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History of Adjara

The history of Adjara, a region in the South Caucasus, stretches from its initial Stone Age settlement through to its present day status as Georgia's Autonomous Republic of Adjara.

Ancient and medieval eras
Archaeological evidence indicates the territory of Adjara has been inhabited since the Neolithic Age. The region was first occupied by the Moskhs, an old Georgian tribe, and subsequently became a province of Colchis from the 7th to 3rd centuries BC. During the late 4th century BC, a portion of the area formed a county (saeristavo) within the Kingdom of Iberia. In the 5th and 4th centuries BC, Greek merchants colonized the coastal regions of Adjara, which later fell under Roman rule. Bathus (present-day Batumi) and Apsaros (modern Gonio) were prominent fortress-cities during this period. Archaeological excavations at Pichvnari, near the present-day town of Kobuleti, have revealed the ruins of a prosperous ancient village.

During the 2nd century AD, Bathus served as a significant military base for Roman legions, while Apsaros gained renown for its theatre. The early Christian era in Adjara is associated with figures such as Saint Andrew, Saint Simon the Canaanite, and Matata. Saint Matthias is believed to be buried in the Gonio fortress near Batumi. In the 2nd century AD, Adjara became part of the kingdom of Lazica. During this period, the fortress of Petra (Tsikhisdziri) played an important role in the Lazic War between the Byzantines and Persians from 542 to 562 AD.

In the 9th century, the region was divided between two Georgian states, Tao-Klarjeti and the Kingdom of Abkhazia. During the 11th century, Adjara became a part of the unified Georgian Kingdom and was governed by rulers of Samtskhe-Saatabago. The region faced turmoil during the 11th century due to invasions by the Seljuks and later in the 13th century by the Mongols. After the disintegration of the Georgian monarchy and subsequent internal conflicts, Adjara changed hands multiple times until it became a part of the Principality of Guria in 1535. The Genoese established one of their Black Sea trading "factories" at the fortified town of Gonio during this time.

Ottoman rule
In 1547, the province of Adjara fell to Ottoman raids, leading to the capture of Batumi. In 1564, Prince Rostom Gurieli of Guria managed to liberate the region, but Turkish rule was reestablished in 1582. Control changed hands again in 1609 when Prince Mamia Gurieli took control of Batumi, but by 1614, Guria lost the province to the Ottomans. Subsequently, the area was divided into two sanjaks under the authority of the Pasha of Childir (Akhaltsikhe). Many Adjarians sought refuge elsewhere in Georgia, while those who remained were converted to Islam.

Direct Ottoman control over Adjara was limited, and local Muslim Georgian nobility, including the Khimshiashvili, ruled as semi-autonomous beys. However, this arrangement changed with the centralizing tanzimat reforms implemented by the Ottoman government around 1850. These reforms sought to bring Adjara more closely under the empire's influence and were opposed by both the nobility and the peasantry. The nobility resented the loss of their privileges, while the peasantry opposed newly imposed taxes and conscription into the Ottoman army.

Throughout the 1840s, the Ottoman Porte had to deploy significant forces from neighboring pashaliks to quell a rebellion led by Kor-Hussein Bey (Khimshiashvili). Three revolts were defeated in 1840, 1844, and 1846, and Kor-Hussein was eventually sent as a prisoner to Constantinople. Among the rebels was Hasan Hasbi, who had been dispatched by the Caucasian Imam Shamil in Adjara in 1845. He sought volunteers to support the struggle against Russian encroachment in Dagestan, and after the suppression of the Adjarian uprising, Hasbi managed to escape.

During the Crimean War of 1853-1856 and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, thousands of Adjarians were conscripted into the Ottoman army. Batum was a significant part of the Ottoman Empire's defensive network during the latter war, hosting both a 25,000-strong army under Dervish-Pasha and warships patrolling the Black Sea coastline. The Russians attempted to dislodge the Turks from the Mukhaestate heights on April 14, 1877, but the Kobuleti Detachment under Lieutenant-General Oklobzhio made little progress. The Ottomans thwarted Oklobzhio's attempted advances at the clashes at Tsikhisdziri and the Sameba hills on June 11–12. However, in November, when Dervish Pasha's troops retreated to Batum after the fall of Kars, and General Komarov's Ardahan Detachment advanced to Batum, Oklobzhio managed to reclaim some positions. The subsequent attack on Tsikhisdziri on January 18, 1878, was unsuccessful, and the ceasefire thereafter ended Russian operations against Batum.

Russian rule
Adjara, known as Adjaristan during Turkish rule, was ceded to the Russian Empire on March 3, 1878. The transition brought significant changes to the region, particularly concerning Islam and loyalty to the imperial power.

In the face of Russian oppression of Islam, a considerable number of Muslims sought refuge in Turkey through a process of immigration known as Muhajiroba. The Ottoman Empire financially supported an insurgent organization called The Avengers which made attempts on the lives of Russian officers, officials, and Adjarian collaborators.

Following the Berlin Congress of 1878, Batum, the regional capital, was declared a free port. This declaration propelled Batumi's growth as an important seaport and industrial city by the late 1880s. The city's significance increased further at the turn of the 20th century when it became connected to the oil fields of Baku through the Baku-Batumi pipeline and a railway. The importance of Batumi was symbolized by the departure of the tanker ship "Markus" on June 22, 1892, which set sail from Batumi to Bangkok, Thailand and became the first oil tanker to traverse the Suez Canal.

During Russian rule, the region also witnessed social unrest during the Russian Revolution of 1905, with numerous strikes and violent crackdowns in Batum Oblast.

During World War I, Adjarian Muhajir, who had emigrated to Turkey, formed a division within the Turkish army. The Ottoman 37th Caucasian Division entered Batum following the evacuation of Russian forces on April 14, 1918.

In 1915, as part of the ongoing conflict with the Ottoman Empire, the Russian administration began deporting "refractory" Russian-subject Muslims from the Batumi region to interior Russian provinces. Georgian intellectuals expressed their protests, asserting that those deported were not Turks but Adjarians who were "Georgian despite their Muslim religion, and therefore loyal Russians." A thorough investigation, presided over by Grand Duke Georgi Mikhailovich, supported the Adjarians' loyalty, attributing allegations of disloyalty to Cossacks and Armenians who instigated confrontations with local Muslims. Eventually, Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolaevich met with Adjarian leaders and rewarded them for their loyalty. The investigation concluded on January 26, 1918, following the Russian Revolution of 1917.

British occupation
On January 12, 1919, British expeditionary forces initiated their landing at Batumi to replace the Turkish troops. Subsequently, the Council for Batum Region, under the leadership of the Russian cadet P. Maslov, was established as a provisional governing authority for Adjara from December 21, 1918, until April 28, 1919.

During this period, the Committee of the Liberation of Muslim Georgia, led by Memed Abashidze and Haidar Abashidze, actively advocated for the establishment of autonomy based on religious principles within Georgia's borders. A prototype parliament, known as the Mejlis, was convened to pursue this objective in Batum on September 13, 1919. Some pro-Georgian Adjarians supported autonomy despite the strong advocacy for union with Georgia by Abashidze's faction. A smaller group called Seday Mileth (Turkish for "voice of people") also propagated pro-Turkish and pan-Turkish ideas.

The withdrawal of British troops from the Caucasus began on August 15, 1919. The divisional headquarters at Batum then transferred authority to Major General W. J. N. Cooke-Collis, the military governor of the region. Subsequently, on March 4, 1920, Cooke-Collis assumed command of the Inter-Allied Force stationed at Batum. However, by July 14, 1920, this force was withdrawn entirely from the city.

Democratic Republic of Georgia
The British administration ceded the region to the Democratic Republic of Georgia on July 20, 1920. Subsequently, Bolsheviks and Russian agents orchestrated sabotage and terrorist acts. In response, the Georgian government granted Adjara an autonomous status in the republic's inaugural constitution, initially drafted in July 1920 and formally adopted during the Red Army invasion of Georgia on February 21, 1921. "Abkhazeti (district of Stockholm), Georgian Muslim district (district of Batumi), and Zakatala (district of Zakatala), which are integral parts of the Georgian Republic, shall enjoy the autonomy in the administration of their affairs." Amidst the Soviet invasion of Georgia, Turkish forces occupied Batumi on March 11, 1921, but were expelled seven days later by Georgian troops under the leadership of General Giorgi Mazniashvili. On March 19, Soviet rule was declared in Batumi. The territorial status of Adjara was acknowledged as part of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet-Turkish Treaty of Kars, signed on March 16, 1921.

Soviet rule
The Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was declared by the Soviet government on July 16, 1921, following the region's cession from Turkey to the Bolsheviks. The cession was conditioned on the promise of autonomy for the region and particularly for Adjarian Muslims. The Treaty of Kars also stipulated that Turkey would have unobstructed access to the port of Batumi. "That Turkey be assured free transit through the port of Batum for commodities and all materials destined for, or originating in Turkey, without customs duties and charges, and with the right for Turkey to utilize the port of Batum without special charges." The Adjarian ASSR was the only Soviet autonomy established on religious rather than ethnic grounds. However, this distinction held little significance, as both Islam and Christianity faced repression during Stalin's rule. In April 1929, Muslim villagers in the mountainous regions of Adjara launched an armed uprising against compulsory collectivization and religious persecution. Soviet troops were deployed in response and swiftly quelled the revolt. Thousands of Adjarians were deported from the republic in the revolt's wake.

Post-Soviet era
After the Georgian independence, Aslan Abashidze became the chairman of Ajaria's parliament. Abashidze was initially appointed by the Georgian president in 1991. However, he later took advantage of the civil war in the country and turned Adjara into the personal fiefdom, although it remained relatively prosperous enclave in an otherwise rather chaotic country. Under Abashidze's control, Adjara experienced relative political stability and economic growth during the Georgian Civil War. Despite significant foreign investments and numerous financial projects, most Adjarians remained impoverished. On October 24, 1997, Adjara became a full member of the Assembly of European Regions (AER).

Relations between the central and regional authorities were strained, with the Adjarian leadership often refusing to pay taxes to the central budget. Abashidze took control of customs, Batumi seaport, and other strategic assets while establishing his semi-official armed units and ultimately controlling the Batumi-based 25th Brigade of Georgia's Defense Ministry. The central government criticized Abashidze for his pro-Russian stance and considered the Batumi-based Russian military unit as a base of power for the Adjarian leader.

During his rule from 1992 to 2003, Georgia's ex-president Eduard Shevardnadze made several attempts to reconcile with Abashidze, resulting in a compromise where Adjara obtained a more autonomous status, Abashidze agreed not to run for the presidency of Georgia, and Shevardnadze allowed Abashidze to retain power in Adjara.

Abashidze's party, the Union of Democratic Revival of Georgia, initially cooperated with Shevardnadze's ruling Union of Citizens of Georgia party in the 1995 parliamentary elections but later broke ties after the polls.

Abashidze's Revival Party had thirty members in the Georgian parliament and was seen as a moderate opposition to the central government in Tbilisi. Following the fraudulent elections of 2003 and the subsequent Rose Revolution in Georgia, Abashidze referred to the ouster of Shevardnadze in November 2003 as "a violent coup d'état".

Adjara crisis

On November 23, 2003, following Shevardnadze's fall, Aslan Abashidze declared a state of emergency in Adjara. Despite this, Adjara participated in the Georgian presidential elections held on January 4, 2004, which were won by Mikheil Saakashvili. Subsequently, President Saakashvili demanded that the Adjarian leader adhere to the Georgian constitution and initiate a disarmament process.

In May 2004, tensions escalated as Abashidze claimed that Georgian forces were preparing to invade the region. In response, his forces demolished bridges that connected Adjara with the rest of Georgia. On May 4, local oppositional demonstrations were dispersed under a state of emergency, but this action only served as a catalyst for even larger demonstrations later in the day. Thousands of people across Adjara gathered in Batumi to demand Abashidze's resignation.

On May 6, the situation reached a turning point when local protesters took control of central Batumi, and Georgian Special Forces entered the region to disarm pro-Abashidze groups. Concurrently, negotiations were held with Russian Foreign Affairs Minister Igor Ivanov. As a result of overnight talks, Mr. Abashidze ultimately resigned from his position and departed the country for Moscow.

Post-Abashidze era
On May 7, 2004, direct Georgian presidential rule was implemented in Adjara, establishing a 20-member Interim Council responsible for governing the Autonomous Republic until fresh local elections could be conducted. Levan Varshalomidze was designated as the Chairman of the Interim Council.

Regional parliamentary elections were held on June 20, in which the party "Victorious Adjara", endorsed by President Saakashvili, secured 28 out of 30 seats in the local legislative body. The remaining two seats were occupied by the Republican Party, former allies of Saakashvili. Allegations of vote-rigging were raised by the Republicans, who obtained less than 15 percent of the vote. On July 20, the Adjarian Supreme Council confirmed Varshalomidze's appointment as the Chairman of the Autonomous Republic's government.

The regional policy pursued by both central and local governments centered around encouraging foreign investments in the area, which prompted an extensive privatization campaign initiation.

The Russian military presence in Batumi also posed a significant regional security threat. Following Russia's promise to withdraw from its base at the 1999 Istanbul OSCE summit, prolonged Russia-Georgia negotiations on the subject remained a significant source of tension until the base was eventually vacated in 2008.

title: History of Adjara


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Zayin

Zayin (also spelled zain or zayn or simply zay) is the seventh letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician zayn 𐤆, Hebrew zayīn ז, Aramaic zain 𐡆, Syriac zayn ܙ, and Arabic zāy ز. It represents the sound.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek zeta (Ζ), Etruscan z, Latin Z, and Cyrillic Ze З, as well as Ж.

Origin
The Proto-Sinaitic glyph may have been called ziqq, may not have been based on a hieroglyph, and may have depicted a "fetter".

An alternative view is that it is based on the "copper ingot" hieroglyph (𓈔) in the form of an axeblade, after noting that the name "zayin" has roots in Aramaic to refer to "Arms," "Armor," and "Metal used for arms."

The Phoenician letter appears to be named after a sword or other weapon. In Hebrew, zayin means "weapon", the verb lĕzayyēn  means "to arm", and the verb lĕhizdayyēn  means "to arm oneself".

Arabic zāy
The letter is named zāy. It has two forms, depending on its position in the word:

The similarity to rāʼ ر is likely a function of the original Syriac forms converging to a single symbol, requiring that one of them be distinguished as a dot; a similar process occurred to jīm and ḥāʼ.

The same letter has another name – ژ|že – in a number of languages, such as Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Urdu and Uyghur (see K̡ona Yezik̡).

Hebrew zayin
In modern Hebrew, the frequency of the usage of zayin, out of all the letters, is 0.88%.

Hebrew spelling: זַיִן

In modern Hebrew, the combination (zayin followed by a geresh) is used in loanwords and foreign names to denote  as in vion.

Numerical value (gematria)
In gematria, zayin represents the number 7|seven, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years it means 7000 (i.e. זתשנד in numbers would be the future date 7754).

Use in Torah scroll
Zayin, in addition to ʻayin, gimel, teth, nun, shin, and tzadi, is one of the seven letters which receive a special crown (called a tagin) when written in a Sefer Torah (Torah scroll).

Syriac zain
Zain is a consonant with the sound which is a voiced alveolar fricative.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zayin


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Tony Burrows

Anthony Burrows (born 14 April 1942) is an English pop singer and recording artist. As a prolific session musician, Burrows was involved in several transatlantic hit singles throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, most of which were one-hit wonders, including "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" by Edison Lighthouse, "United We Stand" by Brotherhood of Man, "My Baby Loves Lovin'" by White Plains, "Gimme Dat Ding" by The Pipkins and "Beach Baby" by The First Class.

During 1970, four singles by four different acts with whom he performed all charted at or near the top of the UK Singles Chart and additionally reached the top 20 in the United States, while a fifth single under his own name ("Melanie Makes Me Smile") reached the lower ends of the top 100 in the United States and Canada.

Early life and career
Burrows was born in Exeter, Devon, England.

In the early 1960s, he was a member of The Kestrels, a vocal harmony group which also included the future songwriting team Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook. Burrows recorded his debut album in 1965 under the pseudonym Tony Bond. Subsequently, he joined the Ivy League in 1966 after the departure of John Carter.

Bands
Burrows was still with the Ivy League when they metamorphosed into the Flower Pot Men. The Flower Pot Men had only one hit, "Let's Go to San Francisco", which reached No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart in the autumn of 1967.

However, Burrows had no involvement with the single, which was created and recorded in the studio by the song's writers and producers. He did feature on a few later Flower Pot Men singles which were not hits. Two founding members of Deep Purple, Jon Lord and Nick Simper, were also part of this early band for live shows.

Later, Burrows sang on several other one-hit wonder songs under different group names, Edison Lighthouse's "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" (February 1970); The Brotherhood of Man's "United We Stand"; and the Pipkins' novelty song "Gimme Dat Ding" (April 1970). He also recorded with White Plains on "My Baby Loves Lovin'," in which he shared lead vocals with Ricky Wolff. These songs were all recorded within nine months of each other, but were all released around the same time in early 1970. His other one-hit wonder group was the First Class's "Beach Baby" (July 1974). The Brotherhood of Man would have an additional minor and regional hit with Burrows as singer, 1972's "Reach Out Your Hand," before its founder Tony Hiller created an entirely new Brotherhood of Man with an entirely different lineup.

A published interview with Burrows claims that he became the first (and still the only) recording artist to appear on BBC Television's Top of the Pops fronting three different group acts appearing almost sequentially in a single broadcast show: Edison Lighthouse (the No. 1 British-charted hit that week), White Plains, and Brotherhood of Man. However, Top of the Pops records show that this did not happen; he had appeared with those three groups within the span of a month, and two on the same show one time—Edison Lighthouse and The Brotherhood of Man—on the 29 January 1970 episode of Top of the Pops, but never appeared with three bands on a single show. The recordings of his appearances on 29 January, 5 February (with Edison Lighthouse) and 26 February 1970 (with White Plains) are all still in existence.

Solo
In April 1970, in the midst of his session groups' success, he released a single under his own name, "Melanie Makes Me Smile", which reached number 87 on the Billboard Hot 100. His subsequent solo singles failed to chart.

Burrows has also contributed background vocals as a session singer to many other songs, claiming to have sung on 100 top 20 hits in the 1970s. He has recorded as a session harmony singer with Elton John on the songs "Levon" and "Tiny Dancer", with Cliff Richard, and James Last.

Awards
In 2011, Burrows was awarded the BASCA Gold Badge Award in recognition of his contribution to music.

One-hit wonder singles

 * 1970: "My Baby Loves Lovin'" (White Plains)
 * 1970: "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" (Edison Lighthouse)
 * 1970: "United We Stand" (Brotherhood of Man)
 * 1970: "Gimme Dat Ding" (The Pipkins)
 * 1974: "Beach Baby" (The First Class)

Solo singles

 * 1970: "Melanie Makes Me Smile" / "I'll Get Along Somehow Girl" (Bell 1103)
 * 1970: "I've Still Got My Heart, Jo" / "Every Little Move She Makes" (Bell 1124)
 * 1971: "The Humming Song" / "Recollections" (Bell 1140)
 * 1971: "I'll Always Come Up Smiling" / "Back Home" (Bell 1172)
 * 1971: "Hand Me Down Man" / "Country Boy" (Bell 1190)
 * 1971: "In The Bad Bad Old Days" / "In the Bad Bad Old Days" (Bell USA 45-116, promo)
 * 1972: "Rhythm of the Rain" / "Home Lovin' Man" (Bell 1235)
 * 1973: "Take Away the Feeling" / "Lazy Weekend"  (Ammo 103)
 * 1974: "Have You Had a Little Happiness Lately" / "Can't Live With You, Can't Live Without You" (Ammo 111)
 * 1975: "Run Joey Run" / "Girl I Used To Know" (RAK 216)
 * 1976: "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" / "Changing" (as Magic featuring Tony Burrows) (Bus Stop Records 1036)
 * 1976: "Oh My Jo" / "Girl You've Got Me Going" (Bus Stop 1039)
 * 1976: "When My Little Girl Is Smiling" / "What Ya Gonna Do About Him" (DJM 10718)
 * 1984: "Three Chord Trick" / "Wake Up America" (as Heart to Heart with Stephanie de Sykes) (EMI 5461)

title: Tony Burrows


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Antoine Duquesne

Antoine Duquesne (3 February 1941 – 4 November 2010) was a Belgian politician and Member of the European Parliament for the French Community of Belgium with the MR/MCC/PRL, Member of the Bureau of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

Career
In 1965 Duquesne became a Doctor of Law at the University of Liège. From 1965 to 1971 he served as an assistant lecturer in the Faculty of Law of that university. He was a practising lawyer from 1965 to 1975 and again from 1988.

From 1975 to 1977 he was Deputy Secretary-General of the National Committee for Training and Further Training in Trade and Commerce. Frol 1977 to 1982 he served as general administrator of the National Committee for Coordination and Dialogue on Continuing Education for Small Businesses and the French-Speaking Institute for Continuing Training for Small Businesses. From 1983 to 1988 he was the Director of the National Fund for Professional Credit.

Political career
From 1973 to 1987 Duquesne served as an advisor and chief of staff to various liberal state secretaries and ministers. In 1988 he was elected a member of the Municipal Council of Manhay and was reelected in 1994 and 2000. He served until his resignation in 2003. From 1995 to 1999 he also served as mayor of Manhay. From 1994 to 2004 he was Chairman of the MR Federation of the Province of Luxembourg.

From 1987 to 1988 Duquesne served as Minister of Education. In 1988 Duquesne was elected a member of the Belgian Senate. In 1990 Duquesne was made President of the PRL. In 1991 Duquesne was elected as a member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, re-elected in 1995 and 1999, and concurrently for a time served as a member of the Walloon Regional Council and the French Community Council (1991–1995). During this time he served as Quaestor (1995), chairman of the Committee on Justice (1996–1999) and the Committee on Foreign Relations (1999) and vice-president of the Chamber of Representatives and chairman of the PRL-FDF parliamentary intergroup.

In the Verhofstadt I Government Antoine Duquesne served as the Federal minister of the interior (1999–2003). In 2003–2004 Duquesne served as President of the MR. In 2003 Duquesne was elected to the Senate once more, served as Chairman of the Senate's Committee on Agriculture and Small Businesses, but he resigned in 2004 upon election to the European Parliament, in which he served 2004–2009. He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and was a substitute for the Committee on Constitutional Affairs, a vice-chair of the Delegation for relations with Mercosur and a substitute for the delegation to the EU-Bulgaria Joint Parliamentary Committee.

In 2006 Duquesne had a cerebral infarction which left him paralysed and unable to speak and which prevented him to fulfill his office of member of the European parliament for the remainder of his term or even to resign his mandate, as that formally required his signature, which he no longer was able to give.

Honours

 * 1998 : Minister of State.
 * 1999 : Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold.
 * 2002 : Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau.
 * 2009 : Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Leopold II.

title: Antoine Duquesne


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Battle of Custoza (1866)

The Battle of Custoza took place on the 24 June 1866 during the Third Italian War of Independence in the Italian unification process.

The Austrian Imperial army, joined by the Venetian Army, jointly commanded by Archduke Albrecht of Habsburg, defeated the Italian army, led by Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora and Enrico Cialdini.

Background
In June 1866, the German Kingdom of Prussia declared war on the Austrian Empire. The recently formed Kingdom of Italy decided to seize the opportunity and allied with Prussia with the intention of annexing Venetia and thus uniting the Italian Peninsula. The Italians rapidly built up a military force that was twice the size of their Austrian counterparts defending Venetia.

Order of Battle
Austrian South Army (Field Marshal Archduke Albrecht)
 * V Corps (General Gabriel Freiherr von Rodich)
 * Moering, Piret Brigades

 * VII Corps (General Joseph Freiherr von Maroicic)
 * Scudier, Töply, Welsersheimb Brigades

 * IX Corps (General Ernst Ritter von Hartung)
 * Böck, Kirchsberg, Weckbecker Brigades

 * Reserve Division (General Friedrich Rupprecht)
 * Two weak brigades

Italian Mincio Army (General Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora)
 * Cavalry Division (General Ludwig Freiherr von Pulz)
 * I Corps (General Giovanni Durando)
 * 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th Divisions

 * III Corps (General Enrico Morozzo Della Rocca)
 * 7th, 8th, 9th and 16th Divisions, plus an unattached Cavalry Division

Battle
In the fourth week of May, the Italians divided their forces into two armies: the 11 division strong Army of the Mincio led by General Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora and accompanied by King Vittorio Emanuele II, and the 5 division strong Army of the Po, led by Enrico Cialdini. The Austrians, using the advantage of interior lines and the protection given by the Quadrilateral forts, concentrated against the Army of the Mincio and left a covering force against the Army of the Po.

The King's force was to move into the Trentino region, while La Marmora's crossed the Mincio River and invaded Venetia. Meanwhile, the Austrian soldiers under Archduke Albrecht of Habsburg marched west from Verona to the north of the Italians, in an attempt to move behind the Italians so as to cut them off from the rear, and thus, slaughter them. At the start of the 24 June 1866, La Marmora changed the direction of his front, toward the same heights the Austrians were trying to use as a launching point for their attack. Instead of an enveloping battle, the two forces collided head on, with both headquarters trying to discover what happened in the heights near Villafranca.

On the Austrian left, the Austrian cavalry attacked the Italian I Corps without orders at 7:00 am. Although the attack was ineffectual and only crippled the Austrian cavalry, it created a panic in the Italian rear and immobilized three Italian divisions, who for the rest of the battle only took a defensive posture. During the morning isolated fights broke out in Oliosi, San Rocco, Custoza and San Giorgio between Rodic's V Corps and Durando's I Corps. After fierce fighting the division of Cerale was thrown out of Oliosi, broke, and fled to the Mincio. Sirtori's division was blocked from Monte Vento by Rodic's other troops and by 8:00am, he was thrown back by fierce bayonet attacks. By 8:30 am however, gaps were opening in the Austrian line. Brignone's division had taken Belvedere Hill near Custoza after fighting with Hartung's IX Corps. By 9:00 am, Hartung started launching attacks up Monte Croce, trying to dislodge Brignone, but by 10:00am the Austrians seemed spent. The Italians however neglected reinforcing Brignone. The King's younger son Amadeo led a counterattack, which failed, with the prince being severely wounded, and Brignone was ultimately forced to leave the position.

La Marmora then ordered the divisions of Cugia and Govone up the heights to relieve Brignone. This forced the Austrian brigades of Böck and Scudier out of Custoza. Scudier then retired from the field, opening another gap in the Austrian line. On the Italian left Sirtori had managed to stabilize his front after Cerale's flight. At this point in the battle, both sides were thinking they were facing a lost battle. By 1:00 pm La Marmora, deciding the battle was lost and wanting to secure his bridgeheads, ordered a retreat. Unbeknownst to La Marmora, Govone's division had beaten back the VII Corps and captured Belvedere Hill. By 2:00 pm Rodic launched an attack on Monte Vento and Santa Lucia. When Sirtori's division gave way, a hole appeared in the Italian line, which the Austrians exploited. Govone, who thought he had finally broken through the Austrian line, suddenly found himself isolated near Custoza, with Rodic on one flank and an Austrian brigade making for the bridge at Monzambano. At this point, he was attacked in his other flank by Maroicic, who without orders had committed the two Austrian reserve brigades to the fight. At the same time Hartung's Corps was ordered to restart the fight. They drove off the division of Cugia, capturing six guns and many prisoners on the top of Monte Torre, which they had earlier failed to capture. After a bombardment by 40 Austrian guns, at 5:00 pm the Italians were driven out of Custoza by Maroicic.

Aftermath
The Austrians were victorious, both strategically and tactically. The Italians were driven back across the Mincio out of Veneto. It was, however, not a decisive defeat. To inflict a decisive defeat on the Italians, Albrecht's forces needed to drive southwest to seize the bridges across the Mincio (which the Italians had neglected to fortify). Such a pursuit would have trapped the disbanded remnants of the two Italian corps on the east bank of the river and enabled Albrecht to invade the Kingdom of Italy itself.

Instead, Albrecht did not order a pursuit because he thought the Austrians were too exhausted and the Austrian cavalry had been mauled by frivolous attacks in the morning. He thus squandered the possibility of destroying the demoralized Army of the Mincio. On the 26 June 1866, Albrecht shifted his headquarters back to Verona, because he was concerned about a possible French reply to an Austrian invasion of Lombardy. He should not have been: even the Emperor advised Albrecht to ignore all political considerations.

After their loss at Königgrätz (3 July), the Austrians were forced to transfer one corps from South Army to Austria to cover Vienna, weakening their forces in Veneto. The Italians, however, resumed their offensive only in mid-July. Cialdini crossed the Po and occupied Rovigo (11 July), Padua (12 July), Treviso (14 July), San Donà di Piave (18 July), Valdobbiadene and Oderzo (20 July), Vicenza (21 July) and finally Udine, in Friuli (22 July). In the meantime Garibaldi's volunteers had pushed forward from Brescia towards Trento (see Invasion of Trentino) fighting victoriously at the battle of Bezzecca of the 21 July.

Despite the victory at Custoza and a naval defeat of the Italians at Lissa, due to Königgrätz the Austrians were forced to surrender to the Prussians and were forced to cede Veneto.

Scenes from the Italian side of this battle were recreated for the 1954 Luchino Visconti film Senso.

title: Battle of Custoza (1866)


text:
Talk:Egorov's theorem

I can't understand this formulation. It should say, roughly, that the sequence almost everywhere converges uniformly.

Charles Matthews 10:26, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't understand what you are saying. Can you be more specific about what you think the article ought to say? Thanks. NatusRoma 20:50, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Charles, I don't believe you are right. Egorov's theorem says that pointwise convergence implies that for any e>0, there is a set whose complement has measure at most e, on which convergence is uniform. This isn't the same as uniform convergence almost everywhere. This means there is a nullset, outside of which convergence is uniform. One can't take the intersection of the sets of measure say, 1/n, outside of which convergence is uniform. That intersection is a nullset, but convergence isn't necessarily uniform outside it. This is because the rate of convergence could be different on each of the sets of the sequence. You cam probably work out an example using your favourite example of pointwise convergence which isn't uniform. HTH. Via strass 20:17, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Help request
Despite my efforts, I was not able to find a copy of the original (in Russian) paper of Pavel Korovkin: all the 1947 collections of the Doklady I was able to find in Italy are lacunary. Can anyone help me? Daniele.tampieri (talk) 21:25, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

The help request above is still valid. Can anyone help me? Daniele.tampieri (talk) 18:10, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

 * An update: I succeeded in finding the sought paper at the Leninka, jointly with another important paper of G. N. Duboshin on the multidimensional Faa di Bruno's formula. Daniele.tampieri (talk) 09:14, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

Other Egorov's Theorem
There is another theorem which I know as "Egorov's Theorem" that concerns conjugating a pseudodifferential operator by the solution operator of a hyperbolic evolution equation. It is, I believe, fairly widely used in the theory of linear PDEs. See for example:

http://math.unc.edu/Faculty/met/NLIN.pdf

Section 0.9. Can we create some kind of disambiguation page and then have separate "Egorov's Theorem(measure theory)" and "Egorov's Theorem(pseudodifferential operators)" pages? Holmansf (talk) 17:10, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi Holmansf,
 * the result you cite is a widely used theorem in the theory of ψDOs, therefore I surely support your idea of writing an entry about it. However, I do not know how to proceed correctly in such homonymy cases: try asking to Oleg Alexandrov. He is my favorite admin and he's also a mathematician. Also I advice you to place a announce on the Wikiproject Mathematics talk page, inviting all interested editors to take part to the discussion you started here. Daniele.tampieri (talk) 18:49, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The new theorem should be at a page such as Egorov's theorem (pseudodifferential operators) or Egorov's theorem on pseudodifferential operators. There are two options for what to do with the current page:
 * If consensus is that the phrase "Egorov's theorem" without any context is very likely to refer to the theorem on the present page, then the present page should stay where it is. A hatnote would be added directing users interested on Egorov's theorem on pseudodifferential operators to the other page.
 * If consensus is that "Egorov's theorem" without any context is roughly equally likely to refer to his theorem on uniform convergence and his theorem on pseudodifferential operators, then the present page should be moved to Egorov's theorem (measure theory), Egorov's theorem (uniform convergence), Egorov's theorem on uniform convergence, or something like that. A new page named Egorov's theorem would be created; it would be a disambiguation page.
 * If you want to look at Wikipedia's guidelines on this, see WP:PRIMARYTOPIC.
 * Not being an analyst, I don't know what "Egorov's theorem" without any context is likely to mean. But those are our options.  Ozob (talk) 14:43, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, trying to follow the guideline WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, it should be said that Egorov's theorem in measure theory, named after Dimitri Egorov, is the older one, being proved in 1910 and 1911, while Egorov's theorem in the theory of pseudodifferential operators, named after Yurii Vladimirovich Egorov (see here for a brief profile) is much younger:
 * I think the original name should be kept for the older theorem, while the new entry should be named "Egorov's theorem (pseudodifferential operators)", also due to the fact that the former one is cited in (almost?) all textbooks in measure theory. Holmansf, if you agree with me you can start editing the new entry by clicking the redlink above. Daniele.tampieri (talk) 18:57, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I think the original name should be kept for the older theorem, while the new entry should be named "Egorov's theorem (pseudodifferential operators)", also due to the fact that the former one is cited in (almost?) all textbooks in measure theory. Holmansf, if you agree with me you can start editing the new entry by clicking the redlink above. Daniele.tampieri (talk) 18:57, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

 * That plan sounds okay to me. I will begin working on the new page at User:Holmansf/Egorov's theorem (pseudodifferential operators) and post it when it's ready. Holmansf (talk) 14:03, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

X or A?
The theorem (as described in the article) starts out with a measure space X, but then concentrates only on the finite measure subset A.  Why not just say "Let (A, Sigma, mu) be a measure space with mu(A)< infty, and let (f_n) be a sequence..."? -- 93.82.31.251 (talk) 23:40, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Egorov's theorem


text:
Talk:International trade

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Darensg.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:40, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Proposed "notable people" section, reverted per WP:BRD
boldy added, and I have reverted, a new section called "notable people". I fail to see what value such a section adds to the article. Furthermore, without clear criteria for inclusion, it becomes a list of every foreign minister, trade minister and trade negotiator and just another home for nationalistic hubris. The only conceivable basis (and it would be very difficult to manage) for such a section would be to list only those people who, by common consensus of a wide variety of highly respected sources, introduced ground-breaking developments in international trade of world-wide significance. I don't believe that this is practical and so strongly oppose its addition. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 16:24, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

Need to update the "Largest countries or regions by total international trade" 21 countries data to 2021.
The "Largest countries or regions by total international trade" of 21 countries still have the data of 2013. It need to be update to at least 2021. 36.84.222.199 (talk) 13:15, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

International trade
international trade is goods and services 42.106.92.210 (talk) 06:40, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Which is what the first sentence of the article says. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 12:08, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Foreign Trade
Define foreign trade 106.78.86.194 (talk) 03:23, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:International trade


text:
Talk:Sonar Kella

Untitled
Removed the material common to the mentioned site (http://www.satyajitray.org/films/sonar_kella.htm)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ray8.jpg
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WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 19:53, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

I noticed that the name of the city Jaisalmer was spelt Jaisalmeer. I changed to Jaisalmer and made the link work to the article about Jaisalmer. Vnp (talk) 01:46, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Hi
Gftujg 2405:201:8020:54:BDB9:35C:3C1D:D89E (talk) 15:06, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonar Kella


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9/archive1

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
The collision of SL9 with Jupiter in 1994 was one of the most significant events ever seen in the solar system. I've spent the last couple of days expanding the article a lot and hopefully making it worthy of consideration for featured status.

As an aside, I will be proud if this nomination succeeds because it will be the 10th article I've worked up to feature-worthy (10 could be expressed as 0.2M here, because an M's worth is 50). Worldtraveller 10:27, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Object - threatens my comfortable lead of FAs. :) Just kidding - Support, great work. --mav 13:13, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the support! What does your lead currently stand at?  Need to know what target I'm aiming for :) Worldtraveller 14:56, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There are 13 FAs that I am the primary author of and two others that I greatly helped toward FA status. --mav 15:23, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Nice, I have only 8 myself :> --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 22:05, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * So the three of us put together still have less than Emsworth. I'd like to know what he's sprinkling on his cornflakes in the morning. Worldtraveller 22:21, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Great stuff. Just one sentence that needs some restructuring: "Brian Marsden of the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams noted that the comet lay only about 4 arcminutes from Jupiter, and that its apparent motion indicated that it could be close to the giant planet". Unless that is just entirely redundant, is that trying to say something else? And one more, the inner solar system is not clear of debris, Jupiter just clears a lot of it out. I tried to edit that but Aloan's edit put it back. - Taxman 14:20, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Worldtraveller will correct me if am wrong, but two objects being close together on the plane of the sky (i.e. a few arcseconds apart) does not necessarily mean that they are close together in three dimensions: the apparent closeness could be a projection effect. To tell whether objects actually are physically close together, you have to look for clues that they are interacting (generally their gravitational influence on each other, which produces kinematic effects, noticeable as proper motion and red shift or blue shift). The problem is that you have to try to create a three dimensional picture from measurements of only two dimensions, right ascension and declination, plus two velocities, proper motion and red/blue shift.
 * Indeed, apparent closeness doesn't necessarily imply physical closeness - I've reworded that section to try and make the point clearer.Worldtraveller 14:56, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * On the "debris" point, Jupiter keeps the inner solar system largely clear of debris, not totally clear. I'll amend it again. -- ALoan (Talk) 14:36, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't know that bit about apparent closeness (makes sense now though), but now both bits are quite clear, thanks. - Taxman 16:46, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support, of course - Worldtraveller and I have been discussing it on our talk pages, and I have done some light copyediting. -- ALoan (Talk) 14:36, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I was going to whole-heartedly support this until I read the Jupiter's "role as a vaccum cleaner". With formulations like "Studies have shown..." and "Some astronomers have speculated [...]", and the fact that, unlike other parts of the article, this section is not directly backed by one of the references via a footnote, this section is a somewhat disappointing end for an otherwise article. Reading any average article, I probably wouldn't even have noticed this, but this one is so excellent that even this small detail bothered me :D. Support. Good work. Phils 15:14, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Very true, that section was a bit vague. I had written it from what I recalled of the situation because I was having difficulty tracking down the relevant sources, but I've found them and cited them now. Worldtraveller 22:21, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: it would be really nice if some more images could be added, either directly to the article (though there's not really room for that) or on a Commons page. Fredrik | talk 21:00, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks good. Reads good. What's more to ask? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 22:05, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Tongland

Tongland is a small village about 2 mi north of Kirkcudbright, in the historic county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It lies on the west bank of the Dee near its confluence with the Tarff Water.

History
Tongland Abbey, a medieval Premonstratensian monastic community, existed here during the Middle Ages. The remains of Tongland Abbey are now within the churchyard just south of the main road. Tongland Church built in 1813, is now disused and in a state of ruin, although the graveyard is still in use.

The Dee is crossed shortly downriver by Tongland Bridge, a stone arch bridge constructed in 1806 by civil engineer Thomas Telford. Telford was assisted in the Works by resident civil engineer, A Blane. There is also an earlier bridge dating to 1761 which is approximately 500 m to the north-east.

Since the 1930s, Tongland has been the site of a hydro-electric power station, part of the Galloway Hydro Electric Scheme. The station used to be open to visitors during the summer months, since 2007 this has no longer been the case. Slightly earlier, between 1921 and 1922 'Galloway' cars were made in Tongland in a First World War factory staffed mainly by female apprentice engineers. The Galloway Engineering Company factory was originally completed in 1917 and was powered by its own hydro-electric scheme on the Dee.

Since 2004, there have been several construction projects, with the site of a former garage now home to three new houses. There are also several more houses being constructed. In 2006, street lights were installed along the A711 which passes through the village.

Notable people

 * Thomas Brown Tongland minister and Free Church moderator.
 * Joe Dobson, co-founder of Interflora was born in Tongland in 1875.
 * Campbell Cowan Edgar, Egyptologist and Secretary-General of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, was born in Tongland in 1870

title: Tongland


text:
Michl Ebner

Michl Ebner (born 20 September 1952 in Bolzano, Italy) is an Italian politician and a former Member of the European Parliament for North-East with the Südtiroler Volkspartei, Member of the Bureau of the European People's Party.

During his term he sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Croatia Joint Parliamentary Committee.

From 2015-2019, he held the position of President of the Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU.

Career

 * since 1972: Political work in the youth group of the SVP (Südtiroler Volkspartei)
 * since 1979: Member of the SVP leadership

Education

 * Member of the standing committee for questions concerning the Province of Bolzano
 * 1987-1994: Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy (1979–1994), member of the Committee on Public Works and the Environment (1979–1987), the Committee on Agriculture (1987–1994) and of the Bureau of the Chamber of Deputies
 * since 1994: Member of the European Parliament
 * since 2008 President of the Chamber of Commerce of Südtirol

title: Michl Ebner


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Working Dog

Working Dog
I took this photo of my dog, and I think it's a good example of a working dog.
 * Support. Self Nom. --Fir0002 10:28, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Is that working? Tell my boss! Jonas Olson 14:41, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Bad light and exposure, bad composition, bad background. Ericd 16:50, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, can't see his eyes, and don't see why this is a working dog. Mgm|(talk) 18:31, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * He is working dog in that he is expected to earn his keep. We use him to protect our chicken coops from foxes and to kill snakes. Neither of these can really be illustrated in a photo unless I'm fortunate enough to see him as he kills a snake. I think it still illustrates a 'working dog' because this particular breed of dog is what all farmers around here (East Gippsland) use. --Fir0002 22:22, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose It's....just a snapshot of a dog...--Deglr6328 22:24, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose A picture of a working dog should actually show the dog working. Denni ☯ 23:58, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * Oppose Just not striking enough (but a nice pic) - Adrian Pingstone 15:22, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Not striking, and you can't see the dog's eyes clearly. Circeus 16:19, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support (The top picture.) I find the colors and the angle pleasing and intriguing. "Working dog" refers to the type of dog, by the way. Are for being "just a picture of a dog", the current picture of the day is just a picture of a bird. And the Mona Lisa is just a painting of a lady. - Pioneer-12 18:40, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Crisp photo, interesting demeanor.  -- brian0918  ™  04:22, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. While he is a working dog, you can't see that from the picture; surely we can find a good picture of a dog at work... --Andrew 10:36, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * BrokenSegue 14:45, 7 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Edison Lighthouse

Edison Lighthouse are an English pop band, formed in London in 1969. The band was best known for their 1970 hit single "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" recorded in late 1969.

Career
Before the name Edison Lighthouse, they were known as the soft rock band Greenfield Hammer, gigging on the home counties circuit. The original line-up of Edison Lighthouse consisted of Tony Burrows (lead vocalist), Stuart Edwards (lead guitar), David Taylor (bass guitar), George Weyman (drums), and Ray Dorey (guitar).

"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" was No. 1 for five weeks and sold 250,000 copies in the UK. It reached the top of the chart in its second week. The United States release was in February 1970 and reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100, selling a million copies there by April and earning an RIAA gold disc. In Canada, the song reached No. 3.

After recording the second single "She Works In A Woman's Way" which failed to chart in either the UK or the US, Tony Burrows left Edison Lighthouse. Tony Macaulay (who owned the rights to the name Edison Lighthouse) brought in other musicians. Actor and singer Paul Vigrass replaced Burrows. Other members included David Kerr-Clemenson (bass guitar) of Warehorne, Andy Locke (vocals, guitar), Eddie Richards (drums), Wally Scott (guitar) and Ken Reeves (vocals).

The band's song "It's Up to You Petula" reached the UK top 50. Their next single, "What's Happening?" coupled with "Take a Little Time", was written by the band. They then went on to tour Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia and Africa. The single released for the Africa tour was "Reconsider My Belinda". The last single released was "Find Mr. Zebedee". The band then called it a day after returning from a tour of Europe.

Continuation of Edison Lighthouse
In 1973 Brian Huggins and Peter Butt, of the band Crush, were approached by their management to takeover the touring of Scandinavia as Edison Lighthouse. Brian Huggins acquired the rights to the name Edison Lighthouse in 1974. Huggins has been fronting the band ever since.

On 17 January 2024, the band released a cover of "Fun, Fun, Fun", which debut at number 32 on the "Heritage Chart" on January 21. On January 20, 2024, Alan Warner of The Foundations joined on guitar.

Origin of the name
Edison Lighthouse was named after the Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of Devon. The band later briefly dropped the Lighthouse and became just Edison, although the original name was later reinstated.

Members
Current

 * Brian Huggins − lead vocals (1973–present)
 * Peter Butt − guitar/bass guitar (1973–present)
 * Mark Forton − drums (2021–present)
 * Matthew Bason – keyboards/pedal bass (2022–present)
 * Alan Warner – guitar (2024–present)

Former

Stephane Booroff drums 2013–2021 Dave Kerr-Clemenson, after touring with White Plains and Andy Locke, went on to form Fast Buck, recorded an album with Jet Records, and toured the world extensively supporting ELO. Eddie Richards was the drummer in The First Class who had a hit with "Beach Baby". Guitarist Stuart Edwards died on 26 October 2016 from cancer at the age of 73.
 * Tony Burrows − lead vocals (1969—1970)
 * Stuart Edwards − guitar (1969–1970)
 * Ray Dorey − guitar (1969—1970)
 * David Taylor − bass guitar (1969–1970)
 * George Weyman − drums (1969–1970)
 * Paul Vigrass − lead vocals (1970—1973)
 * Andy Locke − guitar (1970–1973)
 * Wally Scott − guitar (1970–1973)
 * David Kerr-Clemenson − bass guitar (1970–1973)
 * Eddie Richards − drums (1970–1973)
 * Rob Wilson − bass guitar (1973–?)

The group's top 40 hit "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" (1970) was one of four near-concurrent UK Singles Chart top ten hit singles that Burrows was involved with different groups. The other songs were "Gimme Dat Ding" (the Pipkins), "My Baby Loves Lovin'" (White Plains), and "United We Stand" (Brotherhood of Man). Burrows was also lead vocalist on the single "Beach Baby" (1974) for another studio-only group, the First Class.

Studio albums

 * Already (1971, Bell Records, Sweden)
 * Love Grows (1977, SMA, UK)

Live albums

 * Then There Where Two (2003, self-release, UK)

Compilation albums

 * Love Grows (CD, ACD, Austria)
 * Edison Lighthouse (1990 Cassette/CD, Object Enterprises, UK)
 * Love Grows: Complete Collection Featuring Tony Burrows (1994 CD, Sunflower, Italy)
 * The Best of Edison Lighthouse - Love Grows (1999 CD, Repertoire Records, Germany)
 * Love Grows with Edison Lighthouse (2002 CD, The Westminster Recording Co., UK)
 * On the Rocks (2002 CD, Park South, US)
 * Edison Lighthouse Selected Favorites (2006 Digital Download, Charly Records, US)
 * Their Very Best (2009 Digital Download, K-tel, US)
 * Barbara Ann (2010 Digital Download, One Media Publishing, US)
 * Showing the Way (The Dave Cash Collection) (2011 Digital Download, One Media Publishing, US)
 * The Dave Cash Collection: Light My House (2011 Digital Download, One Media Publishing, US)

title: Edison Lighthouse


text:
Abraham Angermannus

Abraham Andersson, better known by his Latin name, Abrahamus Andreæ Angermannus or simply Abraham Angermannus (died in October 1607) was the fourth Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden from 1593 to 1599. He was described as bold and outspoken.

Biography
Angermannus was born around 1540 in the province of Ångermanland, Sweden, whence his name is derived.

In 1576 he was appointed school principal at a school in Stockholm. But because of his criticism towards the liturgy of King John III of Sweden, John tried to get him to move somewhere else. After turning down the offer of becoming professor at Uppsala University, Angermannus was forced to become vicar in the remote city Öregrund. Still polemizing, the king then moved him again to an even remoter area, to Saltvik on the island Åland.

This did not silence him. In his preachings he spoke sharply against papism and liturgy until eventually John sent some men to arrest him and he was taken to the prison in Åbo, Finland. With some help he managed to escape, and got on a boat back to Stockholm to the king's brother Duke Charles with whom he thought himself secure. But he was nonetheless prosecuted in Stockholm. With help from Duke Charles, he in 1582 escaped on a boat to Charles sister Elisabeth in Mecklenburg, Germany, to avoid the trial.

In Germany he lived for eleven years. He visited the universities of Wittenberg, Leipzig and Frankfurt. All the time he spoke heavily against liturgy and papism and Duke Charles was supporting him from Sweden as much as he could. In Germany he had published books such as Proposition about our Swedish Church Doctrines and Rites in Swedish 1587 and Historia Liturgica in 1588. It led to him being considered a martyr and a strongman for the true Lutheran faith. For these reasons the chapter of Uppsala elected him archbishop in 1593, although neither the Duke Charles nor the present king Sigismund were in favor of it.

He was the person in charge of the Uppsala Synod in 1593, where the main doctrines of the Swedish Lutheran Church and the privileges for the Uppsala University were decided.

In 1596 he undertook an inspection through his diocese. During the travel he was so harshly changing the remainders of the Catholic Church rituals he did not approve of that he was almost attacked by the peasants. His intent was to purge the country from everything which did not answer to the Lutheran doctrine, including everything from old Catholic and Pagan customs to sex outside of marriage; it also caused the first wave of witch trials in Sweden, though they did not lead to any death sentences. The Duke Charles, who had by now been crowned as Charles IX, got upset by the agitations from the archbishop. After the archbishop had undertaken some other actions that the king did not approve of, the king put him on trial for not doing his duty in 1599. In spite of the bishops' refusal to admit him guilty, the king decided that he was indeed so, and had him imprisoned. Eventually he was transferred to Gripsholm prison where he remained until his death in October 1607.

title: Abraham Angermannus


text:
Talk:Dimboola

Are you saying that Dimboola is a City? I've noticed you've called quite a few cities, I hope you are sure whether or not they are. With a pop. of 1500 I highly doubt this one is. I will completely delete any cities from my list of towns, so I want to be sure. --Chammy Koala 10:30, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dubious

 * The town's secondary college, is the only memorial secondary college in the Southern Hemisphere, hence its name, Dimboola Memorial Secondary College.

Given that Hay, New South Wales (in the Southern Hemisphere last time I checked) has a school called Hay War Memorial High School, this claim rests on a very narrow definition of "secondary college" or "memorial". I propose to remove the claim entirely unless soem one can point out to me why the claim as it stands is correct. -- Mattinbgn\talk 01:03, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

The questioned statement above should state that Dimboola Memorial Secondary College is the only purpose built memorial school in the southern hemisphere. -- Vk3faap (talk) 07:02, 19 July 2014 (UTC)
 * How is this different to the school in Hay (also in the Southern Hemisphere and purpose-built in 1923)? -- Mattinbgn (talk) 07:52, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

Ceylonese language
Ah yer this language doesn't exist, it is either Tamil or Sinhala. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 02:42, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dimboola


text:
Mathieu Grosch

Mathieu Jean Hubert Grosch (born 14 September 1950, in Eupen) is a Belgian politician and Member of the European Parliament for the German-speaking Community of Belgium with the CSP-EVP, Member of the Bureau of the European People's Party and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism.

He is a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development, a member of the Delegation to the EU-Mexico Joint Parliamentary Committee and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with Japan.

Education

 * 1973: Germanic languages, University of Liège
 * 1974: Accredited upper school teacher

Career

 * 1974–1981: teacher of English and German
 * 1986–present: Member of the national bureau of the CSP
 * 1994–present: Member of the EPP bureau
 * 1981–1984: Adviser to the Prime Minister
 * 1984–1985: Member of the provincial council
 * 1986–1994: Member of Council, German-speaking Community
 * 1986–1990: Government minister, German-speaking Community
 * 1990–1994: Chairman of Council, German-speaking Community
 * 1991–2012: Mayor of Kelmis
 * 1994–2014: Member of the European Parliament
 * Member of the Robert Schuman Foundation
 * 1996–present: Member of the board of Bierset-Liège airport

Decorations

 * 1999: Merit award of the Meuse-Rhine Euregio
 * 1999: Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
 * 2004: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, First Class

title: Mathieu Grosch


text:
Talk:Joi Baba Felunath (film)

Untitled
Removed the material common to the mentioned site (http://www.satyajitray.ucsc.edu/films/joibabafelunath.html)

Fair use rationale for Image:Vcd jbf.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 02:37, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joi Baba Felunath (film)


text:
Flag of Adjara

The flag of Adjara is a flag of Georgia's autonomous republic of Adjara. It displays seven dark blue and white stripes, with the national flag of Georgia shown in canton. The flag was adopted on 20 July 2004 by the Supreme Council of Adjara. It also bears some similarities to the Flag of Greece.

Republic of Batumi
During the short British administration in the capital of Adjara Batumi there was a self-governing organization called the Republic of Batumi. The republic had its seal, with palm trees in a wreath. The flag had a seal on a red background.

Adjarian ASSR (1978-1991) and the Autonomous Republic of Ajara (March–December 1991)
Under the Soviet Union, the Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (AASSR) had its own flag between 1921 and 1950 and again between 1978 and 1991. This consisted of a motif very similar to that of the parent Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, plus the initials of the AASSR in Georgian.

Autonomous Republic of Ajara (2000-2004)
Between June 2000 and July 2004, a different flag was used by the government of Aslan Abashidze. The blue background represents the Black Sea, while the seven stars represent Ajaria's two cities (Batumi and Kobuleti) and five districts (Batumi, Kobuleti, Keda, Shuakhevi, Khulo). Party Democratic Union for Revival to which Abashidze belonged used a similar flag with more stars.

Autonomous Republic of Adjara (2004-present)
The flag ratified by the Supreme Council of the autonomous republic on July 20, 2004. In the canton, the new flag of Georgia.

title: Flag of Adjara


text:
Wadhurst railway station

Wadhurst railway station is on the Hastings line in the south of England and serves the town of Wadhurst, East Sussex. It is 39 mi down the line from London Charing Cross. The station and all trains serving it are operated by Southeastern.

Designed by the architect William Tress, the station was opened in 1851 by the South Eastern Railway. Originally there were sidings and a goods shed, but these have been replaced with a car park.

Unusually, the station features a private entrance to nearby Faircrouch, a large Grade II listed house around 220 yards from the westbound platform.

In 2000 the station buildings and footbridge were given Grade II listed status.

Services
All services at Wadhurst are operated by Southeastern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Charing Cross
 * 2 tph to Hastings (1 semi-fast, 1 stopping)

Additional services, including trains to and from and London Cannon Street and Ore call at the station in the peak hours.

Connections
Stagecoach South East route 1066 serves the station.

title: Wadhurst railway station


text:
Bogdan Klich

Bogdan Adam Klich (born on 8 May 1960 in Kraków) is a former Minister of National Defence of Poland. Bogdan Klich was interned in 1981 during the martial law set by the communist regime. Until November 16, 2007, he was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Lesser Poland Voivodeship & Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship with the Civic Platform, part of the European People's Party and he sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. Senator since November 2011. Since 2002, Klich has been a lecturer at the Department of European Studies at Jagiellonian University. Lecturer at the Cracow University of Economics since the academic year 2013/2014. The author of numerous publications concerning foreign policy and international security.

Education

 * 1986: Physician, Kraków Medical Academy
 * 1987: Master's in the History of Art, Jagiellonian University (UJ)
 * 1991–1995: Doctoral studies, Department of Historical Philosophy

Career in national politics

 * since 1997: President of the Institute of Strategic Studies
 * 2001–2004: Member of Parliament of the Republic of Poland, Vice-Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, member of the Committee on National Defence
 * 1989–1999: Advisor to the Chief Negotiator of the Republic of Poland with the European Union
 * 1999–2000: Deputy Minister for National Defence in the Republic of Poland
 * 2003–2004: Observer to the EP
 * 2001–2004 2012-current: Polish representative and member of the Policy Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
 * 2011-2015: Member of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Vice-Chairman of the Foreign and Euroepan Union Affairs Committee, Member of the Committe on National Defence,
 * 2015-2019: Member of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Member of the Foreign and European Affairs Committee, Member of the Committe on National Defence; Minority Leader of Polish Senate
 * 2019-2023: Member of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Chairman of the Foreign and European Affairs Committee, Member of the on Legislative
 * 2023 - : Member of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Chairman of the European Union Affairs Committee, member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2007
A member of the European People's Party group, Kilch served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he was a member of the Parliament's delegation for relations with Belarus.

Minister of Defence, 2007–2011
From 2007 until 2011, Klich served as Minister for National Defence in the Republic of Poland, in the government of Prime Minister Donald Tusk.

During his time in office, Klich implemented Tusk's campaign pledge to withdraw Poland's troops from Iraq. By October 2008, he marked the end of his country's five-year partnership with U.S. forces in Iraq; Poland had been the only country other than the United States and Britain to command a full division of foreign troops in Iraq, and contingents from several other countries initially served under Polish command in a broad area south of Baghdad.

Also under Klich's leadership, Poland and the United States signed a status of forces agreement (SOFA) that paved the way for the stationing of U.S. troops on Polish territory. Three months after the United States announced a reformulated missile-defense plan for Poland in 2010, Klich announced that an undisclosed number of American MIM-104 Patriot surface-to-air missiles would be deployed in the vicinity of Morąg, in northern Poland, just 35 miles from the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad.

On 12 May 2011, Klich announced that Poland would lead a new EU Battlegroup of the Visegrád Group.

In July 2011, Klich resigned after an official investigation into the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash which killed President Lech Kaczyński and all 95 others on board, concluded that mistakes by the military pilots were the primary cause of the disaster. Prime Minister Tusk clarified that he did not hold Klich responsible for the crash, saying merely that the investigation had recommended swift and wholesale changes which could only be implemented by a new minister, Klich's deputy, Tomasz Siemoniak.

Member of the Senate, 2011-present
Klich has been a member of the Senate of Poland since the 2011 national elections and is currently the minority leader. He also serves as deputy chairman of the Senate's Committee on Foreign Affairs and as member of the Defence Committee.

In addition to his role in parliament, Klich has again been serving as a member of the Polish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2012. He serves on the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy and on the Sub-Committee on the Middle East and the Arab World; in this capacity, he is also the Assembly's rapporteur on Morocco.

Since 2015, Klich has been serving as a member of the European Commission's High-level Group of Personalities on Defence Research, chaired by Elżbieta Bieńkowska.

In 2015, he successfully ran for re-election (he received 71,852 votes). In the Senate of the 9th term, he was the chairman of the group of senators of the Civic Platform parliamentary club. In the 2019 elections, he became a senator again, receiving 123,080 votes. After the elections, he became the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the European Union.

In the 2023 elections, he also won a senatorial seat, receiving 184,334 votes. In the 11th term, he became the chairman of the European Union Affairs Committee[18]. Appointed to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

Other activities

 * Member of the International Institute of Strategic Studies, London
 * Lecturer at the Centre for European Studies at the Jagiellonian University

Decorations
And more.
 * 2010 - Medal "Milito Pro Christo"
 * 2010 - Order of Merit, Ukraine
 * 2014 - Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, Estonia

Publications

title: Bogdan Klich


text: File:Sloan actionpact.png

title: File:Sloan actionpact.png


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Almighty dollar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:49, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Almighty dollar
Dicdef and a pretty nastily POV one at that. Delete. --Angr/comhrá 10:33, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. Non-encylopedic, but I don't see it as so much POV.   — J I P | Talk 10:41, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Please note that this has already been transwikied to Wiktionary and deleted from Wikipedia, once before. See almighty dollar. Wiktionary doesn't need a second copy.  Transwikiing to Washington Irving is inappropriate, too.  This article doesn't contain a quotation.  There are thus no transwiki escape routes.  Please consider what to do with the article here, in the encyclopaedia.  Uncle G 11:19, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * If it already has been transwikied, then delete.   — J I P | Talk 11:21, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a tricky one. There isn't really any such specific concept or thing as the Almighty dollar that warrants an independent article; and redirects to Washington Irving, to dollar, or to monetarism don't seem appropriate.  I'm currently at delete.  Uncle G 11:19, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * Keep. Term gets 92,000+ Google hits (not surprising, we've all heard it before), and makes a distinctive, pithy commentary on the American obsession with money. My search also turned up a few books titled with the phrase - Almighty Dollar: A Psychiatrist Looks at Money, by Eugene L. Lowenkopf; Greenback: The Almighty Dollar and the Invention of America, by Jason Goodwin; and Almighty Dollar Bill, by Adrienne Golday and Taylor Barnes. Personally, I'd like to know more about the origins of this term. -- 8^D gab 15:51, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * Read almighty dollar and you'll find out pretty much everything. Uncle G 16:57, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
 * Almighty delete —Wahoofive | Talk 18:09, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; even if the phrase might deserve mention in some other article, there's nothing to warrant a separate article on it, and what is there now is pure trash. RussBlau 19:04, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic. CDC   (talk)  20:48, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense, bordering on a speedy. 'Almighty Buck' is a well-known term, but 'Almighty Dollar' isn't. David Johnson [ T|C ] 21:27, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The phrase (or the related Almighty buck) deserves an article, but this isn't it. --Carnildo 22:55, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems pointless now, but I will note for the edification of David Johnson and Carnildo that "Almighty buck" gets 20,000 Google hits while "Almighty dollar" gets over 90,000. I found three books on Amazon.com with "Almighty dollar" in the title, and none with "Almighty buck." I'm not saying the article is usable as written, but there should be an article on the concept - and Almighty buck should redirect to it. -- 8^D gab 04:20, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopaedic, bordering on trivial nonsense. Megan1967 04:40, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless heavily expanded, and even then, you'll have to convince me that this actually deserves an article. Meelar (talk) 04:41, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not encyclopedic Dsmdgold 13:11, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this waste of bandwidth. Linuxbeak 14:38, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mackensen (talk) 19:29, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and purge Wikipedia of pointless articles! Forgotmytea 11:00, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Eija-Riitta Korhola

Eija-Riitta Korhola (née Nieminen; born 15 June 1959 in Lahti) is a Finnish politician and former Member of the European Parliament (MEP). She served three terms, first with the Finnish Christian Democrats between 1999–2003 and then with the National Coalition Party from 2004 to 2014, being part of the European People's Party the whole time. During her years as a MEP, Korhola served on the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. She was also a member of the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, and acted as a deputy both in the Committee on Budgetary Control and in the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

Education
Korhola has studied in and graduated from the University of Helsinki with the following degrees:
 * 1990: Bachelor of Arts in philosophy
 * 1994: Licentiate in philosophy
 * 2014: Doctorate in environmental science

Career

 * 1993–1996: Development educator, Finn Church Aid
 * 1994–1998: Assistant, radio editorial office
 * 1996–1999: Journalist and educator on the radio and television and in the press
 * 1997: Publicist (Helsinki Festival)
 * 1999–2014: Member of the European Parliament
 * 2003: Party secretary of the Finnish Christian Democrats
 * 2006–2010: Vice chairwoman of the Finnish National Coalition Party
 * Since 2002: Chairwoman of the First Step Forum (human rights organization)

title: Eija-Riitta Korhola


text:
Talk:Edinburgh Pentlands (Scottish Parliament constituency)

Untitled
Might be a good idea, I am thinking, to have a separate article about the now historic Commons constituency. Called Edinburgh Pentlands (1950 - 2005)? Laurel Bush 13:25, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC).

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text: Category:Transport in Shropshire

title: Category:Transport in Shropshire


text:
Ole Krarup

Ole Krarup (17 March 1935 – 7 October 2017) was a Danish EU politician and former professor of law at the University of Copenhagen.

Political career
From 1994 through 2006 he was Member of the European Parliament with the Folkebevægelsen mod EU (People's Movement against the EU), Member of the Bureau of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and its Committee on Budgetary Control. Krarup was a substitute for the Committee on Constitutional Affairs and a member of the Delegation for relations with South Africa.

Krarup resigned as an MEP on 1 January 2007 due to medical consequences after a traffic accident while riding his bicycle in Strasbourg in 2006. He was succeeded by MEP Søren Bo Søndergaard.

Death
Krarup died on 7 October 2017 at the age of 82.

title: Ole Krarup


text:
Arboretum at the University of California, Santa Cruz

The Arboretum & Botanic Garden at the University of California, Santa Cruz, is located on the campus of the University of California, Santa Cruz, in the United States.

Description
The Arboretum site has remarkable climatic and topographic diversity and a wide variety of soils, since the underlying rocks include granite, schist, limestone, and several sandstones. The Arboretum officially started in 1964, when the UCSC campus was established, with about 90 species of eucalyptus. Its gradual expansion has focused mainly on mediterranean-climate plants of the Southern Hemisphere, and now includes a comprehensive collection of conifers, exotic South African proteas, Australian and New Zealand plants, and a fine collection of native Californian shrubs and trees.

Major collections

 * Australian Garden – over 2,000 species, forms, and cultivars (out of some 20,000 species native to the subcontinent), and believed to be the largest collection of Australian plants outside Australia. The gardens include many acacias; many members of the fragrant myrtle family such as Eucalyptus, Callistemon, Melaleuca, and Leptospermum; members of the Protea family; Grevilleas; Banksias; and waratah (Telopea speciosissima). The Elvenia J. Slosson Research Gardens (1978) support testing of new Australian ornamentals.
 * California Garden – Most noteworthy are the ponderosa pines, along with coast redwoods, Douglas firs, coast live oaks, California bays, willows, cottonwoods, madrones, and buckeyes. Other popular plants include Epilobium (formerly Zauschneria), bush anemone (Carpenteria californica), California lilacs (Ceanothus spp.), monkeyflowers (Diplacus spp.), buckwheats (Eriogonum spp.), woolly blue curls (Trichostema lanatum), salvias, and flannelbush or Fremontia (Fremontodendron spp.). The Arboretum also contains an extensive collection of native bulbs, and several rare Channel Island plants including the Santa Cruz Island bush mallow (Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus), island barberry (Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis), and bush poppy (Dendromecon spp.). The collection also emphasizes plants native to the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Santa Lucia Mountains in Monterey County, including the endangered Santa Cruz Cypress (Cupressus abramsiana) and the rare Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata).
 * South African Gardea – A variety of Proteaceae, including Leucadendrons such as the silver tree (Leucadendron argenteum), Leucospermum, and one of the largest collections of members of the genus Erica (Cape heaths) outside South Africa.
 * Edward D. Landels New Zealand Garden – dedicated in 1984, the garden includes Lily Family members, New Zealand flax (phormiums), pittosporum trees, the manuka or tea tree (Leptospermum scoparium), and a young kauri forest.
 * Eucalyptus Grove – mainly specimens donated by Max Watson, including species rare in nature or in California plantings.
 * Conifers – A particularly good collection, representing nearly all known genera of conifers, with the exception of a genus unknown outside of China and a parasitic New Caledonian genus.
 * Primitive Flowering Plants – A one-of-a-kind collection of "living fossils" among flowering plants, of great interest for the study of evolution.
 * Aroma Garden – many mints, salvias, lavenders, oregano, thymes, and other drought-tolerant perennials and shrubs.
 * Rare Fruit Exhibit – unusual fruit-bearing plants.
 * Laurasian Forest – various interesting North American plants, particularly high-altitude Mexican species.
 * Cactus & Succulent Garden – with many plants from the collections of Victor Reiter, noted plant breeder.
 * South American – materials of instructional value, planted beside the New Zealand Garden for comparison to New Zealand and Chilean flora.


text:
Raymond Langendries

Raymond A. Langendries (born 1 October 1943 in Tubize) is a Belgian politician and Member of the European Parliament for the French Community of Belgium with the Centre Démocrate Humaniste, part of the European People's Party and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.

He is a substitute for the Committee on Development, a member of the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China.

On 17 July 2008, he was one of three senior Belgian politicians commissioned by King Albert II to investigate ways of enabling constitutional reform talks in the light of the long-running Belgian constitutional crisis.

Education

 * 1964: Teaching diploma

Career

 * 1964-1972: Primary teacher
 * 1981-1985: Head of the office of the Minister for the Interior
 * 1972-1974: Secretary of the PSC in the House of Representatives
 * 1974-1979: PSC national secretary
 * since 1971: Member of Tubize Municipal Council
 * 1976-1982: Deputy Mayor of Tubize
 * since 1995: Mayor of Tubize
 * 1991-2004: Member of Parliament (1979–1981
 * 1979-1981 and 1991-1995: Chairman of the PSC Group in the House of Representatives
 * 1995-1999: President of the House of Representatives
 * 1999-2004: President of the cdH Group (PSC) in the House of Representatives
 * 1985-1991: Senator
 * 1985-1989: Chairman of the PSC Group in the Senate
 * 1989-1992: Minister for the Civil Service
 * Belgian Member of the Inter-Parliamentary Union

Decorations

 * Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
 * Commander of the Order of the Crown
 * 2002: Minister of State

See also this

 * 2004 European Parliament election in Belgium

title: Raymond Langendries


text: Category:Tourist attractions in Shropshire


text:
User:Ajhenderson

Andrew J Henderson took up his position as choral scholar at Portsmouth Cathedral in September 2005, having previously held a choral scholarship at St. John’s College, Oxford, from where he graduated in Music. He combined his choral scholarship with the post of Choirmaster at the Wesley Memorial Methodist Church.

Whilst in Oxford, he was much in demand as an accompanist for groups’ rehearsals as well as soloists, and sang in Schola Cantorum of Oxford and Magdala. He now sings with the Portsmouth University Choir and Chamber Singers under George Burrows and with Cantores Sanctæ Insolitæ Artis under Michael Stoddart.

His musical experience ranges from his first appointment, at the age of 16, as Assistant Musical Director of Southey Amateur Operatic Society in Sheffield, to Schola Cantorum of Oxford, ethnomusicological work, and a brief period of playing the viol!

Although his undergraduate research project focussed on English church music of the immediate pre-Reformation period, Andrew has recently prepared some material on Felix Mendelssohn’s connections with England for the Portsmouth Festivities 2006. His next project, in connection with his post as Archivist of Schola Cantorum of Oxford, is a history of the choir during the 1970s.

Andrew has had an interest in composition since his schooldays; his short oratorio Lazarus, premièred in Oxford in May, will be brought to a Portsmouth audience at a Lunchtime Live next March.

Andrew is a keen composer: in 2001, the incidental music to Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (which he co-composed) was premi?red with Andrew as co-conductor; his Christmas anthem "Christ is Born" was recorded by Sheffield Schools' Girls Choir. The song cycle "Love, Light and Peace" based on poems of Spike Milligan was premiered to great acclaim in Oxford in June, achieving the highest audience of any student-run concert in St. John?s College in that term.

Andrew specialises in editing musical and religious articles on Wikipedia.

title: User:Ajhenderson


text:
Tempest 3000

Tempest 3000 is a tube shooter video game developed by Llamasoft for the Nuon. It was published by Hasbro Interactive in North America on December 13, 2000, and Europe on March 2001. It is a follow-up to Tempest 2000, an updated remake of Dave Theurer's arcade game Tempest (1981). The player controls a claw-shaped blaster, shooting at enemies and obstacles, scoring points, and surviving multiple levels. The game modifies and builds upon the gameplay from Tempest 2000, introducing new enemies and mechanics.

Tempest 3000 was one of the first games unveiled for Nuon and was programmed by Jeff Minter, who previously worked on Tempest 2000. In the late 1990s, Minter left Atari Corporation after completing Defender 2000 to work for VM Labs. After Minter designed an audio visualizer for the Nuon, VM Labs asked him to refocus his efforts on Tempest, which was challenging due to the limited power of the console's hardware.

Tempest 3000 received generally favorable reception from critics; the soundtrack, frenetic action, game mechanics, and difficulty were praised, but the blurry visual effects as well as the lack of versus and cooperative multiplayer modes were criticized. By 2003, it had sold over 20,000 copies. In 2024, publisher Songbird Productions announced a limited re-release of the game.

Gameplay

Following the gameplay of Tempest (1981) and Tempest 2000, Tempest 3000 is a tube shooter game where the player shoots enemies and obstacles as they appear from the center of the screen. The player controls a claw-shaped blaster, scoring points by hitting targets as they try to survive multiple levels. The blaster is also equipped with a "Superzapper" that destroys all enemies on-screen, which recharges between each level. Players can collect power-ups and upgrades, which appear when enemies or their bullets are destroyed.

The game modifies and builds upon the enhancements from Tempest 2000 with new mechanics. Instead of a jump ability, the blaster can now spend fuel to hover and glide over the web. A homing missile power-up allows the player to target enemies in two lanes of the web. The player can also improve their score multiplier by collecting power-ups, but using a "Superzapper" resets the multiplier to zero. Power-ups also activate a remote droid that appears above the web to help the player destroy enemies. The game also introduces new enemies to the series, such as Rotors and Unmaker-Spiders that move and reform the web respectively.

When all enemies have been destroyed, the player warps to the next level, but must avoid or destroy spikes left by Spikers and Super Spikers that are in the way. Hitting any spike will destroy the blaster and force the player to start over. The player can also collect three warp tokens to access a bonus round, and completing it allows the player to skip two levels. The game features over 256 levels, with the last half being procedurally generated. The player loses a life when their blaster is destroyed or captured, and the game is over when all lives are lost. The player can resume their progress via passwords provided after completing each odd-numbered level. In addition, the game also has a multiplayer option which allows two players to play by alternating turns.

Development
Tempest 3000 is a follow-up to Tempest 2000, itself an updated remake of Dave Theurer's arcade game Tempest (1981). It was programmed by Jeff Minter, founder of Llamasoft, who previously worked on Tempest 2000. Minter left Atari after completing Defender 2000 in December 1995 and returned to Wales to work for VM Labs, a California-based semiconductor and platform company founded by Richard Miller with former Atari and Sony staff. He helped with software design and wrote the built-in VLM-2 audio visualizer for the Nuon DVD technology, then codenamed "Project X".

In 1997, Minter teased on his personal website that Tempest 3000 could happen, and in 1998, VM Labs asked him to create Tempest for the Nuon, allowing him to apply ideas he had tried with a version of Breakout for his particle effects system. The game was produced by Joe Sousa, who worked on Atari Jaguar titles such as Cybermorph and Kasumi Ninja. The soundtrack features nineteen songs, twelve of which are remixed tracks from Tempest 2000, while the remaining music are original compositions by André Meyer, Ian "T(NT)" Goddard, and James Grunke.

Minter said it was difficult taking advantage of the Nuon's hardware due to its underpowered architecture, forcing him to limit the game program to less than four kilobytes of RAM. According to Minter, VLM-2 code was integrated into the game to generate live background effects. Production of the game lasted two years, with development concluding in October 2000. Minter considers Tempest 3000 to be the most difficult programming job he has ever done, but he enjoyed his five years working with VM Labs and expressed pride in his work.

Release
Tempest 3000 was one of the first games unveiled for the Nuon, with public demos appearing as early as 1998. The game was showcased at E3 1998 and CES 2000. More details were announced during its E3 2000 showcase, revealing that Hasbro Interactive would publish the title as part of a multi-game deal with VM Labs. A demo disc bundled with Samsung DVD-N2000 models featured the game as one of four included demos.

Tempest 3000 was released in North America on December 13, 2000, followed by Europe in March 2001. In 2001, Jeff Minter donated a unique copy called Tempest 3000: Flossie Edition as part of a Tempest 2000 competition at JagFest 2K1, which contained drawings as well as a piece of wool and a goatee trim. The game has not been ported to other platforms due to its reliance on assembly language. It was omitted from the Llamasoft: The Jeff Minter Story compilation due to Nuon being "a bridge too far" to emulate, according to Digital Eclipse editorial director Chris Kohler. In 2024, publisher Songbird Productions, in association with Atari, announced a limited re-release of the game to be released on May 7.

Reception
Tempest 3000 received generally favorable reviews from critics. According to GameState magazine, the game had sold over 20,000 copies by 2003. Chris Johnston of Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) highlighted its evolution of the series' gameplay, sense of humor, and difficulty. Edge lauded its attractive graphics, frenetic action, balanced playability, and difficulty curve. Syzygy's Jason W. Cody liked its addition of the bonus multiplier mechanic, new enemies and music.

Digital Press' Russ Perry Jr. praised the audiovisual presentation but felt it was difficult to control without a rotary controller or alternative control schemes. MyAtari magazine commended the "jaw-dropping" visuals, techno soundtrack, and frenetic action. German website neXGam celebrated its impressive graphical department, soundscapes, and numerous levels, but criticized the lack of two-player versus and cooperative modes. The game's blurry visual effects were also criticized by several reviewers, including EGM, Syzygy, and Tips & Tricks.

The game was a runner-up for the "Graphical Achievement" and "Audio Achievement" categories during the Edge Awards in 2001, but lost to Jet Set Radio and Alien Resurrection (2000) respectively. Ars Technica considered Tempest 3000 to be the most significant title for Nuon, while Time Extension regarded it as the "crown jewel" of the Nuon's game library, citing its "raw arcade thrills", pounding dance music, and unique visual look.

title: Tempest 3000