text:
The Crime of Padre Amaro (2002 film)

The Crime of Padre Amaro (El crimen del padre Amaro, known by its literal translation The Crime of Father Amaro in Australia) is a 2002 Mexican-Spanish drama film directed by Carlos Carrera. It is very loosely based on the novel O Crime do Padre Amaro (1875) by 19th-century Portuguese writer José Maria de Eça de Queiroz. The film starred Gael García Bernal, Ana Claudia Talancón and Sancho Gracia. It premiered on 16 August 2002 in Mexico City.

When it was released, The Crime of Padre Amaro caused a controversy on the part of Roman Catholic groups in Mexico who tried to stop the film from being screened. They failed, and the film became the biggest box office draw ever in the country, beating previous record holder, Sexo, pudor y lágrimas (1999), with a gross of $16.3 million.

In the United States of America, this film also enjoyed commercial success; Columbia-TriStar Home Entertainment paid less than $1 million to acquire the film's North American distribution rights and released the film theatrically through Samuel Goldwyn Films; the film went on to gross $5.7 million in limited theatrical release in the United States and Canada.

At the 75th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar.

Plot
Recently ordained a priest, 24-year-old Father Amaro (Gael García Bernal) arrives in Los Reyes, a small town in the fictional state of Aldama, to start his life serving the church. He is a protégé of a ruthless political bishop, while the local priest, Father Benito (Sancho Gracia), is having a long ongoing affair with a local restaurant owner. Benito is building a large hospital and recuperation center, which is partially funded by a cartel's drug lord. Meanwhile, another priest in the area, Father Natalio (Damián Alcázar), the only clergyman portrayed positively in the film, is under investigation for supporting left-wing insurgents in his secluded rural church area.

Amélia (Ana Claudia Talancón), a local 16-year-old girl, teaches catechism to the young children in the town, and is the daughter of Benito's mistress. At the start of the story, she is contemplating marriage to Rubén (Andrés Montiel), a young journalist beginning his career, but tension is depicted as Rubén is a non-believer and Amélia is strongly Catholic. Rubén's father is an avowed anti-clerical atheist who is unpopular within the town for his strong opinions.

Amaro soon becomes infatuated with Amélia, who is strongly attracted to him and asks awkward questions about love and sin in the confessional, admitting that she masturbates to Jesus. She later touches his hand while serving him at the restaurant. The newspaper is tipped off about Benito baptising the drug lord's newborn child, and Rubén is asked to write about the scandals in his hometown. With the aid of mountains of evidence compiled by his father, he publishes a story about Benito's hospital being a front for money laundering. The church has Amaro write a denial and Rubén is then sacked by the newspaper under pressure from the Catholic lobby. Amélia then phones Rubén and dumps him, berating him with a string of obscenities. Rubén's family home is vandalized by devout Catholics and when he returns home, he assaults Amaro when he sees him in the street. Amaro decides not to press charges, and Rubén avoids jail time.

The film delves into the struggle priests have between desire and obedience. Amaro is plagued with guilt about his feelings for Amélia. When the local press begins to reveal the secrets of the parish, Amaro turns to his superior, Benito.

Amaro and Amélia start an affair, and Amaro cites verses from the Song of Songs as he seduces her. Later he drapes a robe meant for the statue of Virgin Mary over Amélia during a secret meeting. After Amélia becomes pregnant with Amaro's child, he tries to convince her to leave town to protect him. Later, she decides to try to trick the town by trying to pass off Rubén as the father. She tries to reunite with him and organize a wedding at short notice so that the baby can be attributed to him, but he tells her he is no longer interested.

When Benito threatens to report Amaro, Amaro threatens to retaliate over Benito's affair. During an ensuing scuffle, Benito is injured by a fall and is subsequently hospitalized. Eventually, Amaro arranges for a backstreet abortion in the middle of the night. It goes wrong, and Amélia begins to bleed out. Amaro drives her to the hospital in a large city, but she dies before they get there. Amaro weeps.

The lurid details of the case are suppressed, but Benito and a cynical old woman know what has happened. A false story is passed around the town, blaming Rubén for impregnating Amélia before marriage, and praising Amaro for breaking into the abortion clinic and liberating Amélia in a failed attempt to save her and her child. Amaro presides over Amélia's funeral, packed with mourners. Benito, now using a wheelchair, turns and rolls away in disgust.

Cast

 * Gael García Bernal – Padre Amaro
 * Ana Claudia Talancón – Amélia
 * Sancho Gracia – Padre Benito
 * Luisa Huertas – Dionisia
 * Andrés Montiel – Rubén
 * Damián Alcázar – Padre Natalio
 * Ernesto Gómez Cruz – Bishop
 * Gastón Melo – Martin
 * Angélica Aragón – Augustina Sanjuanera

Reception
The Crime of Padre Amaro sparked a controversy in Mexico at the time of its release, with Catholic bishops and organizations asking people not to see it and demanding that the government ban it.

The film was nominated for over 30 awards, including an Academy Awards nomination and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2003, winning 19.

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes counted 83 reviews with a 61% approval rating. The average rating is 6.19/10. The critics consensus on the website states that "Though melodramatic, El Crimen del Padre Amaro's critique of the Catholic church is a timely one." On Metacritic, it has a score of 60 out of 100, indicating "mixed or average reviews" based on 29 critic reviews.

title: The Crime of Padre Amaro (2002 film)


text:
AOTC

AOTC may refer to:
 * American Opportunity Tax Credit, a partially refundable tax credit detailed in Section 1004 of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.
 * Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, a Star Wars film
 * N-acetylornithine carbamoyltransferase, an enzyme
 * Ahead of the Curve, a World of Warcraft achievement for completing raid tier on heroic before releasing a new raid tier

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AOTC


text:
ANH

ANH may refer to:

 * ANH, ICAO airline code for Alajnihah Airways
 * Atrial natriuretic hormone or atrial natriuretic peptide
 * Alliance for Natural Health, UK
 * A New Hope, the first released Star Wars film

title: ANH


text:
Ernest Louis

Ernest Louis may refer to:

 * Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse (1868–1937)
 * Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1667–1739)

title: Ernest Louis


text:
User talk:PubLife

Badger Brewery
I didnt realise, but Badger Brewery and Hall and Woodhouse are basically the same, although the articles differ in many ways (including facts...) I think they should be merged probably, or some sort of division of stuff between them worked out (Hall and Woodhouse are a pub owner too). Its a bit confusing... Justinc 15:41, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * additional response on my User talk:Justinc talk page. Justinc 11:53, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * ok, all merged into Badger Brewery now. Justinc 13:40, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Garmin International
I placed the cleanup-tone tag on this article instead of redirecting to Garmin because I didn'n know that the article Garmin already existed. Feel free to correct this if you like. Cheers --Ryan Delaney talk 12:21, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Cameron wilson
Hi, I noticed that you deleted the Cameron Wilson article as speedy, do you think you could do the same to his original Cameron wilson? Otherwise, from what I've seen of this character he'll probably revert the redirect that's there now back to his 1,000 word eulogy to himself. Thanks in advance PubLife 14:07, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right, I've been forgetting to check what links here far too often. Thanks for your vigilance! --fvw *  14:11, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem, thank you for getting rid of the Ego so switfly! PubLife 14:26, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Barnstar-of-sorts
Thank you very much for your kind words. It's always nice to hear your work is appreciated. I've added it to the awards section of my userpage. :) - Mgm|(talk) 06:43, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

RfA
Just to say thanks for supporting my RfA. Please let me know if you see me screw up. --Doc (?) 19:05, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Wikijunior Solar System Needs You
Danny Wool has challenged us to get Wikijunior Solar System out to hurricane evacuees by October 32005. This is going to be tough!

You expressed interest in WikiJunior. Would you be willing now to join the push to get Wikijunior Solar System completed? Come see Wikijunior Solar System!

Thanks --SV Resolution(Talk) 18:03, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Indigo press.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Indigo press.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 13:39, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

HP Indigo
May I ask how you know about the HP Indigo? Are you a operator on one? Just curious.--72.154.244.223 (talk) 16:56, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
Your upload of File:Aberystwyth front.jpg or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 11:22, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Another one of your uploads, File:Clueless.PNG, has also had some information automatically added. If you get a moment, please review the bot's contributions there as well. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 14:56, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:PubLife


text:
User talk:Stormtroop

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 14:06, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stormtroop


text:
ROTJ

ROTJ may refer to:

 * Return of the Jedi, a 1983 Star Wars film
 * Return of the Jedi (disambiguation)
 * Return of the Joker (disambiguation)

title: ROTJ


text:
Talk:Hans Cornelius

Untitled
Somebody should tackle his philosophy — I am utterly unqualified to even attempt any kind of summary of the German extlinks. Lupo 14:06, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hans Cornelius


text:
Talk:Eisner Awards

Plural
Why is this article in the plural? Wiki-style dictates that articles should never be in the plural unless it's unavoidable (e.g. pants). Articles similar to this are in the singular (e.g. Academy Award, not "Academy Awards"). Anyone who is a big contributor to this article should think about moving it and changing the tense to singular. If no one does, I'll try to remember to do it in a few days, unless someone can provide a compelling reason why it should stay in the plural. — Frecklefoot | Talk 14:06, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Since there's really no reason not to move it, I've gone ahead and done it. Next: the Harvey Award(s) and Kirby Award(s). Tverbeek 01:30, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Notability?
A question has come up as to whether being nominated for and/or winning an Eisner award is considered significant enough for another article to meet WP's notability guidelines. See Lackadaisy's Talk page for more info, but I'd appreciate opinions here. Doniago (talk) 14:57, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 17 August 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. per discussion and NCPLURAL (closed by non-admin page mover) — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 21:53, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

– Each of these fall under the WP:NCPLURAL case of being a group of awards. Each was originally at the plural title until the small discussion above, but since then, most award pages that contain several awards have been moved to the plural with consensus (e.g. RMs at Academy Awards, Grammy Awards, Emmy Awards, Tony Awards, Golden Globe Awards, etc.). Note that single awards like the Bill Finger Award and Russ Manning Award are being left at the singular. — 2pou (talk) 19:27, 17 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Eisner Award → Eisner Awards
 * Harvey Award → Harvey Awards
 * Kirby Award → Kirby Awards
 * Note: WikiProject Comics has been notified of this discussion. —  Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 11:36, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Awards has been notified of this discussion. —  Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 11:36, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support - Most RS describe the event and the subject in the plural unless they're talking about a specific category or winner. Argento Surfer (talk) 14:22, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eisner Awards


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ray Gun (movie)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. ugen 64 20:23, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ray Gun (movie)
A movie which may not come out. I am not sure whether or not to cite "Wikipedia is not a crystal ball", because "may not come out" doesn't really predict anything, but delete in any case. Sjakkalle 14:08, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment of the rewrite. My vote remains delete, but now I can certainly cite the "Crystal ball"-rule. But the rewrite is better than the article I originally nominated. Sjakkalle 06:25, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. It's mentioned on the Internet, so its past the rumor mill.  Anyway, I just rewrote the incredibly poor stub.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:13, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's on the internet therefore it's not a rumor? Are you sure that's sound? IMHO, Delete per crystal ball clause. Radiant_* 08:57, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect with redundant existing content on Pixar page, at least until it is firmed up. — RJH 15:59, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree with Frecklefoot. Internet is the place where many rumours are actually started. Merge with Pixar or mentioned director until it's officially confirmed it'll be made. Mgm|(talk) 18:35, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Pixar for now. If the movie ever gets made, it can be broken out as its own article again. Dave the Red (talk) 03:32, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Speculation.  RickK 05:11, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Pixar. If and when the movie is finally released this shouldn't be a seperate article until then. Megan1967 07:22, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect for now. Should the rumors, etc prove true, it can be easily rewritten with the pertinent information.  —  THOR 14:54, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sutton and Mole Valley lines

The Sutton and Mole Valley lines were constructed between 1847 and 1868 by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, the London and South Western Railway and the LBSCR-sponsored Horsham, Dorking and Leatherhead Railway.

Services
Services include commuter services in South London, Surrey and West Sussex operated by Southern, usually from London Victoria to Horsham via Sutton and Dorking. Some Southern services in peak hours from London Bridge call at West Croydon and diverge at Leatherhead and serve Effingham Junction and Guildford via the New Guildford Line. The South Western Railway services are operated by Class 455/7s, 455/8s and 455/9s.

The Southern services use the same type of train, but sometimes instead. Southern previously used Class 456 trains but these were transferred to South West Trains in March 2014. SWT re-released these trains on the line in late 2014, but they were withdrawn in 2022.

South Western Railway operates services between London Waterloo and Leatherhead via Raynes Park and Epsom. Half continue along the main line to Dorking, others run to Guildford via Bookham and Effingham Junction.

Thameslink operates services from Tulse Hill to Sutton as part of the Thameslink route to London Blackfriars and Luton using trains.

Technical information
The route from Raynes Park to Horsham via Epsom and Dorking (including the Bookham Branch) is known to commuters as the Mole Valley Line – seven out of the 15 stations are in the Surrey district of Mole Valley. The full title Sutton and Mole Valley Lines is used for the lines north of Epsom via Sutton. Confusingly, all Southern services that terminate or call at Sutton are branded as Sutton and Mole Valley Line services.

The lines which form the route include (in order of construction): None of the lines leads directly to a London terminus, but services use the South West Main Line to access London Waterloo, the Brighton Main Line to access London Victoria and the Brighton Main Line (via Norwood Junction) or the South London Line (via South Bermondsey) to access London Bridge.
 * The Wallington & Portsmouth lines from West Croydon to Epsom via Sutton
 * The Portsmouth line from Epsom to Leatherhead
 * The Epsom line from Raynes Park to Epsom
 * The Portsmouth and Dorking lines from Leatherhead to Horsham via Dorking
 * The Bookham Branch from Leatherhead to Effingham Junction
 * The Portsmouth line from Peckham Rye to Sutton via Mitcham Junction

The following lines are associated with the route, but are considered separate:
 * The Chessington line from Motspur Park to Chessington South
 * The Epsom Downs line from Sutton to Epsom Downs
 * The St Helier line from Sutton to Wimbledon

The lines are electrified at 750 V DC third rail. Class 455 electrical multiple units are used, with semi-fast and stopping services to Horsham from London Victoria frequently operated by Class 377 Electrostars. Up to the early 1980s, express services to Littlehampton and Bognor Regis were routed along these lines and called at Sutton, Dorking, Horsham and stations to the south coast along the Arun Valley Line & West Coastway Line.

The maximum speed is 50 mph, with 20 mph restrictions at Clapham Junction, Streatham Junction, Mitcham Junction, Raynes Park, West Croydon, Sutton and Epsom; 30 mph at Dorking and the approach to London Victoria; and 75 mph between Box Hill and Westhumble and Dorking, and between Dorking and Holmwood. Signalling between London Victoria and Ewell East (including the Epsom Downs Branch) is controlled by London Victoria (VC); between London Waterloo and Box Hill and Westhumble by Wimbledon (W); between Box Hill and Westhumble and Warnham by Dorking (CBK); and between West Croydon & Waddon and Warnham & Horsham by Three Bridges Signalling Centre (T).

Platform lengths have been extended recently at most stations with twelve-car length platforms at Sutton, Horsham and Dorking and ten-car platforms at most other stations including Ashtead, Ewell East and Epsom.

History of the route

The lines used were the result of several schemes:
 * 1847: West Croydon to Sutton and Epsom railway opened by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR)
 * 1856: Epsom and Leatherhead Railway authorised.
 * 1857: Wimbledon and Dorking Railway authorised under the auspices of the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR), reached no further than Epsom. This is why services are run by South West Trains.
 * Autumn 1857: rival schemes to connect Shoreham Harbour with Horsham and Dorking. The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) was eventually successful, on 1 August 1859.
 * 1 February 1859: Epsom and Leatherhead Railway opened
 * 4 March 1859: Wimbledon and Dorking Railway opened to Epsom by the L&SWR
 * 1 July 1861: Shoreham – Horsham opened
 * 17 July 1862: Horsham, Dorking and Leatherhead Railway (LBSCR sponsored) authorised. Opened in two sections:
 * 11 March 1867: Leatherhead to Dorking
 * 1 May 1867: Dorking to Horsham

 * 22 May 1865 Epsom Downs Branch opened.
 * 1 October 1868 The mainline route from London to Sutton via Hackbridge opened.
 * 2 February 1885 Bookham branch and Guildford New Line (route via Cobham) open. Epsom and Leatherhead linked with Guildford by rail for the first time.
 * 12 July 1925 Third rail electrified services begin between London Waterloo and Dorking North/Bookham and the Guildford New Line.
 * July 1927 Leatherhead LSWR station closes – from 10th, all trains use LBSCR station, thanks to new spur.
 * 3 March 1929 Third rail electrified services start between London Victoria and Epsom via Mitcham Jct and London Bridge and Epsom via Tulse Hill and Mitcham Jct. Epsom Town (LBSCR) station closed and services concentrated at new station on approximately the site of the former LSWR one.
 * 1938 Dorking/Three Bridges to Horsham electrified. New signalling installed and new station built at Horsham.  Colour light signalling through Dorking North (and new signalbox opened) from 15 May.  Public third rail services start on 3 July.
 * 1978 Portsmouth Harbour/Bognor Regis express services diverted via Gatwick Airport, and the lines downgraded including the removal of the passing loops at Cheam. A peak hour service continues, stopping at Sutton and Dorking.
 * 1984 Dorking and Sutton lose their peak hour 12-coach fast trains to London and the south coast.
 * 1997 Thameslink 2000 is announced with promises of a King's Lynn to Guildford service via London Bridge and West Croydon and an upgraded Wimbledon loop service to St Albans, with 12-coach trains.
 * 2013 Platforms at intermediate stations along the route are extended to accommodate 10-coach suburban trains. Stations along the Epsom Downs branch have their platforms extended to accommodate 10-coach trains.  Southern Trains introduces five car Class 377/6 on the route.
 * May 2018 A new timetable comes into operation on the route affecting all services. The Epsom Downs line sees an uplift in off-peak services increasing to two trains per hour Monday to Saturday and a Sunday timetable is introduced. Also, improved connections between Epsom and West Croydon having 2 trains per hour, with the introduction of the all-day London Bridge to Epsom service.
 * May 2019: Box Hill & Westhumble is now served by 3 trains per hour in each direction as South Western Railway now stop here during off peak time (previously only during the peak).

Accidents and incidents

 * On 4 November 1942, two electric multiple units collided at Waddon due to a signalman's error. Two people were killed.
 * On 6 November 1947, an electric multiple unit collided with another at Motspur Park due to errors by a fogsignalman. Four people were killed and twelve were injured.

Tunnels
There are two tunnels, built between 1860 and 1867.

Mickleham Tunnel is midway between Leatherhead and Box Hill & Westhumble. It is 524 yd long and runs through the lower chalk of Norbury Park, entering the hillside immediately north of one of the three viaducts over the River Mole. Restrictions imposed by the landowner, Thomas Grissell, meant that vertical ventilation shafts could not be constructed and the tunnel portals were given lavish architectural treatment.

Betchworth Tunnel is 1/4 mi south of Dorking. It is 385 yd long with a maximum gradient of 1 in 80 (1.25 per cent). It runs through the upper greensand of the Deepdene Ridge to the east of the town. Construction difficulties delayed the opening south of Dorking. It collapsed on 27 July 1887, remaining closed for over six months.

title: Sutton and Mole Valley lines


text:
Talk:Kareena Kapoor Khan

Semi-protected edit request on 16 October 2021
I am an author of recently published book on Kareena Kapoor. From Nazneen to Naina: 20 years of Kareena Kapoor Khan in Bollywood and what that means for India and the rest of the world has been published by Chetna Parkashan in Ludhiana. The book was officially launched on her birthday in 2021 at Chandigarh Press Club. Will appreciate if you can add this information. Gurpreet Singh Radical (talk) 01:18, 16 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: We're not here to promote your book. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 12:01, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 6 September 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Adumbrativus (talk) 05:26, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

Kareena Kapoor → Kareena Kapoor Khan – MOS:CHANGEDNAME: she has primarily been known as "Kareena Kapoor Khan" for over a decade now, credited as such in all of her films since late 2012, from Talaash to her her latest release, and in magazine covers such as Vogue and Harper's Bazar. She also identifies as such on Instagram Krimuk2.0 (talk) 15:00, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose Just add a section somewhere in the article : ) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rubymza (talk • contribs) 23:39, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment MOS:CHANGEDNAME doesn't apply here. The article title guideline is WP:NAMECHANGES, which states that you need to prove that her married name is the most commonly used, as determined by its prevalence in a significant majority of independent, reliable English-language sources. Citing two magazine covers and some movie credits is not enough to prove your point. - Ïvana (talk) 00:02, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Variety
 * Vogue
 * The Indian Express
 * Scroll
 * BBC
 * Filmfare
 * Firstpost
 * Femina
 * Wired
 * Hindustan Times
 * The Hindu
 * Forbes
 * That's a dozen different sources. How many more would be need? Krimuk2.0 (talk) 06:26, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. As Krimuk has already mentioned, she goes by that name, is credited as such in films and it is commonly used by the media. FrB.TG (talk) 08:09, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support: This is just like Jada Pinkett Smith and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. Kailash29792 (talk)  09:32, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Support: Per her latest releases and magazine covers. NaanReady (talk) 09:41, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Support as per the evidence provided in this discussion, imv Atlantic306 (talk) 22:20, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 June 2024
If karina Kapoor has not accepted islam then why is khan written in surname? 2409:40D5:103C:A76:8000:0:0:0 (talk) 19:08, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 19:22, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kareena Kapoor Khan


text: User talk:83.134.59.119

title: User talk:83.134.59.119


text:
Absorbing set

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics an absorbing set in a vector space is a set $$S$$ which can be "inflated" or "scaled up" to eventually always include any given point of the vector space. Alternative terms are radial or absorbent set. Every neighborhood of the origin in every topological vector space is an absorbing subset.

Definition
Notation for scalars

Suppose that $$X$$ is a vector space over the field $$\mathbb{K}$$ of real numbers $$\R$$ or complex numbers $$\Complex,$$ and for any $$-\infty \leq r \leq \infty,$$ let $$B_r = \{a \in \mathbb{K} : |a| < r\} \quad \text{ and } \quad B_{\leq r} = \{a \in \mathbb{K} : |a| \leq r\}$$ denote the open ball (respectively, the closed ball) of radius $$r$$ in $$\mathbb{K}$$ centered at $$0.$$ Define the product of a set $$K \subseteq \mathbb{K}$$ of scalars with a set $$A$$ of vectors as $$K A = \{k a : k \in K, a \in A\},$$ and define the product of $$K \subseteq \mathbb{K}$$ with a single vector $$x$$ as $$K x = \{k x : k \in K\}.$$

Preliminaries
Balanced core and balanced hull

A subset $$S$$ of $$X$$ is said to be Balanced set if $$a s \in S$$ for all $$s \in S$$ and all scalars $$a$$ satisfying $$|a| \leq 1;$$ this condition may be written more succinctly as $$B_{\leq 1} S \subseteq S,$$ and it holds if and only if $$B_{\leq 1} S = S.$$

Given a set $$T,$$ the smallest balanced set containing $$T,$$ denoted by $$\operatorname{bal} T,$$ is called the of $$T$$ while the largest balanced set contained within $$T,$$ denoted by $$\operatorname{balcore} T,$$ is called the  of $$T.$$ These sets are given by the formulas $$\operatorname{bal} T ~=~ {\textstyle\bigcup\limits_{|c| \leq 1}} c \, T = B_{\leq 1} T$$ and $$\operatorname{balcore} T ~=~ \begin{cases} {\textstyle\bigcap\limits_{|c| \geq 1}} c \, T & \text{ if } 0 \in T \\ \varnothing                & \text{ if } 0 \not\in T, \\ \end{cases}$$ (these formulas show that the balanced hull and the balanced core always exist and are unique). A set $$T$$ is balanced if and only if it is equal to its balanced hull ($$T = \operatorname{bal} T$$) or to its balanced core ($$T = \operatorname{balcore} T$$), in which case all three of these sets are equal: $$T = \operatorname{bal} T = \operatorname{balcore} T.$$

If $$c$$ is any scalar then $$\operatorname{bal} (c \, T) = c \, \operatorname{bal} T = |c| \, \operatorname{bal} T$$ while if $$c \neq 0$$ is non-zero or if $$0 \in T$$ then also $$\operatorname{balcore} (c \, T) = c \, \operatorname{balcore} T = |c| \, \operatorname{balcore} T.$$

One set absorbing another
If $$S$$ and $$A$$ are subsets of $$X,$$ then $$A$$ is said to  $$S$$ if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:
 * 1) Definition: There exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$S \, \subseteq \, c \, A$$ for every scalar $$c$$ satisfying $$|c| \geq r.$$ Or stated more succinctly, $$S \; \subseteq \; {\textstyle\bigcap\limits_{|c| \geq r}} c \, A$$ for some $$r > 0.$$
 * 2) * If the scalar field is $$\R$$ then intuitively, "$$A$$ absorbs $$S$$" means that if $$A$$ is perpetually "scaled up" or "inflated" (referring to $$t A$$ as $$t \to \infty$$) then (for all positive $$t > 0$$ sufficiently large), all $$t A$$ will contain $$S;$$ and similarly, $$t A$$ must also eventually contain $$S$$ for all negative $$t < 0$$ sufficiently large in magnitude.
 * 3) * This definition depends on the underlying scalar field's canonical norm (that is, on the absolute value $$|\cdot|$$), which thus ties this definition to the usual Euclidean topology on the scalar field. Consequently, the definition of an absorbing set (given below) is also tied to this topology.
 * 4) There exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$c \, S \, \subseteq \, A$$ for every non-zero scalar $$c \neq 0$$ satisfying $$|c| \leq r.$$ Or stated more succinctly, $${\textstyle\bigcup\limits_{0 < |c| \leq r}} c \, S \, \subseteq \, A$$ for some $$r > 0.$$
 * 5) * Because this union is equal to $$\left(B_{\leq r} \setminus \{0\}\right) S,$$ where $$B_{\leq r} \setminus \{0\} = \{c \in \mathbb{K} : 0 < |c| \leq r\}$$ is the closed ball with the origin removed, this condition may be restated as: $$\left(B_{\leq r} \setminus \{0\}\right) S \, \subseteq \, A$$ for some $$r > 0.$$
 * 6) * The non-strict inequality $$\,\leq\,$$ can be replaced with the strict inequality $$\,<\,,$$ which is the next characterization.
 * 7) There exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$c \, S \, \subseteq \, A$$ for every non-zero scalar $$c \neq 0$$ satisfying $$|c| < r.$$ Or stated more succinctly, $$\left(B_r \setminus \{0\}\right) S \subseteq \, A$$ for some $$r > 0.$$
 * 8) * Here $$B_r \setminus \{0\} = \{c \in \mathbb{K} : 0 < |c| < r\}$$ is the open ball with the origin removed and $$\left(B_r \setminus \{0\}\right) S \, = \, {\textstyle\bigcup\limits_{0 < |c| < r}} c \, S.$$

If $$A$$ is a balanced set then this list can be extended to include:  There exists a non-zero scalar $$c \neq 0$$ such that $$S \; \subseteq \, c \, A.$$ There exists a non-zero scalar $$c \neq 0$$ such that $$c \, S \, \subseteq \, A.$$
 * If $$0 \in A$$ then the requirement $$c \neq 0$$ may be dropped.

If $$0 \in A$$ (a necessary condition for $$A$$ to be an absorbing set, or to be a neighborhood of the origin in a topology) then this list can be extended to include:  There exists $$r > 0$$ such that $$c \, S \; \subseteq \, A$$ for every scalar $$c$$ satisfying $$|c| < r.$$ Or stated more succinctly, $$B_r \; S \, \subseteq \, A.$$ There exists $$r > 0$$ such that $$c \, S \; \subseteq \, A$$ for every scalar $$c$$ satisfying $$|c| \leq r.$$ Or stated more succinctly, $$B_{\leq r} S \, \subseteq \, A.$$ There exists $$r > 0$$ such that $$\operatorname{bal} \, S \, \subseteq \, r \, A.$$ There exists $$r > 0$$ such that $$\operatorname{bal} \, S \, \subseteq \, \operatorname{balcore} (r \, A).$$ There exists $$r > 0$$ such that $$\;\;\;\;\;\; S \, \subseteq \, \operatorname{balcore} (r \, A).$$ There exists $$r > 0$$ such that $$\;\;\, S \, \subseteq \, r \, \operatorname{balcore} A.$$ In words, a set is absorbed by $$A$$ if it is contained in some positive scalar multiple of the balanced core of $$A.$$ There exists $$r > 0$$ such that $$r \, S \subseteq \,\;\;\;\; \operatorname{balcore} A.$$
There exists a non-zero scalar $$c \neq 0$$ such that $$c \, S \, \subseteq \, \operatorname{balcore} A.$$ In words, the balanced core of $$A$$ contains some non-zero scalar multiple of $$S.$$

There exists a scalar $$c$$ such that $$\operatorname{bal} S \, \subseteq \, c \, A.$$ In words, $$A$$ can be scaled to contain the balanced hull of $$S.$$

There exists a scalar $$c$$ such that $$\operatorname{bal} S \, \subseteq \, \operatorname{balcore} (c \, A).$$

There exists a scalar $$c$$ such that $$\;\;\;\;\;\; S \, \subseteq \, \operatorname{balcore} (c \, A).$$ In words, $$A$$ can be scaled so that its balanced core contains $$S.$$

There exists a scalar $$c$$ such that $$\;\;\;\;\;\; S \, \subseteq \, c \, \operatorname{balcore} A.$$

There exists a scalar $$c$$ such that $$\operatorname{bal} S \, \subseteq \, c \, \operatorname{balcore} (A).$$ In words, the balanced core of $$A$$ can be scaled to contain the balanced hull of $$S.$$

The balanced core of $$A$$ absorbs the balanced hull $$S$$ (according to any defining condition of "absorbs" other than this one).

 * The inclusion $$B_{\leq r} S \, \subseteq \, A$$ is equivalent to $$B_{\leq 1} S \, \subseteq \, \tfrac{1}{r} A$$ (since $$B_{\leq r} = r \, B_{\leq 1}$$). Because $$B_{\leq 1} S \, = \, \operatorname{bal} \, S,$$ this may be rewritten $$\operatorname{bal} \, S \, \subseteq \, \tfrac{1}{r} A,$$ which gives the next statement.

 * The next characterizations follow from those above and the fact that for every scalar $$c,$$ the balanced hull of $$A$$ satisfies $$\,\operatorname{bal} (c \, A) = c \, \operatorname{bal} A = |c| \, \operatorname{bal} A\,$$ and (since $$0 \in A$$) its balanced core satisfies $$\,\operatorname{balcore} (c \, A) = c \, \operatorname{balcore} A = |c| \, \operatorname{balcore} A.$$

If $$0 \not\in S$$ or $$0 \in A$$ then this list can be extended to include:
 $$A \cup \{0\}$$ absorbs $$S$$ (according to any defining condition of "absorbs" other than this one).

 * In other words, $$A$$ may be replaced by $$A \cup \{0\}$$ in the characterizations above if $$0 \not\in S$$ (or trivially, if $$0 \in A$$).

A set absorbing a point

A set is said to  $$x$$ if it absorbs the singleton set $$\{x\}.$$ A set $$A$$ absorbs the origin if and only if it contains the origin; that is, if and only if $$0 \in A.$$ As detailed below, a set is said to be if it absorbs every point of $$X.$$

This notion of one set absorbing another is also used in other definitions: A subset of a topological vector space $$X$$ is called if it is absorbed by every neighborhood of the origin. A set is called if it absorbs every bounded subset.

First examples

Every set absorbs the empty set but the empty set does not absorb any non-empty set. The singleton set $$\{\mathbf{0}\}$$ containing the origin is the one and only singleton subset that absorbs itself.

Suppose that $$X$$ is equal to either $$\R^2$$ or $$\Complex.$$ If $$A := S^1 \cup \{\mathbf{0}\}$$ is the unit circle (centered at the origin $$\mathbf{0}$$) together with the origin, then $$\{\mathbf{0}\}$$ is the one and only non-empty set that $$A$$ absorbs. Moreover, there does exist  non-empty subset of $$X$$ that is absorbed by the unit circle $$S^1.$$ In contrast, every neighborhood of the origin absorbs every bounded subset of $$X$$ (and so in particular, absorbs every singleton subset/point).

Absorbing set
A subset $$A$$ of a vector space $$X$$ over a field $$\mathbb{K}$$ is called an of $$X$$ and is said to be  $$X$$ if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions (here ordered so that each condition is an easy consequence of the previous one, starting with the definition):

Definition: $$A$$ absorbs every point of $$X;$$ that is, for every $$x \in X,$$ $$A$$ absorbs $$\{x\}.$$

$$A$$ absorbs every finite subset of $$X.$$

For every $$x \in X,$$ there exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$x \in c A$$ for any scalar $$c \in \mathbb{K}$$ satisfying $$|c| \geq r.$$

For every $$x \in X,$$ there exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$c x \in A$$ for any scalar $$c \in \mathbb{K}$$ satisfying $$|c| \leq r.$$

For every $$x \in X,$$ there exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$B_r x \subseteq A.$$

For every $$x \in X,$$ there exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$B_r x \subseteq A \cap \mathbb{K} x,$$ where $$\mathbb{K} x = \operatorname{span} \{x\}.$$

$$A$$ contains the origin and for every 1-dimensional vector subspace $$Y$$ of $$X,$$ $$A \cap Y$$ is a neighborhood of the origin in $$Y$$ when $$Y$$ is given its unique Hausdorff vector topology (i.e. the Euclidean topology).

The reason why the Euclidean topology is distinguished in this characterization ultimately stems from the defining requirement on TVS topologies that scalar multiplication $$\mathbb{K} \times X \to X$$ be continuous when the scalar field $$\mathbb{K}$$ is given this (Euclidean) topology.

$$0$$-Neighborhoods are absorbing: This condition gives insight as to why every neighborhood of the origin in every topological vector space (TVS) is necessarily absorbing: If $$U$$ is a neighborhood of the origin in a TVS $$X$$ then for every 1-dimensional vector subspace $$Y,$$ $$U \cap Y$$ is a neighborhood of the origin in $$Y$$ when $$Y$$ is endowed with the subspace topology induced on it by $$X.$$ This subspace topology is always a vector topology and because $$Y$$ is 1-dimensional, the only vector topologies on it are the Hausdorff Euclidean topology and the trivial topology, which is a subset of the Euclidean topology. So regardless of which of these vector topologies is on $$Y,$$ the set $$U \cap Y$$ will be a neighborhood of the origin in $$Y$$ with respect to its unique Hausdorff vector topology (the Euclidean topology). Thus $$U$$ is absorbing.

$$A$$ contains the origin and for every 1-dimensional vector subspace $$Y$$ of $$X,$$ $$A \cap Y$$ is absorbing in $$Y$$ (according to any defining condition of "absorbing" other than this one).

 * So in particular, $$A$$ can not be absorbing if $$0 \not\in A.$$ Every absorbing set must contain the origin.
 * Here $$B_r = \{c \in \mathbb{K} : |c| < r\}$$ is the open ball of radius $$r$$ in the scalar field centered at the origin and $$B_r x = \left\{c x : c \in B_r\right\} = \{c x : c \in \mathbb{K} \text{ and } |c| < r\}.$$
 * The closed ball can be used in place of the open ball.
 * Because $$B_r x \subseteq \mathbb{K} x = \operatorname{span} \{x\},$$ the inclusion $$B_r x \subseteq A$$ holds if and only if $$B_r x \subseteq A \cap \mathbb{K} x.$$ This proves the next statement.
 * Connection to topology: If $$\mathbb{K} x$$ is given its usual Hausdorff Euclidean topology then the set $$B_r x$$ is a neighborhood of the origin in $$\mathbb{K} x;$$ thus, there exists a real $$r > 0$$ such that $$B_r x \subseteq A \cap \mathbb{K} x$$ if and only if $$A \cap \mathbb{K} x$$ is a neighborhood of the origin in $$\mathbb{K} x.$$ Consequently, $$A$$ satisfies this condition if and only if for every $$x \in X,$$ $$A \cap \operatorname{span} \{x\}$$ is a neighborhood of $$0$$ in $$\operatorname{span} \{x\} = \mathbb{K} x$$ when $$\operatorname{span} \{x\}$$ is given the Euclidean topology. This gives the next characterization.
 * The only TVS topologies on a 1-dimensional vector space are the (non-Hausdorff) trivial topology and the Hausdorff Euclidean topology. Every 1-dimensional vector subspace of $$X$$ is of the form $$\mathbb{K} x = \operatorname{span} \{x\}$$ for some $$x \in X$$ and if this 1-dimensional space $$\mathbb{K} x$$ is endowed with the (unique), then the map $$\mathbb{K} \to \mathbb{K} x$$ defined by $$c \mapsto c x$$ is necessarily a TVS-isomorphism (where as usual, $$\mathbb{K}$$ is endowed with its standard Euclidean topology induced by the Euclidean metric).
 * This characterization shows that the property of being absorbing in $$X$$ depends on how $$A$$ behaves with respect to 1 (or 0) dimensional vector subspaces of $$X.$$ In contrast, if a finite-dimensional vector subspace $$Z$$ of $$X$$ has dimension $$n > 1$$ and is endowed with its unique Hausdorff TVS topology, then $$A \cap Z$$ being absorbing in $$Z$$ is no longer sufficient to guarantee that $$A \cap Z$$ is a neighborhood of the origin in $$Z$$ (although it will still be a necessary condition). For this to happen, it suffices for $$A \cap Z$$ to be an absorbing set that is also convex, balanced, and closed in $$Z$$ (such a set is called a  and it will be a neighborhood of the origin in $$Z$$ because every finite-dimensional Euclidean space, including $$Z,$$ is a barrelled space).

If $$\mathbb{K} = \Reals$$ then to this list can be appended:
 * 1) The algebraic interior of $$A$$ contains the origin (that is, $$0 \in {}^{i}A$$).

If $$A$$ is balanced then to this list can be appended:
 * 1) For every $$x \in X,$$ there exists a scalar $$c \neq 0$$ such that $$x \in c A$$ (or equivalently, such that $$c x \in A$$).

 * 2) For every $$x \in X,$$ there exists a scalar $$c$$ such that $$x \in c A.$$

If $$A$$ is convex or balanced then to this list can be appended:
 * 1) For every $$x \in X,$$ there exists a positive real $$r > 0$$ such that $$r x \in A.$$
 * 2) * The proof that a balanced set $$A$$ satisfying this condition is necessarily absorbing in $$X$$ follows immediately from condition (10) above and the fact that $$c A = |c| A$$ for all scalars $$c \neq 0$$ (where $$r := |c| > 0$$ is real).
 * 3) * The proof that a convex set $$A$$ satisfying this condition is necessarily absorbing in $$X$$ is less trivial (but not difficult). A detailed proof is given in this footnote and a summary is given below.

 * 1) ** Summary of proof: By assumption, for non-zero $$0 \neq y \in X,$$ it is possible to pick positive real $$r > 0$$ and $$R > 0$$ such that $$R y \in A$$ and $$r (- y) \in A$$ so that the convex set $$A \cap \Reals y$$ contains the open sub-interval $$(-r, R) y \,\stackrel{\scriptscriptstyle\text{def}}{=}\, \{t y : -r < t < R, t \in \Reals\},$$ which contains the origin ($$A \cap \Reals y$$ is called an interval since we identify $$\Reals y$$ with $$\Reals$$ and every non-empty convex subset of $$\Reals$$ is an interval). Give $$\mathbb{K} y$$ its unique Hausdorff vector topology so it remains to show that $$A \cap \mathbb{K} y$$ is a neighborhood of the origin in $$\mathbb{K} y.$$ If $$\mathbb{K} = \Reals$$ then we are done, so assume that $$\mathbb{K} = \Complex.$$ The set $$S \,\stackrel{\scriptscriptstyle\text{def}}{=}\, (A \cap \Reals y) \,\cup\, (A \cap \Reals (i y)) \,\subseteq\, A \cap (\Complex y)$$ is a union of two intervals, each of which contains an open sub-interval that contains the origin; moreover, the intersection of these two intervals is precisely the origin. So the quadrilateral-shaped convex hull of $$S,$$ which is contained in the convex set $$A \cap \Complex y,$$ clearly contains an open ball around the origin. $$\blacksquare$$

 * 2) For every $$x \in X,$$ there exists a positive real $$r > 0$$ such that $$x \in r A.$$
 * 3) * This condition is equivalent to: every $$x \in X$$ belongs to the set $${\textstyle\bigcup\limits_{0 < r < \infty}} r A = \{r a : 0 < r < \infty, a \in A\} = (0, \infty) A.$$ This happens if and only if $$X = (0, \infty) A,$$ which gives the next characterization.
 * 4) $$(0, \infty) A = X.$$
 * 5) *It can be shown that for any subset $$T$$ of $$X,$$ $$(0, \infty) T = X$$ if and only if $$T \cap (0, \infty) x \neq \varnothing$$ for every $$x \in X,$$ where $$(0, \infty) x \,\stackrel{\scriptscriptstyle\text{def}}{=}\, \{r x : 0 < r < \infty\}.$$
 * 6) For every $$x \in X,$$ $$A \cap (0, \infty) x \neq \varnothing.$$

If $$0 \in A$$ (which is necessary for $$A$$ to be absorbing) then it suffices to check any of the above conditions for all non-zero $$x \in X,$$ rather than all $$x \in X.$$

For one set to absorb another
Let $$F : X \to Y$$ be a linear map between vector spaces and let $$B \subseteq X$$ and $$C \subseteq Y$$ be balanced sets. Then $$C$$ absorbs $$F(B)$$ if and only if $$F^{-1}(C)$$ absorbs $$B.$$

If a set $$A$$ absorbs another set $$B$$ then any superset of $$A$$ also absorbs $$B.$$ A set $$A$$ absorbs the origin if and only if the origin is an element of $$A.$$

A set $$A$$ absorbs a finite union $$B_1 \cup \cdots \cup B_n$$ of sets if and only it absorbs each set individuality (that is, if and only if $$A$$ absorbs $$B_i$$ for every $$i = 1, \ldots, n$$). In particular, a set $$A$$ is an absorbing subset of $$X$$ if and only if it absorbs every finite subset of $$X.$$

For a set to be absorbing
The unit ball of any normed vector space (or seminormed vector space) is absorbing. More generally, if $$X$$ is a topological vector space (TVS) then any neighborhood of the origin in $$X$$ is absorbing in $$X.$$ This fact is one of the primary motivations for defining the property "absorbing in $$X.$$"

Every superset of an absorbing set is absorbing. Consequently, the union of any family of (one or more) absorbing sets is absorbing. The intersection of finitely many absorbing subsets is once again an absorbing subset. However, the open balls $$(-r_n, -r_n)$$ of radius $$r_n = 1, 1/2, 1/3, \ldots$$ are all absorbing in $$X := \Reals$$ although their intersection $$\bigcap_{n \in \N} (-1/n, 1/n) = \{0\}$$ is not absorbing.

If $$D \neq \varnothing$$ is a disk (a convex and balanced subset) then $$\operatorname{span} D = {\textstyle\bigcup\limits_{n=1}^\infty} n D;$$ and so in particular, a disk $$D \neq \varnothing$$ is always an absorbing subset of $$\operatorname{span} D.$$ Thus if $$D$$ is a disk in $$X,$$ then $$D$$ is absorbing in $$X$$ if and only if $$\operatorname{span} D = X.$$ This conclusion is not guaranteed if the set $$D \neq \varnothing$$ is balanced but not convex; for example, the union $$D$$ of the $$x$$ and $$y$$ axes in $$X = \Reals^2$$ is a non-convex balanced set that is not absorbing in $$\operatorname{span} D = \Reals^2.$$

The image of an absorbing set under a surjective linear operator is again absorbing. The inverse image of an absorbing subset (of the codomain) under a linear operator is again absorbing (in the domain). If $$A$$ absorbing then the same is true of the symmetric set $${\textstyle\bigcap\limits_{|u|=1}} u A \subseteq A.$$

Auxiliary normed spaces

If $$W$$ is convex and absorbing in $$X$$ then the symmetric set $$D := {\textstyle\bigcap\limits_{|u|=1}} u W$$ will be convex and balanced (also known as an or a ) in addition to being absorbing in $$X.$$ This guarantees that the Minkowski functional $$p_D : X \to \Reals$$ of $$D$$ will be a seminorm on $$X,$$ thereby making $$\left(X, p_D\right)$$ into a seminormed space that carries its canonical pseduometrizable topology. The set of scalar multiples $$r D$$ as $$r$$ ranges over $$\left\{\tfrac{1}{2}, \tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{1}{4}, \ldots\right\}$$ (or over any other set of non-zero scalars having $$0$$ as a limit point) forms a neighborhood basis of absorbing disks at the origin for this locally convex topology. If $$X$$ is a topological vector space and if this convex absorbing subset $$W$$ is also a bounded subset of $$X,$$ then all this will also be true of the absorbing disk $$D := {\textstyle\bigcap\limits_{|u|=1}} u W;$$ if in addition $$D$$ does not contain any non-trivial vector subspace then $$p_D$$ will be a norm and $$\left(X, p_D\right)$$ will form what is known as an auxiliary normed space. If this normed space is a Banach space then $$D$$ is called a.

Properties
Every absorbing set contains the origin. If $$D$$ is an absorbing disk in a vector space $$X$$ then there exists an absorbing disk $$E$$ in $$X$$ such that $$E + E \subseteq D.$$

If $$A$$ is an absorbing subset of $$X$$ then $$X = {\textstyle\bigcup\limits_{n=1}^\infty} n A$$ and more generally, $$X = {\textstyle\bigcup\limits_{n=1}^\infty} s_n A$$ for any sequence of scalars $$s_1, s_2, \ldots$$ such that $$\left|s_n\right| \to \infty.$$ Consequently, if a topological vector space $$X$$ is a non-meager subset of itself (or equivalently for TVSs, if it is a Baire space) and if $$A$$ is a closed absorbing subset of $$X$$ then $$A$$ necessarily contains a non-empty open subset of $$X$$ (in other words, $$A$$'s topological interior will not be empty), which guarantees that $$A - A$$ is a neighborhood of the origin in $$X.$$

Every absorbing set is a total set, meaning that every absorbing subspace is dense.

title: Absorbing set


text:
User talk:Berlin-Attorney

I'am always pleased about commons. To all discussion contributions on this side I will answer here, in order to enable others to follow the discussion.

Meeting in Berlin
Thanks for the invitation, but I can't make it tonight. --Angr/undefined 07:34, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, but I didn't read your message...'til now. Let's see if I can make it next time...; offensichtlich sehe ich in der wikipedia etwas anderes als viele (nicht alle) user in der de-wiki. Und die Hochnäsigkeit manifestiert sich m.E. in einer gewissen systemic bias und einem damit einhergehenden Elitarismus...aber darüber will ich mich hier nicht länger auslassen. Trotzdem danke! Lectonar 11:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * We shall see if I ever find my way to the Jannowitzbrücke...:) Lectonar 07:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Comment from a user well known on the german-wikipedia
Better be aware of the dustbin man if you talk about carbage again. Greetings to Unscheinbar Dundak Eike and Jesusfriend. To all of you and the famous rocksteady crew. With money you can also buy a administrator The complete German vote system is a faked one and I know that for certain. If elections would be made to change something they would be forbidden. Greetings from someone who feels well in the dirt of human souls.

--Ekkenekepen 10:31, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Wearing a red pullover at a wikipedia gathering, is the subtil sign of someone who wants to reach Karlsruhe Red Robe Status. Very high targets. But this sucess would be not more than a fading moment. --Ekkenekepen

title: User talk:Berlin-Attorney


text:
Talk:Arnold Vinick

Untitled
Regarding the title congressman v. representative is similar to conversation v. protocol. In the case of Matt Santos, a fictional elected member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas, would in conversation be addressed as congressman. While in the Chamber of the House of Representatives or in a historical context, protocol would be used and addressed as Representative Matt Santos of Texas or in the AP style, Rep. Matt Santos (D-TX) which is the style C-SPAN uses.

Lincoln Chaffee
What does the Vinick chacter possibly have in common with Lincoln Chaffee other than being a liberal Republican? The Vinick character is charismatic and not in higher political office largely as a result of being his father's son. Who says that Vinick could possibly be partially based on Chaffee? Rlquall 03:54, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Biography is copyvio
Biography section is lifted word-for-word from here. This likely copyvio will be reverted unless some justification for keeping it is given. -Scm83x 17:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Arnold from California
A charismatic California moderate Republican named Arnold and yet no mention in this article of Arnold Schwarzenegger? -66.245.143.88 06:13, 05 November 2005 (UTC) (signature added by Scm83x)

 * No. There is no mention of Schwarzenegger because it's entirely irrelevant.  It is clear that Vinick's character was not in anyway intended to be a nod to Schwarzenegger.  Vinick's character is more akin to a John McCain type, a dedicated Republican senator with wide crossover appeal.  However, neither is important enough to mention in the article. -Scm83x 06:28, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Added that some believe Vinick will be Santos' VP
It's a widely-held belief among a sizeable chunk of the West Wing fan community and if Santos asks Vinick to help him in another manner, the discussion would be historically relevant as to the purpose of Vinick in Santos' Administration.--Folksong 22:29, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * However, speculation is something that Wikipedia is not. — Scm83x hook 'em 22:54, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Stating that a sizeable amount of people believe that something will happen is different than speculation, but I lack the desire to feud over such a trivial issue.--Folksong 03:07, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Tonight's episode of Earl stated Vinick might get the nod, which was believed by most of the West Wing fan community all along. If all clearly-labeled and well-sourced speculation was deleted from Wikipedia, then 75% of the respective pages on the Playstation 3 (until recently) and the Wii wouldn't even exist.--Folksong 04:42, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Would that be such a bad thing? — Scm83x hook 'em 04:47, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, yes. Putting down predictions is one thing, omitting widely-held beliefs or unconfirmed, but well-sourced information puts readers at a disadvantage.--Folksong 01:54, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Vinick wins popular vote by 1 million?
i've seen this season...when did it say vinick won the popular vote?

 * I have to agree with this. I've also been watching the show (too religiously?) and never saw/heard the popular vote count total anywhere but on Wikipedia.  Lucky Adrastus 04:58, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm going to remove this, as there seems to be no source for it. If anyone finds a source, they should include that in the article or here in the talk section, along with putting the reference back.  Lucky Adrastus 08:55, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Mrs. Vinick?
Does anyone know who plays Mrs. Vinick in the picture with the Senator? Is it Alan Alda's real-life wife?

Children
The NBC web site for Vinick says he has four children, I've amended that part accordingly.

Barry Goldwater?
A right-radical in financial affairs, a sort of "libertarian" in religious affairs, a straight-shooter who runs for president- Barry Goldwater seems to me to be a good option, if you`re asking for a real-life figure Vinick is based on.Asalmog 21:45, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

I wouldn't say he resembles Goldwater. As someone above noted, he seems to be mostly based on John McCain. A respected, straight-talking maverick moderate Republican Senator with wide independent appeal. Strongly in favor of a balanced budget and fiscal discipline, hawkish/neocon on foreign policy and defense, mixed record on the environment, supports immigration reform, pro-nuclear energy, doesn't beleive gay marriage is a federal issue. But then there's also a bit of Schwarzenegger thrown in, in terms of his first name, home state and pro-choice stance. EJB341 20:08, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Where he resembles Goldwater is in his position as a pro-choice Republican, and in his unswerving opposition to the Religious Right. None of the current candidates would dare do that, although John McCain did try in 2000 and got stumped for his trouble. 147.9.201.235 (talk) 23:12, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Bartletvinickandreo.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 07:01, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Vinick x Santos = McCain x Obama ?
Is that a case of real life imitating art (barring the appropriate differences of course). 161.24.19.82 (talk) 17:31, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Well, they basically admitted that Santos was based on Obama and Vinick on McCain. So yeah, I'd say it is. 147.9.201.235 (talk) 23:13, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

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Write a letter for dealership to Ratan trading company, my name is supreme sales
By supreme Darsh mundhra (talk) 05:03, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arnold Vinick


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/An Introduction to J2ME

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect. ugen 64 20:30, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

An Introduction to J2ME
Page too long and conteet is in style of wikibooks rather than enclyopedia entry. Page added to wikibooks as article for book titled J2ME

Shareme 14:15, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am org author and markign this for deletion, Page is not wikipedia entry style but wikibook style. page moved to wikibook J2ME Shareme 14:20, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * If the author requests deletion, this qualifies for speedy deletion, so I have tagged it as such. Chris talk back 22:03, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't qualify, see "Any page which is requested for deletion by the original author, provided the author reasonably explains that it was created by mistake, and the page was edited only by its author." Besides, this should just be merged to J2ME, since there's surely some useful info here. Redirect probably not necessary. --Dmcdevit 22:19, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever is decided here, (and I personally recommend merging to J2ME) should probably be aplied to the other similar articles created by Shareme: Overview_of_MIDP1, An_Introduction_to_Java_Virtual_Machines_in_MIDP, MIDlet_Preverify, which were all transwikied. They could probably all have the usable info merged to the better article name. --Dmcdevit 04:03, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with J2ME. Megan1967 07:23, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Firn

Firn (from Swiss German firn "last year's", cognate with before) is partially compacted névé, a type of snow that has been left over from past seasons and has been recrystallized into a substance denser than névé. It is ice that is at an intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice. Firn has the appearance of wet sugar, but has a hardness that makes it extremely resistant to shovelling. Its density generally ranges from 0.35 g/cm3 to 0.9 g/cm3, and it can often be found underneath the snow that accumulates at the head of a glacier.

Snowflakes are compressed under the weight of the overlying snowpack. Individual crystals near the melting point are semiliquid and slick, allowing them to glide along other crystal planes and to fill in the spaces between them, increasing the ice's density. Where the crystals touch, they bond together, squeezing the air between them to the surface or into bubbles.

In the summer months, the crystal metamorphosis can occur more rapidly because of water percolation between the crystals. By summer's end, the result is firn.

The minimum altitude that firn accumulates on a glacier is called the firn limit, firn line or snowline.

List of firns

 * Antarctic Firn
 * Daniel Bruun Firn
 * Dreyer Firn
 * East Northwall Firn
 * Rink Firn
 * Sven Hedin Firn
 * West Northwall Firn

Other uses
In colloquial and technical language, "firn" is used to describe certain forms of old snow, including: As in the last context, a ski slope that experiences melting and refreezing into harsch is said to "firn up". In Switzerland, these slopes are called Sulz, but in Germany, Sulz more often refers to a depth at which skiing downhill is no longer enjoyable.
 * old snowfields, known as Firnfelder (lit. 'firn fields'), even if the snow is not yet one year old
 * the more recent snow layers of a temperate, or "firned", glacier
 * used in skiing, the uppermost, soft layer of snow that is frozen overnight and, as a result of spring sunshine and high air temperatures, melts and reforms on an area of old snow or harsch (lit. 'harsh', referring to the snow's rough texture)

title: Firn


text:
User talk:Eric Laliberté

I'm a Young Student and it should not be too hard to see where the insparation for this name has come from.

Eric

title: User talk:Eric Laliberté


text:
User:Thedatastream

I can be found at http://thedatastream.4hv.org

 * Lindley, Huddersfield
 * Alfred Wintle
 * Fellsman

title: User:Thedatastream


text:
National Fire Incident Reporting System

The National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) is a system established by the National Fire Data Center of the United States Fire Administration (USFA), a division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The System was established after the 1973 National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control report, America Burning, led to passage of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-498), which authorizes the USFA to gather and analyze information on the magnitude of the Nation's fire problem, as well as its detailed characteristics and trends. The Act further authorizes the USFA to develop uniform data reporting methods, and to encourage and assist state agencies in developing and reporting data.

The NFIRS has two objectives: to help state and local governments develop fire reporting and analysis capability for their own use, and to obtain data that can be used to more accurately assess and subsequently combat the fire problem at a national level. To meet these objectives, the USFA has developed a standard NFIRS package that includes incident and casualty forms, a coding structure for data processing purposes, manuals, computer software and procedures, documentation and a National Fire Academy training course for utilizing the system.

The NFIRS reporting format is based on the National Fire Protection Association Standard 901, "Uniform Coding for Fire Protection" (1976 version), the 1981 codes for Fire Service Casualty Reporting, and the 1990 codes for Hazardous Materials Reporting. The version of NFIRS current as of June, 2006, version 5.0, was released in January, 1999. NFIRS 5.0 expands the collection of data beyond fires to include the full range of fire department activity on a national scale. It is a true all-incident reporting system.

Within the NFIRS states, participating local fire departments fill out the Incident and Casualty reports as fires occur. They forward the completed incidents via paper forms, computer media or the Internet to their state office where the data is validated and consolidated into a single computerized database. Feedback reports are generated and forwarded to the participating fire departments. Periodically, computer media containing the aggregated statewide data is sent to the National Fire Data Center at the USFA to be included in the National Database. This database is used to answer questions about the nature and causes of injuries, deaths, and property loss resulting from fires. The information is disseminated through a variety of means to states and other organizations. The National Fire Incident Reporting System is a model of successful Federal, State and local partnership. The database constitutes the world's largest, national, annual collection of incident information.

The success of NFIRS is due in part to the unique cooperative effort between USFA and the National Fire Information Council (NFIC). NFIC plays a vital role in the USFA's efforts to achieve an accurate nationwide analysis of the fire problem through support to NFIRS and its participating member states and metropolitan fire departments. NFIC's unique partnership of Federal, state and local participants has proven to be one of the most successful, productive and cost-beneficial programs ever attempted on a national level.

Facts About NFIRS

 * The NFIRS represents the world's largest, national, annual database of fire incident information.
 * State participation in NFIRS is voluntary.
 * 50 states and the District of Columbia report NFIRS data.
 * 37 fire departments having a protected population of over 500,000 participate in NFIRS.
 * Nationally over 23,000 fire departments report in the NFIRS each year.
 * Participating departments report an average of twenty-three million incidents each year.
 * Participating departments report an average of one million fires each year.
 * The NFIRS database comprises roughly 75% of all reported fires that occur annually.

title: National Fire Incident Reporting System


text:
Service design

Service design is the activity of planning and arranging people, infrastructure, communication and material components of a service in order to improve its quality, and the interaction between the service provider and its users. Service design may function as a way to inform changes to an existing service or create a new service entirely.

The purpose of service design methodologies is to establish the most effective practices for designing services, according to both the needs of users and the competencies and capabilities of service providers. If a successful method of service design is adapted then the service will be user-friendly and relevant to the users, while being sustainable and competitive for the service provider. For this purpose, service design uses methods and tools derived from different disciplines, ranging from ethnography  to information and management science to interaction design.

Service design concepts and ideas are typically portrayed visually, using different representation techniques according to the culture, skill and level of understanding of the stakeholders involved in the service processes (Krucken and Meroni, 2006). With the advent of emerging technologies from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the significance of Service Design has increased, as it is believed to facilitate a more feasible productization of these new technologies into the market.

Definition
Service design practice is the specification and construction of processes which deliver valuable capacities for action to a particular user. Service design practice can be both tangible and intangible, and can involve artifacts or other elements such as communication, environment and behaviour. Several of the authors of service design theory including Pierre Eiglier, Richard Normann, Nicola Morelli, propose that services come to existence at the same moment they are both provided and used. In contrast, products are created and "exist" before being purchased and used. While a designer can prescribe the exact configuration of a product, they cannot prescribe in the same way the result of the interaction between users and service providers, nor can they prescribe the form and characteristics of any emotional value produced by the service.

Consequently, service design is an activity that, among other things, suggests behavioural patterns or "scripts" for the actors interacting in the service. Understanding how these patterns interweave and support each other are important aspects of the character of design and service. This allows greater user freedom, and better provider adaptability to the users' needs.

Service design is the process of creating and improving services to meet the needs and expectations of customers.

Service design involves creating a service concept that defines the customer's experience, as well as the physical, human, and technological resources required to deliver the service. Service design focuses on the experience, including customer interactions, service delivery, and support processes.

Early service design and theory
Early contributions to service design were made by G. Lynn Shostack, a bank and marketing manager and consultant, in the form of written articles and books. The activity of designing a service was considered to be part of the domain of marketing and management disciplines in the early years. For instance, in 1982 Shostack proposed the integration of the design of material components (products) and immaterial components (services). This design process, according to Shostack, can be documented and codified using a "service blueprint" to map the sequence of events in a service and its essential functions in an objective and explicit manner. A service blueprint is an extension of a user journey map, and this document specifies all the interactions a user has with an organisation throughout their user lifecycle.

Servicescape is a model developed by B.H. Booms and Mary Jo Bitner to focus upon the impact of the physical environment in which a service process takes place and to explain the actions of people within the service environment, with a view to designing environments which accomplish organisational goals in terms of achieving desired responses.

Service design education and practice
In 1991, service design was first introduced as a design discipline by professors Michael Erlhoff and Brigit Mager at Köln International School of Design (KISD). In 2004, the Service Design Network was launched by Köln International School of Design, Carnegie Mellon University, Linköpings Universitet, Politecnico di Milano and Domus Academy in order to create an international network for service design academics and professionals.

In 2001, Livework, the first service design and innovation consultancy, opened for business in London. In 2003, Engine, initially founded in 2000 in London as an ideation company, positioned themselves as a service design consultancy.

Service design principles
The 2018 book, This Is Service Design Doing: Applying Service Design Thinking in the Real World, by Adam Lawrence, Jakob Schneider, Marc Stickdorn, and Markus Edgar Hormess, proposes six service design principles:

 * 1) Human-centred: Consider the experience of all the people affected by the service.
 * 2) Collaborative: Stakeholders of various backgrounds and functions should be actively engaged in the service design process.
 * 3) Iterative: Service design is an exploratory, adaptive, and experimental approach, iterating toward implementation.
 * 4) Sequential: The service should be visualized and orchestrated as a sequence of interrelated actions.
 * 5) Real: Needs should be researched in reality, ideas prototyped in reality, and intangible values evidenced as physical or digital reality.
 * 6) Holistic: Services should sustainably address the needs of all stakeholders through the entire service and across the business.

In the 2011 book, This is Service Design Thinking: Basics, Tools, Cases, the first principle is “user-centred”. "User" refers to any user of the service system, including customers and employees. Thus, the authors revised “user-centred” to “human-centred” in their new book, This is service design doing, to clarify that 'human' includes service providers, customers, and all others relevant stakeholders. For instance, service design must consider not only the customer experience, but also the interests of all relevant people in retailing.

“Collaborative” and “iterative” come from the principle “co-creative” in this is service design thinking. The service exists with the participation of users, and is created by a group of people from different backgrounds. In most cases, people tend to focus only on the meaning of “collaborative”, stressing the co-operative and interdisciplinary nature of service design, but ignored the caveat that a service only exists with the participation of a user. Therefore, in the definition of new service design principles, the "co-creative" is divided into two principles of "collaborative" and "iterative". "Collaboration" is used to indicate the process of creation by the entire stakeholders from different backgrounds. "Iteration" is used to describe service design is an iterating process keeping evolve to adapt the change of business posture.

“Sequential” means that services need to be logically, rhythmically and visually displayed. Service design is a dynamic process over a period of time. The timeline is important for users in the service system. For example, when a customer shops at an online website, the first information showed up should be the regions where the products can be delivered. In this way, if the customer finds that the products cannot be delivered to their region, they will not continually browse the products on the website.

Service is often invisible and occurs in a state that the user cannot perceive. “Real” means that the intangible service needs to be displayed in a tangible way. For example, when people order food in a restaurant, they can't perceive the various attributes of the food. If we play the cultivation and picking process of vegetables in the restaurant, people can perceive the intangible services in the backstage, such as the cultivation of organic vegetables, and get a quality service experience. This service also helps the restaurant establish a natural and organic brand image to customers.

Thinking in a holistic way is the cornerstone of service design. Holistic thinking needs to consider both intangible and tangible service, and ensure that every moment the user interacts with the service, such moments known as touchpoints, is considered and optimised. Holistic thinking also needs to understand that users have multiple logics to complete an experience process. Thus, a service designer should think about each aspect from different perspectives to ensure that no needs are left unattended-to.

Methodology
Together with the most traditional methods used for product design, service design requires methods and tools to control new elements of the design process, such as the time and the interaction between actors. An overview of the methodologies for designing services is proposed by Nicola Morelli in 2006, who proposes three main directions:

 * Identification of the actors involved in the definition of the service by means of appropriate analytical tools
 * Definition of possible service scenarios, verifying use cases, and sequences of actions and actors’ roles in order to define the requirements for the service and its logical and organisational structure
 * Representation of the service by means of techniques that illustrate all the components of the service, including physical elements, interactions, logical links and temporal sequences

Analytical tools refer to anthropology, social studies, ethnography and social construction of technology. Appropriate elaborations of those tools have been proposed with video-ethnography and different observation techniques to gather data about users’ actions. Other methods, such as cultural probes, have been developed in the design discipline, which aim to capture information on users in their context of use (Gaver, Dunne et al. 1999; Lindsay and Rocchi 2003).

Design tools aim at producing a blueprint of the service, which describes the nature and characteristics of the interaction in the service. Design tools include service scenarios (which describe the interaction) and use cases (which illustrate the detail of time sequences in a service encounter). Both techniques are already used in software and systems engineering to capture the functional requirements of a system. However, when used in service design, they have been adequately adapted to include more information concerning material and immaterial components of a service, as well as time sequences and physical flows. Crowdsourced information has been shown to be highly beneficial in providing such information for service design purposes, particularly when the information has either a very low or very high monetary value. Other techniques, such as IDEF0, just in time and total quality management are used to produce functional models of the service system and to control its processes. However, it is important to note that such tools may prove too rigid to describe services in which users are supposed to have an active role, because of the high level of uncertainty related to the user's behaviour.

Because of the need for communication between inner mechanisms of services and actors (such as final users), representation techniques are critical in service design. For this reason, storyboards are often used to illustrate the interaction of the front office. Other representation techniques have been used to illustrate the system of interactions or a "platform" in a service (Manzini, Collina et al. 2004). Recently, video sketching (Jegou 2009, Keitsch et al. 2010) and prototypes (Blomkvist 2014) have also been used to produce quick and effective tools to stimulate users' participation in the development of the service and their involvement in the value production process.

Standards
In the United Kingdom, British Standard BS 7000-3:1994, part of the BS 7000 - Design management systems series, covers service design.

Public sector service design
Public sector service design is associated with civic technology, open government, e-government, and can constitute either government-led or citizen-led initiatives. The public sector is the part of the economy composed of public services and public enterprises. Public services include public goods and governmental services such as the military, police, infrastructure (public roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, etc.), public transit, public education, along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials. Due to new investments in hospitals, schools, cultural institutions and security infrastructures in the last few years, the public sector has expanded in many countries. The number of jobs in public services has also grown; such growth can be associated with the large and rapid social change that is in itself a trigger for fresh design. In this context, some governments are considering service design as a means to bring about better-designed public services.

Denmark
In 2002, MindLab, an innovation public sector service design group was established by the Danish ministries of Business and Growth, Employment, and Children and Education. MindLab was the one of the world's first public sector design innovation labs and their work inspired the proliferation of similar labs and user-centred design methodologies deployed in many countries worldwide. The design methods used at MindLab are typically an iterative approach of prototyping and testing, to evolve not just their government projects, but also the government's organisational structure using ethnographic-inspired user research, creative ideation processes, and visualisation and modelling of service prototypes. In Denmark, design within the public sector has been applied to a variety of projects including rethinking Copenhagen's waste management, improving social interactions between convicts and guards in Danish prisons, transforming services in Odense for mentally disabled adults and more.

United Kingdom
In 2007 and 2008 documents from the British government explore the concept of "user-driven public services" and scenarios of highly personalised public services. The documents proposed a new view on the role of service providers and users in the development of new and highly customised public services, employing user involvement methods. While this approach has been explored through an early initiative in the UK, the possibilities of service design for the public sector are also being researched, picked up, and promoted in European Union countries including Belgium.

The Behavioural Insights Team (BIT) were originally established under the auspices of the Cabinet Office in 2010, in order to apply nudge theory to try to improve UK government policy interventions and save money. In 2014 BIT was 'spun-out' to become a company allied to Nesta (charity), BIT employees and the UK government each owning a third of this new business. That same year a Nudge unit was added to the United States government under President Obama, referred to as the ‘US Nudge Unit,’ working within the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.

New Zealand
In recent years New Zealand has seen a significant increase in the use of Service Design approaches and methods applied to challenges faced by the public sector. One instance of service design approaches being applied is with the Family 100 project which focused on the experiences of families living in urban poverty in Auckland. A report "Speaking for Ourselves " and a companion empathy tool "Demonstrating the complexities of being poor "' were released in July 2014. The report and empathy tool were released as the result of a collective service design effort by the Auckland Council, Auckland City Mission, ThinkPlace (a Service Design consultancy) as well as researchers from Waikato University, Massey University, and the University of Auckland. Since its release the report has seen extensive use and has assisted in both the engagement of stakeholders as well as the development of public services focussed on achieving better outcomes for those experiencing urban poverty.

Private sector service design
Real-world service design work can be experienced as new and useful approaches as well as entail some challenges in practice, as identified in field research (see e.g. Jevnaker et al., 2015). A practical example of service design thinking can be found at the Myyrmanni shopping mall in Vantaa, Finland. The management attempted to improve the customer flow to the second floor as there were queues at the landscape lifts and the KONE steel car lifts were ignored. To improve customer flow to the second floor of the mall (2010) Kone Lifts implemented their 'People Flow' Service Design Thinking by turning the elevators into a Hall of Fame for the 'Incredibles' comic strip characters. Making their elevators more attractive to the public solved the people flow problem. This case of service design thinking by Kone Elevator Company is used in literature as an example of extending products into services.

Service design in health care
Clinical service redesign is an approach to improving quality and productivity in health care. A redesign is ideally clinically led and involves all stakeholders (e.g. primary and secondary care clinicians, senior management, patients, commissioners etc.) to ensure national and local clinical standards are set and communicated across the care settings. By following the patient's journey or pathway, the team can focus on improving both the patient experience and the outcomes of care.

title: Service design


text:
Joseph Clement Coll

Joseph Clement Coll (July 2, 1881 – October 19, 1921) was an American book and newspaper illustrator. He was known for his pen and ink story illustrations that were used to illustrate adventure stories such as Conan Doyle's Sir Nigel.

Early life
Joseph Clement Coll was born on July 2, 1881, in Philadelphia to an Irish immigrant family. Both his father and his brothers worked as book binders. As a child, Coll read many illustrated books and magazines. He graduated Central High School, where he took basic art courses, and started work without any academic art training.

Illustration career
Joseph Clement Coll began his professional career working for the New York American as a newspaper artist apprentice at age 17. At this time, his position would be similar to a modern-day news photographer, as his job was to illustrate current events each day within the daily deadline. That same year, he moved to Chicago temporarily. In 1901, he came back to Philadelphia to work on The North American and soon drew the eye of his editor, J. Thomson Willing, who sent him on special missions to procure his skill. The two remained friends even after Coll stopped doing newspaper illustrations. He was soon working for magazines such as Collier's, Everybody's and the American Sunday Magazine. Coll's reputation stands mainly on his pen & ink story illustrations.

In contrast to most illustrators who worked in pen & ink, Coll achieved true tonal gradations in his illustrations by using pen strokes to build up a complete range of values. He was influenced by the Spanish pen & ink artist Daniel Vierge. According to Walt Reed, Coll's "technical virtuosity nor the romantic fantasy of his point of view has ever been rivaled".

Coll was also a painter and he often did paintings for the cover or frontispiece of books which were reproduced in color and then pen & inks to illustrate the text. He was considered an ideal illustrator for authors such as Arthur Conan Doyle and other adventure writers. His illustrations for books such as Talbot Mundy's King of the Khyber Rifles and Sax Rohmer's The Insidious Dr. Fu Manchu were widely reprinted for many years. Coll died in 1921 of appendicitis, aged 40.

Technique
Before Coll started an illustration, he would contemplate on the design of the composition for a long while, which allowed him to draw without a model. Later in his career, when he was able to use a model, he would draw a shaded image of the model with pencils on tracing paper, after which he would darken the backs of the tracing paper and retrace onto bristol board or illustration board. He would do the same earlier in his career but used his inner vision instead of model. He then would start the final ink drawing, for which he used fountain pens.

title: Joseph Clement Coll


text:
McWorld

McWorld is a term referring to the spreading of McDonald's restaurants throughout the world as the result of globalization, and more generally to the effects of international "McDonaldization" of services and commercialization of goods as an element of globalization as a whole. The name also refers to a 1990s advertising campaign for McDonald's, and to a children's website launched by the firm in 2008.

Globalization-related term
Critics claim that fast food chain restaurants such as McDonald's are destructive towards many aspects of the indigenous cultures in countries where they have been introduced.

In March 1992, an article first published in The Atlantic Monthly by Rutgers political science professor Benjamin Barber entitled "Jihad vs. McWorld", described international commercialization as one of two great clashing forces of the 21st century, the other being tribalistic fundamentalism. According to his writing, there are four imperatives which constitute the McWorld: a market imperative, a resource imperative, an information technology imperative, and an ecological imperative. The four imperatives are transnational, transideological, transcultural and ecological. The contrasting idea of McWorld, the Jihad, unlike those four imperatives, stresses identity of each community. The clashing forces result from what Barber explains as the two core doctrines of our age: globalism and retribalization.

The article was expanded and published in 1995 as a bestselling book. McWorld does not necessarily relate to democracy. It cares about the elements of democracy, but only to the degree that it promotes economic production and consumption. In the book, Barber explains that liberalization of nation state oriented markets to a globalized market does not seem democratic. Democracy and liberal capitalism are terms commonly used as a correlation; how democracy leads to capitalist economy and vice versa. However Barber argues that multinational corporations pursuing profits outside their home country due to competition has less correlation with open society.

A 1999 book entitled Mustard Seed Versus McWorld by evangelical minister Tom Sine implores Christians to reject the diminution of religious values that he contends results from excessive commercialization.

1990s advertising campaign
The name McWorld was originally the name of a TV campaign for the restaurant by Leo Burnett that ran many of its ads during Saturday morning cartoons and on other television channels and programming blocks targeted toward children in the United States in the mid-1990s. The adverts featured the exciting McDonald's-related happenings that would purportedly occur if children ran the world. These included fantasies such as having gym class every period in school and eating McDonald's at every meal. In addition to planet Earth, McWorld ads featured children ruling school, space, and other arenas typically dominated by an adult hegemony; adults were portrayed as inferior and ineffective. Memorably, each spot concluded with the phrase, "McWORLD! Hey, it could happen!", as a guitar chord played in the background. One such spot won a Golden Marble Award in 1998.

2008 website
McWorld was also the name of an interactive "virtual world" website launched by McDonald's in 2008 on happymeal.com and aimed at children. Visitors to the website could play games, go on quests, earn points and buy accessories for their tree houses and avatars (called "mPals"), including Fez the Monkey, Radish the Dog, and Yammy the Cat. The website shut down on February 7, 2014 and was replaced by McPlay.

While the McWorld website bore some similarities to the ideas in the original McWorld campaign, such as children being in charge, it is an essentially distinct concept, created independently for a younger age group. McWorld was named by a vote of kids on happymeal.com.

title: McWorld


text:
List of radio stations in Delaware

The following is a list of FCC-licensed radio stations in the U.S. state of Delaware, which can be sorted by their call signs, frequencies, cities of license, licensees, and programming formats.

Defunct

 * WNWK
 * WRJE

title: List of radio stations in Delaware