text:
User talk:Bahador~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 23:18, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What's the status on Image:Medina-Masjid-Al-Haram.JPG?
This picture caugh my eye and I was absolutely stunned by it. I want to nominate it as a featured picture, but it must be licensed under the GFDL or released into the public domain. My question is, did you take this photo? It appears so due to the timestamp, but I must be sure. Secondly, if you did, can you license it under the GFDL or the public domain? It's as simple as tacking on "" or "" onto the image page. --Bash 00:53, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi,

I took that picture this summer and yes it is licensed under my name. - Bahador

 * I just have a quick question. I was interested in this picture and was wondering where this "N" is located in Dresden.  I am going there in a couple months.  Thanks!  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.153.56.10 (talk) 23:11, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Iran-Azadi-square.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Iran-Azadi-square.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use or fairuse. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by going to "Your contributions" from your user page and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Wikiacc (talk) 20:25, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Gossan-Wadi-Kamal-Saudi-Arabia.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Gossan-Wadi-Kamal-Saudi-Arabia.JPG. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stan 13:19, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Iran-vs-Japan-March-25-2005 Vahid-Hashemian.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Iran-vs-Japan-March-25-2005 Vahid-Hashemian.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Nv8200p talk 23:31, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Ehsan Farrokhmanesh
Ehsan Farrokhmanesh has been proposed for deletion. An editor felt this person might not be notable enough for an article. Please review WP:BIO for the relevant guidelines and improve the article if possible. NickelShoe 03:19, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Metamorphic_Facies.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Metamorphic_Facies.JPG. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 20:07, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikiethics
Hi,

We started a proposal Wikiethics to state the existing policies coherently and make suggestions on improving the editorial standards in Wiki. I thought you might be interested in contributing to that proposal.

Unfortunately, a pro-porn and pro-offense lobby is trying to make this proposal a failure. They unilaterally started an approval poll although almost no one including me believe that it is time for a vote, simply because the policy is not ready. It is not even written completely.

Editors who thinks that it needs to be improved rather than killed by an unfair poll at the beginning of the proposal, started another poll ('Do we really need a poll at this stage?') at the same time. The poll is vandalized for a while but it is stable now. A NO vote on this ('Do we really need a poll now?') poll will strengthen the position of the editors who are willing to improve the policy further.

If you have concerns about the ethics and editorial standards in Wiki, please visit the page Wikiethics with your suggestions on the policy. We have two subpages: Arguments and Sections. You might want to consider reviewing these pages as well...

Thanks in advance. Resid Gulerdem 19:41, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Bahador Alast
The above redirect has been deleted because cross-namespace redirects don't work when Wikipedia is mirrored out to other sites. I hope you understand. -- Fr a ncs2000 23:10, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Branko Ivankovic.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Branko Ivankovic.JPG. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the file also doesn't have a copyright tag, then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. YellowDot 15:31, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Iran-vs-Japan-March-25-2005 Mehdi-Mahdavikia-2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Iran-vs-Japan-March-25-2005 Mehdi-Mahdavikia-2.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 19:36, 2 February 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Ytny 19:36, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Bahador Alast requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. 124.170.158.162 06:21, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation
 You recently made a submission to Articles for Creation. Your article has been reviewed and because some issues were found, it could not be accepted in its current form; it is now located at Wikipedia&. Please view your submission to see the comments left by the reviewer. Feel free to edit the submission to address the issues raised, and resubmit once you feel they have been resolved. (You can do this by adding the text to the top of the article.) Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia! —SW— spill the beans 22:44, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

Problems with upload of File:KL Gold logo.jpeg
Thanks for uploading File:KL Gold logo.jpeg. You don't seem to have said where the image came from, who created it, or what the copyright status is. We require this information to verify that the image is legally usable on Wikipedia, and because most image licenses require giving credit to the image's creator.

To add this information, click on this link, then click the "Edit" tab at the top of the page and add the information to the image's description. If you need help, post your question on Media copyright questions.

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Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 03:07, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation
 You recently made a submission to Articles for Creation. Your article has been reviewed and because some issues were found, it could not be accepted in its current form; it is now located at Wikipedia&. Please view your submission to see the comments left by the reviewer. Feel free to edit the submission to address the issues raised, and resubmit once you feel they have been resolved. (You can do this by adding the text to the top of the article.) Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia! Topher385 (talk) 10:10, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bahador. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bahador~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:26, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:51, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Saudi Geological Survey logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Saudi Geological Survey logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:32, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bahador~enwiki


text:
User talk:UDoN't!wAn*

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 23:18, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Moshe Marzouk
Hi, I reverted your edits to Moshe Marzouk only because it is well-established that this group carried out these bombings, so the word "alleged" is probably not appropriate, whereas it is not so certain that they were tortured, and therefore "alleged" is more appropriate there. You're welcome to come and discuss it on the talk page if you disagree with me. Welcome to Wikipedia! Best, SlimVirgin (talk) 23:29, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Terri Schiavo
Hi, I reverted your edits to Terri Schiavo because they appeared to be POV. This is a very controversial topic, so it's usually a good idea to discuss significant changes for topics like this on the talk page before making them. Thanks and happy edits, JYolkowski // talk 01:16, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Image copyright
You've up-loaded Image:Judah.gif, but not added anything about source or copyright. Could you add one of the copyright templates? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:UDoN't!wAn*


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Second Industrial Revolution

Second Industrial Revolution
This isn't terrible, but it needs a little work. Could use some more context and better explanations of some concepts for laymen; also the tone is not encyclopedic in some areas. · Katefan0(scribble) 23:18, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Referred to User:Apwoolrich. · Katefan0(scribble) 23:18, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Lexw

__NOINDEX__

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 23:19, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hi
Yup, sometimes I search for similar deafhood-related articles to interlink to :-). Ocassionaly at the German and French wiki too. Tuur 12:13, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Just letting you know
I've gone ahead and blocked. If you continue to have any problems, feel free to let me know or make another report to WP:AIV. Cheers. – Luna Santin  (talk) 10:19, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the prompt response. Lexw (talk) 10:20, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lexw


text:
Talk:Earl of Clare

Use of name Earl of Clare
The Pipe Rolls (e.g. for Kent 1205) refer to 'Comite / Comitissa de Clara' (Earl / Countess of Clare) so it is not just a modern usage but had to have been accepted and fully understood else it would not have been used by the crown scribes to refer to that family in Exchequer records. Prof. Bartlett also refers to them as the Earls of Clare in his New Oxford History of England volume (p212).--Littleangelicrose (talk) 17:09, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * This point has been extensively discussed here. See the archived discussions. MarmadukePercy (talk) 20:30, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree. The point was argued over at enormous length.  The fact that one modern historian follows the usage of older historians adds little to the section in the article.  However, you might usefully add your Pipe Rolls reference to the section on this as another example, provided you provide a full catation for your source.  Peterkingiron (talk) 20:34, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * There are three modern historians who believe in the medieval earls. Add to that the new Oxford Dictionary of Biography, the Domesday Book, (The Suffolk return of the Domesday Survey (c. 1086) (ed. A. Rumble, Suffolk, 2 vols (Chichester, 1986), 67 ~ 1) The Pipe Rolls and the Magna Carta list of defenders. With all due respect this was and still is an unfounded argument and should be reconsidered by the learned administrator.
 * In addition: the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states: The barons formed a committee of 25 "Enforcers of the Magna Carta". The information below is combined from the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and "An historical essay on the Magna charta of King John" (Richard Thomson - 1829). They are listed with Thomson's order and spelling, but with certain titles and dates added from Oxford.
 * 1.Richard de Clare, Earl of Clare (d. 1235)
 * 2.William de Fortibus (Forz), Earl of Aumerle (1191-1241)
 * 3.Geoffrey de Mandcville, Earl of Essex and Gloucester (d. 1216)
 * 4.Saber de Quincy, Earl of Winchester (d. 1219) and on to the end.
 * Sometimes an old argument does not go away because it is correct, though, admittedly, poorly explained in my case, since it was my first article. The old historians, the new historians, the Domesday book, the Magna Carta, and the Old and New Oxford Dictionary of National Biography cannot ALL be wrong and these few editors correct. It is not logical. Thanks for your reconsideration.Mugginsx (talk) 15:15, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

Mention of Earl Of Clare
"John, by the grace of God King, be it known that we have granted, and by this our present charter do confirm to our beloved and faithful Richard - Earl of Clare and his heirs".

This is the opening line of Rowell Fair Charter granted by King John in 1204. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothwell,_Northamptonshire

Seems the king thought their was a medieval Earl of Clare?

Maxsgdad Maxsgdad (talk) 02:06, 11 May 2016 (UTC)

Charles Henry Browning - bad source fraudster
Charles Henry Browning source was deleted as unreliable; he "made his living off the fashion for royal lineage among Americans who publicized their actual or imagined descent from royal or noble blood [...], relying on the notion of heredity to legitimize their claims to social superiority..." (FYI: http://www.gsswi.org/members/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Fakes-Frauds-and-Forgeries.pdf http://anglo-celtic-connections.blogspot.com/2012/03/genealogy-fraud.html) Lindenfall (talk) 14:29, 25 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl of Clare


text:
Castlemore, Brampton

Castlemore is suburban area that is located 14 km northeast of downtown Brampton in Ontario, Canada. It consists of multiple neighbourhoods of Brampton northwest of Claireville.

The area has been in active development since the early 1990s, with residential developments built in the southeastern portion in the 2000s. It has a number of luxury homes with 2 acre lots.

Castlemore is southwest of Bolton, southeast of Caledon and Orangeville, and west of Vaughan. It is accessible from Highway 427 via Highway 7, and The Gore and the Highway 407 at the Goreway interchange or at Airport Road interchange.

The West Humber River flows through the western portion of Castlemore.

Geography
Farmlands formerly surrounded the centre of Castlemore, whereas forests are the dominant feature in the Etobicoke Creek and the West Humber River valleys, which include the outlying hills and a conservation area to the south. To the north is more farmland.

History
The larger lots were developed in the 1970s and expanded in the northern portion of Castlemore in the 1980s. Large lots continued to be developed until the 2000s. In 1996, Castlemore was connected with Rutherford, the construction took several months between March and June, in 1997, a road linking Bolton and Highway 7 (then Highway 50) expanded. In 2001, the southwestern portion near Springdale expanded and south of Castlemore since 2002 continues with smaller lots. Expansions is still underway with multiple new luxury properties such as the vales of humber estates, along with existing luxury communities such as the Vales Of Castlemore.

A portion of the luxury homes are around Alloa. A small industrial building is at Cadetta and in the 2000s added Sears east of Castlemore. In 2004, the Chateaus began between Mayfield and Countryside and Goreway. The luxury homes are between Airport and Goreway and the Gore and Castlemore Road and Mayfield.

title: Castlemore, Brampton


text:
User talk:Samboenya

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Sam Spade 23:20, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Samboenya


text: Category:Villages on the Isle of Wight

title: Category:Villages on the Isle of Wight


text:
User:Jame~enwiki

WLWT is a NBC affiliate serving the Greater Cincinnati area.

title: User:Jame~enwiki


text:
Georgia Southern University–Armstrong Campus

Georgia Southern University–Armstrong Campus, formerly Armstrong State University, is one of three campuses of Georgia Southern University, a public university in the U.S. state of Georgia. Occupying a 268 acre area on the residential southside of Savannah, Georgia, the school became one of three campuses of Georgia Southern University in 2018. The university's flagship campus is in Statesboro, 50 mi west of Savannah. The Armstrong campus is located approximately 15 mi from downtown Savannah and 25 mi from Tybee Island. Armstrong offers undergraduate and graduate degrees; it has a total student enrollment of approximately 5,000 students.

History
The Armstrong campus was founded as Armstrong Junior College in 1935 by Mayor Thomas Gamble. Gamble pursued the issue during the height of the Great Depression to benefit Savannah's youth and the community, as well as aid in stimulating the local economy. The college was originally located in the historic Armstrong House adjacent to Forsyth Park in downtown Savannah. The mansion was given to the city as a gift from the family of George F. Armstrong, a local businessman involved in the shipping industry. The college eventually grew to encompass six buildings in the Forsyth and Monterey Square areas of Savannah.

In 1959, Armstrong College of Savannah became part of the University System of Georgia as a community college, and in 1964 the Board of Regents conferred four-year status on Armstrong State College. Donald Livingston and the Mills B. Lane Foundation provided the college with 250 acres of land on the southwest side of Savannah. Eight buildings were constructed on the property and the college moved from the Armstrong House downtown to the suburban location in January 1966.

The school played NCAA Division I athletics briefly, from 1983 to 1987, as part of the Big South Conference. The school later dropped athletics.

Over the years the college expanded, adding new buildings and expanding academic programs. In 1993, the college began extensive landscaping work that transformed the campus into an arboretum. Armstrong State College gained state university status in 1996 and duly changed its name to Armstrong Atlantic State University. The following year the university opened the Liberty Center in Hinesville. The university celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010, inaugurating Dr. Linda M. Bleicken as its seventh president.

In 2014 the school officially changed its name to Armstrong State University, to help minimize confusion regarding the school's location, make the name easier to say, and create a stronger brand for the school. The name change became effective on July 1, 2014.

Armstrong celebrated its 80th anniversary and the 50th anniversary of the university's move to the Southside during the 2015–16 academic year.

Presently, the campus is no longer an independent institution with a separate accreditation.

Consolidation with Georgia Southern University
On January 11, 2017, the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, on recommendation by Chancellor Steve Wrigley, voted to consolidate Armstrong State with Georgia Southern University. The merger, without any student-faculty input from the two schools, was to take place as part of a long-term goal of the Board of Regents to consolidate smaller, regional colleges and universities with larger, more well-known institutions. Under the consolidation plan, Armstrong State would inherit Georgia Southern's name, leadership, academics, and athletics, and the merged institution would become the fourth-largest public university in the state: the "New Georgia Southern University". Consolidation, which took a full year to implement, was officially proclaimed by the Board of Regents on January 17, 2018.

Campus
The Armstrong campus is located in a suburban setting near the Savannah Mall, with direct access to downtown Savannah via Abercorn Expressway. The landscaped campus includes subtropical ferns and flowers, southern magnolias, oak trees draped with Spanish moss, and a wide variety of native plants scattered throughout the 268 acre arboretum-style grounds.

Lane Library is the main academic and research library on the Armstrong campus. Lane Library's collection comprises more than 200,000 books and printed materials as well as 18,000 audiovisual works. The university recently invested $5 million in a renovation and expansion of the facility.

The Science Center complex is a two-building complex connected by an enclosed glass walkway. The Science Center is home to many of the College of Science and Technology programs, including Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Computer Science, Physical Science, and Psychology. It includes classroom and lecture space, faculty offices, and labs. The 126056 sqft facility opened in 2001 as the largest single increase in instructional space on campus since the campus opened.

A 61000 sqft, $24 million Student Union opened in 2010. It is the university's first green building, built with rapidly renewable and recycled materials and featuring a high-efficiency chilled water cooling system. The Union houses a 300-seat food court (known as the Galley), 200-seat movie theatre, ballroom, bookstore, coffeehouse, convenience store, and expansive porches and lounges. Next to the Student Union is the Memorial College Center. Commonly known as the MCC, it houses Student Affairs and Student Activities offices.

Armstrong's athletic facilities are located in the southeast area of campus. The Student Recreation and Aquatic Center is a 38,000 sqft athletic facility that includes a 5200 sqft fitness center, and two basketball courts. The facility is home to the ROTC program and was the formerly home to the Armstrong Pirate volleyball team. The Alumni Arena is located adjacent to the Rec Center and includes an indoor running track, weight room, coaches offices, classroom space, and a 4,000-seat arena home to the men's and women's basketball teams. Since consolidation with Georgia Southern, the campus has not maintained a separate athletics program, with the future of these athletic facilities uncertain. Near the end of the 2017–2018 academic year, there were talks of renovating the campus's current athletic facilities to allow for the university's tennis and soccer teams to practice and play at the Armstrong Campus, in addition to creating new recreational and general purpose fields. Such a proposal, if approved, could take up to a decade to complete, with the entire project having a low-end cost of $40 million to upgrade the campus's current athletic facilities, including infrastructure needs as mandated by division standards.

More than 1,400 students live on campus within three residential communities located in the southwest portion of the campus. Windward Commons is Armstrong's suite-style freshmen residential community which opened in 2010 and is home to nearly 600 students. It features private and semi-private suites, music practice rooms, multipurpose classrooms, lounges/social areas, laundry facilities, courtyards with outdoor sitting space and barbecue areas, and two classrooms. Compass Point and University Crossings are apartment-style residence halls intended for upperclassmen and graduate students.

On April 24, 2013, Armstrong completed renovations to the Memorial College Center, opening the Learning Commons. The 14000 sqft space was developed as an extension to the Lane Library. Features include PC and Mac computers, three multi-touch tables, and group study rooms.

Academics
Armstrong features more than 100 academic programs and offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees through its College of Education, College of Health Professions, College of Liberal Arts, College of Science and Technology, and Graduate Studies programs. In addition, the school offers a Doctorate of Physical Therapy. The campus is classified as a Master’s college and university by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. For the 2010–11 academic year, Armstrong was not ranked and deemed a Tier 2 university by U.S. News & World Report. The university has full accreditation from the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The university does not utilize graduate students to teach classes as all are taught by members of the Armstrong faculty. Armstrong has nearly 300 faculty members and a student-to-faculty ratio of 19:1. The university offers study abroad and honors programs and opportunities for undergraduates to participate in research across a variety of disciplines.

College of Education
Armstrong's College of Education offers degree programs via two primary departments: Childhood & Exceptional Student Education and Adolescent & Adult Education. The programs prepare graduates for the education field as well as other positions in education administration. In 2010 the college received continued accreditation through 2017 under performance-oriented standards of the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE).

College of Health Professions
The College of Health Professionals is the largest academic college at Armstrong in terms of enrollment. The college offers a range of academic programs that prepare students for careers in nursing, public health, health administration, and the allied health professions. It confers degrees ranging from associate's through master's and doctoral.

College of Liberal Arts
Liberal arts have been the foundation of education at Armstrong since its founding. The College of Liberal Arts includes various departments and interdisciplinary programs that prepare graduates for careers in government, criminal justice, law, business, and entertainment. Students in the College of Liberal Arts study the arts, humanities, and social sciences in classroom environments and through internships, performances, exhibitions, undergraduate research projects, and study abroad programs. Departments include Art, Music and Theatre, Criminal Justice, Social & Political Science, Economics, History, Languages, Literature & Philosophy, Interdisciplinary Programs, and Military Science/ROTC.

College of Science and Technology
The College of Science and Technology at Armstrong has a strong emphasis on student research opportunities that prepare students for graduate programs. Areas of study in the College of Science and Technology includes: Biology, Chemistry & Physics, Computer Science & Information Technology, Biochemistry, Engineering, Mathematics, and Psychology.

Liberty Campus
The Liberty Campus in Hinesville, which offers select academic programs to residents of Liberty County and surrounding areas, serves as the third campus of Georgia Southern, which operates under the Armstrong Campus. The Liberty Campus provides special services to Fort Stewart military personnel and their families. A variety of programs are offered or supported, including associate’s degrees in arts and applied sciences, and bachelor's degrees in criminal justice, nursing, early childhood education, middle grades education, and liberal studies, with plans to develop consortium programs with Savannah State University in the upcoming years.

The Liberty Campus's current facilities opened in downtown Hinesville in January 2016.

Student life
Armstrong offers many opportunities for students to participate in extracurricular programs, organizations, performances, forums, and athletics. The university has over 100 student organizations and an expanding Greek life system with nine fraternity and sorority organizations. The Student Government Association, Graduate Student Coordinating Council, and University Programming Board (formerly known as CUB, for Campus Union Board, prior to consolidation) offer many opportunities for involvement, leadership, and entertainment. The Inkwell is the university's student-run award-winning publication, published every Thursday during the semester. The university also sponsors a number of recreational intramural and club sports, including dance, flag football, tennis, rugby, ultimate Frisbee, baseball, bowling, basketball, and billiards. The Calliope was Armstrong's student literature and art magazine. It received a First Place/Special Merit award from the American Scholastic Press Association in 2010, but was retired following the consolidation.

Celebrate Armstrong occurs in October and is planned by the University Programming Board (UPB). Celebrate Armstrong consists of different kinds of activities, entertainment, and competitions. The UPB also hosted the annual Big Show in the spring, a concert that has included performances from Gym Class Heroes, Maroon 5, and Migos.

The campus offers numerous volunteering opportunities to give back to the local community. The campus started the Initiative for Civic Engagement in 2009, making community service an active part of the curriculum. Hundreds of students, faculty, staff, and alumni turn out for joint outreach projects or the biannual Treasure Savannah Day of Service.

Student Government Association
The Student Government Association (SGA) for the Armstrong Campus consists of an executive and a legislative branch. The first student association on the campus was the Armstrong Student Association, founded by Armstrong Junior College's inaugural class in 1935. SGA's current system has existed since the summer of 2018, when the constitution for the post-consolidation Georgia Southern University took effect.

In addition to the university-wide SGA President, the executive branch consists of an Executive Vice President, who chairs the Campus Executive Board for the Armstrong Campus, which includes the Executive Vice President, the Chief of Staff, other vice-president positions with their own specialty (e.g. for financial or academic affairs), and officers. The Campus Executive Board consists of elected and appointed officers and serves as an advisory body for the campus's University administrators.

The legislative branch consists of a Senate, led by a Speaker, who presides over meetings of the Senate. The Senate consists of Senators representing the colleges housed on the Armstrong Campus (currently, the Colleges of Education, Health Professions, and Public Health), as well as two additional "colleges": Graduate Studies and At-Large, to ensure that graduate students and students whose major is not housed on the Armstrong Campus, respectively, are still represented. In addition to presiding over the Senate, the Speaker also chairs the Senate Advisory Council, which consists of the Speaker and other officers of the Senate Leadership, such as the Deputy Speaker, Senate Whip, Parliamentarian, and the chairs for the Senate's various standing committees.

The Liberty Campus is represented by the Armstrong Campus, and includes a semi-autonomous Governing Board, led by an elected Director, and a Student Council, led by the assistant director.

Pirate athletics (1935–2017)
Armstrong State University's consolidation with Georgia Southern spelled an end for Armstrong's athletics, being announced on March 7, 2017, that Armstrong's athletic program would be discontinued at the conclusion of the 2016–17 academic year.

Armstrong's athletic teams were known as the Pirates. The university was a member at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a charter member of the Peach Belt Conference (PBC) from 1990–91 to their final season of competition in the 2016–17 academic year.

Until 2016–17, Armstrong competed in twelve intercollegiate varsity sports, five men's and seven women's: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, and tennis; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball.

History
Athletics at Armstrong began at the start of the school's history in the 1930s with its teams known as the Geechees. The school won state championships as a junior college in 1938 in men's basketball and men's tennis. Athletics were suspended during World War II. Following the war, the college added new athletic programs, and in 1948 men's basketball won a second state championship.

Armstrong joined the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) in 1967 and became known as the Pirates after the college became a four-year institution. In 1973, it joined the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and became a member of the South Atlantic Conference (SAC) with in-state rivals Valdosta State College (now Valdosta State University), Columbus College (now Columbus State University), and Augusta College (now Augusta University). In 1983, Armstrong State College upgraded athletics to NCAA Division I and became a charter member of the Big South Conference in 1985. Soon after, in 1987, the Pirates returned to Division II, becoming a charter member of the Peach Belt Conference in 1990.

Armstrong holds 96 PBC championships. In addition, the university has appeared in 139 NCAA Championships, winning 13 titles. Armstrong has produced 296 All-Americans. The Armstrong men's and women's tennis teams have combined to capture 10 NCAA Division II national championships over the last nine seasons.


text:
William Fiske

William Fiske may refer to:

 * Bill Fiske, Baron Fiske (William Geoffrey Fiske, 1905–1975), British politician
 * William Fiske (1954–2008), co-creator of Quarry Hill Creative Center
 * Billy Fiske (William Meade Lindsley Fiske III, 1911–1940), American Olympian and fighter pilot
 * William Fiske (footballer) (1885–1918), English football goalkeeper

title: William Fiske


text:
Shiroishi-ku, Sapporo

Shiroishi-ku (白石区) is one of the ten wards in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. As of August 31, 2021, the ward has a population of 213,704.

History

 * 1871: Shiroishi village was founded.
 * 1873: Kamishiroishi village split off from Shiroishi village.
 * 1902: Shiroishi village and kamishiroishi village were merged to form Shiroishi village.
 * 1950: Shiroishi village was merged into Sapporo city.
 * 1972: Sapporo was designated as one of the cities designated by government ordinance and Shiroishi-ku was established.
 * 1989: Atsubetsu-ku split off from Shiroishi-ku.

Rail

 * JR Hokkaido
 * Hakodate Main Line: Shiroishi Station
 * Chitose Line: Shiroishi - Heiwa
 * Sapporo Municipal Subway
 * Tōzai Line: Kikusui - Higashi-Sapporo - Shiroishi - Nangō-Nana-Chōme - Nangō-Jūsan-Chōme - Nangō-Jūhatchōme

Road

 * Hokkaido Expressway: Sapporo IC - Kitago IC - Oyachi IC
 * Route 12
 * Route 274
 * Route 275

Public

 * Hokkaido Sapporo Higashi High School
 * Hokkaido Sapporo Shiroishi High School
 * Hokkaido Sapporo Hakuryo High School

Private

 * Clark Memorial International High School, Sapporo Shiroishi Campus

Mascots
Shiroishi's mascots are Shiroppy (しろっぴー) and Kuroppy (くろっぴー). They are cute snowmen with rose motifs.
 * Shiroppy is a white active snowwoman who wears a red rose hat and cares about people. She was unveiled in July 2008.
 * Kuroppy is a grey selfish snowwoman who wears a blue rose hat and loves to bother people for fun. She is the rival of Shiroppy. She was unveiled in February 2020.

Friendship city

 * Shiroishi, Miyagi

title: Shiroishi-ku, Sapporo


text:
1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene

1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, or more commonly DBU, is a chemical compound and belongs to the class of amidine compounds. It is used in organic synthesis as a catalyst, a complexing ligand, and a non-nucleophilic base.

Occurrence
Although all commercially available DBU is produced synthetically, it may also be isolated from the sea sponge Niphates digitalis. The biosynthesis of DBU has been proposed to begin with adipaldehyde and 1,3-diaminopropane.

Uses
As a reagent in organic chemistry, DBU is used as a ligand and base. As a base, protonation occurs at the imine nitrogen. Lewis acids also attach to the same nitrogen.

These properties recommend DBU for use as a catalyst, for example as a curing agent for epoxy resins and polyurethane.

It is used in the separation of fullerenes in conjunction with trimethylbenzene. It reacts with C70 and higher fullerenes, but not with C60.

It is useful for dehydrohalogenations.

title: 1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene


text:
Kirkbride Plan

The Kirkbride Plan was a system of mental asylum design advocated by American psychiatrist Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809–1883) in the mid-19th century. The asylums built in the Kirkbride design, often referred to as Kirkbride Buildings (or simply Kirkbrides), were constructed during the mid-to-late-19th century in the United States.

The structural features of the hospitals as designated by Kirkbride were contingent on his theories regarding the healing of the mentally ill, in which environment and exposure to natural light and air circulation were crucial. The hospitals built according to the Kirkbride Plan would adopt various architectural styles, but had in common the "bat wing" style floor plan, housing numerous wings that sprawl outward from the center.

The first hospital designed under the Kirkbride Plan was the Trenton State Hospital in Trenton, New Jersey by John Notman, constructed in 1848. Throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century, numerous psychiatric hospitals were designed under the Kirkbride Plan across the United States. By the twentieth century, popularity of the design had waned, largely due to the economic pressures of maintaining the immense facilities, as well as contestation of Kirkbride's theories amongst the medical community.

Numerous Kirkbride structures still exist, though many have been demolished or partially-demolished and repurposed.

At least 30 of the original Kirkbride buildings have been registered with the National Register of Historic Places in the United States, either directly or through their location on hospital campuses or in historic districts.

Basis and philosophy
The establishment of state mental hospitals in the U.S. is partly due to reformer Dorothea Dix, who testified to the New Jersey legislature in 1844, vividly describing the state's treatment of lunatics; they were being housed in county jails, private homes, and the basements of public buildings. Dix's effort led to the construction of the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, the first complete asylum built on the Kirkbride Plan.

Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809–1883), a psychiatrist from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, developed his requirements of asylum design based on a philosophy of Moral Treatment and environmental determinism. The typical floor plan, with long rambling wings arranged en echelon (staggered, so each connected wing received sunlight and fresh air), was meant to promote privacy and comfort for patients. The building form itself was meant to have a curative effect, "a special apparatus for the care of lunacy, [whose grounds should be] highly improved and tastefully ornamented." The idea of institutionalization was thus central to Kirkbride's plan for effectively treating the insane.

Design and architectural features
The Kirkbride Plan asylums tended to be large, imposing institutional buildings, with the defining feature being their "narrow, stepped, linear building footprint" featuring staggered wings extending outward from the center, resembling the wingspan of a bat. The standard number of wings for a Kirkbride Plan hospital was eight, with an accommodation of 250 patients. Kirkbride's philosophy behind the staggered wings was to allow individual corridors open to sunlight and air ventilation through both ends, which he believed aided in healing the mentally ill. Each wing, according to Kirkbride's original guidelines, would house a separate ward, which would contain its own "comfortably furnished" parlor, bathroom, clothes room, and infirmary, as well as a speaking tube and dumbwaiter to allow open communication and movement of materials between floors. The wings furthest from the center complex of the building were reserved for the "most excitable," or most physically dangerous and volatile patients. Patient rooms were suggested to be spacious, with ceilings "at least 12 ft high," but only large enough to room a single person. The center complexes of the Kirkbride Plan buildings were designed to house administration, kitchens, public and reception areas, and apartments for the superintendent's family. Architectural styles of Kirkbride Plan buildings varied depending on the appointed architect, and ranged from Richardsonian Romanesque to Neo-Gothic.

In addition to the intricate building design, Kirkbride also advocated the importance of "fertile" and spacious landscapes on which the hospitals would be built, with views that "if possible, should exhibit life in its active forms." Kirkbride also suggested the hospital grounds be a minimum of 100 acre in size. The foliage and farmlands on the hospital grounds were sometimes maintained by patients as part of physical exercise and/or therapy. Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the campuses of these hospitals often evolved into sprawling, expansive grounds with numerous buildings.

Operations and staffing
In his proposal, Kirkbride outlined specific guidelines as to how a Kirkbride Plan hospital should be staffed and operate on a daily basis. Kirkbride suggested a total of 71, all of whom were required to live within, or in the immediate vicinity of, the hospital. The superintending physician, or physician-in-chief, was required to live in the main hospital or in a building contiguous to it, while his family had the option of residing at the hospital or seeking private lodging. The staff was also to have a balanced gender distribution, with approximately 36 female and 35 male staff members.

Among the staff of a Kirkbride Plan hospital were the superintending physician, an assisting physician and nurses, supervisors and teachers of each sex, a chaplain, matron, and a nightwatchman. Kirkbride urged that at least two attendants be working in each ward at any given time, and stressed the importance of the superintendent's "proper selection" of attendants, given the extent of their management responsibilities: "The duties of attendants, when faithfully performed, are often harassing, and in many wards, among excited patients, are peculiarly so. On this account pains should always be taken to give them a reasonable amount of relaxation and their position should, in every respect, be made as comfortable as possible." For general labor at the hospital, he suggested that the able-minded patients help maintain the hospital grounds and assist in duties in their respective wards.

Kirkbride's estimation of the number of staff as well as their respective compensations was outlined in an 1854 publication on the Kirkbride Plan design. He proposed a living wage for all employees of the hospital, noting that "although in a few institutions a liberal compensation is given, in many, the salaries are quite too low, and entirely inadequate to be depended on, to secure and retain the best kind of talent for the different positions. The services required about the insane, when faithfully performed, are peculiarly trying to the mental and physical powers of any individual, and ought to be liberally paid for." Salary for the superintending physician according to the 1854 guideline was to be USD$1,500 if the physician's family resided at the hospital, and $2,500  if they found lodging at a private residence. In addition to the medical staff and attendants, the Kirkbride Plan hospitals also employed laborers of various trades, including resident engineers, carpenters, cooks and dairymaids, gardeners, seamstresses, ironworkers, clothing launderers, and a carriage driver.

Decline and phasing out
By the late nineteenth century, the Kirkbride design had begun to wane in popularity, largely because the hospitals, which were state-funded, had received significant budget cuts that rendered them difficult to maintain. General psychiatric and medical opinion of Kirkbride's theories regarding the "curability" of mental illness were also questioned by the medical community.

Status
A total of 73 known Kirkbride Plan hospitals were constructed throughout the United States between 1845 and 1910. As of 2016, approximately 33 of these identified Kirkbride Plan hospital buildings still exist in their original form to some degree: 24 have been preserved indicating that the building is still standing and still in use, at least, in part. 11 of the 24 preserved properties received secondary condition codes of deteriorating, vacant, partial demolition or a combination, while the remaining nine have been adaptively reused. Of the 40 hospital buildings that no longer exist (either via demolition or destruction from natural occurrences, such as earthquakes), 26 were demolished to be replaced with new facilities.

The highest concentrations of Kirkbride Plan hospitals were in the Northeast and Midwestern states. Fewer Kirkbride Plan hospitals were constructed on the West Coast: In California, the Napa State Hospital was a notable Kirkbride Plan hospital, though the original structure was severely damaged during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and was ultimately demolished. The two surviving Kirkbride structures on the West Coast are both located in the state of Oregon, at the Oregon State Hospital, and the Eastern Oregon State Hospital, the latter of which now houses the Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution. While the vast majority of Kirkbride hospitals were located in the United States, similar facilities were built in Canada, and the Callan Park Hospital for the Insane in Sydney, Australia (constructed in 1885) was also influenced by Kirkbride's design.

Preservation efforts
Due to their intricate architectural features and historical significance, Kirkbride Plan hospitals have attracted conservation efforts from local and national groups, and (as of 2016) approximately 30 of the buildings have been registered with National Register of Historic Places. Local conservation groups and historical societies have made attempts to save numerous Kirkbrides from demolition: The Danvers State Hospital in Danvers, Massachusetts is one example, in which a local historical society filed a lawsuit in 2005 to stall demolition of the building. The majority of the Danvers State Hospital was demolished in 2007 spite of the lawsuit, with only the center portion of the building receiving restoration and conversion into apartments. The Northampton State Hospital in Northampton, Massachusetts, was demolished in 2006.

Many of the surviving Kirkbride Plan buildings in the United States have undergone at least partial demolition and have been repurposed, often with the center portions of the buildings being most commonly preserved. The center complexes of the Hudson River State Hospital in Poughkeepsie, New York, and the Oregon State Hospital in Salem, Oregon, for example, have been retained in spite of the majority of the outermost wings being demolished. One such Kirkbride Plan facility that has survived in its entirety is the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum, though does not contemporarily function as an active hospital. As of 2023, Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum has not undergone demolition.

Several facilities originally established as Kirkbride Plan hospitals are still active in the 21st century, though not all have retained the original Kirkbride buildings on their campuses. The Oregon State Hospital, the longest continuously operated psychiatric hospital on the West Coast, retained the majority of its original Kirkbride building during a 2008 demolition, seismically retrofitting and repurposing it as a mental health museum in 2013.

In popular culture
Numerous Kirkbride Plan hospitals and buildings have been featured in the arts: the Danvers State Hospital in Danvers, Massachusetts was both the setting and primary filming location for the 2001 psychological horror film Session 9. It has also been suggested by historians as an inspiration on H. P. Lovecraft, and in turn an inspiration for the fictional setting Arkham Asylum in the various Batman series. The Oregon State Hospital was also featured as the primary filming location for the film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), and was also the setting of "Ward 81," a 1976 series of photographs by photographer Mary Ellen Mark.

The Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum in West Virginia was featured on the Travel Channel reality series Ghost Adventures.

Gallery
† demolished

title: Kirkbride Plan


text: User talk:207.200.116.131

title: User talk:207.200.116.131


text:
User talk:Phrood~enwiki

Pinafore
Hello, and thanks for the message. Bradley's "Oh Joy, Oh Rapture" has some information about European productions of Pinafore and other G&S, but it is mostly about more modern ones, since the book focuses on the period after 1961. I am told that an authorized German-language version, "Amor am Bord", was produced in Berlin in 1881, but I am sure there were many early Pinafores in Germany. A full score was published in Germany in 1883. There is a recording in danish: http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pindanish.htm  I think you're going to have to comb through the German newspapers that covered opera and theatre starting in 1879. You could try to contact Ian Bradley.... All the best, -- Ssilvers (talk) 17:18, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your suggestions, I will follow them up. --Phrood (talk) 12:20, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Hi. Have you been able to put together more info on Pinafore in Germany/continental Europe? All the best, -- Ssilvers (talk) 20:37, 14 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Not yet. However, I have ordered The Cambridge Companion to Gilbert and Sullivan, which I understand contains an article on this subject. Regards, --Phrood (talk) 22:49, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Beware of this book. It is written by some well-known Gilbert haters. The history of productions should be OK, though. -- Ssilvers (talk) 04:51, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I added the Baily ref to the article. I've been away, but I'll check Bradley asap.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 16:58, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

I fixed the Bradley page number regarding the 17 recordings. It's on page 16, not page 6. -- Ssilvers (talk) 05:41, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

G&S on the continent
According to the English critic Sir Neville Cardus, Artur Nikisch had conducted The Mikado (The Manchester Guardian, 19 April 1933, p. 11). Bruno Walter wrote that he was selected to conduct The Mikado at the Kroll-Oper in Berlin only "after I had demonstrated my 'light touch' in operas such as Auber's Fra Diavolo, Lortzing's Czar and Carpenter and also in Mozart's works". (http://www.sullivan-forschung.de/stage.htm)

I have seen various German translations of Gilbert, including this Little List: http://www.sullivan-forschung.de/koko.htm and two excerpts quoted in Dark and Gray:

Drei aus dem Pensionat sind wir,/Ganz’ ohne Argwohn stehn wir hier,/Denn unser Herz hüpft vor Plaisir—/Drei aus dem Pensionat!...Drei kleine Mädchen, süsze, gute,/Aus einen Damen-Institute,/Glücklich entwischt sind wir der Rutte—/Drei aus dem Pensionat!

And "Tit Willow" began, "Auf der Weide am Fluß, Saß ein Bachstelchen klein…."

From Rollins and Witts: In 1886/7 D'Oyly Carte’s "G" Company toured Germany and Austria from June to January, playing Pinafore and Mikado. In November 1887 they toured there again, adding Patience to their repertory.

From Arthur Jacobs's Sullivan biography: Some of the D'Oyly Carte’s Berlin appearances were at the Kroll, later the domain of the young Otto Klemperer. There were also performances in Hamburg, Leipzig, Dresden, Breslau, Vienna, Stuttgart, Munich, Strassburg (sic) and elsewhere. As the Kaiser was a great fan, Sullivan himself conducted The Mikado at "the Royal Opera", which I take to mean Charlottenburg rather than the Linden Oper.

Authorised translations (Der Königsgardist u.s.w.) were also given at the Kroll and elsewhere.

Wagner and Bruckner's enemy the critic Eduard Hanslick, commented rather perceptively: "…the success of The Mikado depends neither on the libretto nor the music alone, nor indeed on the combination of the two: the quite original—of its kind unique—presentation by the English performers must be taken into account."

Rollins and Witts again: In August 1887 the D'OC "E" Company took in Calais and Boulogne in between Dover and Folkestone, playing Mikado (in English, naturally).

This from Jacobs: Negotiations for a production of The Mikado in Paris, in French translation, fell through because the French impresario wanted an adaptation rather than a translation, and Gilbert wasn't having any of it. [The piece was not professionally produced in Paris until the 1960s] The Mikado flopped in Brussels, despite a French translation. In Holland and Hungary G&S were hugely popular. A Pannifor kapitánya was the first of several of the operas to be a hit in Budapest.

If any of this is of interest, I can dig out the precise chapter and verse, but not until next month, as I am off to the remote countryside for two weeks, away from my books and with very little internet access. - Tim riley (talk) 19:45, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

 * It's certainly of interest to me, Tim. Please do, when you have time.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 20:57, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Phrood. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Phrood~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:24, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phrood~enwiki


text: User talk:205.175.123.153

title: User talk:205.175.123.153


text:
Jacobi's theorem

Jacobi's theorem can refer to:
 * Maximum power theorem, in electrical engineering
 * The result that the determinant of skew-symmetric matrices with odd size vanishes, see skew-symmetric matrix
 * Jacobi's four-square theorem, in number theory
 * Jacobi's theorem (geometry), on concurrent lines associated with any triangle
 * Jacobi's theorem on the normal indicatrix, in differential geometry
 * Jacobi's theorem on conjugate points, in differential geometry

title: Jacobi's theorem


text: Category talk:Streets in Manhattan

title: Category talk:Streets in Manhattan


text:
Talk:Reinsurance

Comment
I get the concept of reinsurance but I think this article is written to the expert, not to the uninformed generalist. Perhaps some simpler examples, diagrams would help. I'm willing to work with someone who understands the concept to make sure it is clear for the beginner, I just don't want to edit and foul it up. I'm watching this, or leave a message on my talk page.

Cliffb 02:25, September 10, 2005 (UTC)

Possible Reinsurance Preface
Reinsurance is the means by which an insurance company (called the reinsured, ceding company or cedant) shares the risk of loss with another insurance company (called the reinsurer). There are many reasons an insurance company will choose to buy reinsurance, but the five major reasons an insurance company may wish to transfer all or part of a risk of loss are:

1st) Reinsurance allows an insurance company to offer larger limits of protection to a policyholder.  If an insurance company can safely write only $5 million in limits on any one policy, it can reinsure (or cede) the amount of the limits in excess of  $5 million to reinsurers.

2nd) Reinsurance helps to make an insurance company’s results more predictable, aiding in short range and long range forecasting.

3rd) Reinsurance enlists the expertise of other underwriting, actuarial and claims departments in analyzing new lines of business or unusual risks.

4th) Reinsurance can provide surplus relief.  Surplus is roughly the same as shareholder’s equity on a balance sheet.   Because of the nature of insurance regulation, insurance accounting must pro-rate premium earned over the course of a policy term, while the expenses associated with writing the policy are entirely recorded at the beginning of the policy.   This reduces surplus.  If a reinsurer provides a commission to the ceding company, the commission will offset the expenses.  This is surplus relief.

5th) Reinsurance makes it possible for an insurance company to withdraw from a market without abandoning its policy holders.

Risks of loss can be transferred via a reinsurance treaty wherein the ceding company transfers a large segment of it business to a reinsurer. The terms and conditions of the transfer are agreed to in a treaty contract. Before agreeing to underwrite a treaty, the reinsurer will assess the skills and profitability of the ceding company.

Risks of loss can also be transferred one policy at a time via a facultative certificate. Before agreeing to underwrite a certificate, the reinsurer will assess the risk of the one policy.

Finally risks of loss can be transferred after an insurance company reaches the level of loss it is willing to assume for any given year. These contracts are commonly called Stop Loss contracts.

Facultative Certificates and Reinsurance Treaties can both be written on a quota share (or proportional basis) or as excess of loss (or non-proportional basis). In proportional reinsurance, the ceding company retains a percentage of each and every risk and cedes the remaining percentage. In non-proportional reinsurance, the ceding company retains the first dollars of each risk and cedes the amounts in excess of a pre-determined dollar amount. As in any insurance contract, there are limits of coverage placed on all treaties and facultative certificates.

Astrochess 15:42, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Arbitrage
I agree that reinsurance can be obtained at less than they charge for the original coverage. That is not arbitrage, that is good business sense. It doesn't seem like a good idea to charge less for something than you have to pay to get it yourself.

Arbitrage, on the other hand, is where they believe it will cost them x, but a reinsurer is prepared to accept y (which is less) for that same risk. That is arbirtrage because it's about finding discrepancies in the market and taking advantage of it.

193.134.170.35 12:05, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Reinsurance companies and markets
Do we really need this list? we already have Category:Reinsurance companies, and this is beginning to both look like and attract linkspam. I am removing them for now, -- Avi 20:44, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Catastrophe Bonds link
This should link to the Catastrophe_bond page which does exist. i don't know how to do this though.

Fair Use?
The link provides a list of the largest reinsurance companies (Well, in 2005. Swiss Re's acquired GE IS). What does the copyright say about using that table verbatim? Parts of it? http://www.managedcareinfo.com/worldslargestreinsurancebrokers2005.htm

Cedant?
I can't find a definition of that, in Wikipedia or any online dictionary. Could the person who used the term provide a definition (or use a plain-English term?) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.191.28.35 (talk) 23:00, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * A cedant or ceding company is an organization which is ceding premiums to the reinsurer. The reinsurer assumes responsibility for (a portion) of losses incurred by an insurance company, in exchange for premium.

This is an Excellent Article
I don't know if this is the right place to say this or not, but this is an excellent article on reinsurance. This isn't a commonly known concept outside the insurance industry and this article lays out the information very clearly. Great job! User:darylkulak 21:10, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

XOL types
My opinion is that defining "per event XOL" as "CAT" is not entirely correct. XOL Treaties could be divided to:

 * XOL/R - per risk
 * XOL/E - per event
 * CAT - per catastrophe
 * Aggregate XOL (stop loss and similar)
 * "Umbrella" treaties

The main difference between XOL/E and CAT is:

XOL/CAT would only cover claims rising because of a catastrophe (would only cover natural perils).

XOL/E would cover non natural perils even when there was no catstrophe (flood, earthquake etc.). This would give some level of protection against unknown accumulations (this way you could for example set up XOL/E with lower limit equal to your retention limit (equal to maximum sum insured on class of business), so in case of unknown accumulation claims above your retention limits would be covered by reinsurer).

Different classes of business use different types of XOL. For example motor would usually be XOL/R so if two cars insured in the same company for sum insured of 2M + 2M collide and company has XOL/R covering some amount above 1M then 1M + 1M would be recovered from reinsurer. On the other side if marine has XOL/E covering some amount above 10M and two ships with sum insured 7M + 7M collied then reinsurer would have to pay 4M (total loss is assumed in both examples above).

You can find pictures and description of XOL/R and XOL/E difference on Swiss re site under publications ("non prop reinsurance accounting", 2000). This is a very usual misunderstanding while identifying event vs claim/risk is very important for XOL Treaties.

U2perkunas (talk) 11:15, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

A cat XL is a per event cover, so there is no difference. All per event contract wordings define the event exactly in terms of time (hours clause) and what is covered. Some natural catastrophes last so long that they end up constituting 2 events, as defined i.e. the deductible must be retained twice by the cedant.

Double insurance redirect?
This page is redirected to from double insurance but "double insurance" is a very different concept to "reinsurnace". Double insurance exists where somebody takes out to insurance policies on the same thing with 2 companies. They are thus indemnified by two companies for the same thing and this usually invalidates/voids their insurance. I'm over simplifying in my description but at least on the European side of the Atlantic "double insurance" ≠ reinsurance-- Cailil  talk 10:08, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

EU Legislation

The article mentions US state-level regulations and the 10% of net worth limit. Does anyone know the situation in the EU? Is it harmonized, or do individual member states have their own rules? Any guidance on if the 10% is still roughly applicable? 188.92.239.204 (talk) 11:10, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reinsurance


text:
Joe Buck (musician)

Joe Buck is the stage name of Jim Finklea, an American country and punk rock musician from Murray, Kentucky. His primary instruments are double bass and guitar.

Joe Buck's first serious musical project was called Gringo. They released self-titled "Gringo" on Pravda Records in 1995. The lineup consisted of Jim (Joe Buck) on vocals and guitar, Leila Vartanian on vocals and bass, and Tim Krause, who produced the CD, playing drums. It is a polarized collection of ballads and throbbing rockers. The follow-up CD, "Combine" was released on Pravda Records in 1997. It is a blend of country and newgrass and is musically distinct from the first CD. The lineup consists of Jim and Leila as before but the drums are replaced by Martin O'Doherty on banjo.

In the late 1990s, Joe Buck emerged as the guitarist for Th' Legendary Shack Shakers. He played all guitar, bass and drums on their 2003 album Cockadoodledon't.

He played bass for Hank Williams III's country/hellbilly "Damn Band", and was also member of Williams' punk-metal project Assjack. He is credited, along with Williams and Andy Gibson, with engineering and producing Williams' album, Straight to Hell, and appears to have recorded backing vocals for Hank Williams III's Bootleg #3 Pre-Release album.

As a solo artist, he tours internationally under the moniker "Joe Buck Yourself" and is represented by Bucket City Agency, a booking agency which he co-founded.

He and a former girlfriend, Leila, once owned Jim and Layla's Bar, a honky tonk in downtown Nashville, Tennessee. After splitting up, Leila obtained ownership of the establishment which is now known as "Layla's Bluegrass Inn".

He is now married and has one son who was born in 2013.

Discography

 * Gringo album by Gringo (1995)
 * Combine album by Gringo (1997)
 * Bootleg #3 Pre-Release Hank Williams III (2002)
 * Cockadoodledon't with Th' Legendary Shack Shakers (2003)
 * Joe Buck Yourself Motherfucker album and EP (2004)
 * One Man Banned EP (2006)
 * One Man Banned DVD (2006)
 * Straight to Hell Hank Williams III (2006)
 * Joe Buck Yourself Album (2007)
 * Gory Gory Hallelujah EP (2008)
 * "Buck & Wheeler" EP (2008)
 * Damn Right, Rebel Proud Hank Williams III (2008)
 * "Piss and Vinegar" album by [Joe Buck Yourself] (2010)
 * "Who Dat?" album by [Joe Buck Yourself] (2012)

title: Joe Buck (musician)


text:
New York–New Jersey Trail Conference

The New York – New Jersey Trail Conference (NYNJTC) is a volunteer-based federation of approximately 10,000 individual members and about 100 member organizations (mostly hiking clubs and environmental organizations). The conference coordinates the maintenance of 2,000 miles of foot trails around the New York metropolitan area, from the Delaware Water Gap, north to beyond the Catskill Mountains, including the Appalachian Trail through New York and New Jersey. It also works to protect open space and publishes books and trail maps. The organization's headquarters are at 600 Ramapo Valley Road, Mahwah, New Jersey.

History
On October 19, 1920 local hiking clubs gathered in the Log Cabin atop the Abercrombie & Fitch sporting goods store in New York City. The meeting was proposed by Meade C. Dobson of the Boy Scouts of America and organized by Major William A. Welch, general manager of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission to plan a system of hiking trails to make Harriman-Bear Mountain State Park more accessible to the public. In addition to Welch and Dobson, those attending included Raymond H. Torrey, who edited the Outings page of the New York Evening Post, and included representatives from the Appalachian Mountain Club, the Fresh Air Club, the Green Mountain Club, the Tramp and Trail Club, the Associated Mountaineering Clubs of America and the League of Walkers. Major Welch guided the organization during its first ten years. Raymond Torrey served as its Secretary.

In 1922 a proposal by forester Benton MacKaye to build a 2100 mi trail from Maine to Georgia (subsequently named the Appalachian Trail) was publicized by the New York Evening Post. The project generated great enthusiasm, and on October 7, 1923, the first section of the trail, from Bear Mountain west through Harriman State Park to Arden, New York, was opened by groups of enthusiastic volunteers.

The first trails built were the Ramapo-Dunderberg, the Timp-Torne, the Tuxedo-Mount Ivy Trails, and the Boy Scouts' White Bar Trail; all are still in use.

In 1923, the Palisades Interstate Trail Conference changed its name to the New York New Jersey Trail Conference.

During the 1930s, as more trails were built, a system of trail maintenance was developed giving each hiking club a share of responsibility. Over the ensuing years, as the number of miles of trails maintained has grown, the Trail Conference has relied on trained individual volunteers as well to maintain the trails. They also have developed skilled volunteer trail crews to repair and build trails.

According to one study, for every $1 invested in trails, $2.94 is returned in medical benefits from improved health.

Land acquisition and preservation
On May 31, 2011 the Times Herald-Record reported by Stephen Sacco that the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference had helped expand the Huckleberry Ridge State Forest in Orange County, New York by transferring 389 acres from the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference holdings to the State of New York. The Huckleberry Ridge State Forest grew to 1500 acres with the acres purchased from the Trail Conference. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation paid $1.55 million for the land purchase from the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference, the Times Herald-Record reports. Stephen Sacco goes on to report that throughout New York and New Jersey, the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference has managed to preserve 2400 acres through direct land purchases in the past 10 years. Protecting the 43 mile long Shawangunk Ridge Trail has been a priority for the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference and other conservation groups including Open Space Institute, The Nature Conservancy, and the Orange County Land Trust was also reported by the Times Herald-Record.

The Trail Conference has been active in open space preservation in its region since its earliest days, including the efforts that led to the preservation of Storm King Mountain, now Storm King State Park. In that project, the Trail Conference joined with The Nature Conservancy to found the Scenic Hudson Preservation Committee, which eventually became known and established as Scenic Hudson, and which continues to protect land today. The Trail Conference also led the effort to preserve Sterling Forest in New York and the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area on the border of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Associations
The Trail Conference participates in, or attends in an advisory or information gathering capacity, a number of governmental, quasi-governmental, or not-for-profit agencies, including:

 * Adirondack Mountain Club
 * Appalachian Trail Conservancy
 * Catskill Mountain 3500 Club
 * Darlington Schoolhouse
 * Green Mountain Club
 * Highlands Coalition
 * National Park Service
 * Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
 * New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
 * New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry
 * New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife
 * New Jersey State Trails Council
 * New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
 * New York State Trails Council
 * New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Taconic region
 * Open Space Institute
 * Orange County Land Trust
 * Palisades Interstate Park Commission
 * Bear Mountain State Park
 * Harriman State Park
 * Minnewaska State Park Preserve
 * Rivers and Trails Coalition
 * Shawangunk Ridge Coalition
 * Sierra Club, New Jersey Chapter
 * Sterling Forest Partnership
 * Teatown Lake Reservation
 * The Nature Conservancy
 * United States Forest Service

title: New York–New Jersey Trail Conference


text:
User talk:Blackbird06071

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Academic Challenger 23:32, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Blackbird06071


text: Category:History of Suffolk

title: Category:History of Suffolk


text:
Billy Yank

Billy Yank or Billy Yankee is the personification of the United States soldier (volunteer or Regular) during the American Civil War. The latter part of the name is derived from Yankee, previously a term for New Englanders, and possibly deriving from a term for Dutch settlers of New Netherland before that, extended by American Southerners to refer to Americans from above the Mason-Dixon Line (and by the British to refer to anyone from the United States). Although little evidence exists to suggest that the name was used widely during the Civil War, unlike its rebel counterpart Johnny Reb, early 20th century political cartoonists introduced 'Billy Yank' to symbolize U.S. combatants in the American Civil War of the 1860s.

Billy Yank is usually pictured wearing a regulation U.S. Army blue wool uniform that included the fatigue blouse, a light-weight wool coat with an inside pocket and four brass buttons on the front, with a kepi-style forage cap made of wool broadcloth with a rounded, flat top, cotton lining, and leather visor.

title: Billy Yank


text:
Hoop rolling

Hoop rolling, also called hoop trundling, is both a sport and a child's game in which a large hoop is rolled along the ground, generally by means of an object wielded by the player. The aim of the game is to keep the hoop upright for long periods of time, or to do various tricks.

Hoop rolling has been documented since antiquity in Africa, Asia and Europe. Played as a target game, it is an ancient tradition widely dispersed among different societies. In Asia, the earliest records date from Ancient China, and in Europe from Ancient Greece.

In the West, the most common materials for the equipment have been wood and metal. Wooden hoops, driven with a stick about one foot long, are struck with the centre of the stick in order to ensure good progress. Metal hoops, instead of being struck, can be guided by a metal hook.

History
A version of hoop rolling played as a target game is encountered as an ancient tradition among aboriginal peoples in many parts of the world. The game, known as hoop-and-pole, is ubiquitous throughout most of Africa.

In the Americas, it has been played by a great number of unrelated Native American tribes. The game has exhibited many variations of materials and size of implements and rules of play. It is postulated that its wide distribution is a factor of the rich symbolical possibilities of the game, rather than indicating radial diffusion from a single center of invention.

Ancient Greece
Ancient Greeks referred to the hoop as the "trochus". Hoop rolling was practiced in the gymnasium, and the prop was also used for tumbling and dance with different techniques. Although a popular form of recreation, hoop rolling was not featured in competition at the major sports festivals.

Hoops, also called krikoi, were probably made of bronze, iron, or copper, and were driven with a stick called the "elater". The hoop was sized according to the player, as it had to come up to the level of the chest. Greek vases generally show the elater as a short, straight stick. The sport was regarded as healthful, and was recommended by Hippocrates for strengthening weak constitutions. Even very young children would play with hoops.

The hoop thus held symbolic meanings in Greek myth and culture. Hoop driving is an attribute of Ganymede, often depicted on Greek vase paintings from the 5th century BCE. Images of the hoop are sometimes presented in the context of ancient Greek pederastic tradition.

Ancient Rome and Byzantium
During the Roman Empire, circa 100-300 AD, the Romans learned hoop driving from the Greeks and generally held the sport in high regard. The Latin term for hoop is also "trochus", at times referred to as the "Greek hoop". The stick was known as a "clavis" or "radius", had the shape of a key, and was made of metal with a wooden handle. Roman hoops were fitted with metal rings that slid freely along the rim. According to Martial, this was done so that the tinkling of the rings would warn passers by of the hoop's approach: "Why do these jingling rings move about upon the rolling wheel? In order that the passers-by may get out of the way of the hoop."(14. CLXIX) He also indicates that the metal tires of wooden cart wheels could be used as hoops: "A wheel must be protected. You make me a useful present. It will be a hoop to children, but to me a tyre for my wheel."(14. CLXVIII) Martial also mentions the sport was practised by Sarmatian boys, who rolled their hoops on the frozen Danube river. According to Strabo, one of the popular Roman venues for practising the sport was the Campus Martius, which was large enough to accommodate a wide variety of activities.

The Roman game was to roll the hoop while throwing a spear or stick through it. For Romans, this was more an entertainment and military development, not a philosophical activity. Several ancient sources praise the sport. According to Horace, hoop driving was one of the manly sports. Ovid in his Tristia is more specific, putting the sport in the same category with horsemanship, javelin throwing and weapon practice: "Usus equi nunc est, levibus nunc luditur armis, Nunc pila, nunc celeri volvitur orbe trochus." It was also presented as a virtue in the Distichs of Cato, which enjoin youth to "Trocho lude; aleam fuge" ("Play with the hoop, flee the dice"). A 2nd-century medical text by Antyllus, preserved in an anthology of Oribasius, Emperor Julian's physician, describes hoop rolling as a form of physical and mental therapy. Antyllus indicates that at first the player should roll the hoop maintaining an upright posture, but after warming up he can begin to jump and run through the hoop. Such exercises, he holds, are best done before a meal or a bath, as with any physical exercise.

East Asia
In China, the game may well go back to 1000 BC or further.

Modern usage
Early 19th-century travellers saw children playing with hoops over much of Europe and beyond.

The game was a common pastime of Tanzanian village children of the African Tanganyika plateau circa the 1910s. Not long after, it is recorded in the Freetown settler community. Christian missionaries encountered it there in the 19th century. Children in late Edo period Japan also were known to play the game.

In English the sport is known by several names, "hoop and stick", "bowling hoops", or "gird and cleek" in Scotland, where the gird is the hoop and the cleek, the stick.

In the west, around the end of the 19th century, the game was played by boys up to about twelve years of age. Hoops would at times have pairs of tin squares nailed to the inside of the circle, to jingle as the hoop was rolled. Up to a dozen such pairs of rattles might be placed around the rim of the hoop. Some preferred the ashen hoops, round on the outside and flat on the inside, to the ones made of iron, as the latter could break windows and hurt the legs of the passers by and horses.

Games
Among the games played with the hoops—besides simply trundling them, which is a matter of driving them forward while keeping them upright—are hoop races, as well as games of dexterity. Among these are "toll", in which the player has to drive his hoop between two stones placed two to three inches apart without touching either one. Another such game is "turnpike", in which one player drives the hoop between pairs of objects, such as bricks, at first placed so that the opening is about a foot wide, with each gate kept by a different player. After running all the gates, the openings are made smaller by one inch, and the player trundling the hoop runs the course again. The process repeats until he strikes the side of a gate, then he and the turnpike keeper switch places.

Conflict games such as "hoop battle" or "tournament" can also be played. For this game, boys organise into opposing teams that drive their hoops against each other with the aim of knocking down as many of the opponents' hoops as possible. Only those hoops which fall as a result of a strike by another hoop are counted out. In some parts of England, boys played a similar game called "encounters", where two boys would drive their hoops against each other, with the one whose hoop was left standing being declared the winner.

The "hoop hunt" is yet another game, in which one or more hoops are allowed to roll down a hill, with the double aim of rolling as far as possible and then of locating the hoop wherever it may have ended up.

British Empire
In England, children are known to have played the game as early as the 15th century. By the late 18th century, boys driving hoops in the London streets had become a nuisance, according to Joseph Strutt. Throughout the 1840s, a barrage of denunciations appeared in the papers against "The Hoop Nuisance", in which their iron hoops were blamed for inflicting severe injuries to pedestrians' shins. The London police attempted to eradicate the practice, confiscating the iron hoops of boys and girls trundling them through the streets and parks. That campaign, however, seems to have failed, as it was accompanied by renewed complaints about the increase of the nuisance.

Other writers mocked the complainers as grumblers depriving the "juvenile community" of a healthy and harmless pastime that had been practised for hundreds of years "without any apparent inconvenience to the public at large". The passion for passing laws was ridiculed: "Enact, say our modern philosophers, enact. Pass statute after statute. Regulate with exquisite minuteness the cries of the baby in the cradle, the laughter of the hoop-trundling boy, the murmurrings of the toothless old man." In the 1860s, the anti-trundling campaign was taken up by Charles Babbage, who blamed the boys for driving iron hoops under horses' legs, with the result that the rider is thrown and very often the horse breaks a leg. Babbage achieved a certain notoriety in this matter, being denounced in debate in Commons in 1864 for "commencing a crusade against the popular game of tip-cat and the trundling of hoops". The fuss over boys playing with hoops reached around the globe—in the Colony of Tasmania, boys trundling hoops were blamed for endangering men riding horses and women's silk dresses, and the Hobart newspaper called for their banishment to the suburbs by law and police attention.

Not only schoolboys, but even graduate students at Cambridge enjoyed trundling hoops after their lectures. The practice, however, was brought to an end sometime before 1816, by means of a statute that forbade Masters of Arts to roll hoops or play marbles.

By the early 19th century, the game was already part of the standard physical education of girls, together with jumping rope and dumbbells. Girls from four to fourteen could be seen by the hundreds, trundling their hoops across the grass in the London parks. Though held to be common in the early years of the 19th century, the simplicity and innocence of those years was alleged to have been replaced by the 1850s with a precocious maturity, where "Instead of trundling hoops, urchins smoke cigars."

In the mid-19th century, bent ash was favoured as material for making wooden hoops. In early 20th-century England, girls played with a wooden hoop driven with a wooden stick, while boys' hoops were made of metal and the sticks were key-shaped and also made of metal. In some locations, hoops with spokes and bells were available in stores, but they were often disdained by boys.

Another alternate name for hoop rolling is Gird ‘N Cleek. The World Gird ‘N Cleek championships are held annually in New Galloway, Scotland. Winners include Andrew Firth (1983), Alexander McKenna (2009,2018), Arthur Harfield (2019). .

America
A great number of widely separated Native American peoples play or played an ancient target-shooting version of hoop rolling currently known as Chunkey. Though the forms of the game exhibited great variation, generally certain elements were present, namely a prepared terrain over which a disc or hoop was rolled at high speed, at which implements similar to spears were thrown. The game, when played by adults, was often associated with gambling; and quite often, very valuable prizes, such as horses, exchanged hands. The game has been played by tribes such as the Arapaho, the Omaha, the Pawnee and many others.

Since hoop and stick involves spear throwing, it is thought to predate the introduction of the bow and arrow that took place around 500 AD. In the California region in the 18th century, it was widespread and known as "takersia". Canadian Inuit players divide into two groups. While the first group rolls the hoops—a large and a small one—the players in the other group attempt to throw spears through the hoops. The Cheyenne named two months of the year after the game: January is known as Ok sey' e shi his, "Hoop-and-stick game moon", and February as Mak ok sey' i shi, "Big hoop-and-stick game moon". Among the Blackfeet, children would play the game by throwing a feathered stick through the rolling hoop. Salish and Pend d'Oreilles youth played hoop and arrow games "to become skillful at bringing down small game for the village" in early spring, when the men were gone in search of large game.

Among the European settlers, hoop-rolling was a seasonal sport, seeing the greatest activity in the winter. Children, besides rolling the hoops, also tossed them back and forth, catching them on their sticks. In the 1830s, hoop trundling was seen as an activity so characteristic of the young that it was adopted by a fanatic sect in Kentucky whose members mimicked children's activities in order to gain access to heaven. Hoop driving was also seen as a remedy for the sedentary and overprotected lives led by many American girls of the mid-19th century. The game was popular with both girls and boys: in an 1898 survey of 1000 boys and 1000 girls in Massachusetts, both the girls and the boys named hoop and stick their favorite toy. In Ohio, the wood of the American elm (Ulmus americana) was particularly valued for making hoop-poles.

At Bryn Mawr College, Wellesley College, and Wheaton College, the Hoop Rolling Contest is an annual spring tradition that dates back to 1895, and is only open to graduating seniors on that college's May Day celebration.

title: Hoop rolling


text: User talk:68.116.220.86

title: User talk:68.116.220.86