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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cardioretinometry

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:02, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Cardioretinometry
Very new if not original research; neologism. All references were produced by the author of the article. Moreover, this article published recently outlines how important people in the world are trying to destroy cardioretinometry via virus and trojan attacks. Is this the kind of dangerous material we want in the encyclopedia? Delete barring refereed references. +sj +  05:37, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I find 60 unique google hits for "CardioRetinometry". Many of them refer to an alleged virus attack that targeted the term.  Every hit that I scanned (including the "warning messages" about the attack) was authored by Sydney J Bush PhD. DOpt. (IOSc. London) who also signed this article.  Searching for several key phrases does not find an obvious duplicate so I do not believe this to be a copyvio.  He claims that this concept has been published in British Medical Journal but I can find no evidence of either CardioRetinometry or even of S Bush as an author.  I believe that this falls afoul of our No original research rules.  An identical article was cut-and-pasted in at CardioRetinometry by the same anon contributor.  (That article is now also tagged with VfD and points to this discussion.)  Delete both versions.  Rossami (talk) 22:48, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I've found the "British Medical Journal" publication: it appears to be a letter to the editor --Carnildo 19:25, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Appears to be original research. I don't get what you mean by "dangerous material". --Carnildo 22:49, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, if the "Global PharMafia" and/or the cartel of "Organised Medicine" are indeed behind a [virus and Trojan attack] on cardioretinometry, why, surely it would be far too dangerous for Wikipedia to host this article! After all, we all know how dangerous that Russian origin website ".ru" is.  Delete, BTW. -- Antaeus Feldspar 14:11, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Real science has been done in this field, with interesting results.  The article at present is a bit of a puff piece, hopelessly POV, densely written and often rather bizarre, but that's no reason for deletion.  It just needs cleanup and removal of the original research. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:47, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It may be real, but I can't find any evidence of it online. A Google search results in about 110 hits: 20 on the use of "cardioretinometry" as a virus/trojan horse target keyword, 70 hits from "vitamin C as a panacea" sites, which are worthless as the basis for a scientific article, two sites that don't exist, VfD discussions on three Wikipedia mirrors, a few press releases, one "letter to the editor" in the BMJ, and two sites listing that Dr. Sidney Bush has an honorary doctorate.  What part of this could I use to write an article? --Carnildo 19:25, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I was thinking of this study finding a possible link between narrowed retinal arterioles and long term risk of hypertension. One could write up an article explaining how this may or may not be evidence to support the cardioretinometry hypothesis.  One could document the trojan stuff.  NPOV is very powerful, we could produce an article that would enable people to make sense of the claims and understand their basis (or the lack of it). --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:05, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've modified the article to remove all material that is unverifiable, irrelevant, POV, or original research. The BMJ article you mentioned doesn't seem to be relevant -- it's for a fairly conventional diagnostic technique, while cardioretinometry seems to be about measuring pixel-level differences in digital images of the retina.  The article is now a substub, and barely more than a dicdef.  --Carnildo 23:58, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

AUTHOR'S NOTE: This research IS completely new and original: I would like to delete the entry CardioRetinometry (with a Capital 'R')as it was submitted prematurely. I am happy with the other entry 'Cardioretinometry' (small r ). I am a practising Optometrist with many articles published in our optometric journals over the last 50 years. This new technique is one which scares the Global PharMafia. The GOOGLE search went up to over 2,200 before they regained control and deleted most of the malicious websites. This 'snowstorming' of Cardioretinometry so that it could not be found in the blizzard of 'results' must be significant? I had no control once my Press Release "Cardioretinometry Attacked" was issued to tell the world what was happening and to warn people not to 'CLICK' on to .ru Russian malicious websites. I am now being criticise for this? Cardioretinometry was featured at the top of the Bolen Report for 3 days twice! Prof Hickey and Dr Roberts mention it or me by name 14 times in Ridiculous Dietary Allowance.: with 100 scientific objections to the RDA. See also their "Ascorbate - the Science of Vitamin C" The new definitive textbook. They say "the RDA is not science - it is politics." Around half the USA adults take either beta-blockers or statins. This market is seriously threatened if optometrists measure people's vessels, prescribe harmless antioxidants and monitor them to keep them in good health. My medical colleagues are split. I have some on my medical panel. One was threatened and had to leave. I was subject to a scurrilous attack via the General Optical Council alleging I had published his name without permission. This gives the measure of Medical and Pharmaceutical dirty tricks of which I was warned by the vitamincfoundation website. They are not frightened of the Global PharMafia. I find no words to describe people who would suppress the truth and harm tens of millions of people than risk offending the PharMafia or Western Palliative Allopathic Medicine. Have these people consciences? If they have links with medicine or pharmacy they should declare themselves incompetent. Naturally, I wish to claim credit for the discovery following £80,000 worth of unfunded private investment on parallel glaucoma research leading accidentally to this discovery. I am currently preparing a paper for submission to "Medical Hypotheses." The BMJ challenge by Wong came before I was ready. my replies are to be found in Replies to Wong in the Rapid Responses July 23rd, Nov 26th. 04. There are so many links to the BMJ Rapid Responses that the critics compromise their own image who insist they cannot find them. Positive criticism please? Sydney J Bush

By positive criticism, do you mean meaningful criticism aimed at content, or do you just want encouraging comments? My immediate reaction was negative, based on the following:
 * 1) The topic suggests this is a new diagnostic procedure by which cardiovascular health can be assessed by visualizaton of the retinal vessels. Appropriate coverage of a new diagnostic test is to compare its sensitivity and specificity to established techniques for assessing the same thing. If something this basic has not been done and published, then this procedure is not ready for prime time so to speak. It is certainly simple, but I see no references to proof of value.
 * 2) The discussion of this new diagnostic procedure is mixed up with advocacy of extra vitamin C for vascular health. It is simply a separate topic, and both the diagnostic value of cardioretinometry and the therapeutic value of vitamin C need to be proven independently of this tangled mess.
 * 3) Credibility is lowered to near zero by preposterous and overblown claims: that this is a "new science", that it is under attack by the Pharma Mafia, that it will put cardiologists out of work, etc. No cardiologist is worried. The medical literature is full of reports of relatively simple measures of health (e.g., finger contractures as a subtle sign of prolonged poor glucose control), and no one is suppressing the "secrets" of healthy living. Vegetables, vitamins, and exercise don't put anyone out of business and no one suppresses them. Why is this different?
 * 4) Anything that Tim Bolen is touting is likely quackery, like Hulda Clark. You really don't want to be associated with him.
 * 5) Your website doesn't seem to understand that Medical Hypotheses is a journal that publishes pure unproven speculation (for a page charge too?). When you cite it in a way as to suggest it enhances the credibility of the technique, you make me think you are either extremely naive or downright dishonest.

I am not quite positively sure this is quackery, but I'm pretty close. Is that positive enough for you? alteripse 02:50, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

AUTHOR'S FURTHER REPLY: Thank you for your considered comments: 30,000 NLM papers mentioning vitamin C since 1950! FIVE PAPERS! on 'CHD and ascorbate.' I should rest my case for a conspiracy against vitamin C? Optometrists in N. America, an eye doctor in Los Angeles (met at a dinner given in my honour) and optometrists in the UK are now starting Cardioretinometry. They understand the 'before' and 'after' images (some of medical patients) there for everyone to study. My paper in 'Medical Hypotheses' (if they publish it, for no major medical journal will be allowed by the Global PharMafia to publish it) will mention a virtual forty year absence from the literature of coronary heart disease (CHD) papers (5  YES FIVE PAPERS! if you  search for 'CHD and ascorbate' and the five since 1995!)There have been over 30,000 papers mentioning vitamin C in this time but trivial and trivia on CHD. It is as if the literature has been swept clean! All CHD and ascorbate papers vacuumed out! I estimate that between 5,000 and 10,000 papers on heart disease and vitamin C are missing. Are you aware of anybody benefiting from the research mentioning vitamin C in the 30,000 papers? How many receive advice to take more vitamin C from physicians? Yet when I was a medical student we were trained in it to know better! That vitamin C impacts on the cardiovascular system and scurvy kills this way needs no further proofs. There has been a serious distortion of the literature. Prof Hickey and Dr Roberts mention the word 'genocide' in their works. Dr Mark Levine (RDA committee) no longer answers correspondence. Cardioretinometry, by direct observation of impacts on retinal arteries reveals this and will expose the fraud. My friend Prof Denham Harman, Emeritus prof. of cardiovascular research, Nebraska, brought antioxidants and arteries to our notice in Nov 57 with the Free radical Theory of ageing and Disease. That was another new science. My closest medical contacts admit the suppression privately and also agree that Western Medicine is run like the Nazi Party. The half life of vitamin C in the plasma is 30 mins! Pharmacologically indefensible 'Milligram once/day medical madness' is killing the majority before their time who do not have a good vitamin C 6th gene. View the images yourselves. The best images, showing hypertension reversed are saved for my coming textbook and lecture to the Univ. of California Berkeley Campus Macula Group when I return to the USA. Spend some time please, looking at the 'before' and 'after' images and begin to understand their significance. They cannot be faked. I have hundreds like them but to Prof Elliott, Head of Dept at Bradford, it is not worth the bus fare to come to Hull to see them. (Sorry David but you know it is true) It is not easy at first sight, even for some optometrists to immediately realise what they are looking at. But the better Ophthalmologists do! Go see an optometrist and study your own arteries before and after four months of 1 gram qds pure asocbate powder. Look for cholesterol disappearing from the arterial bifurcations. Ask the optometrist to send the images to me if you wish on cardioretinometry@hotmail.co.uk (2Gb to handle them so practical to consult me anywhere in the world) and e-mail me on sydneybush@hotmail.com Thank you. Sydney Bush
 * Dr. Bush, whether cardioretinometry is quackery, or whether it's a jaw-dropping medical breakthrough that isn't being published in any major medical journal because "Western Medicine" and the "Global PharMafia" are controlling all the major medical journals, doesn't really change the answer we have for you: Wikipedia is here to reflect notability, not to create it.  Arguing to us about how great and wonderful cardioretinometry is won't change that; our policies prohibit  unpublished research. -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:57, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

REFUTATION NOT ABUSE An account of Cardioretinometry was published as a BMJ rapid response on July 23, 2004. The response can be found here: http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/329/7457/79 The term Cardioretinometry describes a series of observations on the vasculature of the eye and its response to high doses of ascorbate (vitamin C). These observations, if independently replicated, could have substantive implications for the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease and other conditions.

Currently, Cardioretinometry refers to a hypothesis with some supporting clinical observations. Like any new observation, it requires replication. Moreover, the reported observations can easily be replicated. The experiments necessary are extremely low cost, take only a week or two and can be conducted by any competent optometrist. Dr Hilary Roberts and I included a description of Cardioretinometry in our recent book "Ridiculous Dietary Allowance" (see www.amazon.com). Notably, the book issued an open scientific challenge to the RDA for vitamin C and other recommendations for low doses. The RDA book was reviewed before publication by a scientific representative of the UK Institute for Optimum Nutrition. It was then submitted in draft form to both the NIH and the US Institute of Medicine who were asked to provide a rebuttal. Finally, over two thousand copies of the RDA book were made available as a free internet download for open review. Readers were asked to reply providing details of any significant errors in the text. No such errors were reported. Since this was a most exacting "peer review" process, I suggest Cardioretinometry should remain until refuted scientifically. Dr Steve Hickey

Sorry, but the conspiracy theory is silly and as soon as you start comparing your opponents to Nazis, (see Godwin's law) you have further reduced your credibility. Now if I ignore the preposterous, you are making 2 separate rational, testable, scientific claims:
 * 1) That your retinal photographs are a valid assessment tool for cardiovascular health (i.e., risk of stroke or heart attack I assume), and that changes in the retinal vessels reflect real change in risk of these events. It sounds very much like a technique that one might compare to carotid doppler ultrasound. Look at the studies that established carotid doppler ultrasound or some similar techniques for assessing risk short of coronary angiograms. How did they get proven or rejected? The same way every other diagnostic test gets confirmed useful or rejected-- by demonstrating its actual predictive association with cardiovascular events, or by demonstrating a close correlation with an accepted and proven test that predicts such event. Why not simply do that instead of crying conspiracy and suppression? This technique might be a valid method of testing vascular health even if the vitamin c claim is not.
 * 2) The assertion that extra vitamin C will lower risk of cardiovascular events should be provable or refutable by other techniques besides cardioretinometry. Why can't it be independently true or false? It shouldn't make any difference which valid measure of blood vessel health or cardiovascular risk you use, if the benefit is that striking, it should be demonstrable. I am not a cardiologist or an expert in the relationship between diet and heart disease, but I suspect there have already been some studies attempting to demonstrate a relationship between cardiovascular health and vitamin C use. What have they shown? The vitamin C claim might be true even if the retinometry technique proves worthless.

In other words, the road to establishing your claims is clear, if not easy. You have offered no proof of this hypothesis and it should not be presented as established fact in an encyclopedia. If you are quick to bring in nazis, claims of suppression and conspiracy, and claims to other people to disprove it, our decision heuristics will categorize you as someone who is too illogical to take seriously. Sorry, these are just the rules that we all play by. alteripse 01:08, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

AUTHORS REPLY. I most certainly have offered proof. Enough proof to convince many optometrists and one ophthalmologist; enough proof to worry Official Western Medicine. The proof is first time ever demonstrated reversal of arterial disease (and that means heart disease) by an adequate number of fundus images published on the Internet.

I have not offered proof that the arterial improvements are due to vitamin C. That is my hypothesis. But seventy years of literature is strongly supportive of arterial benefits with no refutation to be found whatever, of mmegadose vitamin C (over 10 grams/day) failing to produce benefits, except my own comments on a single patient. Not a single article claims it is harmful to arteries. Apart from these basic, elemntary considerations  Cardioretinometry was the new technique that revealed these microscopic improvements and as such the technique cannot legitimately be excluded from the encylopaedia. I hypothesise that had my practice not been the only one in the UK to dispense vitamin C in 200 gram pots of pure powder, I would not have had the opportunity to discover them. CardioRetinometry, starting as a diagnostic technique for glaucoma, happened to be the right tool in the right place at the right time to reveal changes never before demonstrated.

CardioRetinometry is a here to stay fact of life seen by hundreds of my patients who return for it.

How can the images be denied as proof? I am grateful for Prof Hickey's comment. I have a duty to report evidence as I find it in my clinical work. The evidence for conspiracy against vitamin C is a second issue. It is building. If I am able with the help of other optometrists to prove conclusively that vitamin C redverses retinal atheroma, and this after 70 yrs of Official Medicine, will it not finally prove the physicians to be charlatans?

(1) Allegations against me by Official Medicine rejected by the General Optical Council. (2) direct atacks on Cardioretinometry by Global PharMafia - (the title sounds right for the Internet Attacks) Why should they spend so much except to protect beta blockers and statins a $50Bn ? (my guess) market. (3) MRSA provides more evidence: My first eBMJ letter drew no reply to the challenge. My second letter stopped the correspondence. (4) The 'skewed' entirely disproportionate resarch 30,000 vitamin C papers on relative trivia. Below is an analysis to prove the point: (5) The RDA book with 100 valid scientific objections to the fictitious RDA and not contested by Official Medicine is damning evidence. This is not the place for a review of this subject, It is a pity that it is being used to criticise CardioRetinometry. CardioRetinometry is a new tool to assess ther impact on arteries of diverse nutrients like, magnesium lecithin, Vitamin B6, GLA and a vast range of others for their relevance to individual arterial health, in a totally direct and non-invasive manner with microscopic accuracy, never before possible.

CardioRetinometry will save millions from early death whether by identifying a vitamin C deficiency or any of a dozen other factors positive or negative.

EVIDENCE:

Total Vitamin C Papers NLM EntrezPubMed database.

Vit C = 29,884  Ascorbic Acid = 30,287   Ascorbate = 8483

"Coronary heart disease AND vitamin C"    search produces

1961 to 1967 not one paper

1974 to 1979 NONE (until Emil Ginter's "Decline of CHD mortality with VC")

1960 to 1978     21 pprs.

Past 12 months 16 pprs

and the year before 26 pprs!

Regarding the vitamin C suppression, four years ago a Prof. of Medicine told me "Things are getting better." (his exact words)

Interestingly?

Vit C AND Deficiency     2,892 pprs

Vit B .. .. .. .. .. ..  14,844

Vit D  .. .. ..  ..  . 7,897

Vit E .. ...  ..   ..  4,426

Vit K  .. .. ..  ..  . 2,139

CALCIUM .. . ..  ..    11,447

Sodium .. .. ..  ..  ..6,073

Potassium .. .. .. ..  ..4,427

Magnesium .. .. .. ..     4,857

People obviously feel safe doing Calcium and Vit B research, not upsetting anybody. I myself have been asked by many ophthalmologists not to find a cure for cataract.

No BMJ copyright can be claimed for reproducing my own letters below. Since I am accused of "silly" support for my allegation of a vitamin C conspiracy I add this to the mass of suppressive material e.g. the "CardioRetinometry Attacked" evidence. How does one offer evidence other than a statistical analysis of literature pointing to the distortions due to omissions? One has to be more perceptive to see something that is NOT there especially if one trusts the medical profession and is not looking for fraud. That is the problem.

My Letters to e-BMJ 29th Nov. 2004 Re Reducing MRSA on orthopaedic wards are now reproduced below. Make up your own minds as to whether or not vitamin C is being suppressed at the cost of lives to presereve medical incomes. Even Dr John Reid's own mother died of an MRSA infection. Klenner WROTE "Physicians would rather the patient die than adnmit the power of vitamin C beyond the range of a vitamion!" He was not the first.

=
Editor BMJ, 30th July 2004 From Dr. Sydney J Bush PhD. DOpt. (IOSc. London)

Sir, "It is increasingly widely known that concentrated ascorbate, especially at plasma levels that can be safely achieved by intravenous application, has successfully overcome conditions formerly regarded as incurable.

Nakanishi (1992 and 1993) reported that application of ascorbate topically to bedsores was able to remarkably enhance the bacteria killing effect of antibiotics. Nakanishi also noted that Staph. aureus which had been antibiotic resistant prior to this treament, 'disappeared from the area.' (Thomas E.Levy.MD. JD. "Vitamin C, Infections and Toxins. Curing the incurable" 2002 XLibris Corp. ISBN 1-4010 6964-9)

References: Nakanishi T. (1992) "A report on a clnical experience of which has successfully made several antibiotic resistant bacteria (MRSA etc) negative on a bedsore" Article in Japanese Igaku Kenkyu. Acta Medica 62(1):31-37

Nakanishi T. (1993) "A report on the therapeutical experiences which have made several antibiotics resistant bacteria (MRSA etc.) negative on bedsores and respiratory organs." Article in Japanese. Igaku Kenkyu. Acta Medica 63(3):95-100.

Klenner Fred. MD. FCCP. Too many to list in J. of Southern Medicine and Surgery and Tristate Medical Journal.1949 onwards.

Cathcart R. (1981) VITAMIN C, TITRATING TO BOWEL TOLERANCE, ANASCORBEMIA, AND ACUTE INDUCED SCURVY Medical Hypotheses, 7:1359-1376, 1981"

Sydney J Bush

Competing interests: None

=
Editor BMJ, 29th Nov. 2004 From Dr. Sydney J Bush PhD. DOpt. (IOSc. London)

Sir "I am unable to understand why, after publication of the evidence I submitted on 30th July quoting the two papers on the efficacy of ascorbate in killing MRSA in Japanese research by Nakanishi T. and available on Entrez PubMed, no interest at all has been shown.

Could it not be the case that non-toxic IV ascorbate would provide an instant solution to these infections and many others, and may one ask why it has not been done? There is not even a negative paper to be found in the literature on the subject of multigram doses of ascorbate IV - only many successes and positively beneficial sequelae. The prompt resolution of many bacterial and viral infections by ascorbate IV have been reported by Klenner F and others from 1949 onwards.

If the public has to wait much longer as the death rate mounts, might not MRSA patients start discharging themselves from hospitals in order to start injecting themselves?

I would."

Sydney J Bush PhD. DOpt. (IOSc. London)

Competing interests: None

OK, you have convinced me. This is nonsense and I vote for deletion as well. Do you really not understand the difference between proving your point as I described above (items 1 & 2) and your approach which is making bold claims with little evidence and then claiming conspiracy and suppression when no one is convinced? You could be dooming the best treatment idea anyone has had in decades by this approach. If your method and treatment are valid it will have to wait for someone else willing to do the work to prove it and get the credit for it. You have chosen the "crank-martyr" role and intelligent people will continue to ignore and dismiss you. Sorry. alteripse 12:10, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

CARDIORETINOMETRY IS ONLY A HYPOTHESIS Sydney Bush may be doing himself no favours in his replies. However, his observations and hypothesis are interesting and potentially important. Alteripse (above) rightly points out that the danger is we could loose a beneficial treatment. Perhaps someone could rewrite the entry in a more acceptable format. That is, resubmit "Cardioretinometry" as a hypothesis, with case study support, awaiting replication. This is the current scientific position of these observations. Steve Hickey

 * The world will hardly lose cardioretinometry if Wikipedia declines to have an article on it at the current time. -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:13, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

MANY THANKS Congratulations to whoever took the trouble to rewrite this entry. Its presence in Wikipedia may help stimulate another optometrist to replicate/refute these claims. Steve Hickey

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Edmonton-Castle Downs

Edmonton-Castle Downs is a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada. The district is one of 87 mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting.

The district was created in 1997 boundary redistribution when Edmonton-Roper merged with the north half of Edmonton-Mayfield. The riding has swung between Liberal and Progressive Conservative control since it was created, before returning an NDP MLA in 2015. The 2004 election was very controversial, with near even support for both the Liberal and Progressive Conservative candidates. The outcome was decided in the third recount, which resulted in Thomas Lukaszuk winning the riding by 3 votes.

Neighborhoods in this riding include: Baturyn, Caernarvon, Carlisle, Beaumaris, Lorelei, Dunluce, Klarvatten, Rapperswill, Chambery & Elsinore.

The riding was last contested in the 2019 election, during which the NDP incumbent, Nicole Goehring, defeated Ed Ammar of the United Conservative Party by 2,017 votes.

History
The electoral district was created in the 1996 boundary redistribution from parts of Edmonton-Mayfield and Edmonton-Roper. The 2010 boundary redistribution saw some big changes to the riding with all land west of 127 street ceded to Edmonton-Calder and the eastern boundary that existed at 97 Street between the Edmonton city limits and 167 Avenue moved east to 82 Street in land that was part of Edmonton-Decore.

Electoral history
The electoral district was created in the 1997 boundary redistribution. The first election held in 1997 saw Liberal candidate Pamela Paul-Zobaric elected. She won a very closely contested race, defeating Progressive Conservative candidate Ihor Broda and two other candidates by just over 100 votes. She left the Liberal caucus over rights issues for women on November 15, 1999 to sit as an Independent. She did not run again in the 2001 election.

The second representative of the district was Progressive Conservative Thomas Lukaszuk. He won a three-way race in the 2001 general election with just over half the popular vote to pick up the seat for his party. He ran for a second term in 2004. Lukaszuk appeared defeated on election night by a few votes over Liberal candidate Chris Kibermanis. A recount by Elections Alberta confirmed Kibbermanis as the winner and declared him as the elected member. Lukaszuk and his campaign team took the recount process to the courts, and won the election in the judicial recount.

Lukaszuk and Kibermanis both stood for election in 2008. Lukaszuk won with over half the popular vote, while Kibbermanis dropped to 36% of the total. Lukaszuk was re-elected in 2012; while his strict vote count only increased by around 700, his majority increased from 2,069 in 2008 to 4,697 in 2012.

In the 2015 Alberta General Election NDP MLA Nicole Goehring was elected with 64.5% of the vote, with Lukaszuk dropping to second with 23% of the popular vote.

2004 judicial recount
The 2004 election saw a field of five candidates. Incumbent Thomas Lukaszuk was running for his second term in office after winning a close race in 2001. Chris Kibermannis was chosen as the Liberal candidate. He was a former draft pick for the Winnipeg Jets and a welder by trade. The NDP chose Peter Cross, who is a small business owner working as a graphics artist and long time Edmonton resident. Rounding out the field of candidates, the Alberta Alliance running their first campaign acclaimed candidate Colin Presizniuk and Social Credit run candidate Ross Korpi. Presizniuk is a high-profile Edmonton area accountant and consultant who runs Presizniuk and Associates.

The 2004 election proved to very contentious. On election night returns for the district had Liberal candidate Chris Kibermanis winning an incredibly tight race by three votes over Progressive Conservative incumbent Thomas Lukaszuk. The race split the riding's 79 precincts with Kibermanis winning 43 to Lukaszuk's 36. The poll by poll numbers show the race was evenly divided across the board as no candidate was particularly strong in a geographic area. The other three candidates were only a marginal factor with the race polarizing between the Progressive Conservatives and the Liberals. NDP candidate Peter Cross made a respectable but distant third place showing. He gained votes for his party winning a slightly higher plurality, but decreasing in percentage of popular vote over the 2001 results.

At the bottom of the field, the Alberta Alliance candidate Colin Presizniuk took about 5% of the popular vote. His results were consistent with the party's showing in other Edmonton districts. The Social Credit party running their first candidate in the riding since 1997, saw a significant decrease in support as Ross Korpi barely registered with voters.

The razor thin election night margin separating the two candidates kept the results in doubt. The automatic recount process completed a few days later by returning officer Elizabeth Burk, narrowed the margin even further as Lukaszuk would gain two votes. In addition to the results, voter turnout in the riding dropped to a record low almost reaching 42%. The turn out was significantly down falling five points from the 2001 election, and almost nine percentage points from the election in 1997.

After the Official results were announced by Elections Alberta, the legislative standings on the Alberta Legislature website had been updated to reflect Kibermanis winning as a member-elect. The Progressive Conservatives immediately challenged the results in the Court of Queen's Bench. The first judge at the Court of Queen's Bench upheld the returning officers verdict of a three-vote margin. A second count was done and the results were verified the same as the first. The Progressive Conservatives appealed the results to the Court of Appeal of Alberta.

The Alberta Court of Appeals disputed a number of previously rejected ballots increasing the margin of Thomas Lukaszuk from 5,016 votes to 5,022 votes. The court also added some votes for Presizniuk and took some away for Cross, Korpi and Kibermanis did not see any change in their totals. As a result of the judicial ruling, the previous judicial counts and the Elections Alberta official count were over turned. Kibermanis did not have the resources to appeal the third judicial decision and conceded defeat. Thomas Lukaszuk was declared re-elected and returned to office. After the results were made official, the Liberals announced that Kibermanis would be the candidate for the next general election and would continue campaigning in the riding until the next writ period.

As a direct result of this election, both the campaigns for Thomas Lukaszuk and Chris Kibermanis filed an application to the Court of Appeal to reimburse the legal costs of contesting the results. No provisions existed under the Election Act and the appeals were denied. In October 2005 the Standing Legislative Offices Committee reviewed the matter and changes were recommended to allow candidates to be reimbursed for their legal costs.

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot

2004
On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edmonton-Castle Downs


text:
Rocky Mountain House (electoral district)

Rocky Mountain House was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1940 to 2012.

History
The district was one of 83 current districts mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting since 1959. Prior to that Single Transferable Vote was in use but no election went to a second count.

The district which was located in central western rural Alberta was created from parts of four electoral districts in the 1940 boundary redistribution. It is named after the town of Rocky Mountain House.

The district was favourable to electing Progressive Conservative candidates since 1971. It was only held by four representatives.

The district was replaced in the 2010 Alberta electoral boundary re-distribution with Rimbey-Rocky Mountain House-Sundre.

Electoral history
The electoral district of Rocky Mountain House was created from parts of four different districts in the 1940 boundary re-distribution. The first election held that year saw Social Credit incumbent Alfred Hooke switch from the Red Deer provincial electoral district. He won his second term in office easily defeating two other candidates on the first ballot.

Hooke would be appointed to the first of his many cabinet portfolios as Provincial Secretary by Premier Ernest Manning in 1943. He would run for a third term and his first with ministerial advantage in the 1944 general election winning a larger majority. In 1945 Hooke also became the Minister of Economic Affairs.

The 1948 general election saw Hooke win his fourth straight term in office and third in the district, with a landslide over Co-operative Commonwealth candidate Ray Schmidt. Hooke won re-election five more times in 1952, 1955, 1959, 1963 and 1967.

Pundits had been predicting that Hooke would be defeated in the 1967 general election after a rift grew in the Social Credit party when national Social Credit leader Robert Thompson nominated an independent candidate to run against Hooke. He won the election easily. Hooke served in cabinet until 1968 when Harry Strom became Premier. He was not invited back to cabinet and retired at dissolution of the assembly in 1971.

The second representative in the district was elected in the 1971 general election. Progressive Conservative candidate Helen Hunley defeated Social Credit Harvey Staudinger to pick up the seat for her party. She was appointed to the first cabinet of Premier Peter Lougheed after the election. Hunley was re-elected in the 1975 defeating Staudinger for the second time with a larger victory. She remained in cabinet and retired from the legislature at dissolution in 1979. Hunley would be appointed remained in politics as she was appointed Lieutenant Governor in 1985.

Hunley was replaced in the legislature by Progressive Conservative candidate John Campbell in the 1979 general election. He won election twice more in 1982 and 1986 with large majorities.

The last representative in the district is Progressive Conservative MLA Ty Lund. Lund won the seat in the 1989 election for the first time with a landslide margin to hold the seat for his party. He was re-elected with a bigger majority in the 1993 election. Premier Ralph Klein appointed Lund to cabinet for the first time on September 15, 1994 as Minister of Environment.

He was re-elected four more times in 1997, 2001, 2004 and 2008. He kept serving various cabinet portfolio's until Premier Ed Stelmach took office in 2006.

The riding is notable for the electoral performances of Social Credit candidate Lavern Ahlstrom, who would later lead the party. Despite the party's minor status in recent times, Ahlstrom consistently polled well above his party's average in the elections he contested.

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot

1948 dlectrification plebiscite
District results from the first province-wide plebiscite on electricity regulation.

1957 liquor plebiscite
On October 30, 1957 a stand-alone plebiscite was held province wide in all 50 of the then current provincial electoral districts in Alberta. The government decided to consult Alberta voters to decide on liquor sales and mixed drinking after a divisive debate in the Legislature. The plebiscite was intended to deal with the growing demand for reforming antiquated liquor control laws.

The plebiscite was conducted in two parts. Question A asked in all districts, asked the voters if the sale of liquor should be expanded in Alberta, while Question B asked in a handful of districts within the corporate limits of Calgary and Edmonton asked if men and woman were allowed to drink together in establishments.

Province wide Question A of the plebiscite passed in 33 of the 50 districts while Question B passed in all five districts. Rocky Mountain House voted in favour of the proposal by a narrow majority. Voter turnout in the district was very low, falling well under the province wide average of 46%. This decline in turnout was attributed to heavy rains, high winds and flooding conditions in the district that kept people away from polling stations.

Official district returns were released to the public on December 31, 1957. The Social Credit government in power at the time did not considered the results binding. However the results of the vote led the government to repeal all existing liquor legislation and introduce an entirely new Liquor Act.

Municipal districts lying inside electoral districts that voted against the Plebiscite were designated Local Option Zones by the Alberta Liquor Control Board and considered effective dry zones, business owners that wanted a license had to petition for a binding municipal plebiscite in order to be granted a license.

2004 student vote results
On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.


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Edmonton-Gold Bar

Edmonton-Gold Bar is a provincial electoral district, in Alberta, Canada. The district is one of 87 in the province mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting.

The district is primarily urban and located in the central east portion of city of Edmonton. It was created in the 1971 boundary redistribution from part of Strathcona East.

In addition to its namesake neighbourhood of Gold Bar, the riding also contains the neighbourhoods of Capilano, Fulton Place, Terrace Heights, Forest Heights, Ottewell, Kenilworth, Holyrood, Avonmore, King Edward Park, Cloverdale, Bonnie Doon, Idylwylde & Strathearn.

The district is currently represented by Marlin Schmidt of the Alberta NDP.

History
The electoral district was created in the 1971 boundary redistribution from the old electoral district of Strathcona East.

The 2010 boundary redistribution saw significant changes to the riding. All the land north of the North Saskatchewan River was ceded to Edmonton-Highlands-Norwood, while the south boundary was moved from 92 Avenue to 82 Avenue to the Canadian Pacific Rail line to 63 Avenue into Edmonton-Mill Creek. The west boundary changed from Connors Road to travel through the Mill Creek Ravine. Its neighbour to the west is Edmonton-Strathcona.

Representation history
The electoral district was created in the 1971 boundary redistribution. The election that year saw Strathcona East incumbent Progressive Conservative MLA William Yurko run here due to his old seat being abolished.

Yurko faced two other candidates in the election held that year and won the new district with a comfortable majority to pick up the seat for his party. After the election Premier Peter Lougheed appointed Yurko as a cabinet minister. He ran for a second term in the 1975 general election. Yurko won a bigger percentage despite losing some of his popular vote as the opposition vote collapsed.

Yurko resigned from his cabinet post in 1978 with the intention of seeking the nomination the Progressive Conservative nomination in Edmonton East for the 1979 federal election. He won the nomination and resigned his seat in early 1979.

The election in 1979 saw Progressive Conservative candidate Al Hiebert easily win a four cornered race to hold the open seat for his party. Hiebert was re-elected with a larger majority in the 1982 general election.

The 1986 election in the district saw a major upset with Hiebert getting defeated by Liberal candidate Bettie Hewes who managed to increase the Liberal vote in the district by over 5800 votes. Hewes won a stronger majority when she was re-elected to her second term in the 1989 general election. She won a landslide running for her third term winning the highest popular vote of any candidate in the 1993 general election. After the election Hewes briefly served as a leader of the opposition and of the Liberal party. She did not run for re-election in 1997 and retired at dissolution of the assembly.

Since 2015, the representative for Edmonton Goldbar has been Marlin Schmidt of the Alberta New Democratic Party.

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot

2004
On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Edmonton-Gold Bar


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User:Cokie500

I was born July 19, 1982 in Morehead, Kentucky. I currently reside in Olive Hill.

Some of my hobbies include writing fiction, reading (mainly sci-fi, mythology and about quantum mechanics), film editing, photography, entomology, and genealogy.

title: User:Cokie500


text:
Calgary-North Hill

Calgary-North Hill was a provincial electoral district in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting from 1971 to 2012.

History
The Calgary-North Hill electoral district was created in the 1971 boundary redistribution out of Calgary Bowness and a small sliver on the south end of Calgary Queens Park and Calgary North. The riding covered central portion of north Calgary.

Since 1971, the district returned Progressive Conservative candidates. Some elections saw some very competitive races with other party candidates coming close to winning.

Electoral history
The electoral district was created in the 1971 boundary re-distribution. The first election held in the district that year saw a hotly contested race with former Calgary Alderman Roy Farran running as a candidate for the Progressive Conservatives against incumbent Social Credit MLA Robert Simpson and future NDP MLA Barry Pashak. Farran won the race by 61 votes over Simpson to pick up the district for his party.

Premier Peter Lougheed appointed Farran to his cabinet in 1973. He ran for a second term in office in the 1975 general election with ministerial advantage against Simpson for the second time. This time Farran would defeat him in a landslide. Farran would remain in cabinet until he retired at dissolution in 1979.

The 1979 general election saw Progressive Conservative candidate Ed Oman hold the seat with a landslide. He was re-elected to a second term in 1982 winning the biggest popular vote of any candidate in the history of the district. Oman retired at dissolution in 1986.

Progressive Conservative candidate Fred Stewart became the third representative of the district winning election for the first time in the 1986 election. He was re-elected to a second term in the 1989 general election facing a strong challenge from both the Liberal and NDP candidates. He retired at from provincial politics at the end of his second term in 1993.

Richard Magnus became the fourth representative for the district in the 1993 general election. He faced a strong challenge from Liberal candidate Tom Dixon but still won a comfortable plurality to hold the district for his party. Magnus was re-elected three more times in 1997, 2001 and 2004 before retiring from office in the 2008 general election.

The last representative was Progressive Conservative MLA Kyle Fawcett who was elected for the first time in the 2008 general election in a hotly contested race over Liberal candidate Pat Murray.

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot

2004 student vote results
On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Calgary-North Hill


text:
Calgary-Mackay

Calgary-Mackay was a provincial electoral district in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting from 2004 to 2012.

History
The Calgary-MacKay electoral district was created in the 2003 electoral boundary re-distribution from the Calgary-Nose Creek electoral district.

The Calgary-MacKay electoral district would be dissolved in the 2010 Alberta boundary re-distribution and would be re-distributed into the Calgary-Northern Hills and Calgary-Mackay-Nose Hill electoral districts.

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot.

2004 student vote results
On November 19, 2004, a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district than where they were physically located.

title: Calgary-Mackay


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Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills

Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills is a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada. The district is one of 87 districts mandated to return a single member (MLA) to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting.

This riding in south-central Alberta stretches from the Red Deer River in the east to the area around Cremona in the west. Agriculture is the major employer, with retail a distant second. Household incomes, at $53,174, are below the Alberta average. Seven per cent of residents are considered low income. More than two-thirds of the people here were born in Alberta, while seven per cent are immigrants. People of German origin make up nine per cent of the population. More than 96 per cent say their language at home is English, the second-highest rate in Alberta (2001 census). In 2021, National Post columnist Colby Cosh said that the district "might be the single most truculently conservative anywhere" in Canada.

History
The electoral district was created in the 1996 electoral boundary re-distribution from the old electoral districts of Olds-Didsbury and Three Hills-Airdrie.

In the 2004 electoral boundary re-distribution the boundaries changed somewhat, with an agricultural section in the far west transferred to Banff-Cochrane, while in the southeast a section of the old Drumheller-Chinook riding - including the community of Carbon - was added. Major communities include Olds, Didsbury, Carstairs, Trochu and Three Hills, as well as Olds College. It covers Kneehill County and most of Mountain View County.

The 2010 electoral boundary re-distribution saw the district absorb the northern portions of Airdrie-Chestermere and Foothills-Rocky View which were both abolished and it lost some land on the eastern boundary to Drumheller-Stettler.

The 2017 electoral boundary re-distribution resulted in the expansion of the Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills electoral district to include the northern portion of Wheatland County, formerly part of the Strathmore-Brooks constituency. The resulting population of the district in 2017 was 49,418, 6% above the provincial average population of 46,803.

Representation history
Right-leaning parties have fared well in this riding. Richard Marz, the incumbent, has been the riding's only representative since it was founded. In his first election win in 1997, the runner-up was Social Credit candidate Don MacDonald who had previously served as an MLA under the Liberal banner in the Legislative Assembly from 1992-1993.

Marz achieved a landslide running for his second term in the 2001 election taking over 80% of the popular vote. The 2004 election saw the Alliance Party in a distant second with 16.5%. The 2008 election resulted with Marz increasing his votes by 4.66% over the 2004 results. The Alliance Party changed names to the Wildrose Alliance Party and remained well behind with only 21.03% of the vote. Marz vacated the seat ahead of the 2012 general election on March 16, 2012. Wildrose candidate Bruce Rowe was elected in the 2012 provincial election.

2004
On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills


text:
Landespolizei

 * ) is a term used to refer to the state police of any of the states of Germany.

History
The Landespolizei of today can trace its origins to the late 19th century, when Germany united into a single country in 1871, under Otto von Bismarck. Various towns and cities also maintained police forces, as the increasing number of new laws and regulations made controlling urban life more complicated.

In Nazi Germany, all state and city forces were absorbed into the Ordnungspolizei, which existed from 1936 to 1945.

After World War II, massive numbers of refugees and displaced persons, hunger and poverty characterised everyday life in Germany. Attacks by armed gangs, robbery, looting and black-marketing were commonplace, and the military police could not cope with this troubling security situation. Thus each of the Western Allies quickly permitted the formation of civilian police forces, including small numbers of heavily armed and military like organised police forces in Western Germany, under terms that reflected their own police structures and traditions.

In all three Western zones, the emphasis was to decentralise, demilitarise and democratise the police. Some restrictions were lifted as Cold War tensions grew. In addition, the botched hostage rescue attempt at Munich Olympic Massacre, as well as rise in organized crime and terrorism (Red Army Faction, Revolutionary Cells) proved that certain police functions necessitated central rather than local direction, thus the western state police forces underwent significant reforms in the 1970s. Most notably, the municipal police forces become part of the Landespolizei, such as the Munich city police, which became Polizeipräsidium München as part of Bavarian State Police in 1975. The Landespolizei became the police force for the federal states in the West.

East Germany created a unified national force in the form of the Volkspolizei, however this was reorganized according to the West German police upon the reunification of Germany in 1990.

Organisation
All state police forces in the Federal Republic of Germany are subordinate to their respective Land (State) Minister of the Interior. The internal structures of these police forces differ somewhat (which makes generalizations subject to local variations), but in most cases, immediately subordinate to the interior ministries are the regional police headquarters (Präsidium). These headquarters direct operations over a wide area or in a big city, and have administrative and supervisory functions. The Präsidium often has direct control of the force's specialist units, such as highway patrols, mounted police detachments and canine units.

Under the regional headquarters, there are several district police headquarters (Direktionen) serving communities of from 200,000 to 600,000 citizens. Subordinate to each Direktion, there are several local stations (Inspektion) or precincts (Revier) that are staffed on a 24-hour basis, conduct day-to-day policing and serve as points of contact for local citizens. Below this level, the Polizeiposten are small police offices staffed by one or two officers, normally only during office hours.

Territorial
The State Police wear the state patch on the uniform sleeve and sometimes metal city badges are worn over the right breast pocket, indicating which police department they work for. Police officers can be transferred anywhere within their state.

Once skilled, officers of the state police can be moved theoretically nationwide. In practice, such requests are made by the officers themselves. They usually swap workplaces with an exchange partner from another federal state ('Stellentausch', job rotation). Such an exchange is thus possible nationwide and is not dependent on the state.

Operational
State police forces are divided into the following branches: In some states the police academy is still part of the Bepo. After qualifying as a police officer, officers have to serve one to two years with the Bepo before moving on to law enforcement duties at a police station. Dedicated to the LKA:
 * Schutzpolizei ("Schupo") - the uniformed police officers who patrol the streets and respond to emergency calls etc.
 * Bereitschaftspolizei (BePo) - Uniformed units of the LaPo or Federal Police that provide additional manpower for the Schupo in cases of natural disasters, sporting events, traffic control or demonstrations. In 1950 the Bepo was founded as a paramilitary police force whose main task today is riot/crowd control.
 * Verkehrspolizei - The traffic police in Germany.
 * Autobahnpolizei - The highway patrol in Germany. In some states the Autobahnpolizei is a sub division of the Verkehrspolizei department.
 * Wasserschutzpolizei (WSP) - The river police for patrolling rivers, lakes and harbours. For practical reasons the WSP of one state may be in charge for territory of another state (e.g., in Hamburg, the WSP is in charge for the Elbe River in the states of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg.)
 * Wachpolizei ("Wapo") - Officers protecting buildings, embassies or pretrial suspects.
 * Kriminalpolizei ("Kripo") - the detective branch, responsible for most investigations. For instance, if a car is broken into, the Schupo will respond, secure the car, notify the owner etc., and then hand the case over to Kripo for investigation.
 * Landeskriminalamt (LKA) - State Investigation Bureau supervises police operations aimed at preventing and investigating criminal offences, and coordinates investigations involving more than one Präsidium. Some crimes are exclusive LKA missions such as crimes against the constitution, organized crime, youth gangs or political motivated crime.
 * Spezialeinsatzkommando (SEK) - The police tactical units of the German state police.
 * Mobiles Einsatzkommando (MEK) - The MEKs are plainclothes teams of the LKA with specialised observation and arrest duties.
 * Personenschutzkommando - Personal security plainclothes unit, protecting politicians and VIPs.

Training
The individual Länder and the Federal Police conduct basic police training for their personnel. The length and thoroughness of this training contributes in large degree to the high level of police professionalism in Germany. Teaching all aspects of police work takes time but supports a "uniform career structure" that aims to avoid premature specialization, lets officers think in broad terms, makes career field changes easier and improves promotion opportunities.

German citizenship is not required to be a police officer in Germany. Police departments in big cities are especially keen to recruit officers from ethnic minorities to reduce language and cultural barriers. However, minorities still make up less than one percent of officer numbers.

The Land police have had women members since the forces were reconstituted after World War II. Initially, female officers were only assigned to cases involving juveniles and women but in the mid-1970s they were allowed to become patrol officers. The proportion of women on patrol duty is set to rise as 40-50 percent of police school inductees are currently female.

Most police recruits are taken on directly after leaving school and spend about two and a half years at police school in combined classroom tuition and on-the-job training with police departments and the Bereitschaftspolizei. These people qualify as regular police officers and wear light blue stars on their shoulder straps, denoting rank in the first echelon of the police service.

After duty as a patrol officer, someone with an outstanding record or wealth of experience can go on to two or three years at a higher police school or college of public administration to qualify for the upper echelon which starts with Polizeikommissar (one silver star) and ascends to Erster Polizeihauptkommissar (five silver stars). Direct entry candidates with the Abitur high school diploma can also take these courses. Some states such as Hessen now train all their police officers for the upper echelon to improve pay and promotion chances.

The very few candidates who qualify for the police service's executive ranks study for one year at a state police academy and then for another at the German Police University (Deutsche Hochschule der Polizei – DHPol) in Münster-Hiltrup where graduates earn a master's degree in police administration. Direct-entry candidates with a university degree only study for six months at the DHPol. The executive echelon begins with Polizeirat (one gold star) and culminates with the Land chief of uniformed police (gold wreath with one to three stars) or Federal Police chief (gold wreath with four stars). The DHPol that the states and Federal Interior Ministry administer jointly also provides specialized vocational courses for senior police personnel.

Sidearm
All Landespolizei officers carry handguns while on duty. Each German state's Landespolizei differ from other states in what sidearm they carry; this list includes some of the weapons utilized by various Landespolizei, as well as weapons that have been phased out:

Originally, post-WWII Landespolizei officers carried Walther's P38/P1 and PP(K) handguns. However, during the 1970s police reforms, the forces also agreed to standardize on handguns. New requirements included: that the guns fire 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge at a minimum muzzle energy of 500 J, have a minimum magazine capacity of 8 rounds, have a service life of at least 10,000 rounds, weigh no more than 1 kilogram and be within dimensions of 180 mm length×130 mm height×34 mm width, and be fully ambidextrous, safe to carry with a loaded chamber (both holstered and concealed in a pocket) and able to be quickly drawn and instantly ready to fire.

Walther developed their tried and true P38/P1 design further into Walther P5. However, due to its breech-locking design, it was difficult to manufacture, thus driving up the price, and ended up being adopted only by Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate forces.

Heckler & Koch presented the new P7 design, which was adopted by Bavarian State Police and Lower Saxony State Police.

Saarland Police had adopted Heckler & Koch's other design, P9S before the standardization agreements and kept it.

SIG Sauer chopped the Swiss Army's new standard handgun, SIG Sauer P220 down to required dimensions, making a new model P225, which as P6 was adopted by most state police forces.

Following the reunification, Thuringia State Police initially kept using the old Volkspolizei Makarovs due to lack of funds, Saxony State Police adopted the P7, Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern adopted the P6 and Brandenburg adopted SIG Sauer's P228.

New sidearms post-reunification:
 * Sig Sauer P226- Used by Special Deployment Commando of the 16 State Police Forces and several state police forces (currently under replacement)
 * Walther P99Q - Utilized by North Rhine-Westphalia Police, Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Rhineland-Palatinate State Police
 * Heckler & Koch USP - P10 variant was adopted by Thuringia State Police and Saxony State Police
 * Heckler & Koch P30 - Used by Hesse State Police
 * Glock 46 - adopted by Saxony-Anhalt State Police in 2019 to replace the P6
 * HK P2000 used by the Baden-Württemberg Police, the Hamburg water police and state police of Lower Saxony (since replaced)

 * Heckler & Koch VP9 - Procurred by Saxony State Police, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern State Police, Lower Saxony State Police, the Brandenburg State Police, the Bavarian State Police, the Berlin Police  and the Saarland Police

Post WWII
From 1945 till 1976, the various Länder had a wide array of insignia and rank. Additionally, uniforms colours varied from green to blue, and various shades thereof. For example, the City State of Hamburg police NCOs wore blue uniforms with inverted British style chevrons and the Schleswig Holstein police wore green uniforms with Third Reich style rank. Bavaria maintained a State Police (Landespolizei) as well as City Police (Gemeinde / Stadt) forces and, as a special feature, an own Border Police (Bayerische Grenzpolizei). Two separate and distinct uniforms were worn during this time by the state police (Green) and City Police (Blue). The last city police force was Munich, which was finally merged into the state police in 1975. This organization was also prevalent in the other American Sector states.

Green uniforms
From 1945 all German police forces wore different coloured uniforms, but beginning in the mid-seventies the police of all West German Länder and West Berlin wore the same uniform that Heinz Oestergaard designed most parts of in the early seventies. The standard uniform consisted of a tunic, parka, pullover without shroud, coat, visor cap and necktie in moss-green, trouser, pullover, and cardigan in brown-beige, and shirt (long and short sleeve) in bamboo-yellow. Shoes, boots, holsters, leather jackets, and other leather gear were black. Leather gloves were olive drab. Exceptions were the visor caps with a white top worn by the Verkehrspolizei, or traffic police. The Verkehrspolizei wore white gloves, tunics, and coats during traffic duties and ceremonial duties (like white holsters and leather gear). In some Länder all officers wore visor caps with white tops in general. The Wasserschutzpolizei wore uniforms of a slightly different design. They had dark or navy-blue jackets, the shirt was white, and the visor cap had a white top. The BGS wore a forest green uniform with a bamboo-yellow shirt. After German reunification, the Volkspolizei was broken up into Landespolizei and switched to the standard uniform. During the period of transition they still wore their old uniforms, but with western-style sleeves and cap emblems.

Vehicle markings were also redesigned to conform to a white and green livery with the legend "Polizei" in bold lettering.

Blue uniforms
All German State Police Forces (German: Landespolizei) and the Federal Police (German: Bundespolizei) shifted after 2005 to blue uniforms to conform with the common blue look of most police forces in Europe. In line with the uniforms, police vehicles and various items of equipment also changed their main color to blue. Although there are 16 states, currently only six types of state police uniforms are in use, because many states co-operate in the design and sourcing of the police uniforms. Cap badges, patches and rank remain the same as before, just in blue. Vehicle liveries also changed to a silver/blue or white/blue design.

Exceptions
The Bundeskriminalamt (BKA - the German Federal Criminal Police Office) and the Bundespolizei (BPOL - Federal Police, formerly known as the Bundesgrenzschutz/BGS) are federal institutions that are not part of the Landespolizei. Another police is the Polizei beim Deutschen Bundestag (Police at the Bundestag).

title: Landespolizei


text:
Edmonton-Highlands-Norwood

Edmonton-Highlands-Norwood is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Canada. The district was created in 2004 when it was merged with Edmonton-Highlands and Edmonton-Norwood.

This inner-city northeast Edmonton riding has the second lowest average income in Alberta, as well as being one of the most ethnically diverse. This riding and its predecessor ridings have voted NDP in six of the last seven elections.

Neighbourhoods in this riding include: Highlands, Bellevue, Montrose, Newton, Virginia Park, Cromdale, Parkdale, Alberta Avenue, Boyle Street, McCauley, Eastwood & Riverdale.

The riding is currently held by the Alberta NDP's Janis Irwin.

History
The electoral district was created in the 2003 boundary redistribution after the electoral districts of Edmonton-Highlands and Edmonton-Norwood were merged.

The 2010 boundary redistribution saw significant boundary changes as all land west of 50 street was ceded to Edmonton-Beverly-Clareview. A portion of the west boundary that moved along 97 Street between 105 and 111 Avenue was pushed west to 104 Street that was formerly part of Edmonton-Centre and minor alterations were made with the north border of Edmonton-Decore.

Representation history
The electoral district was created in the 2004 boundary redistribution by combining the old Edmonton-Highlands and Edmonton-Norwood electoral districts. The first election in the district was won by NDP leader Brian Mason who won a landslide with over 60% of the popular vote.

Mason was re-elected in the 2008 general election against former MLA Andrew Beniuk. He won a slightly reduced majority but still won over half the popular vote. In the 2015 election, Mason was re-elected in a landslide, becoming the longest-serving MLA in the NDP government.

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot

2004
On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Edmonton-Highlands-Norwood


text:
Edmonton-Mill Woods (provincial electoral district)

Edmonton-Mill Woods is a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada. It is one of 87 current electoral districts mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting.

This urban district is located in south central Edmonton was created in the 1979 boundary redistribution from Edmonton-Avonmore. The electoral district since its creation has been a swing riding controlled by the Progressive Conservatives, New Democrats and Liberals. The current representative is New Democrat Christina Gray who was first elected in 2015, and re-elected in 2019.

History
The electoral district was created in the 1979 boundary redistribution from Edmonton-Avonmore.

The 2010 boundary redistribution saw some changes made to the riding. The south boundary was pushed southward from 23 Avenue east of Mill Woods Drive to Anthony Henday Drive in land that used to be part of Edmonton-Ellerslie. The east boundary was changed to cede land south of Mill Creek to Edmonton-Mill Creek.

Electoral history
The electoral district was created in the 1979 boundary redistribution. The election held that year saw Progressive Conservative candidate Milt Pahl won a large majority to pick up the new seat for his party. He won a second term in the 1982 general election. He more than doubled his popular vote but faced a strong challenge from NDP candidate Gerry Gibeault and ended up decreasing his overall percentage.

Premier Peter Lougheed would appoint Pahl to the provincial cabinet as a Minister without Portfolio. He held that going into the 1986 general election while attempting to run for his third term in office. The election that year saw a rematch between Gibeault and Pahl.

The race in 1986 was very close with Gibeault winning by less than 100 votes to pick up the seat for the New Democrats. He won a higher popular vote running for a second term in the 1989 general election but his overall percent was reduced. He moved to the Edmonton-Ellerslie electoral district to run for election in 1993 and was defeated.

Liberal candidate Don Massey won the district in the 1993 election to pick it up for his party. He was re-elected with a smaller majority in the 1997 election and just barely held onto the district in the 2001 general election as he face a strong challenge from future Progressive Conservative MLA Carl Benito.

Massey briefly became leader of the provincial Liberals in 2004. He decided not to run again for office and retired at dissolution of the assembly later that year. His replacement in the legislature was Liberal candidate Weslyn Mather who won the district with just under half the popular vote in the 2004 election.

Mather was defeated by Carl Benito in the 2008 election who managed to win the seat for the Progressive Conservatives for the first time in 22 years.

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot


text:
Drumheller-Stettler

Drumheller-Stettler is a provincial electoral district (riding) in Alberta, Canada. The electoral district is mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting. The district was created in the 2003 boundary redistribution and came into force in 2004 from the old districts of Drumheller-Chinook and Lacombe-Stettler.

The district is named after the towns of Drumheller and Stettler and covers a large rural portion of central east Alberta. It also contains the towns of Cereal, Consort, Hanna, Oyen and Youngstown and Dinosaur Provincial Park.

The district and its antecedents have been strongholds for Progressive Conservative candidates in recent decades. The current representative in the district is Nate Horner

History
The electoral district was created in the 2003 boundary redistribution after parts of Drumheller-Chinook and Lacombe-Stettler were merged. The 2010 redistribution saw Paintearth County transferred to this division from Battle River-Wainwright.

Representation history
The riding was created when the writ was dropped for the 2004 general election as a merger between Drumheller-Chinook and the eastern half of the Lacombe-Stettler riding. Deputy Premier Shirley McClellan, MLA for Drumheller-Chinook, defeated five other candidates to pick up the new district.

McClellan resigned her seat in the Legislature on January 15, 2007, the same day that former premier Ralph Klein resigned his seat in Calgary-Elbow. By-elections for both electoral districts were held on June 12, 2007.

The by-election saw a significant shift in support for the opposition parties with the re-emergence of the Liberal Party, which hadn't run a candidate in 2004, taking second place. The Alberta Alliance and NDP fared the worst, both retaining the same candidates from the general election, but dropping from second and third to fifth and last respectively. The Progressive Conservative candidate Jack Hayden won the district with a slightly reduced popular vote. Social Credit made surprising gains, jumping from last to third place, and Independent candidate John Rew also made a strong showing.

Hayden won his second term in the 2008 general election, winning a landslide. He was appointed to cabinet by Premier Ed Stelmach, first as Minister of Infrastructure until 2011, and then as Minister of Parks, Tourism and Recreation.

However, Hayden was narrowly defeated in the 2012 general election by Wildrose candidate Rick Strankman, famous for having gone to jail in protest of the Canadian Wheat Board. He was the first opposition MLA to represent the area since Gordon E. Taylor served as MLA for Drumheller in the 1970s.

In 2014 most of the Wildrose caucus, including Opposition Leader Danielle Smith, crossed the floor to the governing Progressive Conservatives in support of Jim Prentice's government. Strankman and four other Wildrose MLA's chose to remain with the party. In the 2015 general election, Strankman was re-elected by a much greater margin, as the Progressive Conservatives went down to a stunning defeat and Wildrose increased their seat count.

Wildrose subsequently merged with the Progressive Conservatives to form the United Conservative Party under Jason Kenney. While Strankman initially joined the party in 2017, he abandoned it in 2019 to sit as an Independent after losing the party's nomination to stand as candidate in the upcoming general election.

2004

 * }

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot

2004
On November 19, 2004, a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Drumheller-Stettler


text:
Little Bow

Little Bow was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1913 to 2019.

Throughout its history, this district has been dominated by agricultural activities. Because the area is prone to summer time drought and frequent water rationing, agriculture has been limited to grain crops and cattle ranches. The 2003 BSE crisis, and the subsequent closure of the US border to Canadian cattle, became a major election issue.

The district's major communities, Vulcan, Coalhurst, the Siksika Nation, Arrowwood, Picture Butte and Mossleigh provide service centres for area's agricultural and oil & gas industries.

History
The electoral district was created in the 1913 boundary redistribution from four different districts. It was primarily carved out of Lethbridge District and also took land from the eastern portion of High River, Claresholm and Nanton.

The 2010 electoral boundary re-distribution saw the electoral district change only slightly as a portion of land was moved into the district from Highwood.

The Little Bow electoral district was dissolved in the 2017 electoral boundary re-distribution, and portions of the district would form the Cardston-Siksika and Taber-Warner electoral districts.

Representation history
The electoral district was created in 1913 in the controversial and scandal ridden redistricting that year. It was created from four different ridings which had a mixture of representation primarily Liberals as well as Independents and a Conservative.

Through the first 100 years in the history of this district, it was only represented by five members of the Legislative Assembly. Historically, voters in this riding tended to favour the candidate more than the party, as shown by Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) Raymond Speaker's lengthy term in office.

The first representative elected in 1913 was Liberal candidate James McNaughton. He won re-election with a landslide majority in 1917. McNaughton would be defeated running for his third term in office by United Farmers of Alberta candidate Oran McPherson.

McPherson became Speaker of the Legislature in 1922. He was re-elected to his second term in 1926 defeating McNaughton for the last time and acclaimed to his third term in 1930. Near the end of his third term McPherson went through a scandal-ridden divorce that made front-page headlines. He lost favour with his constituents at a time when the United Farmers lost popularity due to the great depression and the John Edward Brownlee sex scandal.

Little Bow would change representatives in 1935. The electors went along with most of the province in returning a Social Credit candidate. Peter Dawson would easily defeat McPherson with a landslide majority as his party formed government. Dawson became the second speaker of the Assembly to represent the district in 1937.

Dawson would enjoy a long career in the Assembly easily winning re-election in 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1955 and 1959 without his popular support dropping below 50%. On March 24, 1963, McPherson would die from a heart attack. Little Bow would be left vacant until the 1963 general election held a few months later.

The 1963 election saw Social Credit candidate Raymond Speaker win his first election easily with 64% of the popular vote. He would be re-elected to his second term with a landslide in 1967. After the election Premier Ernest Manning appointed Speaker to the provincial cabinet as a Minister without Portfolio. When Premier Harry Strom came to power in 1968, Speaker remained in cabinet, this time becoming Minister of Social Development.

Speaker would win his third term in office in the 1971 election with a large majority. He would lose his cabinet post as his party was swept out of government. He would win re-election as a Social Credit MLA with large majorities in 1975 and 1979 despite the near total collapse of his party.

On October 5, 1982, Speaker, who was acting as parliamentary leader of the Social Credit caucus, had issues with Party leader Rod Sykes. After a motion to disband the moribund party failed, Speaker and Walt Buck resigned from Social Credit to run as independents in the 1982 election. He retained his seat with just over 50% of the popular vote.

After the 1982 election, Speaker and Buck tried to form the official opposition instead of the two man NDP caucus. The legislature denied them funding and they didn't get the same budget that the NDP had because they weren't a party. In 1984 they registered the Political Alternative Association with Elections Alberta, which they quickly renamed the Representative Party of Alberta. Speaker became leader of the party and led it into the 1986 election.

The Representative Party would hold its two seats with Speaker winning his seventh term in office. He would abandon the Representative Party to cross the floor to the Progressive Conservative caucus in 1987. Speaker ran for re-election as a Progressive Conservative candidate in 1989 and won his eighth term. He was re-appointed to cabinet by Premier Don Getty as Minister of Municipal Affairs after an 18-year absence.

Speaker vacated his seat in 1992 after being nominated by the Reform Party of Canada to run for a seat to the House of Commons of Canada. After Speaker left, a contentious and divided by-election took place. Progressive Conservative candidate Barry McFarland barely retained this seat for the party. The Liberals came very close to taking back Little Bow, with its best result in 70 years.

McFarland was re-elected five times without serious difficulty. He retired in 2012, and Wildrose candidate Ian Donovan took the seat. Donovan crossed the floor to the Tories in 2014. He was narrowly defeated in his bid for a second term by his replacement as Wildrose candidate, Dave Schneider. It was the first time in the riding's history that its member had not been returned for a second term. Because of the Electoral Boundary changes as of the 2019 election, Schneider became the last Member of the Legislative Assembly to represent the Little Bow riding.

2004
On November 19, 2004, a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

1948 electrification plebiscite
District results from the first province wide plebiscite on electricity regulation.

1957 liquor plebiscite
On October 30, 1957, a stand-alone plebiscite was held province wide in all 50 of the then current provincial electoral districts in Alberta. The government decided to consult Alberta voters to decide on liquor sales and mixed drinking after a divisive debate in the Legislature. The plebiscite was intended to deal with the growing demand for reforming antiquated liquor control laws.

The plebiscite was conducted in two parts. Question A asked in all districts, asked the voters if the sale of liquor should be expanded in Alberta, while Question B asked in a handful of districts within the corporate limits of Calgary and Edmonton asked if men and woman were allowed to drink together in establishments.

Province wide Question A of the plebiscite passed in 33 of the 50 districts while Question B passed in all five districts. Little Bow just barely voted in favour of the proposal with both sides polling a strong vote. Voter turnout in the district was one of the best in the province, significantly above the province wide average of 46%.

Official district returns were released to the public on December 31, 1957. The Social Credit government in power at the time did not considered the results binding. However the results of the vote led the government to repeal all existing liquor legislation and introduce an entirely new Liquor Act.

Municipal districts lying inside electoral districts that voted against the Plebiscite were designated Local Option Zones by the Alberta Liquor Control Board and considered effective dry zones, business owners that wanted a license had to petition for a binding municipal plebiscite in order to be granted a license.

1967
District data from the 1967 daylight saving plebiscite

1971
District data from the 1971 daylight saving plebiscite

title: Little Bow


text: Category:669 BC deaths

title: Category:669 BC deaths


text:
Calgary-North West

Calgary-North West is a provincial electoral district in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The district was created in 1979 and is mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.

History
The electoral district was created in the 1979 boundary redistribution from the electoral district of Calgary-Foothills and a portion of old electoral district of Banff that had been annexed by new city of Calgary boundaries.

The riding was split in half in the 2010 boundary redistribution as land on the east side became part of Calgary-Hawkwood. The south boundary also picked up some land from Calgary-Bow and the riding was extended west into land that belonged to Foothills-Rocky View where the city of Calgary had annexed land.

Representation history
The electoral district was created in the 1979 boundary redistribution out of the Calgary-Foothills riding. Prior to the creation of the district the area returned Progressive Conservative MLAs in Foothills since 1971.

The election held that year returned Progressive Conservative candidate Sheila Embury with a very large majority. She was re-elected in 1982 election almost doubling her popular vote. Embury retired from the legislature at dissolution in 1986.

The electors of Calgary-North West chose the second representative of the riding in the 1986 election. Progressive Conservative candidate Stan Cassin held the district for his party with a reduced majority, but still won a landslide.

The district would see its first hotly contested race in the 1989 election as Liberal candidate Frank Bruseker surged in popularity gaining over 6,000 votes under the Liberal banner compared to 1986 Liberal candidate Dean Biollo. Cassin would go down to defeat after only one term in office.

Bruseker would run for a second term in 1993. His plurality would be reduced as he hang on to win over Harley Torgerson. The 1997 election would be Bruseker's last. Despite gaining in popular vote he was defeated by Progressive Conservative candidate Greg Melchin.

Melchin would run for a second term in the 2001 general election. He would win a massive majority taking over 15,000 votes and running ahead of the second place candidate by over 11,000 votes. After the election he was appointed to his first cabinet portfolio as Minister of Revenue by Premier Ralph Klein. In 2004 he ran for his third term in office. He lost over half his popular vote from 2001 and was shuffled to be the Minister of Energy.

The 2008 election would see the riding pick its fifth representative. Melchin retired at dissolution in 2008 leaving the riding open. The electors returned Lindsay Blackett who held the district for the Progressive Conservative Party. He was appointed by Premier Ed Stelmach as Minister of Culture and Community Spirit after the election in 2008.

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot

2004
On November 19, 2004, a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Calgary-North West


text: Category:660s BC deaths

title: Category:660s BC deaths


text:
User talk:Theoriginalrevdoc

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Thanks for the Ultimo updates. clarkk 05:42, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Theoriginalrevdoc


text:
Foxton, Cambridgeshire

Foxton is a small village in South Cambridgeshire, England. It has a number of well-preserved fifteenth- and sixteenth-century houses, and a thirteenth-century church dedicated to St Laurence.

History
The parish has been occupied for at least 2000 years; in the first century A.D. a Belgic settlement appeared, closely followed by a Romano-British farmstead near Hoffer bridge. A pagan English cemetery has also been found just north of the railway station.

The parish itself was formed over the medieval period and is bounded on the north by the River Cam and on the north-east and southwest by the Hoffer and Shepreth brooks. Its south-east boundary follows an ancient road that runs north-east from Fowlmere, known as the Mareway from the 14th century (now the B1368), and further west by an earthwork known as Grim's ditch or Thriplow bank.

Known as Foxetune at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, the village's name means "farmstead where foxes are seen".

The theologian William Selwyn lived in Foxton House in the village in the 19th century.

Church
There has been a church in Foxton since the 12th century, and it has been dedicated to St Laurence since at least 1225. The present building, consisting of a west tower, porch, and chancel with aisled and clerestoried nave was probably begun in the 13th century and extended over the following 400 years.

Demographics
Foxton's population is currently 1,260 (1,161 in 2001 census) split approximately 80:20 adults to children and occupying about 480 houses.

Village life
Foxton has a mainline rail station (opened 1851) to London and is on the main bus route to Trumpington Park & Ride (where passengers can change for buses to Cambridge) and Royston.

The village has one remaining public house, The White Horse, that has been open since at least 1841, though it was rebuilt after a fire in 1880. Former drinking establishments included The Blackamoor's Head (later renamed The Black Boy) and The Railway Inn, which opened in around 1780 and 1860 respectively; however, both had closed by the 1960s.

Foxton is also home to a village shop and post office, primary school, learning centre, educational trust (Villiers Park) and The Burlington Press. The village has a recreation ground with children's playground, tennis courts, bowling green, football pitch and cricket pitches, and there is a modern village hall with meeting rooms and sports pavilion.

The village has a conservation area, Foxton Dovecot and Meadow, established in 2006. In 2010, the restoration of Rayner's dovecote received an award at the South Cambridgeshire District Council bi-annual built heritage awards.

Foxton also has a teenage football club called Dynamo Foxton Football club, established by Marcus Kohler and others when the players departed from their former club (Whittlesford).

Literature
Foxton is known for being the subject of Rowland Parker's 1975 classic of local history The Common Stream. In it, Parker charts 2000 years of history of the village, from the Celts through to the Romans to the Saxons and the modern era.

title: Foxton, Cambridgeshire


text:
Edmonton-Rutherford

Edmonton-Rutherford is a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada. The district is mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting.

The district was created in the boundary redistribution of 1993 from the Edmonton-Whitemud riding in South Edmonton. The district is a swing riding and has regularly changed between Liberal and Progressive Conservative control. It was named after former Premier Alexander Rutherford who represented the Strathcona constituency after the province was formed in 1905. the old Strathcona district included what is now Edmonton Rutherford.

History
The electoral district was created in the 1993 boundary redistribution out of Edmonton-Whitemud.

The district saw minor changes in the 2010 redistribution. It gained some land that was part of Edmonton-Whitemud on its western boundary when the boundary was moved west from 119 Street to Whitemud Creek.

Electoral history
The electoral district was created in the boundary redistribution in 1993 from Edmonton-Whitemud riding. The first election in 1993 saw Edmonton-Whitemud incumbent Percy Wickman pickup the new district for the Liberal party with a very large majority. Wickman was re-elected in a tight race in the 1997 general election. He retired at the end of his third term in 2001 due to health issues.

The 2001 general election saw former Member of Parliament Ian McClelland pickup the district for the first time for the Progressive Conservatives. He defeated Liberal candidate Rick Miller in a hotly contested race.

McClelland and Miller would face each other for the second time in the 2004 general election. This time Miller would gain significant share of the popular vote to defeat McClelland.

Miller would only last a single term in office, he ran for re-election in 2008 but was defeated in a very close race by Progressive Conservative candidate Fred Horne.

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot

2004
On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Edmonton-Rutherford


text:
Foothills-Rocky View

Foothills-Rocky View was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from under the first-past-the-post voting system 2004 to 2012.

History
The Foothills-Rocky View electoral district was located on the western rural edge of Calgary in southern Alberta. It was created in the 2003 electoral boundary re-distribution from the eastern portion of the electoral district of Banff-Cochrane and the western portion of the old electoral district of Airdrie-Rocky View which comprises the northern portion of the riding. The district is named after the Foothills of Southern Alberta and Rocky View County. The riding included part of the town of Cochrane, Bragg Creek and the Springbank area.

The Foothills-Rocky View electoral district was dissolved in the 2010 electoral boundary re-distribution, and portions of the district would incorporate the Airdrie, Banff-Cochrane and Chestermere-Rocky View electoral districts for the 2012 Alberta general election.

The district and its antecedents have been favorable to electing Progressive Conservative candidates in recent decades.

Electoral history
The electoral district was created in the 2004 boundary redistribution. In the election held that year Progressive Conservative candidate Ted Morton who chose not to run for another term of senator-in-waiting in the 2004 Senate nominee election decided to run for seat to the legislature instead.

Morton defeated four other candidates with 60% of the vote to pick up the new district for the Progressive Conservatives. After the election Morton began his race to succeed Ralph Klein in the 2006 Progressive Conservative leadership race. Morton lost but was appointed to cabinet by new Premier Ed Stelmach in 2006.

Morton ran for a second term in the 2008 general election. He slightly increased his popular vote and returned to power with a big majority. In 2010 he was shuffled to the Minister of Finance portfolio.

2004
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot

2004 student vote results
On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Foothills-Rocky View