text:
Thomas Hodgskin

Thomas Hodgskin (12 December 1787 – 21 August 1869) was an English socialist writer on political economy, critic of capitalism and defender of free trade and early trade unions.

His views differ from some of the views later assigned to the word ‘socialism’. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the term socialist included any opponent of capitalism.

Biography
Hodgskin's father, who worked at the British Admiralty dock stores, enrolled him in the navy at the age of 12. Coming into conflict with the naval discipline of the time, Hodgskin was retired by the Navy at the age of 25. Publication of his Essay on Naval Discipline brought Hodgskin to the attention of radicals such as Francis Place. In 1815 Hodgskin travelled in France and Germany, experiences which he later documented in his Travels in the North of Germany. Entering the University of Edinburgh for study, Hodgskin later came to London and entered the utilitarian circle around Place, Jeremy Bentham and James Mill. With their support, he spent the next five years in a programme of travel and study around Europe which resulted inter alia in a second book, Travels in North Germany (1820). He married Eliza Hegewesch in Edinburgh in 1819.

In 1823, Hodgskin joined forces with Joseph Clinton Robertson in founding the Mechanics Magazine. In the October 1823 edition of the Mechanics Magazine, Hodgskin and Francis Place wrote a manifesto for a Mechanics Institute.

Despite his high profile in the agitated revolutionary times of the 1820s, he retreated into the realm of Whig journalism after the Reform Act 1832. Hodgskin had a family of seven children to support. He became an advocate of free trade and spent fifteen years writing for The Economist.

Legacy
Hodgskin was a pioneer of anti-capitalism, individualist anarchism and libertarian socialism. His criticism of employers appropriation of the lion's share of the value produced by their employees went on to influence subsequent generations of socialists, including Karl Marx.

title: Thomas Hodgskin


text: Category:British gangsters

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:British gangsters


text:
Talk:Papal slippers

Did not wear them, but was buried in them?

 * Pope Paul VI was the last pope to use the Papal Slippers in liturgical ceremonies. Pope John Paul I did not serve the papacy long enough to wear them. He was also the last pope to be buried in them upon death.

That does not appear to make sense to me. Was Paul VI or John Paul I the last pope to be buried in the papal slippers? Was John Paul I entitled to wear them for burial, but not in life? Or is this paragraph out of order? Jdavidb 15:58, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I think I clarified it in the article just now.  The Papal Slippers haven't been banned and both Pope John Paul I and II could have worn them in life but chose not to.  Pope John Paul I was buried in the Papal Slippers.  Pope John Paul II made a personal decision not to wear it for himself in death, but left the question over its use by future popes to his successors.  --Gerald Farinas 16:12, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This talk about resurrecting the papal slippers is completely erroneous. One must distinguish between liturgical sandals (shown in the photo with the liturgical gloves or chirotheca), papal slippers and papal shoes. See my article on papal shoes.

It is also incorrect to state that that Paul VI burried in papal slippers. Paul VI, John Paul I and John Paul II were all buried in ordinary papal red leather shoes. Pope Benedict is just following the immemorial custom of red shoes. He has not restored the velvet decorrated slippers. Athanasius 19:09, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)]]

Papal shoes needs merging into this article
Papal shoes was created today and should probably be merged with this article. --W(t) 17:38, 2005 Jun 21 (UTC)

 * If Papal shoes and papal slippers are two different things, maybe the merged article should be called something along the lines of "Papal footwear." Although, I suppose we ought to worry about getting the merging done first.... --User:Jenmoa 6 July 2005 01:51 (UTC)

 * Why merge them? They are different. One was used as part of liturgical dress. One was not. One is used as part of secular everyday wear. One never was. One is linked to other liturgical vestments. The other never is. There should be a series of articles covering different aspects of liturgical and secular dress, both ancient and modern for popes. This merger mania is making a haymes of many articles. Instead of a clean link to a specific articles, links are increasingly linking to conglomerate articles where, somewhere buried in them is the actual bit of information that the relevant link is concerned with. We have already screwed up links to UDI by linking it to declaration of independence. Other articles are similarly screwed up by a 'chuck it all in together' merger. It is not necessary when different articles can link to related but different topics. And papal slippers, with their liturgical usage that is tied to gauntlets, vestments, etc, and papal shoes, with their secular usage, are different, simply related topics. So strongly oppose. Fear ÉIREANN[[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|25px]] (talk) 6 July 2005 02:07 (UTC)

Requested move 3 July 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: page moved. (non-admin closure) Steel1943  (talk) 17:55, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

Papal Slippers → Papal slippers – Noun. WP:CONSISTENCY per Papal apartments, Papal nobility, Pontifical academy, inter alia. PPEMES (talk) 16:01, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Support A search of Google Books shows that sources consistently fail to capitalize this term. Colin M (talk) 00:39, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Papal slippers


text:
Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight

The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) was an agency within the Department of Housing and Urban Development of the United States of America. It was charged with ensuring the capital adequacy and financial safety and soundness of two government sponsored enterprises—the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). It was established by the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992.

OFHEO was managed by a director, appointed by the president and ratified by the Senate. The final director was James B. Lockhart III, assuming the position during a time of crisis as acting director April 28, 2006, when nominated, confirmed to the post on June 15, and sworn in June 26, 2006. The previous Director was Armando Falcon, Jr, confirmed September 29, 1999, and forced to resign February 4, 2003, over the release of critical oversight reports  However, the White House withdrew the nomination of his successor, and he served as director beyond the end of his term as provided by law.

On July 30, 2008, the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 combined OFHEO and the Federal Housing Finance Board (FHFB) to form the new Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA). OHFEO director James B. Lockhart III oversaw the agency at its conception, but departed after less than a year.

OFHEO also published the house price index.


text:
Numeral prefix

Numeral or number prefixes are prefixes derived from numerals or occasionally other numbers. In English and many other languages, they are used to coin numerous series of words. For example:

 * simplex, duplex (communication in only 1 direction at a time, in 2 directions simultaneously)
 * unicycle, bicycle, tricycle (vehicle with 1 wheel, 2 wheels, 3 wheels)
 * dyad, triad, tetrad (2 parts, 3 parts, 4 parts)
 * biped, quadruped, hexapod (animal with 2 feet, 4 feet, 6 feet)
 * September, October, November, December (7th month, 8th month, 9th month, 10th month)
 * binary, ternary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal (numbers expressed in base 2, base 3, base 8, base 10, base 16)
 * septuagenarian, octogenarian (a person 70–79 years old, 80–89 years old)
 * centipede, millipede (subgroups of arthropods with around 100 feet, or around 1 000 feet)

In many European languages there are two principal systems, taken from Latin and Greek, each with several subsystems; in addition, Sanskrit occupies a marginal position. There is also an international set of metric prefixes, which are used in the world's standard measurement system.

Table of number prefixes in English
In the following prefixes, a final vowel is normally dropped before a root that begins with a vowel, with the exceptions of bi-, which is extended to bis- before a vowel; among the other monosyllables, du-, di-, dvi-, and tri-, never vary.

Words in the cardinal catgegory are cardinal numbers, such as the English one, two, three, which name the count of items in a sequence. The multiple category are adverbial numbers, like the English once, twice, thrice, that specify the number of events or instances of otherwise identical or similar items. Enumeration with the distributive catgegory originally was meant to specify one each, two each or one by one, two by two, etc., giving how many items of each type are desired or had been found, although distinct word forms for that meaning are now mostly lost. The ordinal catgegory are based on ordinal numbers such as the English first, second, third, which specify position of items in a sequence. In Latin and Greek, the ordinal forms are also used for fractions for amounts higher than 2; only the fraction $1⁄2$ has special forms.

The same suffix may be used with more than one category of number, as for example the orginary numbers second ary and terti ary and the distributive numbers bi nary and ter nary.

For the hundreds, there are competing forms: Those in -gent-, from the original Latin, and those in -cent-, derived from centi-, etc. plus the prefixes for 1 through 9.

Many of the items in the following tables are not in general use, but may rather be regarded as coinages by individuals. In scientific contexts, either scientific notation or SI prefixes are used to express very large or very small numbers, and not unwieldy prefixes.

 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

!rowspan=2| Number !colspan=4| Latin derived !colspan=3| Greek derived ! rowspan="2" | Sanskrit ! Cardinal !! Multiple !! Distributive !! Ordinal ! Cardinal !! Multiple, proportional, or quantitative !! Ordinal diplo- ("double") dyad- ("two of a kind") || deuter- deuteraio- ("[every] second day") || dvi- ("[every] fourth day") || catur- hexad- || hect- hectaio- || ṣaṭ- heptad- || hebdomo- ("seventh") hebdomaio- ("seventh day") || sapta- octad- || ogdoö- ogdoaio- || aṣṭa- decaplo- decad- || decat- decataio- || dasha- etc. || trayodasha- decapentakis- etc. || decatopempto- || panchadasha- (but hybrid hexadecimal) decaheptakis- etc. || decatohebdomo- || saptadasha- hecatontaplo- hundred-multiple hecatontad- hundred of a kind also abbreviated in hec[aton]tad- || hecatosto- hundredth hecatostaio- the hundredth day || shata– derived from en(n)iacosia-, a pejoration of enneacosia- || enneacosakis- etc. || enacosiost-, ''alt. spelling en(n)iacosiost(o)- a pejoration of'' enneacosiosto- || — myriaplo- myriad- decakiskhiliakis- etc. || myriast-, decakiskhiliosto- || ayuta– fractions)'' hecatommyriostaio- ("the millionth day") || —
 * + Number prefixes in English
 * align=center| 0
 * colspan=3| nulli- || nullesim- || miden-, ouden- || — || medeproto-, oudeproto- || shūnya-
 * align=center| $1⁄12$
 * colspan=3| unci- || — ||colspan=3| Greek uses ordinals to name fractions; (i.e. dodecato-) || —
 * align=center| $1⁄8$
 * octant- || — || — || — ||colspan=3| As above; ogdoö– || —
 * align=center| $1⁄6$
 * sextant- || — || — || — ||colspan=3| As above; hecto || —
 * align=center| $1⁄5$
 * quintant- || — || — || — ||colspan=3| As above; pempto– || —
 * align=center| $1⁄4$
 * quadrant- || — || — || — ||colspan=3| As above; tetarto– || —
 * align=center| $1⁄3$
 * trient- || — || — || — ||colspan=3| As above; trito– || —
 * align=center| $1⁄2$
 * semi- || — || demi- || — || hemi- ("half") || — || — || —
 * align=center| $3⁄4$
 * dodrant- || — || — || — ||colspan=3| — || —
 * align=center| 1
 * uni- sol- || sim- || singul- || prim- || mono- ("one", "alone") holo- ("entire", "full") hen- rare || mono- ("one, alone") hapax- ("once") haplo- ("single") monad- ("one of a kind", "unique", "unit")|| prot- protaio- ("[every] first day") || eka-
 * align=center| $1 1⁄4$
 * — || quasqui- || — || — || — || — || — || —
 * align=center| $1 1⁄2$
 * — ||sesqui- || — || — || — || — || — || —
 * align=center| 2
 * du- || bi-, bis- || bin- || second- || di-, dy-, duo-, dyo- || dis- ("twice") common dyakis- ("twice") rare
 * dodrant- || — || — || — ||colspan=3| — || —
 * align=center| 1
 * uni- sol- || sim- || singul- || prim- || mono- ("one", "alone") holo- ("entire", "full") hen- rare || mono- ("one, alone") hapax- ("once") haplo- ("single") monad- ("one of a kind", "unique", "unit")|| prot- protaio- ("[every] first day") || eka-
 * align=center| $2 1⁄2$
 * — || quasqui- || — || — || — || — || — || —
 * align=center| ⇭⇭⇭
 * — ||sesqui- || — || — || — || — || — || —
 * align=center| 2
 * du- || bi-, bis- || bin- || second- || di-, dy-, duo-, dyo- || dis- ("twice") common dyakis- ("twice") rare
 * — ||sesqui- || — || — || — || — || — || —
 * align=center| 2
 * du- || bi-, bis- || bin- || second- || di-, dy-, duo-, dyo- || dis- ("twice") common dyakis- ("twice") rare
 * du- || bi-, bis- || bin- || second- || di-, dy-, duo-, dyo- || dis- ("twice") common dyakis- ("twice") rare
 * align=center| ⇭⇭⇭
 * — || semiquin- || — || — || — || — || — || —
 * align=center| 3
 * tri- || ter- || tern-, trin- || terti- || tri- || tris- ("thrice") common triakis- ("thrice") rare triplo- ("triple") triad- ("three of a kind") || trit- ("third") tritaio- ("[every] third day")
 * tri-
 * align=center| 4
 * quadri-, quadru- || quater- || quatern- || quart- || tetra-, tessara- || tetrakis- ("four times") tetraplo- ("quadruple") tetrad- ("four of a kind") || tetarto- ("fourth") tetartaio-
 * align=center| 4
 * quadri-, quadru- || quater- || quatern- || quart- || tetra-, tessara- || tetrakis- ("four times") tetraplo- ("quadruple") tetrad- ("four of a kind") || tetarto- ("fourth") tetartaio-
 * quadri-, quadru- || quater- || quatern- || quart- || tetra-, tessara- || tetrakis- ("four times") tetraplo- ("quadruple") tetrad- ("four of a kind") || tetarto- ("fourth") tetartaio-
 * align=center| 5
 * quinque- || — || quin- || quint- || penta- || pentakis- pentaplo- pentad- || pempt- pemptaio-|| pañca-
 * align=center| 6
 * sexa- || — || sen- || sext- || hexa- || hexakis- hexaplo-
 * align=center| 6
 * sexa- || — || sen- || sext- || hexa- || hexakis- hexaplo-
 * align=center| 7
 * colspan=2| septem-, septi- || septen- || septim- || hepta- || heptakis- heptaplo-
 * colspan=2| septem-, septi- || septen- || septim- || hepta- || heptakis- heptaplo-
 * align=center| 8
 * octo- || — || octon- || octav- || octo- || octakis- octaplo-
 * octo- || — || octon- || octav- || octo- || octakis- octaplo-
 * align=center| 9
 * colspan=2| novem- || noven- || nona- || ennea- || enneakis- enneaplo- ennead- || enat- enataio- || nava-
 * align=center| 10
 * colspan=2| decem-, dec- || den- || decim- || deca- || decakis-
 * align=center| 10
 * colspan=2| decem-, dec- || den- || decim- || deca- || decakis-
 * align=center| 11
 * colspan=2| undec- || unden- || undecim- || hendeca- || hendeca/kis/plo/d- || hendecat- /o/aio- || ekadasha-
 * align=center| 12
 * colspan=2| duodec- || duoden- || duodecim- || dodeca- || dodeca/kis/plo/d- || dodecat- /o/aio- || dvadasha-
 * align=center| 13
 * colspan=2| tredec- || treden- || tredecim- || tria(kai)deca-, decatria- || tris(kai)decakis-, decatria/kis/plo/d- || decatotrito-
 * align=center| 13
 * colspan=2| tredec- || treden- || tredecim- || tria(kai)deca-, decatria- || tris(kai)decakis-, decatria/kis/plo/d- || decatotrito-
 * colspan=2| tredec- || treden- || tredecim- || tria(kai)deca-, decatria- || tris(kai)decakis-, decatria/kis/plo/d- || decatotrito-
 * align=center| 14
 * colspan=2| quattuordec- || quattuorden- || quattuordecim- quartadecim- || tessara(kai)deca-, decatettara-, decatessara- || tetra(kai)decakis-, decatetra/kis/plo/d- || decatotetarto- || chaturdasha-
 * align=center| 15
 * colspan=2| quinquadec-, quindec- || quinden- || quindecim- quintadecim- || pente(kai)deca-, decapente- || penta(kai)decakis-,
 * align=center| 15
 * colspan=2| quinquadec-, quindec- || quinden- || quindecim- quintadecim- || pente(kai)deca-, decapente- || penta(kai)decakis-,
 * align=center| 16
 * colspan=2| sedec-, sexdec-
 * colspan=2| sedec-, sexdec-
 * seden- || sedecim- sextadecim- || hexa(kai)deca-, hekkaideca-, decahex- || hexa(kai)decakis-, decahexakis- etc.|| decatohecto- || shodasha-
 * align=center| 17
 * colspan=2| septendec- || septenden- || septendecim- septimadecim- || hepta(kai)deca-, decahepta- || hepta(kai)decakis-,
 * colspan=2| septendec- || septenden- || septendecim- septimadecim- || hepta(kai)deca-, decahepta- || hepta(kai)decakis-,
 * align=center| 18
 * colspan=2| octodec- || octoden- || octodecim- duodevicesim- || octo(kai)deca-, decaocto- || octa(kai)decakis-, decaoctakis- etc. || decatoogdoö- || ashtadasha-
 * align=center| 19
 * colspan=2| novemdec-, novendec- undeviginti- || novemden- novenden- || novemdecim- novendecim- undevisim- || ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea- || ennea(kai)decakis-, decaenneakis- etc. || decatoenato- || navadasha-
 * align=center| 20
 * colspan="2"| viginti- || vicen-, vigen- || vigesim- || (e)icosi- || eicosa/kis/plo/d- || eicosto- || vimshati-
 * align=center| 22
 * colspan=4| duovigint-|| (e)icosidyo-, dyo(e)icosi- rare || (e)icosidyakis- (e)icosidiplo- (e)icosidyad- || eicostodeutero- || —
 * align=center| 24
 * colspan=4| quattuorvigint-|| (e)icositettara-, (e)icosikaitettara- rare || (e)icositetrakis- (e)icositetraplo- (e)icositetrad- || eicostotetarto- || chaturvimshati-
 * align=center| 25
 * colspan=4| quinvigint- || (e)icosipente- || (e)icosipentakis- (e)icosipentaplo- (e)icosipentad- || eicostopempto- || —
 * align=center| 30
 * colspan=2| triginti- || tricen- || trigesim- || triaconta- || triacontakis- etc. || triacosto- || trimshat-
 * align=center| 31
 * colspan=4| untriginti-|| triacontahen- || triacontahenakis- triacontahenaplo- triacontahenad- || triacostoproto- triacostoprotaio- || —
 * align=center| 40
 * colspan=2| quadraginti- || quadragen- || quadragesim- || tettaraconta-, tessaraconta- || tettaracontakis-, tessaracontakis- etc. || tessaracosto- || chatvarimshat-
 * align=center| 50
 * colspan=2| quinquaginti- || quinquagen- || quinquagesim- || penteconta- || pentecontakis- etc. || pentecosto- || panchashat-
 * align=center| 60
 * colspan=2| sexaginti- || sexagen- || sexagesim- || hexeconta- || hexecontakis- etc. || hexecosto- || shasti-
 * align=center| 70
 * colspan=2| septuaginti- || septuagen- || septuagesim- || hebdomeconta- || hebdomecontakis- etc. || hebdomecosto- || saptati-
 * align=center| 80
 * colspan=2| octogint- || octogen- || octogesim- || ogdoëconta- || ogdoëcontakis- etc. || ogdoëcosto- || ashiti-
 * align=center| 90
 * colspan=2| nonagint- || nonagen- || nonagesim- || eneneconta- || enenecontakis- etc. || enenecosto- || navati-
 * align=center| 100
 * colspan=2| centi- || centen- || centesim- || hecato(n)- || hecatontakis- hundred times
 * align=center| 60
 * colspan=2| sexaginti- || sexagen- || sexagesim- || hexeconta- || hexecontakis- etc. || hexecosto- || shasti-
 * align=center| 70
 * colspan=2| septuaginti- || septuagen- || septuagesim- || hebdomeconta- || hebdomecontakis- etc. || hebdomecosto- || saptati-
 * align=center| 80
 * colspan=2| octogint- || octogen- || octogesim- || ogdoëconta- || ogdoëcontakis- etc. || ogdoëcosto- || ashiti-
 * align=center| 90
 * colspan=2| nonagint- || nonagen- || nonagesim- || eneneconta- || enenecontakis- etc. || enenecosto- || navati-
 * align=center| 100
 * colspan=2| centi- || centen- || centesim- || hecato(n)- || hecatontakis- hundred times
 * align=center| 90
 * colspan=2| nonagint- || nonagen- || nonagesim- || eneneconta- || enenecontakis- etc. || enenecosto- || navati-
 * align=center| 100
 * colspan=2| centi- || centen- || centesim- || hecato(n)- || hecatontakis- hundred times
 * colspan=2| centi- || centen- || centesim- || hecato(n)- || hecatontakis- hundred times
 * align=center| 120
 * colspan=2| viginticenti- || — || — || hecaton(e)icosi- || hecaton(e)icosakis- etc. || hecatostoeicosto- || —
 * align=center| 150
 * colspan=2| — || sesquicenten- || — || — || — || — || —
 * align=center| 200
 * colspan=2| ducenti- || ducen-, bicenten- || ducentesim- || diacosia- || diacosakis- etc. || diacosiosto- || —
 * align=center| 250
 * colspan=2| — || semiquincenten- || — || — || — || — || —
 * align=center| 300
 * colspan=2| trecenti- || trecen-, tercenten-, tricenten- || trecentesim- || triacosia- etc. || triacosakis- triacosaplo- triacosad- || triacosiosto- || —
 * align=center| 400
 * colspan=2| quadringenti- || quadringen-, quatercenten-, quadricenten- || quadringentesim- || tetracosia- || tetracosakis- etc. || tetracosiosto- || —
 * align=center| 500
 * colspan=2| quingent-, quincent- || quingen-, quingenten-, quincenten- || quingentesim- || pentacosia- || pentacosakis- etc. || pentacosiosto- || —
 * align=center| 600
 * colspan=2| sescenti-, sexcenti- || sescen-, sexcenten- || sescentesim- || hexacosia- || hexacosakis- etc. || hexacosiosto- || —
 * align=center| 700
 * colspan=2| septingenti- || septingen-, septingenten-, septcenten- || septingentesim- || heptacosia- || heptacosakis- etc. || heptacosiosto- || —
 * align=center| 800
 * colspan=2| octingenti- || octingen-, octingenten-, octocenten- || octingentesim- || octacosia- || octacosakis- etc. || octacosiosto- || —
 * align=center| 900
 * colspan=2| nongenti- || nongen- || nongentesim- || ennacosi-
 * align=center| 600
 * colspan=2| sescenti-, sexcenti- || sescen-, sexcenten- || sescentesim- || hexacosia- || hexacosakis- etc. || hexacosiosto- || —
 * align=center| 700
 * colspan=2| septingenti- || septingen-, septingenten-, septcenten- || septingentesim- || heptacosia- || heptacosakis- etc. || heptacosiosto- || —
 * align=center| 800
 * colspan=2| octingenti- || octingen-, octingenten-, octocenten- || octingentesim- || octacosia- || octacosakis- etc. || octacosiosto- || —
 * align=center| 900
 * colspan=2| nongenti- || nongen- || nongentesim- || ennacosi-
 * align=center| 900
 * colspan=2| nongenti- || nongen- || nongentesim- || ennacosi-
 * colspan=2| nongenti- || nongen- || nongentesim- || ennacosi-
 * align=center| 1 000
 * colspan=2| milli- || millen- || millesim- || khili-, kilo-|| khiliakis- khiliaplo- chiliad- || chiliost- || sahasra–
 * align=center| 2 000
 * colspan=2| duomilli || — || — || diskhili- || diskhiliakis- etc. || diskhiliosto- || —
 * align=center| 3 000
 * colspan=4| tremilli- || triskhili- || — || triskhiliost- || —
 * align=center| 5 000
 * colspan=4| quinmilli– || pentaciskhili- || — || — || —
 * align=center| 10 000
 * colspan=4| decamilli– || myria-, decakiskhilia- || myriakis-
 * align=center| 5 000
 * colspan=4| quinmilli– || pentaciskhili- || — || — || —
 * align=center| 10 000
 * colspan=4| decamilli– || myria-, decakiskhilia- || myriakis-
 * colspan=4| decamilli– || myria-, decakiskhilia- || myriakis-
 * align=center| 80 000
 * colspan=4| octogintmilli– || octacismyri- || — || — || —
 * align=center| 100 000 or
 * colspan=4| centimilli– || decakismyria-, hecatontakiskhilia- || decakismyriakis-, hecatontakiskhiliakis- || etc. || laksha–
 * align=center| 1 000  000 or  ||colspan=4| —  || hecatommyria- (see also mega-) || hecatommyriakis- ("a million times") hecatommyriaplo- (million-multiple) hecatommyriad- (a million of a kind) || hecatommyriosto- ''(ranked millionth; also one piece of a million [fraction] see above in
 * colspan=4| centimilli– || decakismyria-, hecatontakiskhilia- || decakismyriakis-, hecatontakiskhiliakis- || etc. || laksha–
 * align=center| 1 000  000 or  ||colspan=4| —  || hecatommyria- (see also mega-) || hecatommyriakis- ("a million times") hecatommyriaplo- (million-multiple) hecatommyriad- (a million of a kind) || hecatommyriosto- ''(ranked millionth; also one piece of a million [fraction] see above in
 * align=center| 1 000  000 or  ||colspan=4| —  || hecatommyria- (see also mega-) || hecatommyriakis- ("a million times") hecatommyriaplo- (million-multiple) hecatommyriad- (a million of a kind) || hecatommyriosto- ''(ranked millionth; also one piece of a million [fraction] see above in
 * align=center| $πρῶτος$
 * infini-
 * apeiro-
 * align=center| Few
 * colspan=3| pauci- || — || oligo- || — || — || —
 * align=center| Many (more than 1)
 * colspan=3| multi-, pluri- || — || poly- || pollakis- (many times) pollaplo- (multiple) plethos- (many of a kind) || pollosto- (rank/order of many [manieth]) || bahut–
 * }
 * align=center| Few
 * colspan=3| pauci- || — || oligo- || — || — || —
 * align=center| Many (more than 1)
 * colspan=3| multi-, pluri- || — || poly- || pollakis- (many times) pollaplo- (multiple) plethos- (many of a kind) || pollosto- (rank/order of many [manieth]) || bahut–
 * }
 * colspan=3| multi-, pluri- || — || poly- || pollakis- (many times) pollaplo- (multiple) plethos- (many of a kind) || pollosto- (rank/order of many [manieth]) || bahut–
 * }

 * Examples

Occurrences

 * Numerical prefixes occur in 19th-, 20th-, and 21st-century coinages, mainly the terms that are used in relation to or that are the names of technological innovations, such as hexadecimal and bicycle. Also used in medals that commemorate an anniversary, such as sesquicentennial (150 years), centennial (100 years), or bicentennial (200 years).
 * They occur in constructed words such as systematic names. Systematic names use numerical prefixes derived from Greek, with one principal exception, nona-.
 * They occur as prefixes to units of measure in the SI system. See SI prefix.
 * They occur as prefixes to units of computer data. See binary prefixes.
 * They occur in words in the same languages as the original number word, and their respective derivatives. (Strictly speaking, some of the common citations of these occurrences are not in fact occurrences of the prefixes. For example: millennium is not formed from milli-, but is in fact derived from the same shared Latin root – mille.)

Because of the common inheritance of Greek and Latin roots across the Romance languages, the import of much of that derived vocabulary into non-Romance languages (such as into English via Norman French), and the borrowing of 19th and 20th century coinages into many languages, the same numerical prefixes occur in many languages.

Numerical prefixes are not restricted to denoting integers. Some of the SI prefixes denote negative powers of 10, i.e. division by a multiple of 10 rather than multiplication by it. Several common-use numerical prefixes denote vulgar fractions.

Words containing non-technical numerical prefixes are usually not hyphenated. This is not an absolute rule, however, and there are exceptions (for example: quarter-deck occurs in addition to quarterdeck). There are no exceptions for words comprising technical numerical prefixes, though. Systematic names and words comprising SI prefixes and binary prefixes are not hyphenated, by definition.

Nonetheless, for clarity, dictionaries list numerical prefixes in hyphenated form, to distinguish the prefixes from words with the same spellings (such as duo- and duo).

Several technical numerical prefixes are not derived from words for numbers. (mega- is not derived from a number word, for example.) Similarly, some are only derived from words for numbers inasmuch as they are word play. (Peta- is word play on penta-, for example. See its etymology for details.)

The root language of a numerical prefix need not be related to the root language of the word that it prefixes. Some words comprising numerical prefixes are hybrid words.

In certain classes of systematic names, there are a few other exceptions to the rule of using Greek-derived numerical prefixes. The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, for example, uses the numerical prefixes derived from Greek, except for the prefix for 9 (as mentioned) and the prefixes from 1 to 4 (meth-, eth-, prop-, and but-), which are not derived from words for numbers. These prefixes were invented by the IUPAC, deriving them from the pre-existing names for several compounds that it was intended to preserve in the new system: methane (via methyl, which is in turn from the Greek word for wine), ethane (from ethyl coined by Justus von Liebig in 1834), propane (from propionic, which is in turn from pro- and the Greek word for fat), and butane (from butyl, which is in turn from butyric, which is in turn from the Latin word for butter).

Cardinal Latin series

 * unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
 * uniped, biped, triped, quadruped, centipede, millipede

Distributive Latin series

 * unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, ... vicenary ... centenary ...
 * denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, ... millenarian

Greek series

 * monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, ... triacontad, ... hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
 * digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, ... enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, ... chiliagon, myriagon
 * trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
 * monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod

Mixed language series

 * pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, ... icosane
 * binary, ternary, quaternary, quinary, senary, septenary, octal, nonary, decimal, duodecimal, hexadecimal, vigesimal, quadrovigesimal, duotrigesimal, sexagesimal, octogesimal

title: Numeral prefix


text:
Barkingside tube station

Barkingside is a London Underground station on the Central line. It is on the eastern edge of Barkingside (a district of Ilford) in east London at the end of a cul-de-sac off Station Road (which is itself a cul-de-sac). The station is next door to the home of Redbridge F.C. It is between Newbury Park and Fairlop stations and has been in Travelcard Zone 4 since 2 January 2007.

History
The station originally opened on 1 May 1903, as part of a Great Eastern Railway (GER) branch line from Woodford to Ilford via Hainault. This "Fairlop Loop", designed to stimulate suburban growth had a chequered history and Barkingside station was temporarily closed to passenger traffic, due to World War I economies, from 21 May 1916 until 30 June 1919. As a consequence of the 1921 Railways Act, the GER was merged with other railway companies in 1923 to become part of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). As part of the 1935–1940 "New Works Programme" of the London Passenger Transport Board the majority of the loop was to be transferred to form the eastern extensions of the Central line. Although work commenced in 1938 it was suspended upon the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 and work only recommenced in 1946. Steam train services serving Barkingside were suspended on 29 November 1947 and electrified Central line passenger services, to Central London via Gants Hill, finally commenced on 31 May 1948. The line from Newbury Park to Hainault through Barkingside had been electrified for empty train movements to the new depot at Hainault from 14 December 1947.

The station today
The station contains two platforms, one for each direction.

Few alterations took place to the station upon transfer to the Underground. Barkingside station is a "Grade II" listed building, marking it as a structure of architectural significance. Probably designed under the direction of W. N. Ashbee, the GER architect, it is dominated by a substantial brick building, surmounted by a cupola. The interior is notable for the fine hammerbeam roof to the ticket hall. Both platforms retain the ornate canopies with the "GER" initials still visible in the bracketry.

The station has toilet facilities, and a waiting room on the Westbound platform.

Services
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 9 tph eastbound to Hainault
 * 9 tph to Ealing Broadway

Connections
London Bus routes 128, 150, 167, 169, 247, 275 and 462, and night route N8 serve the station. Furthermore, bus route 128 provide a 24-hour service.

title: Barkingside tube station


text:
Fairlop tube station

Fairlop is a London Underground station in Fairlop in east London, England, which is on the Central line of the London Underground. It has been in Travelcard Zone 4 since 2 January 2007. It is on the north side of Forest Road, in Fairlop, just north of Barkingside.

History
The station was opened on 1 May 1903 as part of the Great Eastern Railway's (GER) Woodford to Ilford "loop" or branch line (the Fairlop Loop). This line, designed to stimulate suburban growth, had a chequered career. As a consequence of the 1921 Railways Act, the GER was merged with other railway companies in 1923 to become part of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). As part of the 1935 – 1940 New Works Programme of the London Passenger Transport Board, the majority of the loop was to be transferred to form the eastern extensions of the Central line. Although work commenced in 1938, it was suspended on the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 and work only recommenced in 1946.

Steam train services serving Fairlop were suspended on 29 November 1947 and electrified Central line passenger services, to Central London via Gants Hill, finally commenced on 31 May 1948. The line from Newbury Park to Hainault through Fairlop had been electrified for empty train movements to the new depot at Hainault from 14 December 1947.

Few alterations took place during this transfer, and the station remains a fine example of an Edwardian railway station including canopies that still bear the GER symbol in the bracketry.

The station has toilet facilities, a car park, and a waiting room on both westbound and eastbound platforms.

Connections
London Buses route 462 serves the station.

title: Fairlop tube station


text:
Dealignment

Dealignment, in political science, is a trend or process whereby a large portion of the electorate abandons its previous partisan affiliation, without developing a new one to replace it. It is contrasted with political realignment.

Many scholars argue that the trends in elections in the United States over the last several decades are best characterized as dealignment, evident in the portion of Americans identifying with a political party declining sharply between 1964 and 1976 from approximately 75 percent to 63 percent. It is also believed the United Kingdom has become dealigned from social class over the past three decades.

Dealignment does not refer to an individual losing their party affiliation, but a widespread trend as many people formally abandon the party to which they had been previously tied. Essentially one ceases voting for the political candidates that are formally sponsored by that party.

Dealignment can be seen in the rise of independent candidates. In dealignment, unlike realignment, voters are not switching from one major party to another. They are abandoning all the dominant parties but not their democratic voice. Rather, they place their votes in independent candidates.

Partisan dealignment
Partisan dealignment is a process in which individuals become less partisan in terms of their support for a particular political party.

The last decades, since the 1970s, have seen an increase in the process of partisan dealignment in many countries as voters become less connected to their political party. This process can result in fewer votes for the major parties, such as in the UK, or an increase in voters that vote for the opposite party due to their loss of partisanship. This dealignment shows that short term factors might play a larger role than usual in whether a candidate receives a vote from someone of their party. Several factors can be attributed to partisan dealignment, such as a greater political awareness and socialisation, intensive mass media coverage and decline of deference; disillusionment both with parties and politicians, and most importantly, the poor performance of government. Voters have also become more inclined to vote based on specific issues such as Brexit, immigration or the economy rather than voting based on a partisan attachment.

Prior to the 1970s there had been clear examples of partisan dealignment in the UK. For example, in the three elections which the Conservatives won in the 1950s, they received nearly 50% of the vote in those elections. However, in recent years loyalties towards the UK's main parties - the Labour Party and the Conservative Party - has reduced. This was seen in the 2019 general election when Labour lost votes to the Conservatives over the issue of Brexit.

Class dealignment
Class dealignment is a process in which members of a social class no longer vote for the party that their class is aligned with. In the UK, traditionally, working class voters support Labour and middle class voters support the Conservatives; an example of class dealignment would be if the working class began to view themselves as lower middle class.

Class dealignment took place in Britain post-1960s, when people were more likely to pursue tertiary education, have professional jobs and consequently more affluence. As a result, working-class voters who would traditionally have voted Labour may instead vote Conservative or Liberal Democrat. This happens as people lose their traditional class loyalties to a particular party. An example of this would be the Barking and Dagenham results in the 2006 local elections, in which a traditional Labour area voted for the extreme-right British National Party.

A recent example of class dealignment was during the 2019 UK general election in which the "Red Wall", a term first used by James Kanagasooriam in relation to the traditional Labour seats in the North of England, no longer voted along class lines. The result was that traditional Labour seats, such as Great Grimsby, voted to elect a Conservative MP for the first time in decades. In addition, in 2019 the Conservative received the highest number of votes across every social class, including 41% of DE voters who traditionally voted Labour. This illustrates that people in the UK no longer vote in accordance to their class.

The 2019 general election highlights that specific issues within politics can create a forced realignment to a different party for a short time as the current issues are viewed to be more important than voting based on traditional class lines. Boris Johnson ran his campaign with the strong stance to "Get Brexit Done" while Labour were seen to be unclear on their stance towards Brexit and the EU. The majority of the "Red Wall" are anti-conservative but pro-Brexit and this creates the forced realignment as a high percentage of voter's belief in Brexit was more important than voting along their class line leading to results so shocking and so against traditional voting. This emphasises how a specific issue can cause class dealignment if the cause that a certain class believes in outweighs their feelings towards their traditional party.

An example of there being class realignment is in the US where, in the 2020 Presidential Election, Donald Trump, a Republican, lost support amongst wealthy fiscally conservative and socially moderate voters in the suburbs, but made huge gains with Latino voters nationwide especially in Miami-Dade County, Florida, the Rio Grande Valley in South Texas, in Los Angeles and in the Imperial Valley in California, in the Latino-heavy areas of New York City, and the Latino-heavy areas of Chicago and Cook County.

title: Dealignment


text:
Caput mortuum

Caput mortuum (plural capita mortua; literally "dead head") is a Latin term used in alchemy to signify a useless substance left over from a chemical operation such as sublimation and the epitome of decline and decay (alternatively called nigredo). Alchemists represented this residue with a stylized human skull, a literal death's head.

The symbol shown on this page was also used in 18th-century chemistry to mean residue, remainder, or residuum. Caput mortuum was also sometimes used to mean crocus metallorum, i.e. brownish-red metallic compounds such as crocus martis (ferrous sulfate), and crocus veneris.

title: Caput mortuum


text:
Captain D'Agoust

Louis-Fouquet de Vincens de Saint-Michel, marquis d'Agoult (Saint-Michel, 5 December 1737 – London, 19 February 1813) was an officer of the Gardes Françaises, described by Thomas Carlyle in his classic recounting of the French Revolution, as a "cast-iron" individual.

History
On 4 May 1788, fourteen months before the Revolution, that captain of the Gardes Françaises, acting on the order of the Court of Versailles, marched the Parlement of Paris out of the Palais de Justice and removed the key from the premises. The event is considered one of the key mileposts on the road to the Revolution.

Medias

 * Colonel d'Agoult is a character in the manga and anime series The Rose of Versailles, created by Riyoko Ikeda.

title: Captain D'Agoust


text:
Talk:Craterus

Sources?
It would be nice if the sources of the article were given at its end. -- 84.146.131.53 16:01, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Phila
The person who wrote this article should have made sure the links were accurate. Call me crazy but I don't think Craterus married the City of Brotherly Love.

I thought Craterus was assasinated before he could answer the succession of Alexander the Great —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ipx218 (talk • contribs) 01:48, August 27, 2007 (UTC)

'To the Strongest'
"Some scholars have speculated that what Alexander actually said was that he gave his kingdom 'to Craterus', another possible interpretation of his last words."

This assertion is supported by a citation, but I don't think the cited website

http://www.livius.org/pen-pg/perdiccas/perdiccas.htm

is very convincing. I have not read any "scholars" who speculate so; I have only read this in historical fiction. I have therefore deleted the relevant paragraph, pending reference to a more authoritative source.

El barty (talk) 00:52, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Craterus


text:
Talk:Garrison Cade

merged with Lance Cade... hey i know Garrison Cade isnt his real name but i didnt think Lance Cade was either so if anyone could find out hs real name that would be good to know --- Paulley

title: Talk:Garrison Cade


text:
Wynton Kelly

Wynton Charles Kelly (December 2, 1931 – April 12, 1971) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He is known for his lively, blues-based playing and as one of the finest accompanists in jazz. He began playing professionally at the age of 12 and was pianist on a No. 1 R&B hit at the age of 16. His recording debut as a leader occurred three years later, around the time he started to become better known as an accompanist to singer Dinah Washington, and as a member of trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie's band. This progress was interrupted by two years in the United States Army, after which Kelly worked again with Washington and Gillespie, and played with other leaders. Over the next few years, these included instrumentalists Cannonball Adderley, John Coltrane, Hank Mobley, Wes Montgomery, and Sonny Rollins, and vocalists Betty Carter, Billie Holiday, and Abbey Lincoln.

Kelly attracted the most attention as part of Miles Davis' band from 1959, including an appearance on the trumpeter's Kind of Blue, often mentioned as the best-selling jazz album ever. After leaving Davis in 1963, Kelly played with his own trio, which recorded for several labels and toured the United States and internationally. His career did not develop much further, and he had difficulty finding enough work late in his career. Kelly, who was known to have epilepsy, died in a hotel room in Canada following a seizure, aged 39.

Early life
The son of Jamaican immigrants, Kelly was born in Brooklyn, New York, on December 2, 1931. He began playing the piano at the age of four, but did not receive much formal training in music. He attended the High School of Music & Art and the Metropolitan Vocational High School in New York, but "[t]hey wouldn't give us piano, so I fooled around with the bass and studied theory."

Kelly started his professional career in 1943, initially as a member of R&B groups. Through this, he improved his playing – the bands' "music had to be accessible, entertaining and easy to dance to"; this influenced his later playing. Around this time he also played organ in local churches. In his local area, he played with brothers Lee and Ray Abrams, as well as Ahmed Abdul-Malik, Ernie Henry, and Cecil Payne, who went on to have careers in jazz.

1946–1958
At the age of 15, Kelly toured the Caribbean as part of Ray Abrams' R&B band. Kelly made his recording debut aged 16, playing on saxophonist Hal Singer's 1948 "Cornbread", which became a Billboard R&B chart-topping hit. In the following year, Kelly recorded with vocalist Babs Gonzales; these tracks included his first recorded solos. Other R&B bands that Kelly played with included those led by Hot Lips Page (1948 or earlier), Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson (1949), and Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis (1950). Material from sessions on July 25 and August 1, 1951, formed Piano Interpretations, a trio album that was Kelly's recording debut as leader, released by Blue Note Records later that year. Critic Scott Yanow indicates that, at this stage of his career, Kelly's main influence was Bud Powell, but that his playing "displayed some of the joy of Teddy Wilson's style along with his own chord voicings". Kelly became better known after joining vocalist Dinah Washington's band in 1951. After this, he played in bands led by Lester Young in the spring of 1952, and Dizzy Gillespie, recording with the latter later in 1952. In September of that year, just as Kelly was beginning to build a reputation, he was drafted into the army.

After a period at Fort McClellan in Alabama, Kelly was part of a Third Army traveling show. He recruited fellow draftee and future jazz pianist Duke Pearson into the show; together they were able to convince their unit to involve more black musicians, as they were initially the only two out of around two dozen performers. By April 1954, Kelly was "Private First Class Wynton Kelly", musical director of the show. He ended his military service with a music performance for an audience of 10,000 in the Chastain Memorial Park Amphitheater in Atlanta.

Kelly was released from the military after two years, following which he worked on and off with Washington and Gillespie again. Kelly was also part of Charles Mingus' group for a tour of Washington, D.C., California, and Vancouver in late 1956 to early 1957. He left Mingus to rejoin Gillespie, who led a big band that toured Canada and the southern United States. Commenting on Kelly's ability to move from a small group to a big band setting, saxophonist Benny Golson, also from Gillespie's band, said: "He kept his identity; yet he was able to add something to the band, not only melodically (which he was known for) but rhythmically. He would set up patterns – never interfering with the arrangement, but he was able to get into the cracks and he would always be adding something, giving it impetus, more energy." In 1956, Kelly recorded with vocalist Billie Holiday, including for the original version of her song "Lady Sings the Blues", as well as for the Blue Note debuts of saxophonists Johnny Griffin and Sonny Rollins. After leaving Gillespie again, Kelly formed his own trio.

Kelly was much in demand as a sideman for recordings and appeared on albums by most of the major jazz leaders in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In April 1957, for instance, he appeared as a guest in an enlarged version of Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, for an album later released as Theory of Art; this band included trumpeter Lee Morgan, with whom Kelly had recorded a few weeks earlier. The recording sessions continued four days later, with Kelly joining Blakey, Morgan and others on Griffin's A Blowin' Session; this was followed by three studio days for Gillespie, and another for trumpeter Clark Terry, before the end of the month. Later that year, Kelly made a rare appearance playing bass, for one track of vocalist Abbey Lincoln's That's Him!, after the regular bassist, Paul Chambers, became drunk and fell asleep in the studio.

Early in 1958, Kelly recorded his second album as a leader, the quartet Piano, more than six years after his first. In the same year, he played for recordings led by, among others, vocalist Betty Carter, and made the first of several appearances on albums led by Cannonball Adderley, Blue Mitchell (beginning with Big 6 in 1958), and Hank Mobley. Kelly also played organ on one track of Pepper Adams and Jimmy Knepper's The Pepper-Knepper Quintet, an unusual departure from his usual instrument.

1959–1971
In January 1959, Kelly joined the musician with whom he became most associated – Miles Davis. Adderley, the alto saxophonist in the band, related how Kelly came to replace Red Garland on piano: Davis had admired Kelly's playing as part of Gillespie's band, and Garland was invariably late to arrive for their club performances: "One night, Wynton was there when we started and Miles asked him to sit in. When Red came, Wynton was playing. Miles told Red, 'Wynton's got the gig.' Just like that." Kelly stayed with the trumpeter until March 1963, appearing on the studio albums Kind of Blue and Someday My Prince Will Come, as well as on numerous concert recordings. On Kind of Blue (1959), often mentioned as the best-selling jazz album ever, Kelly played on the track "Freddie Freeloader". Even though Kelly was Davis' regular pianist at the time, the trumpeter had planned the album with Bill Evans in mind, so this is the only piece on which Kelly appears. Kelly toured 22 cities in Europe as part of Davis' quintet in the spring of 1960. Fellow pianist McCoy Tyner commented on Kelly's playing with Davis: "His harmonic colorations were very beautiful. But I think above all it was his ability to swing. John [Coltrane] used to mention that. Miles used to get off the bandstand and just look at Wynton with admiration, because he really held the group together."

Davis often left considerable time between band engagements, which allowed the musicians to do other work, so Kelly continued to record with other leaders, including with other members of the Davis band. In February 1959, when in Chicago for performances with Davis, Kelly was pianist on Cannonball Adderley Quintet in Chicago, and bassist Chambers' Go. Later that year, Kelly made his first album for Vee-Jay Records, in a quintet containing Wayne Shorter; Kelly returned the favor a few months later by playing on the saxophonist's debut as leader, Introducing Wayne Shorter. Kelly also recorded with Coltrane, including for one track, "Naima", from the saxophonist's Giant Steps. When Adderley left Davis in late 1959, he attempted to recruit Kelly; although the pianist declined, he did participate in more recording sessions led by his former bandmate, as well as more with Griffin, Mobley, Morgan, and numerous others. Kelly made his first recording with guitarist Wes Montgomery in 1961; they then made Full House the next year; the pairing was described by The Penguin Guide to Jazz as "an association that promised a lot and delivered more".

When he left Davis, Kelly formed his own trio with two others leaving the trumpeter – Chambers and drummer Jimmy Cobb. They soon embarked on a national tour and had recording dates with Verve Records, Kelly having left Vee-Jay after four albums. In May 1964, the calypso track "Little Tracy" from Kelly's Verve album Comin' in the Back Door reached number 38 on Billboard's R&B chart. A few months later, the trio toured Japan for a series of George Wein-organized concerts. In the summer of 1965, they joined Montgomery on a tour of the US that included an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival, and a club recording released as the Kelly co-led Smokin' at the Half Note. The trio also played with Joe Henderson and others after leaving Davis. According to Cobb, he took charge of the financial side of the trio, as well as its recruiting of additional members, while Kelly primarily was pianist and responsible for dealing with interviewers. The trio stayed together until 1969, when Chambers died.

Towards the end of his career, Kelly had problems finding work, but played with Ray Nance, and as a soloist in New York. Kelly's final recording session appears to have been in the autumn of 1970, accompanying saxophonist Dexter Gordon.

Death
Kelly died in Toronto, Canada, following an epileptic seizure, on April 12, 1971. He had traveled there from New York to play in a club with drummer George Reed and vocalist Herb Marshall. Kelly had a longstanding epilepsy problem and had to monitor his condition carefully. An account of his death was given by his friend, Cobb: "Wynton called his girlfriend in New York and said, 'You know, I don't feel good.' She said, 'Why don't you go downstairs to the bar and if something happens somebody could tend to you.' We don't know if he did that, because when they found him he was in the room." Kelly was found in his room in the Westminster Hotel on Jarvis Street by Marshall. He was reported to have had almost no money at the time of his death. A memorial concert was held on June 28 in New York and featured numerous well-known musicians of the period.

Personal life and personality
Kelly was survived by a daughter, Tracy. Bassist Marcus Miller is a cousin of Kelly's, as are rapper Foxy Brown, and pianist Randy Weston.

Kelly was a heavy drinker; saxophonist Jimmy Heath described him as "an alcoholic" who "could control his drinking" and not let his playing be affected by it. Kelly was known "for being a very warm, generous human being". Bassist Bill Crow reported that Kelly was "full of fun" and said: "He was often the center of backstage laughing sessions as we told stories on each other. Wynton had a removable upper front denture. While on stage, if he saw some of us standing in the wings listening, he would turn around so the audience couldn't see, give us a stern look, and drop his upper plate forward onto his lower lip, creating a grotesquely comical effect. Sometimes he heightened it by sticking his tongue out at us over his upper teeth."

Playing style
Kelly played "with a crisp, leaping rhythmic blues approach that generated intense excitement", wrote The Washington Post's obituarist. The happiness conveyed in his playing was described by Cobb: "It's happy sounding all the time. It's got a West Indian kind of hop to it. Always sparkling". The Rough Guide to Jazz stated that Kelly "combined boppish lines and bluesy interpolations, but with a taut sense of timing quite unlike anyone else except his many imitators", and highlighted the effectiveness of his block chords in contributing to a "dynamic and driving accompanying style". Pianist Brad Mehldau commented that Kelly "dotted his eighth notes quite strongly, and in his own hands the effect was exhilarating".

Kelly was an excellent sight reader, and could memorize parts very quickly, as well as play pieces he had heard but not read before.

Several commentators have rated Kelly the best accompanist in jazz, including critic Ray Comiskey and music educator Mark Levine. Drummer Philly Joe Jones said that, as an accompanist, Kelly "puts down flowers behind a soloist. He never wanted to steal in. He just put together the right things." Pianist Bruce Barth pointed out that part of Kelly's success as an accompanist came from "occasional and compelling use of 'blues licks' and melodic phrases in place of chords." Pianist Sergio Pamies suggested that Kelly represents the bridge between the supportive comping of Red Garland and the conversational comping of Bill Evans.

Legacy and influence
In critic Gary Giddins' view:"Kelly was never able to exploit his gifts when he went out on his own. His quartet with Wes Montgomery should have developed into a major force, but the same commercial interests that shanghaied Montgomery saddled Kelly with the fashionable soul-funk of the mid-'60s. Unlike Montgomery, his career went nowhere, and he didn't live long enough to find himself again."

Writer David Rosenthal commented: "Kelly seemed unable to escape being typecast as a sideman".

Kelly's style of playing has been an influence on numerous pianists, beginning in the 1960s. Among those to cite him directly as an influence are Monty Alexander, Chick Corea, Brad Mehldau, and Chucho Valdés. Pamies suggested that Kelly's comping had a direct influence on Herbie Hancock and McCoy Tyner. Pianists Dan Nimmer and Willie Pickens have recorded tribute albums to Kelly.

The trumpeter Wynton Marsalis (born 1961) was named after Kelly.

title: Wynton Kelly


text:
Stenopus hispidus

Stenopus hispidus is a shrimp-like decapod crustacean belonging to the infraorder Stenopodidea. Common names include coral banded shrimp and banded cleaner shrimp.

Distribution
Stenopus hispidus has a pan-tropical distribution, extending into some temperate areas. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean from Canada to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico. In Australia, it is found as far south as Sydney and it also occurs around New Zealand.

Description
Stenopus hispidus reaches a total length of 60 mm, and has striking colouration. The ground colour is transparent, but the carapace, abdomen and the large third pereiopod are all banded red and white. The antennae and other pereiopods are white. The abdomen, carapace and third pereiopods are covered in spines.

Stenopus hispidus has the ability to detect individuals of its species. This trait is uncommon in invertebrates and is most likely explained through chemical signals.

Ecology
Stenopus hispidus lives below the intertidal zone, at depth of up to 210 m, on coral reefs. It is a cleaner shrimp, and advertises to passing fish by slowly waving its long, white antennae. To achieve this, S. hispidus performs a dancing behavior, staying close to its home in the reef and whips out its antenna as they move side to side. This behavior was first observed in the lab by Becker et. al (2000), displaying a result that the dancing behavior observed in cleaner shrimp acts as a signal to inform surrounding fish that they are ready to feed and clean. S. hispidus uses its three pairs of claws to remove parasites, fungi and damaged tissue from the fish. Stenopus hispidus is monogamous. S. hispidus females are typically larger than the males. They occupy a territory that is 1–2 meters in diameter.

title: Stenopus hispidus


text:
Wanda Toscanini Horowitz

Wanda Giorgina Toscanini Horowitz (December 7, 1907, Milan, Italy, – August 21, 1998) was the daughter of the conductor Arturo Toscanini and the wife of pianist Vladimir Horowitz.

As a child, Wanda studied piano and voice. She never pursued a professional music career, fearing she could never live up to her father's exacting standards. Despite this, she was one of the few people who was willing to stand up to her father. When Arturo Toscanini refused to speak with her sister, Wally, following her affair with a married man, it was Wanda who confronted her father and insisted he reestablish contact.

At a Toscanini concert, she spotted the critic Virgil Thomson dozing during the performance. Knowing that Thomson frequently gave her father negative reviews, she approached him and announced, “I am Wanda Toscanini Horowitz, and I saw you sleep from the first note to the last. I hope you enjoyed the performance.”

Marriage to Vladimir Horowitz
She was equally direct with her husband, whom she married in 1933. In the 1950s, when Horowitz was playing a Schubert sonata, she complained of the work's length, which persuaded the pianist to forgo a repeat. She pointedly declined to accompany her husband for much of his 1983 tour, when he refused to accept that medications were adversely affecting his playing.

Wanda and Horowitz separated in 1948. Byron Janis, one of Horowitz's students, has written that he and Wanda were involved in a brief affair during this period. Horowitz and Wanda reconciled in 1951. In the aftermath of Horowitz’s 1953 nervous breakdown, she remained by his side. While she took pride in being married to the legendary virtuoso, she also confided that it was, at times “a cross to bear.” However, others have implied that Wanda's stern personality, in part, led to Horowitz's breakdown. Arthur Rubinstein stated that "Wanda was a very hard woman—hard as stone, and this was undoubtedly a factor that led to Volodya's collapse."

Wanda frequently referred to their only child, daughter Sonia (1934–1975), stating that Sonia's death was the greatest agony a mother could bear. More than a decade after Sonia's death, she was observed bursting into tears at the mention of Sonia's name.

Despite being raised Catholic, Wanda was opposed to the Catholic Church’s positions on many issues including birth control. Like her husband, Wanda held firmly liberal political views. She once referred to Ronald Reagan as “a second-rate actor and a second-rate President.” Following Horowitz's death in 1989, Wanda bought a 200-year-old farm house that she named "Pinci's Acres" (Pinci was Wanda's nickname for Horowitz) in Ashley Falls, Massachusetts, and stocked it with American antiques and Horowitz memorabilia. She then divided her time between this home and the New York City townhouse. An animal lover who volunteered for the ASPCA, she adopted several stray cats.

As Horowitz's sole heir, Wanda was in charge of her late husband's musical legacy. In the 1990s, she approved the release of several previously unavailable recordings. She also rejected several recordings, most notably Balakirev's Islamey, which she said was "flashy" repertoire that did a disservice to her husband's memory. Copies of the recording eventually surfaced on the Internet, leading to requests for its release. In 2009, the recording was issued.

Wanda was entombed alongside her husband in the Toscanini family crypt at Cimitero Monumentale in Milan. In May, 2004, vandals broke into the tomb and opened her coffin, possibly searching for jewelry.

Wanda Toscanini Horowitz appeared in several filmed documentaries about her husband, most notably The Last Romantic, in which she responded to her husband's artistry and reflected on her life in the world of music as daughter and wife of two incomparable musicians. A friend of Woody Allen, she had a small speaking part in his film Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989).

title: Wanda Toscanini Horowitz


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Indian yellow

Indian yellow is a complex pigment consisting primarily of euxanthic acid salts (magnesium euxanthate and calcium euxanthate), euxanthone and sulphonated euxanthone. It is also known as purree, snowshoe yellow, gaugoli, gogili, Hardwari peori, Monghyr puri, peoli, peori, peri rung, pioury, piuri, purrea arabica, pwree, jaune indien (French, Dutch), Indischgelb (German), yìndù huáng (Chinese), giallo indiano (Italian), amarillo indio (Spanish).

The crystalline form dissolved in water or mixed with oil to produce a transparent yellow paint which was used in Indian frescoes, oil painting and watercolors. After application Indian yellow produced a clear, deep and luminescent orange-yellow color which, due to its fluorescence, appears especially vivid and bright in sunlight. It was said to be of a disagreeable odour. It was most used in India in the Mughal period and in Europe in the nineteenth century, before becoming commercially unavailable circa 1921.

The origin and manufacture of Indian yellow had long been disputed partly due to variations among the sources themselves which included both pure materials and mixtures of chrome salts, dyes of plant origin and those of animal origin. Studies in 2018 of a sample collected by T. N. Mukharji in 1883 give credibility to his observations that it was obtained from concentrated urine from cows fed on a diet of mango leaves.

History
Indian yellow was widely used in Indian art, cloth dyeing and other products. It was noted for its intense luminance and was especially well known from its use in Rajput-Mughal miniature paintings from the 16th to the 19th century. It may have also been used in some wall paintings. The pigment was imported into Europe and its use is known from some artists including Jan Vermeer who was long thought to have used Indian yellow in his Woman Holding a Balance (1662-1663), since disproven by pigment analysis. Indian yellow pigment is claimed to have been originally manufactured in rural India from the urine of cattle fed only on mango leaves and water. The urine would be collected and dried, producing foul-smelling hard dirty yellow balls of the raw pigment, called "purree". The process was allegedly declared inhumane and outlawed in 1908, but no record of these laws has been found.

A description of the above process was given by T. N. Mukharji of Calcutta, who in response to a request from Sir Joseph Hooker, investigated an animal source in Monghyr, north-east Bihar, India. Mukharji identified two sources, one of mineral origin and one of animal origin. The latter was of special interest and he noted how cows were fed with mango leaves, suffered from the poor nutrition, with the sparse urine having to be collected in small pots, cooled, and then concentrated over a fire. The liquid was then filtered through cloth and the sediment collected in balls, then dried over a fire and in the sun. Importers in Europe would then wash and purify the balls, separating greenish and yellow phases. Mukharji also sent a sample to Hooker. Hooker had part of the sample examined by the chemist Carl Gräbe, who took considerable interest in its chemistry. In a 2018 publication, the analysis of part of this sample was documented. It confirms the animal origin of the sample and identifies the source as urine based on hippuric acid which is a key marker. The pigment can be clearly distinguished by spectroscopic techniques.

The Art of Painting in Oil and Fresco, a translation of the French De la peinture à l’huile by Léonor Mérimée, states a possible source for the pigment: ...the coloring matter is extracted from a tree or large shrub, called Memecylon tinctorium, the leaves of which are employed by the natives in their yellow dyes. From a smell like cow's urine, which exhales from this colour, it is probable that this material is employed in extracting the tint of the memecylon. In 1844, chemist John Stenhouse examined the origin of Indian yellow in an article published in the November 1844 edition of the Philosophical Magazine. At that time the balls of purree imported from India and China came in balls of around 3 - 4 oz which when broken open showed a deep orange color. Viewed under a microscope, it showed small needle-shaped crystals, while its smell was said to resemble that of castor oil. Stenhouse reported that Indian yellow was commonly thought to either be composed of gallstones from different animals, including camels, elephants, and buffaloes, or deposited from the urine of some of these animals. He carried out a chemical analysis and concluded that he believed it was in fact of vegetable origin, and was "the juice of some tree or plant, which, after it has been expressed, has been saturated with magnesia and boiled down to its present consistence."

In her 2002 book Colour: travels through the paintbox, Victoria Finlay examined whether Indian yellow was really made from cow urine. The only printed source that she found mentioning this practice was the single letter written by T. N. Mukharji, who claimed to have seen the color being made. Finlay was very skeptical as she found no oral evidence of the production of pigment in Mirzapur and she failed to find legal records concerning the supposed banning of Indian yellow production in Monghyr around 1908 as claimed by Mukharji. Other researchers have pointed out that this ban may have been possible on the basis of pre-existing Bengal acts for the prevention of animal cruelty 1869. However other researches have found many lines of evidence including Pahari paintings from c. 1400 that show the use of urine from cows fed on mango leaves. Several studies in 2017 and 2018, including a re-examination of the sample supplied by Mukharji to Hooker, confirm that Mukharji was accurate in his observation and highlight the origins of Indian yellow from urine by identifying metabolic studies on animals demonstrating euxanthic acid production through glucuronidation pathways in the liver.

Modern alternatives
The replacement for the original pigment (which was not entirely resistant to light), synthetic Indian yellow hue, is a mixture of nickel azo, hansa yellow, and quinacridone burnt orange. It is also known as azo yellow light and deep, or nickel azo yellow. The main components of Indian yellow, euxanthic acid and its derivatives, can be synthesized in the laboratory.

title: Indian yellow


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Agano River

The Agano River (阿賀野川) is a river system in the Hokuriku region of Honshu, Japan. It is also called the Aga River or the Ōkawa River in Fukushima. It is designated as a Class A river.

The source of the river is Mount Arakai on the border of Fukushima and Tochigi prefectures. It flows to the north and meets the Nippashi River from Lake Inawashiro and the Tadami River in the Aizu Basin, and then turns to the west and falls into the Sea of Japan. The Agano River flows for 210 kilometers. It has a watershed area of 7,710 square kilometers. Approximately 560,000 people live in the basin area.

In 1964–1965, a chemical factory at Kanose village in Niigata Prefecture released methylmercury into the river and caused Niigata Minamata disease.

There are several hydroelectric power plants on the Agano River:
 * Inawashiro Power Plant (107.5 MW), constructed in several stages in 1899–1940. It was the site of Japan's first high-voltage, long-range power transmission line.
 * Numazawanuma Power Plant (43.7 MW), constructed in 1952. It was the first pumped-storage power plant in Japan.

title: Agano River


text:
List of mayors of Mexico City

The Head of Government (Jefe/Jefa de Gobierno) wields the executive power in Mexico City. The Head of Government serves a six-year term, running concurrently with that of the President of the Republic. Mexico City, or CDMX, is the seat of national government, and is largely contiguous with the core of the sprawling Mexico City conurbation.

Background
According to Article 122 of the Constitution, "the Head of Government of the Federal District shall be responsible for executive power and public administration in the district and shall be represented by a single individual, elected by universal, free, direct, and secret suffrage."

The title is commonly rendered in English as "Mayor of Mexico City" but in reality the position does not correspond exactly to the mayor of a municipality. Even though the position is called Head of Government, it has the rank of governor of a state and has a seat at the National Governors Conference.

For the greater part of the 20th century, the D.F. was administered directly by the President of the Republic, who delegated his authority to an appointed Head of the Federal District Department, known more commonly (and tersely) as the Regente ("Regent" in English). This non-democratic imposition was a source of constant and often bitter resentment among the inhabitants of Mexico City. Under the reforms of the state introduced by presidents Carlos Salinas and Ernesto Zedillo, the Regent was replaced by the first directly elected Head of Government in 1997.

On July 6, 1997, with a 47.7% share of the vote in an eight-candidate race, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas won the first direct Head of Government election (this first term was to last only three years, to bring the office into line with the presidential succession). Cárdenas later resigned to compete in the 2000 presidential campaign and left in his place Rosario Robles, who served out the remainder of his term as the first person to govern Mexico City.

The Head of Government elected for the 2000–2006 term was Andrés Manuel López Obrador, elected with 39% of the popular vote in the same election that saw Vicente Fox of the PAN win the presidency. López Obrador was temporarily removed from office by the federal Congress on April 7, 2005 and was replaced, on an interim basis for a period of slightly over two weeks, by his secretary of government, Alejandro Encinas. See desafuero of AMLO.

All the Heads of the Federal District Department were members of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and all the Heads of Government of the Federal District are from center-left parties or party coalitions.

Governors of the Federal District (before the formal declaration)

 * Melchor Múzquiz January 9, 1824
 * Manuel Gómez Pedraza March 3, 1824

Governors of the Federal District

 * Gen. Jose Maria Mendivil November 25, 1825
 * Juan Manuel de Elizalde August 26, 1826
 * Francisco Molinos del Campo: September 2, 1826
 * Juan Manuel de Elizalde: October 2, 1826 (2nd time)
 * José Ignacio Esteva January 1, 1828
 * José María Tornel February 23, 1828
 * José Ignacio Esteva December 3, 1828 (2nd time)
 * Augustine of F. Lebrija January 30, 1830
 * Miguel Cervantes February 20, 1830
 * Francisco Fagoaga February 18, 1831
 * Ignacio Martinez (Mexico): October 14, 1832
 * José Joaquín de Herrera January 9, 1833
 * Ignacio Martinez: October 14, 1832
 * José Ignacio Esteva April 17, 1833 (3rd time)
 * José María Tornel November 24, 1833 (2nd time)
 * Ramon Rayon January 12, 1835
 * José Gómez de la Cortina: October 13, 1835
 * Manuel Fernández Madrid: October 15, 1836
 * Francisco García Conde: October 26, 1836
 * Luis G. Vieyra: March 9, 1837

Governors Mexico Department (Centralist Era)

 * Agustín Vicente Eguia December 30, 1837
 * José María Icaza: September 20, 1838
 * José Fernando de Peredo December 30, 1838
 * Luis G. Vieyra January 8, 1839 (2nd Attempt)
 * Miguel González Calderón January 11, 1840
 * Luis G. Vieyra April 30, 1840 (3rd Attempt)
 * José María Barrera March 16, 1841
 * Luis G. Vieyra July 31, 1841 (4th Occasion)
 * Francis O. Zarate: September 19, 1841
 * Luis G. Vieyra: October 9, 1841 (5th Occasion)
 * Valentín Canalizo March 10, 1843
 * Manuel Rincon: October 3, 1843
 * Ignacio Inclan December 3, 1843

Governors of the Federal District (Reinstatement)

 * Jose Guadalupe Covarrubias December 7, 1846
 * Vicente Romero: January 4, 1847
 * Juan José Baz January 13, 1847
 * Jose Ramon Malo February 17, 1847

City Council of Mexico (U.S. Invasion)

 * Manuel Reyes Veramendi: September 8, 1847
 * Francisco Juarez Iriarte January 18, 1847
 * John M. Flores y Teran March 6, 1848
 * Jose Ramon Malo: November 5, 1848 (2nd time)

Head of the Federal District (U.S. Occupation)

 * Winfield Scott: September 14, 1847
 * William O. Butler February 18, 1848
 * Stephen W. Kearny March 16, 1848

Governors of the Federal District (Reinstatement)

 * Pedro Torrin: May 14, 1849
 * Pedro María de Anaya July 10, 1849
 * Miguel Azcarate: January 2, 1850
 * Antonio Diaz Bonilla: October 21, 1854
 * Juan José Baz: January 5, 1856 (2nd time)

Governors of the Federal District (Constitution of 1857)

 * Augustine Alcerreca: October 4, 1857 (2nd time)

Governors of the Department of Mexico (War of the Reform)
Conservatives

 * Rómulo Díaz de la Vega December 20, 1859
 * Francis G. Casanova February 29, 1860

Governors of the Federal District (Constitution of 1857)

 * Justin Fernandez January 6, 1861
 * Juan José Baz June 25, 1861 (2nd time)
 * Anastasio Parrodi January 8, 1862
 * Ángel Frías April 27, 1862
 * José María González de Mendoza: May 24, 1862
 * José Silvestre Aramberri: September 20, 1862
 * Manuel Terreros November 11, 1862
 * Ponciano Arriaga January 23, 1863
 * José María González de Mendoza March 1, 1863 (2nd time)
 * Gen. John J. of the heron, John H. Mateos, Joaquin Mayor and Manuel Ramos, May 1863, City of Mexico City.
 * Miguel Maria Azcarate June 12, 1863
 * Manuel Garcia Aguirre: June 30, 1863

Governors of the Department of Mexico (2nd Empire)

 * José del Villar Bocanegra: November 4, 1863
 * Manuel Campero: April 9, 1866
 * Mariano Icaza: September 20, 1866
 * Tomás O'Horán: September 30, 1867

Governors of the Federal District (Constitution of 1857, Restored Republic)

 * Porfirio Díaz June 15, 1867 (Military Governor)
 * Juan José Baz August 14, 1867 (2nd time)
 * Francis H. Velez: September 7, 1869
 * Francisco Paz January 27, 1871
 * Gabino Bustamante March 17, 1871
 * Alfredo Chavero June 15, 1871
 * José María Castro: September 19, 1871
 * Tiburcio Montiel: October 21, 1871
 * Joaquin A. Pérez: September 29, 1873
 * Protasio G. Tagle November 22, 1876
 * Agustin del Rio: November 30, 1876
 * Juan Crisostomo Bonilla: February 7, 1877
 * Gen. Luis C. Curiel February 16, 1877
 * Carlos Pacheco Villalobos December 2, 1880
 * Ramon Fernandez: June 25, 1881
 * Carlos Rivas: May 5, 1884
 * General Jose Ceballos: December 3, 1884
 * Manuel Dominguez: April 19, 1893
 * Manuel Terreros
 * Pedro Rincón Gallardo July 17, 1893
 * Nicolas Island and Bustamante: August 3, 1896
 * Rafael Rebollar: August 8, 1896
 * Guillermo de Landa y Escandon: October 8, 1900
 * Ramón Corral: December 8, 1900
 * Guillermo de Landa y Escandon: January 3, 1903 (2nd time)
 * Gen. Samuel Garcia Cuellar: May 3, 1911

Governors of the Federal District (Constitution of 1857, Madero Revolution)

 * Alberto Garcia Granados: May 30, 1911
 * Ignacio Rivero: August 3, 1913
 * Federico Gonzalez Garza August 21, 1912

Governors of the Federal District (Constitution of 1857, Government of Victoriano Huerta)

 * Gen. Cepeda and Gen. Alberto Yarza: February 3, 1913 (Grales. responsible for the city after the Ten Tragic Days
 * Gen. Samuel Garcia Cuellar February 24, 1913 (2nd time)
 * Ramón Corona February 28, 1914
 * Mr. Gen. Eduardo Iturbide: March 28, 1914

Governors of the Federal District (Constitution of 1857 Constitutionalist Revolution)

 * Alfredo Robles Dominguez August 18, 1914
 * Gen. Heriberto Jara: September 19, 1914
 * Juan Gutierrez R. November 22, 1914

Governors of the Federal District (Constitution of 1857, the Government Conventional)

 * Vicente Navarro: November 26, 1914 (Zapatista)
 * Manuel Chao: December 4, 1914 (Zapatista)
 * Vito Alessio Robles January 1, 1915
 * Mayor of Mexico City: January 27, 1915, is responsible for the departure of the conventionalist, who retire to be near the city to the forces of Álvaro Obregón.
 * Magana Cerda March 15, 1915

Governor of Valle de Mexico (Const. 1857, Constitutional Government)

 * Gen. Cesar Lopez de Lara: August 3, 1915 (By the decrees of 3/12/1914 based on the Plan of Guadalupe, federal capital city of Veracruz and January 5, 1917 decree establishing the capital in the city of Querétaro. The changes of residence were never ratified by Congress)

Governors of the Federal District (Constitution of 1917)

 * Col. Gonzalo G. de la Mata: April 3, 1917 (Interim)
 * Gen. Cesar Lopez de Lara: June 3, 1917 (2nd time)

Governors of the Federal District (Carrancistas)

 * Alfredo Breceda January 22, 1918
 * Arnulfo González August 28, 1918
 * Alfredo Breceda January 21, 1919 (2nd time)
 * Benito Flores February 26, 1919
 * Manuel Rueda Magro: May 31, 1919
 * Mayor of Mexico City: May 7, 1920 (Move Carranza in Veracruz on the Federal Government, I fail to install)

Governors of the Federal District (Obregon)

 * Manuel Gómez Noriega: May 8, 1920
 * Gen. Celestino Gasca July 7, 1920
 * Jorge Prieto Laurens: 1922
 * Ramon Ross: October 25, 1923
 * Abel S. Rodriguez: December 15, 1923 (Interim)
 * Ramon Ross: February 11, 1924 (2nd time)
 * Gen. Francisco R. Serrano June 21, 1926
 * Primo Villa Michel June 1927 until December 31, 1928.

Heads of the Federal District Department (Regents 1929-1940)

 * (1929–1930): José Manuel Puig Casauranc
 * (1930): Crisóforo Ibáñez
 * (1930–1931): Lamberto Hernandez
 * (1931): Enrique Romero Courtade
 * (1931–1932): Lorenzo Hernandez
 * (1932): Vicente Estrada Cajigal
 * (1932): Manuel Padilla
 * (1932) John G. Cabral
 * (1932–1935): Aaron Saenz
 * (1935–1938): Cosme Hinojosa
 * (1938–1940): José Siurob Ramírez

Governor of Federal District (Regents)

 * (1940–1946): Javier Rojo Gomez

Heads of the Federal District Department (Regents)

 * (1946–1952): Fernando Casas German
 * (1952–1966): Ernesto P. Uruchurtu
 * (1966–1970): Alfonso Corona del Rosal
 * (1970–1971): Alfonso Martinez Dominguez
 * (1971–1976): Octavio Sentíes Gómez
 * (1976–1982): Carlos Hank Gonzalez
 * (1982–1988): Ramón Aguirre Velázquez
 * (1988–1993): Manuel Camacho Solís
 * (1993–1994): Manuel Aguilera Gomez
 * (1994–1997): Oscar Espinosa Villarreal

title: List of mayors of Mexico City


text:
Talk:Carmine (color)

The CMYK values shown were (25, 100, 100, 26) which when translated to RGB comes out as on the right: so I have substituted what seem to be the correct figures. Could someone check my calculations? --Phil | Talk 16:04, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

Copyvio
Nearly all of the page seems to have been copied from , so I have removed that text and added an entry to WP:CP. heycam 00:52, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Extraneous
What is the "" at the bottom of this article? I do not see it in the editable text. --VMS Mosaic 06:45, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Deep Carmine
I clicked onto this page for Deep Carmine, but it's not on the page, it's just in the list of pinks (even though it's orange). This is misleading, and I want that color's code... If someone can, please fix this. It should be on the page, obviously. --174.19.234.173 (talk) 05:42, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

Possible removal from list
Entries in List of colors: A–F contained links to this page.

The entries are :

 * Carmine pink
 * Carmine red
 * Deep carmine
 * Deep carmine pink
 * Light carmine pink

An entry in List of colors: G–M contained a link to this page.

The entry is :

 * Medium carmine

I don't see any evidence that these colors are discussed in this article and plan to delete them from the list per this discussion: Talk:List_of_colors

If someone decides that these colors should have a section in this article and it is added, I would appreciate a ping.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  00:05, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carmine (color)


text:
Walking in the Air

"Walking in the Air" is a song written by Howard Blake for the 1982 animated film The Snowman based on Raymond Briggs's 1978 children's book of the same name. The song forms the centrepiece of The Snowman, which has become a seasonal favourite on British and Finnish television. The story relates the fleeting adventures of a young boy and a snowman who has come to life. In the second part of the story, the boy and the snowman fly to the North Pole. "Walking in the Air" is the theme for the journey. They attend a party of snowmen, at which the boy seems to be the only human until they meet Father Christmas with his reindeer, and the boy is given a scarf with a snowman pattern. In the film, the song was performed by St Paul's Cathedral choirboy Peter Auty; this performance was reissued in 1985 (on Stiff Records) and 1987.

In 1985, an altered version was recorded for use in a TV advertising campaign for Toys "R" Us. While it was believed that Auty's voice had then broken, Auty claimed in an interview with BBC Breakfast News on 2 December 2022 that his voice had not broken and he was never contacted for the recording. Blake recommended the then-14-year-old Welsh chorister Aled Jones, whose recording reached number five in the UK Singles Chart on 28 December 1985, and who became a popular celebrity on the strength of his performance. The association of the song with Jones, combined with Auty not being credited on The Snowman, led to a common misbelief that Jones performed the song in the film. "Walking in the Air" has subsequently been performed by over forty artists, in a variety of styles. In a UK poll in 2012, the Aled Jones version was voted 13th on the ITV television special The Nation's Favourite Christmas Song.

Nightwish version
In 1998, Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish covered the song for their second studio album, Oceanborn, in a power ballad style. A shorter version of it was released on 30 January 1999 as the second single from the album, featuring two B-sides. It spent eighteen weeks on the Finnish charts, peaking at number one for a week. The band named the compilation Walking in the Air: The Greatest Ballads after this song.

The song was performed regularly during Tarja Turunen's time with the band as the lead singer; after her departure, she went on to record her own version for her 2006 winter album Henkäys Ikuisuudesta.

Nightwish's founding member and keyboardist Tuomas Holopainen had stated that it is his all-time favourite piece of music.

Other notable recorded versions

 * Aled Jones (as a teen boy soprano) reached number 5 in the UK Singles Chart in 1985 with his cover. He released it again, in a duet with himself (as an adult baritone), on his 2007 Album You Raise Me Up: The Best of Aled Jones. In 2022, Jones recorded a duet version with tenor Russell Watson, which was included on the Christmas with Aled and Russell album of the same year.
 * Irish girl treble Chloë Agnew (from Celtic Woman) covered the song on her debut solo album titled Walking in the Air in 2004, which hit number 13 on Billboard's Classical Albums Chart, and peaked at number 4 on Billboard's World Music chart.
 * McFly released their cover of the song on 2 December 2021. The single enjoyed a brief run on the UK Downloads chart, topping at number 25.

Uses in other media

 * A parody version of it was used in a Scottish television commercial in 2006, for an Irn-Bru advert. It was reused in the advert's sequel in 2018.
 * It was used in a 2013 World Wide Fund for Nature commercial showing on YouTube, performed by Vajèn van den Bosch.

title: Walking in the Air


text:
Talk:Scharnow turn

Name
Why is it called "Scharnow"? Scriberius 16:08, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scharnow turn


text:
Cuthbert Mayne

Cuthbert Mayne (c. 1543–29 November 1577) was an English Catholic priest executed under the laws of Elizabeth I. He was the first of the seminary priests trained on the Continent to be martyred. Mayne was beatified in 1886 and canonised as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales in 1970.

Early life
Mayne was born at Youlston, near Barnstaple, Devon, the son of William Mayne. He was baptised at the Church of St Peter, Shirwell on 20 March 1543/4, the feast day of St Cuthbert. An uncle who was a Church of England priest paid for him to attend Barnstaple Grammar School.

Mayne was instituted rector of the parish of Huntshaw in December 1561. He attended Oxford University, first at St Alban Hall, then at St John's College, and was awarded a B.A. on 6 April 1566 and M.A. on 8 April 1570. On 27 April 1570, the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I and those who obeyed her laws and commands, releasing her subjects from their allegiance to her.

Catholic conversion
At Oxford, Mayne met Edmund Campion and other Catholics, such as Gregory Martin, Humphrey Ely, Henry Shaw, Thomas Bramston, Henry Holland, Jonas Meredith, and Roland Russell. At some point, Mayne, too, became a Catholic. Late in 1570, a letter addressed to him from Gregory Martin, urging him to come to Douai, fell into the hands of the Bishop of London, and he sent a pursuivant to arrest Mayne and others mentioned in the letter. Warned by Thomas Ford, Mayne evaded arrest by going to Cornwall and then, in 1573, to the English College, Douai, now in northern France.

Mayne was ordained a priest in the Roman Catholic Church at Douai in 1575 and on 7 February in the following year he obtained the degree of Bachelor of Theology of Douai University.

On 24 April 1576, he left for the English mission in the company of another priest, John Payne. He soon joined the household of Francis Tregian at Golden in the parish of Probus, Cornwall where he posed as his steward. Francis Tregian (1548–1608) was one of the richest landowners in Cornwall. Missionaries from Douai were looked upon as papal agents intent on overthrowing the queen. The authorities began a systematic search in June 1576, when the Bishop of Exeter William Bradbridge came to Cornwall. On 8 June 1577, the High Sheriff of Cornwall, Richard Grenville, conducted a raid on Tregian's house during which the crown officers "bounced and beat at the door" to Mayne's chamber. On gaining entry, Grenville discovered a Catholic devotional item, an Agnus Dei, around Mayne's neck, and took him into custody along with his books and papers.

Imprisonment and trial
While awaiting trial at the circuit assizes in September, Mayne was imprisoned in Launceston Castle. At the opening of the trial on 23 September 1577 there were five counts against him: first, that he had obtained from the Roman See a "faculty" (or bulla), containing absolution of the Queen's subjects; second, that he had published the same at Golden; third, that he had taught the ecclesiastical authority of the pope and denied the queen's ecclesiastical supremacy while in prison; fourth, that he had brought into the kingdom an Agnus Dei (a Lamb of God sealed upon a piece of wax from the Paschal candle blessed by the pope) and delivered it to Francis Tregian; fifth, that he had celebrated Mass.

Mayne answered all counts. On the first and second counts, he said that the supposed "faculty" was merely a copy printed at Douai of an announcement of the Jubilee of 1575, and that its application having expired with the end of the jubilee, he certainly had not published it either at Golden (the manor house of Francis Tregian) or elsewhere. On the third count, he said that he had asserted nothing definite on the subject to the three illiterate witnesses who swore to the contrary. On the fourth count, he said that the fact he was wearing an Agnus Dei at the time of his arrest did not establish that he had brought it into the kingdom or delivered it to Tregian. On the fifth count, he said that the presence of a Missal, a chalice, and vestments in his room did not establish that he had said Mass.

The trial judge, Justice Sir Roger Manwood, directed the jury to return a verdict of guilty, stating that, "where plain proofs were wanting, strong presumptions ought to take place". Manwood also argued that it was illegal to introduce any papal letter into the country, no matter what it was. The jury found Mayne guilty of high treason on all counts, and accordingly, he was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. Mayne responded, "Deo gratias".

With him had been arraigned Francis Tregian and eight other laymen. The eight were sentenced to seizure of their goods and life imprisonment. Tregian was sentenced to die but was in fact incarcerated for 28 years until, on the petition of his friends, he was released by King James I.

His execution was delayed because one of the judges, Jeffries, took exception to the proceedings and sent a report to the Privy Council. The Council submitted the case to the whole bench of judges, which was inclined to Jeffries's view. Nevertheless, the council ordered the execution to proceed.

At the examination of Mayne after the trial, Mayne admitted to having said mass. The Record Office also recorded that among his papers were notes which brought him under suspicion of the charge that Catholics were bound, in the right opportunity, to rise against the Queen. The same office also recorded him admitting to this during his examination after the trial:

"The words found in a book of his signifying that though the catholic religion did now serve, swear and obey, yet if occasion were offered they would be ready to help the execution, &c., were annexed to a text taken out of a general council of Lateran for the authority of the pope in his excommunication, and at the last council of Trent there was a consent of the catholic princes for a reformation of such realms and persons as had gone from the authority of the bishop of Rome when it was concluded that if any catholic prince took in hand to invade any realm to reform the same to the authority of the see of Rome, that then the catholics in that realm should be ready to assist and help them. And this was the meaning of the execution as he saith, which he never revealed to any man before."

Mayne had also supposedly stated that "the people of England may be won unto the catholic religion of the see of Rome by such secret instructions as either are or may be within the realm; but what these secret instructions are he will not utter, but hopeth when time serveth they shall do therein as pleaseth God".

Execution
A gallows was erected in the marketplace at Launceston, and Mayne was executed there on 29 November 1577. Before being brought to the place of execution, Mayne was offered his life in return for a renunciation of his religion and an acknowledgement of the supremacy of the queen as head of the church. Declining both offers, he kissed a copy of the Bible, declaring that, "the queen neither ever was, nor is, nor ever shall be, the head of the church of England". He was not allowed to speak to the crowd but only to say his prayers quietly. It is unclear if he died on the gallows but all agree that he was unconscious, or almost so, when he was drawn and quartered. One source states that he was cut down alive, but in falling struck his head against the scaffold.

Political considerations
A. L. Rowse sees the condemnation of Mayne as arising from local rivalries between Protestant coastal and Catholic inland interests. Grenville had been unsuccessful in his attempts to arrange a marriage between his daughter and the Tregian heir.

The coming of Mayne and others made the English government fear the possibility of papal agents coming to the island to ready the populace to rise up in revolt in support of King Philip II of Spain in an invasion of England. This helped support the case to pass harsher legislation against Catholicism in England. Establishing a threat from subversive Catholic elements also served Elizabeth's counsellors such as Lord Burghley in their attempts to persuade the Queen to support the Dutch Revolt against Spain.

Legacy
Mayne was beatified "equipollently" by Pope Leo XIII, by means of a decree of 29 December 1886 and was canonised along with other martyrs of England and Wales by Pope Paul VI on 25 October 1970.

Mayne was the first seminary priest, the group of priests who were trained not in England but in houses of studies on the Continent. He was also one of the group of prominent Catholic martyrs of the persecution who were later designated as the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.

Relics of Mayne's body survive. A portion of his skull is kept at Lanherne Convent in Cornwall. Christopher M. B. Allison suggests that the silver reliquary discovered in 2015 at Jamestown, Virginia in the grave of Captain Gabriel Archer (died 1609/10) may contain a relic of Mayne.

There are many memorials to him in Launceston, and in 1977 the name of the Roman Catholic church on St Stephen's Hill there was changed from the Church of the English Martyrs to the Church of St Cuthbert Mayne; it is the site of the National Shrine to St Cuthbert Mayne. In 1921 an annual June pilgrimage was initiated in Launceston to commemorate Mayne.

St Cuthbert Mayne School, a voluntary aided Roman Catholic and Church of England school in Torquay, and St Cuthbert Mayne Catholic Junior School in Hemel Hempstead, are named after him. The St Cuthbert Mayne RC High School in Fulwood, Lancashire merged in 1988 to become Our Lady's Catholic High School.

In art
Daniel Fournier engraved a mezzotint of Mayne. Ushaw College has paintings of him.

Stained-glass windows represent him in the following churches/schools:

 * The Chapel of St Cuthbert in Ushaw College.
 * Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea in Falmouth, Cornwall
 * St Saviour's Church in Lewisham
 * Church of St Mary of the Angels in Bayswater, London
 * St Edmund's College, Ware
 * Our Lady of Lourdes, Harpenden, Hertfordshire

In fiction
In the historical novel The Grove of Eagles by Winston Graham, which is set in Cornwall some years after Mayne's death, there are several references to him. One character, a Catholic member of the prominent Arundell family of Tolverne, says that his Protestant brother, who was one of the jurors at Mayne's trial, will burn in Hell for his share in Mayne's death. The brother, filled with guilt for his share in the execution, has not only converted to the Roman Catholic faith but is risking his life by sheltering other priests.

title: Cuthbert Mayne


text: User talk:63.69.84.172

title: User talk:63.69.84.172