text:
Kidung Sunda

Kidung Sunda is a Middle-Javanese kidung of probable Balinese provenance. In this poem, the story of King Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit who was looking for a bride-to-be, is narrated. At last, he chose the princess of Sunda, a kingdom in West Java. The princess' name has remained undisclosed in this story, however, she corresponds to Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi in Pararaton. Hayam Wuruk's grand vizier Gajah Mada, betrayed his king and rejected this idea. There was a dispute about geopolitical relations between Sunda and Majapahit (i.e. Java). Gajah Mada considered Sunda to be a vassal state of Java. For that reason, a great battle took place in Bubat, the port where the Sundanese party landed as they refused to be treated as vassals. There the Majapahit-Javanese army slaughtered the Sundanese. The grieved princess of Sunda committed suicide not long afterward. This historical story has to be situated somewhere in the 14th century.

Different versions of Kidung Sunda
A Dutch philologist, Prof. Dr. C.C. Berg, has found several versions of Kidung Sunda. Out of them he has discussed and published two versions:
 * 1) Kidung Sunda
 * 2) Kidung Suṇḍâyana (The Journey of the Sundanese)

The former is longer than the latter. It also has better literary merits. That is also the version, which is discussed in this article.

Synopsis
A short summary of the contents of Kidung Sunda is presented below. The summary is divided in different cantos.

Canto I
Hayam Wuruk, the king of Majapahit, was looking for a bride-to-be. He sent emissaries throughout Nusantara (Maritime Southeast Asia) to find a suitable bride for him. They all came back with paintings of lovely princesses. But none was able to charm him. Then Hayam Wuruk heard about the beauty of the princess of Sunda. Accordingly, he sent an artist to Sunda and he came back with a painting. At that moment both his uncles: the king of Kahuripan and the king of Daha were in his palace. Both were concerned about the status of Hayam Wuruk who was still unmarried at that time.

Thus the picture of the beautiful princess of Sunda enchanted king Hayam Wuruk. Shortly afterward, he sent yet another emissary. This time it was an important official, whose name was Madhu, to Sunda to ask for the hand of the princess.

After just six days at sea, Madhu arrived in Sunda. He demanded an audience with the king and told him about the purpose of his journey. The king rejoiced as the most celebrated king of Majapahit was willing to marry his daughter. But the princess herself did not say much. Soon Madhu journeyed back home to Majapahit and handed over the letter of reply of the king of Sunda to King Hayam Wuruk. Not long afterward, the Sundanese party departed for Majapahit. They sailed with 200 big vessels and smaller boats also escorted them. The total number of the ships must have been about 2,000. But before the Sundanese royal family entered their vessel, they saw a bad omen. Their vessel was a "nine-decked hybrid Tatar-Javanese junk, which became in common use after Wijaya’s war" (Wijaya was the founder of Majapahit. There was also a failed invasion of Majapahit by a Mongolian armada in 1293. Usually the word Tatar means Mongolian or Chinese in Javanese).

Meanwhile, in Majapahit, they were busy preparing the reception of the Sundanese guests. Ten days later the chief head of the port in Bubat reported that the Sundanese party was already visible. Hayam Wuruk and both his uncle got ready to receive them. But the grand vizier Gajah Mada disapproved. He held the view that a great king of Majapahit should not receive a vassal kingdom such as Sunda in such a manner. Who knows he is an enemy in disguise.

And thus the intention of Hayam Wuruk was not fulfilled. He followed Gajah Mada's advice. The other palace servants and dignitaries were shocked to hear this. But none dared to resist.

In Bubat, the news about the latest developments in Majapahit already leaked in. The king of Sunda then sent an envoy, consisting of the grand vizier, Anèpakěn, three other dignitaries, and some 300 footmen. They went directly to Gajah Mada's residence. There they told him that it appeared as if the king of Majapahit did not accomplish his commitment, accordingly the king of Sunda prepared to sail back home. Then, a hefty discussion followed as Gajah Mada held the view that the Sundanese should act as vassals, just like any other vassals from Nusantara. After both parties exchanged insults, a fight seemed unavoidable. But a royal pundit named Smaranata intervened. The Sundanese envoy went away after they got an assurance that the king of Majapahit would present them with a final decision within two days.

In the meantime, after the king of Sunda received the news, he stated that he was not willing to serve as a vassal. He told his men his decision that it was better to die on the battlefield as a ksatriya (warrior) than to live on, only to be humiliated by the Majapahit Javanese. His men agreed to follow and defend their king.

After that, the king of Sunda came to his wife and daughter and told them to return home. They refused however and insisted on staying with him.

Canto II
Everything was ready. The Majapahit Javanese sent a messenger to the Sundanese camp. The conditions were read. They told them to surrender and to submit as vassals. Angrily the Sundanese refused and a war was inevitable.

The Majapahit army consisted of footmen, dignitaries, the grand vizier Gajah Mada, and finally Hayam Wuruk and both his uncles.

There followed a bitter fight. In the beginning, many Majapahit Javanese perished, but in the end, the Sundanese bit the dust. Almost all of them were slaughtered. Anèpaken was killed by Gajah Mada while the king of Sunda was killed by the fathers of his children-in-law: the king of Kahuripan and the king of Daha. Pitar was the only Sundanese officer who survived. He pretended to be dead among the corpses of the perished soldiers. He escaped and went straight to the pavilion of the queen and the princess. There he reported the latest developments. They were depressed and committed to killing themselves. After that, the women of the soldiers committed ritual suicide on the corpses of their husbands.

Canto III
King Hayam Wuruk felt worried after he witnessed the battle. He went to the Sundanese camp, looking for the princess. But she was already dead. He lamented her and wanted to be united with her.

After that, a ceremony in remembrance of the deaths was performed. Soon, King Hayam Wuruk himself died in misery. After the funeral rites were performed, his two uncles discussed the whole affair. Both blamed Gajah Mada for the situation. Then they marched to his residence as they wanted to capture and kill him. In the meantime, Gajah Mada felt that his time was near. So accordingly, he put on his religious attire and began to meditate and to perform yoga. Then he disappeared (moksha) into nothingness in a state of invisibility.

Thereafter the king of Kahuripan and the king of Daha returned home, as they felt that everything in Majapahit reminded them of the sad unpleasant events.

Some analysis
Kidung Sunda has to be considered as a literary work of art and not as a reliable historical chronicle. However, the events told in this text might have been based on true factual events.

On the whole, the story narrated in this text is told directly. It is rather different from other works in the same genre. The narration combines both romantic and dramatic elements appealingly. With lively descriptions and dialogues, the protagonists are brought to life.

Furthermore, the story is logical and real. There is no mention of impossibilities, exaggerations beyond belief, and supernatural things, except for the disappearance of Gajah Mada (his moksha). According to Nugroho, moksha is a symbol of death. This does not correspond either to other contemporary historical sources. Usually, a Balinese text (kidung) is passed down from generation to generation, gradually loses its accuracy, and contains more fantastic and amazing things.

It has to be said that the author or narrator has chosen the side of the Sundanese in this narration. Therefore, many things do not correspond to other sources as mentioned earlier briefly.

Authorship
All manuscripts of Kidung Sunda are of Balinese provenance. However, it is not known where this work was composed, either in Java or in Bali. The identity of the author is not known either. Neither is the date of composition known. In the story, there are mentions of bedil (gunpowder weapon or firearm), but these do not prove to be a valid criterion to date the text. The Indonesian people already knew the gunpowder weapons relatively early. In the 1293 Mongol invasion of Java, Chinese–Mongol troops used pào (Chinese for cannon) against Kediri forces. Cannons and firearms are used by the Majapahit, modeled after the Chinese cannons.

C. C. Berg argued that the poem was composed ca. 1550 AD or later because there is a description of the horse of patih Anepakěn, the Sundanese vizier. His horse is compared to the horse named Anda Wesi of Rangga Lawe, a well-known character from another Javanese poem; Kidung Rangga Lawe. The latter was, according to Juynboll to be from 1465 saka, or 1543 AD. However Berg is open to earlier dating, because the Leiden manuscript was a new copy of younger date. Damais argued that Kidung Rangga Lawe was originally composed in 1334 AD, reading the chronogram as 1256 saka instead of 1465 saka. Therefore, both the Kidung Rangga Lawe and the Kidung Sunda may have been originally written in the 14th century.

Islamic influences are already discernible. Kidung Sunda contains some Perso-Arabic loanwords such as kabar (news) and subandar (harbourmaster).

Some fragments
Some fragments of the text will be presented in the following. The text is taken from C.C. Berg's edition (1927). However, the spelling has been somewhat modified to modern usage. Just as in Berg's edition, no distinction between retroflex and dental stops is made. The Sanskrit loanwords are spelled in the Javanese manner.

Gajah Mada verbally abused by the Sundanese envoy (stanza 1.66b – 1.68 a)

 * Ih angapa, Gajah Mada, agung wuwusmu i kami, ngong iki mangkw angaturana sira sang rajaputri, adulurana bakti, mangkana rakwa karěpmu, pada lan Nusantara dede Sunda iki, durung-durung ngong iki andap ring yuda.

 * Abasa lali po kita nguni duk kita aněkani jurit, amrang pradesa ring gunung, ěnti ramening yuda, wong Sunda kagingsir, wong Jipang amburu, praptâpatih Sunda apulih, rusak wadwamu gingsir.

 * Mantrimu kalih tinigas anama Lěs Beleteng angěmasi, bubar wadwamu malayu, anânibani jurang, amurug-murug rwi, lwir patining lutung, uwak setan pating burěngik, padâmalakw ing urip.

 * Mangke agung kokohanmu, uwabmu lwir ntuting gasir, kaya purisya tinilar ing asu, mengkene kaharěpta, tan pracura juti, ndi sasana tinutmu gurwaning dustârusuh, dadi angapusi sang sadubudi, patitânêng niraya atmamu těmbe yen antu.

Indonesian Translation:
 * "Wahai Gajah Mada, apa maksudnya engkau bermulut besar terhadap kami? Kita ini sekarang ingin membawa Tuan Putri, sementara engkau menginginkan kami harus membawa bakti? Sama seperti dari Nusantara. Kita lain, kita orang Sunda, belum pernah kami kalah berperang.
 * Seakan-akan lupa engkau dahulu kala, ketika engkau berperang, bertempur di daerah-daerah pegunungan. Sungguh dahsyat peperangannya, diburu orang Jipang. Kemudian patih Sunda datang kembali dan bala tentaramu mundur.
 * Kedua mantrimu yang bernama Lěs dan Beleteng diparang dan mati. Pasukanmu bubar dan melarikan diri. Ada yang jatuh di jurang dan terkena duri-duri. Mereka mati bagaikan kera, siamang dan setan. Di mana-mana mereka merengek-rengek minta tetap hidup.
 * Sekarang, besar juga kata-katamu. Bau mulutmu seperti kentut jangkrik, seperti tahi anjing. Sekarang maumu itu tidak sopan dan berkhianat. Ajaran apa yang kau ikuti selain engkau ingin menjadi guru yang berdusta dan berbuat buruk. Menipu orang berbudi syahdu. Jiwamu akan jatuh ke neraka, jika mati!"

English Translation:
 * "Well, what does it mean, Gajah Mada, for you have such a big mouth against us? You expect us to deliver the princess accompanied by tokens of obeisance? You see us as vassals? We are different, we are Sundanese, and we have never lost a battle.
 * It is as if you forget the former times, when you attacked the villages on the mountains. It was a fierce battle, the Sundanese were routed, chased after by men of Jipang. But then the grand vizier of Sunda came and stroke back. Your men were in retreat.
 * Both your ministers Lěs and Beleteng; were struck and killed. Your men were in disarray and retreated. Some fell into the ravines and were pricked the thorns. They died as monkeys, weasels and setan (satan, ghost). There were moaning all over the place. Everyone asked to be let alive.
 * And now you are vomiting such big words? The smell of your breath is like the flatulence of a cricket, as if the excrement left behind by a dog. Such a desire of yours is unsuitable and deceiving. Well what kind of law are you following, that you are a master of evil and corruption? You want to mislead good people? Your being shall descend to hell, when you die!"

The king of Sunda rejecting the conditions of Majapahit (stanza 2.69 – 2.71)

 *  [...], yan kitâwĕdîng pati, lah age marĕka, i jĕng sri naranata, aturana jiwa bakti, wangining sĕmbah, sira sang nataputri.
 * Wahu karungu denira sri narendra, bangun runtik ing ati, ah kita potusan, warahĕn tuhanira, nora ngong marĕka malih, angatĕrana, iki sang rajaputri.
 * Mong kari sasisih bahune wong Sunda, rĕmpak kang kanan keri, norengsun ahulap, rinĕbateng paprangan, srĕngĕn si rakryan apatih, kaya siniwak, karnasula angapi.

Indonesian Translation:
 * [...], jika engkau takut mati, datanglah segera menghadap Sri Baginda (Hayam Wuruk) dan haturkan bukti kesetianmu, keharuman sembahmu dengan menghaturkan dia sang Tuan Putri.
 * Maka ini terdengar oleh Sri Raja  dan dia menjadi murka: "Wahai kalian para duta! Laporkan kepada tuanmu bahwa kami tidak akan menghadap lagi menghantarkan Tuan Putri!"
 * "Meskipun orang-orang Sunda tinggal satu tangannya, atau hancur sebelah kanan dan kiri, tiada akan ‘silau’ beta!". Sang Tuan Patih juga marah, seakan-akan robek telinganya mendengarkan (kata-kata pedas orang Majapahit).

English Translation:
 * [...]. "If you are afraid to die, then come forward and pay obeisance at the feet of His Majesty the King and offer him the living evidence of your servitude: the fragrant obeisance, the princess."
 * The Sundanese king just barely heard this, as he stood up angrily: "Hey, listen you messengers, just tell your master that I don’t have the intention to approach him and to convey the princess!
 * Even if the Sundanese only have one arm left, or even more if both the right and the left arms are destroyed, their eyes won’t be impressed if they are outnumbered on the battlefield." The Sundanese vizier also got irritated as he heard the sharp words (of the Majapahit envoy).

Hayam Wuruk lamented the dead princess (stanza 3.29 – 3.33)

 * Sireñanira tinañan, unggwani sang rajaputri, tinuduhakěn aneng made sira wontěn aguling, mara sri narapati, katěmu sira akukub, perěmas natar ijo, ingungkabakěn tumuli, kagyat sang nata dadi atěmah laywan.

 * Wěněsning muka angraras, netra duměling sadidik, kang lati angrawit katon, kengisning waja amanis, anrang rumning srigading, kadi anapa pukulun, ngke pangeran marěka, tinghal kamanda punyaningsun pukulun, mangke prapta angajawa.

 * Sang tan sah aneng swacita, ning rama rena inisti, marmaning parěng prapta kongang mangkw atěmah kayêki, yan si prapta kang wingi, bangiwen pangeraningsun, pilih kari agěsang, kawula mangke pinanggih, lah palalun, pangdaning Widy angawasa.

 * Palar-palarěn ing jěmah, pangeran sida kapanggih, asisihan eng paturon, tan kalangan ing duskrěti, sida kâptining rawit, mwang rena kalih katuju, lwir mangkana panapanira sang uwus alalis, sang sinambrama lěnglěng amrati cita.

 * Sangsaya lara kagagat, pětěng rasanikang ati, kapati sira sang katong, kang tangis mangkin gumirih, lwir guruh ing katrini, matag paněděng ing santun, awor swaraning kumbang, tangising wong lanang istri, arěrěb-rěrěb pawraning gělung lukar.

Indonesian Translation:
 * Maka ditanyalah dayang-dayang di manakah gerangan tempat Tuan Putri. Diberilah tahu berada di tengah ia, tidur. Maka datanglah Sri Baginda, dan melihatnya tertutup kain berwarna hijau keemasan di atas tanah. Setelah dibuka, terkejutlah sang Prabu karena sudah menjadi mayat.
 * Pucat mukanya mempesona, matanya sedikit membuka, bibirnya indah dilihat, gigi-giginya yang tak tertutup terlihat manis, seakan menyaingi keindahan sri gading. Seakan-akan ia menyapa: "Sri Paduka, datanglah ke mari. Lihatlah kekasihnda (?), berbakti, Sri Baginda, datang ke tanah Jawa.
 * Yang senantiasa berada di pikiran ayah dan ibu, yang sangat mendambakannya, itulah alasannya mereka ikut datang. Sekarang jadinya malah seperti ini. Jika datang kemarin dulu, wahai Rajaku, mungkin masih hidup dan sekarang dinikahkan. Aduh sungguh kejamlah kuasa Tuhan!
 * Mari kita harap wahai Raja, supaya berhasil menikah, berdampingan di atas ranjang tanpa dihalang-halangi niat buruk. Berhasillah kemauan bapak dan ibu, keduanya." Seakan-akan begitulah ia yang telah tewas menyapanya. Sedangkan yang disapa menjadi bingung dan merana.
 * Semakin lama semakin sakit rasa penderitaannya. Hatinya terasa gelap, dia sang Raja semakin merana. Tangisnya semakin keras, bagaikan guruh di bulan ketiga*, yang membuka kelopak bunga untuk mekar, bercampur dengan suara kumbang. Begitulah tangis para pria dan wanita, rambut-rambut yang lepas terurai bagaikan kabut.

English Translation: * The third month more or less falls in September, which is still the dry season. So the sound of thunder this month is an unusual thing.
 * He asked the nannies regarding the whereabouts of the princess. They showed him a place in the middle where there was someone lying. The king came and saw that it was covered with a blanket made of green golden threads on the ground. He uncovered and was shocked, as she had become a corpse.
 * The paleness of her face was enrapturing, her eyes were half shut; her lips were beautiful to see; her uncovered teeth presented a friendly appearance and rivalled the fruits of a sri gading tree (some kind of coconut). It was as if she greeted him: "My lord, please come near and see how my meritorious deed by coming to Java is rewarded …(? unsure).
 * This has been in the mind of my father and my mother all the time. And this was their desire. That is the reason why they accompanied me. And behold how it all ends up! If you were here the day before yesterday, I might have been still alive and to be wed. Oh how cruel is this fate provided by the Almighty!
 * Let us hope my Lord that we will be united and lie next to each other on couch, without the evil fate getting in our way. Then the wish of my father and my mother will be fulfilled, which will delight both of us." It was as if the corpse spoke in such a manner. The one who was spoken to, was bewildered, he felt dejected.
 * The longer the pain the more painful the suffering. His heart felt dark, he the King was increasingly miserable. Her cries grew louder, like the thunder of the third month*, which opened the petals to bloom, mixed with the sound of beetles. Such was the cry of men and women, loose hairs falling like fog.

title: Kidung Sunda


text:
Rufus Stokes

Rufus Stokes (September 3, 1924 – June 22, 1986), an African American inventor, was born in Phenix City, Alabama.

Early life
Rufus Stokes grew up in the rural American South and attended public school in Alabama until he was 18 years old. On November 5, 1940, just before receiving his high school diploma, Rufus Stokes enlisted in the US Army at Fort Benning, Georgia in the Quartermaster Corps.

In the Army, he attended a technical school where he received auto mechanic training. He was deployed in western Europe and served predominantly in the Rhineland campaign. Upon his discharge, he was decorated with an American Defense Service Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, and Good Conduct Medal.

While leaving the military, Stokes met Bessie Lee Knight, his future wife, of Camp Hill, Alabama when she was attending Tuskegee Institute. Army records indicate that he was married at the time of his discharge in 1945.

Soon after, they moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where Stokes was employed as a part-time auto mechanic. In 1947, they moved once again, to Waukegan, Illinois where he found temporary employment as a pipe and sheet metal worker.

Between late 1947 and 1949, Stokes was employed as an orderly at the Chicago Veterans Administration Hospital, specifically in the Tuberculosis Sanitarium. It was during this time that he first saw the negative health effects of the city's pollution. In 1949, he left the hospital and found work at Brule Inc., an incinerator manufacturing company in Chicago. He quickly learned the process of combustion and was thought to have contributed heavily in the designs of new incinerators, but was never credited for his work. For that reason, he left to pursue his own interests.

Accomplishments

He later created a smaller domestic version and a larger mobile version of the air purification device to show its versatility. This device further reduced the ash emissions of the furnace and power plant smokestack emissions. Moreover, it was not limited by design and configuration, meaning that its efficiency remained excellent regardless of industrial or residential applications. This was not true of typical air pollution control technologies, such as electrostatic precipitators, bag houses, and wet scrubbers. The larger the device that utilized these approaches, the more cumbersome and inefficient it became. The core of Stokes' technology was a unique utilization of what he described as "the three T’s": Temperature, Time, and Turbulence. In his patent applications (U.S., U.K., Germany, and Japan), he provided only data sufficient to obtain patent approval. Other critical processes involving variations of physics were not revealed but nevertheless manifest in demonstrations to municipal, state and federal officials and engineering firms such as A.T. Kearney. The ability of the APC-100 to convert particulate matter and toxic gases resulting from the burning of rubber tires and other combustibles to steam was a constant source of intrigue to those who witnessed its operation.

In 1982, Rufus Stokes was granted a doctor of science degree from Heed University in Hollywood, Florida on account of his scientific achievements.

In 1985, he moved to Claremont, California, where he died of mesothelioma, an asbestos-related disease, in 1986. His death coincided with his being brought in as a consultant to the Los Angeles Hyperian Waste Water Treatment facility.

Stokes' inventions led to a direct improvement to air quality, but more importantly, brought attention to the idea that scientists could work to reduce pollution and harmful gases in the atmosphere. Notably, he has been honored with inclusion in the United States Department of Energy's (DOE) list of "Energy Pioneers", as well as being acknowledged in the technology white paper "Quantum Parallel". Many of his research and development papers, correspondence and diagrams are included in archival data donated to the University of Illinois at Chicago Library by publisher/graphic artist and military aviator Eugene Winslow, a long time friend and business colleague.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rufus Stokes


text:
Talk:Postal services in Andorra

Untitled
Please note that no Andorran stamp had yet shown one of the two co-princes. Definitive stamps show the Andorran coat-of-arms, special stamps are issued on national and international occasions and show relevant images. Bernd Kassner (Member of International Association of Philatelic Journalists AIJP). contact: mosesliborius@yahoo.de

Stamps by both postal administrations?
The article says "Both postal administrations issue their own postage stamps for use in Andorra featuring unique designs," and references https://news.abs-cbn.com/global-filipino/07/18/14/andorra-honors-pinoys-stamp. I cannot see, why this article may serve as a source for both postal administrations issuing their own stamps. It says rather, the spanish postal services issued a specific stamp. Does the french postal service issue stamps at all? Do you know a better source? --2A01:C22:B9EC:6500:E059:E482:47C0:A664 (talk) 17:58, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Postal services in Andorra


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:Landmark cases

The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion. This is an archive of the discussion only; please do not edit this page. -Kbdank71 14:01, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

EDITOR SHOULD CONSIDER INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING CASES IN THIS SECTION: Henningsen v. Boomfield Motors (NJ, held implied warranty of fitness from defect); Baker v. Carr (TN Fed, one man one vote case, democratized state legislatures); Vandermark v. Ford and Greenman v. Yuba Power Co. (CA 1960s, first US Strict Liability Cases)

Category:Landmark cases

 * POV grouping of what are supposedly the most important court decisions. I can't fathom any clear criteria for inclusion/exclusion.  Articles on court decisions are already properly categorized by the court and the subject matter and/or area of law; this adds nothing to that system.  Postdlf 16:18, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Summary after 2 weeks — no consensus reached => move to /unresolved - further view added 22 Jun
 * 5 Delete: Jmabel; ZZyzx11; JamesMLane; Toytoy(1); cutler
 * 1 Keep: Gene Nygaard
 * 4 Move: Grutness; SchmuckyTheCat; Courtland; Toytoy(2)

 * Concur. And the decisions across different countries would be particularly impossible. Who is going to decide which Moldovan court decisions constitute landmark cases? Delete. -- Jmabel | Talk 19:47, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This seems to be an inheritly POV grouping. What NPOV criteria are we going to use to judge what is a landmark? Zzyzx11 22:58, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as Category:Legal precedents and populate accordingly. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 00:24, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename iawtc Grutness. SchmuckyTheCat 03:26, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Rename like Grutness.
 * Every case is a legal precedent unless it is reversed or overruled. Postdlf 01:22, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep To me, I'd expect "Landmark cases" to be a narrower category than the more vague and inclusive "Legal precedents."  Gene Nygaard 18:56, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Let me expand upon this idea a little bit. We can have a case which is "legal precedent" for the interpretation of some obscure section of the Internal Revenue Code.  In other words, it is terminology that is generally used with regards to its applicability to a particular issue in a particular case.  However, at least in North American English, the term "landmark case" implies some principle of more general applicability.  If that term isn't understood outside North America, point that out and suggest any better alternative you might think of. Gene Nygaard 19:04, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Hm. Interesting. That (surprise!) means that US English is the opposite of International/British English, where a Legal precedent is one which is a sspecific kind of landmark case relied upon for further judgements, whereas a landmark case is one which catches the attention of either the legal prfession (in that it sets a precedent) or the public (in that it is a cause celebre). Landmark case is by far the wider and more subjective category - Legal precedents are specific, well-defined cases. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 02:46, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Apparently the intention is to identify court decisions that are especially well-known, or especially important in the development of the law, but both of these alternatives are too subjective to be useful.  That's particularly true in light of the problem of comparing decisions across multiple legal systems. JamesMLane 20:30, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename = Keep in agreement with User:Grutness above. I agree that a legal precedent in one country might likely be inapplicable to other countries' legal systems, but that should not stand in the way of highlighting cases within particular legal systems, as long as the scope of the precedence is included as part of the case article. Courtland 14:46, 2005 Mar 26 (UTC)
 * Delete or Rename to Landmark decisions in line with Landmark decision (which I was convinced to vote to keep instead of delete). Once again, all court decisions not reversed or overruled are legal precedents.  "Legal precedents" is simply an awful name for the category.  Postdlf 04:57, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Rename. I think the article Landmark decision is worthy to keep but this category is possibly not. You may selectively list several undisputed cases as examples of landmark decisions. It's another business to assign other marginal cases this attribute.In the end, it can be too POV. -- Toytoy 00:04, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete - cases should only have articles if notable so what is the difference between notable and landmark? Certainly, what is in there looks arbitrary. Entick v. Carrington is special but surely not Fagan. A possible criterion would be that a landmark article would have to have a section on significance that would have to embrace material of broader, not just legal, interest. On balance, I don't think that this can be made clear enough. Cutler 19:09, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)


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Israel Isidor Elyashev

Israel Isidor Elyashev (ישראל איסידאָר עליאַשעװ, 1873–1924) was a Jewish neurologist and the first Yiddish literary critic. He introduced the world to the works of the great contemporary Yiddish classical writers: Sholem Rabinovich, better known as Sholem Aleichem, Mendele Mocher Sefarim, Isaac Leib Peretz and Nachum Sokolov; along with modern Hebrew writers including Chaim Nachman Bialik, and Sholem Asch, among several others.

Elyashev was originally from Kaunas, Lithuania. In his youth, he studied with Rabbi Simcha Zissel Ziv at the Talmud Torah in Grobiņa, Latvia, but was eventually expelled from the school for his "heretical tendencies." He went on to attend a high school in Switzerland, and he then studied medicine and biology in Heidelberg and Berlin.

Elyashev's pen name was Bal-Makhshoves (בעל מחשבות), meaning "Master [of] Thoughts" or "The Thinker".

Elyashev is best known for his work as a literary critic, writing in Yiddish. He translated Theodor Herzl's Altneuland from German into Yiddish, upon Herzl's personal request. His Yiddish translation of Herzl's work is the language that by far- most of European Jewry had read of Herzl's calling for a Modern Jewish State.

His attitude to Jewish literature, Yiddish, and Hebrew is summed up by something that he wrote in 1918:

"[W]e have two languages and a dozen echoes from other foreign languages, but… we have only one literature. And therefore the reader who seeks to become acquainted with the currents of Jewish life, to comprehend the spirit of the Jewish individual and multitude and how they find expression in Jewish literature, that reader does not separate Hebrew writers from Yiddish ones. …All are representatives of our literature, all embody a piece of Jewish life in their writings; all of them are Jewish artists."

Elyashev was also politically active, as a forerunner of the Zionist Movement. He participated in the First Zionist Congress, held in Basel, Switzerland in August 1897, as a delegate from Germany.

title: Israel Isidor Elyashev


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Mixmag

Mixmag is a British electronic dance and clubbing magazine published in London. Launched in 1983 as a print magazine, it has branched into dance events, including festivals and club nights.

History
The first issue of Mixmag was printed on 1 February 1983 as a 16-page black-and-white magazine published by Disco Mix Club, a DJ mailout service. The first cover featured American music group Shalamar.

When house music began in the 1980s, editor and DJ Dave Seaman turned the magazine from a newsletter for DJs into a magazine covering all dance music and club culture. Mixmag, in association with its original publishing company, DMC Publishing, released a series of CDs under the "Mixmag Live" heading. The magazine, which reached a circulation of up to 70,000 copies, was later sold to EMAP Ltd. in the mid-1990s.

In 1996, an American version titled Mixmag USA was launched. It was renamed Mixer after the UK edition of Mixmag was sold to EMAP. It ceased publication altogether in 2003.

After a fall in sales in 2003, Mixmag was acquired by Development Hell, in 2005. In 2007, Nick DeCosemo became editor. Duncan Dick became editor in April 2015. Patrick Hinton became editor in August 2022. In 2012, The Guardian collaborated with Mixmag on a survey of British drug-taking habits.

The magazine paused its print edition during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mixmag is owned by Wasted Talent Ltd, a company which changed its name from Mixmag Media Ltd in May 2017.

title: Mixmag


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User talk:GangleriBot~enwiki/InterWiki/ambiguities 01

Gangleri, Upon browsing I saw some obvious miss-spellings like sprk in nynorsk (vowel missing) and qumico in pt: (quimico). Is there a good way to give you feedback on these things? af:Gebruiker:Jcwf

Actually the 'sprk' seems to result from the å symbol that gets elided in nn: no: and sv:


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User:Gringo300

I've seen a lot of upgrades on Wikipedia lately, but there needs to be a lot more.

title: User:Gringo300


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Girling

Girling is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Arthur Girling (1807 – 1849), English cricketer and umpire.
 * Barry Girling (1858–1948), Welsh rugby player
 * Brian Girling (born 1938), British sports shooter
 * Frank Aldous Girling (1898–1966), English farmer, photographer and amateur archaeologist
 * Julie Girling (born 1956), MEP for South West England; Conservative Party then independent
 * Mary Girling (1827–1886), English religious leader
 * Richard Girling, British journalist
 * Sheila Girling aka Sheila May Girling, Lady Caro (1924 – 2015), British artist
 * William Girling (1882–1973), New Zealand Reform Party Member of Parliament

title: Girling


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Trigger (horse)

Trigger (July 4, 1934 – July 3, 1965) was a palomino horse made famous in American Western films with his owner and rider, cowboy star Roy Rogers.

Pedigree
The original Trigger, named Golden Cloud, was born in San Diego, California. Though often mistaken for a Tennessee Walking Horse, his sire was a Thoroughbred and his dam a grade (unregistered) mare that, like Trigger, was a palomino. Movie director William Witney, who directed Roy and Trigger in many of their movies, claimed a slightly different lineage, that his sire was a "registered" palomino stallion (though no known palomino registry existed at the time of Trigger's birth) and his dam was by a Thoroughbred and out of a "cold-blood" mare. Horses other than Golden Cloud also portrayed "Trigger" over the years, none of which was related to Golden Cloud; the two most prominent were palominos known as "Little Trigger" and "Trigger Jr." (a Tennessee Walking Horse listed as "Allen's Gold Zephyr" in the Tennessee Walking Horse registry). Though Trigger remained a stallion his entire life, he was never bred and has no descendants. Rogers used "Trigger Jr."/"Allen's Golden Zephyr", though, at stud for many years, and the horse named "Triggerson" that actor Val Kilmer led on stage as a tribute to Rogers and his cowboy peers during the Academy Awards show in March 1999 was reportedly a grandson of Trigger Jr.

Film career
Golden Cloud made an early appearance as the mount of Maid Marian, played by Olivia de Havilland in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938). A short while later, when Roy Rogers was preparing to make his first movie in a starring role, he was offered a choice of five rented "movie" horses to ride and chose Golden Cloud. Rogers bought him eventually in 1943 and renamed him Trigger for his quickness of both foot and mind. Trigger learned 150 trick cues and could walk 50 ft (15 m) on his hind legs (according to sources close to Rogers). They were said to have run out of places to cue Trigger. Trigger became such a ham that as soon as he heard applause, he would start bowing and ruin that trick. He could sit in a chair, sign his name "X" with a pencil, and lie down for a nap and cover himself with a blanket. Rogers' most carefully guarded trade secret was to get Trigger housebroken. "Spending as much time as he does in hotels, theaters, and hospitals, this ability comes in might handy and it's conceded by most trainers to be Trigger's greatest accomplishment." —Glenn Randall, wrangler with Hudkins Stables.

His horse was so important to Rogers that when he purchased a "Best Wishes for the New Year" advertisement in Variety, he signed it "Roy Rogers and Trigger". Trigger was ridden by Rogers in many of his motion pictures, becoming much loved by the youthful audience that saw him on film and in Rogers' 1950s television series with his wife, Dale Evans, who rode her trusty buckskin Quarter Horse, Buttermilk.

Trigger became the most famous horse in film entertainment, even having his own Dell comic book recounting his exploits.

Roy Rogers made many personal appearances with Trigger in tow. More than once, he escorted him up three or four flights of stairs at hospitals to visit with sick children, according to his autobiography Happy Trails.

Kilt
While appearing in a show at the Glasgow Empire on Sunday 14 February 1954, Trigger was presented with a kilt, the material being Dress Stewart Tartan. The kilt was presented by Jim Gordon of Thomas Gordon and Sons, and was made by Williamina McLauchlan.

Death and legacy

After the original Trigger (Golden Cloud) died in 1965 at Rogers's new ranch in Apple Valley, California, Rogers arranged for Everett Wilkens of Bischoff's Taxidermy in Los Angeles (now Bischoff's Taxidermy and Animal FX in Burbank, California) to preserve and mount the horse. The hide was professionally stretched over a foam likeness of Trigger, and the resulting mount was put on display in the Roy Rogers-Dale Evans Museum when it opened in Apple Valley in 1967. The mount was later moved with the museum to Victorville, California, in 1976, and then to Branson, Missouri in 2003.

A 24-ft (7 m) replica of a rearing Trigger was produced to sit atop the Roy Rogers Museum in Victorville. The 1,300-lb (600 kg) replica could be seen from the freeway and served as a landmark until the museum closed and moved to Branson. When the fiberglass replica of Trigger was being made, Rogers was approached by the owners of the Denver Broncos. He allowed another statue to be made for them, then broke the mold. "Bucky the Bronco", Trigger's twin, stands above the south scoreboard of Empower Field at Mile High (formerly Broncos Stadium).

After the museum's closing in 2010, its contents were placed at public auction on July 14–15, 2010 at Christie's auction house in New York City. Trigger's preserved remains sold for $266,500 to television channel RFD-TV, which plans to start a Western museum. Bob Tinsley, a Victorville developer who built Roy Rogers's home in nearby Apple Valley, bought the fiberglass replica in April 2010, and plans to make the statue a part of historic Apple Valley Village. "I just couldn't see letting him go anywhere else," he explained. As of 2018, Chet Hitt and Bob Tinsley, installed Trigger's statue at the entrance of the Spirit River Center located on Apple Valley Road.

In 2009, a statue of Rogers and a rearing Trigger was erected in Historic Downtown Buford, Georgia. Buford was once a prominent leather tanning town, and in the 1940s, Rogers had a custom saddle made for Trigger at the Bona Allen Company.

In the 2022 film Nope, The character of Ricky "Jupe" Park makes mention of training a horse named Trigger at his Western-themed park. A prominent theme in the film is the use of animals in film productions, making this a likely nod to the original Trigger.

Selected filmography

 * The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
 * Man from Cheyenne (1942)
 * San Fernando Valley (1944)
 * Lake Placid Serenade (1944)
 * Don't Fence Me In (1945)
 * Along the Navajo Trail (1945)
 * My Pal Trigger (1946)
 * Roll on Texas Moon (1946)
 * Under Nevada Skies (1946)
 * The Gay Ranchero (1948)
 * Under California Stars (1948)
 * Melody Time (1948)
 * The Golden Stallion (1949)
 * Son of Paleface (1952)

title: Trigger (horse)


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Lutter am Barenberge

Lutter am Barenberge is a market town (Flecken) and a former municipality in the Goslar district of Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2021, it is part of the town Langelsheim, of which it is an Ortschaft. It was the administrative seat of the former Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Lutter am Barenberge

Geography
It is situated between the Harz mountain range in the south and the Hainberg hills in the north, approx. 13 km (8 mi) northwest of Goslar. The municipal area comprises the localities of Nauen and Ostlutter.

History
Lutter, named after a nearby creek, was founded by Emperor Otto I in 956 as a part of the Gandersheim Abbey estates within the Duchy of Saxony. A water castle was first mentioned in 1259, leased by the Bishops of Hildesheim to local nobles. In various times, it was claimed by the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, but re-acquired by the Hildesheim bishops in 1323. Thereupon the denotation Bischofslutter appeared in order to differ it from nearby Königslutter. The name Lutter am Barenberge (i.e. the Harz mountains) is documented since the 14th century.

In the fierce Hildesheim Diocesan Feud of 1523, Lutter was again conquered by Duke Henry V of Brunswick and the Hildesheim prince-bishop John IV of Saxe-Lauenburg could only retain the locality of Ostlutter. During the Thirty Years' War, the Danish troops under King Christian IV retired to Lutter Castle, where they were defeated by Imperial and Catholic forces led by Count Tilly in the 1626 Battle of Lutter, a rout that changed the course of the Thirty Years' War.

According to the Final Act of the Vienna Congress, the former Hildesheim estates of Ostlutter in 1815 passed to the Kingdom of Hanover (Prussian Province of Hanover from 1866), while Lutter proper remained with the Duchy of Brunswick. Both parts were not re-united until an administrative reform of 1941.

Demographics
As of 30 June 2020 there were 2,296 inhabitants in the municipality Lutter am Barenberge, of which 1,583 in Lutter am Barenberge proper, 313 in Nauen and 400 in Ostlutter.

title: Lutter am Barenberge


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Horo (cloak)

A horo (母衣) was a type of cloak or garment attached to the back of the armour worn by samurai on the battlefields of feudal Japan.

Description
A horo was around 1.8 m (6 ft) long and made from several strips of cloth sewn together with a fringe on the top and bottom edges. The cloth strips were sewn together and formed into a sort of bag which would fill with air like a balloon when the wearer was riding a horse. A light framework of wicker, bamboo or whale bone known as an oikago, similar to a crinoline, which is said to have been invented by Hatakeyama Masanaga during the Ōnin War (1467–1477), was sometimes used to keep the horo expanded. Attaching the horo generally involved a combination of fastening cords and possibly a staff. The top cords were attached to either the helmet or cuirass of the wearer while the bottom cords were attached to the waist. The family emblem (mon) of the wearer was marked on the horo.

Use
Horo were used as far back as the Kamakura period (1185–1333). When inflated the horo was said to protect the wearer from arrows shot from the side and from behind. This was tested in the Ancient Discoveries episode "Ancient Special Forces" (Episode 6 of Season 8) and found to be surprisingly effective at stopping arrows (shot from a period-appropriate Japanese bow) before they reached a target, or slowing them down considerably so that if they made it to the target they would not penetrate nearly as far as they would otherwise. In particular, arrows shot from such bows from behind that hit a billowing horo probably would not be able to penetrate the lacquered iron or leather armor of a samurai warrior riding on horseback when his horo was billowing out backwards. But this claim is only made for silk fabric with a diameter of some four to six feet that is billowing (as behind a rider on a horse going fast), not silk fabric that is not billowing or is lying flat against a surface.

Wearing a horo is also said to have marked the wearer as a messenger (tsukai-ban) or person of importance. According to the Hosokawa Yusai Oboegaki, the diary of Hosokawa Yusai (1534–1610) taking of an elite tsukai-ban messenger's head was a worthy prize. "When taking the head of a horo warrior, wrap it in the silk of the horo. In the case of an ordinary warrior, wrap it in the silk of the sashimono".

title: Horo (cloak)


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Gibraltar Defence Police

The Gibraltar Defence Police (GDP) is a civil police force which provides a policing and security service for the Ministry of Defence in Gibraltar. Prior to 17 December 2009 it was known as the Gibraltar Services Police (GSP).

Overview

The Gibraltar Defence Police is one of three civilian police forces within the UK Ministry of Defence. Officers are sworn under the Police Act of the Laws of Gibraltar. The Chief of Police is currently Rob Allen. An independent civilian police force which also provides civilian unarmed guards, the Chief of Police is responsible to the Commander, British Forces Gibraltar.

Structure
In 2020, the strength of the force was said to be: one chief of police, one deputy chief of police, two chief inspectors, five inspectors, 14 sergeants, 72 constables, together with civilian support staff and uniformed guards.

As of 2023, the total strength of the force was said to be about 100 officers.

Headquarters
Since 2016 the GDP has shared a purpose-built headquarters with the British Armed Forces Joint Provost and Security Unit (JPSU) (military police) at HM Naval Base Gibraltar.

Pay and conditions
Pay and conditions of the force are identical to those of the Ministry of Defence Police (MDP) in the United Kingdom, of which it is a direct equivalent. The Gibraltar Defence Police Federation represents the interests of police officers up to the rank of chief inspector.

Firearms
There is no specialist firearms unit. Like the MDP, all GDP officers are trained in the use of firearms.

Marine unit
The force has a Marine Unit, founded in 1990, which consists of a sergeant and over 20 constables. It is charged with the seaward defence of Gibraltar's Royal Navy facilities and the warships moored in them, and also assists the Royal Gibraltar Police Marine Section with general security and enforcement patrols of waters surrounding Gibraltar. It operates two motor launches and two rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RHIBs). The original 10 m motor launches of 1998 were replaced in 2003 with larger and faster 15 m launches. One of these was itself replaced with a newer boat in 2012.

In 2021, the Ministry of Defence contracted with Marine Specialised Technology to build 16 new patrol boats for the Ministry of Defence Police and a further two specifically for the Gibraltar Defence Police. The new 15m boats, which are replacing the existing vessels, have a crew of three (plus room for four more passengers), a top speed of 30 knots and are fitted with both ballistic protection and CCTV surveillance systems. Delivery of the vessels was expected to begin in July 2022.

The RHIBs are Arctic 24 type boats, capable of speeds up to 55 knot. Since 2011, the police marine unit has shared a headquarters and boathouse with the Gibraltar Squadron of the Royal Navy. The boathouse holds the Navy's five patrol boats and RHIBs, and the police's four patrol boats and RHIBs.

Dog section
The GDP dog section was formed in 2012, and consists of a team of handlers, led by a sergeant, and six general purpose dogs. The initial six dogs are of the Belgian Shepherd Dog (Malinois) and Dutch Shepherd Dog breeds. The GDP previously relied on service dogs and handlers seconded from United Kingdom police forces, but as part of the GDP Project Euston, which seeks to replace all secondment from UK forces with locally provided Gibraltarian services, the GDP dog section has been established.

Drugs intelligence
The force seconds officers to the Gibraltar Co-ordinating Centre for Criminal Intelligence and Drugs (GCID).

Ranks
The rank structure of the GDP follows other British police forces, with ranks from chief officer down to constable.

Gallery
A collection of photographs of the GDP:

title: Gibraltar Defence Police


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Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:LGBT rights opposition

The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion. This is an archive of the discussion only; please do not edit this page. -Kbdank71 14:09, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:LGBT rights opposition
I wish we could do away with theocrats on Wikipedia, but the name of this category is just not NPOV. Perhaps we could rename it to Category:Against same-sex marriage or similar. Vacuum c 19:30, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)

Summary after 2 weeks — no consensus reached => move to /unresolved
 * 5 Delete: Jguk; Vamp:Willow; Kbdank71; Sean Curtin(2), Vacuum one anonymous vote not included
 * 6 Keep: Wincoote; Grutness; MadreBurro; JamesMLane; Beland; Seth Mahoney(1)
 * 2 Move: Sean Curtin(1); Seth Mahoney(2)

 * Keep I think this name is much better than your suggestion and I'm an atheist. Wincoote 13:41, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I'm not standard run-of-the-mill Christian either, but think this name is far better than the suggested alternative. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 00:24, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - this category will encourage hate campaigns by liberal bigots against those on the list. Clear POV with the only purpose to give ammo to those who harrass those who hold views that are not "politically correct", jguk 06:33, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you've got hold of the wrong end of the stick there. This group was nominated by a liberal and it was presumably created by a conservative. Wincoote 11:59, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not NPOV, indeed clear POV that boosts such opposition without merit. We may as well have 'xxx rights opposition' for every 'xxx' there is (irony). --Vamp:Willow 11:24, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Vamp.  -Kbdank71 14:35, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this has a horrible name but nobody has a good one. What is the opposing category called?  This'll do for now to group up the witch burners. MadreBurro 17:54, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but the category shouldn't include any movie star who happens to have answered an interviewer's question by expressing opposition to gay marriage. It should be reserved for people or institutions who are significantly involved in issues of marriage, adoption rights, workplace discrimination, etc.  I took a quick glance at the category just now and it seemed to have been applied with reasonable care so far. JamesMLane 22:51, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Delete - Nothing by spite generating propaganda 216.153.214.94 23:13, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * How is grouping together a bunch of articles about people, groups, or legislation that are all opposed to the idea of LGBT rights "spite generating propaganda"? -Seth Mahoney 23:31, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename or delete. Category:Anti-LGBT rights activists maybe?  -Sean Curtin 00:25, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps "activism" would be better than "activists". The category now includes Category:Anti-gay rights legislation, as well as several specific articles like Westboro Baptist Church (Topeka) that are about institutions, not individuals (to me, "activists" suggests individuals). JamesMLane 01:09, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * That name wouldn't work for me. The issue is that 'LGBT rights', like 'anti-gay', is a term almost exclusively used by liberals, and thus has a POV. Vacuum c 15:40, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you have an idea for a title that works? I mean, it seems to me that this is a valid categorization and the question is just one regarding what the category should be called.  Whether or not the term is used exclusively by liberals, there are people who are opposed to the idea of LGBT rights.  -Seth Mahoney 23:31, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, Category:Against homosexuality? Vacuum c 15:51, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think there's a problem with that title, too, in that a lot of people who are against the idea of LGBT rights say they aren't against homosexuality or gay people per se. -Seth Mahoney 23:31, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well, the language that these groups use to express their position is that they don't want "special rights" for these groups, and their opponents say they do want "equal rights".  Both groups are talking about "rights", so I'm not sure how this name is POV.  "Anti-LGBT rights activists" is just more convoluted.  The most trouble I have is actually with the "LGBT" part.  It's confusing to people who aren't already familiar with the subject, but most alternatives are very long.  There's also the question of whether or not to separate out "T" (transexual) issues, which I haven't really considered in any depth. (Some people - including LBG and T - are offended by the lumping together of sexual orientation and sex/gender identity; others consider the civil liberties questions, at least, to be closely intertwined for all of these populations.)  If there's any concerns about inclusion criteria, I recommend writing a good header for the page which clearly defines the class.  I agree that most or all of the current members do seem to belong here.
 * I forgot to mention that the "rights" in question are broader than marriage. They include, for example, discrimination in employment, hate speech, and adoption rights. -- Beland 05:59, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or rename - there was some discussion on this name a while back, but no one could come up with a better title. Here's the deal: there is opposition to the idea of LGBT rights, and it usually takes the form of questioning whether or not what people are referring to when they talk about LGBT rights is any sort of human rights at all.  So the dispute is, in fact, about LGBT rights, and there are people who, in fact, oppose LGBT rights, either as a concept or in whole.  So, while supporters of LGBT rights will read this title as "people who oppose LGBT rights", people who oppose can read it as "people who oppose the idea that 'LGBT rights' are rights at all".  The title as is carries a dual meaning, and that works for the category.  A single meaning would be preferrable, but I don't think any acceptable ones have been proposed yet.  And yeah, as pointed out above, the category has more than articles regarding gay marriage.  -Seth Mahoney 23:31, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde

Untitled
It would be helpful if someone could put up a pronunciation guide for this person's name. rossb 14:11, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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Electrode line

An electrode line is used in some high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power transmission systems, to connect the converter stations to distant ground electrodes. Many long-distance HVDC systems use sea or ground return for the DC neutral current since this is considerably cheaper than providing a dedicated metallic return conductor on an overhead wire or cable. The ground electrode is separated from the converter station so that current returning through the ground electrode does not cause corrosion of parts of the station in contact with the earth.

Ground connection
The connection to ground requires a specially designed ground electrode (or earth electrode). The electrode is usually located several tens of kilometres from the converter station in order to avoid possible problems or corrosion in the converter station grounding system. The electrode line connects the converter station to the grounding electrode. The electrode line can be implemented, depending upon the location of the electrode (onshore or in the sea), as ground cables, as overhead line, or as a combination of ground cable and overhead line.

Bipolar systems
HVDC electrodes are used in most bipolar thyristor-based line-commutated converter (LCC) HVDC transmission systems as a means to improve the reliability of the entire system while also reducing the DC voltage and current ripples. In the event that one of the poles in the bipolar system is faulted, the current path will switch to ground return, thus allowing the system to continue operating at reduced capacity and reducing the possibility that a pole fault will cause a bipolar outage. Usually these ground return paths are only used for very short durations until the faulted pole can be returned to service. The ground current in such schemes can flow in either direction, so the electrodes have to be designed to be reversible, operating either as an anode or cathode. Concerning voltage-source-converter (VSC) HVDC systems, the main reason to use bipolar configurations, especially when the pole-to-pole DC voltages approach 1 MV, is because when one line is faulted in a monopolar HVDC system, the AC phase-to-ground voltages experience peak voltages twice that of normal operation, calling for double the galvanic isolation that is need for normal operation.

Monopolar systems
HVDC electrodes are also used in some monopolar HVDC systems, for example the Italy–Corsica–Sardinia scheme. In such systems the electrode line permanently carries the same current as the high-voltage conductor; however since the ground current is then only unidirectional, one of the electrodes (the cathode) can be of simpler design since corrosion is not a problem for cathode electrodes.

Typical voltages
The operating voltage of the electrode line usually is in the range of approx. 10-20kV (medium voltage range).

title: Electrode line


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Demirbank

Demirbank T.A.Ş. is a bank purchased on October 30, 2001, by HSBC from the Turkish Banking Regulator for £248 million. The purchase did not include the non-Turkish subsidiaries of Demirbank, e.g. Demirbank Romania, Demirbank Azerbaijan or Demirbank Bulgaria. Demirbank was merged with the bank's existing subsidiary in Turkey, HSBC Bank A.Ş. on December 14, 2001, creating a combined business with a balance sheet of £1.4 billion and capital of £170 million. The combined business operates through a multichannel delivery system including the Internet, automated teller machines ("ATMs") and call centers under the HSBC name. It has a network of 168 branches and offices in thirty-eight cities providing a comprehensive range of personal, corporate, treasury, capital markets, stockbroking, fund management and investment banking services across the Turkish market.

Background
The number of banks in Turkey increased rapidly between 1926 and 1929, but these were mostly local banks set up by local businessmen, but an increase in the demand for credit in the post World War II era resulted in some merchants and agricultural exporters setting up banks to increase the availability of credit in the Turkish economy. Most banks in the 1940s were state owned banks, but between 1944 and 1960 there was an increase in the number of private commercial banks.

Founding
Demirbank was founded in 1953 with a startup capital of approximately US$714,000 and 79 shareholders, most of whom were iron and steel merchants from Istanbul's Perşembe Pazarı. Out of the 79 shareholders, 33 were from Istanbul's minority groups.

title: Demirbank


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Infantry square

An infantry square, also known as a hollow square, was a historic close order formation used in combat by infantry units, usually when threatened with cavalry attack. To deploy its weapons effectively, a traditional infantry unit would generally form a line; but the line was vulnerable to more nimble cavalry, which could sweep around the end of the line, or burst through it, and then attack the undefended rear or simply sweep along the line attacking the individual footsoldiers successively. By arranging the unit so that there was no undefended rear or flank, an infantry commander could organise an effective defense against cavalry attack. With the development of modern firearms and the demise of cavalry, the square formation is now considered obsolete.

Early history
The formation was described by Plutarch and used by the Ancient Romans; it was developed from an earlier circular formation. In particular, a large infantry square was used by the Roman legions at the Battle of Carrhae against Parthia, whose armies contained a large proportion of cavalry. That is not to be confused with the testudo formation, which also resembled a square, but was used for protection against ranged weapons such as arrows and javelins.

The Han dynasty's mounted infantry forces used tactics effectively that involved highly mobile infantry square formations in conjunction with light cavalry in their many engagements against the primarily cavalry Xiongnu nomad armies in the 1st century AD. Infantry squares were used in the siege of the nomads' mountain settlements near the Gobi region, where Han forces repelled nomad lancer attacks.

The Byzantine Empire in the 9th to the 11th centuries used highly sophisticated combined arms tactics, based around hollow infantry square formation. The infantry square, consisting of pikemen and archers, acted as a base of operations and refuge for cavalry by forming what was essentially a mobile fortified camp. Cavalry would ride out of the square through gaps in lines to exploit opportunities for attack and retreat the same way if the situation turned against it. The infantry square described by Nikephoros Phokas consisted of 12,000 men, who were deployed in 1000-man taxiarchies, which were separated by intervals wide enough to admit a dozen cavalrymen riding abreast to enter or leave the square.

The square was revived in the 14th century as the schiltron. It later appeared as the pike square or tercio during the Thirty Years War, the Eighty Years War and was widely used as well in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Forming a square
As used in the Napoleonic Wars, the formation was constituted as a hollow square or sometimes a rectangle, with each side composed of two or more ranks of soldiers armed with single-shot muskets or rifles with fixed bayonets. Generally, a battalion, with about 500 to 1,000 men, was the smallest unit forming a square. Its colours and commander were positioned in the centre, along with a reserve force to reinforce any side of the square that was weakened by attacks. A square of 500 men in four ranks, such as those formed by Wellington's army at the Battle of Waterloo, was a tight formation less than 20 m long on any side. Squares would be arranged in a checkerboard formation to minimise the risk of soldiers from one square accidentally shooting another. A tight checkerboard, with minimal gaps between the corners of adjacent squares, was effective in defence, minimising opposing cavalry's freedom of movement and allowing for some mutual support at the corners – the weakest points. But if redeployed in line to attack, the neighboring units would overlap and thus obstruct one another's line of advance and field of fire.

Once formed in square, the infantry would volley fire at approaching cavalry, either by file or by rank. In successful actions, the infantry would often withhold the volley until the charging horses and men were about 30 m from the square; the resulting casualties to the attackers would eventually form piles of dead and wounded horses and their riders, which would obstruct further attacks.

Undisciplined or early fire by the infantry would be ineffective against the attacking cavalry and leave the foot soldiers with empty muskets. The cavalrymen could then approach to very short range while the infantry was reloading, where they could fire at the infantry with their pistols, slash at them with sabres or stab them with lances, if they were so equipped.

Firing too late, with cavalry within 20 m, although more effective in hitting the targets, could result in a fatally wounded horse tumbling into the infantry ranks and creating a gap, thus permitting the surviving horsemen to enter the square and break it up from within.

It was vital for squares to stand firm in the face of a charge, but they were not static formations. In suitable terrain astute commanders could manoeuvre squares to mass fire and even trap cavalry, as the French managed against the Ottomans at the Battle of Mount Tabor (1799).

At the Battle of Waterloo (1815) the four-rank squares of the Allied forces withstood eleven cavalry charges. At Waterloo the attacking cavalry were not supported, whether by horse artillery or infantry, but at the Battle of Lützen (1813), even with infantry and light artillery support, Allied cavalry charges failed to break green French troops. Similarly, impressive infantry efforts were seen at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (1806), the Battle of Pultusk (1806), the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro (1811) and the First Battle of Krasnoi (August 14, 1812). If a square was broken, as happened at the Battle of Medina de Rioseco (1808), the infantry could suffer many casualties although brave and well-disciplined infantry could recover even from such a disaster.

Breaking a square
Attacking cavalry would attempt to "break a square" by causing it to lose its cohesion, either by charging to induce poorly disciplined infantry to flee before contact was made or by causing casualties through close-range combat (see above).

Cavalry charges were made in closely packed formations, and were often aimed at the corners of the square, the weakest points of the formation. Feints and false attacks would also be used to make the infantry "throw away their fire" by causing them to fire too early. However, if the infantrymen were well-disciplined and held their ground, the cavalryman's dream to "ride a square into red ruin" would not be realized, but such an event was the exception, rather than the rule, in the history of warfare.

The most effective way to break a square was not direct cavalry attack but the use of artillery, particularly firing canister shot, which could massacre the tightly packed infantry of the square. To be truly effective, such artillery fire had to be delivered at close range. A 20 m wide infantry square was a small and difficult target for field artillery firing from within or just in front of its own army's lines, typically at least 600 m away, a range at which most rounds could then be expected to miss. Thus, attackers would usually try to deploy horse artillery accompanying the cavalry. The presence of the cavalry would cause the infantry to form square, but the closely packed infantrymen would then become targets for the artillery since the cohesion of the square would break under their fire, making it much easier for the cavalry to press home the attack.

Combined attacks by infantry and cavalry would also have the same effect; the defending infantry unit would be placed in the difficult position of either forming square and being shot to pieces by the attacking infantry, which would usually be in line formation, or being ridden down by the cavalry if it decided to remain in line and trade volleys with the attacking infantry.

In addition, if the cavalry could catch an infantry unit before it formed square properly, the horsemen could usually inflict severe casualties or even destroy the unit completely. The Battle of Quatre Bras (1815) saw several examples, with several British units being surprised at close range by French cavalry hidden by the terrain. Other circumstances that could lead to a successful cavalry attack included sudden rainstorms soaking the infantry's gunpowder, effectively reducing their weapons to very short pikes, or a mortally wounded horse in full gallop crashing into the square, opening a gap that could be exploited, as happened at the Battle of Garcia Hernandez, shortly after the Battle of Salamanca (1812).

Later use
The square continued in use into the late 19th century by European armies against irregular warriors in colonial actions, but it was different in form from the Napoleonic formation:

 * "The new square was not simply infantry in static defence but a large, close-packed formation of some 1,000 to 1,500 men, capable of slow movement with ranks of infantry or cavalry forming the four sides and artillery, wheeled machine guns, transport carts, baggage animals and their handlers in the centre. Such a square could only survive where the enemy were without modern firearms."

At the Battle of Custoza, during the Third Italian War of Independence, Italian bersaglieri formed squares at Villafranca to defend themselves from charging Austrian uhlans.

European colonial use

On 7 February 1857, during the Anglo-Persian War, Indian cavalry successfully attacked and broke a Persian square in the Battle of Khushab. Only 20 of the 500 soldiers in the square escaped.

During the Anglo-Zulu War, after the Battle of Isandlwana in which Zulu warriors overwhelmed the British expeditionary force's poorly fortified linear formation positioning, infantry squares were used in most major battles such as the Battle of Gingindlovu and the climactic Battle of Ulundi to counter their enemy's massed charges.

Rudyard Kipling's poem "Fuzzy-Wuzzy" refers to two battles in the Mahdist War, Tamai in 1884 and Abu Klea in 1885, in which infantry squares were used by the British expeditionary force. In both battles the squares were partially broken, but British losses remained very low in comparison with the losses of the attacking Mahdists, who were largely armed with spears and swords.

In 1936, during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the advancing Italians formed an infantry square to defend against a possible Ethiopian counterattack in the Battle of Shire, although no counterattack was ever launched.

Use in the Americas

On March 19, 1836, while on the retreat from Goliad after the fall of the Alamo, Texan Colonel James Fannin and his command of 300 men were intercepted by over 1,200 Mexican troops. The Texans formed square and repulsed three successive Mexican charges but surrendered the following day when their supplies ran low.

During the American Civil War, the infantry square was used on only a few occasions, the most notable of which was the Thirty-Second Indiana Volunteer Infantry at the Battle of Rowlett's Station, December 17, 1861 against Terry's Texas Rangers. A Colorado Volunteer company formed square when it was charged by lancers of the 5th Texas Mounted Rifles at the Battle of Valverde on February 21, 1862.

On other occasions, such as at Gettysburg and the Battle of Chickamauga, cavalry units feinted as if they were preparing to charge to force the advancing infantry to halt their advance and form a square.

In 1867, one of the first battles of the 10th Cavalry was the Battle of the Saline River, 25 miles northwest of Fort Hays, Kansas, in late August 1867. Captain George Armes, Company F, 10th Cavalry, was following an the trail of a party of Cheyenne who had killed a group of Union Pacific Railway surveyors. Tracking along the Saline River, he was surrounded by about 400 horse-mounted Cheyenne warriors. Armes formed a defensive "hollow square" with the cavalry mounts in the middle. Seeking a better defensive position, Armes walked his command while he maintained the defensive square. After 8 hours of combat, 2,000 rounds of defensive fire, and 15 miles of movement, the Cheyenne disengaged and withdrew. Company F, without reinforcements, concluded 113 miles of movement during the 30-hour patrol and rode the final 10 miles back to Fort Hays with only one trooper killed in action. Armes later commented, "It is the greatest wonder in the world that my command escaped being massacred." Armes credited his officers for a "devotion to duty and coolness under fire."

In 1869, during the Paraguayan War in South America, the Paraguayan defenders formed a square towards the end of the Battle of Acosta Ñu. The square was formed too late and so was broken by the Brazilian cavalry.

Use in Asia
At the Battle of Nahrin in 1863, several thousand Afghan troops led by 'Abd al-Rahman Khan annihilated a 40,000 strong Qataghani army through the use of the infantry square, which they adopted from Britain. 10,000 Qataghani troops were killed or wounded, while only a mere 21 Afghans were killed and 10 wounded.

End of the Infantry Square
The square fell out of use in the late 19th century with the advent of modern repeating firearms, which made concentrated formations risky in the face of increased firepower, along with the parallel decline of horse cavalry.

title: Infantry square


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Two of a Kind (American TV series)

Two of a Kind is an American sitcom that aired on ABC as part of the network's TGIF line-up, starring Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in their first television series since Full House ended in 1995. The show aired from September 25, 1998, to July 9, 1999.

The series was produced by Griffard/Adler Productions, Dualstar Productions, and Miller-Boyett-Warren Productions, in association with Warner Bros. Television. It was the last series to be produced by Miller-Boyett Productions prior to the company's initial shutdown in 1999.

Premise
Kevin Burke (Christopher Sieber) is a college professor and widower father living in Chicago, Illinois, who believes there is a scientific explanation for everything except how to control his scheming 12-year-old daughters. Mary-Kate and Ashley Burke (Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen) are twin sisters, who are complete opposites; Mary-Kate is a tomboy whose biggest interest is perfecting her jumpshot and curveball and whose worst subject in school is math. Ashley is a girly girl who makes straight As and dreams of a modeling career and dancing. Kevin's wife died prior to the series.

The other main character is Carrie (Sally Wheeler), a 26-year-old woman in Kevin's class, who has come late to college after exploring the world. Carrie is quirky, difficult, beautiful, and quick to speak her mind, so when she answers Kevin's ad for a part-time babysitter for the girls, he is convinced she's nothing but trouble and is in favor of their next-door neighbor Mrs. Baker babysitting Mary-Kate and Ashley. The girls think she is a dream-sitter come true, and agree to put their differences aside to join forces to make a little chemistry between their by-the-book father and the beautiful woman who seems to drive him crazy in all the right ways.

Main

 * Mary-Kate Olsen as Mary-Kate Burke – A 12-year-old tomboy who loves sports, horses, and modeling. She has two friends, Max and Brian. She also has a math tutor named Taylor. Mary-Kate suffers from Dyscalculia. Mary-Kate's favorite color is red.
 * Ashley Olsen as Ashley Burke – A 12-year-old girly girl who loves fashion, dancing, make up, cheerleading, and modeling. Ashley's a Straight A student. She's better at math than Mary-Kate. Ashley also has a first crush when Mary Kate's math tutor Taylor Donovan came over. She's friends with Nicole and the popular Jennifer Dilber. In "Carrie Moves In" Ashley joins Mary-Kate's karate class. Ashley's favorite color is green.
 * Christopher Sieber as Kevin Burke – The uptight father of Mary-Kate and Ashley. He is a strict, but loving parent who constantly worries about them. He is a widower; his wife Jan died three years prior to the series. With the encouragement of Carrie and Eddie, he reenters the dating scene. Kevin plays the saxophone.
 * Sally Wheeler as Carrie Moore – The bubbly, free-spirited babysitter of the twins, and a student of Kevin. Her confidence and ambition often drive Kevin crazy, but he sees that she is a good mother figure for the twins. She is an older student, having dropped out to explore the world for several years. Carrie eventually moves into the Burkes’ basement after Kevin accidentally causes her to get evicted from her apartment.
 * Martin Spanjers as Brian (episodes 1-13) – Mary-Kate and Ashley's friend and classmate. Although he is known to flirt with every girl at school, he has a crush on Ashley.
 * Orlando Brown as Max (episodes 1-13) – Mary-Kate and Ashley's friend and classmate. He seems to be very close with Brian.
 * Jesse Lee as Taylor Donovan (episodes 2-8) – Mary-Kate's math tutor and Ashley's first crush.
 * David Valcin as Edward "Eddie" Fairbanks (episodes 2-14) – Kevin's best friend since childhood, a flirty divorcee and professional plumber. He is known for constantly hitting on women and butting heads with Carrie.
 * Ernie Grunwald as Paul (episode 14-22; previously recurring) – Carrie's classmate. He is a computer whiz also has a Saturday job as a pizza delivery guy. He has a crush on Carrie, but is too afraid to admit it.

Recurring

 * Anastasia Emmons as Jennifer Dilber – Ashley's friend. Jennifer is the most popular girl in 7th Grade. Ashley invites Jennifer to a sleepover that she has in the hopes of becoming popular and getting to sit with her at lunch.
 * Samantha Smith as Nancy Carlson, Carrie's high school friend who dates Kevin. She is a botanist.
 * David Lascher as Matthew "Matt" Burke – Kevin's irresponsible younger brother. He briefly dated Carrie.

Notable guest stars

 * Jean Speegle Howard as Mrs. Baker, a neighbor of the Burkes who is Ashley and Mary-Kate's babysitter. She enjoys knitting and watching South Park. ("Putting Two 'N' Two Together", "Peeping Twins")
 * Rance Howard as Mr. Fillmore, a neighbor of the Burkes who becomes Mrs. Baker's boyfriend. ("Putting Two 'N' Two Together", "Peeping Twins")
 * David Sutcliffe as Rick, an arrogant student of Kevin ("First Crush")
 * Hallie Todd as Marci, Kevin's girlfriend ("Breaking Them Up Is Hard to Do")
 * Claire Stansfield as Tarrah James, a supermodel who asks Kevin on a date ("Model Behavior")
 * Kimberly J. Brown as Nicole, Ashley's friend ("You've Got a Friend", "My Boyfriend's Back")
 * Wayne Tippit as Father Conrad ("A Very Carrie Christmas")
 * Emile Hirsch as Jeremy ("Let's Date")
 * Patrick Fabian as Alex Reardon, Carrie's ex-boyfriend ("My Boyfriend's Back")

Theme music and opening sequence
The theme music which accompanied the opening title sequence was composed by Jesse Frederick and Bennett Salvay, and was the second theme composed by Frederick and Salvay that does not include lyrics, coming after The Family Man, which was also produced by Miller-Boyett.

The opening sequence varied slightly from week to week, featured clips of Kevin, Carrie and the girls playing in the park. The scenes, which always slightly vary, include the girls rollerblading, the girls on the swing with Carrie, the girls playing frisbee with Kevin, Carrie and Kevin playing basketball, Carrie, Kevin and the girls playing a very large beach ball, the girls doing cartwheels and jumping around barefoot. It always slow-motion’s and freezes during certain parts and poses during the theme and the camera pans round, in a style/reference to The Matrix. The opening sequence only includes the show title and the executive producers' names, unlike previous Miller-Boyett series, whose opening sequences featured the cast and producers names in the sequence. The names of the show's cast members were instead shown in the opening teaser, prior to the opening credits.

Broadcast and syndication
After its cancellation, the show gained more of an audience when reruns began airing on ABC Family in the United States. It ran on the network starting in 1999 (a few months after its cancellation), when the network was Fox Family, and continued after the channel's purchase by The Walt Disney Company until 2004. ABC Family separated the closing credits and the tag scene, in the manner that they originally aired on ABC.

In Italy, it aired on Disney Channel under the name Due gemelle e una tata (Two Twins and a Nanny) from January until February 2004.

In the United Kingdom, reruns of the series also aired on Nickelodeon, Disney Channel and Pop Girl. The international networks ran the closing credits over the tag scene.

Books
Some episodes were written and released as books. Some other Two of a Kind novels were just made up by the authors. As of December 16, 2006, 40 books have been released. Some of the books are in the "Two of a Kind Diaries" subseries, where they are written in the girls' perspectives, as if they are writing in a diary. The first book is "It's a Twin Thing". Initially, the books are actually simplified versions of the episode scripts, while currently, they just feature its main characters.

Despite the lack of success for the television series, the books are more successful towards children and pre-teens.

 * 1) It's a Twin Thing
 * 2) How to Flunk Your First Date
 * 3) The Sleepover Secret
 * 4) One Twin Too Many
 * 5) To Snoop or Not to Snoop?
 * 6) My Sister the Super-model
 * 7) Two's a Crowd
 * 8) Let's Party!
 * 9) Calling All Boys (Diaries subseries, #1)
 * 10) Winner Take All (Diaries subseries, #2)
 * 11) P.S. Wish You Were Here (Diaries subseries, #3)
 * 12) The Cool Club
 * 13) War of the Wardrobes
 * 14) Bye-Bye Boyfriend
 * 15) It's Snow Problem
 * 16) Likes Me, Likes Me Not
 * 17) Shore Thing (Diaries subseries, #4)
 * 18) Two For The Road (Diaries subseries, #5)
 * 19) Surprise, Surprise
 * 20) Sealed With a Kiss
 * 21) Now You See Him, Now You Don't
 * 22) April Fools Rules
 * 23) Island Girls (Diaries subseries, #6)
 * 24) Surf, Sand & Secrets (Diaries subseries, #7)
 * 25) Closer Than Ever
 * 26) The Perfect Gift
 * 27) The Facts About Flirting
 * 28) The Dream Date Debate
 * 29) Love Set Match (Diaries subseries, #8)
 * 30) Making A Splash (Diaries subseries, #9)
 * 31) Dare To Scare (Diaries subseries, #10)
 * 32) Santa Girls (Diaries subseries, #11)
 * 33) Heart to Heart (Diaries subseries, #12)
 * 34) Prom Princess (Diaries subseries, #13)
 * 35) Camp Rock 'n' Roll (Diaries subseries, #14)
 * 36) Twist and Shout (Diaries subseries, #15)
 * 37) Hocus-pocus (Diaries subseries, #16)
 * 38) Holiday Magic (Diaries subseries, #17)
 * 39) Candles, Cake, Celebrate! (Diaries subseries, #18)
 * 40) Wish on a Star (Diaries subseries, #19)

title: Two of a Kind (American TV series)


text:
User talk:Dishalein

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -  BanyanTree 14:13, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Dishalein


text:
West Greenlandic

Kalaallisut (lit. 'language of the Kalaallit'), also known as West Greenlandic (vestgrønlandsk), is the primary language of Greenland and constitutes the Greenlandic language, spoken by the vast majority of the inhabitants of Greenland, as well as by thousands of Greenlandic Inuit in Denmark proper (in total, approximately 50,000 people). It was historically spoken in the southwestern part of Greenland, i.e. the region around Nuuk.

Tunumiisut and Inuktun are the two other native languages of Greenland, spoken by a small minority of the population. Danish remains an important lingua franca in Greenland and used in many parts of public life, as well as being the main language spoken by Danes in Greenland.

An extinct mixed trade language known as West Greenlandic Pidgin was based on West Greenlandic.

title: West Greenlandic


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User talk:72.29.74.163

Don't vandalise user pages and stop making personal attacks. This is the seventh or eighth time this text has been posted to TBSDY's talk and it's not for nothing that people keep removing it. Please stop. — mark ✎ 14:14, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Would you care to explain why you are so eager to have that text on the Talk page of a user that professedly has left Wikipedia?  — mark ✎ 14:38, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You did it twice again. Next time you will be blocked. — mark ✎ 14:50, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:72.29.74.163


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Hans Lützelburger

Hans Lützelburger (died June 1526), also known as Hans Franck, was a German blockcutter ("formschneider") for woodcuts, regarded as one of the finest of his day. He cut the blocks but as far as is known was not an artist himself. He is best known for his virtuoso work on 41 of the "superbly cut" series of tiny woodcuts of the Dance of Death, designed by Hans Holbein the Younger, which Lützelburger left unfinished when he died.

He is known to have been active, and already well-established, in Augsburg from c. 1516, where he was working, and signing the reverse of blocks, under Jost de Negker, the other great blockcutter of the period, on the print projects for Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor involving Albrecht Dürer, Hans Burgkmair and other artists. In 1522 his "first undoubted masterpiece", the Battle of Naked Men and Peasants by Master NH (possibly Nicholaus Hogenberg), was published, which in at least one edition carried an extra block in the margin below with his name as "FURMSCHNIDER" and the date in a tablet - a very unusual feature. This also includes portraits of Lützelburger and the artist, naked except for cloths covering their genitals, pointing to the tablet.

He was active from about 1522 in Basel (after a period in Mainz), where he died in 1526. He and Holbein were contracted by the publisher Jakob Faber for more than one series of Bible illustrations (for editions of Martin Luther's translation), as well as the Dance of Death. He and Holbein also worked for the major publisher Johann Froben. He had only completed 41 of the scenes of the Dance of Death at his death. These were issued as prints in the early 1520s, sometimes wrongly called "proofs", and when they were published in book form in 1538, with added verses, they referred only to Lützelburger, it having apparently been forgotten that Holbein was involved. Later editions added other designs cut by others, probably not all by Holbein. The blocks formed part of his estate at his death.

He seems to have produced so much work in his last years at Basel that he may well have had assistants, although there is no documentation for this. He may also have been responsible for cutting the most impressive work of the Basel artist Urs Graf, his series of 16 white-line woodcuts of Standardbearers.

title: Hans Lützelburger


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:Republic of Singapore Navy naval bases

The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion. This is an archive of the discussion only; please do not edit this page. -Kbdank71 14:17, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Republic_of_Singapore_Navy_naval_bases

 * Delete The Republic of Singapore Navy has only two bases. This category is small and has little potential for growth. --Travisyoung 00:50, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Summary after 2 weeks — no consensus=> move to /unresolved
 * 1 Delete: Travisyoung
 * 2 Keep: Instantnood; MadreBurro

 * Comment Er... and you removed the article in the category before submitting this? Anyway there is potential for a full set of categories of naval bases arranged by country in the Navy bases category, much in line with that created for air forces and armies.--Huaiwei 11:13, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Category to be deleted was non-controversial, I removed the article (the one and only article that was present) from the category following instructions from point 4 above. A cfd tag was placed as well. Travisyoung 18:44, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment If you are referring to point 4, it says you should clear the category only if it is a case of vandalism or a duplicate.--Huaiwei 03:21, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment But point 4 says, "[u]nless the category to be deleted is non-controversial... please do not depopulate the category (remove the tags from articles) before the community has made a decision." In any case, I took it that the category to be deleted was non-controversial. Please correct me if I interpreted it wrongly. --Travisyoung 09:57, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Tentative keep. — Instantnood 08:59, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep ONLY if someone grows the category. MadreBurro 17:54, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I think the article that was removed should be added back to the category as a matter of good faith; the "non-controversial" nature of the nomination was obviously not a correct assumption. Courtland 06:21, 2005 Apr 5 (UTC)


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William J. Fetterman

William Judd Fetterman (c. 1833 – December 21, 1866) was an officer in the United States Army during the American Civil War and the subsequent Red Cloud's War on the Great Plains. Fetterman and his command of 80 men were killed in the Fetterman Fight.

Early life
William Fetterman, born in 1833 in Cheshire, Connecticut, was the son of Army Lieutenant George Fetterman and Anna Maria Judd. George Fetterman graduated from West Point on 1 July 1827 and served in the Army Artillery. At the time of William's birth, Lieutenant Fetterman was assigned to Fort Trumbull, New London, Connecticut.

On April 26, 1835, William's mother Anna Judd Fetterman died. One year later, on May 31, 1836, after nine years of military service, William's father George Fetterman resigned his Army commission and returned to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There he worked as a civil engineer and served in the Pennsylvania militia. George Fetterman died in Pittsburgh in 1844.

Military career
Fetterman enlisted in the Union Army on May 14, 1861, in Delaware, and was promptly commissioned a first lieutenant. He served with the US 18th Infantry Regiment throughout the war and was twice brevetted for meritorious service and gallant conduct, finishing the war as a lieutenant colonel by brevet.

During the Atlanta campaign in 1864, Fetterman commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 18th US Infantry. This unit was part of John H. King's 2nd Brigade, Richard W. Johnson's 1st Division, John M. Palmer's XIV Corps, George Henry Thomas' Army of the Cumberland. According to Fetterman's report in the Official Records, the 2nd Battalion skirmished at Buzzard Roost Gap and Resaca. In fighting near Pickett's Mill on May 31, the battalion sustained a loss of 1 officer and 33 men wounded. The battalion skirmished at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain and took part in an attack that overran a line of Confederate rifle pits on July 4. After July 5, the companies of the 2nd Battalion were merged with the 1st Battalion of the 18th US Infantry. Fetterman subsequently was assigned as Assistant Adjutant General of the 2nd Brigade and reported on a successful attack at the Battle of Jonesborough on September 1. In this action, the 18th US Infantry suffered losses of 43 killed or wounded and 8 missing out of the 269 officers and men it took into battle.

After the war, he chose to remain in the Regular Army and was assigned as a captain in the Second Battalion of the 18th Infantry Regiment. In November 1866, the regiment was stationed at Fort Phil Kearny, tasked with protecting immigrants traveling to the gold fields of Montana Territory along the Bozeman Trail. Fetterman allegedly boasted that with 80 soldiers, he could "ride through the whole Sioux nation."

On December 21, 1866, a large band of Cheyenne and Sioux – which included Crazy Horse – under the leadership of Red Cloud attacked a wood train near the fort. Despite his unfamiliarity with frontier conditions and the methods of Indian fighting, Fetterman took command of a composite reaction force consisting of the former battalion quartermaster, Captain Frederick Brown, 2nd Lt. George Grummond, 49 enlisted troops of the 18th Infantry, 27 men of the 2nd Cavalry, and 2 civilian scouts, totaling 80 men. Ignoring his orders not to venture beyond Lodge Trail Ridge (out of sight and support distance from the fort), Fetterman pursued a small band of Sioux and was lured into an ambush. He found himself facing approximately 2,000 Indians. Within 20 minutes, Fetterman and his command had been wiped out.

The Fetterman Fight, as the encounter became known, was second in notoriety only to Custer's disastrous defeat in 1876. It led to the dismissal of Fetterman's commanding officer, Henry B. Carrington, who was initially blamed for the disaster, but was eventually exonerated.

Fetterman's grave is in the National Cemetery at the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. He had never married and left no heirs.

Legacy
In 1867, the army designated a new outpost in the Dakota Territory as "Fort Fetterman" in honor of the slain officer. There is also a Fetterman Street and Fetterman Drive in Laramie, Wyoming.

title: William J. Fetterman


text: Template:Cadillac timeline 1930-1979

title: Template:Cadillac timeline 1930-1979


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Swiss Miss

Swiss Miss is an American brand name for cocoa powder and pudding products created by Charles Sanna and sold by American food company Conagra Brands.

History
In the 1950s, the company sold its original hot cocoa product as an onboard beverage to airline passengers. Only after the drink became popular did it sell products in grocery stores.

title: Swiss Miss


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:Weapons of the Czeck Republic

The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion. This is an archive of the discussion only; please do not edit this page. -Kbdank71 14:24, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Weapons of the Czeck Republic
There's an obvious spelling error "Czeck" -> "Czech", but I also wonder if it should talk about the Czech Republic if it will include stuff older than 1993. Something more generic should be used if so. --Joy [shallot]   23:16, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Summary after 2 weeks — only support is for Move to Category:Czech weapons => move to section 5.2 below
 * 0 Delete: none
 * 0 Keep: none
 * 2 Move: Gene Nygaard; A D Monroe III

 * Move - Reinstate Category:Czech weapons or rename to something else more sensible than "Weapons of the Czech Republic" which didn't exist until 1993. It was much better under the old name, before some fool changed it.  It was Category:Czech weapons before.  That's what it should be returned to; in English Czech is often used as the adjective relating to Czechoslovakia before it split into the Chech Republic and Slovakia. Gene Nygaard 15:04, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Move to Category:Czech weapons as suggested by Nygaard. I know the standard is "Weapons of Foo" instead of "Fooian Weapons", but in this case (and a few others), the state of Foo is too limited, only the culture of Fooian covers the category.  --A D Monroe III 13:43, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment We should treat this the same as we did the Russia/Soviet Union problem. Any given article will go in one, the other, or both, as appropriate.  We just need new categories for predecessor countries, unless they already exist.  (Sorry about the slip of the finger, BTW.)  -- Beland 07:31, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, sure, we could fragment everything down into Category:Weapons used by Slovakia and Weapons used by Czechoslovakia and Weapons used by the Czech Republic, as well as Category:Weapons sold by the Czech Republic and the like. But what's the point? (Granted, there are likely more of them than the three now listed in the wrongly named category, but so what?) Furthermore, an article listing all the categories that some weapons fit into is just going to be an invitation for some editor to bitch about excess categorization and take out a few of them.
 * There are several differences between this and the Russia/Soviet Union problem.
 * Of course, for the World War I weapons, we'd also have to create Catgory:Weapons of Bohemia (see History of the Czech lands) and the like. Or would you lump it into a Category:Weapons of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, rather than having Bohemia as a subcategory of that?  Gene Nygaard 14:07, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)