text:
Talk:Lists of volcanoes

Coordinates and WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates
Following a suggestion on User talk:D6, I'd like to format the coordinates here with Template:Coor (or rather Template:Coor dm and Template:Coor dms) to provide links to maps. Where there are several formats offered, e.g. the entry for Cordon del Azufre, I'd use just the dms instead of the decimal format. -- User:Docu

Can we also have a link to the subject 'volcano' and vice versa?Thank you.Gammadion 05:39, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Category:Active volcanoes
When editing the article of an active volcano, remember to add [[:Category:Active volcanoes ]]. The definition of "active" is broad and includes more than those which are presently erupting. (SEWilco 19:44, 17 August 2005 (UTC))

Devil's Tower
I noticed that someone added Devils Tower National Monument to his page. Being a product of an intrusion rather than eruption, can Devils Tower really be considered a volcano? 青い(Aoi) 08:37, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

File size
Shouldn't this article be split into two because of size? I opened this article and it couldn't load at all on an old computer... Kookoo275 16:57, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Opened fine for me. However, the article is getting too long. I agree it should be split based on continent and this becomes a link to them. RedWolf 15:56, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

I have moved Canada's to a separate page. I think the United States also needs to be split but I am a bit uncertain as to the name to use. Either List of volcanoes in the United States or List of volcanoes of the United States. I prefer the former as it sounds better grammatically but the current list also has volcanoes belonging in US territories so why it may be better to use the latter. There is also List of mountains of the United States. RedWolf 17:21, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Smartest thing would be to have one site for the different continents, then from there you can click down to Europe volcanos, Spanish volcanos, Madrid area volcanos or something similar. This just looks messy and loads quite slow even on new computers.--NoNo 22:32, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I would split the others based on continent. Eventually, more countries would require their own article once they are more populated. I thought about doing a continent article for Canada and the USA but both lists alone are large enough to warrant their own page already. RedWolf 15:14, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Split of USA is finished. I used the first name above, but it can be changed easily if others prefer the second.  Continents are next (anyone else?)... --Spiffy sperry 18:43, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Merging of articles
I came across this when List of volcanoes in Republic of Macedonia was nominated for deletion. Take note, that using the current system of giving each region a separate article, there are currently 44 articles listing regions which have only 5 volcanoes or less.

 * Afghanistan (2)
 * Armenia (5)
 * Ascension Island (1)
 * Brazil (1)
 * Cambodia (1)
 * Cape Verde (3)
 * Comoros (2)
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo (5)
 * Djibouti (4)
 * Dominica (5)
 * Equatorial Guinea (3)
 * Fiji (4)
 * France (1)
 * Georgia (4)
 * Grenada (2)
 * Guadeloupe (1)
 * Honduras (4)
 * India (4)
 * Korea (5)
 * Libya (2)
 * Madagascar (5)
 * Malaysia (1)
 * Martinique (1)
 * Mongolia (5)
 * Montserrat (1)
 * Myanmar (3)
 * Netherlands Antilles (1)
 * Nigeria (1)
 * Norway (5)
 * Pacific Ocean (4)
 * Pakistan (5)
 * Panama (3)
 * Poland (3)
 * Macedonia (1)
 * Réunion (2)
 * Rwanda (3)
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis (2)
 * Saint Lucia (1)
 * São Tomé and Príncipe (1)
 * South Africa (2)
 * Sudan (5)
 * Tristan da Cunha (1)
 * Wallis Islands (3)
 * Western Samoa (2)

Still, that being said, I can understand a list, under certain circumstances, including only 5, or maybe even 4 items, but still, that leaves 29 articles that only list 3 volcanoes, and if that’s not enough there are 14 articles that only list 1. Surely, if this is the system of classification we’re using, it’s not a very good one.

What I propose is that rather than having all of these separate articles, all of which list a very small number of volcanoes, we simply merge all of the articles listing 3 (or possibly 5) volcanoes or less. This would be reasonable, in that while it makes sense to have separate articles for regions that have a significant number of volcanoes, having almost 30 separate articles that list only a couple of volcanoes is a ridiculous way of spreading out information over an unnecessarily large number of articles. A single article that lists such regions would not be unreasonably long, and all existing articles could be changed to redirects. All I haven’t been able to figure out is a name for the new article.

So tell me, what do you think? Calgary 06:10, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Well. List of volcanoes was extremely long, so it was split into separate lists for each country or territory. I got your point although I personally see no problem in having separate lists even for countries with a few volcanoes. It brings a consistency and a unified standard. However, I will drop a note to a WikiProject. Let's see what other users think. - Darwinek 10:18, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * How about listing them by continent, except for countries with enough volcanoes, or countries with complex enough information to need separate lists? For islands, make a list for "Volcanoes by islands of ocean X"?  (SEWilco 02:11, 25 August 2007 (UTC))

Volcanoes in Portugal (not Azores)

 * I noticed that in the list of active and extinct volcanoes sorted by country Portugal isn't present altough Azores appears in the list. The Azores are a portuguese archipelago, i suggest to replace List of volcanoes in Portugal instead of List of volcanoes in Azores. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.243.74.210 (talk) 14:42, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * That sounds good to me. It would also provide a natural place for Madeiran volcanoes. However, copying and pasting the Azores list (as you have done) is not the best way to move it, because it doesn't maintain the edit history. We'll need an admin to help fix this now. I'll request this at WP:SPLICE. -- Avenue (talk) 15:30, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

um you forgot australia! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.45.35.12 (talk) 05:26, 30 May 2011 (UTC)
 * To most people "Portugal" means that part of Iberia only, and the Azores are the Azores. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 20:45, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure why you've added that comment under the Portugal/Azores heading. Anyway, our list of volcanoes in Australia is listed here. --Avenue (talk) 11:16, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

mud volcanoes
Are mud volcanoes meant to be included in this list? Baratang is described in Wikipedia as a mud volcano, but it is included in the list of volcanoes in India. Lavateraguy (talk) 11:48, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Number of volcanoes?
Might be handy to have a total number of volcanoes as an intro to this list? I understand there might be constant discussion about numbers and types etc, but a statement about an approx no. for those who want a quick answer. Saves having to open the list for each country and count them all... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.241.29.58 (talk) 22:22, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Maybe some of the information here would be worth incorporating: How many active volcanoes are there in the world?
 * Even though they only talk about active volcanoes, it begins to show how incomplete some of our lists are. In particular, we show less than 40 volcanoes in our List of submarine volcanoes, but they say that there may be over a million. -- Avenue (talk) 14:32, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

map request
I see a map request at the top of the page - has that been dealt with ?

Also I wonder about the current article it's currently a list of lists in alphabetical order

is it worth splitting that list into something like this ?

volcanoes on the Eurasian plate

 * list of volcanoes in the uk, in france in germany in italy in spain etc

volcanoes on the north american plate

 * list of volcanoes in america
 * list of volcanoes in canada

volcanoes on the nasca plate
etc

Proposed merge with List of volcanoes in São Tomé and Príncipe
That list has just one entry. It is not a list at all. Epicgenius (talk) 15:57, 12 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Hmm, we probably need to re-examine many of the subpages, as there are quite a few with only 1 entry (eg. List of volcanoes in Saint Lucia, and List of volcanoes in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), and many with 2-4 entries (eg. List of volcanoes in Saint Kitts and Nevis). Perhaps ping Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Volcanoes for input? And/or retitle this thread for larger scope? HTH. –Quiddity (talk) 21:31, 21 December 2013 (UTC)
 * All right, I'll do that soon. Epicgenius (talk) 23:03, 21 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Just happening upon this discussion: the singular or near-singular nature of many of these lists is inherently necessary to maintain the whole sets' parallelism, and it's a nagging issue from a set of lists constructed long ago. I prefer not to think about it too much; see for instance List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain or List of volcanoes in Indonesia for examples of "well-constructed" lists (no comment on the former's choice of table design). Res Mar 21:29, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

 * List of volcanoes in Guadeloupe also has one entry in it, and is now up for deletion. Can just merge that over with any others that have just one entry.  What about List of volcanoes in Afghanistan that has two entries?  Can merge that over as well?   D r e a m Focus  00:35, 6 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Since List of volcanoes in Nigeria only had one entry, it was redirected to the article for that volcano.   D r e a m Focus  00:36, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of volcanoes


text:
Talk:Myrinet

We could use more information on "theoretical maximum of the physical layer"

 * Indeed. Maury 20:04, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Myrinet


text:
Callitris

Callitris is a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress family). There are 16 recognized species in the genus, of which 13 are native to Australia and the other three (C. neocaledonica, C. sulcata and C. pancheri) native to New Caledonia. Traditionally, the most widely used common name is cypress-pine, a name shared by some species of the closely related genus Actinostrobus.

Description
They are small to medium-sized trees or large shrubs, reaching 5–25 m tall (to 40 m in C. macleayana). The leaves are evergreen and scale-like, but young seedlings have needle-like leaves; in C. macleayana, needle-like leaves are found mixed with scale leaves throughout the tree's life. The scales are arranged in six rows along the twigs, in alternating whorls of three (often in whorls of four in C. macleayana).

The male cones are small, 3–6 mm long, and are located at the tips of the twigs. The female cones start out similarly inconspicuous, maturing in 18–20 months to 1–3 cm long and wide, globular to ovoid (acute in C. macleayana), with six overlapping, thick, woody scales, arranged in two whorls of three (often 8 scales in C. macleayana). The cones remain closed on the trees for many years, opening only after being scorched by a bushfire; this then releases the seeds to grow on the newly cleared burnt ground.

Taxonomy
The genus is divided into two sections, with the atypical C. macleayana in sect. Octoclinis, and all the other species in sect. Callitris. Some botanists treat C. macleayana in a separate genus, as Octoclinis macleayana. C. macleayana is also distinct in occurring in rainforest on the east coast of Australia; the other species all grow on dry sites.

The closest relative of Callitris is Actinostrobus from southwest Western Australia, which differs in its cones having several basal whorls of small sterile scales. A 2010 study of Actinostrobus and Callitris places the three species of Actinostrobus within an expanded Callitris based on analysis of 42 morphological and anatomical characters.

In 2010, early Oligocene fossilised foliage and cones of Callitris were unearthed near the Lea River in Tasmania. The fossils were given the name Callitris leaensis and represent the oldest known representative of the genus.

Species

The genus includes the following species:

 * Callitris baileyi – SE QLD, NE NSW
 * Callitris canescens – S WA, S SA
 * Callitris columellaris – south-east QLD (coastal); naturalised in Hawaii and southern Florida. Previously synonymous with C. glaucophylla, C. endlicheri and C. intratropica.
 * Callitris drummondii – S WA
 * Callitris endlicheri – NSW, QLD, VIC (hilly areas); naturalised in Hawaii and St Helena
 * Callitris glaucophylla - NSW, Qld, SA, NT, WA (most common)
 * Callitris gracilis - SA, VIC, NSW
 * Callitris intratropica - NT (blue cypress)
 * Callitris macleayana – QLD, NSW
 * Callitris monticola – QLD, NSW
 * Callitris muelleri – NSW
 * Callitris neocaledonica – New Caledonia
 * Callitris oblonga – NSW, TAS
 * Callitris pancheri – New Caledonia
 * Callitris preissii – SA, VIC, WA, NSW
 * Callitris rhomboidea – NSW, QLD, VIC, TAS, naturalised on New Zealand's North Island
 * Callitris roei – S WA
 * Callitris sulcata – New Caledonia
 * Callitris verrucosa – SA, VIC, WA, NSW, QLD

Doubtful names
The following names are of doubtful validity:

 * Callitris arenosa Sweet, nom. inval., nom. nud., type not cited, identity uncertain.
 * Callitris columellaris f. glauca F.M.Bailey, described from Qld, type not located, identity uncertain (Hill, 1998).
 * Callitris conglobata Heynh., nom. inval., nom. nud, described from New Holland, type not located, identity uncertain.
 * Callitris elegans Heynh. (or Sieber ex Heynh. ), nom. inval., nom. nud, described from "New Holland", type not located, identity uncertain.
 * Callitris intermedia' R.T.Baker & H.G.Sm., nom. inval., identity uncertain (Hill, 1998).
 * Callitris montana Heynh., nom. inval., nom. nud, described from New Holland, type not located, identity uncertain.
 * Callitris pyramidalis Sweet, nom. inval., nom. nud, syn. Frenela pyramidalis (Sweet) Parl., nom. inval., nom. nud, type not cited, identity uncertain.
 * Callitris macrocarpa Vent., nom. inval. nom. nud, syn Cupressus macrocarpa (Vent.) A.Cunn., nom. inval., identity uncertain.

Human use
The wood of cypress-pines is light, soft and aromatic. It can be easily split and resists decay; cypress-pine is also termite resistant. It is used to make furniture, indoor and outdoor paneling, and fence posts. Cypress-pines are occasionally planted as ornamental trees, but their use is restricted by the high risks imposed by their very high flammability in bushfires.

Previously a plantation of C. intratropica was established outside of Darwin for use in house construction. After Cyclone Tracey it was realised that the timber did not resist strong winds and the plantation was abandoned. The trees are now used for the production of a blue essential oil, rich in guaiol and chamazulene (the blue compound). A number of therapeutic effects are attributed to the essential oil, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

title: Callitris


text:
Nathaniel Wheeler

Nathaniel Wheeler (b. Watertown, Litchfield county., Connecticut, September 7, 1820; d. Bridgeport, December 31. 1893) was an American manufacturer and legislator. He became a Senator in Connecticut under the Democrats.

The photographs of the Wheeler Mansion on this page are actually photographs of a PT Barnum Mansion that was located at Seaside Park in Bridgeport, CT at the same time period.

Family background
He was the son of David and Sarah (née De Forest) Wheeler and grandson of Deacon James and Mary (née Clark) Wheeler. The founder of his branch of the family, Moses Wheeler, born in Kent, England, was in New Haven, Conn., as early as 1641, and probably was one of the founders of that town. He removed, in 1648, to Stratford, Connecticut, where he carried on his trade of ship-carpenter. He also farmed, and kept the ferry across the Housatonic.

He became an extensive landholder and died in 1698, aged 100 years. Sarah De Forest was descended from a Huguenot family, of Avesnes, France, some of whose members fled to Leyden, Holland, to escape persecution. In 1636 Isaac, son of Jessen and Marie (née Du Cloux) De Forest, emigrated from Leyden to New Amsterdam, and there married Sarah Du Trieux, who bore him 14 children. One of them, David, settled at Stratford. David Wheeler, father of Nathaniel, was a carriage manufacturer.

Biography
His son Nathaniel, after receiving a common school education, learned the trade, first taking up the ornamental part of the work. At the age of twenty-one he took charge of the whole establishment, to relieve his father, who had been carrying on a farm at the same time. He conducted the business successfully for about five years, and then began the manufacture of metallic articles, especially buckles and slides, using hand labor at first, but gradually introducing machinery.

In 1848 he formed a partnership with Messrs. Warren & Woodruff, manufacturers of the same kind of articles, and the firm erected a building for the business, of which Nathaniel Wheeler took entire charge. During a business trip to New York he saw the recently patented sewing machine of Allen B. Wilson, and contracting with the firm controlling the patent to build 500 of these machines, he engaged the services of Mr. Wilson as superintendent.

The latter was admitted to the firm of Warren, Wheeler & Woodruff, which in 1851 was reorganized as Wheeler, Wilson & Co., and in October, 1853, as the Wheeler & Wilson Manufacturing Co., with a capital of $160,000. For lack of adequate facilities, the business having increased largely, the firm, in 1856, moved to Bridgeport, Connecticut, occupying the old Jerome Clock Co. building, to which additions were made from time to time, until it covered about eight acres in 1899. Nathaniel Wheeler was made general manager on the organization of the company, and in 1855 was elected president, retaining his old office.

Nearly $500,000 had been expended upon experiments toward the perfecting of the machines, and since 1850 more than 2,000,000 have been manufactured. Nathaniel Wheeler took an important part in forming the combination, in 1856, of the principal sewing machine companies, the Singer and the Grover & Baker having begun business about the same time as Wheeler & Wilson.

He represented his district in the state legislature and Connecticut Senate as a Democrat in 1873 and 1874, and was one of the commissioners for the building of the state capitol at Hartford. He was a director of the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad and of the City National Bank, an incorporator of the People's Bank, vice-president of the board of trade and of the board of education in 1885-86. He favoured every project to benefit Bridgeport and was held in high esteem.

Throughout his life, he received many honours and medals for his work at Wheeler & Wilson. The sewing machines of Wheeler & Wilson were exported abroad outside the United States as well. They were so renowned, that Nathaniel Wheeler received the imperial warrant from emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria as "Purveyor to the Imperial and Royal Court" (in German: k.u.k. Hoflieferant), keeping this title until his death.

Family
Nathaniel Wheeler was married twice: first, at Watertown, November 7, 1842, to Huldah Bradley, who bore him four children and died in 1857, leaving a son, Samuel, and a daughter, Ellen B., wife of Edward Harral; second, to Mary E. Crissey, who bore him four sons, two of whom, Archer and William Bishop, with their mother, survived. Nathaniel Wheeler died at his residence on Golden hill, Bridgeport, on December 31. 1893.

Memorial
A memorial fountain was constructed in 1912 in Bridgeport in his honour. The fountain is located at the intersection of Fairfield Avenue, John Street and Park Avenue and was assembled by Gutzon Borglum. After years of deterioration, the fountain was renovated in 2009-2010.

title: Nathaniel Wheeler


text:
Cypress-pine

Cypress-pine is the common name used for three closely related genera of conifers in the cypress family Cupressaceae:

 * Callitris (Australia)
 * Actinostrobus (Australia)
 * Widdringtonia (Southern Africa)

title: Cypress-pine


text:
Theodore B. Lyman

Theodore Benedict Lyman (November 27, 1815 – December 13, 1893), was the fourth Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina.

Biography
He was born in Brighton, Massachusetts on November 27, 1815. He was the father of William Whittingham Lyman. He was educated at Hamilton College and General Theological Seminary. He was ordained deacon on September 20, 1840, and priest on December 19, 1841, for the Diocese of Maryland and served as rector of Saint John's Church at Hagerstown, Maryland. In 1850 he moved to Pittsburgh. He spent some time traveling around Europe and the Middle East He also served as chaplain at the Embassy of the United States, Rome. He returned to the United States in 1870 became rector of Trinity Church in San Francisco. Lyman was one of the founders of Saint James School in Maryland, which became one of the great Church schools in the United States and from which schools such as St. Paul's, Concord NH, St. Mark's, Southborough, and others were founded. He was elected Coadjutor Bishop of North Carolina bishop in 1973. He was consecrated on December 11, 1873, by Bishop Thomas Atkinson of North Carolina in Christ Church, Raleigh, North Carolina. After his death at age seventy-eight, he was interred in Oakwood Cemetery, Raleigh; in 1914 he was reinterred under the altar of the newly completed sanctuary of the Church of the Good Shepherd which had been planned to serve as the new cathedral.

title: Theodore B. Lyman


text:
User talk:JvaGoddess

Hi, the text on Helen Bevington is a copyright violation: You have taken it verbatim from http://www.ncwriters.org/services/lhof/inductees/bevington.htm. Please delete it again!

Best wishes,  22:17, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry about that first snafu of mine. I should have known better. I just wanted some info about her to be here. Wasn't thinking. Won't happen again. Not sure what you mean by "delete it again" but I did go put a stub article on the temp page as suggested. I wrote a little something and arranged her book list by date.

Sure hope someone knows more about her and can add to the article.

 * Great. Thanks!  14:38, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * What you could do is try to get it speedy deleted, you could try something like: . Admins will generally delete pages at the creator's request. Then you can move your temp page there Kappa 11:16, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your old user page
I found your old user page while checking some deleted contributions. I've history merged it, so all its history is in one place. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 11:18, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 16:50, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

July 2022
Hello, I'm Tow. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to Biyabanak—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse or the Help desk. Thanks. Tow (talk) 02:20, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

This is your only warning; if you vandalize Wikipedia again, as you did at 1969 FA Charity Shield, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Tow (talk) 02:22, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

 You have been blocked from editing for a period of 72 hours to prevent further vandalism. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the guide to appealing blocks, then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page:. utcursch | talk 02:27, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * This is definitely a compromise by Sockpuppet investigations/Atac2, so I've extended to indef. Will request lock and CU. --  Tamzin  [ cetacean needed ] (she|they|xe) 02:37, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:JvaGoddess


text:
USS Pompano

USS Pompano has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Pompano (1906), a supply boat in commission from 1917 to 1919
 * USS Pompano (SS-181), a submarine commissioned in 1937 and lost in 1943
 * USS Pompano (SS-491), a submarine canceled in 1945

title: USS Pompano


text:
ISO 639-3

ISO 639-3:2007, Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages, is an international standard for language codes in the ISO 639 series. It defines three-letter codes for identifying languages. The standard was published by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on 1 February 2007.

ISO 639-3 extends the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 codes with an aim to cover all known natural languages. The extended language coverage was based primarily on the language codes used in the Ethnologue (volumes 10–14) published by SIL International, which is now the registration authority for ISO 639-3. It provides an enumeration of languages as complete as possible, including living and extinct, ancient and constructed, major and minor, written and unwritten. However, it does not include reconstructed languages such as Proto-Indo-European.

ISO 639-3 is intended for use as metadata codes in a wide range of applications. It is widely used in computer and information systems, such as the Internet, in which many languages need to be supported. In archives and other information storage, it is used in cataloging systems, indicating what language a resource is in or about. The codes are also frequently used in the linguistic literature and elsewhere to compensate for the fact that language names may be obscure or ambiguous.

Language codes
ISO 639-3 includes all languages in ISO 639-1 and all individual languages in ISO 639-2. ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2 focused on major languages, most frequently represented in the total body of the world's literature. Since ISO 639-2 also includes language collections and Part 3 does not, ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2. Where B and T codes exist in ISO 639-2, ISO 639-3 uses the T-codes.

, the standard contains 7,916 entries. The inventory of languages is based on a number of sources including: the individual languages contained in 639-2, modern languages from the Ethnologue, historic varieties, ancient languages and artificial languages from the Linguist List, as well as languages recommended within the annual public commenting period.

Machine-readable data files are provided by the registration authority. Mappings from ISO 639-1 or ISO 639-2 to ISO 639-3 can be done using these data files.

ISO 639-3 is intended to assume distinctions based on criteria that are not entirely objective. It is not intended to document or provide identifiers for dialects or other sub-language variations. Nevertheless, judgments regarding distinctions between languages may be subjective, particularly in the case of language varieties without established literary traditions, usage in education or media, or other factors that contribute to language conventionalization. Therefore, the standard should not be regarded as an authoritative statement of what distinct languages exist in the world (about which there may be substantial disagreement in some cases), but rather simply one useful way for identifying different language varieties precisely.

Code space
Since the code is three-letter alphabetic, one upper bound for the number of languages that can be represented is 26 × 26 × 26 = 17,576. Since ISO 639-2 defines special codes (4), a reserved range (520) and B-only codes (22), 546 codes cannot be used in part 3. Therefore, a stricter upper bound is 17,576 − 546 = 17,030.

The upper bound gets even stricter if one subtracts the language collections defined in 639-2 and the ones yet to be defined in ISO 639-5.

Macrolanguages
There are 58 languages in ISO 639-2 which are considered, for the purposes of the standard, to be "macrolanguages" in ISO 639-3.

Some of these macrolanguages had no individual language as defined by ISO 639-3 in the code set of ISO 639-2, e.g. 'ara' (Generic Arabic). Others like 'nor' (Norwegian) had their two individual parts ('nno' (Nynorsk), 'nob' (Bokmål)) already in ISO 639-2.

That means some languages (e.g. 'arb', Standard Arabic) that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language ('ara') are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves.

This is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as two forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of diglossia.

For example:
 * ara | ISO 639-3 (Generic Arabic, 639-2)
 * arb | ISO 639-3 (Standard Arabic, 639-3)

A complete list is available on the ISO 639-3 registrar's website.

Collective languages
"A collective language code element is an identifier that represents a group of individual languages that are not deemed to be one language in any usage context." These codes do not precisely represent a particular language or macrolanguage.

While ISO 639-2 includes three-letter identifiers for collective languages, these codes are excluded from ISO 639-3. Hence ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2.

ISO 639-5 defines 3-letter collective codes for language families and groups, including the collective language codes from ISO 639-2.

Special codes
Four codes are set aside in ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 for cases where none of the specific codes are appropriate. These are intended primarily for applications like databases where an ISO code is required regardless of whether one exists.

 * mis (uncoded languages, originally an abbreviation for 'miscellaneous') is intended for languages which have not (yet) been included in the ISO standard.
 * mul (multiple languages) is intended for cases where the data includes more than one language, and (for example) the database requires a single ISO code.
 * und (undetermined) is intended for cases where the language in the data has not been identified, such as when it is mislabeled or never had been labeled. It is not intended for cases such as Trojan where an unattested language has been given a name.
 * zxx (no linguistic content / not applicable) is intended for data which is not a language at all, such as animal calls.

In addition, 520 codes in the range qaa–qtz are 'reserved for local use'. For example, Rebecca Bettencourt assigns a code to constructed languages, and new assignments are made upon request. The Linguist List uses them for extinct languages. Linguist List has assigned one of them a generic value: qnp, unnamed proto-language. This is used for proposed intermediate nodes in a family tree that have no name.

Maintenance processes
The code table for ISO 639-3 is open to changes. In order to protect stability of existing usage, the changes permitted are limited to: The code assigned to a language is not changed unless there is also a change in denotation.
 * modifications to the reference information for an entry (including names or categorizations for type and scope),
 * addition of new entries,
 * deprecation of entries that are duplicates or spurious,
 * merging one or more entries into another entry, and
 * splitting an existing language entry into multiple new language entries.

Changes are made on an annual cycle. Every request is given a minimum period of three months for public review.

The ISO 639-3 Web site has pages that describe "scopes of denotation" (languoid types) and types of languages, which explain what concepts are in scope for encoding and certain criteria that need to be met. For example, constructed languages can be encoded, but only if they are designed for human communication and have a body of literature, preventing requests for idiosyncratic inventions.

The registration authority documents on its Web site instructions made in the text of the ISO 639-3 standard regarding how the code tables are to be maintained. It also documents the processes used for receiving and processing change requests.

A change request form is provided, and there is a second form for collecting information about proposed additions. Any party can submit change requests. When submitted, requests are initially reviewed by the registration authority for completeness.

When a fully documented request is received, it is added to a published Change Request Index. Also, announcements are sent to the general LINGUIST discussion list at Linguist List and other lists the registration authority may consider relevant, inviting public review and input on the requested change. Any list owner or individual is able to request notifications of change requests for particular regions or language families. Comments that are received are published for other parties to review. Based on consensus in comments received, a change request may be withdrawn or promoted to "candidate status".

Three months prior to the end of an annual review cycle (typically in September), an announcement is sent to the LINGUIST discussion list and other lists regarding Candidate Status Change Requests. All requests remain open for review and comment through the end of the annual review cycle.

Decisions are announced at the end of the annual review cycle (typically in January). At that time, requests may be adopted in whole or in part, amended and carried forward into the next review cycle, or rejected. Rejections often include suggestions on how to modify proposals for resubmission. A public archive of every change request is maintained along with the decisions taken and the rationale for the decisions.

Criticism
Linguists Morey, Post and Friedman raise various criticisms of ISO 639, and in particular ISO 639-3:

 * The three-letter codes themselves are problematic, because while officially arbitrary technical labels, they are often derived from mnemonic abbreviations for language names, some of which are pejorative. For example, Yemsa was assigned the code , from pejorative "Janejero".  These codes may thus be considered offensive by native speakers. However, codes can be changed with a request submission on SIL's website.
 * The administration of the standard is problematic because SIL is a missionary organization with inadequate transparency and accountability. Decisions as to what deserves to be encoded as a language are made internally.  While outside input may or may not be welcomed, the decisions themselves are opaque, and many linguists have given up trying to improve the standard.
 * Permanent identification of a language is incompatible with language change.
 * Languages and dialects often cannot be rigorously distinguished, and dialect continua may be subdivided in many ways, whereas the standard privileges one choice. Such distinctions are often based instead on social and political factors.
 * ISO 639-3 may be misunderstood and misused by authorities that make decisions about people's identity and language, abolishing the right of speakers to identify or identify with their speech variety. Though SIL is sensitive to such issues, this problem is inherent in the nature of an established standard, which may be used (or mis-used) in ways that ISO and SIL do not intend.

Martin Haspelmath agrees with four of these points, but not the point about language change. He disagrees because any account of a language requires identifying it, and we can easily identify different stages of a language. He suggests that linguists may prefer to use a codification that is made at the languoid level since "it rarely matters to linguists whether what they are talking about is a language, a dialect or a close-knit family of languages." He also questions whether an ISO standard for language identification is appropriate since ISO is an industrial organization, while he views language documentation and nomenclature as a scientific endeavor. He cites the original need for standardized language identifiers as having been "the economic significance of translation and software localization", for which purposes the ISO 639-1 and 639-2 standards were established. But he raises doubts about industry need for the comprehensive coverage provided by ISO 639-3, including as it does "little-known languages of small communities that are never or hardly used in writing and that are often in danger of extinction".

Usage

 * Ethnologue
 * Linguist List
 * OLAC: the Open Languages Archive Community
 * Microsoft Windows 8: Supports all codes in ISO 639-3 at the time of release.
 * Wikimedia Foundation: New language-based projects (e.g. Wikipedias in new languages) must have an identifier from ISO 639-1, -2, or -3.
 * Other standards that rely on ISO 639-3:
 * Language tags as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), as documented in:
 * BCP 47: Best Current Practice 47, which includes
 * , which superseded, which superseded . (Therefore, all standards which depend on any of these 3 IETF standards now use ISO 639-3.)
 * The ePub 3.0 standard for language metadata uses Dublin Core Metadata elements. These language metadata elements in ePubs must contain valid codes for languages. RFC5646 points to ISO 639-3 for languages without shorter IANA codes.
 * Dublin Core Metadata Initiative: DCMI Metadata Term for language, via IETF's (now superseded by ).
 * Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) The W3C's internationalization effort recommends the use of the IANA Language Subtag Registry for selecting codes for languages. The IANA Language Subtag Registry depends on ISO 639-3 codes for languages which did not previously have codes in other parts of the ISO 639 standard.
 * HTML5: via IETF's BCP 47.
 * XML: via IETF's BCP 47.
 * SVG: via IETF's BCP 47.
 * MODS library codes: Incorporates IETF's (now superseded by ).
 * Text Encoding Initiative (TEI): via IETF's BCP 47.
 * Lexical Markup Framework: ISO specification for representation of machine-readable dictionaries.
 * Unicode's Common locale data repository: Uses several hundred codes from ISO 639-3 not included in ISO 639-2.

title: ISO 639-3


text:
The Wine Group

The Wine Group is an American alcoholic beverage company founded in 1981, and based in Livermore, California.

Products
It produces wine brands including Franzia, Cupcake Vineyards, Benziger Family Winery, Chloe Wine Collection, 7 Deadly Wines, Imagery Estate Winery, Concannon Vineyard, and Almaden Vineyards. As of 2008, the company was the world's third-largest wine producer. As of 2018, the company became the second-largest U.S. wine company, producing 53 million cases annually

List of notable brands

 * Franzia
 * Cupcake Vineyards
 * Chloe Wine Collection
 * 7 Deadly Wines
 * Benziger Family Winery
 * Imagery Estate Winery
 * Tribute Wines
 * Mogen David (makers of MD 20/20)
 * Almaden Vineyards
 * Concannon Vineyard
 * Hope Tree

Controversy
The Wine Group is not affiliated with the Australian entity The Wine Group Pty Ltd. which was found to have breached multiple spam and telemarketing laws in Australia in 2021

title: The Wine Group


text:
A Collection of Songs Written and Recorded 1995–1997

A Collection of Songs Written and Recorded 1995–1997 is the debut studio album by Bright Eyes. The album is the first commercial release by Conor Oberst and features his vocals and guitar. This album is the 19th release of Saddle Creek Records. The album was reissued alongside a six-track companion EP by Dead Oceans on May 27, 2022.

Personnel

 * Conor Oberst – writing, singing, strumming, keyboards, low rhythm, drumming, sounds
 * Ted Stevens – drumming on "The Awful Sweetness of Escaping Sweat"
 * Todd Fink – sounds and drumming on "I Watched You Taking Off"
 * Matt Bowen – left-handed drumming on "One Straw (Please)"
 * Neely Jenkins – backup singing on "Feb. 15th"
 * Matthew Oberst, Sr. – lead strumming on "The 'Feel Good' Revolution"


text:
USS Norton Sound

USS Norton Sound (AV-11/AVM-1) was originally built as a Currituck-class seaplane tender by Los Angeles Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, San Pedro, California. She was named for Norton Sound, a large inlet in West Alaska, between the Seward Peninsula and the mouths of the Yukon, north-east of the Bering Sea.

Career
Norton Sound was laid down 7 September 1942 and launched 28 November 1943. The ship was sponsored by Mrs. Ernest L. Gunther, wife of Rear Admiral Ernest L. Gunther, and commissioned 8 January 1945.

World War II
After Pacific shakedown, the new seaplane tender stood out from San Diego 26 February 1945 and steamed for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. She reported to Commander, Marshall-Gilbert area for training in mid-March, and she arrived Saipan 1 April 1945 to provide seaplane tending services.

Norton Sound anchored 1 May 1945 at Aka Kaikyo, Kerama Retto, and by 21 June 1945 had assisted in downing three hostile air raiders. Air alerts continued until midnight, 14 August 1945. Word of the Japanese surrender arrived eight hours later, and into September the tender engaged in upkeep and air operations at Okinawa.

She steamed for Sasebo, Japan 21 September 1945, returning to Okinawa one week later. Norton Sound called at Shanghai, China 1 October 1945, and by the 23rd of that month she was at Tsingtao, where she tended seaplanes until 7 November 1945. The next day she anchored at Shanghai, and from then until April 1946, she remained on duty with the occupation forces between China and Japan.

Norton Sound departed Tokyo Bay 7 April 1946 for Norfolk, Virginia. After overhaul there she joined the Atlantic Fleet. She operated off the east coast until October 1947, when she steamed for San Diego to rejoin the Pacific Fleet.

Norton Sound received two battle stars for World War II service.

1948 to 1950
Later Norton Sound was converted to a missile-launching platform. She was in Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in 1948 for seven months while equipment was installed for handling, stowing, launching, and controlling guided missiles.

Upon completion of her modifications in October 1948, Norton Sound steamed for her new homeport of Port Hueneme, California. En route she conducted tests with Skyhook balloons. Off the coast of Southern California she underwent a missile training program. Late that Autumn Norton Sound launched a training missile, marking the beginning of the Navy's use of shipborne guided missiles.

After launching equipment for Aerobee rockets was installed at Long Beach Naval Shipyard in February 1949, she steamed to equatorial waters off the South American coast and launched two Aerobees. These launchings provided information on the earth's radiation belt.

On 1 July 1949, Norton Sound headed for the geomagnetic equator 1,500 miles (2,400 km) south of Hawaii, and conducted tests with seventeen Skyhook balloons and nine smaller balloon clusters, all carrying scientific instrumentation packages.

After modifications in February and March 1950 at San Francisco Naval Shipyard, Norton Sound launched a five-ton Viking rocket 11 May in Project Reach. This rocket carried a 500-pound instrumentation package to an altitude of 106.4 miles (171 km), and provided data on cosmic rays. Project "Reach" concluded the first phase of Norton Sound's use as a missile platform.

1950 to 1962
In the fall of 1950 Norton Sound underwent a four-month overhaul at San Francisco Naval Shipyard. New Terrier missile handling, launching, stowage, and guidance systems were installed, and she was reclassified from "AV-11" to "AVM-1" on 8 August 1951. This was the first of three extensive alterations accomplished through 1955. Test launchings of Terrier and Tartar missiles continued through 1958.

In 1958 Norton Sound participated in Operation Argus. From south of the Falkland Islands she launched three rockets carrying low-yield atomic warheads. Detonations occurred at an altitude of 300 mi, and effects were monitored by the Explorer IV satellite and other instrumented rockets. Analysis of the data contributed to the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt. Her commanding officer, Captain Arthur R. Gralla, received the Legion of Merit for his role leading the task force responsible for these tests.

The ship returned to San Diego in June 1959 and resumed Terrier and Tartar test launchings. These operations continued until June 1962, when she steamed for Norfolk, Virginia, where she was decommissioned 10 August 1962.

1962 to 1969

In November 1962 she was towed to Baltimore, Maryland for installation of the Typhon Weapon Control System, including the AN/SPG-59 radar. This was completed early in 1964, and Norton Sound recommissioned 20 June 1964 for weapons research.

Homeported in Baltimore, Norton Sound operated for several months in Chesapeake Bay, evaluating the Typhon System. She was then assigned to Port Hueneme, Calif. in July 1965. Her mission was increased to include evaluation of the Sea Sparrow missile, which she first launched 13 September 1965.

During a three-month stay at Long Beach Naval Shipyard commencing 15 July 1966, all Typhon equipment was removed. For the next two years Norton Sound evaluated various missile countermeasures. She also tested ECM equipment, and a new concept in gyroscope design.

Norton Sound entered Long Beach Naval Shipyard 13 June 1968 for regular overhaul. The yard also installed a new, light-weight 5"/54 gun mount with associated control components for test. Into 1969 she continued in test and evaluation work with the Pacific Fleet.

1970 to 1986

In 1973 she received the first ship-borne installation of the Aegis Combat System, which later became the primary combat system in U.S. Navy cruisers and destroyers.

In the spring of 1981, the pre-production model of the Vertical Launching System (VLS) was installed at Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi. During the next two years the VLS underwent extensive testing. The Norton Sound was the only AT-SEA Testing Platform for the AEGIS Weapon System, later installed on Ticonderoga-class cruisers and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. The summer of 1983 saw the installation of an advanced VLS which underwent testing until the end of Norton Sound's active service.

Norton Sound was decommissioned 11 December 1986, and struck from the Naval Register 26 January 1987. Title was transferred to the Maritime Administration 20 October 1988, and she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet. Later the USS Norton Sound was sold to an overseas firm where she was scrapped.

One of her anchors is on display in WestSound Viewpoint at the end of McCall Blvd in Bremerton, WA, overlooking Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Dyes Inlet.

The other anchor and ship's bell is on display at the Port Hueneme Historical Society Museum in California.

title: USS Norton Sound


text:
Ice hockey at the 1956 Winter Olympics

The men's ice hockey tournament at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, was the eighth Olympic Championship, also serving as the 23rd World Championships and the 34th European Championships. The tournament was held at the Olympic Ice Stadium and the Apollonio Stadium.

East Germany and West Germany could not come to an agreement over how to formulate a combined team, so they played a qualification game against each other, which was won by West Germany. East Germany hosted a tournament for non-qualified teams, often referred to as World Championships Pool B, between GDR, Norway and Belgium in Berlin.

The Soviets won all their games to claim their first Olympic title, their second World title, and their third European title. Canada, represented by the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, won its eighth consecutive Olympic ice hockey medal, and first bronze medal.

Qualification

 * November 16, 1955
 * East Germany 3-7 West Germany

First round
Top two teams (shaded ones) from each group earned a right to play for 1st-6th places.

Group A

 * January 26
 * Canada 4–0 Germany (UTG)
 * Italy 2–2 Austria
 * January 27
 * Italy 2–2 Germany (UTG)
 * Canada 23–0 Austria
 * January 28
 * Germany (UTG) 7–0 Austria
 * Italy 1–3 Canada

Group B

 * January 27
 * Czechoslovakia 4–3 USA
 * January 28
 * USA 4–0 Poland
 * January 29
 * Czechoslovakia 8–3 Poland

Group C

 * January 27
 * USSR 5–1 Sweden
 * January 28
 * Sweden 6–5 Switzerland
 * January 29
 * USSR 10–3 Switzerland

Final round
The first place team, the Soviet Union, won the gold medal; the silver medal was won by the United States, and the bronze medal was won by Canada.

Coming into the final game of the tournament (Soviet Union vs Canada), the Soviets and Americans both had eight points while Canada had six points. A Canadian win would have created a three-way tie at eight points, to be broken by goal ratio. Canada (23/9=2.556) needed a victory by three or more to pass the Soviets (23/5=4.600). The Soviets would remain ahead of Canada with a win, a draw, or a loss by one or two.

The Americans (26/12=2.167) still had a chance at all three medal places due to the possibility of the goal ratios of Canada and/or the Soviets being sufficiently reduced according to the score of the final game.

 * January 30
 * USA 7–2 Germany (UTG)
 * Canada 6–3 Czechoslovakia
 * USSR 4–1 Sweden
 * January 31
 * USSR 8–0 Germany (UTG)
 * Sweden 5–0 Czechoslovakia
 * USA 4–1 Canada
 * February 1
 * USA 6–1 Sweden
 * February 2
 * Canada 10–0 Germany (UTG)
 * USSR 7–4 Czechoslovakia
 * February 3
 * Czechoslovakia 9–3 Germany (UTG)
 * Canada 6–2 Sweden
 * USSR 4–0 USA
 * February 4
 * USSR 2–0 Canada
 * Germany (UTG) 1–1 Sweden
 * USA 9–4 Czechoslovakia

Consolation round

 * January 31
 * Switzerland 7–4 Austria
 * February 1
 * Poland 6–2 Switzerland
 * Italy 8–2 Austria
 * February 2
 * Italy 8–3 Switzerland
 * Poland 4–3 Austria
 * February 3
 * Italy 5–2 Poland

Final Round

 * March 8
 * East Germany 4–1 Norway
 * March 9
 * East Germany 14–7 Belgium
 * March 10
 * Norway 7–5 Belgium

Average age
Gold medalists team USSR was the oldest team in the tournament, averaging 29 years and 11 months. Team USA was the youngest team in the tournament, averaging 22 years and 5 months. Tournament average was 26 years and 7 months.

Tournament awards

 * Best players selected by the directorate:
 * Best Goaltender: 🇺🇸 Willard Ikola
 * Best Defenceman: Nikolai Sologubov
 * Best Forward: 🇨🇦 Jack McKenzie

title: Ice hockey at the 1956 Winter Olympics


text:
List of US Open mixed doubles champions

The following pairings won the U.S. Open tennis championship in mixed doubles.

title: List of US Open mixed doubles champions


text:
Holden Roberto

Álvaro Holden Roberto ( Angolan ; January 12, 1923 – August 2, 2007) was an Angolan politician who founded and led the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) from 1962 to 1999. His memoirs are unfinished.

Early life
Roberto, son of Garcia Diasiwa Roberto and Joana Lala Nekaka, and a descendant of the Royal Family of the Kongo Kingdom, was born in São Salvador in the far north of Angola. His family moved to Léopoldville, in the Belgian Congo, in 1925. In 1940, he graduated from a Baptist mission school. He worked for the Belgian Finance Ministry in Léopoldville, Costermansville, and Stanleyville for eight years. In 1949, Roberto moved back to Léopoldville, where he joined his uncle in playing for the local "Nomads" football side. Roberto went on to play for Daring Club Motema Pembe, alongside the later Congolese Prime Minister, Cyrille Adoula. In 1951, he visited Angola and witnessed Portuguese officials abusing an old man, inspiring him to begin his political career.

Political career
Roberto and Sydney Manuel Barros Nekaka founded the Union of Peoples of Northern Angola (UPNA), later renamed the Union of Peoples of Angola (UPA), on July 14, 1954. Roberto, serving as UPA President, represented Angola in the All-African Peoples Congress of Ghana which he secretly attended in Accra, Ghana in December 1958. There he met Patrice Lumumba, the future Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenneth Kaunda, the future President of Zambia, and Kenyan nationalist Tom Mboya. He acquired a Guinean passport and visited the United Nations. Jonas Savimbi, the future leader of UNITA, joined the UPA in February 1961 at the urging of Mboya and Kenyan Prime Minister Jomo Kenyatta. Later that year Roberto appointed Savimbi Secretary-General of the UPA.

The United States National Security Council began giving Roberto aid in the 1950s, paying him $6,000 annually until 1962 when the NSC increased his salary to $10,000 for intelligence-gathering.

National Liberation Front of Angola
After visiting the United Nations, he returned to Kinshasa and organized Bakongo militants. He launched an incursion into Angola on March 15, 1961, leading 4,000 to 5,000 militants. His forces took farms, government outposts, and trading centers, killing everyone they encountered. At least 1,000 whites and an unknown number of natives were killed. Commenting on the incursion, Roberto said, "this time the slaves did not cower". The men killed everyone in sight.

Roberto met with United States President John F. Kennedy on April 25, 1961. When he applied for aid later that year from the Ghanaian government, President Kwame Nkrumah turned him down on the grounds that the U.S. government was already paying him. Roberto merged the UPA with the Democratic Party of Angola to form the FNLA in March 1962, and a few weeks later established the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE) on March 27, appointing Savimbi to the position of Foreign Minister. Roberto established a political alliance with Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko by divorcing his wife and marrying a woman from Mobutu's wife's village. Roberto visited Israel in the 1960s and received aid from the Israeli government from 1963 to 1969.

Savimbi left the FNLA in 1964 and founded UNITA in response to Roberto's unwillingness to spread the war outside the traditional Kingdom of Kongo.

Zhou Enlai, Premier of the People's Republic of China, invited Roberto to visit the PRC in 1964. Roberto did not go because Moise Tshombe, the President of Katanga, told him he would not be allowed to return to the Congo.

On the eve of Angola's independence from Portugal, Zaire, in a bid to install a pro-Kinshasa government and thwart the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola's (MPLA) drive for power, deployed armored car units, paratroops, and three battalions to Angola. However, the FNLA and Zaire's victory was narrowly averted by a massive influx of Cuban forces, who resoundingly defeated them.

In 1975, the MPLA defeated the FNLA in the Battle of Quifangondo and the FNLA retreated to Zaire.

While Roberto and Agostinho Neto's proposed policies for an independent Angola were similar, Roberto drew support from western Angola and Neto drew from eastern Angola. Neto, under the banner of nationalism and communism, received support from the Soviet Union while Roberto, under the banner of nationalism and anti-communism, received support from the United States, China, and Zaire. Roberto staunchly opposed Neto's drive to unite the Angolan rebel groups in opposition to Portugal because Roberto believed the FNLA would be absorbed by the MPLA. The FNLA abducted MPLA members, deported them to Kinshasa, and killed them.

In 1991, the FNLA and MPLA agreed to the Bicesse Accords, allowing Roberto to return to Angola. He ran unsuccessfully for president, receiving only 2.1% of the vote. However, the FNLA won five seats in Parliament but refused to participate in the government.

Roberto died on August 2, 2007, at his home in Luanda. After Roberto's death, President José Eduardo dos Santos eulogized, "Holden Roberto was one of the pioneers of national liberation struggle, whose name encouraged a generation of Angolans to opt for resistance and combat for the country's independence," and released a decree appointing a commission to arrange for a funeral ceremony.

title: Holden Roberto


text:
Robert Parry (politician)

Robert Parry (8 January 1933 – 9 March 2000) was a British Labour Party politician who was Member of Parliament in Liverpool for 27 years.

In 1963, he was elected to Liverpool City Council for the Central ward, one of the safest Labour wards in Liverpool. Parry was elected to Parliament at the 1970 election for Liverpool Exchange and served until his retirement in 1997, from 1974 in Liverpool Scotland Exchange, then from 1983 for Liverpool Riverside. He retired from Parliament at the 1997 general election.

He was known as a hard-line left-winger who opposed any policy moves which he saw as edging Labour away from pure socialism. He once branded Neil Kinnock a "traitor" over the latter's denunciation of the Militant tendency activists who dominated local government on Merseyside. In 1992, Parry was arrested in Beijing when he and his colleagues unfurled a banner in Tiananmen Square protesting the shootings which had taken place there in 1989.

Parry died on 9 March 2000 after battling diabetes.

title: Robert Parry (politician)


text:
User:JadziaLover

User Boxes
Sandbox Try-out page Temp page

title: User:JadziaLover


text:
Brent, Ontario

Brent is a community on Cedar Lake on the Petawawa River in northern Algonquin Provincial Park and is located in geographic Deacon Township in the unorganized south part of Nipissing District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

It was originally a station and divisional point on the transcontinental main line of the Canadian Northern Railway, and was named for Brentwood, England, the home of Robert M. Horne-Payne, a director of the Canadian Northern. During the late 19th and early 20th century, a number of lumber companies operated at Brent. It later became a Canadian National Railway divisional point between the CN Alderdale Subdivision to the west and the CN Beachburg Subdivision to the east; the next railway points were Government Park to the west and Acanthus to the east. In 1995, Canadian National Railways decided to close the Northern Algonquin line to rail traffic, stating that operational costs were too high. As part of the closure the Brent rail yard was dismantled along with the yards' twin 125 KW generators that supplied power to Brent. Brent is too remote to be connected to the power grid so the remaining dwellings requiring power use either generator or solar or have no power at all.

The Brent village at its peak, c. 1930, had a schoolhouse, hotel, restaurant, post office, train station, round house, coal tower, water tower, sawmill, and houses to accommodate around 200 people both railway and sawmill employees.

Brent today is essentially a recreational camp site with some park services and is an access point to the interior of Algonquin Park. Brent operates seasonally with no permanent population. The village of Brent consists of 17 seasonal dwellings 14 of which are located in the east end (the rail yard) and the 3 in the west end (logging mill). Well-preserved ranger and deputy-ranger stations are located on the peninsula found at the easternmost edge of the village. There is also a graveyard located beside the present-day westernmost campsite number 2. There is no telephone or cellular phone access, as it is too far to connect to the telephone system and is out of range of any cellular network.

The Brent crater is located north of the village.

title: Brent, Ontario


text:
Talk:A Collection of Songs Written and Recorded 1995–1997

Fair use rationale for Image:BrightEyes Songs.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:39, 1 June 2007 (UTC)


text:
Atom economy

Atom economy (atom efficiency/percentage) is the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved and the desired products produced. The simplest definition was introduced by Barry Trost in 1991 and is equal to the ratio between the mass of desired product to the total mass of reactants, expressed as a percentage. The concept of atom economy (AE) and the idea of making it a primary criterion for improvement in chemistry, is a part of the green chemistry movement that was championed by Paul Anastas from the early 1990s. Atom economy is an important concept of green chemistry philosophy,  and one of the most widely used metrics for measuring the "greenness" of a process or synthesis.

Good atom economy means most of the atoms of the reactants are incorporated in the desired products and only small amounts of unwanted byproducts are formed, reducing the economic and environmental impact of waste disposal.

Atom economy can be written as: $$\text{atom economy} = \frac{\text{molecular weight of desired product}}{\text{molecular weight of all reactants}} \times 100\% $$

For example, if we consider the reaction $$A + B \rightarrow C + D,$$ where C is the desired product, then $$\text{atom economy} = \frac{\text{Molecular weight }C}{\text{Molecular weight of }A + B} \% $$

Optimal atom economy is 100%.

Atom economy is a different concern than chemical yield, because a high-yielding process can still result in substantial byproducts. Examples include the Cannizzaro reaction, in which approximately 50% of the reactant aldehyde becomes the other oxidation state of the target; the Wittig and Suzuki reactions which use high-mass reagents that ultimately become waste; and the Gabriel synthesis, which produces a stoichiometric quantity of phthalic acid salts.

If the desired product has an enantiomer the reaction needs to be sufficiently stereoselective even when atom economy is 100%. A Diels-Alder reaction is an example of a potentially very atom efficient reaction that also can be chemo-, regio-, diastereo- and enantioselective. Catalytic hydrogenation comes the closest to being an ideal reaction that is extensively practiced both industrially and academically.

Atom economy can also be adjusted if a pendant group is recoverable, for example Evans auxiliary groups. However, if this can be avoided it is more desirable, as recovery processes will never be 100%. Atom economy can be improved upon by careful selection of starting materials and a catalyst system.

Poor atom economy is common in fine chemicals or pharmaceuticals synthesis, and especially in research, where the aim to readily and reliably produce a wide range of complex compounds leads to the use of versatile and dependable, but poorly atom-economical reactions. For example, synthesis of an alcohol is readily accomplished by reduction of an ester with lithium aluminium hydride, but the reaction necessarily produces a voluminous floc of aluminum salts, which have to be separated from the product alcohol and disposed of. The cost of such hazardous material disposal can be considerable. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of an ester is the analogous reaction with a high atom economy, but it requires catalyst optimization, is a much slower reaction and is not applicable universally.

Creating reactions utilizing atom economy
It is fundamental in chemical reactions of the form A+B→ C+D that two products are necessarily generated though product C may have been the desired one. That being the case, D is considered a byproduct. As it is a significant goal of green chemistry to maximize the efficiency of the reactants and minimize the production of waste, D must either be found to have use, be eliminated or be as insignificant and innocuous as possible. With the new equation of the form A+B→C, the first step in making chemical manufacturing more efficient is the use of reactions that resemble simple addition reactions with the only other additions being catalytic materials.

title: Atom economy


text:
Bronco Wine Company

The Bronco Wine Company is a vintner that produces wine under many brands, such as Amusant Bubbly and Ballett Vineyards, and is based south of Ceres, California. It is the fourth largest producer of wine in the United States. Bronco Wine Co has an estimated 10,000 employees globally. There are two companies in the Bronco Wine Co. corporate family.

Fred and Joe Franzia attended Santa Clara University and picked their school symbol for the company. Bronco is a contraction of Bro thers a n d Co usin, after the three founders.

History
CEO Fred Franzia – nephew of wine legend Ernest Gallo – started Bronco Wine in 1973 with his brother Joseph and his cousin, John Franzia, after the Franzia winery business was purchased by Coca-Cola. The Franzia brand was later purchased by the Wine Group, a privately-held bulk wine producer based in San Francisco (the source of the "bag-in-box" wines that bear the Franzia name but which have no connection to either the Franzia family or to Bronco).

In 1995, Bronco Wine Company purchased the brand name Charles Shaw from a bankrupt company for US$27,000 and used it for a line of very inexpensive wines, introduced in 2002 and priced at $1.99 per bottle. The wines became nicknamed "Two-Buck Chuck" and were sold exclusively through Trader Joe's stores.

In August 2013, Bronco Wine Company entered into a marketing campaign for its Allure Moscato wine products in partnership with Hip Hop artist Warren G and Brand Elite, LLC.

Description
Bronco owns over 35,000 acres (140 km$2$) of vineyards, most of which are located in California's Central Valley, with storage and production facilities in Ceres, Napa Valley, Sonoma Valley, Escalon, and Madera. Bronco can produce 61 million gallons (230 million L) of wine annually. Total annual sales were approximately 20 million cases.

Franzia's marketing methods contrast with his higher-priced competitors, although he is also credited with introducing new consumers to the wine market and ultimately to the premium brands. His business model is based on ownership of over 45,000 acre, the largest in the country, and the continuing surplus of grapes. Franzia said about claims that he sells wine for virtually the same price as a bottle of water: "They're overcharging for the water. Don't you get it?" and "I don't make wine to put in a closet. We sell wine to drink. "

Bronco Wine is best known for its Charles Shaw wine brand of varietals, which for over ten years were commonly nicknamed "Two Buck Chuck" because of the retail price of $1.99 a bottle at Trader Joe's stores in California and some other states. "We choose to sell good quality wines at $2 a bottle because we think it's a fair price," Fred Franzia told ABC News. "We think the other people are charging too much." The Charles Shaw Chardonnay wine won the double gold at the 2007 California State Fair Commercial Wine Competition.

Brands
The Bronco Wine Company maintains over 250 brands of wine, including: • Albertoni Vineyards

• Alexander and Fitch

• Almond Creek

• Bad Dog Ranch

• Bears' Lair

• Black Mountain

• Blue Fin

• CC Vineyards

• Cedar Brook

• Charles Shaw, AKA "Two Buck Chuck"

• Chateau California

• Coastal Ridge

• Coastal Vines

• Congress Springs

• Crane Lake

• Domaine Laurier

• Domaine Napa

• Dona Sol

• Douglass Hill

• Down Under

• Estrella

• Fat Cat

• Forest Glen

• Forest Hill

• ForestVille

• Foxbrook

• Grand Cru

• Green Fin

• Green Truck

• Grove Ridge

• Hacienda

• Harlow Ridge

• JW Morris

• JFJ Winery

• Laurier

• Mongo Wine

• Montpellier

• Napa Creek

• Napa Crossing

• Napa Landing

• Napa Ridge

• Napa River

• Oak Vineyards

• Pacific Oasis

• Pink Truck

• Quail Creek

• Quail Ridge

• Raymond Hill

• Red Truck

• Redwood

• Rock Brook

• Rutherford Vintners

• Salmon Creek

• Santa Barbara Crossing

• Santa Barbara Landing

• Sea Ridge

• Silver Ridge

• The California Winery

• Thousand Oaks

• Three Knights Vineyards

• Trellis

• White Truck

Controversies
In 1993, Franzia and Bronco Wine Company were indicted on federal charges of conspiracy to defraud by misrepresenting cheaper grapes as premium Zinfandel and Cabernet Sauvignon. Bronco pleaded no contest and paid a $2.5 million fine. Franzia also pleaded guilty to his involvement, paid a $500,000 fine, stepped down as Bronco's president and member of the company's board of directors, and agreed to refrain from involvement with grape purchasing for five years in lieu of prison time.

Franzia has also been at odds with California's premium winemakers for several years over his inclusion of Napa and other related appellation terms on the labels of his wines. Franzia sued the state of California over the implementation of a 2000 law that tightened federal labeling laws. His lawsuit was unsuccessful initially and up through the appeals process as well; he eventually sought certiorari in the United States Supreme Court, but the Court declined to take the case.

title: Bronco Wine Company


text:
Gonçalves

Gonçalves (Portuguese for "son of Gonçalo") is a Portuguese surname. Origin: Germanic patronymic Gundisalvis. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adílio de Oliveira Gonçalves (born 1956), Brazilian footballer
 * Ailton Gonçalves da Silva (born 1973), Brazilian footballer
 * André Gonçalves (explorer), 15th/16th-century Portuguese explorer of Brasil
 * André Gonçalves (painter) (1685–1754), Portuguese Baroque painter
 * André Caetano Gonçalves (born 1992), Swiss-Portuguese footballer
 * Antão Gonçalves, 15th-century Portuguese explorer
 * Diogo Gonçalves (born 1997), Portuguese footballer
 * Gilberto Ribeiro Gonçalves (born 1980), Brazilian footballer
 * Isilda Gonçalves (born 1969), Portuguese race walker
 * João Maria Lobo Alves Palhares Costa Palhinha Gonçalves (born 1995), Portuguese footballer
 * João Gonçalves Zarco (1390-1471), Portuguese explorer, discovered the archipelago of Madeira
 * Joaquim Gonçalves (1936–2013), Portuguese Roman Catholic bishop
 * José Gonçalves (born 1985), Portuguese footballer
 * Khalid Gonçalves (born 1971), American actor
 * Laura Gonçalves (born 1989), Miss Portugal 2011, Top 10 at Miss Universe 2011
 * Marcelo Gonçalves Costa Lopes (born 1966), Brazilian former football player
 * Mateus Alberto Contreiras Gonçalves (born 1983), Angolan footballer
 * Matheus Gonçalves, Brazilian footballer
 * Matheus Trindade - a Brazilian footballer, whose full name is Matheus Trindade Gonçalves.
 * Matheus Sávio - a Brazilian footballer, whose full name is Matheus Gonçalves Savio.
 * Nelson Gonçalves (1919–1998), Brazilian singer and songwriter
 * Nuno Gonçalves (fl. 1450-1471), Portuguese artist
 * Paulo Sérgio Moreira Gonçalves (born 1984), Portuguese footballer
 * Vanessa Gonçalves (born 1986), Miss Venezuela 2010, Top 16 at Miss Universe 2011
 * Vasco Gonçalves (1921–2005), Portuguese Prime Minister
 * Dercy Gonçalves (1907–2008), Brazilian actress and comedian

title: Gonçalves


text:
Walter Junghans

Walter Junghans (born 26 October 1958) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and currently works as a goalkeeping scout for German club Bayern Munich II.

Playing career
Born in Hamburg, Junghans started his professional career with Bayern Munich in 1977, where he was the back up for Sepp Maier. In 1979, Maier had to end his career after a car accident. Junghans immediately enjoyed success and Bayern won the Bundesliga title in 1980 and 1981 with him between the posts. Bayern also won the DFB-Pokal and were European Cup runners-up in 1982, although Junghans did not play in the final. Junghans was part of the European Championship-winning 1980 Germany team, but as third choice goalkeeper he did not play in any of the games. In fact he would never get capped for Germany. Junghans left Bayern for Schalke after being demoted to second choice, spending four seasons in Gelsenkirchen. His next career stop was Berlin where he joined Hertha BSC, before eventually ending his playing career in 1996 for two seasons in the 2. Bundesliga with Fortuna Köln.

Coaching career
In 2007, Junghans returned to Bayern Munich, where he again understudied Sepp Maier, this time as goalkeeper coach, before taking over upon Maier's retirement in 2008.

Honours

 * Bayern Munich
 * Bundesliga: 1979–80, 1980–81
 * DFB-Pokal: 1981–82
 * European Cup: runner-up 1981–82

 * Hertha BSC
 * 2. Bundesliga: 1989–90; runner-up 1983–84

 * Germany
 * European Championship: 1980

title: Walter Junghans


text:
Pist.On

Pist.On (also spelled Pist*On, Pist-On, Pist•On, PistOn, and Piston) is an American heavy metal band from Staten Island, New York. The band released two albums in the 1990s. They split up in 2001 but announced a reunion in 2015.

Original members
Formed around the core duo of Henry Font (vocals, guitars) and Val.Ium (bass, backing vocals), the band released two demos in the early 1990s, the second of which, Urine the Money, was produced by Josh Silver of Type O Negative. The band's friendship with Type O Negative (also based out of Brooklyn) brought them both help and scorn in subsequent years.

In 1996 the band, now rounded out by Paul Poulos (guitars, backing vocals) and Danny "Jam" Kavadlo (drums), released their first full-length album, Number One, to critical acclaim in both the United States and Europe. Subsequent tours with Type O Negative and Marilyn Manson helped improve the band's notoriety. Within a year, they moved from the independent Mayhem/Fierce record label to a major label, Atlantic Records. Also around this time, Poulos and Kavadlo both left the band.

Second lineup
New members Burton Gans (guitars) and Jeff McManus (drums) joined in time to see an Atlantic rerelease of Number One with new photos, artwork, and, perhaps most obvious of all, spelling; the band's name shifted from "Pist.On" to the "friendlier" spelling "PistOn". The removal of the "." led to criticism that the band had "sold out". Under the guise of their new name and label, the band again toured exhaustively. During this time, drummer Jeff McManus was forced into a brief respite for medical reasons, with Johnny Kelly of Type O Negative filling in.

1996–1997
Pist.on's debut album, successful on its face, had been picked up and rereleased by a major label, the band had deep friendships and histories with well-known acts such as Type O Negative, Marilyn Manson, the Misfits, and Queensrÿche, and had energetic new blood in the form of two members. However, the promises and possibilities of this era never panned out, and after a handful of tours and negative reviews, the band was unceremoniously dropped by Atlantic.

Second release
1999 saw the release of the band's second album, $ell Out, again through Mayhem Records. The record was described as rife with crooked and spiteful poking at the music industry, the band's former label, the press, and the band itself. The album met with lukewarm reviews and sales, and breakup rumors swirled.

Breakup
After the band's second release, drummer Jeff McManus departed from the band, returning briefly to record a 3-song independent Saves EP in the spring of 2001. Despite the optimism brought on by Saves, the core duo of Pist.On broke apart in late August 2001 when bassist Val Ium decided to leave the band as well. Though not officially broken up at the time, Pist.On did not released any new material as a band for over two decades, although several band members including Henry Font and Jeff McManus released recordings independently in the intervening years.

Reunion
As of March 2015, Pist.On has reformed and they are working on new material.

In early October 2017, Pist.On announced their formal reformation and a UK Tour with seven dates in June 2018

Pist.On released an EP, Cold World EP, on March 25, 2022, making it the band's first new studio recording since 2001. It would later be re-released as Cold World+, containing the tracks of the original EP, the Saves EP and several unreleased demos from 2000.

Current members

 * Henry Font – vocals, guitars (1993–2001, 2015–present)
 * Burton Gans – guitars (1996–2001, 2015–present)
 * Jeff McManus – drums (1996–2001, 2015–present)
 * Jack Hanley – bass (2015–present)

Former members

 * Val Ium – bass, backing vocals (1993–2001)
 * Danny "Jam" Kavadlo – drums (1993–1996)
 * Paul Poulos – guitar, backing vocals (1993–1996)

Touring members

 * Johnny Kelly – drums

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Number One (1996)
 * $ell Out (1999)
 * Cold War + (2022)

 * EPs
 * Saves (2001)
 * Cold World EP (2022)

 * Demos
 * First Demo Tape (1993)
 * Urine the Money (1993)

Solo projects in the 2000s

 * Henry Font
 * "SumMerFlu"
 * Jeff McManus
 * "Weekends with Dan" (released the single Anna Rexia in 2006 which received acclaim in several punk rock publications)
 * Burton Gans
 * "American Popular"
 * "The Deadlyz" (released self-titled debut album in 2009, followed up by second studio album Fabulous Disaster in 2011)

title: Pist.On


text:
Terry and June

Terry and June is a BBC television sitcom, broadcast on BBC1 from 1979 to 1987. The show was largely a reworking of Happy Ever After, and starred Terry Scott and June Whitfield as a middle-aged, middle-class suburban couple, Terry and June Medford, who live in Purley.

Most of the 65 episodes were written by John Kane, with seven other writers also contributing some episodes.

Production
Terry Scott and June Whitfield began their television partnership in Scott On in 1968. On 7 May 1974, a Comedy Playhouse pilot called "Happy Ever After" aired on BBC1 with Scott and Whitfield playing Terry and June Fletcher, a middle-class couple whose grown-up children have just left home. This was commissioned into a series of the same name, and five series and two Christmas specials were broadcast, ending on 25 April 1979.

John T. Chapman, one of the original writers, said that the programme had run out of ideas and had to come to an end. BBC Comedy, however, was unwilling to end a popular show, and so brought in fresh new writers. Legal complications meant that the name and setting had to change, and so on 24 October 1979, Terry and June was born.

The characteristics of Terry and June remained largely similar. However, the character of Aunt Lucy and her mynah bird, a popular ingredient of Happy Ever After, were dropped.

The character of Melinda Spry, Terry and June's neighbour, was originally played by Joan Benham in the 1981 episode "The Lawnmower". Benham died on 13 June 1981, and Terry and June was her last television appearance. She was replaced by Diana King.

The BBC planned a feature-length film, entitled Terry and June – The Movie, but it was never made.

Despite being seen as "cosy" and somewhat "dated" even upon its original broadcast, and lampooned by contemporaneous alternative comedy programmes, the show nevertheless attracted large viewing figures. The series never came to an 'official' end, with series 9 in 1987 not planned to be the last, but, according to main writer John Kane, the show "just sort of petered out in the end", after series 8 (1985) already having been "buried in an early tea-time slot", with the BBC "slightly embarrassed of their 'safe and cosy' sitcom but one which still commanded strong audience figures". Several scripts for a proposed series 10 were submitted, but in the end the show "simply wasn't renewed". During filming of series 9, Terry Scott commented that he felt the programme's format had started to become tired and that he was keen to do something new.

In 2004, it came 73rd in Britain's Best Sitcom, jointly with Happy Ever After.

In The Listener at the end of its run it was described, not unaffectionately, by Andy Medhurst as "a Macmillanite sitcom" to which Thatcherism was as alien as socialism.

The theme tune, "Bell Hop" by John Shakespeare (real name: John Carter), was also used for the radio series Never Too Late which starred Thora Hird and Joe Gladwin and ran for two series (1981 and 1982).

Main characters

 * Terry Scott – Terence 'Terry' Medford
 * June Whitfield – June Medford
 * Reginald Marsh – Sir Dennis Hodge
 * Terence Alexander – Malcolm Harris (series 1 and 2)
 * Tim Barrett – Malcolm Harris (1980 Special to series 7)
 * John Quayle – Malcolm Harris (series 8 and 9)
 * Rosemary Frankau – Beattie Harris
 * Joanna Henderson – Miss Nora Fennell (series 3 to 5; 8 to 9)

Recurring characters

 * Roland Curram – Brian Pillbeam (series 1)
 * Anita Graham – Tina Pillbeam (series 1 and 2)
 * John Warner – The Rev. Austin Doyle (series 1, 3 to 5; 7 to 9)
 * Allan Cuthbertson – Tarquin Spry (series 3 to 6)
 * Joan Benham – Melinda Spry (series 3)
 * Diana King – Melinda Spry (series 4 to 6)
 * Roger Martin – Alan Medford (series 2, 3, 5 and 9)
 * Patsy Smart – Miss Lavinia Dingle (series 7 and 8)
 * Evie Garratt – Miss Dunwiddy (series 9)

Guests

 * Gwen Nelson

Plot
The series starts as middle-class couple Terry and June Medford prepare to move into 26 Elmtree Avenue in Purley, Surrey. They are in their late 40s and have a daughter named Wendy, who is married to Roger; both are rarely seen. Terry's nephew, Alan Medford, pays occasional visits where he always causes some form of trouble. Terry can be headstrong and determined, but often as a result of his childlike enthusiasm getting the better of him, and his plans and schemes normally end in disaster. June, meanwhile, is tolerant of her husband, but frequently doubtful about his ideas and acts as the voice of reason and common sense, although this often falls upon deaf ears.

Terry works for Playsafe Fire Extinguishers and Appliances, and his boss is Malcolm Harris. In a continuity error his surname is sometimes referred to as Laurence instead of Harris. Malcolm frequently has affairs, and he and his wife Beattie, a friend of June, often argue. The owner of Playsafe is Sir Dennis Hodge (Reginald Marsh, who played a similar character in The Good Life), a grumpy man who rules the company with a rod of iron. His personal secretary of over 20 years is Miss Nora Fennell, whose fondness for Sir Dennis is not reciprocated.

In the first two series, their neighbours are Brian and Tina Pillbeam. From the third to sixth series, the Medfords' neighbours are Tarquin and Melinda Spry. Terry and Tarquin frequently compete against each other.

Episodes
Terry and June first aired on 24 October 1979, running for a total of nine series and 65 episodes, (including four Christmas specials). The last ever episode aired on 31 August 1987.

Home media
All nine series and four Christmas specials have been released on DVD in Region 2. The Complete Collection 10 disc boxset DVD Region 2 has also been released on 23 October 2017.

title: Terry and June


text:
Talk:Nikolai Chernykh

Untitled
I changed the layout of this article. It could still do with some editing - specifically the table listing "his" asteroids. Perhaps someone would like to change the column settings (to four columns) so that it doesn't take up so much space and you don't have to scroll so much! (html tables I can do, but I haven't learned how to do wiki tables yet). Eilthireach 22:30, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The table seems to be now fixed -- 77.109.219.213 (talk) 07:28, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nikolai Chernykh


text: Template:Academic-bio-stub

title: Template:Academic-bio-stub


text:
Talk:Hornero

Untitled
If both pictures show the same species (Rufous Hornero?), maybe this should be converted into a species article. Also, sources, especially for making a "loud cry", would be great. —JerryFriedman 22:31, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hornero


text:
Cascade Communications

Cascade Communications Corporation was a manufacturer of communications equipment based in Westford, Massachusetts.

History
Cascade was founded by Gururaj Deshpande in 1990, and was led by CEO Dan Smith, VP of Sales Mike Champa and CFO Paul Blondin.

Cascade made a compact Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode communication switches that were sold to telecommunication service providers worldwide. Frame Relay service was the primary data service used by companies in the mid-1990s to create secure internal communication networks between separate sites, and Cascade's equipment carried an estimated 70% of the world's Internet traffic during this time.

Their most important direct competitor was StrataCom, which was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1996 for US $4B.

In 1997, Ascend Communications acquired Cascade Communications for US $3.7 Billion, to move into ATM and Frame Relay markets. Ascend was later acquired by Lucent Technologies in 1999 in one of the largest mergers in communications equipment history (US $24 Billion). The Cascade portion of Ascend's business was more interesting to Lucent than the modem termination business that comprised the rest of Ascend.

Legacy
Both Desh Deshpande and CEO Dan Smith profited handsomely from the acquisition, as did hundreds of Cascade employees. In addition, Cascade was notable for invigorating the telecommunications startup culture in Massachusetts in the mid 1990s. Cascade alumni were founders or key contributors to many other financially successful Boston area telecom companies in the late 1990s. Deshpande and Smith went on to found Sycamore Networks and VP of Sales Mike Champa went on to found Omnia Communications and later was the CEO of Winphoria Networks.

title: Cascade Communications


text:
Isaías Samakuva

Isaías Henrique Ngola Samakuva (born 8 July 1946) is an Angolan politician who was the President of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) from June 2003 to November 2019.

After UNITA leader, Jonas Savimbi and his immediate successor António Dembo died from injuries sustained in a February 2002 firefight with Angolan government troops, Samakuva was elected as President of UNITA, which had transformed itself into a peaceful opposition party, in 2003.

Biography
Son of Henrique Ngola Samakuva and Rosália Ani Samakuva, Samakuva was born in Silva Porto-Gare (present Kunji), Bié Province.

In 1970, he was a professor at the Evangelical Mission House and then took a course in theology at the Seminary of Dondi, where he became an evangelical pastor. He formally joined UNITA in 1974 and, a year later, he was admitted as an official of the Ministry of Labour in the Transitional Government of Angola.

In 1976, due to political insecurity, he retired to the bush, settling in one of the bases of UNITA in the Military Region 25, moving then to Region 45, where he served as chief of staff of the command. Two years later, Samakuva was transferred to Region 11 to head the office of the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, thence to the region Kubango, which began coordinating the logistics of UNITA in the so-called on South front.

In 1979 he was a delegate to the 12th Annual Conference of UNITA and elected member of the Central Committee, having been transferred to South Africa as representative of the movement led by Jonas Savimbi in that country.

In 1984, he was appointed vice-president of the Foreign Affairs Committee of UNITA, and in 1986, at the party's sixth congress, he was elected to the permanent secretariat and to the direction of the cabinet of Jonas Savimbi. He was an official UNITA ambassador in Europe from 1989 to 1994 and again from 1998 to 2002. Between 1989 and 1993, he was the representative of UNITA in the United Kingdom; later he was delegated to Europe.

After the failed peace agreement signed in Lisbon (1991) and the Lusaka Protocol (1994), Samakuva led a party delegation to the Joint Commission established to monitor the implementation of the Lusaka Protocol.

In 2000, he was appointed head of the external mission of UNITA and, following the death of Jonas Savimbi in combat on February 22, 2002, he returned to Angola to discuss a cease-fire.

Samakuva was elected as President of UNITA in 2003 at the party's ninth congress. In 2007, at the tenth congress, he was re-elected to the post, defeating Abel Chivukuvuku.

Samakuva was the first candidate on UNITA's national list in the September 2008 legislative election. He was elected to a seat in the National Assembly in that election, but UNITA performed poorly, winning only 16 out of 220 seats. Despite the party's objections to problems in the electoral process, Samakuva announced on 8 September 2008 that UNITA accepted the election results. The UNITA Permanent Committee subsequently met to consider the outcome of the election and Samakuva's leadership, and on 19 September 2008 it said in a statement that it "reaffirm[ed] its confidence" in Samakuva, blaming the party's poor showing primarily on abuses by the governing Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

He resigned as UNITA leader in November 2019 and was succeeded by Adalberto Costa Júnior.

title: Isaías Samakuva


text:
User talk:Chadchad

hi all

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Trampled talk 22:35, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
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 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Chadchad


text:
Talk:Tellurian

Not really a disambiguation page yet. Still more of a definition page.

--TheParanoidOne 22:32, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tellurian


text:
Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens

The Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens are located on 47 acres (19 hectares) in Fort Bragg, California, United States between California's Highway One and the Pacific Ocean. The garden property includes canyons, wetlands, coastal bluffs, and a closed-cone pine forest.

The Gardens comprise plant collections suited to its mild coastal Mediterranean climate and acidic soils including: Native forests and bluff plants, Heaths and Heathers, Rhododendrons, Camellias, Fuchsias, Dahlias, Magnolias, Maples, Succulents, Begonias and Conifers. The Heath and Heather collection is part of the National Plant Consortium. MCBG is also recognized as a conifer reference collection by the American Conifer Society. A historic corridor on the south side of the property includes the 19th Century Parrish Family home, orchard and cemetery. In 2013, the demonstration "kitchen garden" developed there provided more than 4,000 lbs of fresh produce to the local food bank while testing heritage and newly developed varieties for local success and demonstrating best practices in food gardening for volunteers and visitors.

Admission is charged for entrance to the Gardens, with discounts for children and seniors or through purchase of an annual membership. Main trails are accessible and electric carts are offered on a first-come/first-served basis for visitors with mobility issues. Access is subject to special ticket purchase for Gardens fundraising events including "Art in the Gardens" in August, "Festival of Lights" on December weekends and a biannual "My Garden" event in May. The Gardens are closed on the Saturday after Labor Day for the annual WineSong event that supports the local hospital.

Public classes and other events such as the annual Rhododendron Festival and Conifer Day are posted on the Gardens website, www.gardenbythesea.org. Amenities include a gift shop, plant nursery and Rhody's Garden Cafe.

History
The Gardens were founded in 1961 by Ernest and Betty Schoefer. For the next 16 years, the Schoefers managed the garden as a private enterprise. In 1978, the property was sold to 3 investors who, in 1980 sold it to another group of investors who formed Garden Land Partners (GLP) as a limited partnership.

In 1982, the California Coastal Conservancy provided a grant of $232,000 to the Mendocino Coast Recreation and Park District (MCRPD) to acquire 12 acres of the original 47 acre garden, an access easement over 5 acres of coastal bluffs, and an easement for 25 parking spaces adjacent to Highway One. This 12-acre property was leased to Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens Preservation Corporation (MCBGPC), a 501-C-3 non-profit corporation, which continues to manage and operate the Botanical Gardens.

In 1988, when the remaining 35 acres of the original gardens came on the market, the Mendocino County Board of Supervisors and MCRPD asked the Coastal Conservancy to consider funding acquisition of the additional land to be added to the gardens. In June 1988, the Coastal Conservancy gave a $50,000 grant to MCRPD for preparation of a detailed Master Plan for the Gardens. This work was carried out by consultants, Coastal Conservancy staff, the Gardens Board of Directors, volunteers and Garden staff. The resulting plan was the Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens Coastal Restoration Plan.

The Master Plan was presented to the Coastal Conservancy on June 22, 1990. In June 1991, the Coastal Conservancy reached a unanimous decision to provide a grant of two million dollars to the MCRPD to purchase the remaining 35 acres held by GLP. The Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens was restored to the original 47 acres, with title held by Mendocino Coast Recreation and Park District with strict conditions that: "The real property is being acquired to accomplish the purposes of the Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens Restoration Plan, adopted by the Conservancy on June 22, 1990. These purposes include protection of the natural and man-made resources of the Botanical Gardens, preservation of public access, and expansion of recreational opportunities." Responsibility for management and operations was assigned to Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens Preservation Corporation (MCBG) to which the property was leased for $1/year for 25 years (through 2016).

title: Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens


text:
Henry Alfred Bishop

Henry Alfred Bishop (December 4, 1860, Bridgeport, Connecticut – 1934) was superintendent and vice-president of several Eastern railroads, as well as other corporations. He served in the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1886.

Life and career
Bishop was born to William D. and Julia Ann Bishop (née Tomlinson) in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Although he attended Yale University along with the class of 1884, he never graduated and instead went to work as a general ticket agent for the Naugatuck Railroad.

He married Jessie Alvord Trubee in Bridgeport on 1883-02-06. He was promoted at the Naugatuck railroad, serving as assistant superintendent from 1885 to 1886. From 1887 to 1902 he was superintendent of the Housatonic Railroad (later, general superintendent of that railroad as well as its branches), becoming purchasing agent for the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. In 1902, he became vice-president of the West Virginia Central and Western Maryland Railroads; he resigned this post in 1903.

In 1915, he was the vice-president or director of several companies, including Pacific Iron Works, Western Union, American District Telegraph Company of New Jersey and Connecticut National Bank.

His grandfather Alfred Bishop et al. founded and built the railroad from New York to New Haven and to Hartford - New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. His father William Bishop was president of this railroad.

Note-In 1847, Alfred Bishop, G. L. Schuyler and S. G. Miller entered in a contract to build the New York Bridgeport, RR following route laid out by Prof Twining which ended up costing $2,701,879.13. Fares were low: $1.50 from New Haven to New York, and fifty cents from Bridgeport on account of the steamboat competition.

Political career
Bishop was the Democratic candidate for Connecticut Secretary of State in 1888, after having served in the House of Representatives in 1886; he did serve as the president of the Board of Police Commissioners from 1888 to 1890. He also ran for lieutenant governor in 1904.

Organizations
Bishop was a member of the Episcopal Church, as well as holding membership or leadership positions in several fraternal or service organizations, such as the Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of Colonial Wars, the Bridgeport Scientific and Historical Society, the Freemasons (32°) and the Knights Templar.

He was a trustee of the Bridgeport Orphan Asylum as well as director of Bridgeport Hospital.

title: Henry Alfred Bishop