text:
Template:2006 Canadian federal election/bc-in

9,383 20.20% 8,948 19.26% 22,742 48.96% 5,258 11.32% 123 0.26% 10,509 24.07% 19,624 44.94% 10,129 23.20% 2,416 5.53% 109 0.25% 279 0.64% 505 1.16% 95 0.22% Thompson—Cariboo]] 13,454 25.22% 20,948 39.27% 16,417 30.78% 2,518 4.72% 14,807 25.84% 28,174 49.17% 9,538 16.64% 4,562 7.96% 223 0.39% 5,443 13.34% 22,181 54.36% 10,560 25.88% 2,490 6.10% 132 0.32% 11,575 23.01% 25,278 50.24% 9,660 19.20% 3,802 7.56% 12,330 22.62% 24,448 44.86% 14,551 26.70% 2,215 4.06% 425 0.78% 172 0.32% 359 0.66% 5,889 15.74% 22,412 59.89% 6,377 17.04% 2,394 6.40% 351 0.94% 4,845 12.66% 12,630 33.00% 18,496 48.33% 1,064 2.78% (CHP) 1,235 3.23%
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |British Columbia Southern Interior
 * Bill Profili
 * Bill Profili
 * Bill Profili
 * Derek Zeisman
 * Derek Zeisman
 * Alex Atamanenko
 * Alex Atamanenko
 * Scott Leyland
 * Scott Leyland
 * Brian Sproule (M-L)
 * Brian Sproule (M-L)
 * Jim Gouk†
 * rowspan=4 style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Cariboo—Prince George
 * rowspan=4 |
 * rowspan=4 |Simon Yu
 * rowspan=4 |
 * rowspan=4 |Simon Yu
 * rowspan=4 |
 * rowspan=4 |Dick Harris
 * rowspan=4 |
 * rowspan=4 |Alfred Julian Trudeau
 * rowspan=4 |
 * rowspan=4 |Alex Bracewell
 * Carol Lee Chapman (M-L)
 * Carol Lee Chapman (M-L)
 * rowspan=4 |
 * rowspan=4 |Dick Harris
 * Bev Collins (CAP)
 * Bev Collins (CAP)
 * Bev Collins (CAP)
 * Christopher S. M. Kempling (CHP)
 * Christopher S. M. Kempling (CHP)
 * Christopher S. M. Kempling (CHP)
 * Don Roberts (FPNP)
 * Don Roberts (FPNP)
 * Don Roberts (FPNP)
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |[[Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo|Kamloops—
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |[[Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo|Kamloops—
 * Ken Sommerfeld
 * Ken Sommerfeld
 * Betty Zane Hinton
 * Betty Zane Hinton
 * Michael Crawford
 * Michael Crawford
 * Matt G. Greenwood
 * Matt G. Greenwood
 * Betty Hinton
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Kelowna—Lake Country
 * Vern Nielsen
 * Betty Hinton
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Kelowna—Lake Country
 * Vern Nielsen
 * Vern Nielsen
 * Vern Nielsen
 * Ron Cannan
 * Ron Cannan
 * Kevin M. Hagglund
 * Kevin M. Hagglund
 * Angela Reid
 * Angela Reid
 * David Thomson (CAP)
 * David Thomson (CAP)
 * Werner Schmidt†
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Kootenay—Columbia
 * Jhim Burwell
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Kootenay—Columbia
 * Jhim Burwell
 * Jhim Burwell
 * Jim Abbott
 * Jim Abbott
 * Brent Bush
 * Brent Bush
 * Clements Verhoeven
 * Clements Verhoeven
 * Thomas Fredrick Sima (CAP)
 * Thomas Fredrick Sima (CAP)
 * Jim Abbott
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Okanagan—Coquihalla
 * David Perry
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Okanagan—Coquihalla
 * David Perry
 * David Perry
 * Stockwell Day
 * Stockwell Day
 * John Harrop
 * John Harrop
 * Karan Bowyer
 * Karan Bowyer
 * Stockwell Day
 * rowspan=3 style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Okanagan—Shuswap
 * rowspan=3 |
 * rowspan=3 |Will Hansma
 * rowspan=3 style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Okanagan—Shuswap
 * rowspan=3 |
 * rowspan=3 |Will Hansma
 * rowspan=3 |Will Hansma
 * rowspan=3 |
 * rowspan=3 |Colin Mayes
 * rowspan=3 |
 * rowspan=3 |Alice Brown
 * rowspan=3 |
 * rowspan=3 |Harry Naegel
 * Gordon Campbell (NA)
 * Gordon Campbell (NA)
 * rowspan=3 |
 * rowspan=3 |Darrel Stinson†
 * Neville O'Grady (CAP)
 * Neville O'Grady (CAP)
 * Neville O'Grady (CAP)
 * Darren Seymour (Ind.)
 * Darren Seymour (Ind.)
 * Darren Seymour (Ind.)
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Prince George—Peace River
 * Nathan Bauder
 * Nathan Bauder
 * Nathan Bauder
 * Jay Hill
 * Jay Hill
 * Malcolm James Crockett
 * Malcolm James Crockett
 * Hilary Crowley
 * Hilary Crowley
 * Donna Young (Ind.)
 * Donna Young (Ind.)
 * Jay Hill
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Skeena—Bulkley Valley
 * Gordon Stamp-Vincent
 * style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Skeena—Bulkley Valley
 * Gordon Stamp-Vincent
 * Gordon Stamp-Vincent
 * Mike Scott
 * Mike Scott
 * Nathan Cullen
 * Nathan Cullen
 * Phil Brienesse
 * Phil Brienesse
 * Rod Taylor
 * Rod Taylor
 * Nathan Cullen
 * }
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: File:Zygon (Doctor Who monster).jpg

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: File:Zygon (Doctor Who monster).jpg


text:
Supersonic (Oasis song)

"Supersonic" is a song by English rock band Oasis, released as their debut single on 11 April 1994, and later appeared on their debut studio album, Definitely Maybe (1994). It was produced by the band and Mark Coyle, their live sound engineer. The single was accompanied by two music videos, one directed by Mark Szaszy and the other by Nick Egan.

"Supersonic" was written by lead guitarist Noel Gallagher and recorded in a single day at the Pink Museum Studio (now the Motor Museum) in Liverpool, England in mid-December 1993. Despite being technically a demo, it was never re-recorded, and it features Beatles-influenced backing vocals from Tony Griffiths of the band the Real People. According to tour DJ Phil Smith, the song only cost £100 to produce.

"Supersonic" reached number 31 on the UK Singles Chart, number two on the UK Independent Singles Chart, as well as becoming Oasis' first single to chart in the US. It also charted in the top 30 in Ireland and New Zealand, as well as the top 40 in Scotland and France. In 2024, the song was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).

Writing
"Supersonic" was written and recorded in a single day at the Pink Museum Studio in Liverpool, on 19 December 1993. It was produced by Oasis with their live sound engineer, Mark Coyle. Guitarist Noel Gallagher claimed he wrote the song in half an hour, while his studio colleagues were taking a break from recording to eat a Chinese takeaway. Rather than joining them, Noel remained in the studio backroom working on his guitar riff and finished writing before they returned. Guitarist Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs recalled: "Noel's just sat there with the guitar and he just wrote the music, that will do, and then he wrote the words, any old fucking words and he came back in the room with us, with his guitar and he said, 'Look, I've just written another song.' He started singing it and we nailed it and mixed it that night, rapid, because that's what we'd been doing every night in the Boardwalk, you know, and it sounded massive, absolutely massive."

According to Noel, "Supersonic" was the only Oasis single written in the studio after another song, "Bring It on Down", was discarded. Although Noel is credited as the sole songwriter, he revealed in the 2004 documentary of Definitely Maybe that Bonehead and bassist Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan assisted him in writing the chords.

Additionally, drummer Tony McCarroll wrote in his 2010 book The Truth: "Now, I know that Noel is the main songwriter for Oasis, but there were many instances like this where the band as a whole – and The Real People too – were integral to the composition of a song." McCarroll also recounted that Noel did not want to credit brothers Chris and Tony Griffiths of the Real People as co-producers of "Supersonic" or feature the band itself as a guest act on any future Oasis performance, leading to a verbal altercation between Noel and singer Liam Gallagher as well as constant problems with the rest of the band members.

Recording
Following a short local tour with the Verve, Oasis performed at the Krazy House club in Liverpool, supporting the Real People, on 16 December 1993. After the gig, they booked sessions at the Pink Museum with Coyle and engineer Dave Scott for a few days, funded by £300 per day, to record "Bring It on Down" for release as their then-upcoming debut single, at the request of Creation Records owner Alan McGee. However, according to Noel, the intended song recording was abandoned due to a disagreement over McCarroll's drumming. He said: "It would become apparent that session didn't work because our drummer at the time wasn't the most consistent from one fucking bar to the next, never mind one day to the next."

According to Scott, Oasis attempted to record a studio version for "I Will Believe", but he dismissed the result because it sounded like an early 1980s indie pop song. Scott later described the unreleased version as a "shoe-gazer shit." Instead, after unsuccessful attempts to record "I Will Believe", Noel wrote a new song, "Take Me Away", in less than five minutes, and recorded it acoustically in 15 minutes. Noel played an Epiphone acoustic guitar with a half-pint glass, creating a slide guitar sound that Coyle overdubbed through a Roland Space Echo before Scott mixing the track in another five minutes.

On the last day of the sessions after recording "Take Me Away", Oasis began jamming together, attempting to work on an instrumental they had played as a warm-up during the session of "Bring It on Down" and which would become "Supersonic". The jam session began with McCarroll playing a "lazy" drumbeat, which was quickly followed by Bonehead playing rhythm guitar and Liam rattling his tambourine over the beat. Noel soon joined them and played a guitar melody over the rhythm. Meanwhile, Scott asked the Griffiths brothers, who were present at the sessions, to give Oasis musical and technical advice. Instead of recording B-side songs, Tony Griffiths suggested them to develop their jam as it has the potential of a hit single.

After Tony's suggestion, Noel went to the corner and quickly wrote down the lyrics, and then Oasis began recording "Supersonic". To record the song, Scott had to remove a take of "I Will Believe" because he did not have a spare tape. Bonehead used a Gibson SG guitar owned by Scott and a Marshall JCM900 amplifier owned by Chris Griffiths. Noel played an Epiphone Les Paul guitar through a Watkins Dominator MKIII combo amp. For Noel's lead guitar, Scott added additional overdubs by placing the amp in the studio's stone room with close-and-distance microphones and slightly speeding up the tape to thicken the guitar tone over the track. Scott removed McCarroll's hi-hats to record tambourine and handclaps tracks.

After recording the backing tracks, Liam recorded his vocals in one single take, with Noel guiding him and Scott using a Lexicon PCM70 reverb and TC-2290 delay on the vocals. Tony contributed five layers of backing vocals to the song, influenced by the Beatles' backing vocal style. According to Scott, "Supersonic" was recorded and mixed in 11 hours, while Noel said it took eight hours to be completed. Although it was originally based as a demo, it was never re-recorded, and this refers to producer Owen Morris, who later reworked on some other tracks on Definitely Maybe prior to its release. After the recording was finished, the song was introduced to McGee as a potential alternate single; he was impressed. According to tour DJ Phil Smith, "Supersonic" alone cost £100 to produce.

Music
"Supersonic" has been classified as a rock, Britpop, hard rock, and alternative rock song, with elements of neo-psychedelia and American grunge music. It contains Blur-like vocals, "brief but smashing" guitar riffs and "catchy melodic" chorus. Along with the Definitely Maybe song "Live Forever", the basic rock rhythm of "Supersonic" is reminiscent of early 1970s music. The song's cascading guitars are influenced by the Sex Pistols' 1977 song "Pretty Vacant", and also draw influences from bands such as the Who, the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, and the Stone Roses.

The song is played in the key of F♯ minor in a time signature with a tempo of 104 beats per minute (BPM), while Liam's vocals span a range of E4 to F♯5. The chord progression follows a sequence of F♯m11–Asus2–B7. As with "Bring It on Down", the power chord sequence of "Supersonic" is heavily influenced by Nirvana's Nevermind (1991); according to author Alex Niven, Noel adapted Kurt Cobain's guitar technique (specifically in the Nevermind hits "Smells Like Teen Spirit" and "Come as You Are") by adding phaser effects for his overdubbed lead guitar to produce a "swirling, underwater" guitar sound.

"Supersonic" begins with a simple drumbeat played by McCarroll, followed by an arpeggiated guitar riff played by Noel. During the intro, Noel produces a pick scrape guitar effect; Scott suggested this technique after being dissatisfied with McCarroll's drum intro. According to Scott, he wanted it to sound like the intro to Peter Gabriel's 1980 song "Intruder", but Noel ended up producing a sound that was "slightly different and quicker." Noel's guitar solo has a striking resemblance to the opening riff of "My Sweet Lord" (1970) by George Harrison, with a slightly different guitar harmony. However, Noel has denied deliberately copying it.

Lyrics
The lyrics are often regarded as a distillation of "lumpen" nonsense poetry, with "forced" doggerel rhymes and "half-baked" allusions in multiple lines throughout the song, such as "I'm feeling supersonic / Give me gin and tonic", "He lives under a waterfall / Nobody can ever hear him call", "I know a girl called Elsa / She's into Alka-Seltzer", "And she makes me laugh / I got her autograph", "She done it with a doctor, on a helicopter" and "She's sniffing in a tissue, selling the Big Issue".

The lyrics are "simplistic" and exhort self-confidence, particularly in the opening lines: "I need to be myself / I can't be no-one else". Arun Starkey of Far Out described "Supersonic" as "a triumphant call to arms for those wanting self-determination." Like the Definitely Maybe song "Cigarettes & Alcohol", "Supersonic" has an alcoholism-themed lyric: "Give me gin and tonic"; this line was written after Scott passed Noel a gin and tonic drink for stimulation instead of whiskey or beer, which were giving Noel a headache. The song mentions various vehicles, including cars, submarines, trains and helicopters. It also saw the band's first lyrical nod to their idols, the Beatles: "You can sail with me in my yellow submarine", referring to their 1966 song "Yellow Submarine" or their 1968 film of the same name.

Most of the lyrics were inspired by the few days Noel experienced while Oasis were in Liverpool. For example, the line "Can I ride with you in your BMW?" was inspired by Tony Griffiths' car spotted by Noel. According to Noel, the main inspiration for writing "Supersonic" came from Scott's then nine-year-old Rottweiler dog, Elsa, who was suffering from flatulence and hiding under the mixing desk while the band were working in the studio, hence the lyric "I know a girl called Elsa / She's into Alka-Seltzer". Despite this, even after Noel revealed Elsa's identity, some Oasis fan girls with the same name claimed that the song was inspired by them. Some commentators interpreted the song to be about prostitution, but Noel also denied this, explaining: "It's usually lyricists that will tell you that the words are fucking everything. They are not, the words don't mean shit to anybody. It's the melody is what you remember. We all whistle tunes; it's always about the melody, and that's what I do."

Release and commercial performance
"Supersonic" was released as a single in Ireland on 5 April 1994, in the UK on 11 April, by Creation, and in the US on 11 September, by Epic Records. It was included as the sixth track on Oasis' debut album Definitely Maybe, released on 29 August 1994. Upon its release, the single received extensive airplay on several independent radio stations in England, as well as late-night shows on BBC Radio 1. It peaked at number 31 on the UK Singles Chart on the week of 23 April 1994, and stayed there for 60 weeks, half of which came following the commercial success of the band's second album, (What's the Story) Morning Glory? (1995). However, "Supersonic" remained the band's lowest-peaking single until 2015, when "Half the World Away" debuted at number 56.

"Supersonic" debuted on the UK Independent Singles Chart at number three on 30 April 1994, behind "Always" by Erasure and "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" by Prince, respectively. The song was included on the compilation Indie Top 20: Vol. 20, released in the UK on 28 October 1994 on the label Beechwood Music and sponsored by Melody Maker. A year later, on 1 July 1995, it re-entered and peaked the chart at number two, behind "A Girl Like You" by Edwyn Collins. The CD release of "Supersonic" was included on Oasis' box sets Definitely Maybe Singles (1996) and Complete Single Collection '94–'05 (2006).

"Supersonic" was Oasis' first single to chart in the US; it debuted on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart at number 33 on the issue dated 1 October 1994, and peaked at number 11 on 10 December, staying on the chart for a total of 16 weeks until 14 January 1995, at number 32. By the end of October 1994, "Supersonic" was played 215 times in total on 38 different American radio stations, and it would become the most-played track on the WENZ Cleveland radio station two months later. It also reached number 38 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart on the issue dated 24 December 1994.

"Supersonic" reached number 92 on the European Hot 100 Singles chart on 30 April 1994. It also charted in other countries including Ireland (24), Scotland (35), France (33), New Zealand (28), and Australia (122). In Japan, a CD extended play (EP), Supersonic, was released by Epic Records Japan on 14 July 1994, reaching number 81 on the Oricon Albums Chart. By February 1995, it had sold 25,000 copies following airplay on J-Wave's Pioneer Tokio Hot 100.

"Supersonic" was reissued in the UK in 2000 through Big Brother Recordings. The song was included on Oasis' greatest hits albums, Stop the Clocks (2006) and Time Flies... 1994–2009 (2010). On 19 April 2014, "Supersonic" was reissued as a remastered 12-inch single by Big Brother, as part of the 2014 Record Store Day. As of October 2016, "Supersonic" had sold over 240,000 copies, making it the band's 14th biggest-selling single in the UK, even outselling their 2002 number one single "The Hindu Times", and their 2005 number one hits "Lyla" and "The Importance of Being Idle".

On 12 April 2024, "Supersonic" was reissued on CD, as well as a limited edition, numbered and pearl-colored 7-inch vinyl to mark the 30th anniversary of its release.

Track listings
All tracks are written by Noel Gallagher, except "Shakermaker" co-written by Roger Cook, Roger Greenaway, Bill Backer and Billy Davis.

 * UK single and European maxi-single (CD)
 * Australian single (CD, cassette)
 * 1) "Supersonic" – 4:46
 * 2) "Take Me Away" – 4:34
 * 3) "I Will Believe" (live) – 3:46
 * 4) "Columbia" (white label demo) – 5:24

 * UK single (12")
 * 1) "Supersonic" – 4:46
 * 2) "Take Me Away" – 4:34
 * 3) "I Will Believe" (live) – 3:46

 * UK single and French jukebox single (7")
 * European single (CD)
 * 1) "Supersonic" – 4:41
 * 2) "Take Me Away" – 4:29

 * Japanese EP (CD)
 * 1) "Supersonic" – 4:42
 * 2) "Shakermaker" – 5:10
 * 3) "Columbia" (white label demo) – 5:26
 * 4) "Alive" (8-track demo) – 3:57
 * 5) "D'Yer Wanna Be a Spaceman?" – 2:41
 * 6) "I Will Believe" (live) – 3:47

 * US promo (CD)
 * 1) "Supersonic" (edit) – 3:40
 * 2) "Supersonic" (LP version) – 4:40

 * US single (cassette)
 * 1) "Supersonic" – 4:43
 * 2) "Slide Away" – 6:32

Personnel
Credits adapted from the CD single liner notes, except where noted:

Oasis
 * Liam Gallagher
 * Noel Gallagher
 * Paul Arthurs
 * Paul McGuigan
 * Tony McCarroll

Additional musicians
 * Tony Griffiths (credited as Anthony Griffiths) – backing vocals

Technical
 * Oasis – production
 * Mark Coyle – production;
 * Dave Scott – engineering, mixing
 * Owen Morris – mastering (album version)
 * Vlado Meller – mastering (US CD version)
 * Ian Cooper – remastering (2014 reissue)

Sleeve cover
 * Brian Cannon (Microdot) – sleeve design, art direction
 * Michael Spencer Jones – photography

title: Supersonic (Oasis song)


text:
User talk:Vince Vatter

Welcome!

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You might consider putting WikiProject Mathematics on your watchlist, as it is there where a lot of math talk takes place. Oleg Alexandrov 18:19, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of permutation topics
I've just added permutation pattern and separable permutation to the list of permutation topics. If you know of others that are not there, could you add those too? Michael Hardy (talk) 15:53, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

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text: User talk:62.211.63.224

title: User talk:62.211.63.224


text:
Don Blasingame

Donald Lee Blasingame (March 16, 1932 – April 13, 2005), nicknamed "Blazer", was an American professional baseball second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals (1955–1959), San Francisco Giants (1960–1961), Cincinnati Reds (1961–1963), Washington Senators (1963–1966), and Kansas City Athletics (1966). Blasingame threw right-handed, batted left-handed and was listed as 5 ft tall and 160 lb.

Born and raised in Corinth, Mississippi, Blasingame signed with the Cardinals in 1953 after a stint in the United States Army. He made his debut for the team in September 1955 and took over the second base job from Red Schoendienst in 1956. In 1957, he finished twelfth in National League Most Valuable Player Award voting, and he reached his only All-Star Game in 1958. He played one more season for the Cardinals in 1959 before getting traded to the Giants. With San Francisco, Blasingame's batting average was significantly lower than it had been with St. Louis, and he lost the second base job in 1961, then was traded early in the season to the Reds. He made it to the World Series with the Reds during his first year and batted .281 for them in 1962. In 1963, he lost the second base role to Pete Rose and was traded to the Senators midseason. Blasingame served as Washington's second baseman until 1966, platooned with Chuck Cottier for the first half of that year, then went to the Athletics and spent a month with them as a pinch hitter to finish his major league career.

After that, Blasingame went to Japan. He spent three seasons playing with the Nankai Hawks, then coached the team for several years. From 1979 to 1980, he managed the Hanshin Tigers, and from 1981 to 1982, he managed Nankai. Returning to the U.S., he served as a minor league coordinator for the Philadelphia Phillies afterward. In his later years, he lived in Scottsdale, Arizona.

Early life
Blasingame was born on March 16, 1932, in Corinth, Mississippi. He was the third boy and fourth child of Chester Henry "Doc" and Ottie May Blasingame. Doc was a butcher in West Corinth at a local meat market. Don attended Corinth High School and excelled playing baseball for them and for American Legion Post 6 in Corinth. He helped Corinth High win the state championship in 1949. The Houston Buffaloes of the Class AA Texas League tried him out during 1951 spring training, but he went off to serve in the United States Army for two years during the Korean War. Once his military service ended, he signed with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1953.

Blasingame went to David Lipscomb College in his offseasons between 1952 and 1953 and again between 1953 and 1954. The college was located in Nashville, Tennessee.

Minor league career
Blasingame's first professional team was the Winston-Salem Cardinals of the Class B Carolina League. He had 141 hits in 131 games, along with seven home runs and a .290 batting average. For the following season, he went to spring training with the Buffaloes. He suffered two injuries in spring training, burning his hand by grabbing a light bulb in a hotel room, then tripping over a base the day before the season, causing him to miss the first two weeks. However, he impressed the team enough to make their roster. “Can you imagine what a favorite he'll be if he keeps on looking like he does now?” manager Dixie Walker asked.

Blasingame batted .315 in 144 games (575 at bats) with Houston in 1954, racking up 181 hits, five home runs, and 51 runs batted in (RBI). He demonstrated great speed with the team, stealing 34 bases and earning the nickname "Don Blazing-game." Eventually shortened to "Blazer," the nickname would follow him for the rest of his career. Walker said, "He wears the dirtiest uniform on the club. That's the highest tribute I can pay him." Houston won the Texas League pennant and played the Atlanta Crackers in the Dixie Series after the season.

Though he had played shortstop these seasons, Blasingame was moved to second base during winter ball in Cuba after the 1954 season, groomed to replace Red Schoendienst at the position once his tenure with the Cardinals ended. He played 132 games (497 at bats) with the Omaha Cardinals of the Class AAA American Association, batting .302 with 150 hits, three home runs, 46 RBI, and 17 stolen bases, earning a September call-up to the St. Louis Cardinals.

St. Louis Cardinals
Blasingame made his major league debut at age 23 on September 20, 1955, in a 2–0 Cardinals win over the Chicago Cubs. Starting at second base and batting leadoff, his first career at bat resulted in his first hit, a single off Sam Jones, and he scored on a Solly Hemus home run. He appeared in five games that fall for the Cardinals, reaching base 12 times in 23 opportunities.

In 1956, Blasingame began the season on the bench for three games, then took over as the Cardinal shortstop from Alex Grammas. He batted .263 in his first 50 games, through June 12. Two days later, the Cardinals traded Schoendienst to the New York Giants, opening the door for Blasingame to take over at that position. He spent the rest of the year at second base and finished the season batting .261 with 153 hits, 94 runs, and 27 RBI in 150 games (587 at bats). He stole eight bases but was caught an equal number of times.

Blasingame enjoyed his best season in 1957, when he hit .271 and posted career-highs in home runs (8), RBI (58), runs (101), hits (176) and stolen bases (21, third in the league). His first home run eventually came on May 12, against Red Murff, though it was in a 10–4 loss to the Milwaukee Braves. September 4, he had an even better game against the Braves. With the game tied 4–4 in the 12th inning, Blasingame hit a double against Don McMahon with one out. He then stole third base, forcing McMahon to intentionally walk the next two hitters to set up a force play. An error by Bob Hazle allowed Blasingame to score, giving the Cardinals a 5–4 win. Another highlight came on June 12 that year, when he had four RBIs, including a two-RBI single in the 10th inning, helping the Cardinals beat the Pittsburgh Pirates 10–3 in the first game of a doubleheader. Used as a leadoff man, Blasingame led the National League (NL) with 650 at bats. Defensively in 1957, Blasingame led NL second basemen in assists and double plays. He tied for 12th in NL Most Valuable Player Award voting after the season, with Ed Bouchee of the Philadelphia Phillies.

In 1958, Blasingame batted .276 in the first half of the season, getting named to the National League All-Star team for the only time in his career. Bill Mazeroski played the whole game for the NL at second, but Blasingame did make an appearance, flying out when he pinch-hit for Warren Spahn in the fourth inning. He had four hits and two RBI in an 8–7 victory over the San Francisco Giants on August 6. Sports Illustrated reported he was "hurt a lot" that year, but he still appeared in 143 of 154 games. He batted .274 with 71 runs scored, 19 doubles, 10 triples (a career high), two home runs, and 20 steals.

Blasingame only hit one home run in 1959, in a 5–3 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers, but it was against Sandy Koufax. He had three hits, scored three times, and drove in two runs during a June 9, 12–3 victory over Milwaukee. On July 19, he had four hits and scored twice in a 9–5 victory, also over Milwaukee. He finished the season with a .289 batting average and 26 doubles, both career highs. While he only had 24 RBI, he scored 90 runs. He stole 15 bases but was caught a league-leading 15 times as well.

San Francisco Giants and Cincinnati Reds
After the 1959 season, on December 15, Blasingame was traded to the San Francisco Giants for Daryl Spencer (the team's previous second baseman) and Leon Wagner. The Giants had discussed the possibility of acquiring Blasingame from the Cardinals since December of the previous season; they hoped he could shore up their error-prone infield. He served as the team's leadoff man, just as he had in St. Louis. However, Blasingame failed to live up to expectations with the Giants. His batting average dropped to .235, the lowest of his major league career. In 136 games (523 at bats), Blasingame had 123 hits, two home runs, and 31 RBI. He did see improvement as a base stealer, as he was only caught stealing twice in 16 attempts.

In 1961, Blasingame lost the second base job to rookie Chuck Hiller. He was only used three times in the first two weeks, all as a pinch-hitter, before getting traded with Bob Schmidt to the Cincinnati Reds for Ed Bailey and a player to be named later (Sherman Jones).

"We needed some one to pull the infield together...Blasingame fit the bill," said Reds' manager Fred Hutchinson. Three days after Blasingame's arrival in Cincinnati, the Reds went on a nine-game winning streak, shooting from last place to the upper portions of the NL standings. Blasingame's average continued to dip in 1961, though, falling to .222. By the end of the year, he was losing playing time to prospect Elio Chacón. In 123 games (450 at bats), Blasingame had 100 hits, one home run, and 21 RBI, only stealing four bases on the season. With the Reds, Blasingame appeared in the 1961 World Series, playing in three games with one hit in seven at-bats as the Reds fell in five games to the New York Yankees.

Chacón was taken by the New York Mets in the 1961 Major League Baseball (MLB) expansion draft, leaving Blasingame without competition for the Reds' second base job in 1962. On April 18, he had three hits, four runs, and two RBI in a 14–0 victory over the Dodgers. On May 24, he had four hits, including a double and a triple, in a 5–0 victory over the Houston Colt .45's. He had five hits against the Cubs in a 7–5 victory over them in Game 1 of a doubleheader held on September 5. In 141 games (494 at bats), Blasingame had 139 hits, scored 77 runs, had two home runs, and drove in 35. Once again, he stole four bases. His extra-base hit totals were down, as he had nine doubles and seven triples.

By 1963, Blasingame's defense was no longer what it had been. Sports Illustrated noted that he was "competent" but said he had "trouble making the double play." The Reds had a new second base prospect in spring training that year named Pete Rose; Blasingame was the only member of the team who thought he would make the roster. Rose went on to win Rookie of the Year honors that year. Though Rose won the second base job, he lost it temporarily to Blasingame after batting .130 in the first six games of the year. Blasingame played the next eight games there but batted .160 and lost the job to Rose again. Seldom used after that, Blasingame was traded to the Washington Senators on July 1 for Jim Coates.

Washington Senators and Kansas City Athletics
The Senators acquired Blasingame to replace Chuck Cottier at second base; Cottier was only batting .200 through the end of June. Blasingame finished the 1963 season strong, batting .316 in his final 32 games beginning August 24. In 69 games (254 at bats) with the Senators, he batted .256 with 29 runs scored, 65 hits, two home runs, 12 RBI, and three stolen bases. In 87 games (285 at bats) between Cincinnati and Washington, he batted .246 with 33 runs scored and 70 hits (he had no home runs, RBI, or stolen bases with the Reds).

Blasingame remained the Senators' second baseman in 1964. He had three hits and scored two runs, including the winning run, on April 23 in a 5–4 victory over the Minnesota Twins. On May 29, he pinch-hit in the sixth inning, drew a walk, scored the tying run, then had a two-RBI single against Ted Abernathy in the next inning to help the Senators beat the Cleveland Indians 8–4. August 4, he hit a bases-loaded two-RBI single against Sonny Siebert, putting the Senators ahead to stay in a 4–2 victory over Cleveland. He played 143 games (506 at bats) for the Senators, batting .267 with 56 runs scored, 135 hits, 17 doubles, one home run, and 34 RBI.

On April 14, 1965, Blasingame had a two-RBI triple against Dick Radatz that put the Senators ahead to stay in a 6–4 victory over the Boston Red Sox. Three days later, he had three hits and drove in the Senators' only run in a 2–1 loss to the Chicago White Sox. His two-run single against Pete Mikkelsen on July 18 helped the Senators win a 3–0 victory over the Yankees. From August 22 through September 3, the Senators opted to play Ken Hamlin at second base instead of Blasingame. Blasingame only played 129 games (403 at bats) for the Senators in 1965, batting .223 with 90 hits, 47 runs scored, eight doubles, eight triples, one home run, and 18 RBI, stealing five bases.

In 1966 Blasingame began platooning with Hamlin at second base. The left-handed hitting Blasingame would start games against right-handed pitchers, while the right-handed hitting Hamlin would start against left-handers. Blasingame's only home run of the year came against Dave Wickersham, a solo shot in a 4–3 loss to the Detroit Tigers on June 13. In the first game of a doubleheader against Boston on July 4, he struck out a season-high three times but had two RBI in Washington's 6–4 win over the Red Sox. He batted .218 with 43 hits, 18 runs scored, 11 RBI, and nine doubles in 68 games (200 at bats) through the end of July. On August 2, the Kansas City Athletics purchased his contract.

Blasingame was mainly used as a pinch-hitter with Kansas City, only starting three games. He played 12 games for the Athletics, getting three hits in 19 at bats. Following the September call-ups, the Athletics released him on September 7. In 68 games his final year, Blasingame batted .210. He finished his time in the major leagues as a .258 career hitter with 1,366 hits, 178 doubles, 62 triples, 21 home runs, and 308 RBI in 1,444 games (219 at bats), stealing 105 bases.

The only hit
Former players César Tovar and Eddie Milner each collected their team's only hit in a single game five separate times, an MLB record. Blasingame is the only other player to do so four or more times:
 * July 13, 1962: Cubs pitcher Cal Koonce one-hit the Reds, giving up a single to Blasingame in a 1–0 Cubs victory.
 * August 6, 1963: Stan Williams of the Yankees one-hit the Senators, giving up a double to Blasingame in a 1–0 Yankee win.
 * August 20, 1963: Moe Drabowsky of the Athletics allowed one hit, a single by Blasingame, in the first game of a doubleheader as the A's won 9–0.
 * September 25, 1965: Mudcat Grant of the Twins one-hit the Senators in the first game of a doubleheader to win, 5–0. Blasingame's double in the third inning was the only hit for Washington.

Playing style
Blasingame was a speedy contact hitter, usually the leadoff man for his team. He never hit more than eight home runs in a season but had a .350 on-base percentage in his years with the Cardinals. He also had a reputation for being one of the game's best bunters and spray hitters. In an era where stolen bases were not common, Blasingame finished in the Top 10 in the NL in steals four times despite never stealing more than 21 in a season. His nickname, "Blazer," was a result of his flashy style of play and his swiftness at running the bases. His defense was highly regarded in his days with the Cardinals; retroactively he led the NL in fielding wins (a modern metric that attempts to predict how many more wins a team would have because of the fielding of one of its players) each year from 1956 through 1959. In 1958, Sports Illustrated wrote that Blasingame helped give St. Louis "the tightest defensive play in the league." Later in his career, his defensive abilities apparently declined; Sports Illustrated noted he had trouble making the double play by 1963. At the end of his final season, Blasingame had grounded into fewer double plays per times at bat than any other major leaguer. Only Don Buford has since had a lower rate.

Player and manager in Japan
Opting to continue his playing career in Japan, Blasingame joined the Nankai Hawks in 1967. The Japanese referred to him by his nickname, "Blazer," because "Blasingame" was tough to pronounce and Blazer fit better in box scores. "It sounds snappy and even seems to evoke a spiritually stirring acoustic effect," said a publicity agent for the Hawks. "We ran over obstacle courses for a week and swung hammers and axes and ran up the side of a mountain,” Blasingame described spring training with Nankai. Playing second base for Nankai, he batted .268 with 61 runs scored, 128 hits, 18 doubles, six triples, five home runs, and 28 RBI, stealing five bases but getting caught nine times in 128 games (478 at bats). Next season, he played 134 games (513 at bats) with Nankai, batting .275 with 64 runs, 141 hits, 13 doubles, seven triples, four home runs, and 39 RBI, stealing three bases and getting caught five times. His final season with Nankai, he batted .279 with 46 runs scored, 102 hits, 10 doubles, one triple, six home runs, and 19 RBI in 104 games (365 at bats). Blasingame was surprised to find that the Japanese would actually shove umpires during games (without getting ejected), and he noted they were a lot more casual than Americans in the dugout, often eating food with chopsticks during the games.

After he finished his career as a player, Blasingame was a coach for Nankai for the next eight seasons. In 1978, he was a coach for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp. Then, he became manager of the Hanshin Tigers in 1979. After he took over, Hanshin traded fan-favorite Koichi Tabuchi to the Seibu Lions for Akinobu Mayumi, Masashi Takenouchi, and Yoshiharu Wakana. Hanshin finished fourth in the Central Division, also losing their number one draft pick Suguru Egawa in a trade to the Yomiuri Giants, whom Egawa preferred to play for. However, the trade brought Hanshin Shigeru Kobayashi, who won 22 games that season. There was a rift between Blasingame and Hanshin's front office when Blasingame signed American Dave Hilton to play second base. Hilton slumped in his time with Hanshin, and the front office asked Blasingame to call up a prospect to replace him at the position while also supposedly negotiating to sign Bruce Boisclair to replace him on the roster. Blasingame resigned, citing violated promises by the management to let him make decisions about players on the roster. He returned to the Nankai Hawks, this time as manager, in 1981. Blasingame tabbed Barney Schultz, a former knuckleball pitcher, as his pitching coach, and brought in Japanese American Wally Yonamine as a coach and interpreter. The team struggled with a lack of talent, and Blasingame was let go during the 1982 season.

Altogether, Blasingame spent 15 years in Japan. His managerial record was 180–208–28 (Japanese baseball allows for ties).

Post-career
After his time in Japan, Blasingame served as the field coordinator for player development for the Phillies until 1998. He returned to Japan in 1984 and 1991 for old-timer's games. When he retired, he moved to the Scottsdale, Arizona area.

Personal life
In 1960, Blasingame married Sara Cooper, a flight attendant for Ozark Air Lines who in 1957 was Miss Missouri. She won the Talent portion dancing the Charleston, and was a finalist (top 10) in the Miss America Pageant. Sara was the daughter of Walker Cooper, a teammate of Blasingame's on the Cardinals in 1956 and 1957. Cooper said of the marriage, "You know you are getting too old when your daughter marries one of your teammates." Blasingame and his wife had five children: Kent, Brett, Gregg, Dawn, and Cindy. Kent played minor league baseball for three seasons, including two seasons in the Phillies' organization. Gregg was a professional indoor soccer player with the Louisville Thunder of the American Indoor Soccer Association (AISA) from 1984 to 1985, the Tacoma Stars of the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) from 1985 to 1989, and the Atlanta Attack of the AISA in 1989–91 (the league changed its name to National Professional Soccer League in Gregg's final season). While Don was in Japan, the family divided the year living there and in the United States. All their children became fluent in Japanese, which helped Kent out later on when he was a scout in Asia for the Colorado Rockies.

Blasingame died at age 73 on April 13, 2005, in Fountain Hills, Arizona, of an unexpected heart attack after talking to his brother on the phone earlier in the day. He is interred at Paradise Memorial Gardens in Scottsdale.

Legacy
The Corinth SportsPlex's youth baseball league was named after Blasingame in the 1970s, and in 1980, he was inducted into the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame. A street in Corinth was named Blasingame Street in his honor.

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Hungarian irredentism

Hungarian irredentism or Greater Hungary (Nagy-Magyarország) are irredentist political ideas concerning redemption of territories of the historical Kingdom of Hungary. Targeting at least to regain control over Hungarian-populated areas in Hungary's neighbouring countries. Hungarian historiography uses the term "Historic Hungary" (történelmi Magyarország). "Whole Hungary" (Egész-Magyarország) is also commonly used by supporters of this ideology.

The Treaty of Trianon defined the current borders of Hungary and, compared against the claims of the pre-war Kingdom, post-Trianon Hungary had approximately 72% less land stake and about two-thirds fewer inhabitants, almost 5 million of these being of Hungarian ethnicity. However, only 54% of the inhabitants of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians before World War I. Following the treaty's instatement, Hungarian leaders became inclined towards revoking some of its terms. This political aim gained greater attention and was a serious national concern up through the Second World War.

After World War I, despite the "self-determination of peoples" idea of the Allied Powers, only one plebiscite was permitted (later known as the Sopron plebiscite) to settle disputed borders on the former territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, settling a smaller territorial dispute between the First Austrian Republic and the Kingdom of Hungary, because some months earlier, the Rongyos Gárda launched a series of attacks to oust the Austrian forces that entered the area. During the plebiscite in late 1921, the polling stations were supervised by British, French, and Italian army officers of the Allied Powers.

Irredentism in the 1930s led Hungary to form an alliance with Hitler's Nazi Germany. Eva S. Balogh states: "Hungary's participation in World War II resulted from a desire to revise the Treaty of Trianon so as to recover territories lost after World War I. This was the basis for Hungary's interwar foreign policy."

Hungary, supported by the Axis Powers, was successful temporarily in gaining some regions of the former Kingdom by the First Vienna Award in 1938 (southern Czechoslovakia with mainly Hungarians) and the Second Vienna Award in 1940 (Northern Transylvania with an ethnically mixed population), and through military campaign gained regions of Carpathian Ruthenia in 1939 and (ethnically mixed) Bačka, Baranja, Međimurje, and Prekmurje in 1941 (Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories). Following the close of World War II, the borders of Hungary as defined by the Treaty of Trianon were restored, except for three Hungarian villages that were transferred to Czechoslovakia. These villages are today administratively a part of Bratislava.

Background

The independent Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 AD, and remained a regional power in Central Europe until Ottoman Empire conquered its central part in 1526 following the Battle of Mohács. In 1541 the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary was divided into three portions: in the west and north, Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary retained its existence under Habsburg rule; the Ottomans controlled the south-central parts of former Kingdom of Hungary; while in the east, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (later the Principality of Transylvania) was formed as a semi-independent entity under Ottoman suzerainty. After the Ottoman conquest in the Kingdom of Hungary, the ethnic structure of the kingdom started to become more multi-ethnic because of immigration to the sparsely populated areas. Between 1683 and 1717, the Habsburg monarchy conquered all the Ottoman territories that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before 1526, and incorporated some of these areas into the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary.

After a suppressed uprising in 1848–1849, the Kingdom of Hungary and its diet were dissolved, and territory of the Kingdom of Hungary was divided into 5 districts, which were Pest & Ofen, Ödenburg, Preßburg, Kaschau and Großwardein, directly controlled from Vienna while Croatia, Slavonia, and the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar were separated from the Kingdom of Hungary between 1849 and 1860. This new centralized rule, however, failed to provide stability, and in the wake of military defeats the Austrian Empire was transformed into Austria-Hungary with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, by which Kingdom of Hungary became one of two constituent entities of the new dual monarchy with self-rule in its internal affairs.

A considerable number of the figures who are today considered important in Hungarian culture were born in what are today parts of Romania, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, and Austria (see List of Hungarians who were born outside present-day Hungary). Names of Hungarian dishes, common surnames, proverbs, sayings, folk songs etc. also refer to these rich cultural ties. After 1867, the non-Hungarian ethnic groups were subject to assimilation and Magyarization.

Before World War I, only three European countries declared ethnic minority rights, and enacted minority-protecting laws: the first was Hungary (1849 and 1868), the second was Austria (1867), and the third was Belgium (1898). In contrast, the legal systems of other pre-WW1 era European countries did not allow the use of European minority languages in primary schools, in cultural institutions, in offices of public administration and at the legal courts.

Among the most notable policies was the promotion of the Hungarian language as the country's official language (replacing Latin and German); however, this was often at the expense of West Slavic languages and the Romanian language. The new government of autonomous Kingdom of Hungary took the stance that Kingdom of Hungary should be a Hungarian nation state, and that all other peoples living in the Kingdom of Hungary—Germans, Jews, Romanians, Slovaks, Poles, Ruthenes and other ethnicities—should be assimilated. (The Croats were to some extent an exception to this, as they had a fair degree of self-government within Croatia-Slavonia, a dependent kingdom within the Kingdom of Hungary.)

World War I
The peace treaties signed after the First World War redefined the national borders of Europe. The dissolution of Austria-Hungary, after its defeat in the First World War, gave an opportunity for the subject nationalities of the old Monarchy to all form their own nation states (however, most of the resulting states nevertheless became multi-ethnic states comprising several nationalities). The Treaty of Trianon of 1920 defined borders for the new Hungarian state: in the north, the Slovak and Ruthene areas, including Hungarian majority areas became part of the new state of Czechoslovakia. Transylvania and most of the Banat became part of Romania, while Croatia-Slavonia and the other southern areas became part of the new state of Yugoslavia.

The arguments of Hungarian irredentists for their goal were: the presence of Hungarian majority areas in the neighboring countries, perceived historical traditions of the Kingdom of Hungary, or the perceived geographical unity and economic symbiosis of the region within the Carpathian Basin, although some Hungarian irredentists preferred to regain only ethnically Hungarian majority areas surrounding Hungary.

Post-Trianon Hungary had about half of the population of the former Kingdom. The population of the territories of the Kingdom of Hungary that were not assigned to the post-Trianon Hungary had, in total, non-Hungarian majority, although they included a sizable proportion of ethnic Hungarians and Hungarian majority areas. According to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsis-Hodosi, the ethnic composition (by their native language) in 1910 (note: three-quarters of the Jewish population stated Hungarian as their mother tongue, and the rest, German, in the absence of Yiddish as an option ):

Trianon thus defined Hungary's new borders in a way that made ethnic Hungarians the overwhelmingly absolute majority in the country. Almost 3 million ethnic Hungarians remained outside the borders of post-Trianon Hungary. A considerable number of non-Hungarian nationalities remained within the new borders of Hungary, the largest of which were Germans (Schwabs) with 550,062 people (6.9%). Also, the number of Hungarian Jews remained within the new borders was 473,310 (5.9% of the total population), compared with 911,227 (5.0%), in 1910.

Aftermath
After the Treaty of Trianon, a political concept known as Hungarian Irredentism became popular in Hungary. The Treaty of Trianon was an injury for the Hungarian people and Hungarian nationalists have created an ideology with the political goal of the restoration of borders of historical pre-Trianon Kingdom of Hungary.

The justification for this aim usually followed the fact that two-thirds of the country's area was taken by the neighboring countries with approximately 3 million Hungarians living in these territories. Several municipalities that had purely ethnic Hungarian population were excluded from post-Trianon Hungary, which had borders designed to cut most economic regions (Szeged, Pécs, Debrecen etc.) in half, and keep railways on the other side. Moreover, five of the pre-war kingdom's ten largest cities were drawn into other countries.

All interwar governments of Hungary were obsessed with recovering at least the Magyar-populated territories outside Hungary. In 1934, Gyula Gömbös, on the request of Benito Mussolini, presented the territories which he wished to reannex peacefully.

Near realization

Hungary's government allied itself with Nazi Germany during World War II in exchange for assurances that Greater Hungary's borders would be restored. This goal was partially achieved when Hungary reannexed territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia at the outset of the war. These annexations were affirmed under the Munich Agreement (1938), two Vienna Awards (1938 and 1940), and aggression against Yugoslavia (1941), the latter achieved one week after the German army had already invaded Yugoslavia.

The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 15% in the Sub-Carpathian Rus.

In Northern Transylvania, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% Hungarians and 49% Romanians, while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians.

Ferenc Szálasi, leader of Hungary from 16 October 1944 envisioned the creation a "Carpathian-Danubian" federation where nationalism is region based ("connationalism") and other peoples are willing to join independently. He excluded the Jews who were not "rooted in" the Carpathian Basin, so they had to be relocated into a Jewish state, but not killed ("asemitism") according to him. Szálasi called his ideology Hungarism.

The Yugoslav territory occupied by Hungary (including Bačka, Baranja, Međimurje and Prekmurje) had approximately one million inhabitants, including 543,000 Yugoslavs (Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), 301,000 Hungarians, 197,000 Germans, 40,000 Slovaks, 15,000 Rusyns, and 15,000 Jews. In Bačka region only, the 1931 census put the percentage of the speakers of Hungarian at 34.2%, while one of interpretations of later Hungarian census from 1941 states that, 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians (this interpretation is provided by authors Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi. The 1941 census, however, did not recorded ethnicity of the people, but only mother/native tongue ). Population of entire Bačka numbered 789,705 inhabitants in 1941. This means that from the beginning of the occupation, the number of Hungarian speakers in Bačka increased by 48,550, while the number of Serbian speakers decreased by 75,166.

The establishment of Hungarian rule met with insurgency on part of the non-Hungarian population in some places and retaliation of the Hungarian forces was labelled war crimes such as Ip and Treznea massacres in Northern Transylvania (directed against Romanians) or Bačka, where Hungarian military between 1941 and 1944 deported or killed 19,573 civilians, mainly Serbs and Jews, but also Hungarians who did not collaborate with the new authorities. About 56,000 people were also expelled from Bačka.

The Jewish population of Hungary and the areas it occupied were partly diminished as part of the Holocaust. Tens of thousands of Romanians fled from Hungarian-ruled Northern Transylvania, and vice versa. After the war the areas were returned to neighboring countries and Hungary's territory was slightly further reduced by ceding three villages south of Bratislava to Slovakia. Some Hungarians were killed both in Yugoslavia by Yugoslav partisans (the exact number of ethnic Hungarians killed by Yugoslav partisans is not clearly established and estimates range from 4,000 to 40,000; 20,000 is often regarded as most probable ), and in Transylvania by the Maniu Guard towards the end of World War II.

Modern era
In 2010, Hungary changed its citizenship legislation, thus any subject who could certify ancestry on any territory historically belonged to Hungary may be as well granted Hungarian citizenship, if they are able to speak the Hungarian language (the Csangos may have an exception of the first criteria, as the area they live was not part of Hungary, regarding them also ecclesial documents may be accepted).

The following table lists areas with Hungarian population in neighboring countries today:

During the Communist era, Marxist–Leninist ideology and Stalin's theory on nationalities considered nationalism to be a malady of a bourgeois capitalism. In Hungary, the minorities' question disappeared from the political agenda. Communist hegemony guaranteed a facade of inter-ethnic peace while failing to secure a lasting accommodation of minority interests in unitary states.

The fall of Communism aroused the expectations of Hungarian minorities in neighboring countries and left Hungary unprepared to deal with the issue. Hungarian politicians campaigned to formalize the rights of Hungarian minorities in neighboring countries, thus causing anxiety in the region. They secured agreements on the necessity for guaranteeing collective rights and formed new Hungarian minority organizations to promote cultural rights and political participation. In Romania, Slovakia, and Yugoslavia (now Serbia), former Communists secured popular legitimacy by accommodating nationalist tendencies that were hostile to minority rights.

The latest controversy caused by the government of Viktor Orbán is when Hungary took the presidency over the EU in 2011 when the "historical timeline" features was presented – among other cultural, historical and scientific symbols or images of Hungary – an 1848 map of Greater Hungary, when Budapest ruled over large swathes of its neighbors.

In May 2020, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán created some waves in neighbouring nations with a historical map of the Kingdom of Hungary, which he posted on Facebook, before the annual mature exam for secondary school students.

Hungary
The campaign materials of Jobbik during the early 2010s contained maps of the pre-1920 Greater Hungary.

Slovakia
Under great pressure from the EU and NATO, Hungary signed a bilateral state treaty with Slovakia on Good Neighborly Relations and Friendly Cooperation in March 1995, aimed at resolving disputes concerning borders and minority rights. Its vague language, though, allows rival interpretations. One cause of conflict was the COE's Recommendation 1201 which stipulates the creation of autonomous self-government based on ethnic principles in areas where ethnic minorities represent a majority of the population.

The Hungarian Prime Minister insisted that the treaty protected the Hungarian minority as a "community". Slovakia accepted the 1201 Recommendation in the treaty, but denounced the concept of collective rights of minorities and political autonomy as "unacceptable and destabilizing". Slovakia finally ratified the treaty in March 1996 after the government attached a unilateral declaration that the accord would not provide for collective autonomy for Hungarians. The Hungarian government therefore refused to recognize the validity of the declaration.

Romania
After World War II, a Hungarian Autonomous Region was created in Transylvania, which encompassed most of the land inhabited by the Székelys. This region lasted until 1964 when the administrative reform divided Romania into the current counties. From 1947 until the 1989 Romanian Revolution and the death of Nicolae Ceaușescu, a systematic Romanianization of Hungarians took place, with several discriminatory provisions, denying them their cultural identity. This tendency started to abate after 1989, the question of Székely autonomy remains a sensitive issue.

On 16 September 1996, after five years of negotiations, Hungary and Romania also signed a bilateral treaty, which had been stalled over the nature and extent of minority protection that Bucharest should grant to Hungarian citizens. Hungary dropped its demands for autonomy for ethnic minorities; in exchange, Romania accepted a reference to Recommendation 1201 in the treaty, but with a joint interpretive declaration that guarantees individual rights, but excludes collective rights and territorial autonomy based on ethnic criteria. These concessions were made in large measure because both countries recognized the need to improve good neighborly relations as a prerequisite for NATO membership.

Vojvodina, Serbia

There are five main ethnic Hungarian political parties in Vojvodina:
 * Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by István Pásztor
 * Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by Áron Csonka
 * Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by András Ágoston
 * Civic Alliance of Hungarians, led by László Rác Szabó
 * Movement of Hungarian Hope, led by Bálint László

These parties are advocating the establishment of the territorial autonomy for Hungarians in the northern part of Vojvodina, which would include the municipalities with Hungarian majority (See Hungarian Regional Autonomy for details).

Ukraine
By 2015, the Hungarian authorities announced that they had granted citizenship to around 100,000 ethnic Hungarians in Transcarpathia. Despite Ukraine's constitution stating that there is only one form of citizenship in the country, the Kyiv government generally overlooked the issuance of Hungarian passports in Zakarpattia for several years, as many of them also held dual citizenship. Since 2021, the only individuals legally barred from acquiring dual citizenship in Ukraine are civil servants.

In 2018, the Hungarian Cultural Federation in Transcarpathia (KMKSZ) requested to establish a separate Hungarian constituency by referring to Article 18 of the current Law "On Elections of People's Deputies", which states that electoral districts must be formed, including taking into account the residence of national minorities. Such a constituency, which is often called Pritysyansky (from the name of the Tisza River, along which the Hungarian minority lives along the Transcarpathia), already existed in the parliamentary elections in Ukraine in 1998 and virtually retained its limits in the 2002 elections, granting presence for the representants of the Hungarian minority in the Verkhovna Rada.

The issue restarted during the election campaign of the presidential elections in Ukraine in the spring of 2019. László Brenzovics, the head of KMKSZ filed a lawsuit against the Central Election Commission of Ukraine for refusing to create the so-called Pritysyansky constituency – a separate constituency on the territory of 4 districts of Transcarpathia along the Tisza River, where the ethnic Hungarians are compact, allegedly for the purpose of electing their representative in the Verkhovna Rada. Preparing for the fact that the court is likely to support the legitimate refusal of the CEC, the Hungarians began to act at the level of the local councils of Transcarpathia.

On 17 May, at a regular session of the Beregovo City Council, chairman of the largest pro-Hungarian faction of the Hungarian Democratic Federation in Ukraine (UDMSZ), Karolina Darcsi, – accused for anti-Ukrainian stance – planned to read the appeal of deputies to the CEC to create the Pritysyansky Hungarian constituency in Transcarpathia. However, in the absence of a quorum, the session of the city council never took place.

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine revived interest among Hungarian nationalists for annexing parts of Ukraine.

On 27 January 2024 László Toroczkai said at a conference that his party Mi Hazánk Mozgalom would lay claim to a Hungarian-populated region in western Ukraine if the war led to Ukraine losing its statehood.

title: Hungarian irredentism


title: User:Violetriga/Templates6/comment


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Category:Towns in Australia

Towns In Australia

title: Category:Towns in Australia


text: Category:Phonation

title: Category:Phonation


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Chandler: Red Tide

Chandler: Red Tide is a 1976 illustrated novel, an early form of graphic novel, by writer-artist Jim Steranko.

The digest-sized book combines typeset text with two same-sized illustrations per page, utilizing no word balloons or other traditional comics text conventions. A hard-boiled detective novel in the film noir style, its protagonist is a private detective named Chandler (an homage to author Raymond Chandler) who is hired by a man who claims to have been poisoned by the same people responsible for a notorious gangland slaying. As Chandler tracks down witnesses, each begins to turn up dead.

Publication history
Packaged by Byron Preiss Visual Publications and published by Pyramid Books, under vice-president Norman Goldfind, in 1976, Chandler was written, drawn, and colored by veteran comics creator Jim Steranko. There is an introduction by crime novelist and former San Francisco private detective Joe Gores, and a foreword by Preiss. The original cover price was one dollar.

Preiss said the book was "created to retail at American newsstands alongside hundreds of other paperback offerings". The mass-market edition (ISBN 0-515-04078-9), which Preiss said had a "50,000+ press run", was the third in a series from the publisher, and also known as Fiction Illustrated Vol. 3. (See image at left.) It was supplemented by a separate edition for bookstores that was double the dimensions of the newsstand edition. Steranko, through his company Supergraphics, additionally offered the latter in a limited edition of 750 with a signed and numbered signature plate.

Steranko in 1978 recalled the project's genesis: "Chandler was a fill-in book. That particular number of [the] Fiction Illustrated [series] was to have been Ralph Reese's Sherlock Holmes book [eventually published as Fiction Illustrated No. 4 — Son of Sherlock Holmes (1977)]. Ralph had worked on it for a year, and Byron realized ... that the book couldn't get out in time. He asked me if I would do a book to replace it. There are two men you never ask to fill in on a late deadline: Neal Adams and myself. We're both overcommitted. Byron's a good friend and I tried to do what I could for him, so I said I would do this book. It was produced in 2½ months where it should have taken at least six months to do. It was my first visual novel, and it was a major project."

He elsewhere said that in creating the book he used golden sectioning, "a mathematical formula to arrange elements in a unified structure, to create an image-to-text relationship that readers would be very comfortable with. The text on any given page related only to that page".

Steranko, who retained rights to the character, was then assigned to create a 12-page "Chandler" story for Penthouse magazine, working with executive editor Art Cooper. When Cooper departed Penthouse, the project was canceled and Steranko was paid a kill fee.

Dark Horse Comics had planned to publish a revised edition of Chandler: Red Tide in December 1999, with revamped and more hardboiled art and text by Steranko, but this did not see fruition. Dark Horse Presents vol. 3, No. 3 (Aug. 2011) included a 13-page Chapter 1 of Red Tide.

Reception
Chandler: Red Tide did not meet sales expectations, with Steranko recalling in 2003 that, "When the book appeared it was not embraced by the comic-book community because it didn't have word balloons or captions. Believe it or not, they found that shocking!" In 1978, shortly after the book's publication, he said, "I was disappointed in Pyramid's distribution and promotion of it. ... They did a major mailing on it, but there was more that can be done".

Illustrated-novel format
Chandler: Red Tide is similar to Harold Foster's comic strip Prince Valiant in that the narrative is carried by a combination of graphics and text blocks without word balloons. Steranko used the term "graphic novel" in his introduction, though it was labeled "a visual novel" on the cover.

title: Chandler: Red Tide


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Talk:Resurrection ecology

[Untitled]
This article pretty much just copies the first part of the ABC article cited, which is a very good example of the inability of most reporters to make any sense of science. The ABC article is a sensationalized piece on what is very good science, but so badly presented that biologists would think it is a joke. Not encyclopedic, but I won't RFD as the basic subject is serious. - Marshman 18:26, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I discovered there are two more page to the article, which convinces me the guy that wrote it made up the term "resurrection ecology". I'm more convinced that what is described is just a technique, has been around for a long time (long dormant seeds are well documented), and simply demonstrates natural selection—something demonstrated in tens of thousands of other ways and all of time by biologists. Not worthy of an article, at least not under this terminology - Marshman 19:57, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There a podcast episode by the TWIT network which discusses this topic in detail here:

Dr Kiki's Science Hour Episode 11:

This podcast included Dr W. Charles Kerfoot and Nelson Heirstone as guest speakers discussing this topic and you may want to review this before dismissing the whole field. - SimonZerafa (talk) 16:19, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Resurrection ecology


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Adams Township, Clinton County, Ohio

Adams Township is one of the thirteen townships of Clinton County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 2,040.

Geography
Located in the western part of the county, it borders the following townships: No municipalities are located in Adams Township, but it does contain the unincorporated communities of Ogden and Sligo.
 * Chester Township - north
 * Union Township - east
 * Washington Township - southeast corner
 * Vernon Township - south
 * Washington Township, Warren County - southwest
 * Massie Township, Warren County - west

Name and history
Named for President John Quincy Adams, it is one of ten Adams Townships statewide.

It was created by the Clinton County Commissioners in 1849 from parts of Chester, Vernon, and Union townships.

Transportation
Major highways include Interstate 71, the 3C Highway (combined U.S. Route 22 and Ohio State Route 3), and State Route 380.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

title: Adams Township, Clinton County, Ohio


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Talk:Fox games

When the game becomes uninteresting due to the fact that with straightforward play the fox always loses, try two foxes - then since the foxes then always win, find out how many geese are required to ensure their victory - and so on. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.1.49.54 (talk) 09:51, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Untitled
Who goes first?
 * Fox moves first (at least in implementation of this game in Zillions of Games). Andreas Kaufmann 21:24, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 00:58, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Fox and Hounds variation
A time-saving variation of Fox and Hounds is:

The first move is for the fox to be placed on any dark square on the board. White moves next, and play proceeds normally. GilesW (talk) 19:28, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fox games


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User talk:Thereout2getme

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. jni 18:27, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Carbonite | Talk 18:35, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thereout2getme


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Sapperton station

Sapperton is an elevated station on the Expo Line of Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain rapid transit system. The station is located on Brunette Avenue, above a Canadian Pacific Kansas City rail right-of-way in the Sapperton neighbourhood in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada. Located nearby is the Royal Columbian Hospital. TransLink's head offices are also located within the vicinity of the station.

History
The station was opened in 2002 as part of the original Millennium Line project. Before the first phase of the line was completed, a short spur from Columbia station was opened in eastern New Westminster as a test track; this spur included Sapperton and Braid stations.

In 2004, work was done on the platform tiles to make the surface less slippery.

In 2016, SkyTrain service was reconfigured in anticipation of the opening of the Evergreen Extension; as a result, Millennium Line service was discontinued at Sapperton station. Since October 22, 2016, Sapperton has been served by an Expo Line branch with service between Waterfront and Production Way–University stations.

Structure and design
Sapperton station was designed by the architecture firm Hancock Bruckner Eng & Wright and, like all stations constructed as part of the original Millennium Line, has a unique design. The elevated station contains a mezzanine level connected to the platform level by stairs, escalators and elevators. There are two side platforms, separated by an artwork wheel. There was previously a stationary bike on the mezzanine level which would rotate the artwork wheel when ridden, but it was removed after it was vandalized.

Entrances
Sapperton station is served by one official entrance. It is located at the northeast end of the station. This entrance is connected to ground level by a walkway over Brunette Avenue that exits on Keary Street, across from the Royal Columbian Hospital.

A second, unofficial entrance is at the south end of the station and is not wheelchair accessible. This entrance is technically an emergency exit that leads down from platform 1, but people commonly use it as a safe way to access the station from Spruce Street, which is next to the station but not accessible using the main entrance. TransLink nevertheless installed Compass card readers at the site.

Transit connections
Sapperton station is not served directly by any bus routes. Connections can be made to the 109 bus route, a short walk from the station at the intersection of Columbia Street and Keary Street:

title: Sapperton station


title: User:Violetriga/Templates6/chemistry


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User:Chebz

HI! Thanks for dropping by! :D $$\sum_{chebz=1}^c chebz^2$$ $$a \over b$$

title: User:Chebz


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Our Endless Numbered Days

Our Endless Numbered Days is the second full-length album from Iron & Wine. Released on March 23, 2004 on Sub Pop, it was the first non-solo effort by Sam Beam under his Iron & Wine moniker. Limited edition copies of the vinyl LP came with a bonus 7" vinyl single. Limited edition copies of the CD came with a bonus CD single. On January 29, 2019, Sub Pop announced that a deluxe edition of the album commemorating its 15th anniversary would be released on March 22, 2019, featuring previously unreleased demos of eight of the tracks from the original album.

The album's title comes from the lyrics of the song "Passing Afternoon": "There are things that drift away like our endless, numbered days."

Background
The album marked a change in Iron & Wine's sound, as it was his first produced in a professional studio. Beam's only previous album, The Creek Drank the Cradle, was recorded entirely on a four-track tape recorder at his home.

Reception
Our Endless Numbered Days has received widespread critical acclaim since its release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 84, based on 21 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim".

Personnel
Musicians
 * Sam Beam - vocals, guitars, slide guitars, banjo, mandolin
 * Brian Deck - drums, percussion, keyboards
 * EJ Holowicki - bass
 * Patrick McKinney - electric guitar
 * Jeff McGriff - percussion
 * Jonathan Bradley - percussion
 * Sarah Beam - harmony vocals

Appearances in popular media
"Passing Afternoon" was played at the end of "Wilson's Heart," the finale of the fourth season of House. "Naked as We Came," "Trapeze Swinger" (a song not in this album) and "Sunset Soon Forgotten" were featured in the 2004 dramedy In Good Company. "Each Coming Night" is featured in Miley Cyrus's 2010 film The Last Song. "Naked As We Came" is featured at the end of the 4th episode of the 2nd season of The L Word, when Jenny has her hair cut by Shane. "Naked As We Came" is also featured in the 9th episode of the first season of Grey's Anatomy, when Cristina and Izzie plan a secret autopsy of a patient's sudden death. Claire Fuller's 2015 debut novel, Our Endless Numbered Days, is named after the album.

title: Our Endless Numbered Days


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Category:Towns in New South Wales

This category contains articles about towns in New South Wales, Australia.

title: Category:Towns in New South Wales


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Gorky Park

Gorky Park may refer to:

Parks

 * A number of parks in the former USSR, all named after Maxim Gorky:
 * Gorky Park (Moscow)
 * Gorky Park (Minsk), Belarus
 * Gorky Park (Rostov-on-Don)
 * Gorky Park (Taganrog), Rostov oblast
 * Central Park (Almaty), also known as Gorky Park

Former parks

 * The Park of Maxim Gorky (Kharkiv), Ukraine was renamed to Central Park of Culture and Recreation in June 2023

Other

 * Gorky Park (novel) (1981), book by Martin Cruz Smith
 * Gorky Park (film) (1983), American feature film based on the novel
 * Gorky Park (band), Russian hard rock band
 * Gorky Park (album), the debut album of the band

title: Gorky Park


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File:IronandWine Sea.jpg

summary
Iron and Wine album cover

Fair use in The Sea & the Rhythm
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:IronandWine Sea.jpg


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MG F / MG TF

The MG F and MG TF are mid-engined, rear wheel drive roadster cars that were sold under the MG marque by three manufacturers between 1995 and 2011.

The MG F was the first new model designed as an MG since the MGB that was produced from 1962 to 1980, the marque spent the 1980s being used to denote performance models from then parent Austin Rover Group, and was briefly seen on the MG RV8, a limited edition relaunch of the MG MGB which was sold between 1993 and 1995.

The MG F was initially designed by Rover Group during the period it was owned by British Aerospace and was brought to market after the business had been sold to the German car manufacturer BMW. The BMW owned Rover Group manufactured the model from 1995 to 2000. BMW broke up Rover Group in 2000, divesting the Rover and MG passenger car businesses to a management buy-out who formed the independent MG Rover business. MG Rover manufactured the MG F from 2000 onwards, heavily updating it to become the MG TF in 2002.

MG Rover entered administration in 2005, resulting in the production of the MG TF model ceasing. The remains of the MG Rover business were sold to Nanjing Automobile and the MG TF resumed production under the Nanjing owned MG Motor in 2007. The model, by then heavily outdated, was not a sales success and production ceased for a second and final time in 2011.

History
MG had stopped producing sports cars in 1980 when British Leyland closed their Abingdon, Oxfordshire plant, although the badge of MG was used on badge-engineered hatchbacks and saloons between 1982 and 1991.

In 1992, the company (by this time Rover Group) restarted production of the classic MGB as the limited edition RV8, and positive reaction led the company to continue to develop the MG F. During the 1980s, a number of new MG sports cars had been hinted at with the appearance of concept cars at motor shows, but none of these cars ever went into production.

By 1991, Rover was working on a new mid-engined sports car similar in size (and expected to be similar in price) to the recently launched Mazda MX5 and Lotus Elan. The final product, the MG F, was finally unveiled on 8 March 1995, and went on sale in September that year with a 1.8 litre 120 bhp engine, and was joined several months later by a 145 bhp VVC (variable valve control) version. It was hugely popular and received plaudits for its excellent ride and handling. The MG F received a mild facelift in August 1999, by which time a high performance Supersport version was reportedly in the pipeline, but this version was never launched; the highest performance MG F model was the 160 bhp Trophy model which joined the range a year after the facelift.

It was revised and renamed using the historic TF name in January 2002, but production was halted, following the collapse of the MG Rover Group in April 2005. However, after Nanjing Automobile Group acquired the rights to the MG TF, the completion of the new factory for MG in Nanjing saw production being restarted in March 2007 before finally being stopped in 2011 without an immediate successor.

Mark I

The MG F was launched in the autumn of 1995 by the Rover Group, making it the third car to be launched after the takeover by BMW. It was powered by a 1.8 L K-Series 16-valve engine, the basic having 118 hp (87 kW) while the more powerful VVC (variable valve control) had 143 hp (107 kW). Rover Special Projects oversaw the development of the F's design and before finalising the styling bought-in outside contractors to determine the most appropriate mechanical configuration for the new car.

Steve Harper of MGA Developments produced the initial design concept in January 1991 (inspired by the Jaguar XJR-15 and the Ferrari 250LM), before Rover's in-house design team refined the concept under the leadership of Gerry McGovern. An interesting feature of the F was its Hydragas suspension, a system employing interconnected fluid and gas displacers which provided a surprisingly compliant ride but which could be tuned to provide excellent handling characteristics.

The MG F quickly shot to the top of the affordable sports car charts in Britain and remained there until the introduction of the MG TF in 2002.

Mark II

The MG F underwent a facelift in autumn of 1999, and gave the car a revised interior as well as styling tweaks and fresh alloy wheel designs. There was also the introduction of a base 1.6 version and a more powerful 1.8L 160 hp (119 kW) variant called the Trophy 160 in 2001, which had a 0–60 mph time of 6.9 seconds. The Trophy was only produced for a limited time.

An automatic version with a CVT called the Steptronic was introduced in 2001. The MG F continued to sell well in spite of the sale of the Rover Group, which was announced in March 2000. Land Rover was sold to Ford, while the MG and Rover marques were sold to the Phoenix consortium for £10. In spite of competition from the likes of Mazda MX-5, BMW Z3 and Audi TT, the MG F still proved popular, remaining Britain's best selling convertible car. A total of 77,269 MG F's were built. And 799 Limited versions.

EXF
Project EXF represents a limited production of five single-seat MG F sports cars that allude to historic land-speed records set by MG between 1930 and 1959. Known simply as the F, the MG car features largely standard MG F components, a turbocharged 1.4L (329 bhp) Rover K-Series engine, and a drag coefficient of less than 0.25. On 20 August 1997, the F achieved a top speed of 217 mi/h at the SpeedWeek festivities in Bonneville, Utah, United States.

MG TF
In 2002, the MG TF was released, named after the MG TF Midget of the 1950s. Based upon the MG F platform, but heavily redesigned and reengineered, the most significant mechanical changes were the abandonment of Hydragas suspension in favour of conventional coil springs, the new design of the air induction system that along with new camshafts produces more power than in MG F engines, and the torsional stiffness of the body increased by 20%.

Various cosmetic changes include a revised grille, redesigned front headlights, bumpers, side air-intake grills, rear boot, etc. It held a decent amount of sales despite problems including uneven shut lines on the drivers door on models for the United Kingdom. Production was suspended in April 2005, when MG Rover collapsed. 39,249 MG TFs were built from 2002 until 2005.

Safety
The MG TF was assessed with four star safety performance from Euro NCAP and ANCAP.

Nanjing Automobile Group production
In March 2007, Nanjing Automobile Group, which bought MG Rover's remaining assets during bankruptcy proceedings, restarted production of the MG TF at its Nanjing factory, with a capacity of 200,000 cars a year. Experts from the Longbridge factory were involved in building the new TFs in Nanjing.

In August 2008, more than three years after the facility had closed due to the bankruptcy of MG Rover, assembly of a lightly revised MG TF model for the European market, from Chinese built complete knock down (CKD) kits, was started by NAC MG UK at Longbridge.

The first TF model to be produced by NAC MG UK was the TF LE500. As the name suggests, this was a limited edition of five hundred cars each individually numbered. The better suspension set-up and the heated rear window from the 2005 model TF were carried over to the LE500. Styling was reminiscent of the original MGF, with an intake on either side of the MG badge, and a large single intake below the number plate.

The LE500 specification includes leather seats, hard top and soft top, wind stop, CD tuner with MP3 compatibility, rear parking sensors, sixteen inch eleven spoke alloy wheels, and front fog lights. It was priced higher than a modern Mazda MX5 despite its few changes from 2002, which had a large negative effect on sales.

The LE500 was followed by the model TF 135 and a further limited edition TF 85th Anniversary, of which only fifty were ever produced.

Production of the TF at Longbridge was suspended again in October 2009, due to low demand in face of the recession. Production resumed in the new year, but the end of production was finally announced in March 2011, due to lack of demand and component supply problems. A total of 906 TFs were produced at Longbridge under Chinese ownership.

XPower 500
Created by the XPower division of the MG Rover Group in 2001 as a one off to show the brand new XPower division and also to show what the engineers could do. The car was designed to accommodate the brand new XP-20 engine used in the MG-Lola EX257 race car with a Garrett turbocharger with an anti-lag system which achieves 500PS. The Power then goes through a 6 Speed sequential gearbox manufactured by X-Trac.

When built in 2001, the car was equipped with several upgrades over the standard car. It featured a seam welded bodyshell with a fully integrated T45 roll cage with strengthened subframes. The chassis comes complete with a Limited-slip differential, independent racing suspension and upgraded 4-Pot AP Racing Brakes. The car has 17" multi-spoke alloy racing wheels with 225/13 R17 tyres on the front, 265/13 R17 tyres on the rear and a bespoke rear wing.

Initially the XPower concept was designed for a brand new wild version of the MG TF, this never came around however and no concept car for a production XPower TF was created. Reportedly the car was set to feature a de-tuned XP-20 engine used in the XPower 500 concept and the MG-Lola race cars with around 300PS but the idea wasn't developed beyond the planning stage.

MG TF GT
Designed in 2005, at Dove in Norfolk by Peter Stevens and his team, at the same time as the Rover 75 Coupé, is the coupe MG TF, called the GT, similar to the Pininfarina designed MGB GT. It was unveiled before MG Rover Group collapsed in April 2005, and was shown at several events such as the AutoRAI in Amsterdam, alongside other cars such as the MG XPower SV. The concept car was developed from a top of the range TF 160, and came with a grenadine interior (a rare option typically in the top of range TF's), brand new lowered bucket seats, 17" OZ five spoke wheels, a front splitter to improve aerodynamics and for the first time in a production/factory TF a 2.5L Rover KV6 engine. It was reported on forums for MG that the engine was changed to a standard 160 VVC 1.8L K Series sometime in 2005, although this is disputed and is also disputed as to whether the car received a KV6 in the first place.

When launched the car posed several problems. The first of the problems with the coupe is engine access which because the car is a mid rear arrangement posed several problems and made the car hard to work on, it is reported that the subframe had to be removed in order to work on the engine. The second problem is the KV6 powerplant which had to have a bespoke smaller fuel tank to fit in the engine bay as the standard fuel tank wouldn't fit. Although disputed as to whether the car received the KV6 powerplant in the first place it now seems likely however, as ex-MG engineer Chris Flanagan produced his own 2.5 KV6 MGF in 2004 and has subsequently produced further KV6 engined TFs at Retro Sports Cars Ltd in Yorkshire.

Former engineers at MG Rover reported that the car was close to entering production, and as soon as the end of 2005, the car could have been sold. However MG Rover went into receivership, and progress was halted. Nanjing were set to revive the idea and manufacture in the US in a brand new factory in Oklahoma employing 500 people. This idea also never came about with the LE500 and TF135 being the only TF produced by Nanjing at Longbridge, rather than a new purpose built facility in Oklahoma.

Reception
Throughout its production, the MG sold successfully. In a number of road tests, the MG F impressed, and was a match for its main rivals the Mazda MX-5 and BMW Z3 in terms of handling, performance and practicality, but build quality, reliability and dealer support within the United Kingdom were poor in comparison to its Japanese and German rivals.

However, after Nanjing took over and restarted production, the car's sales plummeted, until production was eventually ceased in March 2011.

Parker's gave the car 2.5/5 and said its pros were "Styling, handling and brand heritage" and cons were "Dated interior, patchy build quality and poor reliability."

What Car? gave it 2/5 saying its pros were that it is "pretty and affordable" but its cons were "The driving position and steering are not what you'd expect in such a sporty car."

Auto Express reviewed it after Nanjing took over, and also had a verdict of 2/5, liking how it was "well equipped and compact" but disliking how it was priced more expensive than a basic Mazda MX-5, stating it has "barely changed since 1995, and can be mistaken for a much older vehicle" and also commenting on its cramped interior.

The engine of K Series used in the MG F has gained a reputation for head gasket failure. This is mainly due to the design and placement of the thermostat, however the installation of the headgasket was also a major factor. Other factors include insufficient width between the cylinders, build tolerances, block face stiffness, casting quality, gasket material, and cooling system layout (the engine is at the back and the radiator is at the front).

Due to the placement of the thermostat on the intake side of the water pump at the base of the block the head can overheat before sufficient heat is transmitted through the block to allow the thermostat to open. Thermal shock from cooling the block rapidly and the thermostat closing abruptly due to cold water from the radiator cooling the opening spring can result in insufficient coolant reaching as far as the head, which can cause different expansion and contraction rates between the head and the block.

This combined with the early practice of installing the head gasket with plastic locating dowels, which subsequently melted when the engines overheated, allowed the head gaskets to "walk." A redesigned head gasket, which consists of a multiple layer metal gasket or "MLS" used in conjunction with steel locating dowels, is alleged to significantly reduce the chance of a head gasket failure.

There is no other replacement engine that is a suitable substitute for the K Series. Apart from the head gasket problem, however, MGF and TF models are said to have few major faults.

The K Series engine was identical to that found in other Rover vehicles, and was originally intended for mainstream saloon and hatchback models. The design compromise of locating the thermostat on the pump intake, rather than the head outlet, stems from this original use. A common aftermarket modification is to install an Inline thermostat in the outlet pipe from the head to the radiator. This head gasket problem is also found on K Series-engined Lotus Elise models and is also commonly solved by thermostat relocation.

title: MG F / MG TF


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Brome—Missisquoi (federal electoral district)

Brome—Missisquoi (formerly known as Missisquoi) is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1925. The original electoral district of Missiquoi existed from 1867 to 1925.

Geography
This riding, in the south of the province, extends along the Canada–US border between Montreal and Sherbrooke, straddling the Quebec regions of Montérégie and Estrie. Its main towns are Cowansville, Magog, and Brome Lake.

The district includes the Regional County Municipality of Brome-Missisquoi, the municipalities of Saint-Sébastien, Henryville, Noyan, Clarenceville, Venise-en-Québec, Bromont, and the Regional County Municipality of Memphrémagog except Stanstead, Ayer's Cliff, North Hatley, Ogden, Sainte-Catherine-de-Hatley, Hatley and Stanstead Canton.

Its population in 2006 was 92,591 and the area is 3,045 km2.

The neighbouring ridings are Saint-Jean, Shefford, Richmond—Arthabaska, and Compton—Stanstead.

History
It was created in 1924 from parts of Brome, Iberville, Missisquoi and Saint-Jean ridings.

The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Missisquoi and Saint-Jean ridings. In 1970, Missisquoi was renamed "Brome—Missisquoi".

In 1976, "Brome—Missisquoi" was abolished and became part of a new "Missisquoi riding", which was renamed "Brome—Missisquoi" in 1983.

The 2012 electoral redistribution saw this riding stay mostly the same, but it lost a small fraction of territory to Shefford.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament. Its current MP is Pascale St-Onge of the Liberal Party.

Brome—Missisquoi, 1984 - present

Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Brome—Missisquoi, 1972 - 1979
Note: Social Credit vote is compared to Ralliement créditiste vote in the 1968 election.

Brome—Missisquoi, 1925 - 1968
Note: Ralliement créditiste vote is compared to Social Credit vote in the 1963 election.

Note: Progressive Conservative vote is compared to "National Government" vote in 1940 election.

Note: "National Government" vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election.


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Chester Township, Clinton County, Ohio

Chester Township is one of the thirteen townships of Clinton County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 2,027.

Geography
Located in the northwest corner of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Caesarscreek Township, Greene County - northeast
 * Liberty Township - east
 * Union Township - southeast
 * Adams Township - south
 * Massie Township, Warren County - southwest
 * Wayne Township, Warren County - west
 * Spring Valley Township, Greene County - northwest

Caesar Creek State Park is partially located in Chester Township.

No municipalities are located in Chester Township.

New Burlington is a ghost town contained in the township.

Transportation
Major roads are Interstate 71 and State Routes 73 and 380.

Name and history
Chester Township was organized in 1810.

It is one of five Chester Townships statewide.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

title: Chester Township, Clinton County, Ohio