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Prangins

Prangins is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is located on Lake Geneva.

History
Prangins is first mentioned around 1135-85 as Prengins. Following the fall of the Second French Empire, Prince Napoléon Bonaparte and his wife, Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy, resided in exile at Château de Prangins, where Charles I of Austria and his family would later take residence briefly, beginning 20 May 1919.

Geography
Prangins has an area,, of 6 km2. Of this area, 3.3 km2 or 54.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.79 km2 or 13.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.89 km2 or 31.3% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.04 km2 or 0.7% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 or 0.2% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.5% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 18.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 7.6%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.5%. Out of the forested land, 10.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 42.6% is used for growing crops and 5.1% is pastures, while 7.0% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the water in the municipality, 0.5% is in lakes and 0.2% is in rivers and streams.

The municipality was part of the Nyon District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Prangins became part of the new district of Nyon.

The municipality is located on a terrace on the north shore of the Petit-Lac portion of Lake Geneva. It consists of the village of Prangins and the hamlets of Bénex and Promenthoux.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Tower roofed Argent, in base three Hands of the same shaking issuant from dexter, sinister and base.

Demographics
Prangins has a population of. , 26.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 28.6%. It has changed at a rate of 19.7% due to migration and at a rate of 8.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (2,439 or 77.8%), with German being second most common (248 or 7.9%) and English being third (185 or 5.9%). There are 65 people who speak Italian and 4 people who speak Romansh.

The age distribution,, in Prangins is; 511 children or 13.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 515 teenagers or 13.5% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 371 people or 9.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 529 people or 13.8% are between 30 and 39, 672 people or 17.6% are between 40 and 49, and 506 people or 13.2% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 423 people or 11.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 210 people or 5.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 78 people or 2.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 10 people or 0.3% who are 90 and older.

, there were 1,300 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,589 married individuals, 85 widows or widowers and 159 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 1,259 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 352 households that consist of only one person and 77 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 1,280 households that answered this question, 27.5% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 364 married couples without children, 449 married couples with children There were 76 single parents with a child or children. There were 16 households that were made up of unrelated people and 21 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 470 single family homes (or 69.7% of the total) out of a total of 674 inhabited buildings. There were 144 multi-family buildings (21.4%), along with 43 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (6.4%) and 17 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.5%).

, a total of 1,184 apartments (86.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 180 apartments (13.1%) were seasonally occupied and 12 apartments (0.9%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
Prangins Castle with the National Museum and the Villa Les Bleuets are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Prangins is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Sights
The HBG facility for time signal transmissions is near Prangins. Prangins also hosts one of the branches of the Swiss National Museum. The Aerodrome La Côte (ICAO: LSGP) is situated between Prangins and Gland which hosted a fly-in in 2009.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 18.77% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (18.76%), the Green Party (16.53%) and the LPS Party (13.86%). In the federal election, a total of 960 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.2%.

Economy
, Prangins had an unemployment rate of 5%. , there were 36 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 11 businesses involved in this sector. 746 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 17 businesses in this sector. 550 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 85 businesses in this sector. There were 1,629 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.9% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,227. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 25, of which 23 were in agriculture and 2 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 717 of which 628 or (87.6%) were in manufacturing and 89 (12.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 485. In the tertiary sector; 41 or 8.5% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 14 or 2.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 41 or 8.5% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7 or 1.4% were in the information industry, 8 or 1.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 24 or 4.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 23 or 4.7% were in education and 134 or 27.6% were in health care.

, there were 1,017 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,312 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 7.3% of the workforce coming into Prangins are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 18.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 65.8% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 1,092 or 34.9% were Roman Catholic, while 1,085 or 34.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 26 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.83% of the population), there were 4 individuals (or about 0.13% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 141 individuals (or about 4.50% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 9 individuals (or about 0.29% of the population) who were Jewish, and 54 (or about 1.72% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist, 8 individuals who were Hindu and 7 individuals who belonged to another church. 542 (or about 17.30% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 213 individuals (or about 6.80% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Prangins about 1,073 or (34.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 744 or (23.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 744 who completed tertiary schooling, 42.2% were Swiss men, 27.3% were Swiss women, 16.9% were non-Swiss men and 13.6% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 443 students in the Prangins school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 1,249 children of which 563 children (45.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 243 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 196 students in those schools. There were also 4 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

Prangins is home to 1 museum, the Musée national suisse - Château de Prangins. In 2009 it was visited by 54,703 visitors (the average in previous years was 53,583).

, there were 18 students in Prangins who came from another municipality, while 293 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Prangins


text:
Talk:Dominator (graph theory)

Untitled
The definition of immediate dominator is tautological, it uses concept of immediate dominance without explaining what it is. If I understood correctly, immediate dominator would be defined as something like:

"Node d immediately dominates node n, if it is its dominator, and there exists no dominator of n that isn't also dominator of d"

Is that correct? Mathrick 11:39, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think your definition is correct, but I added a definition in terms of strict dominators, because this seems a little easier to understand. The original "definition" was quite silly. Deco 16:55, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wrong
Removing this:  because it appears to be someone's confused opinion. It would be true if Dom(n) was initialized to {}, but it is initialized to the set of all nodes. Aij 15:47, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Suggested move
I suggest moving this article to a different title, because it's not a concept studied graph theory, although it is a property of nodes in data flow graphs. Perhaps Dominator (computer science) or Dominator (compilers). Dcoetzee 22:25, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Post-dominance
Hi,

I've heard two competing definitions of post-dominance which are not equivalent. Could anyone comment on which is more proper or more widely accepted?

Def 1: A node n post-dominates a node m iff every path from m to the distinguished exit node passes through n. For example, Andrew Appel uses this definition in "Modern Compiler Implementation." Also, the llvm-compiler infrastructure uses this definition in their implementation of ADCE http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache:sFD2zsFBl-4J:https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/llvm/tags/RELEASE_11/lib/Transforms/Scalar/ADCE.cpp+%22post-dominance%22+infinite+loop&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a

Def 2: A node n post-dominates a node m iff every path from m includes n. For example, Muchnick uses this definition in "Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation"

Def 1 requires the existence (and reachability) of an exit node (compare to start node in dominators). Thus, if there is an infinite loop, nothing post-dominates anything else. Def 2 (which is used on wikipedia) does not require an exit node, and is defined for infinite loops. This has real implications when one is trying to compute control dependences using post-dominator information.

Thanks, 128.112.139.195 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 17:23, 5 November 2009 (UTC).

 * Be careful: definition 1 doesn't strictly require reachability! If the exit node is not reachable from m, then every node post-dominates m (this is a vacuous truth since the set of all paths to the exit node is empty)--141.58.62.195 (talk) 12:48, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

Clear up what "predecessor" means
Usage of the term "predecessor" among the control flow/data flow analysis related pages of Wikipedia is inconsistent. It would be nice if we always said "immediate predecessor" when we mean immediate predecessors only. I feel like only saying "predecessor" alone is slightly confusing because some may think this means "all predecessors". (e.g. A -> B -> C, where A and B are predecessors of C, but we really only want to mean B is a predecessor of C). 128.62.88.18 (talk) 00:08, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

Nodes 3 and 4 aren't dominators of 5?
According to the documented definition, it looks like nodes 3 and 4 ought to be dominators for node 5; yet the dominator matrix in the figure doesn't list 5 as a dominated node. Why? 173.11.86.22 (talk) 09:08, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Node 3 isn't a dominator for 5 because there is a path to 5 not going through 3, viz. 1-2-4-5. Similar for node 4 (1-2-3-5). There is no notion of a node set dominating a node (like {3,4} dominating 5) defined here. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 16:16, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dominator (graph theory)


text:
1985 Beirut car bombings

On 8 March 1985, a car bomb exploded between 9 and 45 metres from the house of Shia cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah in Beirut, Lebanon, in a failed assassination attempt by a Lebanese counter-terrorism unit linked to the Central Intelligence Agency. The bombing killed 80 people and injured 200, almost all civilians.

Beirut experienced three other deadly car bombs in following months on 22 May, 14 August and 18 August 1985.

The blast
The bomb explosion, estimated to have been equivalent to 200 kg (440 lbs) of dynamite, occurred in the western Beirut suburb of Bir al-Abed, outside an apartment building. It killed worshippers, mostly women and girls, leaving Friday prayer services at an adjacent mosque, and destroyed two 7-story apartment buildings and a cinema.

While several of Fadlallah's bodyguards were killed in the attack, the cleric escaped injury as he was attending Friday prayers at a nearby mosque.

Locals fired guns in the air, following the blast, trying to clear the roads to allow ambulances to pass. A banner was strung across the blast site by locals, reading "Made in USA."

Historical context
In 1976, Gerald Ford became the first U.S. president to forbid political assassination, in the wake of the Church Commission, issuing Executive Order 11905. In 1981, President Ronald Reagan strengthened the policy with Executive Order 12333, which decreed that "No person employed by or acting on behalf of the United States Government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, assassination." This Executive Order remains in effect today.

The Beirut car bombing occurred "within the continuously evolving framework of an American 'preemption' counterterror program". Following the 1983 United States embassy bombing, 1983 Beirut barracks bombings, and the 1984 U.S. embassy annex bombing, the U.S. military considered a range of retaliatory options, but it was unclear that these would have any deterrent value. On 14 November 1983, Then-president Ronald Reagan authorized a retaliatory strike, but Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger did not authorize U.S. aircraft to take off for reasons that have not been disclosed. CIA director William Casey, along with CIA General Counsel Stanley Sporkin, favored the use of preemptive counter-terrorism practices in Lebanon; others, including Deputy Director of Central Intelligence John N. McMahon, did not approve of the strategy, concerned that it would violate Executive Order 12333.

Responsibility
In June 1985, the Washington Post reported that a CIA supported counter terrorism unit, made up of Lebanese Intelligence officers and others, was responsible for the bombing. They reported that the CIA did not authorize the bombing and had no direct links to the bombers. A Lebanese intelligence source said the CIA knew of plans for the bombing but did not want involvement because of the dangers to civilians. The CIA denied any complicity in the bombing. A House intelligence committee, in June 1985, said there was no evidence the CIA "encouraged or participated in any terrorist activity in Lebanon" or had knowledge of the bombing beforehand.

In the aftermath of the bombing, US officials cancelled its Beirut based counterterrorism operation, that trained Lebenese counterterrorism units, because of indirect links between the CIA and the bombing.

In 1987, reporter Bob Woodward wrote that CIA director William Casey, on his deathbed, had admitted personal culpability in the attack, which he suggests was carried out with funding from Saudi Arabia. Fadlallah would later suggest the amount $3,000,000 as the price that had been offered by the Saudis for Casey to arrange the bombing. Woodward suggests that Fadlallah accepted $2 million from the Saudis to stop attacks from Hezbollah. Asked about the allegations, President Reagan responded, "Never would I sign anything that would authorize an assassination... I never have, and I never will, and I didn't." William Casey's widow strongly denied that Woodward had spoken to Casey in hospital before his death.

The U.S. National Security Advisor, Robert McFarlane, stated that those responsible for the bomb may have had American training, but asserted that they were "rogue operative[s]," and the CIA in no way sanctioned or supported the attack. Woodward's own account of his conversation with Casey suggests that Casey's action was "off the books".

Several Lebanese politicians, such as Selim Hoss, blamed Israel for the attack, saying: "there is no doubt that Israel is behind this ugly crime". Hezbollah claimed that it had found a network of cooperation between the CIA, the Mossad, the Lebanese Army and the Kataeb Party.

Aftermath
A car bomb on 22 May killed 48 people. Another on 14 August killed 15 people, and a bomb on 18 August exploded in a Christian suburb of East Beirut causing the death of 50 people. It was one of the worst explosions to take place in the city's east, which was relatively calm compared to the west.

A former CIA operative maintains that the failed 1985 attempt tarnished the CIA's reputation.

In Literature
The car bombing is described in Ken Follet's 2014 historical novel "Edge of Eternity".

title: 1985 Beirut car bombings


text:
Moulton Park

Moulton Park is a large industrial estate and former civil parish, now in the parish of Northampton, in the West Northamptonshire district, in the ceremonial county of Northamptonshire, England. It is near the village of Moulton, a few miles north of the town of Northampton.

Business park
Nationwide Building Society have a main office on the business park, near to the BLC Leather Technology Centre (former British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association).

Transmitter
The main transmitter for BBC Radio Northampton on 104.2FM is to the west of Moulton Park near the University of Northampton (former Nene College) on Boughton Green Road. It also carries national FM radio.

Civil parish
Moulton Park became a parish in 1858, on 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Northampton and Boughton. In 1931 the parish had a population of 244.

title: Moulton Park


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Everything Is Illuminated

Everything Is Illuminated is the first novel by the American writer Jonathan Safran Foer, published in 2002. It was adapted into a film of the same name starring Elijah Wood and Eugene Hütz in 2005.

The book's writing and structure received critical acclaim for the manner in which it switches between two stories, both of which are autobiographical. One of them is the fictionalized history of the eradicated town of Trochenbrod (Trachimbrod), a real exclusively Jewish shtetl in Poland before the Holocaust where the author's grandfather was born. The second narrative encompasses Foer's trip to Ukraine in search of the remnants and memories of Trachimbrod as well as the author's writing-in-progress.

Historical background
The real town of Trochenbrod was an exclusively Jewish shtetl located in Western Ukraine. After the German attack on the Soviet Union in the 1941, a Nazi ghetto was established at Trochenbrod for local residents including those from nearby villages. The ghetto was exterminated during the Holocaust. In August and September 1942, nearly all Jews of Trochenbrod were murdered by the German security troops with assistance from the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police who rounded up Jews. An estimated 3,000 to 4,000 Jews were murdered, including those from nearby Lozisht.

Plot summary
Jonathan Safran Foer (the author), a young American Jew, who is vegetarian and an avid collector of his family's heritage, journeys to Ukraine in search of Augustine, the woman who saved his grandfather's life during the Nazi liquidation of Trachimbrod, his family shtetl (a small town) in occupied eastern Poland. Armed with maps, cigarettes and many copies of an old photograph of Augustine and his grandfather, Jonathan begins his search with the help from Ukrainian native and soon-to-be good friend, Alexander "Alex" Perchov, who is Foer's age and very fond of American pop culture, albeit culture that is already out of date in the United States. Alexander studied English at his university, and even though his knowledge of the language is not "first-rate", he becomes Foer's translator. Alex's "blind" grandfather and his "deranged seeing-eye bitch," Sammy Davis, Jr., Jr., accompany them on their journey. Interspersed throughout the book is the story that Jonathan Safran Foer (the character) learns about his ancestors—namely, his great-times-five-or-six grandmother Brod and his grandfather Safran. Brod has a magical, maybe-virgin birth, when she, as a baby, bobs to the surface after her father dies in a wagon accident in the river Brod, for which the baby is later named. A man named Yankel raises her until he dies.

Literary significance and criticism
Upon its initial release the book received enthusiastic reviews, particularly in The Times, which stated that Foer had "staked his claim for literary greatness.".

Awards and honors

 * 2001 National Jewish Book Award, winner
 * 2002 Guardian First Book Award, winner
 * 2002 New York Times Bestseller
 * 2002 Amazon.com Best Books
 * 2003 Young Lions Fiction Award, winner
 * 2003 William Saroyan International Prize for Writing, winner
 * 2004 PEN/Robert W. Bingham Prize, co-winner
 * 2007 Pajiba's Best Books of the Generation (Readers' List), no.8.

title: Everything Is Illuminated


text:
Pneumatic tool

A pneumatic tool, air tool, air-powered tool or pneumatic-powered tool is a type of power tool, driven by compressed air supplied by an air compressor. Pneumatic tools can also be driven by compressed carbon dioxide stored in small cylinders allowing for portability.

Most pneumatic tools convert the compressed air to work using a pneumatic motor. Compared to electric power tool equivalents, pneumatic tools are safer to run and maintain, without risk of sparks, short-circuiting or electrocution, and have a higher power to weight ratio, allowing a smaller, lighter tool to accomplish the same task. Furthermore, they are less likely to self-destruct in case the tool is jammed or overloaded.

General grade pneumatic tools with a short life span are commonly less expensive and considered “disposable tools” in tooling industries, while industrial grade pneumatic tools with long life span are more expensive. In general, pneumatic tools are cheaper than the equivalent electric-powered tools. Regular lubrication of the tools is still needed however.

Most pneumatic tools are to be supplied with compressed air at 4 to 6 bar.

Advantages and disadvantages
Pneumatic tools have many benefits which have contributed to their rise in popularity. The benefits of using compressed air to power tools are:

 * Inexpensive
 * Safe to use
 * Easy to operate
 * Portable
 * Low theft rates

The primary disadvantage of pneumatic tools is the need for an air compressor, which can be expensive. Pneumatic tools also need to be properly maintained and oiled regularly. Failing to maintain tools can lead to deterioration, due to a build up residual oil and water.

Technical terms
Pneumatic tools are rated using several metrics: Free Speed (rpm), Air Pressure (psi/bar), Air Consumption (cfm/scfm or m3/min), Horse Power (hp), and spindle size. Each individual tool has its own specific requirements which determine their compatibility with air compressor systems.

Flow or airflow, related to air consumption in pneumatic tools, represents the quantity of compressed air that passes through a section over a unit of time. It is represented in l/min, m3, at the equivalent value in free air in conditions of standard reference atmosphere (SRA). For example: +20 c, 65% of relative humidity, 1013 mbar, in accordance with norms NFE.

Types of pneumatic tools
Pneumatic tools come in many shapes and form, including small and large-sized hand tools.

The most common types of pneumatic tools include:

 * Air ratchet
 * Airbrush
 * Air hammer (forging)
 * Air hammer (pile driver)
 * Angle grinder
 * Backfill tamper
 * Impact wrenches
 * Nail gun
 * Jackhammer
 * Pneumatic hammer
 * Pneumatic drill
 * Pneumatic jack (device)
 * Pneumatic paint shaker
 * Pneumatic riveter
 * Sanders
 * Sandblaster
 * Shears
 * Paint sprayer
 * Riveting hammer
 * Needle scaler

Common brands

 * Chicago Pneumatic
 * Kirloskar Pneumatic
 * AIMCO
 * Apex Tool Group
 * Atlas Copco
 * ZIPP GROUP
 * Campbell Hausfeld
 * 3M
 * China Pneumatic
 * Compair Broomwade Ltd
 * Craftsman
 * DeVilbiss Air Power Company
 * Festo
 * Husky (tools)
 * Ingersoll-Rand
 * JET
 * Kobalt (tools)
 * Mac Tools
 * Makita
 * Matco Tools
 * Osaka
 * Patco Air Tools
 * Porter-Cable
 * RAD Torque Systems
 * Snap-on
 * ZIPP TOOL
 * Katashi

title: Pneumatic tool


text:
Transformers: Energon

Transformers: Energon, known in Japan as Transformers: Superlink (トランスフォーマー スーパーリンク), is a Japanese anime series which debuted on January 9, 2004. It is a direct sequel to Transformers: Armada. It is also the first Japanese Transformers show where the Transformers are computer-generated (CG), in a cel-shaded technique similar to the Zoids anime, which was a trend that would continue into the next series, Transformers: Cybertron.

In the United States, KidsClick started airing reruns of the show from August 27, 2018, until November 3, 2018. Along with Transformers: Armada and Transformers: Cybertron, Transformers: Energon is a part of a saga in the Transformers series known as the "Unicron Trilogy".

In this series, the Transformers' primary gimmicks are the Autobots' ability to combine with partners of the same size, the Decepticons' ability to use powered up forms, and the addition of Energon weapons and stars that can be placed on any Transformer. Mini-Cons, from the previous line, are still present, but all Mini-Con pegs are "dummy" pegs as they do not activate a function on the toy.

Plot
Ten years after the war for the Mini-Cons and the apparent destruction of Unicron, the mysterious Alpha Q (which stands for "Quintesson"), operating out of the husk of the planet-eater's body, releases energy-eating Terrorcons to attack the Autobots' Cybertron Cities in the Solar system, gathering Energon for Alpha Q's plan. As the Autobots mobilize against the new threat alongside their human allies (including the teenager Kicker), Alpha Q creates Scorponok to lead the Terrorcons and forges a sword from the Spark of the Decepticon leader Megatron (whose corpse lies within Unicron), later known as Galvatron, in order to turn the other Decepticons on Earth to his side. Megatron engineers his own resurrection, however, taking control of Unicron's body and forcing Alpha Q to flee inside Unicron's head, then attacking Ocean City on Earth. Alpha Q recreates Starscream to assassinate Optimus Prime, but Starscream is brainwashed into Megatron's service, all along Scorponok continues to act as Alpha Q's mole within the Decepticons. Meanwhile, as the Autobots begin construction of Energon Towers to protect the Earth, the legendary figure from Cybertron history known as Rodimus makes his reappearance.

With the activation of Earth's new Energon Grid, shielding it from attack by the Decepticons, the Autobots turn their attention to Unicron. Leaving Earth in the ship, the Miranda II, they locate Unicron's body. Megatron mobilizes the chaos-bringer, and pursues the Autobots through their space bridge, emerging in the vicinity of Cybertron. The Transformers' homeworld riddled with Energon towers, fired, leaving Unicron badly damaged. The Autobots form an alliance with Alpha Q, who is already working with Rodimus and his crew, and learn his origin and his motives for stealing Energon: he seeks to use it to recreate that which Unicron has destroyed. Meanwhile, Megatron's forces attack Cybertron, and the Decepticon criminal Shockblast is inducted into their ranks. In the course of Shockblast's escape from prison, guard Wing Dagger swears revenge for the death of his partner, Padlock, and when an Energon tower collapses on him and Tidal Wave, Megatron reconstructs his minion as Mirage, while Primus recreates Wing Dagger as the mighty Wing Saber, who joins the battle alongside Optimus Prime within Unicron. As the battle rages, Kicker arranges to channel all of Earth's Energon into Unicron's head, which Alpha Q then rams into Unicron's body. The resultant reaction with the negatively charged Energon within the body causes a fissure in reality, through which all the combatants are sucked.

In the new region of space on the other side of the fissure, Alpha Q has successfully recreated all the worlds destroyed by Unicron, sustaining them from within Unicron's head, which has now become an Energon sun. The Autobots set about establishing Energon Towers on the new planets to protect them, while Megatron sees the new worlds as a source of more Energon to reactivate Unicron. Having brainwashed Scorponok to become fully loyal to him, Megatron attempts to do the same to Inferno, but he fights the process. A rescue team consisting of Cliffjumper, Downshift, and Bulkhead is dispatched from Cybertron and Earth and teams up with the Autobots to protect the new worlds, but Inferno is then destroyed when he falls into the Energon sun, defeating the Decepticon influence of Megatron. Thankfully, his Spark is saved and he is reborn as Roadblock, just as the ancient Autobot, Omega Supreme, is awakened on Cybertron and joins the Autobots. Megatron succeeds in animating Unicron, who reclaims his head, killing Alpha Q in the process, but then Shockblast attempts to seize control of Unicron, only to have his own mind taken over by the "demi-god", ultimately destroying him. Megatron then resumes control, but falls prey to Unicron's influence as well, as the two minds battle for control as they struggle with Optimus Supreme, the combined form of Optimus Prime and Omega Supreme. Optimus Supreme is enlarged to giant size with a power boost from Primus which also energises several of the other Autobots. In a veritable battle of the titans, Optimus Supreme destroys Unicron, but his mind lives on within Megatron.

Although many of the Decepticons are captured and imprisoned on Cybertron, Megatron and his remaining forces soon attack the planet and free them. Another fugitive is Shockblast's younger brother, Sixshot, who joins Megatron's team to get revenge on Optimus Prime for his brother's death. Guided by Unicron's consciousness, Megatron is led to a subterranean reservoir of Super Energon, which transforms him into Galvatron. Two of the Super Energon's guardians, Bruticus Maximus and Constructicon Maximus, awake from stasis and side with him, but the third, Superion Maximus, sides with the Autobots. In the ensuing battle, the rupture of several Energon Towers sees a blanket of damaging Energon gas coat Cybertron's surface, keeping the Autobots trapped off the planet, forcing them to send in Kicker and the Omnicons to stop the gas flow while Galvatron seizes control of the planet and directs its movement back to Alpha Q's region of space. In a multi-pronged attack, the Autobots turn the tables, but Galvatron then immerses himself in the Super Energon again, growing to a colossal size, as Unicron's mind once again takes over his own and directs him into space to merge with his Spark, still intact in the void. Optimus Prime grows to gigantic size also and forces Galvatron into a battle, bringing his consciousness back to the surface, at which point Prime drains Unicron's essence from his body. Galvatron then seeks to destroy Unicron's spark, but is possessed by it, while all of the Autobots combine their Sparks of Combination with Optimus Prime, reviving him and leading into the final battle with Unicron, which is promptly aborted when Galvatron takes control of his body again and plunges himself into the foundling sun created by Primus from the Super Energon, preferring to die than to be manipulated. With this action, the sun ignites, breathing new life into Alpha Q's worlds, lighting the way to a brighter tomorrow.

English cast (Energon)
Arranged alphabetically by last name.

 * Alistair Abell - Prowl
 * Mark Acheson - Unicron
 * Sharon Alexander - Arcee
 * Doron Bell - Cliffjumper
 * Don Brown - Cyclonus/Snow Cat, Constructicon Maximus/Steamhammer
 * Garry Chalk - Optimus Prime
 * Michael Daingerfield - Inferno/Roadblock
 * Trevor Devall - Alpha Q, Bruticus Maximus/Barricade
 * Michael Dobson - Signal Flare, Starscream
 * Paul Dobson - Rodimus, Superion Maximus/Storm Jet
 * Brian Drummond - Shockblast
 * Tabitha St. Germain - Alexis
 * Ron Halder - Primus, Brian Jones, Padlock
 * Matt Hill - Carlos, Ironhide
 * David Kaye - Megatron/Galvatron
 * Ellen Kennedy - Misha Miramond
 * Terry Klassen - Skyblast, Six Shot
 * Scott McNeil - Jetfire, Omega Supreme, Strongarm
 * Brent Miller - Hot Shot
 * Kirby Morrow - Bradley "Rad" White
 * Colin Murdock - Scorponok, Wing Saber
 * Nicole Oliver - Miranda Jones, Sally Jones
 * Ty Olsson - Downshift
 * Doug Parker - Tidal Wave/Mirage
 * Ward Perry - Landmine
 * Alvin Sanders - Demolishor
 * Tony Sampson - Rhyming Omnicon fanboys
 * Brad Swaile - Kicker Jones
 * French Tickner - Bulkhead

Japanese cast (Superlink)
The cast of Superlink was:
 * Akira Tomisaka - Alexa
 * Daisuke Kishio - Kicker
 * Isshin Chiba - SandStorm/SnowStorm, BlastArm, Superion
 * Jin Yamanoi - ShockWave/ShockFleet, Dr. Jones, AirGlide
 * Junichi Endo - Galvatron, Carlos
 * Katsuyuki Konishi - Grand Convoy, OverDrive
 * Kenta Miyake - LandMine, Omega Supreme
 * Koji Yusa - Ironhide/Irontread, Wing Dagger/Wing Saber
 * Kosuke Toriumi - Hot Shot
 * Makoto Yasumura - Red Alert, WheelJack, Bruticus
 * Masataka Nakai - Rad
 * Masumi Asano - Sally, Miranda, Ariel
 * Mitsuo Iwata - Roadbuster
 * Nobuo Tobita - Nightscream, Sprung, Signal Flare, Buildron, Padlock
 * Nobutoshi Kanna - Inferno, Laserwave, Sixshot
 * Nobuyuki Hiyama - Skyfire
 * Ryotaro Okiayu - Rodimus Convoy
 * Tesshō Genda - Primus
 * Yasunori Masutani - MegaZarak
 * Yukiko Tagami - Misha
 * Yūichi Nagashima - AlphaQ, DinoBot
 * Yukie Maeda - AlphaQ (true)

Comics
Such as with the previous line of Transformers: Armada, the Energon toyline came with its own mini-comic/toy catalogue with a brief five-page story told in multiple languages one after the other; most of them formed parts of an arc, whilst others featured back and forth victories between the Autobots and Decepticons, whilst showcasing the new additions to the line such as the Terrorcons and Omnicons.

Energon's mainstream comic distribution came courtesy of the former comics giant Dreamwave, taking over their Armada comic title with Issue 18, and written by Simon Furman. But whilst the Armada title had faithfully approached the concepts of the animated series, this title took liberties with the characters and told a far more expansive arc, even incorporating completely new players, such as a member of the High Council type Autobot named Avalon secretly collaborating with Alpha Q, who, like his animated counterpart, had a separate agenda, but it may never be known if he had the same goals as the anime version.

The initial story arc also continued plotlines from the final Armada issue, as it retained Optimus Prime's Armada form (in its upgraded grey and blue Powerlinx form) for the earliest portions as Cybertron came under attack from the still thriving, but damaged, Unicron. Several Autobots and a Decepticon Unicron had captured in the final Armada issue became his "Four Horsemen", a nod to one of the past Botcon Hasbro panels in which Aaron Archer called these four Unicron's Four Horsemen. The Four Horsemen are Rhinox (War), Terrorsaur (Famine), Airazor (Death), and Cheetor (Pestilence). As the Horsemen ravaged Cybertron, Prime interacted with Vector Sigma and was upgraded to his traditional Energon form.

Rad, Carlos, and Alexis were given more character development the Energon comic as opposed to the supporting bit parts/semi-cameos they had in the television series, Alexis was now an anti-war demonstrator, in no government position, and was largely responsible for the Autobots being able to retrieve Kicker from a Decepticon ambush. Rad and Alexis would get more time, sans Carlos, as the storylines progressed, with both showing a deeper affection for the other, however the relationship was never fully explored due to the closure of Dreamwave.

The Transformers presence on Earth was also handled with more resentment and hostility from a handful of citizens; this culminated in a large-scale Terrorcon assault on Earth during the second story arc, as Megatron transported Optimus into the hub of Unicron, where his spark had been trapped since the conclusion of the Armada comic, and manipulated Prime into freeing him so he could enter a body he had been secretly preparing. Upon release, Megatron swiftly took control of the Decepticons again, killing their leader Scorponok. Optimus remained inside Unicron, fighting off the horrors within heading for a final showdown with the heart of the enemy.

Unfortunately, like many of the plotlines above, the comic folded, with all of the ongoing storylines abandoned, although it was confirmed in the final issue that the intended last arc for the Energon comic would have led directly into DW's own version of events in Transformers: Cybertron.

IDW, the current holders of the franchise, have not continued publication of the Energon comic or even published a Cybertron comic, they did however release a collection of the Hasbro Transformers Collectors' Club exclusive storyline, Transformers: Cybertron - Balancing Act, which followed Vector Prime, on a side quest to the central Cybertron animated series storyline.

Toys
A small number of Transformers: Energon Built to Rule sets had a limited, test market release, and the structure of the Trans-Skeleton was changed for the Energon characters, to a much more solid skeleton with larger, blockier limbs. This led to much more solid, stable and sturdy-looking robot modes, but the entire line performed poorly, so it was dropped in its entirety in 2004.

title: Transformers: Energon


text:
Talk:Atheism/Archive 21

Let's break up the textual monotony!
What can we do to break up the textual monotony? Some images? How about a timeline in History? Some type of graph/chart in Statistics? Adraeus 03:08, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no idea if enough data exists to support such a thing, but I'd love to see a chart that graphs the waxing and waning of major religions over the millenia as percentages of the human population on the planet. I thinkit would be useful to show that (say) even though worshipers of Moloch were a big deal in the -2000s (I'm making my data up), they had trended away to nothingness by the first century. It could, of course, also show all the "unaffiliated" folks.

 * Otherwise, yes, some pie charts of the present situation would help, as might a photo or drawing of any famous atheist philosophers.

 * It would probably also help to archive a great deal of the debate on this page. Atlant 10:56, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * wow, that would be quite a different project. also almost impossible, since it is difficult to say when one "religion" ends and the next begins, not to mention the scarce population statistics of the Bronze Age :)

 * But how about an image of poor Löffler, my medieval atheist, being burned? There is an image of that by Diebold Schilling the Elder. But we may not want to emphasize an "atheists were burned at the stake!"-type statement visually. dab (ᛏ) 12:27, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * But we may not want to emphasize an "atheists were burned at the stake!"-type statement visually.
 * I dunno; isn't that what we're headed for again? People might as well know. :-) / 2
 * And yes, I understood that my proposed chart would need a lot of data that's really not in evidence. Atlant 13:13, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Such a graph is, like dab said, nearly impossible; however, if you provide the data one of us can create the graph. ;) Adraeus 17:08, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, here's some data on Major religions Ranked by Size. Puts "non-religious" at 14% of the world population, some 800 million.  Maybe we should make our own graph of it? Indefual 13:22, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)

How about some photos of some atheists in charming native costumes, or doing some kind of traditional atheist dance? --BM 17:01, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Eh? That's the first non-serious comment I've read from you... unless you're actually being serious? Adraeus 17:08, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I tried typing 'atheist', 'costume' and 'dance' into google, but was unable to find anything. Oh well. Aaarrrggh 09:17, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hilarious, this mini thread gets a thumbs up from me >8)--Lord Shitzu 18:28, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

If we are to use images of atheist-philosophers, who would we show, why, and where? Adraeus 17:08, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I suppose that Epicurus is an obvious choice; J.J.C. Smart would be another, as would Karl Popper or Bertrand Russell. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:25, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I can ask John for a photo and for permission to post that photo of him in Wikipedia, if we decide to go with him. Bertrand Russel is a somewhat good option, however, his rantings and ravings about the lunacy of theism and Christianity don't bode well for those readers. Epicurus and Popper are definitely good options. Adraeus 18:15, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Epicurus is a good choice! he almost looks like God himself, too ;o) Charles Bradlaugh is another obvious candidate. Maybe Loeffler and Bradlaugh's cartoon? dab (ᛏ) 17:38, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Voltaire? Naw, just kidding. Adraeus 18:15, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

not just a gallery of pundit's heads, please. ever resourceful google has a few suggestions. I particularly like this one, for example. Or how about this proponent of "Christian Atheism"? dab (ᛏ) 18:28, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Couldn't we have the invisible pink unicorn show up at some point? Aaarrrggh 09:17, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Good idea. A photograph of Richard Dawkins would be good, as he's a well-known and outspoken aetheist. He wrote a good article for The Guardian on September 15, 2001 about religion and 9/11, which I'd like to work into this article in some way. He writes of the hijackers: "Those people were not mindless and they were certainly not cowards. On the contrary, they had sufficiently effective minds braced with an insane courage, and it would pay us mightily to understand where that courage came from. It came from religion ... To fill a world with religion ... is like littering the streets with loaded guns. Do not be surprised if they are used." SlimVirgin (talk)  12:32, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * I was thinking about this before, and I think I may have come up with a fairly good idea. Why don't we use a few pictures of well known atheists, starting in chronological order as the article itself progresses? For example, we could start off with Epicurus, then move onto perhaps some enlightenment thinkers such as Paul Baron d'Holbach, towards more modern outspoken atheists such as Bertrand Russell and Richard Dawkins. Perhaps we could do something like this, where we follow the chain of outspoken atheist/rationalist types? I personally think this would be better than just adding a picture of one random atheist, and might help illustrate the continuity of the basic principles of the ideas associated with atheism quite well. Aaarrrggh 14:54, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This is definitely the direction I think we should be taking.

 * Atlant 15:08, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Very good idea. SlimVirgin (talk) 15:15, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Richard Dawkins' atheism is controversial considering his overt overly negative conception of theism, religion, especially of Christianity. I think using his photo would be more of a "slap in the face" to theists. Because theists are part of the readership, we don't want to do that. Moreover, while Dawkins is a popular atheist, he's primarily involved with zoology, and associating his image perceived by theists with atheism would only further their negative perception of atheism and its adherents. Can we not find a less-abusive and civil figure in philosophy or the philosophy of science that can represent atheism fairly? Adraeus 02:31, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I personally think that Richard Dawkins should probably be included in this article. He is certainly a very high profile atheist (possibly the most high profile living atheist at the moment??), and I don't personally think that an article on atheism should necessarily be tamed in order not to offend certain people and certain sensibilities. It is true that many find his style aggressive and perhaps confrontational, but it is also true that he is a very high profile atheist who is as respected by some as he is abhored by others. The fact that he is practically evangelical with his atheism and such a controversial figure makes his inclusion more necessary, not less, in my opinion. Aaarrrggh 16:26, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You're right, of course Dawkins should be mentioned (I say this through gritted teeth, because though I like him as a person, I find his approach to atheism alternately embarrassing and infuriating). He's nothing to do with zoology, incidentally. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:51, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Nothing to do with zoology? Is that why he has a BA degree in zoology, was an assistant professor of zoology at UC Berkeley, and was a lecturer and reader in zoology at Oxford University? Because he has "nothing to do with zoology, incidentally"? Adraeus 22:42, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Photos of the Invisible Pink Unicorn
Aaarrrggh sugests:

 * Couldn't we have the invisible pink unicorn show up at some point?

Putting up a photo of the IPU (which, of course, would simply be an empty box, or a background with nothing in the foreground, or what-have-you) would actually be very funny, and exactly on point. However, it would probably royally tick-off those Wikipedians who seem to have a near-fatal allergy to humor.

I think we should go for it!

Atlant 12:47, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I've put one up. I used the standard logo, but there's a nicer looking one, which is actually a picture of a pink unicorn (see left). It's just not as common, though I'd prefer it. SlimVirgin (talk) 12:59, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

I guess I'm one of those people with the near-fatal allergy to humor; but I wouldn't like a picture or non-picture of IPU to be associated with this article. Atheism isn't a very visual concept, I guess, and actually I don't feel a great a need to break up all that "textual tedium" with images or pie-charts. --BM 13:04, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * the IPU is "internet atheism" and shouldn't be featured in the intro of a serious article on atheism. But we can put it under "contemporary atheism" somewhere. If we must have an image in the intro, it should either be Epicurus' mugshot, or a relevant title page, e.g. of Holbach's book. dab (ᛏ) 13:16, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems a pity to have an article on aetheism with showing the aetheist logo. This is a visually dull page but anything other than the logo is going to be relevant only indirectly. No one is known for being a famous aetheist and nothing else. I suggest we have some sort of poll here, first to decide whether to use the logo, and then, if the answer is yes, to decide which one. SlimVirgin (talk) 13:22, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * while I'm familiar with the IPU, I'm not familiar with the logo. It is an emerging meme, at best, and it's certainly pre im mature to call it "the atheist logo" (immature is used adverbially here, btw, no personal attack implied; just in case) . I'm happy to have it in the article body, somewhere, just not in the intro. dab (ᛏ) 13:27, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you mean "premature"? I called it "a logo of the atheist movement" for that very reason. The more common logo (right). SlimVirgin (talk) 13:36, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * doh. apologies. You didn't, though, you said "It seems a pity to have an article on aetheism with showing the aetheist logo."dab (ᛏ) 13:44, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I meant in the cutline. See right. SlimVirgin (talk) 14:02, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * sorry, I may be confused. I parsed your sentence as "It seems a pity to have an article on atheism without showing the atheist logo." (since "It seems a pity to have an article on atheism with the atheist logo." seems to be BM's, not your, position), but you may have to spell it out for me again. dab (ᛏ) 14:05, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This is a very obscure "logo". Nobody who is not familiar with IPU would recognize it, and not even most of them. As for IPU, her celebrity status on alt.atheism to the contrary notwithstanding, most people are not familiar with her either, even atheists. In general, I don't think we need to be so deferential towards a satire that has expanded a bit beyond alt.atheism to become a very, very minor Internet meme. I think it trivializes atheism to associate the main article in the Wikipedia about it with IPU. Anyway, Wikipedia already has an article on IPU, and we don't need to drag her into this article except, at most, as a "See also" link. It doesn't bother me at all that the page is "visually dull", as long as it is accurate and informative. I don't think we have to bend over backwards to find images to tart it up. --BM 14:07, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know whether it's as obscure as you say. It gets around 5,000 hits on Google, 13,000 on Google groups, and it's notable enough for its own Wikipedia entry. It would be somewhat obtuse to have an article on atheism that doesn't mention it and show it, especially as the point of the article is to educate people, not just to tell them things they already know. Anyway, we can have a poll. SlimVirgin (talk) 14:16, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

Are you talking about IPU or the logo? IPU is not obscure on the Internet, I would agree, although if you don't hang out in alt.atheism, you might not have come across her. I would say her notability is borderline, and it would be more trouble than it was worth to nominate the Wikipedia article for VFD. (I thought about it, before spending a lot of time improving the article.)  For an Internet phenomenon, those Google hits aren't that many, by the way. As for the logo, until I was involved in the editing of the IPU article I was unfamiliar with it, and I knew about IPU. The present article is about more than two thousand years of the history and philosophy of atheism -- not "Atheism on the Internet". Please write Atheism on the Internet, if you want. It might be interesting. For example, it might cover various Internet atheist phenomena as alt.atheism, IPU, the Evil Atheist Conspiracy, and the many atheist web sites. Why, I think "weak atheism" is mainly an Interet phenomenon, and you could throw that in, too, along with IPU and EAC. But that is not this article, and I think it is a bit narcissistic for an online encyclopedia to give various Internet manifestations too much prominence in serious articles about philosophical topics, and tends to trivialize them. --BM 14:31, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, and "strong atheism" is merely a phenomenon originating from arrogant ignorance. Quit trivializing "weak atheism" as some sort of trend. Weak atheism has been in existence far longer than your beloved "positive" atheism. Adraeus 02:25, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I had heard of it, and I don't post on or read Usenet. The present article isn't called History of Atheism. Of course, its history and philosophy will make up the bulk of article, but that's no reason to exclude other aspects that may be of interest to readers, and this is one of them. SlimVirgin (talk) 14:38, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

I've never heard of the Invisible Pink Unicorn until I came to Wikipedia. With that said, I don't think mentioning the IPU is encyclopedically significant. The IPU logo is also without any decipherable, relevant, and useful meaning to a so-called "atheism movement"... other than it being a logo with practical uses. Adraeus 02:23, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

em rules and en rules
the dashes. see Talk:Atheism/dashes. dab (ᛏ) 18:23, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Request peer review?
Anyone want to do this? Peer_review Adraeus 09:59, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Asking more people to bring gasoline to a fire rarely helps extinguish the fire. This article is simply about one of "those" topics and it will NEVER be successfully completed to everyone's satisfaction using the Wikipedian collaborative-editing model -- sorry. :Atlant 11:07, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * What issues require peer review, in your opinion. It might be helpful to write them down.   I don't suppose it is the use of en dashes versus em dashes.  --BM 12:13, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Peer review is a step towards featured article status, not some sort of cry for help. Try Articles in need of attention or RfC, if its not already listed there. (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 12:27, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I din't interpret the question as Adraeus proposing that the article be put through the process for Featured article. I could have been mistaken. By the way, the article has been on RFC forever. I guess we should leave it to Adraeus to clarify what he meant. --BM 13:00, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * What is there to clarify? My question only requires clarification if you're assuming my intent is something other than good faith. Now with regards to the actual topic, rather than BM's insinuations, I thought Peer review was a more formal version of Requests for comment, but now that I've actually read the introduction to Peer_review, I guess not. Considering that atheism is already listed for RfC, nevermind. (Wouldn't featured article status be nice though?) Adraeus 02:16, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Heck yeah, thats my goal w every article. The way to it w this page would be writing for the enemy so as to achieve a page everybody can live with. All reasonable parties anyhow. Get that done and the filling in the blanks and minor details (like an image) is all thats left. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 19:39, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * BM's question has yet to be answered. What are thought to be the substantial areas of dispute in the article? Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:46, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * BM's question is not answerable since his question was asked based on his misunderstanding and reinterpretation of the original question. Adraeus 22:35, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well try my question then. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:29, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * What constitutes a "substantial area of dispute"? Adraeus 09:04, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Anything other than bickering about punctuation and asking for clarification when none is needed. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:23, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The introduction is probably the most substantial area of dispute; however, that's probably because we haven't cleared up several issues. For starters, the introduction barely summarizes the article. The article's summary is focused on the History of atheism. Adraeus 14:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This is getting a little tangled, and we are talking past each other. When Adraeus asked whether this article should be submitted for peer review, I assumed he intended it as a form of dispute resolution. Naturally, I asked him to clarify what he thought the dispute was about. We've had so many disputes over the months, but it seems like most of them have settled down and we've all compromised our way to relative harmony (or maybe it is exhaustion). I didn't think there were any remaining hot disputes, and that we were down to arguing about dash length, and the like -- just, you know, to keep ourselves in arguing trim. Then, Sam raised a possibility that hadn't occurred to me, which was that Adraeus wanted the article peer-reviewed as a prerequisite to a Featured Article nomination. So, at this point, I'm a bit lost, since Adraeus still hasn't said why he thinks the article should be peer-reviewed. --BM 11:22, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, SS raised that possibility after Adraeus had said that he'd thought that Peer review was "was a more formal version of" RfC. In other words, your assumption about his intentions was correct; I admit that his later comment doesn't make sense (BM's "question was asked based on his misunderstanding and reinterpretation of the original question"), but there you are. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:47, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * No, his assumption about my intentions is DEAD WRONG. Maybe now my later comment makes sense, eh? Fitting that you would assume the worst. Here, I'll outline my intent with the initial question: bring more people to the party. There you have it! Nothing wildly mysterious. Nothing you can possibly imagine—apparently. My objective for the initial question was that simple. When I discovered that peer review was designed for featuring an article, I said NEVERMIND. Does the emboldened text help CLARIFY issues for you? I sure as hell hope it does. Adraeus 14:09, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Putting it on PR will most probable only be useful if we request community comments on a particular topic. If we want to raise this to FA quality, we have quite a long way to go. I do not think it can be done, since too many editors are phrase-hugging and uncompromising. Never mind, it's a fair article, even if not brilliant or accomplished, and as such a good resource on the topic. If you do want community input, put it on FAC anyway and see what objections are raised. dab (ᛏ) 11:42, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * In general I agree. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:47, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * dab, I also agree that changing this article is a lot of work and that some changes that I would consider improvements are currently impossible. (That said, changes which others might regard as improvements, but which I would consider a loss of ground, are also impossible.)   However, I wonder what YOU think still needs to be done to the article to make it FA quality -- regardless of whether that is achievable, or not. --BM 12:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Since I introduced myself to editing this article, I've made my objective clear to all who wouldn't deafen their ears: increase the quality of this article so that one day it may be a featured article. I've said this on numerous occasions, which is why I am distraught when some editors (namely, BM and Mel Etitis) dare to accuse me of acting contrary to good faith. READ Assume good faith BEFORE YOUR EYES FALL OUT FROM THE EMBOLDENED TEXT. Adraeus 14:09, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid that I don't really know what you're talking about, but it would be very useful if you could answer the question that BM and I have asked.
 * On the question of featured articles, I must admit now that I never think about them, I don't look at them, and I've no interest in the process. I'm only interested in making Wikipedia better, and more specifically in making the articles on which I'm working better; if that happens to result in a featured article, fine.  I don't have any objection to the featured-article process (well, a faint feeling that it can turn into a bit of an ego thing if people aren't careful), I'm just not interested personally. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:21, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You don't know what I'm talking about? Heaven's me, that's typical! What would be more useful is if you could not ignore the answers I give to your questions. Yes, that would certainly be useful. Even more useful would be you leaving Wikipedia but you're not that productive. I hope the sarcasm isn't lost on you. After all, sarcasm is useful. =*( Adraeus 18:04, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'd just like to interject that boldfacing or h1'ing comments does not particularly increase the likelihood of my paying attention to them. dab (ᛏ) 19:28, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atheism/Archive 21


text:
Dontarrious Thomas

Dontarrious Dewayne Thomas (born September 2, 1980) is a former American football linebacker. He was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the second round of the 2004 NFL draft. He played college football at Auburn.

Thomas was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers, California Redwoods, and San Diego Chargers and Sacramento Mountain Lions.

Early life
At Perry High School in Perry, Georgia, Thomas was a three sport standout in football, basketball, and track. In football, he was a Class 2-A-All-State selection, and as a senior, had 6 interceptions, returned an interception for a touchdown, had 78 tackles (50 solo tackles, 28 assisted), and rushed for 278 yards on only 14 carries (19.9 yd. per rush avg.).

Minnesota Vikings (first stint)
Thomas was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the second round (48th overall) of the 2004 NFL draft. He played four seasons with the Vikings, appearing in 59 games (10 starts) and recording 143 tackles, 1.5 sacks, and a forced fumble.

San Francisco 49ers
Thomas was originally signed No. 51 upon signing with the 49ers in 2008. When linebacker Brandon Moore was released in August, Thomas switched to Moore's #56 while the newly signed Takeo Spikes took 51.

However, on August 31, 2008, Thomas was released by the 49ers to make room for linebacker Ahmad Brooks.

Minnesota Vikings (second stint)
Thomas was signed by the Vikings on October 13, 2008 when offensive tackle Drew Radovich was placed on injured reserve. Thomas appeared in four games for the Vikings that season, recording one assisted tackle.

California Redwoods
Thomas signed with the California Redwoods of the United Football League in 2009 and recorded 35 tackles.

San Diego Chargers
Thomas was signed by the San Diego Chargers on January 5, 2010 after linebacker James Holt was placed on injured reserve.

NFL statistics
Key
 * GP: games played
 * COMB: combined tackles
 * TOTAL: total tackles
 * AST: assisted tackles
 * SACK: sacks
 * FF: forced fumbles
 * FR: fumble recoveries
 * FR YDS: fumble return yards
 * INT: interceptions
 * IR YDS: interception return yards
 * AVG IR: average interception return
 * LNG: longest interception return
 * TD: interceptions returned for touchdown
 * PD: passes defensed

title: Dontarrious Thomas


text:
Bunny suit

Bunny suit may refer to:

 * A cleanroom suit
 * An NBC suit
 * An outfit worn by a Playboy Bunny
 * A costume that resembles a rabbit

title: Bunny suit


text:
File:Pi lin pi kong.jpg

Summary
Designer: Zhang Yan (张延) Date: 1974 Text on poster: "The criticism of Lin (Lin Biao) and Confucius (Kongzi) is a matter of prime importance for the whole party, the whole army and the people of the whole country". The scroll says: "Let's fully engage in the "Criticise Lin Criticise Confucius" struggle" Publisher: Jiangsu Provincial Revolutionary Committee. Art Creation Group of the Cultural Office. Size: 107x77 cm. Call number: BG G2/14 (Landsberger collection)

title: File:Pi lin pi kong.jpg


text:
Template:Cleanup user link

 I am a participant

in the Cleanup Taskforce.

View my desk here.

title: Template:Cleanup user link


text:
Talk:Saj (bread)

Confused
This article has been around for a month--why?

Scared to  it in case I'm missing something :-) --Stepheno 21:57, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saj (bread)


text:
Worcester woman

Worcester woman is a political term used by polling companies in the United Kingdom. It profiles or describes a type of median voter, a working class woman in her 30s with two children who worries about quality of life issues and has little interest in politics. Not necessarily hailing from the West Midlands city of Worcester, Worcester woman has been described as an important swing voter when it comes to deciding elections.

It has been perceived to represent someone who would previously have voted Conservative but would likely be swung to vote for Tony Blair's Labour Party by the New Labour rebranding. This electoral sector was particularly targeted in the 1997 and 2001 UK general elections. The Worcester constituency is a noted marginal seat which elected its first ever Labour MP in 1997. It subsequently returned to the Conservatives in 2010. In 2015, it was considered a swing voter for Ed Miliband.

Worcester woman has also been used as a pejorative term to describe a woman with consumerist views and a shallow interest in politics, leading her to decide her vote based on issues raised during the election campaign, and therefore likely to vote for whichever political party has the most effective spin.

title: Worcester woman


text:
Gal Costa

Gal Maria da Graça Costa Penna Burgos (born Maria da Graça Costa Penna Burgos; 26 September 1945 – 9 November 2022), known professionally as Gal Costa, was a Brazilian singer of popular music. She was one of the main figures of the tropicalia music scene in Brazil in the late 1960s and appeared on the acclaimed compilation Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis (1968). She was described by The New York Times as "one of Brazil's greatest singers."

Early life
Gal Costa was born Maria da Graça Costa Penna Burgos on 26 September 1945, in the city of Salvador, the capital of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Her mother, Mariah Costa Penna, separated from her father, Arnaldo Burgos, after discovering he had a second family in another city. Arnaldo Burgos died when Gal was 14 years old.

At the age of 10, Gal befriended sisters Sandra and Andréia Gadelha, the future spouses of singer-songwriters Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso, respectively. They gave her the nickname Gau, later spelled as Gal. At 14, she first listened to João Gilberto's "Chega de Saudade" on the radio and became interested in Bossa Nova. She then went on to work as a clerk in Salvador's main record store to get closer to music. At 18, she was introduced to Caetano Veloso by Andréia Gadelha, becoming close friends.

Career
While early in her career she performed as Maria da Costa, producer Guilherme Araújo claimed she needed a stage name. He jokingly said "Gal: Guilherme Araújo Limited" and she agreed to use this respelling of her nickname. She would later change her name to incorporate "Gal" as well as put Costa as her final surname. Gal debuted her professional career on the night of 22 August 1964 at the concert Nós, por exemplo (We, For Example), where she performed alongside Veloso, Gil, Maria Bethânia and Tom Zé, among others. The concert inaugurated the Vila Velha Theatre in her hometown. During the same year, she also performed in Nova Bossa Velha, Velha Bossa Nova (New Old Wave, Old New Wave), at the same place and with the same singing partners. She then left Salvador to live in the house of her cousin Nívea in Rio de Janeiro, following in the footsteps of Bethânia, whose concert Opinião (Opinion) had become a huge hit there.

Gal's first professional recording happened on Bethânia's debut album, released in 1965. It was the duet "Sol Negro" (Black Sun) written by Bethânia's brother, Caetano Veloso. She then released her first singles through RCA Records, "Eu vim da Bahia", written by Gil, and "Sim, foi você", written by Veloso. The following year Gal met Gilberto personally and participated in TV Rio's 1st International Music Festival performing "Minha Senhora", written by Gil and Torquato Neto. It failed to captivate the Festival's audience.

Gal's first album Domingo was released in 1967 through Philips Records. It was also Veloso's debut. Gal stayed on the label, which later became PolyGram, until 1983. One song released from this album, "Coração Vagabundo", became a huge hit. The same year, Gal also performed two songs on the 2nd International Music Festival, which was then hosted by Rede Globo. They were "Bom Dia", written by Gil and Nana Caymmi, and "Dadá Maria", written by Renato Teixeira. The latter was performed with Sílvio César at the Festival and with Teixeira on the recording.

In 1965, Costa began to record inedited songs from Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso. In 1968, Gal became a part of the tropicália movement. Tropicalia is a mix of Samba, Bossa Nova and modern genres like rock and beat. She recorded four songs on Tropicália: ou Panis et Circenses. They were "Mamãe coragem", written by Veloso and Torquato Neto, "Parque industrial", by Tom Zé, "Enquanto seu lobo não vem", by Veloso, and "Baby", also by Veloso. The latter became one of Costas best known songs. The same year, she participated in the 3rd International Music Festival, performing "Gabriela Mais Bela", written by Roberto and Erasmo Carlos. In November, she participated in Rede Record's 4th Music Festival, performing the song "Divino Maravilhoso", by Gil and Veloso. The song also became a nationwide hit and a classic song of popular music. When Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso were living in exile in London, she would visit them and keep performing their music, but stayed in Brazil.

In 1969, Gal released her eponymous solo debut album, which included "Baby" and "Divino Maravilhoso". The album is considered a Tropicalismo classic, balanced between Brazilian stylizations and North American psychedelic influences. It also featured Gal's third and fourth solo hits, Jorge Ben Jor's "Que pena (Ele já não gosta mais de mim)" and Veloso's "Não identificado", respectively. In the same year, she recorded her second solo album, titled Gal, and featuring the hits "Meu nome é Gal", by Roberto and Erasmo Carlos, and "Cinema Olympia", by Veloso. The album served as the basis for the repertoire of the concert Gal! Her next album, Legal, was not as far from the mainstream as its predecessor, and a live album the following year again balanced smooth Brazilian sounds with heavy rock. In 1973, the cover of Costa's album Índia was censored — it focuses on her red bikini bottom. Gal has recorded songs composed by a number of Brazil's most popular songwriters such as Tom Jobim, Ben and Erasmo Carlos. In the 1970s, she was one of the integrants of the Doces Bárbaros, the others being Veloso, Gil and Maria Bethânia. For years a reunion was hoped for this emblematic group in the Brazilian popular music. In 1982 the single "Festa Do Interior" from the double album Fantasia became her biggest ever hit, going multi-platinum by the end of the year. In 1994, Gal performed the song Brasil, topless. She recorded songs in Portuguese, Spanish and English.

Gal Costa is portrayed by Sophie Charlotte in the 2023 biographical film Meu nome é Gal.

Awards
In 2011, Costa received the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Costa at number 90 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.

Personal life
Gal was bisexual. She dated singer Marina Lima in the 1990s. She had one adopted son, Gabriel.

Death
Gal died in São Paulo on 9 November 2022, at the age of 77. The cause of death was not shared; she had been recovering from an extraction of a nodule of her nasal cavity and had canceled her show at the Primavera Sound. Multiple Brazilian celebrities paid tribute to her following her death including then President-elect Lula da Silva, Maria Bethânia, Caetano Veloso, and Gilberto Gil. She was also honored posthumously at the 2022 Latin Grammy Awards.

Studio albums
• 1965: Maria da Graça (EP)

• 1967: Domingo (with Caetano Veloso)

• 1969: Gal Costa

• 1969: Gal

• 1970: Legal

• 1971: -Fa-Tal- Gal a Todo Vapor

• 1973: Índia

• 1974: Cantar

• 1975: Gal Canta Caymmi

• 1977: Caras e Bocas

• 1978: Água Viva

• 1979: Gal Tropical

• 1980: Aquarela do Brasil

• 1981: Fantasia

• 1982: Minha Voz

• 1983: Baby Gal

• 1983: Gabriela movie soundtrack

• 1984: Profana

• 1985: Bem Bom

• 1987: Lua de Mel Como o Diabo Gosta

• 1990: Plural

• 1992: Gal

• 1994: O Sorriso do Gato de Alice

• 1995: Mina D'Água do Meu Canto

• 1996: Tieta of Agreste movie soundtrack

• 1998: Aquele Frevo Axé

• 2001: Gal de Tantos Amores

• 2002: Gal Bossa Tropical

• 2004: Todas as Coisas e Eu

• 2005: Hoje

• 2011: Recanto

• 2015: "Estratosférica"

• 2018: "A Pele do Futuro"

• 2021: "Nenhuma Dor"

Live albums

 * 1971: -Fa-Tal- Gal a Todo Vapor
 * 1976: Doces Bárbaros (with Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, and Maria Bethânia)
 * 1986: Jazzvisions: Rio Revisited (with Antonio Carlos Jobim)
 * 1997: Acústico MTV
 * 1999: Gal Costa Canta Tom Jobim Ao Vivo
 * 2006: Gal Costa Live at the Blue Note
 * 2006: Gal Costa Ao Vivo
 * 2013: Recanto Ao Vivo

Singles

 * 1968: "Baby"
 * 1969: "Que Pena (Ela Já Não Gosta Mais De Mim)"
 * 1970: "Meu Nome É Gal"
 * 1970: "London, London"

title: Gal Costa


text:
Brabantian dialect

Brabantian or Brabantish, also Brabantic or Brabantine (Brabants, Standard Dutch pronunciation:, ), is a dialect group of the Dutch language. It is named after the historical Duchy of Brabant, which corresponded mainly to the Dutch province of North Brabant, the Belgian provinces of Antwerp and Flemish Brabant as well as the Brussels-Capital Region (Brusselian; where its native speakers have become a minority) and the province of Walloon Brabant. Brabantian expands into small parts in the west of Limburg, and its strong influence on the Flemish dialects in East Flanders weakens toward the west. In a small area in the northwest of North Brabant (Willemstad), Hollandic is spoken. Conventionally, the Kleverlandish dialects are distinguished from Brabantian, but for no reason other than geography.

Over the relatively-large area in which it is spoken, Brabantian can be roughly divided into three subdialects, all of which differ in some aspects:
 * West Brabantian is spoken in the area west of the river Donge, in the west of North Brabant (around the cities Breda, Roosendaal and Bergen op Zoom) and in the north and west of the Province of Antwerp in Belgium.
 * East Brabantian is spoken in the area east of the river Donge; in the middle and east of North Brabant (the area around the cities Tilburg, Eindhoven, 's-Hertogenbosch and Helmond), the east of the Province of Antwerp and the northwestern edge of the Dutch Province of Limburg (Netherlands).
 * South Brabantian is spoken in the province of Flemish Brabant and the south of Antwerp.

Over 5 million people live in the area where some form of Brabantian functions as the predominant colloquial language; this compares with a total of 22 million Dutch-speakers across the Netherlands and Flanders.

History
Compared to the other dialects and sublanguages of Dutch, Brabantian has historically had a major influence on the development of Dutch. During the Middle Ages, manuscripts from the 10th to 15th centuries show that Limburgish and then West Flemish were the predominant literary languages, but there is no evidence of literary manuscripts farther north.

In the second half of the 14th century, emphasis in society shifted to Brabant and so the Brabantian dialect became dominant. A migration to the north was occurring; the West Flemish dialect influenced the coastal area of the province of South Holland ('s-Gravenhage and Leiden), and migrants from Brabant came to the provinces of North Holland and Utrecht.

In the 16th century, when the Low Countries were in turmoil, another migration occurred from the Spanish Netherlands (roughly what is now Belgium) to the United Provinces of the Netherlands. That made the cultural elite move from the oppressive Spanish and Roman Catholic region to the more liberal (and Protestant) north. Dutch linguistics historian Nicoline van der Sijs says that it is a popular myth that Brabantian was a dominant influence during the standardisation of Dutch from the 16th century. She says that Standard Dutch is a standardised Hollandic dialect. However, researchers of variance linguistics at the Ghent University and Dutch linguists in Berlin recognise the distinctive influence of Brabantian on the first Dutch standardisation in the 16th century. The first major formation of Standard Dutch also took place in Antwerp, where a Brabantian dialect is still spoken. That made the standard language develop mainly from Brabantian influence.

Netherlands
The early modern Dutch written language was initially influenced primarily by Brabantian, with strong influence from the Hollandic dialect after the 16th century. Since then, it has diverged from Standard Dutch and evolved its own way, but it is still similar enough for both to be mutually intelligible.

Berlin scientists point to a very important phenomenon in the 20th century in the south of the Dutch language area: there has been an expansion in the use of Brabantian by the dominant presence of native Brabantian-speakers in the modern mass media like radio and television.

About one quarter of the Dutch-speaking population lives in the Brabantian dialect zone. In the Netherlands, rural areas still retain some of their original Brabantian dialects. In large Dutch cities, such as Breda and Eindhoven, where the Industrial Revolution drew many people from other parts of the country, the dialect has been diluted by contact with Standard Dutch. Because people tended to migrate towards the cities from the surrounding rural areas, Brabantian influence is still seen in some terms and in pronunciation (the "Brabantian accent" of Dutch), but the original Brabantian city dialects have largely disappeared there.

However, some large cities, such as Tilburg and 's-Hertogenbosch, still have many people speaking the original Brabantian dialect.

Belgium
In Antwerp, the local dialect, known as "Antwerps" in Dutch, is Brabantian; however, Het Nieuwsblad wrote in 2020 that "few people can still master it", with its city folk now speaking Tussentaal and Standard Dutch instead. In Brussels, French largely replaced Dutch in the mid-20th century, but there are many cultural activities that use the Brussels dialect (sometimes called Marols), such as the Mass in a church in Jette. Moreover, the use of Dutch is reviving because of young Dutch-speaking families moving back from the suburbs to the old city of Brussels, and an increasing number of non-Dutch-speaking families putting their children in Flemish schools.

The comic artist Hergé based fictional languages like Syldavian in his childhood Marols.

Differences from Standard Dutch
Brabantian is rather close to and contributed to the development of Standard Dutch. A characteristic phrase, houdoe ("take care"), derives from houd u goed (literally, "keep yourself all right"), but colloquial Dutch and Hollandic use doei ("bye").

In South Brabantian (Belgium), "Ale, salu(kes) e!", based on loanwords from French "Allez!" and "Salut!", is a common parting phrase.

Brabantian dialects have a characteristic historic tendency toward accusativism, the use of the accusative case instead of the nominative case. While the cases themselves have fallen out of use in modern language, the accusative form survives in Brabantian, rather than the nominative case of the more northern dialects (nominativism). As the accusative case had different forms for masculine and feminine nouns, both genders have thus remained separate in Brabantian.

Standardisation
The first attempts at standardising Dutch were in the 1540s and based on the Brabantian dialect of Antwerp and its surroundings. However, after the Dutch Revolt, the Dutch economical and political focus shifted north to centre on the County of Holland, which caused the importance of Brabantian to dwindle. Later attempts to establish a standard form of Brabantian have met little success. However, the new phenomenon of tussentaal is becoming widespread.

title: Brabantian dialect


text:
Dufferin—Caledon

Dufferin—Caledon is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004.

It was created in 2003 from parts of Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey riding.

This riding gained a fraction of territory from Vaughan during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

After David Tilson's resignation, in March 2019 the Dufferin—Caledon nomination for the Conservative Party in the 2019 election was won by Harzadan Singh Khattra, amid accusations within the party of vote tampering, membership reimbursement, and payments to foreign students to attend, despite their ineligibility within party rules.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Languages: 74.7% English, 6.7% Punjabi, 3.3% Italian, 1.3% Portuguese, 1.1% Spanish

Religions: 56.5% Christian (30.5% Catholic, 5.1% United Church, 4.3% Anglican, 1.7% Presbyterian, 1.4% Christian Orthodox, 1.4% Pentecostal, 1.0% Baptist, 11.1% Other), 8.6% Sikh, 3.2% Hindu, 1.8% Muslim, 28.9% None

Median income: $44,800 (2020)

Average income: $59,650 (2020)

title: Dufferin—Caledon


text:
Ocean Countess

Ocean Countess was a cruise ship owned by Majestic International Cruises of Greece. She was completed in 1976 as Cunard Countess for Cunard Line and was a popular ship in the Caribbean cruise market for 20 years. After leaving Cunard service in 1996, she had a number of owners before being purchased by Majestic in 2004. She was retired in 2012 and scrapped in 2014 after a fire destroyed the ship.

History
Cunard Countess was built in Denmark in 1974-75 and initially registered in Southampton, England. The vessel was fitted-out at the INMA shipyard at La Spezia, Italy, from where trials were conducted and the vessel completed in July 1976. The ship proceeded to her Caribbean Sea base port of San Juan, Puerto Rico, via Barcelona, Spain and Antigua. A part-ship charter group of passengers was carried on this maiden voyage, between Barcelona and Antigua. On the eve of entering full commercial service in August 1976, Cunard Countess was christened at San Juan by Janet Armstrong, then wife of Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the Moon.

The '4-star-Premium' style Cunard Countess, with her almost-identical sister ship Cunard Princess of 1977, became popular with the North American and British/European market, particularly for their contemporary facilities and variety entertainment. They were well known for their cruises in the Caribbean and middle Atlantic Ocean, becoming a staple at the San Juan ship dock and later at Miami, Santo Domingo and many other places around the area. Cunard Countess was notably one of the few ships to regularly visit the Caribbean island of Grenada during the revolutionary period of that island (1979–1983) and thus played a major role in supporting the local tourist industry during those years. Two of Cunard Countess's competitors in the Caribbean during the late 1970s-1980s were the much older but also very popular SS Amerikanis and Carla C, all three being of similar dimensions and capacity (recently built cruise ships are generally far larger). Other contemporary ships in this market were the P&O/Princess Cruises' Sun Princess and Island Princess, both also having similar dimensions and capacity to Cunard Countess.

In October 1982, after the conclusion of the Falklands War, the ship was chartered for six months by the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) to support troop movements between Ascension Island and the Falkland Islands while Port Stanley Airport was being reinstated. Families and friends of British personnel lost in the conflict were also carried on one round voyage, to enable commemorations both at sea and ashore. At the end of the charter, Cunard controversially awarded the contract for the refurbishment of the vessel to Malta Shipyards at a reported cost of £2 million. Cunard Countess returned to Caribbean cruising in July 1983. In 1990 the ship's port of registry was changed to Nassau, The Bahamas.

In 1996 - before Carnival’s buy-out of Cunard Line in 1998 - Cunard Countess was sold to Awani Cruises and renamed Awani Dream II, to cruise along with the original Awani Dream. The Awani cruise company ran into financial trouble and in 1998 the ship moved to Royal Olympic Cruises, as Olympic Countess under the Greek flag.

Purchased in 2004 by Maximus Navigation Ltd, a subsidiary of Majestic International Cruises, she was renamed Ocean Countess and registered in Madeira on the International Shipping Register of Portugal. She was chartered as Ruby to Louis Cruise Lines in May 2007, resuming the name Ocean Countess in December of that year. During this employment, cruises usually departed from Piraeus, visiting destinations like Mykonos, Patmos, Crete and Santorini in Greece as well as Kuşadası in Turkey. During 2009 the ship was leased by the Spanish operator Quail Cruises for a series of Mediterranean cruises from Valencia.

In April 2010, the refitted Ocean Countess joined Marco Polo in an extensive cruise programme from British ports for the recently formed company Cruise & Maritime Voyages (CMV). In late 2012 Ocean Countess left the CMV fleet, with a final 13-night Canary Islands & Madeira “Farewell Voyage” which ended in Barcelona instead of returning to Liverpool; she was replaced by the MV Discovery.

On 30 November 2013 the central superstructure of the ship caught fire at Chalkis, Greece while laid up prior to an anticipated return to service in 2014. The five caretaker crew were all accounted for. She sustained heavy damage from waterline to funnel. She has been sold to a scrapyard in Aliaga and departed Chalkis under tow on 7 March 2014.

Facilities
The fully air-conditioned Ocean Countess had 7 passenger decks (passenger decks 3 to 7, 9 and sun terrace deck 10) plus three further crew-only decks (decks 1, 2 and bridge deck 8). There were deluxe cabins and suites as well as inner and outer standard cabins. All cabins featured private facilities. Passenger capacity was approximately 800 in 400 cabins with a crew of 350. A small number of cabins could be adjusted for guests with special requirements.

The sun terrace (top deck), exterior boat deck and aft lido deck were sheathed in traditional teak. The accommodation, public rooms and decks were refurbished and renamed with British themes in early 2010, in preparation for Ocean Countess' charter to Cruise & Maritime Voyages. New flat screen televisions with satellite channels were also installed in all cabins as part of the refurbishment.

title: Ocean Countess


text:
Christopher Lehmann-Haupt

Christopher Lehmann-Haupt (June 14, 1934 – November 7, 2018) was an American journalist, editor of the New York Times Book Review, critic, and novelist, based in New York City. He served as senior Daily Book Reviewer from 1969 to 1995.

Biography
Lehmann-Haupt was born on June 14, 1934, in Edinburgh, Scotland, while his parents were visiting his mother's family. He was the eldest of three sons of Leticia Jane Hargrave Grierson, a Scottish teacher and editor from Edinburgh, and Hellmut Otto Emil Lehmann-Haupt, a German-born graphic arts historian and bibliographer. His family lived in New York City. Christopher had two younger brothers, Carl and Alexander.

It was not until Lehmann-Haupt traveled to Berlin in 1947 to live with his father for a year that he learned about his father's Jewish ancestry. His parents had divorced, and his father had gone to Berlin in 1946 with the Allied Armies’ Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives section to help recover art works stolen by the Nazis and to revive German cultural life. In 1948 his father married again, to Rosemarie Mueller. They had two children, John and Roxana Lehmann-Haupt, half-siblings to Christopher and his brothers.

Lehmann-Haupt was educated at the Ethical Culture Fieldston School in New York, The Putney School in Vermont, and Swarthmore College. He did postgraduate work at the Yale School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1959 with a Master of Fine Arts degree in theater history and dramatic criticism.

Lehmann-Haupt died on November 7, 2018, due to complications from a stroke.

Editing
Lehmann-Haupt first worked as a teacher in Middletown, New York, but moved to Manhattan to seek work in publishing. He worked as an editor for various New York City publishing houses, among them Holt, Rinehart and Winston and The Dial Press. In 1965, he moved to The New York Times Book Review, where he became an editor and critic. He became immersed in the books and issues of the day.

In May 1968, along with several dozen then-prominent writers and political activists (including James Baldwin, Jules Feiffer, Norman Mailer, Susan Sontag and Gloria Steinem), Lehmann-Haupt signed the "Violence in Oakland" essay published in the New York Review of Books. It condemned police harassment of and violence against Black Panther Party members in Oakland, California. A police attack on April 6, 1968, had resulted in their killing 17-year-old Bobby Hutton, and wounding leaders Eldridge Cleaver and another young African-American man. Each of the three was unarmed.

In 1969, Lehmann-Haupt was appointed senior Daily Book Reviewer for The New York Times. He held this position until 1995, when he became a regular daily book reviewer. From 1965 until 2000, he wrote more than 4,000 book reviews and articles, on fiction and on subjects from trout fishing to Persian archaeology.

Lehmann-Haupt taught and lectured widely. He wrote articles on a variety of subjects, including fly fishing and bluegrass banjo-picking, two of his occasional avocations.

He also published three books of his own, which were well-reviewed. The first, a memoir, Me and Joe DiMaggio: A Baseball Fan Goes in Search of His Gods, was published in 1986 by Simon & Schuster. His first novel, A Crooked Man, was published by Simon & Schuster in 1995. His second novel, The Mad Cook of Pymatuning was published by Simon & Schuster in 2005. At the time of his death, Lehmann-Haupt was working on a memoir of the year he spent living in Berlin with his father, from 1947 until 1948.

While editor of The New York Times Book Review, Lehmann-Haupt was known for being opposed to genre fiction. In 1980, when given a copy of Harlan Ellison's Shatterday for possible review, Lehmann-Haupt reportedly threw the book across the room and said, "Oh, it's that sci-fi crap."

In April 2000, he assumed the job of chief obituary writer for The Times. He wrote advance obituaries and occasional daily obituaries until his retirement on June 30, 2006. Obituaries bearing his byline continued to run in The New York Times as of January 2020. In retirement he continued to write advance obituaries as a freelancer for The New York Times.

During these years he also taught writing at the Marymount College Writing Center and College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, the Bronx, New York. He also taught at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism. He was appointed the Editorial Director of Delphinium Books, a literary small press that publishes works of fiction.

Marriage and family
Lehmann-Haupt married writer Natalie Robins in 1969. They had two children together, Rachel and Noah, and lived in the Riverdale section of the Bronx.

title: Christopher Lehmann-Haupt


text:
Elgin—Middlesex—London (federal electoral district)

Elgin—Middlesex—London is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1997.

It was created in 1996 from Elgin—Norfolk, Lambton—Middlesex, and London—Middlesex ridings. This riding lost territory to London—Fanshawe during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Under the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution the riding will be largely replaced by Elgin—St. Thomas—London South. Smaller parts will move to Middlesex—London.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Languages: 84.1% English, 2.9% German, 1.8% Plautdietsch

Religions: 59.0% Christian (17.9% Catholic, 8.7% United Church, 4.2% Anglican, 3.3% Baptist, 2.8% Anabaptist, 2.3% Presbyterian, 1.1% Reformed, 1.0% Pentecostal, 17.7% other), 2.6% Muslim, 36.7% none

Median income: $42,400 (2020)

Average income: $51,250 (2020)

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results

Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.


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Essex (federal electoral district)

Essex (formerly known as Essex—Windsor) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1882 and since 1968.

Geography
The riding includes the Municipalities of LaSalle, Amherstburg, Essex, Kingsville, and the western/central portion of Lakeshore. See Elections Canada map.

History
Essex was created in the British North America Act of 1867. It consisted of Essex County. It was abolished in 1882 when it was redistributed into Essex North and Essex South ridings.

Essex was re-created in 1966 from Essex East, Essex South and Essex West. The new riding consisted initially of the Town of Essex, the Townships of Anderdon, Colchester North, Colchester South, Malden, Rochester, Sandwich South, Tilbury North and Tilbury West, and the southern parts of the Township of Sandwich West and the City of Windsor, and the southeastern part of the Township of Maidstone. The name of the electoral district was changed in 1972 to "Essex—Windsor".

In 1976, the riding was re-defined to consist of the Townships of Anderdon, Colchester North, Maidstone, Malden, Rochester, Sandwich South, Sandwich West, Tilbury North and Tilbury West, including the Town of Essex, but excluding the Town of Tecumseh and the Village of St. Clair Beach, and the southeast part of the City of Windsor.

In 1987, the riding was re-defined to consist of the southeastern part of the City of Windsor, the towns of Amherstburg, Belle River and Essex, and the townships of Anderdon, Maidstone, Malden, Rochester, Sandwich South, Sandwich West, Tilbury North and Tilbury West.

Essex—Windsor was abolished in 1996 when it was re-distributed between a new "Essex" riding and Windsor West. The new Essex riding was created from parts of Essex—Windsor and Essex—Kent ridings.

It consisted initially of Pelee Island and the County of Essex excluding the City of Windsor, the towns of Leamington and Tecumseh, the Village of St. Clair Beach and the Township of Mersea. In 2003, it was redefined to consist of the County of Essex excluding the City of Windsor and the towns of Leamington and Tecumseh.

This riding lost territory to Chatham-Kent—Leamington during the 2012 electoral redistribution. Namely, Pelee Island and the eastern portion of the Town of Lakeshore.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Languages: 82.5% English, 2.4% French, 1.8% Italian, 1.2% Arabic, 1.1% German

Religions: 68.6% Christian (42.7% Catholic, 4.2% Anglican, 3.9% United Church, 1.8% Christian Orthodox, 1.6% Baptist, 1.3% Pentecostal, 1.0% Presbyterian, 1.0% Lutheran, 11.1% Other), 2.5% Muslim, 1.0% Sikh, 26.6% None

Median income: $46,400 (2020)

Average income: $59,700 (2020)

title: Essex (federal electoral district)


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Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound (federal electoral district)

Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound (formerly known as Bruce, Bruce—Grey and Grey—Bruce—Owen Sound) is a federal electoral district that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1935.

The riding once had a reputation of being a swing riding, but it has become more conservative in the last 20 years. It produced many close results over its early years.

History
The district was created in 1933 from Bruce North and Bruce South and was known as "Bruce" riding. Its name was changed in 1975 to "Bruce—Grey", to "Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound" in 2000, to "Grey—Bruce—Owen Sound" in 2003, and to Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound in 2004.

This riding was left unchanged after the 2012 electoral redistribution and 2022 electoral redistribution.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Languages: 90.7% English, 2.1% German, 1.5% Pennsylvania German

Religions: 55.9% Christian (12.7% Catholic, 11.2% United Church, 4.7% Anglican, 4.0% Presbyterian, 3.3% Lutheran, 2.9% Anabaptist, 2.3% Baptist, 1.0% Pentecostal, 13.8% Other), 41.9% None

Median income: $38,000 (2020)

Average income: $48,760 (2020)

Grey—Bruce—Owen Sound
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Bruce—Grey
Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.

Bruce
Note: Progressive Conservative vote is compared to "National Government" vote in 1940 election.

Note: "National Government" vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TYPE ZeR0

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:13, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

TYPE ZeR0
Appears to be a vanity page Number 0 12:05, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, band vanity. Fails WP:MUSIC tests for notability. Google results are mostly WP mirrors and non-English pages. --bainer 13:03, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 13:05, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, 99 Google results, mostly mirrors of "us", incl. this Vfd page! Sorry guys, but Wikipedia is not your testing ground. We will gladly cover you in full detail when you've got your break and have become supremely popular. We wish you all luck, but until that time comes, you cannot be listed here. Sorry bro, that's showbusiness for ya! Master Thief Garrett 02:55, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.