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Talk:Megaplex

According to http://investors.kinepolis.com//index.cfm?PageID=15859, the first megaplex opened in 1988 in Brussels. That page is biased of course, so there is a chance that their to be the first is not correct; however, there is no reason to doubt that Kinepolis Brussels opened in 1988, which beats The Grand 24 in Dallas by 7 years.

Rschroev 12:43, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Damn. You're right. I just ran this through LexisNexis and both Variety and the Hollywood Reporter have run numerous stories in which they mentioned that Kinepolis built the first megaplex in the world in 1988. AMC Grand 24 was the first one in the United States.

--Coolcaesar 13:51, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Join? or not to Join?
I would say yes they should join ... there is very little under Multiplex and a Multiplex is just a small Megaplex.

They tend to share the same features, it is just one has less than the other - from my perception, however, I could stand corrected. notna uk 16:41, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

And am I the only one who thinks it odd that both articles use the same photo (of a 30-screen location), even though the multiplex article suggests that multiplexes are defined (in part) by not having as many screens as a megaplex? I'd suggest merging under multiplex (the more commonly used term). MisfitToys 20:48, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

I also agree, the Megaplex is just an euphemism for a multiplex, and since it is just a big multiplex it should be merged under Multiplex (movie theater). The word multiplex is the one that gives the definition.Zisimos 13:09, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Megaplex


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Goal from mark

A goal from mark is a former scoring move in rugby football. It occurred when a player "marked" the ball by making a fair catch and shouting "mark". From this position, the player could not be tackled. The player then had the option of a free kick, which could be taken as a place-kick, drop-kick, punt, or tap kick. It was possible to score a goal from a place-kick or drop-kick.

The goal from mark was seldom seen for several reasons: the kicking team would have had to make the mark comfortably within the range of the opponent's goal, usually implying a gross error on the part of a defending player. The player making the mark would presumably have considered a drop goal attempt from open play less likely to succeed than a goal from the mark. The defending team were allowed to advance as far as the mark, meaning that the kick had to be attempted from still further away, and were moreover permitted to charge the attempted kick as soon as the ball was placed on the ground, the kicker started to run up or offered to kick the ball. The points awarded for a goal from mark initially varied between three and four points as point scoring rules evolved in rugby. In the 1900s, the goal from Mark was fixed at three points and it remained set at this amount until the rule's eventual abolition. The goal from Mark was a goal-scoring option distinct from the drop goal. The latter was worth four points in rugby union until 1948 when its value was also reduced to three points.

Under the original laws promulgated by Rugby School (from 1845 onwards), a try behind the opposition's goal line was followed by a "punt out", in which a member of the attacking team punted the ball backwards from the goal-line to a teammate, who could then catch the ball, make a mark (as from a fair catch), and then place the ball for a kick at goal. This was originally the only means by which a goal could be scored following a try. The option of a place-kick in line with the try (as in a modern conversion) appeared in the first Rugby Football Union laws of 1871. The RFU would abolish the punt-out from goal in 1883.

The goal from Mark was removed entirely from Rugby League in 1922. The goal from mark was permitted in Rugby Union games until the free-kick clause was added to the Laws of Rugby Union in 1977, which stipulated that a player could call a mark only in the defenders' 22-metre area and could only take a "non-scoring" free kick. This clause was applied to northern hemisphere games from September 1977 and for southern hemisphere games from January 1978 and remains part of the rules.

The last goal from a mark scored in an international match was by Romania against France in the 1971–72 FIRA Nations Cup on 11 December 1971.

In other codes of football
The scoring move continues as the set shot featuring heavily in Australian rules football and in the unusual fair catch kick in American football. The original 1863 laws of Association Football also permitted a free kick from a fair catch, from which a goal could be scored; this provision was eliminated in 1866.

In late 2018, the Gaelic Athletic Association introduced an offensive mark to permit forward players, who had received an aerial pass which had travelled at least 20 metres, to stop play and essentially take a free kick. Despite some resistance, the rule was retained for the 2019 Irish National Football League season.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Goal from mark


text:
Talk:Loyal opposition

The article presently reads: the leader of the largest minority party in Parliament is termed "The Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition". I am changing this text, as the present leader of the largest minority party in Canada's present Parliament happens to be termed "The Prime Minister of Canada". 216.126.78.119 12:44, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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Does the EU follow this principle?
We all know who leads the EU. But where is its 'loyal opposition'? Crawiki (talk) 16:26, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

Loyal opposition in a non-UK/Commonwealth context
In a non-UK/Commonwealth context, "Loyal opposition" typically stands for an ostensive opposition party in an authoritarian regime which is actually a satellite of the ruling party, such as the MDB under the Brazilian military regime or the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. Glide08 (talk) 13:13, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

 * And I see that you went ahead and added a section to that effect. Unfortunately, you didn't add a single source - not even an example of its use in that sense. I can't think of a sensible way of searching for it that will include only the relevant uses: perhaps you have some real examples (or, even better, can point to a discussion of the phrase in that sense, since Wikipedia has a strong preference for secondary sources)? If so, please add some. ColinFine (talk) 21:42, 31 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Not only are these no sources, but this confuses distinct concepts. The article is about the concept, not the words-as-words; the additions are off-topic and make the lead unintelligible. I've reverted to what I believe is the "last good version". Also removing the globalize tag, because if the concept is UK-related, there's no way to "globalize" except by adding original research. DFlhb (talk) 16:51, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Helms, L. (2023). Political Oppositions in Democratic and Authoritarian Regimes: A State-of-the-Field(s) Review. Government and Opposition, 58(2), 391-414. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.25: "What is more, opposition parties can stabilize an established authoritarian regime even further. This is especially the case when a regime manages to co-opt some opposition parties into the regime, creating a ‘loyal opposition’ and thus a division between ‘insiders’ and ‘outsiders’. This phenomenon has been widespread, including regimes as different as Botswana, Egypt or Russia."
 * Egyptian President Calls for Stronger Political Life (Voice of America News Article): "Michele Dunne, director of the Middle East Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, said the situation does not allow for the emergence of real political parties that could move Egypt closer to democracy. “What is going on in Egypt reminds me of the 1970s, under the late President [Anwar] Sadat, who sort of arranged the political scene and formed a centrist ruling party and a couple of loyal opposition parties to the right and to the left,” Dunne said. “And I think with the possibility of forming a party that would support President Sissi and then letting the historic Wafd Party head a loyal opposition bloc is the same top-down politics, rather than bottom-up politics.”"
 * Metz, H. C. & Library Of Congress. Federal Research Division. (1996) . Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.: "Prior to 1950, the Republic of Turkey was essentially a one-party state ruled by the Republican People's Party, which had been created by Atatürk to implement the Six Arrows of Kemalism. Although there had been abortive experiments with "loyal opposition" parties in the mid-1920s and in 1930, it was not until 1946 that the CHP permitted political parties to form and contest elections, albeit in a politically controlled environment."
 * Glide08 (talk) 08:03, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Do these sources not use the same words to mean something different? They use the term colloquially and literally (fake opposition that is loyal to what it claims to oppose), while this article is about parties that disagree with the government but don't want to overthrow the whole system. It seems very roughly similar to Brandmauer/Ausgrenzung in Germany, or Front républicain in France. Homographs belong in separate articles, see WP:NOTDICT. If you create a new article for the meaning related to authoritarian regimes, keep in mind that sources should discuss the term as a concept, not merely use the term in passing. DFlhb (talk) 08:56, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Loyal opposition


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Associated British Foods

Associated British Foods plc (ABF) is a British multinational food processing and retailing company headquartered in London, England.

Its ingredients division is the world's second-largest producer of both sugar and baker's yeast and a major producer of other ingredients including emulsifiers, enzymes and lactose. Its grocery division is a major manufacturer of both branded and private label grocery products and includes the brands Mazola, Ovaltine, Ryvita, Jordans, Kingsmill and Twinings. Its retail division, Primark, has some 384 stores across several countries, predominantly Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, and the UK. ACH Food Companies is an American subsidiary.

Associated British Foods is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

20th century
The company was founded by Canadian W. Garfield Weston in 1935, initially as Food Investments Limited, with the name changing to Allied Bakeries Limited a month later.

Between 1935 and 1956, ten national and regional bakery companies were acquired by Allied, including Barrett and Pomeroy, and London and Provincial Bakeries. The largest acquisition at this time was in 1955 when Allied bought the British operations of the Aerated Bread Company, founded in 1862. This acquisition included both the bakery business and the chain of cafeterias, the A.B.C. Tearooms. Allied paid $8.1 million for A.B.C. At that time, Allied had a large share of the UK baked goods market. Allied's market share prior to acquiring A.B.C. was 10% of all UK bread production and the sale of 20 million biscuits per day. Allied's sales the year prior were $154 million with profits of $12.6 million in current dollars. With the acquisition of A.B.C., Allied almost doubled its share of the UK's bread market by the end of the decade. In December 1954 they purchased from Howardsgate Trust the single Fine Fare Supermarket in Welwyn Garden City, the Welwyn Store grocery branches and the bakery businesses owned by the Trust.

Allied, under its new name, adopted in 1960, of Associated British Foods, continued to run A.B.C. as a separate brand after its takeover, with a major A.B.C. bakery in Camden Town, London. This closed in 1982 and the A.B.C. name was retired.

Following the death of the founder in 1978, control of the company was passed on to his son Garry, while the North American operations fell to his son Galen.

The company sold Fine Fare in 1986 to the Dee Corporation, and in 1991, went on to acquire British Sugar. In 1997, ABF sold its retail operations in Ireland (including Northern Ireland) to Tesco. These businesses were: Quinnsworth and Crazy Prices in the Republic of Ireland and Stewarts Supermarket Limited and Crazy Prices in Northern Ireland. This sale also included the Stewarts Winebarrel off-licence chain, Lifestyle Sports & Leisure Ltd (a retail sports and leisure business), Kingsway Fresh Foods (a meat processing facility) and Daily Wrap Produce (a fruit and vegetable packaging plant).

In May 1994, Greggs acquired the Bakers Oven chain from the company.

21st century
In 2000, the company sold its interests in Burton's Biscuits. In 2002, it acquired the Mazola corn oil, Argo and Kingsford's cornstarch, Karo and Golden Griddle syrups, and Henri's dressing brands, along with several Canadian brands, from Unilever; in 2004, it acquired the Tone's spice business and Fleischman yeast business from Burns Philp; and in 2007, it purchased Patak's Indian food business.

On 26 March 2011, Associated British Foods, and its parent company Wittington Investments, were targeted over tax avoidance by UK Uncut during anti-cuts protests. The tax avoidance scheme involved moving capital between ABF/Primark and the affiliated Luxembourg entity ABF European Holdings & Co SNC by means of interest-free loans, avoiding tax of about £9.7 million per year. The protest took the form of a mass sit-in in Fortnum & Mason.

In February 2013, the firm denied "illegal and immoral" tax evasion after it was accused by an international charity of moving its profits outside Zambia to reduce its tax bill. ActionAid said Zambia Sugar, a unit of AB Foods, had made profits of $123 million since 2007, but had paid "virtually no corporate tax" in Zambia.

In October 2013, the company denied being involved in unscrupulous uses of land, in an article containing reports of forced evictions by other companies.

Brands

 * Allinson
 * Argo Corn Starch
 * Aladino Peanut Butter
 * Burgen
 * Blue Dragon
 * Capullo
 * Dorset Cereals
 * Dromedary cake mixes
 * Elephant Atta
 * Fleischmann's Yeast
 * High5
 * Jordans cereals
 * Lucky Boat Noodles
 * Karo corn syrup
 * Kingsford's Corn Starch (North America)
 * Kingsmill bread
 * Mazola corn oil
 * Ovaltine (except in the United States, where Nestlé owns the brand)
 * Patak's
 * Pride
 * Ryvita
 * Silver Spoon
 * Sunblest
 * Thai Lotus Pastes
 * Tolly Boy Rice
 * Twinings

Subsidiaries

 * AB Agri Ltd
 * AB Enzymes - an ABFI Company
 * AB Sugar
 * AB Mauri, bakery ingredients
 * Abitec Corporation - an ABFI Company
 * Abitec Ltd
 * ACH Food Companies (AC HUMKO from 1995 to 2000), an American subsidiary of Associated British Foods, previously part of Kraft Foods from 1952 to 1995.
 * ACH Food México
 * Allied Bakeries - a division of ABF Grain Products Ltd
 * Allied Mills
 * British Sugar
 * Frontier Agriculture (50% joint venture with Cargill)
 * George Weston Foods
 * G Costa: sauces and specialty foods
 * Illovo Sugar
 * Zambia Sugar
 * OHLY - an ABFI Company
 * PGP International, Inc. - an ABFI Company
 * Primark – known as Penneys in the Republic of Ireland
 * SPI Pharma, Inc. - an ABFI Company
 * Stratas Foods LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between ABF's American subsidiary ACH and fellow American food corporation Archer Daniels Midland
 * Wander AG
 * Westmill Foods

Board of directors

 * Charles Sinclair, Chairman.
 * George G. Weston, Chief Executive Officer.
 * John Bason, Finance Director.
 * Peter Smith, Independent non-executive director.
 * Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme, Independent non-executive director.
 * Timothy Clarke, Independent non-executive director.
 * Javier Ferrán, Independent non-executive director.
 * Emma Adamo, Independent non-executive director.

Controlling shareholder
54.5% of ABF is owned by Wittington Investments. 79.2% of the share capital of Wittington Investments is owned by the Garfield Weston Foundation, which is one of the UK's largest grant-making charitable trusts, and the remainder is owned by members of the Weston family. Wittington Investments also owns Fortnum & Mason and Heal & Son. George G. Weston became chief executive of ABF on 1 April 2005, and Galen Weston, the chief executive of George Weston Ltd., is a non-executive director. Garth Weston is Regional President of AB Mauri.

title: Associated British Foods


text:
Munsang College

Munsang College (MSC; 民生書院) is an eminent EMI college situated in Kowloon City, Hong Kong founded by Mr Au Chak Mun (also known as Au Tak) and Dr Ts'o Seen Wan in 1926. It adopts the house system; each student is assigned to one of six houses, which are named Love, Tak, Chi, Tai, Kwan, May.

History of Munsang College
Early years (1916-1939)

In 1916, in view of the lack of schools for children in Kowloon City, Dr Ts'o Seen Wan suggested raising funds to build a school. In 1920, Mr Au Chak Mun (also known as Au Tak), one of the two people who reclaimed the land at Kowloon Bay and founded the Kai Tak Investment Company, died and bequeathed a donation of HK$10,000 to support Dr Ts'o Seen Wan's plan. Later, Mr Mok Kon Sang donated HK$10,000 as the founding fund of the school. Rev. Arthur Dudley Stewart, the Principal of St. Paul's College was entrusted with the work of preparation. In 1924, Mr Rufus Huang, a teacher of St. Stephen's College at Stanley, was appointed as the first principal of the school and he rented a three-storey building at 2 Kai Tak Bun as the school building and the open area near the school building as the playground. In commemoration of the contribution of Mr Au Chak Mun and Mr Mok Kon Sang, the school was named after them as Munsang College.

On 8 March 1926, classes were opened. At that time, there were only 4 teachers and 18 students. Only boys' junior secondary section was set up. There was one class each in junior 1, 2 and 3. Besides, there were three preparatory classes, Pre A, B and C for children who didn't reach the level of junior one. That winter, the Board of Directors was set up and Dr Ts'o Seen Wan became the chairman of the board. Since then 8 March has been the School Anniversary date. In 1927, the kindergarten section was set up. There were totally 60 students in the secondary section and 17 students in the primary and kindergarten sections. In 1928, the boys' senior secondary section was set up. Owing to the increasing number of students, No 45 and 47 of Kai Yan Road near Kai Tak Bun were rented as school buildings. The ground floor was with classrooms for the primary and kindergarten sections. The second and third floors were used as the students' dormitory. In 1930, the first 3 students graduated in the secondary section. In 1932, a girls' secondary section was set up and the number of students increased to 426. In 1933, a hall with a capacity of 200 students was built at the back of the main school building at Kai Tak Bun. In 1934, owing to the outstanding performance of Munsang College, the Hong Kong Government started to subsidize the school (special grant school). In the autumn of 1937, the girls' secondary section was closed and all female students were transferred to Heep Yunn College. In 1938, the first Home-Coming day was held.

Relocation (1939-1940)

In the preparation of the 10th-anniversary ceremony, it was suggested that a piece of land at the end of Grampian Road should be bought to build a school campus instead of renting houses. HK$11,000 was raised to purchase most of the land for the present campus. In September 1939, the first phase of building the school campus, including a hall and 12 classrooms, at the present location was completed. There were totally 525 students. On 26 November, the Munsang College Alumni Association was founded.

Post-war (1945-1954)

In August 1945, the Japanese army surrendered. However, the school campus was still occupied by the British army. Civilian houses at Hau Wong Road were rented and the primary school resumed. There were totally 94 students. In May 1946, the campus at Grampian Road was returned to the school authority but only the primary section resumed. The number of students increased to 200. In 1947, the main road in the school campus and the school gate was rebuilt. The school applied to the government and became a non-profit-making private school. In 1949, a co-ed secondary section was established. In the summer of the same year, one additional classroom was built and in winter, two extra classrooms were built. In 1950, the Student Association was set up and the total number of students increased to 500. In 1953, with the addition of seven classrooms, the secondary school resumed up to S5 and there were totally 17 classes and 785 students. In 1954, five students participated in the first English HKCEE after World War II.

Expansion (1955-1962)

In 1955, the kindergarten section resumed and a new building with 6 classrooms for the kindergarten section was completed in January 1956. The first phase of building the present Block D was completed in November 1957. In 1961, the sports ground was expanded with extra land leased from the Hong Kong Government after the completion of Dumbarton Road and its area was increased to about 20000 sqft. At the same time, Munsang College was classified as a private aided school by the Education Department.

In 1962, the present Block C and the other classrooms of Block D were completed. There were 6 kindergarten classes, 29 primary classes and 12 secondary classes. The total number of students was in 2030.

Modern era (since 1963)

S6 classes and S7 classes resumed in 1963 and 1964 respectively. In that year, there were 19 secondary classes, 30 primary classes and 8 kindergarten classes. In 1965, the school gate at Inverness Road was completed. In 1968, the old hall was rebuilt and was completed on 9 January 1969. It was later named as Lim Por Yen Hall (Block B). The hall can accommodate 1020 audiences. There are 6 classrooms and a gymnastic room below the hall. The old kindergarten building was rebuilt in 1976 and the primary school was approved to be a feeder school of the secondary school in that year. On 6 March of the same year, the school celebrated its golden jubilee anniversary. There were open days and exhibitions. The new kindergarten/primary section building (Block A) was completed in June 1977. After that, the work of building the Rufus Huang Memorial Building (Block E) was started and it was completed in 1979. In 1980, the construction of a primary school library, a kitchen and a swimming pool was started. On 26 May 1981, the swimming pool was opened. In 1986, to celebrate the diamond jubilee anniversary of Munsang College, a new building, Diamond Jubilee Building (Block F) was built and was completed on 21 December 1986. In 1987, the swimming pool was re-built. In 1988, the Munsang College Alumni Association held the golden jubilee celebration. In 1993, a new laboratory building (Block G) and a new lecture theatre, the Dr Daniel Lam Lecture Theatre, was completed. In 1995, the school carried out extensive renovation work. In order to show the history of our college, the school built an archive. On 8 March 1996, the school celebrated its Seventieth Anniversary. There were open days and exhibitions. The Munsang College Archive was opened. On 7 March 1997, the school celebrated its 71st Anniversary with a time capsule enshrined in the campus. The time capsule will be opened after 50 years.

Alumni

 * Dr Rayson Huang (黃麗松), former Vice-Chancellor of University of Hong Kong.
 * Lim Por-yen (林百欣), founder and former chairman of Asia Television.
 * Ricky Wong (王維基), Chairman and founder of City Telecom Ltd and Hong Kong Broadband Network.
 * Eric Cheung (張達明), Principal Lecturer and Director of Clinical Legal Education, Faculty of Law, The University of Hong Kong and Solicitor.
 * David Lam (林思齊), the 25th Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia.
 * Lee Cheuk-yan (李卓人), member of Legislative Council of Hong Kong and chairman of Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China.
 * Dr Yip Wing-sie (葉詠詩), renowned musician and music director of Hong Kong Sinfonietta.
 * Charles Heung (向華強), founder of Win's Entertainment and China Star Entertainment Group.
 * Martin Yan (甄文達), Chinese-Hong Kong-American chef, food writer and host of Yan Can Cook.

title: Munsang College


text:
Boulton

Boulton may refer to:

 * Boulton (surname)
 * Boulton, Derby, England

title: Boulton


text:
List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign

This is a list of currently reigning monarchs sorted by length of service.

This list includes monarchs who do not reign over entire nations, such as Muhammad V of Kelantan, but does not include former monarchs and pretenders, such as Simeon II of Bulgaria, ex officio monarchs such as Emmanuel Macron who in his capacity as President of France is also Co-Prince of Andorra, monarchs without physical territories such as the Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, constituent monarchs such as the traditional African rulers, or monarchs whose position is unofficial, such as Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama.

Hassanal Bolkiah is currently the longest-reigning monarch, having been Sultan of Brunei since 5 October 1967. He became the longest-reigning monarch upon the death of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on 8 September 2022.


text:
Ekibastuz–Kokshetau high-voltage line

The Ekibastuz–Kokshetau high-voltage line is an alternating current electrical power transmission line in Kazakhstan from Ekibastuz to Kokshetau. It was the first commercially used power line in the world which operated at 1,150 kV, the highest transmission line voltage in the world. It is a part of the Itatsk (Sharypovo)–Barnaul–Ekibastuz–Kokshetau–Kostanay–Chelyabinsk (Siberia–Kazakhstan–Urals) transmission system, which was designed to transfer electricity from Siberia and Kazakhstan to industrial regions in the Urals.

Designated as power line number 1101, it runs 432 km from Ekibastuz to Kokshetau. It is mounted on transmission towers with an average height of 45 m. The weight of the conductors between the spans is approximately 50 tons. With a voltage of 1,150 kV, the line had a maximum transfer capacity of 5,500 MW.

The whole length of the Siberia–Kazakhstan–Urals line is 2344 km, of which 1421 km is located in Kazakhstan and the rest is located in Russia.

History
In 1973, the Soviet Union built a three-phase UHV experimental test circuit over a kilometre long at the Beily Rast substation, near Dmitrov in Moscow region. In 1978, a 270 km UHV test line for industrial use was built from Sharypovo to Novokuznetsk. In 1985, this test line became part of the Siberia–Urals line. At the time, no other country had an operational UHV line of this voltage, although several other countries were running experiments.

On 24 March 1977, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union took a decision to construct the Ekibastuz–Centre (Tambov) 1,500 kV direct current line. This line was put under construction but never finished. In addition, the Ekibastuz–Urals line was planned. Construction of this line started in 1980. The Ekibastuz–Kokshetau line was commissioned at the end of July 1985. The technical design of the line was done by Energosetproekt. The main contractor was Specsetstroy, while contractors for the 1,150 kV substations were Ekibastuzenergostroy and Yuzhuralenergostroy. Equipment for substations was provided by Zaporozhtransformator, Elektrosila, and Uralelektrotyazhmash.

In 1988, this 1,150 kV line was extended to Kostanay. By 1990, the whole line from Barnaul to Chelyabinsk was built; however, as 1,150 kV substations were built only in the territory of Kazakhstan, the rest of this system operated at 500 kV. After dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the whole Siberia–Urals transmission system was downgraded to 500 kV. In 1998, the Siberia–Urals line was extended from Barnaul to Itatsk.

title: Ekibastuz–Kokshetau high-voltage line


text:
Angus Houston

Air Chief Marshal Sir Allan Grant "Angus" Houston, (born 9 June 1947) is a retired senior officer of the Royal Australian Air Force. He served as Chief of Air Force from 20 June 2001 and then as the Chief of the Defence Force from 4 July 2005. He retired from the military on 3 July 2011.

Since then Houston has been appointed to a number of positions, including chairman of Airservices Australia. In March 2014 he was appointed to head the Joint Agency Coordination Centre during the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, and in the Australia Day Honours of 2015, he was knighted for this service.

Early life
Houston was born on 9 June 1947 in Ayrshire, Scotland and educated at Strathallan School in Forgandenny, Perthshire. He emigrated to Australia in 1968 to work as a jackaroo on a sheep and wheat farm near the town of Mukinbudin in the North Eastern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia.

Early career
Houston joined the RAAF as a cadet pilot in 1970 and was soon given the nickname "Angus". On 20 March 1971, he was granted an eight-year short-service commission with the rank of pilot officer, and was promoted to flying officer on 20 March 1973. He spent the early part of his career flying UH-1 Iroquois helicopters in various parts of Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. On 10 March 1975, he received a permanent commission, with a promotion to flight lieutenant on 20 September.

After graduation from Flying Instructors Course in 1975, Houston completed several instructional tours on Macchi MB-326H, British Aircraft Corporation Strikemaster and Iroquois aircraft. A posting to the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) from 1976 to 1978 was followed by two years at No. 9 Squadron at RAAF Base Amberley. In late 1979, Houston was posted to Hill Air Force Base, Utah U.S.A. for exchange flying duties with a United States Air Force helicopter unit.

In 1980 he was awarded the Air Force Cross for an open sea rescue in gale-force winds off the coast of New South Wales in 1979. He was promoted to squadron leader on 1 January 1982.

After a further posting to No. 9 Squadron as the Executive Officer, and staff training at RAAF Staff College, Houston was posted to the Department of Air (Development Division) where he was involved in the Black Hawk helicopter Project. In 1987, Houston assumed command of No. 9 Squadron to introduce the Black Hawk helicopter, to relocate the unit from Amberley to Townsville, Queensland, and to transfer the capability to the Australian Army. In 1989 he served one year in command of the 5th Aviation Regiment. Houston was admitted as a Member of the Order of Australia in 1990 for his work in the transfer of responsibility for Blackhawk operations.

Following graduation from Joint Services Staff College, Houston was posted to the Joint Operations staff at Headquarters Australian Defence Force and was involved in strategic planning during the Persian Gulf War of 1990–1991.

On promotion to group captain in July 1992, he assumed the post of Director Air Force Policy and negotiated the establishment of the RSAF Flying School at RAAF Base Pearce. After completing a C-130H Hercules conversion in 1993, Houston commanded No. 86 Wing from 1994 to 1995.

Houston attended the Royal College of Defence Studies in London in 1996. He was Chief of Staff, Headquarters Australian Theatre from 1997 to 1999, Commander Integrated Air Defence System from 1999 to 2000 and Head Strategic Command from 17 August 2000.

Senior command
Houston was appointed as Chief of Air Force (CAF) on 20 June 2001 and, in the 2003 Australia Day Honours, advanced to Officer of the Order of Australia. As acting Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) in 2001, Houston played a central role in the Children Overboard Affair. At a Senate inquiry in February 2002, Houston challenged the then government's claim made during the 2001 election campaign, that seafaring asylum seekers had thrown children overboard in a presumed ploy to secure rescue and passage to Australia.

On 4 July 2005, he was promoted to air chief marshal and appointed Chief of the Defence Force. In the Australia Day Honours of 26 January 2008, he was advanced to a Companion of the Order of Australia. In March 2008, Houston's appointment was extended to 3 July 2011.

Later life
After his retirement from the CDF position, the Australian Government appointed Houston as Chair of the Anzac Centenary Advisory Board on 6 July 2011, with the remit to "provide strategic advice and recommendations on the planning and implementation of Anzac Centenary events". On 6 December 2011, it was announced that the Australian Government had appointed Houston as the next chairman of Airservices Australia on the grounds of his aviation, governance and leadership experience.

In June 2012, Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced that Houston would chair an expert group that would examine asylum seeker policy and prepare a report recommending a solution for the Government's consideration.

In February 2014, Houston was appointed chair of the Defence SA Advisory Board. The position was previously held by General Peter Cosgrove.

On 30 March 2014, Prime Minister Tony Abbott announced that Houston would head the Joint Agency Coordination Centre (JACC), based in Perth, formed to oversee the efforts to find Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. At that time, the plane had been missing for just over three weeks since its disappearance on Saturday, 8 March.

On 26 January 2015, Houston was appointed a Knight of the Order of Australia (AK) for his service to Australia and commitment to the MH17 and MH 370 disasters. Saying he was "surprised and deeply humbled," he said he would prefer to be called by his name instead of "Sir Angus." "It's a great honour to be recognised in this way. But I'd like people to still call me Angus. That's probably the way I am," he said. The ceremony in which he was officially knighted was held on 17 April 2015 at Government House, Canberra by the Governor-General of Australia, General Sir Peter Cosgrove.

On 1 June 2015, Houston was announced as the new special envoy for South Australia. According to Premier Jay Weatherill, Houston is tasked with supporting trade missions, providing advice on international engagement strategies and providing important introductions in key markets. Weatherill also noted Houston's strong relationships with military leaders across Asia being potentially advantageous to the state.

Houston was elected to the role of chancellor of the University of the Sunshine Coast and took office from 1 April 2017.

Houston was appointed to the board of Virgin Australia in December 2018, replacing Mark Vaile.

Houston is an Honorary Patron of the ACT Veterans Rugby Club, the Bomber Command Association in Australia, Sunnyfield Disability Services and the Australian American Association Canberra Division. He is the chair of the Canberra Symphony Orchestra.

Houston is a member of the senior advisory group of the Indonesia-Australia Defence Alumni Association (IKAHAN).

Houston is chair of Murray-Darling Basin Authority since August 2020.

Personal life
Houston and his wife Liz, who is a teacher, have three sons.

In July 2010, while CDF, Houston took medical leave to deal with prostate issues.

Scholastic

 * Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships

 * Honorary degrees

title: Angus Houston


text:
Subaru R2

The Subaru R2 is a kei car produced and sold in Japan by Fuji Heavy Industries from 2003 to 2010. Its name was inspired by the Subaru R-2, produced from 1969 to 1972. The R2 was discontinued in 2010.

Design
The R2 was the first production Subaru to sport a new family look, including the aviation-inspired "spread wings grille" also used by their Tribeca and Impreza.

The R2's exterior dimensions are largely similar to its predecessor, the Subaru Pleo; but unlike the squarish Pleo, the R2 has a deliberately rounded, less space-efficient form.

Three variations of the 4-cylinder 658 cc engine were available:
 * SOHC
 * DOHC AVCS (variable valve timing)
 * DOHC with supercharger and intercooler (R2 STi)

Unlike other Subaru models which used Boxer engines, the R2 used an inline engine.

The two lower engine options were available with either a manual transmission or a CVT. The supercharged engine was coupled to a sportshift version of the CVT ("7 speed iCVT"). Both front wheel drive and all wheel drive were available.

Initially, the R2 was available in 11 colors and 3 trim levels (one for each engine variation).

On January 4, 2005, the Subaru R1 was introduced, which was a 2-door version of the R2 with a shorter body and wheelbase.

In 2006, the R2 got a facelift, replacing its spread wings grille with one similar to the Subaru Legacy.

In popular culture
The Subaru R2 is a playable secret car in the arcade video game Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune.

title: Subaru R2


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jukashi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 20:41, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Jukashi
Article fails to establish notability. A Google search fails to find any race horse named "Jukashi", see and. External link leads to a personal website/blog. Possible self-promotion by Villan. JamesBurns 12:56, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Grue 17:57, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jukashi


text:
Dividend imputation

Dividend imputation is a corporate tax system in which some or all of the tax paid by a company may be attributed, or imputed, to the shareholders by way of a tax credit to reduce the income tax payable on a distribution. In comparison to the classical system, it reduces or eliminates the tax disadvantages of distributing dividends to shareholders by only requiring them to pay the difference between the corporate rate and their marginal tax rate. The imputation system effectively taxes distributed company profit at the shareholders' average tax rates.

Australia, Malta and New Zealand have imputation systems. Canada, Korea and the United Kingdom have a partial imputation system. Germany had a dividend imputation system until 2000 and France until 2004.

The objective of the dividend imputation system is to collect tax on distributed income at the shareholder's tax rate, in order to eliminate double taxation of company profits, once at the corporate level and again on distribution as a dividend to shareholders. Other jurisdictions which do not have dividend imputation achieve a similar result by only taxing dividends at the shareholder level. For example, Chile has tax integration, and all applicable company profits are taxed only at the shareholder's tax rate, achieving a similar outcome to imputation. Others (Singapore, for example) eliminate double taxation in a different way, by not taxing dividends in the hands of the shareholder and only at the company level. Under this arrangement the shareholders obtain a tax benefit even though the company may not have paid any tax at the corporate level, and it also benefits non-resident shareholders.

Australia
The Australian tax system allows companies to determine the proportion of franking credits to attach to the dividends paid. A franking credit is a nominal unit of tax paid by companies using dividend imputation. Franking credits are passed on to shareholders along with dividends.

Australian-resident shareholders include in their assessable income the grossed-up dividend amount (being the total of the dividend payable plus the associated franking credits). The income tax payable by the shareholders is calculated, and the franking credits are applied to offset the tax payable. In Australia and New Zealand the result is the elimination of double taxation of company profits.

History
Dividend imputation was introduced in 1987, one of a number of tax reforms by the Hawke–Keating Labor Government. Prior to that a company would pay company tax on its profits and if it then paid a dividend, that dividend was taxed again as income for the shareholder, i.e. a part owner of the company, a form of double taxation.

In 1997 the eligibility rules (below) were introduced by the Howard–Costello Liberal Government, with a $2,000 small shareholder exemption. In 1999 that exemption was raised to the present $5,000. In 2000, franking credits became fully refundable, not just reducing tax liability to zero. In 2002, preferential dividend streaming was banned. In 2003, New Zealand companies could elect to join the system for Australian tax they paid.

Operation
A shareholder's taxable income is grossed up to include the value of the company tax deemed to have been prepaid on the dividend. This value is also credited to the shareholder.

For example, if a company makes a profit of $100 and pays company tax of $30 (at 2006 rates) to the tax office, it records the $30 in the franking account.

The company now has $70 of retained profit to pay a dividend, either in the same year or later years. When it does so, it may attach a franking credit from its franking account, in proportion to the tax rate. If a $70 dividend is paid it could attach $30 of franking credits, and the franking account is debited by $30.

An eligible shareholder receiving a franked dividend declares as income the cash received, plus the franking credit. The franking credit is then credited against the tax payable on their income. The effect is as if the tax office reversed the company tax by giving back the $30 to the shareholder and had them treat the original $100 of profit as income, in the shareholder's hands, like the company was merely a conduit.

Thus company profits distributed to eligible shareholders are taxed in their entirety at the shareholder's rate. Profits retained by the company or distributed to ineligible shareholders remain taxed at the corporate rate.

Dividends may still be paid by a company when it has no franking credits (perhaps because it has been making tax losses), this is called an unfranked dividend. It may pay a franked portion and an unfranked portion, known as partly franked. An unfranked dividend (or the unfranked portion) is ordinary income in the hands of the shareholder.

Refund
A franking credit on dividends received after 1 July 2000 is a refundable tax credit. It is a form of tax paid, which can reduce a taxpayer's total tax liability, and any excess is refunded. For example, an individual with income below the tax-free threshold ($18,200 since 2011/12) pays no tax at all and can get the franking credits back in full, after a tax return is lodged.

Prior to 1 July 2000 such excess franking credits were lost. For example, an individual at that time paying no tax would get nothing back, they merely kept the cash part of the dividend received.

Investors
The easiest way for an investor to value a franked dividend is to think of the franking credit as part of the income they receive. The investor doesn't get it in cash, only as a kind of IOU from the tax office, but nonetheless it and the cash portion make up pre-tax income. Thus a franked dividend of $0.70 plus $0.30 credit is exactly equivalent to an unfranked dividend of $1.00, or to bank interest of $1.00, or any other ordinary income of that amount. (It's exactly equivalent because franking is fully refundable, as described above.)

Franked dividends are often described as a "tax effective" form of income. The basis for this is that the cash $0.70 looks like it's taxed at a lower rate than other income. For example, for an individual on the top rate of 48.5% (for 2006) the calculation is $0.70 plus $0.30 credit is $1.00 on which $0.485 tax is payable, but less the $0.30 credit makes $0.185 net tax, which is just 26.4% of the original $0.70. Conversely, an individual on the 20% marginal tax rate actually gets a $0.10 rebate. In this latter case, the rebate looks very much like negative tax.

There's nothing inherently wrong with the latter way of thinking about franked dividends, and it is frequently made to demonstrate how franking benefits the investor, but it can be argued a grossing-up like the former is better when comparing yields across different investment opportunities.

Eligibility
There are restrictions on who can use franking credits. Those who cannot must simply declare as income the cash dividend amount they receive. The restrictions are designed to prevent the trading of franking credits between different taxpayers. An eligible shareholder is one who either

 * Owns the shares for a continuous period of 45 days or more (not counting purchase and sale days); or 90 days in the case of certain preference shares. This is the "holding period rule". Shares must be "at risk" for the necessary period, i.e. not with an offsetting derivatives position for instance.

Or who

 * Has total franking credits for the tax year of less than $5000 (the "small shareholder exemption") and has not arranged to pass-on the benefits to someone else (the "related payments rule").

Thus franking credits are not available to short-term traders, only to longer term holders, but with small holders exempted provided it's for their own benefit.

The small shareholder exemption is not a "first $5000", but rather once the $5000 threshold is passed the rule is inoperative and all one's shares are under the holding period rule.

For the holding period rule, parcels of shares bought and sold at different times are reckoned on a "first in, last out" basis. Each sale is taken to be of the most recently purchased shares. This prevents a taxpayer buying just before a dividend, selling just after, and asserting it was older shares sold (to try to fulfill the holding period).

This "first in, last out" reckoning may be contrasted with capital gains tax. For capital gains the shareholder can nominate what parcel was sold from among those bought at different times.

Company shareholders
A dividend received by a company shareholder is income of the receiving company, but the dividend income is not grossed-up for the franking credit nor is the receiving company entitled to claim the franking credit as a tax credit. Instead, the franking credit is added directly to the receiving company's franking account, and can be paid out in the same way as franking credits generated by the receiving company.

This transfer of credits has made the previous "intercorporate rebates" allowances redundant. Those rebates had avoided double taxation on dividends paid from one company to another company. Those rebates were part of the original 1936 Taxation Act (section 46), meaning that the principle of eliminating double taxation has been present to some degree in Australian income tax law for a very long time.

The company tax rate has changed a few times since the introduction of dividend imputation. In each case transitional rules have been made to maintain the principle of reversing the original tax paid, even if the tax rate has changed. This has been either by separate franking accounts for separate rates (e.g. class A 39%, class B 33%), or making an adjusting recalculation of the credits (e.g. into class C 30%).

Trans-Tasman Imputation
New Zealand companies can apply to join the Australian dividend imputation system (from 2003). Doing so allows them to attach Australian franking credits to their dividends, for Australian tax they have paid. Those credits can then be used by shareholders who are Australian taxpayers, the same as dividends from an Australian company.

There are certain anti-tax-avoidance rules to prevent New Zealand companies deliberately streaming Australian franking credits towards their Australian shareholders; credits must be distributed on a pro-rata basis.

Note that it is only Australian franking credits which can be used by an Australian taxpayer. New Zealand imputation credits on dividends paid to an Australian shareholder cannot be used against that shareholder's Australian taxes.

Abuses of the system
A company is not obliged to attach franking credits to its dividends. But it costs the company nothing to do so, and the credits will benefit eligible shareholders, so it is usual to attach the maximum available. It's actually possible for a company to attach more than it has, but doing so attracts tax penalties that mean this is not worthwhile.

In the past it was permissible for corporations to direct the flow of franking credits preferentially to one type of shareholder over another so that each may benefit the most as fits their tax circumstances. For example, foreign shareholders cannot use franking credits (they can't be offset against withholding tax) but Australian shareholders can. This practice, known as dividend streaming, became illegal in 2002, whereafter all dividends within a given time frame must now be franked to a similar (but need not be identical) degree irrespective of shareholder location or which class of shares held.

Effective elimination of company tax and thus incentives
To a large extent, dividend imputation makes company tax irrelevant. This is because every dollar that a company pays in company tax can be claimed by the shareholder as franking credit, with no net revenue flowing to the government. (There are exceptions which include profits retained by the company that are never paid as dividends, and payments to international investors.)

When gross company tax is reported by Treasury, it is unclear whether the number generally includes the effect of the corresponding franking credits.

One effect is that this has reduced the effectiveness of tax incentives for corporations. If a corporation was given a tax break then its incomes thus released from taxation would not generate franking credits precisely because no tax was paid. In turn, this meant that the shareholders received fewer credits along with their dividends, meaning in turn that they had to pay more tax.

The net result is that each tax break a corporation itself got was countered by a matching increase in the tax burden of shareholders, leaving shareholders in exactly the same position had no tax break been received by the corporation. Thus, to the extent that corporate directors acted so as to increase shareholder wealth, tax incentives would not influence corporate behaviour.

Malta
Malta has a dividend imputation system which is applicable to both resident and non-resident shareholders. The corporate tax rate is equivalent to the top tax bracket and the difference will be applied as a tax credit to the individual via imputation. Where the imputation credits exceed the actual tax payable on the grossed up income, the revenues office will refund the remainder.

New Zealand
New Zealand introduced a dividend imputation system in 1989. It operates on similar principles to the Australian system. A shareholder receiving a dividend from a company is entitled to an "imputation credit", which represents tax paid by the company, and is used to reduce or eliminate the shareholder's income tax liability.

United Kingdom
From 1973 to 1999, the UK operated an imputation system, with shareholders able to claim a tax credit reflecting advance corporation tax (ACT) paid by a company when a distribution was made. A company could set off ACT against the company's annual corporation tax liability, subject to limitations.

In 1999 ACT was abolished. Shareholders receiving a dividend were still entitled to a tax credit to offset their tax liability, but the tax credit no longer necessarily represented tax paid by the company, and could not be refunded to the shareholder. The tax credit was abolished as of 6 April 2016 and replaced with a tax-free dividend allowance of £5,000 (2017/2018). The dividend allowance was reduced to £2,000 from 6 April 2018, and then to £1,000 for the April 2023 to April 2024 tax year.

title: Dividend imputation


text:
Hava Nagila

"Hava Nagila" (הָבָה נָגִילָה, Hāvā Nāgīlā, "Let us rejoice") is a Jewish folk song. It is traditionally sung at celebrations, such as weddings, Bar/Bat Mitzvas, and other festivities among the Jewish community. Written in 1918, it quickly spread through the Jewish diaspora.

History
"Hava Nagila" is one of the first modern Jewish folk songs in the Hebrew language. It went on to become a staple of band performers at Jewish weddings and bar/bat(b'nei) mitzvah celebrations.

The melody is based on a Hassidic Nigun. It was composed in 1918 to celebrate the Balfour Declaration and the British victory over the Ottomans in 1917. It was first performed in a mixed choir concert in Jerusalem.

Abraham Zevi Idelsohn (1882–1938), a professor at Hebrew University, began cataloging all known Jewish music and teaching classes in musical composition; one of his students was a promising cantorial student, Moshe Nathanson, who with the rest of his class was presented by the professor with a 19th-century, slow, melodious, chant (niggun or nigun) and assigned to add rhythm and words to fashion a modern Hebrew song. There are competing claims regarding "Hava Nagila"'s composer, with both Idelsohn and Nathanson being suggested.

The niggun has been attributed to the Sadigurer Chasidim, who lived in what is now Ukraine. This version has been recreated by Daniel Gil, based on a traditional song collected by Susman Kiselgof. The text was probably refined by Idelsohn. Members of the community began to immigrate to Jerusalem in 1915, and Idelsohn wrote in 1932 that he had been inspired by that melody.

Notable performers

 * Israeli folk duo Ran & Nama (Ran Eliran and Nechama Hendel) released what is likely the earliest recording of the version that was later made famous throughout the world, on their album Ran & Nama - The First Record (Hed Arzi AN-42-70, 1959).
 * Singer Harry Belafonte is known for his version of the song, which was recorded for his album Belafonte at Carnegie Hall, recorded at the titular Carnegie Hall in 1959. He rarely gave a concert without singing it, and stated that the two "stand out" songs from his professional career were "The Banana Boat Song" and "Hava Nagila". Belafonte noted and claimed, "Life is not worthwhile without it. Most Jews in America learned that song from me."
 * Laurindo Almeida
 * Barry Sisters
 * Nissim Black, a Jewish Orthodox rapper, recorded an adaptation titled "The Hava Song".
 * Brave Combo
 * Glen Campbell
 * David Carroll
 * Jasper Carrott (on his 1976 album, Carrott In Notts)
 * Chubby Checker
 * Herman Clebanoff
 * Carmela Corren – Israeli singer
 * Celia Cruz
 * Dick Dale and the Del Tones (surf rock)
 * Dalida (1959)
 * Neil Diamond, in addition to having performed Hava Nagila in his 1994 Live In America concert, incorporated it into The Jazz Singer, based on Samson Raphaelson's play, in which he acted out a cantor with popular-music ambitions.
 * Dream Theater performed a cover of "Hava Nagila" in Tel Aviv, Israel, on 16 June 2009.
 * Bob Dylan
 * The E Street Band with guest accordionists performed it at a Bruce Springsteen concert in Sunrise, Florida, on 9 September 2009.
 * Percy Faith
 * Irving Fields
 * Four Jacks and a Jill released a version of the song on their 1965 album, Jimmy Come Lately.
 * Connie Francis
 * Benny Goodman, (c. 1960s)
 * Lionel Hampton
 * Lena Horne, "Now!" (US #92, 1963)
 * Abraham Zevi Idelsohn published the Hebrew song book, Sefer Hashirim, in 1922, which includes the first publication of his arrangement of "Hava Nagila". He also produced the first commercial recording in 1922, on the Polyphon record label ("Order No. 8533."), as part of a series which recorded 39 Hebrew folk songs.
 * Los Iracundos
 * Kare and the Cavemen
 * Bert Kaempfert
 * Harold Land
 * James Last
 * Liel Kolet
 * Abbe Lane
 * Jon Lord of Deep Purple included Hava Nagila in his solo keyboard improvisations as heard on Made in Europe (1975).
 * Arthur Lyman
 * Betty Madigan, "Dance Everyone Dance" (US #31, 1958)
 * Enrico Macias and Charles Aznavour as a duo, c. 1970
 * Shelly Manne
 * Mantovani
 * Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, who recorded the song live for the album Ruin Jonny's Bar Mitzvah. They also recorded a second version on the same album to the tune of Feliz Navidad.
 * Perez Prado
 * Louis Prima
 * Flora Purim
 * Ivan Rebroff
 * Cantor Tracey Scher
 * Frank Slay and his Orchestra, "Flying Circle" (US #45, 1962)
 * The Spotnicks
 * Pete Townshend, whose ability to play the song was instrumental to his induction in The Who.
 * Richard Tucker
 * Caterina Valente
 * Rika Zarai
 * Azucar Moreno, The Spanish group of gypsy origin included a version of this song on their album "Esclava de tu piel".

Maccabi Tel Aviv
After every home Maccabi Tel Aviv win, the fan group The Gate, which is the biggest Maccabi fan group, start chanting "Hava Nagila".

Ajax Amsterdam
Supporters of the Dutch association football club AFC Ajax, although not an official Jewish club, commonly use Jewish imagery. A central part of Ajax fans' culture, "Hava Nagila" can often be heard sung in the Stadium by the team's supporters, and at one point ringtones of "Hava Nagila" could even be downloaded from the club's official website.

Tottenham Hotspur
Supporters of the English football club Tottenham Hotspur commonly refer to themselves as "Yids" and say they are strongly associated with Jewish symbolism and culture. "Hava Nagila" has been adopted as an anthem of sorts by the club, and was one of the most frequently sung songs at the team's former stadium at White Hart Lane.

Montreal Canadiens
"Hava Nagila" can often be heard during game stoppages being played on the Centre Bell organ.

Other versions
George Lam recorded a Cantonese version of "Hava Nagila", "狂歡" ("Carnival"), for his 1981 album 活色生香.

Allan Sherman recorded a parody, "Harvey and Sheila", on his album My Son, the Celebrity, using the tune but spoofing middle-class life.

Thrash metal band Anthrax included the melody in their 1987 single "I'm the Man".

In 1996, Dutch gabber group Party Animals released a hardstyle version of the song called "Hava Naquila".

title: Hava Nagila


text:
User talk:YG~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 13:00, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called YG. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name YG~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:40, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:YG~enwiki


text:
Subaru R1

The Subaru R1 is a kei car manufactured by the Japanese carmaker Subaru from 2005 to 2010.

Design
Entering production on January 4, 2005, the R1 is a two-door version of the Subaru R2, but with a shorter body and wheelbase. The R1 is unusual in that it does not use up the maximum length allowed for by the kei car regulations—the only other kei cars to have done this since the 1989 Autozam Carol were the Suzuki Twin, Daihatsu Midget, Toyota C+pod, and the European Smart Fortwo.

The R1 was only available in one spec level up to the end of 2005, using a 658 cc Subaru EN engine. The engine is available in three versions: the I with the EN07U SOHC 34 kW engine, the R with the EN07D DOHC engine rated at 40 kW (54 horsepower) and the STi with an EN07X supercharged and intercooled engine rated at 47 kW. The R1 is being marketed as a personal car and as a middle-aged couple's second car; a combination of leather and Alcantara seating is available. All R1s are equipped with a CVT, and all trim levels are available with front-wheel drive as well as four-wheel drive.

In its promotional materials, the R1 was frequently compared to the Subaru 360, the first production Subaru automobile.

Derivative vehicles
The R1 is the base car for the following vehicles:
 * The Subaru R1e, an experimental battery electric vehicle undergoing limited production for selected industrial clients in Japan. There was intense interest in this vehicle within the US EV community, as it uses lithium-ion batteries (which contribute to a significant improvement in range and can be 80% recharged in just 15 minutes).
 * The Prodrive P2 concept sports car.

Collectibles
Tomica manufactured a diecast 1/56 R1 in 2005 as No. 111, and Takara made a Choro-Q plastic pull-back R1.

title: Subaru R1


text:
Magic hat

Magic hat may refer to:

 * Magic Hat Brewing Company, an American brewery

Film and television

 * The Magic Top Hat, a 1932 German film
 * Magical Hat, a Japanese anime television series
 * Harriet's Magic Hats, a Canadian television series
 * Willoughby's Magic Hat, a 1943 American animated short film

Hats

 * Hat-trick (magic trick), a classic magic trick where a performer will produce an object out of an apparently empty top hat
 * Witch hat, a style of hat worn by witches in popular culture depictions, characterized by a conical crown and a wide brim

Literature

 * The Magic Hat, a 2002 book by Mem Fox and Tricia Tusa
 * The Hat (book), a 1970 book by Tomi Ungerer

title: Magic hat


text:
Ficus religiosa

Ficus religiosa or sacred fig is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina that belongs to Moraceae, the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the bodhi tree, peepul tree, peepal tree, pipala tree or ashvattha tree (in India and Nepal). The sacred fig is considered to have a religious significance in four major religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent: Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. Hindu and Jain ascetics consider the species to be sacred and often meditate under it. Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment under a tree of this species. The sacred fig is the state tree of the Indian states of Odisha, Bihar and Haryana.

Description
Ficus religiosa is a large dry season-deciduous or semi-evergreen tree up to 30 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 3 m. The leaves are cordate in shape with a distinctive extended drip tip; they are 10 - 17 cm long and 8 – broad, with a 6 – petiole. The fruits are small figs 1 – in diameter, green ripening to purple.

F. religiosa has a lifespan ranging between 900 and 1,500 years. The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree in the city of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka is estimated to be more than 2,250 years old.

Distribution
Ficus religiosa is native to most of the Indian subcontinent – Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and India including the Assam region, Eastern Himalaya and the Nicobar Islands, as well as part of Indochina – the Andaman Islands, Thailand, Myanmar and Peninsular Malaysia. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, particularly in the rest of tropical Asia, but also in Iran (Balochistan), Florida and Venezuela.

Ecology
Ficus religiosa suitably grows at altitudes ranging from 10 m up to 1520 m. Due to the climatic conditions which are prevalent throughout different heat zones, it can grow at latitudes ranging from 30°N to 5°S. It can tolerate air temperatures ranging between 0 to 35 °C, beyond this upper limit its growth diminishes. It grows on a wide variety of soils but preferably needs deep, alluvial sandy loam with good drainage. It is also found on shallow soils including rock crevices.

Association
Ficus religiosa is associated with Blastophaga quadriceps, an agaonid wasp which acts as its pollinator as this wasp lays its eggs only on trees of this species.

Environment
Ficus religiosa is tolerant to various climate zones (Köppen climate classification categories of Af, Am, Aw/As, Cfa, Cwa and Csa) and various types of soils. In Paraguay the tree species occurs in forests at lower elevations, and in China the species has been reported growing at altitudes ranging from 400 to 700 m. In India, being a native species, it occurs both naturally in wild as well as cultivated up to altitudes of 1520 m.

Climate
Ficus religiosa is tolerant to widely varying climatic conditions such as Tropical rainforest climate where the region receives more than 60 mm of precipitation per month, Tropical monsoon climate where average precipitation ranges from 60 mm in the driest month to 100 mm, Tropical savanna climate with dry summer where average precipitation ranges from 60 mm per month in summers to 100 mm per month in winters, Tropical savanna climate with dry winter where average precipitation ranges from to 60 mm per month in winters to 100 mm per month in summers, Warm temperate climate with dry winter where average temperature ranges from 0 to 10 °C and winters are dry, as well as Warm temperate climate with dry summer where average temperature ranges from 0 to 10 °C and summers are dry.

Invasiveness
Unlike most epiphytic jungle figs, which ring the stems of dicotyledonous support trees from the outside, the epiphytic bushes of F. religiosa are not true stranglers. Their roots penetrate inside the stem of the support, eventually splitting it from within. Ficus religiosa has been listed as an "environmental weed" or "naturalised weed" by the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012). It has been assigned an invasiveness high risk score of 7 in a risk assessment prepared for the species' invasiveness in Hawaii by PIER. Such a high score predicts it will become a major pest in suitable climate zones. The major reasons for its invasive behaviour are its fast-growing nature, tolerance to various climate zones and soil types, reported lifespan of over 3,000 years, and its suffocating growth habit as it often begins life as an epiphyte.

In culture and heritage

The earliest known record of Ficus religiosa in human culture is the use of peepal leaf motifs in the pottery of the Helmand culture, found at Mundigak site, in Kandahar, Afghanistan, dating back to third millennium BCE.

The Indus Valley Civilisation venerated this tree and its leaf and drew religious art of it.

The peepal tree is considered sacred by the followers of Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism. In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna says, "I am the Peepal tree among the trees, Narada among the Deva Rishi (Divine sages), Bhrigu among the Saptha-Maharishis, Chitraratha among the Gandharvas, And sage Kapila among the Siddhas." In India, the medal for the highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, is modelled on the leaf of a Peepal tree.

Buddhism
Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment (bodhi) while meditating underneath a Ficus religiosa. The site is in present-day Bodh Gaya in Bihar, India. The original tree was destroyed, and has been replaced several times. A branch of the original tree was rooted in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka in 288 BCE and is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi; it is the oldest living human-planted flowering plant (angiosperm) in the world.

In Theravada Buddhist Southeast Asia, the tree's massive trunk is often the site of Buddhist or animist shrines. Not all Ficus religiosa are ordinarily called a Bodhi Tree. A true Bodhi Tree is traditionally considered a tree that has as its parent another Bodhi Tree, and so on, until the first Bodhi Tree, which is the tree under which Gautama is said to have gained enlightenment.

Hinduism
Sadhus (Hindu ascetics) meditate beneath sacred fig trees, and Hindus do pradakshina (circumambulation, or meditative pacing) around the sacred fig tree as a mark of worship. Usually seven pradakshinas are done around the tree in the morning time chanting "vriksha rajaya namah", meaning "salutation to the king of trees". It is claimed that the 27 stars (constellations) constituting 12 houses (rasis) and 9 planets are specifically represented precisely by 27 trees—one for each star. The Bodhi Tree is said to represent Pushya (Western star name γ, δ and θ Cancri in the Cancer constellation).

Plaksa is a possible Sanskrit term for Ficus religiosa. However, according to Macdonell and Keith (1912), it denotes the wavy-leaved fig tree (Ficus infectoria) instead. In Hindu texts, the Plaksa tree is associated with the source of the Sarasvati River. The Skanda Purana states that the Sarasvati originates from the water pot of Brahma flows from Plaksa on the Himalayas. According to Vamana Purana 32.1–4, the Sarasvati was rising from the Plaksa tree (Pipal tree). Plaksa Pra-sravana denotes the place where the Sarasvati appears. In the Rigveda Sutras, Plaksa Pra-sravana refers to the source of the Sarasvati.

Cultivation
Ficus religiosa is grown by specialty tree plant nurseries for use as an ornamental tree, in gardens and parks in tropical and subtropical climates. Peepul trees are native to Indian subcontinent and thrive in hot, humid weather. They prefer full sunlight and can grow in all soil types, though loam is the best. When planting, use soil with a pH of 7 or below. While it is possible for the plant to grow indoors in a pot, it grows best outside. Young peepul needs proper nourishment. It requires full sunlight and proper watering. Sacred fig occurs naturally in submontane forest regions. As with many Ficus trees, these are well suited for Bonsai training.

In the Middle East, it is preferably planted as an avenue or road verge tree. In the Philippines and in Nicaragua the species is cultivated in parks and along roadsides and pavements, while in Paraguay it occurs in forests at lower elevations.

In Thailand โพ or "Pho" trees grow everywhere, but in the Wats (temples) they are revered, and usually are several hundred years old, with trunks up to 20 ft wide. As with all sacred trees in Thailand, they have a saffron cloth wrapped around the base. A yearly ritual involving the Bo Trees at wats is the purchasing of "mai kam sii" ไม้คำ้ศริ, which are "supports" that look like crutches and are placed under the spreading branches as if holding them up. The purchase money helps fund the wat, a central part of Thai life.

Uses
Ficus religiosa is used in traditional medicine for about fifty types of disorders including asthma, diabetes, diarrhea, epilepsy, gastric problems, inflammatory disorders, infectious and sexual disorders.

The trunk of this tree is used by farmers as a soil leveller. After seed harvesting, the rectangular trunk is connected to tractors and levels the soil.

title: Ficus religiosa


text:
Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm

In computer science, the Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm or Horspool's algorithm is an algorithm for finding substrings in strings. It was published by Nigel Horspool in 1980 as SBM.

It is a simplification of the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm which is related to the Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm. The algorithm trades space for time in order to obtain an average-case complexity of O(n) on random text, although it has O(nm) in the worst case, where the length of the pattern is m and the length of the search string is n.

Description
Like Boyer–Moore, Boyer–Moore–Horspool preprocesses the pattern to produce a table containing, for each symbol in the alphabet, the number of characters that can safely be skipped. The preprocessing phase, in pseudocode, is as follows (for an alphabet of 256 symbols, i.e., bytes):

Unlike the original, we use zero-based indices here. function preprocess(pattern) T ← new table of 256 integers for i from 0 to 256 exclusive T[i] ← length(pattern) for i from 0 to length(pattern) - 1 exclusive T[pattern[i]] ← length(pattern) - 1 - i    return T

Pattern search proceeds as follows. The procedure search reports the index of the first occurrence of needle in haystack.

function same(str1, str2, len)             Compares two strings, up to the first len characters. i ← len - 1 while str1[i] = str2[i]              Note: this is equivalent to !memcmp(str1, str2, len). if i = 0                           The original algorithm tries to play smart here: it checks for the return true                    last character, and then starts from the first to the second-last. i ← i - 1 return false function search(needle, haystack) T ← preprocess(needle) skip ← 0 while length(haystack) - skip ≥ length(needle) ''haystack[skip:] -- substring starting with "skip". &haystack[skip] in C.'' if same(haystack[skip:], needle, length(needle)) return skip skip ← skip + T[haystack[skip + length(needle) - 1]] return not-found

Performance
The algorithm performs best with long needle strings, when it consistently hits a non-matching character at or near the final byte of the current position in the haystack and the final byte of the needle does not occur elsewhere within the needle. For instance a 32 byte needle ending in "z" searching through a 255 byte haystack which does not have a 'z' byte in it would take up to 224 byte comparisons.

The best case is the same as for the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm in big O notation, although the constant overhead of initialization and for each loop is less.

The worst case behavior happens when the bad character skip is consistently low (with the lower limit of 1 byte movement) and a large portion of the needle matches the haystack. The bad character skip is only low, on a partial match, when the final character of the needle also occurs elsewhere within the needle, with 1 byte movement happening when the same byte is in both of the last two positions.

The canonical degenerate case similar to the above "best" case is a needle of an 'a' byte followed by 31 'z' bytes in a haystack consisting of 255 'z' bytes. This will do 31 successful byte comparisons, a 1 byte comparison that fails and then move forward 1 byte. This process will repeat 223 more times (255 − 32), bringing the total byte comparisons to 7,168 (32 × 224). (A different byte-comparison loop will have a different behavior.)

The worst case is significantly higher than for the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm, although obviously this is hard to achieve in normal use cases. It is also worth noting that this worst case is also the worst case for the naive (but usual)  algorithm, although the implementation of that tends to be significantly optimized (and is more cache friendly).

Tuning the comparison loop
The original algorithm had a more sophisticated same loop. It uses an extra pre-check before proceeding in the positive direction:

function same_orig(str1, str2, len) i ← 0 if str1[len - 1] = str2[len - 1] while str1[i] = str2[i] if i = len - 2 return true i ← i + 1 return false

A tuned version of the BMH algorithm is the Raita algorithm. It adds an additional precheck for the middle character, in the order of last-first-middle. The algorithm enters the full loop only when the check passes:

function same_raita(str1, str2, len) i ← 0 mid ← len / 2 Three prechecks. if len ≥ 3 if str[mid] != str2[mid] return false if len ≥ 1 if str[0] != str2[0] return false if len ≥ 2 if str[len - 1] != str2[len - 1] return false Any old comparison loop. return len < 3 or SAME(&str1[1], &str2[1], len - 2)

It is unclear whether this 1992 tuning still holds its performance advantage on modern machines. The rationale by the authors is that actual text usually contains some patterns which can be effectively prefiltered by these three characters. It appears that Raita is not aware of the old last-character precheck (he believed that the backward-only same routine is the Horspool implementation), so readers are advised to take the results with a grain of salt.

On modern machines, library functions like memcmp tends to provide better throughput than any of the hand-written comparison loops. The behavior of an "SFC" loop (Horspool's terminology) both in libstdc++ and libc++ seems to suggest that a modern Raita implementation should not include any of the one-character shifts, since they have detrimental effects on data alignment. Also see String-searching algorithm which has detailed analysis of other string searching algorithms.

title: Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm


text: User talk:68.83.240.99

title: User talk:68.83.240.99


text:
Sound Recorder (Windows)

Sound Recorder (known as Voice Recorder in Windows 10) is an audio recording program included in most versions of the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems. Its user interface has been replaced twice in the past.

History
Sound Recorder has been in most versions and editions of Windows since Windows 3.0, including Windows 9x, Windows Server and the client versions of Windows NT. Even Windows Mobile came with one. Its user interface and feature set saw very little change until Windows Vista, when features that lacked practicality were discontinued and Sound Recorder was simplified. This version of Sound Recorder was included in Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, but did not make it to Windows 10.

A second, different Sound Recorder was introduced in Windows 8.1, thus Windows 8.1 has two distinct apps called Sound Recorder. This second app was a Windows Store app and adhered to the design tenets of the Metro design language. Leaked images of a preview version Windows 10 Mobile showed this app too. When Windows 10 released, however, it was renamed Voice Recorder. The original Sound Recorder was removed from Windows 10.

With the release of Windows 11, Voice Recorder was renamed back to Sound Recorder and included new features, such as changing the playback speed and the input source within the app.

Features
Sound Recorder can record audio from a microphone or headset. In addition, many modern sound cards allow their output channels to be recorded through a loopback channel, typically called "Wave-Out Mix" or "Stereo Mix".

Before Windows Vista, Sound Recorder was capable of:
 * Playing the audio files that it has recorded
 * Converting the bit rate, bit depth and sampling rate of the audio file
 * Inserting other audio files at the beginning, end or the desired location of the current audio
 * Splitting out parts of the current audio clip
 * Increasing or decreasing volume in 25% increments
 * Increase or decrease playback speed in 100% increments
 * Adding an echo (without reverberation)
 * Reversing the current audio clip

These features, however, were either removed in Windows Vista or taken over by other applications. The playback and trimming features reappeared in Voice Recorder, although Voice Recorder can only play its own recordings.

Sound Recorder accepts command-line parameters. This was removed in Windows 8, as Windows Store apps cannot be run with a parameter from the command-line.

File format
Before Windows 7, Sound Recorder could save the recorded audio in waveform audio (.wav) container files. Sound Recorder could also open and play existing .wav files. To successfully open compressed .wav files in Sound Recorder, the audio codec used by the file must be installed in the Audio Compression Manager (ACM); Windows installations dating back to at least Windows 95 came with a selection of standard codecs that included Truespeech, GSM 6.10, G.723.1, IMA ADPCM and CCITT A-law and u-law, with additional codecs being added in later editions.

Starting with Windows Vista, Sound Recorder saves recorded audio in Windows Media Audio (.wma) files instead; the exceptions to this are the Home Basic N and Business N editions, which continue to use .wav. Also, audio metadata such as Artist, Album, Title, and Genre can be added to the sound file directly while saving the file.

Voice Recorder in Windows 10 only records audio in MPEG-4 Part 14 (.m4a) container formats.

Issues
Versions of Sound Recorder before Windows Vista recorded audio to memory, rather than to the hard disk, and the length of recording was by default limited to 60 seconds. Microsoft recommends recording 60 seconds and pressing the Record button again to record another minute. In addition, it is possible to use the Sound Recorder's concatenation feature to increase the length of the audio file. For example, saving an initial 1 minute recording as "1min.wav" and then inserting the "1min.wav" file 9 times creates 10 minutes of recording which can then be saved as "10min.wav". This "10min.wav" file can then be suffixed to itself 5 more times (or as many times as there is room in memory) to create a "1hour.wav" file. By recording over any of these longer sound files, Sound Recorder can have an uninterrupted arbitrary recording time (limited only by primary memory).

In 32-bit versions of Windows before Windows Vista, on computers with more than 2 GB of RAM, after recording (but not when playing), Sound Recorder will return an error message indicating that there is not enough memory. This is a design flaw of older versions of Sound Recorder and officially cannot be resolved except by reducing the amount of available physical memory. There does, however, exist an unofficial patch that resolves this problem. Another solution to the 'not enough memory' error is to run the program in compatibility mode. This can be achieved by right clicking on the .exe file, then selecting: properties, compatibility tab, 'run this program in compatibility for', and selecting the appropriate option, such as 'Windows XP Service Pack 2'.

The Sound Recorder in Windows Vista and later uses the hard disk for recording audio and can therefore record audio up to any length as long as there is free space on the hard disk drive.

title: Sound Recorder (Windows)


text:
User talk:Happychick

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 13:05, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've been your nemesis, but it isn't hostile, really
Dear Happychick,

I'm the one who removed your addition to Postmodernism and moved and substantially rewrote your contribution to Cinema of India. I wanted to make a personal connection with you just to let you know that this wasn't directed at you personally, it was just my ruthless pursuit of Wikipedian perfection.

The addition of Marshall MacLuhan to Postmodernism was, I think, a mistake. I actively avoid reading pomo criticism, so I'm not the greatest authority, but I do find it forced upon me (especially on one mailing list to which I subscribe, Victoria-L, mainly inhabited by English professors). Pomos just don't have MacLuhan's geewhiz attitude towards galloping technology and media morphing; they're ironic and distanced in that, as in everything. If they're enthusiastic about anything, it's feminism, queer theory, subaltern theory, and trendy quasi-Marxism. They've never so much as mentioned MacLuhan.

The material you added to Cinema of India was useful, just in the wrong place and somewhat disorganized. I moved it and rewrote it. See what you think.

I strongly disagree that Four Weddings and a Funeral was a remake of Hum Aapke Hain Koun. They are entirely different movies. But perhaps you could convince me if you spelled it out.

Please don't be discouraged. Wikipedia always needs new blood, especially bold new blood. Just brace yourself for lots of argument and rewriting . Zora 02:51, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Happychick


text:
Diocese in Europe

The Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe, known simply as the Diocese in Europe (DiE), is a diocese of the Church of England. It was originally formed in 1842 as the Diocese of Gibraltar. It is geographically the largest diocese of the Church of England and the largest diocese in the Anglican Communion, covering some one-sixth of the Earth's landmass. Its jurisdiction includes all of Europe (excluding the British Isles), Morocco, Mongolia and the territory of the former Soviet Union.

The diocese is attached to the Church of England Province of Canterbury and is headed by the Bishop in Europe, who is assisted by the Suffragan Bishop in Europe. The present bishop, Robert Innes, was commissioned and consecrated on 20 July 2014, and the suffragan bishopric is currently vacant.

The see cathedral is the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Gibraltar and there are two pro-cathedrals, St Paul's Pro-Cathedral, Valletta, Malta, and the Pro-Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Brussels, Belgium. The diocese is divided into seven archdeaconries.

History
Church of England churches and congregations were established in Continental European countries before the Reformation. In 1633, overseas churches of the Church of England were placed under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. In 1824, the British Foreign Secretary, George Canning, appointed Matthew Luscombe chaplain to the British embassy in Paris and to supervise all Church of England clergy on the continent. Unable to secure the support of the English bishops, Luscombe was consecrated a missionary bishop (i.e. without a See) by the Scottish bishops in 1825, and functioned as a sort of proto-Bishop of Fulham.

The Diocese of Gibraltar was created on 29 September 1842 and at that time covered all Anglican chaplaincies from Portugal to the Caspian Sea. In 1842 (shortly after the See was established), its jurisdiction was described as "Gibraltar, and the Congregations of the Church of England in the Islands and on the Coasts of the Mediterranean"; a map from the same year shows churches at Lisbon, Oporto, Gibraltar, Malaga, Marseille, Nice, Tunis, Lucca, Leghorn, Florence, Rome, Palermo, Trieste, Valetta (sic), Messina, Naples, Corfu, Zante, Athens, Syra, Smyrna, and Constantinople. From 1926, Church of England parishes in northern Europe became part of the Jurisdiction of North and Central Europe, under the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of London, delegated to the Suffragan Bishop of Fulham.

In 1970, John Satterthwaite was appointed as both Bishop of Fulham and Bishop of Gibraltar, and on 30 June 1980, the Gibraltar Diocese was officially amalgamated with the Jurisdiction of North and Central Europe. The new united diocese was renamed as the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe and brought under the authority of the Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe. It has since become commonly known as the Diocese in Europe.

Archdeaconries

 * Eastern Archdeaconry, consisting of: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey and Ukraine. The previous archdeacon was Patrick Curran, who was based in Vienna, Austria and served 2002–2015. The archdeacon is assisted by two area deans (one in Greater Athens, Greece and one in Moscow, Russia). Colin Williams was full-time archdeacon 2015–2019, taking charge of both the Eastern archdeaconry and that of Germany and Northern Europe, and being based in Frankfurt, Germany; Leslie Nathaniel is Williams' successor full-time in both roles.
 * Archdeaconry of Germany and Northern Europe, consisting of: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden. The archdeacon is assisted by two area deans; Nathaniel is also Archdeacon of Germany and Northern Europe.
 * Archdeaconry of France (including Monaco). The archdeacon is Peter Hooper (2021) who is assisted by three area deans.
 * Archdeaconry of Gibraltar, consisting of: Andorra, Gibraltar, Morocco, Portugal, and Spain. The archdeacon is David Waller; the archdeacon is assisted by two area deans.
 * Archdeaconry of Italy and Malta. The archdeacon is David Waller. The previous archdeacon was based in Milan, Italy and assisted by one area dean. In Italy, the Archdeaconry operates through the association Chiesa d'Inghilterra, which in 2021 has signed an 'agreement' (Intesa) with the Italian Republic.
 * Archdeaconry of North West Europe, consisting of: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The archdeacon is Sam Van Leer (2021). The archdeacon is assisted by two area deans.
 * Archdeaconry of Switzerland. The archdeacon is Peter Hooper (2022).

Bishops
The diocese is led by the diocesan Bishop in Europe, Robert Innes, and the Suffragan Bishop in Europe (vacant). Norman Banks, Bishop of Richborough, provides alternative episcopal oversight for those chaplaincies which reject the priestly and episcopal ministry of women and of men who have ordained women.

The diocese also licences many honorary assistant bishops to fulfill some episcopal duties across the European diocese. Several of these are the current bishops of other churches in Europe in communion with the Church of England:
 * Mark Eddington has been the bishop-in-charge of the Convocation of Episcopal Churches in Europe since 2019. He lives in Paris, France.
 * Matthias Ring has been the bishop of the Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany since 2010; the diocese is based in Bonn, Germany.
 * Jorge de Pina Cabral has been the diocesan bishop of the Lusitanian Church since 2012; the diocese is based in Gaia, Portugal.
 * Harald Rein has been bishop of the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland since 2009.

The rest are retired Anglican bishops resident in England. The following are licensed according to the official diocesan website:
 * 2001–present: Richard Garrard, retired Director of the Anglican Centre in Rome and Archbishop's Representative to the Holy See and former Bishop of Penrith, lives in Upper Stoke, Norfolk and is also licensed in the Diocese of Norwich.
 * 2002–present: Edward Holland, retired Bishop of Colchester, lives in Hammersmith, Greater London and is licensed in the Diocese of London.
 * 2002–present: David Smith, retired Bishop of Bradford, lives in Dunnington, North Yorkshire and is also licensed in York diocese.
 * 2003–present: John Flack, retired director of the Anglican Centre in Rome and Archbishop's Representative to the Holy See and former Bishop of Huntingdon, lives in Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire.
 * 2003–present: A retired former Bishop of Durham and Bishop of Rochester, Michael Turnbull, lives in Sandwich, Kent.
 * 2011–present: retired Bishop of Salisbury David Stancliffe lives in Stanhope, County Durham (he is also licensed in Durham diocese.)
 * 2011–present: Stephen Venner, retired Bishop of Dover, current Bishop for the Falkland Islands and Bishop to the Forces, lives in St Albans, Hertfordshire and is also licensed in the Diocese of Rochester.
 * 2013–present: retired Bishop of Blackburn Nicholas Reade lives in Bexhill, East Sussex.
 * 2014–present: Michael Colclough, retired Canon Pastor of St Paul's Cathedral and former Bishop of Kensington, lives in Chelsea, Greater London, and is also licensed in the Diocese of London.
 * 19 October 2016 – present: Martin Wharton, retired Bishop of Newcastle
 * 18 October 2017 – present: Richard Chartres, retired Bishop of London
 * 22 November 2018 – present: Michael Langrish, retired Bishop of Exeter
 * 16 January 2020 – present: Trevor Willmott, retired Bishop of Dover

Additionally, there were several more honorary assistant bishops listed Crockford's Clerical Directory :
 * Fernando da Luz Soares, retired bishop of the Lusitanian church, is listed as having been licensed since 1995; he retired in 2013 but remains bishop emeritus of that church and apparently remains in Gaia, Portugal.

Churches and clergy
The diocese currently has 131 clergy occupying stipendiary or full-time posts. However, not every member of the clergy receives a stipend in the same way as clergy in the United Kingdom. Many ministers are entirely supported by their own congregation.

Last fully updated 19 September 2018.

title: Diocese in Europe


text:
Dixons (retailer)

Dixons was a British high-street retailer of consumer electronics, originally founded in 1937 as a photographic studio by Charles Kalms. The company would later deal in many consumer electronics, with nationwide outlets in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

In 1984, Dixons purchased rival Currys, though kept separate brand identities between the two stores. Dixons typically encompassed shopping centres and town centres, whereas Currys were larger stores in out-of-town retail parks. On 5 April 2006, it was announced that the Dixons brand in the United Kingdom would be superseded by Currys, branded as Currys.digital. The Ireland subsidiary followed this in August 2008. Dixons continued to trade online as Dixons.co.uk, until 2012.

History
The first Dixons was opened by Charles Kalms in Southend as a photographic studio in 1937. The business flourished during the Second World War, as there was much demand for photographic services and family portraits.

By the end of the war, Kalms had opened seven more studios in the London area. The demands for portrait services decreased considerably after the war, and he was forced to close all but one studio in Edgware, north London. The company was taken over by his son Stanley Kalms, who was chairman until September 2002.

On 5 April 2006, Dixons announced that there would no longer be any Dixons shops in Britain; shops would henceforth be named Currys.digital. This was said to signal a shift to more Internet based selling and to "reduce confusion". Dixons stores were to be retained in Ireland, and in locations such as airports, and the Dixons website would continue.

The Dixons subsidiary in Ireland was discontinued in August 2008, renamed to Currys. A Dixons.ie internet site was set up. Dixons branches in airports were re branded as Dixons Travel from January 2009, and the new format was rolled out to many airports in the United Kingdom.

Closure
In October 2012, Dixons Retail announced that they would no longer trade using Dixons.co.uk website. Customers were then redirected to the Currys and PC World websites, where all remaining orders and agreements were honoured.

Dixons Travel
Dixons Travel was a technology retailer, with stores in four airports in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was a division of Currys Retail, a subsidiary of Currys plc.

It was initially established as Dixons Tax Free in June 1994 to relaunch the Dixons brand in airport locations. The name changed to Dixons Travel in January 2009. A branch in Brussels trades under the Knowhow brand.

On 28 April 2021, Dixons Carphone announced the closure of the Dixons Travel business, due to the removal of tax-free shopping in UK airports from December 2020, and lower passenger numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The company stated that the Dixons Travel business had historically contributed annual profits of over £20 million to the Dixons Carphone group.

In June 2021, Dixons Travel had reopened its stores in Birmingham Airport, Dublin Airport's Terminal 1, Gatwick Airport's North Terminal, and Heathrow Airport's Terminals 2 and 5. Other stores in Heathrow's Terminals 3 and 4 and the rest of the UK, Dublin's Terminal 2 reopened July 19, 2021. Oslo Airport, and stores on both the P&O Ventura and Britannia cruise ships, closed due to folding into Currys plc.

title: Dixons (retailer)


text:
Crunk Muzik

"Crunk Muzik" is a song by rapper Jim Jones from his debut studio album On My Way to Church. It was produced by The Blackout Movement and features rappers Juelz Santana and Cam'ron. It was also featured on The Diplomats' album, Diplomatic Immunity 2.

Music video
The video for the song, released in late 2004, based on the 1970s film The Warriors, features a gang of men in masks and rollerblades, wielding metal chains. It also shows minister Benjamin Chavis preaching to the gang with a group of well-dressed, young black men. Also, a scene in the video features a brash, unkempt, and heavily accented French man tapping two empty Sizzurp bottles together, yelling "Dipset, come out and play! Dipset, come out and play!" Rapper Remy Ma also makes a cameo in the video.

title: Crunk Muzik