text:
Talk:Kurama (YuYu Hakusho)

Article
That thing about the BuKurmi needs to be on a seperate page. Sweetfreek 01:16, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry but I don't understand, what are you referring to? Plus±Minus 21:19, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Okay, this article took the incorrect assumption that Youko was influencing everything from the beginning. Something like that would be impossible to confirm, and thus does not belong.

I made some really drastic changes to the information. It no longer needs expansion, so the notice can be taken off now. Flying Shadow 11:44, 24 Nov 2005

I made the attack section by using my Dvds from my collection that had the information for three hours to get all the attack names, both English and Japanese. From 24.20.153.45 on November 27.

There is some wrong info on here. In Ep where Hiei fight the guy that put in his eye. It is shown that the surgeon was the guy who attacked and killed Kurama...Not some "Bounty Hunter" Irishgt 21:21, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

I noticed alot of somewhat inaccurate/incomplete information on the page (or is it just because i've became a Kurama otaku?). I've got these information from watching the Chinese subbed anime (not the slipshot effort that goes around the net but something better that came from my tv channel) twice.

1, The "bounty hunter" part is incorrect, but it's not the surgeon (in fact, youko and him never met before their battle in Makai tournament... I think you've mixed up Hiei's flashbacks) but the Renkai Special Forces (i'll add in more details/evidence later).

2, It is interesting how the author seperate Youko and Shuichi as 2 seperate beings in the same body, but that is not actually the case. Kurama (now) is both Minamino Shuichi and Kurama both, and he used to be only Youko, but the seemingly complete seperation of the 2 like described in this article isn't right... I'll check the manga on this since the anime doesn't seem to explain anything completely.

3, Concerning the Forlon Hope (or Mirror of Darkness as I know it) in the anime, Yuusuke didn't offer his life in place of Kurama's. It's the same as in the manga where he wanted to split the cost of life energy (split the cost? yes that's what friends do ^_^) But then i guess the English anime changed some lines

4, The The Reverse Treasure Box was supposed to turn Kurama into a state before birth, not baby form, so it's working correctly. So because Kurama was a Youko before being born as a human baby, of course he became Youko

5, The Okunenju Tree was not really his "attack". Rather, he planted Sakura seeds in the roots of the ancient fossil tree and revived it so that the tree's branches can be used to attack (not roots! they have sakura flowers growing on them!)

Ok i've written alot. I'd have edited the page myself but somehow i always get to a blank editing page when i try to edit sections and the disambiguation page when i try to edit the entire thing. Going to try again later at home. --Hikari no sakura 09:32, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

I saw the entire seires in English and during the Chapter Black saga, one of the Spirit World Fighters boasted that he once "cornered Yoko Kurama". I'm not sure if he was the person who killed him though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.194.236.133 (talk) 23:24, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

The Dvd's have a subtitle system that follows the Japanese version in the original volume releases they also had one that followed the English Version, although I don't know if they still had that option in the current sets that are being distributed. But the problem with the Funimation version is that they tend to change plot material in certain parts of the episodes. -Adv193 00:46, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Personality
Most of the information here is just opinion or things that cannot be confirmed, such as the part about Kurama's wisdom coming from Youko, and the mentions of romance or vanity doesn't seem relevant at all. I've fixed a bit, but it should be changed to include only what can be observed and reasonably inferred from the series.

Grammar
This page has quite a few grammatical errors. I'm trying to fix it up, but it's hard for me to do without rewriting most of the paragraph... Plus±Minus 20:15, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, I edited it up to Chapter Black, someone else might have to add that part since I missed quite a few of those episodes. Plus±Minus 21:15, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Also started editing the attacks. I'll finish later if someone else doesn't do it.

Inu-Yasha connection?
This is something I've long been wondering about. I think Yoko Kurama looks A LOT like Inu-Yasha. More bishounen-looking, of course, but still very Inu-Yasha-like. Did Rumiko Takahashi ever read/watch "Yu Yu Hakusho", and did she draw inspiration from Yoko Kurama? Brutannica 23:01, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a forum. Lord Sesshomaru 20:29, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Concerning Yomi
I feel that there needs to be an article about Yomi. I personally do not know much about him outside of the fanon, so if anyone could begin an article about him, I think it would be much appriciated.

 * True. Unfortunately, articles for most of the main characters need a lot of major re-writing and editing still, so while I don't mind volunteering for the article, I'd like to prioritize the main character pages first. Yomi is open to anyone who's interested in starting up the article if I haven't gotten around to it yet, though. Mirshariff 10:00, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that the personality section is too large and needs to be trimmed down since it practically is giving away some of the plot that is mentioned in the History section. -Adv193 15:47, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Trivia Problem
Regarding the claim that fox demons are usually evil in Asian folklore: wrong. Even just looking up the wiki on "kitsune" aka fox spirits will provide a plethora of examples and sources that show that the fox demons are actually considered good omens, albeit suspicious in the sense that they lack human morals. Also, the vampiric or succibi-esque aspects are incorrect as a generalization -- those qualities exist from time to time, yes, but are not the 'norm' for fox demons. Someone want to remedy this? For the moment I'm just going to cut the incorrect info.

Trivia?
How about if the "Cultural References" section is renamed the "Trivia" section? I think the info fits in that better. I'll change it, and if all chaos breaks loose, it can be changed back. Clevomon 17:53 EST, 25 December 2006

Beginning section
I know there's been some back and forth about this, but the section about Youko and Shuichi being different people I find bordering on opinion, since in my memory it's never clearly established either way. The phrasing their makes it sound like they are multiple personalities, when I was more under the impression that Kurama is the spiritual entity while Shuichi is the human name of the body that he inhabits. Every time I see that section I strikes me as bordering on opinion. Katsuhagi 16:21, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Requested move
 I'm going to request that this page be moved to Yoko Kurama. Not only do I want this for consistency with the other YuYu Hakusho characters, Yusuke Urameshi, Keiko Yukimura, Kazuma Kuwabara, and Jaganshi Hiei, but because Yoko Kurama is his complete name in the series; it is also given at the YuYu Hakusho website. I'm going to warrant a quick poll to get this done with. Lord Sesshomaru 20:24, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The following discussion is archived. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

Add * Support  or  * Oppose  on a new line followed by your explanation, then sign your post with ~ .

 * Support by my vote, Yoko Kurama is his official name. Lord Sesshomaru 20:24, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I am familiar with this series - "Yoko" means "Demon Fox," and it usually refers to a specific form of Kurama. In this usage it is a title, not a name. WhisperToMe 22:22, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjoe 21:25, 5 August 2007 (UTC) - Changed
 * Oppose - "Yoko" or "Demon Fox" is a title, not a name. It refers to a specific form of "Kurama," not "all" of Kurama. Likewise, the "Jaganshi" or "of the evil eye" for Hiei is also a title, not a name. With Yusuke, Keiko, and Kuwabara, those are their full names. WhisperToMe 22:22, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Support per nominator. ··· 巌流 ? · talk to ganryuu 22:35, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. If that's the title that the licensor gives to him, then that is the title he should be given here.  Jezebel Parks 22:55, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment - there is no "the" in licensor. FUNImation is one licensor. Remember that VIZ Media licensed the manga and translates "Jaganshi" as "of the Evil Eye" - Also, you need to consider U. S. Manga Corps' version. Using "Jaganshi Hiei" may put favoritism for one version. By the way, Hiei is only rarely referred to as "Jaganshi Hiei" - check Google hit stats. His name is Hiei. I tore the nominator's argument to shreds. Also, while FUNimation uses "Yusuke Urameshi" on the character page, all other characters are called by one name on that page. I see Hiei's entry mentioning the "Jagan," but I have yet to find "Jaganshi." WhisperToMe 23:31, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose per reasoning by Whisper. We generally don't include titles (other than for royalty) in the titles of articles. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjoe 03:41, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

COMMENT: Moving "Kurama," to "Demon Fox Kurama" would be incorrect in the context of Yu Yu Hakusho:
 * Kurama - Refers to both the normal Shuichi Minamino form and the super powered demon fox form
 * Yoko Kurama - Refers only to the original form of Kurama - You do NOT use "Yoko Kurama" to refer to the regular form. Read FUNimation's site, and you will see that "Yoko Kurama" is a transformation of Kurama. WhisperToMe 23:36, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

EDIT: Look at Kurama's profile- his spirit skills include : "Yoko Kurama - Fifteen years before the Dark Tournament, the spirit fox Yoko Kurama was thought to have been killed while escaping from a botched burglary. In desperation he hid himself in the world of the living, using a human body to slowly recover his energy. Kurama reverted to his true form after Ura Urashima unleashed the power of the Idunn Box. "

In other words, "Yoko Kurama" specifically refers to Kurama's true form. FUNi simply screwed up while making that poll. Naming Kurama "Yoko Kurama" would be like calling Son Goku "Super Saiyan Goku." WhisperToMe 23:45, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose as per WhisperToMe's argument. "Yōko" is a title, not a first or last name. I don't see why it should be used just because ONE licensor said so; we have to use our common sense. -- SilentAria talk 00:30, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * And to add to that, I watched the English anime and never saw it in that way. Whoever made the polls screwed up. WhisperToMe 01:27, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose: My main reason for this vote is that Kurama is the most common name used for this character rather than the names of Shuichi Minamino and Fox Demon Kurama/Yoko Kurama. -Adv193 05:15, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * New Idea --- I've never seen this in a Wikipedia article name, but how about the hyphenated title, "Yoko Kurama/Suichi Minimino"; I can't sight this or anything, but Kurama once said that "[he] is both Yoko Kurama and Suichi Minimino simultaneously" or something to that extent (if you really want to look it up, it's in his first few episodes and wherever that is in the manga) --- so, he is really two people (mentally [maybe a fusion or something]), so I think both names are necessary.  But I do understand the "Support" side in respect that I don't think you can divide "Yoko" from "Kurama", because, as a demon, his full name was Yoko Kurama.  When reborn, his "new" name was Suichi Minimino --- so he has just those two names.  But, on the whole issue on whether or not "Yoko" was a title, I don't think that was ever mentioned; he was just called "Yoko Kurama", but no further details remain. -Pitman6787 6:37, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * As we've said above, "Yōko Kurama" isn't a "full name" per se, since "Yōko" is not a last name, but rather a title. And no offense meant here, but I think it might be more confusing to use your suggestion, as he's commonly referred to as plain "Kurama" throughout the series. -- SilentAria talk 01:57, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This is the AMERICAN (and possibly British) part of Wikipedia, and we should generally go by the American names for characters for that usage. For America, and this goes for Hiei too, the average American fan has no idea what "Yoko" or "Jaganshi" means, and they always refer to those two as either Hiei or Kurama. In the manga, Yoko is only used once, in volume 3 (and that simply refered to every fox demon rather than specifially Kurama), the video games don't count as canon, and I'm not sure about the anime. As repeated, we should generally use the names most people in America are used to, and that is Hiei and Kurama. Just wanting to rename an article just so it coensides with the other article names counts under WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS, which isn't a verifiable reason. (Once again, that went for Hiei too) Also, don't count Hiei, I'm not sure why his article was moved/rennamed, but it was probably for this very same reason. And generally, whatever the author calls him in the Japanese version should have no effect on the American version, as both Hiei and Kurama are simply called Hiei and Kurama in America, and that is what they should be called on the English-language section of Wikipedia. Artist Formerly Known As Whocares 16:06, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose - This seems to be about wrapped up, but in case I'll weigh in. Youko Kurama is in the anime (not sure about manga) specifically in reference to Kurama's original form. This is seen as a different personality (similar to Piccolo Daimaou as opposed to Piccolo Ma Junior in Dragon Ball). When the characters gain the power increase during the Sensui battle, Kurama changes into his demon form due to the power increase, yet he insists that he has *not* become Youko Kurama (no personality change). In the final saga, he at one point refuses to take his demon form. So basically we have two personalities for one character- Youko Kurama and Shuichi Minamino. Both of these are referred to commonly (within the series and in r/l) as Kurama. Onikage725 13:14, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose - With reasons stated above. I have my own issues with Jaganshi Hiei, and the fact is that Yoko Kurama is a title, not a name, while he's almost always referred to just as "Kurama" within the show. Katsuhagi 14:16, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
Which is the most commonly used? "Yoko Kurama" or just "Kurama"? We should go with whichever is most commonly used in English. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjoe 02:53, 6 August 2007 (UTC) http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Kurama+Hakusho+-wikipedia+-yoko+-youko&btnG=Search&lr=lang_en = 83,000 http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22Yoko+Kurama%22+Hakusho+-wikipedia&btnG=Search&lr=lang_en = 12,100 http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22Youko+Kurama%22+Hakusho+-wikipedia&btnG=Search&lr=lang_en = 12,300 WhisperToMe 03:08, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Kurama is used much more commonly than "Yoko Kurama"
 * (edit conflicted) - Kurama is obviously most used throughout the series, both Japanese and in the English versions. But if we were to go by this theory, then Son Goku (Dragon Ball) would have to be moved and renamed to Goku. Or likely, Muten Roshi would be at Master Roshi or Kazuma Kuwabara would be moved to Kuwabara (YuYu Hakusho). Here are the guidelines that WP:MANGA adhere to: since this Kurama is a Japanese character, WP:MANGA says: "Characters should be called what the series officially states their romaji names as." If I may remind everyone, WP:MOSJAPAN say to use the complete name also, except the English series calls him "Yoko Kurama" instead of "Kurama Yoko" and per WP:NC, we'll use Yoko Kurama instead of the latter. Lord Sesshomaru 03:31, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The context is different, Sesshomaru. "Son" is a family name, and "Goku" is a given name. This is evident since Goku's sons are "Son Gohan" and "Son Goten." This is the same with Yusuke Urameshi, Kazuma Kuwabara, etc. Here, "Youko" a.k.a. "Demon Fox" is a title. Kurama is not the member of the "Demon Fox" family. WhisperToMe 03:33, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, if you read the English-language manga, the character profile sections refer to Hiei as "Hiei," and Kurama as "Kurama," while Yusuke and the human characters have their full names. WhisperToMe 03:34, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * "except the English series calls him "Yoko Kurama" instead of "Kurama Yoko"" - As I said, Yoko is not a family name. Therefore the order is not reversed. WhisperToMe 03:35, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * "Or likely, Muten Roshi would be at Master Roshi or Kazuma Kuwabara would be moved to Kuwabara (YuYu Hakusho)." - Muten Roshi's real name is not known. Muten Roshi means "Invincible Master" - He would either have to be called "Muten Roshi" ("Invincible Master") or Kame Sen'nin ("Turtle Hermit") WhisperToMe 03:40, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Wait--Kurama's ancestors aren't also Youko? That's odd, because that's how Yusuke and Hiei's families worked.KrytenKoro 18:11, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, Kurama's ancestors are most probably Demon Foxes too, but that doesn't make it their last name. Think about it this way: Yukina is a/an kōrime (氷女)/ice maiden and her ancestors are kōrime, but "kōrime" isn't her last name. "Youko" is the type of demon that he is, not the name of a clan or a family. --SilentAria talk 22:56, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * (edit conflicted) - I'm aware that it is not his family name, but its the name of the demon, which he apparently is. If Naruto Uzumaki was instead named after the Nine-tailed Demon Fox, then his article name (according to WP:MANGA) would be Kyubi no Yoko, I believe. However, though you may be correct on your assumptions, you still haven't provided the reason why the YuYu Hakusho official website uses Yoko Kurama and Jaganshi Hiei. Awhile back, we did have a Piccolo Daimao article, and I don't recall anyone arguing about the title in his name. Lord Sesshomaru 03:49, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * There is a difference between Piccolo Daimao (King Piccolo) and the resulting Piccolo - In a way, they are two separate characters: the more commonly-known Piccolo sprang out of the King Piccolo. "but its the name of the demon" - The article is both about Kurama in his human form and Kurama in his demon form. They are the same person, but the two forms have different appearances, powers, and reputations. For instance, the Kurama in his human form is known to most of the world as a studious schoolboy. The demon world knows Kurama as a vicious demon. "Kurama" best describes both forms, and the article is about the same person with two separate identities. Since Yusuke and the people who know about the spirit world call both forms as "Kurama," and he is known to the reader as a whole entity as "Kurama," "Kurama" is the best choice as a name for the article. Using "Yoko Kurama" would over-emphasize the stronger, original form and Kurama's original identity. WhisperToMe 03:55, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I think I'm starting to see your point, but you still haven't answered my first question. BTW, is there a guideline that explicitly says that characters should not have titles in their article names? And of the official website which lists him as Yoko Kurama, and the other listed as Jaganshi Hiei, why are they named like that? Lord Sesshomaru 04:06, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * 1. There are no guidelines that state that "titles" should not be in names. But, the general rule is to find the most common name. It is understandable with humans and human rules that humans should have their given and family name (not always middle name) in the article title. However, "Jaganshi" and "Yoko" are only sometimes used, and the latter is used to describe one of Kurama's two forms. Because the most common names used to describe the characters are simply "Hiei" and "Kurama," those names are the best choices for the article names.
 * 2. "And of the official website which lists him as Yoko Kurama, and the other listed as Jaganshi Hiei, why are they named like that?" - I do not know why the official English anime website chose to include the seldom-used titles. I have a copy of the VIZ Shonen Jump, and it lists the characters like this:

(This is on Page 142 of Volume 5, Issue 9, September 2007 (no, it is not September yet, but the book is labeled September)
 * Yusuke Urameshi
 * Kazuma Kuwabara
 * Hiei
 * Kurama
 * Asato Kido

Usually, when Yu Yu Hakusho characters are listed, the humans and human names are spelled in full, but the demon names are only used.

Also, does anyone have a Yu Yu Hakusho DVD by FUNimation? It would be nice to see how the DVD lists its character profiles. Also, does anyone have a copy of the U. S. Manga Corps translated movie? It would be interesting to see how it rendered Hiei and Kurama's titles. WhisperToMe 04:32, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't own any of the YuYu Hakusho collectibles. Sorry. Lord Sesshomaru 04:52, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

What do the character profiles say for Kurama and Hiei on the DVDs and movies? Does it list their full names at least or is there none? Lord Sesshomaru 06:20, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I do, in fact I have all of the individual DVD's for the series and the movies so I can help, using two dvds I discovered that they list the names of Kurama and Yoko Kurama separately depending on the form for the profile that is used. As for the movie I can watch it again if anyone needs the verification. Offhand, I do know a lot of minor differences between FUNimation and the U.S. Manga Corps versions in terms of material but I recall there was no information regarding this subject, but I can still watch it over again. -Adv193 05:29, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * With Kurama, as stated above, the two forms are stated separately (Kurama for regular form, Yoko Kurama for original, enhanced form). WhisperToMe 07:47, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * With Hiei his full name was never used in the series or movies the only differences that he had for the movies is that his Jagan was reffered to as Evil Eye and his Dragon of the Darkness Flame was reffered to as Black Dragon Wave, other than that there were no differences on Hiei between the Series and Movies. -Adv193 17:59, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The VIZ manga also calls the Jagan the "Evil Eye" - Also, how does the movie handle "Yoko Kurama" ? VIZ uses "Demon Fox Kurama" while the series uses "Yoko Kurama" WhisperToMe 19:25, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll seriously check right now. -Adv193 21:50, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Anyway the answer is that U.S. Manga Corps did not officially use the term Yoko Kurama in their dub however during Kurama's first battle against Kuronue the English subtitles did state the term Kurama Yoko. -Adv193 22:08, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * This is really strange. It would be good to document all of this and write it in a naming section. WhisperToMe 03:25, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I just did another check and Kuronue's japanese voice did state it as Yoko Kurama. One thing is for certain on Movie 2 and that is U.S. Manga Corps English adaption and subtitles are nowhere near as good as Funimation's version. My best guess is that U.S. Manga Corps thought that Yoko was a last name, but of course if the whole name mix-up is ever noted then there should be none of this speculation -Adv193 04:02, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment Thanks Adv193 for that insight. I'm about entirely convinced, this page is about both human and demon entities of Kurama. That differentiates this page from characters like Piccolo Daimao or Dr. O'Shay. Lord Sesshomaru 14:32, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Personality sections
Why does this article have two 'Personality'-sections? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.109.241.23 (talk • contribs) 03:24, 8 August 2007
 * Thanks for pointing that out; I just finished removing it. -- SilentAria talk 19:48, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kurama (YuYu Hakusho)


text: User talk:64.233.106.176

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:64.233.106.176


text:
David Patrick Kelly

David Patrick Kelly (born January 23, 1951) is an American actor, musician and lyricist who has appeared in numerous films and television series. He is best known for his role as the main antagonist Luther in the cult film The Warriors (1979). Kelly is also known for his collaborations with Spike Lee, in the films Malcolm X (1992), Crooklyn (1994), and Chi-Raq (2015), and with David Lynch, appearing in Wild at Heart (1990) as well as Twin Peaks (1990–91) and its 2017 revival.

Kelly's other credits include roles in 48 Hrs. (1982), Commando (1985), The Crow (1994), The Funeral and Last Man Standing (both 1996), The Longest Yard (2005), as President Harry S. Truman in Flags of Our Fathers (2006), and a recurring role in The Blacklist (2015).

Early life
Kelly was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Margaret Elizabeth (Murphy) and Robert Corby Kelly, an accountant. His father received a Bronze Star Medal for service during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. His grandfather, Daniel Murphy, was from Lisnashearshane, Duhallow, County Cork, Ireland. His great-grand-uncle was Father William Corby, chaplain of the Irish Brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg. As detailed in Corby's book, Memoir of Chaplain Life: 3 Years With the Irish Brigade, Father Corby eventually became president of the University of Notre Dame.

Kelly was given a mandolin on Saint Patrick's Day 1964 by his mother and considers that to have been the greatest influence on his artistic life.

As an undergraduate student, Kelly wrote the lyrics and music for four musicals produced in Detroit. These four productions were Lysistrata (by Aristophanes), The World from My Window (based on a book of children's poems), a project based on Gulliver's Travels (in the land of horses) and Home for Silent Clowns, a mime show with songs.

Kelly graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of Detroit, and was a student of Marcel Marceau and Mira Rostova.

Film
In his debut role of Luther in Walter Hill's 1979 cult film The Warriors, Kelly screeches the famous line, "Warriors... come out to play-ee-ay!", which he improvised while clanging three empty beer bottles together. For the 1982 film 48 Hrs., starring Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy, Hill rewrote a role for Kelly and again named the character "Luther".

Kelly's film credits include Commando (as Sully), The Crow, Crooklyn, Hammett, Dreamscape, The Adventures of Ford Fairlane, Last Man Standing, Songcatcher, K-PAX, The Longest Yard, Flags of Our Fathers, John Wick (reprising his role as Charlie in John Wick: Chapter 2), and Chi-Raq. Kelly played Dropshadow in David Lynch's film Wild at Heart, which won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1990. He appeared in the 1996 video game Ripper.

Television
Kelly's television guest appearances include Twin Peaks, Miami Vice, Moonlighting, Spenser: For Hire, Ghostwriter, Third Watch, Hack, Kidnapped, Law & Order, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Gossip Girl, Louie, Blue Bloods, The Blacklist, and Feed the Beast.

Stage
He performed in a few off-off-Broadway theater productions during the 1970s and 1980s. These included Wilford Leach's C.O.R.F.A.X. (Don't Ask), produced at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in 1975, and Ireneusz Iredyński's An Altar to Himself, as adapted by Michal Kobialka and Liz Diamond and directed by Virlana Tkacz at La MaMa in 1989. He also appeared in the April 1974 production of Mr. Jello, written and directed by George Birimisa, and then performed a song for which he wrote the music from Mr. Jello, at a benefit hosted by La MaMa to honor H.M. Koutoukas, called "For the Benefit of Harry", also in 1974. In 1976, he performed in La MaMa's "Cracker Club Country Fair Gala" in segments from Paul Foster's Silver Queen and Leonard Melfi's Horse Opera.

In 1998, Kelly played the role of Feste in the Lincoln Center production of Twelfth Night directed by Nicholas Hytner. Kelly originated the role of Da in Once on Broadway, which was awarded the 2012 Tony Award for Best Musical. Kelly sang and played mandolin on the Grammy Award-winning soundtrack for Once.

Kelly has frequently appeared at the Hartford Stage Company in Hartford, Connecticut, starring in the title roles in Georg Büchner's Woyzeck and Molière's Tartuffe. He played Iago in Othello and Hoss in Sam Shepard's Tooth Of Crime. At the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts, he played the title role in Luigi Pirandello's Enrico IV and starred in an adaption of the Yuan dynasty classic Snow in June.

He has appeared in four plays by avant-garde playwright Richard Foreman: Pearls for Pigs, The Mind King, Film Is Evil/Radio Is Good, and The Cure. In 2015, he appeared as Michaud, alongside Keira Knightley, in the Roundabout Theatre Company's production of Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin in the Studio 54 space.

In 2022, Kelly played the Narrator and the Mysterious Man in Stephen Sondheim's Into the Woods at Encores! and later at the St. James Theatre on Broadway and on the 2023 national tour.

In 2024, Kelly played King Sextimus the Silent in Once Upon a Mattress at Encores!

Kelly played Morten Kiil in Amy Herzog's new adaptation of An Enemy of the People at Circle in the Square Theatre on Broadway, directed by Sam Gold.

Music
As a composer and musician, Kelly participated in New York's rock and cabaret scene, playing such venues as Max's Kansas City, Reno Sweeney's, CBGB, and The Lower Manhattan Ocean Club. He wrote the music for the titular song of George Birimisa's Mr. Jello, which was produced at La MaMa in 1974.

In May 2008, he released an album of his original music titled David Patrick Kelly: Rip Van Boy Man, which contained new songs and live recordings from his club days in 1975.

Awards
Kelly received a Connecticut Critics Circle Award for his performance in Tartuffe at Hartford Stage, and was nominated for a Lucille Lortel Award for his performance in Nathan Louis Jackson's When I Come To Die at LCT3 in Manhattan. In 1998, Kelly received an Obie Award for sustained excellence for his theater work in classics, new plays, and the avant-garde.

Personal life
Kelly married theater actress and writer Juliana Francis at St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in Manhattan on August 14, 2005. They have a daughter named Margarethe Jane Kelly born in 2008.

Kelly has practiced the martial arts seido (karate) and three forms of tai chi for more than 35 years; he is a second-degree black belt in the former.

title: David Patrick Kelly


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Wikipedia:Peer review/E. E. Cummings/archive1

E. E. Cummings
I've done a lot of work on this article recently, and I'd like comments on the progress and what it needs to get closer to FA level. Thanks. BLANKFAZE | (что??) 01:17, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * A lot more is needed here. It needs descriptions of some of his famous works, and reaction from the public and art authorities to his style of writing/painting.  The section on his life looks well-done, but there has to be more stuff on the impact of his work - maybe other poets/artists that were influenced by him, etc.  --Spangineer ∞ 05:16, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * One more thing - the lead needs to be expanded somewhat to include broader summary of the article - perhaps include a few of his more famous works, keep the stuff on his style, talk about his impact on the art, etc. --Spangineer ∞ 05:18, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)


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Category:Conchologists

 *  — who study mollusc shells, and is a sub−field of, who study all aspects of.

title: Category:Conchologists


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Talk:Tlatelolco

Untitled
someone should do a bit on the massacre of students that occured in the 60's

See Tlatelolco massacre (it is linked in the article, towards the bottom). 2 de octubre no se olvida, –Hajor 01:27, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tlatelolco or Tlaltelolco?
Which version is correct: Tlatelolco (item name), or Tlaltelolco (first bolded word)? Or both? Cien 20:42, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The first is correct.·Maunus· · ƛ · 20:44, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tlatelolco


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1958 papal conclave

A papal conclave took place from 25 to 28 October following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958. On the eleventh ballot, the College of Cardinals elected Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli as the new pope. He accepted the election and took the name John XXIII. He was the second patriarch of Venice to be elected pontiff in the 20th century after Pius X.

Some 51 of the 53 cardinals participated as cardinal electors. The Communist governments of Hungary and Yugoslavia prevented the other two from traveling to Rome. In comparison with the conclave of 1922, when three cardinals failed to reach Rome in time for the start of the conclave that opened on the tenth day following the pope's death as required, or that of 1939, when three cardinals reached Rome on the morning the conclave opened under new rules 18 days after the pope's death, all the cardinals who made the trip reached Rome by 22 October with days to spare before the conclave began 16 days after Pius' death. For the first time the speed of travel matched the internationalization of the College of Cardinals, thanks to the advancement in air travel. As one newspaper put it, "the Archbishop of New York can reach Rome today faster than the Archbishop of Palermo did a generation ago". This conclave included cardinals from 21 countries, compared to 16 at the previous conclave, and 21 non-Europeans compared to seven. The 17 Italians out of 51 represented their lowest percentage since 1455.

Papabili
The cardinals anticipated a long conclave. There was no "dominating personality" as Pius XII had been in 1939 and the customary search for contrast suggested a "pastoral pope" to follow a "diplomatic pope". Another analysis set the likely age range between 55 and 70, with a preference for an Italian outside the curia. Several papabili were discussed. The conservative, supporting Vatican centralization of authority, Giuseppe Siri of Genoa was only 52 and his election would have meant another long papacy like that of Pius IX. The liberal, more disposed to granting independence to local authorities, Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna was 67. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was now the Patriarch of Venice after more than 25 years in the diplomatic service of the Holy See in Bulgaria, Turkey and France. Approaching 77, his age marked him as a possible compromise choice in expectation of a short pontificate, along with his "reputation for being broad-minded and conciliatory". He also represented a combination of diplomatic and pastoral experience. Gregorio Pietro Agagianian, the Catholic Armenian Patriarch of Cilicia, had spent much of his adult life in Rome. He was relatively young at 63 and highly respected, but his non-Italian heritage would have made him a surprising choice. Other candidates mentioned were Ernesto Ruffini of Palermo; and two curia officials, Valerio Valeri and Alfredo Ottaviani. Benedetto Masella, the 79-year-old chosen as camerlengo on 9 October, a veteran diplomat, was also mentioned as a compromise candidate with "his chances diminished because of his age". Also mentioned as a radical departure from tradition was Giovanni Battista Montini, Archbishop of Milan, whom Pius had not made a cardinal. The New York Times cast a wide net, offering more than a dozen names, including two non-Italians, Paul-Émile Léger of Montreal and Manuel Goncalves Cerejeira of Lisbon. Life magazine's coverage included portraits of Agagianian, Lercaro, Montini, Ottaviani, Roncalli, Ruffini, Siri, and Valeri. As the press speculated about interest in a transitional pope and possible discussions among the cardinal electors, the Vatican's mouthpiece Osservatore Romano denounced the "irresponsible lightness" with which the press approached the subject, especially its reports of electioneering. A Moscow radio broadcast criticized Pius for meddling in politics and hoped for a new pope devoted instead to "religious problems".

Betting establishments reported Roncalli was favored by their clients, given 2 to 1 odds. By the second day of the conclave, after four ballots produced no results, speculation centered on Roncalli, Valeri, Masella, and Agagianian, the first three elderly and the last an unlikely outsider.

Participants
Pope Pius XII tried in the consistory of 1953 to bring the membership of the College of Cardinals to the maximum of 70, the limit established by Pope Sixtus V in the sixteenth century. On that occasion he named 24 cardinals. When one cardinal-designate, Carlo Agostini, died on 28 December at the age of 64, the Vatican announced another cardinal designate the next day, Valerian Gracias of India, so the College reached its full complement of 70 members, with 26 of them Italian.

Deaths in the intervening five years, including those of Celso Costantini on 17 October and Edward Mooney of Detroit on 25 October just hours before the start of the conclave, had reduced the College to 53 members. József Mindszenty feared the Communist government of Hungary would not allow him to return if he attended the conclave, and government authorities refused to grant him safe conduct despite a request by the U.S. State Department at the request of the College of Cardinals. Aloysius Stepinac was too ill to travel from Zagreb, and he was forbidden from leaving Yugoslavia as a condition of his release from prison in 1951.

This reduced the number of attendees to 51, 15 of whom were in Rome on 9 October, 45 of whom were in or near Rome by 16 October. All 51 reached Rome by 22 October. Of the 51 electors who participated in the conclave, 17 were Italians. The required two-thirds plus one majority was 35 votes.

Balloting
The cardinals were required to set the starting date of the conclave between the 15th and 18th days following the death of the pope, no earlier than 24 October and no later than 27 October. On 11 October they set 25 October for its opening. The conclave was held from 25 to 28 October at the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.

The voting patterns in the conclave are hard to establish, but some information is consistently reported. Identified as a group with a particular interest, French cardinals were thought to seek greater independence from Rome and Stefan Wyszynski of Poland was thought to be their ally. Several of the French also knew that Roncalli, as nuncio in Paris, had been influential in the careers. Roncalli himself had learned that he had many supporters in conversations with other cardinals before the conclave began. One newspaper reported that Cardinal Pierre-Marie Gerlier of Lyon, asked whom the French cardinals supported as he entered the conclave, said "Roncalli". Giovanni Battista Montini (later Pope Paul VI), a longtime curia official who had recently become Archbishop of Milan, consistently received two votes even though he was not yet a cardinal.

There was no ballot on the first day. Four ballots on the second day proved inconclusive. Both times the smoke that reported the results of the morning and afternoon ballots appeared white at first, leading to excited false reports that the election was over. The official responsible for arrangements outside the conclave notified the cardinals that the color of the smoke had been misread and provided them with "smoke torches from a fireworks factory". The third day's four ballots again failed to select a pope and there was no confusion about the color of the smoke. Requests from a doctor inside the conclave for medical records suggested several cardinals were ill. It took a few ballots for supporters of Lercaro, "who was known to favor a simplified liturgy in local languages", and "the aggressively sententious" Siri to recognize they could not garner the necessary 35 votes. The deadlock that then developed between Roncalli and Agagianian led Cardinal Eugène Tisserant, Dean of the College of Cardinals, to suggest Masella as a compromise candidate without success. Roncalli later said that his name and Agagianian's "went up and down like two chickpeas in boiling water". Black smoke reported the ninth and tenth ballots were inconclusive on 28 October at 11:10am.

Roncalli accepted his election shortly before 5 pm on 28 October, the fourth day of the conclave and the third day of balloting, and white smoke signaled his election at 5:08 pm. When asked what his name would be, he responded with his surprising choice of a name that had been avoided for centuries: "I will be called John. A name sweet to me because it is the name of my father, dear to me because it is the name of the humble parish church where I received baptism, the solemn name of numberless cathedrals scattered throughout the world, and in the first place of the most holy Lateran Church, Our Cathedral. A name that in the extremely ancient series of Roman Pontiffs has the primacy of plurality. Twenty-two Johns of indisputable legitimacy are numbered among the Supreme Pontiffs, and almost all had a brief pontificate. I have preferred to hide the smallness of my name behind this magnificent succession of Roman Pontiffs." An antipope had used the name John XXIII during the Western Schism in the 15th century when three men claimed to be the pope, but Roncalli's mention of 22 "of indisputable legitimacy" established that he wanted to be John XXIII. Some historians thought the question of the earlier John XXIII's legitimacy was unresolved, but Roncalli was less interested in ancient disputes than in the associations he had for the name John and a desire to break with the popes named Pius that preceded him. Later he gave Cardinal Maurice Feltin of Paris another reason: "in memory of France and in the memory of John XXII who continued the history of the papacy in France".

Following an old tradition, immediately after his election, Pope John gave his scarlet zucchetto to the Secretary of the conclave, Alberto di Jorio. This indicated that John would include him when he first named cardinals. Nicola Canali announced the results of the election and Roncalli's choice of name. Pope John appeared on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica and gave his blessing. At his request, the cardinals did not leave their enclosure but remained in the conclave overnight. He joined the cardinals for dinner that evening, but did not eat. The conclave ended the next day after Mass in the Sistine Chapel and an address by Pope John to the cardinals which was broadcast on radio. He set the date of his coronation for 4 November, sooner than is traditional and a Tuesday rather than the traditional Sunday, perhaps because it was the feast of Saint Charles Borromeo, whom Roncalli had made the subject of a five-volume study. He was reported to have expressed regret that he would "never again see Venice".

Early reports said that Roncalli led in the balloting on the morning of the third day and then received almost unanimous support in that afternoon's single ballot. With the election of a 77-year-old, many churchmen interpreted the choice of Roncalli as picking a "pope of transition". John XXIII himself said, when he took possession of the Lateran Basilica on 23 November 1958: "We do not have the right to see a long way ahead of us."

In early November, Pope John wrote letters to Mindszenty and Stepinac expressing regret that they were unable to participate in the conclave. On 17 November he announced a consistory to create new cardinals on 15 December. Ignoring the longstanding maximum of 70 members, he increased the size of the College to 74 members.

Siri thesis
Some Sedevacantists believed that Cardinal Siri was actually elected Pope in the 1958 papal conclave on 26 October, taking the name of Gregory XVII, but that his election was then suppressed, duress having been applied to him, especially by the French Cardinals led by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Eugène Tisserant, who would have brought up the threat of anti-Catholic turmoils in USSR-dominated Eastern Europe, if Cardinal Siri, considered a staunch anti-Communist, became the new Pope. There was confusion prior to the final election concerning the smoke and who was really elected pope.

While Siri was a favourite for election before the conclave, he failed to secure enough votes from traditionalist cardinals once the conclave started, because at 52 a long pontificate would have been anticipated, and his election would have likely prevented other cardinals who wished to be pope from being elected.

Conclave reform
John XXIII waited several years before issuing a motu proprio to modify certain aspects of the procedures for a papal conclave. In Summi Ponitificis electio, issued on 5 September 1962, he laid out additional rules for impressing all participants with the need for secrecy, even warning the cardinals about communications with their staff (paragraph XIV). His one practical modification reversed his predecessor: Pius XII had required a vote of two-thirds plus one for election. John XXIII returned the margin to two-thirds (paragraph XV).

title: 1958 papal conclave


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Title (animal)

In animal husbandry and animal fancy, animals can compete in various shows and sports for titles signifying excellence. These titles vary depending on the species of the animal, the kind of show, and the country the event is held in.

Conformation Shows
Dogs competing in conformation shows are eligible to win two titles. The first is best of breed, which signifies that a given animal is the best of its breed at the show. These best of breed winners then compete to win best in show. Animals that win enough best of breeds and best of shows are called Champions, and their show names are prefixed with Ch., such as Ch. Warren Remedy.

Dog Sports
Dogs competing in a variety of dog sports are eligible to earn a number of titles. Often the first, or basic tile, signifies that a given animal has displayed a competent level and capable of proceeding in a given discipline. The next title is often incremented by class, level or a Champion, proceeded by a Grand Champion title, in that particular activity. The dog's registered names is then appended or prefixed with the title earned. This varies with the registry or sanctioning body that the title was awarded under. Both prefixed and appended titles are represented in Morghem's .500 Nitro Express's fully titled name CA UWP URO1 CH USJ 'PR' Morghem's .500 Nitro Express CGC TT.

title: Title (animal)


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Flora Eaton

Sarah Evelyn Florence "Flora" Eaton, Lady Eaton, (November 26, 1879 – July 9, 1970) was a Canadian socialite, philanthropist and nurse. As the wife of Sir John Craig Eaton, who inherited the Eaton's department store business, she was a member and later matriarch of the prominent Eaton family.

Early life and family
She was born in 1879 in the village of Omemee, Ontario, a small community in Victoria County (today part of the City of Kawartha Lakes), approximately 23 km (14 mi) west of Peterborough. She was the youngest of eight children born to Irish Protestant immigrants – John McCrea, a cabinetmaker, and Jane McNeely.

She moved to Toronto and became a nurse, first at Toronto General Hospital then at Rotherham House, a private hospital on Sherbourne Street. While working at Rotherham House, she met John Craig Eaton, a patient who was a younger son of Eaton's department store founder Timothy Eaton. The two were married in Omemee on May 8, 1901.

They had five biological children – Timothy Craig Eaton (1903–1986), John David Eaton (1906–1973), Edgar Allison Eaton (1912–1988), Gilbert McCrea Eaton (1915–1985) and Florence Mary Eaton (1919–2012) – and adopted one daughter, Evlyn Beatrice Eaton (1920–1989).

The Eatons built a massive Georgian Revival style mansion on Spadina Road around 1910. Named Ardwold, the Gaelic word for "high, green hill", the house was designed by Frank Wickson and was one of the most lavish ever constructed in Toronto. The couple also built a vacation home named Kawandag at the northern end of Lake Rosseau in Muskoka, and that site is now the location of Rosseau Lake College.

In 1915, during World War I, her husband was knighted in recognition of his contributions to the war effort; he became Sir John Craig Eaton, and she was henceforth known as Lady Eaton. She was active in charity work during the war, hosting fundraisers at Ardwold and serving as patroness of the 109th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force based at Lindsay, Ontario, near her hometown.

Widowhood
Lady Eaton was widowed in 1922 when her husband died of influenza at the age of 45. In 1919, prior to his death, Sir John and Lady Eaton had purchased a plot of land in King City, Ontario, near the Marylake estate of their friends, Sir Henry and Lady Pellatt. By the mid-1930s, Lady Eaton grew tired of Ardwold and found it too grand, so she built a Norman Revival château known as Eaton Hall on the King City property. The contents of Ardwold were auctioned off and the mansion was demolished with dynamite, as its walls were too thick for conventional demolition.

In her widowhood, Lady Eaton often spent the winters travelling through Europe. In the late 1920s, she purchased Villa Natalia, a villa in Fiesole outside Florence, which was built for Queen Elisabeth of Romania. In 1933, Lady Eaton was presented at court, and later that same year, she presented her future daughter-in-law, Signy Stefansson. In 1937, she attended the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and she presented her daughters Florence and Evlyn at court.

During her son's minority, Eaton's was run by Robert Young Eaton, a cousin of her husband. Lady Eaton disliked him and looked down on his branch of the family, whom she called the "worker Eatons", compared to her branch of the family, who were the "owner Eatons". She sat on the board of directors and took an active role in the company, overseeing the development of restaurants, most notably the Georgian Room at the Queen Street store, Eaton's Seventh Floor Restaurant at the College Street store and Eaton's Ninth Floor Restaurant in Montreal. The latter two were built in the Art Deco style by French architect Jacques Carlu.

On her many visits to Britain, Lady Eaton became fascinated by the liturgical pageantry of the Church of England. She incorporated some elements of the Anglican church (such as clerical vestments, kneelers and candelabra) into services at Timothy Eaton Memorial Church. These changes were met with objection by the minister and other congregants, who argued that this pomp was not part of the United Church of Canada, with its roots in Methodism. However, due to the influence that Lady Eaton held, the changes went ahead. In 1938, she funded a renovation of the chancel in memory of her late husband, which made the floorplan closer to an Anglican church than that of a Methodist one.

During World War II, Lady Eaton housed evacuated British children at Eaton Hall, and they referred to her as "Auntie Flora". After the war, the house became a convalescent home for the Royal Canadian Navy for a time before becoming Lady Eaton's private residence again. She hosted a banquet for Eaton's employees returning from the front in September 1946. She also hosted an annual soirée for Eaton's managers and their wives. She was vice-president of the Canadian Red Cross, Master of the Toronto Hunt Club and was involved with the Canadian National Institute for the Blind, the Art Gallery of Toronto and the Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene.

In 1950, in recognition of her charity work, Lady Eaton was made a Dame of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. In the 1940s and 1950s, a false rumour persisted that Lady Eaton was the inventor of red velvet cake which was sold in the store's bakery. At the height of the store's success, Lady Eaton was popularly known as "Mrs. Canada".

Interested in the occult, Lady Eaton had a séance room built in the turret of Eaton Hall. The ceiling of this circular room is painted with the zodiac.

As her health failed, Lady Eaton moved from Eaton Hall to her secondary residence on Old Forest Hill Road in Toronto's Forest Hill neighbourhood. She died at home on July 9, 1970, at the age of 90. Her funeral was held on July 15 at Timothy Eaton Memorial Church. She was interred in the Eaton Mausoleum at Mount Pleasant Cemetery.

Legacy
Lady Eaton's legacy is still felt to this day, particularly in her hometown of Omemee and surrounding area. Lady Eaton Elementary School in the village and Lady Eaton College at Trent University in nearby Peterborough are named in her honour. The Eatons donated Coronation Hall, Omemee's municipal building, in 1911, and a manse and pipe organ to Trinity United Church. The family proposed that the village change its name to Eatonville, but the offer was refused.

After her death, Eaton Hall became the King Campus of Seneca College. The house became home to the college's administrative offices and later its Management Development Centre until 1991. The college continues to make use of the grounds while the house is now a hotel and conference centre.

In 1994, Royal Doulton produced a figurine in Lady Eaton's image to celebrate the 125th anniversary of Eaton's. Limited to a production of 2,500, each figurine was marked with its production sequence.

title: Flora Eaton


text: User talk:203.52.140.58

title: User talk:203.52.140.58


text: User talk:68.229.215.107

title: User talk:68.229.215.107


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Sylvie Kinigi

Sylvie Kinigi ( Ntigashira; born 24 November 1953) is a Burundian politician and economist who served as prime minister of Burundi from 10 July 1993 to 7 February 1994, and acting president from November 1993 to 5 February 1994, making her the second African woman to serve as a president.

Born to a Tutsi family, she earned a degree in banking from the University of Burundi in 1979 and another diploma from the Centre de Formation de la Profession Bancaire in Paris. Politically, Kinigi was closely affiliated with the Union pour le Progrès national (UPRONA), Burundi's only legal political party at the time, and was an active member of the Union des Femmes Burundaises, a subgroup of UPRONA, serving as a member of its central committee by 1987. In that capacity she lobbied for legislative changes and government measures to benefit women. In 1990 Kinigi was hired by the Bank of the Republic of Burundi to direct its department of research and statistics, and the following year she was placed in charge of Burundi's structural adjustment program.

In the summer of 1993 Burundi hosted free elections, which were won by UPRONA's rival, Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU). The new FRODEBU President of Burundi, Melchior Ndadaye, appointed Kinigi prime minister of Burundi on 10 July. Kinigi wished to pursue economic development while she was prime minister, but thought that this could not be achieved until ethnic tensions between Tutsis and Hutus were reduced. Thus, she declared that ethnic reconciliation would be her top priority. On 21 October President Ndadaye and several other officials were killed by Tutsi soldiers in a coup attempt, leaving her the highest-ranking official alive and the de facto head of state of Burundi.

She joined her surviving ministers in the French embassy until she could return to her residence under French military guard as the coup failed. Though her government proved unable to contain the ethnic violence following the coup, she played a key role in brokering a political compromise that allowed for the election of Cyprien Ntaryamira as the next president. She resigned when he took office in 1994 and assumed an executive position at the Banque Commerciale du Burundi. She then held several international positions before returning to Burundi in 2008 and becoming an independent economic consultant.

Early life and education
Sylvie Ntigashira was born on 24 November 1953 in Mugoyi, Ruanda-Urundi (today in Bujumbura Rural Province). Ethnically, she is Tutsi. Her father was a merchant, while her mother farmed and maintained their home. The third of six children, Ntigashira was allowed to attend school while the oldest daughter in the family helped their mother. She was given a primary and secondary education by nuns in the Ijenda parish. She then studied at the University of Burundi under the Faculty of Economic Sciences, graduating in 1979 with a degree in banking and credit. In 1990 she earned a Diplômes d'études supérieures from the Centre de Formation de la Profession Bancaire in Paris.

In 1973, Ntigashira married a Burundian academic, Firmin Kinigi, who had taught her in school, and had four or five children with him. He was ethnically Hutu. Her husband supported her desire to further her education and career and the family hired a maid to take care of their house and children. He died in either 1992 or 1993.

Early political and government work
Urundi became independent from Belgium as Burundi in July 1962. The country quickly fell under the political domination of Tutsis at the expense of the Hutu majority ethnic group. Kinigi believed that democracy was introduced too rapidly in Burundi without proper preparation, leading to political organising along ethnic lines and the heightening of ethnic tensions. Burundi's government became controlled by Tutsi military officers, who ruled for approximately 30 years. Politically, Kinigi was closely affiliated with the Union pour le Progrès national (UPRONA), Burundi's only legal political party, and was an active member of the Union des Femmes Burundaises, a subgroup of UPRONA, serving as a member of its central committee by 1987. In that capacity she lobbied for legislative changes and government measures to benefit women.

In 1990 Kinigi was hired by the Bank of the Republic of Burundi to direct its department of research and statistics, while also teaching courses at the University of Burundi. In 1991 she left the job when President Pierre Buyoya appointed her Special Consultant in the Office of the Prime Minister, making her responsible for the implementation of Burundi's structural adjustment program. In that capacity she conducted negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and foreign donors. Impressed with her work, Buyoya subsequently appointed her Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Economic Planning.

Prime Minister of Burundi
In the summer of 1993 Burundi underwent a democratic transition. The country hosted free elections, which were won by UPRONA's rival, Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU). The new president of Burundi, Melchior Ndadaye—the leader of FRODEBU and the first Hutu to become head of state, offered Kinigi the position of prime minister of Burundi in his new government to succeed Adrien Sibomana. She reportedly considered the offer for some time, but eventually decided to accept it, reasoning that she was not more politically inexperienced than the army officers which had previously ruled the country. Furthermore, she was personally acquainted with Ndadaye, having studied alongside him at Parisian institutions and even sat on a committee that judged his academic performance. She was also an acquaintance of Léonard Nyangoma and Cyprien Ntaryamira, two FRODEBU politicians who Ndadaye wanted to become ministers in the new government. Speaking of her selection, Kinigi stated that it was "a good surprise for Burundian women primarily, but for African women too."

FRODEBU hardliners were angered by Kinigi's appointment, seeing her assumption of the premiership to be a betrayal by Ndadaye. Radical UPRONA members were also displeased with her selection, since the party did not formally nominate her as a candidate, and they felt that Ndadaye had chosen her purely because she was a Tutsi woman and did not expect to rely on her abilities in office. The government ultimately comprised two-thirds Hutu and one-third Tutsi members. Kinigi was one of two women ministers. The government was sworn in on 10 July. Kinigi wished to pursue economic development while she was prime minister, but thought that this could not be achieved until ethnic tensions were reduced. Thus, she declared that ethnic reconciliation would be her highest priority. In mid-October she dispatched her ministers across the country on a mission to promote calm and understanding; she went to the northeast to denounce the "barbarism" of political violence associated with the previous elections.

On 21 October President Ndadaye and several other officials were killed by Tutsi soldiers in a coup attempt. A puppet civilian figure, François Ngeze, was presented by military authorities as the new head of state. Kinigi's bodyguards remained loyal to her during the takeover. She and other senior government figures took refuge in the French embassy. She was the highest-ranking civilian official to survive the coup attempt. From the embassy she continued to issue directives on government policy. Buyoya and his predecessor, Jean Baptiste Bagaza, both gave their support to her government and the coup failed due to an outbreak of violence and international condemnation. On 7 November she left the embassy and returned to her residence under French military guard. The death of Ndadaye and others in the presidential line of succession left her de facto head of state of Burundi. Tutsi extremists continued to employ violence in the aftermath of the coup, intimidating Kinigi's government and hampering its ability to provide leadership to the country.

Kinigi's government—comprising 15 of the original 22 ministers—stabilised the situation in Bujumbura, the capital, but proved unable to contain the ethnic violence across the country following the coup, in which thousands died. The radical Tutsi UPRONA faction became disgruntled with her actions before and especially during the crisis. With regards to her failure to attend a commemoration for the anniversary of the death of erstwhile UPRONA leader Louis Rwagasore on 13 October, the newspaper Panafrika wrote, "for a prime minister who said she was from Uprona, missing this ceremony was for some 'proof' that Sylvie Kinigi was not from Uprona. Some do not hesitate to say that if it hadn't been for this October 21 coup, she would now be at FRODEBU". The newspaper L’Observateur argued "not having been mandated by UPRONA, knowing simply that she is Prime Minister thanks to God and to Ndadaye and to FRODEBU, the first lady [sic] will behave during the crisis of October 1993 as one would expect. She will be totally absent and when she tries to come forward, it is to tirelessly repeat the theses of FRODEBU". On 15 November she wrote a letter to the Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity, appealing for a military intervention to restore order in the country. The army and opposition politicians denounced this as a proposal for a "recolonization" of Burundi. In December her government appointed a commission of inquiry led by the Procurator General to investigate human rights abuses that had occurred after the coup, but its work never began due to objections from the parliamentary opposition.

Kinigi, burdened by the leadership responsibility placed upon her by the political vacuum, sought to enable the selection of a new president. On 9 January 1994, at her direction, the National Assembly modified Article 85 of the Burundian constitution, empowering itself to elect the next president of Burundi. Four days later the National Assembly elected Ntaryamira to become president in a vote, 78 to one. Ntaryamira was scheduled to be inaugurated on 22 January, but the parliamentary opposition, led by UPRONA, filed a suit with the Constitutional Court to block the installment. They argued that Article 182 of the constitution, which stipulated that the document could not be modified in times of national crisis, rendered the National Assembly's amending of Article 85 void. FRODEBU parliamentarians argued that the change was necessary to fill the vacancy, since holding a national election to replace the former president would have been impossible. The Constitutional Court ruled in favor of the opposition in a decision split along ethnic lines. The Hutu justices subsequently resigned and on 29 January Kinigi's government issued a decree dismissing the Tutsi justices. This led to several days of violence in Bujumbura. With the assistance of United Nations representative Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, Kinigi brokered a compromise with the opposition, whereby Ntaryamira would be installed as president with a new UPRONA prime minister, and the Constitutional Court would be reinstated. Ntaryamira was sworn in on 5 February. Kinigi resigned as prime minister when he was inaugurated. On 7 February Ntaryamira appointed Anatole Kanyenkiko to replace her.

Kinigi was the second woman to serve as president of an African country, after Carmen Pereira of Guinea-Bissau, who also held the office in an interim fashion. Opinions on her time in government were starkly divided. Many of her Tutsi contemporaries regarded her as vacuous and a negative influence on the country, with Panafrika denouncing her as "Madame Fiasco". She retained a significant amount of respect among FRODEBU members. Responding to criticism of her leadership, Marc Manirakiza wrote, "What could she have done in the face of an unforeseen and unprecedented chaotic situation?" Reflecting on her time in government in 1999, Kinigi said it made people realise "that a woman can do even more than a man can do, with a soul of a mother and strong will, at the highest level of politics." Linking her to her contemporary in Rwanda, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, political scientist Jane Jansen wrote that the two women "owed their temporary rise to the top to an attempt to find an accommodation to the ethnic conflicts that plagued their respective countries."

Later work
Upon leaving government, Kinigi assumed an executive position at the Banque Commerciale du Burundi. She then held several international positions, including jobs at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Development Programme (representing it in Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, and Senegal), and the office of the UN Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region in Nairobi, where she served as a political advisor and programme coordinator. She returned to Burundi in 2008 and became an independent economic consultant. In that capacity she advocated for the right of women to inherit land and property and for the use of democracy. In 2016 the Carter Center selected Kinigi to lead its international election observer mission in Zambia for that year's general elections.

title: Sylvie Kinigi


text:
Category talk:Mountbatten-Windsor family

earlier comments
I have taken Zara Phillips out of here as she is in the Phillips family. --Audiovideo 01:27, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This index seems inconsistent in its alphabetical order; for example, Charles, Prince of Wales, is listed under W, but his son Harry under H. I would put Charles under C.


text: User talk:4.158.222.253

title: User talk:4.158.222.253


text: User talk:68.54.84.205

title: User talk:68.54.84.205


text: User talk:68.163.252.218

title: User talk:68.163.252.218


text:
Talk:Groupe Bull

Referneces / Sources
"This article does not cite any references or sources..."

Bull's homepage is the best source of any references, why is it not accepted as reference? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.125.132.176 (talk) 21:24, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Language or content 'dispute'?
I was just wondering whether the following passage, recently removed from the article's last paragraph,

 * "In accordance with the open source operating system trends emanating during the late 1990s, all products are available with a Linux option (more specifically the Mandrake Linux distro)."

was taken as seriously lacking in readability or was simply bad English, or whether the reason for its removal lay in the department of redundant/unnecessary content? (i.e., "just about each and every major computer vendor have now jumped on the Linux bandwagon, so why bother mentioning it"). At the time of writing I thought it quite suitable. :-) --Wernher 01:31, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The issue is a combination of style and content. "In accordance with...trends" is vague to the point of vacuity, and "emanating" is unidiomatic to the point of unintelligibility.  So it is unclear what is being said here.  Does it mean "Given the popularity of Linux in the 1990s, it is unsurprising that..." or "As with every other vendor..."?  In either case, I am not sure what it adds to the factual statement.  Let the facts speak for themselves when possible. --Macrakis 02:01, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Your interpretation of the cited passage is correct, as indicated by the 'anticipated criticism' given in double quotes in my comment above. Keep in mind, though, that not all readers can be expected to know about Linux' general advance in the market during the past decade---which was my rationale for including the passage. --Wernher 10:44, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mainframe/Mini Linux support
By the way, what is the state of the various mainframe and mini computer lines? Do they support Linux on DPS-8? If not, it is not "all products". --Macrakis 02:01, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * As for the mainframe and minicomputer Linux support, I wasn't the one behind that statement (being no Bull expert, unfortunately), and neither have I done any serious investigations of the matter, so it should really be looked into by 'someone'. --Wernher 10:44, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * DPS 7000 and DPS 8000 do just support GCOS 7 and GCOS 8 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.125.132.176 (talk) 23:04, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

The current product succeeding the DPS 8 (i.e running GCOS 8 and its applications) is the Itanium based Novascale 9000 line. Partitions can run Linux, and partitions running GCOS 8 are actually running under Linux and emulating the proprietary DPS 8 (and successor) instruction set. --Threegoal, 8 Sept 2005

Fair use rationale for Image:Logo groupe bull.jpg
Image:Logo groupe bull.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 13:00, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Not sure why this bot is saying that there is no fair use rationale, Logo fur is there. Anyway, I've completed the rationale a bit more, it should really be fine now! Pieleric (talk) 13:27, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Founder?
Fredrik Rosing Bull is listed as the founder. However the date of founding is given as 1931, and he died in 1925. Jim (talk) 02:57, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Groupe Bull


text:
Talk:Boundary Element Method

VFD
On 1 April 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was move to Boundary element method and keep. See Votes for deletion/Boundary Element Method for a record of the discussion. – ABCD 01:32, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boundary Element Method


text:
Category:Malacologists

 *  — who study mollusks.

title: Category:Malacologists


text: User talk:67.80.186.119

title: User talk:67.80.186.119


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User talk:216.111.184.242

Nomination of Weeve for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Weeve is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Weeve until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. 'DGG (at NYPL) (talk) 20:58, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of Weeve for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Weeve is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Weeve& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. StarM 18:25, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.111.184.242


text:
Surface mining

Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit (the overburden) are removed, in contrast to underground mining, in which the overlying rock is left in place, and the mineral is removed through shafts or tunnels.

In North America, where the majority of surface coal mining occurs, this method began to be used in the mid-16th century and is practiced throughout the world in the mining of many different minerals. In North America, surface mining gained popularity throughout the 20th century, and surface mines now produce most of the coal mined in the United States.

In most forms of surface mining, heavy equipment, such as earthmovers, first remove the overburden. Next, large machines, such as dragline excavators or bucket-wheel excavators, extract the mineral.

Advantages of surface mining include lower cost and greater safety compared to underground mining. Disadvantages include hazards to human health and the environment. Humans face a variety of health risks caused by mining such as different cardiovascular diseases, food, and water contamination. Habitat destruction, alongside air, noise, and water pollution, are all significant negative environmental impacts caused by the side effects of surface mining.

Types
There are five main types of surface mining as detailed below.

Strip mining
Strip mining is the practice of mining a seam of mineral, by first removing a long strip of overlying soil and rock (the overburden); this activity is also referred to as overburden removal. It is most commonly used to mine coal and lignite (brown coal). Strip mining is only practical when the ore body to be excavated is relatively near the surface and/or is mostly horizontal. This type of mining uses some of the largest machines on earth, including bucket-wheel excavators which can move as much as 12,000 cubic meters (16,000 cu. yd.) of earth per hour.

There are two forms of strip mining. The more common method is area stripping, which is used on fairly flat terrain, to extract deposits over a large area. As each long strip is excavated, the overburden is placed in the excavation produced by the previous strip.

Contour mining involves removing the overburden above the mineral seam near an outcrop in hilly terrain, where the mineral outcrop usually follows the contour of the land. Contour stripping is often followed by auger mining into the hillside, to remove more of the mineral. This method commonly leaves behind terraces in mountainsides.

Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining refers to a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth through their removal from an open pit or borrow. This process is done on the ground surface of the earth It is best suited for accessing mostly vertical deposits of minerals. Although open-pit mining is sometimes mistakenly referred to as "strip mining", the two methods are different (see above).

Mountaintop removal
Mountaintop removal mining (MTR) is a form of coal mining that mines coal seams beneath mountaintops by first removing the mountaintop overlying the coal seam. Explosives are used to break up the overburden (rock layers above the seam), which is then removed. The overburden is then dumped by haul trucks into fills in nearby hollows or valleys. MTR involves the mass restructuring of earth in order to reach coal seams as deep as 400 ft below the surface. Mountaintop removal replaces the original steep landscape with a much flatter topography. Economic development attempts on reclaimed mine sites include prisons such the Big Sandy Federal Penitentiary in Martin County, Kentucky, small-town airports, golf courses such as Twisted Gun in Mingo County, West Virginia and Stonecrest Golf Course in Floyd County, Kentucky, as well as industrial scrubber sludge disposal sites, solid waste landfills, trailer parks, explosive manufacturers, and storage rental lockers.

This method has been increasingly used in recent years in the Appalachian coal fields of West Virginia, Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee in the United States. The profound changes in topography and disturbance of pre-existing ecosystems have made mountaintop removal highly controversial.

Advocates of mountaintop removal point out that once the areas are reclaimed as mandated by law, the technique provides premium flat land suitable for many uses in a region where flat land is rare. They also maintain that the new growth on reclaimed mountaintop mined areas is better able to support populations of game animals.

Critics contend that mountaintop removal is a disastrous practice that benefits a small number of corporations at the expense of local communities and the environment. A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) environmental impact statement finds that streams near valley fills sometimes may contain higher levels of minerals in the water and decreased aquatic biodiversity. The statement also estimates that 724 mi of Appalachian streams were buried by valley fills from 1985 to 2001.

Blasting at a mountaintop removal mine expels dust and fly-rock into the air, which can then disturb or settle onto private property nearby. This dust may contain sulfur compounds, which some claim corrode structures and tombstones and is a health hazard.

Although MTR sites are required to be reclaimed after mining is complete, reclamation has traditionally focused on stabilizing rock and controlling erosion, but not always on reforesting the area. Quick-growing, non-native grasses, planted to quickly provide vegetation on a site, compete with tree seedlings, and trees have difficulty establishing root systems in compacted backfill. Consequently, biodiversity suffers in a region of the United States with numerous endemic species. Erosion also increases, which can intensify flooding. In the eastern United States, the Appalachian Regional Reforestation Initiative works to promote the use of trees in mining reclamation.

Dredging
Dredging is a method for mining below the water table. It is mostly associated with gold mining. Small dredges often use suction to bring the mined material up from the bottom of a water body. Historical large-scale dredging operations often used a floating dredge; a barge-like vessel that scoops material up through a conveyor belt on the bow, filters out the desired component on board, and returns the unwanted material to the water via another conveyor belt on the stern. In gravel-filled river valleys with shallow water tables, a floating dredge can work its way through the loose sediment in a pond of its own making.

Highwall mining
Highwall mining is another form of mining sometimes conducted to recover additional coal adjacent to a surface-mined area. The method evolved from auger mining but does not meet the definition of surface mining since it does not involve the removal of overburden to expose the coal seam. CERB final report No. 2014-004 "Highwall Mining: Design Methodology, Safety, and Suitability" by Yi Luo characterizes it as a "relatively new semi-surface and semi-underground coal mining method that evolved from auger mining". In highwall mining, the coal seam is penetrated by a continuous miner propelled by a hydraulic pushbeam transfer mechanism (PTM). A typical cycle includes sumping (launch-pushing forward) and shearing (raising and lowering the cutterhead boom to cut the entire height of the coal seam). As the coal recovery cycle continues, the cutterhead is progressively launched into the coal seam for 19.72 ft. Then, the PTM automatically inserts a 19.72 ft rectangular pushbeam (screw-conveyor segment) into the center section of the machine between the Powerhead and the cutterhead. The pushbeam system can penetrate nearly 1,200 ft (proven in 2015 till today) into the coal seam. One patented highwall mining system uses augers enclosed inside the pushbeam that prevent the mined coal from being contaminated by rock debris during the conveyance process. Using a video imaging and/or a gamma-ray sensor and/or other geo-radar systems like a coal-rock interface detection sensor (CID), the operator can see ahead projection of the seam-rock interface and guide the continuous miner's progress. Highwall mining can produce thousands of tons of coal in contour-strip operations with narrow benches, previously mined areas, trench mine applications, and steep-dip seams by utilizing a controlled water-inflow pump system and/or a gas (inert) venting system.

Recovery with tunneling shape of drives used by highwall miners is much better than round augering holes, but the mapping of areas that have been developed by a highwall miner are not mapped as rigorously as deep mined areas. Very little soil is displaced in contrast with mountaintop removal; however, it is comparatively more expensive to own and operate a highwall miner.

Mapping of the outcrop, as well as core hole data and samples taken during the bench-making process, are taken into account to best project the panels that the highwall miner will cut. Obstacles that could be potentially damaged by subsidence and the natural contour of the highwall mine are taken into account, and a surveyor points the highwall miner in a line (theoretical survey plot-line) mostly perpendicular to the highwall. parallel lines represent the drive cut into the mountain (up to 1,200 ft deep (2015 records), without heading or corrective steering actuation on a navigation azimuth during mining results in missing a portion of the coal seam and is a potential danger of cutting in pillars from previous mined drives due to horizontal drift (roll) of the pushbeam-cuttermodule string. Recently highwall miners have penetrated more than 1200 ft (2015 ongoing records into the coal seam, and today's models are capable of going farther, with the support of gyro navigation and not limited anymore by the amount of cable stored on the machine. The maximum depth would be determined by the stress of further penetration and associated specific-power draw (torsion and tension in screw transporters string), but today's optimized screw-transporters conveying embodiments (called pushbeams) with visual product development and discrete element modeling (DEM) using flow simulation behavior software shows smart-drive extended penetrations are possible, even so under steep inclined angles from horizontal to more than 30 degree downhole. In case of significant steep mining the new mining method phrase should be "directional mining" (commonly used technologies as valuable synergy directional drilling and directional mining are categorized in "surface to in-seam" (SIS) techniques), dry or wet, dewatering is developed or cutting and dredging through screw transporters are proactive in developing a roadmap of the leading global highwall mining engineering company.

Transport
Historically, moving materials out of surface mines was accomplished through manual labor, horse-drawn vehicles, and/or mining railways.

Current practices tend to use haul trucks on haul roads designed into the features of the mine.

Regulation
Federal governments have imposed multiple laws and regulations which mining companies have to strictly follow. In the United States, the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 mandates reclamation of surface coal mines. Reclamation for non-coal mines is regulated by state and local laws, which may vary widely. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and many more laws deal with the subject of surface mining. In some cases, even with proper legislation in place for surface mining some negative human health and environmental impacts remain.

Environmental impact
Surface mining can have a number of effects on the local environment. The negative effects involve soil, water, air, and noise pollution as well as landscape alteration and various other negatives. However, new technology and proper management can make it easier to properly treat the local water supply and restore the local ecology which helps rebuild the environment.

Each type of surface mining has its own environmental impact, as laid out below.

Strip mining - Once operations have ended, the tailings are placed back into the hole and covered up to make the site resemble the landscape before the mining operation. This process involves the removal of all ground vegetation in the area, which is a detriment to the environment. Topsoil may be placed over the tailing along with planting trees and other vegetation. Another reclamation method involves filling in the hole with water to create an artificial lake. Large tailing piles left behind may contain heavy metals which can leach out acids such as lead and copper and enter into water systems.

Open-pit mining - One of the world's largest types of mine and the size of these operations leave behind massive landscape scars, destruction to environmental habitats, and substantial clean-up cost. An open-pit mine can yield an enormous quantity of waste rock, sinkholes can form down the road, flooding and similar negative impacts as strip mining.

Mountaintop removal mining - Involves the removal of whole mountaintops, the waste rock of which is used to flatten out the surrounding land by infilling rivers and valleys. This is very destructive as it physically permanently alters the landscape and the associated ecosystem. Throughout the Appalachians in states such as Kentucky and Virginia, mountaintop removal is a common mining method where whole forests are cleared and the area becomes vulnerable to possible landslides, with restoration sometimes being too difficult/costly.

Dredging - A form of surface mining where the environmental impacts are primarily found underwater. The method of extracting material from the seafloor or any water body leads to the harmful risk of marine life. Overall, the effect are far less compared to the other mining methods. The influx of sediment can bury flora and fauna, change water levels and can alter the oxygen content. Water and noise pollution is a concern that must be monitored because marine life is very sensitive and vulnerable to drastic and harmful changes within their ecosystem.

Highwall mining - Has a lower environmental impact than mountaintop removal because of the smaller external surface area present but there are still negative side effects. Air and noise pollution from blasting are common environmental effects along with the large tailing piles, which can leach into waterways and numerous ecosystems.

Remediation
Properly cleaning, restoring, and removing hazards from a once operational surface mine requires a large sum of money and extensive environmental remediation. These remediation projects can continue on for years after the mine is closed.

In some cases, the mining companies go bankrupt leaving abandoned mines with no funding for remediation. In other cases, mining companies are unwilling to pay for remediation, meaning litigation or regulatory action is necessary to compel the companies to commit funds to remediate. These legal issues often delay remediation and the environment is negatively affected. In the United States, when the company does not exist anymore or is otherwise unable to clean the site, special taxes on hazardous waste producers (i.e. the Environmental Protection Agency Superfund) can be used to fund remediation projects.

title: Surface mining


text:
User:MordredKLB

Rock!

Articles I am (significantly) responsible for:
 * Anthrax
 * Armored Saint
 * Testament
 * George Lynch
 * John Bush
 * Scorpions
 * UFO

Articles I plan to work on at some point:
 * Who knows?

Can you tell that I'm a guitarist?

title: User:MordredKLB