text:
1968 in France

Events from the year 1968 in France were categorized by protests and general unrest across the country as part of the many protests of 1968 that occurred across the globe in that year.

Incumbents

 * President: Charles de Gaulle
 * Prime Minister: Georges Pompidou (until 10 July), Maurice Couve de Murville (starting 10 July)

Events

 * 27 January – French submarine sinks in the Mediterranean with 52 men on board.
 * 9 March – A Douglas DC-6B (43748) of L'Armée de L'Air flies into a hill on Reunion, killing 16 of the 17 occupants. The plane, which was headed from Saint-Denis to Djibouti, crashed due to an incorrect takeoff procedure causing it to fly inland instead out of towards the ocean. Among the passengers was General Ailleret, the chief of defence staff. This crash is the deadliest to occur on Reunion.
 * 22 March – Daniel Cohn-Bendit and seven other students occupy Administrative offices of the University of Nanterre, setting in motion a chain of events that will lead France to the brink of revolution in May.
 * 23 April – surgeons at the Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, perform Europe's first heart transplant operation.
 * May – student strike in May and June developed into widespread and unprecedented protests over poor working conditions and a rigid educational system, which threatened to bring down the government.
 * 30 May – Georges Pompidou is returned as Prime Minister following general election, but – largely due to the widespread protests of May and June, it lasts for a mere 42 days before president Charles de Gaulle dismisses him and calls a new election.
 * 23 June – Legislative Election held.
 * 30 June – Legislative Election held.
 * 10 July – In the second election, Maurice Couve de Murville is elected as Prime Minister.
 * 24 August – France explodes its first hydrogen bomb, thus becoming the world's fifth nuclear power.
 * 11 September – Air France Flight 1611 crashed into the Mediterranean off Nice, killing all 95 on board.
 * 12 September – Launch of the Peugeot 504, successor the 404, available as a four-door five-seater saloon or five-door seven-seater estate, both with rear-wheel drive.
 * The island of Moruroa (then known as Mururoa) in French Polynesia was used for French nuclear tests twice during the year (in August and September) leading to widespread protest from other Pacific nations.
 * René Cassin wins the Nobel Prize for Peace.

Arts and literature

 * Singer Dalida releases the singles "Le Temps des Fleurs", "Je m'endors dans tes bras", and "Si j'avais des millions".

Sport

 * 6 February – 18 February – The 1968 Winter Olympics takes place in Grenoble. The host nation finishes third on the medal table with four gold, three silver, and two bronze medals.
 * 27 June – Tour de France begins.
 * 7 July – French Grand Prix is won by Jacky Ickx in a Ferrari.
 * 21 July – Tour de France ends, won by Jan Janssen of the Netherlands.
 * 28–29 September – In the 24 Hours of Le Mans motor race, the team of Pedro Rodríguez and Lucien Bianchi wins driving a Ford GT-40.
 * In horse racing, the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe is won by Vaguely Noble.
 * Jean-Claude Killy is men's overall alpine skiing world champion.
 * The French Tennis Open is won by Ken Rosewall (men) and Nancy Richey (women).
 * AS Saint-Étienne won the football double of Ligue 1 and Coupe de France.

January to March

 * 3 January – Gérald Mossé, jockey.
 * 9 January – Franck Dumas, soccer player, manager.
 * 11 January – Philippe Cavoret, skeleton racer.
 * 21 January – Sébastien Lifshitz, screenwriter and director.
 * 22 January – Frank Leboeuf, international soccer player.
 * 27 January – Patrick Blondeau, soccer player.
 * 28 January – Mathilde Seigner, actress.
 * 4 February – Éric Sikora, soccer player.
 * 6 February – Patrick Lemarié, motor racing driver.
 * 9 February – Pascal Chanteur, cyclist.
 * 9 February – Frédéric Meyrieu, cyclist.
 * 10 February – Stéphane Pounewatchy, soccer player, agent.
 * 13 February – Fabrice Henry, soccer player.
 * 17 February – Jérôme Gnako, soccer player.
 * 25 February – Sandrine Kiberlain, actress.
 * 28 February – Éric Le Chanony, bobsledder and Olympic medallist.
 * 1 March – Vincent Ribeton, Catholic priest and seminary rector.
 * 9 March – Youri Djorkaeff, international soccer player.
 * 18 March – Christophe Pinna, karateka.
 * 23 March – Pierre Palmade, actor and comedian.
 * 26 March – Laurent Brochard, cyclist.
 * 28 March – Alain Caveglia, soccer player.

April to June

 * 3 April – Philippe Rombi, film score composer.
 * 5 April – Serge Vaudenay, cryptographer.
 * 7 April – Christophe Ohrel, soccer player.
 * 9 April – Marie-Claire Restoux, judoka and Olympic gold medallist.
 * 13 April – Jeanne Balibar, actress.
 * 8 May – Éric Martineau, politician
 * 9 May – Marie-José Pérec, athlete and Olympic gold medallist.
 * 10 May – Thomas Coville, yachtsman.
 * 17 May – Constance Menard, dressage rider and equestrienne.
 * 28 May – Pascal Pierre, soccer player.
 * 4 June – Sandrine Fricot, high jumper.
 * 6 June – Dominique Boeuf, jockey.

July to September

 * 6 July – Sylvain Guillaume, nordic combined skier and Olympic medallist.
 * 10 July – Frédéric Kuhn, hammer thrower.
 * 22 July – Thierry Brusseau, athlete.
 * 23 July – Jean-Marc Chanelet, soccer player.
 * 30 July – Gilles Maignan, cyclist.
 * 3 August – Christophe Bordeau, swimmer and Olympic medallist.
 * 5 August – Marine Le Pen, politician.
 * 23 August – Franck Rolling, soccer player.
 * 1 September – Franck Lagorce, motor racing driver.
 * 3 September – Christophe Mengin, cyclist.
 * 7 September – Marcel Desailly, soccer player.
 * 10 September – Florence Devouard, former chair of the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation.
 * 22 September – Pascal Fugier, soccer player.
 * 23 September – Stéphane Mahé, soccer player, manager.
 * 26 September – Frédéric Moncassin, cyclist.
 * 30 September – Hervé Renard, soccer player, manager.

October to December

 * 5 October
 * Alexandre de Betak, fashion and furniture designer.
 * Xavier Gravelaine, soccer player, manager.
 * 6 October – Dominique A, songwriter and singer.
 * 15 October – Didier Deschamps, soccer player.
 * 28 October – François Simon, cyclist.
 * 30 October – Emmanuelle Claret, biathlete. (died 2013)
 * 9 November – Pascal Pons, percussionist.
 * 27 November – Michael Vartan, actor.
 * 30 November – Laurent Jalabert, cyclist.
 * 8 December – Philippe Katerine, singer.
 * 10 December – Denis Langlois, race walker.
 * 11 December
 * Emmanuelle Charpentier, researcher in microbiology, genetics and biochemistry
 * Fabien Lévy, composer.
 * 12 December – Rodolphe Gilbert, tennis player.
 * 17 December – Fabrice Neaud, comic artist.
 * 30 December – Fabrice Guy, nordic combined skier and Olympic gold medallist.

Full date unknown

 * Marc Fleury, software designer.
 * Christophe Godin, guitarist.
 * Hervé Paillet, actor and painter.
 * Stéphane Pompougnac, House DJ, musician, composer and producer.

January to March

 * 9 January – Louis Aubert, composer (born 1877).
 * 18 January – Gribouille, singer (born 1941).
 * 4 February – Jean Gachet, boxer and Olympic medallist (born 1894).
 * 5 February – Paul Marie André Richaud, Cardinal (born 1887).
 * 8 February
 * Maurice Maillot, actor (born 1906)
 * René Navarre, actor (born 1877).
 * 14 February – Pierre Veuillot, Cardinal (born 1913).
 * 6 March – Léon Mathot, actor and film director (born 1886).
 * 17 March – Jules Basdevant, law professor (born 1877).
 * 24 March – Alice Guy-Blaché, pioneer filmmaker, first female film director (born 1873).

April to June

 * 15 May – Gilbert Gérintès, rugby union player (born 1902).
 * 31 May
 * Abel Bonnard, poet, novelist and politician (born 1883).
 * Paul Marchandeau, politician and Minister (born 1882).
 * 11 June – Jean-Julien Lemordant, artist and soldier (born 1882).
 * 17 June – Adolphe Mouron Cassandre, painter, commercial poster artist and typeface designer (born 1901).
 * 27 June – Léon Poirier, film director, screenwriter and film producer (born 1884).

July to September

 * 8 July – Désiré Mérchez, swimmer, water polo player and Olympic medallist (born 1882).
 * 21 July – Robert Péguy, film director (born 1883).
 * 10 August – Gabriel Hanot, soccer player and journalist (born 1889).
 * 14 August – Marcel Thil, world champion boxer (born 1904).
 * 2 September – André Girard, painter, poster-maker and Resistance member (born 1901).
 * 11 September – René Cogny, General (born 1904).
 * 17 September – Armand Blanchonnet, cyclist and Olympic gold medallist (born 1903).
 * September – Pierre Grany, athlete (born 1899).

October to December

 * 2 October – Marcel Duchamp, artist (born 1887).
 * 9 October – Jean Paulhan, writer, literary critic and publisher (born 1884).
 * 25 October – Jean Schlumberger, writer and journalist (born 1877).
 * 6 November – Charles Münch, conductor and violinist (born 1891).
 * 11 November – Jeanne Demessieux, organist, pianist, composer and teacher (born 1921).
 * 25 November – Marcel Labey, conductor and composer (born 1875).
 * 28 November – Jean Delsarte, mathematician (born 1903).
 * 3 December – Lucien Callamand, actor (born 1888).
 * 7 December – Pierre Jaminet, cyclist (born 1912).

Full date unknown

 * Jean Hyppolite, philosopher (born 1907).
 * André Prudhommeaux, anarchist bookstore owner (born 1902).

title: 1968 in France


text:
Walla

In American radio, film, television, and video games, walla is a sound effect imitating the murmur of a crowd in the background. A group of actors brought together in the post-production stage of film production to create this murmur is known as a walla group. According to one story, walla received its name during the early days of radio, when it was discovered that having several people repeat the sound walla in the background was sufficient to mimic the indistinct chatter of a crowd. Nowadays, walla actors make use of real words and conversations, often improvised, tailored to the languages, speech patterns, and accents that might be expected of the crowd to be mimicked.

Rhubarb is used instead in the UK where actors say "rhubarb, rhubarb", gur-gur ("гур-гур") in Russia, and gaya (がや) in Japan, perhaps in part reflecting the varying textures of crowd noise in the different countries. Other phrases are "peas and carrots", "watermelon cantaloupe" and "natter natter" (to which the response is "grommish grommish").

Parodies
Walla is sometimes turned into an in-joke. On the UK absurdist comedy radio series The Goon Show, Spike Milligan would distinctly mutter "rhubarb, rhubarb" during crowd scenes. Spinning off from this recurring joke, the British comedian Eric Sykes (a collaborator and friend of the Goons) wrote, directed and starred in the 1969 film Rhubarb, in which all of the actors' dialogue consists of the word "rhubarb" repeated over and over. This gives the finished movie the general feeling of a silent film because it has no coherent dialogue, but with the crucial difference that the "rhubarb" dialogue still conveys the characters' emotions and moods.

Similarly, the TV show South Park often parodies walla by having angry mobs mutter "rabble rabble rabble", and in season 9, episode 8 ("Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow"), congressmen can be clearly heard saying "peas and carrots", in sync with each other. In an episode of Harvey Birdman Attorney at Law, a distraught courtroom audience distinctly and repeatedly shouts "rutabaga", a reference to the use of the term "rhubarb". In the Steve Martin film The Man With Two Brains, the audience at a scientific presentation is quite clearly heard to be saying "murmur, murmur" after Martin's character invites them to "murmur all you want". French and Saunders often make use of the phrase clearly and distinctly during sketches that feature film shoot extras. In the film Blazing Saddles, Mel Brooks's character urges attendees at a meeting to "harrumph", to the point of singling out a man who did not say it.

While it is generally expensive for the film makers to put distinct words in a specific background performer's mouth (as this would turn "extras" into actors during the sound mix, meaning they must be paid more), this problem can be avoided by recording gibberish that syncs with the on-screen mouth movements ("lip flap") of a specific background performer. It is thereby possible to make it sound as though an extra is saying something, when in fact they are not delivering any actual dialogue. This gibberish is known as "Snazzum", referring to the way in which the cartoon character Yosemite Sam would swear when angry ("Yassin Sassin Snazzum Frazzum!").

In Kung Pow! Enter the Fist a group of children in the background are heard exclaiming "Children! We're children" repeatedly.

In season 5, episode 3 ("Let's Stay Together") of 30 Rock, Rob Reiner, playing himself fictionally as a Member of Congress, loudly and clearly repeats the phrase, "Rhubarb, Rhubarb, Peas and Carrots..." in a scene when a group of congressmen and women are muttering indistinct chatter. A similar reference is made by Jack Donaghy's assistant, Jonathan, in Season 4, Episode 14 ("Future Husband").

In season 2, episode 3 ("Potato") of Blackadder, Captain Redbeard Rum (played by Tom Baker) can be heard saying "rhubarb, rhubarb!" in a scene involving four of the characters talking over each other.

In season 5, episode 20 ("Leo Unwrapped") of Will & Grace, characters Karen Walker and Jack McFarland clearly say "hubub hubub" and "peas and carrots" in a joke reference.

In the Anthony Newley–Leslie Bricusse 1961 musical Stop the World – I Want to Get Off, the main character, Littlechap, is campaigning for elected office as a member of the Opportunist Party and makes speeches, all of which start with "Mumbo Jumbo". The initial lyrics, which are constantly revised, start with: "Mumbo Jumbo, rhubarb rhubarb / Tickety bubarb yak yak yak / Mumbo jum red white and bluebarb / Poor Brittania's on her back."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Walla


text:
Pakhet

In Egyptian mythology, Pakhet, Egyptian Pḫ.t, meaning she who scratches (also spelt Pachet, Pehkhet, Phastet, and Pasht) is a lioness goddess of war.

Origin and mythology
Pakhet is likely to be a regional lioness deity, Goddess of the Mouth of the Wadi, related to those that hunted in the wadi, near water at the boundary of the desert. Another title is She Who Opens the Ways of the Stormy Rains, which probably relates to the flash floods in the narrow valley, that occur from storms in the area. She appeared in the Egyptian pantheon during the Middle Kingdom. As with Bastet and Sekhmet, Pakhet is associated with Hathor and, thereby, is a sun deity as well, wearing the solar disk as part of her crown.

It became said that rather than a simple domestic protector against vermin and venomous creatures or a fierce warrior, she was a huntress, perhaps as a caracal, who wandered the desert alone at night looking for prey, gaining the title Night huntress with sharp eye and pointed claw. This desert aspect led to her being associated with desert storms, as was Sekhmet. She also was said to be a protector of motherhood, as was Bastet.

In art, she was depicted as a feline-headed woman or as a feline, often depicted killing snakes with her sharp claws. The exact nature of the feline varied between a desert wildcat, which was more similar to Bastet, or a caracal, resembling Sekhmet.

Temples near al Minya
The most famous temple of Pakhet was an underground, cavernous shrine that was built by Hatshepsut near al Minya, among thirty-nine ancient tombs of Middle Kingdom nomarchs of the Oryx nome, who governed from Hebenu, in an area where many quarries exist. This is in the middle of Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile. A tomb on the east bank is not traditional (the west was), but the terrain to the west was most difficult. A more ancient temple to this goddess at the location is known but has not survived. Hatshepsut is known to have restored temples in this region that had been damaged by the Hyksos invaders.

Its remarkable catacombs have been excavated. Great numbers of mummified cats have been found buried there. Many are thought to have been brought great distances to be buried ceremonially during rituals at the cult center. Some references associate this goddess as Pakhet-Weret-Hekau, (Weret Hekau meaning she who has great magic), implying the association with a goddess such as Hathor or Isis. Another title is Horus Pakhet; the presence of many mummified hawks at the site would further the association with Hathor who was the mother of Horus, the hawk, the pharaoh, and the sun.

Her hunting nature led to the Greeks, who later occupied Egypt for three hundred years, identifying Pakhet with Artemis. Consequently, this underground temple became known to them as Speos Artemidos (Cave of Artemis), a name that persists even though Artemis is not an Egyptian goddess. The Greeks attempted to align the Egyptian deities with their own, while retaining the traditions of the Egyptian religion. Later, Egypt was conquered by the Romans, just after 30 AD, and they retained many of the Greek place names. Christians and other religious sects occupied some parts of the site during the Roman period. Arabic place names were established after the 7th century.

Hatshepsut and her daughter Neferure have been identified as the builders of a smaller temple dedicated to Pakhet nearby, which was defaced by subsequent pharaohs. It was completed during the reign of Alexander II and is now called Speos Batn el-Bakarah.

Coffin text incantation
The Faulkner translation of Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, Spell 470 reads,

 * O You of the dawn who wake and sleep,
 * O You who are in limpness, dwelling aforetime in Nedit,
 * I have appeared as Pakhet the Great,
 * whose eyes are keen and whose claws are sharp,
 * the lioness who sees and catches by night...

title: Pakhet


text:
Antisect

Antisect are a rock band based in London, England. Their roots are in hardcore/anarcho punk and metal.

Formed in Daventry in 1982, their debut album, In Darkness There Is No Choice, was released in 1983. 1985's follow-up EP Out from the Void has often been cited as a game changer amongst their genre for fusing a raw punk rock style with elements of metal.

Antisect are a significant band in the timeline of hardcore punk music, said to have been a major influence upon "black-clad, politically charged punks over the last 30 years".

The band address issues including animal rights and social justice, communicating their ideas to a largely punk rock audience, and were among the instigators of the squat venue scene in the mid to late 1980s. During this time, members lived the lifestyle of being either on the road or part of the vibrant London squat scene of the time. They toured extensively both in the UK and Europe and though originally splitting up in 1987, the band reformed in May 2011.

Career
Antisect were formed in Daventry, England in 1982 and began their career playing a fast, D-beat style of hardcore punk. They performed one tour with the hugely influential hardcore punk band Discharge before taking on a more anarchist leaning political edge. The band's debut LP In Darkness There Is No Choice, was released in 1983 on Flux of Pink Indians' Spiderleg Records label and reached number 4 in the UK Indie Chart. This was followed in 1985 by the release of the 7-inch single "Out from the Void", which reached number 2 in the Indie singles chart.

The band went through numerous line up changes, and as a three piece of Lyons, Bryson and Paluskiewicz, had recorded most of the material for a second album (provisionally entitled Welcome to the New Dark Ages), but it was never completed. Darker and heavier than their debut, some tracks that were going to be on this album have appeared in fledgling form on the live album Peace is Better Than a Place in History, and the 2010 release Leeds 2.4.86.

Eventually the lifestyles of the band's members took their toll to the point where it became impossible to function as a unit and they split in 1987.

In May 2011, after a 24-year hiatus the band announced its reformation and gave details of its first show which was to be at the Puntala-Rock Festival in Finland. The line up was a mixture of previous members including founders Pete Lyons and Pete Boyce alongside Laurence Windle and Tim Andrews. Joe Burwood was brought in on drums. Caz Eden (formerly Caroline Wallis), although also back in the fold, was however, not to perform and consequently parted company with the band shortly after the first show.

Tour dates for the UK, Europe and US were announced for late 2011 and spring 2012 and in December 2011 the band returned to the studio to record a new 10-inch single, containing the previously unreleased 1982 track "4 Minutes Past Midnight" and a re-recorded version of 1985's "Out From The Void (Part 2)". This, however was a "Tour Only" release, available exclusively at the 2011/2012 shows. In March 2012 they announced that Pete Boyce had once again left the band.

The band's first US tour followed in May and June 2012 taking in venues on both the west and east coasts including a tumultuous appearance at Austins Chaos in Tejas festival (the organiser of which had played an initial part in the bands reunion). A handful of European dates were also completed before the end of the year.

The next line-up change came with the announcement of Tim Andrews departure in July 2013. Tim's farewell appearance was at the Roadburn rock festival in Tilburg, Netherlands, in April 2013. This show marked the debut of a new visual side to the band in the form of politically charged back projections.

In July of that year it was announced that Chris Caps had become the band's new vocalist. Caps's first show was at the Hygget festival in Sweden where the band's headlining set was abandoned midway through with Pete Lyons taken to hospital for what proved to be emergency heart surgery.

After Lyons' recovery the second half of 2014 saw the band appear at Ieperfest Hardcore Festival in Belgium and return to Sweden to headline Stockholms Manglet Festival. In November they played their first shows in Russia before returning to the UK to continue recording sessions for the long overdue second LP. In April 2016, the band announced the departures of Chris Caps and Laurence Windle and the re-arrival of John Bryson. The new line-up performed a semi secret show in Umea, Sweden in May 2016.

In November 2016, Pete Lyons was the keynote speaker at the 3rd annual Punk Scholars Network Symposium at the University of Northampton.

On 1 January 2017, a new track, "Black", was released exclusively on YouTube. In August 2017, Antisect signed to Rise Above Records and announced the worldwide release date of the LP The Rising of the Lights.

Following the release of "The Rising of the Lights, the band toured the USA and Japan with the lineup of Lyons, Bryson and Burwood. At this point, the band were making extensive use of evolving backdrop projections to further illustrate the lyrical and political content of their set.

After an eventful second period in the band, Bryson finally bowed out at the Bloodshed Festival In Eindhoven in 2019 and handed over bass duties to long time band associate Jason Coppock, formerly of the band Headcleaner. Jason had previously stood in for Laurence Windle at the band's show in San Sebastian, Spain in 2012 and his inaugural appearance as the new Antisect bassist was at the Dance Macabre Festival in Xanthi, Greece in November 2019.

With the advent of Covid 19 and the worldwide chaos that ensued, the band, like many others, found touring plans and live performances curtailed in the ongoing travel and venue carnage, and it wasn't until late in 2023 that the band resurfaced. This time with a headline appearance at the Search for the Sun Festival in Montreal, Canada.

Current members

 * Pete Lyons – guitar/vocals
 * Jason Coppock – bass/vocals
 * Joe Burwood – drums/vocals

The Rising of the Lights members

 * Pete Lyons – guitar/vocals
 * John Bryson – bass/vocals
 * Joe Burwood – drums/vocals

2014–2015 members

 * Chris Caps- vocals
 * Pete Lyons – guitar
 * Laurence Windle – bass
 * Joe Burwood – drums

2011–2013 members

 * Tim Andrews – vocals
 * Pete Lyons – guitar
 * Laurence Windle – bass
 * Joe Burwood – drums
 * Pete Boyce – Vocals (2011–2012)

1987 break-up members

 * Pete Lyons – guitar
 * Pete Paluskiewicz – drums
 * Laurence Windle – bass
 * Tim Andrews – vocals

'Out from the Void' members

 * John Bryson – bass/vocals
 * Pete Lyons – guitar/vocals
 * Pete Paluskiewicz – drums

'In Darkness...' members

 * Pete Lyons – guitar
 * Pete Paluskiewicz – drums
 * Renusze Rokicki – bass
 * Pete Boyce – vocals
 * Rich Hill – vocals
 * Caroline Wallis – vocals

Founding members

 * Pete Lyons – guitar
 * Pete Paluskiewicz – drums
 * Renusze Rokicki – bass
 * Pete Boyce – vocals

Discography

 * In Darkness There Is No Choice – LP, 1983 (reissued in 2011)
 * Out from the Void – EP, 1985
 * Hallo There How's Life – live album, 1991
 * Peace Is Better Than a Place in History – live album, 1993
 * Leeds 02.04.86 – live album, 2010
 * 4 Minutes Past Midnight/Out from the Void (Part 2) – Tour 10"
 * The Rising of the Lights - LP, 2017 Rise Above Records
 * Live in Sweden - CD, 2018 Incendiary Music

title: Antisect


text:
User:Dnalor~enwiki

Dnalor is named Karl Bergman and lives in Sweden. He considers Wikipedia the source of all earthly knowledge, a modern descendant to the library of Alexandria.

Contributions to Wikipedia
I have started the following articles:

Proton-motive force

Neogames

the Portent

Doktor Kosmos

Yeah, I know... none of them is very sexy.

Future Projects
I was thinking about doing something about the article of my hometown, Luleå. Embarrasing enough, however, I find myself lacking the knowledge necessary to add something of weight. I will have to return on this.

As I advance in my biotechnology education I will be sure to add some articles on that subject.

Finally, both role-playing games and webcomics are interests of mine, and I will probably try to enlighten the wikipedia community a little bit more on these subjects ^_^.

title: User:Dnalor~enwiki


text:
User:Jammydodger/Princes of Monaco

House of Grimaldi

 * 1297–1301: Rainier I, Lord of Cagnes
 * 1301–1331: Controlled by Genoa
 * –:, Prince of Monaco (jointly with...)
 * –:, Prince of Monaco
 * –:, Prince of Monaco
 * –:, Prince of Monaco

title: User:Jammydodger/Princes of Monaco


text: Category:Defunct computer magazines

title: Category:Defunct computer magazines


text:
Zolotnik

A zolotnik (in Russian: золотни́к; abbr.: zol.) was a small Russian unit of weight, equal to 0.1505 avoirdupois ounces, or 4.2658 grams (about 65.83 grains). Used from the 10th to 20th centuries, its name is derived from the Russian word zoloto, meaning gold. As a unit, the zolotnik was the standard for silver manufacture, much as the troy ounce is currently used for gold and other precious metals.

This unit was originally based on a coin of the same name. The zolotnik circulated in the Kievan Rus until the 11th century; it was equal in weight to the Byzantine Empire's solidus.

Relation to other units
The Russian pound was known as the funt. There were 96 zolotniki in a pound. A smaller unit, the lot, was equal to three zolotniki. There were 96 dolya in a single zolotnik.

The zolotnik was also used to measure fineness of precious metals (gold, silver, platinum). In this case, the ratio zolotnik/funt was meant, so one zolotnik meant 1/96. For example, 14-karat (58.33%) gold was named "56-zolotnik gold" in Russia. As one karat means 1/24, one zolotnik is 1/4 karat.

91 zolotnik Russian silver has a millesimal fineness of 947.9. 88 zolotnik has a fineness of 916.6. It contains 91.66% pure silver. 84 zolotnik is the most common fineness of 875.

Russian measurements

 * Berkovets
 * Pood

title: Zolotnik


text: File:National Institute on Drug Abuse poster.gif


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arachnus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Bryan 03:57, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Arachnus
This article was marked VfD several days ago but not placed on the VfD page until now. Bryan 06:28, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete: The information in this article is false. There is not much info on the boss Arachnus other than that it looks like a spider, and therefore there should not be an article based on it.--Zxcvbnm 01:01, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, gamescruft, possible hoax. Megan1967 08:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Cruft. Even if found to be correct, still delete. --Bucephalus 13:03, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, the article, as mentioned earlier, is false. the creature's role in the game isn't big enough for its own page. --Zeerus 13:05, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

.die-hard metroid fan says:well alot of that info is false but it did exist in two of the games and I know the artical is poor but I could fix it up so it has the right basic info with good detail so please let it be and I will edit it personally by changing the entier artical.
 * Delete, not notable.--Matteh (talk) 12:26, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Battle of Plovdiv (1878)

The Battle of Plovdiv, or Battle of Philippopolis, was one of the final battles of the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War.

Following the crushing Russian victory at the last battle of Shipka Pass, Russian commander Gen. Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko began to move southeast towards Constantinople. Blocking the route was the Ottoman fortress at Plovdiv under Suleiman Pasha. On 16 January 1878, a squadron of Russian dragoons led by Captain Alexander Burago stormed the city. Its defenses were strong but superior Russian numbers overwhelmed them and the Ottoman forces retreated almost to Constantinople. At this time foreign powers intervened and Russia agreed to the Treaty of San Stefano.

title: Battle of Plovdiv (1878)


text: User talk:69.169.172.232

title: User talk:69.169.172.232


text:
Fuji River

The Fuji River (富士川) is a river in Yamanashi and Shizuoka Prefectures of central Japan. It is 128 km long and has a watershed of 3990 km2. With the Mogami River and the Kuma River, it is regarded as one of the three most rapid flows of Japan.

The river arises from Mount Nokogiri in the Akaishi Mountains in northwest Yamanashi as the Kamanashi River (釜無川), and meets the Fuefuki River at the town of Ichikawamisato. There it changes its name to the Fuji River. It then flows around the west foot of Mount Fuji and into Suruga Bay at its mouth in the city of Fuji.

The banks of the Fuji River was the location of the Battle of Fujikawa in 1180, one of the most important early battles of the Genpei War. The Sengoku period warlord Takeda Shingen built extensive dikes along the Kamanashi portion of the river, which allowed water to flood buffer zones to control damage. These dikes still exist, and are called the Shingen-zutsumi (信玄堤). Flood control efforts continued under the Tokugawa shogunate of the Edo period, when extensive dikes were completed in 1674 after 50 years of construction, to divert the lower river away from populated areas, which were prone to flooding.

Water transportation up the river from Suruga Bay to inland Kai Province prospered in the Edo period and early Meiji period, until the opening of the Tōkaidō Main Line, Chūō Main Line and Fuji Minobu Railway railways. Commercial river transport ceased in 1923.

There are numerous dams for hydroelectric power generation and flood control along the various tributaries in the upper reaches of the river. The Fuji River also marks the divide of Japan's electrical grid, with the utility frequency of 50 hertz to the east, and 60 hertz to the west.

The view of the Tōkaidō Shinkansen train crossing the river against the background of Mount Fuji is a celebrated scene representative of Japan.

title: Fuji River


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Title (disambiguation)

A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts.

Title or Titles may also refer to:

Law

 * Title (property), a claim or documents about legal ownership
 * Short and long titles, the short formal name by which legislation is cited, and the full formal title appearing at the head of the legislation
 * One of the 53 divisions of the United States Code

Names and designations

 * Title (publishing), the name of a creative work
 * Artwork title, the title of a piece of art
 * Job title, a designation of a person's position in an organization
 * Title of honor, a title bestowed as an award
 * Honorary title (academic), a title bestowed in recognition of contribution outside of academic employment
 * Hereditary title, a title that remains in a family
 * Honorific, a title of esteem used for deference

Art and entertainment

 * Title sequence, for opening credits in films
 * Intertitle, title cards used in silent films
 * Title (EP), a 2014 EP by Meghan Trainor
 * Title (album), a 2015 album by Meghan Trainor (a reissue of the EP, with additional songs)
 * "Title" (song), a song by Meghan Trainor from the album of the same name
 * Titles (album), a 1982 Mick Karn album
 * The Title, a British rock band
 * Title, a 2005 album by Straightener

Computing

 * Title (command), a command that changes the title of a terminal emulator window
 * Title bar, element of a computer window
 * ..., an HTML element

Other uses

 * Title (animal), a competitive signifier on a domesticated animal
 * Title (Christianity), the naming of the church first served by an Anglican deacon
 * Championship, a high-level sports competition to determine a champion
 * Stacy Title (1964–2021), American film director, screenwriter and producer

title: Title (disambiguation)


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Elm Bank Horticulture Center

The Gardens at Elm Bank, home of Massachusetts Horticultural Society, occupies 36 acre of Elm Bank Reservation, a 175 acre recreational area of woodlands, fields, and former estate property on the Charles River managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. The estate's entrance is located at 900 Washington Street (Route 16), Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States, with the major portion of the grounds located in the neighboring town of Dover. In 1987, the entire site was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Elm Bank.

History
Property records date back to 1732 when Thomas Fuller owned the tract on land then known as the Natick Plain. The property earned the sobriquet Elm Bank after Colonel John Jones acquired the land in 1740 and planted elm trees along the riverside. After being occupied by families named Loring, Broad, and Otis, the property was sold for $10,000 in 1874 to Benjamin Pierce Cheney, a founder of a delivery company that became American Express. At the time of Cheney's death in 1895, the property contained over 200 acres (80 hectares), and passed to his eldest daughter Alice in 1905. In 1907, Alice and her husband, Dr. William Hewson Baltzell, engaged the architectural firm of Carrère and Hastings to design a Neo-Georgian manor house. They also commissioned the Olmsted Brothers firm, the most prominent landscape designers of the era, for the estate's site planning and to design new gardens and improve existing ones. In the 1940s, the property became a seminary housing a group of Stigmatine Fathers, who constructed a school building and ran a summer camp in the 1960s and 1970s. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts purchased the property in the mid 1970s. It then served as the home of the Quinobin Regional Technical School.

In 1996, an effort was successfully undertaken by Dr. John C. Peterson, President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society to secure a new educational and garden site for Mass Hort in the suburbs of Boston, a long time dream of the organization. Peterson undertook intense studies and collaborative investigations with various agencies of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, including the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) to develop a project plan and business plan that would justify and enable Mass Hort to secure a long term lease for the Horticultural Society. Due to the efforts of Dr. John C. Peterson, support was gained from the MDC, Department of Environmental Management, the Secretary of the Environment and the Governors office to propose legislation that would shortly thereafter be enacted into law by the State Legislature to authorize a land lease of 36 acres of the Elm Bank Reservation / formally the Cheney Estate to The Massachusetts Horticultural Society for a term of 100 years.

The Horticultural Society, under Peterson's direction, then undertook a multi-year design and planning effort working with a world renown botanical and garden landscape architect from the Netherlands, Pieter van Loon, President of Eurolandscapes in Morekapella, The Netherlands. John Peterson and Pieter van Loon collaboratively develop a site Master Plan for The Elm Bank Horticulture Center gardens and facilities. This Master Plan and vision for the future facility components, established and solidified the Mass Hort Society site as a garden and educational program site based facility for the first time in its 125+ year history. Next, significant fund raising efforts were launched and donations and grants were secured, under the direction of Peterson and Chief Fundraising Officer, Kathleen Sharkey, that enabled the Mass Hort organization to commence with significant site development and improvement projects. Historic gardens and building renovations were completed, educational gardens and plant growing facilities were constructed, and educational and operational building facilities were developed to accommodate Master Gardener training programs, as well as educational programs and events for Society members as well as the general public.

The Society, under the direction of its President, Dr. John C. Peterson, cultivated and solidified collaborations with a wide range of Plant Societies, Garden Clubs and commercial horticulture firms to expand upon the scope and character of the Elm Bank Horticulture Center features, gardens, programs and facilities. These advancements and improvements strengthened the role of the Massachusetts Horticulture Society as a key site and leading entity that provided educational and information and training programs to plant enthusiasts throughout Massachusetts and the New England Region. The new gardens, office, educational program, event and meeting space solidified the Massachusetts Horticulture Society as a year-round powerhouse in the public horticulture, display, demonstration and educational and horticultural information centers in the New England Region. As the overall site and individual garden spaces matured and grew in significance, the society began to charge non-member visitors an entrance fee in 2010,. The gardens' maintenance is supported through entrance fees, special events, and private usages such as garden weddings.

Gardens
The distinct gardens featured at Elm Bank include:

A series of small spiraling gardens, each giving visitors the opportunity to plant, water or interact in some way with the garden's elements. Children's classes are held throughout the spring, summer and fall in this special garden.
 * Weezie's Garden for Children

 * Mass Hort Trial Garden

A cooperative effort between the University of Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Flower Growers’ Association and Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Breeding companies from all over the world contribute Annuals for viewing by amateur and professional Gardeners. This garden also tests unreleased varieties competing for All-America Selections awards, displays previous winners, and grows hundreds of cultivars submitted for evaluation by commercial plant breeders.

Restoration of the 1926 Italianate Garden was based on the original plans from the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, together with a numbered plant list - and even receipts - for the original trees and flowers planted in the garden.
 * Italianate Garden

The Noanett Garden Club, the New England Chapter of the Herb Society of America, and the American Rhododendron Society maintain collaborative demonstration and display gardens at Elm Bank. The Day Lily Society installed a garden in 2004.
 * Display Gardens

title: Elm Bank Horticulture Center


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wrecked Ship

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was inconclusive (but someone took the initiative and redirected it). ugen 64 02:10, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wrecked Ship
This article was marked VfD several days ago but wasn't placed on the VfD page until now. Bryan 06:27, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete/Merge: This article is unencyclopedic, and Wikipedia is not Gamefaqs. It could be merged with Super Metroid.--Zxcvbnm 01:05, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge. Bryan 06:13, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Editor discretion as to merging, redirecting etc. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 07:29, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, concur with Tony Sidaway above. Kappa 07:54, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, gamescruft. Megan1967 08:00, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, walkthroughs not encyclopedic. Gazpacho 09:00, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge the content of the article with Metroid, but the title should redirect to shipwreck, instead of Metroid. I think people searching for "Wrecked ship" will be very surprised if they are sendt to an article on computer games. Sjakkalle 09:22, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per WP:FICT. Radiant_* 10:11, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC) Oh yes, and have this redirect to shipwreck.  Radiant_* 09:21, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete without merge and redirect to shipwreck. --Bucephalus 13:06, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete without merge, wikipedia is not GameFAQs and, what the heck, wikipedia is not a travel guide. --InShaneee 16:23, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge. - SimonP 16:33, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into something like Metroid locations.--Matteh (talk) 12:17, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to shipwreck, no need to merge. Wikipedia is not GameFAQs. Gdr 20:32, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)
 * Redirect to shipwreck. Delete article as unencyclopedic --Frenchman113 20:35, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Embassy of Brazil, Washington, D.C.

The Embassy of Brazil in Washington, D.C. is the diplomatic mission of the Federative Republic of Brazil to the United States of America.

The Chancery (offices) of the Embassy is located at 3006 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C., in the famous Embassy Row neighborhood.

History
In 1824, the United States was the second country to recognize Brazil's independence from Portugal, after Argentina recognized Brazil's independence in the previous year. The diplomatic relations between the United States and the Empire of Brazil was established on May 26, 1824, when the Brazilian Chargé d'Affaires José Silvestre Rebello presented his diplomatic credentials at the newly restored White House to fifth President James Monroe (1758-1831, served 1817-1825). Brazil's first legation was thus established in Washington, D.C., a quarter-century after the founding of the American capital city on the Potomac River. The Brazilian legation was replaced by an embassy in 1905.

This campaign for liberation led with similar independence for Brazil with its crown prince and heir to the Portuguese throne who had resided for some time in South America, declaring independence from the mother country of the former unified trans-oceanic United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves in 1822. The heir became Emperor Dom Pedro I of the new Empire of Brazil, which lasted until 1889, then becoming a federation republic.

In 1905, the U.S. legation in the then Brazilian coastal capital city of Rio de Janeiro representing the United States and its Department of State under 26th President Theodore Roosevelt was raised to a full embassy as was the trend with other international diplomatic missions.

The embassy had several homes in the federal District of Columbia until, in 1934, it purchased McCormick House, a large manor on Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. just down the street from the new British Embassy. The Brazilians were the second nation to have an embassy on what is today called the Embassy Row neighborhood. The manor today remains the ambassadorial residence. In 1971, a new chancery in America was constructed next door to McCormick House. The modernist mirrored glass wall structure was designed by famous Brazilian architect Olavo Redig de Campos (1906-1984). An extensive renovation of the Chancery of the Embassy ended forty years later in 2011.

Consular services
The embassy itself ceased to have consular responsibilities since the creation, in 2008, of the Consulate-General of Brazil, also in Washington, D.C., located at 1030 15th Street, N.W. It is the tenth consulate general office in the US, with assigned geographical regions to each.

Brazilian consulates in the United States

Brazil has established ten Consulate Generals in the United States. Each Consulate has its jurisdiction, which covers different areas of the country. The existing Consulates are:

 * The Consulate General of Brazil in Atlanta
 * The Consulate General of Brazil in Boston
 * The Consulate General of Brazil in Chicago
 * The Consulate General of Brazil in Hartford, Connecticut
 * The Consulate General of Brazil in Los Angeles
 * The Consulate General of Brazil in Miami
 * The Consulate General of Brazil in New York
 * The Consulate General of Brazil in San Francisco
 * The Consulate General of Brazil in Houston
 * The Consulate General of Brazil in Washington, DC

title: Embassy of Brazil, Washington, D.C.


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Talk:South Lebanon Army

= Comments =

Some of the edits in this article are not factual and the writer is not being neutral. Israeli support for the SLA was not conditional on their control of Al-Khiam prison.

Collapse of SLA
Guy, you've inserted "Many in Israel believed that Ehud Barak's decision to withdraw without consulting his SLA allies led to the SLA's collapse."

I'm not sure what you're getting at. Did anyone really believe (as this suggests) that the SLA could have continued without Israeli backing, or do you mean they thought it might have been able to fold up in a more orderly way? Perhaps you could clarify. Palmiro 18:22, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

I meant that Ehud Barak, as many of his critics have noted, "left in the middle of the night" leaving equipment and war material behind, surprising the SLA and Israeli public to the nature of the withdrawal. He didn't notify Israel's allies or coordinate the withdrawal with the SLA, leaving them to fend on their own.

Guy Montag 00:04, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Okay, I've tried to reflect this as welll as giving more detail on a couple of issues. Palmiro | Talk 17:40, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm puzzled how this could be a surprise, as the dismantling of the SLA was a requrement for the Israeli agreed compliance with UN resolution 425; see para 21 of . This must have been discussed/agreed with Israel well in advance, and it is hard to see this not being told/leaking to the SLA. Certainly Isreal's allies such as the U.S. would have known in advance via the UN. The former deputy commander of the SLA says "It is very important to understand that the SLA did not fall apart last month; it was dismantled by the Israelis. Our soldiers were told that the border with Israel would be permanently shut - and that they had a choice to remain isolated in South Lebanon or take refuge in Israel. At that point, given this choice, they had no choice but to flee."  Rwendland 23:04, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Ehud Barak was elected prime minister due to his campaign promise that Israel will withdraw from Lebanon within a year. Claiming that SLA was caught by surprise is neither factually correct nor NPOV. --Telecart 15:28, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The real question for the purpose of this article isn't whether the SLA was surprised, but whether we're correct in reporting that some Israeli critics accused Barak of abandoning the SLA. If so, we should say so and cite them. --Delirium 12:44, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed, though, again, Israeli papers can accuse and then refute their accusation 3 weeks later in a small note at the back of the paper, I wouldn't take these charges too seriously.. But either way, the current phrasing should be changed. Worth noting that the Hebrew Wikipedia entry for the Israeli withdrawal depicts the collapse / withdrawal thing was the other way around - SLA slowly crumbled due to civilian protests that HizbAllah arranged, and because of the imminent withdrawal, until it collapsed, and so Israel withdrew earlier than planned. --Telecart 18:51, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Collaborationist
I don't understand your argument. Syria had 40,000 troops stationed in Lebanon, and treated it as an extension of Syria. The lebanese government acted as lapdogs for the Syrian forces and were forced to obey Demascus by violating the cease-fire treaty and not deploying Lebanese troops in Southern Lebanon.

Guy Montag 00:07, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

agree --equitor 20:39, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

Glad we understood each other so easily. :)

Guy Montag 07:06, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

In my POV, I would qualify it as collaborationist. Here are some reasons
 * -Prior to 1990, Syria could not legally justify its presence in Lebanon. President Amine Gemayel asked Syria to withdraw its troops several times in the 80's and Syria did not. This makes Syria an occupying force under international law.
 * -The elections were held through gerrymandering, voter intimidations and gross manipulation.
 * -It is widely acknowleged that Syria secrete services abducted a large number of Lebanese opponents and illegaly exfiltrated them to Syria, even after 1990. Any Lebanese will tell you that syrian forces were not just a 'presence' like the US in germany but was operating freely on Lebanese territory and did not have to justify theirs acts to any Lebanese authority, even formally. The inverse would be more accurate: Lebanese authorities had to report to Syria secret services.
 * -Syria amended the Lebanese constitution through a mix of threats and political pressure (in what free country can this happen)
 * -Syria is widely considered to be behnind a number of political assassinations and to have supported armed/terrorist groups since the late 60's. The Damour Massacre for example was carried by a PLO organization (the Saika) that was mainly funded and armed by Syria.
 * -If, in a few weeks, the Detlev Mehlis report that Syria is behind Hariri's assassination, the whole discussion will become irrelevant. If you consider that a foreign country blowing Lebanese politicians is not an occupying force, than nothing is.

I am not saying that the government had zero public support. Anyway this is not a criteria since collaborationist governments always have some public support. Plus Lebanese politics are complicated. Some politicans were pure puppets, others were not puppets but had to collaborate with Syria without being happy to do so. What we can do is agree on a methodology: define 'collaborationist' and we'll see if this definition applies to the Lebanese government--equitor 18:21, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

But as you say that's your POV, and it's widely disputed. What's not at all widely disputed is that the SLA was a collaborationist organisation backing up a generally detested military occupation. If we don't use the term for the SLA itself (and I don't think we should) it's ludicrous to use it for the Lebanese government.Palmiro | Talk 18:47, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

I have concerns about the funds of SLA. Please see
 * What do you mean, exactly? Can you explain what your concern about the article is, and why you put the POV tag on it? Thanks. Palmiro | Talk 18:38, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * "SLA members received their salary from the Lebanese army until 1990", I do not find this statement true because SLA was formed by Israel. Although its name is SLA, it was just a militia like any other militia and has no affiliations with the Lebanese government. There was, however, some Lebanese retired officers that joined SLA and their pension payment was not cancelled. SLA has always received its finances from Israel and the Lebanese government did not fund any militia as far as I know. Cheers --A rihani 20:02, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've added a request for a source for this claim; if one isn't provided in a few days we can take it out. In the meantime, if you have a source that specifically disproves this, then we can of course use that - but it would have to clearly support the information that you want to put into the article, of course. سلامات, Palmiro | Talk 09:38, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * See Operation Litani section on The Civil War web page published by The Lebanese-American Association. I think this supports my argument. Cheers --A rihani 10:59, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * But it doesn't actually say that the Lebanese army stopped paying the salaries of the collaborationists, which is what we need. Also, I'm afraid that it isn't really up to our standards for reliable sources. What we really need is some reputable newspaper or published book on the history or politics of the time. I'm not trying to be obstructive, just to make sure that whatever we have in the article is beyond reproach - sorry... Palmiro | Talk 11:10, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * There is nothing to be sorry for! The article claims that the Lebanese government was paying salaries for a militia and this what needs a reference. When SLA was founded, many of its members were ex-soldiers and by 1990 the SLA comprised of muslims and christians equally and only few of them served in the Lebanese Army before. Cheers --A rihani 12:53, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, please see my latest changes. Is the material about the salaries accurate now, as far as you know? Of course, we still need a proper source in any case. Palmiro | Talk 13:12, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Toward a better description of the collapse of the SLA
There is lots of detail missing in the account of the collapse of the SLA.

The IDF, according to its plan of withdrawal, started handing major positions in Lebanon over to the SLA in the middle of May 2000. The collapse started on May 22, 2000. Around a dozen villages and eight SLA posts in the center of the front surrendered to Hezbollah. The posts were mostly manned by Shiite muslims who were put under heavy pressure by Hezbollah. Hezbollah had made pubic threats against those involved with the SLA in April 2000. The threats were most effective against the Shites in the SLA.

Antoine Lahad, the leader of the SLA was in Paris while all of this was going on. Lahad's departure for France at such a critical time was a source of demoralization within the SLA. Lahad has claimed that he was taking an extended family vacation in advance of the July departure of the IDF. He claims to not have been aware of the handover of IDF positions to the SLA in May.

By the end of the day, the SLA front line had been cut in two with the flanks of the SLA positions in both the east and the west totally exposed to attack. On the morning of May 23, 2000, the western (Druze) sector of the front collapsed. There were (in 2000) reports of a secret deal between Walid Jumblatt and Hezbollah that led to the collapse.

This triggered off a general retreat of what remained of the SLA. Shortly after, both Israelis and some elements of the SLA were moving south. The retreat was finished by the early hours of May 24.

Israeli initially announced that it would give labor visas good for one year to soldiers of the SLA.

The controversy in all this is what the Israelis really intended to do in May. Many senior figures in the SLA claim that Israel announced the July departure date while actually planning a full withdrawal from Lebanon in May 2000. These SLA people claim that Israel deliberately did not tell them the depature date because of fears the Lebanese could not be trusted with the information. I dont tend to believe these sorts of stories.

My view is that the SLA collapsed out of its own internal weakness. The SLA was really multiple religious militias with no effective unified command to speak of. Hezbollah worked on breaking off the Shite and Druze elements of the SLA. The Shite portion cut a deal first. The Druze portion, seeing that the game was up closed their own deal after. Lahad probably knew what was going to happen and stayed far away.

I think most of what I've wrote can be sourced with newspaper articles from the time (May 2000). I've put this on the discussion page for informational purposes rather than the article itself because all of this would be very controversial. Maybe someday someone can rewrite the section of the article on the SLA collapse. 205.188.117.70 05:47, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Most of what you say about the events of the period certainly corresponds with what I've read about it. Feel free to include it - with reliable sources of course. But beware of unsourced speculation about the reasons for the collapse! Palmiro | Talk 19:04, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Is "collapse" the right word as Israel was required to "dismantle" the SLA for the Israeli agreed compliance with UN resolution 425; see para 21 & 40 of ? This was published 22 May 2000 so must have been discussed/agreed with Israel earlier: "It is the responsibility of the Government of Israel to ensure that the de facto force, known as the South Lebanon Army, ceases to exist ... The command structure of SLA must be dismantled ... Heavy weapons in the possession of SLA, including tanks, artillery and mortars, must be removed or destroyed ..." The former deputy commander of the SLA says "It is very important to understand that the SLA did not fall apart last month; it was dismantled by the Israelis."  Rwendland 12:07, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * First, you are misreading what your first source is. The document you reference is a UN interum report on Resolution 425. 425 dates back to 1978. That document (the report) does not reflect any agreement between the UN and Israel. 425 calls for many things, but there had been no public pledge from Israel on dismantling the SLA. In fact, Israel in public had been saying the opposite. They were not planning to leave until early July. The report being issued on the 22nd isn't very meaningful. Its coincidence. There was a whole series of meetings between the SLA (see later material) and UN/various countries that was a whole lot more damaging than the interium erport on 425.

 * Second, I think its better to deal with Charbel Barakat's fuller and more accurate version of what happened in May from his congressional testimony in June 2000:

"During the month of May 2000 our people remitted a memorandum to the office of the United Nations in Nakura in south Lebanon offering suggestions to avoid bloodshed and exodus. During the same month delegations representing our community met with diplomats of the US, UK, and French embassies in Israel and at the United Nations. And on May 18, our representatives met with the office of the Secretary General of the United Nations in New York ... Instead of taking our demands for protection on our land seriously, the United Nations declined to assist us ... The United States, UK and France dismissed our fears and insisted on guarantees which were allegedly granted by the Beirut regime ... The State of Israel only prepared for our potential exodus, ruling out our determination to remain on our land and defend ourselves."

"Despite the abandonment by the international community and against all odds, our people decided to remain and fight for their land and rights while calling endlessly on the UN to deploy its units around our villages. On May 22, 2000, and as Israeli units were implementing their own withdrawal and the commander of the SLA was absent in France, the mostly Shiite sector of the security zone collapsed. It appeared that Shiite officers were told by the Israelis that they must leave before the borders closed. Even after the invasion of Hizbollah of this area, the mostly Christian-Druse eastern enclave and the Christian western enclave, decided to defend themselves and protect their citizens after Israel’s withdrawal. On May 23, 2000, at 8 PM, SLA officers in the western sector received orders from the Israelis to leave their posts as Hizbollah was advancing towards their villages. Thus the SLA was imploded from the inside and was dismantled without any battle. The main reason why the SLA did not remain and fight was the fact that the border was closed behind its back. Without access to medical and logistical supplies, our people was condemned either to surrender to its enemy or flee across the border." (from )

 * The SLA did collapse. What Charbel Barakat is talking about in the MEF comments is that the remainder of the SLA (Christian) in the west did not collapse and was dismanted by Israel. But it was only dismanted after most of the SLA had collapsed. Charbel Barakat and other dead-enders may have wanted (in theory anyway) to fight on in the west, but Israel wasn't going to make any commitment to keep a miniture version of the SLA going in a tiny pocket on the west end of the border. The caution I would give about Barakat and a couple others from the SLA is that sometimes they think of their Christian portion of the SLA as if it were the entire SLA. And from that point of view, the SLA did not collapse and was dismantled by Israel.

 * The biggest claim made by Barakat is in weasel-words: "It appeared that Shiite officers were told by the Israelis that they must leave". 'It appeared that" means he is guessing. Nobody on either side of the border has outright claimed that the Shites were told to leave and that is why they collapsed on the 22nd. Even Barakat is unwilling to make that claim.

 * Now lots of other things may have happened that the public doesn't know about with regard to the SLA collapse. But the only people who would know the truth are a handful of people at the top of the Israeli government and army. Nobody in the SLA knows much of anything because if Israel was going to collapse them, they would hardly tell them their plan. People (including me) can make lots of hunches and theories about what might have happened, but there are no facts to back any of those theories up. 205.188.117.70 23:20, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * My source is pertinent to the 2000 withdrawl, it says: "On 17 April 2000, I received formal notification from the Government of Israel that it would withdraw its forces from Lebanon by July 2000 in full accordance with Security Council resolutions 425 (1978) and 426 (1978)." Israel did agree to do it the UN way, Foreign Minister writing on 17 April 2000: "The Government of Israel intends to cooperate fully with the United Nations in the implementation of its decision. The Government of Israel will do its utmost to assist the United Nations and cooperate in performing its other tasks as encompassed in the above-mentioned resolutions, including the restoration of international peace and security".  As I understand it the UN considered dismantling the SLA essential for Israel to comply with "restoration of international peace and security".  Maybe Israel didn't make a big thing about this in public, but they do seem to have agreed to do as required by the 22 May 2000 UN document, including dismantling the SLA - which they effectively forced on the SLA. Rwendland 00:59, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I dont agree that Israel "effectively" or in any other way forced dismantling on the SLA. The SLA collapsed on the central front and then on the eastern front. What was left of the SLA was not large enough to continue fighting. There are no sources that say that Israel caused the collapse on the battlefield. To prove what you want to prove, you would need to go beyond the UN documents and make a case based on specific actions the IDF took in South Lebannon before the SLA collapse that show they were dismantling the SLA. 168.127.0.51 15:56, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you saying Colonel Charbel Barakat, former deputy commander of the SLA, was wrong when he said the SLA "was dismantled by the Israelis" on June 15, 2000? Rwendland 22:32, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The source you are using for Barakat's views is a set of summary notes taken by a third party at an event where he spoke. There are far better sources such as  which is an actual transcript from June 2000 giving Barakat's full acount of events. The relivant quote from Barakat is:

 * "On May 23, 2000, at 8 PM, SLA officers in the western sector received orders from the Israelis to leave their posts as Hizbollah was advancing towards their villages. Thus the SLA was imploded from the inside and was dismantled without any battle."

 * By May 23 at 8PM, all the other sectors of the SLA front had collapsed. The central sector had collapsed on May 22 and the Druze (eastern) sector had collapsed that morning. By the time Barakat says he received his orders from the Israelis, all that was left of the SLA was the western sector where Barakat was. It was only at this point, after the majority of the SLA had disintigrated, that the SLA could be said to have been "dismantled". But what was being dismantled at 8PM on May 23rd was a small force in posession of a very small area that would have been impossible to defend. While the Israelis were probably willing to continue to supply an SLA in posession of the entire security zone, it would have been impossible to support and supply an SLA reduced to a few villages, a few hundred men and facing Hezbollah on two sides.

 * One strange note in *favor* of a conspiracy to self-destruct the SLA. Pat Robertson relocated the broadcast facilities for his "middle east TV" out of South Lebanon right at the start of May 2000. The timing was strange to say the least. Robertson had kept the operation going in Lebanon for 18 years through multiple car bombings and one incident where the station was overrun. And then he suddenly pulls out a couple weeks before everything falls apart. The timing and Robertson's access to the top levels of the Israeli government make the move look very suspicious.168.127.0.51 16:23, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

This paper in the Middle East Quarterly presents 5 possible explanations that have been advanced for Israel not supporting the SLA in the pullout. It strikes me this article should present them all (unless a more recent paper discounts some of them). The author also notes "From Reserve General Menachem Einan ... I learned in March that there was no Israeli inclination to strengthen the SLA as the sole and credible military alternative to the IDF in south Lebanon." Rwendland 23:21, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That paper presents problems. The first I noticed is that it claims that the SLA/FLA was organized by Israel. Not supported, but directly organized: "In 1975, as part of Israel's security policy against the Palestinians, a young IDF intelligence officer named Ya'ir Ravid organized a militia force that was first called the Free Lebanese Army, then renamed the South Lebanon Army (SLA) in 1984."

 * I hope you understand that if that paper is accepted as a source for matters of the widthdrawal, it opens the door to a drastic change in the article as far as the SLA's relationship with Israel goes. It is not possible to accept part of it as valid, but not other parts.

 * The paper has some interesting information on the withdrawal. Some claims are sourced, some are not. I think the claims that can be directly attributed to individuals can be used in the article. But there are other statements in the article that are not attributed and I dont think should be used.

 * I'm going to try and figure out a way to present the views of both sides on what happened in May and highlight any events that are in dispute. 64.12.116.10 02:31, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

SLA and Lebanese Government pay
I think there have been some questions in the past about when Lebanese Army pay for the members of the FLA/SLA ended. What I've found is that the the Haddad's forces (the pre-SLA) were on the government payroll up until Haddad declared his state of Free Lebannon in 1979. He decared his "independence" on April 18th of that year and the government essentially fired everyone involved the next day (cutting off their pay). Sources for this include (this one gets the facts right - the cutoff of funds but is wrong on the timing in that the government cut the pre-SLA off the day after rather than before their independence). which gets the timing of events right. I can't find any evidence that anyone in the SLA received any money from the Lebanese Army after 1979. 168.127.0.51 21:43, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SLA patch.png
Image:SLA patch.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:08, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Neutrality tag
The tag was put up in Dec 07, but there's no discussion from that time. I'm removing it as no one has a POV issue with this article that they're willing to discuss. --Deusnoctum (talk) 04:57, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Foreign Language Sources
Can we get those in English? Specifically the first one. - Schrandit (talk) 23:15, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Too many abbreviations
It was necessary to tag the article. Due to the many abbreviations the article is difficult too read, when you are not an insider. It took a while before I new what LTs and MBTs were. So, please look for the abbreviations and write them out. That will make the article better and better to read! Thanks in advance! Night of the Big Wind (talk) 18:43, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

Forced conscription of teenagers
This practice was documented by a 1999 Human Rights Watch report ("ISRAEL/LEBANON PERSONA NON GRATA: The Expulsion of Civilians from Israeli-Occupied Lebanon), found here http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ISRLB997.pdf There is no mention of this in the article, and I have zero experience with editing and contributing on Wikipedia. Could anyone help out?

"The SLA practice of forced conscription of teenaged boys who live in the zone has also been a long-standing nightmare for families who are opposed to the occupation and despise Israel’s surrogate militia. Some families moved out of the zone on their own initiative to ensure that their sons would not be forced into SLA service. Others stayed in their villages but sent their sons out when they reached fourteen or fifteen years of age. According to testimony, children have been forcibly pressed into service. “They take them at fourteen, fifteen, and sixteen years old,” said a woman from the village of Markaba, whose own son was forcibly conscripted at sixteen. She told Human Rights Watch that a neighbor’s son was forcibly taken at fourteen. Farmers and other residents who earned their livelihoods in the occupied zone also recounted massive corruption within the top ranks of the occupation security apparatus, in the form of arbitrary “taxes” on business purchases, harvests, and other income. Some families also said that they directly paid cash to SLA security officials to secure the release of sons from the militia or to ensure that these young men and boys would be spared conscription. By several first-hand accounts, militiamen who conducted searches of residents’ homes also “confiscated” — looted — cash, gold, and vehicles, resulting in losses equivalent to thousands of U.S. dollars." page 8

"Expelled residents of the zone interviewed by Human Rights Watch all noted dramatic declines in the population of their communities over the last two decades: some villages that once had thousands of inhabitants have been reduced in size to several hundred persons, most of them, according to testimony, elderly people or members and supporters of the SLA militia. For example, former residents of Markaba, a village several miles from the Israeli border, said the population had dwindled to 150 to 200 people from some 12,000 before the occupation. Lebanese knowledgeable about the zone estimate that the current population is about 120,000.6 Israeli estimates place the number of residents below 100,000.7 Contributing to the drain has been the exodus of teenagers and young men to avoid forced conscription into the SLA, departures that have been encouraged and often arranged by their parents (see “Punishing Flight from the Militia,” below). " page 18

"A former resident who deserted the SLA in 1995 told Human Rights Watch: “They take them even at twelve years old if they are tall and strong. It depends on the village. If you collaborate with them, they don’t take you. The young men who are left in the villages are either collaborators or militia.” He said that militiamen have visited villages with lists of names, looking for intended conscripts at their homes.83 By the accounts of other residents, sometimes the SLA security chief in a village personally instructed fathers that their sons should “volunteer.” If families were not responsive, the sons were forcibly conscripted. A former resident of Sheba, expelled in December 1998, said that teenagers between the ages of fifteen and seventeen were targeted for conscription: “They had to join the SLA voluntarily or by force. Those who did not had to leave.” As noted earlier, the exercise of this option of flight from the occupied zone has contributed to the depopulation of local villages. " page 62

"In a separate interview, former residents of Kfar Kila described the case of their younger brother Karim (not his real name), who was forcibly conscripted when he was fifteen or sixteen years old. They said that he served in the SLA for nine years, and was wounded three times. The family said that they obtained from Gen. Antoine Lahd, the commander of the SLA, a document ordering Karim’s release on medical grounds. “My father brought it to Robin Abboud [whom he identified as the SLA military official responsible for the western sector of the occupied zone] and he tore the paper into pieces,” an older brother testified. He said that the family then paid $5,000 to Abboud, and Karim was released, about eighteen months to two years before the interview with Human Rights Watch.87 In 1998, a resident of Mhaibib, a small village located between Meiss al-Jabal and Blida, told Human Rights Watch that he was detained for six days in the SLA security office in Aitaroun after his seventeen-year-old son fled the militia. He was said that he was released after agreeing to pay $2,000 to the SLA.88" page 64

Again, since I have no experience with Wikipedia, I was hoping to leave this to someone who knows what to do. Al-Shishani al-Urduni (talk) 17:07, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Opponents
@General Ization: Why are you restoring Ireland, Netherlands and the UN in the "Opponents" section of infobox? Don't you see this is a clear unsourced, incorrect information? Other parties is WITHIN THE CATEGORY OF OPPONENTS of the SLA (just like Non-state actors is within "Allies"). Check the infobox again.--Danosauruscreck (talk) 01:42, 6 March 2022 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter if the article says that Bugs Bunny was a combatant; you don't get to repeatedly revert an article to your preferred version after being informed that other editors disagree, or even one other editor disagrees. You have now violated WP:3RR after having been warned of the consequences.  I'll discuss it with you at the WP:EWN.  General Ization  Talk  01:57, 6 March 2022 (UTC)
 * As for the factual accuracy of the original edit you reverted, inviting to explain their edit here.  General Ization  Talk  02:16, 6 March 2022 (UTC)
 * The consensus version has been restored, as neither nor  meet the requirements to edit this article under the restrictions imposed on new editors as a result of active arbitration remedies noted at the top of this page.  General Ization  Talk  03:32, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Note that I've CU-blocked .-- Jezebel's Ponyo bons mots 00:06, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Lebanon Army


text:
William Cawthra

William Cawthra (29 October 1801 – 26 October 1880) was a philanthropist, business and civic leader and the eldest son of Joseph Cawthra. William, like his father, was associated with reformists and was considered anti-establishment, notwithstanding his wealth. William was elected to Toronto City Council as the Alderman for St. Lawrence Ward in 1836, a position his father held for one year until he was unseated in 1835 by conservative opposition.

William married his widow Sarah Ellen Crowther Cawthra in 1849. His brothers John and Jonathan Cawthra served in the War of 1812 at Detroit and Queenston under Sir Isaac Brock. John Cawthra later served as an MHA and as the first Member of Parliament for Simcoe County.

Business success
William worked alongside his father Joseph in their family's business - Toronto's first apothecary. When Joseph died in 1842, he left most of his money to William who shut the business down and concentrated on investments and charity work.

William eventually became the wealthiest man in Toronto, serving as a Director of the Bank of Toronto and owned a number of companies. He and his wife lived in a townhouse at the corner of King and Bay Streets (the current site of the Bank of Nova Scotia's main headquarters). This house has been recognized as the most beautiful ever built in Canada, but was torn down in 1946 to make way for the Scotia Plaza. (Anthony Patrick Cawthra Adamson, a descendant of Joseph Cawthra, tried to rescue the mansion from demolition, but failed. He managed to save some architectural elements from the house and installed them in his Rosedale, Toronto garden).

Philanthropy and city-building
William Cawthra is credited, alongside James Gooderham Worts and William Gooderham, Sr., with establishing Canada's first infectious disease centre at the Toronto General Hospital. William was a founding and active member of the Toronto House of Industry, established in 1837 with a similar model to Dickensian workhouses, helping those in the city who were desperate for food, distributing coal to assist the needy to survive the harsh Toronto winters, providing temporary and permanent accommodations and assisting abandoned children or those who were orphans. William was also a patron of the Fenian Raids Volunteer Fund, St. James Cathedral and numerous other charities.

Toronto's first city hall (now the St. Lawrence Market) was mortgaged to Cawthra, and when the Jarvis Family lacked the funds to finish Jarvis street, they turned to him for assistance. He gave them the money in return for a northwest portion of their property in what is now the North Jarvis and Church and Wellesley neighbourhoods.

Toronto author and historian Henry Scadding said in an address at a meeting of the York Pioneers' Association (now the York Pioneer and Historical Society) that William Cawthra was "one of the necessary constituents of the ideal conception of Toronto".

Legacy
William Cawthra died without heirs, leaving an estate estimated between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000 which was divided between his wife and his nieces and nephews. This fortune allowed the construction of many mansions on Jarvis Street and elsewhere which factor significantly in the architectural heritage of the North Jarvis Street district and established his family among the City's social elite. His beautiful house at King and Bay long remained as his monument, but he is a political and business figure of whom there is little record or history with the exception of a small square and a city park.

Cawthra's property at Church and Wellesley Streets was home to the city's lacrosse club and the first baseball club at the Old Lacrosse Fields from 1872 to 1890. The property was redeveloped for homes and a church on a public road known as Cawthra Square. This site was further redeveloped in 1971 with the construction of Plaza 100 on the former site of the Church.

Former Cawthra Square Park
A park formerly known as Cawthra Square Park, in the city's Church and Wellesley neighbourhood, adjoining Cawthra's former Jarvis Street properties, was named for him. The street to the north of the park, now named Monteith Street, was also once called Cawthra Avenue. In May 2014, Toronto City Councillor Kristyn Wong-Tam proposed the renaming of Cawthra Square Park to "Barbara Hall Park" after former City of Toronto Mayor Barbara Hall. The proposal was approved by Toronto and East York Community Council.

title: William Cawthra


text:
Talk:Edmund Hickeringill

Public Recantation
Was it 1654 or 1684?
 * 1684, fixed 65.186.89.78 05:47, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edmund Hickeringill


text:
Terminal value (finance)

In finance, the terminal value (also known as “continuing value” or “horizon value” or "TV") of a security is the present value at a future point in time of all future cash flows when we expect stable growth rate forever. It is most often used in multi-stage discounted cash flow analysis, and allows for the limitation of cash flow projections to a several-year period; see Forecast period (finance). Forecasting results beyond such a period is impractical and exposes such projections to a variety of risks limiting their validity, primarily the great uncertainty involved in predicting industry and macroeconomic conditions beyond a few years.

Thus, the terminal value allows for the inclusion of the value of future cash flows occurring beyond a several-year projection period while satisfactorily mitigating many of the problems of valuing such cash flows. The terminal value is calculated in accordance with a stream of projected future free cash flows in discounted cash flow analysis. For whole-company valuation purposes, there are two methodologies used to calculate the Terminal Value.

Perpetuity Growth Model
The Perpetuity Growth Model accounts for the value of free cash flows that continue growing at an assumed constant rate in perpetuity. Here, the projected free cash flow in the first year beyond the projection horizon (N+1) is used. This value is then divided by the discount rate minus the assumed perpetuity growth rate:
 * $$T_0 = \frac{D_0(1+g)}{k-g}$$

 * D0 = Cash flows at a future point in time which is immediately prior to N+1, or at the end of period N, which is the final year in the projection period.
 * k = Discount Rate.
 * g = Growth Rate.
 * T0 is the value of future cash flows; here dividends.

When the valuation is based on free cash flow to firm then the formula becomes $$ {\left[\frac{FCFF_{N+1}}{(WACC_{N}-g)}\right]} $$, where the discount rate is correspondingly the weighted average cost of capital.

These formulae are essentially the result of a geometric series which returns the value of a series of growing future cash flows;

To determine the present value of the terminal value, one must discount its value at T0 by a factor equal to the number of years included in the initial projection period. If N is the 5th and final year in this period, then the Terminal Value is divided by (1 + k)5 (or WACC). The Present Value of the Terminal Value is then added to the PV of the free cash flows in the projection period to arrive at an implied enterprise value.

If the growth rate in perpetuity is not constant, a multiple-stage terminal value is calculated. The terminal growth rate can be negative, if the company in question is assumed to disappear in the future.

Exit Multiple Approach
The Exit or Terminal Multiple Approach assumes a business will be sold at the end of the projection period. Valuation analytics are determined for various operating statistics using comparable acquisitions. A frequently used terminal multiple is Enterprise Value/EBITDA or EV/EBITDA. The analysis of comparable acquisitions will indicate an appropriate range of multiples to use. The multiple is then applied to the projected EBITDA in Year N, which is the final year in the projection period. This provides a future value at the end of Year N. The terminal value is then discounted using a factor equal to the number of years in the projection period. If N is the 5th and final year in this period, then the Terminal Value is divided by (1+k)5. The Present Value of the Terminal Value is then added to the PV of the free cash flows in the projection period to arrive at an implied Enterprise Value. Note that if publicly traded comparable company multiples must be used, the resulting implied enterprise value will not reflect a control premium. Depending on the purposes of the valuation, this may not provide an appropriate reference range.

Comparison of methodologies
There are several important differences between the two approaches.

The Perpetuity Growth Model has several inherent characteristics that make it intellectually challenging. Because both the discount rate and growth rate are assumptions, inaccuracies in one or both inputs can provide an improper value. The difference between the two values in the denominator determines the terminal value, and even with appropriate values for both, the denominator may result in a multiplying effect that does not estimate an accurate terminal value. Also, the perpetuity growth rate assumes that free cash flow will continue to grow at a constant rate into perpetuity. Consider that a perpetuity growth rate exceeding the annualized growth of the S&P 500 and/or the U.S. GDP implies that the company's cash flow will outpace and eventually absorb these rather large values. Perhaps the greatest disadvantage to the Perpetuity Growth Model is that it lacks the market-driven analytics employed in the Exit Multiple Approach. Such analytics result in a terminal value based on operating statistics present in a proven market for similar transactions. This provides a certain level of confidence that the valuation accurately depicts how the market would value the company in reality.

On the other hand, the Exit Multiple approach must be used carefully, because multiples change over time. Simply applying the current market multiple ignores the possibility that current multiples may be high or low by historical standards. In addition, it is important to note that at a given discount rate, any exit multiple implies a terminal growth rate and conversely any terminal growth rate implies an exit multiple. When using the Exit Multiple approach it is often helpful to calculate the implied terminal growth rate, because a multiple that may appear reasonable at first glance can actually imply a terminal growth rate that is unrealistic.

In practice, academics tend to use the Perpetuity Growth Model, while investment bankers favor the Exit Multiple approach. Ultimately, these methods are two different ways of saying the same thing. For both terminal value approaches, it is essential to use a range of appropriate discount rates, exit multiples and perpetuity growth rates in order to establish a functional valuation range.

title: Terminal value (finance)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Golden Torizo

 * Merge/Cleanup: Merge this with Torizo and clean it up.--Zxcvbnm 01:10, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:67.80.237.49

title: User talk:67.80.237.49


text: User talk:69.141.70.196

title: User talk:69.141.70.196


text:
Gibraltar Trade Center

The Gibraltar Trade Center was a public market in the Metro Detroit region of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of its closure, it had one remaining location in Mount Clemens, Michigan which was previously home to the Mount Clemens Race Track. From 1980 to 2014, there was a second location in Taylor, Michigan.

The Gibraltar Trade Center was one of the nation's largest indoor flea markets; the location was over 600000 sqft. In addition, some merchants set up shop outside the building, along its perimeter. On July 2, 2017, Gibraltar Trade Center Inc announced the closing of the Mount Clemens Weekend Market. The company blamed its closure on the rise of online sales.

According to CEO Bob Koester, the "Gibraltar Gun and Knife Shows" and the "Gibraltar Rug and Furniture" store in Warren, Michigan will remain open and operational.

History
The Gibraltar Trade Center started as an outdoor market, and auction house on Woodruff Road along the southern limits of Gibraltar, Michigan (hence the name) in the 1970's. It, later, relocated to a permanent location, inside of a former Joshua Doore warehouse on Eureka Road in Taylor in 1980, fully occupying the site by 1982. The Mount Clemens location opened in 1990. In 1993, the Taylor location doubled in size. During its 34 years in Taylor, the Gibraltar Trade Center went on to become a popular destination in the Downriver region of Metro Detroit.

The Taylor location closed permanently on November 16, 2014, and was demolished in 2015.

On July 2, 2017, it was officially announced by Gibraltar Trade Center Inc that the Mount Clemens location would be permanently closed after August, 2017.

On Feb 15, 2022, a marijuana and CBC-infused beverage plant announced plans to occupy the site.

title: Gibraltar Trade Center


text: Category:American geographers

title: Category:American geographers