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Josef Frings

Josef Richard Frings (6 February 1887 – 17 December 1978), was a German Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Cologne from 1942 to 1969. Considered a significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism, he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.

Early life and ordination
Frings was born as the first of eight children of Heinrich, a weaving industrialist and manufacturer, and Maria (née Sels) Frings, in Neuss. He was baptised on 10 August 1887. After 1905 he studied Catholic theology in Munich, Innsbruck, Freiburg and Bonn. On 10 August 1910, he received his ordination to the priesthood.

At first he worked as a chaplain in Cologne-Zollstock until 1913, followed by a study visit in Rome until 1915. In 1916, he earned a doctorate in theology in Freiburg. From 1915 to 1922, he was pastor in Cologne-Fühlingen. Then, he worked as a principal of an orphanage in Neuss from 1922 to 1924. Until 1937, he was pastor in Cologne-Braunsfeld. Then, he led the archiepiscopal seminary in Bensberg.

According to Leni Riefenstahl, in her autobiography, Frings approached her on behalf of the Vatican to commission a pro-Catholic film. The Church had been impressed by her film The Blue Light, particularly with respect to its mystical elements. But Riefenstahl declined the offer on the same grounds she later used (unsuccessfully) with Adolf Hitler: that she would not accept a commission to make a film.

Archbishop of Cologne

On 1 May 1942 he was surprisingly named archbishop of Cologne, a post which he held until his resignation in 1969. Frings received his episcopal consecration from Archbishop Cesare Orsenigo, the Apostolic Nuncio to Germany, in Cologne Cathedral. The National Socialist regime had banned the German media from covering the consecration ceremonies; therefore, the citizens of Cologne started to publish small private advertisements to inform each other of the news.

However, the international press was allowed to report the consecration. The persecution of the Jews was described by Frings as "himmelschreiendes Unrecht" (injustice crying out to heaven). His popularity saved him from reprisals more than once. Nevertheless, he was closely monitored by the Gestapo with the aid of several informers, including some clerics.

Frings's consecration was used as a demonstration of Catholic self-assertion. In his sermons, he repeatedly spoke in support of persecuted peoples and against state repression. In March 1944, Frings attacked arbitrary arrests, racial persecution and forced divorces. That autumn, he protested to the Gestapo against the deportations of Jews from Cologne and surrounds. In 1943, the German bishops had debated whether to confront Hitler directly and collectively over what they knew of the treatment of Jews. Frings wrote a pastoral letter cautioning his diocese not to violate the inherent rights of others to life, even those "not of our blood" and even during war, and preached in a sermon that "no one may take the property or life of an innocent person just because he is a member of a foreign race".

Cardinal
Frings, who had been a fierce and outspoken opponent of Hitler and Nazism during World War II, was, after the war, appointed head of the German Bishops' conference, and appointed a Cardinal. Against the declared neutrality of the clergy, as demanded by Rome, he joined the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). This step was a signal for many Rhenish Catholics (also clergymen), who before had a rather critical view of an interconfessional party, to support the CDU as well, instead of the Centre Party. Though Frings left the CDU a few months later because of pressure from Rome, his public partisanship is said to have been the start of the marginalising and gradual decline of the Catholic Centre Party.

During the military occupation of Germany, Frings became a staunch advocate on behalf for Nazi war criminals. He repeatedly protested war crimes trials, mainly the Dachau trials, as victors' justice. He sent a letter to military governor Lucius D. Clay, claiming that some of the convicted war criminals executed at Landsberg Prison by U.S. military occupation authorities were innocent. Frings spoke in favor for several war criminals, including field marshal Wilhelm List and the Krupps. Overall, it is said that Frings "strongly opposed the entire concept of bringing the perpetrators to justice."

His episcopal motto was Pro hominibus constitutus, Latin for "Appointed for the people". Frings was appointed Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni a Porta Latina by Pope Pius XII in the consistory of 18 February 1946. From 1945 to 1965, he was chairman of the Conference of the German Bishops. In the year 1948 he was named as the "high protector" of refugee affairs.

Frings was an ardent supporter of the dogma of the Assumption of Mary, whose proclamation he personally attended 1 November 1950. Pope Pius XII credited him for participation and signing the related Apostolic Constitution Munificentissimus Deus. In 1954, Cardinal Frings initiated the diocesan godparenthood between the Archbishopric of Cologne and the Archdiocese of Tokyo, one of the first archdiocesan partnerships within the Catholic Church. In 1958 he was the initiator of the social relief organisation Misereor. The relief organisation Adveniat, founded in 1961, also started its work on his behalf.

Cardinal Frings is the only archbishop of Cologne who earned the honorary citizenship of Cologne, which happened in 1967. In the same year, he was also awarded the honorary citizenship of his native town Neuss. The street in Cologne in which the residence of the present Archbishops of Cologne is located was renamed Kardinal-Frings-Straße.

Second Vatican Council
In advance of the Second Vatican Council, Frings gave a speech in Genoa with the title: "Das Konzil auf dem Hintergrund der Zeitlage im Unterschied zum ersten vatikanischen Konzil" ("The council against the background of the present time in contrast to the First Vatican Council"). When Pope John XXIII later got hold of the text of the speech, he summoned Frings for an audience at the Vatican. Cardinal Frings, who was doubtful as to whether the pope liked his speech, said to his secretary, Dr Hubert Luthe, who would later become the bishop of Essen, in his humorous Kölsch dialect: "Hängen se m'r doch ens dat ruude Mäntelsche üm, wer weiß ob et nit dat letzte Mohl is" ("Please wrap the little red coat around my shoulders again, who knows if it will not be the last time you do it?"). However, the pope appeared enthusiastic when he read Frings' manuscript and gave him a warm welcome. It was recently discovered that the speech had been written by Frings' peritus (theological adviser), Joseph Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI.

Frings participated in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and was a member of the ten-prelate council chair board. In his speech, delivered in fluent Latin, about the rules of procedure in the opening session of the council ("of the first general congregation), he demanded a time of "getting known to each other" of the council fathers before the act of deciding about the compilation of the council commissions and delayed execution of the plans developed by the curia. His speech, predominantly composed by Ratzinger, about the Holy Office, which the prelate perceived as too conservative and authoritarian, had tremendous effects and eventually led to its reorganisation as the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

Retirement and death
In 1963, Frings became philister of honour of the K.St.V. Arminia Bonn in the KV and on 3 May 1967 honorary member of the A.V. Rheinstein, a Catholic student fraternity that is a member of the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen.

In 1969, he resigned from the governance of his archdiocese for age reasons. He lost more and more of his eyesight and eventually was completely blind.

Frings died in 1978 from a heart attack in Cologne at 91. He was entombed in the archiepiscopal crypt in the Cologne Cathedral. His successor was Joseph Höffner.

Legacy
On 8 December 1979, the archiepiscopal Gymnasium Beuel in Bonn, which was founded in 1964 by Frings, was named in Kardinal-Frings-Gymnasium. In 1996, the Kardinal-Frings-Association was founded in Frings' hometown of Neuss. The aim of the association is a scholarly study of the life and work of the Cardinal, and making the knowledge accessible to a broader public.

On 12 August 2000 a memorial of Frings was erected on behalf of the Cardinal Frings Association. It was inaugurated by the patron of the event, Cardinal Joachim Meisner, at the time Archbishop of Cologne. On 24 June 2006, the Südbrücke (south bridge) between Düsseldorf and Neuss was renamed Josef-Kardinal-Frings-Brücke.

"fringsen"
Cardinal Frings is eternalised in the Kölsch language with the word "fringsen" (, a verb, literally translates as "to Frings") which became synonymous for "stealing food" and other low-value consumables out of need. The expression dates back on his New Year's Eve sermon which he held on 31 December 1946 in the St. Engelbert church in Cologne-Riehl, in which he referred to the looting of coal trains and the bad supply situation in the grim winter: "We live in times where the single individual, in his need, ought to be allowed to take what he needs to preserve his life and health, if he cannot obtain it through other means, work or begging." Accordingly, the term "fringsen" refers to obtaining food and fuel for the winter among Cologne citizens. However, it is often overlooked that Cardinal Frings, in the very next sentence, also put the onus of returning the goods or repaying the original owner as soon as possible on whoever would appropriate consumables in this fashion: "But I think that in many cases, this was grossly overdone. And then there is only one way: Promptly return unlawful gains, or there will be no forgiveness with God."

Works

 * "Die Einheit der Messiasidee in den Evangelien. Ein Beitrag zur Theologie des Neuen Testaments", Mainz: Kirchheim, 1917. Zugl.: theol. Diss. Freiburg/Br. 1916
 * "Grundsätze katholischer Soziallehre und zeitnaher Folgerungen", Köln 1947
 * Verantwortung und Mitverantwortung in der Wirtschaft. Was sagt die katholische Soziallehre über Mitwirkung und Mitbestimmung?, Köln: Bachem, 1949.
 * "Das Verhältnis der Kirche zu den Juden im Lichte des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils, Köln 1970
 * "Für die Menschen bestellt. Erinnerungen des Alterzbischofs von Köln, Autobiographie, Köln: Bachem 1973

title: Josef Frings


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User talk:Dabbidj

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:07, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hello
Gosh. That was a colourful welcome. If you want to translate - which is what I understand your question to be - simply do it. Find an English article and translate in into Icelandic, and post it on the Icelandic site. Get yourself a user name there. Or do it the reverse way round. You can do whatever you want to do with the Edit This Page link :) --Tagishsimon (talk)

Icelandic pages
I've had a look at the history of four pages you have worked on - and I'm not sure which one you are referring to when you talk about the webmaster reverting your edits becuase of a possible copyright issue. The history of the pages, and what seems to have happened to them are here: It looks to me - if these were the pages - that it is all part of the normal process of person two amending the input of person one.
 * Garðarr Svavarsson - spelling & grammer seem to have been edited
 * Naddoddr - rewritten, cleaned up, wikified, categorized
 * Barðaströnd - wikified
 * Flóki Vilgerðarson - (cleanup wikify & stubbed)

However it might be that your contribution was to another page. What I would advise, if you have concerns that after you re-insert text into an article someone else will remove it for copyright reasons again, is to put a note on the edit summary saying "refer to Talk page for copyright details", and put a note on the discussion page associated with the article, specifying that copyright has been cleared by the source you used.

If you let me know on exactly which page or pages this occurred, then I can perhaps be of more help. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

 * As I do not know what the name of the page was, I'm not in a position to find out anymore about who removed it & why. Recreate the page and let me know what you call it. --Tagishsimon (talk)

Davið dungal
Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you may want to do. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. -- Longhair\talk 21:26, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Dabbidj


text:
User:Fantom~enwiki

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title: User:Fantom~enwiki


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User talk:Sam Spade/Detective agency

User:Coolcat

 * Interesting, will give it a shot. --Cool Cat My Talk 00:11, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Do you have any case records you would like me to look into? Any evidence you have gathered (if so please send by email)? I would like to make consideration of such. If you start off with a clean slate, I will accept you at the rank of private. Remember, evidence and delicate conversations are to be conducted by email, and only public cases are to be discussed on the wiki. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 12:10, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There seems to be a case being made that you advance a pro-Turkey, anti-Armenian, anti-Kurd, anti-Greece POV. What say you to this charge? Be aware that while I insist upon NPOV on the wikipedia, encouraging inclusion of all verifiable POV's, in my private life I strongly sympathize with the Kurds, supporting an independant Kurdistan including portions of Iraq and Turkey. While your opinions do not prevent me from considering your application, my opinions might prevent you from accepting a position when it is offered, and so I feel inclined to disclose them. In summary, is there any truth to the charges against you, and do you have any objection to my Pro-Greece, Pro-Kurd POV? Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 12:36, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Let me put it this way:

 * Anti kurd: Nope that would not be the correct way to define me. I prevented anti-kurd edits on most kurd related articles, I do not permit pro-kurd edits either. Basicaly NPOV. I will let you know majority of the Kurds who are not affiliated with PKK will declare them bad. They have been declared bad by All western Goverments, aside from the swiss, I presume. Not all Kurds want independence either, there is no reason to create an aurora of a uniform Kurdish movement when one does not exist. I prersonaly believe independece is the worst thing that can happen to Kurds in Todays world. All nations threaten that this would mean war.
 * I lived in the region they lived. Organisations like PKK make developement very difficult. The dam I was working on was to provide irrigation to the region, which has very fertile land and no water. Turkish goverment claims it is one of the most fertile chunk of land on the planet, I have reson to believe that given the vegitation around the dam. There are groups of people promoting "independent" Kurdistan, which is a POV, but as you can see there is a Kurdistan article which I spend a good portion of my time on. I dont want propoganda from either side.
 * To make long thing short, I do not like "Kurds" been higlighted, as far as anyone in the region, including Kurds themselves, they are just another minority. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Anti-greek: There hasnt been a single instance of that. I lived in greece and the people are generaly nice. People opf Greece and Turkey have a lot in common however they demonside each other at a govermental level, although that appears to have calmed. I lived in Greece for some time, although I wasnt exposed to their culture as much as the Turks I have no hostility towards these people. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Pro-Turk: I lived in he country, seen the best and the worst. I believe I have a clear understanding on what would offend Turks, I got acustomed to their culture most. The reson is I had an assignment at the GAP Dam construction in SE-Turkey, I had a lot of down time. Politics was what we had discussed to death with people all around. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Anti-Armenian: Would be unjust to declare me as such. I understand that Armenians want to push the Armenian Genocide as a solid fact, it is an issue widely disputed - meaning there is no established facts accepted by everyone. Giving the factuality a level of uncertainty and my request to put only verifiable facts has been greeted with great hostility. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Anything I havent covered? I got indulged in multiple cultures. I know what Turks dont like, and like, what greeks like and dont like. What italians like, there isnt much they dont like. I know the social bomb waiting to explode in belgium between the French and Dutch, the one in france between the immigrants and the French. I should not be blamed for my life experiences. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I enjoy NPOV unlike claims. They just want to present Armenian Genocide as a fact and punish me for my skeptisisim, at least thats how I would interprete constant reverts of my edits after getting involved in Armenian Genocide. --Cool Cat My Talk 08:30, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * While I dont mind my dirty laundry be presented, I would prefer my counter part to be invesigated. --Cool Cat My Talk 08:28, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, and as it looks looks like others are gathering evidence against you, it would likely be in your favor to likewise gather such evidence. Something that would be of particular benefit would be examples of you editing in a NPOV manner, or a manner other than sympathetic to Turkey. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 11:12, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I personaly do not like the dirty laundry dig up. I think a Detective agency should not exist to find all "bad conduct" of a user, but provide a report on how good and how bad the user is. I do not know who asked for my history check. --Cool Cat My Talk 05:47, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

User:Davenbelle did. In any case I havn't found anything to rule you out, but I am still wondering if you have procurred any evidence in your favor, or if you have any previous experience in investigating matters of an interpersonal variety. if not, I'll take you on as a private, but I'd be interested to see what you can come up with. Cheers, Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 10:19, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I will not self defend. You are welcome to provide an objective aproach. If the "evidence" provided is solely directed at how horrible I am, I will not think highly of this organisation. --Cool Cat My Talk 05:54, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't accumulate that evidence, rather it was donated. if you have any contrary evidence, please let us know. I've looked into things, and I honestly havn't found anything very damning either way. I tend to agree w the ArbCom about you seeking mediation w Fadix at this juncture. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 15:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I never said you did. I cant work with the user below. As he, in my opinion, declared me public enemy one. --Cool Cat My Talk 14:19, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sorry about that, but the best way to beat him is to prove him wrong by being the best editor you can be. Cheers, Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 20:43, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Davenbelle
I'd like to give this a shot. While I do not like the notion of ranking, I would need to start at the rank of Sergeant ;-) I would accept a commissioned rank, if offered. — Davenbelle 23:39, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

The point of the ranks is to differentiate who has done what. If you don't want a rank, thats fine, but to start out as a sergent you'd have to have a few resolved cases. As far as I know you have gathered a fair amount of evidence regarding coolcat. Is there anything else I can take into account as far as your previous experience? If not, I think you could start out as Lance Corporal given the experience I am currently aware of. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 10:14, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You might want to consider this: Requests for arbitration/Libertas/Evidence which I feel contributed to this: Requests for arbitration/Libertas; I made The Paper, too (see: Other cases, too). I was also the subject of a Request for arbitration; the request was quickly rejected, with the first reject coming 13 minutes after the request was made (the request was made by one of User:Libertas' socks, User:Ollieplatt). — Davenbelle 10:50, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Very good! Thats exactly what I was looking for. Welcome aboard, Sergeant! Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 11:55, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Cool! — Sgt. Davenbelle ;-) 16:41, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

User:Howabout1
I want to join. Is this still active, it hasn't been edited in a month? Howabout1 Talk to me! 22:50, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Cool, welcome. Sam Spade 01:47, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

User:Gary123
I would be intrested in joing just to help out wikipedia by helping to stop malicious users. I wouldnt want to be taking any particular cause however but I'm intrested in doing investigative work.SO far in wikipedia I've mostly just created minor stubs so I guess I would start off as a privite.--Gary123 00:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok. Sam Spade 01:46, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Do you do background checks on your applicants?
Do you do background checks on your applicants? It might save on the house cleaning. — Davenbelle 00:18, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * By background checks I presume you mean contributions, --SqueakBox 00:55, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yup; and look-sees at wp:rfar. — Davenbelle 02:10, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Certainly, and I also offer them the opportunity to provide me with records of their doings. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 12:17, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What does it offer the client that they can't do for themselves?
What does it offer the client that they can't do for themselves, --SqueakBox 02:27, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * We offer a group effort, rather than a singular approach. By pooling resources we may assist one another more neffectively than we might on an individual basis. Besides, I have been recieving alot of requests for assistance lately, and I need some help. I don't mind giving a portion of my time here to detective work, but I'm also here to be an encyclopedia editor / reader! Frankly, I saw a need, and I intend to fill it :) Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 12:17, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Who's "Archer"?

 * Who's "Archer"? I saw this listed that way. — Davenbelle 03:51, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Watch The Maltese Falcon sometime ;) Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 11:52, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks; it's been quite awhile... I should have thought about it a moment! — Davenbelle 12:05, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Power structure
I notice User:Coolcat is to be a private. Does this indicate a hierarchical organisation? What kind of power structure do you have? --SqueakBox 18:51, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not know where this ranking appears. --Cool Cat My Talk 05:50, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thats still on the drawing board. What I said was that if CoolCat joined w no evidence of previous investigating or other such work, I'd make him a private. I intend to have a ranking system based on work done, for the purpose of new and old members knowing who to go to for guidance, and to provide a small reward for a job well done.

Its pretty much optional, if someone doesn't like it they can choose not to be a public member, or choose to be without any rank. As far as power structure I delegate cases and coordinate at this pouint, but its an entirely voluntary organisation. The benefit to members is that its easier to recieve assistance on cases by joining us, we give priority to one anothers requests of course. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 15:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I like the idea, where do you fit between the WP:AMA and the WP:AMI?
I like the notion of this; I'd like to see something a la Office of Independent Investigations, something in a neutral space between the AMA and Snowspinner's vigilante corps. - Keith D. Tyler ¶ [ AMA ] 18:43, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * You seem to understand the intent very well. I am a AMA advocate, and in the process of such work I often have need to investigate matters. Lately I've found a great deal more work than I have time for however, and so I started this group to solicit aid, evidence, and so forth. We'd be glad to have you aboard, btw! Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 15:15, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I don't like your page, will you remove it?
The information and organization contained in the sub-pages that fall under the title Sam Spade/Detective agency are inappropriate and counter to the spirit of Wikipedia. I'm requesting that you remove the page and information and cease activity related to the organization.

According to the section "What can I have on my user page?" (on User page), besides information about yourself,

 * You can also use your user page to help you use Wikipedia more effectively: so you can use it to list "to do" information, work in progress, reminders, useful links, and so forth. It's also good for experimenting with markup (a personal Wikipedia:Sandbox).

 * Another use is to let people know about your activities and opinions on Wikipedia. So you might include current plans, a journal of recent activities on Wikipedia, and your opinions on how certain Wikipedia articles or policies should be changed. If you won't be editing Wikipedia for a while, drop a note on your user page to that effect.

 * You might want to add quotes that you like, or some of your favorite Wikipedia articles or images, or something like that. Also, someone may choose to award you a barnstar. In the unlikely event that your editing privileges on Wikipedia are revoked, a notice of this may be placed on your user page.

 * Generally, you should avoid any substantial content on your user page that is unrelated to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a general hosting service. Your page is about you as a Wikipedian.e>

According to the section on subpages,

 * More or less, you can have anything here that you might have on your user or user talk page.

According to the same page, among the things that should be avoided are

 * Games, roleplaying sessions, and other things that fall into "entertainment" rather than "writing an encyclopedia," particularly if they involve people who are not active participants in the project.

Similarly, "As a tradition, Wikipedia offers wide latitude to users to manage their user space as they see fit. However, pages in user space still do belong to the community."

Wikipedia has advocates whose mandate is to assist people, and in cases that require an RFA, the Arbitration Committee is quite capable of assessing evidence.

There is no demonstrated need for an organization like this, and the potential for misuse is too great. Please remove it and cease this activity.

Exploding Boy 19:06, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * I am an AMA advocate, and this is an extension of that work, providing a place to coordinate my investigations and seek assistance on the wikipedia. This page is not for the purpose of entertainment, but rather is intended to provide assistance to myself and others. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 07:21, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I don't like Sam Spade, what should I do?
Are you saying that this "agency" and its activity, - amassing evidence against individuals you deem "dubious" prior to any specific charges and with the intent of it being used in subsequent actions - is sanctioned by the AMA? It seems to go against the policy statement of the AMA to " try to preserve your privacy and maintain the type of confidentiality expected of counseling professionals." This agency seems to me neither private nor professional in its conduct. --FeloniousMonk 13:08, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, one option would be to ignore and avoid him. Another would be to discuss your concerns with him and attempt to achieve a compromise. Other reasonable options include Conflict resolution. If you think he has violated a policy you might want to document that. Whatever you do, this is not the place to do it. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 13:42, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Since Sam insists on implying here that I dislike him (see the page history for more info on how), for the record I have never said or implied I dislike Sam Spade. What I dislike is Sam's behavior, not Sam. FeloniousMonk 00:01, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Conversation (add new questions here)

 * Ya lost me; I mean to suggest that you consider Requests for arbitration. — Davenbelle 03:17, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

I was just being serious. I get your point now, --SqueakBox 03:23, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * On the serious side, I do like the private-eye concept. Unofficial; helps bring cases and such. Be careful who ya accept. fyi, I saw the Solana-as-Beast noise, and you have my sympathies. Are you part of this deal of Sam's or just talking here? I don't know Sam beyond a Welcome I got from him; paths never really crossed. — Davenbelle 03:39, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

I am the same as you, just curious, --SqueakBox 03:43, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Your stated purpose: "We collect data regarding dubious persons and circumstances, and put them to good use at the appropriate time and place." utterly violates the spirit of wikipedia. Taken with Sam's recent history of frivolous actions any efforts to amass evidence on individuals prior to any specific charges and recruiting others to do the same on your behalf shows you to be little more than a vexatious and mendacious litigant. Undermining your own effort, the fact you have an ad hoc organized witch hunt will cast serious doubt of the motive of any subsequent action that you or any of the crew that you assemble are party to. Vexatious litigation, and malicious prosecution are what I and others will be watching for with your new experiment in barratry.

Of course you could establish the impartiality of your effort by accepting this case and assist me with getting an apology from this insulting and litigious editor. ;-)--FeloniousMonk 18:44, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That matter will continue to be looked into. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 15:15, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I see... more game playing from Sam. All that is required in this matter is an earnest apology from you on my talk page that does not further insult me or misrepresent my actions and then for me to take the email and related conversations off that page. This was not a request for asssistance; I was joking in suggesting you take up our ongoing issue, hence the smiley. --FeloniousMonk 15:43, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Paradigms - What is the Sam Spade detective agency?
"Our goal is to provide top-notch investigative service to our clients, promote justice and discourage corruption, and to combine our efforts as effectively as possible" Hmmm, an investigative agency. Sounds like the FBI.

"We collect data regarding dubious persons and circumstances, and put them to good use at the appropriate time and place." BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. Sounds like the secret police.

It seems you have more of a desire to be like the FBI then the secret police.... or maybe more of a well-informed citizen possie/watchdog group. Watchdog groups are cool. Sam Spade the watchdog? It's like Ralph Nader in a fedora.

- Pioneer-12 05:47, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Really my idea was more along the lines of Sam Spade in the Maltese falcon, only w more references ;) Sam Spade 09:14, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Request for assistance
I see you had a case against 172. I never met him before yesterday, when he engaged in a nasty series of edit wars, accompanied by rudeness on the talk page and a generally offensive attitude. if you want you can read about it at Efraín Ríos Montt. I would certainly appreciate some feedback, SqueakBox 19:10, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * He is a very difficult person, and indicative of troubles within the project. The wikipedia needs a division of labour, where abrasive bulk content contributors like 172 can be encouraged to do what their best at, and NPOV editors like me can edit for neutrality. Click here to report admin abuse 20:49, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Talking of difficult persons.. Have you lost any contact with reality or do you really consider yourself a person with average, NPOV views? -- 790 15:42, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Opinion
Sam, though I appreciate you very much, I don't like this thing as it appears to be right now. At least, you shouldn't show in which cases the agency is working. To show contributions of people involved in cases it's the advocates' work in arbitrations, IMO. Maybe, I'm not understanding what is the DA for. --Neigel von Teighen 14:21, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sam Spade/Detective agency


text: Category:Israeli chess players

title: Category:Israeli chess players


text:
Nicanor the Deacon

Nicanor (Nικάνωρ) was one of the Seven Deacons. He was martyred in 76. He is one of the 4 out of 7 deacons of the Seventy collectively feasted on July 28.

title: Nicanor the Deacon


text:
User talk:Telmadho

Could you please explain to me why Polystyrene is brittle and Polyethylene is ductile at room temperature?

Thank you

title: User talk:Telmadho


text:
Nightcap: The Unreleased Masters 1973–1991

Nightcap: The Unreleased Masters 1973–1991 is a double compilation album by British rock band Jethro Tull, released on 22 November 1993. It contains much of the band's previously unreleased material.

The first disc contains material recorded in August 1972, much of which was re-recorded and re-arranged for the band's sixth album, A Passion Play (the lyrics of "Critique Oblique" and "Scenario" actually refer to the "passion play" in question). The songs "Scenario", "Audition" and "No Rehearsal" initially appeared on the 20 Years of Jethro Tull box set as a single track entitled "The Chateau d'Isaster Tapes". This humorous title is also used on Nightcap as the title of the entire first disc. The material on the first disc was mixed and arranged as the aforementioned three tracks were on the 20 Years box set with numerous flute overdubs by Ian Anderson, but excludes the songs "Big Top" and "Sailor".

All "Chateau d'Isaster" material apart from "The Story of the Hare Who Lost His Spectacles", which had been cut into the album A Passion Play in 1973, was included as part of the 2014 re-release of A Passion Play, remixed by Steven Wilson and without any overdubs. For this release, several titles were corrected to the titles given on the original tape boxes (see below) and the order was also restored to the originally planned three LP sides, which are basically reversed on Nightcap.

In 2024, the most complete version of the original sessions so far was released as a double vinyl album and on download and streaming services, simply titled The Chateau D'Herouville Sessions 1972. This includes the same mixes as on the A Passion Play book set but with a stripped down version of "The Story of the Hare Who Lost His Spectacles" inserted in its original position. The fourth side of the album was filled with the 20 Years mix and the 1973/1974 mixes of "Only Solitaire", "The Story of the Hare Who Lost His Spectacles" and "Skating Away On The Thin Ice of the New Day".

The second disc of Nightcap contains unreleased material recorded between 1974 and 1991, in particular extra songs from the sessions for The Broadsword and the Beast. Many of the songs on this disc also appear as bonus tracks on CD reissues of Jethro Tull studio albums.

The album was produced in limited quantities with proceeds going to charity.

Disc one

 * My Round : Chateau d'Isaster Tapes
 * 1) "First Post" – 1:54
 * 2) "Animelée" – 1:41 Both first tracks form "Animelée (First Dance)" on the 2014 remix
 * 3) "Tiger Toon" – 1:36 Actually "Animelée (Second Dance)"
 * 4) "Look at the Animals" – 5:09 Actually "Law of the Bungle (Pt. I)"
 * 5) "Law of the Bungle" – 2:32 Actually "Tiger Toon"
 * 6) "Law of the Bungle Part II" – 5:26
 * 7) "Left Right" – 5:01
 * 8) "Solitaire" – 1:25
 * 9) "Critique Oblique" – 9:03
 * 10) "Post Last" – 5:35 "Critique Oblique (Pt. II)" on the 2014 remix
 * 11) "Scenario" – 3:26
 * 12) "Audition" – 2:34
 * 13) "No Rehearsal" – 5:12

Recording locations and information

 * Disc 1:
 * All tracks recorded August 1972 at Château d'Hérouville, Hérouville, France.
 * Ian Anderson - vocals, flute, acoustic guitar, mandolin, tin whistle, fife
 * Martin Barre - electric guitar, spoken word
 * Jeffrey Hammond-Hammond - backing vocals, bass guitar
 * John Evan - piano, synthesizer, Hammond organ, celeste
 * Barriemore Barlow - drums, percussion
 * Disc 2:
 * Ian Anderson - vocals, flute, acoustic guitar, mandolin, tin whistle, fife, keyboards (on "No Step", "Lights Out, Hard Liner")
 * Tracks 1, 2 and 4 recorded 1974 at Morgan Studios, Fulham London
 * Martin Barre - electric guitar
 * Barriemore Barlow - drums, percussion
 * John Evan - Hammond organ, synthesizer, piano, accordion (on "Quartet")
 * Jeffrey Hammond-Hammond - acoustic string bass (on "Quartet"), vocals on ("Sealion II")
 * Dee Palmer - keyboards, orchestra conductor (on track 4)
 * Track 9 recorded 1975 at Maison Rouge Mobile Studio
 * Dee Palmer - keyboards, orchestra conductor
 * Track 15 recorded 1978 at Maison Rouge Mobile Studio, Fulham, London
 * Tracks 6, 7, 11 – 13 and 16 recorded 1981 at Maison Rouge Studios, Fulham, London
 * Martin Barre - electric guitar
 * Dave Pegg - backing vocals, bass guitar, mandolin
 * Gerry Conway - drums, percussion
 * Peter-John Vettese - piano, synthesizer (on tracks 6 and 13)
 * Track 10 recorded 1988 at Ian Anderson's home studio
 * Martin Barre - electric guitar
 * Dave Pegg - backing vocals, bass guitar
 * Gerry Conway - drums, percussion
 * Track 18 recorded 1989 at Ian Anderson's home studio
 * Martin Barre - electric guitar
 * Dave Pegg - backing vocals, bass guitar
 * Tracks 3, 5, 8 and 14 recorded 1990 at Ian Anderson's home studio
 * Martin Barre - electric guitar
 * Dave Pegg - bass guitar
 * Doane Perry - drums, percussion
 * John Bundrick - piano, Hammond organ (on tracks 3, 5 and 8)
 * Track 17 recorded 1991 at Ian Anderson's home studio and Woodworm Studios.
 * Martin Barre - electric guitar
 * Matthew Pegg - bass guitar
 * Scott Hunter - drums, percussion (Doane Perry is mistakenly credited on this track in the CD booklet?)


text:
User:DanielLC

I made a few edits with the IP address 24.7.186.174 before I got an account on Wikipedia. I also made some userboxes for a game by Why1991 that is no longer active.

title: User:DanielLC


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Samogon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect

Samogon

 * delete. It is nothing more than moonshine. Wikipedia is not a rus-eng dictionary. Mikkalai 22:11, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * So redirect to moonshine. FreplySpang (talk) 22:38, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Freply. Mgm|(talk) 23:14, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and merge content with moonshine. --Asriel86 23:14, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not an English-Russian dictionary. --Carnildo 23:59, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, foreign dictionary definition. Megan1967 01:14, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep alone, very notable part of Russian culture. Could easily be expanded. VfD is not cleanup. We have articles on Kovbasa and Kielbasa even if it's the same thing. Samogon is a cult beverage in Russia and deserves its own article. Grue 18:40, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia will be of no obstacle to spawn "samogon" out of "moonshine" when you will have a decent text for it. Mikkalai 19:17, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * While I agree with Grue, I do not think samogon deserves its own article. A section on samogon in the moonshine article should be quite sufficient.  Delete and redirect to moonshine.  By the way—kovbasa???  Definitely a VfD candidate.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 18:57, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do kielbasa or Wurst/Bratwurst taste better? Time to have some kolbasa! Mikkalai 19:14, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to moonshine. Zscout370 21:32, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to wiktionary and redirect or keep. Kappa 22:44, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and merge. It's not just Russian; samohon is a notable cultural artifact of the heavily Ukrainian-settled Manitoba Interlake region.  (Similarly, kielbasa should be merged with a more culturally-neutral rewrite for kovbasa.)   —Michael Z. 2005-04-14 06:43 Z
 * Redirect to Moonshine. DmitryKo 12:24, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I just wanted to tell you all that I just transwikied it, in case that will affect anyone's vote. --Dmcdevit 04:59, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Samogon


text:
Joachim Nielsen

Joachim Nielsen (8 September 1964 – 17 October 2000), better known as Jokke, was a Norwegian rock musician and poet. He was the frontman of Norwegian rock band Jokke & Valentinerne, the brother of cartoonist Christopher Nielsen, and son of the artist John David Nielsen. He is considered to be one of the greatest songwriters in Norway.

By the mid-1990s, Jokke had developed a heroin addiction, and had several stays at rehabilitation clinics. By the turn of the millennium, many of his close friends believed that he had conquered his addiction. However, he died suddenly of a heroin overdose in October 2000, aged 36.

In 2005, a double tribute album entitled Det beste til meg og mine venner (The best for me and my friends) was released, which featured cover versions of Jokke's best known work from Norwegian artists. Later that year (around Christmas time) a single was released featuring three previously unreleased songs, called Tomgang.

In November 2005, a proposal came up in the "old town" of Oslo that Nielsen should get a street in the new part of Oslo (Bjørvika) named after him. In December this proposal was declined. The committee agreed instead that he could get a street in Grønland, Oslo. This street is now called "Joachim Nielsens gang" ("Joachim Nielsen's aisle") and the sign for it came up in September 2006. The closest neighbor is a bar and a theater. They also suggested to put up a statue of him, but his family did not approve of this.

Jokke and Valentinerne
Jokke & Valentinerne (Jokke and the Valentines) were formed in 1982, consisting of Nielsen on guitar and vocals, his longtime partner May-Irene Aasen on drums and Håkon Torgersen on bass. The band went on to become one of the most popular bands in Oslo's underground rock scene. Their first album Alt kan repareres (Everything can be repaired) was released in 1986. The band is regarded as one of the "Great Four" Norwegian-language rock bands of the 1980s, along with deLillos, Dum Dum Boys and Raga Rockers. The band drew their influences mainly from punk and American Southern rock.

Much of the band's lyrics were about alcohol, and Jokke had a reputation of frequently getting drunk on stage. In 1992, he created a scandal when he received Spellemannprisen (the Norwegian equivalent of the Grammy awards) visibly drunk and/or under the influence of drugs. Still, one must not dismiss his lyrics as being shallow drinking songs. All his lyrics, including the much-played and catchy Øl ("Beer"), have a deeper tone describing a harsh lifestyle with drugs, alcohol and general anxiety towards the society and the people close to him. Nielsen's lyricism is closely related to the American writer Charles Bukowski, in describing societal underdogs, misfits and so-called anti-heroes. Nielsen's lyrics show strong sympathy for people who are somewhat scarred by life, and in addition, are deeply working class-conscious. The Norwegian poet Rudolf Nilsen and musician Alf Prøysen are two other influences, in both a literal and a musical sense.

JEPS
JEPS is short for "Jokke's Eget PlateSelskap" ("Jokke's Own RecordCompany"). Joachim Nielsen used this abbreviation on some of the CDs he released.

Last line-up

 * Joachim Nielsen – vocals and guitar (1982–1994)
 * Petter Pogo – guitar, bass (1990–1994)
 * May-Irene Aasen – drums and percussion, vocals (1982–1994)

Former members

 * Håkon Torgersen – bass (1984–1990)
 * Lars Lothe – guitar, vocals (1982–1983)
 * Waldemar Hepstein – piano (1985)
 * Trygve Johansen – piano (1982–1983)
 * Christian Ellingsgård – bass (1982–1983)

Albums

 * Alt kan repareres (1986)
 * Et hundeliv (1987)
 * III (1990)
 * Frelst (1991)
 * Alt kan repeteres (1994)

Singles

 * To fulle menn (1987)
 * Gnukk (1991)
 * Ta meg med (1994)

Compilations

 * Spenn! (1995)
 * Prisen for popen (2002)
 * Levende (Så Lenge Det Varer) (2009)

Soloalbum

 * Nykter (1996)

Jokke med Tourettes

 * Trygge Oslo (1997)
 * Billig Lykke (1999)
 * Tomgang (2005)

title: Joachim Nielsen


text:
Analyte

An analyte, component (in clinical chemistry), titrand (in titrations), or chemical species is a substance or chemical constituent that is of interest in an analytical procedure. The purest substances are referred to as analytes, such as 24 karat gold, NaCl, water, etc. In reality, no substance has been found to be 100% pure in its quality, so a substance that is found to be most pure (for some metals, 99% after electrolysis) is called an analyte.

title: Analyte


text:
Wake Me Up When September Ends

"Wake Me Up When September Ends" is a song by American rock band Green Day, released on June 13, 2005, as the fourth single from the group's seventh studio album, American Idiot (2004). The ballad was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about the death of his father when he was 10 years old.

The song became a hit single, peaking at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 and receiving a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was also a top-10 single in the United Kingdom, Belgium, and New Zealand and was a number-one single in the Czech Republic. In the United States, the song became symbolic after Hurricane Katrina, where it was dedicated to victims of the disaster, and also regarded as a dedication to the victims of the September 11 attacks that occurred in 2001. The song's music video depicts a couple broken apart by the Iraq War, which was intended to convey the song's central theme of loss.

Background
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about his father, who died from esophageal cancer when Armstrong was 10 years old. Armstrong at one point dubbed the song the most autobiographical he had written to that point, considering it "therapeutic" but also difficult to perform. For example, during a live performance at Irving Plaza in September 15, 2012, Armstrong shouted "Daddy" and started crying during the middle of the song.

Commercial performance
The single peaked at number six in the United States, becoming Green Day's second top-10 single. It also peaked at number eight in Canada and the UK, while reaching number 13 in Australia. The song was certified Gold in the United Kingdom for sales of 400,000. The song ended the streak of Green Day's three consecutive number-one hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart ("American Idiot", "Boulevard of Broken Dreams", and "Holiday"), but it peaked at number two on the chart, kept from number one by Gorillaz' "Feel Good Inc." The song also made it to number two on the Adult Top 40 chart and the Mainstream Top 40 chart. This was the band's most successful song in the adult contemporary market, hitting number three on the Adult Contemporary Chart and their only song to appear on that specific chart other than "Boulevard of Broken Dreams". "Wake Me Up When September Ends" had sold 1,652,000 copies as of May 2010.

Reception
Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone deemed the song a sequel to the group's 1997 single "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)".

Music video
The song's music video was directed by Samuel Bayer, best known for his work with Nirvana and Metallica. Bayer wrote the treatment for the video, which he envisioned as a mini-movie. Bayer brought the idea of an Iraq War-themed video to the trio after interviewing soldiers who had signed up to fight after being persuaded by a television advertisement. The song's music video thus attempts to "turn the machine on itself" by acting as a commercial for "free thought or peace." Although it was far from the song's literal meaning, Armstrong felt it appropriate considering the song's theme of loss. Bayer noted that he felt bored with predictable music videos, and wanted to produce a video that felt like a film. Consequently, he and a crew spent a month casting actors for the roles and conducted rehearsals, uncommon for music videos. The clip was filmed in Los Angeles in late March 2005.

The video focuses on a couple in love (played by Jamie Bell and Evan Rachel Wood). The boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps. The boyfriend interprets his actions as a way to show her that he loves her so much that he would put his life on the line to keep her safe. However, the girlfriend is heartbroken, as he broke his vow to never leave her. The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents. Despite the Marines fighting back, the boyfriend watches as several of his comrades fall to the ground wounded. Their fate—and his—is left unknown. This scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field. The video ends on this juxtaposition, emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war.

The clip prompted criticism from conservative media pundits. On the subject of the clip being seen as exploitive of the war for entertainment purposes, Green Day's Mike Dirnt rejected this notion: "Rock & roll should be dangerous. […] It should be striking and stir questions, and I think that that video, at the end of the day, comes down to that core emotion of loss." Bayer considered it his best production to that point, remarking, "'September' is hands down the greatest thing I've ever done."

The video reached number one on Total Request Live, and came in second for best video of the year in a 2005 Reader's Poll by Rolling Stone.

Legacy
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" became closely associated with Hurricane Katrina, which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States on August 29, 2005, three days before the start of September. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" became symbolic in the aftermath; one blogger paired the song with television coverage of the disaster, creating a viral video. Green Day performed the song days after the disaster on ReAct Now: Music & Relief, a benefit concert broadcast on MTV and its associated properties. A live version of the song, recorded on September 3, 2005, at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, was released soon after and dedicated to the hurricane's victims.

The song was performed live with U2 guitarist The Edge in the pregame show of the Monday Night Football game between the New Orleans Saints and the Atlanta Falcons; it was the first game played in the Superdome in New Orleans after the hurricane.

Annual internet meme
Every year, internet memes circulate on social media between September 30 and October 1, featuring captions ordering Armstrong to wake up because September has ended, a literal interpretation of the song's title. Armstrong has expressed his displeasure with the memes and has joked about wanting to write a sequel song in response called "Shut the Fuck Up When October Begins".

Track listings
UK 7-inch picture disc

Personnel
Personnel are adapted from the UK CD1 liner notes.
 * Green Day – music, production
 * Billie Joe Armstrong – words, lead vocals, guitar
 * Mike Dirnt – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Tré Cool – drums
 * Rob Cavallo – production
 * Doug McKean – engineering
 * Chris Lord-Alge – mixing
 * Chris Bilheimer – art design

title: Wake Me Up When September Ends


text:
Indonesian Army

The Indonesian Army (Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD), lit. 'Indonesian National Military-Land Force') is the land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,400 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its roots in 1945 when the Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (TKR) "People's Security Army" first emerged as a paramilitary and police corps.

Since the nation's independence movement, the Indonesian Army has been involved in multifaceted operations ranging from the incorporation of Western New Guinea, the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, to the annexation of East Timor, as well as internal counter-insurgency operations in Aceh, Maluku, and Papua. The army's operations have not been without controversy; it has been periodically associated with human rights violations, particularly in West Papua, East Timor and Aceh.

The Indonesia Army is composed of a headquarters, 15 military regional command (Kodam), a strategic reserve command (Kostrad), a special forces command (Kopassus), and various adjunct units. It is headed by the Chief of Staff of the Army (Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat – KSAD or KASAD).

Formation
In the week following the Japanese surrender of 1945, the Giyūgun (PETA) and Heiho groups were disbanded by the Japanese. Most PETA and Heiho members did not yet know about the declaration of independence. Command structures and membership vital for a national army were consequently dismantled. Thus, rather than being formed from a trained, armed, and organised army, the Republican armed forces began to grow in September from usually younger, less trained groups under the national People's Security Agency built around charismatic leaders in the regions. Creating a rational military structure that was obedient to central authority from such disorganisation, was one of the major problems of the revolution, a problem that remains through to contemporary times. In a meeting between former KNIL and former PETA Division Commanders, organised by chief of staff (KSO) of People's Security Agency, Oerip Soemohardjo, a thirty-year-old former school teacher and PETA member, Sudirman, was elected 'commander-in-chief' in Yogyakarta on 12 November 1945.

Aware of the limitations of the military in the face of the Dutch aggression, the people and government of Indonesia had no choice but to fight foreign threats to the young nation's independence. Thus, in 1947, the People's War Doctrine in which all the power of the national armed forces and the community and resources were deployed to confront the Dutch aggression, was officially implemented within the army and the wider armed forces as the national military strategy. Thus, the integrity and existence of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia has been able to be maintained by military force with the people. By 1947, the young Army (then named Tentara Republik Indonesia - Angkatan Darat) was organized into 10 infantry divisions, 7 Javanese and 3 Sumatran.

In accordance with the decision of the Round Table Conference (RTC), at the end of 1949 the United States of Indonesia (RIS) came into being. Correspondingly, the TNI's ground forces thus formed part of the Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat (APRIS) (later the Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia or APRI when the republic became unitary in 1950). It would be the merger of the TNI and the former KNIL and all military personnel of the two forces, plus the independent paramilitary groups (laskar) which fought the war on the side of the independence movement.

Action against rebellions
The period is also called the period of liberal democracy is characterized by various rebellions in the country. In 1950 most of the former members of the Colonial Army launched an uprising in Bandung which is known as the Legion of the Just Ruler / APRA uprising and was led by former KNIL officer Raymond Westerling. The army also needed to confront the uprising in Makassar led by Andi Azis and the Republic of South Maluku (RMS) in Maluku. Meanwhile, DaruI Islam in West Java widened its influence to South Kalimantan, South Sulawesi and Aceh. In 1958 the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia / People's Struggle (PRRI / Permesta) started a rebellion in large parts of Sumatra and North Sulawesi endangering the national integrity. As part of the National Armed Forces the Army helped defeat all these uprisings, increasing its prestige in the eyes of the government and the people. Future Chief of Staff of the Army Ahmad Yani was instrumental in one of these first victories against rebels in Central Java.

On 17 November 1952, General Nasution was suspended as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government. From the 1950s, the military articulated the doctrines of dwifungsi and hankamrata, the military roles in the country's socio-political development as well as security; and a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces and police if the State warrants it. On 5 July 1959, Sukarno, with armed forces support and the advice of Nasution, issued a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers. By 1963, he also assumed the additional role of Prime Minister, which completed the structure of 'Guided Democracy', and was named "President for Life", also with army assistance, the year after.

At the same time, the Indonesian government started sending their troops on UN peacekeeping missions. The first batch of soldiers were sent to Sinai, Egypt and were known as Garuda Contingent 1. Garuda Contingent I began its first deployment 8 January 1957 to Egypt. Garuda Contingent I consisted of the combined personnel of the 15th Infantry Regiment Territorial Command (TT) IV/Diponegoro, as well as one company of the 18th Infantry Regiment TC V/Brawijaya in Malang. This contingent was led by Lt. Col. of Infantry Hartoyo which was later replaced by Lieutenant Colonel of Infantry Suadi Suromihardjo, while his deputy was Major of Infantry Soediono Suryantoro. The contingent departed on 8 January 1957, on board the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II transport aircraft of the United States Air Force for Beirut, the Lebanese capital. From Beirut the contingent was divided by two, the majority heading to Abu Suweir and partly to Al Sandhira. Furthermore, the El Sandhira troops moved into Gaza, the border area of Egypt and Israel, while the command is in Rafah. This contingent returned to Indonesia on 29 September 1957. Garuda Contingent I had a total number of 559 army personnel of all ranks.

1960 onwards
The army was heavily involved in the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966. The killings were an anti-communist purge following a failed coup of the 30 September Movement. The most widely accepted estimates are that more than 500,000 people were killed. The purge was a pivotal event in the transition to the "New Order"; the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) was eliminated as a political force. The failed coup released pent-up communal hatreds which were fanned by the Indonesian Army, which quickly blamed the PKI. Communists were purged from political, social, and military life, and the PKI itself was banned. The massacres began in October 1965, in the weeks following the coup attempt, and reached their peak over the remainder of the year before subsiding in the early months of 1966. They started in the capital, Jakarta, and spread to Central and East Java and, later, Bali. Thousands of local vigilantes and army units killed actual and alleged PKI members. Although killings occurred across Indonesia, the worst were in the PKI strongholds of Central Java, East Java, Bali, and northern Sumatra. It is possible that over one million people were imprisoned at one time or another.

Sukarno's balancing act of "Nasakom" (nationalism, religion and communism) had been unravelled. His most significant pillar of support, the PKI, had been effectively eliminated by the other two pillars—the army and political Islam; and the army was on the way to unchallenged power. In March 1968, Suharto was formally elected president.

The killings are skipped over in most Indonesian history books and have received little introspection by Indonesians and comparatively little international attention. Satisfactory explanations for the scale and frenzy of the violence have challenged scholars from all ideological perspectives. The possibility of a return to similar upheavals is cited as a factor in the "New Order" administration's political conservatism and tight control of the political system. Vigilance against a perceived communist threat remained a hallmark of Suharto's thirty-year presidency. The CIA described the massacre as "one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century, along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s, the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War, and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s."

Later army operations have not been without controversy however. Involvement in UN Peacekeeping operations continued, but in 2010, the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon was strongly criticized after two soldiers from Indonesia were filmed fleeing a clash on the Israeli-Lebanon border in a taxi.

The size of the Army has expanded over the years; in July 1976 the Army was estimated to consist of solely 180,000 personnel, one armoured cavalry brigade, part of Kostrad (one tank battalion, plus support units), 14 infantry brigades (90 infantry, 1 para, 9 artillery, 11 anti-aircraft, and 9 engineer battalions) of which three of the brigades were in Kostrad, two airborne brigades totalling six battalions, also part of Kostrad, one independent tank battalion, 7 independent armoured cavalry battalions, and four independent para-commando battalions.

Organisation
The Indonesian Army is currently organized into 15 military regions which are spread throughout the Indonesian archipelago. They are placed under the jurisdiction of the army headquarters. Three are based in Sumatra, four are based in Java, two are based in Kalimantan, one based in Lesser Sunda Islands, two based in Sulawesi, one based in Maluku and two based in Papua. The Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat (Kostrad, strategic reserve forces) and Komando Pasukan Khusus (Kopassus, the Army special force) are independent formations and directly subordinate to the chief of staff. The army headquarters is under coordination with the armed force Headquarters. The highest-ranking officer within the army is the Chief of Staff of the Army which has the rank of a four-star General and is responsible to the Commander of the Armed Forces.

The Indonesian Army and its relation to the Armed Forces General Headquarters and the other military branches are structured into the following in accordance with the provisions of Presidential Regulation No. 66/ 2019 on the Organization of the Indonesian National Armed Forces:

Leadership elements (Unsur pimpinan)

 * 1) Kasad Jenderal TNI Maruli Simanjuntak.jpg Maruli Simanjuntak]]Chief of Staff of the Army (Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat), in charge of:
 * 2) * heading the management and operational readiness of the Army;
 * 3) * assisting the Commander of the Armed Forces in creating policies regarding the Army's image, doctrine, and strategy, as well as in preparing land-based operations;
 * 4) * assisting the Commander of the Armed Forces in utilizing various state defense components; and
 * 5) * other land-based duties as ordered by the Commander of the Armed Forces.
 * 6) Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army (Wakil Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat), serving as the chief staff coordinator of the Army Headquarters, assisting the Army Chief of Staff in heading the Army.

Leadership support elements (Unsur pembantu pimpinan)

 * 1) Inspectorate General of the Army (Inspektorat Jenderal TNI Angkatan Darat), tasked with general internal supervision of the Army, as well as the supervision over the Army's treasury and finance;
 * 2) Expert Staff to the Army Chief of Staff (Staf Ahli Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat), tasked with providing the Army Chief of Staff with academic and scientific analysis over national and international issues;
 * 3) Army Planning and Budgeting Staff (Staf Perencanaan dan Anggaran TNI Angkatan Darat), tasked with drafting strategic policies and general administration of Army planning, budgeting, and bureaucratic reform;
 * 4) Army Intelligence Staff (Staf Intelijen TNI Angkatan Darat), tasked with drafting strategic policies and general administration of Army intelligence;
 * 5) Army Operations Staff (Staf Operasi TNI Angkatan Darat) tasked with drafting strategic policies and general administration of Army operations;
 * 6) Army Training Staff (Staf Latihan TNI Angkatan Darat) tasked with drafting strategic policies and general administration of Army training;
 * 7) Army Personnel Staff (Staf Personalia TNI Angkatan Darat) tasked with drafting strategic policies and general administration of Army personnel;
 * 8) Army Logistics Staff (Staf Logistik TNI Angkatan Darat) tasked with drafting strategic policies and general administration of Army logistics; and
 * 9) Army Territorial Staff (Staf Teritorial TNI Angkatan Darat) tasked with drafting strategic policies and general administration of Army territorial affairs.

Service Element (Unsur Pelayanan)

 * Army Headquarters Detachment (Detasemen Markas Besar TNI Angkatan Darat), in charge of managing the internal affairs, personnel, logistics, and finance in support of the Army Headquarters.

Central executive agencies (Badan Pelaksana Pusat)
The following agencies are called Badan Pelaksana Pusat, translated as Central Executive Agencies, and directly subordinated under the Army Headquarters. Agencies with affix Pusat (Centers), Akademi (Academies), and Sekolah (Schools or Colleges) are headed by two-star Major General, while agencies with affix Dinas (Services/Departments) and Direktorat (Directorates) are headed by a one-star Brigadier General. Exceptions are made for the Army Territorial Center, Army Military Police Center, and Army Central Hospital as they are all headed by a three-star Lieutenant General.

Centers
 * Combat forces
 * 1) Infantry Branch Center (Pusat Kesenjataan Infanteri)
 * 2) Cavalry Branch Center (Pusat Kesenjataan Kavaleri)
 * 3) Field Artillery Branch Center (Pusat Kesenjataan Artileri Medan)
 * 4) Air Defense Artillery Branch Center (Pusat Kesenjataan Artileri Pertahanan Udara)
 * Combat and service support
 * 1) Army Territorial Center (Pusat Teritorial TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 2) Army Military Police Center (Pusat Polisi Militer TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 3) Army Aviation Center (Pusat Penerbangan TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 4) Army Medical Center (Pusat Kesehatan TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 5) Army Engineering Center (Pusat Zeni TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 6) Army Signals Center (Pusat Perhubungan TNI Angkatan Darat);
 * 7) Army Ordnance Center (Pusat Peralatan TNI Angkatan Darat);
 * 8) Army Logistics and Transportation Center (Pusat Pembekalan dan Angkutan TNI Angkatan Darat);
 * 9) Army Intelligence Center (Pusat Intelijen TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 10) Army Ciphering and Cyber Operations Center (Pusat Sandi dan Siber TNI Angkatan Darat)

Central Hospitals

 * 1) Gatot Soebroto Army Central Hospital (Rumah Sakit Pusat Angkatan Darat Gatot Soebroto)

Academies and Schools Directorates Services
 * 1) Indonesian Military Academy (Akademi Militer)
 * 2) Army Command and General Staff College (Sekolah Staf dan Komando TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 3) Army Officer Candidate School (Sekolah Calon Perwira TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 1) Army Adjutancy General Directorate (Direktorat Ajudan Jenderal TNI Angkatan Darat);
 * 2) Army Topography Directorate (Direktorat Topografi TNI Angkatan Darat);
 * 3) Army Military Justice Directorate (Direktorat Hukum TNI Angkatan Darat); and
 * 4) Army Finance Directorate (Direktorat Keuangan TNI Angkatan Darat).
 * 1) Army Physical Fitness and Sport Service (Dinas Jasmani TNI Angkatan Darat);
 * 2) Army Mental Guidance and Chaplaincy Service (Dinas Pembinaan Mental TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 3) Army Psychology Service (Dinas Psikologi TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 4) Army Research and Development Service (Dinas Penelitian dan Pengembangan TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 5) Army Historical Heritage Service (Dinas Sejarah TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 6) Army Information and Data Processing Service (Dinas Informasi dan Pengolahan Data TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 7) Army Public Relations Service (Dinas Penerangan TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 8) Army Worthiness Service (Dinas Kelaikan TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * 9) Army Procurement Service (Dinas Pengadaan TNI Angkatan Darat)

Army Strategic Reserve Command
The Army Strategic Reserve Command (Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat), better known by its abbreviation Kostrad is the Indonesian Army's strategic operational command. It is a corps-level command which has around 40,000 troops, organized into three divisions. It also supervises operational readiness among all commands and conducts defence and security operations at the strategic level in accordance with policies of the TNI commander. Green berets are worn by its personnel, and it is the main basic warfare combat unit of the Indonesian Army.

While Kopassus is the elite-special forces of the Indonesian Army, Kostrad is still maintained as the first-line combat unit of the TNI below the Kopassus. Despite its nomenclature as reserve units, it is also used as main combat force, deployed for certain circumstances and is also capable for semi-special ops because mainly airborne infantry units are part of this corps. Kostrad contains Infantry (including Airborne) units, Artillery, Cavalry, and other military combat units. The three division's composition and its headquarters are:

Army Doctrine, Education and Training Development Command
The Army Doctrine, Education and Training Development Command (Komando Pembinaan Doktrin, Pendidikan, dan Latihan TNI Angkatan Darat, abbreviated into Kodiklatad) is charged in providing training to all officers, warrant officers, NCOs and enlisted personnel of the Army. The Command HQ is based in Bandung, and organized into the following:

 * Combat Operations Training Center (Pusat Latihan Tempur TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * Combat Simulation Center (Pusat Simulasi Tempur TNI Angkatan Darat)
 * Army Branch Training Schools (Pusat Pendidikan Kecabangan TNI Angkatan Darat), which consist of the following Army training schools:
 * Infantry Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Infanteri)
 * Cavalry Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Kavaleri)
 * Air Defense Artillery Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Artileri Pertahanan Udara)
 * Field Artillery Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Artileri Medan);
 * Women's Army Corps Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Korps Wanita);
 * Military Finance Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Keuangan);
 * Physical Fitness Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Jasmani);
 * Military Police Corps Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Polisi Militer);
 * Military Signals Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Perhubungan);
 * Territorial Defense Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Teritorial);
 * Military Logistics and Transportation Corps Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Pembekalan dan Angkutan)
 * Military Ordnance Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Peralatan);
 * Topography Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Topografi);
 * Military Engineering Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Zeni);
 * Military Medical Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Kesehatan)
 * Military Intelligence Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Intelijen)
 * Adjutancy General Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Ajudan Jenderal)
 * Military Justice Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Hukum)
 * General Military Instruction Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Pengetahuan Militer Umum)
 * Army Aviation Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan Penerbang Angkatan Darat)
 * Army Applied Technology College (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Darat)
 * Indonesian Army Polytechnic (Politeknik Angkatan Darat)
 * Regional Training Regiments (Resimen Induk Komando Daerah Militer, abbreviated into Rindam) assigned to all fifteen territorial Military Regional Commands of the Army

Army Special Force Command
The Special Force Command (Komando Pasukan Khusus) or Kopassus for short, composed of an estimated 5,530 personnel organized into five brigade-level groups:

 * Group 1/Para Komando, based in Serang, composed of four airborne commando battalions (11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th)
 * Group 2/Para Komando, based in Kartasura, composed of three airborne commando battalions (21st, 22nd, and 23rd)
 * Group 3/Sandhi Yudha, based in Cijantung, Depok, composed of three battalions specialized in clandestine and intelligence operations (31st, 32nd, and 33rd)
 * SAT 81/Gultor, based in Cijantung, Depok, composed of two battalions specialized in counterterrorism (811th and 812th)
 * Special Force Education and Training Center (Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Pasukan Khusus), based in Batujajar, West Bandung, composed of the following education and training units:
 * Commando Training School (Sekolah Komando);
 * Airborne Training School (Sekolah PARA);
 * Combat Intelligence Training School (Sekolah Sandha);
 * Specialization Training School (Sekolah Spesialisasi);
 * Raider Training School (Sekolah Raider); and
 * Special Combat Training School (Sekolah Pertempuran Khusus).

Except for the Special Force Education and Training Center, every Kopassus groups are tasked with maintaining its combat and operational readiness at any given moment. Each group is headed by a Colonel and all groups are qualified as airborne commandos. Kopassus is known for its roles in high-risk operations such as the Woyla hijacking and the Mapenduma hostage crisis. However, Kopassus is also known for its alleged human right abuses in East Timor and Papua. Personnel of the unit are distinguished by their red berets, similar to most paratrooper and special forces units in the world.

Army territorial commands
The territorial Military Regional Command or Military Area Command (Komando Daerah Militer) and its units below hierarchically serve as the main operational organization of the Indonesian Army. These military territories were established by General Sudirman (the then-Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces), following the model of the Nazi German Wehrkreis system. The system was later codified in Surat Perintah Siasat No.1, signed into doctrine in November 1948.

The hierarchy of Indonesian Army territorial command is as follows:
 * Kodam (Komando Daerah Militer) Military Regional Command or officially known as Military Area Command (Provincial or multiple province level) is commanded by a two-star Major General;
 * Korem (Komando Resor Militer) Military Resort Command or officially known as Military Subarea Command (Covering a province or multiple cities and regencies) is further divided into 2 type, A and B, commanded by a one-star Brigadier General and Colonel respectively;
 * Kodim (Komando Distrik Militer) Military District Command (City or Regency level) is further divided, into 3 type, independent, A and B, commanded by a Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, and Major respectively; and
 * Koramil (Komando Rayon Militer) Military Rayon Command or officially known as Military Subdistrict Command (Kecamatan or district level) is further divided into 2 type, A and B, commanded by a Major and Captain respectively.

There are currently fifteen Kodams established across Indonesia, with all but two commands numbered.

 * 1) Kodam I/Bukit Barisan covers northern and central Sumatra, except Aceh
 * 2) Kodam II/ Sriwijaya covers southern Sumatra
 * 3) Kodam III/Siliwangi covers western Java, except Jakarta metro area
 * 4) Kodam IV/Diponegoro covers central Java
 * 5) Kodam V/Brawijaya covers East Java
 * 6) Kodam VI/Mulawarman covers eastern Kalimantan and areas of National Capital City Nusantara
 * 7) Kodam IX/Udayana covered the lesser Sunda islands
 * 8) Kodam XII/Tanjungpura covered western and central Kalimantan
 * 9) Kodam XIII/Merdeka covers northern and eastern Sulawesi
 * 10) Kodam XIV/Hasanuddin covers southern and western Sulawesi
 * 11) Kodam XV/Pattimura covers the Moluccas
 * 12) Kodam XVII/Cenderawasih covers western Papua
 * 13) Kodam VIII/Kasuari covered eastern Papua
 * 14) Kodam Jayakarta covers Jakarta metro area
 * 15) Kodam Iskandar Muda covers Aceh

The Army's structure underwent various reorganizations throughout its early years. From 1946 to 1952 the Army was organized into a number of set combined arms divisions, dominated by infantry brigades. These were further consolidated in 1951, and then dispersed in 1952. From 1952 to 1958–59, the Army was organized into seven Territorial Armies (Tentara & Teritorium) composed of regiments and independent formations in the battalion level and below. In August 1958, the Indonesian Army reconsolidated its territorial organization. There were then established sixteen regional commands, which retained earlier divisional titles; the Siliwangi Division, for example, became Kodam VI/Siliwangi. The RCs, then as in today, were subdivided administratively into Areas (the former territorial regiments), Districts (the former regimental battalions) and District Sectors, and operationally composed of a number of specialty battalions and in some regional commands, an infantry brigade.

A reorganisation in 1985 made significant changes in the army chain of command. The four multiservice Defence Region Commands (Kowilhans) and the National Strategy Command (Kostranas) were eliminated from the defence structure, re-establishing the Military Regional Command (Kodam) as the key organisation for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services. The chain of command flowed directly from the ABRI commander in chief via the Chief of Staff of the Army to the ten territorial commands' commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands.

The territorial commands incorporate provincial and district commands each with a number of infantry battalions, sometimes a cavalry battalion, artillery, or engineers, and there are an increasing number of infantry brigades being activated. Some have Raider battalions attached either under divisional control, under brigades, or as territorial infantry.

Combat Elements (Satuan Tempur)

There are today 5 types of Infantry battalions in the Indonesian Army, which are:
 * Infantry branch (INF) (Infanteri) - The Infantry Branch is the principal and major unit of the Indonesian army combat element. The Infantry element is the largest and main combat troops within the Indonesian army. Most members of Kostrad and Kopassus are composed of infantrymen, although it also consists of non-infantry units internally. In Indonesia, there are more than 100 Infantry Battalions spread throughout the country. Green berets are worn by Indonesian Army infantrymen. The Infantry Branch of the Indonesian Army are under the auspices of the Infantry Branch Center (Pusat Kesenjataan Infanteri) which is under the command of a lieutenant general. The Infantry branch of the Indonesian Army consists of huge numbers of units whereas the International Institute for Strategic Studies' Military Balance 2007 lists the Army with 2 brigades, (6 battalions), plus 60 other battalions in each Kodams and nine battalions in Kostrad. The elite infantry battalions of the Indonesian Army are called "Raider Battalions" (raised in 2003) which are specially trained in Raid and Air assault operations (including counter-terrorism, Extraction, Guerrilla and Close combat operations). By strength and capabilities, 1 battalion of Raider infantry is equal to 3 regular infantry battalions combined. There are currently about 39 raider battalions in the Indonesian Army Infantry branch, with the strength of 650 to 800 men per-battalion. It is larger compared to regular infantry battalions which only consists about 450 to 570 infantrymen. Even as the Army Chief of Staff is planning in the future to qualify all Infantry battalions (except mechanized) as "Raider"-ready, there are now mechanized battalions which are "Raider"-qualified in addition to their mechanized role. Infantry battalions in the Indonesian Army originates from different combat organisations or corps, there are several infantry battalions part of Kostrad and some are part of the territorial military commands, the same case also falls to Raider Infantry battalions. Currently, there are now 3 Airborne infantry brigades in the Indonesian Army which are all Raider qualified (thus named Para-raider), and are all part of the Kostrad corps. The Infantry beret colors of the Indonesian army are as shown below:
 * Regular Infantry soldiers wear Green Beret with crossed-rifle insignia
 * Kostrad infantrymen wear Green Beret with Kostrad emblem (Airborne units are added a paratrooper wing insignia on the beret)
 * Raider infantrymen wear Dark Green beret with Raider bayonet emblem
 * Mechanized Infantrymen wear Dark Green beret with Mechanized Infantry emblem
 * 1) Para-Raider Infantry Battalion (abbreviated Yonif Para Raider) are Airborne infantry battalions part of Kostrad which are also capable in Air assault and Raid operations.
 * 2) Mechanized-Raider Infantry Battalion (abbreviated Yonif Mekanis Raider) are Raider infantry battalions which are Mechanized that are special operations-capable which also can carry out urban warfare and ground mechanized infantry operations.
 * 3) Raider Infantry Battalion (abbreviated Yonif Raider) are infantry battalions which are basically trained for Raid warfare and Air assault operations.
 * 4) Mechanized Infantry Battalion (abbreviated Yonif Mekanis) are mobilized infantry battalions, equipped with APCs and IFVs.
 * 5) Infantry Battalion (abbreviated Yonif) are light Infantry battalions.

All infantrymen of the Indonesian National Armed Forces have capabilities in Jungle warfare, including infantrymen from the Indonesian Marine Corps and Paskhas corps.

Combat Support Elements (Satuan Bantuan Tempur)

 * Cavalry (KAV) (Kavaleri) is the armored forces unit of the army. Its main function is as a combat support element. Cavalry units do not just rely on Tanks, APCs and IFVs as combat assets, but also use horses specially trained for combat and combat support operations in any terrain. Troopers wear black berets. The cavalry formations of the Army are under the supervision of the Cavalry Branch Center (Pusat Kesenjataan Kavaleri).

 * Field Artillery (ARM) (Artileri Medan) is the field artillery unit of the army. It also acts as a combat support similar to the cavalry unit. Its main function is to support ground combat mission for the Infantry Branch. Units of the Field Artillery use either towed or self propelled artillery guns and multiple rocket launchers. Brown berets are worn by its gunners. The Field Artillery units report under the Field Artillery Branch Center (Pusat Kesenjataan Artileri Medan).

 * Air Defense Artillery (ARH) (Artileri Pertahanan Udara) are the anti-aircraft defense units of the army. Its main function to defend other ground units from an air attack and help to protect installations from destruction. They are equipped with both anti-air defense guns and short range air defense missile systems, either MANPADs or vehicle-mounted systems. Like the Field Artillery, Brown berets are worn by its gunners and missile crews. The Air Defense Artillery units report to the Air Defense Artillery Branch Center (Pusat Kesenjataan Artileri Pertahanan Udara). Four detachments of missile artillery units called Den Rudal (Detasemen Rudal) are part of the Air Defense Artillery.

 * Engineering Corps (CZI) (Korps Zeni) - The Military Engineering Corps is specialty branch of the army whose primary function as a combat support, such as the construction of military bridges for vehicles to pass by or converting highways into temporary runways. Another function of this unit is to expand troop movements and narrowing enemy movements while assisting friendly units. The Military Engineers are also involved in relief operations in the aftermath of calamities and in building civil projects in the local communities. Engineers, regardless of rank, wear Grey berets or construction helmets in their uniforms. The unit is under the Directorate of Army Military Engineering.
 * Ordnance Corps (CPL) (Korps Peralatan) is a unit whose main function is the maintenance and testing of military ordnance. The unit is under the Directorate of Army Ordnance.
 * Signal Corps (CHB) (Korps Perhubungan) is a unit whose main function to deliver and maintain the best possible information to combat units. The unit is under the Directorate of Army Signals.
 * Army Aviation Corps (CPN) (Korps Penerbang Angkatan Darat) - The army maintain its own small air arm that performs attack, liaison and transport duties. It operates 100 aircraft in five helicopter and aircraft squadrons composed mostly of light aircraft and small transports, such as the IPTN produced CN-235. Five squadrons are continuously maintained, as follow:
 * 11th Squadron (light assault) based in Semarang
 * 21st Squadron (support) based in West Jakarta
 * 31st Squadron (heavy assault) based in Semarang
 * 12th Squadron (light assault) based in Way Kanan
 * 13th Squadron (support) based in Berau

Administrative Assistance Units (Satuan Bantuan Administrasi)

 * Military Police Corps (CPM) (Korps Polisi Militer) is categorized as for the administration assistance unit. Its main function is to maintain of discipline, law and order within the entire Army. MP units wear either light blue berets which are dragged to the left or blue MP helmets. The Military Police is under the Army Military Police Command.
 * Adjutant General Corps (CAJ) (Korps Ajudan Jenderal) function as the military, public and military civil servants affairs administration. The adjutant general unit is under the Directorate of Army Adjudant General.
 * Logistics and Transportation / Quartermaster Corps (CBA) (Korps Pembekalan dan Angkutan) is tasked to provide services and transport logistic cargo within the Indonesian Army. Dark blue berets are worn by its personnel. The Logistic Transportation Corps is under the Directorate of Army Logistics and Transportation.
 * Topography / Survey Corps (CTP) (Korps Topografi) This unit's main function is to make topographic research and maps about the battlefield for the purposes of the Indonesian Army during combat operations. This unit is under the Directorate of the Army Topography Service.
 * Army Women's Corps (K) (Korps Wanita Angkatan Darat) Operationally dependent on Army commands and services the Women's Army Corps serves as the official administrative branch of women who actively spend their active military service in the ranks of the Army.
 * Medical Corps (CKM) (Korps Kesehatan) This unit's main function is to maintain the health and medical wellness of all Army officers, warrant officers, NCOs and enlisted personnel. and their families. The health unit is under the Army Medical Department.
 * Finance Corps (CKU) (Korps Keuangan) This unit's main function is to foster the financial administration of the army. The finance unit is under the Directorate of Army Finance.
 * Legal Corps (CHK) (Korps Hukum) This unit's main function is to maintain law and justice within the army. The law unit is under the command of Directorate of the Army Justice Service. This unit is also responsible for military courts, and military attorneys and judges report under this unit.
 * Bandsmen Corps (CMU) (Korps Musik) - The Army Corps of Bandsmen, which is an administrative organization operationally dependent on Army commands and services, is responsible for the organization of the military bands, corps of drums and drum and bugle corps within the entire Army, alongside dedicated ensembles (big bands, rock and pop bands, native ensembles, etc.). Unlike the other support units, these are under the direct control of their respective unit commanders as HQ units and its overall supervision is under the Adjutant General of the Army. Bandsmen and field musicians wear the service dress berets or helmets of their reporting arm or branch of service.

Rank structure
In the Army, as well as in other armed forces branches in Indonesia, the rank consists of three group of ranks: Perwira for officers, Bintara for NCOs, and Tamtama for enlisted.

The proper title to address of rank are as follows and applicable to all branch of TNI, all flag officers (generals, admirals, and air marshals) use their rank followed by "(TNI)", while senior and junior officers use their rank followed by respective branch/corps abbreviation. For example, an Army colonel with Infantry branch use the title "Kolonel INF" (read as Kolonel Infanteri), while an Army Major General from Infantry branch use the title "Mayor Jenderal (TNI)". Enlisted personnel are not required to put their respective branch/corps specialty.

Note: Indonesia is not a member of NATO, so there is not an official equivalence between the Indonesian military ranks and those defined by NATO. The displayed parallel is approximate and for illustration purposes only.

Note: The red banding on the rank insignia denotes the personnel holding a command position which is agnostic of rank.

title: Indonesian Army


text:
NASCAR 2000

NASCAR 2000 is a racing simulator video game developed by Stormfront Studios and published by EA Sports.

Publication history
The game was released in 1999 for Nintendo 64 and PlayStation and in 2000 for Microsoft Windows and Game Boy Color. The game is based on the 1999 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, with Adam Petty's 1999 Busch Series car and several legends such as Richard Petty and Alan Kulwicki also included. The game, along with NASCAR 98, is regarded as one of the best of EA Sports NASCAR series of video games. It was the last game for PC until NASCAR Thunder 2003. This game was the fourth title of the series.

The Windows version of the game includes manufacturer branding on the cars.

The soundtrack to the game features an instrumental version of the songs from a Blues Traveler album Save His Soul.

Reception
The PlayStation and PC versions received above-average reviews, while the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color versions received below-average reviews, according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. However, Doug Trueman of NextGen said that the PlayStation version "would have been a terrific title several years ago, but now it looks and sounds incredibly dated."

Michael Lafferty of GameZone gave the PC version nine out of ten, calling it "an adrenaline rush." However, Ash of GamePro said that the Nintendo 64 version "has a lot going for it, but it just couldn't close out the race."

title: NASCAR 2000