text:
Arthur Peacocke

Arthur Robert Peacocke (29 November 1924 – 21 October 2006) was an English Anglican theologian and biochemist.

Biography
Arthur Robert Peacocke was born in Watford, England, on 29 November 1924. He was educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys, Exeter College, Oxford (BA 1945, MA 1948, BSc 1947, DPhil 1948, DSc 1962, DD 1982), and the University of Birmingham (DipTh 1960, BD 1971).

He taught at the University of Birmingham from 1948 until 1959 when he was appointed University Lecturer in Biochemistry in the University of Oxford and Fellow and Tutor of St Peter's College. In 1960 he was licensed as a lay reader for the Diocese of Oxford and he held this position until 1971, when he was ordained deacon and priest, unusually, both in the same year.

From 1973 until 1984 he was Dean, Fellow, and Tutor and Director of Studies in Theology of Clare College, Cambridge, becoming a Doctor of Science by incorporation of the University of Cambridge.

In 1984 he spent one year as Professor of Judeo-Christian Studies at Tulane University in New Orleans. He returned to St Peter's College the following year, becoming Director of the Ian Ramsey Centre until 1988 and again from 1995 until 1999. He was appointed Honorary Chaplain of Christ Church, Oxford, in c. 1988 and Honorary Canon in 1994. Apart from one year during which he was Royden B. Davis Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies at Georgetown University (1994), he spent the rest of his life in Oxford, living in St John Street, just across the road from another eminent theologian, Henry Chadwick.

He had been Select Preacher before the University of Oxford in 1973 and 1975 and was Bampton Lecturer in 1978. He was Hulsean Preacher at Cambridge in 1976 and Gifford Lecturer at St Andrew's in 1993.

Among Peacocke's numerous subsidiary appointments he was the President of the Science and Religion Forum from 1995 until his death, having previous been chairman (1972–78) and Vice-President (1978–92). He became an academic fellow of the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science in 1986. He founded the Society of Ordained Scientists in c. 1986 and served as its first Warden from 1987 to 1992 and Warden Emeritus from 1992 until his death. He was also a sometime Vice-President of the Modern Church People's Union and member of the council of the European Society for the Study of Science and Theology.

Peacocke was awarded the Lecomte du Noüy Prize in 1983. He received honorary doctorates from DePauw University (DSc 1983) and Georgetown University (DLittHum 1991). He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 1993. In 2001 he was awarded the Templeton Prize.

Arthur Peacocke married Rosemary Mann in 1948. They had a daughter, Jane (born 1953), and a son who is the distinguished philosopher Christopher Peacocke. They also have five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

Peacocke died on 21 October 2006 in Oxford.

Research in biochemistry
Although Peacocke is best known today for his work in theology (see below) he also published more than eighty papers in biochemistry, particularly in relation to acridines, spectroscopy and enzymology.

Peacocke's views
Peacocke self-identified as a panentheist, which he was careful to distinguish from being a pantheist.

He is perhaps best known for his attempts to argue rigorously that evolution and Christianity need not be at odds (see Creation–evolution controversy). He may be the most well-known theological advocate of theistic evolution as author of the essay "Evolution: The Disguised Friend of Faith?"

Arthur Peacocke describes a position which is referred to elsewhere as "front-loading", after the fact that it suggests that evolution is entirely consistent with an all-knowing, all-powerful God who exists throughout time, sets initial conditions and natural laws, and knows what the result will be. An implication of Peacocke's particular stance is that all scientific analyses of physical processes reveal God's actions. All scientific propositions are thus necessarily coherent with religious ones.

According to Peacocke, Darwinism is not an enemy to religion, but a friend (thus the title of his piece, "The Disguised Friend"). Peacocke offers five basic arguments in support of his position outlined below.

Process as immanence
The process-as-immanence argument is meant to deal with Phillip Johnson's contention that naturalism reduces God to a distant entity. According to Peacocke, God continuously creates the world and sustains it in its general order and structure; He makes things make themselves. Biological evolution is an example of this and, according to Peacocke, should be taken as a reminder of God's immanence. It shows us that "God is the Immanent Creator creating in and through the processes of natural order [italics in original]". Evolution is the continuous action of God in the world. All "the processes revealed by the sciences, especially evolutionary biology, are in themselves God-acting-as-Creator".

Chance optimising initial conditions
The chance-optimizing-initial-conditions argument runs as follows: the role of chance in biological evolution can be reconciled with a purposive creator because "there is a creative interplay of 'chance' and law apparent in the evolution of living matter by natural selection." There is no metaphysical implication of the physical fact of "chance"; randomness in mutation of DNA "does not, in itself, preclude these events from displaying regular trends of manifesting inbuilt propensities at the higher levels of organisms, populations and eco-systems." Chance is to be seen as "eliciting the potentialities that the physical cosmos possessed ab initio."

Random process of evolution as purposive
The random-process-of-evolution-as-purposive argument is perhaps best considered an adjunct to the process-as-immanence argument, and a direct response to Johnson's continued references to evolution as "purposeless". Peacocke suggests

"that the evolutionary process is characterized by propensities towards increase in complexity, information-processing and –storage, consciousness, sensitivity to pain, and even self-consciousness… the actual physical form of the organisms in which these propensities are actualized and instantiated is contingent on the history of the confluence of disparate chains of events, including the survival of the mass extinctions that have occurred."

Natural evil as necessity
The natural-evil-as-necessity argument is meant to be a response to the classic philosophical argument of the problem of evil, which contends that an all-powerful, all-knowing and beneficent God cannot exist as such because natural evil (mudslides which crush the legs of innocent children, for instance) occurs. Peacocke contends that the capacities necessary for consciousness and thus a relationship with God also enable their possessors to experience pain, as necessary for identifying injury and disease. Preventing the experience of pain would prevent the possibility of consciousness. Peacocke also takes an eastern argument for natural evil of that which made must be unmade for a new making to occur; there is no creation without destruction. To Peacocke, it is necessary that organisms go out of existence for others to come into it. Thus, pain, suffering and death are necessary evils in a universe which will result in beings capable of having a relationship with God. God is said to suffer with His creation because He loves creation, conforming the deity to be consistent with the Christian God.

Jesus as pinnacle of human evolution
The Jesus-as-pinnacle-of-human-evolution argument proposed by Peacocke is that Jesus Christ is

the actualisation of [evolutionary] potentiality can properly be regarded as the consummation of the purposes of God already incompletely manifested in evolving humanity .... The paradigm of what God intends for all human beings, now revealed as having the potentiality of responding to, of being open to, of becoming united with, God.

Similar propositions had previously been put by writers such as C. S. Lewis (in Mere Christianity) and Teilhard de Chardin.

Relationship between theology and science typology
In the introduction to The Sciences and Theology in the Twentieth Century, Peacocke lists a set of eight relationships that could fall upon a two-dimensional grid. This list is in part a survey of deliberations that occurred at the World Council of Churches Conference on "Faith, Science and the Future", Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1979.

 * 1) Science and theology are concerned with two distinct realms
 * 2) *Reality is thought of as a duality, operating within the human world, in terms of natural/supernatural, spatio-temporal/the eternal, the order of nature/the realm of faith, the natural (or physical)/the historical, the physical-and-biological/mind-and-spirit.
 * 3) Science and theology are interacting approaches to the same reality
 * 4) *Accuracy of this view is widely and strongly resisted among those who otherwise differ in their theologies
 * 5) Science and theology are two distinct non-interacting approaches to the same reality
 * 6) *The idea that theology tries to answer the question why, while science tries to answer the question how
 * 7) Science and theology constitute two different language systems
 * 8) *Each are two distinct "language games" whose logical pre-conditions can have no bearing upon each other according to late-Wittgensteinian theory
 * 9) Science and theology are generated by quite different attitudes (in their practitioners)
 * 10) *the attitude of science is that of objectivity and logical neutrality; that of theology personal involvement and commitment.
 * 11) Science and theology are both subservient to their objects and can only be defined in relation to them
 * 12) *Both are intellectual disciplines shaped by their object (nature or God) to which they direct their attention. Both include a confessional and a rational factor.
 * 13) Science and theology may be integrated
 * 14) Science generates a metaphysic in terms of which theology is then formulated
 * 15) *For example, Alfred North Whitehead's metaphysics forms the basis of process theology

title: Arthur Peacocke


text:
Talk:Biberach an der Riß

(First comments)
I propose to rename this article to "Biberach an der Riss" (as it is known in Germany) to avoid confusion with the other Biberach (Biberach (Baden)), which is also in Baden-Württemberg. Markussep 10:30, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, but I assume you mean to rename it "Biberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg", right?
 * Also: What is the protocol for using the ess-tsett in the English-language Wikipedia? Isn't the river's name actually der Riß?  Or was this ß changed to ss in 2000 when the rules for ß were changed?  The river is spelled "Riss" on the page List of rivers in Germany, but it's "Riß" on old maps.
 * Lawrence King 10:58, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Lawrence King 10:58, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Lawrence King 10:58, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It's the only Biberach on the river Riß, so Baden-Württemberg is not required, I'd say "Biberach an der Riß". About Riss or Riß, it's Riß in German wikipedia. Since the ß is allowed in article titles, we should use it. A redirect from ...Riss could be helpful. Markussep 11:06, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Outside of germany we can't easily type a ß unless we remap our keyboards, so when I search for Biberach (wikipedia. bahn.de, etc.) I use "Biberach a.d. riss", I assume other native english speakers do as well. On an unrelated note Shakespeare's work's were first performed in Biberach, I think this should be added to the article, I can dig through my photo album and find a picture of the theater to add, also tie it into Wieland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Seifried (talk • contribs) 06:05, 26 March 2007
 * According to the reform of Germen othography in 1996 it ought to be "Biberach an der Riss", because the vowal "i" is pronounced short. The quarrels about the definitive introduction of the reform have not ceased before this year. Now it is really definitive. So it is only a question of time, that in all new texts it will be "Riss". The Landkreis (district) of Biberach already writes the adresses of its intitutions "Biberach/Riss" Homepage of the public library. --Ulamm (talk) 17:13, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Proper names like Riß are usually not affected by the spelling reform. --93.130.222.112 (talk) 09:40, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Move
I’ve moved this per WP:UE to an English title that dispenses with the eszett; it is entirely wrong to use it in general english. Also, it seems a little obtuse to use an eszett here when the town's own website (http://www.biberach-riss.de/ ) doesn’t do so. Moonraker12 (talk) 14:24, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Biberach an der Riß


text:
User talk:Vijayta

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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title: User talk:Vijayta


text:
Sandhead

Sandhead is a small village in Dumfries and Galloway, south west Scotland. It overlooks Luce Bay, 7 miles south of Stranraer. The old main road, named "Main Street", runs through the village, but the A716 now bypasses it with a narrow and twisting carriageway. The village developed as a strip village with a smithy and a school by 1850, and the bay was used for landing lime and later coal.

The village school is situated above the village, and a little north of this is Balgreggan Motte which stands above the A716. The Motte was the first in a line of early castles along the eastern shore of the Rhins. The top was used by the Royal Observer Corps during the Second World War as a lookout point, but in earlier times the castle was made of wood and was inevitably burned to the ground by marauding forces. The village is located nearby to RAF West Freugh.

In 1902, the first wireless telegraph station was established between Sagar Island, India and Sandhead, UK.

title: Sandhead


text:
User talk:Gajamukhu

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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-- utcursch | talk to me

Mahitgar 17:34, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Image
Could you add some copyright info to that image you just uploaded? Mgm|(talk) 20:41, May 25, 2005 (UTC)

Image:DKPattammal-Ishwaran.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:03, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Image:DKP-easwaran.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:03, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Image:DKPattammal-with-student.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:03, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright
The following images also need to be tagged. They have been listed on WP:PUI Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 07:50, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

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Thanks again for your contributions. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask me at my talk page. kmccoy (talk) 22:29, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Vijayanagar empire
Please have a look at my reply at Talk:Main page. Also, if you're comfortable with editing in Tamil, you can edit the Tamil wikipedia. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 06:57, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:DKP-easwaran1.jpg
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Hello to you too
Thanks for the compliment about my work. It is always a pleasure to know that there are people who appreciate what I am doing here. I am not much of a vandal fighter now as I was before. I did that when I did'nt have any particular aim at wikipedia. I now am at the third tier of vandal fighters - those who track vandalism through their watchlists (I come after the bots and the regular RC patrollers). Do continue your good contributions to wikipedia. Has a glance through D. K. Pattammal and it looks quite good. - Aksi_great (talk - review me) 13:15, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Kochi
Hi! Thanks for your comment at Talk:Kochi (India). I've uploaded a newer version of thw audio file. Could you see if this is correct. TIA! -- thunderboltza.k.a.D e epu Joseph07:15, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

File:DhanammalFamily.jpg missing description details
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File:DhanammalFamily.jpg
Please provide additional information, such as the name of the author/photographer and their lifetime, so that potential re-users in countries not following the rule of the shorter term can determine when any remaining copyright in this image expires for them.ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 23:37, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gajamukhu


text:
Arabella Hochhaus

The Arabella-Hochhaus is a 23-storey, 75 m, combined hotel, office and apartment building at Arabellapark, in the Bogenhausen neighborhood in eastern Munich, Germany.

Development
The building was designed by architect Toby Schmidbauer and constructed from 1966 to 1969 by Josef Schörghuber. Until the 1990s, the former Musicland Studios was located in its basement. In order to meet demand for hotel rooms during the 1972 Olympic Games, the building was partly converted into the 467-room Arabella Bogenhausen Hotel, one of the largest hotels in Munich. In 1998, a joint venture was formed between Arabella Hotel Holding and Starwood and the hotel was renamed ArabellaSheraton Bogenhausen. It has since been renamed Sheraton Munich Arabellapark Hotel. The company operates the hotel jointly with The Westin Grand Munich, located across the street. In addition to the hotel, the building is at present home to two clinics, 550 rental apartments, and 100 offices and surgeries. The rooftop features a large spa area.

Future
The building was originally set for demolition in 2026, as it is at the natural end of its lifespan, ineligible for landmark status, and unsuited to renovation due to its obsolete construction methods. However, the demolition has been postponed to 2030, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the hotel will remain open, downgraded to Marriott's Four Points by Sheraton brand in June 2022 as Four Points by Sheraton Munich Arabellapark.

Arabella-Hochhaus is also located in close vicinity to the headquarters of HypoVereinsbank, the also architecturally notable Hypo-Haus.

title: Arabella Hochhaus


text:
User talk:Crucis

Redirect of Little Fighters 2
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title: User talk:Crucis


text:
User talk:NJC

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text: Category:Bus stubs

title: Category:Bus stubs


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User talk:Balys~enwiki

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User talk:PhatRita

AWAY for another while. PhatRita 16:46, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi please leave a message after the beep, and I'll try and get back to you asap! PhatRita

BEEEEEEP

Greetings
Greetings PR. I though I'd let you know that most of the alternative medicine articles have actually quieted down quite a bit in the last few months. Some of the more, erm, "opinionated" editors have left us for less contentious pastures, one assumes. So, I'd like to encourage you to wade right in and have fun. If you have any questions, feel free to drop me a line. Fire Star 1 July 2005 21:11 (UTC)

Abdomen pics
Hey there! I took the Grays pic from here http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus392.html and assumed that the date of the publication... "Henry Gray (1825–1861). Anatomy of the Human Body.  1918." meant it was public domain. But I'm no expert.... There's bound to be someone on here who could help, User_talk:Quadell seems to know a fair bit about these things. But quoting from his website I think the key is this: "If any photograph was first published before 1923, then the U.S. considers it PD no matter what the country of origin thinks". These images are held on American servers so it's PD for wiki, I'm not sure of the legalities passed that. See his page for more details: http://freeimages.blogspot.com/ Hope that helps? SeanMack 18:13, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

preclinical medicine?
I would warmly encourage a preclinical Wikiproject! I'm completely out of touch with basic anatomy and embryology, and most Wikipedia pages on these topics are somewhat outdated, stubbly or otherwise unsightly. There are a few other medical students around here, like Nephron, Turbantia, Nmg20 and a couple of others. I'll help out when necessary! JFW | T@lk  10:57, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd start with: the village pump, the Clinical Medicine talk page and the talk pages of all medically inclined people you've come accross. It shouldn't be too hard :-) JFW | T@lk  11:17, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd prefer just to do articles here and there as I see the need. Today, I felt inspired to do the femoral vein... which is very student-ish.  Tomorrow, I don't know what I'll want to do... Nephron 01:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

WP:MCOTF
Thanks for your interest! I have begun setting it up at WikiProject Clinical medicine/MCOTF. I'd appreciate any advice or suggestions you may have. See you at the talk page! — Knowledge Seeker দ 23:35, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Hi - just to say I'm happy to help out as best I can. Been reading several pretty good textbooks over my holiday, so I'll post bits and pieces out of those as and when. If tehre's anything you want me to look at specifically, please just shout - although no guarantee I'll know anything about it!

Nmg20 11:16, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Re: Arm
PhatRita, you seem to have removed a large amount of writeup on this article. Why did you did so? Why not just add to the previous content? Alex.tan 02:00, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Please see Talk:Arm and place further replies there. Alex.tan 18:38, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Human anatomy catgory
Hi, thanks for your nice notes. I don't mind at all if the human anatomy cat is deleted. I only made it because it was the only (or first) grouping obvious to me from the article titles. I see that you or someone else has already put about about 50 articles into subcats. That's great. Maurreen (talk) 02:37, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Categorising Forehead
Despite your academic credentials in the field of anatomy, I have taken the bold move of attempting to correct your medical knowledge by moving Forehead from the category 'Pelvis' to 'Head and Neck'. Please feel free to correct me if I am wrong. akaDruid 15:09, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That's OK, you made me laugh, I assumed you'd put it in as a deliberate error. I did a double take at first... akaDruid 14:16, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks for your work on the first Medicine Collaboration of the Week! I'm quite proud of how much the article improved, and I hope we remain an active force, improving medical articles on Wikipedia. — Knowledge Seeker দ 02:41, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

Carcinogenesis on WP:MCOTW
Hi! You showed support for Carcinogenesis, this week's Medicine Collaboration of the Week. You are invited to help improve it! — Knowledge Seeker দ 00:29, August 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, PhatRita; it's no problem, although we've missed you around here. Carcinogenesis could certainly use more work; I didn't get to work on it very much as my intern year is keeping me busier than I'd like (although once I finish my general medicine rotation it might get a bit lighter). Feel free to work on that or help us with our current Rheumatoid arthritis; I've been busy trying to get Asthma to featured status. Pneumonia's on my list too. — Knowledge Seeker দ 06:27, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Category
Added category medical student to your userpage. -- Eleassar  my talk 09:58, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Biochemistry on WP:MCOTW
Hi! You showed support for Biochemistry, this week's Medicine Collaboration of the Week. You are invited to help improve it! — Knowledge Seeker দ 07:06, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Homeopathy
I really haven't been following the debate, honestly. I only came to the page because someone had reported on an administrator noticeboard that two people edit warring had broken the rule against reverting more than three times in a 24 hour period. So I blocked them both. I do have the page on my watchlist but I haven't delved through the history at all. However, I'm not surprised in general that you have encountered some sort of ideological divide here at Wikipedia that is precipitating an edit war. If you stick around here long enough, and edit enough potentially controversial articles, you're bound to stumble into one. Try not to get discouraged. There are procedures through which you can seek help. Try reading through Dispute resolution. The next step may be to file an RFC on the topic and hope to attract some more editors who may be able to help the entrenched editors come to some sort of consensus. The step after that generally is mediation. Good luck! · Katefan0(scribble) 14:31, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Multiple sclerosis on WP:MCOTW
Hi! You showed support for Multiple sclerosis, this week's Medicine Collaboration of the Week. You are invited to help improve it! — Knowledge Seeker দ 03:54, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

PhatRita - Retard
''the phrase "Historically, the principle of therapeutic activity being enhanced by dilution rapidly drifted into absurdity during the nineteenth century. For example, Hahnemann recommended the use of drugs at dilutions of 1:1060, equivalent to 1 molecule in a sphere the size of of the orbit of Neptune." is redundant because we all know here that the level of dilution is not in question, but whether ultramolecular potencies are indeed efficacious.'' - are you sure you're a med student? what are you, a first year? What can I say? I can't argue with a statement as blatantly stupid as this... what kind of graduates is St. Andrews University churning out? Christ, it's scary. I can't believe you're even wasting your time, feeling that alternative medicine should be given a chance to prove itself. Ugh, try reading up on it sometime - it has proven itself to be a fucking sham. Perhaps this will give you a topic of conversation at the water cooler outside lecture theatres. --194.165.179.131 23:19, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to deal with people like yourself all the time. Instead of actual debate, I get pure slander and utter crap from people like you who just have no idea about the subject. They see a news article on the TV or the paper and think christ thats good I'm gonna go write on wikipedia. The first thing you should learn is that you attack the argument and not the person. If you have a problem with the comment I made, which is correct btw, then you reply in kind. Anonymously graffiting insults just makes you a great coward.
 * the quote that you have placed is not valid since the argument is NOT on the incredulity of the dilution but on the incredulity of it working or not. That is my comment, which incidentally has no bearing on whether alt med works or not. You say that alternative medicine is a sham, SO PROVE IT. PROVE IT USING SOLID SCIENCE, PROVE IT USING SOLID ARUGMENTS like I have been trying to for the past 4 months. If you think you are correct by spreading abuse then you are very wrong indeed.
 * and FYI I am in fact a third year medic. St andrews "churns" out some of the best scientifically trained people in the whole country. It is the longest medical course in the country, it has one of the highest %s in the whole country which ends up being hospital doctors, and one the highest %s for being a surgeon. PhatRita 13:22, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Cystic fibrosis on WP:MCOTW
Cystic fibrosis, which you voted for, has been selected as the Medicine Collaboration of the Week. You are invited to help improve it! — Knowledge Seeker দ 04:50, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Connecting tubule
Hello. I noticed that you are a participant in the WikiProject Preclinical Medicine. The article Connecting tubule has been nominated for deletion. As this is an anatomical subject I was hoping to get somebody within the project to adopt the article for expansion. I could find no way to add the article to this project. I hope you or your fellow particpants would consider adopting this article to love. James084 21:56, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Category:Alternative medicine
Hi. I'm aware you're on wikibreak, but in case you happen to drop in: Someone is trying to put Category:Alternative medicine into Category:Pseudoscience. I believe it is highly misleading to make this generalization. Perhaps you would like to weigh in with your comments. Dforest 04:32, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Oldcoursehotelphoto.jpeg
Thanks for uploading Image:Oldcoursehotelphoto.jpeg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 22:17, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

“Medicine” on MCOTW
After a bit of inactivity, Medicine has been selected as the new medicine collaboration of the week. I am taking the unusual step of informing all participants, not just those who voted for it, since I feel that it is important that this highest-level topic for our collaboration be extremely well-written. In addition, it is a core topic for Wikipedia 1.0 and serves as the introduction to our other articles. Yet general articles are the ones that are most difficult for individuals to write, which is why I have invited all participants. I hope it isn't an intrusion; I don't make plan to make a habit of sending out these messages. — Knowledge Seeker দ 02:15, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

WP:MED
Hi,

The main page of WikiProject Medicine has been redesigned. Comments are welcome, and please consider listing yourself as a participant.

--Steven Fruitsmaak (Reply) 23:19, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Template:Anat1
A you created, Template:Anat1,  been marked for deletion as  deprecated and orphaned template. If, after 14 days, there been no objection, the template will be deleted. If you wish to object to deletion, please list your objection here and feel free to remove the  tag from the template. If you feel the deletion appropriate, no further action is necessary. Cheers. --MZMcBride 22:42, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Asbestos & mesothelioma
Hi, PhatRita. I saw your recent edit to "Lung cancer". I am surprised to see that you dispute the accuracy of the statement "Asbestos can also cause cancer of the pleura, called mesothelioma". This is a well-established fact so I reverted your edit. I would be happy to provide references if that is helpful. Axl ¤  [Talk]  00:05, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

 * [Rita, I've copied your response here for easier reading. Axl  ¤  [Talk]  15:18, 10 December 2008 (UTC)]

Dear Axl

My edit did not refute the link between mesothelioma and asbestos. Please do not assume this. Indeed asbestos is still linked to mesothelioma, however "cause" is a interesting word as it implies complete responsibilty for the pathogenesis of the condition. Just as people who have strokes due to very high blood pressure - this is not a simple cause and effect. Of course, you can say that hypertension can cause strokes, but the more impartial, and in my opinion, scientific phrase would be "is strongly linked to".

The difference between the two edits changed from "can also cause" to "is also strongly linked to", which I think better reflects the fact that mesothelioma and indeed all cancers are based on more complex mechanistic failures of DNA replication rather than a simple cause and effect which we dont yet fully understand at the moment.

In short, I believe my version is better worded. Although in hindsight I think something along the lines of "increases the risk of cancer of the pleura.... fifty fold.

I have very little time to chase this up. Let me know if you decide to stick with the edit. regards PhatRita (talk) 00:26, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

""My edit did not refute the link between mesothelioma and asbestos.""

- PhatRita

Indeed your edit explicitly confirmed the link. I disagree with your interpretation of the meaning of the word "cause". Ironically the causal relationship between asbestos and mesothelioma is one of the strongest. I also disagree with your claim that "is strongly linked to" is more impartial. Does development of mesothelioma lead to asbestos exposure? Is there a confounding factor? If you have a strong opinion about the wording, I would be happy to invite WikiProject Medicine editors to comment. Axl ¤  [Talk]  22:10, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

That's fine. Let's agree to disagree. The original version stands then. Regards PhatRita (talk) 19:51, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Cardiology task force
-- Addbot (talk) 00:07, 7 January 2013 (UTC) T.F.AlHammouri (talk) 12:45, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

The Wikipedia Library now offering accounts from Cochrane Collaboration (sign up!)
The Wikipedia Library gets Wikipedia editors free access to reliable sources that are behind paywalls. Because you are signed on as a medical editor, I thought you'd want to know about our most recent donation from Cochrane Collaboration. Cheers, Ocaasit | c 20:27, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Cochrane Collaboration is an independent medical nonprofit organization that conducts systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials of health-care interventions, which it then publishes in the Cochrane Library.
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, an open access peer reviewed journal with no charges, invites you to participate
Hi

Did you know about Wikiversity Journal of Medicine? It is an open access, peer reviewed medical journal, with no publication charges. You can find more about it by reading the article on The Signpost featuring this journal.

We welcome you to have a look the journal. Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter. Feel free to participate in the journal.

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title: User talk:PhatRita


text: Category:Transport in Devon

title: Category:Transport in Devon


text:
User talk:FlorianK

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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Image
Hi,

I've noticed that the author links on are broken, which means the source can't be verified, and it's difficult to use on WP content. Do you have an updated link? ArtVandelay13 (talk) 09:27, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry, this Florian_K is not me. At least de:Benutzer:Florian_K seems to be interested in football. FlorianK (talk) 16:37, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

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text:
User talk:BriteHumer3

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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User talk:Krishna paudel

Bold text==Welcome== Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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Nepal
Nepal: history, religion, culture and festivals (a synopsis)

Nepal: (28 00 N, 84 00 E) Nepal is a landlocked ( boarder 1,236 km in north and 1690 km in south)  country squeezed between two Asian giants, India and China. It occupies the total land area of 147,181 sq. km extending from east to West (0.03% of the world and 0.3% of Asia, It is 75 and 32 times smaller the size respectively of its northern and southern neighbours: China and india). The East- west length is almost 850 km and the maximum north-south spread varies from 250 to 100 km. Almost 4,000 sq km area of the country is occupied by various lakes, streams and rivers. The climatic condition varies from cool summers and severe winters in the north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south. Two third of the world famous Himalayan ranges and eight of the highest 10 world peaks in Nepal make it known differently to the world because apart from the Alpine climatic condition of the north, the mid hills and their mild temperature and the southern Gangetic plain known as the Terai are as hot as any  other hotter palaces. The rough and rugged terrain, mountainous region, rivers, lakes and gorges and snow clad lofty peaks add to the exotic beauty of this nation and attract hundreds of thousands of nature lovers and adventurers annually, but these natural difficulties equally contribute in making much of the parts of the country inaccessible and its people cut off from the rest of the world in terms of the availability of basic amenities and various developmental prospect. Because of its unique location of being surrounded by the natural wall in the form of the world’s highest Himalayan ranges in the north, there has been a considerable natural affinity of Nepal and its people with its southern neighbour, India, culturally, socially, economically as well as politically. We can see and experience much of Nepalese social life to have come under the Indian influence for many centuries.

' History' History texts keep silence on the topic of the exact beginning of the time when people started to inhabit the place now known as Nepal. However, this part of the world has remained a confluence of two major human races and cultures - the Indo-European/Aryan and the Tibeto-Burman or the Mongoloid races – and the intricate blending of both their religions, cultures, life-styles and so many aspects of living and livelihood. The Mongoloid ethnic groups preceded inhabitation of the valley by entering through Tibet to Nepal with their unique skill in hunting and survival abilities, language, culture and religion before the first millennium. They began their settlements along the mountainous region and the high Himalayan foothills. Later towards the beginning of the second millennium, the movement of various Indo-Aryan race populations started to occur towards north perhaps in search of a cooler climate and trade or out of curiosity. Some others shifted northward in order to protect their religion and culture from the Muslim invaders in the succeeding centuries. These southerners had already developed   their language and writing script so with their superior capabilities won over their early settlers. We don’t find any ethnic differences and clashes taken place among all those various tribal communities as is often found in the cases of early settlements. Instead, there arose a harmonious relationship among them and they started sharing and regarding each others customs, cultures and social practices which in the course of time gave birth to a uniquely co-existing Nepalese culture which features both Hindu-Buddhist traditions.

Myths and legends suggest that there used to be a huge lake in place of the present day Kathmandu Valley. Maha Manjushree, a bodhisatwa( near Buddha) came to the rescue of this place and cut open an outlet at Chobhar to let the water of the lake flow away and the lake dry up. There was now a fertile valley for human inhabitation. Manjushree helped people settle down in this newly acquired place and appointed a king to rule the subjects. However, some Hindu legends maintain that Lord Krishna killed the demon Banashur and rid the people of the demonic rule before he let the water of the small lake flow away. Some others are of the opinion that in fact the person who did this was the same but people started recognizing him differently depending on their faith inclination. There are more similarities than differences in these separate claims. After this early settlement gained massive momentum, a king was appointed from the tribe of Abhirs or the Mahishpals.The Mahishpals ( who tamed and kept water buffalos as their profession) and the Gopals ( the ones who tamed cows) have been traced as the earliest settlers and rulers of the Kathmandu valley according to various historical researches. But very little is known about their origin and descent. After them there started the rule of the Kirants founded by Yalambar, the first Kiranti king. They were ferocious archers ,warriors and herdsmen. They were the worshippers of Nature and believed in the multitude of Gods similar to many early believers and communities. They, probably, were influenced by the Shaivite sect of Hinduism as described in the Epic of the Mahabharat and the Himavatkhanda Puran. The Kirants were vanquished at the hand of the Likchavis who surged into the valley from the western side of present day Nepal, where they had started strengthening themselves from quite early on. The Likschavis were greatly learnt people in religion, economics and political system and soon established themselves as the best rulersof the contemporary time and implemented various types of social and political reforms. It is therefore the Likchavis’ time in Nepal is described as the Golden Age ( Swarna Yuga) of Nepalese History. Art, architecture, literature, performance art and social development experienced great forward movement during this period. Mananka (the first minted coins)was the coin issued for public transaction during Mana Dev’s rule He also got a number of medieval temples, palaces and monasteries constructed marking this time as a period of great cultural awakening. Sanskrit was the official language of the state and both Hinduism and Buddhism received state patronage during this time. The Likchavis were ably apt rulers, which is proved by the way they maintained balance in their foreign relationship especially with the ever expanding Chinese empire from the north. Anshuverma ,a Likchavi king offered his daughter Bhrikuti in marriage to a powerful Chinese Emperor, Tshrang Chan Gompo, and avoided the inevitable threat of the Chinese invasion in the kingdom of the valley. Bhrikuti is worshipped as the Green Star in some Tibeto-Chinese Buddhist traditions even now recognizing her as the Buddhist apostle in the true sense. Like everything good comes to an undesired end, the Likchavis’ rule too was short lived. The Mallas followed next as the rulers of the Kathmandu valley. They had familial ties with the Likchavis and came to succeed them as well. But after Yksha Malla bequeathed his state of the valley to his three sons proportionately in his will as his personal property, Nepal went through the historical spell of disintegration. Smaller states known as Rajya each ruled by its patriarch known as Rajautas came into existence throughout Nepal. The Malla period (Malla Kaal) started from the mid- sixteenth century and the major Malla rule centred in the Kathmandu valley which was now divided into three different kingdoms-Kantipur, Bhadgaun and Patan respectively to name Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur .The smaller states in the west and east were under the rule of various Thakuri kings. Nepalese society went through significant social transformation under the rule of certain Malla kings namely; Mahindra Malla, Jayasthiti Malla of Kathmandu and Bhupatindra Mala of Bhaktapur.Mahindra Malla was a democratic ruler who loved his subjects the most carrying out several welfare activities for them. King Jayasthiti Malla was a great social reformer who realigned the Hindu caste system of the valley based on merit and efficiency in the given field of work. Most of the medieval art and architecture which has survived to date was the creation of the Malla period. The Malla period also saw the revival of Hindu mystic tradition and Buddhist tantric tradition of Mahayana sect. As a result of which there developed a new Newari culture in the valley which has combined the folk cultural traditions of both ritualistic Hinduism and Buddhism in a unique form. Therefore, many cultural practices and festivals observed by the people in the Kathmandu valley are not entirely the pure observances of either of the religions but partly of the both.The Malla period of Nepalese history saw its end when King Prithvi Narayan Shaha conquered the Kathmandu valley in 1768 and unified the diverse smaller states into a kingdom of Nepal. Despite a lot of political instability and turmoil the Malla period of Nepalese history gave a tremendous impetus in the development of Nepali art, carving and architecture. Most of the creation of the Likchavi era could not survive the calamities through the history but what happened during the Malla period is still available in the valley for many to see and rejoice.

 Modern Nepal

Modern Nepal was unified by the king of Gorkha ( one of the principalities known as a rajya  in mid western Nepal) Prithvi Narayan Shaha  in 1768,conquering more than sixty small principalities ruled  by local  feudal lords and local kings. The expansion and strengthening of the kingdom continued for the next two generations of kings after his death. Nepalese political boundary was extended far into the middle of four neighboring modern Indian states but this ambition soon came to a stop when the Nepalese soldiers came to confront the then world conquering British soldiers under the British Raj in India. After the initial two Anglo-Nepal wars( 1814-1815) and the final defeat Nepal was forced  to sign on    the Treaty of Sugauli in 1817 with British India. Nepal had to surrender more than one third of its land area of unified Nepal after this treaty and together with this the ambition of expansion also came to its premature end. Because of frequent squabbles and power struggle in the Nepalese palace, there bagan the infamous family rule of the Ranas in 1846, which continued in the kingdom for another 104 years. This family rule of the Ranas ( under this rule the prime- minister ship  was empowered the most and the king was reduced to a titular head of the state. Only the Ranas had the right to be the prime minister and hold the important positions of the country). Although this was mostly the dark age of Nepalese history, this period, too, did not much interfere in people’s right to uphold religion and practice the customary observances. However, historians are of the view that the political rulers or the ruler race in Nepal have always remained Hindus throughout its history and Hinduism has always gained favour all along.  Ethnic distribution As has been noted earlier the ruling clans in Nepal, mostly throughout its history, were Hindus and though they maintained considerable balance to regard Buddhism, too, under state patronage, it is argued that this way the purity of the latter got tainted in the so-called process of religious tolerance losing many of its original values. What we now find in the kingdom is that many of the festivals and gods or goddesses worshipped here are common for both the religious groups though some of them have been named differently. People of different religious faiths coming together to worship in the same temple regarding the god in different names may be unique only in this part of the world. Many Buddhist believers in the Kathmandu valley go to worship Ganesh ,Bhairab, Hanuman and Narayan ,the Hindu gods while many Hindus worship Manjushree, Kumari and share temples to pay homage to many others. Hindus also accept Buddha as the ninth incarnation of Lord Bishnu. Nepal is the only officially declared Hindu State in the world and according to the latest census in Nepal 86.2% of the population is of the Hindus and 7.8 % are Buddhist while 3.8 % follow Islam. The ethnic picture of the nation shows Brahman, Chettri, Tamang,Magar,Newar, Gurung, Rai ,Limbu, Thakali,Sunwar ,Danuwar and Sherpa in the mountains,mid hills and valleys and Tharu, Yada kurmi,Musahar,Rajputs,Rajbanshis, Satars, Dhimals and Maithili Brahman in the Terai as the major caste groups. Besides this, the Nepali diaspora (people of Nepali origin) now lives scattered all across the north –eastern and north western Indian states. It is believed that more than 10 million people of Nepalese origin population live in different Indian areas. Almost a quarter million, the largest outside Nepal and India, Nepalese origin people also live in present day Myanmar according to statistics. They largely follow the religions and culture practiced in Nepal and inherited from their predecessors.

Religion and culture Simply speaking religion is the belief in the existence of a god or gods and the customs, rituals, services, festivities and all other activities connected with the worship of them. In other words it is one of the systems of faith that are based on the belief in the existence of a particular god or gods. The modern world is replete with diverse religious beliefs but none of them do or can claim to be based purely on reason or scientific verification, in the sense that any sensible human being can see them to be true. They are usually based upon claim to revelation, enlightenment or particular disclosure of truth to some outstanding founding figures like the Buddha, Jesus and others. But in the course of history when various religious faith systems and their communities meet and interact they can clash or take in each others’ features accommodating many of them. Culture on the other hand is the way of life that comprises the customs and beliefs, art and social organization of a particular community, group or community in a way thinking art, music or literature as a group. Culture includes the series of festivals and celebratory observances the particular community indulges in or associates with.

Hinduism and Nepali culture

Unlike many other religions followed in the world Hinduism was not founded by a particular prophet or Guru or a sect leader like the Buddha, Jesus or Muhammad. Hinduism is neither a single religion believing in a certain god but it is a faith system which claims itself as Sanatana or Paramparagat Dharma ( a traditionally handed down religion)widely followed by people throughout the Indian sub-continent and as far as to Indonesia and Cambodia till the sixteenth and seventeenth century before the Muslim invasion and subsequent conversion. Hinduism, therefore, seems like a  polytheic religion but still maintains that all the different manifestations are but the incarnations or avatars of the same god. This was exhibited by Bhagawan Krishna to his great devotee Arjuna in the Epic of the Mahabharata. There are various sects like; the Vaishnavas (Vishnu worshippers), the Shaivas( Shiva worshippers), the Shaktas (goddess Durga or Shakti worshippers) and several other sub sects. But they all regard the supreme authority of the Vedas(four) and Puranas (eighteen), Upanishadas (hundred eight) as the holy scriptures and “OM” as the main religious mantra. They believe in afterlife and rebirth, caste system, in the result of one’s action as Karma and respect cow as a holy animal and killing it as an act of sacrilege. An ordinary Hindu follower does not strictly subscribe to any of the sectarian propagation but worships all the gods and goddesses. A Hindu home has a small temple or a small room for the purpose of worship on daily basis. Early morning before the sunrise the main member or all the members of the house gather in the temple take part in the worship.This is known as Nitya karma( daily Puja )or Panchayan Puja (the worship of five gods and goddeses) which includes Shiva,Ganesh ,Bishnu, Devi or Durga and Surya (the son god) Hinduism and its followers observe a number of other rites, rituals and festivals including sacrificial rituals.  Festivals and sacrificial rituals The social activity of celebrating festivals dates back to pre-historic times preceding the founding of any of the modern religions. Ancient hunting tribes celebrated after a big catch and later when our predecessors learnt the skill of farming, they prayed, sacrificed and invoked to call for the mercy of nature or herald a good harvest. Often these celebrations coincided with plantation and reaping occasions. The other mass prayers took place to avoid natural disasters or the wrath of the great unseen forces because life so much depended upon unimaginable ferocity of nature and its grace. If something calamitous occurred, the brute forces were to be appeased with the ritualistic observances or sacrifices. Ritual of exorcism included animal sacrifices and feasting to drive away demonic or evil possession. With the advent of modern religions any of such practices were considered immoral, barbaric and thus discarded. Still some world religions do recognize limited events of sacrificial rites.

Hinduism and Sacrificial rituals

As has been mentioned earlier, the Shaktas( worshippers of goddess Durga or Shakti) believe in sacrificial rites a part from tantric puja. These sect people believe in Shakti as the centre /source of all process (energy) from creation to catastrophe. Hindus are asked to believe( by their scriptures) that the ultimate objective of life should be the attainment of Moksha(salvation) and rid oneself from the cycle of frequent death and birth. Our physical body is just a tool for our spiritual quest and realization which will ultimately lead us to our integration with God. Gyan( knowledge) vairagya (dejection), Tapa (penance) and Samarpana (devotion) are the ways to salvation and at the root of all these is the notion of renunciation or self- sacrifice. The great sages of the ancient times proved their absolute submission to God by self sacrificing themselves. This involved an elaborate process of tantric ritual with chanting of mantras (secret holy veses from scriptures) so that the atma (devotee’s self) would release from the body and integrate with Paramantma (the Almighty). It was believed that this way the devotee did not realize any physical pain or affliction. Devotees are to accept the premises that the physical life has no significance but a tool for spiritual quest. In the course of time self-sacrifice was too much a demand and began to be replaced by animal representation. The animals chosen for sacrificial rites get redeemed of their sins and vices attain Moksha. Believing that beings with sinful prior life have to go through the infinite cycle of torturous births and deaths, sacrificial animals are not killed rather uplifted to higher life. Once we view our mortal life like a tool for achieving something far beyond, we tend to judge all the worldly good and bad from an entirely new perspective. The whole world view changes. The priest conducting the sacrificial ceremony and the karta devotee should maintain a high standard of purity and sanctity before preparing for this ritual. Physical and mental cleansing, detachment, abstinence, celibacy are the necessary pre-conditions for the devotee to be in the sacrificial Puja.  Nepali Festivals

a. Dashain The occurrences of festivals in Hindu tradition are based on the count of Hindu Lunar Calendar. The count of months is calculated by solar movement in relativity of the earth movement but dates of the month and Tithis are based on lunar calendar. So such occurrences are flexible and don’t fall always on the particular dates of month. Hindus don’t celebrate all their festivals with equal importance throughout. For instance, Dashain is the greatest festival for Nepalese Hindus, but the south and western Indian Hindus celebrate Ganesh puja, Pungol, Holy, Onam, Dipawali as the greatest festive occasions. The occasion of Dashain is also celebrated as Navaratra(festival lasting nine nights) with the worship of Goddess Durga in many north Indian states like Gujrat, Rajasthan, U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. But animal sacrifice is seldom offered there.

Dashain is observed in the Ashwin Shukla Paksha (during the waxing fortnight in end September –October) in the beginning of autumn. This is the most pleasant time in Nepal after long drawn Monsoon rains and just before the harvesting season. The festival starts with the day of Ghatasthapana when a decorated urn filled up with holy water and five auspicious flower leaves is placed in the temple of goddess Durga. The seventh day is Phoolpati Day, meaning day of flower ceremony, when flowers are gathered from traditionally recognized places to the temples amid band celebration and state decoration all across Nepal. The sacrificial Puja begins from the night of Mahaastami (the great eighth day). There are two separate versions of myth attached as to how celebration of Dashain festival began. The first version is that in Treta Yuga (the second of the four ages)invincible demon Ravana to rid the world of his evils but he was blessed with certain powers that it was impossible to kill him easily. So Lord Rama had to invoke Goddesses Durga with worship for ten days and it was on the final day that Goddeses graced him empowering him with the abilities to slay the monster. People started celebrating this victory over the demonic power from this time onward, commemorating the last day as Vijay Dashami (the tenth day victory) and the next five days till the full moon night for continuous celebration. The second version also maintains that Goddeses Durga is in the center of this worship.In Satya Yuga( the age of truth) the demon Mahishasur ( with the body of the buffalo and head of the demon ) along with his legions of warriors was killed by goddess Durga on the tenth day. The goddess was invoked by all the gods who were defeated by Mahishasura and chased away from the heaven. Goddeses Durga emerged as the most powerful and invincible one having been empowered with the best of the weapons each of the gods possessed. She fought with immense prowess ever imaginable. Raktaviza,a demon who could come back to life when a tiniest drop of his blood dropped on the ground and a loyal warrior to King Mahishasur, was only possible to be slain after the goddess took the form of ferocious Kali  who drank up all the blood of the demon. The Mahaastami night which is observed as the Kaalratri (Night of death or blackness) features the massive sacrificial worship carried out during Dashain. This sacrificial offering in the temples of goddesses continues to the day of Mahanavami, the day on which the goddess killed other main demons. The final day of Dashain ,Vijaya Dashami was the day the goddess got over Mahishasura abolishing the evil rule for ever. Elders and seniors put on Tika (the holy mark) on the forehead of their young or junior ones blessing them with long, healthy and bountiful life. In some communities this celebration is carried on for five days more marking the day on the full moon night. Jamara( the yellowish germination of wheat,barley and maize sowed in the soil kept at a dark corner of the house on the Ghatasthapana day and plucked to be used on the Tika day) is the specialty of Dashain. The social aspect of this celebration is also worth commendation. People far and wide or in foreign lands get back home on holidays to get reunited with their family members, relatives and friends. Dashain has a very special significance in army barracks and police cantonment complexes throughout Nepal ,India, Britain and Singapore where Gurkhas as soldiers have been employed. Dashain Ghar ( Durga temple) is elaborately decorated and sacrificial pujas are carried out signifying Goddess Durga as the source of Shakti( the power or energy). Weapons and armory are moistened or sprinkled with sacrificial blood during the ninth day puja.

Tihar Tihar is another of the great festivals celebrated by Nepali Hindus with much fun and frolicking a part from its religious significance. It falls with in twenty days of Dashain and is also known as Yamapanchaka( the five days of death god Yamaraj).Begining in the end of Kartik Krishna Paksha( waning fortnight in the month of kartik- end September to November beginning). It is believed that during these five days Yamaraj (the Death God) takes leave of his duty and goes to visit his sister Yamuna. During the festival  people also pays homage to different Yamadutas ( messengers or angels to death god)like the crow( the first day) and the dog( the second day) with the worship and offering of  delicacies. Cows are considered holy by all Hindus and especially worshipped on the third day of Tihar ( the moonless night) because they ,too ,are considered to help the spirit of the dead to wade across the terrible Vaitarani river on their journey to hell or heaven this evening starts Deepawali, the light festival.The fourth day is Laxmi Puja and the goddess of wealth and prosperity is worshipped on this day and night. The whole villages and cities glimmer in light when people celebrate Deepawali the day with colourful light firecrackers and The fifth day is Bhai Tika and on this day sisters put on Tika on the forehead of their brothers wishing  their longevity, prosperity and success. Besides its religious aspect, children and youths do indulge in activities like Bhailo and dhaushi going house to house chanting celebratory songs asking of donations in the form of money, grains and delicacies. People do offer what they can without hesitation as Dana ( donating or offering) is regarded as the best of virtues in Hindu practice. Adults and Elderly people indulge themselves in playing dice or traditional games of gambling, which is considered legal during the Tihar time only. Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, was born of queen Mayadevi and King Suddhodhan in Lumbini of western Nepal more than 2,500 years ago. Buddhism which is known as Buddha Dhamma is founded on the principle of Non violence. The whole of human society is doomed to endless suffering and frustration due to desires, greed, and hatred and ignorance as the universal marks of human nature according to Buddhism. Buddhism has mainly two sects:   a. Hinayana or Theravada (accepting Buddha’s teachings as ultimate and unchangeable) and    b.  Mahayana (accepting Buddha’s teachings with some modifications). The later has sub sect like Vajrayana ( the Tantric or mystic sect which believes tantras as the shortest rout to salvation). Buddhist monks and nuns live in communities called Sangha and vow not to kill, steal, have improper sexual relations and lie or be intoxicated. The simple Buddhist understanding is that life is full of (Dukka)sorrows and mankind has to strive for nirvana ( salvation).through the complex path of renunciation of all worldly desires because the root cause of all our sorrows is the grasping desire.

 Buddha Jayanti He was born, enlightened and also attained Nirvana (salvation) on the same day of Vaishakha Shukla Purnima ( the full moon night in the first month of Hindu calendar). So this day is highly regarded in Nepal with day long Pujas in Buddhist temples and Monasteries. Followers of both Buddhism and Hinduism throng to the holy shrines on this day amid the holy recitation from Tripitaka, The Buddhist Holy Scripture. This is a national holiday in the kingdom of Nepal.

It is said that Nepali people have more festivals in a year than there are days available. This remark amply suggests that they do have numerous festive occasions to observe. A number of other festivals are particularly observed by certain people of different ethnic origins. For example, the Newars of  the Kathmandu valley, both Hindus and Budhhists, Commonly take part in celebrations of many other festivals which are typical to Newari community only. These include Gathemangal, Indrajatra, Gaijatra, Ghodejatra, Bhairabh Puja, Hanuman Puja and so on The Terai People have festival celebrations like: Chhath, Holy and Diwali similar to the north Indian Hindu communities. Chandi Naach and Dhan Naach are the community festivals celebrated in the far eastern region while Gaura parva is celebrated by the people of far western region. These festivals are associated with the plantation and harvesting occasions. Festivals observed according to Tibeto-Buddhist tradition include Lhoshar. Tibetan day of New Year. Sherpas celebrate Mani Rimdu as their festival.

Although the tradition of celebrating festivals has its direct attachment with a certain religion or the other, what we find different in Nepalese system of festive celebrations is that they have been shaped and developed by people of contrasting origin and backgrounds and accepted as fundamentally unique culture over the centuries across Nepalese hills and valleys. With new types of awareness emerging about different ethnic identities during the last two decades, people of different communities have sought ways to realign, converge or take a departing move from the respective positions traced by their ancestral ethos.

Krishna Paudel.

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Talk:Francis Petre

Featured article review of November 20, 2005

 * This quote which was in the article when it was an original FAC, is from the link to St. Joseph's's cathedral which too has always been listed. References and links are given so people can check facts. Perhaps people should check these out before claiming lack of references. Giano | talk 10:18, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Changes since being promoted on April 19, 2005. This is the version that was promoted. Changes are minor but significant and seem to be positive. Tuf-Kat 04:52, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * One of the best articles I've read. Changes have been positive. Well, except for this edit. I'm not an expert in em dashes but I don't think this is a correct usage. It appears the subject of the phrase ("styles") is lost inside the dashes leaving the "the" referring to...well, I'm not sure what. --maclean25 08:09, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if you are correct about em dash or not, butI reworded the sentence in question to make the point moot. If this change is not reverted, I will pass this review in a few days (assuming no other issues are brought up).  Tuf-Kat 09:11, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you, that clears it up. Two minor imperfections in the article include an unreferenced quotation in the "Architect" section (with quotation marks in a block quote) and a one sentence introduction-section to "Cathedrals" (and it doesn't end with a period). --maclean25 07:36, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Expanded the cathedral intro sentence. Tuf-Kat
 * Quotation referenced. maclean25

I'm not sure if this is the right place to put this. The assessment is shaky. Attention to detail was a commonplace of 19th century architects' practice. In this regard Petre was not more diligent than e.g. R.A. Lawson. What is more significant is the quality of the details, both as designed and executed. Even so, this alone would not really make someone a distinguished architect.

Peter Entwisle

Proposal to remove date-autoformatting
Dear fellow contributors

MOSNUM no longer encourages date autoformatting, having evolved over the past year or so from the mandatory to the optional after much discussion there and elsewhere of the disadvantages of the system. Related to this, MOSNUM prescribes rules for the raw formatting, irrespective of whether or not dates are autoformatted. MOSLINK and CONTEXT are consistent with this.

There are at least six disadvantages in using date-autoformatting, which I've capped here:

Removal has generally been met with positive responses by editors. I'm seeking feedback about this proposal to remove it from the main text (using a script) in about a week's time on a trial basis/ The original input formatting would be seen by all WPians, not just the huge number of visitors; it would be plain, unobtrusive text, which would give greater prominence to the high-value links. Tony  (talk)  08:32, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Proposed Featured Article Review
I see that this is one of two remaining unreviewed Featured Articles (per Unreviewed featured articles). Looking at this Featured Article, I see that there are issues with referencing - the inline citations are lacking, and there are citation needed tags throughout. Some image formatting issues exist in that I see a minor bit of sandwiching - though that might be my screen's fault. Is there editor interest in re-working the citations for this article? I don't see a whole lot of activity on this page, or in the article proper, so it's possible that a FAR will draw additional eyes to the article. Per WP:FAR, I'm raising these issues on the talk page, as a prelude to a formal Featured Article Review. Thanks! UltraExactZZ Said~ Did 20:22, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Really? I would say it has taken exactly 24 minutes. Which facts exactly are you having a problem with, or do you like to see cite tags per 100 words? I see 2 citation tags needed - you say "there are citation needed tags throughout." your screen must be very peculiar and at fault indeed! I note with interst, the articles that you have created here, perhaps it would be a good idea if you go and polish those first, before atacking what is at the better end of the project.Giacomo Returned 20:46, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh hell, I don't know - I just wanted to clear out the category. If you've got eyes on the article, it's fine with me - the referencing was the only real issue I could see that might come up at FAR. I saw that tags were present, and that multiple sections had no obvious references, but you're right about the CN tags. The lack of inline cites doesn't bother me a bit personally, though more wouldn't hurt - it's a non-issue, as far as I'm concerned. UltraExactZZ Said~ Did 20:58, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I mentioned it here entirely because it's listed at Unreviewed featured articles. Period. Full stop. I didn't know, nor do I really care, that it's some of your best work. You're welcome to it. UltraExactZZ Said~ Did 21:00, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * No, you did not bother to check it out all. Far from being my best work (it's not - it's old work) it has now been heavily edited by Peter Entwisle - who I am prepared to trust - and it's now more his work. You really need to look beyond lists of "Unreviewed featured articles" and regard some of the thousands of pathetic stubs which need attention. Giacomo Returned 21:09, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, now I tick "Piss off Giano" on my bucket list. Yay. Sorry to cause drama. UltraExactZZ Said~ Did 21:23, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

another image, with clearer licensing
At http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/Cyc04Cycl-fig-Cyc04Cycl0288b.html there is another image of him, a shocking image but the licensing is clear. Stuartyeates (talk) 09:17, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Francis Petre