text:
Talk:Future-proof

Errr... definition?
This article doesn't make sense if one doesn't already know what "Future proof" means. Someone please change it to describe what it actually means, especially in the introductory section of the article? Thanks! --dionyziz (talk) 00:54, 11 December 2007 (UTC).

This article is spot on, relevant, and clarified a term I had seen in usage but didn't understand exactly what it meant. -- tomwsulcer May 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tomwsulcer (talk • contribs) 18:38, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Can you spot the irony?
"For example, if a person had stored a video that is important to them on a Betamax tape years ago, they could have trouble finding a player for it today (2009)." LOLZY ---69.68.247.7 (talk) 17:59, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm glad this was removed from the article; choosing VHS over Betamax in the late 1970s is not an example of future proofing. Future proofing describes anticipating future innovations and preventing obsolescence, not actually predicting which competing technology might win.  A future-proof solution to recordings in that era would have been to record to both formats so that whichever prevails would be preserved.  Of course, nothing is fully future proof.  The Betamax recording would have become useless in the late 1980s and the VHS recording has become useless in the mid 2000s (thus the above comment on irony).  Staying within the same genre (and skipping the DVD generation), the same comparison can be made with the more recent HD DVD and Blu-ray, the most prudent (future proof) action would be to either use both, or, since players of both could also play DVDs, to have stuck with DVD until one of those formats won over the other (which happened in 2008).
 * Even these aren't the best examples of future proofing. When I think of future proofing, I think of technologies like HTML, whose specifications clearly state that unknown elements should be silently ignored, which allows newer versions of the HTML standard to define new elements without breaking browsers' ability to deal with them. Adam KatzΔ☎  00:17, 17 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Even these aren't the best examples of future proofing. When I think of future proofing, I think of technologies like HTML, whose specifications clearly state that unknown elements should be silently ignored, which allows newer versions of the HTML standard to define new elements without breaking browsers' ability to deal with them. Adam KatzΔ☎  00:17, 17 March 2016 (UTC)

Digital Preservation
Someone suggested a merge with DigitalPreservation, but they left no comments for discussion, so I hid the proposal. I don't think the two things are the same at all. I prefer it the way it is. _Something_ should be on a page called FutureProof and yes the link to DigitalPreservation should be there as it is now. --DuLithgow 20:42, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Such as
using a non-propiertry, free, open file format!

Nothing can be made totally future proof - like fools the future is too ingenious. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.151.63.76 (talk) 16:45, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

AEC Disambiguation
This page was identified as including a disambiguation error based on the term "AEC".

In order to resolve this problem I have removed the wikilink from the term as I am unable to determine, from the context, what the term is referring to. If you wish to restore the link please ensure that the term and the link are fully resolved. Perry Middlemiss (talk) 11:30, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

Too verbose?
Back in 2013, this article went from being brief and concise (and flagged as needing citations) to a major article (+22,595 characters, including 20 citations) due to the work of one contributor who has only ever touched this one page (the edits since then have been mostly related to formatting and minor content tweaks here and there). I think this was an over-correction. This is now far too large an article for such a simple term. Furthermore, I worry about the difficulty to verify the offline citations from an unproven user (though that is not nearly enough grounds to remove them!). Adam KatzΔ☎  23:24, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

Uncited material in need of citations
I am moving the following uncited material here until it can be properly supported with inline citations of reliable, secondary sources, per WP:V, WP:CS, WP:IRS, WP:PSTS, WP:BLP, WP:NOR, et al. This diff shows where it was in the article. Nightscream (talk) 18:54, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

Concept
This term is commonly found in electronics, data storage, and communications systems. It is also found in industrial design, computers, software, health care/medical, strategic sustainable development, strategic management consultancy and product design.

Study of the principles behind "future-proofing" both within the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry and among outside industries can give vital information about the basis of future-proofing. This information can be distilled into several Principles which can be applied to a variety of areas.

Industrial design
Industrial design teaches that future-proof products are timeless, have high durability, and develop ongoing aesthetic and emotional attraction.

Climate change and energy conservation
The term "future-proofing" in relation to sustainable design began to be used in 2007. It has been used more often in sustainable design in relation to energy conservation to minimize the effects of future global temperature rise and/or rising energy costs. By far, the most common use of the term "future-proofing" is found in relation to sustainable design and energy conservation in particular. In this context, the term is usually referring to the ability of a structure to withstand impacts from future shortages in energy and resources, increasing world population, and environmental issues, by reducing the amount of energy consumption in the building. Understanding the use of "future-proofing" in this field assists in development of the concept of future-proofing as applied to existing structures.

Architecture, engineering and construction
Obsolescence is an important characteristic of future-proofing a property because it emphasizes the need for the property to continue to be viable. Though not explicitly stated, the shocks and stresses to a property in the future are one potential way in which a property may become not future-proof. It is also important to note that each form of obsolescence can be either curable or incurable. The separation of curable and incurable obsolescence is ill-defined because the amount of effort one is willing to put into correcting it varies depending on several factors: people, time, budget, availability, etc.

The principles of a resilient built environment include:

 * Local materials, parts and labor
 * Low energy input
 * High capacity for future flexibility and adaptability of use
 * High durability and redundancy of building systems
 * Environmentally responsive design
 * Sensitivity and responsiveness to changes in constituent parts and environment
 * High level of diversity in component systems and features

Options and diversity are strategies similar to ecological resilience discussed above. This approach again points out the importance of flexibility, adaptability, and diversity to future-proofing urban environments.

Historic buildings
The design of interventions in existing buildings which are not detrimental to the future of the building may be called "future-proofing." Future-proofing includes the careful consideration of how “sustainable” alterations to historic structures affect the original historic material of the structure. This effect is significant for long service life structures in order to prevent them from deteriorating and being demolished. This effect is especially significant in designated structures where the intent is to do no harm to the historic fabric of the structure.

Historic buildings are particularly good candidates for future-proofing because they have already survived for 50 to 100 years or more. Given their performance to date and appropriate interventions, historic building structures are likely to be able to last for centuries. This durability is evident in the buildings of Europe and Asia which have survived centuries and millennia. Extension of the service life of our existing building stock through sensitive interventions reduces energy consumption, decreases material waste, retains embodied energy, and promotes a long-term relationship with our built environment that is critical to the future survival of the human species on this planet.

Infrastructure projects
In addition to the aqueducts and pipelines, local or regional infrastructure such as reservoirs, dams, local pipeline systems, pump stations, water treatment, and desalination facilities could be impacted by any of several potential natural hazards. Imported water via aqueducts and pipelines stands as the most significant vulnerability due to the high volumes required, the length of travel, and the nature of the delivery system. Conventional piping infrastructure is at risk for damage in a seismic event as the materials do not generally react well to the shear stresses brought upon by earthquakes.

These projects and improvements are examples of ways in which a water infrastructure systems may be developed in a future-proof way while also addressing hazard mitigation concerns, long term adaptive cycles.

Title should be a noun
Like the lead. InedibleHulk (talk) 03:00, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Future-proof


text: Talk:Mister Love

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mister Love


text:
In Our Lifetime (Marvin Gaye album)

In Our Lifetime? is the sixteenth studio album by soul musician Marvin Gaye, released January 15, 1981, on Motown label Tamla Records. Recording sessions for the album took place at Marvin's Room in Los Angeles, California, Seawest Recording Studio in Honolulu, Hawaii, and at Odyssey Studios in London, England, throughout 1979 and 1980 (and abruptly remixed in 1981 by Motown). The album cover was designed by Neil Breeden. Gaye's final album for Motown before leaving for Columbia Records, the album was the follow-up to the commercial failure of Here, My Dear, a double album which chronicled the singer's divorce from Anna Gordy. Entirely written, produced, arranged, and mixed by Gaye, In Our Lifetime? was a departure for Gaye from the disco stylings of his previous two studio efforts and was seen as one of the best albums of the singer's late-Motown period.

Conception
In 1979, Marvin Gaye found himself at a professional and personal low ebb. Two years without a hit since "Got to Give It Up", he had released the commercially unsuccessful Here, My Dear, which then alienated critics and fans alike for the musician's take on his personal life including his troubling marriage to Anna Gordy, which had ended in divorce a couple years before. Following that divorce, Gaye married his longtime girlfriend Janis in October 1977. Janis Gaye later filed for legal separation citing mental abuse throughout their marriage. Janis had been the inspiration behind Gaye's 1976 album, I Want You. That year, Gaye decided to reestablish his pop audience, first releasing a slightly autobiographical disco song he titled "Ego Tripping Out", in which he lyrically explained his larger-than-life ego and masked it with personal doubt ("turn the fear into energy/'cause the toot and the smoke won't fulfill the need"). Gaye debuted the song while appearing on Dinah Shore's Dinah & Friends, with the performance later being featured on the DVD, Marvin Gaye - The Real Thing: In Performance 1964-1981.

The song was supposed to be the leading track off Gaye's next album, a disco-styled album he titled Love Man, with tracks he had recorded at his recording studio complex. However, the album was put on hold as Gaye, now facing a $4.5 million debt with the IRS, went out on a half-hearted world tour to alleviate his debts. Gaye's heart, however, wasn't in the tour, and midway through after a mildly receptive show in Japan and performances in Hawaii, he abandoned the tour, which led to musicians in his band as well as concert promoters suing Gaye for thousands of dollars on reneging on the contract. For weeks, Gaye secluded himself in a bread van on the beach in Maui while still struggling from his now-crippling cocaine addiction. However, desperate for a fix, he called his mother Alberta and asked her to give away earrings he had bought her in exchange for money to buy cocaine. He had also gone so far to ask friends such as Smokey Robinson and Stevie Wonder for money, but neither complied. Around this time, Gaye's lawyer advised him to file for voluntary bankruptcy, later resulting in the shutdown of his recording studio, which further depressed Gaye.

An ill-fated reunion with Janis around this time led Gaye, high on cocaine, to point a knife to Janis's heart, causing another separation. Around this time, Gaye tried finishing his Love Man album but instead of presenting the album with upbeat lyrics, some of the songs dealt with his own life. In the song, "Dance 'N Be Happy", for example, while the chorus repeated "let's dance and be happy", the lyrics, which Marvin sung off the top of his head in falsetto, revealed his anguish at the fallout of his marriage to Janis, even accusing her of making him "uptight". After hearing a mix in Honolulu, a disillusioned Gaye shelved the album, fearing his music career was over. One day, severely depressed, Gaye ingested a full ounce of cocaine, in his first suicide attempt since the late 1960s, thinking he would die. He later told David Ritz, "I'd given up. The problems were too big for me. I just wanted to be left alone and blow my brains on high-octane toot. It would be a slow but relatively pleasant death, certainly less messy than a gun." During this time, British concert promoter Jeffrey Krueger got contact with Gaye through drug dealers. Krueger, with help from Gaye's friend Jewel Price, convinced Gaye to sober up and start a European tour, Gaye's first since 1976. The tour, which took place in 1980, featured performances in Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Switzerland, The Netherlands and England. The tour ended on a bad note after Gaye failed to show up on time for a command performance for Princess Margaret, leaving Krueger to sue him for breach of contract; eventually, Gaye and Krueger settled their dispute without having to go to trial.

Gaye, now scared of a possible arrest warrant for avoiding the IRS, decided to settle in London where he partook on the city's nightlife and suffered a relapse. By now, Gaye had learned of freebasing while living in London and would spend weeks getting high. Gaye also began to reevaluate the Love Man album stating "I had to do something for money, but I also had an obligation - to the truth. Motown wasn't giving me a cent 'cause they were yelling how they'd spent a fortune on the Love Man cover and here I was holed up in Hawaii telling them the love man was dead. He was. The love man was me and I needed to stop that shit." Gaye rethought the album's concept and said he "saw how silly I'd been. Who needed another record moanin' and bitchin' 'bout some woman? Why did I have to regain my throne as the sex king? Who cared about competing with Michael Jackson and Prince? Look what was happening with the world. I had a message to spread. I had my theme."

Recording
The first recording sessions for the album took place at Marvin Gaye Studios in Hollywood and then at Honolulu's Seawest Recording Studios. Upon arriving in London in 1980 where he settled, Gaye recorded his new concept for the album at London's Odyssey and George Martin's AIR Studios. Songs that Gaye had recorded while in Los Angeles and Hawaii changed from their original approach. The original version of "Love Party" was titled "Dance 'N Be Happy" and mainly focused on his fallout of his marriage to Janis Gaye, only to be rewritten as a pseudo dance song with gospel-influenced lyrics. The blues song, "Just Because You're So Pretty" transformed into "Love Me Now or Love Me Later", which focused on the concept of "good and evil" souls that Gaye felt existed inside human beings, mainly himself. The funk song, "I Offer You Nothing But Love", was transformed into "In Our Lifetime", which included chants from one of Gaye's musicians ("come let's all get funky if you dig the right/come let's all get funky if you dig the wrong"), with the lyrics talking about a possible Armageddon approaching. The mild disco sound of "Lover's Plea" again was altered for more gospel influences in the song "Praise", even praising Stevie Wonder for the inspired riff for the song ("Stevie, we really dig you/hope you don't mind this riff from you"). "Life is For Learning" didn't change from the original song much except for the song's original title with the singer focusing on how he approached his music ("the artist pays the price/so you won't have to pay/if we would listen to what he has to say"). "Funk Me" was altered from the more sexually charged version from Love Man (its original title chanted "funk me" three times) and "Heavy Love Affair", his one song in which he discusses his fallout with Janis, was originally "Life's a Game of Give and Take", ironically doing the reverse of his other songs in which the original song discussed personal issues with his own life and flipping them around to focus on his fallout with Janis. "Far Cry" was the only newer song from the sessions in London to be featured along with the instrumental "Nuclear Juice". Gaye also revived and reworked "Ego Tripping Out" twice as a possible entry into the album, before ultimately omitting the song from the final album tracklist.

By late December, Gaye had finished the rough draft of the album and later revised the album in a concept album format adding in synthesizer sounds to segue each song into the next, a style he had originally done with albums such as What's Going On, Let's Get It On and I Want You. However, around this time, one of Marvin's touring and recording musicians, bassist Frank Blair, decided to take the contents of the album's master tapes to Motown's Hollywood offices, which was done unbeknownst to Gaye, who was remixing and editing the album in Odyssey Studios in London. Motown, still angered over Gaye's backing away from the Love Man project, revised the album for several weeks.

Release
When In Our Lifetime was finally issued in recording stores on January 15, 1981, Gaye was angry over its rush release. He later said, "How could they embarrass me like that? I was humiliated. They also added guitar licks and bass lines.(The former actually happened with Heavy Love Affair.) How dare they second guess my artistic decisions? Can you imagine saying to an artist, say Picasso, 'Okay Pablo, you've been fooling with this picture long enough. We'll take this unfinished canvas and add a leg here, an arm there. You might be the artist, but you're behind schedule, so we'll finish this painting for you. If you don't like the results, Pablo, baby, that's tough!' I was heartbroken. I was deeply hurt. Motown went behind my back. That's something I'll never forgive or forget." Upon hearing it, he said the label had re-edited the album without his permission. However, sales for the album were low, despite its critical success, producing a sole R&B hit with "Praise" and peaking at number thirty-two on the Billboard Top 200 album charts, but hitting number six on the Billboard R&B album charts. After its release, Gaye asked to be let go from his contract.

Gaye's request was finally granted after CBS Records' urban division president Larkin Arnold bought him out of his Motown contract, thus ending the singer's 21-year relationship with the company in 1982 (Gaye then eventually recorded his final album to be released during his lifetime, Midnight Love, in Belgium and Germany).

Over the years, the album was forgotten, until it was re-released by Motown on compact disc in 1994 to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Gaye's death, including the song "Ego Tripping Out" as part of the track listing.

On June 19, 2007, twenty-six years after the album's release, Hip-O Records re-released the album as an expanded edition, which included not only the album as originally released but also alternate takes from London's Air and Odyssey Studio sessions, the original 1979 single of "Ego Tripping Out", as well as an alternate cut from the In Our Lifetime sessions.

The second disc released what was from the Love Man sessions with instrumental productions that were included in Lifetime under different lyrics and different titles. The reissue restored the question mark at the end of the title and was limited to 5,000 copies.

Track listing
All tracks were written, arranged, composed and produced by Marvin Gaye.

Original 1981 release
Side A
 * 1) "Praise" – 4:51
 * 2) "Life Is for Learning" – 3:39
 * 3) "Love Party" – 4:58
 * 4) "Funk Me" – 5:34

Side B
 * 1) "Far Cry" – 4:28
 * 2) "Love Me Now or Love Me Later" – 4:59
 * 3) "Heavy Love Affair" – 3:45
 * 4) "In Our Lifetime" – 6:57

 * NOTE: The 1994 re-release adds "Ego Tripping Out" as track one.

Expanded edition
Disc one (bonus tracks)
 * 1) "Nuclear Juice" (Air Studios Mix Outtakes) – 5:46
 * 2) "Ego Tripping Out" (Air Studios Mix Outtakes) – 4:55
 * 3) "Far Cry" (Air Studios Mix Outtakes) – 6:21
 * 4) "Ego Tripping Out" (Love Man: The Single) – 5:13
 * 5) "Ego Tripping Out – Instrumental" (Love Man: The Single) – 3:43

Disc two
 * 1) "Praise" (Odyssey Studios Mix) – 5:09
 * 2) "Life Is For Learning" (Odyssey Studios Mix) – 3:53
 * 3) "Heavy Love Affair" (Odyssey Studios Mix) – 4:40
 * 4) "Love Me Now or Love Me Later" (Odyssey Studios Mix) – 5:43
 * 5) "Ego Tripping Out" (Odyssey Studios Mix) – 4:37
 * 6) "Funk Me" (Odyssey Studios Mix) – 5:13
 * 7) "In Our Lifetime" (Odyssey Studios Mix) – 5:51
 * 8) "Love Party" (Odyssey Studios Mix) – 5:18
 * 9) "Life's a Game of Give and Take" (The Love Man Sessions) – 4:57
 * 10) "Life Is Now in Session" (The Love Man Sessions) – 4:04
 * 11) "I Offer You Nothing But Love" (The Love Man Sessions) – 6:03
 * 12) "Just Because You're So Pretty" (The Love Man Sessions) – 5:06
 * 13) "Dance 'N' Be Happy" (The Love Man Sessions) – 6:49
 * 14) "Funk Me, Funk Me, Funk Me" (The Love Man Sessions) – 5:49
 * 15) "A Lover's Plea" (The Love Man Sessions) – 6:10

Personnel

 * Marvin Gaye – vocals, keyboards, drums
 * Robert Ahwry – guitar
 * Gordon Banks – guitar
 * Frank Bates – bass, background vocals
 * Frank Blair – bass, drums
 * Candace Bond – Executive Producer
 * Jon Walls – Recording & Mix Engineer
 * Ray Brown – trumpet
 * William Bryant – drums, keyboards
 * Elmira Collins – vibraphone, background vocals
 * Raymond Crossley – keyboards
 * Fernando Harkness – saxophone
 * Joe James – percussion
 * Gary Jones – percussion, conga
 * Lee Kentle – drums, background vocals
 * Nigel Martinez – drums
 * Kenny Mason – trumpet
 * Joe Mayo – percussion
 * Sidney Muldrew – French horn
 * Curtis Anthony Nolen – guitar
 * Raphael Ravenscroft – alto saxophone
 * Dr. George Shaw – trumpet
 * Nolan Andrew Smith – trumpet
 * David Ritz – liner notes
 * Preston "Bugsy" Wilcox – drums
 * Ron Slenzak – photography

title: In Our Lifetime (Marvin Gaye album)


text:
Red Robin

Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc., more commonly known as Red Robin Gourmet Burgers and Brews or simply Red Robin, is an American chain of casual dining restaurants founded in September 1969 in Seattle, Washington. In 1979, the first franchised Red Robin restaurant was opened in Yakima, Washington. Red Robin's headquarters are in Greenwood Village, Colorado. As of August 2020, the company had over 570 restaurants in operation with 90 being operated as a franchise.

History
The first Red Robin was located at the corner of Furhman and Eastlake Avenues E. in Seattle, at the southern end of the University Bridge. This building dated from 1916 as a grocery store and was later converted into a restaurant in the 1920s; it was owned by 12 properties and known by various names. It was renamed to Sam's Red Robin Tavern in 1942, allegedly by owner Samuel Caston, who sang in a barbershop quartet and could frequently be heard singing the song "When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)".

In 1969, local Seattle restaurant entrepreneur Gerry Kingen bought and expanded the restaurant. The business dropped the "Sam's" and became Red Robin. The first restaurant was 1,200 sq ft (110 m2). It was a favored hangout for University of Washington students. Kingen continued to operate the location as a tavern for a few years, but later added hamburgers to the menu, eventually giving fans 28 different burgers to choose from, and sales increased.

After ten years of building the Red Robin concept, Kingen decided to franchise it, which proved to be significant in the development of the chain. The chain drew its strength through franchising and through one franchisee in particular. Kingen's association with the company he founded later ended, but the franchising system endured.

In 1979, Kingen sold Michael and Steve Snyder the rights to open a Red Robin in Yakima, Washington, and The Snyder Group Company became Red Robin's first franchisee. In 1980, Red Robin opened a restaurant in Portland, Oregon. In 1983, Red Robin adopted a mascot named Red. In 1985, Red Robin had 175 restaurants when the corporate headquarters was moved from downtown Seattle to Irvine, California after CEO Kingen sold a controlling interest in Red Robin Corp. to Skylark Corporation of Japan and where Michael Snyder had Red Robin offices. With marginal successes and poor financial performance under Skylark's management, Kingen, then a minority owner, in 1995 stepped back into Red Robin with Michael Snyder. In 2000, the company opened its 150th restaurant. The headquarters were moved to the Denver Tech Center. In 2000, Red Robin merged with the Snyder Group, and Snyder became the company's president, chairman, and CEO. Snyder took the company public in 2002. In 2005, Snyder was ousted as CEO after allegations of fraud, which led to a SEC investigation and settlement and shareholders' lawsuit.

The first Red Robin in the Chicago area opened in 2001 at Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg, Illinois. Additional locations opened in Warrenville and Wheaton that year.

The original Red Robin closed on March 21, 2010, due to prohibitive maintenance costs for the old building. It was demolished on August 28, 2014, to make way for a three-story residential building named the "Robin's Nest".

As of the fiscal year 2015, the company had 538 restaurants with a revenue of $1.25 billion. To expand their reach, Red Robin added a "simplified" line of restaurants called Red Robin's Burger Works featuring quick service and with locations in Washington, D.C., Illinois, Ohio, and Colorado. These restaurants, launched in 2011, were mostly closed in 2016; three were rebranded as Red Robin Express to differentiate them from full-service locations.

On December 2, 2018, Michael Snyder died by suicide. In September 2019, Paul J.B. Murphy III was appointed president, Chief Executive Officer, and a member of the company's board of directors, effective October 3, 2019. The following month, the company announced plans to close its five locations in Alberta, Canada in the Edmonton area by early December.

In 2021, Red Robin refocused its efforts on growth in its home state of Washington, opening a new location in Federal Way, Washington on November 15. The following November, the company closed its location in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and finished pulling all of its locations out of the Boston area.

title: Red Robin


text:
Active Cylinder Control

Daimler AG's Active Cylinder Control (ACC) is a variable displacement technology. It debuted in 2001 on the 5.8 L V12 in the CL600 and S600. Like Chrysler's later Multi-Displacement System, General Motors' Active Fuel Management, and Honda's Variable Cylinder Management, it deactivates one bank of the engine's cylinders when the throttle is closed.

In order to preserve the sound of the engines, DaimlerChrysler worked with Eberspächer to design a special exhaust system for ACC-equipped vehicles. The system uses an active valve to divert exhaust between two different exhaust systems. It also has a variable length intake manifold system to optimize output in the two modes.

Applications

 * M138 V12 2001–2002

title: Active Cylinder Control


text:
Newman's energy machine

Newman's Energy Machine was a DC motor which the inventor, Joseph Newman, claimed to produce mechanical power exceeding the electrical power being supplied to it. In 1979, Newman attempted to patent the device, but it was rejected by the United States Patent Office as being a perpetual motion machine. When the rejection was later appealed, the United States district court requested that Newman's machine be tested by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The NBS concluded in June 1986 that output power was not greater than the input. Thus, the patent was again denied. The scientific community has rejected Newman's ideas about electricity and magnetism as pseudoscientific and his claims as false.

Claims by the inventor
By adding rolls to the armature of a motor, a larger and larger counter-electromotive force is generated on the motor. Newman outlined his claims about there being a fundamental electromagnetic interaction in all matter ultimately derived from only one type of force particle propagating at the speed of light. Newman claims that the motor derives its power by converting some of the mass of the copper in the coils into usable energy, in application of Einstein's mass–energy equivalence. According to proponents of the Energy Machine, the most crucial part of the design concerns what happens as a result of mechanical commutation.

U.S. patent application
In 1979, Newman submitted an application for his device to the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The application was eventually rejected in 1983, which set off a lengthy court battle. The United States District Court requested a master of the court to make the final decision. William E. Schuyler, Jr, former Commissioner of U.S. Patent Office, Washington, DC was chosen by the court to make the final decision to award the patent or not award the patent to Newman. Schuyler concluded that evidence to support Newman's claim was overwhelming and found no contradictory factual evidence.

However, the judge ordered Newman's machine to be tested by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), by request of the patent office, tested the device for several months and got negative results. In every case presented in the NBS report, the output power was less than power input from the battery pack, and therefore the efficiency was less than 100%. The court therefore upheld the rejection of the patent application.

Newman argued that he had been mistreated by the patent office, and tried to have his motor legalized directly by the US Congress. He obtained a hearing on 30 July 1986 in front of several senators, but he was unsuccessful. During the hearing, Newman refused to have the machine tested by independent experts, and senator John Glenn pointed out that his supposedly independent expert actually had a prior business relationship with him.

The case is now cited in the USPTO's Manual of Patent Examining Procedure as an example of an "inoperative" invention that can't have any utility, concretely as a perpetual motion machine.

Cease and desist order
In August 2007 the Alabama Securities Commission issued a cease and desist order to the "Newman Energy Corporation", alleging it had sold unregistered stock in the company. In January 2008 the company tendered offers of rescission to its nine Alabama investors, offering to reverse the sales. Eight of the investors declined the offer, electing to retain their investment; the ninth did not reply. The company agreed to pay the State of Alabama $7,000 in administrative assessments and investigative costs.

In popular culture
The device is referenced in the Big Black song "Newman Generator", recorded for their 1987 Peel Session.

title: Newman's energy machine


text:
Nōhime

Nōhime, Nohime (濃姫), also known as Kichō (帰蝶) was a Japanese woman from the Sengoku period to the Azuchi–Momoyama period. She was the daughter of Saitō Dōsan, a Sengoku Daimyō of the Mino Province, and the lawful wife of Oda Nobunaga, a Sengoku Daimyō of the Owari Province.

Profile
There are very few reliable historical documents about Nōhime, and little is known about her real identity. Shinchō Kōki, which is considered to be of historical value, contains only a brief description of her marriage, after which her name does not appear at all.

The exact dates of her birth and death are unknown, and Minonokuni Shokyūki states that she was born in 1535. While the first half of her life can be traced to some extent, the second half of her life is not known, nor is the date of her death, her family temple or her commandments, and various theories are mixed up.

Name
At that time, it was common for women's real names (imina) not to be made public, and it was normal for them to be addressed as 'Place of birth or Parental residence' + 'Dono (殿) or Hime (姫) or Kata (方)'. Therefore, Nōhime's real name is not known like the majority of women of that era. Even in Shinchō Kōki, she is only mentioned as Dōsan's daughter, but no specific name is given.

The name 'Nōhime' became popular as a result of its appearance in the Edo period's books Ehon Taikōki and Bushō Kanjōki. This was only a later name meaning "Noble Lady of Nō-shū (濃州)". She is sometimes referred to as Onō no kata (於濃の方).

Kichō (帰蝶) or Kochō (胡蝶) are mentioned in Edo period books, but it is not certain whether these are their real names. Kichō is only found in Minonokuni Shokyūki. The name Kochō is used in Bukō Yawa. It is also said that the characters in running form of Ki (帰) and Ko (胡) are very similar, so it is possible that one of them was miswritten when it was transcribed.

In Minonokuni Shokyūki, it is also stated that she was called Sagiyama dono (鷺山殿) because she married into Nobunaga from Sagiyama Castle, her father's residence. This is in accordance with the above-mentioned custom of the time and makes sense.

Marriage to Nobunaga
It is not actually known when she married Nobunaga, nor is it known whether the couple were on good terms or not. As far as reliable documents show, it seems that she had no children with Nobunaga.

In fact, the date of her marriage to Nobunaga is unknown, and there is no specific date written in the Shinchō Kōki. The theory that tends to be adopted in historical fictions is that the marriage took place in the spring of 1549, when Nobunaga was 16 and Nōhime was 15 (both according to East Asian age reckoning).

In war chronicles written in the 17th century, such as Seishū Gunki and Sōkenki, it is stated that she did not have a son, so she adopted Kimyōmaru (Oda Nobutada), who was born to a side wife, as Nobunaga's legitimate son. It also states that she had a child but not a boy, so she adopted Nobutada and made him Nobunaga’s heir.

Anecdotes
There are several well-known anecdotes about Nōhime in the Edo period's Ehon Taikōki and Bushō Kanjōki. The first story is when Nōhime was to marry into the Oda clan. Dōsan handed her a kaiken and told her: 'If Nobunaga is as big a fool as rumoured, stab him to death with that dagger'. Then Nōhime replied: 'I understand. But maybe then this blade will be pointed at you'. The next story is about a year after they were married. Nobunaga began to repeatedly slip out of their bedchamber every night and return a short time later, and when Nōhime questioned him, suspecting an affair, he replied, "I have set up a plot against the retainers of the Saitō clan to cause them to rebel, and I'm waiting for the smoke signal to announce that they have defeated Dōsan". Nōhime was surprised and informed her father about it, and Dōsan killed the retainers whose names were on the letter. But this was Nobunaga's ruse to get Dōsan to kill his retainers. However, all of these are merely Edo period fictions born from the image of the 'daughter of Dōsan the pit viper'.

Life
Nōhime is said to have been born to Saitō Dōsan, a Sengoku Daimyō who rose to lordship of Mino through Gekokujō, and his legal wife Omi no kata (1513-1551), who was known as 'the most beautiful woman in Mino'. The only document describing her date of birth is Minonokuni Shokyūki, which suggests that she was born in 1535. According to Minonokuni Shokyūki, Omi no kata was from the Akechi clan, which was the most famous family in eastern Mino, and Nōhime is said to be the only one of Dōsan's three daughters born to Omi no kata, a legal wife. According to the Genealogy Chart and the Miyagi Family Genealogy Book of the Akechi Clan, Omi no kata was the sister of Akechi Mitsuhide's father, Akechi Mitsutsuna, which means that Nōhime and Mitsuhide were cousins. However, Mitsuhide's origin is unclear, and there are several different genealogies of him, and it is not known which one is correct or even if they are all incorrect.

Saitō Dōsan took advantage of the infighting among the Toki clan of Mino Shugo to extend his power, and became lord of the Mino province after dispossessing his lord Toki Yorinari. He then installed his eldest son, Yoshitatsu, born to his side wife Miyoshino, who had been given to him by Yorinari, as Mino Shugo, claiming that he was Yorinari's illegitimate son, in order to stabilise the unrest in the Mino territory. At that time, Oda Nobuhide of the neighbouring Owari Province, father of Oda Nobunaga, was at enmity with Saitō Dōsan, so he supported Toki Yorinari and invaded Mino. The following is from Minonokuni Shokyūki, so it cannot all be taken on faith, but it is said that Dōsan attempted to conclude a peace on the condition that Oda Nobuhide and Asakura Takakage would each marry his daughter. He pledged to Nobuhide that he would give his daughter in marriage to Nobunaga, Nobuhide's son, and to Takakage that he would make Toki Yorizumi, Takakage's nephew, Mino Shugo and give him his daughter in marriage.

In 1546, Dōsan made peace with Asakura Takakage and allowed Toki Yorinori and Toki Yorizumi to enter Mino on the condition that Yorinori would hand over his position as Shugo to Yorizumi. As a token of their friendship, he gave his daughter in marriage to Yorizumi. This daughter is said to have been Nōhime, and if it is true, Yorizumi was 23 years old and Nōhime was 12 years old, about to reach adulthood. Dōsan seized control of Mino by making Yorizumi his puppet, but a year later Yorinori and Yorizumi began preparing to raise an army against Dōsan. Dōsan, sensing this move, took the initiative and attacked, resulting in Yorinori fleeing to the Echizen Province and Yorizumi's death. At the age of only 13, Nōhime became a widow and returned to her father's castle.

Meanwhile, Dōsan fought Nobuhide several times between 1547 and 1548 but was unable to reach a settlement, and a political marriage of several years earlier was rehashed in order to make peace. Nobuhide had been on the losing end of a series of battles with Dōsan and was also beginning an all-out confrontation with Imagawa Yoshimoto, which had him on the ropes. Dōsan, who was not on good terms with his son Saitō Yoshitatsu, also wanted an alliance with Nobuhide. According to Minonokuni Shokyūki, Nobuhide, who was prone to illness, needed Nobunaga's backing amidst the ongoing strife between the Oda clans, and urged Dōsan to fulfil his pledge. According to Shincho Kōki, Hirate Masahide, who was Nobunaga's Moriyaku (Guardian), brokered a peace and the two were to marry. And when a peace agreement between Mino and Owari was concluded, Nōhime went to Owari to marry Nobunaga.

Then, having pacified Mino, Dōsan handed over the governorship to his heir, Yoshitatsu, in 1554 and retired. However, Dōsan disliked Yoshitatsu, the son of his concubine, and was partial to his two younger sons, who were the children of his legal wife (and the younger brother of Nōhime), so he began plotting to eventually abolish Yoshitatsu and have them succeed to his post. When Yoshinaga learnt of this, he used a feigned illness to kill his younger brothers and raised an army against Dōsan. In 1556, Dōsan was killed by Yoshitatsu in the Battle of the Nagara River.

The last recorded mention of Nōhime was that she donated a portrait of Dōsan to Jozai-ji Temple, the Saitō family's Bodaiji, after which she ceased to exist in recorded history.

Information about Nōhime after that
In the first place, the common record in historical materials about Nōhime is only about her marriage. Therefore, various speculations have been made about what happened to Nōhime afterwards.

There are four main theories about what happened to her after that.

Early death theory
The theory is that she died soon after her marriage for some reason, such as illness, because there is no information about her in historical documents describing official events of the Oda clan, which she should have attended as a legal wife.

Divorce theory
There is a theory that Nōhime was divorced in 1557 when Nobunaga's concubine Kitsuno became pregnant with Nobutada, the heir of him, and was sent back to her mother's family home, Akechi Castle. However, this is considered unlikely, as it is unlikely that a legal wife would be sent back to her parental home because she was unable to have children in an era when having side wives was permitted.

Another theory is that she was banished from the Oda clan after Dōsan's death because she was no longer of any political value and had no children.

'Died in the Honnō-ji Incident' theory
The theory is that Nōhime was killed in battle with Nobunaga at the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582. However, there is no record of her death at Honnō-ji in reliable historical sources.

Historical creations have often depicted scenes of Nōhime wielding a naginata sword alongside Nobunaga against enemy soldiers, but there is no evidence of this.

Longevity theory
Even after the mention of the marriage, a woman thought to be Nōhime appears in several records.

In historical documents by contemporaries, there is a description of Nōhime in Tokitsugu Kyoki, the diary of Kuge (the court noble) Yamashina Tokitsugu, in July 1569, which, if true, would mean that she was alive and well after Yoshitatsu's death. Yamashina introduces this as a story he heard directly from one of the leading samurai during his stay at Gifu Castle, so it is highly credible. Nobunaga enters Gifu Castle after conquering Mino and orders the widow of Saitō Yoshitatsu, who has died of illness, to give him a tea urn that belonged to Yoshitatsu. The widow claims that the tea urn was lost in the war, but Nobunaga is not convinced and presses her for more. When she tells him that she will commit suicide if he forces her to do so any further, Nobunaga is incensed by this and says, "Then you must die". His legal wife then joined the widow and said, "If you don't trust them that much, I will also commit suicide with the Saitō clan". Nobunaga as he was, he was forced to admit that he was wrong. There is also a diary entry in August of the same year, which mentions 'Nobunaga going to see his mother-in-law'. It is assumed that she was Nōhime's birth mother, Omi no kata. It is written that Nobunaga went to his mother-in-law's residence to thank her, and at this time, Nobunaga had Yamashina, with whom he had been interacting, accompany him to the gate of the residence.

Luís Fróis, a Portuguese Jesuits missionary, wrote in his History of Japan that he visited Nobunaga's palace in Gifu, saw the gardens and then visited the gold-decorated rooms of Nobunaga's queen. In 2016, excavations at the site of Nobunaga's residence actually revealed fragments of gold leaf tiles and garden remains. However, it is not proven that this queen refers to Nōhime.

There is no record of Nōhime in Azuchi Castle, and the role of Nobunaga's legal wife was played by his concubine Onabe no Kata. After the Honnō-ji Incident, it was also Onabe no Kata who fulfilled the duty of legal wife to pray for the repose of Nobunaga's soul. However, there are descriptions of women with appellations for legal wives such as Kita no kata (北の方) and Midai (御台) who were among those fled to Hino Castle of the Gamō clan, where Nobunaga's daughter Fuyuhime married, at the time of the Honnō-ji Incident. Onabe no kata had gone to Gifu Castle at this time, and it has been suggested that these names may refer to Nōhime.

In recent years, a woman called Azuchi dono (安土殿) has been attracting attention. Azuchi dono is listed in the Oda Nobukatsu Bugenchō, which describes the distribution of the Oda family and vassal territories around 1587, created by Nobunaga's second son, Oda Nobukatsu. It has been suggested that this woman may be Nōhime. According to the description, Azuchi dono was the third of the woman listed after Nobukatsu's legal wife and his own sister, the fourth being Nobunaga's birth mother and the fifth being Nobunaga's own sister, indicating her high status in the Oda family. It was also assumed that if she was called by the name of Azuchi, Nobunaga's stronghold, she was most likely his legal wife, Nōhime.

The Myōshin-ji History compiled in the Taisho period (1912-1926) states that Lord Nobunaga's wife hosted the first anniversary of his death, which is considered to be different from the famous one hosted by Hashiba Hideyoshi, and therefore may have referred to Nōhime. The woman was buried in 1612 at Nobunaga's family temple, Daitoku-ji Sōken-in in Kyoto, and if both the woman and Azuchi-dono refer to Nōhime, she would have lived a very long life.

In fiction

 * In the Samurai Warriors franchise, she is portrayed as a sultry and deadly woman who fights using assassin weapons and bombs. Her relationship with Nobunaga is portrayed as a toxic love, with her always trying to kill her husband and Nobunaga considering it a fun game. However, their relationship tends to change based on the game.
 * In the Sengoku Basara game and anime series, she is depicted as a beautiful and elegant woman who is loyal to her husband, with matchlock pistols, jackhammers and guns as weapons.
 * In the game Nioh, she appears as a yuki-onna. She was resurrected by the main antagonist and was killed in one-on-one battle with the main protagonist after he is dispatched to Honnō-ji temple to solve mystery behind the snow that appeared out of nowhere in middle of June. In the fight, she uses ice magic and naginata made out of ice. She reappears in the prequel Nioh 2 as the half-sister of the main protagonist Hide, and ends up dying in the Honnō-ji incident alongside her husband Nobunaga.

title: Nōhime


text:
Ultraspank

Ultraspank was an American nu metal band from Santa Barbara, California. They released two albums, a self-titled album in 1998, and a follow-up, Progress, in 2000. The band disbanded shortly after the release of Progress in 2001 due to being dropped by their label due to poor sales of both albums.

Formation (1995–1996)
The band was formed soon after the breakup of the band Indica, which contained three of the five original Ultraspank members; Tyler Clark, Dan Ogden, and Pete Murray, not to be confused with Australian singer Pete Murray. The three of them want to continue making music together, they wanted to change their sound, so they enlisted the help of Neil Godfrey, and eventually Jerry Oliveria, a bandmate of his in a previous band named "Good Mourning". They originally formed the band as "Spank", but for legal reasons they were forced to change it. Rob Zombie suggested they should call themselves Ultraspank, and the band ended up taking his suggestion.

Self-titled (1997–1999)
In 1997, the band signed to Epic Records. The band decided to go with this label due to them being famous at the time for previously breaking other heavy bands such as Korn and Rage Against the Machine into mainstream popularity. Their debut, self-titled album was released on March 31, 1998. While the president of the company at the time of their signing fully supported the band, he was shortly afterwards fired, and the band received less support from the new president. Despite the lack of support, the band still toured tirelessly for two years, mostly on their own support, even using their own tour van, which racked up over 100,000 miles during the time.

The band became demoralized with all the work being put into without any backing from the label. However, the band received another break. They were able to get one of their songs, "Five", on the PlayStation video game 3Xtreme. This brought the band a ton of exposure, as it was quoted as selling "400,000 units". This brought them more support from Epic, so the band started work on a follow-up album.

Progress (2000–2001)
After the heavy touring in support of their first album, the band returned to the studio for their followup Progress. Sonically, vocalist described the goal of the album was that he "wanted to go further out on the melodic tip. As a band, our groove is one of the things we pride ourselves on the most, but there's a lot more melody on this record. It's not happy melody, but it's still emotional music."

The name of the album represented a number of things for the band. Jerry Oliviera expanded on this in an interview, saying it's "...a statement on where we're heading together as a society. The cover is a real photo, from a genetic engineering project, of a mouse with a human ear growing out of its back. It's supposed to be like, 'we're growing ears out of animals' backs. Yeah, that's progress.'". The album name also represented the album's matured sound in comparison to the first, in its using of acoustic guitar, and using programming more to their advantage.

Murray claims that the recording sessions were so intense, that there were many times where he or Godfrey would need to leave for a break, and that the album can still be hard for them to listen to on an emotional level.

Progress was released on May 30, 2000, but didn't sell very well, yet again due to a lack of promotion. As a result, the band was dropped by their record label, leading to a breakup.

Post-breakup (2002-present)
After the break up, Murray took some time away from music, while Godfrey joined downthesun and Motograter for a short period. After leaving those bands, he went on to form Lo-Pro with former vocalist Murray in 2002. The band has released two albums, a self-titled release in 2003 and The Beautiful Sounds of Revenge in 2010, and the band is still presently together.

In 2008, rumors arose about the band reuniting. However, things had been taken out of context, as what was being referenced to was the fact that guitarist Oliviera was joining Lo-Pro as a replacement bassist, making it so now Lo-Pro had three Ultraspank members in the band. The "reuniting" was the fact that Murray, Godrey, and Oliviera all played on Lo-Pro's 2010 release The Beautiful Sounds of Revenge as they had in both Ultraspank releases.

Song appearances

 * The song "Five" was featured on the 3Xtreme Video Game. A music video featuring the band playing live can be seen by successfully completing the game.
 * The songs "Click" and "Crumble" are present in ATV Offroad Fury.

Final lineup

 * Pete Murray – vocals, programming (1996–2001)
 * Neil Godfrey – lead guitar (1996–2001)
 * Jerry Oliviera – rhythm guitar (1996–2001)
 * Dan Odgen – bass (1996–2001)
 * James "Fed" Carroll – drums (1998–2001)

Former members

 * Tyler Clark – drums (1996–1998)

title: Ultraspank


text:
Agent Orange (band)

Agent Orange is an American punk rock band formed in Placentia, California, in 1979. The band was one of the first to mix punk rock with surf music.

A power trio, the band was founded by frontman and guitarist Mike Palm who has remained the band's sole constant member. The lineup of Palm, James Levesque (bass) and Scott Miller (drums) recorded Agent Orange's first two albums, Living in Darkness (1981) and This is the Voice (1986). The band's third album, Virtually Indestructible (1996) was released with Brent Liles on bass and Charlie Quintana on drums. The band has not released any new albums since. As of 2019, the band consists of Palm, Perry Giordano (bass) and Sandy Hansen (drums).

History
The power trio's original lineup was Mike Palm on guitar and vocals, Steve Soto on bass, and Scott Miller on drums.

They first gained attention for their song "Bloodstains," originally appearing on their self-released debut 7-inch EP in 1980. A demo version of the song was given to Rodney Bingenheimer, a DJ at Pasadena radio station KROQ-FM, who placed it on his seminal 1980 compilation album, Rodney on the ROQ, on Posh Boy Records.

With James Levesque on bass (replacing Soto, who left to form the Adolescents ), the group recorded their debut Living In Darkness album with Brian Elliot, best known for composing Madonna's hit "Papa Don't Preach." The record was released by Posh Boy in November 1981 and included another, newer version of "Bloodstains" (later used in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4). A 12-inch EP, Bitchin' Summer, followed in 1982 on Posh Boy.

Signing to Enigma Records, the band released another 12-inch EP, 1983's When You Least Expect It..., followed by a second album, This Is the Voice, released in 1986.

In 1988, former Social Distortion bassist Brent Liles replaced Levesque, and the following year, Derek O'Brien (also a former member of Social Distortion as well as D.I.) replaced Miller on drums. In 1991, Restless Records released the Real Live Sound live album, recorded at The Roxy in Hollywood on July 21, 1990. It was the only Agent Orange recording to feature the Palm/Liles/O'Brien line-up.

In 1990, the band was featured as the nightclub performers in the Direct-to-Video film, Pale Blood. Songs included were Fire and the Rain, Bite the Hand That Feeds, and So Strange.

Sam Bolle replaced Liles in January 1992, remaining with the band until May 2003, when he left to join Dick Dale's band.

A third studio album, Virtually Indestructible, was released in 1996 on the Gunka Disc label. The album featured drummer Charlie Quintana, formerly of the Plugz and later of Social Distortion.

Greatest & Latest – This, That-N-The Other Thing a compilation of rerecorded older material and new songs, was released in 2000 on Cleopatra Records, and featured Bolle on bass and Steve Latanation on drums. Latanation as well as Dusty Watson alternately played drums through 2008. In 2006, Perry Giordano joined on bass. In 2009, the band added drummer Dave Klein, who had previously recorded with numerous bands including the Bomboras, Ghastly Ones and the Seeds/Sky Saxon.

In 2019, Sandy Hansen joined on Drums.

Former bassist Liles died on January 18, 2007, and former bassist Levesque died on October 19, 2014. Founding member and former bassist Steve Soto died on June 27, 2018.

Band members

 * Current
 * Mike Palm – guitars, lead vocals (1979–present)
 * Perry Giordano – bass, backing vocals (2006–present)
 * Sandy Hansen - drums (2019–present)

 * Former
 * Scott Miller – drums (1979–1989)
 * Steve Soto – bass (1979; died 2018)
 * James Levesque – bass (1979–1988; died 2014)
 * Brent Liles – bass (1988–1991; died 2007)
 * Derek O'Brien – drums (1989–1991)
 * Scotty Lund – drums (1991–1995)
 * Sam Bolle – bass (1992–2003)
 * Charlie Quintana – drums (1996; died 2018)
 * Steve Latanation – drums (1997–2003)
 * Dusty Watson – drums (2004–2008)
 * Dave Klein – drums, backing vocals (2009–2018)
 * Bruce Taylor – bass (2004–2005)

Studio albums

 * Living in Darkness (1981, Posh Boy Records)
 * This Is the Voice (1986, Enigma Records)
 * Virtually Indestructible (1996, Gunka Disc)

EPs

 * Bloodstains 7-inch EP (1980, self-released)
 * Bitchin' Summer 12-inch EP (1982, Posh Boy Records)
 * When You Least Expect It... 12-inch EP (1983, Enigma Records)

Singles

 * "Everything Turns Grey" 7-inch (1981, Posh Boy Records)
 * "Secret Agent Man" 7-inch (1986, Invisible Records)
 * "Eldorado" Found: The Lost 12th Song 7-inch (1990, Posh Boy Records)
 * "The Electric Storm" 7-inch (1992, self-released)
 * "Bloodstains" 7-inch (1997, Anarchy Music)
 * "This House Is Haunted - Whistling Past The Graveyard" (2010, self-released)

Live albums

 * Real Live Sound (1991, Restless Records)

Compilation albums

 * Greatest & Latest – This, That-N-The Other Thing (2000, Cleopatra Records)
 * Sonic Snake Session (2003, Restless Records)
 * Blood Stained Hitz (2004, Anarchy Music)
 * Surfing to Some F#*ked Up S@!t (2008, Anarchy Music)

Selected compilation appearances

 * "Bloodstains" on Rodney on the ROQ (1980, Posh Boy Records)
 * "Mr. Moto" on Rodney on the ROQ – Volume 2  (1981, Posh Boy Records)
 * "Everything Turns Grey" on Posh Hits Vol. 1 (1982, Posh Boy Records)
 * "Out of Limits" and "Surf Beat" on What Surf (1983, What Records?)
 * "Bloodstains" on Blood on the ROQ! (1983, Quiet)
 * "Shakin' All Over" on Flipside Vinyl Fanzine Vol 2 (1984, Flipside Records/Gasatanka)
 * "Surfbeat '85" on What Surf II (1985, Iloki Records)
 * "Fire in the Rain" on River's Edge (1987, Enigma Records)
 * "It's in Your Head" on Under Cover Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1987, Enigma Records)
 * "Pipeline" on The Allnighter – Original Soundtrack (1987, Chameleon Records)
 * "Out of Limits" on What Surf III (1988, Iloki Records)
 * "Bloodstains" and "Misirlou" on The Best of Rodney on the ROQ (1989, Posh Boy Records)
 * "Everything Turns Grey" and "Pipeline" on Posh Boy • The Singles Vol. One (1990, Posh Boy Records)
 * "Tiki Ti" on Attack of the New Killer Surf Guitars (1997, Shanachie Records)
 * "On a Plain" on Smells Like Bleach – A Punk Tribute to Nirvana (2000, Cleopatra Records)
 * "Seek & Destroy" on A Punk Tribute to Metallica (2001, Cleopatra Records)
 * "Everything Turns Grey" on Freddy Got Fingered (2001, Restless Records)
 * "Bloodstains" on Punk and Disorderly (2001, Cleopatra Records)

title: Agent Orange (band)


text:
Tallinn English College

Tallinn English College (Tallinna Inglise Kolledž) is a coeducational general education school in Tallinn, Estonia with in-depth education in English. It has elementary, middle, and senior levels with students 7 to 18 years old.

History
The history of the college starts in 1940, when Tallinn Secondary School No. 7 was created by merging Tallinn French School and Jakob Westholm Grammar School. The school was located in the building on Hariduse Street erected for the French Lyceum in 1937. Its name returned to Jakob Westholm Grammar School in 1941 under the German occupation authorities, but its original name was lost again in 1944 when the Soviet occupation was restored. The students had to survive more mergers with other schools. Finally the college became one of the few elite schools specializing in English in Soviet-occupied Estonia.

In 1996, the school was renamed Tallinn English College and moved to its current location on Estonia Puiestee in the heart of Tallinn.

Notable alumni

 * Yoko Alender, architect
 * Kristo Käärmann, co-founder of Wise
 * Kaja Kallas, Prime Minister of Estonia
 * Maret Kernumees, artist
 * Jüri Krjukov, actor
 * Anu Lamp, actress
 * Rein Lang, Minister of Culture
 * Mihkel Raud, singer, guitarist and journalist
 * Riina Sildos, film producer
 * Meeli Sööt, actress

title: Tallinn English College


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrew Piveral

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:14, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Andrew Piveral
Nonnotable high schooler del  —msh210 17:10, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this vanity. David Johnson [ T|C ] 21:29, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Should have been a quick delete. -Casito⇝Talk 23:12, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 04:46, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Linuxbeak 14:35, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity Dsmdgold 18:22, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:880s BC deaths

title: Category:880s BC deaths


text:
User talk:Jord/election

Note: "% change" refers to change from previous election

title: User talk:Jord/election


text:
Quick clay

Quick clay, also known as Leda clay and Champlain Sea clay in Canada, is any of several distinctively sensitive glaciomarine clays found in Canada, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Finland, the United States, and other locations around the world. The clay is so unstable that when a mass of quick clay is subjected to sufficient stress, the material behavior may drastically change from that of a particulate material to that of a watery fluid. Landslides occur because of the sudden soil liquefaction caused by external solicitations such as vibrations induced by an earthquake, or massive rainfalls.

Quick clay main deposits
Quick clay is found only in countries close to the north pole, such as Russia; Canada; Norway; Sweden; and Finland; and in Alaska (United States); since they were glaciated during the Pleistocene epoch. In Canada, the clay is associated primarily with the Pleistocene-era Champlain Sea, in the modern Ottawa Valley, the St. Lawrence Valley, and the Saguenay River regions.

Quick clay has been the underlying cause of many deadly landslides. In Canada alone, it has been associated with more than 250 mapped landslides. Some of these are ancient, and may have been triggered by earthquakes.

Clay colloids stability
Quick clay has a remolded strength which is much less than its strength upon initial loading. This is caused by its highly unstable clay particle structure.

Quick clay is originally deposited in a marine environment. Clay mineral particles are always negatively charged because of the presence of permanent negative charges and pH dependent charges at their surface. Because of the need to respect electro-neutrality and a net zero electrical charge balance, these negative electrical charges are always compensated by the positive charges born by cations (such as Na+) adsorbed onto the surface of the clay, or present in the clay pore water. Exchangeable cations are present in the clay minerals interlayers and on the external basal planes of clay platelets. Cations also compensate the negative charges on the clay particle edges caused by the protolysis of silanol and aluminol groups (pH dependent charges). So, clay platelets are always surrounded by an electrical double layer (EDL), or diffuse double layer (DDL). The thickness of EDL depends on the salinity of water. Under salty conditions (at high ionic strength) EDL is compressed (or said to be collapsed). It facilitates the aggregation of clay platelets which flocculate and stick together in a more stable aggregates structure. After the marine clay deposit is uplifted and is no longer exposed to salt water conditions, rainwater can slowly infiltrate the poorly compacted clay layer and the excess of NaCl present in seawater can also diffuse out of the clay. As a result, the EDL is less compressed and can expand. It results in a stronger electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged clay platelets which can more easily become dispersed and form stable suspensions in water (peptization phenomenon). The effect leads to a destabilization of the clay aggregates structure.

In case of insufficient mechanical compaction of the clay layer, and with a shear stress, the weaker EDL compression by the salts in the quick clay results in clay particle repulsion and leads to their realignment in a structure that is weaker and unstable. Quick clay regains strength rapidly when salt is again added (compression of the EDL), which allows clay particles to restore their cohesion with one another.

Formation of quick clay
At the height of the past glaciation (about 20,000 years ago), the land was 'pushed' down by the weight of the ice (isostatic depression). All of the ground-up rock was deposited in the surrounding ocean, which had penetrated significantly inland. The loose deposition of the silt and clay particles in the marine environment, allowed an unusual flocculation to take place. Essentially, this formed a strongly bonded soil skeleton, which was 'glued' by highly mobile sea-salt ions.

At this point, there was only the formation of very strong marine clay, which is found all over the world and highly stable, but with its own unique geotechnical problems. When the glaciers retreated, the land mass rose (post-glacial rebound), the clay was exposed, and formed the soil mass for new vegetation. The rainwater in these northern countries was quite aggressive to these clays, perhaps because it was softer (containing less calcium), or the higher silt content allowed more rainwater and snowmelt to penetrate. The final result was that the ionic 'glue' of the clay was weakened, to give a weak, loose soil skeleton, enclosing significant amounts of water (high sensitivity with high moisture content).

Quick clay deposits are rarely located directly at the ground surface, but are typically covered by a normal layer of topsoil. While this topsoil can absorb most normal stresses, such as normal rainfall or a modest earth tremor, a shock that exceeds the capacity of the topsoil layer — such as a larger earthquake, a large mass added near a slope, or an abnormal rainfall which leaves the topsoil fully saturated so that additional water has nowhere to permeate except into the clay — can disturb the clay and initiate the process of liquefaction.

Disasters
Because the clay layer is typically covered with topsoil, a location which is vulnerable to a quick clay landslide is usually identifiable only by soil testing, and is rarely obvious to a casual observer. Thus human settlements and transportation links have often been built on or near clay deposits, resulting in a number of notable catastrophes:

 * In 1702, a landslide destroyed almost all traces of the medieval town Sarpsborg in what is now Østfold county in Norway. 15 people and 200 animals were killed.
 * On 19 May 1893, a landslide in Verdal Municipality, Norway, killed 116 people and destroyed 105 farms. It left a crater several kilometers in diameter.
 * The most disastrous such landslide to affect North America occurred in 1908, when a slide into the frozen Du Lièvre River propelled a wave of ice-filled water into Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette, Quebec, causing the loss of 33 lives and the destruction of 12 homes.
 * In 1955, a landslide affected part of the downtown of Nicolet, Quebec, causing $10 million in damages.
 * In 1957, a large quick-clay landslide occurred in Lilla Edet, by the Göta River, in southwestern Sweden. A large part of a factory slid into the river, causing a thirty meter reduction in the river width. The earth mass coming into the river produced an approximately six meter high wave.
 * On March 27, 1964, parts of Anchorage, Alaska built on sandy bluffs overlying "Bootlegger Cove clay" near Cook Inlet, most notably the Turnagain neighborhood, suffered landslide damage during the 1964 Alaska Earthquake. The neighborhood lost 75 houses in the landslide, and the destroyed area has since been turned into Earthquake Park.
 * On 4 May 1971, 31 lives were lost when 40 homes were swallowed in a retrogressive flowslide in Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec, resulting in the relocation of the entire town when the government declared the area uninhabitable due to the presence of Leda clay. The event at Saint-Jean-Vianney contributed to the abandonment of the town of Lemieux, Ontario, in 1991, after a 1989 study showed it was also located on the same type of clay along the South Nation River. In 1993, those findings were borne out when the town's abandoned main street was swallowed by a massive 17-hectare landslide.
 * On November 30, 1977, the Tuve landslide in western Sweden killed 9 people and destroyed 67 houses.
 * Another famous flow of quick clay in Rissa Municipality, Norway, in 1978 caused about 33 ha of farmland to liquefy and flow into the lake Botn over a few hours, with the loss of one life. The Rissa slide was well recorded by local citizens and a documentary film was made about it in 1981.
 * On 11 May 2010, quick clay took the lives of a family living in Saint-Jude, Quebec, when the land their house was built on suddenly tumbled down toward the Salvail River. The landslide was so sudden that the family members died where they sat; they had been watching an ice hockey game on television. The slide took out a portion of rural road which took a year to reinstate.
 * On 2 February 2015, a landslide collapsed a pillar on the Skjeggestad Bridge in South-East Norway. The landslide was caused by nearby earthworks.
 * On 3 June 2020, eight buildings were swept into the sea by a landslide in Kråkneset in Alta Municipality in Norway. The landslide was filmed by a resident. There were no casualties, and a dog was rescued from the sea.
 * On 30 December 2020, part of a housing area was swept away by a landslide in the village of Ask in Gjerdrum Municipality in Norway, about 25 km northeast of the capital Oslo. The 300x700 m quick clay landslide wrecked several houses and killed 10 people.
 * On 23 September 2023, near the town of Stenungsund, Sweden, an area of c. 15 ha was affected by a quick clay landslide, which among other things damaged the E6 motorway between Gothenburg and Oslo.

These landslides are retrogressive, meaning they usually start at water, and progress upwards at slow walking speed, although particularly deep quick clay layers on sloped regions may collapse much more rapidly, or in very large chunks that can slide at great speed due to the liquid nature of the disturbed clay. They have been known to penetrate kilometers inland, and consume everything in their path.

In modern times, areas known to have quick clay deposits are commonly tested in advance of any major human development. It is not always possible to entirely avoid building on a quick clay site, although modern engineering techniques have found technical precautions which can be taken to mitigate the risk of disaster. For example, when Ontario's Highway 416 had to pass through a quick clay deposit near Nepean, lighter fill materials such as polystyrene were used for the road bed, vertical wick drains were inserted along the route and groundwater cutoff walls were built under the highway to limit water infiltration into the clay.

In popular culture

 * The 1967 novel Landslide by Desmond Bagley, tells the story of a quick-clay landslide in Canada. The book was also adapted into a 1992 television film by the same name, directed by Jean-Claude Lord, and starring Anthony Edwards.

title: Quick clay


text:
Talk:Quick clay

-this stuff was always my favourite geotechnical horror. --Zeizmic 17:11, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

-essentially done. I'll be wikifying as I think about things. --Zeizmic 17:57, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Why is there so many "citation needed" here. All the claims are directlt or indirectly supported supported by the external links. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.75.59.10 (talk) 21:23, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Highway 416 construction
The quick clay problem with Highway 416 was not near Kemptville, as stated. It was the section of the highway passing near Baseline Road in Nepean (Ottawa). Set theorist (talk) 22:31, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20051024191116/http://geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca:80/ottawa/landslides_e.php to http://geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca/ottawa/landslides_e.php
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100710061643/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca:80/magazine/so05/indepth/soc_lemieux.asp to http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/so05/indepth/soc_lemieux.asp
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20050304045727/http://www.ce.washington.edu:80/%7Egeotech/courses/cee522/RissaLandslide/rissa.html to http://www.ce.washington.edu/~geotech/courses/cee522/RissaLandslide/rissa.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20051024191116/http://geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca:80/ottawa/landslides_e.php to http://geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca/ottawa/landslides_e.php

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title: Talk:Quick clay


text:
Talk:Michael addition reaction

It only mentions the Robinson annulation as a subsequent reaction. There is another fault, however, in that Michael Additions are not always between C and C. They can occur in thiols (recall Benzyl mercaptan + Allyl Maleimide).

That is not true. The addition of thiols to Michael acceptors is a conjugate addition, not a Michael addition. Eugene Kwan 11:46, 18 April 2006 (UTC) Only if you stick to the strict definition of Michael additions, which this article does not, since acrylonitrile is mentioned as an acceptor. All Michael additions are conjugate additions. Any distinction to be made needs to be made explicitly in the text. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.95.191.75 (talk) 03:24, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

I would also favour mention of the reverse reaction (retro-Michael). BTW, the "proline" is NOT proline and is missing an H on N.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.95.191.75 (talk) 03:31, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

in need of attention, this text describes the robinson annulation (part of aldol condensations) but and is not the actual Michael reaction, Wiki is served with a rewrite.

I might also wonder why it's called the "Michael" reaction? 68.39.174.238 14:21, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

see the article. Eugene Kwan 16:40, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Rw

 * For reference, the mentioned sentences:
 * Michael addition is an important method for alkylation.
 * An α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound which can undergo a Michael addition is called a Michael acceptor.
 * Michael addition is often easier than the corresponding direct addition to carbonyl, giving selectivity.

I recommend that the changes I made be kept for the following reasons:

 * The Michael addition is not commonly thought of as an alkylation of the acceptor, but the nucleophile. If you reacted an enolate with methyl iodide, you wouldn't say that methyl iodide was being alkylated, would you?  This may be up for debate.  At any rate, the mechanism and details for the Michael addition are completely different than for typical enolate alkylations.  Calling it an alkylation may be misleading.
 * The significance section is odd. First sentence: see above.  Shouldn't we mention that asymmetric methods exist?  If we're going to talk about the significance, why not discuss its applications?  The second sentence is true, but has nothing to do with the significance.  And I don't understan the third sentence at all.  What does that mean?
 * The next paragraph: this is true, perhaps, but you give no examples, and in any case, it is unclear that the Michael acceptors are causing damage by Michael addition. Unless you can provide some reference, it should be removed.  The definition of Robinson annulation is imprecise...I prefer the one I made.  One could think of counterexamples which would fit the current definition but wouldn't be Robinson annulations. Eugene Kwan 11:54, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry to be so critical, but I find the recent changes have definitely deviated from what is commonly accepted chemistry terminology and usage. The term "conducts electricity" is unusual, and "becomes an alkoxide which reverts to something else" is much less precise than what was there before. Seeing as I actually do research into the Michael reaction myself, I think I should be acknowledged as the expert here. I'll be happy to make some more concrete changes shortly. Eugene Kwan 04:10, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Whether or not we select the term "alkylation", it needs to be shown clearly that Michael reaction is not FGI. It involves an attack at a conjugate acceptor, which receives the alkyl group from the attacking nucleophile. I'm still a student so I can't authoritatively say if this is called alkylation.
 * I'm kind of missing the applications too. Especially the asymmetric ones. Sentence 2: You're right that the definition of Michael acceptor has to be moved to the definition(s) section. Sentence 3: I'm going to rewrite this, since it's not kinetic as suggested but thermodynamic selectivity. (E.g. take the simplest enone, and attack it with cyanide. The kinetic product is cyanohydrin, but the reaction is reversible; a slow, irreversible reaction gives the Michael product.)
 * DNA base nitrogens attack Michael acceptors. DNA base is alkylated, and useless. I'm adding the reference.
 * The mechanism is still a bit hard to read. Pointing out the fact that the conjugated system is essentially a conductor of electricity is just a start. (See also plastics with a metallic shine.) --Vuo 21:49, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

I think that this page and the conjugate addition pages need to be looked at together. This is a comprehensive page better written than Conjugate addition and perhaps much of this content could be migrated there, and Michael additions be explained as a smaller sub-set of conjugate additions. As far as I'm concerned Michael addition only includes carbonyl compounds, and not, for example, unsaturated nitros.

--Seansheep 00:18, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Let's not get anal about names. I don't think historical accuracy in reaction naming is important. In common usage, all kinds of conjugate additions are often called Michael additions.

-

least motion: in the reaction, the nucleophilic carbon changes from sp2 to sp3. the reverse reaction would require a change from sp3 back to sp2. the "principle of least motion" says that reactions like that are unlikely. (Rice, F. O. Teller, E. J. Chem. Phys. 1938, 5, 489.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by E kwan (talk • contribs) 17:32, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Linkage
In case someone wants to add it in properly: I think this is RSC:RXNO_0000009  :) --RProgrammer (talk) 03:55, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Kohler
The reference

Kohler. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1907, 37, 385

does not exist. JACS 1907 is Vol. 29; JACS Vol 37 is 1915.

Presumably this is E.P. Kohler.

E.P. Kohler's first paper in JACS was in 1916. In that paper,, Kohler does state:

Although this paper deals only with the addition of nitroparaffins to benzalacetophenone, work now in progress shows that, under proper conditions, aliphatic nitro compounds combine quite generally with alpha-beta-unsaturated ketones, with many unsaturated esters, unsaturated nitriles, and even with unsaturated nitro compounds.

Michael is not mentioned.

Thus, I cannot find the reference to Kohler proposing a new definition of "Michael reaction".

Hansonrstolaf (talk) 12:42, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Hello! It's been a while since you've brought this concern up, but I'm wondering if you had any luck finding a source to support this claim? I see the current "wrong" citation almost cited exactly the same in this paper but I'm not seeing anything for it either. I want to do a deep-dive and try and find where this information came from, otherwise it may need to be taken off the page. Let me know if you have any input! Sach548 (talk) 05:29, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CHEM 300
— Assignment last updated by Tiff592 (talk) 00:21, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment bibliography
October 10, 2022:
 * Brown, W.H., Iverson, B.L., Anslyn, & E., Foote, C.S. (2018). Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition. Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1-305-58035-0
 * This was our CHEM 203/213 textbook, so it should be reliable and provide a suitable base-line understanding of the Michael reaction
 * Note: automatic citation needs to be checked
 * Krishna, P.R., Sreeshailam, A., & Srinivas, R. (2009). Recent advances and applications in asymmetric aza-Michael addition chemistry. 65(47), 9657-9672. 10.1016/j.tet.2009.08.021
 * This review article has been published under a well-known journal (Elsevier) so it should be a reliable source. It details the use of aza-Michael additions, and can be used to provide further detail on that subsection of the Michael reaction
 * There is no declaration related to conflict of interest
 * Note: automatic citation needs to be checked
 * Vinogradov, M.G., Turova, O.V., & Zlotin, S.G. (2019). Recent advances in the asymmetric synthesis of pharmacology-relevant nitrogen heterocycles via stereoselective aza-Michael reactions. 76(28-29), 3670-3708. 10.1039/c8ob03034k
 * This review article has been published under a peer-reviewed journal (Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry), so it should be a reliable source. It provides a more recent review (compared to the second citation in this list) of stereoselective aza-Michael reactions. This review can be used to search retroactively search for examples of aza-Michael reactions.
 * The sources in this review article can be compared to the sources in the other review article (the second citation in this list) to evaluate the extent of information regarding aza-Michael reactions
 * The authors declare no conflict of interest.
 * Note: automatic citation needs to be checked, for the volume and issue numbers don't appear to be correct

Discussion has R" but diagram doesn't
The discussion in the first paragraph talks about the R" group but the diagram only has an R group and an R' group, with no R" group. 2600:1700:B8B0:2FE0:B08D:A457:B9CB:3D78 (talk) 18:45, 12 February 2024 (UTC)

Organic chemistry..... Michael Reaction
Michael, in the reaction 'R' is written but below it is written "R". Will you deduct marks for the reaction given? 152.59.29.94 (talk) 15:44, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael addition reaction


text: Category:890s BC deaths

title: Category:890s BC deaths


text:
Billy Daniels

William Boone Daniels (September 12, 1915 – October 7, 1988) was an American singer active in the United States and Europe from the mid-1930s to 1988, notable for his hit recording of "That Old Black Magic" and his pioneering performances on early 1950s television. He was one of the first African-American entertainers to cross over into the mainstream. Daniels was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1977.

Early life
Daniels was born in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. where his father was a postmaster and notary. His mother was a schoolteacher and organist. Daniels had a heritage of Portuguese sailor, Native American (Choctaw), African American, and frontiersman Daniel Boone.

Early career
In 1935, Daniels moved from Jacksonville to New York to attend Columbia University. He planned to become a lawyer, but he was sidetracked during the Depression. His grandmother was a seamstress in Harlem for the Ziegfeld Follies, and she encouraged her grandson to sing at Dickie Wells, the club where he first worked as a dishwasher, then a singing waiter. There he was discovered by bandleader Erskine Hawkins, who hired him as a featured vocalist.

Daniels had several accompanists, including Nat Cole, while in New York. In 1948, he teamed with ex-big-band pianist Benny Payne, who had been Cab Calloway's pianist in the Cotton Club. Payne remained as accompanist for the rest of Daniels's career.

"That Old Black Magic"
Daniels' first trademark song from his time on New York radio was the song "Diane," which he recorded on Bluebird in 1941. His later signature song was "That Old Black Magic", by Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer, which Daniels first recorded for Apollo Records in 1948. His 1950 recording on Mercury became a hit, selling in the millions.

Broadway
Daniels had performed in musicals on Broadway early in his career with a minor role in a short-lived musical, Memphis Bound (1945). More notable was the long run (700+ performances) of Golden Boy with Sammy Davis Jr. in 1964, directed by Arthur Penn. Daniels toured the US in 1975 with Pearl Bailey in the all-black Hello, Dolly!, and in London's West End, he headlined a 1978 presentation of Bubbling Brown Sugar. He was popular in Australia where he first toured with the Andrews Sisters in 1954.

Films and television
Daniels was a pioneer in television with his own television series that debuted on ABC on October 12, 1952. The Billy Daniels Show was sponsored by Rybutol, a popular vitamin tablet at the time. This 15-minute show, telecast from WJZ-TV in New York on Sunday evenings from what was later to become The Ed Sullivan Theater (and now The Late Show) was a milestone: the first sponsored network television series starring a black performer. He appeared on television in the US and UK and Australia and Canada throughout the 1950s and 1960s with performances on The Milton Berle Show and 'The Ed Sullivan Show.

His films include When You're Smiling (Columbia, 1950) Sunny Side of the Street (Columbia 1951) and Columbia's Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder (Columbia, 1952).

In the original script for the movie Goodfellas (working title: "Wiseguys") the narration of the character Karen Hill was to include, "One night, Billy Daniels sent us champagne. There was nothing like it." However, in the final version of the movie, the name was changed to Bobby Vinton.

Later recording career
Daniels' recordings cover the period of transition from 78-rpm to the dawn of microgroove recording. Remembered mostly for his charismatic live performances, he made an album at Abbey Road, The Magic of Billy Daniels (1978), which contained a disco version of "That Old Black Magic." He recorded one of the first soul records, "Woe Woe Woe", a now rare recording.

Marriage and children
Daniels was married four times: Gladys Gordan (divorced 1940); Florence Clotworthy (died 1947); Martha Braun (divorced 1953); and Pierrette (from 1955 to his death in 1988).

Daniels and Gladys Gordan had one child, Yvonne Daniels. He had three children with his second wife Florence Clotworthy: Diane, Billy Jr, and Bruce. Clotworthy died in 1947. In 1950, Daniels married socialite Martha Braun. Braun filed for divorce in Juarez, Mexico, citing mental cruelty. He did not contest the action. After the divorce Daniels married Pierette Cameron, whom he hired as governess for his children. Pierrette had two daughters with Daniels: Andrea and Dominique.

Pierrette H. Daniels, Daniels' widow (deceased 2011), and their daughter Dominique Daniels founded a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, the Billy Daniels Foundation, raising money for underserved youths seeking Arts Education support in her late husband's name. Dominique Daniels, is Chief Executive Officer of the Billy Daniels Foundation.

Health
Daniels had heart-bypass surgery twice, first in 1982 and then five years later in 1987.

Death
Daniels died on October 7, 1988, from stomach cancer at the age of 73 in Los Angeles, California. He is buried at the El Camino Memorial Park in Sorrento Valley, San Diego, California.

Discography

 * 1952 You Go to My Head (Mercury)
 * 1954 Love Me or Leave Me (Mercury MG-20047)
 * 1957 You Go to My Head (Verve)
 * 1958 The Masculine Touch (Verve)
 * 1960 Touch of Your Lips (Pickwick)
 * 1963 Love Songs For A Fool (Wing)
 * 1970 New Black Magic (King)
 * 1978 The Magic Of Billy Daniels (Music For Pleasure)
 * 1993 Billy Daniels at the Crescendo (GNP)
 * 2001 Mr. Black Magic  (GNP/Crescendo)
 * 2003 Around Midnight (Sepia Records)
 * 2004 The Legendary Billy Daniels (Sepia Records)

Filmography

 * 1948 Sepia Cinderella
 * 1950 When You're Smiling
 * 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder
 * 1952 Sunny Side of the Street
 * 1959 Night of the Quarter Moon
 * 1959 The Beat Generation
 * 1959 The Big Operator
 * 2009 That Old Black Magic (Arkadia Jazz DVD)

title: Billy Daniels


text:
Saad Eddin Ibrahim

Saad Eddin Ibrahim (سعد الدين إبراهيم, ) (31 December 1938 – 29 September 2023) was an Egyptian sociologist and author. He was one of Egypt's leading human rights and democracy activists and a strong critic of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.

Biography
Born in Bedeen, Mansoura, Egypt, Ibrahim was credited with playing a leading role in the revival of Egypt's contemporary research-based civil society movement. For most of his professional career, Ibrahim was a professor in the American University in Cairo's (AUC) Department of Sociology, having previously taught sociology at Indiana's DePauw University from 1967 to 1974. He was a visiting professor at UCLA in Los Angeles in the spring of 1979, and on leave from AUC to serve as Secretary General of the Arab Thought Forum, chaired by Crown Prince Hassan of Jordan from 1984 to 1989. He founded both the Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies in Cairo and the Arab Organization for Human Rights. He was married to Barbara Ibrahim, the director of the Gerhart Center for Civic Engagement and Philanthropy in Cairo; they have two children, Randa and Amir Ibrahim, and four grandchildren, Lara and Seif (through Randa) and Adam and Gebriel (through Amir).

Well before his confrontations with the Egyptian government in the early 2000s, Ibrahim had become a controversial figure in Egypt. He reversed his earlier criticism of Anwar Sadat for his peace initiative with Israel. He gained the respect of Egypt's human rights and civil society community for championing different causes, including Copts, Baháʼís. and other minorities at a time of rising sectarian tensions.

Ibrahim was arrested, imprisoned and prosecuted in 2000 for using European Union funds for election monitoring, and for allegedly defaming Egypt's image abroad. He was sentenced to seven years in prison. His defence team countered that the real motive behind the government's prosecution of Ibrahim and his assistants was his outspoken criticism of President Hosni Mubarak and his administration. He was tried twice on the same charges in State Security Courts, winning each time on appeal. During a third trial before the highest civil court in 2003, he was cleared of all charges and released, but not before a storm of international protest had put the Mubarak regime on the defensive. The High Court ruling was 35 pages long and makes for important reading. It stated that as a public intellectual, Ibrahim's writing and other civic activities were protected. It also ruled that the executive branch of Egypt's government had overstepped its bounds in repeatedly prosecuting the case. As an independent-minded intellectual, Ibrahim has supported fair elections when they were viewed as incompatible with Egyptian politics, promoted international democratic alliances, and accepted NGO funding from any source that shares peaceful and democratic values, including those in the US. He was attacked in the official press for calling on the U.S. Congress to condition its military aid to Egypt on improvements in the country's human rights record and the freeing of political prisoners.

In 2006 Ibrahim was awarded the Ion Ratiu Democracy Lecture Prize at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, where he previously had been a public policy scholar. He has won over 20 other international and regional awards for his scholarly and human rights work.

In 2007 Ibrahim went into voluntary exile when he learned of Mubarak's renewed fury over organizing a regional Conference on Arab Democracy in Qatar, and for speaking briefly about Egypt to President George Bush when both addressed a conference of global Freedom Fighters organized in Prague by Vaclav Havel. He lived and taught abroad from 2007 until Mubarak's fall from power in February 2011. In exile, Ibrahim was invited to teach graduate courses for two semesters at Istanbul Culture University, then in 2008-2009 he was a visiting professor at Indiana Law School and then a visiting scholar at Harvard University, Center for Middle East Studies. Drew University hosted him as Visiting Wallerstien Scholar at the Center on Religion, Culture and Conflict from 2009 to 2011.

While living in exile he retired from 34 years on the Sociology faculty at American University in Cairo and was made Emeritus Professor. He continued to write a widely syndicated weekly column for El Masry el Youm newspaper and to host a weekly open seminar in Cairo at the Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies (IKDS).

Saad Eddin Ibrahim died on 29 September 2023, at the age of 84.

Sentence
On 2 August 2008, an Egyptian court sentenced Ibrahim to two years of prison for 'defaming Egypt'. He was granted a bail of £E10,000 (US$1,890) and his lawyer expressed his will to appeal. He was reportedly living in exile outside of Egypt, to avoid probable arrest upon his return.

Sources close to Ibrahim reported a further 17 court cases were filed against him in 2008 and therefore he faced certain arrest if he returned to Egypt. On Wednesday, 5 August 2010, Ibrahim returned to Cairo for a visit with his family. He was allowed to enter and leave, while many of the spurious court cases against him had been dismissed in court. He returned permanently to Cairo on 12 February 2011, within hours of Mubarak's departure from office and to celebrate the short-lived fruits of the 25 January revolution.

title: Saad Eddin Ibrahim


text:
Stewart Hosie

Stewart Hosie (born 3 January 1963) is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Dundee East from 2005 to 2024. He served as the SNP Treasury Spokesperson from 2022 to 2023, and previously from 2015 to 2017. He served as the SNP Shadow Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Shadow Minister for the Cabinet Office since 2021. He served as Deputy Leader of the SNP to Nicola Sturgeon from November 2014 to October 2016. He was also the SNP Deputy Westminster Leader and the SNP Treasury Spokesperson from May 2015, until he was succeeded in both positions by Kirsty Blackman in June 2017.

Background
Born in Dundee, Stewart Hosie was educated at Brackens Primary School, Invertay Primary School Monifieth and Carnoustie High School. He then attended Dundee Institute of Technology where he gained a Higher Diploma in Computer Studies. He worked in IT for 20 years and ran his own business. From 1986 to 1989 he was the SNP's first Youth Convener. From 1999, he spent four years as the Party's National Secretary before being elected as the Organisation Convener in 2003.

Political career
After his election to the House of Commons as the Member for Dundee East in 2005, Hosie was appointed the SNP Spokesperson for Home Affairs and Women, positions which he held until 2007. He was also appointed SNP Spokesperson for the Treasury. In 2010, he was appointed Deputy Leader and Chief Whip of the SNP Westminster Group. In the Commons, Hosie became an outspoken critic of the Welfare Reform Act 2012.

However, in 2014, Hosie and most of his SNP colleagues missed a vote on repealing the bedroom tax – the most controversial aspect of the legislation – despite the SNP making opposition to the policy a central part of its campaign for a yes vote in that year's independence referendum. Labour said: “Far from standing up for Scotland, the SNP have stayed at home and let Scotland down.”

He has taken an interest in the Prudential Regulation Authority. He sits on the Commons Treasury Select Committee. Hosie is known for his support and representation of charities, including the anti-sectarian charity Nil By Mouth, children's charity the Smart Play Network, and humanitarian organisation Islamic Relief. He is also a member of the All Party Parliamentary Friends of the Baháʼí.

SNP deputy leadership bid, 2014
Following defeat in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Scottish National Party leader and First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond announced his resignation as SNP leader and First Minister of Scotland.

In the aftermath of his resignation, a leadership bid was launched, and SNP deputy leader Nicola Sturgeon stood down to stand for leader, triggering a deputy leader contest.

The results of the election were announced at the SNP's Autumn conference on 14 November 2014, with Hosie polling 42.2%, Keith Brown on 34.2% and Angela Constance on 23.5% in the first round of the single transferable vote election. In the second round, Hosie was elected after getting 55.5% of votes following the elimination of Constance. Turnout was 55% of SNP members.

Electoral history
First standing for election to the House of Commons at the 1992 general election in Kirkcaldy, he later stood for both the Westminster and Scottish Parliament. He contested Kirkcaldy again at the 1997 general election, and also contested Kirkcaldy (Scottish Parliament constituency) at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election. At the 2001 general election, he contested Dundee East and reduced Labour's majority from 9,961 votes at the previous election to 4,466 votes. and was eventually elected at the 2005 general election, gaining the seat from Labour. Hosie retained the seat with an increased majority at the 2010 general election. Hosie announced in June 2023 that he would stand down at the 2024 general election.

Personal life
Hosie has two siblings. Hosie was married to Shona Robison, MSP for Dundee City East and Cabinet Secretary for Health, Wellbeing and Sport. They had a daughter.

In 2012, he suffered from a transient ischaemic attack (minor stroke), and was treated in Ninewells Hospital in Dundee. He is a supporter of Dundee United.

In May 2016, Hosie and Robison announced that they had separated. This was followed by reports that Hosie and his colleague Angus Macneil had both had an affair with Westminster-based freelance journalist Serena Cowdy. On 22 May 2016, Hosie announced his intention not to stand for re-election as Deputy Leader, due to "intense scrutiny" by the media of his private life, meaning that his term of office would end at the SNP's annual conference later in the year.

In August 2018, Hosie married Serena Cowdy in Arbroath, Scotland.

title: Stewart Hosie