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Italy at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Italy competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Russian SFSR, USSR. In partial support of the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics, Italy competed under the Olympic Flag instead of its national flag. 159 competitors, 121 men and 38 women, took part in 88 events in 19 sports.

Gold

 * Pietro Mennea — Athletics, Men's 200 metres
 * Maurizio Damilano — Athletics, Men's 20 km Walk
 * Sara Simeoni — Athletics, Women's High Jump
 * Patrizio Oliva — Boxing, Men's Light Welterweight
 * Federico Roman — Equestrian, Three-Day Event Individual Competition
 * Ezio Gamba — Judo, Men's Lightweight (71 kg)
 * Luciano Giovannetti — Shooting, Men's Trap
 * Claudio Pollio — Wrestling, Men's Freestyle Light Flyweight

Silver

 * Marco Solfrini, Renzo Vecchiato, Renato Villalta, Dino Meneghin, Romeo Sacchetti, Michael Silvester, Pietro Generali, Enrico Gilardi, Pierluigi Marzorati, Marco Bonamico, Roberto Brunamonti, and Fabrizio Della Fiori — Basketball, Men's Team Competition
 * Marina Sciocchetti, Anna Casagrande, Federico Roman, and Mauro Roman — Equestrian, Three-Day Event Team Competition
 * Ferdinando Meglio, Michele Maffei, Mario Aldo Montano, and Marco Romano — Fencing, Sabre Team Competition

Bronze

 * Giancarlo Ferrari — Archery, Men's Individual Competition
 * Mauro Zuliani, Stefano Malinverni, Pietro Mennea, and Roberto Tozzi — Athletics, Men's 4 × 400 m Relay
 * Giorgio Cagnotto — Diving, Men's Springboard
 * Giorgio Gorla and Alfio Peraboni — Sailing, Men's Star Team Competition

Archery
For the first time, Italy entered a woman in the Olympic archery competition. She placed a respectable tenth place. Giancarlo Ferrari repeated his bronze medal-winning performance of four years earlier.

Women's Individual Competition:
 * Franca Capetta — 2342 points (→ 10th place)

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Giancarlo Ferrari — 2449 points (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)
 * Sante Spigarelli — 2405 points (→ 14th place)

Athletics
Men's 100 metres
 * Pietro Mennea
 * Heat — 10.56
 * Quarterfinals — 10.27
 * Semifinals — 10.58 (→ did not advance)

Men's 800 metres
 * Carlo Grippo
 * Heat — 1:48.9
 * Semifinals — 1:48.7 (→ did not advance)

Men's 1,500 metres
 * Vittorio Fontanella
 * Heat — 3:40.1
 * Semifinals — 3:40.1
 * Final — 3:40.4 (→ 5th place)

Men's Marathon
 * Massimo Magnani
 * Final — 2:13:12 (→ 8th place)

 * Marco Marchei
 * Final — 2:23:21 (→ 35th place)

Men's 4x400 metres Relay
 * Stefano Malinverni, Mauro Zuliani, Roberto Tozzi, and Pietro Mennea
 * Heat — 3:03.5
 * Final — 3:04.3 (→ [[Image:Bronze medal.svg|16x16px]] Bronze Medal)

Men's 3,000 m Steeplechase
 * Giuseppe Gerbi
 * Heat — 8:37.1
 * Semifinals — 8:27.2
 * Final — 8:18.5 (→ 6th place)

 * Roberto Volpi
 * Heat — 8:35.6
 * Semifinals — 8:29.7 (→ did not advance)

Men's High Jump
 * Marco Tamberi
 * Qualification — 2.21 m
 * Final — 2.15 m (→ 15th place)

 * Oscar Raise
 * Qualification — 2.18 m (→ did not advance)

 * Paolo Borghi
 * Qualification — 2.18 m (→ did not advance)

Men's Hammer Throw
 * Giampaolo Urlando
 * Qualification — 72.20 m
 * Final Round — 73.90 m (→ 7th place)

Men's Decathlon
 * Alessandro Brogini
 * Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Men's 20 km Walk
 * Maurizio Damilano
 * Final — 1:23:35.5 (→ [[Image:Gold medal.svg|16x16px]] Gold Medal)

 * Giorgio Damilano
 * Final — 1:33:26.2 (→ 11th place)

Women's 100 metres
 * Marisa Masullo
 * Heat — 11.77
 * Quarterfinals — 11.57 (→ did not advance)

Women's 800 metres
 * Gabriella Dorio
 * Heat — 2:01.4
 * Semifinals — 1:59.0
 * Final — 1:59.2 (→ 8th place)

 * Agnese Possamai
 * Heat — 2:04.1 (→ did not advance)

 * Daniela Porcelli
 * Heat — 2:10.7 (→ did not advance)

Women's 1,500 metres
 * Gabriella Dorio
 * Heat — 4:05.0
 * Final — 4:00.3 (→ 4th place)

 * Agnese Possamai
 * Heat — 4:14.7 (→ did not advance)

Women's High Jump
 * Sara Simeoni
 * Qualification — 1.88 m
 * Final — 1.97 m (→ [[Image:Gold medal.svg|16x16px]] Gold Medal)

Women's Javelin Throw
 * Fausta Quintavalla
 * Qualification — 58.76 m
 * Final — 57.52 m (→ 12th place)

Women's Shot Put
 * Cinzia Petrucci
 * Final — 17.27 m (→ 14th place)

Basketball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group C)
 * Defeated Sweden (92-77)
 * Lost to Australia (77-84)
 * Defeated Cuba (79-72)

 * Semi Final Round (Group A)
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (81-102)
 * Defeated Soviet Union (87-85)
 * Lost to Brazil (77-90)
 * Defeated Spain (95-89)

 * Final
 * Lost to Yugoslavia (77-86) → [[Image:Med 2.png]] Silver Medal

 * Team Roster:
 * Romeo Sacchetti
 * Roberto Brunamonti
 * Michael Silvester
 * Enrico Gilardi
 * Fabrizio Della Fiori
 * Marco Solfrini
 * Marco Bonamico
 * Dino Meneghin
 * Renato Villalta
 * Renzo Vecchiato
 * Pierluigi Marzorati
 * Pietro Generali

Boxing
Men's Lightweight (– 60 kg) Men's Light-Welterweight (– 63,5 kg) Men's Heavyweight (+ 81 kg)
 * Carlo Russolillo
 * First Round — Lost to Angel Herrera (Cuba) on points (0-5)
 * Patrizio Oliva → [[Image:Med 1.png]] Gold Medal
 * First Round — Defeated Aurelien Agnan (Benin) after referee stopped contest in first round
 * Second Round — Defeated Farez Halabi (Syria) after referee stopped contest in first round
 * Quarter Finals — Defeated Ace Rusevski (Yugoslavia) on points (3-2)
 * Semi Finals — Defeated Anthony Willis (Great Britain) on points (5-0)
 * Final — Defeated Serik Konakbaev (Soviet Union) on points (4-1)
 * Francesco Damiani
 * First Round — Defeated Teodor Pîrjol (Romania) on points (4-1)
 * Quarter Finals — Lost to Piotr Zaev (Soviet Union) on points (0-5)

Cycling
Ten cyclists represented Italy in 1980.

 * Individual road race
 * Marco Cattaneo
 * Gianni Giacomini
 * Giuseppe Petito
 * Alberto Minetti

 * Team time trial
 * Mauro De Pellegrini
 * Gianni Giacomini
 * Ivano Maffei
 * Alberto Minetti

 * Sprint
 * Ottavio Dazzan

 * 1000m time trial
 * Guido Bontempi

 * Individual pursuit
 * Pierangelo Bincoletto

 * Team pursuit
 * Pierangelo Bincoletto
 * Guido Bontempi
 * Ivano Maffei
 * Silvestro Milani

Diving
Men's Springboard
 * Giorgio Cagnotto
 * Preliminary Round — 556.32 points (→ 6th place)
 * Final — 871.500 points (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)

Fencing
13 fencers, 8 men and 5 women, represented Italy in 1980.

 * Men's foil
 * Federico Cervi

 * Men's épée
 * Stefano Bellone
 * Marco Falcone
 * Angelo Mazzoni

 * Men's sabre
 * Michele Maffei
 * Ferdinando Meglio
 * Mario Aldo Montano

 * Men's team sabre
 * Mario Aldo Montano, Michele Maffei, Ferdinando Meglio, Marco Romano

 * Women's foil
 * Dorina Vaccaroni
 * Anna Rita Sparaciari
 * Susanna Batazzi

 * Women's team foil
 * Dorina Vaccaroni, Anna Rita Sparaciari, Susanna Batazzi, Carola Mangiarotti, Clara Mochi

Modern pentathlon
One male pentathlete represented Italy in 1980.

 * Individual
 * Pierpaolo Cristofori

Swimming
Men's 100m Freestyle
 * Paolo Revelli
 * Heats — 52.74 (→ did not advance)

 * Fabrizio Rampazzo
 * Heats — 52.71 (→ did not advance)

 * Raffaele Franceschi
 * Heats — 52.26
 * Semi-Finals — 51,87
 * Final — 51.69 (→ 5th place)

Men's 200m Freestyle
 * Paolo Revelli
 * Heats — 1:52.56
 * Final — 1:52.76 (→ 6th place)

 * Fabrizio Rampezzo
 * Heats — 1:52.62
 * Final — 1:53.25 (→ 8th place)

Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
 * Paolo Revelli, Raffaele Franceschi, Andrea Ceccarini, and Fabrizio Rampazzo
 * Final — 7:30.37 (→ 5th place)

Women's 100m Backstroke
 * Manuela Carosi
 * Final — 1.05.10 (→ 8th place)

Women's 100m Breaststroke
 * Monica Bonon
 * Heats — 1:12.36
 * Final — 1:12.51 (→ 8th place)

 * Sabrina Seminatore
 * Heats — 1:13.76 (→ did not advance)

Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Laura Foralosso, Sabrina Seminatore, Cinzia Savi-Scarponi, and Monica Vallarin
 * Final — 4:19.06 (→ 5th place)

Volleyball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Preliminary Round (Group A)
 * Lost to Cuba (0-3)
 * Defeated Czechoslovakia (3-2)
 * Lost to Soviet Union (0-3)
 * Lost to Bulgaria (1-3)

 * Classification Match
 * 9th/10th place: Defeated Libya (3-0) → 9th place

 * Team Roster
 * Antonio Bonini
 * Claudio di Coste
 * Mauro di Bernardo
 * Sebastiano Greco
 * Francesco Dall'Olio
 * Giulio Belletti
 * Fabrizio Nassi
 * Giancarlo Dametto
 * Stefano Sibani
 * Giovanni Lanfranco
 * Fabio Innocenti
 * Franco Bertoli

Water polo

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Team Roster
 * Alberto Alberani
 * Roldano Simeoni
 * Alfio Misaggi
 * Sante Marsili
 * Massimo Fondelli
 * Gianni de Magistris
 * Antonello Steardo
 * Paolo Ragosa
 * Romeo Collina
 * Vincenzo d'Angelo
 * Umberto Panerai

title: Italy at the 1980 Summer Olympics


text: Category:French geologists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:French geologists


text:
Ribeira Brava

Ribeira Brava may refer to:

 * Ribeira Brava, Cape Verde, a town on the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde
 * Ribeira Brava, Cape Verde (municipality), a municipality on the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde
 * Ribeira Brava, Madeira, a municipality on the island of Madeira, Portugal
 * Ribeira Brava (parish), a parish of the municipality

title: Ribeira Brava


text:
Namora

Namora (Aquaria Nautica Neptunia) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by artists Ken Bald and Syd Shores, the character first appeared in Marvel Mystery Comics #82 (May 1947). Namora is from Atlantis and is the daughter of an Atlantean father and a human mother. She is the cousin of the antihero Namor the Sub-Mariner.

Mabel Cadena portrays Namora in her live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022).

Publication history
Namora debuted in the 12-page comic story "The Coming of Namora!" published in Marvel Mystery Comics #82 (May 1947), pencilled by Ken Bald and inked by Syd Shores. Namora also featured on the cover drawn by Bob Powell. Her costume was designed by Sub-Mariner creator Bill Everett. Initially, she and Namor had no apparent familial relationship, and romantic interest was sometimes implied between the two.

She had her own comic book series, Namora, which ran from August–December 1948. While this title lasted three issues, she regularly appeared with Namor in Marvel Mystery Comics and also in Sub-Mariner until that series ended in 1955.

The character was not seen again for 16 years until she made a brief flashback appearance in the Silver Age Sub-Mariner series, in Sub-Mariner #33 (January 1971). Her death was established in Sub-Mariner #50 (June 1972), where her frozen body is shown to Namor, and her death is depicted in flashback in #51 (July 1972).

Over the next 30 years, Namora appeared in a number of flashbacks and alternate reality stories, including What If? #9 (June 1978), The New Warriors Annual #1 (1991), What If? #47 (March 1993), The New Warriors #44 (February 1994), Avengers: Forever #4-5 (March–April 1999), and Marvel: The Lost Generation #3-2 (December 2000-January 2001).

Namora eventually reappears, alive, in the Agents of Atlas series, in issues #1-6 (October 2006-March 2007). She also appears in Incredible Hulk #107-112 (August–December 2007), Giant-Size Marvel Adventures: Avengers #1 (September 2007), World War Hulk #2 (September 2007), Spider-Man Family #4 (October 2007), and Incredible Hercules #121-122 (November–December 2008).

Namora received an entry in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Golden Age 2004.

Fictional character biography
Namora is a character that originated in the Golden Age of Comic Books. Her original name was Aquaria Nautica Neptunia, but she was nicknamed "Namora" in honor of her cousin Namor. Like Namor, she is a hybrid mutant with superhuman strength and the power of flight by using the wings on her ankles. When her father was killed by treasure-hunting surface-dwellers, she fully changed her name to Namora, the Atlantean term for "Avenging Daughter", as Namor means "Avenging Son". She was Namor's cousin (though not by blood), and became his companion for a period of several years.

Namora was ultimately shown to have been fatally poisoned by the Lemurian terrorist Llyra. She was survived by her clone, Namorita, whom she had passed off as her birth daughter because of Atlantian taboos against cloning. Marvel: The Lost Generation revealed that she had been a member of The Monster Hunters in 1956.

Agents of Atlas
Some time later, the Agents of Atlas find a damaged coffin, which appears to contain the mummified corpse of Namora. Upon closer inspection, Marvel Boy disables a holographic display creating the corpse image, revealing a well-preserved, alive Namora inside the coffin. When awakened, Namora joins in a fight against underwater sea creatures and displays just how powerful she is, shown to be equal in power to her cousin Namor. Jimmy Woo offers her a spot, and Namora joins the Agents of Atlas, where she leads Venus to recover all memories of her past life as a siren, almost driving her mad in the process. It is then revealed by the enhanced bliss inducing powers of the naiad that Namora's innermost desire is to sleep with her cousin Namor.

Eventually the team manages to reach the Yellow Claw, revealed as the mastermind behind the Atlas Foundation, and willing to give his leading role to Jimmy Woo. Woo accepts, and Namora, as the other Agents, are employed to travel the world in Marvel Boy's spaceship to shut down any rebellious cell still pursuing criminal objectives.

At some point in her career as an Agent of Atlas she takes an extended leave, or leaves the role altogether, to join Amadeus Cho's group during the World War Hulk event.

World War Hulk
Angry over the death and subsequent vilification of her daughter at the onset of the superhero Civil War over government registration, Namora joins Amadeus Cho, Hercules and Angel to aid the Hulk. During the crisis, Hercules ends up holding the entire locality of Manhattan on his shoulders.

Amazon-Atlantean War
In the course of her membership in Cho's group, she shares a genuinely romantic kiss with Hercules. Some time later, following the Secret Invasion, Hercules and Amadeus Cho vacation near an Atlantean city, and she and Hercules have a romantic fling. This is interrupted by an Amazon attack. Namora aids Hercules in repelling the Amazons and rescuing Cho from their amorous and ultimately fatal attentions.

Dark Reign
The Agents of Atlas decide to oppose Osborn's agenda by taking on the role of "supervillains", in order to form close ties to Osborn. After some time, the group becomes aware of Norman's Cabal to find out that a member of the group is none other than Namora's cousin, Namor. Upon finding this out, the Agents confront Namor for his involvement in the group. Initially at odds with each other for their recent decisions, Namora and Namor end up kissing and beginning a relationship. Namora contemplates staying with Namor until it is revealed that it was Atlantean elders that plotted for them to start a relationship and mate a long time ago as human/Atlantean hybrids are so powerful. Namor and Namora decide to part ways as they were unsure how much of their feelings for each other were genuine and how much was due to the secret plotting of the elders.

Infinity
During Infinity, Namora's Atlantean School is chosen as one of the institutions set to do battle in the new Contest of Champions. However, Atlantis is attacked and decimated by the forces of Thanos before the competition can begin. Namora sends a desperate plea for help to Hank Pym, but the kingdom is destroyed before action can be taken.

Powers and abilities
Namora possesses superhuman strength, speed, agility, stamina, durability, and reflexes. She is nearly invulnerable as bullets and other missiles cannot penetrate her extremely tough skin. She can swim at superhuman speeds, breathe underwater, and is immune to the cold and pressures of the depths. She can also see better underwater than a normal human.

Critical response
Deirdre Kaye of Scary Mommy called Namora a "role model" and a "truly heroic" female character. Charles Nichola Raymond of Screen Rant called Namora a "capable hero in her own right," while Philip Etemesi ranked her 2nd in their "Marvel's 10 Most Powerful Aquatic Characters" list. Megan Nicole O'Brien of Comic Book Resources ranked Namora 2nd in their "Marvel: 10 Best Golden Age Heroines" list. Comics Buyer's Guide ranked Namora 76th in their "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
Nicole Drum of ComicBook.com called Namora a "fan favorite."

Exiles
An alternate version of Namora appears in Exiles #46, created by Tony Bedard and Mizuki Sakakibara, and is associated with the multiversal travelers called the Exiles. She is an alternate-Earth counterpart of Namor the Sub-Mariner, rather than of Aquaria Nautica Neptunia, the Earth-616 Namora. She is a mutant with superhuman strength and the power of flight by using the ankle wings on her feet. Unlike the Marvel Universe Namor and Namora, she has the blue skin of most Atlanteans.

In Namora's universe, she became an early ally of Charles Xavier who convinced her to not attack the surface world. She would later do so, after anti-mutant hysteria led to the imprisonment of most mutants. Namora killed all of her Earth's superheroes, having the most difficulty with the Fantastic Four, and she conquered the world and ruled it for decades, before becoming 'unhinged' in time and forced to join the Exiles, much to her chagrin. Having a haughty attitude, she acted like she was superior to the other members. Still, she has shown that she did care for them, as evidenced when she thought that Hyperion had killed Morph. She lashed out at Hyperion, breaking his neck. However, it was for naught. Hyperion recovered quickly and blasted Namora with his "flash vision", killing her. The Exiles later sent her body back to her home reality (Earth-2189) for burial.

Marvel Mangaverse
An alternate version of Namora appears in the Marvel Mangaverse series. In the story, "Eternity Twilight", Namora rescued Bruce Banner, who suffered temporary amnesia and have fallen for him not before Banner regained his memory involving the Hulk (a Godzilla-like beast accidentally summoned by Banner). Afterwards, Banner and Namora went back to the surface and helps Earth's heroes battle not only the Hulk, but also the demon-god Dormammu.

Marvel Her-oes
An alternate version of Namora appears as a teenager and is one of the main protagonists in the all-ages Marvel Her-oes series, written by Grace Randolph. She attends the same high school as Jennifer Walters and Janet van Dyne, and hides her Atlantean heritage by claiming to be an exchange student from Greece under the name of "Namora Aquarius."

Ultimate Marvel
An alternate version of Namora appears in the Ultimatum storyline. Alongside Thing, Invisible Woman, and Dr. Arthur Molekevic, and a Tiger Shark, she fights Doctor Dorcas in Atlantis and defeats him.

Film

 * Namora appears in Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), portrayed by Mabel Cadena. This version is a warrior from Talokan.

Video games

 * Aquaria Neptunia / Namora appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.

Merchandise

 * In 2022, Funko released an Namora Funko Pop! figure inspired by the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) incarnation of the character.

title: Namora


text:
Carl Johan Adlercreutz

Carl Johan Adlercreutz (27 April 1757 – 21 August 1815) was a Swedish (Finnish) general and statesman, born in Borgå, Finland on family estates. Entering the Swedish army aged 13 in the Finnish Light Cavalry Brigade, he was present when Gustav III launched his coup-d’etat. He studied military theory in Stockholm.

In 1777 he joined the Savolax Brigade guarding the Finnish border against Russian aggression. Adlercreutz first saw action in the 1788-1790 Russo-Swedish War, where he distinguished himself. He was promoted Major in 1791 and Squadron Commander 1792. During the Anjala mutiny he remained faithful to the King, standing against the war with Russia, then took part in the trials against the conspirators. He was thereafter appointed the commanding officer of the Nyland Dragoons, holding this post until 1804, when he was made Ofverste (Colonel-in-Chief) of the newly raised Adlercreutz Regiment.

Finnish War of 1808
At the opening of the Finnish war Adlercreutz was appointed Ofverste commanding the 2nd brigade under Klercker. He replaced Gustaf Löwenhielm as Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor’s Chief of Staff on 14 April. Adlercreutz distinguished himself in action at Siikajoki, 18 April, and at Revolax, 27th. On 24 June he forced the Russians from Nykarleby. As CO of the Northern 'Army' he drove Raevsky from Lappo in a brilliant action on 14 July, then defeated the Russians again at Alavo in August. At the end of that month he was appointed to command the 'Finnish' Division under Klingspor. Forced to retreat due to the Swedish victories not being exploited, he was severely defeated by Nikolay Kamensky at the Battle of Oravais 14 September, which obliged him to abandon Finland.

As a consequence of the loss of Finland his estates were confiscated.

Coup d'etat and subsequent career

Adlercreutz returned to Stockholm to take charge of a military junta ruling the country in place of the insane King Gustav IV after the Coup of 1809. With Georg Adlersparre, on 13 March 1809 at the head of the Junta he arrested the King and seized power. Adlercreutz proposed that he himself should be made king, but Gustav IV's uncle, Charles XIII was made king and the French Marshal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte was chosen instead as Crown Prince and heir to the throne. Later the two generals quarreled, and Adlersparre was disgraced, while Adlercreutz remained in favor, elected Count and took a seat in the Government. Although Finnish by birth he chose to remain in Sweden and in Swedish service after the severance of Finland from Sweden.

In 1813 Adlercreutz was made General and appointed Chief of Staff to Curt von Stedingk under the Crown Prince's Swedish Army of the North in Germany 1813. He served at the Battle of Leipzig 16–19 October, and was made a Commander of the Austrian Order of Maria Theresa, 88/144 promotion 1813-14.

Personal life
In 1792, Adlercreutz married Baroness Henrietta Amalia Stackelberg (1771–1796), daughter of Lieutenant General Bernt Fredrik Johan Stackelberg and Virginia Sofia Adlerberg. He married again in 1798 to Margareta von Engeström, daughter of bergsrådet Gustaf von Engeström and Abela Charlotta Lagerbring. He was the father of Fredrik Adlercreutz and uncle of Axel Gustav Adlercreutz.

title: Carl Johan Adlercreutz


text: Category:Russian biologists

title: Category:Russian biologists


text:
Anton Graff

Anton Graff (18 November 1736 – 22 June 1813) was an eminent Swiss portrait artist.

Among his famous subjects were Friedrich Schiller, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Heinrich von Kleist, Frederick the Great, Friederike Sophie Seyler, Johann Gottfried Herder, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Moses Mendelssohn and Christian Felix Weiße. His pupils included Emma Körner, Philipp Otto Runge and Karl Ludwig Kaaz.

Life and work
Anton Graff was born as the seventh child of the craftsman Ulrich Graff and Barbara Graff née Koller, at Untertorgasse 8 in Winterthur, Switzerland (the house no longers exists). In 1753, Graff started studying painting at the art school of Johann Ulrich Schellenberg, in Winterthur. After three years he left for Augsburg. There he worked with the etcher Johann Jakob Haid. However, only one year later he was forced to leave Augsburg. He was too successful, and the members of the local painters guild feared his competition. With a letter of recommendation from Johann Jakob Haid, he moved to Ansbach where he found employment with the court painter Leonhard Schneider until 1759. Graff travelled frequently to Munich to study paintings in different collections. In 1759, he went back to Augsburg and later moved to Regensburg. In 1765 he went back to Winterthur and Zurich. It was there he received an invitation from Christian Ludwig von Hagedorn, the newly appointed Director of the recently established Dresden Art Academy, to apply for a post. Graff hesitated, he thought he was not good enough to work for the princely court of Saxony. To give Hagedorn an impression of his talent he sent a self-portrait. It arrived on 16 January 1766, in Dresden and was so well received, that only one day later Hagedorn worked out Graff's employment contract. On 7 April 1766, Graff arrived in Dresden, where he was appointed court painter and teacher for portrait painting at the academy. He kept the academy post for life, although he got better paid offers at other academies. In early 1788, the Prussian Minister Friedrich Anton von Heynitz made Graff the very finacially attractive offer to work for the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin. On 7 May 1789, Graff informed Count Camillo Marcolini, general director of the Dresden Art Academy, about this. Marcolini reacted straight away. On 20 June 1789, Graff was appointed Professor for portrait painting at the Dresden Art Academy.

Graff made portraits of nearly 1,000 of his contemporaries and was the leading portrait painter in Germany, in the late 18th and early 19th century. Graff was the main portrait painter of German poets between the Enlightenment and early Romantic periods. Many were also his friends, like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whom he met in Dresden in 1768. Graff was the favourite portrait painter of the German, Russian, Polish and Baltic nobility. Among others he portrayed Stanislaw Kostka Potocki. His most important clients included Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia. His portrait of Frederick is regarded as his masterpiece. The painting is exhibited at Schloss Charlottenburg. Frederick the Great never posed for Graff. However, Graff received authorization to watch Frederick at a military parade in 1781. This gave Graff the chance to study the physiognomy of the King, and was therefore the basis for his portrait.

Graff was popular with the landed gentry, diplomats, musicians and scholars. He portrayed many of them. While painting a portrait, Graff always focused the light on the person's face. In Graff's portraits it was always the face that got the attention and the light, except when the sitter was a lady. In that case he also focused on the lady's décolleté. Graff was a master of light and shadow. His role model in this context was Ján Kupecký whose works he studied in the collections of Ansbach. In comparison with the calmness of the ladies, the gentlemen in his portraits often appear serious and reserved.

He also knew how to paint dresses and draperies of different materials and colours in a natural way. His role model in this field was the French court painter Hyacinthe Rigaud. In 1765/66 Graff portrayed Elisabeth Sulzer in a blue silk dress with silver laces and fur collar and borders.

In his early years, Graff hardly ever painted any background details. He usually kept the background monochrome. However, in later years he paid more attention to the background. Usually he painted the sitter in outdoor surroundings, as was the fashion at that time in England. The price for a portrait by Graff was calculated by size and details of the sitter's clothes. That it was not always easy for Graff to portrait the famous shows the remark he made while painting Friedrich Schiller: "He cannot sit still." Graff was much in demand and he could live a comfortable life with his income.

In 1769 Graff met Philipp Erasmus Reich, a well known bookseller and publisher in Leipzig. Reich became a good friend of Graff. He engaged him to portrait his scholar friends. In September 1771, Graff travelled to Berlin and portrayed Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in Johann Georg Sulzer's apartment. Lessing's comment on his portrait was: "Do I really look that terribly nice?" In Berlin Graff also portrayed Moses Mendelssohn and Johann Georg Sulzer, his future father-in-law.

In his later years Graff turned to painting landscapes and developed a sparkling manner of painting that anticipated Impressionism. Philipp Otto Runge and Caspar David Friedrich were influenced by his work.

Graff was a sociable person. He cultivated friendships with many of his sitters, business partners and colleagues such as the Polish engraver Daniel Chodowiecki, the Swiss painters Salomon Gessner and Adrian Zingg and the Saxon engraver Johann Friedrich Bause. Bause reproduced many of Graff's portraits as engravings. This made Graff's name and his artworks well known with the public. Graff travelled quite often to Berlin. His father-in-law, Johann Georg Sulzer, introduced him to members of the Prussian court. He became very popular with the Prussian nobility and they were good customers for him. In 1778 he closed his short autobiography with: "Berlin habe ich viel zu verdanken" (I owe Berlin much).

On 16 October 1771, Graff married Elisabetha Sophie Augusta Sulzer, called "Guste". They had 5 children. The first daughter, Johanna Catharina Henrietta, died the same year she was born in 1772. Another daughter was born in 1779 and died only a few months later. His second son, Georg, died in 1801. In 1803 Graff underwent cataract surgery. His wife Elisabeth died in 1812. Graff himself died of typhoid fever on 22 June 1813, at around 8pm in Dresden. He was 76 years old. He left his two surviving children, Caroline Susanne (she married the painter Karl Ludwig Kaaz, a pupil of Graff) and Carl Anton (he became a landscapist), a fortune of 40,000 Thaler. Graff was buried in Dresden. His tomb does not exist anymore.

Graff was a prolific artist. He painted some 2,000 paintings and drawings. His paintings, especially the portraits, are much sought-after. Many of them are in museums and private collections in Switzerland (Museum Oskar Reinhart), Germany (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden), Russia (Hermitage Museum), Estonia (Kadriorg Palace, Tallinn) and Poland (National Museum, Warsaw). The portraits of gentlemen outnumber the portraits of ladies.

In honour of their famous citizen the Berufsbildungsschule Winterthur (BBW) (School for Vocational Training) named their building after Graff. The "Anton-Graff-Haus". In Winterthur and Dresden there are streets named after Anton Graff. 2013 Jubilee exhibitions took place in the Museum Oskar Reinhart, Winterthur, and in the Old National Gallery in Berlin.

Catalogue

 * Marc Fehlmann und Birgit Verwiebe (Ed.): Anton Graff: Gesichter einer Epoche. (Exhibition catalogue: Museum Oskar Reinhart, Winterthur; Nationalgalerie – Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.) München: Hirmer, 2013.

title: Anton Graff


text:
Great Britain at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. British athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games. 219 competitors, 149 men and 70 women, took part in 145 events in 14 sports.

In partial support of the American-led boycott, the UK government allowed its athletes to choose whether to compete. There was a boycott of the opening ceremony with Britain being represented solely by the General Secretary of the British Olympic Association, Dick Palmer, carrying the Olympic flag, and no athletes being present. Furthermore, the Olympic flag was raised for the British medal winners in place of the Union Flag, and the Olympic anthem was played instead of God Save the Queen for the five gold medalists.

Gold

 * Allan Wells — Athletics, Men's 100 metres
 * Steve Ovett — Athletics, Men's 800 metres
 * Sebastian Coe — Athletics, Men's 1500 metres
 * Daley Thompson — Athletics, Men's Decathlon
 * Duncan Goodhew — Swimming, Men's 100 m Breaststroke

Silver

 * Allan Wells — Athletics, Men's 200 metres
 * Sebastian Coe — Athletics, Men's 800 metres
 * Neil Adams — Judo, Men's Lightweight (71 kg)
 * Henry Clay, Andrew Justice, Chris Mahoney, Duncan McDougall, Malcolm McGowan, Colin Moynihan, John Pritchard, Richard Stanhope, and Allan Whitwell — Rowing, Men's Eights
 * Philip Hubble — Swimming, Men's 200 m Butterfly
 * Sharron Davies — Swimming, Women's 400 m Individual Medley
 * June Croft, Helen Jameson, Margaret Kelly, and Ann Osgerby — Swimming, Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay

Bronze

 * Steve Ovett — Athletics, Men's 1500 metres
 * Gary Oakes — Athletics, Men's 400 m Hurdles
 * Beverley Goddard-Callender, Heather Hunte, Sonia Lannaman, and Kathy Smallwood-Cook — Athletics, Women's 4 × 100 m Relay
 * Donna Hartley, Joslyn Hoyte-Smith, Linsey MacDonald, and Michelle Probert — Athletics, Women's 4 × 400 m Relay
 * Anthony Willis — Boxing, Men's Light Welterweight
 * Arthur Mapp — Judo, Men's Open Class
 * Malcolm Carmichael and Charles Wiggin — Rowing, Men's Coxless Pairs
 * John Beattie, David Townsend, Ian McNuff, and Martin Cross — Rowing, Men's Coxless Fours
 * Gary Abraham, Duncan Goodhew, David Lowe, and Trevor Smith — Swimming, Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay

Archery
In the third appearance by Great Britain in modern Olympic archery, two men and two women represented the country. Mark Blenkarne missed winning a medal in the men's competition by only three points, by far the most successful result for Great Britain since archery was returned to the Olympic schedule.

Women's Individual Competition:
 * Gillian Patterson — 2216 points (→ 22nd place)
 * Christine Harris — 2187 points (→ 25th place)

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Mark Blenkarne — 2446 points (→ 4th place)
 * Dennis Savory — 2407 points (→ 13th place)

Athletics

 * Key
 * Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
 * Q = Qualified for the next round
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
 * NR = National record
 * N/A = Round not applicable for the event
 * Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

 * Men
 * Track & road events

 * Field events

 * Combined events – Decathlon

 * Women
 * Track & road events

 * Field events

 * Combined events – Pentathlon

Canoeing

 * Men

 * Women

Cycling

 * Road

 * Track

Fencing
Eleven fencers, six men and five women, represented Great Britain in 1980.

 * Men's foil
 * Pierre Harper
 * Rob Bruniges

 * Men's team foil
 * John Llewellyn, Steven Paul, Rob Bruniges, Pierre Harper

 * Men's épée
 * Steven Paul
 * John Llewellyn
 * Neal Mallett

 * Men's team épée
 * Steven Paul, John Llewellyn, Neal Mallett, Rob Bruniges

 * Men's sabre
 * Mark Slade

 * Women's foil
 * Ann Brannon
 * Linda Ann Martin
 * Susan Wrigglesworth

 * Women's team foil
 * Susan Wrigglesworth, Ann Brannon, Wendy Ager-Grant, Linda Ann Martin, Hilary Cawthorne

Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Great Britain in 1980.

Individual
 * Robert Nightingale — 5,168 pts, 15th place
 * Peter Whiteside — 5,085 pts, 21st place
 * Nigel Clark — 4,809 pts, 33rd place

Team:
 * Nightingale, Whiteside and Clark — 15,062pts, 8th place

Rowing
Men's Single scull
 * Hugh Matheson
 * (→ 6th place)

Men's Double scull
 * Jim Clark, Chris Baillieu
 * (→ 4th place)

Men's Coxless pair
 * Malcolm Carmichael, Charles Wiggin
 * (→ Bronze)

Men's Coxed pair
 * James MacLeod, Neil Christie, David Webb
 * (→ 9th place)

Men's Coxless four
 * John Beattie, David Townsend, Ian McNuff, Martin Cross
 * (→ Bronze)

Men's Coxed four
 * Lenny Robertson, Gordon Rankine, Colin Seymour, John Roberts, Alan Inns
 * (→ 7th place)

Men's Eight
 * Henry Clay, Andrew Justice, Chris Mahoney, Duncan McDougall, Malcolm McGowan, John Pritchard, Richard Stanhope, Allan Whitwell, Colin Moynihan
 * (→ Silver)

Women's Single scull
 * Beryl Mitchell
 * (→ 5th place)

Women's Double scull
 * Sue Handscomb, Astrid Ayling
 * (→ 7th place)

Women's Coxed four
 * Pauline Janson, Bridget Buckley, Pauline Hart, Jane Cross, Sue Brown
 * (→ 6th place)

Women's Eight
 * Gillian Hodges, Joanna Toch, Penny Sweet, Lin Clark, Elizabeth Paton, Rosie Clugston, Nicola Boyes, Beverly Jones, Pauline Wright
 * (→ 5th place)

Swimming
Men's 100 m Freestyle
 * Men's Competition
 * Mark Taylor
 * Heats — 52.65 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200 m Freestyle
 * Martin Smith
 * Heats — 1:54.17 (→ did not advance)

 * Kevin Lee
 * Heats — 1:55.63 (→ did not advance)

Men's 100 m Butterfly
 * Gary Abraham
 * Final — 55.42 (→ 6th place)

Men's 200 m Butterfly
 * Philip Hubble
 * Final — 2:01.20 (→ Silver medal.svg Silver Medal)

 * Peter Morris
 * Final — 2:02.27 (→ 4th place)

 * Stephen Poulter
 * Final — 2:02.93 (→ 8th place)

Men's 100 m Breaststroke
 * Duncan Goodhew
 * Final — 1:03.44 (→ Gold medal.svg Gold Medal)

 * Leigh Atkinson
 * Heats — 1:06.43 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200 m Breaststroke
 * Duncan Goodhew
 * Final — 2:20.92 (→ 6th place)

Men's 100 m Backstroke
 * Gary Abraham
 * Final — 58.38 (→ 8th place)

Men's 200 m Backstroke
 * Douglas Campbell
 * Final — 2:04.23 (→ 7th place)

Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
 * Douglas Campbell, Philip Hubble, Martin Smith, and Andrew Astbury
 * Final — 7:30.81 (→ 6th place)

Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Gary Abraham, Duncan Goodhew, David Lowe, and Martin Smith
 * Final — 3:47.71 (→ Bronze medal.svg Bronze Medal)

Women's 200 m Freestyle
 * Women's Competition
 * June Croft
 * Final — 2:03.15 (→ 6th place)

Women's 100 m Butterfly
 * Ann Osgerby
 * Final — 1:02.21 (→ 4th place)

 * Janet Osgerby
 * Final — 1:02.90 (→ 8th place)

Women's 200 m Butterfly
 * Ann Osgerby
 * Final — 2:14.83 (→ 6th place)

Women's 100 m Breaststroke
 * Margaret Kelly
 * Heats — 1:12.38
 * Final — 1:11.48 (→ 4th place)

 * Susannah Brownsdon
 * Heats — 1:12.83
 * Final — 1:12.11 (→ 6th place)

Women's 400 m Individual Medley
 * Sharron Davies
 * Heats — 4:52.38
 * Final — 4:46.83 (→ Silver medal.svg Silver Medal)

 * Sarah Kerswell
 * Heats — 5:03.75 (→ did not advance)

Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
 * Sharron Davies, Kaye Lovatt, Jacquelina Willmott, and June Croft
 * Final — 3:51.71 (→ 4th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
 * Helen Jameson, Margaret Kelly, Ann Osgerby, and June Croft
 * Final — 4:12.24 (→ Silver medal.svg Silver Medal)


text:
New Southgate railway station

New Southgate railway station is on the boundary of the London Borough of Barnet and the London Borough of Enfield in north London, in Travelcard Zone 4. It is 6 mi down the line from London King's Cross.

The station, and all trains serving it, have been operated by Great Northern since 14 September 2014.

Location
The station is administered by the London Borough of Enfield, although the boundary with the London Borough of Barnet runs through the station, rather than along one side. The station has exits into both boroughs.

Building of the station
The station opened by order of the Middlesex Justices (see Middlesex Guildhall), on 7 August 1850 as Colney Hatch & Southgate station or Colney Hatch station  by the Great Northern Railway (GNR). The Justices insisted on trains stopping daily for the benefit of the Second Middlesex County Asylum opened that year at Colney Hatch, which became Friern Hospital and closed in 1993. The original booking office, which sat on a bridge across the railway lines, burned down in 1976 and was replaced by a portakabin.

Service patterns
The station was built next to the asylum, with a siding which connected by a tramway to the stores depot in the grounds. There was one train hourly to Hatfield in the north and to Hornsey and King's Cross in the south in 1860, when the journey to King's Cross took 18 minutes. Trains, as before, ran hourly in 1975.

Renamings
The name of the station has changed five times: to Southgate and Colney Hatch on 1 February 1855; to New Southgate and Colney Hatch on 1 October 1876; to New Southgate for Colney Hatch on 1 March 1883; to New Southgate and Friern Barnet on 1 May 1923; and finally to New Southgate on 18 March 1971,

Operators
The GNR came under the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) after "Grouping" in 1923, before British Railways took over upon nationalisation in 1948. WAGN (an acronym of West Anglia, Great Northern) operated the service from 1997 to 2006.

Ticketing
In autumn 2008, a self-service ticket machine widening payment methods to accept cash and debit/credit cards, was installed at the eastern street-level entrance.

Services
Off-peak, all services at New Southgate are operated by Great Northern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Moorgate
 * 2 tph to Welwyn Garden City

Additional services, including a number of Thameslink operated services to and from Sevenoaks via Catford call at the station during the peak hours.

Connections
London Buses routes 221, 232, 382, SL1 and night route N91 serve the station.

title: New Southgate railway station


text:
Reason (disambiguation)

Reason is the analytic faculty of the human mind that maintains objectivity unto inspecting and organizing perceptions.

Reason may also refer to:
 * Rationality, the quality or state of being reasonable, based on facts or reason
 * Reason (argument), a factor which justifies or explains
 * The cause of some thing

Computing

 * Reason (programming language), an alternative OCaml syntax and toolchain created at Facebook
 * Reason (software), a digital audio workstation

Literature

 * Reason (magazine), a monthly libertarian magazine published by the Reason Foundation
 * "Reason" (short story), a 1941 science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov
 * Reason: Why Liberals Will Win the Battle for America, a 2010 book by Robert Reich
 * Reason: the Only Oracle of Man, a 1785 book by Ethan Allen
 * Reason, a fictional weapon system from Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash

People

 * Reason (American rapper), an American hip hop artist

 * Reason (Australian rapper), an Australian hip hop artist

 * Reason (British rapper) (born 1970), a British hip hop artist, former member of Love City Groove
 * Reason (South African rapper), a South African rapper

Albums and EPs

 * Reason (The Fray EP), a 2003 EP by The Fray
 * Reason (Melanie C album), a 2003 album by singer Melanie C
 * Reason (Monsta X EP), a 2023 EP by Monsta X
 * Reason (Officium Triste album), a 2004 album by doom metal band Officium Triste
 * Reason (Selah Sue album), 2015
 * Reason (Shaman album), a 2005 album by Brazilian power metal band Shamaan
 * Reason (Violent Apathy album), 1995

Songs

 * "Reason", a 2004 song by German dance act Diamond, re-released in 2015 as Cascada
 * "Reason", a 2018 song by South Korean singer Song I-han
 * "Reason", a 2021 song by Indian rapper and singer Abhi the Nomad, from Abhi vs the Universe
 * "Reason", a 2023 song by South Korean girl group Dreamcatcher
 * "Reason", a bonus track on the Cranberries' album Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?
 * Reason (Nami Tamaki song), a 2004 song by Nami Tamaki
 * Reason (No Angels song), a 2003 song by German pop band No Angels
 * Reason (Yuzu song) a 2012 song by Yuzu

Other

 * The Reason Foundation, a public policy think tank based in Los Angeles, California, U.S.
 * Order of the Reason, a medieval military order native to Spain
 * Reason (surname)
 * Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON), a radar system on board NASA's Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter's moon Europa
 * Reason Australia, a political party in Australia

title: Reason (disambiguation)


text:
Saša Ilić (footballer, born 1977)

Saša Ilić (Саша Илић, ; born 30 December 1977) is a Serbian professional football manager and a former player who is the manager of Russian club Pari Nizhny Novgorod.

After spending more than 20 years at Partizan, both youth and senior teams, Ilić became the most capped player in the club's history with more than 800 appearances (official and friendlies). He won 18 trophies with the Crno-beli, including 11 national championship titles and seven national cups. Additionally, Ilić is Partizan's most capped player in European club competitions with 113 appearances.

At international level, Ilić was capped for his country under three different names, between 2000 and 2008, making a total of 37 appearances to his name. He represented Serbia and Montenegro at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

Partizan
Born in Požarevac, Ilić initially came to Partizan in 1986 when his father Milan took him to a training session led by Florijan Matekalo. He was officially registered by the club on 5 September 1988, eventually passing through all the youth ranks at Partizan. In order to gain some first-team experience, Ilić also spent one season with Teleoptik.

Ilić made his competitive debut for Partizan on 26 October 1996, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 10–0 away victory over Borac Čačak, wearing the number 1 shirt. That was his only appearance in the 1996–97 season, in which the club defended the championship title. In the following season, Ilić made his debut on the international scene, providing a late second-half assist to Dragan Isailović in a 1–0 home win over Croatia Zagreb on 23 July 1997. However, they were eliminated after a shocking 0–5 loss at Maksimir. On 23 August 1997, Ilić scored his first goal for Partizan, in a 3–2 away win against Vojvodina. He made a total of 25 league appearances that season, scoring three goals.

In the summer of 1998, after the departure of Ivan Tomić to Roma, Ilić became the team's captain, being only 20 years old at the time. With the new role on the pitch, Ilić was instrumental in helping Partizan win a national championship after a one-year absence. He also played in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, where Partizan were eliminated in the second round by Lazio, the eventual winner of the competition.

In the following years, Ilić established himself as a team leader and became an idol among the fans, while also receiving his first national team call-ups in 2000. He scored the winning goal in the national cup final in 2001, giving his team a 1–0 victory against arch-rivals at their ground. Additionally, Ilić finished the season as the club's top scorer with 26 goals in all competitions.

Ilić subsequently led the club to back-to-back national championships in 2002 and 2003. In European competitions, Ilić finally managed to qualify with Partizan for the UEFA Champions League in the 2003–04 season, after eliminating Newcastle United in the last qualification round. Drawn in a group with Porto, Real Madrid and Marseille, Ilić played in all six matches as Partizan recorded three draws and three losses.

In the 2004 winter transfer window, Ilić was loaned to Spanish club Celta de Vigo, on a six-month period with an option for a permanent deal. He was joined by two compatriots, manager Radomir Antić and striker Savo Milošević. Ilić made his debut for the side on 8 February 2004, in a 2–1 home win over Villarreal. He then scored the opening goal against Real Madrid at Santiago Bernabéu later that month, but Celta would go on to lose the match 2–4. Eventually, after Celta got relegated from the Primera División, Ilić eventually left Vigo.

In the summer of 2004, Ilić returned to Partizan after a six-month loan spell at Celta, taking the captain's armband from Vladimir Ivić, who left the club that summer. His return coincided with comebacks of ex-Partizan captains, Dragan Ćirić and Ivan Tomić. With experienced trio, Partizan had a memorable season, winning the league with an unbeaten record. They also progressed to the round of 16 in the UEFA Cup, losing to the eventual champion CSKA Moscow.

Galatasaray
After a successful comeback season with Partizan, Ilić moved abroad for the second time and signed a three-year contract with Turkish club Galatasaray on 8 July 2005. He chose to wear his traditional number 22, despite being offered the prestigious number 10 shirt. On 7 August 2005, Ilić scored a brace on his Galatasaray and Süper Lig debut, giving his team a 2–1 win over Konyaspor. He scored another brace in a 3–2 home win over Beşiktaş on 12 October 2005. With a total of 12 goals, Ilić was the team's third-highest scorer in the 2005–06 season, helping the club return the championship title to Ali Sami Yen after four years.

Subsequently, Ilić made an excellent start of the 2006–07 season by scoring five goals in the first four league rounds. In the UEFA Champions League, Ilić was in form scoring goals against PSV and Liverpool. However, Galatasaray narrowly missed out on the UEFA Cup spot, finishing fourth in the group.

Red Bull Salzburg

In June 2007, Ilić was officially transferred to Red Bull Salzburg, signing a three-year contract. He decided to join the Austrian side at the insistence of Lothar Matthäus, as they previously successfully collaborated at Partizan. However, only a few days later, Matthäus was released by Salzburg. Ilić scored his first goal for the club on 8 August 2007, in a Champions League qualifier against Latvian side Ventspils.

In January 2009, Ilić signed with Greek club AEL on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season. He scored his only goal for the club in the Superleague Greece playoffs against AEK Athens.

Upon his return to Salzburg, Ilić saw very infrequent opportunities to play for Red Bull. He was suspended by the club's board in September 2009 because of the alleged betting against Salzburg in their UEFA Europa League game with Lazio. However, Ilić dismissed the accusation of betting against his own team, but admitted to betting on the other matches. His teammate and countryman, Đorđe Rakić was also involved, but there were no consequences for him.

Return to Partizan
On 22 January 2010, Ilić officially rejoined Partizan from Red Bull Salzburg on a free transfer, penning a two-and-a-half-year contract. He was immediately assigned his old number 22 shirt and selected to be vice-captain to Mladen Krstajić by manager Goran Stevanović. On 27 February 2010, Ilić made his official comeback appearance for the club against Borac Čačak at the same place as of his first match fourteen years earlier. He missed only one out of 15 league games and scored three goals in the second part of the 2009–10 season, as the club won their third consecutive title.

Ilić scored his first goal of the 2010–11 campaign in a Champions League qualifier against Finnish champions HJK, showing glimpses of his old self. He helped the club progress to the group stage of the competition that season, first time after seven years, as well as to win a double. After Krstajić's retirement in the summer of 2011, Ilić became the captain for the third time, leading the team to another championship title at the end of that season.

In July 2012, Ilić signed a new one-year contract with the club to prolong his career until June 2013. He earned a place in the 2012–13 SuperLiga Team of the Season, also helping his team win its sixth consecutive title. Ilić again signed a one-year contract extension in the summer of 2013, as well as in the summer of 2014. He collected his 10th league title with Partizan in the 2014–15 season.

On 22 May 2015, Ilić signed another one-year deal with Partizan. He recorded his 100th appearance for the club in UEFA competitions on 29 July 2015, coming on as a substitute in a 1–1 away draw with Steaua București. In April 2016, Ilić scored two braces in two home league wins over Radnik Surdulica (3–2) and Mladost Lučani (4–0). He also played the full 90 minutes in the final of the 2015–16 Serbian Cup, as Partizan won the game 2–0.

On 10 June 2016, Ilić extended his stay with Partizan for another year. He became the club's most capped player of all-time on 22 October 2016, recording his 792nd appearance. On 27 December 2016, Ilić signed a new contract extension with Partizan which would keep him at the club until June 2018. He eventually celebrated his second domestic double with the club in May 2017, first as captain.

On 5 November 2017, Ilić became the oldest scorer in Serbian SuperLiga history by converting a penalty in a 3–1 away win against Mačva Šabac. He also scored a crucial 90th-minute goal in the second leg of the Serbian Cup semi-finals versus Čukarički on 9 May 2018, helping Partizan win the tie on the away goals rule (aggregate score 4–4).

On 23 May 2019, Ilić played his last official match for Partizan coming on as a late second-half substitute in a 1–0 win over Red Star Belgrade in the final of the 2018–19 Serbian Cup. The legendary captain of Partizan spent over twenty years at the club, albeit with interruptions. During that time, Saša Ilić broke many records; he registered 873 games, surpassing Momčilo Vukotić, and in the match against OFK Beograd played on March 30, 2014, he scored the 119th goal in the championship matches and thereby managed to overtake Stjepan Bobek.

International career
Having already been capped at under-21 level under both Milan Živadinović and Milovan Đorić, Ilić made his full international debut for FR Yugoslavia under Ilija Petković on 16 August 2000, coming on as a second-half substitute for Nenad Grozdić in a 2–1 away friendly win against Northern Ireland. He was subsequently selected as the team's captain at the Millennium Super Soccer Cup in January 2001. Despite missing the final through suspension, Ilić led the side with three goals in four games, as they won the trophy. However, these caps are not officially recognized by FIFA. He eventually netted his first official goal for the national team on 17 April 2002, scoring the opener in a 4–1 home friendly win over Lithuania.

During the FIFA World Cup 2002 qualifying stage under Dejan Savićević, Ilić appeared in three matches, all as a substitute. He also played in two of his team's UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying games, scoring the equalizer in a 1–1 home draw to Italy on 10 September 2003. However, the country missed out on both final tournaments.

With the return of Ilija Petković at the helm of the national team, Ilić started receiving more playing time. He made eight appearances in 2005, scoring once in a FIFA World Cup 2006 qualifier versus Lithuania. On 16 May 2006, Ilić was named in the final 23-man squad to represent Serbia and Montenegro at the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He appeared in the last match of the group stage, playing the full 90 minutes and managing to score a goal against Ivory Coast in a thrilling 3–2 match, eventually won by the opposition.

On 16 August 2006, Ilić played for Serbia in their inaugural match against the Czech Republic. He also made two appearances in the team's unsuccessful UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying phase. Afterwards, Ilić failed to receive a call-up for the national team until March 2008, when Miroslav Đukić selected him for a friendly against Ukraine. He also appeared in a FIFA World Cup 2010 qualifier versus the Faroe Islands under Radomir Antić on 6 September 2008, in what would be his last international cap for the country.

Coaching career
On 4 May 2024, Ilić was appointed manager of the Russian Premier League club Pari Nizhny Novgorod. Under his management, Pari avoided relegation by winning in the relegation play-offs.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Serbia's goal tally first.

Club

 * Partizan
 * First League of FR Yugoslavia: 1998–99, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05
 * FR Yugoslavia Cup: 1997–98, 2000–01
 * Serbian SuperLiga: 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2016–17
 * Serbian Cup: 2010–11, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19
 * Galatasaray
 * Süper Lig: 2005–06

Individual

 * Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season: 2012–13

title: Saša Ilić (footballer, born 1977)


text:
Ribeira Brava, Madeira

Ribeira Brava (lit. 'Angry River') is a municipality on the island of Madeira, in the Portuguese Autonomous Region of Madeira. It is located along the southern coast (approximately centre), and is west of Câmara de Lobos and the regional capital Funchal, south of São Vicente, and east of Ponta do Sol. The population in 2011 was 13,375, in an area of 65.41 km2.

The municipality gained its name due to its river, which translates as "angry river". In rainy seasons, the river had an extremely strong and powerful current, that often wreaked havoc over the entire eight kilometres of the route.

Geography
The municipality's namesake, the Ribeira Brava ravine and river valley extends from the slopes of the west-central mountains of Madeira. Its waters provide the primary sources of drinking-water (a small reservoir collects surface run-off) to the area and electricity to the island of Madeira. Approximately ten tributaries feed this river, whose course ends in the Serra de Água and which much later empties into the Atlantic along the village's coast.

The primary urban agglomerations are the five civil parishes, constituted with their own local government. They include:

 * Campanário
 * Ribeira Brava
 * Serra de Água
 * Tabua

Buildings and structures
The Centro Desportivo da Madeira stadium is located in the municipality.

Notable people

 * Nadia Almada (born 1977 in Ribeira Brava) a transgender British TV personality; won the fifth series of Big Brother.
 * Marquinho (born 1989 in Ribeira Brava) a footballer with over 250 club caps

title: Ribeira Brava, Madeira


text:
Talk:Homeowner association

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 August 2021 and 17 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): MichaelParkTaylor.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:48, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Undemocratic voters
The "Undemocratic" section was poorly named. The issue is suppression of the rights and liberties that the owners (and tenants) would have had in a non-HOA community. The owners were voting and do (through their representatives) actually control the HOA: there's nothing 'undemocratic' about that.

The issue, instead, is the restriction of certain liberties, normally permitted by the actual governments, by a non-governmental entity. WhatamIdoing (talk) 22:21, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

YOU COULDN'T BE MORE WRONG! One person+one vote= democratic. HOAs do not allocate votes to people, rather they go to lots or units. This IS not only undemocratic it is akin to plutocracy.

But that only scratches the surface of "undemocratic"....Single party political system, no free press, no independant judiciary, no seperation of powers....it goes on and on. These institutions, to quote Edward Hanamman of the NJ Dept of Community Affairs are "profoundly undemocratic" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.192.105.103 (talk) 13:52, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

 * They might be undemocratic, but the section that is so titled contains very little information about the assignment of votes. "Democracy" is not a synonym for "Liberty", and most of the content is about civil liberties, not voting.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 00:40, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

Bear in mind that the HoA is a corporation and not a government entity. Owning a home in a HoA is similar to owning stock in a company. The shareholders get a vote based upon the amount of the company they own. People who don't own stock in that company don't get a vote in how it's run or what is done with the assets and profits. The voting in a HoA works like this except the developers skewed things in their favor with the three votes for an unsold lot to the one an actual homeowner gets. Generally, homeowners do have the right to name a proxy for meetings and voting much like any other corporation. The bigger issue with voting is that the CCRs likely restrict voting to members whose "assessments are paid in full" or some similar verbiage. The issue is that fines could be included in "assessments" and this could prevent someone who is in a legal dispute with the HoA from voting on a measure. HoAs fall into a gray area in that they aren't really governments but exercise much more power over the homeowners than any corporation should have since the local and state governments have become increasingly keen on abdicating their responsibilities for maintaining public property such a roads, sewers, parks and the like and are only too happy to pass these things on to developers and, by extension, HoAs.Righteous9000 (talk) 06:26, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

 * But my neighbor doesn't legally own my home. The limit of HOAs should be the regulation of public areas, not control of a person's private life. They have no financial stake in my home and they aren't the government, how can they foreclose on my home. Let's say you don't pay a doctor's bill, does that mean the doctor can foreclose on your home? No, they can wreck your credit score. HOAs should be at most allowed to hand over collections to a collections company just like any other service, yet they are allowed this special privilege? Even in your comparison to owning stock, I don't see a company able to destroy stock to collect money from the shareholders for stock they sell? This is totally against my constitutional rights for them to drag me into court and foreclose my house. They should be limited to any other assessment of dues and latefees, turn over collections to a collections company. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.180.38.20 (talk) 17:12, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

I agree that HOAs have way overreached their bounds into vague and overly broad rules that attempt to control personal coduct. Declarations hae become monsters of some of the worst legal drafting I have ever seen. I find that alarming. However, even though we own "homes" we are still subject to the state's sanction of that ownership. The reason HOAs can foreclose is that (most) have language that there is a lien or obligations that is continuing or ongoing and relates back to the date of the recording of the declaration. Therefore, that lien preates your purchase of a home. It has priority. That is why in homestead states like flroida, HOAs can foreclose on homestead - under those circumstances. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.35.126.14 (talk) 06:35, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

History section
There's a reference to Shelley v. Kraemer in the Criticisms section, and it's written as if it was previously referenced in the article. It was, and at some point it, and all references to early covenants and racial deeds were removed. There's no mention of the reason for the removal on the talk page, and it's an important bit of HOA history, so I've re-added it.Willcrys 84 (talk) 22:20, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

Wow thanks! I had written about the racial deed restrictions that were the basis for ALL of these housing private deed restictions prior to the civil rights acts. They were erased by shills for this HOA industry. It was becoming quite frustrating to deal with them here.

Thanks Again for bringing the Truth to light! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.192.105.103 (talk) 13:48, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

I wrote the original Shelley v. Kraemer reference and it is an important piece of history in covenants and associations. Racial restrictions can still be found in deeds (public records are not altered) but they are unenforceable  Shelley v. Kraemer is a landmark case, that prohibited covenants that racially discriminate. Unfortunately, that case has been severely limited to that narrow exception, in a subsequent line of cases. Removing it doesn't make much sense. That said, I'm surprised by the relative balanace this article turned into. I"m not a Wikipedia fan and groan at some of the legal inaccuracies (this is my area of focus in law).  This is not a bad treatment of HOAs, but there is more that could and should be added.   Overall, I think it turned out fairly well, considering some of the messes I've seen from WIkipedia.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.35.126.14 (talk) 06:29, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Revolt Section
HOw bout a section on how much I dislike paying my HOA? I mean they charge 30K a year for mgmt fees and for what? They pay some 60K a year for pool maintenance for this dinky thing that's only open in the summer and I never go to. Provides me community values?! I do everything myself. never once did i get assistance with a barn raising or whatever. I'm on my own and I get to see how much they spend on managing the process to print me a coupon booklet so I can fork out 57 bucks a quarter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.66.91.124 (talk) 03:07, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

THis could be an interesting topic. Problems with HOAs - let people voice their concerns. I would surely like to see it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.35.126.14 (talk) 03:58, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

Why this harassment?
I have question, Why can't we give so called assesments to our local muncipals? let them work on any developments, maintances in our neibour hood, hire people from the locality... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pakikhaki (talk • contribs) 21:52, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

HOASyndrome
The part at the end of the "Financial risk for homeowners" section mentions something called "HOASYNDROME". I really doubt this is an actual recognized medical condition, and it should probably be removed.

Ztrem (talk) 06:09, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I actually do not doubt that such a syndrome exists.  I talk with homeowners all day long, and many are having health problems from the stress they endure in their own home, which should be a sanctuary, a retreat, a place of peace and safety.   I have no doubt that this kind of post traumatic tensions-  A home is the one place we should be able to feel safe.    I can absolutely see where infighting with an association board can cause constant tension and depression.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.35.126.14 (talk) 04:22, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

Interwiki links
This is a more American article, which should not be linked to the other articles.

The English article starts with this: A homeowner association is a corporation formed by a real estate developer for the purpose of marketing, managing, and selling of homes and lots in a residential subdivision.

This is not the way it works in the other countries where this article wrongfully has been linked to. Nor is this described in the other articles.

So I propose that this article should be split up so the American rules are put into a separate article. --IvarT (talk) 19:52, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

=== Hard to say since you did not say what state you live in. An HOA in Florida can demand rents if the owner is late paying assessments. The HOA can even evict the tenant for not paying rent upon demand, but the statute protects the tenant from any claims related to rent by the owner. That particular statue is fraught with problems, that some of us are trying to get changed, so there is less room for abuse. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.35.126.14 (talk) 03:56, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

Inheritance?
I think it's established that, if the owner of a house in a HOA sells their house, they're required to sell it to someone who agrees to the HOA agreement. However, if the owner dies and leaves the house to a beneficiary who refuses to sign the contract, what happens? Obviously the new beneficiary cannot legally be forced to join the HOA, and obviously contracts are not transferable to parties who don't agree, and obviously it would be illegal to refuse a person their rightful inheritance just because they don't agree with a home owner's association. So, unless there's something I'm overlooking, the HOA has no recourse in this situation? Yes? Then why not mention this in the article? It seems inheritance is one way to undermine the authority of a HOA.50.130.11.182 (talk) 05:59, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

POA Misconduct
Our POA is ruled by a bunch of thugs who run the neighborhood like a cell block in prison. They cater to their friends and relatives and to hell with the rest. We have some really nice and decent people in this community who pay their dues every year and are treated like dirt. The way they conduct their annual meetings every year is crazy. The board members stand at the head of the room and look as though they are daring you to have an issue they don't like. And if you do speak up they flip a coin to see with one is going to (nip this one in the bud). We had our annual 4th of July picnic yesterday and our common area and this year was even worse. They did not even put up a sign this year at the gate or the mail box area to let people know about the picnic as far as the day and time. I talked to several people who did not even think we were going to have one this year. And a lot of them have stopped going because it is nothing but a big drunk fest anyway. They put a sign up at the gate that says we have security cameras and security patrol. But we do not. They allow their kids to ride their ATVs on the roads here at full speed and then they themselves ride theirs drunk. If you call the sheriffs office they say it is a POA matter. I don't think so! We don't want to move. We love our home and have put a lot in to it. Plus we have some good neighbors as well. Their friends and relatives keep voting the same ones in every year. Its like and eternal cycle. Or a never ending nightmare. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.18.100.66 (talk) 14:10, 6 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Sounds like you need to run for the board and/or get a personal attorney to sue the association for negligence. FirstDrop87 (talk) 14:56, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

The government that you get is the one you deserve. Owners get to vote as they are the stakeholders. They van delegate their proxies to people they support. Candidates for election can run campaigns, hold rallies, and conduct as detailed a campaign as they like. Unlike "public government" there is very little movement to suppress voting by minorities, or other hurdles to registration such as photo ID. You own, you get to vote. If a "bad" set of directors is elected that is the fault of enough of those good people dong nothing96.254.115.29 (talk) 21:23, 1 February 2015 (UTC)Bob Tankel

Grammatical mistakes
The following sentence:

Some associations little or no common property and the expenses solely involve enforcement of use restrictions or assumed services.

lacks a verb, and is therefore impossible to understand for someone unfamiliar. Could somebody more versed in the article revisit the content? Thanks. Cowprophet (talk) 06:31, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

Merge section with CAI?
Hello, I am looking for a correct template (as  etc. templates) to indicate that there are some advertising text, and that the current Homeowner association (permalink)  can be merged with CAI.

"Homeowner association" is a generic concept, and CAI is a specific trade association. --Krauss (talk) 09:17, 1 June 2016 (UTC)

 * For advertising, you can use . For a merging the content into CAI, seems to be what you are looking for. In the future, these lists of templates might be helpful to you: Template messages/Cleanup and Template messages/Merging. Sjrct (talk) 16:13, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

Corporations
In the beginning of the article, it states that homeowners are corporations and asks for support for that statement. Homeowners associations are not all corporations and many states don't have any laws requiring them to be so. Accordingly, this statement should be changed to state that some homeowners associations are corporations or it should be removed completely. Below is the full text of Section 11B-101 of the Maryland Code, Real Property Article. As you can see in 11B-101(i)(2), it states that homeowners associations can be incorporated or unincorporated.

§ 11B-101. Definitions

(a) In general. -- In this title the following words have the meanings indicated, unless the context requires otherwise.

(b) Common areas. -- “Common areas” means property which is owned or leased by a homeowners association.

(c) Declarant. -- “Declarant” means any person who subjects property to a declaration.

(d) Declaration. --

(1) “Declaration” means an instrument, however denominated, recorded among the land records of the county in which the property of the declarant is located, that creates the authority for a homeowners association to impose on lots, or on the owners or occupants of lots, or on another homeowners association, condominium, or cooperative housing corporation any mandatory fee in connection with the provision of services or otherwise for the benefit of some or all of the lots, the owners or occupants of lots, or the common areas.

(2) “Declaration” includes any amendment or supplement to the instruments described in paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(3) “Declaration” does not include a private right-of-way or similar agreement unless it requires a mandatory fee payable annually or at more frequent intervals.

(e) Depository; homeowners association depository. -- “Depository” or “homeowners association depository” means the document file created by the clerk of the court of each county and the City of Baltimore where a homeowners association may periodically deposit information as required by this title.

(f) Development. --

(1) “Development” means property subject to a declaration.

(2) “Development” includes property comprising a condominium or cooperative housing corporation to the extent that the property is part of a development.

(3) “Development” does not include a cooperative housing corporation or a condominium.

(g) Electronic transmission. -- “Electronic transmission” means any form of communication, not directly involving the physical transmission of paper, that creates a record that:

(1) May be retained, retrieved, and reviewed by a recipient of the communication; and

(2) May be reproduced directly in paper form by a recipient through an automated process.

(h) Governing body. -- “Governing body” means the homeowners association, board of directors, or other entity established to govern the development.

(i) Homeowners association. --

(1) “Homeowners association” means a person having the authority to enforce the provisions of a declaration.

(2) “Homeowners association” includes an incorporated or unincorporated association.

(j) Lot. --

(1) “Lot” means any plot or parcel of land on which a dwelling is located or will be located within a development.

(2) “Lot” includes a unit within a condominium or cooperative housing corporation if the condominium or cooperative housing corporation is part of a development.

(k) Primary development. -- “Primary development” means a development such that the purchaser of a lot will pay fees directly to its homeowners association.

(l) Recorded covenants and restrictions. --“Recorded covenants and restrictions” means any instrument of writing which is recorded in the land records of the jurisdiction within which a lot is located, and which instrument governs or otherwise legally restricts the use of such lot.

(m) Related development. -- “Related development” means a development such that the purchaser of a lot will pay fees to the homeowners association of such development through the homeowners association of a primary development or another development.

(n) Unaffiliated declarant. -- “Unaffiliated declarant” means a person who is not affiliated with the vendor of a lot but who has subjected such property to a declaration required to be disclosed by this title.

72.194.198.141 (talk) 20:59, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

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Unreliable sources
The article is littered with content attributed to unreliable sources. The Community Associations Institute (CAI) is a duplicitous trade association. ECHO is an offshoot of this lobbying organization, and can be seen in the same light. Katherine Rosenberry is a past president of CAI. I appended an tag to Realtor.com, where it is cited as a source, but much more needs to be done to make this article more encyclopedic. -- Ríco  22:32, 1 August 2017 (UTC)

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Countries of Occurrence
As a Canadian, I have never seen, or even heard of, a 'homeowner association' until recently (via YouTube), however I found one source suggesting they occur in Calgary? I feel countries where HOAs occur is important to note, as they seem to be a largely American thing, but might exist elsewhere. 64.228.133.138 (talk) 21:03, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

Undiscussed maintenance tag
On June 21, 2019, a user added the maintenance tag at the top of the article (ten days after starting his or her user account). The tag states, "Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page." However, four months later, I see no "discussion of this nomination" on this talk page. The user has not made any other edits to the article, nor any to this talk page. -- Ríco  01:34, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

Have you seen the YouTube videos
There are terrifying videos of a HOA president on door bell camera using a chainsaw to cut a resident door down, another where he had a lock smith break into same home, the most terrifying is when he brings men with weapons to threaten to beat the resident up. It is always a woman who says not home he say doesn't matter he can come into her house anytime he wants 71.29.10.234 (talk) 21:33, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

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Ferdinand Hodler

Ferdinand Hodler (March 14, 1853 – May 19, 1918) was a Swiss painter. He is one of the best-known Swiss painters of the nineteenth century. His early works were portraits, landscapes, and genre paintings in a realistic style. Later, he adopted a personal form of symbolism which he called "parallelism".

Early life
Hodler was born in Bern, the eldest of six children. His father, Jean Hodler, made a meager living as a carpenter; his mother, Marguerite (née Neukomm), was from a peasant family. By the time Hodler was eight years old, he had lost his father and two younger brothers to tuberculosis. His mother remarried, to a decorative painter named Gottlieb Schüpach who had five children from a previous marriage. The birth of additional children brought the size of Hodler's family to thirteen.

The family's finances were poor, and the nine-year-old Hodler was put to work assisting his stepfather in painting signs and other commercial projects. After the death of his mother from tuberculosis in 1867, Hodler was sent to Thun to apprentice with a local painter, Ferdinand Sommer. From Sommer, Hodler learned the craft of painting conventional Alpine landscapes, typically copied from prints, which he sold in shops and to tourists.

Career
In 1871, at the age of 18, Hodler travelled on foot to Geneva to start his career as a painter. He attended science lectures at the Collège de Genève, and in the museum there he copied paintings by Alexandre Calame. In 1873 he became a student of Barthélemy Menn, and investigated Dürer’s writings on proportions.

He made a trip to Basel in 1875, where he studied the paintings of Hans Holbein—especially Dead Christ in the Tomb, which influenced Hodler's many treatments of the theme of death. He travelled to Madrid in 1878, where he stayed for several months and studied the works of masters such as Titian, Poussin, and Velázquez in the Museo del Prado.

In 1880–81, Hodler painted Self-Portrait (The Angry One), in which his expression displayed exasperation at his continued poverty and lack of recognition. It was ridiculed when displayed in Geneva, prompting Hodler's remark to a friend that the Swiss "will not understand me until they see I have been understood elsewhere". He submitted the painting to the Paris Salon, where it was his first work accepted, although it was ignored by the critics.

The works of Hodler's early maturity consisted of landscapes, figure compositions, and portraits, treated with a vigorous realism. In 1884, Hodler met Augustine Dupin (1852–1909), who became his companion and model for the next several years. Their son, Hector Hodler—who would found the World Esperanto Association in 1908—was born in 1887.

Hodler was married twice. From 1889 until their divorce in 1891, Hodler was married to Bertha Stucki, who is depicted in his painting, Poetry (1897, Museum für Gestaltung, Zürich). In 1898, Hodler married Berthe Jacques (1868–1957), whom he had met in 1894.

Parallelism
In the last decade of the nineteenth century his work evolved to combine influences from several genres including symbolism and art nouveau. In 1890 he completed Night, a work that marked Hodler's turn toward symbolist imagery. It depicts several recumbent figures, all of them relaxed in sleep except for an agitated man who is menaced by a figure shrouded in black, which Hodler intended as a symbol of death. When Hodler submitted the painting to the Beaux-Arts exhibition in Geneva in February 1891, the entwined nude figures created a scandal; the mayor deemed the work obscene, and it was withdrawn from the show. A few months later, Hodler exhibited Night in Paris at the Salon, where it attracted favorable attention and was championed by Puvis de Chavannes and Rodin.

Hodler developed a style he called "parallelism" that emphasized the symmetry and rhythm he believed formed the basis of human society. In paintings such as The Chosen One (1893), groupings of figures are symmetrically arranged in poses suggestive of ritual or dance. Hodler conceived of woman as the embodiment of the desire for harmony with nature, while a child or youth represented innocence and vitality. In Eurythmy (1895), the theme of death is represented by a row of five men in ceremonial robes walking in an ordered procession on a path strewn with fallen leaves.

Hodler painted a number of large-scale historical paintings, often with patriotic themes. In 1897 he accepted a commission to paint a series of large frescoes for the Weapons Room of the Schweizerisches Landesmuseum in Zurich. The compositions he proposed, including The Battle of Marignan which depicted a battle that the Swiss lost, were controversial for their imagery and style, and Hodler was not permitted to execute the frescoes until 1900. In 1900 Hodler exhibited three major works—Night, Eurythmy, and Day (1900)—at the Exposition Universelle in Paris, where they won awards. He was invited to join both the Berlin Secession and the Vienna Secession groups. In 1904 he showed 31 works in Vienna, which brought him enhanced recognition and a sales success that finally eased his poverty. Hodler's work after 1900 took on an expressionist aspect with strongly coloured and geometrical figures. Landscapes were pared down to essentials, sometimes consisting of a jagged wedge of land between water and sky. The art historian Sepp Kern says that in Lake Geneva (c. 1911), "the bands formed by the shoreline, the mountains and their reflection on the surface of the water, together with the three-part rhythmic frieze of clouds, have been composed to form a cosmological whole."

In November 1900 Federal Councilor Zemp, the president of the postal and railway department, launched a design competition for a new Swiss postage stamp. Hodler anonymously sent a design showing a Freiburg herder, which was used 35 years later in the Swiss Pro Patria-Block of 1936. In 1908, Hodler met Valentine Godé-Darel, who became his mistress, although he continued to live with his second wife. In 1913, Godé-Darel was diagnosed with a gynecological cancer, and the many hours Hodler spent by her bedside resulted in a remarkable series of paintings documenting her decline from the disease. In January 1914, three months after the birth of their daughter, Pauline, Godé-Darel was subjected to an operation for the cancer. In June 1914, she underwent a second operation. Her death in January 1915 affected Hodler greatly. He occupied himself with work on a series of about 20 introspective self-portraits that date from 1916.

In 1914 he signed a petition of intellectuals from Geneva condemning the German atrocities conducted using artillery against the Cathedral of Rheims. His Swiss and German friends tried to compel him to withdraw the signature, but he refused. In retaliation for this, he was expelled from several German art associations.

By 1917 his health was deteriorating. In November of that year he became ill with pulmonary edema, and told his son he was considering suicide. Although mostly bedridden, he painted a number of views of Geneva from his balcony in the months before his death on May 19, 1918.

Legacy
In his time, Hodler's mural-sized paintings of patriotic themes were especially admired. According to Sepp Kern, Hodler "helped revitalize the art of monumental wall painting, and his work is regarded as embodying the Swiss federal identity."

Many of Hodler's best-known paintings are scenes in which characters are engaged in everyday activities, such as the famous woodcutter (Der Holzfäller, 1910, Musée d'Orsay, Paris). In 1908, the Swiss National Bank commissioned Hodler to create two designs for new paper currency. His designs were controversial: rather than portraits of famous men, Hodler chose to depict a woodcutter (for the 50 Swiss franc bank note) and a reaper (for the 100 Franc note). Both appeared in the 1911 Series Two of the notes.

Much of Hodler's work is in public collections in Switzerland. Other collections holding major works include the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the Art Institute of Chicago.

Controversies concerning Nazi looting and restitution claims
Many of Hodler's collectors were German Jews who were persecuted under the Nazis from 1933 to 1945. As a result, concern has been expressed when artworks by Hodler turned up after WWII with gaps in the ownership history. When a painting ‘Lied aus der Ferne’ that Polish-born German-Jewish industrialist and art collector Max Meirowsky was forced to sell in 1938 turned up in the collection of Swiss politician Christoph Blocher, it set off a debate about Nazi looted art in Switzerland.

Hodler's "Thunersee with Stockhornkette", which is at the Simon and Charlotte Frick Foundation, has been claimed by the family of the Jewish art collector Max Silberberg, who was murdered in Auschwitz.

According to Christie's, Hodler's "Thunersee mit Niesen" was spoliated as a result of Nazi persecution from Ernst Flersheim, Frankfurt am Main, and sold by Galerie Nathan, Zurich to a private collector before being returned to the Flersheim family

The German Lost Art Foundation lists 37 works by Hodler.

title: Ferdinand Hodler


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User talk:Ndabas

Welcome!

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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:13, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ndabas


text:
Cowan Lake (Ohio)

Cowan Lake, also known as Cowan Creek Reservoir, is a lake within Cowan Lake State Park in Clinton County, Ohio, United States. Its surface area is 692 acre. Cowan Lake lies near the Cincinnati Arch, an uplifting of bedrock that occurred during the Appalachian Mountains' building process. The erosion of this arch in the Cowan region exposes fossil-rich limestone. The limestone near Cowan and other parts of the exposed arch are some of the most famous fossil hunting fields in the world.

The lake takes its name from Cowan Creek, the creek that was dammed in 1950 to form the lake. Its source is at 39.40333°N, -83.68833°W. Cowan Creek was named for John Cowan, the first surveyor of the area.

Cowan Lake State Park, which includes the lakes and its immediate surroundings, was dedicated in 1968.

title: Cowan Lake (Ohio)