text:
User talk:67.186.145.68

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Articles for deletion nomination of 3001
I have nominated 3001, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/3001. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Dougweller (talk) 11:46, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of She's Nineteen Years Old

The article She's Nineteen Years Old has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
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Speedy deletion nomination of Wilbur Cooper

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Proposed deletion of Wilbur Cooper

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Nomination of Ignition (video game) for deletion
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title: User talk:67.186.145.68


text: File:FlamingLipsCloudsTasteMetallic.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:FlamingLipsCloudsTasteMetallic.jpg


text:
Lyn Collins

Gloria Lavern Collins (June 12, 1948 – March 13, 2005), better known as Lyn Collins, was an American soul singer best known for working with James Brown in the 1970s and for the influential 1972 funk single, "Think (About It)".

A favorite among hip hop, R&B, and dance music producers for decades, Collins is by far the most sampled female artist of all time, with portions of her recordings used in well over 3,500 songs.

Early life and career
Collins began her recording career at age 14. She played with Charles Pike & The Scholars. She sent her demo tape to James Brown who initially prioritized her after Marva Whitney and Vicki Anderson. After Anderson left Brown for the second time, Collins received the opportunity to be the lead female in Brown's touring lineup. Her first single released was "Wheel of Life" in 1971 on King Records, when Brown left the label, Collins went to Polydor and People which left the record neglected. Collins recorded "What My Baby Needs Now Is a Little More Lovin'" with James Brown in 1972.

Her biggest solo hit was the James Brown-produced gospel-style song "Think (About It)", from her 1972 album of the same name on People Records. The song contains five breaks which have been sampled widely in hip-hop and drum and bass, most famously, the "Yeah! Woo!" and "It takes two to make a thing go right" loops in Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock's "It Takes Two" which is composed almost completely from samples of Think, including a few lines of Collins' vocals. She also recorded the 1974 funk song "Rock Me Again and Again and Again and Again and Again and Again".

In 1975, she released album Check Me Out If You Don't Know Me by Now. She would go on to sing backup for Dionne Warwick and Rod Stewart. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Collins attempted a comeback as a dance/club diva, recording the house single "Shout" for Belgium's ARS label. During this period a European tour was completed and a 1987 show alongside James Brown's Funky People which did not feature James Brown performing. In 1993, Collins' profile was given a boost by female dancehall singer Patra, who invited Collins to perform on her hit remake of "Think (About It)"; partly due to the resulting interest, her two official albums were reissued in England and the Netherlands.

In February 2005, Collins embarked on her first solo tour. For three weeks, she performed in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Death
Shortly after returning from her 2005 European tour, Collins died from a seizure related to cardiac arrhythmia in Pasadena, California, at the age of 56. Fellow James Brown backup singer Martha High was alongside Collins during her final days alive.

Legacy
In 2006, Paris-based Hi&Fly Records released a live album titled Mama Feelgood, which included recordings from her European tour and some interview clips. This release was produced by German-born DJ Pari, who produced for Marva Whitney and managed Collins' last tour.

Reflecting on her time working with James Brown, she reportedly said "I would have preferred to sing more and scream less."

Cultural references
In October 2004, "Rock Me Again and Again" and "Think (About It)" featured on the Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas soundtrack, playing on fictional radio station Master Sounds 98.3. "Rock Me Again and Again" was covered by synth band The Human League on their 1984 album Hysteria. Bruce Springsteen's song "Shackled and Drawn" from his 2012 album Wrecking Ball and Ludacris' song "Southern Fried Intro" from his 2003 album Chicken-n-Beer both feature an excerpt from Collins' song "Me and My Baby Got Our Own Thing Going".

title: Lyn Collins


text:
R62A (New York City Subway car)

The R62A is a New York City Subway car model built between 1984 and 1987 by Bombardier Transportation for the A Division. The cars were built in La Pocatière, Quebec, with final assembly done in Auburn, New York and Barre, Vermont, under a license from Kawasaki Heavy Industries, manufacturer of the previous R62 order. A total of 825 cars were built, arranged as sets of three, four, or five cars per set. The cars replaced the remaining R17s, R21s, and R22s, which were all retired by early 1988.

The R62As were a follow-up order to the R62 order from 1981, and the second order of stainless steel cars for the "A" Division. The contract had been given to Bombardier due to Kawasaki's refusal to build the additional cars under a separate order. The first R62As entered service on May 29, 1985, and all were delivered by 1988. The R62As are scheduled to remain in service until 2026–2028, when they will be replaced with the R262s.

Description
The R62As are numbered 1651–2475. Like the R62 order from Kawasaki Heavy Industries, the R62A was made of stainless steel and had air conditioning. A graffiti-resistant glaze was applied to all of the cars because of the extensive graffiti tagging of nearly all of the subway cars in the system since 1969. They continued a controversial interior design by employing bucket seating, which was very narrow, with each seat being about 17 in wide. This reduced the number of seats per car when compared to standard bench seating, but allowed for higher standing capacity.

The cars were originally single cars with functioning half-width cabs at both ends, but were eventually linked into sets with full-width cabs at each end; however, all cars retain intermediate half-width cabs in the remaining cab positions. All cars running on the (based at 240th Street Yard in the Bronx) and almost all cars on the  (based at the Westchester Yard in the Bronx) are linked as five-car sets, while all cars running on the 42nd Street Shuttle (based at Livonia Yard in Brooklyn) are linked as six-car sets.

Many cars used on the 6 line feature LED lights on the sides of the cars around the rollsign where the service logo is indicated to help riders distinguish between an express train (red diamond) and a local train (green circle). These indicators were first introduced on the when passengers claimed they could not clearly hear the announcements regarding whether the 7 was express or local, even though the "7 Express" sign was used on the front and sides prior to its implementation in 2008. Cars 1736–1740 and 2151 were used as test cars as early as April 12, 2007, and had red LED lettering displaying "LCL" and "EXP" on the front and the side; similar labeling was last seen on the Redbird fleet. When the R188s displaced the R62As from the 7 during the 2010s, the LED lights remained in use since both the 6 and the 7 local services have express variants that run in the peak direction during rush hours.

History
Following the successful delivery of the 325-car R62 order, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) put out a bid for an additional 825 cars. Kawasaki did not want to build the additional cars under a separate contract, so the R62A contract was awarded to Bombardier Transportation of Quebec, who won the bid over Budd Company of Pennsylvania. While Bombardier offered a higher price per car than Budd had, the NYCTA awarded the contract to Bombardier because the Canadian government offered a more favorable financing plan for the cars. In addition, Budd proposed using unapproved and untested motors, as well as similarly untested technology that frequently broke down on the R44 and R46 fleets.

The 825 cars were built between 1984 and 1987 and entered service between 1985 and 1988, though in August 1985, several cars were frequently taken out of service due to coupler and electrical problems, which almost forced the cancellation of the entire order itself. The first ten R62As, numbered 1651–1660, had their body shells built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Japan and were shipped to Bombardier for their use as samples during their production. They were placed in service on the train on May 29, 1985, after arrangements were made to expand the Car Appearance Program to the route (following a successful implementation of the same on the 4 train with the R62s).

Post-delivery
Car 1687 was badly damaged at the Bombardier plant in the summer of 1985, prior to its delivery. However, it was repaired at the end of the order and entered service on December 1, 1987, on the 6.

On November 24, 1996, a ten-car train of R62As on the 6 train derailed south of Hunts Point Avenue. Cars 1716 and 1909 were significantly damaged. Car 1716 was rebuilt and returned to service, but 1909 was retired due to mid-body and frame damage and scrapped in 2001.

Starting in November 2017, as part of an action plan to fix the subway's state of emergency, several cars assigned to the 42nd Street Shuttle had most of their seats removed in order to increase capacity on that service. The other cars assigned to the shuttle also had most of their seats removed as all cars running on said line were linked into six-car sets.

On January 4, 2024, two 1 trains made up of R62A cars partially derailed and collided just north of the 96th Street station. One train was in service, while the other was out of service being moved. 24 minor injuries were reported. Car 2176 and various cars in consist 2411–2415 suffered damage as a result. Cars 2177–2180 were ultimately linked with car 1934 and returned to service in March 2024. Cars 2411–2415 were repaired separately and returned to service as well.

Replacement
The cars were initially expected to be replaced starting in 2026 and lasting into 2028. The MTA has been maintaining the R62As through the SMS program, which consists of repainting bulkheads, rebuilding trucks, changing out floors, repainting damaged seats, and other minor interior work on a set schedule in order to extend useful service life. In 2010, the MTA proposed mid-life technological upgrades for the R62As, including LED destination signs and automated announcements.

In January 2019, the MTA announced that it would be replacing the R62/A fleets with the R262s, a new fleet that would be ordered as part of a future capital program.

In popular culture
A group of R62As is featured at 14th Street–Union Square station, on the train, for the movie Subway Stories.

An R62A is featured in Inside Llewyn Davis. However, the train is historically inaccurate.

title: R62A (New York City Subway car)


text:
User:Lokiinammainn-Poolikki

Lokiinammainn: Leader. Poolikki: A religion of Kwiarizia. Both words are Wangish.

title: User:Lokiinammainn-Poolikki


text:
Category:United Kingdom history stubs

NB: For biographies of historical characters, use UK-bio-stub or one of its subcategories, instead of UK-hist-stub

title: Category:United Kingdom history stubs


text: Template:UK-hist-stub

title: Template:UK-hist-stub


text:
User:Quasia

Quasia
I just like to know I exist

title: User:Quasia


text:
User talk:Squiddhartha

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Feco
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Conflict of Interest declaration
I am one of the Denver Roller Dolls' (unpaid volunteer) announcers, so my edits to this article may represent a conflict of interest. As per the Conflict of interest guideline, I am declaring my affiliation with the article's subject and am announcing my intention to be extra cautious in the edits I make there. Any questions, contact me on my user talk page. Thanks! — Squiddhartha (talk) 13:55, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Squiddhartha


text: Category:Nations at the 1976 Summer Olympics


text: User talk:80.58.43.44

title: User talk:80.58.43.44


text: Category:Nations at the 1980 Summer Olympics


text: Category:Nations at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text: User talk:65.4.6.98

title: User talk:65.4.6.98


text:
Milwaukee School of Engineering

The Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE) is a private university in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The 22 acre campus is in the East Town neighborhood of downtown Milwaukee. In the fall of 2022, it enrolled 2,575 undergraduate and 154 graduate students. As of fall 2018, the university had a total of 138 full-faculty, more than 33% of which are women. Through eight academic departments, the university offers 16 bachelor's degree programs, 10 of which are in engineering. The university also offers nine master's degrees.

MSOE fields 21 varsity teams known as the "Raiders" and most teams play in the NCAA Division III as part of the Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference (NACC).

History
Milwaukee School of Engineering was founded in 1903 by Oscar Werwath and initially called the School of Engineering. Werwath's goal was to meet the needs of the workforce for the growing engineering field. Werwath was the first person to plan an American educational institution based on an applications-oriented curriculum. The first classes began in the fall of 1903 at Rheude's Business College. By fall, 1905, the enrollment reached almost 100, exceeding the capacity of the business college. The school was subsequently moved to a new building with help from Werwath's colleague, Louis Allis. In spring, 1906, the school graduated its first class, enrolling about 200 students that fall.

By 1920, the school consisted of four specific programs focused around electricity. Werwath developed a new curriculum "to equip the student in college-level engineering standards needed for the degree award combined with parallel hands-on training." At the same time the academic calendar called the "quarter system" was implemented. This allowed for students to graduate with collegiate engineering degrees in 3 years, or 4 if they chose not to take the summer quarter. In the summer of 1919, 52 Bachelor's degree graduates as well as 11 faculty were offered admission to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Enrollment surpassed 1,200 in 1928, the school's 25th anniversary.

During the Great Depression when enrollment dropped, the school created a student financial fund for disadvantaged students. By 1933 enrollment had recovered to previous levels. On July 13, 1932, the School of Engineering was restructured through a charter revision and renamed Milwaukee School of Engineering. This allowed the formation of the Board of Regents, a group of industrial and community leaders to oversee management of the school. One of the first major actions of the board was to purchase the German-English Academy building. In 1935 the board established the Industrial Research Institute, where students and faculty could partner with nearby industries for work.

MSOE received the official seal of approval from the Society for the Promotion of Engineering in 1943, as part of recognition for educational achievements. The following year, MSOE also became a charter member of the National Council of Technical Schools. For the first time, the university started accepting females into its program in order to replace males who were drafted into World War II. Following the end of the war enrollment swelled in 1946 and 1947 due to the GI Bill of Rights allowing returning service personnel to pursue a college education. By 1947 over 90% of the students were veterans. On March 20, 1948, Oscar Werwath died and his sons, Karl Werwath and Heinz Werwath became president and treasurer, respectively. Milwaukee School of Engineering has a total undergraduate enrollment of 2,675, with a gender distribution of 74 percent male students and 26 percent female students.

Obtaining full institutional accreditation from the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools (NCA) began in 1950, and approval of accreditation was granted in 1971. By the time of the school's 50th anniversary in 1953, enrollment reached 2,300 students from 48 states and 30 foreign countries. With the beginning of the Space Race as well as emphasis on technological education, many classes at MSOE upgraded their technology and their programs. The school partnered with WISN-TV and WISN (AM) to create programming centered around science and promoting their school.

MSOE's logo was designed by industrial engineer Brooks Stevens's firm for the school's 1978 diamond jubilee.

Presidents

 * Oscar Werwath, 1903-1948
 * Karl Werwath, 1948-1977
 * Robert Spitzer, 1977-1991
 * Hermann Viets, 1991-2015
 * John Walz, 2016–present

Academics
The curricula at MSOE are centered on engineering, business, mathematics, nursing, and cardiovascular perfusion. MSOE's primary focus is on undergraduate education, where it has 8 academic departments and offers 16 undergraduate majors. MSOE mainly offers ABET-accredited Bachelor of Science degree to undergraduate students, as well as a Bachelor of Science in user experience. MSOE also has 9 post-graduate master's programs. As of 2019, MSOE had 157 full-time faculty members, 82% of whom hold a doctoral degree. Professors teach all courses; teaching assistants are not used. The student to faculty ratio is 15:1.

Academic programs

MSOE has full-time Bachelor of Science programs in engineering, including two-year transfer programs. It also confers master's degrees. In 2016, MSOE had a four-year graduation rate of 44%.

Admissions
Undergraduate admission is described by U.S. News & World Report as "more selective". Princeton Review gave the university an admissions selectivity rating of 86. For the 2018–19 academic year the university received 3,294 applications; 63% were admitted. The admitted students’ academic profile showed 75% were in the top 50% of their high school class, SAT scores of 670 in evidence-based reading and writing, 700 in math. The average composite ACT score was around 28.

Study-abroad programs
MSOE has study-abroad exchange agreements with five universities: the Czech Technical University (CTU) in Prague, Czech Republic; Lille Catholic University in Lille, France; the Technische Hochschule Lübeck in Lubeck, Germany; the Florence University of the Arts in Florence, Italy; and Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. All courses are taught in English.

Accreditation
MSOE is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The architectural engineering, biomolecular engineering, biomedical engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, electrical engineering technology, engineering, industrial engineering, mechanical engineering, mechanical engineering technology, and software engineering programs are accredited by The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). The nursing program is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE). The construction management is accredited by the American Council for Construction Education (ACCE). The Master of Science in perfusion is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).

Rankings
According to U.S. News & World Report's 2020 "Best Regional Universities Midwest Rankings," MSOE is rated eighth overall, sixth in "Best Colleges for Veterans", tied for eighth in "Most Innovative Schools", ninth for "Best Value Schools", and tied for 88th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility". U.S. News & World Report also ranked MSOE ninth among undergraduate engineering programs nationwide that do not offer doctorates, with program rankings of fourth (tie) in computer engineering, fifth in electrical engineering, 11th in civil engineering, and 11th in mechanical engineering.

In 2016 MSOE was listed among Princeton Review's 159 best Midwestern colleges.

Board of Regents
Along with the president, Milwaukee School of Engineering is led by a board of regents composed of a chairman and 50 representatives from businesses, industries, education, and the government. The board governs and makes major decisions through several standing committees such as the executive committee and the business and industrial advisory committee.

The MSOE Guarantee
The Milwaukee School of Engineering operates on a four-quarter system year-round, with its academic terms lasting ten weeks each. Most of the programs use a track system that outlines what courses students should take and pass for each term in order to graduate in four years. Freshmen usually take four courses per term and upperclassmen five. The MSOE Guarantee states that for a student starting and staying on track, all classes needed for graduation will be available when they need them so that they may graduate in four years. Despite this guarantee, MSOE maintains a four year graduation rate of only 42% in 2013.

Campus
MSOE's campus, which occupies 22 acre in the East Town neighborhood of downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is spread over several blocks. MSOE has one of the smallest campuses in Wisconsin; only the Milwaukee Institute of Art and Design (MIAD) has a smaller campus (2 acre).

The buildings on campus vary in age, with most being built in the mid-20th century. The oldest building on campus is the Alumni Partnership Center (formerly the Valentin Blatz Brewing Company Office Building), built in 1890 and the newest being Diercks Hall, completed in 2019. Several of the buildings on campus use the iconic Cream City brick, which is used in many other buildings in Milwaukee.

Academic facilities
Allen Bradley Hall of Science was acquired and renovated in 1958, formerly a parking garage. Allen-Bradley provided much of the funding and equipment for the building and was thus obtained the naming rights. It houses electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, and mechanical engineering, as well as the physics and chemistry departments. The Fred Loock Engineering Center was opened in 1967, and was designed by Fitzhugh Scott. It is an extension of the Allen Bradley Hall of Science. The building houses several laboratories and classrooms for use of many engineering departments.

The major library on campus is the Walter Schroeder Library. Dedicated in 1980 by Gerald Ford, the library is named after Wisconsin magnate Walter Schroeder and has the mathematics as well as the electrical engineering and computer science faculty offices.

Most of the administration buildings are located in Student Life and Campus Center, which was acquired from Blatz Brewery in 1987. The department of civil and architectural engineering and construction management (CAECM) have their faculty offices here as well. Recently added was the Ruehlow Nursing Complex, a multimillion-dollar upgrade for the School of Nursing. Many student resources such as the bookstore, a marketplace, and the student union called the "Great Room" are also here.

Rosenberg Hall, home to MSOE's Rader School of Business, was dedicated in 2003. Funds for the project were provided by alumnus Kenneth Rosenberg and his wife Doris. The hall contains classrooms, labs and faculty offices and the Milwaukee U.S. Export Assistance Center.

In 2006, MSOE acquired the former Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and renovated it for use as The Grohmann Museum to house the Man at Work: The Eckhart G. Grohmann Collection, classrooms, and faculty offices for the humanities and psychology departments.

Construction of the Dwight and Dian Diercks Computational Science Hall began in early 2018. The building opened in September 2019.

Athletic facilities
In 2004, MSOE's 210000 sqft Kern Center was completed, adding a hockey arena, basketball arena, fitness center, running track, and field house to its campus. MSOE's Kern Center houses many of the sports teams' facilities, as well as offering recreational areas for students, faculty and alumni. It also has classrooms, and houses the physical and mental wellness centers.

In 2013, MSOE completed construction on a new athletic field and parking complex called Pamela and Hermann Viets Field. The athletic field was built on top of an in-ground parking facility immediately north of the Kern Center.

In 2023, MSOE completed construction on a $2,935,000 stadium for Women's Softball. MSOE Raiders Field is a natural grass and dirt field with seating for 250 spectators. Additionally, the project allowed for new offices for coaches and new women's locker rooms in the Kern Center and Viets Field.

Residence halls
Undergraduates may live in one of four residence halls, but incoming freshman may live only in Hermann Viets Memorial Tower (VT), Margaret Loock Residence Hall (MLH), or Regents Residence Hall (RGN). Hermann Viets Tower was built utilizing the Roy W. Johnson Residence Hall (RWJ) as a substructure; with the original RWJ having been completed in 1965, and the renovations which brought about the name change occurring in 2020. MLH & RGN were constructed in 1967 and 1990 respectively. VT & MLH are traditional residence halls; while Regents Hall and Grohmann Tower is arranged apartment style.

Upperclassman, as well as international, graduate and married students may elect to reside in Grohmann Tower, although none of the aforementioned students are required to live on campus by MSOE policy.

Meals are served by American Dining Creations, which operates a dining facility in the Campus Center (CC).

Athletics

MSOE's 21 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division III. MSOE competes in the Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference (NACC) for most sports, including seven women's sports. Men's ice hockey competes in the Northern Collegiate Hockey Association (NCHA), men's lacrosse in the Midwest Lacrosse Conference (MLC), men's volleyball in the Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League (MCVL), and wrestling in the Northern Wrestling Association (NWA). Men's rowing is not sponsored by the NCAA, so MSOE competes against all collegiate teams. MSOE also has club and intramural sports.

The school colors are red and white, and the mascot is a raider named "Roscoe".

Notable alumni

 * Michael J. Barber (1982, EE), Chief Diversity Officer of General Electric
 * Tom Determann, Iowa state representative
 * James I. Finley (1968, EE), Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology.
 * Harout O. Sanasarian (1961, no degree) Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * Carl Kiekhaefer (c. 1925, no degree), former owner of Mercury Marine, NASCAR team owner.
 * Norman Sussman, Wisconsin State Senator

title: Milwaukee School of Engineering


text:
Manapua

Manapua is the Hawaiian adaptation for the Chinese food baozi. Its origins is in char siu bao. However, in contemporary times, the term is generally applied to a large char siu bao or other steamed, baked, or fried bao variations of different fillings.

Background
The prospect of financial reward found in the sugar industry caused the Chinese immigration starting in the mid 1800s. The Chinese would bring along with them their foods including baozi, a carbohydrate rich food essential for sustenance against the intense physical labor demanded in sugar production. Some of these Chinese laborers, who would later be known as a "manapua man", would peddle their char siu bao in the plantation fields and to other plantation camps by foot and later by vehicle for additional income.

These char siu bao would later be known as manapua, said to be a contraction or creole-pidgin form of the Hawaiian words mea ono puaa, roughly translated as "pork cake" - meaono lit. "delicious thing" (definition applied to dessert, cake, pastry, cookie) and puaa meaning "pork" (or "pig").

These traditional char siu bao would eventually grow in size into the modern manapua known today. Bat Moi Kam Mau is credited with retailing the first large char siu bao in the 1940s at her manapua shop "Char Hung Sut". In the 1970s, the "Royal Kitchen" introduced "baked manapua" with various fillings which remains hugely popular today.

Description
While manapua dimensions are not formally regulated, once cooked, many are close to 4-5 inches (~13cm) in diameter and 3-4 inches (~8cm) in height. Ironically, char siu bao sold in many classic Chinese restaurants still retain their original size and shape and are simply known by its original name rather than as manapua.

Char siu remains a staple filling. However, its preparation is sometimes simplified to pork with char siu flavoring rather than being prepared with actual roasted char siu. Other fillings have been introduced, some reflecting the various ethnic groups in Hawaii. Other common meat fillings include: lup chong and hot dog which uses a full (uncut) sausage, chicken curry, and kalua pork. Vegetarian options include: black bean paste commonly known as "black sugar", azuki similar to anpan, Okinawan purple sweet potato (sometimes mislabeled as ube).

Novelty or uncommon fillings like chicken adobo, pizza, Portuguese sausage, SPAM, spicy pork bulgogi, pastele stew, matcha will pop up at festivals. If found to be popular, may become a permanent menu item. One local shop boast over 30 flavors and are deep fried. A single bun can be consumed as a "meal in itself" or divided and shared as a snack along with other local style dim sum items. Older standalone manapua shops will also offer a handful of other dim sum items such as fun guo known as "pepeiao", gok jai or "half moon" which are normally steamed, shumai or "pork hash". Like the manapua, these too, have become twice the size of their original counterparts. Manapua and these other dim sum items are often bought in bulk as omiyage when traveling to the neighbor island or out-of-state, or shared in office meetings or breakrooms akin to donuts.

Manapua Man
In the 1970s, manapua hawkers would trade in their carrying pole for a converted full-size van. These modern hawkers, affectionately known as a "manapua man," would drive their "manapua van" through neighborhoods very much like an ice cream truck playing music to attract customers or are found parked at certain locations like a food truck. They are a beloved sight for neighborhood children and passerby looking for a very affordable quick meal or snack. Some vans are more akin to a convenience store on wheels, sometimes not selling manapua at all. Items sold range from chow mein to candies, burgers to fountain drinks, and at one point, cigarettes and beer.

Urban legend
"Cat manapua" or manapua filled with cat meat is an idea sometimes brought up as a running joke seen in modern times as a microaggression towards the Chinese. Historically, some viewed the Chinese as stingy so much so that the Hawaiian translation of Chinese, Pākē (Pākē), is still used as slang for an extremely frugal person regardless of ethnicity. The urban legend of "cat manapua" often implied that the Chinese were producing manapua made with feral cats to avoid paying extra for pork.

title: Manapua


text:
User:Pseudovector

Recent work
I've worked on trying to write summaries of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes. This is one of the best shows to ever be made for television. Under the guidance of Joss Whedon the writers of the show touch on really weighty subjects such as life, love, and death with great humor and insight.

My favorite Buffy characters were Willow and Tara. I loved Tara because she was so gentle and beautiful. By far they were the best couple of all on Buffy. I was so sad when the writers killed off Tara. I really loved the idea that when Willow and Tara were together their magic was made stronger. What a beautiful metaphor about how the right people together in a relationship can make each other stronger.

Favorite Wikis

 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * Tara Maclay
 * Willow Rosenberg
 * WikiProject Buffy
 * List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes

 * Middle-earth
 * Fëanor
 * Fëa and hröa
 * I love Tolkien's vision of the body and soul, how immortal elves' souls abide in the Halls of Mandos and may return to Middle-earth and no one but Ilúvatar and Manwë know what happens to the souls of mortal men (called the Gift of Men).

 * comics
 * Jean Grey
 * Dark phoenix rules. When Dark Willow is after the surviving members of the Evil Trio, one of them refers to her as Dark Phoenix. So cool!

Group Affiliations
I am a member of WikiProject Buffy.

title: User:Pseudovector


text:
Gauge block

Gauge blocks (also known as gage blocks, Johansson gauges, slip gauges, or Jo blocks) are a system for producing precision lengths. The individual gauge block is a metal or ceramic block that has been precision ground and lapped to a specific thickness. Gauge blocks come in sets of blocks with a range of standard lengths. In use, the blocks are stacked to make up a desired length (or height).

Gauge blocks were invented in 1896 by Swedish machinist Carl Edvard Johansson. They are used as a reference for the calibration of measuring equipment used in machine shops, such as micrometers, sine bars, calipers, and dial indicators (when used in an inspection role). Gauge blocks are the main means of length standardization used by industry.

An important feature of gauge blocks is that they can be joined together with very little dimensional uncertainty. The blocks are joined by a sliding process called, which causes their ultra-flat surfaces to cling together. A small number of gauge blocks can be used to create accurate lengths within a wide range. By using three blocks at a time taken from a set of 30 blocks, one may create any of the 1000 lengths from 3.000 to 3.999 mm in 0.001 mm steps (or .3000 to .3999 inches in 0.0001 inch steps).

Description

A gauge block is a block of metal or ceramic with two opposing faces ground precisely flat and parallel, a precise distance apart. Standard grade blocks are made of a hardened steel alloy, while calibration grade blocks are often made of tungsten carbide (WC), chromium carbide (CrC) or ceramic (SiO2-based) because they are harder and wear less. Gauge blocks come in sets of blocks of various lengths, along with additional wear blocks, to allow a wide variety of standard lengths to be made up by stacking them. The length of each block is actually slightly shorter than the nominal length stamped on it, because the stamped length includes the length of one wring film, a film of lubricant which separates adjacent block faces in normal use. The thickness of the wring film is about 25 nm. The gauge's nominal length is also known as the interferometric length.

In use, the blocks are removed from the set, cleaned of their protective coating (petroleum jelly or oil) and wrung together to form a stack of the required dimension. Gauge blocks are calibrated to be accurate at 20 C and should be kept at this temperature when taking measurements. This mitigates the effects of thermal expansion. The wear blocks, made of a harder substance like tungsten carbide, are included at each end of the stack, whenever possible, to protect the gauge blocks from being damaged in use.

Machinists and toolmakers try to use a stack with the fewest blocks to avoid accumulation of size errors. For example, a stack totaling .638 that is composed of two blocks (a .500 block wrung to a .138 block) is preferable to a stack also totaling .638 that is composed of four blocks (such as a .200, .149, .151, and .138 all wrung together). As detailed in the Grades section, each block has a size tolerance of a few millionths of an inch, so stacking them together introduces a cumulative uncertainty. However, the stacked error from even multiple blocks is usually negligible in all but the most demanding uses. In a busy shop, some of the blocks will be in use elsewhere, so one creates a stack from the blocks available at the time. Typically the few millionths of an inch difference will not be detectable, or matter, in the context. Contexts demanding ultimate precision are rarer and require additional expense (for example, more sets of blocks and higher grades of blocks).

Wringing

Wringing is the process of sliding two blocks together so that their faces bond. Because of their ultraflat surfaces, when wrung, gauge blocks adhere to each other tightly. Properly wrung blocks may withstand a 300 N pull. The mechanism is a combination of:

 * Vacuum applies pressure between the blocks because the air is squeezed out of the joint
 * Surface tension from oil and water vapor that is present between the blocks
 * Molecular attraction that occurs when two very flat surfaces are brought into contact; this force causes gauge blocks to adhere even without surface lubricants, and in a vacuum

It is believed that the last two sources are the most significant. Experiments with friction of the blocks suggest also that the removal of the oxide film from the steel surface by wringing plays an important role in the wringing action.

There is no magnetism involved, although to a user the clinging together of the blocks feels a bit like weak refrigerator magnets sticking together. Unlike magnets, however, the cling only lasts while the blocks are completely joined—the blocks do not attract each other across any visible gap, as magnets would.

The process of wringing involves four steps:
 * 1) Wiping a clean gauge block across an oiled pad.
 * 2) Wiping any extra oil off the gauge block using a dry pad.
 * 3) The block is then slid perpendicularly across the other block while applying moderate pressure until they form a cruciform.
 * 4) Finally, the block is rotated until it is inline with the other block.

After use, the blocks are re-oiled or greased to protect against corrosion. The ability of a given gauge block to wring is called ; it is officially defined as "the ability of two surfaces to adhere tightly to each other in the absence of external means." The minimum conditions for wringability are a surface finish of 1 uin AA or better, and a flatness of at least 5 uin.

There is a formal test to measure wringability. First, the block is prepared for wringing using the standard process. The block is then slid across a 2 in reference grade (1 uin flatness) quartz optical flat while applying moderate pressure. Then, the bottom of the gauge block is observed (through the optical flat) for oil or color. For Federal Grades 0.5, 1, and 2 and ISO grades K, 00, and 0 no oil or color should be visible under the gauge block. For Federal Grade 3 and ISO grades 1 and 2, no more than 20% of the surface area should show oil or color. This test is hard to perform on gauge blocks thinner than 0.1 in because they tend not to be flat in the relaxed state.

Accessories

The pictured accessories provide a set of holders and tools to extend the usefulness of the gauge block set. They provide a means of securely clamping large stacks together, along with reference points, scribers, and various shapes of blocks that act like caliper jaws, either external or internal. Conical-tip ones ease measurement of center-to-center distances between hole centers. A stack of gauge blocks with external caliper-jaw accessories, all clamped together, acts as a quickly assembled custom-size go or no-go gauge.

A special gauge block stone that cannot damage the surface is used to remove nicks and burrs to maintain wringability.

There are two wringing pads used to prepare a gauge block for wringing. The first is an oil pad, which applies a light layer of oil to the block. The second is a dry pad, which removes any excess oil from the block after the oil pad has been used.

Grades

Gauge blocks are available in various grades, depending on their intended use. The grading criterion is tightness of tolerance on their sizes; thus higher grades are made to tighter tolerances and have higher accuracy and precision. Various grading standards include: JIS B 7506-1997 (Japan)/DIN 861-1980 (Germany), ASME (US), BS 4311: Part 1: 1993 (UK). Tolerances will vary within the same grade as the thickness of the material increases.

 * reference (AAA): small tolerance (±0.05 μm) used to establish standards
 * calibration (AA): (tolerance +0.10 μm to −0.05 μm) used to calibrate inspection blocks and very high precision gauging
 * inspection (A): (tolerance +0.15 μm to −0.05 μm) used as toolroom standards for setting other gauging tools
 * workshop (B): large tolerance (tolerance +0.25 μm to −0.15 μm) used as shop standards for precision measurement

More recent grade designations include (U.S. Federal Specification GGG-G-15C):

 * 0.5 – generally equivalent to grade AAA
 * 1 – generally equivalent to grade AA
 * 2 – generally equivalent to grade A+
 * 3 – compromise grade between A and B

and ANSI/ASME B89.1.9M, which defines both absolute deviations from nominal dimensions and parallelism limits as criteria for grade determination. Generally, grades are equivalent to former U.S. Federal grades as follows:

 * 00 – generally equivalent to grade 1 (most exacting flatness and accuracy requirements)
 * 0 – generally equivalent to grade 2
 * AS-1 – generally equivalent to grade 3 (reportedly stands for American Standard - 1)
 * AS-2 – generally less accurate than grade 3
 * K – generally equivalent to grade 00 flatness (parallelism) with grade AS-1 accuracy

The ANSI/ASME standard follows a similar philosophy as set forth in ISO 3650. See the NIST reference below for more detailed information on tolerances for each grade and block size. Also consult page 3 of: Commercial Gauge Block Tolerances (Length refers to the calibrated thickness)

Manufacture
Gauge blocks are usually made either from hardened alloy tool steels, ceramics or cemented carbides (such as tungsten carbide or tantalum carbide). Often the carbide has a hardness of 1500 Vickers hardness. Long series blocks are made from high-quality steel having cross section (35 × 9 mm) with holes for clamping two slips together. These are also available in carbon steel material. Steel blocks are hardened and tempered. The hardness is important because it slows down the gauge's rate of wear during use (this is why other kinds of gauges, such as pins, thread plugs, and rings, are also hardened.) The cutting of the blocks to size is accomplished with grinding followed by lapping. Usually no plating or other coating is involved. Blocks are kept very lightly oiled, and are stored and used in dry climate-controlled conditions; unplated, uncoated steel gauge blocks can last for decades without rusting.

History
The gauge block set, also known as "Jo Blocks", was developed by the Swedish inventor Carl Edvard Johansson. Johansson was employed in 1888 as an armourer inspector by the state arsenal Carl Gustafs stads Gevärsfaktori (Rifle Factory of Carl Gustaf's town) in the town of Eskilstuna, Sweden. He was concerned with the expensive tools for measuring parts for the Remington rifles then in production under licence at Carl Gustaf. When Sweden adopted a tailored variant of the Mauser carbine in 1894, Johansson was very excited about the chance to study Mauser's methods of measuring, in preparation for production under license at Carl Gustaf (which began several years later). However, a visit to the Mauser factory in Oberndorf am Neckar, Germany, turned out to be a disappointment. On the train home, he thought about the problem, and he came up with the idea of a set of blocks that could be combined to make up any measure.

There had already been a long history of increasing use of gauges up to this time, such as gauges for filing and go/no go gauges, which were custom-made individually in a toolroom for use on the shop floor; but there had never been super-precision gauge blocks that could be wrung together to make up different lengths, as Johansson now envisioned.

Back home, Johansson converted his wife's Singer sewing machine to a grinding and lapping machine. He preferred to carry out this precision work at home, as the grinding machines at the rifle factory were not good enough. His wife, Margareta, helped him with the initial prototyping. Once Johansson had demonstrated his set at Carl Gustaf, his employer provided time and resources for him to develop the idea. Johansson was granted his first Swedish patent on 2 May 1901, SE patent No. 17017, called "Gauge Block Sets for Precision Measurement". Johansson formed the Swedish company CE Johansson AB (also known as 'CEJ') on 16 March 1917.

Johansson spent many years in America; during his life he crossed the Atlantic 22 times. The first CEJ gauge block set in America was sold to Henry M. Leland at the Cadillac Automobile Company around 1908. The first manufacturing plant in America for his gauge block sets was established in Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York, in 1919. The economic environment of the post–World War I recession and depression of 1920–21 did not turn out so well for the company, so in 1923 he wrote a letter to Henry Ford of the Ford Motor Company, where he proposed a cooperation in order to save his company. Henry Ford became interested, and on 18 November 1923 he began working for Henry Ford in Dearborn, Michigan. Hounshell (1984), citing Althin (1948) and various archive primary sources, says, "Henry Ford purchased the famous gaugemaking operation of the Swede C. E. Johansson in 1923 and soon moved it into the laboratory facility in Dearborn. Between 1923 and 1927, the Johansson division supplied 'Jo-blocks' to the Ford toolroom and any manufacturer who could afford them. It also made some of the Ford 'go' and 'no-go' gauges used in production as well as other precision production devices."

In the early 20th century, the U.S. inch was effectively defined as 25.4000508 mm (with a reference temperature of 68 °F) and the U.K. inch at 25.399977 mm (with a reference temperature of 62 °F). When Johansson started manufacturing gauge blocks in inch sizes in 1912, Johansson's compromise was to manufacture gauge blocks with a nominal size of 25.4mm, with a reference temperature of 20 °C, accurate to within a few parts per million of both official definitions. Because Johansson's blocks were so popular, his blocks became the de facto standard for manufacturers internationally, with other manufacturers of gauge blocks following Johansson's definition by producing blocks designed to be equivalent to his.

In 1930, the British Standards Institution adopted an inch of exactly 25.4 mm. The American Standards Association followed suit in 1933. By 1935, industry in 16 countries had adopted the "industrial inch" as it came to be known, effectively endorsing Johansson's pragmatic choice of conversion ratio.

In 1936, at the age of 72, Johansson felt it was time to retire and go back to Sweden. He was awarded the large gold medal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1943, shortly after his death.

In 1948 Brown & Sharpe bought the rights to the C.E. Johansson brand from Ford Motor Co., and blocks co-branded with the C.E. Johansson and Brown & Sharpe logos were made. Blocks co-branded with the C.E. Johansson and Ford logos are also sometimes still seen in use today.

Gauge pins
Similar to gauge blocks, these are precision-ground cylindrical bars, for use as plug gauges to measure hole diameters, or as parts of go/no go gauges or similar applications.

Gauge rollers and balls
These are supplied as sets of individual rollers or balls as used in roller or ball bearings or tool and die making applications. Calibration balls can be used to calibrate contact angle goniometers, CNC machines and similar equipment.

title: Gauge block


text: Category:The Decemberists albums

title: Category:The Decemberists albums


text:
D'Nealian

The D'Nealian Method (sometimes misspelled Denealian) is a style of writing and teaching handwriting based on Latin script which was developed between 1965 and 1978 by Donald N. Thurber (1927–2020) in Michigan, United States. Building on his experience as a primary school teacher, Thurber aimed to make the transition from print writing to cursive easier for learners.

History
Donald Neal Thurber (December 15, 1927 in Detroit, Michigan – January 6, 2020 in Monroe, Michigan) received a bachelor's degree from the University of Toledo and a master's degree from Eastern Michigan University. He began teaching elementary pupils in Luna Pier in 1953. While teaching first grade in 1961, Thurber examined what he regarded the illogic of handwriting education in the US. From 1965, he developed the D'Nealian Method as an alternative to teaching scripts then available. The name of the D'Nealian Method comes from Thurber's first name contracted with his middle name ("Neal"). Thurber's system of writing was first publicly introduced in the United States in 1978. Thurber eventually retired in 1984 as principal of Chapman Elementary School.

Description
The D'Nealian Method of handwriting is derived from the Palmer Method with an alphabet comprising two different sets of letters – one for print writing (sometimes also called "manuscript printing"), and one for cursive writing. Thirteen letters change shape between print and cursive, while the slant of 85 degrees, measured counterclockwise from the base line, does not change at all.

Thurber designed the D'Nealian Method to alleviate the problems with teaching children the traditional script method and the subsequent difficulty transitioning to cursive writing.

When learning the D'Nealian Method of handwriting, students are first taught a form of print writing devised by Thurber. The letters of D'Nealian print writing have many similarities with the cursive version. In the second step, so-called "monkey tails" are added to the print writing, which in the third step are joined together to form the D'Nealian cursive script.

Prevalence
When the D'Nealian Method was introduced in 1978, it quickly became popular and led to a significant decline in the use of the previously leading Zaner-Bloser Method. In theory, it is easier for children to learn and acquire basic handwriting skills using D'Nealian than traditional cursive methods.

It has been claimed that close to 90% of US schoolchildren who follow the traditional print-then-cursive route to handwriting are taught either the Zaner-Bloser or the D'Nealian alphabet.

Criticism
A key issue with Thurber's system is the manner of letter formation. The addition of so-called "monkey tails" to print writing as learners progress to cursive writing effectively adds a further step to the teaching and learning path. While some find such an additional step beneficial for a smooth transition from print writing to cursive, others view it as unnecessarily complicating how children are taught to write.

Another common issue is that D'Nealian is taught extremely early, to first and second grade students, many of whom are still learning the rudiments of print writing. At times, some school districts have abruptly changed their teaching of handwriting, possibly causing difficulties for students who must then adapt to a different style.

A 1993 research review by Steve Graham concludes that "there is no credible evidence" that D'Nealian makes a difference in children's handwriting. He also states that D'Nealian creates practical problems for teachers (who must themselves learn the system and defend it to parents) and that it requires many young children to unlearn writing forms that they have already developed before formal instruction.

title: D'Nealian


text: Category:Built to Spill albums

title: Category:Built to Spill albums


text:
User talk:Dscos/CoolcatDAO

Response on report

 * I kindly asked the user to take a 5 minute breathing period instead of responding in 5-10 secs. I do not enjoy resubmitting my arguments on different categories. There is no need to rush-answer. I assume we agreed on that as I did not have a single edit conflict after that. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:09, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The hole autority thing was user atempted to ignore my existance. I think I convinced him that ignoring me is not exactly how we discuss things on wikipedia. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:05, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Rudeness is what I hate myself, I apologise for my conduct however it was mostly triggered by the oposing pariy. I am not a statue and there is a limited amount of insults I can olerate. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:07, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * After seeing an AK-47 pointed at you while you are building a dam that will irrigate the region, you tend to not like the people who murdered your fellow engineers. PKK is bad as far as most of the Planet is concerened, including, NATO, US, EU, a requirement for EU membership is recognising PKK as a terrorist organisation. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:12, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not want Fadix or anyone to be punished, I want them to understand that insulting me or going on a personal crusade against me is not right. If that requires warnings or temporary bans, so be it. I tried talking to them. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:14, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dscos/CoolcatDAO


text:
Talk:Griot

Comments
I added "External links" and "See also" headings. Also a reference to "bard" which one will see in the literature as a rough English equivalent of jeli or griot. This may be a little problematic given the very specific take on Bard in the Wikipedia article (focusing on the Celtic usage).--A12n 23:50, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

I wanted to link the Toumani Diabate link on the Griot page to his Wiki page, which does exist (see under Kora (instrument) page). But I couldn't figure out how to set the internal link. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.58.64.25 (talk • contribs) 15:39, 1 April 2007

Are griots always male? --jh 24.8.142.67 (talk) 13:22, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

This page needs to be cleaned up. The "Edit" links are all messed up, and the Alex Haley section is awkwardly written. I added "thought" in the phrase, "he [thought] there should be griots telling his story..." but the whole section should be rewritten by someone more familiar with the book. In response to JH's question, the article says that griots are an endogamous caste that only marry other griots. This implies that griots are of both genders, but if that is not the case this should be revised for clarity. -JC —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.94.117.158 (talk) 21:17, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

My husband is a Wolof Griot, you are born it - it is not something learnt. And it's not for males only. Also for my husbands tribe at least they are the lowest, and they do not reject marriage to carry on griot tradition rather they are rejected for being Griot. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.98.228.218 (talk) 21:01, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

Igaouen
Igaouen (as mentioned in Mariem Hassan) redirects to this article, but there is no mention of it in the text. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 00:24, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

Etymology
The article says "The word may derive from the French transliteration "guiriot" of the Portuguese word "criado", or masculine singular term for "servant.", and a reference is asked for. Does anybody have a reference for this, or are there any more details on it?

The reason I ask is I just came from reading an account of a Portuguese traveller who spent much time in 16th C. Senegambia, and he describes what are clearly Griots. He puzzles a lot over them, provides a lot of interesting details, esp. on their lifestyle, social taboos & military functions at the time (which is not commonly found in the secondary literature). More interesting is their name. He usually gives local names for the various offices and functions of people he comes across, but for what are unmistakeably Griots he calls them simply "Jews" (Judeus). I am not sure why he does so, and he does not clarify - I don't think he is claiming they actually are Jews, he may be referring merely to their social position in Senegambian society (akin to Jews in Europe), or he may have heard their original name in Wolof/Serer/Mandinka, that it sounded to him something like "Judeu" and he went with that. If anyone has an article or reference on the etymological source of "Griot"/"Jali", it would be much appreciated. Walrasiad (talk) 09:02, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Becoming a Griot
Becoming a griot is education or being born into a family. (OF Griots)--65.60.195.122 (talk) 01:54, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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sona jobarteh
just to understand: why is sona jobarteh not mentioned here? not serious enough? HilmarHansWerner (talk) 15:13, 18 March 2020 (UTC)

First griot long time ago
Gassire 105.245.4.198 (talk) 18:54, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

"Griots are an ethnic group"
Not to claim knowledge of the subject, but I don't think this statement at the beginning of the Role section says what the author meant to say. Is the intended idea that griots are a culturally or ethnically specific role? Or is there some other sense in which they are a single people? Jyamine (talk) 16:09, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, thanks for pointing that out, . I'm not an expert either, but I found a couple of other sources and added a bit more which may clarify this a bit. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 10:53, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Griot


text:
Physical paradox

A physical paradox is an apparent contradiction in physical descriptions of the universe. While many physical paradoxes have accepted resolutions, others defy resolution and may indicate flaws in theory. In physics as in all of science, contradictions and paradoxes are generally assumed to be artifacts of error and incompleteness because reality is assumed to be completely consistent, although this is itself a philosophical assumption. When, as in fields such as quantum physics and relativity theory, existing assumptions about reality have been shown to break down, this has usually been dealt with by changing our understanding of reality to a new one which remains self-consistent in the presence of the new evidence.

Paradoxes relating to false assumptions

Certain physical paradoxes defy common sense predictions about physical situations. In some cases, this is the result of modern physics correctly describing the natural world in circumstances which are far outside of everyday experience. For example, special relativity has traditionally yielded two common paradoxes: the twin paradox and the ladder paradox. Both of these paradoxes involve thought experiments which defy traditional common sense assumptions about time and space. In particular, the effects of time dilation and length contraction are used in both of these paradoxes to create situations which seemingly contradict each other. It turns out that the fundamental postulate of special relativity that the speed of light is invariant in all frames of reference requires that concepts such as simultaneity and absolute time are not applicable when comparing radically different frames of reference.

Another paradox associated with relativity is Supplee's paradox which seems to describe two reference frames that are irreconcilable. In this case, the problem is assumed to be well-posed in special relativity, but because the effect is dependent on objects and fluids with mass, the effects of general relativity need to be taken into account. Taking the correct assumptions, the resolution is actually a way of restating the equivalence principle.

Babinet's paradox is that contrary to naïve expectations, the amount of radiation removed from a beam in the diffraction limit is equal to twice the cross-sectional area. This is because there are two separate processes which remove radiation from the beam in equal amounts: absorption and diffraction.

Similarly, there exists a set of physical paradoxes that directly rely on one or more assumptions that are incorrect. The Gibbs paradox of statistical mechanics yields an apparent contradiction when calculating the entropy of mixing. If the assumption that the particles in an ideal gas are indistinguishable is not appropriately taken into account, the calculated entropy is not an extensive variable as it should be.

Olbers' paradox shows that an infinite universe with a uniform distribution of stars necessarily leads to a sky that is as bright as a star. The observed dark night sky can be alternatively resolvable by stating that one of the two assumptions is incorrect. This paradox was sometimes used to argue that a homogeneous and isotropic universe as required by the cosmological principle was necessarily finite in extent, but it turns out that there are ways to relax the assumptions in other ways that admit alternative resolutions.

Mpemba paradox is that under certain conditions, hot water will freeze faster than cold water even though it must pass through the same temperature as the cold water during the freezing process. This is a seeming violation of Newton's law of cooling but in reality it is due to non-linear effects that influence the freezing process. The assumption that only the temperature of the water will affect freezing is not correct.

Paradoxes relating to unphysical mathematical idealizations

A common paradox occurs with mathematical idealizations such as point sources which describe physical phenomena well at distant or global scales but break down at the point itself. These paradoxes are sometimes seen as relating to Zeno's paradoxes which all deal with the physical manifestations of mathematical properties of continuity, infinitesimals, and infinities often associated with space and time. For example, the electric field associated with a point charge is infinite at the location of the point charge. A consequence of this apparent paradox is that the electric field of a point-charge can only be described in a limiting sense by a carefully constructed Dirac delta function. This mathematically inelegant but physically useful concept allows for the efficient calculation of the associated physical conditions while conveniently sidestepping the philosophical issue of what actually occurs at the infinitesimally-defined point: a question that physics is as yet unable to answer. Fortunately, a consistent theory of quantum electrodynamics removes the need for infinitesimal point charges altogether.

A similar situation occurs in general relativity with the gravitational singularity associated with the Schwarzschild solution that describes the geometry of a black hole. The curvature of spacetime at the singularity is infinite which is another way of stating that the theory does not describe the physical conditions at this point. It is hoped that the solution to this paradox will be found with a consistent theory of quantum gravity, something which has thus far remained elusive. A consequence of this paradox is that the associated singularity that occurred at the supposed starting point of the universe (see Big Bang) is not adequately described by physics. Before a theoretical extrapolation of a singularity can occur, quantum mechanical effects become important during the Planck era. Without a consistent theory, there can be no meaningful statement about the physical conditions associated with the universe before this point.

Another paradox due to mathematical idealization is D'Alembert's paradox of fluid mechanics. When the forces associated with two-dimensional, incompressible, irrotational, inviscid steady flow across a body are calculated, there is no drag. This is in contradiction with observations of such flows, but as it turns out a fluid that rigorously satisfies all the conditions is a physical impossibility. The mathematical model breaks down at the surface of the body, and new solutions involving boundary layers have to be considered to correctly model the drag effects.

Quantum mechanical paradoxes
A significant set of physical paradoxes are associated with the privileged position of the observer in quantum mechanics. Two of these are: These thought experiments supposedly to use principles frome quantum mechanics to derive conclusions that are seemingly contradictory.
 * 1) the EPR paradox and
 * 2) the Schrödinger's cat paradox,

In the case of Schrödinger's cat this takes the form of a seeming absurdity. A cat is placed in a box sealed off from observation with a quantum mechanical switch designed to kill the cat when appropriately deployed. While in the box, the cat is described as being in a quantum superposition of "dead" and "alive" states, though opening the box effectively collapses the cat's wave function to one of the two conditions.

In the case of the EPR paradox, quantum entanglement appears to allow for the physical impossibility of information transmitted faster than the speed of light, violating special relativity. Related to the EPR paradox is the phenomenon of quantum pseudo-telepathy in which parties who are prevented from communicating do manage to accomplish tasks that seem to require direct contact.

These paradoxes arise when quantum mechanic is interpreted incorrectly. For example, quantum mechanics makes no claim to represent "a cat". Quantum mechanics represents probabilities for the occurrence of specific events; it can predict the probability of the being alive when the box is opened. Likewise, the EPR paradox is a consequence of reasoning about two distinct "particles".

Speculative theories of quantum gravity that combine general relativity with quantum mechanics have their own associated paradoxes that are generally accepted to be artifacts of the lack of a consistent physical model that unites the two formulations. One such paradox is the black hole information paradox which points out that information associated with a particle that falls into a black hole is not conserved when the theoretical Hawking radiation causes the black hole to evaporate.

Causality paradoxes
A set of similar paradoxes occurs within the area of physics involving arrow of time and causality. One of these, the grandfather paradox, deals with the peculiar nature of causality in closed time-like loops. In its most crude conception, the paradox involves a person traveling back in time and murdering an ancestor who hadn't yet had a chance to procreate. The speculative nature of time travel to the past means that there is no agreed upon resolution to the paradox, nor is it even clear that there are physically possible solutions to the Einstein equations that would allow for the conditions required for the paradox to be met. Nevertheless, there are two common explanations for possible resolutions for this paradox that take on similar flavor for the explanations of quantum mechanical paradoxes. In the so-called self-consistent solution, reality is constructed in such a way as to deterministically prevent such paradoxes from occurring. This idea makes many free will advocates uncomfortable, though it is very satisfying to many philosophical naturalists. Alternatively, the many worlds idealization or the concept of parallel universes is sometimes conjectured to allow for a continual fracturing of possible worldlines into many different alternative realities. This would mean that any person who traveled back in time would necessarily enter a different parallel universe that would have a different history from the point of the time travel forward.

Another paradox associated with the causality and the one-way nature of time is Loschmidt's paradox which poses the question how can microprocesses that are time-reversible produce a time-irreversible increase in entropy. A partial resolution to this paradox is rigorously provided for by the fluctuation theorem which relies on carefully keeping track of time averaged quantities to show that from a statistical mechanics point of view, entropy is far more likely to increase than to decrease. However, if no assumptions about initial boundary conditions are made, the fluctuation theorem should apply equally well in reverse, predicting that a system currently in a low-entropy state is more likely to have been at a higher-entropy state in the past, in contradiction with what would usually be seen in a reversed film of a nonequilibrium state going to equilibrium. Thus, the overall asymmetry in thermodynamics which is at the heart of Loschmidt's paradox is still not resolved by the fluctuation theorem. Most physicists believe that the thermodynamic arrow of time can only be explained by appealing to low entropy conditions shortly after the Big Bang, although the explanation for the low entropy of the Big Bang itself is still debated.

Observational paradoxes
A further set of physical paradoxes are based on sets of observations that fail to be adequately explained by current physical models. These may simply be indications of the incompleteness of current theories. It is recognized that unification has not been accomplished yet which may hint at fundamental problems with the current scientific paradigms. Whether this is the harbinger of a scientific revolution yet to come or whether these observations will yield to future refinements or be found to be erroneous is yet to be determined. A brief list of these yet inadequately explained observations includes observations implying the existence of dark matter, observations implying the existence of dark energy, the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry, the GZK paradox, the heat death paradox, and the Fermi paradox.

title: Physical paradox


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/11th millennium

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 21:47, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

11th millennium
I'm not convinced of the need for this one. No scope for expansion for, oh, 7995 years or so. Grutness|hello? 01:09, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Dsmdgold 02:06, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for now, but list on Requested_articles with a note to recreate and expand in 7995 years. Barno 03:33, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's a definition at best.  --Fuzzball! (talk) 04:18, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Go ahead and Redirect to Future. That's what they did for 11th millennium AD and 12th millennium AD. Dave the Red (talk) 05:09, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, concur with Dave the Red. --bainer 05:34, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect although the most useful topic an encyclopedia could cover is the future. Klonimus 02:18, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but I guess that means I have to ditch my plans to write the entry about the upcoming 10,404 US Presidential Election. Arkyan 10:13, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You do know that the US is slated to be destroyed by UFO invasion in 4912, right? Oh and btw, delete. Radiant_* 09:42, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - there has SOME useful info which can be added (example offhand, though not relevant to this entry directly: Doctor Who reference from episode 2 "The End of the World" - the New Roman Empire in 12005). It is however reasonable that we should only keep millennial pages when there are references which can be added. --ThomasWinwood 14:17, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Ugo Betti

Ugo Betti (4 February 1892 in Camerino – 9 June 1953 in Rome) was an Italian judge, better known as an author, who is considered by many the greatest Italian playwright next to Pirandello.

Biography
Betti studied law in Parma at the time when World War I broke out, and he volunteered as a soldier. After the war he finished his studies and became a judge. Writing in his spare time, he published his first collections of poems in 1922. These, titled Il re pensieroso (The Thoughtful King), were written while he was in German captivity from 1917 to 18. La Padrona, his first play, was first performed in 1927, and the play's success made him devote himself entirely to the theatre. In 1931 he moved from Parma to Rome. In 1938 he was accused by the fascists of being a Jew and an anti-fascist. After World War II, he was accused of being a fascist, but was cleared of all charges. In his later years, he worked at the library of the Ministry of Justice.

Altogether he wrote 27 plays, the most highly regarded written in the final period of his career, from 1940 until his death. His works explore the nature of evil, the existential guilt experienced by his protagonists, and the theme of redemption. Sometimes referred to as "the Italian Kafka", the criminal investigation is a characteristic motif in his plays. In The Inquiry, the procedure moves gradually from the realistic to the metaphysical level, without it ever being clearly revealed what the object of the investigation is. His best-known play is probably Corruzione al Palazzo di Giustizia (Corruption in the Palace of Justice). In it, an investigation into the possibility of corruption in the judiciary implicates more and more people, until the investigator himself is driven to address his own culpability.

Works

 * Il re pensieroso (The Thoughtful King, 1922)
 * La Padrona (The Mistress of the House, 1926)
 * L'isola meravigliosa (1929)
 * Il diluvia (1931)
 * Una bella domenica di settembre (1935)
 * I nostri sogni (1936)
 * Frana allo scalo nord (Landslide at the North Station, 1936)
 * Il paese delle vacanze (Summertime, 1937)
 * Favola di Natale (1937)
 * Il cacciatore di anitre (The Duck Hunter, 1940)
 * Il diluvio (The Flood, 1943)
 * Spiritismo nell'antica casa (Spirit-Raising in the Old House, 1944)
 * Corruzione al Palazzo di Giustizia (Corruption in the Palace of Justice, 1944-1945)
 * Delitto all'isola delle capre (Crime on Goat-Island, 1946)
 * Ispezione (The Inquiry, 1947)
 * Aque turbate (Troubled Waters, 1948)
 * La regina e lgli insorti (The Queen and the Rebels, 1949)
 * Il giocatore (The Gambler, 1950)
 * L'aiuola bruciata (The Burnt Flowerbed, 1952)
 * La Fuggitiva (The Fugitive, 1953)

Selected filmography

 * A Woman Has Fallen (1941)
 * The Woman of Sin (1942)
 * Fourth Page (1942)
 * Yellow Hell (1942)
 * The Adulteress (1946)
 * Biraghin (1946)

Texts available in English

 * Three Plays. Edited by Gino Rizzo (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966). Includes The Inquiry, Goat Island, and The Gambler.
 * Three Plays. Translated by Henry Reed. (New York: Grove Press, 1958). Includes The Queen and the Rebels, Summertime, and The Burnt Flowerbed.
 * Three Plays on Justice. Translated by G. H. McWilliam. (San Francisco: Chandler Publishing, 1964). Includes Landslide, Struggle Till Dawn, and The Fugitive.

title: Ugo Betti


text:
USS Paul Jones (DD-230)

USS Paul Jones (DD-230/AG–120) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. It was the third ship named for John Paul Jones.

Construction and commissioning
Paul Jones was laid down 23 December 1919 and launched 30 September 1920 from William Cramp & Sons; sponsored by Miss Ethel Bagley; and commissioned 19 April 1921.

Service history
After shakedown, Paul Jones joined the Atlantic Fleet for maneuvers, training, and coastal operations until transferred to the Pacific in 1923. She crossed the Pacific and joined the Asiatic Fleet in protecting American interest in the troubled Far East. Paul Jones participated in the Yangtze River Patrol and was assigned other patrol duties along the China coast, while making occasional voyages to and from Manila.

As flagship of Destroyer Squadron 29, Asiatic Fleet, she received the news of the attack on Pearl Harbor 8 December 1941, at Tarakan, Borneo, and immediately prepared for action. She got underway with USS Marblehead (CL-12), USS Stewart (DD-224), USS Barker (DD-213), and USS Parrott (DD-218) for Makassar Strait and for the remainder of December acted as picket boat in the vicinity of Lombok Strait and Soerabaja Harbor, Java.

Her first war orders were to contact Dutch Naval Units for instructions pertaining to the search for a submarine in the Java Sea, which was reported to have sunk the Dutch vessel Langkoems, contact her survivors on Bawean Island and check the waters for additional survivors. Paul Jones was unable to make contact with the submarine, but rescued Dutch crewmen. On 9 January 1942, after a Japanese submarine had sunk a second Dutch merchantman, Paul Jones saved 101 men from drifting life-boats. With HNLMS Van Ghent, she salvaged the abandoned U.S. Army cargo vessel USAT Liberty, 12 January, and towed it safely to Tulamben, Bali. She joined a raiding group consisting of three other destroyers: USS John D. Ford (DD-228), USS Pope (DD-225), and Parrott, along with cruisers Marblehead and USS Boise (CL-47), hoping to intercept a large enemy convoy heading southward toward Balikpapan. Boise retired early from the group because of a grounding mishap and Marblehead developed a faulty turbine forcing her to reduce speed and remain behind the destroyers to act as cover for withdrawal. The destroyers engaged the Japanese convoy and its screening warships the night of 23/24 January. Despite overwhelming odds, they came out of the fracas with only minor damage to John D. Ford. The enemy suffered losses from the torpedo attacks launched by the destroyers as they raced back and forth through the transport formation.

On 5 February Paul Jones rendezvoused with SS Tidore off Sumbawa Island to escort her to Timor. Shortly after they joined up, they were attacked by three separate groups of Japanese bombers. Paul Jones successfully dodged approximately 20 bombs, but Tidore was aground and a total loss. Fifteen crew members were picked up from a life boat, five were taken off the stricken vessel, and six more were gathered from the beaches. Paul Jones then steamed on to Java.

The American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA) commenced sweeps 24 February in search of enemy surface forces which might be attempting to make landings in the Java area, and to give what opposition they could to the Japanese advance. They encountered a Japanese covering force in the afternoon of 27 February and the Allies opened fire, beginning the Battle of the Java Sea. By 18:21, Paul Jones had expended her torpedoes. Dangerously low on fuel, she retreated to Soerabaja. The next morning Paul Jones and three other U.S. destroyers escaped encirclement by Japanese forces closing on all sides of Java, by hugging close to the shore line and laying smoke at high speed when sighted in the Bali Strait. Paul Jones and John D. Ford later escorted USS Black Hawk (AD-9) on to Fremantle, Australia, arriving 4 March.

Following repairs at Fremantle and Melbourne, Paul Jones sailed 12 May for San Francisco. She reached San Francisco 29 June and was assigned convoy escort duty between California and Pearl Harbor which continued until the end of March 1943.

Sailing in company with Parrott and Barker, Paul Jones departed San Francisco 30 March, transited the Panama Canal 6 May and reported to New York where she commenced convoy escort duty 28 May between North African ports and the U.S.

Convoy assignments were carried out until April 1944, when Paul Jones was assigned temporarily to antisubmarine (ASW) patrol seaward of Chesapeake Bay. She then made convoy runs to several United Kingdom ports before being assigned as training ship for newly commissioned submarines at Balboa, Panama Canal Zone, which commenced 9 November and terminated 6 April 1945, when she sailed for New York. She was next assigned to a task group consisting of oilers and destroyers serving as an at-sea terminus tanker group, for the purpose of refueling escorts of east and west bound convoys between Horta, Azores and Casablanca, French Morocco.

Paul Jones moored at Norfolk, Virginia 11 June, and was assigned as a plane guard destroyer for USS Lake Champlain (CV-39), in which capacity she served until 4 August, when she sailed independently from Guantanamo Bay to return to Norfolk in preparation for inactivation. She was reclassified as a miscellaneous auxiliary (AG–120) as of 30 June 1945.

In October, she was stripped and assigned to the Commandant 5th Naval District for administrative purposes. She decommissioned 5 November 1945, was struck from the Naval Vessel Register 28 November 1945, and sold 5 October 1947 to the Northern Metal Company, Norfolk, which scrapped her in April 1948.

Awards

 * Yangtze Service Medal
 * China Service Medal
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars
 * European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
 * World War II Victory Medal

Legacy
A display featuring the photographs of Paul Jones 1921 commissioning crew is on display at the Brick Alley Pub in Newport, Rhode Island.

title: USS Paul Jones (DD-230)


text:
Firdos Square

Al-Firdos Square (ساحة الفردوس) is a public open space in central Baghdad, Iraq. It is named after the Persian word Ferdows, which means "paradise". The site has been the location of several monumental artworks.

Al-Firdos Square is located in the middle of al-Sa'doun Street and between Tahrir and Kahramana squares and in front of the 17th of Ramadan Mosque. The square is also located opposite the Abu Nawas Street which overlooks the Tigris River. The two of the best-known hotels in Baghdad, the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar, are located on the square.

The square is rather infamous for the toppling of the Statue of former-Iraqi President Saddam Hussein during the US-led invasion of Iraq. The image of the toppling was shown across the world and became a symbol of western victory in Iraq. At the same time, became a symbol of American Propaganda. The square is also the site of the killing of two journalists in the Palestine Hotel on the 8th of April.

History
The roundabout in the center of al-Firdos Square has been the site of several monuments beginning with the completion of the monumental arch The Unknown Soldier in 1959. It was subsequently replaced by the statue of Saddam Hussein that was removed by U.S. coalition forces during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. A green, abstract sculpture by Bassem Hamad al-Dawiri was commissioned to replace the Saddam statue. In 2009, the architect of the Monument to the Unknown Soldier Rifat Chadirji expressed interest in rebuilding the monument on its original site. As of 2013, the al-Dawiri statue and the surrounding columns have been removed from al-Firdos Square.

Statue of Saddam Hussein
In April 2002, a 12 m statue, designed by Iraqi sculptor, Khalid Ezzat, was erected in honor of Saddam Hussein's 65th birthday.

In 2003, the statue was pulled down by Iraqi citizens, with the help of American forces during the invasion of Iraq in front of a crowd of around a hundred Iraqis. The event was widely televised, and some of this footage was criticized for exaggerating the size of the crowd. Robert Fisk described it as "the most staged photo opportunity since Iwo Jima".

Replacement statue
The site of statue now houses a green, abstract sculpture intended to symbolize freedom, designed by sculptor Bassem Hamad al-Dawiri and built by a group of artists calling themselves Najin (The Survivors). The replacement sculpture was constructed quickly and completed within months of its predecessor's removal.

Of necessity, the statue makes use of basic construction materials and methods. It is made of painted plaster, seven meters (23 feet) in height, and includes a symbolic Iraqi family holding aloft a crescent moon, which represents Islam, and the sun represents the ancient Sumerian civilization.

2005 protest
On April 9, 2005, the second anniversary of the invasion of Iraq, the square was the center of a large-scale demonstration from tens of thousands of Iraqis protesting the American occupation. The demonstration was organized by Muqtada al-Sadr, a Shi'a cleric, and supported by Sheikh Abd al-Zahra al-Suwaid, a follower of the Green Party. Suwaid was quoted as stating to the gathered "The rally must be peaceful. You should demand the withdrawal of the occupation forces and press for quicker trials for Saddam Hussein and his aides before an Iraqi court."

Reconstruction of the square
The square remained an empty desert for years despite the large sums of money that entered the country. There was many attempts by the Municipality to rehabilitate the square until recently in 2020, the Iraqi private sector, through the Association of Iraqi Private Banks and in cooperation with the Central Bank, completely reconstructed the square and opened it to the public in hopes to leave behind its past and transform it into a cultural hub.

title: Firdos Square


text:
User:Ambi~enwiki/To-do list/Somewhat newer

 * User:Ambi/To-do list/Old
 * User:Ambi/To-do list/Nearly as old
 * Really useful site when writing about former CLP ministers

Most important things

 * 1) Rewrite Barnaby Joyce
 * 2) Alannah and Madeline Foundation
 * 3) National Parliament of East Timor
 * 4) University of Papua New Guinea
 * 5) Education in Papua New Guinea
 * 6) National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
 * 7) User:Ambi/Members of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea, 2002-2007
 * 8) Bougainville House of Representatives
 * 9) Grass Roots

Needing updating

 * Jodeen Carney
 * Gerry Wood
 * Zurab Zhvania

Activists, Dissidents, Protests and related events

 * Chen Yonglin
 * David Syme
 * Ljubisa Savic-Mauzer
 * Ivan Cooper
 * Mick Dodson
 * Richmond Secondary College protests
 * Tasty nightclub raid
 * Srdjan Knezevic

Bad guys

 * Dany Toussaint
 * Dimitrije Ljotic
 * Milan Acimovic
 * Phuong Ngo
 * Thomas John Ley
 * Tontons Macoute

Balkans topics

 * Pale
 * White Wolves

Caucasian and Central Asian topics

 * Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
 * Georgian-Abkhaz conflict
 * Tbilisi and associated articles

Education

 * Australian National University Students Association
 * Bob Jones University
 * List of university libraries
 * List of student organisations in Australia
 * University of Botswana
 * University of New England Students Association
 * University of New England Union

Elections

 * New South Wales legislative election, 2003
 * Northern Territory legislative election, 2005
 * South Australian legislative election, 2002
 * Victorian legislative election, 2002
 * Western Australian legislative election, 2005

Music

 * bassinthegrass/bassinthedust
 * Combo La Revelacion
 * Machine Translations
 * Screamfeeder

Political parties

 * Australian Democrats
 * City-Country Alliance
 * Country Labor Party
 * Country Liberal Party
 * Reform The Legal System
 * Unity Party

Politicians (need articles)

 * Dawn Lawrie
 * Jo Vallentine
 * Kate Reynolds
 * Lara Giddings
 * Trevor Kaine

Politicians (need fixing or expansion)

 * Brendan Smyth
 * Kate Carnell
 * Loraine Braham
 * Natasha Stott Despoja
 * Maurice Bishop
 * Rosemary Follett
 * Petro Georgiou

Other political topics

 * Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
 * Palmer Inquiry
 * table-ise Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1996-1998

Sports

 * A-League
 * National Soccer League (Australia)
 * Hunter Jaegers (useful template)
 * Melbourne Phoenix
 * AIS Darters

Television

 * James Nesbitt
 * The Secret Life of Us

Writers

 * Anne Tyler
 * Dervla Murphy
 * Jackie Huggins
 * List of Australian Broadcasting Corporation programs (and others)

 * 1958-1961 House list
 * La Porchetta


text:
Cross Street Market

The Cross Street Market is a historic marketplace built in the 19th century in Federal Hill, Baltimore, United States. It runs the full length of Cross Street in between Light Street and Charles Street.

The market has undergone an $8.4 million redevelopment as of spring 2019. Stalls within the market were closed for renovations since fall of 2018.

title: Cross Street Market


text:
User talk:Matz~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 01:11, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Matz. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Matz~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Matz~enwiki


text:
Ogasawara Nagatoki

Ogasawara Nagatoki (小笠原長時) (November 9, 1519 – April 17, 1583) was a Japanese samurai daimyō of Shinano Province in the Sengoku period.

In 1542, Shinano Province was invaded by Takeda Shingen, and Ogasawara allied with Murakami Yoshikiyo, Suwa Yorishige, and Kiso Yoshiyasu in an attempt to stop him. They met Takeda Shingen's forces at the Battle of Sezawa on 9 March 1542, and were defeated.

Following this defeat, and the conquest of his lands, Ogasawara allied himself with Uesugi Kenshin, Takeda's primary rival. He fought alongside Takatō Yoritsugu in 1545, ultimately failing in their defense against the first siege of Takatō Castle. Ogasawara was defeated by Shingen again several years later, in the 1548 Battle of Shiojiritoge, in which he was hit by a surprise attack at dawn; many of his men were killed as they reached for weapons and armor. His losing streak continued the following year, when Shingen seized a number of fortresses, including Fukashi (now Matsumoto Castle), in the Siege of Fukashi.

This final, bitter loss caused Ogasawara Nagatoki to retreat to Kyoto, where he taught horsemanship and archery (Kyūdō) until his murder in 1583. Some of his descendants became daimyo in the Edo period, most notably as rulers of the Kokura Domain.

title: Ogasawara Nagatoki