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Anthology (Alien Ant Farm album)

Anthology (stylised as ANThology) is the second studio album by American rock band Alien Ant Farm. It was released on March 6, 2001, through New Noize and DreamWorks Records. Following the self-release of the band's debut studio album, Greatest Hits (1999), they played several showcases in Los Angeles, California. At the end of 2000, Alien Ant Farm started recording their next album with producer Jay Baumgardner at NRG Recording Studios in North Hollywood, California. An alternative metal and nu metal release, critics compared the album to the works of Incubus and A Perfect Circle.

"Movies" was released as Anthology's lead single in January 2001. Alien Ant Farm signed with Papa Roach's label, New Noize, before embarking on a United States cross-country tour with Linkin Park and Taproot, and supporting Orgy on their headlining tour. Following a two-week stint in Europe supporting Papa Roach, "Smooth Criminal" was released as the album's second single in June 2001. They appeared on that year's Warped Tour, and then re-release "Movies" in early 2002. The band toured Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and the US. The third single, "Attitude", was released in May 2002.

Anthology received generally positive reviews from music critics, some of whom commented on Alien Ant Farm's energy and the songs' diversity. The album charted at number 11 on the US Billboard 200, while also reaching the top 40 in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Ireland, and New Zealand. It would later be certified platinum in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the US. "Smooth Criminal" peaked at number 23 on the US Billboard Hot 100, alongside performing well on several Billboard component charts, and reached number one in Australia. "Movies" had some success on several Billboard component charts, while "Attitude" only charted in the UK.

Background and production
Vocalist Dryden Mitchell, guitarist Terry Corso, bassist Tye Zamora, and drummer Mike Cosgrove formed Alien Ant Farm in 1996. Zamora and Cosgrove previously played in a Primus cover band. The same year as forming, the band released their debut EP $100 EP, and followed it up with their second EP Love Songs in 1998. Alien Ant Farm self-released their debut studio album Greatest Hits through their own record label Chick Music Records. It later won the award for Best Independent Album at the 1999 LA Music Awards. The band promoted the album with a tour in Europe, appearances at various festivals, and played several showcases in Los Angeles, California, in an attempt to secure a deal with another record label. After playing several shows together, Alien Ant Farm became well-acquainted with Papa Roach. When Papa Roach achieved commercial success, they were given ownership of the New Noize record label.

Alien Ant Farm was shopping around for a record deal, and an A&R person from New Noize eventually found them. While Alien Ant Farm was in Europe, producer Jay Baumgardner, known for his work with Korn and Slipknot, attended a Papa Roach show. A demo of Alien Ant Farm covering "Smooth Criminal" (1987) by Michael Jackson was playing over the speakers, which caught Baumgardner's attention. He proceeded to ask the DJ who it was, informing him that it was Alien Ant Farm; Baumgardner was a fan of Jackson's Thriller (1982) and Bad (1987). A month following this, after producing Infest (2000) by Papa Roach, the A&R representative for that band contacted Baumgardner: This band, Alien Ant Farm, I think I should sign them.’ I said, ‘Yeah, they do that cover of Michael Jackson. It’s incredible. I think it’s a hit.’ And he said, ‘Would you do the record if I sign them?’ I said, ‘Yeah! By this time, nu metal had becoming the dominant strain of rock music, replacing alternative rock and grunge.

At the end of 2000, Alien Ant Farm were recording their next album at NRG Recording Studios in North Hollywood, California, with Baumgardner. The band's enjoyed his work with the likes of Orgy and Papa Roach. Alien Ant Farm recorded two songs with him, before spending a month writing material. The rehearsal studio they used was located opposite Baumgardner's studio, which allowed him to witness what the band were working on at any given moment. They would tape ideas with a recorder, by which point, Mitchell would listen to it in his car and they would then come up with parts to add to it. During recording, James Murray acted as engineer and operated Pro Tools, with assistance by Justin Harvey; John Ewing and Brian Viture did additional Pro Tools work. Baumgardner cited Pro Tools as an important piece of equipment as it enabled them to "chop things up and edit things", and said that Linkin Park, one of the band's contemporaries, "epitomized what you could do with Pro Tools in rock". Mitchell said Baumgardner did not alter the songs that much, save for some "real minor stuff", such as switch parts around. Baumgardner mixed the recordings at NRG, with help from Daniel Certa, before Tom Baker mastered Anthology at Precision Mastering in Hollywood.

Composition and lyrics
Musically, critics have described the sound of Anthology as alternative metal and nu metal,  taking influence from alternative rock, and drawing comparisons to Make Yourself (1999) by Incubus and Mer de Noms (2000) by A Perfect Circle. The band attempted vocal harmonies in the vein of the Electric Light Orchestra, Steely Dan, and Queen. Mitchell's vocals were compared to Maynard James Keenan of Tool; he wrote many of the tracks during a breakup. The opening track "Courage" details a relationship which has reached its breaking point. "Movies" uses staccato guitar parts against a funk-esque bassline. Mitchell said the song is about comparing a relationship to cinema. "Flesh and Bone" recalls the Police with Cosgrove's reggae-esque drum rhythms; Tye Zamora's brother Jon contributed additional background vocals to the song. At the suggestion of Zamora, Mitchell wrote the lyrics around religion, asking questions about people's beliefs. "Whisper" is an attack on the music industry; Cosgrove said it was about being turned down by labels after doing showcases for them.

The guitarwork in "Sticks and Stones" earned it a comparison to the work of Helmet and Prong. "Attitude" has a Latin beat, with percussion by Toto member Lenny Castro. The song is from the perspective of a girl expressing her anger, with the narrator explaining that her boyfriend is worse off. "Stranded" includes slide guitar by Dredg vocalist Gavin Hayes; "Wish" is the first-ever song Alien Ant Farm wrote and is indebted to the band's metal roots. "Smooth Criminal" is done in the nu metal style. Mitchell, whose first ever concert experience was seeing Jackson, explained that during one performance, Cosgrove and Zamora played a short snippet of it, which caught the attention of the crowd. Cosgrove subsequently bought a cassette of Bad so that the band could learn the track. The closing track "Universe" features a string arrangement by David Campbell. The hidden track "Orange Appeal" incorporates slide guitar by Hayes and flute by Yanick Vincent. It is a demo that dates from the band's first month of existence; Corso said they "kept putting stuff on top of. It was cool enough in the end to actually go on the album".

Initial promotion and "Smooth Criminal" single
"Movies" was released as lead single from Anthology in January 2001. Alien Ant Farm toured the West Coast of the United States in January and February 2001, followed by a cross-country trek with Linkin Park and Taproot. Anthology was released on March 6, 2001, on New Noize and DreamWorks Records. Discussing the album's title, Mitchell said: "We called our first independent record Greatest Hits. And in a sense, a lot of bands' first record is their greatest hits because they are soon gone. [...] So we thought it would be funny to do ANThology for our second record since we already did our greatest hits." Around this time, Alien Ant Farm were supporting Orgy on the Vapor Transmission Tour. The music video for "Movies", which was directed by Marcos Siega, premiered via MTV2 on March 17, 2001. Mitchell said it was filmed over the course of 18 hours, "and no one was feeling the 'movie' vibe". Alien Ant Farm was due to support Papa Roach on a US headliner; however, it was canceled. Instead, they went on a club tour of the US West Coast, and supported Papa Roach on their European tour for two weeks.

"Smooth Criminal" was released as Anthology's second single to US radio stations on June 12, 2001. The band had no plans to release the track as a single until it started gaining airplay from WXRK-FM, based in New York City. The European CD version featured "Orange Appeal", "Denigrate", and the "Smooth Criminal" music video; the UK version swapped "Orange Appeal" for "Movies". The music video for "Smooth Criminal", which was directed by Marc Klasfeld, sees the band performing in the middle of a boxing ring. Mitchell explained that either their label or MTV was attempting to connect the band with a soundtrack for the WWE. Klasfeld, who was living in New York City, had heard the song playing while in a gym. He was a popular video director that mainly worked with hip hop acts by likes of Insane Clown Posse and Nelly. His initial reaction upon hearing the cover was to laugh: "I saw the sense of humor in it. I just thought it was hilarious that a metal band was covering Michael Jackson. It was perfectly within my sensibility". He promptly contacted Alien Ant Farm's label with the aim of working with them, which was in contrast from labels and artists contacting him first.

"Movies" re-release and further promotion
"Movies" was released in Europe on June 18, 2001, and includes "Pink Tea" and a live acoustic version of "Movies" as the B-sides, alongside the music video for "Movies". Alien Ant Farm appeared on the 2001 Warped Tour between June and August. Afterwards, they performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in the United Kingdom. Alien Ant Farm took a few weeks off for the Christmas holidays, before touring Australia and New Zealand in early 2002. "Movies" was re-released as a single on February 4, 2002. The band decided to reissue "Movies", after the success of "Smooth Criminal", in an attempt to get the song to chart. Mitchell said that a number of radio pluggers "felt that ‘Movies’ was a big hit that got yanked a wee bit too early. Now that there’s some familiarity with the band, they want to try it again". The CD version included live versions of "Movies" and "Smooth Criminal", along with a new music video for the former. The new video was shot over three hours with Klasfeld, and was described by Corso as "really moving and action-packed". The video shows the band in a theatre watching a movie; the members jump into the screen and become a part of the film. The rest of the video has the band in costumes, such as the Ghostbusters from Ghostbusters (1984) and Oompa-Loompas from Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), as they perform the song.

After a two-week stint in Europe, Alien Ant Farm returned to the US, and toured as part of the 2002 SnoCore Tour. "Attitude" was released as a UK single on May 13, to coincide with a tour there in the same month. The CD version included a remix and live acoustic versions of "Attitude", alongside live versions of "Universe" and "Stranded", and the music videos for the former two tracks. While traveling to a show, Alien Ant Farm was involved in a road accident near to Cáceres, Spain. Initial reporting said that the bus driver was killed, and Mitchell and Zamora ended up in hospital. The following day, the band explained they had been involved in a head-on collision, leaving their driver dead, and their security guard in critical condition. Six of Alien Ant Farm's crew members were also injured and taken to hospital with the band's members. Mitchell had sustained back injuries, and Cosgrove suffered a broken ankle. Zamora had foot injuries, while Cosgrove had cuts and bruises. Mitchell was moved to a special facility in London; he had a vertebral fracture, which prompt a metal rod being inserted into his back to stabilize his condition. A week after the incident, the band canceled all of their shows for the rest of the month, and into June 2002. They returned to performing in December as part of the charity showcase Drum Day in Los Angeles.

Related events and releases
"Movies", "Attitude" and "Smooth Criminal" were included on the band's first compilation album, The Best of Alien Ant Farm (2008). These three, plus "Sticks and Stones", were included on the band's second compilation album, Icon (2013); the European edition expanded the selection to include "Courage", "Flesh and Bone", "Whisper", "Summer", "Stranded", "Wish" and "Death Day". In January 2016, Alien Ant Farm performed Anthology in full on a tour of the UK, with support from InMe and the Dirty Youth. A second leg was held in October and November 2016 with support from Hed PE, Kaleido and Sumo Cyco.

Critical reception
Anthology was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, the album received an average score of 65, based on six reviews.

Drowned in Sound writer Terry Bezer wrote Alien Ant Farm "offer a widely diverse set of tunes and [sic] all of which are of the highest standard", with Anthology containing "all you could ever want from a debut album and a whole lot more". He cited the band's "[l]ive-wire energy, powerful tunes from start to finish and, most importantly, a sense of unpredictability". Dotmusic Chris Heath wrote Alien Ant Farm break "new ground [...] by exploring far more than the quiet-loud-rage-quiet formula with real singing and everything and a fair [dose] of pop melody". AllMusic reviewer Mario Mesquita Borges noted the album displays "the band's alternate dexterity, not only due to [...] Mitchell's revealing vocals, but also by virtue of their deliverance of full-blooded melodies". The staff at E! Online called the album "[m]ore diverse than you might think [...] mak[ing] this one Ant Farm that'll keep your attention".

Rolling Stone reviewer Barry Walters wrote that the band "boasts the mosh power of Papa Roach, but with a lot more ingenuity, tunes and chops, as if Korn had half-morphed into Cheap Trick". Sean Richardson of The Boston Phoenix said they were "no carbon-copy P-Roach imitation" as he felt that Mitchell was not as "angry or tortured" as their frontman Coby Dick. Wall of Sound's Daniel Durchholz considered Alien Ant Farm to be showing "some real potential. They're pissed, sure — who isn't these days? But the important thing is that the members of the band have a talent for songcraft." Kitty Empire of NME found Mitchell to be "over-emot[ing] at every turn [...] further slickening 'ANThology's pomp rock gloss". She added that they are "trying to make a mountain of an ant hill, where we'd be content with a record that just rocks". Melodic webmaster Johan Wippsson singled out "Movies" and "Smooth Criminal", before then noting that "the rest of the album isn't that special". He added, "[i]t's not bad at all, just a little bit uninteresting".

Commercial performance
Anthology peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard 200. Outside of the US, it charted at number 11 in the UK, number 13 in Finland, number 18 in Australia, number 20 in Germany, number 21 in Ireland, number 22 in Belgium, number 24 in New Zealand, number 32 in Austria, and number 40 in Scotland. The album was later certified platinum by Music Canada in Canada, platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in the UK, platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the US. Additionally, it received a gold certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIAA) in Australia.

"Smooth Criminal" reached number 23 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also appeared on several Billboard component charts: number one on Alternative Airplay, number 12 on Mainstream Top 40, number 17 on Active rock, number 18 on Mainstream Rock Songs, number 23 on Radio Songs, and number 27 on Heritage Rock. Outside of the US, it peaked at number one in Australia, number two in Finland, number three in the UK, number four in New Zealand and Switzerland, number five in Sweden, and number six in Austria. The song was certified double platinum in Australia by the ARIA, and platinum in the UK by the BPI.

"Movies" appeared on several Billboard component charts: number 18 on Alternative Airplay, number 35 on Active Rock, and number 38 on Mainstream Rock Songs. It also charted at number five in the UK, number 29 in Australia, number 35 in New Zealand, and number 62 in Switzerland. "Movies" was certified silver in the UK by the BPI, while "Attitude" reached number 66 in the UK.

Track listing
Track listing per booklet. All recordings produced by Jay Baumgardner.

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

Alien Ant Farm
 * Dryden Mitchell – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Terry Corso – guitars, acoustic guitar
 * Tye Zamora – bass, backing vocals, upright bass, keyboards, additional guitars
 * Mike Cosgrove – drums

Additional musicians
 * David Campbell – string arrangement on "Universe"
 * Lenny Castro – percussion on "Attitude"
 * Gavin Hayes – slide guitar on "Stranded" and "Orange Appeal"
 * Yanick Vincent – flute on "Orange Appeal"
 * Jon Zamora – additional background vocals on "Flesh and Bone"

Production
 * Jay Baumgardner – producer, mixing
 * Tom Baker – mastering
 * James Murray – engineer, Pro Tools
 * Justin Harvey – assistant
 * Daniel Certa – mix assistant
 * John Ewing – additional Pro Tools
 * Brian Virtue – additional Pro Tools
 * PR Brown – art direction, design and photography
 * Ralf Strathmann – band photo

title: Anthology (Alien Ant Farm album)


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Category:Infanticide

Articles related to infanticide, the intentional killing of infants.

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Nova Iguaçu

Nova Iguaçu (, New Iguaçu) is a municipality in Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil.

Location
The city is named after the Iguaçu River that runs through it and empties into Guanabara Bay (not to be confused with the Iguaçu River in Paraná state, which forms the Iguaçu Falls). It is part of the Greater Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area. It was the state's second largest city in population until Mesquita was split off, and now it is the fourth largest behind São Gonçalo, Duque de Caxias and the state capital, Rio de Janeiro. It lies northwest of Rio de Janeiro, in the centre of the northern part of its metropolitan area, Baixada Fluminense. The current mayor is Rogério Lisboa (PR). The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nova Iguaçu.

Nova Iguaçu has an estimated population of around 800,000 people. Although not best defined as a commuter town, it is a suburb of Rio de Janeiro under the influence of the capital – to which tens of thousands of workers and students commute daily, or visit regularly for options in culture, entertainment, goods, health care, etc. It is a city of average, lower middle income. There are a few historical and ecotouristical attractions in the municipality.

The municipality contains part of the Central Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Mosaic of conservation units, created in 2006. It contains part of the 26260 ha Tinguá Biological Reserve, a strictly protected Atlantic Forest conservation unit created in 1989. It also contains the 2353 ha Jaceruba Environmental Protection Area, created in 2002. The municipality contains part of the 4398 ha Mendanha State Park, created in 2013.

Colonial Brazil
Before the Portuguese arrived in Rio de Janeiro (in 1503), the Jacutinga Indians already inhabited the western bank of the Iguaçu River. This Indigenous tribe helped the French when they arrived in the region. Around 1565, after the expulsion of the French from Guanabara Bay, the village of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro was founded. There was at that time intense piracy promoted by French, British and Dutch privateers on the coast of the new Portuguese colony.

In 1575, the then governor of the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, Antônio Salema, joined a Portuguese army supported by a troop of Amerindians indoctrinated with the purpose of exterminating the French and Tamoio area that had lasted for twenty years on the eastern coast of the captaincy. Fearful of losing their lands, the Tamoios still allied with the French, but were virtually wiped out because of the uprising, called the War of Cabo Frio. The victorious troops wiped out about 500 natives, enslaving other 1500. There were sentenced to be hanged two French, one English and one tupinambá shaman. Nevertheless, the troops entered the interior, burning villages and killing thousands of Tamoios. The War of Cabo Frio resulted, apart from the massacre, in the complete expulsion of the French in the region.

However, other European pirates, mainly British and Dutch, continued to steal Brazil wood, showing the War mostly useless, since the absence of colonization on the coast of Rio de Janeiro continued to provide profit to European privateers. There was no interest in colonizing the region of Cabo Frio after this massacre, but the settlers decided to populate the Recôncavo Fluminense (area around Guanabara Bay). They began to settle on the banks of major rivers in the region, especially the rivers Iguaçu, Meriti, Saratoga, Saracuruna, Jaguaré, Pilar, Marapicu, Jacutinga, Mantiqueira and Inhomirim.

Also in 1575, the Captain General Belchior Azeredo built a chapel in honor of St. Anthony, at the foot of a hill 750 meters from the greater curve of the Santo Antônio River, now River Saratoga, on the land of Jacutinga. The building, erected with mud, was crucial for Belchior Azeredo conquer the lands of the Jacutinga Indians in the form of land grants by Governor Cristóvão de Barros, baptizing them as Engenho Santo Antônio da Aldeia dos Jacutingas. The Captain General has granted himself an allotment near the Rio Magé, where he built a mill (coordinates: 22 º 45'38 "S, 43 º 23'23" W). In subsequent decades, the small chapel was raised in level of importance, ascending to other major designations in the church hierarchy of the region.

Since the occupation of the Iguaçu, Saratoga and Meriti river basin came into effect, which occurred from the late 16th century, the traditional Indian trade routes became roads. One, the long trail of the Jacutingas, was transformed into the Estrada Geral, which connected the Freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Marapicu (current Marapicu) to the Freguesia de Santo Antônio da Aldeia dos Jacutingas (now Belford Roxo). The roadbed is currently occupied by the RJ-105 highway. The old bridge over the Saratoga River was the point of junction of the Estrada Geral with the Estrada Real (now Avenue Pastor Martin Luther King Jr.). The Royal Road went toward the Church of Nossa Senhora da Candelária, in downtown Rio de Janeiro, before passing over the Freguesia de São João do Orago do Rio Merity, by the port of Pavuna, by Inhaúma and the Freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Apresentação do Irajá.

These paths formed for a long time the best option to enter the land of the Recôncavo Fluminense, as access was difficult due to the large amount of wetlands and rivers of considerable width. To establish the route of the Estrada Real, were considered the best spots for transposition of the Saratoga and Meriti, noting where these rivers formed bars.

The colonization of the area required to route the flow of production of the mills. Initially, this was possible thanks to the waterways, when the rivers served as highways, once the Indian trade routes (and roads derived from them) were rough and the rivers were the easiest way to enter the Recôncavo region for its colonization.

Contraction
Nova Iguaçu was a much larger city in the past than its present form. The history of the city is marked by the emancipation of several districts that sought administrative independence.

The first break occurred on December 31, 1943, when the City Council ratified the emancipation of Duque de Caxias. In 1947, Nilópolis took their turn at emancipation. However, the most significant emancipations occurred in the 1990s.

Prior to the industrialization of Nova Iguaçu in the 1990s, it was a bedroom community for Rio de Janeiro. The city itself had practically no urban infrastructure, as its prior focus had been on citrus farming. By 1989, the city had grown to a population of 1.7 million, making it the sixth most populous city in Brazil at the time. In 1990, the district of Belford Roxo was emancipated, followed by Queimados, which had encompassed most of Nova Iguaçu's industrial district. In 1991, Japeri was emancipated, and in 1999, Mesquita.

These emancipations represented an economic blow to Nova Iguaçu, whose population (and hence, whose revenue) was greatly reduced, without a concomitant reduction in public spending.

Territorial organization
Nova Iguaçu is administratively divided into 5 Setores de Planejamento Integrado ("Integrated Planning Sectors"), 9 distritos (districts) named Unidades Regionais de Governo ("Regional Government Units") and 68 bairros (neighborhoods).

Demographics
The population of the city suffered a reduction after the enfranchisement of Mesquita in 1993. Today, the population is 795,212, up from the 727,300 in 1970, but down from the 844,583 in 2006. The racial makeup of the city in 2022 was 32.6% White, 48.7% Pardo (Multiracial), 18.6% Black, and 0,07% Amerindian.

When it comes to socioeconomic stratification, Class A population were 10.5%, Class B 55%, Class C 33.1% and Class D 2.4% of the population in 2011. These were according to income and property cohorts that take into account a Brazil-wide classification, rather than one specific to the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.

Sports
Nova Iguaçu Futebol Clube is the main football club from the city, with local rivals Artsul Futebol Clube.

There is also Maxambomba Rugby Club, the first rugby team formed in the Baixada Fluminense area.

Notable people

 * Allan dos Santos - journalist
 * Deivid - football player
 * Emerson Sheik - football player
 * Zinho - football player

Rail accidents

 * On June 7, 1951, the city was the site of a level crossing disaster in which 54 people were killed when a train struck a gasoline truck.
 * On 30 August 2007, two trains collided in the city, killing at least eight people.

title: Nova Iguaçu


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User:Angilbas

I'm an army brat, born 12 August 1954 in Montreal, Quebec. At present I reside in Sidney, British Columbia. My interests include animated cartoons, environmental science, gardening and history.

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List of World War I Central Powers aircraft

This is a list of military aircraft used by the Central Powers in World War I

Austro-Hungarian aircraft
Built specifically for or in Austria-Hungary, whose designation system was based on the German one, but with duplications for unrelated designs. German designs used by Austria-Hungary and Germany are in German section.

A & B types (unarmed monoplanes and biplanes)

 * Aviatik B.III (1916)
 * Etrich Taube (1911)
 * Fokker B.I (1915)
 * Fokker B.II (1916)
 * Fokker B.III – reconnaissance/fighter
 * Hansa-Brandenburg B.I (1914)
 * Lohner B.I (1912)
 * Lohner B.II (1913)
 * Lohner B.III
 * Lohner B.IV
 * Lohner B.V
 * Lohner B.VI
 * Lohner B.VII (1915)

C types (armed two seat biplanes)

 * Aviatik (Ö) C.I (1916)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg C.I
 * Knoller C.I (1916)
 * Knoller C.II (1916)
 * Lloyd C.I (1914)
 * Lloyd C.II (1915)
 * Lloyd C.III
 * Lloyd C.IV
 * Lloyd C.V (1917)
 * Lohner C.I (1916)
 * Phonix C.I (1918)

D types (Doppeldecker – armed single seaters)

 * Aviatik (Berg) D.I (1917)
 * Aviatik (Berg) D.II (1917)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg D.I (1916)
 * Phönix D.I (1917)
 * Phönix D.II
 * Phönix D.III
 * Fokker Dr.I triplane

G types (Grossflugzeuge – large bombers)

 * Hansa-Brandenburg G.I (1917)

Seaplanes

 * Lohner L (1915)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg CC (1916)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg W.13

Bulgarian aircraft
Lacking an indigenous aviation industry capable of producing military aircraft, Bulgaria primarily relied on Germany for aircraft.

A & B types (unarmed monoplanes and biplanes)

 * AEG B.I (1914)
 * AEG B.II (1914)
 * AEG B.III (1915)
 * Albatros B.I (1913)
 * Albatros B.II (1914)
 * Albatros B.III (1915)
 * Aviatik B.I (1914)
 * Aviatik B.II (1914)
 * BFW Monoplane 1918
 * DFW B.I (1914)
 * DFW B.II
 * DFW Mars (1913)
 * Euler B.I
 * Euler B.II
 * Euler B.III
 * Fokker A.I
 * Fokker A.II
 * Fokker A.III (1915)
 * Fokker M.7
 * Germania type B (1915)
 * Gödecker B type
 * Gotha LD.1/2/6/7
 * Gotha LD.5
 * Gotha LE.3 Taube
 * Halberstadt type B
 * Halberstadt B.I
 * Halberstadt B.II
 * Halberstadt B.III
 * Hannuschke monoplane (1915)
 * Jeannin Taube (1914)
 * Jeannin biplane (1915)
 * LVG B.I
 * LVG B.II
 * LVG B.III
 * NFW B.I
 * Otto pusher (1914)
 * Otto B.I (1914)
 * Pfalz A.I & A.II (license-built Morane-Saulnier L)
 * Rumpler Taube (1911)
 * Rumpler 4A/B.I
 * Sablatnig B.I

C types (armed two seat biplanes)

 * AEG C.I (1915)
 * AEG C.II (1915)
 * AEG C.III
 * AEG C.IV
 * AEG C.V
 * AEG C.VI
 * AEG C.VII
 * AEG C.VIII
 * AEG C.VIII Dr – reconnaissance triplane
 * AGO C.I
 * AGO C.II
 * AGO C.III
 * AGO C.IV
 * AGO C.VII
 * AGO C.VIII
 * Albatros C.I (1915)
 * Albatros C.II
 * Albatros C.III (1916)
 * Albatros C.IV
 * Albatros C.V
 * Albatros C.VI
 * Albatros C.VII
 * Albatros C.VIII
 * Albatros C.IX
 * Albatros C.X
 * Albatros C.XII
 * Albatros C.XIII
 * Albatros C.XIV
 * Albatros C.XV
 * Aviatik C.I (1916)
 * Aviatik C.II
 * Aviatik C.III
 * Aviatik C.V
 * Aviatik C.VI
 * Aviatik C.VII
 * Aviatik C.VIII
 * Aviatik C.IX
 * DFW C.I
 * DFW C.II
 * DFW C.IV
 * DFW C.V
 * DFW C.VI
 * Euler C
 * Fokker C.I
 * Friedrichshafen C.I
 * Germania C.I
 * Germania C.II
 * Germania C.IV
 * Halberstadt C.I
 * Halberstadt C.III
 * Halberstadt C.V
 * Halberstadt C.VII
 * Halberstadt C.VIII
 * Halberstadt C.IX
 * Hannover C.I (license-built Aviatik C.I)
 * LFG Roland C.II (1916)
 * LFG Roland C.III
 * LFG Roland C.V
 * LFG Roland C.VIII
 * LVG C.I
 * LVG C.II (1916)
 * LVG C.III
 * LVG C.IV
 * LVG C.V
 * LVG C.VI
 * LVG C.VII
 * LVG C.VIII
 * LVG C.IX
 * Otto C.I (1915)
 * Otto C.II
 * Pfalz C.I (license-built Rumpler C.IV)
 * Rumpler C.I & Ia
 * Rumpler C.III
 * Rumpler C.IV
 * Rumpler C.V
 * Rumpler C.VI
 * Rumpler C.VII
 * Rumpler C.VIII
 * Rumpler C.IX
 * Rumpler C.X
 * Sablatnig C.I
 * Sablatnig C.II
 * Sablatnig C.III

CL types (close support & two seat fighters)

 * BFW CL.I
 * BFW CL.II
 * BFW CL.III
 * Daimler CL.I
 * Halberstadt CL.II
 * Halberstadt CL.IV
 * Halberstadt CLS.I
 * Hannover CL.II
 * Hannover CL.III
 * Hannover CL.IV
 * Hannover CL.V
 * Junkers CL.I (1917)

D types (Doppeldecker – armed single seaters)

 * AEG D.I (1917)
 * AGO DV.3 (1915)
 * Albatros D.I (1916)
 * Albatros D.II (1916)
 * Albatros D.III (1916)
 * Albatros D.IV (1916)
 * Albatros D.V & Va (1917)
 * Albatros D.VI
 * Albatros D.VII
 * Albatros D.VIII
 * Albatros D.IX (1918)
 * Albatros D.X
 * Albatros D.XI (1918)
 * Albatros D.XII (1918)
 * Aviatik D.I (license-built Halberstadt D.II)
 * Aviatik D.II (1916)
 * Aviatik D.III (1917)
 * Aviatik D.IV
 * Aviatik D.V
 * Aviatik D.VI (1918)
 * Aviatik D.VII (1918)
 * Caspar D.I
 * Daimler D.I (1918)
 * Daimler D.II
 * DFW D.I
 * DFW D.II
 * Euler D.I (1916)(copy of Nieuport)
 * Euler D.II
 * Fokker D.I (1916)
 * Fokker D.II (1916)
 * Fokker D.III (1916)
 * Fokker D.IV (1916)
 * Fokker D.V (1916)
 * Fokker D.VI (1918)
 * Fokker D.VII (1918)
 * Fokker D.VIII (monoplane originally E.V) (1918)
 * Friedrichshafen D.I
 * Friedrichshafen D.II
 * Germania type C/K.D.D.
 * Halberstadt D.I
 * Halberstadt D.II (1915)
 * Halberstadt D.III (1916)
 * Halberstadt D.IV
 * Halberstadt D.V (1916)
 * Junkers D.I (1918)
 * Kondor D.6 (1918)
 * Kondor D.7 (1918)
 * LFG Roland D.I (1916)
 * LFG Roland D.II & IIa (1916)
 * LFG Roland D.III (1916)
 * LFG Roland D.IV (also designated Dr.I) (1917)
 * LFG Roland D.V
 * LFG Roland D.VI (1917)
 * LFG Roland D.VII (1918)
 * LFG Roland D.VIII (1918)
 * LFG Roland D.IX (1917)
 * LFG Roland D.XIII
 * LFG Roland D.XIV
 * LFG Roland D.XV (1918)
 * LFG Roland D.XVI (1918)
 * LFG Roland D.XVII (1918)
 * LVG D.II
 * LVG D.III
 * LVG D.IV
 * LVG D.V
 * LVG D.VI
 * Märkische D.I
 * Naglo D.II (1918)
 * Pfalz D type
 * Pfalz D.I (license-built LFG Roland D.I) (1916)
 * Pfalz D.II & IIa (license-built LFG Roland D.II) (1916)
 * Pfalz D.III & IIIa (1917)
 * Pfalz D.IV
 * Pfalz D.VI (1917)
 * Pfalz D.VII (1917)
 * Pfalz D.VIII (1918)
 * Pfalz D.XII (1918)
 * Pfalz D.XIV
 * Pfalz D.XV (1918)
 * Rumpler D.I
 * Siemens-Schuckert D.I (1916)
 * Siemens-Schuckert D.III (1918)
 * Siemens-Schuckert D.IV (1918)
 * Zeppelin-Lindau D.I (1918)

Dr & F types (Dreidecker – triplane fighters)

 * AEG Dr.I (1917)
 * Albatros Dr.I
 * Albatros Dr.II
 * Aviatik Dr.I
 * DFW Dr.I
 * Euler Dr.I
 * Fokker Dr.I (also designated F.I) (1917)
 * Pfalz Dr.I (1917)
 * Pfalz Dr.II (1918)
 * Siemens-Schuckert DDr.I (1917)

E types (Eindecker – armed monoplanes)

 * Fokker E.I (1915)
 * Fokker E.II (1915)
 * Fokker E.III (1916)
 * Fokker E.IV (1916)
 * Fokker E.V (later redesignated D.VIII)
 * Junkers E.I (1916)
 * Kondor E.III (1918)
 * LVG E.I (reconnaissance monoplane) (1915)
 * NFW E.I
 * NFW E.II (1917)
 * Pfalz E.I (1915)
 * Pfalz E.II (1915)
 * Pfalz E.III (converted Pfalz A.II) (1916)
 * Pfalz E.IV (1915)
 * Pfalz E.V (1916)
 * Pfalz E.VI (1916)

G & K types (Grossflugzeuge – large bombers, originally Kampfflugzeuge – battleplane)

 * AEG G.I/K.I (1915)
 * AEG G.II (1915)
 * AEG G.III (1915)
 * AEG G.IV (1916)
 * AEG G.V (1918)
 * Albatros G.I (1916)
 * Albatros G.II (1916)
 * Albatros G.III (1916)
 * Aviatik G.I
 * Aviatik G.III
 * Fokker K.I
 * Friedrichshafen G.I (1915)
 * Friedrichshafen G.II (1916)
 * Friedrichshafen G.III & IIIa (1917)
 * Friedrichshafen G.IV (1918)
 * Friedrichshafen G.V (1918)
 * Gotha G.I (1915)
 * Gotha G.II (1916)
 * Gotha G.III (1916)
 * Gotha G.IV (1916)
 * Gotha G.V (1917)
 * Gotha G.VI (1918)
 * Gotha G.VII/GL.VII (1918)
 * Gotha G.VIII/GL.VIII (1918)
 * Gotha G.IX (1918)
 * Gotha G.X (1918)
 * Halberstadt G.I
 * LFG Roland G.I
 * LVG G.I
 * LVG G.II
 * LVG G.III (aka Schütte-Lanz G.V) (1918)
 * Rumpler G.I (1915)
 * Rumpler G.II
 * Rumpler G.III
 * Schütte-Lanz G.I (1915)
 * Schütte-Lanz G.V (aka LVG G.III)
 * Siemens-Schuckert Forssman (1915)

J types (ground attack)

 * AEG PE (1918)
 * AEG DJ.I
 * AEG J.I (1916)
 * AEG J.II (1918)
 * AGO S.I (1918?)
 * Albatros J.I
 * Albatros J.II
 * Albatros J.III
 * Junkers CL.I (1918)
 * Junkers J.I

L types (bombers)

 * Siemens-Schuckert L.I (1918)

N types (nachtflugzeuge – night bombers)

 * AEG C.IVN
 * AEG N.I (1917)
 * Albatros C.VIII N
 * Albatros N.I (C.VII variant)
 * BFW N.I
 * Friedrichshafen N.I
 * Sablatnig N.I

R types (Riesenflugzeuge – giant bombers)

 * AEG R.I (1916)
 * Aviatik R.III
 * DFW R.I (1916)
 * DFW R.II (1918)
 * Linke-Hofmann R.I (1917)
 * Linke-Hofmann R.II (1919)
 * Siemens-Schuckert R.I (1915)
 * Siemens-Schuckert R.II (1915)
 * Siemens-Schuckert R.III (1915)
 * Siemens-Schuckert R.IV (1916)
 * Siemens-Schuckert R.V (1916)
 * Siemens-Schuckert R.VI (1916)
 * Siemens-Schuckert R.VII (1917)
 * Siemens-Schuckert R.VIII (did not fly)
 * Zeppelin-Staaken V.G.O.I (1915)
 * Zeppelin-Staaken V.G.O.II (1915)
 * Zeppelin-Staaken V.G.O.III (1915)
 * Zeppelin-Staaken R.IV (1915)
 * Zeppelin-Staaken R.V (1915)
 * Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI (1916)
 * Zeppelin-Staaken R.VII (1917)
 * Zeppelin-Staaken R.XIV (1918)
 * Zeppelin-Staaken R.XV (1918)
 * Zeppelin-Staaken R.XVI (1918)
 * Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.I (did not fly)
 * Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II (1916)
 * Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.III (1917)
 * Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.IV (1918)

W types and other seaplanes (Wasser – floatplane)

 * Albatros W.1 (reconnaissance)
 * Albatros W.2 (reconnaissance)
 * Albatros W.3 (torpedo bomber)
 * Albatros W.4 (1916)(fighter)
 * Albatros W.5 (torpedo bomber)
 * Albatros W.8 (1918)(fighter)
 * Caspar U.1 (U-boat aircraft)
 * Friedrichshafen FF.33 (reconnaissance)
 * Friedrichshafen FF.49 (reconnaissance)
 * Gotha WD.1 (reconnaissance)
 * Gotha WD.2/5/9/12/13/15 (reconnaissance)
 * Gotha WD.3 (reconnaissance)
 * Gotha WD.7 (reconnaissance)
 * Gotha WD.8 (reconnaissance)
 * Gotha WD.11 (torpedo bomber)
 * Gotha WD.14/20/22 (torpedo bombers)
 * Gotha WD.27 (reconnaissance)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg FB
 * Hansa-Brandenburg GDW (torpedo bomber)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg GNW (reconnaissance)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg GW (torpedo bomber)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg KW (reconnaissance)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg KDW (fighter)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg LW (reconnaissance)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg NW (reconnaissance)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg W (reconnaissance)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg W.11 (fighter)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg W.12 (1917)(fighter)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg W.19 (reconnaissance)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg W.20 (fighter)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg W.27 (fighter)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg W.29 (1918)(fighter)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg W.32 (fighter)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg W.33 (fighter)
 * Junkers CLS.I (fighter)
 * Kaiserliche Werft Danzig 404 (trainer)
 * Kaiserliche Werft Danzig 467 (trainer)
 * Kaiserliche Werft Danzig 1105 (trainer)
 * Kaiserliche Werft Danzig 1650 (reconnaissance)
 * Kaiserliche Werft Kiel 463 (trainer)
 * Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven 401 (trainer)
 * Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven 461 (trainer)
 * Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven 945 (fighter)
 * Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven 947 (reconnaissance)
 * LFG Roland WD (1917)(fighter)
 * LFG Roland W (reconnaissance)
 * Lübeck-Travemünde F.1 (reconnaissance)
 * Lübeck-Travemünde F.2 (reconnaissance)
 * Lübeck-Travemünde F.3/844 (fighter)
 * Lübeck-Travemünde F.4 (reconnaissance)
 * Oertz W 4
 * Oertz W 5
 * Oertz W 6
 * Oertz W 7
 * Oertz W 8
 * Rumpler 4E (1914)
 * Rumpler 6B (1916)(fighter/reconnaissance)
 * Sablatnig SF-1 (reconnaissance)
 * Sablatnig SF-2 (reconnaissance)
 * Sablatnig SF-3 (fighter)
 * Sablatnig SF-4 (fighter)
 * Sablatnig SF-5 (reconnaissance)
 * Sablatnig SF-7 (fighter)
 * Sablatnig SF-8 (trainer)

Experimental

 * Albatros C.II
 * Albatros L 3 (single seat reconnaissance)
 * Albatros L 9 (single seat reconnaissance)
 * Alter Type AI – fighter
 * Daimler L8 (fighter)
 * Daimler L9 (fighter)
 * Daimler L11 (fighter)
 * Daimler L14 (fighter)
 * DFW T.28 Floh (fighter)
 * Euler D (fighter)
 * Euler Dr.2 (fighter)
 * Euler Dr.3 (fighter)
 * Euler Dr.4 (fighter)
 * Euler Pusher Einsitzer (fighter)
 * Euler Quadruplane (fighter)
 * Fokker M.6 (1914)
 * Fokker V.1 (1916) (fighter)
 * Fokker V.2 (fighter)
 * Fokker V.8 (5 wing fighter)
 * Fokker V.9 (fighter)
 * Fokker V.17 (fighter)
 * Fokker V.20 (fighter)
 * Fokker V.23 (fighter)
 * Fokker V.25 (fighter)
 * Fokker V.27 (fighter)
 * Germania JM (1916) (unarmed single seater)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg L.14 (fighter)
 * Hansa-Brandenburg L.16 (fighter)
 * Junkers J 1 (1915) (first all-metal aircraft)
 * Junkers J 2/E.I (1916)
 * LFG V 19 Straslund (submarine aircraft)
 * Rex 1915 Scout (1915)
 * Rex 1916 Scout (1916)
 * Rex 1917 Scout (1917)
 * Rumpler 7D (fighter)
 * Siemens-Schuckert D.II (1917)(experimental)
 * Siemens-Schuckert L.I (1918)
 * Zeppelin-Lindau (Dornier) V1 (1916)

Ottoman aircraft
Lacking an indigenous aviation industry, the Ottoman Empire primarily relied on Germany for aircraft, although a number of French pre-war aircraft were used in the early part of the war. The Ottoman Empire also operated two Avro 504 light fighter reconnaissance aircraft. Later on, they were used as trainer aircraft


text:
American Letter Mail Company

The American Letter Mail Company was started by Lysander Spooner in 1844, competing against the legal monopoly of the United States Post Office (USPO, now the USPS).

History
Spooner started the service out of frustration with the exceedingly high postal rates. It cost 18 3/4 cents to send a letter from Boston to New York and 25 cents to send one from Boston to Washington, DC. A letter sent from Boston to Albany, NY written on a 1/4-ounce sheet of paper and carried by the Western Railroad, cost 2/3 as much as the freight charge for carrying a barrel of flour the same distance. Spooner's justification was that the Constitution provided for a government-run postal service, but did not exclude others from engaging in the same business. Spooner dropped his rates even lower, delivering many letters for free. This competition dropped prices dramatically with postage of 6 1/4 cents per each half-ounce and stamps 20 for a dollar. Deliveries were made twice daily between New York City and Philadelphia. The US Government tried to lower prices by threatening railroads to withdraw business. However, the U.S. Government challenged Spooner with legal measures whereby Spooner was initially vindicated. In fact the U.S. Circuit Court expressed doubt that the U.S. had the right to monopolize the transportation of mail. Congress eventually forced him to cease operations in 1851 by legislating a US monopoly.

Overview
According to McMaster, the company had offices in various cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. In February 1844, Spooner advertised rates of "Postage 6 1/4 cents for each half oz. ... Stamps, twenty for a dollar." He further stated, "The Company design also (if sustained by the public) thoroughly to agitate the question, and test the constitutional right of free competition in the business of carrying letters." Stamps could be purchased and then attached to letters which could be sent to any of its offices. From there, agents were dispatched who traveled on railroads and steamboats and carried the letters in handbags. Letters were transferred to messengers in the cities along the routes who then delivered the letters to the addressees.

Competition with the U.S. Post Office Department
Spooner's intentions were founded on both an ethical perspective, as he considered government monopoly to be an immoral restriction, and an economic analysis, as he believed that five cents were sufficient to send mail throughout the country. From its inception, the Company was a vehicle for legal challenge. "Mr. Spooner, the head of the American Letter Mail Company, has transmitted to the Department at Washington, a written admission of his conveyance of letters, &c., with all the necessary facts in the case, to make it a purely legal question, so that the Postmaster General has nothing to do but take the whole subject to the Supreme Court of the United States, as soon as it can be got there." The American Letter Mail Company was able to reduce the price of its stamps significantly and even offered free local delivery, significantly undercutting the Post Office Department. The federal government treated this as a criminal act:

"United States v. John C. Gilmore—This was action instituted by the Government of the United States, to recover the sum of $50 for an alleged violation of the laws regulating the Post Office Department, embodied in the act of Congress of 1825..."

"Calvin Case, another of the persons alleged to be in the office, or connected with 'Postmaster General Lysander Spooner's American Letter Mail Company,' was arrested and held to bail in the sum of $100, by the United States Marshal, in [Philadelphia], on Friday, on the ground of conveying letters contrary to the laws of Congress." Although the business was forced by the U.S. Government to close shop after only a few years, it succeeded in temporarily driving down the cost of government-delivered mail.

title: American Letter Mail Company


text:
Talk:Functional isomer

Fucntional groups
Should the list of example functional groups me moved to the functional group article? User:Samw
 * I thought it best to leave some functional groups there because that's where I'd be looking for them. Frankly, I think functional groups could possibly be subsumed into functional isomers. User:Urbansky
 * As the subject matter expert, that decision is up to you. You're free to move the contents of functional group into this article if that's the consensus.  Samw 00:44, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Functional isomer


text: User talk:4.33.127.134

title: User talk:4.33.127.134


text:
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2004

List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2004.

U.S. and Canadian Fellows

 * Thomas A. Abercrombie, Associate Professor of Anthropology, New York University: Social-climbing, self-narrative, and modernity in the Spanish transatlantic world, 1550–1808.
 * Amir D. Aczel, Science Writer, Brookline, Massachusetts: Descartes' missing notebook and the beginnings of modern mathematics.
 * Qianshen Bai, Assistant Professor of Chinese Art, Boston University: Wu Dacheng and the modern fate of Chinese literati art.
 * Mary Jo Bang, Poet, St. Louis, Missouri: Associate Professor of English, Washington University in St. Louis: Poetry.
 * Stuart Banner, Professor of Law, University of California, Los Angeles: Law, power, and American Indian land loss.
 * Uta Barth, Photographer, Los Angeles; Professor of Studio Art, University of California, Riverside: Photography.
 * Howell S. Baum, Professor of Urban Studies and Planning, University of Maryland, College Park: Racial beliefs, liberalism, and school civil-rights policy.
 * Thomas W. Baumgarte, Professor of Physics, Bowdoin College; Adjunct Assistant Professor of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Computer simulations of gravitational waves.
 * Lucian A. Bebchuk, William J. Friedman and Alicia Townsend Friedman Professor of Law, Economics, and Finance, Harvard University Law School: The allocation of power between management and shareholders.
 * Christopher I. Beckwith, Professor of Central Eurasian Studies, Indiana University: A history of central Eurasia.
 * Jason David BeDuhn, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, Northern Arizona University: Augustine's Manichaeism and the making of Western Christianity.
 * Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Associate Professor of Italian Studies and History, New York University: Italian prisoners of war and the transition from dictatorship.
 * Neil Berger, Artist, Alpine, New York: Painting.
 * Bill Berkeley, Writer, New York City; Adjunct Professor of International Affairs, Columbia University: The Iran hostage crisis.
 * Constance Hoffman Berman, Professor of History, University of Iowa: Women's work and European economic expansion, 1050–1250.
 * Kenneth M. Bilby, Independent Scholar, Rhinebeck, New York; Rockefeller Resident Fellow, Columbia College Chicago: Jamaican musical ethnography.
 * Eric Bogosian, Playwright, New York City: Play writing.
 * Carles Boix, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago: The emergence of party democracy in advanced countries, 1880–1930.
 * Gideon Bok, Artist, Northampton, Massachusetts; Assistant Professor of Art, Hampshire College: Painting.
 * Michael P. Brenner, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, Harvard University: Mathematical models in developmental biology.
 * Margaret Brouwer, Composer, Cleveland Heights, Ohio; Vincent K. and Edith H. Smith Chair in Composition and Department Head, Cleveland Institute of Music: Music composition.
 * Mary Ellen Brown, Professor of Folklore and Ethnomusicology, Indiana University: The making of Francis James Child's Ballads.
 * Stephen B. Brush, Professor of Human and Community Development, University of California, Davis: The cultural contours of maize in contemporary Mexico.
 * Linda Goode Bryant, Film Maker, New York City: Film making.
 * Felipe C. Cabello, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College: Public-health implications of antibiotic use in aquaculture.
 * Cameron D. Campbell, Associate Professor of Sociology and vice-chairman and Director of Graduate Studies, University of California, Los Angeles: Social and family change in Liaoning, 1850-2000 (in collaboration with James Lee).
 * Huai-Dong Cao, A. Everett Pitcher Professor of Mathematics, Lehigh University: The Ricci flow on Kaehler manifolds.
 * Judith A. Carney, Professor of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles: Africa's botanical heritage in the Atlantic world.
 * Mary Carruthers, Dean for Humanities, Faculty of Arts and Science, and Erich Maria Remarque Professor of Literature, New York University: Aesthetic theory, medicine, and persuasion in the later Middle Ages.
 * Zeynep Çelik-Butler, Professor of Architecture, New Jersey Institute of Technology: Architecture and the city in the Middle East and North Africa, 1830–1914.
 * H. Perry Chapman, Professor of Art History, University of Delaware; Editor-in-Chief, The Art Bulletin: The painter's place in the Dutch Republic, 1604–1718.
 * Susan Choi, Writer, Brooklyn, New York; Lecturer in the Council of the Humanities and Creative Writing, Princeton University: Fiction.
 * Robert Clark, Writer, Seattle, Washington: Essays on art, belief, and Italy.
 * Matthew Coolidge, Artist, Culver City, California; Director, Center for Land Use Interpretation, Culver City: New media art.
 * Erin Cosgrove, Artist, Los Angeles; Adjunct Professor of Art History, West Los Angeles Community College: Installation art.
 * Edwin A. Cowen, Associate Professor and Director, DeFrees Hydraulics Laboratory, Cornell University: Swash-zone turbulence and sediment transport.
 * Daniel Cox, Professor of Physics, University of California, Davis: Studies in theoretical biological physics.
 * Alvin Curran, Composer, Rome, Italy; Milhaud Professor of Music Composition, Mills College: Music composition.
 * Jane Dailey, Associate Professor of History, Johns Hopkins University: Sex and civil rights in America.
 * Panagiota Daskalopoulos, Professor of Mathematics, Columbia University: Studies in nonlinear diffusion equations.
 * Peter Ho Davies, Writer, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Associate Professor of English and Director, MFA Program, University of Michigan: Fiction.
 * Olena Kalytiak Davis, Poet, Anchorage, Alaska: Poetry.
 * Joan Dayan, Professor of English and Comparative Literature, University of Pennsylvania: Slavery, incarceration, and the law of persons.
 * Toi Derricotte, Poet, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Professor of English, University of Pittsburgh: Poetry.
 * Stuart Dischell, Poet, Greensboro, North Carolina; Associate Professor of English, University of North Carolina, Greensboro: Poetry.
 * Eugene Walter Domack, Professor of Geology, Hamilton College: A study of the snowball-earth hypothesis.
 * Henry John Drewal, Evjue-Bascom Professor of Art History and Afro-American Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison: The senses in understandings of African art.
 * Jenny Dubnau, Artist, Jackson Heights, New York: Painting.
 * Jason Eckardt, Composer, New York City; Lecturer in Music Composition, Northwestern University: Music composition.
 * Marty Ehrlich, Composer and Performer, New York City: Music composition.
 * Susan L. Einbinder, Professor of Hebrew Literature, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati: Poetry and history in medieval Jewish literature from Provence.
 * Kenneth Feingold, Artist, New York: Sculpture.
 * Robert Fenz, Film Maker, Allston, Massachusetts; Personal Assistant to Robert Gardner, Film Studies Center, Harvard University: Film making.
 * Paola Ferrario, Photographer, Warwick, Rhode Island; Associate Professor of Art, Rhode Island College: Photography.
 * Nicholas Fisher, Professor, Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook: Metal biomagnification in contrasting marine food-chains.
 * Talya Fishman, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, University of Pennsylvania: The inscription of Oral Torah and the formation of Jewish culture in the Middle Ages.
 * Daniel E. Fleming, Professor of Hebrew and Judaic Studies, New York University: Israel's inland heritage.
 * Angus J. S. Fletcher, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of English and Comparative Literature, The Graduate School, City University of New York: Temporal representations in poems of the environment.
 * Neil Fligstein, Class of 1939 Chancellor's Professor, University of California, Berkeley: The process of Europeanization.
 * Wayne Franklin, Davis Distinguished Professor of American Literature, Northeastern University: A biography of James Fenimore Cooper.
 * Ann Eden Gibson, Professor of Art History, University of Delaware: Hale Woodruff's diasporic images.
 * John G. Gibson, Independent Researcher and Writer, Judique, Nova Scotia; Research Associate in Celtic Studies, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia: The history and significance of Cape Breton Gaelic step-dancing.
 * Roger Gilbert, Professor of English, Cornell University: The life and art of A. R. Ammons.
 * Brad Gooch, Writer, New York City; Professor of English, William Paterson University: A biography of Flannery O'Connor.
 * Fritz Graf, Professor of Greek and Latin, Ohio State University: Festivals in cities of the Greek East during the Roman imperial epoch.
 * Greg Grandin, Assistant Professor of History, New York University: The United States in Latin America during the Cold War.
 * Mac Keith Griswold, Director of Archival Research, The Sylvester Manor Project, Shelter Island, New York: The history of Sylvester Manor, a Long Island plantation.
 * Alexandra Halkin, Video Maker, Chicago; International Coordinator, Chiapas Media Project, Promedios de Comunicación Comunitaria, Chicago: Video.
 * Deborah E. Harkness, Associate Professor of History, University of California, Davis: Science, medicine, and technology in Elizabethan London.
 * Jeffrey Herbst, Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University: Geography and the development of states.
 * David W. Hertzog, Professor of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Precision measurements of the Fermi constant and the muon anomaly.
 * Bruce W. Holsinger, Associate Professor of English, University of Colorado, Boulder: Liturgical culture and vernacular writing in England, 1000–1550.
 * Andrew Hudgins, Poet, Columbus, Ohio; Humanities Distinguished Professor of English, Ohio State University: Poetry.
 * Lorna Hutson, Professor of English Literature, University of California, Berkeley: Forensic realism in English Renaissance drama.
 * Russell Impagliazzo, Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego: Heuristics, proof complexity, and algorithmic techniques.
 * Lawson Fusao Inada, Poet, Medford, Oregon; Professor Emeritus of English, Southern Oregon University: Poetry.
 * Alexandra Jaffe, Associate Professor of Linguistics, California State University, Long Beach: Language, citizenship, and identity in a bilingual Corsican school.
 * Leroy Jenkins, Composer and Performer, Brooklyn, New York: Music composition.
 * Steven Johnstone, Associate Professor of History, University of Arizona: A history of trust in classical Greece.
 * Deborah Kahn, Artist, Silver Spring, Maryland; Associate Professor of Fine Arts, American University: Painting.
 * Mary Karr, Poet, Syracuse, New York; Jess Truesdell Peck Professor of Literature, Syracuse University: Poetry.
 * Elizabeth A. Kellogg, E. Desmond Lee and Family Professor of Botanical Studies, University of Missouri–St. Louis: Development of grass flowers and inflorescences.
 * Ellen D. Ketterson, Professor of Biology and Professor of Gender Studies, Indiana University: Sex and gender in animals.
 * Ann Marie Kimball, Professor of Epidemiology and Health Sciences and adjunct professor of Biomedical Health Informatics and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle: Emerging infections in an era of global trade.
 * Peter Kivy, Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers University: The performance of reading.
 * Mark Klett, Photographer, Tempe, Arizona; Regent's Professor of Art, Arizona State University: Photography.
 * Stephen M. Kosslyn, John Lindsley Professor of Psychology in Memory of William James, Harvard University: Mental imagery and the brain.
 * Stephen Kotkin, Professor of History, Princeton University: A historical study of the Ob River basin.
 * Joey Kötting, Artist, Brooklyn, New York: Painting.
 * Joyce Kozloff, Artist, New York City: Painting and installation art.
 * Kannan M. Krishnan, Campbell Professor of Materials Science, University of Washington, Seattle: Magnetic nanoparticles for cancer therapeutics.
 * Timur Kuran, Professor of Economics and Law, and King Faisal Professor of Islamic Thought and Culture, University of Southern California: Islamic influences on Middle Eastern governance.
 * Joan La Barbara, Composer and Performer, New York City: Music composition.
 * Michael T. Lacey, Professor of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology: Singular integrals on smoothly varying lines.
 * Lisa Lapinski, Artist, Los Angeles: Installation art.
 * Niklaus Largier, Professor of German Literature, University of California, Berkeley: A history of taste and touch in medieval traditions.
 * thi diem thúy lê, Writer, Northampton, Massachusetts: Fiction.
 * Benjamin Lee, Professor of Anthropology, Rice University: Cultures of circulation.
 * James Z. Lee, Professor of History and Sociology and research professor, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan: Social and family change in Liaoning, 1850-2000 (in collaboration with Cameron Campbell).
 * Robert A. LeVine, Roy E. Larsen Professor Emeritus of Education and Human Development, Harvard University: The anthropology of parenting.
 * Mark Lilla, Professor, Committee on Social Thought, University of Chicago: Modern political theology.
 * M. Susan Lindee, Professor of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania: Science, medicine, and war in the twentieth century.
 * Hong Ma, Professor of Biology, Pennsylvania State University: Analysis of plant meiosis using three-dimensional light-microscopic techniques.
 * Alberto Manguel, Writer, Mondion, France: A memoir of libraries.
 * Douglas Mao, Associate Professor of English, Cornell University: Aesthetic environment and human development in 20th-century writing.
 * Matthew Marello, Video Maker, New York City: Video.
 * Curtis T. McMullen, Maria Moors Cabot Professor of Natural Science, Harvard University: Dynamics over moduli space.
 * Sarah McPhee, Associate Professor of Art History, Emory University; Visiting associate professor of Art History, Columbia University: A portrait of Bernini's mistress, Costanza Piccolomini.
 * Douglas Medin, Professor of Psychology and Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University: Mental models of biological resources.
 * Maile Meloy, Writer, Los Angeles: Fiction.
 * Ernesto Mestre, Writer, Brooklyn, New York; Assistant Professor of Fiction, Brooklyn College, City University of New York; Member of the Guest Faculty in Writing, Sarah Lawrence College: Fiction.
 * Christopher Miller, Professor of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, Brandeis University: Structures of potassium and chloride channels.
 * Joseph C. Miller, T. Cary Johnson, Jr. Professor of History, University of Virginia: Slavery as a historical process.
 * Ross L. Miller, Professor of English and Comparative Literature, University of Connecticut: The Jewish discovery of America, 1881–1914.
 * Gregg A. Mitman, Professor of History of Science, Medical History, and Science & Technology Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison: An ecological history of allergy in America.
 * Robert Moeller, Professor of History, University of California, Irvine: Modern Germanies, 1933–1973.
 * Jennifer Monson, Choreographer, New York City: Choreography.
 * Honor Moore, Member of the Core Faculty, Graduate Writing Program, New School University: A memoir of her relationship with her father.
 * Alexander V. Neimark, Director of Research, Center for Modeling and Characterization of Nanoporous Materials, Textile Research Institute (TRI), Princeton, New Jersey: Equilibrium and phase transitions in nanoscale systems.
 * Ann Nelson, Professor of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle: Cosmology and particle physics.
 * Jeremy Nelson, Choreographer, Brooklyn, New York; Guest Artist, Connecticut College: Choreography.
 * Andrew Neumann, Artist, Boston, Massachusetts: Video installation art.
 * Carolyn Nordstrom, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame: The power and cultures of the extra-legal in the 21st century.
 * John O'Loughlin, Professor of Geography and Faculty Research Associate, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder: Ukraine's new borders and geopolitics.
 * Dael Orlandersmith, Playwright, New York City: Play writing.
 * Mark Osborne, Film Maker, Los Angeles: Film making.
 * Julie Otsuka, Writer, New York City: Fiction.
 * J. B. "Jack" Owens, Professor of History, Idaho State University: Clandestine political economies and the exercise of public authority in Philip II's Spain.
 * Mitko Panov, Film Maker, Austin, Texas; Associate Professor of Film Production, University of Texas at Austin: Film making.
 * Philip Pavia, Artist, New York City: Sculpture.
 * Fred Pelka, Writer, Florence, Massachusetts; Principal Researcher and Interviewer, Oral History Project on Disability Rights and Independent Living, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley: An oral history of the disability-rights movement in America.
 * Peggy Phelan, Ann O'Day Maples Chair in the Arts, and Professor of Drama, Stanford University: Politics and aesthetics after 9/11.
 * Larry Polansky, Composer, Hanover, New Hampshire; Associate Professor of Music, Dartmouth College: Music composition.
 * William Pope.L, Artist, Lewiston, Maine; Lecturer in Theatre and Rhetoric, Bates College: Installation art.
 * Marlo Poras, Film Maker, Brookline, Massachusetts; Editor, Camerawoman.: Film making.
 * Stephen Quay, Film Maker, London, England: Film making (in collaboration with Timothy Quay).
 * Timothy Quay, Film Maker, London, England: Film making (in collaboration with Stephen Quay).
 * Robert J. Richards, Morris Fishbein Professor of History of Science, University of Chicago: Ernst Haeckel and the battle over evolution in Germany.
 * Loren H. Rieseberg, Distinguished Professor of Biology, Indiana University: The origin and evolution of plant species.
 * Nancy Lin Rose, Professor of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Regulatory reform and restructuring.
 * David Roussève, Choreographer, Los Angeles, California; Distinguished Professor of Choreography, and chairman, Department of World Arts and Cultures, University of California, Los Angeles: Choreography.
 * Kay Ryan, Poet, Fairfax, California; Instructor in Writing, College of Marin: Poetry.
 * Katy Schneider, Artist, Northampton, Massachusetts; Lecturer in Art, Smith College: Painting.
 * Grace Schulman, Poet, New York City; Distinguished Professor of English, Baruch College, City University of New York: Poetry.
 * Rebecca J. Scott, Charles Gibson Distinguished University Professor of History and Professor of Law, University of Michigan: The legal history of slavery and emancipation in Cuba and Louisiana.
 * Tamar Seideman, Professor of Chemistry, Northwestern University: Current-driven dynamics in molecular-scale devices.
 * Jerrold Seigel, William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of History, New York University: Modernity and bourgeois life in Europe.
 * Martha Ann Selby, Associate Professor of South Asian Studies, University of Texas at Austin: Form, style, and symbol in a late Old Tamil romantic anthology.
 * Vijay Seshadri, Poet, Brooklyn, New York; Professor and Director of Graduate Non-Fiction Writing Program, Sarah Lawrence College: Poetry.
 * Jim Shaw, Artist, Los Angeles; Member of the Adjunct Faculty, Art Center College of Design: Painting and installation art.
 * Arlene J. Shechet, Artist, New York City: Sculpture.
 * Laura Ackerman Smoller, Associate Professor of History, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Adjunct Associate Professor of Medical Humanities, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: The cult of Vincent Ferrer and the religious life of the later Middle Ages.
 * SOL'SAX, Artist, Brooklyn, New York; Lecturer in Art, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York: Sculpture.
 * Scott Spencer, Writer, Rhinebeck, New York: Fiction.
 * Ellen Spiro, Film Maker, Austin, Texas; Associate Professor of Film, University of Texas at Austin: Film making.
 * Timothy A. Springer, Latham Family Professor of Pathology, CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard University Medical School: X-ray crystallography of integrins and their cytoplasmic activators.
 * Peter Stallybrass, Walter H. and Lenore C. Annenberg Professor of Humanities and Professor of English, University of Pennsylvania: Technologies of reading and writing in early modern England and America.
 * David Stern, Roth Meltzer Professor of Classical Hebrew Literature, University of Pennsylvania: Four classic Jewish books and the Jewish historical experience.
 * Joann M. Stock, Professor of Geology and Geophysics, California Institute of Technology: A comparative tectonic history of two rift basins.
 * Richard Stone, Writer, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida; European News Editor, Science International: Marco Polo's magicians and sorcerers.
 * Joan E. Strassmann, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University: A microbial model for the genetics and evolution of social interactions.
 * Manil Suri, Writer, Silver Spring, Maryland; Professor of Mathematics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County: Fiction.
 * Alan M. Taylor, Professor of Economics, University of California, Davis: International trade and international finance.
 * Margo Todd, Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania: Council, kirk, and guild in early modern Perth.
 * Leo Treitler, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Music, Graduate Center of the City University of New York: A study of discourse about music.
 * J. Marshall Unger, Professor of Japanese and chairman, Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, Ohio State University: Language contact in early Japanese history.
 * Veronica Vaida, Professor of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder: Molecular properties of atmospheric organic aerosols.
 * Jeffrey Vallance, Artist, Reseda, California; Visiting assistant professor of art, University of California, Los Angeles: Installation art.
 * Katherine Verdery, Eric R. Wolf Collegiate Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan: Collectivization in Romania, 1948–1962.
 * Gregory A. Voth, Professor of Chemistry and Director, Center for Biophysical Modeling & Simulation, University of Utah: Biomolecular systems over large length and time scales.
 * Susan Jane Walp, Artist, Chelsea, Vermont; Lecturer in Studio Art, Dartmouth College: Painting.
 * Mary Anne Weaver, Writer, New York City: The world of militant Islam.
 * Timberlake Wertenbaker, Playwright, London, England: Play writing.
 * Frances White, Composer, Princeton, New Jersey: Music composition.
 * William T. Wiley, Artist, Woodacre, California: Painting and sculpture.
 * Carolyn Williams, Associate Professor of English, Rutgers University: The aesthetics of melodramatic form.
 * Clara Williams, Artist and Writer, Bronx, New York: Sculpture and installation art.
 * Gwendolyn Wright, Professor of Architecture, Columbia University: Modern housing in America.
 * Carolyn Yarnell, Composer, Laguna Hills, California: Music composition.
 * Yin Mei, Choreographer, Port Washington, New York; Associate Professor of Dance, Queens College, City University of New York; artistic director, Yin Mei Dance: Choreography.
 * Pamela Z, Composer and Performer, San Francisco: Music composition.
 * William R. Zame, Professor of Economics and Professor of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles: Theoretical and experimental studies of financial markets.
 * Xiao Cheng Zeng, Willa Cather Professor of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Novel nanostructures of silicon.
 * David W. Zingg, Canada Research Chair in Computational Aerodynamics and associate director, Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto: The design of environmentally friendly aircraft.
 * David Zuckerman, Professor of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin: Randomness and computation.

Latin American and Caribbean Fellows

 * Coriún Aharonián, Composer and Musicologist, Montevideo, Uruguay: Socio-cultural, political, and aesthetic dimensions of the tango, past and present.
 * Carlos Darío Albornoz, Scientific Photographer, Miguel Lillo Institute, National University of Tucumán; Principal Technician, National Council of Argentina (CONICET): Photography.
 * Carlos Washington Altamirano, co-director, Program of Intellectual History, National University of Quilmes: Social science and socialist science in Argentina, 1890–1914.
 * Raúl Antelo, Professor of Brazilian Literature, Federal University of Saint Catherine: Maria Martins and Marcel Duchamp.
 * J. Eduardo P. W. Bicudo, Professor of Physiology, University of São Paulo: Nutritional adaptation in humans subjected to malnutrition.
 * Liset Castillo, Sculptor and Photographer, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Sculpture.
 * Nicolás Antonio Casullo, Professor of the History of Modern Ideas, University of Buenos Aires; Professor of Cultural Studies, National University of Quilmes: Revolutionary vanguards in the 1970s and the popular movements of 2001–2002 in Argentina.
 * Emilio de Ipola, Professor of Sociological Theory, University of Buenos Aires; Principal Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET): Political and ideological formation of youth during the first Peronism, 1946–1955.
 * Paolo Di Mascio, Professor of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo: The reactions of reactive oxygen species with critical cellular biomolecules.
 * Carmen Dragonetti, Superior Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), President, Buddhist Studies Institute Foundation (FIEB): The myth of the opposition between Indian thought and Western philosophy.
 * Lucila Irene Edelman, Psychologist, Buenos Aires; Executive Committee Member, Argentine Team of Psycho-Social Work and Research (EATIP); Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology, National University of de Mar del Plata: Multigenerational psychological effects of dictatorial repression (in collaboration with Diana Ruth Kordon).
 * Rosario Ferre, Writer, San Juan, Puerto Rico: Fiction.
 * Ricardo T. Gazzinelli, Principal Investigator, René Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, and Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil: The role of toll-like receptors in malaria pathogenesis.
 * Mario Handler, Film Maker, Montevideo, Uruguay: Film making.
 * Jorge Hernández Díaz, Research Professor of Anthropology, Autonomous University "Benito Juarez" of Oaxaca, Mexico: Multiple citizenship construction in a pluricultural space.
 * Beatriz Jaguaribe, Professor of Communications, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Public photography and the images of the nation in Brazil, 1937–1945.
 * Liliana Katinas, Assistant Professor of Biogeography and Botany, National University of La Plata; Adjunct Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET): Evolution and biogeography in Nassauviinae.
 * Diana Ruth Kordon, Psychiatrist, Buenos Aires; Coordinator, Argentine Team of Psycho-Social Work and Research (EATIP); Professor of Psychology and Group Psychoanalysis, National University of de Mar del Plata: Multigenerational psychological effects of dictatorial repression (in collaboration with Lucila Edelman).
 * Claudio Landim, Research Professor, Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics (IMPA): The hydrodynamic limit of interacting particle systems.
 * Daniel Link, Associate Professor of Twentieth Century Literature, University of Buenos Aires; Director, Radarlibros, Literary Supplement of Pagina/12: Grammar of imagined sexualities in Latin America.
 * Oscar E. Martínez, Professor of Physics, University of Buenos Aires: Development of new nanoscopies and nano-spectroscopies.
 * Silvio Luis Mattoni, Poet, Córdoba, Argentina; Adjunct Professor of Aesthetics, National University of Córdoba; Literary Critic, La voz del interior: Poetry.
 * Lina Meruane, Writer, Santiago, Chile; Columnist and Cultural Reporter, Diario El Mercurio: Fiction.
 * Cristina Messineo, Associate Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET); Professor of Linguistics, University of Buenos Aires: Language and style in Toba verbal art.
 * Gabriela Ortiz Torres, Composer, Mexico City; Professor of Composition, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM): Music composition.
 * Ignacio Padilla, Writer, Querétaro, Mexico: Fiction.
 * Margarita Paksa, Multimedia and Conceptual Artist, Buenos Aires, Argentina: Multimedia and conceptual art.
 * Yolanda Pantin, Poet, Caracas, Venezuela: Poetry.
 * Juan Pablo Paz, Member of the Technical Staff, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico; Associate Professor of Physics, University of Buenos Aires: Decoherence and quantum computation.
 * Marco A. M. Prado, Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais: Trafficking and activity regulation of the high-affinity choline transporter.
 * Leticia Reina, Research Professor of History, National Institute of Anthropology and History, Mexico City: Political engagement by indigenous peoples in the 19th century.
 * Luis A. Humberto Rodríguez Pastor, Director of Social Sciences, National Council of Science and Technology (CONCYTEC); Professor of Anthropology, National University of San Marcos: The Chinese of Lima and the Peruvian Chinese community.
 * Homero Rubbo, Associate Professor of Biochemistry, University of the Republic, Montevideo: Nitric oxide and nitrated species in inflammation and human vascular disease.
 * Aristides Osvaldo Félix Salerno Nuñez, Installation Artist, Asunción, Paraguay; Director, Museo del Barro, Asunción: Installation art.
 * Ricardo D. Salvatore, Professor of History, Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires: Economic development and nutritional convergence in Argentina between the Great War and Peronism.
 * Jorge Volpi, Writer, Mexico City: Fiction.


text:
Talk:Bury, Greater Manchester

Bury College reference added by 80.5.160.8
Is this pertinent to this page, it just doesn't seem to add anything. Unless we add a schools/colleges section and list them all under that.

Mariocki 00:45, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)ok

Not sure about the part regarding Elbow
Even though I've provided a source to back up that they did win the 2008 Mercury Prize, I'm not sure if it should be mentioned here at all.

My other recent edits to this article were removing peacock words, but wouldn't this be classed in a similar vein? Or does it just need rewriting?

What do you think? KaraLG84 (talk) 20:18, 19 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Seems perfectly well balanced and appropriate to me. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:50, 19 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bury, Greater Manchester


text:
Talk:Anthology (Alien Ant Farm album)

Fair use rationale for Image:ANThology AAF.jpg
Image:ANThology AAF.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:50, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

"smooth Criminal" wasn't the first single. Movies was.
Movies was. Movies didn't really do anything for them. "Smooth criminal" hit with people right away. There are two music videos for "movies" the first one most people say was "unreleased". They say this because they didn't see it because they ignored the sang when it came out. It's a cool song and all but wasn't cool til they covered micheal jackson. Serialjoepsycho (talk) 22:00, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Anthology (Alien Ant Farm album)


text:
The Bill Cosby Show

The Bill Cosby Show is an American sitcom television series that aired for two seasons on NBC's Sunday night schedule from 1969 until 1971 under the sponsorship of Procter & Gamble. There were 52 episodes made in the series. It marked Bill Cosby's first solo foray in television after his co-starring role with Robert Culp in I Spy.

The series also marked the first time an African American starred in their own eponymous comedy series.

Synopsis

Cosby played the role of Chet Kincaid, a physical education teacher at a Los Angeles high school, a bachelor, and an "average cool guy" trying to earn a living and help people out along the way. The show ran for two seasons, 52 episodes in all. While only a modest critical success, the series was nominated for two Primetime Emmys.

The Bill Cosby Show was a ratings hit, finishing eleventh in its first season. With the high school as the setting of most episodes, storylines involve life lessons, students and fellow teachers, family drama, a coach's purview, and a few challenging forays, such as a substitute teacher of algebra or English.

Cosby was lauded for using some infrequently seen classic African American performers, such as Lillian Randolph (as Kincaid's mother) and Rex Ingram. Well-known stars who rarely did television appeared as well, including Henry Fonda and veteran comedians Mantan Moreland and Moms Mabley as Kincaid's feuding uncle and aunt.

The show's brass-heavy, funky theme song, "Hikky Burr", was written by Cosby and Quincy Jones, with Cosby providing the vocals. A new version of the theme was recorded for the second season.

The show did not use a laugh track; in that regard it was unique among half-hour situation comedies at the time. Cosby and NBC were at odds over his refusal to include a laugh track in the show. Cosby felt that viewers were intelligent enough to find the humor themselves, without being prompted.

While a few comedy dramas already aired without laugh tracks, few sitcoms went without, with most sitcoms filmed before a studio audience. The handful of non-drama sitcoms without a laugh track or studio audience prior to this included The Trouble with Father and The Beulah Show.

Syndication
In September 1984, Cosby returned to NBC, with a similarly named sitcom titled The Cosby Show. The popularity of that sitcom led to reruns of this one being picked up on the CBN Cable Network.

In 2013, reruns of this series began being broadcast on the ASPIRE Television Network and Soul of the South Network. In July 2015, both networks ceased airing the series following allegations of sexual assaults made against Cosby.

Home media
Shout! Factory has released both seasons of The Bill Cosby Show on DVD in Region 1.

Mill Creek Entertainment released a ten episode best of set entitled The Bill Cosby Show – The Best of Season 1 on March 22, 2011.

title: The Bill Cosby Show


text:
Suze Orman

Susan Lynn "Suze" Orman (born June 5, 1951) is an American financial advisor, author, and podcast host. In 1987, she founded the Suze Orman Financial Group. Her work as a financial advisor gained notability with The Suze Orman Show, which ran on CNBC from 2002 to 2015.

Orman has written ten consecutive New York Times bestsellers about personal finance. She was named twice to the Time 100 list of influential people, has won two Emmy Awards and eight Gracie Awards. Orman has written, co-produced and hosted nine PBS specials, and has appeared on multiple additional television shows. She has been a guest on The Oprah Winfrey Show approximately 29 times and Larry King Live over 30 times. Orman is currently the podcast host of Suze Orman's Women & Money Podcast. ''

Early life and education
Orman was born on the South Side of Chicago on June 5, 1951, to Jewish parents of Russian and Romanian origin, Ann and Morry Orman. Her mother worked as a secretary for a local rabbi, while her father, an immigrant from Kiev, worked in a chicken factory and managed Morry's Deli in Hyde Park.

She attended the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where she earned a B.A. in social work in 1976. In 2009, Orman received an honorary doctorate of humane letters from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. The following year, in 2010, she was presented with an honorary doctorate of Commercial Science from Bentley University.

Career
After finishing school, Orman moved to Berkeley, California, where she worked as a waitress. In 1980, she borrowed $52,000 from friends to open a restaurant.

According to Orman, as an investment novice, she invested that money through a representative at Merrill Lynch, who promptly lost her entire investment in trading options. Later, Orman trained as an account executive for Merrill Lynch, where she reports that she learned that the type of investment her broker had put her in was not suitable for her needs, as option trading is considered a high-risk but high-reward investment suitable only for high net worth individuals. Orman further asserts that it was explained to her that because her broker was the highest producing representative in the office, his actions went unchecked. After completing her training with Merrill Lynch, she remained at the firm until 1983, when she left to become a vice president of investments at Prudential Bache Securities.

In 1987, Orman resigned from Prudential and founded the Suze Orman Financial Group, in Emeryville, California. While there, she published a booklet, The Facts on Single Premium Whole Life, which compared single-premium whole life, universal life, and single-premium deferred annuities; she distributed copies of the booklet for free to anyone who requested one. She was director of the firm until 1997.

Orman published ten original books between 1995 and 2020: You've Earned It Don't Lose It (1995), The 9 Steps to Financial Freedom (1997), The Courage to be Rich (1999), The Road to Wealth (2001), The Laws of Money, The Lessons of Life (2003), The Money Book for the Young Fabulous and Broke (2005), Women & Money (2007), The 2009 Action Plan (2009), The Money Class (2011) and The Adventures of Billy & Penny (2017, children's book). Orman also published three updated versions of her bestselling books: Suze Orman's Action Plan: New Rules for New Times (March 2010), The Money Class: How to Stand in Your Truth and Create the Future You Deserve (2012), Women & Money: Be Smart Strong and Secure (Sept 2018) and The Ultimate Retirement Guide for 50+ (2020).

The Suze Orman Show began airing on CNBC in 2002. In February 2008, Orman gave away copies of her book Women and Money for free, following an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, generating almost two million downloads. 2008–2010, she was portrayed on Saturday Night Live by Kristen Wiig. Orman has been featured on the Food Network's Paula's Party. In January 2011, Orman appeared on Oprah's Allstars. In January 2012, Orman's six-episode TV series America's Money Class with Suze Orman premiered on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. For this show, Orman answered questions about money management. Money Class lasted six episodes.

Orman wrote a financial advice column for O, The Oprah Magazine. She is the former author of Yahoo!'s "Money Matters" and writes for the Costco Connection Magazine. She contributed to The Philadelphia Inquirer, Lowes MoneyWorks and Your Business at Home Magazine.

Orman's final episode of The Suze Orman Show aired on March 28, 2015, reportedly so that Orman could develop a new series, Suze Orman's Money Wars, for Warner Bros. Telepictures Productions. Orman hoped the show would premiere in 2016, but it was not produced.

In 2016, Orman was appointed as a personal finance educator for the United States Army and Army Reserve.

In 2018, Suze began serving as a Special Advocate for the National Domestic Violence Hotline, to help spread awareness regarding financial abuse.

Suze is currently the podcast host of the twice-weekly Suze Orman's Women & Money Podcast.

In 2020, Suze co-founded SecureSave, a company whose sole purpose is to change the savings rate in America by providing employer-matched emergency savings plans for employees.

Personal life
In February 2007, Orman stated that she is a lesbian. Orman has been married to Kathy Travis (nicknamed KT) since 2010. Travis is also her business partner. According to Orman, "KT’s career has been building brands, and I’m a brand."

In 2008, Orman donated money to the Democratic Party. In a 2008 interview with Larry King, she said she favors the policies of the Democratic Party and Barack Obama, especially regarding people in same-sex relationships.

Controversies
In 2012, Orman introduced the approved prepaid debit card, which was backed by Bancorp Bank. The card generated a great deal of controversy for its hidden fees and false promise of contributing to a FICO score. Cardholders were charged a $3 monthly fee, as well as fees for check writing and customer service calls. The Approved card's features included credit reports and credit scores from TransUnion, as well as credit monitoring and identity theft protection. TransUnion also agreed to "examine data from Approved cards", which was unusual for prepaid debit cards, but did not factor the card's usage into the cardholders' FICO scores. In July 2014, the approved card was discontinued.

Orman has also received criticism for making misleading statements relating to her credentials and achievements, notably her time teaching at the controversial for-profit University of Phoenix.

Books

 * You've Earned It, Don't Lose It: Mistakes You Can't Afford to Make When You Retire (with Linda Mead) (1995)
 * The Nine Steps To Financial Freedom: Practical and Spiritual Steps So You Can Stop Worrying (1997)
 * The Courage to Be Rich: Creating a Life of Material and Spiritual Abundance (1999)
 * The Road to Wealth: Everything You Need to Know in Good and Bad Times (2001)
 * The Laws of Money, the Lessons of Life (2003)
 * The Money Book for the Young, Fabulous and Broke (2005)
 * Women and Money: Owning the Power to Control Your Destiny (2007)
 * Revised and updated:  Women & Money: Be Smart Strong and Secure (Sept 2018)
 * Suze Orman's 2009 Action Plan: Keeping Your Money Safe and Sound (2009)
 * Revised and updated: Suze Orman's Action Plan: New Rules for New Times (March 2010)
 * The Money Class: Learn to Create Your New American Dream (March 2011)
 * Revised and updated: The Money Class: How to Stand in Your Truth and Create the Future You Deserve (2012)
 * The Adventures of Billy & Penny (Jan 2017) (children's book, illustrated by wife KT)
 * The Ultimate Retirement Guide for 50+: Winning Strategies to Make your Money Last  a Lifetime (Feb 2020)

Multimedia
Orman is also creator of a number of non-book products, primarily CD-ROM-based services that offer education and various financial services usually in conjunction with her books and writings.
 * Suze Ormans FICO Kit – First offered in 2002 in conjunction with Fair Isaac Corporation.
 * Suze Orman's Will & Trust Kit – Introduced in 2005 with her personal trust attorney.
 * Suze Orman's Insurance Kit – Introduced in 2007.
 * Suze Orman's Protection Portfolio – First introduced in 2002, in third version.
 * Suze Orman's Identity Theft Kit – First offered in 2008, in conjunction with TrustedID.
 * Suze Orman's Save Yourself Retirement Program – Introduced September 2009, in conjunction with TD Ameritrade.

title: Suze Orman


text: User:ClockworkSoul/Templates/press

title: User:ClockworkSoul/Templates/press