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Rikuzen-Yahagi Station

Rikuzen-Yahagi Station (陸前矢作駅) was a JR East railway station located in Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The station was closed following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and has now been replaced by a provisional bus rapid transit line.

Lines
Rikuzen-Yahagi Station was served by the Ōfunato Line, and is located 79.5 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Ichinoseki Station.

Station layout
Rikuzen-Yahagi Station had two opposed side platforms connected by a level crossing. The station was unattended.

History
Rikuzen-Yahagi Station opened on 15 February 1933. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987. The station was one of six stations on the Ōfunato Line closed after the 11 March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Services have now been replaced by a BRT.

Surrounding area

 * Japanese National Route Sign 0343.svg National Route 343
 * Yahagi River

title: Rikuzen-Yahagi Station


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User talk:Fwaltman

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 11:41, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Fwaltman


text:
User talk:Grassferry49

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 11:42, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Saw you tried to remove the recent vandalism on the Milwaukee Brewer page. Here's the easy way to revert vandalism: click on the 'history' of the article, select the date of the version you want to revert to, click 'edit this page', click 'save page'. It'll save the old, good version and you won't have to remove the vandalism manually. Thanks for keeping an eye out. GreenLocust 03:43, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

expos/nationals debate
There is a major debate going on, and I wondered if you might want to chime in. The debate involves how to deal with franchise moves in baseball. The question is whether Montréal Expos should be its own article or if it should redirect to Washington Nationals. All other instances of franchise moves in MLB redirect the old team name to the new team name, and the history of the franchise is covered within the new team name (for MLB, NBA and NFL examples, see here. Some people are confused and think the Expos and the Nats are different teams. Some people don't want to upset Canadian readers.

Indeed, the Washington Nationals are not a new team - the Montreal Expos franchise has moved to Washington, and the old franchise name should redirect to the new franchise name, just like the 20+ instances of this occuring in Wikipedia. For example, Brooklyn Dodger history resides in the Los Angeles Dodgers article. New York Giants history, including the Shot Heard 'Round the World, resides in the San Francisco Giants article.

If you have the time, maybe you could chime in on the conversation there, Votes for deletion/Montréal Expos. Kingturtle 21:06, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

SLAM
I answered your query :). Harro5 July 6, 2005 05:58 (UTC)

Response
No worries, mate, glad to help.

On a related note, if you're a Packers fan and NFL fan in general and plan on contributing to relevant articles, may I suggest you take a glance at WikiProject National Football League and perhaps consider joining the project.--Sophitus 21:55, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem RE: Image:Ahman green.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ahman green.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law. We need you to specify two things on the image description page:
 * The copyright holder, and
 * The copyright status

The copyright holder is usually the creator. If the creator was paid to make this image, then their employer may be the copyright holder. If several people collaborated, then there may be more than one copyright holder. If you created this image, then you are the copyright holder.

Because of the large number of images on Wikipedia, we've sorted them using image copyright tags. Just find the right tag corresponding to the copyright status of this image, and paste it onto the image description page like this:.

There are 3 basic ways to licence an image on Wikipedia:
 * An open content licence
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 * The copyright holder gets the best protection of their work by licencing it under an open content license such as the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. If you have the express permission of the copyright holder to licence their work under the above licence, use the image copyright tag: cc-by-sa-2.5. The GNU Free Documentation License is another option. Again, if you have the express permission of the copyright holder, use the tag GFDL.

 * The copyright holder can also release their work into the public domain. See here for examples.

 * Images from certain sources are automatically released into the public domain. This is true for the United States, where the Wikimedia servers are located. (See here for images from the government of the USA and here for other governments.)  However, not all governments release their work into the public domain. One exception is the UK (see here for images from the UK government). Non-free licence governments are listed here.

 * Also, in some cases, an image is copyrighted but allowed on Wikipedia because of fair use. To see a) if this image qualifies, and b) if so, how to tag it, see Fair use.

For more information, see Image copyright tags. Please remember that untagged images are likely to be deleted.

If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them. Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. --Sherool (talk) 02:11, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Images
Hi. Could you please make sure that all of your image uploads correctly show that you created them and have a valid copyright tag attached. Thanks. --Martyman- (talk) 06:36, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Geoff Jenkins Batting.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Geoff Jenkins Batting.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 09:03, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Miller Park
I saw the picture of Miller Park that you had placed in the article about the park. Where were you at in the park when you took that picture? Reason I ask is because it looks very similar to the view I had the other day when I went to a game there, I was in section 223 on the Loge level, which is to the left of the press boxes. JesseG 06:53, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

I see from your picture that the roof was open. I don't think it rained when we were there, but I guess they either felt it was too cold out or didn't want to take their chances with rain, so it was closed when I was there. JesseG 20:57, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Brett Farve
You reverted to a vandalised version so I reverted you back, I hope you don't mind. Thanks Jaranda wat's sup 19:25, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Valentin Blatz Brewing Company Office Building
Hello.. I noticed you created an article on the Valentin Blatz Brewing Company Office Building, and thought I'd ask if you had an image lined up for it. If not, I can supply one. Let me know - thanks! Sulfur 18:38, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject National Basketball Association June 2008 Newsletter
 The message above has been delivered by Diligent Terrier Bot, a bot operated by Diligent Terrier.

WikiProject National Basketball Association
I am here to inform you that this WikiProject is having a callout. If you do not respond in one week after this message, we will automatically move you to the "Inactive list". Thank you for your time and co-operation. --  SRE.K.A nnoyomous .L. 24 [c] 23:59, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Grassferry49! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:49, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Antonio Freeman -

I just got a note from you
regarding my picture of the Chicago Board of Trade building. First of all, yes, the pic was not taken in 2006 - that's just when it was posted. I took it probably in 1986, 7 or 8. On a personal note, my computer died and I am hving to do this from KLDK while also doing OMAR's Dance Party. 2 minute songs and typing on a keyboard from which the letters have been worn off. The things we do for wikipedia. Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 02:40, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grassferry49


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Deyang

Deyang is a prefecture-level city of Sichuan province, China. Deyang is a largely industrial city, with companies such as China National Erzhong Group and Dongfang Electric having major operations there. The city is rich in history, with the Sanxingdui archeological site in Guanghan uncovering a rich trove of bronze and gold masks. More recently, Deyang was greatly afflicted by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, which particularly impacted its county-level cities of Mianzhu and Shifang, in Deyang's northwest. Deyang spans an area of 5911 km2.

History
The ancient Shu civilization included present-day Deyang, which is home to the Sanxingdui relics.

Deyang was first organized as a county during the Tang dynasty.

Deyang became a prefecture-level city in 1983.

On August 3, 1996, Deyang's Shizhong District was split into Jingyang District and Luojiang County (now Luojiang District).

2008 Earthquake
On May 12, 2008, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurred. An estimated 90,000 people were killed or still missing with an estimated 400,000 injured. Around 5 million were effected through property losses, many left homeless. Schools in Mianzhu and Shifang collapsed.

Deyang county has mostly recovered from the devastation of the 2008 earthquake with most people now compensated where required (injuries, etc.) and established in new houses. In some cases they are in new areas, as well as factories and work being re-established. For the new houses, in most cases, the owners are requested to meet 30% of the cost while the government covers the rest. While the government didn't meet its initial (and ambitious) one-year plan to rehouse all victims, it did manage to mostly be successful within two years. In the meantime, residents lived in government-provided mobile home type cities with weekly cash payments for all victims to purchase food and clothing.

Geography
Deyang is located in the northeastern portion of the Chengdu Plain, with the Longquan Mountains to the east lying in between the city and the larger Sichuan Basin. Deyang's urban core, Jingyang, is located on the, which passes under seven bridges flowing north to south. The river has been widened, five of the bridges are part dams, and it has assumed the name of Jing Lake.

Deyang is located directly north of Chengdu, less than an hour's drive. Deyang's urban core is 24 km away from, and 50 km away from Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport.

Climate
Deyang experiences a humid subtropical climate, with four distinct seasons. The coldest month in Deyang is January, and the hottest month is July. Most precipitation in Deyang occurs during the summer months. The annual frost-free period in Deyang typically lasts between 270 and 290 days, and snowfall typically only occurs on a handful of days. Deyang experiences its strongest winds from March to May, and its calmest winds typically happen between October and February.

Demographics
According to the 2020 Chinese census, Deyang has a population of 3,456,161. During the first half of the 2010s, Deyang's population fell by about 100,000 people, although its population had slightly rebounded in the latter half of the 2010s. In the 2000 Chinese Census, Deyang's population totaled 3,615,758, and in the 2000 Chinese Census, its population was 3,788,056.

Throughout the 2010s, Deyang experienced increased urbanization, with its urbanization rate increasing from 41.32% in 2010 to 53.89% in 2019. Deyang has a sex ratio of approximately 103 males per 100 females.

Ethnic groups
99.24% of the city's population is ethnically Han Chinese, with the remaining 0.76% of the population belonging to 51 officially recognized ethnic minorities. Major ethnic minorities in Deyang include the Hui, Tibetans, the Yi, and the Qiang.

Hui people
The Hui people are the largest ethnic minority in Deyang. The Hui people of Deyang live in a number of different areas, including along North Street and the town of  in Jingyang District, the town of  in Shifang, and in portions of Guanghan.

Economy
As of 2019, Deyang has a gross domestic product (GDP) of 233.591 billion RMB, of which, 23.460 billion RMB comes from the primary sector, 118.439 billion RMB comes from the secondary sector, and 91.692 billion RMB comes from the tertiary sector. Compared to Sichuan as a whole, Deyang is more reliant on its secondary sector, which is responsible for 50.70% of Deyang's total GDP, while making up 37.25% of Sichuan's GDP. In 2019, Deyang's annual GDP growth was 7.2%, slightly below Sichuan's growth rate of 7.5%. GDP per capita growth in Deyang was 6.7% that same year, again slightly below the Sichuan total of 7.0%.

As of 2019, Deyang's gross domestic product per capita totals 65,745 RMB, higher than the Sichuan average of 55,774 RMB. However, the average annual wage in Deyang is 63,585 RMB per year, slightly below the Sichuan average of 69,267 RMB per year. On average, workers in Deyang's urban areas earn 37,222 RMB of disposable income annually, well below the Sichuan average of 45,878 RMB per year. Workers in Deyang's rural areas earn an average of 18,249 RMB in disposable income annually, below the Sichuan average of 24,357 RMB per year. The highest paying industry in Deyang is healthcare and social service, which pays, on average, 101,293 RMB per year, slightly below the Sichuan average of 192,904 RMB per year. The lowest paying industry in Deyang is the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, which pays, on average, 28,812 RMB per year, significantly below the Sichuan average of 51,754 RMB per year. 32.1% of Deyang's workforce is employed in the primary sector, 27.7% is employed in the secondary sector, and 40.2% is employed in the tertiary sector. Of Deyang's 2.17 million workers, about 697,500 work in agriculture, forestry, and fishing.

Industry
Deyang is an important part of Cheng (Chengdu) De (Deyang) Mian (Mianyang) Economic District of the Sichuan province, a base for heavy machinery production in China. Companies with operations in Deyang include China National Erzhong Group, Dongfang Electric, and. Deyang produces large amounts of electrical equipment, including components for nuclear power plants, hydropower plants, steam turbines, and various casts.

In addition, Deyang also has a sizable light industry, in particular, the food industry. A number of brands, such as Jiannan Chunjiu, Great Wall Cigar , and Bingchuan Shidai Mineral Water. Other major manufacturers include Lan Jian Beer Factory & Shifang Tobacco Company. According to the Deyang city government, Great Wall Cigar's plant in Deyang is the largest cigar factory in all of Asia.

Although Deyang's sizable industry, it is remarkably clean. Air quality is very high, due to breezes coming from the immediate east mountain ranges and large expanse of countryside.

Culture
The county-level city of Mianzhu has its own distinct style of New Year pictures, known as the.

Transportation
Both the and the  passes through Deyang. Other major expressways in Deyang include the, the G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway, and China National Highway 108.

Numerous railways run through the city, including the Chengdu–Mianyang–Leshan intercity railway, the Baoji–Chengdu railway, and the Dazhou–Chengdu railway.

Deyang also has an extensive bus service and taxis.

Tourism
Deyang is home to a number of major historical sites, including the Sanxingdui site, Baimaguan Pangtong Temple, and the. Other sites include the Huang Jiguang Memorial Hall, honoring Chinese soldier Huang Jiguang. The Longmenshan National Park is also located in Deyang.

Sister cities
Deyang is a sister city with Muncie, Indiana;
 * 🇷🇺 Vladimir, Russia, since 1994;
 * 🇩🇪 Kreis Siegen-Wittgenstein, Germany, since 1996;
 * 🇪🇸 L'Alcúdia, Spain, since 1997;
 * 🇫🇮 Lahti, Finland, since 2000;

title: Deyang


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Bucks Fizz

Bucks Fizz (also known as The Fizz ) were an English pop group that achieved success in the 1980s, most notably for winning the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Making Your Mind Up". The group was formed in January 1981 specifically for the contest and comprised four vocalists: Bobby G, Cheryl Baker, Mike Nolan and Jay Aston. They received attention for the dance routine which accompanied the song, in which the male members of the group ripped the female members' outer skirts off to reveal much shorter mini-skirts beneath (in line with the part of the lyrics "...if you want to see some more"). The group went on to have a successful career around the world (although they were commercially unsuccessful in the United States), but the UK remained their biggest market, where they had three No.1 singles with "Making Your Mind Up" (1981), "The Land of Make Believe" (1981) and "My Camera Never Lies" (1982) and became one of the top-selling groups of the 1980s. They also had UK Top 10 hits with "Now Those Days Are Gone" (1982), "If You Can't Stand the Heat" (1982), "When We Were Young" (1983) and "New Beginning (Mamba Seyra)" (1986). Bucks Fizz have sold over 50 million records worldwide.

The line-up of the group has changed a number of times over the years, most famously when Jay Aston quit the group in 1985 and was replaced by Shelley Preston. Bobby G's official version of Bucks Fizz has been inactive since 2018, while another group, the Fizz, continues with other Bucks Fizz alumni.

Formation
In late 1980, Nichola Martin and Andy Hill sought to create a new group to enter their song "Making Your Mind Up" in the Eurovision Song Contest. The first member to be recruited was Mike Nolan, who was known to Martin. Together, they recorded a demo of the song and entered it for inclusion in A Song for Europe – the preliminary heats for the contest. Realising that a name was needed for the performing artists, Martin quickly decided on Buck's Fizz, as it was her favourite drink. In January, Martin contacted Cheryl Baker to join them, as she remembered her from the 1978 Eurovision group, Co-Co. Concurrent to this, Martin was holding auditions for another male vocalist and female vocalist, should Baker turn down the position (which she didn't). At the end of these auditions, Martin had found a male singer, Stephen Fischer and female, Jay Aston. Unsure of which female vocalist to use, she ultimately decided to use both Baker and Aston as she felt their vocals complemented each other and Martin stepped down from the group in order to team up with Hill for another line-up as they had two songs in the competition. Fischer then became unavailable as he was appearing in a musical at the time and Martin hired another auditionee, Bobby G for the group. The four members came together for the first time on 11 January 1981. Jill Shirley, with whom Martin had been in a group called Rags who had appeared in the 1977 'A Song for Europe' contest (placing fourth), agreed to manage the group.

Eurovision
During rehearsals, a dance routine was devised for the song which went on to become famous for the moment where the girls' skirts are ripped off halfway through – only to reveal shorter skirts underneath (in line with the part of the lyrics "... when you see some more"). The routine itself was choreographed by Chrissie Wickham, a former member of dance troupe Hot Gossip, although Martin, Baker and Aston have all since laid claim to the skirt-rip idea, Martin had used a similar idea when 'Rags' had taken part in the earlier 'A Song for Europe' contest in 1977; subsequently performing the same routine on 'Top of the Pops' after failing to win the competition.

On 11 March, A Song for Europe took place with the then unknown Bucks Fizz competing against well-known act Liquid Gold, as well as Hill and Martin's own group, Gem. "Making Your Mind Up" became an easy winner and the group recorded the song with Hill as producer. Later in the month it was released as a single and entered the charts at No.24. By the time the contest was staged, the single had risen to No.2.

On 4 April, Bucks Fizz represented United Kingdom in the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest, which was held in Dublin. Although they were favourites to win, the song faced stiff competition, and early votes were poor. Halfway through the voting process, Bucks Fizz took the lead, although they remained close throughout. Ultimately, Bucks Fizz won the contest by a margin of four points, beating Germany into second place. "Making Your Mind Up" became a major hit around the continent, reaching No.1 in the UK as well as eight other countries. It charted highly in other countries such as Australia, eventually selling four million copies worldwide.

Post-Eurovision success
With Shirley remaining as the group's manager, Hill as producer and Martin as co-songwriter, they worked with record company A&R head Bill Kimber to continue the group's success, determined that they would not become another Eurovision one-hit wonder. A follow-up single was recorded amid promotional tours and the group's image was revamped. In May, the single "Piece of the Action" was released. The song boasted a contemporary pop sound and high production values, in contrast to the rock and roll style of "Making Your Mind Up". As Baker has stated: "Our follow-up single was nothing at all like 'Making Your Mind Up', it was a good, strong, contemporary pop song" "Piece of the Action" became an immediate hit and quickly rose to No.12 in the UK charts. It also charted highly across Europe. Buoyed by this success, the group launched into recording their debut album for RCA Records with producer Andy Hill. Released in July, the self-titled album also became a top 20 hit in the UK charts, as did their third single, "One of Those Nights". In November 1981, Bucks Fizz represented the UK at the World Popular Song Festival in Tokyo, where they achieved the "Best Song Award" and fifth place overall with their song "Another Night". The song was released as a single there and went on to be included on their second album.

Continued popularity (1981–1984)
In late 1981, Andy Hill, along with former King Crimson member Peter Sinfield, wrote the fourth Bucks Fizz single. Titled "The Land of Make Believe", the song was produced by Hill and featured a strong melody. Released in November, it hit the charts and by Christmas was in the top five. In January 1982, it overtook The Human League's "Don't You Want Me" to reach No.1. It stayed there for two weeks and remained in the UK charts for 16 weeks, becoming the group's best-selling single and one of the top-selling singles of the decade. It also reached No.1 in the Netherlands and Ireland and became the group's best-selling single in Germany. The song has since been hailed as a 1980s classic and is regarded as the group's best song by some critics.

Early in 1982, the group were awarded 'best group' at the Daily Mirror Rock and Pop awards ceremony and received a nomination at the Brit awards. In March they released their fifth single, "My Camera Never Lies", which swiftly climbed the charts and became their third number-one single. With this they became the first British group of the 1980s to score three number ones within a year. Further success followed in May with the group's second studio album, Are You Ready, which went Gold and became their first top-ten album. This album received particularly good reviews, including a 10-out-of-10 rating in Smash Hits. Attempting diversity, a mostly a cappella ballad, "Now Those Days Are Gone", was released as the next single, giving the group another top-ten hit, reaching No. 8 in the UK charts. Soon after this, Bucks Fizz were invited to appear before the Queen and Queen Mother in the 1982 Royal Variety Performance, performing the old standard "You'll Never Walk Alone".

In February 1983, Bucks Fizz arrived in Chile for the promotion of their Spanish album. They performed in the music festival Festival Internacional de la Canción de Viña del Mar, which was broadcast in Chile and many countries in South America, as well as in Spain. In the UK, chart success continued with the release of the hit singles "If You Can't Stand the Heat" and "Run for Your Life". The group's third studio album, Hand Cut, was released in March 1983, becoming another top-twenty hit and certified silver by the BPI. By this stage, although Bucks Fizz faced harsh criticism in the media for their lightweight pop image, the music press were acknowledging the group's highly polished performances and sturdy productions, gaining favourable mentions in the NME and Record Mirror. With an eye to harden their sound, the group's next single, "When We Were Young", featured a heavy production and doom-laden lyrics. With a rock-style lead vocal by member Jay Aston, the single became one of the group's biggest hits, featuring in the top 20 of many European countries, including top ten in the UK and top five in France. However, toward the end of 1983, it seemed that the group's success was beginning to dim as singles "London Town" and "Rules of the Game" failed to reach the top twenty — their first singles to miss. Along with these came the group's Greatest Hits album, which, despite reaching the top thirty and remaining on the charts for three months, fell short of expectations.

Early in 1984, the group decided to take time out of the public eye, fearing overexposure for their recent downward trend and instead concentrating on recording in Switzerland. In May, they embarked on a 40-date tour of the UK, selling out many venues. In August they revealed their new look and new harder-edged rock sound with the single "Talking in Your Sleep". The break proved to be advantageous, as this single returned the group to the UK top 20, peaking at No. 15. The follow-up single "Golden Days" was released alongside group's fourth studio album, I Hear Talk. The group had recorded "What’s Love Got To Do With It" for inclusion on the album, but the track was omitted when Tina Turner released her version first. The group saw their fortunes tumble once again, as neither the album nor "Golden Days" dented the top 40. As Christmas 1984 came around, the group embarked on another UK tour and released the album's title single, a minor hit that reached No. 34.

Coach crash
On 11 December 1984, while on tour and returning from a sold-out gig in Newcastle, the group's tour bus was extensively damaged after colliding with an articulated lorry. While no one was killed, several members of the crew were badly injured, including all the members of Bucks Fizz. Bobby G was treated for whiplash, Jay Aston was hospitalised for back injuries and severe head pains and Cheryl Baker broke three vertebrae in her spine, but it was Mike Nolan who suffered the worst injuries. Nolan's head was badly injured with internal bleeding and he fell into a coma. After an operation, he was reported to have died on the operating table but placed on a life support machine. He remained in a coma for three days whilst the British press kept Bucks Fizz on the front-page headlines. Surgeon Anthony Strong at Newcastle General Hospital said that Nolan's condition was critical. On 15 December, it was reported that Nolan awoke from his coma with the words "I'm all right". Following this, Nolan was ordered not to work for the next six months. The effects of the crash remain with him today, including epilepsy, short-term memory loss and a 50% loss of vision in both eyes. Following this, Baker and Nolan helped set up the HeadFirst charity for crash victims suffering head injuries.

On 12 December 2009, the original Bucks Fizz (Nolan, Baker and Aston) played a benefit concert for HeadFirst at Newcastle City Hall to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the accident — the same venue they played the night of the crash. The anniversary of the crash was reported on local BBC News, with the members revisiting the crash location.

Line-up changes
With Nolan recuperating during early 1985, the group returned to recording and released their next single in June. However, within the group, tensions had mounted to the point that Jay Aston no longer wanted to continue. After early promotion and a concert in Newcastle, she sensationally quit the group, despite still being under contract. Again, Bucks Fizz found themselves the subject of newspaper headlines, this time with the revelation that Aston had been having an affair with Andy Hill — the husband of the group's creator, Nichola Martin. Aston sold her story to the press in an article headlined "The hateful, bitchy world of Bucks Fizz," while member Cheryl Baker was keen to point out that they were never friends. Aston was sued by management over breach of contract while a replacement member was quickly sought to continue promotion for the current single. Auditions were held at the Prince of Wales Theatre, where 800 girls were seen. Eventually, 21-year-old Shelley Preston was given the job.

In early 1986, the group's contract with RCA Records expired and a new one with Polydor was signed. The first single, "New Beginning (Mamba Seyra)", was released in May and brought the group back to prominence, becoming a top-10 hit and one of their most successful singles. After two more less-successful singles and an album, the group took a break during 1987 and regrouped in 1988. After a brief UK tour, the group released their final chart hit, "Heart of Stone" (later a worldwide hit for Cher) and a compilation album, The Story So Far. These proved to be the end for Bucks Fizz as a recording group, and after a concert tour in 1989, Preston left the group at the end of the year.

With the focus on live work and touring, the group continued into the 1990s, now as a three-piece of Baker, G and Nolan. In 1991, celebrating 10 years together, Bucks Fizz released their last album, Live at Fairfield Halls. By this time, Baker had embarked on a separate and successful career as a television presenter and was eager to start a family. In December 1993, she left the group. Early the following year, keen to keep the group active, Bobby G (who was by then in effect taking over management of the act) and Nolan recruited two newcomers, Heidi Manton (who would later go on to marry G) and Amanda Swarzc. This line-up continued until 1996 when Nolan left and ex-Dollar star David Van Day joined.

Group dispute
The partnership between G and Van Day proved to be short-lived as the two failed to gel. In 1997, Van Day quit the group after a show in the Falkland Islands. Unable to come to an agreement with G, Van Day teamed up with Mike Nolan and two new female recruits (Lianna Lea and Sally Jacks) to form a new version of Bucks Fizz. Unhappy with the situation, G put an injunction on the name, resulting in the second group to go under the name; "Bucks Fizz starring Mike Nolan and featuring David Van Day". Under Van Day's guidance, this version released a newly recorded "Making Your Mind Up" single as well as an album of re-recorded Bucks Fizz songs. Neither found chart success and the recordings were universally derided by the group's fans.

By 2001, Nolan too had found it difficult to work with Van Day and left the group. With his then girlfriend, future UK Eurovision representative James Fox and West End performer Sarah J Price, Van Day continued to tour under the moniker "Bucks Fizz", despite never having been a member of the hit-making line-up. By this time, G and co-star (and now wife), Heidi Manton had acquired the legal rights to the name "Bucks Fizz", and brought a case in the High Court against Van Day, at this point Fox and Price hastily left the group Bucks Fizz as a registered UK trade mark was filed in favour of Manton on 25 June 1997 and then registered in 2001 in classes 09 and 41. In 2001, a judge refused to grant a court injunction against Van Day as he had been operating as Bucks Fizz for five years at the time.

The feud and legal battle between Bobby G and David Van Day as to who had the right to perform under the name "Bucks Fizz" was the subject of a BBC television documentary, Trouble at the Top. The case was settled out of court in August 2002 when Van Day agreed to call his version of the group "David Van Day's Bucks Fizz Show". This group however was short-lived and soon Van Day returned to performing as Dollar. This chapter of the group's history has been referred to as one of the "messiest break-ups in music history".

Recent years
In 2004, BMG Records released all of Bucks Fizz's original studio albums on compact disc, which renewed interest in the group. In 2005, BBC viewers were invited to vote on the most memorable Eurovision moments ever. Bucks Fizz won with the "Making Your Mind Up" skirt-rip routine. A double CD collection of all the group's hits on both RCA and Polydor, The Ultimate Anthology, came out that summer. In 2006 and 2008, two albums The Lost Masters and The Lost Masters 2 were released. These were made up of previously-unreleased Bucks Fizz material and were well received by fans. In early 2009, a two-hour documentary The Bucks Fizz Story was filmed. It featured in-depth interviews from the original group members as well as management and other behind-the-scenes personnel. A DVD of the documentary was released in August 2010 through Glassbeach Media Ltd, and saw a general release in November 2011. During the 2010s the original Bucks Fizz studio albums were released again as double-disc editions.

In the late 2010s Bucks Fizz continued performing live as well as another line-up performing under the name the Fizz. Cheryl Baker, Mike Nolan and Jay Aston achieved comeback success under this name, recording their first studio album in thirty years with record producer and songwriter Mike Stock of Stock Aitken Waterman fame. The F-Z of Pop, the group's comeback album reached the top 30 in the UK Albums Chart and was BBC Radio 2's 'album of the week' by Ken Bruce. They have subsequently recorded a Christmas album - Christmas with the Fizz and their third album Smoke & Mirrors was released on 6 March 2020, helmed again by Mike Stock.

Original member Bobby G continued up until 2018 as Bucks Fizz with the line-up of Heidi Manton, Tammy Choat and Paul Yates.

Members
There have been 16 members of the group since its formation in 1980. Bucks Fizz operated as a trio between 1990 and 1993. The only constant member and owner of the legal rights to use the name of the group was Robert Gubby (a.k.a. Bobby G).

Final lineup

 * Bobby G (1981–2018)
 * Heidi Manton (1994–2018)
 * Tammy Choat (2004–2018)
 * Paul Yates (2012–2018)

Previous members

 * Mike Nolan (1981–1996)
 * Cheryl Baker (1981–1993)
 * Jay Aston (1981–1985)
 * Shelley Preston (1985–1990)
 * Amanda Szwarc (1994–1996)
 * David Van Day (1996–1997)
 * Karen Logan (1996)
 * Louise Hart (1996–2002)
 * Graham Crisp (1997–2002)
 * Nikki Winter (2003)
 * Wayne Chinnery (2003–2006)
 * Paul Fordham (2006–2012)
 * Jenny Phillips (2006; covering Heidi Manton's maternity leave)

Discography

 * Bucks Fizz (1981)
 * Are You Ready (1982)
 * Hand Cut (1983)
 * I Hear Talk (1984)
 * Writing on the Wall (1986)

title: Bucks Fizz


text:
User:Jammydodger/Britannican Navy

The Britannican Navy or Royal Navy, is the naval force of Britannica. First recognised as a world fleet in 1631, when the navy had 19 ships of the line, and was known as the King's Fleet.

1700s
Battles against Namiens in the late 1700s saw th4e navy weaken, but keep its superioty. In 1753, the kIng set up the Admiralty, which was to be the chief commanders of teh navy under his control. By 1760, the Navy had come to depend on the Admiralty for wise guidance.

1800s
The navy was now at 28 ships of the line, and rising. In 1812, the Battle of Svenska, against Gotland, saw the loss of 8 ships, over a quater of the navy. In 1813, the King commssioned 4 new ships to be built, HBMS Lord, HBMS Royal, HBMS Spirit and HBMS Aftermath. These were steam powered ships that would speel the way for the future.

Fleet of the Sea c.1790-60

 * Ships of the line (28 ships)
 * Matser Class: 12 ships (1791/1793–1850s)
 * Flight Class: 8 ships (1804–1859/1862)
 * Crusshing Class: 7 ships (1807–1860/1862)
 * Frigates: 2 (1800s–1850s)
 * Metal Battleships: 4 (1813–1860s)

title: User:Jammydodger/Britannican Navy


text:
Philippe Petit

Philippe Petit (born 13 August 1949) is a French highwire artist who gained fame for his unauthorized highwire walks between the towers of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris in 1971 and of Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1973, as well as between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City on the morning of 7 August 1974.

For this last unauthorized feat 400 m above the ground – which he referred to as "le coup" – Petit had gathered together a team consisting of two of his closest, childhood friends from France (Jean-Louis Blondeau, and Jean Francois Heckel) joined by four recruited Americans (Alan Welner, David Forman, Barry Greenhouse, and Jim Moore) plus a seventh comrade of Petit's (Mark Lewis, hailing from Australia, had previously been instrumental in aiding Petit wire-walk across Australia's Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1973). The group spent many months collaborating in detailed preparation, travelling to the World Trade Center multiple times, building an "outdoor" scale model of the roofs of both buildings, brainstorming and theorizing ways to bypass security, how to transport the hundreds of pounds of necessary materials from the street level up 110 stories, and subsequently rigging the wire Petit would ultimately need for his walk. In spite of multiple obstacles, and a rescheduling from an earlier date in May of that same year, Petit and his team successfully secured the placement of his rigging; a 200 kg custom-made "walking wire", two "cavaletti" guide wires, plus a 8 m long, 25 kg balancing pole. Despite NYPD intervening, Petit performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire. The act was considered to be not only an incredible performance of acrobatic skill and artistry, but perhaps even more so, an ingenious feat of modern-day engineering.

Upon completing his 45-minute, eight pass walk, Petit and Heckel were both arrested, charged with the crimes of Trespassing and Disorderly Persons, and forced to submit to psychiatric evaluations before being released. Petit's charges were ultimately dismissed after he agreed to perform on camera before a small group of children. Heckel was subsequently expelled from the United States. Petit would later be issued a "Lifetime Pass" granting him free admission to the WTC Observation Deck. Petit's wire-walk earned him a Guinness Book of Records for the highest wire-crossing without the use of a net or other type of safety tether, 1350' above ground (411 meters).

Since then, Petit has lived in New York, where he has been artist-in-residence at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, also a location of other aerial performances. He has done wire walking as part of official celebrations in New York, across the United States, and in France and other countries, as well as teaching workshops on the art. In 2008, Man on Wire, a documentary directed by James Marsh about Petit's walk between the towers, won numerous awards including the 2009 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. He was also the subject of a children's book and an animated adaptation of it, released in 2005. The Walk, a film based on Petit's walk, was released in September 2015, starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Petit and directed by Robert Zemeckis.

He also became adept at equestrianism, juggling, fencing, carpentry, rock-climbing, and bullfighting. Spurning circuses and their formulaic performances, he created his street persona on the sidewalks of Paris. In the early 1970s, he visited New York City, where he frequently juggled and worked on a slackline in Washington Square Park.

Early life
Petit was born in Nemours, Seine-et-Marne, France; his father Edmond Petit was an author and an Army Pilot. At an early age, Petit discovered magic and juggling. He loved to climb, and at 16, he took his first steps on a tightrope wire. He told a reporter, "Within one year, I taught myself to do all the things you could do on a wire. I learned the backward somersault, the front somersault, the unicycle, the bicycle, the chair on the wire, jumping through hoops. But I thought, 'What is the big deal here? It looks almost ugly.' So I started to discard those tricks and to reinvent my art."

In June 1971, Petit secretly installed a cable between the two towers of Notre-Dame de Paris. On the morning of 26 June 1971, he "juggled balls" and "pranced back and forth" as he crossed the wire on foot to the applause of the crowd below.

Highwire walk between the Twin Towers
Petit became known to New Yorkers in the early 1970s for his frequent tightrope-walking performances and magic shows in the city parks, especially Washington Square Park. Petit's most famous performance was in August 1974, conducted on a wire between the roofs of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City, 400 m above the ground. The towers were still under construction and had not yet been fully occupied. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire, during which he walked, danced, lay down on the wire, and saluted watchers from a kneeling position. Office workers, construction crews and policemen cheered him on.

Planning
Petit conceived his "coup" when he was 18, when he first read about the proposed construction of the Twin Towers and saw drawings of the project in a magazine he read in 1968 while sitting at a dentist's office. Petit was seized by the idea of performing there, and began collecting articles on the Towers whenever he could.

What was called the "artistic crime of the century" took Petit six years' planning. During this period, he learned everything he could about the buildings and their construction. In the same period, he began to perform highwire walking at other famous places. Rigging his wire secretly, he performed as a combination of circus act and public display. In 1971, he performed his first such walk between the towers of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, while priests were being ordained inside the building. In 1973, he walked a wire rigged between the two north pylons of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

In planning for the Twin Towers walk, Petit had to learn how to accommodate issues such as the swaying of the high towers due to wind, which was part of their design; effects of wind and weather on the wire at that height, how to rig a 200 ft steel cable across the 138 ft gap between the towers (at a height of 1368 ft), and how to gain entry with his collaborators, first to scope out the conditions and lastly to stage the project. Petit and his collaborators had to bring heavy equipment to the rooftops. He traveled to New York on numerous occasions to make first-hand observations.

Since the towers were still under construction, Petit and one of his collaborators, New York-based photographer Jim Moore, rented a helicopter to take aerial photographs of the buildings. Two more collaborators, Jean François Heckel and Jean-Louis Blondeau, helped him practice in a field in France, and accompanied him to take part in the final rigging of the project, as well as to photograph it. Francis Brunn, a German juggler, provided financial support for the proposed project and its planning.

Petit and his crew gained entry into the towers several times and hid in upper floors and on the roofs of the unfinished buildings to study security measures. They also analyzed the construction and identified places to anchor the wire and cavaletti. Using his own observations, drawings, and Moore's photographs, Petit constructed a scale model of the towers to design the needed rigging for the wire walk.

Working from the ID of an American who worked in the building, Petit made fake identification cards for himself and his collaborators (claiming they were contractors who were installing an electrified fence on the roof) to gain access to the buildings. Prior to this, Petit had carefully observed the clothes worn by construction workers and the kinds of tools they carried. He also took note of the clothing of office workers so that some of his collaborators could pose as white-collar workers. He observed what time the workers arrived and left, so he could determine when he would have roof access.

As the target date of his "coup" approached, he claimed to be a journalist with Metropolis, a French architecture magazine, so that he could gain permission to interview the workers on the roof. The Port Authority allowed Petit to conduct the interviews, which he used as a pretext to make more observations.

On the night of Tuesday, 6 August 1974, Petit and his crew had a lucky break and got a ride in a freight elevator to the 104th floor with their equipment. They stored it 19 steps below the roof. To pass the cable across the void, Petit and his crew had decided on using a bow and arrow attached to monofilament, attached to a rope. They had to practice this many times to perfect their technique. They first shot the fishing line, which was attached to larger ropes, and finally to the 450 lb steel cable. The team was delayed when the heavy cable sank too fast, and had to be pulled up manually for hours. Petit had already identified points at which to anchor two cavaletti (guy lines) to other points to stabilize the cable and keep the swaying of the wire to a minimum.

Event
Shortly after 8 am local time, Petit stepped out on the wire and started to perform. He was 1350 ft above the ground. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire, during which he walked, danced, lay down on the wire, and knelt to salute watchers. Crowds gathered on the streets below. He said later that he could hear their murmuring and cheers.

When New York Police Department and Port Authority of New York police officers learned of his stunt, they came up to the roofs of both buildings to try to persuade him to leave the wire. They threatened to pluck him off by helicopter. Feeling that he had "trespassed long enough into these forbidden regions", and because the wire was starting to become dangerous to walk on due to rain, Petit left the wire and surrendered to the police.

Aftermath
There was extensive news coverage and public appreciation of Petit's highwire walk. The district attorney dropped all formal charges of trespassing and other items relating to his walk on condition that Petit give a free aerial show for children in Central Park. On Thursday, 29 August, he performed on a highwire walk in the park above Belvedere Lake.

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey gave Petit a lifetime pass to the Twin Towers' Observation Deck. He autographed a steel beam close to the point where he began his walk, which was later destroyed in the September 11 attacks.

Petit's highwire walk is credited with bringing the Twin Towers much-needed attention and even affection, as they initially had been unpopular. Critics such as historian Lewis Mumford had regarded them as ugly and utilitarian in design, and too large a development for the area. The Port Authority was having trouble renting out all of the office space.

Representation in other media
Petit's World Trade Center stunt was the subject of Sandi Sissel's 1984 half-hour documentary, High Wire, which featured music from Philip Glass's Glassworks.

Mordicai Gerstein wrote and illustrated a children's book, The Man Who Walked Between The Towers (2003), which won a Caldecott Medal for his art. It was adapted and produced as an animated short film by the same title, directed by Michael Sporn and released in 2005, which won several awards.

The documentary film Man on Wire (2008), by UK director James Marsh, tells of Petit, his collaborators, and his 1974 WTC performance. It won both the World Cinema Jury and Audience awards at the Sundance Film Festival 2008. It combines historical footage with re-enactment and has the spirit of a heist film. It won awards at the 2008 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival in Durham, North Carolina, and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2008. On stage with Marsh to accept the Oscar award, Petit made a coin vanish in his hands while thanking the academy "for believing in magic". He then balanced the Oscar by its head on his chin to cheers from the audience.

The same stunt was fictionalized in a biographical drama entitled The Walk (2015), directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Petit.

Author Colum McCann fictionalized Petit's appearance above New York as a unifying thread throughout his 2009 novel Let the Great World Spin.

Later life
Petit has made dozens of public highwire performances in his career. For example, in 1986 he re-enacted the crossing of the Niagara River by Blondin for an IMAX film. In 1989, to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution, mayor Jacques Chirac invited him to walk an inclined wire strung from the ground at the Place du Trocadéro to the second level of the Eiffel Tower, crossing the Seine.

Petit briefly headlined with the Ringling Brothers Circus, but preferred staging his own performances. During his stint with the circus and a practice walk, he suffered his only fall, from 45 ft, breaking several ribs. He says he has never fallen during a performance. "If I had, I wouldn't be here talking about it."

Petit regularly gives lectures and workshops internationally on a variety of topics and subjects. He single-handedly built a barn in the Catskill Mountains using the methods and tools of 18th-century timber framers. In 2011, he published his eighth book, A Square Peg. He has also created an ebook for TED Books, entitled Cheating the Impossible: Ideas and Recipes from a Rebellious High-Wire Artist. Petit divides his time between New York City, where he is an artist in residence at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, and a hideaway in the Catskill Mountains.

Among those who have associated with some of his projects are such artists as Mikhail Baryshnikov, Werner Herzog, Annie Leibovitz, Miloš Forman, Volker Schlöndorff, Twyla Tharp, Peter Beard, Marcel Marceau, Paul Auster, Paul Winter, Debra Winger, Robin Williams and Sting.

Director James Signorelli assisted with creation of Petit's book To Reach the Clouds (2002), about the Twin Towers walk. Petit not only wrote about his feat, and events that led to the performance, but also expressed his emotions following the September 11 attacks, during which the Twin Towers were destroyed. He wrote that on that morning, "My towers became our towers. I saw them collapse – hurling, crushing thousands of lives. Disbelief preceded sorrow for the obliteration of the buildings, perplexity descended before rage at the unbearable loss of life." Petit paid tribute to those who were killed and supported rebuilding the towers, promising that "When the towers again twin-tickle the clouds, I offer to walk again, to be the expression of the builders' collective voice. Together, we will rejoice in an aerial song of victory." However, a different complex of buildings has been developed on the site, and does not offer this opportunity.

Legacy and honors

 * James Parks Morton Interfaith Award
 * Streb Action Maverick Award
 * The Byrdcliffe Award

In culture

 * The song, "Man on Wire" by the band 27 is a tribute to Philippe Petit.
 * The song, "Sleepwalking," by Danish composer Ste van Holm is a tribute to Petit's World Trade Center walk.
 * The Low Anthem's song, "Boeing 737", from their 2011 album Smart Flesh, refers to Petit's Twin Towers walk.
 * American rock band Incubus used a photo of Petit as the cover art for their album, If Not Now, When? (2011).
 * Colum McCann's National Book Award-winning novel, Let the Great World Spin (2009), features Petit's Twin Towers walk as its opening passage and a centrepiece to which numerous characters are connected.
 * "Funambulist", a song by American metal band Cormorant, is about his walk between the Twin Towers.
 * The song "Step Out Of The Void" by musician Howard Moss is a tribute to Philippe Petit, in the album Outside the Pale (2013).
 * The song "Man On A Wire" by The Script on their fourth album, No Sound Without Silence, is influenced by Petit's highwire legacy.
 * The song "Stand Up Comedy" by U2 on their twelfth album, No Line on the Horizon, references "The wire is stretched in between our two towers".
 * Petit was the inspiration for the 5th Anniversary 9/11 cover of The New Yorker magazine (11 September 2006), "Soaring Spirit", by John Mavroudis (concept) and Owen Smith (art). That cover was named Cover of the Year by the American Society of Magazine Editors (ASME). The two-part cover was a first for The New Yorker.
 * He's briefly referenced by Spider-Man in the Marvel comic Amazing Spider-Man Annual #10 (1976).

Articles and interviews

 * Rosenthal, Adam (1 September 2012). "Suspended Reading: Man on Wire, 9/11 and the Logic of the High-Wire." Screening the Past.

title: Philippe Petit


text:
Type 100 submachine gun

The Type 100 submachine gun (一〇〇式機関短銃) was a Japanese submachine gun used during World War II and the only submachine gun produced by Japan in any quantity. It was made in two basic variants referred to by American and British observers as the Type 100/40 and the Type 100/44, the latter also known as the Type 100 (simplified). A small number of the earlier version were converted into using folding stock, sometimes referred to by the Allies as the Type 100 navy, which was made for parachutists.

Prototypes
Japan was late in introducing the submachine gun to its armed forces. Although around 6,000 models of the SIG Bergmann 1920 (a licensed version of the German MP 18) and a few Solothurn S1-100s were purchased from Switzerland and Austria in the 1920s and 1930s, and were used in the invasion of China in 1937, mass production of a native submachine gun did not begin until 1944. In the interim, Imperial Japan ordered 350 MAB38/43 submachine-guns from their Italian allies and they were delivered in 1943. While the western European imports were used, Japanese development of submachine guns had stalled. After earlier prototypes designed and built by the Nambu Arms Manufacturing Company, the Experimental Model 1 and Experimental Model 2 submachine guns, proved inadequate, new requirements were formulated in August 1937 by the Army. The new simpler design was based on the imported European "Bergmann type" submachine guns, which had been used effectively in both Battles of Shanghai by Japanese marines. This led to the development of the Experimental Model 3 submachine gun in 1938. The earliest version was known as Model 3A, but after some changes Model 3B was introduced in April 1939. It received generally positive results in testing and it was recommended to produce a batch of 200 weapons for military tests with infantry, cavalry, and reserve units. Further requirements were made for increased accuracy and a way to mount the standard Type 30 bayonet. A portion of the weapons for cavalry units were mounted with a bipod and a sight up to 1,500 meters to assess it capabilities in comparison with the bulky Type 11 light machine gun.

Early version

In November 1939 came the release of the Type 3C, which included a double-slot muzzle brake. After almost full completion of the testing cycle of this version it was adopted by the Imperial Japanese Army in the summer of 1940 as the Type 100 submachine gun (known in western literature as the "Type 100/40"). However, no major order was made for the new weapon as the interest of the army had turned to the new 7.7 mm Type 99 light machine gun. There was no need for a "submachine gun" in the Imperial Army tactics. Under a low-priority military contract the Type 100 began to be deployed in August 1942, with numbers not exceeding 1,000 units, of which around 200 were converted to folding stock models for use by army paratroopers. These were converted (along with similar designs for Arisaka rifles) after trouble with weapons being dropped in bags separately from the paratroopers, such as in the Battle of Palembang, and were intended to be stored in a bag attached to the stomach of the jumper. The paratrooper version was referred to by the allies as the "Type 100 navy".

Limited numbers of the early Type 100 model were delivered to the Solomon Islands in late 1942 for military trials. A small batch was delivered to Guadalcanal, but the rest of the shipments were sunk before reaching their targets. A few very early models, without the muzzle brake, but with a bipod and a sight up to 1,500 meters (the "cavalry variant" of the Model 3B), were captured by the British in the late stages of the Burma Campaign, brought in by Japanese reinforcements. Of the paratrooper variant, some were captured on Luzon during the Philippines Campaign.

Late version
As the war continued, the demand for submachine guns increased greatly. In January 1944, under contract to the army, larger scale production of the Type 100 started. In connection with the lower quality "substitute standard" variants of other Japanese weapons to increase speed and reduce cost of manufacture, a number of changes were made to simplify the Type 100. This led to the later 1944 model of the Type 100, known in the west as the "Type 100/44". The 1944 variant was slightly longer, with simple iron sights and a greatly simplified muzzle brake consisting of two ports drilled in the barrel. The rear sights included a peep hole. The large bayonet mounting bar was eliminated, with the bayonet to be fitted to the barrel instead; consequently, the muzzle protruded more from its perforated jacket. Corners were cut in production, leaving many Type 100s with roughly finished stocks with roughly welded metal. The resulting weapon demonstrated good reliability with low recoil and satisfactory accuracy for close-range work. Some 7,500 were made produced in total.

According to Japanese historian Shigeo Sugawa, a small amount of early Type 100 models were produced by the Chuo Kogyo Company, while the late model was produced at the Nagoya Arsenal's Toriimatsu Factory from May 1944 until the end of the war, at a pace of approximately 1,000 per month. He estimates that the total number produced is about 10,000, nearly 9,000 of them being later models.

The later version Type 100s were used by special units of the Imperial Army and were encountered in the hands of paratrooper raiding units in the Philippines Campaign and in the Battle of Okinawa, notably used by Giretsu Kuteitai airlifted special forces. After the war, a limited number was supplied by the American administration to arm the Japanese police.

title: Type 100 submachine gun


text:
Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn

Field Marshal Hugh Henry Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn,  (6 April 1801 – 16 October 1885) was a senior British Army officer. He served as a military adviser to the Ottoman Army who were seeking to secure the expulsion of the forces of Mehemet Ali from Syria during the Egyptian–Ottoman War. He then fought with the French Army at the Battle of Alma, the Battle of Inkerman and at the Battle of Mamelon during the Crimean War. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 Rose was given command of the Central Indian Field Force and was successful at the battle of Jhansi in April 1858, at Lahar in May 1858 and at Gwalior in June 1858. He went on to be Commander of the Bombay Army, Commander-in-Chief, India and then Commander-in-Chief, Ireland.

Early life
Born the third son of Sir George Rose of Sandhills in Christchurch (minister plenipotentiary at the Prussian court) and Frances Rose (née Duncombe), Rose was educated by officers of the Prussian Army in Berlin. He went up to St John's College, Cambridge in 1819 and was commissioned into the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders as an ensign on 8 June 1820. He was sent to Ireland to help preserve order following the "Ribbon" outrages and joined the 19th Regiment of Foot there on 20 July 1820. He was promoted to lieutenant on 24 October 1821, to captain on 22 July 1824 and to major in an unattached company on 30 December 1826. He joined the 92nd Highlanders as a company commander on 19 February 1829 and became equerry to the Duke of Cambridge in July 1830. He returned to the 92nd Highlanders again in July 1832 and served with them in Tipperary, Gibraltar and Malta. In Malta, he visited every one of his troops infected by cholera and enthused them with his cheerful manner. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 17 September 1839.

Syria
In November 1840 Rose was sent, as one of a group of British military advisers, to Syria with the local rank of colonel to assist General Omar Pasha, commander of the Ottoman Army, who was seeking to secure the expulsion of the forces of Mehemet Ali from Syria during the Egyptian–Ottoman War. Rose served as deputy adjutant-general on Pasha's staff at the Battle of El Mesden in January 1841 and then became senior British officer on Pasha's staff later that year. He became British consul-general for Syria and Lebanon in August 1841 and found himself preventing feuds between the Maronites and Druzes. On one occasion in 1841, he rode between them at imminent risk to his life and by the sheer force of a stronger will stopped the conflict. On another occasion he rescued 700 American missionaries from Mount Lebanon and took them to Beirut walking himself all the way so that his horse could be available to old women. He transferred to the diplomatic service in January 1848 and Lord Palmerston appointed him secretary of the embassy at Constantinople in January 1851. He became chargé d'affaires in the absence of Sir Stratford Canning during a diplomatic crisis over Russian demands that they be allowed to give protection over all Christians in Turkey. He so strengthened the hands of the Ottoman Porte that the Russian attempt to force a secret treaty upon Turkey was foiled. He was promoted to brevet colonel on 11 November 1851.

Crimean War
Promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 11 June 1852, Rose became the British commissioner at the headquarters of the French Army at the outset of the Crimean War in October 1853. Promoted to the local rank of brigadier-general on 8 April 1854, he succeeded in putting out a fire which threatened the French small-arm ammunition stores for which he was awarded the French Legion of Honour. He fought with the 1st Zouaves at the Battle of Alma in September 1854, where he was wounded, at the Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 and at the Battle of Mamelon in June 1855. He was promoted to major-general on 12 December 1854.

Indian Rebellion of 1857
Following the outbreak of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 Rose was given command of the Poona division. He arrived in September 1857, and shortly after took command of the newly created Central Indian Field Force made up mostly of sepoys and elements of the army maintained by the Nizam of Hyderabad. He marched from Mhow in January 1858, captured Rahatgarh after a short siege, defeated the Raja of Banapur near Baroda, relieved the City of Saugor, captured the fortress at Garhakota and then defeated the rebels in the Madanpur pass.

Rose arrived at Jhansi on 21 March 1858 and during the siege defeated a relieving force under Tatya Tope at the Betwa on 1 April 1858. Most of Rose's force was locked up in the siege and so he could only field 1,540 men against Tatya Tope's army of 20,000 troops and 28 guns. With the advantage of Punjabi-Afghan sepoys he was able to rout the enemy, inflicting a total loss of 1,500 men and all of their stores. Jhansi was stormed and the city taken on 4 April 1858. However the Queen, Rani Lakshmibai, who had defended the fort, made an escape to Kalpi. Rose went on to capture Lahar, Konch and Kalpi in May 1858.

Rose then obtained sick leave and Sir Robert Napier was appointed to succeed him. However, before Napier could arrive the forces of the Maharaja of Gwalior joined the rebellion. Rose at once resumed command and moved on Gwalior capturing the city in June 1858. Rose was promoted to lieutenant-general for his "eminent services" on 28 February 1860 and the next month was appointed commander-in-chief of the Bombay Army. He was promoted to the local rank of general on 18 May 1860 and on the departure of Lord Clyde from India in November 1860 Rose succeeded him as Commander-in-Chief, India.

Later life and legacy
Rose was made an honorary DCL of the University of Oxford in 1865. He became Commander-in-Chief of British forces in Ireland with the local rank of general in July 1865, in which role he assisted the Irish government to deal with the Fenian conspiracy, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Strathnairn, of Strathnairn in the County of Nairn and of Jhansi in the India on 28 July 1866. He was promoted to the substantive rank of full general on 4 February 1867 and was made an honorary LL.D. of Trinity College, Dublin when he retired from the Irish Command in 1870. Back in England he lived in retirement at Newsells Park in Hertfordshire. Rose was keen on horses and had an obelisk erected there in memory of his favourite charger which he had ridden during the Indian Rebellion.

Rose also served as colonel of the 45th Regiment of Foot (1858–66), of the 26th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps, of the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot (1866–69) and then of the Royal Horse Guards (1869–85).

He was promoted to field marshal on 2 June 1877 and died in Paris on 16 October 1885. He was buried in the graveyard of the Priory Church, Christchurch in Hampshire. An equestrian bronze statue, by E. Onslow Ford, RA, was erected to his memory at Knightsbridge, London; it was removed and put in storage in 1931. In 1964 it was privately purchased and is now located at Griggs Green in Hampshire. There is also a memorial to him in St Paul's Cathedral.

Family
Rose was brother to Sir William Rose and the Countess of Morton. He never married and never had any children.

Honours
Rose's honours included:
 * 1) Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) – 6 July 1858 (KCB – 16 October 1855; CB – 23 February 1842 )
 * 2) Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) (KSI – 25 June 1861 )
 * 3) Prussian Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (Prussia) – 6 March 1849
 * 4) Legion of Honour, 3rd Class (France) – 2 August 1856
 * 5) Order of the Medjidie, 3rd Class (Ottoman Empire) – 2 March 1858

Military Offices

title: Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn


text:
Takekoma Station

Takekoma Station (竹駒駅) was a JR East railway station located in Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The station was destroyed by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and has now been replaced by a provisional bus rapid transit line.

Lines
Takekoma Station was served by the Ōfunato Line, and was located 82.5 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Ichinoseki Station.

Station layout
Takekoma Station had a single side platform serving one bi-directional track. The station was unattended.

History
Takekoma Station opened on 14 December 1933. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987. The station was one of six stations on the Ōfunato Line destroyed by the 11 March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Services have now been replaced by a BRT.

Surrounding area

 * Japanese National Route Sign 0340.svg National Route 340
 * Japanese National Route Sign 0343.svg National Route 343
 * Takekoma Jinja

title: Takekoma Station


text:
Talk:South Extension

Notability of shopping outlets
I am unsure about the WP:Notability of some of the shopping outlets. I propose to add a much wider list so it is from a WP:NPOV rather than some selected outlets. Maypau42 (talk) 12:54, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

Topic unclear
There is almost zero useful information in this article so far. It provides no context whatsoever. It doesn't explain what type of thing "South Extension" is, or where it might be.

A little Googling with the some of the names mentioned, seems to indicate that South Extension might be a shopping centre in Delhi, India. I have tentatively classified the stub as an India stub. Hopefully someone more familiar with the place will be able to confirm this and expand on it. If not, a vfd might be in order ...

--TheParanoidOne 11:53, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Delhi Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Delhi workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Delhi or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article -- Amartyabag   TALK2ME  05:22, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Spam / Promotion of Pvt company DLF
An IP contributor keeps adding spam reference to a private company DLF without any citation. CaptChandra (talk) 16:03, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Extension


text:
Speech (rapper)

Todd Thomas (born October 25, 1968), better known by the stage name Speech, is an American rapper and musician. He is a member of the progressive hip hop group Arrested Development and has released a number of solo albums.

Background
He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and spent his childhood years there and in Ripley, Tennessee, before relocating to Georgia in 1987 to attend the Art Institute of Atlanta. He attended Rufus King High School and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. His first rap group, Attack, was active from 1984 until 1986. He also DJ'd at a popular teen club called the Fox Trap along with other guest DJs.

Arrested Development
In 1987, Speech joined with fellow DJ Headliner to form the group Arrested Development. After over three years together, the group released their inaugural album, 3 Years, 5 Months & 2 Days in the Life Of.... Speech performed lead vocals, and produced the group's tracks. The group's follow-up album, Zingalamaduni, fared poorly by comparison, but was critically acclaimed. In a four star review, Rolling Stone wrote that "Speech still has a gift for the swinging rhythms and decent expressions that get past the differences that divide the pop audience." Speech went on to pursue his solo career, also starting Vagabond Productions as a vehicle for Arrested Development and their business dealings, and became a promoter of neo soul, hip-hop, and rock concerts in Atlanta. The company then switched to representing artists in U.S. and Japan. Since then, Vagabond has become an all around production house that presents music to various labels and digital outlets across the world.

In 2000, Speech also reunited with Arrested Development (without the participation of DJ Headliner or Aerle Taree).

Solo
His debut solo album, Speech, on Chrysalis/EMI, was released January 23, 1996. "Like Marvin Said (What's Going On)", released by EMI Records in November 1995, was the first single from the album. From March to May 1996, Speech toured Japan, Guadeloupe, Amsterdam, and several areas of the U.S. "Like Marvin Said" was a No. 1 hit in Japan for seven weeks. In December 1996, Speech became a disciple of Jesus Christ within the International Churches of Christ. Speech did various shows with Herbie Hancock, Chaka Khan, Youssou N'dour, James Brown, Parliament – Funkadelic, Jason Mraz, and The Roots. The musical side of Speech kept him producing and writing songs for progressive artists like Zap Mama, Spike Lee's Malcolm X soundtrack, and Boomerang starring Eddie Murphy. He was in other movies like Bebe's Kids, Warriors of Virtue, Whipped, and the Michael Jordan documentary To the Max (an IMAX production). He built a home studio called the Podium in Fayetteville, Georgia. He licensed his second solo album in 1998, 1998 Hoopla, to Toshiba EMI in Japan. Hoopla was later released in 1999 in the United States on TVT Records. In 2000, Speech recorded and licensed to Toshiba EMI his third solo project entitled Spiritual People, which garnered his biggest solo album sales to date, being certified gold by the RIAJ in November 2000. Speech followed up with various sold-out tours and heavy promotional schedules. Spiritual People was later released in the United States in 2001 on ArtistDirect. Speech then licensed to Toshiba EMI, Down South Produckshuns which spawned another top 10 hit entitled "Braided Hair." Vagabond Productions later released a Speech solo compilation of Down South Produckshun songs, Spiritual People songs (U.S. version) and songs from Arrested Development's Among the Trees album, entitled The Vagabond in 2006. That album was released on Bluhammock records and won in The 6th Annual Independent Music Awards for Best Rap/Hip-Hop Album.

Speech toured with US Vice President Al Gore and First Lady Hillary Clinton in the South during the 1996 United States Presidential election. Speech was also invited to and attended the inaugural celebrations. In November 1996, he toured with Hootie and the Blowfish.

In addition to touring and releasing his own albums, Speech has performed on several other projects including 1 Giant Leap and collaborating with Zap Mama on "Each Step Moves Us On".

Publications

 * What Is Success?. Vagabond Records and Tapes, 2009.

Solo albums

 * Speech (1996), Chrysalis
 * Hoopla (1998), TVT
 * Spiritual People (2000), Toshiba EMI
 * Down South Produckshuns (2002), Toshiba EMI
 * Peechy (2003), Toshiba EMI
 * The Vagabond (2005), Bluhammock
 * The Grown Folks Table (2009), Vagabond Records and Tapes
 * Expansion (2020), Vagabond Record and Tapes

title: Speech (rapper)


text:
User talk:Bomboca

Os detectives dos fósseis

Os paleontólogos são verdadeiros detectives, que através do estudo dos fósseis conseguem reconstituir a história da Terra e dos seus seres vivos. Mas o trabalho destes cientistas não é nada fácil!

title: User talk:Bomboca


text:
Kendal (disambiguation)

Kendal is a market town in Cumbria, England.

Kendal may also refer to:

Places

 * Barbados
 * Kendal, Barbados

 * Canada
 * Kendal, Ontario
 * Kendal, Saskatchewan

 * Indonesia
 * Kendal Regency, a regency in Central Java Province
 * Kendal, Kendal, capital of Kendal Regency

 * Iran
 * Kendal, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad

 * Jamaica
 * Kendal, Jamaica

 * South Africa
 * Kendal Power Station

 * United Kingdom
 * Barony of Kendal, a subdivision of the historic county of Westmorland
 * Kendal (UK Parliament constituency) 1832–1918 parliamentary borough
 * Kendal House, an eighteenth century house

 * United States
 * Kendal, Ohio, town absorbed into the town of Massillon in 1853

People

 * Kendal (surname)
 * Duke of Kendal
 * William Parr, 1st Baron Parr of Kendal (1434–1483)

Businesses

 * Kendals, a department store in Manchester, England, taking on the House of Fraser name in 2005
 * Kendal Industrial Estate, Indonesian real estate company

Other uses

 * Kendal (horse), a thoroughbred racehorse and sire
 * Kendal Mint Cake, a sugar-based confection flavored with peppermint.

title: Kendal (disambiguation)


text: Talk:Space fountain

title: Talk:Space fountain


text:
Talk:Peter E. Martin

Untitled
Can I have some help responding to this page tag regarding Peter E Martin? Many thanks tp Pmeisel for the response and action to assist in editing this page

Ed Martin
The redirect for Ed Martin should not be to this article. It confuses anyone looking for the Ed Martin involved in the University of Michigan basketball scandal. MMetro (talk) 18:57, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Contested deletion
This article should not be speedily deleted for lack of asserted importance because... (See Henry's Lieutenants Ford R Bryan, 1963 ) Mpmartin (talk) 17:38, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter E. Martin


text:
Albornoz

Albornoz is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz (c. 1295–1367), Spanish cardinal and archbishop
 * Rodrigo de Albornoz (fl. 1520s), Spanish colonial official in Mexico
 * Gil Carrillo de Albornoz (1579–1649) (1579–1649), Spanish cardinal
 * José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar (1671–1747), Spanish nobleman
 * Álvaro de Albornoz (1879–1954), Spanish writer and politician
 * Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña (1893–1984), Spanish medieval historian
 * Humberto Albornoz (1894–1959), Ecuadorian politician
 * Severo Ochoa de Albornoz (1905–1993), Spanish-American physician
 * Aurora de Albornoz (1926–1990), Spanish poet
 * José Albornoz (born 1970), Argentine footballer
 * Oscar Javier Morales Albornoz (born 1975), Uruguayan footballer
 * Juan José Albornoz (born 1982), Chilean footballer
 * Mauricio Albornoz (born 1988), Swedish footballer
 * Miiko Albornoz (born 1990), Chilean footballer
 * Tomás Albornoz (born 1997), Argentine rugby union player
 * Camilo Albornoz (born 2000), Argentine footballer
 * Daniel Albornoz, Colombian-Canadian drag queen

title: Albornoz


text:
Rikuzen-Takata Station

Rikuzen-Takata Station (陸前高田駅) was a JR East railway station located in Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The station, as well as most of the structures in the surrounding area, was destroyed by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and has now been replaced by a provisional bus rapid transit line.

Lines
Rikuzen-Takata Station was served by the Ōfunato Line, and is located 85.4 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Ichinoseki Station.

Station layout
Rikuzen-Takata Station had two opposed side platforms, connected by a level crossing. The station had a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.

History
Rikuzen-Takata Station opened on 15 December 1933. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987. The station was one of six stations on the Ōfunato Line destroyed by the 11 March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which also killed the station staff. Services have now been replaced by a BRT.

Surrounding area

 * Rikuzen-Takata city hall
 * Rikuzen-Takata bus terminal
 * Rikuzen-Takata Post Office
 * Takata-matsubara

title: Rikuzen-Takata Station


text:
England (disambiguation)

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is often incorrectly used to refer to the whole of the United Kingdom.

England may also refer to:

Places

 * Kingdom of England, a sovereign state from the 10th century to 1707
 * English Empire (1570–1707)
 * Angevin Empire (1140–1260)
 * England, Arkansas, United States
 * England, Nordstrand, Germany

People

 * England (surname)
 * Mr. England, nickname of English rugby fan Peter Cross (rugby union)
 * England captain (disambiguation), the captain of an England national team
 * List of English monarchs, who may be referred to as "England"

Culture

 * England (band), a progressive rock group
 * "England", a 2006 song by Justin Hawkins
 * "England", a song by Great Big Sea from Fortune's Favour, 2008
 * "England", a song by The National from High Violet, 2010
 * "England's", a song by Tim Smith from Tim Smith's Extra Special OceanLandWorld, 1995
 * England: Poems from a School, 2018 book by Kate Clanchy

Other uses

 * List of national sports teams of England
 * England (British postage stamps)
 * England (1813 ship)
 * "England", a Series E episode of the television series QI (2007)

title: England (disambiguation)


text:
Jalaun

Jalaun is a city and a municipal board in Jalaun district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

History
In early times Jalaun seems to have been the home of kurmi clans, the jalaunya kurmi in the east and the Kachwahas in the west. The village Garghgawan was the estate of the Bhadauria clan, the historic monument of this clan still exists in this village. The town of Kalpi on the Yamuna was conquered by the armies of Muhammad Ghori in 1196. In the early 14th century, the Bundelas occupied the greater part of Jalaun and even succeeded in holding the fortified post of Kalpi. That important possession was soon recovered by the Delhi Sultanate and was then passed on to the Mughal Empire. Akbar's governors at Kalpi maintained a nominal authority over the surrounding district, and the Bundela chiefs were in a state of chronic revolt, which culminated in the war of independence under Maharaja Chhatrasal. On the outbreak of his rebellion in 1671, he occupied a large province to the south of the Yamuna. Setting out from this base, and assisted by the Marathas, he conquered the whole of Bundelkhand. On his death in 1732 he bequeathed one-third of his dominions to his Maratha allies, who before long succeeded in annexing the whole of Bundelkhand. Jalaun flourished under the administration of The Great Warrior Shreenath Mahadji Shinde.

In 1803 Kalpi was captured by the British. Jalaun State became a British protectorate in 1806. But in 1840, on the death of Raja Nana Gobindrao without descendants, it was annexed to British India by virtue of the doctrine of lapse. Various interchanges of territory took place, and in 1856 the boundaries of the British district were substantially settled, with an area of 1477 sqmi.

Jalaun was the scene of much violence during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. When the news of the uprising at Kanpur reached Kalpi, the soldiers of the 53rd Native Infantry deserted their officers, and in June the Jhansi rebels reached the district, and began their murder of the white European invaders. It was not until September 1858 that the rebels were finally defeated. In the later 19th century, the district suffered much from the invasive kans grass (Saccharum spontaneum), owing to the spread of which many villages were abandoned and their land is thrown out of cultivation. The population of the district was 399,726 in 1901, and the two largest towns were Konch and Kalpi (pop. 10,139 in 1901). The district was traversed by the line of the Indian Midland railway from Jhansi to Kanpur. A small part of it is watered by the Betwa Canal. Grain, oil-seeds, cotton and ghee were exported. According to History the British Jalaun in the year 1840 state of the Maratha merger by its territory was taken intact Pargana Orai-Jalaun Aata and Mahoba instructed to own its rights and even received it. Jalaun District of Jalaun becoming the first phase can be said. there are two types stories about name Jalaun, According to first one in Jalaun territory, there was dense net of forests because in Hindi forests known as 'Wan'and net means 'Jal'. so JALAUN got its name JAlwan. By the time it changed as 'JALAUN'. The second story tells that Jalaun named after a saint 'Jalana'. Jalaun is the city which has its headquarters in Orai. that's why Jalaun is still struggling for basic needs of Railways, Roadways stands, Industrial areas, educational hubs, Good leadership, Employment.

Geography
Jalaun is located at 26.15°N, 79.35°W. It has an average elevation of 144 metres (472 feet).

Demographics
India census, Jalaun has population of 56,909 of which 30,070 are males while 26,839 are females. The population of Children with age of 0-6 is 7146 which is 12.56% of total population of Jalaun (NPP). In Jalaun Nagar Palika Parishad, Female Sex Ratio is of 893 against state average of 912. Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Jalaun is around 938 compared to Uttar Pradesh state average of 902. Literacy rate of Jalaun city is 77.58% higher than state average of 67.68%. In Jalaun, Male literacy is around 84.19% while female literacy rate is 70.13%.

Jalaun Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration over 9,560 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Nagar Palika Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

Main crops

 * Wheat
 * Green Pea
 * Menthol
 * Pulse (Tuar/Pigeopea, Urad, Masoor/Lentil, Gram/Chickpea etc.)

title: Jalaun


text:
User talk:Erispie

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:08, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erispie


text:
User talk:Moreati

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moreati


text:
Pierre Subleyras

Pierre Hubert Subleyras (November 25, 1699 – May 28, 1749) was a French painter, active during the late-Baroque and early-Neoclassic period, mainly in Italy.

Life
Subleyras was born in Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, France. He left France in 1728, having carried off the French Academy's grand prix, which provided scholarship for study in Rome. In Rome, he painted for the Elector of Saxony, Frederick Christian, a "Christ's Visit to the House of Simon the Pharisee", (later engraved by Subleyras himself), this work procured his admission into the famed Roman artists guild, Accademia di San Luca.

Cardinal Valenti Gonzaga next obtained for him the order for Saint Basil & Emperor Valens (also known as the Mass of St. Basil, which was executed in mosaic for St Peter's. Another masterpiece is his painting of St Camillo De Lellis coming to the rescue of the diseased at the hospital of the Holy Spirit.

He was a remarkably incisive portraitist, as evident from the portrait of Pope Benedict XIV or of the obese Cardinal Valenti Gonzaga. The pope himself commanded two great paintings, the "Marriage of St Catherine" and the "Ecstasy of St Camilla", which he placed in his own private apartments. Another portrait was of the cleric and artist Giovanni Felice Ramelli, which Ramelli then replicated in miniature. Subleyras shows greater individuality in his curious genre pictures, which he produced in considerable number (Louvre). In his illustrations of La Fontaine and Boccaccio his true relation to the modern era comes out; and his drawings from nature are often admirable (see one of a man draped in a heavy cloak in the British Museum).

Exhausted by overwork, Subleyras tried a change to Naples, but returned to Rome at the end of a few months to die. His wife, the celebrated miniature painter, Maria Felice Tibaldi, was sister to Isabella, the wife of Trémolières.

Paintings at the Louvre

 * Don Cesare Benvenuti
 * L'Absolution de Théodose
 * Le Gaucon
 * L'Ermite ou Frère Luce
 * Les Oies du frère Philippe
 * Portrait présumé de Jacques-Antoine de Lironcourt
 * Saint Benoît ressuscite un enfant
 * Saint Jean d'Avila

title: Pierre Subleyras


text:
Douglas DT

The Douglas DT bomber was the Douglas Aircraft Company's first military contract, forging a link between the company and the United States Navy. Navy Contract No. 53305 of April 1, 1921, required only 18 pages to set out the specifications that resulted in the purchase of three DT (D for Douglas, T for torpedo) folding-wing aircraft.

The DT used a welded steel fuselage with aluminum covering the forward and center sections and fabric covering the rear section. Douglas built 46 DT-1 and DT-2 torpedo bombers for the U.S. Navy, Norwegian Navy, and Peruvian Navy. 20 DT-2 aircraft were built under license by the L-W-F Engineering Company Inc., six by the Naval Aircraft Factory (NAF), and 11 by the Dayton-Wright Company. Another seven were built for Norway under license by Marinens Flyvebåtfabrik. Although still in service when the Germans invaded Norway, the Norwegian DTs did not see action in the Norwegian Campaign. The DT could be fitted either with pontoons or wheeled landing gear and could carry a 1,800 lb torpedo.

The first flight was in November 1921 and production continued until 1929. The DT operated off the U.S. Navy's first aircraft carrier, USS Langley (CV-1), from land bases, and from seaplane tenders. Several were flown by the Marine Corps.

Variations of the DT-2 aircraft were designated DT-4, DT-5, DT-6, and DTB. Machines licence-built by Dayton-Wright were internally designated SDW by that company. The type became the basis for the Douglas World Cruiser.

Variants

 * DT-1: Preproduction prototypes; three built.
 * DT-2: Two-seat torpedo-bomber biplane, powered by a 450 hp Liberty V-12 piston engine; 64 built.
 * DT-3: Proposed version of the DT-2. Not built.
 * DT-4: Four DT-2s converted into bomber aircraft by the Naval Aircraft Factory. The aircraft were fitted with direct-drive Wright T-2 V-12 engines.
 * DT-5: Redesignation of two DT-4s fitted with a geared 650 hp Wright T-2B V-12 engine.
 * DT-6: One DT-2 aircraft fitted with a 450 hp Wright P-1 radial piston engine.
 * DT-2B: This designation was given to one DT-2 aircraft supplied to the Norwegian government. Seven similar aircraft were built under licence in Norway.
 * DTB: Export version for Peru. Four aircraft built for the Peruvian navy, fitted with 650 hp Wright Typhoon V-12 piston engines.
 * SDW-1: Redesignation of three DT-2s modified by the Dayton-Wright company.

Operators

 * Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service
 * Peruvian Navy
 * United States Marine Corps
 * United States Navy
 * United States Marine Corps
 * United States Navy
 * United States Navy

title: Douglas DT


text:
William Overton (judge)

William Ray Overton (September 19, 1939 – July 14, 1987) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas.

Education and career
Born in Malvern, Arkansas, Overton received a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Bachelor of Science degree concurrently from the University of Arkansas in 1961, and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1964. He was in private practice of law in Little Rock, Arkansas from 1964 to 1979.

Federal judicial service
Overton was nominated to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas by President Jimmy Carter on March 7, 1979, to a new seat created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 10, 1979, and received his commission on May 11, 1979. Overton continued to serve on that court until his death of cancer on July 14, 1987, at his home.

Notable case
Overton is known for his ruling on Act 590 "The Arkansas' Balanced Treatment Act" in McLean v. Arkansas, which was a law seeking to require the teaching of Creation Science in classrooms. This statute was advocated by its supporters as providing equal treatment of creation science as the Theory of Evolution in the science classrooms.

When Overton struck down the Act in 1982, he used the criteria that a scientific theory must be tentative and always subject to revision or abandonment in light of the facts that are inconsistent with, or falsify, the theory. A theory that is by its own terms dogmatic, absolutist and never subject to revision is not a scientific theory.

In summary, he held that a scientific theory to be taught in schools must have the following properties:

 * 1) It is guided by natural law;
 * 2) It has to be explained by reference to natural law;
 * 3) It is testable against the empirical world;
 * 4) Its conclusions are tentative, i.e., are not necessarily the final word;
 * 5) It is falsifiable.

title: William Overton (judge)