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New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade

The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade was a brigade of the New Zealand Army during the First World War. Raised in 1914 as part of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, it was one of the first New Zealand units to sail for service overseas.

The brigade was formed from three regiments – the Auckland Mounted Rifles, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles, the Wellington Mounted Rifles – and smaller support units. Altogether the brigade had an establishment of 1,940 men and 2,032 horses and by the end of the war over 17,700 men had served in the brigade. However, the entire brigade's dismounted rifle strength was the equivalent of only a battalion of infantry.

By the end of 1914, the brigade had arrived in British Egypt and was assigned to the New Zealand and Australian Division. Its first active service was, in a dismounted role, during the Gallipoli Campaign, where they fought against the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Seven months later, after the evacuation from Gallipoli, the brigade returned to Egypt, and in 1916, became part of the ANZAC Mounted Division. The brigade was then used in defence of the Suez Canal. Then following an abortive Turkish attack in the Sinai Desert, it took part in clearing the invaders from Egypt. Then in the next two years, it forced the Turkish forces out of Palestine, collectively known as the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. Following its successful conclusion in 1918, the brigade played a small part in the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, before being disbanded in June 1919.

As of 2022 one mounted rifles unit (Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles) is retained in the modern New Zealand Army.

Background

On 4 August 1914, the British Empire declared war on the German Empire. Two days later, to assist the war effort, New Zealand offered to send a New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) to fight alongside the British Army. That offer was accepted by the Imperial Cabinet and amongst the troops asked for was a mounted infantry brigade. Which became known as the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade. Being mounted infantry the brigade was expected to ride to the site of the battle, then dismounted and fight on foot, just like normal infantry.

The brigade's first commanding officer was Colonel Andrew Russell. His command comprised a headquarters, three regiments, each with three squadrons, and support troops, formed from the New Zealand Territorial Force, The Territorial Force included a compulsory training system and the four New Zealand Military Districts were required to supply a mounted regiment for the NZEF. To meet that obligation the Territorial Force regiments, each provided a squadron, which kept their own regimental badges and traditions. All together the brigade has an establishment of 1,940 men and 2,032 horses. However the entire brigade only had a dismounted rifle strength the equivalent of an infantry battalion. Such was the nature of the fighting they were involved in, that by the end of the war over 17,700 men would serve in the brigade.

Formation
Initially, in 1914, the brigade comprised a Brigade Headquarters, three mounted regiments, the Auckland Mounted Rifles, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles, the Wellington Mounted Rifles, and support units, from the New Zealand Engineers, a Field Ambulance and an Ammunition Subsection. New Zealand did not supply an artillery battery for the brigade, as it was always intended artillery would be provided by the British Army. Another regiment, the Otago Mounted Rifles, raised as a divisional cavalry regiment, was assigned to the brigade during the Gallipoli Campaign. Then in the early stages of the Sinai Campaign the Australian 5th Light Horse Regiment, for a time, replaced the Wellington Mounted Rifles. In July 1916, the three regiments lost their machine-gun sections, which were amalgamated, to form the Brigade Machine-Gun Squadron.

Training in New Zealand
In New Zealand, the brigade's reinforcements trained at Featherston Camp north east of Wellington where about 8,000 men were housed in nearly 300 buildings, including three billiard rooms, a post office, a cinema, sixteen dining halls, six cook-houses and stables for 500 horses. The training programme included eight weeks of dismounted drill, two weeks of shooting, eight weeks of mounted drill and lectures on sanitation, military law and discipline, animal management and stable duties. All mounted reinforcements had to pass confirmatory riding tests before being cleared to go overseas. Once trained the men were sent to Sydney or Melbourne in Australia, where they embarked on Australian troopships bound for Suez.

Egypt
A little over two months after the declaration of war, in October 1914, the brigade sailed from New Zealand. Arriving in the Suez Canal on 3 December 1914, they disembarked at Alexandria two days later. Then entrained for Cairo, and established a camp in the western suburb of Zeitoun. The brigade was now assigned to the New Zealand and Australian Division, with the New Zealand Infantry Brigade, and two Australian brigades' the 1st Light Horse Brigade and the 4th Brigade. On 18 December Egypt until then a Turkish province, came under the protection of the British Empire, and the Khedive was replaced by Prince Hussein Kamel Pasha, as the Sultan of Egypt. Three days after his coronation the brigade, in a display of strength, marched through Cairo.

The brigade used their time training, which consisted of day and night marches through the desert, combined with rifle and machine-gun practice. Culminating in a four-day exercise, in February, when they marched around 25 mi each day. In April the division's two infantry brigades were given orders to leave for a then-unknown destination. Which was followed by the news of the Gallipoli landings. Then a week later the brigade was ordered to prepare to follow the rest of the division. However, they would leave their horses behind serving in a dismounted role.

Gallipoli

The brigade's transport ships arrived off Gallipoli on 12 May. The troops were kept on board until dark, then landed at Anzac Cove, camping that night on the beach. The next day they took over the northern, No.4 Section, of the beachhead. Relieving the Royal Naval Brigade, on Walkers Ridge, brigade headquarters was set up on the highest point of the ridge, which became known as Russell's Top. The Wellington Mounted Rifles were on the right, looking down into Monash Valley, the Auckland Mounted Rifles in the centre and the Canterbury Mounted rifles on their left, on the slopes down to the sea, with responsibility for the No.1 and No.2 Posts. The No.2 Post was the beach-heads furthest north position, only 2 mi from Chatham's Post the southernmost point. The outlying position of the two posts meant that movement between them and the main lines, could only be done safely at night.

Defence of Walker's Ridge
In May intelligence reports indicated that Turkish reinforcements were grouping around the ANZAC positions, preparing an attack. Just after midnight 19 May, from No.2 Post to Chathams Post, the Turks opened fire with their small arms and artillery, and threw hand grenades at the ANZAC trenches. This continued until 03:30 when the Turkish infantry went over the top. In the brigade's sector their main effort fell on the Auckland Mounted Rifles. They held their fire until the Turks were around twenty yards (18 m) away. Then every weapon opened up, the machine-guns causing severe casualties amongst the attackers, who were forced to go to ground and take cover. At daybreak they Turks started to retire to their own lines leaving thousands of dead behind, 500 of them in front of the Auckland's positions. The Canterbury Mounted Rifles defending in No.2 Post, then observed a Turkish force opposite Walker's Ridge, forming for another attack. One of their machine-guns catching them with enfilade fire, broke up the gathering and forced them to withdraw. The rest of the day was quiet, apart from both sides artillery, then on 20 May another Turkish attack began, but faltered in the face of the brigade's machine-gun fire and withdrew back to their own lines. That afternoon white flags appeared above the Turkish trenches, and all the firing stopped. It appeared they wanted a truce to collect their wounded but instead started collecting arms and ammunition and bringing forward reinforcements. The brigade issued a warning that they would commence firing in ten minutes, and they returned to their trenches. However an armistice was later agreed for the 24 May, between 07:30 and 16:30, so they could bury the dead. The Turkish troops, were also observed improving and constructing new trenches at the Nek, Baby 700, and further north on Battleship Hill and along the Sari Bair hills.

No.3 Post
On 27 May the brigade realised the Turks were building a new position, at the base of the foothills, around 450 yd east of the No.2 Post and when completed it would be a danger to the New Zealand post. So it would have to be captured and the task was given to the 1st Squadron, Canterbury Mounted Rifles. The squadron assembled at No.2 Post and after dark, at 22:00, 28 May assaulted the position, and by 23:30 had forced the Turkish defenders to withdraw.

Once secured the 6th Squadron Wellington Mounted Rifles, carrying spades and picks to improve the defences, moved in to occupy the position. Now known as No.3 Post, the squadron was ordered to "hold the post till relieved". Digging through the night, at daybreak they had to stop and take cover when the post came under fire from the surrounding hills. Unable to do anything but take cover all day, that night at 21:30 the 6th Squadron was relieved by the 9th Squadron Wellington Mounted Rifles. The squadron attempted to improve their defences, but thirty minutes later around 1,000 Turks had surrounded, and attacked the post and by 23:30 had cut the telephone wires to the rest of the brigade. The dead ground to their front meant the defenders had to expose themselves on the trench parapet to open fire, which for a time kept the attackers at bay. But the strength of the Turkish attack enabled them to advance to the edge of the New Zealander's trenches. At midnight the 2nd Squadron Wellington Mounted Rifles, were sent forward to reinforce the position. But were unable to break through the Turkish lines and had to establish their own defensive position on the slopes between No.2 and No.3 Posts. At 03:00 the 9th Squadron, opened fire on and thwarted a Turkish assault building in the south of the post. Then thirty minutes later the Turks again attacked No.3 Post, with hand grenades and their small arms. However, the 2nd Squadron could now assist with covering fire, from their position. At dawn one of the 2nd Squadron's troops, counter-attacked and cleared the Turks out of the trenches to the left of No.2 Post. At 06:30, using signal flags 9th Squadron re-established communications with brigade headquarters. Throughout the day both squadrons held their positions, but ammunition and supplies were running low. So the 6th Squadron Wellington Mounted Rifles was sent forward to join the 2nd Squadron, but in the face of the Turkish firepower, they could not advance any further. The Turkish, now estimated to number around 3,000 men, continued attacking all day to capture No.3 Post. At 19:10 the 9th Squadron reported they had lost the northern side of the post, which had been captured by the Turks. During the same time the 6th Squadron had managed to advance to within 100 yd of the post. However, as it got dark the Turkish attacks petered out and at 22:30 the 10th Squadron and half of the 8th Squadron Canterbury Mounted Rifles managed to break through to No.3 Post and relieved the defenders. The Canterbury Mounted Rifles now occupied the post and fought off several Turkish attacks. But events had convinced the high command that it was impossible to defend No.3 Post and it was abandoned the same night. The brigade's casualties, were forty-two dead and 109 wounded. On 28 May the Otago Mounted Rifles, which had been attached to the brigade, took over from the Canterbury Mounted Rifles in the front line.

Chunuk Bair
The objective of the British August offensive was to seize Chunuk Bair, a high point in the Sari Bair mountain range. The New Zealand and Australian Division would provide the attacking force. The initial part of the attack was to clear the Turks from the foothills, which was given to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, reinforced by a Māori Pioneer Battalion.

The attack began over the night of 5/6 August the Auckland Mounted Rifles successfully captured the Old No.3 Post. To their left the Canterbury and Otago Mounted rifles without firing a shot, only using their bayonets, cleared the Chailak Dere valley, then advanced to Aghyl Dere in the north. Capturing Taylor's Hollow, Walden's Point, and finally Beauchop Hill. To the right the Wellington Mounted Rifles and the Māoris captured Destroyer Ridge, and then scaled the north-east face of Table Top and at 22:55 attacked the Turks from the rear capturing the position.

The next day the Auckland and Canterbury Mounted Rifles, the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and two British battalions, were combined as No.1 Column commanded by Brigadier-General Francis Earl Johnston. The Column were to hold the ground already occupied and extend their lines to the south and east. When they reported to Johnstone at "Chailak Dere", where they ordered to hold the position "to the last man". All during the following day, the attacking Turks sky-lining themselves moving over the hill, becoming easy targets for the defenders, and were engaged with enfilade fire.

Holding out until they were relived on 9 August, the brigade, which was understrength to start with, had virtually ceased to exist as a fighting unit. The Auckland Mounted Rifles only had sixty-six men from a strength of 310 all ranks that had started the battle. The Canterbury Mounted Rifles lost 105 men around forty percent of their strength. The Wellington Mounted Rifles, had sixty-seven men left from 173 all ranks.

Hill 60
Two weeks later the Canterbury and Otago Mounted Rifles were selected to take part in the next battle to capture Hill 60. At 15:30 21 August the battle began, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles charging straight at the hill suffered sixty percent casualties, among them their commanding officer. They did however succeed in capturing the Turkish trench, within fifteen minutes of going over the top. But on either side of them, the rest of the attack had failed, leaving the two regiments isolated from the rest of the force. By themselves, the two regiments did not have the manpower to continue the assault, so they were ordered to dig in and hold the position. Which they did until 23 August when they were relieved by the Auckland and Wellington Mounted Rifles.

On 27 August a second attempt to capture Hill 60 began. At 17:00 the Auckland and Canterbury Mounted Rifles captured the Turkish front line. The Wellington and Otago Mounted Rifles following up, passed beyond them and captured the Turkish reserve line. On the other flanks the supporting assaults had failed, leaving the Wellington and Otago Mounted Rifles isolated on a narrow front. So the brigade consolidated the ground already captured and moved forward their machine-guns, to support the defence, the forward line of which only consisted of forty men. However, all four regiments suffered heavy casualties and had to fight off several counter-attacks. Until 29 August when they were relieved and moved to the rear.

Evacuation
In September the brigade, now only twenty officers and 229 other ranks, was relieved by the Australians and left the peninsula for the rest camp on the island of Lemnos, arriving at Moudros on 14 September. While recuperating the survivors were joined by, thirty officers and 1,060 other ranks, replacements for their casualties.

On 10 November the brigade returned to Gallipoli, Moving back into the front line, they were not involved in any more assaults. Then on 12 December orders for the evacuation were issued. The first men to leave were anyone with the slightest illness. Then one regiment or battalion from each brigade, the Auckland Mounted Rifles, were chosen, from the brigade. This meant that the remainder had to extend their lines covering for them. The last men were due to leave over the night of 19/20 December. Each regiment was divided into three groups, the first group leaving at the 17:30 19 December, followed by the second smaller group at 21:35. The last group of men having to cover for the whole brigade kept up a steady rate of fire and moved their machine-guns around the position to support the deception that all defences were fully manned. The last group was also divided into three, the first of which left at 01:45 20 December. Followed by the next group who waited ten minutes then followed them and the last small group of men left at 02:05. Once on the evacuation beach, they boarded their transport ships they sailed back to Lemnos. Then on 22 December returned to Egypt, arriving at Alexandria on 26 December, and eventually arrived back at their old camp at Zeitoun. During the campaign 4,000 men served with the brigade and almost fifty percent of them, 727 dead and 1,239 wounded, became casualties.

Sinai
In January 1916, the brigade left Zeitoun and headed east camping that night beside the Great Bitter Lake on the Suez Canal. While here they conducted desert training and each squadron, in turn, was sent across the canal on reconnaissance patrols into the Sinai Desert. In February they carried out a dual role of manning trenches along the canal, dismounted, and doing long range mounted patrols into the Sinai. Then in March, the brigade was assigned to the newly formed ANZAC Mounted Division, alongside the Australian 1st, 2nd and 3rd Light Horse Brigades.

Katia
Without any notice at 20:30 23 April, the brigade was ordered to Kantara 32 mi away on the Suez Canal. The reason was not then known, but it later transpired a Turkish force in the Sinai Desert had attacked British yeomanry positions at Katia and Oghratina. They reached Kantara at 07:00 and an hour later moved into the desert camping at Hill 70 for the night and sent out reconnaissance patrols into the desert and manned observation posts. Patrol activity was kept up, most of the time at troop strength, but some involved the complete brigade. On 15 July 1916, the three mounted regiments lost their machine-gun sections, which were transferred to the newly formed brigade Machine-Gun Squadron. However, a shortage of equipment meant that they only had six of the newer Vickers machine guns and six older Maxim guns. Four days later, reconnaissance aircraft spotted a large Turkish force moving west across the desert.

Post war
The New Zealand Mounted Rifles were the probable main participants in the Surafand Massacre of Palestinian Arab civilians on 10 December 1918 in revenge for the murder of a New Zealand soldier and other previous incidents; some Australian and possibly British troops were also present.

title: New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade


text: User talk:80.176.155.12

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:80.176.155.12


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The Fellowship of the Ring (disambiguation)

The Fellowship of the Ring (1954) is the first volume of The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955) by J. R. R. Tolkien.

The Fellowship of the Ring may also refer to:
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, a 2001 film directed by Peter Jackson
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack), soundtrack of the film of the same name
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game), a 2002 video game based on the book, but not on the film
 * The Fellowship of the Ring: A Software Adventure or Lord of the Rings: Game One, a 1985 computer game
 * The Fellowship of the Ring (board game), a 1983 game from Iron Crown Enterprises


text: Template:Blue Collar Comedy

title: Template:Blue Collar Comedy


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GenOn Energy Holdings

GenOn Energy Holdings, formerly Mirant Corporation, was a subsidiary of GenOn Energy, and is now a part of NRG Energy.

The company was spun off from its former parent, Southern Company, on April 2, 2001. The company was merged into GenOn Energy on 3 December 2010. The company then became part of NRG Energy in December 2012.

Mirant operated 13 plants in the states of California, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, and Virginia and has the capacity to generate approximately 10,300 MW of electricity.

Southern beginnings and spinoff
Mirant began its corporate existence in 1981 as Southern Electric International (SEI), a small consulting division of Southern Company that provided engineering and technical services to industrial companies, domestic and international utilities. With the Energy Policy Act of 1992 deregulation arrived in the US electric power sector, and SEI ventured into global markets with the acquisition of a 50% stake in Freeport Power, a Bahamian utility. In the years to come, other acquisitions followed, notably the acquisition of a British distribution utility - South Western Electricity Board later renamed SWEB (now known as Western Power Distribution); a controlling interest in Hong Kong based Consolidated Electric Power Asia (CEPA), a stake in a German utility BEWAG, controlling interest in Empresa Electrica del Norte Grande, S. A. (EDELNOR) in Chile, and a hydroelectric generating facility in Argentina known as Hydroelectrica Alicura; giving it worldwide business interests in the Caribbean, Asian, South American and European energy markets. On the domestic front the company forged a joint venture in 1999 with Houston-based Vastar Energy to create Southern Company Energy Marketing, an electricity and gas trading company. That same year the company also acquired power generation facilities in New England (Canal station, Martha's Vineyard Diesels, Kendall Station), New York (Lovett and Bowline stations), California (Pittsburg, Potrero and Contra Costa stations). That same year SEI was renamed Southern Energy, in keeping with the broader theme of the products and markets that it pursued. Soon afterwards, its biggest domestic acquisition to date came in December 2000 with the purchase of the Morgantown, Chalk Point, Dickerson and Potomac River power generating assets from Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO). After an initial public offering of Southern Energy common stock in the fall of 2000, parent Southern Company completely spun off its interests in Southern Energy in April 2001 and a new publicly listed entity named Mirant Corporation began trading on the New York Stock exchange with the ticker symbol MIR. Between 2000 and 2003, the company continued its expansion in the U.S. markets with the acquisition or greenfield development of various gas-fired power plants in markets like Nevada, Texas, Wisconsin, Indiana, Arkansas, Louisiana, Georgia and Florida.

2003 bankruptcy
Following the disruption to the independent power industry precipitated by the bankruptcy of Enron, on July 14, 2003, after months of attempting to restructure its debt, the company sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

The Mirant bankruptcy proceedings were unusual in that the court agreed to the appointment of a committee of equity holders. The usual reasoning is that if there is any positive equity in a company, the company should not be in Chapter 11—and if there isn't, there is no reason for a committee of people without such an interest. But the judge did find it sufficiently likely in Mirant that there would be equity interest after re-organization to create such a committee.

In January 2006, Mirant emerged from bankruptcy and the company was relisted to the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MIR. The equity holders from the pre-bankruptcy Mirant did retain a portion of the equity of the re-organized entity.

Prior to the bankruptcy filing, Mirant had attempted to expand the Potrero plant, but neighborhood and community activists fought the proposal for five years and on March 2, 2006, the California Public Utilities Commission announced its rejection of Mirant's expansion plans. The plant was scheduled to be shut down sometime in 2007 in preparation for constructing a more modern replacement, but subsequently plans were scaled back and now call for the existing plant to simply be upgraded.

In 2007, Mirant sold some gas-fired generating plants and its overseas power plants in the Philippines and in the Caribbean.

2010 Merger
On Sunday, April 11, 2010 Mirant announced it was merging with RRI Energy, a company formerly known as Reliant Energy. The merger, which was completed on December 3, 2010, resulted in a company known as GenOn Energy.

Operations

 * Mirant's Morgantown Generating Station, located near the unincorporated town of Morgantown, Maryland, was ranked as the best coal-fired plant in terms of heat-rate efficiency in the United States in Electric Power & Light magazine's 2004 survey of power plants.
 * The Dickerson Generating Station, located near Dickerson, Maryland, and other Mirant Mid-Atlantic sites are Wildlife Habitat Council (WHC) certified and have received national recognition for their contributions to wildlife habitat conservation. Efforts include providing artificial nesting structures and planting native trees, shrubs, and aquatic plants.
 * In 2004, Mirant's Canal generating plant (Sandwich, Massachusetts) became the first power plant in Massachusetts to reduce emissions as part of a new state effort to achieve the nation's toughest air emission standards for steam-electric plants.
 * The Potrero Generating Station in San Francisco is among the oldest electrical power facilities in California and located at the site of the first power station run by the company that eventually became Pacific Gas and Electric. It is now shut down.

Environmental record
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Mirant as the 63rd-largest corporate producer of Air pollution in the United States, based on 2002 data, with roughly 19 million pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air. Major pollutants indicated by the study include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and chromium compounds.

Chesapeake Climate Action Network blockade of Dickerson Power Plant
On November 10, 2004, a group of Chesapeake Climate Action Network activists, students, farmers, and religious officials held a protest against the coal-fired Dickerson Power Plant in Montgomery County, Maryland. During the protest, six people were arrested for trespassing on private property. The protestors called on the plant's owner, the Mirant Corporation, to stop opposing state and federal legislation against power plant pollution.

Tax issues
Mirant, which owns and operates two power plants in the Hudson Valley Region of New York State, failed to pay its property taxes in a dispute with tax authorities, claiming over-assessments by the Towns of Stony Point and Haverstraw New York, as well as the North Rockland School District. Under the terms of bankruptcy, Mirant held payment in excess of $180 million due this last several years while a settlement could be reached. This case, which has caused local residents to themselves file bankruptcy, cost the average taxpayer over $2000 in increased property taxes.

The higher than average assessments paid to the local municipalities were part of a strategy used by the Consolidated Edison and Orange and Rockland Utilities, whose plants Mirant assumed after deregulation, to site their plants in the Hudson River Valley Area.

Following proceedings in state court, a settlement was reached between Mirant and the towns in December 2006, with taxes based on lower assessed values of the two power plants.

Federal Court Cases
Local 369 of the Utility Workers Union of America (UWUA) recently succeeded in enforcing an arbitration award in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. The court determined that Mirant did not have just cause to discharge two workers for viewing pornographic materials on a computer. Federal Judge Douglas P. Woodlock denied Mirant’s motion to vacate the award, and the union’s motion for judgment was granted.

title: GenOn Energy Holdings


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Terry Kennedy (skateboarder)

Terry Kennedy (born 1985 (age 36)), sometimes referred to by his nicknames "TK" or "Compton-Ass Terry", is an African American former professional skateboarder. He was sponsored by Baker Skateboards and Pharrell's Billionaire Boys Club. He is the co-founder of Fly Society, a clothing and music brand.

Shooting
In June 2005, Kennedy was shot twice while leaving a party in Long Beach; once in the forearm and once in the jaw. He later recovered.

Murder charge
Kennedy was arrested on July 27, 2021, at a motel in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois, for the assault and subsequent death of fellow skateboarder Josiah Kassahun. Kennedy was charged with murder in the first degree. Kennedy was represented by senior assistant public defender Michael J. Sweeney.

Following trial, Kennedy was acquitted of the murder charge on December 2, 2022, but he was convicted of two counts of aggravated battery. On February 28, 2023, Kennedy was sentenced to five years in prison on the battery charge.

Appearances
Kennedy appeared on Bam Margera's MTV television shows Viva La Bam, Bam's Unholy Union and Rob Dyrdek's MTV show Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory. He also made cameo appearance in Snoop Dogg's chart-topping song "Drop It Like It's Hot", as well as in the video for Mistah Fab's song "Ghost Ride It". Kennedy was also featured on ABC Family's show Switched! He appears in the skateboarding video game Skate and its sequels Skate 2, 3 and Skate It. Kennedy also appeared on the documentary Beef IV to discuss a beef he had with Lupe Fiasco.

Videos
Skate videos that Kennedy has appeared in includes:
 * Ice Cream Vol. 1
 * Baker 2G
 * Summer Tour 2001
 * Baker 3
 * Baker Has a Deathwish
 * Shake Junt's Chicken Bone Nowison
 * Bake and Destroy

title: Terry Kennedy (skateboarder)


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title: File:Elektra 3.jpg


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Washington Park station (TriMet)

Washington Park is a light rail station in Portland, Oregon, United States, served by TriMet as part of the MAX Light Rail system. Situated between Sunset Transit Center and Goose Hollow/Southwest Jefferson Street station, it is the 17th and 3rd station eastbound on the Blue Line and the Red Line, respectively. The station's two tracks and island platform are part of the Robertson Tunnel beneath Portland's West Hills. Its head house and surface-level plaza occupy the middle of a parking lot surrounded by the Hoyt Arboretum, Oregon Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Oregon Zoo, and World Forestry Center. Washington Park is the only completely underground station in the MAX system. At 260 ft below ground, it is the deepest transit station in North America and in the western hemisphere. It is also the seventh-deepest in the world.

The station opened in September 1998 as part of the Westside MAX extension to downtown Hillsboro. Connections include TriMet bus route 63–Washington Park/Arlington Heights and a free seasonal shuttle. Various hiking trails, some a part of Portland's 40-Mile Loop, connect the station to other parts of Washington Park, including the International Rose Test Garden and the Portland Japanese Garden.

History
Plans to build a light rail line to serve Portland's western suburbs in Washington County emerged in 1979 with a proposal from regional government Metro to extend what would become the Metropolitan Area Express (MAX) from its inaugural terminus in downtown Portland farther west to the cities of Beaverton and Hillsboro. During early planning, several alternative alignments through the West Hills were determined, including routes along the Sunset Highway, Beaverton–Hillsdale Highway, and Multnomah Boulevard. A majority of jurisdictions had selected a Sunset Highway light rail alternative by June 1982, with the Portland City Council the last to adopt a resolution supporting this route in July 1983. Metro subsequently moved forward with this alternative, and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) authorized $1.3 million in funds to begin a preliminary engineering study. Soon afterwards, TriMet suspended the project to focus on the completion of the Banfield Light Rail Project.

Planning for the westside extension resumed in January 1988. Prior to the start of preliminary engineering efforts, the Portland City Council asked TriMet to consider building a rail tunnel through the West Hills instead of following the Sunset Highway alternative's proposal to run tracks on the surface alongside Canyon Road. TriMet's engineers noted that this surface option would carry a steep six- to seven-percent grade as opposed to only two percent in a tunnel. That May, TriMet awarded a $230,000 contract to surveying firm Spencer B. Gross of Portland to map out the proposed area and another $200,000 contract to a partnership between Cornforth Consultants of Tigard and tunneling firm Law/Geoconsult International International of Atlanta to determine alternative tunnel routes. After several months of soil testing, TriMet announced that a tunnel would be feasible. In October, the agency released a report that identified three tunnel options: a 3 mi "long tunnel" with a station serving the Oregon Zoo, the same long tunnel without a station, and a .5 mi "short tunnel". Both long tunnels featured a western portal west of Sylvan while the short tunnel featured one on Canyon Road, and all three had an eastern portal near Jefferson Street in Portland's Goose Hollow neighborhood. These proposals were immediately met with opposition from West Hills residents who feared that tunneling activity would trigger landslides.

The station was designed by the Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership (ZGF) architecture firm and built by Hoffman Construction Company, with engineering by Parsons Brinckerhoff. It opened in 1998 along with the rest of the westside MAX Line. Building Design & Construction named the station as its top public works project in 1999 in its Building Team Project of the Year competition.

In 2018, TriMet completed a $2.1 million renovation of the station's platform level. The agency partnered with ZGF for the renovation, which included mounting energy-efficient LED lighting and installing patterned tiles along the platform-side and elevator lobby walls. Artists from Mayer/Reed painted large-scale murals over the 300 ft walls across the tracks from the platform.

Surface
The surface portion includes a public plaza named in honor of Les AuCoin, a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives who supported the project. The entrance to the zoo is located just across a parking-lot road from the station plaza, having been moved north from its previous location the weekend after the station opened. Two high-speed elevators are located at either end of the underground station; visitors to the Oregon Zoo are directed to the east elevators while people going to the World Forestry Center are pointed to the west.

Underground

The Robertson Tunnel consists of two single-track tubes, one for each direction of travel. The 200 ft station platform is between the rails, accessed from the left side of trains. A geological timeline—created from a drilling core sample—runs along the platform walls. The eastbound platform is marked by yellow roof girders, symbolizing the sunrise; the westbound platform has orange roof girders, symbolizing the sunset. The platforms were nicknamed Sunrise and Sunset, respectively, by TriMet.

Trains entering the tunnel more than a mile away can be heard from the platforms. They move at up to 55 mph and push a stream of constant-temperature air into the station. This, coupled with the surrounding rock, keeps the platform at a natural average temperature of 50 °F year round.

A memorial to the only worker killed during the construction of the Robertson Tunnel is located on the wall next to the tunnel portal at the east end of the "Sunset" (westbound) platform.

Elevators
The elevators stop at only two levels, surface (S) and tunnel (T) level. As a part of the station's geological theme, the floor indicators outside the elevators refer to these two levels not by conventional floor numbers but by "the present" and "16 million years ago"—for the surface level and tunnel level, respectively. During ascent and descent, a moving indicator display inside each elevator shows the current position expressed as elevation above sea level in feet. The 26-story (28 for the west elevators) equivalent ride takes about 25 seconds. Due to the hillside surface slope, the west elevators are 20 ft taller than the east elevators.

Bus line connections
This underground MAX station is served by one bus line, the Washington Park Free Shuttle, which now runs year-round (since May 2019), after having been seasonal in the past. Previously, TriMet line 63–Washington Park/Arlington Heights also served the station, but ceased to do so in May 2022.

title: Washington Park station (TriMet)


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The Two Towers (disambiguation)

The Two Towers is the second part of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien.

The Two Towers may also refer to:
 * The Two Towers (MUD), a multi-user role-playing game established in 1994
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, a 2002 film adaptation of the novel directed by Peter Jackson
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game), a 2002 video game based on the film
 * The medieval Two Towers, Bologna, found in the Piazza di Porta Ravegnana, Bologna, Italy

title: The Two Towers (disambiguation)


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WPY

WPY may refer to:
 * White Pass and Yukon Route, American-Canadian railroad
 * Wildlife Photographer of the Year, annual wildlife photography competition

title: WPY


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Frank Warren (American football)

Frank William Warren (September 14, 1959 – December 14, 2002) was an American professional football player who was a defensive lineman for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Auburn Tigers and selected by the Saints in the third round of the 1981 NFL Draft. He was a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity at Auburn.

Professional career
Frank Warren went on to play 189 games during his 14-year career with the New Orleans Saints, which is the third most games played with the team and the most for a New Orleans defensive lineman. He recorded 52½ sacks ranking fifth in team history. He missed the entirety of 1990 season due to an NFL suspension for violating the league's substance abuse policy for a third time and missed part of the 1993 season due to injuries but other than that was a constant presence on the defensive line. His teammates chose Frank for the Ed Block Courage Award in 1993 due to his inspiration, sportsmanship, and courage. His impressive career earned him an induction into the New Orleans Saints Hall of Fame in 2002 and inclusion on the Saints 50th Anniversary Team in 2019. He is one of only 7 players to have been drafted by the Saints and to have played 10+ years retiring without playing for any other teams.

Frank retired in 1994, at the age of 35, and joined the Saints coaching staff as a player liaison under coach Jim Mora. He attempted a football comeback in 1996 but doctors discovered multiple heart blockages and he had cardiac surgery less than two years later.

Health issues and death
Warren had battled drug addiction since his early days on the Saints and was caught up in a Federal DEA investigation involving cocaine and marijuana use and distribution along with several other Saints players including Chuck Muncie and Mike Strachan in 1983. He attended an unspecified rehab in 1989 before his league suspension took effect. He had been previously diagnosed with cardiac issues and had cardiac surgery in the late 90s. Frank Warren died in 2002, at the age of 43, after suffering a heart attack at his home in Birmingham, Alabama. By tragic coincidence, he had only five days earlier been interviewed for the HBO television program Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel to discuss the dangers of rising obesity among NFL linemen, many of whom now top 300 lb. Warren stated that his weight scared him and left him wondering every night if he'd wake up to see the next morning.

title: Frank Warren (American football)


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The Return of the King (disambiguation)

The Return of the King is the third volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings as originally printed.

The Return of the King may also refer to:

Media related to Tolkien's novel

 * The Return of the King (1980 film), a 1980 animated adaptation of Tolkien's novel distributed by Rankin/Bass
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, a 2003 live-action film directed by Peter Jackson
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game), a video game adaptation of the 2003 film by Electronic Arts

Television

 * "Return of the King" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), an episode of the sixth season of Brooklyn Nine-Nine
 * "Return of the King" (Entourage), an episode of Entourage
 * "Return of the King" (The Boondocks), an episode of The Boondocks
 * "The Return of the King" (Robin Hood), an episode of Robin Hood
 * King of Boys: The Return of the King, a Netflix original series

Other uses

 * "Return of the King" (comics), a 2009 Daredevil story arc
 * Return of the King (Eldee album), 2006
 * Return of the King: LeBron James, the Cleveland Cavaliers, and the Greatest Comeback in NBA History, a 2017 book by Brian Windhorst and Dave McMenamin

title: The Return of the King (disambiguation)


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The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea

"The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea" (Сказ о тульском косом Левше и о стальной блохе, Skaz o Tulskom kosom Levshe i o stalnoy Blokhe), The Tale of the Crosseyed Lefthander from Tula and the Steel Flea or simply Levsha (Левша, left-handed), variously translated as The Lefthander, Lefty, The Steel Flea or The Left-handed Craftsman is a well-known 1881 skaz (story) by Nikolai Leskov. Styled as a folk tale, it tells a story of a left-handed arms craftsman from Tula (traditionally a center of the Russian armaments industry) who outperformed his English colleagues by providing a clockwork steel flea they'd made with horseshoes and inscriptions on them.

Synopsis
Tsar Alexander I of Russia, while visiting England with his servant the Cossack Platov, is shown a variety of modern inventions. Platov keeps insisting that things in Russia are much better (embarrassing a guide at one point when he finds something that appears well made that turns out to be a Russian gun), until they are shown a small mechanical flea. After his ascension the next tsar, Nicolas I, orders Platov (after he tries to hide the flea) to find someone to outperform the English who had created the clockwork steel flea (as small as a crumb, and the key to wind it up can only be seen through a microscope). Platov travels to Tula to find someone to better the English invention. Three gunsmiths agree to do the work and barricade themselves in a workshop. Villagers try to get them to come out in various ways (for example by yelling "fire"), but no one can get them to come out. When Platov arrives to check on their progress, he has some Cossacks try to open the workshop. They succeed in getting the roof to come off, but the crowd is disgusted when the trapped smell of body odor and metal work comes out of the workshop. The gunsmiths hand Platov the same flea he gave them and he curses them, believing that they have done absolutely nothing. He ends up dragging Lefty with him in order to have someone to answer for the failure.

The flea is given to the czar, to whom Lefty explains that he needs to look closer and closer at the flea to see what they have achieved. He winds it up and finds that it doesn't move. He discovers that, without any microscopes ("We are poor people"), Lefty and his accomplices managed to put appropriately sized horseshoes (with the craftsmen's engraved signatures) on the flea (Lefty made the nails, which cannot be seen since they are so small), which amazes the Tsar and the English (even though the flea now cannot dance as it used to). Lefty then gets an invitation and travels to England to study the English way of life and technical accomplishments. The English hosts try to talk him into staying in England, but he feels homesick and returns to Russia at the earliest opportunity. On the way back, he engages in a drinking duel with an English sailor, arriving in Saint Petersburg. The sailor is treated well, but the authorities finding no identification on Lefty and believing him to be a common drunkard, send him off to die in a hospital for unknowns.

The sailor, after sobering up, decides to find his new friend, and with the aid of Platov they locate him. While dying (his head is smashed from being thrown onto the pavement), he tells the doctor to tell the Emperor to stop having his soldiers clean their muskets with crushed brick (after he sees a dirty gun in England and realizes it fires so well because they keep it oily). The message never arrives, however, because the war minister tells the doctor to mind his own business. Leskov comments (in the tale) that the Crimean War might have turned out differently if the message had been delivered. The story ends with Leskov commenting on the replacement of good, hard-earned labor and creativity with machines.

Commentary
In his letter to the editor, Leskov mentioned that critics alleged that the story is a retelling of an "old and well-known legend". Leskov retorted that there was nothing of the kind, and the only thing known is a quip "The English made a flea of steel, and our Tula people shod it and sent it back to them".

The language of the story is unique; Leskov coined many folk-flavored neologisms and colloquialisms (many of them being replacements of borrowed non-Slavic words, very funny and natural). Many of them have become common sayings and proverbs.

Both Slavophiles and Westernizers used the story in support of their view. Leskov himself wrote that the story of Levsha may signify amazing Russian ingenuity and craftsmanship, but it also exposes the Russian society which neglects most talented Russian people, nevertheless Levsha is a patriot and wants to return home, although he sees that in England smart and laborious people live better.

Cultural influence
In 1952, a ballet adaption was developed by Boris Alexandrovich Alexandrov and P. F. Abolimov. In order to maximize the ballet's patriotic message, the story was changed so that the flea keeps its leap and Lefty survives to return home to a love interest. The libretto was thought clumsy by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party, however, and the ballet was only ever staged twice, in 1954 and 1976.

In 1964, Soviet director Ivan Ivanov-Vano made an animated 42-minute-long film called Lefty (Левша) that was based on the story.

A live-action film The Left-Hander was made in 1986. This version is played several times a day at the Museum of Jurassic Technology.

The book describes a microscope which can magnify up to five million times, similar to actual microscopes that are now being used in nanotechnology. For this reason it is featured in a Nature Physics article from 2007.

In the Russian language, the hero's nickname, Levsha (Lefty), has become a reference to an exceptionally skilled common-folk craftsman, and the expression "to shoe a flea" has become an idiomatic phrase signifying a craftsman's feat.

Translations into English

 * Isabel F. Hapgood (1916) as "The Steel Flea"
 * Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky (1943) as "The Steel Flea"
 * David Magarshack (1946) as "The Left-Handed Artificer"
 * William B. Edgerton (1969) as "The Steel Flea"
 * Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (2013) as "Lefty"


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Warren Towers

Warren Towers is one of the three Boston University dormitories traditionally intended for underclassmen, the others being The Towers and West Campus. The building is located at central campus, next to the College of Communication (COM) and across from the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS). Housing approximately 1800 students, it is the second-largest non-military dormitory in the country, behind Jester Center at The University of Texas at Austin. The closest MBTA stop is Boston University East on the Green Line B branch, located directly in front of B and C Towers, in a center reservation on Commonwealth Avenue.

Original name
Originally, the building's name was simply "700", in reference to its 700 Commonwealth Avenue address. Its three towers were simply called, from east to west (left to right in the above photo), A Tower, B Tower, and C Tower. The building was first occupied in 1966; residents lived in A and B Towers while construction of C Tower was completed (this fact gave birth to the student "legend" that C Tower was constructed of spare parts from A and B towers). The third tower was completed and occupied in 1967.

Renaming
In 1976 the building was rechristened "Warren Towers" as a tribute to three generations of the Warren family at Boston University: William Fairfield Warren (the university's first president), William Marshall Warren (a Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences; son of William Fairfield Warren), and Shields Warren (a famous physician; son of William Marshall Warren and grandson of William Fairfield Warren). Additionally, each tower was renamed in honor of one of the men; A Tower is now "Fairfield Tower", B Tower is "Marshall Tower", and C Tower is "Shields Tower". Bronze plaques in the main lobby commemorate the three men. Although these are the formal names of the towers, it is rare to hear anyone refer to them in this way; the A/B/C convention is far more popular.

Gender segregation
The facility opened before the introduction of coeducational housing at BU, and as such A and B Towers housed women, and C Tower men. This reflected the high female-to-male ratio, a statistic that BU is still known for today. Although the building is now coeducational, some floors remain exclusively female. When in use by the university's summer programs (Academy of Media Production, High School Honors, Summer Challenge, Upward Bound, Upward Bound Math Science, Visual Arts’ Summer Institute, Summer Theatre Institute, Program in Mathematics for Young Scientists), one tower is exclusively male, while a second is exclusively female.

Layout

Warren Towers, 18 stories in height, is the largest dormitory on the Boston University campus. Its three towers sit atop a four-story base structure. The first three floors (and a basement) are a university parking facility; the fourth floor contains the dorm's lobby, dining hall, and other amenities including study lounges and laundry rooms.

Each of the tower's 14 residential floors house approximately 40 residents, including the Resident Assistant (RA). Most floors are divided into 18 doubles, four singles (including one for the RA), and a quad, though there are exceptions to this. For example, some floors in C Tower are home to faculty-in-residence, for whom small apartments have been created from the existing floor plan. Almost all floors have two shared bathrooms (one for each gender), though some single gender floors have a single bathroom.

In addition, all floors have a common room, except floors 5A and 5B, where a small laundry room is provided, and floor 17 of tower B, which is a boiler room for the facility. Like other campus housing facilities throughout campus, some floors are designated for certain schools. For example, the 11th and 14th floors of C Tower house only communication students.

Retail space
Originally the building presented one long blank wall along the 700 block of Commonwealth Avenue, with the exception of the plate-glass entryway leading to the escalator banks. One of the initiatives undertaken early in the tenure of President John Silber was to carve retail space out of the building at street level, to generate income. Today retail establishments accessible at street-level include Bank of America and Citizens Bank ATMs, Subway, Basho Express, a Japanese fusion to-go restaurant, and a City Convenience store. A Taco Bell closed in April 2008.

In the 1980s, retail tenants included Rumple's (a full-service restaurant; this space later became a Taco Bell); Nikki's sandwich shop (immediately west of the escalator entrance for the dormitory); and a Store 24 convenience store, which later converted to a university-owned "Campus Convenience" store.

Parking
Despite the ample parking space afforded by the multileveled garage in the lower section of the building, student parking is not permitted. The exception to this is for a short time around move-in and move-out periods when parking is free and the elevator banks are permitted to drop to the third floor of the garage, bypassing security and easing the moving experience.

At all other times parking is for faculty and staff by permit from the Office of Parking Services, or on a cash basis (the university leverages its close proximity to Fenway Park during baseball season to generate income in this way). Overnight parking is forbidden.

The Big U
Neal Stephenson's satirical first novel, The Big U, was loosely based on his experiences in Warren Towers, and is set in a fictional dormitory similar to Warren — with eight towers instead of three, but connected at a commons above ground level.

title: Warren Towers


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PSEG

PSEG may refer to:
 * Public Service Enterprise Group, a utility company
 * Punitive segregation, another term for solitary confinement
 * UDP-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-beta-L-altropyranose hydrolase, an enzyme

title: PSEG


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Xenon arc lamp

A xenon arc lamp is a highly specialized type of gas discharge lamp, an electric light that produces light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure. It produces a bright white light to simulate sunlight, with applications in movie projectors in theaters, in searchlights, and for specialized uses in industry and research. For instance, Xenon arc lamps with mercury lamps are the two most common lamps used in wide-field fluorescence microscopes.

Types
Xenon arc lamps can be roughly divided into three categories: continuous-output xenon short-arc lamps, continuous-output xenon long-arc lamps, and xenon flash lamps (which are usually considered separately).

Each consists of a fused quartz or other heat resistant glass arc tube, with a tungsten metal electrode at each end. The glass tube is first evacuated and then re-filled with xenon gas. For xenon flashtubes, a third "trigger" electrode usually surrounds the exterior of the arc tube. The lifetime of a xenon arc lamp varies according to its design and power consumption, with a major manufacturer quoting average lifetimes ranging from 500 hours (7kW) to 1,500 (1kW).

History
Interest in the xenon discharge was first aroused by P. Schulz in 1944, following his discovery of its near-continuous spectrum and high colour rendering white light. Owing to wartime limitations on the availability of this noble gas, significant progress was not made until John Aldington of the British Siemens lamp company published his research in 1949.

This triggered intensive efforts at the German Osram company to further develop the technology as a replacement for carbon arcs in cinema projection. The xenon lamp promised tremendous advantages of a more stable arc with less flicker, and its non-consumable electrodes allowed longer films to be shown without interruptions. Osram's primary contribution to this achievement was its thorough research of xenon discharge physics, which directed its developments towards very short arcs for DC operation with a particular electrode and bulb geometry. The cathode is kept small to reach high temperatures for thermionic emission, the anode being larger to dissipate the heat generated as incoming electrons are decelerated. Most light is generated immediately in front of the cathode tip, where arc temperatures reach 10,000°C. The plasma is accelerated towards the anode and stabilised by the electrode shapes plus intrinsic magnetic compression generated by the current flow, and convection effects controlled by the bulb shape.

Following these developments, the first successful public projection using xenon light was performed on 30 October 1950, when excerpts from a colour film (Schwarzwaldmädel) were shown during the 216th session of the German Cinematographic Society in Berlin. The technology was commercially introduced by German Osram in 1952. First produced in the 2 kW size (XBO2001), and the 1 kW (XBO1001) these lamps saw wide use in movie projection, where they replaced the older, more labor-intensive (to operate) carbon arc lamps.

Modern usage
The white continuous light generated by the xenon arc is spectrally similar to daylight, but the lamp has a rather low efficacy in terms of lumens of visible light output per watt of input power. Today, almost all movie projectors in theaters employ these lamps, with power ratings ranging from 900 watts up to 12 kW. Omnimax (Imax Dome) projection systems use single xenon lamps with ratings as high as 15 kW. As of 2016, laser illumination for digital theater projectors is starting to establish a market presence and has been predicted to supersede the xenon arc lamp for this application.

The very small size of the arc makes it possible to focus the light from the lamp with moderate precision. For this reason, xenon arc lamps of smaller sizes, down to 10 watts, are used in optics and in precision illumination for microscopes and other instruments, although in modern times they are being displaced by single mode laser diodes and white light supercontinuum lasers which can produce a truly diffraction-limited spot. Larger lamps are employed in searchlights where narrow beams of light are generated, or in film production lighting where daylight simulation is required.

All xenon short-arc lamps generate substantial ultraviolet radiation. Xenon has strong spectral lines in the UV bands, and these readily pass through the fused quartz lamp envelope unlike the borosilicate glass used in standard lamps; fused quartz readily passes UV radiation unless it is specially doped. The UV radiation released by a short-arc lamp can cause a secondary problem of ozone generation. The UV radiation strikes oxygen molecules in the air surrounding the lamp, causing them to ionize. Some of the ionized molecules then recombine as O3, ozone. Equipment that uses short-arc lamps as the light source must contain UV radiation shielding and prevent ozone build-up.

Many lamps have a shortwave UV blocking coating on the envelope and are sold as "ozone free" lamps. These "ozone free" lamps are used commonly in indoor applications, where proper ventilation is not easily accessible. Some lamps have envelopes made out of ultra-pure synthetic fused silica (such as "Suprasil"), which roughly doubles the cost, but which allows them to emit useful light into the vacuum UV region. These lamps are normally operated in a pure nitrogen atmosphere.

Lamp construction
All modern xenon short-arc lamps use a fused quartz envelope with thoriated tungsten electrodes. Fused quartz is the only economically feasible material currently available that can withstand the high pressure (25 atmospheres for an IMAX bulb) and high temperature present in an operating lamp, while still being optically clear. The thorium dopant in the electrodes greatly enhances their electron emission characteristics. Because tungsten and quartz have different coefficients of thermal expansion, the tungsten electrodes are welded to strips of pure molybdenum metal or Invar alloy, which are then melted into the quartz to form the envelope seal.

Because of the very high power levels involved, large lamps are water-cooled. In those used in IMAX projectors, the electrode bodies are made from solid Invar and tipped with thoriated tungsten. An O-ring seals the tube, so that the naked electrodes do not contact the water. In low power applications the electrodes are too cold for efficient electron emission and are not cooled. In high power applications an additional water cooling circuit for each electrode is necessary. To reduce cost, the water circuits are often not separated and the water needs to be deionized to make it electrically non-conductive, which lets the quartz or some laser media dissolve into the water.

To achieve maximum efficiency, the xenon gas inside short-arc lamps is maintained at an extremely high pressure — up to 30 atmospheres (440 psi / 3040 kPa) — which poses safety concerns. If a lamp is dropped or ruptures while in service, pieces of the lamp envelope can be thrown at high speed. To mitigate this, large xenon short-arc lamps are normally shipped in protective shields, which will contain the envelope fragments should breakage occur. Normally, the shield is removed once the lamp is installed in the lamp housing. When the lamp reaches the end of its useful life, the protective shield is put back on the lamp, and the spent lamp is then removed from the equipment and discarded. As lamps age, the risk of failure increases, so bulbs being replaced are at the greatest risk of explosion. Lamp manufacturers recommend the use of eye protection when handling xenon short-arc lamps. Some lamps, especially those used in IMAX projectors, require the use of full-body protective clothing.

Light generation mechanism
Xenon short-arc lamps come in two distinct varieties: pure xenon, which contains only xenon gas; and xenon-mercury, which contains xenon gas and a small amount of mercury metal.

Pure xenon
In a pure xenon lamp, the majority of the light is generated within a tiny, pinpoint-sized cloud of plasma situated where the electron stream leaves the face of the cathode. The light generation volume is cone-shaped, and the luminous intensity falls off exponentially moving from cathode to anode. Electrons passing through the plasma cloud strike the anode, causing it to heat. As a result, the anode in a xenon short-arc lamp either has to be much larger than the cathode or be water-cooled, to dissipate the heat. The output of a pure xenon short-arc lamp offers fairly continuous spectral power distribution with a color temperature of about 6200K and color rendering index close to 100. However, even in a high pressure lamp there are some very strong emission lines in the near infrared, roughly in the region from 850–900 nm. This spectral region can contain about 10% of the total emitted light. Light intensity ranges from 20,000 to 500,000 cd/cm2. An example is the "XBO lamp", which is an OSRAM trade name for a pure xenon short-arc lamp.

For some applications, such as endoscopy and dental technology, light guide systems are included.

Xenon-mercury
As in a pure xenon lamp, the majority of the light produced radiates from a pinpoint-sized cloud of plasma near the face of the cathode. However, the plasma cloud in a xenon-mercury lamp is often smaller than that of a pure xenon lamp of equivalent size, due to the electron stream losing its energy more rapidly to the heavier mercury atoms. Xenon-mercury short-arc lamps have a bluish-white spectrum and extremely high UV output. These lamps are used primarily for UV curing applications, sterilizing objects, and generating ozone.

Ceramic xenon lamps
Xenon short-arc lamps also are manufactured with a ceramic body and an integral reflector. They are available in many output power ratings with either UV-transmitting or blocking windows. The reflector options are parabolic (for collimated light) or elliptical (for focused light). They are used in a wide variety of applications, such as video projectors, fiber optic illuminators, endoscope and headlamp lighting, dental lighting, and search lights.

Power supply requirements
Xenon short-arc lamps have a negative temperature coefficient like other gas discharge lamps. They are operated at low-voltage, high-current, DC and started by field emission with a high voltage pulse of 20 to 50kV. As an example, a 450 W lamp operates normally at 18 V and 25 A once started. They are also inherently unstable, prone to phenomena such as plasma oscillation and thermal runaway. Because of these characteristics, xenon short-arc lamps require a proper power supply that operates without flickering in the flame, which could ultimately damage the electrodes.

Xenon long-arc-lamps
These are structurally similar to short-arc lamps except that the distance between the electrodes in glass tube is greatly elongated. When mounted within an elliptical reflector, these lamps are frequently used to simulate sunlight in brief flashes, often for photography. Typical uses include solar cell testing (with the use of optical filters), solar simulation for age testing of materials, rapid thermal processing, material inspection and sintering.

Though not commonly known outside of Russia and the former Soviet satellite countries, long arc xenon lamps were used for general illumination of large areas such as rail stations, sports arenas, mining operations, and nuclear power plant high bay spaces. These lamps, Лампа ксеноновая ДКСТ, literally "lamp xenon DKST" were characterized by high wattages ranging from 2kW to 100 kW. The lamps operated in a peculiar discharge regime where the plasma was thermalized, that is, the electrons were not significantly hotter than the gas itself. Under these conditions a positive current-voltage curve was demonstrated. This allowed the larger common sizes such as 5 and 10kW to operate directly from mains AC at 110 and 220 volts respectively without a ballast – only a series igniter was necessary to start the arc.

The lamps produced around 30 lumens/watt, which is about double the efficiency of the tungsten incandescent lamp, but less than more modern sources such as metal halide. They had the advantage of no mercury content, convective air cooling, no high pressure rupture risk, and nearly perfect color rendition. Due to low efficiency and competition from more common lamp types, few installations remain today, but where they do, they can be recognized by a characteristic rectangular/elliptical reflector, and crisp blue-white light from a relatively long tubular source.

title: Xenon arc lamp


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Vardiya

Vardiya (ורדיה, also Vardia) is a neighborhood in Haifa, Israel.

Established in the 1980s, Vardiya is located in the upper Carmel, between the Hadar Hacarmel and Romema. The pine forests ringing the neighborhood were once a popular site for family recreation and hiking. Several archeological sites and the ruins of stone houses several hundreds years old were discovered on the hills. The residential towers in this largely upscale neighborhood offer a panoramic view of Haifa Bay.

During Operation Desert Storm, a Patriot missile site was deployed in Vardiya.

title: Vardiya


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William Barak

William Barak (1823 – 15 August 1903), named Beruk by his parents, the "last chief of the Yarra Yarra tribe", was the last traditional ngurungaeta (elder) of the Wurundjeri-willam clan, the pre-colonial inhabitants of present-day Melbourne, Australia. He became an influential spokesman for Aboriginal social justice and an important informant on Wurundjeri cultural lore.

In his later life Barak painted and drew Wurundjeri ceremonies and carved weapons and tools. He is now considered a significant Aboriginal artist of the nineteenth century.

Early life and education
Barak was born in March 1823 (some sources say 1824) at Brushy Creek, near present-day Wonga Park (named after Barak's cousin Simon Wonga), at the Barngeong Birthing Site, His mother, Tooterrie, came from the Nourailum bulluk at Murchison, Victoria. His father, Bebejan (or Bebejern), was an important member, or ngurunaeta, of the Wurundjeri people. His parents named him Beruk.

Barak was said to have been present as a boy when John Batman met with the tribal elders to "purchase" the Melbourne area in 1835. Ninggalobin, Poleorong and Billibellary were the leading song makers and principal Wurundjeri leaders in the Melbourne region of the colony of Victoria. European colonisation had caused disruptions to initiation ceremonies. In response these three men gathered at South Yarra in the late 1830s and inducted the young Barak into Aboriginal lore. This entailed formally presenting him with the symbols of manhood: strips of possum skin tied around his biceps; the gombert (reed necklace) around his neck; given his ilbi-jerri, a sharp and narrow bone or nose-peg; and his branjep, the apron worn by men to cover their genitals. At the end of the ceremony Barak presented his uncle, Billibellary, a possum-skin cloak.

Barak attended the government's Yarra Mission School from 1837 to 1839.

When he joined the Native Mounted Police in 1844, he adopted the name "William". He had excellent skills as a tracker, and on one occasion helped to find Ned Kelly and his gang.

Leader and spokesperson
Barak was an influential figure in petitioning for and setting up the Aboriginal farming community known as Coranderrk, near Healesville, Victoria, where he settled in 1863. He attended the mission school and converted to Christianity there.

Upon the death of his cousin Simon Wonga in December 1874, Barak became the Ngurungaeta of the clan. He worked tirelessly for his people and was a successful negotiator on their behalf. He was a highly respected man and leader, with standing amongst the Indigenous people and the European settlers. In the role of Ngurungaeta, Barak invited settlers to the reserve, and developed relationships with key colonial figures, including governors, politicians and men and women who became his friends and patrons. Scottish philanthropist Anne Fraser Bon was a long time supporter and friend of Barak, including during the campaigns to prevent the closure of Coranderrk reserve. Graham Berry was also a key contact during the 1880s when the Aboriginal Protection Board sought to have Coranderrk closed, and Barak was welcomed at government house by Sir Henry Brougham Loch.

Barak and other elders walked from Coranderrk to Parliament House, Melbourne to approach parliamentarians directly several times, as well as using newspapers to further their cause. In the meantime, Barak became widely known both at home and abroad, for his art and maintenance of culture as well as a singer and storyteller.

Later life and death
In 1882 Barak's wife and child died of tuberculosis. At this time he provided key information on Kulin traditions and kinship to anthropologist Alfred William Howitt.

From the 1880s until his death Barak painted and drew, using a combination of European and traditional materials and techniques, including ochre, charcoal, watercolour and pencil.

Barak died at Coranderrk on 15 August 1903 and is buried at the Coranderrk cemetery. He was about 85 years old.

Artworks
Barak is remembered for his artworks, which show both traditional Indigenous life and encounters with Europeans. Most of Barak's drawings were completed at Coranderrk during the 1880s and 1890s, and many depicted and preserved important Wurundjeri stories and traditions, such as corroborees and ceremonies, showing Wurundjeri people wearing intricate ochre-coloured possum-skin cloaks. A descendant of Barak, elder Ron Jones, said in 2022: "...Uncle William's paintings were depicting our culture and our history, through drawings. If people know how to read William Barak's paintings, he's telling the story of Wurundjeri people, not just Wurundjeri but all the people living on Coranderrk."

Barak's works are now highly prized and exhibited in leading public galleries in Australia and several international collections.

Ceremony (1895) is housed at the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery, donated by Anne Fraser Bon. Bon's donation to the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery represents the first Indigenous artwork to enter a major public art gallery. Other state and national galleries also include one or more paintings by Barak in their collections, including the South Australian Museum, State Library Victoria, Museums Victoria, National Museum of Australia, National Gallery of Australia, and QAGOMA.

Barak's paintings are also located in international collections including the Ethnological Museum of Berlin, the Völkerkundemuseum Herrnhut, and the Musée D’ethnographie De Neuchâtel.

In 2003 the National Gallery of Victoria held an exhibition Remembering Barak to commemorate his life and work. An education resource was developed to accompany the exhibition.

A shield and a painting, gifted by Barak in 1897 to his friends, a Swiss family who owned vineyards in the Yarra Valley, were auctioned by Sotheby's in May 2022, by descendants living in Switzerland following the death of Pascal de Pury. The artworks were purchased by the Wurundjeri Woi-Wurrung Cultural Heritage Corporation with A$117,000 raised by crowdfunding, A$500,000 given by the Victorian Government, and donations from the City of Melbourne and Melbourne Airport. Another branch of the de Pury family who lived in Victoria had earlier donated all the William Barak works in their possession to the Yarra Ranges Regional Museum. The two pieces went on display in the State Library Victoria in Melbourne in December 2023.

Recognition and legacy
In 1885 Anne Fraser Bon commissioned a portrait of Barak, which was painted by Florence Ada Fuller. It now hangs in the State Library Victoria.

In 2004 Nillumbik Shire Council registered the place name Barak Bushlands, previously known as the Falkiner Street Reserve, along the Diamond Creek in Eltham.

In 2005 a 525 m footbridge called the "William Barak Bridge" was constructed stretching from Birrarung Marr to the MCG, improving the link between some of Melbourne's biggest sports and entertainment venues and the heart of the CBD. In 2006 a permanent sound installation called "Proximities" was installed on the bridge. It was designed by David Chesworth and Sonia Leber. Its central section features a welcome song sung in Woiwurrung by Wurundjeri Elder, and Barak's descendant, Joy Murphy Wandin.

In 2011 Barak was inducted on to the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Roll.

In 2015 a 279 ft image of Barak was used to form the facade of an apartment building called Swanston Square in Melbourne. The portrait is formed by the white balconies against a black wall.

title: William Barak


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Latter Day Saint movement/Articles for Peer Review

These Latter Day Saint movement articles are in need of peer review. Please read through them and be bold in your attempts to make sure they are great writing, even perfect articles, or maybe just worthy of featured article status.

Articles

 * John Whitmer Historical Association
 * Common Latter-day Saint perceptions
 * Talk:Deseret alphabet need someone to weigh in on disagreement
 * Bishop (Mormonism) - I expanded recently - needs review and additional text on some duties Trödel| talk 02:46, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Temple (Mormonism) - either needs expansion (idealy) or purging of tiny subheadings. — This article has been substantially overhauled --John Hamer 23:07, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Priesthood Correlation Program - Just made major revisions to article. Needs cleaning up/second set of eyes -Visorstuff 18:55, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Hyrum Smith - recently expanded from stub to real article by WBardwin thanks and welcome Trödel| talk 15:01, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Wilford Woodruff - recently expanded by WBardwin
 * Lorenzo Snow - recently expanded by WBardwin
 * Book of Abraham - vastly improved by Wetman with help from Visorstuff
 * Orson Pratt - recently expanded by WBardwin
 * Orson Hyde - recently expanded by WBardwin
 * David W. Patten - recently expanded by WBardwin
 * Thomas B. Marsh - recently expanded by WBardwin


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Michigan State–Penn State football rivalry

The Michigan State–Penn State football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Michigan State Spartans and Penn State Nittany Lions. The Land Grant Trophy is presented to the winner of the game. Penn State leads 18–10 since joining the Big Ten. Penn State leads the series 19–18–1, with Penn State winning the most recent matchup in 2023.

Series history
When Penn State joined the Big Ten Conference in 1993, the Nittany Lions and Spartans were designated as permanent rivals until 2023, and had met each other for the trophy in the last week of conference play. The trophy, designed in 1993 by Michigan State coach George Perles and Penn State coach Joe Paterno, features pictures of Penn State's Old Main and Michigan State's Beaumont Tower, as well as figurines of The Spartan and Nittany Lion Shrine statues.

On September 24, 2005, during Michigan week, a couple of Penn State students brazenly defaced the newly installed bronze Sparty statue. “It happened during broad daylight, with people all around” according to MSU police Sgt. Randy Holton. The statue was splattered with blue paint and the base tagged with the letters PSU. The perpetrators were able to evade capture despite the incident occurring in the middle of the day, during the traditional period of time when the statue is guarded by MSU student employees and Spartan Marching Band members, in what is called Sparty Watch.

In 2011, Nebraska joined the Big Ten, and the conference split into two divisions. Michigan State was in the Legends division and Penn State was in the Leaders division, so they no longer played each other annually. Instead, Indiana and Nebraska were designated as Michigan State and Penn State's permanent rivals, respectively. Under this setup, Penn State and Michigan State would compete on average two out of every five years, but the two teams did not play against each other during the three years that this system was in effect (2011–13).

In 2014, when Maryland and Rutgers joined the Big Ten, the conference was realigned into two geographically based divisions, East and West. Michigan State and Penn State are both in the East division, and thus resumed a yearly series.

Michigan State University followed by Penn State University are the nation's oldest land-grant universities, hence the name for the trophy. In 1955 on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the land grant system, Michigan State and Penn State were commemorated on a U.S. postage stamp honoring the "First of the Land-Grant Colleges". These two universities were the first ever universities to be placed on a U.S. postage stamp.

Fellow Big Ten members Illinois, Minnesota, Ohio State, Purdue and Wisconsin are also land-grant schools.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tokugawapants

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE. Postdlf 04:17, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Tokugawapants
Non-notable, probable vanity. Delete. JeremyA 03:28, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * ""Delete"" Please use Rapid Delete for perfect nonsense, rather than occupy many people's time with voting. --Wetman 03:39, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as patent nonsense. I'll tag it. android↔talk 03:42, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Tuba

Subcontrabass and Sousa
This page seems to conflict with Subcontrabass_tuba with regards to whether or not the BBBb tuba was ever used in Sousa's lifetime. This page says they were not completed until after his death, while the subcontrabass tuba page states that he toured with one (and cites a photo from the guiness book of world records). I'm unsure which is correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Darklupine (talk • contribs) 03:58, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

tenor clef??
The range of the tuba in the infobox is given in bass and tenor clefs. Does this make sense? Is the tenor clef used for the tuba in ANY circumstance? -- megA (talk) 06:24, 15 May 2015 (UTC)

Unsourced contention seems to be misleading
An anon recently replaced "Most professionals in the U.S. play CC tubas, with BB♭ also common, and many train in the use of all four pitches of tubas."

with "Many professionals in the U.S. play CC tubas, with BB♭ also common, and many train in the use of all four pitches of tubas." Diff The professionals that I have known played more than one, including both C and B♭ tubas. While I believe either of the statements in the article are true, I think they are misleading. An editor appended the sentence with citation needed tag seven years ago. Should the text be deleted, rewritten, or what? -- Ríco  18:14, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

Photos
There has been a bit of back-and-forth on photos between, and  at least, and I am pinging  as another interested party. Can we please discuss this and reach consensus on which photo(s) to use? I hate to see it bouncing around and I am not sure that is aware of how consensus operates here ... it would be much much better to agree it here than to risk edit-warring over it. Thanks and best to all DBaK (talk) 10:47, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

 * They're a vandal. There's no way we're going to reach consensus to include vandalism. MrOllie (talk) 12:06, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Yup, we can and should look at their contributions, thanks. Agreed that their first-ever edit was pure childish crap, yes. But are the next three GF efforts? They do not look like vandalism – well, let's be honest, they are not: they do not meet the definition. So that's not quite it. But I am happy to see that you reverted them to an image which I personally found better. Maybe they will get the message, or come here to discuss it, or go away. But I do think that if they can at least discuss it sensibly here and not edit-war then they should get the chance to state their case. Best wishes to all DBaK (talk) 12:22, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Update: they are currently indeffed for the username. It will be interesting to see whether they come back with a new name and serious discussion in mind ... cheers DBaK (talk) 13:33, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Public Musicology
— Assignment last updated by LoweTones (talk) 02:54, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tuba


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File:Dinosaur Jr. Where You Been.jpg

Fair use in Where You Been
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Dinosaur Jr. Where You Been.jpg


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File:Daredevil cover - number 168.png

Summary
Cover to Daredevil #168, January, 1981. Art by Frank Miller. © Marvel Comics.

title: File:Daredevil cover - number 168.png


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Romema (Haifa)

Romema (רוממה) is a neighborhood in the city of Haifa, Israel. Also known as The Romemot and Ramat Ben-Gurion, it is located east of Ahuza, on the northern slope of Mount Carmel. Today the neighborhood has two sections - New Romema and Old Romema - with a joint population of 8,340.

Etymology
Rushmiya comes from a personal name.

History

Remains from the Persian, Hellenistic, Hasmonean, late Roman, Byzantine,   Ayyubid and Crusader era have been found here.

Crusader period
During the Crusaders period, the settlement was surrounded by a wall, and a fortress was built in the centre. It was held by the Frankish settlers from 1099 to 1187.

It was again held by the Frankish settlers from 1192. In 1283 Rushmiya was mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders, according to the hudna between the Crusaders in Acre and the Mamluk sultan Qalawun. Frankish rule ended soon after, in 1291.

Denys Pringle suggested that this was the Crusader place known as Francheville.

Late Ottoman period
In 1870, Victor Guérin noted it as a small, ruined village.

In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Rushmia: "The ruin of a rectangular building, with a tower in its north-east corner. The walls are standing some 15 feet high in places. The building measures 35 feet north and south, and 45 east and west outside. The tower is about 15 feet square, and intended to flank the northern entrance. The east wall has been destroyed. The walls are 7 feet thick, built of courses of ashlar, the stones averaging 2 feet 3 inches by 1 foot, 2 inches by 1 foot 2 inches. The material used is very soft, and the stones much worn ; the mortar joints are very thick, and large pieces of pottery are used. No drafted stones were seen.

The tower is entered by a door 5 feet high, 2 feet broad, on the west. The roof is of rough stones, with a pointed arch. It is barrel-vaulted, and covered with hard cement. On the south is a loophole-window, and a side-door, the latter with a flat lintel. On the west wall is a window with retaining arch, and a small window above. All these arches are pointed. There is a large window in the south wall of the main building. It appears to have had a semicircular arch.

The site is a very commanding one. A path leads down to Haifa. There are ruins all round for a distance of some hundred yards. About 150 yards west are four vaults, apparently the basement of some building.

This is evidently the ruin of a fortress, on the hill-side, and the character of the masonry would lead to the supposition that it was one of those constructed by Dhaher el 'Amr."

Second Intifada
On March 31, 2002, an 18-year-old Arab suicide bomber, Shadi Tobassi, from Jenin blew himself up at the Matza restaurant located on the highway east of Romema, killing 14 people. Hamas and Islamic Jihad took responsibility for the attack.

Landmarks
Heichal HaSport, the Haifa Municipal Sports Complex, is located in Romema. The arena holds some 3,400 spectators and is among the largest in Israel.

title: Romema (Haifa)


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WRX

WRX, or wrx, is a three-letter abbreviation that may refer to:

 * FIA World Rallycross Championship
 * GB-WRX, the ISO 3166-2:GB code for Wrexham (county borough) in Wales, UK
 * Subaru Impreza WRX (World Rally eXperimental) (1992–2014)
 * Subaru WRX (World Rally eXperimental) (2014–present)
 * Western Refrigerator Line (from its reporting mark)
 * wrx, the ISO 639-3 code for the Wae Rana language of Flores, Indonesia
 * WRX, the National Rail code for Wrexham General railway station in Wales, UK

 * See also

title: WRX


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Where You Been

Where You Been is the fifth official studio album by Dinosaur Jr., released on February 9, 1993.

The song "Start Choppin'" was their biggest hit, reaching number 3 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart in the U.S., and the Top 20 of the UK Singles Chart. This was drummer Murph's last recording with J Mascis until 2007's Beyond.

This was the only Dinosaur Jr. album between 1988's Bug and 2007's Beyond to be recorded entirely with a full band. During Dinosaur Jr.'s major label years, Mascis performed most of the instruments himself on record.

The album peaked with 263,000 units sold in the US.

Background
Where You Been was the first album recorded by Dinosaur Jr.'s new line-up, after the largely J Mascis-recorded Green Mind. This line-up consisted of Mascis, long-time drummer Murph, and new bassist Mike Johnson. Mascis explained on an interview with 120 Minutes, "It's the first time we've felt like a band for maybe six years, or something. [Johnson] adds a lot, just having someone that I can get along with musically and personally. It just makes the record better having all the people there contributing something, rather than the last one."

Where You Been was Dinosaur Jr.'s greatest commercial success up to that point, reaching number 50 in the US and number 10 in the UK. Mascis reacted at the time, "We're just making records and, I mean, every one sold more than the last one. Whatever happens, we'll deal with it then."

In a later interview, drummer Murph recalled the album positively, saying "Out of the records I played on, I think of Where You Been very fondly." Hüsker Dü frontman Bob Mould spoke positively of the album, commenting, "I've heard Where You Been, their new album. It's brilliant, amazing — it's even got strings. They've stopped sounding the way they did on Bug, but they've built on the same basic premise and kept those very recognisable guitar sounds. I don't know if they make a conscious effort to change, but I suppose they'd be really bored by now if they always sounded the same."

Reception
The album was released to very positive reviews. AllMusic's Ned Raggett called the album "occasionally moody and dark but otherwise [...] more rough fun. [...] [I]t's a puréed blast of punk, classic rock, and more. It may be business as usual, but it's good business just the same, whether it's the gentle "Not the Same," on which Mascis does his best Neil Young impersonation, or the stuttering feedback snorts and rips on "Hide," on which he borrows a bit back from disciple Kevin Shields." The tracks "Out There", "Start Choppin", "Get Me" and "Goin Home" were chosen as highlights. Michael Azerrad, writing for Rolling Stone, was similarly positive, writing that "their second major-label album [...] recall the shambling lope of Crazy Horse-era Young, as well as hints of minor Seventies icons from Blue Oyster Cult to Humble Pie. The majestic “Get Me” is “Layla” for the distressed-denim set (even the guitar squiggle at the end is pinched from Clapton’s “Let It Rain”)." He singled out the "riff-happy" songs "Start Choppin" and "I Ain't Sayin" as "excellent" (calling the latter "a two-minute gem") and praised Mascis' production choices ("he embellishes the band’s usual all-guitar palette with timpani, chimes and strings") as "a daring move in the sadly conformist world of alternative rock". "Like many of its peers," he concludes, "Dinosaur Jr is a musical cargo cult, turning the detritus of another culture into something that can be used — and maybe even worshiped. For one of the crowning glories of slacker culture, look no further." Greg Kot wrote that what made the album "compelling is Mascis' growth as a songwriter and, apparently, as a person. On previous albums, the singer's relationship with the world outside seemed about as emotionally developed as a 13-year-old's. But on "Where You Been" his wan, dissipated voice conveys a deeper commitment and yearning. [...] All the while, Mascis' army of guitars is placed in service of his breaking heart, and the sound is majestic and moving."

Robert Christgau was less positive, finding that "somehow his axe and his voice sing the same tune, momentarily transmuting his self-pity into simple sadness". He singled out the first two tracks as highlights and gave the album a two-star honorable mention in his '90s Consumer Guide book.

Legacy
Prefix magazine's Matthew Flander described it as "a classic record from the band, capturing just about every great ’90s song they had aside from “The Wagon” and “Feel the Pain”." He also called the album a possible "one-up" from Mascis to Sebadoh's Bubble & Scrape, writing: "if that was his goal, you can see [...] how he might have tried to beat Barlow at his own game. And maybe there was no clear winner between the two, but we sure lucked out. Stevie Chick of BBC called it a "[l]aconic, guitar-heavy masterpiece from Dinosaur Jr.’s second-wind." "There was something unabashedly classic about Where You Been’s rock," she writes, "deriving not least from Mascis’s copious guitar heroics, layering multiple tracks of scree and howl so the entire album feels like one epic, sky-scraping solo. [...] With his fondness for extended guitar-play, his country-soaked rock crunch, his cracked and sweet vocals, Where You Been identified Mascis as hewn from the same stone as Neil Young before him." The A.V. Club 's Noel Murray wrote that "Dinosaur Jr. wasn’t the most unlikely band to make the jump to a major label in the ’90s (the post-Nirvana era was a weird time), but few could’ve guessed that Mascis’ group would actually sell a respectable amount of records, without substantially altering its style. [...] Barlow-less Dinosaur Jr. came off a little less indie and a little more bombastic; yet the songs were still offbeat, personal, and far from radio-friendly." He wrote that the song "I Ain't Sayin", with "its canyon-filling bookending riff to its appealing shuffle and its heartwarming “rolling home to you” chorus [...] is a crowd-pleaser that could’ve been Dinosaur Jr.’s biggest hit if it’d been pushed a little harder—or at all." Cam Lindsay of Exclaim! called it a "slower, slightly superior (in comparison to its predecessor) grunge-era classic." She called both the releases "cornerstones" to the aforementioned movement, writing however that "unless you're jonesin' for reliving that period again, it's fair to say in today's world they're not much else." "In addition to succeeding in its bid to pluck up some post-‘Lithium' plaid-clad grunge fans," writes Josh Gray of Clash "'Where You Been?'s textbook construction of over-driven ear-worms would go on to strike chords with many later alt-90s guitar heroes. 'Goin' Home's gentle world-weariness sounds for all the world like it could be an Eels rip-off if it weren’t for the fact that E was still just a bespectacled teenager who was into birds at this point. Similarly the verbal spaghetti spilling over 'Hide' pre-dates Jeff Magnum's [sic] similar drawl on ‘In the Aeroplane Over The Sea’ by a fair few years. This album is basically a master-class for any songwriter struggling to write a single without compromising their sound." Mascis himself would go on to rank it as his 3rd best effort, saying: "We were trying really hard and it was well realized for what we wanted to do."

The Felled Trees Collective, consisting of members from Thrice, Samiam and No Motiv (also featuring appearances from Texas Is the Reason, Knapsack, Beat Union and numerous other bands), covered the album in its entirety on its 20th anniversary. The album was released on the 15th of October 2013 through the Siren Records webstore.

Accolades
The album received the following accolades:

Track listing
All songs written by J Mascis.

Personnel

 * Dinosaur Jr.
 * J Mascis – organ, guitar, piano, chimes, composer, drums on track 3, lead vocals, producer, timpani
 * Mike Johnson – bass, guitar, piano, backing vocals, first guitar solo on "Get Me"
 * Murph – drums

 * Additional personnel
 * Tiffany Anders – vocals on "Get Me"
 * George Berz – tambourine
 * Kurt Fedora – rhythm guitar
 * Dave Mason – viola
 * Abie Newton – cello
 * Larry Packer – violin
 * Rob Turner – cello

Charts
Album - Billboard (North America)

Singles - Billboard (North America)

title: Where You Been


text:
Talk:Where You Been

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 18:13, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Start Choppin'
It reached 3 on the charts and it doesn't have an aritcle? Hmm I may fix that problem soon. --Mrmoustache14 (talk) 23:29, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Where You Been


text:
User:Chookfoot

Merry Birthday!

title: User:Chookfoot


text:
Talk:Gyeongseong University

what happened to the site where the university once was? is it used for something else now? --Menchi 03:39, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Pronunciation is the same as a university existing in Pusan. NIKE 19:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gyeongseong University


text:
Whakapapa River

The Whakapapa River in New Zealand forms from streams which trickle off the Whakapapa skifield of Mount Ruapehu and down the western slopes of the mountain. The river passes near Ōwhango, before finally merging with the Whanganui River just east of Kakahi, about 40 km from where it starts, which is in a 100 m deep gorge, at the confluence of the Whakapapaiti and Whakapapanui Streams.

Before construction of the North Island Main Trunk Railway began in about 1904, most of the valley was a dense podocarp forest. In 1914 logging of the last sizeable west bank section of that bush began, near Oio.

Peter McIntyre had a home near Kakahi overlooking the confluence of the Whanganui and Whakapapa rivers, and painted several oil landscapes of the Whakapapa River. After his death, the Whakapapa River undermined the white pumice cliffs where his house was built and claimed the house as its own.

Occasionally people kayak a 7.5 km stretch of the river from near Ōwhango (-38.99667°N, 175.39867°W) to near Kakahi (-38.94017°N, 175.40833°W). When the river was high enough, kayaks went 23 km from the Whakapapa Intake to Ōwhango bridge. However, Intake Road was closed when a Landcorp farm passed to Te Kotahitanga a Ngāti Tūwharetoa on 1 July 2019. Herenga ā Nuku and Fish and Game have since been negotiating for public access.

Eels and Crans bullies live in the river. Trout were put in the river around 1911 and Fish & Game now describe it as very clear and having one of the finest trout fisheries, with rainbow and brown trout.

However, the upper reaches were diverted from the Whakapapa Intake, via tunnels (about 11 km and 5.5 km long and over 3 m in diameter), Te Whaiau Stream and Lake Otamangakau reservoir to Lake Rotoaira, as part of the Tongariro Power Scheme, built between 1964 and 1971. Since then the water has been warmer, as about 80% of the river's headwaters now flow into the Waikato catchment. It has also increased the proportion of water coming from developed land. The river is among the worst 25% of rivers for dissolved reactive phosphorus pollution. The Intake was also repaired in 2009.

Tributaries
The river starts where the Whakapapaiti and Whakapapanui streams meet. They both run from Ruapehu and are joined by several other streams. These include the Waikare and Tawhai streams that join the Whakapapaiti stream before its confluence to form the river. The 13 m tall Tawhai Falls are on the Whakapapanui stream, rather than the Tawhai stream and are accessible by a walking track from the Bruce Road. The upper stream catchment has had several lahars run down them in the last 10,000 years, including 1969 and 1975. There was a major sector collapse without eruption of Ruapehu about 9500 years ago that impacted on the upper catchment.

title: Whakapapa River