text:
Rochester Telephone Corporation

Rochester Telephone Corporation was a company that provided local telephone service to Rochester, New York. The company was founded in 1920 as a merger of Rochester Telephonic Exchange and Rochester Telephone Company. In 1995 the company became Frontier Corporation, trading on the NYSE under the FRO symbol. Ownership passed to Global Crossing in 1999, and then, in 2001, to Citizens Utilities Corporation, which later changed its name to Frontier Communications.

Rochester Telephone Corporation was the thirteenth largest diversified American telecommunications company and the largest telephone company in New York. It provided local telephone service to customers in 14 states and operated subsidiaries in a number of related fields. The company was founded in the fledgling days of the telephone industry as an independent telephone operation, not affiliated with the nationwide Bell network. After suffering the effects of poor management in the middle years of the century, Rochester Telephone recovered and grew rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s. This strong progress allowed the company to successfully diversify in the 1980s.

History
Principal Subsidiaries: RCI Long Distance; Rotelcom, Inc.; Rochester Tel Mobile Communications; Rochester Tel Cellular Holding Corporation.

Rochester Telephonic Exchange and Rochester Telephone Company (1877-1920)
Rochester Telephone got its start late in the nineteenth century. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1875, and the following year he patented it and exhibited his device to great acclaim at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition. By July 1877, the telephone had made its way to Rochester, New York, where a line was strung between the offices of the Phillips Coal Company and its coal yards a mile and a half away. Following this precedent, in 1879, Rochester established two telephone companies, one a franchise of the American Bell Telephone Company, and one a part of the Edison company. The Bell affiliate, called the Rochester Telephonic Exchange, was a branch of the Bell Company of Buffalo.

The two telephone companies competed for less than 18 months before merging under the aegis of the Bell system. In 1880 the company had 50 phone lines, which it provided to residential customers at the rate of $24 a year; businesses paid more for the service. Within six years the number of telephone users in the city had increased exponentially, reaching 1,000. All lines were party lines, and there were no telephone numbers; calls were placed through a switchboard staffed by operators, who connected parties by name. Calls passed over lines strung along streets on poles with crossbars, which observers complained were unsightly.

In 1886 the Bell Company announced that customers would no longer be charged a flat fee, but would be charged by call for all telephone use over 500 calls a year. Outraged customers objected, and the Rochester city council revoked the company's franchise. In addition, telephone users staged a strike, removing their receivers at noon on November 20, 1886, and leaving them off the hook for 18 months while the company stood fast. Finally, Bell gave way, offering lower rates, and the strike was ended.

The telephone strike had stimulated in Rochester's citizens a desire for a locally owned telephone company. When the Bell Company's patents expired in 1893, many competing telephone enterprises sprung up. In early 1899, a group of Rochester businessmen joined this movement when they founded the Home Telephone Company. By the end of the year, the company's name had been changed to Rochester Telephone Company.

The upstart company drummed up about 1500 subscribers for its services and presented a petition to the Rochester City Council for a franchise, which was approved in April 1899. On May 13, 1900, Rochester Telephone inaugurated service to about 1,800 customers. Steady expansion took place in its early years. The company added 1,000 new lines to its switchboard, a second story to its headquarters building, and an entire second switchboard. In addition, Rochester Telephone widened its area of service to include the towns of Charlotte, Fairport, and Pittsford outside city limits. Other counties in western New York were served by company subsidiaries, the Genesee Valley Telephone Company, and the Interlake Telephone Company.

Although customers professed higher satisfaction with the service of the independent Rochester Telephone Company than they had with the Bell system, they were unable to make long-distance calls. In an effort to provide a nationwide network that would allow long-distance calling, the country's alternative telephone companies established the United States Independent Telephone Company in 1905. Two years later, however, after its failure to win entry to the key New York City market, the company failed. Rochester Telephone, which had invested heavily in the enterprise, suffered severe financial damage with its bankruptcy. This, coupled with the high costs of competition with the Bell network, prevented the company from raising any new investment capital for the next four years, and it continued to limp along throughout the 1910s.

The inconvenience of a dual telephone system, which required two sets of phones in each residence or business, and two sets of lines criss-crossing the city, brought growing pressure for consolidation of operations. In 1915, negotiations between Bell and the independents began in New York State. Two years later it was agreed that a new corporation, independent of the Bell organization, would be created to buy and operate the telephone systems of both companies.

Rochester Telephone Corporation (1920-1995)
Rochester Telephone Corporation (RTC) was for most of the 20th century, the sole phone company serving Rochester and surrounding counties in upstate New York. Some telephone equipment in the Rochester area still bears the company's name. Its initial development benefited from the vision of Albrecht Vogt, an early founder of and investor in several Rochester industries, and yielded a successful company that remained independent from the Bell System up to and through the national monopoly's divestiture in 1984. As a smaller organization with a high-tech city at its core (headquarters of Eastman Kodak and Xerox) RT often led the conservative and intransigent AT&T when it came to features and customer service, delivering, for instance, Touch Tone and caller ID services well before neighborhoods serviced by Bell's regional divisions, like New York Telephone.

The newly constituted company, which had been given the name Rochester Telephone Corporation, had 1,200 employees and assets worth about $6 million. On August 1, 1921, the two halves of the new independent system began operating as one. During the ensuing decade, Rochester Telephone grew dramatically, as the nation's economy boomed in the aftermath of World War I. At the end of 1921, the company had more than 55,000 phones in service. Two years later, after a long controversy, Rochester Telephone won the right to bill its business customers by call, rather than on a flat rate. By 1926, the number of phones had grown to 84,000. Despite these gains, Rochester Telephone worked continuously to convince people that the telephone was not just a luxury or a gimmick—it was a necessity. The company ran ads in newspapers and on the fledgling medium of radio and also enlisted its employees in sales drives. In 1928, the company recorded its largest jump ever in the number of telephones on line and passed the $1 million mark in revenues.

In addition to these gains, Rochester Telephone made a decision in the 1920s that would ultimately result in a setback for the company. In that decade, dial service, which replaced the services of an operator at a switchboard with automatic routing of calls to their destination, was first introduced. After conducting a study, the company decided against undertaking the costly conversion to the new technology. In the 1930s and 1940s, while other telephone companies across the nation were implementing the new, more efficient service, Rochester Telephone, unable to raise the necessary capital for the conversion because of the effects of the Great Depression and the war effort, was forced to continue using archaic equipment.

The 1930s proved to be a difficult decade for Rochester Telephone. Strapped for cash in the midst of the Great Depression, many of the company's customers gave up their phone service, and cancellations exceeded new orders for several years in the early part of the decade. As revenues and earnings fell, Rochester Telephone began to cut its work force in an effort to keep costs down. Remaining employees were put on shortened hours, and their wages were reduced.

The company's darkest hour had passed by 1934, however, and its count of telephones in service and revenues began to creep upward that year. Three years later, the company got further relief when it received its first rate increase from the commission that regulated public utilities in its area. This boon produced over $60,000 in additional annual revenues for Rochester Telephone.

Despite the Depression, Rochester Telephone expanded its facilities during the 1930s, adding new central office space in downtown Rochester and outlying communities. By 1941, Rochester Telephone's revenues had climbed back to their highest point ever. That same year, however, the United States entered World War II, and the economy was converted to a wartime footing. Resources were diverted to the military effort, leaving widespread shortages in the civilian world.

With the gear-up for the war effort, demand for telephone services increased dramatically. The ranks of company employees to meet that demand, however, were thinned by military call-ups. Caught without dial equipment in a situation where new equipment was impossible to procure, Rochester Telephone had difficulty handling the growing volume of calls. Customers were asked to limit the duration of their calls, and tones sounded every three minutes on the line to remind them to get off the phone. On long-distance calls, operators broke in every five minutes to tell callers that others were waiting to use the lines. In addition, Rochester Telephone received many orders for the installation of new equipment which it was unable to fill. By the war's end, the company's waiting list had grown to include 8,000 names.

In 1944 Rochester Telephone sold stock to the public for the first time. Demand for telephone services continued to grow astronomically in the postwar years, and the company found itself unable to keep up with its customers' needs. Rochester Telephone struggled to raise capital to provide for expansion and conversion to more efficient dial switching, and in the meantime, urged its customers not to make nonessential calls. Rochester citizens, relatively tolerant of the company's weaknesses during the war, responded in the postwar period with frustration and criticism. Letters to local papers characterized phone service in the area as 'wretched' and 'outrageous.' Eventually, a state regulatory agency undertook an investigation of Rochester Telephone's operations.

By 1948, Rochester Telephone had a backlog of 12,000 requests for telephone installation. In that same year, the company was finally able to commence a program of conversion to dial telephone service. The costs of this program caused the company to eliminate the dividend on its stock for that year. Partial relief for the company's financial woes came when Rochester Telephone was granted two consecutive rate increases, which provided the company with $1.4 million in extra funds.

Rochester Telephone in the late 1940s faced a severe public relations problem. Open house events at its manual switching centers in 1949 helped to appease the public somewhat, but soon, tempers rose again, as consumers complained about the company's slow and unreliable service.

In the 1950s Rochester Telephone made a number of stock offerings to pay for its long overdue capital improvements. By 1954 the company was finally able to respond promptly to requests for service. Rochester's population and economic base grew rapidly during the decade, particularly in outlying suburban areas, and Rochester Telephone's operations grew along with them. By the end of the decade, the company had 290,000 phones in service, and its revenues and earnings had more than doubled.

This growth in earnings was possible, in part, as a result of rate increases that the company won in 1951 and 1954. In 1958, when Rochester Telephone petitioned the state public utilities commission for yet another rate increase, the anger of some of its customers again spilled over onto the editorial pages of newspapers. Some Rochester Telephone customers in outlying areas were still forced to rely on magneto crank telephones, and in certain suburbs customers were grouped into four- and eight-party lines. The company's preoccupation with the all-important and enormously expensive dial conversion effort had resulted in serious lapses in service in other areas. After the Public Utilities Commission publicly scolded Rochester Telephone for its inept management—calling its incompetent conduct of business 'inexcusable'--the company underwent a major reorganization, and a significant portion of its management was replaced.

The retooled Rochester Telephone entered the 1960s poised to rectify the faults of the past and seek new growth. The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange for the first time, and it set out to use the capital generated by stock sales to improve service in the rapidly growing suburbs. In 1961, however, this progress was slowed by a nine-week strike of telephone workers that again resulted in a backlog of service calls.

Throughout the rest of the 1960s, the company expanded its infrastructure of cables and switching equipment while adding new lines to keep pace with Rochester's growth. In 1966 Rochester Telephone completed conversion of its entire system to dial switching and established a seven-digit phone number system. By the end of the decade, the company had added 200,000 new phones to its network.

To prepare for further growth, Rochester Telephone initiated employee training programs in the late 1960s. The first sign of that growth came in 1972, when the company made its first acquisition outside the geographical limits of its service area, purchasing the Sylvan Lake Telephone Company. This move was made in response to the slowing rate of economic growth in the company's traditional area of operation. Four years later, a second, much larger purchase was made, when Rochester Telephone acquired the Highland Telephone Company.

In the mid-1970s, Rochester Telephone experienced its first taste of the competition. Around this time, the telephone industry was rocked by a Supreme Court ruling that allowed customers to attach their own phone equipment to company lines. No longer were telephone users required to purchase equipment only from the telephone company itself. Inroads caused by this development, along with other factors, caused a drop in company revenues and earnings during this time. In 1974 the company suffered a strike by telephone workers that lasted 28 weeks, and in the following year, the company also began layoffs, which continued throughout the late 1970s as demand for its services slackened.

In 1978, rebuffed by its regulators in its attempt to form a holding company, Rochester Telephone spent $2 million forming two subsidiaries instead. Rotelcom Business Systems and Rotelcom Consulting Services provided equipment and expertise in the burgeoning telecommunications field. The next year, the business systems unit opened an office in Honolulu to serve hotels there and set up a long-distance service from Hawaii to the continental U.S. known as Call America. One year later, the company added Rotelcom Data, Inc., and a Supply and Set Refurbishment Division, which fixed up used telephones for resale. In their early years, the company's subsidiaries reported strong profits.

In 1983, as the federal government's breakup of the Bell telephone monopoly increased competition in the telecommunications industry dramatically, Rochester Telephone launched its second unregulated venture, founding the RCI Corporation. RCI installed a microwave communications network in New York State and a fiber optic hookup with Chicago. After purchasing an additional fiber optic link with Washington, D.C., the company's operations spanned 12 cities. In the mid-1980s, Rochester Telephone also entered the new radio telephone industry, when it founded Rochester Tel Mobile Communications. By the end of the decade, it managed cellular phone services in six states.

Along with its forays into unregulated industries, Rochester Telephone expanded its holdings in the local telephone exchange business dramatically during the 1980s. In 1984 it added its third New York phone system—in AuSable Valley—and in the ensuing years, the company purchased 34 other telephone operations in 15 states. The largest was located in the suburban Minneapolis, Minnesota area. This geographical expansion was designed to offset the effect of a gradual but unmistakable economic retrenchment in the company's home area, Rochester.

RTC was also nicknamed "Rochester Tel." The company also used a marketing tag line during this time, "Rochester Tel and You—The Perfect Connection". This reflected the company's commitment to marketing through a partnership with the local community. The company was one of the first in the nation to offer a caller ID service to its customers. A trial of this service in the early 1990s was one of the first in the United States. Customers located in the Perinton area with a telephone number beginning with "223" or "425" had the chance to participate in a trial of this service and other CLASS calling features which were making their debut in New York at that time.

In 1993, then Rochester Telephone Corporation, the company became the first telephone company to open its local telephone lines to competition. Time Warner and AT&T were among the leading competitors; AT&T later withdrew.

Frontier Corporation (1995-1999)
In 1995, the company repositioned itself as a holding company and changed its name to Frontier Corporation. The company separated its local telephone lines in Rochester into a separate operating company also named Rochester Telephone Corporation. This company was eventually renamed in 1997 to Frontier Telephone of Rochester, Inc.

The company operated a wireless subsidiary called Frontier Cellular. It was a joint venture with Bell Atlantic.

Global Crossing North America (2000-2001)
Frontier's investment in fiber long lines proved attractive in the exploding global communications market in the late 1990s when it was acquired in 1999 by Global Crossing, a Bermuda-based communications network enterprise. In 2000, the holding company adopted its current name, Global Crossing North America, Inc.

In 2001, Global Crossing North America's local exchange assets, including Frontier Telephone of Rochester and Frontier Subsidiary Telco, and ownership of the Frontier name were sold to Citizens Communications Company, which in 2008 renamed itself Frontier Communications.

Rochester Telephone/Frontier subsidiaries
The Rochester Telephone, later Frontier Corporation, companies refer to all the local telephone companies owned by Global Crossing North America prior to the companies' sale to Citizens Communications. These companies include:

 * Frontier Communications - Midland, Inc. (Illinois)
 * Frontier Communications - Prairie, Inc. (Illinois)
 * Frontier Communications - Schuyler, Inc. (Illinois)
 * Frontier Communications - St. Croix LLC (Wisconsin)
 * Frontier Communications of Alabama LLC
 * Frontier Communications of Breezewood, LLC (Pennsylvania)
 * Frontier Communications of Canton, LLC (Pennsylvania; acquired in 1988)
 * Frontier Communications of DePue, Inc. (Illinois)
 * Frontier Communications of Fairmount, LLC (Georgia)
 * Frontier Communications of Georgia LLC
 * Frontier Communications of Illinois, Inc.
 * Frontier Communications of Indiana LLC
 * Frontier Communications of Iowa, LLC
 * Frontier Communications of Lakeside, Inc. (Illinois)
 * Frontier Communications of Lakewood, LLC (Pennsylvania)
 * Frontier Communications of Lamar County LLC (Alabama)
 * Frontier Communications of Michigan, Inc.
 * Frontier Communications of Minnesota, Inc.
 * Frontier Communications of Mississippi LLC
 * Frontier Communications of Mondovi LLC (Wisconsin)
 * Frontier Communications of Mt. Pulaski, Inc. (Illinois)
 * Frontier Communications of Orion, Inc. (Illinois)
 * Frontier Communications of Oswayo River LLC (Pennsylvania)
 * Frontier Communications of Pennsylvania, LLC
 * Frontier Communications of the South LLC
 * Frontier Communications of Thorntown LLC (Indiana)
 * Frontier Communications of Viroqua LLC (Wisconsin)
 * Frontier Communications of Wisconsin LLC
 * Frontier Telephone of Rochester, Inc. (founded in 1994 - contains the original Rochester, NY telephone exchanges of Rochester Telephone Corporation)

Former subsidiaries
There are a number of former subsidiaries:
 * Rochester Telephone - Midway Telephone, Michigan (RTMM) -- sold during the period of 1992 through 1994
 * Rochester Telephone - Ontomogan Telephone, Michigan (RTOT) -- sold during the period of 1992 through 1994
 * Rochester Telephone - S & A Telephone, Kansas (RTKS) -- sold during the period of 1992 through 1994
 * Frontier Communications - Lakeshore, Inc. Wisconsin, (RTLW) -- combined with FC of Wisconsin, Inc. (RTUW) in 1998
 * Frontier Communications - Schuyler, Inc., Iowa (RTSO) was sold to Minburn Telecommunications in 1999

title: Rochester Telephone Corporation


text:
Barwick-in-Elmet

Barwick-in-Elmet (pronounced Barrick-in-Elmet) is a village in West Yorkshire, 7 mi east of Leeds city centre. It is one of only three places in the area to be explicitly associated with the ancient Romano-British kingdom of Elmet, the others being Scholes-in-Elmet and Sherburn-in-Elmet.

The village is part of the civil parish of Barwick in Elmet and Scholes and sits in the Harewood ward of Leeds City Council.

Etymology
The name Barwick comes from the Old English words bere ('barley') and wīc ('settlement, specialised farm'), thus meaning 'a barley farm' or 'an outlying grange or part on an estate reserved for the lord's use, producing barley'. The name is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Bereuuith and Bereuuit. The appellation 'in Elmet' serves to distinguish the settlement from the various others of the same name. The first attested appellation of this kind for Barwick-in-Elmet is in fact the Latin Berewyke juxta Abberford ('Barwick-by-Aberford') from 1301. The combination Berewyke in Elmet is first attested in 1329.

History
Earthworks, including a mound and ditch, comprise part of a large Iron Age fort centred on Wendel Hill, near the village. The site was used later for a Norman motte-and-bailey castle and a Second World War observation post. The land is currently under joint ownership, held as a trust (formed in 1996) for the benefit of the community.

An ancient British kingdom named Elmet (Welsh Elfed) included the area. Some scholars believe that the capital of the kingdom was at or close to Barwick.

There is reference to an agricultural settlement in the Domesday Book of 1086. From a taxation survey, it is known that in 1379 there were 197 adults living in about 100 households.

It is believed that William of Orange spent some time in this area leaving behind claims to his offspring, There are still settlers in the village to this day bearing the associated relevant names "Orange and Wilson (Wills son)"

For some time the Manor of Barwick and Scholes was in the ownership of the Gascoigne family of Parlington and Lotherton.

In 1720, the first known school in Barwick in Elmet opened. Morwick Hall was built in the mid to late 18th century for Edward Gray, who was Lord Mayor of Leeds in 1749 and 1768.

By 1821, the parish had a population of 1,481.

The Cross Gates to Wetherby railway line opened in 1874, with a station in nearby Scholes, enabling residents to commute to Leeds city centre. This service remained running until 1965, when the line closed under the Beeching Axe.

Throughout the 20th century, the village grew with many modern houses being built in and around the village by both private developers and the local corporations. During this period many of the older cottages in the village centre were converted into shops and other small business premises.

For much of its history, the village supported a mainly agricultural community. From the late 17th century until the early 20th century many residents were employed in the local mining industry in Garforth, Cross Gates and Whitkirk. Today, whilst still having a rural agricultural feel, the village supports many trades as well as housing for people who work in Leeds and York.

Governance
Barwick-in-Elmet comes under the civil parish of Barwick and Scholes. This comes under the governance of Leeds City Council. Barwick is part of the Leeds City Council ward of Harewood. Barwick lies within the parliamentary constituency of Elmet and Rothwell which since May 2010 has been held by the Conservative MP, Alec Shelbrooke.

Maypole
One of the most notable village landmarks is the wooden maypole 86 ft high that stands at the junction of Main Street and the Cross, this means that the maypole in Barwick is the second tallest in the UK. The maypole festival (held on Spring Bank Holiday) typically brings large crowds to the area. Every three years, the maypole is lowered, inspected, maintained and re-erected. The festival celebrations include a procession (involving floats decorated by local organisations), children's maypole dancing, morris dancing, a street craft market, the raising of the maypole ceremony and the maypole queen. Traditionally the maypole was lowered and raised manually using an intricate system of ropes and ladders. Although methods have changed in recent years, the maypole is still carried by hand from Hall Tower Hill to the heart of the village. During the raising ceremony, it is tradition for a local villager to climb halfway up the pole to disconnect the guide ropes. The climber is then spurred on by a large crowd to climb all the way to the top of the pole, to spin 'the fox' weather vane (a custom thought to bring good luck to the village). The festival takes place every 3 years, the most recent one being 29 May 2017. The date of the next rise was going to be 25 May 2020 but had to be postponed twice due to coronavirus and will now be taking place on 2 June 2022.

Beside the maypole is what appears to be an old village cross, which is actually a memorial to the dead of the First World War, carved in the old fashioned style.

Amenities
Barwick has three public houses, the New Inn, the Black Swan and the Gascoigne Arms. There are two general stores (the larger one with a post office); a fish and chip shop; an Italian takeaway; a bicycle store; a florist's, baker's, hair and beauty salon and a car mechanics. There are further amenities in nearby Garforth, Cross Gates, Seacroft and Wetherby, all of which have supermarkets. There are nearby secondary schools in Pendas Fields, Garforth, Seacroft, Boston Spa and Wetherby.

Places of worship
There are two small churches, one Church of England and one Methodist. Barwick parish church is a grade II* listed building. It includes Anglo-Saxon and Norman stonework, with a 14th-century chancel and various later additions and alterations. The Unitarian minister Newcome Cappe was married here on 19 February 1788 on his second marriage to Catherine Cappe.

The Methodist church is a 1900 Wesleyan chapel close to the maypole and a street called the Boyle. It replaced an earlier 1804 building on Chapel Lane, which became the Miners' Welfare Institute, and is now used for communal activities.

Local media
The local newspaper is the Wetherby News whilst the regional newspaper is the Yorkshire Evening Post. Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire. Television signals are received from the Emley Moor TV transmitter. Local radio stations BBC Radio Leeds, Greatest Hits Radio West Yorkshire, Pulse 1, Heart Yorkshire, and Capital Yorkshire. There are cinemas nearby in Leeds, Wetherby and Castleford.

Barwick in popular culture
The theme tune to The Archers is called "Barwick Green". It was written by Yorkshire composer Arthur Wood in 1924, as a "maypole dance" in his suite My Native Heath. The other items in this suite are "Ilkley Tarn", "Bolton Abbey" and "Knaresborough Status".

Widge, the protagonist in The Shakespeare Stealer, a 1998 young adult novel by Gary Blackwood, is from Barwick-in-Elmet.

Other Barwicks
There are other villages in England called Barwick in Norfolk and Somerset, and a suburb of Stockton-on-Tees is called Ingleby Barwick. There is a town called Barwick in Georgia in the USA.

Comparison
Barwick lies in the LS15 postcode area. Here is a population breakdown of the postcode area in comparison with the UK population.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barwick-in-Elmet


text:
User talk:Carmeld1

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 23:02, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

virtual university proposals

 * Userfy. Wikipedia articles are not intended to be a "brainstorming nucleus," as the article says it is. carmeld1 03:19, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * who says so? every article is just that - that's the nice difference to established/ old fashion / stuck organs like Encarta and Britannnica, and it is the reason for the amazing growth and popularity - we are just trying to address some of the critics and add some new ventures for academic usability - the "news" section is also not typical for an encyclopedia - we just want to promote / propose an academic track and hope to attract faculty and students - nobody forces you to read or contribute to this ;-) - Uwe Kils 12:44, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

The bible
Firstly let me say that I am sorry to have to bother you.

Secondly, I wish to let you know that a recent VFD that you took part in has closed. The result was that 32 people voted to keep all individual bible verses as seperate articles, and 34 voted that they shouldn't (2 abstensions, and 3 votes for both). This is considered by standard policy not to be a consensus decision (although the closing admin stated that it was a consensus to keep them).

Thirdly, the subject has now been put to a survey, so that it may remain open until there is a clear consensus for what appears to be a difficult issue to resolve. You may wish to take part in this survey, and record a similar vote to the one you made at the VFD there. The survey is available at Bible verses.

18:31, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Bible Vote
Hate to trouble you again, but a category on Bible verses was recently added, 'A vast minority', and it seems that your vote probably would have gone there had it been there when you voted. Almafeta 17:25, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

consensus
The Authentic Matthew VFD has closed. The results were
 * Delete - 21 (58%)
 * Keep - 11 (31%)
 * Merge - 4 (11%)

This was declared to have been no consensus, and therefore a new VFD has been opened at Votes for deletion/Authentic Matthew (consensus).

Would you be prepared to re-add your vote there? ( ! | ? | * ) 09:45, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Authentic Matthew the sequel
The POV that was in Authentic Matthew, an article you voted to delete, before it was NPOVed has been re-created at a new article - see Votes for deletion/The Original Gospel of Matthew. ( ! | ? | * ) 20:23, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Your input is requested
at Articles for deletion/Roflcopter (again). — Phil Welch 22:58, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Systemwars.com
Hi. You voted to delete Systemwars.com and it was deleted. However, Tony Sidaway has decided that your vote and the consensus that agreed with you was insufficient. He has recreated the article in violation of policy and relisted it for deletion at Articles for deletion/Systemwars.com (second version). Please take a look. - Tεx  τ  urε  15:47, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Articles For Deletion
Hi, a while ago you made some comments about the presence of bible-verse articles, and/or source texts of the bible, and you may therefore be interested in related new discussions:
 * A discussion about 200 articles, one each for the first 200 verses of Matthew - Centralized discussion/200 verses of Matthew
 * A discussion about 18 articles, one each for the first 18 verses of John 20 - Centralized discussion/Verses of John 20
 * A discussion about whether or not the entire text of a whole bible chapter should be contained in the 6 articles concerning those specific chapters - Centralized discussion/Whole bible chapter text.

--Victim of signature fascism | Don't forget to vote in the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee elections 18:15, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Carmeld1


text:
Talk:Mary of Clopas

Papias Fragment X
Is not of Papias, but of another author with the same name from 11th Century. 85.76.52.218 (talk) 20:31, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

Belief or Fact
This article appears as a fact but from what I understand it is a belief of some historians but not many of them. I will leave the stub as it is for now but I think it should be changed. Falphin 23:02, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tabor's Section
Perhaps Tabor's thoughts on the matter might be included with reference in a section with a more generalized title. But his one-off supposition certainly does entitle him to his own section. Tabor is a fringe theologian, put there by his study of the Talpiot Tomb and "The Jesus Dynasty" book. I'm not making a comment on the validity of his work on those items, but his ideas on those topics generally put him far outside mainstream thought on Church history and related ancient studies. My opinion is that it should not be there at all, as this article is quite short and no other modern, scholarly opinions have been provided. However, being as that might be deemed unfair, I'm only changing the title. 99.22.228.93 (talk) 21:19, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

"of"
Paul of Tarsus means "Paul from Tarsus". Joseph of Arimethea means "Joseph from Arimethea". Mary of Clopas means "Mary from Clopas". But there is nothing, neither Scripture nor Tradition to say that Mary was "from" Clopas. While there may be ambiguity about whether she was the wife of/daughter of/sister of a man, there is clearly a need to get away from a name that she is "from" a place called Clopas. Suggestions are needed. If nothing else turns up, then "Mary (biblical figure)" may have to do. Laurel Lodged (talk) 21:55, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * But Mary (biblical figure) could refer to lots of people, so a more refined disambiguation is needed. I agree that the "of" can be confusing, though it is often used in secondary sources (e.g. ). The other alternative is Mary Clopas (e.g. ). StAnselm (talk) 22:17, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * It's a pickle. If nothing better turns up I could live with Mary Clopas which is usefully ambiguous. Laurel Lodged (talk) 22:42, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Hmmm. I think I would actually prefer Mary, wife of Clopas to Mary Clopas. I know I reverted the move, but if we don't get any other opinions/suggestions here in the next couple of days, go ahead and make the move again. StAnselm (talk) 01:14, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Pronunciation
Clopad 1.145.217.208 (talk) 06:09, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

Mary on her way to Emmaus?
Let me here mention the article “Emmaus: Whether a Man or a Woman?” by Philip Jenkins, where he discuss a possibility that she was actually a wife of Cleophas and it was her who was “the second disciple” walking with Cleophas and eventually with Jesus to Emmaus in.

Ceplm (talk) 07:31, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mary of Clopas


text:
Ray Luv

Raymond Tyson, better known by his stage name Ray Luv, is an American Bay Area rapper from Santa Rosa, California, United States, who is best known for his contribution to the Bay Area hip hop scene in the mid-1990s.

Biography
Raymond Tyson was born on April 15, 1972, in New Orleans, Louisiana, and was raised in Santa Rosa, California.

Career
Early in his career Ray Luv performed alongside Tupac Shakur in the group Strictly Dope, a group based in Santa Rosa, California. In 1991, Ray was signed to the independent label Young Black Brotha Records by fellow friends Mac Dre and Mac Mall. Ray Luv has stated that he got his name from Tupac Shakur.

His first extended play Who Can Be Trusted? was released in 1993 by Young Black Brotha "Get Your Money On" from Trusted was popular on local radio at the time. That next year, Luv was featured on the Above The Rim soundtrack. Forever Hustlin', released in 1995 by Interscope Records through the Bay Area label Young Black Brotha, was his major label debut; it reached #21 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart.

One of Ray Luv's biggest singles "Last Nite", music video was directed by Tupac Shakur in 1994. He was longtime friends with Tupac and fellow Bay Area rappers, Mac Dre and Mac Mall.

In 1997, Luv contributed to the Bay Area rap compilation, Best of Da Bay: A Series of Slaps, from Young Black Brotha.

Ray Luv is co-owner of the bay area favorite online video series Pushin' The Bay TV, alongside the show's host Emcee T, a rapper who is also from Santa Rosa, California

Collaboration albums

 * Population Control with Crimeseen (2006)

Compilation albums

 * Black Wall Street with JT the Bigga Figga & Mac Mall (2003)

Extended plays

 * Who Can Be Trusted? (1993)

title: Ray Luv


text:
Boyd Tinsley

Boyd Calvin Tinsley (born May 16, 1964) is an American violinist and mandolinist who is best known for having been a member of the Dave Matthews Band.

Early life
Tinsley was born and raised in Charlottesville, Virginia. His was a musical family; his father was a choir director and his uncle a bassist who also played the trumpet for local bands. Tinsley was an aspiring guitarist until middle school, when he discovered his proficiency on the violin. He studied with Isidor Saslav, then concertmaster of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra but, at age 16, decided he did not want to pursue a career in classical music.

Tinsley studied history at the University of Virginia, where he was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity. While in school, he formed a two-man band called Down Boy Down. After graduation, the band was expanded to The Boyd Tinsley Band, which became a popular Charlottesville band, performing covers and its own tunes, and opening several times for Blues Traveler.

Dave Matthews Band
In 1991, Dave Matthews asked Tinsley to play violin on the song "Tripping Billies" with his band for their demo tape. He still had his own band and would often join Matthews' concerts after playing his own gigs. He became a full-time member in 1992. Matthews later said, "We had no plans of adding a violinist. We just wanted some fiddle tracked on this one song "Tripping Billies", and Boyd was a friend of Leroi. He came in and it just clicked. That completely solidified the band, gave it a lot more power."

Tinsley and Peter Griesar were the first to share song-writing credits with Matthews, on the song "So Much to Say", which won the band its first Grammy. Tinsley was also the first to call the band 'Dave Matthews Band', a name which was meant to be temporary but which stuck.

Tinsley's other (co-) song-writing credits with the band include "41", "American Baby", "Everybody Wake Up (Our Finest Hour Arrives)", "Funny the Way It Is", "Pig", "Proudest Monkey", "Too Much", "Grux", "Shake Me Like a Monkey", "Lying in the Hands of God", "Why I Am", "Drunken Soldier", "Can't Stop", "Baby Blue", "Snow Outside", and "Idea of You". He also co-wrote the Jurassic 5 song "Work It Out", and a song which he co-wrote, "Break Free", appeared on the Dave Matthews Band's 2023 album Walk Around the Moon. He performed on all 10 of the band's studio albums, and its 14 live albums.

After noticeably struggling during the band's 2014 Australian tour, Tinsley revealed on Twitter that he had developed arthritis in his right hand. He underwent surgery to correct carpal tunnel syndrome.

Lawsuit for sexual misconduct
On February 3, 2018, Tinsley announced that he was taking a leave of absence from the band, citing exhaustion and the need to focus on his health and family. On the same day, lawyers for former Crystal Garden band member James Frost-Winn sent Tinsley a demand letter, formally accusing Tinsley of sexually harassing Frost-Winn over a one-year period, and requesting a settlement. On May 17, Frost-Winn, then age 28, filed suit against Tinsley. On May 18, the band confirmed that Tinsley was no longer a member, saying "we are shocked by these disturbing allegations", and "Boyd has been a member of the family since the band began and we want him to focus on his health and get better. We support his decision to do this and we're sending positive thoughts his way."

Tinsley responded to the suit, saying that reports of his alleged behavior were "one-sided" and that he would defend himself in and out of court. The parties reached an out-of-court settlement in June 2019. On February 21, 2024 another lawsuit was filed by Frost-Winn's representatives claiming that Tinsley had breached the mutual non-disparagement clause of their settlement via social media posts he made on February 22, 2022.

Other work
In 2000, Tinsley made a guest appearance on The Getaway People's second album, Turnpike Diaries.

In 2003, Tinsley released a solo album, True Reflections, featuring the title track he had written over a decade earlier. Tinsley was the principal songwriter of the album. True Reflections focuses on Tinsley as a singer-songwriter and does not feature much violin playing.

On March 20, 2009, Tinsley appeared with former U.S. poet laureate Rita Dove at the Paramount Theater in Charlottesville when she launched her poetry book Sonata Mulattica, about 19th-century violin virtuoso George Bridgetower; Tinsley is mentioned in the first poem in the book, "The Bridgetower". He composed and performed a musical piece for the event, read a poem from the book and discussed his musical life in particular and the role of classically trained African-American musicians in general with Dove.

Tinsley was the producer, writer and composer for the 80-minute cinematic opera Faces in the Mirror, in which he also appeared as an actor. The film premiered at the Woodstock Film Festival on October 13, 2012.

In August 2015, Tinsley formed the band Crystal Garden with Mycle Wastman, Charlie Csontos and Matt Frewen. For two years, he looked for a specific group of musicians who would form a modern day rock band. On the forming of the band, Tinsley commented, "The band was an idea I had maybe three years ago. I really wanted to create a young rock band – not a pop band – but a real rock band that had the same sensibility that rock from the 1960s and 1970s had to it. You know, something rocking from the heart and expressing something real". In their first week of recording sessions at Boyd's studio in Virginia they tracked the bulk of their first studio album, Let The Rocks Cry Out, which Tinsley produced. The album was released digitally on all platforms March 14, 2017 and physically on April 22, 2017. The band appeared on numerous morning shows.

Personal life
Tinsley has two children with his wife Emily: a daughter, Abigail (born 1995) and a son, Noah (born 1999).

Tinsley played in a celebrity doubles tennis match in 2007 with John McEnroe against Pete Sampras and Autria Godfrey. He has recorded a song called "The Ghosts of Wimbledon" for the 2006 ESPN coverage of the tournament. Tinsley sponsored the Boyd Tinsley Tennis Program in Charlottesville.

Discography

 * See Dave Matthews Band discography for his work with the band.

Solo discography
True Reflections (2003) – #3 Billboard Internet Sales chart

title: Boyd Tinsley


text:
Talk:CafePress

Article started
Dratz, I was thinking of starting the article, but yeah, we need an article on cafepress. --Saint-Paddy 23:03, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

suggested improvements
a little busy right now myself, but couldn't notice what a sad state one of Wikimedia's allies is in. I'll be back later, but what this article could use is: some sort of statement on the effect of CafePress in the internet retail industry, a comparison to significant competitors, headings and a table of contents, a verification of current facts and statistics--looks like many were taken off of an "about us" page, rather than seriously looked into Warofwrath 05:36, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

i second that... the article partly sounds to me like a press release or a description you'd see in the WSJ. i'm curious about info like pros, cons, if they own the design you submit (discussion of TOS (which i haven't read)), ANYTHING interesting and noteworthy. i might have to look into this in the future Plonk420 08:16, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

How about some information on the effect on quality of the prints due to the mass printing? AnonymousOrc 04:54, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps some newspapers have done critiques of cafe press. It isn't verifiable to wikipedia standards to simply say that some people think that cafe press is at or below the quality of home made laser printed iron ons, and that the base prices are far above the price of a laser printed iron on and a t-shirt. This is a careful distinction on policy on wikipedia. It is "verifiable" on a personal level that some people think cafe press quality is far below their base prices, because, well, that's what I think. However, verifiability comes from trusted news sources. At this time, I am not a trusted news source. But Cafe Press is a big company, I'm sure there have been news worthy or even scholarly reviews of it. On an unrelated note, I think spreadshirt is better. That's all for me. Philthecoffeejerk 04:00, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Hindunet link
I'm removing the link from 59.144.* to again. It does not follow our NPOV policy, and is not a notable event for Cafepress. Cafepress claims it has, as of this writing, 11 million products. Some of those products are intentionally offensive. Even being genenerous with this petition, the offensiveness of a single design is no more appropriate for this article than the offensiveness of a single Yahoo! Group would be to that article. - RedWordSmith 17:58, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * These products offend an entire religion. It would be similar to having an anti-semetic product for sale. It's different from having an "All your oil are belong to US" t-shirt. This becomes even more important in the context of such products and products having images of Hindu gods on shoes making it to France and US and Hindu groups in those countries managing to persuade the sellers take the products off sale.1. It was due to efforts of the same organisation (AHAD). So it's worth mentioning after all. I'm putting it back. If you have any objections to it, please mention it in the talk page before removing it.

 * Yes, I do still object to the presence of that link. There are, without doubt, plenty of other designs that offend entire religions on Cafepress. One particular shopkeeper in the forums pointed to a design she came up with that had Jesus on the cross with a thought bubble that had "I wish I had a California jury" in it, and specifically said that she thought it would offend her conservative Christian friends. While CafePress's TOS (www.cafepress.com/cp/info/help/shopkeepers_agreement.aspx & www.cafepress.com/cp/info/help/content_policy.aspx) prohibit "Material that is generally offensive or in bad taste", I would nonetheless be shocked if there weren't at least a few items on CafePress that are offensive from any particular religious perspective. Really, the worst thing that can be said about them is that they're an open forum outside of particularly egregiously content. - RedWordSmith 01:07, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * A thong containing an image of a deity is different from an image mimicking a religious event. And the thong wasn't "meant" to be offensive. But that's not my point. I'm sure it would be absolutely no big deal in the US if they sold thongs containing pictures of Jesus Christ. My point is that it *is* a big deal among Hindus. Previous such incidents have made it to the front pages of national newspapers here in India. (News of this particular instance is also spreading fast and might make to the newspapers.) So, regardless of whether this should be an issue or not, it is one. It's like the GTA hot coffee episode. A lot of people consider it to be a non-issue, but it made it to the headlines anyway and now it's in the wikipedia article. So my point is that it is big enough to be mentioned. As for the TOS, I didn't say it was CafePress' fault or that they're not doing enough. If my link description is POV in any way, please go ahead and modify it to make it more NPOV. All I'm saying is that this is worth mentioning.

 * It still seems like a minor event to me as far as the company history is concerned, but I won't press the issue any further for the time being. - RedWordSmith 22:26, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, I thought about it and removed it. Guess I'll put it back only if a major development happens, like AHAD sends zombies to Cafepress or something.

Afflilate links
(Moved from article comments)

I wrote: Changing the link to the Wikipedia Shop to an affiliate link is THEFT from the commision that belongs to the Foundation and will not be looked upon kindly - RWS
 * And 216.23.61.* responded: An affiliate link is in no way theft, if Wikiepdia does not want people to be able to link to them as an affiliate then they can remove themselves from the affiliate program, read the TOS for cafepress. Wikipedia does not earn any comission by sending people to cafepress from the first link (they did not have an affiliate cose for themselves there).  The second link will earn comission for them becuase those are their products, but as an affiliate anyone has the right, per cafepress's TOS, to put any affiliate code at the end of the link.  Wikipeida has agreed to the TOS and to those terms, I suggest you read up on the matter if you have any questions.

(End moved)
 * All of this simply means that anyone can create an affiliate link to the Wikipedia store, NOT necessarily on Wikipedia itself. While "theft" may not have been a technically accurate term, my understanding is that when people use an affililate link the storeowner's commission is reduced. Thus, an affiliate link to the Wikipedia store in a Wikipedia article uses Wikipedia resources to enrich the affiliate at the expense of Wikipedia, with no added benefit to the project. This is true even for other Cafeshops in other articles, when they are actually appropriate, as Wikipedia could possibly have its own affilate links autogenerated from plain links at some point in the future, similar to the way that ISBN numbers work now. I suppose profiteering would be a more accurate term for this sort of behavior; whatever it is, it's rude and clearly detrimental. At any rate, trying to sneak in an affiliate id will just lead to a bunch of editwarring over whose affiliate link to use. - RedWordSmith 03:35, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * If this were the Wikipedia page on Wikipedia then I could agree about the profiteering charge. However this page is about Cafepress, and someone thought it appropriate to include the link to Wikipedia's store (not Wikipedia).  Furthermore Wikipedia the coporation has agreed to let people link to them with affiliate links per their agreement with Cafepress (leghlly binding).  Cafepress's position on this matter (which Wikipedia has agreed to) is that any traffic brought by an affiliate is not profiteering, or theft, but rather a sale that would not otherwise have been made.  Since this specific page is about Cafepress and not wikipedia it is analogous to an independent webpage.  Therefor in the view of Cafepress per their TOS this is a legitimate place to have an affiliate link.  Its important that you understand that Wikipedia has agreed to this practice.  If they wish to not let people link to their products from here or other websites they need to change their settings in their shop perferences to opt-out of the affiliate program.  I will agree with you that in retrospect it is a good idea to keep affiliate links off this and other similar pages because it might start an editing war over the links, but technically Wikipedia will have to opt out of their agreement with Cafepress over the affiliate program to really stop it.

Jameson K. 17:51, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

CafePress.com vs CafePress
CafePress.com is the name of the article, yet the name of the website is simply CafePress. I think the article should be moved to CafePress. – SilverBulletx3talkcontributions 16:53, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The article isn't about the website, it's about the company, and having had a look, the name of the company is "CafePress.com". It's a good job I checked because I nearly went ahead and made the move anyway :) -- Run!  14:55, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

What is CafePress like?
I don't know if this is the place where you can tell me or not, but I was considering using this. I'm not concerned with the quality of their items so much as the quality of their service. Is it a trustworthy site and do they deliver their products properly? As far as quality goes, though, how are their books? The clothing is not as big an issue. Do the books look okay and hold fine or do they fall apart and such?
 * I don't know, I've never used them personally, but most people I hear talk about it seem to do so in a negative way. Bawolff 09:31, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

I have used this website one time and it was for ordering items......I selected a 2 day shipping option and it has been almost 5 days since I have placed my order. I have since attempted to go to the site to try and contact them but it will not come up anymore? Suspicious? Anyone know of any ideas or if they moved the site? Thanks.

Competitors, and linking thereof
The seealso redlinks are bad enough, but including external links to competitors is ridiculous. If there needs to be a master page for online shops of this type then a new article should be started, instead of hijacking this one. Chris Cunningham (talk) 14:02, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Disagree. I came here because there's no easy way to find out who their competitors are, and I want to pay the lowest price possible for a custom t-shirt. Search engines are full of paid results; I thought wikipedia could be someplace neutral where I could find a list of competitors. But leave it to the wiki-snobs to make sure I can't use wikipedia to find the information I'm interested in. You're not saving paper or anything, just making the articles less useful. ClintJCL (talk) 18:17, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
 * There's a link listed at the bottom of the article to other stores with Wikipedia articles: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Self-publishing_online_stores. And it's not wikisnobbery to follow policy; however, you can easily go through the article's history to see what links have been added and removed. Buyer beware, of course. Flowanda | Talk 19:42, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Intellectual property and CafePress
Many of the designs on cafepress are blatantly the intellectual property of a person or organization other than the "creator" or cafepress. Have there been any court cases or cease and desist orders issued against cafepress? I'll scrounge around, but I haven't found anything yet... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.59.100.246 (talk) 13:07, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Really? Do you have any examples in mind? I haven't noticed any. ErkDemon (talk) 15:39, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Bad editing
IMO there are some sniffy people here who probably shouldn't be editing wikipages. For instance, someone's cleverly tagged the reference to the Imagekind buyout with a "citation needed". About two inches further down the page, in the sources section, there's a link:

 * Reuters: CafePress Expands Its On-Demand Canvas by Acquiring Imagekind (8 Jul 2008)

I just clicked the link and it works. Did the editor not actually read the article they were working on?

I also notice that someone's taken out the link for some of cp's official franchises (Star Trek, Simpsons, Snoopy..). These are significant franchises. Cafepress seem to be the biggest, highest-profile retailer of their kind (if anyone knows of a bigger one, then please add that info to the article). The evidence of just how significant they are in this field is the official franchises they have. Outside of Disney (who have their own shops), can you think of a TV franchise larger than the Simpsons? For anyone reading the page and wondering whether cp were a significant outfit or not, that would have been very useful info ... it was certainly useful to me when I was researching on-demand merchandising, and it shouldn't have been deleted. Saying that readers who are sufficiently interested can always find additional information by trawling an article's edit history (on the offchance that there's something useful buried in there) isn't a good enough excuse for bad deletion decisions. ErkDemon (talk) 16:27, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

No longer allowing uploaded own pics?
A couple of times through the recent years have I made myself a t-shirt with an image on it that I uploaded from my own computer. Logging in right now to cafepress to try and do this again today, I'm noticing they have changed something in the website. Seems it's not possible to use images from my own computer any more, and that I am only able to select from a clipart collection they have there, as well as writing text directly on the shirt using the designer app there, as well as adding shapes (such as square, star, cloud, arrow). Is this correct, or am I just not finding the new feature for using own pics? --95.34.4.6 (talk) 04:57, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on CafePress. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150619091521/http://www.imprints-tshirt.com:80/ to http://www.imprints-tshirt.com

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:20, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on CafePress. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080428132711/http://www.cafepress.com/index.aspx to http://www.cafepress.com/index.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:03, 5 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Undid this edit. Direct url was working normally. DonFB (talk) 23:25, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

Official website link is broken -- but cannot be changed due to blacklist
2A00:23C5:FE1C:3701:D582:E526:A908:25D1 (talk) 20:30, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:CafePress


text:
Protein kinase B

Protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is the collective name of a set of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that play key roles in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription, and cell migration.

Family members - Isoforms
There are three different genes that encode isoforms of protein kinase B. These three genes are referred to as AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3 and encode the RAC alpha, beta, and gamma serine/threonine protein kinases respectively. The terms PKB and Akt may refer to the products of all three genes collectively, but sometimes are used to refer to PKB alpha and Akt1 alone.

Akt1 is involved in cellular survival pathways, by inhibiting apoptotic processes. Akt1 is also able to induce protein synthesis pathways, and is therefore a key signaling protein in the cellular pathways that lead to skeletal muscle hypertrophy and general tissue growth. A mouse model with complete deletion of the Akt1 gene manifests growth retardation and increased spontaneous apoptosis in tissues such as testes and thymus. Since it can block apoptosis and thereby promote cell survival, Akt1 has been implicated as a major factor in many types of cancer. Akt1 is also a positive regulator of cell migration. Akt1 was originally identified as the oncogene in the transforming retrovirus, AKT8.

Akt2 is an important signaling molecule in the insulin signaling pathway. It is required to induce glucose transport. In a mouse which is null for Akt1 but normal for Akt2, glucose homeostasis is unperturbed, but the animals are smaller, consistent with a role for Akt1 in growth. In contrast, mice which do not have Akt2, but have normal Akt1, have mild growth deficiency and display a diabetic phenotype (insulin resistance), again consistent with the idea that Akt2 is more specific for the insulin receptor signaling pathway. Akt2 promotes cell migration as well. The role of Akt3 is less clear, though it appears to be predominantly expressed in the brain. It has been reported that mice lacking Akt3 have small brains.

Akt isoforms are overexpressed in a variety of human tumors, and, at the genomic level, are amplified in gastric adenocarcinomas (Akt1), ovarian (Akt2), pancreatic (Akt2) and breast (Akt2) cancers.

Name
The name Akt does not refer to its function. The "Ak" in Akt refers to the AKR mouse strain that develops spontaneous thymic lymphomas. The "t" stands for 'thymoma'; the letter was added when a transforming retrovirus was isolated from the Ak mouse strain, which was termed "Akt-8". The authors state, "Stock A Strain k AKR mouse originally inbred in the laboratory of Dr. C. P. Rhoads by K. B. Rhoads at the Rockefeller Institute." When the oncogene encoded in this virus was discovered, it was termed v-Akt. Thus, the more recently identified human analogs were named accordingly.

Regulation
Akt1 is involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and other signaling pathways.

Binding phospholipids
The Akt proteins possess a protein domain known as a PH domain, or pleckstrin homology domain, named after pleckstrin, the protein in which it was first discovered. This domain binds to phosphoinositides with high affinity. In the case of the PH domain of the Akt proteins, it binds either PIP3 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) or PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate, PtdIns(3,4)P2). This is useful for control of cellular signaling because the di-phosphorylated phosphoinositide PIP2 is only phosphorylated by the family of enzymes, PI 3-kinases (phosphoinositide 3-kinase or PI3-K), and only upon receipt of chemical messengers which tell the cell to begin the growth process. For example, PI 3-kinases may be activated by a G protein coupled receptor or receptor tyrosine kinase such as the insulin receptor. Once activated, PI 3-kinase phosphorylates PIP2 to form PIP3.

Phosphorylation
Once correctly positioned at the membrane via binding of PIP3, Akt can then be phosphorylated by its activating kinases, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1 at threonine 308 in Akt1 and threonine 309 in Akt2) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2 at serine 473 (Akt1) and 474 (Akt2)) which is found at high levels in the fed state, first by mTORC2. mTORC2 therefore functionally acts as the long-sought PDK2 molecule, although other molecules, including integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MAPKAPK2) can also serve as PDK2. Phosphorylation by mTORC2 stimulates the subsequent phosphorylation of Akt isoforms by PDPK1.

Activated Akt isoforms can then go on to activate or deactivate their myriad substrates (e.g. mTOR) via their kinase activity.

Besides being a downstream effector of PI 3-kinases, Akt isoforms can also be activated in a PI 3-kinase-independent manner. ACK1 or TNK2, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, phosphorylates Akt at its tyrosine 176 residue, leading to its activation in PI 3-kinase-independent manner. Studies have suggested that cAMP-elevating agents could also activate Akt through protein kinase A (PKA) in the presence of insulin.

O-GlcNAcylation
Akt can be O-GlcNAcylated by OGT. O-GlcNAcylation of Akt is associated with a decrease in T308 phosphorylation.

Ubiquitination
Akt1 is normally phosphorylated at position T450 in the turn motif when Akt1 is translated. If Akt1 is not phosphorylated at this position, Akt1 does not fold in the right way. The T450-non-phosphorylated misfolded Akt1 is ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. Akt1 is also phosphorylated at T308 and S473 during IGF-1 response, and the resulting polyphosphorylated Akt is ubiquitinated partly by E3 ligase NEDD4. Most of the ubiquitinated-phosphorylated-Akt1 is degraded by the proteasome, while a small amount of phosphorylated-Akt1 translocates to the nucleus in a ubiquitination-dependent way to phosphorylate its substrate. A cancer-derived mutant Akt1 (E17K) is more readily ubiquitinated and phosphorylated than the wild type Akt1. The ubiquitinated-phosphorylated-Akt1 (E17K) translocates more efficiently to the nucleus than the wild type Akt1. This mechanism may contribute to E17K-Akt1-induced cancer in humans.

Lipid phosphatases and PIP3
PI3K-dependent Akt1 activation can be regulated through the tumor suppressor PTEN, which works essentially as the opposite of PI3K mentioned above. PTEN acts as a phosphatase to dephosphorylate PIP3 back to PIP2. This removes the membrane-localization factor from the Akt signaling pathway. Without this localization, the rate of Akt1 activation decreases significantly, as do all of the downstream pathways that depend on Akt1 for activation.

PIP3 can also be de-phosphorylated at the "5" position by the SHIP family of inositol phosphatases, SHIP1 and SHIP2. These poly-phosphate inositol phosphatases dephosphorylate PIP3 to form PIP2.

Protein phosphatases
The phosphatases in the PHLPP family, PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 have been shown to directly de-phosphorylate, and therefore inactivate, distinct Akt isoforms. PHLPP2 dephosphorylates Akt1 and Akt3, whereas PHLPP1 is specific for Akt2 and Akt3.

Function
The Akt kinases regulate cellular survival and metabolism by binding and regulating many downstream effectors, e.g. Nuclear Factor-κB, Bcl-2 family proteins, master lysosomal regulator TFEB and murine double minute 2 (MDM2).

Cell survival
Akt kinases can promote growth factor-mediated cell survival both directly and indirectly. BAD is a pro-apoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family. Akt1 can phosphorylate BAD on Ser136, which makes BAD dissociate from the Bcl-2/Bcl-X complex and lose the pro-apoptotic function. Akt1 can also activate NF-κB via regulating IκB kinase (IKK), thus result in transcription of pro-survival genes.

Cell cycle
The Akt isoforms are known to play a role in the cell cycle. Under various circumstances, activation of Akt1 was shown to overcome cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2 phases. Moreover, activated Akt1 may enable proliferation and survival of cells that have sustained a potentially mutagenic impact and, therefore, may contribute to acquisition of mutations in other genes.

Metabolism
Akt2 is required for the insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) could be inhibited upon phosphorylation by Akt, which results in increase of glycogen synthesis. GSK3 is also involved in Wnt signaling cascade, so Akt might be also implicated in the Wnt pathway. Its role in HCV induced steatosis is unknown.

Lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy
Akt1 regulates TFEB, a master controller of lysosomal biogenesis, by direct phosphorylation at serine 467. Phosphorylated TFEB is excluded from the nucleus and less active. Pharmacological inhibition of Akt promotes nuclear translocation of TFEB, lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy.

Angiogenesis
Akt1 has also been implicated in angiogenesis and tumor development. Although deficiency of Akt1 in mice inhibited physiological angiogenesis, it enhanced pathological angiogenesis and tumor growth associated with matrix abnormalities in skin and blood vessels.

Clinical relevance
Akt proteins are associated with tumor cell survival, proliferation, and invasiveness. The activation of Akt is also one of the most frequent alterations observed in human cancer and tumor cells. Tumor cells that have constantly active Akt may depend on Akt for survival. Therefore, understanding the Akt proteins and their pathways is important for the creation of better therapies to treat cancer and tumor cells. A mosaic-activating mutation (c. 49G→A, p.Glu17Lys) in Akt1 is associated with the Proteus Syndrome, which causes overgrowth of skin, connective tissue, brain and other tissues.

Akt inhibitors
Akt inhibitors may treat cancers such as neuroblastoma. Some Akt inhibitors have undergone clinical trials. In 2007 VQD-002 had a phase I trial. In 2010 Perifosine reached phase II. but it failed phase III in 2012.

Miltefosine is approved for leishmaniasis and under investigation for other indications including HIV.

Akt1 is now thought to be the "key" for cell entry by HSV-1 and HSV-2 (herpes virus: oral and genital, respectively). Intracellular calcium release by the cell allows for entry by the herpes virus; the virus activates Akt1, which in turn causes the release of calcium. Treating the cells with Akt inhibitors before virus exposure leads to a significantly lower rate of infection.

MK-2206 reported phase 1 results for advanced solid tumors in 2011, and subsequently has undergone numerous phase II studies for a wide variety of cancer types.

In 2013 AZD5363 reported phase I results regarding solid tumors. with a study of AZD5363 with olaparib reporting in 2016.

Ipatasertib is in phase II trials for breast cancer.

Decreased Akt isoforms can cause deleterious effects
Akt isoform activation is associated with many malignancies; however, a research group from Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University unexpectedly observed a converse role for Akt and one of its downstream effector FOXOs in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). They claimed that low levels of Akt activity associated with elevated levels of FOXOs are required to maintain the function and immature state of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs). FOXOs are active, implying reduced Akt activity, in ~40% of AML patient samples regardless of genetic subtype; and either activation of Akt or compound deletion of FoxO1/3/4 reduced leukemic cell growth in a mouse model.

Hyperactivation of Akt1 can cause deleterious effects
Two studies show that Akt1 is involved in Juvenile Granulosa Cell tumors (JGCT). In-frame duplications in the pleckstrin-homology domain (PHD) of the protein were found in more than 60% of JGCTs occurring in girls under 15 years of age. The JGCTs without duplications carried point mutations affecting highly conserved residues. The mutated proteins carrying the duplications displayed a non-wild-type subcellular distribution, with a marked enrichment at the plasma membrane. This led to a striking degree of Akt1 activation demonstrated by a strong phosphorylation level and corroborated by reporter assays.

Analysis by RNA-Seq pinpointed a series of differentially expressed genes, involved in cytokine and hormone signaling and cell division-related processes. Further analyses pointed to a possible dedifferentiation process and suggested that most of the transcriptomic dysregulations might be mediated by a limited set of transcription factors perturbed by Akt1 activation. These results incriminate somatic mutations of Akt1 as major probably driver events in the pathogenesis of JGCTs.

title: Protein kinase B


text:
Nebraska Statewide Arboretum

The Nebraska Statewide Arboretum is a network of nearly 100 arboreta, botanical gardens, parks, and other public landscapes in 56 communities across Nebraska, and supported by the arboretum office at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. The arboretum was founded in 1978 as a partnership with the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources and is an affiliate of the Center for Plant Conservation.

The Nebraska Statewide Arboretum promotes and sells native plants as part of a goal to create environmentally-sustainable landscapes across the state.

Some of its larger collections include sites at Omaha's Metropolitan Community College at Fort Omaha, Joslyn Castle, Swanson Science Park, the Blair Community Arboretum (Steyer Park, Black Elk Park, and the Dana College campus), Gilman Park Arboretum in Pierce, the Joshua Turner Arboretum at Union College in Lincoln, and Clemmons Park Arboretum in Fremont.

title: Nebraska Statewide Arboretum


text:
WHAS-TV

WHAS-TV (channel 11) is a television station in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, affiliated with ABC. Owned by Tegna Inc., the station maintains studios on West Chestnut Street in Downtown Louisville, and its transmitter is located in rural northeastern Floyd County, Indiana (northeast of Floyds Knobs).

History
The station first signed on the air on March 27, 1950. Originally broadcasting on VHF channel 9, it was the second television station to sign on in the Louisville market and the Commonwealth of Kentucky (after NBC affiliate WAVE-TV, which started in November 1948). WHAS-TV was founded by the Bingham family, publishers of morning newspaper The Courier-Journal, afternoon newspaper The Louisville Times and operator of WHAS (840 AM), Louisville's oldest radio station. It operated from brand-new studios in the Courier-Journal/Times Building at 6th & Broadway, in downtown Louisville. Even though WHAS-TV's construction permit was issued in 1946, before WAVE-TV's (1947), the Bingham family waited until the new TV facility was finished to go on the air. As a result, channel 9 signed on 16 months after WAVE-TV, who adapted an existing building at Preston and Broadway.

The station originally operated as a primary CBS affiliate, owing to its sister radio station's longtime affiliation with the CBS Radio Network, with a secondary affiliation with ABC. It moved to VHF channel 11 on February 7, 1953, one of several channel shifts resulting from the Federal Communications Commission's 1952 Sixth Report and Order. Under the same decree, WAVE-TV relocated from channel 5 to channel 3.

Following the move to channel 11, the station became to first to increase its effective radiated power to 316,000 watts, the maximum allowed for a high-band VHF station, resulting in a greatly increased signal coverage area. When the FCC gradually enforced print-broadcast cross-ownership restrictions in the early 1970s, the Commission granted the Binghams a grandfathered cross-ownership waiver to retain their Louisville holdings.

Barry Bingham Sr., patriarch of the family media empire, handed over control to his son Barry Jr. upon his retirement from active involvement in 1971. But following nearly fifteen years of family infighting, the senior Bingham decided to break up the family's media holdings in early 1986. The decision resulted in the sales of WHAS radio (and its sister FM station, WAMZ) to Clear Channel Communications; the Courier-Journal and the Times to the Gannett Company; and WHAS-TV to the Providence Journal Company. The Journal Company merged with the Belo Corporation in 1997.

WHAS-TV lost ABC programming for nearly 30 years when WLKY (channel 32) signed on September 16, 1961, as that network's Louisville affiliate, with channel 11 becoming an exclusive CBS affiliate. Nearly three decades later as mentioned on September 8, 1990, channel 11 terminated its prolonged relationship with CBS and rejoined ABC, this time as an exclusive affiliate of the network, of which it remains to this day. At the time of the switch, ABC was the second-most-watched network in the country (after NBC), and the network was concerned with perennial third-place WLKY's ratings. At the same time, CBS was at a distant third during the midway-point of president Laurence Tisch's helming of the network. WLKY, which became the market's CBS affiliate, has since made strong strides in the market as cable penetration allowed WLKY's traditional disadvantage of being on the UHF band to fade, and other factors allowed the station to strengthen its news operation and adequately compete with WHAS-TV's newscasts. In addition, WLKY became the local home for the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, and owing to the region's status as a college basketball hotbed with local teams such as Kentucky, Louisville and Indiana being longtime fixtures in the tournament, NCAA tournament games on WLKY are consistently among the highest-rated programs in the market during the tournament's run. Channel 11 has seen some struggles over the years during television seasons when ABC suffers from a weaker-rated schedule, while WLKY's ties to CBS have boosted that station through most of the 2000s. With ABC's current schedule, both stations usually exchange the top rankings in the Louisville market's news ratings.

On June 13, 2013, Belo announced that it would be acquired by the Gannett Company. Due to Gannett's ownership of The Courier-Journal, the company chose to spin off WHAS-TV to Sander Media, LLC (a media company operated by former Belo executive Jack Sander), with Gannett operating the station through a shared services agreement. The sale was completed on December 23. The SSA marked a re-entry into Louisville television for Gannett, which owned WLKY from 1979 (after Combined Communications merged with Gannett) until it sold the station to Pulitzer, Inc. in 1983.

On June 29, 2015, Gannett split into two publicly traded companies. The print interests retained the Gannett name, while the broadcasting and digital media interests became Tegna. Shortly afterward, Sander Media filed with the FCC to transfer WHAS-TV's license to Tegna's Belo Kentucky, Inc.; the acquisition was completed on December 3, 2015.

Programming
As an ABC station, WHAS-TV splits the syndicated block Litton's Weekend Adventure over two days, with the first two hours airing after its Saturday morning newscast and the third hour airing on Sunday mornings. The station produces the hour-long talk program Great Day Live!, which airs weekdays at 9 a.m. The program debuted in September 2011, replacing longtime 9 a.m. slotholder Live with Kelly, and is formatted as a mix of interviews and paid demonstration segments.

Special programming
The station broadcasts the annual WHAS Crusade for Children, a highly successful local telethon benefiting children's charities throughout Kentucky and southern Indiana, with fundraisers leading up to the telethon broadcast on the first weekend of June. It also originated one of the nation's longest-running public service programs, Moral Side of the News, featuring a local interfaith clergy panel discussing the week's events in the light of faith. The panel also administers the annual grants from the Crusade for Children telethon.

Sports programming
WHAS-TV originated the first television broadcast of the Kentucky Derby locally in 1950 and 1951, and once network lines were extended to Louisville in 1952, the station originated a national telecast for CBS that year. Through CBS, WHAS-TV continued to carry the Derby through 1974. When the Derby's broadcast rights moved to ABC (which was affiliated with WLKY at the time) in 1975, Churchill Downs included a provision in the contract requiring ABC to allow channel 11 to produce its own local Derby coverage, including the race itself. The provision became moot when WHAS-TV joined ABC fifteen years later. However, after the Triple Crown races moved to NBC in 2001, WHAS-TV lost the Kentucky Derby rights to that network's Louisville affiliate, WAVE. Channel 11, through ABC, regained the rights to the Belmont Stakes in 2006, and the station also simulcast the 2006 Breeders' Cup from Churchill Downs that aired on ESPN. With the departure of the Belmont to NBC in 2011, WHAS-TV no longer broadcasts any Triple Crown horse races.

In May 2014, WHAS-TV and NBC affiliate WAVE were granted rights to Atlantic Coast Conference football and basketball coverage provided by the Raycom Sports–operated ACC Network. This is due in part of the University of Louisville joining the ACC in July of that year. The arrangement ended after the 2019 ACC men's basketball tournament, after which the ESPN-partnered cable-only ACC Network launched.

On May 8, 2024, WHAS-TV was announced as one of several television stations to carry Indiana Fever regional telecasts syndicated by local broadcast partner and sister station WTHR. The 17 games were scheduled to be split between WHAS's main channel and WHAS-DT2. These will air in addition to national WNBA telecasts on ABC.

News operation
WHAS-TV at present broadcasts $38 1/2$ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with $6 1/2$ hours each weekday and three hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). Not surprisingly for a station with roots in a newspaper, WHAS-TV has been an innovator in news coverage. It was the first television station in Kentucky to use newsreel film to gather footage for stories. From the late 1970s until 1991, as a CBS affiliate, the station's newscasts were titled Action 11 News. In 1991, its news branding was changed to Kentuckiana's News Channel, WHAS 11. In 1999, the station rebranded its newscasts as WHAS 11 News.

In the late 1970s, WHAS-TV displaced long-dominant WAVE-TV in the local news ratings and became the highest-rated news station in Louisville. It held the lead through the early 21st century, often by a wide margin. While it still leads WAVE and WLKY in most timeslots, its dominance is not nearly as absolute as it once was. In recent years, it has lost the lead in the 11 p.m. slot to WLKY. During the May 2006 ratings period, WHAS-TV placed fourth at 11 p.m. (behind syndicated reruns of Sex and the City on Fox affiliate WDRB (channel 41)); however by May 2007, it had regained the runner-up spot behind WLKY.

On January 2, 2006, WHAS-TV began producing a 10 p.m. newscast for then-WB affiliate WBKI-TV (channel 34, later a CW affiliate) through a news share agreement. On August 24, 2009, WHAS-TV became the second station in the Louisville market (after WAVE) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in a widescreen picture format. Unlike WAVE (and eventually WDRB), WHAS-TV produces its newscasts in 16:9 standard definition. The WBKI-TV broadcast was presented in 4:3 standard definition as that station did not have a modernized master control facility to allow the program to be transmitted in native widescreen. WHAS-TV's news share agreement with WBKI-TV ended on October 26, 2012, the result of a shared services agreement that was formed between Block Communications, which owns WDRB and then-MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYO (channel 58), and WBKI-TV owner LM Communications, LLC (the 10 p.m. newscast was replaced by syndicated programming, with WDRB subsequently producing a half-hour 7 p.m. newscast for WBKI-TV).

On July 2, 2014, WHAS-TV changed over to Gannett's USA Today-inspired standard graphics design, requiring local cable and pay-TV providers to display the station in widescreen full-time on standard definition sets with the AFD#10 code. It also discontinued use of the Frank Gari-composed "Newschannel" theme package, which the station had used in various forms since 1991, switching to Gannett's standard "This is Home" package, also produced by Gari.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Elle Smith – reporter and Miss USA 2021

Notable former on-air staff

 * Mort Crim – later became anchor for KYW-TV in Philadelphia and WDIV-TV in Detroit; now runs Mort Crim Communications
 * Terry Meiners – former co-host of Great Day Live!
 * Milton Metz – host of WHAS-TV's Omelet (1970–1979) and WHAS Radio's Metz Here (1960s–1980s); deceased
 * Tom Mintier – reporter; later correspondent for CNN; deceased
 * Hugh Smith – later anchor at WTVT in Tampa, Florida; deceased
 * Stacy Smith – later at KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh; retired
 * Richard Threlkeld – American television news correspondent who spent twenty-five years with CBS News; deceased

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

In October 2009, WHAS-TV began carrying the Wazoo Sports Network, a regional sports network devoted to high school and minor league athletics and sports from the University of Louisville and University of Kentucky, over digital subchannel 11.3; both WHAS-TV and Lexington NBC affiliate WLEX-TV served as Wazoo's charter affiliates. The network had previously operated as an online-only service before becoming a multicast service. Wazoo Sports was dropped by WHAS-TV on December 18, 2011, due to the network's parent failing to pay the station for services and a lack of confidence by station management in the network's business plan. Wazoo's parent company filed for bankruptcy on January 9, 2012. A still screen noting the Wazoo termination remained on 11.3 until November 21, when it was replaced by a live image of the station's Doppler radar system.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WHAS-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 55, which was among the high band UHF channels (52–69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era VHF channel 11.

Frankfort
WHAS-TV, along with WAVE and WLKY, is available on the Frankfort Plant Board's cable system serving Kentucky's state capital. On December 20, 2017, the Frankfort Plant Board announced that it would drop WHAS and competitor WAVE on January 1, 2018 in order to curb rising retransmission consent costs that were being passed on to its customers. However, by December 28, Frankfort Plant Board had re-entered negotiations to continue carriage of WHAS. On December 29, Frankfort Plant Board announced they had reached a deal to keep the station on the cable system through December 31, 2020. The channel was never removed and remained on its longtime channel positions of 11 and 511 (HD).

Lawrenceburg
WHAS-TV, along with WAVE, is available on cable providers in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky (Anderson County).

Southern Kentucky
In Barren County, Kentucky, which is in the Bowling Green media market, WHAS-TV and WHAS-DT2 (along with a few other Louisville stations) were also piped in by the cable system of the Glasgow Electric Plant Board, as well as the cable television system of the South Central Rural Telephone Cooperative. Mediacom's customers in Hart and Metcalfe counties also have access to the main channel of WHAS-TV as a second choice for ABC programming as opposed to local ABC station WBKO in the event that either station preempts an ABC program for severe weather coverage or breaking news coverage. The SCRTC's customers in Monroe County, Kentucky (in the Nashville media market), also had access to WHAS-TV, as well as WBKO and Nashville's ABC station WKRN-TV. WHAS and WAVE, along with WAVE's Bounce TV subchannel were both dropped from both Glasgow-based cable systems (except for the SCRTC systems in Green and Larue Counties) in 2018.

Prior to the 1990 network affiliation swap, WHAS-TV also served as one of the two default CBS affiliates for parts of the Bowling Green market on cable along with Nashville's WTVF, because Bowling Green did not have a CBS affiliate of its own. Bowling Green's Storer Communications (later Insight Communications, now Spectrum) franchise has dropped WHAS from its lineup as that system was also carrying Nashville's WKRN-TV alongside WBKO at the time of the affiliation change; it was later replaced by WLKY as a backup CBS affiliate on that system. WLKY would eventually be dropped from the Insight Communications lineup in Bowling Green on February 1, 2007, when NBC affiliate WNKY launched a CBS-affiliated second digital subchannel.

title: WHAS-TV


text:
Richard Haag

Richard Haag (October 23, 1923 – May 9, 2018) was an American landscape architect who was known for his role in Gas Works Park in Seattle, Washington and on the Bloedel Reserve on Bainbridge Island. Richard Haag's modernist and minimalist ideals also set the tone for Northwestern landscape design.

Early life and career
Richard Haag was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky. He attended the University of Illinois, the University of California and received his bachelor's degree in Landscape Architecture (B.L.A.) from the University of California, Berkeley, and his master's degree in Landscape Architecture (M.L.A.) from the Harvard Graduate School of Design.

In 1958, Richard Haag joined the University of Washington faculty in Seattle, Washington to pursue Landscape Architecture and graduated in 1964. While at the university, he founded the Landscape Architecture Program at the University of Washington in 1964.

At the University of Washington, Richard Haag was the lead designer in Richard Haag Associates which he founded in 1968, before closing on June 30, 2016. Through his position at Richard Haag Associates, he worked on over 500 designing and planning projects. He died in May 2018 at the age of 94.

Notable designs

 * Gas Works Park - Seattle
 * "Sequence of Gardens" at Bloedel Reserve - Bainbridge Island, Washington
 * Battelle Research Center - Seattle
 * Victor Steinbrueck Park - Seattle
 * Jordan Park - Everett, Washington
 * North Waterfront Park - Berkeley, California
 * U.S. Courthouse Plaza - Spokane, Washington
 * Washington Pass Overlook & Visiting Center - Winthrop, Washington
 * Merrill Court Townhomes - Harvard-Belmont Historic District, Seattle
 * Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest - Winthrop, Washington
 * Gilman Village - Issaquah, Washington

Gas Works Park
In 1906, on a peninsula on the northern shore of Lake Union, the Seattle Gas Company constructed a coal gas plant. By 1956, this plant was shut down and left behind old refinery towers. Upon the City of Seattle's purchase of the land in 1970, Haag was the lone person who was asked to develop a park design for the site. While most planners had expected the demolition of the refinery towers, Haag decided to keep them. However, he did not incorporate them into the design for historic purposes, but rather to visually enhance the design of the park.

While convincing city government to accept this radical plan was challenging, Haag's development of a design which integrated bioremediation methods in order to detoxify the soil without transporting and replacing it amplified the issue. Haag and his colleagues suggested using oil-degrading enzymes and organic material to stimulate growth of microorganisms and breakdown toxic materials that were still present in the soil left behind by the ancient industrial processes of the plant.

Before Richard Haag was asked to develop this design, he submitted the site as a design problem to a national undergraduate design competition. All 130 designs submitted removed any indication that a gas plant ever existed in that site. Through this, Haag took the environmentalist ideal to another level and acknowledged the potential aesthetics of industrial structures without causing harm to the environment. His design for Gas Works Park brought Haag his first American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) President's Award for Design Excellence.

Bloedel Reserve

Haag received his second ASLA award for his design titled "Sequence of Gardens" at Bloedel Reserved located on Bainbridge Island. The 140 acre Bloedel Reserve, deeded to the University of Washington in 1970, was again sold in 1986 to the Arbor Fund. This non-profit corporation hired Haag as head designer for the site in order to maintain the company's dedication to "...developing, maintaining, and managing the reserve for public and educational purposes".

Haag split the land into four main garden quadrants where each 'room' had a specific theme while maintaining their unique qualities that fluidly connected these spaces together. These gardens are described as having been created in pairs—garden one and three; garden two and four.

Garden one and three are noted for their geometric-based designs. The first garden, also known as the Garden of Planes, is described as being the most abstract of the four gardens. Garden 3 is the Reflection Garden which incorporated the use of free-standing walls of yew and the introduction of a pool that used reflection to enhance visual aesthetics.

Gardens two and four, however, exude the theme of life and death. Garden 2, known as the Anteroom. Connects the Garden of Planes and the Reflection Garden. This garden is teeming with mosses, lichens, and ferns and leaves observers with a sense of decay and death. Garden 4, on the other hand, is known as the Bird Sanctuary and is the final garden in the sequence. This garden poses as the opposite of the Anteroom through its use of dark and still waters. The purpose of this garden is to attract various wildlife to its natural-looking design.

Accolades

 * 2 time recipient of the ASLA President's Award for Design Excellence (only person ever to receive twice)
 * Publication: Richard Haag: Bloedel Reserve and Gas Works Park
 * Awarded a Fulbright Scholarship in Japan for 2 years
 * In spring of 1996 Harvard University Graduate School of Design honored Mr. Haag with a symposium and exhibition entitled 'Exploring the Landscape Architecture of Richard Haag'
 * Resident at the American Academy in Rome
 * Principal of Richard Haag and Associates
 * Founded U.W. Landscape Architecture Department
 * Speaker in the Spotlight on Design Lecture Series at the National Building Museum 2001

title: Richard Haag