text:
Template talk:Main Page banner

1,000,000 article!
Anything planned? --Banana04131 00:55, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll put something up. --  user:zanimum

Wikipedia thanks its contributors for creating over 1,000,000 articles. Our millionth article is ????.

We just passed 1,000,000 articles a few minutes ago. It'd be kind of cool to have this up soon.--naryathegreat | (talk) 23:10, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I fell asleep at the switch. I'm waiting for a confirmation on 1M. --  user:zanimum

Wikified link
Perhaps this would look better if the first link used this code:. Since it's a wikified link, it wouldn't have yet another external link arrow after it.
 * Yes, I was thinking the same thing myself. We should use interwiki wherever possible, shouldn't we? Phoenix-forgotten 23:13, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * The complete URL is better because if someone is mirroring the site, it should still go to here. Pages which reference Wikipedia itself in normal articles should use full URLs (there is a rule somewhere about it?) - Stoph 00:53, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It all follows from Avoid self-references, though it is a bit convoluted in this case. --W(t) 00:39, 2005 Jun 26 (UTC)

This looks HUGE
Hi!

This banner is simply *huge* - in my resolution and font size, all I see is the banners on the first page! I think this is a big problem - only seeing banners. It's like a bad office where all you can see are POST-ITs all over the place. I use a big resolution (1152x852) but rather big fonts (Konqueror, 14pt Nimbus Sans). I believe others can have the same problem with smaller res&font size.

Do we *really* need this yellow stuff? The donate banner is on the top anyways!

Msoos 10:35, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. We can do better with a smaller banner... and slightly less new-message orange.  Perhaps even more colorful, if possible?  Some ideas below:

There are nine days left in the Wikimedia fundraiser. Find out more from the Board letter and the fundraiser reports.

This should go away
We already have two banners on the top of every page to admire, which is one more than we need. We don't need this banner on the Mainpage too. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 03:56, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed; done. Dan100 (Talk) 09:59, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Interwiki link to vi:
Please add an interwiki link to the Vietnamese Wikipedia without transcluding it:

vi:Tiêu bản:Thông báo từ Trang Chính

Thanks.

– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 09:06, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Shorter message
Thanks to our contributors for over one million English articles . Article #1,000,000: Jordanhill railway station

Discussion on Main Page banner
I saw that the Main Page banner announcing 1,000,000 articles had disappeared, and was trying to find any discussion of why it was removed and the reasoning behind the timing of its appearance and disappearance. Thanks. Carcharoth 13:48, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Raul654 took it down, because it was "more than 2 days now". Personally I think we should keep it up for a little bit longer, until the press mentions actual kick into full swing, as I presume they will by at least Wednesday. --  user:zanimum

 * This is begining to puzzle me, I am sure that 1 million articles was ages ago now... We are at over 1,100,000. Ian13/ talk 18:48, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Which is precisely why it's been changed to state 1000 featured articles, IE articles that are featured on the main page. Cowman109Talk 21:14, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

1,500,000
What is the subject of the 1,500,000th article? GameKeeper 09:39, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * There were four possibles, I'm being bold an awarding it to Kanab Ambersnail, as it has the most potential. --  Zanimum 18:44, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * There are a few questions on Talk: Kanab Ambersnail about other milestone Wikipedia articles. Any objections to adding a link to Category:Milestone Wikipedia articles to the tmeplate in order to head off those qustions? (I'd be bold & do it myself, but I'm a little shy about taking the risk of breaking a template everyone will see.) -- llywrch 20:22, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

New color scheme
The hex triplets used in this template do not match the saturation, darkness, etc. of those now used on the page. i propose we use the colors found on the Community Portal (listed at Colours) to produce the following:

The English language Wikipedia thanks its contributors for creating over 1,500,000 articles! Article #1,500,000: Kanab Ambersnail

Thoughts?--HereToHelp 19:41, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * that is very light colour background to me, to distinguish it I would prefer something darker. The original looks better IMHO GameKeeper 20:13, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * (I know, very late reply) I like it, it blend perfectly with the rest of the page. — Edokter • Talk  — 16:25, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

Why was the vi inter-wiki link removed?
Can someone put the vi inter-wiki link back in? --- RockMFR 22:27, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Article
The article was removed as it took an entire line of the main page. The only reason this happened was because of that user's webbrowser width. The article is important. This sort of 'event' means randomly selected articles get an intense makeover. This leaves a great example of how an otherwise unnoticed subject can be covered in depth. The previous 1,000,000 article is still worth a look Jordanhill railway station. In addition this may be covered by some press, the more info that is given the fuller any article can be. Please restore this GameKeeper 00:44, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The reason was actually the presence of a  in the wikitext, meaning it occupies an entire line regardless of screen size etc. — Dan | talk 00:48, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * OK my mistake on that, is there a way to restore the article link on one line? GameKeeper 00:52, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * looks like someone has restored the 2 line version. You are making valid point Dan regarding 2 lines. Can anyone suggest a solution? Can the 2nd lines text be reduced in size or something? GameKeeper 00:56, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Milestone message
"The English language Wikipedia thanks its contributors..." seems a little meaningless. The encyclopedia itself is not thanking its contributors, nor is it capable of doing so. Is the community thanking itself for achieving the milestone? I think we should take this out and use something a little more concise in future milestone announcements ("The English-language Wikipedia has reached X million articles."). Any opinions? --Oldak Quill 07:02, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

10M overall
The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the Hungarian language article on English artist Nicholas Hilliard (see article) was the 10 millionth article added to a Wikipedia project.

Anyone have any serious objections to this? Feel free to make changes. I plan to post this at 1 pm ET --  Zanimum (talk) 14:55, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Why not do it now?  Maxim (talk)  15:15, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I changed the external link to the Foundation wiki into an interwiki; aside from wondering about the wording, this looks fine. Nihiltres { t .l } 15:23, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Good news, and it's good to see the article's on such a great topic, but I don't think we should have it on the main page. I don't like these 'look how great we are!' messages, I think they look very unprofessional. The header that only logged in users can see would perhaps be a good location, but not the main page. This basically opens up the door to all sorts of notices on the main page. J Milburn (talk) 15:32, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Sure it's a good overall milestone, but it's not what we want on the English Wikipedia. Here at least we want quality, not quantity. How about a banner for so many WP:Featured articles? We're almost at 2,000. Reywas92 Talk

 * I disagree that that's the main message - it'll tell people there are other Wikipedias. I frequently do press requests from other countries that have a Wikipedia in their language that they've never heard of, because they just use the English one.

 * And I think putting this up would be a good Foundation-y thing for en:wp to do - show that we're not just the biggest kid in the playpen [*], that the other kids exist - David Gerard (talk) 15:51, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * [*] WMF has three bloody huge database servers. One does en:wp only, the other two do everything else - David Gerard (talk) 15:51, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, and we should definitely have one for 2000 FAs. A press release might be good on that subject, in fact - David Gerard (talk) 15:52, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Also ... it isn't 10 millionth article overall but 10 millionth wikipedia article overall, ie plenty of articles on the other projects ;-P --AlisonW (talk) 16:55, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I know, and I'm very pleased that other language Wikipedias are growing. I just don't want to glorify it when when Enwiki gets to 3 mil articles when many are low-quality stubs.   Reywas92 Talk  18:13, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, by 'other projects' I was thinking about all the articles on Wikisource, Wiktionary, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, etc. --AlisonW (talk) 18:46, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm surprised to see that this template is using the Verdana font rather than sans-serif, which is used everywhere else on Wikipedia. The font makes it look awkward in its current position. Gary King (talk) 21:07, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Colors
I have noticed that the color of the notice looks very much like the new messages notice.

Compare the following:

with...

The Wikimedia Foundation is celebrating the ten millionth Wikipedia article, written in Hungarian about the English artist Nicholas Hilliard. (Read the press release)

While they are different, the two long, thin boxes look similar for a fraction of a second. Maybe a different color scheme?  Soxred93 | talk bot 15:48, 30 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's the color that makes them look similar; it's the format - as you said, they are both long, thin boxes. Only a color that stands out a lot on Wikipedia, like red or green, would vastly differentiate it - and I'm pretty sure that Wikipedia would rather not want to have a brightly colored box on the homepage. Gary King (talk) 19:44, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

How long will this be on the homepage?
I'm just curious as to typically how long these messages are on the homepage? I'm guessing somewhere between 1–7 days at the most? Gary King (talk) 19:45, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

2,500 featured articles!
I know this template hasn't been used for a while, but think this is a great achievement of ours that should be recognized! Here's what It could look like:

The English Wikipedia thanks its contributors for creating over 2,500 Featured articles.

Thanks! Reywas92 Talk 12:36, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I tweaked the format a bit, make it more like the standard one. I think the background could do with a change, but that's what we usually use.  I approve of highlighting our FA milestone in this fashion. Happy‑melon 13:47, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Great idea. I have asked for feedback at Wikipedia talk:Featured articles. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 14:50, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Fixed the capitalization (Featured Articles->Featured articles) per our usual practice. Maralia (talk) 15:46, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅. I would invite comments on how long this should stay up. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 18:34, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Main_Page. – Juliancolton  | Talk 19:15, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Excellent! So what was #2500? Scartol  •  Tok  20:14, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Accordng to this edit and the FA log, 6 articles were passed at once, achieving 2,500: Nancy Drew, Arthur Henry Cobby, Bruce Castle, Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver, Fort Ticonderoga, and Franklin Knight Lane. I hope we will get to 3,000 soon! I think this should stay up at least a few days (or as long as possible). People quickly complained when we had 2,500,000 articles, but it's quality, not quantity! Reywas92 Talk  22:03, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Taking a literal interpretation of that page, the 2,500th article was the penultimate one of Karanacs' batch, which would be Arthur Henry Cobby. It's a lovely article, well worth the title! Happy‑melon 08:30, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

1,000,000,000
What do people think about recognising the billion total edits on all Wikimedia projects? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 15:00, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm very much in favor of it. I think it's a big shame this milestone hasn't been spouted feverishly by our communities. __meco (talk) 15:07, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * According to http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=287466429242 it was actually on the 16 April. It would be nice to know what the billionth edit was. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 15:09, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. -- can  dle • wicke  18:49, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Editprotected request
Current code:

Rendered:

Wikipedia is celebrating its tenth anniversary ! To mark the occasion, Wikipedia is showcasing content not normally featured on the main page.

Proposed code:

Rendered:

 Wikipedia is celebrating its tenth anniversary! To mark the occasion, Wikipedia is showcasing content not normally featured on the main page.

Thanks! --MZMcBride (talk) 00:37, 15 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I previewed it and the text changed from center to left alignment. Is that the correct behavior? Raul654 (talk) 00:40, 15 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The actual text-align is already in the source of Main Page (specifically ). --MZMcBride (talk) 00:42, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

4,000,000 articles
Hi. Keeping with tradition, I think the banner should be used to mark the creation of 4,000,000 articles here at the English Wikipedia. --MZMcBride (talk) 15:06, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Done by Nikkimaria.
 * As you know, opinions expressed at Talk:Main Page have been mixed, but I'm not going to fight this. I've long since learned that it's futile.  —David Levy 15:35, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

5 Millionth Article
A number of editors have been working on a letter to the community and our leadership to encourage contributions from new members. We were initially going to link to the message from the changed logo, but realized that doing this would make the 5 millionth article message the main page. Here's a proposed banner which will serve to link to the message, and also keep to the tradition of creating banners for milestone articles. Note that this uses the code for the millionth article banner.
Thanks to our contributors for over five million English articles ! Article #5,000,000: Article Spirit of Eagle (talk) 23:17, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Revised version (closer to the banner used to celebrate the 4,000,000th article, whose wording reflected extensive discussion):

The English-language Wikipedia thanks its contributors for creating more than five million articles! Learn how you can take part in the encyclopedia's continued improvement.

 * For users whose display configurations require two lines, each sentence occupies a different one.
 * The 5,000,000th article will be highlighted at Five million articles, so it needn't be linked from the banner. —David Levy 01:06, 31 October 2015 (UTC)
 * That looks a lot cleaner, and I agree that linking to the five millionth article would be kind of redundant given the focus the 5 millionth message places on it. Spirit of Eagle (talk) 05:11, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

Note the banner only accepts (formatted) text; no divs/borders etc. as the main page already takes care of that. 20:34, 31 October 2015 (UTC)
 * wording sandboxed on Template:Main Page banner/sandbox, and the rendered result can be seen at Main Page/sandbox. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 21:00, 31 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Some styling (unstyled div, font etc.) is allowed, just don't use a box with background and borders.  21:59, 31 October 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ Sam Walton (talk) 13:00, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Six million articles
When will this be updated with a link to WP:Six million articles? 2001:569:BD7D:6E00:4C86:6868:1EF:FDD9 (talk) 01:32, 24 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi 2001... this is being discussed at Wikipedia_talk:Six_million_articles. — xaosflux  Talk 01:44, 24 January 2020 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 29 February 2020
Can you please delete this template? It is currently blanked. Interstellarity (talk) 15:56, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Sometimes it is blanked. That's pretty normal. Izno (talk) 16:13, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 23 December 2021
This template, which creates a banner on the Main Page for special occasions like the 20th anniversary, ought to have some documentation. Could you please add the following?

Thanks, {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 01:01, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ but I kept it all on 1 line, nervous about line breaks! — xaosflux  Talk 01:25, 23 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Main Page banner


text: Category:Russian stage actors

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Russian stage actors


text:
Ngau Tau Kok

Ngau Tau Kok is an area of eastern Kowloon in Hong Kong, in the north of Kwun Tong District east to Kowloon Bay. Largely residential, Ngau Tau Kok has a population in excess of 210,000.

Geography
In Chinese, Ngau Tau Kok means ox horn or ox head cape: before the reclamation of Kowloon Bay, the coastline of Ngau Tau Kok was shaped like the horn of an ox. Ngau Tau Kok includes two hills - Jordan Valley (Shum Wan Shan) and Crocodile Hill (Ngok Yue Shan), where around half of the residential blocks are located.

Crocodile Hill is a relatively quiet residential area encircled by Kung Lok Road. This road is mainly lined with residential blocks and is home to two parks, the similarly-named Kung Lok Road Playground and the Kung Lok Road Children's Playground (about 100 metres apart). The former comprises a cycling area and is linked to the Lok Wah Playground. The latter houses a garden and a children's playground. The two parks were completed by the Urban Council in 1988.

Kung Lok Road is also home to the Mu Kuang English School, founded by Elsie Elliot. Hong Lee Road travels up to the summit of the hill, terminating in a dead end at the St Catharine's School for Girls, founded in 1968.

Features
Ngau Tau Kok is a residential area close to the town centre of Kwun Tong District. The area around Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate is known for its street food, including congee, noodles and other traditional Cantonese cuisine. In summer, Ngau Tau Kok hosts many religious ceremonies to celebrate the Yu-lan festival, a festival from Chinese ghost tales.

In 2021, the East Kowloon Cultural Centre is expected to open on part of the site of the former Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate.

History
Ngau Tau Kok has a long history of Hakka inhabitants. In the early colonial days of Hong Kong, it was one of the "Four hills of Kowloon" in eastern Kowloon where granite was extracted. The granite from Ngau Tau Kok was transported to Victoria City on Hong Kong Island across Victoria Harbour. Some stone was even exported to Canton City for the construction of its Sacred Heart Cathedral.

At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Ngau Tau Kok was 440. The number of males was 314.

Before being a residential area, Ngau Tau Kok was an industrial area. Amoy Food sited a factory in Ngau Tau Kok to manufacture soy sauce. A high-density private housing estate, Amoy Gardens was constructed on the factory site.

A reservoir in Jordan Valley formerly provided fresh water to Ngau Tau Kok but is now disused and used as a landfill area. An artillery battery was also located in Jordon Valley but it was removed to make way for the urban development project.

The site of the MTR Kowloon Bay Depot was formerly the Ngau Tau Kok Industrial Estate.

SARS outbreak
During the spring of 2003, Ngau Tau Kok was severely impacted by the SARS outbreak. A concentration of cases of the deadly disease occurred in Amoy Gardens (淘大花園), mainly in its Block E. The drainage design (which was widely used across Hong Kong) was later criticised and amended.

Town gas explosion
On 11 April 2006, a fatal underground explosion occurred in Ngau Tau Kok Road and Jordan Valley North Road: two people died and eight were injured. Wai King Building (偉景樓) was seriously damaged by the blast which was caused by leakage of town gas from underground pipes belonging to Hong Kong and China Gas, a major local utility.

2016 fire
Ngau Tau Kok was the site of the Amoycan Industrial Centre fire in which two firemen were killed.

Transport
Major roads in Ngau Tau Kok include:
 * Choi Ha Road
 * Chun Wah Road
 * Elegance Road
 * Kung Lok Road
 * Ngau Tau Kok Road
 * Shun Lee Tsuen Road
 * Kwun Tong Road

A MTR station in the northern part of Ngau Tau Kok is named Kowloon Bay station; the Ngau Tau Kok station is located in the southern part of Ngau Tau Kok, which actually near Kwun Tong. Both stations are on the Kwun Tong line.

Kai Tak Airport, Hong Kong's airport was located next door and recently part of it has been converted into a cruise terminal.

title: Ngau Tau Kok


text: Category:Greek explorers

title: Category:Greek explorers


text:
Abtin

Abtin, or Athwya, is a character in Shahnama (national epic of Iran), who is the father of Fereydun. He is mentioned as the father of Fereydun in the Avesta, having been the "second man" to prepare Ahura-Mazda for the "corporeal world" (the first being Jamshid, and the third being Thrita). His name comes from the same origin as "Āptya", a title for water-born deities or heroes in the Rigveda. According to the Shatapatha Brahmana, that the first to bear this title was Agni, and that he subsequently created three Aptyas, Trita, Dvita, and Ekata, when he spat on the waters in anger.

title: Abtin


text:
Cento

Cento (Northern Bolognese: Zèint; City Bolognese: Zänt; Centese: Zènt) is a town and comune in the province of Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

History
The name Cento is a reference to the centuriation of the Po Valley. Cento's growth from its origin as a little fishing village in the marshes to an established farming town took place in the first few centuries in the second millennium.

The Bishop of Bologna and the Abbot of Nonantola established the Partecipanza Agraria, an institution in which land would perpetually be redistributed every twenty years among the male heirs of the families who constituted the initial core of the community in the 12th century.

In 1502, Pope Alexander VI took it away from the dominion of the Bishop of Bologna and made it part of the dowry of his daughter Lucrezia Borgia, betrothed to Duke Alfonso I d'Este. It was later returned to the Papal States in 1598.

South-east of the city lies the small historic fortification of Pieve di Cento.

Main sights

 * Palazzo del Monte di Pietà (18th century), housing the Civic Gallery. It has paintings by the local artist Guercino. The latter's works can be seen also in the Basilica Collegiata San Biagio, Santa Maria dei Servi, the church of the Rosary, also designed by him, and, in the frazione of Corporeno, the 14th-century church of San Giorgio.
 * The Rocca (Castle), a massive square building with square towers. Built in 1378 by the bishop of Bologna, it was enlarged by Giulio della Rovere, the future pope Julius II, in 1460.
 * Palazzo del Governatore (Governor's Palace, 1502). It is home to the Galleria d'arte moderna Aroldo Bonzagni.
 * Porta Pieve (14th century), the sole surviving gate of the four once existing.

Culture
Cento is the European's city of Carnival and it is twinned with Rio carnival.

People

 * Marco Zoppo, painter
 * Benedetto Gennari, painter
 * Cesare Cremonini, philosopher
 * Giovan Francesco Barbieri best known as Il Guercino, painter
 * Bartolomeo Gennari, painter
 * Ercole Gennari, painter
 * Benedetto Gennari II, painter
 * Cesare Gennari, painter
 * Benjamin D'Israeli, grandfather of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli
 * Antonio Lamberto Rusconi, cardinal
 * Bartolomeo Campagnoli, violinist
 * Giuseppe Alberghini, cardinal
 * Ugo Bassi, patriot
 * Leone Carpi, political, economist and journalist
 * Giuseppe Borgatti, tenor
 * Aroldo Bonzagni, painter
 * Carmen Lenzi Mozzani, classical guitarist
 * Mario Maccaferri, classical guitarist, lutist as well as guitar and ukulele maker
 * Giovanni Malagodi, politician and economist
 * Ferruccio Lamborghini, industrialist
 * Corrado Ardizzoni, Olympic cyclist
 * Jessica Rossi, sports shooter
 * Luigi Mozzani, classical guitarist as well as guitar and violin maker

Trivia
The nearby center of Renazzo is known in the astronomical community because of the Renazzo meteorite, which fell in 1824 and it is considered the prototype of a class of carbonaceous chondrites known as "CR group" (where the "R" comes from the name Renazzo).

International relations
Cento is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 L'Aquila, Italy
 * 🇭🇺 Székesfehérvár, Hungary
 * 🇦🇷 Vicente Lopez, Argentina

title: Cento


text:
Highstead Foundation

 Highstead, formerly known as Highstead Arboretum, in Redding, Connecticut, United States was founded in 1982. It covers 36 acres (146,000 m2) of woodland, meadow, and wetland and ranges from 640 ft to 758 ft in elevation and hosts both native and cultivated plant varieties. Highstead includes the following collections:

 * The Native tree and shrub collection, with indigenous plants from within a 100 mi radius of the arboretum.
 * The Mountain Laurel collection, includes three of the seven mountain laurel, or Kalmia, species. Highstead is host to a thorough collection of Kalmia latifolia, the Connecticut state flower, and a representative collection of the genus, for which it is also the International Cultivar Registration Authority.
 * The Deciduous Azaleas collection, with 14 species of deciduous azaleas, including three native species.
 * A Herbarium with more than 1,000 specimens.

title: Highstead Foundation


text:
Talk:Rizal Park

Layed at frist
What does "layed at frist" mean? The first word is probably "laid", but the rest?

By the way, a picture of the park would be nice!  17:31, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Official name
If the official name is Rizal Park then that should be the title of this article. --Jojit fb 05:46, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I concur. Circa 1900 06:35, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Recent Picture...
This is the old picture of the Rizal Park Before it's renovation. Please update it...

PBCNX 12:31, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

KM 0
your article says that the "Big flag pole is KM zero" have you seen the picture closely? can't you see the km zero there? why point to the flag? seriously? JoshuaCruzPhilippines (talk) 03:20, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

rizal park in china
why no mention of it? i've seen it and it is real. Y Z J a y  (call me)  16:01, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

Further Editing Required
This article, considering that this concerns a national monument, needs a bit more cleanup; some of the sections seem to be lifted out of a book verbatim and unedited...

And also, for the Filipino users: Please show some respect and refrain from posting irrelevant remarks.Nightvisiongoggles (talk) 21:01, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * View of old Manila.jpg

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 * 09915jfDancing Rings Rizal Park Manilafvf 07.jpg

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In WWII
During the war the Japanese renamed this park Banzai Park. Harrison Park was renamed Rizal Park.

See photo. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.108.234.181 (talk) 06:18, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

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 * Actual site where Jose Rizal was executed.jpg

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:53, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Statue of Dr. Jose Rizal at the Luneta Park, Philippines.png

title: Talk:Rizal Park


text:
Prefabricated home

Prefabricated homes, often referred to as prefab homes or simply prefabs, are specialist dwelling types of prefabricated building, which are manufactured off-site in advance, usually in standard sections that can be easily shipped and assembled. Some current prefab home designs include architectural details inspired by postmodernism or futurist architecture.

"Prefabricated" may refer to buildings built in components (e.g. panels), modules (modular homes) or transportable sections (manufactured homes), and may also be used to refer to mobile homes, i.e., houses on wheels. Although similar, the methods and design of the three vary widely. There are two-level home plans, as well as custom home plans. There are considerable differences in the construction types. In the U.S., mobile and manufactured houses are constructed in accordance with HUD building codes, while modular houses are constructed in accordance with the IRC (International Residential Code).

 * Modular homes are created in sections, and then transported to the home site for construction and installation. Although the sections of the house are prefabricated, the sections, or modules, are put together at the construction much like a typical home.
 * Manufactured homes are built onto steel beams, and are transported in complete sections to the home site, where they are assembled. Wheels, hitch and axles are removed on site when the home is placed on a permanent foundation.
 * Mobile homes, or trailers, are built on wheels, and can be pulled by a vehicle. They are considered to be personal property, and are licensed by the Dept. of Motor Vehicles. Tiny homes with wheels are included in this category. They must be built to the DMV code, and pass inspection for licensing.

History
The first mention of a prefabricated building was in 1160 to 1170 by Wace as confirmed by Pierre Bouet. In the special May/June 2015 edition of the French magazine Historia, he spoke of a castle transported by Normans in 'kit' form. According to Bouet, Wace's epic poem Roman de Rou, verses 6,516–6,526, states: "They took out of the ship beams of wood and dragged them to the ground. Then the Count (Earl) who brought them, (the beams) already pierced and planed, carved and trimmed, the pegs (raw-plugs/dowels) already trimmed and transported in barrels, erected a castle, had a moat dug around it and thus had constructed a big fortress during the night."

Movable structures were used in 16th century in India by Emperor Akbar The Great. These structures were reported by Arif Qandahari in 1579.

In the United States, several companies, including Sears Catalog Homes, began offering mail-order kit homes between 1902 and 1910. The Forest Products Laboratory, a division of the U.S. Forest Service, put extensive research into prefabricated homes in the 1930s, including building one for the 1935 Madison Home Show. This research continued into the 1960s.

In the early to mid-1960s, a line of inexpensive Leisurama prefabricated houses designed by Andrew Geller, were made available for purchase from a display on the ninth floor of Macy's in New York City and shown at the 1964 New York World's Fair. The precursor to the final design had been shown in Moscow in 1959 provoking the noted Kitchen Debate between Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. Over 200 Leisurama houses were built at the Culloden Point development in Montauk, New York between 1963 and 1965.

By 1958, roughly 10 percent of new houses in the United states were prefabricated.

Contemporary domestic prefabrication
Currently, the prefabricated housing industry is divided by methodology of construction. Panelized, Modular, and Manufactured home design make up the majority of contemporary firms, with considerable overlap between the construction methods.

Panelized homes
Panelized homes (also referred to as system built homes), construct the structural components, or "panels", of a home (walls, roof and floor systems) in an off site factory where the panels are cut via automated saws and laser cutters from large wooden sheets, allowing for lower amount of waste compared to site-built construction. Following their cutting and shaping, panels are stacked and delivered to the jobsite where the home is assembled piecemeal in a similar method to traditional site-built home.

Panelized homes are generally considered a halfway between more traditional site-built home and more manufactured prefabs, with the flexibility of site-build and efficiency of prefab.

Modular Houses
Modular houses are built using a system that involves a sequential process in which modern techniques such as 3D digital modeling are now being used, which allows for pre-planning to make the process more efficient.

This type of construction is typically up to 50% faster and requires up to 50% less materials than conventional or traditional construction. The size of the global modular construction market is expected to reach USD 271 billion by 2028.

United States
The total market share of non-site built single-family homes (modular and panelized) was at 3% of single-family completions in 2020, according to Census Bureau Survey of Construction data and NAHB analysis. This share is expected to rise moderately in 2021.

Europe
In the 1940s French designer Jean Prouvé designed an aluminum prefabricated house, the Maison Tropicale, for use in Africa.

After the World War II until 1948, Sell-Fertighaus GmbH built over 5,000 prefabricated houses in Germany for the occupying force of the United States.

There is no pan-EU housing standard for this kind of home construction, and regulation is at the national level. EU directives that apply to housing construction and design do not directly affect the modular home sector. However, each modular home must comply with EU's Eurocodes and local building codes.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the word "prefab" is often associated with a specific type of prefabricated house built in large numbers after World War II, such as Airey houses, as a temporary replacement for housing that had been destroyed by bombs, particularly in London. More than 156,000 prefabricated homes were built between 1945 and 1948. Prefabs were also built in World War I, such as the still-occupied houses in Austin Village, Birmingham.

Despite the intention that these dwellings would be a strictly temporary measure, many remained inhabited for years and even decades after the end of the war. A small number are still in use in the 21st century, but others are being demolished. In 2011 it was announced that Britain’s largest remaining prefab estate of 187 homes in Lewisham, South-East London, was to be redeveloped except for six homes.

MMC and modular homes
During the 2010s, as government backing (including via Homes England) for 'modern methods of construction' (MMC) grew, several UK companies (for example, Ilke Homes, L&G Modular and Homes by Urban Splash) were established to develop modular homes as an alternative to traditionally-built residences. A development of 36 apartments, called y:cube, was constructed by SIG Plc Building Systems for the YMCA in Mitcham, South London in 2015. From its Knaresborough, Yorkshire factory (opened in 2018, closed in 2023), Ilke Homes delivered two- and three-bedroom 'modular' homes that could be erected in 36 hours.

In January 2024, following the high-profile failures of Ilke Homes, L&G Modular and Homes by Urban Splash during 2022 and 2023, the House of Lords Built Environment Committee highlighted that the UK Government needed to take a more coherent approach to addressing barriers affecting adoption of MMC: "If the Government wants the sector to be a success, it needs to take a step back, acquire a better understanding of how it works and the help that it needs, set achievable goals and develop a coherent strategy."

Australia and Asia
In 2010, Bali exported 98,417 prefabricated houses, but in 2011 the region only exported 5,007 units due to the global economic slowdown that affected a number of export destinations. These Balinese prefab houses are well known for their artistic design and practical value.

title: Prefabricated home


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Talk:Telecommunications tariff

[Untitled]
Comments in response to Deletion policy/Teletraffic Engineering. I think that this is too much directed towards the technical side of Tariffing and too little towards the marketing and social side. It may also be seen as a little naïve. Aspects which should be covered include

 * mobile phone subsidies
 * loss leaders
 * non call charges
 * supplementary services
 * SMSs
 * roaming charges in mobile networks
 * imperfect information => ineffective competition
 * the influence of regulation
 * tarriff complexity
 * differentiation (business vs. consumer)

For example, I understand that actually call charges on some mobile networks are actually run at a loss whilst other charges make reasonably large profits.

I don't yet see any other page which this directly duplicates, so it probably represents a useful contribution Mozzerati 17:31, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)

title: Talk:Telecommunications tariff


text:
Ronald Wright

Ronald Wright (born 1948, London, England) is a Canadian author who has written books of travel, history and fiction. His nonfiction includes the bestseller Stolen Continents, winner of the Gordon Montador Award and chosen as a book of the year by The Independent and the Sunday Times. His first novel, A Scientific Romance, won the 1997 David Higham Prize for Fiction and was chosen a book of the year by the Globe and Mail, the Sunday Times, and The New York Times.

Early life and education
He studied archaeology at Cambridge University and later at the University of Calgary, where he was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1996.

Career
Wright has a background in archaeology, history, linguistics, anthropology and comparative culture. He has written both fiction and non-fiction books dealing with anthropology and civilizations.

Wright was selected to give the 2004 Massey Lectures. His contribution, A Short History of Progress, looks at the modern human predicament in light of the 10,000-year experiment with civilization. In it he concludes that human civilization, to survive, would need to become environmentally sustainable, with specific reference to global warming and climate change.

His second book What is America?: A Short History of the New World Order continues the thread begun in A Short History of Progress by examining what Wright calls "the Columbian Age" and consequently the nature and historical origins of modern American imperium. Wright traces the origins of the ideas behind A Short History of Progress to the material he studied while writing A Scientific Romance and his 2000 essay for The Globe and Mail titled "Civilization is a Pyramid Scheme" about the fall of the ninth-century Mayan civilization. His book The Gold Eaters was a novel set during the Spanish invasion of the Inca Empire in the 1520s–1540s, was published in 2015. His 1992 non-fiction book Stolen Continents was awarded the 1993 Gordon Montador Award from the Writers' Trust of Canada and his 1997 novel A Scientific Romance, about a museum curator who travels into the future and investigates the fate of the human race, won the David Higham Prize for Fiction for first-time novelists. The novel, Henderson's Spear, published in 2001, was about a jailed filmmaker piecing together her family history in Polynesia.

Wright is a contributor to the Times Literary Supplement, and has written and presented documentaries for radio and television on both sides of the Atlantic.

Awards

 * 1986 Canadian Science Writers' Association Award, for "The Lamanai Enigma"
 * 1990 Shortlist, Trillium Book Award, for Time Among the Maya
 * 1991 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Literary Award, for "Going to the Wall"
 * 1992 Nominated, Author of the Year, CBA Libris Award, for Stolen Continents
 * 1993 Gordon Montador Award, for Stolen Continents
 * 1995 The Globe and Mail Editor's Choice, for A Scientific Romance
 * 1996 Honorary Doctorate, University of Calgary
 * 1997 David Higham Prize for Fiction for A Scientific Romance
 * 1998 The Sunday Times (UK) Book of the Year, for A Scientific Romance
 * 2005 Finalist, British Columbia Achievement Foundation Award for Canadian Non-Fiction, for A Short History of Progress
 * 2005 CBA Libris Award, "Non-Fiction Book of the Year," for A Short History of Progress

Personal life
In 2004, Wright moved from Ontario to one of the Gulf Islands in British Columbia.

title: Ronald Wright


text:
Theon of Smyrna

Theon of Smyrna (Θέων ὁ Σμυρναῖος Theon ho Smyrnaios, gen. Θέωνος Theonos; fl. 100 CE) was a Greek philosopher and mathematician, whose works were strongly influenced by the Pythagorean school of thought. His surviving On Mathematics Useful for the Understanding of Plato is an introductory survey of Greek mathematics.

Life
Little is known about the life of Theon of Smyrna. A bust created at his death, and dedicated by his son, was discovered at Smyrna, and art historians date it to around 135 CE. Ptolemy refers several times in his Almagest to a Theon who made observations at Alexandria, but it is uncertain whether he is referring to Theon of Smyrna. The lunar impact crater Theon Senior is named for him.

Works
Theon wrote several commentaries on the works of mathematicians and philosophers of the time, including works on the philosophy of Plato. Most of these works are lost. The one major survivor is his On Mathematics Useful for the Understanding of Plato. A second work concerning the order in which to study Plato's works has recently been discovered in an Arabic translation.

On Mathematics Useful for the Understanding of Plato
His On Mathematics Useful for the Understanding of Plato is not a commentary on Plato's writings but rather a general handbook for a student of mathematics. It is not so much a groundbreaking work as a reference work of ideas already known at the time. Its status as a compilation of already-established knowledge and its thorough citation of earlier sources is part of what makes it valuable.

The first part of this work is divided into two parts, the first covering the subjects of numbers and the second dealing with music and harmony. The first section, on mathematics, is most focused on what today is most commonly known as number theory: odd numbers, even numbers, prime numbers, perfect numbers, abundant numbers, and other such properties. It contains an account of 'side and diameter numbers', the Pythagorean method for a sequence of best rational approximations to the square root of 2, the denominators of which are Pell numbers. It is also one of the sources of our knowledge of the origins of the classical problem of Doubling the cube.

The second section, on music, is split into three parts: music of numbers (hē en arithmois mousikē), instrumental music (hē en organois mousikē), and "music of the spheres" (hē en kosmō harmonia kai hē en toutō harmonia). The "music of numbers" is a treatment of temperament and harmony using ratios, proportions, and means; the sections on instrumental music concerns itself not with melody but rather with intervals and consonances in the manner of Pythagoras' work. Theon considers intervals by their degree of consonance: that is, by how simple their ratios are. (For example, the octave is first, with the simple 2:1 ratio of the octave to the fundamental.) He also considers them by their distance from one another.

The third section, on the music of the cosmos, he considered most important, and ordered it so as to come after the necessary background given in the earlier parts. Theon quotes a poem by Alexander of Ephesus assigning specific pitches in the chromatic scale to each planet, an idea that would retain its popularity for a millennium thereafter.

The second book is on astronomy. Here Theon affirms the spherical shape and large size of the Earth; he also describes the occultations, transits, conjunctions, and eclipses. However, the quality of the work led Otto Neugebauer to criticize him for not fully understanding the material he attempted to present.

On Pythagorean Harmony
Theon was a great philosopher of harmony and he discusses semitones in his treatise. There are several semitones used in Greek music, but of this variety, there are two that are very common. The “diatonic semitone” with a value of 16/15 and the “chromatic semitone” with a value of 25/24 are the two more commonly used semitones (Papadopoulos, 2002). In these times, Pythagoreans did not rely on irrational numbers for understanding of harmonies and the logarithm for these semitones did not match with their philosophy. Their logarithms did not lead to irrational numbers, however Theon tackled this discussion head on. He acknowledged that “one can prove that” the tone of value 9/8 cannot be divided into equal parts and so it is a number in itself. Many Pythagoreans believed in the existence of irrational numbers, but did not believe in using them because they were unnatural and not positive integers. Theon also does an amazing job of relating quotients of integers and musical intervals. He illustrates this idea in his writings and through experiments. He discusses the Pythagoreans method of looking at harmonies and consonances through half-filling vases and explains these experiments on a deeper level focusing on the fact that the octaves, fifths, and fourths correspond respectively with the fractions 2/1, 3/2, and 4/3. His contributions greatly contributed to the fields of music and physics (Papadopoulos, 2002).

title: Theon of Smyrna


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Silvano Piovanelli

Silvano Piovanelli (21 February 1924 – 9 July 2016) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Florence from 1983 to 2001, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.

Biography
Silvano Piovanelli was born in Borgo San Lorenzo, in the province of Florence, on 21 February 1924. He studied at the seminary of Florence from 1935 to 1947, and was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Elia Dalla Costa on 13 July 1947. He then served as a curate in the industrial town of Rifredi until October 1948, when he became vice-rector of minor seminary of Florence. He resumed his pastoral ministry in 1961 as a parish priest in Castelfiorentino, and was raised to the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness on 26 October 1966. From 1979 to 1982, he was vicar general of the Archdiocese of Florence.

On 28 May 1982, Piovanelli was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Florence and Titular Bishop of Tubunae in Mauretania by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 24 June from Cardinal Giovanni Benelli, with Bishops Antonio Bagnoli and Giovanni Bianchi serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral-Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore. He selected as his episcopal motto: "In Verbo Tuo". Following the unexpected death of Cardinal Benelli in October 1982, Piovanelli was promoted to Archbishop of Florence on 18 March 1983. John Paul II created him Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria delle Grazie a Via Trionfale in the consistory of 25 May 1985.

After an 18-year-long tenure, he retired as Archbishop on 21 March 2001. He lost the right to participate in a papal conclave upon reaching the age of 80 on 21 February 2004.

Piovanelli died in his sleep on the morning of 9 July 2016 at the age of 92, after three months hospitalisation in a Florence retirement home for priests. Days before his death, he was telephoned by Pope Francis on the pontiff's visit to the city. His funeral Mass was celebrated in the late afternoon of 12 July 2016 by cardinal Giuseppe Betori and his remains were buried in Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral.

title: Silvano Piovanelli


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CNBC - MSN MoneyII

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 13:14, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

CNBC - MSN MoneyII
Article about a single chat room on MSN Money. We don't even have an article about MSN Money itself. Not encyclopedic. This article was also created as link spam for some emoticon web site. Rhobite 17:34, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Anonymous Cow 17:53, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --DDerby 18:01, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This is not spam. The list of emoticons is used to help users find the emoticons, even if the article is incomplete. The link is not to promote any products or services on the referenced site. It's used to find a complete list of emoticons that can't be found on Microsoft Web sites. And just because there's no MSN Money article, that doesn't mean that the article or articles that link there have to be deleted. Whether it's "encyclopedic" or not is subjective. If you don't like the topic, just don't read the article. Do not delete --User:2005-04-08T13:18Z
 * Delete. Chat rooms are not encyclopedic and it does look like spam for the linked emoticon web site. -- Antaeus Feldspar 20:10, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've removed the spam, but that doesn't make the article's subject any more notable. android↔talk 20:15, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as chat-room-cruft.   — J I P | Talk 20:58, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Related website may deserve an article - a short mention of the chat room can be put there. But chat rooms certainly don't deserve their own articles. Delete. Mgm|(talk) 21:20, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Radiant_* 22:28, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Dsmdgold 02:39, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, cruft. Megan1967 04:33, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Mgm. Vlad M V  ٭ talk 22:04, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Stopped pipe

For a May 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Stopped pipe

title: Talk:Stopped pipe


text: Category:Egyptian explorers

title: Category:Egyptian explorers


text:
Talk:RPGnet

Views on politics
I think the widespread view out there that RPG.net, particularly its tangency forum, is very left leaning (and strongly critical of America) should get some mention in the article. Not suggesting we state that it is left leaning, only mention the view out there (which is the single biggest criticism of RPGnet). 98.110.177.20 (talk) 15:05, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

I don't think this is important. I find gamers to be a mix of Conservatives and Liberals, but just because they go off on tangents declaring their liberal ideas hardly makes it that the "political mood" should be mentioned as such in an article. The subject of the forums is Role Play Gaming- a subject that is hardly political- and that is why 99% of people go there. I have been annoyed by the rants of Conservatives there as well. Also, the assumption that lefties are "critical of America" probably comes from the fact you disagree with the commenting. If you have a problem with political flaming, contact the RPG.net administration and discuss the problem.

And it is hardly the single biggest criticism. That would be the moderators and a set of board rules that basically ends with "The staff moderates to the spirit of the rules and the context at hand. Conforming to the rules to the letter is not a magic talisman against moderation if your posts are bad for the forum." What is bad for the forum is opinion, ill defined, and not the same from mod to mod (it can vary wildly). Sometimes being on the forum is like walking on eggshells.

Stilleon (talk) 06:49, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

Maybe you guys should add that they banned advocacy of Trump in 2018 saying that his administration was an "elected hate group". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2804:14D:5C35:97A8:40CF:A46D:6601:4B6F (talk) 02:45, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure it's notable enough to warrant a mention yet. Hate speech, white nationalism and such where all already banned under RPGnet's previous rules. While the formalization made a brief splash in the TTRPG community and inspired Ravelry's recent change of policy, that's about it. I'm not sure we can even find reliable articles on the subject to cite. — Radnyr  ( talk ) 16:35, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

Citations Needed
There are bucket loads of Citation Needed markers in this thing. Should those sentences just be nixed at this point? 107.3.64.211 (talk) 18:48, 5 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Some markers lack reasons and make no sense at first glance, unless they're a request to link to archived versions of the site. IE: the marker for "Reviews have been an important part of RPGnet since its inception". Of the site sections present in early 1997 only reviews remains. This alone makes its importance self-evident. Others don't seem to be requests to clarify statements, but attempts to nitpick on specifics of the content found on the site mentioned in this article, as "Most columns cover gamemasters offering advice on running roleplaying games to other gamemasters, but there is some variety". What sort of ref would validate such statement except for a direct link to the site's content? That would be a pointless self-reference. If we have to nix something, it's the superfluous Citation Need markers. 2804:14d:5c70:8c39:9047:de69:647f:b2f2 (talk) 16:27, 13 November 2018 (UTC)
 * After carefully reviewing the contributions made by the user that added most Citation Needed markers, I came to the conclusion they were intended to vandalize the article, just like the other edits by this user, which are now long reverted. Therefore, I'm removing the random Citation Need markers. Please, follow the template and add a reason in case you feel any of the removed markers are truly needed. 2804:14d:5c70:8c39:9047:de69:647f:b2f2 (talk) 16:42, 13 November 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.67.157.218 (talk)

Visible infractions
As an examination of the forums will show, Infractions are no longer visible to non-members. 47.148.91.54 (talk) 04:49, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * And? This doesn't contradict the article. Just because you have to be a member doesn't mean it isn't open to the public. Anyone can open an account. It's not hidden behind admin privileges or the like, everyone on the board can see them, therefore it's public. Canterbury Tail talk 10:50, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:RPGnet


text:
Gotthard

Gotthard or Saint Gotthard (Italian: San Gottardo) may refer to:

People

 * Gotthard of Hildesheim (960–1038), Roman Catholic saint
 * Gotthard Heinrici (1886–1971), German General
 * Uziel Gal, who grew up as Gotthard Glas

Places

 * Saint-Gotthard Massif, a mountain range in Switzerland
 * Gotthard nappe, the geological structure underneath the Saint-Gotthard Massif
 * Gotthard Pass, a mountain pass between Airolo (Ticino) and Andermatt (Uri) in Switzerland
 * Tunnels underneath Gotthard Pass:
 * Gotthard Rail Tunnel (1882)
 * Gotthard Road Tunnel (1980)
 * Gotthard Base Tunnel (2016, part of the NRLA)
 * Gotthard railway line, a trans-alpine railway line in Switzerland
 * Sankt Gotthard im Mühlviertel, a village in Upper Austria
 * Szentgotthárd, a town in Western Hungary

Other uses

 * Gotthard (band), a Swiss hard rock band
 * Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664), a battle in the Austro-Turkish War fought near Szentgotthárd
 * Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705), a battle in Rákóczi's War for Independence fought near Szentgotthárd
 * Gotthard (album)

title: Gotthard


text: User talk:69.23.252.235

title: User talk:69.23.252.235


text: Category:South African mathematicians

title: Category:South African mathematicians


text:
Sarah, Plain and Tall

Sarah, Plain and Tall is a children's book written by Patricia MacLachlan and the winner of the 1986 Newbery Medal, the 1986 Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction, and the 1986 Golden Kite Award. It explores themes of loneliness, abandonment, and coping with change.

Sarah, Plain and Tall was adapted as both a television film in 1991 and a one-act children's musical that was performed Off-Broadway in 2002. The book was followed by four sequels exploring the Witting family after Sarah's arrival: Skylark, Caleb's Story, More Perfect Than the Moon, and Grandfather's Dance.

Plot overview
The story is set in the Midwestern United States during the late 19th century. Jacob Witting, a widowed farmer who is still saddened by the death of his wife during childbirth several years before, finds that the task of taking care of his farm and two children, Anna and Caleb, is too difficult for him to handle alone. He writes an ad in the newspaper for a mail-order bride. Sarah Wheaton of Maine answers it and decides to travel to their home for a trial period of one month, in hopes of marrying Jacob.

While Anna is initially apprehensive about Sarah as she still has memories of her late mother, Caleb is excited and deeply hopes that she will stay. When she arrives, Anna notices that she is lonely and misses the sea. She is stubborn and persistent, and she gradually wins over Jacob with her insistence on learning and helping out with farm tasks. The Wittings become attached to her, even though Caleb constantly worries that their home is not enough for her and that she misses the sea. When she goes to town by wagon on her own, Anna tries to reassure Caleb that she will return, while secretly fearing that she will not. They are overjoyed when she returns by nightfall. Admitting that she misses the sea, she says that she would miss them more if she left. Anna reveals that Jacob and Sarah are married soon afterward.

Characters

 * Sarah Wheaton, a young woman from Maine, finds inspiration to transform her life following her brother's marriage. She decides to answer Jacob's ad and falls in love with the Witting family and stays with them on their Midwestern farm.
 * Anna Witting is the older sister of Caleb and daughter of Jacob. She is also the narrator of the novel.
 * Caleb Witting is the younger brother of Anna and son of Jacob. His mother died shortly after giving birth to him.
 * Jacob Witting is a widower and farmer who lives in the Midwest with his two children, Anna and Caleb, from his late wife.
 * Matthew is the Wittings' neighbor, who placed an ad in the newspaper to find his wife Maggie.
 * Maggie is Mathew's wife and becomes friends with Sarah.

Themes
According to Rita Buchoff, a professor of Children's Literature at the University of Central Florida, Sarah, Plain and Tall provides readers with the opportunity to explore themes such as “issues of family life, loneliness, hardship, and acceptance of life’s experiences.” Additionally, Martha Saxton, in a review for The New York Times, asserted that the novel teaches lessons about love and harmony.

Background
Patricia MacLachlan began writing Sarah, Plain and Tall while living in New England as she missed her home in Wyoming. She was inspired to create Sarah’s character by familial stores recounted by her mother during her childhood. MacLachlan described her writing process as taking place in her home's music room, where she worked on a typewriter, accompanied by her dogs.

Reception
Following the novel's release, a New York Times book review by Martha Saxton characterized the work as an "exquisite, sometimes painfully touching little tale." Saxton also wrote about the effect the novel will have on readers, stating, "The gentle book cannot fail to touch readers."

Karen Cushman, acclaimed author of Newbery Medal winners The Midwife's Apprentice (1995) and Catherine, Called Birdy (1994), expressed in a 2010 interview on historical fiction for children that Sarah, Plain and Tall holds a special place as her favorite Newbery-winning book, deeming it "a nearly perfect book."

In a 2022 article, Patricia MacLachlan reflected on the enduring legacy of Sarah, Plain and Tall, attributing its vitality to the ongoing connection with the children who continue to read the story. She shared that she regularly receives letters from children expressing their love for the book, and some visit her home to give her drawings inspired by the story, illustrating the impact the novel holds for them.

Awards
In 1986, Patricia MacLachlan received the Newbery Medal for Sarah, Plain and Tall, an accolade recognizing outstanding contributions to American literature for children. The novel also received the Scott O’Dell Award for Historical Fiction and the Golden Kite Award for children’s fiction both in the same year, acknowledging excellence in the realm of children's literature. Furthermore, in 1985, it was selected as a Cooperative Children’s Book Center (CCBC) Choices selection.

Educational use
Sarah, Plain and Tall has found application in both classroom and writing workshops. Karen Cushman, a recipient of the Newbery Medal, utilized the novel's first page in an adult writing class, asserting that MacLachlan encapsulates "everything that you have to do in a first chapter, or in a first fifty pages" within a single page.

In educational settings, Sarah, Plain and Tall has been chosen for read-aloud sessions by teachers for the novel's social pragmatic purpose, content, and theme. In addition, as noted by professor of children's literature Rita Buchoff, Sarah, Plain and Tall serves as a valuable resource for addressing issues of family life, loneliness, hardship, and acceptance of life's experiences, making it a good novel for teachers and parents to read to children. Recognizing the need for a broader perspective, some institutions like the American Library Association, suggest pairing Sarah, Plain and Tall with contemporary works such as Prairie Lotus (2020) by Linda Sue Park or The Many Reflections of Miss Jane Deming (2017) by J. Anderson Coats. They believe that these companion reads will not only supplement potentially outdated information, limited point of view, and old-fashioned attitudes in older Newbery Medal winners, but also offer nuanced perspectives on themes like moving for a new life and harboring hope for change, that would enrich the overall reading experience of Sarah, Plain and Tall.

Film adaptations
The book was adapted into a 1991 television film of the same name that is directed and produced by Glenn Jordan from a teleplay by MacLachlan and Carol Sobieski. The film stars Glenn Close and Christopher Walken, and received nine Primetime Emmy Award nominations (winning one).

The next two books in the series, Skylark and Caleb's Story, were the basis for two more television films—Skylark and Sarah, Plain and Tall: Winter's End. MacLachlan wrote them, and the same actors played the roles of Sarah, Jacob, Anna, and Caleb.

Stage adaptation
The book was made into a one-act children's musical and produced by TheatreWorksUSA. The score is by Laurence O'Keefe and Nell Benjamin. It ran Off-Broadway at the Lucille Lortel Theatre during summer 2002 with a cast that included Becca Ayers as Sarah and John Lloyd Young as Caleb. It was brought back to New York in 2004, with a sold-out three-week run off-Broadway. It also ran at the O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut in August 2003, with direction by Joe Calarco and featuring Kaitlin Hopkins.

Sequels
Sarah, Plain and Tall is the first book in Patricia MacLachlan's five book series. The books that follow are:

 * Skylark (1994) – In the sequel to Sarah, Plain and Tall, while Jacob deals with the prairie that suffers from a drought, Sarah takes the children to her home in Maine to take refuge.
 * Caleb's Story (2001) – In the third installment, narrated by Caleb, Jacob is reunited with his father and Sarah has her baby, Cassie. In addition, Anna takes a job in town working for a local doctor and leaves Caleb with the task of recording the family's history in a journal.
 * More Perfect than the Moon (2004) – In the fourth book in the series, Cassie writes her observations on life on the farm with her family. Sarah becomes pregnant again and Cassie has to come to terms with her feelings of abandonment.
 * Grandfather's Dance (2006) – In last novel of the series, narrated by Cassie, Sarah helps Anna plan her wedding to Justin. Cassie develops a close bond with her newborn brother Jack. The series ends with Anna's wedding that has similarities to Sarah and Jacob's wedding.

title: Sarah, Plain and Tall


text:
Talk:Dactyls (mythology)

Comments
Ought there to be some linguistic note connecting the Dactyls with the fingers of the dactylic meter of poetry?

 * Is there a close connection? --Wetman 17:45, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Possible improvements
Should "When Greeks offered a most solemn oath, often they would press their hands against the earth as they uttered it." be revised to tell the reader which Greeks? Greeks in mythology? Greeks up to 500 BC? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.73.247.15 (talk) 16:31, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dactyls (mythology)


text:
Marian Finucane

Marian Finucane (21 May 1950 – 2 January 2020) was an Irish broadcaster with RTÉ. Finucane began working with the national broadcaster in 1974, starting as a continuity announcer. She went on to host Women Today (1979–1983), the first Irish women's affairs radio programme presented and produced by women, as well as its successor, The Women's Programme (1983–1986); she was the first presenter of Liveline (1985–1999); and she also presented The Marian Finucane Show at weekend lunchtimes on RTÉ Radio 1 until her death.

Career
Marian Finucane was born in Dublin and educated at Scoil Chaitríona, Glasnevin. She studied architecture at Dublin College of Technology in Bolton Street. Finucane practised as an architect until 1974 when she joined RTÉ as a continuity announcer, having been recruited by Eoghan Harris. In 1976 she became a programme presenter, working mainly on programmes concerned with contemporary social issues, especially those concerning women, in particular Women Today.

Finucane in 1979 was the recipient of a Jacobs' Award for Women Today. Her Liveline radio programme was a combined interview and phone-in chat show on weekday afternoons. In 1980 Finucane won the Prix Italia for a documentary on abortion: she interviewed a woman who was about to have an abortion, had travelled with her to England, been with her in the hospital and talked to her afterwards. The Radio Journalist of the Year Award followed in 1988.

Her television work included information programming on RTÉ such as Consumer Choice and the Garda investigation programme Crimeline.

On Gay Byrne's retirement in 1999, Finucane took over his mid-morning radio slot to present The Marian Finucane Show. Another broadcaster, Joe Duffy, took over Liveline. On 24 June 2005, Finucane presented her final Marian Finucane Show in the weekday morning timeslot. Later that afternoon she received an honorary degree from NUI Galway. Apart from recognising her media work, this degree was in recognition of her work raising funds, along with Clarke, towards the building of an AIDS hospice and orphanage in Cape Town, South Africa. In June 2005 she was replaced in her radio timeslot by Ryan Tubridy; in turn she took over morning slots on Saturday and Sunday.

Personal life and death
Finucane grew up in Glasnevin in Dublin. Her father Daniel Finucane was a Garda sergeant, and her mother Maura Finucane was a teacher at Francis Xavier School. Her father died when she was 12.

Her first marriage ended in separation. She then had two children with her boyfriend, John Clarke. Their daughter developed leukaemia and died, aged eight, in 1990. She and Clarke married in January 2015.

Finucane suffered from heart arrhythmia which did not respond to treatment; John Clarke stated after her death that "I believe for two years that she had been very unwell", noting "she wouldn't go to doctors". In one case, Finucane convinced one of her sisters to mimic her symptoms to a doctor in order to obtain a diagnosis.

After a long flight from India where she had attended a friend's wedding, Finucane reported feeling very unwell upon arriving at her home in Naas, County Kildare, and decided to go to bed; she died unexpectedly in her sleep from pneumonia on 2 January 2020, aged 69. Her laboured breathing had been noticed in her final broadcast on 8 December 2019. Her funeral took place on 7 January 2020.

In October 2022 a sculpture in her honour was unveiled outside the RTE Radio Centre in Dublin.

title: Marian Finucane


text:
Morston

Morston is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It covers an area of 8.68 km2 and had a population of 86 in 42 households at the 2001 census. The population remained less than 100 at the 2011 Census and was included in the civil parish of Blakeney. For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of North Norfolk.

The place-name 'Morston' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Merstona. The name means 'marsh town or settlement'.

Like its neighbour Blakeney, Morston, used to be a major port 400 years ago, but is now only used by a small number of fishing boats, leisure craft and the regular seal watching trips which leave for Blakeney Point.

Morston Hall restaurant owned by Galton Blackiston is located in the parish.

Notes about Morston
Harold Davidson (1875 – 1937), the "Rector of Stiffkey" was also the parish priest here.

The father of writer Annie Hall Cudlip commanded the local Coastguard station.

The 1973 Derby Stakes winner was Morston, the horse being named after the village. Running for just the second time he was returned at odds of 25–1. His half-brother Blakeney won the same race in 1969.

Morston is the location of a large annual charity book sale, organised by the Friends of Morston Church.

title: Morston


text:
Harmolodics

Harmolodics is a musical philosophy and method of musical composition and improvisation developed by American jazz saxophonist-composer Ornette Coleman. His work following this philosophy during the late 1970s and 1980s inspired a style of forward-thinking jazz-funk known as harmolodic funk. It is associated with avant-garde jazz and free jazz, although its implications extend beyond these limits. Coleman also used the name "Harmolodic" for both his first website and his record label.

Description
Coleman defined harmolodics as "the use of the physical and the mental of one's own logic made into an expression of sound to bring about the musical sensation of unison executed by a single person or with a group". Applied to the particulars of music, this means that "harmony, melody, speed, rhythm, time and phrases all have equal position in the results that come from the placing and spacing of ideas". (see: aspects of music)

Harmolodics seeks to free musical compositions from any tonal center, allowing harmonic progression independent of traditional European notions of tension and release (see: atonality). Harmolodics may loosely be defined as an expression of music in which harmony, movement of sound, and melody all share the same value. The general effect is that music achieves an immediately open expression, without being constrained by tonal limitations, rhythmic pre-determination, or harmonic rules.

Ronald Radano suggests that Coleman's concepts of harmonic unison and harmolodics were influenced by Pierre Boulez's theory of aleatory while Gunther Schuller suggested that harmolodics is based on the superimposition of the same or similar phrases, thus creating polytonality and heterophony.

Coleman had been preparing a book called The Harmolodic Theory since at least the 1970s, but this remains unpublished. The only other known explanation of harmolodics that was written by Coleman is an article called "Prime Time for Harmolodics" (1983).

Proponents include James Blood Ulmer and Jamaaladeen Tacuma. Ulmer, who played and toured with Coleman during the 1970s, has adopted harmolodics and applied the theories to his approach to jazz and blues guitar (for example, Harmolodic Guitar with Strings).

Record label
In 1995, Coleman and his son, Denardo, established the Harmolodic record label, which had a marketing and distribution arrangement with Verve/PolyGram. The label released its first album, Coleman's Tone Dialing, in September 1995. Harmolodic went on to release new albums by Coleman and Jayne Cortez, and also reissued some of Coleman's previous albums. The label was based in Harlem, New York.

title: Harmolodics


text: Category:Mathematicians by century

title: Category:Mathematicians by century


text:
User:Ivian~enwiki

Hi

I'm spanish guy

See my wikipedia.es's profile

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuario:Ivn

title: User:Ivian~enwiki


text:
John Spottiswoode

John Spottiswoode (Spottiswood, Spotiswood, Spotiswoode or Spotswood) (1565 – 26 November 1639) was an Archbishop of St Andrews, Primate of All Scotland, Lord Chancellor, and historian of Scotland.

Life
He was born in 1565 at Greenbank in Mid Calder, West Lothian, Scotland, the eldest son of John Spottiswood, minister of Calder and superintendent of Lothian. He was educated at the University of Glasgow (MA 1581), and succeeded his father in the parish of Calder in 1583. In 1601 he attended Ludowick, Duke of Lennox, as his chaplain, in an embassy to the court of France, returning in 1603. He followed James VI and I to England on his accession at the Union of the Crowns. He was sent back to Scotland to attend Anne of Denmark as her almoner or "elemosynar", receiving a yearly stipend of £80. In the same year he was nominated to the Archbishop of Glasgow, his consecration in London, however, not taking place until October 1610.

Spottiswoode had originally become prominent as an ardent supporter of the strict Presbyterian party, but gradually came to see the inconveniences of "parity of ministers", attributed little importance to the existing matters of dispute, and thought that the interests of both church and state were best secured by keeping on good terms with the king. He was therefore ready to co-operate with James in curtailing the independent powers of the Kirk which encroached on the royal authority, and in assimilating the Church of Scotland into the Anglican Communion. On 30 May 1605 he became a member of the Scottish Privy Council. In 1608 he worked closely with George Home, Earl of Dunbar in appointing suitable ministers to vacant parishes in the Borders as part of James' programme for bringing peace to the region. In 1610 he presided as moderator over the assembly in which the supremacy of Presbyterianism was abolished. That same year he was consecrated bishop on 21 October by the bishops of London, Ely, Rochester, and Worcester. In 1614, he was instrumental in the arrest in Glasgow, trial, and execution at Glasgow Cross of Fr. John Ogilvie, an underground missionary priest of the strictly illegal Catholic Church in Scotland. In 1615 he was made Archbishop of St Andrews and Episcopalian Primate of Scotland, and in 1618 procured the sanction of the privy council to the Five Articles of Perth with their ratification by parliament in 1621.

In 1633 he crowned Charles I at Holyrood. In 1635 he was appointed Lord Chancellor of Scotland, an office which he retained till 1638. John founded Dairsie Old Church, and re-built Dairsie Castle as a family home. The castle was rebuilt from a ruin in the 1990s, and his family crest is visible inside and outside the buildings.

He was opposed to the new liturgy as inexpedient, but when he could not prevent its introduction he took part in enforcing it. He was a spectator of the riot of St Giles, Edinburgh, on 23 July 1637, endeavoured in vain to avoid disaster by concessions, and on the taking of the Covenant perceived that "now all that we have been doing these thirty years past is thrown down at once." He escaped to Newcastle, was deposed by the assembly on 4 December on a variety of ridiculous charges, and died in London on 26 November 1639, receiving burial in Westminster Abbey on 2 December 1639.

Spottiswoode published in 1620 Refutatio libelli de regimine ecclesiae scoticanae, an answer to a tract of Calderwood, who replied in the Vindiciae subjoined to his Altare damascenum (1623). The only other writing published during his lifetime was the sermon he preached at the Perth assembly. His most considerable work was The History of the Church and State of Scotland (London, 1655, seq.). It displays considerable research and sagacity, and even when dealing with contemporary events gives a favorable impression, upon the whole, of the author's candour and truth. The opposite side can be studied in Calderwood's History.

Criticism
The Secession historian Thomas M'Crie was very critical of Spottiswoode. He said, "Gladstanes was succeeded in the primacy by John Spotswoode, a shrewd and crafty politician, and the author of a History of the Church of Scotland, which, as has been well observed, might more properly be called "Calumnies against the Church of Scotland." This historian, as appears from his private correspondence, was engaged in all the Jesuitical plots of the government for overturning Presbytery, which he had sworn to support, and could hardly be expected to give a fair account of transactions in which his own credit was so deeply implicated, and for his share in which he was afterwards excommunicated by the Church which he had betrayed. His falsehoods and misrepresentations have been so completely exposed, that to appeal to him now as an authority on any point of history affecting the cause of Presbytery, may be set down at once as a mark of blindfolded prejudice."

In a 2011 biography of Scottish Roman Catholic martyr Fr. Alexander Cameron, Monsignor Thomas Wynne, a priest of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles, was equally critical of Archbishop Spottiswoode, "Of all the priests who fell into the hands of the Scottish Government after the Reformation, John Ogilvie was the only one to be executed. There were two reasons for his execution: firstly, he was far too successful in his work as a priest; and, secondly, Archbishop Spottiswoode, to show his own loyalty in opposing the Papacy, for he was indeed suspect, used Ogilvie's capture and execution as proof of his orthodoxy to the Reformed faith and loyalty to the King. John Ogilvie was executed at Glasgow Cross on 28th February 1615, and his martyrdom has long been recognized by the Church. He was Canonized on 17th October, 1976."

Family
Spottiswoode married Rachel, daughter of David Lindsay, Bishop of Ross, with issue a daughter and two sons:
 * Anne Spottiswoode
 * Sir John Spottiswoode of Dairsie in Fife. He was appointed one of the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber to Charles I of England when a young man, and was knighted by the King as appears by a charter under the great seal, dated 5 June 1621. He died before the restoration of King Charles II. His only son was:
 * 1) John, a staunch loyalist, who joined James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose and was taken prisoner with him and executed immediately after him, on 21 May 1650.
 * Sir Robert, Lord President of the Court of Session (1596–1646), who was captured at the battle of Philiphaugh in 1645 and executed on 20 January 1646.

title: John Spottiswoode


text:
User talk:Halidecyphon/things that really frustrate me

Both good points.

Myself, I just today posted 18 articles on VfD under one heading--somebody saw fit to make an individual page for each and every stop along a commuter rail line going into Miami. They've since all been merged into the Tri-Rail article, but there are still some insisting that they have potential to grow and before we know it we'll be splitting them off into individual articles again.

Right. Like, "This station has a parking lot for ____ cars"?

 * sigh*

As for religious freedom, I think it's unnecessary to have such articles in nearly all cases. There may be rare exceptions where the particular circumstances may merit it, but the fact that these are rare exceptions is testified to by the overwhelming number of red links there. --Jonathan Christensen 17:40, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow, you've been busy! I voted on those tri rail articles. They had better get deleted after all that hard work of yours. Deleting articles is heavy labor! (wipes sweat) But seriously, I agree that a parking lot with some train tracks is far from notable. --Halidecyphon 21:13, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh. I really don't get it... they're pointing to articles about other rail/subway stations as evidence that it can be encyclopediac, but I, of course, think those should be deleted as well. Very disappointing. I think maybe I'll take a break from VfD for a while. I hadn't realised that making a seperate stop for each station was not at all uncommon. --Jonathan Christensen 08:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"Status of religious freedom"
I notice that you have added the "Status of religious freedom" template to one of your user pages. Unfortunately, this has the effect of adding your user page to the list of articles regarding the topic. Category:Status_of_religious_freedom_by_country. Can you please find a way of copying the info in so that you can deactivate the template, or just link to it? (like this template:SOreligiousfreedomATW ) Thanks, -Willmcw 20:24, May 1, 2005 (UTC)

It's been over a year. Will you accomodate the request noted above? Deet 03:15, 20 May 2006 (UTC)


text:
Paul Kelly (criminal)

Paul Kelly (born Francesco Paolo Antonio Vaccarelli; December 23, 1876 – April 3, 1936) was an Italian-born American mobster, who founded the Five Points Gang in New York City. He had started some brothels with prize money earned in boxing. Five Points Gang was one of the last dominant street gangs in New York history. Kelly recruited young, poor men from the ethnically diverse immigrant neighborhoods of Lower Manhattan. The Five Points Gang included some who later became prominent criminals in their own right, including Johnny Torrio, Al Capone, Lucky Luciano, Meyer Lansky and Frankie Yale.

At the peak of his criminal career, Kelly was ranked by The New York Times in 1912 as "perhaps the most successful and the most influential gangster in New York history". Kelly was said to support election of Democratic Tammany Hall politicians with his gang's activities at elections.

After open street warfare with the Eastman Gang in the early twentieth century, which also had ties with Tammany Hall, Kelly and Eastman were ordered by the politicians to end their competition with a boxing match. It ended in a draw. Tammany Hall politicians finally withdrew protection for Eastman, who was convicted and imprisoned on larceny charges in 1904. Kelly lost support when politicians wanted to clean up the Bowery. Gradually he became involved in rackets of the longshoremen's union.

Known for his high culture and gentle manners, Kelly is considered the first in the United States to organize crime on a business model. He cultivated a distinguished and sophisticated image, in contrast to the brutish attitude of his peers. Jay Robert Nash refers to him as "the real father of organized crime in America" and "the first modern-day underworld boss".

Early life
He was born in Pietrapertosa, a village in the Italian region of Basilicata, to Michele Vaccarelli and Angela LaCava. His family moved back and forth between Italy and the United States, before finally settling in New York City. He worked as a longshoreman in the early 1890s and later as a clerk in an Italian bank. He spent his nights frequenting dive bars in the Bowery, Manhattan, where he reportedly became involved in gang fights. Vaccarelli started as a boxer in the bantamweight division. Around this time he changed his name to Paul Kelly, for association with the politically dominant, ethnic Irish politicians. His career was short and quite successful. In 1897 he was described by the Bridgeport Herald newspaper as one of the "fastest and cleanest little boxers in the business". He used his boxing earnings to open brothels and athletic clubs, growing a number of followers. The clubs served as front organizations for young hoodlums, forming the nucleus of the Five Points Gang.

Five Points Gang
Offering his services to Tammany Hall politician "Big" Tim Sullivan, Kelly was alleged to have used his gang to help elect Tom Foley against Tammany Hall incumbent Paddy Divver. The latter was a local saloon owner campaigning to keep the red-light districts out of the Fourth Ward during the 1901 Second Assembly District primary elections. On the day of the primary on September 17, Kelly's gang of over 1,500 men assaulted Divver supporters, blocked polling booths, and committed numerous acts of voter fraud to win the election for Foley. Some voted several times during the day; one gang member claimed that "I got in 53 votes."

Foley was the challenger, not the incumbent. The Second District already had numerous houses of prostitution as Divver, a judge and longtime Tammany leader had to know. Divver was reported to have drawn a pistol on a personal enemy. Kelly later gained control of the vice districts of the Fourth and Sixth Wards, including prostitution, and controlled a virtual criminal monopoly in the Five Points.

In 1903 Kelly was arrested for assault and robbery and served nine months in jail. On release, Kelly formed the Paul Kelly Association, an athletic club which he used to recruit younger men for his criminal organization. The headquarters were located at 24 Stanton Street.

He soon opened the New Brighton Athletic Club, a two-story cafe and dance hall at 57 Great Jones Street (between Lafayette and Bowery). Kelly charmed socialites and other prominent citizens who frequented his club. Always well dressed, Kelly spoke Italian, French and Spanish fluently, and appreciated fine art and classical music. His educated and sophisticated persona impressed many of New York's elite. During that time, Kelly's organization expanded into other parts of Manhattan and parts of New Jersey. Some of his top gunmen, such as "Kid Twist" Max Zwerbach and Richie Fitzpatrick, became alienated, defecting to the Eastman Gang, where they struggled for power after Eastman was sent to prison. Others, such as Johnny Spanish, went out on their own.

Rivalry with Monk Eastman
Kelly's main rival was Monk Eastman, whose gang of more than 2,000 controlled New York's Lower East Side. Eastman, an old-fashioned thug of the 19th century, was the opposite of the "cultured" Kelly. While both gangs were under the control of Tammany Hall, the gangs frequently had armed conflict among their members for control of the "neutral" territory along the Bowery.

During a brawl between members of the two factions, Kelly punched Jack Shimsky in the nose. Shimsky, one of Eastman's best subordinates, sought revenge by challenging Kelly to a boxing match. Despite his short stature (5' 2") and slender build, Kelly won the fight. He knocked out Shimsky (a 6', 230-pound man) in the third round. An unconscious Shimsky was carried out of the ring by his seconds.

Kelly's Five Points Gang controlled the area to the west of the Bowery, and Eastman's, everything to the east. Tammany Hall wanted a neutral area between them to be off-limits. When the gangs fought openly over the territory, attracting police attention and civic outrage when civilians were wounded, Tammany Hall called Kelly and Eastman to a sit-down meeting. Officials ordered them to have a boxing match to settle the issue. The winner would take control of the prized neutral territory, and the war would end. Both parties agreed, and Kelly and Eastman duked it out, but the fight ended in a draw. The gangs resumed warfare.

Eastman was arrested for robbing a man on the West Side who was being tailed by Pinkerton detectives hired by his family to protect him. Eastman was convicted of robbery, and Tammany Hall, eager to end the warfare between the gangs, declined to provide protection. Eastman was sentenced to 10 years in Sing Sing Prison.

Kelly's downfall
With Eastman's arrest, Kelly completely controlled New York. He had internal competition, and in November 1905, Kelly's former lieutenants, Pat "Razor" Riley and James T. "Biff" Ellison, now members of the Gopher Gang, tried to kill him at his New Brighton headquarters. Kelly, drinking with bodyguards Bill Harrington and Rough House Hogan, returned their fire. Harrington died protecting Kelly. Riley and Ellison escaped, and a wounded Kelly was taken to a private hospital before he could be arrested. Kelly turned himself in a month later, but charges were dropped due to his political connections.

Ellison was arrested in 1911, convicted, and sent to prison. He became mentally ill and was placed in an asylum, where he died. Riley was found by police, dead from pneumonia, in his basement hideout in Chinatown. The negative publicity from the attempted assassination resulted in the New York Police Commissioner William McAdoo closing the New Brighton for the protection of its socialite regulars. This marked the decline of Kelly's dominance in the New York underworld.

Final years
Tammany Hall also put pressure on Kelly to lower his profile as it sought to clean up the Bowery. After Kelly closed the New Brighton, he moved operations to the Italian immigrant communities in Harlem and Brooklyn. But he also retained ties to his old neighborhood, becoming a vice president of the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) under his Americanized birth name of Paul Vaccarelli. He was based in the Chelsea area.

Kelly/Vaccarelli was expelled from the ILA in 1919, but returned to it later that year. He took leadership of a spontaneous port-wide strike begun in protest against a wage increase of only five cents an hour, which management had agreed to. With the support of Mayor John F. Hylan, Kelly was appointed to a commission to resolve the strike. He ended it but did not achieve any concessions for the strikers.

Kelly became a labor racketeer, providing muscle in labor disputes during the 1920s. He died of natural causes in 1936.

In popular culture

 * Richard Condon's novel Mile High (1969), features Kelly in the first third of the novel. He explores a young super-criminal who invented Prohibition and organized crime for his private profit.
 * Caleb Carr features Kelly as a character in his historical crime novel The Alienist (1994). In the 2018 TV series adaptation, Kelly is portrayed by Antonio Magro.

title: Paul Kelly (criminal)


text:
Talk:New York State Route 25A

New Source on 25A found
I found an article on NY 25A. Long Island Magazine(Sunday Newsday): Route 25A -- A Personal Journey; November 19, 1981. It could be useful for somethings in here. DanTD (talk) 14:42, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

North Hempstead Turnpike
This section has the weasel phrase "some people feel." In fact the entire route of NY 25A was the North Hempstead Turnpike from Queens Plaza to Wading River. From that point the turnpike followed Sound Avenue, New Middle Road, Riverhead Greenport Road, North Road, and Main Road (NY25) all the way to Orient Point. The old Rand McNally auto trail maps such as the 1925 US atlas show the road marked in this way. Also, what is today 25A was the original path of NY 25 according to these maps. - Parsa (talk) 17:07, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I've got an image of a North Hempstead Turnpike street name sign at Berry Hill Road in Oyster Bay Cove right here. I'm going to try to get the one of Northern Boulevard at NY 108, although I wasn't able to see anything from the Google Maps views of the intersection with NY 106. Incidentally, the west side of the Route 25A-Berry Hill Road intersection is where the Seaford-Oyster Bay Expressway was supposed to run. DanTD (talk) 14:53, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

More on North Hempstead Turnpike
A little more on the "North Hempstead Turnpike;" There's some evidence that it was a pre-automotive turnpike, one of which was in the form of the historic Roslyn East Gate Toll House in Greenvale, which has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1977. A couple of old maps of Queens I've seen indicate that the turnpike included part of what is today part of Kissena Boulevard and a few other streets I forgot about. DanTD (talk) 14:48, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:New York State Route 25A


text:
User:Duncharris/russians

Names of some Russian biologists:

 * Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov / Ilya Mechnikov
 * Ivan Petrovich Pavlov / Ivan Pavlov
 * Dimitri Ivanovski
 * Georgii Adamovich Nadson / Georgii Nadson
 * Sergei Gavrilovich Navashin /Sergei Navashin
 * Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov / Nikolai Koltsov
 * Mikhail Tsvet /Mikhail Semenovich Tswett
 * Gregory Andreevich Levitsky / Gregory Levitsky
 * Sergei Sergeevich Chetverikov / Sergei Chetverikov
 * Georgii Karlovich Meister / Georgii Meister /
 * Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov / Nikolai Vavilov
 * Gregory Filippov
 * Georgii Dimitrievich Karpechenko / Georgii Karpechenko

title: User:Duncharris/russians


text: Talk:Politik

title: Talk:Politik


text:
Talk:List of political parties in the United Arab Emirates

Untitled
Why does this page exist? 82.70.93.66 17:42, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page exists as part of a series list of political parties by country. These pages are also made when no party in a specific country exists. Election World 10:10, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)