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User talk:Govierrjdj

Jeanne Govier

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Govierrjdj


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Magnus Beronius

Magnus Olai Beronius (18 October 1692 – 18 May 1775) was Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden from 1764 to his death.

Biography
Magnus Beronius was the son of Olaus Magni Beronis and Catharina Celsia and was born in Uppsala, Sweden. His father was the vicar of Uppsala. He studied at Uppsala University receiving his master's degree in 1716. In 1723 he became associate professor and was appointed lecturer at Gävle in 1724. After he undertook a trip through Europe, he was appointed a theology lecturer at Uppsala University in 1727. He was appointed professor first in poetry, and then he changed to theology.

In 1745, Beronius became bishop of the Diocese of Kalmar. He was elected Archbishop of Uppsala after the death of Samuel Troilius in 1764. He was also a representative in the Swedish parliament Riksdag of the Estates assemblies in 1765–1766. He and his five children were ennobled under the surname Björnstjerna in 1760. Beronius died in 1775 in Uppsala.

Other sources

 * Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (1906), article Beronius In Swedish

title: Magnus Beronius


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Category:Monegasque titles

The following are royal and noble titles which belong to the ruling family of Monaco.

title: Category:Monegasque titles


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User talk:Bigcol

I have recently joined a blues band, I'm a vocalist and have been for nearly 25 years. I began in the punk scene in the early 1980's progresively flirting with rock genres until I joined a gospel choir. The transition to blues has been accidental and inevitable. I struggle in terms of intepretation as I do not wish to parodise or pastishe, easily achieved with mock African-American accenting and a bag of cliched lyrics recounting experiences never realised. Blues appears (in my short lived experience borne from my initial impression) to have its voice in a permanently affective state allowing freedom of expression alligned in tandem with mood and aesthetic to create a reaction in both performers and audiences. I find this immensely appealing. To diagress, in my experience singing fast noisy 3 minute ditties (punk)the aim is the same. Convey a clear message, make it succint and repeat frequently! My father used to sing Louis Armstrong's version of 'St James Infirmary' in an attempt to make us sleep. My preconception altered when reading the original lyrics by Joe Primrose (1928?). Where Armstrong's version almost reads as a tale of sorrow, love, grief and loss with a helping of ego, Primroses's original points to narcissism, hedonistic behavior which is delivered with a challenging defiant arrogance, remorseless and rebellious. I am beginning a brand new

title: User talk:Bigcol


text: User talk:71.36.97.225

title: User talk:71.36.97.225


text: User talk:204.248.228.2

title: User talk:204.248.228.2


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Justice (tarot card)

Justice is a Major Arcana tarot card, numbered either VIII or XI, depending on the deck. This card is used in game playing as well as in divination.

Description
The Justice card, as a member of the tarot deck, appears in early tarot, such as the Tarot de Marseilles. It is part of the tarot's Major Arcana, and usually follows the Chariot, as card VIII, although some decks vary from this pattern. The virtue Justice accompanies two of the other cardinal virtues in the Major Arcana: temperance and strength.

The figure on the card holds a scale made of gold in their left hand, symbolizing a balanced decision.

Interpretation
According to A. E. Waite's 1910 book Pictorial Key to the Tarot, the Justice card carries several divinatory associations:

"11. JUSTICE.—Equity, rightness, probity, executive; triumph of the deserving side in law. Reversed: Law in all its departments, legal complications, bigotry, bias, excessive severity."

In astrology, the Justice card is associated with the planet Venus and Libra zodiac sign.

Numbering

Justice is traditionally the eighth card, and Strength the eleventh, but the influential Rider–Waite–Smith deck switched the position of these two cards in order to make them better fit the astrological correspondences worked out by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, under which the eighth card is associated with Leo and the eleventh with Libra. This switch was originally suggested in the mysterious Cipher Manuscripts which formed the basis for the Golden Dawn's teachings regarding tarot and other subjects. Today many divinatory tarot decks use this numbering, particularly in the English-speaking world.

In media
In the manga JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Stardust Crusaders, characters' powers (also known as 'Stands') are named after tarot cards. The Justice 'stand' belongs to Enya, a secondary antagonist.

In the Persona series of video games, some of the "personas" the player is able to use belong to the Justice Arcana. In addition to this, there are various characters the player can interact with that also represent the Justice arcana, including Ken Amada, Nanako Dojima and Goro Akechi.

title: Justice (tarot card)


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User talk:Jacob thompson

History of the Latter Day Saint movement
Thank you for your contribution to this article. Some of the facts were news to me. Do you have any original sources? Another editor has largely reverted your contribution. If you would like to explain, feel free at the article discussion tab or at WP:LDS. Thanks, and I hope we have more opportunity to see your work. Tom Haws 16:33, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jacob thompson


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Anton Strle

Anton Strle (21 January 1915 – 20 October 2003) was a Slovenian professor of dogmatic theology and a Catholic priest. He was born in the village of Osredek in the parish of Sveti Vid nad Cerknico. He was ordained priest in 1941 and received his D.D. degree in 1944 from the University of Ljubljana.

After World War II he spent many years in prison and in forced labour, falsely accused like many other priests in communist Yugoslavia. Later he worked as a parish administrator in Planina pri Rakeku. He lectured on dogmatics and patrology for forty years at the Faculty of Theology in Ljubljana.

All the time he was also active in pastoral work, for example in Holy Trinity parish in Ljubljana. He published 45 books and reproduced lecture notes for various fields of theology. He also translated several important works, for example Vera Cerkve (Denzinger's Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum) and all the documents of the Second Vatican Council. For many years, he was a member of the doctrinal commission of the Yugoslav Bishops' Conference and a member of the International Theological Commission of the Holy See in Rome. In 1977, he was appointed a papal domestic prelate by Pope Paul VI.

In March 2015, his cause was officially opened by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana. He is currently revered as a Servant of God.

title: Anton Strle


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Aase Berg

Aase Berg (born 1967) is a Swedish poet and critic.

Aase Berg was among the founding members of the Stockholm Surrealist Group in 1986 and published an early book on their publishing company Surrealistförlaget in 1988. During the late 1990s she emerged as one of the most prominent young poets in Sweden and has since 1997 had several collections of poetry published by various branches of the Bonnier publishing house, the largest and most prestigious in Sweden. Aase Berg made her debut as a prose writer with a short story in the collection Perversioner: 12 noveller om avvikelser, published on Vertigo, the publishing company of Carl-Michael Edenborg, another member of the Stockholm surrealist group. Berg has also been editor of the literary journal Bonniers Litterära Magasin (commonly known as BLM), has contributed to the journal 90tal, later renamed 00tal, and is a critic for the newspaper Expressen.

Awards and honours

 * 2013 Best Translated Book Award, shortlist, Transfer Fat

Selected publications

 * Hos rådjur : prosadikter (Stockholm : Bonnier Alba, 1997)
 * Mörk materia (Stockholm : Bonnier, 1999)
 * Forsla fett : dikter (Stockholm : Bonnier, 2002)
 * Contributed to Perversioner : 12 noveller om avvikelser, ed. by Viktoria Jäderling (Stockholm: Vertigo 2003)
 * Uppland: dikter (Stockholm: Bonnier, 2005)
 * Remainland: Selected Poems of Aase Berg, translated by Johannes Göransson (Tuscaloosa: Action Books, 2005)
 * With Deer, translated by Johannes Göransson (Boston: Black Ocean, 2009)

title: Aase Berg


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James Walker (engineer)

James Walker  (14 September 1781 – 8 October 1862) was an influential British civil engineer and contractor.

Life
Born in Law Wynd in Falkirk, the eldest of five children of John Walker and his wife Margaret, James was educated at the local school and was sent to Glasgow University in October 1794, aged 13. He studied Latin and Greek for two years, and logic during his third year. During his final two years he studied natural philosophy and mathematics, taking the first prize.

He returned to Falkirk in May 1799, aged 18, and his family discussed a career in business or law. But, by chance, in the summer of 1800, he was asked to accompany his ill brother-in-law on a sea journey to London. Once there, he visited his uncle Ralph Walker in Blackwall, intending to return to Scotland after a week. However, Ralph discussed his work at the West India Docks, and was so impressed by his young nephew's grasp of engineering that he immediately took him on as his apprentice.

Around 1800 they worked on the design and construction of London's West India and East India Docks. At the age of 21 he took on his first engineering work in his own right: the construction of Commercial Road in London, connecting the West India Docks to the warehouses of the City. Later, he worked on the Surrey Commercial Docks from about 1810 onwards, remaining as engineer to the Surrey Commercial Dock Company until his death in 1862.

In 1821 Walker built his first lighthouse, the West Usk Lighthouse, near Newport, South Wales. He went on to build another 21 lighthouses.

Walker was the senior partner of the consulting engineering firm of Messrs. Walker and Burges (of Limehouse), Burges having first became his pupil in 1811 and risen to partner in 1829. In 1832 their offices moved to 44 Parliament Street, Westminster (which lies at southern end of Whitehall) and then to 23 George Street. In 1853 he promoted James Cooper, one of his assistants, to the partnership with the firm then being known as Messrs. Walker, Burges & Cooper.

Walker succeeded his associate Thomas Telford as President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, serving from 1834 to 1845. One of his first major roles as President was to oversee the choice of three new harbours to serve Edinburgh: a major extension to Leith Docks; a new harbour at Trinity; or a new harbour at Granton. The choice resulted in the building of Granton Harbour.

He was also chief engineer within Trinity House, hence his considerable involvement with coastal engineering and lighthouses. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1857.

He died at 23 Great George Street in Westminster, London on 8 October 1862.

He is buried beneath a humble gravestone in St Johns churchyard in Edinburgh against a retaining wall on one of the southern terraces.

Projects and other work
Walker worked on various engineering projects, including:
 * Greenland Dock, London (c. 1808 – c. 1862)
 * Vauxhall Bridge, London (1816, since demolished)
 * Poplar Workhouse, London (c. 1815 - c. 1817), designer
 * West Usk Lighthouse, near Newport, South Wales
 * Survey for the Leeds and Selby Railway (1829)
 * Brunswick Wharf Warehouse, Blackwall, London (1832–34) designer, for the East India Dock Company and built by contractor Messrs. Horne & Gates of Poplar
 * Survey for the Leipzig–Dresden Railway (1835)
 * Hull and Selby Railway (survey and consulting engineer, 1834, 1836–40).
 * Start Point lighthouse, Devon (1836)
 * Maplin Sands Lighthouse (1838)
 * Advice on alignment of Hereford and Gloucester Canal (1838)
 * Victoria Viaduct (or Bridge) on the Durham Junction Railway (1838)
 * Improvements to Aberdeen Harbour (1838)
 * South Bishop Lighthouse (1839)
 * Wolf Rock beacon and lighthouse (1840–1862)
 * Coquet Lighthouse (1841)
 * Plans for River Thames embankments, later known as 'Walker's lines,' upon which the present Thames and Victoria Embankments are largely based (c. 1842)
 * South Foreland Lighthouse rebuilt with a taller tower (1841-1842)
 * Trevose Head Lighthouse (1844–1847)
 * River Severn and South Wales Railway (1845), a report that blocked Brunel's plans for railway bridges across the River Severn.
 * Gunfleet Lighthouse, off Frinton-on-Sea, Essex (1850)
 * Victoria Bridge, Glasgow (1851–1854)
 * Design of the East Bute Dock, Cardiff (1855)
 * Whitby Lighthouse - the twin lights of Whitby North and Whitby South lighthouses, near Ling Hill, High Whitby (1857–58)
 * Bishop Rock lighthouse (1858)
 * Needles Lighthouse, Isle of Wight (1859)
 * Completion of the Caledonian Canal (1838–1848)
 * Alderney breakwater, Channel Islands (1847) and harbour (1862)
 * St Catherine's Harbour, Jersey, Channel Islands (1847–1856)
 * Improvements to navigation in the River Tyne (1853–1861)
 * Houses of Parliament, consulting engineer for the Clock Tower (also known as Big Ben) as well as the Victoria Tower and Central Tower (1836–1859), cofferdam for the riverside foundations and terrace (1837–49)

Walker was also involved in designing a dock harbour in Hamburg (1845, with William Lindley and Heinrich Hübbe). He was also involved in the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, preparing a report on the merits of stationary and locomotive engines along with other notable engineers of the day. He was also for a long period consulting engineer to the Board of Admiralty.

Memorial
A memorial to Walker was commissioned by the Institution of Civil Engineers to stand at Greenland Dock and was unveiled in 1990.

Obituaries

 * Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 12, Royal Society (Great Britain), 1863, "Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased", p. lxiv–lxvi, google books link

title: James Walker (engineer)


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Fort Apache Studios

Fort Apache Studios is a New England recording studio focusing on alternative rock sessions produced there since 1986. It is currently located in New Hampshire.

History
The studio was initially built by a collective begun in 1985 by musician/producer Joe Harvard and members of a band called Sex Execs: engineers Paul Q. Kolderie, Sean Slade, and Jim Fitting.

Its first location was 169 Norfolk Avenue, a warehouse in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. As Bill Janovitz of Buffalo Tom noted, it was the height of the crack epidemic, and Roxbury was a dangerous place. As a result, Harvard gave the studio its name after the 1981 movie Fort Apache, The Bronx, which was set in a crime-ridden neighborhood.

The team took a do-it-yourself approach. Drummer Billy Conway, Fitting's bandmate in Treat Her Right, framed the control room wall. The studio became very active recording Boston-area indie-rock groups in 1986. It soon upgraded its early 8-track Roxbury facilities to 16-track equipment.

Fort Apache relocated its facilities above the Rounder Records warehouse and offices on Camp Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1988. Around then, Harvard briefly became sole owner.

In 1995, a larger studio was built a block away, on Edmunds Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 2002, the company moved the studio from Massachusetts into space leased in an old hotel called The Windham, in Bellows Falls, Vermont. In 2007 operations in Bellows Falls were suspended and Smith moved the studio and management offices to his farm nearby in New Hampshire.

"Fort Apache" as a business name
Smith used "Fort Apache" as the name of a multi-faceted company that operated the studio business, a concert promotion business, and a business managing artists such as Juliana Hatfield, Tanya Donelly and Natalie Merchant. From 2002-2006, Fort Apache additionally operated a music venue in the lobby of The Windham Hotel, where it recorded and broadcast nearly 200 live concerts. The concert venue was originally the brainchild of Smith and Charlie Hunter, owner of the Bellows Falls booking agency Flying Under Radar. In 2007, operations in Bellows Falls were suspended and Smith moved the studio and management offices to his farm nearby in New Hampshire.

Artists
Among the many major groups and artists who have recorded there over the years are the Pixies, Radiohead, Rubyhorse, Superdrag, Come, Big Dipper (band), Juliana Hatfield, Throwing Muses, Belly, Tanya Donelly, Dinosaur Jr., Sebadoh, The Lemonheads, Volcano Suns, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Elliott Smith, Eleventh Dream Day, The Connells, The Specials, Blake Babies, Weezer, Yo La Tengo, Evan Dando, Warren Zevon, Dirt Merchants, Fat Tuesday Toys Went Berserk, The Shods, Spore, Blameless, Uncle Tupelo, Morphine (band), Superchunk and many more. Check out "The Bridge - A Tribute To Neil Young" The Bridge: A Tribute to Neil Young for Fort recordings of The Pixies and Dinosaur Jr.

Affiliated Producers
Producers affiliated with the studio in the 1980s and 1990s included Lou Giordano, studio manager Gary Smith, Sean Slade, Paul Q Kolderie,Tim O'Heir. and Matt Bayles. Smith brought the Pixies to Fort Apache to record their legendary 1987 demos later known as The Purple Tape and also produced several of Throwing Muses' 1980s albums there. Smith became a co-owner of the studio when it was moved to its 24-track Cambridge facilities in 1988. Eventually, in the 1990s, Harvard sold his ownership interests in the studio to partners Smith and Billy Bragg and departed. Fort Apache also hosted a recording label in partnership with MCA Records in the mid-1990s.

Norfolk Avenue 1985 to 1987
42.3258°N, -71.0701°W

Smith brought the Pixies in to record their 1987 demos Pixies (EP) later known as The Purple Tape. Smith also produced several of Throwing Muses' albums.

Camp Street 1987 to 2003
42.3984°N, -71.1303°W

The Camp Street location was above the Rounder Records warehouse and offices on Camp Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Records made in this location include Hole's Live Through This (1994), Radiohead's Pablo Honey (1993), Radiohead's The Bends (1995), Dinosaur Jr.s Green Mind, Fat Tuesday's Everybody's Got One and  Buffalo Tom's Let Me Come Over (1992).

Camp Street 2003 to 2010
Grammy-winning producer Paul Kolderie continued to operate this studio under the Business Name "Camp Street." His most recent works include the 2014 Grammy-Nominated DELLA MAE record, the first new record in a decade by The Dismemberment Plan, as well as new records from Speedy Ortiz, Mike Gordon, Mark Mulcahy, and Yellow Ostrich.

Edmunds Street 1995 to 2003
42.3984°N, -71.1324°W

The second location was opened in 1995 was a short walk across Mass Ave to Edmunds Street. The Edmunds street location used the same architectural plans as the Camp Street locations so that mixes could be worked on in both places. The Edmunds Street location featured a performance studio with a stage and 18' high ceilings. This improved space made it possible to record huge drum sounds like those heard on Oceanic. The Edmunds Street studio also opened the opportunity to host live concerts for the radio with artists like David Bowie, Beck, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Dinosaur Jr, Goo Goo Dolls and Radiohead. Recordings from the first series of concerts can be found on the album This is Fort Apache (1995).

Bellows Falls, VT 2002 to 2007
43.1339°N, -72.444°W

In 2002 Gary Smith, who by then was sole owner of the company, moved the studio from Massachusetts to Bellows Falls, VT, while continuing to operate it under the famous Fort Apache Studios name as well. Since then, Paul Kolderie and Sean Slade have continued to run the original Fort Apache studio location under the name Camp Street Studios. For fifteen years, Smith used "Fort Apache" as the name of a multi-faceted company that operated the studio business, a concert promotion business, and a business managing artists such as Juliana Hatfield, Tanya Donelly and Natalie Merchant. From 2002-2006, Fort Apache additionally operated a music venue in the lobby of The Windham Hotel, where it recorded and broadcast nearly 200 live concerts. The concert venue was originally the brainchild of Smith and Charlie Hunter, owner of the Bellows Falls booking agency Flying Under Radar.

Edmunds Street 2008 to Present
In 2008, The Bridge Sound & Stage began opened for business at the Edmunds Street location. The engineers at The Bridge are Owen Curtin and Janos Fulop. AR Classic Records is also run out of this location. Among the artists recording and performing in this location are Amanda Palmer, Sheryl Crow, David Gray, Keene, Slaine, Ed O.G., Jordan Knight, Moe Pope, Jared Evan, Duck Down Music Inc., Sean Price, Termanology, Slane, Monkey Knife Fight and many more.

title: Fort Apache Studios


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ATM Adaptation Layer 5

ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5) is an ATM adaptation layer used to send variable-length packets up to 65,535 octets in size across an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network.

Unlike most network frames, which place control information in the header, AAL5 places control information in an 8-octet trailer at the end of the packet. The AAL5 trailer contains a 16-bit length field, a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and two 8-bit fields labeled UU and CPI that are currently unused.

Each AAL5 packet is divided into an integral number of ATM cells and reassembled into a packet before delivery to the receiving host. This process is known as Segmentation and Reassembly (see below). The last cell contains padding to ensure that the entire packet is a multiple of 48 octets long. The final cell contains up to 40 octets of data, followed by padding bytes and the 8-octet trailer. In other words, AAL5 places the trailer in the last 8 octets of the final cell where it can be found without knowing the length of the packet; the final cell is identified by a bit in the ATM header (see below), and the trailer is always in the last 8 octets of that cell.

Convergence, segmentation, and reassembly
When an application sends data over an ATM connection using AAL5, the host delivers a block of data to the AAL5 interface. AAL5 generates a trailer, divides the information into 48-octet pieces, and transfers each piece across the ATM network in a single cell. On the receiving end of the connection, AAL5 reassembles incoming cells into a packet, checks the CRC to ensure that all pieces arrived correctly, and passes the resulting block of data to the host software. The process of dividing a block of data into cells and regrouping them is known as ATM segmentation and reassembly (SAR).

By separating the functions of segmentation and reassembly from cell transport, AAL5 follows the layering principle. The ATM cell transfer layer is classified as "machine-to-machine" because the layering principle applies from one machine to the next (e.g., between a host and a switch or between two switches). The AAL5 layer is classified as "end-to-end" because the layering principle applies from the source to the destination - AAL5 presents the receiving software with data in exactly the same size blocks as the application passed to the AAL5 on the sending end.

The AAL5 on the receiving side knows how many cells comprise a packet because the sending AAL5 uses the low-order bit of the "PAYLOAD TYPE" field of the ATM cell header to mark the final cell in a packet. This final cell header can be thought of as an "end-to-end bit". Thus, the receiving AAL5 collects incoming cells until it finds one with an end-of-packet bit set. ATM standards use the term "convergence" to describe mechanisms that recognize the end of a packet. Although AAL5 uses a single bit in the cell header for convergence, other ATM adaptation layer protocols are free to use other convergence mechanisms.

Packet type and multiplexing
The AAL5 trailer does not include a type field. Thus, an AAL5 frame does not identify its content. This means that either the two hosts at the ends of a virtual circuit must agree a priori that the circuit will be used for one specific protocol (e.g. the circuit will only be used to send IP datagrams), or the two hosts at the ends of a virtual circuit must agree a priori that some octets of the data area will be reserved for use as a type field to distinguish packets containing one protocol's data from packets containing another protocol's data.

, Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM, describes two encapsulation mechanisms for network traffic, one of which implements the former scheme and one of which implements the latter scheme.

The former scheme, in which the hosts agree on the high-level protocol for a given circuit, is referred to in RFC 2684 as "VC Multiplexing". It has the advantage of not requiring additional information in a packet, which minimises the overhead. For example, if the hosts agree to transfer IP, a sender can pass each datagram directly to AAL5 to transfer, nothing needs to be sent besides the datagram and the AAL5 trailer. The chief disadvantage of such a scheme lies in duplication of virtual circuits: a host must create a separate virtual circuit for each high-level protocol if more than one protocol is used. Because most carriers charge for each virtual circuit, customers try to avoid using multiple circuits because it adds unnecessary cost.

The latter scheme, in which the hosts use a single virtual circuit for multiple protocols, is referred to in RFC 2684 as "LLC Encapsulation". The standards suggest that hosts should use a standard IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) header, followed by a Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) header if necessary. This scheme has the advantage of allowing all traffic over the same circuit, but the disadvantage of requiring each packet to contain octets that identify the protocol type, which adds overhead. The scheme also has the disadvantage that packets from all protocols travel with the same delay and priority.

RFC 2684 specifies that hosts can choose between the two methods of using AAL5. Both the sender and receiver must agree on how the circuit will be used. The agreement may involve manual configuration.

Datagram encapsulation and IP MTU size
Internet Protocol (IP) can use AAL5, combined with one of the encapsulation schemes described in RFC 2684, to transfer datagrams across an ATM network, as specified in. Before data can be sent, a virtual circuit (PVC or SVC) must be in place to the destination host and both ends must agree to use AAL5 on the circuit. To transfer a datagram, the sender passes it to AAL5 along with the VPI/VCI identifying the circuit. AAL5 generates a trailer, divides the datagram into cells, and transfers the cells across the network. At the receiving end, AAL5 reassembles the cells, checks the CRC to verify that no bits were lost or corrupted, extracts the datagram, and passes it to the IP layer.

title: ATM Adaptation Layer 5


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Propargyl group

In organic chemistry, the propargyl group is a functional group of 2-propynyl with the structure CH\tC\sCH2\s. It is an alkyl group derived from propyne (HC\tC\sCH3).

The term propargylic refers to a saturated position (sp3-hybridized) on a molecular framework next to an alkynyl group. The name comes from mix of propene and argentum, which refers to the typical reaction of the terminal alkynes with silver salts.

The term homopropargylic designates in the same manner

 * a saturated position on a molecular framework next to a propargylic group and thus two bonds from an alkyne moiety.
 * a 3-butynyl fragment, HC\tC\sCH2CH2\s, or substituted homologue.

title: Propargyl group


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Epistles of Manushchihr

The Epistles of Manushchihr (Minocher) are a response to comments made by the author's brother on the subject of purification in Zoroastrianism.

When Zadsparam, who was the high priest of Sirjan which is located near Kerman, proposed certain new precepts, the public were not ready for change and were very unsatisfied. Therefore, they decided to complain to the high priest's older brother Manuschchihr, who was the high priest of Kerman.

In response, Manushchihr issued three epistles in the issue:
 * 1) A reply to the complaining people
 * 2) an expostulation with his brother
 * 3) a public decree condemning the new precepts of his younger brother as unlawful innovations.

The first epistle is dated March 15, 881; the third is dated June–July 881. This book contains almost 9000 words. Manushchihar is the author of another major Pahlavi book named the 'Dadestan-i Denig'.

title: Epistles of Manushchihr


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Wester Ross

Wester Ross (Ros an Iar) is an area of the Northwest Highlands of Scotland in the council area of Highland. The area is loosely defined, and has never been used as a formal administrative region in its own right, but is generally regarded as lying to the west of the main watershed of Ross (the eastern part of Ross being Easter Ross), thus forming the western half of the county of Ross and Cromarty. The southwesternmost part of Ross and Cromarty, Lochalsh, is not considered part of Wester Ross by the local tourist organisation, Visit Wester Ross, but is included within the definition used for the Wester Ross Biosphere Reserve.

Wester Ross has one of the lowest population densities in Europe, with just 1.6 people per km2, who live mostly in small crofting townships along the coastline of the region. The area is renowned for the scenic splendour of its mountains and coastline, and the range of wildlife that can be seen. It is a popular tourist destination, receiving around 70,000 visitors each year. Tourism forms a major part of the economic activity of the area, accounting for 35% of all employment. Other major economic activities in the area include commercial fishing, renewable energy, agriculture and fish farming.

Much of Wester Ross is designated as a national scenic area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure their protection from inappropriate development. Scenic spots including Loch Maree, Inverewe Garden, Corrieshalloch Gorge, Glen Docherty and the Bealach na Bà. Wester Ross was designated as a Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO’s "Man and the Biosphere" (MAB) Programme in April 2016. The Wester Ross Biosphere Reserve now covers 5,200 square kilometres of Wester Ross and Lochalsh. This new-style biosphere, which covers an area over 100 times larger than the original designation, is a place where people live and actively learn about their surroundings to inspire a legacy rich in both natural and cultural heritage.

Geology
The geology of Wester Ross consists predominantly of Torridonian sandstone and Lewisian gneiss. The latter was formed during the Precambrian period, and is the oldest rock type found in Scotland; indeed the rocks around Gruinard Bay are, at 2.5 billion years old, amongst the oldest rocks in the world. The Torridonian sandstone was formed by the deposition of sediment on top of the gneiss around 750 million years ago. The linear geological feature of Moine Thrust Belt runs northeast across the area from near Kyle of Lochalsh. The area was heavily glaciated during the ice age, with all but the highest peaks being covered by glaciers, leading to the steep-sided glens and deep sea lochs that characterise the area today.

Geography
Wester Ross is well known for its spectacular mountain scenery, especially the Torridon Hills which includes such peaks as Beinn Eighe and Liathach. Although many peaks in the Northwest highlands exhibit Torridonian geology, the Torridon Hills are generally considered only to be those in the Torridon Forest to the north of Glen Torridon: the Munros of Liathach, Beinn Eighe, and Beinn Alligin; and the Corbetts of Beinn Dearg, Baosbheinn and Beinn an Eoin. Other notable "Torridonian" peaks in Wester Ross include An Teallach and Slioch, in the Dundonnell and Fisherfield Forest in the north of the area, and the hills of the Coulin Forest between Glen Torridon and Strathcarron. Torridonian hills exhibit some of the most dramatic mountain scenery in the British Isles, surpassed in grandeur probably only by the Cuillin of Skye. The hills sit apart from each other, and are often likened to castles. They have steep terraced sides, and broken summit crests, riven into many pinnacles. There are many steep gullies running down the terraced sides. The summit ridges provide excellent scrambling, and are popular with hill walkers and mountaineers. However, like many ridge routes, there are few escape points, so once committed, the scrambler or hillwalker must complete the entire ridge before descent. Under winter conditions, many walking routes in Wester Ross become serious expeditions.

In contrast to the isolated Torridonian peaks that characterise much of Wester Ross, the mountains of Kintail in the south of the area take the form of peaks linked by ridges that rise steeply from narrow glens and the sea.

Most of the major roads in the area radiate out from the more populated areas of Easter Ross, and link the settlements on the western coast to Inverness. Less major roads link these east–west routes to form a north–south route along the coast between Kyle of Lochalsh and Ullapool. This route has been marketed to tourists as the Wester Ross Coastal Trail, and also forms part of the North Coast 500 tourist route. The only railway line in Wester Ross is the Kyle of Lochalsh line, which is operated by ScotRail and provides a link between the southern part of the region and Inverness. Four services a day operate on the line, calling at stations at Achnasheen, Achnashellach, Strathcarron, Attadale, Stromeferry, Duncraig, Plockton and Duirinish, terminating at Kyle of Lochalsh.

Climate
Despite being located at a latitude of between 57.2° and 58.0° North Wester Ross experiences a relatively mild maritime climate (Köppen Cfb) due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The tables below provide data for three locations within the area: Aultbea, located on the coast near Poolewe; Kinlochewe, located in a more inland position at the head of Loch Maree; and the summit of the Bealach na Bà, located 600 m above sea level in a coastal location.

History
There are traces of Mesolithic occupation at several sites in Wester Ross, including at Redpoint and Shieldaig. Excavations of a Mesolithic rock shelter and shell midden at Sand on the Applecross peninsula revealed a variety of tools made from bone, stone and antler, together with waste from tool manufacture and food processing. The Mesolithic people were largely nomadic, and permanent settlements were first built during the Neolithic era, when trees were felled to create land for farming.

The area was inhabited by Picts in late antiquity, and was largely Christian by the 7th century. From the 8th century Wester Ross, along with much of the western seaboard of Scotland, came under Norse domination, and placename evidence suggests that the Pictish language seems to have been entirely replaced wherever the Norsemen encountered it, with most names considered likely to be of Medieval rather than pre-Norse origin. Following the decline of Norse power in western Scotland after their defeat at the Battle of Largs the semi-independent Lords of the Isles came to dominate the western coast until the 15th century, when Scottish Crown was able to cement its control over the region.

The 16th century marked the height of the Clan structure in the Highlands, and Wester Ross was occupied by different clans, chiefly the Mackenzies and the Macdonalds. Historically the chiefs of the Clan Donald held the title of Lord of the Isles until 1493, and two of those chiefs also held the title of Earl of Ross until 1476. During this period the area was farmed under the communal run-rig system, with people living in small townships, growing oats, bere (barley), and later potatoes. Cattle-rearing was the chief economic activity, with cattle being raised in the glens and then driven to market. This trade expanded during the early 19th century, due to the demands of the new industrial cities and the British armed forces for cattle for beef.

The clan structure began to break down in the 18th century, as clan chiefs came to see themselves as landlords, and the small tenant farmers had no legal answer to a landlord who wished to have them removed. During the late 18th and 19th centuries, the Highland Clearances saw tenants being forcibly moved to become crofters, a system under which their labour would be available when required by their landlords: they would be workers first and farmers second. Crofters were employed in enterprises such as fishing (Ullapool in the north of Wester Ross was built by the British Fishing Society in the 1780-90s) and kelping (the collection and processing of kelp to create products such as soda ash). In the later stages of the clearances the driver ceased to be industrial enterprises, but simply to clear the land for sheep farming, and later deer forests. At this point emigration was often the only option to those removed from their homes.

Under pressure from the Highland Land League and public opinion a series of inquiries were held into the situation, leading to the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 which put an end to the clearances by granting security of tenure to crofters. However the act did not break up large estates, and Wester Ross continues to consist chiefly of large single-owner estates.

Environment
There are many different habitats in Wester Ross, ranging from the marine and coastal environment to mountain summits over 1000 m above sea level. The area forms one of the Watsonian vice-counties, geographical divisions of the British Isles used for the purposes of biological recording and other scientific data-gathering.

The coastline is mostly formed of cliffs and rocky shores covered with barnacles and seaweed. These cliffs are home to large numbers of seabirds such as puffins, fulmars, kittiwakes, razorbills, guillemots, black guillemots, cormorants and shags, whilst the rocky islets and skerries are important for harbour seals. There are also beaches and sand dunes: the dunes at Achnahaird in particular support three plant species (petalworts, dune slack mosses matted bryum and sea bryum) that occur nowhere else in Scotland. There is relatively little machair in Wester Ross compared to other parts of western Scotland.

Whales, dolphins, porpoises and seals area frequently seen in the outer lochs and open waters, whilst the more sheltered sea lochs contain rocky reefs, maerl beds and deep mud banks. Loch Carron is home to the world's largest flame shell beds.

The rivers and lochs of Wester Ross support important populations of Atlantic salmon and sea trout, although numbers of adult fish have declined in recent years. Freshwater pearl mussels live in the gravel beds of clean, fast flowing rivers: the population had declined across Europe as a result of pollution, habitat changes and pearl fishing, and the Wester Ross population is now of international importance. Otters and water voles are both present in strong numbers in the rivers of Wester Ross: water voles populations have been in decline across Great Britain due to predation by non-native American mink, which have only recently been recorded in Wester Ross. The lochs also support internationally important concentrations of breeding black-throated divers, which is at the southern edge of its range in Wester Ross. Besides salmon and trout, Arctic charr can be found in many of the lochs.

There are areas of Caledonian pinewood at Shieldaig, Coulin, Torridon, Beinn Eighe, Rhidorroch, Achnashellach and the islands on Loch Maree. Though small in terms of area, these pinewoods (which are composed chiefly of Scots pine, alongside deciduous species such as birch and rowan) are an internationally important habitat. These woods are genetically distinct from the pinewoods of central and eastern Scotland, and support a highly specialised flora and fauna including rare mosses and lichens, and insects such as the Scottish wood ant. The pinewoods are also habitats for red squirrel and black grouse.

Moorland habitats, which are rare globally, are quite common in Wester Ross. The moors are characterised by blanket bogs composed of sphagnum mosses, and host breeding birds such as golden plover, greenshank and dunlin, along with a resident population of red grouse. The summits of Wester Ross host alpine and sub-alpine heaths comprising mosses, liverworts and lichens, and dwarf shrubs such as alpine bearberry, juniper, crowberry, and cowberry. Beinn Eighe is the only known site for the Northern prongwort in the UK, and represents 75% of the known world population. Bird species in the montane areas of Wester Ross include ptarmigan, dotterel and snow bunting, along with raptor species such as golden eagle and merlin.

White-tailed eagles were reintroduced into Wester Ross during the 1990s, with 58 birds being released between 1993 and 1998. This was the second phase of the reintroduction of white-tailed eagles into Scotland, following on from the release of 82 birds on Rùm between 1975 and 1985. As of 2014, it was estimated that there were 98 breeding pairs living along the west coast of Scotland.

Conservation designations
The Wester Ross National Scenic Area covers 1635 km2 of countryside and seascape, and is the largest of the national scenic areas in terms of land area (1439 km2). It extends from Loch Kishorn in the south to Little Loch Broom in the north. There are two further national scenic areas (NSA) that include parts of Wester Ross: the Kintail NSA and the Coigach portion of the Assynt-Coigach NSA.

Wester Ross was designated as a Biosphere Reserve in April 2016. The designated area is subdivided into three zones:
 * A Core Zone of 53 km2, coincident with two protected sites, the Beinn Eighe and Loch Maree Islands National Nature Reserve and the Coille Mhór Special Area of Conservation.
 * A Buffer Zone of 138 km2 surrounding these two sites and including the entirety of the National Trust for Scotland's Balmacara property.
 * A Transition Zone of 5108 km2 covering the rest of Wester Ross (including 955 km2 of sea).

Approximately 20% of Wester Ross is legally protected via the Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) designation.

In 2014 59900 ha of coastal waters in the northern part of Wester Ross (from Rubha Rèidh to Coigach) was declared a Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area (NCMPA).

National Trust for Scotland properties
The National Trust for Scotland, a charity that cares for sites of historic or natural significance, owns seven properties in Wester Ross:
 * The 17422 acre Kintail and Falls of Glomach Estate covers the mountains on the north side of Glen Shiel, including the "Five Sisters of Kintail" and the Falls of Glomach. The Falls became a Trust property in 1941, whilst the wider Kintail Estate entered Trust ownership in 1944. The estate is adjacent to the Trust's West Affric Estate in Inverness-shire.
 * The Balmacara estate, which became a Trust property in 1946, is a 5627 acre crofting estate covering the land surrounding Plockton.
 * The ruins of Strome Castle, situated on a rocky promontory in Loch Carron, have been a Trust property since 1939.
 * Shieldaig Island, lying offshore from the village of Shieldaig, is entirely covered in Scots pine trees, and was purchased by the Trust in 1970.
 * The 15955 acre Torridon Estate covers the mountains on the north side of Glen Torridon, including Beinn Alligin, Liathach and part of Beinn Eighe, and has been a Trust property since 1967.
 * Inverewe Garden, which has been a Trust property since 1952, was first established by Osgood Mackenzie and brings together exotic plants from around the world. The garden forms part of a wider estate, covering 2074 acre in total, all of which is under Trust ownership.
 * Corrieshalloch Gorge is a national nature reserve located between Ullapool and Dundonnell, which has been a National Trust property since 1945. The chief attraction is the Falls of Meanach, which can be seen from a Victorian suspension bridge and viewing platform.

Demographics
The population of Wester Ross was 8701 according to the 2011 census of Scotland, showing a slight increase compared to 8491 in 1991. The population is generally older than Scotland as a whole, with 22.1% being aged 65 or older, compared to 16.8% for Scotland as a whole. The area is sparsely populated, having one of the lowest population densities in Europe, with just 1.6 people per km2.

Wester Ross has historically been a Gaelic-speaking area; however, the language suffered from persecution for many years, and its decline was hastened when English-language schooling became compulsory in the late 19th century. In the 2011 census 10.6% of the population reported being able to speak the language, compared to only 1.1% of the population of Scotland as whole. As well as being a spoken language Gaelic culture continues to be important in the area through traditional music and ceilidhs.

Government and politics
Wester Ross is part of the registration county of Ross and Cromarty. The counties of Scotland are now used only for statistical purposes, and for local government purposes the whole of Ross and Cromarty is part of the council area of Highland. Wester Ross is united with Strathpeffer in Easter Ross to form a single ward entitled Wester Ross, Strathpeffer and Lochalsh, which elects 4 councilors to Highland Council under the single transferable vote electoral system. Some local decisions are delegated to the Wester Ross, Strathpeffer and Lochalsh Committee, which consists of all councilors representing this ward.

In the Scottish Parliament most of Wester Ross lies within the Caithness, Sutherland and Ross constituency, however the Lochalsh area in the south of the region forms part of the Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch constituency. Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the plurality (first past the post) method of election; a further seven additional members are elected from the Highlands and Islands electoral region (in addition to the eight constituency MSPs), to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole.

At Westminster Wester Ross is represented as part of the Ross, Skye and Lochaber constituency, which elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

In popular culture
Wester Ross is featured in the lyrics to the song Letter from America by The Proclaimers, and Kishorn Commandos by North Sea Gas, which relate the wild lifestyle of construction workers on the Ninian Central Platform in Kishorn. Many other songs refer to or are named after areas, geographical features and villages of Wester Ross, notably Loch Maree Islands, which has been recorded by many artists including Calum Kennedy.

Major outdoor scenes in the films Stardust and The Eagle (based on Rosemary Sutcliff's book The Eagle of the Ninth) were shot in Wester Ross. Plockton was used for shots showing Sergeant Neil Howie's arrival at Summerisle in The Wicker Man. The 2014 film What We Did on Our Holiday starring David Tennant, Rosamund Pike, and Billy Connolly, was filmed in Wester Ross and featured the Salmon Beach and Redpoint.

Wester Ross is the location for the adventures of John Macnab in the book by John Buchan.

American author George R. R. Martin took the name of the fictional continent in his epic fantasy franchise A Song of Ice and Fire, Westeros, from Wester Ross.

Places in Wester Ross

 * Lochcarron
 * Kishorn
 * Applecross
 * Shieldaig
 * Torridon
 * Kinlochewe
 * Gairloch
 * Poolewe
 * Aultbea
 * Laide
 * Dundonnell
 * Scoraig
 * Ullapool
 * Achiltibuie
 * Inverasdale

title: Wester Ross


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Temperance (tarot card)

Temperance (XIV) is one of the 22 Major Arcana cards in Tarot decks. It is usually numbered 14. It depicts a figure which represents the virtue Temperance. Along with Justice and Strength, it is one of three Virtues which are given their own cards in traditional tarot. It is used in both game playing and in divination.

Identity of the figure
Temperance almost invariably depicts a figure with pouring liquid from one cup to another. This figure is usually referred to as the virtue Temperance or as an angel, though several other interpretations also exist. In particular, Paul Huson suggests that the figure once represented Ganymede, who served as cup bearer to Zeus. Though it is possible that the figure could also be the goddess Iris or the archangel Michael. The former of these interpretations is supported by the rainbow which is often added above her head and the fact that the flowers pictured in the Rider–Waite Tarot version of the card are Irises.

Description
Temperance (La Temperanza) appears in the oldest Italian decks where it is numbered VI or VII. In the Tarot de Marseille and in most contemporary decks the card is numbered XIV. In the Thoth Tarot and decks influenced by it, this card is called Art rather than Temperance.

Temperance is almost invariably depicted as a person pouring liquid from one receptacle into another. Historically, this was a standard symbol of the virtue temperance, one of the cardinal virtues, representing the dilution of wine with water. In many decks, the person is a winged angel, usually female or androgynous, and stands with one foot on water and one foot on land.

At the end of the path in the lower left part of the card, there is a crown to show the attainment of a goal, or mastery thereof.

In the Rider–Waite image by Pamela Coleman-Smith (shown on this page) the Hebrew Tetragrammaton is on the angel's chest above the square and triangle. In the derivative Tarot decks this is usually not included.

According to A.E. Waite's 1910 book The Pictorial Key to the Tarot, the Temperance card is associated with: "14.TEMPERANCE.--Economy, moderation, frugality, management, accommodation. Reversed: Things connected with churches, religions, sects, the priesthood, sometimes even the priest who will marry Querent; also disunion, unfortunate combinations, competing interests."In Astrology, the Temperance card is associated with the masculine, mutable-fire sign of Sagittarius and its ruling planet, Jupiter.

title: Temperance (tarot card)


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The Devil (tarot card)

The Devil (XV) is the fifteenth trump or Major Arcana card in most traditional tarot decks. It is used in game playing as well as in divination.

Symbolism
According to A. E. Waite's 1910 book, The Pictorial Key to the Tarot, the Devil card carries several divinatory associations:

"15. THE DEVIL.—Ravage, violence, vehemence, extraordinary efforts, force, fatality; that which is predestined but is not for this reason evil. Reversed: Evil fatality, weakness, pettiness, blindness."

In the Rider–Waite–Smith deck, the Devil is derived in part from Eliphas Levi's famous illustration "Baphomet" in his Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie (1855). In the Rider–Waite–Smith deck, the Devil has harpy feet, ram horns, bat wings, a reversed pentagram on the forehead, a raised right hand and a lowered left hand holding a torch. He squats on a square pedestal. Two naked demons (one male, one female) with tails stand chained to the pedestal. Levi's Baphomet has bat wings, goat horns, a raised right hand, lowered left hand, breasts and a torch on his head, and also combines human and bestial features. Many modern tarot decks portray the Devil as a satyr-like creature. According to Waite, the Devil is standing on an altar.

In pre–Eliphas Levi tarot decks like the Tarot of Marseille, the devil is portrayed with breasts, a face on the belly, eyes on the knees, lion feet and male genitalia. He also has bat-like wings, antlers, a raised right hand, a lowered left hand and a staff. Two creatures with antlers, hooves and tails are bound to his round pedestal.

The Devil card is associated with the planet Saturn, and the correlating zodiac Earth sign, Capricorn.

Major Arcana journey
The Major Arcana cards tell a story called the Fool's journey, beginning from The Fool (0) and ending with The World (XXI). The Devil comes after the fourteenth Major Arcana card, Temperance. The Devil represents the Fool's involvement in economic materialism and complacency.

title: The Devil (tarot card)


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The Tower (tarot card)

The Tower (XVI) (most common modern name) is the 16th trump or Major Arcana card in most Italian-suited tarot decks. It has been used in Tarot cards since the 15th century as well as in divination since the mid-19th century.

History

This card follows immediately after The Devil in all tarots that contain it, and is associated with sudden, disruptive revelation, and potentially destructive change. Some early painted decks, such as the Visconti-Sforza tarot, do not contain it, and some tarot variants used for gameplay omit it.

Early printed decks that preserve all their cards do feature The Tower. In these decks the card bears a number of different names and designs. In the Minchiate deck, the image usually shown is of two nude or scantily clad people fleeing the open door of what appears to be a burning building. In some Belgian tarots and the 17th-century tarot of Jacques Viéville, the card is called La Foudre or La Fouldre (The Lightning), and depicts a tree being struck by lightning. In the Tarot of Paris (17th century), the image shown is of the Devil beating his drums, before what appears to be the mouth of Hell; the card still is called La Fouldre. The Tarot of Marseilles merges these two concepts, and depicts a burning tower being struck by lightning or fire from the sky, its top section dislodged and crumbling. Two men are depicted in freefall against a field of multicolored balls. Pamela Colman Smith's version is based on the Marseilles image, with small tongues of fire in the shape of Hebrew yod letters replacing the balls.

A variety of explanations for the images on the card have been attempted. For example, it may be a reference to the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, where God destroys a tower built by mankind to reach Heaven. Alternatively, the Harrowing of Hell was a frequent subject in the liturgical drama of the Late Middle Ages, and Hell could be depicted as a great gate knocked asunder by Jesus Christ. The Minchiate version of the deck may represent Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden.

Symbolism
The Tower is widely associated to danger, crisis, sudden change, destruction, higher learning, and liberation. In the Rider–Waite deck, the top of The Tower is a crown, which symbolizes materialistic thought being bought cheap, downcast.

The Tower is associated with the planet Mars.

According to A. E. Waite's 1910 book The Pictorial Key to the Tarot, the Tower card is associated with: "16. THE TOWER.-- Misery, distress, indigence, adversity, calamity, disgrace, deception, ruin. It is a card in particular of unforeseen catastrophe. Reversed: Negligence, absence, distribution, carelessness, distraction, apathy, nullity, vanity."

Alternate decks

 * The Flemish Deck by Vandenborre (c. 1750–1760) renames it La Foudre ("The Thunderbolt"). It shows a frightened shepherd cowering under a burning tree split by a bolt of lightning while sheep graze at its base.
 * In Anne Rice tarot deck the Tower card depicts Armand in the Vampire Chronicles.
 * In the Golden Dawn system it corresponds to the Hebrew letter Peh, and in the French system it corresponds to Ayin.

title: The Tower (tarot card)


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Opt-out

The term opt-out refers to several methods by which individuals can avoid receiving unsolicited product or service information. This option is usually associated with direct marketing campaigns such as e-mail marketing or direct mail. A list of those who have opted out is called a Robinson list.

Telemarketing
The U.S. Federal Government created the United States National Do Not Call Registry to reduce the telemarketing calls consumers receive at home. Initially numbers listed on the registry were due to be kept for five years but will now remain on it permanently due to the Do-Not-Call Improvement Act of 2007, which became law in February 2008.

The UK's Direct Marketing Association operates a voluntary opt-out scheme through the Telephone Preference Service, which was established in 1995. While the service will reduce unsolicited calls it does not stop solicited calls, market research calls, silent calls or overseas calls.

Canada's National Do Not Call List operates an opt-out list which allows consumers to register their wishes not to have telemarketing calls. Charities, newspapers, and pollsters are exempt although each of these is required to keep their own do not call list that consumers can be added to at their request.

Australia has a national Do Not Call Register. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) is responsible for the register under the Do Not Call Register Act 2006. In order to be included on the register, a telephone number must be used or maintained primarily for private or domestic purposes, or exclusively for transmitting and/or receiving faxes. Government body numbers and emergency services numbers are also able and numbers can be removed at any time.

E-mail marketing
In e-mail marketing, a clickable link or "opt-out button" may be included to notify the sender that the recipient wishes to receive no further e-mails. While 95% of all commercial e-mails from reputable bulk emailers with an unsubscribe feature indeed work in this manner, unscrupulous senders and spammers can also include a link that purports to unsubscribe a recipient; clicking the link or button confirms to the originator that the e-mail address used was a valid one, opening the door for further unsolicited e-mail.

Online advertising
Targeted advertising and behavioral targeting are a series of technologies and techniques used mainly in online advertising to increase the effectiveness of advertisements. By capturing data generated by website and landing page visitors, advertisements are placed so as to reach consumers based on various traits such as demographics, psychographics, behavioral variables (such as product purchase history), and firmographic variables or other second-order activities which serve as a proxy for these traits.

Opt-out cookies
Many of the biggest third-party ad-serving companies offer opt-out cookies to users. Opt-out cookies are cookies created by ad-serving companies to enable the user to block and prevent the advertising network from installing future tracking cookies. Opt-out cookies are server specific, meaning that they only block cookies of a specific ad-serving company and won't block cookies from other companies. To do generalized blocking, the users must manage their cookies via their own browser's cookie settings.

Do Not Track HTTP header
Do Not Track (DNT) is an HTTP header field that requests that a web application or website to disable its direct or cross-site user tracking of an individual user. The header field name is DNT and it currently accepts three values: DNT is not widely adopted by the industry, and honoring DNT requests is not obligatory.
 * 1, when the user does not want to be tracked (opt-out)
 * 0, when the user consents to being tracked (opt-in)
 * Null (no header), when the user does not set a preference

Wi-Fi positioning system
Wi-Fi-based positioning systems take advantage of the rapid growth of wireless access points in urban areas and are used by companies like Google, Apple, and Microsoft, to obtain data about their customers' locations, in order to provide a better service. The localization technique is based on measuring the intensity of the received signal and access-point "fingerprinting". However, some users have expressed concern about their privacy being affected by this type of unsolicited positioning system, and have asked for opt-out alternatives.

Google suggested the creation of a unified approach for opting-out from taking part in Wi-Fi-based positioning systems. Suggesting the usage of the word "_nomap" (Underscore and nomap) append to a wireless access point's SSID to exclude it from Google's WPS database.

Credit card offers
Each year American consumers receive several billion written offers of credit or insurance they did not request. In many cases, the senders have prescreened the recipients for creditworthiness and suitability using consumer credit records in the files of consumer reporting agencies.

The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) permits creditors and insurers to use CRA information as a basis for sending unsolicited firm offers of credit or insurance, also known as prescreened solicitations, to consumers who meet certain criteria, but only within limits specified in the act. The FCRA also provides a mechanism by which consumers can elect not to receive such solicitations by directing CRAs to exclude their names and addresses from lists provided by these agencies for sending prescreened solicitations. Consumers who choose to have their names removed from lists used for prescreened solicitations may well still receive offers of credit or insurance by mail or telephone, but such offers will not be based on the credit records maintained by the CRAs.

People are able to opt out of receiving any offers from U.S. national credit bureaus.

Unsolicited direct marketing mail (a.k.a. "junk mail")
In the United States, the Data & Marketing Association's (DMA) Mail Preference Service provides an opt-out service. The consumer's name is added to a "delete" file which is made available to direct-mail marketers. This process does not cover opting out of Bulk Mail also known as Standard mail or Current Resident Mail, which will require opting out on a company by company basis. There is a $2 charge to register online and there is a $3 charge to register by regular mail. There is another service to stop mail to deceased people. Registration will not stop mailings from organizations that are not registered with the DMA. DirectMail.com offers a similar service.

Arbitration
Some contracts with arbitration clauses have terms that state that a party may reject the arbitration clause within a specified time frame of accepting the contract.

title: Opt-out


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Talk:Germanic strong verb

Old English imperative sing.: NOT bêode, but bêod  Nuremberg 12.06.2023  Angel.Garcia2001 ~ ~ ~ ~

To == Vowel 'length' == In the later Middle Ages, all three languages eliminated the distinction between the vowels of the singular and plural preterite forms. This is wrong. Icelandic, Faeroese, Classical Rikssvenska retain the sing. / plural distinction, as much as some conservative German dialects. Nuremberg 12. 06. 2023 Ángel García2001 ~ ~ ~ ~  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.225.95.213 (talk) 14:52, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

Work in progress
STUB!

Yes, but bear with me - it may take a couple of days, but I have the material on my harddisk!--Doric Loon 08:58, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

OK, this is now where I wanted to get it to. It would be good if other people could add a short note of the Afrikaans or Yiddish situation at the end of each section. And apart from that, I would be glad of a careful correction from anyone interested enough to get out the source books and check it all. What we need now is similar work done on the articles East Germanic strong verb and North Germanic strong verb - it would be good if they can be kept exactly parallel in terms of structure, headings etc. --Doric Loon 11:50, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Merge this into "Germanic strong verb"
IMO the three-way north/west/east article split makes little sense. most info on this page, for example, is not specific to west germanic. it would make more sense to combine all three into a "Germanic strong verb" article, with sections describing the continuations into the various daughter languages. Benwing 04:31, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no objection to that in principle, except for a slight worry about the length. The equivalent articles on East and North Germanic never got written, but they would have been much shorter anyway, I suspect, especially East.  Do you think this article can stretch to cover Gothic and Old Norse?  The problem with Gothic, of course, is that it has  has reduplication in the six classes rather than a seventh class, which could not be tacked on briefly but would certainly become quite a chunky subsection.  But OK, you go ahead.  --Doric Loon 07:14, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Vowel 'length'
..''In the later Middle Ages, all three languages eliminated the distinction between the vowels of the singular and plural preterite forms. The new uniform preterite could be based on the vowel of the old preterite singular, or on the old plural, or sometimes on the participle. In English, the distinction remains in the verb "to be": I was, we were. In Dutch, it remains in the verbs of classes 4 & 5, but only in vowel length: ik brak (I broke - short a), wij braken (we broke - long ā).''

 * This discussion is somewhat confused by the (unfortunately ineradicable) nomenclature of Dutch vowels. The distinction between the vowels in brak en braken is not so much a matter of vowel length. The first vowel is IPA: [ɑ] the second one can be either written as [a] or [aː], where the length is not of phonemic distinction, but a matter of emphasis etc. Only in Dutch words where the vowel is followed by 'r' like bord and boord is the vowel really distinguished by length alone [ɔ] vs. [ɔː] resp. (as the orthography seems to indicate). af:Gebruiker:Jcwf

Yes, this is not just a Dutch phenomenon - the same is very much true in English. Most languages which have long/short vowel pairs (typical really of the whole Indo-European family) have qualitative as well as quantitative differences within these pairs, and in the case of English and Dutch, quantity seems to have become markedly less important in distinguishing these phonemes than quality. Historical linguists nevertheless class the pairs according to length, since that is correct from an Indo-European point of view. It is one of the many interesting examples of synchronic and diachronic linguistics analysing things differently - both correctly and for their own very good reasons. I wouldn't want to go into this in this article, but you are welcome to point to a discussion of this at, say, Dutch grammar or vowel length. --Doric Loon 19:54, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Where's Frisian?
Although currently the smallest language of the West Germanic group, Frisian is a West Germanic language. I'm not at all familiar with this language, but shouldn't it at least be mentioned somewhere on this page?

212.59.203.211 11:32, 20 March 2006 (UTC) KH

 * For the most part, my own feeling is that German, English and Dutch are sufficient to show the general patterns, but you are welcome to disagree. If you have the data, you could add the smaller languages at the bottom of each section: no doubt someone will want Yiddish and Scots and Afrikaans too.  But I wouldn't clutter the article with the attempt to include every known variant: if for example Yiddish is only a minor and entirely regular sound shift away from German, it really doesn't need a full account in each section.  An alternative would be a short note at the very bottom of the article.  --Doric Loon 16:29, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

thank you and please enjoy this!!!$

From Dutch to Afrikaans

 * The distinction between strong and weak verbs has been lost in Afrikaans as all verbs follow the weak pattern. For example the ancestral Dutch hij heeft gezongen has become hy het gesing ("he sang/has sung/had sung). "He sings" is hy sing - as you can see there is no change in vowel sound and it follows the same pattern as hy werk (he works), hy het gewerk (he worked/has worked/had worked). Afrikaans has even lost the inflection that distinguishes the present from the infinitive form of the verb in Dutch. Perhaps this should be mentioned in the article, but I could not find a place where it would go easily without disrupting the article. Booshank 13:11, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok I decided to do it; I added a bullet From Dutch to Afrikaans. Dave (djkernen)|Talk to me|Please help! 22:51, 3 September 2011 (UTC)
 * It could definitely be expanded, as Afrikaans has many verbs with an irregular past participle (e.g. bedorwe, bevrore, gebroke, gedaan, gedwonge, geskrewe, gesproke, gestorwe, geswolle, oorlede), which contrary to Dutch are often used alongside the regular (bederfde, gebreekte, etc.) past participle. The tendency is that the strong participle is more figurative (or sometimes only used in fixed expressions), so e.g. bederfde yoghurt (spoiled yoghurt) but bedorwe jeug (spoiled youth), gebroke hart (broken heart) but gebreekte vaas (broken vase). 132.229.234.46 (talk) 16:41, 18 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I am the same user as above despite the different IP address. I'll add a nuance to that; the virtual institute for Afrikaans remarks: " Voltooide deelwoorde kan natuurlik swak of sterk wees. Swak voltooide deelwoorde kry net die voorvoegsel en/of -de of -te, soos in die voorbeelde hier bo. Sterk verlede deelwoorde se stam verander ook. Voorbeelde daarvan is verworwe (van verwerf), bedorwe (van bederf) en geswore (van sweer).
 * Vinnige syspoor: Die opvatting dat sterk voltooide deelwoorde altyd ’n figuurlike betekenis het, is nie 100% akkuraat nie. Ons praat byvoorbeeld van bevrore groente en aangenome kinders. Soms is die sterk voltooide deelwoord nou maar net meer gebruiklik. "
 * Translated: "Past participles can of course be weak or strong. Weak past participle just receive the prefix (ge-) and/or -de or -te, as in the examples above. Strong past participles' stems change as well. Examples thereof are verworwe (from verwerf (acquire)), bedorwe (from bederf (spoil)) and geswore (from sweer (swear)).
 * Quick side track: The notion that strong past participle always have a figurative meaning, is not 100% accurate. We speak for instance of bevrore groente (frozen vegetables) and aangenome kinders (adopted children). Sometimes the strong past participle just happens to be more common."
 * https://viva-afrikaans.org/lees-luister/blog/item/1346-om-te-de-of-te-te
 * Furthermore, modal verbs tend to have a strong past tense, and a handful of other verbs do so too. Grammatically speaking though, the distinction between a simple past and a past perfect does not exist anymore. For this reason, verbs almost never retain both a strong past tense and a strong past participle. The exception is wees 'to be', which does retain both was 'was/were' and gewees 'been', as well as a present tense is 'am/is/are' distinct from the infinitive. (The verb wees also has the alternative infinitive syn as well as the subjunctive forms sy and ware in a few fixed phrases and words, like welsyn 'wellbeing', hoe dit ook al sy 'be that as it may', and as 't ware 'as it were/so to speak'/)
 * I'll add a few words about it. 132.229.187.14 (talk) 13:48, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

Dutch verbs 'zitten' and 'zien'
I've added 'zitten' to group 5, as it's in German as well, and follows German 'sitzen': zitten, zat, gezeten. I'm not sure whether Dutch 'zien' (German 'sehen') is originally in this group as well, although it may be reduced in the participle (zien, zag, gezien).

212.159.203.211 11:57, 20 March 2006 (UTC) KH

 * Quite right, zien should be in there; I've added it with an explanation. --Doric Loon 16:25, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Macron
Throughout this article, the long variety of æ is indicated with a grave accent. This is a temporary solution because I couldn't find how to put a macron over this letter. (Other long vowels are marked with a macron: ā, ō etc.) If anyone can substitute the correct symbol it would be a big improvement. --Doric Loon 09:33, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I changed ǽ to ǣ . In order to make it display right on MSIE, I had to use latinx. This made the changes a little more error-prone than a simple character substitution; so someone should proofread them. --teb728 06:44, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks, that looks great. Though this symbol and a good many others used on the linguistics pages of Wiki are unreadable in my Internet Explorer (even on my brand new state-of-the-art laptop) so that I can only read them using Mozilla. But presumably that will sort itself out in the next generation. Anyway, definite improvement TEB. --Doric Loon 21:05, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Return to merge
As nothing more has been done about Benwig's merge request, it seems time to set the ball rolling. There was no objection, and I personally think he is quite right. As a first step I am moving this article from West Germanic strong verb to Germanic strong verb and fixing the links accordingly. Step two would be for the (minimal) information in East Germanic strong verb and North Germanic strong verb to be merged here, and those two to be turned into redirects. Then, hopefully, fuller details of the East and North variants can be built in here. If in the process the article becomes too long, we can split it in a different way, by taking the detailed survey of each class into an article of its own. But we'll cross that bridge when we come to it. Meanwhile, those of you with North and East Germanic expertise are needed here. --Doric Loon 21:21, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Five years later, this merge looks like a big mistake. Nothing has been added about North and East Germanic strong verbs. Therefore, this article should be renamed West Germanic strong verb.--213.236.196.39 (talk) 16:00, 5 June 2011 (UTC)
 * No, information about North and East Germanic should be added. —Angr (talk) 18:18, 5 June 2011 (UTC)
 * In principle, I'm with Angr on this, but if fully developed this page could end up way too long for anyone who wants a quick overview rather than the fully gory detail. Still, I suppose we can worry about that when we get there. --Pfold (talk) 16:46, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

East and North Germanic
Inspired by a brief discussion on the userpage of Dr. Elwin Ransom I would like to return to this and see whether it is possible to move the article forward. I wrote this almost single-handedly (apart from a few very useful minor corrections by two or three other users) and therefore it concentrates on the languages I know, which are West Germanic. Originally it was actually called West Germanic strong verb, and equivalent East and North Germanic articles were planned, but they were merged when these were never written. (See merge discussion above!) I am not sure that this three-way division would have been a good idea anyway, since recent scholarship suggests the classification of the Germanic languages is more complex than that. But I do definitely still have an ambition to get Norse and Gothic integrated into this, and possibly even more on reconstructed Proto Germanic. Elwin, are you competent to do that? One problem, of course, is that adding detailed descriptions of the verbs in these languages would make a long article very long indeed. One possible solution to this is to move a lot of the detail to sub-articles on the seven classes. But perhaps we should first add the new material and then think about it. Another problem is that Gothic does not have seven classes: class seven appears as a reduplicating sub-class to each of the first six. Since that reflects the original situation in Proto Germanic, it has logical priority, and the West Germanic situation is actually the abberation which should be mentioned second. But how do we then structure the article? --Doric Loon 09:50, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

usage: broadcast
The 2006 Asian Games article treats broadcast as a weak verb, so the past tense is currently spelled broadcasted in the article. I am pretty sure broadcast is a strong verb and the past tense is also spelled broadcast. Does anyone else think this? Ancheta Wis 10:12, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * English irregular verbs listed cast, so I added broadcast 10:20, 18 December 2006 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ancheta Wis (talk • contribs)

 * Not all irregular verbs are strong. In strong verbs the irregularity results from ablaut, which changes their root vowels. Cast and broadcast are weak verbs in which the dental ending is usually assimilated to the dental of the stem. --teb728 18:51, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

But yes, the correct past tense is broadcast, not broadcasted. --Doric Loon 12:30, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

reverting anonymous edits
An anonymous user just added a lot of verbs to this article. Many of them are not strong in modern English. Some of them do not even exist in modern English (nim!). Some of them do have related adjectives derived from OLD past strong participles, but that has nothing to do with the question of whether the verbs themselves are still strong. To qualify for entry in this article, a verb must be strong in modern usage, and it goes in under the verb class which it had in Old English. For that reason I have reverted the whole series of edits. That doesn't mean none of them are right, though, and we can talk more. --Doric Loon 22:17, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary lists bide/bode/bided, rive/rived/riven, shrive/shrove/shriven (class 1); fling/flung/flung, grind/ground/ground, ring/rang/rung (class 3); bid/bade/bidden, chide/chid/chid (class 5). It also lists strew/strewed/strewn and string/strung/strung, which I think were originally weak. To my amazement it actually listed nim as a weak verb. --teb728 08:59, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

OK, Webster's is a good enough authority for me here. But after I reverted here I discovered the anonymous had also added "strong" verbs to the List of English irregular verbs including "walk, welk, walken", which makes me think this is just someone having a joke. So from now on I want a dictionary reference for anything which is not obviously our contemporary language. --Doric Loon 15:48, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

fixes to modern english
I made a bunch of fixes to the verbs claimed to be in various classes in Modern English. Many archaic verbs were listed; a number of verbs were in the wrong classes (e.g. wake, weave); a number of verbs that now form their principal parts according to the Old English class 1 weak pattern (e.g. meet, let, sleep) were wrongly listed as strong verbs. Benwing (talk) 00:27, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Most Common in Dutch
The paragraph read:

Some verbs, which might be termed "semi-strong", have formed a weak preterite but retained the strong participle, or rarely vice versa. This type of verb is the most common in Dutch:

Doric Loon edited it to read:

Some verbs, which might be termed "semi-strong", have formed a weak preterite but retained the strong participle, or rarely vice versa. This type of verb is most common in Dutch:

(Notice the missing "the" at the end.)

This changes the meaning of the sentence, and as this is a subtlety of English and this page in particular has (I hope!) a strong international presence, I thought it might be useful to discuss.

The first version (with the) means that of all the Dutch verbs, the semi-strong verb is the most common. The second version (without the) means that of all the languages with semi-strong verbs, Dutch is the language where they are most often found.

So: which is it?

Thanks, Dave (djkernen)|Talk to me|Please help! 17:46, 23 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Semi-strong verbs are definitely not the most common of Dutch verbs. Weak verbs are the most common, with strong verbs coming second. So I think the second meaning is what is intended. CodeCat (talk) 22:37, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks CodeCat. I know it seems like I was splitting hairs but, well, that's what I do ;-) Dave (djkernen)|Talk to me|Please help! 02:27, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I like hair-splitters! It was me that wrote this sentence way back, and it was certainly my intention not to have the definite article in there. Either that was a typo or somebody added it. (Too lazy to go back through the history and check.) So the second meaning is correct. These semi-strong verbs do not exist in English, but there is a tiny group of them in German, and there is a larger tiny group in Dutch. --Doric Loon (talk) 11:01, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Not exactly tiny but still small. Wiktionary has 60 of them... wikt:Category:Dutch mixed verbs CodeCat (talk) 22:12, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Wow! 60?
 * BTW, I should point out that the phrase "semi-strong verb" was my coinage. I used it for convenience when I started this article, but included a note that it was not a technical term. That caveat has disappeared. Of course I would be delighted and flattered if the phrase catches on; but until you see it in an academic text book, treat it purely as a descriptive formulation. --Doric Loon (talk) 16:40, 27 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Reminds me of semi-soft cheese. Angr (talk) 17:00, 27 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I think at the time I was thinking of semi-skimmed milk :-) --Doric Loon (talk) 17:44, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

 * List of English irregular verbs includes several verbs that can have a weak preterite and strong participle, or vice versa. Among them are bequeath, crow, lade, mow, prove, saw, sew, shape, show, and upswell. Additionally, there are quite a few verbs that can be conjugated both as weak and as strong verbs, and I wouldn't be surprised if some people mix these, sometimes using one form in the preterite and another in the participle.

 * Moreover, while I don't know how the frequency compares with Dutch, it is also fairly common in Scandinavian languages. For instance, see in Norwegian bokmål is se, and is conjugated se - ser - så - sett. A difference from Dutch could be that, in Scandinavia, a strong preterite and a weak participle is by far the most common way around. These verbs are generally categorized and treated as strong verbs.--213.236.196.39 (talk) 14:37, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't think the scandinavian languages are a good example. In Old Norse (from which they descend), the default form of the participle ended in -t (which is from the adjective inflection, compare that), and it's that -t which now appears in scandinavian verbs. Moreover, it appears in all past participles, even the strong ones, but only in their default form, not when used in agreement with a subject. For example Swedish jag har fallit "I have fallen" but de fallna äpplena "the fallen apples". CodeCat (talk) 17:28, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Vocabulary issue
The final column heading in the table in the "Verb Classes" section has the phrase "Class Inspired into Germanic".

What does this mean? "Inspired into" is non-standard English and doesn't seem to mean anything. And it also doesn't appear that "inspired" is being used in its original, Latin meaning of "breathe [life] into" (because that would require a different word order or structure). [One may inspire someone (direct object), be inspired by someone or something (passive construction), or be inspired to do something (infinitive of result or purpose), but "inspired into"? Why the implied movement? --Is this a usage parallel drawn from/inspired by "forced into"?]

Why not simply "Germanic Class" as a heading?

And, speaking of splitting hairs (sub "Most Common in Dutch", above), "It was me that wrote" should be "It was I who wrote".

(Yes, I do yell at the television whenever a split infinitive, dangling modifier or failure-to-use-the-subjunctive be heard! It's a wonder I'm not hoarse...)

--Polemyx (talk) 12:54, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

dubious PIE forms
Quite a few of the PIE forms seem dubious and contradict, say, Ringe's description in that they pre-suppose PIE forms that stand in regular sound correspondences with the Proto-Germanic forms. This includes the perfect plural ending (which was *-e:r and not *-nd in PIE) and the ablaut *-e:- in the perfect plural stem of the 4th and 5th classes (which should have had a zero grade instead), both of which Ringe explains as late analogies, the latter involving a laryngeal (p.193, pp.186-187 respectively). The vowel of the past participle of the 5th class should have had a zero-grade too, though Ringe thinks this change had "almost certainly" happened already in late PIE (p.187). The vowel *-o- preceding the *-no- participle ending is also a secondary Germanic development in his view (p.193).--91.148.130.233 (talk) 13:33, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
 * This is true... But if we use the actual PIE forms, we risk losing sight of what we're really trying to explain in this article, which is the ablaut alternation patterns. The reconstructions for PIE could be limited only to the parts that haven't been remodelled between PIE and PG, which would usually be the stem, but that still wouldn't help with the lengthened grade. Maybe we should not use the term 'PIE' but instead 'Pre-Germanic'? CodeCat (talk) 19:49, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Personally, I'd go for the first option (and just ignore the lengthened grade); perhaps one could mention separately the PIE precursors of the endings, etc.. However, in any case, the remodelled parts should be indicated as such, and that as soon as possible, because the current exposition is bound to mislead people to get an incorrect idea about PIE verbal morphology. Most of our readers are not already experts in this and would be likely to take the forms labelled PIE at face value. I think "Pre-Germanic" would still be factually inaccurate, since the morphological remodellings did not necessarily precede each and every Germanic sound change that remains unreflected in the forms currently labelled "PIE" in this article. --91.148.130.233 (talk) 11:54, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
 * One change that did happen is the creation of new perfect-aspect forms for roots that originally lacked them. If we wanted to be entirely correct, we'd have to leave many past tenses blank altogether because PIE had no corresponding form. I don't see how that would be any more helpful for explaining the Germanic forms than just listing the stem ablaut. CodeCat (talk) 11:59, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, re-creating a possible lexeme (and the different aspect versions of the verb were originally such) does not seem as bad to me as using morphonological patterns that never existed. "I took all the redges and twingled them into the lox" is not really misleading about the structure of the English, unlike, say, "I takavi alla thos booklar muta-throw-and they boxina-toin". Really, something - anything of what we've discussed in terms of possibilities, some clarifying notes, whatever - does need to be done urgently; every reader who visits this page is being misled as we are speaking. So why don't I just do it myself, if I think it's so important? Because I am not an active Wikipedian devoted the project, just a lazy passer-by with too much other stuff on his hands; and this looks like a long and painful edit. But really, coming up with new learned considerations while the very basic confusion in the article remains unchanged is useless. Maybe I'll come back and do something eventually, maybe I won't, but in any case, the best scenario would be if someone like you did it before that.--91.148.130.233 (talk) 18:43, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Major restructuring
I'm afraid I don't like the major restructuring that was done November 3. A lot of information that I refer to once in a while has disappeared. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 11:41, 14 November 2013 (UTC)
 * What would you like to be added back in? CodeCat (talk) 17:47, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, everything that I added in the last eight months, for starters! It's hard to see what you took out because when I request to see the differences between your version and the previous version, I get a comparison that shows that a sentence was removed in the first paragraph, and then after that there's nothing in common. Whatever you kept is not recognized by the comparison program because it loses all "synchronization" between the two versions. Let's put it this way -- the article was interesting and had a lot of detailed information. Now I don't find a lot of that. Maybe we should put it back the way it was, and then we can discuss what to take out? Eric Kvaalen (talk) 10:18, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

 * As the person who originally wrote the old version (a lot of detail was added by other users, but it was still pretty much my text) I have to say that the restructuring is a definite improvement. It may make it harder to compare one particular verb over several languages, but it makes it a lot easier to get an overview of any one language, and it solves the problem I always had of not being able to fit Gothic into the article structure. So well done. It seems to me that most of the data has been kept, but a few things may have slipped out. But that's the kind of thing that happens when a reorganization takes place. Maybe Eric can identify what else he sees missing? --Doric Loon (talk) 19:12, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I have just done a big edit putting back a lot of what was taken out. But I'm still not really satisfied. As Doric Loon says, in the previous version it was possible to compare what happened in the various languages with each class of verb. I think there's still a lot of material missing on how each class developed in Old English or Old High German or Old Saxon. People did a lot of work on this article which was simply removed!
 * Here's a link to the old version:
 * It would be nice to have more on the Nordic languages by the way.
 * Can one of you check my recent edit of been? A user called Stardsen put in a conjugation table which looked dubious to me.
 * Eric Kvaalen (talk) 19:49, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

Restructuring revisited
I'm curious why we have a reference to an older version of the article? I followed that link, and the detail on the seven verb classes is informative and interesting, even if Gothic doesn't fit neatly into it. This seems like an awful lot of information to remove, and I would have to imagine that "see the previous version of this article" is not a sanctioned reference by Wikipedia standards. Although I generally defer to the opinion of the original author, that certainly calls into question Doric Loon's assertion that the restructuring was an improvement.

I'm wary of trying to integrate that information back into the present version of the article, as I am not sure I could do so coherently. But it would be nice to clear this up and remove the link to the 2013 revision. Stian (talk) 03:46, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi, I take your point. Obviously, as the first author of the old version, I rather liked what I had done. But as people kept adding material, the article became overly long. What one could do, if there is a desire to get back to the situation where a verb can be compared across different languages and to have as many examples as possible, would be to create seven more specialized articles on "Germanic verb, class I" etc. Then you can re-introduce the material that has been lost, and this article would be a general introduction pointing to those more detailed ones. That also allows us to have both: an article structured by languages and articles structured by verb classes. At the end of the day, though, it is hard to have everything. --Doric Loon (talk) 17:36, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

Swedish - last tense all mistakes
I assume it's about modern languages, if nothing else is stated. In the table of Swedish Germanic strong verb, it seems to me like someone has had a look in the wrong column of a wider table of some kind. For intance to bite (Swedish "att bita") was bend : bita - bet - biten English: bite - bit - bitten but the last Swedish "biten" isn't correct. "I have bitten you" (here bitten is a verb). But isn't the same as "I am bitten" and correct Swedish is bita - bet - bitit It rather means to have being bitten. A better example "flugen" doesn't correspond to "flewn" as it should, correct Swedish is "flygit". To be "sugen" means "craving", correct Swedish in this context is "sugit". The last tense in the Swedish table is totally wrong. Or was. I made no change to "kväda", a word I don't understand at all. Boeing720 (talk) 03:19, 7 March 2019 (UTC)
 * biten is a proper Swedish word and it's cognate to all the others in the table, so I don't see the problem. Rua (mew) 17:18, 8 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm native in Swedish. Not from Stockholm, but anyone there would still agree with me, in this case. First I'm not aware of what's meant by Part 1,2,3 and 4. Nevertheless I'm sorry, you have not quite understood "Part 4" in Swedish. I take three of the verbs from the table in order to help you. To them I have added a fouth one. Beginning with the common tenses

Part 4 in sentences:
 * bita - bet - bitit (biten ?) <=> bite - bet - bitten
 * flyga - flög - flygit (flugen ?) <=> fly - flew - flown
 * binda - band - bundit (bunden ?) <=> bind - band - bound
 * springa - sprang - sprungit (sprungen ?) <=> run - ran - ran
 * "Jag blev biten av en orm" - I was bitten by a snake
 * "Ormen har bitit mig" - The snake has bitten me
 * "Jag blev flugen till Berlin" - I was flown to Berlin
 * "Jag har flygit till Berlin" - I have flown to Berlin
 * "Jag blev bunden med ett rep" - I was bound with a rope
 * "Jag har bundit honom" - I have bound him
 * "Jag blev sprungen" - I was ran (...)
 * "Jag har sprungit fortare" - I have ran faster
 * "Jag blev sprungen" - I was ran (...)
 * "Jag har sprungit fortare" - I have ran faster
 * "Jag har sprungit fortare" - I have ran faster

The forms earlier used in the Part 4 table were all passive, and especially "flugen" (and "sprungen") are very difficult to put into a sentence. If you wish to express "I have flown to Berlin many times" in Swedish by saying "Jag har flugen till Berlin många gånger" you would simply not be understood. It is at that level. The passive forms can only be used with few verbs, but the normal form can always be used. Can't see any reason to omit the normal for the rare. Boeing720 (talk) 09:17, 9 March 2019 (UTC)
 * You're completely missing the point. The forms given in the page are not about what they mean but how they evolved. Notice the forms given for all other languages are those descending from the Proto-Germanic ending *-anaz, which is part 4. Swedish should show the same form. Please stop messing with the page. Rua (mew) 12:03, 9 March 2019 (UTC)
 * It's YOU who do not get the point. Most words you defended by you for Part 4 column simply can't be used, has a different significance (compared to the English explanation), are invented here - and a few remaining "part 4" I have accounted for above. (Current but passive forms, and NOT what's intended or expected here). Part 4 did not show any past tense. Typically the words "har" (have/has), "hade" (had) or "skulle" (should) should stand before them. The Danish table is correct however. And you say we should use the same form/tense for all languages... I've now for the third or fourth time written down the correct forms, which also correspond to the Danish table. SAOB (Svenska Akademins Ordbok, the word book of the Swedish Academy, is no source. It began on letter A in 1893 and is currently at letter V - you cant find "zoologi" (zoology) in it. Several huge spelling rules and grammar changes makes it outdated. SAOL (Svenska Akademins Ordlista, the word list of the Swedish Academy) is however usable - one volume is printed every year. See https://svenska.se/ - I've checked all remaining words (as verbs, "substantiv = noun) Boeing720 (talk) 15:04, 10 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I have to agree with Rua that Boeing720 doesn't understand the point and has too high self-confidence to understand that he, due to insufficient knowledge of linguistics, doesn't understand it. (Even though he does admit that he doesn't understand a few things, but he also seems to think that he doesn't need to understand them.) Swedish is unique in having split the original past participle into a true past participle, preserving the reflex of the *-anaz ending in the masculine&feminine, and the so-called supine, which is used to form the perfect tenses ('with har/hade before them') and represents a variant of the neuter form of the participle. The past participles of many verbs aren't used, so people usually cite the supine when describing the paradigm of a strong verb in modern Swedish. What is best for describing modern Swedish is, however, not necessarily best for the comparative historical purposes of this article. Here the past participle is more suitable than the supine. Using löpte-löpt (new weak-verb forms) is particularly useless.--87.126.23.210 (talk) 14:15, 11 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The real past participle, cross-linguistically, is precisely the form that has passive meaning and can be used with 'be/become'. The use with 'have' to express a perfect, however frequent, is secondary.--87.126.23.210 (talk) 14:41, 11 September 2019 (UTC)
 * That doesn't even matter in this case. The table shows the forms that descend from the Germanic form in *-anaz, regardless of what its function is nowadays. Rua (mew) 15:20, 11 September 2019 (UTC)
 * On second thoughts, it might be worth it to preferentially use verbs whose past participles do occur commonly and/or to add some sort of footnote explaining that many of the forms do not occur commonly outside of prefix formations or compounds. While Boeing720's attitude of militant ignorance was irritating, I can see that a native speaker *will* tend to be puzzled by seeing them out of context. Many of them occur mostly in combination with particles and prefixes, because only those can change the imperfective Aktionsart of the verb into perfective and make a past participle meaningful - utflugen, erfaren, anhållen, förgråten; that could be pointed out, too. --87.126.23.210 (talk) 18:09, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

"hugge" in Danish
hugge - hug - hugget is wrong. I wonder how that entry came about. — fnielsen (talk) 14:43, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

Principal part numbering
This article uses two contradictory systems for principal part numbering. They are both defensible, but we don't really want a situation where at the top we introduce the parts on a five-part system, and further down we use a four-part system, whereby part 4 in the former is part 3 in the latter etc. It will be relatively easy to fix this, but it would be good to have consensus about which system is most common usage. Then we can either change 2 to 1a in the overview at the top, or change the numbers in the discussion to match the overview. Doric Loon (talk) 12:30, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Germanic strong verb