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O. V. Vijayan

Ottupulackal Velukkuty Vijayan (2 July 1930 – 30 March 2005), commonly known as O. V. Vijayan, was an Indian author and cartoonist, who was an important figure in modern Malayalam language literature. Best known for his first novel Khasakkinte Itihasam (1969), Vijayan was the author of six novels, nine short-story collections, and nine collections of essays, memoirs and reflections.

Born in Palakkad in 1930, Vijayan graduated from Victoria College in Palakkad and obtained a master's degree in English literature from Presidency College, Madras. He wrote his first short story, "Tell Father Gonsalves", in 1953. Khasakkinte Itihasam (The Legends of Khasak), Vijayan's first novel, appeared in 1969. It set off a great literary revolution and cleaved the history of Malayalam fiction into pre-Khasak and post-Khasak. While Khasakkinte Itihasam continues to be his best-known work as an angry young man, his later works, Gurusagaram (The Infinity of Grace), Pravachakante Vazhi (The Path of the Prophet) and Thalamurakal (Generations) bespeak a mature transcendentalist.

Vijayan authored many volumes of short stories, which range from the comic to the philosophical and show a diversity of situations, tones and styles. Vijayan translated most of his own works from Malayalam to English. He was also an editorial cartoonist and political observer and worked for news publications including The Statesman and The Hindu.

Early life
O. V. Vijayan was born on 2 July 1930 at Vilayanchaathanoor village in Palakkad district in Kerala. Born premature in the seventh month, Vijayan was sickly from childhood and spent most of his time confined to his room. His father O. Velukkutty was an officer in Malabar Special Police of the erstwhile Madras Province in British India. His youngest sister O. V. Usha is a Malayalam poet. As a child, Vijayan was largely homeschooled. Formal schooling began at the age of twelve, when he joined Raja's High School, Kottakkal in Malabar, directly into sixth grade. The informal education arranged by his father during his absentee years was sufficient to keep him at par with his peers. The following year, Velukkutty was transferred and Vijayan joined the school at Koduvayur in Palakkad. He graduated from Victoria College in Palakkad and obtained a master's degree in English literature from Presidency College. Vijayan taught for some time at Malabar Christian College, Kozhikode, and Victoria College before opting for journalism.

Khasakkinte Itihasam
Khasakkinte Itihasam (The Legends of Khasak), Vijayan's first novel, which took twelve years' writing and rewriting to reach its final form, was published in 1969. A year before, it was serialized in Mathrubhumi weekly for 28 weeks starting from January 28, 1968 and set off a great literary revolution and cleaved the history of Malayalam fiction into pre-Khasak and post-Khasak eras. The former era was romantic and formal; the latter is modernist, post-modernist and post-post-modernist, with tremendous experimentation in style and content. The novel, which has drawn comparisons with One Hundred Years of Solitude of Gabriel García Márquez, is about Ravi, a teacher in an informal education centre in Khasak, and his existential crises. The central character is shown as a visionary who completed his post graduate programme in Physics from a college at Tambaram. The novel ends when Ravi begins his journey to some other realms of existence. The existential puzzle of man as to why he should exist is explored in this novel. The novel introduced a new poetic style of prose, combining Tamil, the Palakkad dialect and a sanskritized Malayalam. It also introduced a narrative style that moved forth from reality to myths and back. The work was later adapted as a play by Deepan Sivaraman.

Dharmapuranam
Dharmapuranam (The Saga of Dharmapuri, 1985) is outwardly a great political satire where the author knows no restraint in lampooning political establishments. The works attempts to lampoon modes of governance through its characters and the setting. The central character is Sidhartha, modelled after Gautama Buddha, whose personality is shown to lead people to enlightenment. Though satirical in its tone, the novel has a spiritual level, too. Malayalanadu weekly announced that the novel would be serialised from July 1975, but the plan was dropped when the Emergency was proclaimed on June 25, 1975. The novel was finally serialised only in 1977, after the Emergency was lifted and it proved to be prophetic. There were hindrances for its publication as well due to its sexual-scatological language and imagery and as the atrocities perpetrated during Emergency were still haunting the public. Finally, it was published in 1985. Two years later, Penguin Books published the English translation and the book drew critical reviews. ...dangerous stuff and cut close to the bone were the words of David Selbourne, in The Times Literary Supplement and Khushwant Singh rated the novel as not the kind of novel you forget in a hurry. Vijayan himself described it as a cleansing act that he had no desire to repeat.

Later novels
The third novel, Gurusagaram (The Infinity of Grace, 1987) differs in language, vision and characterisation from the earlier works. It is on the immanence of Guru in the life of the seeker. Guru is everywhere and is manifested in everybody. The seeker partakes of the grace of the Guru as he happens for him unawares and unconditional. The central character is a journalist from Kerala, working in Delhi, going on an assignment to report the Indo-Pak war of 1971. He undergoes an excruciating experience both spiritually and physically to learn how to annihilate all forms of ego. Gurusagaram fetched him the Vayalar Award, the central Sahitya Akademi Award and the Kerala Sahithya Academy Award in 1991.

Madhuram Gayathi (1990) has been termed as "a fantastic allegory fusing mythology, spirituality and ecology". It is an allegorical fable of the post-Holocaust world with its lovelessness and disharmony. Pravachakante Vazhi (The Path of the Prophet; 1992) emphasises the vision that intuition is perennial and it is one and the same always. This oneness of the revelation makes the ways of all prophets the same. This great education in spirituality is got in those barbarous days of Delhi when the Sikhs were maniacally hunted after and mercilessly butchered following the murder of Indira Gandhi. Vijayan's last novel Thalamurakal (Generations; 1997) is autobiographical to a great extent. It is historical to a still greater extent. Beyond autobiography and history, the novel is a journey down the collective experiences of a family in search of an awareness about oneself and his clan. This search is of great importance when the collective experiences of the subculture are very bitter and the individual sense of the clan identity is much superior. The novel is a narration of four generations in Ponmudi family in Palakkad, Kerala.

Other literary works
He wrote his first short story, "Tell Father Gonsalves", in 1953. He wrote many volumes of short stories, the first volume of which was published in 1957 – Three Wars. The stories, which range from the comic to the philosophical, show an astonishing diversity of situations, tones and styles. O. V. Vijayan's best known collection in English is After the Hanging and Other Stories which contains several jewel-like masterpieces, in particular the title story about a poor, semi-literate peasant going to the jail to receive the body of his son who has been hanged; The Wart and The Foetus about the trauma of the fascist Emergency; the transcendental The Airport, The Little Ones, and several others. He also wrote many essays, and also published one book of cartoons- Ithiri Neramboke, Ithiri Darshanam (A Little Pastime, A little Vision) – 1990. Itihasathinte Itihasam, a historical treatise written by him is considered by many as masterpiece.

An incisive writer in English as well, Vijayan translated most of his own works from Malayalam to English. Selected works have been published by Penguin India. His own translations of his stories into English – After Hanging and Other Stories and Selected Stories and the novels, The Saga of Dharmapuri, The Legend of Khasak and The Infinity of Grace – have had a pan-Indian appeal, though many have been critical of the freedoms he took with his own works as well as his English style.

Cartoons
Vijayan left his home state in 1958 to pursue his career as a cartoonist in Delhi. Joining the famous Shankar's Weekly, Delhi, as a cartoonist and writer of political satire, he moved to Patriot as a staff cartoonist in 1963. Vijayan was also an editorial cartoonist and political observer in various news publications – The Statesman and The Hindu – and later turned freelancer. His cartoons also appeared in publications such as Far Eastern Economic Review and The New York Times. Philosophy and politics merged in his cartoons, just as revolution and spirituality coalesced in his writings. His searing comment on Indira Gandhi's Emergency rule and about her return to power in 1980 would remain high points in the history of Indian cartooning.

Later life and death
Vijayan was married to Theresa Gabriel, an academic and the couple had a son, Madhu. He was afflicted with Parkinson's disease for 20 years and in March 2005, he was admitted to Care Hospital, Hyderabad where he succumbed to organ failure on 30 March 2005 aged 74, survived by his wife and son. His body was taken to Kerala by special flight and was cremated with full state honours at Ivor Madom crematorium in Pambadi, Thrissur near Thiruvilwamala on the banks of the Bharathapuzha where his nephew, Ravi Shankar, a known cartoonist, lit the pyre. Teresa Vijayan died a year after his death, and his son lives in the US.

Awards and honours
Vijayan received the Odakkuzhal Award for Khasakkinte Itihasam in 1970. His third novel, Gurusagaram, brought him three awards, Sahitya Akademi Award and Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel in 1990 and Vayalar Award in 1991. When Muttathu Varkey Award was instituted in 1992, he received the inaugural award. The Government of Kerala awarded him the Ezhuthachan Puraskaram, their highest literary honour, in 2001, the same year as he was inducted as an honorary fellow by Kerala Sahitya Akademi. The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian honor, in 2003. Mathrubhumi Literary Award, the last of the awards he received was in 2004, a year before his death. A memorial, O. V. Vijayan Memorial has been constructed by the Government of Kerala in Thasrak, the setting of his novel, Khasakkinte Ithihasam.

O. V. Vijayan Literary Award
The O. V. Vijayan Sahitya Puraskaram (O. V. Vijayan Literary Award) was instituted by the Naveena Samskarika Kala Kendram, Hyderabad, in 2011, in memory of Vijayan who had spent his last days in Secunderabad. The award consists of a cash component of ₹50,001, a memento by Kanayi Kunhiraman, and a citation. The award is given to the best book of a writer during the year. Sarah Joseph, Zacharia, Vijayalakshmi, B. Rajeevan and Usha Kumari are some of the recipients of the award.

title: O. V. Vijayan


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The Mad Man

The Mad Man is a literary novel by Samuel R. Delany, first published in 1994 by Richard Kasak. In a disclaimer that appears at the beginning of the book, Delany describes it as a "pornotopic fantasy". It was originally published in 1994, republished and slightly revised in 1996, and republished again with significant changes in 2002 and again in an e-book version with further corrections in 2015. Delany considers the 2015 version the definitive edition.

Plot summary
In New York City in the early 1980s, a black gay philosophy graduate student, John Marr, is researching a dissertation on Timothy Hasler, a Korean-American philosopher and academic stabbed to death under unexplained circumstances outside a gay bar in 1973. As details emerge, Marr finds his lifestyle converging with that of Hasler, and he becomes increasingly involved in intense sexual encounters with homeless men, despite his growing awareness of the risks of HIV. In the course of unravelling the mystery of Hasler's death, Marr joins with a homeless man from West Virginia, who goes by the street name "Leaky." Scenes based on letters Delany actually wrote (see: 1984: Selected Letters) take place in a gay bar in New York, though the basic incident is fictional.

Major themes
The Mad Man, spanning 501 pages in its first hardcover edition, is Delany's longest and most ambitious novel since Dhalgren (1975). As such, it combines a number of perspectives: a realistic portrayal of academic research, New York street life and both pre- and post-HIV gay activity, as well as explicit portrayals of fellatio, coprophilia, urophilia, and mysophilia. It also contains magic realist elements, such as the bull-like monster that appears in Marr's nightmares. Also, it employs autobiographical elements from Delany's life, having to do with his more recent life as an academic. The relationship between the intellectual Marr and a street person, Leaky Sowps, mirrors those in many of his previous novels, as well as his real-life partnership of 17 years (as of 2007) with Dennis Rickett, formerly homeless for six years, before they met. Scenes in The Mad Man occur during "wet night" at the Mineshaft, a gay bar that actually existed in New York's meat-packing district in the '70s and '80s and indeed held such a monthly event. Other scenes detail visits to the pornographic movie theaters in the 42nd Street area, where much gay activity occurred from the sixties until they were shut down in the mid-nineties. Marr writes letters to friends containing passages that are verbatim transcripts of actual letters Delany wrote at the time; some of the originals are collected in his 1984: Selected Letters (Voyant, 2000). As such, the novel has great value as a gay history of the passage between the seventies and nineties in New York, as well as portrayals of the complex and changing attitudes towards AIDS by sexually active gay men over those years.

All three editions conclude with the article "Risk Factors for Seroconversion to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Male Homosexuals," by Kingsley, Kaslo, and Renaldo et alia, as published in the Lancet, Saturday, 14 February 1987, which statistically supports the theory that AIDS cannot be transmitted orally. This supports both the plot of the book and why Delany himself remained HIV-negative.

Allusions/references to other works
Delany said that the novel was inspired by his outrage at an article on AIDS by Harold Brodkey that appeared in The New Yorker in the June 21, 1993 issue. (Brodkey's series of articles about dying of AIDS was reprinted in revised form as a book, This Wild Darkness: The Story of My Death (Henry Holt and Company, 1996)). The article entitled "To My Readers" begins, "I have AIDS. I am surprised that I do. I have not been exposed since the nineteen-seventies, which is to say that my experiences, my adventures with homosexuality took place largely in the nineteen-sixties, and back then I relied on time and abstinence to indicate my degree of freedom from infection and to protect others and myself." Once past its "Proem," Delany's novel opens with similar statements, but placed in the negative: "I do not have AIDS. I'm surprised that I don't . . ." As critic Reed Woodhouse (in Unlimited Embrace: A Canon of Gay Fiction, 1945—1995, University of Massachusetts Press, 1998), wrote, "What one hears in Delany's sentence is the sound of the gauntlet being thrown down, for he wants to completely reverse the story Brodkey tells: the story, that is, of an 'innocent victim' who may have played around a little but very long ago and certainly not doing those things. John Marr, by contrast, is presented as a 'guilty victor', so to speak, in that he has done all those things (though not, it is true, unprotected anal intercourse) and has yet survived."

The character of Timothy Hasler is based in part on the philosopher Richard Montague. Unlike Montague, who was strangled, he dies in a knife fight in a bar at age 29. Montague was murdered in his own home at the age of 40 in Los Angeles, though it was almost certainly from a sexual partner or partners he brought home from a bar.

The chimeric creature from Marr's nightmares makes its first appearance here in Delany's body of work. It appears on the cover of Phallos and a statue modeled after it appears in Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders.

Marr collaborates with a "well-known" science fiction writer named Aranlyde, who is described as having "some particular cachet among more intellectual SF readers". A character "Muels Aranlyde" appears in Delany's Empire Star; the name is an anagram of "Samuel R. Delany".

Delany discusses some of the background behind the novel in "The Phil Leggiere Interview: Reading The Mad Man", which appears in his essay collection Shorter Views.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Mad Man


text:
Baabul (2006 film)

Baabul is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language drama film, directed by Ravi Chopra. The movie stars Amitabh Bachchan, Salman Khan, John Abraham, Hema Malini and Rani Mukherji. It celebrates B. R. Chopra's 50 years in cinema, though it was unsuccessful at the box office.

Plot
Balraj Kapoor (Amitabh Bachchan) is a rich businessman, happy and content with his world. He and his wife Shobhna (Hema Malini) wait for their only son Avinash a.k.a. 'Avi' (Salman Khan) to return from his studies in the United States. After seven years, Avinash completes his education, comes back to India, and joins his father's business.

Avinash meets Malvika a.k.a. 'Millie' (Rani Mukherji) and the two fall in love. Millie tells her childhood friend Rajat (John Abraham) that she loves someone, which devastates him as he is also in love with her. He asks Avinash to keep her happy.

Avinash and Millie get married and have a baby boy they name Ansh. A couple years later, during Ansh's birthday party, the family waits for Avinash to get home from a business trip but he died in a road accident, leaving Millie devastated.

Balraj seeks to bring happiness back into his widowed daughter-in-law's life. He contacts Rajat in London, informs him of Avinash’s death, and asks him to marry Millie upon learning of Rajat's feelings for her. Rajat meets Ansh and bonds well with him. However, there is stiff opposition from Shobhna and Balraj's conservative older brother Balwant (Om Puri). Shobhna fears losing her grandson Ansh while Balwant takes the traditional view that a woman marrying twice is a sin. However, Balraj stands firm and convinces everyone.

In the end, Rajat and Millie get married, and everything is well. Avinash comes as a spirit and blesses his dad with happiness.

Cast

 * Amitabh Bachchan as Balraj Kapoor, a rich businessman who shares a strong bond with his son Avinash. After Avinash dies, he is willing to seek happiness in his daughter-in-law Millie’s life once again by getting her married to Rajat.
 * Salman Khan as Avinash Kapoor, he is Balraj and Shobhna’s only son who shares a strong bond with his father referring him as “Buddy”. He joins his father’s business firm and becomes a businessman as well. He is the husband of Millie and the father of Ansh. He dies in a car accident causing Millie to fall through depression.
 * John Abraham as Rajat Verma, he is Millie’s childhood friend who is also in love with her. After Avinash’s death, he is sought out by Balraj to bring happiness into Millie’s life again and marry her.
 * Rani Mukherji as Malvika "Milli" Kapoor (nee Talwar), an aspiring artist who becomes Avinash’s wife and is the mother of their son Ansh. She goes into a deep depression after Avinash dies and misses him very much.
 * Hema Malini as Shobhna Kapoor, Balraj’s wife, Avinash’s mother, Millie’s mother-in-law, and Ansh’s grandmother.
 * Om Puri as Balwant Kapoor, Balraj’s older brother who is strictly bound by old ways of marriage and is very religious. In the end he realizes his folly and gives his consent to Millie and Rajat's marriage.
 * Sarika as Pushpa Kapoor, Balraj and Balwant's widowed younger sister-in-law who has always been looked down upon by Balwant for being a widow.
 * Aman Verma as Shobhna's brother
 * Parmeet Sethi as Khushi Kapoor, Balwant's son
 * Sharat Saxena as J Talwar, Malvika's father
 * Smita Jaykar as Suman Talwar, Malvika's mother
 * Rajpal Yadav as Paanchi, the Kapoor Household servant and chauffeur
 * Shriya Saran (Cameo)
 * Vaishnavi Mahant

Music
The music is composed by Aadesh Shrivastava. The soundtrack has 11 songs. The soundtrack was one of the most successful soundtracks of 2006.

Box office
Baabul opened in Mumbai with occupancy of about 75%, considered remarkably low for a Salman Khan-starrer, and occupancy went downhill very quickly, presumably due to unfavorable word-of-mouth. In the rest of the country, even the opening was dismal and it never picked up. Eventually, the film was declared a flop. The small centres opened to poor response and overall the film did not do quite well in India but was an above average grosser. However, it did great business overseas, entering at the 8th position on the UK charts in its first week. It was a big hit in the overseas market.

Critical response
The Times Of India gave a 3/5 rating, saying, "The problem with Baabul is its first half- completely dead and totally listless. Samrat Sharma of Fullhyderabad.com wrote: "It's a film made for the more traditional generation or social class, and even so, while may not be terribly effective, it is sufficiently well-crafted..." Namrata Joshi of Outlook India gave the film 2 out 4, writing "Despite the failings in his character, Big B lends it gravitas and dignity. But his self-conscious cute couple act with Hema Malini is irritating. Time to get over Baghban.

Awards
Nominated

 * 52nd Filmfare Awards: Best Supporting Actor – John Abraham

title: Baabul (2006 film)


text:
M. Mukundan

Maniyambath Mukundan (born 10 September 1942) is an Indian author of Malayalam literature and former diplomat. He worked as a cultural attaché at the Embassy of France in Delhi from 1961 to 2004, while concurrently working as an author. Many of his early works are set in Mahe (Mayyazhi), his homeland, which earned him the moniker Mayyazhiyude Kathakaaran (Mayyazhi's storyteller). He is known to be one of the pioneers of modernity in Malayalam literature. Some of his best known works include Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil, Daivathinte Vikrithikal, Kesavante Vilapangal, and Pravasam.

He has received several literary awards, including Sahitya Akademi Award, Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award, Vayalar Award, Crossword Book Award, JCB Prize, and the Ezhuthachan Puraskaram (the highest literary award of the Government of Kerala). He is also a recipient of the Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres of the Government of France.

Early life
Mukundan was born on 10 September 1942 at Mahe, then a French overseas territory and now a part of the union territory of Puducherry in South India. Mukundan worked as a cultural attaché at the New Delhi office of the Embassy of France in Delhi from 1961 to 2004. He concurrently worked as an author.

Literary career
His first literary work was a short story published in 1961 while the first novel, Delhi was published in 1969. Mukundan has so far published 12 novels which include his later works such as Adithyanum Radhayum Mattu Chilarum, Oru Dalit Yuvathiyude Kadanakatha, Kesavante Vilapangal and Nritham and ten collections of short stories (which totals 171 in numbers till 2012). Adithyanum Radhayum Mattu Chilarum is a fictional story which dethrone the time from the narrative, it gives the readers a new method of writing. Oru Dalit Yuvathiyude Kadanakatha reveals how Vasundhara, an actress has been insulted in the course of acting due to some unexpected situations. It proclaims the postmodern message that martyrs are created not only through ideologies, but through art also. Kesavante Vilapangal (Kesavan's Lamentations) one of his later works tells the story of a writer Kesavan who writes a novel on a child named Appukkuttan who grows under the influence of E. M. S. Namboodiripad. Daivathinte Vikrithikal has been translated into English and published By Penguin Books India.

Three of his novels were made into feature films in Malayalam. He also co-wrote the screenplay of Daivathinte Vikrithikal (1992) for which he won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Story. His novel Pravasam (sojourn in non-native land) is the story of a Malayali whose journeys carry him around the world. Delhi Gadhakal (Tales from Delhi), a novel published in November 2011 is his recollections in India's capital city, New Delhi.

Mukundan served as the president of Kerala Sahitya Akademi from October 2006 until March 2010.

Awards and honours
Mukundan received Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel in 1973 for Ee Lokam Athiloru Manushyan. This was followed by Sahitya Akademi Award in 1992 when Daivathinte Vikrithikal (God's Mischief) was selected for the award; the novel also received the N.V. Puraskaram. He received two honours in 1998, Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres of the Government of France and the Muttathu Varkey Award. He received the Vayalar Award in 2003, for Kesavante Vilapangal (Kesavan's Lamentations) and three years later, the English translation of Kesavan's Lamentations received the 2006 Crossword Book Award. The Government of Kerala awarded him their highest literary honour Ezhuthachan Puraskaram in 2018. He also received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship the same year. He is also a recipient of M. P. Paul Award. In 2017, he received the T. K. Ramakrishnan Award, awarded as part of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Awards, for his overall contribution.

Mukundan received the JCB prize for literature in 2021 for his book Delhi: A Soliloquy. His novel Nritham Cheyyunna Kudakal received the Basheer Award in 2022. In 2023, he received the Thakazhi Award. His most recent novel Ningal won the Padmarajan Award in 2023.

Non-fiction

 * Enthanu Aadhunikatha? (Calicut: Poorna, 1976)

Memoirs

 * Anubhavam Ormma Yathra (Calicut: Olive, 2014)

Works translated

 * 1999. On the Banks of the Mayyazhi. Trans. Gita Krishnankutty. Chennai: Manas.
 * 2002. Sur les rives du fleuve Mahé. Trans. Sophie Bastide-Foltz. Actes Sud.
 * 2002. God's Mischief. Trans. Prema Jayakumar. Delhi: Penguin.
 * 2004. Adityan, Radha, and Others. Trans. C Gopinathan Pillai. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
 * 2005. The Train that Had Wings: Selected Short Stories of M. Mukundan. trans. Donald R. Davis, Jr. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
 * 2006. Kesavan's Lamentations. Trans. A.J. Thomas. New Delhi: Rupa.
 * 2007. Nrittam: A Malayalam Novel. Trans. Mary Thundyil Mathew. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press.

title: M. Mukundan


text:
List of 1979 British incumbents

This is a list of 1979 British incumbents.

Government

 * Monarch
 * Head of State - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–2022)
 * Prime Minister
 * Head of Government - James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1976–1979)
 * Head of Government - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990)
 * First Lord of the Treasury
 * James Callaghan, First Lord of the Treasury (1976–1979)
 * Margaret Thatcher, First Lord of the Treasury (1979–1990)
 * Chancellor of the Exchequer
 * Denis Healey, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1974–1979)
 * Sir Geoffrey Howe, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1979–1983)
 * Second Lord of the Treasury
 * Denis Healey, Second Lord of the Treasury (1974–1979)
 * Sir Geoffrey Howe, Second Lord of the Treasury (1979–1983)
 * Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
 * Dr David Owen, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1977–1979)
 * Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1979–1982)
 * Secretary of State for the Home Department
 * Merlyn Rees, Secretary of State for the Home Department (1976–1979)
 * William Whitelaw, Secretary of State for the Home Department (1979–1983)
 * Secretary of State for Transport
 * Bill Rodgers, Secretary of State for Transport (1976–1979)
 * Norman Fowler, Minister for Transport (1979–1981)
 * Secretary of State for Scotland
 * Bruce Millan, Secretary of State for Scotland (1976–1979)
 * George Younger, Secretary of State for Scotland (1979–1986)
 * Secretary of State for Social Services
 * David Ennals, Secretary of State for Social Services (1976–1979)
 * Patrick Jenkin, Secretary of State for Social Services (1979–1981)
 * Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
 * Roy Mason, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (1976–1979)
 * Humphrey Atkins, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (1979–1981)
 * Secretary of State for Defence
 * Frederick Mulley, Secretary of State for Defence (1976–1979)
 * Francis Pym, Secretary of State for Defence (1979–1981)
 * Secretary of State for Industry
 * Eric Varley, Secretary of State for Industry (1975–1979)
 * Sir Keith Joseph, Bt., Secretary of State for Industry (1979–1981)
 * Secretary of State for Trade
 * John Smith, Secretary of State for Trade (1978–1979)
 * John Nott, Secretary of State for Trade (1979–1981)
 * Secretary of State for Education and Science
 * Shirley Williams, Secretary of State for Education and Science (1976–1979)
 * Mark Carlisle, Secretary of State for Education and Science (1979–1981)
 * Secretary of State for Wales
 * John Morris, Secretary of State for Wales (1974–1979)
 * Nicholas Edwards, Secretary of State for Wales (1979–1987)
 * Lord Privy Seal
 * Fred Peart, Baron Peart, Lord Privy Seal (1976–1979)
 * Sir Ian Gilmour, Lord Privy Seal (1979–1981)
 * Leader of the House of Commons
 * Michael Foot, Leader of the House of Commons (1976–1979)
 * Norman St John-Stevas, Leader of the House of Commons (1979–1981)
 * Lord President of the Council
 * Michael Foot, Lord President of the Council (1976–1979)
 * Christopher Soames, Baron Soames, Lord President of the Council (1979–1981)
 * Lord Chancellor
 * Elwyn Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones, Lord Chancellor (1974–1979)
 * Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone, Lord Chancellor (1979–1987)
 * Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
 * Harold Lever, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1974–1979)
 * Norman St John-Stevas, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1979–1981)

Religion

 * Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury (1974–1980)
 * Archbishop of York
 * Stuart Blanch, Archbishop of York (1975–1983)

Dukes

 * Duke of Abercorn
 * James Edward Hamilton, 4th Duke of Abercorn (1953–1979)
 * James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Abercorn (1979-)

title: List of 1979 British incumbents


text:
John Norton

John Norton may refer to:

Politicians

 * Sir John Norton, 3rd Baronet (1620–1687), British MP for Hampshire
 * John Norton (journalist) (1858–1916), Australian journalist and politician
 * John Norton (MP for Sandwich), (1406–1407), British MP for Sandwich
 * John E. Norton, American politician from Wisconsin
 * John N. Norton (1878–1960), American politician from Nebraska
 * John R. Norton III (1929–2016), American farmer and politician
 * John T. Norton (1865–1942), American lawyer and politician from New York

Sports

 * John Norton (athlete) (1893–1979), American athlete in track and field and Olympic medalist
 * John Norton (water polo) (1899–1987), American water polo player and Olympic medalist

Others

 * John Norton, 5th Baron Grantley (1855–1943), British peer and numismatist
 * Rev. John Norton, founding pastor of Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts
 * John Norton (academic) (died 1462), English churchman and chancellor of New College, Oxford
 * John Norton (architect) (1823–1904), English Victorian Gothic revivalist who remodelled Tyntesfield
 * John Norton (author) (1936–2015), American poet and fiction writer
 * John Norton (bishop) (1891–1963), Australian Roman Catholic bishop and Diocese of Bathurst
 * John Norton (divine) (1606–1663), English Puritan divine and one of the first authors in British North America
 * John Norton (Mohawk chief) (born c. 1760), Native American who played a prominent role in the War of 1812
 * John Norton (priest) (1840–1920), Anglican priest in Canada
 * John Norton (soldier) (1918–2004), United States Army general and co-founder of the US Army Air Corps
 * John Bruce Norton (1815–1883), British lawyer and educationist
 * John D. Norton (born 1953), Australian professor of the history and philosophy of science at the University of Pittsburgh
 * John Henry Norton (1855–1923), Australian Roman Catholic bishop of Port Augusta
 * John Pitkin Norton (1822–1852), American educator, agricultural chemist, and author who taught at Yale University
 * John W. Norton (1876–1934), American muralist

title: John Norton


text:
User talk:Truthcommission

Please do not keep adding links to *-king.com sites which have very little or no content that duplicate content on WP and other already-included links. Not only do the links add nothing new, but they are considered spam as your only contributions have been to add these links, and both these sites have no fewer than 5 ads on each page that are referrals to various online poker sites. CryptoDerk 01:05, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Truthcommission


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Accession states

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete and redirect to Enlargement of the European Union, though the article cannot be deleted at this time. — Xezbeth 06:52, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Accession states
This article (which hasn't been expanded at all since its creation almost a year ago) is inherently problematic and can never become encyclopedic, the way I see it. Though the term "Accession states" is common enough, its true explanation is nothing more than a definition -- namely the countries that last acceded into the European Union. When Bulgaria and Romania join, it's them that are gonna be commonly referred to as accession states, when more countries join, it'll be them, and so forth. I suggest a deletion, since all it contains and all it can possibly contain are described elsewhere, either in History of the European Union or Enlargement of the European Union or Treaty of Accession 2003, while the definition it currently provides is at the same time limited and misleading. Aris Katsaris 01:05, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment  - only a limited number of articles link to the page. They are: Irish calendar & Economy of the European Union --AYArktos 02:24, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * ... both of which would be better served at those points by linking directly to Treaty of Accession 2003. In fact, I might do that right now. Uncle G 12:00, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Hah! I was beaten to it by Joolz. Uncle G 12:00, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Delete, a bit zealous to take the generic term "Accession states" and attribute it to this esoteric and remote article. Asriel86 05:33, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I assume that at some point these countries get to quit being "accension states" and get to be "members of the EU" Dsmdgold 09:49, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete but suggest the phrase be at least mentioned on the Enlargement of the European Union page. -- Joolz 11:43, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Widely used term to descibe 10 new EU members and a Google search shows 54,300 returns Good stub on encyclopedic topic.Capitalistroadster 11:48, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No it isn't. It's a simple duplication magnet. We already have articles on this topic. Aris Katsaris even helpfully listed them above. Uncle G 12:00, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Nothing here that isn't at the aforementioned articles. Misleading title.  No inbound links. Delete or Redirect to Enlargement of the European Union, according to taste. Uncle G 12:00, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect as above. --Carnildo 23:08, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete/redirect per Uncle G. Radiant_* 09:29, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete and recreate as a redirect Mozzerati 20:05, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)
 * Delete Outdated. No redirect - this is so ambigous. Pavel Vozenilek 00:44, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirectto Enlargement of the European Union. or make a disambig to articles covering the enlargement of other organisations of states, if we have any. Thryduulf 09:54, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewrite to what an Accession state is, in the Generic sense, with references to the EU/Alaskan examples. --Irishpunktom\talk 11:15, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Troy O'Leary

Troy Franklin O'Leary (born August 4, 1969) is an American former professional baseball outfielder who played with the Milwaukee Brewers (-), Boston Red Sox (-), Montreal Expos and Chicago Cubs.

Over the course of his 11 year MLB career, O'Leary posted a .274 batting average with 127 home runs and 591 runs batted in in 1198 games.

Early years
O'Leary was born in Compton, California and attended Cypress High School in Cypress, California. He initially committed to play college football at Oregon State as a wide receiver.

Professional career
O'Leary was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 13th-round of the 1987 MLB draft.

O'Leary enjoyed an impressive 1992 season at Double-A El Paso, winning the Texas League batting title as well as being named the 1992 Texas League MVP (Player of the Year). In addition to his league leading .334 batting average, O’Leary finished the 1992 season with 5 home runs, 79 RBI and 28 stolen bases.

O'Leary made his Major League debut for the Milwaukee Brewers in a home game at County Stadium on May 9, 1993 as a defensive replacement in left field against the Boston Red Sox. Over the course of the 1993 and 1994 MLB seasons, O'Leary played in a total of 46 games for the Milwaukee Brewers, batting .280 in 122 plate appearances.

On April 14, 1995, O'Leary was selected off waivers by the Boston Red Sox.

O'Leary played in 112 games and finished with a .308 batting average in his first season with the Boston Red Sox, and was named the 1995 Red Sox Rookie of the Year.

O’Leary enjoyed the best year of his career statistically in 1999. He led the Red Sox with 28 home runs in the regular season, was second on the team to Nomar Garciaparra in RBI (103), and finished with a .280 batting average. He played in 157 of the 162 regular season games and finished with 596 at bats, leading the team in both categories. Troy also posted 84 runs (3rd on team), 167 hits (3rd on team), 36 doubles (4th on team), and a .495 slugging percentage (3rd on team).

One of the greatest performances of O'Leary's career and in Boston Red Sox postseason history took place on October 11, 1999 in the decisive game 5 of the 1999 American League Division Series versus the Cleveland Indians. Boston entered the top half of the third inning losing 5-2. With runners on second and third and first base open, Indians manager Mike Hargrove chose to intentionally walk Nomar Garciaparra, who had already homered in the first inning, to load the bases for O'Leary. O'Leary responded by sending a Charles Nagy breaking ball 417 feet over the right field fence for the first grand slam in Red Sox post-season history, giving Boston a 7-5 lead. When the seventh inning began, the game was tied 8-8. With John Valentin standing on second and first base open, Hargrove again chose to intentionally walk Garciaparra to get to O'Leary, this time with Paul Shuey on the mound. O'Leary responded by jumping on the first pitch he saw, crushing a line drive over the right field fence for a 3 run home-run. O'Leary's 7 RBI, along with 6 no-hit relief innings from Pedro Martinez, helped to seal the victory and advanced the Red Sox to the 1999 American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees.

O'Leary would spend 2 more seasons with the Boston Red Sox until the signing of slugger Manny Ramirez reduced O'Leary's role. O'Leary collected at least 70 RBI from 1996-2000 and reached double digit home run totals in each of his 7 seasons with the Red Sox. Over his 7 seasons as a member of the Boston Red Sox, O’Leary played in a total of 962 games, collected 954 hits, 117 home runs, and batted .276.

O’Leary went on to play 97 games for the Montreal Expos in 2002, batting .286 in 314 plate appearances.

O'Leary signed with the Chicago Cubs in 2003, batting .218 in 194 plate appearances.

During game 7 of the 2003 National League Championship Series at Wrigley Field, in what turned out to be the final at-bat of his Major League Baseball career, O'Leary hit a pinch hit home run in the bottom of the 7th inning off of Josh Beckett.

O'Leary spent 2004 with the Samsung Lions of the Korea Baseball Organization.

In 1198 games over 11 major league seasons, O'Leary posted a .274 batting average (1100-for-4010) with 547 runs, 234 doubles, 40 triples, 127 home runs, 591 RBI, 334 bases on balls, .332 on-base percentage and .448 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .985 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions. In 18 postseason games, he batted .217 (13-for-60) with 7 runs, 3 doubles, 3 home runs, 9 RBI and 5 walks.

title: Troy O'Leary


text:
Talk:Miriam

Untitled
What's the best thing to do with the asteroid link at the bottom? Avocado 01:06, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * You could create a disambiguation page. See for example London, on how it's done.  Welcome, btw, it looks like you're new.  Keep up the good work. : )  --MPerel( talk 01:18, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I hope I did that right. Thanks for the encouragement!
 * Perfect! --MPerel( talk 01:48, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

Reed Sea?
Reed Sea (found in the newer versions of the Bible); Red Sea was a translation error from the Hebrew language recently corrected.

Does anyone have a reference for this? I've never heard of the Reed Sea.

 * Try the Sea of Reeds. If it's not already mentioned in the Red Sea article, it should be. -- Avocado 05:36, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Move
I moved this back to Miriam, as the move to Miriam (Bible) seemed unnecessary. We don't write Muhammad (Islam) or Jesus (Christianity). SlimVirgin (talk) 04:16, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Merge Snow-white Miriam Article in
Propose merging the Snow-white Miriam article into this one, with a redirect. The Snow-White Miriam article covers one incident in Miriam's life, not a different subject. --Shirahadasha 06:28, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Merging the article in would cause it to basically dominate this one.  Maybe it needs a paragraph summary and a link to the full article.  The discussion there of various interpretations of the incident doesn't deserve to be cut from Wikipedia, but also doesn't seem to me to be really appropriate for this article about the character herself (it's mostly about Jewish law, with some parts that are more about Zipporah than Miriam).  --Avocado 11:56, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Discussion on deletion/merger of Snow-white Miriam
A proposal to delete or merge Snow-white Miriam into this article is currently going on on Articles for deletion/Snow-white Miriam. Please express your opinion there. --Shirahadasha 03:30, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The result of that AfD was to merge Snow-white Miriam into Miriam. Anyone can feel free to perform the merge at any time and make Snow-white Miriam a redirect. — Mets 501  (talk) 02:33, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Maria Prophetissa
Is it worth adding anything about the fact that Miriam is regarded as being Maria Prophetissa, the mysterious figure to whom the secrets of Alchemy were given? Esotericists see her as being as important as Moses in the transmission of mystical secrets. See the link Mary the Jewess. ThePeg 15:10, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * These are completely different people who happen to have the same first name, so there's no reason to have a mention about one in an article about the other. It may, however, be appropriate to have a disambiguation page. --Shirahadasha 02:50, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Snow White Miriam section

 * Dreadful tabloid name. Suggest renaming to Miriam's leprosy
 * Why is this section (about people who have been dead for thousands of years) written in present tense?
 * Is the paragraph about questioning Moses' authority Original Research? Is there a textual basis for this? --Dweller 16:38, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Regarding the name, it comes from Richard Friedman's book so it is sourced. I don't particularly like the name either, but it was found earlier to have some notability. Regarding the paragraph on Moses' authority, your point is well taken. The story is in the present tense because the source, Richard Elliott Friedman, uses this tense. (See e.g. "In this story, Aaron and Miriam speak against Moses regarding his wife, and God personally reprimands them" on p. 76 of Who Wrote the Bible). I speculate that Professor Friedman may use the present tense in an aorist or "indefinite" sense to reflect his view that this is "story" which is better described in the manner of a piece of literature (where present tense is common for narratives) and not in the manner of historical accounts which take place at particular times, but be that as it may the approach reflects the source. Sections on more traditional views use the past tense to reflect the traditional view that the events involved are historical and take place within actual time. I also clarified the challenge was to "exclusive" authority and cited the relevant verse. Feel free to propose something more appropriate, but the result should reflect Richard Friedman's view as this is currently the only source for the "Snow White Miriam" concept. --Shirahadasha 19:16, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * If the section dealt more generally with the story of Miriam's leprosy (the Bible being a bigger seller than Richard Friedman, whoever he is) it could then include a small note about this theory, which would be a better reflection of the relative importance of the subject matter. There's also no need to ape daft prose technique in our encyclopedia, except when we directly quote. --Dweller 09:39, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * See also previous discussion in the history of the merged article, its talk page and the discussion at Articles for Deletion. - Fayenatic london (talk) 17:38, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Paragraph 2
Which baby, which river and which pharoh? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.77.154.214 (talk) 21:27, 23 January 2007 (UTC).

Black
I see no mention of the colour of Moses' wife in the Book of Numbers. Granted, Wikipedia does have a page on Black People, but it seems to me that the term has too much baggage to be considered NPOV. I don't think you can equate the (possible) racism of Miriam's day to the racist attitudes of today. It seems to me that people were more tribal then, and things weren't "black and white", as it were. Or, if you feel that the term "black" really is appropriate, then please add some text explaining why it is.

65.24.249.74 01:09, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia article contradicts its own sources on supposed Egyptian etymology for Miriam

 * The Wikipedia article claims the following possible Egyptian etymology for Miriam: "Meryamun: 'beloved of Amun'"
 * However this is not only implausible, it contradicts the very source cited by this Wikipedia article to support this theory, in Reference 2, which states that:
 * "This suggested etymology is disputed; as a female name it would be "Meritamun", which is not that close in pronunciation."
 * In fact, the daughter of Pharaoh Rameses was called Meritamen ("beloved of Amon"), and there is a separate Wikipedia article about her. Meritamen seems too distant from the name Miriam to be the true origin of Miriam. There is no such name "Meryamun". This a concoction of the Wikipedia article, with no evidence to support it. The idea that Miriam was named after the Egyptian god Amon is as far-fetched as the theory, popular among some Bible scholars, that the Hebrew word "Amen" is also based on the name of Amon.
 * I believe there are 3 possible Hebrew etymologies for the name Miriam. One possibility is based on the root M-R-Y, meaning "rebellious". This is cited in the article.
 * A second possibility, also alluded to in this article, is "bitterness". This etymology is supported by the article on Miriam in the Jewish encyclopedia:
 * "Miriam was born at the time when the Egyptians began to embitter the lives of the Israelites by imposing arduous tasks upon them (comp. Ex. i. 14), and for this reason she was called "Miriam," since the consonants in the word "Miriam" (מרים) may also read "marim" (="bitter"; Cant. R. ii. 11)." http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=655&letter=M
 * Another possible etymology, which I have not seen cited anywhere, simply follows the same logic as the aforementioned etymology mentioned in the Jewish Encyclopedia. The consonants in the word "Miriam" (מרים) spell another word "merim", which is based on the root "ram", meaning elevated, high, exalted. It has cognate words in Hebrew like "merom"/"marom" (elevated), "meromah" (heavenward), and "meromam" (exalted).
 * This word "Merim" is found in Psalm 3:
 * וְאַתָּה יְהוָה, מָגֵן בַּעֲדִי;   כְּבוֹדִי, וּמֵרִים רֹאשִׁי.
 * "But thou, Oh Lord, art a shield about me; my glory, and the lifter up of my head."
 * With a slight rearrangement of the vowels, but keeping the same consonants, the word "Miriam", מִרְיָם, could mean something along the lines of "one that is lifted up/exalted".
 * As for the proposed etymology "wished for child" for Miriam, I cannot see where this comes from. But I would be interested to know how someone arrived at this explanation.
 * J.D. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.68.95.65 (talk) 20:59, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Thanks. I'm responsible for some of the edit history. Following your helpful edit, I think I have integrated it better now. I don't know who left the original comment that I made visible, disputing Meritamun as a possible origin of Miriam. The suggestion was apparently made in the cited book. This time I have removed the dispute from the article; it is sufficently clear that the origin is disputed, from the existence of alternative derivations.

The "wished for child" seems to be from Behind the Name -- feel free to contact them. At Wikipedia there is a core policy of WP:No original research; we just summarise the best WP:reliable sources that we can find. - Fayenatic (talk) 21:29, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Arabic Name
Ive Fixed the Arabic name because the name written there was Maryam which is the name of Virgin of Mary in Arabic while as in Arabic we refer to the sister of Moses as Meeryaam so I corrected it in Arabic Highdeeboy (talk) 10:10, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Isn't that the same person according to Quran? 216.144.26.242 (talk) 19:33, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

Islamic Narrative
Id just like to add a small little paragraph about Miriam and her existence in Islamic Narrative its extremly similar to the biblical account, The Quran speaks about her in the following verses

020.038 YUSUFALI: "Behold! We sent to thy mother, by inspiration, the message:

020.039 YUSUFALI: "'Throw (the child) into the chest, and throw (the chest) into the river: the river will cast him up on the bank, and he will be taken up by one who is an enemy to Me and an enemy to him': But I cast (the garment of) love over thee from Me: and (this) in order that thou mayest be reared under Mine eye.

020.040 YUSUFALI: "Behold! thy sister goeth forth and saith, 'shall I show you one who will nurse and rear the (child)?' So We brought thee back to thy mother, that her eye might be cooled and she should not grieve. Then thou didst slay a man, but We saved thee from trouble, and We tried thee in various ways. Then didst thou tarry a number of years with the people of Midian. Then didst thou come hither as ordained, O Moses!

028.010 YUSUFALI: But there came to be a void in the heart of the mother of Moses: She was going almost to disclose his (case), had We not strengthened her heart (with faith), so that she might remain a (firm) believer.

028.011 YUSUFALI: And she said to the sister of (Moses), "Follow him" so she (the sister) watched him in the character of a stranger. And they knew not.

028.012 YUSUFALI: And we ordained that he refused suck at first, until (His sister came up and) said: "Shall I point out to you the people of a house that will nourish and bring him up for you and be sincerely attached to him?"...

028.013 YUSUFALI: Thus did We restore him to his mother, that her eye might be comforted, that she might not grieve, and that she might know that the promise of Allah is true: but most of them do not understand.Moodswingster (talk) 21:24, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

There is no need to add any situation needed mainly because Ironically there is a Hadith mentioned talking about the name of Moses's sister and that hadith can be found the link YOU provided which is the Quranic and biblical narratives in that Hadith Prophet Mohamed states people back then used to give names of important figures to another which lead to the mother of Christ called Mary but however Muslim scholars coined up a name for the sister of Moses calling her Meeriam instead of Maryam to remove confusion because she is not mentioned by name in the QuranMoodswingster (talk) 12:25, 16 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Interesting... Quran includes much Agadata and Midrash. However, they seemed to have missed the one about Pharaoh's daughter undergoing conversion at the time of finding Moses 216.144.26.242 (talk) 19:37, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

Shouldn't this article mention the academic discussion questioning Miriam's relationship with Moses?
There is a controvery over this in the academic literature that is not reflected in the article. See for instance ,

Dougweller (talk) 12:53, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Why isnt there any Biblical account of Miriam?! 82.194.62.25 (talk) 09:26, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Extensive Edit - Feb 2017
This major edit was done under the advice of a wiki-Editor who, after reviewing the proposed additions, advised to expand the current article on Miriam, rather then starting a new one under a different title. The intention of this edit was to add, not subtract or delete. Thus, nearly all of the original content was preserved, but re-ordered and integrated into a chronological presentation of the life of Miriam. Much effort was invested to preserve the wording of the original content, except where it was inaccurate based on the sources provided, or unclear. Regarding citations, many of the originals were corrected, expanded or elucidated. And some were added where missing. The use of citations from Jewish primary sources (Tanach, Talmud, Midrash, Classical Commentators, etc.), while extensive, is no different than as in the original, but more complete and accurate.

Jbu777 (talk) 16:06, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

family tree
This is pretty much unsourced OR, and has been vandalized in any case.

 * Family tree

-- Jytdog (talk) 02:25, 24 August 2017 (UTC)
 * the information in this chart is a summary of accepted knowledge regarding its subject, as can be verified by following the links to the specific articles in WP on each entry.

 * in addition, the sources for the information in the chart which is particular to this article, namely the immediate family and marital relatives of miriam, are cited in sections 1 and 2 regarding her pedigree, siblings, spouse, and son.

 * it is wrong, and represses knowledge, to keep deleting this chart from the article.
 * Jbu777 (talk) 21:29, 24 August 2017 (UTC)
 * 1) "HUR" is vandalism, and you have now added that twice to Wikipedia. That is now your vandalism.
 * 2) It is invalid in Wikipedia to claim something is "accepted knowledge" and not provide a source, when content is challenged. See WP:BURDEN.  There are complex relationships expressed in this chart that are not sourced, and may or may not be accurate.  A Wikilink is not a reliable source.  Wikipedia articles are not reliable sources, per WP:USERGENERATED.  Jytdog (talk) 21:39, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Removal of unverified categories
Muslim female saints,Islamic personalities mentioned in the Hebrew Bible,Islamic figures,Muslim female saints from the Old Testament,Christian female saints from the Old Testament, have been removed as categories. Per WP:CATV ''Categorization of articles must be verifiable. It should be clear from verifiable information in the article why it was placed in each of its categories.'' The article does not source the claim that Miriam is a saint, whether Christian or Muslim, at all. Per WP:CATDEF ''A central concept used in categorizing articles is that of the defining characteristics of a subject of the article. A defining characteristic is one that reliable sources commonly and consistently define the subject as having".'' It is not a defining characteristic of this person that she is an "Islamic figure" or "Islamic personality".Smeat75 (talk) 00:24, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

Miriam
The "Torah"

Pharisaic Talmudic demons

You're not the people of the old testament, you are not Hebrews. 94.156.230.143 (talk) 17:36, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miriam


text: User talk:24.222.253.244

title: User talk:24.222.253.244


text:
Nitya Chaitanya Yati

Nitya Chaitanya Yati (2 November 1924 – 14 May 1999) was an Indian philosopher, psychologist, author and poet, best known for his commentaries on Advaita Vedanta as well as his literary criticisms. He was a disciple of Nataraja Guru, the successor to Narayana Guru. Yati published over 140 books in English and Malayalam including a commentary on Darsana Mala of Narayana Guru, titled, Psychology of Darsana Mala. Kerala Sahitya Akademi honoured him with their annual award for literary criticism in 1977.

Biography
Nitya Chaitanya Yati was born K. R. Jayachandra Panicker on 2 November 1924 at Vakayar, a village in the erstwhile Travancore, now in Pathanamthitta district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Pandalam Raghava Panicker, a poet, teacher, and his wife, Vamakshi Amma and nephew of Muloor S. Padmanabha Panicker. After early education by a local teacher by name, Nanu Pillai, he studied at Kulathingal High School from where he passed the SSLC examination. Subsequently, he left home and traveled for the next eight years during which period he learnt Buddhism, Jainism and Sufism and met such people as Mahatma Gandhi and Ramana Maharshi. On his return from his wanderings, he joined Union Christian College, Aluva and earned his graduate degree in philosophy before securing a master's degree in philosophy from the University College, Thiruvananthapuram in 1952.

Yati was influenced by Ramana Maharshi after his meeting with the spiritual leader and he took up sanyasa in 1951. After serving as a faculty at the Sree Narayana College, Kollam for a while, he moved to Mumbai to research on the physically challenged until his move to Chennai to teach at Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College in 1953. He stayed in Chennai till 1955 and returned to Mumbai for further research work before moving to New Delhi in 1963 to join the Institute of Psychiatric and Spiritual Research as its director. Later, he succeeded Nataraja Guru as head of the Narayana Gurukulam, a worldwide contemplative community, after a long apprenticeship. In between, he was also associated with the Indian Council of Medical Research as the head of the division of Yoga and with the East West University, of which he was the founder chairperson.

Nitya Chaitanya Yati died on 14 May 1999, at Fernhill Gurukula of Narayana Gurukula, near Ooty, at the age of 74.

Legacy
Nitya Chaitanya Yati authored over 140 books of which 120 are in Malayalam and the rest in English, covering such topics as philosophy, psychology, social ethics and aesthetics and was involved with the World Government of World Citizens as a committed sponsor. Nalini Enna Kavyashilpam (Nalini, a poetic sculpture)), his critical study of the Kumaran Asan's poem, Nalini, fetched him the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism in 1977. He wrote two more critiques on Asan's works, Chinthavistayaaya Seetha, Oru Padanam and Duravastha, Oru Padanam. He published a book on Narayana Guru, with the same name, and commentaries on Guru's Darsanamala and Atmopadeshashathakam. He also translated Brhadaranyaka Upanisad into English, which has the original text in transliteration as well as English translation and published critiques on the Bhagavat Gita, Saundaryalahari of Sankaracharya and Marxism. Wandering by Hermann Hesse was another work translated by Yati which was published under the title, Deshadanam. His autobiography, Love and Blessings, is a detailed narrative of his life and includes anecdotes and his letters.

Works in English

 * In the Stream of Consciousness, East-West University (1976)
 * Psychology of Darsana Mala, DK Print World (2004) ISBN 81-246-0254-9
 * Living the Science of Harmonious Union (Patanjali’s Yoga Shastra), DK Print World (2009) ISBN 81-246-0494-0
 * That Alone, the Core of Wisdom, DK Print World (2013) ISBN 81-246-0240-9
 * Psychology of Darsana Mala, DK Print World (2004) ISBN 81-246-0254-9
 * Living the Science of Harmonious Union (Patanjali’s Yoga Shastra), DK Print World (2009) ISBN 81-246-0494-0
 * That Alone, the Core of Wisdom, DK Print World (2013) ISBN 81-246-0240-9
 * Psychology of Darsana Mala, DK Print World (2004) ISBN 81-246-0254-9
 * Living the Science of Harmonious Union (Patanjali’s Yoga Shastra), DK Print World (2009) ISBN 81-246-0494-0
 * That Alone, the Core of Wisdom, DK Print World (2013) ISBN 81-246-0240-9
 * Psychology of Darsana Mala, DK Print World (2004) ISBN 81-246-0254-9
 * Living the Science of Harmonious Union (Patanjali’s Yoga Shastra), DK Print World (2009) ISBN 81-246-0494-0
 * That Alone, the Core of Wisdom, DK Print World (2013) ISBN 81-246-0240-9
 * Living the Science of Harmonious Union (Patanjali’s Yoga Shastra), DK Print World (2009) ISBN 81-246-0494-0
 * That Alone, the Core of Wisdom, DK Print World (2013) ISBN 81-246-0240-9
 * That Alone, the Core of Wisdom, DK Print World (2013) ISBN 81-246-0240-9

title: Nitya Chaitanya Yati


text:
Talk:Roots: The Saga of an American Family

Untitled
I have started a summary of the book. What do you guys think of it?

there is such a thing as pronouns, in one paragraph there must be at least 20 "Kizzy"s

While the description of attempts is pretty good, it violates neutrality. For example, the author recommending that, if any portion of the book is read, it be the "Chicken George" section is a fine example.

Does neutrality apply to what is functionaly a book report? I'm inclined to make a few minor grammatical and editorial changes to the article, but I don't feel comfortable changing the tone. -L

It is more than functionally a book report, it *is* a book report...lol. I thought I would help the common good by uploading it to wikipedia.

 * Dear anonymous commentator, That previous comment about neutrality referred to the first version of this article, which was 10Kb too long and marked for clean-up. I thought I did a pretty good job of condensing the material; perhaps you can show me how to do it better? Yoninah 21:31, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Also, the article describes Roots as a "novel" which means it is fiction. Apparently, much of it is fiction, but unless you are going to get into that (beyond the vague suggestion of plagiarism), it should be described as a family history--non-fiction. Again, apparently he made a lot of it up...

Patrick Grey Anderson 00:14, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I once worked with a genealogist who knew Alex Haley -- he worked from her home while they were researching the sequel, Queen. She said that Alex was surprised that librarians were shelving his book in the genealogy section of their libraries, rather than the fiction section.  Apparently, he did just enough genealogy to get a framework of dates, and collected family stories for a general plot, but he considered his novel and all its details to be a work of fiction. GUllman 03:55, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * One thing that stands out as an obvious fiction is the story of Kunta Kinte being kidnapped by white men near his village. Most African slaves were captured and sold at the behest of their own rulers, or by neighboring tribes in warfare.  White men were highly conspicuous in Africa, and they didn't just go traipsing through the Songhai empire, grabbing people at will.  This popular misconception ignores the degree of organization of the Muslim states in Africa in the 1700s.

 * Any of us who were around in the 70s when this mini-series aired can attest to the fact that Haley took GREAT PAINS to pass off "Roots" as the true story of his ancestors. My family (and every family I knew...indeed, every PERSON I knew) watched every minute of each episode.  It's all people talked about for months.  Hundreds and hundreds of news reports, interviews, talk show segments, etc. were done to either promote or analyze various aspects of the many hours of air time.  At NO POINT did anyone, including Haley, provide a caveat that this was "a work of fiction."  It's only after Haley's poor scholarship, and possible fraudulent activities were outted that he began trying to re-write the history of the story.  Although the story did much to correct the lies Hollywood has perpetuated since "Birth of a Nation" and "Gone With the Wind," Haley is guilty of a deception tantamount to that of James Frey, author of "A Million Little Pieces."  But I doubt Oprah Winfrey will be raking Alex Haley's memory over the coals anytime soon, and I think we all know why.
 * Probably we don't. Certainly I don't. You'll have to come out and say it. I hope it's not too generic -- I want every salacious detail!! 178.39.255.25 (talk) 09:24, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

There's a problem with the first paragraph of the Synopsis section:

''The action begins with the birth of Kunta Kinte in 1750 to a Mandinka tribesman in the tiny, Sub-Saharan village of Juffure. The aver the next four years and is punished, each time more severely.''

The bolded section doesn't make any kind of sense. Was something deleted from the paragraph?

Willbyr 21:20, 15 November 2005 (UTC) -

I am the person who started the article from a book report two years ago. I just wanted to thank everybody who contributed to this to condense/copy-edit it into a Wiki-usable format. Great job guys! Is there anything I could be doing right now to make this page better so that it is higher on the WikiNovel rating?

By the way, this book should be classified as a novel. It is "based on real life," but Alex Haley obviously took extensive liberties storytelling. Although I don't doubt that the later portions are realistic, the Kunta Kinte section especially is fictional in nature. Some geneological research cannot validate a 100+ page story of the life of a slave in Africa in the 1700's. Khelvaster 01:51, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Hey! I'm doing this for a book report!!!!

- The plot summary says "Chicken George finds his family, but he must escape to Canada to preserve his freedom." I don't think this is right. First, Chicken George has sixty days to leave the southern state (N. Carolina?) when he becomes a free man, so it isn't exactly an escape. Second, I don't recall him having to go to Canada, just to one of the northern states of the US.

Pyobon 05:24, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Character Surname Changes
Any idea why they changed the surnames of the white characters in the TV Mini-series? Waller became Reynolds, Lea became Moore...etc. Also should this fact be included in the article? 84.153.81.59 19:38, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * There is already a separate article for the miniseries, so I'd imagine that would be the best place to include it. Mwelch 23:27, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to speculate on the name changes: Author Haley was writing about his own family and could probably give his own permission for the fam names to be used. However, there are "Lea's" in Caswell Co, NC to this day (and a small village called Leasburg, once the Co seat). I would guess there are "Wallers" in Va as well. So my speculation is the producers could not get permission to represent these familys/ancestors in the series, and/or wanted to avoid a possible conflict or slander charge from the beginning. After all, we've no proof Tom Lea was an alcoholic; or that the Wallers sold Kizzy away for being literate and forging a Pass, or any of the other things Haley took license with that portray these people in a bad light. Obviously slavery was abhorrent, but casting aspersions ("guilt by association") on the modern families without proof is unaccedptable.... I'm no lawyer, but thats my speculation. Engr105th 00:39, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I semi-agree about the name change part going under the mini-series article. But it doesn't look like anyone added anything there yet. So....

Whether or not they needed the permission of the descendants is sometimes a close question. It is usually better, and cheaper, to take the path of least resistance and use different names, and maintain that the story is fictional anyway. John Paul Parks (talk) 01:42, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AlexHaley Roots pb.jpg
Image:AlexHaley Roots pb.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:AlexHaley Roots modclassic.jpg
Image:AlexHaley Roots modclassic.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 19:01, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

This article says:

"On the journey, he finds that the Mandinka warrior, Kintango, who trained him to manhood has also been captured. Kintango provides Kunta with much verbal support. Kintango later dies in the revolt."

This was only in part of the TV miniseries and not part of the book. If this article is specifically about the book then it should be removed. Feekus 18:38, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I concur. I've read the book but never seen the TV version - I was wondering why the Wiki article stated that...Engr105th 21:32, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Interesting Items in Book
In the book, when Kunta is in Africa, he and his relatives walk everywhere they go. This confirms that the supposedly advanced society that "toubob" interrupted had not yet invented the wheel. The book, which we now discover was plagiarized, is a plastic fantasy, in which black people are portrayed as uniformly virtuous and white people (with one insignificant exception) are portrayed as uniformly wicked. Such nonsense merely stirs up interracial friction and is detrimental to society. If a white person wrote a book that glorified the white race in the same manner as Haley exalts the black race, it properly would be condemned as racist. If there is to be an objective NPOV analysis of the book on Wikipedia, these factors should be mentioned. John Paul Parks (talk) 15:33, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Alas, Wikipedia is not the place for unsourced literary criticism or for sweeping generalizations about whether particular societies are "advanced." Mgllama (talk) 01:31, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Concur... Engr105th (talk) 03:23, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

"Such nonsense merely stirs up interracial friction and is detrimental to society." I believe a similar argument was used to defend Jim Crow laws against the civil rights movement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.106.78.151 (talk) 14:27, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

VULGARITY IN INTRO
The intro claims it "spent ballsack weeks on the new york...." please correct!!! Ty!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.83.25.118 (talk) 00:58, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Missing transition sentence
''Following the success of the novel and the miniseries, Haley was accused by two authors of plagiarism of their novels. Harold Courlander successfully asserted that Roots was plagiarized from his novel The African, published in 1967. The resulting trial ended with an out-of-court settlement and Haley's admission that some passages within Roots had been copied from Courlander's work; he said it was unintentional.

''Edward Kosner, reviewing the volume Alex Haley by Robert J. Norrell, said that Haley "could have avoided all the grief if he and his publishers had simply labeled the book [Roots] what it was—a historical novel valid in its essential narrative but informed by the imagination".

This transition to the second paragraph doesn't make sense. The Edwin Kosner remark concerns the factuality of the narrative (whether the people and events really were as depicted), not whether it was plagiarized. A sentence needs to be added. 178.39.255.25 (talk) 09:15, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

Slavery in the UK - Chicken George
When Chicken George apparently goes to the UK, slavery had been abolished there already, so that could not have happened as described in the recent series (and book?). If that is in the book too, shouldn't there be something about that in the historical inaccuracy section? Can any verify if it is in the book too? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Heywoodg (talk • contribs) 09:01, 16 December 2018 (UTC)


text:
181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

The 181st Street station (also known as 181st Street–Fort Washington Avenue) is a station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It is located beneath Fort Washington Avenue in the Hudson Heights section of the Washington Heights neighborhood, between 181st and 184th Streets. The station is served by the A train at all times.

The 181st Street station opened in 1932 and has two tracks and two side platforms. It is located near Bennett Park, the highest natural point in Manhattan. The station has two exits to Fort Washington Avenue: one at 181st Street and another across from Bennett Park. A third entrance is at 184th Street and Overlook Terrace at the bottom of the hill; elevators connect the Bennett Park and Overlook Terrace entrances. The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Construction and opening
New York City mayor John Francis Hylan's original plans for the Independent Subway System (IND), proposed in 1922, included building over 100 mi of new lines and taking over nearly 100 mi of existing lines. The lines were designed to compete with the existing underground, surface, and elevated lines operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and BMT. On December 9, 1924, the New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) gave preliminary approval for the construction of the IND Eighth Avenue Line. This line consisted of a corridor connecting Inwood, Manhattan, to Downtown Brooklyn, running largely under Eighth Avenue but also paralleling Greenwich Avenue and Sixth Avenue in Lower Manhattan. The line also included a tunnel under Fort Washington Avenue in Washington Heights, Manhattan. The BOT announced a list of stations on the new line in February 1928, with a station at 181st Street.

The BOT began constructing the 181st Street station in 1928. Squire J. Vickers, the chief architect of the Dual System, helped design the 181st Street station. He was responsible for most stations on the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND), and, being a painter, he did tile work for the station. Robert Ridgway was hired as the chief engineer. The finishes at the five stations between 175th and 207th Street, including the 181st Street station, were 18 percent completed by May 1930. By that August, the BOT reported that the Eighth Avenue Line was nearly completed and that the stations from 116th Street to 207th Street were 99.9 percent completed. The entire line was completed by September 1931, except for the installation of turnstiles.

A preview event for the new subway was hosted on September 8, 1932, two days before the official opening. The 181st Street station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated IND's initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. Construction of the whole line cost $191.2 million. Service at this station was provided with express service from its onset. While the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line already provided service to Washington Heights, the new subway via Fort Washington Avenue made subway service more readily accessible. Soon after the station opened, a bus route running over the George Washington Bridge began connecting this station to Fort Lee, New Jersey, for a fare of five cents. The construction of the station spurred development in the surrounding area. Its opening resulted in the development of residential apartment buildings around the station.

Operation
In December 1950, the New York City Board of Transportation issued a report concerning the construction of bomb shelters in the subway system in the midst of the Cold War. Five deep stations in Washington Heights, including the 181st Street station, were considered to be ideal for being used as bomb-proof shelters. The program was expected to cost $104 million. These shelters were expected to provide limited protection against conventional bombs, while providing protection against shock waves and air blast, as well as from the heat and radiation from an atomic bomb. To become suitable as shelters, the stations would require water-supply facilities, first-aid rooms, and additional bathrooms. However, the program, which required federal funding, was never completed.

The 181st Street station is mostly unchanged from its original design, although it has deteriorated over time, with some water damage. On March 30, 2005, the 181st Street station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The station was considered historically and architecturally significant as an early IND station that retained many of its original features.

In May 2022, the three escalators leading to the 181st Street exit were all closed for repairs. As a result, riders had to either use the 184th Street exit or walk up nearly 90 steps. The escalators had suffered periodic outages over the years; they were all closed simultaneously because they were powered by the same motor. The replacement escalators opened in April 2023, two months behind schedule.

1930s to 1990s
From 1932 until 1957, pedestrians had to pay a fare to use the elevators. Though the elevators were intended for subway riders, local residents paid the subway fare to avoid climbing about eight stories up Fort Washington Hill. On September 5, 1957, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) began allowing free public access to the elevators at the 181st and 190th Street stations. Bills were proposed in the New York State Legislature to put the elevators out of fare control, but these failed in committee. The NYCTA agreed once Joseph Zaretzki, the local State Senator, requested the change.

During the 1970s, the NYCTA attempted to eliminate the elevator attendants at this station once the elevators become automatic, but was not able to do so as a state law was passed by the urging of local politicians that required them to stay on the job. For four months during 1999, the station was closed while repairs were made to the elevators.

2000s to present
Several of the elevators in the station are staffed by elevator attendants, who are also employed at four other deep-level stations in Washington Heights. The elevator attendants are intended to reassure passengers, as the elevators are the only entrance to the platforms, and passengers often wait for the elevators with an attendant. The attendants at the five stations are primarily maintenance and cleaning workers who suffered injuries that made it hard for them to continue doing their original jobs. Riders of the 181st Street station have connected with the station's elevator attendants. For instance, in 2000, one elevator attendant put up images of popular jazz musicians while playing jazz music. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) ordered the posters removed, but 300 residents protested their removal. The elevator attendants have been known to attempt to cheer up commuters by playing music. A 2003 New York Times article stated that one operator played calypso music and merengue music from a portable CD player, and that "on occasion a dour-faced occupant will execute a brief tap or samba step on the way out".

In July 2003, to reduce costs, the MTA announced that as part of its 2004 budget it would eliminate 22 elevator operator positions at the 181st Street station and four others in Washington Heights, leaving one full-time operator per station. The agency had intended to remove all the attendants at these stops, but kept one in each station after many riders protested. In addition, the MTA began operating all elevators at all times; prior to the change, each elevator only operated if it was staffed by an elevator operator. The change took effect on January 20, 2004, and was expected to save $1.15 million a year.

In November 2007, the MTA proposed savings cuts to help reduce the agency's deficit. As part of the plan, all elevator operators at 181st Street, along with those in four other stations in Washington Heights, would have been cut. MTA employees had joined riders in worrying about an increase in crime as a result of the cuts after an elevator operator at 181st Street on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line helped save a stabbed passenger. The move was intended to save $1.7 million a year. However, on December 7, 2007, the MTA announced that it would not remove the remaining elevator operators at these stations, due to pushback from elected officials and residents from the area. In October 2018, the MTA once again proposed removing the elevator operators at the five stations, but this was reversed after dissent from the Transport Workers' Union. The MTA again suggested reassigning elevator operators to station-cleaner positions in June 2023, prompting local politicians to sue to prevent the operators' reassignments.

The station's elevators closed for replacement on August 3, 2019, and reopened almost exactly a year later on August 2, 2020. The elevators that were replaced had been in service since the early 1930s, while the new elevators contained wider doors to allow for faster passenger entry and exit. During the replacement, the station remained open via the exits to 181st Street and Overlook Terrace.

As part of the MTA's 2020–2024 Capital Program, the 181st Street station was selected to receive elevators between the platforms and mezzanine as part of a process to expand the New York City Subway system's accessibility. By February 2021, funding had been committed to accessibility renovations at the 181st Street station. In December 2021, the MTA awarded a contract for the installation of elevators at eight stations, including the 181st Street station. , work on the ADA-accessible elevators was scheduled to begin in September 2022; at the time, the project was scheduled to be completed in June 2023. The platform elevators were eventually opened on December 7, 2023.

Station layout
This underground station has two tracks and two side platforms. The station's platforms are 660 ft long, a typical length of station platforms built by the Independent Subway System (IND), and the vault containing the station is 50 ft wide. The platform level contains a single barrel-vaulted ceiling.

The outer walls of the platform level consist of tiled alcoves, slightly recessed within concrete arches. The station's tiles are colored maroon. This was part of a color-coded tile system used throughout the IND. The tile colors were designed to facilitate navigation for travelers going away from Lower Manhattan. As such, the maroon tiles used at the 181st Street station are also used at 168th Street, the first express station to the south, as well as at other stations on the Eighth Avenue Line north of 168th Street. Small maroon, black, and white mosaics with the number "181" are located within some of the alcoves. Within the alcoves that do not contain the "181" mosaic, there are black tiles with white numerals reading "181". The uptown platform has black-and-white signs for Yeshiva University.

A pedestrian concourse is located above the platforms along the station's entire length, supported from the cemented barrel-vaulted ceiling by steel Y-shaped struts. This concourse connects the two mezzanines at the north and south ends of the station and has four steel-and-concrete stairs to each platform. There are metal railings along the concourse, from which the platforms can be seen. The southern mezzanine has a station agent booth and storage rooms.

Entrances and exits
The 181st Street station has three entrances. Two of them are located at the top of a hill along Fort Washington Avenue: one between West 183rd and 185th Streets, across from Bennett Park, and the other at 181st Street. The third, at Overlook Avenue and 184th Street, is located at the bottom of a hill. The entrances at the 181st Street station were designed so as to not be sidewalk obstructions like those constructed by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, the two other subway operators in the city. To accomplish this goal, the entrance at Overlook Terrace was placed on city-owned property near the station, and the entrance at Fort Washington Avenue between 183rd and 185th Streets was placed in a building. The entrances at Fort Washington Avenue at 181st Street could not be erected within buildings.

The entrance at Overlook Terrace leads to a 240 ft passageway to the northern mezzanine. This entrance is accessed from a single-story head house with a stepped roof and a facade of stone and ashlar. This headhouse contains two arches surrounded by interlacing diamond motifs; there are wooden doors within each arch. A backlit, Art Deco "Subway" sign is located above and in between the archways, atop a stone pedestal.

The entrance on Fort Washington Avenue between 183rd and 185th Streets leads to three elevators that descend 100 ft to mezzanine level. It is entered from a single-story stone vestibule with a pointed diamond-shaped arch surrounded by an interlacing diamond motif. The arch is surrounded by zigzag motifs, and there is a backlit Art Deco "Subway" sign above this arch. In addition, four wooden doors are recessed within the entrance vestibule. The top of the entrance vestibule contains zigzagging horizontal lines. The vestibule leads to a slightly recessed masonry structure that rises two stories above the height of Fort Washington Avenue. The masonry structure forms the top of a seven-story mechanical structure with an emergency staircase, the three elevators, and the station's ventilation system.

The entrance at Fort Washington Avenue and 181st Street consists of four stairs, two to each southern corner of the intersection. These stairs lead to a small landing immediately below the intersection, which in turn leads to the escalators that descend to the southern mezzanine.

Elevators
The highest natural point on Manhattan Island is in Bennett Park, adjacent to the station exit on Fort Washington Avenue between West 183rd and 185th Streets (along the axis of where West 184th Street would be located). Because of the station's depth, long escalators lead to 181st Street at the south end, and elevators at the north end of the station carry passengers to the Bennett Park exit. The elevators were formerly only open during the daytime and required the payment of a fare to use. Since 1957, the elevators have not required the payment of a fare, so pedestrians traveling between Overlook Terrace and Fort Washington Avenue are allowed to use the elevators for free. There are also free elevators for pedestrians at 190th Street, the next station uptown, as well as at 191st Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.

Additional elevators were announced between the platforms and mezzanine in December 2019 as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program and were completed in 2023, making the station ADA-accessible. Patrons with wheelchairs are able to traverse from this entrance to the passageway out to Overlook Terrace, as the elevators provide direct access to both the mezzanine and street level. A ramp bypasses a short set of steps between the Overlook Terrace entrance and the passageway, making that entrance ADA-accessible. There is a staircase available in case of an emergency.

In popular culture
The station is mentioned in the title song of the Broadway musical In the Heights by Lin-Manuel Miranda, where Usnavi says to take the A train "even farther than Harlem to Northern Manhattan and maintain, get off at 181st and take the escalator. I hope you're writing this down I'm gonna test ya later".

On September 13, 1980, aspiring pianist Eric Kaminsky was robbed and stabbed to death in the station. His murder became the basis for his mother's book The Victim's Song.


text:
Talk:Constituent assembly

Untitled
I have reverted Iota's renaming of this page to "Constituent assembly" (with the lower-case "a"). Reason: Proper nouns should be capitalized. "Constituent Assembly" is a proper noun, just like "National Assembly" or "Indian National Congress." It is not a descriptive noun, but a noun that has been the formal name of numerous legislative bodies and constitutional conventions throughout history. David Cannon 01:09, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The move was obviously too hasty. I disagree with your point though. The word constituent assembly has appeared in the titles of many bodies and as part of a title is of course capitalised. But constituent assemblies are not limited to just those bodies that entitle themselves as such. As I understand it a constituent assembly is any body elected for the purpose of, and with authority to, adopt a constitution, and I'm sure that historically not every such body has called itself "Constituent Assembly of X" (the Democratic Constitutional Congress of Peru is listed in the article so might be an example). So Constituent Assembly (upper case) is a title, but a constituent assembly (lower case) is a type of institution.

This article is currently just a stub. Until I changed it today it was tagged as a disambiguation page. This would be appropriate if the subject matter were just a particular title used by various bodies. But I think there is potential for this to become a detailed article not about a title but about a particular type of political institution. That's why I've changed it to a stub, and why I think lower case is appropriate. I hope I'm making sense.

National Assembly I think is different because national assembly (lower case) is really just a synonym for national legislature. So the National Assembly article is really just about a number of bodies that happen to share a name. Iota 02:33, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for explaining. I think I can see now where you are coming from.  I'll wait to see what other users think, but it might be a good idea to expand the list to include every Constituent Assembly we know of, and rename the article as a list.  I'm not sure ... I'm in two minds about that.  Maybe you or some others will have some idea. David Cannon 11:04, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation
The above is mostly right, but no one's acted on it, so I went ahead and did it myself. Soo 18:03, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Same as constitutional convention
This seems to be the same thing as a constitutional convention, a name I would hazard is more common in Anglo-Saxon political traditions. Any objections to a merger? —Felix the Cassowary 07:46, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

A constituent assembly and a constitutional convention are two different things. Constitutional commissions and constituent assemblies differ in that a constitutional commission’s mandate is limited to strictly drafting a new constitution, whereas a constituent assembly may have a much broader mandate. On occasion, a constituent assembly and a constitutional commission may both be utilized during the constitutional drafting process (i.e., Nepal), with the commission being part of the constituent assembly. In addition to drafting a new constitution, a constituent assembly’s mandate may also include other duties and obligations such as amending existing legislation, serving as an interim government during the state’s transition, and drafting regulations governing presidential or parliamentary elections. 116.66.193.244 (talk) 14:10, 7 May 2009 (UTC)TFH

"Not necessarily the ruler"?
The introduction says that members of the constituent assembly are citizens but "not necessarily" the rulers of the country. "Not necessarily" means that they might be the rulers. So, a constituent assembly is not necessarily different from the other forms of constitution-making. So the sentences after the first add very little, and the intro is quite uninformative. We can replace them with "the members of the constituent assembly must be citizens of the country whose constitution they are creating". -Pgan002 (talk) 06:00, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

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Merger proposal
I have taken out some unsourced material that said there was a big distinction between a constituent assembly and a constitutional convention; one being elected and one not. After doing some research it seems like they essentially treated the same in outside sources with the difference is them being alternative names:
 *
 *

I moved over a lot of the information from the constitutional convention page and would suggest merging them. Any thoughts? Bluealbion (talk) 16:55, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

Constitution assembly was congress assembly
constitui 2409:4052:D95:26CF:A899:4B84:8CE8:85D4 (talk) 06:01, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constituent assembly