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Talk:Human wave attack

Red Army during WWII
There is an issue with this article around the vagueness of the term “human-wave attack” and its tendency to be applied only as a derogatory term against the opposing side in a war. This is most clearly demonstrated by the inclusion of the Red Army during the Second World War, a contention which is completely out of step with historical academia.

The exact nature of attacks during the Winter War is debatable, but it’s inclusion in this article is certainly warranted by the weight of scholarly evidence as evidenced by the strong sources in that section. The section on the Second World War itself, however, is supported by only a single source from the questionable website historynet.com written in 1999 by an American author whose primary qualifications seem to be his work as a consultant in Hollywood. The article discusses the battle at Seelow Heights exclusively, and the only instance of the phrase “human-wave attack” appearing is a completely unsourced statement that a supposed German officer named “Heinz Wilker” (I could find no evidence that such an officer even existed) had “personally held off 14 human-wave attacks… at Stalingrad”.

I personally find these claims doubtful in the extreme and additionally point out the impossibility in disproving a statement supposedly made only once and in passing more than 50 years before the article was published. The section on the Red Army in WWII will thus require a genuine and verifiable source which provides specific examples in order to avoid outright deletion.

I will also point out that the academic community has largely rejected accusations that the Red Army engaged in human-wave attacks against the German military on the Eastern Front, with many pointing to orders issued by the Stavka specifically forbidding such assaults (including one issued by Zhukov declaring that officers ordering frontal infantry assaults were committing criminal acts) and the fact that Nazi propaganda routinely portrayed defeats of their forces by Communist enemies as the result of enormous human waves overwhelming German positions in order to cover up German failures on the battlefield.

This article requires a lot of additional work and cleanup, most clearly evidenced by the claims made of the Red Army during WWII. Puma6374 (talk) 16:49, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

I agree with everything you've said and would be okay with removing and replacing the dubiously sourced text entirely. Carlp941 (talk) 17:53, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

I just want to point out that one of the sources given for the Stalingrad human wave attack claim is:

This webpage appears to be a translation of German war propaganda. I have no reason to doubt that the University's translation of this is accurate. But Nazi German war propaganda can NOT be used as a source since it is both WP:FRINGE and a WP:Primary source. This is a good example of a bad citation. selfworm Talk ) 19:40, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Absolutely. I've removed the claim about Stalingrad. Definitely requires further investigation as to whether Finnish-perspective accounts can be considered reliable for this. Kges1901 (talk) 20:27, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

2022 russian invasion of Ukraine
Should we mention this tactic being used in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by the Wagner Group?

86.130.93.91 (talk) 10:05, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

 * The second citation should be disregarded, its from a heavily biased subreddit with an out of context picture of men of unknown identification moving across a field. AmaduesALPHADELTA (talk) 14:24, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that Wagner has been conducting mainly squad-sized frontal assaults, which, while highly attritive, are nothing like the picture in the article. RadioactiveBoulevardier (talk) 08:27, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Wagner and the RAF have used barely trained, untrained, and poorly equipped convicts, mobilized, and volunteers to conduct multiple waves of essentially suicide attacks to tire out and deplete all the ammunition of Ukrainian troops with the objective of taking ground or softening up positions for assault by better troops. They have used barrier troops to enforce these wave assaults, arbitrarily executed their own who balk, and mistreated their own survivors of these actions. Because they’re not massed like in a particular picture of a nineteenth-century infantry assault, which may or may not represent a human wave attack, does not mean they’re not human wave attacks. —Michael Z. 15:20, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * ISW, for example, mentions this tactic by this name in multiple articles. —Michael Z. 15:24, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * If these are not human wave attacks, then there are no human wave attacks. GliderMaven (talk) 01:45, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The section as it stands now is clearly biased. One side 'claims' there are human wave attacks, then the author goes on to say that 'numerous sources' (who?) say they aren't HW attacks, and then lists two examples, one of them a YouTube video, the other an article that barely touches on the subject. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:464A:20B5:0:BD4B:7596:5028:9A42 (talk) 17:17, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
 * From what I've seen, there have been claims of both Russia and Ukraine using human wave tactics but no evidence. Also the media could confusing them with infiltration and shock tactics Salfanto (talk) 15:46, 7 May 2024 (UTC)
 * There's plenty of evidence indicating that Russia is using human wave attacks. What evidence is there suggesting that Ukraine is doing the same? Betelgeuse X (talk) 20:23, 7 May 2024 (UTC)
 * 1. Can we use the evidence as a source?
 * 2. What is the source?
 * 3. Again, is it being confused infiltration and shock tactics? Salfanto (talk) 16:09, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The evidence is in this article, see the sources listed. So again, what sources state that Ukraine is using human wave tactics? Betelgeuse X (talk) 20:04, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I think in regards to talking about supposed Human wave attacks from both the Russian and Ukrainian side, neutrality, not bias writing, and context is important. For example, the battles in which the claims of human wave attacks were made Salfanto (talk) 16:11, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Giving roughly equal WP:WEIGHT to Ukraine using human wave attacks as Russia whose tactics have been well published in WP:RS seems like a bizarre solution from a neutrality standpoint, if that's what you're actually concerned with. I don't even think that the sources you added mentioned the terms. TylerBurden (talk) 19:14, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The politico source mentioned "Syrskyi’s also known for leading forces into a meat grinder in Bakhmut, sending wave after wave of troops to face opposition fire." Here's the link to the source: https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/02/08/zaluzhny-is-out-the-butcher-is-in-00140206 Salfanto (talk) 20:06, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources state that Russia is using human wave tactics. List the sources stating that Ukraine is doing the same. Betelgeuse X (talk) 20:05, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * 1. Politico: "Syrskyi’s also known for leading forces into a meat grinder in Bakhmut, sending wave after wave of troops to face opposition fire." https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/02/08/zaluzhny-is-out-the-butcher-is-in-00140206
 * 2. Euromaidan Press "The surprising losses contributed to Ukraine pivoting to slowly rely primarily on dismounted infantry attacks on foot with light arms rather than risk additional vehicles." https://euromaidanpress.com/2023/12/07/why-ukraines-counteroffensive-failed-wp-analysis-in-7-minutes/
 * 3. Euromaidan Press "After abandoning armored attacks after the first days of heavy losses in the 2023 counteroffensive, Ukraine switched to infantry assaults to dredge through Russian minefields under drone-filled skies. The subsequent meager advances near Robotyne came at a great price" and "He sent soldiers to pointless assaults that gave only slight tactical gains without artillery support, leading to senseless death." https://euromaidanpress.com/2024/02/10/syrskyi-in-zaluzhnyi-out-what-to-expect-from-ukraines-army-reshuffle/
 * 4. David Axe from Forbes "Several Ukrainian vehicles took hits—and the assault collapsed. The surviving infantry bailed out of their MaxxPros. Some retreated north; others scurried south toward Novodarivka. Desperate to support the soldiers heading south, Ukrainian commanders ordered a second breach of the minefield. But the result was the same. “Two more Russian tanks emerged, moving at pace toward the column and firing.”
 * By now it was clear to the Ukrainians that a frontal assault was suicide. But with a platoon-size force—several dozen soldiers, all survivors of the initial two breaches—isolated on the northern edge of Novodarivka, commanders were confronted with an impossible choice: abandon the survivors, or risk a third assault.
 * They chose the latter—and got lucky. “One group in platoon strength worked its way along the breach, using the immobilized vehicles as cover, while fires suppressed the Russian positions,” Watling and Reynolds wrote. “Another platoon situated to the west noted that a fold of dead ground had become viable as the repositioning of Russian forces in the village removed it from view, while dense foliage prevented overhead observation by drones.” https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/09/06/disastrous-armored-assaults-taught-the-ukrainian-army-to-flank-russian-defenses-instead/?sh=3d571cb92fb1
 * 5. TASS (note that TASS is state media) "The Russian forces repelled several attacks in Rabotino (Ukrainian:Robotyne). The attacks of the Ukrainian Armed Forces do not stop, it’s wave after wave.https://tass.com/defense/1757377
 * 6. TASS "Kiev madly and recklessly sends more and more forces for 'meat assaults.' It is due to such frontal attacks that the enemy has heavy losses."https://tass.com/politics/1763299
 * RT also mentions Ukraine using "frontal assaults" and "waves" but wikipedia does not consider it to be a WP:RS source and it is on the Deprecated sources list. https://www.rt.com/russia/592184-ukraine-commander-syrsky-unpopular/ Salfanto (talk) 20:39, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Russian sources don't exactly qualify as "reliable".
 * This page provides a definition of a human wave attack:
 * "According to U.S. Army analyst Edward C. O'Dowd, the technical definition of a human wave attack tactic is a frontal assault by densely concentrated infantry formations against an enemy line, without any attempts to shield or to mask the attacker's movement. The goal of a human wave attack is to maneuver as many people as possible into close range, hoping that the shock from a large mass of attackers engaged in melee combat would force the enemy to disintegrate or fall back."
 * An infantry assault alone doesn't qualify as a human wave attack. It's the use of mass, whose intent is to overwhelm defenders, coupled with a disregard for losses incurred, that defines a human wave attack. Such as what is described in this article, where the term "human wave" is specifically used to describe Russian tactics. Russia's use of blocking units further reinforces the fact that Russia is using human wave tactics.
 * https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/human-wave-tactics-are-demoralizing-the-russian-army-in-ukraine/ Betelgeuse X (talk) 19:46, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * What about the other sources that I provided? Salfanto (talk) 22:02, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Sources 1 and 3 are sensationalized editorials, and Source 2 simply mentioned infantry tactics (and is also an editorial). Source 4 is written by David Axe, who is notorious for dramatic language and inaccurate assessments. And the rest, of course, is Russian state-run propaganda. Just-a-can-of-beans (talk) 23:41, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The article has a Poltico source when talking about Russia using the tactic. Also if we use Ukrainian sources that simply claim that Russia is using the tactic why can't we use Russian sources that claim that Ukraine is using the tactic? That's what I ment above about being non-bias Salfanto (talk) 00:05, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Atlantic Council is not a Ukrainian source. Betelgeuse X (talk) 04:57, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I know. I put the word also in an attempt to distinguish it. What I am trying to say is, if we can use Ukrainian sources that are not on the Deprecated sources list and claim that Russia is using the tactic, why can't we use Russian sources that are not on the Deprecated sources and claim that Ukraine is using the tactic? Salfanto (talk) 12:51, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * This guy did not replied to yours but replied to my comment about Russian allegation of human wave attacks recently knowing that he can't replies to yours, and undoing edits that Ukraine also "doing" such tactics, shows that this guy is pro Ukraine and disregard any edits that slightly negatively shows Ukraine as equally incompetent as the Russian. Despite according to the western sources that you have cited before that Ukrainian especially under syrsky command used the same infantry "meat grinder" tactics, the same they accused the Russian are doing, this guy refuse to accept the reality that Ukraine also allegedly doing it. Since there is evidence that both sides are conducting "human wave attacks" or its popular euphemism in the war "meat grinder" tactics by western media, and since Russo-Ukrainian War is also about Ukraine, it should have been included before as what your previous edit about Ukraine allegation of doing such tactics. Dauzlee (talk) 15:27, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * David Axe should have been ceased to be used as reliable source but still widely used by Wikipedia editor because "Russia bad high casualties" and this guy is perfect for it Dauzlee (talk) 06:41, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't see any reliable source indicating that Ukraine is using human wave tactics. Infantry assaults alone don't qualify as such. Betelgeuse X (talk) 04:57, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The politico source specifically mentions "wave after wave", the Forbes source mentions a frontal assault during the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, and Euromaidan Press mentions "dismounted infantry attacks". Per Wikipedia these are considered reliable sources Salfanto (talk) 12:48, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "A human wave attack, also known as a human sea attack,[1] is an offensive infantry tactic in which an attacker conducts an unprotected frontal assault with densely concentrated infantry formations against the enemy line, intended to overrun and overwhelm the defenders by engaging in melee combat."
 * The "wave after wave" quote by itself doesn't equate to a human wave attack: there's no indication that Ukrainian soldiers are trying to overwhelm defenders. Otherwise, every war in history would consist of human wave attacks. Obviously infantry will need to face enemy fire at some point. You either don't understand what a human wave attack actually is or you're choosing to ignore what it is. The sources stating that Russia is using these tactics make it perfectly clear what's happening. From the Telegraph source:
 * "The Russian tactic of sending “human waves” of poorly trained and poorly armed fighters into the line of fire to overwhelm the opposition has become increasingly common, according to military observers."
 * This by definition is a human wave attack. Betelgeuse X (talk) 14:41, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "there's no indication that Ukrainian soldiers are trying to overwhelm defenders." What the counteroffensives? Salfanto (talk) 19:16, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * What about the counteroffensives? For example, the one last year
 * Salfanto (talk) 19:49, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Do you have a source? Betelgeuse X (talk) 20:34, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I gave muliple above. All other than the RT one (which I used as an example of an unreliable source) are considered reliable by Wikipedia Salfanto (talk) 14:15, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Didn't we already go over this though? None of those sources describe Russia engaging in human wave attacks, given the definition of what a human wave attack actually constitutes. Betelgeuse X (talk) 19:09, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The article already mentions Russia using Human wave tactics. I was debating if we should add reliable sources of Ukraine using human wave tactics Salfanto (talk) 20:55, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Then why did you earlier trying so hard to claim the Russian used human wave attacks? Dauzlee (talk) 06:38, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Maybe we can start a request for comment for additional opinions. Betelgeuse X (talk) 19:13, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I think that would be a good idea. The politico source mentions Ukraine sending "wave after wave" which I'll link again.
 * Link:https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/02/08/zaluzhny-is-out-the-butcher-is-in-00140206 Salfanto (talk) 20:53, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * This is the only source you have brought forward that even comes close to saying what you want to say, or is reliable. The relevant bit is "But Syrskyi’s also known for leading forces into a meat grinder in Bakhmut, sending wave after wave of troops to face opposition fire. In the end, Kremlin-backed Wagner Group mercenaries captured the city."
 * Even then, the term "human wave attack" is never used specifically to describe his tactics. What part about WP:DUE and WP:SYNTH is it that you don't understand? TylerBurden (talk) 20:27, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Then why should these "meat grinder" tactics only apply to the Russians Dauzlee (talk) 06:37, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * This article is about human wave attacks. Multiple reliable sources state that Russia is using human wave attacks. Betelgeuse X (talk) 08:28, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * During the Korean War, US and UN forces claim that the Chinese used human wave attacks, which later disproven after the Korean war as misconception of Chinese infantry tactics. Iranian tactics during the Iran-Iraq War are also thought to be human wave attacks but later disputed by historian as also either Iraqi propaganda or misconception of Iranian infantry tactics. This also apply to current Russo-Ukrainian War, where ukrainian military and western media used the term as propaganda despite it is not what the Russian are doing. Western media is not 100% credible about the situation in the battlefield, considering their past fantastical claims of the war later proven false or nonsensical (for example Russian missile ran out as early as March 2022). Reputable western media such as New York Times once engaged in Yellow Journalism (according to Wikipedia itself: eye-catching headlines and sensationalized exaggerations for increased sales) back in 1898 during the Spanish American War, not impossible for the same media in the Ukraine war. Until there is credible analysis of Russian "human wave tactics" from reputable expert such as RUSI, all western media article about such claims should be regarded as ambiguous or unconfirmed such "claimed" or "reportedly" Dauzlee (talk) 15:05, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * A bunch of irrelevant whataboutism you've posted here. Betelgeuse X (talk) 19:14, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not saying whataboutism here, it's literally what happen in the war. No evidence of Russian human wave attacks other than ukrainian military claims Dauzlee (talk) 01:54, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
 * You have explicitly said that "Infantry assaults alone don't qualify as such (human wave)" then why Russian infantry assault is called as human wave attacks, despite there is no hard evidence that they really used such tactics. Dauzlee (talk) 15:31, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * While these are from website that Wikipedia consider as reliable, it doesn't mean Russia used human wave tactics, and contrary with what many video evidence shows Russian army offensive. Atlantic council said that "battlefield footage" prove the Russian used "human wave attacks". Many of the Russian army used frontal attack and while suicidal it does not fit the very definition of human wave attacks like what this Wikipedia article of human wave attacks explicitly described. The Russian also used a lot of IFVs to dismount when assaulting Ukrainian position, sometime with high casualties but still in contrast of human wave attacks that described as unprotected infantry attacks. Western medias conflated high casualties with human wave attacks. Dauzlee (talk) 06:36, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Multiple reliable sources state that Russia is using human wave attacks. So yes, Russia is using human wave tactics. Betelgeuse X (talk) 08:30, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * List me some source so I can analyze what they said about the so called "human wave attacks" used by Russia Dauzlee (talk) 14:50, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/human-wave-tactics-are-demoralizing-the-russian-army-in-ukraine/ Betelgeuse X (talk) 19:15, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Not enough evidence to proof it was Russian human wave attacks. It cited other news who also "claimed" or citing Ukrainian military without a single image or video to proof Russia using human wave tactics. The article literally said "unconfirmed" while the mentioned vuhledar assault is using tanks and armored vehicle (opposite to human wave), bakhmut is "claimed casualties" while there is no evidence to proof the mentioned "extensive battlefield footage". Human wave attacks happen when an army using massive concentration of soldiers to overwhelm defense, the problem is this does not happen in the war for both sides because of constant surveillance makes such concentration impossible due to vulnerability to missiles and drones, what make it ridiculous is that most of the time the Russian send small formation of infantry instead of massive number of men and the Russian are actively trying to use cover such as camouflaging, or at night before assaulting Ukrainian position, very opposite to the human wave tactics that described here. Western media conflated infantry assaults and high casualties with human wave tactics. Are WW1 German stormtroopers using human wave tactics? Did US at Normandy, using infantry to assault German machine guns and bunkers, and without tanks (most modified amphibious Sherman tanks did not arrive at destination and sank into the sea) as human wave attacks? Come one man use common sense. For this kind of source it should be using "claimed" or "allegedly". Dauzlee (talk) 02:13, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
 * First the typical "not enough evidence" absurdity, despite there being numerous reliable sources indicating otherwise, followed by the typical whataboutism-filled rant. Betelgeuse X (talk) 07:24, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
 * And you still don't understand what the term "human wave attack" means. I've already gone over this with another user in this talk page. I'm not going to do so again. Betelgeuse X (talk) 07:27, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

Human wave attack is not the same thing as frontal assault
Combat in the American Civil War and WWI is not defined as "human wave attack". It was conventional linear formation combat. The term "human wave" infers a less organized attack meant to swamp with overwhelming numbers, which was not the case in previous wars, and the very nature of the term implies that the tactics are being used in a modern battlefield in place of more conventional tactics. By the definition of this article every attack made through most of history was a "human wave attack". The American Civil War was one of the first where attacks were made WITHOUT the intent of using a bayonet charge as the ultimate confrontation.

Idumea47b (talk) 20:18, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Double standard of Russia-Ukraine War
"Human wave attacks" is more like propaganda statement than the military reality. Why russian infantry assault is described as meat waves or human wave but Ukraine, also allegedly using "meat waves" especially under syrsky command according to the mainstream media itself are not acceptable by wiki editor when the war itself involve both side? There is no evidence of Russia using human waves or meat waves (often synonymous with human waves), which by definition of the wiki itself: "attacker conducts an unprotected frontal assault with densely concentrated infantry formations against the enemy line, intended to overrun and overwhelm the defenders" or according to U.S. Army analyst Edward C. O'Dowd, also from this article: "the technical definition of a human wave attack tactic is a frontal assault by densely concentrated infantry formations against an enemy line, without any attempts to shield or to mask the attacker's movement" which does not happen in the war right now, especially Russian "densely concentrated infantry formations" that never reach more than a platoon. Forbes David Axe, that wikipedia article often used as source in russo Ukraine war despite someone here from other discussion topic saying he was sensationalist and shouldn't be used as source because David Axe also describing Ukrainian infantry assaults as "frontal suicidal attacks" (which is much a softer term than meat wave), even described russian dismounted infantry from IFVs (against the definition of human wave that being unprotected infantry assaults) as banzai attacks (Source: https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/02/26/modern-banzai-russian-troops-pile-onto-vehicles-speed-toward-ukrainian-lines--and-die-but-the-tactic-is-helping-russia-advance/?sh=7ed0ef2cb5ef) Dauzlee (talk) 03:18, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

 * So you just provided another source that literally mentions Russia using human wave attacks, great, adding it to the article. You can rant about your own WP:OR all you want, but Wikipedia editors are not WP:RS. Wikipedia documents what reliable sources say, and in this case they say that Russia is using human wave tactics during the invasion of Ukraine. If you can't accept established reliable sources on the English Wikipedia, then you should either raise your case on the WP:VILLAGEPUMP, choose another language, or edit another website altogether that aligns more with your views.
 * Wikipedia is not a place for WP:FRINGE theories, such as Ukraine with their already inferior manpower using human wave attacks. My edit summary in my latest edit was directed towards you, not @Salfonto (apologies), this type of editing is exactly what I meant when I contacted you on your talk page, and it seems nothing is improving. You are not even an extended confirmed editor, so you should probably read up on policies rather than trying to insert your own WP:OR and fringe views into articles. TylerBurden (talk) 20:52, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

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Amaravathi, Palnadu district

Amaravathi is a village on the banks of the Krishna River, in the Palnadu district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Amaravathi mandal, and forms part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region with its headquarters at new Amaravati 35 km east, whose name is also borrowed from that of the older Amaravathi.

Amaravathi was founded by Raja Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu in the 1790s as the new capital of his Zamindari estate. He moved there from his former capital Chintapalli in protest of alleged mistreatment by the British East India Company. Amaravathi is named after the ancient Amaravati Stupa, which was unearthed in the process of the town's construction. It is adjacent to the ancient Satavahana capital Dhanyakataka (now called Dharanikota).

Amaralingeswara temple in the village is one of the Pancharama Kshetras for Hindus. The place was also a historic Buddhist site, as shown by the presence of Amaravati Stupa built during the second century BCE and the third century CE, as well as the Dhyana Buddha statue, a large 21st-century Buddha statue in Dhyana posture. It is one of the sites selected for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme of Government of India, to preserve the rich cultural heritage of India.

Etymology
The word Amaravathi translates as the place for immortals. It was also known as Dhanyakataka and Andhranagari.

History
The recorded history of Amaravathi and nearby Dharanikota dates to the fifth century BCE. It is a town said " a continuous history of at least 2,300 years." It was the capital of Satavahanas who ruled from the third century BCE to the third century CE. After the decline of Satavahanas, Andhra Ikshvakus and later Pallava kings ruled the Krishna River valley. Subsequently, Eastern Chalukyas and Telugu Cholas held sway over the region, and it also became the third capital of the Vishnukundina empire. Kota Kings were in control of Amaravathi during the medieval times. Kota kings were subdued by Kakatiyas in the 11th century CE and Amaravathi became part of the unified Telugu empire. The Skanda Purana gives a picture of the place and the Siva temple located here.

Amaravathi was part of Delhi Sultanate, Musunuri Nayaks, Bahmani Sultanate, Vijayanagara Empire, Sultanate of Golconda and Mughal Empire successively before the founding of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1724. It was ceded to France in 1750 but was captured by England in 1759. Guntur returned to the Nizamate in 1768 but was ceded to England again in 1788. It was briefly occupied by Hyder Ali. It was part of the Madras Presidency during the British colonial period.

The Great Stūpa or Mahācaitya
The most important historic monument in Amaravathi village is the Mahachaitya. It is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India which maintains a site museum beside the ruins. In 2006 the Dalai Lama visited and performed Kalachakra Mahasamalanam during the Kalachakra festival.

Geography
Amaravathi is situated at 16.57944°N, 80.31111°W. It is spread over an area of 1524 ha.

Demographics

Census of India, the town had a population of 13,400 with 3,316 households. The total population constitute, 6,432 males and 6,958 females —a sex ratio of 1,082 females per 1,000 males. 1,321 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 647 are boys and 674 are girls —a ratio of 1,042 per 1,000. The average literacy rate stands at 71.34% with 8,617 literates, higher than the state average of 67.41%.

Government and politics
Amaravathi gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member. The village as a part of Amaravathi mandal, represents the Pedakurapadu assembly constituency. The present MLA representing the constituency is Sankara Rao Namburu of YSRCP.

Culture
The town is a centre of pilgrimage for both Hindus and Buddhists. The inscriptions on the walls of the Amareswara temple depicts the reign of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu who ruled before the advent of British rule. He was well known for his benevolence, munificence and for the construction of a large number of temples and education centres in the Krishna River delta. It also hosts a 125-foot tall statue of the Buddha, known as the Dhyana Buddha. The ancient structures and replicas can be found at Kalachakra museum, which was renamed the Amaravathi Heritage Centre and Museum. The ancient Buddhist stupa and other ruins make up one of the centrally protected Monuments of National Importance. The main Hindu festivals celebrated are Mahasivaratri and the Navaratri. The 30th Kalachakra festival, a popular Buddhist ritual, was held at Amaravathi in the first week of January 2006. It is one of the oldest tourist places for Buddhists.

Transport
The only means of connectivity for the village is by road. The Vijayawada–Amaravathi Road connects the village with cities of Vijayawada, Tenali, Guntur, and with the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region areas of Undavalli, Penumaka, Rayapudi. The Guntur–Amaravathi Road connects it with the district headquarters, Guntur. It also has road connectivity from Sattenapalle, Mangalagiri and Krosuru. APSRTC operates buses from major bus stations like NTR bus station in Guntur, Pandit Nehru bus station in Vijayawada and the Tenali bus station. The village has no rail connectivity.

A waterway categorised as class–III is planned from Pulichintala to Prakasam Barrage, which connects the nearby villages of Harishchandrapuram and Vykuntapuram.

Education
As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 17 schools. These schools include 4 MPP, one KGBV and 12 private schools.

title: Amaravathi, Palnadu district


text: User talk:211.30.17.102

title: User talk:211.30.17.102


text:
Rover

Rover may refer to:

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 * Constance Rover (1910–2005), English historian
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 * Rover (musician), French singer-songwriter and musician, born Timothée Régnier in 1979

Places

 * Rover, Arkansas, US
 * Rover, Missouri, US
 * Rover, West Virginia, US
 * Røver Anchorage, Bouvet Island, Norway
 * Rover Creek, British Columbia, Canada

Literature

 * Rover, the US title of They Came on Viking Ships, a children's novel by Jackie French
 * The Rover (story paper), a British boys' story paper which started in 1922

Music

 * "Rover" (BlocBoy JB song), 2018
 * "Rover 2.0", a 2018 remake by BlocBoy JB featuring 21 Savage from the mixtape Simi
 * "Rover" (S1mba song), 2020 viral hit by S1mba featuring DTG
 * "Rover" (UCLA song), a sports cheer at the University of California Los Angeles
 * "The Rover" (Led Zeppelin song), a song by Led Zeppelin on their 1975 double album Physical Graffiti
 * "The Irish Rover", an Irish folk song about a magnificent sailing ship that reaches an unfortunate end
 * Rover (EP), a 2023 extended play by Kai
 * Rover (Kai song)

Fiction

 * Rover (robot dog), a character on Lunar Jim always helping on Jim's missions
 * Rover (The Prisoner), a fictional balloon device in the 1967 British television program The Prisoner
 * Rover, the main character in the novella Roverandom by J.R.R. Tolkien
 * Rover, the name of two vehicles with artificial intelligence, built by Marvel Comics' Hank Pym
 * The Rovers, an informal name for the Rovers Return Inn, a fictional pub in British soap opera Coronation Street

Television

 * Rovers (TV series), a British television show

Science

 * Rover (space exploration), a vehicle that explores the surface of an astronomical body
 * Lunar rover, a vehicle designed to move across the surface of the Moon
 * Mars rover, a vehicle designed to explore the surface of Mars
 * ROVER, a military system that receives video images from aircraft

Sport

 * Rover (ice hockey), a long-defunct ice hockey position
 * Rover, a position in Australian rules football

Automobiles and motorcycles

 * Freight Rover (1981–1986), a commercial vehicle manufacturing division of Leyland
 * Land Rover Group (1981–1987), a light commercial vehicle division of Leyland
 * Land Rover, a brand of 4-wheel drive vehicles by the British manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover
 * MG Rover Group (2000–2005), a British mass-production car manufacturer, formerly the Rover Group
 * Rover Company (1885–1967), a British car manufacturing company, absorbed into Leyland Motor Corporation
 * Rover Group (1986–2000), a British car manufacturer, previously known as British Leyland
 * Rover Light Armoured Car, an armoured car produced in Australia during World War II
 * Rover (marque), British automotive marque (brand) in use from 1904 to 2005
 * Rover (motorcycles), a British bicycle and motorcycle manufacturer before it began the manufacture of motor cars

Business (transport)

 * Rover (ticket), a type of bus or train travel card ticket issued in the UK
 * Rover Coaches, an Australian bus company operating services in the Hunter Valley

Locomotives

 * GWR Rover class, a class of locomotives on the Great Western Railway
 * Rover, a GWR 3031 Class locomotive in service on the Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1915

Watercraft

 * HMS Rover, the name of seven ships of the Royal Navy
 * Rover (barque), the American merchant ship involved in the Rover Incident of 1867
 * Rover (log canoe), a Chesapeake Bay log canoe, built about 1886
 * Rover (privateering ship), a ship from Nova Scotia, launched in 1800
 * Rover (yacht), a luxury steam yacht built for P&O chairman, Lord Inchcape, in 1930
 * Rover-class tanker, a class of ships in the Royal Fleet Auxiliary of the UK

Other uses

 * Rover (fish), common name for fish in the family Emmelichthyidae
 * Rover chair, designed by industrial designer Ron Arad
 * Rover Ruckus, the fourteenth FIRST Tech Challenge game
 * Rover Scout, a programme within Scouting in some countries for young men and women above the age range for Boy and Girl Scouts
 * Rover.com (website), a Seattle-based company selling pet services

title: Rover


text:
John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County

The John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County (shortened Stroger Hospital, formerly Cook County Hospital) is a public hospital in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is part of the Cook County Health and Hospital System, along with Provident Hospital of Cook County and several related centers, which provides public primary, specialty, and tertiary healthcare services to residents of Cook County, Illinois.

Cook County Hospital was founded 1832, and became an innovative teaching hospital. In 2001-2002, it moved into new quarters adjacent to its historic Beaux-Arts complex in the Illinois Medical District and was renamed for hospital board president John Stroger Jr.

Facility and location
Stroger employs 300 attending physicians and over 400 fellows and residents. It has 1.2 e6sqft of floor space, and 464 beds. It is located at 1901 W. Harrison Street, and is a part of the 305 acre (1.2 km2) Illinois Medical District on Chicago's West Side, which is one of the largest concentrations of medical facilities in the world.

History

Cook County Hospital, which opened in 1857, was used as a teaching hospital by Rush Medical School until the Civil War, when it was transitioned to an army hospital. After the war, it continued its purpose as a center for medical education and founded the first medical internship in the country in 1866.

By the 1900s, the hospital was overseen by surgeons and physicians in Chicago who volunteered their services at the hospital, which was rebuilt in 1916. Regarded as one of the world's greatest teaching hospitals, many interns, residents, and graduate physicians came to see the medical and surgical advances. Innovations included the world's first blood bank and surgical fixation of fractures. In the 1930s, Dr. Bernard Fantus, after finding ways to lengthen the preservation of blood outside the body, invented and opened the world's first blood bank, the Cook County Hospital Blood Bank. In the early 1960s, William Shoemaker, a student of the famed surgical physiologist, Francis Daniels Moore, spearheaded surgical critical care when he organized the first Burn and Trauma Unit.

In 1986, Agnes D. Lattimer was appointed medical director of Cook County Hospital, making her the first black woman to serve as medical director of a major American hospital.

Cook County Hospital was renamed for John H. Stroger, Jr., the then-president of the Cook County Board, in 2001.

The new Cook County (Stroger) Hospital was opened in December 2002, and is housed in a facility located adjacent to the old hospital building.

The former Cook County Hospital building was renovated and reopened as a privately funded mixed use development, and Hyatt Hotel.

In popular culture
County General Hospital, a fictional hospital that served as the setting for the NBC serial medical drama ER, was loosely based on Cook County Hospital; in the first episode a patient refers to the hospital as "Cook County General" during a cognitive test. Cook County Hospital is also used in the 1993 movie The Fugitive. The documentary I Call It Murder aired on the BBC television show Man Alive in 1979, which reported on the challenges facing the staff at Cook County Hospital. At that time, the hospital was one of the few free hospitals in the United States. In 1996, Diana, Princess of Wales visited patients and doctors in the AIDS ward and trauma center, while on a tour of Chicago.


text:
User:Özdemir

Turkish. Living in Berlin.

Areas of interest

 * Turkey
 * Germany
 * Berlin

title: User:Özdemir


text:
Brainship

The concept brainship in science fiction literature refers to an interstellar starship that is created by inserting the disembodied brain and nervous system of a human being into a life-support system, and connecting it surgically to a series of computers via delicate synaptic connections (a brain–computer interface). The brain "feels" the ship (or any other connected peripherals) as part of its own body. Flying, taking off, landing, and controlling all the other features of the ship are as natural as moving, breathing and talking are to an ordinary human. Being wired into a computer speeds their reactions, but still allows their human brains to make intelligent decisions based on calculations.

Publishing history
1941 – Solar Plexus by James Blish.

1945 – Camouflage by Henry Kuttner.

1953 – Mr. Spaceship by Philip K. Dick. A professor volunteers to become the first brain ship.

1953 – I, Dreamer (short story) by Walter M. Miller Jr.

1961 – The Ship Who Sang, by Anne McCaffrey. The brainship was popularized in this short story about the brainship Helva. However, McCaffrey cited as her inspiration an earlier story. She says, 1964 – The Fiend by Frederik Pohl. In this short story, criminals had their brains temporarily removed so they could serve their sentences as control units for various types of machinery. One was mentioned as being the controller of a brain ship.

1965 – "Becalmed in Hell", by Larry Niven. This short story was about Eric, an injured man who became a brainship, and his mobile partner Howie. Eric could not take off from the hazardous surface of Venus because he "felt" something wrong with his "wings". Howie had to find a solution before they both died.

1965 - Wasted on the Young by John Brunner. A young man deliberately accrues huge debts with a flamboyant lifestyle, then tries to escape them by committing suicide. His brain is saved, put into a ship, and sent on a voyage long enough to pay all his debts.

1965 – "The Brain of Colonel Barham" (TV episode, The Outer Limits). The military plans to use the Colonel's disembodied brain to control a spacecraft.

1965 – Destination: Void by Frank Herbert, where an interstellar sleeper ship is controlled by an Organic Mental Core, a human brain.

1966, 1969 – Additional short stories by McCaffrey. These short stories were published in The Ship Who Sang collection.

1979 – Mayflies, by Kevin O'Donnell, Jr. A human brain is reprogrammed to serve as a ship's computer for a colonization trip expected to take 15 years (ship's time). The original human personality, which the shipbuilders had believed to have been erased, reasserts itself. It inadvertently turns off the main drive early in the mission, stretching the flight time to hundreds of years. The human personality struggles against the imposed programming.

1992–1994 – Additional novels, co-written by McCaffrey.

1996 – The Ship Errant, a novel by Jody Lynn Nye.

1996 - Mechanized Assault & Exploration - The player takes the role of the brain of such a ship, a 'MAX commander', the result of the radical surgery needed for biological life to survive hyperspace, and then take command of the fighting forces that war for the colonial prospect at the end of that trip against other human factions for alien sponsors.

1997 – The Ship Avenged, a novel by S.M. Stirling.

1994 – Starfire board wargame, Alkelda Dawn expansion, originally created in 1979 by Stephen V. Cole. This "4X" (eXplore, eXpand, eXploit, and eXterminate) board wargame simulates space warfare and empire building in the 23rd century. In it, the J'rill are a race of cybernetic brainships. Originally humanoid, their meritocracy needed to process more and more information as their world grew and computerized. Development of brain–computer interfaces improved their services to society. However, the Directors became more distant from their bodies as technology advanced. Eventually, their bodies required only life support, making them effectively immortal. As they lost their humanity, their policy decisions became heartless, eventually leading to civil war. The J'rill Directors suppressed the revolt by destroying nearly all of their subjects.

1999 – Homeworld Neuroscientist Karan S'jet was neurally wired into the "Kushan" mothership as "Fleet Command" to replace an unsustainably large crew.

Weaknesses

 * The remaining human physical parts of the fictional brainship (brain, nervous system, possibly others) must be maintained on constant life support. Any interruption is life-threatening.

 * The encased brain is usually completely dependent on its electronic connections for all sensory input, including communication with other sapient beings. Losing access to this input results in complete sensory deprivation so severe that extended periods of such isolation can cause psychological damage to the brain's personality, including catatonia and permanent insanity.

 * The sheer bulk of a brainship makes it ill-suited to performing certain tasks. To this end, fictional brainships generally have a mobile partner(s).

Protection
In McCaffrey's stories the ship's physical component is encased in a "shell" with life support and connections to the ship's computers. The mobile human partner is referred to as a "Brawn", a specially trained companion and aide. In her stories, brain/brawn partnerships can be short-lived and professional, lasting only as long as the mission, or they may be long, deep, meaningful friendships. In some cases, they may fall in love. Brawn obsession was formerly a serious concern, as a love-crazed brawn might have attempted to breach the life-support shell in order to get at the body entombed within, only to kill the person and go mad with grief. This possibility was effectively eliminated by the brainship Hypatia Cade (during the events of the book The Ship Who Searched) through the invention and creation of human-replica prosthetic bodies that shellpeople could project their consciousness into through short-range, high-bandwidth transmission.

In Niven's story, ambulatory partner Howie found no mechanical reason for brainship Eric's claim of immobility, which was endangering both of their lives. Howie could not examine Eric's physical body without harming him. Eric could not come up with evidence to convince Howie, and had no way to help himself. Howie concluded privately that the problem is psychological, and risked his life with a ruse which enabled Eric to take off. Only when they escape and Eric was checked out by maintenance personnel was the truth discovered.

In the Starfire board game, the J'rill directors destroyed nearly all of their subjects during a revolt/civil war. This also meant loss of materials and repairs for their life support and cybernetic systems. The J'rill spread out into space to conquer star systems for resources. They depended upon drones for ordinary tasks, and remotes for more independent tasks such as combat.

title: Brainship


text:
Walbro

Walbro Corporation is a manufacturing company that specializes in small engine carburetion and supplier of auto parts. Otherwise, Walbro carburetors are commonly used on line-trimmers, leaf blowers, chain-saws, and edgers. Walbro was founded by Walter E. Walpole in November 1950. A product typically found in the automotive world of fuel injection, being used by tuners, are the Walbro Fuel Pumps, with the most common being the Walbro 255. TI Automotive purchased Walbro's automotive fuel pump division in approx yr2000, and is the actual manufacturer of all Walbro branded automotive fuel pumps and fuel delivery modules.

title: Walbro


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Post-Larval Must Be Very Cautious in Communicating with Larval Humans

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 10:14, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Post-Larval Must Be Very Cautious in Communicating with Larval Humans
Howabout1 marked this vfd on April 11, but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. I'm just bringing it here for resolution; do not consider this a vote. —Korath (Talk) 00:21, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense.  RickK 06:29, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Odd. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 17:01, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Timothy Leary. -Sean Curtin 23:17, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trivial. -- Dcfleck 13:31, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC)
 * Delete. Huh?  A2Kafir 00:34, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Pavel Vozenilek 02:04, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Seatroopers

Fixed up and moved yet another page. I'm on a roll, baby! --Kross 00:21, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seatroopers


text:
Talk:Bernard Georges

Untitled
I'm trying to verify where B. Georges was born. One source says Haiti (without giving a town), but it is also possible that it's his parents who are from Haiti and he could have been born in the U.S. himself. So I'll just leave that out of the article till I can confirm it. I do understand him to be of Haitian ancestry, either way. I think he was based out of Boston for a long time and may still be. Emerman 00:24, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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Unsourced, or references not inline
The article completely lacks inline references, just some links to articles. Other info is completely unsourced. I will try to correct some of these things, for instance regarding his bike career, but some of the sources I have found might not meet the 'high quality' criteria for biographies. I did add them though because it might be better than no source at all. --MichielN (talk) 13:43, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bernard Georges


text:
Talk:Butcher of Baghdad

From WP:RfD:

 * Butcher of Baghdad ---> Saddam Hussein. And in answer to the anonymous user (why not create an account, by the way?), if someone is searching for Slick Willy, they already know who Bill Clinton is in most cases. The existence of that redirect doesn't catch people who don't know what it is, but does serve as cheap political laughs. Meelar (talk) 23:59, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep If a user might type it in for any reason it is useful for the redirect to point to an NPOV article. SchmuckyTheCat 03:22, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Is there any other harm that would result from keeping the insulting redirects, other than that they clutter up the "What links here" page? I don't think it's going to hurt the politicians' feelings. Rad Racer | Talk 03:47, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Google indexes them, so they show up on searches, for one thing. —Korath (Talk) 08:42, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * IMO, insulting redirects violate NPOV. Meelar (talk) 19:21, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Toytoy 01:20, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maurreen 06:51, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is so common that its listing here is odd. —  Stevie is the man!  Talk 16:21, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As Dumbya etc. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 07:31, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Same as previous.Aliter 16:46, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Butcher of Baghdad


text:
Category talk:Chess

Categories
I re-added the categorys and  for several reasons:
 * It seems that adding them to a category that is a member of these category's does not get them added to the pages. It seems to me that this should happen and perhaps its a bug.  I have had trouble with articles needing to be re-saved for this to happen before but the Categorys do belong.
 * According to the origins of chess page placing this category in is questionable, and doign so exclusivly is wrong.  From that article:
 * While it is generally thought that chess originated from the Indian game Chaturanga from around 1400 years ago, the evidence for this theory has long been recognized as weak, primarily because no physical evidence of the ancient Indian game to date has been excavated. However textual and circumstancial evidence currently favour India over other sources.

Other possible sources listed in the article are: China, India, Egypt, Greece, Assyria, Persia, Arabia, Ireland and Uzbekistan. Dalf | Talk 00:24, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Origins of chess on the many problems with that article. The only real controversy is whether Chaturanga existed and was the original game, or whether all chesslike games derived ultimately from shatranj. I believe the Chaturanga origin is currently the most commonly accepted theory. The other proposed origins are not seriously considered by historians. I started the Chaturanga game family category to replace the previous chess-rooted hierarchy (where related games, and even precursors, were stuck in "chess variants", under the Chess category), which seemed both inaccurate and unfair.

 * Since all games in the family (and virtually no-one seriously suggests that they are unrelated) are mental-skill board games, putting chess directly in those categories is redundant. Therefore, your criticism seems more applicable to the naming of the family category, not the direct inclusion of this category in those others.   — Gwalla | Talk 03:07, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Weather or not the history is in question or not is really secondary to why I made the change. Even if you are right and chess belongs in this new catagory, and even if this new catagory is in the category for board games.  When someon who has never heard of Chaturanga looks at the board games catagory trying to find chess (or the Mental-skill games catagory) and they do not find chess that is problematic.  Look at the article for Go (board game), it is also in several categories as well as sub-categories in the same hierarchy.  I do not know if there is offical wikipedia polocy about catagory inheratence though it seems to me that you should be able to say "add this category and any further up the tree X levels", but since (it seems) that you can't I think the right answer is to include them all on the article.  Otherwise you end up with the bizzar situation where looking at Category:Board_games chess is mentioned in an example of the opening paragraph but then cannot be found in the list.  Dalf | Talk 03:50, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, I see what you're saying. Yes, that's a limitation of the existing category system. There is no official policy for this as yet, AFAIK, but including an article into a category and a subcategory of that category is generally avoided. Hopefully the developers will create a way to view categories in "flat mode", showing all articles in subcategories as well as those directly included, which would make the point moot.   — Gwalla | Talk 06:44, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes I agree, infact I THOUGH it was that way and spent a good 20 minutes making sure there was not some sort of bug. After establishing that there is no sort of category inhertance and that you have to list them all, I looked around and found that the category and sub-category listing in the same article is use a bit.  For example the article on Missouri is listed in Category:Missouri as well as Category:U.S. States even though Category:Missouri is also listed thus.  I imagine this is as we say in the software industry "a feature not a bug", since if they inherited by default you might end up with some pretty strange listings at the bottom of some articles.  Though I think a limited inhertance system (one, two, or a configurable number of levels) would be workable.  Perhaps I will poke around on the MediaWIki and Meta sites and see, I am sure this topic is/has been discussed somewehre. Dalf | Talk 07:58, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to concur that adding this category to those others is redundant if they are already on a parent category of Category:Chess. — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 21:26, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

About the chess category
I think we should aim to reserve this category for subcategories as opposed to random chess topics, or worse an indiscriminate list of chess topics. I moved quite a few to appropriate subcategories. Category:Sports I think is very good in this sense. So have a look to see if the rest can be moved. On a side note, do we have a category on chess authors? I think this would be useful. Voorlandt 18:21, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Definitely a good plan. — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 21:28, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

PockBot (run by IP:74.102.154.7) - Category articles summary as of 5:10:11, Mon Jan 8, 2007

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Category talk:Chess


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stephen Covell

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 10:10, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Stephen Covell
Unforunately, this is just another example of vanity on Wikipedia. Unless policy dictates that each of the 6 billion (and more) people of this earth get his or her own article, I don't see why he should. 69.158.8.86 00:24, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN. --Fuzzball! (talk) 01:30, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 02:58, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as not notable. SeventyThree 18:44, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable.Mikkalai 01:32, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. moink 01:18, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Pavel Vozenilek 01:57, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity --Briangotts 20:29, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Recondites

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:16, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Recondites
Mike1971inter marked this vfd on January 27, but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. My vote is delete; local tours and "planning to release a full length album" don't meet WP:NMG. —Korath (Talk) 00:25, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. --Neigel von Teighen 00:27, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Their record label isn't impressive either: total of 1 EP. Wipe 00:42, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable enough yet.  --Fuzzball! (talk) 01:56, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 03:08, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, maybe notable in future, no reason to delete Guyana 00:06, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pavel Vozenilek 02:07, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: They are a real band, with a record of some sort. --maru 00:05, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Skywalker Tour

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:27, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

The Skywalker Tour
Briangotts marked this vfd on March 30, but never made a subpage or listed it on vfd. I'm just bringing it here for resolution; do not consider this a vote. —Korath (Talk) 00:27, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A non-worthy stub. --Neigel von Teighen 00:28, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Very hard to read/understand as it is currently written and does not seem to be talking about anything notable.  --Fuzzball! (talk) 01:58, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This was from the "Star Wars Technical Journal," which I'm not sure effectively made it as canon. Anyway, delete, and perhaps add a few notes to other articles.  It can be added into Starwarswiki, but I think it'd be easier to create it from scratch than clean this up.-LtNOWIS 03:45, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Star Wars. Firebug 05:29, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Firebug's proposed redirect makes no sense.  RickK 06:31, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete Pavel Vozenilek 02:08, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge w/ Tatooine article --maru 00:06, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of Major League Baseball players from the United States Virgin Islands

This is a chronological list of baseball players from the United States Virgin Islands who played in Major League Baseball between 1957 and 2017

Resource

 * Baseball Reference


text:
Talk:Works

D1 link correction
It doesn't appear that this link for D1 should link to D1 (Sony). Well, what should it link to?? Georgia guy 00:28, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Meaning of the idiom "the works"
Re: "request for all the toppings and condiments available", I have long believed that the idiom actually arose from the clockwork innards (i.e., "works") of a machine. (C.f. "to throw a wrench/spanner in the works".) Thus, in the context of X (clock, engine, hamburger, etc.) "the works" idiomatically means "everything necessary to make X an X". I'm backed up in this by Answers.com (totally unreliable, I know), which puts the origin in the 1800s. I guess my point is that restricting the idiom here to toppings and condiments isn't really correct. More generally, is there a good place on Wikipedia to explain the origin and meaning of idioms? We've got the list of idioms in the English language, I know, but that seems insufficient. Regards, Ryan McDaniel 16:16, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Works team
Shouldn't there also be a link to Works team on this page? Laurvin (talk) 22:03, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Works


text:
Hook Norton Brewery

Hook Norton Brewery is a regional brewery in Hook Norton, Oxfordshire, England, several miles outside the Cotswold Hills. Founded in 1849, the brewing plant is a traditional Victorian 'tower' brewery in which all the stages of the brewing process flow logically from floor to floor; mashing at the top, boiling in the middle, fermentation and racking at the bottom. Until 2006, the brewing process was powered by steam. Beer is still delivered in the village by horse-drawn dray.

History
The brewery was founded in 1849 in Hook Norton, Oxfordshire and was designed as a 'tower' brewery in which all the stages of the brewing process flow logically from floor to floor. Until 2006, the brewing process was powered by steam. However, the historic Victorian steam engine (dating from 1899) is still in the brewery. It is run weekly for visitors.

Beer is also still delivered in the village by horse-drawn dray.

Museum
Visitors can take a tour of the brewery, brew their own beer in the micro brewery and visit the museum with historic brewery artifacts and local history displays.

Steam engine
Hook Norton Brewery uses a Buxton & Thornley steam engine that has powered most of the machinery in the brewery since 1899. It is the last commercially working open crank stationary steam engine in the UK. It is a small, simple engine consisting of a cylinder, flywheel, connecting rods and little else. The engine drives a system of shafts and belts connected to most of the machinery in the brewery; different sections of machinery can be engaged and disengaged by levers which slide drive belts on and off their wheels. Where there are gears in the lineshafting, each pair consists of one iron and one wooden wheel. Thus, if any machinery should jam, only a few wooden teeth will be damaged and can then be replaced by the brewery's mechanics instead of needing a complex iron casting.

The machinery once powered by the steam engine includes:

 * Pumps, both for "liquor" (water) and wort. The pumps are located next to the engine and are original.
 * The grist mill, which crushes the grains of malt by a precisely-regulated amount. This is also an original 1899 machine.
 * The mashing and raking equipment in the mash tun.
 * A lift for filled casks, dating from 1900.
 * The sack hoist for loading malt.

The steam engine now only powers the mashing equipment, mill and sack hoist on certain days. The mashing rakes and cask lift have been removed.

Tied houses
Outlets for Hook Norton ales include supermarkets, off licences and free houses. The brewery also has a network of 47 tied houses spread across a region from Thame in the east to Worcester in the west and Grove in the south to Napton-on-the-Hill in the north. In total there are 23 Hook Norton pubs in Oxfordshire, nine each in Northamptonshire and Warwickshire, and three each in Gloucestershire and Worcestershire.

title: Hook Norton Brewery


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User:LevelCheck

Per Requests for arbitration/LevelCheck, this account is blocked indefinitely as a disruptive potential sockpuppet.

 * direct evidence
 * direct evidence
 * direct evidence
 * direct evidence

title: User:LevelCheck


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Richard M. Powell (screenwriter)

Richard M. Powell (December 15, 1916 – October 20, 1996) was an American screenwriter.

Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, he attended the University of Cincinnati where he began writing. He tried law school but did not feel it was a good match. He served in World War II in the Army Entertainment Corps. He married a dancer, Libby Burke, whose death in childbirth was very hard on him. Later he married Alice Shragowitz, an activist and intellectual originally from Minneapolis. Both he and Alice were transplants from the Midwest to Los Angeles arriving in California after World War II.

Richard Powell was a prolific writer, writing scripts for a number of episodes of popular television series as well as for feature-length films. He was president of the Television Writers branch of the Writers Guild during the 1950s and continued to be extremely active in the Guild until his death. He was blacklisted during the 1950s and ’60s and was unable to work under his own name for more than ten years, causing him to rely on other writers who were his friends to put their names on his work.

His credits included Quincy, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, M*A*S*H, Charlie's Angels, The Andy Griffith Show, The Courtship of Eddie's Father, All That Glitters, and many others. Later in his career, Richard entered into a development contract with Hollywood producer David Biegelman and MGM for three years. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for his writing on a Bob Hope and Lucille Ball comedy special and won the Morgan Cox Award for lifetime contribution to the Writer’s Guild only a year before his death. Powell was also a prolific writer for Hogan's Heroes, having written over a third of the 168 episodes. Many of the Hogan episodes were co-written with his writing partner, Arthur Julian.

He was an activist involved in anti-war and human rights advocacy and a father to two sons. He and wife Alice were married for 34 years, until his death, and together had two children.

In 1993, he discussed his life experiences and career in Hollywood in an interview for the cable TV program "Senior Prom" with interviewer Stanley Dyrector. In 1994 he received the Writers Guild of America's Morgan Cox Award, which is given to a member who exemplifies the ideal of service to the Guild. Richard M. Powell died of prostate cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 79.

Richard's legacy lives on through his son Anthony who also works in the Television business, most recently for PBS Kansas.

title: Richard M. Powell (screenwriter)


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Indiana Dunes State Park

Indiana Dunes State Park is an Indiana State Park located in Porter County, Indiana, United States, 47 mi east of Chicago. The park is bounded by Lake Michigan to the northwest and is surrounded by as well as within the authorized boundaries of Indiana Dunes National Park, a unit of the National Park Service; the NPS owns the water from the ordinary high water mark to 300 ft offshore. The 1530 acre Dunes Nature Preserve makes up the bulk of eastern part of the park, and includes most of the park's hiking trails and dune landscape. This was one of the first places Richard Lieber considered when establishing the Indiana State Park system. Like all Indiana state parks, there is a fee for entrance. Indiana Dunes State Park was established in 1925 and designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974.

Preserving the Indiana Dunes has resulted from the efforts of many citizens and politicians. In 2018–2019, Indiana Dunes was the most-visited state park, with more than 1.3 million visitors.

Geology
The beaches were formed by winds coming off Lake Michigan, which drop sand when the wind hits plants, dunes, and hills. As the lake level of Lake Michigan dropped at the end of the Ice Age, the shoreline receded, and new dunes were formed along the lakeshore. Vegetation took over the previous dunes, and eventually forests grew on top of them. There are "blowouts" along the dunes, where dead stumps were revealed after the wind blew away the sand from on top of them; the most notable such blowout is Big Blowout.

History

Native Americans used the area for years, primarily the Potawatomi and Miami people. The Dunes were along trade routes used by Native Americans. In the early 19th century, the state park area was home to the settlements of Petit Fort and City West.

Notable attractions

 * Sand dunes
 * Singing sand
 * Smelt fishing
 * Haunted shores (Diana of the Dunes)
 * Birding
 * Hiking

Facilities and activities

 * Swimming and sunbathing: A small portion of the shoreline is set aside as a public swimming beach and is protected by lifeguards between Memorial and Labor Day weekends. It is a clean, all sand beach. The remainder of the beach (approximately 2 mi) is open for sunbathing, beach combing, and other similar activities. Dogs are permitted on the non-swimming portion of the beach, so long as they are kept on a short leash and any feces is promptly and safely removed from the shores.
 * Beach house with concessions during summer season.
 * Observation platform near the top of Mt. Tom. Looking west, Chicago can be seen above the forested sand dunes. Gary, Indiana, is also visible.
 * Birdwatching: (A bird observation tower is located along Trail 10 overlooking a marsh community.)
 * [[File:Indiana Dunes State Park by South Shore Line - DPLA - 3c303466aeecdab3f612b9e7049bb0da.jpg|thumb|Indiana Dunes State Park by South Shore Line, 1927 Broadside]]The Nature Center is a year-round facility that has a wildlife observation window, library, and a large auditorium. An interpretive naturalist provides public hikes and programs.
 * Picnic Shelters

 * Hiking trails extend for 16 miles (26 km), some of which pass not only the sand dunes, but also historic structures and wet prairie.
 * Guided hiking tours
 * Cycling is not permitted everywhere within the park, but the Calumet Trail runs through the park and provides cycling opportunities in the park as well as access to Indiana Dunes National Park and some neighboring communities.
 * Interpretive Naturalist Service
 * Arts and crafts
 * The campground was totally rebuilt in 2004. It has 140 campsites laid out on sand with new, level, asphalt pads, 50-amp electrical hook-ups, and picnic tables. Drinking water hydrants are located throughout the campground. The roads were newly laid out and paved in 2004, and are arranged in several connecting loops. Most of the trees were spared during the rebuilding so that many sites have full or partial shade. There are two large newly built shower house/restroom structures. There is a short, level forest path to the swimming beach.

Dunes Nature Preserve
The Nature Preserve covers the eastern 2/3 of the state park, 1530 acres. It is accessible only on foot. All eight of the park's trails enter the nature preserve, offering easy to rugged experiences amongst the dunes. The highlights of the preserve include:
 * The Tremonts: Mt. Tom,192 ft above lake level; Mt. Holden, 184 ft above lake level; and Mt. Jackson 176 ft above lake level.
 * Beach House Blowout and Furnessville Blowout.
 * The Marsh with a bird observation tower.
 * Trails
 * Trail 8 goes up and over all three of the high dunes. It is 1.5 mi long from the Wilson Shelter, over the high dunes, ending on the beach at the Pavilion and Beach House.
 * Trail 10 is the longest at 5.5 mi, but among the easier, listed as a moderate trail. It begins at the Pavilion and Bathhouse, traveling east along the open beach. About 1.25 mi down the beach, is the Beach House Blowout. An additional 0.5 mi further is the Furnessville Blowout. At about halfway is the eastern boundary of the park, at which point the trail enters the dunes through an area called Paradise Valley. From there, the trail parallels a branch of the Dunes Creek, passing through the Pinery and along the marsh. The Bird Observation Tower is accessible from this trail. About 0.75 mi from the Observation Tower, the trail ends at the Nature Center.

Designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974, the preserve also contains the Ancient Pines Nature Area, a prehistoric forest now exposed by dune blowouts.

Blowouts
Blowouts are formed by the on-shore winds of Lake Michigan. The winds move sand and pile it into dunes. As the dunes form, plants begin to take hold, stabilizing the sand. Beach grasses form a large underground system of roots. This root system creates stable areas of sand from which the dune can grow. Slowly other plants take root in the protected areas, including bearberry (kinnikinnick) and small evergreens. Over time, larger plants like sumac, sand cherry, cottonwood, and juniper take hold and replace the grasses and smaller plants.

When a nick forms in this armor of roots and plants, the area can become a blowout. First, open sand becomes accessible to the wind. This can be by animal trails or by human footpaths. A tree could fall in a strong wind, exposing the underlying sand. When this happens, the wind once again works on the loose sand. It undercuts the other roots, and begins moving sand southward. If the winds are strong enough or given enough time, a large blowout can occur, reducing the dunes to lake level over a large area. The three largest blowouts in the park are Beach House, Furnessville, and Big Blowout. Each extends into the interdunes, between the front rises of dunes and pockets, into the interdunal troughs. Big Blowout has uncovered an area of dead tree trunks known as the Tree Graveyard.

The park also has a Youth Tent Area separate from the public campground.

title: Indiana Dunes State Park


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Literary movements

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 18:01, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Literary movements
This article is extremely limited, and duplicates the Category unnecessarily, creating confusion and dismay in well-meaning Wikipedians. It need not exist, if you see my meaning, and so I think it wants Deletion. Dave1898 00:34, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I don't see Category:Literary movements explaining what any of them are. Kappa 00:55, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Fuzzball! (talk) 01:32, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to List of Literary Movements Klonimus 02:09, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This is essentially a list ATM, concur with Klonimus: Rename as List of literary movements. Megan1967 03:00, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm worried. I actually agree with Klonimus on something.  Move to List of literary movements.  (note capitalization).  RickK 06:26, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move per RickK's (correct) capitalization. An annotated list could be quite helpful on this topic. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 16:55, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Seen from that point of view, the article considered as an annotated list (rather than a self-contained attempt at description and analysis) is certainly salvageable. Pardon me--I'm relatively new at Wikipedia, and don't always see these possibilities.  Once the five days is up, then, I shall plan to edit a List of literary movements page, if no one else does so first.  I do think that the article as it stands is extremely limited in scope, treating as it does only movements of the 20th century, and then only movements either European or popularized in Europe; if deletion is not called for I do think the list will need at least to wear a stub template for quite a while. Dave1898 11:00, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The topic is important but current article makes more harm than help. Someone more knowledgeable will create something better in the future, hopefully. Pavel Vozenilek 01:59, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Lori and George Schappell

Lori and George Schappell (September 18, 1961 – April 7, 2024) were American conjoined twins. George performed as a country singer. As of 2020, they were the oldest living conjoined twins in the world. Guinness World Records noted that George's gender transition made him and Lori the first set of conjoined twins to identify as different genders.

Early life, family and education
Lori and George Schappell were craniopagus conjoined twins joined at the head. Although they shared an area of scalp and blood vessels, their brains were distinct from each other. They had very different personalities and lived—insofar as possible—individual lives. George was also unable to walk due to spina bifida.

The first 24 years of their life they spent in an institution for the mentally disabled. From 1988 they lived, without assistance, in high-rise apartments for the elderly in Reading, Pennsylvania. As a mark of individuality, and disliking the fact that their names rhymed, George first chose to go by the name Reba, after his favorite singer Reba McEntire.

The twins graduated from a public high school and later attended college classes.

Careers
George designed support equipment for people with physical disabilities, including a specialized wheelchair and a mobility aid for dogs. As a country music singer, George performed widely in the United States and visited Germany and Japan. In 1997, he won an L.A. Music Award for Best New Country Artist. He sang "Fear of Being Alone" over the credits of Stuck on You, a comedy feature film about a pair of fictitious conjoined twins.

Lori acted as George's facilitator. She worked in a hospital laundry, arranging her workload around his singing commitments. She said that, as a fan of his, she paid to attend concerts, just like all the other fans, simply making herself quiet and "invisible" while he is performing.

As conjoined twins, Lori and George appeared in a number of television documentaries and talk shows. They also acted in an episode of the television series Nip/Tuck, in which they played conjoined twins Rose and Raven Rosenberg.

On June 21, 2007, Lori and George took part in the grand opening of Ripley's Believe It Or Not! Odditorium in Times Square, Manhattan, New York City. This was the first time they were billed as Lori and George Schappell.

Personal lives and death
Lori and George lived in a two-bedroom apartment, with each maintaining a distinct private space. They had several pets. Lori was a trophy-winning bowler. They respected each other's privacy in terms of work time, recreation and relationships. Lori had several boyfriends and was engaged, but her fiancé died after a motor-vehicle accident. They celebrated their 50th birthday with a trip to London.

By 2007, George came out as a trans man. Guinness World Records noted that his gender transition made him and Lori the first set of conjoined twins of different genders.

Lori and George Schappell died at University of Pennsylvania Hospital on April 7, 2024, at the age of 62. The cause of death was not publicly disclosed.

Media
Lori and George appeared in the following programs or articles:
 * 1993: The Maury Povich Show
 * 1996: Jerry Springer
 * September 8, 1997: Twins - The Divided Self (US Title: Body Doubles; The Twin Experience); Peabody Award winning documentary for ITV, HBO & CBC
 * September 11, 1997: The Unexplained :"The Twin Connection", as Lori and Dori
 * September 12, 1998: The Howard Stern Radio Show
 * October 7, 1998: Howard Stern
 * 1998: A&E documentary Face to Face: The Schappell Twins
 * 2000: The Learning Channel documentary Separate Lives
 * May 15, 2002: The Jerry Springer Show; George was billed as Reba Schappell
 * August 17, 2004: American television show Nip/Tuck, in the episode "Rose and Raven Rosenberg"; Raven was played by George (billed as Reba) Schappell; Rose was played by Lori Schappell
 * May 31, 2002: Howard Stern
 * 2005 Television documentary: Medical Incredible. A documentary on Discovery Health Channel.
 * 2005 Television documentary: Extraordinary People: Joined at the Head; George was billed as Dori Schappell
 * September 24, 2007: The Greek reality show Aksizei na to deis (Worth Seeing – Αξιζει να το δεις)
 * 2007: The romantic comedy film X's & O's
 * 2007: Television documentary Inside Extraordinary Humans: Science of Conjoined Twins

title: Lori and George Schappell


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Lyon Arboretum

The Harold L. Lyon Arboretum is a 200 acre arboretum and botanical garden managed by the University of Hawaii at Mānoa located at the upper end of Mānoa Valley in Hawaii.

Much of the Arboretum's botanical collection consists of an artificial lowland tropical rainforest with numerous trails and small water features.

History
The Manoa Arboretum was established in 1918 by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association to demonstrate watershed restoration and test various tree species for reforestation, as well as collect living plants of economic value. The original director of the arboretum was Dr. Harold L. Lyon, a botanist from Minnesota who was plant pathologist for the HSPA. During his tenure, Lyon planted nearly 2,000 species of trees on the site.

In 1953, at Lyon's urging, the HSPA conveyed the arboretum site to the University of Hawaii, with the stipulation that the site continue to be used as an arboretum and botanical garden in perpetuity. After Lyon's death in 1957, the arboretum was renamed in his honor.

Today, the Arboretum continues to develop its extensive tropical plant collection, while emphasizing native Hawaiian plants, such as Pritchardia spp. (palms). Its over 15,000 accessions focus primarily on the monocot families of palms, gingers, heliconias, bromeliads, and aroids. Native and Polynesian cultivated and wild species are displayed in the ethnobotanical, native ecosystems, and Hawaiian sections of the gardens. The Lyon Arboretum also maintains an active seed bank.

Background
Lyon Arboretum is adjacent to land owned by the City & County of Honolulu's Board of Water Supply as well as State conservation land and the site of the former Paradise Park. Paradise Park was a theme park with trained bird shows and the Treetops Restaurant, and is frequently confused with Lyon Arboretum, but these are separate entities. Funds to purchase the Paradise Park parcel were appropriated by the state in 2002, but the purchase was refused in succession by Governors Ben Cayetano and Linda Lingle.

Public Hours

 * Open Monday through Friday from 9 am until 3 pm. Access is limited to reservation only.

title: Lyon Arboretum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tommy Gunn Kail

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 10:46, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tommy Gunn Kail
Vanity, bordering on nonsense. —Korath (Talk) 00:37, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mindmatrix 01:21, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 03:16, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * "Schoolkids, namely Odie, Gordo and D Saxe would make fun of him and push him around." So, alas, will VfD. Delete vanity. Samaritan 15:25, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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The Revolution (radio station)

Revolution 96.2 was an Independent Local Radio station serving the Oldham, Rochdale and Tameside areas of Greater Manchester.

Following its sale to Bauer Media Audio UK, the station was closed and merged with the Greatest Hits Radio network in November 2020.

History
Oldham FM Limited was incorporated on 5 June 1997 - Bernard Stone, Philip Hirst and Christopher Hirst of Hirst Kidd and Rennie Ltd., owners of local newspaper Oldham Evening Chronicle, were appointed company directors. The following December, David Bruce and Stephen Kitney of UK Radio Developments LTD, as well as Nichola Atkinson, John Gracie and Liam Forristal were also added as company directors.

The new owners launched a bid for a full-time broadcasting licence, while using temporary RSL licences, broadcasting for one month per year. After two years, a licence was granted. On 30 August 1999, Oldham FM began broadcasting under the name 96.2 The Revolution. The name was chosen because of the Industrial Revolution, in which the region took a major role, and the initial letters of its three main target areas – Revolution.

The Revolution initially ran a mainstream pop and rock music format, but in 2005, the station's playlist changed to a specialist mix of new and classic alternative, soul & rock and roll music, spanning the last 40 years. Inspiral Carpets keyboard player Clint Boon briefly took over as its head of music, before leaving to join rival station XFM Manchester.

Following a big fall in listening figures, The Revolution was put up for sale in 2008, and its music format reverted to heavily rotated mainstream pop and rock - a change reportedly imposed by the station's owner during an afternoon in late August 2008. Most of the station's presenters walked out, resulting in long periods of non-stop automated music.

A fortnight after the walkout, it was announced that The Revolution had been purchased by former Key 103 and Capital FM presenter Steve Penk, who reverted the format change and took over the station's breakfast show.

In January 2014, Penk sold the radio station to Credible Media, which sought to create stronger links with local businesses and institutions in the target service area.

On 30 August 2015, Niocast Digital began a trial of broadcasting six radio stations on small-scale DAB multiplex 10B in Greater Manchester, including The Revolution.

On 23 October 2020, it was announced Bauer had brought the station. Revolution 96.2 ceased broadcasting on 16 November 2020 and was replaced by Greatest Hits Radio North West.

Notable presenters

 * James H. Reeve
 * Pat Sharp
 * Donny Osmond
 * Gary Mounfield
 * Martin Coogan
 * Steve Penk
 * Clint Boon

title: The Revolution (radio station)


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T. K. Padmini

T. K. Padmini (12 May 1940 – 11 May 1969) was an Indian painter from the south India state of Kerala. A recipient of multiple awards from the Chennai centre of the Lalit Kala Akademi, she was one of the prominent Indian woman painters. Her paintings have been displayed at The National Art Gallery, Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad and the Durbar Hall Ground Art Gallery of Kerala Lalithakala Akademi. She died on 11 May 1969 at the age of 29.

Biography
Padmini was born on 12 May 1940 at Kadancheri, a small village near Ponnani, a coastal town in the Malappuram district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Kinattinkare Damodaran Nair, a government clerk. After early schooling at the local in Kadancheri, she did her higher school education at Basel Mission School, Ponnani and later at A. V. High School, Ponnani; it was during this time, her talent in arts was discovered by her arts teacher at school, K. L. Devassi. Her uncle, Divakara Menon, urged the poet, Edasseri Govindan Nair, who accepted the girl in his house so that she could continue art studies under Devassi. After passing the Secondary School Leaving Certificate examination in 1956, she continued her training in art under the noted artist, Namboothiri, who taught her without any remuneration.

Padmini joined the Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai in 1961, with assistance from Edasseri, Devan and Akkitham Narayanan, who was a student at the institution during those days. Here, she had the opportunity to study under K. C. S. Paniker who was the principal at that time. She completed the six-year diploma in four years by securing double promotion twice, passing with a first rank in 1965 and stayed in Chennai, joining Vidyodaya Girls School in 1966; she also worked at Adarsh Vidyalaya Matriculation School and Children’s Garden Matriculation School. Her marriage to K. Damodaran, an artist and a fellow student at the College of Fine Arts, was in May 1968. She died on 11 May 1969, at the age of 29, succumbing to the complications developed after childbirth; her child, too, did not survive.

Legacy
The first exhibition of Padmini's paintings were at Kozhikode where she had gone to visit, carrying a few of her own works; M. V. Devan, the noted artist, on seeing her pictures, arranged for two of the charcoal drawings to be exhibited in the event. Her paintings featured the landscapes of her native place, village life and rural people, mixed with the anxieties and forebodings of her own mind. She participated in several exhibitions in Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Kochi and Chennai, including a One-Man Show held in Chennai in 1968 and at the National Exhibition, held in New Delhi in 1969. Eighty-six of her paintings Padmini have been displayed at the Durbar Hall Gallery of Kerala Lalithakala Akademi in Kochi and a few drawings are in the archives of the Akademi in Thrissur. Her paintings viz. Portrait and Burial Ground, are on display at the National Art Gallery, Chennai, and a few others are at Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad; besides private collections in India and abroad. The last of her works, Girl who flies the Kite, was on display at the British Council, Chennai, organized by the Creative Art Forum.

Awards and honours
Padmini won her first honour in the form of a certificate of commendation from the Madras State Lalithakala Akademi for her painting Growth in 1963. The Association of Young Painters and Sculptors (AYPS) awarded her their annual award in 1965 for the painting, Women. She received two more awards from the Madras State Lalit Kala Akademi in 1967, her paintings Dreamland and Dawn, earning her the awards.

Malayalanaadu weekly published a festschrift on Padmini, on the occasion of the first anniversary of her death. Kerala Lalithakala Akademi published a book on her, titled T. K. Padmini, a Monograph, in 2005, which featured a foreword by Kanayi Kunhiraman, and reminiscences by T. K. Divakaran, her maternal uncle and mentor, K. Damodaran, her husband and Edasseri Govindan Nair, one of the guiding figures in the artist's life, besides the colour reproduction of 28 Paintings and 8 drawings. In 2012, The Information and Public Relations Department of the Government of Kerala produced a 30-minute documentary on the life of Padmini under the title, Pattam Parathunna Penkutty. The film, directed by Walter D'Cruz received three awards viz. Kerala State Television Award for the best documentary in 2012, International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala (IDSFFK) special jury award in 2013 and best documentary award at the Female Film Festival in 2013. Kerala Lalithakala Akademi have also instituted an annual award in her name, T. K. Padmini Puraskaram.

In popular media
T. K. Padmini Memorial Trust, an eponymous organization, has undertaken to produce a biopic, Padmini, based on the life of the artist. The film, a directorial debut for writer, Susmesh Chandroth, features Anumol in Padmini's role.

title: T. K. Padmini


text:
Victoria Hall, Stoke-on-Trent

For other theatres with a similar name, see Victoria Theatre (disambiguation)

Victoria Hall is a concert hall in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent, England. It opened in 1888, having been constructed to commemorate Queen Victoria's Jubilee the previous year. Along with the Regent Theatre, also in Hanley, it is managed by the Ambassador Theatre Group.

History
Victoria Hall was constructed as an annex to Hanley Town Hall in 1888, as part of the town's celebrations for the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. It was built in red brick and terracotta, and designed by local borough surveyor Joseph Lobley.

Conductors who have appeared at the hall include Edward Elgar who conducted the first performance of his composition King Olaf (Op 30). In 1996 Donald Hunt conducted the BBC Philharmonic and the Ceramic City Choir in a revival to mark the centenary of the premiere. Recordings made in the hall include the live album by Slash Made in Stoke 24/7/11.

Facilities
Originally the building had a capacity of 2,800 people, but this has since been reduced considerably to 1,467 as seating replaced wooden forms and benches.

The organ has four manuals. The original instrument was presented by George Meakin, a local businessman, who acquired it in Yorkshire. It was rebuilt and enlarged in the 1920s. The organ has since been modified more than once, but the most recent work has been aimed at restoring its 1920s tone.

As an adjunct to the town hall, the building originally had minimal front-of-house facilities. To remedy this, an extension was constructed in 1999 as part of the development of a "Cultural Quarter" in Hanley. This building interlinks with the hall, providing a new entrance space with better facilities for the audiences and performers along with access for the disabled to all parts of the house.

title: Victoria Hall, Stoke-on-Trent


text: User talk:217.43.73.105

title: User talk:217.43.73.105