text:
Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia

The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, formerly the Church of the Province of New Zealand, is a province of the Anglican Communion serving New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands. Since 1992 the church has consisted of three tikanga or cultural streams: Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia. The church's constitution says that, among other things, it is required to "maintain the right of every person to choose any particular cultural expression of the faith". As a result, the church's General Synod has agreed upon the development of the three-person primacy based on this three tikanga system; it has three primates, each representing a tikanga, who share authority.

The Anglican Church is an apostolic church, which claims to trace its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders. A New Zealand Prayer Book, He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa (ANZPB/HKMOA), containing traditional liturgies, rites, and blessings, is central to the church's worship.

The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia is not established as an official church of any sovereign state, unlike the Church of England from which it grew. However, Anglicans have taken a preeminent leadership role on New Zealand state occasions. Anglicanism is the largest single Christian religious affiliation in New Zealand, according to the 2018 census, which recorded 314,913 adherents in New Zealand. Roman Catholicism recorded 295,743.

Since the 1960s the New Zealand Anglican Church in general has approved the marriage by a priest in a church of someone whose earlier marriage was dissolved (even though the former spouse still lives), and has approved blessings for same-sex couples.

Names
Until 1992, the church was formally called the "Church of the Province of New Zealand", and was also referred to as the "Church of England". It is now known as the "Anglican Church", reflecting its membership of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Members of the church typically identify as "Anglicans".

The Māori name for the New Zealand Anglican Church, Te Hāhi Mihinare – meaning "the missionary church" – reveals its origins in the work of the first missionaries to arrive in New Zealand.

First New Zealand Anglicans
While heading the parliamentary campaign against the British slave trade for twenty years until the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807, William Wilberforce championed the foundation of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in 1799, with other members of the Clapham Sect including John Venn, determined to improve the treatment of indigenous people by the British.

The CMS mission to New Zealand was begun by Samuel Marsden, the Anglican chaplain in New South Wales. He had met the Ngāpuhi chiefs Te Pahi and Ruatara when they travelled outside New Zealand, and they invited him to visit their country. Ruatara provided protection for the first mission station, at Rangihoua in the Bay of Islands.

For the first years of the mission, intertribal Musket Wars hampered the missionaries' movements and Māori interest in their message. Personal disputes between the early missionaries, and their involvement in trading muskets, also compromised their efforts.

The Māori language did not then have an indigenous writing system. Missionaries learned to speak Māori, and introduced the Latin alphabet. The CMS, including Thomas Kendall; Māori, including Tītore and Hongi Hika; and Cambridge University's Samuel Lee, developed the written language between 1817 and 1830. In 1833, while living in the Paihia mission house of Anglican priest and the now head of the New Zealand CMS mission (later to become the New Zealand Church Missionary Society) Rev Henry Williams, missioner William Colenso published the Māori translations of books of the Bible, the first books printed in New Zealand. His 1837 Māori New Testament was the first indigenous language translation of the Bible published in the southern hemisphere. Demand for the Māori New Testament, and the Prayer Book that followed, grew exponentially, as did Christian Māori leadership and public Christian services, with 33,000 Māori soon attending regularly. Literacy and understanding the Bible increased mana and social and economic benefits, decreased slavery and intertribal violence, and increased peace and respect for all people in Māori society, including women.

Missionaries and the Treaty of Waitangi
Māori generally respected the British, partially due to their relationships with missionaries and also due to British status as a major maritime power, which had been made apparent to Māori travelling outside New Zealand. In England the church and state were interlinked and the Church of England had a special status guaranteed in law. Evangelicals, as loyal Anglicans, accepted this status and encouraged Māori to look to the British Crown for protection and recognition. As a result CMS missionaries, especially Henry Williams, played a leading part in encouraging Māori to sign the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.

Assuming that a treaty in English could not be understood, debated or agreed to by Māori, Hobson asked CMS head missioner Henry Williams, and his son Edward Marsh Williams, who was a scholar in Māori language and custom, to translate the document overnight on 4 February. Henry Williams was concerned with the actions of the New Zealand Company in Wellington and felt he had to agree with Hobson's request to ensure the treaty would be as favourable as possible to Māori. Williams avoided using any English words that had no expression in Māori "thereby preserving entire the spirit and tenor" of the treaty. He added a note to the copy Hobson sent to Gibbs stating, "I certify that the above is as literal a translation of the Treaty of Waitangi as the idiom of the language will allow." The gospel-based literacy of Māori meant some of the concepts communicated in the translation were from the Māori Bible, including kawanatanga (governorship) and rangatiratanga (chiefly rule), and the idea of the treaty as a "covenant" was biblical.

In later years this missionary support for the treaty led to increasing disillusionment among Māori as the treaty was ignored by the colonial and settler governments. The emergence of Māori religious movements such as Pai Mārire and Ringatū reflected this rejection of missionary Christianity. When the missionary Carl Sylvius Völkner was suspected of spying by Māori in 1865, the fact that he was a member of the Anglican clergy afforded him no protection, and he was executed.

Settler church
After missionary work amongst Māori, the second major influence shaping Anglicanism in New Zealand came from the large number of Anglican settlers who arrived in the mid-19th century. Most were from England, with some from Ireland and Australia. The early CMS missionary beginnings and the large number of Anglican settlers resulted in Anglicanism becoming the largest religious denomination in New Zealand. In 1858, more than half of the colony's population was Anglican.

George Augustus Selwyn became Bishop of New Zealand (the only Anglican bishop to have this title) in 1841. He headed both the Māori and settler Anglican parts of the church. Evangelical missionaries were suspicious of his control over them and his emphasis on the authority of the church, while settlers were hostile towards his pro-Māori stance. He increasingly found himself caught between Māori and Pākehā issues of land and sovereignty.

The first Anglican parish in the then capital of Auckland was St Paul's, which was founded in 1841 within a year of the foundation of the city and is known as the 'Mother Church' of the city. The first St Paul's building was in Emily Place, just off Princes Street, where a plaque still marks the site of the beginning of the Christian church in Auckland. St Paul's was the seat of the Bishop of New Zealand, for Selwyn's entire 28 year tenure and served as Auckland's Cathedral for over 40 years.

Bishop Selwyn opened St Paul's Church over four services on 7 May 1843. He later wrote, "The services began with a native congregation at nine; some of whom having only heard of the opening on Saturday evening, paddled a distance of twelve miles by sea during the night, in order to be present. The greater number were in full European clothing, and took part in the Church service, in a manner which contrasts most strikingly with that of the silent and unkneeling congregations of the English settlers." St Paul's then held four Sunday services weekly, serving both Māori and European congregations, with two services conducted in te reo Māori and two in English. Bishop Selwyn had learned te reo Māori himself.

The CMS criticised Selwyn for being ineffective in training and ordaining clergy – especially Māori. It took him 11 years to ordain the first Māori Anglican minister, Rev Rota Waitoa (who studied under Selwyn for 10 years) at St Paul's on 22 May 1853, and 24 years to ordain a Māori priest. Selwyn went on to ordain seven more Māori clergy at St Paul's, but his high church ways were blamed for undermining the work of the CMS and damaging Māori enthusiasm for Christianity.

Selwyn generally advocated for Māori rights and was often a critic of the unjust and reckless land acquisition practices that led to the New Zealand Wars. However, his support of the Invasion of the Waikato as chaplain, damaged his and the church's relationship with Māori, which is still felt today. In 1865, Selwyn wrote of the Anglican Church's relationship with Māori, "oh! how things have changed! how much of the buoyancy of hope has been sobered down by experience! when, instead of a nation of believers welcoming me as their father, I find here and there a few scattered sheep, the remnant of a flock which has forsaken the shepherd".

St Paul's was considered a garrison church, but when the first regimental colours unfurled in New Zealand were donated to the church after the New Zealand Wars, its second vicar, Rev John Frederick Lloyd (who was also a chaplain in the wars) turned them down so "no jealousies of race or feelings of hostility should ever be permitted to enter, but where men should remember only that they are one in Christ".

Church constitution
While Anglicans carried some of the privileges of the Church of England to New Zealand, they struggled to devise a method of church organisation which took account of their new non-establishment status alongside other churches. In 1857, after 15 years of consultation, a constitution for the New Zealand church was finalised on the basis of voluntary compact. Links with the traditions of the mother-church in England were guaranteed in their worship, ministry and beliefs. At national and regional levels, bishops, and representatives from the clergy and laity met together but voted separately on church matters, ensuring that each group had an equal voice. The constitution resolved problems for the settler church but failed to deal adequately with the administrative and leadership needs of the Māori church.

Regional identity
Selwyn's diocese was progressively divided into sub-districts, beginning in 1856 when Christchurch became a new diocese; Wellington, Nelson and Waiapu (East Coast) followed in 1858, and Dunedin separated from Christchurch in 1869.

Each diocese developed its own identity. The Christchurch diocese was heavily influenced by the English settlers who arrived with the Canterbury Association. Under its second bishop, Andrew Suter, Nelson developed an evangelical flavour which continued in the 21st century. Waiapu had missionary beginnings, holding its first four synods (official church conferences) in the Māori language. That missionary influence was overtaken by the New Zealand wars and the growth of settler influence.

20th and 21st centuries

Despite Māori being a significant portion of the members of the Anglican church in the 19th and early 20th century, calls for a Māori bishop went unheard. Selwyn refused to ordain any Māori ministers despite ability, believing that anyone who was not trained in the Greek and Latin languages was inappropriate to serve as a bishop.

After decades of lobbying from parishioners, and fears that more Māori would leave the church to join the Rātana movement, the first Pīhopa o Aotearoa (Bishop of Aotearoa), Frederick Bennett, was consecrated in 1928.

By 1936 the proportion of Anglicans in the total population had dropped from half to 40%. Anglican numbers declined more sharply from the mid-1960s. Around 900,000 people identified themselves as Anglican in 1976, 800,000 in 1981 and 580,000 in 2001. In the 2013 census 12% of the population, or 460,000 people, identified themselves as Anglicans. The 2018 census recorded 314,913 Anglicans in the New Zealand part of the church. Anglicanism was the country's second largest religious denomination after Catholicism.

The number who attend services on a regular basis or have any connection with the church is considerably smaller. While one in three New Zealanders identify as Christian, only about one in ten identify as "active practisers".

In parishes that no longer had enough church members to financially support a stipended priest, schemes for local people or self-supporting priests to take responsibility for the tasks of ministry were developed.

A New Zealand Prayer Book, He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa, was published in 1989, after a period of revision that started in 1964.

The General Synod of the church adopted a revised constitution in 1992, introducing the tikanga system. This structure has been criticised by some, with one Anglican priest comparing the tikanga to apartheid or ghettoization, arguing that the system has resulted in churches which are divided along racial lines.

Leadership
The church has decided that three bishops shall share the position of Primate and style of archbishop, each representing one of the three tikanga. These are the three bishops presently sharing the title of Primate and Archbishop of New Zealand:
 * Don Tamihere, Te Pīhopa o Te Tairāwhiti and Te Pīhopa o Aotearoa, who oversees Te Pīhopatanga o Aotearoa (i.e. all five Hui Amorangi/Pīhopatanga) for the Māori people of Aotearoa New Zealand
 * Justin Duckworth is the Senior Bishop of the New Zealand dioceses, who oversees dioceses in Aotearoa New Zealand for Pākehā (people of European heritage)
 * Sione Uluʻilakepa, Bishop of Polynesia (the sole diocesan bishop of tikanga Pasefika), who oversees the Diocese of Polynesia for the Oceania region of the Pacific Islands that predominantly lie north and east of Aotearoa New Zealand.

Aotearoa
Te Pīhopatanga o Aotearoa, one of three tikanga, oversees churches for the Māori people of Aotearoa. Aotearoa is made up of five pīhopatanga or regional bishoprics (sometimes called hui amorangi, i.e. synods), each led by te pīhopa o...:
 * Tairāwhiti (literally "east coast")
 * Tai Tokerau (literally "north coast")
 * Upoko o Te Ika (literally "the head of the fish", i.e. the southern part of the North Island; Wellington/Taranaki)
 * Waipounamu (literally "greenstone waters", i.e. the South Island)
 * Manawa o Te Wheke (literally "the heart of the octopus", i.e. North Island central region)

New Zealand
The tikanga of New Zealand is made up of seven dioceses:
 * Auckland
 * Christchurch
 * Dunedin
 * Nelson
 * Waiapu
 * Waikato and Taranaki
 * Wellington

The dioceses in New Zealand are led by a "senior bishop" (previously "Convening Bishop") elected from among the diocesan bishops of the tikanga. In the three-person primacy, that Senior Bishop is ex officio co-equal Primate and Archbishop for the whole province. Bishop of Wellington Justin Duckworth has held this role since 2024.

Polynesia
The Diocese of Polynesia, or the Tikanga Pasefika serves Anglicans in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands. The diocese's first bishop was consecrated in 1908. The diocesan cathedral is Holy Trinity Cathedral in Suva, Fiji. In the province's three-person primacy, the diocesan Bishop of Polynesia is automatically Primate and Archbishop; Sione Uluʻilakepa has been the diocesan bishop since 2023. The Bishop of Polynesia has been supported by four suffragan bishops: Api Qiliho recently retired as Bishop in Vanua Levu and Taveuni; Gabriel Sharma is Bishop in Viti Levu West; ʻAka Vaka is Bishop in Tonga; former Archbishop Winston Halapua led the ministry to Polynesians in mainland New Zealand before he became diocesan bishop — his suffragan post has not been filled since; there are archdeacons of Suva and Ovalau, Samoa and American Samoa, and Tonga.

Ministry
The Anglican Church embraces three orders of ministry: deacon, priest (or presbyter) and bishop. Increasingly, an emphasis is being placed on these orders to work collaboratively within the wider ministry of the whole people of God.

Theological training
Residential theological training is carried out primarily at St John's College, Auckland, which is also organised according to the three tikanga approach. Theological training was formerly carried out by Selwyn College, Otago in Dunedin and College House in Christchurch, currently these colleges are hall of residence for students from all faculties of the University of Otago and the University of Canterbury. While the two colleges still fall under the jurisdiction of the Anglican Diocese of Dunedin and Anglican Diocese of Christchurch and have the extensive theological holdings in their libraries, they no longer train ordinands.

Worship and liturgy
A New Zealand Prayer Book, He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa, providing liturgy for "a multitude of voices", contains a liturgical calendar, forms of daily prayer, of baptism, of the Eucharist (also known as Holy Communion), and other texts for services such as marriage, funerals, and ordination, as well as a catechism for instruction in the faith. All these are central to this Church's worship, as for other Anglican Churches.

The book was published in 1989 and attracted considerable interest for its use of locally-composed and borrowed texts, and the use of Maori language as well as of English. A revised edition in 2020 expanded use of Maori as well as providing some liturgies in other Pacific languages.

Use of the 1662 and 1928 versions of the Book of Common Prayer (BCP) of the Church of England is also permitted, along with resources from the prayer books of other provinces within the Anglican Communion.

Ordination of women
The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia has allowed the ordination of women as deacons and priests since 1977 and as bishops since 1988. Penny Jamieson, Bishop of Dunedin from 1990 to 2004, was the world’s first Anglican diocesan woman bishop. Wai Quayle became the first indigenous woman bishop in 2019.

Divorce and abortion
In 1970 it became possible for divorcees to be married in Anglican churches with the permission of the diocesan bishop; since 1984 this permission is no longer necessary. From the 1980s society's acceptance of unmarried couples living together and the use of secular marriage celebrants further undermined the church's traditional attitude towards and role in controlling marriage.

Anglican submissions to the McMillan Committee on Abortion in 1937 opposed abortion, regarding both abortion and birth control as part of a general moral decline. The church’s submissions to the 1974 Royal Commission on Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion showed a considerable shift from this earlier position, with a range of opinions on abortion and an attempt to balance religious care for the mother and the rights of the foetus. This diversity indicated a lack of an authoritative Anglican Church position on issues like abortion and a loosening of traditional attitudes.

Homosexuality and same-sex relationships
The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia has no authoritative, definitive position on homosexuality and same-sex relationships. It is one of the provinces of the Anglican Communion which fully permit (since 2018) the blessing of same-sex relationships, including same-sex civil marriages and civil unions. This followed years of consultations and debates.

In 2011, the Diocese of Auckland voted in favour of ordaining partnered gay and lesbian priests. Congregations in the Auckland Diocese may offer a 'relationship blessing' for two partners. In 2005, a same-sex couple was joined in a civil union at St Matthew in the City in the Auckland Diocese. A gay priest was licensed in the Auckland Diocese as of 2009. The Dunedin Diocese also provides a blessing for the relationship of "two people" irrespective of gender. In the Dunedin Diocese, "Blessings of same-sex relationships are offered in line with Diocesan Policy and with the bishop’s permission." The Dunedin Diocese also ordained an openly gay deacon in "a committed same-sex relationship." Subsequently, the same deacon was ordained a priest. In 2011, the Waiapu Diocese adopted a resolution affirming the ordination of gay and lesbian clergy and asking for an authorised liturgy for blessing same-sex relationships. The Bishop's chaplain in the Waiapu Diocese has also performed a blessing for a same-sex couple. In 2017, the Bishop of Waiapu installed an openly gay priest, who is married to his partner, as the dean of Waiapu Cathedral.

In 2012, some bishops and four dioceses supported a rite of blessing for same-sex unions. Motion 30, adopted by the 62nd General Synod on 14 May 2014, designated a working task group with the purpose of creating a "process and structure" that would allow the blessing of same-sex unions, while also upholding the traditional doctrine of marriage as the union of a man and a woman. This proposal drew the opposition of the most conservative factions of the province's clergy and laity, with a submission presented by two clergy and a layman stating that the church's constitution stated that "No doctrines which are repugnant to the Doctrines and Sacraments of Christ as held and maintained by this Church shall be advocated or inculcated by any person acknowledging the authority of General Synod." While the blessing services were being developed and discussed, the resolution said "clergy should be permitted 'to recognise in public worship' a same-gender civil union or state marriage of members of their faith community."

In 2016, the committee responsible for developing the rites of blessing released its proposed liturgies for same-sex couples to be discussed by the General Synod. The General Synod 2016 voted to 'receive' the report on blessings but left the option to "[lie] on the table" and the issue will be reviewed again in 2018. The church's spokesperson said that "[the Synod] needs more work and time to create a structure that can allow for blessing of committed life-long monogamous same-sex relationships." "However, Synod did pass a constitutional change allowing bishops the right to authorize (sic) a service for use in his or her diocese". In 2018, the General Synod/Te Hinota voted in favour of approving Motion 29 and allowing blessing rites for same-sex unions.

Relation with the Anglican realignment
The Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans in New Zealand was started in April 2016 with two conferences that took place in Auckland and Christchurch with nearly 500 members of the province. The FCA in New Zealand is the local expression of the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON), whose chairman, Eliud Wabukala (an archbishop from Kenya), sent a message of support read at the conferences. Video greetings were also sent by Foley Beach of the Anglican Church in North America and Richard Condie, a bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Tasmania and chairman of FCA Australia. Jay Behan became the chair of FCA New Zealand. The creation of FCA New Zealand was a result of the passing of Motion 30 by the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, and the subsequent document A Way Forward, proposing the blessing of same-sex marriages, presented at their general synod in May 2014. Bishop Richard Ellena of Nelson, an Evangelical Anglican, is a supporter of the Anglican realignment, having attended the Global South Fourth Encounter in Singapore in April 2010 and GAFCON II in Nairobi, Kenya, in October 2013. FCA New Zealand was represented at GAFCON III in Jerusalem, in June 2018 by a 56 members delegation, plus two from Fiji, led by Jay Behan.

The Church of Confessing Anglicans Aotearoa/New Zealand was created from the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans of New Zealand and was officially established on 17 May 2019. This followed the decision taken by the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia to allow the blessing of same-sex marriages and civil unions.

Sexual abuse
The Anglican Church in New Zealand has historically had instances of sexual abuse of children, adults, and clergy. The abuse took place in church-run schools as well as churches, and the church was accused of attempting to cover up the sexual crimes.

In March 2021, at the request of Catholic and Anglican Churches, among others, church bodies were included in a nationwide inquiry, the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Abuse in Care. As part of this inquiry it emerged that many documents pertaining to the sexual abuse of people in the church from the 1990s had gone missing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:64.146.238.178

title: User talk:64.146.238.178


text:
Destination: Beautiful

Destination: Beautiful is the full-length debut album by the American alternative/indie band Mae. It was released on February 25, 2003, on Tooth & Nail Records.

In 2012, Spartan Records released Destination: Beautiful on vinyl for the first time.

Track listing

 * 1) "Embers and Envelopes" (Gimenez) – 4:18
 * 2) "This Time Is the Last Time" (Gimenez) – 3:50
 * 3) "All Deliberate Speed" (Gimenez) – 5:09
 * 4) "Runaway" (Gimenez) – 3:45
 * 5) "Sun" (Gimenez) – 5:08
 * 6) "Last Call" (Gimenez, Marshall) – 3:35
 * 7) "Skyline Drive" (Gimenez) – 5:59
 * 8) "Soundtrack for Our Movie" (Gimenez) – 3:13
 * 9) "Summertime" (Gimenez, Marshall, Mae) – 4:06
 * 10) "Giving It Away" (Gimenez) – 5:27
 * 11) "Goodbye, Goodnight" (Gimenez) – 4:48

Personnel

 * William Clark – bass
 * Alan Douches – mastering
 * John T. Frazier – A&R
 * Chad Johnson – A&R
 * Mae – producer, engineer, art direction, mixing
 * Tim Owen – photography

title: Destination: Beautiful


text:
Bartolomé Fortunato

Bartolomé Araujo Fortunato (born August 24, 1974) is a Dominican former baseball pitcher.

Fortunato was originally an outfielder, but was converted to pitching when signed as a free agent by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 1999. He made his Major League debut on June 29, 2004, against the Toronto Blue Jays.

Fortunato was traded to the New York Mets along with Victor Zambrano as part of a controversial deal that sent top Mets prospect Scott Kazmir to Tampa Bay. After pitching well late in 2004, he spent the entire 2005 season on the disabled list with a herniated disc. After signing with the San Francisco Giants in spring training 2008, Fortunato was released by the Giants on June 15.

On July 6, 2008, Fortunato signed with the Calgary Vipers of the Golden Baseball League. On July 10, the Vipers traded him to the St. George Roadrunners for a PTBNL. On August 23, 2010 Fortunato signed with the Bridgeport Bluefish. He last played for the Edmonton Capitals of the North American League.

Fortunato is single and resides in Santo Domingo.

title: Bartolomé Fortunato


text:
Clayton Blackmore

Clayton Graham Blackmore (born 23 September 1964) is a Welsh former international footballer. He was a combative player known for his attacking free kicks and a utility player who excelled in defence, but could play equally well in midfield.

Blackmore began his professional career at Manchester United in 1982, having progressed through the club's youth ranks. After twelve years and 186 league appearances, he switched to Middlesbrough on a free transfer, and made 53 league appearances in five years, whilst also having a brief loan spell at Bristol City in 1996. Having left Middlesbrough in 1999, he had short spells at Barnsley, Notts County and Leigh RMI over the next couple of seasons, before a much longer stint at Bangor City commenced in 2000. He left Bangor City in 2006 (after a brief stint as player-manager), having made 176 league appearances for the club, and, after spending a season with Porthmadog (where he was also player-manager), switched to Neath Athletic in 2007, where he made a further 22 league appearances before retiring in 2010. Internationally, Blackmore won 39 caps for Wales between 1985 and 1997.

Manchester United
He joined Manchester United as an associated schoolboy at the age of 14, and was an FA Youth Cup finalist in 1982.

He was given his debut for United on 16 May 1984 by manager Ron Atkinson, in their 2–0 league defeat against Nottingham Forest at the City Ground. He made a solitary league appearance the following season, although in 1985–86 he scored three goals in 12 league games, but he did not get a serious run in the side until the 1987–88 season, by which time Alex Ferguson was United's manager, when he played 22 league games and scored three goals. 1988–89 saw Blackmore enjoy even more first team opportunities as he played 28 times in the league.

He made 35 League appearances for United in 1990–91, and 33 in 1991–92.

He was part of the 1990 FA Cup winning side and the following year, he won a European Cup Winners' Cup medal with United. He was United's regular left-back in the 1990–91 season, but when Paul Parker signed in the close season, Denis Irwin was switched to left-back and Blackmore returned to his familiar pattern of alternating between different positions, although he did enjoy a good run at right-back when Parker was injured.

Blackmore collected an FA Premier League title medal in 1992–93, although he was no longer a regular player at the club, often coming on as a substitute or standing in as a full-back or on the flanks on the few occasions he did start a game. A succession of injuries meant that he was unable to play in the 1993–94 season, and competition throughout the team was growing.

In the days of 1–11 numbering of shirts (with players not being assigned the same shirt number for every game of the season), Blackmore's versatility meant that he wore every shirt number from 2 to 11, as well as some of the shirt numbers from 12 to 16 as a substitute. He was assigned with the number 15 when squad numbers were introduced by the FA Premier League for the 1993–94 season, but did not play any first team games that season.

Middlesbrough
He joined Middlesbrough on a free transfer for the 1994–95 season after spending more than a decade at Old Trafford. He was signed by newly appointed player-manager Bryan Robson, who had just headed to Teesside from United. He helped them win promotion to the Premier League as Division One champions in his first season on Teesside, playing in 30 League games and scoring two goals. He also appeared in Middlesbrough's 1997 FA Cup Final defeat by Chelsea. Whilst at Boro he had a loan spell with Bristol City.

Later career
He later had brief spells with Barnsley and at Notts County. Later he moved into non-league football with Leigh RMI and Bangor City.

On 3 September 2018, Blackmore joined the coaching staff of the Dynamo Brest Academy He left the club in summer 2019.

International career
He won 39 caps for Wales. He made his senior debut for the national side on 26 February 1985, in a 1–1 friendly draw with Norway, and his final appearance for the Welsh side came on 29 March 1997.

Honours
Manchester United
 * Premier League: 1992–93
 * FA Cup: 1989–90
 * FA Charity Shield: 1990 (shared)
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1990–91
 * European Super Cup: 1991

Middlesbrough
 * Football League First Division: 1994–95
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 1996–97

Leigh RMI
 * Peter Swales Shield: 1999–2000

Individual
 * Welsh Premier League Team of the Year: 2004–05

title: Clayton Blackmore


text: User talk:198.144.204.153

title: User talk:198.144.204.153


text:
Salvador Camarata

Salvador "Tutti" Camarata (May 11, 1913 – April 13, 2005) was an American composer, arranger, trumpeter, and record producer. He was also known as "Toots" Camarata.

Early life and career
Camarata was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, United States, and studied music at Juilliard School in New York as a student of Bernard Wagenaar, Joseph Littau, Cesare Sodero, and Jan Meyerowitz. His early career was as a trumpet player for bands such as Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman and others, eventually becoming the lead trumpet and arranger for Jimmy Dorsey (arranging such hits as Tangerine, Green Eyes and Yours). He also did arranging for Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra, Benny Goodman, Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, Nancy Sinatra, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington and many others. He conducted and orchestrated a recording of Jascha Heifetz.

During World War II, he served as a flight instructor in the Army Air Forces.

London Records
In 1944, J. Arthur Rank summoned Camarata to London, England, to write a musical score for the film London Town. He became good friends with Sir Edward Lewis, CEO of British Decca, and often visited Bridge House in Felsted (this was Sir Edward and Lady Lewis's summer home) and the two founded London Records, with the aim of distributing classical music from the U.K. in the U.S. market. One of his assignments was to see that London Records maintained the best classical catalog in the industry. In addition to his "administrative" duties at London Records, he also served as a classical artist orchestrating and conducting a number of classical albums including the works of Puccini, Verdi, Bach, Bizet, Tchaikovsky, and Rachmaninoff.

He joined the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) in 1948. His popular songs and instrumentals included "Mutiny in the Brass Section", "Story of the Stars", "Hollywood Pastime", "Dixieland Detour", "Moonlight Masquerade", "Louis", and "No More". He also composed Verdiana Suite. Additional compositions include "Rumbalero," "Rhapsody for Saxophone," "Fingerbustin'," "Pizzicato Rhumba," "Tall Trees," "Evening Mist," and "Brasiliero."

Camarata also recorded other albums, including the popular Tutti's Trumpets (1957) and Tutti's Trombones, titles which featured his compositions and arrangements and are considered classics of the genre.

Sunset Sound Recorders
In 1956, Walt Disney hired him to form Disneyland Records and to be music director and producer for the label. Camarata had suggested Disney build his own recording studio, but Disney declined, and instead encouraged Camarata to build his own. In 1958, Camarata purchased the first building, an old auto repair shop on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California, that would become the location of Sunset Sound Recorders. He produced over three hundred albums there during his 16-year association with Disney. He scored several albums at Disney to help children gain a knowledge of, and love for, Western classical music.

Radio television and cinema work
During the 1940s, Camarata served as the musical arranger for the Jean Sablon Show on the CBS radio network, which included musical performances by the accordionist John Serry Sr. and an orchestra led by Paul Baron. Camarata was the musical conductor for several TV series, including Startime, The Vic Damone Show and The Alcoa Hour. He was also the vocal supervisor for the 1963 movie Summer Magic, which included musical performances by Hayley Mills and Burl Ives. Many Disney movie sound tracks were also made at Sunset.

Sound Factory
In November 1981, Camarata purchased The Sound Factory, previously owned by David Hassinger. Like the Sunset Sound studios, the Sound Factory is one of the top recording studios in Hollywood, and has been used by many top artists, including Jackson Browne, The Flying Burrito Brothers, Linda Ronstadt, Ringo Starr, T Bone Burnett, Belle and Sebastian, Bette Midler, Richie Furay, Warren Zevon, Dolly Parton, Elvis Costello, Sam Phillips, Tonio K., Neil Diamond, Cher, Los Lobos, The Wallflowers, KISS, Van Halen, Kenny Rogers, Beck, Brian Wilson, Victoria Williams, Ben Folds Five, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Danny Elfman, among others.

Final work
Camarata's last album was The Power and the Glory, on which he worked for four years. Once completing the arrangements, Camarata returned to England (St. John's, Smith Square) to conduct a large orchestra and choir for the recording of the album, which he had noted in one of his last interviews to be one of his most important works. It was released in 1996.

In April 2005, he died in Burbank, California, aged 91.

title: Salvador Camarata


text:
User talk:Estoyconestupido

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Zzyzx11 | Talk 22:03, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image copyright tags
Thanks for uploading Image:DSCF0116.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Zzyzx11 | Talk 22:03, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Philadelphia Images
Hi, thanks for adding more images of the city of Philadelphia to its article, but your images have been twice better imbedded in the article and you have twice added them back to where you put them (without even altering where the images had been moved). The Ben Franklin Bridge, and the Market Street image have been put it much better locations within the article. The image of Center City is of very poor quality and I agree with the first person who took it out of the article. If you feel that image should be in the article can you say why? Otherwise could you please stop putting the images back. Thanks. MechBrowman 23:16, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Estoyconestupido


text:
The Good Life (band)

The Good Life is an indie rock band on Saddle Creek Records.

Started as a solo project of Cursive's frontman Tim Kasher, The Good Life quickly grew to become its own established group. The original intent of The Good Life was to provide Tim Kasher with a vehicle to perform songs that did not fit stylistically in with his long-running band Cursive. Kasher fronts the group and plays the part of the singer/songwriter. The other members of the band include Stefanie Drootin, Ryan Fox, and Roger Lewis.

The Good Life has its core in those four musicians, but besides Kasher can be a rotating cast of characters involving many from Saddle Creek Records. The band's name came from the original state slogan for Nebraska, the home of Kasher and Saddle Creek, before 2003, when the slogan was changed.

The Good Life released their fifth album, Everybody's Coming Down, on August 14, 2015.

Band members

 * Tim Kasher
 * Stefanie Drootin
 * Ryan Fox
 * Roger Lewis

Former members

 * Jiha Lee
 * Landon Hedges

Singles and EPs

 * Lovers Need Lawyers (2004 · Saddle Creek Records) - EP
 * Heartbroke (2007 · Saddle Creek Records) - 7" single

Compilations

 * Holiday Matinee, No. 2 (2000 · Better Looking Records)
 * song: "Tell Shipwreck I'm Sorry"

 * NE vs. NC (2002 · Redemption Recording Co.)
 * songs: "I Am an Island," "Off the Beaten Path"

 * Saddle Creek 50 (2003 · Saddle Creek Records)
 * songs: "I Am an Island," "Aftercrash"

 * Amos House Collection (2003 · Wishing Tree)
 * song: "Haunted Homecoming"

 * Not One Light Red: A Desert Extended (2003 · Sunset Alliance)
 * song: "Thin Walls Between Us"

 * Comes With a Smile (2004 · Comes With a Smile)
 * song: "Grandma's Gone"

 * Lagniappe: A Saddle Creek Benefit for Hurricane Katrina (2005 · Saddle Creek Records)
 * song: "New Year's Retribution"

Videography

 * Lovers Need Lawyers (2005, directed by Nik Fackler)
 * Heartbroke (2007, directed by Alan Tanner and Rob Walters)

Orenda Fink appeared in the music video for Lovers Need Lawyers.

title: The Good Life (band)


text:
Mermaid Avenue

Mermaid Avenue is a 1998 album of previously unheard lyrics written by American folk singer Woody Guthrie, put to music written and performed by British singer Billy Bragg and the American band Wilco. The project was the first of several such projects organized by Guthrie's daughter, Nora Guthrie, original director of the Woody Guthrie Foundation and archives. Mermaid Avenue was released on the Elektra Records label on June 23, 1998. A second volume of recordings, Mermaid Avenue Vol. II, followed in 2000 and both were collected in a box set alongside volume three in 2012 as Mermaid Avenue: The Complete Sessions. The projects are named after the song "Mermaid's Avenue", written by Guthrie. This was also the name of the street in Coney Island, New York, on which Guthrie lived. According to American Songwriter Magazine, "The Mermaid Avenue project is essential for showing that Woody Guthrie could illuminate what was going on inside of him as well as he could detail the plight of his fellow man". It was voted number 939 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums 3rd Edition (2000).

Recording
During the spring of 1995, Woody Guthrie's daughter Nora contacted English singer-songwriter Billy Bragg about writing music for a selection of completed Guthrie lyrics after Bragg played a Guthrie tribute concert in New York City's Central Park. Her father had left behind over a thousand sets of complete lyrics written between 1939 and 1967; as they had not been recorded by Guthrie, and he did not write music, none of these lyrics had any music other than a vague stylistic notation.

Nora Guthrie's liner notes in Mermaid Avenue indicate that it was her intention that the songs be given to a new generation of musicians who would be able to make the songs relevant to a younger generation. Nora Guthrie contacted Bragg, who in turn approached Wilco and asked them to participate in the project as well. Wilco agreed, and in addition to recording with Bragg in Ireland, they were given their own share of songs to finish.

Rather than recreating tunes in Guthrie's style, Bragg and Wilco created new, contemporary music for the lyrics. Released in 1998 as Mermaid Avenue, the results were met with critical success. The album received a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Folk Album, and went on to place fourth on the Pazz & Jop Critics Poll for 1998.

Since the release of the Mermaid Avenue albums, several other musicians have released recordings that similarly have drawn upon unpublished Guthrie material.

Man in the Sand, a documentary about the collaboration between Billy Bragg and Wilco, was released in 1999. A DVD of the film is included in Mermaid Avenue: The Complete Sessions.

Bob Dylan tells in his autobiography that Woody Guthrie asked him to reach out to Guthrie's wife Margie and get the boxes of songs and poems that had been written but never set to melodies. Dylan makes his way to Guthrie's place but Margie was not there, only Guthrie's son Arlo and the babysitter. Neither had any idea about the box, and Dylan headed back to New York. Dylan writes in his autobiography Chronicles: "Forty years later, these lyrics would fall into the hands of Billy Bragg and the group Wilco and they would put melodies to them, bring them to full life and record them. It was all done under the direction of Woody's daughter Nora. These performers probably weren't even born when I had made that trip to Brooklyn."

Personnel

 * Billy Bragg – lead vocals (1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15), acoustic guitar (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 15) , electric guitar (5, 13) , bouzouki (7) , backing vocals (7) , National guitar (9, 12) , handclaps (10) , banjo (12)
 * Jeff Tweedy – lead vocals (2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14), electric guitar (1, 10) , harmonica (1, 6, 15) , backing vocals (1, 10) , acoustic guitar (2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15) , handclaps (10)
 * Jay Bennett – piano (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13), clavinet (1, 9) , Farfisa organ (1) , drums (1) , backing vocals (1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 13) , Hammond B-3 organ (3, 5, 7, 10, 11) , bouzouki (3) , Farfisa bass pedals (5) , electric bass (6) , acoustic guitar (6) , slide guitar (6) , dulcimer (7) , banjo (9) , melodica (12, 15) , handclaps (10) , percussion (12) , electric guitar (13) , grand piano (14, 15)
 * John Stirratt – acoustic bass (1, 9), backing vocals (1, 2, 7, 10) , electric bass (2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15) , bass piano (5) , acoustic guitar (6) , Hammond B-3 organ (6) , bass pedals (9) , handclaps (10)
 * Ken Coomer – drums (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15), percussion (1, 2, 3, 9, 12) , handclaps (10) , backing vocals (1, 10)

Additional musicians
 * Johnathan "JP" Parker – backing vocals (1)
 * Eliza Carthy – violin (2, 3)
 * Corey Harris – lap steel guitar (2), electric guitar (5) , backing vocals (10) , handclaps (10)
 * Peter Yanowitz – chorus drums (3)
 * Elizabeth Steen – accordion (3)
 * Natalie Merchant – backing vocals (3), lead vocals (4)
 * Bob Egan – slide guitar (6), pedal steel (11, 15)

title: Mermaid Avenue


text:
Benaroya Hall

Benaroya Hall is the home of the Seattle Symphony in Downtown Seattle, Washington, United States. It features two auditoria, the S. Mark Taper Foundation Auditorium, a 2500-seat performance venue, as well as the Illsley Ball Nordstrom Recital Hall, which seats 536. Opened in September 1998 at a cost of $120 million, Benaroya is noted for its technology-infused acoustics designed by Cyril Harris. Benaroya occupies an entire city block in the center of the city and has helped double the Seattle Symphony's budget and number of performances. The lobby of the hall features a large contribution of glass art, such as one given the title Crystal Cascade, by world-renowned artist Dale Chihuly.

Benaroya Hall is named for noted philanthropist Jack Benaroya, whose $15.8 million donation was the first and largest of many for construction of the facility.

The hall was designed by LMN Architects of Seattle, and was awarded the National Honor Award from the American Institute of Architects in 2001. The structural engineer on the project was Magnusson Klemencic Associates.

The building sits directly above the Great Northern Tunnel, which carries the primary rail corridor through the city, and adjacent to the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel, which has a station directly integrated into the building. The performance hall is insulated by floating on rubber pads which insulate it from the outer shell of the building. These same noise-insulation features would also serve to dampen the destructive effects of any prospective earthquakes.

title: Benaroya Hall


text:
Bluebird Nordic

Bluebird Nordic, formerly Bluebird Cargo, was a cargo airline based in Reykjavík, Iceland, operating scheduled and chartered cargo services to and from Iceland and within Europe out of its base at Keflavík International Airport, with a special focus on Liège Airport & East Midlands Airport as freight hubs.

History
Bluebird Cargo was established in 1999 and started operations in March 2001. Operations began with daily freighter services between Iceland, the United Kingdom and Germany with a single Boeing 737-300F. It was wholly owned by Icelandair Group until 2010 and had 63 employees as of 2007.

In 2014, the airline was bought by Haru Holding and Steinn Logi Björnsson became CEO. In 2017, the company changed their name from Bluebird Cargo to Bluebird Nordic In January 2020, Avia Solutions Group acquired 100% of Bluebird Nordic.

In August 2021, Bluebird Nordic announced plans to increase its Boeing 737-800 fleet to 25 units by 2024. On 4 January 2022, Bluebird Nordic acquired a Boeing 777-300ER which was formerly operated by Emirates. On 25 January 2022, Bluebird Nordic acquired another 777-300ER which was formerly operated by Cathay Pacific. In April 2022, Bluebird Nordic appointed Audrone Keinyte as new CEO.

Bluebird Nordic ceased operations on 30 April 2024 and returned all aircraft to their lessors.

Destinations
, Bluebird Nordic operated freight services to the following scheduled destinations in addition to ad-hoc and charter services:

 * Billund - Billund Airport
 * Dublin – Dublin Airport
 * Reykjavík – Keflavík International Airport, base

Fleet
Prior to its closure, the Bluebird Nordic fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

title: Bluebird Nordic


text:
Talk:Metal Works '73–'93

Fair use rationale for Image:Judas Priest-Metal Works.jpg
Image:Judas Priest-Metal Works.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:06, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Exciter inconsistancy?
I have this compilation and Windows Media Player tells me it's only 5:04. I also heard the song on Pandora off of The Essential Judas Priest and I think I heard an extra verse. are there two studio recordings of this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.223.67.222 (talk) 07:54, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metal Works '73–'93


text: User talk:66.38.134.9

title: User talk:66.38.134.9


text:
Esperanto phonology

Esperanto is a constructed international auxiliary language designed to have a simple phonology. The creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, described Esperanto pronunciation by comparing the sounds of Esperanto with the sounds of several major European languages.

With over a century of use, Esperanto has developed a phonological norm, including accepted details of phonetics, phonotactics, and intonation, so that it is now possible to speak of proper Esperanto pronunciation and of properly formed words independently of the languages originally used to describe it. This norm accepts only minor allophonic variation.

Inventory
The original Esperanto lexicon contains:

A few additional sounds found in loan words, such as, are not stable.
 * 23 consonants (including ĥ, which has become rare, and 4 affricates)
 * 11 vowels (5 simple vowels and 6 diphthongs).

Consonants
The uncommon affricate does not have a distinct letter in the orthography, but is written with the digraph $⟨dz⟩$, as in edzo ('husband'). Not everyone agrees with Kalocsay & Waringhien that edzo and peco are a near rhyme, differing only in voicing, or on the status of as a phoneme; Wennergren considers it to be a simple sequence of /d/ + /z/. The phoneme has been largely replaced with /k/ and is now found mostly in loanwords and a very few established words such as ĉeĥo ('a Czech'; cf. ĉeko 'a check'). The letter ŭ is sometimes used as a consonant in onomatopoeia and unassimilated foreign names, in addition to the second element in diphthongs, which some argue is consonantal /w/ rather than vocalic (see below).

Vowels
Esperanto has between 5 and 11 vowels, depending on analysis: 5 monophthongs and up to 6 diphthongs.

There are six historically stable diphthongs:, , , and ,. However, some authors such as John C. Wells regard them as vowel–consonant sequences –, , , , , – while Wennergren regards , , ,  as vowel–consonant sequences and only ,  as diphthongs, there otherwise being no  in Esperanto.

Origins
The Esperanto sound inventory and phonotactics are very close to those of Yiddish, Belarusian and Polish, which were personally important to Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto. The primary difference is the absence of palatalization, although this was present in Proto-Esperanto (nacjes, now nacioj 'nations'; familje, now familio 'family') and arguably survives marginally in the affectionate suffixes -njo and -ĉjo, and in the interjection tju! Apart from this, the consonant inventory is identical to that of Eastern Yiddish. Minor differences from Belarusian are that g is pronounced as a stop,, rather than as a fricative, (in Belarusian, the stop pronunciation is found in recent loan words), and that Esperanto distinguishes  and , a distinction that Yiddish makes but that Belarusian (and Polish) do not. As in Belarusian, Esperanto is found in syllable onsets and  in syllable codas; however, unlike Belarusian,  does not become  if forced into coda position through compounding. According to Kalocsay & Waringhien, if Esperanto does appear before a voiceless consonant, it will devoice to, as in Yiddish. However, Zamenhof avoided such situations by adding an epenthetic vowel: lavobaseno ('washbasin'), not *lavbaseno or *laŭbaseno. Zamenhof's Litvish dialect of Yiddish (that of Białystok) has an additional schwa and diphthong oŭ but no uj.

Orthography and pronunciation
The Esperanto alphabet is nearly phonemic. The letters, along with the IPA and nearest English equivalent of their principal allophones, are:

Minimal pairs
Esperanto has many minimal pairs between the voiced and voiceless plosives, b d g and p t k; for example, pagi "pay" vs. paki "pack", baro "bar" vs. paro "pair", teko "briefcase" vs. deko "group of ten".

On the other hand, the distinctions between several Esperanto consonants carry very light functional loads, though they are not in complementary distribution and therefore not allophones. The practical effect of this is that people who do not control these distinctions are still able to communicate without difficulty. These minor distinctions are ĵ vs. ĝ, contrasted in aĵo ('concrete thing') vs. aĝo ('age'); k  vs. ĥ  vs. h , contrasted in koro ('heart') vs. ĥoro ('chorus') vs. horo ('hour'), and in the prefix ek- (inchoative) vs. eĥo ('echo'); dz  vs. z , not contrasted in basic vocabulary; and c  vs. ĉ , found in a few minimal pairs such as caro ('tzar'), ĉar ('because'); ci ('thou'), ĉi (proximate particle used with deictics); celo ('goal'), ĉelo ('cell'); -eco ('-ness'), eĉ ('even'); etc.

Belarusian seems to have provided the model for Esperanto's diphthongs, as well as the complementary distribution of v (restricted to the onset of a syllable), and ŭ (occurring only as a vocalic offglide), although this was modified slightly, with Belarusian oŭ corresponding to Esperanto ov (as in bovlo), and ŭ being restricted to the sequences aŭ, eŭ in Esperanto. Although v and ŭ may both occur between vowels, as in naŭa ('ninth') and nava ('of naves'), the diphthongal distinction holds: vs. . (However, Zamenhof did allow initial ŭ in onomatopoeic words such as ŭa 'wah!'.) The semivowel j likewise does not occur after the vowel i, but is also restricted from occurring before i in the same morpheme, whereas the Belarusian letter i represents. Later exceptions to these patterns, such as poŭpo ('poop deck'), ŭato ('watt'), East Asian proper names beginning with $⟨Ŭ⟩$, and jida ('Yiddish'), are marginal.

The distinction between e and ej carries a light functional load, in the core vocabulary perhaps only distinctive before alveolar sonorants, such as kejlo ('peg'), kelo ('cellar'); mejlo ('mile'), melo ('badger'); Rejno ('Rhine'), reno ('kidney'). The recent borrowing gejo ('homosexual') could contrast with the ambisexual prefix ge- if used in compounds with a following consonant, and also creating possible confusion between geja paro ('homosexual couple') and gea paro ('heterosexual couple'), which are both pronounceable as. Eŭ is also uncommon, and very seldom contrastive: eŭro ('a euro') vs. ero ('a bit').

Stress and prosody
Within a word, stress is on the syllable with the second-to-last vowel, such as the li in familio ('family'). An exception is when the final -o of a noun is elided, usually for poetic reasons, because this does not affect the placement of the stress: fami'''li'.

On the rare occasions that stress needed to be specified, as in explanatory material or with proper names, Zamenhof used an acute accent. The most common such proper name is Zamenhof's own: Zámenhof. If the stress falls on the last syllable, it is common for an apostrophe to be used, as in poetic elision: Oĝalan'.

There is no set rule for which other syllables might receive stress in a polysyllabic word, or which monosyllabic words are stressed in a clause. Morphology, semantic load, and rhythm all play a role. By default, Esperanto is trochaic; stress tends to hit alternate syllables: Ésperánto. However, derivation tends to leave such "secondary" stress unchanged, at least for many speakers: Ésperantísto or Espérantísto (or for some just Esperantísto) Similarly, compound words generally retain their original stress. They never stress an epenthetic vowel: thus vórto-provízo, not *vortó-provízo.

Within a clause, rhythm also plays a role. However, referential words (lexical words and pronouns) attract stress, whereas "connecting" words such as prepositions tend not to: dónu al mí or dónu al mi ('give to me'), not *dónu ál mi. In Ĉu vi vídas la húndon kiu kúras preter la dómo? ('Do you see the dog that's running past the house?'), the function words do not take stress, not even two-syllable kiu ('which') or preter ('beyond'). The verb esti ('to be') behaves similarly, as can be seen by the occasional elision of the e in poetry or rapid speech: Mi ne 'stas ĉi tie! ('I'm not here!') Phonological words do not necessarily match orthographic words. Pronouns, prepositions, the article, and other monosyllabic function words are generally pronounced as a unit with the following word: mihávas ('I have'), laknábo ('the boy'), delvórto ('of the word'), ĉetáblo ('at table'). Exceptions include kaj 'and', which may be pronounced more distinctly when it has a larger scope than the following word or phrase.

Within poetry, of course, the meter determines stress: Hó, mia kór', ne bátu máltrankvíle ('Oh my heart, do not beat uneasily').

Emphasis and contrast may override normal stress. Pronouns frequently take stress because of this. In a simple question like Ĉú vi vídis? ('Did you see?'), the pronoun hardly needs to be said and is unstressed; compare Né, dónu al mí and ('No, give me'). Within a word, a prefix that wasn't heard correctly may be stressed upon repetition: Né, ne tíen! Iru máldekstren, mi diris! ('No, not over there! Go left, I said!'). Because stress doesn't distinguish words in Esperanto, shifting it to an unexpected syllable calls attention to that syllable, but doesn't cause confusion as it might in English.

As in many languages, initialisms behave unusually. When grammatical, they may be unstressed: k.t.p. ('et cetera'); when used as proper names, they tend to be idiosyncratic: UEA  or  but rarely. This seems to be a way of indicating that the term is not a normal word. However, full acronyms tend to have regular stress: Tejo.

Lexical tone is not phonemic. Nor is clausal intonation, as question particles and changes in word order serve many of the functions that intonation performs in English.

Phonotactics
A syllable in Esperanto is generally of the form (s/ŝ)(C)(C)V(C)(C). That is, it may have an onset, of up to three consonants; must have a nucleus of a single vowel or diphthong (except in onomatopoeic words such as zzz!), and may have a coda of zero to one (occasionally two) consonants.

Any consonant may occur initially, with the exception of j before i (though there is now one word that violates this restriction, jida ('Yiddish') which contrasts with ida "of an offspring").

Any consonant except h may close a syllable, though coda ĝ and ĵ are rare in monomorphemes (they contrast in aĝ' 'age' vs. aĵ' 'thing'). Within a morpheme, there may be a maximum of four sequential consonants, as for example in instruas ('teaches'), dekstren ('to the right'). Long clusters generally include a sibilant such as s or one of the liquids l or r.

Geminate consonants generally only occur in polymorphemic words, such as mal-longa ('short'), ek-kuŝi ('to flop down'), mis-skribi ('to mis-write'); in ethnonyms such as finno ('a Finn'), gallo ('a Gaul') (now more commonly gaŭlo); in proper names such as Ŝillero ('Schiller'), Buddo ('Buddha', now more commonly Budao); and in a handful of unstable borrowings such as matĉo ('a sports match'). In compounds of lexical words, Zamenhof separated identical consonants with an epenthetic vowel, as in vivovespero ('the evening of life'), never *vivvespero.

Word-final consonants occur, though final voiced obstruents are generally rejected. For example, Latin ad ('to') became Esperanto al, and Polish od ('than') morphed into Esperanto ol ('than'). Sonorants and voiceless obstruents, on the other hand, are found in many of the numerals: cent ('hundred'), ok ('eight'), sep ('seven'), ses ('six'), kvin ('five'), kvar ('four'); also dum ('during'), eĉ ('even'). Even the poetic elision of final -o is rarely seen if it would leave a final voiced obstruent. A very few words with final voiced obstruents do occur, such as sed ('but') and apud ('next to'), but in such cases there is no minimal-pair contrast with a voiceless counterpart (that is, there is no *set or *aput to cause confusion). This is because many people, including the Slavs and Germans, do not contrast voicing in final obstruents. For similar reasons, sequences of obstruents with mixed voicing are not found in Zamenhofian compounds, apart from numerals and grammatical forms, thus longatempe 'for a long time', not *longtempe. (Note that is an exception to this rule, like in the Slavic languages. It is effectively ambiguous between fricative and approximant. The other exception is, which is commonly treated as .)

Syllabic consonants occur only as interjections and onomatopoeia: fr!, sss!, ŝŝ!, hm!.

All triconsonantal onsets begin with a sibilant, s or ŝ. Disregarding proper names, such as Vladimiro, the following initial consonant clusters occur:

 * Stop + liquid – bl, br; pl, pr; dr; tr; gl, gr; kl, kr
 * Voiceless fricative + liquid – fl, fr; sl; ŝl, ŝr
 * Voiceless sibilant + voiceless stop (+ liquid) – sc, sp, spl, spr; st, str; sk, skl, skr; ŝp, ŝpr; ŝt, ŝtr
 * Obstruent + nasal – gn, kn, sm, sn, ŝm, ŝn
 * Obstruent + – gv, kv, sv, ŝv

And more marginally,
 * Consonant + – (tj), ĉj, fj, vj, nj

Although it does not occur initially, the sequence $⟨dz⟩$ is pronounced as an affricate, as in edzo ('a husband') with an open first syllable [e], not as.

In addition, initial $⟨pf⟩$ occurs in German-derived pfenigo ('penny'), $⟨kŝ⟩$ in Sanskrit kŝatrio ('kshatriya'), and several additional uncommon initial clusters occur in technical words of Greek origin, such as mn-, pn-, ks-, ps-, sf-, ft-, kt-, pt-, bd-, such as sfinktero ('a sphincter' which also has the coda $⟨nk⟩$). Quite a few more clusters turn up in sufficiently obscure words, such as $⟨tl⟩$ in tlaspo "Thlaspi" (a genus of herb), and Aztec deities such as Tlaloko ('Tlaloc'). (The phonemes are presumably devoiced in these words.)

As this might suggest, greater phonotactic diversity and complexity is tolerated in learnèd than in quotidian words, almost as if "difficult" phonotactics were an iconic indication of "difficult" vocabulary. Diconsonantal codas, for example, generally only occur in technical terms, proper names, and in geographical and ethnic terms: konjunkcio ('a conjunction'), arkta ('Arctic'), istmo ('isthmus').

However, there is a strong tendency for more basic terms to avoid coda clusters, although cent ('hundred'), post ('after'), sankta ('holy'), and the prefix eks- ('ex-') (which can be used as an interjection: Eks la reĝo! 'Down with the king!') are exceptions. Even when coda clusters occur in the source languages, they are often eliminated in Esperanto. For instance, many European languages have words relating to "body" with a root of korps-. This root gave rise to two words in Esperanto, neither of which keep the full cluster: korpuso ('a military corps') (retaining the original Latin u), and korpo ('a biological body') (losing the s).

Many ordinary roots end in two or three consonants, such as cikl-o ('a bicycle'), ŝultr-o ('a shoulder'), pingl-o ('a needle'), tranĉ-i ('to cut'). However, these roots do not normally entail coda clusters except when followed by another consonant in compounds, or with poetic elision of the final -o. Even then, only sequences with decreasing sonority are possible, so although poetic tranĉ' occurs, *cikl', *ŝultr', and *pingl' do not. (Note that the humorous jargon Esperant' does not follow this restriction, because it elides the grammatical suffix of all nouns no matter how awkward the result.)

Within compounds, an epenthetic vowel is added to break up what would otherwise be unacceptable clusters of consonants. This vowel is most commonly the nominal affix -o, regardless of number or case, as in kant-o-birdo ('a songbird') (the root kant-, 'to sing', is inherently a verb), but other part-of-speech endings may be used when -o- is judged to be grammatically inappropriate, as in mult-e-kosta ('expensive'). There is a great deal of personal variation as to when an epenthetic vowel is used.

Allophonic variation
With only five oral and no nasal or long vowels, Esperanto allows a fair amount of allophonic variation, though the distinction between and, and arguably  and , is phonemic. The may be a labiodental fricative  or a labiodental approximant, again in free variation; or , especially in the sequences kv and gv ( and , like English "qu" and "gu"), but with  considered normative. Alveolar consonants t, d, n, l are acceptably either apical (as in English) or laminal (as in French, generally but incorrectly called "dental"). Postalveolars ĉ, ĝ, ŝ, ĵ may be palato-alveolar (semi-palatalized) as in English and French, or retroflex (non-palatalized)  as in Polish, Russian, and Mandarin Chinese. H and ĥ may be voiced, especially between vowels.

Rhotics
The consonant r can be realised in many ways, as it was defined differently in each language version of the Fundamento de Esperanto:

 * In the French Fundamento, it is defined as r. The French rhotic has a wide range of realizations: both the voiced uvular fricative or approximant and the voiceless uvular fricative, the uvular trill , the alveolar trill , and the alveolar tap . These are all recognized as the phoneme , but the trills and the tap are considered dialectal.
 * In the English Fundamento, it is defined as in rare, which is an alveolar approximant.
 * In the German Fundamento, it is defined as r. Most varieties of Standard German are spoken with a uvular rhotic, now usually a fricative or approximant, rather than . The alveolar pronunciation is used in some standard German varieties of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.
 * In the Russian and Polish Fundamento, it is defined as р (cyrillic), which is most commonly an alveolar trill.

The most common realization depends on the region and native language of the Esperanto speaker. For example, a very common realisation in English speaking countries is the alveolar flap. Worldwide, the most common realisation is probably the alveolar trill. The grammatical reference Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko considers the uvular trill to be perfectly acceptable. In practice, the different pronunciations are understood and accepted by experienced Esperanto speakers.

Vowel length and quality
Vowel length is not phonemic in Esperanto. Vowels tend to be long in open stressed syllables and short otherwise. Adjacent stressed syllables are not allowed in compound words, and when stress disappears in such situations, it may leave behind a residue of vowel length. Vowel length is sometimes presented as an argument for the phonemic status of the affricates, because vowels tend to be short before most consonant clusters (excepting stops plus l or r, as in many European languages), but long before /ĉ/, /ĝ/, /c/, and /dz/, though again this varies by speaker, with some speakers pronouncing a short vowel before /ĝ/, /c/, /dz/ and a long vowel only before /ĉ/.

Vowel quality has never been an issue for /a/, /i/ and /u/, but has been much discussed for /e/ and /o/. Zamenhof recommended pronouncing the vowels /e/ and /o/ as mid at all times. Kalocsay and Waringhien gave more complicated recommendations. For example, they recommended pronouncing stressed /e/, /o/ as short open-mid in closed syllables and long close-mid  in open syllables. However, this is widely considered unduly elaborate, and Zamenhof's recommendation of using mid qualities is considered the norm. For many speakers, however, the pronunciation of /e/ and /o/ reflects the details of their native language.

Epenthesis
Zamenhof noted that epenthetic glides may be inserted between dissimilar vowels, especially after high vowels as in for mia ('my'),  for mielo ('honey') and  for plua ('further'). This is quite common, and there is no possibility of confusion, because /ij/ and /uŭ/ do not occur in Esperanto (though more general epenthesis could cause confusion between gea and geja, as mentioned above). However, Zamenhof stated that in "severely regular" speech such epenthesis would not occur.

Epenthetic glottal stops in vowel sequences such as boao ('boa') are non-phonemic detail, allowed for the comfort of the speaker. Glottal stop is especially common in sequences of identical vowels, such as heroo ('hero'), and praavo  ('great-grandfather'). Other speakers, however, mark the hiatus by a change of intonation, such as by raising the pitch of the stressed vowel: heróò, pràávo.

As in many languages, fricatives may become affricates after a nasal, via an epenthetic stop. Thus, the neologism senso ('sense', as in the five senses) may be pronounced the same as the fundamental word senco ('sense, meaning'), and the older term for the former, sentumo, may be preferable.

An epenthetic vowel, most commonly the schwa, can be inserted to break up clusters that might be difficult to pronounce.

Poetic elision
Vowel elision is allowed with the grammatical suffix -o of singular nominative nouns, and the a of the article la, though this rarely occurs outside of poetry: de l' kor' ('from the heart').

Normally semivowels are restricted to offglides in diphthongs. However, poetic meter may force the reduction of unstressed and  to semivowels before a stressed vowel: kormilionoj ; buduaro.

Assimilation
Zamenhof recognized place-assimilation of nasals before another consonant, such as n before a velar, as in banko ('bank') and sango  ('blood'), or before palatal, as in panjo  ('mommy') and sinjoro  ('sir'). However, he stated that "severely regular" speech would not have such variation from his ideal of 'one letter, one sound'. Nonetheless, although the desirability of such allophony may be debated, the question almost never arises as to whether the m in emfazi should remain bilabial or should assimilate to labiodental f, because this assimilation is nearly universal in human language. Indeed, where the orthography allows (e.g. bombono 'bonbon'), we see that assimilation can occur.

In addition, speakers of many languages (including Zamenhof's, though not always English) have regressive voicing assimilation, when two obstruents (consonants that occur in voiced-voiceless pairs) occur next to each other. Zamenhof did not mention this directly, but did indicate it indirectly, in that he didn't create compound words with adjacent obstruents that have mixed voicing. For example, by the phonotactics of both of Zamenhof's mother tongues, Yiddish and (Belo)Russian, rozkolora ('rose-colored', 'pink') would be pronounced the same as roskolora ('dew-colored'), and so the preferred form for the former is rozokolora. Indeed, Kalocsay & Waringhien state that when voiced and voiceless consonants are adjacent, the assimilation of one of them is "inevitable". Thus one pronounces okdek ('eighty') as, as if it were spelled "ogdek"; ekzisti ('exist') as , as if it were spelled "egzisti"; ekzemple ('for example') as , subteni ('support') as , longtempe ('for a long time') as , glavsonoro ('ringing of a sword') as , etc. Such assimilation likewise occurs in words that maintain Latinate orthography, such as absolute ('absolutely'), pronounced , and obtuza ('obtuse'), pronounced , despite the superficially contrastive sequences in the words apsido ('apsis') and optiko ('optics'). Instead, the debate centers on the non-Latinate orthographic sequence kz, frequently found in Latinate words like ekzemple and ekzisti above. It is sometimes claimed that kz is properly pronounced exactly as written, with mixed voicing,, despite the fact that assimilation to occurs in Russian, English (including the words 'example' and 'exist'), Polish (where it is even spelled $⟨gz⟩$), French and many other languages. These two positions are called ekzismo and egzismo in Esperanto. In practice, most Esperanto speakers assimilate kz to and pronounce nk as  when speaking fluently.

 * {|class=wikitable

!Voiceless obstruent !Pronunciation before any voiced obstruent but v !Voiced obstruent !Pronunciation before a voiceless obstruent
 * +Voicing assimilation
 * p ||t ||c ||ĉ ||k ||f ||s ||ŝ ||ĥ
 * b ||d ||dz ||ĝ ||g ||v ||z ||ĵ ||
 * colspan=10|
 * colspan=10|
 * b ||d ||dz ||ĝ ||g ||v ||z ||ĵ
 * p ||t ||c ||ĉ ||k ||f ||s ||ŝ
 * }

In compound lexical words, Zamenhof himself inserted an epenthetic vowel between obstruents with different voicing, as in rozokolora above, never *rozkolora, and longatempe, never *longtempe as with some later writers; mixed voicing only occurred with grammatical words, for example with compound numbers and with prepositions used as prefixes, as in okdek and subteni above. V is never found before any consonant in Zamenhof's writing, because that would force it to contrast with ŭ.

Similarly, mixed sibilant sequences, as in the polymorphemic disĵeti ('to scatter'), tend to assimilate in rapid speech, sometimes completely.

Like the generally ignored regressive devoicing in words such as absurda, progressive devoicing tends to go unnoticed within obstruent–sonorant clusters, as in plua ('additional'; contrasts with blua  'blue') and knabo  ('boy'; the kn- contrasts with gn-, as in gnomo  'gnome'). Partial to full devoicing of the sonorant is probably the norm for most speakers.

Voicing assimilation of affricates and fricatives before nasals, as in taĉmento ('a detachment') and the suffix -ismo ('-ism'), is both more noticeable and easier for most speakers to avoid, so for -ismo is less tolerated than  for absolute.

Loss of phonemic ĥ
The sound of $⟨ĥ⟩$,, was always somewhat marginal in Esperanto, and there has been a strong move to merge it into , starting with suggestions from Zamenhof himself. Dictionaries generally cross-reference $⟨ĥ⟩$ and $⟨k⟩$, but the sequence $⟨rĥ⟩$ (as in arĥitekturo 'architecture') was replaced by $⟨rk⟩$ (arkitekturo) so completely by the early 20th century that few dictionaries even list $⟨rĥ⟩$ as an option. The central/eastern European form for 'Chinese', ĥino, has been completely replaced with the western European form, ĉino, a unique exception to the general pattern, perhaps because the word kino ('cinematography') already existed. Other words, such as ĥemio ('chemistry') and monaĥo ('monk'), still vary but are more commonly found with $⟨k⟩$ (kemio, monako). In a few cases, such as with words of Russian origin, $⟨ĥ⟩$ may instead be replaced by $⟨h⟩$. This merger has had only a few complications. Zamenhof gave ĥoro ('chorus') the alternative form koruso, because both koro ('heart') and horo ('hour') were taken. The two words still almost universally seen with $⟨ĥ⟩$ are eĥo ('echo') and ĉeĥo ('a Czech'). Ek- and ĉeko ('check') already exist, though ekoo for eĥo is occasionally seen.

Proper names and borrowings
A common source of allophonic variation is borrowed words, especially proper names, when non-Esperantized remnants of the source-language orthography remain, or when novel sequences are created in order to avoid duplicating existing roots. For example, it is doubtful that many people fully pronounce the g in Vaŝingtono ('Washington') as either or, or pronounce the $⟨h⟩$ in Budho ('Buddha') at all. Such situations are unstable, and in many cases dictionaries recognize that certain spellings (and therefore pronunciations) are inadvisable. For example, the physical unit "watt" was first borrowed as ŭato, to distinguish it from vato ('cotton-wool'), and this is the only form found in dictionaries in 1930. However, initial $⟨ŭ⟩$ violates Esperanto phonotactics, and by 1970 there was an alternative spelling, vatto. This was also unsatisfactory, however, because of the geminate $⟨t⟩$, and by 2000 the effort had been given up, with $⟨vato⟩$ now the advised spelling for both 'watt' and 'cotton-wool'. Some recent dictionaries no longer even list initial $⟨ŭ⟩$ in their index. Likewise, several dictionaries now list the spellings $⟨ŭ⟩$ for 'Washington' and $⟨Vaŝintono⟩$ for 'Buddha'.

Violations
Before Esperanto phonotactics became fixed, foreign words were adopted with spellings that violated the apparent intentions of Zamenhof and the norms that would develop later, such as poŭpo ('poop deck'), ŭato ('watt'), and matĉo ('sports match'). Many of these coinages have proven to be unstable, and have either fallen out of use or been replaced with pronunciations more in keeping with the developing norms, such as pobo for poŭpo, vato for ŭato, and maĉo for matĉo. On the other hand, jida ('Yiddish') was also sometimes criticized on phonotactical grounds, but was used by Zamenhof after its introduction in the Plena Vortaro as a replacement for novjuda and judgermana and is well established.

title: Esperanto phonology


text:
User talk:Hautbois~enwiki

Hi
Hi, If you have any criticisms for me please tell me. I am a genuine fan of Wikipedia and I want nothing but good for the project.

Articles that I started:

Little Green, Li Na

I also uploaded the picture of Re Gan Mian

Critisms and Complaints
Greetings: Thanks for your addition to Wuhan. I cleaned up then link a bit, notice that to avoid the redundancy in tennis that the full link was hidden from the name displayed. Check the edit text to see how this was done. Best wishes, Leonard G. 18:35, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, I wanted to do that anyway but I didn't know how to. (Hautbois 19:13, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC))

Image Tagging Image:Picture 041.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Picture 041.png. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 06:01, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Hautbois. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Hautbois~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:16, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:40, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hautbois~enwiki


text:
South Jutlandic

South Jutlandic or South Jutish (South Jutish: Synnejysk; Sønderjysk; Südjütisch or Plattdänisch) is a dialect of the Danish language. South Jutlandic is spoken in Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland; also called Schleswig or Slesvig) on both sides of the border between Denmark and Germany.

Variants of the dialect include Western and Eastern South Jutlandic (including Alsisk). The former variant in Angeln (Danish: Angel) and Schwansen (Svansø) was known as Angel Danish.

The other dialects classified as belonging to the Jutlandic or Jutish (Jysk) group of dialects are West, East, and North Jutlandic.

Northern Slesvig
Many older people will still speak a distinct South Jutlandic dialect, both in towns and rural areas. Younger people and children are more likely to use a dialect-tinted version of Standard Danish, but everything ranging from relatively pure dialect to Standard Danish can be found. Many are able to switch between both varieties.

A renewed popular interest in preserving the South Jutlandic dialect has been seen in recent years. This revival has been fuelled by the works of several local artists and authors as well as Æ Synnejysk Forening, a society working for the promotion of the dialect.

Several schools now offer the dialect as an optional subject, but Rigsdansk, the official Danish, remains a compulsory subject.

Members of the South Jutlandic minority on the German side of the border tend to emphasize their South Jutlandic identity. Many members of this minority are in one way or another connected with agriculture, the dialect being more prevalent in rural communities. The German minority usually speak South Jutlandic with each other and with Danish-minded people alike, but prefer German for writing and official occasions such as meetings. Standard Danish is mastered as well and is taught in schools, along with Standard German.

Southern Slesvig
South Jutlandic is still spoken to some degree in villages up to about 15 km south of the Danish-German border, but hardly in the major city of Flensburg, where the Danish speakers speak Standard Danish. Most people will be able to speak or understand Low German and sometimes North Frisian. All will know High German, often being the only language of young people and children. Members of the Danish minority are taught Standard Danish as well in schools, but often choose to communicate in German in everyday life.

Language, especially spoken language, is not necessarily linked with national identification. Family ties and informal local contact across the border used to be very common, with South Jutlandic being the first language of both Danish-minded and German-minded people. Sometimes, the purest South Jutlandic may be found among older people who identify as German. Since they have not attended Danish schools, their speech is not influenced by Standard Danish. With urbanisation in the recent decades, the crisscross of dialects and national sentiment has faded, with High German becoming the first choice everywhere, but some South Jutlandic words are often retained in the vocabulary.

History
Historically, the Danish language had a much larger extension in South Slesvig than today. South Jutlandic was spoken down to the Danevirke wall south of Schleswig town, close to the Viking town of Hedeby, and to Eckernförde on the east coast. South of this was a sparsely inhabited area which after the Viking Age became populated with Saxon settlers whose language is now better known as Low German. The western islands and the west coast were settled by Frisians. A little further inland Frisians and Danes were mixed.

With the reformation in the 16th century the national language was installed in church instead of Latin. In Slesvig this meant not the language of the peasantry, but that of the dukes and gentry, being first Low German and later High German. German was the language of administration in all of Slesvig. In Northern Slesvig, however, priests were educated at the chapter of Haderslev and Danish was spoken in church. The church language border was very similar to the present-day Danish-German border which was created by plebiscite in 1920.

During the 17th and the 18th centuries, the population in the area south of the Schlei (Sli) inlet switched to Low German, few details being known about their former South Jutlandic dialect. The people of Angeln (Danish Angel), the countryside between Flensburg and the Schlei where the Angles who settled England also originally came from, kept to their South Jutlandic dialect for a longer time, but often had some knowledge of Low German as well.

The Angel dialect became extinct around 1900. A few records of it exist and show that it was similar to the South Jutlandic of the Sønderborg area in North Slesvig, across the Flensborg Fjord. The Low German dialect of Angel still has a great deal of Danish words and grammatical influence, which makes it difficult to understand for other Low German speakers.

During the 19th century the South Jutlandic dialect had a status inferior to Low German, and parents started to encourage their children to speak Low German, so they would be better prepared for school, where education was in High German. Some scholars assume that centuries with German spoken in church made people identify with the German nationality, even if they still spoke a Danish vernacular at home.

The Danish government, for political reasons, wished to halt this language shift from Danish to German. After the First War of Schleswig, in 1851, the government issued the Slesvig Language Rescripts, ordering the school language to be Danish in areas where the peasantry spoke Danish and even in an area stretching further south, into the Low German speaking area. Church language would alternate between Danish and German. Standard Danish had never been widely used in South Slesvig even where the populace spoke a Danish dialect. The dominant official language was German, and the measures of the government had quite the adverse effect, reinforcing anti-Danish sentiment. A pattern emerged, with the poorest in rural areas sticking to South Jutlandic, the wealthier peasants speaking Low German as the lingua franca and the educated townsmen speaking High German.

A variety of South Jutlandic was spoken until the 1940s in an area west of the town of Schleswig, 40 km south of the present border. Called Fjoldedansk after the village Fjolde (German: Viöl) or sydslesvigsk (southern Schleswigian), the dialect had many archaic features otherwise lost in Danish, such as verbs fully inflected in person and number. The village was isolated between surrounding moorland, creating a language island, similar to the case of the Saterland Frisian language.

Place names
Place names in South Slesvig are of almost exclusively Danish origin, except in North Frisia and the southernmost area. Typical Scandinavian endings include -by, -bøl, -trup, -lund, -ved, -toft (in German form: -by, -büll, -trup, -lund, -witt, -toft). In some cases the South Jutlandic form has been eradicated from the Standard Danish variety of the name, but is still visible in the Germanised version:

In many other cases the Germanised versions are out of etymological context. Examples include the Danish ending -næs (peninsula) being replaced by -nitz, an unrelated Slavic ending which is common in eastern Germany. Such arbitrary translations were often made by the central Prussian government after the whole of Slesvig was ceded to Prussia after the war of 1864.

The South Jutlandic name of the town of Schleswig (Slesvig), from which the region derives its name, was Sljasvig with the stress on the second syllable.

title: South Jutlandic


text:
Talk:Frankston line

Early text
I added the infrastructure section, but I am not familiar with the infrastructure after Cheltenham station. --  B.d.mills  (Talk) 22:10, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Frankston railway line. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110123170538/http://bayside-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/mordialloc-both-parties-promise-southland-train-station/ to http://bayside-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/mordialloc-both-parties-promise-southland-train-station/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:03, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

Note for page update
As this is one of the few services in Melbourne that runs the full lenght of the line (excluding an extension as the Stony Point service), there will need to be a few extra section added compared to the other Metro Trains Melbourne services. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 09:43, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Both rail service and rail line infoboxes - service will cover important info regarding the current server while line will cover the physical line info not covered in the service one (eg former connection, line electrification dates, etc).
 * Former stations - For stations where they aren't notable enough for their own page, they at supposed to be included on the rail line page. For other Melbourne services, this can be moved to the closed extended sections page (where the extended section is itself notable enough to have a separate page).

 * The reason for this is that this page needs to be treated as a merged Frankston Metro Service page and a Frankston Railway Line page. Unlike some of the other Melbourne ones (eg Cranbourne Metro Service with the separate South Gippsland railway line). -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 10:34, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Service infobox:
 * Name: Frankston Service - to distinguish it from the Frankston (Physical Track)
 * First service: 1 August 1882 - useful information
 * Length: the correct length according to Metro Trains Melbourne documentation of the electrified Frankston line is 43.230km
 * Average journey time: 1 hour 7 minutes (does not need "~" as it is already described as an average time)
 * Frequency: still need checking, I just copied previous info (I will check it with the official timetable when I get time later this week)
 * Former operator: Victorian Railways (VR) (1882–1974) - was only to Mordialloc in 1881 so not a Frankston service
 * -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 11:06, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok good idea. Make sure to also add the closed stations into the track map (different to the metro train service map) when you have some time. I'll then nominate it for GA status once this has been completed. HoHo3143 (talk) 09:20, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The route map is waiting on Template talk:Rail-interchange, apparently Stony Point didn't exist in the rail-interchange template. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 09:27, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting... hopefully they approve the edit soon. In the mean time, that's the map for the metro service- what about one for the rail line (example: Cranbourne Line)? HoHo3143 (talk) 09:35, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Both are now done
 * New Metro service map: Template:Frankston Metro Service
 * New line map: Template:Frankston Line
 * --ThylacineHunter  (talk) 12:30, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

no mention of the line being connected to the craigieburn line
as this is in important part of the line's future I don't see why it has basically 0 mention in the article. Although it isn't comfirmed yet it should have some mentioning in the article probably like a sentence or two NotOrrio (talk) 22:10, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

 * According to the PTV 2025 map that won't be the case. You also just wrote "although it may not be confirmed"?! HoHo3143 (talk) 06:37, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @NotOrrio I've just done a quick google search and nothing has come up- where have you heard this? HoHo3143 (talk) 06:40, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * it won't be present in 2025 as the two lines being connected will happen in stage four of the Network Development Plan Metropolitan Rail. To clarify I saw this in the following pdf  uploaded to PTV NotOrrio (talk) 06:44, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and made a one sentence mention. HoHo3143 (talk) 09:15, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * corrected it to although it isn't comfirmed yet as that was what i was trying to originally say NotOrrio (talk) 06:46, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

Route maps have an error
Waiting on Template talk:Rail-interchange. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 12:38, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

 * This has now been fixed. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 13:33, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Glen Waverley railway line which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 02:03, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frankston line