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Talk:Camp Hero

Justification for Revert
Unless there's a (c) issue I don't know about, I hardly think this page requires a rewrite. Certain sections definitely need work but not a total rewrite. Nrbelex (talk) 01:36, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Grammar Issues
It's not a huge deal - I just didn't have time to deal with it - here's a sample of text I find in need of work (the bold highlights the issues such as the tense change - it changes halfway through):

"In 1978 the Air Force submitted a proposal to the Carter Administration to close the base, as the technology was largely obsolete due to satellite technology. It was determined to keep it operating until the new facility at Riverhead was operational.

The Air Force officially shuts down its radar operations on July 1, 1980 after a new radar system operated by the FAA was made operational in Riverhead, NY that could handle civilian and air defense requirements, making the SAGE system was redundant. Considering its size, removing the huge antenna was problematic at best so it was "abandoned in place", with its controlling motors and electronics removed and allowed to move with the wind to prevent it being torn off its base in a storm."

Again, not a big deal but worth adding a tag for since similar errors can be found throughout the article. The article is actually very informative and on the whole well written. It's not a big deal to have corrections made to an article you contributed to; that's the whole point of Wikipedia (a quote from the contributing to Wikipedia page - "Don't be surprised if other people edit "your" pages to adapt them to our policies. It's OK to learn as you go along"). I'm sorry if anyone found the tag upsetting but I believe it should remain. Nrbelex (talk) 01:46, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I tried a bit to fix the grammer, though mainly I am going through images and trying to not only free up space on Wikipedia, but I will try to switch everything to the Commons. Zscout370 01:53, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, to be honest, I had people who were quite annoyed when I put the Cleanup tag on the page Order of the Red Banner. I still think it needs a major overhaul, but I do not think I can do it alone. How can I still ask for it to be cleaned up without getting my a.. kicked? Zscout370 03:16, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with people editing, that goes with the game. I've edited lots of other people's stuff, too - sometimes it's easier to see someone else's errors. It's the part about leaving a sign that says "this page is poorly written" and nothing more that bothers me. It leaves me with nothing to do about the problem except sit there and look like an idiot.

You could have just posted a note on the talk page thay says "tense shifts around 1978 reference" so I (or someone else) could fix the problem and remove the grammar tag. --Outlander 13:16, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I face the same problem too. I had people tell me when I left a cleanup notice at the Order of the Red Banner page, I got yelled at since I should not clutter pages with notices. There are some pages I do not mind doing on my own, yet this one I listed, I need help on badly. However, the tag gets blanked and I get a yelling. Back to this page, I will see what I can fix, though I only fixed the last two paragraphs. Zscout370 15:49, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think broad tags should only be used if the situation is truly serious, such as a page that's unreadable. Otherwise, corect problems as you see them, there is no time frame here. I've edited pages over a few months. If you need help, post a note on the talk page. As you can see by the history, I've been tinkering with this page for some time now.

title: Talk:Camp Hero


text:
John Lockwood Kipling

John Lockwood Kipling (6 July 1837 – 26 January 1911) was an English art teacher, illustrator and museum curator who spent most of his career in India. He was the father of the author Rudyard Kipling.

Life and career
Lockwood Kipling was born in Pickering, North Riding, the son of Reverend Joseph Kipling and Frances nee Lockwood, and was educated at Woodhouse Grove School, a Methodist boarding school. He met his wife Alice MacDonald while working in Burslem, Staffordshire, where his designs can still be seen on the façade of the Wedgwood Institute. Alice was the daughter of a Methodist minister, the Reverend George Browne Macdonald. Kipling married during 1865 and relocated with his wife to India, where he had been appointed as a professor of architectural sculpture in the Jeejeebhoy School of Art in Bombay (now Mumbai), and later became its principal.

Their son was born soon after, in December 1865, and was christened Rudyard after Rudyard, Staffordshire, the place where his parents had first met; their daughter Alice also known as Beatrice Kipling was born in 1868. His life-long friend John Griffiths, whom he had met whilst working together at the South Kensington Museum and worked with him at the Bombay School of Art, became Rudyard's godfather. During 1870–1872 Kipling was commissioned by the government to tour the Punjab, North-West Frontier and Kashmir and make a series of sketches of Indian craftsmen as well as various sights and antiquities in these regions. Several of these sketches are presently at the Victoria and Albert Museum whilst others were printed in a number of books.

During 1875, Kipling was appointed the Principal of Mayo School of Arts, Lahore, British India (present day National College of Arts, Pakistan) and also became curator of the old original Lahore Museum which figured as the Wonder House or Ajaib Ghar in Kim, not to be confused with the present one. He retired back to England in 1893.

Kipling illustrated many of Rudyard Kipling's books, and other works, including Tales of the Punjab by Flora Annie Steel. He also worked on the decorations for the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and friezes on the Crawford Market in Bombay. The friezes of the Crawford Market are done in a Romano-Gothic style. The west entrance displays trader and sack-scales with porter, planter and water carrier around a well-head, while the east features several bullock carts. John Kipling designed the uniforms and decorations for the Imperial Assemblage at Delhi during 1877, organised by the Viceroy of India, Lord Lytton, at which Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.

During his tenure as the Principal of the Mayo School of Art, Lahore, he patronised indigenous artisans and by training and apprenticeship transformed them into craftsmen and designers. One of his protégés was Bhai Ram Singh, who assisted him in his imperial commission for decorating the Durbar Room at Osborne House. Kipling also remained editor of the Journal of Indian Art and Industry, which published drawings made by the students of the Mayo School.

He died in 1911, and is buried beside his wife in Tisbury, Wiltshire parish church.

During 2017 the Bard Graduate Center had an exhibition of his work: John Lockwood Kipling: Arts & Crafts in the Punjab and London.

Main published works

 * Beast and Man in India: A Popular Sketch of Indian Animals in Their Relations with the People, Published by Macmillan and Co, London, 1891.
 * Inezilla: A Romance in Two Chapters, by J.L.K. Reprinted from The Chameleon, Allahabad, [1873].
 * Across the Border: Or, Pathân and Biloch, by Edward Emmerson Oliver, Illustrations by John Lockwood Kipling. Published by Chapman and Hall, 1890.
 * Tales of the Punjab Told by the People, by Flora Annie Webster Steel, Richard Carnac Temple, John Lockwood Kipling. Published by Macmillan and co., 1894.
 * The Two Jungle Books, by Rudyard Kipling. Illustrations by J. Lockwood Kipling, C.I.E., and W. H. Drake. Published by Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., New York, 1893.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Lockwood Kipling


text:
Enos (TV series)

Enos is an American action comedy television series and a spin-off of The Dukes of Hazzard. It originally aired on CBS from November 12, 1980, to May 20, 1981. The series focused on the adventures of Enos Strate, a former deputy in rural Hazzard County, after he moved to Los Angeles to join the LAPD. Sonny Shroyer played the character of Enos on both shows. The scene was set for Enos leaving Hazzard to become a Los Angeles lawman in the third season Dukes of Hazzard episode "Enos Strate To The Top".

Each episode of "Enos" featured the title character fighting crime alongside partner Turk Adams. Episodes usually began and ended with Enos writing a letter to Dukes of Hazzard character Daisy Duke in which he told her of his adventures in L.A. In an attempt to boost ratings, a number of characters from The Dukes of Hazzard (Daisy, Uncle Jesse and Rosco) were brought in as guest stars, but Enos still failed to catch on. It was canceled after one 18-episode season.

The character Enos Strate returned to The Dukes of Hazzard beginning in autumn 1982, at the start of the show's fifth season. It had been written into Shroyer's contract that he be allowed to return to the series if the spin-off was cancelled. In the CBS film specials made years after the series ended -- The Dukes of Hazzard: Reunion! (1997) and The Dukes of Hazzard: Hazzard in Hollywood (2000) -- Enos appeared as a California lawman. It was explained that he had returned to the LAPD and eventually become a detective.

title: Enos (TV series)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mindat.org

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 17:58, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mindat.org
Tagged for speedy deletion as "Nonnotable, Alexa rank 93,672, 119 google links". There's a comment on the talk page discussing notability. No vote. Kappa 01:39, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

As the creator of the mindat.org website and the mindat.org entry on Wikipedia I will of course respect any decision made on this matter, because of the sites status within the mineralogical and geological communities I thought it was worth adding an entry about it, I have tried to keep the entry factual and consistent with Wiki style. No vote. --Jolyonralph 01:45, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm oook weak keep. I just wish someone else had written it, Joly. Not good practice to write articles on your own site, looks like self-promotion. --Halidecyphon 06:01, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: It may not get the most google hits but it's value as a mineralogical database makes it noteworthy.  In cases like these I feel that the issue is not lack of notability in general but rather the smaller size of the communities, mineralogical and geological in this instance, that would give it higher hit rates or Alexa ranking. --Fuzzball! (talk) 09:00, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment How are you expecting a large community given the nature of the subject? SYSS Mouse 14:29, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but start a hostile takeover process to merge all content from Mindat into Wikipedia ;) Radiant_* 09:11, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Actually, I wouldn't have a problem with taking the mineral data from mindat.org and pasting it into wikipedia - these are scientific facts and aren't subject to copyright (although you might find the data on other sites such as webmineral.com is better suited for that purpose). Photos are copyright of their original posters so you'd have to check with them before using. I have made some changes to the mineralogy section on Wikipedia in the past, correcting some mistakes, and I'll continue to come back to do the same. --Jolyonralph 17:50, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Minerals isn't as wide a field as pop culture, so I'm not going to trust google or Alexa on this one. Keep as noteworthy database. Mgm|(talk) 09:53, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Useful technical database on minerals, keep--nixie 11:52, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wait, what? Why wouldn't this be notable? Strong keep. DS 12:41, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, classic demonstration of weakness of google testing for encyclopedic nature. Klonimus 16:04, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - there are three excellent sources for online mineral info that I use regularly and add to most mineral articles on Wiki as ext. links and/or refs. and Mindat is the least commercial of the three. Search for any mineral name on google and Mindat is there, that's a bunch more than the 119 hits reported above. -Vsmith 14:01, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)#
 * It's funny, the 119 number is approximately right for unique hits, I guess wikipedia only gets counted for once. Kappa 19:21, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this is indeed a very important database for mineralogists Moumine
 * Keep. Some cleanup woudn't make a harm, too. Pavel Vozenilek 00:05, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Kannada script

- please take a note of old kannada inscription http://www.thehindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092054690500.htm

from the latest research -

-

Writing System
Is Kannada used to write any language currently other than Kannada? FrancisTyers 01:39, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Apart from the omnipresent Sanskrit:

Kannada Script Used in 3 Indian languages, including: Kannada, Lamani (Karnatak), Tulu.
 * http://www.storage-way.com/code/scripts.htm
 * Pjacobi

Yes, indeed. Being the common script in the state of Karnataka, languages other than kannada, that have a presence in karnataka, are usually wriiten in the kannada script. For example, tulu, konkani, etc. Kartheeque 08:46, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes, kannada script is used to write tulu,konkani(only in karnataka,in maharasthra and goa,they use devanagiri script.),coorgi and lamani.--Jayanthv86 11:33, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Yes again. My mother tongue is a dialect of tamil spoken by a group of people who emigrated into the old Mysore area from Tamilnadu a few centuries back. The dialect, whenever it is actually written, most naturally gets written in Kannada script. Apart from this, we continue to retain contact with old Tamil literature of a certain kind. It gets propagated in published form in Kannada script. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.87.1.171 (talk) 23:14, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Graphical representation?
Could somebody provide a graphic showing the characters? That would be a big help for some of us. --Sean Lotz 06:01, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It has been provided in the article under the sections Vowels and Consonants. There are 15 vowels and 34 (25+9) consonants. Hope this helps. - KNM Talk - Contribs 04:06, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Vowel diacritics
Where are the vowel diacritics? The symbols used in conjunction with consonants? --SameerKhan 20:50, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Consonant Conjucts
I've noticed that the way that the Consonant Conjuncts table displays the combined consonants doesn't match with the way it shows up in print. Or even in the Kannada language version of this page.

So specifically, ರ್ವ shows up in the table as ರ್‍ವ. I am not at all literate in Kannada, but I'm led to think they are the same because if I do a search in the browser page for ರ್ವ, it takes me to ರ್‍ವ in the table. So somewhere they're the same. However, I'm only seeing ರ್ವ used in actual text. For other examples, the Kannada version of this page has the words ನವರ್ಗದಿಂ, ವರ್ಣದಿಂ, etc. However, they don't show up in the table. It would help if someone could explain why this is, or change the table if necessary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Savalou (talk • contribs) 09:07, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi, Savalou - I noticed that too so I made the correction in the chart. It looks like a zero-width joiner was inserted within the consonant cluster in order to prevent a form like ರ್ವ from appearing. --Chris S. (talk) 01:34, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

Proto-Telugu
Kannada script originated from Proto-Telugu script which evolved from a variant of Asokan Brahmi script found on the urn containing Buddha's relics from the stupa of Bhattiprolu in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. The following reference gives a graphical account of how Telugu script evolved from proto-Telugu script and subsequently gave rise to Kannada script (See Figure 1a and 1b):

(http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1d.html)

The origin of proto-Telugu script lies in the Brahmi script written on the urn found from Bhattiprolu stupa which was older than Satavahana times. Satavahanas used this script and spread it over Maharashtra and Karnataka regions which they ruled for about 400 years. The strong resemblance of modern Thai, Laos, Javanese and Balinese scripts to Telugu script is because of the spread of proto-Telugu script from coastal Andhra to east Asia along with Buddhism (from Ghantasala and Masulipatnam ports). The Chalukayas, originally hailing from Rayalaseema region (Kadapa-Kurnool) of Andhra Pradesh, used the script to write Telugu and Kannada languages. The script is known to historians as Telugu-Kannada script. One may refer to the displays about the evolution of scripts in National Museum in Delhi. Adikavi Pampa and his brother were Telugu Brahmins of ancient Kammanadu (same region as Bhattiprolu) who embraced Jainism, sought the patronage of Chalukyan kings and wrote the earliest literary works of Kannada language. The script of the mother tongue of Pampa influenced their contributions to Kannada. Some enthusiasts insist use the words "Old Kannada" or "Hale Kannada", which I feel is not right.Kumarrao 06:58, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Sir Mr KumarRao, Now I am completely convinced you are trying to rewrite South Indian history by taking a POV website as your reference material. Nowhere is there a shred of evidence the Chalukyas came from Cuddapah. Just reading that website which says "the Chalukyas relearnt telugu" shows the author, if there is one, is not a historian. Just because Pampa came from Vengi does not make him a Telugu speaker (you cant prove that, can you) nor does it mean Kannada script came from Telugu script. In fact I have never heard of any scholarly reference to a proto-Telugu script in all the books I have read. In addition to the POV website you quote, you are adding your own POV to it. Please provide me with an authoritative source which proves the Kannda script came from Telugu script, not a POV website.Dineshkannambadi 11:34, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The same site you are claiming from also claims Telugu script evolved from "old-Kannada script"!!! which I have cut and paste for your perusal. Please read Dineshkannambadi 12:07, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Not sure whether the guy who has written the webpage is a scholar enough to talk about language scripts. This is what he has mentioned in his own webpage, {The material in this page is only a cursory presentation created to introduce the samples of inscriptions outlining the evolution of present day Telugu script. Knowledgeable experts are urged to make scholarly material about Telugu script available on the Internet.} Lets talk about some articles written by some scholars here rather than some website. I can as well myself write a blog saying Telugu evolved from Somalian script and cite that in the Telugu script article, but that wont be the truth right? -- Amarrg 12:54, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

''Cautionary Note: The figure indicates the most probable routes for the evolution of modern scripts. Care must be taken in reading these routes. For example, Telugu script has been shown as a descendent of "old Kannada" script. It does not in any way mean that the language (as opposed to the script) has descended from Kannada. Kannada became a literate language slightly ahead of Telugu. For example, both Kannada and Telugu had produced poetry during the eighth century. Kannada writers had also produced full-fledged literary works in the ninth century. But it was two more centuries before major poetic works in Telugu became available. That is the reason for the combined Telugu-Kannada script to have been called as the "old Kannada." This in turn does not mean that Telugu people were non-literate during the periods when Kannada and Tamil people were producing works of literature. Writers in Telugu land had been continuously engaged in creating literary, religious or philosophical works in Prakrit and Sanskrit from long before Christ. While the Tamil and Kannada writers had switched to writing in their local languages in the first century CE and the eighth century CE respectively, Telugu writers waited till the 11th century. The major reasons for this state of affairs include socio-political factors such as royal patronage and the influence of Buddhism and Jainism, among other things.''

Telugu-Kannada
Linguists refer to the progenitor of Kannada and Telugu scrips as "Telugu-Kannada script". There are many authentic references available. One or two references are available which mention "Old Kannada". Obviously both are synonymous. Since majority of the linguists (references) talk about "Telugu-Kannada script", it should be prominently highlighted while mentioning "old Kannada" also.Kumarrao 09:09, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

KumaraRao must be kicked out of Wiki who has no rationale in defending his bad statements...It's heights he comments without having knowledge of history, — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.230.243.231 (talk) 20:27, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Transliterations
I've added IAST transliterations, and left the unicode symbol names, as they were already there. It seems to me that the unicode names (which can be seen at ) have no value here and could be removed. Imc (talk) 20:43, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

False citations from Kumarrao
I have read the pages 78-79 in the book "Dravidian languages" that this user has been quoting from. His assesment is incorrect. The Bhatiprollu script mentioned in the table is just a "point on the graph" with the origin of the Kannada-Telugu script in Mouryan Brahmi which Kumarrao has conviniently excluded. This is the reason for the revert. An admin has been intimated about this deveopment. Kumarrao is also using this false citation on the Telugu script article.Dineshkannambadi (talk) 16:20, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Characters removed in new kannada alphabet chart
The 4 characters removed from new kannada script should also get a mention and the reason why it was removed. Can it be updated? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.22.97.64 (talk) 11:55, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely sure what you're talking about, but the page can be updated, if we have sources. Do you have a link to any news item about this, say? Shreevatsa (talk) 12:27, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
 * As per references only one letter ೠ (U+0CE1) was removed. The reason being this letter was never used in Kannada scripts and added because of Sanskrit influence. Other letter [[Image:Kn.n.jpg|baseline|link=ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರ ನ್|alt=ನ್]] (no Unicode available) was there to represent ನ್(U+0CA8 + U+0CCD) during 17-19th century, but was discounted. Letter ಱ (U+0CB1) and ೞ (U+0CDE) were not removed but not used in recent days. Use of ೞ was declined during 12th century and ಱ was used till 18th century. As these letters had pronunciation near to other letters (ಱ as ರ (U+0CB1) and ೞ as ಳ (U+0CB3)) these are replaced. But these letters has its significance as words differ in meaning at significant areas when replacement happens. Some examples: <ಅಱಿ = ತಿಳಿ (Learn), ಅರಿ = ಕತ್ತರಿಸು (Cut)> <ಕಱೆ = ಕಪ್ಪು (black), ಕರೆ = ದಡ(shore)> <ಪೊೞಿ = ನದಿ(river), ಪೊಳೆ = ಪ್ರಕಾಶಿಸು (bright)> <ಆೞ್ = ಮುಳುಗು(drown), ಆಳ್ = ಸೇವಕ(servant)> . I guess these are the 4 letters you were referring to. Hope this helps. For more info: http://www.baraha.com/kannada/nighantu1 ~ Teju2friends (talk) 06:47, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

The variant form of ರ್ in conjuncts like ರ್ನ (an extant form) and the variant form of ನ್ (an extinct form) cannot be considered on the same footing as the letters ಱ, ೞ, etc. The latter were distinct letters in the script, represented distinct sounds, and were subsequently dropped from the script as the sounds they represented were replaced by ರ and ಳ. On the other hand, the variant forms of ರ್ and ನ್ were just that: variant forms of letters that could as well be written in other ways, and did no correspond to distinct sounds of their own. Considering that the older forms of the Kannada script were similar to the modern Telugu script (especially in the diacritics), one can easily see how the extant variant ರ್ of Kannada must have evolved from something like ర్, and the extinct ನ್ variant from something like న్. While the ನ್-variant has been dropped from the Kannada script in favour of the regular modern form, this does not represent the dropping of a letter in the same way as in the case of ಱ and ೞ.138.75.227.145 (talk) 12:21, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Mentioning the look of disapproval
I believe it's a noteworthy enough feature of the script that ಠ_ಠ has become an emoticon as standard as the smiley face. Does this article have a good place to note this? I'm not sure. --109.67.34.44 (talk) 00:29, 6 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I think it should be mentioned IN the actual article, not just linked to it. --RThompson82 (talk) 23:43, 26 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and did that.~DG (talk) 19:57, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

another emoticon
what about the look of herobrine's disapproval? ರ_ರ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sylveon (talk • contribs) 20:22, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Kannada alphabet. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100918013724/http://atla.com/tsig/Foreign_Lang_presentation/files2/9_22SinhalaRomanization.pdf to http://www.atla.com/tsig/Foreign_Lang_presentation/files2/9_22SinhalaRomanization.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:48, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

ಅಂ Pronunciation
ಅಂ(aṁ) can be pronounced as ಅಙ್(aṅ), ಅಞ್(añ), ಅಣ್(aṇ), ಅನ್(an), ಅಮ್(am). For example in ಅಂಕ, ಂ is pronounced as ಙ್. In ಅಂಚೆ, ಂ is pronounced as ಞ್. In ಏಂಟು, ಂ is pronounced as ಣ್. In case of ಸಂತೆ, ಂ is pronounced as ನ್. In ಅಂಬಿಕಾ, ಂ is pronounced as ಮ್. So I think we should add these in the article. Ab abhi (talk) 05:56, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

More charts or bigger chart
Someone created a page (Kannada alphabet equivalent) with several tables comparing Kannada letters with Devanagari and Latin letters, and as far as I can tell, the tables are more comprehensive than the ones here. However, I'm not to be trusted on this issue (I know nothing of Devanagari, and I had no idea until right now that Kannada had a separate script), so instead of merging the content or trashing it under speedy criterion A11, I've moved it to Talk:Kannada alphabet/additional charts. Please merge the content or request speedy deletion as appropriate; if you pick the latter, just say something like, or you can just ask me and I'll delete it. Nyttend (talk) 04:47, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

"Canarese script" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Canarese script. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 10 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 🌸 1.Ayana 🌸 (talk) 12:36, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kannada script


text:
Brachiolaria

A brachiolaria is the second stage of larval development in many starfishes. It follows the bipinnaria. Brachiolaria have bilateral symmetry, unlike the adult starfish, which have a pentaradial symmetry. Starfish of the order Paxillosida (Astropecten and Asterina) have no brachiolaria stage, with the bipinnaria developing directly into an adult.

The brachiolaria develops from the bipinnaria larva when the latter grows three short arms at the underside of its anterior end. These arms each bear sticky cells at the tip, and they surround an adhesive sucker. The larva soon sinks to the bottom, attaching itself to the substrate, firstly with the tips of the arms, and then with the sucker. Once attached, it begins to metamorphose into the adult form.

The adult starfish develops only from the hind-part of the larva, away from the sucker. It is from this part that the arms of the adult grow, with the larval arms eventually degenerating and disappearing. The digestive system of the larva also degenerates, and is almost entirely rebuilt. A new mouth forming on the left side of the body, which eventually becomes the lower, or oral, surface of the adult. Similarly, a new anus forms on the right side, which becomes the upper, or aboral, surface.

The coelom, or body cavity is divided into three chambers in the larva, two of which form the water vascular system, while the other remains as the adult body cavity. Once the tube feet develop from the water vascular system, the larva frees itself from the bottom. At around the same time, the skeleton begins to develop, initially in a ring around the anus; at this point the larva has developed into an adult, although it will continue to grow for some years before reaching sexual maturity.

title: Brachiolaria


text:
Bipinnaria

A bipinnaria is the first stage in the larval development of most starfish, and is usually followed by a brachiolaria stage. Movement and feeding is accomplished by the bands of cilia. Starfish that brood their young generally lack a bipinnaria stage, with the eggs developing directly into miniature adults

The bipinnaria is free-living, swimming as part of the zooplankton. When it initially forms, the entire body is covered by cilia, but as it grows, these become confined to a narrow band forming a number of loops over the body surface. A pair of short, stubby arms soon develop on the body, with the ciliated bands extending into them.

In addition to propelling the larva through the water, the cilia also catch suspended food particles, and deliver them to the mouth (more correctly called a stomodeum).

Eventually, three additional arms develop at the front end of the larva; at this point it becomes a brachiolaria. In some species, including the common starfish Asterias, the bipinnaria develops directly into an adult.

It is very similar in appearance to the tornaria larvae of some Hemichordata, reflecting the descent of the Ambulacraria from a common ancestor.

title: Bipinnaria


text:
Dondang Sayang

Dondang Sayang (literally 'love ballad') originated in Malacca sometime in the 15th century, influenced by traditional Portuguese folk music. It is a traditional Malay form of entertainment where Baba and Nyonya singers exchange extemporaneous Malay Pantun (poetry), in a lighthearted and sometimes humorous style. The singers are normally accompanied by a violin, two Malay rebana (drums), and a tetawak (gong). These instruments are often supplemented by other available instruments, most notably, accordions, flutes, or an additional violin.

The chief musician is usually the violinist who plays a primary role in dondang sayang, providing a counter melody to the vocal melody. Musicians may switch instruments in between performances, but the violinist seldom does, although this is permitted. If there are musicians to spare, up to 5 rebana may be used. Sometimes, the rebana may be substituted by the tambour and barrel drum or even the kompang. The music is slow, and a song usually consists of 32 bars, beginning with a violin introduction, with the rebana and then the gong entering, and the voice finally entering in bar 5. Its style is somewhat informal and its lyrics usually consist of love poems. (Ahmad Usop 1984). The musical instruments may also be augmented with an accordion (Shafiee Ahmad 1992).

It is also associated with the Ronggeng dance.

title: Dondang Sayang


text:
Talk:Think different

Vote different
This was a 2012 Internet ad based on the "1984" Super Bowl ad for Apple where a Big Brother-like figure preaching about the glories of conformity appears to be a parody of Bill Gates, and his megascreen image is destroyed by a hammer throwing rebel and the caption was "Think Different".

In the 2012 parody, the image was Hillary Clinton and the caption was "Vote Different". This obviously was in support of the candidacy of Barack Obama, but was not an official part of his campaign, but was so effective I would suggest it should perhaps be included here. Vote Different 2600:1004:B16A:25A3:0:4D:E5C0:9801 (talk) 21:54, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

Parody led to Netscape shutting down redirects to personal home pages
The Netscape employee Robert Waugh made a parody showing famous mass murderers (e.g. John Wayne Gacy) in the same style with the slogan “Think Different” on his home page, which was back then displayed under the URL about:rmw in then then dominant Netscape Navigator. This led to an uproar which eventually led to Netscape shutting down the forwarding of all of their employees’ personal homepages: https://www.jwz.org/gruntle/blowme.html @ – 31.16.118.116 (talk) 08:15, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Think different


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ameersing Luximon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:24, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ameersing Luximon
Non-notable, possibly vanity. Zocky 01:47, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Vanity - Delete Srcastic 05:01, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC) Delete Vanity.Klonimus 07:41, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 07:56, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless can prove notability. --Fuzzball! (talk) 09:02, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable Dsmdgold 23:34, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Pavel Vozenilek 00:06, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
The Chills

The Chills are a New Zealand rock band that formed in Dunedin in 1980. The band are fronted by founding mainstay singer-songwriter, guitarist Martin Phillipps. During the mid-1990s they were billed as Martin Phillipps & the Chills. Their top ten studio albums in their homeland are Submarine Bells (1990), Soft Bomb (1992), Snow Bound (2018) and Scatterbrain (2021). The Chills were a cult band in other parts of the world as one of the earliest proponents of the Dunedin sound. Their top 20 singles are "Pink Frost", "Doledrums" (both 1984), "I Love My Leather Jacket" (1986), "Heavenly Pop Hit" (1990) and "Male Monster from the Id" (1992).

Early years and first breakup (1980–1983)
After the demise of the Same, one of the earliest punk rock bands in New Zealand, vocalist and guitarist Martin Phillipps started a new band, the Chills, in Dunedin in 1980. The Same had formed in 1978 with 15-year-old Phillipps on guitar before switching over to lead vocals. The Chills' initial line-up included his sister Rachel Phillipps on keyboards and former the Clean frontman Peter Gutteridge on guitar, Jane Dodd on bass guitar and Alan Haig on drums. Their first live performance was supporting Bored Games at Dunedin's Coronation Hall on 15 November 1980, after which Gutteridge departed. By June 1981, Dodd and Rachel Phillipps had also left, leaving the Chills on hiatus.

Martin Phillipps became an auxiliary member of the Clean, serving as their touring keyboardist and studio musician for their debut single "Tally Ho!" (1981). The Chills reconvened in July 1981 with Haig and Phillipps joined by Fraser Batts on keyboards and Terry Moore (ex-Bored Games) on bass guitar. They provided three tracks, "Kaleidoscope World", "Frantic Drift" and "Satin Doll", for a local various artists double-12" record, extended play, Dunedin Double (June 1982) via Flying Nun Records, marking their recording debut. Other artists on the release Sneaky Feelings, the Stones, and the Verlaines, also had three tracks each. The Chills issued a music video of "Kaleidoscope World".

Just before the EP's appearance, Haig left to join the Verlaines, he was replaced by Martyn Bull on drums. Rachel Phillipps temporarily returned after Batts departed, prior to a tour of the North Island with the Clean, though she did not stay for the whole tour. For the remaining dates they performed as a trio; which recorded two singles, "Rolling Moon" (1982) and "Pink Frost" (1984). Andrew Schmidt of AudioCulture described their debut single as "sunny, summery, upbeat". Their performances were paused when Bull was diagnosed with leukemia; the band worked whenever Bull's health allowed from October 1982 to early 1984. Peter Allison had joined on keyboards. In the meantime, Phillipps rehearsed with David Kilgour (of the Clean) in a group, Time Flies, though they never performed live. By June 1983, Haig re-joined the Chills on drums after Bull's leukemia became more severe; Martyn Stuart Bull died on 18 July 1983. The band went into hiatus again, although Phillipps played solo gigs until the end of 1983.

Reformation and international success (1983–1992)
By December 1983, they re-emerged under a new moniker, A Wrinkle in Time, with a line-up consisting of Allison, Haig, Phillipps and Martin Kean on bass guitar. The name change was temporary, reverting back to the Chills by early the next year. They undertook a Flying Nun-sponsored Looney Tour alongside label mates Children's Hour, the Expendables and the DoubleHappys. Public perception developed that the Chills were a backing band for Phillipps – he was the sole mainstay throughout their line-up changes. "Pink Frost" (June 1984) reached the top 20 on New Zealand's singles chart. It was followed by another single, "Doledrums" (1984) and their six-track The Lost EP (1985). The former peaked at number 12, while the latter reached number four in New Zealand. The Lost EP peaked at number 31 on the UK Independent Chart. They played shows in London late in 1985. A compilation album, Kaleidoscope World, appeared in March 1986, comprising their early recordings, which reached number three on the UK Independent Albums Chart. By October 1986, the line-up shifted to Phillipps, Caroline Easther (the Verlaines) on drums, Justin Harwood (ex-Coconut Rough) on bass guitar and Andrew Todd (ex-Smart Russians) on keyboard.

Their next single, "I Love My Leather Jacket" (1986), reached number 25 on the UK Independent Singles Chart and number four in New Zealand. Spurred on by UK chart success, they relocated to London in February 1987, prior to a five-week tour across Europe. In London, they worked with Mayo Thompson (of Red Krayola) on their debut studio album, Brave Words (1987), which reached the top 30 in New Zealand. The band spent February through mid-December of that year promoting it by touring Europe, interspersed with four July dates in New York and Boston. A full North American tour occurred during 1988. In 1990, the band were signed to a worldwide record deal with Warner Brothers' imprint Slash Records in North America. Their second studio album Submarine Bells (1990) reached number one in New Zealand and provided their highest charting international single, "Heavenly Pop Hit". It reached number 17 on the Billboard Alternative Airplay Chart; it remains their only American chart appearance. For the group's third studio album, Soft Bomb (1992), Phillipps was joined by a new lineup of Mauro Ruby on drums, Lisa Mednick on keyboards and Steven Schayer on guitar and backing vocals. It peaked at number three in New Zealand; while its lead single, "The Male Monster from the Id", reached the top ten.

Second reformation (1995–present)
Phillipps announced the disbandment of the Chills after the Soft Bomb Tour and joined Kilgour in a loosely organised 1960s covers band, the Pop Art Toasters, which released a self-titled EP in 1994. Shortly thereafter, that group broke up and Phillipps put together another the Chills lineup. The turnover of personnel is cited as a reason for the band's lack of consistent "saleability" and is referred to by local music press as "the Curse of the Chills". A documentary of the same name regarding the history of Phillipps and the Chills was broadcast in 2016.

The curse struck again with the recording of their fourth studio album Sunburnt in England, during August to September 1995. Two band members were refused entry into the UK, so Phillips recruited session musicians, Dave Mattacks (of Fairport Convention) and Dave Gregory (of XTC), who provided drum and bass guitar respectively. Guest keyboards were played by producer Craig Leon. It was issued in early 1996 under the name Martin Phillipps and the Chills.

The Chills split again with Phillipps joining another of Kilgour's bands, the Heavy Eights. Phillipps then recruited new the Chills members for live shows, which performed each year from 1997 on. During the late 1990s, Phillipps was incapacitated by hepatitis C infections, a side-effect of his drug addiction. He released a solo album of home demos, Sketch Book: Volume One, in 1999; it had been recorded from 1988 to 1995. In 2000, Secret Box, a triple-CD box-set of the Chills' live tracks, demos, radio sessions and rarities was released.

An eight-track the Chills EP, Stand By was issued in 2004, the first all-new material in nine years. Phillipps's liner notes promised: "I am preparing to take the band in quite a new direction on the next album. And on that we will begin work shortly." Despite that assurance, no new album appeared for over a decade. In May 2010 the Chills played two shows in Australia, their first outside New Zealand since 1996. Three years later, after another hiatus from recording, a lone the Chills track, "Molten Gold", was issued. It appeared on Phillipps' 50th birthday (2 July 2013) as a non-album single with a re-recording of "Pink Frost 13" as its B-side.

In October 2015 the Chills issued Silver Bullets, their first studio album in 19 years. In February 2017 they released a cover version of David Bowie's 1970 song "Conversation Piece". On 14 September 2018 they followed with their sixth studio album, Snow Bound. Scatterbrain, their seventh studio album, was issued in May 2021.

The Chills on film
The Chills have been the subject of documentaries, predominantly produced for New Zealand TV. In March 2019, The Chills: The Triumph & Tragedy of Martin Phillipps, explored the history of the band and Phillipps' contemporary struggle with hepatitis C. The film was directed by Julia Parnell and Rob Curry, and premiered at SXSW before being released theatrically in New Zealand and Australia. It was subsequently broadcast in New Zealand on Prime TV.

Current members

 * Martin Phillipps – lead vocals, guitar (1980–1983, 1984–1992, 1994–1996, 1999–present)
 * Todd Knudson – drums (1999–present)
 * Erica Scally – keyboards (2006–2010), violin (2010–present)
 * Oli Wilson – keyboards (2010–present)
 * Callum Hampton – bass guitar (2019–present)

Former members

 * Jane Dodd – bass guitar (1980–1981)
 * Peter Gutteridge – guitar (1980)
 * Alan Haig – drums (1980–1982, 1983, 1984–1986)
 * Rachel Phillipps – keyboards (1980–1981, 1982)
 * Fraser Batts – keyboards (1981–1982)
 * Terry Moore – bass guitar (1981–1983, 1984–1986, 1990–1992)
 * Martyn Bull – drums (1982, died 1983)
 * Peter Allison – keyboards (1983–1986)
 * David Kilgour – guitar (1983)
 * Martin Kean – bass guitar (1983–1984)
 * Justin Harwood – bass guitar (1986–1990)
 * Caroline Easther – drums (1986–1988)
 * James Stephenson – drums (1988–1991)
 * Steven Schayer – guitar (1992)
 * James Dickson – keyboards (1999–2006), bass guitar (2006–2019)

title: The Chills


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Galileo Galilei/archive1

Galileo Galilei

 * Discussion copied from here.

 * Galileo Galilei - very easy to read. very informative. thorough, yet not dull. Kingturtle 05:08, 30 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * Can't second (contributor), but will say this: User:Dandrake, who has done a lot of work on this one, is the son of Galilei biographer Stillman Drake, and very knowledgeable about the subject.—Eloquence 06:55, Oct 9, 2003 (UTC)
 * Reading between the lines, I think you are fishing for a seconder :). I am happy to oblige as it looks like a very good page. Pete 08:21, 9 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Article promoted by Iseeaboar 03:14, 4 November 2003

The quote by Andrew Dickson White seriously distorts the position of the Church and particularly of Cardinal Bellarmine, whom he caricatures as "by far the most terrible champion" of anti-scientific dogmatism who "insisted on making science conform to Scripture." On the contrary, Bellarmine went out of his way to conciliate Galileo. His Letter to Fr Foscarini, which was intended primarily for Galileo,  said: "If there were a real proof that the Sun is in the centre of the universe, that the Earth is in the third sphere, and that the Sun does not go round the Earth but the Earth round the Sun, then we should have to proceed with great circumspection in explaining passages of Scripture which appear to teach the contrary, and we should rather say that we did not understand them than declare an opinion to be false which is proved to be true. But I do not think there is any such proof since none has been shown to me." Galileo merely replied that it was pointless giving proofs because his opponents would not be able to understand them. Bellarmine's attitude was actually more scientific, as the term is understood today, than Galileo's.

- Stephen Hitchings (211.30.198.140) 01:49, April 13, 2005


text: User talk:24.174.65.252

title: User talk:24.174.65.252


title: File:Bathound2005.jpg


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Talk:Jeju uprising

The term massacre
This term is not well referenced, and is introduced in a surprising place - in the sentence that states that US documented, but not intervened in the massacre. What massacre? The article mentions it later several times, but nowhere does it clearly refer to which event(s) are the massacre(s). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 13:04, 3 April 2018 (UTC)
 * The term used to be introduced in the lede, refers generally to the government actions, and is easily referenceable to reliable sources (besides the titles of some of the refs, there are also many one can find with a simple GSearch, e.g. this NYT article). Unfortunately, just today a fellow editor considered the lede cumbersome and now the random reader runs into the term wondering what is that about.Anonimu (talk) 17:51, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

 * It is a complicated term, as there were several separate massacre incidents starting in 1947 until at least 1950, and the conditions that made the massacres possible remained in place until 1954. The whole chapter of history is probably best called the "Jeju Uprising and Massacres." As for what the Americans knew and their involvement, the evidence isn't all there yet. Some point the finger at the US military government, and others whitewash their role, with the absolute truth being somewhere in between. Junganghansik (talk) 13:33, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

 * It would be best to change the title in regards to the event(s) being in part of fully befitting of calling it massacres. The article header rn reads only "Jeju Uprising" which, given the evidence, breaches bias rules until corrected. It's as if any other massacre or mass murder was simply titled "x place incident" which isn't that uncommon even. Arga 17:43, 04 January 2020 (UTC)

Unbalanced viewpoints (April 2023)
This article is right-wing anti-communist biased and represents the position of American scholars, with little consideration of the position of South Korean scholars. Some (non-communist) leftist South Korean scholars view the incident as a massacre led by U.S. imperialism.

This is the view generally accepted in South Korea: On March 1, 1947, at the Independence Movement celebration, Chinilpa police accidentally hit a child with a horse's hooves, but did not apologize. Many Jeju citizens demonstrated. Chinilpa police killed six Jeju citizens. This spread to a large-scale rally, and the U.S. military government misunderstood it as a communist movement and led the massacre. Although the WPSK participated in the uprising, the uprising was a people's resistance to incompetent economic policies and repression in the USAMGIK. Mureungdowon (talk) 02:00, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

 * thank you for this perspective. Reliable sources would be very helpful. ★NealMcB★ (talk) 05:17, 18 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Noting that this user was blocked for being a sockpuppet. I'm skeptical that the POV template needs to stay up; if a more credible user wants it back then they're welcome to put it back up. 211.43.120.242 (talk) 16:48, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Translation error
In Popular Media section has translation error: 잠들지 않는 남도, shortened to Namdo (남도, cannot sleep) Namdo means nam (south) do (province) and the full title should be translated as The Southern Province That Doesn't Sleep 146.184.0.84 (talk) 16:28, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Yue 🌙 22:23, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jeju uprising


text:
Tetrahedral carbonyl addition compound

A tetrahedral intermediate is a reaction intermediate in which the bond arrangement around an initially double-bonded carbon atom has been transformed from trigonal to tetrahedral. Tetrahedral intermediates result from nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl group. The stability of tetrahedral intermediate depends on the ability of the groups attached to the new tetrahedral carbon atom to leave with the negative charge. Tetrahedral intermediates are very significant in organic syntheses and biological systems as a key intermediate in esterification, transesterification, ester hydrolysis, formation and hydrolysis of amides and peptides, hydride reductions, and other chemical reactions.

History
One of the earliest accounts of the tetrahedral intermediate came from Rainer Ludwig Claisen in 1887. In the reaction of benzyl benzoate with sodium methoxide, and methyl benzoate with sodium benzyloxide, he observed a white precipitate which under acidic conditions yields benzyl benzoate, methyl benzoate, methanol, and benzyl alcohol. He named the likely common intermediate “additionelle Verbindung.”

Victor Grignard assumed the existence of unstable tetrahedral intermediate in 1901, while investigating the reaction of esters with organomagnesium reagents.

The first evidence for tetrahedral intermediates in the substitution reactions of carboxylic derivatives was provided by Myron L. Bender in 1951. He labeled carboxylic acid derivatives with oxygen isotope O18 and reacted these derivatives with water to make labeled carboxylic acids. At the end of the reaction he found that the remaining starting material had a decreased proportion of labeled oxygen, which is consistent with the existence of the tetrahedral intermediate.

Reaction mechanism
The nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group proceeds via the Bürgi-Dunitz trajectory. The angle between the line of nucleophilic attack and the C-O bond is greater than 90˚ due to a better orbital overlap between the HOMO of the nucleophile and the π* LUMO of the C-O double bond.

General features
Although the tetrahedral intermediates are usually transient intermediates, many compounds of this general structures are known. The reactions of aldehydes, ketones, and their derivatives frequently have a detectable tetrahedral intermediate, while for the reactions of derivatives of carboxylic acids this is not the case. At the oxidation level of carboxylic acid derivatives, the groups such as OR, OAr, NR2, or Cl are conjugated with the carbonyl group, which means that addition to the carbonyl group is thermodynamically less favored than addition to corresponding aldehyde or ketone. Stable tetrahedral intermediates of carboxylic acid derivatives do exist and they usually possess at least one of the following four structural features:
 * 1) polycyclic structures (e.g. tetrodotoxin) Tetrodotoxin.svg
 * 2) compounds with a strong electron-withdrawing group attached to the acyl carbon (e.g. N,N-dimethyltrifluoroacetamide)
 * 3) compounds with donor groups that are poorly conjugated with the potential carbonyl group (e.g. cyclol)
 * 4) compounds with sulfur atoms bonded to the anomeric centre (e.g., )

These compounds were used to study the kinetics of tetrahedral intermediate decomposition into its respective carbonyl species, and to measure the IR, UV, and NMR spectra of the tetrahedral adduct.

X-ray crystal structure determination
The first X-ray crystal structures of tetrahedral intermediates were obtained in 1973 from bovine trypsin crystallized with bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and in 1974 from porcine trypsin crystallized with soybean trypsin inhibitor. In both cases the tetrahedral intermediate is stabilized in the active sites of enzymes, which have evolved to stabilize the transition state of peptide hydrolysis.

Some insight into the structure of tetrahedral intermediate can be obtained from the crystal structure of N-brosylmitomycin A, crystallized in 1967. The tetrahedral carbon C17 forms a 136.54 pm bond with O3, which is shorter than C8-O3 bond (142.31 pm). In contrast, C17-N2 bond (149.06 pm) is longer than N1-C1 bond (148.75 pm) and N1-C11 bond (147.85 pm) due to donation of O3 lone pair into σ* orbital of C17-N2. This model however is forced into tetracyclic sceleton, and tetrahedral O3 is methylated which makes it a poor model overall.

The more recent x-ray crystal structure of 1-aza-3,5,7-trimethyladamantan-2-one is a good model for cationic tetrahedral intermediate. The C1-N1 bond is rather long [155.2(4) pm], and C1-O1(2) bonds are shortened [138.2(4) pm]. The protonated nitrogen atom N1 is a great amine leaving group.

In 2002 David Evans et al. observed a very stable neutral tetrahedral intermediate in the reaction of N-acylpyrroles with organometallic compounds, followed by protonation with ammonium chloride producing a carbinol. The C1-N1 bond [147.84(14) pm] is longer than the usual Csp3-Npyrrole bond which range from 141.2-145.8 pm. In contrast, the C1-O1 bond [141.15(13) pm] is shorter than the average Csp3-OH bond which is about 143.2 pm. The elongated C1-N1, and shortened C1-O1 bonds are explained with an anomeric effect resulting from the interaction of the oxygen lone pairs with the σ*C-N orbital. Similarly, an interaction of an oxygen lone pair with σ*C-C orbital should be responsible for the lengthened C1-C2 bond [152.75(15) pm] compared to the average Csp2-Csp2 bonds which are 151.3 pm. Also, the C1-C11 bond [152.16(17) pm] is slightly shorter than the average Csp3-Csp3 bond which is around 153.0 pm.

Acetals and hemiacetals
Hemiacetals and acetals are essentially tetrahedral intermediates. They form when nucleophiles add to a carbonyl group, but unlike tetrahedral intermediates they can be very stable and used as protective groups in synthetic chemistry. A very well known reaction occurs when acetaldehyde is dissolved in methanol, producing a hemiacetal. Most hemiacetals are unstable with respect to their parent aldehydes and alcohols. For example, the equilibrium constant for reaction of acetaldehyde with simple alcohols is about 0.5, where the equilibrium constant is defined as K = [hemiacetal]/[aldehyde][alcohol]. Hemiacetals of ketones (sometimes called hemiketals) are even less stable than those of aldehydes. However, cyclic hemiacetals and hemiacetals bearing electron withdrawing groups are stable. Electron-withdrawing groups attached to the carbonyl atom shift the equilibrium constant toward the hemiacetal. They increase the polarization of the carbonyl group, which already has a positively polarized carbonyl carbon, and make it even more prone to attack by a nucleophile. The chart below shows the extent of hydration of some carbonyl compounds. Hexafluoroacetone is probably the most hydrated carbonyl compound possible. Formaldehyde reacts with water so readily because its substituents are very small- a purely steric effect.

Cyclopropanones- three-membered ring ketones- are also hydrated to a significant extent. Since three-membered rings are very strained (bond angles forced to be 60˚), sp3 hybridization is more favorable than sp2 hybridization. For the sp3 hybridized hydrate the bonds have to be distorted by about 49˚, while for the sp2 hybridized ketone the bond angle distortion is about 60˚. So the addition to the carbonyl group allows some of the strain inherent in the small ring to be released, which is why cyclopropanone and cyclobutanone are very reactive electrophiles. For larger rings, where the bond angles are not as distorted, the stability of the hemiacetals is due to entropy and the proximity of the nucleophile to the carbonyl group. Formation of an acyclic acetal involves a decrease in entropy because two molecules are consumed for every one produced. In contrast, the formation of cyclic hemiacetals involves a single molecule reacting with itself, making the reaction more favorable. Another way to understand the stability of cyclic hemiacetals is to look at the equilibrium constant as the ratio of the forward and backward reaction rate. For a cyclic hemiacetal the reaction is intramolecular so the nucleophile is always held close to the carbonyl group ready to attack, so the forward rate of reaction is much higher than the backward rate. Many biologically relevant sugars, such as glucose, are cyclic hemiacetals.

In the presence of acid, hemiacetals can undergo an elimination reaction, losing the oxygen atom that once belonged to the parent aldehyde’s carbonyl group. These oxonium ions are powerful electrophiles, and react rapidly with a second molecule of alcohol to form new, stable compounds, called acetals. The whole mechanism of acetal formation from hemiacetal is drawn below. Acetals, as already pointed out, are stable tetrahedral intermediates so they can be used as protective groups in organic synthesis. Acetals are stable under basic conditions, so they can be used to protect ketones from a base. The acetal group is hydrolyzed under acidic conditions. An example with a dioxolane protecting group is given below.

Weinreb amides
Weinreb amides are N-methoxy-N-methylcarboxylic acid amides. Weinreb amides are reacted with organometallic compounds to give, on protonation, ketones (see Weinreb ketone synthesis). It is generally accepted that the high yields of ketones are due to the high stability of the chelated five-membered ring intermediate. Quantum mechanical calculations have shown that the tetrahedral adduct is formed easily and it is fairly stable, in agreement with the experimental results. The very facile reaction of Weinreb amides with organolithium and Grignard reagents results from the chelate stabilization in the tetrahedral adduct and, more importantly, the transition state leading to the adduct. The tetrahedral adducts are shown below.

Drug design
A solvated ligand that binds the protein of interest is likely to exist as an equilibrium mixture of several conformers. Likewise the solvated protein also exists as several conformers in equilibrium. Formation of protein-ligand complex includes displacement of the solvent molecules that occupy the binding site of the ligand, to produce a solvated complex. Because this necessarily means that the interaction is entropically disfavored, highly favorable enthalpic contacts between the protein and the ligand must compensate for the entropic loss. The design of new ligands is usually based on the modification of known ligands for the target proteins. Proteases are enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of a peptide bond. These proteins have evolved to recognize and bind the transition state of peptide hydrolysis reaction which is a tetrahedral intermediate. Therefore, the main protease inhibitors are tetrahedral intermediate mimics having an alcohol or a phosphate group. Examples are saquinavir, ritonavir, pepstatin, etc.

Enzymatic activity
Stabilization of tetrahedral intermediates inside of the enzyme active site has been investigated using tetrahedral intermediate mimics. The specific binding forces involved in stabilizing the transition state have been describe crystallographycally. In the mammalian serine proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin, two peptide NH groups of the polypeptide backbone form the so-called oxyanion hole by donating hydrogen bonds to the negatively charged oxygen atom of the tetrahedral intermediate. A simple diagram describing the interaction is shown below.

title: Tetrahedral carbonyl addition compound


text:
Talk:Aesthetics of music

Bias
biased.. I'll edit it in the morning

- Sprafa

 * How is it biased? Hyacinth 01:46, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * There really have to be contemporary viewpoints on musical aesthetics other than the single one presented here, and its focus on "bad music." Is good music simply music that avoids being bad, by the tests described? --Christofurio 04:14, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * The section on bad music does not describe tests of good or bad music, it describes the connection between aesthetics and ethics in popular music. Hyacinth 17:57, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

This article needs to be re-written from scratch. There is a wealth of literature written on this topic and almost none of it is addressed. The intro very subjectively written, and the section on 'Bad Music' simply doesn't belong in an encyclopedia entry about the Aesthetics of music. Or in an encyclopedia at all for that matter. I will re-write when I'm less busy (probably in a week or two) unless someone else feels like giving it a go first. Jmejia 18:38, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Although I believe this article is far form perfect, I think the section about "bad music" SHOULD be included.

 * Please sign your posts on talk pages per Sign your posts on talk pages. Thanks! Hyacinth 17:31, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

"Proper sound is perceived as gentle sound while improper sound is more or less considered nice sounding depending on what the listener is used to listen to." ... these claims are vague, out of context, unreferenced, and poorly written. 195.241.204.22 (talk) 09:57, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

New list
I have created list of aesthetic principles of music. Input welcome, including ideas for a better title. Tuf-Kat 02:35, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Walter Pater
Pater died in 1894, so hardly qualifies as a twentieth-century writer. I also would not call him a modernist. Did the person who wrote this section know what they were talking about? 2006-12-04.

do we really need this article? Blueaster 17:29, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I confess. I wrote most of the stuff of which you're complaining. Before I began to work on it, this article was almost entirely a jokey thing about "bad music." I tried to take an historical approach, focusing on philosophic views of the relationship between music and the other arts over the centuries.

 * And yes, I submit that I do know what I'm talking about. For a book-length argument that Pater was a proto-modernist, see

Walter Pater: Lover of Strange Souls, by Denis Donoghue, for example.

 * And yes, we need this article: much more than we need, say, a few more articles about the walk-on characters in Star Trek episodes. I'd be happy to have it improved upon. --Christofurio 04:27, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Bad music
The bad music section is neither jokey nor unencyclopedic. It provides a sociological viewpoint regarding the aesthetics of popular music, in a serious tone, and thus ensures that this article will be NPOV. Hyacinth 17:48, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * And this is the part where you say "...not" ??
 * Seriously, that entire section is an excuse to quote a particular, hardly representative or even relevant author. I had to stop myself from adding a "citation needed" to the claim that this person's views are based on sociology. Instead of validating the quotes, they detract sociology. It would be nice to see an attempt at explaining how they are based on more than just personal observations. Then again, all of this article is poorly written and something suggests zealous ignorant contributor... if only I had the energy, time or patience for an edit war.
 * But my point is no, the section doesn't provide a "sociological viewpoint" that ensures NPOV. It seeks to parameterize a subjective matter employing no evidence other than a single man's OPINIONS. There's no reason involved and no intellectual appeals, even; it reads like the casual, usual rants of an angry columnist in a mediocre rock magazine complaining that music ain't what it use to B.--Plavalagunanbanshee (talk) 20:35, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

I think that the article in general would certainly benefit from the addition of more stances and positions, but it cannot possibly be argued that Simon Frith is not a relevant author, particularly under the 'popular music' section. 'This person's views' are very much grounded in sociology; the briefest perusal of any of his books would demonstrate that, but if you don't believe me then take a quick look, for instance, at his current University of Edinburgh profile.

Plus, I think you misunderstand the intent of the 'bad music' section of this article; it doesn't seek to 'parameterize' anything; it merely reports one scholar's argument that the, if you like, parameterization by an individual listener of 'bad music' is crucial to that individual's overall enjoyment and apprehension of music. Frith's argument is based on the obvious fact that, of course, what constitutes 'bad music' is entirely subjective. His argument is that this subjectivity is grounded in various social and psychological factors, and that, relatedly, our decision over what constitutes bad music is the kind of value judgement that plays a crucial role in the construction of an individual's identity within the world of music-enjoyment. But anyway, this section of the article, as far as I can see, isn't attempting to use Frith as 'evidence' of anything other than his own views; it simply reports his well-known writing on the subject. If there are other people who have written specifically on 'bad music', with differing or similar views, then the article would benefit from an account of these people too.

But even if Frith were the only writer to have commented on bad music, this section should still definitely be here. I don't know whether your 'angry columnist' comment is directed at what you take Frith to be saying or just at how this section reads, but just in case, I think I can say without being accused of being merely a Frith fanboy that he is one of the few most important writers on popular music in recent decades, and any article concerning itself with the aesthetics of popular music would likely as not mention his scholarly work, as well as possibly his journalistic writing. For instance, Fredric Jameson's famous Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991) has Frith opposite Adorno as the theorist and defender of 'mass' music.

But perhaps this section of this article could be better written and perhaps I will attempt that when I have time. Arch Mute Brave (talk) 02:46, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

Worldwide view
How does this article not represent a worldwide view? Hyacinth 19:47, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Tag removed. Hyacinth (talk) 03:30, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Friedrich Nietzsche
A little strange that he wouldn't even be mentioned on this page... especially considering The Birth of Tragedy, The Case of Wagner, and Nietzsche contra Wagner... 195.241.204.22 (talk) 10:03, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Schumann
Not an anti-formalist. See War of the Romantics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.66.94.192 (talk) 00:21, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Cleanup
Why, what, where, and how does this article need cleanup? Hyacinth (talk) 21:20, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Tag removed. Hyacinth (talk) 03:30, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 02:37, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

Amending whole article
Hello all,

I think this article could be improved in the following ways (and in the order stated to help with structure): A) I believe there should be a better introduction rather than diving in with 'In the pre-modern tradition...'. i) Aesthetics of music - an activity exploring what beauty, taste, judgement etc are in relation to music. ii) Then state that the (academic) activity is almost exclusively derived from Western/European thought, its history: the pre-modern era inherited from Plato blah blah... iii) I would also recommend stating that a given society and its structure will influence how we discuss aesthetics of music. At the moment it is assumed that we are talking about all music from all of time. I don't believe we would do the same about literature or oral traditions; we assess them taking account of their own sociocultural context. As society changes, culture changes, music changes and the way we think about music changes. Industrial age clearly affected music, as did the mp3 etc.

B) Clearly structure the history of aesthetics of music: Plato - Kant - Hanslick - Nietzsche - Adorno (maybe W. Benjamin as well) - postmoderns like Barthes - contemporary scholars like Frith whom I agree is a fantastic academic and Daniel Albright (Untwisting the Serpent was recommended to me by my lecturers for its scope and point of view)

C) Mention key contemporary literature, up-to-date theories or approaches etc.

D) clearer links to other areas of study such as musicology, cognition, aesthetics, philosophy etc.

Please tell me what you think. I hope to make changes in the coming week, preferrably with input from others. ConBlanchet (talk) 13:27, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

Alternate Tunings, Microtones etc.
Without an introduction about culturally established tunings as possibly an example of cultural expectations of beauty the sentences about tunings and tone are non-sequesters and just stand as curious historical statements about musical experimentation that say nothing anything about musical aesthetics.

"Harry Partch and some other musicologists, such as Kyle Gann, have studied and tried to popularize microtonal music and the usage of alternate musical scales. Also many modern composers like La Monte Young, Rhys Chatham and Glenn Branca paid much attention to a system of tuning called just intonation."

PAHSeattle (talk) 22:40, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aesthetics of music


text:
Tetra (monkey)

Tetra (born October 12, 1999) is a rhesus macaque that was created through a cloning technique called "embryo splitting". She is the first "cloned" primate by artificial twinning, and was created by a team led by Professor Gerald Schatten of the Oregon National Primate Research Center.

Description
Tetra was created using embryo splitting, a process where the cells in the embryo are split at the eight–cell stage to create four identical two cell embryos. This was the first time this technique had proven successful in monkeys, although it is often used in cattle. She was the first primate to have been cloned using this "splitting" technique. The first non-human primate derived from nuclear transfer was created in 1997 using a different technique for "cloning". Only two of the four embryos survived to a sufficient stage in which they could be implanted into surrogates, and Tetra was the only one to be delivered successfully after 157 days. The announcement of Tetra was made on 13 January 2000, when she was four months old. It was thought that by producing identical primates, advances in human medical research could be made. A further four monkeys, cloned using this same technique were due to be born in May 2000.

The team at the Oregon National Primate Research Center working on the project was led by Professor Gerald Schatten, who described the process involved as "artificial twinning". It was not the same technique used to produce Dolly the sheep, which involved transferring material from an adult animal into an empty cell sack.

In following year, the team produced another rhesus macaque, named Andi, who was the first genetically modified monkey. The egg that was used had been modified to include the jellyfish gene to make cells glow under a special microscope.

title: Tetra (monkey)


text: User talk:128.208.62.169

title: User talk:128.208.62.169


text:
ORP Wicher

ORP Wicher (meaning "gale") was a name of two destroyers and one frigate of the Polish Navy:

 * ORP Wicher (1928) commissioned in 1930 and sunk during the Invasion of Poland in 1939
 * ORP Wicher (1958) commissioned from the Soviet Union in 1958 and scrapped in 1974
 * ORP Wicher (2023) is a Type 31 frigate currently under construction.

title: ORP Wicher


text: User:Merecat

title: User:Merecat


text:
Walter Brueggemann

Walter Brueggemann (born March 11, 1933) is an American Protestant Old Testament scholar and theologian who is widely considered one of the most influential Old Testament scholars of the last several decades. His work often focuses on the Hebrew prophetic tradition and sociopolitical imagination of the Church. He argues that the Church must provide a counter-narrative to the dominant forces of consumerism, militarism, and nationalism.

He has contributed to Living the Questions.

Career
Brueggemann was born in Tilden, Nebraska in 1933. He received an A.B. from Elmhurst College (1955), a B.D. from Eden Theological Seminary (1958), a Th.D. from Union Theological Seminary, New York (1961), and Ph.D. from Saint Louis University (in 1974). The son of a minister of the German Evangelical Synod of North America, he was ordained in the United Church of Christ. He was professor of Old Testament (1961–1986) and Dean (1968–1982) at Eden Theological Seminary. Beginning in 1986, he served as William Marcellus McPheeters professor of Old Testament at Columbia Theological Seminary, from which he retired in the early 2000s. Brueggemann currently resides in Traverse City, Michigan (2020). He and Erskine Clarke were the founding editors for Journal for Preachers for more than 40 years, and the Pentecost 2022 edition marked his transition from Editor to Editor Emeritus. The current editor is Theodore Wardlaw.

Thought
Brueggemann is an advocate and practitioner of rhetorical criticism. He has written more than 58 books, hundreds of articles, and several commentaries on books of the Bible. He is also a contributor to a number of the Living the Questions DVD programs and is featured in the program "Countering Pharaoh's Production-Consumption Society Today." Brueggemann participated in Bill Moyers' 1990s PBS television series on Genesis (documented in Genesis: A Living Conversation. Main Street Books, 1997. ISBN 0-385-49043-7).

Originally a strong supporter of modern day Israel and its biblical claims, Brueggemann later repudiated Israel for its exploitation of "ancient promises" to create a "toxic ideology," and now affirms his belief that it is not anti-Semitic to stand up for justice for Palestinians.

Brueggemann is known throughout the world for his method of combining literary and sociological modes when reading the Bible. V. S. Parrish categorized Brueggemann as being an exegete and theologian. As an exegete he has composed several commentaries (Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy, 1 and 2 Samuel, Isaiah, and Jeremiah). His most notable work was on the book of Psalms, and he has written many monographs and articles on specific portions of the Hebrew Bible. For example, he believes that lament is lacking in current religious faith and practice with detrimental results according to the subject. As a theologian he has been an editor for the Fortress Press series "Overtures to Biblical Theology". His development of Old Testament theological methods consists of literary mode, social function, and dialectical approach. Titles such as "David's Truth in Israel's Imagination and Memory" (1985), "Power, Providence and Personality" (1990), "1 Kings and 2 Kings" (1982c), "The Prophetic Imagination" (1978), and "Hopeful Imagination" (1986) reflect his interest in the prophetic corpus.

Honors
Among his honors are:
 * LL.D., DePauw University, 1984
 * D.D., Virginia Theological Seminary, 1988
 * D.H.Litt., Doane College, 1990
 * D.D., Jesuit School of Theology, 1993
 * D.Litt., Colgate University, 1997
 * D.H.Litt., Elmhurst College, 1997
 * D.D., Huron University College, 2014

There is also a festschrift in his honor: God in the Fray: A Tribute to Walter Brueggemann (eds. Tod Linafelt and Timothy Beal, Minneapolis: Fortress Press).

Publications

 * Advent/Christmas; Proclamation 3: Aids for Interpreting the Lessons of the Church Year, Series B. Edited by Elizabeth Achtemeier. Fortress Press, 1984. ISBN 9780800641016
 * Belonging and Growing in the Christian Community. Edited by Elizabeth McWhorter. General Assembly Mission Board, Presbyterian Church in the United States, 1979.
 * The Bible Makes Sense. St Mary's College Press, 1977.
 * ---. 2d ed. Franciscan Media, 2003, ISBN 9780867165586
 * "The Book of Exodus". In The New Interpreter's Bible. Vol. 1. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994. ISBN.
 * The Book That Breathes New Life: Scriptural Authority and Biblical Theology. 2005. ISBN.
 * Confirming Our Faith, Chapters 4,5,7,8,9,18; edited by Larry E Kalp. United Church Press, 1980.
 * Confronting the Bible: A Resource and Discussion Book for Youth. United Church Press, 1968.
 * ---. 2d ed. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. ISBN.
 * Deuteronomy: Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries. Abingdon Press, 2001. ISBN.
 * Divine Presence amid Violence: Contextualizing the Book of Joshua. Cascade Books, 2009. ISBN 978-1-60608-089-4.
 * Easter; Proclamation 4 (Series A). Fortress Press, 1989.
 * Ethos and Ecumenism: The History of Eden Theological Seminary, 1925-1970. Eden Publishing House, 1975.
 * The Evangelical Catechism Revisited, 1847-1972. Eden Publishing House, 1972.
 * Fatal Embrace: Christians, Jews, and the Search for Peace in the Holy Land. Synergy Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9840760-7-9. Foreword to the book by Mark Braverman.
 * I Kings (Knox Preaching Guides). Edited by John H Hayes. John Knox Press, 1982. ISBN 9780804232128
 * II Kings (Knox Preaching Guides). Edited by John H Hayes. John Knox Press, 1982.
 * 1 & 2 Kings: Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Smyth & Helwys Publishing, 2000. ISBN 9781573120654
 * In Man We Trust: The Neglected Side of Biblical Faith. John Knox Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8042-0199-4.
 * With George R Beasley-Murray, Jeremiah: Faithfulness in the Midst of Fickleness. The Newell Lectureships II edited by Timothy Dwyer. Warner Press, Inc, 1993.
 * The Land: Place as Gift, Promise, and Challenge in Biblical Faith. Fortress Press, 1977,
 * ---. 2d ed. Overtures to Biblical Theology. Fortress Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8006-3462-9.
 * Living toward a Vision: Biblical Reflections on Shalom. United Church Press, 1976, 1982. ISBN 9780829806137
 * Mandate to Difference: An Invitation to the Contemporary Church. Westminster John Knox Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-664-23121-7
 * Many Voices, One God: Being Faithful in a Pluralistic World. Co-Edited with George Stroup Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998.
 * Praying the Psalms. St Mary's College Press, 1982.
 * The Prophetic Imagination. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1978. ISBN.
 * Reality, Grief, Hope: Three Urgent Prophetic Tasks. Eerdmans, 2014.
 * The Renewing Word. Edited by Elmer JF Arndt. United Church Press, 1968.
 * Revelation and Violence: A Study in Contextualization; 1986 Pere Marquette Theology Lecture. Marquette University Press, 1986.
 * A Social Reading of the Old Testament: Prophetic Approaches to Israel's Communal Life. Edited by Patrick D Miller. Fortress Press, 1994. ISBN 9780800627348
 * With Charles Cousar et al., Texts for Preaching: A Lectionary Commentary Based on the NRSV-Year A. Westminster/John Knox, 1995.
 * With Charles Cousar et al., Texts for Preaching: A Lectionary Commentary Based on the NRSV-Year B. Westminster/John Knox, 1993.
 * The Theology of the Book of Jeremiah. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006. ISBN.
 * Theology of the Old Testament. Fortress Press, 2005. ISBN.
 * To Act Justly, Love Tenderly, Walk Humbly. (With Sharon Parks and Thomas H. Groome). Paulist Press, 1986.
 * ---. WIPF & Stock, 1997. ISBN 9781579100643
 * To Build, to Plant: A Commentary on Jeremiah 26–52: International Theological Commentary on the Old Testament. Continuum International Publishing Group, 1991. ISBN 9780802806000
 * To Pluck Up, to Tear Down: A Commentary on the Book of Jeremiah 1–25: International Theological Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1988. ISBN 9780802803672
 * Tradition for Crisis: A Study in Hosea. John Knox Press, 1968.
 * The Vitality of Old Testament Traditions. John Knox Press, 1975.
 * What Are Christians For? An Enquiry into Obedience and Dissent. Pflaum-Standard, 1971.
 * ---. 2d ed. Overtures to Biblical Theology. Fortress Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8006-3462-9.
 * Living toward a Vision: Biblical Reflections on Shalom. United Church Press, 1976, 1982. ISBN 9780829806137
 * Mandate to Difference: An Invitation to the Contemporary Church. Westminster John Knox Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-664-23121-7
 * Many Voices, One God: Being Faithful in a Pluralistic World. Co-Edited with George Stroup Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998.
 * Praying the Psalms. St Mary's College Press, 1982.
 * The Prophetic Imagination. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1978. ISBN.
 * Reality, Grief, Hope: Three Urgent Prophetic Tasks. Eerdmans, 2014.
 * The Renewing Word. Edited by Elmer JF Arndt. United Church Press, 1968.
 * Revelation and Violence: A Study in Contextualization; 1986 Pere Marquette Theology Lecture. Marquette University Press, 1986.
 * A Social Reading of the Old Testament: Prophetic Approaches to Israel's Communal Life. Edited by Patrick D Miller. Fortress Press, 1994. ISBN 9780800627348
 * With Charles Cousar et al., Texts for Preaching: A Lectionary Commentary Based on the NRSV-Year A. Westminster/John Knox, 1995.
 * With Charles Cousar et al., Texts for Preaching: A Lectionary Commentary Based on the NRSV-Year B. Westminster/John Knox, 1993.
 * The Theology of the Book of Jeremiah. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006. ISBN.
 * Theology of the Old Testament. Fortress Press, 2005. ISBN.
 * To Act Justly, Love Tenderly, Walk Humbly. (With Sharon Parks and Thomas H. Groome). Paulist Press, 1986.
 * ---. WIPF & Stock, 1997. ISBN 9781579100643
 * To Build, to Plant: A Commentary on Jeremiah 26–52: International Theological Commentary on the Old Testament. Continuum International Publishing Group, 1991. ISBN 9780802806000
 * To Pluck Up, to Tear Down: A Commentary on the Book of Jeremiah 1–25: International Theological Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1988. ISBN 9780802803672
 * Tradition for Crisis: A Study in Hosea. John Knox Press, 1968.
 * The Vitality of Old Testament Traditions. John Knox Press, 1975.
 * What Are Christians For? An Enquiry into Obedience and Dissent. Pflaum-Standard, 1971.
 * A Social Reading of the Old Testament: Prophetic Approaches to Israel's Communal Life. Edited by Patrick D Miller. Fortress Press, 1994. ISBN 9780800627348
 * With Charles Cousar et al., Texts for Preaching: A Lectionary Commentary Based on the NRSV-Year A. Westminster/John Knox, 1995.
 * With Charles Cousar et al., Texts for Preaching: A Lectionary Commentary Based on the NRSV-Year B. Westminster/John Knox, 1993.
 * The Theology of the Book of Jeremiah. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006. ISBN.
 * Theology of the Old Testament. Fortress Press, 2005. ISBN.
 * To Act Justly, Love Tenderly, Walk Humbly. (With Sharon Parks and Thomas H. Groome). Paulist Press, 1986.
 * ---. WIPF & Stock, 1997. ISBN 9781579100643
 * To Build, to Plant: A Commentary on Jeremiah 26–52: International Theological Commentary on the Old Testament. Continuum International Publishing Group, 1991. ISBN 9780802806000
 * To Pluck Up, to Tear Down: A Commentary on the Book of Jeremiah 1–25: International Theological Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1988. ISBN 9780802803672
 * Tradition for Crisis: A Study in Hosea. John Knox Press, 1968.
 * The Vitality of Old Testament Traditions. John Knox Press, 1975.
 * What Are Christians For? An Enquiry into Obedience and Dissent. Pflaum-Standard, 1971.
 * ---. WIPF & Stock, 1997. ISBN 9781579100643
 * To Build, to Plant: A Commentary on Jeremiah 26–52: International Theological Commentary on the Old Testament. Continuum International Publishing Group, 1991. ISBN 9780802806000
 * To Pluck Up, to Tear Down: A Commentary on the Book of Jeremiah 1–25: International Theological Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1988. ISBN 9780802803672
 * Tradition for Crisis: A Study in Hosea. John Knox Press, 1968.
 * The Vitality of Old Testament Traditions. John Knox Press, 1975.
 * What Are Christians For? An Enquiry into Obedience and Dissent. Pflaum-Standard, 1971.
 * The Vitality of Old Testament Traditions. John Knox Press, 1975.
 * What Are Christians For? An Enquiry into Obedience and Dissent. Pflaum-Standard, 1971.
 * What Are Christians For? An Enquiry into Obedience and Dissent. Pflaum-Standard, 1971.

title: Walter Brueggemann


text:
Dübendorf

Dübendorf is a municipality in the district of Uster in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

It is a suburb of Zürich in Switzerland with a population of about 30,000 (2021). It is the fourth largest city in the canton, after Zürich, Winterthur, and Uster.

History
Artifacts have been discovered in the Dübendorf municipality, with the earliest dating back to prehistoric times. These include isolated relics from the Stone and Bronze Ages, as well as known burial sites. However, the original graves have been destroyed, leaving only the grave goods, which are estimated to be from approximately 1400 to 700 BCE.

Dübendorf is first mentioned in 946 as Tuobilindorf. In the 8th century, it is likely that the village and the church were already under the ownership of the Reichenau Abby situated on Lake Constance. This monastery held a significant position as the primary landowner in Dübendorf for an extended period and also wielded legal authority. Additionally, there is evidence of a forgotten castle site known as the "Schyterburg," believed to have been constructed in the 10th or 11th century, located within Dübendorf's municipal boundaries.

On the northeastern side of the Adlisberg the ruins of the Dübelstein castle are situated; from 1487 to 1489 the home of Hans Waldmann, former mayor of the city of Zürich. After Waldmann's execution in 1489, all his possessions fell to the city of Zürich. Dübelstein Castle went up in flames in 1615. The ruined mound, which is a listed building and open to the public, with the remains of its foundations excavated and restored in 1942/43, was sold to the Pro Waldmannsburg association in 1998 for the symbolic price of one Swiss franc.

Geography
Dübendorf has an area of 13.6 km2. Of this area, 37.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 19.5% is forested. Regarding the rest of the land, 41.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). housing and buildings made up 29.6% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (12.3%). Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 1% of the area.

The city is situated roughly 10 km north east of Zürich. It is bisected by the Glatt river which runs from the Greifensee (Lake Greifen) which lies directly to the southeast. Dübendorf is located in the Glatt Valley (German: Glattal). Dübendorf is located on the northern side of the Adlisberg, as well, on a terrace on the northern side of the city of Zürich the hamlets Gockhausen and Geeren.

Demographics
Dübendorf has a population (as of ) of. , 28.2% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. the gender distribution of the population was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 10.5%. Most of the population speaks German  (81.8%), with Italian being second most common ( 4.5%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 2.1%).

In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 39.1% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CSP (17.5%), the SPS (16.1%) and the FDP (10.4%).

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 67.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.3%. In Dübendorf about 73.6% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). There are 10,786 households in Dübendorf.

there were 7,733 Catholics and 7,553 Protestants in Dübendorf. In the 2000 census, religion was broken down into several smaller categories. From the, 39.2% were some type of Protestant, with 37.1% belonging to the Swiss Reformed Church and 2.1% belonging to other Protestant churches. 33.6% of the population were Catholic. Of the rest of the population, 6% were Muslim, 9.4% belonged to another religion (not listed), 4.6% did not give a religion, and 12.4% were atheist or agnostic.

The historical population is given in the following table:

For more up-to-date population figures: http://www.duebendorf.ch/de/portrait/portraitfacts/factsbevoelkerung/

Industry
Dübendorf is the home of two research institutions that are part of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology domain (ETH-Bereich):
 * Empa: Empa is a materials science and technology research institution with 5 programs: Nanotechnology, Adaptive Materials Systems, The Healthy Human, Materials for Energy Technology and Technosphere - Atmosphere.
 * Eawag: Eawag is the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. There are a variety of topics researched at Eawag: Applied Aquatic Ecology, Chemical Pollutants, Environmental Engineering, Environmental Microbiology, Environmental Toxicology, Fish Ecology and Evolution, Limnology, Surface Waters, Systems Analysis/Integrated Assessment and Modeling, Urban Water Management, Water and Agriculture, Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC), and Water Resources and Drinking Water.

Givaudan, producer of flavors and fragrances, has a part of its R&D department located in Dübendorf. Hewlett-Packard's main Switzerland office is in Dübendorf.

The Aeromedical Center of the Swiss Air Force is located in Dübendorf.

Dübendorf has an unemployment rate of 3.09%. , there were 196 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 31 businesses involved in this sector. 2410 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 234 businesses in this sector. 11663 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 897 businesses in this sector. 76.1% of the working population were employed full-time, and 23.9% were employed part-time.

Education
The Primarschulverwaltung Dübendorf serves primary school students. The Sekundarschule Dübendorf-Schwerzenbach serves secondary level students. The Kantonsschule Uster in Uster has gymnasium education and serves Dübendorf.

The Lycée Français Marie Curie de Zürich (LFZ), a French international school, is located on four campuses in the municipality.

The Bildungslandschaft Dübendorf starts with early childhood. It organizes a wide range of information, meeting and educational opportunities for families and subsidizes playgroup places. It is important to sensitize all parents to the fact that the first four years of life are central to the educational biography.

Through the Bildungslandschaft, stakeholders from the pre-school, social, health, integration and school sectors also network with each other. This creates a sustainable network around young children with the aim of giving them a fair chance of a good education.

Places of interest
The town of Dübendorf is quite small and easy to get around on foot. Crossing from one side of the city to the other can be done within a half hour of casual walking. Apart from the city center and the river, an interesting place to visit is the museum of military aviation, displaying not just various military planes, but also various demonstration material (for instance, how helicopter control systems function) and two of the last original Junkers Ju 52 vintage aircraft in flying condition, which are used to provide sightseeing trips.

Transport
Dübendorf is served by both rail and bus links with the Zürich center (10 min), Winterthur (via Stettbach, 20 min) and other places in the canton of Zürich. Dübendorf railway station is a stop of the Zürich S-Bahn on the lines and  and is a 13-minute (S9) ride from Zürich Hauptbahnhof. Stettbach railway station is a stop of the S-Bahn Zürich on the lines, , , and.

The military airport hosts one of the Rega bases. It currently is no longer used as the base of military jets.

Notable people

 * Hans Waldmann (1435–1489), Mayor of Zurich, a military leader and Squire of Dubelstein
 * Wilhelm Meyer-Lubke (1861–1936), philologist of the Neogrammarian school of linguistics
 * Oskar Bider (1891–1919 in Dübendorf), aviation pioneer
 * Ruedi Walter (1916–1990), comedian and actor
 * Peter von Matt (born 1937), philologist and author, lives in Dübendorf
 * Guerino Mazzola (born 1947), mathematician, musicologist, jazz pianist and author
 * Michael Lammer (born 1982) a retired professional tennis player, lives in Dübendorf
 * Leandra Columberg (born 1999), Swiss politician

title: Dübendorf