text:
Vital stain

A vital stain in a casual usage may mean a stain that can be applied on living cells without killing them. Vital stains have been useful for diagnostic and surgical techniques in a variety of medical specialties. In supravital staining, living cells have been removed from an organism, whereas intravital staining is done by injecting or otherwise introducing the stain into the body. The term vital stain is used by some authors to refer to an intravital stain, and by others interchangeably with a supravital stain, the core concept being that the cell being examined is still alive. In a more strict sense, the term vital staining has a meaning contrasting with supravital staining. While in supravital staining the living cells take up the stain, in "vital staining" – the most accepted but apparently paradoxical meaning of this term, the living cells exclude the stain i.e. stain negatively and only the dead cells stain positively and thus viability can be assessed by counting the percentage of total cells that stain negatively. Very bulky or highly charged stains that don't cross live plasma membrane are used as vital stains and supravital stains are those that are either small or are pumped actively into live cells. Since supravital and intravital nature of the staining depends on the dye, a combination of supravital and vital dyes can also be used in a sophisticated way to better classify cells into distinct subsets (e.g. viable, dead, dying etc.).

List of common vital stains

 * Eosin dye exclusion
 * Propidium iodide, DNA stain that can differentiate necrotic, apoptotic and normal cells.
 * Trypan Blue, a living-cell exclusion dye
 * Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride
 * Erythrosine, which is Red No. 3 in food coloring, can be used as an exclusion dye.
 * 7-Aminoactinomycin D used e.g. in flowcytometric studies of hematopoietic stem cell viability.
 * Other Vital Stains :
 * Janus Green B is a basic dye and vital stain used in histology.

title: Vital stain


text:
Catoca diamond mine

The Catoca diamond mine is the fourth largest diamond mine in the world, and is located in Angola. The mine is located on a kimberlite pipe. The mine is owned by a joint venture between the Angolan state-owned company Endiama, and the Russian company Alrosa.

Ownership
At one time, the mine was owned by a consortium of international mining interests, including Endiama (the state mining company of Angola) (32.8% ownership), Alrosa of Russia (32.8%), Odebrecht of Brazil (16.4%), and the Diamond Finance CY BV Group (16.8%).

In 2011, Lev Avnerovich Leviev sold LL International Holding, which held an 18% stake in Catoca to the Chinese company Sonangol International.

In 2017, Odebrecht sold off its 16.4% stake in Catoca.

In 2018, Alrosa expanded its stake to 41% ownership, with the remainder held by Endiama (41%) and the Chinese company LL International Holding (18%).

In June 2022, Angola seized a stake in the nation’s biggest diamond miner, giving it majority control of Catoca. The 18% stake previously held by LL International holding was nationalized.

Production
The mine had production of 1800000 carat in 2000 and 2600000 carat in 2001. The mine's production is 35% gem quality, compared to a global average of 20%; the diamonds produced at Catoca have an average value of US$75–$100 per carat ($375–500/g). Estimated reserves are 60 million carats (12 tonnes).

The diamonds from Catoca Mining Society topped the sales of 2009, with a net profit of US$70 million, resulting from a gross production of US$122.6 million, Angop. The information is contained in an annual report from the company released in September 2011. According to the source, the sales reached 7,050,521 carat, at the average rate of US$62.23, a volume that represented about 78 percent of the amount sold by the diamond companies around the country. The note states that as a result of the processing of the ore, the company obtained a total of 7.5 million carats that permitted it to establish the operational cost.

In 2012 the mine extracted 6500000 carat out of 10 million tonnes of ore production.

2021 tailings leak
In July 2021, waste material from the mine leaked into the nearby Tshikapa river. The Democratic Republic of the Congo stated the contaminated water killed 12 people, and sickened more than 4,000. After the DRC announced it would pursue monetary damages, the state-controlled miner MIBA signed a diamond mining partnership agreement with Alrosa, but did not mention the recent leak.

The spill turned the river red and killed large numbers of fish, but Catoca claimed the spill did not contain heavy metals. Independent testing found the presence of nickel and uranium contamination. Satellite imaging collected by the European Space Agency's Sentinel-2 was able to infer the extent of the impact on water quality by observing the change in the river's color. The government of the DRC initially said it would pursue unspecified monetary damages for the incident, but as of October 2022, no talks had taken place.

Geology
The Catoca diamond deposit occurs in a kimberlite pipe.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Catoca diamond mine


text:
Trident Microsystems

Trident Microsystems Inc. was a fabless semiconductor company that became in the 1990s a well-known supplier of integrated circuits (commonly called "chips") for video display controllers used in video cards and on motherboards for desktop PCs and laptops. In 2003, it transformed itself into being a supplier of display processors for digital televisions, and primarily LCD TVs starting from 2005, at a time when the global LCD TV market started showing strong growth.

It filed for bankruptcy protection in January 2012 and the delisting of its common stock from the NASDAQ stock market was announced shortly thereafter.

PC graphics
Established in 1987, Trident gained a reputation for selling inexpensive (for the time) but slow SVGA components. Many OEMs built add-in-boards using Trident VGA chipsets. As the PC graphics market shifted from simple framebuffer displays (basic VGA color monitor and later multi-resolution SVGA output) to more advanced 2D hardware acceleration such a BitBLT engine and color-space conversion (not to be confused with 3D hardware-acceleration), Trident continued its strategy of selling modestly performing chips at compelling price points. In the mid-1990s, the company (briefly) caught up with its main competition: the TGUI-9680's feature-set was comparable to the S3 Graphics Trio64V+, although the Trio64V+ outperformed the 9680 in true-color mode.

The rapid introduction of 3D graphics caught many graphics suppliers off guard, including Trident. It was not until the late 1990s that Trident finally released a competitive chip, the TGUI-9880 (Blade3D). By this time, Trident's reach had once again retreated to the low-end OEM market, where it was crowded by ATI, S3, and SiS.

Meanwhile, in the laptop market, Trident was an early pioneer of embedded DRAM, a semiconductor manufacturing technique which combines a graphics-controller and framebuffer memory on a single chip. The resulting combo-chip saved precious board-space by eliminating several RAM chips normally required for framebuffer storage as well as providing other advantages, offset by a higher manufacturing cost-per-bit. In this market it competed with NeoMagic.

Although Trident enjoyed some success with its 3DImage and Blade3D product-lines, the entry of Intel into PC graphics signaled the end of the bottom-end, graphics-chip market. Trident partnered with motherboard chipset suppliers several times to integrate its graphics technology into a motherboard chipset (i.e. ALi CyberALADDiN, VIA MVP4), but these achieved marginal success.

Supplier of digital TV products
Faced with a contracting market and rising research and development costs (due to the increasing sophistication of 3D-graphics rendering), Trident announced a substantial restructuring of the company in June 2003. In late 2003, XGI completed the acquisition of Trident's former graphics division, completing the transformation of the company into one focusing on DTV products. From this point on, Trident's research and development was mainly concentrated at its facilities in Shanghai, China, and a fully owned 115,000-square-foot research and development facility in Shanghai was completed in 2007.

Trident quickly gained success in the LCD TV chip market in 2005, providing competitive advantages in image quality and chip integration, outcompeting incumbent flat-panel IC leader Genesis Microchip and supplying chips to leading LCD TV brands Sony and Samsung, and later Sharp and Philips. Its revenues increased from $69 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2005, to $270 million in fiscal year 2007, when it had net income of $30 million. This success allowed the company to increase its cash reserves to more than $200 million by 2008.

After an investigation into accounting irregularities relating to stock options, in November 2006 the company's chairman and CEO resigned, which was followed by the departure of further key personnel, including its president and former vice president of engineering in early 2008.

By 2008 as DTV manufacturers started integrating more functionality (such as motion compensation/estimation and MPEG decoding) into a single chip, its fortunes turned and its sales quickly declined to $76 million in fiscal year 2009, for which it posted a loss of $70 million. The primary competitors taking away market share from Trident at the time were MediaTek, MStar Semiconductor, Zoran Corporation and in-house chip design at Samsung and other LCD TV manufacturers, while ST Microelectronics (who had acquired Genesis) remained a significant player.

Under new management, in May 2009 Trident completed the acquisition of selected assets of the frame rate converter (FRC), demodulator and audio product lines from TDK-Micronas. In October 2009 Trident announced a deal with NXP Semiconductors to transfer NXP's TV and STB businesses to Trident, with NXP becoming a significant shareholder. The deal was closed in February 2010.

The Micronas and NXP acquisitions involved a substantial and diverse product portfolio and a large number of employees in widely dispersed operations in the U.S., Europe, Asia, and other locations. The acquisitions significantly increased the Trident's revenues to $557 million in 2010 but also greatly worsened its profitability and cash flow, resulting in a loss from operations of $173 million in 2010 and net loss of $129 million. According to unaudited results for 2011, revenues decreased by 46.5% in 2011, resulting in another net loss of $150 million.

On January 4, 2012, Trident filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection appointing Entropic Communications as the stalking horse bidder. In February 2012, Entropic announced it would buy Trident's set-top box chip business for $60 million. In June 2012, Cambridge Silicon Radio paid $1M for Trident's audio products. Around the same time Sigma Designs purchased Trident's remaining TV chip business.

Stock price, stock option practices and litigation
Trident common shares traded on the NASDAQ stock market from its initial public offering on December 16, 1992 to 2012. The stock split two-for-one on 21 November 2005 and reached a high of $31.07 on 19 April 2006, representing a market capitalization of approximately $1.9 billion. It later declined substantially including a large drop on 26 October 2007. The stock dropped below $3 in September 2008 and it would never close above $3 again.

In November 2005, Trident announced that its founding chairman and CEO, who owned 10% or more of the company's shares, had established a pre-arranged trading plan to sell up to 1,250,000 pre-split shares of common stock.

In November 2006, Trident announced the resignation of its founder and CEO following an investigation by a special committee into back-dating of stock option grants, and announced that it would restate its financial results for the period 1994 to 2006 to reflect non-cash charges for stock based compensation expense.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in 2010 announced a settlement with Trident's founder and former CEO and with Trident's former chief accounting officer, relating to a complaint alleging illegal back-dating of stock options in the period from 1993 to 2006. As part of the settlement, the former CEO agreed to be barred for five years from serving as an officer or director of any company registered with the SEC and to pay a $350,000 penalty and a disgorgement (representing the benefit gained from the back-dating of stock options) of $817,500 payable to Trident. In 2011, Trident reached a settlement with its former CEO resulting from a derivative shareholder suit that resulted in payment of $9.4 million to the company.

Graphics chipsets
The following lists are not complete.

Desktop

 * TVGA8200LX (1987)
 * TVGA8800 (1988) - first S/VGA compatible chipset (ISA), 512 KB framebuffer
 * TVGA8800BR (512 KB, 128 KB banks only)
 * TVGA8800CS (512 KB, 64 KB banks + old/new mode support)
 * TVGA8900 series - high-color (65,536) display-mode support, 1 MB framebuffer
 * TVGA8900B (up to 1 MB)
 * TVGA8900C (up to 1 MB, SVGA, ISA)
 * TVGA8900CL (up to 1 MB, SVGA, ISA/VLB. Slightly faster than earlier 8900 cards)
 * TVGA8900D (1992, up to 1 MB, 8900CL with bugs corrected)
 * TVGA8900D-R (1994, SVGA, ISA, up to 1 MB)
 * TVGA9000 series - first integrated (VGA + RAMDAC) VGA chipset
 * TVGA9000 (low component version)
 * TVGA9000B (1992)
 * TVGA9000C (1992) - External RAMDAC
 * TVGA9000i - (rev. a/b/c, 512 KB, 9000 with on-chip 15/16bit DAC and clock generator)
 * TVGA9000i-1 (1994) - appeared on Trident's VC512TM ISA video cards
 * TVGA9000i-2 (1994)
 * TVGA9000i-3 (1994)
 * TVGA9100B - Slightly faster 9000
 * TVGA 92xx, TVGA 938x, TVGA 94xx - first Windows accelerators
 * TVGA9200CXr
 * TVGA9380
 * TVGA9385
 * TVGA9388
 * TVGA9400CXi (max 2 MB, True Color, on-chip 24-bit DAC + clock gen)
 * TVGA9420DGi (PCI, 9400 w/ 2D acceleration [BitBLT, ...])
 * TVGA9430DGi (PCI, 9420 w/ hardware cursor)
 * TGUI944x series - first performance-competitive Windows 2D-accelerators
 * TGUI9440 (1994) - Integrated true-color DAC and clock synthesizer, 1/2 MB PCI/VLB
 * TGUI9440AGi (PCI/VLB, 9430 w/ 16bit DAC interface + programmable clock)
 * TGUI9440-2 (9440-R) - PCI, integrated true-color DAC, clock synthesizer and ROM BIOS
 * TGUI9440-3 - PCI/ISA bus, similar to TGUI9440-2. Differently designed Trident logo, rare
 * TGUI9460
 * TGUI9470
 * TGUI966x - similar to 9440, 64-bit (internal?) datapath
 * TGUI9660
 * TGUI9660XGi
 * TGUI968x - Feature motion video accelerator (zoom + YUV to RGB color space conversion, DirectDraw overlay) and first chips with 64-bit DRAM interface Daytona 64T - Trident TGUI9680-1-5615.jpg
 * TGUI9680 - PCI/VLB, 32/64-bit interface to 1–4 MB FPM/EDO DRAM or WRAM
 * TGUI9680-1 - Lower power and improved video quality compared to TGUI9680
 * TGUI9680XGi
 * ProVidia 9682 (TGUI9680 with video in and support for Unified Memory Architecture with certain core logic chipsets)
 * ProVidia 9683
 * ProVidia 9685 (TV video out, UMA)
 * 3DImage series - first Windows-3D accelerators (4–8 MB PCI/AGP)
 * 3DImage 9750 (64bit, PCI/AGP, TV out)
 * 3DImage 9753
 * 3DImage 9753WAVE (9753 + 32 voice wavetable, 0.35ym, 208PQFP)
 * 3DImage 9754
 * 3DImage 9750DVD (9750 with DVD decoder)
 * 3DImage 9783
 * 3DImage 9785
 * 3DImage 9850 (Faster 9750 core, AGP2X, AGP only)
 * 3DImage 985DVD (DVD acceleration)
 * 3DImage 9850+ (Faster)
 * Blade3D (1999) - first performance-competitive Windows 3D-accelerators
 * Blade3D 9880 (8 MB PCI/AGP)
 * Blade3D Turbo 9880T - 135Mhz clockspeed, up from 110 MHz on the Blade 3D vanilla.
 * Blade T16 9950 - Memory; 16MiB at 143 MHz
 * Blade T64 9970 - dual-pixel quad-texture engine, AGP4X, 32 MB of memory, 64-bit datapath
 * Blade XP 9980 - same as T64 except 128-bit datapath, 200 MHz vs. 166 MHz
 * XP series (DirectX 8/9)
 * XP4
 * XP4E - AGP8x support.
 * XP8 (cancelled) - DirectX 9 chip, marketed for under US$100.
 * XP10 (cancelled) - PCI Express interface

Mobile (laptops)

 * Cyber 9xxx

 * Cyber9320
 * Cyber9382
 * Cyber9385
 * Cyber9388A-1 (Fujitsu Lifebook 780Tx)
 * Cyber9397 and Cyber9397DVD
 * 9525DVD
 * CyberBlade
 * CyberBlade Ai1
 * CyberBlade e4-128
 * CyberBlade i1
 * CyberBlade i7
 * Blade XP
 * XP4
 * XP4m16/XP4m32 - embedded memory.
 * XP8 (cancelled) - DirectX 9 chip.

Integrated with motherboard chipset

 * ALi CyberALADDiN-T
 * ALi CyberALADDiN-P4 (CyberBLADE XP2)
 * VIA Apollo MVP4 (Blade3D)
 * ? (codename Napa2T)
 * ? (codename Napa2-P4)
 * ? (codename Napa2-Banias)

Sound chipsets

 * Trident 4DWAVE-DX/NX, based on the T² platform which is also used by SIS and ALi for their own audio interfaces. Supports Q3D 2.0.

Digital television chips
The SVP-EX product family (described as Trident's fifth-generation video technology) was introduced in 2004 and ramped to significant volume in 2005 as top-tier OEMs Sony and Samsung widely adopted the chip in their new LCD TV models during a time when LCD TV demand grew significantly. It offered advantages in image quality and chip integration compared to competitive solutions, featuring ten-bit color component precision in ADCs, color decoder, deinterlacer, scaler, color processor (image enhancement) and display interface, and a single unified framebuffer.

The SVP-PX (described as featuring Trident's sixth-generation video technology) was the successor of the SVP-EX, featuring an integrated HDMI interface and contributed more than 50% of the company's revenue by Q2 2006.

The SVP-LX (with sixth-generation video technology) was Trident's first chip to support Full HD for high-end televisions.

The SVP-CX (sixth-generation) was a cost-reduced version of the SVP-PX for lower-end LCD TVs with a resolution up to 1366x768p. It was widely adopted by Philips.

The SVP-UX and SVP-WX integrated Trident's first-generation motion compensation/motion estimation technology.

The HiDTV platform, which had a long development history, was Trident's first generation fully integrated DTV SoC integrating MPEG2 decoding, transport stream demultiplexer, and descrambler with the video processor functionality of earlier products. The HiDTV Pro platform was Trident's second-generation integrated DTV SoC platform, with several variants integrating different Trident video processors. Both HiDTV product lines suffered from delays and slow adoption and it was only after the acquisition of Micronas product lines that it was able to win a significant SoC design win at a major OEM for production in 2010.

After the Micronas and NXP acquisitions in 2009, Trident acquired a diverse range of chip products for applications ranging from digital TVs to various types of set-top box, including the FRC (motion-estimation/compensation) chip family from Micronas that was widely used in high-end televisions. At this point Trident possessed a fragmented, overlapping portfolio of products and technology resulting from long-term independent development efforts (stemming from NXP, Micronas and Trident itself), with several architecturally distinct solutions targeting the same application (such as ME/MC chip, DTV video processor and integrated DTV SoC).

title: Trident Microsystems


text:
Talk:Copperlite

From WP:RfD:

 * Copperlite → Coprolite. The article at copperlite was created by someone who misspelled coprolite (they may not realize the correct word is coprolite).  Google finds 3 uses of copperlite as fossilized feces (coprolite), 3,117 other uses of copperlite and 21,700 hits for coprolite.  it doesn't look like many people will type copperlite meaning coprolite (I'm just concerned that leaving the redirect lends unwarranted support to this misspelling).  RJFJR 03:12, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm dithering about this one. I did a search myself using Yahoo, and found only 347 matched for "copperlite", mostly for a chipset, and also a metallic finish. When I knocked most of these out (using the exclude string "chipset finish DSL 'chip set' cooling neoprene") I was left with about 40 hits, of which only 4 were for the "coprolite" meaning. However, I worry that if we delete this redirect, someone will just re-create the article (not unlikely, it's already happened). So I'd say "keep", to prevent recreation of the erroneous article. Noel (talk) 14:25, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I didn't realize what a major TYPO this is.

Delete, or perhaps redirect. --GreatTurtle 18:55, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Copperlite


text:
Guy Lowell

Guy Lowell (August 6, 1870 – February 4, 1927), was an American architect and landscape architect.

Biography
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Lowell was the son of Mary Walcott (Goodrich) and Edward Jackson Lowell, and a member of Boston's well-known Lowell family. He graduated from Noble's Classical School (later Noble and Greenough School) in 1888 and from Harvard College in 1892, and received his degree in architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1894. He then studied landscape and horticulture at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and architectural history and landscape architecture in the atelier of Jean-Louis Pascal at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, with diplomé in 1899. In the middle of these studies he married Henrietta Sargent, the daughter of the director of Harvard's Arnold Arboretum, Charles S. Sargent of Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 17, 1898.

Returning to the United States, Lowell opened his own practice in Boston in 1899 and was successful immediately. By 1906, he had opened a branch office in New York and later split each week between New York and Boston. His commissions included large public, academic, and commercial buildings, as well as many distinctive residences, country estates, and formal gardens. He was the architect and landscape architect for the first Charles River dam, completed in 1910, which transformed the tidal river into the Charles River Basin. He designed five structures on the dam: the Upper and Lower Lock Gate Houses, the Stable, the Boat House, and an open pavilion. As part of the dam's construction, Frederick Law Olmsted's Charlesbank was extended from Charles Circle to the Harvard Bridge, and Lowell was responsible for the landscape design of the Boston Embankment, now universally known as the Esplanade. Lowell is perhaps most recognized for his design of two public buildings: the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1906–09 and later additions) and the New York State Supreme Court building in New York City (1912–1914 and 1919–1927). Some of his other commissions included Lowell Lecture Hall at Harvard and academic buildings at Phillips Academy Andover, Simmons College, and Brown University.

Guy's work on Harvard University's President's House was commissioned by his cousin, Abbott Lawrence Lowell, during his tenure as Harvard President (1909–1933). The house remained the residence of succeeding presidents until 1971, when Derek Bok (1971–1991) moved his young family to the bucolic grounds of the Elmwood colonial mansion. Elmwood was the lifelong home of another of Guy's ancestors, the celebrated American writer, poet, and foreign diplomat James Russell Lowell (1819–1891). As Percival Lowell's third cousin, Guy became the sole trustee of the Lowell Observatory after his cousin's death in 1916.

Lowell also made a name for himself as a landscape architect. His obituary in The New York Times notes that he designed or "fitted up" gardens for the elder J. Pierpont Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, and the Piping Rock Club. Additional garden-related projects included those of T. Jefferson Coolidge, Mrs. Oscar Lasigi in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and Payne Whitney in Manhasett on Long Island. Lowell designed many of the gardens and grounds for his numerous residential commissions as an architect, but the most significant project appears to have been the grounds of Harbor Hill (1905); the estate may have been Lowell's largest landscape architecture commission.

It is in the area of education that Lowell left his lasting mark on the profession of landscape architecture. He founded the short-lived, but influential, landscape architecture program at MIT (1900–1910). Under his guidance, the program developed as a synthesis of French planning ideals and Italian garden design, with a significant emphasis on horticulture and engineering. The first students graduated from the program in 1902. It was an undergraduate option from 1900 until 1904, and it continued as a graduate course until 1909, with Lowell's offering instruction in landscape architecture until 1912. (He donated his services, asking that his salary be turned over to the Architecture Department.) He taught an important group of landscape architects their trade including Mabel Keyes Babcock (1862–1931), George Elberton Burnap (1885–1938), Marian Cruger Coffin (1876–1957), Martha Brookes Hutcheson (1871–1959), and Rose Standish Nichols. Lowell's program at MIT provided educational opportunities in landscape architecture for women that they could not find elsewhere; many of his female students went on to become outstanding practitioners.

Lowell also published several books, including: American Gardens (1902), Smaller Italian Villas and Farmhouses (1916), and More Small Italian Villas and Farmhouses (1920). He also contributed to American Gardens, a photographic magazine.

Lowell died suddenly in the Madeira Islands of Portugal on February 4, 1927.

Major buildings and gardens

 * 1902 Lowell Lecture Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * 1906 Fox Clubhouse, 44 JFK Street (formerly 44 Boylston), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * 1904 Emerson Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * 1909 Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 * 1910 Eegonos, Bar Harbor, Maine
 * 1910 Charles River Dam, including the Boston Embankment, the Upper and Lower Lock Gate Houses, the Stable, the Boat House, and an open pavilion
 * 1912 Natirar, Somerset Hills, New Jersey
 * 1913 New York State Supreme Courthouse, New York City
 * 1913 Planting Fields Arboretum, Oyster Bay, New York
 * 1929 Grosse Pointe Yacht Club, Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan

Other selected buildings

 * 1900 13 Follen Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, built for Alice Lowell Ropes
 * 1901 Tupper Manor (now part of Endicott College), Beverly, Massachusetts
 * 1902 Johnson Memorial Fountain, Boston, Massachusetts
 * 1904 Spring Lawn, Kemble Street, Lenox, Massachusetts
 * 1907 Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island
 * 1907 Unitarian Church of Barnstable, Cobb's Hill, Barnstable, Massachusetts
 * 1909 New Hampshire Historical Society building, 30 Park Street, Concord, New Hampshire; the pediment contains sculpture by Daniel Chester French that includes the Society's crest flanked by figures representing Modern History and Ancient History
 * 1910 Cumberland County Courthouse, Portland, Maine (with George Burnham)
 * 1911 Piping Rock Clubhouse, Locust Valley, New York
 * 1912 Harvard University President's House, Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * 1913 Boscawen Public Library, Boscawen, New Hampshire
 * 1921 Community House, Hamilton, Massachusetts
 * 1922 Fuller Memorial Bell Tower, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts

title: Guy Lowell


text:
Talk:Abdalá Bucaram

Sourcing List

 * Google News - Bucaram
 * MSN Search News: Bucaram
 * NYTimes article about impeachment crisis Feb 1997
 * January 1997 NYTimes Analysis of Populism
 * NYTimes Feb 1997 ECUADOR'S CRISIS OVER PRESIDENCY ENDS PEACEFULLY

Impeachment
The following is a section of the article that was removed for several problems, but I am including it here because the content although unsourced and not neutral tells the events for someone looking to write this section correctly

"By 1996 the state had already been dismantled by several years of privatizations; there was no way to control corruption, also, there was no desire of Bucaram's officers to help in this matter. 'The Tequila effect' severely affected the Ecuadorean economy; however, no economic measures were taken due to the scandals in which the former President Duran-Ballen's family (Flores y Miel) and his Vice-president Dahik (embezzlement of public funds) were involved. In addition, Duran-Ballén's Cenepa War against Peru exhausted the already disassembled state.

During the Latin American economic crisis, Ecuador was not the exception; the private banks and financial institutions took advantage of the false 'bonanza,' and the bankers ended up acquiring much state property. Bankers felt the shortage and started to loan money to themselves to maintain their recently acquired properties. The cash flow started to decrease abruptly. The superintendency of banking, controlled by bankers, authorized the issuance of currency without support; this fired up a rapid currency devaluation.

Bucaram had no alternative but to take economic measures which affected people on lower incomes. Bucaram was a populist, so he had no defined political tendency. He decided his economic plan to be very neo-liberal; it was designed by Argentinian economist Domingo Cavallo, and included ending subsidies, regulation of banks and financial institutions, and a strong currency devaluation ('Un sólo toque' would replace the sucre).

Massive protests against the proposed economic plan left Bucaram isolated. The indigenous and social movements who helped raise him to power now were against him. The indigenous Pachakutik Movement, left-wing Democratic People's Movement (MPD), PSC and Popular Democracy were the main parties organizing the protests.

This protest led to his dismissal from the Ecuadorian presidency. He was dismissed by the congress on grounds of alleged mental incapacity. Bucaram's assumed insanity was never officially diagnosed; it was more a political maneuver of the PSC and Popular Democracy who were in control of the legislative and judicial power, also, Pachakutik and MPD supported the decision in exchange for political representation. Congress passed the measure (44 votes in favor and 34 against) with a simple majority instead of the two thirds required by the Constitution, and appointed congressional leader Fabián Alarcón in his place, bypassing the sitting Vice President Rosalía Arteaga.

The constitutional court determined the congressional resolution to be anti-constitutional and rejected it. The congress ignored the constitutional court resolution and proceeded to confirm Fabian Alarcon as interim president. Finally, Congress, illegally, requested that the army assert Alarcón's power."

22:13, 6 February 2023 (UTC) Jmjosh90    22:13, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abdalá Bucaram


text:
Talk:Arch bridge

Untitled
That old photo sucks. I used the lack of copyright info as justification for removing it, but that fact that #1 it is still an unknown location, #2 the photo is underexposed, #3 it dosent even show the whole main span, much less the entire bridge (read abutments). #4 a rock takes up 1/3 of the photo. Cacophony 18:55, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

i'd vote for the old photo to stay for now. Because 2 photos is better than 1, and a photo of older bridge is nice complement to a modern tech version. Xah Lee 21:04, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC)

This is not a good photo for this article as the bridge is a compression arch suspended-deck bridge, a sophisticated variation of the basic arch bridge. Better would be Image:NagasakiMeganebashi.jpg - Leonard G. 04:14, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 January 2019 and 2 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ccedric2.0.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:38, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Future changes
I'm planning to add the following to this article: Any other ideas for what is missing? -- Kvetner 19:48, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
 * brief history or timeline, including reference to the extensive history of arch bridges in China, plus key engineers like Perronet
 * comments on arch shapes, i.e. semicircular, elliptical, basket-handle, gothic pointed etc.
 * more on arch terminology e.g. voussoirs, starlings, intrados and the like
 * some notable arch bridges e.g. the largest spans

 * The term 'thrust arch bridge', where the arch is above the deck, is common elsewhere, e.g. http://www.steelconstruction.info/Tied-arch_bridges - would it make sense to have these as a sub-category of arch bridge.  (Thurst arch bridges are different from tied arch bridges, which have an article to themselves) 82.10.224.23 (talk) 06:56, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Me. I would be most grateful for including material on the medieval superbridge at Trezzo sull'Adda. Why? Because this bridge must have been amazing as it doubled the longest span of stone bridges then (from 37 to 72). Still, the briidge is almost unknown, as nobody covers the subject.

 * There is also a claim that the Etruscans build very early on stone arch bridges (earlier than both Greeks and Romans). Two of them are included in Structurae, but I am not sure whether these are still the original structures. Including the Etruscans in a comprehensive history of stone arch bridges would definitely be an almost revolutionary thing.

 * For the timeline, see also
 * Trajan's Bridge - longest span for a 1000 years
 * Ponte Santa Trinità - first elliptical arch bridge
 * Steinerne Brücke in Regensburg, Germany - model for many medieval bridges to come
 * Pont Saint-Bénezet - IMHO this bridge could be the first segmental arch bridge in Europe. What we need is the span-rise-ratio. Regards Gun Powder Ma 15:22, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I will review all the above against my various reference books when I get a moment. Please note that Trajan's bridge was not the longest span, it just claims to be the longest bridge (total length). -- Kvetner 16:36, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Fine. But which ancient or medieval bridge had a span of more than 57 meters? Gun Powder Ma 22:04, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I can't find a reference to substantiate that quoted span of 57 metres, and I note that the main Wikipedia article on Trajan's Bridge only says 52 metres. In Troyano's "Bridge Engineering: A Global Perspective", it refers to spans up to 38 metres, with masonry piers up to 15 metres thick - you'll note that adds up to 53 metres, and I therefore wonder whether Structurae is incorrect. Whitney doesn't mention the bridge at all. There were certainly Roman stone arch bridges up to 32-35 metre span, and it's debated whether they got up to 38 metres (at the Ponte Vella de Ourense, for example). So the best that could be said would be that Trajan's Bridge is probably the longest span for a millennium - unless you can find a better reference.

 * Yes, the Trezzo bridge was a major advance, and again it is discussed in Troyano - possibly little covered elsewhere as it was destroyed in the 15th century.

 * On segmental arches, I am fairly sure there are Roman examples. Troyano cites Alconetar bridge over the Tagus, which was Roman and had a fairly low span/rise ratio. Whitney mentions the Pons Fabricus as not being semi-circular, but segmental. There were also a number of low span/rise ratio bridges built in the 14th century, of which the Pont d'Avignon (a.k.a. Saint-Benezet) was only one - Vecchio and Scaliger are from the same century and I don't know which came first - there's nothing in the Wikipedia article on Pont Saint-Bénezet to make this clear (according to Troyano, it was originally built as a timber bridge in the 12th century, with the stone arch bridge being a 14th century rebuild - this contradicts Whitney who reports the stone bridge as dating from the 12th century - any other sources on this one?). -- Kvetner 23:26, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think structurae has arrived at their "57 m" by dividing the total length by the number of pillars (1135/20 = 56,7). However, they did not calculate the width of the pillars, as a bridge span is in my understanding defined as the free space between two pillars, so you are correct that they number is strange. Anyway, the bridge's wooden arches are clearly segmental, so assuming a record span is not unrealistic: www.hdg.de/eurovisionen/html/br2_1.html

 * As for Alconetar, go to Google Images. You can see that the three surviving arches are segmental arches, but
 * these look a bit like much later amendments
 * these segmental arches had very conventional span/rise ratio, so the advantages of the seg. arch bridge were not fully exploited

 * The arches of the Pons Fabricius look rather semi-circular to me.

 * Could you uncover your references? As for Roman bridges there is the classical: Colin O'Connor, Roman Bridges, Cambridge Univ. Press (1994) ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Gun Powder Ma 10:23, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm sure you're right about where Structurae derived the span from, and yes, for a masonry arch the span is the clear distance between springings.

 * Troyano's book states that two arches at the Alconetar site are original (spans 6m and 7m), although a photo caption confirms that some are later reconstructions on top of the original Roman piers. Troyano doesn't state a span/rise ratio but from his photos it is clearly much higher than the 2:1 of a semi-circular arch.

 * Charles Whitney's book discusses the Pons Fabricius (page 61 of my copy) and states that it is not semi-circular - his photo and others on the net certainly appear to show that the arch intrados does not become vertical at the visible springings but is still sloping, although Whitney acknowledges that there may be real springings lower down, hidden by the stonework at the base of piers, in which case the arches would indeed be semi-circular.

 * Now all we need to do is get some of this information onto the relevant pages! -- Kvetner 20:40, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I've been working for some time on category:Roman bridges, but you certainly provide new infos here. This is what a webpage says about the Alconetar bridge: destroyed in the 13th century, 3 arches left, moved in 1972 - I hope they did not change the arch structure then. Here the most authoritative photo: http://users.servicios.retecal.es/jomicoe/Alconetar.JPG

 *  El puente de Alconétar, sobre el Tajo en Garrovillas (Cáceres) cerca de Alcántara, estaba en la Vía de la Plata. Debió de ser también monumental. Fue destruido por los árabes en el siglo XIII y nunca después reconstruido. Hoy día es un puente sin río. Al construir el pantano de Alcántara hubiera quedado sepultado por las aguas. En el año 1972 se trasladaron sus restos a un nuevo emplazamiento. Apenas quedan tres arcos de los 13 que tuvo. Se aprecia su solidez en sus fuertes machones.

 * As for the Pons Fabricius, there are some Roman bridges (and even more medieval ones) whose arches are designed somewhere between semi-circular and segmental. This is only natural as a demanding structure the segmental arch bridge could not have been invented in a day, but must have been reasonably the result of a lengthy development process. This means there are certainly transitory forms between the two types, what we need in every single case is the span/rise ratio of the bridge to make qualified judgements on its segmental or semi-circle character. Gun Powder Ma 23:18, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * That photo at retecal.es is similar to the ones in Troyano's book - his text and captions imply that the arch on the left is an original Roman arch and the other two are more recent, but he doesn't state his source for this. On the Pons Fabricius, my understanding is that any circular arc shorter than the boundary of a semi-circle is a segment, and hence Pons Fabricius is segmental - it lacks the higher span/rise ratio of the bridges more normally called segmental, but as you say, it's transitional. Ironically though, I believe it's one of the earlier Roman bridges? There is a drawing of this bridge by Piranesi (not the one on the Pons Fabricius page), reproduced by Whitney, and available online at, which suggests the arch is just the top portion of an enormous circular structure, but this is incredibly unlikely and probably just an overactive imagination on Piranesi's part. PS: I've reset the indentation to avoid this discussion getting too hard to follow! -- Kvetner 12:34, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Wait. You first said that "Troyano's book states that two arches at the Alconetar site are original (spans 6m and 7m)", but now you write that "his text and captions imply that the arch on the left is an original Roman arch and the other two are more recent". In that case, the bridge would not be a Roman segmental arch bridge at all, wouldn't it?

 * Did Troyano somewhere write that the wooden low span/rise ratio bridges of the Romans also constitute segmental arches (despite their superstructure being out of wood, not stone)? Gun Powder Ma 15:18, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * That's correct; if I read Troyano correctly then the implication is that there is at least one more arch not shown in the photograph you mentioned. But it could just be that he got it wrong, of course. I don't recall if he discusses timber arches (I'm at work right now, the book is at home); it may be a while before I can comment further as I'm travelling quite a bit over the next week. -- Kvetner 15:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Back home, and my reading of Troyano is correct, he reports two surviving arches. He gives the following references: Victor W Von Hagen "Los caminos que conducian a Roma", Barcelona, 1973; and Carlos Fernandez Casado "Tres monumentos salvados de las aguas por la sociedad Hidroelectrica Espanola", Boletin de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, 1979. Apparently, the Alconetar's designer was Apollodorus of Damascus, also credited with Trajan's Bridge at Orsovo, which we have already discussed! -- Kvetner 19:07, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Which arches are Roman? The two segmental arches or the semi-circles one(s)? Gun Powder Ma 22:20, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * There aren't any semi-circular arches in the photo, all three are segmental. The one on the left is of the same appearance as Troyano's photo which he labels "Roman arch" (he labels the others "later arches"). -- Kvetner 13:27, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I've now added a new article on Alconétar Bridge which covers some of the discussion above. I've linked it from the Apollodorus of Damascus and Zhaozhou Bridge articles initially. -- Kvetner 21:36, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Very good. I hope the classification of the Alconetar bridge as probable segmental arch bridge is covered by your sources. Perhaps giving the exact page or even a quote will improve your article. Regards Gun Powder Ma 14:23, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It's stated as segmental here, but I'm not sure there's much argument about it - it's clearly not semi-circular, it might at a stretch be some other non-circular shape, but in any event it was unusual by Roman standards. I'm going to have a go at an article on the Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge next, watch for the link when it's done. -- Kvetner 19:47, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, at least two of the arches are segmental, that is clear beyond doubt, but the question is whether these two segmental arches are Roman or a later - medieval - replacement. Your source says: "Archs are segmental, instead of round. Both first archs show a Roman construction; the others did suffer Medieval rebuildings." We need to know exactly when which arch by whom was built before we can establish the fact the the Romans not only build wooden, but also stone segmental arch bridges. Do you know by chance other potential candidates? Regards Gun Powder Ma 20:21, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Troyano's book is quite clear. It shows a picture of one segmental arch on the Alconétar Bridge, and labels it a Roman arch. The Alconétar Bridge article also refers to and, both of which also state these are Roman arches. Unless you can point to a reference saying they aren't Roman arches, I don't see what needs to be changed further. To summarise: the arches are visibly segmental, they are described as segmental, and they are described in at least three sources as being Roman.

 * Ok, lets leave it at that until I may have the chance to take a closer look at other sources.Gun Powder Ma 21:06, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I have also taken the opportunity to amend the article to make clear that Trajan's Bridge was only the longest for a thousand years in Europe - the Maya Bridge at Yaxchilan overtook its world record in the 7th century. -- Kvetner 20:58, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * PS: I propose to distinguish scrupulously between suspension bridges and arch bridges, especially in terms of 'records'. It is apples and oranges. Regards Gun Powder Ma 20:49, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The Trajan's Bridge article claimed it was the longest span anywhere in the world for a millennium, and the text here on arch bridge implicitly said the same thing. This is clearly incorrect. I've amended it to say it was the longest span in Europe for a millennium, which is fair; you could amend it to say it was the longest arch span in the world for a millennium, which would also be true. Or it could most usefully say "the longest bridge span in the world for five centuries (when the Maya Bridge at Yaxchilan was built), and the longest arch span in the world for a millennium (when the Trezzo Bridge was built). I think it will be more productive to get the articles correct than to extend the debate here. -- Kvetner 20:58, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Ah, I see you have got there already, well done! -- Kvetner 21:02, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I already included the suffix ARCH in the other relevant articles. ;-) Gun Powder Ma 21:06, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Indus Valley civilisation
What is this mysterious civilization with no name, in the Indus Valley? Weren't arch bridges invented in Ancient Rome? I'd like to see some evidence in the article that these Indus Valley people invented arch bridges. Huey45 04:39, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Apparently the information comes from the intro in the Arch article, which uses this page as a source (concerning "The Rounded Arch").
 * / Mats Halldin (talk) 05:11, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * David Steinmain in "Bridges and their Builders" (1941) states that there were voussoir arches in Mesopotamia, dating to 4000 BCE. There were similar arches in Egypt dating from around 3600 BCE. The Greeks used voussoir arches from about 500 BCE (all from the same source). The oldest *surviving* stone arch bridges are usually acknowledged as Roman, but there's uncertainty as to when the surviving Dezful bridge was built, with various dates from 300 BCE to about 400 CE suggested. Personally, I think there's little doubt that one of these cultures will have built stone arch bridges before the Romans, but a quick trawl through the bookshelves hasn't found a more definitive statement. -- Kvetner 13:44, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I've removed the citation needed tag - if there is an issue, it's with the main arch article, rather than here. The arch bridge article doesn't make a claim as to who invented arch bridges, only who invented stone arches, and it would therefore be better discussed on Talk:Arch -- Kvetner 13:55, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the information, Kvetner. Dunno about removing the citation tag though, rather replace the sentence using the source you mentioned above, IMO.
 * / Mats Halldin (talk) 20:29, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Images
I think a cull of images is in order here. The text is being crowded out. Leithp 21:18, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * No comment from anyone, so I've done it. Leithp 21:31, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Comment
Moved here, User:71.74.22.224 had added this to the main article. "wikipedia uses lots of vocab. in these statements[:" "this web site has to much vocabulary usein it[:" --Mmdoogie (talk) 19:49, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Dirk Proske book
The book is new, unreviewed (google finds only adverts), and touches on only a small part of this topic. Tedickey (talk) 14:54, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

 * It is not clear why the anonymous editor, 206.82.218.140, inserted the reference. It intrigues me that the editor specifically referenced page 336. I would concur with the removal of the reference unless the anon shows up and gives better reasoning or an in-line link. - ¢Spender1983 (talk) 22:50, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

 * This says the book has 366 pages (perhaps a typo). Tedickey (talk) 22:54, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Arc bridge
I have redirected "Arc bridge" here but I think this may be wrong. If Clyde Arc is typical then it seems to be a kind of suspension bridge. Are there any bridge engineers out there? Biscuittin (talk) 09:42, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Your redirect is appropriate; there's no specific type of bridge known as an "arc". The Clyde Arc is just a stylised name—the type of bridge is a tied-arch, and there are several others that look like it, including the magnificent Juscelino Kubitschek bridge in Brazil.   Mae din \talk 11:16, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Biscuittin (talk) 14:41, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Span-to-rise ratio confusion
Compare "Constructions such as [...] Ponte Veccio combined sound engineering (span-to-rise ratio of over 5.3 to 1) with aesthetical appeal" with "the Zhaozhou Bridge [...] combined a very low span-to-rise ratio of 5.2:1 with ...". It seems contradictory to me and I would suggest that the latter is incorrect. —MegaPedant 12:37, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

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text:
Caudron

The Société des Avions Caudron was a French aircraft company founded in 1909 as the Association Aéroplanes Caudron Frères by brothers Gaston and René Caudron. It was one of the earliest aircraft manufacturers in France and produced planes for the military in both World War I and World War II. From 1933 onwards, it was a subsidiary of Renault.

Alphonse (Gaston) (1882–1915) and René Caudron (1884–1959)
Born in Favières, Somme to parents who farmed nearby in Romiotte, the Caudron brothers were educated at a college in Abbeville. Gaston, as Alphonse was always known, intended to become an engineer but his education was cut short by health problems; René was interested in the development of mechanics and was a sportsman. After military service in an artillery regiment, they returned to work on the farm.

They began to build their first aircraft, a large biplane, in August 1908. Initially unable to obtain an engine, they flew it as a glider, towed by a horse, and tested it through the summer. In September 1909, they finally flew it under power. By April 1910, they were able to make a return flight of 10 km to Forest-Montiers.

Gaston Caudron died in an aircraft accident on 15 December 1915 at the airfield at Bron. René continued in the aircraft business until the fall of France at the start of World War II. He died in 1959.

Caudron Frères and Caudron-Renault
Needing a more convenient base than the farm, the brothers established their factory in nearby Le Crotoy, on the eastern side of the Somme estuary about 16 km from Abbeville and with a broad, flat, firm, south facing beach ideal for flying. They set up a flying school there which was functioning by 19 May 1910. This activity flourished and by early 1913 a second school had been set up at Juvisy with a combined capacity of 100–250. The War Ministry sent about 30 student pilots there in 1913. By then the company was based at Rue, Somme. During World War I, the company moved its production to Lyon and Issy-les-Moulineaux, as the Somme plant was too close to the battle front.

Designers of many aircraft like the two-seater Caudron G.3 that successfully landed on Mont Blanc in 1921, Caudron produced the trainers in which thousands of pilots got their first flying licence. The Caudron plants at Lyon and Issy-les-Moulineaux produced nearly 4,000 airplanes during World War I. In 1920, the Lyon plant stopped assembling and the Issy-les-Moulineaux site was consolidated as the headquarters and main production base. In 1933, Caudron was acquired by Renault, following pressure from the French Air Ministry, which was seeking consolidation in the aircraft industry. At the time, Renault was increasing its involvement in the aviation field. Renault took a controlling 55% stake while René Caudron kept the remaining 45%. both the Société des Avions Caudron and Renault's aircraft engine branch were integrated into the Renault Aviation division led by François Lehideux (as top manager), Marcel Riffard (as aircraft body chief designer) and Charles-Edmond Serre (aircraft engine chief designer). The Issy-les-Moulineaux plant improved synergies with the Billancourt engine plant, as both were in the Paris area. In 1937, Renault bought out René Caudron's minority stake.

As part of Renault, Caudron centred on producing light, sportier aircraft powered by either inline-four or inline-six cylinder engines, mirroring its automotive range at the time. Riffard was an expert on streamlined designs, which helped to achieve good speeds on low power. Caudron-Renault aircraft set several records in the 1930s. In August 1934, Hélène Boucher, on board her C 450, achieved the world record average speed for 100 kilometres, 1000 kilometres, and the world female speed record. In December 1934, Raymond Delmotte got a land aircraft world speed record of 505 km/h on board his C 460. According to Popular Aviation, by November 1935 Caudron-Renault was producing the following models: the C 272-3 Luciole (2-seat light biplane aircraft), the C 282-8 Phalene VIII (4-seat light monoplane), the C 360 (monoplane), the C 366 Atalante (a monoplane based on an earlier model), the C 440 (twin-engined low-wing cabin monoplane), the C 450 (1-seat racing monoplane), the C 460 (1-seat racing monoplane) and the C 530 Rafale (high-performance, 2-seat light monoplane).

By 1936, Renault was hit by the Great Depression and, in 1938, it spun off Caudron-Renault into a separate, autonomous subsidiary in order to focus on its core automotive business. After France was occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II, Caudron-Renault produced trainers, auto bodies, Messerschmitt aircraft parts, Messerschmitt Bf 108s the Caudron's Simoun and Goéland ranges, the Siebel Si-204, for the Wehrmacht. It also repaired aircraft. In February 1942, Willy Messerschmitt requested that Caudron produce the Messerschmitt Me 164, a Si-104 rival, but that was sabotaged. The Issy-les-Moulineaux plant was almost completely destroyed by RAF and AAF bombings that took place in September 1943, leaving it permanently out of production. In 1944, the remaining Caudron-Renault operations were nationalised by the French government and became part of the Société Nationale de Construction aéronautique du Centre.

Aircraft
(Association Aéroplanes Caudron Frères / Société des avions Caudron)

 * Hydroaéroplane Caudron-Fabre
 * Caudron Type A
 * Caudron Type B.2
 * Caudron Type C
 * Caudron Type D
 * Caudron Type E
 * Caudron Type F
 * Caudron Type G
 * Caudron G.2
 * Caudron G.3
 * Caudron G.4
 * Caudron G.6
 * Caudron Type H
 * Caudron Type J
 * Caudron Type K
 * Caudron Type L
 * Caudron Type M
 * Caudron Type N
 * Caudron Type O
 * Caudron Type P
 * Caudron R
 * Caudron R.3
 * Caudron R.3
 * Caudron R.4
 * Caudron R.5
 * Caudron R.6
 * Caudron R.8
 * Caudron R.9
 * Caudron R.10
 * Caudron R.11
 * Caudron R.12
 * Caudron R.14
 * Caudron R.15
 * Caudron R.19
 * Caudron C.02
 * Caudron C.20
 * Caudron C.21
 * Caudron C.22
 * Caudron C.23
 * Caudron C.25
 * Caudron C.27
 * Caudron C.33
 * Caudron C.37
 * Caudron C.39
 * Caudron C.43
 * Caudron C.51
 * Caudron C.59
 * Caudron C.60
 * Caudron C.61
 * Caudron C.61bis
 * Caudron C.65
 * Caudron C.66
 * Caudron C.67
 * Caudron C.68
 * Caudron C.74
 * Caudron C.77
 * Caudron C.81
 * Caudron C.91
 * Caudron C.92
 * Caudron C.97
 * Caudron C.98
 * Caudron C.99
 * Caudron C.101
 * Caudron C.103
 * Caudron C.104
 * Caudron C.107
 * Caudron C.109

 * Caudron C.110
 * Caudron C.113
 * Caudron C.117
 * Caudron C.125
 * Caudron C.127
 * Caudron C.128
 * Caudron C.128/2
 * Caudron C.140
 * Caudron C.150
 * Caudron C.157
 * Caudron C.159
 * Caudron C.160
 * Caudron C.161
 * Caudron C.168
 * Caudron C.180
 * Caudron C.183
 * Caudron C.190
 * Caudron C.191
 * Caudron C.192
 * Caudron C.193
 * Caudron C.220
 * Caudron C.221
 * Caudron C.230
 * Caudron C.232
 * Caudron C.240
 * Caudron C.250
 * Caudron C.251
 * Caudron C.270 Luciole
 * Caudron C.272 Luciole
 * Caudron C.272/2 Luciole
 * Caudron C.272/3 Luciole
 * Caudron C.272/4 Luciole
 * Caudron C.272/5 Luciole
 * Caudron C.273 Luciole
 * Caudron C.275 Luciole
 * Caudron C.280 Phalene
 * Caudron C.280/2 Phalene
 * Caudron C.280/6 Phalene
 * Caudron C.280/9 Phalene
 * Caudron C.282 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.282/4 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.282/8 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.282/10 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.286 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.286/2 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.286/2.S4 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.286/4 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.286/5 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.286/6 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.286/7 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.286/8 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.286/9 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.289 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.289/2 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.340 Micro Phalene
 * Caudron C.344 Phalène Junior
 * Caudron C.360
 * Caudron C.362
 * Caudron C.366
 * Caudron C.400 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.401 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.410 Super Phalene
 * Caudron C.430 Rafale
 * Caudron C.440 Goéland
 * Caudron C.441 Goéland
 * Caudron C.444 Goéland
 * Caudron C.445 Goéland

 * Caudron C.445/1 Goéland
 * Caudron C.445/2 Goéland
 * Caudron C.445/3 Goéland
 * Caudron C.445M Goéland
 * Caudron C.445R Goéland
 * Caudron C.446 Super Goéland
 * Caudron C.447 Goéland
 * Caudron C.448 Goéland
 * Caudron C.449 Goéland
 * Caudron C.449/1 Goéland
 * Caudron C.449/2 Goéland
 * Caudron C.449/3 Goéland
 * Caudron C.449/4 Goéland
 * Caudron C.449/5 Goéland
 * Caudron C.450
 * Caudron C.460
 * Caudron C.461
 * Caudron C.480 Frégate
 * Caudron C.490
 * Caudron C.491
 * Caudron C.500 Simoun I
 * Caudron C.510 Pélican
 * Caudron C.520 Simoun
 * Caudron C.530 Rafale
 * Caudron C.560
 * Caudron C.561
 * Caudron C.570
 * Caudron C.580
 * Caudron C.600 Aiglon
 * Caudron C.601 Aiglon
 * Caudron C.610 Aiglon
 * Caudron C.620 Simoun IV
 * Caudron C.630 Simoun
 * Caudron C.631 Simoun
 * Caudron C.632 Simoun
 * Caudron C.634 Simoun
 * Caudron C.635 Simoun
 * Caudron C.635M Simoun
 * Caudron C.640 Typhon
 * Caudron C.641 Typhon
 * Caudron C.660 Rafale
 * Caudron C.670 Typhon
 * Caudron C.680
 * Caudron C.684
 * Caudron C.685 Super Rafale
 * Caudron C.690
 * Caudron C.710 Cyclone
 * Caudron C.711 Cyclone
 * Caudron C.712 Cyclone
 * Caudron C.713 Cyclone
 * Caudron C.714 Cyclone
 * Caudron C.720 Cyclone
 * Caudron-Renault CR.760 Cyclone
 * Caudron-Renault CR.770 Cyclone
 * Caudron C.800 Epervier
 * Caudron C.801
 * Caudron C.810
 * Caudron C.811
 * Caudron C-815
 * Caudron C.860
 * Caudron C.870
 * Caudron C.880
 * Caudron KXC
 * Caudron Navy Experimental Type C Trainer
 * Caudron LEI

title: Caudron


text:
Ousia (band)

Ousia is a music ensemble from Minneapolis, Minnesota. The group classifies their music (a mixture of ambient, noise, and space rock) as "Snowbient." Their current instrumentation consists of two guitars, bass, and synthesizers. Musically, their compositions are constructed around keys and dynamics, rather than a traditional "verse / bridge / chorus" musical form. A consistent approach involving improvisation and "live" recordings, minimizes the difference between their performances and CD releases. Ousia have performed with The Flaming Lips, Laibach, Third Eye Foundation, Windy and Carl, as well as headlining their own shows.

Members

 * Horn, Paul - Guitar, PolySix, QuasiMidi 309, Mini Analog Synth created by Paul
 * Onnen, Dave - Bass
 * Shapiro, Jason - Roland JP-8000, Roland MC-909, Symetrix 606, TC Electronic D-Two
 * Teasley, Fred - Guitar, MS-20, Micromoog

Biography
In February 1996, Jason Shapiro and Paul Horn collaborated on a primarily improvised performance for a showcase at Intermedia Arts in Minneapolis, Minnesota ("You're My Avant-Guitar Hero", February 23–24, 1996). Seven months later (September 1996), the two decided to record their "improvised compositions", in addition to writing new material. During this time, Horn was also working with Fred Teasley writing drone-oriented compositions. As the two separate projects were similar in nature, it was decided that the three should get together and compose new music. In late October 1996, the line up expanded with the addition of Dave Onnen, and the name "Blue Shift" was established by Teasley. Late November 1996 brought the addition of Jason Ducklinsky, as preparations were made for their first live performance a few weeks later. In March 1997, the ensemble were informed that there were at least two other bands performing as Blue Shift, and thus Shapiro suggested that their name be changed to "Ousia", inspired from Aristotle's Metaphysics. The change in the name also reflected an evolution in the structure—at the end of May 1997, Ousia trimmed down from a quintet to a quartet (Ducklinsky was no longer a member).

Discography

 * Various Artists, Southeast of Saturn, Vol. 2 (Third Man Records, Dec. 3, 2022)
 * Various Artists, Redeyed: Minneapolis Shoegaze and Dreampop 1992-1998 (Go Johnny Go, 2006)
 * Various Artists, FutureMusic CD #131 (Future Music UK Magazine, Jan. 2003)
 * Ousia, Face the Robot (Mutant Music, 2002)
 * Various Artists, Twin Town High Yearbook 1997-1998 (Pulse of the Twin Cities Newspaper, Jan. 1998)
 * Various Artists, Future Perfect Sound System: Music For Listening (UltraModern/TRG, Oct. 21, 1997)
 * Ousia, Why is That a Four? (UltraModern/TRG, Sept. 23, 1997)
 * Various Artists, ADA Monthly Catalog Sampler, July '97 (Alternative Distribution Alliance, Jul. 1997)

Selected awards

 * Best Noise Band - Winner (City Pages, Minneapolis - May 13, 1998)
 * Best Electronic Group/DJ of 1997 - Nominated (Minnesota Music Awards - April 23, 1998)
 * Best Electronic Music CD of 1997 - Nominated (Minnesota Music Awards - April 23, 1998)
 * "Picked to Click" (Best New Band Poll) - Top 10 (City Pages, Minneapolis - April 22, 1998)

title: Ousia (band)


text:
Ialysos

Ialysos (Ιαλυσός, before 1976: Τριάντα Trianta) is a town and a former municipality on the island of Rhodes, in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rhodes, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 16.7 km2. It is the second-largest town on the island of Rhodes. It has a population of approximately 13,000, and is located eight kilometres (8 km) west of the town of Rhodes, the island's capital, on the island's northwestern coast.

Overview
The town is situated near the site of the ancient Doric polis of Ialysus, homeland of the famous ancient boxer Diagoras of Rhodes. The municipal unit consists of the town Trianta/Ialysos and the surrounding areas. While official sources use Trianta as a name for the town, and Ialysos for the whole municipal unit, unofficial usage tend to favour Ialysos to describe both the modern town and the municipal unit.

Until the mid-1980s Trianta/Ialysos was a village with a population of around 2500 people, but during the following years population grew to an official 10,107 at the 2001 census, as it to an increasing degree became a suburban district to the town of Rhodes. Ialysos has in addition become a tourist destination, with several hotels and resorts located on the coast, especially in the new settlement of Ixia, situated between the towns of Ialysos and Rhodes. Being on the usually windward north-western coast of the island, it is also a noted location for wind-surfing. The municipal unit has a land area of 16.700 km², the smallest of any on Rhodes.

Education
State facilities by category:
 * Primary Education: 3 primary schools
 * Secondary Education: 1 high school and 1 lyceum

Football
Town football team GAS Ialysos currently competes at national level third tier (Gamma Ethniki) while in the 90s team competed even at Beta Ethniki (now Football League) losing promotion to Greece's top league during 1994-95 season.

Basketball
GAS Ialysos currently competes on local league but in the past reached national league C.

Sports venues
Town municipal "Ekonomideio" stadium hosts football and Ialysos indoor hall basketball.

Notable people

 * Timocreon (5th century BC) poet
 * Diagoras of Rhodes (5th century BC) boxer

title: Ialysos


text:
Talk:List of people in Playboy 2000–2009

Crystal McCahill
Can somebody help me with the Crystal McCahill link in the 2009 table. For some reason, I can't get that link to work. Hoang.pham19 (talk) 23:18, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Table format
Say! The table format is lookin good :) T h e St ev e  19:04, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Not since July 15th. While the idea of puting the years in separate tables makes sense, the seemingly-random arrangement of columns is really ugly. RossPatterson 00:59, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I've adjusted the tables to be the same layout for all years, and it looks much better to me. RossPatterson 01:25, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for doing that. When the tables were changed it bugged me that they weren't all the same.  Dismas |(talk) 01:30, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Centerfold List?
Can we have a list of just the Playmates of the Month? CFLeon 00:39, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Why? It would just repeat what's already here.  Dismas|(talk) 21:18, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

pics
You should put a cover pic for each issue --Jaysscholar 19:36, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * We can't. It's been tried in the past and then they were taken out.  Under the rules of fair use for which magazine covers are used, there has to be some sort of critical commentary on the issue pictured, which this list does not do.  Dismas|(talk) 21:12, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Playboy store links
Why do we have links to each issue at the Playboy Store? Does that seem like advertising to anyone else? Dismas|(talk) 02:02, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I see where you're coming from, but I guess the most reliable source is on the store's website. Ohyeahmormons 19:21, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Source for what? Are you thinking in terms of using it as a reference?  Dismas|(talk) 02:16, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. I think that because it's the official store of Playboy, it makes all the information reliable. Ohyeahmormons 19:01, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * If we're using it as a reference, shouldn't it be in a references section then? Granted, I don't want a huge list of references, one line for each month, at the bottom of the list, but one blanket statement would be fine with me.  That would tone down the advertising feel.  Dismas|(talk) 19:56, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

...And then, two years later, I removed the links. Following rationale: 1) Rather clear WP:ELNO spam problem, 2) all the Playboy Store ones were no longer hitting the intended target (they redir to the Store front page), 3) recent trend has been to update the table without adding the links to the store, indicating the list functions just fine without them. Townlake (talk) 02:41, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

20 questions
I added a 20 questions section with all the subjects in it, because if we can have an interview column, why not a 20q one? Ohyeahmormons 19:01, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "...why not a 20q one?" - Good; you have 19 left. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.64.0.252 (talk) 22:53, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of people in Playboy 1953–59 which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 11:59, 17 July 2018 (UTC)


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire. Since 1703, all Lord Lieutenants have also been Custos Rotulorum of Leicestershire.

Lord Lieutenants

 * Henry Grey, 3rd Marquess of Dorset 1549–1551
 * Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon 1551–1552
 * Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk 1552–1554
 * Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon 1554 – 20 June 1561 jointly with
 * Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon 1559 – 14 December 1595
 * George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon 2 October 1596 – 30 December 1604
 * vacant
 * Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon 16 May 1607 – 1642 jointly with
 * Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon 27 December 1638 – 1642
 * Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford 1642–? (Parliamentary)
 * Interregnum
 * Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough 14 January 1661 – 10 January 1667
 * John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland 14 February 1667 – 7 July 1677
 * John Manners, 9th Earl of Rutland 7 July 1677 – 11 August 1687
 * Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon 11 August 1687 – 6 April 1689
 * John Manners, 9th Earl of Rutland 6 April 1689 – 24 March 1703
 * Basil Feilding, 4th Earl of Denbigh 24 March 1703 – 1 July 1706
 * John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland 1 July 1706 – 10 January 1711
 * Basil Feilding, 4th Earl of Denbigh 8 September 1711 – 3 December 1714
 * John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland 3 December 1714 – 22 February 1721
 * John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland 26 April 1721 – 29 May 1779
 * Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland 16 July 1779 – 24 October 1787
 * Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort 14 December 1787 – 21 October 1799
 * John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland 21 October 1799 – 20 January 1857
 * Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland 13 February 1857 – 3 March 1888
 * Richard William Penn Curzon-Howe, 3rd Earl Howe 19 June 1888 – 25 September 1900
 * Henry Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland 7 November 1900 – 8 May 1925
 * Arthur Grey Hazlerigg, 1st Baron Hazlerigg 27 July 1925 – 25 May 1949
 * Robert Godfrey Wolseley Bewicke-Copley, 5th Baron Cromwell 2 August 1949 – 21 October 1966
 * Col. Sir Robert Andrew St George Martin 5 April 1966 – 24 April 1989
 * Sir Timothy Gerald Martin Brooks 24 April 1989 – 24 February 2003
 * Jennifer, Lady Gretton JP 24 February 2003 – 14 June 2018
 * Mike Kapur 14 June 2018 – present

Deputy Lieutenants
Active List as of April 2016
 * Ramanbahai C BarberJune, 2013
 * Gautam Govindlal Bodiwala 2001
 * Richard L Brucciani 1999
 * Professor Sir Robert Burgess 2010
 * Hazel Byford, Baroness Byford 2010
 * Robert Bruce Collins 2006
 * Colonel Raeburn Murray Longair Colville 1997
 * Rosemary Jean N Conley 1999
 * Gerrard Amaury A March Phillips de Lisle 1997
 * Richard Anthony Spencer Everard 1997
 * Andrew James Granger 2008
 * Brigadier William James Hurrell 2008
 * Col Richard Sells Hurwood 2006
 * Freda Hussain 2006
 * David John Knowles 1999
 * Sir Michael Latham
 * Dr Angela Isabel Agnes Lennox 2001
 * Elizabeth Jane Martin June, 2013
 * Colonel Robert C J Martin 2010
 * Ian Malcolm McAlpine 2001
 * Suleman Nagdi 2008
 * Hugh Michael Pearson 2008
 * Professor Sir Nilesh J Samani 2010
 * Resham Singh Sandhu 2006
 * Wendi Kathleen Stevens 2008
 * Bridget Ellen Towle June, 2013
 * Peter John Wheeler 2001
 * David William Wilson 2008
 * David John Wyrko Esq 2010
 * Jonathan Agnew 2015
 * Dave Andrews 2015
 * Sally Bowie 2015
 * Mike Kapur 2015
 * David Lindley 2015
 * Riaz Ravat 2015
 * Elisabeth Turnbull 2015
 * Professor David Wilson 2015

Added 2017:
 * Richard Allan Halford Brooks 2017
 * Richard Charles Griffin Clowes 2017
 * Mehmooda Duke 2017
 * Priyesh Patel 2017
 * Professor Surinder Mohan Sharma 2017
 * Lieutenant Colonel David Richard James Young 2018

Previous Deputy Lieutenants

 * Ernest Clive Atkins
 * John Cridlan Barrett
 * Edwyn Burnaby
 * Thomas Cave
 * John Coke
 * Edwin de Lisle
 * John de Lisle
 * Sir William Farrell-Skeffington
 * Washington Shirley, 8th Earl Ferrers
 * Washington Shirley, 9th Earl Ferrers
 * Charles Freer, 1862
 * John Frewen-Turner
 * John Gretton, 3rd Baron Gretton
 * John Dove Harris
 * Sir Thomas Kennedy
 * Sir Maurice Levy, 1st Baronet
 * Sir Edward Packe
 * Eben William Robertson
 * George Murray Smith the Younger
 * Samuel Francis Stone, Esq. March 1901
 * Robert Tilney

title: Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire


text:
Talk:Damiaen Joan van Doorninck

Untitled
'Damiaem' must have been a typo for several reasons. Damiaen (an unusual Dutch name) seems to be more likely because to may refer to the (Catholic) name of Damia(e)n. All Google hits for Damiaem seems to be copied Wikipedia articles. There are Google hits to non-Wikipedia webpages about a Damiaen van Doorninck who was in Colditz. And finally, the article text itself refers to Damiaen. So I modified the original page 'Damiaem J. van Doorninck' to redirect to this page.

 * not a typo his name is DAMIAEM... M... its in multiple books as Damiaem... the body text had the typo.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 08:55, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It is a typo, its my grandfather. --Damiaen 11:43, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Dutch military records which I am holding in my hand as I type this spell DAMIAEM. Until you can provide some sort of verifiable proof that this is a mistake, it will be reverted ad infinitum.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 23:38, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I dug up a few urls wich show my correct familyname.

War decorations: Swiss bank claims: A familytree: Another familytree: Yet another familytree: My dads Swedish website:

I hope this will clear things up.--Damiaen 07:16, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It does, thanks for providing some backup. Every book I've used for references on Colditz Castle had it spelled Damiaem, and the xerox copy of the Dutch military records regarding officers held prisoner in Colditz also mispelled it Damiaem. So you can certainly understand my reluctance to change it.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 09:09, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

The category 'British veterans of WWII' was removed because he was Dutch, not British.

 * oops thats my bad i made several articles of Colditz POW's at once and copied all the categories across the articles.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 08:55, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Damiaen Joan van Doorninck


text:
Natirar

Natirar is an estate spanning 491 acre in Peapack-Gladstone, Far Hills and Bedminster, in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. Its name is a reverse spelling of Raritan. The complex was built between 1905 and 1912, when the main residence was completed. In 2003 it was sold by the estate of Hassan II, late King of Morocco, to Somerset County, New Jersey, and is now administered by the Somerset County Park Commission. Approximately 90 acre of the estate have been leased to develop that portion of the estate (which includes the mansion, stable/carriage barn and most of the other outbuildings) into an exclusive hotel, spa, restaurant complex.

Location
The 1.25 mi driveway lies within the 491 acre estate that occupies portions of three municipalities. The main buildings and 327 acre are in the Borough of Peapack-Gladstone, 124 acre are in the Borough of Far Hills, and 40 acre are in Bedminster Township. The core buildings are south of Highland Avenue, east of Main Street/Peapack Road, north of the North Branch of the Raritan River and west of Lake Road. The main entrance, once at the Far Hills train station, is now just over the town line, nearly at the spot where Main Street (Peapack Road) crosses the North Branch of the Raritan River and New Jersey Transit's Gladstone Branch.

Uses
Natirar was originally an estate for Kate Macy Ladd (1863–1945), heiress to a Massachusetts whaling, shipping and oil fortune, and her husband, Walter Graeme Ladd (1857–1933). Beginning in 1908, Mrs. Ladd provided a convalescent facility at “Maple Cottage,” a large residence on the estate, where “deserving gentlewomen who are compelled to depend on their own exertions for support shall be entertained, without charge, for periods of time while convalescing from illness, recuperating from impaired health, or otherwise in need of rest.” Following Mrs. Ladd's death in 1945, title to Natirar was conveyed to the Kate Macy Ladd Fund, and the convalescent facility was relocated from Maple Cottage to the renovated main residence on the estate.

Under the terms of Walter Ladd's will, the estate was to be sold 50 years after his death. Thus, in 1983, the convalescent facility was disbanded, its assets distributed in equal parts to five educational institutions, and the property was sold for $7.5 million to Hassan II, the King of Morocco, who visited the property infrequently due to its use as a permanent residence for his children as they attended Princeton University. After the king's death, ownership passed to his son, King Mohammed VI, who sold the property in 2003 to Somerset County, New Jersey for $22 million.

The county leased 90 acre of the property, including all of the core buildings, to a local resident, Bob Wojtowicz. He began plans to renovate the buildings. The carriage house on the property was converted into a restaurant known as 90 Acres, and an attached garage was converted to a cooking school for public classes and events. It opened in late December 2009. Bob had partnered with Richard Branson from Virgin spa to convert the mansion to a resort location. Virgin's branding ended when Miraval Resorts became a partner with Bob Wojtowicz. The Miraval-branded resort does not currently have an opening date. As of 2024 it is being developed under the Pendry brand of the Montage International company.

Natirar Park
Somerset County operates 404 acres as Natirar, a county park with 247 acres located in Peapack-Gladstone, 124 acres in Far Hills, and 40 acres in Bedminster. The parks features include areas of lawn and woodland, and river access to North Branch Raritan River. Peapack Brook also flows through the property. The park also includes historic farm buildings and other residential structures and out-buildings dating from the mid-18th through mid-19th centuries which are not open to the public.

title: Natirar


text:
Standing army

A standing army is a permanent, often professional, army. It is composed of full-time soldiers who may be either career soldiers or conscripts. It differs from army reserves, who are enrolled for the long term, but activated only during wars or natural disasters, and temporary armies, which are raised from the civilian population only during a war or threat of war, and disbanded once the war or threat is over. Standing armies tend to be better equipped, better trained, and better prepared for emergencies, defensive deterrence, and particularly, wars. The term dates from approximately 1600, although the phenomenon it describes is much older.

Mesopotamia
Sargon of Akkad, the founder of the Akkadian Empire, is believed to have formed the first standing professional army. Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria (ruled 745–727 BC) created Assyria's first standing army. Tiglath-Pileser III disbanded militias and instead paid professional soldiers for their services. His army was composed largely of Assyrian soldiers but was supplemented with foreign mercenaries and vassal states. The standing army he created was the most sophisticated administrative and economic institution of its time, and was the engine of Assyrian economy which capitalized on warfare.

Ancient Persia

Cyrus the Great formed the first professional army of Persia. The composition of the army varied and developed in the course of time. The empire's great armies were, like the empire itself, very diverse. Its standing army was composed of Persians (the bravest people of empire according to Herodotus) and Medes. This standing army, which may have been reviewed every year by the king or his representative, is called kāra in the inscriptions. At the heart of this army was its elite guard, The 10,000 Immortals. Herodotus describe that if any of these guardsmen drops out owing to death or disease, a substitute is immediately supplied and the number again filled. Thousands of these 10,000 guardsmen composed the royal bodyguards in the palace, their insignia were golden apples or pomegranates at the butts of their spears (accordingly they are named “apple-bearers” by Heraclides Cumaeus).

Ancient Greece
In ancient Greece, the city-states' (poleis) armies were essentially drafted citizen militias. The exception was in ancient Sparta, which had a standing army that trained year-round (and not only in summertime). Through the 5th century, they comprised the only professional soldiers in ancient Greece, aside from hired mercenaries. However, the Spartan army commonly consisted of helots (serfs), who considerably outnumbered the Spartiates, as well as numerous allies of Sparta.

Philip II of Macedon instituted the first true professional Hellenic army, with soldiers and cavalrymen paid for their service year-round, rather than a militia of men who mostly farmed the land for subsistence and occasionally mustered for campaigns.

Ancient China
The Western Zhou maintained a standing army, enabling them to effectively control other city states and spread their influence. Unlike the Western Zhou, the Eastern Zhou initially did not have a standing army. Instead they drafted militias from around 150 city states. While the Eastern Zhao did not initially maintain a standing army, the state of Jin became the first to do so in 678 BCE. The first professional army in China was established by the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE, which ushered Imperial China. Under the Qin dynasty, wars were fought by trained vocational soldiers instead of relying on temporary soldiers.

Ancient India
In Ancient India, warfare was first attested during the Vedic period. However, warfare was primarily waged between various clans and kingdoms solely by the kshatriya class during times of conflict. True standing armies in India developed under the Mahajanapadas, which relied on paid professional soldiers year round. The most prominent of the Mahajanapadas was the Kingdom of Magadha. It is accepted that the first standing army of India was created in Maghada by the ruler Bimbisara.

Ancient Rome
Under the reign of Augustus, the first Roman emperor, a standing professional army of the Roman Empire was gradually instituted, with regularized pay. This professional force of legionaries was expensive to maintain, but supported the authority of the empire, not only as combat troops but also as provincial police forces, engineers, and guards. Legionaries were citizen volunteers entitled to a discharge bounty upon 25 years of honorable service; supplementing the legions were the auxilia, auxiliary forces composed of non-citizens in the provinces who typically earned citizenship as a reward for service.

Ottoman Empire
The first modern standing armies on European soil during the Middle Ages were the Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire, which were formed in the 14th century under Sultan Murad I.

France
The first Christian standing army since the fall of the Western Roman Empire to be paid with regular wages, instead of feudal levies, was established by King Charles VII of France in the 1430s while the Hundred Years' War was still raging. As he realized that France needed professional reliable troops for ongoing and future conflicts, units were raised by issuing "ordonnances" to govern their length of service, composition and payment. These compagnies d'ordonnance formed the core of the French gendarmes that dominated European battlefields in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They were stationed throughout France and summoned into larger armies when needed. Provisions were also made for franc-archers and foot soldiers raised from the non-noble classes, but those units were disbanded at the end of the Hundred Years' War.

The bulk of the infantry for warfare was still provided by urban or provincial militias, raised from an area or city to fight locally and named for their recruiting grounds. Gradually these units became more permanent, and in the 1480s, Swiss instructors were recruited and some of the 'bandes' (militia) were combined to form temporary 'legions' of up to 9,000 men. The men would be paid and contracted and would receive training.

Henry II further regularised the French army by forming standing infantry regiments to replace the militia structure. The first, the Régiments de Picardie, Piémont, Navarre and Champagne, were called Les Vieux Corps (The Old Corps). It was normal policy to disband regiments after a war was over to save costs. The Vieux Corps and the king's own household troops (the Maison militaire du roi de France) were the only survivors.

Hungary
The Black Army, established in 1462 by Hungarian king, Matthias Hunyadi was the first Central/Eastern European standing army. However, while the Black Army was certainly the first standing field army in that part of Europe, Hungary in fact had maintained a permanent army in the form of garrisons of border fortresses since the 1420s.

Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early firearms in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an arquebus, which was an unusual ratio at the time. The high price of medieval gunpowder prevented them from raising it any further. The main troops of the army were the infantry, artillery and light and heavy cavalry. The function of the heavy cavalry was to protect the light armoured infantry and artillery, while the other corps delivered sporadic, surprise assaults on the enemy.

Songhai Empire
In West Africa, the Songhai Empire under the Askia Mohammad I (1493–1528) possessed a full-time corps of 40,000 professional warriors. Al-Sa'di, the chronicler who wrote the Tarikh al-Sudan, compared Askia Mohammad I's army to that of his predecessor; "he distinguished between the civilian and the army unlike Sunni Ali [1464–92] when everyone was a soldier." Askia Mohammad I is said to have possessed cynical attitudes towards kingdoms that lacked professional armies like his, notably in reference to the neighboring kingdoms in the land of Borgu.

Majapahit Empire
The Majapahit thalassocracy was recorded by a Chinese observer as having 30,000 full-time professional troops, whose soldiers and commanders were paid in gold. This shows the existence of a standing army, an achievement that only a handful of Southeast Asian empires could hope to achieve. In addition to these professional soldiers, Majapahit was strengthened by troops from subordinate countries and regional leaders. As was common in Southeast Asia, Majapahit also used a levy system, in fact, the majority of the Majapahit troops were a levy.

Spain
The Spanish Empire tercios were the first Spanish standing units composed of professional soldiers. Their pike and shot composition assured predominance in the European battlefields from the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century. Although other powers adopted the tercio formation, their armies fell short of the fearsome reputation of the Spanish, whose core of professional soldiers gave them an edge that was hard for other states to match.

England and Great Britain
Prior to the influence of Oliver Cromwell, England lacked a standing army, instead relying on militia organized by local officials, private forces mobilized by the nobility and hired mercenaries from Europe. This changed during the English Civil War, when Cromwell formed his New Model Army of 50,000 men. This professional body of soldiers proved more effective than untrained militia, and enabled him to exert control over the country. The army was disbanded by Parliament following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, and the Cromwellian model was initially considered a failure due to various logistical and political problems with the force.

The Militia Act 1661 prohibited local authorities from assembling militia without the approval of the king, to prevent such a force being used to oppress local opponents. This weakened the incentive for local officials to draw up their own fighting forces, and King Charles II subsequently assembled four regiments of infantry and cavalry, calling them his guards, at a cost of £122,000 paid out of his regular budget. This became the foundation of the permanent British Army. By 1685 it had grown to 7,500 soldiers in marching regiments, and 1,400 men permanently stationed in garrisons. The Monmouth Rebellion in 1685 provided James II with a pretext to increase the size of the force to 20,000 men, and there were 37,000 in 1688, when England played a role in the closing stage of the Franco-Dutch War. In 1689, William III expanded the army to 74,000, and then to 94,000 in 1694.

Nervous at the power such a large force afforded the king whilst under his personal command, Parliament reduced the cadre to 7,000 in 1697. Scotland and Ireland had theoretically separate military establishments, but they were de facto merged with the English force. The Bill of Rights 1689 officially reserved authority over a standing army to Parliament, not the king.

In his influential work The Wealth of Nations (1776), economist Adam Smith comments that standing armies are a sign of modernizing society, as modern warfare requires the increased skill and discipline of regularly trained standing armies.

United States
In the British Thirteen Colonies in America, there was a strong distrust of a standing army not under civilian control. The U.S. Constitution in (Article 1, Section 8)  limits federal appropriations to two years, and reserves financial control to Congress, instead of to the President. The President, however, retains command of the armed forces when they are raised, as commander-in-chief. The Framers' suspicion of a standing army is reflected in the constitutional requirement that the appointment and promotion of high-ranking military officers (like civil officers) be confirmed by the Senate. At the 1787 Constitutional Convention, Elbridge Gerry argued against a large standing army, comparing it, mischievously, to a standing penis: "An excellent assurance of domestic tranquility, but a dangerous temptation to foreign adventure." After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814, during the War of 1812, in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army, President James Madison commented, "I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force, if I not witnessed the scenes of this day."

title: Standing army


text:
St. Vrain Creek

St. Vrain Creek (often known locally as the St. Vrain River) is a tributary of the South Platte River, approximately 32.2 mi long, in north central Colorado in the United States. It drains part of the foothills north of Boulder and the Colorado Piedmont area in the vicinity of Longmont.

The creek is formed by the confluence of North and South St. Vrain creeks at Lyons. The creek rises in several branches in the foothills of the Front Range northwest of Boulder.

Middle St. Vrain Creek rises along the continental divide, west of St. Vrain Mountain. It descends in canyon to flow along State Highway 7 and past Raymond. It joins the shorter South St. Vrain Creek about two miles below Raymond. Parts of the South St. Vrain Creek form a 5 mi Class 5+ kayak run during normal flows. North St. Vrain Creek rises northeast of St. Vrain Mountain near Mount Alice and Chiefs Head Peak, and descends in a remote canyon to the east along U.S. Highway 36. The two branches join at Lyons, at the mouth of the canyon. East of Lyons, the combined stream flows southeast through farmland and ranch country, passing south of Hygiene and entering Longmont. It passes through the south side of Longmont where it is rimmed by a greenway trail and several parks. East of Longmont it flows generally northeast, meandering through a wide river bottom in ranch country and passing under Interstate 25 south of the intersection with State Highway 66. It joins the South Platte from the west just upstream from the ruins of Fort St. Vrain and approximately 4 mi northwest of Platteville.

St. Vrain Creek is joined by Left Hand Creek south of Longmont and Boulder Creek east of Longmont.

The stream was named after Ceran St. Vrain, a pioneer trader.

title: St. Vrain Creek


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Jacob Rogers

Jacob Dwight Rogers (born August 17, 1981) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at the University of Southern California.

Early life
Rogers was born in Oxnard, California. He attended Oxnard High School, where he started as a quarterback, before switching to tight end as a sophomore. He also played defensive end, linebacker and punter. As a junior, he caught 17 passes for 201 yards and 5 touchdowns.

As a senior tight end, he finished with 39 receptions for 412 yards (10.6 average yards) and 4 touchdowns, despite missing the last 4 games with a separated shoulder. He also received Super Prep All-American and All-far west honors. He averaged 10 rebounds a game as a senior for the basketball team.

College career
Rogers accepted a football scholarship from the University of Southern California, where he played for head coach Pete Carroll's USC Trojans football team from 2000 to 2003.

As a true freshman, he missed most of the season due to a dislocated left shoulder. The next year, he came back as a redshirt freshman and was converted into an offensive tackle, playing behind left tackle Brent McCaffrey. He needed off-season surgery to repair a dislocated right shoulder.

As a sophomore, although he missed spring practice while rehabbing his shoulder, he earned the starting left tackle job. As a senior in 2003, he was one of the nation's top offensive tackles, the Morris Trophy winner, a first-team All-Pac-10 selection and a consensus first-team All-American. He was a starter in the 2003 Orange Bowl and the 2004 Rose Bowl, blocking for Carson Palmer and Matt Leinart.

Dallas Cowboys
Rogers was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round (52nd overall) of the 2004 NFL Draft, after dropping because of his injury history. As a rookie, he was moved to right tackle, but couldn't win the starting position over former undrafted free agents Kurt Vollers and Torrin Tucker. He dressed but did not participate in six games, playing in only 2 games for special teams purposes. On January 11, 2005, he had shoulder surgery.

On August 9, 2005, he suffered a shoulder injury a day after being named the starter at right tackle. On August 13, 2005, he sprained the medial collateral ligament in his left knee and although the team felt he could still play the season with the injury (Mark Tuinei had a similar situation), Rogers decided to have microfracture surgery and be put on the injured reserve list. This disagreement did not sit well with the Cowboys, who made him rehab outside of the team's training facilities and eventually waived him on March 17, 2006.

Denver Broncos
After a year out of football, he signed with the Denver Broncos as a free agent on January 2, 2007. Rogers was practicing with the first team at right tackle throughout training camp, until suffering another left knee injury. On August 21, he was waived before the season started.

Personal life
Rogers began coaching at the University of Mississippi in 2007, and also coached at Central Connecticut State University in 2008 and 2009. He currently works in a family business in Ventura, California.

title: Jacob Rogers


text: User talk:69.69.121.195

title: User talk:69.69.121.195


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Vladimir Ivanow (orientalist)

Vladimir Alekseevich Ivanow (Владимир Алексеевич Иванов; November 3, 1886 – June 19, 1970) was a Russian orientalist. He was a scholar of Islam, with a particular focus on Ismailism. He graduated in 1907 and joined the faculty of Oriental Languages of the University of St. Petersburg.

Vladimir Ivanow is a founding father of modern isma'ili studies and one of the most authoritative scholars in the subject. He is a doctoral advisor of Farhad Daftary, the most authoritative scholar of the subject in the modern world.

title: Vladimir Ivanow (orientalist)