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Dogra Regiment

The Dogra Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army. The regiment traces its roots directly from the 17th Dogra Regiment of the British Indian Army. When transferred to the Indian Army like its sister regiments, the numeral prefix (in the case of the Dogra Regiment, 17) was removed. Dogra Regiment Units Maximum filled with Rajputs And Sikh .Units of the Dogra Regiment have fought in all conflicts that independent India has been engaged in, making it one of the most prestigious and most decorated regiments of the Indian Army.

History
The Dogras, the inhabitants of 'Duggar' or Dogra land hail from the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and the hilly regions of Punjab. The Dogra Regiment traces its lineage to 1858, when the Agra Levy was raised by the British East India Company as part of the Bengal Army. The Dogras were added into the Bengal Army on the recommendation of Sir Fredrick Roberts, the then commander-in-chief of India, who decided to add a Dogra regiment because he was impressed by the loyalty and soldierly qualities of Dogra troops.The Agra Levy was later renamed the 38th Dogras. In 1887 the 37th (Dogra) Bengal Infantry was raised and later renamed the 37th (Prince of Wales's Own) Dogras. In 1900 the 41st (Dogra) Bengal Infantry was raised and also later renamed the 41st Dogras. In 1922 the Indian government reformed the army, moving from single battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments. The 37th, 38th and 41st Dogras were all amalgamated into the 17th Dogra Regiment. It dropped '17th' from its title in 1945 and was allocated to India upon its independence in 1947.

The 38th Dogras served in the siege of Malakand in 1897 and during the First World War, served in Aden, Suez and Palestine during the battle of Megiddo. The 37th Dogras took part in the Chitral Expedition in 1895 and during the First World War, fought in the Second Battle of Kut and the capture of Baghdad as part of the 14th Indian Division. The 41st Dogras served in China from 1904 to 1908 as part of an international force, and then served on the Western Front and the Mesopotamia Campaign during World War I.

In 1949, Karan Singh, son of Maharaja Hari Singh, the last maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, was appointed Regent by his father. He wrote the Dogra Regiment's regimental song, 'Dikhi Lai Dogra Desh'. Perhaps the best compliment given to the Dogras has come from Field Marshal Sir William Slim who wrote to them thus: "The Dogra proved themselves yet again a hardened and courageous fighter. Like his predecessors, he has been proud of his military heritage and has shown himself well versed in the art of war. Nor did he fail to live up to his age old reputation of combining courage with modesty and good manners as a gentleman should. I know from personal experience that in an army with many fine battalions, the Dogras have not merely upheld their brilliant reputation, but have added lustre to the pages of history of both their own regiment and of the Indian Army."

- Field Marshal William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim

Formation
The regiment was formed in 1922 through the amalgamation of three separate regiments of Dogras into the 17th Dogra Regiment. They were:
 * 1st Battalion – formerly the 37th (Prince of Wales's Own) Dogras
 * 2nd Battalion – formerly the 38th Dogras
 * 3rd Battalion – formerly the 1st Battalion, 41st Dogras
 * 10th (Training) Battalion – formerly the 2nd Battalion, 41st Dogras

The regiment has produced one Chief of Army Staff, Gen. Nirmal Chander Vij. Vij also served as the 10th Colonel-in-Chief of the Dogra Regiment and the Dogra Scouts.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–48
Pakistani raiders had besieged and reduced Skardu in early 1948. It was vital that Leh, the next likely target, be relieved before it was attacked by the raiders. Major Thakur Prithi Chand, along with a band of 40 volunteers from the 2nd battalion, Dogra Regiment, began a hazardous mid-winter ascent of the Zojila pass on 16 February 1948, with rifles and ammunition for the garrison. They reached Leh on 8 March, where an ad hoc force for defence was organised, followed soon by a Jammu and Kashmir State Forces detachment bringing additional weapons.

Sino-Indian War
A company from the 4th battalion fought in the battle of Walong in November 1962 and suffered significant casualties against a vastly numerically superior Chinese force.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
On September 2, 1965, the 3rd battalion, commanded by Lt. Col. R.B. Nair, was given the task to capture Point 7702 in Jammu and Kashmir. The brigade then planned two battalion attacks with the 2nd battalion, Sikh Regiment on the left to clear the Raja picket and the 3rd battalion, Dogra Regiment on the right to capture point 7702. The battalion left late in the evening on September 5, and successfully sneaked past Raja picket. The two leading companies were to assault from the left flank and cross the start line at 04:00 on September 6 under the able leadership of Maj. Greesh Chandra Verma and Capt. Gurdev Singh Bawa. B and C companies stormed point 7702 at 05:00 on September 6. After a fierce hand-to-hand and bunker-to-bunker fight, the enemy was uprooted from the strongly built defences and the post was captured by 05:45.

Maj. G.C. Verma was wounded in the head and refused to be evacuated. He breathed his last on seeing the success signal being fired from his pistol by Sub. Rattan Singh. Capt. G.S. Bawa, the other assaulting company commander was also wounded fatally while silencing an enemy MMG. The battalion lost two officers, one JCO and 14 ORs while 3 officers, 2 JCOs and 60 ORs were wounded in the battle. 39 men of enemy were killed and 5 were taken as POWs.

In recognition of this valour the battalion was awarded the battle honour Chand Tekri and theatre honour of Jammu and Kashmir 1965.

2nd battalion, Dogra Regiment led the famed OP Hill attack on Nov 2nd 1965, to capture a strategic location in Mendhar area of Jammu and Kashmir. This is regarded as one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Indian Army. Maj GS Pall led the Delta company up the steep and open hill towards Kala Pathar, a frontal attack under heavy machine gun and mortar fire, with the hillside strewn with landmines, followed by Charlie and Alpha companies. Meanwhile 7th Battalion of Sikh Regiment and 5th Battalion of Sikh Li Regiment troops flanked the enemy. Dogras suffered heavy casualties throughout the night but refused to withdraw, eventually meeting up with the Sikh and Sikh Li troops for the capture. Many awards were earned posthumously, including Officers, JCOs and Jawans. 2nd Dogras earned a Battle Honour for this famed battle. An impressive memorial stands at the site today commemorating the battle and the bravery of 2nd Dogras.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
On the eastern front, the 9th battalion was responsible for the fall of Suadih, a small village in East Pakistan that was a strong bastion of the Pakistan Army's most fortified position in the country. This led to the ultimate liberation of East Pakistan and a victory for the Indian Army. For this task, 9 Dogra was awarded the battle honour of Suadih.

The 5th battalion was posted in Asal Uttar, Punjab, where it was assigned to accord depth to the defences of Khem Karan.

Kargil War
The 5th battalion fought in the Kargil War to capture Tiger Hill.

UN Peacekeeping
The Dogra Regiment has not only contributed to the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces in the Gaza Strip, Korea, and the Congo, but has also contributed in providing various military observers in various peace keeping operation around the globe. The 1st, 3rd and 9th battalions have participated in UN peacekeeping missions.

Recruitment
Dogra regiment has a fixed class composition: 50 percent from Himachal Pradesh, 25 percent from Jammu and Kashmir, and a balance from Hoshiarpur, SBS Nagar, Pathankot, and Rupnagar districts of Punjab. Enlisting in army is seen as honourable pursuit for Dogras; soldiering has not only become a substantial part of the economic structure of the Dogra hills, but created social and cultural traditions built on the people's association with the army.

Regimental Centre
Initially, the Dogra battalions were raised in various different places by the British Indian Army, with each having their own depot. After the first World War, a common depot was formed, which was later termed the Training Battalion (later the 10th Battalion). In 1943, the Training Battalion ceased to exist and was renamed The Dogra Regimental Centre. After independence, the regimental centre was established in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh in 1952. It was moved to Faizabad Cantonment, Uttar Pradesh, in June 1976, where it is currently located.

Units

 * 2nd Battalion - The Great Second
 * 3rd Battalion – Mighty Third
 * 4th Battalion - Char Satara
 * 5th Battalion – Five The Formidable
 * 6th Battalion - Soaring Six
 * 7th Battalion - Unbeaten Seven
 * 8th Battalion - Elite Eight
 * 9th Battalion – Suadih Paltan
 * 10th Battalion- Shaktishali Dus
 * 11th Battalion - Elite Eleven
 * 12th Battalion – Towering Twelfth
 * 13th Battalion - Siramani
 * 14th Battalion – Fabulous Fourteen
 * 15th Battalion – Fighting Fifteenth
 * 16th Battalion – Sovereign Sixteen
 * 17th Battalion – Smashing Seventeen
 * 18th Battalion – Ashok Chakra Paltan
 * 19th Battalion – Dynamic Nineteen
 * 20th Battalion - Leaping Tigers
 * 21st Battalion - Roaring Twenty-one
 * Dogra Scouts

Rashtriya Rifles (RR)
 * 11 Rashtriya Rifles
 * 20 Rashtriya Rifles
 * 40 Rashtriya Rifles
 * 62 Rashtriya Rifles

Territorial Army (TA)

The regiment also has 4 Territorial Army battalions.
 * 112th Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (based at Jalandhar, Punjab)
 * 153rd Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (based at Meerut, Uttar Pradesh)
 * 159th Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (Home & Hearth) (based at Thalela, Jammu and Kashmir)
 * 133rd Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (Ecological) (based at Shimla, Himachal Pradesh)

Other facts:
 * 1st Battalion was transformed in 1981 into the 7th Battalion, Mechanised Infantry Regiment

 * The battalions have participated in various UN missions; the 3rd battalion have served in Korea, the 1st battalion has served in Congo, the 9th battalion has served in Gaza and the 5th battalion has served in Sierra Leone. The 3rd battalion was the first-ever battalion of the Indian Army to go on a UN mission.

 * The 4th battalion has the additional honour of being the first battalion of the Indian Army to be deployed on the Siachen Glacier.

Affiliations
In the year 1990 affiliations of Indian Navy ships were being done with the Indian Army Regiments, INS Ranvijay was affiliated with the Dogra Regiment in 1997. Apart from this, the Dogra's are also affiliated with the Regiment of Artillery (14 Medium Regiment and 15 Medium Regiment). Even the Dogra's are also affiliated with the Armoured Corps (71st Armoured Regiment).

Battle honours
Two battalions of the 17th Dogra Regiment (the 2nd and 3rd), also fought in the Malayan Campaign. After the Fall of Singapore, a large number of the captured troops later went on to join the Indian National Army.

Pre-independence
Combined battle honours of 37th (Prince of Wales's Own) Dogras, 38th Dogras, 41st Dogras:
 * World War I
 * La Bassée 1914
 * Festubert 1914–1915
 * Givenchy 1914
 * Neuve Chapelle
 * Aubers
 * France and Flanders 1914–15
 * Egypt 1915
 * Megiddo
 * Nablus
 * Palestine 1918
 * Tigris 1916
 * Kut al-Amara 1917
 * Wadi
 * El Hanna
 * Baghdad
 * Mesopotamia 1915–18
 * Aden
 * Megiddo – 1918
 * Nablus – 1918
 * Palestine – 1918
 * North-West Frontier 1915–1917
 * Afghanistan 1919

 * World War II
 * Kota Bharu
 * Malaya 1941–42
 * Singapore 1941–42
 * Donbaik
 * Wrencat
 * Nunshigum
 * Magwe
 * Kennedy Peak
 * Burma 1942–45

Post-independence

 * Jhangar 1947
 * Barwali 1947
 * Rajauri 1947
 * Jammu and Kashmir 1947–48
 * Hajipir
 * Raja Picquet-Chand Tekri
 * OP Hill (NL 1053)
 * Tiger Hill-1999
 * Uri
 * Poonch
 * Jammu and Kashmir 1965
 * Asal Uttar
 * Dograi
 * Punjab 1965
 * Suadhi
 * Siramani
 * Chauddagram
 * East Pakistan 1971
 * Ferozpur
 * Dera Baba Nanak

Colonels of the Dogra Regiment

 * Lieutenant General Kalwant Singh
 * Lieutenant General M.S. Pathania PVSM
 * Major General M.G. Hazari PVSM, AVSM
 * Major General Mohan Lal PVSM
 * Lieutenant General P.N. Hoon PVSM, AVSM, SM
 * Lieutenant General V.K. Jetley PVSM, VSM
 * Lieutenant General V.K. Sood PVSM, AVSM, PhD
 * Lieutenant General Sher Amir Singh PVSM, AVSM
 * Lieutenant General H.S. Bedi PVSM, VSM
 * Lieutenant General Surjit Singh PVSM, AVSM, VSM
 * General N.C. Vij PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, ADC
 * Lieutenant General S.S. Sanga PVSM, AVSM, VSM, SM
 * Lieutenant General J.K. Mohanty PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM, SM, ADC
 * Lieutenant General Jasbir Singh Dhaliwal PVSM, AVSM, VSM
 * Lieutenant General A.K. Singh PVSM, AVSM, VSM, SM
 * Lieutenant General G.S. Dhillon PVSM, VSM, YSM, SM
 * Brig Jagmohan Varma, SM, VSM
 * Lieutenant General Ranbir Singh AVSM**, YSM, SM, ADC
 * Lieutenant General Jai Singh Nain AVSM, SM, ADC
 * Lt General VM Bhuvana Krishnan AVSM, YSM

Gallantry Awards
Before Indian independence, the Dogras had to their credit two Victoria Crosses and 44 Military Crosses besides 312 other awards including 2 unit Citations. Some awardees are like :
 * Brigadier John Alexander Sinton VC – 37th Dogras
 * Lance Naik Lala VC – 41st Dogras
 * Major R.C. Dunlop MC
 * Major R.C. Christie MC
 * Subedar Narsinghu MC
 * Lance Naik Janak Singh MC
 * Colonel Thakur Prithi Chand MVC
 * Lieutenant Colonel Kushal Chand MVC
 * Brigadier Narinder Singh Sandhu MVC
 * Capt Devinder Singh Ahlawat MVC
 * Sub. Major and Hony. Capt. Bhim Chand, VrC & bar
 * Major Sandeep Shankla AC
 * Colonel K.J. Singh SC**, SM
 * Honorary Captain Vijay Kumar Sharma Padma Shri, AVSM, SM
 * Colonel Anil Kumar KC
 * Sub. Major and Hony. Capt. Chhering Norbu Bodh, SC

The following battalions of the regiment have also been awarded the Chief of Army Staff's Unit Citation:
 * 2nd Battalion
 * 5th Battalion (2 unit citations)
 * 7th Battalion
 * 10th Battalion
 * 14th Battalion
 * 21st Battalion
 * 11 Rashtriya Rifles
 * 40 Rashtriya Rifles

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Category:Typing

Typing is the process of inputting text into a device, such as a typewriter, computer, or a calculator, by pressing keys on a keyboard. It can be distinguished from other means of input, such as the use of pointing devices like the computer mouse, and text input via speech recognition.

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Brampton—Springdale (federal electoral district)

Brampton—Springdale was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 until 2015, when it was abolished after the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.

History
It was created in 2003 from Bramalea—Gore—Malton—Springdale and from Brampton Centre. It had a population of 116,775 in 2001 and an area of 59 km2. It consisted of the neighbourhoods of Snelgrove, the Villages of Heart Lake, Springdale (Brampton), Sandringham (Brampton), Madoc (Brampton)] and Bramalea Woods. Its last member of Parliament was Parm Gill of the Conservative Party of Canada.

Member of Parliament
The riding has elected the following members of Parliament:


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Talk:Academic publishing

Current status and potential developments
Research journals have been so successful that the number of journals and of papers has proliferated over the past few decades, and the credo of the modern academic has become "publish or perish". Except for generalist journals like Science or Nature, the topics covered in any single journal have tended to narrow, and readership and citation have declined. A variety of methods reviewing submissions exist. The most common involves initial approval by the journal, peer review by two or three researchers working in similar or closely related subjects who recommend approval or rejection as well as request error correction, clarification or additions before publishing. Controversial topics may receive additional levels of review. Journals have developed a hierarchy, partly based on reputation but also on the strictness of the review policy. More prestigious journals are more likely to receive and publish more important work. Submitters try to submit their work to the most prestigious journal likely to publish it to bolster their reputation and curriculum vitae. A quantitative (and not uncontroversial) measure of the prestige or importance of a journal is its impact factor, which is increasingly used as a criterion for promotion and in the awarding of tenure.

Some journals now include an open source element; i.e. the authors are allowed to post unreviewed material and designated reviewers or the reader community  freely comments on the material and thus provide an alternative method of quality control. Such journals can be open access, such as PLoS One, or Psycoloquy, or  subscription, such as Current Anthropology.

The mathematician Andrew Odlyzko has argued that research journals will evolve into something akin to Internet forums over the coming decade, by extending the interactivity of current Internet preprints. This change may open them up to a wider range of ideas, some more developed than others. Whether this will be a positive evolution remains to be seen. Some claim that forums, like markets, tend to thrive or fail based on their ability to attract talent, perhaps just the same as with conventional journals. Some believe that highly restrictive and tightly monitored forums may be the least likely to thrive, and some think the exact opposite. Semantic publishing is changing the face of scientific publishing. In particular, self-publishing of experiments on the web could potentially make all the experiment data available as semantic data objects that can be searched, shared and integrated by anyone at any time. This simple but radical idea is being explored by W3C now (demo).

Distribution and business aspects
It was a fact of pre-technology life that, no matter how dedicated, one person can only give a limited number of lectures to the small groups of students who can travel to hear them; and, if articles are to be written and distributed, only a small number of copies can be hand-written or typed. The development of the printing press therefore represented a revolution for communicating the latest hypotheses and research results to the academic community and supplemented what a scholar could do personally. Ironically, this improvement in the efficiency of communication created a challenge for libraries which have had to accommodate the weight and volume of literature. To understand the scale of the problem: about two centuries ago, the number of scientific papers published annually was doubling approximately every fifteen years. Today, the number of published papers doubles about every ten years.

But the new reality of internet technology is that it is far cheaper to send out electronic versions of a paper than to have it printed in a journal. Unlike their medieval counterparts, modern academics can now run electronic journals and distribute academic materials without the need for publishers. Not surprisingly, publishers perceive this emancipation as a serious threat to their business model. In reality, the interests of scholars and publishers have long been in conflict. The purpose of copyright is to protect the capital invested in the "work" by the publisher, while the wish of the scholar is to have the work as widely distributed as possible.

Publishing academic journals and books is a large part of an international industry. The shares of the major publishing companies are listed on national stock exchanges and management policies must satisfy the dividend expectations of international shareholders. Although some specialist academic publishers used to take a less commercial view of their business, the industry has been consolidating and, as smaller units are absorbed into the larger, standardised accounting and profit-oriented policies have dominated the industry. Critics have claimed that these policies now constrain more altruistic leanings of academic publishing.

Content moved over from Open access
I've moved over the #Role_for_publishers_in_scholarly_communication section from the open access page, witten by, since I think it fits here better in a criticism section here than it did at its previous location (discussion). It focuses on publisher value-add and gatekeeping by academic journals. It probably still needs a bit of editing for tone and consistency with the rest of the page. There may also be some overlap with existing content. T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 08:28, 5 January 2020 (UTC)
 * There is a lot of synthesis and essay-like issues in the section.   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 13:34, 5 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I have to agree with that. Especially editorialised are parts like Above, for example, we question the necessity of the current infrastructure for peer review, and if a scholar-led crowdsourced alternative may be preferable., which I think isn't very well supported. I'd have thought that having a third party organise peer review as neutrally as possible is approx 80% of the value-add of a journal. the part about for-profit companies (or the private sector) should be allowed to be in charge of the management and dissemination of academic output refers to a lot of journals, but not all. I think the better solution might be to integrate some of the points and references throughout the current page, since the amount of info probably doesn't warrant its own section, and there's some significant overlap with #Publishers_and_business_aspects. I'll have to leave the decisions up to this page's watchers though, since I'm still a little over-busy at the Open access page. T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 10:52, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

When reading the article I noted some observations: -the article had a neutral and informative tone -all of the links work and provided accurate information -the description of a thesis paper should be added to the categories of papers -in the citation section different ways to cite quotations should be included along with the rules of citing -the crisis section doesn't pertain much relevance to the article

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientific publishing
Is there any article related to "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientific publishing"? There are many interesting studies such as that https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/02/23/study-says-women-arent-publishing-less-during-pandemic Think it could be good to have some article/section, but probably not here but elsewhere?Karlaz1 (talk) 14:13, 24 February 2022 (UTC)

Diversity?
Maybe we should consider to add some information about the diversity issue, not only gender (https://phys.org/news/2023-01-persistent-gender-gap-scientific-editors.html) but also Global south vs North, problems in science evaluation in developing countries etc. And last part should be edited to be more encyclopedic "Role for publishers in scholarly communication" Karlaz1 (talk) 14:15, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Consider checking VitalSource
 * for policies / practices / guidelines
 * GeoVenturing (talk) 19:36, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

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Talk:Romance Papyrus

Does anyone have supplementary infiormation? It is in greek language or in unknown romance?CristianChirita 21:51, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It is in Greek. The term romance refers, in this case, to a literary style, not a language. Dsmdgold 09:30, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

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Brigade of the Guards

The Brigade of The Guards is a mechanised infantry regiment of the Indian Army. It was raised as the first "all India", "all class" infantry unit of the Army where troops from all parts of India serve together, as opposed to other regiments that recruit from specific regions, ethnic groups or religions.

The Brigade of The Guards distinguished itself by being awarded the most battle honours after Indian independence in 1947. The regiment was the brain-child of Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa, who was the first Indian commander-in-chief (C-in-C) of the Indian Army. He raised the Brigade of the Guards and coined the phrase; "The Guards, The Elite".

The President of India is the Honorary Colonel-in-Chief and the Chief of Army Staff is the Colonel-in-Chief of The Guards. The Guards Regimental Centre is at Kamptee in Maharashtra. The Brigade of The Guards was the senior most line infantry regiment of the Indian Army before its selection and conversion to the mechanised infantry role. It now holds the title of the senior most infantry regiment in an honorary/ceremonial capacity. Together with the Mechanised Infantry Regiment, they form part of the 'Mechanised Infantry' arm, which along with the Armoured Corps form the Mechanised Forces.

History and raising
The Brigade of Guards was raised in 1949 on the lines of the elite Guards units of the world, particularly, the Coldstream Guards of the British Army's Guards Division. The regiment was raised to implement the government's policy of encouraging Army recruitment from classes and regions which had been under-represented in the forces. Raised as The Guards Brigade, the old system of class composition was replaced with recruitment open to all regions, castes, creeds, and sections of society.

Prior to the raising of the Guards, Indian Army infantry regiments derived their name and troop composition from region, religion or sub-caste. There was a message with its formation that the country comes before everything else, including religion and caste. The regiment was formed as the first mixed class Indian regiment to be raised after Indian independence by Field Marshal KM Cariappa OBE. Three of the Army's oldest and most distinguished battalions were converted as Guards battalions in 1949:
 * 2nd Battalion, Punjab Regiment - 1st Battalion
 * 1st Battalion, The Grenadiers - 2nd Battalion
 * 1st Battalion, Rajputana Rifles - 3rd Battalion

A year later, they were joined by the 1st Battalion, Rajput Regiment as the 4th Battalion. It was the only regiment of foot guards in the Indian Army. Though the Brigade of The Guards is only 70 years old, its constituent battalions go back as far as 225 years and between them share 93 battle honours earned around the globe.

From its raising till 1964, the Colonel of the Regiment was the serving Chief of the Army Staff. On 1 January 1964, Brigadier (later Lieutenant General) NC Rawlley became the first Colonel of the Regiment of the Brigade of the Guards. The Chiefs of the Army Staff continue to be the Honorary Colonels of the Brigade of Guards.

Currently the Brigade of the Guards consists of 19 regular battalions and 2 territorial battalions and 1 RR (Rashtriya Rifles) battalion. In the 1980s, the Indian Army began to increase the number of mechanized infantry battalions on its order of battle. As part of this program, the battalions of the Brigade of Guards were eventually converted to mechanized infantry.

1971 Liberation War
In the 1971 war, the Brigade of the Guards participated in actions on both the Eastern and the Western fronts. The 14th Guards earned their first PVC ( Param Vir Chakra) through L/Nk Albert Ekka of Bravo Company, for heroism in the Gangasagar theatre: he single-handedly turned the tide against Pakistani defenders firing downrange with LMG's and MMG's from the top of a fortified structure, putting the entire operation in jeopardy.

Operation Blue Star (1984)
This was an Indian military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to capture the extremist Sikh leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers along with demolition of the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in Amritsar, Punjab.

The 10th battalion under Lt. Col. Ishrar Rahim Khan was located in Jalandhar in 1984 and moved to Amritsar to assist the civil administration. Along with 1 Para, 10 Guards moved in from the north entrance to the temple and, though suffering heavy casualties, achieved their objectives. The unit was awarded one Ashok Chakra (Capt. Jasbir Singh Raina), one Kirti Chakra and three Shaurya Chakras. Total casualties suffered by the unit were 19 killed and 50 wounded.

UN operations and counter-insurgency operations
One the first deployments overseas, both for this newly formed regiment as well as for the newly independent India, was to Indo-china, where the 2nd Bn. was posted, in 1954, to support the International Control Commission: India was the lead-nation for the project, and from its own history was well-aware of how risky the task of Partition could be. Detachments of the battalion provided both security and an air of authority to the various subordinate headquarters in North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, and the all-India regiment exemplified the national commitment to a fraught operation.

The Brigade of the Guards has also taken part in UN peace keeping operations in Gaza and Angola.

The regiment has also been used in counter-insurgency operations within India.

Regimental battalions
The regiment currently consists of a total of 23 battalions for Regular Army, one for Rashtriya Rifles and two for Territorial Army. The majority of these operate as standard mechanized infantry, 5 operate in the reconnaissance and support role (3 wheeled and 2 tracked), one is equipped as an anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) battalion and three (including two territorial army battalions) remain as infantry. Today, the regiment is one of three in the Indian Army that is made up of men from the different castes and regions of India. The list of battalions is as follows:

Regimental tune
The four senior battalions and the Guards Training Centre each have their own march past for the Pipes and Drums. The 1 GUARDS plays Nachtlager En Grenada, 2 GUARDS plays Back O’Benachie, 3 GUARDS plays With Wellesley’s Rifles at Keren, 4 GUARDS plays The Cock O’ the North, and the Guards Training Centre plays Hundred Pipers. In 1966, the Brigade adopted the march past of the 2nd Guards Back O’ Benachie for the Pipes and Drums. The Cariappa March was approved for the Brass Band of the 3rd Battalion and the centre in 1970.

Colours
1 GUARDS was the first and as of 2020, is the only battalion to receive Colours from the President of India in front of the Red Fort in New Delhi, with the colours being presented on 20 September 1962. The centre and the 2nd to 14th battalions received colours from President VV Giri at Kota on 16 March 1973. Battalions 15 to 19 were presented with colours by COAS General Gopal Gurunath Bewoor at Kamptee.

Gallantry awards
1 Param Vir Chakra, 2 Ashoka Chakras, 1 Padma Bhushan, 8 Param Vishisht Seva Medals, 6 Maha Vir Chakras, 4 Kirti Chakras, 46 Vir Chakras, 18 Shaurya Chakras, 77 Sena Medals, 10 Ati Vishisht Seva Medals, 3 Yudh Seva Medals, 16 Vishisht Seva Medals, 45 Mention-in-Despatches, 151 COAS's Commendation Cards and 79 GOC-in-C's Commendation Cards

Pre-independence
Delhi 1803; Egypt 1876–1917; British East Africa 1878; Afghanistan 1878–80; Kandahar 1880; Burma 1891; China 1900; East Africa 1914–1916; Mesopotamia 1914–1918, Egypt 1915, Gallipoli 1915, France and Flanders 1915, Kutal Amarah 1915; Palestine 1916-1918; Tigris 1916; Macedonia 1918; Afghanistan 1919; Donbaik 1943; Italy 1943–45; Burma 1945; J&.K 1947–1948; Selinghar; Carnatic; Mysore; Ava; Pegu; Suez Canal; Nels, Krithia; Laos; Aden; Point-551; Kanghaw; Naushera; Mangalore; Hyderabad; Gaza; Megiodo; Nablus; Curais; Seringapatnam; Beurabone; Punjab; Mooltan; Persia; Reshire; Khooshab; Central India; Basra; Shaiba; Ctesiphon; Defence of Kut-Al-Amara; Sidi Barrani; Keren; Cassino; Castele Hill; Leswarree; Deig; Bharatpore; Khelat; Mahrakpore; Chilianwallah; Goojerat and Punjab.

Post-independence
Akhaura, Burki, Gadra Road, Hilli, Naushera, Gurais, Shingo River Valley, Sylhet and Ganga Sagar.

title: Brigade of the Guards


text: Category:0s BC births

title: Category:0s BC births


text: File:HMS Perseus (R51).jpg

title: File:HMS Perseus (R51).jpg


text:
List of universities and higher education colleges in London

London has one of the largest concentrations of universities and higher education institutions in the world. It has 40 higher education institutions (not counting foreign Universities with London branches) and has a student population of more than 400,000. Among the institutions in London are some of the old colleges that today make up the federal University of London, modern universities, as well as a number of smaller and often highly specialised universities and colleges. Additionally, over 45,000 students in over 180 countries follow the University of London External System, established in 1858.

Major universities

Major universities are considered to be those included as universities in at least two of the three national rankings of universities.

Key (lower numbers are better):
 * GUG: Guardian University Guide 2018 (published 2017)
 * TUG: Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2018 (published 2017)
 * CUG: Complete University Guide 2018 (published 2017)
 * UoL: Part of the University of London
 * QS: ranking in QS World University Rankings 2018
 * THE: ranking in Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2017/2018
 * RG: Russell Group, a self-selected association of 24 large British public research universities
 * ARWU: ranking in Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017

Notes:

a Imperial College London, was a college of the University of London but left in 2007.

In addition to the institutions in London, Royal Holloway, University of London in Surrey, and the University of Reading in Berkshire are members of the London Higher membership organisation for London universities. Royal Holloway is also a member institution of the University of London

Branches of UK Universities in London

 * Anglia Ruskin University: ARU London
 * Coventry University: Coventry University London and CU London
 * Glasgow Caledonian University: GCU London
 * Loughborough University: Loughborough University London
 * Nottingham Trent University: Confetti London
 * University of Northumbria: Northumbria University London
 * Sheffield Hallam University: Sheffield Hallam University in London
 * Staffordshire University: Staffordshire University London
 * Sunderland University: University of Sunderland in London
 * Teesside University London
 * Ulster University London Campus
 * University of Wales Trinity Saint David: UWTSD London
 * University of Warwick: Warwick Business School London
 * University of the West of Scotland London
 * York St John University London Campus

Specialised and private universities and higher education colleges
The following institutions are registered as higher education providers with the Office for Students. They are usually specialised in one or two academic fields.

 * Architectural Association School of Architecture
 * BIMM University (Music, Film, Video Games, Performing Arts) - London
 * Bird College (Dance) - Sidcup
 * BPP University (Business, Law, Healthcare) - Holborn/Waterloo/Shepherd's Bush/City of London
 * British College of Osteopathic Medicine (Medicine) - Finchley Road
 * University College of Osteopathy (Medicine) - Newington
 * Royal Central School of Speech and Drama(Drama) - Swiss Cottage
 * Conservatoire for Dance and Drama (Circus/Dance/Drama) - made up of a range of institutions, those in London are:
 * Central School of Ballet - Clerkenwell
 * London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art - Barons Court
 * London Contemporary Dance School - Bloomsbury
 * National Centre for Circus Arts - Shoreditch
 * Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance - St Margarets
 * Royal Academy of Dramatic Art - Fitzrovia
 * Courtauld Institute of Art (History of Art) - Aldwych
 * Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College - Acton/Ealing/Hammersmith/Southall
 * ESCP Europe (Business School) London Campus - Finchley Road
 * Guildhall School of Music and Drama (Music/Drama) - City of London
 * Hult International Business School
 * ICMP (The Institute of Contemporary Music Performance) - Kilburn
 * Institute of Cancer Research (Oncology) - South Kensington
 * Islamic College - Kilburn Park
 * Istituto Marangoni (Fashion/Design) - Spitalfields
 * London Business School (Postgraduate Business School) - Regent's Park
 * London School of Science and Technology
 * London College of Business Studies (Business) - Ilford/Barking
 * Bloomsbury Institute (Business/IT/Postgraduate) - Fitzrovia
 * London School of Commerce & IT (Postgraduate Business School) - Borough
 * London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Medicine) - Fitzrovia
 * London School of Theology (Theology) - Northwood
 * London Studio Centre (Dance and theatre) - North Finchley
 * Mont Rose College of Management and Sciences (Business/Management/Hospitality) - Ilford
 * Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts (Drama) - Wood Green
 * Pearson College (UK) - Holborn
 * Ravensbourne (Broadcasting/Fashion/Design/Postgraduate) - North Greenwich
 * Regent's University London - Regent's Park
 * Richmond, The American International University in London
 * Rose Bruford College (Drama) - Sidcup
 * Royal Academy of Dance (Dance) - Battersea
 * Royal Academy of Music (Music) - Marylebone
 * Royal Central School of Speech and Drama  (Drama and theatre) - Hampstead
 * Royal College of Art (Art/Design) - Kensington
 * Royal College of Music (Music) - Kensington
 * Royal Veterinary College (Veterinary) - King's Cross
 * SAE Institute (Technology) - Haggerston/Dalston
 * University of London School of Advanced Study (Research-led postgraduate specialisms) - Fitzrovia
 * Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
 * Institute of Classical Studies
 * Institute of Commonwealth Studies
 * Institute of English Studies
 * Institute of Modern Languages Research
 * Institute of Historical Research
 * Institute of Latin American Studies
 * Institute of Philosophy
 * Warburg Institute
 * Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance (Music/Dance) made up of Trinity College of Music and Laban Dance Centre - Greenwich/Deptford/New Cross
 * University of Law (Law, Business, Policing, Psychology, Education, Computing)
 * Waltham International College

Unregistered higher education providers that have validation arrangements with UK universities include:
 * London School of Osteopathy

Foreign universities
A number of foreign university institutions operate in London without Royal Charters. Some are bona fide universities with their degrees validated by recognised accreditation bodies abroad or in the UK, while others are not validated at all or are validated by unrecognised accreditation agencies.

Many foreign universities run study-abroad programmes based in London, but these are often restricted to students who spend the majority of their degree studying at the university campus in their own country, and are not independent university campuses. Some of the colleges offering foreign degrees in London are listed below.
 * Booth School of Business, University of Chicago
 * Boston University
 * Brigham Young University
 * Center for Transnational Legal Studies, Georgetown University
 * Paris Dauphine University
 * Fordham University
 * Jagiellonian University
 * Limkokwing University of Creative Technology
 * New York University
 * Northeastern University – London
 * University of Notre Dame
 * Schiller International University
 * Syracuse University


text:
Wikipedia talk:Dashboard/schoolwatch

Schoolwatch transclusion on Wikipedia:Watch
Unless there's significant reasons not to, I'm going to change the schoolwatch transclusion into a link. I don't feel it's appropriate for more than half of that page to be about one narrow field of importance; this is better served at WikiProject_Schools. -- nae'blis (talk) 14:03, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * And done. No commentary in several days tells me this page may not even be used anymore reliably; there's now a WikiProject_Schools that duplicates a lot of this effort. -- nae'blis (talk) 16:58, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

List of university and college entrance exams
Someone made an article titled Entrance exams based on India only schools. I moved it to the above title and added a single Chinese exam that I found. Am bringing here for general work. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 05:47, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Lincoln district
Kudos to those who are working on this experiment, it looks to me to be a sound approach. Guy 14:17, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Dashboard/schoolwatch


text:
Seton Portage

Seton Portage is a community on a narrow strip of land between Anderson Lake and Seton Lake in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia. The community is home to two Seton Lake First Nation communities at either end of the portage and a non-native recreational community between them. Local services include a post office, fire department, library, and general store, among other small businesses. The community is also the location of Seton Portage Historic Provincial Park, a small provincial park protecting a historically significant stretch of railway.

Geology
"The Portage" was formed about 10,000 years ago when the flank of the Cayoosh Range, which is the south flank of the valley, let go and slid into the middle of what had been a single lake. The result is a location similar to Interlaken, Switzerland, with two fjord-style lakes flanking a narrow and very short strip of land between them. Remnants of old lake bottom survive as benchlands lining the north banks of Seton and Anderson Lakes. It may be that the glacial moraine at the foot of Seton Lake, which had been at the foot of the Seton Glacier and, after it melted, dammed the older, larger lake in until the slide and its destructive wave (see megatsunami). The inundation then washed part of it away to open Seton Creek and drain the glacial melt to today's lake level, or close to it (since the lake level is 10–12 feet higher because of the power project completed in 1958).

Archaeological issues
Much of neighbouring Shalalth is on these alluvial benches, but Seton Portage is entirely situated atop the rubble of the great slide, but covered with good soils from the inroads of vegetation over the millennia. Prior to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush and the Portage's role as a key component in the Douglas Road - the sheltered and fertile land of the Portage had been home to what are estimated to have been hundreds of quiggly holes (kekuli, meaning "underneath" in the Chinook Jargon), each of which had been a house with multiple residents.

One witness to the pre-Gold Rush Portage told of coming over the mountain pass which leads into the valley from the north, and looking down on the Portage looked like "many stars in the sky". Such a description suggest a very large population, but no one knows for sure, and between smallpox and other foreign diseases, raids from neighbouring tribes in pre-Contact decades (see Nicola's War) and ensuing famine, the St'at'imc were already reduced in population before the impacts of colonialism and industry reduced them even further.

Because of agriculture and placer activity, all signs of pre-Contact St'at'imc settlement on the Portage were obliterated. Two 1890s-vintage churches built by the Oblate Fathers, and some of the adjacent log-cabin rancheries, still stand today though the one at Slosh, St. Christopher's, is in a state of decay. Heritage-preservation funding has enabled the band to restore the church at Nkait.

Population history
Population estimates of the pre-Contact populations of the Lakes Lillooet people widely vary, with some traditions into the thousands on the Lakes alone. No one knows for sure, and the archaeological record here would be impossible to explore, as the land where the evidence would be has been stampeded and dug up and plowed under many times over, even on the rancheries.

As concerns the Gold Rush-era population, there is no figure for how many men were on the Portage at any one time, only an oft-repeated number of 30,000 as to the number of men that traversed the Lakes Route in the heat of the Gold Rush. The beaches of the Portage were so busy with men coming and going that they were given the names Wapping and Flushing, after the busy London Tube stations of the same names. Within a few years that traffic had disappeared (see Douglas Road) and the non-First Nations population of the Portage from then until the arrival of the Oblates in the 1880s was few, if any at all, although travellers still occasionally used the route of which the location was intrinsically a part.

The first non-native settlers since the Gold Rush occupied lands at the Portage in the early 1900s, which provoked the Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe (May 10, 1911) protesting the land alienations at "the Short Portage". Further settlement came with the building of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, which was open through the Lakes by 1914 and which required the housing and feeding of hundreds of men, and with that the beginnings of the Bridge River Power Project.

During the late 1940s and 1950s, the construction boom caused by the renewal of that project after World War II brought thousands of long-term temporary residents into the valley, with many of these living in temporary trailer camps and prefab houses in the Portage. Following the end of that project, the non-native population has dwindled to 400, cresting to 500 in summer with seasonal residents and visitors. Band population in total, including Shalath and the Portage together, is about 500.

History
The area was traversed by two Hudson's Bay Company employees in 1828, a journey which was later followed in 1846 by Scottish explorer Alexander Caulfield Anderson, who had been assigned to chart it and for whom Anderson Lake is named. Certain placenames along the route were conferred by Anderson later on, at the request of colonial Governor James Douglas. Seton Lake, and hence Seton Portage, was named for a friend of Anderson's who had perished in the sinking of HMS Birkenhead. Farther along Anderson's route to the Coast to the southwest, which later was to become the Douglas Road, there is a Mount Birkenhead, the Birkenhead River and Birkenhead Lake, and also the rural community of Birken and a lake of the same name. Birken Lake is the summit lake of Seton Portage's big twin, the Long Portage, aka Pemberton Pass, which separates the Birken and Seton drainages.

In 1858, gold was discovered in British Columbia. Steamships started running on both Seton Lake and Anderson Lake, and Seton Portage became a transportation bottleneck, as prospectors would need to portage for 2 km between the lakes. In 1861, Carl Dozier constructed British Columbia's first railway here to transport passengers and freight across Seton Portage (then called Short Portage). Most likely the "railway" - known as Dozier's Way - was drawn by horses and mules in one direction, and run on gravity in the other - was not used much after the colonial government built the Cariboo Road through the Fraser River canyon, in 1864, via Ashcroft, which bypassed Seton Portage and Lillooet, and was abandoned shortly thereafter (c. 1870) although its roadgrade survives today as the main local thoroughfare, Portage Road.

Following the Fraser Gold Rush, the Seton valley lapsed into obscurity until the 1890s, when gold exploration scoured the region in the wake of the Cayoosh Gold Rush of the 1880s. Alienation of native land by white settlers at the outset of the 20th century led to the Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe, an assertion of native ownership and sovereignty by the chiefs of the St'at'imc in 1916. In 1914, the Pacific Great Eastern Railway was built through Seton Portage and its twin community Shalalth, which is farther east along Seton Lake.

The valley became an important food supply for the booming goldfields in the Bridge River from the 1920s to the 1950s because of its lower elevation (255 m) and hence warmer climate and long growing season (favorable enough for bigleaf maple at the northeast corner of its natural range). The locality is known for its fine fruit-growing weather - McIntosh apples grown here are considered some of the best in the world, but there is only one commercial orchard today. During the construction of the Bridge River Power Project, the population of the Portage boomed and hundreds of temporary houses and barracks were brought in to house workers and their families. It was during this period that festivities surrounding the 1958 Centennial of the Province of British Columbia saw Short Portage renamed Seton Portage. Local parlance already referred to the valley simply as "Seton", a term still in use today that collectively describes Seton Portage, Shalalth and the remaining hydro company townsite at South Shalalth (formerly known as Bridge River after the name of the project, not because it was on that river).

Land claims issues
The railway line at Seton Portage was blockaded in August 1990 by members of the Seton Lake Indian Band (population: over 500), a branch of the St'at'imc Nation, who were demonstrating in support of the Mohawks during the Oka Crisis. A day or two after a visit by then-Premier William Vander Zalm, the blockade was suppressed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The event was covered by provincial and national television news media and led to province-wide protests in support of native land claims. Shortly afterward, the main railway bridge in Seton Portage was destroyed by an arsonist.

Access
Access to "The Portage" is via a 3500 ft pass from the Bridge River known as the Mission Mountain Road, or a 25 km powerline road from D'Arcy at the farther end of Anderson Lake known as the High Line and in recent times dubbed the Douglas Trail, in reference to the old Douglas Road route from Harrison Lake to Lillooet. There is no road connection along Seton Lake, but that route is used by the British Columbia Railway (now CN); the Seton Lake First Nation operates a railbus, the Kaoham Shuttle, between the Seton communities, beginning at the Seton Portage railway station to and from Lillooet, which is at the farther end of the lake. The service sometimes goes to D'Arcy by prior arrangement.

title: Seton Portage


text:
Emmanuel Christian Academy (Ohio)

Emmanuel Christian Academy (ECA) is a private Christian school located in Springfield, Ohio that has a total enrollment of 260-300 students in pre-kindergarten through 12th grade. Most of the students are from Champaign County, Ohio and Clark County, Ohio.

Emmanuel teaches conservative Bible education classes at all grade levels and holds weekly chapel services for students.

The school's motto is "Preparing Leaders to Impact the World".

title: Emmanuel Christian Academy (Ohio)


text:
Asam Sahitya Sabha

The Asam Sahitya Sabha ; lit. 'Literary Society of Assam') is a non Government, non profit, literary organisation of Assam. It was founded in December 1917 in Assam, India to promote the culture of Assam and Assamese literature. A branch of the organisation named Singapore Sahitya Sabha was launched in Singapore on July 28, 2019.

History
Till 1826 AD. Assam Territory was ruled mainly by Kachari, Ahoms in the entirety of Brahmaputra Valley and Koch. In 1826, after the Treaty of Yandabo the administration of Assam was passed down to the British, till independence in 1947. Since then Assam has been an integral part of India.

However, the history of modern Assam, modern Assamese language and literature and culture found their starting points in the early part of the 19th century. Since 1872 some efforts were made to build up some organisations to work for the development of Assamese language, literature and culture of the modern period.

Before the formal formation of Asam Sahitya Sabha, Sahitya Kandari Padmanath Gohain Baruah had established Kohima Sahitya Sabha at Kohima, Nagaland, in the month of December 1895. Padma Nath Gohain Baruah was Founder Secretary and a Bengali Gentlemen Mr. Nabin Chandra Bhattacherjee was the Founder President. There was an Office Building at the Heart of the Kohima Town, which was known as "LAL GHAR" due to painting with Red color. ( See Mor Xuworon, biography of Padma Nath Gohain Baruah). Late Govinda Chandra Paira, Dhan Bahadur Sonar and Hari Prasad Gorkha Rai were the main product of Kohima Sahitya Sabha, who were Honored by awarding Literary Pension by the Assam Government. The Kohima Sahitya Sabha is still alive (till Nov. 2013). It has an own Bhawan at P.R.Hill, Kohima, Opposite Nagaland Police Headquarters. The Bhawan was exchanged by the Nagaland Government with the earlier one, which was known as LAL GHAR and taken by the Nagaland Government in the year 1978.

Sahitya Sabha festivals
The conference of the Asam Sahitya Sabha is held biennially. First conference of Asam Sahitya Sabha was held at Sivasagar, Assam. Except regular biennially seasons in 2000 and 2002 special session was held at Jorhat and Kalgachia. On 31 January 1–4 February 2013 at Biswaratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Samannay Khetra, Barpeta Road, an administrative circle of Barpeta District of Assam. The Sabha's 2015 session held at Kaliabor, Nagaon. The current conference will be held in Padmanath Gohain Baruah Khetra, Rupahi-Jerenga Pathar, Rudrasagar, Sivasagar from 8 to 12 February 2017.

Asam Sahitya Sabha Patrika
Asam Sahitya Sabha Patrika (Ôxôm Xahityô Xôbha Pôtrika) is an official journal of the Asam Sahitya Sabha. The first issue appeared in October 1927. Chandradhar Barua was the founder editor of the journal.

Objectives

 * 1) To make all round development of the Assamese language, literature and the culture of the State.
 * 2) Publications of Dictionary, Research works, monographs on languages, literature, culture, tribes and races etc., books on literary criticism, complete works of the great writers of Assam etc.
 * 3) To enquire, collect and research on ancient literature of the State of Assam.
 * 4) To provide financial help to the deserving writers who cannot afford to publish their books and literature for financial stringency.
 * 5) To promote music, art and sculpture of the State.
 * 6) To bring out leaflets, pamphlets etc. in order to publicize the Assamese language and literature.
 * 7) To promote exchange plans and schemes between Literature and Culture.
 * 8) To do such work which helps in expanding development of Assamese Language, Literature and Culture.

Presidents
The first president of Asam Sahitya Sabha was Padmanath Gohain Baruah during the inaugural conference at Sibsagar in 1917.

title: Asam Sahitya Sabha


text:
Sentient Networks

Sentient Networks, Inc., was an American networking hardware company that manufactured of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Frame Relay concentrators and switches for central offices. Founded in 1995 in Sarasota, Florida, the company soon after moved to San Jose, California. It was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1999.

History
Sentient Networks was founded in 1995 by Nimish Shah, who previously an employee of Loral Data Systems in Sarasota, Florida, before the latter subsidiary was shut down. He founded Sentient in Tampa Bay, Florida; the company soon saw venture capital backing from companies such as Sequoia Capital Accel Partners, AT&T, and Ameritech. By late 1996, the company employed 35 and had leased a 6,000-square-foot building in Sarasota for its headquarters and a 1,000-square-foot facility in San Jose, California, as a regional office. In September 1996, the company moved its entire operations to a 26,000-square-foot facility in San Jose.

Sentient made products for Internet service providers, interexchange carriers, and Regional Bell Operating Companies. It developed the industry's highest-density ATM Circuit Emulation Service (CES) gateway. The company's first successful product was the Ultimate 1000 network switch, which incorporated the company's new proprietary Any Service/Any Port architecture, allowing individual parts to be configured as ATM or Frame Relay switches. Released in 1996, it was purportedly the first product to comply fully with the ATM Forum's "Anchorage Accord" specification. Sentient negotiated an OEM agreement with DSC Communitations in 1997 for their Ultimate 1000.

Cisco Systems, also of San Jose, announced their intent to acquire on April 8, 1999. Sentient at that point had 102 employees; its CEO was Greg McAdoo. Sentient's employees joined the Multi-Service Switching business unit (MSSBU) of Cisco, which was the part of Cisco created by their acquisition of StrataCom. The acquisition was finalized on June 25, 1999, with Sentient receiving $125 million.

title: Sentient Networks


text:
Bundle branch block

A bundle branch block is a partial or complete interruption in the flow of electrical impulses in either of the bundle branches of the heart's electrical system.

Anatomy and physiology
The heart's electrical activity begins in the sinoatrial node (the heart's natural pacemaker), which is situated on the upper right atrium. The impulse travels next through the left and right atria and summates at the atrioventricular node. From the AV node the electrical impulse travels down the bundle of His and divides into the right and left bundle branches. The right bundle branch contains one fascicle. The left bundle branch subdivides into two fascicles: the left anterior fascicle, and the left posterior fascicle. Other sources divide the left bundle branch into three fascicles: the left anterior, the left posterior, and the left septal fascicle. The thicker left posterior fascicle bifurcates, with one fascicle being in the septal aspect. Ultimately, the fascicles divide into millions of Purkinje fibres, which in turn interdigitate with individual cardiac myocytes, allowing for rapid, coordinated, and synchronous physiologic depolarization of the ventricles.

Mechanism
When a bundle branch or fascicle becomes injured (by underlying heart disease, myocardial infarction, or cardiac surgery), it may cease to conduct electrical impulses appropriately. This results in altered pathways for ventricular depolarization. Since the electrical impulse can no longer use the preferred pathway across the bundle branch, it may move instead through muscle fibers in a way that both slows the electrical movement and changes the directional propagation of the impulses. As a result, there is a loss of ventricular synchrony, ventricular depolarization is prolonged, and there may be a corresponding drop in cardiac output. When heart failure is present, a specialized pacemaker may be used to resynchronize the ventricles. In theory a pacemaker like this will shorten the QRS interval, thus bringing the timing of contraction of the left and right ventricles closer together and slightly increasing the ejection fraction.

Diagnosis
A bundle branch block can be diagnosed when the duration of the QRS complex on the ECG exceeds 120 ms. A right bundle branch block typically causes prolongation of the last part of the QRS complex and may shift the heart's electrical axis slightly to the right. The ECG will show a terminal R wave in lead V1 and a slurred S wave in lead I. Left bundle branch block widens the entire QRS, and in most cases shifts the heart's electrical axis to the left. The ECG will show a QS or rS complex in lead V1 and a monophasic R wave in lead I. Another normal finding with bundle branch block is appropriate T wave discordance. In other words, the T wave will be deflected opposite the terminal deflection of the QRS complex. Bundle branch block, especially left bundle branch block, can lead to cardiac dyssynchrony. The simultaneous occurrence of left and right bundle branch block leads to total AV block.

Types
Depending on the anatomical location of the defect which leads to a bundle branch block, the blocks are further classified into: The left bundle branch block can be further sub classified into: Other classifications of bundle branch blocks are;
 * Right bundle branch block, incomplete (IRBBB) or complete (CRBBB)
 * Left bundle branch block, incomplete (iLBBB) or complete (cLBBB)
 * Left anterior fascicular block. In this case only the anterior half of the left bundle branch (fascicle) is involved
 * Left posterior fascicular block. Only the posterior part of the left bundle branch is involved
 * Bifascicular block. This is a combination of right bundle branch block (RBBB) and either left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) or left posterior fascicular block (LPFB)
 * Trifascicular block. This is a combination of right bundle branch block with either left anterior fascicular block or left posterior fascicular block together with a first degree AV block.
 * Tachycardia-dependent bundle branch block

A simple way to quickly differentiate between the two types is to note the deflection of the QRS complex in the V1 lead. A (V1) QRS segment deflected down indicates left bundle branch block, while a deflection up indicates right bundle branch block. In both types, the QRS is wide (> 0.12 seconds).

Treatment
Some people with bundle branch blocks are born with this condition. Many others acquire it as a consequence of heart disease. People with bundle branch blocks may still be quite active, and may have nothing more remarkable than an abnormal appearance to their ECG. However, when bundle blocks are complex and diffuse in the bundle systems, or are associated with additional and significant ventricular muscle damage, they may be a sign of serious underlying heart disease. In more severe cases, a pacemaker may be required to restore an optimal electrical supply to the heart muscle.

title: Bundle branch block


text: Category:Bottles

title: Category:Bottles


text:
Pirelli Tower

Pirelli Tower (Italian: Grattacielo Pirelli – also called "Pirellone", literally "Big Pirelli") is a 32-storey, 127 m skyscraper in Milan, Italy. The base of the building is 1900 m2, with a length of 75.5 m and a width of 20.5 m. The construction used approximately 30000 m3 of concrete. The building weighs close to 70000 t with a volume of 125324 m3.

Characterized by a structural skeleton, curtain wall façades and tapered sides, it was among the first skyscrapers to abandon the customary block form. After its completion it was the tallest building in Italy but in 1961, Mole Antonelliana recovered priority after rebuilding of its pinnacle. The architectural historian Hasan-Uddin Khan praised it as "one of the most elegant tall buildings in the world" and as one of the "few tall European buildings [that made] statements that added to the vocabulary of the skyscraper".

The building inspired the Pan Am Building (now MetLife Building) in New York, the National Mutual West Plaza in Auckland and the Banco Sabadell Tower in Barcelona.

History
In 1950, Alberto Pirelli, president and owner of the giant Pirelli tyre company, ordered that a skyscraper be built in the area where the corporation's first factory was located in the 19th century. The project was developed by architect Gio Ponti, with the assistance of Pier Luigi Nervi and Arturo Danusso.

Construction of the tower began in 1956, when Italy was experiencing an economic boom. The tower was to be surrounded by low-lying buildings on a pentagonal plot of land. Upon its completion in 1958, it became a symbol not only of Milan, but also of the economic recovery of Italy after the devastation of World War II. At 127 m, it was the tallest building in Italy after Mole Antonelliana until 1995. The company sold the building to the Lombardy regional government in 1978. It's also the seat of the Regional Council. On 18th April 2002 a plane crashes into the skyscraper, the 2002 Pirelli Tower airplane crash.

2002 plane crash
On the afternoon of 18 April 2002, a Rockwell Commander 112 single-engine airplane registered in Switzerland hit the building. The aircraft was apparently scheduled to fly from Locarno to Milan. The plane was low on fuel and Linate Airport was preparing an emergency landing prior to the crash, but the pilot suddenly strayed and crashed into the building. The pilot and two people inside the tower were killed in the accident. Two goals of the restoration work were to maintain the structural and artistic integrity of the building and to upgrade its status as an executive headquarters by introducing new support services and technological systems.

title: Pirelli Tower


text:
Talk:Pixies at the BBC

Fair use rationale for Image:Pixies-AtTheBBCCover.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 16:24, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 19:12, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A4ujqoalaiijm

1990 "Peel session"
"Is She Weird", track 6 of this compilation, is listed as "Recorded for the John Peel show, June 11, 1990, first transmitted August 10, 1990", which is almost what it says in the CD insert (my copy says August 20).

Ken Garner's The Peel Sessions book doesn't list a Pixies Peel session in 1990. The Pixies page of the John Peel Wiki at Fandom says that this was actually a Black Francis solo recording, transmitted on 21 June 1990. I have confirmed this by way of original research, i.e. listening to a bootleg recording of that show, which features the four Black Francis tracks, the repeat session from Kings of Oblivion listed for that 21 June in the Garner book, and running discussion of the England–Egypt and Ireland–Netherlands football matches played on that date in group F of the Italia '90 World Cup. Peel says "the only performer you are going to hear" is Black Francis, so presumably that includes the bass and drums on those tracks that feature it.

All four tracks are on the new Pixes at the BBC, 1988-91 compilation released in 2024 (and whether that's a new thing or a new edition of this album is another issue that I have raised at Talk: Pixies (band)). It lists them as produced by Pixies and first broadcast on August 20, 1990 (i.e. the same day as the Goodier session, the week after the release of Bossanova).

David Cavanagh's history of the Peel show, Good Night and Good Riddance, discusses the 20 August 1990 show (pp. 452–3) but doesn't mention a Pixies or Black Francis session.

What do you do when the "reliable" sources (which in this case are just CD/LP sleeve notes) are, apparently, wrong? -- rbrwr± 14:00, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pixies at the BBC


text:
Chocolate chip

Chocolate chips or chocolate morsels are small chunks of sweetened chocolate, used as an ingredient in a number of desserts (notably chocolate chip cookies and muffins), in trail mix and less commonly in some breakfast foods such as pancakes. They are often manufactured as teardrop-shaped volumes with flat circular bases; another variety of chocolate chips have the shape of rectangular or square blocks. They are available in various sizes, usually less than 10 mm in diameter.

Origin
Chocolate chips were created with the invention of chocolate chip cookies in 1937 when Ruth Graves Wakefield of the Toll House Inn in the town of Whitman, Massachusetts added cut-up chunks of a semi-sweet Nestlé chocolate bar to a cookie recipe. (The Nestlé brand Toll House cookies is named for the inn.) The cookies were a huge success, and Wakefield reached an agreement in 1939 with Nestlé to add her recipe to the chocolate bar's packaging in exchange for a lifetime supply of chocolate. Initially, Nestlé included a small chopping tool with the chocolate bars. In 1941, Nestlé and at least one of its competitors started selling the chocolate in "chip" (or "morsel") form.

Types
Originally, chocolate chips were made of semi-sweet chocolate, but today there are many flavors. These include bittersweet, peanut butter, butterscotch, mint chocolate, white chocolate, dark chocolate, milk chocolate, and white and dark swirled chips.

Uses
Chocolate chips can be used in cookies, pancakes, waffles, cakes, pudding, muffins, crêpes, pies, hot chocolate, and various pastries. They are also found in many other retail food products such as granola bars, ice cream, and trail mix.

Baking and melting
Chocolate chips can also be melted and used in sauces and other recipes. The chips melt best at temperatures between 104 and 113 °F. The melting process starts at 90 °F, when the cocoa butter starts melting in the chips. The cooking temperature must never exceed 115 °F for milk chocolate and white chocolate, or 120 °F for dark chocolate, or the chocolate will burn.

Although convenient, melted chocolate chips are not always recommended as a substitute for baking chocolate. Because most chocolate chips are designed to retain their shape when baking, they contain less cocoa butter than baking chocolate, and so can be more difficult to work with melted.

Availability
Chocolate chips are popular as a baking ingredient in the United States. Originating in the US, the chocolate chip cookie is widely available many parts of the world. Nestlé and the Hershey Company are some producers of chocolate chips.

title: Chocolate chip


text:
Benetton Rugby

Benetton Rugby, also known as Benetton Treviso ( or ), is an Italian professional rugby union team based in Treviso, Veneto competing in the United Rugby Championship, the European Rugby Challenge Cup and European Champions Cup. Treviso rugby team was founded in 1932 and has won 15 Italian national championships. The team has been owned by the Benetton clothing company since 1979. Treviso have competed in the United Rugby Championship (formerly the Pro14 and Pro12) since 2010, and have previously competed in the Italian domestic championship.

Treviso have supplied many players to the Italian national team, such as Alessandro Zanni and Leonardo Ghiraldini. Conversely, several notable foreign internationals have played for Treviso, including Rugby World Cup winners Craig Green, John Kirwan and Michael Lynagh. The President of Treviso Rugby is Amerino Zatta. Since 1982, the club has also had a women's team, known as Red Panthers, which has won 16 national championships.

Amateur era: 1932–1995
Treviso rugby team was founded in 1932. The club won its first honour when it took the 1956 Italian premiership. Benetton Treviso won its first Italian Cup in 1970 and in 1978 won the Italian premiership again. The year after Benetton became the main sponsor, the team's name became "Benetton Rugby Treviso". Treviso won the domestic premiership in 1983, then again in 1989 and in the 1992 season.

Professional era: 1995–present
Benetton Treviso Rugby turned professional after 1995. They dominated the Italian league from 1997 until 2010, winning the championship 10 times (1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010) during those 14 seasons and twice finishing second. They also won the Italian Cup in 1998.

Benetton Treviso has competed in the Heineken Cup competition almost every year since the competition began in 1995 along with the professional era. Benetton Treviso competed in the inaugural 1995–96 Heineken Cup, winning one game and losing one. The following season they played four matches, winning one game. In the 1998–99 Heineken Cup, they won three games. Benetton Treviso spent the 2000–01 and 2002–03 seasons in the European Challenge Cup, but have appeared in the Heineken Cup in each season since then. They won half of their games during the 2004–05 Heineken Cup, but won only one match in the following four seasons (at Newport Gwent Dragons in 2007). In the 2009–10 Heineken Cup opener, they defeated reigning French Top 14 champions Perpignan 9–8 in Treviso.

Following the 2009–10 season, Treviso left the Italian domestic competition and in 2010–11 was one of two Italian teams to join the Celtic League to play against clubs from Ireland, Wales and Scotland. The new league was to be known as the Pro12. Both Italian teams were guaranteed places annually into the Heineken Cup, which had previously been awarded to the two top teams in the domestic Italian National Championship of Excellence. An agreement had been reached in early March 2010 to allow two Italian teams a place in the Celtic League. In 2010, it was proposed that Aironi and a new team, Praetorians Roma, would join, but Treviso were nominated instead. Treviso and a combination of Duchi Nord-Ovest rugby clubs could not agree to form one regional representative club and lost out in the first round of bidding. However, Pretorians Roma failed to satisfy financial criteria, and Treviso instead joined the Pro12.

Treviso finished their first two season in the Pro12 (2010–11 and 2011–12) in 10th place, while in the 2012–13 season they finished 7th with 50 points. In the next three seasons, Treviso performed poorly, ending 11th, 11th and 12th out of twelve teams. After that, a new head coach was engaged for the 2016/2017 season, the New Zealander Kieran Crowley. The former All Black formed a new coaching team with two ex-Italian internationals, Marco Bortolami and Fabio Ongaro. Treviso finished the season in 10th place.

In 2017/2018, the championship was joined by two South Africans teams, becoming the Pro14, and was divided into two conferences. This season Treviso nearly reached the European Rugby Champions Cup play-offs, ending 5th in the conference with 55 points. For first time since Treviso joined this league the club has been able to record more wins than losses (11 against 10).

Ahead of the 2017/18 season, Benetton Rugby Treviso was renamed Benetton Rugby. From 2022/23 season, he instituted an Academy Under 23 and a territorial Academy Under 19.

Honours

 * Italian Championship:
 * Champions: 15 (1956, 1978, 1983, 1989, 1992, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010)
 * Coppa Italia:
 * Champions: 4 (1970, 1998, 2005, 2010)
 * Italian Super Cup:
 * Champions: 2 (2006, 2009)
 * Pro14 Rainbow Cup
 * Champions: (2021)
 * United Rugby Championship Scottish/Italian Shield
 * Runner Up: (2022-23), (2023-24)

Stadium
The team play at the Stadio Comunale di Monigo in Treviso, 4 km northwest of the city centre. The stadium has two covered stands and a capacity of 5,000.

Staff and coaching team
The staff for the 2023–24 season is:

 * Sports director – Antonio Pavanello
 * Head coach – Marco Bortolami
 * Assistant coach – Fabio Ongaro
 * Assistant coach – Calum MacRae
 * Assistant coach – Julian Salvi
 * Assistant coach – Alessandro Troncon
 * Assistant coach – Dewaldt Duvenage
 * Team Manager – Enrico Ceccato
 * Trainer – Jim Molony − Alberto Botter – Mario Disetti – Giorgio Da Lozzo – Riccardo Ton – Alessandro Zanni - Alberto Antonelli
 * Video analyst – Nicola Gatto − Mattia Geromel

Italian players
Former players who have played for Benetton and have caps for Italy

 * Manfredi Albanese
 * Tommaso Allan
 * Orazio Arancio
 * Enrico Bacchin
 * Robert Barbieri
 * Marco Barbini
 * Mattia Bellini
 * Alberto Benettin
 * Tommaso Benvenuti
 * Mauro Bergamasco
 * Valerio Bernabò
 * Stefano Bettarello
 * Callum Braley
 * Luca Bigi
 * Lucio Boccaletto
 * Tobias Botes
 * Giorgio Bronzini
 * Dean Budd
 * Kris Burton
 * Michele Campagnaro
 * Gonzalo Canale
 * Carlo Checchinato
 * Lorenzo Cittadini
 * Oscar Collodo
 * Walter Cristofoletto
 * Mauro Dal Sie
 * Denis Dallan
 * Manuel Dallan
 * Giacomo Da Re
 * Santiago Dellapè
 * Benjamin de Jager
 * Andrea De Marchi
 * Paul Derbyshire
 * Alberto Di Bernardo
 * Raffaele Dolfato
 * Piermassimiliano Dotto
 * Angelo Esposito
 * Hame Faiva
 * Gianluca Faliva
 * Simone Favaro
 * Ignacio Fernandez Rouyet
 * Ivan Francescato
 * Marco Fuser
 * Ezio Galon
 * Paolo Garbisi
 * Gonzalo García
 * Julian Gardner
 * Ornel Gega
 * Leonardo Ghiraldini
 * Mark Giacheri
 * Edoardo Gori
 * Giovanni Grespan
 * Andrea Gritti
 * Jayden Hayward
 * Tommaso Iannone
 * Monty Ioane
 * Marco Lazzaroni
 * Alberto Lucchese
 * Gianmarco Lucchesi
 * Andrea Marcato
 * Ramiro Martínez
 * Francesco Mazzariol
 * Nicola Mazzucato
 * Luke McLean
 * Ian McKinley
 * Matteo Minozzi
 * Francesco Minto
 * Jean-François Montauriol
 * Luca Morisi
 * Alessandro Moscardi
 * Giacomo Nicotera
 * Ludovico Nitoglia
 * David Odiete
 * Fabio Ongaro
 * Edoardo Padovani
 * Scott Palmer
 * Sergio Parisse
 * Antonio Pavanello
 * Enrico Pavanello
 * Mario Pavin
 * Massimiliano Perziano
 * Giovanni Pettinelli
 * Simon Picone
 * Giancarlo Pivetta
 * Walter Pozzebon
 * Andrea Pratichetti
 * Franco Properzi
 * Nicola Quaglio
 * Iliesa Ratuva Tavuyara
 * Marco Riccioni
 * Michele Rizzo
 * Guido Rossi
 * Leonardo Sarto
 * Stefano Saviozzi
 * Franco Sbaraglini
 * Diego Scaglia
 * Fabio Semenzato
 * Michele Sepe
 * Alberto Sgarbi
 * Andrea Sgorlon
 * Luca Sperandio
 * Braam Steyn
 * Tito Tebaldi
 * Giulio Toniolatti
 * Cherif Traorè
 * Moreno Trevisiol
 * Alessandro Troncon
 * Giorgio Troncon
 * Corniel van Zyl
 * Tommaso Visentin
 * Manoa Vosawai
 * Federico Zani
 * Alessandro Zanni
 * Gianni Zanon
 * Matteo Zanusso
 * Sergio Zorzi

Overseas players
Former players who have played for Benetton and have caps for their Representative Team

I Dogi
Treviso is an executive member of the historical territorial representative of I Dogi (the Doges) that have recovered in 2015 and represents several clubs in Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Currently no provision is made for a selection Seniors who take the field with the shirt of The Doges: to represent its brand and colors are at this stage the representative under-14, under-16 male and female under-18 male and female managed by Veneto Regional Committee. May occur during the right conditions, there is still the desire to be able to field, even if it is currently not a priority.

In the past, Dogi was a historical invitational team that included the best players of Triveneto, area of Italy in which this sport is very widespread. The team was founded on 17 December 1973 in Treviso, and played its last game on 17 November 1993. In twenty years they played 22 games with teams of international level, collecting 15 victories. The selection shirt was red, with golden edges.

Benetton Women
Since November 2023, the Franchise has also had a women's team, which plays official tests with Spanish team.

title: Benetton Rugby


text:
InterSky

InterSky, legally Intersky Luftfahrt GmbH, was an Austrian airline headquartered in Bregenz, which operated scheduled services from its base at Friedrichshafen Airport, Germany, to major cities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, as well as seasonal holiday flights to the Mediterranean from other airports. The airline ceased operations on the evening of 5 November 2015 due to financial difficulties.

Early years
InterSky was established in November 2001 and started operations on 25 March 2002. At that time the company was owned by Renate Moser (50%), at the time the first female airline CEO, Rolf Seewald (35%), the co-founder and later the owner of Austrian airline Rheintalflug, and other shareholders (15%).

The Bern location came about because then airport director, Charles Riesen, was looking across Europe for an airline that would revitalize the derelict Bern-Belp Airport. The first InterSky flight took place on March 25, 2002. Initially, it began flights between the Swiss federal capital and the cities of Berlin and Vienna.

Supported by the owner Renate Moser, Klaus Bernatzik, who joined the company as CFO in 2003 and previously worked for Rheintalflug and Eurowings, rejected InterSky's previous strategy after suffering major losses in 2002. Following the example of British airline Flybe and under the impression of the low-cost boom that had emerged in Europe, he radically changed the business model. Later on, catering at InterSky was only available against payment and flight tickets were only available via their own website on the Internet. Within a year, the airline was in the black. In accordance with InterSky's claim to sustainable growth, investments were only financed from surpluses - rather unusual for the aviation industry.

InterSky served Berlin Tempelhof Airport right from the start. When it became known that the airport would be closed at the end of 2004, Renate Moser joined several citizens initiatives to keep the airport open. Together with other airlines, she supported a legal dispute that finally guaranteed this until the end of October 2008. InterSky flew to Tempelhof until the end and on the last day before the closure, they conducted several sightseeing flights to say goodbye to the airport together with the employees. An InterSky aircraft was one of the last machines allowed to take off from Tempelhof. On one of the last Tempelhof flights, pilot Viggo Bergers said goodbye in front of hundreds of onlookers with the usual aviation wobble of the wings.

In 2004, after the departure of Hahn Air Lines, InterSky starts relocate its operational base to Friedrichshafen Airport in Germany, which was not fully utilized in Bern. Operations in FDH were profitable from day one, so the airline decided in 2005 to withdraw entirely from Bern and to relocate remaining flight operations to Friedrichshafen. Afterwards, InterSky was the largest airline in Friedrichshafen. In 2010, it was the sixth largest low-fare airline in Germany in terms of flight movements.

In October 2009, the airline transported its millionth passenger. In 2010, InterSky carried 250,000 passengers, more than ever before in the company's history.

As of 2010, the airline had 110 employees. In October 2010, InterSky announced it was ending its long-running route from Friedrichshafen to Cologne due to the heavy competition from Germanwings which had started flying the same route a few months earlier. InterSky also postponed plans to add a fifth aircraft to the fleet.

In July 2011 InterSky announced that Renate Moser and Rolf Seewald were to take over operative management after four years' absence. Claus Bernatzik, Renate Moser's son, left the company by end of the year. In August 2012 it was announced that InterSky had ordered two ATR 72-600s. The two aircraft were scheduled to be delivered in December 2012 and March 2013. These aircraft became the first ATRs to be operated by an Austrian carrier.

In the same month the airline also announced plans to open a new base at Hamburg Airport. The plan was cancelled in October 2012, after OLT Express Germany also announced plans to fly between Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden and Hamburg. Since OLT Express Germany filed for bankruptcy shortly afterwards, InterSky started operating the route in March 2013 on a wet-lease contract with Avanti Air. It stopped flying the route in January 2014 after Germanwings announced plans to start the same route from spring 2014.

Final years
In May 2015, InterSky announced plans to open its second base at Memmingen Airport by October 2015 consisting of one aircraft, adding a new route to Cologne and increasing frequencies on existing services to Berlin and Hamburg. Later, the plan was changed to use a triangled route Friedrichshafen - Memmingen - Cologne/Bonn instead of basing an aircraft in Memmingen. On 27 October 2015, InterSky announced drastic cuts to their Friedrichshafen-Memmingen-Cologne route which had resumed just three weeks earlier. Instead of two daily flights only two flights a week were to continue due to demand being lower than expected.

In September 2015, it was announced that InterSky was still loss-making and the owner, German investor Intro Aviation, planned to sell the company entirely. All flights from Memmingen Airport and Zürich Airport as well as the Friedrichshafen-Düsseldorf route was terminated in immediate effect. Additionally, InterSky tries to find another usage for their two ATR72-600s whose purchase back in 2013 has been called a mistake. In October 2015, InterSky reported to be in advanced negotiations with a potential investor from Germany willing to pay 5 million Euros for the airline. Shortly after, the Austrian aviation authorities requested InterSky to provide information over their financial security by 5 November 2015. Otherwise their operational license could be revoked. On 4 November 2015, the aforementioned sale agreement fell through. In the same time, InterSky submitted the requested documents regarding their financial security to the Austrian authorities. Shortly after, the airline announced plans to go into administration while maintaining operations.

However, on the evening of 5 November 2015, InterSky announced that they were forced to cease all operations immediately as the lessor of its fleet seized four of the airline's five aircraft - both ATR 72-600s and two Bombardier Dash 8 Q300s - over unpaid leasing charges on short notice. All four aircraft were returned to the lessor immediately, while the remaining one - which was owned by InterSky - operated the last flight from Zürich to Graz. Previously, a potential investor declined to financially support the plans to go into administration.

On 6 November 2015, the airline announced it had files for insolvency. It has been reported that the airline accumulated around 5 million Euros of debt with several airports being amongst the creditors.

Destinations
InterSky operated scheduled and charter flights to the following destinations :

 * Austria
 * Graz - Graz Airport
 * Salzburg - Salzburg Airport

 * Croatia
 * Pula - Pula Airport seasonal
 * Zadar - Zadar Airport seasonal

 * Germany
 * Berlin - Berlin Tegel Airport
 * Cologne/Bonn - Cologne Bonn Airport
 * Düsseldorf - Düsseldorf Airport
 * Friedrichshafen - Friedrichshafen Airport base
 * Hamburg - Hamburg Airport
 * Memmingen - Memmingen Airport focus city
 * Munich - Munich Airport seasonal

 * Greece
 * Naxos - Naxos Island National Airport seasonal charter

 * Italy
 * Elba - Marina di Campo Airport seasonal

 * Spain
 * Menorca - Menorca Airport seasonal

 * Switzerland
 * Altenrhein - St. Gallen–Altenrhein Airport seasonal
 * Zürich - Zurich Airport

 * United Kingdom
 * Guernsey - Guernsey Airport seasonal charter
 * Jersey - Jersey Airport seasonal charter

Fleet
As of 5 November 2015, on its last day of operations, the InterSky fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

title: InterSky


text: User talk:24.205.112.2

title: User talk:24.205.112.2


text:
Talk:Spruance-class destroyer

Armament
All ships of this class are equipped with 2 x triple 12.75 inch torpedo tubes (Mk46 torpedoes). Some ships are equipped with 21 cell RAM launchers. I scanned a number of the ships in the class, and almost all are missing these details. --Durin 21:59, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've updated Spruance to have a better format for armament, and added the Mk41 and 12.75in torp tubes to her weapons. Unless others disagree, I think this format is far easier to understand than current format for armament used throughout the rest of the class. I'll begin changing them over soon. --Durin 04:28, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The bulleted list takes up a lot of the horizontal space. How about either [3] or [4] below:

 * Thanks for creating the different versions! Great way of focusing debate.
 * The bulleted list does not take up any more horizontal space than [3] or [4]. It does take up a bit more vertical space than [3], but it is more readable than [3]. I think we can agree that [1] is bad. [4] is really little different than [2]. If I only had [2] and [4] to choose from, I'd choose [2] in a hearbeat. [2] vs. [3] is a bit more difficult of a call, but I'd still take [2] for readability.
 * In reviewing other ships (OHPs, DDG51s, etc.) there are similar problems scattered about. Whatever we decide here, we should propagate at least through the USN vessels. Bleah. Big retrofit. Time to RCOH our USN Wikipedia articles? ha! :)
 * It'd be nice if others beside us were chiming in on this debate. I know there are others working/watching USN articles, but it seems of late you and I are the most active.
 * I've begun modifying the ships in the class per design [2] below, and adding in your Radar/Sonar/EQ equipment (with modifications as appropriate per ship). --Durin 03:50, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I also massaged the other characteristics. And this link block is useful; change "963" to the ship's number.
 * Nice to see the radar/sonar/EW outfits. I'd like to see it added, but we need to be careful; there are some differences across ships in the class. For example, ELINT systems and V2/V3 SLQ-32. I don't think there's any differentiation in radars, but I seem to recall some (all?) of these ships being fitted for towed array only to have it removed and put in storage (which of course made sense given the state of the CCCP navy after the end of the Cold War). If we can get some agreement on format, we can push forward on this class and retrofit our decisions here onto other major classes. If you're willing to do so, I'm willing to help. --Durin 04:26, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Combat History
Wasn't the ship hit by an Iraqi exocet (erroneously) in the mid-1980s a Spruance class? If so, there should be a note of this in the article. It showed that the US navy had not paid sufficient attention to the lessons learnt by the Royal Navy in the Falklands War, despite the apparent superiority of the Spruance class to the Royal Navy type 42. Hence again during Gulf War I it was the British ship HMS Gloucester which saved the giant USS Missouri from a hit by an Iraqi silkworm missile. JRJW April '06
 * You're thinking of the USS Stark (FFG-31) which was hit by two Exocet missiles, and not only survived but made it to Bahrain under her own power. I'd be careful about making apples and oranges comparisons to HMS Sheffield (D80) which was hit by one Exocet. The situations were considerably different, and the ships were considerably different (even if near in size). Note that a Spruance class destroyer is approximately twice the size of a Type 42 and none were ever hit by an Exocet. --Durin 21:26, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Success or Failure?
I thought I had read someplace or other that this class was to reduce the "platform" costs. The blocky modular design was supposed to allow generous room for retrofits and upgrades. Seems to me they are retired a bit early, and this idea did not pan out.

Also any reason why so many were sunk rather than mothballed or scrapped? Bit shocking really. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Feldercarb (talk • contribs) 17:11, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

I note this is TOTALLY unsigned. Ok - the later addition of Mk 41 VLS and Tomahawk was only possible due to that. In one sense not taken advantage of. There are the 4 Kidd Class DDGs- exact same design - just weapons change outs and electronics adds. The Ticonderoga Class Cruiser are essentially the same design only. - Next sunk vs mothball / scrap. Ok - All Sinkings are deep water and via weapons tests - got some good data on weapons effects. Was there at that time a big "backlog" for scrapping? Why were they NOT sold to foreign countries. -seperate item - large size/ appearant limited armament - One person told me that was declared evaulated before hand as the mininal size necessary for 2 helicopter (and evaluated for LAMP-III before operational). Side Note compare to Leahy or Belknap "cruisers' - not much off from them in size. Wfoj3 (talk) 22:37, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Spruance-class destroyer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100920002149/http://www.moaa.org:80/Magazine/October2005/f_greyhounds.asp to http://www.moaa.org/Magazine/October2005/f_greyhounds.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:07, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

Self Defense Test Ship
What does" The prearranged attack is in practice aimed at a decoy barge pulled 150 feet behind the SDTS in case of damage' mean?Royalcourtier (talk) 00:17, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

It means that if the target ship's self defense systems (which are tested) fail, then not the expensive test ship will be hit, but instead a relatively cheap barge. There is an error in the article at the ships in class section, because it says that Paul F. Foster was sunk as a test ship, but it wans't, it serves in this role even today. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.143.28.102 (talk) 14:42, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spruance-class destroyer


text: Category:Rugby union teams in Italy

title: Category:Rugby union teams in Italy