text:
Jackson Airport

Jackson Airport may refer to:

 * Jackson Municipal Airport, Alabama in Jackson, Alabama, United States
 * Jackson Municipal Airport, Minnesota in Jackson, Minnesota, United States
 * Jackson County Airport (disambiguation)
 * Jackson Hole Airport, Wyoming, USA
 * Jacksons International Airport, Papua New Guinea
 * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, USA
 * Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Georgia, USA
 * Jackson McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport, Jackson, Tennessee, USA

title: Jackson Airport


text: Template:Guimaras

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Guimaras


text:
Feed (Anderson novel)

Feed (2002) is a cyberpunk, satirical, dystopian, young-adult novel by M. T. Anderson, focusing on issues such as corporate power, consumerism, information technology, data mining, and environmental decline, with a sometimes sardonic, sometimes somber tone. From the first-person perspective of a teenaged boy, the book takes place in a near-futuristic American culture completely dominated by advertising and corporate exploitation, corresponding to the enormous popularity of internetworking brain implants called feeds.

Context
The novel portrays a near-future in which the feednet, a huge computer network (apparently an advanced form of the Internet), is directly connected to the brains of about 73% of American citizens by an implanted device called a feed. The feed allows people: to mentally access vast digital databases (individually called "sites"); to experience shareable virtual-reality phenomena (including entertainment programs, music, and even others' memories); to continually interact with intrusive corporations in a personal preference-based way; and to communicate telepathically on closed channels with others who also have feeds (a feature called m-chatting).

In the book's setting, the natural environment is deteriorating, with natural clouds having been replaced by trademarked Clouds™, and many parents have their children custom-designed. The corporations responsible for the feed have immense power and even run the school system, which is now known as School™. Throughout the book, corporations appear to hold the true power in the United States, leading to the destruction of the environment and leaving the president virtually helpless as the Global Alliance, a coalition of other countries, begins contemplating war with the U.S.

Synopsis
Titus and his thrill-seeking teenaged friends meet teen girl Violet Durn, whose critically questioning attitude is completely new to the others. While at a club, a man from an anti-feed organization hacks all of their feeds. They wake up in a hospital to find, for the first time in most of their lives, that their feeds are unavailable: partially deactivated while under repair. During their recovery, Violet and Titus become sweethearts. Eventually, their feeds are repaired enough for them to return to Earth; however, Violet's feed is not completely fixed.

One day, Violet reveals her idea of resisting the feed to Titus. She plans to show interest in a wide and random assortment of products to prevent the corporations that control the feed from developing a reliable consumer profile of her. The two go to the mall and create wild consumer profiles, by requesting information on certain random items, then not buying them. Later, Violet realizes that someone has been accessing her personal information through her dreams; this soon becomes a normal occurrence for many feed users. Violet calls FeedTech customer service but receives no help. Later, she tells Titus that her feed has been severely malfunctioning, and she may even die, having had the feed installed later in life (and so with greater accompanying risk). Due to her deteriorating feed, various parts of Violet's body are shutting down. Throughout the novel, there is also a presence of lesions appearing on the characters' bodies. At first it is something they hide, but eventually, the lesions turn into a trend. Violet, disgusted with this latest fashion, declares that everyone has become the feed. After this outburst, she collapses and is taken to the hospital.

As a side effect of the malfunction, Violet loses memories of the year before she got the feed installed. To avoid losing more memories, she makes large virtual records of things she can remember. She sends them to Titus for safekeeping, but, not knowing how to emotionally handle this burden, Titus deletes them. Violet's body parts continue shutting down. She and her father cannot afford repairs, so they petition FeedTech for assistance.

Meanwhile, an environmental disaster affecting Mexico causes the Global Alliance to prepare to go to war with the United States. Titus drives to Violet's house. He falls asleep shortly after arriving, but, while he sleeps, Violet shares her bad news with Titus in the form of memory: FeedTech has decided not to help Violet because of her bizarre and unreliable customer profile. That weekend, Violet comes to Titus's house to ask him to go with her to the mountains. He is reluctant at first but ultimately agrees. While in the mountains, Violet makes it clear she wants to have sex with Titus, but he refuses because he feels like it would be like having sex with a zombie. They begin arguing and eventually part. On the way home, Violet's arm stops working and when she arrives home her leg fails as well. Titus drives away. The next day, Violet apologizes to Titus via feed, but Titus does not answer.

Several months later, Titus receives a message from Violet's father saying that Violet wanted Titus to know when it was "all over". He informs him that the time has come. Titus goes to Violet's house, where she lies in a coma, barely still alive. Her father blames Titus and shows him memories of parts of her body and brain shutting down and the pain she experienced. He then sarcastically tells Titus to be with "the Eloi". Titus asks what that means, but Violet's father refuses to answer, telling him to look it up. They fight, and Titus goes home. In an act of grief, he sits on his floor naked and orders the same pair of jeans continuously over the feed until he is entirely out of "credit", which is their form of currency.

Two days later, Titus goes to visit Violet again. He tells her any stories he can find in the information available through his feed. Finally, he tells her the story of their relationship in the form of a movie trailer. The book ends with Violet's life systems becoming progressively weaker, and the feed ironically repeating the advertising slogan "Everything Must Go" in progressively smaller font.

Characters
The narrator Titus is the teenage son of an upper-middle-class family. For the most part, he is content with his consumerist lifestyle. When he meets Violet, Titus begins to help her "resist the feed", but ultimately abandons this project as he gives in to peer pressure and the alluring advertisements. Titus was genetically designed to look like Delglacey Murdoch, a two-star actor.
 * Titus

Violet is Titus's girlfriend throughout the majority of the novel. She was raised by her eccentric father and was homeschooled. Violet did not get a feed until she was seven, unlike Titus and his friends, whose feeds were implanted when they were infants. Violet views the feed negatively, different from Titus and his friends. She also comes from a lower-middle-class background.
 * Violet Durn

Link is one of Titus's friends. He is described as being very tall and physically unsightly. His family is also depicted as much wealthier than Titus's family. Link is a clone of Abraham Lincoln and lives in a gated community. Calista and Quendy compete for his attention throughout the book.
 * Lincoln "Link" Arwaker

Another of Titus's friends, Marty is described as being good at any game. He is loud and obnoxious at times. At the end of the novel, Marty purchases the "Nike speech tattoo", causing him to insert the word "Nike" into all of his sentences.
 * Marty

Calista is Link's girlfriend throughout most of the novel. She is the ring leader of the group of girls and was the first to get "cosmetic" lesions. Confrontational and outspoken, she instigates a major fight she and the other characters have with Violet.
 * Calista

Loga and Titus used to be sweethearts. By the start of the book, the relationship has ended, but they are still friends. Loga is the only one of Titus's circle of friends who is not hacked at the Rumble Spot.
 * Loga

Quendy tries to replicate Calista. She tends to be jealous and ever-competing with Calista for attention from Link and the group. After Calista has lesions cut into the back of her neck, Quendy takes the trend to the next level and has lesions cut all over her body in an act of competition. At the end of the novel, Titus and Quendy become sweethearts.
 * Quendy

Steve is depicted as obsessed with both consumerist desires and status. He works for a corporation, somewhere in the realm of banking, and buys Titus an upcar. Towards the finish of the novel, it is exposed that Steve is possibly having an affair with a woman he works with based on a video from his business trip.
 * Titus's father (Steve)

Titus's mother works in the area of Design. Titus expresses a lack of knowledge towards what either of his parents do for a living.
 * Titus's mother

His real name is never given, and he is referred to by Titus exclusively as "Smell Factor" throughout the story. Often Smell Factor is entranced by his feed. Having no idea of what is going on around him, he shouts out random phrases with no relevance to any given situation.
 * Titus's kid brother ("Smell Factor")

Along with Violet, her father also has a different kind of feed, referred to as "Feedpack". His feed is much different in that it is a detached backpack with virtual glasses. He is a college professor who uses words most of the characters are unfamiliar with and often frustrates those trying to communicate with him. He teaches programming languages in a historical context. Violet's father is not as wealthy as Titus's parents. Although he was able to afford to send Violet to the moon, he was unable to afford the cost of visiting her when her feed was hacked.
 * Violet's father

Style
The novel contains heavy satire of the consumerist and corporate United States. Anderson presents a futuristic sociocultural downfall of the United States, portraying a deterioration of language and thought through the voice of Titus. As the readers are often denied detailed descriptions of the main characters, Anderson creates a sense of apathy and hopelessness in the character's thoughts and actions.

Anderson presents the novel in a first-person narrative through the perspective of Titus. Significant to Anderson's narrative agenda, Titus is often presented as an unlikeable and unpredictable character. The reader is positioned to feel as though they can not rely on Titus's view of the world, as it is often skewed by media, friends, family, and temporarily by Violet. Titus's perspective also plays an important role in explaining the conditions of society—he speaks in the contemporary vernacular, expresses apathy towards the political events, and detests learning anything beyond what is required of him in School™. In spite of this, Violet observes that Titus is also the only person amongst his peers to use metaphor, indicating that in spite of his apparent emptiness and vacuity, his perception of the world is somewhat more advanced than that of most other people in this reality.

Another characteristic of Anderson's writing in Feed is his ability to create authentic adolescent voices. Through this sometimes humorous technique, Anderson critiques the negative effects of a loss of independent thought in terms of the character's deteriorating morality.

In addition, the story's text interrupts the narrative with commercials for consumer products, Feedcasts, pop songs, and news snippets. The constant media/consumerist presence positions readers to analyze how adolescents are exposed to consumerism. Eventually, Anderson alludes to America being fired upon with nuclear weapons by the Global Alliance for its industrial crimes. This element lends to the apathetic characterization of the teens in the novel as well as causes the reader to question the moral complexities to understanding a consumerist, globalized world.

Language
Even with the quick information access provided by the feed, the vocabularies of characters present in the novel are minimal, though full of futuristic slang. Anderson's use of language mirrors the slang of today's "youth culture", and familiarizes the reader with the likeness between the characters' mode of communicating and the present state of communication of the reader. The degradation of language and heavy use of slang is not only a matter of youth, but also present in the speech of Titus's parents. The novel offers comment on the language use of adults and proves, through examination of Titus's parents, that the adults possess an immature worldview.

Throughout the novel, Anderson emphasizes his created slang and adolescent vocabulary specific to the society in Feed. This extreme emphasis on the nature of the teens' language use corresponds with the theme of the dangers of overpowering consumerism. Even the word choice that characterizes the slang used in the novel carries undertones of advertisements, purchases, and corporation power.

 * banquet: when preceded by a noun referring to an idea or feeling, used particularly to express an abundance of that idea or feeling. For example, a shame banquet, dump banquet, or guilt banquet.
 * big: (as an adverb) "very" or "very much"; (as an adjective) "fun."
 * bonesprocket: a spoilsport.
 * boyf and girlf: literally, "boyfriend" and "girlfriend."
 * brag: awesome, amazing, or "cool."
 * chat: see m-chatting (a sub-bullet under feed).
 *  Clouds™: clouds (apparently now owned or produced entirely by corporations).
 * conceptionarium: a place where children are designed and developed (outside of women's bodies) from embryos into babies.
 * da da da: analogous to "blah blah blah."
 * feed: a device implanted in the brains of most individuals (at least in the United States)— which is fused with their biological functions— instantly giving them the ability to mentally access and share vast knowledge bases and personal psychological experiences with others who also have feeds
 * banner: any audio-visual advertisement experienced in the mind of a person with a feed. They may even appear during sleep while the individual is dreaming.
 * feednet: the system of interconnected networks accessed by a person's feed.
 * m-chatting or, simply, chatting: a feature of the feed that allows users to send other users complex linguistic thoughts and feelings in one's mind alone; thus, a form of completely non-behavioral and nonverbal communication. (Throughout the book, m-chatting is represented using italics, as opposed to verbal dialogue which uses quotation marks.)
 * malfunction: a state in which one's feed is temporarily destabilized, causing disorienting feelings and a euphoric high (similar to being intoxicated). For a psychological thrill or recreational reasons, many people with a feed voluntarily go to sites that induce malfunction. To malfunction is also known throughout the novel by many other slang terms, usually  to be/go in mal, but also the following: to be raked, to be jazzed, to fugue, going fugue, getting scrambled, and doing the quivers
 * freestyle: used as a noun or adverb to refer to sexual intercourse; in particular, conceiving a child without using assisted reproductive technology. Due to the environmental damage, this type of conception is nearly non-existent in the novel's setting.
 * junktube: a household tube that transports waste to an incinerator; an invention that has apparently succeeded the waste container.
 * limp: "uncool" or unexciting.
 * meg: an all-purpose intensifier meaning (as an adverb) "very" and (as an adjective) "awesome/amazing" or "huge/substantial." Presumably an adaptation of the real-world English slang term mega.
 * " No wrong": a figure of speech meaning "Don't worry" or "No worries."
 * null: boring, bored, or uninterested.
 * prong: erection.
 * "re: (someone or something)": literally, "regarding (someone or something)." For example, "Is this re: Violet?" means "Is this about/regarding Violet?"
 * School™: the educational institution that has replaced state schooling; now privatized by corporations that teach students how to be better consumers using mostly holographic teachers.
 * skeeze: used as a noun or verb to mean "flirt."
 * skip: (adjective) happy, pleased, or satisfied.
 * the spit: (often, the big spit): a popular fashion or trend.
 * squeam: squeamish.
 * squelch: (adjective) sullied, messy or dirty; (verb) to sully something or to get something dirty.
 * to be with: (intransitive verb) to be ready and willing to participate.
 * to do (something) slalom: to weave between obstacles in a zigzag pattern.
 * unit: a word used as a friendly, slang title to address individual persons, the way teens in real life might address their friends as "dude," "man," "guy," or "girl," or as an interjection also the way real-life teens use the word "dude." An occasional female variation is unette. (A possible play on the corporate perspective of the population as mere pawns in their capitalist agenda.)
 * upcar: a car that flies, especially using tubes (rather than roads) and having an autopilot feature. The original vehicle known as the car is referred to in the novel by the retronym down car.
 * " What's doing?": a phrase meaning "What's happening?" both literally and as an idiomatic colloquialism or greeting.
 * youch: physically attractive: i.e. "hot" or "sexy."
 * ?: the question mark has much broader usage as a punctuation mark in the writing of the novel's fictional universe than in ours. In addition to a question, the symbol "?" represents a speaker's tone when the speaker is wondering whether the listener is comprehending, or when the speaker is expressing rhetorical disbelief, doubt, or a guess.

Consumerism
Anderson depicts the failing futuristic society as an outcome of constant consumerist influence through his characters' dialogue, thoughts, and description of their surrounding environment. His comment on the disintegration of the natural environment aligns with the disposable representation of consumerist desire. The environmental state is presented as the fault of consumerism, as it leads to the characters' lack of political awareness. Anderson shows the characters' complete obliviousness to the dangers of trademarked clouds, meat walls, and toxic oceans, as a result of their feed. The deteriorating environment exemplifies the characters' dependence on consumerism for their sense of identity.

As the novel progresses, the illusion of consumer gratification is represented directly through the girls' near-hourly trips to the bathroom to keep up with the hairstyle and fashion trends. The girls' identity is absent without their ability to adhere to trends and current styles, furthering Anderson's point of dehumanization through a consumerist society. Also highlighted is Anderson's display of a nagging presence of advertisements and propaganda, endlessly directing the characters toward their next purchase.

Titus and his friends receive consumerist influence from constant ad flows through their feeds as well as their buyer's education from School™. The feed itself is considered a tool for education, but it is controlled by major corporations with the intent of creating consumer profiles. In this sense, it is simply another outlet for the consumerist narrative of the novel. Most evident of the feed's anti-education objective is Titus's apparent lack of skills in reading and writing, and his sparse vocabulary. This reinforces the idea that critical thinking is not a necessity in the interest of the corporations.

Reception
Feed has received the following accolades:
 * Finalist 2002 National Book Award for Young People's Literature
 * Honor 2003 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award for Fiction
 * Winner 2003 Golden Duck Awards Hal Clement Award for Young Adults
 * Nominee 2005–2006 Green Mountain Book Award

In 2020, Feed landed the 68th spot on the American Library Association's list of most commonly banned and challenged books in the United States between 2010 and 2019.

The New Zealand singer Lorde claims that Feed influenced her when she was writing the criticalaly aclaimed album Pure Heroine.

title: Feed (Anderson novel)


text: Template:Ifugao

title: Template:Ifugao


text: Template:Ilocos Norte

title: Template:Ilocos Norte


text: Template:Ilocos Sur

title: Template:Ilocos Sur


text: Template:Kalinga

title: Template:Kalinga


text: Template:Lanao del Norte

title: Template:Lanao del Norte


text: Template:Lanao del Sur

title: Template:Lanao del Sur


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Marvel Database Project

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 19:46, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Marvel Database Project
Was nominated as a speedy, but I think it's worthy of a Vfd process. Personally, while I'm not interested in the contents, I think a non-commercial website and a wiki deserves more consideration than being deleted as an advert. No vote.-gadfium 06:12, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I haven't noticed any other wikicites-type projects writing advertisment pages for themselves, I think it would be best to include an external link on the Marvel page, and redirect this to Marvel --nixie 12:15, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I was that one that originally tagged this with speedy deletion. The website this article refers to is fairly new, has no notability, and shouldn't be confused with well-established sites such as marveldirectory.com.  It came to my attention when the creator spammed his website to about 60 comicbook articles.  The website it refers to looks impressive, but is an empty shell devoid of content. --NormanEinstein 16:13, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, marvelcruft. ComCat 06:35, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Template:Isabela

title: Template:Isabela


text: Template:Leyte

title: Template:Leyte


text: Template:Maguindanao

title: Template:Maguindanao


text: Template:Marinduque

title: Template:Marinduque


text:
Granite Belt

The Granite Belt is an area of the Great Dividing Range in the Darling Downs region of Queensland and the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. The Granite Belt is centred on the town of Stanthorpe. The cool, high country of the granite belt is located on Queensland's southern border. It is the northernmost part of the New England Tablelands.

The area gains its name from the predominantly granite rocks that distinguish it from other areas that make up much of South East Queensland. The Granite Belt is known for its spectacular flowers, and produces virtually all of Queensland's $40 million apple crop from one million trees grown by 55 orchardists.

The area also lies within the Southern Downs region. Including the town of Warwick, the region has a population of 32,600 people. The major river in the region is the Condamine River, a tributary of the Murray River.

Climate
The Granite Belt has a subtropical highland climate that shares similarities to a typical oceanic climate. Under the Köppen climate classification system this would be called a Cfb climate. It is distinguished by its elevation, which makes it the coldest part of Queensland. Being amongst the highest altitude viticultural regions in Australia, it is an ideal climate for grapes, apples, stone fruit and many other fruits and vegetables with the exception of a tendency for hail. Winter months can be very cold on the Granite Belt, and night-time frost is very common. Bleak, overcast conditions on rare occasions bring hail, sleet, and snow. The area has received significant snowfalls in 1984, 2007 and 2015. Situated at between 680 m to over 1200 m above sea level, the altitude is the main controlling factor for the climate. The elevation creates a climate of four distinct seasons on the Granite Belt.

The area is a popular tourist destination, particularly for the short-break drive market from South East Queensland and northern New South Wales. The boom in wine tourism has been a key driver, and while winter is popular, the region benefits from being a cool contrast to coastal humidity in the summer. Despite spring frosts and variable soils Granite Belt grapes and wines are considered high quality.

Soils
The regions soils are derived from the parent rocks of Ruby Creek Granite and Stanthorpe Adamellite that form the northern section of the New England Batholith. They are typically sandy loam to clay loam surface soils with clay or parent rock at depth.

Towns
The town of Dalveen is in the north of the Granite Belt. Other villages include Applethorpe, Amiens, Ballandean, Glen Aplin, Passchendaele, Thulimbah, Pozieres, and Wallangarra, in the south at the border with New South Wales. Liston is a small village in New South Wales that is considered part of the Granite Belt.

Attractions
Stanthorpe and the surrounding Granite Belt and Granite Highlands area of South East Queensland and Northern New South Wales are the centre of a booming winery and national parks tourist destination. There are more than 50 wineries in the Granite Belt area. The Granite Belt national parks are Girraween, Bald Rock, Sundown, and Boonoo Boonoo. The region operates its own wine and tourism marketing body named Granite Belt Wine Country.

There is a wide range of restaurants, accommodation places and other tourist venues. Backpacking is popular and there is large demand for fruit and vegetable pickers from November until May each year. The area is Queensland's premier wine region and home to the Queensland College of Wine Tourism. Many of the fifty-plus wineries in the region have enjoyed significant success with Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Chardonnay for some years. Recently Verdelho has performed very well and many wineries are experimenting with alternative grape varieties, including Nebbiolo, Sangiovese and Petit verdot. Part of the Granite Belt is reserved as Girraween National Park, which features granite outcroppings such as the Pyramids, and an abundance of fauna and flora. 'Girraween' can be translated as "place of flowers" in the Aboriginal language from which it is taken. The latter are particularly in evidence in spring, when wildflowers explode into evidence. The area is home to at least 800 species of flowering plants. The botanical group known as the Stanthorpe Rare Flower Consortium has been established as a result of the region's significant floral heritage. Some of these plants include ground orchids, rock roses, pea-flowers and native bluebells.

Further east towards the coast is the Bald Rock National Park and Boonoo Boonoo National Park. Towards the west of the district is the Sundown National Park. The granite boulders of the region attract rock-climbers, and bush-walkers like to explore the little-known Underground River.

The possibility of experiencing snow on the ground in Queensland is another tourist attraction for the region.

History
The district was first inhabited by the Githabul peoples. These Indigenous people groups inhabited the land for ten's of thousands of years prior to European exploration and settlement. European settlement began when the land was first explored by Allan Cunningham in 1827. Cunninghams Gap and the Cunningham Highway were named after him.

A number of large pastoral stations were established in the region:
 * 1840: Ballandean Run (194 sqmi) by Robert Ramsay Mackenzie
 * 1842: Maryland Run (360 sqmi) with a capacity of 24,000 sheep by Matthew Henry Marsh
 * 1843: Pikedale Run (288 sqmi) with a capacity of 24,000 sheep by Captain Pike
 * 1844: Glen Lyon Run (171 sqmi) by Alexander McLeod
 * 1860: Folkestone Run (201 sqmi) by Matthew Henry Marsh
 * Nundubbermere Run
 * Pike's Creek Run
 * Terrica Run
 * Waroo Run

During the following decade, mining of gold, copper and tin brought permanent European settlement to the district.

In 1881, the railway to Warwick was extended to Stanthorpe and then to the border in 1887, when Wallangarra was established.

The countryside around the Granite Belt, after World War I, was given to some returning soldiers as gifts or payment for their services in the war. As such, many of the rural districts are named after battles that took place in France, such as Amiens and Pozieres. These places were, at one point, rather busy and well-populated, but as Stanthorpe grew and returned soldiers grew frustrated with farming, the districts eventually died as many families left. In some places, where there were once Blue Nurse outposts and many stores, all that remain are small primary schools, while in other districts the post-war past remains only in the name.

The region's first wine grapes were planted in 1965.

title: Granite Belt


text: Template:Masbate

title: Template:Masbate


text:
Talk:Stephen LaBerge

History
Does anyone have any personal info about him? age, birthdate / birth location, that sort of thing etc —Preceding unsigned comment added by L-Tyrosine (talk • contribs) 17:29, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Elucidate the lucid techniques
"He developed techniques to enable himself and other researchers to enter a lucid dream state at will, most notably the MILD technique (mnemonic induction of lucid dreams), which was used in many forms of dream experimentation." Perhaps it would be best to explain what MILD is? Worldlelvr (talk) 07:07, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stephen LaBerge


text:
Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.

Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496 (1941), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court determined that it was appropriate for United States federal courts to abstain from hearing a case in order to allow state courts to decide substantial Constitutional issues that touch upon sensitive areas of state social policy.

This form of abstention allows state courts to correct things like equal protection violations for themselves, thus avoiding the embarrassment of having state policy corrected by the federal courts. Under Pullman abstention, the federal court retains jurisdiction to hear the case if the state court's resolution is still constitutionally suspect.

Facts
The Railroad Commission of Texas, an administrative agency in Texas issued an order requiring sleeping cars on trains to be staffed by conductors (who were white) instead of by porters (who were black). The railroad and the Pullman Company, as well as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, sued, alleging a violation of Fourteenth Amendment equal protection. The case was initially considered by a three-judge panel of one Circuit Court judge and two local District Court judges, who held that the agency action violated the law of Texas. The case was appealed directly to the Supreme Court.

Issue
Although the parties did not raise the issue before the United States Supreme Court, this case presented an opportunity for the Court to discuss whether it was appropriate for the United States District Court to grant relief, when the suit could have been brought in a state court in Texas.

Result
The Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Frankfurter, noted that there are a number of reasons that this case should not be heard by a federal court.
 * Although federal courts may often be called upon to interpret the law of a state, they are really just guessing at the conclusions a state court would arrive at when confronted by the same question.
 * Furthermore, although this case presents a substantial constitutional issue, federal courts must not get into sensitive area of state social policy unless they have to. Therefore, the court concluded that the issue should be sent back to the state courts to see if the state courts can find some reason that the administrative order is invalid under state law.

Later developments
Through a number of later decisions, courts clarified that in order for Pullman abstention to be invoked, three conditions must be apparent:
 * 1)  The case presents both state grounds and federal constitutional grounds for relief;
 * 2)  The proper resolution of the state ground for the decision is unclear; and
 * 3)  The disposition of the state ground could obviate adjudication of the federal constitutional ground.

The mechanics of employing the doctrine were refined in Government and Civil Employees Organizing Committee, CIO v. Windsor, and England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners. The first case held that when the issue is brought before the state court, the parties must inform the state court that a federal constitutional claim is involved—otherwise, the state court might not take that into account when interpreting the law of the state. The second case held that the parties could nonetheless reserve the right to have the federal constitutional claim adjudicated in the federal court.

title: Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.


text: Template:Misamis Occidental

title: Template:Misamis Occidental


text: Template:Misamis Oriental

title: Template:Misamis Oriental


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quietude

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 19:50, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Quietude
This was previously nominated for deletion as a dicdef (I moved that nomination to Votes for deletion/Quietude/archive1, hope that's correct procedure) and the consensus was to transwiki. As this has since been transwikied to Wiktionary, I propose deletion. --Dmcdevit 06:19, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I was surpried that this is a real word, there is probably not much possibility for this to be expanded beyond a dic def, so I vote delete--nixie 12:18, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete can't be expanded. (CHeck if history has been transwikied before deletion. Mgm|(talk) 14:36, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * See the talk page (that's where history goes) for Wiktionary:Transwiki:Quietude.--Dmcdevit 16:23, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Eliza Taylor

Eliza Jane Morley ( Taylor-Cotter; born 24 October 1989 ), known professionally as Eliza Taylor, is an Australian actress. She is best known for her roles as Janae Timmins on the Australian soap opera drama Neighbours (2005–2008), as Clarke Griffin on the dystopian science fiction series The 100 (2014–2020), and as Hannah Carson in the NBC science fiction series Quantum Leap (2022–2024).

Early life
Taylor was born in Melbourne and has three siblings: two sisters and one brother. Her mother is an author and a graphic designer, and her stepfather was a stand-up comedian, while her biological father used to own cafés around Melbourne. She wanted to be a marine biologist growing up.

2003–2013: Career beginnings and Neighbours
After a lead role in Pirate Islands, Taylor starred as Rosie Cartwright in The Sleepover Club in 2003. She transitioned to mature audience programs with a guest role on Blue Heelers in 2004.

Taylor got her big breakthrough in the Australian soap opera Neighbours in 2005. She secured the role of Janae Timmins after previously appearing in a guest role in 2003. Taylor had originally auditioned for the role of Lana Crawford, however, actress Bridget Neval was eventually cast. In 2007, Nell Feeney and Sianoa Smit-McPhee, who play Taylor's on-screen mother Janelle Timmins and sister Bree Timmins, were written out by executive producer Ric Pellizzeri, but it was confirmed that they wanted Taylor to remain in the serial as Janae. Later that year, Taylor decided to quit the serial to pursue other projects such as pantomime and a further career in the US. One of her reasons was that all of her on-screen family had been written out and new cast members gave the serial the feel of a different place, adding: "It just didn't feel like the family that I joined when I started three years ago". Taylor finished filming her final studio scenes in 2007 and her final episode was screened on 8 February 2008. In 2007, she was nominated for Best Female at the Inside Soap Awards.

She portrayed Snow White in a Christmas pantomime of Snow White from 19 December 2007 to 6 January 2008 in Weymouth Pavilion, England. In 2009, she was in an episode of All Saints and filmed a short drama-comedy movie called The Laundromat. Taylor also filmed a role in the horror movie 6 Plots. She later filmed the pilot of Winners & Losers.

2014–2020: The 100

On 1 March 2013, it was announced that Taylor had been cast as lead character Clarke Griffin in the new post-apocalyptic science fiction drama series The 100 on The CW. The series premiered on Wednesday, 19 March 2014 at 9:00 p.m. Explaining how she got the part in the series, Taylor said: "'I didn't actually audition. I'd been living in LA for about a month and my credit card was stolen and all my money was taken – spent at Home Depot, which was great – and I was ready to pack my bags and go back to Australia because I didn't know how I was going to survive in LA any longer and then I got a call from my manager to say that an audition I'd done months ago for a film had been looked at by the producers of this TV show called The 100 and they wanted me to go in for a reading the next day. So I read the script that night and loved it and went in for the meeting the next day and got the role. Before I knew it I was on a plane to Vancouver to shoot the pilot and my whole life changed.'"

In 2014, Taylor starred as Sarah in the thriller film The November Man.

For her role in The 100, Taylor was nominated for Choice TV Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy at the Teen Choice Awards from 2015 to 2018.

In 2017, Taylor starred as Kat Carter in a thriller-drama film Thumper. The same year, she starred as Ellen Langford in the Netflix Christmas romantic comedy-drama film Christmas Inheritance.

2021–present: Recent work
In 2021, Taylor directed two music videos: "Vices" by Sarah and the Sundays, in which she also had an acting role, and "Bad Posture" by Abby Anderson.

In 2022, Taylor appeared in the guest role of Doctor Villka in The Orville episode "From Unknown Graves".

In 2023, Taylor and Morley star together as Julie and Marcus in the sci-fi thriller I'll Be Watching. She is also an executive producer. The film was released on digital platforms. The same year, Taylor is an executive producer and stars as Ruby Allen in the independent romantic comedy It Only Takes a Night. The film was also released on digital platforms.

In October same year, Taylor is playing the role of Hannah Carson in Quantum Leap as a new series regular in season 2.

Personal life

On 7 June 2019, Taylor announced on Twitter that she had married Bob Morley, her co-star on The 100. Taylor and Morley were originally set to direct episodes for the seventh and final season of The 100. However, Taylor was unable to direct her episode due to suffering from a miscarriage. On 20 March 2022, they announced the birth of their first child, a son.

In 2024, on Tommy Didario's podcast 'I’ve Never Said This Before', in an interview along with her husband Bob, Eliza talked about her long dark year struggling with postpartum depression.

title: Eliza Taylor


text: Template:Mountain Province

title: Template:Mountain Province


text: Template:Negros Occidental

title: Template:Negros Occidental


text: Template:Northern Samar

title: Template:Northern Samar


text:
Robert L. Swann (comptroller of Maryland)

Robert L. Swann (born December 4, 1935) served as comptroller of the State of Maryland in the United States. He was appointed to the position following the death of his long-serving predecessor, Louis L. Goldstein, in July 1998 and served until January 1999, when former Governor William Donald Schaefer took office after having won the November 1998 election. Swann retired from state service in 1999 after 39 years in the comptroller's office.

Swann went on to serve as a Calvert County commissioner from 2000 through 2002. He was a member of the Executive Board of the Tri-County Council for Southern Maryland from 1999 through 2007 and served as interim executive director of the Council in 2000 and 2006. He has served as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Calvert Marine Museum, president of the Friends of Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum, chairman of the Board of Directors of the Asbury-Solomons Retirement Center and secretary of the Patuxent Partnership. He is a member of the Executive Board and past president of the Solomons Civic Association. He is a life member and past commodore of the Solomons Island Yacht Club. He has served on the Vestry of his church, Middleham-St.Peters Episcopal Parish. He is a past president of the Calvert County Sportsman's Club, member of Post 88, 29th Infantry Division Association, member of Calvert Elks Lodge Post 2620 and was the first President of the Calvert County Fire and Rescue Association.

Swann was the recipient of the Patterson Prize in recognition of his support for the establishment of the Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum in Calvert County. In 1999, he was named State Employee of the year by the Maryland Chapter of the American Society for Public Administration. This award recognizes an employee's single outstanding accomplishment or sustained high quality of performance over a significant period of time in State of Maryland government service.

He resides with his wife, Dorothy DeBoy Swann in Solomons Island, Maryland.


text: Template:Nueva Ecija

title: Template:Nueva Ecija


text: Category:Comptrollers of Maryland

title: Category:Comptrollers of Maryland


text: Template:Nueva Vizcaya

title: Template:Nueva Vizcaya


text: Template:Occidental Mindoro

title: Template:Occidental Mindoro


text: Template:Oriental Mindoro

title: Template:Oriental Mindoro


text: Template:Palawan

title: Template:Palawan


text: Template:Pampanga

title: Template:Pampanga


text: Template:Pangasinan

title: Template:Pangasinan


text: Template:Quezon

title: Template:Quezon


text:
White-tailed trogon

The white-tailed trogon (Trogon chionurus) is a near passerine bird in the trogon family. It is found in tropical humid forests of the Chocó, ranging from Panama, through western Colombia, to western Ecuador. It was formerly considered a subspecies of T. viridis, which is widespread in South America east of the Andes, but under the English name white-tailed trogon (a name now reserved for T. chionurus, leaving T. viridis as the green-backed trogon).

Description
This relatively large trogon is 28 to 30 cm long. As most trogons, it is strongly sexually dimorphic. In the male the head and upper breast are dark blue (appears blackish in poor light), and the back is green, becoming bluer on the rump. The lower underparts are orange-yellow. The wings are black, vermiculated with white. The undertail is almost entirely white with only a very narrow black base to each feather. The complete eye-ring is pale bluish. The female white-tailed trogon resembles the male, but has a grey back, head and breast, and rather indistinct black-and-white barring mainly to the inner webs of each tail feather (less on outer webs).

For comparison, the similar but smaller gartered trogon (T. caligatus) has a yellow (male) or incomplete white eye-ring (female), and the male also has bared to the undertail.

There is no overlap in the distribution of the white-tailed and green-backed trogons, but the two can be separated by the undertail pattern: Unlike the white-tailed trogon, the male green-backed trogon has a broad black base to each feather, and the female has relatively distinct black-and-white barring mainly to the outer webs of each feather. The male white-tailed trogon also has a bluer rump than the green-backed trogon.

The song of the white-tailed trogon consists of 15-20 very fast cow notes.

Ecology
They typically perch upright and motionless. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. White-tailed trogons feed mainly on small fruit, supplemented by arthropods – slightly more so in the dry season when fruit is scarce.

title: White-tailed trogon


text: Template:Quirino

title: Template:Quirino


text: Template:Romblon

title: Template:Romblon


text: Template:Samar

title: Template:Samar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shoe Shopping

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was BJAODN and delete. – ABCD 19:48, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Shoe Shopping
Article does nothing but rehash title. Self-explanatory. Delete. Andrew pmk 06:18, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree, not encyclopedic. Delete.--Plainsong 06:24, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unintentionally hilarious. Prime BJAODN, IMO. :)  Delete as experiment. - Lucky 6.9 07:15, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete lest we open the floodgates for spatula shopping, runcible-spoon shopping, rhubarb pie shopping etc. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:00, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Necessity is not required to initiate a "Shoe Shopping" event" I think translates into English as "You can never have too many shoes".  Important advice I'm sure, but hardly encyclopedic.  Then again, I'm sad enough to be amused by this too so possibly BJAODN.  SteveW | Talk 14:29, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Miscapitalized title, self-referential, no useful information that can't be seen from the title. I think this is a speedy delete candidate, but let's copy it to BJAODN first. Mgm|(talk) 14:35, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN Into the land of dreams and socks. Klonimus 07:58, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Pakhal

Pakhal may refer to:

 * Pakhal (film), Bangladesh television film
 * Pakhal Lake in Telangana, India
 * Pakhal Sarkar, a populated places in Pakistan
 * Pakhal Tirumal Reddy, Indian artist
 * Pakhala, Indian food from Odisha state

title: Pakhal


text: Template:Siquijor

title: Template:Siquijor


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Random Mootness

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 20:11, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Random Mootness
Not encyclopedic, nor is there potential to become encyclopedic. Possibly a candidate for speedy deletion (nonsense?) Should be deleted. --Canoeguy81 06:18, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Random Mootness is a common expression in the North-eastern United States. This page should not be flagged for deletion, as it is an expression that is severely under-represented on the Internet.
 * A google search found absolutely no references to "random mootness" on the WWW. That makes me doubtful it's a common expression.--Canoeguy81 06:28, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

As previoiusly stated, this expression is under-represented on the Internet; hence the reason for the Wikipedia entry. It is purely colloqial - Western-half of NY, PA, Ohio & Western Maryland especially. If you have access to a major university library, I can provide you with the names of scholarly linguistics journals which have documented this expression, as a colleague of mine has written extensively on such topics.

 * The anonymous comments are by User:67.20.251.30. RickK 06:46, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * So I guess I need to create a Wiki account to lend any more credibility? I can't anonymously contribute to the World's Lexicon?

So much for the stated Wikipedia policy Don't bite the newcomers. Your elitism is arrogant and offensive.
 * Hi anon, it helps if you sign your comments, even if you don't have an account. Unfortunately we have a problem with hoaxes and vandals, so we need everything to be Ŕverifiable. But actually I'm not too sure what will happen if you can provide precise references in scholarly linguistics journals. By the way, if you are looking for the world's "Lexicon" you need wiktionary. Kappa 07:11, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Feco 07:13, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks Kappa - I think I'll just throw in the towel though. Maybe when Merriam-Webster picks up the expression, someone else will add it to the Wikis.

 * Delete and comment: No one's biting anyone and no one wishes for you to throw in the towel.  After looking at your edit history, I noticed that most of your edits simply didn't qualify as encyclopedia entries.  The one you did about "shoe shopping" was a perfect example of what I mean.  That isn't elitism at all.  It's a combination of common sense and wise use of the site's resources.  Opening an account won't necessarily mean your anonymous contributions would lack credibility.  If anything, it'll strengthen your position.  The door's open.  Come on in.  If that isn't anti-elitism, I don't know what is. - Lucky 6.9 07:22, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow, I hadn't felt the need to vote on this till User:67.20.251.30 began throwing random nonsense into it, but this is verging on speedy delete status now. Delete.  RickK 08:18, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

UPDATE

 * Ok, relax and read the updated version. Hopefully you'll agree it's up to "Wiki" standards.  It was my belief that the point of the Wiki was to introduce the topic as a sort of "Place-holder" for update later.  I didn't expect to have to spend as much time as I have, for a simple explanation.  Futhermore, the Random nonesense, as you put it, is the key to Random Mootness.  I wouldn't believe you one bit if you said you've never discussed "Who would win..." in hypothetical scenarios.  Animal Planet seems to think it has enough merit to do an entire series of Random Mootness as it relates to the animal kindom - not by that name, of course.
 * Don't edit other people's comments. RickK 08:28, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Lots of hits on Google, but most, perhaps all, are irrelevant. The article's of some interest, but it's essayistic and about an insignificant neologism. Delete. -- Hoary 09:15, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * I've certainly never heard of "random mootness" and I don't feel as though I know much more about it having read the article. Why does the "Related Random Mootness" section have a link to "Wikiepedia"? Unless somebody can demonstrate the widespread existence of this phenomenon (involving an audience of at least 5,000) I will vote to Delete Oliver Keenan 09:58, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC). In fact this is worse than I first thought, if you look at the links in the "Related Random Mootness" section, they are to an array of bizarre, random, totally unrelated pages, a significant percentage of which are also on the VfD page. Oliver Keenan 10:00, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am new to Wikipedia, so I hope I am adding my note appropriately. A friend pointed out this page. Based on personal experience, I would expect the "audience" to well exceed 5,000. I do not believe the article should be removed, but the author of the article has made an error. Per the article, the genealogy of the term involves the sitcom Seinfeld. Seinfeld ran from 1989-1998. The term took hold in WNY (Buffalo and Rochester, NY and surrounding regions) prior to that time. Although I have no evidence to verify the relationship other than personal observation, the term seems to stem from an episode of Saturday Night Live that first aired on 10/20/84. Jesse Jackson was a guest on the show. At one point, he played a character in a game show. When asked a question, he responds “The question is moot. I’ll take the car!” I did not see the episode, but noticed that the word “moot” was being overused in everyday language in my high school – with the meaning becoming more general, akin to irrelevant. After inquiring, I was advised that quite a few people had seen the episode and that the word stuck a chord as being humorous. Therefore, it stuck. Keep in mind that SNL carried terrific ratings at this point. Shortly after that time, the expression seemed to naturally expand into “random mootness”. I later went to SUNY-Buffalo and usage of the term was widespread. Apparently, the phenomenon was not limited to my high school. Again, I have no idea how or why… 21 years later, both “moot” and “random mootness” continue to be commonplace terms in the area. I do not know if everyone uses it, but many do. One specific place where I have heard it repeatedly is at Buffalo Bills football or Buffalo Sabres hockey games over the years. When a play goes against the home team, I have often heard – and, admittedly, occasionally said – comments along the line of “Oh, that was just moot!” or “C’mon, ref!  What is with this random mootness?” I do not mean to imply that the term is only used at sporting events, as I hear it in the workplace and many other settings. In summary, I am surprised that the term is geographically isolated and am equally surprised that it has no presence on the web. However, why would anyone bother? To me, it is like devoting a page to the term “oh, boy” or “I agree”. It is just a phrase… However, it is clear that many people are not familiar with it.  If Wikipedia is a place to spread this type of information, then I think it should stay.  By the way, one poster comments “…links in the "Related Random Mootness" section, they are to an array of bizarre, random, totally unrelated pages…”.  Are you missing the point?  The author is trying to better define the term by linking to “random mootness”. I don't have a user name.12.19.225.242 13:27, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Feel free to support the article by adding those references to "scholarly linguistics journals" to the article itself. FreplySpang (talk) 13:44, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I flipped a coin and it came up tails, so Delete. -- 8^D gab 13:57, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsense. And good luck finding anything in scholarly linguistics journals to support it. This is about as close to lingustics as Demi Moore's movie of The Scarlet Letter is to Nathaniel Hawthorne's book. --Angr/comhrá 16:03, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless we see verifiable citations from the aforementioned scholarly journals. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 00:39, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete My friends and I use "random mootness" all the time. I'm located in Rochester, NY - didn't know the phrase was as widely used as it appears to be.
 * Delete, not verifiable--nixie 04:09, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * DO NOT DELETE Of course it's verifiable!  Call any friends or relatives in the geographic areas specified and ask them.

 * Do Not Delete and question the validity of the opinions of people in California, England and Australia regarding a regional phrase. I do notice a Wiki entry for Lake effect snow, which was exclusively a regional phrase until our national spotlight during the Blizzard of '77.  And if anyone can say they have never argued about Artificial turf, the Designated hitter rule, what is Gonzo (Muppet), Ginger Grant vs. Mary Ann Summers or Wilma Flintstone vs. Betty Rubble, I feel sorry for you. - BBH
 * Comment: Am I mistaken in thinking that each user gets only one vote? This seems to be 12.19.225.242's third.--Canoeguy81 16:38, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Am I mistaken in thinking that there are such things as gateways which present the same IP address for each user? If you want, I can post from home just to get a different IP address. - BBH
 * Comment: I'm not very knowledgable about these things, and in fact I don't even know what a gateway is, so of course I didn't consider that possiblity. Still, I find it odd that three separate users using the same IP address would all flout the standard custom of signing their votes (and comments).--Canoeguy81 22:00, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Same university campus, perhaps? --James
 * Or corporate MAN? Anyway, here is a post from home just to make it official.  Still doesn't change my WNY opinion.  And I have addressed your anonymity issues.  - BBH

 * Lake effect snow isn't a phrase. It's a verifiable natural phenomenon. Mgm|(talk) 11:51, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete local nonsense. sjorford →•← 15:35, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Template:Sorsogon

title: Template:Sorsogon


text: Template:South Cotabato

title: Template:South Cotabato


text: Template:Southern Leyte

title: Template:Southern Leyte


text:
Talk:Gml

Tuntis: I believe that this article should be removed, as there is no need for it, because it is already mentioned in the Game Maker.

I second this, Game Maker Language duplicates this article and GML is the proper location for disambiguation. Moreati 23:34, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Changed to redirect Moreati 22:35, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gml


text: Template:Sultan Kudarat

title: Template:Sultan Kudarat


text: Template:Sulu

title: Template:Sulu


text: Template:Surigao del Norte

title: Template:Surigao del Norte


text:
Talk:Latvian Way

Untitled
Is fomer Latvia's Way Prime Minister Andris Berzins the same as the Green MP of the same name?
 * No, these are two different Latvian politicians named Andris Berzins. Andris 18:35, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Latvia Cels figures on the List of libertarian political parties, but are they really libertarians, strictly speaking? I had a meeting with some of them during a visit to Latvia about 10 years ago, and at that time they struck me as being more conservative than libertarian on a number of issues... --Thf1977 06:25, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * They are called liberal (but not libertarian) in the terms of Latvian politics - that means, they are liberal in comparison with other Latvian parties =). 86.63.172.72 (talk) 07:59, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Latvian Way


text: Template:Surigao del Sur

title: Template:Surigao del Sur


text:
Younger v. Harris

Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that United States federal courts were required to abstain from hearing any civil rights tort claims brought by a person who is currently being prosecuted for a matter arising from that claim.

Facts
In 1966, several months after the Watts riots and in response to the killing of Leonard Deadwiler (a Black man shot by police while driving his pregnant wife to the hospital), John Harris, Jr., was arrested while handing out leaflets which said, among other things, "Wanted for the murder of Leonard Deadwiler, Bobo the cop."

Harris, a member of the Progressive Labor Party, was indicted on two violations of the California Criminal Syndicalism Act, §§11400 and 11401. These statutes prohibited advocating "unlawful acts of force or violence [to] effect political change." Harris faced 14 years on each count.

While prosecution was pending, Harris sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to get an injunction preventing District Attorney Evelle J. Younger from enforcing the law on the grounds that it violated the free speech guarantee. He was joined in this action by Jim Dan and Diane Hirsch, members of the PLP, and Farrel Broslawsky, a history instructor. In Harris v. Younger, 281 F. Supp. 507 (C.D. Cal. 1968), the district court found the Act unconstitutional, enjoining the state from further prosecution of Harris. Younger appealed.

Decision and precedent
In an 8–1 decision, the Court held that federal courts may not hear the case until the person is convicted or found not guilty of the crime unless the defendant will suffer an irreparable injury that is "both great and immediate." Merely having to endure a criminal prosecution is no such irreparable harm.

There are three exceptions to Younger abstention:
 * 1) Where the prosecution is in bad faith (i.e. the state knows the person to be innocent)—as applied in Dombrowski v. Pfister; or
 * 2) Where the prosecution is part of some pattern of harassment against an individual; or
 * 3) Where the law being enforced is utterly and irredeemably unconstitutional (e.g., if the state were to pass a law making it a crime to say anything negative about its governor under any circumstances).

Dissent
In dissent, Justice Douglas noted, If the ‘advocacy’ which Harris used was an attempt at persuasion through the use of bullets, bombs, and arson, we would have a different case. But Harris is charged only with distributing leaflets advocating political action toward his objective...

The eternal temptation, of course, has been to arrest the speaker rather than to correct the conditions about which he complains. I see no reason why these appellees should be made to walk the treacherous ground of these statutes. They, like other citizens, need the umbrella of the First Amendment as they study, analyze, discuss, and debate the troubles of these days. When criminal prosecutions can be leveled against them because they express unpopular views, the society of the dialogue is in danger.

Status as precedent
The doctrine was later extended to situations where the state is seeking to execute a civil fine against someone, or has jailed a person for contempt of court. The doctrine applies even where the state does not bring an action until after the person has filed a lawsuit in federal court, provided that the federal court has not yet taken any action on the suit. Moreover, the principle of abstention applies to some state administrative proceedings.

In regard to the exceptions which the Younger Court articulated, later decisions make it clear that these are highly difficult to meet.
 * 1) Bad faith prosecution: in no case since Younger was decided has the Supreme Court found there to exist bad faith prosecution sufficient to justify a federal court injunction against state court proceedings. The Court has specifically declined to find bad faith prosecution even in circumstances where repeated prosecutions had occurred. As commentator Erwin Chemerinsky states, the bad-faith prosecution exception seems narrowly limited to facts like those in Dombrowski.  Other scholars have even asserted that the possible range of cases which would fit the Dombrowski model and allow an exception to the no-injunction rule is so limited as to be an "empty universe."
 * 2) Patently unconstitutional law: in no case since Younger was decided has the Supreme court found there to exist a patently unconstitutional law sufficient to justify a federal court injunction against state court proceedings. The Court has specifically declined to find such patent unconstitutionality in at least one case (Trainor v. Hernandez)
 * 3) Inadequate state forum: the Supreme Court has found the state forum in question to be inadequate on a small number of occasions.

title: Younger v. Harris


text: Template:Tarlac

title: Template:Tarlac


text: Template:Tawi-Tawi

title: Template:Tawi-Tawi


text: Template:Zambales

title: Template:Zambales


text: Template:Zamboanga Sibugay

title: Template:Zamboanga Sibugay


text: Template:Zamboanga del Norte

title: Template:Zamboanga del Norte


text: Template:Zamboanga del Sur

title: Template:Zamboanga del Sur


text:
All American City

All American City may refer to:

 * "All American City" (song), a song by Brutal Juice
 * All-America City Award, a designation from the National Civic League

title: All American City


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cartoon Steelcage Matches

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 13:03, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cartoon Steelcage Matches
No potential to become encyclopedic. Should be deleted. --Plainsong 06:22, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Try not to forget that there are billions of people in the world who have never heard of a Steelcage Match, much less a Cartoon Steelcage Match. A cartoon Steelcage Match is an excercise in creativity, and an excellent example of Random Mootness.
 * Delete, wikipedia is not a place for promoting new ideas, no matter how random or moot they are. Kappa 07:03, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not original research per say... maybe original hallucination. Feco 07:20, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Does not describe reality Dsmdgold 10:43, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, trivial, not up to encyclopaedic standards. Megan1967 04:06, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete Pavel Vozenilek 01:00, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Comptroller of Maryland

The comptroller of Maryland is a constitutional officer of the U.S. state of Maryland. Thirty-four individuals have held the office of comptroller since 1851, when the office was created. The incumbent is Brooke Lierman, a Democrat.

Election and term of office
The comptroller is elected by the people to a four-year term on Election Day in November, and takes office on the third Monday of the January next succeeding. There is no limit to the number of terms a comptroller may hold. Likewise, neither the Maryland Constitution nor the Annotated Code of Maryland prescribe any qualifications for the office, such as residency, age, or even citizenship requirements.

In the event of a vacancy in the office of comptroller, the governor may appoint a successor to serve the balance of the term. The comptroller may be removed from office by the General Assembly through impeachment. However, the comptroller cannot be recalled under Maryland law.

Powers and duties
The comptroller's office was established by the second Maryland Constitution of 1851 due to concern for potential fraud and corruption in the administration of the public treasury. Pursuant to this mandate, the comptroller effectively functions as Maryland's chief financial officer. The constitutional duties of the office begin with the broad mandate to exercise "general superintendence of the fiscal affairs of the State", which includes maintaining the general ledger. To this end, the comptroller prescribes and operates the statewide accounting system, administers payroll to state employees, and prepares the state of Maryland's annual comprehensive financial report. As it concerns collecting taxes, the comptroller conducts income and sales tax audits of taxpayers for compliance with state and local laws, processes tax returns, settles delinquent tax receipts, and enforces business licensing and unclaimed property laws. It is by virtue of the Disposition of Abandoned Property Act that the comptroller's office publicizes taxpayers' forgotten bank accounts, insurance benefits and other unclaimed assets. Likewise, the comptroller (or a deputy) draws all warrants for payment of money on the state treasury and countersigns all checks drawn by the state treasurer on state deposits. The comptroller also prescribes the formalities for transfer of evidences of State debt and countersigns such papers.

title: Comptroller of Maryland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Up, down, left, right, A, B, C, Start

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. jni 19:15, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Up, down, left, right, A, B, C, Start
This is the cheat code for the Sonic the Hedgehog video game. Gamecruft. Zzyzx11 | Talk 06:23, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

If it was me, I wouldn't have even made it a vfd. Looks like a speedy delete to me. Sholtar 06:24, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hedgehogcruft. Nothing here that does not go better on the main page for the game. Notice I didn't say Merge, tho. -- 8^D  gab 06:52, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia is not a list of cheats. Martg76 08:17, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Usually I am very liberal with keeping "fancruft" but this is going a bit far. Sjakkalle 11:58, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete though it seems reasonable that cheats might warrant a mention in their game's article, but not their own article. Also, unlikely that anyone would search for this (why look it up if they already know the button sequence?) Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:09, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have nothing against gamecruft, but this is taking it too far, a mention in a game article is fine, though. Delete or merge with Sonic article if needed. I agree with Starblind. Mgm|(talk) 14:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Unencyclopedic by title, plus WP:WIN GameFaqs. Delete. Radiant_* 16:45, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Sonic the Hedgehog, no need to redirect.   — J I P | Talk 18:54, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per WP:NOT. --InShaneee 19:30, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with sonic the hedgehog, or delete if that doesn;t work. Howabout1 22:49, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * C, B, A, right, left, down, up, Delete with chainsaw or flamethrower or the most destructive tool available. Gamecruft of non-encyclopedic nature although it's one of the least-secret "secret cheats" ever.  Barno 02:59, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, gamescruft. Megan1967 04:07, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no merge because Wikipedia is not GameFAQS. Dave the Red (talk) 05:31, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * All these consoles have so boring cheat codes. Back in the day of computers, we used to have codes like MOTHERFUCKENKIWIBASTARD, WHAT A NICE CHEAT, IHATEBROS or KARENBROADHURST. I myself wrote a game with a cheat code over two thousand characters long, but no one's ever heard of it.   — J I P | Talk 20:16, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and I could have swore it was Up, Down, Left, Right, A, Start anyway. Xezbeth  20:18, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Up, down, left, right, left, right, PageUp, Home, Insert, Delete. Chris talk back 23:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Pavel Vozenilek 01:01, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Alai 05:33, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Andre ( talk ) 18:03, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn gamecruft. ComCat 06:35, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
FlashPaper

FlashPaper (originally known as Flash Printer) was a software application developed by Blue Pacific Software before its acquisition by Macromedia, which was later acquired by Adobe Systems. Its functional design mimics Adobe Acrobat Distiller to behave as a virtual printer. Documents printed to FlashPaper can be printed as Adobe Flash or Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) files.

Adobe announced it was discontinuing development of FlashPaper on September 4, 2008. The company states that "the demand [for FlashPaper] has continually declined to where it is no longer economically viable for Adobe to continue development support for FlashPaper" but noted that it would continue selling and supporting the existing version of FlashPaper. It was last included in Macromedia Studio 8, and was available for a time as a standalone product from Adobe. FlashPaper files can be also generated by ColdFusion web applications.

title: FlashPaper


text:
Company (2002 film)

Company is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language crime film directed by Ram Gopal Varma and written by Jaideep Sahni. The film stars Mohanlal, Ajay Devgn, Vivek Oberoi, Manisha Koirala, Antara Mali and Seema Biswas. It marks Mohanlal's Debut in Hindi cinema. It is the second film in the Indian Gangster trilogy, and a sequel to Satya (1998). Company follows Chandu, a henchman of a gangster named Malik, with whom he forms a rapport that eventually falls apart after tension arises between them.

Varma conceived the idea of the film after meeting a man named Haneef, who had been in prison for five years after the 1993 Bombay bombings and was a close aid of the underworld don Dawood Ibrahim in his D-Company. Haneef told Varma about the fallout between Ibrahim and Chhota Rajan. Varma also had much information which he used in the film, especially about police procedures he could not use in Satya since it was too much for one film. The film was made in several locations of Mumbai, Mombasa, Nairobi, Hong Kong, and Switzerland. Hemant Chaturvedi served as the director of photography while Chandan Arora edited the film.

Company was released on 12 April 2002 with a positive response. It was commercially successful, grossing ₹25.02 crores against its production budget of ₹9.5 crores. It was screened at Austin Film Festival, New York Asian Film Festival, and the Fribourg International Film Festival. The film won six awards at the 48th Filmfare Awards, including the Best Supporting Actor and Best Male Debut for Oberoi, Critics Best Actor for Devgn and Critics Best Actress for Koirala.

Plot
Chandrakant 'Chandu' Nagre joins the Mumbai underworld; he gradually learns the trade and increases the gang's profits, leading to his affinity with Malik, the leader of the gang. Malik and Chandu kill their rivals from another gang, Saeed and his brother Anis in the rear seat of a car. Malik goes on a bloody rampage, killing all of his opponents to take control of the underworld. Inspector Rathod, who once tortured and abused Chandu in jail, is killed with Malik's permission. Malik and Chandu argue during the execution of a contract killing; Chandu stops the deliberate vehicle crash and falls in Malik's favour.

The contract was taken out by a politician who tries to use Malik's gang to eliminate a popular candidate for the Home Minister's post. The assassination, a staged vehicle collision, takes place in spite of Chandu's objection after Malik, not relying on Chandu anymore, gives direct orders. The rift between Chandu and Malik widens. The Joint Commissioner of Mumbai Police, Veerappalli Sreenivasan, uses the rift to bring the mafia under control. Chandu and Malik become bitter enemies. After Chandu's retaliation for the assassination of Warsi, a lieutenant and Chandu's lifelong friend, two factions of Mumbai's once-powerful gang Company begin a full-scale war. Malik and Chandu kill as many members of their opponents' gangs as possible. Sreenivasan is criticised, but he and his men know that since many gang members are being killed, this war is making it easier for his department to dispose of Malik and Chandu.

The war results in an intense chase in Kenya, during which Malik hires assassins to kill Chandu, who is severely injured but survives. Sreenivasan persuades Chandu to come back to Mumbai and fight his war with Malik by helping the police bring the mafia under control. Chandu kills the politician who ordered the contract killing, in prison. Chandu and Malik come to a truce, but Chandu never withdraws his order to Koda Singh, one of his aids, to kill Malik. At the same time, Koda kills Malik at point-blank range in Hong Kong and is immediately arrested. After the assassination, Sreenivasan notifies Chandu, who is shocked at this news. Chandu then spends the rest of his life in prison after being persuaded by Sreenivasan to surrender.

Cast

 * Mohanlal as IG Veerappalli Srinivasan IPS, Commissioner of Mumbai Police
 * Ajay Devgan as N. Malik
 * Vivek Oberoi as Chandrakant "Chandu" Nagre
 * Manisha Koirala as Saroja
 * Antara Mali as Kannu
 * Seema Biswas as Ranibai
 * Akash Khurana as Vilas Pandit
 * Urmila Matondkar in a special appearance
 * Isha Koppikar in a special appearance
 * Rajpal Yadav as Joseph
 * Shabbir Masani as David Khan
 * Ashraful Haque as Krishanan
 * Vijay Raaz as Koda Singh
 * Rajendra Sethi as Saeed
 * Gopal K Singh as Surtis man
 * Bharat Dabholkar as Home Minister Raute

Production
At a producer's house, director Ram Gopal Varma met a man named Haneef, who had been in prison for five years after the 1993 Bombay bombings. He was a close aide of gangster Dawood Ibrahim. Varma started talking to Haneef out of curiosity and his "obsession with the criminal psyche", who told him how the underworld operated. During that time, the media was circulating stories about the conflict between Ibrahim and Chhota Rajan, who had a fallout and wanted to kill each other, thus giving Varma the idea for Company. During his research for Satya (1998), Varma found out several things he could not incorporate into one film, especially the police procedures, because there was too much information.

Varma said he drew inspiration for the supporting characters and scenes from the staff of his own production company. He said Haneef's version of the underworld war gave him a story while his research gave him the "atmosphere". He found a strong resemblance with the rivalries between criminals and those between politicians because he felt "human nature is same everywhere". Varma was also inspired by the September 2000 attack on Rajan in Bangkok, which was perceived as the intelligence agencies pitting one gang against another. He later met several crime reporters, police officers and associates of gangsters regarding the research of the film. The film's screenplay was written by Jaideep Sahni.

Company was Malayalam actor Mohanlal's debut role in a Hindi film. He played IPS Veerapalli Srinivasan, a character based on the former Police Commissioner of Mumbai, Dhanushkodi Sivanandhan. Varma described the character as someone who looks "more like a professor and treats crime as a disease and criminals as patients". The role of Malik was first offered to Manoj Bajpayee who declined it due to date issues. The role eventually went to Ajay Devgn. Varma wanted to keep the mafia boss character calm and composed, which he based on Devgn's personality. Suresh Oberoi wanted to launch the career of his son Vivek Oberoi in an Abbas–Mustan film but he said he "would like to go through my struggle". After that, he met Varma, who said he wanted to cast someone as a gangster living in a slum and said Vivek Oberoi "look(s) too good for the role". Oberoi asked Varma for 15 days, during which he stayed in the slums and slept on the floor. He rubbed oils and creams on his body, and sun-bathed daily to look darker for the role. He applied some mud to his face on the day of his meeting with Varma, and was eventually selected for his debut role as Chandu. Manisha Koirala was cast as Saroja, a role which Varma described as very "atmospheric".

Hemant Chaturvedi served as the director of photography and Chandan Arora edited the film. Location filming for the project took place in the slums of Mumbai, Mombasa, Nairobi, Hong Kong, and Switzerland. The film's prologue scene, in which eagles are flying over the city, was the final scene to be filmed. Varma asked his cameraman to take a few shots of the city to use as inserts. While he was filming, the eagles were flying; Varma said the footage reminded him of the opening scene of Mackenna's Gold (1969) and was "seized by the desire to somehow incorporate them in the film". Instead of using it as an exterior cut, he used it for the opening to "create drama". For the opening sequence, Varma wrote and used a fake informational voice-over about eagles waiting for months for their prey because it was "profound-sounding". Varma filmed the song "Khallas" hand-held with a camera "as a guest at a seedy disco where people find it difficult to move around" because he did not want to have a "picture-perfect composition".

Soundtrack
The soundtrack album of Company was composed by Sandeep Chowta with lyrics written by Sahni, Nitin Raikwar and Taabish Romani. The album contains eight tracks, two of which are instrumentals. The vocals were performed by Asha Bhosle, Sudesh Bhosle, Sapna Awasthi, Altaf Raja, Babul Supriyo, Sonali Vajpayee, Sowmya Raoh and Chowta. It was released on 15 February 2002 by T-Series.

The album met with mostly positive reviews. Taran Adarsh said the film "boasts of just one song, the immensely popular "Khallas", while the remaining songs form part of the background". Sheela Raval of India Today wrote that the songs seemingly blend with the film and said; "Even the sole song – "Khallas", lipsynched by the sexy Isha Koppikar – doesn't seem like a needless interjection". Jyoti Shukla of Rediff.com said "Khallas" is "out and out for front-benchers and breaks the tempo of the movie".

Release and reception
Company was released in India on 12 April 2002 in 295 screens, It was screened at the New York Asian Film Festival in 2003 in the Subway Cinema section for Asian films. followed by screenings at the Fribourg International Film Festival and the Austin Film Festival. The film was also screened retrospectively in 2006 at the Fantastic Fest, along with other Varma-produced films including Ab Tak Chhappan (2004), Ek Hasina Thi (2004) and Shiva (1990). Company was released in DVD format on 22 September 2006. It is also available on video-on-demand website ZEE5.

Critical response
Company received critical acclaim upon release. Taran Adarsh said the film has "a new language, a language that's even more hard-hitting when compared to its predecessors". He also praised Devgn's performance and said, "the actor takes to this complex character like a fish takes to water". Ziya Us Salam of Idlebrain.com called it "the kind of new century fare, which tells you to welcome a cinema with muted colours, snooping camera angles and almost unrelieved suspense", and added, "It is a grim film which lives in stilted frames, which thrives on silhouettes". Sheela Raval of India Today wrote that there is a "raw feel to the film but there are no rough edges ... given the amount of information Varma had collected on the subject and his desire to package it all in the three-hour plus production, the film almost ascends to the level of a well-made documentary".

Jyoti Shukla of Rediff.com called it a "fast-paced movie" that is "anchored by brilliant performances". She praised the performances of Mohanlal, Devgan and Oberoi, and said they are "a treat to watch". Derek Elley of Variety wrote; "By Bollywood standards, a dark and realistic look at the Mumbai underworld through the battle between a powerful don and his vengeful former sidekick, Company manages to cater to Hindi cinema norms while feeding the viewer something a little different." In 2010, Raja Sen wrote in his review; "This finely plotted duel between two gangsters left us battered, bruised and craving more".

Box office
Company was made on a production budget of inr 70000000. It opened to 100 per cent occupancy in Mumbai and grossed inr 11800000 on its opening day. It went on to collect inr 111000000 worldwide, which included inr 60100000 from the Indian box office, in its first week. The film's first-week theatre occupancy was 87 per cent in Delhi, Punjab, Hyderabad, and Nagpur. In its entire run, Company grossed inr 238000000 in India and inr 250000000 worldwide.

Awards
At the 48th Filmfare Awards, Company won six awards: the Best Supporting Actor and Best Male Debut for Oberoi; Critics Award for Best Actor for Devgn (also for the film The Legend of Bhagat Singh) and Critics Award for Best Actress for Koirala; and the Best Story and Best Dialogue for Sahni. At the 4th IIFA Awards, the film won four awards: Best Supporting Actor for Mohanlal; Best Story for Jaideep Sahni; Best Editing for Chandan Arora and Best Action for Allan Amin.

Legacy
Several film critics have cited Company as one of Varma's best works. It was mentioned in Raja Sen's list of The Top 75 Films of the Decade in 2010. While reviewing Varma's 2008 film Contract, critic Rajeev Masand called Company, along with Satya, "one of the most influential films of the past ten years". British director Danny Boyle cited Company and Satya as inspirations for his Academy Award-winning film Slumdog Millionaire (2008). He said the films "offer slick, often mesmerizing portrayals of the Mumbai underworld". Company is the second film of Varma's Gangster series after Satya; it was followed by D (2005), which stars Randeep Hooda and was also produced by Varma.

title: Company (2002 film)


text:
Talk:Jake Gyllenhaal

Add the 2021 movie 'The Guilty' to the article
Movie has Gyllenhaal as the main star, I'm not sure why it's not been added to the article at all

Semi-protected edit request on 12 June 2024
Sister: Maggie Gyllenhaal 45.15.250.118 (talk) 15:38, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Not done for reasons below. CRBoyer 05:50, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 June 2024 (2)
“Add sister Maggie Gyllenhaal” 45.15.250.118 (talk) 15:43, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That's already covered by listing his family as Gyllenhaal. His parents are already notable filmmakers. The family is pretty notable, after all. CRBoyer

title: Talk:Jake Gyllenhaal


text:
Rooker–Feldman doctrine

The Rooker–Feldman doctrine is a doctrine of civil procedure enunciated by the United States Supreme Court in two cases, Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., and District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman,. The doctrine holds that lower United States federal courts—i.e., federal courts other than the Supreme Court—should not sit in direct review of state court decisions unless Congress has specifically authorized such relief. In short, federal courts below the Supreme Court must not become a court of appeals for state court decisions. The state court appellant has to find a state court remedy, or obtain relief from the U.S. Supreme Court.

An example of legislation that has been interpreted to be an exception to this doctrine is, which authorizes federal courts to grant a writ of habeas corpus, even after a state court has denied it. Another explicit legislative exception to this doctrine was the "Palm Sunday Compromise," a statute passed by Congress to permit federal courts to review the decisions of Florida courts in the Terri Schiavo case.

The doctrine has been held to apply to any state court decisions that are judicial in nature. For example, a judge's decision not to hire an applicant for a job is not a "judicial" decision. However, in the prisoner rights case of Forchion v. Intensive Supervision Parole, et.al., 240 F.Supp.2d 302 (2003) the federal district court Judge Irenas (Camden, NJ) interceded when it ruled "The Rooker–Feldman doctrine does not apply to this case. The ISP Resentencing Panel has final authority over the Plaintiff and there is no way of him appealing its decisions. Accordingly, this Court does have the authority to review the decisions of the panel".

In 2005, the Supreme Court revisited the doctrine in Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.,. The Court affirmed that the Rooker–Feldman doctrine was statutory (based on the certiorari jurisdiction statute, ), and not constitutional, holding that it applies only in cases "brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments."

The Supreme Court has continued to narrow the doctrine, as in Lance v. Dennis,, and seems to want to minimize the use of the doctrine. For a mock obituary of the doctrine, see Samuel Bray, Rooker Feldman (1923–2006) 9 Green Bag 2d 317.

The Rooker–Feldman doctrine is related to the Anti-Injunction Act, a federal statute which prohibits federal courts from issuing injunctions which stay lawsuits that are pending in state courts. Title 28, United States Code, Section 2283 reads:

A court of the United States may not grant an injunction to stay proceedings in a State court except as expressly authorized by Act of Congress, or where necessary in aid of its jurisdiction, or to protect or effectuate its judgments.

title: Rooker–Feldman doctrine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hui Chun Kit

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 13:03, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hui Chun Kit
Not a speedy deletion candidate. Not sure of notability. No vote.-gadfium 06:30, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I couldn't get any google hits for this, so I'd say delete as unverifiable and possible attack page. Kappa 07:02, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Such an arrest would've made internet news, Last line suggests attack. Delete unless verified and NPOVed. Mgm|(talk) 14:42, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV, not notable, possible personal attack. Megan1967 04:08, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if it's not bull, it's Chinese political propaganda. DDerby 10:05, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.

Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court enunciated a rule of civil procedure that would eventually become known as the Rooker-Feldman doctrine (also named for the later case of District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, . The doctrine holds that lower United States federal courts may not sit in direct review of state court decisions.

Background
The case originated in Indiana, where a judgment had been entered against the plaintiff, Rooker by an Indiana state court. The judgment was affirmed by the Indiana Supreme Court, and the plaintiff was denied review by the United States Supreme Court.

The plaintiff then filed a claim in the United States district court in Indiana, seeking to overturn the judgment of the Indiana Supreme Court on constitutional grounds. The district court dismissed the claim for lack of jurisdiction, and the plaintiff again appealed to the United States Supreme Court.

Issue
The issue in this case was whether the United States district court had properly dismissed the claim for lack of jurisdiction.

Result
The United States Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Van Devanter, affirmed the dismissal of the claim by the United States district court. The Court noted that, for the district court to have heard the case would have been an exercise of appellate jurisdiction; but the U.S. Congress has only granted the district courts original jurisdiction to hear cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States, meaning that they can only hear claims that were initially brought in or removed to the district court.

The Court noted that the Indiana state court had jurisdiction over the parties and the claims, provided due process, and adjudicated the issues, and that its decisions had been affirmed by the Indiana Supreme Court. Even if all of the Indiana courts came to the wrong conclusions, the only avenue of appeal left to the plaintiff was to the United States Supreme Court - for Congress had authorized no other court to hear appeals of state court decisions.

Later developments
This case laid the groundwork for the current understanding that the decisions of state courts can not be challenged in federal courts (other than the Supreme Court) unless Congress has enacted legislation that specifically authorized such relief. An example of legislation that has been interpreted to this effect is 28 U.S.C. § 2254, which authorizes federal courts to grant writs of habeas corpus. Another example of an explicit legislative exception to this doctrine was the statute passed by Congress to permit federal courts to review the decisions of Florida courts in the Terri Schiavo case.

title: Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farhan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 03:27, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Farhan
Not encyclopedic. Possibly vanity? Delete. --Plainsong 06:32, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'd say speedy delete, in my opinion it's patent nonsense. Unless I'm missing something, of course. Sholtar 06:35, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Not that I can see. :^) Speedy delete.  This guy's been warned before. - Lucky 6.9 07:06, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farhan


text:
District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman

District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court in which the Court enunciated a rule of civil procedure known as the Rooker-Feldman doctrine (also named for the earlier case of Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.). The doctrine holds that lower United States federal courts may not sit in direct review of state court decisions.

Facts
The U.S. Congress enacted several pieces of legislation with respect to Washington, D.C.'s local judicial system. One required final judgments from the District of Columbia Court of Appeals to be treated like final judgments from the high court of any state; another permitted that Court of Appeals to create rules governing the qualifications and admissions of attorneys to practice in the D.C. courts. The Court of Appeals then passed rules requiring applicants to the D.C. bar to have graduated from an ABA-accredited law school.

The plaintiffs - Feldman and Hickey - were practicing attorneys from other states, but neither had graduated from ABA-accredited law schools. Feldman had been admitted to the Virginia bar through an apprenticeship, and had been admitted to the Maryland bar through a waiver of their requirements, based on his personal experience. Feldman was denied admission by the Committee on Admissions of the District of Columbia Bar, so he sought a similar waiver of the D.C. rule, sending a letter to the D.C. Court of Appeals that suggested that their absolute prohibition of lawyers who had not attended certain schools was a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and of the Fourteenth Amendment. Nevertheless, the D.C. Courts issued an opinion confirming that they would not waive their requirement. Hickey had a similar background, but did not suggest that the D.C. Court of Appeals was in violation of any laws.

The plaintiff then filed an action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, which denied jurisdiction based on Rooker's prohibition against federal courts hearing appeals of state court judgments. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia reversed, saying that this was not the kind of judicial determination that a federal court would be barred from hearing on appeal from a decision of a state court.

Issue
The Supreme Court considered in this case whether the district court had jurisdiction to review this decision, which required an inquiry into whether the decision to be reviewed is a "judicial" decision, or one that is merely administrative.

Result
The Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Brennan, held that the District Court had properly dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction to hear an appeal of the highest court in a state. The denial of a waiver for admission to the bar, an evaluation of specific facts in light of an existing rule of law, was a judicial determination, only appealable to the Supreme Court.

The Court noted, however, that a facial challenge to the constitutionality of the law would not be considered a review of anything that had been decided by the D.C. Court of Appeals, and remanded this question to the lower court.

Dissent
Justice Stevens dissented, noting that each plaintiff had asked the Court of Appeals to exercise administrative discretion by waiving the requirements, but neither plaintiff had actually sought review of the rule of law itself. Although Feldman had suggested that the rule was in violation of the law, he had not asked for the Court of Appeals to rule that it was, but had merely indicated a challenge that he might bring in the federal district court.