text:
Talk:Smith chart

Rafay's chart?
What the heck is 'Rafay's Chart'? I can't find any evidence of anything with this name ever exisiting. --(unsigned) 2006-11-22T15:28:46 198.175.154.212
 * FWIW, this was added by an IP on 2006-10-16 and removed  by Bigly on 2007-11-19T15:47:12. --Matthiaspaul (talk) 11:59, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

Example?
Could we see an example with some data filled in? --Phil | Talk 11:42, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

Nomogram
A Smith Chart is more specifically a nomogram than a graph. The nomogram page can let people know that a nomogram is a kind of graph. -- (unsigned) 2005-10-18T06:18:26 128.2.180.80

Picture
I'd like to put back to old picture of the smith chart. the current one does not have enough numbers to be useful. Does anyone oppose reverting back to the old one? -- (unsigned) 2006-01-26T21:02:17 User:Rewguy

 * I would like to see the old one. At the very least any diagram of a Smith Chart will do. A picture tells a thousand words. Piercetp 01:56, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * There's already a picture in the article. Afonso Silva 08:17, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Must be new then. There was no one when I checked last time. Piercetp 23:05, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

--

Substantial Additions
I have added quite a bit plus some examples. I hope everything is relevant but there may be some repetition to tidy up. I think it could benefit some constant gain/NF circles and even some screen dumps from actual VNA measurements. I just can't get the equations visually consistent for some reason, they come out in all shapes and sizes and sometimes with little tags on the ends, I will study the math help a bit more and improve if nobody else does.

Also the following might be useful additions

Examples of Test Results Displayed on Smith Chart Formats Smith Charts region greater than unity (amplifier stability etc.) Noise Figure Circles, constant gain circles ChrisAngove 09:17, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

I have introduced a paper published in 1937 which may be an evidence for who invented the Smith chart. If I am licensed, I will upload possibly world's first "Smith chart".--Forestia net (talk) 19:05, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

GA on hold
Just a few points:

 * Headings should only have the first word capitalized (unless there is a proper noun of course). See WP:MOS
 * The lead section could perhaps be expanded to two paragraphs per WP:LEAD.
 * Don't have wikilinks in titles. (WP:MOS again :))
 * A lot more references are needed for criterion 2b.

And also:

 * Try to enforce the math either being in png format for consistency. (\, at the end of each should be what's needed). It makes it nicer to read really.
 * Some of those redlinks might actually be mistyped wikilinks to other pages.

Otherwise it's a good article, although technical! CloudNine 22:15, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Möbius transform
Mathematically speaking, the transform $$z\mapsto \frac{z-1}{z+1}$$ as applied in the Smith chart is a special case of a Möbius Transformation. There should be a reference somewhere. Troelspedersen 14:09, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Improved equations
I have just added lots of 'force .png' tags to the TeX markup and they are more consistent at least. Also some improvements in the text flow, removal of excessive words etc.ChrisAngove 12:33, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

1st time questions
Thank you for any help. --Abdull (talk) 11:29, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) distributed component = distributed element = is discussed in distributed element model?
 * 2) The Smith Chart is used with one frequency at a time so the temporal part of the phase ($$\exp(\omega t)\,$$) is fixed.[...] Why not $$\exp(j \omega t)\,$$?
 * 3) As someone seeing the Smith chart the first time, it was quite hard to figure out where these points and regions are: center of the Smith chart ($$z_T = 1 \pm j0\,$$), $$z_T = \infty \pm j\infty\,$$ and the unitary circumference circle.

Trivia
Has anyone ever noticed that the lines you draw on a Smith Chart seem to consistently conform to Imperial units: inches and grains?! I presume it's because Americans like using English traditional units in electronics as well. I just wondered whether this was by design or just a coincidence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.32.126.12 (talk) 15:13, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * you are partially correct : Americans use imperial measurements for the physical sizes of electronics components ( eg 0805 sizes of surface mount components ) which often became default standards. but I have never heard of imperial units for capacitance, inductance, impedance etc which are all derived from the SI system of units. for some reason the values of capacitors and inductors are not spaced linealy, but this is simply tradition now. the lines on the smith chart seem ok to, if you start from unit impedance values and work backwards. other wise I am not sure I undertsand what you are talking about. 86.32.232.35 (talk) 17:24, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Capitalization
When this article (but not the title) capitalized the topic as Smith Chart, I Googled the term and it seemed like sources were divided about 50-50 between "Smith Chart" and "Smith chart." I instigated the move to Smith Chart because it appeared a hell of a lot easier than changing the C's throughout the article to match the title Smith chart; since someone else has now done that conversion, I have no objection to leaving it at this title. But I do think if it were ascertained that "Smith Chart" was in fact the proper capitalization, WP:CAPS wouldn't prevent us from putting the article at that title; if there's a specific part of the guideline that says it would, please provide a link at least for my own curiousity. Propaniac (talk) 13:55, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

 * You did read the first sentence of WP:CAPS, right?

 * Convention: For page titles, always use lowercase after the first word, and do not capitalize second and subsequent words, unless the title is a proper noun.

 * You can't trust google statistics for correct capitalisation, spelling or grammar. If you don't believe me, try googling "transmition" in google books and see how many textbooks get that wrong.  Then try it in google scholar and see how many scholarly papers have also got it wrong.  50-50 is nowhere near solid enough to override one of the few things the MOS treats as an absolute.  If we followed google, we would have to move Rubik's cube to Rubik's Cube, Theory of relativity to Theory of Relativity and Ohm's law to Ohm's Law.  All 50-50 or more in favour of capitalisation.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  18:03, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Like ISO 9000, MOS is merely bad practices documented and codified. — Quicksilver (Hydrargyrum)T @ 21:34, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

What is "characteristic" and what is "normalized"?
...Any impedance, expressed in ohms, may be normalised by dividing it by the characteristic impedance,...

I don't understand the difference between an "impedance" and it's "characteristic impedance". What does the word "characteristic" add to the meaning?

I don't understand what it means to be "normalized". This is not explained in any Wiki. -- (unsigned) Baruchatta (talk) 21:08, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Say you have an impedance R+jX, in complex form, it's going to be with respect to the characteristic impedance of a system, Z0. To normalize this impedance, you divide by Z0 so you can plot the now normalized impedance, r+jx, within the unit smith chart.
 * --(unsigned) 2010-04-24T22:10:54 24.128.254.144

Better chart
The chart on this page is pretty crappy looking. Maybe we can change it to this one: http://www.sss-mag.com/pdf/smithchart.pdf samadam (talk) 17:18, 22 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Do you have a free licence to use it? The home page of that site says "all rights reserved".  Sp in ni ng  Spark  21:05, 22 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't, which is why I didn't change it. But it would be a good idea for someone to look into using it here. samadam (talk) 15:51, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
 * If you want to use it you need to approach the copyright holder for a suitable licence. On Wikipedia, you are usually disappointed if you hope someone else will do it for you.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  17:26, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

3D Smith chart
Ok, someone has written a letter to the IEEE proposing this. But that's a long way from notable if it's been completely ignored by everyone else. Sounds rather impractical to me.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  20:09, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

It looks like there has been some development in this area, there is an application (demo) for this here: http://3dsmithchart.com/content/3d-smith-chart-demo It still seems in an early stage but the principle is demonstrated and it works. I think the demo and site should at least be added as a reference to the 3D Smith Chart section. Also an article in the IEEE is not easily accepted and should have some weight, after all it is the same IEEE MTT that in 1975 presented Philip Smith the inventor of the Smith chart with a Special Recognition Microwave Application Award for his invention and application of the Smith Chart. DizzyC (talk) 12:13, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Letters to the editor are not peer reviewed in the same way as articles are. Nevertheless, I wouldn't object to a link to the site home page, but, per WP:EL, we should not directly link to the demo which requires java.  Spinning  Spark  10:57, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I removed all this material back at the end of June per WP:UNDUE and WP:NOTPROMOTION. From all appearances, the individual who added it to this article has a connection to the lead author. And indeed, of all the papers I could find even citing this work, only seven did not involve the authors of the original paper, and those simply seemed to discuss it casually in related work sections. An IP re-added everything the other day, claiming this is a significant development based (yet again) on a paper with A.A. Muller as the lead author. I've removed it all again. This needs to be discussed before being re-added. 69.174.144.79 (talk) 11:54, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

 * The concept was published in IEEE Microwave Magazine in 2020 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9217562, in IEEE Nature Scientific Reports 2019 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-54600-5 and in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7738571 and in the initial article cited on wikipedia. These journals are peer-reviewed and of high impact and maybe the leading journals in Microwaves theory and Techniques. If they consider this the advancement for plotting negative resistance based on the mathematical trick descirbed -they are reliable, they are not a blog, a random conference article. Further the concept is taught at universities which link it to the tool or simply as a concept. If you look at the Smith chart itself, rarely people cite the Hagar Smith articles, they just use the chart. For the 3D Smith chart, prof. may refer to the tool directly https://empossible.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Topic-6-Smith-Charts.pdf http://www.3dsmithchart.com/#testimonials

https://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/33830-d-smith-chart-tool-is-now-free-to-all-students To consider these Nature and IEEE and Nature jorunals irrelevant is completely anti-scientifical. There is no reference to any author name, the concept simply is the natural extension of the Smith chart using the Mobius transfromation theory in the extended complex plane-Riemann sphere, and thus compactifiying all the circles which extend to infinity in 2D.
 * --(unsigned) 2021-08-09T21:15:56 2a02:120b:2c1a:d770:3d47:fa4c:eff3:6201

Terminology
What is a "generic rectangular complex number"? Nijdam (talk) 18:01, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I suppose it means the complex numbers are expressed in rectangular co-ordinates, as opposed to the $$\scriptstyle re^{i\theta}$$ polar coordinate form. The generic bit refers to representation by generalised variables as opposed to a specific frequency function.  The phrase is probably a little redudant.  Spinning  Spark  17:24, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Sign problem with formula for variation of reflection coefficient with line length to load
The problem is that the term exp(2jBl) given for the change in reflection coefficient at the presumably positive distance l from the load is wrong. It should be exp(-2jBl). See any standard reference for this, such as equation 2.42 in the 3rd edition of Pozar's Microwave Engineering. The need for the argument of the exponential to be negative can be seen from the clockwise rotation of the reflection coefficient (blue line) in the accompanying figure of this article.

The origin of the problem is that the formula Vf=A*exp(-gamma*l) assumes that l is distance measured in the direction of forward propagation away from the generator. The reflection coefficient adjustment term exp(2jBl) is therefore only correct if l is understood to be a negative quantity measured going back to the generator, away from the load. However, by convention, the parameter l in the reflection coefficient adjustment term is the positive length of line between the load and measurement point. This is reinforced by the accompanying figure description in which l is said to be the line length. The term therefore must be exp(-2jBl) to give clockwise rotation. The formula given later in the article for impedance transformation, involving tan(Bl), also only works if l is the positive line length away from the load. Does anyone have any ideas for cleaning the inconsistent meaning of l in the article? Should perhaps l be defined as the distance toward the generator, rather than away from the generator, in the entirety of the article? Brian Wowk (talk) 07:16, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I made the figure in question and could change it if necessary ... but changing the text instead would much easier :-P (I didn't write the text by the way.)

 * Maybe
 * $$V_F = Ae^{-\gamma l}, \;\; V_R = Be^{\gamma l}$$
 * should be rewritten
 * $$V_F(x) = A e^{-\gamma x}, \;\; V_R(x) = Be^{\gamma x}$$ where x is the coordinate on the line.
 * Then we can have text like
 * If the load at x=l has reflection coefficient C --- i.e. $$C = V_R(l)/V_F(l)$$ --- then the generator at x=0 sees the reflection coefficient $$V_R(0)/V_F(0) = Ce^{-2\gamma l}$$
 * Do you agree? Or something like that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sbyrnes321 (talk • contribs)

 * That could work, except that the $$V_F = Ae^{-\gamma l}, \;\; V_R = Be^{\gamma l}$$ terms are also used to derive the impedance transformation equation in tan(Bl). Expressing phase variation as a function of distance x toward the load (making x necessary negative if the load is the reference point), and then explaining a conversion to positive distance l=-x back from the load to derive the usual textbook equations gets a bit awkward.  I went ahead and implemented what appears to be the cleanest solution.  I redefined l as the distance from the load toward the measurement point, and reversed the sign of all expressions involving l except the tan(Bl) impedance transformation which was correct as written.  See what you think. Brian Wowk (talk) 20:19, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

Using Smith chart for Mechanical vibrations analysis
I thinking the Smith chart for Mechanical vibrations analysis is not same Smith chart using for RF circuits. You can look at page, where is an example Smith chart and description of Smith diagram.--MestskyVlk (talk) 19:46, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I think, what you refer to is the Smith fatigue strength diagram by British mechanical engineer James Henry Smith. We currently still lack an article about it (and him). --Matthiaspaul (talk)
 * Yes, that's what I'm referring to, that it might be a different type of graph/diagram that shares the same name. In the introduction of this article, there is a mention that the Smith chart is also used for the analysis of mechanical vibrations, referring to the sources Microwave Engineering (3rd ed.) and Microwave Transistor Amplifiers Analysis and Design. However, if you search for the Smith chart for mechanical analysis, you will come across a completely different graph, significantly different from the Smith Chart used in communications. That's why I think this part should be removed from the introduction, or the information should be supported by references to an article/book that deals with mechanical vibrations, not an article about microwave technology, which is an entirely different field.MestskyVlk (talk) 12:16, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. This was added by an IP more than a decade ago . I have removed it now.
 * --Matthiaspaul (talk) 19:20, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

Kurakawa's (possibly Kaneyuki Kurokawa) contribution?
See Talk:Phillip Hagar Smith --Matthiaspaul (talk) 12:27, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Solved. --Matthiaspaul (talk) 14:29, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Math
Prime numberless than 10 103.176.228.20 (talk) 10:58, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

Wrong impedance to admittance conversion for P10 to Q10
This section has several errors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_chart#Working_with_both_the_Z_Smith_chart_and_the_Y_Smith_charts

It states that P10 ($$z = 0.10 + j0.22\,$$) and Q10 ($$y = 1.80 - j3.90\,$$). But if you convert P10 with any online calculator, the resulting Q10 is quite different: 1.71233 - j3.76712

1.7 and 1.8 can be well distinguished on the scaling, so it seems a bit coarse.

Additionally, the corresponding picture SmithEx3.png seems to have a typo as it states Q10 as 1.80 - j0.39, as opposed to 1.80 - j3.90 given earlier. When reading the coordinates of Q10 on the graph, it is visually closer to 2.0 - j3.9 than to the assumed 1.8 - j3.9.

Graphical corrections: When measuring the picture SmithEx3.png and drawing a new straight line, the following can be noticed:
 * the first line segment from P10 to the origin O seems correct
 * the second line segment from O to Q10 is at a slight upwards angle compared to the first line segment, which explains the incorrect graphical location of Q10

When correcting the second line segment, you can read Q10 to be at 1.7 - j3.8, which is reasonably close to the calculated values (1.71233 - j3.76712).

The drawings and calculations for P1 and Q1 however seem correct.

Conclusion: Q10 should be 1.7 - j3.8 and the position of Q10 on the graph (SmithEx3.png) should be corrected (including the line segment from O to Q10). The typo in the graph for the coordinates of Q10 adds to the confusion.

title: Talk:Smith chart


text:
Talk:Vatnajökull

Area discrepancy?
The "summary" box on the right (don't know how it's called) mentions an area of 8,100 km2 (3,100 sq mi). The Size section in the main text however mentions an area of 13,600 km². Which one is it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.199.164.32 (talk) 08:30, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

Not largest anymore
Austfonna on Nordaustlandet, Svalbard in Norway is bigger in area. But Vatnajökull is bigger in volume.

Numbers: Vatnajökull is 8100 km2. In 1980 it was 8300 and in 1958 8538. 400m thick in average.

Austfonna in Norway is 8200 km2, slightly less than 300m thick in average, so Vatnajökull has a greater volume:   --

11:43, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Austfonna is 8492 km² according to the main article. When comparing volumes it is convenient to calculate them and express them in km³ (one km³ being equivalent to 1,000,000,000 m³). Given the figures for area and average thickness, Vatnajökull is 3200 km³ in volume, while Austfonna is about 2500 km³ (trying to avoid artificially high precision).--Ratzer (talk) 07:53, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Several wikipedias give a volume of 1,900 km³ for Austfonna. I haven't been able to locate the original source for that. If the value can be verified, it would be important to observe whether Vegafonna in the southwest is included. In any case, the average thickness would have to be corrected.--Ratzer (talk) 15:15, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Just found it:, which mentions an area of 8,105 km² at the same time, meaning that Vegafonna is not included.Ratzer (talk) 15:19, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Scholarly consensus seems to put the current size of the Austfonna ice cap at 7,800 km², see e.g., Moholdt, G. & Kääb, A. A new DEM of the Austfonna ice cap by combining differential SAR interferometry with ICESat laser altimetry. Polar Res 31, 18460, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.18460 (2012); Schomacker, A, Welsey, R. et al. Postglacial relative sea level change and glacier activity in the early and late Holocene: Wahlenbergfjorden, Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. Scientific Reports 9, Article no. 6799 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43342-z (2019). --Sylgja (talk) 03:57, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

Pronounciation
Are you sure those IPA stress markers are not misplaced? Currently, they indicate a primary stress on the second and on the last syllable. For what I know, Icelandic, like all Germanic languages, favors stress on the initial syllable. --Salleman 10:14, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

In Icelandic pronounciation the stress is ALWAYS on the fyrst syllable Pési 17:20, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Surely the caption on the last photo should be Jökulsárlón

I'm a native speaker, should I upload an audio file of me pronouncing it? Klandri (talk) 23:43, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Hvannadalshnjúkur
It is 2,110 m high according to new measurements -- see and our page about it. Stefán Ingi 14:12, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * My bad, I gave the worng number here, it is 2,110 m. I will correct it. Stefán Ingi 09:35, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

"possibly"
How about "likely because of. . ."? Possibly conveys that this is just sort of a guess. Haven't the causes of recession been studied and resonably established? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.255.161.218 (talk • contribs).

 * If you have a source that says that's the likely reason, then by all means add it and strengthen the wording. As it is, it's bordering on weasel words. —Keenan Pepper 23:45, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Contradiction
Both articles state that both glaciers are the second largest, while this one states that Austfonna is the largest. I think there's a misunderstanding between volume and area, but in any case it's a contradiction in the way it is worded now. Clarification is needed, and I certainly have no idea about glaciers or their current size. --Joffeloff 19:28, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it depends on whether ones considers Greenland part of Europe, which it is politically. --MacRusgail 23:48, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * There is no contradiction in the text. Both articles states that Austfonna is largest in area, and that Vatnajökull is largest in volume. (Greenland and the Greenlandic icesheet is a part of America geographically and is not of importance to this question). --KRISTAGAα-ω 00:39, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Part of America geologically, but not politically - that's my point. But then again, it's hard to claim Iceland as part of Europe - or any other continent... it's part of the Mid-Atlantic ridge --MacRusgail 19:19, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

volume vs area
Re the line it is the largest glacier in Europe in volume (almost 3,000 km²), "km²" (square kilometers) is a measure of area, whereas km³ (cubic kilometers) is a reference to volume. Which should it be? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.27.158.254 (talk) 22:38, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Source for Volcanic activity, melting and positive mass balance
This article covers a few issues with mass, and volcanic melting http://www.raunvis.hi.is/~oliverh/vatnajo/eismint.html#mtg How to insert it?FX (talk) 03:08, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Pronunciation 2
Ehrenkater tagged the pronunciation with the following comment:
 * The Icelanders pronounce it in 2 syllables, with the "tna" replaced by a glottal stop

Anyone know? — kwami (talk) 19:29, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

I have no idea what that even means but I am a native speaker so should I upload a file of me pronouncing it? Klandri (talk) 23:45, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Means "Glacier of Rivers"?
No it doesn't. It means "Glacier of Water(s)" or "Glacier of Lakes". River is "á". - 213.176.153.100 (talk) 14:18, 17 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Depends on context and local customs. Vötn (plural of vatn) can also mean a river. Héraðsvötn in Skagafjörður is one example, the word "vatnavextir" for river flooding is another. I don't now about this particular case but it would make sense that the glacier was named after the large glacial rivers that flow from the southern edge to the sea. --Bjarki (talk) 02:49, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

Vandalism or idiot ?
"With an area of 8,1 km², Vatnajökull is the largest ice cap in Europe by volume (3,100 km³) "

Neither of the numbers in this sentence can possibly be correct.Lathamibird (talk) 10:20, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Vatna Glacier, not Water Glacier
Just fixed an issue with the page where it was incorrectly stated that Vatnajökull is sometimes called Water Glacier in English. Water Glacier is not a name by which Vatnajökull has ever been known, and not a fully accurate translation. When I checked through the history of the page, it turned out that the sentence originally had "Vatna Glacier", but Vatna was mistakenly changed to Water at some point. "Vatna Glacier" is an existing, if not common, name for this glacier in English-language sources (including some printed ones). I think what has confused some readers is that it's a partial translation of the Icelandic, but as a place-name found on some maps it shouldn't be altered. --Sylgja (talk) 03:14, 9 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that, was having a hard time verifying that. – Þjarkur (talk) 11:22, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

How much water in it
That's it 62.195.25.68 (talk) 15:37, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Vatnajökull


text:
Viles Arboretum

The Viles Arboretum (formerly known as the Pine Tree State Arboretum) 224 acres (90.6 hectares) is a botanical garden and arboretum located in Augusta, Maine, United States, with 5 miles (8 km) of trails, open year round without charge. The plant collection contains over 300 species or varieties of trees and shrubs. The forested portion of the Arboretum is a certified Tree Farm Demonstration Area containing many of Maine's native trees.

The Arboretum's principal tree collections and gardens are as follows:

 * Urban & Community Forestry Demonstration Area — The Arboretum's largest collection; over six dozen specimens chosen for their durability in the urban environment.
 * Conifer Collection — North American varieties chosen for interesting characteristics (like the weeping white pine), and other species from around the world.
 * Governors Grove — Over 60 Eastern White Pine, Maine's state tree, each planted in honor of one of Maine's governors.
 * Chestnut Collection — A display of the American chestnut and its close relatives. With help from The American Chestnut Foundation, the Arboretum is developing a Chestnut Plantation with seedlings representing all of Maine's surviving American Chestnuts.
 * Daughters of the American Revolution Historical Gardens — Chosen for aesthetic, medicinal, culinary and home-use qualities, these flowers, herbs and shrubs would have been found in gardens around the time of the American Revolution.
 * Lilac Collection — A collection of lilac varieties blooming white, pink and purple in May.
 * Hosta Garden — Winding through the shade of a white birch grove, this collection of hosta varieties, one of the largest in Maine, was donated by the Case Estate of the Arnold Arboretum in Massachusetts.
 * Native Plant Garden — This newest garden has been incorporated into the landscaping for the new Education Wing of the Viles Visitors Center. It features native plants that are readily available from Maine garden centers and nurseries and encourages visitors to consider using more native plants in their home landscape and avoid using non-native plants that may escape into the wild.

title: Viles Arboretum


text:
User talk:NPatterson

Welcome!
Hi NPatterson, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 11:44, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:NPatterson


text:
Chlamydia pneumoniae

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a species of Chlamydia, an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects humans and is a major cause of pneumonia. It was known as the Taiwan acute respiratory agent (TWAR) from the names of the two original isolates – Taiwan (TW-183) and an acute respiratory isolate designated AR-39. Briefly, it was known as Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and that name is used as an alternate in some sources. In some cases, to avoid confusion, both names are given.

Chlamydia pneumoniae has a complex life cycle and must infect another cell to reproduce; thus, it is classified as an obligate intracellular pathogen. The full genome sequence for C. pneumoniae was published in 1999. It also infects and causes disease in koalas, emerald tree boas (Corallus caninus), iguanas, chameleons, frogs, and turtles.

The first known case of infection with C. pneumoniae was a case of conjunctivitis in Taiwan in 1950. There are no known cases of C. pneumoniae in human history before 1950. This atypical bacterium commonly causes pharyngitis, bronchitis, coronary artery disease and atypical pneumonia in addition to several other possible diseases.

Life cycle and method of infection

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a small gram-negative bacterium (0.2 to 1 μm) that undergoes several transformations during its life cycle. It exists as an elementary body (EB) between hosts. The EB is not biologically active, but is resistant to environmental stresses and can survive outside a host for a limited time. The EB travels from an infected person to the lungs of an uninfected person in small droplets and is responsible for infection. Once in the lungs, the EB is taken up by cells in a pouch called an endosome by a process called phagocytosis. However, the EB is not destroyed by fusion with lysosomes, as is typical for phagocytosed material. Instead, it transforms into a reticulate body (RB) and begins to replicate within the endosome. The reticulate bodies must use some of the host's cellular metabolism to complete its replication. The reticulate bodies then convert back to elementary bodies and are released back into the lung, often after causing the death of the host cell. The EBs are thereafter able to infect new cells, either in the same organism or in a new host. Thus, the lifecycle of C. pneumoniae is divided between the elementary body, which is able to infect new hosts but cannot replicate, and the reticulate body, which replicates but is not able to cause a new infection.

Diseases
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia around the world; it is typically acquired by otherwise-healthy people and is a form of community-acquired pneumonia. Its treatment and diagnosis are different from historically recognized causes, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Because it does not gram stain well, and because C. pneumoniae bacteria is very different from the many other bacteria causing pneumonia (in the earlier days, it was even thought to be a virus), the pneumonia caused by C. pneumoniae is categorized as an "atypical pneumonia".

One meta-analysis of serological data comparing prior C. pneumoniae infection in patients with and without lung cancer found results suggesting prior infection was associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer.

In research into the association between C. pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease,  serological testing, direct pathologic analysis of plaques, and in vitro testing suggest infection with C. pneumoniae is a significant risk factor for development of atherosclerotic plaques and atherosclerosis. C. pneumoniae infection increases adherence of macrophages to endothelial cells in vitro and aortas ex vivo. However, most current research and data are insufficient and do not define how often C. pneumoniae is found in atherosclerotic or normal vascular tissue.

Chlamydia pneumoniae has also been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection was first associated with wheezing, asthmatic bronchitis, and adult-onset asthma in 1991. Subsequent studies of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from pediatric patients with asthma and also other severe chronic respiratory illnesses have demonstrated that over 50 percent had evidence of C. pneumoniae by direct organism identification. C. pneumoniae infection triggers acute wheezing, if it becomes chronic then it is diagnosed as asthma. These observations suggest that acute C. pneumoniae infection is capable of causing protean manifestations of chronic respiratory illness which lead to asthma.

Macrolide antibiotic treatment can improve asthma in a subgroup of patients that remains to be clearly defined. Macrolide benefits were first suggested in two observational trials and two randomized controlled trials  of azithromycin treatment for asthma. One of these RCTs and another macrolide trial suggest that the treatment effect may be greatest in patients with severe, refractory asthma. These clinical results correlate with epidemiological evidence that C. pneumoniae is positively associated with asthma severity and laboratory evidence that C. pneumoniae infection creates steroid-resistance. A meta analysis of 12 RCTs of macrolides for the long term management of asthma found significant effects on asthma symptoms, quality of life, bronchial hyper reactivity and peak flow but not FEV1. More recent positive results of long-term treatment with azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality-of-life in patients with severe, refractory asthma have resulted in azithromycin now being recommended in international guidelines as a treatment option for these types of patients.

A recent case series of 101 adults with asthma reported that macrolides (mostly azithromycin) and tetracyclines, either separately or in combination, appeared to be dramatically efficacious in a subgroup of "difficult-to-treat" (i.e., not necessarily refractory to high-dose inhaled corticosteroids but who did not take them) patients with severe asthma, many of whom also had the "overlap syndrome" (asthma and COPD). Randomized, controlled trials that include these types of asthma patients are needed.

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is also associated with schizophrenia. Many other pathogens have been associated with schizophrenia.

Vaccine research
There is currently no vaccine to protect against Chlamydia pneumoniae. Identification of immunogenic antigens is critical for the construction of an efficacious subunit vaccine against C. pneumoniae infections. Additionally, there is a general shortage worldwide of facilities that can identify/diagnose Chlamydia pneumoniae.

title: Chlamydia pneumoniae


text: User talk:202.141.136.155

title: User talk:202.141.136.155


text:
User:Stevve

Does anyone know where I might be able to get some information about the history of Silver Spring, Maryland. I am basically looking for information about the little hamburger taverns that were in Silver Spring, MD and around the Washington DC area. Does anyone know if a publication or book was done on the subject. What kind of information is there out there about theses little hamburger taverns.

title: User:Stevve


text:
Princeton Law School

The Law School at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) was a department of Princeton University from 1847 until 1852. It began instruction in 1847 as a modest effort consisting of three professors: Joseph Coerten Hornblower, Richard Stockton Field, and James S. Green. Only seven students obtained a law degree before the school closed in 1852. The short-lived experiment was the furthest the university got in a recurring ambition, marked by varying levels of effort, to establish a law school. Previously, in the 1820s, an attempt was made to organize teaching in law, but this plan ended following the death of the designated professor.

In 1935, the university once again formed appreciable plans for the start of a law school but was unable to secure a faculty. In 1974, then president of Princeton, William G. Bowen, selected a committee to investigate and advise on the achievability of a law school. The committee recommended plans for a law school be deferred after citing high construction costs. Princeton, Brown, and Dartmouth are the only Ivy League schools to lack a law school.

Mistaken and fictional references
At a press conference of law school deans in 1998 decrying the annual US News Law School Rankings, then New York University School of Law Dean John Sexton quipped, "If they were asked about Princeton Law School, it would appear on the top 20 -- but it doesn't exist" Sexton was denouncing the US News usage of reputation survey results from judges, lawyers and law school deans in its ranking formula, expressing doubt over the expertise of some surveyed.

A 2003 National Review Online commentary blundered when the author, Candace de Russy, identified the law school at Princeton as real: "These yearnings are embodied in a doctrine called ‘transnational progressivism,’ which is gaining prominence in law schools, for example, at Princeton and Rutgers".

Similarly, during the Senate Judiciary Committee vote for Supreme Court nominee Samuel Alito, Sen. Richard Durbin attested that now Justice Alito hailed from "Princeton Law." Alito attended Princeton University for his undergraduate studies, but received his law degree from Yale Law School. Both de Russy and Durbin became cases in point for Sexton's comments, since the former is an academic holding a PhD, while the latter holds a Juris Doctor (JD) from Georgetown University Law Center.

Princeton University does award honorary degrees of law. Sonia Sotomayor, then Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and later Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, received an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from Princeton University.

Notable faculty

 * Joseph Coerten Hornblower

title: Princeton Law School


text:
User talk:Cloud Strife~enwiki

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:52, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cloud Strife. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cloud Strife~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:09, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:40, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cloud Strife~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DiscussionBoard

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was article rewritten from scratch. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:17, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DiscussionBoard
Why does every other forum software on Comparison_of_Internet_forum_software and many on List_of_Internet_forum_software have a page whereas this one does not and worse it redirects to a generic page? I wrote short page for it with a link pointing outwards to where users can get more information. Someone marked it for speedy deletion and someone else put in the redirect. SLWK 11:52, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment This had the VFD template added but was not listed on WP:VFD, so I added it. Talrias (t | e | c) 12:56, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I don't see any evidence of a previously written version on DiscussionBoard so someone must have deleted it. Maybe you should request it be restored at Votes for undeletion? I'm going to write a stub for it anyway, it deserves an article. Talrias (t | e | c) 12:41, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. There was one, but it was a copyvio. « alerante ✆ ✉ » 23:47, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Silva method

Please change redirect to Silva Method

title: Talk:Silva method


text:
Kaisei Academy

The Kaisei Academy (開成学園) is a preparatory private secondary school for boys located in the Arakawa ward of Tokyo, Japan. It was founded in 1871.

The Kaisei Academy is known for the number notable figures across diverse fields who have attended the school. Due to this it is considered one of the most prestigious secondary schools in the country. As of 2024, the school has had the most number of students admitted to the University of Tokyo, regarded as the best university in Japan.

Overview
Founded in 1871, the Kaisei Academy has produced a large number of notable alumni. Every year three hundred students are admitted to its junior high school, and one hundred students to its high school. The school's primary policy is 質実剛健 (Shitsu-jitsu-gou-ken), which means strong, simple, or spartan. The school policy is well represented in its school events such as an athletic meeting, marathon, swimming summer school, annual boat race with Senior High School at Otsuka, University of Tsukuba.

History
The school, which has produced hundreds of notable alumni, was founded in 1871. At first, it was established as the Kyōryū Gakkō as a preparatory school. After World War II, this school was integrated into the University of Tokyo. Its motto is "The pen is mightier than the sword".

Notable alumni

 * Okada Keisuke, (1868 – 1952) Prime Minister from 1934 to 1936 / Temporary on the register / In the prepschool age
 * Ikeda Kikunae, (1864 – 1936) who identified the flavour umami / In the prepschool age
 * Kogorō Takahira, (1854 - 1926) Japan's Ambassador to the United States from 1900 to 1909.
 * Physicist Nagaoka Hantarō, (1865 – 1950) who developed the Saturnian model of the atom / In the prepschool age
 * Poet Masaoka Shiki, one of the "four great masters" of the haiku / In the prepschool age
 * Poet and author Shimazaki Tōson (1872-1943), leading figure in the Meiji Romantic movement / In the prepschool age
 * Admiral Akiyama Saneyuki (1868 – 1918), planner of the Japanese strategy at the Battle of Tsushima / In the prepschool age
 * Vice Admiral Yamaguchi Tamon (1892 – June 4, 1942), commander of the aircraft carrier Hiryū at the Battle of Midway
 * Mutō Toshirō (1934 – ), former Deputy Governor of the Bank of Japan.
 * Fumio Kishida (1957 – ) Prime Minister from 2021.
 * Chikahiko Koizumi (1884 - 1945), surgeon vice-general of Japanese
 * Takayuki Kobayashi (1974 -), Politician, member of the House of Representatives from 2012
 * Chikara Yoshihara (1999 -), quiz player, a quiz competition, "ABC the 17th" champion. "ABC the 18th", "ABC the 19th" and "ABC the 20th" paper champion
 * Keiichi Tadaki (1943 -), lawyer, Prosecutor-General from 2006 to 2008
 * Shinji Inoue (1969 -), politician, Acting Secretary-General of the Liberal Democratic Party, former Minister in charge of International Exposition
 * Michio Yuzawa (1888 - 1963), politician, former governor of Miyagi prefecture from 1929-1931, former governor of Hiroshima prefecture from 1932 to 1935, former governor of Hyougo prefecture from 1935 to 1936, former Vice-Minister of Home Affairs from 1936 to 1937 and 1941 to 1942, former Minister of Home Affairs from 1942-1943, member of the House of Councilors from 1959 to 1963
 * Taro Tsujimura, (1890 - 1983), former president of the Association of Japanese Geographers, leading advocate of landschaftgeographie in Japan
 * Masaaki Koizumi (1964 -), certified public accountant, accounting auditor
 * Yoshiyuki Murata (1954 -), former President of Taisei Corporation
 * Shuji Yoshino (1970-), geography teacher at Kaisei, in charge of swimming club and tennis club
 * Toshio Kagami (1936 -), Representative Director of Oriental Land Co., Ltd.
 * Kiyotaka Sasaki (1961 -), the first Director of the General Policy Bureau of the Financial Services Agency
 * Teiji Seta (1916 - 1979), children’s literature writer, translator
 * Kuroda Seiki (1866 - 1924), painter, politician
 * Shin'ichirō Nakamura (1918 - 1997), novelist, literary critic, poet
 * Kōichirō Asakai (1906 - 1995), diplomat
 * Takushi Izawa (1994 -), quiz player, founder of QuizKnock
 * Minoru Kiuchi (1965 -), politician, former Senior Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs, former Senior Vice-Minister of Environment
 * Ryokichi Inada (1874 - 1950), bacteriologist, emeritus professor at University of Tokyo
 * Yukio Ninagawa (1935-2016), theatre director, film director, act
 * Akiyama Saneyuki (1868~1918), naval officer in the Meiji and Taisho eras, former vice-admiral of Japanese Navy
 * Tamon Yamaguchi (1892 - 1942), naval officer in the Taisho and Showa eras, former Vice Admiral of Japanese Navy
 * Shozo Uchida (1885 - 1972), architect, former president of Tokyo Imperial University (current University of Tokyo) >

title: Kaisei Academy


text:
Talk:Georgi Plekhanov

Death
How did he die? cun 11:54, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Plekhanov vs. Lenin
Plekhanov initially supported Lenin at the second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903, which saw the emergence of the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions. It was only afterwards that he came to believe that he had been present at the birth of a form of Russian Jacobinism, which for him presented the greatest danger to the progressive and Marxist path.

To understand Plekhanov's thought we have to go right back to his early political activities, all the way to Narodnik populism, a movement of intellectuals who believed that socialism would come to Russia on the backs of the peasants. The Narodniks came to the Russian countryside with the aim of educating the peasantry into a consciousness of both their power and their historical mission. Originally peaceful and didactic in purpose, the movement split in 1879 into two wings: the propagandists or Chorny Peredel (Black Reparation), and the terrorists or Narodnaya Volya (People's Will). The leaders of Narodnaya Volya, impatient with the slow rate of progress being made among the peasants, decided that it was necessary 'to give history a push.' Reacting against this, and against self-defeating terrorism, Plekhanov turned towards Marxism, as an explanation and a solution.

Marxism led Plekhanov away from peasant populism, to a belief that the development of new forms of capitalist production in Russia offered the only way forward, through bourgeoise liberalism to working-class socialism. History, in other words, had to move through distinct stages, and in accordance with a given set of economic laws. It could not be circumvented; it could not be 'pushed.' After 1903, with Lenin taking on something of the old Narodnaya Volya mantel, Plekhanov saw in him the making of a Russian Robespierre. He was also alarmed by the intransigence and intolerance of Leninist politics, going so far as to say that if Marx and Engels attended a Bolshevik meeting they would be attacked for their moderation. Leninism was based not on a broad-based movement of the working-class, but on a narrow and conspiratorial elite. Plekhanov attacked Lenin in the Socialist press, calling him an 'autocrat' who aimed at 'buraucratic centralism.' He further argued that Lenin's belief in a revolutuionary coup d'etat was a destructive fantasy, one that was essentially anti-Marxist.

After 1909 Plekhanov began to give shape to his ideas in his History of Russian Social Thought, unfinished at the time of his death in 1918. In essence, this was a warning to all Russian Marxists what would happen if any attempt was made to circumvent 'the iron law of history.' In Russia feudalism had developed along quite different lines from western Europe, and the dominant agency was always the state. Classes, even the aristocracy, stood in a relationship of dependence to a centralising autocracy. Bit by bit economic transformation, including the introduction of industrial capitalism, was changing the nature of Russian society; but the state remained very strong, poised between a 'western' and progressive future and a reactionary and 'oriental' past. The only way to break the power of Russian absolutism was to allow the development of a new European-style bourgeoisie. Capitalism, in other words, had to come before socialism.

His great fear was the Bolshevism, by ignoring the weakness of class development in Russia, would, in a premature seizure of power, merely inherit ancient and coercive forms of state authority. This was not a road to the future, but a retreat to the past; to new forms of oriental despotism; to a new and more terrible style of Tsarism. Clio the Muse 03:05, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Plekhanov did not oppose Bolshevism worrying about "coercive forms of state authority," but because they were skipping Marx's two-stage theory of revolution, the first stage being the establishment of a bourgeois parliament, which would grant political rights for workers and allow the building of a revolutionary class conscious, etc. You seem to introduce "coercive" thing in order to anarchize him. Plekhanov was prolific in his assaults on anarchist squeamishness about authority. AECwriter 05:19, 2 March 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aecwriter (talk • contribs)

The tiresome exaggeration of Plekhanov's differences with Lenin and the Bolsheviks
It seems to be a mantra for some that Plekhanov had a virtually continuous political and philosophical antagonism to Lenin. This is a fiction. Perhaps the strongest evidence of this is Plekhanov's support for retaining the existence of a working class political party of the kind that Lenin belonged to and led. From 1909 to 1912, well after the split and Plekhanov's falling off to Menshevik views, the founder of Russian Marxism nevertheless took issue with those who wished to liquidate the Bolshevik party that Lenin had founded.

Plekhanov went through a complicated evolution of views as happens with many outstanding intellectuals. Characterizing his views, as some have here, by an unrelenting hostility to Lenin, viewing Lenin as a prospective Jacobin, etc., etc., without any evidence to back up such claims regarding Plekhanov's views is highly misleading.

This tiresome exaggeration appears in the Wikipedia entry on Plekhanov in the form of an alleged nom de guerre that Plekhanov used. No evidence is called up to substantiate this claim that Plekhanov used the non de plume of Volgin, no text is named in which this name is used, nor is any evidence called up to substantiate the claim that this name was deliberately chosen to contrast Plekhanov's views with the views of Lenin. It could well be that this claim is simply a fiction - made up to substantiate a pre-existing prejudice. Plekhanov had a variety of fake names that he used to get around the book-burning censors of the Tsarist autocracy.

Furthermore, it seems rather curious that Plekhanov's widow would spend the last 20 years of her life administering the Plekhanov Library, after having arranged the donation of her late husband's belongings, his desk, etc., etc., to the hands of a regime that was allegedly so anathema to him.

Georgi Plekhanov, having been compelled to flee Russia in 1880 after being faced with increasing persecution by the Tsarist autocracy, did not return to his home for 37 years. He was infected by reformist views about socialism, views which were unfortunately prevalent in Europe at the time, and he also did not have the kind of close contact with the illegal revolutionary movement in Russia that some others, particularly Lenin, had. It is no slur against the memory of Plekhanov to note that it was Lenin that was destined to develop Marxist theory beyond the point that the father of Russian Marxism brought it to, and this makes the respect and veneration of Plekhanov by the Communists, and others, perfectly sensible. Plekhanov, despite his errors, deserves all the accolades and honours heaped upon him by the Russian Communists for his outstanding service to the working class and the cause of socialism. He lived up to the heroic example of the Russian revolutionary democrats before him - the very people whose examples inspired him. Georgi Plekhanov (talk) 05:37, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

COI claim
The page has been flagged for COI concerns. However, despite the fact that is has been so flagged for approximately three months, there is no discussion of the issue whatsoever on this talk page. I think that that discussion really ought to have appeared at the time of flagging if not, ideally, before ... and at the dead least, within a week after flagging. Three months of silence, in my opinion, justifies removal. If anyone wishes to reinstate the flag, I expect to see support for the move on the talk page. --7Kim (talk) 23:19, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Layout and Format
Eurrgh its awful. Just a block of text! Needs to be changed 86.185.205.10 (talk) 00:27, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Major reworking
I have been hashing away at things, trying to simplify the article's readability. Hopefully I haven't gored too many oxen in the process... Carrite (talk) 18:50, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Georgi Plekhanov


text:
User talk:Stevve

I am looking for information about the Easter Island Head which is in maryland. This statue/creature was created by the Wheaton High school in Montgomery County, MD sometime ago. I am basically looking for some information about this creatures and how it became to be where it is now. I believe it now stands at a major intersection in Rockville, Maryland. Any help you can give me I would greatly apprecaite it.

title: User talk:Stevve


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Requests for comment/B1link82

The previous FAC at this page was not FA content and never submitted to WP:FAC


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Perfectcompetition.net

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  05:20, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Perfectcompetition.net
Why are other MMOG sites such as There and Second_Life allowed to have a page whereas this one is claimed to be an advertisement? SLWK 11:56, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it depends on a variety of factors, including whether the company itself or someone associated with it made the page, how many people play the game (e.g. how notable it is) and so on. For what it's worth, 159 google hits on "perfectcompetition". Meelar (talk) 15:43, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. It appears to be a very, very minor online game: Google shows 159 hits, most for something else, and no links.  The forums only have about 100 posts, and are password-protected, so I can't check how long a time period that covers. --Carnildo 23:43, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It is fairly new. Launched a few weeks ago. The thing about the game is that it is unique. It is a new genre of MMOG. Whereas There, Second Life etc are all roughly carbon copies of each other. SLWK 06:42, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If it's only a few weeks old, then maybe in a year or so, it'll be big enough for an article. And as for MMOGs all being like each other, as a former player of Astronest, RuneScape, Everquest, and There, and a current player of Second Life and StarStrike, I can assure you they are not "carbon copies" of each other.  StarStrike, for example, is similar to AstroNest, but the turn-based combat of AstroNest and the turn/time hybrid of StarStrike are nothing like the real-time action of Everquest and RuneScape.  Further, There is basically a glorified chatroom, and the only thing I've found approaching Second Life's ability to modify the game world is the Open Source Metaverse Project. --Carnildo 07:20, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per Carnildo. Radiant_* 09:29, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Are You Afraid of the Dark? (disambiguation)

Are You Afraid of the Dark? may refer to:
 * Are You Afraid of the Dark?, a 1991 television series
 * Are You Afraid of the Dark? (book series), a 1995 book series based on the television series
 * Are You Afraid of the Dark? (novel), a 2004 novel by Sidney Sheldon


text:
User talk:Dilbert2

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk to me

Proposed deletion of ISRLEMX

The article ISRLEMX has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (software) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of "This article meets criteria A and B because..." and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:37, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dilbert2


text:
User talk:Brollyboy

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk to me

title: User talk:Brollyboy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Francis massey

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 16:47, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Francis massey
Goodness only knows what this is supposed to be. It's a bit long for speedy deletion. Deb 11:57, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's bilge. Lack of capitalization once again proves to have a strong correlation.  No suitable Francis Masseys present themselves as candidates for a rewrite.  Delete. Uncle G 12:27, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting enough to permit further comment. [User: Edward Fife] — (Improperly signed comment by 195.171.106.169.)
 * Keep. Well known that massey is not capitalised when used as title. [Blade Bradley] — (Improperly signed comment by 195.171.106.169.)
 * Delete This is not an encyclopedic article. (Note: The last two votes which appear to come from two different people are from the same IP address, which is also the one which created the article.) Shoaler 13:11, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The massey legend is an important piece of Ulster lore. The unconventional style of the article is sensitive to the subject matter User:Yotemaster 13:11, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC) — (Improperly signed comment by 145.229.156.40.)
 * Delete. Near nonsense, sockpuppet-supported. android↔talk 15:07, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax, senseless, candidate for Dr. Scholl's products. Barno 15:29, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Kill the socks Delete as hoax. Radiant_* 15:58, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax --Asriel86 17:02, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax. RickK 23:05, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete but consider BJAODN. I actually laughed out loud in parts. - Lucky 6.9 05:15, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, echo Lucky. BLANKFAZE | (что??) 23:43, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Solonix

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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Robert van de Geijn
I have added a "" template to the article Robert van de Geijn, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. feydey 17:38, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Robert van de Geijn
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Robert van de Geijn, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * No real notability. Professor with some research project.

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Scott Mac (Doc) 14:29, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Solonix


text:
C4MIP

C4MIP (more fully, Coupled Climate Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project) is a joint project between the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). It is a model intercomparison project along the lines of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, but for global climate models that include an interactive carbon cycle.

title: C4MIP


text:
From Autumn to Ashes

From Autumn to Ashes is a Post-hardcore band based in Long Island, New York. The group formed in 2000 under the name  Who's to Blame. While the band had gone through many lineup changes, the members include Francis Mark (lead vocals, drums), Scott Gross (guitars), Benjamin Perri (screamed vocals), Brian Deneeve (guitars, backing vocals), Stephen Salvio (guitars), Josh Newton (bass guitar, backing vocals), Mike Pilato (bass, backing vocals), Rob Lauritsen (guitars), Jonathan Cox (guitars) and Jeff Gretz (drums, backing vocals).

Described as "melody and lushness meets brutality," the band released their debut full-length album Too Bad You're Beautiful in 2001. The album featured former band member Benjamin Perri on harsh vocals, with Mark providing the clean vocals and acted as drummer. The year 2003 saw the release of The Fiction We Live and 2005, the release of Abandon Your Friends, the last From Autumn to Ashes album with Perri and Mark in their respective roles. After Perri's departure shortly after Abandon Your Friends, Mark became lead vocalist and in 2007, the band released Holding a Wolf by the Ears. On June 9, 2008, the band announced that they had gone on "indefinite hiatus." They insisted that the decision was amicable and the band had simply reached its natural conclusion. They have since reunited and played several shows but have yet to release any new music.

Formation and Too Bad You're Beautiful (2000–2002)
From Autumn to Ashes formed on Long Island in 2000 with Francis Mark (drums, vocals), Steve Salvio (guitar) and Benjamin Perri (vocals) — Perri provided screaming vocals, while Mark sung clean vocals. Commenting on the name of their band, Scott Gross (guitar) said, "you are absolutely not going to get the right answer on this one because that would pretty much end the band" and that "no one is going to know the reason and we are going to keep it that way." The term "Autumn" refers to both the season and a fictional character the band created. Mark and Gross planned to use the character in a book. For the first few months as a touring band, From Autumn to Ashes claimed to have sold half of their equipment, a car, and spent between $3,000 and $4,000 making demos and hand distributing them.

To find a record label, the band says "we pretty much just sent packages to every record label, a shit load of phone calls harassing people." In 2001, From Autumn to Ashes performed in Long Island with Ferret Music bands Skycamefalling and Martyr AD, where the founder of Ferret Music, Carl Severson, attended. The following day, Severson contacted the group and they were soon signed in 2001. The band's debut full-length album, Too Bad You're Beautiful, was released on August 14, 2001. Too Bad You're Beautiful, which was written entirety about a relationship Perri had, sold over 100,000 records in the United States, and thus, From Autumn to Ashes became the highest selling band on Ferret Records. It had also featured vocals on the song "Short Stories With Tragic Endings" from Melanie Wills of the band One True Thing. A reviewer on Punk News stated the album had the ability to "put you to sleep like a baby's lullaby, then smash you awake with the most gut wrenching, floor pounding hardcore this side of the Mississippi freakin' river." In 2000, under the music label Tribunal, the band released the Sin, Sorrow and Sadness EP on March 5, and later took part in the Warped Tour during the summer months. In 2002, the band employed a live drummer for a number of songs so that Mark could focus on the songs in which he did more vocals.

The Fiction We Live (2003–2004)
In 2003, following speculation as to which label From Autumn to Ashes would release their next record, the band signed to Vagrant Records and enlisted Garth "GGGarth" Richardson as producer. After performing on the 2003 Warped Tour, they released their second full-length album, The Fiction We Live on September 9, 2003, which again featured vocals from Melanie Wills on the song "Autumn's Monologue". The album was described as more melodic in sound than Too Bad You're Beautiful, which had a more "hardcore sound." Perri explained that The Fiction We Live's songs had more structure than their debut release, and was the result of the band's time together. Aubin Paul of Punk News viewed the release as a growth from Too Bad You're Beautiful, writing that "like their previous [album], [this one] contains its share of PSAT words, and overtly maudlin pseudo-poetry, but it's still a big improvement". The move to a larger label and slightly more commercialized sound allowed the band to find more mainstream success, producing three singles, "The After Dinner Payback", "Lilacs & Lolita" and "Milligram Smile". The song "The After Dinner Payback" also appeared on the soundtrack for the horror film Freddy vs. Jason. For the following months, the group toured the country, also playing on the 2004 Warped Tour, during which time Josh Newton (bass) joined, as Pilato left along with Gross.

Abandon Your Friends (2005–2006)
On March 8, 2005, a re-release of Too Bad You're Beautiful was issued, featuring the songs from the Sin, Sorrow, and Sadness EP. Under direction of producer Richardson, From Autumn to Ashes' third full length album, Abandon Your Friends, was released on August 30, 2005. The album stemmed from the idea that "[abandoning your friends is] kind of...what we do. I mean, in the sense of how life goes on when we go away [on tours]." Abandon Your Friends met with speculation about the band's internal conflicts surrounding a potential break up. Perri had not been much involved in the process of creating the album and did not attend practice sessions, despite stating in interviews that the album was "a full on collaborative effort" and "We just all had a say in what we were writing." It was revealed in 2007, in interviews, and when Mark posted in the band's Myspace blog that he had ghostwritten Perri's lyrics in a matter of days. The band had made a further move away from the heavier sound of their past albums, and had shifted more focus to Mark's vocals. CMJ reviewer Tracey John explained that the album "continues to unabashedly straddle both ends of the hardcore/emo spectrum", however, the band "doesn't show much of a progression from 2003's The Fiction We Live." The album generally garnered reviews in which it was noted that, as a reviewer at Punk News explained that if you're a "fan of From Autumn to Ashes, you'll be disappointed."Others disagreed, like UK magazine Kerrang! who gave the album a 5 out of 5 review and called it a metal masterpiece. This album would also go on to sell over 100,000 copies. Abandon Your Friends produced one single, "Where Do You Draw The Line?" with an accompanying music video. Unhappy with intraband politics, guitarist Jonathan Cox quit the band.

Holding a Wolf by the Ears (2007)
After taking a five-month hiatus at the beginning of 2006, From Autumn to Ashes returned and played the length of the 2006 Vans Warped Tour, adding Rob Lauritsen in place of Cox. In September 2006, the band rented practice space and began writing material for what would become Holding a Wolf by the Ears. Brian McTernan was chosen as producer because he had previously worked with Mark and Newton on their side project Biology's album, and the members opted for this release to have a less refined feel than the last albums. As From Autumn to Ashes prepared to begin studio recording for the album, Mark noted that Perri "never came out to any of the practices and he had no involvement. But that was also the way it was when we wrote Abandon Your Friends." Perri had then declared that he would no longer be a part of the band. As Mark explains, "I thought there was a more considerate way he could have gone about leaving the band", but it was ultimately "cool of him to recognize that he just didn't have the passion for the band anymore." Deciding to move on without Perri as a member, Mark then became lead vocalist, providing both clean and screaming vocals in addition to his already recorded drums. Mark, as the band's lyricist explained that he "work[ed] very hard and writing and revising very personal lyrics" and found that a part of him did not want to hand over the lyrics to another to sing, however, with Perri's departure and when Mark began recording vocal tracks, "It immediately seemed like that's the way things had been all along". Mark stated the bulk of the album's lyrics had been "just about living" and "the idea that extremes are dangerous." Recorded in about a month's time, Holding a Wolf by the Ears was named for the quotation by Thomas Jefferson, "But as it is, we have the wolf by the ear, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other." Reviewer Drew Beringer of Absolute Punk had praised the change in the band's line up, stating that "Mark is three times the front man Perri was", and gave "passion that had been severely lacking while Perri was in the band."

In early 2007, the band began auditioning drummers to take Mark's place in the upcoming tours. Initially looking for a temporary member, From Autumn to Ashes would remain a quartet if they did not get along with the drummer. However, Jeff Gretz was officially added to the lineup and in March 2007, two weeks before From Autumn to Ashes began touring. The These Speakers Don't Always Tell the Truth EP was released on March 13, 2007, featuring songs from the forthcoming album and a previously unreleased track. Holding a Wolf By the Ears was released on April 9, 2007, as the last album for the band's contract to Vagrant Records, and according to Mark, is "heavier than anything we've ever done" and the "closest we've come to capturing how I think this band should sound." Reviewer Corey Apar of Allmusic noted that the band "sounds stronger than it has in awhile [sic]". Music videos for "Pioneers" and "Deth Kult Social Club" were filmed, the former based on The Lottery, a short story by Shirley Jackson, and the latter, a live video shot on Long Island as the end of February 2007. "Pioneers" was released as the first single from the album. In September 2007, Newton left the band and From Autumn to Ashes was joined by original bassist Pilato to take on Newton's place.

Live at Looney Tunes and indefinite hiatus (2008–2014)
In January 2008, the band performed at the Looney Tunes store in New York. A recording of this show was released on Vagrant records on June 17, 2008. This album was From Autumn to Ashes' final release. A week before the live album came out, the band announced they were going to take an "indefinite hiatus." Lead singer Francis Mark commented on the break:

"'At this point I feel that we have accomplished everything we could have hoped for with FATA. It doesn't feel much like a break up. Just feels like the end. It's complete. I would say that we are going on indefinite hiatus because the term breakup suggests a more negative circumstance. There have been no quarrels between band members. It is also not a question of fan support because we are lucky to have some of the most loyal and impassioned friends a band could ask for. Thank you again for the overwhelming support of our last album.'"

Mark and Lauritsen started the band Warship, which released one album and announced its breakup on their Myspace page December 30, 2009. Soon after, Mark formed the band Tidal Arms with friends Tom Tierney and Patrick Southern. Deneeve and Emanuel singer Matthew Breen came together to create the band Summer Law, which was disbanded after several months so that Deneeve could focus on attending culinary academy in hopes of becoming a Master Pastry Chef. Gretz announced his return to drumming for the band Zao, and is a member of Emanuel and the Fear.

In the meanwhile Brian Deneeve joined the UK boyband The Wanted as one of the guitarists for their backing band. Later he formed a new band called Get Involved which consists of Tucker Rule (Thursday), Derrick Karg, Todd Weinstock (Glassjaw) and Marcus Russell Price.

Reunion (2014–present)
The band's Twitter account tweeted for the first time on October 13, 2014. All the tweet contained was a picture of the band's debut album Too Bad You're Beautiful. No information can be found on why they did this or what it means.

Later on November 4, 2014, they posted a lyric line from the song "Kansas City 90210" which contains ""If I wanted to make a comeback would kids receive me? Unemployment, I've been ruined by young hands clapping." which supports the speculation of the band's possible reunion.

On November 26, 2014, it was announced the band would be reuniting at Amnesia Rockfest in June 2015, stating that more shows would be announced soon after.

On July 7, 2015, vocalist Francis Mark was charged in Michigan with maintaining a drug house. In a public statement, Mark addressed the charge, saying:

I wanted clarify a few things in the press and express my gratitude to the fans who continue to stick by us in these trying times. I turned myself in and was not arrested. The alleged drug house in question was merely a medicinal marijuana facility. I speak not only for myself but on behalf of From Autumn To Ashes that we will make up the dates as soon as we possibly can. Thank you for the years of support and see you soon.

In March 2020, the band confirmed a second string of reunion shows, their first in four years. However, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, both the first show in June and the second show in September were canceled or rescheduled. The band did confirm that it would play the rescheduled May 2021 dates of Furnace Fest.

In a live interview on Twitch, and later uploaded to YouTube, guitarist Jeff Gretz confirmed that the second post-hiatus reunion was stipulated on writing new music and that the band had indeed been writing new songs, although uncertain of what would ultimately come of the writing sessions.

On September 19, 2023, the band shared a short teaser video on social media. A few days later, on September 22, it was announced that the band would be embarking on a short tour of the East Coast in November and December later that year. These shows were the band's first since December 2021.

Musical style and influences
The band's styles included emo, screamo, post-hardcore, and metalcore.

For his stylistic influences for playing drums, Mark references Stewart Copeland of The Police who he "always thought ... had a really good style", Neil Peart of Rush, John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, and Keith Moon of The Who. Following the release of The Fiction We Live, then screaming vocalist Perri explained that the lyrics he was writing for the forthcoming album (Abandon Your Friends) would feature lyrics that were inspired by Billy Joel, stating that they were "billyjoelesque" because "they're more straightforward, not what I'm thinking, what I'm feeling, instead of poetry and shit". However, it is unclear whether the lyrics were used on the album, as was revealed by Mark in 2007, that Perri had not contributed to Abandon Your Friends and it was Mark who had ghostwritten the lyrics.

From Autumn to Ashes also combines genres as Mark has said, The combinations of genres allows them to tour with a variety of bands with different styles. They are able to "go on tour with Taking Back Sunday one month and go on tour with Shadows Fall the next month."

Band members
Current
 * Francis Mark – clean vocals (2000–2008; 2014–present) ; unclean vocals (2006–2008; 2014–present) ; piano (2001–2008; 2014–present) ; drums (2000–2006)
 * Brian Deneeve – lead guitar, backing vocals (2001–2008; 2014–present)
 * Mike Pilato – bass, backing vocals (2000–2004; 2007–2008; 2014-present)
 * Rob Lauritsen – rhythm guitar (2006–2008; 2014–present)
 * Jeff Gretz – drums, unclean vocals (2006–2008; 2014–present) ; additional guitars (2020–present)

Former
 * Benjamin Perri – unclean vocals (2000–2006)
 * Stephen Salvio – lead guitar (2000–2001)
 * Scott Gross – rhythm guitar (2000–2004)
 * Jonathan Cox – rhythm guitar (2004–2006)
 * Josh Newton – bass guitar, backing vocals (2004–2007)

title: From Autumn to Ashes


text: Template:Iloilo

title: Template:Iloilo


text:
Érd

Érd (Hamzabey Palanka; Hanselbeck, Andzabeg) is a town in Pest County, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary. It is a city with county rights.

History
The area has been inhabited since ancient times. Archaeological findings indicate that prehistoric humans lived here 50,000 years ago.

Érd itself was first mentioned in documents in 1243. The name comes either from the word erdő ('forest') or from ér ('stream').

During the Ottoman occupation of Hungary, Érd was captured by the Turks in 1543, after the castle of Székesfehérvár fell. The Turks built a motte castle and a mosque here. During this time, the area was called Hamzsabég (Hamzabey). In 1684, the army led by Charles V, Duke of Lorraine defeated the Turks near Érd.

In 1776, Érd became an oppidum (town). It is possible that it already had been an oppidum before the Ottoman occupation. In the early 20th century, Érd became the property of the Károlyi family. The town grew, but remained mainly an agricultural town until 1972, when several new facilities were built and the tourist value of Érd grew.

Érd was the fastest-growing locality in Hungary between the 1991 and 2001 censuses (up 30.6%). On November 7, 2005, the Parliament decided that Érd would be granted the rank of city with county rights from the next council election in autumn 2006.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of Érd (designed by the local sculptor Emil Eőry and librarian Lajos Horváth in mid-1991) is a shield, rectangular with a conical base and a cut in the optical bisector. In the upper field of gold is a green tree with a black outline and an open, three-branched lily crown set in a five-armed canopy, the lilies of which have three petals each, making a total of nine.

The tree and the crown refer to the name of the Árpád-period forest of Érd and the royal forest ranger. The three branches of the crown are reminiscent of the Ákos-házy Sárkány, Illésházy and Batthyány families, who were vital in the history of Érd. The nine petals of the three lily branches represent the nine districts of the present-day city.

The lower blue field shows a red dragon curved into a wheel, with a Latin gold cross in its looping tail. It refers to the fact that the members of the Sárkány family were the soldiers of an Order founded by King Sigismund. The gold field symbolises value, ideals and harmony, while the blue represents the Danube.

Transport
Mass transit is operated by Volánbusz, with five bus lines. Many buses depart to nearby cities, such as Sóskút, Pusztazámor, Százhalombatta, and Budapest.

In the city, there are five railway stations (Érd, Érd alsó, Érd felső, Tétényliget, and Érdliget). Passengers can travel to Budapest, Pécs, Nagykanizsa, etc.

Tourist sights

 * Hungarian Geographical Museum, founded by geographer Dénes Balázs
 * Saint Michael Church
 * Turkish Érd minaret (17th century; one of only three existing minarets in the country)
 * Remains of an ancient Roman road
 * Fundoklia Valley with rare plant species

Demographics
Population by nationalities:
 * Magyars – 93.4%
 * Romani – 1%
 * Germans – 0.6%
 * Others – 0.8%
 * No answer, unknown – 4.2%

Population by denominations:
 * Roman Catholic – 49.2%
 * Calvinist – 14.2%
 * Greek Catholic – 2.2%
 * Lutheran – 1.8%
 * Others (Christian) – 1.5%
 * Others (non-Christian) – 0.2%
 * Atheist – 16.5%
 * No answer, unknown – 14.3%

Politics
The current mayor of Érd is László Csőzik (Independent).

The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 members (one mayor, 12 individual constituencies MEPs and five Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:

List of mayors
List of city mayors from 1990:

Notable people

 * Ádám Szabó (born 1992), singer
 * Ferenc Miákits (1876–1924), politician, minister of finance of the Hungarian Soviet Republic
 * Ferenc Molnár (1891–?), footballer
 * Rudolf Pap (born 1989), animator
 * Zita Szeleczky (1915–1999), actress

Twin towns – sister cities
Érd is twinned with:
 * 🇨🇿 Kolín, Czech Republic
 * 🇸🇰 Levice, Slovakia
 * 🇵🇱 Lubaczów, Poland
 * 🏴 Poynton, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇷🇴 Reghin, Romania
 * 🇨🇳 Xuzhou, China

title: Érd


text:
User talk:Oldpenang

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

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Copyright Policy
Good work creating new articles and contributing to exisiting ones. When you make contributions, be careful that you don't include copyrighted material. Copyright rules are complicated, so take some time to review Copyrights. A good general rule is that most things on the internet are already copyrighted by someone else, so they cannot be contributed to wikipedia. Again, content from webpages is usually copyrighted and cannot be added to wiki. Keep up the good work, and feel free to contact me with questions. Feco

The article Captain_Ilay_Ferrier you submitted contains copyright content from. Please review wiki's copyright rules to assure that you don't contribute copyrighted material.Feco

title: User talk:Oldpenang


text:
Little Baby Nothing

"Little Baby Nothing" is a song recorded by Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers for their debut studio album, Generation Terrorists (1992). It was released on 9 November 1992 by Columbia Records as the sixth and final single from the album. The song features guest vocals by American actress and singer Traci Lords.

Content
"Little Baby Nothing" features vocals by former pornographic actress Traci Lords. The song is about the sexual exploitation of a woman, and Lords agreed to a duet with the band's singer-lead guitarist James Dean Bradfield. Bradfield said: "we needed somebody, a symbol, a person that could actually symbolize the lyrics and justify them to a certain degree. Traci was more than happy to do it. She saw the lyrics, and she had an immediate affinity with them. It was definitely easy to incorporate her personality into the lyrics. We just wanted a symbol for it, and I think she was a great symbol. She sounds like a female Joey Ramone to me." Lords said that "I listened to the tape and really identified with the character in the song... this young girl who's been exploited and abused by men all her life." In an interview some years later, she said that she was distressed at the news of the disappearance and presumed suicide of the band's guitarist-lyricist Richey Edwards.

Originally, the band wanted the duet to feature vocals by Australian singer Kylie Minogue, but she could not be released from her PWL contracts. She later performed the song live with the group. She also collaborated with them on her 1997 album Impossible Princess.

The B-side "Suicide Alley" had previously been released as the Manics' debut single. It was included on all formats (except CD2) as copies of the original 7-inch release were already fetching £250–300 at auction. The inclusion of the song on CD also upset Glen Powell's plans to reissue the single. Powell had produced the original version and still owned the master tapes.

Music video
The promotional video for the song was directed by music journalist Steven Wells and featured the first appearance on screen by pop duo Shampoo.

Track listings
All music was composed by James Dean Bradfield and Sean Moore. All lyrics were written by Nicky Wire and Richey Edwards.

CD1

 * CD1 was rereleased in 1997 with an altered running order.

CD2

7-inch

Cassette

title: Little Baby Nothing