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Sweet Valley High

Sweet Valley High is a series of young adult novels attributed to American author Francine Pascal, who presided over a team of ghostwriters to produce the series. The books chronicle the lives of identical twins Jessica and Elizabeth Wakefield, who live in the fictional Sweet Valley, California, a suburb near Los Angeles. The twins and their friends attend Sweet Valley High.

The series began in 1983, and concluded twenty years later after the publication of 181 books. The books are generally classified as young adult or children's fiction and belong mostly to the genre of soap opera, romance novel or fantasy-adventure. The series quickly gained popularity and spawned several spin-off series, including Sweet Valley Senior Year and Sweet Valley University, as well as a television adaptation. In July 2017, a film adaptation was also announced.

The novels Sweet Valley Confidential and The Sweet Life, which follow the characters as adults, were published in 2011 and 2012.

Characters

 * Elizabeth Wakefield and Jessica Wakefield are identical twin sisters and the main characters of the series. Elizabeth is sensible and down to earth, being practical and known to be a good listener.  Jessica is outgoing and wilder, cares more about fashion and appearances, and is somewhat more devious. Jessica is the typical Valley girl.  Both girls are popular with their peers in their own ways.
 * Ned and Alice Wakefield are the parents of a son, Steven, and identical twin daughters, Elizabeth and Jessica. Lawyer Ned Wakefield met interior designer Alice Robertson while they were at college and flower-child Alice was engaged to conservative Hank Patman. After meeting Ned, Alice realized that she didn't love Hank and broke off their engagement; she wed Ned soon after. They were said to have been married for 20 years at the start of the series, so would have married in 1963. Ned is a general-practice lawyer and the head of a prominent Sweet Valley firm. Alice works as an interior designer at one of the town's major design firms. Although they are quite comfortable, they do not consider themselves wealthy.
 * Steven Wakefield, the twins' older brother, is tall and dark-haired like his father Ned. Although he loves both sisters equally, he's partial to Elizabeth. He teases Jessica, but understands her more than any other member of their family. In the beginning of the series, he dates Tricia Martin, whose family didn't have the best reputation. After Tricia dies of leukaemia, he dates Cara Walker. They plan to marry until she decides to move to London. During the university books, Steven moves in with Billie. He ends up marrying Cara after college but divorces her once he realizes he is gay.
 * Todd Wilkins, Elizabeth's on/off boyfriend, is tall, popular, handsome, a captain of the basketball team (as well as the wide-receiver of the football team in the 2008 reboot) and a fraternity member. He has dark-brown hair and eyes. Todd is initially romantically pursued by both Elizabeth and Jessica, but he and Elizabeth date. He is a scholar and an athlete. While Elizabeth and Jessica look alike, Elizabeth and Todd have almost identical personalities. Todd and Liz break up when Todd's family moves to Vermont and Todd eventually becomes romantically involved with the terminally ill Suzanne. He also shares Liz's passion for creative writing and eventually gets a job writing a professional sports column for several newspapers. On Todd's return to Sweet Valley, he and Elizabeth reunite. They repeatedly cheat on one another as well as break up and reunite. But Todd eventually ends up with Jessica. Elizabeth only finds out after she finds them having an affair during her and Todd's engagement. Todd and Jessica eventually wind up getting married and have a son, Jake.
 * Enid Rollins is Elizabeth's best friend when they meet in a creative-writing class pre-series, until they grow apart in senior year. Enid is described as pretty, with curly brown hair and big green eyes. As a young teenager, Enid was a problem user of drugs and alcohol until she was involved in a bad accident; she has since reformed and become a model student: quiet, sweet, and straitlaced. She is a member of the Pi Beta sorority, but joined only to lend Elizabeth moral support. In college, Enid reinvents herself and begins to use her middle name, Alexandra. She immediately joins an elite sorority and enters into a high-profile romance with big-shot college basketball player Mark Gathers. Life in the fast lane proves too much for Enid/Alex and she eventually suffers a re-occurrence of her substance abuse. She also has an affair with Todd Wilkins, even falling for him and becoming dependent on him when Mark abandons her. She does patch things up with Elizabeth, but never again are they close friends. In Sweet Valley Confidential, she becomes extremely self-centered and arrogant, becomes a well-respected OB/GYN, and has plans to run for City Council.
 * Maria Slater In late-series, Maria shares the title of Elizabeth's best friend with Enid. She is a beautiful former child actress and star reporter for the Oracle. Senior year sees her friendship with Elizabeth unravel as Liz makes new friends from the school merger but they eventually mend their relationship. Maria holds the distinction of class valedictorian, snatching it out from under both Liz Wakefield and Winston Egbert, who were each considered a shoo-in for the honor.
 * Lila Fowler, Jessica's best friend and arch-rival. She and Bruce Patman are bitter rivals, as her family (her father George owns a computer company) wants to modernize Sweet Valley; while Bruce's family wants to maintain the history of the town, from when canning was the main industry. One of the wealthiest people in town, Lila is a "poor little rich girl" archetype. The Fowlers and the Wakefields are close friends and even Elizabeth, who usually doesn't move in the wealthier circles, is often friendly towards Lila. At first Lila is very snobbish and devious, but an attempted rape by John Pfeifer, plus her parents' remarriage, helped make her more sympathetic. In Sweet Valley Confidential, she is married to Ken Matthews and they're expecting.
 * Winston Egbert, the class clown, had a major crush on Jessica, mainly during the first few books. He dates a girl named Mandy Farmer, who later moves away, and then begins dating Maria Santelli, a popular cheerleader. In college, he starts going by the name of "Winnie" and a clerical error leads to his placement in an all women's dorm, where he meets popular sorority girl Denise Waters, arguably the love of his life. Unfortunately, life after university sees Winston transform from a goofy, cheerful oddball into a mean, resentful businessman whose wealth from the dotcom boom can't cure his loneliness. After a night of drunken debauchery, he falls from a balcony to an untimely death.
 * Nora Dalton is a French teacher who once dated Lila's father, George Fowler. Later a romance bloomed between her and English teacher Roger Collins.
 * Roger Collins is an English teacher who serves as adviser to the school newspaper, The Oracle, and is one of Elizabeth's favorite teachers.
 * Mr. Cooper, Sweet Valley's somewhat stuffy principal, nicknamed Chrome Dome because of his bald head.
 * Bob Russo, The sternest teacher at SVH, he teaches chemistry.
 * Bruce Patman is a rich, handsome snob. Considered to be a rival of the nouveau-riche Fowler family, as he and his old-money family want to preserve the town as it was when canning was the main industry. He is an avid tennis-player and race-car driver. Known for his trademark black Porsche with a license plate that read 1BRUCE1. While Elizabeth and Jessica only look alike, Jessica and Bruce actually are alike—personality-wise. He is as shallow, self-absorbed and materialistic as she is. He once dated Jessica, which ended badly (as he cheated on her) and made them bitter rivals. Later he dated Regina Morrow, who helped him become a bit more sincere, but after her untimely death he fell back into his arrogant routine. Later he dated Pamela Robertson. Despite his arrogance, family means much to him and he becomes very caring toward his orphaned cousin Roger (once he gets used to this formerly-poor nobody actually being his own blood). His parents' deaths softened him and made him more sincere, and according to Sweet Valley Confidential, this leads to an eventual romance with his one true love, Elizabeth Wakefield. But just as Elizabeth seems like she's found the love of her life, he confesses he's in love with Annie Whitman.
 * Olivia Davidson is the arts editor of the Oracle and one of Elizabeth's best friends. She dies in the earthquake that hit Sweet Valley.
 * Nicholas and Regina Morrow, wealthy but down-to-earth siblings and close friends of Elizabeth. Elizabeth did not normally move in the wealthier circles of Sweet Valley, but the Morrows' down-to-earth nature won her over. Regina was deaf, but had radical surgery to restore her hearing; she dated Bruce seriously and helped change his personality for the better. Regina got in with the wrong crowd following her breakup with Bruce and experimented with drugs; she died after snorting a small amount of cocaine, which aggravated a rare heart condition. Nicholas once had romantic feelings toward Liz, but nothing came of it as she had a steady boyfriend, and they chose to remain friends. Liz helped Nicholas cope when his sister died.
 * Amy Sutton, Elizabeth's best friend in the Sweet Valley Twins books and then Jessica's good friend in Sweet Valley High. Amy returns in the Sweet Valley High books as a completely different character. Whilst she once shared interests with Elizabeth, such as working on the school newspaper, she returned much more like Jessica, a boy-crazy gossip. Later, she mellows and becomes enamored of Barry Rork.
 * Jeffrey French is Elizabeth's "preppy" ex-boyfriend, the handsome blond star of Sweet Valley High's soccer team who disappeared from the series following their breakup. They begin a serious relationship after Todd moves to Vermont, but break up shortly after Todd's return.
 * Cara Walker is Jessica's close friend. Early in the series she was a notorious snob and gossip, but her parents' split (in which she was separated from her brother) made her more mature and attracted Elizabeth's warm concern. She dated Steven Wakefield for a time and almost ran away to get married so they wouldn't be separated when her family moved to London, but they realized it wasn't practical. Years later they are reunited married, though unhappily. Cara bakes constantly, eating to hide her feelings of hurt at Steven's rejection as rumors of his cheating run rampant in Sweet Valley - and worse when the truth is revealed that he's actually involved with another man, former SVH soccer star Aaron Dallas.
 * Ken Matthews is a star quarterback and dater of several Sweet Valley ladies during the course of the series. In the first few books, he is called "Kenny" by his friends and teachers, though that nickname soon disappears. He is Jessica's steady boyfriend for part of junior year, and also secretly dates Elizabeth after Todd moves away. In Sweet Valley Confidential, he is a famous football player, husband of Lila Fowler, and - as he learns at the end of the sixth book - a father-to-be.
 * AJ Morgan is Jessica's first serious boyfriend. Jessica is instantly smitten with the redhead when he moves to Sweet Valley and becomes shy and demure when he is around, acting more like Elizabeth. Eventually she relaxes enough around him to be herself, and finds that he much prefers her fun-loving, outgoing personality.
 * Sam Woodruff is Jessica's second long-term steady boyfriend and a dirt-bike rider. Sam is killed in a car accident while riding as Elizabeth's passenger after Jessica spikes their drinks with alcohol. Jessica later felt guilty for inadvertently causing his death, but couldn't confess to her wrongdoing knowing her family will be angry at her.

Other characters
Kirk Anderson- Obnoxious senior. Plays tennis. He went on a few dates with the twins' visiting cousin Kelly.
 * Chris Sanders is a handsome new guy and Elizabeth's crush.
 * Jeannie West is a cheerleader and a friend of the twins. She is best friends with Sandra Bacon.
 * Sandra Bacon is a cheerleader who got the spot because of her friendship with Jeannie, despite her poor performance. She and Jeannie were best friends.
 * Caroline Pearce is the twins' neighbor. At first she was a catty gossip, but she changed for the better with help from Elizabeth. She has an older sister named Anita.
 * Manuel Lopez is Sandra Bacon's boyfriend.
 * Sally Larson is a cousin of Dana Larson. Sally comes to live with Dana's family after growing up in foster homes.
 * Susan Stewart is a friend of the twins. She is later discovered to be the daughter of a famous film director.
 * Lois Waller is the chubby daughter of the school dietitian.
 * Heather Sanford is Aaron Dallas' girlfriend, a dress designer who becomes Elizabeth's friend.
 * Julie Porter was Elizabeth's friend in sixth grade and in junior year. She is a talented musician.
 * Johanna Porter is Julie's older sister, also Elizabeth's friend; Elizabeth tutors her in English and she later discovers that math and science are favorite and strong subjects.
 * Peter DeHaven is one of the smartest boys in Sweet Valley High.
 * Abbie Richardson is a cartoonist for The Oracle (she draws the strip "Jenny"), and a former friend of Jessica and Lila. She later becomes Elizabeth's friend.
 * John Pfeifer is a former sports editor for The Oracle, Jennifer's ex-boyfriend, and Lila's would-be rapist/tormentor. He is the one who plagiarized Elizabeth's writing to try to get revenge for refusing to date him.
 * Tricia Martin is Steven's ex-girlfriend and Betsy's sister. She died of leukemia, like their mother.
 * Betsy Martin is Tricia's older sister who was a drug addict, Elizabeth's friend, and Jessica's nemesis.
 * Aaron Dallas is a popular soccer player who dated Jessica throughout middle school, and is a close friend of Liz's ex-boyfriend, Jeffrey French.
 * Courtney Thomas is a character in the non-continuity Super Edition Perfect Summer. Courtney is the daughter of a friend of Bruce Patman's family.
 * Rene Glize is Elizabeth's friend from Cannes, France. He wears "unmistakably" tight French jeans. At first hostile towards her and Jessica, due to their shared American heritage, he and Liz eventually become good friends; during her harrowing adventures in London he is her closest friend and comforter. He first appeared in the non-canonical book Spring Break, along with his mother Avery and his sister Ferney, but became part of canon whilst Liz and Jess were in London.
 * George Warren is Enid's, then Robin's, boyfriend. Robin and George fell in love while taking pilot classes together.
 * Christian Gorman is Jessica's late boyfriend. He died in a gang-related fight between SVH and Palisades High.
 * Ronnie Edwards is Enid's ex-boyfriend. He had gambling problems.
 * Tom McKay is a handsome tennis player at SVH.
 * Barry Rork is Amy's boyfriend who volunteers at the teen helpline. Best friends with Tom McKay and was one of the first people Tom M confided in about being gay, aside from Elizabeth.
 * Justin Belson, is a boy who used to go out with Molly Hecht. He and Regina became friends, incurring Molly's jealousy and indirectly had a hand in her death.
 * Molly Hecht is a reformed drug addict who used to be part of a bad crowd. She hosted the party at which Regina Morrow died from doing cocaine. Her best friend was Jan Brown, who had a boyfriend named Jay Benson; and she also knew a college-aged drug dealer, Buzz Jackson, who supplied the deadly cocaine.
 * Claire Middleton is SVH's first female quarterback.
 * Pamela Robertson is Bruce's beautiful girlfriend from a rival school. She comes to SVH to escape her bad reputation.
 * Heather Mallone is Jessica's beautiful blonde rival who tries to steal the cheerleading squad out from under Jessica; she eventually becomes her co-captain and the girls are forced to tolerate each other.
 * Devon Whitelaw is a wealthy boy from Westwood, Connecticut who falls for Elizabeth while she's still seeing Todd.
 * Conner McDermott is Elizabeth's senior-year love interest who has a brief romance with Maria Slater as well.
 * Bill Chase is a blond surfer who briefly dated Jessica because she reminded him of his late girlfriend Julianne. After he realizes Jessica was using him, he finds true love with DeeDee Gordon.
 * DeeDee Gordon is Bill's artistic girlfriend.
 * Rick Andover is the often drunk bad boy who took Jessica to a roadhouse, where she passed herself off as Elizabeth.
 * Penny Ayala is the editor of the SVH school newspaper, The Oracle. She wants to be an editor of an international newspaper, and is one of Elizabeth's best friends
 * Maria Santelli is a politically savvy cheerleader, daughter of Sweet Valley's mayor, and Winston's girlfriend.
 * Roger Barrett Patman is the cousin of arrogant Bruce Patman. Initially very poor and working as a janitor to help support his mother, Roger was adopted into the Patman family when his mother died and he was revealed to be the illegitimate child of Bruce's deceased uncle. He is more friendly and sincere than his cousin, but loyal to him.
 * Annie Whitman is a sophomore whom Jessica wouldn't consider for the cheerleading squad because of her bad reputation, but after attempting suicide she was allowed to join. In Senior Year, she is one of the only people aside Jade who became close friends with Jessica and side with her during the Jessica/Melissa feud.
 * Robin Wilson is co-captain of the cheerleading squad with Jessica until she moves away. At first very obese, she was cruelly hazed by the Pi Beta Alpha sorority, most notably Jessica, Cara, and Lila. Elizabeth befriended her and tried her hardest to help her fit in. After being blackballed she lost weight, snatched the homecoming queen title from Jessica, and instantly became popular. Jessica and Robin still see each other for who they are. She maintains her friendship with Elizabeth as she was the only one who saw more to her than her former obese self. Robin eventually steals Enid's boyfriend George Warren and later develops an eating disorder. She is stopped by Elizabeth and her concerned aunt who convinced her to seek help.
 * The Droids is Sweet Valley High's resident band: Dana Larson (vocals), Guy Chesney (keyboards), Emily Mayer (drums), Max Dellon (lead guitar) and Dan Scott (bass guitar).

Sweet Valley Kids
The twins are seven-year-old second graders at Sweet Valley Elementary School in this series, which included several Special Editions and "Super Snooper" mystery books.

The books are:
 * 1) Surprise! Surprise!
 * 2) Runaway Hamster
 * 3) The Twins' Mystery Teacher
 * 4) Elizabeth's Valentine
 * 5) Jessica's Cat Trick
 * 6) Lila's Secret
 * 7) Jessica's Big Mistake
 * 8) Jessica's Zoo Adventure
 * 9) Elizabeth's Super Selling Lemonade
 * 10) The Twins and the Wild West
 * 11) Crybaby Lois
 * 12) Trick or Treat
 * 13) Starring Winston Egbert
 * 14) Jessica The Baby-Sitter
 * 15) Fearless Elizabeth
 * 16) Jessica the TV Star
 * 17) Caroline's Mystery Dolls
 * 18) Bossy Steven
 * 19) Jessica and the Jumbo Fish
 * 20) The Twins go to the Hospital
 * 21) Jessica and the Spelling Bee Surprise
 * 22) Sweet Valley Slumber Party
 * 23) Lila's Haunted House Party
 * 24) Cousin Kelly's Family Secret
 * 25) Left-Out Elizabeth
 * 26) Jessica's Snobby Club
 * 27) The Sweet Valley Cleanup Team
 * 28) Elizabeth Meets Her Hero
 * 29) Andy and the Alien
 * 30) Jessica's Unburied Treasure
 * 31) Elizabeth and Jessica Run Away
 * 32) Left Back!
 * 33) Caroline's Halloween Spell
 * 34) The Best Thanksgiving Ever
 * 35) Elizabeth's Broken Arm
 * 36) Elizabeth's video Fever
 * 37) The Big Race
 * 38) Good-Bye Eva?
 * 39) Ellen is Home Alone
 * 40) Robin in the Middle
 * 41) The Missing Tea Set
 * 42) Jessica's Monster Nightmare
 * 43) Jessica Gets Spooked
 * 44) The Twins Big Pow-Wow
 * 45) Elizabeth's Piano Lessons
 * 46) Get the Teacher!
 * 47) Elizabeth the Tattletale
 * 48) Lila's April Fool
 * 49) Jessica's Mermaid
 * 50) Steven's Twin
 * 51) Lois and the Sleepover
 * 52) Julie The Karate Kid
 * 53) The Magic Puppets
 * 54) Star of the Parade
 * 55) The Jessica and Elizabeth Show
 * 56) Jessica Plays Cupid
 * 57) No Girls Allowed
 * 58) Lila's Birthday Bash
 * 59) Jessica + Jessica = Trouble
 * 60) The Amazing Jessica
 * 61) Scaredy Cat Elizabeth
 * 62) The Halloween War
 * 63) Lila's Christmas Angel
 * 64) Elizabeth's Horseback Adventure
 * 65) Steven's Big Crush
 * 66) And the Winner is... Jessica Wakefield!
 * 67) The Secret of Fantasy Forest
 * 68) A Roller Coaster for the Twins!
 * 69) Class Picture Day!
 * 70) Good-Bye Mrs. Otis
 * 71) Jessica's Secret Friend
 * 72) The Macaroni Mess
 * 73) The Witch in the Pumpkin Patch
 * 74) Sweet Valley Blizzard
 * 75) Little Drummer Girls
 * 76) Danger: Twins at Work

Super Snooper Editions:
 * 1) The Case of the Secret Santa
 * 2) The Case of the Magic Christmas Bell
 * 3) The Case of the Haunted Camp
 * 4) The Case of the Christmas Thief
 * 5) The Case of the Hidden Treasure
 * 6) The Case of the Million-Dollar Diamonds
 * 7) The Case of the Alien Princess

Super Special Editions:
 * 1) Trapped in Toyland
 * 2) Easter Bunny Battle
 * 3) A Curse on Elizabeth (Hair Raiser Super Special Edition)
 * 4) Save the Turkey!
 * 5) Elizabeth Hatches an Egg

Sweet Valley Twins
The Sweet Valley Twins series features the twins as sixth grade students attending Sweet Valley Middle School. Though the series focuses primarily on Elizabeth and Jessica, it also features stories of their friends and classmates. Some relationships from Sweet Valley High have changed, such as Amy Sutton being a good friend to Elizabeth rather than Jessica, as they are in high school. The series was succeeded by The Unicorn Club and Sweet Valley Jr. High.

The Unicorn Club
The Unicorn Club is a spin-off of Sweet Valley Twins, featuring the Unicorn Club introduced in the Twins series. The series takes place when the twins are seventh graders, still at Sweet Valley Middle School. This series focused on the club members in general, not specifically the twins.

 * 1) Save the Unicorns - The Unicorns are ultimately forced to disband, thanks to a dare war designed to elect their new president. In the end, the ban is lifted, and Elizabeth Wakefield and Maria Slater join the club. (narrated by Mandy Miller)
 * 2) Maria's Movie Comeback - Maria is looking to audition for a role in a new movie, but shortly afterwards, she begins to lose confidence in herself and her acting abilities. Near the end, a sixth-grader named Evie Kim joins the club. (narrated by Maria Slater)
 * 3) The Best Friend Game - The Unicorns face the Eight Times Eights on the Best Friends game show, with disastrous results. (narrated by Elizabeth Wakefield)
 * 4) Lila's Little Sister - Lila must convince a young girl named Ellie to return home, after Ellie thinks her mother is ignoring her. (narrated by Lila Fowler)
 * 5) Unicorns in Love - Four of the Unicorns have found new love, resulting in the ultimate test of their friendship. (narrated by Evie Kim)
 * 6) The Unicorns at War (Super Edition) - Kimberly Haver returns and competes against Mary Wallace for Student-Council President, resulting in half the club renouncing the Unicorns and founding a new club called the Angels. (narrated by Mary Wallace)
 * 7) Too Close for Comfort - The Unicorns and the Angels are quarantined for German measles. (narrated alternatively by Jessica and Elizabeth Wakefield)
 * 8) Kimberly Rides Again - Kimberly takes the remaining Unicorns to a dude ranch, where they end up fighting over a cute stable boy. (narrated by Kimberly Haver)
 * 9) Ellen's Family Secret - Ellen's parents are getting a divorce, and she tries to convince them not to. (narrated by Ellen Riteman)
 * 10) Mandy in the Middle - Mandy Miller finds herself torn in two when she starts hanging out with both the Unicorns and the Angels. She ultimately rejoins the Unicorns after hearing Lila had spent time with a boy Mandy was mentoring. (narrated alternatively by Lila Fowler and Mandy Miller)
 * 11) Angels Keep Out - The Unicorns and the Angels hold separate parties on the same night, but must eventually make a compromise. (Narrated alternatively by Jessica and Elizabeth Wakefield)
 * 12) Five Girls and a Baby - Ellen and the other Unicorns are stuck baby-sitting for a family friend while she is out of town. (Narrated by Ellen Riteman)
 * 13) Who will be Miss Unicorn - The Unicorns enter a beauty pageant being held in Sweet Valley, but only one of them can go home with the crown. (narrated by Mandy Miller)
 * 14) Lila on the Loose - Feeling neglected by her father, Lila tries everything she can to get him to pay attention to her. (narrated by Lila Fowler)
 * 15) Too Cool for the Unicorns - With Amanda Harmon leaving Sweet Valley, the Eight Times Eights must elect a new member and ask Kimberly Haver to join. (narrated by Kimberly Haver)
 * 16) Bon Voyage, Unicorns - In a two-part story, the Unicorns go on a cruise, but Ellen feels that there is no room in her life for romance, until the Unicorns each fix her up with a boy that they think she'll like—only to find out that the boy each of them picked seems perfect for each of them. (Note: From this book to the last in the series, the story is not told by a specific book character.)
 * 17) Boyfriends for Everyone - The Unicorns finally end their vacation with the boy each of them likes, while Ellen finally finds her soulmate in a boy named Curtis Bowman.
 * 18) Rachel's in, Lila's Out - Lila's dad is selling Fowler Mansion to the family of a girl named Rachel Grant, but Lila plans on evicting the potential buyers. Rachel and Lila eventually accept each other as friends, and Rachel joins the Unicorn Club.
 * 19) The Most Beautiful Girl in the World - The Unicorns meet Katherine Pierce, a model and spokeswoman for a local health spa, only to find that their idol is not all that she appears to be.
 * 20) In Love with Mandy - In a "Cinderella"-esque story, Mandy Miller falls in love with a rich boy named Brandon Jones, but he thinks he is in love with Lila Fowler.
 * 21) Snow Bunnies - During a vacation to a ski resort, Rachel has a temporary falling-out with the other Unicorns when she tries to come between Ellen and Curtis Bowman.
 * 22) Jessica's Dream Date - Jessica wins a date with her musician idol, Johnny Buck, only to be disappointed by the fact that her musical Hero is really a zero.
 * 23) Trapped in the Mall - The Unicorns are trapped in the mall after closing time, and eventually must get help when Ellen is badly injured. This is the last book in the series.

Sweet Valley Junior High
This series occurs when the twins are eighth graders. Elizabeth and Jessica are rezoned to Sweet Valley Junior High, where a number of new characters are introduced. Elizabeth adjusts quickly to the new school and becomes popular among her peers. Jessica does not adapt to Sweet Valley Junior High as quickly as Elizabeth, especially as she struggles to establish some semblance of the popularity she enjoyed in middle school.

Sweet Valley High: Senior Year
Following the conclusion of the original Sweet Valley High series, the twins' final year of high school was depicted in SVH: Senior Year. After the devastating earthquake that claimed the lives of their friends and destroyed their homes, the damage to the El Carro High forces a redistribution of its students to local high schools in Sweet Valley and Big Mesa. Elizabeth and Jessica find their senior year to be as emotionally tumultuous as the last as new relationships are formed, old ones are changed, and they must look forward to life after high school.

Sweet Valley University
After graduating from Sweet Valley High, Jessica and Elizabeth attend Sweet Valley University, where they begin a new chapter of their lives.

Elizabeth
Chronologically this is the final chapter in the series and the only spin-off that did not feature Jessica directly. It continues from the plot that occurred at the end of Sweet Valley University; Elizabeth flees to London, intending to continue her schooling. The series has six books.

Sweet Valley Confidential
Sweet Valley Confidential was published on March 29, 2011. The story was entirely written by creator Francine Pascal, and is set 10 years following the conclusion of the previous novel. Prior to the novel's release, Pascal stated, "I can tell you that what you thought was going to happen to those people doesn't happen. Different things happen. Ten years, from 16 to adulthood, has made very different people. And I'm having kind of a good time writing it, doing what I want to do with these people." Most reviews by professional critics were negative. One review from Entertainment Weekly stated, "Make no mistake: This is a very bad book, bloated and silly and, worst of all, often quite boring."

Fans of the series have given mixed-to-negative reviews, citing many inconsistencies and canonical errors. For example, near the beginning of the book, Elizabeth's ex-boyfriend Jeffrey French is mentioned as being happily married, while in the last "epilogue" chapter, he is "still unmarried and unattached." There are many other mistakes in the epilogue as well, such as what happened to Suzanne Devlin: "Suzanne was forced to leave Sweet Valley but returned 6 months later a changed person; unfortunately, she was ill with multiple sclerosis. She apologized to everyone, then crashed her specially equipped car after taking medication with champagne." Suzanne Devlin was mistakenly diagnosed with MS in the SVH magna edition Perfect Christmas, but then finds out that she was misdiagnosed, and she and Todd fall in love. In describing what became of Roger Collins, Pascal states that after having been accused of molestation by Suzanne Devlin (book 11, "Too Good to be True"), he "felt too uncomfortable being a teacher and left to become a nonfiction writer." SVHC also says his son's name is "Sam," not "Teddy," as in all the SVH books. Another inconsistency is the way Jessica talks in the book, peppering her sentences with "So," and "like," which is a departure from the way she spoke in the SVH and SVU series.

Plot
The story begins with Elizabeth in New York, where she is working on a magazine called Show Survey, described as "a sort of Zagat for Off Broadway." Through flashbacks, we learn that Jessica and Todd had been having an affair off and on for the last five years, and that eight months ago Elizabeth discovered their duplicity, and has not spoken to either of them since. A few characters from the original series pop up, most notably Winston Egbert, who invested in a dot-com venture with Bruce Patman (also a major character in this book, Bruce's personality changed dramatically when both of his parents died, making him a more caring, sensitive person). Time, unrequited love and other negative life experiences have turned Winston into a bitter hateful Scrooge-like miser who womanizes and shows contempt for himself and all humanity. He no longer has any friends. He dies midway through the book from an "accidental" drunken fall from his 20-story balcony. Jessica and Todd still live together in Sweet Valley. Jessica has a very successful career for a cosmetics marketing company called "MYFACEISGREEN" and Todd is a successful sports columnist. They are very much in love, but haunted by what they have done to Elizabeth and by the vicious gossip that surrounds them.

The twins are expected to attend their grandmother's eightieth birthday party. Elizabeth is torn, not wanting to see her sister and Todd again, but wanting revenge for what Jessica has done to her. She goes to the party, bringing Liam, a handsome bartender she has met in New York in order to have him flirt with Jessica and get her revenge for the affair. However, it proves to be a failure as he instead flirts with her older brother, Steven (who also comes out as gay). Liz's actions ends up causing a rift between Jessica and Todd, which escalates into a free-for-all between all the members of the family. Alice Wakefield, the twins' mother, desperately tries to keep the peace, repeatedly asking the staff to serve the cake, finally losing her cool and screaming to her husband, "Ned! Bring out the fucking cake!" After the party, Ned and Alice reprimands Elizabeth for her behavior. They blame her for not only ruining her grandmother, Marjorie's birthday party, but also Jessica and Todd's relationship. Fed up with her family for defending Jessica and not understanding where she's coming from, Liz prepares to leave for New York. Before she could leave, Bruce sympathetically talks to Elizabeth and convinces her to take a long hard look at herself by using their old friend, Winston, as an example.

Later that night, lying in bed, Jessica realizes that in order to get her sister back, she has to give up Todd. She packs a bag and heads to New York to see her sister. Meanwhile, Elizabeth has been doing some serious thinking on the plane at Bruce's admonition. She finally comes to the realization that she and Todd weren't going to make it work a long time ago, but was too much of a "commitment control freak" to admit it to herself. Elizabeth finds Jessica on her doorstep to apologize for what happened. At first, she didn't want to forgive her, but remembering Bruce's wise words, she relents and the sisters hold each other, sobbing, and make up. Elizabeth apologizes to Jessica in ruining her relationship with Todd and convinces her that Bruce had talked to her. She accepted that she and Todd were long over, but was an extreme control commitment freak to admit it. She gives Jessica her blessing to be with him. The epilogue takes place at Jessica and Todd's wedding, which many of the characters attend. Bruce professes his love for Elizabeth, and the two of them presumably live happily ever after.

Sweet Valley: The Sweet Life
The new series features six confirmed books and takes place a few years after 2011's Sweet Valley Confidential. Elizabeth, Jessica and Todd are now thirty. Jess and Todd have a son as well. And the two have an affair and nearly divorce after their trial separation. They then get back together after they declare their love for one another. At the end of book six, Elizabeth is hoping that Bruce will propose, but instead he confesses to being in love with an old flame he dated in high school. Also in the books it develops the relationship between the twins brother Steven and his partner Aaron as the two get married and have a baby girl.

TV series
A TV series based on Sweet Valley High ran for 88 episodes between 1994 and 1997. It starred real-life twins Brittany and Cynthia Daniel (formerly Doublemint twin models) as Jessica and Elizabeth respectively. The twins also modeled for later editions of the book covers. The show ran for four seasons.

There were notable differences between the television series and the books. New characters were created, such as Reginald "Shred" Patman and Renata Vargas, while other characters were removed, such as Ned, Alice, and Steven Wakefield. Also, while the books are classified in the romance or fantasy/adventure genres, the television series was played out in a more humorous fashion.

Only Season One of the show was officially released on DVD.

Possible reboot TV series
In December 2021, it was reported that a new television series adaptation titled, Sweet Valley, is in the works at The CW. The project will be co-produced between CBS Studios, Paramount Television Studios, Chernin Entertainment, and Fake Empire with Josh Schwartz, Stephanie Savage, and Ashley Wigfield as executive producers.

Film adaptation
In July 2017, a film adaptation of the novel series began production.

Merchandising
Many tie-in products were produced for this series (primarily the Sweet Valley High run) including a series of puzzles (4), a board game, audio book versions of selected SVH books (6), commercially available VHS (2) and a DVD of the SVH TV Series, a CD soundtrack for the TV show, dolls and doll clothing (6), a neon sign, at least one calendar (for the year 1989/90) and books that were not part of the series (including TV tie-in reprints, a trivia book, a behind-the-scenes book about the TV show, and a "Slam Book").

title: Sweet Valley High


text:
Emerald Isle (Northwest Territories)

Emerald Isle is one of the uninhabited members of the Canadian arctic islands, specifically of the Parry Islands subgroup of the Queen Elizabeth Islands. It belongs to the Northwest Territories, Canada. It has an area of 549 km2 and measures 36 km long and 22 km wide.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Emerald Isle (Northwest Territories)


text:
Special Reconnaissance Regiment

The Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR) is a tier 1 special reconnaissance unit of the British Army. It was established on 6 April 2005 and is part of the United Kingdom Special Forces (UKSF).

The regiment conducts a wide range of classified activities related to covert surveillance and reconnaissance. The SRR draws its personnel from existing units and can recruit male and female volunteers from any branch of the British Armed Forces.

Formation
The Special Reconnaissance Regiment conducts surveillance operations mainly concerning, but not limited to, counter-terrorism (CT) activities. It was formed to relieve the Special Air Service and the Special Boat Service of that role and is believed to contain around 500–600 personnel. Media reports stated they are based alongside the Special Air Service at Stirling Lines barracks, Credenhill in Herefordshire. The SRR was formed to meet a demand for a special reconnaissance capability identified in the Strategic Defence Review: A New Chapter published in 2002 in response to the 2001 September 11 attacks on the US. The regiment was formed around a core of the already established 14 Intelligence Company, which played a similar role against the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland during the Troubles.

Iraq War
The regiment was active during the Iraq War as part of Task Force Black/Knight. Although members of other British Special forces units were sceptical of the value of the regiment, by mid-2006 a handful of SRR operators were operating in Baghdad. They formed Special Reconnaissance detachments that were commanded by SRR officers. The force was made up of Task Force Black/Knight operators who carried out difficult surveillance missions throughout the city.

Islamic terrorism in the United Kingdom
In the aftermath of 21 July 2005 London bombings, the SRR attached one of its members to each of the Metropolitan Police Service's surveillance teams to provide additional capability to a seriously overstretched SO12.

On 22 July 2005 Jean Charles de Menezes was shot dead by armed police officers on a London Underground train at Stockwell tube station. Three media reports carry unconfirmed assertions by unattributed UK government sources that SRR personnel were involved in the intelligence collection effort leading to the shooting and were on the tube train when it happened. A partial Ministry of Defence response was reported by The Sunday Times.

War in Afghanistan
On 27 June 2006, a 16-man unit from C Squadron, Special Boat Service and the SRR carried out Operation Ilois: an operation that covertly captured four Taliban leaders in compounds on the outskirts of Sangin, Helmand province. As they returned to their Land Rover vehicles, they were ambushed by an estimated 60 to 70 Taliban insurgents. With one vehicle disabled by rocket-propelled grenade fire, the team took cover in an irrigation ditch and requested assistance while holding off the Taliban force. The Helmand Battle Group had not been informed of the operation until it went wrong; a quick reaction force made up of a platoon of Gurkhas responded but ran into another insurgent ambush; one SBS member was seriously injured in the ambush. After an hour-long gunfight (some sources say three), Apache attack helicopters, the Gurkha quick reaction force and the 16-man unit, supported by a U.S. A-10 Thunderbolt and two Harrier GR7s managed to break contact and return to the closest forward operating base; two of the four Taliban leaders were killed in the firefight while the remaining two escaped in the chaos. Upon reaching the forward operating base it was discovered that Captain David Patton, SRR, and Sergeant Paul Bartlett, SBS were missing – one was helping wounded out of a vehicle when he was shot and assumed killed, while the second went missing during the firefight. A company from the Parachute Regiment in an RAF Chinook took off to find them, a pair of Apaches spotted the bodies and the Parachute Regiment troops recovered them. One SBS member was awarded the MC for his actions in the ambush.

Dissident Irish Republican campaign
In March 2009, Chief Constable Sir Hugh Orde informed the Northern Ireland Policing Board that he had asked for the Special Reconnaissance Regiment to be deployed in Northern Ireland to help the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) gather intelligence on dissident republicans. He stated that they would have no operational role and would be fully accountable, as required by the St Andrews Agreement. Deputy First Minister and Sinn Féin MP Martin McGuinness and Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams condemned the move, but Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) MP Ian Paisley, Jr. said the SRR "poses absolutely no threat to any community in Northern Ireland".

In April 2011, the Telegraph reported that a surveillance team from the SRR had spent three weeks tracking a cell of four men belonging to the Óglaigh na hÉireann (ONH)-a dissident Irish republican paramilitary group operating in Northern Ireland made up of members who split from the Real IRA. The SRR members (who were reportedly working for the Metropolitan Police's Counter Terrorism Command) watched the men, who photographed key roads and buildings in London, including the Olympic Stadium. Intelligence suggested that ONH and other dissident Republicans were not aiming to launch mass-casualty attacks but continue to target police and military targets. One source said the unit was not thought to have the capability of launching a terrorist attack on mainland Britain, although some dissidents have that capacity. The cell was not thought to be targeting the royal wedding.

Libyan Civil War
By the end of July 2011, a 24-man British special forces team from D Squadron 22 SAS, including members of the SRR who were expert in covert intelligence gathering had been deployed to Libya to train and mentor NTC units against the Gaddafi regime during the Libyan Civil war. These forces linked up with Commandement des Opérations Spéciales, the French Special Forces Command (French Army), in Zuwaytinah, the command headquarters for the eastern front, 90 miles south west of Benghazi. From there they were sent to the west of the country via Tunisia to train rebels in the western mountains, in places like Zintan.

Yemen and Somalia
In April 2016, it was reported that members of the Special Reconnaissance Regiment were seconded to MI6 teams in Yemen to train Yemeni forces fighting AQAP, as well as identifying targets for drone strikes. Along with the SAS, they have been carrying out a similar role in Somalia.

Role
The SRR performs clandestine intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR) missions. It has a focus on counter-terrorism and counterinsurgency.

Uniform distinctions
Personnel retain the uniforms of their parent organisations with the addition of an "emerald grey" coloured beret and the SRR cap badge. UKSF units display the mythical sword Excalibur on their cap badges, in the case of the SRR behind a Corinthian helmet and with a scroll inscribed RECONNAISSANCE. The stable belt of the SRR is similar in style to that of the SAS, but is a darker midnight blue.

title: Special Reconnaissance Regiment


text:
Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer

The Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer (SNSM) is a French voluntary organisation founded in 1967 by merging the Société Centrale de Sauvetage des Naufragés (founded in 1865) and the Hospitaliers Sauveteurs Bretons (1873). Its task is saving lives at sea around the French coast, including the overseas départments and territories.

In 2009 the SNSM was responsible for about half of all sea rescue operations and saved 5,400 lives in 2,816 call-outs and assisted 2,140 boats in distress. 65% of funding comes from the private sector (donations, bequests and sponsorship) and 35% comes from the national government, the regions, the départements and the local communities.

Fleet
The SNSM has the following boats:
 * 40 All weather lifeboats
 * 34 Class 1 lifeboats (up to 40 knots/force 8)
 * 76 Class 2 lifeboats (up to 33 knots/force 7)
 * 20 Class 4 lifeboats
 * 425 Inshore lifeboats (including jetskis)

All these boats are unsinkable by injection into the hull of closed cell polyurethane foam in reserved spaces, this material is very light compared to water (about 30 times less heavy): with these buoyancy reserves, the boat itself full of water always remains in positive buoyancy; they also have a tight sealed compartment. All-weather lifeboats from 15 meters to 18 meters are self-righting. The first class lifeboat have capacities close to the all-weather rescue boats, the second class lifeboat are intended for slightly less difficult conditions. The first and second class lifeboat, respectively 14 meters and 12 meters, which are the most recent boats, are self-righting, these boats having an all weather type design. The boats are dispersed in 185 stations (including 15 in overseas territories).

Incidents
On 7 Jun 2019, the lifeboat Jack Morisseau set out to rescue a fishing vessel in distress during a storm off the Atlantic coast of France. Twenty minutes after launch, someone reported that the lifeboat was upside down on rocks close to its launch point in Les Sables-d'Olonne. Three of the crew died, one was airlifted out of the sea and three others swam to shore. The fisherman was unaccounted for.

title: Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer


text:
Chilly

Chilly may refer to:

 * Cold, i.e. low (or lower) temperature

Entertainment

 * Chilly (band), a 1970s German Euro disco/rock band
 * Chilly McStuffins, a hypochondriac snowman in the American-Irish animated children's television series, Doc McStuffins
 * Chilly Willy, a diminutive anthropomorphic penguin in the American animated children's television series, Woody Woodpecker
 * Chilly Willy (wrestler) (born 1969), ring name of American professional wrestler William Jones

Food

 * Chiefly India: chili pepper, the spicy fruit of plants in the genus Capsicum
 * Chiefly British: chili powder, dried, ground red chile peppers, sometimes with cumin and other spices
 * Chiefly British: chili con carne, a stew-like dish in Mexican and Tex-Mex cuisine, (usually called "chili" in North American English)
 * Chilly Cow, a brand of ice cream

France

 * Chilly, Ardennes, in the Ardennes département
 * Chilly, Haute-Savoie, in the Haute-Savoie département
 * Chilly, Somme, in the Somme département
 * Chilly-le-Vignoble, in the Jura département
 * Chilly-Mazarin, in the Essonne département
 * Chilly-sur-Salins, in the Jura département

Elsewhere

 * Chilly, Idaho, a community in the United States

title: Chilly


text:
Jean Dausset

Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset (19 October 1916 – 6 June 2009) was a French immunologist born in Toulouse, France. Dausset received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980 along with Baruj Benacerraf and George Davis Snell for their discovery and characterisation of the genes making the major histocompatibility complex. Using the money from his Nobel Prize and a grant from the French Television, Dausset founded the Human Polymorphism Study Center (CEPH) in 1984, which was later renamed the Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH in his honour. He married Rose Mayoral in 1963, with whom he had two children, Henri and Irène. Jean Dausset died on June 6, 2009, in Majorca, Spain, at the age of 92.

Early life
Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset was born on 19 October 1916, in Toulouse, France. He was the youngest of four children of Henri Dausset and Elisabeth Dausset (born Renard). His father was from the Pyrénées, and was a doctor by profession, and his mother was a housewife from Lorraine. Following the end of World War I the Dausset family moved to Biarritz where Jean spent most of his childhood. His father was head doctor at the Bayonne Hospital, a position that would make a great impression on Jean. Dausset was home schooled by his mother, as well as by a tutor, who would periodically come to the house. At the age of 11, Dausset and his family moved to Paris. He began his formal schooling at the Lycée Michelet, at age 15. After earning his Baccalauréat in mathematics, Dausset was convinced by his father to study medicine at the University of Paris. Both of Dausset's parents died just after he became an extern at the Paris Hospitals, at the age of 19. Dausset failed to pass an internship entrance exam at the Paris Hospitals, and was preparing for a second attempt when World War II broke out.

War
Dausset was enlisted in the French army, and sent off to Northern Italy for a year. Upon his return to Paris in 1940, Dausset studied ardently and passed his medical internship exam. Soon after passing his exams, Dausset joined the Free French Forces in North Africa as an ambulance worker. He was originally stationed in Morocco, but was later sent to the more active Tunisia. Dausset got his first taste of hematology when he had to perform numerous blood transfusions on wounded soldiers. As the war was winding down in 1944, Dausset returned to Paris where he worked in the Regional Blood Transfusion Center at the Saint-Antoine Hospital.

Medical reform
After the war, Dausset worked as an intern at the Paris Hospitals, which were in a state of disrepair and badly needed structural reform. Dausset formed a group of radical doctors who pushed for change in the French medical system. Due to his activist role in this group, Dausset was appointed as the Advisor to the Cabinet of the National Ministry of Education. The physician Robert Debré worked with Dausset, and pushed the government into forming a committee for the reform of medical education. Hospitals were joined with universities for the first time in France, and doctors were required to instruct classes to medical students. With the newly introduced system of university research hospitals, research began within the hospitals themselves, as opposed to in the universities alone, and full-time work for doctors was established (Debré reform of 11 and 30 December 1958).

Career
After World War II Dausset worked with Professor Marcel Bessis who had developed a new transfusion technique called exchange transfusion. He worked as an immunohematologist and was interested in anaemic patients who required blood transfusions, he found that these patients lacked both red and white blood cells. In 1948, Dausset went to work as an intern in the Children's Hospital in Boston. He worked there in a hematology lab for about four years.

He returned to France in 1952 and once again took up the position of an intern with Marcel Bessis. It was during this time that Dausset conducted his first official research. With Bessis, Dausset discovered the first antigen-presenting leucocyte, but it was only officially described in 1958. Between the years 1952 and 1957 he collaborated with many researchers such as Gilbert Malinvaud and Jacques and Monique Colombani. From 1952 to 1957, majority of Dausset's time went into developing techniques and developing further ways of confirming the presence of certain antibodies. He was made the head of research at Professor Georges Marchal’s immunohematology laboratory in the Broussais Hospital. During this time, Dausset performed blood transfusions between a voluntary donor and patients in order to further his research in the field of immune responses in the body. He was testing the ability of the antigen-presenting leucocytes in the recipient’s body, which came originally from the donor’s blood. In 1958, Dausset discovered an antibody called MAC which was a leuco-aggluntinate; the abbreviation MAC actually stands for the initials of the names of the donors whose blood Dausset and his colleagues had used during the research. From 1960 to 1965 Dausset worked primarily on improving organ transplantation techniques and the mechanisms involved in enhancing the body’s ability to accept the new tissue. To do this, Dausset again used the blood of voluntary donors and patients to see what differences lay in the blood of the two individuals and how to minimize these differences. 1965 was a crucial year for research. There was an intense competition amongst the researchers of the immunohematology field as everyone was on the brink of making a major discovery in the genetic and transplantation research. During this time, Dausset worked with Paul Ivany in Prague and they used leuco-agglutination and lymphocyte toxicity techniques to make some very significant discoveries. They discovered the Hu-1 antigen and the H-2 antigen.

In 1963 Jean Dausset became the head of the immunology at the Hôpital Saint-Louis in 1963. This is when he discovered the HLA system, with Felix Rapaport; by performing skin transplant experiments on volunteers and showed that success depended on histocompatibility. Dausset was the assistant director of the Research Institute in Blood diseases until 1968, he then became the director of the "Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale"(INSERM) transplantation immunogenetics research unit. Dausset founded France Transplant and France Greffe de Moelle, which brings matching donor organs to recipients and provides bone marrow for transplant respectively.

Research
Dausset began his research shortly after obtaining his medical degree in 1945, while working as an intern in the hematology lab at the Children’s Hospital in Boston. His first paper was published in 1950, and dealt with the detection of incomplete antibodies using trypsinized erythrocytes in a plasmatic medium, a technique that displayed improved sensitivity over other techniques used at the time. He went on to publish more works in the field of hematology, including developing a technique in 1952 for the removal of plasma from red blood cells to be used in transfusions to patients somehow intolerant of whole blood transfusions. In 1952 he returned to France and continued his research, particularly focusing on hemolytic anemia, and publishing several works dealing with various forms of blood cell agglutination. It was during this period of research, in 1954, when Dausset first observed an anti-leucocyte agglutinating substance, though it was not until 1958 that he identified an isoantibody specific to leucocytes, and published his findings. It was this finding and the extensive cascade of work that followed that would ultimately earn Dausset his Nobel Prize.

General research in antibodies, agglutination, and anemia continued in the years following this 1958 paper. In 1962, Dausset published an examination of the correlation between leuco-agglutination and skin graft tolerance, his first observation of the antigens’ impact on histocompatibility. His next paper on the subject was published in 1964, when he observed a clear relationship between leucocyte antigen compatibility and antibody response to skin grafts. This finding sparked a flurry of research in the topic of histocompatibility, and by the end of 1965 Dausset had published over a dozen papers exploring leucocyte antigens and their relevance to histocompatibility. After identifying that a two-allele leucocyte antigen group had an influence on histocompatibility and observing the induction of hyper-sensitivity to skin grafts following injection of leucocyte fractions, Dausset developed a system for grouping leucocyte antigens on the basis of histocompatibility. Following this, he put forth the hypothesis that all known leucocyte antigens were part of a single complex, a complex which he named Hu-1. This complex would later become known as one of the Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC), specifically those termed Human Leucocyte Antigens (HLA). Dausset's further work in 1965 examining the effects of Hu-1 antigen injection on skin graft rejection further confirmed the conclusion that this Hu-1 complex was indeed a transplantation antigen, a conclusion which would in time have profound effects on the transplantation process.

In the years to come, Dausset continued his research on the Hu-1 complex. Through 1966-1967 he published several more papers on the subject, including a paper summarizing the relevance of Hu-1 antigens to oncogenesis and transplantation, development of the use of a platelet complementation fixation test to identify which antigens are present, and the discovery that Hu-1 is homologous to the mouse H-2 complex, which also functions in histocompatibility. Toward the end of 1967 he confirmed through familial studies that all discovered antigens were in fact part of a single system. Following 1967, Dausset participated in numerous other studies pertaining to the complex (which was renamed HLA in 1968), particularly those examining the genetic basis for the antigens’ transmission, along with publishing a number of other papers for which he claimed primary authorship. For his contribution to these studies as well as his ultimate role in the discovery of this crucial antigen, Jean Dausset received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1980.

Following his reception of the Nobel Prize, Dausset's personal research slowed considerably. He contributed to multiple studies, particularly a number relating to genetics, but did not publish anything for which he claimed primary authorship for over a decade. He retired in 2003, at the age of 87.

Nobel Prize
In 1975, Dausset suspected that his name had been entered in the nominations for the Nobel Prize. However, nothing came of this until February 1980, when rumours were circulating in the scientific community about his possible candidacy. At this point, Dausset was planning on going to Quebec, Canada to do a conference series throughout the province. He was in a dilemma because if did win, he did not want to be away from his family and colleagues, and yet, were he to stay in France, people would suspect that he was sure of winning and he might set himself up for disappointment. So instead, he decided to stay in Paris, but to stay out of the public eye. He was unsurprisingly awarded the Nobel Prize 1980, which he shared with Baruj Benacerraf and George Davis Snell.

Later life
In 1984 Dausset founded the Centre D’étude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), aiming to detect the major genes in humans that are responsible for diseases outside the HLA system. Localization of these genes was a crucial step in cloning and identifying them, this was a breakthrough for medical genetics. The CEPH system contributed DNA from 61 large families to international centers that were responsible for mapping the human genome. Dausset and professor LL Cavalli-Sforza collaborated, and developed a DNA resource from world populations known as HGDP-CEPH diversity panel, to be used in human population genetics. CEPH is a non-profit organisation that was partly funded by the French government, it was not until 1993, that CEPH was renamed the Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH. In 2003, at the age of 87, Dausset retired and became the president of CEPH.

Dausset was a member of the French Academy of Sciences. He was also a professor at the college de France. Dausset was one of the influential foreign members of the National Academy of Sciences, US, and an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was a member of the founding Council and Vice President of the Human Genome Organization. Dausset received various prestigious prizes, such as the Landsteiner Award and prizes for the Koch and Wolf Foundations. He also served on the advisory boards of numerous research institutions.

title: Jean Dausset


text:
Warm

Warm, WARM, or Warmth may refer to:

 * A somewhat high temperature; heat
 * Kindness

Music

 * Warm (The Lettermen album), 1967, and the title song
 * Warm (Johnny Mathis album), 1958, and the title song
 * Warm (Herb Alpert album), 1969
 * Warm (Jeff Tweedy album), 2018
 * Warmer (Randy VanWarmer album), 1979
 * Warmer (Jeff Tweedy album), 2019
 * "Warm", a song by Majid Jordan from Majid Jordan, 2016
 * "Warm", a song by Charli XCX featuring Haim from Charli, 2019
 * "Warmer", a song by Bea Miller from Chapter Two: Red and Aurora, 2017
 * "Warmth", a song by Bastille from Wild World, 2016
 * "Warmth", by C418 from Minecraft - Volume Beta, 2013
 * "Warmth", a song by Janet Jackson from Damita Jo, 2004

Other uses

 * Warm., taxonomic author abbreviation of Eugenius Warming (1841–1924), Danish botanist
 * WARM (foundation), an international foundation working on contemporary conflicts
 * WARM (AM), a radio station licensed to Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States
 * WARM-FM, a radio station (103.3 FM) licensed to York, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Wartime reserve modes (WARM), military procedures held in reserve for wartime or emergency use
 * Women's Art Resources of Minnesota, an American women's art organization

title: Warm


text:
Johnny Kerr

John Graham Kerr (July 17, 1932 – February 26, 2009), also known as Red Kerr, was an American basketball player, coach, executive and broadcaster who devoted six decades to the sport at all levels. The affable 6'9", 230-pound center starred for the University of Illinois (1951–1954) before he became a three-time All-Star and one-time league champion in the NBA (1954–66), primarily as a member of the Syracuse Nationals.

Kerr was the first of the NBA iron men in the early years of the league. From 1954 to 1965, he played in 917 consecutive games, including 844 in the regular season, a record that stood for 17 years. He averaged 13.8 points, 11.2 rebounds and 2.2 assists in 905 games over 12 seasons, all except one with the Nationals (later the Philadelphia 76ers). More consistent than spectacular, Kerr averaged in double figures in points and rebounds in seven consecutive seasons (1956–64), when he earned the reputation as one of the best big men in the league.

After retirement as a player, Kerr held several coaching and administrative positions, most notably coach of the Chicago Bulls and Phoenix Suns in their first-ever seasons. In his debut on the bench, the 1966-67 Bulls defied long odds to earn a postseason berth, the first expansion team in major professional team sports to do so.

The Chicago native concluded his career as a Bulls television analyst for thirty-three years, during which he was one of the most recognizable personalities of the Bulls dynasty in the 1990s decade.

Early life
Kerr was raised in the 67th and Racine neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago. He was a frequent 16-inch softball player at Ogden Park with aspirations of a career in foundry, in which he became proficient as a Tilden Technical High School student.

Although Kerr's first passion was soccer, an eight-inch growth spurt during his senior year at Tilden Tech coupled with some friendly persuasion from its head basketball coach Bill Postl and school principal Robert Lakemacher turned his attention to basketball. The pivotman led the Blue Devils to the 1950 Chicago Public League championship in his only season with the team.

College career
Upon graduation from high school in mid-year (January 1950), Kerr was set to attend Bradley in the fall. However, after a visit from Illini freshman Irv Bemoras touting the benefits of playing for head coach Harry Combes and the Fighting Illini, he made a visit to Champaign and quickly changed his mind. Always quick with a quip, Kerr became known for his self-deprecating humor. When asked about his introduction to Chaucer in college, Kerr said the two hadn't met yet, but he assumed they would at a fraternity party.

After committing to Illinois in the fall of 1950, Kerr made his varsity debut as a sophomore center-forward in the 1951–52 season. Despite the losses of team captain and Most Valuable Player Don Sunderlage and Ted Beach, the Illini's leading scorers, Kerr and his teammates captured the Big Ten Conference championship with a 12–2 conference record (22–4 overall) and a berth in the NCAA Tournament, where they advanced to the Final Four with victories over Dayton and Duquesne. The Illini lost to St. John's in the semifinals, 61–59, then they beat Santa Clara in the third-place game. Kerr led the team with a 13.7-points average in 26 games. It finished the season with a final Associated Press ranking of No. 2 in the nation.

Kerr joined three starters from the previous season on the 1952–53 Illini team, but the team would not enjoy similar success. It finished 18–4 overall (14–4 in conference), which was good for a second-place finish to national champion Indiana. Kerr continued to shine with a team-high average of 17.5 points in 22 games. The Illini ranked No. 11 in the country in the final AP poll.

By the time that Kerr entered his senior year, he had grown one inch to 6-foot-9 and become a full-time pivotman. While the finale was the best of his three varsity seasons individually, the team would be the least successful among them. The 1953–54 Illini finished third in the Big Ten with a 10–4 record (17–5 overall) and was ranked 19th in the country in the final AP poll. Kerr paced the team in scoring for the third straight season, shattering the single-season team record with 556 points in 22 games for a 25.3 points average. In three varsity seasons, Kerr scored 1,299 points, an average of 18.6 points per game. He was elected to the University of Illinois All-Century Team in 2004.

Syracuse Nationals-Philadelphia 76ers (1954–1965)
In 1954, the Syracuse Nationals selected Kerr at the sixth overall pick of the NBA draft. The 22-year-old played a bit role with the veteran-laden team in the early season. By the turn of the calendar year, he had earned enough trust from head coach Al Cervi to warrant an increased role. He went on to average 10.5 points and 6.6 rebounds per game in the regular season.

Come playoff time, Kerr was part of the core nucleus. In his postseason debut, the rookie dominated with 27 points and 14 rebounds in a 110–100 victory over the Boston Celtics that set the tone in the Eastern Division finals. The Nationals went on to beat the Celtics in four games and Fort Wayne Pistons in seven games in the NBA Finals to capture their first and only NBA championship in Syracuse.

Even though future Hall of Famer Dolph Schayes cast a shadow over his Nationals teammates, Kerr was a three-time All-Star selection (1956, 1959, 1963) who was equally adept in the high and low post. In addition to his workmanlike production as a rebounder, he was a skilled passer and master of the backdoor play, which he executed with guards Al Bianchi, Larry Costello and Hal Greer on a regular basis.

Baltimore Bullets (1965–1966)
On September 22, 1965, Kerr was dealt to the Baltimore Bullets for guard Wally (later Wali) Jones. The veteran averaged 11.0 points and 8.3 rebounds during the 1965–66 season, after which he was selected by the Chicago Bulls in the 1966 NBA Expansion Draft. Instead, Kerr voluntarily retired as a player to become the head coach of his hometown team. He finished his career with totals of 12,480 points and 10,092 rebounds along with the NBA record for most consecutive games played (844). The mark stood until November, 1982, when San Diego Clippers guard Randy Smith surpassed it en route to a streak of 906 games.

Chicago Bulls (1966–1968)
After Kerr was hired as head coach, one of his first acts was to convince owner Dick Klein to claim former Bullets teammate Jerry Sloan in the expansion draft. He also lobbied for the acquisitions of veteran floor leader Guy Rodgers in a trade that sent guards Jim King and Jeff Mullins to the San Francisco Warriors before the start of the season. Nobody outside the organization gave the expansion club much of a chance, however, least of all St. Louis Hawks player-coach Richie Guerin, who on the eve of the regular-season opener said the Bulls would be fortunate to win 20 games in their debut season.

Yet Sloan and Rodgers proved to be instrumental in the immediate success of the so-called Baby Bulls, who quieted the naysayers with a 33–48 record and playoff berth, the first for an expansion team in league history. Kerr was awarded the NBA Coach of the Year Award, the only person to receive the award with a sub-.500 record.

The Bulls struggled the following season, which they started with 15 losses in their first 16 games. The team regrouped to earn a playoff berth with a 29–53 record, only to be eliminated in five games by the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round. The inability to build off the momentum of the previous season coupled with philosophical differences with team ownership led to Kerr's dismissal after the season.

Phoenix Suns (1968–1970)
Kerr wasn't unemployed very long. Two months later, Phoenix Suns general manager and longtime friend Jerry Colangelo signed Kerr be the first head coach for another expansion club. Like Kerr, Colangelo had attended Illinois and played college ball there.

After the Suns lost a coin flip that would have brought former UCLA superstar center Lew Alcindor (later Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) to Phoenix at the first pick of the NBA draft, Kerr was left with a woefully inexperienced group that failed to duplicate the success of his expansion Bulls team in Chicago. The Suns finished in last place with a 16–66 record in the Western Division. Even though the club made progress at the outset of the 1969–70 season with a 15–23 record, Kerr was asked for his resignation. He remained with the organization for the remainder of the season, serving as color commentator alongside Hot Rod Hundley on radio broadcasts.

Broadcasting, front office career
Kerr spent the 1970–71 and 1971-72 campaigns as Virginia Squires business manager in the rival ABA before he returned to the Chicago Bulls in the front office. In 1975, the Bulls play-by-play announcer Jim Durham suggested that Kerr provide commentary during games, and Kerr remained as a color commentator until the end of the 2007–08 season.

As a broadcaster, Kerr was part of the Bulls' six championships in the 1990s and Michael Jordan's entire career with the team. He became best known for his emphatic call on "The Shot", Jordan's series-winning basket in Game 5 of the first round of the 1989 Eastern Conference playoffs. "The Bulls win it! We win it! ... Whooo!" Kerr screamed into his microphone.

Over the years, Kerr and Jordan collaborated in a pre-game ritual in which the Bulls superstar would head to Kerr's seat at courtside immediately prior to tip-off and playfully clap talcum powder in front of him. Jordan later said, "I don't know how it started. I think he had a nice suit on and I wanted to mess him up a little."

Kerr made occasional appearances as a halftime commentator in the first half of the 2008–09 season, but as his struggles with prostate cancer continued, public appearances became less frequent. The Bulls honored Kerr for his years of service at a February 10, 2009 halftime ceremony, where the team unveiled a sculpture of Kerr that would stand in the United Center. At the ceremony, he also received the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame's John W. Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award, presented by Jerry Colangelo. February 10, 2009, was declared Johnny Red Kerr Appreciation Day in the city of Chicago by Mayor Richard M. Daley.

Final days
Kerr died of prostate cancer at 76 years of age on February 26, 2009, only hours after ex-Bulls guard-broadcaster Norm Van Lier suffered a fatal heart attack.

Honors

 * 1952 – 2nd Team All-Big Ten
 * 1952 – NCAA Final Four All-Tournament Team
 * 1952 – Honorable Mention All-American
 * 1953 – 2nd Team All-Big Ten
 * 1953 – Honorable Mention All-American
 * 1953 – 1st Team All-Big Ten
 * 1954 – 2nd Team All-American
 * 1954 – Illini Most Valuable Player
 * 1954 – Big Ten Player of the Year
 * 1954 – Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball Award
 * 1967 – NBA Coach of the Year Award
 * 1973 – Illinois Basketball Coaches Association's Hall of Fame as a player.
 * 2004 – Illini Men's Basketball All-Century Team.
 * 2007 – 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament.
 * 2008 – Illini men's basketball honored jersey.
 * 2018 – Illinois Athletics Hall of Fame

title: Johnny Kerr


text:
Talk:Glossary of rail transport terms

Use of railway in the US.
The first paragraph's discussion of railroad vs. railway is a bit misleading. If you look at lists such as List_of_Class_I_railroads or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_Class_I_railroads_in_the_United_States, you see that railway is a widely-used term in the US. ColinClark (talk) 20:42, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

"Paperwork"
Is there a better source for this? Or is it not a common term? (not watching, please )  czar  15:26, 2 February 2019 (UTC)

Spur
A while ago I read an article in a mathematics journal analyzing routing with railroad track sidings and spurs. The authors used the terms backwards from how I've understood over the decades, so I emailed them about it and referred to this page. But now I realize the term "spur" is not included in the page's list. I have also understood since that (1) the authors of the article were British and perhaps there the use of the terms are reversed from the US, and (2) perhaps there is just not a formal and "correct" definition of "spur". If anyone can help it sure would be great. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.216.255.20 (talk) 01:18, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

Locomotive dictionary
Hello,

The Internet Archive website has an old and comprehensive dictionary of American/British locomotives. Since it dates from 1906. it may be [mostly] irrelevant for modern days locomotives. Please take look; it may hold many relevant information for Wikipedia.

Thank you, Marino 12:55, 15 January 2021 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marino108LFS (talk • contribs)

Please be sure to mark what countries a term applies to
This page presently gives no indication of where and when a term was used. When adding new terms or editing old ones, please check to make sure the term is either global or local, and if it is the latter, edit the definition to make it clear where it is used. Eldomtom2 (talk) 08:53, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

"Right of way" term in US railways usage
Work is underway to clean up and sort out the set of articles that use the term "right of way" for a variety of different purposes. There is one disambiguation article and a number of topic-specific detail articles.

One current glaring anomaly is the article Right-of-way (property access), which is ostensibly about a right of access (easement) across third-party land, such as for pipelines etc (aka Wayleave) or to get to land that does not have its own access a public highway. In reality, only the lead addresses that point (badly): most of the article is about rail corridors (see Right-of-way (property access)). As I read it, this reflects (historical?) US usage? (The UK term is permanent way.) I notice that this glossary doesn't even have an entry for "right of way"?

So would an editor or editors of this article take on the challenge of finding a more suitable place for its content, please? In this article? or should that article just be split? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 10:08, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes, right-of-way (often abbreviated ROW) is US usage and it's still in use. It sounds like permanent way could be an equivalent term. I can look around for a good source that defines the term. Mackensen (talk) 10:25, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * TYVM. Actually the material at Right-of-way (property access) has quite a lot of (cited) detail, so that might be a good place to start? 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 10:31, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure about the equivalence since permanent way [also not in the glossary?] redirects to railway track. Is there a term that includes the track-side space as well as the track itself? (i.e., the "fence to fence" owned by the railway company). 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 10:37, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I would say that in everyday use it really means just the easement, and could also be synonymous with "alignment" (also not defined here, or at Glossary of North American railway terms), not to be confused with Track_geometry. The Federal Railroad Administration uses the term repeatedly in its publications as a term of art, so it has to be defined somewhere. Mackensen (talk) 11:02, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Glossary of North American railway terms is now a valid target. Mackensen (talk) 11:27, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It can't mean easement surely, since that means giving another (legal) person permission to use your land but without transfer of ownership. As I understood it, the railway companies own the land the track runs on so the question shouldn't arise. Or have I misunderstood?
 * Tyvm re the other glossary. Can the railway related text at RoW (property access) simply be deleted as a WP:cfork? 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 12:35, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not uncommon in the United States for companies have a permanent easement so long as the property is used for railroad activities, instead of outright ownership. This has led to complex litigation in some railroad bankruptcies. Mackensen (talk) 12:42, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ah... So it looks like there is a good case for a dedicated article. How about moving the current RoW (access) to RoW (railroad), but removing the grid infrastructure stuff to Wayleave? Would that work? (I will propose it at that article's talk page if it makes sense here.) 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 13:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

For info, I have initiated an RtM at Talk:Right-of-way (property access) that proposes Right-of-way (property access) → Right of way (railroad) --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 22:38, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of rail transport terms


text:
Act of Settlement 1662

The Act of Settlement 1662 (14 & 15 Chas. 2 Sess. 4. c. 2 (I)) was passed by the Irish Parliament in Dublin. It was a partial reversal of the Cromwellian Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652, which punished Irish Catholics and Royalists for fighting against the English Parliament in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by the wholesale confiscation of their lands and property. The Act describes itself An act for the better execution of His Majesty's gracious declaration for the Settlement of his Kingdom of Ireland, and the satisfaction of the several interests of adventurers, soldiers, and other his subjects there.

Background
When the Rump Parliament in London passed the Act of Settlement 1652 after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, its purpose was two-fold. First, it was to provide for summary execution of the leaders and supporters of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Second, it was to confiscate sufficient land in Ireland as was necessary to repay the loans advanced by the City of London under the Adventurers' Acts of the 1640s to pay for the war, and to reward the soldiers who had engaged in the war, almost all of whom sold on their interests to third parties. By 1652 the policy was achieved by the confiscation of almost all Catholic-owned land in Ireland, something that also served to punish Irish Catholics for their rebellion and war against Parliament.

The Act of 1652 said (paragraphs VI, VII VIII) that anyone who fought against the parliament in Ireland during the civil wars would lose some lands.

 * If they surrendered within the time allowed, they would be pardoned for their life, but lose up to two-thirds of their estates.
 * If they didn't surrender within the time allowed, they could stand to lose all their lands and even their lives.
 * If they were "of the Popish religion" and had not taken any part in the wars, they would still lose a third of their lands unless they had actually fought for the parliament.

In practice, Protestant Royalists in Ireland could avoid confiscation by paying fines, while Catholics could not. Although some Parliamentarians talked about deporting all of the Irish to Connacht, in fact, they only ever got around to the land-owning class. The 1652 Act ordered that all confiscated lands east of the Shannon (Ulster, Leinster and Munster) be cleared and the inhabitants transplant themselves to the west (to Connacht and County Clare), to be replaced by English Puritans (who were later to be known as Dissenters). As a result of this Settlement, Irish Catholic landholding fell from 60% before the Irish Confederate Wars to 8–9% during the Cromwellian Commonwealth (mostly in Connacht).

A number of formerly Catholic landowners also saved their land by converting to the state religion.

Act of Settlement 1662
On the Irish Restoration of the Monarchy, those (notably the Duke of Ormonde) who had taken the Royalist side pleaded with the King for the injustices to be undone. Accordingly, the Parliament of Ireland (in Dublin) passed a new Act of Settlement 1662 which ordered that the Cromwellian settlers give up a portion of their allotted land to "Old English" and "innocent Catholics", as would be determined by Commissioners.

However, the Irish Parliament was still Protestant only, until the session of 1666, as Catholics had been barred from voting or standing for election under the Commonwealth. As a result, the Parliament amended the Act of Settlement 1652 so that land could be returned to "innocent Catholics" – that is ones who had been Royalists in the civil wars and had not carried out massacres of English Protestants – but only on the condition that the Cromwellian settlers be compensated with an equal amount of land elsewhere in Ireland. Since there was simply not enough land available for this to work, only the richer or grander Catholic landowners recovered their estates under this act. These included the Viscount Dillon, Donough MacCarty, 1st Earl of Clancarty, Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin, Luke, the heir of Christopher Plunket, 2nd Earl of Fingall and Edmund, the heir of Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret.

A further complication arose as the buyers of confiscated land in 1652–59 were third parties who expected that their purchases for cash were legal and were protected by privity of contract. This act was passed on 30 May 1662.

Also in 1662 the Irish version of the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 was enacted, that formally ended Feudalism in Ireland.

Act of Explanation 1665
A Court of Claims, headed by Sir Richard Raynsford, was set up to investigate who was eligible for recovery of their lands. Unfortunately, the Commissioners found that too many Catholics were "innocent" and a further Act of Explanation 1665 (17 & 18 Chas. 2. c. 2 (I)) was needed to find a workable solution. The Act of Explanation stated that Cromwellian settlers (with some named exceptions) had to give up one-third of the lands they had received after 1652 to compensate innocent Catholics. This was a very complicated process, as most of the new owners had bought their land from the Cromwellian grantees, and so numerous contracts had to be unwound. Many of these buyers were not settlers but people who had already been living in Ireland before 1641.

By this measure, what has been described as a "favoured minority" of Irish Catholics – mostly Old English Royalists – recovered all or most of their pre-war estates. Examples of this include Ormonde and his relatives, and supporters like Richard Bellings or Randal MacDonnell, 1st Marquess of Antrim. The people who had been militant Irish Confederates during the wars – who had rejected an alliance with the English Royalists, or sought better terms from Charles I in return for an alliance – got little or nothing from the settlement. Many of them regarded it as a betrayal by the Stuart monarchy, which they all had fought for at some point in the Civil Wars. The Catholic poet Dáibhí Ó Bruadair concluded that the Restoration was "Purgatory" for Irish Catholics, while the former Confederate and Catholic Bishop Nicholas French wrote a pamphlet about Charles II titled, The Unkind Deserter of Loyal men and true Friends.

In 1600, Catholics had owned 90 per cent of land in Ireland, by 1641, this was 41 per cent (the fall due largely to the rise of the Plantation of Ulster) but by the time of the accession of James II in 1685, after the Cromwellian Settlement, the proportion of Irish land owned by Catholics had fallen to 22 per cent; after the restrictive Treaty of Limerick (1691), that number had been reduced to 14 per cent, and by 1800, after more restrictive anti-Catholic Penal Laws, the number fell further to just 5 per cent. However, many of the 95% in 1800 had been Catholic and changed religion to keep their lands, such as the Barons of Dunsany.

Many Protestants in Ireland felt that the Restoration Settlements were far too lenient towards those Irish Catholics who had rebelled against the sovereignty of King Charles in 1641 and had been justly punished for it by the loss of their property and power. They had bought their new properties at market rates, competing against other bidders, and expected that privity of contract would apply as usual. As in England and Scotland, the Irish Restoration of 1660 had occurred without bloodshed because of their approval.

Professor Ohlmeyer has found (2012) that the matter of religion was not as important as one's rank in the 1660s. Richer and grander families tended to be supported by King Charles, regardless of religion. Some Protestant landed families were crypto-Catholics. Other grantees included the King's brother James, Duke of York, who was awarded 130,000 acres in Ireland and became a Catholic. The final awards of land were not concluded by King Charles until about 1670.

Effect on the Williamite Settlement
As neither "side" was happy with the outcome, and as the Irish gentry remained divided, the next conflict engendered much more radical proposals by each side. In 1689 James II's Patriot Parliament approved an Act of Attainder in which 2,000 (some say 3,000) of the newer landowners would be dispossessed without compensation. The Cromwellian Settlement of 1652 was repealed and all lands taken after the 1641 Rebellion would revert to the heirs of the former owners. The supporters of William III and Mary II, who won the war, proposed to indict over 3,900 of their enemies and confiscate their property, and in the ensuing "Williamite Settlement" over 2,000 lost their property to the "Commissioners of Forfeitures" which was sold on in the 1690s.

title: Act of Settlement 1662


text:
Michael Brown

Michael or Mike Brown may refer to:

Academics

 * Michael Barratt Brown (1918–2015), British economist, political activist and educator
 * Michael Brown (physicist) (born 1946), Vice-Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University
 * Michael E. Brown (political scientist) (born 1959), American international affairs professor
 * Michael Brown (historian) (born 1965), Scottish historian

Arts and entertainment

 * Michael Brown (writer), (1920–2014), American composer, lyricist, writer, director, producer, and performer
 * Michael Napier Brown (1937–2016), British actor, theatre director and playwright
 * Mike Brown (artist) (1938–1997), Australian artist who worked with Vivienne Binns in the 1990s
 * Michael Brown (rock musician) (1949–2015), American keyboardist and songwriter
 * Michael Ealy (Michael Brown, born 1973), American actor
 * Michael Brown (film director) (born 1978), American documentary filmmaker
 * Michael Christopher Brown (born 1978), American photographer
 * Mike Brown (producer) (born 1980), American music producer, engineer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist
 * Michael Stephen Brown (born 1987), American classical pianist and composer
 * Mike Brown (saxophonist), saxophonist of Streetlight Manifesto

Crime

 * Michael Brown (fraudster) (born 1966), Scottish businessman, large-scale donator to the British Liberal Democrat party and fugitive convicted in absentia
 * Michael Brown, American Marine convicted of assault, see Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident
 * Michael Brown, 18-year-old shot and killed by a Missouri police officer in 2014, see Killing of Michael Brown

United States

 * Michael J. Brown (born 1941), Illinois state representative and businessman
 * Michael Donald Brown (born 1953), American shadow senator for the District of Columbia
 * Michael D. Brown (born 1954), American head of FEMA; resigned after Hurricane Katrina
 * Michael A. Brown (Washington, D.C., politician) (born 1965), at-large member of the Council of the District of Columbia
 * Michael Lawrence Brown (born 1968), American federal judge in Georgia
 * G. Michael Brown (fl. 1990s), American lawyer and former New Jersey gaming regulator
 * Michael Brown (Michigan politician) (fl. 2009), Flint City, Michigan administrator and temporary mayor
 * Michael Brown (mayor) (fl. 2000–2020), mayor of Grand Forks, North Dakota
 * Mike Brown (Kansas politician), chair of the Kansas Republican Party

Other countries

 * Michael A. Brown (Canadian politician) (born 1950), Canadian Liberal politician, speaker of the Ontario legislature
 * Michael Brown (British politician) (born 1951), British Conservative MP and political journalist
 * Michael Brown (Australian politician), member of the South Australian House of Assembly
 * Mick Brown (judge) (1937–2015), New Zealand judge

Religion

 * Michael Brown (English priest) (1915–2004), Archdeacon of Nottingham
 * Michael Brown (New Zealand priest) (born 1936), New Zealand Anglican priest
 * Michael L. Brown (born 1955), conservative American Messianic Jewish radio host and scholar

Science and medicine

 * Michael Brown (physician) (1931–1993), British physician, Director of Army Medicine and Physician to the Queen
 * Michael Stuart Brown (born 1941), American Nobel Prize-winning biologist
 * Michael F. Brown (born 1948), American professor of chemistry
 * Michael Glyn Brown (1957–2013), American hand surgeon
 * Michael E. Brown (born 1965), American astronomer and discoverer of dwarf planets Eris, Haumea, and Makemake

American football

 * Mike Brown (American football executive) (born 1935), owner of the Cincinnati Bengals
 * Mike Brown (safety) (born 1978), American football player
 * Mike Brown (wide receiver) (born 1989), American football player and coach
 * Mike Brown (defensive back, born 1999), American football player

Association football

 * Michael Brown (footballer, born 1951), Welsh footballer
 * Mickey Brown (born 1968), English footballer for Shrewsbury Town
 * Michael Brown (footballer, born 1977), English footballer for Port Vale F.C.
 * Michael Brown (footballer, born 1985), English footballer for Chester City

Baseball

 * Mike Brown (Negro leagues outfielder) (fl. 1905–1914), American Negro league baseball player
 * Mike Brown (1980s outfielder) (born 1959), American MLB outfielder for Pittsburgh Pirates and California Angels
 * Mike Brown (pitcher) (born 1959), American MLB pitcher for Boston Red Sox and Seattle Mariners

Basketball

 * Mike Brown (basketball, born 1963), American former professional basketball player and coach
 * Mike Brown (basketball, born 1970), American basketball coach

Ice hockey

 * Mike Brown (ice hockey, born 1957), American ice hockey player
 * Mike Brown (ice hockey, born 1979), Canadian NHL forward
 * Mike Brown (ice hockey, born 1981), Canadian ice hockey goaltender
 * Mike Brown (ice hockey, born 1985), American NHL forward

Other sports

 * Mike Brown (badminton) (born 1957), English badminton player
 * Michael Brown (canoeist) (1937-2024), Canadian sprint canoer
 * Michael Brown (chess player) (born 1997), American chess player
 * Michael Brown (cricketer) (born 1980), English cricketer
 * Mike Brown (fighter) (born 1975), American mixed martial arts fighter
 * Mike Brown (motorcyclist) (born 1972), American national champion motocross racer
 * Michael Brown (Australian rules footballer) (born 1976), Australian rules footballer
 * Michael Brown (rugby league) (born 1970), Australian rugby league player
 * Mike Brown (rugby union) (born 1985), English rugby union player
 * Mike Brown (swimmer) (born 1984), Canadian Olympic swimmer
 * Michael Brown (tennis) (born 1971), Australian tennis player
 * Mike Brown (tennis) (born 1968), American tennis player
 * Michael Brown (sprinter), winner of the 2002 distance medley relay at the NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships

Other

 * Mike Brown (transport executive) (born 1964), Commissioner of Transport for London
 * Michael Brown (corporate executive), American corporate executive

title: Michael Brown


text: Category:Competitive eating

title: Category:Competitive eating


text:
Clouded border

The clouded border (Lomaspilis marginata) is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is distributed across most of Europe to the Urals, western and central Siberia, Transbaikalia, Kazakhstan, Tian-Shan, northern Mongolia and parts of the Near East.

Description
This is a very distinctive species with white wings marked with black blotches around the margins. The amount of black varies, with the males usually (though not always) having more extensive black areas than the females. Occasionally almost entirely white or black individuals are seen, although this is rare. The wingspan is 24–28 mm. Lomaspilis marginata is extremely variable. Linnaeus's form has complete black border to both wings, also on the forewing additional spots or patches at base and middle of costa.

Aberrations:
 * ab. nigrofasciata Schoyen: the median band, at least on the forewing, is complete, the marginal area is normal.
 * ab. mediofasciata Hofner: has a complete median band but no marginal band.
 * ab. dumeei de Joannis: lacks also the basal costal patch.
 * ab. suffusa [Prout]: has the ground colour suffused with smoky yellow grey, the dark markings weak and blurred.
 * ab. nigrounicolorata Haverkampf: is black throughout.
 * ab. pollutaria Hbn.: has a narrow band of the ground colour at the distal margin, reducing and dividing into 2 parts the black marginal band.
 * ab. subdeleta Ckll: forewmg with marginal band almost or altogether obsolete, narrow patches at base and middle of costa remaining, hindwing unmarked.
 * ab. conflua Strand.: Costal patches confluent, also confluent with the marginal band. Median area normal.
 * ab: opis Btlr: has on each wing three large median spots, longer than broad. It forms opis a local race in S. E. Siberia and Japan."

It flies at night in June and July and is attracted to light.

The egg is yellow green, with hexagonal reticulation. The larva, pale green with darker dorsal lines and a purplish anal spot, usually feeds on aspen and sallow but has also been recorded on birch, hazel and poplar. The species overwinters as a pupa, sometimes remaining in this form for up to four years.

Subspecies

 * Lomaspilis marginata amurensis (Hedemann, 1881)
 * Lomaspilis marginata marginata (Linnaeus, 1758)

 * 1)  The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

title: Clouded border


text: User talk:68.145.215.185

title: User talk:68.145.215.185


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Drag Queens

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this  page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:21, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of Drag Queens
There is also a list of drag queens on the Drag queen article, which is virtually identical to this one. This list is not a particularly lengthy one, not so long that its inclusion on the Drag queen article would create length problems. Or should this article just be turned into a redirect to Drag queen? Does that require a vote? PatGallacher 13:24, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently never listed on vfd, so I'm putting it on today's page. —Korath (Talk) 03:13, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge the few extra entries that aren't listed at Drag queen to that article and Redirect.
 * This was evidently added by User:DaveTheRed

 * Merge and Redirect. Jonathunder 06:11, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)
 * Keep. Actually, I support the opposite: I think the list should be merged out of the main article into this one.  It would eventually outgrow the main article anyway, so the seperate list will eventually be needed, it's just a matter of how soon. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:57, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I agree with Starblind that this list should be kept and the list on the main article removed. --NormanEinstein 01:28, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I agree with NormanEinstein that this list should be kept and the list on the main article removed. Klonimus 02:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, queencruft. ComCat 06:39, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep agree with proposal to merge list out of Drag queen. --Laura Scudder | Talk 02:33, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and de-merge list from main article. -- Lochaber 10:29, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.