bronze medal).

In 1999 and 2000, Norman won 10 titles in total, which was more than anyone else on the ATP Tour during that period.

After retirement
Since retiring as a player with a bittersweet career at such a young age, Norman decided to spend time away from tennis; he cursed the sport: "I didn't watch any tennis, didn't pick up a racquet." In 2005 he served as the Board of the Swedish Tennis Federation, and also worked with a Swedish Junior Team for a while. Between 2006 and 2008, he studied marketing and economics at IHM Business school in Stockholm. At the same time he also worked at Catella Fund Management.

Norman gradually realized that he still had a lot to give back to tennis, saying that he thought it was really good for him to be away from tennis, have other friends and develop outside the tennis world, but he wanted to hang out in locker rooms; he missed tennis. And because of his tragic career, Norman said he felt he still had something to prove to himself with respect to tennis, that he "left something on the table" in his career. With this motivation, he decided to pick up tennis once more. He started working with former doubles partner Thomas Johansson in the latter stages of Johansson's career during his vacation time in 2008, at the same time serving as coach of the Swedish Olympic Tennis team. He guided the Swedish team to silver medals in men's doubles (Johansson and Simon Aspelin).

Coaching
Norman has gradually built himself a reputation as one of the greatest and most respected tennis coaches around the world. After Johansson, Norman left Catella altogether to begin coaching fellow Swedish Robin Söderling who under his wing reached consecutive Grand Slam finals at the French Open in 2009 and 2010, won the Paris Masters in 2010, qualified for the ATP World Tour Finals both years and reached a career-high world No. 4 before they parted by the end of 2010 season as Norman decided that he wanted to spend more time with his young family and Söderling needed a full-time coach. Söderling took Norman's recommendation for the coach and was on the track of another good season before injuries and mononucleosis ended his career, 7 months after Norman's departure when he was still ranked No. 5 in the world and having just won a title with 2 consecutive top 10 wins in the semifinal and finals with the loss of just 5 games in total during the process.

Norman was then wanted by a few prominent players on tour as their coach; Norman declined the requests as he still needs more time with his family and he had just started a new tennis academy that needed careful management, called the Good to Great Tennis Academy in 2011 with fellow former Swedish tennis players Mikael Tillström and Nicklas Kulti.

He eventually decided to coach Stan Wawrinka starting from the 2013 season, who has since won three Grand Slams: the 2014 Australian Open, 2015 French Open, and the 2016 US Open; an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title at the 2014 Monte-Carlo Masters; and Switzerland's maiden Davis Cup title in 2014, while also qualifying for the Tour Finals every year since their partnership and ending significant losing streaks against Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic in the process (as well as earning previously rare wins over compatriot Roger Federer) and reached world No. 3. As a recognition of his achievements Norman won the inaugural ATP Coach of the Year award in 2016.

Playing style
Magnus Norman was known as one of the most powerful and fittest athletes on tour. On top of that, he is known for his work ethic and his perfectionism on court. During earlier stages of career he played serve and volley style tennis, influenced by his idol Stefan Edberg, but later started employing aggressive baseline play. Norman possessed a very dangerous forehand and he would often flatten his groundstrokes whenever he had a chance and go for winner. He could also generate great pace on his flat two-handed backhand. Norman also utilized drop shots and attacked the net on occasion.

He also has one of the strongest and toughest mental game of all time. One of the best displays of it was 2000 French Open final, when Norman saved 10 championship points before falling to Gustavo Kuerten in the tiebreak of the fourth set.

Personal life
Norman began playing tennis at the age of 8 when his grandmother gave him a racquet for his birthday. He is the oldest child of his father, Leif (who played bandy in the Swedish second division), and his mother, Leena (who was a swimmer on Swedish national team). He has a younger brother, Marcus, who also plays bandy and is the Secretary General of the Swedish Bandy Association.

He briefly dated Swiss tennis player Martina Hingis.

Singles
1Held in Stockholm till 1994, Stuttgart Masters from 1995 till 2001, Madrid Masters from 2002 to 2008.

title: Magnus Norman


text:
Charles Leickert

Charles Henri Joseph Leickert (22 September 1816, Brussels – 5 December 1907, Mainz) was a Belgian painter of Dutch landscapes. As a specialist in winter landscapes, he explored the nuances of the evening sky and the rosy-fingered dawn.

Biography
Charles Leickert first learned painting in The Hague under the supervision of landscape painters Bartholomeus van Hove, Wijnand Nuijen, and Andreas Schelfhout, among many others. Leickert specialised in winter scenes, sometimes romanticising the sky in pale blues and bright pinks, but he is equally well known for numerous cityscapes. He painted almost all of his works in the Netherlands, in The Hague from 1841 to 1846 and in Amsterdam from 1849 to 1883. In 1856, he became a member of the Royal Academy of Amsterdam. At the age of 71, he moved to Mainz, Germany, where he died in 1907.

title: Charles Leickert


text:
Talk:Honda Motor Co., Ltd.

Vfd
On April 4, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was redirect to Honda. See Votes for deletion/Honda Motor Co., Ltd. for a record of the discussion. —Korath (Talk) 14:07, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Honda Motor Co., Ltd.


text: User talk:82.77.137.106

title: User talk:82.77.137.106


text:
Jandakot Airport

Jandakot Airport is a general aviation (GA) airport located in Jandakot, Western Australia, about 20 km south-southwest of the "general aviation area of the Airport West precinct" at Perth Airport. Jandakot airport opened in 1963. From 1 July 1998, Jandakot Airport Holdings purchased a 50-year lease with a 49-year option to operate and maintain the airport including its conservation areas.

Originally built on unproductive farm lands, it is now among residential suburbs in the south of the Perth metropolitan area, within the City of Cockburn, and just south of Leeming and west of Canning Vale.

Jandakot Airport is "the busiest general aviation airport in Australia in terms of aircraft movements". The airport recorded 208,778 aircraft movements in the fiscal year ending 30 June 2018, making it the sixth-busiest civilian airport in Australia in that period as measured by aircraft movements. The airport reported 275,506 aircraft movements in the fiscal year 2011, making it the busiest civilian airport in Australia in terms of aircraft movements in that financial year. Jandakot Airport has a theoretical operating capacity of 526,000 aircraft movements per annum, which could be reached "within the 20-year planning horizon of" the 2014 Jandakot Airport Master Plan.

Tenants
The airport provides a base for essential service organisations such as the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS), Department of Environment and Conservation Forest and Bushfire Patrol, Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia (FESA) (now known as DFES) emergency helicopter and the WA Police Air Support. Jandakot is also an important training base for international and domestic airline pilots, with Singapore Airlines operating its own pilot training establishment (Singapore Flying College); and Advanced Cockpit Flight Training.

Over 65 businesses employing 900 people operate at what is Australia's largest GA airport. In addition to nine flying schools for both fixed wing and rotary operations, three flying clubs, large maintenance, avionics, spares, instruments, electrical, aircraft sales, banner towing, aerial survey and photographic businesses are present. These include Airflite, a large defence contractor and Fugro the world's largest aerial geophysical survey company. There are also a number of charter operators such as Penjet Aviation, Corsaire, Casair, and Brooks Airways - which provide flights for the fly-in fly-out staff of remote mining companies.

On the main road opposite the tower there is a memorial to Robin Miller, the "Sugarbird Lady", who as a nurse and later RFDS pilot brought vaccinations to remote Western Australian communities.

Natural environment
Jandakot Airport covers 6.22 km2 with 4 km2 of Banksia woodlands; this includes 2.8 km2 of conservation reserve. Within the airport boundaries, 290 native flora species have been identified including the endangered Grand Spider Orchid (caladenia hueglii). Over 100 fauna species have also been identified. The Southern Brown Bandicoot and kangaroos can be seen feeding on the maintained areas of grassland around sunset most nights. Two sites of Aboriginal heritage land have been identified with the airport; both of these are included in the conservation reserve. These sites contain scattered small artifacts.

Relocation plans
On 15 June 2006, Jandakot Airport Holdings, after being bought out by property developer Ascot Capital Limited, announced a proposal to relocate the airport's operations to the southern outskirts of Perth, possibly to a site in the Shire of Murray near the city of Mandurah. The proposal's success depends on the successful negotiation of a land swap arrangement with State and Commonwealth governments. The Jandakot Airport Chamber of Commerce and many users of Jandakot Airport were opposed to the relocation, as were the residents of the proposed site but not the residents at its current site.

Mark Vaile, the former Federal Minister for Transport, in December 2006 formally advised the leaseholders of Jandakot Airport that the Federal Government had effectively stopped any plans for the relocation of the airport for the foreseeable future. Under the provisions of the Airports Act 1996 and the lease granted to Jandakot Airport Holdings, the leaseholders are to give priority to running the airport as an airport.

Jandakot City
In 2006, Ascot Capital Limited announced plans to develop 149 ha of land around the airport, approved for non-aviation related development by the federal government. The project would provide up to 500000 m2 of leasable space. Harvey Norman confirmed that they will take up 20 ha, including 10000 m2 of floorspace, in the first stage of Jandakot City.

Accidents and incidents
On 26 April 2024, a VH-POR De Havilland Chipmunk crashed into sand paddocks surrounding the runway. The sole occupant, a 73-year old man, died of his injuries in hospital on 29 April.

Flight-specific information

This airport has three runways:
 * 06L/24R, 1392 x
 * 06R/24L, 1150 x
 * 12/30, 1508 x
 * Latitude: 32°05'51"S (−32.096667)
 * Longitude: 115°52'52"E (115.881667)
 * Elevation: 99 ft
 * Time Zone: UTC+8

Frequencies in use:
 * Tower 1/CTAF(R): 118.1 (runway 12/30 and 06L/24R all departures except Armadale)
 * Tower 2: 119.4 (runway 06R/24L departures to Armadale and circuits)
 * Ground: 124.3
 * ATIS: 128.65, 281
 * PAL: 123.9
 * NDB: 281
 * RAS: 132.95
 * Fuel: 129.9 (Air BP), 121.8 (Viva Energy)

title: Jandakot Airport


text:
Félix Mantilla (tennis)

Félix Mantilla Botella (Fèlix Mantilla Botella, ; born 23 September 1974) is a Spanish former professional tennis player and coach. In common with many of his fellow countrymen, Mantilla's best surface is clay. While not as successful away from the clay, Mantilla also produced good hardcourt results. Mantilla's best stroke was his single-handed backhand and he was known for his baseline consistency from both sides and high endurance levels. He reached the semi-finals of the 1998 French Open, won the 2003 Rome Masters, and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 10.

Tennis career
Mantilla began playing tennis at the age of ten and was a member of the winning Spanish Sunshine Cup team along with Albert Costa in 1992.

Mantilla turned professional in 1993 playing Futures and Challenger events. In 1994 Mantilla won the Uruguay/Paraguay Satellite classification and was second in the Spanish satellite 2 and 4 events. He also played his first match on the ATP Tour in Prague, losing to compatriot Àlex Corretja in 3 sets.

At the beginning of 1994 Mantilla was ranked 301st in the ATP Entry Rankings, but at the end of 1995 he had progressed to 84th and had a 10–5 record for the season. Mantilla made his first two finals that year losing in the Budapest Challenger to Jiří Novák in 3 sets and following his first semi final appearance at the ATP level losing to Sjeng Schalken, it was followed up with his first final on the ATP Buenos Aires losing to Carlos Moyá in straight sets.

Mantilla's ranking had jumped up 66 places at the end of 1996 where he finished the year ranked 18th. He compiled a 48–27 record for the year mostly on the clay, and in the process won three Challenger titles, each of them without losing a set. This feat was achieved in Punta del Este defeating Kris Goosens in the final. Mantilla followed the success with victories in Naples over Karim Alami and later in the year in Tashkent over Lars Rehmann.

On the ATP main tour, Mantilla qualified for his first TMS event in Monte-Carlo and defeated the two time Roland Garros champion Sergi Bruguera before losing in the quarter-finals to Albert Costa. In the week before the French Open, Mantilla reached his second final in St Pölten losing to Marcelo Ríos.

In his grand slam debut at the 1996 French Open, Mantilla defeated Dirk Dier and Àlex Corretja, eventually falling to the eventual champion Yevgeny Kafelnikov in straight sets. After this he went on to win his first ATP title in Oporto over Hernán Gumy 6–7, 6–4, 6–3. Mantilla proceeded to make two more finals in Gstaad and Umag where he lost to Albert Costa on both occasions. In total for 1996 Mantilla won three Challenger titles and his first title in Oporto and made three finals.

In 1997 Mantilla went a career best of 53–22 for the season. He achieved his best result at the 1997 Australian Open before falling to finalist Carlos Moyà in the quarter-finals. Mantilla made his first TMS final in Hamburg, losing easily to Andriy MedvedevHe then won all his four singles matches as Spain won the World Team Cup. After a disappointing second round exit to Magnus Larsson at Roland Garros, Mantilla went on a hot streak and won four titles in his next five tournaments at ATP level and in between made the final of the Braunschweig Challenger losing to Francisco Roig. Mantilla's run began at Bologna where defeated reigning French Open champion Gustavo Kuerten, then followed up with titles in Gstaad over Joan Albert Viloca, in Umag over Sergi Bruguera and in San Marino over Magnus Gustafsson. Mantilla won another title in Bournemouth over Carlos Moyà and finished the year ranked 16th. This year also had his best performance at the US Open reaching 4th round losing to Richard Krajicek, and in 3rd round won over John Van Lottum in 5 sets, playing last sets with big cramps that impeded normal movement. He closed the best year in his career with a victory on National Tennis Masters competition in Spain (national version of ATP World Tour Finals) defeating Francisco Clavet at the final in Zaragoza after losing the first set. After winning Clavet, Mantilla declared: "Next year I want to win more important tournaments, shine in the big occasions and be a better tennis player".

In 1998 Mantilla after losing a bet with Luis Lobo in Rome, in which he had to dye his hair blonde. Mantilla reached his highest ever ranking of number 10 on 8 June after reaching the semi-finals at Roland Garros. He beat Wolfgang Schranz, Byron Black, Fabrice Santoro and Ramón Delgado to reach the quarter-final. There he defeated Thomas Muster, gaining revenge for his loss in Rome against the same opponent who when Mantilla was eating a banana at the change of ends, had taken the banana out of his hands and started to eat it himself, at the end of the match Mantilla did not shake hands with Muster. He lost his semi final to Carlos Moyà. He defended his title in Bournemouth in clay, defeating Albert Costa. He also improves his achievements in hard courts and reached two finals: Dubai, losing to Àlex Corretja and Long Island losing to Patrick Rafter. He also reached the semifinals in Auckland.

Mantilla won his only title for 1999 in Barcelona over Karim Alami, destroying his rivals at the first three rounds and defeating excellent clay players from quarterfinals: Carlos Moya, Francisco Clavet and Karim Alami. He defeated world number 1 Pete Sampras at Indian Wells on hardcourt and managed to repeat the feat defeating the then number 1 Lleyton Hewitt in 2002 on hardcourt as well. Apart from his title he reached the semis of the TMS events in Monte Carlo and Rome losing to Gustavo Kuerten and to Pat Rafter respectively. Mantilla said that "Rafter's backhand was so slow it was like his mother hitting the ball".

Mantilla played his only Davis Cup match for Spain in a promotion and relegation tie against New Zealand in New Zealand for the 2000 Davis Cup. The big stars at the time Àlex Corretja, Albert Costa did not want to travel to Hamilton for the tie. Mantilla defeated Mark Nielsen in 5 sets (last sets with back injury and much pain) on a fast indoor hardcourt to help Spain gain promotion to the World Group along with Julián Alonso, Francisco Clavet and Joan Balcells.

Mantilla experienced the first of his shoulder problems and underwent surgery in 2000 and was sidelined for six months and did not return to tennis until January 2001. He won two consecutive Challengers in Espinho over Tommy Robredo and Barletta defeating Markus Hipfl, this was followed up with a final in Estoril losing to nemesis Juan Carlos Ferrero as he did in all 8 of their matches. Later in the year he won Palermo defeating David Nalbandian after saving nine match points for the second time in his career in his semi final victory over Albert Portas, the first time was against Alberto Berasategui in the 1998 TMS Hamburg. Mantilla made two finals in 2002 in Doha and Indianapolis on hardcourt losing to Younes El Aynaoui and Greg Rusedski respectively.

At the 2003 Australian Open Mantilla played 4 consecutive 5 set matches, winning the first three and then after leading two sets to love he lost the fourth one to Sébastien Grosjean. In May Mantilla won the Internazionali d'Italia at the Foro Italico in Rome, his last and biggest career title to date, defeating the favourite Roger Federer 7–5, 6–2, 7–6 and becoming the first unseeded player to win the event. Mantilla said about his game "I don't have the serve of Sampras or the volley of Rafter or the talent of Agassi, you know. I must be very focus every point. I must be strong mentally."

After 2003 Mantilla's career went into decline, with the onset of injuries to his Achilles tendon and to his shoulder and the game moving at a speed that Mantilla's game could not keep up with. In 2004 he was involved in two more memorable matches in his defense of his TMS Rome title, Mantilla was down 7–5, 5–0 against Robby Ginepri and came back to win the next 13 games to win the match 5–7, 7–5, 6–0 and in the process he saved 5 match points. The other was a 5 set thriller at the French Open against Marat Safin which he lost 6–4, 2–6, 6–2, 6–7, 11–9, which he served for the match 3 times and was unsuccessful.

Mantilla's last match of 2005 was against Guillermo Coria at the 2005 US Open and he did not play tennis due to shoulder problems until 2007. In 2006 it was discovered that Mantilla had skin cancer from which he has recovered.

Mantilla returned to tennis in the 2007 Monza Challenger and qualified for the main draw winning his 3 qualification matches. In April 2007, Mantilla played his first ATP match since 2005 in Barcelona at the age of 32, where he lost in the second round to Carlos Moyá.

In 2008 Mantilla was working part-time with Wayne Odesnik and he was appointed by Tennis Australia as a coach to help Australian youngsters with their clay court game, he moved between Australia and Barcelona

He was the trainer of Aleksandr Dolgopolov and nowadays trains Toni Navarro.

Personal life
Both of Mantilla's parents are schoolteachers.

He is a fan of the football team FC Barcelona and his hobbies include reading. He owns a large collection of Spanish movies and his favourite actors are Gabino Diego, Coque Malla and Juanjo Puigcorbé. His favourite cities include Paris and Rome. During his championship win at the Rome Masters, Mantilla said of the latter, "When I come to Rome I always feel like a gladiator in the Colosseum. [...] The people enjoy watching me. I'm just running and fighting all the time."

After winning the Rome Masters, Mantilla paid tribute to his longtime coach Jordi Vilaro.

"I don't have the serve of Sampras or the volley of Rafter or the talent of Agassi," Mantilla once said, describing his game, "[but] I am strong physically, I am strong mentally. And when I am like that, I'm dangerous."

Singles performance timeline
1This event was held in Stuttgart from 1996 through 2001.

title: Félix Mantilla (tennis)


text: Category:Nottingham

title: Category:Nottingham


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Kisan Sabha

Kisan Sabha may refer to:

 * The Kisan Sabha (1919-1922)
 * The All India Kisan Sabha, begun in 1936

title: Kisan Sabha


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Talk:C. D. Darlington

Untitled
I have added a link to my review of Harman's biography of Darlington. Evidently DonSiano has been removing this link. He claims "style" as the reason, but when pressed has offered no substantiation. His ground has shifted from "unencyclopedic review" (ie. the review itself is not encyclopedic?), to "the link is not WikiPedia style" (ie. the problem is the placing of the hyperlink, not what it points at), and finally to "it is a vanity link" (huh?). The link is relevant and, I believe, of value. If you believe otherwise, please feel free to comment here. Gavantredoux 22:43, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

I reverted the additions of user:143.239.7.1, since they included (of all things) a cut and paste copyvio directly from Britannica --nixie 14:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh yes, can you make sense of the mess? Dunc|☺ 14:13, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:CD Darlington.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:CD Darlington.jpg
Image:CD Darlington.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:02, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Eugenics
Such as Conrad Hal Waddington, Lancelot Hogben and J. B. S. Haldane, he was among the signatores and supporters of the eugenics manifesto in 1939. Facts are facts and that's all.Agre22 (talk) 13:03, 12 January 2010 (UTC)agre22

External links modified
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title: Talk:C. D. Darlington