text:
Leonhard Seppala

Leonhard "Sepp" Seppala (September 14, 1877 – January 28, 1967) was a Norwegian-Kven-American sled dog breeder, trainer and musher who with his dogs played a pivotal role in the 1925 serum run to Nome, and participated in the 1932 Winter Olympics. Seppala introduced the work dogs used by Native Siberians at the time to the American public; the breed came to be known as the Siberian Husky in the English-speaking world. The Leonhard Seppala Humanitarian Award, which honors excellence in sled dog care, is named in honour of him.

Background
Seppala was born in Lyngen Municipality in Troms county, Northern Norway. He was the eldest child of Isak Isaksen Seppälä (Tornedalian born in Sweden) and Anne Henrikke Henriksdatter. His father's family name is of Finnish origin. Seppälä comes from the Finnish word seppä, meaning smith. Leonhard is considered to have been Kven. When Seppala was two years old, his family moved within Troms county to the nearby the island of Skjervøya in Skjervøy Municipality. While in Skjervøy, his father worked as a blacksmith and fisherman, building up a relatively large estate. Seppala initially followed in his father's footsteps as both a blacksmith and a fisherman. However, in 1900, he emigrated to Alaska during the Nome gold rush. His friend Jafet Lindeberg had returned from Alaska and convinced Seppala to come to work for his mining company in Nome. He became a naturalized citizen in 1906.

During his first winter in Alaska, Seppala became a dogsled driver for Lindeberg's company. He enjoyed the task from his first run, which he recalled clearly for the rest of his life. He expressed pleasure in the rhythmic patter of the dogs' feet and the feeling of the sled gliding along the snow. While most drivers considered 30 mi a long run, Seppala travelled between 50 mi and 100 mi most days. This also meant he worked as long as 12 hours a day. He kept his dogs in form during the summer by having them pull a cart on wheels instead of a sled. It was unusual at that time to keep sled dogs working when the snow thawed, or to spend as much time with them as he did.

Racing career
In 1914, Seppala inherited his first team of sled dogs by chance. Lindeberg, his friend and supervisor at Pioneer Mining Company, had brought the puppies from Siberia as a gift for the explorer Roald Amundsen, whom he hoped would use them for his upcoming expedition to the North Pole. Seppala was assigned to train the dogs. "I literally fell in love with them from the start", he recalled; "I could hardly wait for sledding snow to start their training". When Amundsen cancelled his trip a few weeks after the puppies arrived in Nome, Lindeberg gave them to Seppala.

Seppala made the decision to compete in his first race, the 1914 All Alaska Sweepstakes, at the last minute. Neither he nor his canine freight leader, Suggen, knew the dangerous trail, and when a blizzard suddenly descended on the area during the race, Seppala realized his young dogs had lost the trail and they were all at great risk of death due to the nearby drop-off to the Bering Sea. Indeed, when the whiteout conditions suddenly lifted, Seppala found that he and his team were at the bottom of a hill, racing towards the cliffs along the sea. Fortunately, he succeeded in stopping 20 feet from the drop-off, saving all their lives. However, many of his dogs' paw pads had been shredded and claws broken by the ice-encrusted snow as they clawed their way back to the top of the hill. A few also suffered frostbite. Seppala felt he had abused the dogs' loyalty by putting them in danger of death and injury, and withdrew from the race in shame. He nursed them back to health for most of the remainder of that year; they were not ready to train again until autumn.

Seppala's racing career took off the following year, at the 1915 All Alaska Sweepstakes. After a close competition between him and experienced musher Scotty Allan, Seppala defeated him on the fourth day of the race and finished two hours ahead of Allan to win the Sweepstakes. He went on to win the race the following two years, as well, at which point the All Alaska Sweepstakes was suspended until 1983.

Role in the "Great Race of Mercy" of 1925
A diphtheria outbreak struck Seppala's town of Nome, Alaska in the winter of 1925. Previously unexposed children as well as adults were at risk of dying from the infection. Seppala's only child—an eight-year-old daughter named Sigrid—was also at risk. The only treatment available in 1925 was diphtheria antitoxin serum. However, the town's supply was not only insufficient but also of presumably low efficacy, being past its expiry date. Without the antitoxin, estimated mortality rates stood anywhere from 75% to 99.99%, practically a killing blow to Nome. The only practical way to deliver more serum to Nome in the middle of the coldest winter in 20 years was by dog sled. A relay of respected mushers was organized to expedite the delivery, and Seppala (with lead dog Togo) was chosen for the most forbidding part of the trail. The serum was to be taken by train to Nenana, and from there relay teams would set out from Nome and Nenana, meeting in the middle at Nulato. The whole trail was 674 miles from Nenana to Nome, and Seppala was initially selected to cover the more than 400 miles from Nome to Nulato and back. Seppala's section of trail featured a dangerous shortcut across Norton Sound, which could save a full day of travel. It was decided that he was the most qualified of the relay mushers to attempt this shortcut. The ice on Norton Sound was in constant motion due to currents from the sea and the incessant wind. It ranged from rough hills of smashed-together ice to slippery "glare ice" polished by the wind, where it was difficult for the dogs to get a foothold. Small cracks in the ice could suddenly widen, and driver and team could be plunged into the freezing water. If the wind blew from the east, it could reach speeds as high as 110 mph(windchill is the loss of body heat induced by temps of 25 F and at least 1 mph winds), flipping over sleds, pushing dogs off course, and causing a windchill as low as -116.5 F. A sustained east wind could also push the ice out to sea, and a team caught on a drifting floe could find itself stranded on open water. Seppala had taken the shortcut across the Sound several times in his career; a less-experienced musher was likelier to lose not only his life and the lives of his dogs, but also the urgently needed serum. Seppala would cross the sound each way in the race to deliver the serum.

Seppala set out from Nome on January 28—several days before he was due to meet the relay coming to Nulato. He crossed Norton Sound without incident. Meanwhile, the number of diphtheria cases in Nome continued to climb. To hasten delivery of the serum, more mushers were added to the relay. However, it was too late to inform Seppala that he would be meeting the relay closer to Nome than had originally been planned. After 3 days and 170 mi, he came in sight of another relay musher, Henry Ivanoff, but did not realise it. Seppala saw the musher stopped on the trail and having trouble with his dogs, but did not intend to stop and be delayed. Ivanoff had to run after Seppala as he raced past, shouting, "The serum! The serum! I have it here!".

When the serum passed to Seppala, night was falling and a powerful low-pressure system was moving towards the trail from the Gulf of Alaska. Seppala had to decide whether to risk Norton Sound in high winds in the dark, when he could not see or hear potential warning signs from the ice. However, as going around the ice meant slowing the delivery of the serum by a full day, he chose to go across. While he raced to the roadhouse at Isaac's Point on the opposite shore, gale-force winds drove the windchill to an estimated -85 F from a real temperature of only -30 F. When he arrived there at 8 pm, his dogs were exhausted; they had run 84 mi that day, much of it against the wind and in brutal cold. However, they could only afford a short rest, and set out again at 2 am.

The next day, the gale had intensified into a severe blizzard, with blinding snow and winds of at least 65 mph. Seppala continued the trail across Norton Sound. This meant avoiding rocky cliffs along the shore, but it also exposed him and his team to the dangers of the Sound. Conditions on the ice were perilous, with sudden soft spots in the ice underfoot and outright open water sometimes only a few feet away. Only a few hours after they had crossed it, the ice broke up altogether and drifted out to sea.

With Norton Sound behind them, Seppala and his team now faced the final challenge of the trail—climbing an 8 mi ridge formation that led to the summit of Little McKinley. The trail here was exposed and the steep grade grueling for the dogs, who were sleep-deprived and had already raced 260 mi over the previous 4.5 days. However, at 3 P.M. that day, Seppala and his team arrived at Golovin and handed over the serum to the next musher. The serum was now only 78 mi from Nome. Indeed, it arrived there the next day, Monday, February 2, at approximately 5:30 A.M., and was thawed and ready for use by 11 am.

This emergency delivery, also known as the "Great Race of Mercy", is commemorated annually with the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.

After the Serum Run
After the Serum Run, Seppala and some 40 of his dogs toured the "lower 48" with an Eskimo handler. His tour ended in January 1927 with the dogsled race at Poland Spring, Maine, where he accepted the challenge to race against Arthur Walden, founder of the New England Sled Dog Club and owner of the famous lead dog, "Chinook". Despite a series of time-consuming mishaps on the trail, Seppala won the race against the bigger, slower dogs driven by Walden and his followers. The enthusiasm for sled dog racing in New England together with the Serum Run publicity and the victory over Walden made it possible for Seppala and partner Elizabeth Ricker to establish a Siberian kennel at Poland Spring. This was the start of the spread of the Siberian Husky breed in the United States and Canada. He bred Togo, and the dog's descendants contributed to the "Seppala Siberian Sleddog", a sought after sled dog line, as well as mainstream show-stock Siberian Husky lines bred in New England and eventually elsewhere.

In 1928, Seppala moved his permanent home to near Fairbanks, Alaska. In 1931 the Seppala–Ricker partnership ended. Sled dog racing was a demonstration event at the Lake Placid Winter Olympic Games in 1932, where Seppala earned a silver in the event. In 1946, he and his wife Constance moved to Seattle, Washington. In 1961, Seppala revisited Fairbanks and other places in Alaska at the invitation of American journalist Lowell Thomas, enjoying a warm reception from the Alaskan people. He and his wife lived in Seattle until his death at the age of 89. His wife, Constance, died a few years later aged 85. Both are buried in Nome, Alaska. They were survived by their daughter, Sigrid Hanks.

A street in Nome named Seppala Drive connects the town to its airport. Alaska Airlines has established the Leonhard Seppala Humanitarian Award. In June 1999, a memorial was erected to him in Skibotn, Norway. In 2019, Disney released a movie based on Seppala's feats in the 1925 serum run to Nome, titled Togo and starring Willem Dafoe as Seppala.

title: Leonhard Seppala


text:
Talk:Dynamic scoping

Merge with...?
I've just rewritten the majority of the discussion here, and it seems to have as much to do with binding as with scoping. Should (instead of the recommended merges) all the pages relevant to this subject be refactored somehow? --Tardis 00:55, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * We just learned about this stuff in my computer science class so I'm by no means an authority, but I don't agree with "refactoring" these scoping articles with binding. They seem to be separate concepts that are strongly related but are still clearly separate. Scoping and binding are given their own sections in the material I've read.Krymson 05:16, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not claiming that scoping and binding are the same thing (I said refactor, not merge everything!), just that it would be a bit odd to merge dynamic scoping into just "scoping" when half of what it talks about is actually more relevant to binding. Is there a way to talk about dynamic scope without it ending up being about dynamic binding?  --Tardis 21:52, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dynamic scoping


text:
Saint Elizabeth Parish

Saint Elizabeth, one of Jamaica's largest parishes, is located in the southwest of the island, in the county of Cornwall. Its capital, Black River, is located at the mouth of the Black River, the widest on the island.

History
Saint Elizabeth originally included most of the southwest part of the island, but Westmoreland was taken from it in 1703, and in 1814 a part of Manchester. The resulting areas were named after the wife of Sir Thomas Modyford, the first English Governor of Jamaica.

There are archeological traces of Taíno/Arawak existence in the parish, as well as of 17th-century colonial Spanish settlements. After 1655, when the English settled on the island, they concentrated on developing large sugar cane plantations with enslaved African workers. Today, buildings with 'Spanish wall' construction (masonry of limestone sand and stone between wooden frames) can still be seen in some areas.

St Elizabeth became a prosperous parish, and Black River an important seaport. In addition to shipping sugar and molasses, Black River became the centre of the logging trade. Large quantities of logwood were exported to Europe to make a blue dye very like Prussian blue, which was very popular in the 18th and 19th centuries.

St Elizabeth was the first parish to have electric power, where it was first introduced in a house called Waterloo in Black River in 1893.

Geography
The parish is located at latitude 18°15'N, and longitude 77°56'W; to the west of Manchester, to the east of Westmoreland, and to the south of St. James and Trelawny. It covers an area of 1,212.4 km2, making it Jamaica's second-largest parish, smaller only than Saint Ann's 1,212.6 km2. The parish is divided into four electoral districts (constituencies), that is North-East, North-West, South-East and South-West.

The northern and northeastern parts of the parish are mountainous. There are three mountain ranges —the Nassau Mountains to the north-east, the Lacovia Mountains to the west of the Nassau Mountains, and the Santa Cruz Mountains which, running south, divide the wide plain to end in a precipitous drop of 1600 ft at Lovers' Leap. The central and southern sections form an extensive plain divided by the Santa Cruz Mountains. A large part of the lowlands is covered by morass, but it still provides grazing land for horses and mules.

The main river in the parish is the Black River, and measuring 53.4 km, it is one of the longest rivers in Jamaica. It is navigable for about 40 km, and is supported by many tributaries including Y.S., Broad, Grass and Horse Savannah. The river has its source in the mountains of Manchester where it rises and flows west as the border between Manchester and Trelawny then goes underground. It reappears briefly in several surrounding towns, but reemerges near Balaclava and tumbles down gorges to the plain known as the Savannah, through the Great Morass and to the sea at Black River, the capital of the parish.

The geology of the parish is primarily alluvial plains to the south, and karstic limestone to the north. The karstic zones are known to contain over 130 caves (Jamaica Cave Register as of 2007 - from Fincham and JCO). These include Mexico Cave and Wallingford River Cave, near Balaclava, which are two associated sections of a major underground river that has its source in south Trelawny, as well as Yardley Chase Caves near the foot of Lovers' Leap, and Peru Cave, near Goshen, which has stalactites and stalagmites. Mineral deposits include bauxite, antimony, white limestone, clay, peat and silica sand, which is used to manufacture glass.

Demography
The parish had an estimated population of 148,000 in 2001, 4000 of whom live in the capital town. The distinct feature of this parish is that numerous ethnic groups can be found here; St Elizabeth probably has the greatest ethnic mixture in Jamaica. St. Elizabeth provides the best testimony of the Jamaican motto – "Out of many, one people". The Meskito (corrupted to ‘Mosquito’) Indians brought to Jamaica to help capture the Maroons, were allowed to settle in southern St. Elizabeth in return for their assistance and given land grants in this parish. This parish has also attracted Dutch, Spanish, Indian, Maroon, mulatto, English, and European inhabitants from the 17th century onwards, with the result that many observers feel that it has more people of mixed-race ancestry than can be found in any other part of the island.

In the 19th century Irish, Spanish, Portuguese, Scottish, Germans, Chinese, and East Indians migrated to Saint Elizabeth. There are pockets of ethnic concentrations in the parish, including Mulatto and Creole, notably found in the southeast.

Politics
Saint Elizabeth Parish has four MPs based in four constituencies: Saint Elizabeth North Eastern, Saint Elizabeth North Western, Saint Elizabeth South Eastern and Saint Elizabeth South Western.

Mining
The parish has been a major producer of bauxite since the 1960s. Port Kaiser, near a town called Alligator Pond, has a leading deep-water pier for bauxite export. The Alpart alumina refinery was constructed in the 1960s at Nain and produces nearly 2 million tonnes of alumina annually for export. The replacement cost of building the refinery is approximately $2 billion.

There are other alumina refineries close to the nearby town of Mandeville.

Agriculture
Apart from bauxite mining, the parish also produces a large quantity of Jamaica's sugar; there are two sugar factories in the parish. Fishing is a major industry in the parish, as is tomato canning; a plant is at Bull Savannah. The parish also cultivates crops such as cassava, corn, peas, beans, pimento, ginger, tobacco, tomato, rice sweet potatoes and coffee. As a result of the fertile soil that provide for grazing fields, pastoralism is possible. Livestock include goats, sheep, hogs, and cattle, horses.

Tourism
Since the 1990s, the parish has become a significant tourist destination, with most visitors going to the Treasure Beach area. The Appleton rum distillery, near the rough Cockpit Country in the north of the parish, is also a tourist destination. The Cockpit area was the site of Maroon settlements through much of the 18th century. Ecological tourism along the Black and YS rivers, and in the Great Morass, has been developed in recent years.

Education
The parish has 12 high schools and 75 primary level institutions as well as 167 early childhood institutions. Notable institutions include:

 * Bethlehem Moravian College
 * Black River High School
 * Hampton School
 * Lacovia High School
 * Munro College
 * St. Elizabeth Technical High School

Beaches

 * Font Hill Beach
 * Galleon, Crane
 * Fullerswood
 * Parottee
 * Fort Charles
 * Calabash Bay
 * Great Bay
 * Billy's Bay
 * Frenchman's Bay
 * Treasure Beach
 * Blue Fields Beach

Towns and villages
The Social Development Commission's national grid of communities has sixty one communities in St. Elizabeth broken down into 465 districts. The communities which include major towns are:

• Aberdeen

• Accompong

• Balaclava

• Ballards Valley

• Barbary Hall

• Bigwoods

• Black River

• Braes River

• Brinkley

• Bogue

• Brompton

• Bull Savanna

• Burnt Savannah

• Carlisle

• Carisbrook

• Cotterwood

• Crawford

• Elderslie

• Exton

• Fairfield

• Fullerswood

• Goshen

• Giddy Hall

• Hodges

• Holland

• Hopewell

• Junction

• Lacovia

• Leeds

• Lititz

• Maggotty

• Malvern

• Merrywood

• Morningside

• Mountainside

• Middle Quarters

• Mulgrave

• Nain

• Newell

• Newton

• Parrottee

• Pepper

• Pedro Plains

• Pondside

• Portsea

• Potsdam

• Quickstep

• Red Bank

• Rose Hall

• Roses Valley

• Rose Hall

• Russells

• Retirement

• Santa Cruz

• Southfield

• Siloah

• Springfield

• Top Hill

• Thornton

• Treasure Beach

• Watchwell

• Williamsfield

• Warminster

• White HillFlagaman

Caves
St. Elizabeth has approximately 44 caves, including:
 * Mexico
 * Peru Cave
 * Yhardly Chase Caves
 * Wallingford Caves
 * Nain

Other places of interest

 * Lover's Leap is a cliff plunging several hundred metres into the sea, with an attached romantic legend of two young slaves jumping to their death rather than live apart. There is a lighthouse here too.
 * Y.S. Falls is a famous falls in Jamaica, similar to Dunn's River Falls in Ocho Rios, St. Ann.
 * Bamboo Avenue in Holland Bamboo was developed in the 17th century when local landowners planted bamboo on both sides of the road to provide shade during their travels.
 * Black River is one of the island's largest wetland freshwater ecosystems. Parts of the river can be explored by guided boat trip, where one can experience mangroves, and observe a host of wildlife, including salt water crocodiles, herons, and egrets.

title: Saint Elizabeth Parish


text: User talk:68.82.186.179

title: User talk:68.82.186.179


text:
Manuel Corral

Pope Peter II (Petrus II; Pedro II; born Manuel Alonso Corral; 22 November 1934 – 15 July 2011), also known by the religious name Isidoro María de la Santa Faz, was the 2nd Pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church, who in this capacity, claimed to be the 264th Pope of the Catholic Church from 21 March 2005 until his death on 15 July 2011. He served for many years as the Palmarian Secretary of State to Pope Gregory XVII (Clemente Domínguez y Gómez) and wrote down many of the visions of the blind Pope. He played a prominent intellectual role in formulating the works of the First Palmarian Council (1980–1992) and the Second Palmarian Council (1995–2002).

Biography
Corral was a lawyer, but he left his legal practice to join Clemente Domínguez y Gómez, who founded the Carmelite Order of the Holy Face in 1975.

Corral was ordained priest and bishop by Catholic Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục in 1976 along with Domínguez and three others (these three others had already been Catholic priests for many years). Archbishop Thuc and the five new bishops were excommunicated by Pope Paul VI for consecrating bishops without the Holy See's approval. Thuc recanted and repudiated his consecrations for the Palmar-based Carmelite Order of the Holy Face. He asked Pope Paul VI to be forgiven and was absolved of all ecclesial penalties in 1976, until 1981 when he was again excommunicated by Pope John Paul II for illicit consecrations.

In 1978, Domínguez claimed that Jesus Christ created him pope in 1978 in a mystical vision and transformed the Order into the Palmarian Catholic Church. Domínguez, now called Pope Gregory XVII, named Corral Cardinal Secretary of State of their church and named him his successor in 2000. This appointment – instead of leaving this decision to a Palmarian College of Cardinals – contributed to a rift in the church.

Upon Domínguez's death in 2005, Corral succeeded him as Pope Peter II and headed the Palmarian Christian Church until his own death in 2011. After his death, Corral was canonised on 17 July 2011 by his successor, Gregory XVIII, and has subsequently been referred to by adherents of his church as "Pope Saint Peter II the Great".

Film
In the 1986 Spanish film Manuel y Clemente, Manuel is played by Juan Jesús Valverde.

title: Manuel Corral


text:
Christian Vegetarian Association

The Christian Vegetarian Association (CVA) is an international, interdenominational Christian vegetarian organization that promotes responsible stewardship of God's creation through plant-based eating. The CVA advocates vegetarianism from a biblically-based, Christian perspective and sees dietary choice as a valid way to bear witness to Christ's ministry of love, peace, mercy and compassion, and prepare for the Peaceable Kingdom as foretold in the Bible.

Overview
The CVA encourages Christians to reduce or eliminate animal products as part of their Christian calling to be good stewards of God's Creation. According to their website, the CVA is "an international, non-denominational ministry of believers dedicated to respectfully promoting healthy, Christ-centered and God-honoring living among Christians."

The CVA promotes the ethical, environmental and health benefits of plant-based diets. They assert that there is a connection between animal-based diets and world hunger, ecological damage, animal mistreatment and human disease.

History
The Christian Vegetarian Association (CVA) was founded in 1999 by Nathan Braun and Stephen H. Webb, Professor of Religion at Wabash College.

Braun organized a board of respected professors, theologians, and activists representing a broad range of backgrounds and perspectives. Evidently resonating with many Christians who see their vegetarian diets as reflections of their faith, the organization quickly grew.

In 2000, the CVA produced its first edition of What Would Jesus Eat…Today? which has an annual distribution rate of approximately 250,000 and been translated into several languages.

In 2002, CVA founder Nathan Braun and co-chairman Stephen R. Kaufman, M.D. published the first edition of Good News for All Creation: Vegetarianism as Christian Stewardship (2002: Vegetarian Advocates Press) and a revised, second version two years later (2004: Vegetarian Advocates Press).

In 2006, the CVA produced a short documentary film with an accompanying study guide called Honoring God's Creation.

title: Christian Vegetarian Association


text:
Kenelm Henry Digby

Kenelm Henry Digby (c. 1797 – 1880) was an Anglo-Irish writer, whose reputation rests chiefly on his earliest publication, The Broad-Stone of Honour, or Rules for the Gentlemen of England (1822), which contains an exhaustive survey of medieval customs. The work was subsequently enlarged and issued (1828–29) in four volumes, entitled Godefridus, Tancredus, Morus and Orlandus.

Digby's exposure to Walter Scott's novel Ivanhoe as a youth encouraged him to romanticize the Middle Ages. Broad-Stone contributed to the Young England movement's feudalist ideology and influenced many of Digby's Cambridge contemporaries. The book inculcated in readers ideas of chivalry and staunch Catholicism and stressed the importance of the heart’s knowledge over intellectual learning, presenting historical figures as role models. Digby's revival of medieval principles helped young men of his day construct their idea of what being a "gentleman" means.

Life
Born at Clonfert in County Galway, he was 15 when his father died in 1812. He moved to England to attend Petersham High School near London. From 1816 to 1819, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, where some members of the university advocated reform and even republicanism; Digby, however, favoured a strong monarchy, the Church, and chivalry. At Cambridge, he read Alfred Tennyson and Arthur Hallam; his close friends there were George Darby, Julius Hare, William Whewell, and Adam Sedgwick. In summer, he travelled across Europe sketching old castles and writing.

Ehrenbreitstein Fortress, a massive medieval fortification in Germany, gave him the title The Broad-Stone of Honour. He published the book in a single volume in 1822, and the beliefs he explored while writing it seem to have contributed to his conversion to Catholicism in 1825. After that, he rewrote and expanded the one volume into four, published in 1828–29: Godfridus, containing a general introduction (named after Godfrey of Boulogne, a Crusade hero); Tancredus, discussing chivalry’s discipline and applauding Christianity (for Tancred, Prince of Galilee, another Crusade hero); Morus, bashing the Reformation as the death of chivalry and religion (after Sir Thomas More); and Orlandus, which detailed Digby's idea of chivalric behaviour (after Ariosto's Orlando Furioso).

From 1831 to 1841, Digby published Mores Catholici, or Ages of Faith, an eleven-volume "panegyric" on the medieval period. It was often referred to by Catholic writers, and sections of it were reprinted as late as 1942.

title: Kenelm Henry Digby


text:
North Fork River

North Fork River may refer to several places:

 * North Fork River (Missouri–Arkansas), a tributary of the White River
 * North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River, a tributary of the Brazos River, Texas
 * North Fork Gunnison River, a tributary of the Gunnison River in Colorado
 * North Fork Redbank Creek, a tributary of Redbank Creek in Pennsylvania
 * North Fork Skykomish River, a tributary of the Snoqualmie River in Washington

title: North Fork River


text:
Talk:Organic sulfide

Thioether vs sulfide
Is the term "thioether" really synonymous with "sulfide" or is it reserved for compounds in which the sulfur atom is bound to two carbons, similar to ethers? AxelBoldt 18:20, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I always thought that though both mean compounds with sulfur in it, sulfide is generally used by inorganic chemists describing inorganic, and often ionic, compounds, whereas the thio- prefix was used for organic chemistry. Now that I think of it, I suppose that thiosulfate is used in inorganic chemistry, but ether and thioether are always used in organic chemistry. Kr5t 03:07, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

I think that the link to sulfide should be removed because, as Kr5t stated, sulfide if for the S-2 anion, while thioether refers to a sulfur atom bound to 2 carbon atoms. It has the same oxidation state but is not the same thing. Satanorsanta 21:07, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Organic sulfide


text:
User talk:Fledgist

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- TAS 18:20, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Caribbean Wikipedians' notice board
I noticed you have been editing a lot of Caribbean-related articles, so I thought I would let you know about the Caribbean Notice Board. We're still in a very early stage, but I hope to use it to co-ordinate improvement of the Caribbean-related articles. Guettarda 02:00, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

William Lynch Speech
I'd like to let you know that I saw some of your additions to this article. I reworded and cleaned up some of your words, and decided to readd some of what had been added by previous editors. I believe the "light vs. dark" paradigm is essential to this text, and therefore, I readded that under the "Legacy" section. I have no dispute that the text was alleged, so I let that idea stay. I hope you like it as it stands. Happy editing, D. J. Bracey (talk) 06:54, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the work on the William Lynch Speech article, except I think your words are a little exclusive. Let's have a compromise, please.  I kept your words the same, I just added that some "belief, etc."  Like I said I am not refuting that the text is not authentic, but I think that the idea of proponents vs. opponents should be clarified.  Thanks again, D. J. Bracey (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.png|25px]] 20:19, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * ON second thought, I actually agree with most of it. I put up a Neutrality tag on the article, feel free to take it off if you'd like, I guess the article could stay as it is now. Take care, D. J. Bracey (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.png|25px]] 20:48, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the e-mail. D. J. Bracey (talk) 22:38, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Classical Chinese political philosophy
I see you've added a number of thinkers from Chinese antiquity to the Political philosophy article (in the "influential political philosophers"). Unfortunately, I think these are starting to look out of place. I don't think the article should be strictly Western, but there's definitely something different in those you've listed. Partly just that they're not well-known in Western philosophy, but also the fact they're all over two millenia ago (so are Plato and Aristotle, but just those two, who have clear connections to many listed later thinkers).

But perhaps what stands out most is that the main text has no description whatsoever of these classical Chinese schools; the listed thinkers just stand out without any relationship to the schools described in main text. I think if you could add an article section on "Classical Chinese political philosophy", that would motivate your inclusion of specific thinkers much better. What are the common issues and disputes that tie together the thinkers you list?

I also wonder whether the "Influential" section might stand to be divided into subsections reflecting the relatively isolated Western and Chinese traditions. Maybe an Islamic section also (though there's nothing to go there yet). Or others. Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 20:02, 2005 August 12 (UTC)

User Categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Jamaica page as living in or being associated with Jamaica. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Jamaica for instructions.--Rmky87 01:59, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Bouncy email
Hi Fragano: I responded to an email you sent to my posted WP address, back at the beginning of Sept. Friendly, chatty stuff, nothing urgent. I think it came back as a bounce (I'm not certain if the return address was transiently or permanently bad). If you feel like dropping me another line with a working email, I'll re-send (mertz at gnosis dot cx). Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 21:33, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

African and Caribbean Studies
Hi Fledgist - Happy New Year!

I write to ask if you would be interested in helping create an article on "African and Caribbean Studies", a subject which is being offered in more and more universities throughout the world? I notice from your user page that you are a Jamaican Wikipedian, a political scientist, and I've noticed that you, like me, have contributed to articles on Guyana, so I thought you may be a good person to ask. The reason I wanted to start this article is that I have an interest in Caribbean history and culture, particularly that of Guyana, where I worked for two years. I've created some articles on Guyanese writers, (for example) Wilson Harris, Roy Heath, and Fred D'Aguiar, and while researching the latter, noticed that he had read African and Caribbean Studies at Kent in 1985 (I think that Kent was the first University in the UK to offer the subject). However, my own expertise lies in computing, engineering and socialist history, so I hope you will be able to assist.

Hope you can help - All the best for 2006! Camillus talk 19:58, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your response, and offer of help - I see you've connections with Clark Atlanta University, University of the West Indies, New York University, and the University of California, San Diego. Perhaps you could start with researching whether these unis offer the subject, if so, when they started, curriculum etc? Any help would be most appreciated! [[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|20px]] Camillus [[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|20px]]talk 00:49, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that - it's a start! Would you be able to tell me if the curriculae for the courses you mention are available on line? How do they compare with, say, the African American history courses available in US unis?

Marcus Garvey
Please have a look at the section on Talk:Marcus Garvey.

While making no assumptions about your attitude to MG, I would appreciate your input in the discussion. Camillus (talk) 19:21, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

McNeill
The author of the article, User:Nicholas Laughlin appears to be this guy - "the editor of Caribbean Beat and The Caribbean Review of Books, and an editor at Prospect Press". Makes sense that he can write well ;) - Guettarda 18:44, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikimania in Atlanta!
Mike H. I did "That's hot" first! 08:44, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Fledgist! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 5 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 11:49, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Kim Robinson-Walcott -
 * 2) Honor Ford-Smith -
 * 3) George Irish -
 * 4) Trevor Munroe -
 * 5) Rex Nettleford -

Proposed deletion of Kim Robinson-Walcott

The article Kim Robinson-Walcott has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern: Kim Robinson-Walcott – news, books, scholar Consequently, this article is about a subject that appears to lack sufficient notability.'''
 * '''A search for references failed to find significant coverage in reliable sources to comply with notability requirements. This included web searches for news coverage, books, and journals, which can be seen from the following links:

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Abductive (reasoning) 06:35, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:02, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fledgist


text:
Hol (role-playing game)

HoL (Human Occupied Landfill, sometimes written as "HōL") is a role-playing game created by Dirt Merchant Games and produced by Black Dog Game Factory, a subsidiary of White Wolf which produced adult oriented RPGs. The HoL Core Rulebook was published in 1994, and was followed up by one other supplement Buttery Wholesomeness in 1995. Although HoL is playable, it was meant as a satire of RPGs. The pages of the books are written by hand, and the authors freely take stabs at other popular role-playing games, particularly Vampire: The Masquerade and Dungeons & Dragons, and those who play them.

History
HoL was first published by Dirt Merchant Games in 1994 and was acclaimed as an independent work of satire. In the 2011 book Designers & Dragons, Shannon Appelcline commented that the game was "funny and profane – even offensive – and it went against the tropes of many RPGs. Though it was probably never played that extensively, HoL did prefigure the wacky directions that indie RPGs would take in the 2000s". White Wolf Publishing published HoL in 1995 as their second new role-playing game not related to the World of Darkness. Hol was adult enough that White Wolf was concerned it could affect their reputation as a publisher geared toward young adults, so White Wolf created the Black Dog Game Factory imprint, which published HoL and its single supplement, Buttery Wholesomeness (1995).

The game was published as a 140-page perfect-bound softcover book, with design by Todd Shaughnessy, Daniel Thron, and Chris Elliot, and cover art by Simon Kono.

Setting
HoL is a science fiction game set in the very distant future where mankind has colonized the entire galaxy. Characters in the game have been either trapped or imprisoned on the planet HoL (The H uman O ccupied L andfill), which is located outside the galaxy as far away as possible from everyone else. HoL is a penal colony for the scum of the galaxy as seen in the eyes of the C.O.W. ( C onfederation o f W orlds), which is the ruling government body of the human territories.

Over the centuries, mankind has colonized space through the use of the Quazi-Dimensional stardrive, which is powered by energy produced through the mating rituals of Jumpslugs, giant slugs that feed on human corpses and are tended by social rejects in full-body containment suits. The enemy of C.O.W. are the aliens known as the S.N.E.E. ( S edud N eerg E lttil E soht, or "Those Little Green Dudes" backwards) who constantly plot to take over the universe.

The C.O.W. also uses HoL as a dumping ground for trash, so the entire landscape is covered with mountains of rotting debris, from candy bar wrappers and starship hulls to toxic nuclear waste and used medical syringes. HoL is a breeding ground for cute little bulbous creatures called "Wastems", which characters can capture as pets, eat as tasty pudding snacks, or use for target practice. Beware of the ones with an evil gleam in their eye, however; it could be a Wastit, the carnivorous man-eating version of the timid creatures. Not every critter on HoL is cute and furry, especially the subterranean horrors called Fleshtenders. Victims of Fleshtenders (if they happen to survive) only remember seeing two evil eyes and very big teeth. HoL is also a cesspool of gangs and criminal psychopaths.

Given this world of "kill or be killed", the main goals of characters in HoL are survival and escape. They can be attacked at any time by just about anything from ax-wielding maniacs to mutant creatures. It is a place of all kinds of unimaginable horror – and entertainment, for the citizens of C.O.W. who like to spend their free time watching holographic channels dedicated to the viewing of the non-stop slaughter via explosive robotic cameras called Crickets.

Although it is never verified in any of the HoL game books, some fans of the game have speculated that Hol was once Earth.

Conception
The concept of HoL derived from a conversation Thron had with Cape Cod Community College classmate Duane Waters while driving to school in the winter of 1990–1991. Both were longtime RPGers. Thron, a self-taught graphic artist, was reading a copy of DC Comics' Lobo and Waters remarked that it would be cool if there were a role playing game similar to the comic. It could be called, Waters said, Human Occupied Landfill. Thron took the idea and played around with the concept for months.

Todd Shaughnessy was brought in as a third major writer, with Chris Elliott contributing artwork and writing. Shaughnessy and Elliot refined the gaming system. The game was play tested in the spring of 1992 at Cape Cod Community college with the Dragons Club members and a gaming conventions (Cape Con) on Cape Cod, the University of Rochester, and the U.S Military Academy at West Point, NY.

Overview of Game Mechanics
A few samples of the HoL core rules are given here. HoL uses two six-sided dice (2d6) for all task and combat resolutions. The Game Master in HoL is known as the HoLmeister.

Making Characters
The HoL core rulebook does not provide a system of character generation, instead offering a set of pre-generated characters, including a young boy with an oversized plasma gun whose survival is completely inexplicable, a pedophile priest, a gamer geek, Elvis Presley, and parodies of two Marvel Comics superheroes: the Silver Surfer and the Incredible Hulk.

The Buttery Wholesomeness supplement provides the rules for creating new characters of the player's design. With that book, players pick a Totem that lists the basic personality of their character. Picking the "Bush Baby" Totem, for example, creates fast, nimble characters. Those of the "Sloth" Totem are generally smart, but slow and lazy in action. The character creation system is as much of a disturbing joke as the system, full of charts that tell players to roll on other charts, and like the character generation system of Traveller (of which it is a parody), a character can die during creation.

Stats
Each character in HoL has five Stats:

 * Greymatta: Intellectual capacity (if any)
 * Meat: Physical strength
 * Feets: Dexterity
 * Mouth: Charisma
 * Nuts: Spiritual resolve

Stats are typically rated from −2 (terrible) to +10 (nigh godly), though both higher and lower ratings are possible.

Skills
Each stat has a number of skills associated with it. Given a world of senseless violence, most skills in HoL are simply there to better bash someone's head in, or blast them to oblivion with weapons. Useful skills include:

 * Operate Starship and Chew Gum at the Same Time: A Greymatta skill that says it all.
 * Repair Toasters 'n' Stuff: A Greymatta skill for fixing things.
 * Turn Radios into Howitzers: A Greymatta skill for MacGyvering things.
 * Organize Fundraiser: The Mouth skill based art of coaxing money and other goodies out of people.
 * Make Someone Stop Living With Your Fist: The Meat skill for bashing in skulls while unarmed.
 * Making Sharp Things Go Through Soft Things That Scream and Bleed: A Meat skill. Self-explanatory.
 * Scathing (Ooooo, Big Word!) Sarcasm: A Mouth skill for humiliating your foes into piles of tears.
 * Whining Until You Get What You Want: A Mouth skill that forces victims to give in to your demands.
 * Make Everything You Say Sound More Important Than the Voice of God: A Mouth skill for fast talking and persuasion.
 * That Psycho Bruce Lee Shit: A Feets skill for dazzling your enemy with martial arts.
 * Withstand/Enjoy Hellish Agony: A Nuts skill for remaining conscious after being tortured by watching Barney & Friends for 24 hours straight. Closely related to "Withstand Bagpipes."
 * Spot Wastit: A Greymatta skill. Only useful if you enjoy keeping your face intact.  As stated in the core rulebook, a character without this skill cannot tell the difference between a wastem and a wastit, even if the wastit is walking away from a mutilated body with a bloody knife in its hands.

Task Resolution
Resolving the success or failure of a task involves rolling two six-sided dice (2d6) and adding the character's Stat rating and related Skill values, plus a difficulty modifier set by the HoLmeister. Difficulty typically scales between +4 (Easier than a Cheap Streetwalker) to −4 (Bogusly Difficult), although higher and lower modifiers are possible. A total of 15 or above is a success, 14 or lower is a failure; more detail is given by the General Chart (one of many charts in HoL).

Die rolls of 2, "Snake Eyes", are always a very, very bad thing (regardless of bonuses), and results in whatever horrors the twisted mind of the HoLmeister decides to inflict upon the character. HoLmeisters are encouraged to take out pent up aggressions in these situations. Players may also randomly roll to determine the character's fate on another chart, where they might get lucky and only snap a groin muscle.

Die rolls of 12, "Box Cars", are always a very good thing, and allow the player to reroll the dice and add it to the twelve they've just rolled. Rerolls also add a point to the "Grace of God" Pool (see below) which can save a character in moments of certain, otherwise unavoidable death. Multiple rerolls are possible, as is getting a snake eyes on a reroll.

Combat
When two HoL characters meet, they usually end up trying to kill each other, so combat is just one of those things a character could face every minute of their HoL life. As in most RPG systems, opposing forces roll for initiative (a d6 roll + Feets Stat) to see who goes first.

There are two kinds of attacks in HoL, Melee (with hand-to-hand weapons) and Ranged (with projectile weapons). Attackers attack, and Defenders either Dodge or Parry the attack. The Attacker rolls 2d6 + Stat + Skill to attack, rolling on the Combat Chart (which is similar to the General Chart, i.e. rolls lower than 15 miss). The total attack roll is modified by the Defender's Feets Stat + 2d6 (this acts as the base Difficulty Modifier against the attack) plus any other modifiers the HoLmeister sees fit (e.g. for cover).

Range attacks are modified by range. Things that are really close get a +4 bonus to hit, and extremely far get a −4 (or worse) penalty.

Damage
Weapons in HoL can be anything; a rolled-up newspaper, broken bottle, Enemy-B-Gone™, Kitty Kitty Bang Bangs™ or whatever. Every weapon has an Anguish Value and a Damage Number. Anguish Values are rated from 1 (staple in a finger) to 20 (Unprotected Re-entry into the Atmosphere). The higher the number, the more the weapon "hurts" the character, and is strictly for the enjoyment of role-playing. Damage Numbers have no upper limit.

Everyone in HoL has 20 Wound Levels that start at zero and increase according to how much damage they have taken. To figure out damage, the character's Meat Stat + Armor Value (if any) is subtracted from the weapon's Anguish Value. Once that number is determined the character finds the number on a Damage Multiplier Chart and rolls a d6 to determine the intensity of the multiplier of the weapon's Damage Number. The weapon's Damage Number is then multiplied that many times (from x1 to x5) and added to the character's current Wound Level.

Characters suffer Stat penalties that worsen according to how many Wound Levels they have taken:

Rewards
Surviving is the best reward. A more generous HoLmeister can reward players P.R.I.C.Kudos, which can raise a Skill point by one or add another first level Skill to a character's sheet. They can also reward Big P.R.I.C.Kudos that can raise a Stat by one.

Another feature of the game is the "Grace of God" pool. Each character is given a random number of GoG points at creation, rolled by the HoLmeister, but never revealed to the player. In situations of the direst peril, a player can utter the words "Praise Jesus" and spend a GoG point. This sets into action a series of seemingly random and freakish events that prove to be the character's salvation from their current predicament. The example given in the core rulebook depicts a space station's re-entry into HoL's atmosphere being broken by a fruitfly, thus saving the character. Because the player has no idea how many GoG points the character has, it is likely that eventually the rule will be invoked without any GoG points actually left in the GoG pool. This garners the character one "Wrath of God" point. Some HoLmeisters activate the WoG point immediately after the situation the characters were in is resolved by the GoG mechanic, while others save the resolution of the WoG point for later, but in either case, the character is marked for the most unfair, heinous and unforgiving fate the HoLmeister can dream up. These situations are clearly defined as "worse than any snake-eyes roll" and the section explaining the WoG reminds the players once again that "the HoLmeister is allowed to cheat. Whenever he wants to.  Period."

Reception
In the November 1994 edition of Pyramid (Issue #10), Derek Pearcy recommended the game, saying, "Enter Hol, you won't be sorry."

In the May 1995 edition of Dragon (Issue 217), Lester Smith called the game "a shockingly, breath-takingly hilarious read." Smith enjoyed that "The designers poke merciless fun at gamers, the hobby in general, related hobbies, other games, ... corporate America, and even themselves." Smith agreed that the humor was the focus of the book, saying, "I hardly think the game's the point." However, he did believe a game was possible "if you are lunatic enough."

In a 1996 poll of Arcane readers to determine the 50 most popular roleplaying games of all time, Hol was ranked 39th. Editor Paul Pettengale commented: "People often buy game books purely to read, but with Hol that's pretty much the point, although there is supposed to be a rules system in there."

Reviews

 * Shadis #27 (May, 1996)
 * Rollespilsmagasinet Fønix (Danish) (Issue 8 – May/June 1995)
 * Casus Belli #87
 * Australian Realms #23

title: Hol (role-playing game)


text:
Gavrilov (crater)

Gavrilov is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the south of the heavily eroded crater Vernadskiy, and north of Vetchinkin.

This is a circular and relatively symmetric crater formation with some erosion of the outer rim. There are some small craterlets in the eastern half of the interior, and a small central rise near the midpoint.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gavrilov.

title: Gavrilov (crater)


text:
Colfe

Colfe may refer to:

 * Colfe's School, Greenwich, England

People with the surname

 * Abraham Colfe (died 1657), English vicar
 * Isaac Colfe (died 1597), English divine

title: Colfe


text:
User talk:Steevmak

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- TAS 18:22, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image Tagging Image:Lewisham.9319.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lewisham.9319.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. cohesion ★ talk 21:59, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Colfeslib.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Colfeslib.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Nv8200p talk 22:38, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ted haggard.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Ted haggard.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. Mike Doughney (talk) 10:32, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Steevmak


text: Talk:Irvine Kinneas

title: Talk:Irvine Kinneas


text:
Colfe's School

Colfe's School, previously Colfe's Grammar School, is a co-educational private day school in Horn Park in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, in southeast London, England, and one of the oldest schools in London. The school is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. The official Visitor to the school is Prince Michael of Kent.

History
Colfe's is one of the oldest schools in London. The parish priest of Lewisham taught the local children from the time of Richard Walker's chantry, founded in 1494, until the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII. Rev. John Glyn re-established the school in 1568 and it was granted a Charter by Elizabeth I in 1574. Abraham Colfe became a Governor in 1613 and the school was re-founded bearing his name in 1652.

Colfe declared that the aim of the school was to provide an education for the boys from "the Hundred of Blackheath". He invited the Leathersellers' Company, one of London's livery companies, to be the trustee of his will. Links between the school and the Leathersellers remain strong.

The school was originally built around Colfe's house with an entrance in Lewisham Hill. The site was progressively developed and extended until 1890, when it was completely rebuilt on the same site with its entrance now in Granville Park. During the Second World War the school was first evacuated to Tunbridge Wells, Kent, and then to Frome in Somerset. A period of inactivity on the Western front led about 100 boys to return to London, so the school was split for a few years. In 1944 a V2 (Flying bomb) almost totally destroyed the school.

At the end of the War, with no school buildings and the pupil roll having halved, it was uncertain if the school would continue. In London the school was split between two sites – Beacon Road School in Hither Green and Ennersdale Road School, about a quarter of a mile away. "Temporary" buildings (rows of pre-fabricated concrete construction) were erected and the school came together again in 1947 under the headmastership of Herbert Beardwood MSc. The "temporary" buildings were still being used until the move to the new site in 1963.

Herbert Beardwood updated Leland Duncan's "History of Colfe's Grammar School" in 1952, in celebration of the school's tercentenary under Colfe's name. The book was further updated by Beardwood in 1972, to reflect both the move to the present campus at the east end of the playing fields, and the impact on the school of the machinations of early 1970s UK politics.

The school moved to its current site in 1963 and since then there has been much change: improved facilities have been provided, such as an all-weather sports pitch, a performing arts centre, and new classroom facilities. The Leathersellers' sports ground has been renovated to make it the home of senior sport (rugby, football and cricket).

Having been a voluntary aided grammar school, Colfe's became independent again in 1977. Although founded as a school for boys, girls have been admitted to the Sixth Form for over thirty years. In 1997, it was decided to allow girls throughout the school, and today the school is fully co-educational.

Current organisation
The School admits pupils at the age of 3 into the Nursery, from which they progress to the Junior School aged 4. From here pupils make the transition to the Senior school at the age of 11.

Senior School (Ages 11–18)
The Senior School is based at the top of the main school site. An all-weather playing field (funded in part by donations from parents and former pupils) was opened in 2006. The school also has a Performing arts centre, a Sports Complex complete with a 25 m swimming pool, 2 gyms and a Sports Hall, IT and Music facilities and over 30 acre of playing fields. Many of the facilities are shared with the Junior School. Opened in September 2015, the Stuart building housed the Maths and RP departments and the sixth form area up until September 2023, when the Laurel building opened and both the RP and Classics departments where moved there. The Laurel building is located next to the all weather playing field and doubles as several year 7 form rooms, with the other 4 dotted around the school. There is a café and a sixth form common room.

There is a House system at Colfe's. The Houses are named after four long serving Headmasters; Beardwood, Bramley, Norton and Prendergast. Throughout the school year each pupil takes part in a full and varied programme of activities outside the main curriculum, in which the pupils participate in healthy competition by age groups to help his or her house win at the end of the year. From September 2012, Colfe's has also introduced tutoring in Houses. Pupils are in mixed age tutor groups with other students from the same House. A team of House tutors is led by a Head of House who has oversight of pastoral and academic progress of the students in their House. In the 2023-4 academic year, Colfe's School Council decided to add a 5th house; Glyn House, named after John Glyn; this house was created due to the record number of new year 7's joining the school community, with 7 forms worth of year 7's instead of the usual 6 year 7 forms. (one "form" in this context is equal to a maximum of 24 pupils)

Junior School (Ages 3–11)
The Junior School is located at the bottom of the school site, in two self-contained buildings. One of the buildings is for EYFS and KS1 and the other for KS2. The Junior School has the same high standards as the Senior School and also shares many of the facilities including the sports complex, the fields and the Performing Arts Centre.

Colfeians

 * Eric Ambler OBE (1909–1998), novelist.
 * Professor Henry Armstrong FRS (1848–1937) Chemist.
 * Sir John Bennett (1814–1897), politician and watchmaker.
 * Sir Antonio Brady (1811–1881), Admiralty official, naturalist, and social reformer.
 * Sir Richard Madox Bromley (1813–1865), civil servant.
 * Garry Bushell, journalist and musician.
 * James Cleverly, Conservative politician: Home Secretary, former Foreign Secretary
 * Paul Clinton, cricketer.
 * Richard Clinton, cricketer.
 * Billy Cooper, Barmy Army England cricket trumpeter
 * Brian Fahey, musician, arranger and musical director.
 * Christopher Fowler (novelist and journalist)
 * Sir Alan Goodison, diplomat.
 * Professor Kenneth Grayston, professor of theology.
 * Malcolm Hardee, comedy club proprietor.
 * John Henry Hayes, Conservative politician.
 * Andrew Shoben, artist, professor, Broadcaster.
 * Jeff Hearn, Assistant Professor of Economics and Business Administration.
 * Conor Henderson, professional footballer.
 * Norman Hepple RA RP (1908–1994), portrait painter
 * Peter Howitt, actor, film writer and director.
 * Jem Karacan, professional footballer.
 * Robert Key, England cricketer
 * David Lindsay, (1876–1945), novelist, author of A Voyage to Arcturus.
 * F.L. Lucas (1894–1967), literary critic and writer.
 * James Marsh, Academy Award-winning film maker of Man on Wire,
 * Edmund Nelson, (1910–2007), portrait painter.
 * Steve Parish, Chairman of Crystal Palace F.C.
 * Claire Rafferty, English female international footballer.
 * Tony Reeves, musician with Greenslade, Curved Air and Colosseum
 * Olly Robbins, UK Prime Minister's European Adviser
 * Jack Ryder, actor
 * Professor Maurice George 'Dick' Say, (1902–1992), electrical engineer.
 * Keith Colin Smith, (1965–2000) stellar spectroscopist and astrophysicist.
 * Professor William Alexander Campbell Stewart (1915–1997), educationist and university administrator.
 * Francis Stock, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Natal
 * Dennis Main Wilson, producer of television and radio comedy.
 * Henry Williamson, novelist, author of Tarka the Otter.
 * Victor Maslin Yeates, World War I Royal Flying Corps fighter ace.

title: Colfe's School


text:
Martin Sorrell

Sir Martin Stuart Sorrell (born 14 February 1945) is a British businessman and the founder of WPP plc, the world's largest advertising and PR group, both by revenue and the number of staff. Upon being ousted in April 2018, Sorrell was the longest-serving chief executive of a FTSE 100 company.

He is consistently one of the UK's highest-paid corporate executives. According to The Sunday Times Rich List in 2019, Sorrell is worth £368 million. Sorrell has served on boards and advisory bodies of a number of high-profile public, academic and business organisations, including several leading business schools, both in the UK and internationally.

Early life and education
Martin Stuart Sorrell was born in London on 14 February 1945 to a Jewish family: his father was an electronics retailer, whose ancestors came from Ukraine, Poland and Romania. He was educated at the independent Haberdashers' Boys' School, then studied economics at Christ's College, Cambridge, and gained an MBA from Harvard University in 1968.

Early career
Sorrell joined Glendinning Associates, then James Gulliver and then worked for the sports agent Mark McCormack. He joined Saatchi & Saatchi in 1975, and was group finance director from 1977 until 1984. Often referred to as "the third brother", he designed and carried out many of Saatchi's agency acquisitions. Sorrell undertook this by refining the practice of the ‘earn-out’.

WPP
In 1985, Sorrell privately invested in Wire and Plastic Products plc, a British wire shopping basket manufacturer, and joined it full-time as chief executive in 1986. He began to acquire "below-the-line" advertising-related companies, purchasing 18 in three years, including in 1987 when he stunned the agency world with a $566 million hostile takeover of J. Walter Thompson.

Sorrell followed this in 1989 with another dramatic hostile $825 million buy of Ogilvy and Mather. Group chairman David Ogilvy publicly referred to Sorrell as an "odious little shit".

Since 2000, WPP also acquired two more integrated, global agency networks, Young & Rubicam and Grey.

In 2005 Sorrell sold £9m of shares in WPP at the end of a restricted stock holding period. He also agreed to change a contract with the company which had been much criticised by institutional shareholders in WPP as being unfairly written in Sorrell's favour. Under the previous agreement if Sorrell had been terminated, it would have led to a very large payout; the new agreement provided him instead with no termination payment.

Shareholders have criticised aspects of corporate governance at WPP. This came to the fore again in 2006 with the advent of two court cases revolving around alleged corruption in an Italian subsidiary and contract disputes with the US launch of the OK! magazine.

In June 2008 WPP drew criticism for the involvement of an agency, 'Imago', in which WPP's Y&R subsidiary held a minority interest, with the ZANU-PF presidential campaign in Zimbabwe. A report by the Financial Times found out that Imago was employed by Robert Mugabe's campaign for reelection to the presidency of Zimbabwe. WPP subsequently divested Y&R's minority interests in Zimbabwe.

In 2012, Sorrell almost sold WPP to Berkshire Hathaway. According to Sorrell, over lunch at the Hyatt Hotel in Washington, Warren Buffett offered 925p per share, or a 20% premium over the then share price.

In 2014, Sorrell received total compensation from WPP of GBP £40 million, his largest annual total since £53 million in 2004.

In August 2017, Sorrel said that "digital disruption" was forcing companies to change their business models and reach customers in different ways when shares in WPP fell by more than 10% at the start of trading after the advertising giant reported slowing sales and warned about future growth.

In September 2017, Sorrell criticised the marketing industry, arguing it is "too competitive" and that agencies value winning contracts, whether they are profitable or not, over content since making the headlines in a trade magazine is more important.

In 2017, Sorrell became the longest-serving CEO of any company featured in the U.K.'s benchmark FTSE 100 Index – having stewarded WPP since 1985. Sorrell left WPP in 2018.

In 2005 his pay was £2.42 million including cash and bonuses. Further he exercised £52 million in share options, was entitled to a further £5.8million in stock, and deferred further options on another 2.65 million shares valued at £15 million until 2008. In 2011 Sorrell's pay package increased by 70% to £4.5 million after WPP's pre-tax profits rose 28%. In October 2011 Sorrell went on the BBC to defend large increases in his and other CEO pay packages at a time when real average wages in the Western world were declining.

In 2017, following criticism about his pay from investors, Sorrell agreed to a pay cut that would have reduced his salary from £46 million in 2016 to £13 million by 2021.

In April 2018, Sorrell left WPP after 33 years, following allegations of personal misconduct and misuse of company assets. Sorrell has denied the allegations.

The Financial Times in an investigation around the circumstances of his departure from WPP has commented that what “emerged is a picture of routine verbal abuse of underlings and a blending of Sir Martin’s corporate and private life that jarred with some colleagues — particularly over his company expenditure, some of which was also extended to his wife”. This included allegations that Sorrell visited a brothel paid for with company funds. Sorrell has denied these allegations.

As of April 2021, WPP and Martin Sorrell remain entangled in a legal battle over a disputed payout over allegedly leaked information to media following Martin Sorrell's resignation.

S4 Capital
In May 2018, Sorrell acquired Derriston Capital, a cash shell listed on the London Stock Exchange, with plans to create a marketing company called S4 Capital. Sorrell invested $53 million of his money, and raised $15 million more from investors. In July 2018, S4 Capital purchased MediaMonks (now known as Monks) for $350 million, using a share issue to fund the purchase. Sorrell's previous employer, WPP, claimed that he was using confidential information by pursuing the deal. In December 2018, S4 Capital purchased MightyHive for $150 million. In June 2019, S4 Capital acquired the Melbourne company BizTech. By this point, the company had 1,300 employees, including a number of ex-WPP employees. In October 2019, MightyHive announced that it was merging with ConversionWorks, a company which works with Boots, Diageo and Giffgaff. Other mergers include TheoremOne, and XX Artists, both in 2022.

Other interests
In 1997, he was appointed an ambassador for British business by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and subsequently appointed to the Office's Panel 2000 aimed at rebranding Britain abroad. In 1999 he was appointed by the secretary of state for education and employment to serve on the Council for Excellence in Management and Leadership.

He is a governor of London Business School, and a member of the advisory boards of both the Judge Business School in Cambridge, UK and IESE in Spain. He is also chairman of the Global Advisory Board of the Centre for International Business and Management (CIBAM), at the University of Cambridge, UK. In 1998, he was appointed to the board of directors of associates of Harvard Business School and to the board of the Indian School of Business.

On behalf of New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, he chaired Media.NYC.2020, which reviewed the future of the global media industry, the implications for NYC, and suggested actionable next steps for the NYC government.

Sorrell was a "Remainer" in the run up to the Brexit referendum, and has expressed support for a second referendum on EU membership once the Brexit terms have been finalized, stating that when "we finally see what the terms are of Brexit, then the electorate can be asked to reconfirm in whichever way possible, referendum or general election platform, that they still want to go ahead.” He also justified new investments in France, Germany, Italy and Spain as a means to protect WPP against immigration caps following Brexit, emphasising the importance of freedom of movement of WPP's work force, 17 per cent of which are from EU countries other than the UK.

Personal life
Sorrell was first married to Sandra Finestone, with whom he has three sons, but the marriage broke down in 2003. In October 2005, he cashed in £12 million of WPP shares to fund the divorce settlement, in which Ms. Finestone, represented by Nicholas Mostyn QC, was awarded £30 million including: a £3.25m four-storey Georgian townhouse; two Harrods underground car parking spaces worth around £90,000 each; £23.5m in cash; £2m in bank deposits; and other assets including stocks and shares. Despite the divorce settlement, Sorrell still had 13 million shares in WPP, an estimated £80m stake, following the divorce, representing around 1% of the company, plus his 2005 pay settlement award.

The divorce settlement was unusual in being a 60/40 split in favour of Sorrell — a break from the previously established policy of a 50/50 split even in big-money divorces since an influential ruling by Appeal Court Justice Mathew Thorpe in the 2002 divorce between Harry and Shan Lambert established that the contribution to the household of non-working wives should be considered equal to their husbands'. In the Lambert judgement, Lord Justice Thorpe stated that "special contribution remains a legitimate possibility but only in exceptional circumstances"; Sorrell was the first husband deemed to have met that criterion in a subsequent divorce settlement, with Mr Justice Bennett citing Sorrell's "special contribution" to the family's wealth in justification.

Sorrell's three sons, Mark, Jonathan, and Robert, all followed him to Cambridge and later joined Goldman Sachs. Jonathan Sorrell is president of the hedge fund Man Group.

Sorrell next married Cristiana Falcone, director of media and entertainment industries at the World Economic Forum. In February 2020 Falcone announced she was divorcing Sorrell, after twelve years of marriage, and he has described the process as sad and unpleasant.

In April 2021, Sorrell was dating Caroline Michel, a literary agent whose clients include Bear Grylls.

Recognition
He was knighted in the 2000 New Year Honours. On 27 September 2007, Sorrell was awarded the Harvard Business School’s highest honour, the Alumni Achievement Award, by Dean Jay O. Light. The award was also given to: Ayala Corp. chair Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala, A. Malachi Mixon of Invacare, Donna Dubinsky and Hansjörg Wyss of Synthes. In 2015 he was a Trustee of the British Museum.

title: Martin Sorrell


text:
User talk:Virajjha

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- TAS 18:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Virajjha


text:
User talk:Yamato Kenichi

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- TAS 18:25, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Medical disclaimers
Hi, Yamoto. With regard to the disclaimer at AIDS, the policy on the English Wikipedia is that the medical disclaimer is part of our general disclaimer which is linked on every page. We don't place extra disclaimers on specific articles. I understand that the policy on the Japanese and Chinese Wikipedias may be different. - Nunh-huh 01:57, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

File:Med.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Med.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Kelly hi! 08:02, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yamato Kenichi


text:
Sedat Artuç

Sedat Artuç (born 9 June 1976 in Oltu, Erzurum Province) is a Turkish European champion in weightlifting. He is winner of silver medal in World championship and of bronze medal at the 2004 Olympics.

Artuç, 1.63 m tall, is a member of EGO Sport Club in Ankara, Turkey. He is coached by Tuncer Şenses.

In 2005, Artuç was banned from international competition by the International Weightlifting Federation for two years for doping.

Medals
Olympics

World Championships

European Championships

title: Sedat Artuç


text:
User:Doppelganger~enwiki

These are my designs on Wikipedia and Mediawiki:

 * 1) Hallways
 * 2) Integrate dynamic menuing system, called Hallways, as a skin.
 * 3) Improve menu tree options using statistical inference (collaborative filtering) between user choices gleaned from apache log referrer data.
 * 4) "StoryPedia"
 * 5)  Nodal person and real time placecoding for nodal storytelling.
 * 6) Orthomap, street address photos, navigation, phone, audiotagging, (multi-interface; content delivery over http)
 * 7) Examples, compelling web interface, fun to use on the street.
 * 8) Wikiself
 * 9) Autobiographical mind mapping (related to blogging).

title: User:Doppelganger~enwiki


text:
User:Aragorn2

Who needs user pages? User pages are an invitation to ad hominem attacks. Though my experience from newsgroups and Internet forums suggests that most people who are about to make ad hominem attacks don't really need user pages. I'm also gay.

title: User:Aragorn2


text:
Silent Sejm

Silent Sejm (Sejm Niemy; Nebylusis seimas), also known as the Mute Sejm, is the name given to the session of the Sejm parliament of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth of 1 February 1717 held in Warsaw. A civil war in the Commonwealth was used by the Russian Tsar Peter the Great as an opportunity to intervene as a mediator. It marked the end of Augustus II of Poland's attempts to create an absolute monarchy in Poland, and the beginning of the Russian Empire's increasing influence and control over the Commonwealth.

Background
Augustus II the Strong of the Saxon House of Wettin was elected to the throne of Poland in 1697. The Wettins, used to absolute rule, attempted to govern through intimidation and the use of force, which led to a series of conflicts between Wettin supporters and opponents (including another pretender to the Polish throne, King Stanisław Leszczyński). Those conflicts often took the form of confederations – legal rebellions against the king permitted under the Golden Freedoms.

Augustus II wanted to strengthen royal power in the Commonwealth and to that end he brought in troops from Saxony (by the summer of 1714 more than 25,000 Saxon troops were inside Commonwealth's borders). This produced dissent within the Commonwealth. Meanwhile, in the aftermath of the Great Northern War, which marked the rise of the Russian Empire (1721), the growing conflict between Augustus II and the Polish nobility (szlachta) was used by the powerful Russian Tsar Peter the Great, victor of the Great Northern War. At the time Russia was not yet strong enough to conquer and absorb the Commonwealth outright, nor could it easily and openly assume control of it, despite the Commonwealth's dysfunctional politics; the "Polish anarchy" was not to be easily governed. Hence Peter's goal was to weaken both sides, and to prevent Augustus from strengthening his position, which he feared would lead to a resurgent Commonwealth that could threaten Russia's recent gains and growing influence. He succeeded in forcing through conditions (such as reduction of the Commonwealth army's size) that decreased the Commonwealth's political status relative to Russia. Peter used Augustus' recent policies, aiming at the reduction of power of the hetmans (Polish military commanders in chief), as well as the occurrence of a bad harvest and some Polish-French negotiations, to stir opposition to Augustus.

Tarnogród Confederation
The nobles, spurred by Russian promises of support, formed the Tarnogród Confederation on 26 November 1715. The Confederation's marshal was Stanisław Ledóchowski. The Tarnogród Confederation was only the last and most notable of several confederations formed against Augustus at that time. The Confederates were supported by most of the Commonwealth's own army.

The Russians entered the country, but did not participate in any major engagements. They bided their time, as Peter posed as the mediator between the Commonwealth's king and its szlachta. Crucially, the Russians did not support the Confederates as promised, and instead insisted on bringing both sides to the negotiating table. The civil war lasted for a year and the outcome hung in the balance. Saxon forces under the command of Jacob Heinrich von Flemming enjoyed military superiority, advanced south-eastwards and took Zamość (this victory was however accomplished less through military tactics than through diplomacy and a treachery). The confederates then pushed back, entered Wielkopolska, and took Poznań. They gained some support from a local Wielkopolska confederation and from Lithuania. Neither side was however posed to achieve victory, and the Russian pressure mounted; eventually the Russians declared that they would consider any side that refused to enter into negotiations an enemy, and open hostilities against them. Unable to defeat the Confederates, many of whom still saw Peter as the protector of their rights (and some of whom hoped for Augustus to be deposed), Augustus agreed to open the negotiations with Russians acting as arbitrators. The Russians were represented by a delegation headed by prince Grigori Dolgorukov (1657—1723). A peace treaty between the Confederates and the Augustus was signed on 3 or 4 November 1716, as relations between the Confederates and the Russians deteriorated. The Russians made it increasingly apparent that their goals were not wholly benign to the Commonwealth. Finally, a Sejm session was called for 1 February 1717.

Sejm
To prevent the use of liberum veto from disrupting Sejm proceedings, the session was turned into a confederated sejm. (It was also a pacification sejm). Threatened by a strong Russian army, with Russian soldiers "guarding" the proceedings, the Silent Sejm was known as such because only the speaker (marshal of the Sejm) Stanisław Ledóchowski (podkomorzy krzemienicki), and a few selected other deputies were allowed a voice, outlining the terms of the settlement. Other names for the Sejm in the English language include Dumb or Muted. The terms themselves were significantly designed by Peter the Great. The Sejm lasted for one day only, or more precisely, six hours.

This settlement stipulated that:
 * Tarnogród Confederation (and older, Sandomierz Confederation) were dissolved;
 * the right to form confederations in the future was abolished;
 * Golden Freedoms (Cardinal Laws) are reaffirmed (in particular, liberum veto still held);
 * the king was not to imprison people based on his whim (reaffirmation of the neminem captivabimus);
 * the king had to avoid offensive wars;
 * Poles and Saxony (Augustus' homeland) should not intervene into each other's domestic affairs (the king had to avoid negotiations on Polish affairs with foreign (Saxonian) powers);
 * hetmans and sejmiks (local parliaments) had lost some of their prerogatives (notably, sejmiks no longer could change local taxation);
 * Saxony troops stationed in Poland were to be significantly limited in size (banished totally, or reduced to 1,200 of royal guard, which no further foreign recruits allowed)
 * Saxon officials were to be removed from Poland (or were limited to six) and the king was to not give any further offices to foreign officials;
 * the rights of Protestants in Poland were curtailed (some Protestant churches were to be demolished to punish "Swedish partisans")
 * establishment of an estimate of the state's income and expenditure (in essence, a budget, one of the first in Europe)
 * established taxes for Commonwealth army (consuming over 90% of the state's income);
 * the army was to be billeted on the crown estates;
 * reduction of the army to 24,000 (or 18,000, or 16,000 – sources vary) for Poland and 6,000 (or 8,000 ) for Lithuania. An army of that size was insufficient to protect the Commonwealth; a normal soldier's wages meant that after factoring officer pensions and other military needs, the effective army was perhaps 12,000 strong, several times weaker than those of its neighbours – at that time the Russian army numbered 300,000;

Sources vary whether Russia was recognized as the power that would guarantee the settlement; this claim is made by Jacek Jędruch and Norman Davies, but rejected by Jacek Staszewski and explicitly noted as erroneous in the edited work by Zbigniew Wójcik.

Aftermath and significance
The Silent Sejm marked the end of Augustus II's attempts to create an absolute monarchy in Poland; he subsequently focused his efforts on securing the succession of his son to the Polish throne.

While some beneficial reforms were passed (such as the establishment of standing taxes for the military), the Sejm is regarded negatively by modern historians. The reduction in the size of the army and the establishment of Russia's position as the settlement's proposed (even if rejected) guarantor reinforced Commonwealth military inferiority compared to its neighbors, and unofficially, put it in the position of a Russian protectorate. The Russian tsar, as the proposed guarantor, now had a convenient excuse to intervene in Polish politics at will. With a reduced army, removal of Saxon troops and the right to form confederations, the nobility and the king had less power to fight one another – or, not coincidentally, to resist outside forces. Russian troops remained in the Commonwealth for two years, supporting opposition to Augustus, and Russia soon reached an agreement with other powers to put an end to further attempts at the reform and strengthening of the Commonwealth. Thus the Silent Sejm is regarded as one of the first precedents for the Russian Empire dictating Polish internal policy, and a precursor to the partitions of Poland, which erased the Commonwealth from world maps by 1795. Historian Norman Davies wrote that this Sejm "effectively terminated the independence of Poland and Lithuania".

The system created by the Silent Sejm dominated the Polish political scene until the late 18th century, when a new wave of reforms led to the Constitution of the 3 May, soon followed by partitions of Poland and loss of Polish sovereignty for 123 years.

title: Silent Sejm


text:
User talk:Jah raz

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- TAS 18:26, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Jah raz


text:
Abraham Colfe

Abraham Colfe (7 Aug 1580 – 5 Dec 1657 ) was vicar of Lewisham from 1610 to 1657 and a notable English philanthropist, founding Colfe's School, a reading (primary) or Latin school and five almshouses for the inhabitants of Lewisham (today, part of south-east London). The school later came to bear his name.

Colfe declared that the aim of the school was to provide an education for "pupils of good wit and capacity and apt to learn". His original vision was to educate the children of "the hundred of Blackheath", today, most of the pupils come from the four boroughs which surround the school.

Colfe invited the Leathersellers' Company, one of the oldest of the city Livery Companies, to be a trustee of his will. Links between the school and the company are strong. The official visitor to the school is Prince Michael of Kent. There is no image of Colfe in existence.

Colfe's will
According to Daniel Lysons' account in Environs of London (1796):

 * "By his will he gives the following directions relating to this school: that it shall be for the education of thirty-one boys, five of whom shall be of the parish of Lewisham; ten of Greenwich, eight of Deptford, one of Lee, one of Charlton, three of Eltham, and three of Woolwich, to be chosen in the several parishes at a public meeting of the chief parishioners. In addition to this number, every incumbent minister in the hundred of Blackheath, and also the minister of Chislehurst, to have the privilege of sending their sons to the school for education, but no minister to have more than one son in the school at a time. The master is to be examined and approved by the head masters of Westminster, St. Paul's, and Merchant Taylors' schools, by the president of Sion College, the ministers of the hundred of Blackheath, and the minister of Chislehurst; and to be chosen by them, in conjunction with the wardens of the Leathersellers' Company, and the lord of the manor...."

Colfe's will also made provisions for scholarships from the school to allow able pupils to study at Oxford or Cambridge University.

Foundation of the almshouses

 * "Mr. Colfe directed also, by his will, that a certain sum of money should be laid out in building five alms-houses, (to be begun in the month of April 1662,) for poor, godly householders of this parish, 60 years of age or upwards, and able to say the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the Ten Commandments. ... These alms-houses are on the west side of the village of Lewisham, to the south of the church. Over the door are the arms of the founder, and of the Leathersellers' Company."

title: Abraham Colfe


text:
Rebel Youth

Rebel Youth (Jeunesse militante) is the bilingual magazine of the Young Communist League of Canada (YCL), published beginning in the late 1980s and relaunched in 2005. It seeks to "[offer] weekly pan-Canadian socialist perspectives on the youth and student movement across Canada and internationally."

History
The earliest publication by the YCL and predecessor of Rebel Youth was The Young Worker, founded in 1923. The magazine specialized in youth issues and operated despite being declared illegal by the Government of Canada under the War Measures Act. Beginning in the late 1920s, the Young Worker also published a supplementary magazine aimed at children which achieved a circulation of over 4,000 readers. Early contributors to the magazine include journalist and Communist Party of Canada leader Leslie Morris. By 1932, the Young Worker had become a bi-weekly publication under editor Stanley Ryerson.

Due to the illegality of the magazine and of the Young Communist League of Canada, the YCL's offices were raided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, distributors jailed or harassed, and issues of the magazine seized. Many university libraries and archives, such as the University of Toronto's Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, carry microfilm archives of The Young Worker compiled by the intelligence division of the Ministry of Labour.

A relaunched magazine, Advance, replaced the Young Worker in the 1930s. Advance was launched by editor John Boyd, and called for a united front strategy with other left-wing groups in response to the growth of fascism and a growing economic crisis. Advance was later relaunched as New Advance, and then in the early 1940s as Challenge, which was published until the 1950s with a mission to broaden the magazine's audience. By the early 1960s, the magazine, now called Scan, was again relaunched under a new editorial team.

Scan soon became a broadsheet publication and re-adopted the name The Young Worker by 1968. Due to the lack of popularity of the publication's new broadsheet format, the format was changed back to the original magazine format and was renamed New Horizons (later, simply Horizons) by the 1970s, the name derived from a speech by Communist Party of Canada leader Tim Buck. By 1983, the magazine adopted its current title, Rebel Youth. The name Rebel Youth is derived from Cuba's youth newspaper, Juventud Rebelde. It was adopted after the publication's previous title, New Horizons, had to be dropped due to a complaint from the Canadian federal government that was, at the time, operating a housing program with the same name.

As the YCL was liquidated in the 1990s in response to growing disagreement within the league regarding the future of the socialist movement, Rebel Youth ceased publication. It was relaunched in 2004 following the reorganization of the YCL. The magazine adopted colour printing in 2012 and aims to publish at least biannually.

Though now printed in a bilingual format, the Ligue de la Jeunesse Communiste previously maintained a separate website of the magazine's French-language articles to complement the English-language Rebel Youth website. In 2020, the Rebel Youth and Jeunesse militante websites were relaunched together in a bilingual format, and the magazine was redesigned with a new logo.

title: Rebel Youth