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Entlebuch

Entlebuch is a municipality in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district of Entlebuch. The area has been designated a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2001.

History
Entlebuch is first mentioned in 1157, as Entilibuoch, Entelinbuoch. It was in possession of St. Blasien monastery at the time, later passing to the local lords of Wolhusen, who sold it to the House of Habsburg before 1300. It was held by a number of Habsburg reeves during the 14th century, until the Habsburgs lost control of the area to Lucerne following the Battle of Sempach (1386). Entlebuch received the right to hold a market in 1513. From 1596 it was the administrative seat of Entlebuch bailiwick (predecessor of the modern Entlebuch District). A fulling mill was built in 1651, a dyeing mill in 1720. A new church was built in 1776–1780. More textile manufactories were built in the 1840s to 1850s by Johann Ackermann, united into a textile company in 1867 (the factory ceased production in 1971, the company survives as Ackermann Versandhaus AG A hydroelectric plant for the factory was built in 1905 and remains operational.  The municipality was established in 1798. Settlement of the Entle valley commenced relatively late, with a population of about 2,200 in the 1450s, 5,400 in 1715 (Entlebuch parish: 1,470 in 1745). Population in Entlebuch municipality rose during the first half of the 19th century, from 1,830 in 1798 to 3,085 in 1850, as a result of industrialisation. It declined again after 1850, reaching 2,677 in 1900, and rose again only slightly during the 20th century, to 3,366 in 2000.

Geography
Entlebuch has an area of 57 km2. Of this area, 50.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 42.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (3.6%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). , 42.61% of the total land area was forested. Of the agricultural land, 48.86% is used for farming or pastures, while 1.19% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the settled areas, 1.86% is covered with buildings, 0.21% is industrial, 0.16% is classed as special developments, 0.02% is parks or greenbelts and 1.46% is transportation infrastructure. Of the unproductive areas, 0.84% is unproductive flowing water (rivers) and 2.79% is other unproductive land.

The municipality is located on the right bank of the Entlen and the Kleine Emme rivers. The village of Entlebuch is located at the confluence of the Entlen into the Emme. It consists of the village of Entlebuch and village sections of Ebnet, Finsterwald, Rengg, Rotmoos, Gfellen (since 1970 a ski resort) and the exclave of Dieplischwand an der Fontanne.

Demographics
Entlebuch has a population (as of ) of. , 4.4% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -3.4%. Most of the population speaks German  (96.7%), with Albanian being second most common (0.7%) and Italian being third (0.6%).

In the 2007 election the most popular party was the CVP which received 43% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (29.7%), the FDP (21.3%) and the SPS (2.5%).

The age distribution in Entlebuch is; 862 people or 26.2% of the population is 0–19 years old. 815 people or 24.8% are 20–39 years old, and 1,035 people or 31.5% are 40–64 years old. The senior population distribution is 400 people or 12.2% are 65–79 years old, 151 or 4.6% are 80–89 years old and 23 people or 0.7% of the population are 90+ years old. In Entlebuch about 58.5% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). there are 1,157 households, of which 326 households (or about 28.2%) contain only a single individual. 211 or about 18.2% are large households, with at least five members. there were 672 inhabited buildings in the municipality, of which 409 were built only as housing, and 263 were mixed use buildings. There were 239 single family homes, 96 double family homes, and 74 multi-family homes in the municipality. Most homes were either two (230) or three (122) story structures. There were only 22 single story buildings and 35 four or more story buildings.

Entlebuch has an unemployment rate of 0.84%. , there were 463 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 178 businesses involved in this sector. 399 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 48 businesses in this sector. 1030 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 97 businesses in this sector. 47% of the population of the municipality were employed in some capacity. At the same time, females made up 38.1% of the workforce.

the religious membership of Entlebuch was; 2,950 (87.6%) were Roman Catholic, and 148 (4.4%) were Protestant, with an additional 19 (0.56%) that were of some other Christian faith. There are 67 individuals (1.99% of the population) who are Muslim. Of the rest; there were 11 (0.33%) individuals who belong to another religion, 41 (1.22%) who do not belong to any organized religion, 130 (3.86%) who did not answer the question.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Weather
Entlebuch has an average of 150.5 days of rain per year and on average receives 1487 mm of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Entlebuch receives an average of 173 mm of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 13.2 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 15.1, but with only 148 mm of precipitation. The driest month of the year is October with an average of 91 mm of precipitation over 13.2 days.

title: Entlebuch


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Cross-border leasing

Cross-border leasing is a leasing arrangement where lessor and lessee are situated in different countries. This presents significant additional issues related to tax avoidance and tax shelters.

Cross-border leasing has been widely used in some European countries, to arbitrage the difference in the tax laws of different jurisdictions, usually between a European country and the United States. Typically, this rests on the fact that, for tax purposes, some jurisdictions assign ownership and the attendant depreciation allowances to the entity that has legal title to an asset, while others (like the U.S.) assign it to the entity that has the most indicia of tax ownership (legal title being only one of several factors taken into account). In these cases, with sufficiently long leases (often 99 years), an asset can end up with two effective owners, one in each jurisdiction; this is often referred to as a double-dip lease.

Often the original owner of an asset is not subject to taxation in any jurisdiction, and therefore not able to claim depreciation. The transaction often involves a city selling an asset (such as a sewerage system or power plant) to an investor (who can claim depreciation), and long-term leasing it right back (often referred to as a sale leaseback). However, since 2004 cross border leasing has been effectively eliminated by the passage of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, which made the vast majority of cross border leases unprofitable.

History
Leasing techniques have been used for financing purposes for several decades in the United States. The practice developed as a method of financing aircraft. Several airlines in the early 1970s were notoriously unprofitable and very capital intensive. These airlines had no need for the depreciation deductions generated by their aircraft and were significantly more interested in reducing their operating expenses. A very prominent bank would purchase aircraft and lease them to the airlines. Because the bank was able to claim depreciation deductions for the aircraft, the bank was able to offer lease rates significantly lower than the interest payments that airlines would otherwise pay on an aircraft purchase loan (and most commercial aircraft flying today are operated under a lease). In the United States, this spread into leasing the assets of U.S. cities and governmental entities and eventually evolved into cross-border leasing.

One significant evolution of the leasing industry involved the collateralization of lease obligations in sale leaseback transactions. For example, a city would sell an asset to a bank. The bank would require lease payments and give the city an option to repurchase the asset. The lease obligations were low enough (due to the depreciation deductions the banks were now claiming) that the city could pay for the lease obligations and fund the repurchase of the asset by depositing most but not all of the sale proceeds in an interest-bearing account. This resulted in the city having pre-funded all of its lease obligations as well as its option to repurchase the asset from the bank for less than the amount received in the initial sale of the asset, in which case the city would be left with additional cash after having pre-funded all of its lease obligations.

This gave the appearance of cities entering into leasing transactions with banks for a fee. By the late 1990s many of the leasing transactions were with cities in Europe, and in 1999 cross border leasing in the United States was "chilled" by the effective shutdown of LILOs (lease-in/lease outs). (LILOs were significantly more complicated than the typical lease where a municipality (for example) would lease an asset to a bank and then lease it back from the bank for a shorter period of time; LILOs relied on arcane rules of tax accounting to yield significant returns and are currently on a list of transaction types that the U.S. tax authority considers abusive.) Since 2004 cross border leasing has been effectively eliminated by the passage of the JOBS ACT of 2004, which made the vast majority of cross border leases unprofitable for the parties to the leasing transaction.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cross-border leasing


text:
Talk:Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Helloimustbegoing.jpg
Image:Helloimustbegoing.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:53, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 8 external links on Hello, I Must Be Going! (album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121102090749/http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Phil+Collins to http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Phil+Collins
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 * Added tag to http://www.top40.nl/search.aspx?keyword=phil+collins
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110101061340/http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Phil+Collins to http://www.austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Phil+Collins
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111230200312/http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Phil+Collins to http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Phil+Collins
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5hFf8iFDu?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcharts.ie%2Fsearch%2Fplacement to http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement

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External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. Community Tech bot (talk) 23:21, 11 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I must be going alt.jpg

Singles
Para two says EIGHT tracks released as singles. Infobox only lists SEVEN. -- SGBailey (talk) 21:49, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)


text: User talk:69.233.7.202

title: User talk:69.233.7.202


text:
Waxahachie (YTB-814)

Waxahachie (YTB-814), sometimes misspelled Waxahatchie, was a United States Navy Natick-class large harbor tug named for Waxahachie, Texas.

Construction
The contract for Waxahachie was awarded 22 June 1970. She was laid down on 1 April 1971 at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, by Peterson Builders and launched 9 September 1971.

Operational history
Delivered to the Navy on 4 January 1972 at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Waxahachie was assigned to the 14th Naval District. She continued to serve the fleet actively, providing tug and tow services, as well as pilot assistance, at the busy Pacific Fleet base at Pearl Harbor into 1980.

On 3 August 2007, she was reclassified as an unclassified miscellaneous vessel, stripped of her name, and given the hull number IX-545. For the remainder of her career, IX-545 served as a reusable target vehicle.

Stricken from the Navy Directory on 27 September 2011, the former Waxahachie awaits disposal.

title: Waxahachie (YTB-814)


text: User:Talrias/Templates/meta/fac

title: User:Talrias/Templates/meta/fac


text:
Bonk

Bonk may refer to:

People

 * Bonk (surname)

Arts and entertainment

 * Bonk (video game series), a caveman character and video game series
 * Bonk!, a soft drink company in the first-person shooting game Team Fortress 2
 * Bonk (album), an album by Big Pig
 * Bonk, an early 1980s new wave band fronted by vocalist Barry Flynn of the Big Supreme
 * Bonk Business, a fictional corporation

Other uses

 * Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex, a 2008 book by Mary Roach
 * 14965 Bonk, a main-belt asteroid
 * Bonk (audio format) supported by fre:ac (formerly known as BonkEnc)
 * The bonk, or hitting the wall, sudden fatigue and loss of energy in endurance sports

title: Bonk


text:
Talk:Bonk

Emphasis of meanings
Webster's gives one meaning for "bonk", namely to hit. It doesn't say it is slang, or British. The online COD mentions "hit" as the first meaning, again not saying it is slang or British. Google's "define:bonk" has many references to glycogen depletion, sex and hitting. I've never seen "an attractive person" used LachlanA 18:11, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * what about as a noise? 65.3.67.95 (talk) 16:07, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bonk


text:
Agostino Cacciavillan

Agostino Cacciavillan (14 August 1926 – 5 March 2022) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, and a cardinal since 2001. He worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1959 to 1998; he was given the titles of archbishop and nuncio in 1998 and served as Pro-Nuncio to Kenya, India, Nepal, and the United States between 1976 and 1998. He then worked in the Roman Curia from 1998 to 2002 as President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See.

Early life
Cacciavillan was born on 14 August 1926 in Novale di Valdagno; he had eight siblings. He studied at the seminary of Vicenza, and was ordained to the priesthood on 26 June 1949. He served as a curate for three years and then obtained a licentiate in social sciences at the Pontifical Gregorian University and at Sapienza University earned a doctorate in jurisprudence. In preparation for a diplomat’s career, he completed the course of study at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1957.

Diplomatic career
Cacciavillan entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1959. He served as secretary of the nunciature to the Philippines (1960–1964), of the nunciature to Spain (1964–1968), and of the nunciature to Portugal (1968). From 1969 to 1974, he worked in the Vatican Secretariat of State, where he was also head of the Office of Information and Documentation. He was raised to the rank of Honorary Prelate on 26 August 1973.

On 17 January 1976, Cacciavillan was appointed Pro-Nuncio to Kenya and Apostolic Delegate to the Seychelles, as well as Titular Archbishop of Amiternum, by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on 21 February from Cardinal Jean-Marie Villot, with Archbishop Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy and Bishop Carlo Fanton serving as co-consecrators, at St. Peter's Basilica. He selected as his episcopal motto: "In Virtute Dei".

While nuncio to Kenya, Cacciavillan also served as Permanent Observer to the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme. He was named Pro-Nuncio to India on 9 May 1981, and the first Pro-Nuncio to Nepal on 30 April 1985. On 13 June 1990, he was named to succeed Archbishop Pio Laghi as Pro-Nuncio to the United States and Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the Organization of American States. He also served as the Holy See's representative to the World Association of Jurists.

While nuncio to the United States, Cacciavillan recalled years later, he received a phone call in 1994 from a woman warning of a "media scandal" if Pope John Paul II's 1995 visit to the United States included Newark, New Jersey where Archbishop Theodore McCarrick was the subject of rumors about inappropriate behavior with seminarians. He said that he forwarded the information to Cardinal John O'Connor, Archbishop of New York, and did not contact the Vatican. He was instrumental in the promotion of McCarrick to the see of Washington in 1999 over O'Connor's objections. In a letter to Cardinal Re, who had asked him for advice on McCarrick at the request of Pope John Paul II, Cacciavillan argued that no enquiry should be made into these letters' claims because "Nothing new would be learned, and worse, a 'trial situation' could be created against Msgr. McCarrick, leaving the impression of great concern, which would have the effect of receiving answers in harmony with the expressed concern, rather than a de-dramatization, whereas a de-dramatization might perhaps be justified."

Curia career
On 5 November 1998, Pope John Paul II appointed Cacciavillan to a five-year term as President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See (APAS). He was created Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Angeli Custodi a Città Giardino in the consistory of 21 February 2001. He retired as President of the APAS when his resignation was accepted and he was replaced as president on 1 October 2002 by Attilio Nicora. Cacciavillan was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI.

Cacciavillan, as the longest serving cardinal deacon, was Cardinal Protodeacon, the cardinal who makes the Habemus Papam announcement upon the conclusion of a papal conclave, from 1 March 2008, when Cardinal Darío Castrillón Hoyos became a cardinal priest until 21 February 2011, when he became a cardinal priest himself. In the Roman Curia, he was a member of the Congregation for Bishops, Congregation for the Oriental Churches, Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Congregation for the Causes of Saints, Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts, Pontifical Commission for Latin America, and Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. He lost these positions on reaching his 80th birthday.

Cacciavillan died at his residence in Vatican City, in the early hours of the morning on 5 March 2022, at the age of 95.

title: Agostino Cacciavillan


text:
Rashi script

The Rashi script or Sephardic script (כְּתַב רַשִׁ״י) is a typeface for the Hebrew alphabet based on 15th-century Sephardic semi-cursive handwriting. It is named for the rabbinic commentator Rashi, whose works are customarily printed in the typeface (though Rashi himself died several hundred years before the script came into use). It was taken as a model by early Hebrew typographers such as Abraham Garton, the Soncino family and Daniel Bomberg in their editions of commented texts (such as the Mikraot Gedolot and the Talmud, in which Rashi's commentaries prominently figure).

History
The initial development of typefaces for the printing press was often anchored in a pre-existing manuscript culture. In the case of the Hebrew press, the tradition of using square or block letters were cast for Biblical and other important works prevailed. However, secondary religious texts such as rabbinic commentaries, were commonly set with a semi-cursive form of Sephardic origin, ultimately normalised as the Rashi typeface.

A corresponding but distinctive semi-cursive typeface was used for printing Yiddish. It was termed mashket or vaybertaytsh, the Yiddish word vayber meaning "women" (Weiber) and taytsh being an archaic word for "German" (Deutsch), since works printed in mashket were often intended for a female readership.

Ladino usage
Besides usage for the Hebrew language, an adapted form of Rashi script alphabet is commonly used for writing Ladino language texts in the Hebrew alphabet. To express additional fricative sounds found in Ladino, the alphabet is expanded by adding diacritic marks to existing letters. Whereas in block print a Hebrew letter is typically modified by an adjacent geresh, in the Rashi script, new letters are formed by adding a breve-shaped varrica ("little crossbar") rafe diacritic ⟨ﬞ◌⟩ directly onto a letter. Historically, a cursive script known as "solitreo" served as the standard handwritten form of Ladino in the Balkans and Turkey, which complemented the Rashi script character set used for printing.

title: Rashi script


text:
User:Talrias/Templates/Pale version

Featured article after PR and VFD and part of a WikiProject

 * Note: I'm not sure if the Wikiproject templates should be redone. See the talk page.

title: User:Talrias/Templates/Pale version


text:
Austin Cambridge

 * See Austin 10 for the Cambridge models of 1937 to 1947.
 * See Austin A40 for other A40 models.

The Austin Cambridge (sold as A40, A50, A55, and A60) is a medium-sized motor car range produced by the Austin Motor Company, in several generations, from September 1954 through to 1971 as cars and to 1973 as light commercials. It replaced the A40 Somerset and was entirely new, with modern unibody construction. The range had two basic body styles with the A40, A50, and early A55 using a traditional rounded shape and later A55 Mark IIs and A60s using Pininfarina styling.

The A40 number was re-used on a smaller car (the Austin A40 Farina) from 1958 to 1968, and the Cambridge name had previously been used to designate one of the available body styles on the pre-war 10 hp range.

The Austin Cambridge was initially offered only with a four-passenger, four-door saloon body, although a few pre-production two-door models were also made. It had a modern body design with integrated wings and a full-width grille. Independent suspension was provided at the front by coil springs and wishbones while a live axle with anti-roll bar was retained at the rear.

A van derivative introduced in November 1956 and a coupé utility (pick up) introduced in May 1957 and remained available until 1974, some three years after the demise of the cars on which they had been based.

A40 Cambridge
A 1.2-litre straight-four pushrod engine B-Series engine based on the one used in the previous Austin Somerset (although sharing no parts) powered the new Austin Cambridge. A maximum power output of 42 bhp was claimed: power was transmitted to the wheels by means of a four-speed gear box controlled with a column-mounted lever.

The A40 Cambridge was intended to be available in both two-door saloon and four-door saloon variants; however, the two-door body style did not reach production.

Only 30,666 A40 Cambridge models were produced. After the A40 Cambridge was dropped early in 1957, the A40 name was re-used on the smaller A40 Farina, though that car, the 'Countryman' version of which was an early example of a hatchback, was neither a replacement nor much related to the A40 Cambridge.

A50 Cambridge
Also introduced in September 1954, and with a body identical to that of the A40 Cambridge, was the A50 Cambridge which used a new 1.5-litre (1,489 cc) B-Series four-cylinder engine with single Zenith carburettor which was good for 50 hp (37 kW). It sold better and remained in production through to 1957 with 114,867 A50s being produced

The deluxe version had a heater, leather seat facings, carpets replacing the standard rubber matting, armrests on the doors, twin-tone horns, a passenger sun visor, and some extra chrome, including overriders.

Technical advances in the A50 Cambridge included an optional Borg-Warner overdrive unit for the top three (of four) gears. A semi-automatic transmission (branded "manumatic" and providing pedal-free clutch operation) was also offered, but it was unpopular with buyers.

A number of modifications were introduced in October 1956, including smaller 13 in wheels and an increased compression ratio (8.3:1).

A deluxe version tested by The Motor magazine in 1955, had a top speed of 73.6 mph and could accelerate from 0–60 mph in 28.8 seconds. A fuel consumption of 28.0 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £720 including taxes.

A radio and a clock were optional extras.

As with its predecessor A40 Somerset, the A50 Cambridge was built under licence by Nissan in Japan; the arrangement ended in 1959. In total, 20,855 licensed Austin vehicles were produced by Nissan in Japan between 1953 and 1959.

A55 Cambridge
In January 1957, the A55 Cambridge was introduced to replace the A50 model. It used the same 1.5-litre B-Series engine as its predecessor, though with a higher compression ratio. It was rated at 51 hp (38 kW) at 4,250 rpm.

The Cambridge had been restyled somewhat and now had a larger boot and much larger rear window. The car was also lowered by fitting 13 in road wheels which were smaller than those on the A50 but the overall gearing remained the same by changing the rear axle ratio. Two-tone paint was an option.

Some 154,000 were produced before it was replaced by a new Pininfarina-designed A55 Cambridge for 1959.

A deluxe A55 with manumatic transmission was tested by The Motor magazine in 1957 had a top speed of 77.1 mph and could accelerate from 0-60 mph in 27.0 seconds. A fuel consumption of 31.6 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £870 including taxes of £291.

Half-ton commercials
Half-ton commercial models based on the A55 were introduced in 1957. The van was released in February and was followed in May by pick-up, chassis and cab and chassis and scuttle models. Contemporary sales literature used the term "Austin ½ ton van and pick-up".

In October 1962, new models were introduced with a restyled front end and bumper, chrome side mouldings, 14" wheels, and various interior refinements. Morris-badged van and pick-up models also were now offered. From September 1963, the commercial models were fitted with the 1622 cc engine from the Austin A60 saloon, with the Austins still marketed under the "Austin ½ ton" name. They remained in production to 1973.

Australian production
The A55 Cambridge saloon was assembled by BMC Australia and a coupe utility version was designed and assembled by the Sydney-based Pressed Metal Corporation, a subsidiary of Larke, Neave and Carter, Austin Distributors.

A55 Cambridge Mark II
The A55 Cambridge Mark II, known as the first "Farina" model because of its Pinin Farina design, was produced from 1959 through to 1961. It was also badge engineered as a Morris Oxford and retained the 1.5 litre B-Series engine, now with an SU carburettor, and producing 55 bhp at 4,350 rpm.

The interior had individual leather trimmed seats in front spaced closely together to allow a central passenger to be carried. The gear change was either on the column or floor-mounted and the handbrake lever between the driver's seat and the door. Other improvements highlighted at the time included an enlarged luggage compartment with counterbalanced lid and increased elbow width on both front and rear seats. A heater could be fitted as an option.

A "Countryman" estate model appeared in 1960. The Austin Cambridge estates was called the "Countryman". (Morris Oxford Estates were called "Travellers".) A55 Mark II and A60 estates were identical from the windscreen back; the later models never got the reduced rear fins and modified rear lights of the A60 saloons.

The engineering of the car was conventional with coil sprung independent front suspension and a live axle at the rear with semi elliptic leaf springs. The braking used a Girling system with 9 in drums all round.

A total of 149,994 were built.

A MkII A55 was tested by The Motor magazine in 1959 had a top speed of 75.5 mph and could accelerate from 0–60 mph in 24.5 seconds. A fuel consumption of 31.0 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £878 including taxes of £293.

Australian production
The A55 Mk II entered production in Australia in 1959 with a 1,622 cc version of the B Series four-cylinder engine as the Austin A60. Australian use of the larger engine and the A60 name preceded British usage by two years. The A60 was replaced in 1962 by a revised model powered by a six-cylinder 2,433 cc B-series Blue Streak engine. It was marketed as the Austin Freeway and was produced by BMC Australia until 1965.

A60 Cambridge
An upgraded Cambridge model, now called the A60, was introduced in October 1961. It included a new 1.6-litre version of the B-Series straight-four engine which had first been used in the MGA. Power is 61 hp at 4500 rpm. Modified styling included side chrome stripes – some models with contrasting colour infills – and reduced fins on the rear wings. The style continued to be known as "Farina". This body covered a chassis that was slightly longer in wheelbase and wider in track than the A55. This allowed three people to be accommodated on the rear seat. Anti-roll bars were added to both front and rear suspension. An estate version with the petrol engine, called the Countryman, was also offered.The A60 from 1966 was offered with many optional extras including a more powerful dual carburetor version to keep up with increasing competition from the Continent and Japan.

A diesel version was introduced in 1961 for export cars and was available in the UK from 1962. Early manual models had the option of column gear change. The Borg Warner three-speed Type 35 automatic transmission was an option, the first British car to be fitted with this type, with the selector on the steering column. A 1.5-litre diesel option, mainly for the taxi trade, was introduced in November 1962. With only 40 hp, top speed was limited to 110 km/h.

The A60 Cambridge sold well, with 276,534 being built before production finally ended in 1969. Its intended successor, the front-wheel-drive Austin 1800 of 1964, did not affect sales, so Cambridge production was continued until 1969 at the Morris plant at Cowley when the Austin Maxi took over production line. The Morris Oxford version continued in production until 1971, when the Morris Marina was launched.

Austin A60 saloons assembled in Ireland by Brittain Smith of Portobello, Dublin 2 were identifiable by the use of Morris Oxford series VI tail-lights. The last of these were produced in 1970, and some were registered in 1971. The A60 Cambridge was effectively replaced by the Austin Maxi hatchback in April 1969, while the Oxford continued until early 1971, when it was replaced by the Morris Marina.

Both a manual and automatic version of the A60 were tested by The Motor magazine in 1961. The manual had a top speed of 80.4 mph and could accelerate from 0–60 mph in 19.8 seconds. A touring fuel consumption of 25.1 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £883 including taxes of £278. The automatic was slightly slower, with a top speed of 77.9 mph and acceleration from 0–60 mph in 24.9 seconds. A touring fuel consumption of 28.9 mpgimp was recorded. The car cost £982 including taxes of £309.

title: Austin Cambridge


text:
Biometrika

Biometrika is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press for the Biometrika Trust. The editor-in-chief is Paul Fearnhead (Lancaster University). The principal focus of this journal is theoretical statistics. It was established in 1901 and originally appeared quarterly. It changed to three issues per year in 1977 but returned to quarterly publication in 1992.

History
Biometrika was established in 1901 by Francis Galton, Karl Pearson, and Raphael Weldon to promote the study of biometrics. The history of Biometrika is covered by Cox (2001). The name of the journal was chosen by Pearson, but Francis Edgeworth insisted that it be spelt with a "k" and not a "c". Since the 1930s, it has been a journal for statistical theory and methodology. Galton's role in the journal was essentially that of a patron and the journal was run by Pearson and Weldon and after Weldon's death in 1906 by Pearson alone until he died in 1936. In the early days, the American biologists Charles Davenport and Raymond Pearl were nominally involved but they dropped out. On Pearson's death his son Egon Pearson became editor and remained in this position until 1966. David Cox was editor for the next 25 years. So, in its first 65 years Biometrika had effectively a total of just three editors, and in its first 90 years only four. Other people who were deeply involved in the journal included William Palin Elderton, an associate of Pearson's who published several articles in the early days and in 1935 became chairman of the Biometrika Trust.

In the first issue, the editors presented a statement of purpose: It is intended that Biometrika shall serve as a means not only of collecting or publishing under one title biological data of a kind not systematically collected or published elsewhere in any other periodical, but also of spreading a knowledge of such statistical theory as may be requisite for their scientific treatment.

Its contents were to include:
 * memoirs on variation, inheritance, and selection in animals and plants, based upon the examination of statistically large numbers of specimens
 * those developments of statistical theory which are applicable to biological problems
 * numerical tables and graphical solutions tending to reduce the labour of statistical arithmetic
 * abstracts of memoirs, dealing with these subjects, which are published elsewhere
 * notes on current biometric work and unsolved problems

Early volumes contained many reports on biological topics, but over the twentieth century, Biometrika became a "journal of statistics in which emphasis is placed on papers containing original theoretical contributions of direct or potential value in applications." Thus, of the five types of contents envisaged by its founders, only the second and to a lesser extent the third remain, largely shorn of their biological roots. In his centenary tribute to Karl Pearson, J. B. S. Haldane likened him to Columbus who "set out for China, and discovered America." The same might be said of Pearson's journal.

Of note, Karl Pearson had adopted as the motto of the journal a declaration of Charles Darwin that resonated with Karl Pearson's focus on biological topics and the large data sets that biology generated. In a letter to William Darwin Fox in 1855, Charles Darwin declared “I have no faith in anything short of actual measurement and the Rule of Three.” Karl Pearson adopted this declaration as the motto of his newly founded journal Biometrika. This rule of three referred to cross-multiplication, however, and not the statistical rule of three.

Historical reference
To mark the centenary of "one of the world's leading academic journals in statistical theory and methodology" a commemorative volume was produced, containing articles that had appeared in a special issue of the journal and a selection of classic papers published in the journal in the years 1939–1971.

Editors
The editors of the journal have been:
 * 1901–1905: Francis Galton, Karl Pearson, and Raphael Weldon
 * 1906–1936: Karl Pearson
 * 1936–1966: Egon Pearson
 * 1966–1991: David Cox
 * 1991–1992: David Hinkley
 * 1992–1996: Philip Dawid
 * 1996–2007: Michael Titterington
 * 2008–2017: Anthony Davison
 * 2018–present: Paul Fearnhead

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in: • Biological Abstracts

• BIOSIS Previews

• CAB Abstracts

• Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology, and Environmental Sciences

• Current Contents/Life Sciences

• Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences

• Current Index to Statistics

• Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed

• Mathematical Reviews

• ProQuest databases

• Research Papers in Economics

• Science Citation Index

• Zentralblatt MATH According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.445.

title: Biometrika


text:
Talk:Planes, Trains and Automobiles

"Critical acclaim on release"?
The article says "It was greeted with critical acclaim upon release", but is that true? The only reference in support of the statement is a Jay Carr review, which judging from the title ("'PLANES, TRAINS' NEVER GETS OFF THE GROUND") says the opposite. Writing years later, Roger Ebert said, "Some movies are obviously great. Others gradually thrust their greatness upon us." - indicating it was not immediately acclaimed as a great film. Adpete (talk) 02:01, 4 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree with your concern and have tagged the statement requesting a better source. DonIago (talk) 02:23, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

A movie from the 1980s
It must be mentioned that the version of the 1980s that was shown in the film was handled with kid gloves. In other words, controversy was carefully killed, as were any class perspectives. "Hey!" someone might say. "This was a light comedy, what are you talking about?"

Steve Martin by the late 80s and 90s mostly played roles where he simply wasn't poor and money was never a problem. The epitome of someone in the 1980s who was going to be the star. People were and are openly hostile to poverty. In PTA Martin's character is obviously a very wealthy "marketer" working in New York City with a castle sized house who gets humbled by someone who isn't exactly poor (although he is) but doesn't have love in his life. This kills any class discussion. Unrelated perhaps to the article is the fact that by the 1990s Steve Martin had mostly devolved from crazed comedy to playing a father troubled by rich family issues - apparently to the delight of the paying public. What is the point of this "section" that sounds like it is critical of a sweet comedy with a happy ending? The producers of this film hid the America of the 1980s. A man with a trunk in an airport who has no hope of making money - especially not something as ludicrous as selling shower curtain rings, for which there were few if any such jobs - might have been too sad. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.33.74.120 (talk) 21:06, 25 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Interesting, but original research unless you can provide sources which have discussed this. Cheers. DonIago (talk) 18:54, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

Oral history reference

 * https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/11/planes-trains-and-automobiles-oral-history?fbclid=IwAR10nRQ048k0bCxgu3zQrCAv5EULJ1wqPdf4I5OX63al33w3AGXDk28I_VA
 * https://collider.com/planes-trains-automobiles-enduring-comedy-john-hughes/ Darkwarriorblake / Vote for something that matters 23:37, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

Wrong state patrol
The trooper that stopped them was from Wisconsin I cant edit the part but the patch and state outline is Wisconsin State Patrol not the Illinois Police 69.128.7.21 (talk) 05:33, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source to support this claim? In any case, as evidenced from the map shown in the article, Del and Ned don't enter Wisconsin, so if the trooper is wearing Wisonsin items then that would apparently be an error. DonIago (talk) 06:54, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I think they're basing this on deleted scenes. The trooper isn't from Wisconsin in the finished film but in the long version they were meant to get turned around on the motorway and end up in Wisconsin to explain why they still aren't in Chicago and end up spending the night in that hotel they accidentally back into. But I don't believe it's meant to be Wisconsin in the finished film. Darkwarriorblake (talk) 08:16, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Flight
The airline ticket notes JFK as departure not LGA. 2601:192:8800:5183:CD96:42C6:5343:2391 (talk) 00:55, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

 * WP:TRIVIA unless it's received significant coverage from reliable sources. DonIago (talk) 04:24, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Planes, Trains and Automobiles


text:
Sissy bar

A sissy bar, also called a "sister bar" or "passenger backrest", is an addition to the rear of a bicycle or motorcycle that allows the rider or passenger to recline against it while riding. Alternatively it can serve as an anchor point or support for mounting luggage or equipment that is not part of the bike. They can serve as one of the main mounts securing the rear fender to the motorcycle. Over the years the sissy bars have been a focal point of expression for the bike builder. Custom sissy bar designs can be simple or extravagant. They can be built for comfort, purpose, style or a combination of all three.

In the early 1960s some states initiated laws that mandated the use of a bar on the back of a street motorcycle for safety reasons. At the time bikers were not a group particularly concerned with safety, and started referring to the bars as "sissy" bars because they were not happy about having to comply with the new law. Some bikers began making excessively tall sissy bars as a form of protest, which later became part of the modern chopper look. A variety of materials were used to fabricate these custom sissy bar designs such as tubing, wrought iron, plate metal, and even welded chain.

Sissy bars for cruiser-style motorcycles are usually affixed to the rear fender struts, and are typically made of chrome-plated steel with a foam padded seatback for comfort. Some elaborate custom examples can extend three feet or more. A backrest for a touring motorcycle is often shorter and less elaborate and may be built into a top box.

On bicycles
Inspired by its motorcycle counterpart, a smaller version of the sissy bar was a common feature on 1960s- and 70s-era wheelie bikes, such as the Schwinn Sting-Ray and the Raleigh Chopper. This extended backrest, which attached to the rear of the bike's banana seat, gave a passenger something to lean back on and hold on to besides the rider doing the pedaling.

title: Sissy bar


text: Category:370 BC births

title: Category:370 BC births


text:
Talk:Asafoetida

Old discussions
The main spelling, "asafoetida", has "about 68,900" hits on Google. The alternative spelling, "asafetida", has "about 19,600". Isn't that enough so that the alternative spelling should be mentioned in the article?

Sure, fire away. Bbpen 18:31, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I believe I read somewhere once that asafoetida is a significant component of the flavour of Worcestershire sauce. Can anyone confirm this? Would mentioning this perhaps be useful to give people an idea what the flavour of asafoetida is like?--Srleffler 05:10, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Asafoetida does not taste in the least like Worcester source. The flavour is like burning rubber blended with garlic - yummy ! One of my favourites, along with durian. g4oep

 * Unless it comes under "spices", asafoetida is not in Worcestershire Sauce --PopUpPirate 01:20, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * My guess is that Srlefler is thinking of fish sauce: both asafoetida (or silfium) and fish sauce (garum) were notoriously used in Ancient Roman cuisine, and rumors persist that Worcestershire sauce contains the latter. But I have never (outside of this page) heard rumors abotu asafoetida.--Iustinus 07:44, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

QUESTION: Does anyone have any info about asafetida in north american herbal remedies? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.72.130.16 (talk) 01:22, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Which caste?
A recent edit changed "Brahmin caste" to "trader caste." I don't know much about Indian culture, but this sounds fishy (or smells hinge2402:E280:3D64:172:2543:8C6F:8996:3C44 (talk) 10:05, 17 November 2021 (UTC)?). Can someone who knows more about this either verify that change, or correct it? Thanks, Iustinus 02:25, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it is ok. Trader casts use them a lot. Also proved by the section below, which is not only a product of Brahmins but also a productof Trader(s) (Baniya). (It is my understanding that Brahmins are a lot like puritans).--18jahremädchen 00:15, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

It is true that it is used mostly by Vysya(Bania) community, specially in South India. I have seen it being used for the last 60 years and is still used in all Vysya community house holds as a spice in cooking. One company (L.G- LALJEE GODHOO & Co, MUMBAI and CHENNAI ) has been marketing it for at least past 60 years or even more, I know. It is widely used as a main spice in Northern India by all communities and there are lot of companies marketing it. A small city named` Hathras(U.P.)in India is famous for compound Hing(Asafoetida)manufacturing and marketing. R.B.Industries is One of the largest companies there. 59.92.205.166 07:53, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Try it out at your local Hare Krishna restaurant!!
Hare Krishna cuisine does not use onions or garlic, for which they substitute asafoetida. I used to eat regularly at the Govinda's restaurant in Brisbane, Australia, and often wondered how they got that delicious onion /garlic flavour that you burp up for hours afterwards! I now use asa. powder in all my Indian curries & dahls when I make them. --MichaelGG 03:28, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Mind you, it acts as contraceptive! :) On a serious note, eat garlic, it is lot better. Hing is used only in very small amounts in Indian cuisines.--18jahremädchen 00:15, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

I doubt whether it works as a contraceptive. I have seen it being used in many of the houses for so many years and never heard at any time, that it has properties as a contraceptive.

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 15:55, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Medical applications???
The list of "medical" usages should contain, as a minimum, references to the sources of the information.

I think it should also contain mention of and references to peer-reviewed scientific research on the purported properties and uses. It would be foolish to medicate yourself or your children based on a wikipedia page, but people do more foolish things that that every day. There should be an effort to find peer-reviewed scientific research articles on the "medical" uses, and if there isn't any, then the article should say that there isn't any.

It's not that I think traditional medicines and non-western approaches have no value. Many plants contain powerful chemicals with pharmacological effects. We need reliable information about their effects on both healthy and sick people, possible side effects, interactions with other drugs or medicinal herbs, etc.

This section uses a lot of passive construction: "it is said that...", "it is also reported..." Who said it? Who reported it? Give us some basis by which we can evaluate the information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Social Norm (talk • contribs) 00:02, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Asafoetida also definitely has Opiate antagonist properties, I believe this property is not much researched in the west or the compound responsible for this known. This is traditional medical knowledge in India, I believe the general rule is "Antidote for Opium: If taken in equal quantities of opium ingested, asafoetida counters the effect of the drug, and so acts as an antidote for it." 175.38.161.131 (talk) 16:53, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Persia vs Iran
Curious: Why are we referring to Persia, (with Iran in brackets)? Why not simply Iran? --Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 19:04, 14 December 2009 (UTC) thought: Possibly because the references are from Iran (Persia) from before Iran (Persia) was called Iran (Persia). I don't think anything political was intended.

 * How can Persia be versus Iran when both are of the same? Stupid title for a discussion, though not meant personally. Persia had its name changed to Iran after King Reza (1920's) however in a historical and geographical context, Iran is used to refer to present day borders, and Persia to refer to the ancient borders, which reached almost all corners of West Asia; even though, both Iran and Persia were used by locals to refer to their land. Iran comes from Airan > Airanam which in old persian means "my land of aryans".

 * The article correctly uses Persia when representing historical contexts, and Iran when referring to the present day. If its too confusing, then think of it as which you would use, Great Britian or United Kingdom when referring to the English Isles? I'll take this oppurtunity to add that the article is very well written, and I commend whoever that has graciously offered and placed time and effort into creating awareness of this plant, especially highlighting its Persian and Indian origins, and uses. Therefore thanks to the author of those sections. --94.195.194.144 (talk) 14:13, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

negative effects of Asafoetida
Please include a section on negative effects of asafoetida details can be found here. Opiate Antagonist properties may be considered a negative aspect in some circumstances, for opiate dependent individuals.--175.38.161.131 (talk) 17:01, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/side-effects-of-asafoetida.html http://www.thespecimen.org/wordpress/2011/09/side-effects-of-asafoetida/ http://www.rxlist.com/asafoetida/supplements.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 223.227.50.151 (talk) 17:00, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

OneMadScientist
OneMadScientist and their puppets routinely edit this article. All such edits should be checked against references cited for accuracy and original research.--I am One of Many (talk) 17:50, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

Intro and title make no sense
Most of this article seems to be about the plant Ferula assa-foetida. However, the article title and the current introduction hints that it is about a latex coming from several species of Ferula. It makes little sense. If there is a need for two different articles, it can be split up, but it should be clear what the article is about. --Mlewan (talk) 08:11, 20 June 2015 (UTC) (Sorry, made first edit with IP address by mistake.)

VERY IMPORTANT: difference between Asafoetida and Ferula assafoetida
This article alarmingly mixes between Ferula assafoetida ( the plant ) and Asafoetida ( the gum extracted from this plant ). It needs to be split into 2 articles: Asafoetida and Ferula assafoetida. Thank you very much.--DrFO.Tn (talk) 14:33, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Relax. The article describes what ferula assafoetida is in the "Cultivation and manufacture" section, and the first sentence of the article says "Asafoetida /æsəˈfɛtɨdə/[3] is the dried latex (gum oleoresin) exuded from the rhizome or tap root of several species of Ferula...".  Those passages could probably be enhanced, but I hardly think that indicates the need for a separate article, and certainly is no cause for "alarm"... any plant-specific information can be easily included in the Ferula article.  Marteau (talk) 19:13, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I am sorry, but the title of the article and almost 90% of article talks about the resin or spice called asafoetida, while the small rest of the article, the interwiki and the taxonomic template refers to the plant (Ferula assafoetida). That is why, I find it inappropriate to let this article confuse the reader about the difference between the plant and the resin/spice extracted from it. Thank you for your understanding. --DrFO.Tn (talk) 20:17, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * In Arabic and Polish wikipedias, this problem was solved by making two different articles for the plant and the resin/spice extracted from it. Please, see the table below:

 * --DrFO.Tn (talk) 11:45, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The correct species name is Ferula assa‐foetida with the hyphen. Please feel free to create an article on the species by clicking on Ferula assa‐foetida. [[User:Heaviside glow|Heavi

Wikiproject
I need help with my essential oil wikiproject please. Wikipedia:WikiProject Essential Oils Ilikeguys21 (talk) 13:08, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Asafoetida. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit User:Cyberpower678/FaQs for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120104104553/http://www.indianspices.com:80/html/s062hasf.htm to http://www.indianspices.com/html/s062hasf.htm
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20071030192602/http://www.pataks.co.uk:80/cooking/spices/asafoetida.php to http://www.pataks.co.uk/cooking/spices/asafoetida.php
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110605012214/http://www.toddcaldecott.com:80/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/358-hingu to http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/358-hingu

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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160306191918/http://allfoodsnatural.com/condiments/97-spices/313-asafoetida.html to http://allfoodsnatural.com/condiments/97-spices/313-asafoetida.html

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:39, 4 June 2016 (UTC)

FYI

 * Mair, Victor, "Asafoetida: Satanically stinky spice", Language Log December 10, 2023

~

Keahapana (talk) 21:10, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

incorrect reference to Bhagavata Purana, please put it right
in the History section there's a statement that asafetida (called 'hing' in India) is mentioned in Bhagavata Purana. That's not correct. Hing is mentioned in the lengthy purport to the indicated verse, in the commentary by Swami Bhaktivedanta (the founder of the so-called 'Hare Krishna movement'). There he quotes other puranic sources about - between so many other rules and prohibitions - not offering worship after eating hing. The Bhagavatam text doesn't mention it at all.

Ref: Srimad Bhagavatam, BBT edition, Canto 7, Ch.5, vs.23-24, purport) 151.37.183.136 (talk) 14:24, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asafoetida


text:
Template:Web colors/table

 White Gray/Grey Red Yellow Lime Aqua/Cyan Blue Fuchsia/Magenta Silver Black Maroon Olive Green Teal Navy blue Purple

title: Template:Web colors/table


text:
Ngaoundéré

Ngaoundéré or N'Gaoundéré (Fula: N'gamdere,, 𞤲'𞤺𞤢𞤥𞤣𞤫𞥅𞤪𞤫𞥅) is the capital of the Adamawa Region of Cameroon. It had a population of 152,700 at the 2005 census. According to the film Les Mairuuwas – Maitre de l'eau produced by the University of Tromsø, the population has rapidly risen to 1,000,000 (as of October 2016) owing to mass immigration from the Central African Republic and the perceived danger from Boko Haram in northern Cameroon.

The city lies at the northern end of the railway to Yaoundé and is also home to Ngaoundéré Airport. Attractions in the city include the Lamido Palace and the Lamido Grand Mosque. The town is named after a nearby mountain on its eponymous plateau; the mountain's name is the Mbum word for "navel mountain". "Ngaou" mean mountain in Mbum, and "Ndare" mean navel in Mbum language. Because of this some people call the navel of Adamwa. Mount Ngaoundéré is rockey. On the top of mountain, large stone lies on it. Ngaoundéré is close to Lake Tison.

History
The site of modern Ngaoundéré had previously been occupied by a Mbum capital, but the present city dates from around 1835, when it was founded by the Fulani leader Ardo Njobdi. The Fula continued to hold the area during the 19th century and Ngaoundéré was visited in 1882 by Robert Flegel. Ardo Muhammadu Abbo signed a protection agreement with the German explorer Siegfried Passarge in 1894 and a series of agreements between Germany, Britain, and France placed the area within Germany's sphere of influence. The German army occupied the town (period Ngaundere) by main force on August 20, 1901. On July 29, 1915, the town was the scene of a skirmish between German and British troops during World War I's Kamerun campaign. Following the war, the area fell under French occupation until the independence of Cameroon.

Population

The Mbum were the earlier population of the surrounding area before the 19th-century invasion of the Fulani. The Fulani have ruled the area since the foundation of Ngaoundere in approximately 1835 in conjunction with the Mbum, who are considered a protected people according to Islamic law. The ruler is required to be descended from the ruling Fulani family on his father's side, extending back to the first Lamido of Ngaoundéré Ardo Njobdi of Boundang. On his mother's side, he is expected to be an Mbum descendant, so that he may represent the entirety of the population. Being the largest city in the Adamawa Region by far, Ngaoundéré attracts numerous settlers from the surrounding rural areas, including Díi from further north, Gbaya from the Meiganga area and Pere from the west. The population expanded greatly after completion of the railway in 1973, with a large percentage of the additional population originating from outside of Adamawa Region. This is evident in the ironic dichotomy between the so-called Grand Marché, adjacent to the Grand Mosqué and housing mainly local merchants, and the much larger Petit Marché located to the northwest in a neighbourhood housing a population largely originating in the southern regions of Cameroon.

Climate
Ngaoundéré has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw).

Communications
The city serves as an important communications hub, linking the south of Cameroon with the northern part of the country.

Rail
The Camrail railway from Yaoundé ends here, and Ngaoundéré Central Station is always sprawling with life. An extension of this railway 700 km to Chad was approved in 2015. According to a report from Business in Cameroon, the Cameroonian government and the African Development Bank group (AfDB) signed on 19 July 2017 in Yaoundé, a memorandum on the feasibility studies for the project to extend the Cameroonian railway to Chad, from the Cameroon Railways (Camrail) terminal in Ngaoundéré, the Adamawa regional capital, in northern Cameroon.

Road
There is a paved road, albeit with some potholes, extending from Ngaoundéré to Garoua and Maroua, and Chad. The main goods are bananas, fruits and general goods from the south. The north sends cotton stemming from North and Chad, and cattle from Adamaoua towards the south.

Air
Ngaoundéré Airport has a 1.6 km strip, capable of accepting Boeing 737 and similar aircraft. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the airport had several flights a week to both Yaoundé and Douala in the south, Garoua in the north, and N'Djamena, Chad. Because of economic decline and the decline of the national carrier, Cameroon Airlines, the airport currently sees very little traffic, if any. The airports ICAO code is FKKN while the IATA code is NGE.

Radio
Ngaoundéré is linked to the Cameroonian microwave network, but the system is not very reliable. The Fulani radio station Sawtu Linjiila is located in the city.

Internet
Many private companies have two-way satellite communications and there are many cybercafés in the city.

Mining
There are bauxite deposits in the vicinity, especially at Minim, Martap.

Religion
Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Muslim mosques. There are also Christian churches and temples. The Diocese of Ngaoundéré is a diocese of the Catholic Church whose current bishop is Emmanuel Abbo.

Notable people

 * Auriol Dongmo, athlete
 * René Philombé, writer
 * Richard Touko, footballer

title: Ngaoundéré


text: User:Talrias/Templates/Pale version/fac

title: User:Talrias/Templates/Pale version/fac


text:
Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002

The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 (asp 13) was an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed in 2002. It covers public bodies over which the Scottish Parliament has jurisdiction, fulfilling a similar purpose to the UK-level Freedom of Information Act 2000. It, too, came into force at the beginning of 2005.

Not all public bodies situated in Scotland fall under this remit - Scottish-based departments of the Ministry of Defence, for example, are not subject to the Scottish Parliament, and thus would be covered by the 2000 Act not the 2002 Act. Similarly the Scottish parts of UK-wide bodies such as the Forestry Commission (which is headquartered in Scotland) are subject to the 2000 Act rather than the 2002 Act, even though they fall within the remit of the Scottish Parliament. The Act also created a Scottish Information Commissioner, whose duties were similar to those of the Information Commissioner, but limited to the bodies covered by the 2002 Act.

Whilst the two Acts are similar in principle, there are some significant differences in implementation; as a rule, the Scottish Act is more strongly worded. For example, the Scottish test for public interest is stated in terms of "substantial prejudice" rather than "prejudice", which is clearly a higher standard, and imposes a stricter time limit in cases where public interest has to be considered. It contains explicit mention of disability access rights and the duties incumbent on a body which does not have the information requested, both of which are lacking in the 2000 Act, and provides for an objective test (rather than "the reasonable opinion of a qualified person") to determine if the public interest means information should be withheld.

The 2002 Act established a Scottish Information Commissioner, but no tribunal; any appeals against the Commissioner would go to the Court of Session.


text:
Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development

Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development is an 1883 book by Francis Galton, in which he covers a variety of psychological phenomena and their subsequent measurement. In this text he also references the idea of eugenics and coined the term for the first time (though he had published his ideas without the name many years earlier).


text:
Talk:Nihonbashi

No subject
Given that this article provides the kanji and translation of Nihonbashi, it should really be under that name, and not Nihombashi. Exploding Boy 17:30, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not quite sure what you mean by "the kanji ... of Nihonbashi" since kanji do not indicate romaji. Also not sure what you mean by "translation" since "Japan bridge" does not indicate an "n" rather than an "m." Even kana would not distinguish between "n" and "m" since ん has both pronunciations, depending on the situation. I favor the "m" since that conveys the pronunciation to ordinary speakers of English but Wikipedia policy specifies use of the "n" so that could be a basis for a page move. WP also specifies using the most common English spelling, so if you want to use your favorite search engine, why not give it a try. I'm not good enough at Google to allow sites from the English-speaking countries but filter out others: even with Language set to English, the first site that comes up for Nihonbashi is in Italian, so I don't have the stamina to sort it all out. Anyhow, if you do move the page, there aren't so very many links to fix, and many already point to "Nihonbashi." Fg2 22:28, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Nihonbashi" is a lot more common on Google. WhisperToMe 03:02, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Person's infobox listing
Let's say a person was born in Nihonbashi, would the proper way to say it be Chūō, Tokyo, Japan; Nihonbashi, Chūō, Tokyo, Japan; or Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan? Or something else entirely? Thanks, Doctor Sunshine 20:19, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Whether or not to include Nihonbashi in the location depends on the level of precision you want to convey. The nation is Japan, the prefecture ("state" or "province") is Tokyo and the special ward ("city") is Chuo. Within Chuo are lots of neighborhoods, of which Nihonbashi is particularly well-known. If you want to name the neighborhood, you can. Within the US postal convention (going from smallest to largest), the place would be Nihonbashi, Chuo, Tokyo, Japan; the Japanese use the reverse convention: Japan, Tokyo, Chuo, Nihonbashi. Typically, one doesn't specify the neighborhood where someone is born, so one would omit Nihonbashi, but there might be reasons to do so, if the neighborhood is widely known for playing a role in shaping the life of the person or if they grew up together with some other famous person from the same area: the South Bronx, Forest Hills, Greenwich Village, Harlem or another neighborhood of New York City, the East End of London (I'm guessing, since I'm not very familiar with London). Nihonbashi was formerly known for rich merchant families, so one might have been that specific in telling where, for example, an Edo-period person was born. Fg2 21:00, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You're most helpful. Thank you. I've included Nihonbashi in the biographical section, so i'm going to replace it in the infobox with Chuo. The original source for the birth location, I assume, had been the IMDb which lists it as Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan. This is for Seijun Suzuki, by the way. Doctor Sunshine 22:38, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, now that makes it even more interesting. Chuo (as a ward) didn't exist in 1923, when Suzuki was born. Nihonbashi was a ward (not a special ward) of the old city of Tokyo, which was in turn in Tokyo Prefecture. So it becomes a matter of whether you want to use the name that was in place when he was born (Nihonbashi), which is a place bigger than a neighborhood and as large as the modern city of Chuo but was not then a city (didn't have a mayor or city council), or the modern name (Chuo), which is now a special ward, i.e. a city.

 * The old form: Nihonbashi Ward, Tokyo City, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan
 * The new form: Chuo, Tokyo, Japan (which you wrote in the article)
 * If you want to explain IMDB: Chuo (formerly Nihonbashi), Tokyo, Japan

 * All this is probably more than you need... Incidentally, I clicked the link to your article on Jo Shishido, and noticed that he's listed as being from Osaka, Honshu, Japan. A consistent style would omit Honshu (the island), which is not part of postal addresses, and since it is has 60% of the country's area and is home to 3/4 of Japan's population doesn't narrow things down much. The city's name is Osaka, and the prefecture's name is Osaka. So if you're interested in naming both, it would be Osaka, Osaka, Japan. Or, if you prefer, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Which is even more than you need... Thanks, especially, for the articles! Fg2 07:20, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Well I'm glad I asked. You know your stuff. I think I'd better go for detail so as to avoid confusing any other poor souls like myself. Thanks for the help with Jo too – and for giving them a look over, in general – I threw together Jo's article when I first started with Wikipedia a few months ago and was even more lost than I am now. I hope to get back to him once I fill out some of Suzuki's articles a bit. Love those crazy guys. Appreciated. Doctor Sunshine 16:01, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Nihonbashi


text:
Cannizzaro reaction

The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction which involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

 * [[Image:Cannizzarro Übersichtsreaktion-v8.svg|500px|center]]

Cannizzaro first accomplished this transformation in 1853, when he obtained benzyl alcohol and potassium benzoate from the treatment of benzaldehyde with potash (potassium carbonate). More typically, the reaction would be conducted with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, giving the sodium or potassium carboxylate salt of the carboxylic-acid product:
 * 2 C6H5CHO +  KOH   →   C6H5CH2OH  +  C6H5COOK

The process is a redox reaction involving transfer of a hydride from one substrate molecule to the other: one aldehyde is oxidized to form the acid, the other is reduced to form the alcohol.

Mechanism
The reaction involves a nucleophilic acyl substitution on an aldehyde, with the leaving group concurrently attacking another aldehyde in the second step. First, hydroxide attacks a carbonyl. The resulting tetrahedral intermediate then collapses, re-forming the carbonyl and transferring hydride to attack another carbonyl. In the final step of the reaction, the acid and alkoxide ions formed exchange a proton. In the presence of a very high concentration of base, the aldehyde first forms a doubly charged anion from which a hydride ion is transferred to the second molecule of aldehyde to form carboxylate and alkoxide ions. Subsequently, the alkoxide ion acquires a proton from the solvent.

Overall, the reaction follows third-order kinetics. It is second order in aldehyde and first order in base:
 * rate = k[RCHO]2[OH−]

At very high base a second path (k') becomes important that is second order in base:
 * rate = k[RCHO]2[OH−] +  k'[RCHO]2[OH−]2

The k' pathway implicates a reaction between the doubly charged anion (RCHO22−) and the aldehyde. The direct transfer of hydride ion is evident from the observation that the recovered alcohol does not contain any deuterium attached to the α-carbon when the reaction is performed in the presence of D2O.h

Scope
Due to the strongly alkaline reaction conditions, aldehydes that have alpha hydrogen atom(s) instead undergo deprotonation there, leading to enolates and possible aldol reactions. Under ideal conditions the reaction produces 50% of both the alcohol and the carboxylic acid (it takes two aldehydes to produce one acid and one alcohol). This can be economically viable if the products can be separated and both have a value; the commercial conversion of furfural into furfuryl alcohol and 2-furoic acid is an example of this. Alternatively, higher yields of one product (usually the alcohol) can be achieved in the crossed Cannizzaro reaction, in which a sacrificial aldehyde is used in combination with a more valuable chemical. In this variation, the reductant is formaldehyde, which is oxidized to sodium formate and the other aldehyde chemical is reduced to the alcohol. Thus, the yield of the valuable chemical is high, although the atom economy can be low. The final stage in the synthesis of pentaerythritol is an example.

A solvent-free reaction has been reported involving grinding liquid 2-chlorobenzaldehyde with potassium hydroxide in a mortar and pestle:

Variations
In the Tishchenko reaction, the base used is an alkoxide rather than hydroxide, and the product is an ester rather than the separate alcohol and carboxylate groups. After the nucleophilic base attacks an aldehyde, the resulting new oxygen anion attacks another aldehyde to give a hemiacetal linkage between two of the formerly aldehyde-containing reactants rather than undergoing tetrahedral collapse. Eventually tetrahedral collapse does occur, giving the stable ester product.
 * Tishchenko reaction.svg

Certain ketones can undergo a Cannizzaro-type reaction, transferring one of their two carbon groups rather than the hydride that would be present on an aldehyde.

title: Cannizzaro reaction


text: User:Talrias/Templates/meta/fa

title: User:Talrias/Templates/meta/fa


text:
Balanced set

In linear algebra and related areas of mathematics a balanced set, circled set or disk in a vector space (over a field $$\mathbb{K}$$ with an absolute value function $$|\cdot |$$) is a set $$S$$ such that $$a S \subseteq S$$ for all scalars $$a$$ satisfying $$|a| \leq 1.$$

The balanced hull or balanced envelope of a set $$S$$ is the smallest balanced set containing $$S.$$ The balanced core of a set $$S$$ is the largest balanced set contained in $$S.$$

Balanced sets are ubiquitous in functional analysis because every neighborhood of the origin in every topological vector space (TVS) contains a balanced neighborhood of the origin and every convex neighborhood of the origin contains a balanced convex neighborhood of the origin (even if the TVS is not locally convex). This neighborhood can also be chosen to be an open set or, alternatively, a closed set.

Definition
Let $$X$$ be a vector space over the field $$\mathbb{K}$$ of real or complex numbers.

Notation

If $$S$$ is a set, $$a$$ is a scalar, and $$B \subseteq \mathbb{K}$$ then let $$a S = \{a s : s \in S\}$$ and $$B S = \{b s : b \in B, s \in S\}$$ and for any $$0 \leq r \leq \infty,$$ let $$B_r = \{a \in \mathbb{K} : |a| < r\} \qquad \text{ and } \qquad B_{\leq r} = \{ a \in \mathbb{K} : |a| \leq r\}.$$ denote, respectively, the open ball and the closed ball of radius $$r$$ in the scalar field $$\mathbb{K}$$ centered at $$0$$ where $$B_0 = \varnothing, B_{\leq 0} = \{0\},$$ and $$B_{\infty} = B_{\leq \infty} = \mathbb{K}.$$ Every balanced subset of the field $$\mathbb{K}$$ is of the form $$B_{\leq r}$$ or $$B_r$$ for some $$0 \leq r \leq \infty.$$

Balanced set

A subset $$S$$ of $$X$$ is called a  or balanced if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:  Definition: $$a s \in S$$ for all $$s \in S$$ and all scalars $$a$$ satisfying $$|a| \leq 1.$$ $$a S \subseteq S$$ for all scalars $$a$$ satisfying $$|a| \leq 1.$$ $$B_{\leq 1} S \subseteq S$$ (where $$B_{\leq 1} := \{a \in \mathbb{K} : |a| \leq 1\}$$). $$S = B_{\leq 1} S.$$ For every $$s \in S,$$ $$S \cap \mathbb{K} s = B_{\leq 1} (S \cap \mathbb{K} s).$$ For every 1-dimensional vector subspace $$Y$$ of $$\operatorname{span} S,$$ $$S \cap Y$$ is a balanced set (according to any defining condition other than this one). For every $$s \in S,$$ there exists some $$0 \leq r \leq \infty$$ such that $$S \cap \mathbb{K} s = B_r s$$ or $$S \cap \mathbb{K} s = B_{\leq r} s.$$ $$S$$ is a balanced subset of $$\operatorname{span} S$$ (according to any defining condition of "balanced" other than this one).
 * $$\mathbb{K} s = \operatorname{span} \{s\}$$ is a $$0$$ (if $$s = 0$$) or $$1$$ (if $$s \neq 0$$) dimensional vector subspace of $$X.$$
 * If $$R := S \cap \mathbb{K} s$$ then the above equality becomes $$R = B_{\leq 1} R,$$ which is exactly the previous condition for a set to be balanced. Thus, $$S$$ is balanced if and only if for every $$s \in S,$$ $$S \cap \mathbb{K} s$$ is a balanced set (according to any of the previous defining conditions).

 * Thus $$S$$ is a balanced subset of $$X$$ if and only if it is balanced subset of every (equivalently, of some) vector space over the field $$\mathbb{K}$$ that contains $$S.$$ So assuming that the field $$\mathbb{K}$$ is clear from context, this justifies writing "$$S$$ is balanced" without mentioning any vector space.

If $$S$$ is a convex set then this list may be extended to include:
$$a S \subseteq S$$ for all scalars $$a$$ satisfying $$|a| = 1.$$

If $$\mathbb{K} = \R$$ then this list may be extended to include:
$$S$$ is symmetric (meaning $$- S = S$$) and $$[0, 1) S \subseteq S.$$

Balanced hull
$$\operatorname{bal} S ~=~ \bigcup_{|a| \leq 1} a S = B_{\leq 1} S$$

The  of a subset $$S$$ of $$X,$$ denoted by $$\operatorname{bal} S,$$ is defined in any of the following equivalent ways:

Definition: $$\operatorname{bal} S$$ is the smallest (with respect to $$\,\subseteq\,$$) balanced subset of $$X$$ containing $$S.$$

$$\operatorname{bal} S$$ is the intersection of all balanced sets containing $$S.$$

$$\operatorname{bal} S = \bigcup_{|a| \leq 1} (a S).$$

$$\operatorname{bal} S = B_{\leq 1} S.$$

Balanced core
$$\operatorname{balcore} S ~=~ \begin{cases} \displaystyle\bigcap_{|a| \geq 1} a S & \text{ if } 0 \in S \\ \varnothing             & \text{ if } 0 \not\in S \\ \end{cases}$$

The  of a subset $$S$$ of $$X,$$ denoted by $$\operatorname{balcore} S,$$ is defined in any of the following equivalent ways:

Definition: $$\operatorname{balcore} S$$ is the largest (with respect to $$\,\subseteq\,$$) balanced subset of $$S.$$

$$\operatorname{balcore} S$$ is the union of all balanced subsets of $$S.$$

$$\operatorname{balcore} S = \varnothing$$ if $$0 \not\in S$$ while $$\operatorname{balcore} S = \bigcap_{|a| \geq 1} (a S)$$ if $$0 \in S.$$

Examples
The empty set is a balanced set. As is any vector subspace of any (real or complex) vector space. In particular, $$\{0\}$$ is always a balanced set.

Any non-empty set that does not contain the origin is not balanced and furthermore, the balanced core of such a set will equal the empty set.

Normed and topological vector spaces

The open and closed balls centered at the origin in a normed vector space are balanced sets. If $$p$$ is a seminorm (or norm) on a vector space $$X$$ then for any constant $$c > 0,$$ the set $$\{x \in X : p(x) \leq c\}$$ is balanced.

If $$S \subseteq X$$ is any subset and $$B_1 := \{a \in \mathbb{K} : |a| < 1\}$$ then $$B_1 S$$ is a balanced set. In particular, if $$U \subseteq X$$ is any balanced neighborhood of the origin in a topological vector space $$X$$ then $$\operatorname{Int}_X U ~\subseteq~ B_1 U ~=~ \bigcup_{0 < |a| < 1} a U ~\subseteq~ U.$$

Balanced sets in $$\R$$ and $$\Complex$$

Let $$\mathbb{K}$$ be the field real numbers $$\R$$ or complex numbers $$\Complex,$$ let $$|\cdot|$$ denote the absolute value on $$\mathbb{K},$$ and let $$X := \mathbb{K}$$ denotes the vector space over $$\mathbb{K}.$$ So for example, if $$\mathbb{K} := \Complex$$ is the field of complex numbers then $$X = \mathbb{K} = \Complex$$ is a 1-dimensional complex vector space whereas if $$\mathbb{K} := \R$$ then $$X = \mathbb{K} = \R$$ is a 1-dimensional real vector space.

The balanced subsets of $$X = \mathbb{K}$$ are exactly the following:

$$\varnothing$$

$$X$$

$$\{0\}$$

$$\{x \in X : |x| < r\}$$ for some real $$r > 0$$

$$\{x \in X : |x| \leq r\}$$ for some real $$r > 0.$$

 Consequently, both the balanced core and the balanced hull of every set of scalars is equal to one of the sets listed above.

The balanced sets are $$\Complex$$ itself, the empty set and the open and closed discs centered at zero. Contrariwise, in the two dimensional Euclidean space there are many more balanced sets: any line segment with midpoint at the origin will do. As a result, $$\Complex$$ and $$\R^2$$ are entirely different as far as scalar multiplication is concerned.

Balanced sets in $$\R^2$$

Throughout, let $$X = \R^2$$ (so $$X$$ is a vector space over $$\R$$) and let $$B_{\leq 1}$$ is the closed unit ball in $$X$$ centered at the origin.

If $$x_0 \in X = \R^2$$ is non-zero, and $$L := \R x_0,$$ then the set $$R := B_{\leq 1} \cup L$$ is a closed, symmetric, and balanced neighborhood of the origin in $$X.$$ More generally, if $$C$$ is closed subset of $$X$$ such that $$(0, 1) C \subseteq C,$$ then $$S := B_{\leq 1} \cup C \cup (-C)$$ is a closed, symmetric, and balanced neighborhood of the origin in $$X.$$ This example can be generalized to $$\R^n$$ for any integer $$n \geq 1.$$

Let $$B \subseteq \R^2$$ be the union of the line segment between the points $$(-1, 0)$$ and $$(1, 0)$$ and the line segment between $$(0, -1)$$ and $$(0, 1).$$ Then $$B$$ is balanced but not convex. Nor is $$B$$ is absorbing (despite the fact that $$\operatorname{span} B = \R^2$$ is the entire vector space).

For every $$0 \leq t \leq \pi,$$ let $$r_t$$ be any positive real number and let $$B^t$$ be the (open or closed) line segment in $$X := \R^2$$ between the points $$(\cos t, \sin t)$$ and $$- (\cos t, \sin t).$$ Then the set $$B = \bigcup_{0 \leq t < \pi} r_t B^t$$ is a balanced and absorbing set but it is not necessarily convex.

The balanced hull of a closed set need not be closed. Take for instance the graph of $$x y = 1$$ in $$X = \R^2.$$

The next example shows that the balanced hull of a convex set may fail to be convex (however, the convex hull of a balanced set is always balanced). For an example, let the convex subset be $$S := [-1, 1] \times \{1\},$$ which is a horizontal closed line segment lying above the $$x-$$axis in $$X := \R^2.$$ The balanced hull $$\operatorname{bal} S$$ is a non-convex subset that is "hour glass shaped" and equal to the union of two closed and filled isosceles triangles $$T_1$$ and $$T_2,$$ where $$T_2 = - T_1$$ and $$T_1$$ is the filled triangle whose vertices are the origin together with the endpoints of $$S$$ (said differently, $$T_1$$ is the convex hull of $$S \cup \{(0,0)\}$$ while $$T_2$$ is the convex hull of $$(-S) \cup \{(0,0)\}$$).

Sufficient conditions
A set $$T$$ is balanced if and only if it is equal to its balanced hull $$\operatorname{bal} T$$ or to its balanced core $$\operatorname{balcore} T,$$ in which case all three of these sets are equal: $$T = \operatorname{bal} T = \operatorname{balcore} T.$$

The Cartesian product of a family of balanced sets is balanced in the product space of the corresponding vector spaces (over the same field $$\mathbb{K}$$).

The balanced hull of a compact (respectively, totally bounded, bounded) set has the same property.

The convex hull of a balanced set is convex and balanced (that is, it is absolutely convex). However, the balanced hull of a convex set may fail to be convex (a counter-example is given above).

Arbitrary unions of balanced sets are balanced, and the same is true of arbitrary intersections of balanced sets.

Scalar multiples and (finite) Minkowski sums of balanced sets are again balanced.

Images and preimages of balanced sets under linear maps are again balanced. Explicitly, if $$L : X \to Y$$ is a linear map and $$B \subseteq X$$ and $$C \subseteq Y$$ are balanced sets, then $$L(B)$$ and $$L^{-1}(C)$$ are balanced sets.

Balanced neighborhoods
In any topological vector space, the closure of a balanced set is balanced. The union of the origin $$\{0\}$$ and the topological interior of a balanced set is balanced. Therefore, the topological interior of a balanced neighborhood of the origin is balanced. However, $$\left\{(z, w) \in \Complex^2 : |z| \leq |w|\right\}$$ is a balanced subset of $$X = \Complex^2$$ that contains the origin $$(0, 0) \in X$$ but whose (nonempty) topological interior does not contain the origin and is therefore not a balanced set. Similarly for real vector spaces, if $$T$$ denotes the convex hull of $$(0, 0)$$ and $$(\pm 1, 1)$$ (a filled triangle whose vertices are these three points) then $$B := T \cup (-T)$$ is an (hour glass shaped) balanced subset of $$X := \Reals^2$$ whose non-empty topological interior does not contain the origin and so is not a balanced set (and although the set $$\{(0, 0)\} \cup \operatorname{Int}_X B$$ formed by adding the origin is balanced, it is neither an open set nor a neighborhood of the origin).

Every neighborhood (respectively, convex neighborhood) of the origin in a topological vector space $$X$$ contains a balanced (respectively, convex and balanced) open neighborhood of the origin. In fact, the following construction produces such balanced sets. Given $$W \subseteq X,$$ the symmetric set $$\bigcap_{|u|=1} u W \subseteq W$$ will be convex (respectively, closed, balanced, bounded, a neighborhood of the origin, an absorbing subset of $$X$$) whenever this is true of $$W.$$ It will be a balanced set if $$W$$ is a star shaped at the origin, which is true, for instance, when $$W$$ is convex and contains $$0.$$ In particular, if $$W$$ is a convex neighborhood of the origin then $$\bigcap_{|u|=1} u W$$ will be a convex neighborhood of the origin and so its topological interior will be a balanced convex  neighborhood of the origin.

$$

Suppose that $$W$$ is a convex and absorbing subset of $$X.$$ Then $$D := \bigcap_{|u|=1} u W$$ will be convex balanced absorbing subset of $$X,$$ which guarantees that the Minkowski functional $$p_D : X \to \R$$ of $$D$$ will be a seminorm on $$X,$$ thereby making $$\left(X, p_D\right)$$ into a seminormed space that carries its canonical pseduometrizable topology. The set of scalar multiples $$r D$$ as $$r$$ ranges over $$\left\{\tfrac{1}{2}, \tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{1}{4}, \ldots\right\}$$ (or over any other set of non-zero scalars having $$0$$ as a limit point) forms a neighborhood basis of absorbing disks at the origin for this locally convex topology. If $$X$$ is a topological vector space and if this convex absorbing subset $$W$$ is also a bounded subset of $$X,$$ then the same will be true of the absorbing disk $$D := {\textstyle\bigcap\limits_{|u|=1}} u W;$$ if in addition $$D$$ does not contain any non-trivial vector subspace then $$p_D$$ will be a norm and $$\left(X, p_D\right)$$ will form what is known as an auxiliary normed space. If this normed space is a Banach space then $$D$$ is called a.

Properties
Properties of balanced sets

A balanced set is not empty if and only if it contains the origin. By definition, a set is absolutely convex if and only if it is convex and balanced. Every balanced set is star-shaped (at 0) and a symmetric set. If $$B$$ is a balanced subset of $$X$$ then:

for any scalars $$c$$ and $$d,$$ if $$|c| \leq |d|$$ then $$c B \subseteq d B$$ and $$c B = |c| B.$$ Thus if $$c$$ and $$d$$ are any scalars then $$(c B) \cap (d B) = \min_{} \{|c|, |d|\} B.$$

$$B$$ is absorbing in $$X$$ if and only if for all $$x \in X,$$ there exists $$r > 0$$ such that $$x \in r B.$$

for any 1-dimensional vector subspace $$Y$$ of $$X,$$ the set $$B \cap Y$$ is convex and balanced. If $$B$$ is not empty and if $$Y$$ is a 1-dimensional vector subspace of $$\operatorname{span} B$$ then $$B \cap Y$$ is either $$\{0\}$$ or else it is absorbing in $$Y.$$

for any $$x \in X,$$ if $$B \cap \operatorname{span} x$$ contains more than one point then it is a convex and balanced neighborhood of $$0$$ in the 1-dimensional vector space $$\operatorname{span} x$$ when this space is endowed with the Hausdorff Euclidean topology; and the set $$B \cap \R x$$ is a convex balanced subset of the real vector space $$\R x$$ that contains the origin.

Properties of balanced hulls and balanced cores

For any collection $$\mathcal{S}$$ of subsets of $$X,$$ $$\operatorname{bal} \left(\bigcup_{S \in \mathcal{S}} S\right) = \bigcup_{S \in \mathcal{S}} \operatorname{bal} S \quad \text{ and } \quad \operatorname{balcore} \left(\bigcap_{S \in \mathcal{S}} S\right) = \bigcap_{S \in \mathcal{S}} \operatorname{balcore} S.$$

In any topological vector space, the balanced hull of any open neighborhood of the origin is again open. If $$X$$ is a Hausdorff topological vector space and if $$K$$ is a compact subset of $$X$$ then the balanced hull of $$K$$ is compact.

If a set is closed (respectively, convex, absorbing, a neighborhood of the origin) then the same is true of its balanced core.

For any subset $$S \subseteq X$$ and any scalar $$c,$$ $$\operatorname{bal} (c \, S) = c \operatorname{bal} S = |c| \operatorname{bal} S.$$

For any scalar $$c \neq 0,$$ $$\operatorname{balcore} (c \, S) = c \operatorname{balcore} S = |c| \operatorname{balcore} S.$$ This equality holds for $$c = 0$$ if and only if $$S \subseteq \{0\}.$$ Thus if $$0 \in S$$ or $$S = \varnothing$$ then $$\operatorname{balcore} (c \, S) = c \operatorname{balcore} S = |c| \operatorname{balcore} S$$ for every scalar $$c.$$

Related notions
A function $$p : X \to [0, \infty)$$ on a real or complex vector space is said to be a if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:

$$p(a x) \leq p(x)$$ whenever $$a$$ is a scalar satisfying $$|a| \leq 1$$ and $$x \in X.$$

$$p(a x) \leq p(b x)$$ whenever $$a$$ and $$b$$ are scalars satisfying $$|a| \leq |b|$$ and $$x \in X.$$

$$\{x \in X : p(x) \leq t\}$$ is a balanced set for every non-negative real $$t \geq 0.$$

 If $$p$$ is a balanced function then $$p(a x) = p(|a| x)$$ for every scalar $$a$$ and vector $$x \in X;$$ so in particular, $$p(u x) = p(x)$$ for every unit length scalar $$u$$ (satisfying $$|u| = 1$$) and every $$x \in X.$$ Using $$u := -1$$ shows that every balanced function is a symmetric function.

A real-valued function $$p : X \to \R$$ is a seminorm if and only if it is a balanced sublinear function.

title: Balanced set


text:
File:Zappa Roxy & Elsewhere.jpg

Summary
Cover of Frank Zappa's Roxy & Elsewhere (1974)

title: File:Zappa Roxy & Elsewhere.jpg


text:
User:DarkBlaze~enwiki

info will be added soon ...

--darky 17:39, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User:DarkBlaze~enwiki


text:
Hans Herbjørnsrud

Hans Herbjørnsrud (2 January 1938 – 15 November 2023) was a Norwegian author of short stories. His works frequently play with the differences between Norwegian languages Bokmål and Nynorsk and the various Norwegian dialects. His stories' characters sometimes playfully mix and invent languages, sometimes become caught up in their linguistic games and start losing their identity.

Biography
Hans Herbjørnsrud was born in Heddal on 2 January 1938. He grew up on a remote farm in Telemark and became a farmer himself. After working as a teacher for some time, he started writing in his early forties and published his first collection of stories, Vitner (Witnesses), in 1979. This collection was recognized as the best literary début of the year with Tarjei Vesaas' debutantpris. Since then, he has published six more collections of stories, which have been well received by critics. Herbjørnsrud has been awarded several prizes for his work, including the prestigious Kritikerprisen in 1997, the Dobloug Prize in 2005 and Aschehougprisen in 2005. He was nominated for The Nordic Council´s Literature Prize in 1998 and 2002. In 1999 Herbjørnsrud was nominated for the European Aristeion Prize. His short stories have been translated into several languages, including German, English, French, Russian and Hindi.

Herbjørnsrud's playful mixing of dialects poses great challenges to translators; his most prolific story, Kai Sandemo (1997), has long been considered untranslatable to any other language. It tells the story of a murderer who flees his home in Telemark and settles in Denmark where he starts writing letters to people he grew up with – first in Danish, then, as he remembers more and more dark secrets of his past, gradually switching to Nynorsk, Bokmål and the dialect of Telemark until at the end, virtually every sentence becomes a complex mixture of various languages and dialects. An ambitious project undertaken by the universities of Zürich and Munich worked on a German translation of the story for several years and released a finished version in 2005. The team moved the story to Switzerland and substituted standard German, Swiss German, Romansh and various Swiss dialects for the original's languages and dialects.

Herbjørnsrud was married to Danish-born historian Anna Tranberg, former associate professor at Telemark University College in Bø. Their son, Dag Herbjørnsrud, is an author and journalist and currently an editor at the weekly news magazine Ny Tid. Hans Herbjørnsrud died on 15 November 2023, at the age of 85.

Works

 * Brønnene (The Fountains, 2006) ISBN 978-82-05-36064-8
 * Samlede noveller (Collected Short Stories, 2003) ISBN 82-05-31274-5
 * Vi vet så mye (We know so much, 2001) ISBN 82-05-27724-9
 * Blinddøra (The Blind Door, 1997) ISBN 82-05-25262-9
 * Eks og Sett (1992) ISBN 82-05-20699-6
 * Han (Him, 1987) ISBN 82-05-17540-3
 * Vannbæreren (The Water Bearer, 1984) ISBN 82-05-15039-7
 * Vitner (Witnesses, 1979) ISBN 82-05-11827-2

title: Hans Herbjørnsrud


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Bertoua

Bertoua is the capital of the Eastern Region of Cameroon and of the Lom-et-Djerem Department. It has a population of 88,462 (at the 2005 Census), and is the traditional home of the Gbaya people. It is home to an airport and Mission Cameroon (in Polish: Misja Kamerun) of Polish Dominican Order.

In 2014, the hospital in Bertoua became known for its work serving the medical needs of refugees from the Central African Republic crossing into Cameroon at border towns such as Gbiti.

title: Bertoua


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title: User talk:68.122.79.157


text: User:Talrias/Templates/Pale version/fa

title: User:Talrias/Templates/Pale version/fa