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The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

The Execution of Lady Jane Grey is an oil painting by Paul Delaroche, completed in 1833, which is now in the National Gallery in London. It was enormously popular in the decades after it was painted, but in the 20th century realist historical paintings fell from critical favour and it was kept in storage for many decades, for much of which it was thought lost. Restored and displayed again since 1975, it immediately became a highly popular work once again, especially with younger visitors.

The painting portrays, erroneously in some regards, the moments preceding the death of Lady Jane Grey, who on 10 July 1553 was proclaimed Queen of England, only to be deposed nine days later and executed in 1554. Jane is sometimes referred to as the "Nine Days' Queen" due to the brevity of her reign.

Subject
Lady Jane Grey was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England and first cousin once removed to his grandson, the short-lived Edward VI. After Edward's death she was proclaimed queen, being given precedence over Henry VIII's daughters, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth. Two weeks after the death of her brother, Mary, who had the support of the English people, claimed the throne, which Jane relinquished, having reigned for only nine days. Jane, her husband Lord Guilford Dudley, and her father, were imprisoned in the Tower of London on charges of high treason. Jane's trial was conducted in November, but the death penalty handed to her was temporarily suspended. In February 1554, Jane's father, who had been released, was one of the rebel leaders in Wyatt's rebellion. On Friday 12 February, Mary had Jane, then aged 17, and her husband beheaded. Her father followed eleven days later.

Treatment
In 1833 Delaroche painted the subject of Lady Jane's execution, nearly 300 years after the event, drawing upon contemporary historical sources to help him portray it accurately. Delaroche had built his reputation in the Paris salon with large, realistic portrayals of famous events from the previous few centuries. Despite the artist's familiarity with the painting of historical narratives, there are aspects of the painting which are inaccurate.

The painting depicts the moment that Jane, blindfolded, is being assisted to lay her head upon the block for the executioner. Her outstretched hand reaches uncertainly down to find the block. She is being assisted by a man who is identified as John Brydges, 1st Baron Chandos. Chandos was a Lieutenant of the Tower at the time of Jane's execution. While imprisoned in the Tower, Jane was attended by ladies in waiting, one of whom was the nursemaid of her infancy. Two ladies in waiting are depicted in the painting, showing their grief at the event which is about to take place.

The execution actually was conducted in the open air, in a part of the grounds of the Tower of London that is known as Tower Green, and where Henry VIII's wives Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard had been executed. The painting indicates either that Delaroche was not familiar with this aspect of the event and has constructed the location according to his historical knowledge of other such events, or that he chose to take a great deal of artistic license.

In the picture, the execution is taking place upon a raised wooden platform similar to those on which executions of royalty and nobility had taken place in the French Revolution. The edge of this platform can be seen, draped with a black cloth, across the foreground of the picture. At the rear of the pictorial space the handrail of stairs descends, and the tops of two weapons indicate the presence of guards. Delaroche was presumably aware that the Tower of London was founded by William of Normandy. In the painting, two stout Norman columns with cushion capitals, a blind arcade, and a large chevroned arch create a backdrop indicative of the antiquity of the site. However, the buildings within the Tower of London span the reigns of many monarchs. In fact, the execution took place outside the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, which was constructed not at the time of William the Conqueror but by order of Henry VIII, and therefore in a style postdating that of the architecture in the painting by nearly 500 years.

It is difficult to ascertain by the setting and the lighting whether it was the artist's intention to create the impression that the scene was taking place outside a building or in an interior. The architectural features shown can occur on both interiors and exteriors of Norman buildings. The darkness of the upper part of the painting is suggestive of an interior, while the light that bathes the central figure is daylight. Ghislaine Kenyon, head of education at the National Gallery, commented on the sense of foreboding that the darkness was intended to create.

The intensely dark areas that occupy a large proportion of the painting's surface play a big part in the drama. Not only is the shadow of the upper section of the painting black, so also are the cloth that covers the platform, the dress of one of the ladies, the cloak of Baron Chandos, and the sleeves of the executioner. Three garments form accents of warm colour, the brown dress of one of the ladies, the orange fur of the Lieutenant's collar, and the blood-red hose of the executioner. The colour of Lady Jane's red-gold hair is picked up in the straw beneath the block. Against the darkness, Lady Jane, with her pallid flesh, her white bodice, and her satin petticoat, makes a splash of light. The artist seizes the eye of the viewer by placing the most intense patches of white on Jane's blindfold and the area of her skirt just between her outstretched hand and the sharply defined edge of the block.

Delaroche has used many small details in telling the story and increasing the dramatic and emotive quality of the painting. The figures play their parts like actors through the expressions and gestures of grief and despair of the two women, the almost fatherly tenderness with which the Lieutenant of the Tower assists the blindfolded girl to take up the required position, and the displeasure in the face of the executioner at the task that confronts him. Other narrative details include the rings on the block with the ropes which lash it steady to the floor, and the well-honed but well-worn edge to the axe. Kenyon points out that the clean straw, commonly placed near the site of an execution to soak up blood, and the white dress were devices used by the artist to make the observer suppose what would happen to them next.

Provenance
The painting was made after the July Revolution of 1830 which deposed Charles X of France, the last of the French Bourbon monarchs. Charles X's brother was Louis XVI of France whose throne was usurped and who was executed during the French Revolution. It is also redolent of the execution of Marie-Antoinette. Unsurprisingly, the emotive painting caused something of a sensation. The painting was highly popular in the Paris salon when it was first exhibited there in 1834.

It was originally bought by Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato as part of the Demidov collection. From there it passed in 1870 to Henry Eaton, 1st Baron Cheylesmore after whose death in 1891 it realised £1,575 (lot 78) at his sale at Christie's the next year, less than a quarter of the price of the star of the sale, The Monarch of the Glen (lot 42, £7,245) by Sir Edwin Landseer, one of the most popular paintings of the age. It was bought by his son, William Eaton, 2nd Baron Cheylesmore, who bequeathed it to the National Gallery, London in 1902, with four other paintings, including two other Landseers from his father's collection.

The painting was thought to have been destroyed in the disastrous flooding of the Tate Gallery during the 1928 Thames flood, and it was only rediscovered in 1973 by Tate Gallery curator Christopher Johnstone. He was writing a book on the British painter John Martin and examining the damaged canvases remaining from the flood in search of a missing painting by the artist. He found Martin's The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum, albeit in very poor condition, rolled inside the Delaroche painting. The latter was in much better condition and was transferred to the National Gallery, where it should have gone when the national art collections were rationalised following the establishment of the Tate. This painting is also directly inspired by David Hume's 'Mary, Queen of Scots at the execution block' from 1795. Source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/646748

title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey


text:
Talk:University of Paris

Applications
When is the university's closing date for 2022 applications Nothando Nhlangulela (talk) 17:31, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

Charts
For which chart, please use talk page of the list of universities page. --Ransouk (talk) 16:35, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

You have to explain which point of the table is inaccurate, instead of putting your *own version*. Don't just say 'it is inaccurate'  Ragnarvrollo (talk) 16:49, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

See [] --Ransouk (talk) 16:58, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

Related RM
An editor has requested for Sorbonne to be moved to Sorbonne (building). Since you had some involvement with Sorbonne, you might want to participate in the move discussion (if you have not already done so). -- Tamzin  [ cetacean needed ] (she|they|xe) 14:08, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

How many faculties post-Revolution?
After the University had been closed and its assets sold during the Revolution in the 18th century, a new University was formed. The fourth paragraph says "A new University of France replaced it in 1806 with four independent faculties: the Faculty of Humanities (French: Faculté des Lettres), the Faculty of Law (later including Economics), the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Theology"... Ummm... that's five. The Faculty of Theology later closed, but I'm pretty sure it should say "five". --Haruo (talk) 19:14, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:University of Paris


text:
Longboard

A longboard generally designates a longer board variant in various board sports.

 * Longboard (skateboard)
 * Longboard (surfing)

Longboard may also refer to
 * Long spine board, a piece of pre-hospital emergency medical equipment
 * Long spine board, a piece of pre-hospital emergency medical equipment

title: Longboard


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adrian Lambert

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. – ABCD 18:00, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Adrian Lambert
Delete. Nonsense. Should be deleted. -- Natalinasmpf 10:08, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. IMHO a speedy delete for obvious nonsense vanity. andy 10:12, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 10:51, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * speedy delete, just checked a dictionary - this is abusive --Doc Glasgow 11:02, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Hong Kong food writers

title: Category:Hong Kong food writers


text:
Externado San José

Externado San Jose is a private Catholic primary and secondary school located in San Salvador, El Salvador. The institution began in 1921 as San Jose Seminary to which "outsiders" were later admitted. When the seminarians moved to a new facility the remaining school became an "externado". The school was founded and is run by the Society of Jesus.

In 2015 Externado was ranked fourth among 440 schools in El Salvador by the University of El Salvador on the basis of test scores, and had a larger enrollment than the first three schools combined.

Brief history
In 1921 the Jesuits founded San José School seminary school, in the center of San Salvador next to San José Church (later destroyed by fire). Later "outsiders" not contemplating the priesthood were admitted for baccalaureate studies. to the school, which included boarding and day students. Years later the seminarians moved to the new seminary of San José de la Montaña. Those remaining justified the name "externs" or San Jose Externado.

In the 1940s work began on a new school with more adequate facilities on the outskirts of San Salvador, the school's present location. Four Jesuit brothers from the Basque area of Spain did much of the construction at 25 North or "university" Avenue. The primary division moved there in 1954 and the secondary school in 1955. In 1963 the chapel of St. Ignatius of Loyola was built with a capacity for a thousand people. In 1956 the night school, Loyola Academy, was founded to tend to the needs of workers and employees. In 1972 an evening shift was added, to better serve the poor. In 1978, co-education was introduced.

On 10 October 10, 1986, the San Salvador earthquake critically damaged the three-story building, and it had to be demolished. While new facilities were being constructed the primary school met in the chapel and the Baccalaureate at Central American University (UCA). In 1988 the new and current facilities were opened, with financial help from Jesuits provinces outside El Salvador.

Mission
San Jose is academically selective; its students have ranked highest in the Learning and Academic Aptitude Test scores (PAES) since its inception in 1997. Externado San José was long considered a school for the elites, but after the Second Vatican Council and the Conference of Latin American Bishops at Medellin in the 1960s, the Jesuits and staff determined to make education more accessible to the poor. They initiated a sliding scale for tuition, based on family income. No longer seen as elitist, the school nonetheless has maintained high admission and academic performance standards. For secondary students, low grades and/or demerits in personal conduct can lead to expulsion. At the same time, Christian Formation courses took on the goal of forming men and women devoted to serving their society. This included some elements of Liberation Theology which would bridge the deep social divide in El Salvador. At the time, many upscale families withdrew their children from the school, and six Jesuits at their sister school UCA would become martyrs for their open opposition to the elitist government.

Externado San José still operates with this system of differentiated quotas, and remains coeducational. Its graduates include many prominent Salvadoreans, among them former presidents Armando Calderón Sol and Mauricio Funes, and the internationally acclaimed poet Roque Dalton.

Academics
The last year of preschool and nine years of primary school meet from 7:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Besides usual subjects children receive classes in Christian formation, sports, music, crafts, English (from second grade), and chess (from third grade). This is followed by two years of Baccalaureate meeting from 7:00 a.m. to 4:15 p.m. From grade seven on, group work and creativity are promoted along with various forms of research, fostering development in the group and emotional maturity. These programs are supplemented by physical education, Christian training, computer skills, and study skills.

The Evening Shift covers grades 4 through 9, with a school day from 1:00 to 6:15 p.m. Many, but not all, students in this shift receive financial assistance according to their family's proven need.

Facilities
The school campus occupies about 19 acres in the middle of San Salvador. It includes six blocks for classrooms plus laboratories for physics, chemistry, and biology, two computer rooms, two projection rooms, and rooms for music, crafts, and chess. The school library contains about 25,000 volumes and includes a separate reading room and group work room. St. Ignatius of Loyola Chapel seats a thousand people and Mary Queen of Peace Chapel holds fifty. There is an auditorium seating seven hundred people and another seating two hundred.

Sports facilities include a 25-meter swimming pool, soccer fields including one regulation and surrounded by a track, three volleyball courts, and three basketball courts.

Symbols
The flowering staff in the upper left symbolizes Saint Joseph and several volcanoes in the upper right symbolize Jesuit work in the Central American Province. The lower left has the coat of arms of Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, and the bottom right has the letters "AMDG" taken from the Latin for the Ignatian motto, "To the greater glory of God." The parrot is the mascot of the school, usually portrayed by a cute rendering of a parakeet, a very common bird in Central America.

Pastoral department
In line with the Jesuit objective of training men and women for others, throughout the year various activities are carried out such as coexistence, retreats, Christian formation classes, and community celebrations (Pentecost, Easter, Confirmations...). To encounter people who live in poverty and are marginalized in the country, regular visits are arranged to institutions for children, for young people, and for the elderly, people who are often at risk, abused, or deprived of their basic needs; this is followed by group reflection. The school is a part of the Ignatians for Haiti drive among Jesuit schools in Latin America.

Culture and communications
The Department of Communications and Cultural Activities (DECOMACCU) offers three programs which run throughout the year. Periqueando newsletter is produced for elementary (K – 6) and Perquiting for secondary (7 – 11) students. Student activities of a cultural, athletic, pastoral, or social nature are covered. Festivals and cultural contests discover, promote, and reward the creative and artistic talents of students, through writing (composition, poetry, and narrative), speaking (oratory and declamation), and performing (music, drawing, theater, and dance). Their best literary efforts are published in Green Letter Anthology, which can be viewed online. Occasionally cultural events are staged within the school, featuring prominent artistic groups.

Sports
Students in ninth grade through high school take physical education, which teaches swimming, basketball, volleyball, soccer, and fitness. Intramural tournaments are also conducted for students from first grade through high school, in soccer, swimming, volleyball, basketball, kickball, and track and field. The more skilled students compete at various levels in interscholastic sports in basketball, as well as in soccer and volleyball which also have national championships.

title: Externado San José


text:
Talk:Administrative divisions of Lithuania

Linui - 1944 nuėmiau, nes turiu žemėlapį 1945 administracinio suskirstymo tai ten vis dar apskritim suskirstyta kaip ir tarpukariu, nežinau, kada įsigaliojo skirstymas sritim ir rajonais, bet ir kita informacija sako kad pradžioje rusai išlaikė apskritis. Ar tikrai gubernijos buvo suskirstytos grafystėmis? Pagal mano turimus šaltinius, tai irgi ten apskritys buvo. Okupacija - valstybės užėmimas; terminas kaip ir vartotinas. Čia kaip ir su terorizmu, irgi toks terminas su neigiamu atspalviu bet šiaip wikipedijoje vartojamas.DeirYassin 10:09, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A vote started on the subject apskritis vs. county, see: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Subnational entities/Naming.

Order
Why is this article in the reverse chronological order, by the way?—Ëzhiki (ërinacëus amurënsis) • (yo?); 16:36, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Why not? Most recent is most relevant and there is far more info about it. Renata 19:41, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Still, it looks strange. I would understand a reverse-chrono overview in the beginning, followed by properly ordered sections, but having the whole article constructed like this, to me, breaks the flow and is a bit unorthodox.  Are there any other similarly structured articles?—Ëzhiki (ërinacëus amurënsis) • (yo?); 19:49, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Dunno, seems very logical to me. I checked a couple of other subdivision articles and they all have historical data at the bottom. Well, in this particular case the historical data is very extensive and the article almost could be renamed "History of subdivisions of Lithuania." Renata 14:41, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Could you point me to some of those other articles, please? Thanks.—Ëzhiki (ërinacëus amurënsis) • (yo?); 15:05, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Subdivisions of France, States of Austria, Provinces of Argentina, etc. Just all of them history section rather short & small. Renata 02:59, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I see what you mean.—Ëzhiki (ërinacëus amurënsis) • (yo?); 13:53, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, but...
What is it: Minskas Voivodship - 3 powiats Mstislavlis Voivodship - 1 powiat Naugardukas Voivodship - 3 powiats Polockas Voivodship - 1 powiat Vilnius Voivodship - 5 powiats Vitebskas Voivodship - 2 powiats ??? when Miensk, Mscislau, Navagrudak, Polacak, Vilnia and Viciebsk are right variants/ Lithuanians, don't be so insolent, please. Don't distort the history! No -ass in belarusian names. Vitaut - not Vitautas, etc. --Zlobny 14:08, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Since when Vytautas is a Belarusian name? (vy(sti) - to see + taut(a) - nation + as) Iulius 15:18, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The case is that there is NO chronicles or annals, in which person called "Vytautas" is mentioned! This historical person is called "Vitaut" (belarusian - Вітаўт) in every document. It is a fact! If I am wrong, be so kind, prove your case please :)--Bacian 18:28, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Before re-editting, please explain me, why do you write Lithuanian variants of names in ENGLISH Wikipedia? You can call Minsk etc. whatever you want in Lithuanian, but why do you write Lithuanian names of Belarusian towns in English, for instance Minskas? It is complete nonsence! If you want to have an intelligent compromiss, we can write names of this towns in English, it would be the most reasonable--Bacian 20:50, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Vitaut is written not in Belarusian but Ruthenian, as nobody wrote neither in Lithuanian nor in Belarusian at that time. And there have been no endings in Slavic languages, so he could not be called Вітаўтac. Can you provide the name's Belarusian ethymology if it is not Lithuanian? Besides, Algirdas named himself Algerdos (transcribed from Greek alphabet) in his letters written in Greek Language. Would he have done this if his name would have been Olgierd?  OK, but be kind to resore wiki links, which were ruined by your edits. Iulius 21:35, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I do not argue, but you also should know that Ruthenian (or Old Belarusian as well) is an ancestor of modern Belarusian. I know that grand dukes of Lithuania were of Zhemaitian origin, but this doesn't mean that the whole country was "Lithuanian" in modern definition of this word. As well as we can't call Ancient Russian state "Scandinavian" only because the ruling dynasty of that country came from Sweden. Only 10 percent of the GDL's population was Lithuanian, but mostly it was Slavonic, that means Belarusian and Ukrainian. Old Belarusian was an official language & it's totally senseless to call Gedimin "Gediminas" etc, and even more stupid to call Minsk "Minskas". Because even your modern capital, "Vilnius", as you call it, was named Vilnia then :)--Bacian 10:45, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * There were no offcial languages so long ago Ruthenian was just a chancery language besides Latin and others. Nobody used spoken Ruthenian back then. Therefore it is wise to call people as they themselves called and in that language they used. All Gediminids up to Sigismund the Old knew Lithuanian and most of them used Lithuanian in everyday life, since Ruthenian was only a written language and differed from the spoken one. Its a fact that genetically many rulers were half or more slavic, however ethnically they were Lithuanians, hence the ancient double-stemmed (some - single-stemmed) Lithuanian personal names they used, and the meaning of all of them may be easily traced in the modern or ancient Lithuanian language. i.e. Jaunutis - young man, Kęstutis - tough man, Vytautas - seeing the nation, Jogaila - strong horserider, Algirdas - hearing (maybe understanding) everything, Mindaugas - hard thinker, Daumantas - the same as Mindaugas only reversed. etc. Iulius 11:06, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I see that you strongly beleive in your Lithuanian historical theory, and I understand that every country tries to show its look on history, it's your right. But you know, Belarusian history is quite other comparing to Lithuanian (even though Lukashenka tries to return Soviet historical conception, in our schools pupils still learn exactly modern Belarusian history) and you should respect our position also, because we are close neighbours and through centuries we had a common history. I think that in future, when Belarus will have become really independent national state, our historians should sit down at the table and just speak to find more alike views on our past. Do you agree with me? Now I'd like you to answer my question: why do you call ancient voivodships "Minskas", "Naugardukas" etc.? With regard to names of dukes you have some arguments, but here I am puzzled, why d'you call ethnically BELARUSIAN towns in ENGLISH Wikipedia after your own, Lithuanian, fashion? --Bacian 19:36, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * for me it is silly to tear apart our common history and former common state: was it Lithuanian - was it Belarusian/Ruthenian? It was neither and at the same time both. That is a common history: we are in fact the historically closest states from the former GDL (not taking Lukashenka's views into account) so there should not be differing interpetations of it, as it always happen with Poland. I hate hearing here such statements as "Lithuania was a Ruthenian state!" that is the same nonsense as calling it "ethnic Lithuanians' state".

Besides, it was not me who did this quite bizarre thing to name Mensk "Minskas"! :-) I just asked to make appropriate links with the respective articles about voivodeships or make redirects - do not leave red links, whatever views you have.Iulius 20:03, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Is is clear that Belarusian Minsk, Navahrudak have to be called in Belarusian in English. Also it is absolutely clear that Mindaugas, Vytautas, Algirdas are Lithuanian names. And also clear that to call Vilnius Voivodeship as Wilno Voivodeship is some incomprehensible nonsense.

Article Gap (1914-1918)
Anyone want to fill the gap? Ober Ost's Lithuania District?

Ajh1492 (talk) 16:20, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * There was an article on Lithuanian province, but I redirected it back to Ober Ost as I could not find any reliable sources about it and the articles did not have any substantial information. Renata (talk) 18:14, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed, it was a rather small stub article, not particularly well written prose :) Might make sense to clean it up a bit in the future. It's nice to have the traceability back through the history of a geography as far as possible and include all the little bits. Ajh1492 (talk) 01:56, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

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text: Category:Catering and food service companies of Hong Kong


text: Category:Service companies of Hong Kong

title: Category:Service companies of Hong Kong


text:
Sahitya Akademi

The Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, is an organisation dedicated to the promotion of literature in the languages of India. Founded on 12 March 1954, it is supported by, though independent of the Indian government. Its office is located in Rabindra Bhavan near Mandi House in Delhi.

The Sahitya Akademi organises national and regional workshops and seminars; provides research and travel grants to authors; publishes books and journals, including the Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature; and presents the annual Sahitya Akademi Award of INR. 100,000 in each of the 24 languages it supports, as well as the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement.

The Sahitya Akademi Library is one of the largest multi-lingual libraries in India, with a rich collection of books on literature and allied subjects.

It publishes two bimonthly literary journals: Indian Literature in English and Samkaleen Bharatiya Sahitya in Hindi.

Recognised literary languages
The Sahitya Akademi supports work in the following 24 languages, 22 of which are included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India, alongside English and Rajasthani:

Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu.

The recognition of languages by Sahitya Akademi is independent from the recognition of languages by the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India.

 * Recognition by the Akademi before enlistment to the 8th Schedule

 * Sindhi had been recognised by Sahitya Akademi in the year 1956, long before it was recognised by the Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1967.
 * Maithili had been recognised by Sahitya Akademi in the year 1966, long before it was recognised by the Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 2003.
 * Dogri had been recognised by Sahitya Akademi in the year 1969, long before it was recognised by the Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 2003.
 * Manipuri had been recognised by Sahitya Akademi in the year 1971, long before it was recognised by the Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1992.
 * Konkani and Nepali had been recognised by Sahitya Akademi in the year 1975, long before these were recognised by the Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1992.

 * Recognition by the Akademi after enlistment to the 8th Schedule

 * Santhali was recognised by Sahitya Akademi in the year 2004, after it had been recognised by the Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 2003.
 * Bodo was recognised by Sahitya Akademi in the year 2005, after it had been recognised by the Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 2003.

History
The idea of constituting a National Academy of Letters in India was considered by the colonial British government, and in 1944 a proposal from the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal for the formation of a 'National Cultural Trust' was, in principle, accepted. The original plan conceived of three institutions, or academies, devoted to the visual arts, performing arts, and letters. The independent Government of India carried out this proposal, constituting a National Academy of Letters, called the 'Sahitya Akademi' by a government resolution on 15 December 1952.

The first General Council of the Akademi included members such as Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Abul Kalam Azad, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Panikkar, K.M. Munshi, Zakir Husain, Umashankar Joshi, Mahadevi Varma, D. V. Gundappa, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, and was presided over by the then-Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. The Government of India clarified that the choice of Prime Minister Nehru as the first chairperson was "not because he is Prime Minister, but because he has carved out for himself a distinctive place as a writer and author."

The Sahitya Akademi was formally inaugurated on 12 March 1954 in New Delhi. A ceremony was held in the Indian Parliament's Central Hall, with speeches by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Radhakrishnan elaborated on the purpose of the Sahitya Akademi in his speech, noting that, "'The phrase, Sahitya Akademi, combines two words. 'Sahitya' is Sanskrit, and 'Academy' is Greek. This name suggests our universal outlook and aspiration. Sahitya is a literary composition; Academy is an assembly of men who are interested in the subject. So Sahitya Akademi will be an assembly of all those who are interested in creative and critical literature. It is the purpose of this Akademi to recognise men of achievement in letters, to encourage men of promise in letters, to educate public taste and to improve standards of literature and literary criticism.'"

A key concern in the early days of the Sahitya Akademi was the establishment of its autonomy from the Central Government. This concern was echoed by the Prime Minister, who noted that, "...it is an honour to be the President of an organisation which includes it in its fold the eminent writers of India in various languages. As President of that Akademi I may tell you quite frankly, I would not like the Prime Minister to interfere in my work." The first Council made recommendations to amend the Akademi's governing constitution, including proposals to have the chairman elected by the council and not appointed by the Government. Some of these suggestions were incorporated, and the Akademi was constituted as a society under the Societies Registration Act of 1860, as it had not originally been incorporated by an Act of Parliament, but by an executive order. The council was reconstituted and elected Prime Minister Nehru as its president, and he continued in that capacity until his death in 1964.

Subsequent presidents of the Sahitya Akademi have included S. Radhakrishnan (1958) who succeeded Jawaharlal Nehru after serving as the vice-president along with him; Zakir Hussain (1963); Suniti Kumar Chatterjee (1967); K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar (1969, and re-elected in 1973); Umashankar Joshi (1978); Vinayaka Krishna Gokak (1983); Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya (1988); U. R. Ananthamurthy (1993); Ramakanta Rath (1998); and Gopi Chand Narang (2003). Sunil Gangopadhyay was elected president in 2008, and held office until his death in 2012. Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari served as president from 2013 to 2018. The Akademi has never elected a female president although, Mahasweta Devi in 2003 and Pratibha Ray in 2018 unsuccessfully contested against Gopi Chand Narang and Chandrashekar Kambara respectively for the position.

The logo of Sahitya Akademi was designed by Satyajit Ray.

Constitution and structure
The Sahitya Akademi was constituted by the Government of India by a resolution passed on 15 December 1952. It was formally inaugurated on 12 March 1954. It initially functioned under executive order, but was subsequently registered as a society under the Indian Societies Registration Act, 1860. The constitution of the Sahitya Akademi provides that it shall be run by three authorities — a General Council, an Executive Board, and a Finance Committee.

The General Council is empowered to elect a president and vice-president, from a panel of three candidates chosen by the executive board. In addition to these, the executive board appoints a secretary, who functions as both the Secretary of the Akademi and as ex-officio secretary of all three governing bodies.

General Council
The General Council of the Sahitya Akademi operates for a term of five years, following which it is reconstituted. It meets once a year and performs several important functions, including appointing the Akademi's president and vice-president, electing members of the executive board, framing rules and procedures for the Akademi, and electing fellows on the recommendation of the board.

The General Council consists of the following members:
 * The president and the financial advisor. The current president of the Sahitya Akademi is Chandrashekhara Kambara.
 * Five persons nominated by the Government of India, including one each from the National Book Trust, the Department of Culture, and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
 * One person from each state and union territory in India (these are to be nominated by the outgoing General Council, based on recommendations from the states and union territories)
 * One person to represent each language supported by the Sahitya Akademi (nominated by the outgoing General Council)
 * A representative each, from a maximum of 20 universities, with post-graduate departments in the humanities (selected by the outgoing Council)
 * Eight other persons from the field of letters (nominated from by the outgoing General Council)
 * Representatives from the Sangeet Natak Akademi, the Lalit Kala Akademi, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, the Raja Rammohun Roy Library, and a representative from an Indian publisher based on recommendations from publishers' associations.

Executive Board
The executive board of the Sahitya Akademi exercises executive authority and is responsible for supervising and controlling the Akademi's work. It prepares the Akademi's annual budget, appoints the secretary, and prepares panels of nominees for the General Council to consider and select fellows. It consists of the president, the vice-president, the financial advisor, two of the Government of India's nominees in the General Council (one of whom must represent the Ministry of Culture) and one person to represent each of the Akademi's supported languages, as nominated by the General Council.

Finance Committee
The finance committee's role is to prescribe the limit for total expenditure by the Sahitya Akademi in a financial year, and consider and recommend budget estimates to the executive board. The finance committee consists of a financial advisor, a nominee from the Government of India, a representative each from the General Council and Executive Board, and the vice-president of the Akademi. The accounts of the Sahitya Akademi are audited by the Auditor General of India.

Publications and activities

The Sahitya Akademi publishes several regular publications, in addition to its bi-monthly literary journals, Indian Literature and Samkaleen Bhartiya Sahitya. It undertakes bibliographic surveys, conducts translation workshops, seminars, and an annual festival of letters.

Publications
The Sahitya Akademi publishes bibliographies, compilations, and critical editions in addition to publishing individual works and anthologies of literature and translation in the 24 languages that it supports. Amongst other things, it publishes the National Bibliography of Indian Literature (NBIL), an ongoing selective index of publications in 24 languages. The first series of the NBIL consisted of four volumes, spanning literature published between 1901 and 1953. The Sahitya Akademi has stated that the second series will cover literature published between 1954 and 2000. The second series will consist of 16 volumes, of which seven have been published. In addition, the Sahitya Akademi has published the Collected Works of Maulana Azad in Urdu and Telugu, and critical editions of books by Kalidasa, Bankimchandra Chatterjee, and Rabindranath Tagore.

The Sahitya Akademi maintains reference materials for Indian literature, including the National Register of Translators, the Who's Who of Indian Writers, and the Who's Who of Sanskrit literature. Two ongoing series of reference material are the Makers of Indian Literature, which consist of biographical monographs on Indian writers, and Histories of Indian Literature, 18 of which have been published thus far. It publish two journal: Indian Literature (started in 1957) in English, and Samakaleen Bharatiya Sahitya (started in 1980) in Hindi.

In 1987, it published a book (Bulhe Shah: Volume 141) on the life of Bulleh Shah (authored by Surindar Singh Kohli).

Activities
The Sahitya Akademi holds over 100 programmes related to Indian literature every year across India. It holds frequent seminars on Indian literature, as well as translation workshops. In addition, it holds several regular and annual events, including a Festival of Letters and the Samvatsar Annual Lecture.

International seminars
The Sahitya Akademi periodically holds International Seminars, sometimes in collaboration with the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. The first international seminar was held in 1961, in New Delhi, to mark 100 years since the birth of Rabindranath Tagore. About 25 writers from 16 countries, along with 39 writers from India met over four days to discuss and commemorate Tagore's works. Attendees included Aldous Huxley, Martin Wickremesinghe, Jean Guehenno, Zaki Naguib Mahmoud, Isaiah Berlin, and Louis Untermeyer as well as Amrita Pritam, Ramdhari Sinha Dinkar, Rayaprolu Subba Rao, and Premendra Mitra. In 1991, the Akademi organised a second International Seminar on Tagore in collaboration with the Sangeet Natak Akademi, the Lalit Kala Akademi and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations.

The Akademi's second International Seminar in 1975 was also held in New Delhi and focused on the Ramayana tradition in Asia. Participants, including U Thein Han, Soewito Santoso, Harry M. Buck, C.E. Godakumbra, Kapila Vatsyayan, Camille Bulke and Umashankar Joshi, presented 44 papers on Ramayana traditions, which were published by the Akademi in a commemorative volume. A second International seminar on the same theme was held in New Delhi in 1981.

International Seminars have since been held to mark the birth centenary of Hindi-language writer Premchand, in 1981; to mark the birth centenary of Tamil-language poet Subramania Bharti in 1983; on the Mahabharata, in 1987; and on 'the Narrative' in 1990.

Annual Festival of Letters
The Sahitya Akademi's Annual Festival of Letters is held in February and is the occasion at which the Akademi presents its awards. The festival is accompanied by an exhibition that covers major literary events of the previous year, as well as a 'Writers' Meet' which is a literary seminar spanning three days.

Samvatsar Annual Lecture
The Samvatsar Annual Lecture is organised by the Sahitya Akademi and is delivered during the Akademi's Annual Festival of Letters. The Sahitya Akademi notes that these lectures "should open up new vistas of thinking regarding a literary movement, a current literary trend, some original thinking about a great writer or a great classic or a new path in literary criticism or literary creation". The Lectures have been delivered since 1986 by people including the Hindi writer Sachchidananda Vatsyayan (1986), Marathi poet and writer Vinda Karandikar (1991), Assamese novelist Nabakanta Barua (1994), and Malayalam author and director, M T Vasudevan Nair (1999).

In 2014, the lecture was delivered by Girish Karnad, a Kannada playwright and author. The most recent lecture was delivered by Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari, an author, lawyer, and former judge in the Bombay High Court on 17 February 2016.

'Meet the Author' programmes
The Sahitya Akademi organises regular public interactions with published Indian authors. These sessions, titled 'Meet the Author' consist of a 40-minute lecture by the invited author followed by an open session of questions and discussions. 'Meet the Author' programmes have been conducted in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Bengaluru. Over 180 authors have participated to date.

To complement this, the Sahitya Akademi has held a parallel lecture series titled 'Men in Books' in which the Akademi invites persons distinguished for interdisciplinary studies to speak about literature. Notable speakers in the past have included film-maker Adoor Gopalakrishnan, journalist Dilip Padgaonkar, lawyer Laxmi Mall Singhvi, and former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Kavi Anuvadak
The Kavi Anuvadak programmes, started in 2001, consist of a live performance of poetry in the original language and in translation. Nine Kavi Anuvadaks have been held to date, featuring, amongst others, K. Satchidanandan, Manglesh Dabral, and Ayyappa Paniker.

Sahitya Akademi Award
Sahitya Akademi Award (Devnagari: साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार) is a literary honor in India which Sahitya Akademi annually confers on writers of the most outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the major Indian languages recognised by the Akademi.

Yuva Puraskar
Sahitya Akademi conferres annually the Yuva Puraskar to young writers (under 35 years) of outstanding works in one of the 24 major Indian languages. It was founded in 2011.

Other programmes
Other programmes organised by the Sahitya Akademi include the Mulakat lectures, a special platform for lesser-known authors; the Through My Window lectures, in which one author speaks on the works of another Indian author; and the Loka programmes on Indian folklore and the Kavisandhi poetry readings.

Controversies and Parliamentary Committee reviews
There have been widespread allegations of corruption and controversial appointments under the presidency of Gopi Chand Narang who headed Sahitya Akademi from 2003 to 2007 and the president Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari. Agrahara Krishnamurthy, appointed as the Secretary of Sahitya Akademi by Narang, had undergone a CBI probe in a paper purchase scam at the time of his appointment, and was censured and forced to retire after being accused of financial irregularities in 2012. Agrahara Krishnamurthy who has been granted relief by the High Court has alleged a conspiracy against him by a cabal of writers and officials. The appointment by a committee composed of Narang, Tiwari and others of the current Secretary K. Sreenivasa Rao, is controversial as Rao's academic credentials for the top job, who had joined the Akademi as a lower division clerk (LDC), are said to be insufficient and extremely dubious.

The 171st Parliamentary Standing Committee on the functioning of Sahitya Akademi and three other institutions chaired by Sitaram Yechury and tabled at the Lok Sabha in August 2011 states, "It was felt that most of these institutions were not able to live up to the original mandates set out by their founding fathers. Controversies of different kind involving these institutions that keep cropping up from time to time, had caught this Committee’s attention. Questions were also raised about the indifference and helplessness shown by the Ministry of Culture to do anything in the face of autonomy enjoyed by these institutions."

The committee also urged Sahitya Akademi to adopt the recommendation of the Haksar Committee (1988) of having its head appointed by the president of India, a practice followed by Sangeet Natak and Lalit Kala Akademies, to avoid "the inevitable complications of the existing system of elections."

Controversial appointments
Many controversial appointments of unqualified candidates to key positions at the Sahitya Akademi, done during Gopi Chand Narang's time, continue unchallenged to this day. Khurshid Alam and Mrignayani Gupta, both dismissed in 2004 for presenting counterfeit degree certificates, have made a backdoor entry and have been subsequently promoted to higher positions. There have been widespread allegations in the Hindi press that the certificates of the current secretary, K. Sreenivasa Rao, who completed his M.Phil. and PhD degrees while being employed as deputy secretary (administration) at the Sahitya Akademi without availing a single day's leave, are fake and fraudulent. Appeals by the writers community to the Ministry of Culture to launch an inquiry have not yielded any result.

Sahitya Akademi Awards controversy
It has been alleged time and again that the procedure of nomination of litterateurs for the coveted Sahitya Akademi Awards is not transparent. The ground-list of books (from which the jury members make two short-lists and the final selection for the award) is supposed to be made by the General Council. But the books are provided to this council by the bureaucrats and employees of the Akademi who are allegedly unqualified to make any kind of literary selection. Though the award regulations makes the recommendations of the Language Advisory Board mandatory, the recommendations of the board are often dismissed and ignored by the officials without citing any reason. This lack of transparency and rigour in the selection process has resulted in a lot of controversy. It has even resulted in writers being forced to return the award when it has been proven that the selection procedure was fraudulent, as was the case with the Sahitya Akademi award for a translation into Odia in 1999.

Sahitya Akademi is also highly criticized by writers such as Khushwant Singh for ignoring eminent writers and awarding below-par writers and sub-standard literary works.

title: Sahitya Akademi


text:
Willie Maley

William Patrick Maley (25 April 1868 – 2 April 1958) was an Irish-born Scottish international football player and manager. He was the first manager of Celtic Football Club, and one of the most successful managers in Scottish football history. During his managerial tenure, Maley led Celtic to thirty major trophies (16 league championships and 14 Scottish Cups) in forty-three consecutive years as manager. He is attributed to have coined the famous Celtic motto 'It is not his creed nor his nationality which counts; it's the man himself.'

Early life
Maley was born in Newry Barracks, County Down, Ireland, the third son of Thomas Maley and Mary Montgomery. Thomas came from Ennis, County Clare, while Mary had been born in Canada to Scottish parents. At the time of his son's birth, Thomas was stationed in Newry as a sergeant in the 21st (Royal North British Fusilier) Regiment of Foot. In 1869, Thomas took honourable discharge from the British Army and the family moved to Scotland, settling in Cathcart – at that time a village just south of Glasgow.

Willie Maley left school at the age of 13 and worked for a few years in the printworks of Miller, Higginbotham & Co., and then at the Telephone Company of Glasgow. Eventually he was offered the opportunity to train as a chartered accountant with Smith and Wilson, a Glasgow accountancy firm. As a young man, Maley was much more involved in athletics than in football, although he had played a few games for Cathcart Hazelbank Juniors in 1886 and had played with Third Lanark from later that year.

Playing career
On a visit to Cathcart in December 1887 to invite Tom Maley to join Celtic, Brother Walfrid and the rest of the Celtic deputation met Willie Maley and they casually invited him to also play for the club. In 1888, he was signed by the fledgling Celtic and became one of the club's first players as a midfielder. In 1896, he made a single appearance for Manchester City in a Second Division match against Loughborough.

Due to his Scottish maternal grandparents and having lived in Scotland since the age of one, Maley played for the Scotland national team, earning two caps in 1893 against England and Ireland. Maley represented the Scottish League twice.

Managerial career
In 1897, the board of Celtic directors appointed Willie Maley, at just 29 years of age, as Secretary-Manager – the first manager – of Celtic. He won the Scottish League championship for the club in his first full season as manager. Maley never worked with his players in training, he watched games from the directors' box and never indulged in team talks or spoke to his players at half-time or post-match. Maley would not even announce the team: players learned if they were in or out through reading the line-up in the newspaper.

Celtic had been a buying club in their opening decade, spending heavily to bring professionals to the club. Maley decided to scrap that and rely almost entirely on recruiting youngsters fresh from junior football.

Maley created a young team who won six consecutive league titles in a row between 1905 and 1910 and won the first Scottish League and Scottish Cup doubles. They were the best team in Glasgow, and the six-in-a-row record remained unbroken until the 1960s. As his six-in-a-row team began to age, Maley set about the task of building a younger team. This younger side, which included Patsy Gallacher and the apparently 'ageless' Jimmy McMenemy, won four league titles in succession between 1914 and 1917. They also set a UK record for an unbeaten run in professional football, 62 games (49 won, 13 drawn) from 13 November 1915 until 21 April 1917, which stood until it was broken by Brendan Rodgers' Celtic in November 2017.

That side won two more titles, in 1919 and 1922. Celtic continued to gather trophies throughout the 1920s and in the mid-1930s Maley built his third great team, featuring Jimmy Delaney and Jimmy McGrory. This side won the league title in 1936 and 1938 and the Scottish Cup in 1937. By then, Maley was approaching 70. The Maley years ended in a less than happy fashion. With Celtic at the bottom of the table, Maley finally retired after a meeting with the board of directors in February 1940. He was the longest-serving manager in Celtic's history. In his 43 years as manager, he won 16 Scottish League championships, 14 Scottish Cups, 14 Glasgow Cups and 19 Glasgow Charity Cups.

Cultural references
His Celtic career is detailed in the song Willie Maley, written by David Cameron, one of the most popular Celtic songs among fans.

Player

 * Celtic (1888–1897)
 * Scottish League champions (3): 1892–93, 1893–94, 1895–96
 * Scottish Cup (1): 1891–92
 * Glasgow Cup (4): 1890–91, 1891–92, 1894–95, 1895–96
 * Glasgow Charity Cup (5): 1891–92, 1892–93, 1893–94, 1894–95, 1895–96
 * Glasgow North Eastern Cup: 1889–90
 * Clydesdale Harriers Cup: 1889
 * Kilsyth Charity Cup: 1889

Manager

 * Celtic (1897–1940)
 * Scottish League (16): 1897–98, 1904–05, 1905–06, 1906–07, 1907–08, 1908–09, 1909–10, 1913–14, 1914–15, 1915–16, 1916–17, 1918–19, 1921–22, 1925–26, 1935–36, 1937–38
 * Scottish Cup (14): 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1903–04, 1906–07, 1907–08, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1913–14, 1922–23, 1924–25, 1926–27, 1930–31, 1932–33, 1936–37
 * Empire Exhibition Cup: 1938*
 * British League Cup: 1902
 * Budapest Cup: 1914
 * Glasgow Cup (14): 1904–05, 1905–06, 1906–07, 1907–08, 1909–10, 1915–16, 1916–17, 1919–20, 1920–21, 1926–27, 1927–28, 1928–29, 1930–31, 1938–39
 * Glasgow Charity Cup (18): 1898–99, 1902–03, 1904–05, 1907–08, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1913–14, 1914–15, 1915–16, 1916–17, 1917–18, 1919–20, 1920–21, 1923–24, 1925–26, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38
 * Glasgow League: 1898–99
 * Inter City League: 1899–1900
 * War Fund Shield: 1917–18
 * St Vincent De Paul Cup: 1928

Individual

 * 5th most decorated manager of all time (31 trophies)
 * Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2009 induction

title: Willie Maley


text:
Carlin America

Carlin America is an American music publisher with a catalog of over 100,000 titles. The company, created under its current name in 1995 by its founder Freddy Bienstock, is headquartered on East 38th Street in Manhattan. Bienstock died on September 29, 2009, after which Carlin Music was run by his children Robert and Caroline (after whom the publisher was named).

As of January 2018, Carlin operates as a division of American music publisher Round Hill Music.

History
In 1966 Freddy Bienstock acquired Belinda Music Publishing, which he renamed Carlin Music Corporation after his daughter, Caroline. He soon expanded the Carlin Music catalog by associations with such hit makers as Leiber & Stoller in addition to representing Atlantic Records and Motown Records. Carlin was then named Publisher of the Year by Music Week for ten consecutive years.

In partnership with Leiber & Stoller, Bienstock later formed Hudson Bay Music as the publisher's American business. Located in New York City on the top floor of the legendary Broadway landmark Brill Building, Hudson Bay rapidly acquired such major assets as the TM Music and Faithful Virtue Music catalogs, whose artists included Bobby Darin, Tim Hardin and John Sebastian, and the label and publishing divisions of Starday and King Records. His holdings were further enlarged by the acquisitions of the music publishing interests of The New York Times, the preeminent Broadway show catalog of its era, with scores such as Fiddler on the Roof, 'Cabaret', 'Company', 'Follies', 'Godspell', and hits by songwriters Peter Allen, Marvin Hamlisch, and Carole Bayer Sager.

After his partnership with Leiber and Stoller ended in 1980, Bienstock, along with the estates of Rodgers and Hammerstein, acquired Edward B. Marks Music Corporation, whose songwriters included George M. Cohan, Billie Holiday, Ernesto Lecuona, and Jim Steinman, in addition to composers such as William Bolcom, Norman Dello Joio and Roger Sessions.

In 1984, Bienstock and PolyGram acquired Chappell & Co. and became Chappell's Worldwide President, with Carlin becoming an administered company. After PolyGram sold Chappell to Warner Music Group, thus forming Warner Chappell Music, Bienstock restructured Carlin as an independent international publishing organization with Carlin Music as the London-based main office for the company's UK and European operations.

In September 2017, Round Hill Music agreed to acquire Carlin for $245 million. The deal was completed in late 2017, and was officially announced on January 10, 2018.

Catalog
Carlin's song publishing includes over 100,000 songs, including

 * "Back in Black" (and other songs by AC/DC)
 * "Body and Soul" (recorded by Paul Whiteman, Ruth Etting, Louis Armstrong, Benny Goodman, Tony Bennett, Thelonious Monk, Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, The Manhattan Transfer, among others)
 * "Fever (1956 song)" (Recorded By *Peggy Lee, Madonna, Buddy Guy, Ray Charles and Natalie Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Grateful Dead, Beyoncé, among Others.)
 * "Happy Together" (recorded by the Turtles, Frank Zappa, Captain & Tennille, the Nylons, Mel Tormé, Donny Osmond, Simple Plan, among others)
 * "Holy Diver" (and other songs written by Ronnie James Dio)
 * "I Got You (I Feel Good)" (by James Brown)
 * "Owner of a Lonely Heart" (and other songs by Yes)
 * "Paradise by the Dashboard Light", "Total Eclipse of the Heart" (and other songs by Jim Steinman)
 * "She Blinded Me with Science" (by Thomas Dolby)
 * "Sky Pilot (and other songs by the Animals)
 * "The Twist" by Hank Ballard (covered by Chubby Checker)
 * "Video Killed The Radio Star" (written by Bruce Woolley, Trevor Horn and Geoff Downes)
 * "What a Wonderful World" (written by George Weiss and Bob Thiele, performed by Louis Armstrong)

as well as the musical scores of Cabaret, Fiddler on the Roof, Company and Follies.

Imprints
Carlin America owns the rights to all or part of the following publishing imprints: • Alley Music Corp.

• Bienstock Publishing Co.

• Bro 'n Sis Music Inc.

• Carbert Music, Inc.

• Carlin America, Inc.

• Edward B. Marks Music Co.

• Elvis Music Inc.

• Family Style Publishing, Inc

• Fort Knox Music, Inc.

• Frank & Nancy Music Inc.

• Freddy Bienstock Music Co.

• Herald Square Music Inc.

• Johnny Bienstock Music, Inc.

• Mandy Music

• Piedmont Music Co.

• Range Road Music, Inc.

• Sis 'n Bro Music Inc.

• Solid Gold Records, Ltd.

• White Haven Music Inc.

External links and sources

 * About Carlin America, from their website
 * Imprints of Carlin America, from the Music Publishers Association website
 * Edward B. Marks Music Company, a subsidiary of Carlin America
 * Founder Freddy Bienstock's biography, from the ASCAP website

title: Carlin America


text:
Rajasthani languages

Rajasthani languages are a branch of Western Indo-Aryan languages. It is spoken primarily in Rajasthan and Malwa, and adjacent areas of Haryana, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in India. There are also speakers in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh. Rajasthani is also spoken to a lesser extent in Nepal where it is spoken by 25,394 people according to the 2011 Census of Nepal.

The term Rajasthani is also used to refer to a literary language mostly based on Marwari.

Geographical distribution
Most of the Rajasthani languages are chiefly spoken in the state of Rajasthan but are also spoken in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Rajasthani languages are also spoken in the Bahawalpur and Multan sectors of the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Tharparkar district of Sindh. It merges with Riasti and Saraiki in Bahawalpur and Multan areas, respectively. Many linguists (Shackle, 1976 and Gusain, 2000) agree that it shares many phonological (implosives), morphological (future tense marker and negation) and syntactic features with Riasti and Saraiki. A distribution of the geographical area can be found in 'Linguistic Survey of India' by George A. Grierson.

Speakers
Standard Rajasthani or Standard Marwari, a version of Rajasthani, the common lingua franca of Rajasthani people and is spoken by over 25 million people (2011) in different parts of Rajasthan. It has to be taken into consideration, however, that some speakers of Standard Marwari are conflated with Hindi speakers in the census. Marwari, the most spoken Rajasthani language with approximately 8 million speakers situated in the historic Marwar region of western Rajasthan.

Classification
The Rajasthani languages belong to the Western Indo-Aryan language family. However, they are controversially conflated with the Hindi languages of the Central-Zone in the Indian national census, among other places. The main Rajasthani subgroups are:

 * Rajasthani
 * Western Rajasthani
 * Marwari
 * Dhatki
 * Godwari
 * Shekhawati
 * Mewari
 * Bhilli-Banjara Adivasi
 * Wagdi
 * Lambadi
 * Ahirani
 * Saharia
 * Northern Rajasthani
 * Bagri
 * Eastern Rajasthani
 * Malvi
 * Ujjaini (Ujjain, Dhar, Indore, Dewas, Shajapur, Sehore districts)
 * Rajawadi (Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch districts)
 * Umathwadi (Rajgarh district)
 * Sondhwadi (Jhalawar district)
 * Bhoyari/Pawari (Betul, Chhindwara, Pandhurna, Wardha Districts)
 * Dhundhari
 * Jaipuri
 * Nagarchol
 * Harauti
 * Nimadi

Official status
George Abraham Grierson (1908) was the first scholar who gave the designation 'Rajasthani' to the language, which was earlier known through its various dialects.

India's National Academy of Literature, the Sahitya Akademi, and University Grants Commission recognize Rajasthani as a distinct language, and it is taught as such in Bikaner's Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Jaipur's University of Rajasthan, Jodhpur's Jai Narain Vyas University, Kota's Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University and Udaipur's Mohanlal Sukhadia University. The state Board of Secondary Education included Rajasthani in its course of studies, and it has been an optional subject since 1973. National recognition has lagged, however.

In 2003, the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution to insert recognition of Rajasthani into the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India. In May 2015, a senior member of the pressure group Rajasthani Bhasha Manyata Samiti said at a New Delhi press conference: "Twelve years have passed, but there has absolutely been no forward movement."

All 25 Members of Parliament elected from Rajasthan state, as well as former Chief Minister, Vasundhara Raje Scindia, have also voiced support for official recognition of the language.

In 2019 Rajasthan Government included Rajasthani as a language subject in state's open school system.

A committee was formed by the Government in March 2023 to make Rajasthani an official language of the state after huge protests by the youths of Rajasthani Yuva Samiti

Grammar
Rajasthani is a head-final, or left-branching language. Adjectives precede nouns, direct objects come before verbs, and there are postpositions. The word order of Rajasthani is SOV, and there are two genders and two numbers. There are no definite or indefinite articles. A verb is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be, marking tense and mood, and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have a morphological basis. It shares a 50%-65% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a Swadesh 210 word list comparison). It has many cognate words with Hindi. Notable phonetic correspondences include /s/ in Hindi with /h/ in Rajasthani. For example /sona/ 'gold' (Hindi) and /hono/ 'gold' (Marwari). /h/ sometimes elides. There are also a variety of vowel changes. Most of the pronouns and interrogatives are, however, distinct from those of Hindi.

The phonetic characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit, surviving in Rajasthani language, is the series of "retroflex" or "cerebral" consonants, ṭ (ट), ṭh (ठ), ḍ (ड), ḍh (ढ), and ṇ (ण). These to the Indians and Rajasthani are quite different from the "dentals", t (त), th (थ), d (द), dh (ध), n (न) etc. though many Europeans find them hard to distinguish without practice as they are not common in European languages. The consonant ḷ(ळ) is frequently used in Rajasthani, which also occurs in vedic and some prakrits, is pronounced by placing the tongue on the top of the hard palate and flapping it forward. In common with most other Indo-Iranian languages, the basic sentence typology is subject–object–verb. On a lexical level, Rajasthani has perhaps a 50 to 65 percent overlap with Hindi, based on a comparison of a 210-word Swadesh list. Most pronouns and interrogative words differ from Hindi, but the language does have several regular correspondences with, and phonetic transformations from, Hindi. The /s/ in Hindi is often realized as /h/ in Rajasthani – for example, the word 'gold' is /sona/ (सोना) in Hindi and /hono/ (होनो) in the Marwari dialect of Rajasthani. Furthermore, there are a number of vowel substitutions, and the Hindi /l/ sound (ल) is often realized in Rajasthani as a retroflex lateral /ɭ/ (ळ).
 * Use of retroflex consonants

Phonology
Rajasthani has 11 vowels and 38 consonants. The Rajasthani language Bagri has developed three lexical tones: low, mid and high.

Morphology
Rajasthani has two numbers and two genders with three cases. Postpositions are of two categories, inflexional and derivational. Derivational postpositions are mostly omitted in actual discourse.

Syntax

 * Rajasthani belongs to the languages that mix three types of case marking systems: nominative – accusative: transitive (A) and intransitive (S) subjects have similar case marking, different from that of transitive object (O); absolutive-ergative (S and O have similar marking, different from A), tripartite (A, S and O have different case marking). There is a general tendency existing in the languages with split nominal systems: the split is usually conditioned by the referents of the core NPs, the probability of ergative marking increasing from left to right in the following nominal hierarchy: first person pronouns – second person pronouns – demonstratives and third person pronouns – proper nouns – common nouns (human – animate – inanimate). Rajasthani split case marking system partially follows this hierarchy:first and second person pronouns have similar A and S marking, the other pronouns and singular nouns are showing attrition of A/S opposition.
 * Agreement: 1. Rajasthani combines accusative/tripartite marking in nominal system with consistently ergative verbal concord: the verb agrees with both marked and unmarked O in number and gender (but not in person — contrast Braj). Another peculiar feature of Rajasthani is the split in verbal concord when the participial component of a predicate agrees with O-NP while the auxiliary verb might agree with A-NP. 2. Stative participle from transitive verbs may agree with the Agent. 3. Honorific agreement of feminine noun implies masculine plural form both in its modifiers and in the verb.
 * In Hindi and Punjabi only a few combinations of transitive verbs with their direct objects may form past participles modifying the Agent: one can say in Hindi:'Hindī sīkhā ādmī' – 'a man who has learned Hindi' or 'sāṛī bādhī aurāt' – 'a woman in sari', but *'kitāb paṛhā ādmī 'a man who has read a book' is impossible. Semantic features of verbs whose perfective participles may be used as modifiers are described in (Dashchenko 1987). Rajasthani seems to have less constrains on this usage, compare bad in Hindi but normal in Rajasthani.
 * Rajasthani has retained an important feature of ergative syntax lost by the other representatives of Modern Western New Indo-Aryan (NIA), namely, the free omission of Agent NP from the perfective transitive clause.
 * Rajasthani is the only Western NIA language where the reflexes of Old Indo-Aryan synthetic passive have penetrated into the perfective domain.
 * Rajasthani as well as the other NIA languages shows deviations from Baker's 'mirror principle', that requires the strict pairing of morphological and syntactic operations (Baker 1988). The general rule is that the 'second causative' formation implies a mediator in the argument structure. However, some factors block addition of an extra agent into the causative construction.
 * In the typical Indo-Aryan relative-correlative construction the modifying clause is usually marked by a member of the "J" set of relative pronouns, adverbs and other words, while the correlative in the main clause is identical with the remote demonstrative (except in Sindhi and in Dakhini). Gujarati and Marathi frequently delete the preposed "J" element. In Rajasthani the relative pronoun or adverb may also be deleted from the subordinate clause but – as distinct from the neighbouring NIA – relative pronoun or adverb may be used instead of correlative.
 * Relative pronoun 'jakau' may be used not only in relative/correlative constructions, but also in complex sentences with "cause/effect" relations.

Categorisation and sources
These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tadbhav, tatsam, and loanwords.

Tadbhav
tadbhava, "of the nature of that". Rajasthani is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Rajasthani tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources:

Tatsam
tatsama, "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan, it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves.

Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms, often being calques. An example is telephone, which is Greek for "far talk", translated as durbhāṣ. Most people, though, just use phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance.

So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsams and their derived tadbhavs can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning:

What remains are words of foreign origin (videśī), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (deśaj). The former consists mainly of Persian, Arabic, and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish. While the phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it is being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav.

Perso-Arabic
India was ruled for many centuries by Persian-speaking Muslims, amongst the most notable being the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal dynasty. As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke. Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenised. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Rajasthani-ized. dāvo – claim, fāydo – benefit, natījo – result, and hamlo – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o. khānũ – compartment, has the neuter ũ. Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karnũ, a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlnũ – to admit (fault), kharīdnũ – to buy, kharǎcnũ – to spend (money), gujarnũ – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel.

Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary so that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā, neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z is not upheld in Rajasthani and corresponds to j or jh. In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Rajasthani and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia, perhaps 500 years ago.

Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Rajasthani are, met up in some instances with its cognates:

Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati.

English
With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonial rule, and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglophone dominance in the Republic of India. Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that already have Rajasthani counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences. See Hinglish, Code-switching.

In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals. Two new characters were created in Rajasthani to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Rajasthani-ization in sound vary. Some words do not go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying of dentals. See Indian English.

As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Rajasthani o over English "s". Also, with Rajasthani having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning.

 * 1 These English forms are often used (prominently by NRIs) for those family friends and elders that are not actually uncles and aunts but are of the age.

Portuguese
The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects due to extensive trade. Rajasthani took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be (see Portuguese India, Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka). Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of.

 * 1 "To stretch (out)".
 * 2 Common occupational surname.
 * 3 "Master".

Loans into English
Bungalow— 1676, from Gujarati bangalo, from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in the Bengal style."

Coolie— 1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from koli, name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat.

Tank— c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken, or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back a current of water," from V.L. *stanticare (see stanch). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones.

Writing system
In India, Rajasthani is written in the Devanagari script, an abugida which is written from left to right. Earlier, the Mahajani script, or Modiya, was used to write Rajasthani. The script is also called as Maru Gurjari in a few records. In Pakistan, where Rajasthani is considered a minor language, a variant of the Sindhi script is used to write Rajasthani dialects.

The letter 'ळ'(ɭ) is specially used in Rajasthani script. 'ल'(l) and 'ळ'(ɭ) have different sounds. The use of both has different meanings, like कालौ (black color) and काळौ (insane).

In Rajasthani language, there are sounds of palatal 'श'(sh) and nasal 'ष'(sh), but in Rajasthani script only dental 'स'(s) is used for them. Similarly, in Rajasthani script, there is no independent sign for 'ज्ञ'(gya), instead 'ग्य'(Gya) is written in its place. In Rajasthani script, there is no sound of the conjuncts, for example, instead of the conjunct letter 'क्ष'(ksh), 'च'(Ch), 'क'(ka) or 'ख'(kha) is written, like लखण (Lakhan) of लक्षमण (Lakshan), लिछमण (Lichhman) of लक्ष्‍मण (Lakshman) and राकस (Rakas) of राक्षस (Rakshas). In Rajasthani script, there is no separate symbol for the sound of 'ऋ'(Ri), instead 'रि'(Ri) is written instead of it, like रितु (Ritu) (season) instead of ऋतु (Ritu). In Rajasthani, there is no use of ligatures and ref. The whole of ref 'र्' (r) becomes 'र' (ra), for example, instead of 'धर्म' (dharm), 'धरम'(dharam), instead of 'वक्त'(vakt) (time), 'वगत'(vagat) or 'वखत'(vakhat) are written. Single quotation mark (') is also used to denote continuation sound like देख'र(dekha'r) हरे'क (hare'k)(every) etc. अे (e) and अै (ai) are written instead of ए(e) and ऐ (ai) like 'अेक'(ek)(one) in place of 'एक'(ek).

Writing styles
Old literary Rajasthani had two types of writing styles

Dingal
A literary style of writing prose and poetry in Maru-Bhasa language. It is presented same in written and spoken form. Kushallabh's 'Pingali Shiromani', Giridhar Charan's 'Sagat Singh Raso' dedicated to Maharana Pratap's younger brother Shakti Singh has been written in Dingal language. It was also used in composition of Suryamal Misharan and Baankidas. Dingal is literary genre of Charans and is written as couplets, songs and poems.

Pingal
It was used for writing poem only by Bhats and Ravs. It is an amalgamation of Brij Bhasha and Rajasthani languages.

Prominent linguists
Linguists and their work and year: [Note: Works concerned only with linguistics, not with literature]
 * Ram Karan Asopa: Dingal Sabdkosh (Dingal Dictionary) :Rajasthani and Marwari, 1890–1920
 * George Macalister: Dhundhari and Shekhawati, 1892
 * L. P. Tessitori: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1914–16
 * George Abraham Grierson: Almost all the dialects of Rajasthani, 1920
 * Kan Singh Parihar: English, Sanskrit, Hindi, Marwari, Rajasthani, 1940
 * Saubhagya Singh Shekhawat Rajasthani, Rajasthani Shabd-Kosh part I Sanshodhan Parivardhan, 1945–present
 * Suniti Kumar Chatterjee: Rajasthani, 1948–49
 * Sita Ram Lalas: Rajasthani language, 1950–1970
 * W.S. Allen: Harauti and Rajasthani, 1955–60
 * Narottam Das Swami: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1960
 * K. C. Agrawal: Shekhawati, 1964
 * John D. Smith: Rajasthani, 1970–present
 * J. C. Sharma: Gade lohar, Bagri or Bhili, Gojri, 1970–present
 * Kali Charan Bahl: Rajasthani, 1971–1989
 * Christopher Shackle: Bagri and Saraiki, 1976
 * David Magier: Marwari, 1983
 * Peter E. Hook: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1986
 * Lakhan Gusain: all the dialects of Rajasthani, 1990–present
 * Liudmila Khokhlova: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1990–present
 * Anvita Abbi: Bagri, 1993
 * Maxwell P Philips: Bhili, 2000–present.
 * Gopal Parihar: Bagri, 2004–present
 * Amitabh V. Dwivedi: Hadoti, 2015
 * Gulab Chand: Hadoti, 2018

Sample text
The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations):
 * Rajasthani in Devanagari Script

 * Hindi in Devanagari Script
 * अनुच्छेद १(एक): सभी मनुष्य जन्म से स्वतन्त्र तथा मर्यादा और अधिकारों में समान होते हैं। वे तर्क और विवेक से सम्पन्न हैं तथा उन्हें भ्रातृत्व की भावना से परस्पर के प्रति कार्य करना चाहिए।

 * Transliteration (ISO):

 * Gloss (word-to-word):
 * Article 1 (one) – All humans birth from independent and dignity and rights in equal are. They logic and conscience from endowed are and they fraternity in the spirit of each other towards work should.

 * Translation (grammatical):
 * Article 1 – All humans are born independent and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with logic and conscience and they should work towards each other in the spirit of fraternity.

Media
First news paper published in Rajasthani was Rajputana Gazette published from Ajmer in 1885. First film made in Rajasthani was Nazrana in 1942. Stage app is first OTT plateform in Rajasthani and Haryanvi and Gangaur TV is the first TV chennal in Rajasthani. All India Radio air and publish news in Rajasthani language

Language movement
A movement is ongoing in Rajasthan since independence of India to include Rajasthani language in the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution and making it the official language of the state of Rajasthan. In recent years the movement is getting rooted among the youths.

Challenges and Preservation Efforts
The Rajasthani language faces several issues, including:

Despite being widely spoken, Rajasthani lacks official status in India. It is often classified under Hindi in government documents and the census, which undermines its distinct identity. This also means it is not listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, depriving it of the support and promotion that other scheduled languages receive.
 * 1. Lack of Official Recognition:

Rajasthani comprises numerous dialects, such as Marwari, Mewari, Shekhawati, and Hadoti, among others. The lack of a standardized form makes it difficult to unify and promote the language effectively and can lead to fragmentation in efforts to preserve and promote the language.
 * 2. Standardization Challenges:

Rajasthani is not widely taught in schools. The educational system predominantly uses Hindi or English, leading to a decline in the younger generation's proficiency in their native tongue. This lack of formal education and institutional support further contributes to the erosion of the language.
 * 3. Educational Neglect:

There is limited representation of Rajasthani in mainstream media, including television, radio, and print. This lack of visibility reduces the language's presence in everyday life and its prestige among speakers.
 * 4. Media Representation:

Although Rajasthani has a rich literary tradition, contemporary literary output and publishing are limited. This affects the development and modernization of the language and hinders efforts to preserve its cultural heritage.
 * 5. Literary Development:

Urbanization and migration often lead speakers to prioritize learning Hindi or English for better economic and social opportunities. This shift can lead to a decrease in the use of Rajasthani in daily life and a decline in language transmission to future generations.
 * 6. Economic and Social Pressures:

As younger generations shift to Hindi or English, the transmission of Rajasthani to future generations is at risk, potentially leading to language erosion. In many families, younger generations are not learning Rajasthani at home, often due to the preference for more dominant languages.
 * 7. Linguistic Erosion:

Addressing these issues requires concerted efforts from the government, educational institutions, and cultural organizations to promote and preserve the Rajasthani language. Efforts to improve official recognition, standardize the language, enhance its presence in education and media, and support its literary and cultural development are crucial for its preservation and promotion.

title: Rajasthani languages


text:
Talk:Dave Stieb

Untitled
Steib wrote a book called, "Someday I'll Be Perfect" or something like this back in the day. I can't find it online, anywhere! Does anybody have any ideas? It's actually called 'Tomorrow, I'll Be Perfect' with Kevin Boland. And his name is spelled Stieb. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lcorbyn (talk • contribs) 14:57, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

Removing POV
I've removed the following passage from the article: ''Given his accomplishments on the field, this must be attributable in part to the simple fact that the "baseball writers OF AMERICA" just didn't see him enough, playing home games in Toronto, Canada. Sadder still, this suggests the voting process weighs stats less than anecdotes and good memories of the writers; players that have not made lasting positive impressions on the writers, for whatever reason, may not get votes they otherwise should, regardless their on-field accomplishments (see Barry Bonds).'' Let's be fair, Stieb won 176 games over his career, far fewer than non Hall of Fame contemporaries like Jack Morris and Orel Hershiser. If Stieb gets in with that modest win total, does that mean David Wells (227 wins) Jamie Moyer (205 wins), Kevin Brown (211 wins), Bob Welch (205 wins) and Kenny Rogers (190 wins) are also hall-worthy? You'd be hard-pressed to find writers willing to vote any of the above-mentioned pitchers in. Even had Stieb played his career for the Dodgers or Yankees, his career numbers don't warrant Hall of Fame entry, regardless of the positive impressions he made during his career. Yankees76 15:23, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

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World Series Champion?
I see that there's a back and forth in the edits of this page on whether or not Dave Stieb is World Series Champion. It would be good to have some information here on the debate rather than just continuous edits. (At the time of writing this he is listed as a World Series Champion in his "Awards and accomplishments" but not in 'Career highlights and awards") What are the protocols on writing about on players who were on the rosters but injured for the finals? I look forward to hearing what others think. Thanks, Oangie (talk) 02:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Stieb


text: Category:Food manufacturers of Hong Kong


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kukkuthakatte

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep moink 02:15, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Kukkuthakatte
2 Google hits - all mirrors of wikipedia. The city and district exist but this "place" doesn't on Google. I'm sure this well may be real. Conflicted and interested to see how the votes decide. Lotsofissues 10:16, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 10:52, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * From same contributor as Ullal, which turned out to be real. Keep or merge with Manipal. -- Uppland 23:16, 26 Apr 2005
 * Keep. Enough information there for verifiability.  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:06, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Tabor (Australia)

Tabor College is an Australian Christian tertiary college offering a range of liberal arts courses from certificate to post-graduate studies in the areas of counselling, education, ministry, performing arts, mission, youth studies and humanities. The college is based in Adelaide, South Australia with a campus in Perth, Western Australia. The Adelaide campus, formerly including the national headquarters, is housed in heritage listed buildings in Millswood, which were formerly the Goodwood Orphanage and more recently an education centre. The Tabor Institute of Music (TIM) established in 2022 provides short courses, professional development and specialist music facilities.

History
Tabor had its origins in the then Christian Revival Crusade (now CRC Churches International), a Pentecostal denomination. It has retained its charismatic ethos and established itself as a liberal arts institution with many students and faculty coming from mainline churches. These include the Anglican, Baptist, Churches of Christ, Uniting Church in Australia churches, as well as many Pentecostal groups. Tabor seeks to ensure all its programmes are: Scripture-based, Christ-centred, academically sound, ministry-oriented, positively expressed and spiritually empowered.

Tabor's founding principal was Pastor Barry Chant, now retired from the role of pastor of the International Congregation at Wesley Mission in Sydney. Chant is the author of several books including a history of Pentecostalism in Australia called Heart of Fire (1984, Adelaide: Tabor). Chant started the college in Adelaide with co-founder Dennis Slape.

The name and logo of the college refers to Mount Tabor, Israel which, according to Christian tradition, was the site of the Transfiguration of Christ described in the gospels and Second Epistle of Peter.

Expansion and partnerships
The college expanded with new campuses in Melbourne in 1988 and Sydney and Perth in 1992. Kingsley College merged its higher education courses with Tabor Victoria in January 2008.

Successor colleges

 * New South Wales and Queensland: Australian College of Christian Studies (ACCS), established 2014
 * Victoria: Eastern College Australia established 2015.
 * Tasmania: Alphacrucis from 2016 incorporated Tabor Tasmania
 * South Australia and Western Australia: Tabor College main campus in Adelaide, the previously independent Tabor Perth merged with Tabor Adelaide in 2015 maintaining a Perth campus

Admission
The admission process for undergraduates is based on the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank and interviews held between the applicants and faculty.

Awards
Tabor College offers undergraduate Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Theology, Bachelor of Ministry and Bachelor of Intercultural Studies degrees, as well as Bachelor of Arts degrees in humanities, Bachelor of Social Science degrees in Counselling or Youthwork, and a variety of Bachelor of Education degrees. Tabor also offers master's degrees in all its faculties as well as a PhD in theology.

Associations
Tabor has formal links with a range of allied organisations including the South Pacific Association of Bible Colleges, the Association of Pentecostal and Charismatic Bible Colleges of Australasia, the Australian and New Zealand Theological Library Association, Unilinc and Missions Interlink.

title: Tabor (Australia)


text:
Sissy-Boy

Sissy-Boy, founded in 1982, is a Dutch high street clothing and accessories chain with over 45 stores in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

Merchandise
Besides clothes (for what is described as an "upscale" audience), the stores sell household textiles, such as drapes and curtains. After management realized that customers were often interested in the furniture in the stores, they started selling that too. Clothes and fabrics are designed in-house.

The company designs and sells tricot dresses with flower prints, based on the 1970s era wrap dress first designed by Diane von Fürstenberg, and reintroduced in the 1990s. In addition to their own designs, Sissy-Boy also sells tricot dresses by King Louie.

History
The first Sissy-Boy location was opened in Amsterdam in 1982 under the name Scoot by Michael Smit. Together with Romy Schneider, they began a clothing line, naming it "Sissy" after the nickname of Queen Elisabeth of Bavaria. The line's clothes were initially all sold as unisex, but expanded to include men's clothes. 'Boy' was then added to the name to reflect this change in focus.

, there were over thirty Sissy-Boy stores in the Netherlands, and one was opened in Antwerp, Belgium, in the summer of 2009. The company opened a "concept store" on the KNSM Island.

The company was bought by the Brand Retail Group in 2017, which said in 2019 it had always planned to sell it on. By 2018 they intensified their search for a buyer, since sales were disappointing, but in 2019 the company was close to bankruptcy. In 2019, the company was indeed declared bankrupt at a time when a number of well-known Dutch chains of stores got in financial trouble. At the time, it had 45 stores in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, and 600 employees. The company was bought out by Termeer, a family company that owns a number of other clothing and shoe stores.

In 2021, an outlet store was opened in The Hague, a new store was opened in Brugge, Belgium, and Sissy-Boy started a capsule collection, their first, with Rachel van Sas.

title: Sissy-Boy


text:
Kandi

Kandi may refer to:

Geography

 * Kandi, Benin, a town, arrondissement, and commune in Benin
 * Kandi I, Kandi II, and Kandi III, arrondissements (administrative divisions) in Benin
 * Kandi, Iran, in Fars Province, Iran
 * Kandi, Balochistan, a town in Balochistan, Pakistan
 * Kandi, Murshidabad, a town in West Bengal, India
 * Kandi subdivision, a subdivision of Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India
 * Kandi (community development block), in Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India
 * Kandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency), in Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India
 * Kandi, Ardabil, a village in Iran
 * Kandi, Sangareddy, a Mandal in Telangana, India

People

 * Kandi Burruss (born 1976), a rhythm and blues singer/songwriter
 * Daniel Kandi (born 1983), a Danish trance producer and disc jockey
 * Kandi, fictional ex-girlfriend of Alan Harper (Two and a Half Men)
 * Ibrahim Wisan (born 1977), a Maldivian cinematographer, actor and director nicknamed Kandi

Other uses

 * Kandi Technologies, Chinese manufacturer of electric cars
 * Kandi, the name of the tree Prosopis cineraria in the Sindhi language
 * Kandi bracelet, often worn at American raves
 * "Kandi", the third single from Arash's second album Donya (album)
 * "Kandi", a single by One Eskimo

title: Kandi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Burnt face man

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete moink 12:05, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Burnt face man
Not notable, doesn't distinguish, half-complete stub which I don't even know what its referring to. Should be deleted. -- Natalinasmpf 10:20, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * David Firth might be notable enough to warrant an article, see Salad Fingers for some of his other work, but Burnt Face Man is a "series" of two animations, and not encyclopedic. Delete Anilocra 14:03, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: promo, insignificant. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:24, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 06:55, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a funny cartoon, and it's not as psychotic as Firth's other cartoons, but it's not as popular as Salad Fingers to merit its own article. Nestea 00:32, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Ahasuerus

CV
A prolific poster on the [news:rec.art.sf.written rec.art.sf.written] Usenet newsgroup in the mid-1990s, Ahasuerus was a regular Wikipedia contributor from mid-2005 to mid-2006, but has been on an extended sabbatical since then. Primary areas of interest include history as well as genre biographies and bibliographies. At the moment he is mostly active as an Internet Speculative Fiction Database moderator.

Places to visit
Portal:Speculative fiction/Article announcements New and improved articles about science fiction, fantasy and horror. Join the fun if you are a genre bibliographer at heart :)

Miscellanea
WP:AIV -- a place to report abuse.

title: User:Ahasuerus


text: User talk:3.141592653

title: User talk:3.141592653