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Polypodiaceae

Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader circumscription has also been used, in which the family includes other families kept separate in PPG I. Nearly all species are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial.

Description
Stems of Polypodiaceae range from erect to long-creeping. The fronds are entire, pinnatifid, or variously forked or pinnate. The petioles lack stipules. The scaly rhizomes are generally creeping in nature. Polypodiaceae species are found in wet climates, most commonly in rain forests. In temperate zones, most species tend to be epiphytic or epipetric.

Notable examples of ferns in this family include the resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides) and the golden serpent fern (Phlebodium aureum).

Taxonomy
Two distinct circumscriptions of the family are in use. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) uses a circumscription of Polypodiaceae in which the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), along with eight other families. The relationship between the families is shown in the consensus cladogram below.

An alternative approach treats the suborder Polypodiineae as the family Polypodiaceae sensu lato, and reduces the families to subfamilies, so that the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto becomes the subfamily Polypodioideae. The broader circumscription is used by Plants of the World Online, ; for example, the Dryopteridaceae, shown above as a separate family, is included in its Polypodiaceae. The broadly defined Polypodiaceae has been described as an "unwieldy megafamily".

Subfamilies
Molecular phylogenetic analysis has led to the division of the Polypodiaceae into six subfamilies, and to the inclusion of genera that have at various times been placed in other families, including the Drynariaceae, Grammitidaceae, Gymnogrammitidaceae, Loxogrammaceae, Platyceriaceae, and Pleurisoriopsidaceae. The following cladogram shows a possible phylogenetic relationship between the subfamilies based on an analysis published in 2008; at the time, Grammitidoideae was not separated from Polypodioideae.

The subfamilies are treated as tribes in other systems. Mabberley, in 2008, treated all of Polypodiaceae except for the Platycerioideae (Platycerium and Pyrrosia) and the grammitid ferns, which he placed in Grammitidaceae, as the subfamily Polypodioideae, which he then divided into six tribes, four of which correspond to PPG I subfamilies (Drynarieae, Loxogrammeae, Microsoreae and Polypodieae) and others of which have been submerged (Selligueeae, now within Drynarioideae, and Lepisoreae, now within Microsoroideae). Other systems also treat the subfamilies as tribes. The equivalence is shown in the following table.

Genera
In the list that follows, the taxa shown with the " (=) " prefix are considered to be synonyms for the accepted subfamily name that they follow. However, this does not necessarily imply that the subfamily contains all of the synonym's previous genera.

 * Subfamily Adetogrammoideae Zhang & Wei
 * Adetogramma Almeida
 * Subfamily Campyloneuroideae Zhang & Wei
 * Campyloneurum C.Presl
 * Microgramma C.Presl
 * Niphidium J.Sm.
 * Subfamily Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel (Drynarieae Subh.Chandra ; Selligueeae Hennipman ; Aglaomorpheae Chandra ; Crypsinoideae Nayar )
 * Drynaria (Bory 1825) Smith [Aglaomorpha]
 * Pichisermollodes Fraser-Jenk. & Challis.
 * Selliguea Bory [Arthromeris; Gymnogrammitis; Paraselliguea; Polypodiopteris]
 * ×Sellimeris Fraser-Jenkins, Singh & Fraser-Jenkins
 * Synammia C.Presl
 * Subfamily Grammitidoideae Parris & Sundue [Grammitideae Presl ; Mecosoreae Klotzsch ; Pleurogrammeae Fée ex Pfeiffer ]
 * Acrosorus Copel.
 * Adenophorus Gaudich.
 * Alansmia M.Kessler, Moguel, Sundue & Labiak
 * Archigrammitis Parris
 * Ascogrammitis Sundue
 * Calymmodon C.Presl
 * Ceradenia L.E.Bishop
 * Chrysogrammitis Parris
 * Cochlidium Kaulf. [Xiphopteris Kaulfuss ]
 * Ctenopterella Parris
 * Dasygrammitis Parris
 * Enterosora Baker [Zygophlebia L.E.Bishop ]
 * Galactodenia Sundue & Labiak
 * Grammitis Sw.
 * Lellingeria A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran
 * Leucotrichum Labiak
 * Lomaphlebia J.Sm.
 * Luisma M.T.Murillo & A.R.Sm.
 * Melpomene A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran
 * Micropolypodium Hayata
 * Moranopteris R.Y.Hirai & J.Prado
 * Mycopteris Sundue
 * Notogrammitis Parris
 * Oreogrammitis Copel. [Radiogrammitis Parris ; Themelium (T.Moore) Parris ]
 * Parrisia Shalisko & Sundue
 * Prosaptia C.Presl [Ctenopteris Blume ex Kunze non Brongniart ex de Saporta non Newman ]
 * Scleroglossum Alderw. [Nematopteris van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh ]
 * Stenogrammitis Labiak
 * Terpsichore A.R.Sm.
 * Tomophyllum (E.Fourn.) Parris
 * Xiphopterella Parris

 * Subfamily Loxogrammoideae H.Schneid. (Loxogrammeae R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon )
 * Lacks sclerenchyma (supporting tissue) in plant body, except in the roots.
 * Dictymia J.Sm.
 * Loxogramme (Blume) C.Presl

 * Subfamily Microsoroideae B.K.Nayar (Lepisoroideae Ching ; Microsoreae V.N.Tu ; Lemmaphylleae Tu )
 * Bosmania Testo
 * Dendroconche Copel.
 * Ellipinema Zhang & Zhang
 * Goniophlebium (Blume) C.Presl
 * Lecanopteris Reinw. ex Blume
 * Lemmaphyllum C.Presl
 * Lepidomicrosorium Ching & K.H.Shing
 * Lepisorus (J.Sm.) Ching
 * Leptochilus Kaulf. [Kontumia Wu & Lôc ]
 * Microsorum Link [Kaulinia Nayar ]
 * Neocheiropteris Christ.
 * Neolepisorus Ching
 * Paragramma (Blume) T.Moore
 * Phymatosorus Pichi-Sermolli
 * Podosorus Holttum
 * Thylacopteris Kunze ex J.Sm.
 * Tricholepidium Ching
 * Zealandia Testo

 * Subfamily Platycerioideae B.K.Nayar (Platycerieae Christenhusz )
 * Fronds with stellate hairs (star-shaped, radiating from center).
 * Hovenkampia Zhang & Zhou
 * Platycerium Desv.
 * Pyrrosia Mirb.

 * Subfamily Polypodioideae Sweet (Polypodieae Hooker & Lindley ex Duby (sensu Mabberley 2008) )
 * Pecluma M.G.Price.
 * Phlebodium (R.Br.) J.Sm.
 * ×Phlebosia Viane & Pompe
 * Pleopeltis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
 * Pleurosoriopsis Fomin
 * Polypodium L. Perhaps

 * Subfamily Serpocauloideae Zhang & Wei
 * Serpocaulon A.R.Sm.

title: Polypodiaceae


text:
Silvanus of the Seventy

Silvanus (Greek: Σιλουανός) is a traditional figure in Eastern Orthodox tradition assumed to be one of the Seventy Apostles, those followers of Jesus sent out by him in Luke 10. According to Orthodox tradition, he later became Bishop of Thessalonica and died a martyr.

He is to be distinguished from the Silvanus, better known as Silas, who is mentioned in the New Testament (Acts, various letters of Paul, and 1 Peter) as a co-writer or transcriber of some of these works.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Silvanus of the Seventy


text:
Larry Crumpler

Larry Crumpler is a geologist and volcanologist. He is Research Curator for Volcanology & Space Science at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, and a member of the Mars Exploration Rover science team. Larry's Lookout on Mars is named after him.

title: Larry Crumpler


text:
2004 United States presidential election in Delaware

The 2004 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 2, 2004, and was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Delaware was won by Democratic nominee John Kerry by a 7.6% margin of victory. Prior to the election, all 12 news organizations handicapping the election predicted that Kerry would win Delaware, though with varying degrees of confidence; the First State was a key bellwether for much of the 20th century, but Al Gore's comfortable victory four years earlier amidst a national loss marked its move towards the Democratic Party. Kerry won Delaware without either campaign seriously contesting it, but with a 5.5% swing to Bush compared to Gore's performance in 2000. The swing was largely concentrated in Kent and Sussex Counties, in which Bush's margins increased by double digits; New Castle County, the state's most populous, only swung about a point to Bush, continuing its consolidation as the state's Democratic base.

As of 2020, this is the last election in which Delaware was decided by a single-digit margin, and the only time since 1948 that Delaware has not backed the national popular vote winner. Bush became the only Republican since 1880 to win the popular vote without Delaware, and the last to win 60% of the vote in any county in the state (namely Sussex). Bush was the first Republican since Abraham Lincoln to win two terms without ever carrying the state.

Primaries

 * 2004 Delaware Democratic presidential primary

Predictions
There were 12 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day.

Polling
Only two polls of the state were taken before the election, both of which Kerry won.

Fundraising
Bush raised $523,150. Kerry raised $260,657.

Advertising and visits
Neither campaign advertised or visited this state during the fall campaign.

By congressional district
Due to the state's low population, only one congressional district is allocated. This district, called the At-Large district, because it covers the entire state, and thus is equivalent to the statewide election results.

Electors
Technically the voters of Delaware cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Delaware is allocated three electors because it has one congressional district and two senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of three electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all three electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 13, 2004, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from Delaware. All were pledged to and voted for John Kerry and John Edwards:
 * 1) James Johnson
 * 2) Nancy W. Cook
 * 3) Timothy G. Willard


text:
Ferguson TE20

The Ferguson TE20 is an agricultural tractor designed by Harry Ferguson. By far his most successful design, it was manufactured from 1946 until 1956, and was commonly known as the Little Grey Fergie. It marked a major advance in tractor design, distinguished by light weight, small size, manoeuvrability and versatility. The TE20 popularised Harry Ferguson's invention of the hydraulic three-point hitch system around the world, and the system quickly became an international standard for tractors of all makes and sizes that has remained to this day. The tractor played a large part in introducing widespread mechanised agriculture. In many parts of the world the TE20 was the first tractor to be affordable to the average farmer and was small and light enough to replace the draft horse and manual labour. Many TE20s remain in regular use in farming and other work and the model is also a popular collector's item for enthusiasts today.

History
The model name came from Tractor, England 20 horsepower (not the true power delivered but from a tax formula based on engine size).

The TE range of Ferguson tractors was introduced in England in 1946, following 30 years of continuous development of the Ferguson System from 1916. The first work was to design a plough and linkage to integrate the tractor with its work in a manner that was an engineering whole. The automatic control system is now employed by almost all tractor manufacturers worldwide. A British patent was applied for by Harry Ferguson in 1925 and granted the following year.

By the early 1930s, the linkage design was finalised and is now adopted as international standard category I. Just one prototype Ferguson System tractor, known as the Ferguson Black, was built to further technical development and for demonstrating to potential manufacturers. During 1936, the first production Ferguson tractors were built in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, by the David Brown Company. That tractor, the Ferguson Model A, incorporated Harry Ferguson's "suction side" hydraulic control system, the key to solving sensitive automatic control of three-point mounted implements, patented on 5 February 1936 (patent no 470069). The combination of Ferguson's converging three-point hitch, patented on 3 July 1928 (patent no 320084) with his "suction side control" valve is the key to the success of all subsequent Ferguson and later Massey Ferguson "Ferguson System" tractors, the most important of which are the TE and TO 20 models. (It was the production of the Model A that led to the David Brown line of tractors in 1939).

In order to get volume production with lower costs, following a demonstration of his tractor before Henry Ford Senior in October 1938, Ferguson made a gentlemen's agreement with Ford, also referred to as the handshake agreement, to produce the Ferguson tractor in Detroit starting in mid-1939. Officially called the Ford Tractor Ferguson System they are more commonly known as the Ford-Ferguson. The first Ford-Ferguson 9N (for 1939 model N) tractors arrived in the United Kingdom in October, 1939 and thousands would be imported to help with food production during the War. In 1942 due to material shortages after the USA entry into the War the model was updated to the 2N (for 1942 model N). About 300,000 of these tractors, known as "Ford-Fergusons", were produced up to 30 June 1947.

During the war years, the Ferguson design team developed many improvements to both tractor and implements and started to make arrangements to manufacture in the United Kingdom. The agreement with Ford in 1938 was to include production at the Ford plant at Dagenham, Essex, but the UK Ford company would not do it. By 1945, Ferguson had made a manufacturing agreement with the Standard Motor Company of Coventry to produce a Ferguson tractor incorporating all their latest improvements and to be known as the TE20. As well as allowing Ferguson to get his tractor into full production, the deal was of great benefit to Standard, because the tractor would be built in its huge "shadow factory" which had been an aero engine plant during World War II but was then standing empty. Standard developed a new wet-liner engine for the tractor, and for Standard's road cars, such as the Vanguard.

Production started in the late summer of 1946, nearly a year before the last Ford Ferguson came off the line in Detroit in June 1947. The break with Ford left Harry Ferguson and his US company with implements to sell but no tractors. To make up the gap until the new Ferguson factory in Detroit started in October 1948, more than 25,000 Coventry-built TE20s were shipped to the US and Canada. The TO (Tractor Overseas) 20 was virtually the same as the TE20, with a Continental engine Z-126 fitted instead of the Standard engine.

At the time of its introduction the Ferguson three-point linkage was unique to the TE20, and to gain the full utility of the tractor the farmer also had to purchase specially-designed implements to work with the tractor. Ferguson initially designed and manufactured a range of implements for the TE20 in-house, but as the tractor's popularity spread other manufacturers began designing their own machinery for the TE20 in agricultural, industrial, construction and horticultural applications. The idea that the three-point linkage made the tractor and its implement into a single mechanised unit was marketed as 'The Ferguson System', presenting a wholly new and entirely mechanised form of agriculture. By 1950 there were over 60 official Ferguson implements for the TE20, many of which had not been seen in mechanised tractor-mounted form before. As well as basic implements such as ploughs, harrows and cultivators, the range included a number of trailers and loaders, seed drills, a side-mounted baler, a very rare 'wraparound' combine harvester, a muck spreader, a sickle mower and a powered auger. With its power take-off, the tractor could also drive stand-alone equipment, such as pumps, milking machinery or circular saws, by belt or driveshaft.

Ferguson became well known for its effective and distinctive advertising, intended to demonstrate the abilities of the TE-20 tractor to farmers who previously had used only draft horses and had little experience with mechanised equipment. Public demonstrations of Ferguson tractors and implements were held throughout rural Britain towards the end of the harvest season. A typical demonstration involved fencing off an area 27 by and using a cultivator-equipped TE-20 to till the complete area - such an area was too small to be worked by a horse or a drawbar-equipped tractor of the time. Advertising also emphasised that in the 'Ferguson System' the tractor was not merely a replacement for the horse but, via its linkage and shaft-drive power take-off, it could mechanise dozens of agricultural tasks previously performed either by separate machines, unwieldy drawbar-mounted trailed equipment, or manual labour.

The TE and TO 20 tractors were so revolutionary that Ferguson set up a training school in the grounds of Stoneleigh Abbey, close to the Banner Lane factory. There, Ferguson dealers, salesmen and engineers were trained on the new machines they would be working on, and courses were also run for farmers to learn how to most effectively operate the tractors and the various implements.

Coventry production up to 1956 was 517,651 units, with about 66% being exported, mainly to Continental Europe and the British Empire, but to many other countries as well. To the above figure must be added TO production at Ferguson Park, Detroit. Including all 'Ferguson System' tractors from May 1936 to July 1956 brings the figure to approximately 1 million. Between 1953 and 1957, over 37,000 TE20 tractors were assembled in Saint-Denis near Paris by a joint venture between the Standard Motor Company and Automobiles Hotchkiss. Additionally, in 1957 and 1958, Standard-Hotchkiss built nearly 29,000 of the FF30; introduced in January 1957, this version had 100 percent French parts content, a sprung seat, a red-painted engine and chassis, and power was up to 30 hp-metric. The FF30 was nicknamed Ventre Rouge ("Red Belly") in France. Local parts content had been gradually increased, for instance, the engines began to be locally assembled in 1955.

Harry Ferguson merged his worldwide companies with Massey-Harris of Toronto in July 1953, three years before TE and TO20 production ended, hence the change of name on the serial plate to 'Massey-Harris-Ferguson'. The Ferguson 35 replaced the old line in the US in 1955 and the TE20 in the UK in 1956; production in the UK starting in September of that year following re-tooling of the factory. Harry Ferguson remained Chairman of Massey Harris Ferguson until 1957, when he left over an argument over the Ferguson TE60 or LTX project as it is known.

Harry Ferguson died on 25 October 1960 at his home (Abbotswood, Stow on the Wold), due to a barbiturate overdose; it was never established if it was deliberate or not.

Engines
The engine was the Standard wet liner inline-four engine. Dimensions were:
 * Petrol engine, 80 mm bore × 92 mm stroke, capacity 1,850 cc, compression ratio 5.77:1
 * Petrol-paraffin engine, 85 mm bore × 92 mm stroke, capacity 2,088 cc, compression ratio 4.5:1

The larger capacity of the petrol-paraffin engine was to compensate for the power reduction resulting from the low compression ratio. Newer versions of the petrol only engine had a 85 mm bore as well.

Variants

The first TE20s ran on petrol until 1949 when the TVO tractor was launched incorporating the standard engine as early TE20s used a continental Z-120. There were later versions that ran on tractor vapourising oil (TVO), sometimes called petrol-paraffin or power kerosene. Some were converted in the UK to use a 3-cylinder Perkins diesel engine.

 * TE stood for Tractor England
 * TO stood for Tractor Overseas
 * FF stood for Ferguson France

Between 1948 and 1951, the TO20 with a Continental engine was built in Detroit, Michigan. These were built with the Z120 engines. TO30s were also built in Michigan with Z-129 engines. Production ceased in 1954.

Models and production years, Standard built:

 * TE-20 Continental Z-120 petrol engine 1946–48
 * TEA-20 Standard Motor Company petrol engine 1947–56
 * TEB-20 Continental Z-120 petrol engine – Narrow wheelbase 1946–48
 * TEC-20 Standard 20S petrol – Narrow 1948–56
 * TED-20 TVO Standard 20S TVO engine 1949–56
 * TEE-20 TVO – Narrow 1949–56
 * TEF-20 diesel 1951–56
 * TEH-20 lamp oil engine 1950–56
 * TEJ-20 lamp oil engine – Narrow 1950–56
 * TEK-20 petrol – Vineyard 1952–56
 * TEL-20 TVO – Vineyard 1952–56
 * TEM-20 lamp oil – Vineyard 1952–56
 * TEP-20 petrol – Industrial 1952–56
 * TER-20 TVO – Industrial 1952–56
 * TES-20 lamp oil – Industrial 1952–56
 * TET-20 Diesel – Industrial 1952–56
 * TEY-20 Perkins P3 (TA) Diesel – conversion 1955-56

Models and production years, Detroit built:

 * TO-20 Continental Z-120 petrol engine 1948-51
 * TO-30 Continental Z-129 petrol engine 1951-54

Models and production years, Hotchkiss-built (Paris):

 * TEA-20 Standard Motor Company petrol engine 1953–57
 * TEC-20 Standard 20S petrol – Narrow, 195x–57
 * TEF-20 Standard 23C diesel 1953–57
 * TEG-20 Standard 23C diesel – Narrow, 1953–57
 * TEK-20 petrol – Vineyard, 1953–57
 * TEN-20 Standard 23C diesel – Vineyard, 1953–57
 * FF-30; 100% French parts content, red-painted engine, "Ventre Rouge" – 1957-58
 * Diesel: FF-30 DS (standard), DE (Etroit, narrow), DV (Vigneron, vineyard)
 * Petrol: FF-30 GS (standard), GE (narrow), GV (vineyard)

517,651 TE20 tractors of all models were built at Banner Lane, Coventry. In mid-1953 Ferguson merged with Massey-Harris to become Massey-Harris-Ferguson. The new company continued both Massey Harris and Ferguson brands until December 1957, when it became Massey Ferguson. The new FE35 was introduced in October 1956 in grey and gold livery and became the red and grey MF35 at the Smithfield Show in December 1957.

Ferguson 28
The colloquial term "Ferguson 28" is sometimes used in Australia and New Zealand for later models of the TE-20 including the petrol TEA-20 and diesel TEF-20. "Ferguson 28" has never been an official tractor model designation. Initially the TE20 had the 'Continental' Z120 23HP engine, as did the Detroit-built TO20 introduced a year later. The 80 mm bore 'Standard' petrol engine was phased in during mid-1947 as the TEA-20, approximately 3,000 of the 20,500 tractors built to 31 December 1947 being TEA-20s. Subsequent to the introduction of the 85 mm bore TED-20 in April 1949, the petrol engine was also made with an 85 mm bore, which increased its power to just over 28 hp. The term "Fergie 28" refers to the nominal horsepower of the later range of tractors. To benefit from the reputation of the later models in the used tractor market, the 23HP TE-20 is often advertised simply as TE-20; only very rarely is it referred to in Australia as a "Ferguson 23". In North America the 'Standard' petrol-engined TEA-20s with the 85 mm bore were known and advertised as TE-2085s.

Famous Fergies
There is a monument in Wentworth at the junction of the Darling and Murray Rivers in Australia commemorating the time in 1956 when both rivers flooded and a fleet of little grey Fergies was used to build levee banks to save the town.

A fleet of seven Ferguson TE-20s was used on the 1955–58 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition which was led by Edmund Hillary. Four petrol-engined and three diesel models were used. Some were supplied as half-tracks, with steerable front skis, whilst others of the New Zealand team were fitted with an extra wheel on each side and full caterpillar tracks, developed by the expedition in the Antarctic. In both cases, the track kits were easily removable and in light conditions the tractors were used on standard wheels and tyres. A canvas cabin was added for windproofing. Other than this, the tractors were totally standard – two were even fitted with a standard farmyard hydraulic front-loader for loading and unloading supplies. Reports were made at regular intervals to the Ferguson company and these show the tractors to have been reliable and effective – being capable of climbing a 1-in-7 slope of "hard polished ice where a man cannot walk without crampons", as well as operating in conditions of −10 degrees Fahrenheit. Under Hillary these tractors were driven to the South Pole, becoming the first vehicles to be driven to the pole, and the first overland journey to the pole since Captain Scott. The tractors were left at the pole for the use of American researchers. One of the tractors used by Hillary's party was later repatriated to New Zealand and is on display along with other British Trans-Antarctic Expedition vehicles in the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch, New Zealand.

One diesel (TEF-20) example, TEF320709 known as Betsy, earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records in May 2003 when Terry Williams drove it 3176 mi around the coastline of Britain, gaining the record for the longest journey undertaken by tractor. Betsy was donated to the Friends of Ferguson Heritage group in 2004, and can be seen on display at the Yorkshire Museum of Farming in York.

In popular culture
Between 1992 and 2015, a TEA-20 was depicted on the New Zealand five-dollar note. There was a portrait of Sir Edmund Hillary on the obverse (front), with one of the tractors used in his Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition at the bottom-left corner. A Ferguson tractor was also depicted on a New Zealand $1.50 postage stamp as part of a set of five commemorating the life of Sir Edmund Hillary, issued in 2008.

A TE20 is the star of a TV series for preschool children, The Little Grey Fergie, which premiered in the UK on 17 October 2013. The show is based on the Norwegian children's story and TV series Den lille traktoren Gråtass.

Australian folk musician Peter Pentland released an album in 1979 (enlarged 2001) Me Beaut Little Fergie Tractor. Track 6 is the song "Fergie Tractor".

title: Ferguson TE20


text:
Talk:Silvanus of the Seventy

Untitled
Author should add mention of this Silvanus on the Silvanus disambig page. --Halidecyphon 15:50, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Merge
Should this be merged with Silas?--Andrew c 22:13, 23 June 2006 (UTC) As far as I know, YES.

 * By all means, YES. Actually this article has no solid basis whatsoever.--Dampinograaf (talk) 10:45, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Citation needed
He later became Bishop of Thessalonika and died a martyr.
 * Reference in article is too recent. Who in church history was the first to claim that Silvanus became bishop?

Silvanus is probably the same person as Silas, also mentioned in various places in the New Testament. Marcocapelle (talk) 13:19, 4 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Who says that is probably the case? Here recent academic references are okay.

title: Talk:Silvanus of the Seventy


text:
User:Magicalpowermako

Magicalpowermako
''1,born in 1956 15th jan 2,study play organ in 4yearsold 3,study play guitar in 9yearsold'' 4,compose own music in 10 yearsold 5,made own album in 11yearsold 6,got tape recorder sound on sound 7,made many albums at14yearsold

title: User:Magicalpowermako


text:
Commonwealth of Catalonia

The Commonwealth of Catalonia (Mancomunitat de Catalunya, ) was a deliberative assembly made up of the councillors of the four provinces of Catalonia. Promoted in its final stages of gestation by the Regionalist League of Catalonia, it was strongly endorsed by municipal referendum in October 1913.

The Commonwealth was created in 1914 (symbolically the 200th anniversary of the year of the loss of governing institutions independent of the Spanish central administration) and was disbanded and outlawed in 1925 during Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship.

Although it had only administrative functions and its powers did not go beyond those of the provincial councils, it had great symbolic and practical importance: it represented the first recognition by the Spanish State of the identity and territorial unity of Catalonia since 1714. and was responsible for the creation of many public institutions in health, culture and technical education and science and notably for the support of the Catalan language.

History
The lower house of the Spanish Parliament approved the creation of a Commonwealth but with limited powers compared to those originally envisioned for it by its promoters. The Spanish Senate never approved the creation of the authority. On 18 December 1913 the king signed the law granting all Spanish provinces the right to group themselves into associations or commonwealths. Catalonia was to prove to be the only commonwealth so formed.

The first President of the Commonwealth of Catalonia was Enric Prat de la Riba and the second was the architect Josep Puig i Cadafalch, both of the Lliga Regionalista, who led a programme to create an efficient infrastructure of roads and ports, hydraulic works, railways, telephones, charities and healthcare. The Commonwealth also undertook initiatives to increase agricultural and forest yields, introducing technological improvements, the improvement of services and education, and promoting education in technologies necessary for Catalan industry.

The Commonwealth was dissolved and outlawed under Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship on 20 March 1925.

Structure
The Assembly of the Commonwealth was initially made up of 36 for councillors from Province of Barcelona and 20 from each of the Provinces of Tarragona, Girona and Lleida) and elected Enric Prat de la Riba, leader of the Regionalist League, as president of the Commonwealth on 6 April 1914. In addition to the assembly and the president, the Commonwealth included an Executive council made up of 2 councillors from each province.

Legacy
The Commonwealth created and consolidated a set of cultural and scientific institutions (most of which still exist today) to give greater prestige to Catalan language and culture, such as the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Institute of Catalan Studies), the Biblioteca de Catalunya (Library of Catalonia), the Escola Industrial (Industrial School), the Escola Superior de Belles Arts (College of Fine Arts), the College of Higher Commercial Studies or the Escola del Treball (College of Industry). Prat de la Riba also created, the Escola de l'Administració Local (School of Local Administration), and required Catalan civil servants to have attended this institution.

Another important effort of the Commonwealth was the promotion of the work of Pompeu Fabra, who was chiefly responsible for the current Catalan writing system and linguistic standard.

On 25 January 1919, the Commonwealth approved a draft Statute of Autonomy. This Statute envisaged an autonomous government made up of a parliament, an executive and a governor-general, defined an autonomous financial framework and delineated the powers of the state and a government of Catalonia. The draft was rejected by the Spanish government, but it remained a point of reference for the drafting of the 1932 Statute of Autonomy.

title: Commonwealth of Catalonia


text:
Austin Seven

There were four Austin cars to use the Seven name:
 * The 1909–1911 Austin 7 hp
 * The 1922–1939 Austin 7
 * The launch title of the Austin A30
 * The original Mini

The name Austin Seven was also used to refer to the LMS Class 7F 0-8-0 engines.

The name Seven will be brought back by Mini for a visual package on the existing 3-door and 5-door Mini Cooper and Cooper S worldwide from July 2016.

title: Austin Seven


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WSNX-FM

WSNX-FM (104.5 MHz "104-5 SNX") is a top 40 (CHR) radio station located in iHeartMedia's Grand Rapids, Michigan headquarters. The station is licensed to Muskegon, in Western Michigan with the station serving the Grand Rapids area, and is one of two top 40/CHR stations in Grand Rapids along with WHTS. The studios are located at 77 Monroe Center in Downtown Grand Rapids while its transmitter is located near Sherman Blvd and Ensley Rd outside of Muskegon.

History
What is now WSNX began life as Beautiful Music station WQWQ (the "Q" stood for "Quality") in 1971. Goodrich Radio Marketing purchased the frequency in 1984, and quickly changed the beautiful music format to Top 40 and used the moniker "Sunny-FM" on-air. (The WQWQ calls and easy-listening format moved to 101.7 FM and continued there until the station became WMRR.) Goodrich Radio located the studios at 875 East Summit in Norton Shores, just outside Muskegon. The antenna was upgraded to get a city-grade signal into Grand Rapids. Sunny FM on-air personalities in the 1980s included Jim Biggins, J.J. Duling, Diamond Dave, Jo Jo Girard, Mark Frost, Ranger Bob and T.R. McCoy.

WSNX moved to Grand Rapids (at 2610 28th Street) in 1996, where it was occupying the same offices of sister stations WODJ and WKWM. It would also drop the "Sunny FM" moniker and simply go by "104.5 WSNX". It was around this time that the CHR-formatted station added an apparent hip-hop or urban feel musically, as well as adding local music.

During the late 1980s, WSNX was one of several competing CHR stations in the area, with the dominant WGRD and WKLQ. By the mid-1990s, WGRD had switched to alternative rock and WKLQ had long since switched to album-oriented rock, and the CHR battle was between WSNX and Federated Media's adult-leaning "Mix 96" (WAKX). In early 1997, Clear Channel purchased WAKX from Federated Media and flipped it to "Continuous Hit Music I-96" as WVTI. Goodrich aimed WSNX directly at "I-96", competing with them on the air and through promotions. The station identified itself as "Grand Rapids' Hottest Music, 104.5 WSNX" or just SNX in jingle form.

WSNX moved again to downtown Grand Rapids after it was purchased by Clear Channel Radio in September 1999, and took the "Continuous Hit Music" moniker and a slightly more mainstream, though still rhythmic-leaning, CHR format, as WAKX was retooled as a Hot AC to compete with WLHT. In 2006, the station dropped the "Continuous Hit Music" slogan, and the point from "104.5", with the station simply branding itself as "104-5 WSNX", virtually the same time when rival WHTS was launched. In 2011, the station started using the "West Michigan's Party Station" slogan, but this is not used on-air and only used on the station's website.

WSNX was the first radio station in both the Grand Rapids and Muskegon markets to broadcast in HD Radio, as it does today. Its HD2 subchannel originally carried the Dance Top 40 "Club Phusion" format, but switched, in late 2009, to a format known as "The Beat". By 2014, this changed to a 24/7 Black comedy format, and then, during September 2022, all HD2 services were discontinued.

Jingles and imaging
The late '90s saw WSNX use 3 jingle packages from Reelworld. KDWB 1996, KDWB 1997, and WZPL. In 2001, the station used N2 Kiss, Dallas. This started a long 10-year jingle deal that would see WSNX use every KDWB jingle package N2 Effect released. The deal ended in 2010, and WSNX has not used any jingles since.

The station's imaging voices were Brian James until 1999, then Saint John until 2007, and Doctor Dave from 2007–present.

title: WSNX-FM


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Riley Kestrel

Riley 'Kestrel' was a brand name applied by the Riley Motor Car Company and its successors the Nuffield Organization and the British Leyland Motor Corporation to various of their saloon car models.

In pre-war Rileys, the Kestrel name typically denoted a sporty model with 'fastback' styling. Some of the cars produced in each of the following models received the Kestrel name, which was then revived in 1965 for a badge engineered version of the BMC ADO16:

 * 1926–1937 — Riley Nine
 * 1934–1935 — Riley 12/4
 * 1935–1938 — Riley 1½ Litre
 * 1937–1940 — Riley 16 (16/4) 2½-litre
 * 1965–1969 — A variant of the BMC ADO16/Austin/Morris 1100/1300)

title: Riley Kestrel


text: Category:10s BC deaths

title: Category:10s BC deaths


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Thomas Holliday Hicks

Thomas Holliday Hicks (September 2, 1798 – February 14, 1865) was a politician in the divided border-state of Maryland during the American Civil War. As governor, opposing the Democrats, his views accurately reflected the conflicting local loyalties. He was pro-slavery but anti-secession. Under pressure to call the General Assembly into special session, he held it in the pro-Union town of Frederick, where he was able to keep the state from seceding to join the Confederacy.

In December 1862, Hicks was appointed to the U.S. Senate, where he endorsed Abraham Lincoln's re-election in 1864, but died soon afterwards.

Early career
Born in 1798 near East New Market, Maryland, Hicks began his political career as a Democrat when he was elected town constable and then, in 1824, elected Sheriff of Dorchester County. Later, he switched to the Whig Party and was elected to the House of Delegates in 1830 and re-elected in 1836.

In 1837, the legislature elected him a member of the Governor's Council, the last to be chosen before that body was abolished. In 1838, he was appointed Register of Wills for Dorchester County. He stayed in that job until his election as governor.

Governor of Maryland
In 1857, as the Whig Party disintegrated, Hicks joined the Native American Party, more commonly known as the Know-Nothing Party. As such, in 1858, he ran for governor and defeated Democrat John Charles Groome by 8,700 votes. The election, however, was notable for fraud, open intimidation of voters, and unprecedented violence. Hicks was one of the oldest men to become governor.

In his gubernatorial inaugural address, Hicks criticized the numbers of foreign immigrants coming to America and warned that they would "change the national character".

Slavery and the coming of war
Hicks opposed abolitionists and supported slave owners. He denounced "[t]he attacks of fanatical and misguided persons against property in slaves" and added that slave owners had a right under the "[United States] Constitution to recover their property." Hicks belatedly supported the Union of the states and sought to prevent Maryland from seceding and joining the Confederacy. This would have isolated Washington, D.C., in Confederate territory.

Hicks reflected the divisions in his state. In Hicks' writings about the South and its secession, he referred to it as "we." He wrote that "they", the North (and Abraham Lincoln), were wrong in "refus[ing] to observe the plain requirements of the Constitution" to permit new states to join the Union as slave states.

Baltimore Riot of 1861
After the bloodshed in Baltimore, involving Massachusetts troops which were fired on while marching between railroad stations, on April 19, 1861, Baltimore Mayor George William Brown, Marshal George P. Kane, and former Governor Enoch Louis Lowe requested that Hicks burn the railroad bridges leading to Baltimore, in order to prevent further troops from entering the state. Hicks reportedly approved this proposal. These actions were addressed in Ex parte Merryman, the famous case of Maryland militia Captain John Merryman who was arrested by Union forces.

After initially denying that he had authorized such actions, Hicks backtracked and voiced his support for the Union. But, writing to Lincoln on April 22, 1861, Hicks informed the new president that "I feel it my duty most respectfully to advise you that no more troops be ordered or allowed to pass through Maryland", requested that Lincoln obtain a truce with the South and suggested that Sir Richard Lyons mediate. Hicks worried about Maryland's position as a border state. In an address to the Maryland General Assembly on April 25, 1861, he stated that "The only safety of Maryland lies in preserving a neutral position between our brethren of the North and of the South."

Subsequently, many prominent men lobbied Hicks to call the General Assembly into special session, purportedly for the mixed reason of opposing secession and opposing the Northern attitude towards the South. The Assembly normally met in Annapolis, but that city was occupied by Union troops, so Hicks changed the location to Frederick, a generally pro-Union town. The Assembly convened in Frederick, and unanimously agreed that it did not have the power to commit the state to secession. On April 29, the Assembly voted 53–13 against calling a state convention which would have that power.

Late career and death
In December 1862, his successor as governor, Augustus W. Bradford (Unconditional Union), appointed him to the U.S. Senate from Maryland following the death of his predecessor, James A. Pearce (D). Although ill, he campaigned for election to finish the term, winning on January 11, 1864 while endorsing Lincoln's reelection in 1864. He died at the Metropolitan Hotel in Washington, D.C., on February 14, 1865. Abraham Lincoln attended his funeral in the U.S. Senate Chamber.

Hicks was originally buried at his family farm in Dorchester County. He was later disinterred and moved to Cambridge Cemetery. The state erected a monument over his grave in 1868.

title: Thomas Holliday Hicks


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Barrelled space

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a barrelled space (also written barreled space) is a topological vector space (TVS) for which every barrelled set in the space is a neighbourhood for the zero vector. A barrelled set or a barrel in a topological vector space is a set that is convex, balanced, absorbing, and closed. Barrelled spaces are studied because a form of the Banach–Steinhaus theorem still holds for them. Barrelled spaces were introduced by.

Barrels
A convex and balanced subset of a real or complex vector space is called a and it is said to be, , or.

A ' or a ' in a topological vector space (TVS) is a subset that is a closed absorbing disk; that is, a barrel is a convex, balanced, closed, and absorbing subset.

Every barrel must contain the origin. If $$\dim X \geq 2$$ and if $$S$$ is any subset of $$X,$$ then $$S$$ is a convex, balanced, and absorbing set of $$X$$ if and only if this is all true of $$S \cap Y$$ in $$Y$$ for every $$2$$-dimensional vector subspace $$Y;$$ thus if $$\dim X > 2$$ then the requirement that a barrel be a closed subset of $$X$$ is the only defining property that does not depend on $$2$$ (or lower)-dimensional vector subspaces of $$X.$$

If $$X$$ is any TVS then every closed convex and balanced neighborhood of the origin is necessarily a barrel in $$X$$ (because every neighborhood of the origin is necessarily an absorbing subset). In fact, every locally convex topological vector space has a neighborhood basis at its origin consisting entirely of barrels. However, in general, there exist barrels that are not neighborhoods of the origin; "barrelled spaces" are exactly those TVSs in which every barrel is necessarily a neighborhood of the origin. Every finite dimensional topological vector space is a barrelled space so examples of barrels that are not neighborhoods of the origin can only be found in infinite dimensional spaces.

Examples of barrels and non-barrels
The closure of any convex, balanced, and absorbing subset is a barrel. This is because the closure of any convex (respectively, any balanced, any absorbing) subset has this same property.

A family of examples: Suppose that $$X$$ is equal to $$\Complex$$ (if considered as a complex vector space) or equal to $$\R^2$$ (if considered as a real vector space). Regardless of whether $$X$$ is a real or complex vector space, every barrel in $$X$$ is necessarily a neighborhood of the origin (so $$X$$ is an example of a barrelled space). Let $$R : [0, 2\pi) \to (0, \infty]$$ be any function and for every angle $$\theta \in [0, 2 \pi),$$ let $$S_{\theta}$$ denote the closed line segment from the origin to the point $$R(\theta) e^{i \theta} \in \Complex.$$ Let $S := \bigcup_{\theta \in [0, 2 \pi)} S_{\theta}.$ Then $$S$$ is always an absorbing subset of $$\R^2$$ (a real vector space) but it is an absorbing subset of $$\Complex$$ (a complex vector space) if and only if it is a neighborhood of the origin. Moreover, $$S$$ is a balanced subset of $$\R^2$$ if and only if $$R(\theta) = R(\pi + \theta)$$ for every $$0 \leq \theta < \pi$$ (if this is the case then $$R$$ and $$S$$ are completely determined by $$R$$'s values on $$[0, \pi)$$) but $$S$$ is a balanced subset of $$\Complex$$ if and only it is an open or closed ball centered at the origin (of radius $$0 < r \leq \infty$$). In particular, barrels in $$\Complex$$ are exactly those closed balls centered at the origin with radius in $$(0, \infty].$$ If $$R(\theta) := 2 \pi - \theta$$ then $$S$$ is a closed subset that is absorbing in $$\R^2$$ but not absorbing in $$\Complex,$$ and that is neither convex, balanced, nor a neighborhood of the origin in $$X.$$ By an appropriate choice of the function $$R,$$ it is also possible to have $$S$$ be a balanced and absorbing subset of $$\R^2$$ that is neither closed nor convex. To have $$S$$ be a balanced, absorbing, and closed subset of $$\R^2$$ that is convex nor a neighborhood of the origin, define $$R$$ on $$[0, \pi)$$ as follows: for $$0 \leq \theta < \pi,$$ let $$R(\theta) := \pi - \theta$$ (alternatively, it can be any positive function on $$[0, \pi)$$ that is continuously differentiable, which guarantees that $\lim_{\theta \searrow 0} R(\theta) = R(0) > 0$  and that $$S$$ is closed, and that also satisfies $\lim_{\theta \nearrow \pi} R(\theta) = 0,$  which prevents $$S$$ from being a neighborhood of the origin) and then extend $$R$$ to $$[\pi, 2 \pi)$$ by defining $$R(\theta) := R(\theta - \pi),$$ which guarantees that $$S$$ is balanced in $$\R^2.$$

Properties of barrels
 In any topological vector space (TVS) $$X,$$ every barrel in $$X$$ absorbs every compact convex subset of $$X.$$ In any locally convex Hausdorff TVS $$X,$$ every barrel in $$X$$ absorbs every convex bounded complete subset of $$X.$$ If $$X$$ is locally convex then a subset $$H$$ of $$X^{\prime}$$ is $$\sigma\left(X^{\prime}, X\right)$$-bounded if and only if there exists a barrel $$B$$ in $$X$$ such that $$H \subseteq B^{\circ}.$$ Let $$(X, Y, b)$$ be a pairing and let $$\nu$$ be a locally convex topology on $$X$$ consistent with duality. Then a subset $$B$$ of $$X$$ is a barrel in $$(X, \nu)$$ if and only if $$B$$ is the polar of some $$\sigma(Y, X, b)$$-bounded subset of $$Y.$$ Suppose $$M$$ is a vector subspace of finite codimension in a locally convex space $$X$$ and $$B \subseteq M.$$ If $$B$$ is a barrel (resp. bornivorous barrel, bornivorous disk) in $$M$$ then there exists a barrel (resp. bornivorous barrel, bornivorous disk) $$C$$ in $$X$$ such that $$B = C \cap M.$$

Characterizations of barreled spaces
Denote by $$L(X; Y)$$ the space of continuous linear maps from $$X$$ into $$Y.$$

If $$(X, \tau)$$ is a Hausdorff topological vector space (TVS) with continuous dual space $$X^{\prime}$$ then the following are equivalent:

 $$X$$ is barrelled. : Every barrel in $$X$$ is a neighborhood of the origin.
For any Hausdorff TVS $$Y$$ every pointwise bounded subset of $$L(X; Y)$$ is equicontinuous.

For any F-space $$Y$$ every pointwise bounded subset of $$L(X; Y)$$ is equicontinuous.
Every closed linear operator from $$X$$ into a complete metrizable TVS is continuous.
Every Hausdorff TVS topology $$\nu$$ on $$X$$ that has a neighborhood basis of the origin consisting of $$\tau$$-closed set is course than $$\tau.$$

 * This definition is similar to a characterization of Baire TVSs proved by Saxon [1974], who proved that a TVS $$Y$$ with a topology that is not the indiscrete topology is a Baire space if and only if every absorbing balanced subset is a neighborhood of point of $$Y$$ (not necessarily the origin).

 * An F-space is a complete metrizable TVS.

 * A linear map $$F : X \to Y$$ is called closed if its graph is a closed subset of $$X \times Y.$$

If $$(X, \tau)$$ is locally convex space then this list may be extended by appending:
There exists a TVS $$Y$$ not carrying the indiscrete topology (so in particular, $$Y \neq \{0\}$$) such that every pointwise bounded subset of $$L(X; Y)$$ is equicontinuous.

For any locally convex TVS $$Y,$$ every pointwise bounded subset of $$L(X; Y)$$ is equicontinuous.
Every $$\sigma\left(X^{\prime}, X\right)$$-bounded subset of the continuous dual space $$X$$ is equicontinuous (this provides a partial converse to the Banach-Steinhaus theorem).

$$X$$ carries the strong dual topology $$\beta\left(X, X^{\prime}\right).$$

Every lower semicontinuous seminorm on $$X$$ is continuous.

Every linear map $$F : X \to Y$$ into a locally convex space $$Y$$ is almost continuous.
Every surjective linear map $$F : Y \to X$$ from a locally convex space $$Y$$ is almost open.
If $$\omega$$ is a locally convex topology on $$X$$ such that $$(X, \omega)$$ has a neighborhood basis at the origin consisting of $$\tau$$-closed sets, then $$\omega$$ is weaker than $$\tau.$$

 * It follows from the above two characterizations that in the class of locally convex TVS, barrelled spaces are exactly those for which the uniform boundedness principle holds.

 * A linear map $$F : X \to Y$$ is called  if for every neighborhood $$V$$ of the origin in $$Y,$$ the closure of $$F^{-1}(V)$$ is a neighborhood of the origin in $$X.$$

 * This means that for every neighborhood $$V$$ of 0 in $$Y,$$ the closure of $$F(V)$$ is a neighborhood of 0 in $$X.$$

If $$X$$ is a Hausdorff locally convex space then this list may be extended by appending:
Closed graph theorem: Every closed linear operator $$F : X \to Y$$ into a Banach space $$Y$$ is continuous.
For every subset $$A$$ of the continuous dual space of $$X,$$ the following properties are equivalent: $$A$$ is

equicontinuous;

relatively weakly compact;

strongly bounded;

weakly bounded.

The 0-neighborhood bases in $$X$$ and the fundamental families of bounded sets in $$X_{\beta}^{\prime}$$ correspond to each other by polarity.

 * The linear operator is called if its graph is a closed subset of $$X \times Y.$$

If $$X$$ is metrizable topological vector space then this list may be extended by appending:
For any complete metrizable TVS $$Y$$ every pointwise bounded in $$L(X; Y)$$ is equicontinuous.

If $$X$$ is a locally convex metrizable topological vector space then this list may be extended by appending:
: The weak* topology on $$X^{\prime}$$ is sequentially complete.

: Every weak* bounded subset of $$X^{\prime}$$ is $$\sigma\left(X^{\prime}, X\right)$$-relatively countably compact.

: Every countable weak* bounded subset of $$X^{\prime}$$ is equicontinuous.

: $$X$$ is not the union of an increase sequence of nowhere dense disks.

Examples and sufficient conditions
Each of the following topological vector spaces is barreled:

TVSs that are Baire space.
F-spaces, Fréchet spaces, Banach spaces, and Hilbert spaces.
Complete pseudometrizable TVSs.
Montel spaces.

Strong dual spaces of Montel spaces (since they are necessarily Montel spaces).

A locally convex quasi-barrelled space that is also a σ-barrelled space.

A sequentially complete quasibarrelled space.

A quasi-complete Hausdorff locally convex infrabarrelled space.
A TVS with a dense barrelled vector subspace.
A Hausdorff locally convex TVS with a dense infrabarrelled vector subspace.
A vector subspace of a barrelled space that has countable codimensional.
A locally convex ultrabarelled TVS.

A Hausdorff locally convex TVS $$X$$ such that every weakly bounded subset of its continuous dual space is equicontinuous.

A locally convex TVS $$X$$ such that for every Banach space $$B,$$ a closed linear map of $$X$$ into $$B$$ is necessarily continuous.

A product of a family of barreled spaces.

A locally convex direct sum and the inductive limit of a family of barrelled spaces.

A quotient of a barrelled space.

A Hausdorff sequentially complete quasibarrelled boundedly summing TVS.

A locally convex Hausdorff reflexive space is barrelled.

 * Consequently, every topological vector space that is of the second category in itself is barrelled.

 * However, there exist normed vector spaces that are barrelled. For example, if the $L^p$-space $$L^2([0, 1])$$ is topologized as a subspace of $$L^1([0, 1]),$$ then it is not barrelled.

 * Consequently, every finite-dimensional TVS is barrelled.

 * A TVS is called quasi-complete if every closed and bounded subset is complete.

 * Thus the completion of a barreled space is barrelled.

 * Thus the completion of an infrabarrelled Hausdorff locally convex space is barrelled.

 * In particular, a finite codimensional vector subspace of a barrelled space is barreled.

Counter examples

A barrelled space need not be Montel, complete, metrizable, unordered Baire-like, nor the inductive limit of Banach spaces.

Not all normed spaces are barrelled. However, they are all infrabarrelled.

A closed subspace of a barreled space is not necessarily countably quasi-barreled (and thus not necessarily barrelled).

There exists a dense vector subspace of the Fréchet barrelled space $$\R^{\N}$$ that is not barrelled.

There exist complete locally convex TVSs that are not barrelled.

The finest locally convex topology on an infinite-dimensional vector space is a Hausdorff barrelled space that is a meagre subset of itself (and thus not a Baire space).

Banach–Steinhaus generalization
The importance of barrelled spaces is due mainly to the following results.

$$

The Banach-Steinhaus theorem is a corollary of the above result. When the vector space $$Y$$ consists of the complex numbers then the following generalization also holds.

$$

Recall that a linear map $$F : X \to Y$$ is called closed if its graph is a closed subset of $$X \times Y.$$

$$

Other properties

Every Hausdorff barrelled space is quasi-barrelled.

A linear map from a barrelled space into a locally convex space is almost continuous.

A linear map from a locally convex space to a barrelled space is almost open.

A separately continuous bilinear map from a product of barrelled spaces into a locally convex space is hypocontinuous.

A linear map with a closed graph from a barreled TVS into a $$B_r$$-complete TVS is necessarily continuous.

title: Barrelled space


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Dwane Casey

Dwane Lyndon Casey (born April 17, 1957) is an American basketball coach who most recently served as the head coach of the Detroit Pistons before transitioning to a front office position with the team. He is a former NCAA basketball player and coach, having played and coached there for over a decade before moving on to the NBA. He was previously the head coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves and the Toronto Raptors, with whom he won the NBA Coach of the Year Award in 2018.

Early years
Dwane Lyndon Casey was born on April 17, 1957, in Indianapolis. However, his family moved to Morganfield, Kentucky when he was three years old. Casey graduated from Union County High School in 1975.

Casey was a top recruit coming out of high school. He made the decision to commit to the University of Kentucky. During the 1977–78 Wildcats season, Casey helped guide the team to an NCAA Tournament Championship. He served as team captain during his senior year. During the summers, Casey worked several odd jobs to support himself, including coal mining and tobacco farming.

He graduated from the University of Kentucky with a degree in business administration in 1979, also receiving Kentucky's All-Academic Award that same year.

Early career
Casey's coaching experience went back to his first coaching job at the age of 13 when Morganfield Baseball Commissioner Earl McKendree allowed the young Casey to coach a Little League team with kids just three years younger than him. He began his college coaching career in 1979 due to a suggestion made by his coach Joe B. Hall. Casey spent a season with Hall as an assistant coach at Kentucky. The next season, Casey made the move to Western Kentucky, where he spent the next five seasons. Casey later returned to Kentucky in 1985 where he would take the role of an assistant coach and top recruiter.

In late March 1988 while still serving as an assistant coach at Kentucky, Emery Worldwide employees discovered $1,000 in cash in an envelope that was accidentally opened. The envelope was addressed to Claud Mills, the father of recruit Chris Mills, and the sender was identified as Casey. The University of Kentucky said that the evidence collected during the investigation was inconclusive, and did not prove that Casey sent the money. The scandal resulted in Casey's resignation, and Casey was then placed on probation for 5 years by the NCAA. The NCAA later rescinded the penalty after it was shown that Casey wasn't involved in sending the package. Casey also settled outside of court in a defamation suit against Emery Worldwide. The case was originally for $6.9 million.

Overseas
After his resignation from Kentucky, Casey accepted a head coaching job in the Japanese Basketball League. During his time there, Casey coached for Sekisui Chemical and Isuzu Motors Lynx that his teammate Jack Givens played for. While in Japan, Casey did coaching work for the national team alongside longtime friend Mototaka Kohama and veteran coach Pete Newell.

During the summers, Casey continued to work with the Japanese national team. In the summer of 1998 the team appeared in the FIBA World Championship basketball tournament, which would be the team's first appearance there in over 30 years.

Return to the NBA
Casey left the Japanese Basketball League in 1994 after receiving an assistant coaching position for the Seattle SuperSonics. During his tenure in Seattle, the team won four division titles.

At the beginning of the 2005–06 NBA season, Casey landed his first job as head coach for the Minnesota Timberwolves, replacing Kevin McHale. Casey's overall record with the team was 53–69, and he was fired on January 23, 2007, after only a season and a half with the Timberwolves. At the time of his firing, the Timberwolves were 20–20, he was replaced by assistant coach Randy Wittman, who went 12–30 for the rest of the season.

During the 2008–09 NBA season, Casey served as an assistant coach for the Dallas Mavericks. During the 2009–10 NBA season, the Mavericks won a division title. In 2011, the Mavericks defeated the Miami Heat in the 2011 NBA Finals and won their first championship. LeBron James of the Heat would later admit that Casey's defensive schemes for Dallas helped make him improve his game even further after that series.

Toronto Raptors
In early June 2011, the Toronto Raptors decided not to pick up the option on Jay Triano's contract. Casey was named the new Raptors head coach on June 21 and would run through until the 2013–14 season.

Casey's first two seasons with the Raptors involved little to no success. The team exceeded expectations in the first season and underachieved in the second. The team failed to make the playoffs both seasons. During his third season with the team, it managed to set a new team record for most wins in a season, an Atlantic Division Championship, and its first playoff appearance in six years.

On May 6, 2014, a day after being eliminated from the playoffs, Casey and the Raptors agreed to a three-year contract extension.

On November 1, 2015, Casey surpassed Sam Mitchell's franchise record for wins, getting his 157th against Milwaukee Bucks with the score of 106–87.

On March 18, 2016, Casey became the first Raptors head coach to reach 200 wins with the franchise in a 101–94 win over the Indiana Pacers, and twelve days later, in a 105–97 win over the Atlanta Hawks, he coached the Raptors to its first 50-win season in franchise history.

On May 1, 2016, Casey coached the Raptors to their first Game 7 victory in franchise history with an 89–84 win over the Indiana Pacers in the first round of the 2016 NBA Playoffs and on May 15, he coached the Raptors to their first appearance in the Eastern Conference finals in franchise history with a 116–89 victory over the Miami Heat in the second round of the playoffs, where they fell to the eventual NBA champions Cleveland Cavaliers in six games. On June 7, he agreed with the Raptors to a contract extension.

On January 28, 2018, Casey became the first coach in Raptors history to be selected for the NBA All-Star Game. On February 11, 2018, he celebrated his 300th win as a coach for the Raptors. Casey's Raptors set franchise records for wins and points in the regular season as they finished first in the Eastern Conference. In the playoffs, the Raptors defeated the Washington Wizards in six games and were then swept in four games by the Cleveland Cavaliers led by LeBron James. Casey's conservative coaching structure and system was credited with developing the Raptors' younger players, however it did not fare well in the playoffs against the Tyronn Lue-coached Cavaliers who were flexible rather than being consistent. On May 11, Casey was fired as the Raptors' head coach, shortly after being named as NBCA Coach of the Year. He was named the NBA Coach of the Year at the 2018 NBA Awards.

Detroit Pistons
On June 11, 2018, Casey was named the head coach for the Detroit Pistons, agreeing to a five-year deal. On November 14, 2018, Casey returned to Scotiabank Arena for the first time since being fired by the Toronto Raptors, coaching the Pistons to a 106–104 win over his former team. In the playoffs, the Pistons were swept in the first round by the Milwaukee Bucks, while Casey's former team, Raptors, won the NBA championship against the Golden State Warriors. On May 12, 2021, the Pistons signed Casey to a contract extension through the 2024 season. On April 10, 2023, Casey stepped down as the head coach following the conclusion of 2022–23 season. During five seasons as coach for the Pistons, he led the team to a regular season record of 121–262 (.316). He transitioned to the Pistons' front office.

Personal life
Casey and his family have a home in Seattle, Washington. During the summers, Casey likes to travel to Japan to help with basketball camps and coaching clinics.

title: Dwane Casey


text: Category:20s BC deaths

title: Category:20s BC deaths


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Spencer Wells

Spencer Wells (born April 6, 1969) is an American geneticist, anthropologist, author and entrepreneur. He co-hosts The Insight podcast with Razib Khan. Wells led The Genographic Project from 2005 to 2015, as an Explorer-in-Residence at the National Geographic Society, and is the founder and executive director of personal genomics nonprofit The Insitome Institute.

Youth and education
Wells was born in Marietta, Georgia and grew up in Lubbock, Texas. He attended both All Saints School and Lubbock High School, and received a National Merit Scholarship. He obtained a Bachelor of Science in biology from the University of Texas at Austin in 1988 and a Ph.D. in biology from Harvard University in 1994. He was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University between 1994 and 1998, and a research fellow at the University of Oxford from 1999 to 2000.

Career
Wells did his Ph.D. work under Richard Lewontin, and later did postdoctoral research with Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Sir Walter Bodmer. His work, which has helped to establish the critical role played by Central Asia in the peopling of the world, has been published in journals such as Science, American Journal of Human Genetics, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Wells is renowned for his logistically complex sample-collecting expeditions in remote parts of the world. EurAsia98, which in 1998 took him and his team from London to the Altai Mountains on the Mongolian border, via an overland route through the Caucasus, Iran and the -stans of Central Asia, was sponsored by Land Rover. In 2005 he led a team of Genographic scientists on the first modern expedition to the Tibesti Mountains in northern Chad, and in 2006 he led a team to the Wakhan Corridor on the Tajik-Afghan border. His work has taken him to more than 100 countries.

He wrote the book The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey (2002), which explains how genetic data has been used to trace human migrations over the past 50,000 years, when modern humans first migrated outside of Africa. According to Wells, one group took a southern route and populated southern India and southeast Asia, then Australia. The other group, accounting for 90% of the world's non-African population (some 5.4 billion people as of 2014), took a northern route, eventually peopling most of Eurasia (largely displacing the aboriginals in southern India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia in the process), North Africa and the Americas. Wells also wrote and presented the 2003 PBS/National Geographic documentary of the same name. Wells has contributed to efforts to determine the date of Y-chromosomal Adam.

From 2005-2015, Wells led the Genographic Project, undertaken by the National Geographic Society, IBM, and the Waitt Foundation, which aimed to create a picture of how our ancestors populated the planet by analyzing DNA samples from around the world. The project is credited with creating the personal genomics industry.

He has presented the results of his work around the world, including at the 2007 TED conference, where he spoke specifically about human diversity. Wells was a keynote speaker at the Science & Technology Summit in The Hague on November 18, 2010. He also gave the keynote address at the University of Texas College of Natural Sciences commencement exercises on May 21, 2011.

Wells was one of the keynote speakers at the Southern California Genealogical Society Jamboree that was co-sponsored by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy on June 3, 2013. The focus was on Family History and DNA: Genetic Genealogy in 2013, where he was quoted as saying: "Since 2005, the Genographic Project has used the latest genetic technology to expand our knowledge of the human story, and its pioneering use of DNA testing to engage and involve the public in the research effort has helped to create a new breed of 'citizen scientist.' Geno 2.0 expands the scope for citizen science, harnessing the power of the crowd to discover new details of human population history."

Opposition to Israeli policies and allegations of anti-Semitism
In July 2020, Wells attracted criticism for tweeting that Israel should be bombed “until the sand turns to glass”. Wells was involved in a heated discussion on Twitter, set against a planned Israeli annexation of additional territory in the West Bank. Some of his comments attracted criticism from the online edition of Algemeiner Journal.

The University of Texas at Austin subsequently distanced itself from Wells, stating, "Spencer Wells is no longer a faculty or advisory council member at UT. He previously had a courtesy, unpaid appointment as a part-time adjunct that did not involve teaching. That ended in May and was not renewed. We do not have any association with the views held by Mr. Wells."

National Geographic subsequently removed all of Wells' content from its site, citing a violation of its journalistic ethics policy.

Personal life
Wells is married to Holly Morse, and the two have lived in Lombok, Indonesia since 2020. He was previously married to Trendell Thompson (1998-2005), with whom he has two children, Sasha Thompson-Wells and Margot Thompson-Wells; and Pamela Caragol Wells (2005-2015).

Awards and honors

 * National Merit Scholar
 * Phi Beta Kappa
 * Fellow of the Explorers Club
 * National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence
 * Kistler Prize
 * Outstanding Young Texas Ex
 * Frank H.T. Rhodes Class of '56 Professorship, Cornell University
 * Director of the Texas Lyceum
 * Distinguished Alumnus, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin

Books

 * The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, 2002 (Penguin, UK; Princeton University Press and Random House, US; Fischer Verlag, Germany; Longanesi, Italy; Oceano, Spain/Latin America; Ucila International, Slovenia; Dokoran, Czech Republic; Akkord, Hungary; Oriental Press, China; Basilico, Japan; ScienceBooks, Korea; Yurt, Turkey; CD Press, Romania; Alpina, Russia)
 * Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project, 2006 (National Geographic)
 * Pandora's Seed: The Unforeseen Cost of Civilization, 2010 (Random House, US; Penguin, UK; Contact, Netherlands; Codice, Italy; Eksmo, Russia; Nika Center, Ukraine; Commonwealth, Taiwan; Eulyoo, Korea; Kagaku-Dojin, Japan; Shanghai BBT, China)

Films

 * 2000 – The Difference (Channel Four, UK)
 * 2002 – The Real King and Queen (Discovery Channel)
 * 2003 – Journey of Man (PBS/National Geographic Channel) – CINE Golden Eagle award
 * 2004 – Quest for the Phoenicians (PBS)
 * 2005 – Search for Adam (National Geographic Channel)
 * 2007 – China's Secret Mummies (National Geographic Channel) – nominated for Outstanding Historical Programming Emmy
 * 2009 – The Human Family Tree (National Geographic Channel) – nominated for Outstanding Science and Technology Programming Emmy

title: Spencer Wells


text:
User:Cen

I am Cen. Hi. Cen am I.

I have web page here.

I am programmer.

I work cash money. I save world one day.

title: User:Cen


text: Category:30s BC deaths

title: Category:30s BC deaths


text:
Talk:Ordination of women

Germany
We have three lutheran women as bishops (Wartenberg-Potter, Jepsen, Kässmann) We have a leading bishop of the methodist as woman (Marianne Wenner) We have a leading person of the baptist as woman (Regina Class)

Introduction
Can someone here sufficiently knowledgeable please write an introduction to Women as theological figures (and crossover information here as appropriate)

"Female priest" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Female_priest&redirect=no Female priest] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. fgnievinski (talk) 03:22, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

Refs

 * Hindu priestesses

 * https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/female-hindu-priests-breaking-into-male-bastion-but-equality-still-a-dream-118101201279_1.html

 * https://www.npr.org/2021/10/15/1045954728/hindu-priestesses-indian-weddings

 * https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meet-3-tamil-nadu-women-set-to-become-temple-priests-cm-stalin-says-only-in-dravidian-model-101694745407129.html?utm_source=newsshowcase&utm_medium=gnews&utm_campaign=CDAqDggAKgYICjDDuT8wx68IMPvXxwI&utm_content=rundown

 * https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/2021/1214/Why-more-women-are-taking-on-leadership-roles-in-Hinduism

 Bookku   (talk) 06:05, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ordination of women


text:
Thomas Hicks

Thomas or Tom Hicks may refer to:

Sports

 * Thomas Hicks (bobsleigh) (1918–1992), American bobsledder who won a bronze medal at the 1948 Winter Olympics
 * Thomas Hicks (athlete) (1876–1952), American athlete who won the marathon gold medal at the 1904 Summer Olympics
 * Tom Hicks (cricketer) (born 1979), English cricketer
 * Tom Hicks (American football) (born 1952), American football player
 * Tom Hicks (rugby union) (born 1991), British rugby player
 * Thomas Hicks (tennis) (1869–1956), Australian tennis player and administrator

Others

 * Thomas Holliday Hicks (1798–1865), U.S. senator and governor of Maryland
 * Tom Hicks (born 1946), American businessman from Texas
 * Thomas O. Hicks Jr., American businessman from Texas
 * Tommy Steele (Thomas Willam Hicks, born 1936), British entertainer
 * Thomas Hicks (painter) (1823–1890), American painter
 * Thomas W. Hicks, Under Secretary of the Navy

title: Thomas Hicks


text: Category:40s BC deaths

title: Category:40s BC deaths


text:
Talk:Full Throttle (1995 video game)

Untitled
Maybe add that the death of Roy Conrad (voice of ben) was a factor in abandoning the Full Throttle sequel.

obsession with characters sex
The article had an strange obsession with characters sex, saying "male" or "female" before every character name listed, so I cleaned it up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.167.86.138 (talk) 16:19, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Quotes
The quotes that used to be in the article have been moved into Wikiquotes where they can be added to or edited. -- Quoth 16:00, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Full Throttle Cover.jpg
Image:Full Throttle Cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 18:13, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Hell on Wheels
I think that since the canceled sequel is also covered by this article, further references to it are perfectly fine. :) --Koveras ☭ 13:29, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Sequel information
Former LucasArts employee Biller Tiller recently did an interview revealing more information regarding both cancelled sequels. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Quoth (talk • contribs)
 * Thank you. :) --Koveras ☭ 12:48, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Gamasutra tidbits that might be useful
Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 18:06, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Remastered in Infobox
Taken up by : According to them, information about Full Throttle Remastered does not belong into the infobox, so here is a put-up for discussion. I disagree, since cotent of official remasters is included in most to all cases on Wikipedia, might even be a guideline if found. Lordtobi ( ✉ ) 16:11, 13 January 2016 (UTC)
 * In the infobox, it is not useful to put the release details for every later port or re-release of a game, only the original release. I don't do much work on video game articles, so I don't know if this is standard practice, but I know it is standard practice in articles about albums, films, etc. The related WikiProjects decided years ago that adding every release date, publisher, etc. for every time an album was re-released or a movie re-run in theaters wasn't pertinent; what was pertinent in providing the basic details was the original release information. These days, nearly every video game is eventually ported to other platforms, re-released through downloadable/streaming services, etc. I can play Full Throttle on my phone, for pete's sake, but that's not pertinent to describing the games's basic information. Also "TBA" or "TBD" is not the kind of language that's appropriate in an encyclopedia. If you don't know the date it will be released, don't try to put one. A placeholder like "TBA" is not needed and looks unprofessional/unreliable. When more information about the remastered version is available, such as a release date, box art, and what changes have been made to it, it would probably be worth adding a second infobox to the "Remastered version" section, which is where those release details should go. --IllaZilla (talk) 16:15, 13 January 2016 (UTC)
 * If you would be regarding "every later port or re-release" that would only be a matter of two lines, while only those that are official or significant (like digital releases, retail releases, re-releases under a different publisher) are added. In this case, however, it is a remaster, an official one, and different versions (such as remasters, editions) always get pointed out in the infobox. To that, you removed the "simply titled x" bit from the body, though I put it there to point out that it does not have an extravagant name like "Full Throttle: Newly Remastered Edition", but still that it does have a name and does not just adopt "Full Throttle" as-is. Lordtobi  ( ✉ ) 16:23, 13 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree that the release details of the remastered version should be in the article, I just don't think they should be in the main infobox in the same spot as those about the original version of the game. It leads to clutter and confusion. If the remaster is indeed a different version of the game (I don't know if it will be as substantially altered as the "special editions" of the first two Monkey Island games, but certainly there will be changes made), then its release details should go in a separate spot from the release details of the original. I'm sure once the remaster is released there will be a lot more to say about it, such as what was changed, critical opinions, etc. At that point it would probably be good for the Remaster section to have its own infobox will all of the release details for that version. As to the title, there is no need to point out that it doesn't have an extravagant name, it would only be worth point out if it did. In all likelihood the "remastered" bit will not constitute a new title, but will simply be small text beneath the original title, more a label than a part of the title itself. But I digress...we won't know until cover art and/or the game itself is released, so it's not worth mentioning a title change or lack thereof until better information is available. I will also point out that posting your opinion on the talk page does not entitle you to revert the article to your preferred version. --IllaZilla (talk) 17:08, 13 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Remasters most certainly come with updated compatability, graphics, et cetera, but they are substantially the same game, just another version (as depicted above). And as this presits, the remaster's details are to be added to the infobox. Another good example of this is Hatoful Boyfriend, which received a complete remake in 2014, originally being released in 2011, which was in HD and "good" English. But because it was the same game after all, it remains in the infobox, in that case also with some credits added to it. The game's sequel, which did not contain enough to fill a whole article, is just a subsection but received its of infobox due to being another game, although it uses about 90% of the assets from the first game, has the same developer, same publisher, same engine, et cetera, et cetera. Summing up, Remasters, Special Editions and such do not receive their own infoboxes, while addons or "totally different" versions, do, if they are significant enought. "Totally different" version you ask? Take for example Final Fantasy VII Remake; yes, it is a remake, but look closely: It is full-3D (the original Final Fantasy VII was isometric), has more open worlds, extremely different settings and is a complete redo of the original, the only thing that is the same is the developer and the core story, although highly altered already. This is why it received its own infobox, and in this case due to popularity, its own article. Comming to your remakr about BRD, I did not "revert to my preferred version", what I did was reverting to the version before the start of this discussion, as my two edits were originally a part of aliging it with other Double Fine remasters. Lordtobi  ( ✉ ) 18:19, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

I agree with IllaZilla. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 21:59, 13 January 2016 (UTC)
 * If you agree, please give arguments not already disproven above. Lordtobi  ( ✉ ) 22:11, 13 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Well, regardless of your view of which arguments have been disproven, I think you need to respect the views of other editors. If most editors who have expressed a view disagree with you, then you should not keep reverting them. It would be helpful if you could say whether you edited the article as IP 88.77.124.164 - is that your IP? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 22:20, 13 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't think it worth belaboring the argument, as Lordtobi appears intractable, but I do feel the need to mention that You cannot "disprove" an opinion or, indeed, an argument. You can rebut, you can refute, etc., but you cannot "disprove" someone in a matter that is entirely a difference of opinion, nor is that what consensus-building is about. --IllaZilla (talk) 09:18, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * You can't really tell that telling IllaZilla that what was done is common practice is "my own opinion", since it is (with examples given). He already stated that he is not often editing video game articles, and regarding your recent contributions, you don't either. While I don't want to sound rude, I'd rather like to have people with more experience in video game articles, such as or, to consider this. The fact that you simply reverted my revert is just fueling an edit war, especially without consensus as it was clearly visible that this had gone to the talk page.  Lordtobi  ( ✉ ) 09:23, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't often edit video game articles, but this isn't my first time doing so, and I have 9+ years of Wikipedia experience including a great deal of work on album and film articles, which are of a very similar nature. I'm not a member of the Video Games WikiProject, though, and I've never read discussions that have taken place within that project or regarding the VG infobox, so I don't know the prevailing consensus regarding what details do or don't belong there or what led to those decisions. If you want to point me to some discussions or instructions of that nature that would demonstrate that including all release details of later editions and re-releases is standard practice, I'll gladly read and consider them.
 * I do think that if you compare the VG infobox to those used for albums or films, you'll find that the latter two generally only include details about the original release and not later editions or re-releases, which in my opinion keeps them more succinct and the details more pertinent. Return of the Jedi is one example off the top of my head: It doesn't list the release date of the 1997 special edition in its infobox, even though that was a theatrical re-release and included a number of changes and additions to the film. The Dark Side of the Moon is an example from the world of albums: It's been reissued, remixed, remastered, and re-released a number of times in different formats and editions and through different record labels, yet only the original release details are in the infobox, the rest are described in the article body but not included in the infobox (excepting the 30th anniversary cover art, for which the infobox has a special parameter). Perhaps that is why looking at a video game article like Super Mario Bros. and seeing some 16 different platforms and 30+ release dates spanning some 3 decades all listed in the infobox appears to me to be cluttered and confusing. Cramming in all details for every release subsequent to the original, especially with video games as they are regularly ported and re-released for new platforms, seems, to me, to run counter to the purpose of an infobox.
 * I think these comparisons are worth considering, though I don't expect to change any minds on the subject. It's been my experience that few aspects of articles attract as many heated opinions as infoboxes. Rewrite an article top-to-bottom, as I've more or less done here, and barely a peep is heard, but change anything in an infobox and ire is quickly raised. Infoboxes are not sacrosanct; in a complete and well-written article it is essentially superfluous. --IllaZilla (talk) 10:21, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Speaking of comparision, you are absolutely right. Now look at Hatoful Boyfriend and compare. Deemed to be a "good article", it is definetly notable in comparison. On the Super Mario Bros. article, for cleanup due to very recent guideline changes, the Virtual Console releases would have to be excluded because of them merely being emulations, rather than ports (therefore Virtual Console), but for anything else visible in the infobox, standard practice is generally applied. It does not, however, make sense to compare a video game to, say, a studio album, as they are totally different entities and the guidelines are handeled by another group of people. Also saying here that this not "just any re-release", rather a newly put up version of the still-same game. If you would really take in every different release (non-English regional releases are already cut by consensus), Lego Racers would have to have the 2001 Dice Multi Media release, the 2003 ValuSoft release and the 2007 1+2 Bundled release noted down in the infobox, but it doesn't. It is at the point to differentiate the comparison to one level, why you seemingly haven't found. This is why I would to go with third-party opinions from more experienced video game article editors, such as those stated above. Lordtobi  ( ✉ ) 10:36, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

 * , Lordtobi is right in that current practice is to add almost all non-emulated platform release dates to the infobox (see Infobox video game documentation for specifics). However, I happen to 100% agree with you that it makes little sense—that the infobox shouldn't include more than the original release—but, alas, I am in the minority on that: WT:VG. czar  13:57, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Hey guys, I think you both have some valid points. The main purpose of an infobox, as I understand it, is to provide a quick overview of commonly sought information, avoiding the need for readers to scan through the main body of text. With that in mind, I think including information we don't know in an infobox, such as dates which are TBA, doesn't much align with that purpose and is only marginally useful (unless not knowing a certain fact is itself notable, such as not knowing the perpetrator of a murder); otherwise one could just as well list any of the things we don't yet know about a topic: "Budget: unknown; Composer: unknown", etc. Which I think most would agree would be unhelpful clutter, slowing down the reader in an area intended for quick parsing. I think it more to our purpose as a repository of knowledge to wait for a concrete, citable release date before including one anywhere in the article — not to be forgetting that anything appearing in the infobox should already be included and cited somewhere in the article body. Regarding the inclusion of multiple dates for games released on multiple platforms: this is standard procedure for video game articles, because while it may be more common now, with the advent of digital distribution, historically the possibility of playing a game has largely been dependent on the platforms it's been released on — platforms individually a lot less ubiquitous than televisions, DVD players, or CD players (to compare with films and albums). On top of that, many ports to other platforms can have significant differences depending on their graphical or audio capabilities — different music, different visuals, more or less content, sometimes a completely different style of game. Different enough to warrant their own sections (see Loom, Daikatana), but not yet so different or notable to warrant their own articles or even infoboxes. Regarding the clutter aspect of multiple release dates: this is something we have a guideline for, as you're correct in thinking they can easily clutter the infobox. The infobox documentation recommends the use of collapsible lists if there are many release dates. I also think that spelling out the remaster's title in the article lead is superfluous, as the only addition is the label. Simply mentioning that it is a remaster should be enough detail for the lead. — Quoth (talk) 14:11, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree that TBA dates aren't that usefull to express that something is unknown, however, it might be a good point that it should be included to avoid confusion with people thinking that the remaster also came out in 1995, as there is only one release date. As for the "Full Throttle Remastered" title in the lead, I may stay neutral here since it is also stated in the body. Lordtobi  ( ✉ ) 14:18, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Good points all. Whatever else may or may not end up in the infobox, I remain strongly opposed to including "TBA", "TBD", or any variation thereof. Use of such phrasings as placeholders gives articles an amateurish appearance. If no date is known, none should be listed. In this case simply saying "2016" would suffice, as that much has been announced; an exact date can be added once one is confirmed. --IllaZilla (talk) 17:18, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Seems fine to me, the "TBA" shall be the descision of the remaining parties. Lordtobi  ( ✉ ) 17:21, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

Reception stuff
I see that this article is getting close to GA status, barring the thin Reception section. So here's a PC Magazine review for Full Throttle. The Computer Gaming World review can be found here, and the PC Gamer US review is here. I think I have Electronic Gaming Monthly and Next Generation reviews in my magazine collection, which I'd be more than happy to scan. Looks like the NextGen review is already in the article body, but the score seems to be missing. JimmyBlackwing (talk) 12:37, 28 February 2017 (UTC) CGW feature on Hell on Wheels:. JimmyBlackwing (talk) 15:57, 4 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I was going to ask if someone had some of these old reviews! --Teancum (talk) 14:26, 28 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Perfect. I'll scan the reviews from my magazines tomorrow—please ping me if I forget, as I've got a lot on my plate and a habit of forgetting tasks! JimmyBlackwing (talk) 06:35, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I dug through my magazines, and it looks like EGM didn't review it, even though MobyGames claims they did. Oh well. Still, here's the Next Generation review for the Macintosh version: Next Generation #12, December 1995, page 195. I also dug up MacWorld's review here (for reference, MacWorld rated on a 5 star scale, so this is a 4/5 score). JimmyBlackwing (talk) 03:17, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I've added as much as I felt I could from the magazine reviews. Thanks so much for posting it. It's still tough to flesh out that section, but I think it's a vast improvement. --Teancum (talk) 15:12, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Preview of Hell on Wheels from Computer Games Magazine: . JimmyBlackwing (talk) 02:54, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

Source

 * https://archive.org/details/gamelivepc042/page/n27
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20060509155847/http://www.pcgames.de/?product_id=25521
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20030419093631/http://www.adventuregamers.com/gameinfo.php?id=129
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19970713191706/http://www.newmedia.com:80/NewMedia/95/09/screens/Full_Throttle.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20160322202625/http://scans.roushimsx.com/PCGamer_1994_10_pg008.jpg - https://web.archive.org/web/20160322230933/http://scans.roushimsx.com/PCGamer_1994_10_pg010.jpg
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20160322184523/http://scans.roushimsx.com/CGSP_1995_08_pg060.jpg
 * -, , , , ,
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20030514174415/http://www.elecplay.com:80/feature.html?article=10626&page=8#mr_toppy
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19961018182809fw_/http://www.nuke.com:80/cgr/news/1995/oct1.htm
 * https://archive.org/stream/RogueLeadersTheHistoryOfLucasArts/Rogue%20Leaders%20the%20history%20of%20Lucas%20Arts#page/n53
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20030408032907/http://www.playerofgames.com:80/articles/index.php?id=55
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20030812082217/http://www.lucasarts.com/press/releases/59.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20031026063954/http://adventuregamers.com/newsarchives.php?start=101
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20031021144358/http://adventuregamers.com/newsarchives.php?start=76
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20031026190326/http://adventuregamers.com:80/newsarchives.php?start=126

Mac release date
I doubt the Mac version was released at the same time as the DOS version since the reviews are from 96. Inside Mac Games September 1995 issue supposedly contains "Sneak Peek" of Full Throttle (and maybe the release date) but I can't figure out how to read old Mac CDs in Windows 10. Mika1h (talk) 19:45, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Full Throttle (1995 video game)


text:
Defence Judge Advocate Corps (Denmark)

The Military Prosecution Service or Judge Advocate General's Corps (Forsvarets Auditørkorps, short FAUK) is a Danish independent military prosecutor and the legal branch of the Danish military. It is a Level.I command and is under the Ministry of Defence. The Judge Advocate General (Generalauditør) heads the Defence Judge Advocate Corps. It is located at Kastellet in Copenhagen.

The Judge Advocate General and Judge Advocates are members of the military system, but outside the military rank system. The Chief of Defence, otherwise the commander of all Danish military personnel, does not have authority over Judge advocates prosecutors.

In a military criminal case the Defence Judge Advocate Corps conducts investigation and decides whether or not a charge should be brought up.

title: Defence Judge Advocate Corps (Denmark)