text:
Talk:Corona (beer)

Miscellaneous early comments
In the United States, where it rivals Heineken for the distinction of being the top imported beer, it is typically served with a slice of lime. is this besides canada — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.90.122 (talk) 18:22, 24 April 2005 (UTC)

Green glass is rather ineffective in blocking light as well--Heineken has the same "light-struck" problem as Corona, although Corona's clear glass is of course the worst possible protection. Only dark brown bottles can effectively keep beer tasty very long under direct light exposure. Direct sunlight is worst, but it doesn't need to be UV spectrum. Regular flourescent lighting will spoil beer in no time. NTK 04:21, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Someone should edit that Corona Light is now a big seller in the US due to the new advertising campaign. "the only light beer thats also a corona" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.155.195.65 (talk) 17:16, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

The author was drinking LOTS of beer when [it], the article, was written. Very flawed. I have a house 7 miles from the factory in Mexico and the EMPLOYEES use lemons to disinfect the rim of the bottle-neck prior to drinking. Since the water even in ice is not bottled, the ice is considered non-potable, and lemons DO have a slight anti-microbial property. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dicknixon (talk • contribs) 12:43, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

I have to agree with the above statements. The article author's lime theory is BS. I've been drinking Corona since before you could even get it in the US and have NEVER had one that was "skunky." I've had more skunky Heinekens than I care to remeber. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.74.178.26 (talk) 18:27, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

I have had plenty of skunk beers, along with a fair amount of Heineken. But it is usually because someone besides the brewery or store ruined it. If you buy a case of it, and put in the fridge in a reasonable amount of time, everything will be alright. But if you buy a six pack, and leave it in the light it will not taste the same. Its common sense to beer drinkers that brown bottles are much better at maintaining quality than clear or green. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.109.234.249 (talk) 10:15, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Hmmm every corona I have ever had, and that isn't that many has had a sulfury skunky aroma and taste to it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by E tac (talk • contribs) 18:22, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

This is a very unprofessional article. Above all the Skunky flavor statements. Who came up with that? The competition? Some college kid? What is Wikipedia waiting to take down this page and make it more professional? If Corona has a clear glass bottle, it might be because they know it will be sold quickly, before the light affects the product. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.44.93.16 (talk) 15:28, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure glass filters UV light, regardless if it's clear or not, so the spoilage cannot be due to that. The papercited that says spoilage may occur due to exposure to UV light or towards the low end of visible light spectrum. I hope someone with more knowledge of physics can correct the article, but for now I'll remove mention of UV and just change it to light. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DWarrior (talk • contribs) 02:29, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

True, except that college kid probably goes to mexico to drink your beer. Like German beer is only good in germany, mexican beer is only good in mexico except mexican beer should stay in mexico. That stuff in horrible. tastes like dried yeast. That and dry n' wet dont mix. Wet beer is good for wet climates. IDK. Its the preservatives, almost all american beer is bad because of this fact. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.9.234.57 (talk) 17:33, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

I wish to add that I too have heard (from a few people) that the actual reason Lime is added to the neck of the beer was originally to prevent/deter flies and other flying insects from entering the beer. Some further info about this can be reviewed at http://www.snopes.com/food/ingredient/lime.asp, http://www.mexinsider.com/limes-in-mexican-beer.html , http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_do_you_put_a_lime_with_coronas — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thebuckstopshere79 (talk • contribs) 06:24, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

I'd just like to point out that corona extra is 4.6% alc/vol. I have a bottle on front of me. The page says 4.5%. Although small it should be corrected. Trogo242 (talk) 01:39, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Corona can.jpg
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BetacommandBot 13:24, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Origin of te name
There used to be a beer produced in the United States called Corona, but the company went bankrupt, and sold the name to the mexican company so it could sell it under that name in the U.S. It was a shame really the beer tasted much better.... But their business model sucked. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.23.196.211 (talk) 02:31, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Carlton & United Beverages
I updated the name of Carlton and added a fact tag, then took a moment to do some research. It looks like Foster's (owner of Carlton) extended an existing agreement between them and Grupo Modelo to distribute Corona in Australia (see here for a sample press release). I couldn't find anything on Foster's website relating to Corona regarding a new agreement to provide Corona on tap via Carlton. Searching for a separate Carlton website redirects to Foster. Perhaps someone else can find something, otherwise the whole statement regarding this in the first paragraph should be deleted.--CheMechanical (talk) 00:45, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Ingredients
What is this beer made from? Do they make it from barley or corn? --88.112.62.150 (talk) 17:07, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Same as German purity beers more or less. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.34.227.173 (talk) 13:23, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

In Germany, any beer brewed there cannot legally contain neither corn nor rice. If it does, it cannot legally be called "beer". By the way, Mexico has some pretty good beers. One of the worst though is Corona, brewed cheaply with cheapest ingredients to give the poorest inhabitants the illusion of drinking something beer-like. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.247.112.214 (talk) 18:29, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

The ingredients reference no longer points to any ingredients, should this section be removed and replaced with a different source? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tntexplosivesltd (talk • contribs) 20:59, 7 July 2014 (UTC)

"Domestic to the United States"
What on earth does this mean? "All Corona beer is brewed and bottled in one of 7 Modelo Breweries in Mexico but it is domestic to the United States." IF it's all from Mexico, it cannot be domestic in the U.S.; it's foreign. --Nricardo (talk) 13:28, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

Move Article?
I'd like to suggest that this article be moved to 'Corona Extra'. It would mean you could access the page without relying on a disambiguation page. It's also the official name of the beer, simply 'Corona' being an informal usage. Anyoe agree? If so I'll move it. 193.157.233.66 (talk) 19:44, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Origin
This beer is mexican but it was created, the beer and the company, by a spanish man living in Mexico. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.120.147.232 (talk) 01:14, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

New Section Related to Ownership
I propose to create a new section within the article to discuss the ownership of the company that manufactures Corona. I think it's important to include this information because many Corona drinkers might be under the mistaken impression that the beer is still owned by the Mexican company that created it, when this is no longer the case (the majority of the shares of Grupo Modelo have been owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev since 2008 and they are purchasing the rest in 2012).

Should a section called "Ownership" be created here? Or would it fit better in the Grupo Modelo article? -mg — Preceding unsigned comment added by Macgirl (talk • contribs) 00:07, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

Fast & Furious
Should have a mention that it is like the official beer in the Fast & Furious franchise. — Preceding unsigned comment added by NearCry (talk • contribs) 23:59, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 3 February 2020
179.199.60.223 (talk) 15:31, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Wrong page.  JTP (talk • contribs) 15:35, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * That's kind of the idea. This page has been continuously vandalized in relation to the outbreak Jakesyl (talk) 00:30, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Passing mention of this Wikipedia article in press
--- Another Believer ( Talk ) 20:07, 12 March 2020 (UTC)
 * https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-coronavirus

Way too much weight given to coronavirus
Yikes, I came here expecting to see a sentence or two on the coronavirus confusion, not two paragraphs. And worse, reading them, it seems like the widely-reported 38% statistic was massively misrepresented, with the actual pertinent number being 4%. Per WP:RECENTISM, WP:NOTNEWS, and WP:WEIGHT, let's please slash this down to at most two sentences. Agreed? Sdkb (talk) 18:23, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I actually came here to say the same thing. The article in general needs a lot of work. I think ideally, there would be a "History" section, and there would be a couple sentences about this there. The information merits a mention (if only as an example of widespread misinformation), but it doesn't deserve its own entire section. Surachit (talk) 04:17, 3 April 2020 (UTC)
 * How do you propose we slash this down to at most two sentences while fixing the serious flaws with the section? In particular:
 * It is ambiguous as to to what extent the drop in sales is accountable to social distancing versus the name, though this may be partly down to the question not being asked in surveys.
 * Further to this, although it attributes the drop in sales to closures of pubs/bars/restaurants, no distinction is otherwise made between sales through these and sales through shops. So one is left to wonder how the brand is doing in supermarkets and such, both in terms of absolute numbers and relative to other brands, and how much this has changed as a result of the outbreak.
 * The section talks about China and America but doesn't even begin to talk about elsewhere in the world. — Smjg (talk) 13:41, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

I question if this beer needs to have a section on COVID-19, just because of its name ("corona" means crown in Spanish). The impact seems to affect all brands, from Carlsberg to Fix. -- Minoa (talk) 09:52, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

 * The beer doesn't have a section on COVID-19. Only this article about it does.  And I don't see that the article needs to have a section of it just because of its name.  And while it's true that COVID-19 has affect sales of all brands of beer, it's a reasonable question whether the name has led to this beer being disproportionately affected by the pandemic (because people might make a psychological connection even if they don't believe there's an actual connection), so it's reasonable for the article to at least address this question.  But at the same time, we need to make sure any addressing of the question is geographically balanced, which the current section isn't.  I guess one of us needs to study the sources in more detail. — Smjg (talk) 12:05, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Those "sources" are a *single* PR firm. But, there are several sources that call the entire thing bogus. 69.118.99.197 (talk) 14:40, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

Covid
I feel like the effect of the pandemic on the beer should be more clearly stated. It comes off like the beer didn't sell as much because people don't want to go out in public, but that could be a lot of brands, and a simple sentence mentioning how the beer is called Corona and the COVID-19 is the coronavirus would make it clearer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:31:CDB0:891A:8D74:C85B:698C (talk) 15:49, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Done  Nixinova   T   C   23:17, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

The covid section of the article is just plain stupid imho. Not only a local perspective, but just one survey. In Europe it got a boost, the bottled version from Mexico was prominently sold at good prices in supermarkets, and probably as making fun of a pandemic is a nice coping mechanism, popularity grew so much InBev started a canned version for the EU, never available here before. So the relationship of the brand and the pandemic is more complex than that small trivia about the US. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.206.213.162 (talk) 21:10, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

The parent company(ies) are not right.
https://www.cbrands.com/brands shows Corona Beer. I think Anheuser Busch lost control of the Corona brand. Not sure about Modelo. This SHOULD BE CORRECTED (to Constellation Brands) IF YOU AGREE I AM RIGHT — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nixinova (talk • contribs) 23:17, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

"Among regular Corona drinkers, only 4% said they planned to stop drinking the brand"
The tone of this sentence implies that 4% is an insignificant number, which it isn't if you frame this as an immediate drop in sales among regular drinkers.--2A00:23C4:3E0F:4400:E9A3:25CE:CBCE:DF04 (talk) 18:10, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
 * But overall sales were rising, not falling. You could probably ask regular drinkers of anything at any random time and find that at least 4% of them say they plan to stop consuming it. Plans change, and while some people are reducing their consumption, others may be increasing theirs. — BarrelProof (talk) 02:57, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 29 December 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Withdrawn. Per BarrelProof there are other beers. (non-admin closure)  Crouch, Swale  ( talk )  16:56, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Corona (beer) → Corona Extra – Per WP:NATURAL a Google search for Corona beer returns almost all results with "Corona Extra" including the official website. There have been various suggestions above for moving to "Corona Extra" and unlike Apple the branding on the product has "Corona Extra" rather than just "Corona". Also because of the coronavirus pandemic its likely that its even more commonly known by the longer name since COVID-19 is often called "corona" and the article on the stellar meaning was moved to Stellar corona.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 22:44, 29 December 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. Nobody walks into a bar and asks for a Corona Extra. Moreover, Corona Extra is not the only variation of Corona beer. There is also Corona Light, Corona Premier, and Corona Familiar. The truck shown in the article also doesn't have "Extra" on it, and the article also talks about Corona Light. When I search for Corona beer, most sources I find do not include "Extra" when referring to the brand – e.g., this CNN article. Even on the official website page linked above, most of the mentions of the brand don't include "Extra". — BarrelProof (talk) 01:51, 30 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per BarrelProof—blindlynx 03:13, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 May 2022
the last sentence of the introduction contains an error. it should be "used" instead of "used used" 2003:CA:BF18:8BE5:7478:7114:FCC2:9B1F (talk) 18:45, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ MadGuy7023 (talk) 19:20, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 July 2022
Due to an antitrust action when acquiring Modelo, AB InBev was forced to divest control of the Corona Brand in the US. All Corona branded beverages in the US are produced and sold by Constellation Brands (STZ). The current article neglects to disclose that relevant fact. https://www.cbrands.com/brands/beer DonDinNC (talk) 12:28, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 14:45, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thee requested change is correct:

Please see full request to edit below.

ACuppaT (talk) 21:07, 4 May 2023 (UTC)

Ownership Edit Requested: Page out of date
This is a fact-based edit request. The ownership and brewing information on the current page is a decade out of date. In 2013 an antitrust case resulted in Corona being owned by Constellation Brands in the US market and AB InBev everywhere else. That change is not noted in the first paragraph (making that paragraph of date) even though it is correct in the sidebar (under the Corona Extra logo).

See suggested text and citations below.

Current text: Corona is a brand of beer produced by Mexican brewery Cervecería Modelo and owned by Belgian company AB InBev.

Suggested text: Corona is a brand of beer produced in multiple breweries In Mexico and imported to markets around the world. U.S.-based Constellation Brands owns Corona in the U.S. Belgian company AB InBev owns the beer in all other markets.

Citations:

ACuppaT (talk) 20:58, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting keep.svg Go ahead: I have reviewed these proposed changes and suggest that you go ahead and make the proposed changes to the page. Zippybonzo | Talk (he|him) 17:09, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Corona (beer)


text:
Vasilis Karras

Vasilis Karras (Βασίλης Καρράς; born Vasilis Kesoglidis, 12 November 1953 – 24 December 2023) was a Greek laïko singer.

Early life
Karras was born on 12 November 1953 in Kokkinohori, Kavala, Greece, to Pontian parents. At the age of 10, his family moved to Thessaloniki, where his brother and sister were born.

Career
In the 1970s, Karras gained a reputation on the Greek laiko (folk songs) stage singing throughout Northern Greece, and towards the end of the decade had begun to develop his own repertoire, working with song writers and also creating his own work. His first album Alismonites ores was released in 1980 and around this time he decided to devote his life and career to folk music and sing professionally. Partnerships with Michalis Rakintzis, Zafeiris Melas and Konstantina also furthered his reputation in Greece. In 1996, Karras contacted songwriter Phoebus with the prospect of creating an album based on his songs. The result was the hit album Tilefonise mou which went two time platinum and is Karras' all time best-seller. This album also started a new era for Karras: the introduction of a modern, western upbeat style to his music, which complemented his bouzouki-based folk/dance songs. Karras and Phoebus also partnered for the 1999 album Epistrefo, a perennial mainstay in his club repertoire, with many hit singles.

Latterly he partnered with other mainstays of the Greek music scene such as Tolis Voskopoulos, Christos Dantis, Eirini Merkouri, Konstantina Konstantinou, Kostas Karafotis, Despina Vandi, Pantelis Pantelidis, Paola and others, writing and performing many duets in their respective albums.

His last album was released in early 2020, titled Rotas An Se Eho Erotefthi. Throughout his career he emphasized his love for his hometown and wrote and sang many songs about Thessaloniki reminiscing about his childhood and early loves including "Den Pao Pouthena", "Nychta Kselogiastra", "Erhomai" and "Gia Afto Stasou".

Personal life and death
He was married to Christina Kesoglides and together they had a daughter, Irene. Karras, who was battling terminal cancer, contracted COVID-19 and later died from cardiac arrest due to COVID at a Thessaloniki hospital on the Christmas Eve of 2023, at the age of 70.

Discography

 * Alismonites ores (1980)
 * Ti les kale (1982)
 * Giati na horisoume (1984)
 * Mi hathis (1985)
 * Apo ti Thessaloniki me agapi (1987)
 * Apoklistika gia sena (1988)
 * Afti h nyxta (1989)
 * Eisai pantou (1990)
 * Lege oti thes (1991)
 * Asteria tou Borra (1991)
 * Den pao pouthena (1992)
 * Tragoudia ap'to sirtari (1992)
 * Nichta xelogiastra (1993)
 * Pos tolmas (1993)
 * O ilios tou himona me melagholi (1993)
 * Sti Saliniki mia fora (1994)
 * Hreose to se mena (1994)
 * Mia bradia sta nea dilina (1995)
 * 10 xronia (1995)
 * Ftes esi (1995)
 * Tilefonise mou (1996)
 * Erhome (1996) (Song: "To dilitirio")
 * M'echis kani aliti (1997)
 * S'ena bradi oti zisoume (1997)
 * Brechi sti Thessaloniki (1997)
 * Fenomeno (1998)-CD Single
 * Astin na leei (1999)
 * Epistrefo (1999)
 * 20 xronia (1999)
 * I megaliteres epitichies (2000)
 * Mabri lista (2000)
 * Girise (2001)
 * Ta dika mou tragoudia (2002)
 * Logia tis nichtas (2002)
 * Pare to dromo ke ela (2003)
 * Basilis Karras DVD (2004)
 * Telos (2004)
 * Ola ena psema (2005)
 * Oneira (2007)
 * Ola mou ta hronia live (2008)
 * Opos palia (2009)
 * Έτσι Λαϊκά (Etsi Laika) (2012)
 * Kirios ma ke alitis (Κύριος μα και...αλήτης) (2013)
 * Ta Kalutera Taxidia (2016)
 * Alhth me lene (2017)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vasilis Karras


text:
Fumiyuki Beppu

Fumiyuki Beppu (別府史之; born 10 April 1983) is a Japanese former professional road bicycle racer, who last rode for UCI WorldTeam. His older brother is the cyclist Takumi Beppu.

Team Discovery (2005–2007)
Beppu turned professional with in 2005, and stayed with them until 2007.

In June 2006, Beppu was crowned the Japanese national champion in both the time trial and the road race.

On 28 September 2007, the professional cycling team announced that they had signed Beppu for an initial one-year contract.

Skil-Shimano (2008–2009)
On 26 July 2009, Beppu, riding for, finished 112th out of 180 riders in the Tour de France. He won the Combativity award in the final 21st flat stage from Montereau-Fault-Yonne to Paris Champs-Élysées. He also placed 8th in stage 3 and 7th in stage 19. Along with Yukiya Arashiro, he became the first Japanese national to complete that race. Kisso Kawamuro and Daisuke Imanaka had started but not finished the race before.

RadioShack (2010–2011)
On 23 November 2009, it was announced Beppu had signed to ride with for the 2010 season. Later it became clear that Beppu still had one year left on his contract with Skil-Shimano, so he had to buy himself out of the contract. In February 2010 he finally started races with RadioShack at Omloop Het Nieuwsblad and Kuurne-Bruxelles-Kuurne.

GreenEdge (2012–2013)
In October 2011, it was announced that Beppu would ride for the new Australian based team. He participated in the men's road race at the 2012 Summer Olympics and finished in 22nd place. After two years with the team, Beppu left at the end of the 2013 season to join.

Trek Factory Racing (2014–2019)
He was named in the startlist for the 2016 Vuelta a España.

Major results

 * 2000
 * 1st MaillotJapón.PNG Time trial, National Junior Road Championships

 * 2001
 * 1st Gold medal asia.svg Road race, Asian Junior Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotJapón.PNG Road race, National Junior Road Championships

 * 2003
 * 1st MaillotJapón.PNG Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships
 * 1st Stage 1 Giro della Valle d'Aosta Mont Blanc

 * 2004
 * 1st Stage 1 Giro della Valle d'Aosta Mont Blanc
 * 1st Jersey polkadot.svg Mountains classification Ronde de l'Isard
 * 3rd Overall Tour du Loir-et-Cher

 * 2006
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotJapón.PNG Road race
 * 1st MaillotJapón.PNG Time trial
 * Asian Games
 * 4th Time trial
 * 9th Road race

 * 2007
 * 10th Overall Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen

 * 2008
 * 1st Gold medal asia.svg Road race, Asian Road Championships

 * 2009
 * 1st Jersey polkadot.svg Mountains classification Route du Sud
 * Jersey red number.svg Combativity award Stage 21 Tour de France

 * 2010
 * 4th Châteauroux Classic
 * 10th Overall Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen

 * 2011
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotJapón.PNG Road race
 * 1st MaillotJapón.PNG Time trial
 * 6th Grand Prix d'Isbergues
 * 8th GP Ouest–France

 * 2012
 * 1st Stage 2 (TTT) Eneco Tour
 * 2nd Japan Cup Criterium

 * 2013
 * 5th Japan Cup Criterium

 * 2014
 * 1st MaillotJapón.PNG Time trial, National Road Championships
 * 4th Time trial, Asian Games

 * 2015
 * 1st Japan Cup Criterium

 * 2016
 * 1st Japan Cup Criterium
 * 3rd Bronze medal asia.svg Road race, Asian Road Championships
 * Jersey red number.svg Combativity award Stage 18 Vuelta a España

 * 2017
 * 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 * 4th Road race, Asian Road Championships

 * 2018
 * Asian Road Championships
 * 1st Gold medal asia.svg Team time trial
 * 2nd Silver medal asia.svg Road race
 * 4th Time trial
 * Asian Games
 * 2nd Silver medal blank.svg Road race
 * 3rd Bronze medal blank.svg Time trial

 * 2019
 * 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships

title: Fumiyuki Beppu


text:
Pyramid Peak

Pyramid Peak may refer to several places:

United States

 * Pyramid Peak (Alaska)
 * Pyramid Peak (Unalaska Island) (651 m), in Alaska
 * Pyramid Peak (California) (3,043 m)
 * Pyramid Peak (Fresno County, California) (3,895 m)
 * Pyramid Peak (Inyo County, California) (2,044 m)
 * Pyramid Peak (Colorado) (4,275 m)
 * Pyramid Peak (Custer County, Idaho) (3,544 m)
 * Pyramid Peak (Montana) (2,487 m), in Glacier National Park, Montana
 * Pyramid Peak (New Mexico) (1,827 m)
 * Pyramid Peak (Whatcom County, Washington) (2,189m)
 * Pyramid Mountain (Clallam County, Washington) (945 m)
 * Pyramid Peak (King County, Washington) (1,721 m)
 * Pyramid Peak (Pierce County, Washington) (2,114 m)

New Zealand

 * Pyramid Peak (Southland) (2,295 m)
 * Pyramid Peak (Manawatu-Wanganui) (2,645 m)

Antarctic

 * Pyramid Peak (South Georgia) (485 m)
 * Pyramid Peak (Victoria Land) (2,565 m)

title: Pyramid Peak


text:
Vinnie Johnson

Vincent Johnson (born September 1, 1956), is an American former professional basketball player and a key player as sixth man for the Detroit Pistons during the team's National Basketball Association (NBA) championships of 1989 and 1990. He was nicknamed "the Microwave" in the NBA for his ability to score quickly off the bench.

College basketball career
Johnson began his collegiate basketball career in 1975 at McLennan Community College in Waco, Texas. He was a star there for two years, leading the team to the NJCAA national tournament in the 1976–77 season while averaging 29 points per game and being named a junior college All-American.

Johnson transferred across town to attend Baylor University for the 1977–78 and 1978–79 seasons. One of the most prolific scorers in Baylor basketball history, Johnson averaged 24.1 points per game in his two seasons in Waco. A two-time All-American, Johnson is the school record-holder in points-per-game average, ranks 15th in career points, and third in career assists average at Baylor. He was named All-SWC in both 1978 and 1979. Johnson also holds the Baylor record for most points scored in a game with 50 against TCU in 1979.

Professional basketball career
Johnson was chosen as the No. 7 overall pick in the 1979 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics. He was traded to the Detroit Pistons in November 1981. During the 1982-83 NBA season, Johnson scored a career high 15.8 points a game while starting in 51 of the 82 games he played in. For the rest of his career, he would mostly play as an important role player coming off the bench.

At 6 feet 2 inches tall, Johnson's skill set allowed him to come off the bench to replace either point guard Isiah Thomas or shooting guard Joe Dumars. Johnson earned the nickname "the Microwave" from Boston Celtics guard Danny Ainge for his ability to heat up an offense by scoring both fast and frequently when inserted into the game.

On June 14, 1990, Johnson made a championship-clinching 14-foot shot with 0.7 seconds left to beat the Portland Trail Blazers 92–90 in Game 5 of the NBA Finals. The shot, which gave Detroit a repeat championship, briefly earned Johnson a new nickname: 007.

Johnson left the Pistons following the 1990–91 season, playing a final season with the San Antonio Spurs before retiring from the NBA in 1992.

The Pistons honored Johnson's career by retiring his number 15 jersey in a ceremony on February 5, 1994, at The Palace of Auburn Hills. Johnson was influenced by New York City playground legend and basketball Hall of Famer Earl Monroe growing up, and only wore number 15 throughout his playing days. When asked about it by a fan later he said, "It was a huge honor. The fact that they retired my jersey tells me that I did some great things for the organization."

Personal life
Johnson grew up in Brooklyn, New York, attending Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School. Johnson has a younger brother, Eric Johnson, who played a season in the NBA with the Utah Jazz.

Following his career with the Detroit Pistons, Johnson established Piston Automotive in 1995. The company found success as a supplier for major international automotive companies, particularly the Ford Motor Company and General Motors. Johnson serves as the Piston Group's chairman and chief executive officer. He has also served as the chairman of the Board of Directors for the joint ventures JL Automotive LLC and PASA Modules, LLC.

In addition to his post-playing career professional work, Johnson is a member of the Michigan Minority Business Development Council, and the Detroit Chamber of Commerce.

title: Vinnie Johnson


text: Category:Siena College

title: Category:Siena College


text:
User:JenGe

 * Webmaster, Equilibrium Movie Fansite
 * Webmaster, Movie Body Counts
 * Editor, Equilibrium Page @ Open Directory Project

title: User:JenGe


text:
USS Advance (1847)

The first USS Advance was a brigantine in the United States Navy which participated in an Arctic rescue expedition. Advance was built in 1847 as Augusta in New Kent County, Virginia and loaned to the Navy on 7 May 1850 by Henry Grinnell to participate in the search for Sir John Franklin's Arctic expedition which had been stranded in the frozen north since 1846. After last-minute preparations, the ship, under the command of Lieutenant Edwin J. De Haven and in company with USS Rescue (1850), put to sea from New York on 23 May 1850.

First rescue expedition
Storms battered the two ships on the initial leg of the voyage and separated them. However, both safely reached Disko Island, located off the west coast of Greenland where Davis Strait gives way to Baffin Bay. Advance arrived on 24 June, and Rescue pulled into port three days later. On the 29th, the two ships headed into Baffin Bay, bound for Lancaster Sound located north of Baffin Island and south of Devon Island. Off Haroe Island on 1 July, Advance encountered pack ice. A week later, she and her consort were caught in the pack just north of Upernavik. For the next three weeks, the two ships fought their way through the ice. On the 29th, they cleared the pack and continued their voyage across Melville Bay to Lancaster Sound. The two ships entered the sound on 19 August and, that same day, encountered two British vessels engaged in the same mission as the Americans.

That evening, a storm blew up and separated Advance and Rescue. The next day dawned "thick and foggy," but the wind had abated. Advance began searching for her companion. By 25 August, she was off Cape Riley on Devon Island where she put ashore a landing party to search for clues to the whereabouts of the Franklin expedition. While the searchers ashore were discovering the former campsite of some unidentified party, Advance was run aground by a strong current. The British ship Prince Albert offered assistance, but Rescue showed up at about the same time. Moreover, Advance lightened her load and succeeded in hauling off by her own efforts.

On 26 August, the two ships attempted the passage of Wellington Channel to search the area north of Cape Spencer. Soon, however, they found the way north blocked by a solid mass of pack ice and prudently returned south to the vicinity of Point Innes. There, the Americans again encountered the British, along with positive evidence of the Franklin party having camped nearby. Heartened by that find and by a favorable change in weather conditions, they headed back toward Wellington Channel. At Beechy Island, all the search vessels gathered in a cove (later called Union Bay) to plan a coordinated search. While the leading officers were so engaged, a party sent ashore discovered three graves and "other unmistakable evidences of the missing expedition (Franklin's) having passed its first winter here." At that point, she and Rescue entered Wellington Channel to pursue the search, but the pack ice quickly closed in upon the two ships. Though they tried to escape the clutches of the pack, abysmal weather foiled their attempts; and Rescue suffered a damaged rudder. By mid-September, they were caught fast in the floating ice.

For the duration of the winter, Advance and Rescue were at the mercy of the drifting floe. For what remained of September and most of October, they drifted in Wellington Channel, discovering the northern peninsula of Devon Island which they named Grinnell in honor of the expedition's benefactor. During November, changing winds carried them back and forth past Beechy Island. In December, the floe made the transit of Lancaster Sound and, on 14 January 1851, they reentered Baffin Bay. Their imprisonment, however, did not end until early June. They had passed Davis Strait in May, and the floe began to break up near the end of the first week in June. Rescue – repaired – cleared the pack on 7 June 1851. Advance followed the next day.

The expedition replenished at Disko Bay and sought to renew the search. However, the ice proved heavier than in the previous year; and prudence dictated that the mission be abandoned for the time being. Therefore, the two ships headed back to the United States. Advance arrived in New York on 30 September 1851, and Rescue reached that port on 7 October. Both ships were returned to Mr. Grinnell, and he immediately began outfitting Advance for another Arctic expedition.

Second expedition
Preparations for the second Franklin rescue expedition took about 20 months. Advance finally departed New York on 30 May 1853, Passed Assistant Surgeon Elisha Kent Kane in command. The expedition stopped at Upernavik, Greenland, to purchase supplies and, most importantly, sled dogs for searches ashore and on the solidly frozen floes. Continuing north, Advance passed the length of Baffin Bay reaching Smith Sound – the northern terminus of Baffin Bay – by 7 August. Near the end of August, she reached her northernmost point – about 78°43' north latitude – in Kane Basin, named for the ship's commanding officer, Passed Assistant Surgeon Kane.

At that point, Kane decided to pass the winter among a group of islets near the Greenland coast rather than to return south to some safer harbor. By 10 September, Advance was imprisoned in the ice. The interior of the ship underwent extensive preparations for wintering farther north than any previous expedition. When that was complete, the crew began expeditions across the frozen wastes both on the Greenland shore and the frozen pack. Kane and his officers also established a scientific station to observe climatic conditions and to make astronomical calculations.

Their expeditions on foot, however, were hampered by the loss of almost all their sled dogs to disease. In the absence of animal transport, the men themselves carried out the searches and explorations on foot, serving as beasts of burden to manhandle caches of supplies to points which would allow for more distant searches in the future.

On one such expedition in late March 1854, four of the party suffered so severely from frostbite that they had to be left behind under the care of a fifth man while the remaining members of the party – too physically exhausted to do more than drag their own persons across the frozen wastes – headed back to the brig for help. The leader of that group, upon returning to the brig, volunteered to return with the rescue party as a guide. However, his own ordeal caused him to fall victim of a temporary mental disorder and prevented him from rendering any real help. It was only good luck – first in finding the advanced party's trail and then in sighting a canvas tent at the site of the disabled men's "encampment" – and their own Herculean efforts that allowed the rescue party to complete their mission. Even that success, however, was marred by the fact that two of the rescued men later succumbed to their infirmities.

Fatigue and illness of all associated with the rescue expedition prevented Kane from undertaking further searches until the end of April. During that interlude, Greenlandic Inuit arrived in the area, and Kane bartered with them for additional sled dogs. The four animals he thus obtained allowed him to fit out a single seven-dog team which greatly extended the range of their searches. In his own words, "The value of these animals for Arctic ice-travel (sic) can hardly be over-estimated (sic)." Through the ensuing summer, search parties ranged the far northern coasts of Greenland and the eastern coast of Ellesmere Island searching for evidence of Sir John Franklin's party and making notes on geography and climate.

Abandonment of the Advance
Advance's crewmen passed the second winter in a state of near hibernation. The difficulties of the previous year had sapped their strength, and their provisions were too scant to restore it. Scurvy – that dread disease of the sea – riddled their ranks to the point that Kane and one other man "... only remained to attend upon the sick, and carry on the daily work of the ship, if that name could still appropriately designate the burrow which we inhabited." The sun returned late in February 1855, and wild game followed it in March. Reasonably adequate food and the sunlight slowly brought the men back some semblance of full strength. At that point, Kane decided to abandon the ship – still frozen solidly in the floe – and make it across the ice to the Danish settlements of southern Greenland. Shortages of fuel and food, as well as the weakened condition of the crew, made that decision inescapable.

Preparations for the journey were multifaceted and complicated. Those capable of work prepared two 25-foot whaleboats and a 13-foot dinghy by mounting them on iron-shod wooden runners and then loading them with provisions. Meanwhile, Kane took the dog sled and team out to an abandoned Inuit hut located some 35 miles from the brig. There, he established an advanced depot to store provisions for the actual journey. During April and the first half of May, he made several trips carrying supplies to his makeshift way station. On 15 May 1855, he began transporting the incapacitated members of the crew to the way station. Two days later, the main group began its torturous trek across the ice hummocks with the three boat-sleds. The main party, without the assistance of dogs, managed a snail's pace of only some three and one-half miles a day. While the main group inched its way, Kane continued his more rapid trips – facilitated by the dogs – both back to the brig and to an Inuit camp located about 75 miles south of the ship. In this manner, he moved the sick to the way station, brought additional supplies from the ship, and returned from the Inuit camp with fresh game. He last visited the ship on 8 June 1855 and, by the middle of that month, all the sick gradually joined the main party then nearing Littleton Island. The mode of travel again was Kane's dog sled. During the journey south toward Cape Alexander, the party suffered numerous breaks through the ice as the spring thaw arrived. At least one man, Acting Carpenter Ohlsen, died from exposure resulting from such an incident.

By 18 June, the entire party reached open water at the edge of the floe near Cape Alexander. The journey had netted them only 81 miles in 31 days, but the numerous cutbacks and detours, necessitated by the ice hummocks, resulted in an actual trek of over 300 miles. From that point, they took to the boats. During the next phase of the journey, they alternated between runs across open water under sail and marches across frozen ice hummocks when necessary. By 21 July 1855, the men reached Cape York, the point at which they would begin the transit to Upernavik. There, they erected a rock monument in which they left information regarding their planned movements, a list of provisions on hand, and a brief summary of the expedition's findings. That project completed, Kane and his crew started out across Melville Bay. On 6 August, Kane led his exhausted party into Upernavik. They took passage from Upernavik in the Danish brig Marianne to Disko Island where they were met by the relief expedition made up of USS Arctic (1855) and USS Release (1855) under the command of Lt. Hartstene. The two relief ships brought the survivors into New York on 11 October 1855. Presumably, the pack ice eventually crushed and sank the abandoned Advance.

title: USS Advance (1847)


text:
Assize of Northampton

The Assize of Northampton, largely based on the Assize of Clarendon of 1166, is among a series of measures taken by King Henry II of England that solidified the rights of the knightly tenants and made all possession of land subject to and guaranteed by royal law.

The assize is believed to have been passed at a council held in Northampton in January 1176.

Clarendon extended
The assize confirmed the offences to be brought forward by the jury of presentment according to Clarendon, and added arson and forgery to the list. It also set down new and severe punishments that could be handed down, including the removal of an offender's right hand.

Aftermath of revolt
Following as it did the Revolt of 1173–74, the Assizes included a wide-ranging oath of fealty (Item 6), as well as items concerning castles (8 and 11), insisting especially that "the justices see to it that the castles which have been destroyed are utterly demolished."

Administrative reforms
The assize is connected with the reorganisation of itinerant justices and contains instructions for six groups of justices appointed to tour the country. Bailiffs and sheriffs were made answerable for their profits, as well as given powers to hold thieves. Clause 7 dealt with the introduction of important new legislation, chiefly the king's right to have certain cases brought into his court.

The Assize of Northampton is also the first official document to contain information on the question of seisin and disseisin, anticipating the later possessory assizes of mort d'ancestor and novel disseisin.

Revenue
Crown revenue increased significantly following the Assize, reflecting the impact of the judicial eyres. As G. M. Trevelyan put it, "The Justices were quite as busy collecting the King's revenues as enforcing the King's peace. They were two sides of the same operation."

title: Assize of Northampton


text:
Talk:Language suicide

Accuracy dispute
I don't know whether the stated definition of "language suicide" is correct. If it is, then (although it is often described as having "committed suicide"), Irish it does not meet the stated definition in the following ways: Basically, Irish weakened because people voluntarily started speaking English instead. If that is "language suicide" then change the definition; otherwise, change the example. Joestynes 09:07, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Irish, though endangered, is not dead.
 * 2) Irish has not become "virtually indistinguishable" from English.
 * 3) Irish and English are not "closely related": they belong to different Indo-European families and have very different syntax.

 * Fully concur. My take on this is that it isn't a useful term at all, even bordering on neologism. Regarding the latter: I've never come across the term in relevant recent literature (and I've been reading quite a lot about language shift and language death lately). I've been able to locate only two peer reviewed articles in which the term is used, both by the same author and in the same year: Denison, Norman (1977) 'Language Death or Language Suicide?' Linguistics, 191, May 24, 13-22 and Denison, Norman (1977) 'Language Death or Language Suicide?' International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 12, 13-22. Could even be roughly the same article. I don't think Wikipedia needs an article on a term invented in a 1977 article that apparently didn't catch on.
 * I feel that it is not a useful term because it is very subjective, and few linguists would agree with each other on whether to call a given situation language suicide. Besides, it is ill-defined, one-sided, and lacks sources. I think it would be best to redirect it to Language death. Note also that nothing links here (except a few See also's in related articles). — mark ✎ 09:33, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and redirected it. Its use in Scots language seemed rather idiosyncratic; I would think that 'language suicide' is a definite misnomer when in fact talking about the influence of intensive language contact. — mark ✎ 09:42, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The definition "Language suicide is a process of language obsolescence whereby the speakers of the less prestigious language of two closely related languages, over generations, borrow so much lexis, pronunciation and syntax from the more prestigious language so that the less prestigious language becomes virtually indistinguishable from the prestigious one and can be considered to have become the same language." certainly makes sense in the case of Scots. Of course nonsense with Irish because English and Irish are not "two closely related languages".

Ony Moose 01.06.05

See Aitchinson, Jean (1991) Language Change: Progress or Decay? Cambridge, pp198ff

 * Does Jean Aitchinson use the term 'language suicide'? The point is, it is not even the right term for the situation you're describing above. The term suggests that the language is killing itself, in other words, that there are language-internal reasons for the linguistic interference at hand, whereas in fact most if not all situations of language shift, language decay and language abandonment are due at least in part to extra-linguistic factors like prestige or cultural and/or economic dominance. Calling phenomena like this 'language suicide' is misleading. — mark ✎ 17:31, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jean Aitchinson does use the term 'language suicide'. I've seen it mentioned elsewhere but can't remember where. Google results seem only to mention the case of Irish as described in the previous version of this article - which I would consider language shift. I don't completely disagree with you since you are right mentioning the external factors at work. language shift is more a case of one generation abandoning the language of the previous although they may retain the original language or at least passive competence. The next generation then only speaks the new language. 'Language Suicide' occurs over many generations. This has certainly been the case with Scots over the last few hundred years. The speech of each generation becoming less Scots and more English until, in many areas in is essentially English with a Scottish accent. More recently the shift has been from Scots speaking parents to English speaking offspring in one generation - clearly language shift. Its not a case of the language killing itself but of the speakers killing it through successive generations adopting more and more English froms until it is essentially indistinguishable from English.

There seems to be two definitions of 'language suicide'.

The one which for example describes the shift from Irish to English. Which essentially occurs over one generation or perhaps with an intermediate bilingual generation - clearly language shift.

The other definition offered by Aitchinson describes incremental change in one of two closely related languages. Usually quoted in situations o decreolisation.

Ony Moose 01.06.05

 * Thanks for your reply. Have you considered registering? Registering makes communication easier and enables you to take credit for your work. There are a lot more benefits, please refer to here for the details. If you're registered, you can sign comments by using four tildes, like this: ~.
 * On topic: I don't see any merit in confining use of the term 'language shift' to refer to a one-generation shift and using the misleading term 'language suicide' to refer to shifts that take longer. I haven't seen anyone else doing that either — the influential Sasse (1992) 'Theory of language death' in Brenzinger (ed.) Language death just talks about a primary language shift followed by language decay. Wilhelm Möhlig (same volume) and Bernd Heine (same volume) don't hesitate to talk about language shifts that are not confined to one generation only, typically in the case of more or less mutually intelligible dialects. Sarah Thomason in her 2001 Language contact doesn't define language shift clearly but rather talks about contact-induced change and attrition.
 * Incidentally, I just more or less finished Terik, an article on a people that has been gradually shifting from their own Kalenjin language Terik to the mutually intelligible Nandi language over the past few decades. In some ways a near parallel to the Scots case, it seems — but it just escapes me why would one want to call what is happening there 'language suicide'. I guess I'm going to look up the Aitchinson book. — mark ✎ 21:57, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think you're right. language attrition would be a better term, since you have clearly shown the abiguity of the term language suicide. All the same language suicide deserves a mention in the article language death but should be expanded to comment its abiguity.

Ony Moose 02.06.05

title: Talk:Language suicide


text:
George Swindin

George Hedley Swindin (4 December 1914 – 26 October 2005) was an English football player and manager.

Playing as a goalkeeper, Swindin made more than 300 appearances in the Football League with Bradford City and Arsenal, where his 18-year career was interrupted by the Second World War. As manager, he led Peterborough United to three Midland League titles before spending a less successful spell with Arsenal. He also managed Norwich City and Cardiff City of the Football League and Kettering Town and Corby Town in non-league football.

Playing career
Swindin was born in Campsall in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and attended South Grove Central School in Rotherham. He played for England against The Rest as a final trial for a schoolboy international against Wales in 1929, but was not selected. He played as an amateur for various local clubs, including for Rotherham United's reserve team in the Midland League, before turning professional in 1934 with Bradford City. Swindin established himself in the first team towards the end of the 1933–34 season, but a serious knee injury sustained in the last match of that campaign caused ongoing problems that disrupted his second season and eventually required surgery to remove cartilage. He played 26 Second Division matches for Bradford City, before being signed by Arsenal in April 1936 for £4,000.

He made his debut against Brentford on 3 September 1936, and played 19 games in his first season. His time at Arsenal was at first characterised by nervous and erratic displays, and he shared the goalkeeping spot with Alex Wilson and Frank Boulton. However, he played 17 league matches in 1937–38, more than either of his rivals, as Arsenal won the League title.

The Second World War interrupted his career somewhat, but Swindin continued to play through the war for Arsenal, while serving as a Physical Training Instructor in the Army. He made wartime guest appearances for clubs including Leeds United, while serving as a policeman in the area, Clapton Orient, and in 1945, Southampton.

By the time first-class football had resumed after the war, he became Arsenal's undisputed No. 1, and stayed there for the next few seasons. He had put his erraticness behind him, and he was a commanding keeper who was especially known for his aerial ability and assured handling of crosses, as well as his strong physical resilience. He won his second League title in 1947–48. After the arrival of Ted Platt in 1950, Swindin had to share the goalkeeper's spot for 1949–50, but played in both the 1950 and 1952 FA Cup Finals; Arsenal won the former against Liverpool, but lost to Newcastle United in the latter.

By 1952–53, Swindin was beginning to show his age, and another talented keeper, the Welshman Jack Kelsey, had taken his first-team place. Nevertheless, Swindin played 14 matches that season as Arsenal won the title again, giving him his third Championship winner's medal. Despite his excellent form for Arsenal, he was never capped by England at senior level, with Walter Winterbottom preferring Frank Swift and Bert Williams. In all, he played 297 first-class matches (not including wartime games) for the Gunners.

Management career
Swindin moved to Midland League side Peterborough United as player-manager in 1954. He led them to three consecutive Midland League titles, from 1955–56 to 1957–58, and reached the Fourth Round of the FA Cup in 1956–57. Peterborough won the title twice more after Swindin left, enough to win election to the Football League in 1960. His contribution was recognised by his induction into the club's Hall of Fame.

In the meantime, Swindin had returned to Arsenal in 1958 as manager, and his side initially started strongly, finishing third in 1958–59. However, the team soon flagged and spent the next three seasons in mid-table. Despite signing players such as George Eastham and Tommy Docherty, Swindin was unable to bring any silverware to the club, while the club's rivals Tottenham Hotspur won the Double in 1960–61.

In March 1962, Arsenal chairman Denis Hill-Wood confirmed that Swindin's contract would not be renewed at the end of the season. He then became manager of Norwich City for five months, and then Cardiff City from late 1962 to 1964. At Cardiff, he signed John Charles from Roma, but after a bright start Cardiff soon faded and he resigned after the team were relegated to the Second Division. After that, he had spells as manager of Kettering Town and Corby Town before leaving the game for good.

Final years
After leaving football, Swindin first owned a garage in Corby, before emigrating to Spain, where he lived for several years before returning to his homeland. In the later years of his life he suffered from Alzheimer's disease. He died at Kettering in October 2005 at the age of 90.

Player
Arsenal
 * Football League First Division: 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53
 * FA Cup: 1950
 * FA Charity Shield: 1938, 1948

Managerial
Peterborough United
 * Midland League: 1955–56, 1956–57, 1957–58

Individual

 * Peterborough United Hall of Fame: 2013

title: George Swindin


text:
Johan Sandström

Johan Wilhelm Sandström (6 June 1874, Degerfors, Västerbotten County – 12 January 1947, Bromma, Stockholm County), usually cited as J. W. Sandström, was a Swedish oceanographer and meteorologist. He is most famously known for conducting a series of classical experiments at Bornö Marine Research Station in Sweden published in 1908. His experiments concerned themselves with the causes of ocean currents, particularly those found in fjords.

Biography
Sandström is the son of carpenter Jonas Anton Sandström and Greta Magdalena Sjögren. He went to Degerfors Elementary School but upon the death of his father, his mother moved the family to Sundsvall, where Sandström worked in a sawmill while being tutored. Thanks to local benefactors, he entered a Stockholm technical school, and although he never received an official diploma, he excelled in mathematics and frequented scientific circles.

In 1899, Sandström joined the national meteorological service where he met Vilhelm Bjerknes, founder of the Bergen School of Meteorology, whom changed his career. The Professor of Mathematical Physics in Stockholm was working on weather forecasting and the theory of the generalized hydrodynamic circulation in the late 1890s. With a grant from the government, Bjerknes engages Sandström in 1899 to assist him in the study of the relationship between atmospheric pressure and storms.

In a series of publications, Sandström analyzes the general atmospheric circulation and develops graphic predictive techniques that make him known. When Bjerknes' grant ended, he was hired by Otto Pettersson as his main assistant at the Swedish Hydrographic and Biological Commission. Pettersson is the chief scientist of the commission's research vessel fleet. Sandström also receives an offer from Fridtjof Nansen in Bergen to help with the book "Lehrbuch der Cos-Physen Physik" by Svante Arrhenius (1903), to write the part on air masses and dynamic meteorology.

Thanks to the grants from Washington's Carnegie Institution, Bjerknes re-engaged Sandström for a new and ambitious project in 1906. The following year, he went with Bjerknes to Oslo where they dealt with the physics and mathematics of the subject. In 1908, Sandström was hired as technical manager of the new Hydrographic Agency in Stockholm, despite the lack of a diploma, with the help of Bjerknes' recommendation and his own publications.

In 1913, he often argued with Nils Ekholm about the value of Bjerknes' meteorological work for real life applications. However, as sailors and farmers started to ask for more weather information, he soon became the director of the new "Meteorological Office" within the agency in 1919.

During the 1920s, aviation began to be an important customer, bringing new data and organizational changes. There was also an increased use of telecommunication technologies, including telegraphy and broadcasting. The Stockholm Meteorological and Hydrological Agency also needed to expand its hydrological functions. Sandström then began to study the Gulf Stream, with Pettersson and Ekholm, for its influences on the climate.

In 1929, Sandström led an expedition to the Arctic Ocean funded by the state and private foundations. In addition to expeditions and a number of personal boat trips in the Arctic, Sandström traveled several times in winter to Bergen to meet with Professor Bjerknes to discuss the theory of the weather fronts and air masses. His observations provided him with data on the rate of conversion of energy between the atmosphere and the ocean, which will earn him international recognition.

Sandström Theorem
Sandstrom was principally concerned with the role of heating and cooling in driving ocean currents, and in the larger-scale ocean circulation in general. He asserted that thermal circulation can cause vigorous, steady circulation only if heating occurs at greater depths than cooling. This is known today as Sandström's theorem and represents an attempt at extending the well known result of classical thermodynamic theory that in order for a heat engine to perform positive work over a cycle, the work of expansion needs to occur at greater pressure than the work of contraction.

Sandstrom's theorem is therefore technically true, as long as expansion in the fluid is caused by heating and contraction by cooling, and that greater depths occur at greater pressures. There is an ambiguity, however, as to the meaning of the terms 'heating' and 'cooling' in Sandstrom's theorem. So far, heating and cooling has always been interpreted in the literature as being associated with 'surface heating' and 'surface cooling' respectively.

In real fluids, however, molecular and turbulent diffusion always cause internal heating/cooling even in absence of external heating/cooling, as long as the temperature of the fluid considered is non-uniform. As is well-known, molecular and turbulent diffusion tends to relax the system toward thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e., toward an isothermal state, which for a statically stable fluid, will warm up the fluid at high pressure, and cool it down at low pressure. Therefore, because of internal diabatic heating/cooling by molecular/turbulent diffusion, the overall heating experienced by a stratified fluid always occurs at greater pressure than the total cooling, even if the external cooling/heating occur at the same pressure.

As a result, internal diabatic heating/cooling due to molecular diffusion explains why laboratory experiments show evidence of circulations developing as the result of surface heating/cooling (Park and Whitehead, 2000) or even when the heating is above the cooling (Coman et al., 2006). Sandström's key (though not clearly expressed) insight, was that in such circulations, the circulation as a whole must transport light water downwards and dense water upwards. This means that the effect of the circulation is to increase the potential energy. Such an increase requires an external source of energy. Recent work has built on this to argue that the ocean circulation as a whole is driven by these external sources of energy, whether wind or tides, with newer work suggesting that internal sources and sinks of energy (such as those driving diffusion) are also potentially important.

Honors
In 1925, Sandström was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Publications

 * Sandstrom, J. W. (1908), Dynamische Versuche mit Meerwasser, Ann. Hydrog. Mar. Meteorol., 36, 6–23.

title: Johan Sandström


text:
User:Cogitor

Preferring analytical reasoning to pop punditry

title: User:Cogitor


text:
Talk:Edward Albee

Doggy Opera Singer ft. Jonas Kaufmann: Mrs Berger has been murdered in Frankfurt am Main"
As people were shouting in the streets out of the fear of Birds (this time it was a crow), Mrs. Berger (The Opera Singer) got murdered near the Deutsche Post in her hometown;Frankfurt am Main; where the river Main and its Festivals host a lot of artists and novel people with wine and events every year. Neverthless a Festival of theatre with different looking actors, playing rolles by "Edward Albee" even when they were asian-looking actors. Noone but "West Side Story" know what made the Fashion designer to kill the Opera Singer. It could be the issues of personal life of Alireza Heydari that were so heavy to listen to; one of the best wrestlers that had to retire or maybe they did not pay the Sweetening room or else. 194.94.134.90 (talk) 15:06, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edward Albee


text:
Abrenes apriņķis

Abrenes apriņķis was a county in the Republic of Latvia with an area of 4292 km2 that was formed in 1925 from the northern part of the Ludzas apriņķis as Jaunlatgale County (New Latgale County, Jaunlatgales apriņķis), but was renamed Abrenes apriņķis in 1938. The district included the towns of Balvi and Abrene and 14 villages, and the civil parishes (Latvian: pagasti) comprising the district were reorganized thrice (there were 12 in 1929, 13 in 1935 and 15 in 1940).

During World War II, six eastern civil parishes – Purvmalas (Bakovo), Linavas (Linovo), Kacēnu (Kachanovo), Upmalas (Upmala), Gauru (Gavry) and Augšpils (Vyshgorodok), as well as the town of Abrene (a total area of 1293.6 square kilometers with 35,524 inhabitants) – were annexed to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1944. That part of the former Abrene district is now part of Russia as the Pytalovsky District of Pskov Oblast and borders Latvia. "Abrene region" in current usage very often treats the area joined to Russia as though it had comprised the entire district, which can be misleading since nearly three quarters of the former district are in Latvia, but many treatments of the transfer of the eastern pagasti by citing interbellum demographic statistics for the whole region, rather than by civil parish.

History
The Abrene region was long a point of contact and friction between the Finno-Ugric, Baltic, and Slavic languages, cultures, tribes, and countries. The Russian name for the town and region, Pytalovo, probably derives from the Finno-Ugric tulva, "tributary, flood"; the region was part of Tolowa (or Tholowa; Latvian: Tālava), a kingdom of the northern Latgalians, which for a period paid tribute to Mstislav the Brave of Smolensk (from ca. 1180); the area became part of Livonia in 1224.

In the 1270s the area became a part of Livonia. The Balts east of a slight ridge at Viļaka were gradually russified from the 15–16th centuries, but the philologists August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein and Kārlis Mīlenbahs, conducting linguistic field research in the area in the late 19th and early 20th century, found that many people, called "Russian Latvians" by the local Russians, still spoke the High Latvian dialect. After the Bolsheviks were driven from what is now Latvia and Soviet Russia recognized Latvia's independence, in August 1920, the border was not drawn alongside ethnographic lines: once the frontier was negotiated (the border was not finalized until 7 April 1923) large Russian and Belarusian communities were left on the Latvian side. Strategic concerns also played a part, because of an important railway junction within the Abrene region. The historian Edgars Andersons explains (in Latvijas vēsture 1914–1920 [Stockholm: Daugava, 1976]):"'Especially in the north, the Russians had agreed to the Latvians' strategic demands, not complaining about the ethnographic principle having been disregarded. Several civil parishes were completely Russian.'"The population of the entire district in the census of 1935, divided by ethnicity, was as follows: 60,145 Latvians, 45,885 Russians, 1,558 Jews and 648 Belarusians. The demographics differed sharply on either side of the Viļaka ridge, which bisects the district – the eastern civil parishes had small ethnic Latvian minorities: 17% in Kacēnu pagasts, 5% in Linavas pagasts, 32% in Purvmalas pagasts, 5% in Augšpils pagasts, and 4% in Gauru pagasts. The civil parishes immediately to the west had strong Latvian majorities, ranging from 71% in Šķilbēnu pagasts to 91% in Viļakas pagasts. The town of Abrene itself, which developed around the Pytalovo railroad station, had 1,242 inhabitants, 484 of them ethnic Latvians.

The inhabitants held Latvian citizenship regardless of ethnicity. Parliamentary Latvia pursued a liberal policy of multiculturalism, guaranteeing education in minority languages from 1919. Modern schools providing bilingual instruction in Latvian, Russian, Belarusian, Yiddish and Latgalian were constructed (by 1936 there were 162 primary schools and 3 secondary schools in the district). The Latvianization policies of the authoritarian president Kārlis Ulmanis resulted in curtailing multiculturalism after 1934. Many minority schools were closed. The Abrene district as a whole differed from most of Latvia by religion, too – it was 48% Orthodox, 38% Catholic, and 12% Lutheran.

With the Soviet occupation in 1940, the German invasion in 1941, the Holocaust, the return of Soviet forces in 1944, and the illegal mobilization of Latvian citizens by both occupying powers, severe demographic changes took place. The transfer of the eastern part of the district to the RSFSR was decided by a decree from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, based on a request by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR, in violation of even Soviet law (the 1936 constitution then in force required that changes in internal borders be confirmed by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, not the Presidium). Though the official documents transfer 1075.31 square kilometers, 1293.6 square kilometers were actually transferred.

The transfer was not formally finalized until 1946. The territory was subjected to forcible collectivization, accompanied by rampant robbery and destruction, including the demolition of farmsteads and mass mortality among livestock. Kulaks, nationalists, and "bandits" (often those accused of being Forest Brothers) were deported with their families (2728 persons in early 1949 and 1563 persons in May 1950), primarily to Krasnoyarsk. Officials from Russia proper replaced local administrators even at the village level, and even some who had fought for the Soviets were mistreated. In these circumstances, large numbers of people left for the Latvian SSR. Today there are substantial communities of former residents and their descendants in Balvi and Rīga. The former civil parishes joined to Russia are almost totally delatvianized.

Border agreement
The Latvian constitution stipulates that the borders of the Republic are set by international treaties, and the government considers the 1920 Treaty of Rīga to be still in force. The 4 May 1990 declaration of independence (reinstating the 1920 constitution subject to a transitional period) by the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR affirmed that the restored Republic of Latvia would base its relations with the Russian Federation on the treaty principle. In January 1991, the Russian Federation (while still in the USSR) and Latvia signed a document regulating their bilateral relations. The Latvian delegation attempted to include a reference to the 1920 treaty but the Russian delegation objected. In essence, Russia views Latvia as a newly independent country and consistently refuses to acknowledge that Latvia was occupied and illegally incorporated into the USSR, while Latvia insists upon the legal continuity of Latvian state occupied in 1940. Key players in post-war politics in the West never recognised or at least questioned the legality of the incorporation of Latvia into the USSR, but there is pressure on both countries to resolve the issue. This can be seen on the example of their attitude towards events from the beginning of the 20th century in Latvia. Thus, the European Community, for example, did not use the term "recognition" but referred to "the restoration of sovereignty and independence" when restoring diplomatic relations in 1991; the US to "the culmination of the USA’s 52 year refusal to accept the forcible incorporation of the independent Baltic States by the USSR". (See, for example, Roland Rich's paper for the Symposium on Recent Developments in State Recognition.).

The Latvian Foreign Ministry has reiterated "that Latvia has no territorial claims to the Russian Federation", however, and though there is some opposition (particularly among right wing parties) to formally ceding the Abrene region, surveys show that most Latvians do not believe that the transferred territory will ever again be administered by Latvia. Many in Latvia – especially the former residents of the areas now in Russia – are interested in seeking compensation from the Russian Federation, though. Currently, the Republic of Latvia compensates those who lost property. The former residents also complain of the difficulty of visiting their family graves, asking that the Latvian and Russian governments facilitate border procedures. Despite Latvia's assurances that it makes no territorial claims, Russian president Vladimir Putin claimed that Latvian wishes to get control of the area and that such claims are against the spirit of Europe. On 29 April 2005, Latvia announced that it would sign an interpretative declaration in conjunction with the proposed border agreement with Russia, noting that the border agreement would in no way affect "the legal rights of the Latvian state and its citizens" under the 1920 treaty. As a consequence, Russia scrapped the border agreement, as it saw this as attempt to prolong debate on Abrene.

In January 2007, the Latvian Parliament agreed to sign the treaty, making no open references to the 1920 treaty. By the end of 2007, the border treaty was ratified by both parties.

title: Abrenes apriņķis


text:
Henry Smart

Henry Thomas Smart (26 October 1813 – 6 July 1879) was an English organist and composer.

Biography
Smart was born in London, a nephew of the conductor Sir George Smart and son of a music publisher, orchestra director and accomplished violinist (also called Henry Smart). His sister was the artist and composer Harriet Anne Smart. He was educated at Highgate School, and then studied for the law, but soon gave this up for music.

In 1831, Smart became organist of Blackburn parish church, where he wrote his first important work, an anthem; then of St Giles-without-Cripplegate; St Luke's, Old Street; and finally of St Pancras New Church, in 1864, which last post he held at the time of his death, less than a month after receiving a government pension of £100 per annum. Smart was also skilled as a mechanic, and designed several organs. He was also invited by William Sterndale Bennett to join the Committee of his Bach Society leading to the first English performance of Bach's St Matthew Passion in 1854.

Though highly rated as a composer by his English contemporaries, Smart is now largely forgotten, save for his hymn tune "Regent Square", which retains considerable popularity, and which is commonly performed with the words "Christ is Made the Sure Foundation", "Light's Abode, Celestial Salem", or "Angels from the Realms of Glory". His many compositions for the organ (some of which have been occasionally revived in recent years) were described as "effective and melodious, if not strikingly original" in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911), which also praised his part songs. A cantata by him, "The Bride of Dunkerron" was written for the Birmingham Festival of 1864; another cantata was a version of the play King René's Daughter (1871). The oratorio Jacob was created for Glasgow in 1873; and his comic opera Bertha or The Gnome of Hartzburg was produced with some success at the Haymarket in June 1855.

Harry Emerson Fosdick greatly admired "Regent Square", and wrote his own "God of Grace and God of Glory" specifically in the hope that it would be generally sung to that tune. He was horrified when, in 1935, The Methodist Hymnal instead set the lyrics to John Hughes' "Cwm Rhondda".

In the last 15 years of his life, Smart was practically blind. He composed by dictation, primarily to his daughter Ellen, who was married to Joseph Joachim's brother Henry Joachim. Smart died at his residence near Primrose Hill in London in July 1879.

title: Henry Smart


text:
Talk:W. H. L. Wallace

Old, unsectioned comments
What is his name??? Is it William Hervey Lamb Wallace,William Hervey Lamme Wallace, William Hervy Lamb Wallace, or William Hervy Lamme Wallace. I have seen all of these spellings on the internet. Anybody know?Falphin 18:28, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

LOL another spelling: William Harvey Lamb WallaceFalphin 00:40, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Why can't I find this page on google anyone know????Falphin 01:04, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

The correct spelling of this name is William Hervey Lamme Wallace. See Isabelle Wallace's 1903 biography: THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF GENERAL WILLIAM HERVEY LAMME WALLACE. General Wallace was the son of John Wallace and Mary Lamme. The Lamme family first appeared in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia about 1740.

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Not moved. —Centrx→talk • 02:59, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

W.H.L. Wallace → W. H. L. Wallace – Naming conventions -Justin (koavf)·T·C·M 14:57, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with ~
 * Oppose. Leave Civil War guys like J.E.B. Stuart, P.G.T. Beauregard, and W.H.L. Wallace alone. That usage is more common in ACW literature. Hal Jespersen 15:07, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
Add any additional comments Civil War exception? Why should guys from the Civil War contradict the naming convention? -Justin (koavf)·T·C·M 19:10, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I cannot think of a single mitigating factor that would cause someone to make an arbitrary change of this type. There are literally hundreds of articles that link to these names and they will now all use redirects. (Wallace doesn't have that many, but I see you are also picking on J.E.B. Stuart.) Sometimes multiple rules need to be reconciled; without a formal hierarchy, none takes precedence over another. One style rule is that the most common name for a person should be the name of the article, which is why Thomas Jonathan Jackson's article is named Stonewall Jackson, for example. If you feel really strongly about this nit, however, go ahead. I'm sure you're not paying for the computer time used to implement it and to display all those pages through redirects. I do not expect that many ACW authors will be modifying their links to accommodate this arbitrary change. Hal Jespersen 19:46, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:W. H. L. Wallace


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Matrix Quest

The Matrix Quest is the official collective name for issues #62 through #66 in Marvel's Transformers comics, written by UK writer Simon Furman. Each chapter of the story pays homage to a classic movie or book.

Each issue of Matrix Quest was presented with its own symbol on the cover, with a number signifying the episode in the series. However, it was part of the main plot and not a separate mini-comic. The series was reprinted by Marvel UK in issues #262-264 & #282-297 and collected as a trade paperback in 2002.

The story
The Matrix Quest began when Primus, the Transformers' god and core of their homeworld, Cybertron was reawakened, alerting his nemesis, Unicron to his location. Optimus Prime, the Autobot leader, had deduced that the only thing capable of stopping Unicron was the Creation Matrix, which he had once carried inside his body. The Matrix had been lost with Prime's old body when it had been launched into space for burial. Prime assembles several small teams of Autobots to search different parts of the galaxy for the Matrix.

The story takes the form of four individual stories, each focusing on one team. Although the stories do not connect directly to each other, they each detail the ongoing quest and share the common thread of the Decepticon Thunderwing's growing obsession with capturing the Matrix for himself.

Issue #62: Bird of Prey
The Autobot Headmasters - Nightbeat, Siren and Hosehead - start the Matrix Quest on the planet of Pz-zazz. Pz-zazz is a tough, unfriendly world where corruption and crime thrive. The politics of Pz-zazz are in the hands of two criminal lords, Gutt and B'ghdad. However, a third individual, known as Miss Fatale, also wants her cut of the deal.

The Autobots' troubles start when a dying alien gives them a mysterious, ancient bird icon. This icon seemingly holds the key to the planet's future, and all three crime bosses are after it. Nightbeat, however, places the bird onto the pedestal from which it was originally stolen, and it restores peace and happiness to the world.

At the close of the story, Nightbeat and his companions are captured by Thunderwing and his band of Decepticons.

This chapter pays homage to the Humphrey Bogart film, The Maltese Falcon. Just before he hits B'ghdad with the bird Nightbeat said, "If you want the bird, you can have it! But if you're its real owner, I'm Peter Lorre!"

Issue #63: Kings of the Wild Frontier
The Autobot Triggerbots - Override, Dogfight and Backstreet - arrive on the planet Cheyenne, a world of hot, arid deserts and small, fledgling frontier towns.

Upon arriving, the Autobots are met by a band of mounted men, chasing a small child, with the obvious intention of killing him. The Autobots come to the child's rescue, and he invites them to his home.

The Autobots succumb to the peaceful life on the alien's farm and quickly forget about the Matrix Quest. However, there's more than meets the eye to this - an encounter with Thunderwing makes Dogfight realise he's not in his right mind any more, so he confronts the host family. The family is revealed to be Vrobians, a malevolent race of psychic vampires. The riders the Autobots met earlier were actually a kind of policemen, seeking to arrest the Vrobians. A fight ensues, and the Autobots win.

This chapter references several cowboy movies. The title may also be a reference to the 1980 Adam and the Ants album of the same name.

Issue #64: Deadly Obsession
The Autobot Pretenders - Longtooth, Doubleheader and Pincher - arrive on the planet Pequod, which is a world of vast seas.

While cruising on a ship over the oceans, Longtooth encounters a large whale-like creature called a Klud, which bites off his leg, rendering him catatonic. No longer in his right mind, he becomes obsessed with hunting it down and killing it for revenge, while the other two Autobots try to stop him. Longtooth's second encounter with the Klud is interrupted by a Decepticon attack. After defeating the Decepticons, Longtooth's comrades make him see reason, and he spares the Klud's life.

Meanwhile, Thunderwing has come in contact with the Klud, and has somehow learned that the Klud has been in contact with the Matrix - and thus, Thunderwing knows where the Matrix is.

This chapter pays homage to the novel, Moby-Dick.

Issue #65: Dark Creations
Optimus Prime's body, along with the Matrix, has landed on a moon called Vs'Qs. Vs'Qs is a desolate, almost lifeless place, inhabited only by small vermin, and a human research outpost. However, when the Autobot Pretender Classics - Bumblebee, Jazz and Grimlock - arrive on Vs'Qs, they find that something has killed the outpost's entire crew.

The Autobots face Thunderwing and his Decepticons, but while they fight, a native creature finds the Matrix and tries to escape with it. Thunderwing hunts the creature down and kills it, stealing the Matrix. He then hijacks the Autobots' shuttle and flies back to The Ark, where he attacks Optimus Prime.

This chapter pays homage to Ridley Scott's movie, Alien, and particularly to the sequel, Aliens.

The story also contains a reference to the character of Deathbringer, an alien being mutated by the Matrix that the Autobots faced in a Marvel UK story. This marks one of the few direct references that Furman made to his Marvel UK continuity after he began writing the US comic.

Issue #66: All Fall Down
An Autobot shuttle returns to the Ark and Prime can sense the Matrix aboard. However, when the shuttle opens, it reveals a fighting mad Thunderwing, who has taken the Matrix for himself after overpowering the Autobots in the high gravity of Vs'Qs.

Thunderwing battles the entire Ark crew, as Prime hesitates, unwilling to risk damage to the Matrix. Presently, the Matrix itself makes itself known, taking over control of Thunderwing's body and revealing itself to have been corrupted by evil. The Autobots are unable to resist the power of the Dark Matrix until Nightbeat, imprisoned since Issue #62, shoots Thunderwing with a grappling harpoon from the shuttle and depressurises the shuttlebay, sucking Thunderwing and the Matrix out into deep space.

The Autobots are left to face Unicron without the Matrix.

title: Matrix Quest


text:
Pyramid Peak (Colorado)

Pyramid Peak is a fourteen-thousand-foot mountain in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is the 47th highest mountain peak in Colorado, and 78th highest peak in the United States. It is located in the Elk Mountains in southeastern Pitkin County, approximately 12 mi southwest of Aspen. The summit somewhat resembles a ragged square pyramid and is visible from the Roaring Fork River valley north of Aspen along the canyon of Maroon Creek.

Like many of the peaks in the Elks, Pyramid Peak is quite steep, especially compared to more gentle fourteeners such as Mount Elbert. For example, the peak's summit rises 4000 ft above Crater Lake to the northwest in only 1.2 mi, and 4400 ft above East Maroon Creek to the east of the peak in the same horizontal distance.

Climbing
The standard climbing routes on Pyramid Peak are the northeast and northwest ridges (the latter is also known as the "Keyhole Route"). These routes involve difficult route finding (very difficult, in the case of the northwest ridge), high exposure, and a great deal of loose rock. Hence they are two of the most difficult and dangerous of all of the standard routes on the Colorado fourteeners.

Deaths
In 1988, physicist Heinz Pagels died in a mountain climbing accident on Pyramid Peak, which is located 10 miles to the southwest of the Aspen Center for Physics, where he spent his summers.

title: Pyramid Peak (Colorado)


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Pytalovo

Pytalovo (Пыта́лово; Pitalova or Abrene) is a town and the administrative center of Pytalovsky District in Pskov Oblast, Russia, located on the Utroya River (a tributary of the Velikaya), 102 km southwest of Pskov, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:

It was previously known as Pytalovo or Novo-Dmitrovskoye (until 1925), Jaunlatgale (until 1938), Abrene (until 1945).

Etymology
The main theory is that Pytalovo is Russified form of the Latvian toponym "Pietālava" (Latvian "pie Tālavas", or Latgalian "pī Tuolavas"), meaning "near Tālava", with Tālava being the name of an ancient Latvian feudal state, dating back to 13th century. Russophones comprised the majority of the population in a number of parishes during Latvia's initial independence, with further Russification ongoing. Nevertheless, the older generation testified to their Latvian heritage. Historian Carl von Stern wrote of a cultural awakening amongst the region's inhabitants in the 1930s despite generations of Russification. Two thousand inhabitants from across Pskov gathered in September 1934 and proclaimed: "We are not Russian, but, indeed, Latvian. We are returning to our Latvian heritage. Latvians, lend us your helping hand, support and hasten our return!" Audiences wept as they heard old familiar folk songs sung with words and a language lost over time. A more concrete testament to Pytalovo's Latvian heritage is that the Latvian folk costumes of the region are the only ones which still preserve the most ancient tradition of white dress, once used in both daily life and for festive occasions.

Other theories about the origin of the town's name are offered by the unofficial Russian Pytalovo website. One is that it was named after Lieutenant Pytalov, a guard to Catherine the Great, who received the lands in 1766 for reasons unknown, that estate subsequently being sold off by his descendants. The other is that the name is derived from the Russian verb "пытать" (meaning "to torture"), named after a church courtyard with a large iron cross used to torture and execute people.

History
Pytalovo, alternatively known as Novo-Dmitrovskoye (Ново-Дмитровское), a rural locality in Vyshgorodok volost, Ostrovsky Uyezd, Pskov Governorate, had been known since the end of the 18th century. In the last quarter of the 19th century, it had a population of 59. It grew significantly after gaining a railway station by a newly constructed railway branch.

In February 1918 the German Army advances on Pskov and Petrograd capturing Pytalovo until fall 1918, when the Red Army retakes it. In January 1920 Pytalovo was attacked by advancing Latvian republican units and the frontline as of noon 1 February 1920 was stipulated as the border demarcation line by the Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty between the Latvian Republic and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. By the Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty of 1920, the western part of Ostrovsky Uyezd, including Pytalovo, was passed to Latvia.

In 1925, Latvians renamed it Jaunlatgale, which it was known as until 1938, when the name was changed to Abrene. In 1933, it was granted town status. During the interwar period, it was the administrative center of Abrene District. After the annexation of Latvia by the Soviet Union in 1940, the town originally remained a part of the Latvian SSR. During World War II, the town was occupied by the German Army from July 5, 1941 until July 22, 1944 and administered as part of the Generalbezirk Lettland of Reichskommissariat Ostland. On January 16, 1945, the town and the surrounding areas were transferred to Pskov Oblast of the Russian SFSR and Pytalovsky District was established. At the same time, the town's original name (Pytalovo) was restored.

Whether the region is historically Russian or Latvian became a highly politicized issue after Latvia restored its independence in 1991 and a border dispute erupted with Russia over the region. The Abrene District, constituting roughly 2% of Latvia's territory, was transferred to the Russian SFSR in 1945, but it had originally been a part of Russia and ceded to Latvia only a quarter century earlier, in 1920. Russian President Vladimir Putin infamously proclaimed in 2005 that Latvia "will get the ears of a dead donkey but not Pytalovo [Abrene]". The border dispute was not resolved until 2007, when a treaty between Latvia and Russia recognizing the existing border was signed.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Pytalovo serves as the administrative center of Pytalovsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Pytalovo is incorporated within Pytalovsky Municipal District as Pytalovo Urban Settlement.

Industry
As of 2003, only two industrial enterprises survived in Pytalovo—a textile factory and a printing house. A milk factory and a flax production factory, previously the biggest enterprises in the district, were defunct.

Transportation
Pytalovo is an important railway station on the railway from St. Petersburg via Pskov to Rēzekne in Latvia and further to Vilnius. In Pytalovo, another railway to Gulbene and Riga branches off west. As of 2012, there was passenger traffic on the railway.

Pytalovo has an easy access to the European route E262, from Ostrov to Kaunas via Rēzekne and Daugavpils.

Culture
Among places of interest in town Pytalovo there is a railway station building built in the modernist style in the early 20th century, the wooden building of the functioning St. Nicholas Church built in 1931, the post office building (early 20th century), and the house of merchant Ilyin (built in the 1920s).

Pytalovo is home to an ethnographic museum focusing on Russian and Latgalian cultures.

title: Pytalovo


text:
Abrene

Abrene may refer to:
 * Abrene, the name which the town Pytalovo in Pskov Oblast, Russia bore in 1938–1945 when it was a part of Latvia
 * Abrene County, a historical district in Latvia
 * Abrene, general Latvian name for the territory of Pytalovsky District in Pskov Oblast, Russia

title: Abrene


text:
George Thomas Smart

Sir George Thomas Smart (10 May 1776 – 23 February 1867) was an English musician.

Smart was born in London, his father being a music-seller. He was a choir-boy at the Chapel Royal, and was educated in music, becoming an expert violinist, organist, teacher of singing and conductor. He taught for many years at the Royal Academy of Music where his notable pupils included Elizabeth Greenfield, John Orlando Parry, Mary Shaw, and Willoughby Weiss. In 1811 he was knighted by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, having conducted a number of successful concerts in Dublin. On 1 April 1822 he was appointed organist at the Chapel Royal.

From that time onwards, Sir George Smart was one of the chief musical leaders and organizers in England, directing the music for the opening of the Great Exhibition of 1851, conducting at the Royal Philharmonic Society, Covent Garden, the provincial festivals, etc., and in 1838 being appointed composer to the Chapel Royal. He was a master of the Handelian traditions, was personally acquainted with Beethoven and a close friend of Weber, who died in his house. Some of his church music and glees became well-known. He died in London and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

His brother Henry (1778–1823), father of the composers Harriet Anne Smart and Henry Smart, was a well-known violinist.

Smart wrote a journal, Leaves from the Journals of Sir George Smart, that was published in 1907.

title: George Thomas Smart


text:
Talk:Copying

VfD
On April 17, this article was nominated for deletion. The discussion can be found at Votes for deletion/Copying. The result was keep. — Xezbeth 18:33, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Timespan and Subject
Wow! You would think that nothing had ever been copied in the history of the world until Sony and lawyers came along. I thought that I would at least find here some information on artistic training which employs copying from drawing manuals as a way to teach students what to look for in making a representation. Then there are all the sculptural works that are copied from the original but in different material or scales. The practice is actually *called* "Copying" and (as a practice, not the word) predates written language. But I guess all that matters at this point in history is if someone is losing money.  S a u d a d e 7  15:36, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

common copy commands for computers

 * Unix/*nix programs (Also sometimes used in Windows versions)

 * cp -- copy files; can concatenate files
 * cpio -- copy an entire directory structure from one place to another
 * cat -- concatenate and display files
 * dd -- copy streams, files, or devices in whole or part
 * head -- display/copy the first part of a file
 * tail -- display/copy the last part of a file

 * DOS/Windows programs (Seldom used in *nix versions)

 * COPY -- copy files or sets of files, binary or text mode, can concatenate files
 * XCOPY -- eXtended version of COPY, for copying file structures
 * XXCOPY -- further extended commercial program
 * ROBOCOPY -- further extended version, included in Vista

Other specialized programs are used to split large files into pieces and then put the pieces back together.

There are no good standard programs to extract an arbitrary piece of a file into another file. dd can be used, but requires setting blocksize to 1, which is very inefficient. In Windows, the obscure program CPART can be used.

grep and awk are powerful *nix programs for looking for patterns in a file. -69.87.200.198 00:39, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

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Who is job!
Who is job! 103.185.24.13 (talk) 05:53, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Copying