text:
Talk:Pearl Harbor (film)

The Funeral Scene
In the funeral, Cuba Gooding's character was shown attending. In real life, African-Americans weren't permitted to attend.

Zeros used: A6M5 instead A6M2?
I think the Zeros in the movie were 1943-thereafter A6M5 models. The length of wings makes the external differance between A6M2 (longer) and A6M5 (shorter). There are a few flyable A6M5s today (and no A6M2s to my knowlage), and it was probably them that appeared in the movie - but they also came with their later-war green paint. If they had made replicas they would have probably painted them "correctly" -light gray.

However, this article states incorrectly that a Zero destroyes USS BB Arizona in the movie. It was clearly visable that the aircraft that threw the bomb had eliptical wings and fixed (lowered) landing gear, clear indications that the aircraft "acted" as Aichi D3A Val dive bomber.

Also it should be noted that the two pilots` actions during the attack were loosely based on two real-life pilots: Taylor and Welch (who downed "only" six aircraft, though and only one amoung them was a Zero - the rest being Vals).

 * I've just looked at that scene from the YouTube, but it seems that the bomber which actually released the bomb in the movie seems not be a Val, but a Kate. I could not find any fixed landing gear. So, could you check this once again? This article states that it is one of the inaccuracies of the movie. However, if my opinion is correct, it seems that it is not an inaccuracy.

 * Another problem is that in the case of a Val, there are only two crews : a pilot and a gunner. However, in the movie, a crew, possibly a bombardier, aims at the target and releases the bomb. So, we can clearly see that it is an impossible case with a Val. So, it's another reason why I believe that the movie tried to describe a Kate.

 * In sum, I believe this is not an inaccuracy of the movie, and if no reply to my opinion is given, then I will remove the following statement in the main text.

 * "In the movie, the USS Arizona was sunk by a Aichi D3A Val using a single bomb. In reality, the Arizona was sunk by a "special bomb" from the B5N Kate utility bomber. "

chanwcom Sep 7, 2006

 * Yes you're right. Soryy, my bad - the bomber doesn't have it's wheels down. I had no opportunity to check it for a long time.

Veljko Stevanovich 5. Sep 2007. 19:00 UTC+1

"THIS IS INCORRECT"?
That's in the article proper, under Pearl Harbor sequences. What is incorrect? And furthermore, how unpolished. Can someone who has a better grasp of what that is about word this more clearly?

USS Lexington
The Lexington mentioned in the article was not a "Essex class carrier". That was the second Lexington, commissioned in 1943. The Lexington in service at the time of the Doolittle raid was a converted battlecruiser commissioned in 1927,and lost one month after the Doolittle raid at the Battle of the Coral Sea. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.187.28.253 (talk) 18:04, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

 * While it's true that the original Lexington that was in service at the time of the Doolittle raid was a converted battlecruiser, the Lexington used to represent the Hornet in the Film was the later Lexington, the updated Essex-class. So the article is correct. -B- (talk) 16:05, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

the image of the A6M3 is actually a A6M5
see above 2001:1C00:1215:400:E569:BE4B:3CEA:A165 (talk) 07:16, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pearl Harbor (film)


text:
User talk:Evin290

Poem
Thanks, that's awesome. I'd never read that poem. I'd just explained to someone that today flowers are associated with femininity (thus on WP I'm occasionally mistaken as female), but that my name is a reference to mythology. It seems the poem may refer to both the modern and classical associations. Another coincidence: I'm a horrible insomniac.

Do you know what book I may find the poem in? Hyacinth (talk) 15:12, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Nomination of Gellert Grindelwald for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Gellert Grindelwald is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Gellert Grindelwald& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.  Onel 5969  TT me 10:54, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Evin290


text:
User talk:Justinmo

Welcome!
Hi Justinmo, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 10:30, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of John Rowe (author)

A tag has been placed on John Rowe (author) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. Funnyfarmofdoom (talk to me) 02:46, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification
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Proposed deletion of John Rowe (author)

The article John Rowe (author) has been proposed for deletion because, under Wikipedia policy, all newly created biographies of living persons must have at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within ten days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Funnyfarmofdoom (talk to me) 17:09, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Ludus
Hi, Justinmo -- just to thank you for noticing that the gladiatorial ludus was missing; I've restored a previous, more detailed version, which was deleted by an IP (no-one noticed at the time). Best, Haploidavey (talk) 11:14, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

Problem with your custom signature
You have a custom signature set in your account preferences. A change to Wikipedia's software has made your current custom signature incompatible with the software.

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title: User talk:Justinmo


text:
De Plattfööt

De Plattfööt, are a folk music duo from the German State of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania composed of singer-songwriters and guitar players Peter Wilke and Klaus Lass. They were founded in 1979,

Their musical style is a mix of folk music, blues and country and western, and they sing most of their humorous songs in Low German. Their most famous hits are "Disco up'n Dörp", "Fru Püttelkow ut Hagenow", and "De Isenbahnboomupundaldreier" ("The railway crossing-barrier-up-and-down-turner").

De Plattfööt means The Flatfeet in Low German. They hold true to their motto: "Kort is dien Leben un lang’ büst du dod. Minsch, blot nich argern, ne, lachen deit good!" ("Short is your life and long you are dead. Man, do not worry, no, laughing is good!"), Rudolf Tarnow.

Discography

 * 1981: Disco up'n Dörp (Single)
 * 1982: Platt for ju (Album)
 * 1983: Remmi Demmi (Single)
 * 1985: Songs ut Meckelbörg' (Album)
 * 1989: Wenn du ok Plattfööt hest (Album)
 * 1991: God'n Dag ok (Album)
 * 1992: Hubertusjagd (Single)
 * 1993: Wat is denn dat?? (Album)
 * 1995: Evergreens des Nordens (Album)
 * 1997: Rolf mit'n Golf (Single)
 * 1998: Wat is dat Schönst' an Wihnachten (Album)
 * 1999: Ierst mal ganz langsam (Album)
 * 1999: Nie wieder Mallorca! (Single)
 * 2000: 20 Best of Plattfööt (Album)
 * 2005: Kofferradio (Album)
 * 2008: Ümmer noch eenmol (Album)

title: De Plattfööt


text:
Roger Troutman

Roger Troutman (November 29, 1951 – April 25, 1999) was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, multi-instrumentalist and the founder of the band Zapp who helped spearhead the funk movement and influenced West Coast hip hop due to the scene's heavy sampling of his music.

Troutman frequently used the talk box, a device that is connected to an instrument (frequently a keyboard, but most commonly a guitar) to create different vocal effects. Troutman used a custom-made talkbox—the Electro Harmonix "Golden Throat"—through a Moog Minimoog and later in his career a Yamaha DX100 FM synthesizer.

As both band leader of Zapp and in his subsequent solo releases, he scored a bevy of funk and R&B hits throughout the 1980s and regularly collaborated with hip hop artists in the 1990s.

Early career
Born in Hamilton, Ohio, Troutman was the fourth of nine children. A graduate of Central State University, his first band was called the Crusaders; however, they are not to be confused with the jazz group featuring Joe Sample and Wilton Felder. Troutman's band played in Cincinnati and recorded a single, "Busted Surfboard"/"Seminole". The band members were Rick Schoeny, Roy Beck, Dave Spitzmiller, and Denny Niebold. Troutman had formed various other bands with his four brothers, including Little Roger, and the Vels, and Roger and the Human Body. In 1977, he and the Human Body issued "Freedom", their first single.

Within two years, Troutman and his brothers were discovered by George Clinton, who signed the newly christened Zapp to his Uncle Jam Records label in 1979. The original line-up consisted of Troutman brothers Roger, Larry, Lester and Terry, along with Gregory Jackson and Bobby Glover. Zapp made their professional television debut on the first and only Funk Music Awards show.

A year later, as Uncle Jam Records was forced to close, Troutman signed with Bootsy Collins under Rubber Band Music to Warner Bros. Records and released his self-titled debut 'Zapp', which yielded "More Bounce to the Ounce", produced by Collins, co- produced, written, composed and performed by Troutman. The song peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Soul Singles chart in late 1980. The debut album reached the top 20 of the Billboard 200.

From 1980 to 1985, Zapp released the gold-selling albums Zapp, Zapp II, Zapp III and The New Zapp IV U, including the Top 10 R&B singles "Be Alright", "Dance Floor", "I Can Make You Dance", "Heartbreaker", "It Doesn't Really Matter" and "Computer Love". Throughout Zapp's history, around 15 musicians participated. In 1993, Zapp released their biggest-selling album: Zapp & Roger: All the Greatest Hits. It featured remixed cuts of Troutman's solo singles along with a new single "Slow and Easy", (featured vocalists Shirley Murdock and Ronnie Diamond). The album sold over two million copies. The album Zapp VI: Back by Popular Demand was released in 2002 by the remaining brothers after the deaths of Roger and Larry.

Solo career and production work on other artists
In 1981, Troutman cut The Many Facets of Roger, his first solo album. Featuring a funk cover of Marvin Gaye's "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", which went to number 1 on the R&B singles chart, the album sold over a million copies. The album also featured the hit "So Ruff, So Tuff". The same year, Troutman recorded with Parliament-Funkadelic on the band's final Warner Brothers' album The Electric Spanking of War Babies.

In 1984, Troutman issued his second solo album The Saga Continues..., which featured the singles "Girl Cut It Out", "It's in the Mix" (which was dedicated to Soul Train and its host Don Cornelius), and a cover of Wilson Pickett's "In the Midnight Hour", which featured gospel group the Mighty Clouds of Joy. In 1987, Troutman scored his most successful solo album with Unlimited!, carried by the hit "I Want to Be Your Man" which rose to number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the R&B chart.

Alongside his successful career as Zapp member and solo artist, Troutman also became a producer and writer for other artists including Shirley Murdock, whose 1985 Platinum debut featured the Troutman-produced hit "As We Lay". He also produced for Zapp member Dale DeGroat on his solo efforts. In 1988, Troutman made an appearance on Scritti Politti's third album Provision, providing talk box vocals on the songs "Boom There She Was" and "Sugar and Spice".

Three years later, Troutman released his final solo album with Bridging the Gap, featuring the hit "Everybody (Get Up)". He worked with Elvis Costello on the song "The Other Side of Summer". In 1989, NBA Entertainment selected Troutman among a variety of candidates to record a tribute song called "I'm So Happy" for Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.

Career re-emergence
Troutman toured after the release of All the Greatest Hits. He was invited to appear as guest artist on several hip-hop albums, including Snoop Dogg's 1993 debut Doggystyle. In 1995, he was featured on Eazy-E's posthumous album Str8 off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton on "Eternal E". The same year Troutman featured alongside Dr. Dre on 2Pac's "California Love", which topped the Billboard Hot 100, sold over two million copies, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. Troutman then produced a top 10 R&B hit cover of the Persuaders' "Thin Line Between Love and Hate", performed by Shirley Murdock and R&B group H-Town, with talk box by Troutman. The movie soundtrack to A Thin Line Between Love and Hate also included a club hit "Chocolate City". In 1998, he appeared in a remix version of Sounds of Blackness' "Hold On (A Change Is Coming)", which sampled Zapp's "Doo-Wah Ditty (Blow That Thang)". Troutman recorded on the song "Master of the Game" from rapper Kool Keith's album Black Elvis/Lost In Space, released in August 1999. The last song Troutman recorded for was "Twisted" on Tech N9ne's album Anghellic, released two years after Troutman's death.

Death
On the morning of April 25, 1999, Troutman was found shot and critically wounded outside his northwest Dayton recording studio around 7:00 a.m. According to doctors, the 47-year-old had been shot several times in the torso. Troutman died during surgery at the Good Samaritan Hospital and Health Center. Troutman's brother Larry was found dead in a car a few blocks away with a single self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. The car matched the description of a vehicle leaving the scene, according to witnesses. It is believed that Larry had fatally shot Roger, then himself.

title: Roger Troutman


text:
User talk:Stuieblue

Copyrighted Images
Hi there, I'm afraid I had to remove your addition of Image:W R Dean Enters Highbury.jpg and flag it as a copyright violation, as the photo is copyrighted by another website. For any image to be added to Wikipedia they must already be public domain, licenced under the GFDL, or created by yourself. Most images on the web are copyrighted - even though it's easy to upload photos from another site, they are not allowed as it means Wikipedia could get into trouble for breaking copyright laws.

I haven't removed the second photo as it looks like one you've taken yourself. If this is the case then that's absolutely fine to add. Image use policy which tells you what is OK and what isn't - could you please read this before posting any more images? Thanks. Qwghlm 10:34, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stuieblue


text:
Talk:Jared Fogle

Change to past tense
The article currently reads:

A three-part documentary film about Fogle and his crimes called Jared from Subway: Catching A Monster will be broadcast on the ID pay TV network in March 2023.

"will be" should be changed to "was", as the documentary has now been broadcast. Also "film" should possibly be more accurately changed to "series". 67.240.255.23 (talk) 01:32, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

Order in the lead
I think we can agree that we only need to mention the conviction once in the first paragraph, right?

This has been discussed before, in August 2021. Please read that discussion. GA-RT-22 (talk) 21:19, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

Upbringing Religion
Fogle was brought up in a Jewish household by father Norman Fogle and mother Adrienne Fogle. 2605:A601:A720:4100:E4FE:CADE:3D5F:8FA4 (talk) 22:42, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * But is that relevant? Bkatcher (talk) 03:04, 28 June 2023 (UTC)
 * It's super common to mention someone's religious upbringing in their biography, yes Red   Slash  21:28, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * His Jewish upbringing is already mentioned in the "Early life" section. Cullen328 (talk) 21:31, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

Unnecessary template
There was a template to convert his pant size from inches to centimeters, which I changed to straight text because it didn't produce a grammatically (or numerically) correct result. The template produced "62 in (160 cm) pants"; for encyclopedic writing, it should be "62-inch (157-centimeter) pants". First, since the initial measurement isn't rounded to the tens, the conversion shouldn't be either. Using the common conversion factor of 2.48 cm = 1 in, 62 converts to 157.48, which should then be rounded to 157, not 160. (This strikes me as an error in the template.) Second, according to the Template:Cvt page, "in" should have resulted in "inches", so I don't know what happened there but it would have been incorrect anyway. Third, abbreviations shouldn't be used in formal writing. Fourth, the hyphen is required grammatically and to make sense (and I couldn't get it to work in the template). Lastly, since this is a static number, it's not necessary to have a template formula-- it's never going to have to be converted again, so plain text is adequate. Ghost writer's cat (talk) 17:24, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jared Fogle


text:
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia

The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (PSA) is a professional organisation of Australian pharmacists. PSA is the peak national body for pharmacists, representing the pharmacy profession and the 37,000 pharmacists in Australia, with approximately 18,000 members. PSA is the major provider of continuing professional development programmes for pharmacists in Australia. PSA also organises various pharmacy events including a national conference attended by over 1,200 delegates from around Australia and internationally. PSA publishes the Australian Pharmaceutical Formulary, the Australian Pharmacist journal, and various other pharmacy publications.

Members of PSA are entitled to use the postnominal MPS, while Fellows of the Society are entitled to use FPS.

History
The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (PSA) is the national professional organisation for pharmacists in Australia. The National PSA was formed in 1977 and was made up of state pharmaceutical societies, several of which were in existence before Federation. The Western Australian branch was the only one that retains a regulatory role, similar to the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, whereas the other branches were incorporated societies. Each of these State Societies retained their autonomy, but accepted direction from the PSA National Council. Because the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society in Western Australia was responsible for the administration of the Pharmacy Act in this state, it was unable to subjugate itself to a form of federal control. This role ceased when the national registration scheme under national law came in to effect when the Pharmacy Board of Australia came into effect in 2009 under the auspices of the Australian Health Professional Registration Agency (AHPRA).

There was a branch in each state and in the Australian Capital Territory.

Unification as One PSA occurred in 2008. The establishment of the PSA was aimed at providing the profession not only with a national identity, but an opportunity to more effectively regulate its affairs, to achieve better coordination in consultation and liaison with the Commonwealth Government, other professions and industry.

The PSA's purpose at unification was to enable pharmacists to optimise their contribution to improved health outcomes for the community through excellence in the practice of pharmacy. The key objectives for which the PSA is established include:
 * optimise the role of pharmacists in the health care system
 * set the ethical/professional standards and responsibilities of pharmacists
 * develop education, continuing education and training programs
 * formulate policies for the effective practice of pharmacy
 * protect the rights, privileges and professional status of pharmacy

There are some states where the state entity remains. The Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria remains in place to serve Victorian members of PSA.

(MPS or FPS)Membership
There are 37,000 registered pharmacists in Australia, who are all eligible for membership along with pharmacy students, pre-registration pharmacists. Members can use the post-nominal MPS (members of the Pharmaceutical Society). Pharmacy students receive free membership. Pre-registration pharmacists, also known as interns, must successfully complete an approved Intern Training Program. If they elect to undertake the Intern Training Program through PSA, then their membership is included in the course fees.

(FPS )Fellowship
There are two different pathways for fellowship. All nominations for fellowship have to be approved by the board. Fellowship is granted to pharmacists in recognition of their achievements or contribution. Alternatively, pharmacists are eligible to become a life-time fellow after 50 years of continuous membership.

It is uncommon for a pharmacist to be elevated to fellow with only 66 pharmacists (0.001%) recognised as fellows. There are 650 pharmacists who are life-time fellows (0.08%). This low rate means that it is considered a great honour to be elevated to a fellow.

Fellows continue to pay for membership, whereas lifetime fellows are provided with free membership.

Fellows can use the post-nominal "FPS".

Structure
PSA is a unified national society that operates to serve its members (pharmacy students, interns and pharmacists in Australia).

State Branch Committees
The state branches (Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and Northern Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Canberra, and Western Australia) have branch committees with representatives elected by the members. Each state branch committee elects a president and two vice-presidents. Each person is eligible to remain on the branch committee for up to five consecutive three-year terms (a total of fifteen years). After the five consecutive terms, the member must not hold a position for at least three years before they are eligible to nominate again. The five terms were all considered to have commenced from the time the state branches unified to a single national body in 2008. This means that long standing members who have served on the branch committees since the time of unification will have completed their five-year terms in 2023.

National board
The national board is a decision-making body with the power to make binding decisions on branches. The national board consists of one branch committee member from each state who is elected to the national board, except Victoria and New South Wales who have two national board members elected from the branch committee as they have a larger number of members. There is also a board member selected by application to represent early career members, defined as a pharmacist who has been registered for less than 10 years. A board member can serve a maximum of five consecutive three-year terms for a total of fifteen years.

National presidents of the PSA
The presidents and vice-presidents of the PSA are elected annually from the members of the Board. The president can serve a term of up to four years. The maximum term had been three years until 2013, which had previously been extended from a maximum of two years in 2002. Since the organisation was nationally unified in 2008, the President and Vice Presidents have taken office on 1 July each year for a 12-month term.

National sub-committees
The society has sub-committees that inform and support the work of the board. The sub-committees include the Finance committee, Policy Advice Committee and Practice Support and Education.

National practice leadership groups
In 2018, new leadership groups were formed to support practice in specialised areas including general practice pharmacists and medication review pharmacists and diabetes education. These new leadership groups replied the two former special interest groups (SIGs) for accredited pharmacists and rural pharmacists. The SIGs had a representative from each state, with the potential to co-opt an additional member if required. The leadership group draws its membership by skill and expertise rather than geographic representative.

Functions and roles
The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia has been recognised by the government as the peak professional body for pharmacists in Australia. It has approximately 18000 members around Australia, and approximately 200 members have been elevated to fellowship status to recognise extraordinary contributions to the profession, organisation or health care.

Advocacy
The society's main focus is advocacy for excellence in medicines management and the pharmacy profession.

Career Pathways
Career pathways to describe the progression into specific areas of pharmacy practice such as general practice pharmacy, diabetes educator, community pharmacy management and professional services pharmacist have been developed since 2014. These career pathways are still in development, and aim to provide pharmacists with a road map on how to develop the necessary skills and access required resources for practice in these areas. The career pathways are supported and informed by the Leadership Group that provides expert direction and leadership in the field.

Practice recognition - Advanced Practice
The society is actively championing Advanced Practice Pharmacist recognition. It has developed an online portal that provides further information on the recognition pathway. The organisation functions as a Readiness Support Organisation as a supportive resource for pharmacists seeking to undergo recognition for Advanced Practice.

Education
The society provides education and training to its members. As a registered training organisation, it provides qualifications as well as continuing professional education at live events, online and in print. The Ignite program for future leaders is one of its flagship programs, providing leadership training and skill development for young pharmacists. The intern training program for pre-registrant pharmacists is another key PSA education program.

Events
The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia runs an annual conference that attracts approximately 1000 delegates in June or July each year. The conference attracts significant attention for the stimulating debate and high quality education it offers each year.

State-based conferences are held annually in some states. The most notable is the Victorian Pharmacy Conference in April each year, that is attended by approximately 200 to 300 pharmacists annually. It is run on the same weekend as the Victorian Pharmacy Student Conference. The state conferences allow local members to experience a large conference without having to travel interstate, while also providing an opportunity for the national conference organising committee to identify potential speakers.

Publications
The Australian Pharmacist is the society's peer-reviewed journal that is published monthly in print, and began digital publication in 2017. The journal includes news columns, professional updates, news, advice, research summaries and education articles.

The Australian Pharmaceutical Formulary, the only compulsory text for Australian pharmacies, is compiled by the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia.

The PSA leads writing professional practice guidance resources and the practice standards.

Excellence awards
The three excellence awards are announced at the annual conference each year. These awards recognise three practitioners for excellence in one or more of Pharmacy Practice Research, Pharmacy Practive Innovation, Pharmacy as a Community Service and Advancing Pharmacy Practice.

Young Pharmacist of the Year
The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia awards a silver medal each year to a pharmacist aged under 35 years or registered for less than 10 years. It was renamed in 2016 to the Early Career Pharmacist of the Year. Prior to 2016, it had been known as the Young Pharmacist of the Year award.

Pharmacist of the Year
The gold medal is awarded to the Pharmacist of the Year.

title: Pharmaceutical Society of Australia


text:
Ichthyornis

Ichthyornis (meaning "fish bird", after its fish-like vertebrae) is an extinct genus of toothy seabird-like ornithuran from the late Cretaceous period of North America. Its fossil remains are known from the chalks of Alberta, Alabama, Kansas (Greenhorn Limestone), New Mexico, Saskatchewan, and Texas, in strata that were laid down in the Western Interior Seaway during the Turonian through Campanian ages, about 95–83.5 million years ago. Ichthyornis is a common component of the Niobrara Formation fauna, and numerous specimens have been found.

Ichthyornis has been historically important in shedding light on bird evolution. It was the first known prehistoric bird relative preserved with teeth, and Charles Darwin noted its significance during the early years of the theory of evolution. Ichthyornis remains important today as it is one of the few Mesozoic era ornithurans known from more than a few specimens.

Description of the Ichthyornis
It is thought that Ichthyornis was the Cretaceous ecological equivalent of modern seabirds such as gulls, petrels, and skimmers. An average specimen was the size of a pigeon, 24 cm long, with a skeletal wingspan (not taking feathers into account) of around 43 cm, though there is considerable size variation among known specimens, with some smaller and some much larger than the type specimen of I. dispar.

Ichthyornis is notable primarily for its combination of vertebrae which are concave both in front and back (similar to some fish, which is where it gets its name) and several more subtle features of its skeleton which set it apart from its close relatives. Ichthyornis is perhaps most well known for its teeth. The teeth were present only in the middle portion of the upper and lower jaws. The jaw tips had no teeth and were covered in a beak. The beak of Ichthyornis, like the hesperornithids, was compound and made up of several distinct plates, similar to the beak of an albatross, rather than a single sheet of keratin as in most modern birds. The teeth were more flattened than the rounded teeth found in crocodilians, though they became wider towards the base of the crown. The tips of the teeth were curved backward and lacked any serrations.

The wings and breastbone were very modern in appearance, suggesting strong flight ability and placing it with modern birds in the advanced group Carinatae. Unlike earlier avialans such as the enantiornithines, the species appears to have matured to adulthood in a rather short, continuous process.

A study on an Ichthyornis endocast reveals that it had a relatively basal brain compared to modern birds, similar to that of Archaeopteryx and other non-avian theropods. Conversely, it had a palate remarkably convergent with that of modern neognaths.

Timespan and evolution
Ichthyornis fossils have been found in almost all levels of the Niobrara Chalk, from beds dating to the late Coniacian age (about 89 million years ago) to the Campanian age (about 83.5 million years ago). Even earlier remains attributed to Ichthyornis have been found in the Greenhorn Formation of Kansas, dating to the early Turonian age (about 93 million years ago). Specimens of Ichthyornis from earlier eras were, on average, smaller than later ones. The holotype specimen of Ichthyornis dispar, YPM 1450, had a humerus about 58 mm long. In many geologically younger specimens like YPM 1742, the same wing bone was 71.5 mm long. Both the older, smaller specimens, and the more recent, larger specimens show signs that they had reached skeletal maturity and were adults, and came from the same geographic area. It is likely that Ichthyornis dispar as a species increased in size over the several million years it inhabited the Western Interior Seaway ecosystem.

History of study
Ichthyornis was one of the first Mesozoic avialans ever found and the first one known to have had teeth, making it an important discovery in the early history of paleontology. It remains important today, as it represents one of the closest non-avian relatives of modern birds, and one of a handful of Mesozoic bird relatives represented by numerous specimens. Ichthyornis was discovered in 1870 by Benjamin Franklin Mudge, a professor from Kansas State Agricultural College who recovered the initial fossils from the North Fork of the Solomon River in Kansas, United States. Mudge was a prolific fossil collector who shipped his discoveries to prominent scientists for study. Mudge had previously had a close partnership with paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. However, as described by S.W. Williston in 1898, Mudge was soon contacted by Othniel Charles Marsh, Cope's rival in the so-called Bone Wars, a rush to collect and identify fossils in the American West. Marsh wrote to Mudge in 1872 and offered to identify any important fossils free of charge, and to give Mudge sole credit for their discovery. Marsh had been a friend of Mudge when they were younger, so when Mudge learned of Marsh's request, he changed the address on the shipping crate containing the Ichthyornis specimen (which had already been addressed to Cope and was ready to be sent), and shipped it to Marsh instead. Marsh had narrowly won the prestige of studying and naming the important fossil at the expense of his rival.

However, Marsh did not initially recognize the true importance of the fossil. Soon after receiving it, he reported back to Mudge his opinion that the chalk slab contained the bones of two distinct animals: a small bird animal, and the toothed jaws of some unknown reptile. Marsh considered the unusual vertebrae of the bird to resemble those of a fish, so he named it Ichthyornis, or "fish bird." Later in 1872, Marsh described the toothed jaws as a new species of marine reptile, named Colonosaurus mudgei after their discoverer. The similarity of the lower jaw and teeth to those of mosasaurs is so great that as late as 1952, J.T. Gregory argued that it really belonged to a diminutive species or young individual related to the genus Clidastes.

By early in 1873, Marsh had recognized his error. Through further preparation and exposure of skull bones from the rock, he found that the toothed jaws must have come from the bird itself and not a marine reptile. Due to the previously unknown features of Ichthyornis (vertebrae concave on either side and teeth), Marsh chose to classify it in an entirely new sub-class of birds he called the Odontornithes (or "toothed birds"), and in the new order Ichthyornithes (later Ichthyornithiformes). The only other bird Marsh included in these groups was the newly named Apatornis, which he had previously named as a species of Ichthyornis, I. celer. Mudge later noted the rare and unique quality of these toothed birds (including Hesperornis, which was found to also have teeth by 1877), and the irony of their association with the remains of toothless pterosaurs, flying reptiles which were only known to have had teeth in other regions of the world at that time.

Soon after these discoveries, Ichthyornis was recognized for its significance to the theory of evolution recently published by Charles Darwin. Darwin himself told Marsh in an 1880 letter that Ichthyornis and Hesperornis offered "the best support for the theory of evolution" since he had first published On the Origin of Species in 1859. (While Archaeopteryx was the first known Mesozoic avialan and is now known to have also had teeth, the first specimen with a skull was not described until 1884). Others at the time also recognized the implications of a nearly modern bird with reptilian teeth, and feared the controversy it caused. One Yale student described various men and women urging Marsh to conceal Ichthyornis from the public because it lent too much support to evolutionary theory. Many accused Marsh of having tampered with the fossils or intentionally created a hoax by associating reptilian jaws with the body of a bird, accusations that continued to surface even as late as 1967. However, an overwhelming majority of researchers have demonstrated that Marsh's interpretation of the fossils was correct, and he was fully vindicated by later finds.

Mounted specimens
At the turn of the 20th century, the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University, where most Ichthyornis specimens were housed, began placing many of its most interesting or important specimens on display in the museum's Great Hall. Two panel mounts (that is, pieces where the skeleton is arranged and set into a plaster slab) were created for Ichthyornis; one for I. dispar, and one for "I. victor". Both were created by Hugh Gibb, who prepared many of Marsh's fossils for study and display. The I. dispar mount contained only the holotype fossils, while the "I. victor" mount was a composite incorporating a variety of different specimens to make the piece appear more complete (it did not, however, contain any part of the actual "I. victor" holotype specimen).

At some point before 1937, the catalogue number of the actual "I. victor" type specimen was mistakenly reassigned to the panel mount. Later reports of the specimen, even by the Peabody Museum's staff, therefore mistakenly stated that the original "I. victor" specimen comprised most of the skeleton, when it was in fact only three bones. By 1997, the situation had become so confused that Jacques Gauthier, the current curator of the museum's vertebrate paleontology collection, authorized the dismantling of both panel mounts. This allowed the bones to be properly sorted out and studied in three dimensions, which had been impossible previously when they were embedded in plaster. A full re-description of these specimens was published by paleontologist Julia Clarke in 2004.

Classification
Ichthyornis is close to the ancestry of modern birds, the Aves, but represents an independent lineage. It was long believed that it was closely related to some other Cretaceous taxa known from very fragmentary remains – Ambiortus, Apatornis, Iaceornis and Guildavis – but these seem to be closer to the ancestors of modern birds than to Ichthyornis dispar. In Clarke's 2004 review, the former order Ichthyornithiformes and the family Ichthyornithidae are now superseded by the clade Ichthyornithes, which in the paper was also defined according to phylogenetic taxonomy as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of Ichthyornis dispar and modern birds.

Of the several described species, only one, Ichthyornis dispar, is currently recognized, following the seminal review by Julia Clarke. Marsh had previously named a specimen now attributed to I. dispar as Graculavus anceps. Clarke argued that because the rules for naming animals laid out by the ICZN state that a type species for a genus must have originally been included in that genus, Ichthyornis anceps is ineligible to replace I. dispar as the type species and so must be considered a junior synonym even though it was named first. However, Michael Mortimer pointed out that this is incorrect; while I. anceps cannot become the type species of Ichthyornis, the ICZN does not preclude it from becoming the senior synonym of the type species I. dispar. Therefore, I. anceps should have been considered the correct name for the only recognized Ichthyornis species. All other supposed species of Ichthyornis have not been supported as valid. The presumed "Ichthyornis" lentos, for example, actually belongs into the early galliform genus Austinornis. "Ichthyornis" minusculus from the Bissekty Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Kyzyl Kum, Uzbekistan, is probably an enantiornithine. All other Ichthyornis species are synonymous with I. dispar.

The cladogram below is the result of a 2014 analysis by Michael Lee and colleagues that expanded on data from an earlier study by O’Connor & Zhou in 2012. The clade names are positioned based on their definitions.

title: Ichthyornis


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Denaturation

Denaturation  may refer to:
 * Denaturation (biochemistry), a structural change in macromolecules caused by extreme conditions
 * Denaturation (fissile materials), transforming fissile materials so that they cannot be used in nuclear weapons
 * Denaturation (food), intentional adulteration of food or drink rendering it unfit for consumption while remaining suitable for other uses

title: Denaturation


text: User talk:193.190.255.210

title: User talk:193.190.255.210


text:
CAST tool

CAST tools are software applications used in the process of software testing. The acronym stands for "Computer Aided Software Testing". Such tools are available from various vendors and there are different tools for different types of testing, as well as for test management. They are known to be cost-effective and time-saving because they reduce the incidence of human error and are thorough. 'Cast is also a multimedia professional development tool or multimedia database'

title: CAST tool


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User:Windchaser

About Me
I'm a graduate of the University at Buffalo, with a Bachelor of Arts in English, as well as Northeastern Illinois University, with a Bachelor of Science in Biology. I have also studied in Denmark through the Danish Institute for Study Abroad in conjunction with the University of Copenhagen (with a focus in humanities and European Union politics). I'm currently an MSW student with an interest in gender therapy.

Page Reversion and Speedy Deletion Tagging Notes
You may have come to this page because I have reverted your edits or added a speedy deletion tag to your article. Please rest assured that I appreciate your efforts in contributing to the Wikipedia community. I am an unofficial (i.e., not affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation in any way) recent changes and new pages patroller, and regularly monitor page edits and creations. I do not take this function lightly, and am willing to give every edit and new article the proper respect it deserves. If I have made a mistake in reverting your edits or marking your page for speedy deletion, I sincerely apologize.

However, if the Wikipedia community concurs with my reversion or speedy deletion nomination, please do not take it personally. Instead, treat the situation as a learning experience. Many of us here at Wikipedia have made mistakes when first starting out (just look at my talk page to see my transgressions). Wikipedia thrives on the contributions of writers and editors just like you who contribute meaningfully. Please read the Wikipedia welcome page, then feel free to contribute your knowledge to Wikipedia. Thanks!

Please Read Before Editing This Page
Please note: If you have any questions, comments or criticisms about my edits, please feel free to leave a note on my talk page. Editing details on my user page or adding additional content is not an appropriate means of commentary. You are free to question my activities, but please do it in the appropriate location and without inflammatory or derogatory language. Thank you!

title: User:Windchaser


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ellipsis media

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 10:10, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ellipsis media
A commercial advertisement - keeps referring to "we" when talking about the company. 220.253.116.207 10:46, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; I concur with the anon. At least there's no external link.  (This was apparently either never listed on vfd or removed out of process, so I'm bringing it to today's page for resolution.) —Korath (Talk) 23:59, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - the 'we' references clearly demonstrate this is marketing fluff. Mindmatrix 01:14, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - advertisement. --DuKot 02:13, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Marketing cruft. jni 15:58, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. SeventyThree 00:02, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Ad. Pavel Vozenilek 02:00, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ads aren't speedyable, since there's a sizeable minority that insists they can be salvaged into encyclopedia articles. (In reality, of course, almost none are, and this just encourages more spam.  Thanks, folks!) —Korath (Talk) 10:49, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Beijing Olympians

The Beijing Olympians or Beijing Aoshen Olympians or Beijing Aoshen was a Chinese professional men's basketball team that formerly played in the Chinese Basketball Association and the West Coast Pro Basketball League. They have also played in the American Basketball Association. Some sources refer to them (slightly ungrammatically) as the Beijing Olympicians. They should not be confused with the Beijing Ducks, which is a different team based in Beijing.

In the 2003–04 season, they finished 7th out of 12 teams in the CBA regular season, and were eliminated in the quarter-finals by the Jiangsu Dragons. They were disqualified from play for the 2004–05 season (see below), and although it was intended that they would return for the 2005–06 season, negotiations to rejoin the league broke down at the end of June 2005.

The Beijing Olympians joined the new American Basketball Association for the 2005–06 season and played in the Spencer Haywood Division of the Red Conference. In their inaugural season in the ABA they played their home games in Maywood, California rather than Beijing. In 2006–07, the team moved to the Felix Events Center at Azusa Pacific University, former home of the SoCal Legends, who switched their affiliation to the Continental Basketball Association, and relocated to Thousand Oaks. For the 2007–08 season, the team moved again, this time to Singapore. In 2008–09, the team moved back to California, this time to Don Bosco Technical Institute in Rosemead.

The Beijing Olympians was officially disbanded on 4 December 2013. The announcement did not come as a surprise after the club's owner, a Chinese real estate tycoon and billionaire named Li Su (often referred to in the Western media as Winston Li), suddenly died in mid September due to acute myocardial infarction at the age of 55.

History
For two seasons (1999–2000 and 2000–01) they were known as the Vanguard Aoshen ; this team represented a merger between Vanguard and the then-existing Beijing Aoshen team. Occasionally the name Qianwei Aoshen was used instead (here, the word qianwei for "vanguard" is transliterated rather than translated). After that, however, the team used the Beijing Aoshen name once again.

The Vanguard team had a long history. It was founded in the 1950s and had some success over the years. The team played in the first CBA season in 1995–96, but finished last out of 12 teams and left the CBA. Meanwhile, the original Beijing Aoshen team was formed in 1997 as the Beijing Aosheng, and in 1998 won the "B" league championship to win promotion to the CBA. Soon after that they represented China in the Asian club championship, changing their name to Aoshen at the start of that competition, which they won (some Chinese media reports at the time incorrectly gave their name as the "北京奥盛").

The newly promoted Beijing Aoshen then made their CBA debut in the 1998–99 season. A key player on the team was Ma Jian. In an unprecedented move, they hired a female head coach, Li Xin, who thus became the first ever female head coach in the CBA, but she was fired after only five games and replaced by Mike McGee, a former player of the Los Angeles Lakers, who then became the first ever foreign head coach in the CBA. Aoshen finished fourth and lost in the semi-finals to the Bayi Rockets.

The following season, they merged with Vanguard, but struggled and finished sixth. In 2000–01 they continued to struggle: Ma Jian was dropped from the team in mid-season and they finished seventh. So far, they have never equaled their first-year performance.

2004–2005 suspension
On May 17, 2004, the Beijing Olympians were suspended from the CBA for a year for refusing to release Sun Yue to the national under-20 team. On May 25, 2004 the CBA announced that the winner of the 2004 Chinese Basketball League (CBL) season would be promoted to the CBA to take the Olympians' place; that team turned out to be the Yunnan Bulls.

While under suspension from the CBA, Aoshen played a seven-game tour in Taiwan against each team of the SBL, sweeping all seven games.

2005–2006
It was intended that the Olympians would return to the CBA for the 2005–06 season, as the CBA expanded from 14 teams to 16, but negotiations broke down and the league only expanded to 15 teams.

As "Beijing Aoshen Olympian", they joined the new American Basketball Association for the 2005–06 season.

WCPBL
After the 2008–09 ABA season, it was announced that the Olympians would play in the West Coast Pro Basketball League for the 2009 season. Since the WCPBL was a spring basketball league, they continued playing in the winter based ABA.

Notable players

 * Ma Jian – first Chinese to play college basketball in the United States
 * DeAngelo Collins
 * Jevon Crudup
 * Kevin Salvadori
 * Roy Tarpley – Former NBA Sixth Man of the Year
 * LeRon Ellis
 * Jason Michael
 * Kaniel Dickens
 * Gabe Muoneke
 * Paul Shirley – Former Iowa State and NBA player, and columnist for ESPN.com
 * Fred Vinson – Former Georgia Tech and NBA player, and NBA assistant coach for the New Orleans Pelicans
 * Sun Yue – 2008-09 NBA champion with the Los Angeles Lakers and two-time CBA champion with the Beijing Ducks

title: Beijing Olympians


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Joan I

Joan I or Joanna I may refer to:

 * Joan I, Countess of Burgundy (1191–1205)
 * Joan I of Navarre (1271–1305), daughter of King Henry I of Navarre and Blanche of Artois
 * Joan I, Countess of Auvergne (1326–1360)
 * Joanna I of Naples (1328–1382)
 * Joan I, Countess of Dreux (1345 – 1346), only child of Peter, Count of Dreux
 * Joanna of Castile (1479–1555), a.k.a. Joanna I or Juana I, Queen of Castile and Aragon, daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon

title: Joan I


text:
Carcraft

Carcraft was an independent group of used car hypermarkets established in 1951 in Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England, with eleven locations around the country. Stocking cars from Alfa Romeo to Volvo. Carcraft was established by Frank McKee, and was bought out in July 1998 by his sons Noel and Darren McKee. This was in a £50 million deal, backed by the Royal Bank of Scotland's Development Capital arm.

History
Carcraft was established in 1951, by Frank McKee in Rochdale. In July 1998, his sons Noel and Darren McKee bought the business from him in a deal backed by the Royal Bank of Scotland’s Development Capital arm, valuing it at £50 million. In April 2000, Carcraft acquired a car supermarket located in Newport from Car Group for £10 million, whilst Car Group was in receivership.

It also purchased a former Carland store located in Sheffield. In December 2000, Carcraft was put on sale, with a price tag of £200 million.

In December 2005, Carcraft became the first independent second hand vehicle retailer to create and found a contract hire car company. Named ‘All in One leasing’, the business provided services to companies who have small to medium fleets of cars, with Carcraft leasing them new vehicles, then replacing them and selling the used vehicles at its used car supermarkets throughout the country. In October 2006, Carcraft acquired another four sites from Carland, which were located in Chertsey, Enfield, Lakeside, and Stockport.

In April 2014, a management buyout was led by current Chief Executive Robin Bridge, and was backed by Apollo Ventures, for an undisclosed sum. On 30 April 2015, the company was placed into administration, suffering substantial losses and failing to keep up with rival marketing (marketing spend was £100k a week with a return of average sales of two hundred cars a week). Staff were told by the administrators the very same day leaving over five hundred people, with no redundancy pay or notice.

The Carcraft brand is now owned by the Rix brothers, Reg and Louis Rix, who also own Carfinance247, a firm fined £30,000 in September 2016 for sending 65,000 spam text messages.

Recognition
In April 2011, Carcraft received recognition from Experian, for achieving the number one most visited website for the UK Automotive and Dealership category, earning it an Experian Hitwise Top 10 Award. It also received a Quality Driven Award, for exceptional customer service, awarded by Steve Hodgkinson from Easi Drive.

Showrooms
Carcraft had eleven showrooms located across the United Kingdom. There were centres in the following areas:

 * Birtley
 * Chertsey
 * Enfield
 * Knowsley (Merseyside)
 * Lakeside
 * Leeds
 * Manchester (Trafford Centre)
 * Newport
 * Rochdale
 * Sheffield
 * Wednesbury

title: Carcraft


text:
Hesperornis

Hesperornis (meaning "western bird") is a genus of cormorant-like Ornithuran that spanned throughout the Campanian age, and possibly even up to the early Maastrichtian age, of the Late Cretaceous period. One of the lesser-known discoveries of the paleontologist O. C. Marsh in the late 19th century Bone Wars, it was an early find in the history of avian paleontology. Locations for Hesperornis fossils include the Late Cretaceous marine limestones from Kansas and the marine shales from Canada. Nine species are recognised, eight of which have been recovered from rocks in North America and one from Russia.

Description
Hesperornis was a large bird, measuring about 1.5 - 2 m long and weighing around 10.6 kg. It had virtually no wings, and swam with its powerful hind legs. Studies on the feet initially indicated that Hesperornis and kin had lobed toes similar to modern-day grebes, as opposed to webbed toes as seen in most aquatic birds such as loons. More recent work looking at the morphometrics of the feet in hesperornithiformes and modern sea birds has thrown this interpretation into question, making webbed toes equally as likely as lobed toes for this group.

Like many other Mesozoic birds such as Ichthyornis, Hesperornis had teeth as well as a beak. In the hesperornithiform lineage they were of a different arrangement than in any other known bird (or in non-avian theropod dinosaurs), with the teeth sitting in a longitudinal groove rather than in individual sockets, in a notable case of convergent evolution with mosasaurs. The teeth of Hesperornis were present along nearly the entire lower jaw (dentary) and the back of the upper jaw (maxilla). The front portion of the upper jaw (premaxilla) and tip of the lower jaw (predentary) lacked teeth and were probably covered in a beak. Studies of the bone surface show that at least the tips of the jaws supported a hard, keratinous beak similar to that found in modern birds. The palate (mouth roof) contained small pits that allowed the lower teeth to lock into place when the jaws were closed. They also retained a primitive-like joint between the lower jaw bones. It is believed that this allowed them to rotate the back portion of the mandible independently of the front, thus allowing the lower teeth to disengage.

History

The first Hesperornis specimen was discovered in 1871 by Othniel Charles Marsh. Marsh was undertaking his second western expedition, accompanied by ten students. The team headed to Kansas where Marsh had dug before. Aside from finding more bones belonging to the flying reptile Pteranodon, Marsh discovered the skeleton of a "large fossil bird, at least five feet in height". The specimen was large, wingless, and had strong legs—Marsh considered it a diving species. Unfortunately, the specimen lacked a head. Marsh named the find Hesperornis regalis, or "regal western bird".

Marsh headed back west with a smaller party the following year. In western Kansas, one of Marsh's four students, Thomas H. Russell, discovered a "nearly perfect skeleton" of Hesperornis. This specimen had enough of its head intact that Marsh could see that the creature's jaws had been lined with teeth. Marsh saw important evolutionary implications of this find, along with Benjamin Mudge's find of the toothed bird Ichthyornis. In an 1873 paper Marsh declared that "the fortunate discovery of these interesting fossils does much to break down the old distinction between Birds and Reptiles". Meanwhile, Marsh's relationship with his rival Edward Drinker Cope soured further after Cope accidentally received boxes of fossils, including the toothed birds, that were meant for Marsh. Cope called the birds "simply delightful", but Marsh replied with accusations Cope had stolen the bones. By 1873 their friendship dissolved into open hostility, helping to spark the Bone Wars. While Marsh would rarely go into the field after 1873, the collectors he paid continued to send him a stream of fossils. He eventually received parts of 50 specimens of Hesperornis, which allowed him to make a much stronger demonstration of an evolutionary link between reptiles and birds than had been possible before.

Classification and Species

Many species have been described in this genus, though some are known from very few bones or even a single bone and cannot be properly compared with the more plentiful (but also incomplete) remains of other similar-sized taxa. In many cases, species have been separated by provenance, having been found in strata of different ages or in different locations, or by differences in size.

The first species to be described, the type species, is Hesperornis regalis. H. regalis is also the best known species, and dozens of specimens (from fragments to more complete skeletons) have been recovered, all from the Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Niobrara Formation (dating to the early Campanian age, between 90 and 60 million years ago). It is the only species of Hesperornis for which a nearly complete skull is known.

Hesperornis crassipes was named in 1876 by Marsh, who initially classified it in a different genus as Lestornis crassipes. H. crassipes was larger than H. regalis, had five ribs as opposed to four in the first species, and differed in aspects of the bone sculpturing on the breastbone and lower leg. H. crassipes is known from the same time and place as H. regalis. One incomplete skeleton is known, including teeth and parts of the skull.

Marsh explicitly named his second species of Hesperornis in 1876 for an incomplete metatarsus recovered from the same layers of the Niobrara chalk as H. regalis. He named this smaller species H. gracilis, and it was subsequently involved in the rather confused taxonomy of a specimen which would eventually form the basis of the new genus and species Parahesperornis alexi. The type specimen of P. alexi was assumed to belong to the same specimen as that of H. gracilis, so when Lucas (1903) decided that the former specimen represented a distinct genus, he mistakenly used the later specimen to anchor it, creating the name Hargeria gracilis. This mistake was rectified by later authors, who sank Hargeria back into Hesperornis and renamed the more distinctive specimen Parahesperornis.

The first species recognized from outside the Niobrara chalk, Hesperornis altus, lived about 78 million years ago in Montana, and is known from a partial lower leg from the base of the freshwater Judith River Formation (or, possibly, the top of the underlying, marine Claggett Shale formation). While initially placed in the new genus Coniornis by Marsh, this was due mostly to his belief that Hesperornis existed only in Kansas, so any species from Montana should be placed in a different genus. Most later researchers disagreed with this, and have placed Coniornis altus in the same genus as Hesperornis as H. altus. A second species from Montana has also been described from the Claggett Shale. H. montana was named by Shufeldt in 1915, and while its known material (a single dorsal vertebra) cannot be directly compared to H. altus, Shufeldt and others have considered it distinct due to its apparently smaller size.

In 1993, the first Hesperornis remains from outside of North America were recognized as a new species by Nessov and Yarkov. They named Hesperornis rossicus for a fragmentary skeleton from the early Campanian of Russia near Volgograd. Several other specimens from contemporary deposits have since been referred to this species. At about 1.4 m long, H. rossicus was the largest species of Hesperornis and among the largest hesperornithines, slightly smaller than the large Canadian genus Canadaga. Aside from its large size and different geographic location, H. rossicus differs from other Hesperornis in several features of the lower leg and foot, including a highly flattened metatarsus.

In 2002, Martin and Lim formally recognized several new species for remains that had previously been unstudied or referred without consideration to previously named North American hesperornithines. These include the very small H. mengeli and H. macdonaldi, the slightly larger H. bairdi, and the very large H. chowi, all from the Sharon Springs member of the Pierre Shale Formation in South Dakota and Alberta, 80.5 million years ago.

In addition, there are some unassigned remains, such as SGU 3442 Ve02 and LO 9067t and bones of an undetermined species from Tzimlyanskoe Reservoir near Rostov. The former two bones are probably H. rossicus; some remains assigned to that species in turn seem to belong to the latter undetermined taxon. It is also suggested that Hesperornis likely lived throughout the Campanian age based on remains found on middle to late Campanian age rocks, and possibly even up to the early Maastrichtian age.

Paleobiology

Hesperornis was primarily marine, and lived in the waters of such contemporary shallow shelf seas as the Western Interior Seaway, the Turgai Strait, and the North Sea, which then were subtropical to tropical waters, much warmer than today. However, some of the youngest known specimens of Hesperornis have been found in inland freshwater deposits of the Foremost Formation, suggesting that some species of Hesperornis may have eventually moved, at least partially, away from a primarily marine habitat. Additionally, the species H. altus comes from the freshwater deposits at the base of the Judith River Formation.

Traditionally, Hesperornis is depicted with a mode of locomotion similar to modern loons or grebes, and study of their limb proportions and hip structure has borne out this comparison. In terms of limb length, shape of the hip bones, and position of the hip socket, Hesperornis is particularly similar to the common loon (Gavia immer), probably exhibiting a very similar manner of locomotion on land and in water. Like loons, Hesperornis were probably excellent foot-propelled divers, but might have been ungainly on land. Like loons, the legs were probably encased inside the body wall up to the ankle, causing the feet to jut out to the sides near the tail. This would have prevented them from bringing the legs underneath the body to stand, or under the center of gravity to walk. Instead, they likely moved on land by pushing themselves along on their bellies, like modern seals. However, more recent studies on hesperornithean hindlimbs suggest they were more functionally similar to those of the still upright walking cormorants.

Young Hesperornis grew fairly quickly and continuously to adulthood, as is the case in modern birds, but not Enantiornithes.

Pathology
A Hesperornis leg bone uncovered in the 1960s was examined by David Burnham, Bruce Rothschild et al. and was found to bear bite marks from a young polycotylid plesiosaur (possibly a Dolichorhynchops or something similar). The Hesperornis's bone, specifically the condyle, shows signs of infection, indicating the bird survived the initial attack and escaped the predator. The discovery was published in the journal Cretaceous Research in 2016.

title: Hesperornis