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James Vaughan (footballer, born 1988)

James Oliver Vaughan (born 14 July 1988) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward. He is currently the loans pathway manager at Everton.

Vaughan, who was born in Birmingham, signed his first professional contract with Everton. He played for the club between 2005 and 2011, including loan spells at Derby County, Leicester City and Crystal Palace, before signing for Norwich in May 2011. He then had a loan spell at Huddersfield Town for the majority of the 2012–13 season, before signing permanent terms on 3 July 2013. He spent two-and-a-half seasons with Huddersfield before joining Birmingham City on loan. The move was made permanent at the end of the 2015–16 season, but his stay was brief, as he joined Bury in August 2016. Vaughan played for just a single season at Bury, making 40 appearances and scoring 24 times. He completed a move to Championship club Sunderland in July 2017, playing 27 times before leaving to join Wigan Athletic in January 2018. He spent time on loan at Portsmouth in 2018–19.

He has represented England at under-17, under-19 and under-21 age groups, but later expressed a desire to represent Jamaica at international level. He became the Premier League's youngest-ever goalscorer in 2005, and still holds that record.

Early life
Born in Birmingham, West Midlands, Vaughan went to Hill West primary school and The Arthur Terry School in Four Oaks. He was spotted by Everton's talent scouts at nine years of age while playing in his primary school's football team and joined the club's academy. He attended Chesterfield High School in Liverpool while at the academy. His father, property developer Dorrington Vaughan, played rugby union for Preston Grasshoppers.

Vaughan was also a talented young sprinter, running the 100 metres in 11.5 seconds as a 13-year-old, the third-fastest time for his age in Britain.

Everton
Vaughan joined Everton's Youth Academy and was voted by his teammates as the Under-16s player of the season for 2003–04. He scored a number of goals for the reserve team during the 2004–05 season, making his full debut for the club in the same season. His 73rd-minute substitute appearance for the first team against Crystal Palace on his debut on 10 April 2005, which included a goal, meant that he overtook James Milner as the Premier League's youngest scorer at 16 years and 271 days as well as Wayne Rooney as Everton's youngest top flight goal scorer.

Vaughan signed his first professional contract in the summer of 2005, agreeing to a two-year contract. Early in the 2005–06 campaign, he sustained a knee ligament injury whilst on international duty with England Under-18s. A series of complications sidelined him for the remainder of the campaign and he did not have the chance to establish himself as a regular in the senior squad. He scored his second league goal in the 93rd minute of a 2–0 win over West Ham United. Vaughan suffered a severed foot artery in a match with Bolton.

Vaughan played a total of 60 times for Everton, making only 8 league starts, and scored 9 goals. His career at the club was blighted by a number of injuries which limited his opportunities to establish himself in the first team.

Loan to Derby County
In September 2009, Vaughan joined Football League Championship club Derby County on a three-month loan.

Loan to Leicester City
On 11 March 2010, Vaughan joined Leicester City on an initial one-month loan deal; an option to extend it until the end of the season was later taken up. He scored his first goal for Leicester after coming on as a substitute against Watford.

Loan to Crystal Palace
On 8 September 2010, Vaughan joined Crystal Palace, the club against which he had become the Premier League's youngest goal-scorer, on a three-month loan deal. At the end of the loan spell he returned to Everton but, in January 2011, rejoined Palace until the end of the season. Vaughan made 30 appearances for Palace, scoring 9 times.

Norwich City

On 27 May 2011, Vaughan signed for newly promoted Premier League club Norwich City on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Vaughan made his debut for the club against West Bromwich Albion on 11 September, and made just five league appearances in an injury-hit first season.

Loan to Huddersfield Town
On 24 August 2012, Vaughan joined newly promoted Football League Championship side Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan arrangement. Vaughan made his debut for the Terriers in a 2–0 home victory over Burnley on 26 August, the side's first league win of the season. Vaughan scored his first goal as a Huddersfield Town player with the equalising goal in a 2–2 draw away at Ipswich Town on 1 September, and he later had a penalty saved.

Huddersfield Town
On 3 July 2013, Vaughan signed a three-year deal with Huddersfield for an undisclosed fee. He made his second debut for the club in the 1–0 defeat by Nottingham Forest on 3 August. After scoring two goals in the League Cup win over Bradford City on 6 August, he scored his first league goal on his return in the 1–1 draw with Queens Park Rangers on 10 August. On 24 August, he scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 win against AFC Bournemouth.

Birmingham City
Vaughan joined fellow Championship club Birmingham City on 26 November 2015, on loan until 2 January 2016. He made his debut as a second-half substitute in the next game, a 2–1 defeat at Brighton & Hove Albion, and made six appearances in total without scoring. The loan was then extended until the end of the season, when his contract with Huddersfield expired, at which point it would be converted to a one-year permanent contract with an option for a further season. He missed a penalty in Birmingham's FA Cup loss to Premier League club Bournemouth that would have given his side a lead, and finished the season with no goals from 16 appearances, most of which were as a substitute. During the close season, he was strongly linked with a move to Rangers, but no such move took place. He had been frustrated by his lack of first-team involvement in the second half of 2015–16 season, and when this continued into the new season – his only appearance was a start in the League Cup defeat to Oxford United – he chose to leave.

Bury
On 24 August 2016, Vaughan left Birmingham by mutual consent. He signed a two-year contract with Bury of League One. He made a scoring debut three days later away to Walsall, with Bury's second goal as they came back from 3–0 down to secure a draw. During the 2016–17 season Vaughan scored 24 goals, which earned him a place in the League One Team of the Year and made a major contribution to Bury narrowly avoiding relegation on the final day of the season.

Sunderland
On 13 July 2017, Vaughan joined Championship club Sunderland for an undisclosed fee reported to be around £500,000, reuniting him with former Huddersfield manager Simon Grayson. He scored his first goal for Sunderland in a 1–1 draw at Hull City on 16 September 2017.

Wigan Athletic
On 12 January 2018, Vaughan signed for Wigan Athletic on an 18-month contract for an undisclosed fee, returning to League One after only scoring twice in 27 appearances for Sunderland.

Vaughan joined League One club Portsmouth on 31 January 2019 on loan until the end of the season. He made ten league appearances without scoring, played in the second leg of Portsmouth's play-off semi-final defeat to Sunderland, and was an unused substitute as Portsmouth beat the same opponents to win the 2018–19 EFL Trophy.

Bradford City
On 25 June 2019 it was announced that Vaughan would join League Two club Bradford City on 1 July, following his release by Wigan, on a three-year contract. Ahead of the new season he was named as Bradford City's new club captain.

Tranmere Rovers
Vaughan joined League One club Tranmere Rovers on 29 January 2020 on loan for the remainder of the season.

The deal was made permanent in August 2020, after parent club Bradford City agreed a mutual decision to terminate the remainder of Vaughan's contract.

On 27 May 2021, Vaughan announced his retirement from professional football.

Youth
Vaughan was called up to the England under-19 squad, scoring the winning goal after coming on as a second-half substitute against Switzerland. At the end of the 2006–07 season, Vaughan was named in Stuart Pearce's 23-man squad for England U21s' European Championship campaign. His first appearance for the side came as a substitute in the 2–2 draw with Italy U21s on 14 June 2007. Vaughan went on to make four appearances for the U21s between 2007 and 2011 with his record standing at one win, two draws and a loss. His final appearance for the U21s came in February 2011, also against Italy.

In October 2012, Vaughan tweeted that he wanted to represent Jamaica at international level.

Honours
Everton
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2008–09

Wigan Athletic
 * EFL League One: 2017–18

Portsmouth
 * EFL Trophy: 2018–19

Individual
 * Everton Young Player of the Season: 2006–07
 * Football League Championship Player of the Month: April 2013, August 2013
 * EFL League One Player of the Month: January 2017
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2016–17 League One, 2020–21 League Two

title: James Vaughan (footballer, born 1988)


text:
SWI-Prolog

SWI-Prolog is a free implementation of the programming language Prolog, commonly used for teaching and semantic web applications. It has a rich set of features, libraries for constraint logic programming, multithreading, unit testing, GUI, interfacing to Java, ODBC and others, literate programming, a web server, SGML, RDF, RDFS, developer tools (including an IDE with a GUI debugger and GUI profiler), and extensive documentation.

SWI-Prolog runs on Unix, Windows, Macintosh and Linux platforms.

SWI-Prolog has been under continuous development since 1987. Its main author is Jan Wielemaker.

The name SWI is derived from Sociaal-Wetenschappelijke Informatica ("Social Science Informatics"), the former name of the group at the University of Amsterdam, where Wielemaker was employed when he initiated the development of SWI-Prolog. The name of this group has changed to HCS (Human-Computer Studies).

Execution model
SWI-Prolog is not based on the Warren Abstract Machine execution model of Prolog.

Instead, it is based on an extended version of the ZIP virtual machine, a minimal virtual machine for Prolog implementing a simple language consisting of only seven instructions. SWI-Prolog-specific extensions aim at improving performance in several ways: ad hoc instructions are introduced to support unification, predicate invocation, some frequently used built-in predicates, arithmetic, control flow, and negation as failure. Prolog can easily be compiled into this language, and the abstract machine code is easily decompiled back into Prolog. This feature is often exploited to interleave compiled and interpreted code execution.

Constraint logic programming
Constraint logic programming functionality came rather late in the lifetime of SWI-Prolog, because it lacked the basic support. This changed early in 2004, when attributed variables were added to the language. The Leuven CHR library was then the first CLP library to be ported to SWI-Prolog. We mention SWI-Prolog's INCLP(R) library (De Koninck et al. 2006), which provides non-linear constraints over the reals and was implemented on top of CHR. Later came a port of Christian Holzbaur's CLP(QR) library and a finite-domain CLP(FD) solver. Finally, a boolean CLP(B) solver was added.

Extensions for SWI-Prolog
SWI-Prolog installs with a web framework based on definite clause grammars. SWI-Prolog queries may be distributed over several servers and web pages through the Pengines system.

XPCE
XPCE is a platform-independent object-oriented GUI toolkit for SWI-Prolog, Lisp and other interactive and dynamically typed languages. Although XPCE was designed to be language-independent, it has gained popularity mostly with Prolog. The development XPCE graphic toolkit started in 1987, together with SWI-Prolog. It supports buttons, menus, sliders, tabs and other basic GUI widgets. XPCE is available for all platforms supported by SWI-Prolog.

PceEmacs is a SWI-Prolog builtin editor. PceEmacs is an Emacs clone implemented in Prolog (and XPCE). It supports proper indentation, syntax highlighting, full syntax checking by calling the SWI-Prolog parser, warning for singleton variables and finding predicate definitions based on the source information from the Prolog database.

Interfaces
JPL is a bidirectional interface between Java and Prolog. It requires both SWI-Prolog and Java SDK. It is installed as a part of SWI-Prolog.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SWI-Prolog


text:
Talk:Maidenhead

Untitled
Just out of curiosity: what do the British living in Maidenhead think of their town's name, which is also referring to the hymen of a female body? Don't they feel embarrassed or what? -- Jerry Crimson Mann 16:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As an Englisher not living in Maidenhead, I can say that I find it greatly hilarious, and always laugh to think of it. But no one else seems to care much, it often passes without mention.
 * Thanks for telling. :-) -- Jerry Crimson Mann 15:34, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * As an Englishman that is living in (very near) Maidenhead, I must say that I don't really think about or notice the meaning. Just like those in New York do not pause to think about York. Over-familiarity blunts its meaning — just like the "Virgin" brand. Cheeselog3000 22:04, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, As a user living by the brunel bridge, I have had many a laugh about the name, but never really discussed it, I don't think it's worth mentioning though. NickBrett 10:42, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've lived in Maidenhead for 12 years now and I don't think I've ever really thought about it. It's just a name.  In any case 'maidenhead' (without a capital 'M') is hardly a common word, and I doubt most people are even aware of it.  Now on the other hand, if I lived in Pratt's Bottom I might have a different opinion! Stewart Robertson 08:46, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I live very near Maidenhead, and as a young Englisher I can say that I have never heard that terminology for a hymen used in this country, so it doesn't seem particularly relevant. Nonmeculpa 20:41, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * In other words, it's probably what the residents of Fucking, Austria think of their town's name. (German is spoken in Austria.) 204.52.215.107 (talk) 20:28, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Dividing Maidenhead Up
Have started to divide up the large block of text that made up this page into subheadings, aiming to eventually end up with something like High Wycombe or Petersfield, Hampshire. I will add more content and maybe even a picture or two soon... --Mf4749 23:48, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Suburbs?
Hi, Having lived and gone to school in Maidenhead I can't agree with the way the suburbs are described. It may reflect the civil parishes but they are not suburbs, all the places listed are part of the town itself (just look on Google maps) there are no undeveloped areas in between and they have about the same level of housing development as the centre. For example, Woodland's park is in Maidenhead, then there is a less developed area before you arrive at White Waltham. 'Boyn Hill' is right next to the town centre and has an industrial estate, the same goes for Furze Platt. We should list this information under 'civil parishes' or something instead? Alexander-Scott 09:43, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with you that Furze Platt and Boyn Hill are part of Maidenhead. But historically Cox Green was a separate village (with its own church, village hall, shop/PO etc) and it is separated from the town by the A308(M) motorway. There are still fields (on one side of the road) between Cox Green and Woodlands Park. CarolGray 10:28, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * All of the places listed are integral parts of the Maidenhead urban area as can be seen from google maps or any other image from the air. Every town has such areas, they used to be separate but are not any more, and are no longer suburbs. For example have a look here: http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=cox+green&ie=UTF8&z=14&ll=51.512642,-0.734625&spn=0.026922,0.086517&t=h&om=1 and it becomes clear. The A404 separates parts of Maidenhead but that doesn't mean they are suburbs, any more than in any other town with a bypass through the centre of which there are thousands.Alexander-Scott 10:38, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * On the Council's website, the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead is subdivided into:
 * Maidenhead, containing the following wards:
 * Belmont ward
 * Boyn Hill ward
 * Furze Platt ward
 * Maidenhead Riverside ward
 * Oldfield Ward
 * Pinkneys Green ward
 * Windsor...
 * Northern wards and parishes, including
 * Cox Green ward and parish...
 * and Bray, and the Walthams
 * Southern wards and parishes...
 * I don't think urban sprawl makes Cox Green part of Maidenhead, any more than Burnham is part of Slough. CarolGray 16:06, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * As I added this section, I have tried to tidy it up a bit. However, I think you need to explain your definition of a 'suburb'. Ask Oxford simply says, "an outlying residential district of a city." Wikipedia's own article says they are "inhabited districts located either inside a town or city's outer rim or just outside its official limits" and "in Ireland and the United Kingdom..."suburb" refers to residential neighbourhoods outside of the city centre." It also states: "Inhabitants of these areas generally identify with the central city, and often consider themselves to be inhabitants of the central city. Indeed, neighbourhoods within a city proper that share physical and social characteristics with the suburbs as already described -- such as a relatively low residential density and a scarcity of industrial properties -- are also often called suburbs." So take your pick.
 * Yes, all the places listed are part of the Maidenhead urban area. That's why I listed them. However, being part of the urban area does not make a place "part of the town itself". Maidenhead has specific boundaries. My definition of what lies outside these boundaries, in other civil parishes, was obviously not clear enough and I hope this now reads better. Woodlands Park is part of the Maidenhead urban area, but is not "in Maidenhead". It is in the civil parish of White Waltham. All this is confirmed by Carol's findings above.
 * I think of suburbs as being part of an urban area, but on the outer rim. How deeply suburbs penetrate towards the town/city centre may vary. However, it is stated in the discussion above that areas which "used to be separate but are not any more...are no longer suburbs". I cannot find any information to confirm this view that a suburb should in some way be detached from the main urban area. It is certainly not how I see most surburbs. I might include such detached areas in a definition of 'suburbs' in relation to vast urban areas such as London, but I think I would probably refer to them instead as 'suburbia', which is something slightly different. Hope this helps clarify things. Verica Atrebatum 16:50, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. I know that most people living in Maidenhead consider all those areas to be part of the town, however there are technicalities which separate them in a legal and administrative sense. There is no similarity between the cox green and Burnham examples because Cox green is an integral part of the Maidenhead conurbation whereas Burnham is linked to Slough by corridors of development alongside main roads and is several miles away from the main Slough conurbation. They appear completely different in aerial views. I agree with the definition of suburbs as above and I think the problem is that Maidenhead is too small and densely developed for anyone to be able to tell these areas are somehow separate from the 'town centre' except on paper.

 * The current wording, seeking as it does to avoid getting drawn too far into the 'what is a suburb' debate, is very nicely judged. There's an inconsistency though.  The 'Maidenhead Urban Area' section includes Holyport as part of the urban area, but the 'Environs' section says Holyport is to the south of the town.  Personally I think the latter is definitely correct - the Holyport article itself says that Holyport is not part of Maidenhead - so I've changed it.  If anybody disagrees, let's discuss it here.Stewart Robertson 16:19, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The Google map satellite view shows that Holyport is not closely linked to the main urban area of Maidenhead http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=holyport&sll=54.162434,-3.647461&sspn=13.096111,29.882813&ie=UTF8&ll=51.494958,-0.713425&spn=0.054292,0.173035&t=k&z=13&om=1 Alexander-Scott 16:29, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I suppose there is just about a gap at the roundabout, but I agree, most people do think of Holyport as separate. Verica Atrebatum 17:30, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Quite. And the same could be said by most people in many of the other villages.  So I've gone ahead and deleted the adjective "suburban" from the intro.  It is highly contentious - see above - and there is no consensus for its retention.  Look, I grew up in Holyport and altho it has changed markedly, there is absolutely no way that Holyport, with its village green and all the rest of it, can be described as suburban.  You can prove anything with statistics, they say.  It looks like the same can be said for technical definitions of words such as suburbs.   Boscaswell   talk  00:00, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

Sainsbury's
What do we think about adding a short section about new town developments, e.g. new Sainsbury's? Musicamania4 19:24, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

I think it would be a very good idea, does any one have any good basis information about our towns new develoments? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.225.166.188 (talk) 21:33, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Merging
I haven't made it official at the top because some people will have stronger views on this, but as a suggestion, is there a need for the page List of schools in Windsor and Maidenhead with the section on schools in this page? --Drumncars1996 (talk) 20:37, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

WP:SEAOFBLUE
Would someone with more time on their hands than I have like to run through this whole article and remove the horribly excessive wiki links. Thanks! Boscaswell  talk  00:19, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 external links on Maidenhead. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060513232938/http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/members_mayoralty.htm to http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/members_mayoralty.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120226011414/http://www.allsaintsboynehill.org.uk/history/ to http://www.allsaintsboynehill.org.uk/history/
 * Added tag to http://www.crossrail.co.uk/assets/library/document/0/original/0002_r_w25maidenheadstnr.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141216133937/http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/parks_reitlinger_open_space.htm to http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/parks_reitlinger_open_space.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030913/http://www.maidenhead-advertiser.co.uk/news/article-1098-dj-toby-anstis-returns-to-desborough/ to http://www.maidenhead-advertiser.co.uk/news/article-1098-dj-toby-anstis-returns-to-desborough/

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title: Talk:Maidenhead


text:
User talk:Modotcom

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! — Instantnood 17:19, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
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HKWNB, HKCOTW, Current events
Hi. I noticed you have edited some Hong Kong-related articles. You might be interested to take a look at HK wikipedians' notice board, HK Collaboration of the Week and Current events in Hong Kong and Macao. Happy editing! — Instantnood 17:19, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Apm entrance.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Apm entrance.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Ngau Tau Kok
I assume you know the division of election boundary is largerly based on the geographic distribution of population. It is often against common sense to a place. For example, part of Tsing Yi South division is on the reclamation of Stonecutter's Island, solely for administrative division. It is hard to tell why the north of Clear Water Bay Road is Wong Tai Sin District while south is Kwun Tong District except administrative one.

The proper Ngau Tau Kok is around the present-day corner of Kwun Tong Road. It is grow out of a village, then squatter and then public housing estate. In 1936 maps, Jordan Valley is marked as Tai Wan Tsuen, or Tai Wan closed to the shore, and a earlier map of 1932, there are several villages around Ngau Chi Wan. Both marked a distinction from Ngau Tau Kok. South coast of Jordan Valley is a natural extension of the town but not the north.

People usually refer the area around Ping Shek Estate as Ngau Chi Wan or Ping Shek. Up the Clear Water Bay Road and New Clear Water Bay Road is the same cluster of residential housing. It is not linked to Ngau Tau Kok in the community. With in Kwun Tong District, Shun Lee Estate is more closer to Sau Mau Ping.

For Jordan Valley, even on government map, it make the area distinctive from Ngau Tau Kok.

— HenryLi (Talk) 02:43, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply. As the article is unsourced, should there be any convincing evidents, it would be rather easy to settle.  — HenryLi (Talk) 05:02, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:DSC00884.JPG
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Image copyright problem with Image:Hkbu emblem.JPG
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Please attribute or claim media you uploaded or restored: File:Amoy-waiking.jpg
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It's okay to remove or strike messages like this once the concerns have been addressed. :). ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 15:54, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Amoy-waiking.jpg
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Australia Zoo

Australia Zoo is a 700 acre zoo in the Australian state of Queensland on the Sunshine Coast near Beerwah/Glass House Mountains. It is a member of the Zoo and Aquarium Association (ZAA), and is owned by Terri Irwin, the widow of Steve Irwin, whose wildlife documentary series The Crocodile Hunter and his family's new show Crikey! It's the Irwins made the zoo a popular tourist attraction.

Australia Zoo was opened by Bob and Lyn Irwin on 3 June 1970 under the name Beerwah Reptile and Fauna Park. Their son Steve had helped his parents since childhood to care for crocodiles and reptiles and to maintain the growing number of animals in the zoo. In 1982 the park was renamed the Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park and the area was doubled with the purchase of another 4 acre. Steve and Terri changed the name of their now growing wildlife park to Australia Zoo. As filming generated extra funds, Steve and Terri put all money raised from filming and merchandise into conservation and building new exhibits. Following Steve's accidental death from a stingray, Terri became the new owner of the zoo.

Australia Zoo won the Australian Tourism Awards for 2003–2004 in the category Major Tourist Attraction. In 2004, the Australian Animal Hospital was opened next to the zoo to help with animal care and rehabilitation. In 2010, Australia Zoo won Gold in the Queensland Tourism Awards for Major Tourist Attraction and in 2019, they won the RACQ People's Choice Award – Experience & Services. Visitors will see a wide variety of birds, mammals, and reptiles, and can view crocodile feedings, and have hands-on animal encounters.

1970–1992
Australia Zoo was opened by Bob and Lyn Irwin on 3 June 1970 under the name Beerwah Reptile Park. Bob is a world-renowned herpetologist, who is regarded as a pioneer in the keeping and breeding of reptiles, while Lyn was one of the first to care for and rehabilitate sick and injured wildlife in southeast Queensland. Bob and Lyn passed on their love and respect for wildlife to their three children: Joy, Steve, and Mandy. Steve had helped Bob and Lyn since childhood to care for crocodiles and reptiles and to maintain the growing number of animals in the zoo. In 1982, the park was renamed the Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park and the area was doubled with the purchase of another 4 acre. In 1987, the Crocodile Environmental Park was opened in an effort to aid saltwater crocodile protection. By the 1990s the Crocodile Environmental Park had become very popular and was seen as unique for its display of crocodile feeding within the park. The area was mainly used to house adult saltwater crocodiles that had been captured and relocated from the wild.

1992–2006
The 1990s brought many changes: Bob and Lyn retired and moved to Rosedale, Queensland, while Steve and Terri changed the name of their now growing wildlife park to Australia Zoo. As filming generated extra funds, Steve and Terri put all money raised from filming and merchandise into conservation and building new exhibits. Their philosophy was that the zoo animals came first, the zoo team came second, and the zoo visitors came third. The zoo also expanded with the creation of a management team and hiring around 50 staff. Australia Zoo won the Australian Tourism Awards for 2003–2004 in the category Major Tourist Attraction. In 2004, the Australian Animal Hospital was opened next to the zoo to help with animal care and rehabilitation. The facility was built in an old avocado packing shed, and was dedicated to Lyn. The facility had a single operating room, and with a staff of 20 full-time workers and 80 volunteers, it cared for up to 6,000 animals per year. Steve Irwin died in 2006, the same year Australia Zoo Retail won the Tourism Retailing Award from Qantas Australian Tourism Awards.

2007–present
In 2007, the zoo and the Government of Queensland made a land deal involving giving a parcel of land from the Beerwah State Forest to Australia Zoo in return for land near Peachester State Forest which was transferred to the government for forestry. The swap permitted the development of an open-range safari attraction, allowing the zoo to expand to a world-class standard. In 2008, a new $5 million animal hospital, claimed to be the largest wildlife hospital in the world, opened next to the packing shed. The new 1300 m2 facility is built of mud brick and hay. It contains two operating theatres with viewing areas for student veterinarians, two treatment rooms, intensive care units for mammals, birds, and reptiles, a X-ray room, and public areas including a drop-off area, pharmacy, nursery, and waiting room. A conference room in the building will be rented out to help generate operating funds.

On 15 March 2008 the Brisbane-based newspaper, The Sunday Mail, claimed there are plans to sell Australia Zoo to Animal Planet and create a $100-million Disney-style wildlife theme park. Terri has publicly announced that she has no plans to sell the zoo, but is looking to expand the park. Despite rumours that she intended to return to the United States, Terri denied the claims and became an Australian citizen on 20 November 2009.

During the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, the Wildlife Hospital associated with the zoo treated its 90,000th injured animal.

Management
The Australia Zoo business is owned by Australia Zoo Pty Ltd, but the land on which the zoo is located, and most of the surrounding area, is owned by Silverback Properties Pty Ltd.

Animals
Australia Zoo contains a wide range of birds, mammals and reptiles.

 * Birds

 * Australian king parrot
 * Bar-shouldered dove
 * Black-necked stork
 * Blue-and-yellow macaw
 * Brahminy kite
 * Brolga
 * Bush stone-curlew
 * Chestnut-breasted mannikin
 * Eastern whipbird
 * Eclectus parrot
 * Emu
 * Galah
 * Glossy ibis
 * Gouldian finch
 * Great cormorant
 * Green-winged macaw
 * Helmeted guineafowl
 * Little pied cormorant
 * Magpie goose
 * Noisy pitta
 * Pacific emerald dove
 * Pied imperial pigeon
 * Radjah shelduck
 * Rainbow lorikeet
 * Red-browed finch
 * Red-collared lorikeet
 * Red-tailed black cockatoo
 * Rose-crowned fruit dove
 * Sacred kingfisher
 * Scarlet macaw
 * Southern cassowary
 * Sulphur-crested cockatoo
 * Wedge-tailed eagle
 * Whistling kite
 * White-headed pigeon
 * Wonga pigeon
 * Yellow-tailed black cockatoo

 * Frogs (Amphibians)
 * Blue poison dart frog
 * Dyeing poison dart frog
 * White-lipped tree frog

 * Mammals

 * Asian small-clawed otter
 * Binturong
 * Black-flanked rock wallaby
 * Brush-tailed rock wallaby
 * Cheetah
 * Common wombat
 * Dingo
 * Eastern grey kangaroo
 * Giraffe
 * Koala
 * Meerkat
 * Plains zebra
 * Quokka
 * Red kangaroo
 * Red panda
 * Red-necked wallaby
 * Ring-tailed lemur
 * Short-beaked echidna
 * Southern hairy-nosed wombat
 * Southern white rhinoceros
 * Sumatran elephant
 * Sumatran tiger
 * Swamp wallaby
 * Tasmanian devil

 * Reptiles

 * Aldabra giant tortoise
 * American alligator
 * Black-headed python
 * Boyd's forest dragon
 * Broad-shelled turtle
 * Burmese python
 * Coastal taipan
 * Common blue-tongued skink
 * Common death adder
 * Corn snake
 * Cunningham's skink
 * Eastern brown snake
 * Eastern diamondback rattlesnake
 * Eastern shingleback
 * Eastern water dragon
 * Elongated tortoise
 * Fijian crested iguana
 * Freshwater crocodile
 * Gila monster
 * Green anaconda
 * Indian star tortoise
 * Inland bearded dragon
 * Inland taipan
 * King brown snake
 * King cobra
 * Komodo dragon
 * Krefft's turtle
 * Land mullet
 * Mertens' water monitor
 * Murray River turtle
 * Radiated tortoise
 * Red-bellied black snake
 * Rhinoceros iguana
 * Saltwater crocodile
 * Saw-shelled turtle
 * Scrub python
 * Tiger snake
 * Woma python
 * Yakka skink

The Crocoseum
The 'Mount Franklin Crocoseum' stadium at the zoo has a seating capacity of 5,000. It is used mostly for animal shows. At the time of its construction, it was the first in the world where snake, bird and crocodile shows were conducted. Australia Zoo calls this the 'Australia Zoo Wildlife Warriors Show'. This is also where the zoo presents concerts, such as the Summer Down Under series.

Africa
On 17 September 2011, the zoo opened its African Safari exhibit, a multi-species replica of the Serengeti ecosystem, showcasing giraffes, plains zebra and southern white rhinos' interacting as they would in the wild. Also on display are cheetahs, but not in the area where the other animals are. There is also an exhibit for meerkats next to the big savanna who share their exhibit with wandering helmeted guineafowls. This area of the zoo includes Queensland bottle trees reflecting the native African baobab tree and mock kopjes as seen in southern Africa.

Tiger Temple
Opened in April 2005, this exhibit houses Sumatran tigers (and previously also Bengal tigers). The exhibit was built to resemble the Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia. It is enclosed on two sides by glass, and includes an underwater viewing area.

Elephantasia
Elephantasia is a 12 acre Asian themed exhibit that opened in 2006 and is the largest elephant enclosure in Australia. It includes a wading pool with a fountain, and tropical gardens with shaded areas for the zoo's elephants. In October 2019 Australia Zoo imported four female Sumatran elephants. The elephants are on display in Elephantasia as of December 2021.

Rainforest Aviary
The Rainforest Aviary is an outdoor walk-through aviary housing about 150 birds, most of which are native to Australia. Adjacent to the Rainforest Aviary is the Birds of Prey aviary, which holds various species of raptors and other predatory birds. Following the birth of Bindi Irwin's daughter the Rainforest Aviary was renamed Grace's Bird Garden.

Bindi's Island
Opened beside the Africa exhibit in December 2014 and named after Steve's daughter, Bindi's Island is a three-story "treehouse" built around a replica fig tree. It offers panoramic views of Australia Zoo, including the adjacent lemur island.

Robert's Reptile House
The zoo's indoor reptile exhibits which showcase twenty different species of reptiles (and three species of frogs) in sixteen different terrariums.

Other Exhibits
Further exhibit zones include Crocodile Environmental Park, Roo Heaven, Wetlands and others.

Dining
Visitors can eat at the open air upper story "Crikey! Cafe" (which seats up to 1,500), at the Grasslands Cafe, or at several food vending stands around the zoo.

Transport
To get around the zoo, visitors can take Steve's Safari Shuttle, a 'modified trailered bus' that operates on a bitumen (asphalt) roadway circuit. Visitors can also hire a caddie with guide to drive around the zoo for the day.

Playgrounds
The zoo includes multiple shaded playgrounds as well as a jumping pillow and water splash park.

Activities
There are 4 walk-through enclosures that visitors can enter and feed kangaroos, wallabies, and koalas, and there is often an opportunity to pet a koala when staff are in the exhibit.

The zoo also offers a roving animal team that walks around the grounds throughout the day with various animals such as alligators, birds, snakes, and lizards. Visitors may have their photo taken with the animals and can purchase professional copies from the zoo's photo lab.

In April 2019 Australia Zoo announced $8 million project 'Camp Crocodile'. The wildlife camping experience is expected to lure over 39,000 visitors to the Sunshine Coast each year.

Wildlife Warriors
Wildlife Warriors runs a rescue operation and care station for any native wildlife which may be injured in accidents outside the zoo.

This effort is now supported by the 1300 m2 Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital next to the zoo, which can care for up to 10,000 animals per year, with two operating theatres, two treatment rooms, intensive care units for mammals, birds, and reptiles, and an X-ray room, and was designed by WD Architects. The hospital is named in honour of Steve Irwin's mother Lynn Irwin, who died in a car accident in 2000.

Steve Irwin Wildlife Reserve
This 135000 ha property was acquired with the assistance of the Australian government as part of the National Reserve System Programme. It is located on the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, and contains spring fed wetlands that provide a water source to threatened habitat and the Wenlock River.

Iron Bark Station (Blackbutt)
Australia Zoo purchased the 3500 acre Iron Bark Station located at Blackbutt, Queensland in 1994. It is part of the great dividing Range, where the East coast meets the dry West. An additional 325 acre was purchased in 1994 to save a dwindling koala population, with fewer than 12 koalas left in the area. Management immediately commenced reforestation, including 44,000 eucalypt trees for koalas. In 1998, another 325 acre was purchased. In 1999, a 5 acre release facility was established to rehabilitate native marsupials the area. Another 1000 acre was purchased in 1999 with funds from the Lynn Irwin Memorial fund (now Wildlife Warriors Worldwide), and another 1800 acre was added in 2002. In 2007, Bob Irwin became full-time manager of the station.

Mourachan (St. George)
This conservation area was developed to protect endangered species, such as the woma python and yakka skink. It consists of 117,174 acres, in which various habitat types have been created, by Australia Zoo and the Australia Zoo Wildlife Warriors.

It is a place where endangered species can reestablish populations, and as of 2015, Terri purchased an additional 33,000 acres of land to expand this conservation habitat.

title: Australia Zoo


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Counterfeit money

Counterfeit money is currency produced outside of the legal sanction of a state or government, usually in a deliberate attempt to imitate that currency and so as to deceive its recipient. Producing or using counterfeit money is a form of fraud or forgery, and is illegal in all jurisdictions of the world. The business of counterfeiting money is nearly as old as money itself: plated copies (known as Fourrées) have been found of Lydian coins, which are thought to be among the first Western coins. Before the introduction of paper money, the most prevalent method of counterfeiting involved mixing base metals with pure gold or silver. Another form of counterfeiting is the production of documents by legitimate printers in response to fraudulent instructions. During World War II, the Nazis forged British pounds and American dollars. Today, some of the finest counterfeit banknotes are called Superdollars because of their high quality and imitation of the real US dollar. There has been significant counterfeiting of Euro banknotes and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002, but considerably less than that of the US dollar.

Some of the ill-effects that counterfeit money has on society include a reduction in the value of real money; an increase in prices (inflation) as a result of an increase in money being circulated in the economy—an unauthorized artificial increase in the money supply; a decrease in the acceptability of paper money; and losses, when traders are not reimbursed for counterfeit money detected by banks, even if it is confiscated. Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures involved including fine detail with raised intaglio printing on bills which allows non-experts to easily spot forgeries. On coins, milled or reeded (marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metal has been scraped off.

History
Counterfeiting is sufficiently prevalent throughout history that it has been called "the world's second-oldest profession". Coinage of money began in the region of Lydia around 600 B.C. Before the introduction of paper money, the most prevalent method of counterfeiting involved mixing base metals with pure gold or silver. A common practice was to "shave" the edges of a coin. This is known as "clipping". Precious metals collected in this way could be used to produce counterfeit coinage. A fourrée is an ancient type of counterfeit coin, in which a base metal core has been plated with a precious metal to resemble its solid metal counterpart.

When paper money was introduced in China in the 13th century, wood from mulberry trees was used to make money. To control access to the paper, guards were stationed around mulberry forests, while counterfeiters were punished by death.

In the 13th century, Mastro Adamo was mentioned by Dante Alighieri as a counterfeiter of the Florentine fiorino, punished with death by hanging. The English couple Thomas and Anne Rogers were convicted on 15 October 1690 for "Clipping 40 pieces of Silver". Thomas Rogers was hanged, drawn, and quartered while Anne Rogers was burnt alive. Evidence supplied by an informant led to the arrest of the last of the English Coiners "King" David Hartley, who was executed by hanging in 1770. The extreme forms of punishment were meted out because counterfeiting was regarded as a form of treason against the State or Crown rather than a simple crime.

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Irish immigrants to London were particularly associated with the spending (uttering) of counterfeit money, while locals were more likely to participate in the safer and more profitable forms of currency crime, which could take place behind locked doors. These include producing the false money and selling it wholesale.

Similarly, in America, Colonial paper currency printed by Benjamin Franklin and others often bore the phrase "to counterfeit is death". Counterfeiting nevertheless became so prevalent by the early nineteenth century that contemporary accounts like those from author John Neal claimed that as much as half of the US currency in circulation was counterfeit. By the 1830s, American newspapers began listing instructions for identifying counterfeits. Because currency was issued by individual banks, there were approximately 5,400 types of counterfeit bills in the US by the 1860s.

Nations have used counterfeiting as a means of warfare. The idea is to overflow the enemy's economy with fake banknotes so that the real value of the money plummets. Great Britain did this during the American Revolutionary War to reduce the value of the Continental Dollar. The counterfeiters for the British were known as "shovers", presumably for the ability to "shove" the fake currency into circulation. Two of the most well-known shovers for the British during the Revolutionary War were David Farnsworth and John Blair. They were caught with 10,000 dollars in counterfeits when arrested. George Washington took a personal interest in their case and even called for them to be tortured to discover further information. They were eventually hanged for their crimes.

During the American Civil War, the Confederate States dollar was heavily counterfeited by private interests on the Union side, often without the sanction of the Union government in Washington. The Confederacy's access to modern printing technology was limited, while many Northern-made imitations were printed on high-quality banknote paper procured through extralegal means. As a result, counterfeit Southern notes were often equal or even superior in quality compared to genuine Confederate money.

In 1834, counterfeit copper coins manufactured in the United States were seized from several ships with American flags in Brazil. The practice appeared to end after.

Instances

A form of counterfeiting is the production of documents by legitimate printers in response to fraudulent instructions. An example of this is the Portuguese Bank Note Crisis of 1925, when the British banknote printers Waterlow and Sons produced Banco de Portugal notes equivalent in value to 0.88% of the Portuguese nominal Gross Domestic Product, with identical serial numbers to existing banknotes, in response to a fraud perpetrated by Alves dos Reis. Similarly, in 1929 the issue of postage stamps celebrating the millennium of Iceland's parliament, the Althing, was compromised by the insertion of "1" on the print order, before the authorized value of stamps to be produced (see Postage stamps and postal history of Iceland).

In December 1925 a high-profile counterfeit scandal came to light, when three people were arrested in the Netherlands while attempting to disseminate forged French 1000-franc bills which had been produced in Hungary. Subsequent investigations uncovered evidence that plot had received widespread support in Hungarian and German nationalist circles including the patronage of high ranking military and civilian officials. Twenty-four of the conspirators were tried in Budapest in May 1926. Most received light sentences in what is believed to have been a deliberate cover up by Hungarian Prime Minister István Bethlen. The affair facilitated the adoption of the International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency in April 1929 and formalized the role of the International Criminal Police Commission.

During World War II, the Nazis attempted to implement a similar plan (Operation Bernhard) against the Allies. The Nazis took Jewish artists to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and forced them to forge British pounds and American dollars. The quality of the counterfeiting was very good, and it was almost impossible to distinguish between the real and fake bills. The Nazis were unable to carry out planned aerial drops of the counterfeits over Britain, so most notes were disposed of and not recovered until the 1950s.

Today some of the finest counterfeit banknotes are called Superdollars because of their high quality, and likeness to the real US dollar. The sources of such supernotes are disputed, with North Korea being vocally accused by US authorities. The amount of counterfeit United States currency is estimated to be less than $3 per $10,000, with less than $3 per $100,000 being difficult to detect.

There has been a rapid growth in the counterfeiting of euro banknotes and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002. In 2003, 551,287 fake euro notes and 26,191 bogus euro coins were removed from EU circulation. In 2004, French police seized fake €10 and €20 notes worth a total of around €1.8 million from two laboratories and estimated that 145,000 notes had already entered circulation.

In the early years of the 21st century, the United States Secret Service has noted a substantial reduction in the quantity of forged U.S. currency, as counterfeiters turn their attention towards the euro.

As a result of their rarity, gold and silver certificates have sometimes been erroneously flagged as counterfeits in the United States when they have, in fact, been genuine. Due to the fact that these banknotes carry significant numismatic value and are sought after by collectors, counterfeit examples have surfaced on eBay via unscrupulous sellers.

A batch of counterfeit A$50 and A$100 notes was released into the Australian city of Melbourne in July 2013. As of July 12, 2013, 40 reports had been made between the northern suburbs of Heidelberg and Epping. Police spokespersons explained to the public in media reports that the currency notes were printed on paper (Australia introduced polymer banknotes in 1988) and could be easily detected by scrunching up the note or tearing it. Additionally, the clear window within the notes was also an easy way to identify fake versions, as the "window appears to have been cut out with two clear plastic pieces stuck together with stars placed in the middle to replicate the Southern Cross". Police also revealed that fake notes had been seized in June 2013 in Melbourne's eastern and western suburbs. According to the Australian RBA figures, during 2014–15, the number of counterfeit $50 currency detected in circulation has more than doubled from the previous year, and more than 33,000 fake notes were removed from circulation. The officials believe this likely a fraction of the number of fake currencies currently flooding through in Victoria and NSW states. On 31 May 2016, the ACT police have warned people to keep an eye out for fake $50 notes, which is circulating throughout Canberra in recent months. The officers have been called out to more than 35 businesses over the past two months in connection to counterfeit $50 notes. Australian Federal Police have charged two persons alleging to have produced $16,465 notes of counterfeit currency and charged them with various offences under the Crimes (Currency) Act 1981. The police said that while Australian notes are hard to counterfeit, featuring many security features, they nonetheless urged people to take a close look each time they spend cash.

Effects on society
Some of the ill-effects that counterfeit money has on society include:
 * 1) Companies are not being reimbursed for counterfeits. This has led to companies losing buying power. As such, there is a reduction in the value of real money.
 * 2) Increase in prices (inflation) due to more money getting circulated in the economy—an unauthorized artificial increase in the money supply.
 * 3) A decrease in the acceptability (satisfactoriness) of money—payees may demand electronic transfers of real money or payment in another currency (or even payment in precious metals such as gold).

At the same time, in countries where paper money is a small fraction of the total money in circulation, the macroeconomic effects of counterfeiting of currency may not be significant. The microeconomic effects, such as confidence in the currency, however, may be large.

Anti-counterfeiting measures

Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures involved including fine detail with raised intaglio printing on bills which would allow non-experts to easily spot forgeries. On coins, milled or reeded (marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metal has been scraped off. This detects the shaving or clipping (paring off) of the rim of the coin. However, it does not detect sweating, shake coins in a bag, and collect the resulting dust. Since this technique removes a smaller amount, it is primarily used on the most valuable coins, such as gold. In early paper money in Colonial North America, one creative means of deterring counterfeiters was to print the impression of a leaf in the bill. Since the patterns found in a leaf were unique and complex, they were nearly impossible to reproduce.

In the late twentieth century, advances in computer and photocopy technology made it possible for people without sophisticated training to copy currency easily. In response, national engraving bureaus began to include new, more sophisticated anti-counterfeiting systems such as holograms, multi-colored bills, embedded devices such as strips, raised printing, microprinting, watermarks, and color-shifting inks whose colors changed depending on the angle of the light, and the use of design features such as the "EURion constellation" which disables modern photocopiers. Software programs such as Adobe Photoshop have been modified by their manufacturers to obstruct manipulation of scanned images of banknotes. There also exist patches to counteract these measures.

In 2009, new tests were discovered that could be used on U.S. Federal Reserve Notes to ensure that the bills are authentic. These tests are done using intrinsic fluorescence lifetime. This allows for the detection of counterfeit money because of the significance in difference of fluorescence lifetime when compared to authentic money.

For U.S. currency, anti-counterfeiting milestones are as follows:
 * 1990 Microprinting and a security thread are introduced on U.S. currency
 * 1996 $100 bill gets a new design with a larger portrait
 * 1997 $50 bill gets a new design with a larger portrait
 * 1998 $20 bill gets a new design with a larger portrait
 * 2000 $10 bill and $5 bill get a new design with a larger portrait
 * 2003 $20 bill gets a new design with no oval around Andrew Jackson's portrait and more colors
 * 2004 $50 bill gets a new design with no oval around Ulysses S. Grant's portrait and more colors
 * 2006 $10 bill gets a new design with no oval around Alexander Hamilton's portrait and more colors
 * 2008 $5 bill gets a new design with no oval around Abraham Lincoln's portrait and more colors
 * 2010 $100 bill gets a new design with no oval around Benjamin Franklin's portrait and more colors; along with the inclusion of the new "3D security ribbon"

The redesigned $100 bill was unveiled on April 21, 2010, and the Federal Reserve Board was to begin issuing the new bill on February 10, 2011, but the release was delayed due to printing problems until October 2013.

The Treasury had made no plans to redesign the $5 bill using colors but recently reversed its decision after learning some counterfeiters were bleaching the ink off the bills and printing them as $100 bills. The new $10 bill (the design of which was revealed in late 2005) entered circulation on March 2, 2006. The $1 bill and $2 bill are seen by most counterfeiters as having too low a value to counterfeit, and so they have not been redesigned as frequently as higher denominations.

In the 1980s, counterfeiting in the Republic of Ireland twice resulted in sudden changes in official documents: in November 1984, the £1 postage stamp, also used on savings cards for paying television licences and telephone bills, was invalidated and replaced by another design at a few days' notice, because of widespread counterfeiting. Later, the £20 Central Bank of Ireland Series B banknote was rapidly replaced because of what the Finance Minister described as "the involuntary privatization of banknote printing".

In the 1990s, the portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong was placed on the banknotes of the People's Republic of China to combat counterfeiting, as he was recognised better than the generic designs on the renminbi notes.

In 1988 the Reserve Bank of Australia released the world's first long-lasting and counterfeit-resistant polymer (plastic) banknotes with a special Bicentennial $10 note issue. After problems with this bill were discovered and addressed, in 1992, a problem-free $5 note was issued. In 1996 Australia became the first country to have a full series of circulating polymer banknotes. On 3 May 1999, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand started circulating polymer banknotes printed by Note Printing Australia Limited. The technology developed is now used in 24 countries. As of 2009, Note Printing Australia was printing polymer notes for 18 countries.

The Swiss National Bank had a reserve series of notes for the Swiss franc in case widespread counterfeiting were to take place; this was discontinued in the mid-1990's with the introduction of the eighth series of banknotes.

Notable counterfeiters

 * Peter Alston was the late-18th-century and early-19th-century counterfeiter and river pirate, who is believed to be Little Harpe's associate and partner in the murder of notorious outlaw leader Samuel Mason in 1803
 * Philip Alston was an 18th-century counterfeiter both before and after the American Revolution in Virginia and the Carolinas before the war, and later in Kentucky and Illinois afterward.
 * Anatasios Arnaouti, a British counterfeiter of more than £2.5 million in fake money, was sentenced in 2005.
 * Edward Bonney, an alleged counterfeiter in northern Indiana who escaped to Nauvoo, Illinois, was a bounty hunter and amateur detective who posed as a counterfeiter to apprehend the murderers of Colonel George Davenport and infiltrate the Midwestern Banditti of the Prairie.
 * Abel Buell, an American colonialist and republican who went from altering five-pound note engraving plates to publishing the first map of the new United States created by an American.
 * Mary Butterworth, a counterfeiter in colonial America.
 * William Chaloner, a British counterfeiter, was convicted by Sir Isaac Newton and hanged on 16 March 1699.
 * Mike DeBardeleben, a convicted kidnapper, rapist, and suspected serial killer, was sent to prison for counterfeiting the $20 bill.
 * Alves dos Reis, who by the end of 1925 had managed to introduce escudo banknotes worth £1,007,963 at 1925 exchange rates into the Portuguese economy, which was equivalent to 0.88% of Portugal's nominal GDP at the time.
 * John Duff was a counterfeiter, hunter, and soldier who served in George Rogers Clark's campaign to capture the Illinois country, for the Patriot American side, during the Revolutionary War.
 * Eric "Klipping" V, the king of Denmark (1259–1286). The king's nickname refers to "clipping" of the coin.
 * David Farnsworth was a British Loyalist American counterfeiter and spy in the American Revolutionary War. He was hanged for his crimes after George Washington had taken a personalised interest in his case.
 * Francis Greenway was an English-born architect transported to Australia in 1814 as a convict for the crime of forgery, where he rose as a prominent planner of public buildings. He later posthumously became probably the only forger to be depicted on a banknote, the Australian $10.
 * "King" David Hartley was the leader of the Cragg Vale Coiners of rural 18th-century England. Producing fake gold coins, he was eventually captured and hanged at Tyburn near York on April 28, 1770, and buried in the village of Heptonstall, W Yorks. His brother, Isaac, escaped the authorities and lived until 1815.
 * Thomas McAnea, also known as Hologram Tam, a Scottish master counterfeiter regarded as one of the most skillful in Europe with regard to banknote security holograms.
 * Emerich Juettner, documented in Mister 880, was possibly the longest uncaught counterfeiter in history. For ten or more years, he eluded government authorities while he printed and spent fake $1 bills in his New York neighborhood.
 * Catherine Murphy, convicted of coining in 1789 and was the last woman to suffer execution by burning in England.
 * John A. Murrell, a near-legendary bandit, operating in the United States along the Mississippi River in the mid-nineteenth century. Convicted for his crimes in the Circuit Court of Madison County, Tennessee, Murrell was incarcerated in the Tennessee State Penitentiary, modeled after the Auburn penal system, from 1834 to 1844.
 * King Philip the Fair of France (1268–1314) caused riots and was known as "the counterfeiter king" for emitting coinage that was debased compared to the standards that had been prevalent during the half-century previous to his reign.
 * Charles Price (Old Patch) (died 1787), prolific English counterfeiter and swindler who defrauded the Bank of England of £200,000
 * Sturdivant Gang, a multi-generational group of American counterfeiters whose criminal activities took place over a 50-year period from Colonial Connecticut to the Illinois frontier.
 * Samuel C. Upham, the first known counterfeiter of Confederate money during the American Civil War. His activities began or became known in early July 1862.
 * Wesley Weber, imprisoned in 2001 for counterfeiting the Canadian one-hundred-dollar bill.
 * Arthur Williams, imprisoned in 2007 for counterfeiting the United States one-hundred-dollar bill.

Money art
Money art is a subject related to counterfeiting that incorporates currency designs or themes. Some of these works of art are similar enough to actual bills that their legality is in question. While a counterfeit is made with deceptive intent, money art is not; however, the law may or may not differentiate between the two. J.  S.  G.  Boggs was an American artist best known for his hand-drawn, one-sided copies of US banknotes, which he sold for the face value of the note.

Parodies of banknotes, often produced for humorous, satirical or promotional purposes, are fantasy issues, referred to as 'skit notes'. (The term 'skit note' has been used since around the mid-19th century. Prior to that, the term 'flash note' was used. )

The street artist Banksy is known for making 10-pound notes that feature Princess Diana's portrait in place of Queen Elizabeth II, while "Bank of England" is replaced by "Banksy of England". The artist's original intent was to throw them off a building, but after some of the notes were dropped at a festival, he discovered that they could pass for legal tender and changed his mind. As of 2012, Banksy is still in possession of all one hundred million pounds' worth of the currency.

In 2006, American artist Jack Daws hired metalsmiths to make a mold of a 1970 U.S. penny and cast it in 18-karat gold. He then hired another metalsmith to copper-plate it, after which it looked like an ordinary penny. On March 28, 2007, Daws intentionally put the "penny" in circulation at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). The sculpture was discovered in Brooklyn two-and-a-half years later by Jessica Reed, a graphic designer and coin collector, who noticed it while paying for groceries at a local store. Reed eventually communicated with Daws' Seattle art dealer, the Greg Kucera Gallery, and Daws confirmed that she had discovered the Counterfeit Penny sculpture.

Training money
In May 2017, Australian currency training notes (used in-house by Chinese banks in the training of bank tellers) were circulated briefly in Darwin, Northern Territory, with seven cases reported by the Northern Territory Police of notes being offered and taken as real money. The $100 (Australian dollar) notes had Chinese language characters printed on them but otherwise had the color and feel of real notes, and the Chinese characters can be disguised when the note is folded. They had been sold through eBay, with the disclaimer of not being for circulation. China also has an equivalent $50 (U.S. dollar) "training money", that has previously appeared in the USA.

title: Counterfeit money


text:
Frumentarii

The frumentarii were an ancient Roman military and secret police organization used as an intelligence agency. They began their history as a courier service and developed into an imperial spying agency. Their organization would also carry out assassinations. The frumentarii were headquartered in the Castra Peregrina and were run by the princeps peregrinorum. They were disbanded under the reign of Diocletian due to their poor reputation amongst the populace.

History
It had been a long-standing policy of the Roman legions and armies of occupation to utilize informers and spies, but never in an organized fashion. This was especially true in the city of Rome which was rife with whispers and endless conspiracies. The frumentarii were possibly established by Domitian, although they only appear in records shortly after his reign in the early second century. When established, their base was located at the Castra Peregrina on the Caelian hill, though Trajan would later centralize their location in Rome. During their early history, they were tasked with supplying grain to the military, delivering messages between the provinces and the empire, and collecting tax money.

They were sometimes called nomas ("nomads" in Latin) to protect their identity in enemy territory.

After the end of the Flavian Dynasty, the frumentarii developed into a police force. They worked as non-commissioned officers with praetorian cohorts to police the populace. This organization was part of the military, and its members were legionaries. Members of this group were recruited from the military. By the 2nd century, the need for an empire-wide intelligence service was clear. But even an emperor could not easily create a new bureau with the express purpose of spying on the citizens of Rome's far-flung domains. A suitable compromise was found by Hadrian. He used the frumentarii as a spying agency because their duties brought them into contact with enough locals and natives, allowing them to acquire considerable intelligence about any given territory. Alongside these duties they also may have overseen and guarded mining operations.

They served as secret police and as an intelligence agency in ancient Rome. Emperors would use them to gather information on friends, family, officials, or soldiers. This organization was sometimes tasked with assassinating whomever the emperor wished. Peasants disliked the frumentarii due to false and arbitrary arrests. They were seen as a tyrannical "plague" on the empire. These complaints lead to the disbandment of the organization in 312 CE during the reign of Diocletian. The frumentarii were replaced by the agentes in rebus.

They were run by the princeps peregrinorum who was considered to be a senior centurion and answered to the praetorian prefect. The subprinceps was the second-in-command to the princeps peregrinorum and the optio peregrinorum, canaliclarius, and aedilis castrorum were all other offices in the frumenatarii. The curatio frumentarii would command the frumentarii in the imperial provinces. The frumentarii served in the officium consularis of the local governor.

The following story has been used as evidence of the role of the frumentarii:"[Hadrian's] vigilance was not confined to his own household but extended to those of his friends, and by means of his private agents (frumentarios) he even pried into all their secrets, and so skilfully that they were never aware that the Emperor was acquainted with their private lives until he revealed it himself. In this connection, the insertion of an incident will not be unwelcome, showing that he found out much about his friends. The wife of a certain man wrote to her husband, complaining that he was so preoccupied by pleasures and baths that he would not return home to her, and Hadrian found this out through his private agents. And so, when the husband asked for a furlough, Hadrian reproached him with his fondness for his baths and his pleasures. Whereupon the man exclaimed: 'What, did my wife write you just what she wrote to me?'."

title: Frumentarii


text:
Deputy assistant commissioner (Metropolitan Police)

Deputy assistant commissioner (DAC), formally Deputy Assistant Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, is a rank in London's Metropolitan Police Service between assistant commissioner and commander. It is equivalent to deputy chief constable in other British police forces and wears the same insignia: a pip above crossed tipstaves within a wreath.

The rank was introduced in 1919 as an intermediate rank between assistant commissioner and (the Metropolitan Police rank of) chief constable. Deputy assistant commissioners were always warranted constables, as opposed to the higher ranks who were instead sworn as magistrates. In 1946 the rank was split, with senior DACs continuing to hold the rank and junior DACs (the four district commanders and the deputy to the assistant commissioner "C" in the Criminal Investigation Department) being regraded to the new rank of commander.

The rank was abolished on 1 April 1995 following recommendations made in the Sheehy Report, later confirmed by the Police Act 1996, although officers already holding the rank could continue to hold it. Senior commanders were in the meantime sometimes given the designation "deputy to assistant commissioner". The Home Office officially reintroduced the rank on 1 January 2002 under the terms of the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001.

All the deputy assistant commissioners initially held senior staff jobs at Scotland Yard. In 1933, command of the four Districts, formerly held by chief constables, was given to deputy assistant commissioners, with the chief constables remaining as their deputies. District commanders were regraded to commander in 1946, but later regained DAC rank, holding it until 1995, by which time there were eight areas (as the districts had been renamed). These were reorganised into five and handed over to the assistant commissioners.