text:
User talk:DeRossitt

(Sorry, I guess nobody has given you the standard greeting yet, so here it is...)

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Zzyzx11 | Talk 20:26, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Orange Mound
Welcome to Wikipedia! I'd just like to thank you for your article on Orange Mound -- you write well, and I think you did a good job. Actually, I have another reason to be grateful -- a friend and I had been planning on writing this article (see a few peliminary notes we've put together), and we were pleasantly surprised to see that someone else had decided to do a good deal of our work for us, as it were. In the next couple of weeks, we plan on adding quite a bit to your article. So thanks for getting this project (that you didn't even know about) off to a great start, and for saving us some time;) I look forward to your comments about our additions -- Wikipedia is at its best when its editors collaborate. Do you live in Orange Mound or did you once live there? Just wondering.

P.S. I like how the article is organized. --Zantastik 07:42, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

License tagging for File:Cover image of What Should Legal Analysis Become.jpg
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Speedy deletion nomination of The Religion of the Future
Hello Derossitt,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged The Religion of the Future for deletion, because it seems to be promotional, rather than an encyclopedia article.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. MarkYabloko ''' 09:31, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for November 29
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Non-free rationale for File:Cover image of The Religion of the Future.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Cover image of The Religion of the Future.png. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under non-free content criteria, but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page, and edit it to include a non-free rationale.

If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified the non-free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions, please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 17:41, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

A page you started (The Left Alternative) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating The Left Alternative, DeRossitt!

Wikipedia editor Prof tpms just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:

"Good work"

To reply, leave a comment on Prof tpms's talk page.

Learn more about page curation.

Wikipedia email re Newspapers.com signup
HazelAB (talk) 16:18, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

Your Newspapers.com free account
You should have access now. Please note that our accounts do not include access to Publisher Extra content. HazelAB (talk) 22:02, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of School of London

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice to inform you that a tag has been placed on School of London requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, images, a rephrasing of the title, a question that should have been asked at the help or reference desks, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Boleyn (talk) 06:17, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

Ways to improve Journal of My Life
Hi, I'm Onel5969. DeRossitt, thanks for creating Journal of My Life!

I've just tagged the page, using our page curation tools, as having some issues to fix. Nice job, but a little too heavy on the quotations. Articles should mainly consist of prose, with quotations used to augment that prose. This article consists mostly of quotes, with prose in support of those quotes.

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, you can leave a comment on my talk page. Or, for more editing help, talk to the volunteers at the Teahouse.

 Onel 5969  TT me 16:49, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

File:Journal of My Life book cover.jpg
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File:Cover of Philippe Sollers' Paradis.jpg
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File:Philippe sollers H cover.jpg
Hi, I'm RonBot, a script that checks new non-free file uploads. I have found that the subject image that you recently uploaded was more than 5% in excess of the Non-free content guideline size of 100,000 pixels. I have tagged the image for a standard reduction, which (for jpg/gif/png/svg files) normally happens within a day. Please check the reduced image, and make sure that the image is not excessively corrupted. Other files will be added to Category:Wikipedia non-free file size reduction requests for manual processing. There is a full seven-day period before the original oversized image will be hidden; during that time you might want to consider editing the original image yourself (perhaps an initial crop to allow a smaller reduction or none at all). A formula for the calculation of the desired size can be found at WP:Image resolution, along with instructions on how to tag the image in the rare cases that it requires an oversized image (typically about 0.2% of non-free uploads are tagged as necessarily oversized). Please contact the bot owner if you have any questions, or you can ask them at Wikipedia talk:Non-free content. See User:RonBot for info on how to not get these messages. RonBot (talk) 17:01, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Call-out culture

The article Call-out culture has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "not notable. Sources seem to be almost entirely op-eds, it could be covered in a broader article on social media or something similar"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Bacondrum (talk) 22:26, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

Assume good faith
Please do not attack other editors, as you did at Call-out culture. Comment on content, not on contributors. Personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you. Bacondrum (talk) 02:13, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

Issuing level 1 warning about removing AfD template from articles before the discussion is complete. (Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8))
Welcome to Wikipedia. Please do not remove Articles for deletion notices from articles, or remove other people's comments in Articles for deletion debates, as you did with Phillip Stackhouse. Otherwise, it may be difficult to create consensus. If you oppose the deletion of an article, please comment at the respective page instead. This is an automated message from a bot about, where you removed the deletion template from an article before the deletion discussion was complete. If this message is in error, please report it.—cyberbot I  Talk to my owner :Online 22:11, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

Administrative Notice Board Incident Report
There is currently a discussion at Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Bacondrum (talk) 04:19, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

Speedy deletion declined: Phillip Stackhouse
Hello DeRossitt. I am just letting you know that I declined the speedy deletion of Phillip Stackhouse, a page you tagged for speedy deletion, because of the following concern: '''notability is unlikely but not impossible based on the myriad of news articles mentioning him. Let the AFD handle it.''' Thank you. So Why  10:06, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

Please refrain from personal attacks
Please do not attack other editors, as you did at Call-out culture. Comment on content, not on contributors. Personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you. Bacondrum (talk) 08:34, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Got it. DeRossitt (talk) 04:50, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

Deletion discussion about Andrea Long Chu
Hello, DeRossitt,

Welcome to Wikipedia! I edit here too, under the username MurielMary and it's nice to meet you :-)

I wanted to let you know that I've started a discussion about whether an article that you created, Andrea Long Chu should be deleted. Your comments are welcome at Articles for deletion/Andrea Long Chu.

You might like to note that such discussions usually run for seven days and are not ballot-polls. And, our guide about effectively contributing to such discussions is worth a read. Last but not least, you are highly encouraged to continue improving the article; just be sure not to remove the tag about the deletion nomination from the top.

If you have any questions, please leave a comment here and prepend it with. And, don't forget to sign your reply with. Thanks!

Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.

MurielMary (talk) 11:25, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

Ways to improve Before Novels
Hello, DeRossitt,

Thank you for creating Before Novels.

I have tagged the page as having some issues to fix, as a part of our page curation process and note that:

"Keep up the great work starting articles about various notable books, but an article's content shouldn't be 80% quotes"

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, leave a comment here and prepend it with. And, don't forget to sign your reply with. For broader editing help, please visit the Teahouse.

Delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.

signed,Rosguill talk 06:29, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

Autopatrolled granted
Hi DeRossitt, I just wanted to let you know that I have [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=rights&page=User%3ADeRossitt added] the "autopatrolled" permission to your account, as you have created numerous, valid articles. This feature will have no effect on your editing, and is simply intended to reduce the workload on new page patrollers. For more information on the autopatrolled right, see Autopatrolled. Feel free to leave me a message if you have any questions. Happy editing! Beeblebrox (talk) 20:15, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

Would appreciate your input here, thanks!
This message is being sent to let you know of a discussion at the Dispute resolution noticeboard regarding edit war. Content disputes can hold up article development and make editing difficult for editors. You are not required to participate, but you are both invited and encouraged to help this dispute come to a resolution. The thread is "Call-out culture".The discussion is about the topic Call-out culture. Please join us to help form a consensus. Thank you! - Sridc (talk) 23:59, 7 November 2019 (UTC)

Invitation to edit call-out culture
Hi again, I had the opportunity to read the talk page archive of Call-out culture and noticed your comments in it. It appears to me that at some point you got discouraged from contributing to the article. I understand that there were behaviour roadblocks–something I myself faced when editing this article–however now we have a mediator who is willing to oversee content disputes, which gives me hope that this article will only continue to grow to be better than it ever was. I produced my plan here about how to go about improving the article, and have also been leaving a trail of ideas for new content at the end of Talk:Call-out_culture to use as soon as (about a week from now) the article is taken out of being edit-protected. I'd like to invite you to participate in the Talk page of this article in the coming weeks, and would greatly appreciate your input (be it to provide consensus, or new ideas). Thank you! —Srid YO 20:38, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I appreciate the references. I had read the Talk page archive, not the ANI discussion, which I just did. My impression too is that Bacondrum is extremely biased towards to either deleting this article or keeping it very basic.

 * But the real problem, as far as I can understand, is that the active editors of Call-out culture lack diversity of viewpoints. Bacondrum, and two other editors, seem to be either actively reluctant to improving the article (esp. mentioning the dominant viewpoints) or, at best, totally ignorant of this topic. While I was making my first edits in this article, I was the only person who was both actively interested in its improvement and aware of the dominant group of viewpoints (most of which got reverted by Bacondrum early this year.)

 * I'm just curious though, how did Bacondrum get away with retaining their deletion changes despite majority of editors not giving consensus? Did you folks not take it dispute resolution?

 * In any case, I would not wish to repeat history here. Which is why I invited you to collaborate with me on editing Call-out culture (as soon as it comes out of protected-edit in about 5 days). I need the support of fellow editors to improve this article. And I don't like how Bacondrum is the only editor who is mostly engaging with me on the Talk page. I've been adding all the sources I can find in Talk:Call-out_culture, and I'd appreciate consensus response from other editors. If Bacondrum is the only person objecting, and 3 other editors say otherwise, it would be much easier to make a decision. —Srid YO 19:37, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Speaking only for myself, I am not interested enough in the Callout Culture article to devote time to fighting it out over edits. I’d rather be working on topics I’m really interested in. However, I thought the pre-Bacondrum article was far better than what it became after Bacondrum’s edits. And I found Bacondrum’s habits to be incredibly grating — giving the impression of barking orders at people along the lines of “we’ve got to whip this article into shape,” completely ignoring WP:NORUSH. This is someone who gave the impression of trying to WP:OWN the article and essentially holding the article hostage with an inexhaustible willingness to outlast anyone in an edit war (resulting, as you know, in multiple bans for violating 3RR). And so much of the discussion was over silliness like whether Bromwich was off limits for citation because he had previously written on fashion. It was just a very unrewarding process because we were arguing with someone who seemed incapable of discerning nuance or understanding Wikipedia policy, so the discussions would get nowhere. So I appreciate your kind encouragement to edit the article but my sole involvement has been to object to Bacondrum’s abusive and alienating editing which continues to evade Wikipedia governance. Bacondrum will surely consider that a “personal attack” but the truth isn’t an attack, it’s just the truth—and the multiple, increasingly lengthy bans Bacondrum has received show that administrators agree with me that Bacondrum’s conduct has been abusive, and I don’t think one can be faulted for stating the obvious. DeRossitt (talk)

 * Thanks for your note! So, I opened yet another ANI incident on Bacondrum, because just in the last two days they tried to accuse me of acting in bad faith multiple times (presumably to discourage me from contributing?). See Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents. I included the past two ANI's for context. Did I miss something? —Srid YO 01:03, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Hello again. I know you are not interested enough in the article to devote time to "fighting it out over edits" (I certainly can see how time-consuming and frustrating it can be!), BUT ... with a neutral mediator in place (who I'm sure will certainly nip any Bacondrum-related blockage in the bud), would you at least be interested in contributing to consensus based discussions in the Talk page? The mediator is user: Robert McClenon and he recently wrote "Also, if anyone has a suggestion for a way to involve more editors by neutrally inviting more editors via a WikiProject, that may help." and I thought of you.  —Srid YO 01:38, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

ANI where I mentioned you
Hi, I mentioned you There is currently a discussion at Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. The thread is Compromise. I mentioned you in relation to another editor's question. 13:59, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

Blockquotes in article on Erin Markey
Hi there. I was just working on the article Erin Markey you created back in 2016. Thanks for this great addition! I noticed there are a lot of blockquotes that could be improved. I was going to attempt to pull out the essential pieces from the blockquotes and incorporate them into paragraph form with related information, but I wanted to check with you first to see if you'd like to handle this. Let me know, and thanks again! Shoestringnomad (talk) 05:18, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for the note. I don’t have time to do any editing on the Markey article so please don’t hesitate to do whatever you think necessary to improve it. - DeRossitt (talk) 20:52, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Noted! Thanks for letting me know. Shoestringnomad (talk) 21:49, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:DeRossitt


text:
Sonar 2087

Sonar 2087 (sometimes shortened to S2087, part of an overall sonar product CAPTAS-4 ) is a towed array sonar designed and manufactured by Thales Underwater Systems at sites in the UK (Crawley in West Sussex, Cheadle Heath in Stockport, Templecombe in Somerset) and in France (Brest). Sonar 2087 replaces the older Sonar 2031 in the Royal Navy and equips eight Type 23 frigates. The system is also equipped on the Royal Navy's Type 26 frigate fleet currently in production. S2087 is also used on Chilean Type 23 frigates transferred from the Royal Navy, while CAPTAS-4 is used on French and Italian FREMM frigates, Spanish F110 frigates, and the US Navy FFG-62 Constellation-class frigates.

It is a Low Frequency Active Sonar (LFAS) and consists of both active and passive sonar arrays. Thales describes the system as "a towed-array that enables Type 23 frigates to hunt the latest submarines at considerable distances and locate them beyond the range at which they [submarines] can launch an attack."

During Exercise Auriga in 2010, HMS Sutherland's capability equipped with Sonar 2087 was described as "world-beating" by the Sutherland's commanding officer. American, British, Canadian and French warships took part in the exercise, including the French nuclear submarine Perle.

A new programme named Spearhead was launched in October 2022 to perform rapid development on Sonar 2087 to add new active and passive variable depth sonar capability to the existing system on Type 23 frigates.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sonar 2087


text: User talk:130.88.190.138

title: User talk:130.88.190.138


text:
List of Methodist theologians

Methodist theologians include those theologians affiliated with any of the Methodist denominational churches such as The United Methodist Church, independent Methodists, or churches affiliated with the Holiness Movement including the Church of the Nazarene, the Free Methodist Church, the Wesleyan Methodist Church (America), the Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain), the Pilgrim Holiness Church, and the Wesleyan Church, as well as other church organizations.

Proto-Methodist theologians

 * Jacobus Arminius - ordained pastor of the Dutch Reformed church, studied under Theodore Beza and rejected the teachings of John Calvin, inspired the Remonstrance and the soteriological system now known as Arminianism.
 * Hugo Grotius - playwright, poet, and humanist philosopher of the Aristotelian tradition, systematized Arminianism and developed the moral government theory of Christ's atonement.
 * John Goodwin - Puritan-Arminian (1594–1665)

18th century

 * John Wesley
 * Charles Wesley
 * George Whitefield
 * John Fletcher
 * Thomas Coke
 * Joseph Benson

19th century

 * Nathan Bangs - Arminian apologist, first editor of the Methodist magazine Christian Advocate, opposed the antinomianism of the New Light Baptist community. Wrote six significant theological letters to a Presbyterian pastor, Rev. S. Williston.
 * Amos Binney
 * Borden Parker Bowne - wrote numerous books on various theological themes; renowned as a philosopher and theologian.
 * Jabez Bunting - author of numerous articles and published sermons.
 * Adam Clarke - Biblical theologian uncomfortable with systematic approaches to Christian theology, Wrote a single volume theology. He also wrote a commentary which became one of the most widely used commentaries of all time.
 * Helenor M. Davisson - the first woman ordained in American Methodist Church.
 * Wilbur Fisk - religious educator, favored ending slavery progressively (rather than in the revolutionary way proposed by other notable abolitionists, so as to avoid a split in the Church), early influence on the temperance movement.
 * Hugh Price Hughes - Welsh social reformer, first editor of the Methodist Times and first superintendent of the West London Methodist Mission.
 * Ira Haynes La Fetra -- Theologian and Methodist missionary to South America
 * John Miley - wrote a two-volume systematic theology (1893). Rejected the penal substitution theory of the atonement and advocated a moral government theory.
 * Phoebe Palmer - female author, theologian, and preacher. Spoke specifically on holiness and sanctification
 * William Burt Pope - wrote a 3-volume systematic theology.
 * James Strong
 * William Taylor (bishop)
 * Richard Watson - outspoken British abolitionist, wrote against Clarke in defense of the eternal Sonship of Christ, one of the first theologians to systematize Wesley's theology.

title: List of Methodist theologians


text:
Ryan's Fancy

Ryan’s Fancy was an Irish folk music group active from 1971–1983. The band consisted of multi-instrumentalists Denis Ryan, Fergus O'Byrne, and Dermot O'Reilly, all of whom were Irish immigrants to Canada.

1967–1970: Early years
Between the years of 1967–1969, O'Byrne, O'Reilly and Ryan emigrated to Toronto from Ireland in search of "better jobs". Not initially intent on working professionally as musicians once in Canada, their musical skills and experience, combined with their Irish heritage, provided them opportunities in the vibrant Canadian folk scene. Originally playing only at house parties and gatherings as a means of earning extra money, they quickly found themselves immersed within the Irish folk music scene in Toronto.

O'Byrne, O'Reilly and Ryan first played together as members of the Sons of Erin. The original Sons of Erin lineup featured O'Byrne and O'Reilly along with Gary Kavanagh, Mick Crowley, Ben Brooks and bandleader Ralph O'Brien. This lineup first toured Newfoundland in 1969, playing shows in St. John's, Gander, Grand Falls and Labrador over a period of six weeks. Ryan joined the band following the first Newfoundland tour.

O'Byrne, O'Reilly and Kavanaugh split from the Sons of Erin and continued touring as O'Reilly's Men. The band was short-lived and O'Reilly soon moved to Montreal. Following O'Reilly's departure, Kavanaugh and O'Byrne joined Don Sullivan and Vik Heaney to form Sullivan's Gypsies. Heaney soon left the group, while O'Reilly rejoined along with Ryan. The band toured in Newfoundland again, as well as playing shows in Manhattan in 1970.

1971: Formation of Ryan's Fancy
Following the disbanding of Sullivan's Gyspsies, O'Byrne, O'Reilly and Ryan formed their own band, Ryan's Fancy. The name was taken from a jig composed by Ryan during their time with Sullivan's Gypsies.

Ryan's Fancy played their first show at the Nag's Head pub in Toronto. For the next several months they played gigs in both Toronto and Halifax. In March 1971, the band made their first trip to Newfoundland, playing a show at the Hotel Newfoundland.

1972–1983: Move to Newfoundland and critical success
The trio relocated to St. John's, Newfoundland in 1971 to attend Memorial University of Newfoundland. Making a splash in the local music scene, the group caught the interest of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Produced by Jack Kellum, a television series entitled Ryan's Fancy involved the trio traveling and playing across Atlantic Canada. A second series entitled Tommy Makem and Ryan's Fancy was also produced by CBC in the 1970s. Later, accordion virtuoso James Keane from Dublin became the band's fourth member. Shortly after Keane left the band in 1983, Ryan's Fancy split. Keane moved to New York City, where he became part of the traditional scene there through the 1980s to the present day.

1983–present: Disbanding and aftermath
When Ryan's Fancy disbanded, Ryan moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia, while O'Byrne and O'Reilly remained in St. John's.

O'Byrne returned to Newfoundland's Memorial University. In 1988, he became a director of the St. John's Folk Arts Council and between 1990–1991, he chaired the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival. O'Reilly started a production company called Piperstock Productions in 1993, producing 25 albums. He remained active in music post-Ryan's Fancy, frequently performing live with O'Byrne at gigs in St. John's over the years. His last performance took place the night before he died. He died of a heart attack on 17 February 2007, at age 64.

In 2004, Ryan's Fancy were awarded the Dr. Helen Creighton Lifetime Achievement Award of the East Coast Music Association.

Members

 * Denis Ryan - vocals, fiddle, tin whistle (1971–1983)
 * Fergus O'Byrne - vocals, banjo, concertina, bodhran (1971–1983)
 * Dermot O'Reilly - vocals, guitar, mandolin (1971–1983; died 2007)
 * James Keane - accordion (1980–1983)

Discography

 * Ryan's Fancy Sung by Sullivan's Gypsies (1970)
 * Curraghs, Minstrels, Rocks and Whiskey (1971)
 * An Irish Night At The Black Knight Lounge (1971)
 * Dark Island (1971)
 * Looking Back  (1972)
 * Newfoundland Drinking Songs (1973)
 * Times To Remember (1973)
 * Ryan's Fancy Live  (1975)
 * Brand New Songs (1977)
 * A Time With Ryan's Fancy (1979)
 * Sea People (1980)
 * Dance Around This One (1981)
 * 15 Drink-a-Long Songs (Cassette Reissue of "An Irish Night at the Black Knight Lounge) (1982))
 * Irish Love Songs (1982)
 * Ryan's Fancy Live (Compact Disc Reissue of "An Irish Night at the Black Knight Lounge" and "15 Drink-a-Long Songs") (1995)
 * Songs From The Shows (2001)
 * What a Time! A Forty Year Celebration (2011)

title: Ryan's Fancy


text:
Attack the Gas Station

Attack the Gas Station (주유소 습격 사건) is a 1999 Korean crime comedy film, directed by Kim Sang-jin and written by Park Jung-woo.

The film tells the story of a quartet of thugs who rob a gas station out of sheer boredom, having robbed it only a few days previously. Unable to get any money from the register, they take everyone hostage and start dispensing gas and keeping the money. The film becomes progressively more and more farcical, as the characters find different ways of amusing themselves, mostly through the mixed cast of characters that come in through the gas station. However, it's only a matter of time before they start upsetting the wrong people.

During the question and answer session at a screening during the 2000 Vancouver International Film Festival, director Kim Sang-jin indicated that the film inspired real-life copycats in South Korea.

The cast featured Lee Sung-jae, Yu Oh-seong, Yoo Ji-tae, and Lee Yo-won.

A sequel, Attack the Gas Station 2, was released on 2010.

Plot
Having robbed and thoroughly destroyed a gas station, a group of street thugs with gripes against society rob a gas station convenience store (as the title card reads, "Why do they attack the gas station? Just because!"). But, since the manager had the foresight and sense to stash away the money, the four gang members take the manager and the employees hostage, dispensing gas on all the customers.

A range of characters stop for gas throughout the film, not all with good intentions, but with ludicrous results. A gang of school bullies come by the gas station to harass one of the employees for money (they end up being taken hostages, while the bullied employee ends up being forced into a fist fight with one of the bullies... and wins) The police come by demanding free gasoline (the four thugs refuse, as the police clearly aren't doing their job). A customer refuses to pay for a full tank of gas, only asking for half a tank, and is taken hostage. More school bullies come by the gas station, seeking revenge for the first fight, but then they too are taken hostage. The four titular thugs also order unusually large amounts of food from a Chinese restaurant, and the deliveryman becomes suspicious.

It's not long until they start attracting the wrong kind of attention, which leads to a violent confrontation with the police and further gang members. The fight ends when No Mark sprays everyone in the chaos with gasoline and threatens to throw a lighter at them. The four thugs escape while everyone else remains panicked at the gas station.

During the credits, four scenes show what the characters do after the events in the film. Paint appears to be a successful painter, but he angers a customer when he celebrates by spilling red paint all over one of the paintings. Rockstar restarts his career as a lead singer, and he bosses his members as they prepare for their next performance. Bulldozer becomes a policeman, and he scolds teenagers for smoking. He punishes the kids the same way he dealt with the hostages, and warns them about their futures by alluding to his own past. No Mark joins a baseball team, but accidentally hits the catcher while pitching.

Cast and characters

 * Lee Sung-jae - No Mark: The leader of the group. He was an aspiring baseball player, but as an orphan, he didn't have the same opportunities as everyone else.
 * Yu Oh-seong - Mu Dae-po (also known as Bulldozer or Mad Dog): The enforcer who carries around a really big stick. He has a big problem with authority, as his run-ins have led to his punishment, regardless of how good his intentions were.
 * Kang Sung-jin - Ddan Dda-ra (Rockstar): The resident musician. Was a member of a rock band, but was forced out because of a few bad business decisions with the wrong people.
 * Yoo Ji-tae - Paint: Was once an aspiring artist, although his father wouldn't have anything to do with it.
 * Park Yeong-gyu - Gas station owner
 * Jung Joon - Geon-bbang, a crew of the gas station
 * Lee Yo-won - Ggal-chi, a crew of the gas station
 * Lee Jeong-ho - Meek man
 * Kim Su-ro - a delivery man
 * Lee Won-jong - a policeman
 * Jeong So-yeong
 * Yoo Hae-jin - Yonggari, one of the gang leaders
 * Lee Jong-hyuk - a member of Yonggari's gang

Social commentary
Attack the Gas Station was released around a time of economic turmoil in South Korea in the mid-to-late 1990s called the "IMF crisis," culminating with many Korean car manufacturers laying off thousands of employees. There are many allusions to this throughout the film, mostly when Paint discovers framed pieces of paper with slogans promoting a productive work force (which he subsequently destroys in a fit of rage).

The film also makes a comment on American economic imperialism during a scene where Ddan Dda-Ra drinks from a can of Pepsi and a police officer chides him for his choice, chastising him for "giving money to the Yankees". The young punk defends his choice, saying that Pepsi is a Korean product, referring to the Pepsi logo's resemblance of the Taeguk symbol on the South Korean flag.

title: Attack the Gas Station


text:
Pentaceratops

Pentaceratops ("five-horned face") is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsid dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America. Fossils of this animal were first discovered in 1921, but the genus was named in 1923 when its type species, Pentaceratops sternbergii, was described. Pentaceratops lived around 76–73 million years ago, its remains having been mostly found in the Kirtland Formation in the San Juan Basin in New Mexico. About a dozen skulls and skeletons have been uncovered, so anatomical understanding of Pentaceratops is fairly complete. One exceptionally large specimen later became its own genus, Titanoceratops, due to its more derived morphology, similarities to Triceratops, and lack of unique characteristics shared with Pentaceratops.

Pentaceratops was about 5.5-6 m long, and has been estimated to have weighed around 2.5 MT. It had a short nose horn, two long brow horns, and long horns on the jugal bones. Its skull had a very long frill with triangular hornlets on the edge.

Discoveries and species
The first specimens were collected by Charles Hazelius Sternberg in the San Juan Basin in New Mexico. Sternberg worked in commission for the Swedish Uppsala University. In 1921 he recovered a skull and a rump, specimens PMU R.200 and PMU R.286, at the Meyers Creek near the Kimbetoh Wash in a layer of the Kirtland Formation. He sent these fossils to paleontologist Carl Wiman. In 1922 Sternberg decided to work independently and began a dig north of Tsaya Trading Post, in the Fossil Forest of San Juan County. Here he discovered a complete skeleton, which he sold to the American Museum of Natural History. The museum then sent out a team headed by Charles Mook and Peter Kaisen to assist Sternberg in securing this specimen; subsequent digging by Sternberg in 1923 brought the total of AMNH specimens to four. The rump of the main specimen was discarded by the museum because it had insufficient value as a display.

The species was named and described by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1923, as Pentaceratops sternbergii. The generic name means "five-horned face", derived from the Greek penta (πέντα, meaning five), keras (κέρας, horn) and -ops (ὤψ, face), in reference to its two long epijugal bones, spikes which protrude out sidewards from under its eyes, in addition to the three more obvious horns as with Triceratops. Osborn obligingly gave it the specific name sternbergii to honor its discoverer. The name had been suggested to Osborn by William Diller Matthew; the specific epithet served as a consolation to the almost bankrupt Sternberg whose 1923 fossils were initially not acquired by the museum that had to use its 1923/1924 budget to process the finds of the great Asian expeditions by Roy Chapman Andrews.

The holotype was the skull discovered by Sternberg in 1922, specimen AMNH 6325. It was found in a layer of the Fruitland Formation, dating from the Campanian, about seventy-five million years old. The other three AMNH specimens were AMNH 1624, a smaller skull; AMNH 1622, a pair of brow horns; and AMNH 1625, a piece of skull frill.

In 1930, Wiman named a second species of Pentaceratops: P. fenestratus. It was based on Sternberg's 1921 specimens and the specific name referred to a hole in the left squamosal. This was later considered to be the same species as Pentaceratops sternbergii and thus a junior synonym, the hole being the likely effect of an injury. Fowler and Freedman Fowler (2020) considered Pentaceratops fenestratus to be a distinct taxon from Pentaceratops sternbergi. In their opinion, it may be identical to Navajoceratops or Terminocavus, but the state of preservation of the remains makes it impossible to precisely determine the systematics of its owner.

In 1929 Sternberg's son, George Fryer Sternberg, discovered specimen USNM V12002, a right squamosal. Pentaceratops proved to be a quite common fossil in the Fruitland and Kirtland formations. It has even been used as a guide fossil: the appearance of Pentaceratops sternbergii in the fossil record marks the end of the Judithian land vertebrate age and the start of the Kirtlandian. Subsequent finds include specimens MNA Pl. 1668, MNA Pl. 1747, NMMNH P-27468 and USNM 2416, partial skeletons with skull; YPM 1229, a skeleton lacking the skull; UALP 13342 and UKVP 16100, skulls; UNM B-1701, USNM 12741, USNM 12743, USNM 8604, SMP VP-1596, SMP VP-1488, SMP VP-1500 and SMP VP-1712, fragmentary skulls. Apart from the San Juan Basin finds, a juvenile specimen of Pentaceratops, SDMNH 43470, was found in the Williams Fork Formation of Colorado in 2006.

Sometimes the identification of a specimen as Pentaceratops has proven to be highly contentious. In 1998 Thomas Lehman described OMNH 10165, a very large skull and its associated skeleton found in New Mexico in 1941. The skull is presently on display at the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, and is the largest Pentaceratops exemplar known, with the distinction of having produced the largest known skull of any land vertebrate. However, in 2011, the skeleton was renamed as a separate genus, Titanoceratops, due to its more derived morphology, similarities to Triceratops, and lack of unique characteristics shared with Pentaceratops.

In 2014 Nicholas Longrich named a new species: Pentaceratops aquilonius, "the northern one", based on fragmentary fossils discovered during the 1930s near Manyberries in Alberta, Canada. The species has been described as having a first epiparietal pointing upwards instead of forwards. In 2016, Mallon et al. found P. aquilonius to be morphologically similar to Spiclypeus shipporum, with it possibly being the same species, and considered P. aquilonius a nomen dubium.

Description
Pentaceratops was a large ceratopsid; Dodson estimated the body length at 6 m. The skull length of AMNH 1624 is 2.3 m while PMU R.200 has a length of 2.16 m. In 2016 Paul estimated its length at 5.5 meters (18 ft) and its weight at 2.5 metric tons (2.75 short tons). The nose horn of Pentaceratops is small and pointing upward and backward. The brow horns are very long and curving strongly forward. The somewhat upward tilted frill of Pentaceratops is considerably longer than that of Triceratops, with two large holes (parietal fenestrae) in it. It is rectangular, adorned by large triangular osteoderms: up to twelve episquamosals at the squamosal and three epiparietals at the parietal bone. These are largest at the rear corners of the frill, and are separated by a large U-shaped notch at the midline, a feature not recognized until 1981 when specimen UKVP 16100 was described. Within the notch the first epiparietals point forwards. The very thick jugal and the squamosal do not touch each other, a possible autapomorphy.

The torso of Pentaceratops is tall and wide. The rear dorsal vertebrae bear long spines from which ligaments possibly ran to the front, to balance the high frill. The prepubis is long. The ischium is long and strongly curves forward. In smaller specimens the thigh bone bows outwards.

Classification
Osborn originally assigned Pentaceratops to Ceratopsia. Within this group Pentaceratops belonged to the Ceratopsinae or Chasmosaurinae. It appears to be most closely related to Utahceratops. Their clade was perhaps more derived than the earlier genus Chasmosaurus but more basal than Anchiceratops, the latter representing a line of which Triceratops was a member, which lived a few million years later, right at the end of the Cretaceous period, when all ceratopsians died out.

The cladogram of the phylogeny of Pentaceratops according to a study by Scott Sampson et al. in 2010 found that the genus was most closely related to Utahceratops, from a similar age and region. The below cladogram follows Longrich (2014), who named a new species of Pentaceratops, and included nearly all chasmosaurine species.

Longrich stated that the holotype and referred specimen of P. aquilonius fall within the diagnosis of Pentaceratops, and were recovered very close to the type species in the phylogeny. He noted that the placement of Utahceratops does not make the genus paraphyletic, as there is no requirement that genera are monophyletic. The Williams Fork chasmosaur differs from the Pentaceratops and Utahceratops species, and might require a new specific or generic name.

Paleobiology
Pentaceratops, like all ceratopsians, was an herbivore. During the Cretaceous, flowering plants were "geographically limited on the landscape" and so it is likely that this dinosaur fed on the predominant plants of the era: ferns, cycads and conifers. It would have used its sharp ceratopsian beak to bite off the branches which were then shredded - leaves, needles and all - by the tooth batteries, providing a self-sharpening continuous cutting edge in both upper and lower jaws. Ultimately the plant material was digested by the large gut.

Paleoecology
Pentaceratops lived around 76–73 million years ago, its remains having been mostly found in the Kirtland Formation in the San Juan Basin in New Mexico. Other dinosaurs that shared its habitat include Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus, the pachycephalosaur Sphaerotholus, the armored dinosaur Nodocephalosaurus and the tyrannosauroid Bistahieversor.

title: Pentaceratops


text:
A. K. Fazlul Huq

Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq (আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হক; 26   October 1873 – 27 April 1962), popularly known as Sher-e-Bangla (Lion of Bengal), was a Bengali lawyer and politician who presented the Lahore Resolution which had the objective of creating an independent Pakistan. He also served as the first and longest Prime Minister of Bengal during the British Raj.

Born in 1873 to a Bengali Muslim family in British Bengal, Fazlul Huq held important political offices in the subcontinent, including president of the All India Muslim League (1916–1921), general secretary of the Indian National Congress (1916–1918), education minister of Bengal (1924), mayor of Calcutta (1935), prime minister of Bengal (1937–1943), advocate general of East Bengal (1947–1952), chief minister of East Bengal (1954), home minister of Pakistan (1955–1956) and Governor of East Pakistan (1956–1958). Fazlul Huq was first elected to the Bengal Legislative Council from Dhaka in 1913; and served on the council for 21 years until 1934. Fazlul Huq was a key figure in the Indian independence movement and then the Pakistan movement. In 1919, he had the unique distinction of concurrently serving as president of the All India Muslim League and general secretary of the Indian National Congress. He was also a member of the Congress Party's committee enquiring into the Amritsar massacre. Fazlul Huq was a member of the Central Legislative Assembly from 1934 to 1936. Between 1937 and 1947, he was an elected member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly, where he was prime minister and leader of the house for six years. After partition, he was elected to the East Bengal Legislative Assembly, where he was chief minister for 2 months; and to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, where he was home minister for one year during the 1950s.

Fazlul Huq boycotted titles and a knighthood granted by the British government. He was notable for his English oratory during speeches to the Bengali legislature. Fazlul Huq courted the votes of the Bengali middle classes and rural communities. He pushed for land reform and curbing the influence of zamindars. As prime minister, Fazlul Huq used legal and administrative measures to reduce the debt of millions of farmers subjected to tenancy under the Permanent Settlement. Fazlul Huq was considered a leftist and social democrat on the political spectrum. His ministries were marked by intense factional infighting.

In 1940, Fazlul Huq had one of his most notable political achievements when he presented the Lahore Resolution which called for the creation of a sovereign state in the Muslim-majority eastern and northwestern parts of British India. During the Second World War, Fazlul Huq joined the Viceroy of India's Defence Council and supported the Allied war efforts. Under pressure from the governor of Bengal during the Quit India movement and after the withdrawal of the Hindu Mahasabha from his cabinet, Fazlul Huq resigned from the post of premier in March 1943. In the Dominion of Pakistan, Fazlul Huq worked for five years as East Bengal's attorney general and participated in the Bengali Language Movement. He was elected as chief minister, served as a federal minister and was a provincial governor in the 1950s.

Fazlul Huq died in Dacca, East Pakistan on 27 April 1962. He is buried in the Mausoleum of Three Leaders. Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, where the National Parliament is located, is named in honour of Fazlul Huq. His son A. K. Faezul Huq was a Bangladeshi politician.

Early life and family
Fazlul Huq was born on 26 October 1873, in his maternal home, the Mia Bari of Saturia in Jhalokati, then part of the Backergunge District of the Bengal Presidency. He belonged to a Bengali Muslim family of Qadis hailing from Bilbilash in Bauphal, Patuakhali. His ancestors had settled in Bilbilash in the eighteenth century, having arrived from Bhagalpur in Bihar. His father, Qazi Muhammad Wajid, was a well-regarded lawyer of the Barisal Bar and his grandfather, Qazi Akram Ali, also worked in the Barisal Court and was a Mukhtar as well as a scholar of the Arabic and Persian languages. His mother, Begum Sayedunnesa, was a descendant of Shaykh Ahmad Sajenda, a disciple of Khan Jahan Ali.

Education
Initially home schooled, Fazlul Huq later attended the Barisal District School, where he passed the FA Examination in 1890. Fazlul Huq was so brilliant that upon turning the page of a book he could memorise the whole page which astonished his father. Fazlul Huq moved to Calcutta for his higher education. He sat for his bachelor's degree exam in 1894, in which he achieved triple honours in chemistry, mathematics and physics from the Presidency College (now Presidency University). He then obtained a master's degree in mathematics from the University of Calcutta in 1896. He obtained his Bachelor in Law from the University Law College in Calcutta in 1897.

Civil servant and lawyer
From 1908 to 1912, Fazlul Huq was the assistant registrar of co-operatives. He resigned from the public service and opted for public life and law. Based on advice from Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, he joined the bar council of the Calcutta High Court and started a legal practice. He practised in the Calcutta High Court for 40 years.

Legislator and Indian independence movement

Fazlul Huq became secretary of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League in 1913. After the First Partition of Bengal, Fazlul Huq attended the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference hosted by Sir Khwaja Salimullah in Dacca, the capital of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The conference led to the formation of the All India Muslim League. The annulment of the partition led to the formation of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League, in which Fazlul Huq became secretary. With the patronage of Sir Salimullah and Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury, he was elected to the Bengal Legislative Council from the Dacca Division in 1913.

In 1916, Fazlul Huq was elected president of the All India Muslim League. Fazlul Huq was one of those who was instrumental in formulating the Lucknow Pact of 1916 between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. In 1917 Fazlul Huq was a Joint Secretary of the Indian National Congress and from 1918 to 1919 he served as the organisation's general secretary. He was the only person to concurrently hold the presidency of the League and the general secretary's position in the Congress. In 1918, Fazlul Huq presided over the Delhi Session of the All India Muslim League.

In 1919, Fazlul Huq was chosen as a member of the Punjab Enquiry Committee along with Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das and other prominent leaders which was set up by the Indian National Congress to investigate the Amritsar massacre. Fazlul Huq was the president of the Midnapore Session of the Bengal Provincial Conference in 1920.

During the Khilafat movement, Fazlul Huq led the pro-British faction within the Bengal Provincial Muslim League, while his rival Maniruzzaman Islamabadi led the pro-Ottoman faction. Fazlul Huq also differed with the Congress leadership during its non-cooperation movement. Fazlul Huq favoured working within the constitutional framework rather than boycotting legislatures and colleges. He later resigned from the Congress.

In 1923, Fazlul Huq served as education minister of Bengal for six months under the dyarchy system.

In 1929, he founded the All Bengal Tenants Association, which evolved into a political platform, including as a part of the post-partition United Front.

First Premiership (1937-1941)
The dyarchy was replaced by provincial autonomy in 1935, with the first general elections held in 1937. Fazlul Huq transformed the All Bengal Tenants Association into the Krishak Praja Party. During the election campaign period, Fazlul Huq emerged as a major populist figure in Bengal. His party won 35 seats in the Bengal Legislative Assembly in the 1937 Indian provincial elections. It was the third largest party after the Bengal Congress and Bengal Provincial Muslim League. Fazlul Huq formed a coalition with the Bengal Provincial Muslim League and independent legislators. He was elected as the leader of the house and the first prime minister of Bengal.

Cabinet
Fazlul Huq's cabinet included Nalini Ranjan Sarkar (finance), Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy (revenue), Maharaja Srish Chandra Nandy (communications and public works), Prasanna Deb Raikut (forest and excise), Mukunda Behari Mallick (cooperative credit and rural indebtedness), Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin (home), Nawab Khwaja Habibullah (agriculture and industry), Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (commerce and labour), Nawab Musharraf Hussain (judicial and legislative), and Syed Nausher Ali (public health and local self-government).

Debt relief and Permanent Settlement
Under Fazlul Huq, the Bengal government used administrative and legal measures to relieve the debt of millions of tenant farmers under the zamindari system of the Permanent Settlement. Fazlul Huq hailed from a middle class zamindar family. Many of his colleagues were also from the zamindar class. But Fazlul Huq represented a new generation of Bengali middle-class political consciousness which won support among both Bengali Muslims and Bengali Hindus. The Krishak Praja Party promoted land reform. Fazlul Huq's tenure saw the enactment of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors' Act (1938), the Money Lenders' Act (1938) and the Bengal Tenancy (Amendment) Act (1938). Debt Settlement Boards were created in all districts. The Land Revenue Commission, appointed by the government of Bengal on 5 November 1938 with Sir Francis Floud as chairman, submitted its final report on 21 March 1940. This was a valuable document relating to the land system of the country. The Tenancy Act of 1885 was amended by suspending rent provisions for ten years. Fazlul Huq abolished informal taxes imposed traditionally by the zamindars on tenants. The tenants obtained the right to transfer their tenancy without paying any transfer fee to the zamindars. The law reduced the interest rate for arrears of rent from 12.50% to 6.25%. The tenants also obtained the right to gain possession of the (land lost through river erosion which then reappeared) by payment of four years' rent within twenty years of the erosion. These measures resulted in debt relief for millions of Bengali peasants. But Fazlul Huq failed to fully implement his rice and lentils program which he campaigned for during the 1937 election.

Lahore Resolution
A seminal moment in Fazlul Huq's political career was the adoption of the Lahore Resolution. The resolution was passed by the All India Muslim League at its annual session in Lahore on 23 March 1940. When Fazlul Huq arrived at the Lahore meeting, Muhammad Ali Jinnah remarked "When the tiger (Fazlul Huq) arrives, the lamb (Jinnah) must give away". Fazlul Huq formally proposed the resolution at the annual session. The resolution called for Muslim-majority provinces in British India to be grouped into "Independent States in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign". The initial wording of the resolution suggested that the Muslim League wanted multiple states instead of a single state. Fazlul Huq later accused Jinnah of not working hard enough to ensure an undivided Bengal with Calcutta included. There have been varying interpretations of the Lahore Resolution ever since. One interpretation is that the plural spelling of 'states' indicated that Fazlul Huq wanted a separate Muslim-majority state covering Bengal and parts of Assam as early as the 1940s.

Education
Fazlul Huq held the education portfolio in his cabinet. He introduced the Primary Education Bill in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, which was passed into law and made primary education free and compulsory. However, there was a storm of protests from the opposition members and the press when Fazlul Huq introduced the Secondary Education Bill in the assembly as it incorporated 'principles of communal division in the field of education' at the secondary stage. Fazlul Huq was a supporter of affirmative action for Bengali Muslims. Fazlul Huq was associated with the foundation of many educational institutions in Bengal, including Calcutta's Islamia College and Lady Brabourne College, Wajid Memorial Girls' High School and Chakhar College.

Rift with the Muslim League
In 1941, Fazlul Huq joined the Viceroy's Defence Council, which was formed to oversee the war effort of British India during World War II. Fazlul Huq was joined by Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, the Prime Minister of the Punjab. The growing influence of provincial Muslim League leaders like Fazlul Huq and Khan was resented by Jinnah. The Muslim League leadership, led by Jinnah and his allies, demanded that both the Bengal and Punjab PMs withdraw from the Defence Council. Khan eventually complied but Huq refused. The breakdown in relations between Fazlul Huq and Jinnah led to Fazlul Huq's ouster from the Muslim League. Jinnah's allies in Bengal thereafter worked to bring down Fazlul Huq's government. Jinnah felt the Defence Council was tilted towards the Congress.

On 2 December 1941, Fazlul Huq resigned and Governor's rule was imposed.

Second Premiership (1941-1943)
The second Fazlul Huq coalition government was formed on 12 December 1941. The coalition was supported by most members in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, except for the Muslim League. Supporters included the secular faction of the Krishak Praja Party led by Shamsuddin Ahmed, the Forward Bloc founded by Subhash Chandra Bose, pro-Bose members of the Bengal Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha led by Syama Prasad Mukherjee.

Cabinet
The cabinet included Nawab Bahadur Khwaja Habibullah, Khan Bahadur Abdul Karim, Khan Bahadur Hashem Ali Khan, Shamsuddin Ahmed, Syama Prasad Mukherjee, Santosh Kumar Bose and Upendranath Barman.

Tensions with the Governor and WWII
Despite Fazlul Huq enjoying the confidence of most of the assembly, he had tense relations with the Governor of Bengal, John Herbert. The governor favoured the provincial Muslim League leaders and patrons, including Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, the Leader of the Opposition; and the "Calcutta Trio" in the assembly (Abul Hassan Isphani, Khwaja Nooruddin and Abdur Rahman Siddiqui). The focal point of the League's campaign against Fazlul Huq was that he was growing closer to Syama Prasad Mukherjee of the Hindu Mahasabha, who was alleged to be working against the political and religious interests of the Muslims. The League appealed to the governor to dismiss the Fazlul Huq ministry.

The fear of a Japanese invasion during the Burma Campaign and the implementation by the military of a 'denial policy' implemented in 1942 caused considerable hardship to the delta region. A devastating cyclone and tidal waves whipped the coastal region on 26 October but relief efforts were hindered due to bureaucratic interference. On 3 August, a number of prisoners were shot in Dhaka jail but no inquiry could be held due to bureaucratic intervention. Another severe strain on the administration was caused when the Congress launched the Quit India movement on 9 August, which was followed by British political repression. The entire province reverberated with protest. The situation was further complicated when Mukherjee resigned, bitterly complaining about the interference of the governor in the work of the ministry. Fazlul Huq also called for the resurrection of the Bengal Army.

On 15 March 1943, the Prime Minister disclosed on the floor of the Assembly that on several occasions, under the guise of discretionary authority, the governor disregarded the advice tendered by the ministry and listed those occasions. The governor did not take those allegations kindly, and, largely due to his initiative, no-confidence motions were voted in the assembly on 24 March and 27 March. On both occasions, the motions were defeated, although by narrow margins. To enforce his writ, the governor asked Fazlul Huq to sign a prepared letter of resignation on 28 March 1943 and assigned himself the responsibility of administering the province under the provision of Section 92 of the constitution. A month later a League-dominated ministry was commissioned with Nazimuddin as the Prime Minister. Fazlul Huq bitterly criticised John Herbert for forcing his resignation and imposing Governor's rule, calling it "an outrage on the Constitution". Fazlul Huq also criticised the colonial bureaucracy's role against his government, stating that "the steel frame of the Imperial Service" made a mockery of the authority of the elected government of Bengal. Fazlul Huq accused John Herbert of being an ignorant administrator, stating "After all, even busy Governors absent themselves from town on private business". Fazlul Huq paraphrased the ancient Greek philosopher Plutarch, stating "The mills of God grind slowly but they grind exceeding small; and sooner perhaps than Sir John Herbert or the supporters of the Ministers may think, Nemesis will overtake those who [Nazimuddin] had rushed to office not to serve the people but to enjoy the sweets of power emoluments".

Fazlul Huq's party won significantly fewer seats during the 1946 Indian provincial elections in which the Muslim League led by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy triumphed.

Opposition leader and language movement
After the partition of British India, Fazlul Huq settled in Dhaka and became the attorney general of the government of East Bengal. He served in this position between 1947 and 1952. Fazlul Huq was active in the civil society and social life of Dhaka. On 31 December 1948, while delivering a presidential address at a literary conference, Fazlul Huq proposed a language academy for the Bengali language. He supported the Bengali Language Movement in 1952. Fazlul Huq was injured during police action against demonstrators demanding that Bengali be made a state language of Pakistan. Fazlul Huq emerged as one of the principal opposition leaders against the Pakistan Muslim League. East Bengal became the epicentre of Pakistan's political opposition. The Bengalis of East Bengal were the demographic majority of the Dominion of Pakistan. Fazlul Huq was one of the founding statesmen of Pakistan due to his role in presenting the Lahore Resolution in 1940.

In government
The East Bengali legislative election, 1954 was the first major democratic election in Pakistan's history. Fazlul Huq was the leader of the opposition United Front alliance, which included his Krishak Sramik Party, the Awami League, the Ganatantri Dal and the Nizam-e-Islam Party. Fazlul Huq toured the districts of East Bengal extensively during the election campaign. He was joined by Awami League leader Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Suhrawardy's protege Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Maulana Bhashani also supported Fazlul Huq. Suhrawardy and Fazlul Huq jointly campaigned in several districts, including Faridpur.

The United Front won a landslide victory during the 1954 election. The Muslim League was routed and reduced to only a few seats in the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. Fazlul Huq himself defeated his arch rival Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin in the constituency of Patuakhali in Barisal.

Fazlul Huq served as Chief Minister for two months. During his short lived government, he took measures to establish the Bangla Academy. Governor General's rule was imposed which ended Fazlul Huq's leadership of the provincial government. Pakistan's political parties continued to squabble, particularly over power sharing between the provinces. In August 1955, a coalition between the Krishak Sramik Party in East Pakistan and the Muslim League in West Pakistan allowed Chaudhry Mohammad Ali to become Prime Minister and A. K. Fazlul Huq to become Home Minister. The first constitution of Pakistan was enacted under this coalition in March 1956. The coalition was later dismissed by President Iskander Mirza, who in turn allowed a coalition of the Awami League and Republican Party to form government. Fazlul Huq's former ally Suhrawardy became Prime Minister. As a result, the Krishak Sramik Party and the Muslim League formed the main opposition. Fazlul Huq and Surhawardy were once again on opposite ends. Fazlul Huq was appointed Governor of East Pakistan in 1956. He served in the position for two years until the 1958 Pakistani coup d'état. The coup ended the dominance of Fazlul Huq, Suhrawardy and Nazimuddin in Bengali politics.

Writings
A.K. Fazlul Huq wrote a book Bengal Today which was translated into Bengali. He was one of three owner-cum-directors of the well regarded evening daily Nabajug which came often under British-Indian government's proscription because of its anti-imperialist premise. The paper is no longer published.

Quotes by Fazlul Huq

 * "'Someday sooner or later, they will be humbled to dust even; as tyrants and oppressors of humanity have met their doom in the chequered history of mankind.'"
 * "'A Budget, whose figures in cold print, creep through the marrow of our bones till we stand aghast at the national calamity with which we are faced.'"
 * "'I want you to consent to the formation of a Bengali Army of a hundred thousand young Bengalis consisting of Hindu and Muslim youths on a fifty-fifty basis. There is an insistent demand for such a step to be taken at once, and the people of Bengal will not be satisfied with any excuses. It is a national demand which must be immediately conceded.'"
 * "'Administrative measures must be suited to the genius and traditions of the people and not fashioned according to the whims and caprices of hardened bureaucrats, to many of whom autocratic ideas are bound up with the very breath of their lives.'"
 * "'They were lions in their own days and we have the descendants of the lions of Indian journalism in our midst today. But the difference between the two classes of lions is very significant. Those were lions whose roars used to reverberate from Bengal across the seven seas to the homes of the British nation, but in the case of the present lions they are as docile as lions in a circus show. The roar of the lions of old used to make thrones tremble, but most of the present lions only know how to crouch beneath the throne and wag their tails in approbation of government policy.'"
 * "'Mr Speaker, I can jolly well face the music, but I cannot face a monkey. Mr. Speaker, I never mentioned any honourable member of this House. But if any honourable member thinks that the cap fits him, I withdraw my remark.'"
 * "'I am the living history of Bengal and East Pakistan of the last sixty years. I am the last survivor of that band of unselfish and courageous Muslims who fought fearlessly against terrific odds...'"

Quotes about Fazlul Huq

 * "'Exceptionally brilliant, equipped with a sharp memory, deep knowledge and ability to understand peoples' feelings and characters with sharp wit and speech that provokes Bengali people's emotion.'"
 * "'When the tiger arrives, the lamb must give away.'"
 * "'He who in 1943 had wanted to see Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy bite the dust now shares the same stretch of the earth with them. All three are buried, side by side, in the grounds of the Dhaka High Court. For a while, the two of them were called Prime Ministers of Pakistan. Fazlul Huq was not. But only he was spoken of as the Royal Bengal Tiger.'"

Personal life
Fazlul Huq was married three times. His first wife was Khurshid Talat Begum, the granddaughter of Nawab Abdul Latif, with whom he had two daughters. Khurshid left him and obtained a maintenance allowance in court. His second wife was Musammat Jannatunissa Begum, daughter of Ibn Ahmad of Hooghly, but she died without having any children. In 1943, he married Khadija Begum of Meerut, located in the United Provinces. They had one son together, A. K. Faezul Huq, who played an active role in Bangladeshi politics.

Fazlul Huq was fluent in Bengali, English, Urdu, Arabic, and Persian.

Legacy
Fazlul Huq founded several educational and technical institutions for Bengali Muslims, including Islamia College in Calcutta, Baker Hostel and Carmichael hostel residence halls for Muslim students of the University of Calcutta, Lady Brabourne College, Adina Fazlul Huq College in Rajshahi, Eliot hostel, Tyler Hostel, Medical College hostel, Engineering College hostel, Muslim Institute Building, Dhaka Eden Girls' College Building, Fazlul Huq College at Chakhar, Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall (Dhaka University), Fazlul Huq Hall (Bangladesh Agricultural University, then East Pakistan Agricultural University), Sher-e-Bangla Hall (Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology) Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU) Dhaka-1207, Bulbul Music Academy and Central Women's College. Fazlul Huq significantly contributed to founding the leading university of Bangladesh: Dhaka University. During his premiership Bangla Academy was founded and Bengali New Year's Day (Pohela Boishakh) was declared a public holiday.

In Bangladesh, he is revered as one of the most important Bengali statesmen of the 20th century and for his role as a leading voice of Bengali Muslims in British India. Throughout Bangladesh, educational institutions (e.g., Barisal Sher-e-Bangla Medical College), roads, neighbourhoods (Sher-e-Bangla Nagor), and stadiums (Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium) have been named after him.

In Pakistan, he is remembered as one of the country's founding statesmen. One of the main roads in Islamabad, Pakistan A.K. Fazal-ul-Huq Road is named after him.

title: A. K. Fazlul Huq


text:
List of peace prizes

This list of peace prizes is an index to articles on notable prizes awarded for contributions towards achieving or maintaining peace. The list is organized by region and country of the sponsoring organization, but many of the prizes are open to people from around the world.

title: List of peace prizes


text:
Floyd Bennett

Floyd Bennett (October 25, 1890 – April 25, 1928) was a United States Naval Aviator who, along with then USN Commander Richard E. Byrd, made the first flight to the North Pole in May 1926. However, their claim to have reached the pole is disputed.

Biography
Bennett was born in Warrensburg, New York, in 1890. He was an automobile mechanic before he enlisted in the Navy in 1917, during World War I. Bennett attended flight school, learned to fly and was rated as an Aviation Pilot. Bennett served with Richard E. Byrd on an aviation survey of Greenland in 1925, on which Byrd came to respect his ability as a pilot.

North Pole flight
Byrd named Bennett as his pilot for an attempt to reach the North Pole by air in 1926. The expedition was financed by John D. Rockefeller Jr., Edsel Ford, Vincent Astor, Rodman Wanamaker and T.F. Ryan.

Bennett was at the controls on May 9 as the two men made their attempt, in a Fokker tri-motor called the Josephine Ford. They returned to their airfield in Spitzbergen on that day. During the flight, one of the aircraft's engines developed an oil leak. Bennett advised turning back but Byrd decided to continue the flight. Although members of the European press were skeptical of their claim (because it seemed that the plane had been away from Spitzbergen too briefly to have reached the North Pole), Byrd and Bennett were lionized as heroes in America.

Both Bennett and Byrd received the Medal of Honor, as well as the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for this feat. Upon their arrival in the United States, Byrd was awarded the Hubbard Medal of the National Geographic Society and Bennett was awarded a gold medal from the society in recognition of their achievement. The subsequent discovery of Byrd's diary of the flight, with erased (but still legible) sextant readings, has been considered as evidence they might not have reached the North Pole.

Post North Pole flight
After returning to the United States, Bennett flew the Josephine Ford on a goodwill tour of America, with Bernt Balchen as his co-pilot. Later in his life Balchen claimed that Bennett confessed to him that he and Byrd did not reach the North Pole but, instead, flew around in circles. Balchen would go on to pilot Byrd to the South Pole in 1929, became a highly decorated Army Air Forces officer during the Second World War and retired from the United States Air Force as a colonel.

Byrd and his team had been leading candidates to win the large Orteig Prize in 1927, to be awarded for the first nonstop flight between France and the United States. Once again, Byrd named Bennett as his pilot for the attempt. However, Bennett was seriously injured during a practice flight and the airplane, a Fokker F-VIIb-3m named America, was badly damaged when it crashed on take-off. Byrd and his fellow pilot George O. Noville were also slightly injured in the crash. Following this failure by Bennett and Byrd, Charles Lindbergh won the Orteig Prize, flying from Long Island, New York, nonstop to Paris, France.

Bremen Flyers

The Bremen was a German aircraft which had just completed the first successful transatlantic aeroplane flight from east to west, but was damaged and unflyable after a landing on a peat bog on Greenly Island, Canada at the end of that non-stop flight from Europe, on April 13, 1928. Floyd Bennett and Bernt Balchen flew a Ford Trimotor to pick up the three stranded Bremen Flyers. Bennett had developed pneumonia following a previous crash. His condition worsened during the rescue, and he died shortly afterward, while in hospital in Quebec City, on April 25, 1928. Balchen was paid $10,000 ($ today) for the effort, an amount that was passed to Bennett's widow. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington County, Virginia.

Honors
Bennett and Byrd became national heroes upon their return from the Arctic when they arrived in New York on June 22, 1926. They received numerous honors from both governments and private organizations. Congress voted to award both men the Medal of Honor by a special act passed on December 21, 1926. The medals were presented to Byrd and Bennett at the White House by President Coolidge on February 25, 1927. Shortly after his return to the United States, Bennett was promoted from Chief Aviation Pilot to the warrant officer rank of Machinist. Bennett's date of rank as a warrant officer was May 9, 1926 – the date of his historic flight.

Bennett received the following awards during his career in the Navy:
 * Medal of Honor
 * Distinguished Service Medal
 * Good Conduct Medal
 * World War I Victory Medal

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Machinist, U.S. Navy. Born: October 25, 1890, Warrensburg, N.Y. Accredited to: New York. Other Navy award: Distinguished Service Medal.

Citation:

"For distinguishing himself conspicuously by courage and intrepidity at the risk of his life as a member of the Byrd Arctic Expedition and thus contributing largely to the success of the first heavier-than-air flight to the North Pole and return."

Distinguished Service Medal citation
"The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett, United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States. His courage and ability contributed largely to the success of the first heavier-than-air craft flight to the North Pole and return."

Legacy

 * Two airports in New York state are named in honor of Floyd Bennett: Floyd Bennett Field, New York City's first municipal airport, and Floyd Bennett Memorial Airport in Queensbury, New York, near his birthplace. Floyd Bennett Field is now part of the Gateway National Recreation Area.
 * The destroyer USS Bennett (DD-473) was also named in his honor.
 * On his flight to the South Pole in 1929, Commander Byrd named his Ford Tri-motor airplane the Floyd Bennett in his honor. The Floyd Bennett is on display at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.
 * In his hometown of Warrensburg is the Floyd Bennett Park and Bandstand.
 * PS 203 in New York City is named Floyd Bennett School.
 * The Bennett Platform, an Antarctic mesa, was named in Bennett's honor.

title: Floyd Bennett


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of conservative catchphrases

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 09:38, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

List of conservative catchphrases
POV article. Includes in the list of "conservative catchphrases" statements such as "Make the rich richer" and "Jesus loves everyone, except if your (sic) gay, or black". LevelCheck 20:31, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a soapbox --Allen3 talk 21:20, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Could be conceivably non-POVed, but this isn't really a topic for an encyclopedia. Meelar (talk) 22:11, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What Meelar said. Josh Cherry 03:13, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopaedic. Megan1967 03:58, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Conservative, perhaps in a "criticism" section. Doesn't merit its own article.   — J I P | Talk 04:33, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is crap. Firebug 04:38, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Some of those phrases are liberal, not conservative, used by liberals when describing the conservative mind. Completely POV. Sjakkalle 07:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yeah, this is a hacked together list of steriotypes, things people would very rarely say seriously. J.S. Nelson 07:20, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've only heard six of these used genuinely by conservatives; the rest are concocted POV. — Sesel wa  15:23, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rossami (talk) 05:56, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV. Secretcurse 01:35, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Benguela railway

The Benguela Railway (Caminho de Ferro de Benguela (CFB)) is a Cape gauge railway line that runs through Angola from west to east, being the largest and most important railway line in the country. It also connects to Tenke in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and to the Cape to Cairo Railway (connecting the city of Kindu (DRC) to the city of Port Elizabeth in South Africa).

The line terminates at the port of Lobito on the Atlantic coast, from where Angola exports a wide variety of products, including minerals (from the Copperbelt region), food, industrial components and livestock.

The section from Lobito to Luau is run by the Empresa do Caminho de Ferro de Benguela-E.P. It crosses the Luao River, which lies on the border, to Dilolo (DRC). From there to Tenke, the railway is operated by the Société nationale des Chemins de fer du Congo.

Specifications
The railway is Cape gauge,, which is used by most mainline railways in southern Africa. The maximum design speed is 90 km per hour. The design capacity is 20 million tons of cargo and 4 million passengers per year. There are 67 stations and 42 bridges along the route of the railway.

The highest point on the railway is 1854 m.

History
The railway line roughly follows old trade routes between the ancient trading centre of Benguela and its hinterland of the Bié plateau. In 1899, the Portuguese government initiated the construction of the railway to give access to the central Angolan plateau and the mineral wealth of the then Congo Free State. A concession, running for 99 years, was granted to Sir Robert Williams on 28 November 1902. His Benguela Railway Company took over the construction which commenced on 1 March 1903. Messrs Pauling & Co. and Messrs Griffiths & Co were contracted to build sections of the railway. By 1914, when World War I started, 500 km had been completed. Construction was halted until 1920 after which the railway's connection to Luau at the border to the Belgian Congo was completed in 1929. The primary purpose was to facilitate export trade, while "the domestic Angolan traffic would be of secondary importance."

Passenger trains also ran between Lubumbashi and Lobito, connecting with passenger ship services to Europe. This provided a shorter route for Europeans working in the Katangan and Zambian Copperbelt, and the name "Benguela Railway", or also "Katanga-Benguela railway", was sometimes used loosely to refer to the entire Lubumbashi–Lobito route, rather than the Tenke–Lobito section to which it strictly applies.

In its heyday, the Benguela Railway was the shortest way to transport mineral riches from the Congo to Europe. The line proved very successful and profitable, especially in the early 1970s after Zambia closed its border with the then Rhodesia. The railway reached an operational peak in 1973 when it transported 3.3 million tons of cargo, generated freight revenues of $30 million, and had 14,000 employees. Until the early 1970s, the railway was operated entirely by steam locomotives, oil-fired from the coast to Cubal, and then wood-fired from Cubal to the interior. Wood was supplied by eucalyptus trees grown on company-owned tree plantations. Steam locomotives outnumbered diesels as late as 1987.

Soon after Angola gained its independence from Portugal in 1975, the Angolan Civil War broke out. The railway was heavily damaged during the war and progressively fell into disuse. The workshops in Huambo were destroyed. Ballast cars had to be coupled to the front of locomotives to detonate mines. By 1992, only 340 km of the railway remained in operation. When the 99-year concession expired in 2001, only 34 km remained in service, along the coast from Benguela to Lobito.

Rehabilitation
The railway was 90% owned by Tanganyika Concessions (Tanks), a London-based holding company. Société Générale de Belgique purchased a minority share in Tanks in 1923 and acquired a controlling interest in 1981. The Belgian company remained the controlling owner of the railway when the concession expired in 2001, at which point ownership of the railway passed to the Angolan government.

After the Angolan Civil War ended in 2002, the railway was reconstructed between 2006 and 2014 by the China Railway Construction Corporation at a cost of $1.83 billion. 100,000 Angolans were employed on the railway reconstruction. Trains reached Huambo in 2011, Kuito in 2012, and Luau near the Congolese border in 2013. The rebuilt railway was formally inaugurated in February 2015.

According to Jornal de Angola in May 2012, Empresa do Caminho de Ferro de Benguela-E.P. employed 1,321 workers, and transported 129,430 passengers and 5,640 tons of goods in 2011. Two trains per day run between Lobito and Benguela, one per week to Huambo, and three per week between Lobito and Cubal.

On 5 March 2018, ore transport was restarted from the Tenke Fungurume Mine, in the DRC, from where copper and cobalt are extracted, and the cargo transported to the port of Lobito. From that date the railway went into full operation, connecting the city of Tenke to the city of Lobito.

In April 2023 the Angolan government confirmed funding to build a new 260km railway from Luena on the Benguela Railway to Saurimo, the capital of Lunda Sul province.

Lobito Atlantic Railway
On July 4, 2023, the Lobito Atlantic Railway company secured a 30-year concession for railway services. This joint venture involved Trafigura, a Singapore-based company, Mota-Engil, headquartered in Portugal, and Vecturis SA, a Belgium-based rail operator. The concession agreement encompassed the entire 1,300km railway line in Angola, extending to the 400km line into the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and also includes any potential service extensions in Zambia. To support their operations, the company committed to investing US$455000000 in Angola and up to US$100000000 in the DRC.

The awarding of the concessions took place in the presence of Presidents João Lourenço of Angola, Félix Tshisekedi of the DRC, and Hakainde Hichilema of Zambia.

Accidents
In the Tolunda rail accident on 22 September 1994, damaged brakes caused a train to plunge into a canyon, killing 300.

title: Benguela railway


text:
Pierre de Bocosel de Chastelard

Pierre de Bocosel de Chastelard (1540–1563), French poet, was born in Dauphiné; a scion of the house of Bayard, grandson of Chevalier de Bayard. His name is inseparably connected with Mary, Queen of Scots, for whom he conceived an insane passion.

Career
From the service of the Constable Montmorency, Chastelard, then a page, passed to the household of Marshal Damville, whom he accompanied in his journey to Scotland in escort of Mary (1561). He returned to Paris in the marshal's train, but left for Scotland again shortly afterwards, bearing letters of recommendation to Mary from his old protector, Montmorency, and the Regrets addressed to the Queen Dowager of France by Pierre de Ronsard, his master in the art of song. He undertook to transmit to the poet the service of plate with which Mary rewarded him. But he had fallen in love with the queen, who is said to have encouraged his passion.

Copies of verse passed between them; she lost no occasion of showing herself partial to his person and conversation. The young man was welcomed in her cabinet room. One day he hid himself under her bed at Holyrood Palace, where he was discovered by her maids of honour, or two male grooms of the chamber. Mary pardoned the offence, and the old familiar terms between them were resumed. Chastelard was so rash as again to violate her privacy. He was discovered a second time under her bed at Burntisland, seized, sentenced and beheaded the next morning at St Andrews on 22 February 1563. He met his fate valiantly and consistently, reading, on his way to the scaffold, his master's noble Hymne de la mort, and turning at the instant of doom towards the palace of Holyrood, to address to his unseen mistress the famous farewell "Adieu, toi si belle et si cruelle, qui me tues et que je ne puis cesser d’aimer" ("farewell to you, so beautiful and so cruel, who kill me and whom I cannot cease to love"). This at least is the version of the Memoirs of Brantôme, who is, however, notoriously untrustworthy. But for his madness of love, it is possible that Chastelard would have left no shadow or shred of himself behind. As it is, his life and death are of interest as illustrating the wild days in which his lot was cast.

A "Madame de Curosot" was said to be a Huguenot sponsor of the poet. It has been suggested that she was Charlotte de Laval, the wife of Gaspard II de Coligny. The name "Curosot" may have a cipher name substituted for "Châtillon" in original correspondence.

Randolph's account
The English diplomat Thomas Randolph described the arrest of Chastelard in his letters to William Cecil. He notes Chastelard as a servant of Monsieur D'Anville. When he arrived in Scotland in November 1561, Mary showed him her favour by letting him ride a horse that was a present from her half-brother Lord Robert Stewart. He gave her a book of his own poems. On 14 February 1563, St Valentine's day, Chastelard was discovered in the Queen's chamber under her Great Bed at Rossend Castle at Burntisland. Mary ordered her half brother the Earl of Moray to execute him on the spot. But instead the unfortunate poet was taken to St Andrews. Randolph wrote that Chastelard had made a similar attempt at Holyroodhouse. In his defence, Chastelard claimed he had been caught in the Queen's privy but witnesses insisted he was under the bed. He was beheaded a week later at the Market Cross of St Andrews on market day. Mary was consoled by the company of Mary Fleming.

title: Pierre de Bocosel de Chastelard


text:
Stephen M. Cohen

Stephen Michael Cohen is an American who gained notoriety after acquiring control of the domain name Sex.com in 1995. He also has citizenship in Mexico, Israel and in the principality of Monaco. He was later implicated in involvement in running the controversial peer-to-peer service EarthStation 5.

Cohen was born in Los Angeles and attended Van Nuys High School in the Van Nuys area of Los Angeles. Cohen obtained his Juris Doctor degree at the University of Southern California Law School in 1972.

In the 1980s, he operated a paid-membership bulletin board system (BBS) called the French Connection, geared toward swinging and other sexual topics, and by the late 1980s, he organized swinger get-togethers at a home in Orange County, California. In 1990, he was arrested for operating a sex club in a residential zone; he was found not guilty by a jury verdict.

Sex.com
According to court documents, Cohen fraudulently obtained the lucrative Internet domain name Sex.com in May 1995 from the original registrant, Gary Kremen, who had registered it in May 1994. Cohen obtained the domain by means of a forged letter to domain registrar Network Solutions, faxed from Kremen's company "Online Classified", fraudulently stating that Kremen had been dismissed and the firm was abandoning the domain and that Cohen could have it. Network Solutions blindly accepted the fax with no verification and transferred the domain to Cohen, an action that would prove grounds for a later civil suit by Kremen against Network Solutions. It is estimated that Cohen illegally earned US$100 million between October 1995 and November 2000 from his ownership of sex.com.

In April 2001, the court ordered damages of $65 million be paid to Kremen. Cohen left the United States in 2001 and was living in Tijuana, Mexico, when he was arrested on October 28, 2005. As of 2011 the amount of damages owed to Kremen had increased to $82 million with interest and Cohen to this date, has refused to pay one penny towards the judgment.

Cohen was held in a civil contempt for failure to disclose his assets. He was released from custody on December 5, 2006, by Judge Ware because "Kremen has failed to locate evidence of hidden bank accounts or other assets.” Courts have ruled in Kremen's favor several times since 2006, with evidence that seven individuals, including some of Cohen's family members, and twelve companies were used to help him hide the money.

Additional reading
* David Kushner, The Players Ball. ' NY:Simon& Schuster, 2019 ISBN 9781501122149 (an account of the conflict between Gary Kremen and Stephen Michael Cohen for control of the internet domain sex.com).

title: Stephen M. Cohen


title: User:Goeagles4321/Desk