text:
James Theodore Bent

James Theodore Bent (30 March 1852 – 5 May 1897) was an English explorer, archaeologist, and author.

Biography
James Theodore Bent was born in Liverpool on 30 March 1852, the son of James (1807-1876) and Eleanor (née Lambert, c.1811-1873) Bent of Baildon House, Baildon, near Bradford, Yorkshire, where Bent lived in his boyhood. He was educated at Malvern Wells preparatory school, Repton School, and Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1875. His paternal grandparents were William (1769-1820) and Sarah (née Gorton) Bent; it was this William Bent who founded Bent's Breweries, a successful business which, in various guises, was still in existence into the 1970s, and which helped generate the family's wealth. One of Bent's uncles, Sir John Bent, the brewer, was Liverpool mayor in 1850–51.

In 1877, Bent married Mabel Hall-Dare (1847-1929) who became his companion, photographer, and diarist on all his travels. From the time of their marriage, they went abroad nearly every year, beginning with extended travels in Italy and Greece. In 1879, he published a book on the republic of San Marino, entitled A Freak of Freedom, and was made a citizen of San Marino; in the following year appeared Genoa: How the Republic Rose and Fell, and in 1881 a Life of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The couple's researches in the Aegean archipelago over the winters of 1882/3 and 1883/4 culminated in Bent's The Cyclades; or, Life among the Insular Greeks (1885).

At the time of Bent's death in 1897, the couple resided at 13 Great Cumberland Place, London, and Sutton Hall, outside Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.

Archaeological research
From this period Bent concentrated particularly on archaeological and ethnographic research. The years 1883-1888 were devoted to investigations in the Eastern Mediterranean and Anatolia, his discoveries and conclusions being communicated to the Journal of Hellenic Studies and other magazines and reviews; his investigations on the Cycladic island of Antiparos are of note. In 1889, he undertook excavations in the Bahrein Islands of the Persian Gulf, looking for evidence that they had been a primitive home of the Phoenician civilization; he and his wife returned to England via Persia (Iran), being introduced to Shah Naser al-Din Shah Qajar along the way. After an expedition in 1890 to Cilicia Trachea, where he obtained a valuable collection of inscriptions, Bent spent a year in South Africa, with the object, by investigation of some of the ruins in Mashonaland, of throwing light on the vexed question of their origin and on the early history of East Africa. Bent believed the Zimbabwe ruins had originally been built by the ancestors of the Shona people. To this end, in 1891, he made, along with his wife and the Glaswegian surveyor Robert McNair Wilson Swan (1858-1904), a colleague from Bent's time on Antiparos in 1883/4, the first detailed examination of the Great Zimbabwe. Bent described his work in The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland (1892). Famously, Victor Loret and Alfred Charles Auguste Foucher denounced this view, and claimed that a non-African culture built the original structures. Modern archaeologists now agree that the city was the product of a Shona-speaking African civilization.

In 1893, he investigated the ruins of Axum and other places in northern Ethiopia, which had previously been made known in part by the researches of Henry Salt and others. His book The Sacred City of the Ethiopians (1893) gives an account of this expedition.

Bent now visited at considerable risk the almost unknown Hadramut country (1893–1894), and during this and later journeys in southern Arabia he studied the ancient history of the country, its physical features and actual condition. On the Dhofar coast in 1894-1895, he visited ruins which he identified with the Abyssapolis of the frankincense merchants. In 1895-1896, he examined part of the African coast of the Red Sea, finding there the ruins of a very ancient gold-mine and traces of what he considered Sabaean influence. While on another journey in South Arabia and Socotra (1896–1897), Bent was seized with malarial fever, and died in London on 5 May 1897, a few days after his return.

Mabel Bent, who had contributed by her skill as a photographer and in other ways to the success of her husband's journeys, published in 1900 Southern Arabia, Soudan and Sakotra, which she recorded the results of their last expedition into those regions.

Collections
The majority of Bent's collections (hundreds of artefacts but relatively few on display) is to be found in the British Museum, London. Smaller collections are kept at: The Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, UK; The Victorian and Albert Museum, London, UK; Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London, UK; The Natural History Museum, London, UK; Sulgrave Manor, Banbury, UK; Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston, UK. Overseas: The Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece; The Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, Turkey; The South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa; The Great Zimbabwe Museum, Masvingo, Zimbabwe. Some manuscripts are archived at The Royal Geographical Society, London, UK; The Hellenic and Roman Library, Senate House, London, UK; The British Library, London, UK.

Legacy
The Natural History Museum, London, has small collections of shells and insects the Bents returned with in the 1890s. Some shells carry the Bent name today (e.g. Lithidion bentii and Buliminus bentii). Several plants and seeds the Bents brought back from Southern Arabia are now in the Herbarium at Kew Gardens; one such specimen being Echidnopsis Bentii, collected on his last journey in 1897. Bent is also commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Arabian lizard, Uromastyx benti.

Some of Bent’s original notebooks held in the archive of the Hellenic Society, London, and unpublished, have now been digitized and are available on open access.

title: James Theodore Bent


text:
Talk:General conference (Latter Day Saints)

Conducting Conference
"Gordon B. Hinckley has personally conducted sessions as Church President, while as Second Counselor in the last years of Spencer W. Kimball he was at times the only member of the First Presidency in attendance." I took this out because I thought it was confusing. Not sure what is trying to be communicated by this sentence Trödel| talk 14:00, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Title of the Article
I propose this article renamed to General conference (Latter-day Saints) and remove the section on the Community of Christ conference (or just have a "See Also" entry for it. It seems no other Latter Day Saint organizations are mentioned in the article. Bytebear 19:40, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * As it stands that's true, but our policies disfavour articles for individual sects. General conferences are shared by many faith in the Latter Day Saint movement, so the LDS-heavyness is something that can and should be rounded out. Cool Hand Luke 00:50, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

I also disagree on it being added to this article, in fact, the very name of the Community of Christ's meetings being called 'World Conference' indicates it is different and does not belong in the 'General Conference' (Latter-day Saint) article.

If there are articles for the Community of Christ, that information should be put in the article(s) about them, and in doing so this will improve both articles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.27.203.38 (talk) 06:04, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Topics
In the sample of the topics, I think there ought to be more talks under each topic than there currently are. I know that President Faust spoke on Forgiveness last Conference, and there are other examples. In my opinion, since the official Church website General Conference section has conferences from April 1997 onward, I think perhaps that should be the limit we go in finding Conference talks on the subjects listed. I've run a few searches and been surprised how many results I came up with for each topic in General Conference under those restrictions. I think there is definitely room for expansion here. Otherwise, perhaps if there are to be restrictions, they should be for only the most recent conference in which each topic was discussed. Any thoughts? --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable 22:52, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Since the "list" is provided simply as a sample of possible topics, I think it should just list 4–5 sermons on a variety of topics. There's really no need for a massive or comprehensive list of topics, in my opinion. I think the point is to give the reader a flavor of what kinds of things are spoken about, and that can be done with listing less than half a dozen sermons. –SESmith 23:02, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

World Conference/Article Split
Removed the section on the community of Christ world conference. This has it's own article, and all community of christ related articles should redirect there, not here. This isn't an article about general conference in multiple LDS denominations. Kristmace (talk) 09:12, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, it is about "multiple LDS denominations". The fact that it's limited now to LDS Church and CofC does not mean other denominations could not be added. The article begins with a general history from the pre-succession crisis Latter Day Saint movement, so it's entirely appropriate to include how it's developed in the divergent denominations. Good Ol’factory (talk) 09:19, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll agree with that. In that case then a General Conference (LDS Church) article should be created and the majority of the information here could be placed there. This article could then be a brief overview of conferences in all LDS denominations. Kristmace (talk) 09:27, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * That could be done; my main concern would be that it would create a whole lot of work on other pages which link here, since many pages that link here appear to be referring to an LDS Church conference as opposed to the pre-1844 conferences or Latter Day Saint conferences in general. After the page was created all the links elsewhere would need to be changed. Honestly, though, I don't see a problem with how it is now; I would be more inclined to propose merging the Community of Christ article back into this one since Naming conventions (Latter Day Saints) discourages denomination-specific articles in the Latter Day Saint movement area. Good Ol’factory (talk) 09:46, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply. I looked at the links to this page before I removed the World Conference section, and then removed it because all the links (unless I missed one) were in reference to LDS Church conference. I would be in favour of merging the World Conference article back into this one in that case. There needs to be either separate articles on LDS Conference and World Conference or one covering both and the pre-1844 history, at the moment we have a mixture. Kristmace (talk) 10:06, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Just an additional comment. I understand that denominational articles are discouraged, but they are still appropriate - First Presidency being a prime example. The article First Presidency contains information on the general LDS movement principle, then there are separate articles for the LDS Church FP and the Community of Christ FP. It's a lot of work, but I still think that this is the ideal that we need to work towards. Kristmace (talk) 11:09, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes; I didn't mean to suggest that it couldn't be done. I agree with you that either they should both be separate or they both should be in this one. I can support either and could support a separation as long as someone's willing to do the legwork of changing all the links. Good Ol’factory (talk) 21:11, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

I have read the article and feel that the Community of Christ section should be removed. The main reason being that there is no such thing as a denomination of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The Community of Christ may have originally been started by individuals that formerly belonged to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, however, it is a different religion entirely with its own separate beliefs and always has been. They are not connected any more than the Catholics and Lutherans. Also, there is nary a mention of the Community of Christ in the first portion of the article and I find it's inclusion confusing, and I imagine somewhat mystifying, to those not familiar with either religion. Therefore I don't see a need to incorporate it, especially if the Community of Christ has their own entry already.--Purpletoupee (talk) 07:26, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think that's quite right, but the confusion may just be resulting from a misunderstanding of how WP uses certain terminology. Both the LDS Church and the Community of Christ are closely related—they're certainly much closer that Catholics and Lutherans. How?—they are both denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement. Most Latter Day Saint movement churches have a "general conference" or a "world conference", and that's really what this article is about. It's not about any one church's conference, but rather the conference practice that has resulted in the many Latter Day Saint churches that have evolved from Joseph Smith's original "Church of Christ". The fact that only the LDS Church and Community of Christ are mentioned does not mean it cannot or should not be expanded to include other smaller Latter Day Saint denominations. Good Ol’factory (talk) 08:29, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Comment Is it possible to just move this article to General Conference (LDS Church), so it is exclusively about the LDS Church? The LDS general conference has a lot of history and is really large, both in its immediate and satellite/Internet audience, and I think it merits its own article. --Eustress (talk) 20:46, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm thinking not really, because there are churches that are not the LDS Church and not the Community of Christ that are Latter Day Saint churches and they have general conferences too. There's nothing in the current article about these yet (this could be written, though), but I imagine some of the links to here may be from non-LDS/COC church pages. Probably few though. In the end, this page would probably eventually come to exist in some form as a non-LDS/COC page, in which case the vast majority of the links would still have to be moved to General conference (LDS Church), since this would not be a redirect page. To recap: I've no problem with General conference (LDS Church) being created as a segregated page, so long as someone changes all the many links to the correct page. Good Ol’factory (talk) 21:55, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Move
Whoa, why was this moved to General conference (Latter Day Saint movement) and then redirected to General conference (LDS Church)? According to WP:LDSMOS, we use "(Latter Day Saints)" as the DAB for things of the Latter Day Saint movement. I suspect this was a way around the problems I mentioned above, but it's not going to work by simply redirecting this page to General conference (LDS Church). Sorry, but I don't think there's any way around the fact that someone will have to change all of the redirects to the correct page. We can't just redirect this one to a church-specific page, as was done. Good Ol’factory (talk) 09:00, 15 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I had never seen WP:LDSMOS, so I guess I'm learning. Regarding updating all the links, I am aware of that (as you explained above) and am in the process. Thanks for your help. --Eustress (talk) 09:09, 15 January 2009 (UTC)
 * They should all be updated now. --Eustress (talk) 09:27, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Merger Proposal
I have proposed that the article World Conference (Community of Christ) be merged into this article. WP:Naming conventions (Latter Day Saints) discourages articles which are denomination specific in the Latter Day Saint movement. This article will therefore be a summary of pre-1844 general conferences and then general conferences in various LDS denominations. Kristmace (talk) 14:31, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

 * This article is called "General Conference." "World Conference" doesn't belong in it.75.165.226.215 (talk) 20:28, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

While Community of Christ and the LDS church have historical roots together, they have more time apart, have vastly different theological understandings, and often words are in common but the means of them are not. It would be best in my opinion to have separate articles for CofC and LDS Church on each issue, topic... and perhaps Early LDS movement (shared history time)to ease in confusion. Perhaps look at other movements in Christianity and see weather they are split up or all combined when the shared history is 7%-13% or so of total history...

DO NOT MERGE THESE ARTICLES. Despite sharing their very early history they are completely different denominations and General Conference for one is run by a completely different organization and people then the World Conference of the other. The structure of each conference is totally different including schedules, regularity, sessions, etc. If these articles are merged I shall appeal.

I agree this is a horrible suggestion. A solution could be to add (LDS) after the title of this existing article and (RLDS) after another article. There is too much confusion between LDS and RLDS splinters on Wikipedia. Everyone should be recognized but not at the expense of the overwhelmingly better known LDS organization.--Ninja247 (talk) 20:48, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Do Not Merge - I agree that this is a bad idea. There are to many fundamental differences between the World Conference (Community of Christ) and General conference (Latter Day Saints)--ARTEST4ECHO talk 17:10, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Change made about Sustaining of Church Officers
I just added clarification about the sustaining of Church officers. Before I made the change, the article said "During the Saturday Afternoon Session..." However, there have been at least 5 exceptions to that in the last 22 years that I'm aware of. When Ezra Taft Benson was sustained as 13th President of the Church, that Solemn Assembly took place during the Sunday Afternoon Session. Howard W. Hunter, Gordon B. Hinckley and Thomas S. Monson all had the Solemn Assembly during the Saturday Morning Session. In April 2007, since the Salt Lake Tabernacle was set to be dedicated during the Saturday Afternoon Session, the sustaining took place in the Saturday Morning Session. And in October 2007, the sustaining was also held during the Saturday Morning Session. As a side note, President Hinckley conducted that sustaining, which is pretty unusual for the President of the Church to do. Additionally, if you refer to conference reports from President Kimball's administration, you will note at least half a dozen additional exceptions to the WP stated information about when the sustaining is held. In short, there are no hard and fast rules saying that the sustaining of church officers HAS to take place during the Saturday Afternoon Session. When it takes place is solely at the discretion of the presiding authority. Therefore, just because something TYPICALLY happens is no rationalization for the implication that it ALWAYS happens that way. Accordingly, I have added the clarifier, "During one session (typically Saturday Afternoon)..." Any comments/questions/additional insights? --Jgstokes-We can disagree without being disagreeable (talk) 02:32, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Dissemination: Via Youtube
There have been two edits made by people to remove the information about the LDS Church adding Youtube to the dissemination methods being used for General Conference, beginning with the April 2010 Conference.

The entire conference, all 33 talks, were placed on Youtube late in the afternoon of 5 April 2010, and it was completely up within about two days. It is on the popular 'Mormon Messages' page on Youtube, which can be found at http://www.youtube.com/mormonmessages and the Church website page, mormonmessages.org does not have these videos included with the Mormon Messages on that page. This needs to be included regardless of botmasters who think that all Youtube links are bad for the Wikipedia pages, XLinkBot and WildBot are the biggest offenders that way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.27.173.103 (talk) 01:34, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It's probably just easier to link to the general conference page on lds.org where all the sermons are also available. Then the bots won't get cranky. There's no reason to favor the YouTube channel over the LDS Church's own official website that it hosts. Good Ol’factory (talk) 01:41, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

This page and the "General Conference/LDS Church" page on here should be merged.
This page should be merged with the "General Conference/LDS Church" page on here, since both pages describe the same thing.

Here's the link to the other page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church) --KellyLeighC (talk) 18:10, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

Links are outdated.
I was curious, so I clicked on the links listed in the external links section, and I got an error message or directed to a general page rather than a specific article for each link I clicked on, with the exception of "An LDS Conference Outside the U. S.?" or whatever it's called. I propose that the out-of-date links be replaced with the correct links ASAP. --Jgstokes (talk) 05:35, 7 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Fixed the EL. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 16:04, 7 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Many thanks! The page looks great now! I had no idea where to find those links, so I owe you big time. Thanks again! --Jgstokes (talk) 19:08, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:65.207.180.139

title: User talk:65.207.180.139


text:
Corrado Paina

Corrado Paina (born in Milan in 1954) is an Italian-born poet based in Toronto.

His writing reflects the changes of borders in life, sex and soul. His works have been published in Canada and Italy.

Poetry collections published

 * Hoarse Legend, 2000
 * The Dowry of Education, 2004
 * The Alphabet of the Traveler, 2006
 * Souls in Plain Clothes, 2008
 * Cinematic Taxi, 2015
 * Largo Italia
 * L'alfabeto del Viaggiatore
 * A Toast to Illness

Short story collections

 * Di Corsa (Monteleone/Mapograph – Vibo Valentia)
 * Tempo Rubato (Atelier 14 – Milano)
 * Darsena Inquinata (Moderata Durant – Latina)

Novels

 * Tra Rothko e Tre Finestre" (Ibiskos)
 * Abecedario (etchings by Sandro Martini)
 * Between Rothko and three windows

Plaquettes

 * "Il Pulcino e L'elefante" of Alberto Casiraghi,
 * "i Quaderni d'Orfeo" of Roberto Dossi and Luciano Ragozzino
 * "Il Ragazzo Innocuo" of Dario Borso

Editor

 * College Street – Little Italy – The Renaissance Strip (Mansfield Press) finalist of the Toronto Heritage Award

title: Corrado Paina


text: Category:Derby

title: Category:Derby


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/In flagrante delicto

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. NSR (talk) 10:28, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

In flagrante delicto

 * Nominator forgot to add to the VfD logs, adding to today's log. --cesarb 15:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete No content and slang.Howabout1 14:03, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, although the article needs improvement. Perhaps I'll put it on my todo list. →Vik Reykja 00:19, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Definitely, although as noted above it certainly needs some work.--Xinoph 01:14, May 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Important to know the origins of these commonly used phrases, even where the meaning has altered over the years --217.33.241.210 11:03, 18 May 2005 (UTC)RaJ 12:02 18 May 2005
 * Strong Keep, it's defined in Black's Law Dictionary, so it's certainly not slang. A legitimate latin phrase in common English usage. - Jersyko  talk  05:01, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, a stub but on a legitimate topic. --Casey J. Morris 14:42, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, a stub and needs work, but a most valid topic. I just arrived here because I need to link to this expression from another article. --J-Star July 8, 2005 12:28 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep per Jersyko. Tufflaw 21:46, July 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Just realized that VFD is from April. Any reason why it's still active? Tufflaw 21:49, July 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Nominator forgot to add to the VfD logs, adding to today's log." articles are often tagged, but not added to the main Vfd page. Niteowlneils 16:57, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, other items on List of Latin phrases have articles. This one looks expandable - some famous examples might help - how about the Watergate scandal. -- Solipsist 15:52, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Notable and useful phrase which belongs in a dictionary, thought article should be concise and to-the-point. jglc | t | c 16:06, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Notable phrase. Capitalistroadster 18:17, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I wish I could say in flagrante deleto, but I can't. Keep.DS 21:18, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable phrase. Xoloz 03:12, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Folly Tower, Pontypool

Move
I've moved this page from The Folly Tower to here, as a) there are more than one of them, and b) the current title fails WP:THE; none of the sources support the definite article being an integral part of the name. Moonraker12 (talk) 14:27, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Folly Tower, Pontypool


text:
Multigraph

In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a multigraph is a graph which is permitted to have multiple edges (also called parallel edges ), that is, edges that have the same end nodes. Thus two vertices may be connected by more than one edge.

There are 2 distinct notions of multiple edges:
 * Edges without own identity: The identity of an edge is defined solely by the two nodes it connects. In this case, the term "multiple edges" means that the same edge can occur several times between these two nodes.
 * Edges with own identity: Edges are primitive entities just like nodes. When multiple edges connect two nodes, these are different edges.

A multigraph is different from a hypergraph, which is a graph in which an edge can connect any number of nodes, not just two.

For some authors, the terms pseudograph and multigraph are synonymous. For others, a pseudograph is a multigraph that is permitted to have loops.

Undirected multigraph (edges without own identity)
A multigraph G is an ordered pair G := (V, E) with
 * V a set of vertices or nodes,
 * E a multiset of unordered pairs of vertices, called edges or lines.

Undirected multigraph (edges with own identity)
A multigraph G is an ordered triple G := (V, E, r) with
 * V a set of vertices or nodes,
 * E a set of edges or lines,
 * r : E → { {x,y} : x, y ∈ V}, assigning to each edge an unordered pair of endpoint nodes.

Some authors allow multigraphs to have loops, that is, an edge that connects a vertex to itself, while others call these pseudographs, reserving the term multigraph for the case with no loops.

Directed multigraph (edges without own identity)
A multidigraph is a directed graph which is permitted to have multiple arcs, i.e., arcs with the same source and target nodes. A multidigraph  G is an ordered pair G := (V, A) with
 * V a set of vertices or nodes,
 * A a multiset of ordered pairs of vertices called directed edges, arcs or arrows.

A mixed multigraph G := (V, E, A) may be defined in the same way as a mixed graph.

Directed multigraph (edges with own identity)
A multidigraph or quiver G is an ordered 4-tuple G := (V, A, s, t) with
 * V a set of vertices or nodes,
 * A a set of edges or lines,
 * $$s : A \rightarrow V$$, assigning to each edge its source node,
 * $$t : A \rightarrow V$$, assigning to each edge its target node.

This notion might be used to model the possible flight connections offered by an airline. In this case the multigraph would be a directed graph with pairs of directed parallel edges connecting cities to show that it is possible to fly both to and from these locations.

In category theory a small category can be defined as a multidigraph (with edges having their own identity) equipped with an associative composition law and a distinguished self-loop at each vertex serving as the left and right identity for composition. For this reason, in category theory the term graph is standardly taken to mean "multidigraph", and the underlying multidigraph of a category is called its underlying digraph.

Labeling
Multigraphs and multidigraphs also support the notion of graph labeling, in a similar way. However there is no unity in terminology in this case.

The definitions of labeled multigraphs and labeled multidigraphs are similar, and we define only the latter ones here.

Definition 1: A labeled multidigraph is a labeled graph with labeled arcs.

Formally: A labeled multidigraph G is a multigraph with labeled vertices and arcs. Formally it is an 8-tuple $$G=(\Sigma_V, \Sigma_A, V, A, s, t, \ell_V, \ell_A)$$ where
 * $$V$$ is a set of vertices and $$A$$ is a set of arcs.
 * $$\Sigma_V$$ and $$\Sigma_A$$ are finite alphabets of the available vertex and arc labels,
 * $$s\colon A\rightarrow\ V$$ and $$t\colon A\rightarrow\ V$$ are two maps indicating the source and target vertex of an arc,
 * $$\ell_V\colon V\rightarrow\Sigma_V$$ and $$\ell_A\colon A\rightarrow\Sigma_A$$ are two maps describing the labeling of the vertices and arcs.

Definition 2: A labeled multidigraph is a labeled graph with multiple labeled arcs, i.e. arcs with the same end vertices and the same arc label (note that this notion of a labeled graph is different from the notion given by the article graph labeling).

title: Multigraph


text:
De Havilland Ghost

The de Havilland Ghost (originally Halford H-2) was the de Havilland Engine Company's second design of a turbojet engine to enter production and the world's first gas turbine engine to enter airline service (with BOAC). The Ghost powered the de Havilland Venom, de Havilland Comet and SAAB 29 Tunnan. It was a scaled-up development of the Goblin.

On 23 March 1948, John Cunningham achieved a new world altitude record of 59,446 ft. He was flying a Vampire Mk I modified by replacement of the Goblin engine with a Ghost engine, and installation of extended wing tips.

Design and development
The Ghost originated when de Havilland started work on what was to become the Comet in 1943. Frank Halford's first design, the H-1, was just entering production and he was able to meet the power requirements of the Comet by scaling up the H-1. The resulting H-2 used ten larger combustion chambers in place of the Goblin's sixteen smaller ones, using bifurcated "split intakes" which were fed by each diffuser duct to effectively make twenty inlets. While the prototype was being built, de Havilland bought Halford's firm and reformed it as the de Havilland Engine Company, renaming the H-1 and H-2 as the Goblin and Ghost respectively.

The Ghost was running in 1944, and flew in 1945. This was long before the Comet or Venom was ready for flight. By this point the Ghost had been selected for the Swedish "JxR" fighter project, which eventually turned into the Tunnan. During the design of the Tunnan, Sweden received German data on swept wing designs via Switzerland and redesigned the plane to incorporate this planform. The Tunnan first flew in this form in 1948. For production versions of the Tunnan, the Ghost was built under licence by Svenska Flygmotor (later to become Volvo Aero) as the RM2. The Ghost was also licence built in Italy by Fiat and in Switzerland by Sulzer Brothers.

The Ghost would next be seen when the Comet I first took to the air on 27 July 1949. It was powered by the 5000 lbf Ghost 50, which was the interim powerplant, pending the availability of the Rolls-Royce Avon engine which was to be used in the Comet 2. Several versions of the Ghost 50 were produced, ending with the Ghost 50-Mk.4 installed in the Comet 1XB which was built to test new fuselage construction techniques introduced to address problems with the Comet 1.

During development, the Royal Air Force also asked for an improved version of the de Havilland Vampire with greater load-carrying capacity and thus a larger engine. The resulting design was known as the Venom, and shared many features with the earlier Vampire. The Ghost first flew in the Venom on 2 September 1949. By this point the engine had been running for some time and was already at the Mk.103 model of 4850 lbf. The Venom was used primarily as a fighter bomber, although some were also produced as night fighters. The Venom was later selected by the Fleet Air Arm for their interceptor needs, and was widely used as the Sea Venom.

Variants

 * Ghost 3 (DGt.3):
 * Ghost 45:rated at 4400 lbf
 * Ghost 48 Mk.1:(103) rated at 4850 lbf
 * Ghost 48 Mk.2:(104)
 * Ghost 50 Mk 1:rated at 5000 lbf at 10,000 rpm with a weight of 2011 lb
 * Ghost 50 Mk 2:rated at 5125 lbf
 * Ghost 53 Mk 1:(105)
 * Ghost 103:rated at 4850 lbf
 * Ghost 104:rated at 4950 lbf
 * Ghost 105:rated at 5150 lbf
 * Svenska Flygmotor RM2: Licence production and development 5000 lbf at 10,250 rpm
 * Svenska Flygmotor RM2B: RM2 with afterburner 6200 lbf wet at 10,250 rpm; 4750 lbf dry at 10,250 rpm.
 * Fiat 4001: (Ghost 48 Mk.1) Fiat licence production.

Applications

 * de Havilland Comet
 * de Havilland Venom
 * de Havilland Sea Venom
 * "Ghost-Lancastrian"
 * Saab Tunnan
 * Crusader (speedboat)

title: De Havilland Ghost


text:
User:RI~enwiki/Alfredo Zardini

Alfredo Zardini (c. 1941 – March 20, 1971) was an Italian immigrant who was attacked and killed in Zürich, Switzerland.

Like many other Italians in the 20th century, Zardini came to Switzerland to work — in 1970, 17% of the inhabitants of Zurich were foreigners, half of them Italians. Zardini had left his village in the Province of Belluno to find a job as a roofer. On his way to his first day of work in the early morning of Saturday, March 20, 1971, Zardini entered the "Stirnimaa", a tavern with the reputation of attracting drunks and local xenophobes. Zardini got into an argument with a man who was both drunk and a right-wing political activist. He was beaten until he lost consciousness and dragged out to the sidewalk, where he was attacked by another person. Police were called and Zardini was brought to the hospital where he was pronounced dead.

The initial attacker was released from prison after three months of investigation. The second attacker has never been identified.

Zardini's death became a national issue. In many factories and on many construction sites, Italians did not turn up for work on the Monday following the event. The tabloid Blick claimed on March 25 that the death, as tragic as it was, had nothing to do with xenophobia.

Zardini was survived by his wife and his child.

title: User:RI~enwiki/Alfredo Zardini


text:
Glyptothek

The Glyptothek is a museum in Munich, Germany, which was commissioned by the Bavarian King Ludwig I to house his collection of Greek and Roman sculptures (hence γλυπτο- glypto- "sculpture", from the Greek verb γλύφειν glyphein "to carve" and the noun θήκη "container"). It was designed by Leo von Klenze in the neoclassical style, and built from 1816 to 1830. Today the museum is a part of the Kunstareal.

History
The Glyptothek was commissioned by the Crown Prince (later King) Ludwig I of Bavaria alongside other projects, such as the neighboring Königsplatz and the building which houses the State Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities, as a monument to ancient Greece. He envisioned a "German Athens", in which the ancient Greek culture would be remembered; he had this built in front of the gates of Munich. The Glyptothek is Munich's oldest public museum.

The layout of the Königsplatz complex was designed by the architects Karl von Fischer and Leo von Klenze in 1815, the latter arranged it in the style of a forum, with the Glyptothek on the north side. Colorful frescoes and stuccos made by distinguished artists such as Peter von Cornelius, Clemens von Zimmermann, and Wilhelm von Kaulbach adorned the walls of the museum. In the few years between 1806 and the opening of the museum in 1830, Ludwig completed a notable collection of Greek and Roman sculpture. Through his agents, he managed to acquire such pieces as the Medusa Rondanini, the Barberini Faun, and, in 1813, the figures from the Aphaea temple on Aegina.

The Second World War did not destroy much of the artwork in the Glyptothek; but the frescoes did not survive and only lightly plastered bricks were visible after the museum was reopened in 1972. Since the Assyrian Hall erected in the inner court by Klenze in 1864 was not rebuilt, the Assyrian Orthostat reliefs from the palace of king Ashur-nasir-pal II and a lion from the Ishtar Gate of Babylon were moved into the Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst.

From October 2018 until January 2021 the Glyptothek was closed due to renovation works. The reopening was scheduled for January 27, 2021. The work on the second construction phase included the exterior of the Glyptothek and continued until the summer of 2021 while the museum was still open.

Architecture
The museum was designed in the Classical Greek - Italian style. The portico is Ionic, and the outer walls contain niches, in which 18 original Roman and Greek sculptures stand, six on each wall (except the back). The thirteen rectangular, square or round rooms are arranged around a courtyard, the vestibule in the central building dominates the halls of height. In front of the vestibule is the portico of twelve Ionic columns. The overlying gable includes a group of Johann Martin von Wagner. It represents Athena as protector of the plastic arts. The exterior walls are adorned with sculptures in niches, while the windows are open to the interior courtyard. The sculptures represent mythical or historical representatives of the arts, these are in the front of the Königsplatz Daedalus, Prometheus, Hadrian, Pericles, Phidias and Hephaestus. On the western and eastern side of the building there are sculptors of the Renaissance and of the times when the Glyptothek was built, including Bertel Thorvaldsen and Antonio Canova, whose works were once on display earlier in the Hall of the Glyptothek but were later moved to the Neue Pinakothek.

The museum was originally built completely out of marble. However, during World War II the museum was bombed, and later reconstructed. The walls from the interior are composed of red brick and painted with a light plaster. The interior has domed vaulting.

Collections
The Glyptothek contains sculptures dating from the archaic age (c. 650 BC) to the Roman era (c. 550 AD). Other notable sculptures, mosaics and reliefs can also be found here. This collection is complemented by the terracotta and bronze collections in the Staatliche Antikensammlung (State Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities), which is located opposite the Glyptothek.

Archaic period (700-490 BC)
Among the most famous sculptures covering Archaic Greece are the Munich Kouros (statue of an adolescent from Attica, c. 540 BC), the Kouros of Tenea (statue of an adolescent from Corinth, c. 560 BC) and the temple figures from Aegina (510-480 BC). Of the latter, there are in fact two sets of similar sculptures at the Glyptothek. As archeologists excavated the site at Aegina, these two sets were discovered, and it was later theorized that the original temple was destroyed during the Peloponnesian War and another temple was erected shortly after in its place. The extant temple of c. 500 BC was built over the remains of an earlier temple of c. 570 BC, which was destroyed by fire c. 510 BC. The elements of this destroyed temple were buried in the infill for the larger, flat terrace of the later temple, and are thus well preserved.

Classical period (490–323 BC)
To the most famous sculptures of Classical Greece belong the portrait of Homer (460 BC), the so-called Munich King (460 BC), who probably represented Hephaestus, the Statue of Diomedes (430 BC), the Medusa Rondanini (440 BC), the Funeral stele of Mnesarete (380 BC), the Statue of Eirene (370 BC), the grave relief of a youth with his hunting dog" (360 BC), a portrait of Plato (348 BC), the Alexander Rondanini (c. 338 BC) and the Ilioneus'' (c. 320 BC).

Hellenistic period (323–146 BC)
The most famous sculpture representing the Hellenistic period is the Barberini Faun (220 BC). Among the famous Roman copies of Greek sculptures are the Boy with the Goose (c. 250 BC) and the Drunken Woman (attributed to Myron of Thebes; c. 200 BC). The marble portrait of Alexander the Great (Alexander Schwarzenberg), with which the Hellenistic period began, dates from c. 330 BC.

Roman period (150 BC – 550 AD)
The Glyptothek keeps a large collection of Roman busts, among the most famous ones are the busts of Gaius Marius and Sulla (c. 40 BC), the Emperors Augustus (c. 40 AD), Nero (65 AD), Septimius Severus (200 AD) and his wife Julia Domna (195 AD). A heroised statue portrays Domitian as prince (70/80 AD). With the support of the cultural foundations of the German states, the Glyptothek was able to acquire in 2017 a bust of Caligula (c. 40 AD), excavated in Córdoba in 1937. The Emperor, like the Munich portrait of his ancestor Augustus (Augustus Bevilacqua), bears the corona civica. As a head of Tiberius has long been in the Glyptothek and a head of Claudius (Claudius Jucker) was donated in 2012, the Glyptothek owns portraits of all five emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. To the major attractions belong also a colossal statue of Apollo (1st/2nd centuries AD) from a Roman villa in Tuscany, several Roman sarcophagus reliefs and mosaic floors. The marble statue of Artemis as mistress of the animals dates from 50 AD. An imitation of the classical style is the Roman head of a youth in bronze (ca Christ's birth). The Roman period is also represented by several reliefs (Relief of gladiators, 1st century BC) and mosaics (Aion mosaic, c. 200–250 AD).

title: Glyptothek


text:
User talk:170.235.201.26

November 2013
Hello, I'm DVdm. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to Clock, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. DVdm (talk) 19:36, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

January 2014
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February 2014
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September 2014
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June 2015
Hello, I'm Tefkasp. I noticed that you made a change to an article, St. Vincent (musician), but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so! If you need guidance on referencing, please see the referencing for beginners tutorial, or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Sum mer PhD v2.0 18:07, 15 June 2015 (UTC)
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October 2015
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September 2017
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November 2019
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Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Guppy, you may be blocked from editing. — Chevvin 19:46, 26 November 2019 (UTC)
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February 2020
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November 2021
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Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Billy Collins, you may be blocked from editing. My Pants Metal (talk) 14:36, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

April 2022
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May 2022
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June 2022
Hello, I'm -Alabama-. I noticed that in this edit to Aurelia Browder, you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry, the removed content has been restored. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. -Alabama- (talk) 17:31, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:170.235.201.26


text:
Land of the Silver Birch

"Land of the Silver Birch" is a traditional Canadian folk song that dates from the 1920s. The lyrics are sometimes erroneously attributed to Pauline Johnson, perhaps in confusion with her well-known poem, "The Song My Paddle Sings". It is sometimes sung to keep time while canoeing, and sometimes sung at campfires in a round. It is in Aeolian, or natural minor, but may be sung with a raised sixth, creating a Dorian feel.

Its subject matter is a romanticized vision of nature and the land from the perspective of an Indigenous person. Bonnie Dobson sang this song on her 1972 self-titled album. This song appears in the Paul Gross film Men with Brooms (2002). In 2005, the song was partly re-written by Canadian folk singer Dickson Reid and released on his debut album, Sugar in the Snow.

Lyrics
Like most traditional songs the lyrics vary slightly. The following are representative:

verse 1:

Home of the beaver Where still the mighty moose Wanders at will
 * Land of the silver birch

Blue lake and rocky shore I will return once more boomdidi boom boom – boomdidi boom boom – boomdidi boom boom boom
 * Refrain:

I'll build my wigwam (Alternate version: There where the blue lake lies, I'll set my wigwam) Close to the water's edge Silent and still
 * High on a rocky ledge

 * Refrain

Here in the low lands I will return to thee Hills of the north
 * My heart grows sick for thee

 * Refrain

It is related to a similar song "My Paddle's Keen and Bright", written by Margaret Embers McGee (1889–1975) in 1918, which is used to keep time paddling and is frequently intermingled:

Flashing with silver Follow the wild goose flight (other known colloquial versions of this line exist, including: Follow the pale moonlight, and Follow the waters light.) Dip, dip and swing
 * My paddle's keen and bright

Flashing with silver Swift as the wild goose flies Dip, dip and swing
 * Dip, dip and swing her back

Alternative lyrics
The lyrics of this song can be quite different depending on who you talk to and what region of Canada they are from. Some possible variations and additional verses:

Down in the lowlands My heart cries out for thee Hills of the North
 * Deep in the forest

Canoe of birch bark Thy mighty waterways Carry me forth
 * Swift as a silver fish

Far from my homeland I will return to thee Hills of the North
 * Though I am forced to flee

Over the mountains My spirit rises up Free as a bird
 * High as an eagle soars

A French version, "Terre du bouleau blanc", was distributed by Orff Canada.

In 1979 the Canadian Cultural Workers' Committee, a musical group associated with the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist), released a song on their album 'The Party is the Most Precious Thing' titled 'Death to the Traitors' which takes its melody from "Land of the Silver Birch" but with new communist lyrics about destroying imperialism and capitalism in Canada and uniting the Canadian working class.

"Silver Birch" in the Scouts and Guiding movement
Since the 1930s, the song has been popular with Scouts and Girl Guides. Its origin is unclear. It is sung regularly at Canadian Scout and Guide camps, including Doe Lake, Camp Maple Leaf, Camp Wenonah (co-educational camp) and Camp Wa-Thik-Ane in Quebec's lower Laurentians.

The song is also sometimes sung at Boy Scout Camps in the United States, though sometimes "eagle" is sung in place of "beaver". Another variation is sung at the opening and closing campfires at Ma-Ka-Ja-Wan Scout Reservation in Pearson, Wisconsin. Cuyuna Scout Camp of Crosslake, Minnesota uses this song as one of the three it uses to close its Sunday and Friday night campfire programs, as does Camp Babcock-Hovey in Ovid, New York.

The translated Italian version "Terra di Betulla" is likely frequent campfire song for Italian scouts.

Other uses
This song is performed by children in American elementary school plays about the First Thanksgiving to typify Native American lifestyle only using the first verses.

In the 2019 film Brotherhood, directed by Richard Bell is based on a true story of a 1926 canoeing accident in an Ontario, Canada lake at a boys' summer camp. Ten boys and a camp counsellor died, when their 30-foot canoe capsized. The boys' hearty rendition of Land of the Silver Birch as the canoe trip began, is replayed throughout the film in subdued tones, reflecting the survivors' struggle to stay alive in the dark, frigid waters.

title: Land of the Silver Birch


text:
User:NoSeptember

{| style="border: 1px solid #eAf9f6; background-color:#eAf9f6"
 * - padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;"

One month after joining Wikipedia I created an article about an obscure judge named John Roberts. Now that obscure judge is the Chief Justice of the United States. Note that Roberts was both nominated and confirmed for Chief Justice in the month of September, so it must be my lucky month. I have always been interested in the political and legal process of the United States and countries around the world, and the history of any time period or geographical location. In politics, my specific interests include judicial appointments, the electoral college and elections, presidents, political subdivisions, constitutions, laws controlling elections and nominations, political biographies, and so forth. You are invited to edit this page and any of my subpages, if you are improving or updating them :-).

I am just one small piece of the Wikipedia community, but all the small pieces keep Wikipedia together.

Articles created by NoSeptember

 * (the following lists are somewhat out of date and not updated)

American Political, Legal, World
American-related Articles:

 * United States state legislatures' partisan trend

 * List of U.S. Vice Presidents by time in office (original history here}

 * Disappearing quorum

 * Federal judicial appointment history

 * National Legal Center for the Public Interest

 * United States Assistant Attorney General

 * List of U.S. Presidents by time as former president (original history here}

 * Partisan mix of congressional delegations and its subpages Partisan mix of congressional delegations, 109th congress and Partisan mix of congressional delegations, 110th congress

 * Former presidents who ran for the presidency

Circuit Court and other judicial biographies:
 * Electoral vote changes between presidential elections
 * Edith Jones

 * John Roberts - the Chief Justice of the United States

 * Michael W. McConnell

 * Diane S. Sykes

 * Ed Prado renamed Edward C. Prado

 * Rebecca Love Kourlis

 * Maura D. Corrigan

 * Henry Friendly - one of the judges that John Roberts clerked for.

 * Deanell Reece Tacha

 * Deborah L. Cook

 * Maureen Mahoney

Other American articles:

 * Robin Raphel - diplomat

 * Lake Needwood - a lake with the potential for a dam break

Monarchy Articles:

 * Direct descent from William I to Elizabeth II see here

 * List of heirs to the English and British thrones
 * now split into List of heirs to the English throne and List of heirs to the British throne

 * English and French monarchs overlap chart see here

 * Family branches of the line of succession to the British Throne, created as a section of Line of succession to the British Throne which was later split off.

World-related Articles:

 * List of ages of popes, originally called Ages of Popes

 * Paullu Inca

Wikipedia, Navigation
The NoSeptember Admin Project:
 * Admin statistics
 * Admin user subpages
 * RfA voting records
 * Desysopped admins
 * List of Administrators (with service dates)
 * List of failed RfAs (Chronological)
 * List of RfA attempts (Chronological)
 * Admin pages to update
 * Leaving Wikipedia
 * Auwana

Wikipedia project pages, shortcuts:

 * Today's featured picture (animation)

 * Rollback policy

 * WP:ROLL

 * Requests for adminship/NoThanks

 * Requests for adminship/RfA and RfB Report

 * Requests for arbitration/Completed requests/Involved parties

 * Ignore some rules, WP:ISR

 * No personal compliments, WP:NPC

Templates:

 * Template:Refactored

 * Template:Bureaucrat

 * Template:Bureaucrat2

 * Template:Admin-abbr

 * Template:Admina

 * Template:Formeradmin

 * Template:USCongress, originally called Template:Congresslists

 * Template:CompactTOC6a

 * Template:Order of Succession (Former Monarchies)

Categories:

 * Category:Judges of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit relocated

 * Category:Judges of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit relocated

 * Category:U.S. Assistant Attorneys General relocated

 * Category:U.S. presidential election, 1876 relocated

 * Category:Wikipedian vigils (deleted once its purpose had been served)

Disambiguations:

 * Ronald Reagan (disambiguation)

 * Henry Wilson (disambiguation)

 * Gordon Brown (disambiguation)

Useful improvements to articles

 * Nuclear option (filibuster) - House and Senate cloture and quorum history
 * Filibuster - Add 19th century history
 * United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and the other circuits - added the list of current nominees for all vacancies
 * Potential Bush administration nominees to the Supreme Court of the United States - add birth years of potential nominees, and add several nominees
 * Defeated nominees to the U.S. Supreme Court - Congress manipulates Andrew Johnson
 * Line of succession to the British Throne - added the Family branches of the line of succession section.
 * List of Massachusetts county name etymologies - complete the list of name origins
 * Presidential succession boxes: Bill Clinton as Attorney General of Arkansas, Ronald Reagan as President of the Screen Actors Guild
 * Circuit Court succession boxes for justices of the Supreme Court
 * List of U.S. Presidents by political occupation - add cabinet secretaries and other entries

Articles created by others at my suggestion

 * User:Tawkerbot2/FAQ, later moved to User:AntiVandalBot/FAQ
 * User:NoSeptember/RfA thank yous

To Do list
My To Do list is highly confidential. This link is to be used only by me.

More userpage stuff

 * Barnstars and Awards

User page archeology How my user and user talk pages appeared in the past:
 * 5 February 2006
 * 16 May 2006

title: User:NoSeptember


text:
User talk:CrazyC

taka, teraj dalje protiv bugarchinjata gnasni--Azwhoopin18 14:11, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fala, vistinata mora da se doznajt.--CrazyC

Repeated valdalism will not go unnoticed! 12.20.4.100 15:33, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What vandalism?? I only want the world to know the truth, nothing more. CrazyC

You really are crazy. --Vladko 11:09, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sure ;) -- CrazyC

The link to Ivo Banac is already in the source list of Ilinden uprising, otherwise Poulton's book is the easiest to find, it is the latest to come out as far as I remember. Why don't you check it before arguing? Or do you think I would play "edit wars" with you if I don't have something to fall on? As I said, I have requested a third opinion from another editor (who is neither Bulgarian, nor Macedonian), he hasn't answered me yet (I wrote to him in the afternoon) but he will, sooner or later. I am getting tired of reverts wars, so, hopefully, a solution will come sooner or later. VMORO 22:16, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Yes, and, by the way, can you explain to me what this "Odrin" have to do in your "Macedonian-Slav" organization? What were the Bulgarians in the region of Odrin have to do with the Slav Macedonians in Macedonia? Another question without answer from Macedoniafaq.org... VMORO 22:19, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Goce.grob.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Goce.grob.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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title: User talk:CrazyC


text:
Threekingham

Threekingham (sometimes Threckingham or Tricengham) is a village in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 233. It is situated on the A52 Grantham to Boston road, 6 mi south from Sleaford, and close to the A15 Threekingham Bar roundabout. Mareham Lane, the Roman Road aligned with King Street, crosses the A15 at Threekingham.

History
The name of the town means "home of Tric's people." Tric is a Brittonic personal name, though it is unclear whether Tric himself was a Briton or whether he was descended from Anglo-Saxon migrants but given a name borrowed from Celtic speakers who possibly lived nearby. Either way, Threekingham itself is a Germanic name, given by speakers of Old English.

A folk etymology that developed in the later Anglo-Saxon period derives the name from "home of the three kings," supposedly because three Danish kings were buried there; however, this is incorrect.

Threekingham parish church is dedicated to St. Peter ad Vincula (St Peter in chains). The village public house is the Three Kings Inn.

The Domesday Book of 1086 records two churches in Threekingham; St Peter and St Mary. The church of St Mary was at Stow Green. Funerary remains have been found at Stow Green date back to the 11th and 12th centuries, and the church survived until the 18th century. It is possible that it was the site of an Early Medieval nunnery, founded in the late 7th century by St Werburgh and dedicated to St Ætheldreda. It was probably destroyed by the Danes c.870.

Historian David Roffe describes St Ætheldreda's connection with Stow Green, saying the site, called "Ædeldreðestowe," was chosen because the saint's staff took root and sprouted leaves there.

'Stow' is well known to be a place name denoting a holy place, or a burial place. According to Eilert Ekwall, "Old English 'stow' is recorded in senses such as 'place', 'inhabited place', 'holy place, hermitage, monastery', probably 'church'."

The Medieval Stow Fair was held nearby, less than 1 mi to the south. It is possible that it was the site of the early medieval nunnery founded in the late 7th century by Saint Werburh, dedicated to Saint Æthelthryth, and probably destroyed by the Danes c. 870.

There are ancient earthworks and a mound called Threekingham Beacon to the west of the village. The post-medieval garden features overlie much older earthworks and tumuli. The remains of a moated manor house are in Hall Lane.

There is a Whalebone Arch marking the entrance to Laundon Hall.

title: Threekingham


text:
Sound Forge

Sound Forge (formerly known as Sonic Foundry Sound Forge, and later as Sony Sound Forge ) is a digital audio editing suite by Magix Software GmbH, which is aimed at the professional and semi-professional markets. There are two versions of Sound Forge: Sound Forge Pro 12 released in April 2018 and Sound Forge Audio Studio 13 (formerly known as Sonic Foundry's Sound Forge LE) released in January 2019. Both are well known digital audio editors and offer recording, audio editing, audio mastering and processing.

In 2003, Sonic Foundry, the former parent company of Sound Forge, faced losses and tough competition from much larger companies, and agreed to sell its desktop audio and music production product family to Sony Pictures Digital for $18 million. The software initially had Windows 3.x support, but after version 3.0 all support for 16-bit Windows was dropped. Additionally, Windows 95 support was dropped after Sound Forge 5.0.

On May 20, 2016, Sony announced that it would be selling the bulk of its creative software suite, including Sound Forge Pro, to Magix GmbH & Co. Magix announced via Facebook that their first new version of Sound Forge Audio Studio (Sound Forge Audio Studio 12) was released August 2017.

Features

 * Multi-channel or multitrack Recording
 * Voice activity detection using artificial intelligence
 * Disc Description Protocol export
 * High resolution audio support: 24-Bit, 32-Bit, 64-bit (IEEE float) 192 kHz
 * Support for a wide variety of file formats: DSF (DSD), AA3/OMA (ATRAC), GIG (GigaSampler instrument), IVC (Intervoice), MP4 (including Apple Lossless), MPEG‑2 transport stream and PCA (Sony Perfect Clarity Audio). For working with audio‑for‑video, Pro 12 includes versatile video file support AVI, WMV, MPEG‑1 and MPEG‑2 (in PAL or NTSC) file formats
 * DirectX and VST3 plugin support. Version 12 includes a vinyl restoration plug-in and Mastering Effects Bundle, powered by IZotope

title: Sound Forge


text:
Bothy

A bothy is a basic shelter, usually left unlocked and available for anyone to use free of charge. It was also a term for basic accommodation, usually for gardeners or other workers on an estate. Bothies are found in remote mountainous areas of Scotland, Northern England, Ulster and Wales. They are particularly common in the Scottish Highlands, but related buildings can be found around the world (for example, in the Nordic countries there are wilderness huts). A bothy was also a semi-legal drinking den on the Isle of Lewis. These, such as Bothan Eòrapaidh, were used until recent years as gathering points for local men and were often situated in an old hut or caravan.

Definition
In Scots law, bothies are defined as:

"a building of no more than two storeys which—
 * (a) does not have any form of—
 * (i) mains electricity,
 * (ii) piped fuel supply, and
 * (iii) piped mains water supply,
 * (b) is 100 metres or more from the nearest public road (within the meaning of section 151 of the Roads (Scotland) Act 1984(9)), and
 * (c) is 100 metres or more from the nearest habitable building"

Any such building is exempt from council tax and from legislation requiring registration for letting purposes.

Etymology
The etymology of the word bothy is uncertain. Suggestions include a relation to both "hut" as in Irish bothán and Scottish Gaelic bothan or bothag; a corruption of the Welsh term bwthyn, also meaning small cottage; and a derivation from Norse būð, cognate with English booth with a diminutive ending.

Mountain bothy character
Most bothies are ruined buildings which have been restored to a basic standard, providing a windproof and watertight shelter. They vary in size from little more than a large box up to two-storey cottages. They usually have designated sleeping areas, which commonly are either an upstairs room or a raised platform, thus allowing one to keep clear of cold air and draughts at floor height. No bedding, mattresses or blankets are provided. Public access to bothies is either on foot, by bicycle or boat. Most have a fireplace and are near a natural source of water. A spade may be provided to bury waste.

There are thousands of examples to draw from. A typical Scottish bothy is the Salmon Fisherman's Bothy, Newtonhill, which is perched above the Burn of Elsick near its mouth at the North Sea. Another Scottish example from the peak of the salmon fishing in the 1890s is the fisherman's bothy at the mouth of the Burn of Muchalls. A further example is the Lairig Leacach Bothy in Lochaber, not far to the east of Fort William.

Mountain Bothy code
Because they are freely available to all, the continued existence of bothies relies on users helping look after them. Over the years, the Mountain Bothies Association has developed a Bothy Code that sets out the main points users should respect:

 * Bothies are used entirely at users' own risk.
 * Leave the bothy clean and tidy with dry kindling for the next visitors. Make other visitors welcome.
 * Report any damage to whoever maintains the bothy. Take out all rubbish which you cannot burn. Avoid burying rubbish; this pollutes the environment. Do not leave perishable food as this attracts vermin. Guard against fire risk and ensure the fire is out before you leave. Make sure the doors and windows are properly closed when you leave.
 * If there is no toilet at the bothy bury human waste out of sight and well away from the water supply; never use the vicinity of the bothy as a toilet.
 * Never cut live wood or damage estate property. Use fuel sparingly.
 * Large groups and long stays are to be discouraged – bothies are intended for small groups on the move in the mountains.
 * Respect any restrictions on use of the bothy, for example during stag stalking or at lambing time. Please remember bothies are available for short stays only. The owner's permission must be obtained if you intend an extended stay.
 * Because of overcrowding and lack of facilities, large groups (6 or more) should not use a bothy nor camp near a bothy without first seeking permission from the owner. Bothies are not available for commercial groups.

The gardener's bothy
The Gardeners Chronicle of 1906 rather grandly defines a bothy as “the apartments in a garden allotted for the residence of under gardeners”. These came in a variety of sizes. An advertisement from 1880 notes “two in bothy”. At the other end of the scale was “The Royal Bothy” at Frogmore (near Windsor castle) with accommodation for 24 gardeners, and of sufficient interest to be listed in Scientific American Building Monthly. A more recent summary mentions intermediate sized bothys housing three to six gardeners.

Bothy quality varied as well as the size. Frogmore, in 1903, had not only lavatories and dining room, but included a sick room and reading room. However at the other extreme one author in 1842 reported: "The bothy is commonly a little lonely shed placed on the north side of the north wall of the kitchen-garden; that small apartment has often to be kitchen, breakfast-room, dining-room, parlour, bed-room, dressing-room, and study, for men that deserve better accommodation. If a little of the money that is spent upon dog-kennels were employed in erecting decent habitations for journeymen gardeners, gentlemen would receive a higher rate of interest for money laid out in such a way, than they do from much of their wealth that is sent out in other directions."Having local accommodation for gardening staff was not just a convenience but a necessity. The twelve gardeners in Baron Rothschild's bothy in France not only worked the 6-till-6 day shift in 1880, but every day one of them was the “night guard” to look after the forty different fires. Another article notes that the gardeners had to be up every 4 hours at night to note the temperatures.

Bothy life seems to have been varied, with some of the flavour of a student residence. In some cases gardeners were fined for being untidy, and forbidden to sing. Another ex-bothy resident recalled gardeners arriving with heavy heart, having left home for the first time, but regretful years later on leaving the bothy. In “A bothy Yuletide” he describes how, despite the necessity for two gardeners to remain on duty over the holiday to bank up the fires, the others accompanied them on their rounds and “the sound of Christmas carols mingled strangely with the rattle of the shovel”.

Ownership
Bothies are usually owned by the landowner of the estate on which they stand, although the actual owner is rarely involved in any way, other than by permitting their continued existence, and by helping with transport of materials. Many are maintained by volunteers from the Mountain Bothies Association (MBA), a charity that looks after 97 bothies in Scotland, the north of England, and Wales.

The location of these bothies can be found on the Mountain Bothies Association (MBA) website, along with information on how people can help.

In popular culture

 * The Bothie of Toper-na-fuosich, 1848 poem by Arthur Hugh Clough
 * The song Am Bothan a Bh'Aig Fionnghuala ("Fionghuala's Bothy") is a traditional song recorded by the Bothy Band in 1976.
 * Marion Zimmer Bradley used bothies as a pattern for shelters at Hellers mountains in her Darkover novels.
 * The Scottish history podcast Stories of Scotland examines bothy culture, heritage and bothy ballads in its first episode.
 * The album Bothy Culture by Scottish Celtic fusion artist Martyn Bennett is named for the partying of shepherds and travellers in bothies.

title: Bothy


text:
Talk:Mandelbug

heisenbug??
Can someone say if we don't need to s/heisenbug/mandelbug in §2? It appears to me quite strange; if it has to be corrected, thanks for correcting it in Mandelbug too --Moala 2005-04-21 16:13 CET

 * This appears quite strange to me as well. Why would a definition of madelbug compare "Bohr bug" and "heisenbug"?  §2 says that apparent chaotic behavior and real chaotic behavior looks the same.  This would imply it's hard to tell the difference between a madelbug and a heisenbug.  I believe it's a bug in the paragraph.  I've corrected it here, even though every Jargon File on the web has it Bohr bug.  --A D Monroe III 01:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't fix Mandelbug, since I don't parlee French. --A D Monroe III 01:31, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Additional meaning
While looking into the bug above, I realized I've never heard "mandelbug" used as described. The only way I've heard it is talking about a bug that appears to have infinite complexity -- not because it's chaotic, but because fixing it requires changing many things, and each change require many additional changes, and so on. In the worst cases, the end of the solution description ends up with some statement like "so we need to rewrite the whole system in Java".

I searched the web. Even though I couldn't find more than a couple of weak references to using it this way, I couldn't find any references to using it the way described here, except as exact duplicates of the Jargon File, which is the sole source for this article.

I added the way I've heard it used to this article. Maybe someone else can find better references for or against. --A D Monroe III 01:28, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mandelbug


text:
National Congress for Democratic Initiative

The National Congress for Democratic Initiative (Congrès national d'initiative démocratique, CNID; ) is a political party in Mali, founded in 1990 and led by Mountaga Tall.

In the first presidential election following the transition to democracy, held in 1992, Mountaga Tali received 11.41% of votes and placed third.

In 1995, a group of militants led by Tiébilé Dramé left the CNID to start the Party for National Renewal (Parti pour la renaissance nationale, PARENA).

The CNID, along with other opposition parties, boycotted the presidential election held on May 11, 1997. It also participated in a boycott of the July 1997 parliamentary election.

In 2002, Mountaga Tall received 3.77% in the first round of the presidential election. In the parliamentary election, held on 14 July 2002, the party won 13 out of 147 seats in the National Assembly as a part of the Hope 2002 coalition.

The CNID backed incumbent President Amadou Toumani Touré in the April 2007 presidential election. In the July 2007 parliamentary election, the CNID, part of the Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP), won seven out of 147 seats.

In January 2008, the party was in the midst of a dispute between its two top leaders: Tall, its President, and N'Diaye Bah, its Secretary-General (as well as Minister of Crafts and Tourism in the government). According to Bah, Tall had wanted to run as the party's 2007 presidential candidate, but the others in the party opposed this, believing that it was in the party's interests to back Touré. Tall and Bah were each suspended from the party's steering committee by supporters of their rival, and both of them claimed that the suspension decisions against them were taken by small groups surrounding their rival. Bah criticized Tall for allegedly considering the party to be his "private property".


text: Category:London Underground rolling stock