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Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire

Cottingham is a large village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies 4 mi north-west of the centre of Kingston upon Hull, and 6 mi south-east of Beverley on the eastern edge of the Yorkshire Wolds. It has two main shopping streets, Hallgate and King Street, which cross each other near the Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, and a market square called Market Green. Cottingham had a population of 17,164 residents in 2011, making it larger by area and population than many towns. As a result, it is one of the villages claiming to be the largest village in England.

Origin of name
"Cottingham" is thought to derive from both British and Saxon root words: "Cot" from Ket, relating to the deity Ceridwen; ing a water meadow; and ham meaning home; the name corresponding to "habitation in the water meadows of Ket". The name has also been suggested to derive from a man's name "Cotta" plus -inga- (OE belonging to/named after) and ham; corresponding to "habitation of cotta's people". Archaic spellings include Cotingeham (Domesday, 1086), and Cotingham (Charter, 1156; John Leland, 1770).

Medieval period
The pre-Conquest owner of Cottingham was Gamel, the son of Osbert, during the reign of Edward the Confessor in the 11th century. After the Norman Conquest of England the land was in the possession of Hugh fitzBaldric. At this time, the Domesday Book (1086) shows the Cottingham manor included a mill, five fisheries, woodland and farm land. In 1089 the manor was given to Robert Front de Boeuf, founder of the de Stuteville family line. Cottingham was, at this time, in the hundred of Welton in the historic county of Yorkshire.

In 1201, a licence to fortify was obtained by William de Stuteville, marking the beginnings of Baynard Castle, Cottingham. The ownership of the manor passed to the de Wake family through de Stuteville's granddaughter Joan, who married Hugh de Wake. In 1327 further licence to crenellate the castle was given to Thomas Wake. According to legend, the manor house at the castle was destroyed by its owner, in 1541, on account of a proposed visit by Henry VIII; the owner, fearing the monarch's intentions towards his wife, sought to prevent the King's visit by ordering the arson of his own home. To the north-west of the village there was a deer park, first recorded in the 13th century. The park was 4 leagues (12 miles) in circumference and located in the area now known as Cottingham Park, including Crowle Park and Burn Park; it is thought to have fallen out of use and been let for pasture by the 16th century.

Thomas de Cottingham, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England in 1349 and later Master of the Rolls in Ireland, was born in Cottingham in  about 1300 and died 1370.

In 1319, Thomas de Wake received a charter allowing Cottingham to have two annual fairs and a weekly market; he also founded an Augustinian priory, licensed in 1320, and built by 1322. Due to potential disputes over the land it was built on, the priory moved to Newton south of Cottingham in 1325, becoming known as Haltemprice Priory.

By 1352, the lordship of Cottingham had passed from the de Wake family through Thomas Wake's sister Margaret Wake, who married Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (1301–1330) to John, 3rd Earl of Kent (1330–1352). On John's death, the manor passed to Margaret's daughter Joan of Kent ('The Fair Maid of Kent'), from whom the estate passed to Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, her eldest son (whose stepfather was Edward the Black Prince). In 1407, with the Holland family line lacking a male heir, Cottingham was divided into three separate manors, known as Cottingham Richmond, Cottingham Westmoreland, and Cottingham Powis – each incorporated into the estates of the Duke of Richmond; the Earl of Westmoreland and Lord Powis through their marriages to Thomas Holland's daughters.

Cottingham parish church, dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, was built between 1272 and 1370; it is a large cruciform stone-built church in a mixture of the decorated and perpendicular Gothic styles. The tower was built in the 15th century. Nicholas de Luda (died 1382), a capuchin friar, who built or re-built the chancel, is commemorated by a monumental brass in the church. The church was designated a Grade I listed building in 1967.

After 1376, dikes were made to supply water to Kingston upon Hull with fresh water from a source between Cottingham and Anlaby; in 1392, some inhabitants of Cottingham and Anlaby rioted, and about 1,000 people laid siege to Kingston upon Hull, threatening to raze it to the ground. The siege was ultimately unsuccessful with some of the ringleaders hanged at York; their complaint was the extraction of water which they said had deprived them of water, as well the dike having damaged their fields.

After 1402, the water supply of Hull was further improved, bringing more hostility from the surrounding area; the construction of the channel was sabotaged, and the builders attacked; later salt water was let into the Hull supply, and the water was tainted with the carcasses of dead animals. Disputes over the matter continued until resort was made to the Pope (Alexander V), whose successor issued an admonitory letter (20 July 1413), urging them to desist for their own spiritual well-being, after which the nuisance ceased. Sources:

1500–1850
By 1661, the manor house of Southwood Hall had been built to the south-east of the village and is now designated a Grade II* listed building. A schoolhouse was established in the village by John Wardle in around 1666, near to the churchyard. Wardle also established an almshouse adjacent to it, but died in 1668 before it was completed.

In 1712, Mark Kirby left an endowment of land to support the school, renaming the school the Mark Kirby Free School. The church of Saint Mary had pinnacles added to the tower in the 18th century, which may have been strengthened in the same period, other additions included monuments to Ralph Burton (died 1768) and William Burton of Hotham (died 1764). A workhouse, now known as the 'Church House' adjacent to the church grounds was built in 1729 (later modified).

A Georgian villa, later known as 'Kingtree House' was built on King Street around 1750 by Hull merchant Samuel Watson. The gardens were noted by Arthur Young on his tour of northern England (c. 1770).

"'At this place Mr. Watson has a pleasure-ground, which is very well worth seeing; it consists of shrubberies with winding walks, and the imitation of a meandering river through the whole...'"

Snuff was manufactured in the south of the village in the 18th century; towards the end of the century a large mill owned by Quaker William Travis was producing 15 hundredweight of snuff per week. William Travis had a three-storied house built in 1750 next to the mill.

The road from Cottingham to Hull connected with the Hull to Beverley Road (turnpiked by Act of 1744) at Newland toll bar; it was turnpiked as an extension of the Hull to Beverley Road in 1764. A road from Beverley to Hessle, connecting with the Cottingham to Newlands turnpike received a turnpiking act in 1769.

William Travis also acquired land on Thwaite Street in the 1770s and by 1795 had built Cottingham Hall, one of the largest dwellings in the village; it joined other substantial houses including Cottingham House (built pre 1744); Newgate House (built c. 1784); Eastgate House (begun 1776); Westfield (1778); 'Green Wickets' (formerly 'Sycamores', built c. 1780s);  and Northgate House (later Northfields House, built 1780, extended in 1820). By the beginning of the 19th century it was noted as:

"'.. a favourite place of residence for the more opulent portion of the merchants of Hull, ... [with] ..many handsome country houses, gardens and pleasure-grounds.'"

The population of the village in 1792 was 1178 in 284 houses; in addition to being noted as a desirable place to live, the village was also noted as a centre of market gardening, supplying Hull. Other employment activities included two breweries, and a carpet factory (1811).

Several notable houses and halls were constructed in and around Cottingham at around the turn of the 19th century: to the north-west of the village; Cottingham Grange (built 1801); and the nearby Harland Rise (built c. 1800); south-east of the village, on the road to Hull, Springfield House, (early 19th or last decade of the 18th century); within the village: Beech House on Northgate; and Thwaite House (built between 1803 and 1807).

In 1814–6, Thomas Thompson (1754–1828) had a large Gothic house built on high ground about 1 mi west of Cottingham, having acquired 54 acre of land in 1800; the house became known as Cottingham Castle. The house burnt down in 1861, although a folly tower is still extant. Thompson also paid for the reconstruction and expansion of a Wesleyan chapel in 1814, (original building built 1803 ) and was instrumental in the establishment of land set aside for poor families; in 1819 the parish officers reserved 12 acre of land, previously used to fund repairs for the church, for the use of twenty families. Originally named Pauper Village, it was renamed "New Village" in 1829. A chapel for the Independents (Zion Chapel) was established in 1819, replacing a pre-1800 Presbyterian building. The chapel is now designated a Grade II* listed building and an adjoining 1802 minister's house is Grade II listed. A Primitive Methodist chapel was constructed in 1828. A new Methodist church was built in 1878/9.

Elmtree House was built in the early 1800s for John Hebblewhite, Hull draper.

By 1837, the population of Cottingham was nearly 2,500, with over 500 houses. The interior and exteriors of the Church of Saint Mary were restored and renovated in 1845 and 1892 respectively. Monuments to Thomas Thompson (died 1828), and Thomas Perronet Thompson were added in the 19th century. The current (2012) Arlington Hall and Mark Kirby school buildings adjacent to the church were built in the mid 19th century.

The rail network reached Cottingham in October 1846, with the opening of Cottingham railway station and the Hull and Bridlington Railway extension of the Hull and Selby Railway. Cottingham station was built close to and east of the village centre. After the arrival of the railway housing development began for the middle classes of Hull; resulting in the construction of terraced and semi-detached villas.

1850 to present
By the 1850s Cottingham was a substantial village, with housing along its main streets of Northgate, Hallgate, King Street, Newgate Street, South Street, and Thwaite Street. The Provincial Gaslight and Coke Company was established in the 1850s, building a gas works in the village, north of the railway station, at a cost of £3,258. During the 20th century the gas works site was used for a cloth mill, "Station Mills", owned by Paley & Donkin who produced oil press cloths. Additional industry developed on the site north-west of the station, including a saw mill. As of 2012 the mill building are still extant, and in industrial/commercial use.

Until 1857, nearby Skidby was part of the parish of Cottingham.

In 1875, Charles Wilson acquired Thwaite House and extended it, converting it into a substantial mansion. General housing development between the 1850s and 1890 was limited, a terrace of houses was built on the eastern part of Hallgate, close to the railway station. By 1910, additional terraces had been built to the north and east of the village close to the railway, on New Village Lane and east of Millhouse Woods Lane.

By the 1870s the expansion of Hull was predicted to be such that additional water supply would be needed, and plans for extraction were made for two sites near Cottingham. In 1890 a pumping station ('Mill Dam pumping station') was opened north of the village centre, near Mill Dam stream; built to supply Kingston upon Hull with water from the aquifer via three boreholes. West of the village at Keldgate a reservoir was constructed in 1909 with a capacity of about 10000000 impgal; representing a day's usage. The reservoir was expanded in the 1930s, with the construction of a second "No.2 reservoir" with a capacity of about 8000000 impgal. Sources:
 * Ordnance survey. 1:2500: 1890; 1910; 1927; 1963. 1:10560: 1938–52
 * Ordnance survey. 1:2500: 1890; 1910; 1927; 1963. 1:10560: 1938–52
 * Ordnance survey. 1:2500: 1890; 1910; 1927; 1963. 1:10560: 1938–52
 * Ordnance survey. 1:2500: 1890; 1910; 1927; 1963. 1:10560: 1938–52
 * Ordnance survey. 1:2500: 1890; 1910; 1927; 1963. 1:10560: 1938–52
 * Ordnance survey. 1:2500: 1890; 1910; 1927; 1963. 1:10560: 1938–52
 * Ordnance survey. 1:2500: 1890; 1910; 1927; 1963. 1:10560: 1938–52
 * Ordnance survey. 1:2500: 1890; 1910; 1927; 1963. 1:10560: 1938–52

In around 1890, a cemetery separate to the churchyard was established, on Eppleworth Road; the earliest recorded interment dates to 1889. In 1913–6 the development of Castle Hill Hospital began, on the site of the former Cottingham Castle house. the initial buildings were a tuberculosis sanitorium, the hospital was extended westwards between 1921 and 1939 with the addition of an infectious diseases hospital.

The large houses Northfields House, and Thwaite House, were acquired by the nascent Hull University in 1928, converted to halls of residence, and renamed Needler Hall and Thwaite Hall respectively. Both Halls were substantially extended in the period after acquisition for university accommodation use. In 1951 the university created another hall of residence, 'Cleminson Hall' on grounds south of Thwaite Hall, the site was expanded for student accommodation in the 1960s. Cleminson Hall was closed in 2003/4, and the site sold, the site was redeveloped into a housing estate between 2009 and 2012.

During the Second World War, a temporary camp (Harland Way Camp) was constructed near Cottingham Grange. Initially, it housed refugees, and it later became an army transit camp; the grange itself was used as officers quarters. The house was demolished by the 1950s and the site split between the new Cottingham Secondary school and Hull University. Hull University built the neo-Georgian block of Ferens Hall in 1956/7 on the army camp site, and in 1963 construction of a large modernist pale-brown brick halls of residence, designed by Gillespie, Kidd & Coia known as The Lawns began on the east side of the same site. Cottingham Secondary School (as of 2012 Cottingham High School) opened in 1955, with extension opened in the 1975/8, on the western side of the former Cottingham Grange site.

The village became increasingly urbanised in the first half of the 20th century, particularly by terraced housing. Additionally the road to Hull was developed, with housing near continuous along it by the 1950s. During the interwar period the boundaries of Hull were expanded, taking in part of Cottingham; the North Hull Estate was constructed on the north-west fringe of the city in the 1930s, and by mid-century, only a narrow strip of green space separated Hull from Cottingham on its eastern boundary near 'New Village'.

In the post-Second World War period, extensive urban development and expansion took place, in particular to the south of the village. In this period most of the development was of detached and semi-detached dwellings, often with front and rear gardens. By the mid-1950s Southwood Hall was surrounded by houses. Expansion continued in the later part of the 20th century: there was further housing built to the north of Northgate, as well as a large amount of housing expansion westwards towards Castle Hill Hospital. The development reached an effective maximum extent by the 1970s: in the decades following (up to 2010), a limited amount of extra housing stock was built, mostly infill developments within the urban limit of the 1970s.

The caravan manufacturing company Swift (see Swift Leisure) moved from Hull to a factory north-east of Cottingham in 1970, the company expanded its facilities in the early 2000s, investing £6.8 million in a new factory. Sources:
 * 'Remarkable' spirit of a community, quote: ..Cottingham's own caravan maker, the Swift Group, based at Dunswell Road. The story of Swift Caravans is a rags-to-riches affair, since a company that in 2007 had sales of £191.3 million, began life in 1964 as a small operation located in a garage on Hedon Road, Hull. The company moved to Cottingham in 1970, and since then, has expanded its facilities there with a training centre and a new factory complex
 * A new connection to the A1079 road 'Beverley Bypass' was built for the upgraded factory development. In 2015 Swift began a 116250 sqft expansion of their factory, with a further 72656 sqft of covered storage.
 * A new connection to the A1079 road 'Beverley Bypass' was built for the upgraded factory development. In 2015 Swift began a 116250 sqft expansion of their factory, with a further 72656 sqft of covered storage.
 * A new connection to the A1079 road 'Beverley Bypass' was built for the upgraded factory development. In 2015 Swift began a 116250 sqft expansion of their factory, with a further 72656 sqft of covered storage.

In 1981, the tradition of installing Christmas lights was started by local traders, as a way of increasing trade and adding to the sense of community during the winter season.

Castle Hill Hospital was extended by the addition of an oncology and hematology unit in 2009, The Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, a cardiac unit and additional cancer centre for teenage patients in 2011.

In 1999, the reservoirs at Keldgate were added to with the installation of a water treatment works adjacent to the west; the plant had a capacity of 90 ML/d and was supplied with water from the main four local extraction boreholes (Springhead, Keldgate, Cottingham, Dunswell). Treatment facilities included ultrafiltration, modification of plumbosolvency, disinfection and chlorination. The works were designed with an architectural style intended to mimic a local brick and pantile built building. Due to rising levels of nitrate contamination of the groundwater an ion-exchange nitrate removal plant was added in 2009 with a capacity of 33 ML/d; the plant used a rotating schedule of 20 de-nitrating reactors (14 online, 6 in stages of regeneration) with the ion exchange media regeneration phased including an initial backwash fluidisation stage, followed by countercurrent ion-exchange resin recharge.

In the late 2000s, a large 8 ha, 13,000 interment capacity cemetery named Priory Woods Cemetery was built on Priory Road, on the southern fringes of the village for the use of Hull City Council. The cemetery was opposed by East Riding of Yorkshire Council, and by some local residents but was allowed on an appeal, and formally opened in May 2010.

In 2014, planning permission was granted for up to 125 houses to the west of the village, south of Castle Road, at a site formerly used by Twinacre Nurseries; the first houses were completed by late 2015. An adjacent site was also sought to be developed in the same period – an initial plan for up to 600 houses as part of a mixed use development (2013) was submitted by Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust but rejected; an amended and reduced plan for up to 180 dwellings between Willerby Low Road and Castle Road was submitted in 2014 and accepted.

In 2016, planning permission was granted for a 320 home development on a 26 acre site to the north-west of the village, south of Harland Way.

Geography
The approximate boundaries of the modern civil parish of Cottingham are the A164 Beverley to Humber Bridge road to the west and Kingston upon Hull to the east. The southern boundary is in fields between the village and Willerby and Hull. The southern half of the parish consists mostly of the town of Cottingham, as well as Castle Hill Hospital. The northern half of the parish is primarily agricultural, including glasshouse horticulture and a Traveller site on Wood Hill Way. The only significant non-agricultural industry is the caravan manufacturing site in the north-east of the parish (as of 2012 "Swift Caravans"), with over 607000 sqft of buildings on a 87 acre site.

Cottingham is within the Parliamentary constituency of Haltemprice and Howden.

A golf course and leisure club on Wood Hill Way, and a major (400/275 kV AC) electricity substation "Creyke Beck", lie just outside the formal boundaries of the parish, within Skidby civil parish. The substation is the connection point for the GigaWatt-sized Dogger Bank Wind Farm, and two grid batteries at a combined 145 MW power.

Historically, Cottingham was noted for its springs: ones to the north of the town formed a north to south riverlet through the town, that drove Snuff Mill; whilst a large and vigorous gypsey existed at Keldgate. Unsustainable levels of water extraction in the area since the 1930s are thought to have reduced water table levels and to have caused the disappearance of springs in the area. Sources:
 * There is water supply infrastructure at Keldgate (reservoir, potable water treatment ), and a potable water pumping stations: at Cottingham Pumping Station (68.2 ML/d extraction limit 2004 ); and at Keldgate Spring (15.9 Ml d−1 extraction limit 2004 ). As of 2004 the extraction from the Cottingham and Keldgate bores, together with extraction at the nearby Springhead Pumping Station and at Dunswell (45.5 Ml d−1 each ) supplies nearly half of Kingston upon Hull's water supply.
 * There is water supply infrastructure at Keldgate (reservoir, potable water treatment ), and a potable water pumping stations: at Cottingham Pumping Station (68.2 ML/d extraction limit 2004 ); and at Keldgate Spring (15.9 Ml d−1 extraction limit 2004 ). As of 2004 the extraction from the Cottingham and Keldgate bores, together with extraction at the nearby Springhead Pumping Station and at Dunswell (45.5 Ml d−1 each ) supplies nearly half of Kingston upon Hull's water supply.
 * There is water supply infrastructure at Keldgate (reservoir, potable water treatment ), and a potable water pumping stations: at Cottingham Pumping Station (68.2 ML/d extraction limit 2004 ); and at Keldgate Spring (15.9 Ml d−1 extraction limit 2004 ). As of 2004 the extraction from the Cottingham and Keldgate bores, together with extraction at the nearby Springhead Pumping Station and at Dunswell (45.5 Ml d−1 each ) supplies nearly half of Kingston upon Hull's water supply.

In 1991, the population of Cottingham was recorded at 16,528. This had risen to 17,623 at the time of the 2001 UK census. According to the 2011 UK census, the population of the parish dropped to 17,164. Apart from the two Traveller's sites (Woodhill Way and Eppleworth Road) and a small number of farms, there are no habitation centres in the parish outside the main village.

The eastern part of the parish is less than 16 ft above sea level, it rises steadily to over 135 ft above sea level on the western edge of the parish, which is at the edge of the Yorkshire Wolds hills.

Present day

The modern village has two main shopping streets, Hallgate and King Street which cross each other: Hallgate runs east to west from the medieval church to the triangular West Green, near the location of the former Baynard Castle; King Street runs north to south from Northgate to Newgate Street, Market Green (now a car park) is on the southern half of King Street, on the west side, and is the location of the council offices, library and civic hall. A market is held on Market Green on Thursday. The area including Hallgate and King Street, plus areas around and east of the railway station including Hull Road are part of a conservation Area as defined by the planning act of 1990.

Cottingham was used by the University of Hull as the site of several of its accommodation campuses: The Lawns to the north-west of the village; and Thwaite Hall, and Needler's Hall, both built on the grounds of late 18th century merchant's houses, and extending the original residences. There are several other large halls and houses of distinction within and on the periphery of the village, mostly dating from the late 18th and early 19th century, including Southwood Hall (17th century), Newgate House, Eastgate House, Westfield House, The Green Wickets, Springfield House, Beech House, Elmtree House, 'The Bungalow', and Snuff Mill House. Within the historic village boundary there are some humbler buildings dating from the 18th century and earlier, which are now listed, The remainder of Cottingham's housing includes post-railway Victorian terraces, as well as a large amount of interwar period and post Second World War housing.

There are several public houses in Cottingham; including The Blue Bell and The Fair Maid (formerly Westfield House) on West Green, The Duke of Cumberland on Market Green, The Cross Keys Inn on Northgate (currently closed as of March 2023 but seeking a new tenant landlord), The King William IV (locally known as 'The King Billy') and Hallgate Tavern on Hallgate, and The Tiger on King Street. In 2018 a new micro pub, The Hugh Fitz-Baldric, opened on Hallgate.

Cottingham has churches serving Church of England, Methodist, Roman Catholic, and United Reformed Church Christian denominations, as well as having a Community Church. There is a Kingdom Hall of the Jehovah's Witnesses. Cottingham Churches Together organises joint acts of worship and charity events throughout the year.

Cottingham has two cemeteries; one is located on the southern fringe of the village and is used by Hull City Council; the other is located on Eppleworth Road, and contains the grave of poet Philip Larkin, and a Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorial to casualties of the First and Second World Wars.

Cottingham Springboard Festival takes place over three days each May, with live music in public houses from mainly local and regional acts.

Education
There are four primary schools: Bacon Garth; Croxby; Hallgate and Westfield, and one secondary school, Cottingham High School.

Croxby Primary School (53.77112°N, -0.3934°W) is a primary school serving Cottingham and the Bricknell Avenue area. Its intake is made up of children from two Education Authorities. The school was seriously affected by the floods which hit the East Riding of Yorkshire during June 2007. The school itself flooded, which resulted in it being closed 4 weeks early. The pupils were educated in classrooms at the University of Hull for the remainder of the school year. Although the school site re-opened for the start of the September 2007 new school year, the majority of children were educated in mobile classrooms.

Transport
The village lies just east of the A164 which links Cottingham to Beverley, the Humber Bridge, the A1079 and the M62 via the A63. The B1233 road runs from Skidby Roundabout on the A164 north-west of Cottingham, through the village to Hull city centre via the A1079 which it meets in the Newland area of Hull. Castle Road also meets the A164 at Castle Hill Roundabout at the south-west end of the village.

Cottingham is also served by Cottingham railway station just east of the village centre on the Yorkshire Coast Line to Scarborough. Services include trains to Hull Paragon Interchange, York, Sheffield, Doncaster, Bridlington and Scarborough provided by Arriva Rail North. There is also a direct train to London Kings Cross provided by Hull Trains.

There are regular bus services to Hull, Hessle, Beverley and Hornsea with an occasional direct bus to York which are provided by East Yorkshire.

Sport and outdoor activities
Cottingham was the birthplace of the 1940s and 1950s female boxing champion Barbara Buttrick, the first female boxer to have her fight broadcast on national television.

The village has a Scout group consisting of two Beavers groups, two Cubs packs, one Scout troop and one Explorer unit. There are also three Guide Units (one based in nearby Skidby), two Rainbow Units, three Brownie Packs and one Ranger (Senior Section) Unit based in the village. Further groups belong to the Cottingham Guiding District in Skidby (Rainbows), and Little Weighton (Brownies).

To the north of the village is King George V playing fields.

Hull City A.F.C.'s training ground is located on Millhouse Woods Lane on facilities previously owned by Northern Foods. The local football club, Cottingham Rangers AFC, was established in 1972 and consists of seventeen teams playing in the Hull & District Youth Football League and the East Riding Girls Football League. The club is affiliated to the East Riding County Football Association and is an FA Charter Standard Club.

title: Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire


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Susan Hill

Dame Susan Elizabeth Hill, Lady Wells (born 5 February 1942) is an English author of fiction and non-fiction works. Her novels include The Woman in Black, which has been adapted for stage and screen, The Mist in the Mirror, and I'm the King of the Castle, for which she received the Somerset Maugham Award in 1971. She also won the Whitbread Novel Award in 1972 for The Bird of Night, which was also shortlisted for the Booker Prize.

She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours,  both for services to literature.

Early life and education
Hill was born in Scarborough, North Yorkshire. Her home town was later referred to in her novel A Change for the Better (1969) and in some short stories like Cockles and Mussels.

She attended Scarborough Convent School, where she became interested in theatre and literature. Her family left Scarborough in 1958 and moved to Coventry where her father worked in car and aircraft factories. Hill states that she attended a girls' grammar school, Barr's Hill. Her fellow pupils included Jennifer Page, the first Chief Executive of the Millennium Dome. At Barrs Hill, she took A levels in English, French, History, and Latin, proceeding to an English degree at King's College London.

Writing career
By the time she took her A levels, she had already written her first novel, The Enclosure, which was published by Hutchinson in her first year at university.

Her next novel Gentleman and Ladies was published in 1968 and was runner-up for the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize. This was followed in quick succession by A Change for the Better, I'm the King of the Castle, The Albatross and other stories, Strange Meeting, The Bird of Night, A Bit of Singing and Dancing and In the Springtime of the Year, all written and published between 1968 and 1974.

In 2008, Hill began a series of crime novels featuring detective Simon Serrailler.

Publishing
In the 1990s, Hill founded her own publishing company, Long Barn Books, which has published two Simon Serrailler short stories and The Magic Apple Tree, all by Susan Hill, as well as The Dream Coat by Adele Geras, Colouring In by Angela Huth and Counting My Chickens by Deborah Devonshire.

Style and adaptations
Hill's novels are written in a descriptive gothic style, especially her ghost story The Woman in Black, published in 1983. She has expressed an interest in the traditional English ghost story, which relies on suspense and atmosphere to create its impact, similar to the classic ghost stories by Montague Rhodes James and Daphne du Maurier. The novel was turned into a play in 1987 which ran until 2022 in the West End of London. It was also made into a television film in 1989, and a film by Hammer Film Productions in 2012; the latter, starring Daniel Radcliffe, was the most successful British horror film in 32 years as of 2013. Hill wrote another ghost story with similar ingredients, The Mist in the Mirror in 1992, and wrote the screenplay for a sequel to The Woman in Black film in 2012, that film being released in 2014.

She wrote a sequel to Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca entitled Mrs de Winter in 1993.

Personal life
Hill was engaged to David Lepine, organist at Coventry Cathedral, but he died of a heart attack in 1972. In 1975, she married Shakespeare scholar and professor Stanley Wells, and they moved to Stratford upon Avon. Their first daughter, author Jessica Ruston, was born in 1977, and their third daughter, Clemency, was born in 1985. A middle daughter, Imogen, was born prematurely, and died at the age of five weeks. Wells was chairperson of the Shakespeare's Birthplace Trust for 20 years. The couple later lived in Chipping Campden.

In 2013, it was reported that Hill had left her husband and moved in with Barbara Machin, creator of Waking The Dead, who adapted Hill's crime fiction novels featuring detective Simon Serrailler and Hill's The Small Hand. However, she said that she was 'still married' to Wells in 2015. In 2016, Machin left Hill for comedian Rhona Cameron.

Novels

 * The Enclosure, Hutchinson 1961
 * Do Me a Favour, Hutchinson 1963
 * Gentleman and Ladies, Hamish Hamilton 1968; Penguin Paperback 1970
 * A Change for the Better, Hamish Hamilton 1969; Penguin Paperback 1971
 * I'm the King of the Castle, Hamish Hamilton 1970; Penguin Paperback 1972 (winner of the Somerset Maugham Award)
 * Strange Meeting, Hamish Hamilton 1971; Penguin Paperback 1974
 * The Bird of Night, Hamish Hamilton 1972; Penguin Paperback 1973 (shortlisted for the Booker Prize)
 * In the Springtime of the Year, Hamish Hamilton 1973; Penguin Paperback 1974
 * The Woman in Black - A Ghost Story, Hamish Hamilton Penguin Paperback 1983; Mandarin Paperback 1989; Vintage Paperback 1999
 * Air and Angels, Sinclair Stevenson 1991; Mandarin Paperback 1993; Vintage 1999
 * The Mist in the Mirror: A Ghost Story, Hamish Hamilton 1992; Mandarin paperback 1993; Vintage 1999
 * Mrs de Winter, Sinclair Stevenson 1993; Mandarin Paperback 1994; Vintage 1999
 * The Service of Clouds, Chatto & Windus 1998; Vintage 1999
 * Simon Serrailler crime novels:
 * The Various Haunts of Men, Vintage, 2005
 * The Pure in Heart, Vintage, 2006
 * The Risk of Darkness, Chatto & Windus, 2006
 * The Vows of Silence, Chatto & Windus, 2008
 * Shadows in the Streets, 2010
 * The Betrayal of Trust, 2011
 * A Question of Identity, 2012
 * The Soul of Discretion, 2014
 * The Comforts of Home, 2018
 * The Benefit of Hindsight, 2019
 * A Change of Circumstance, 2021
 * The Sound of Footsteps, 2025
 * The Man in the Picture: A Ghost Story, 2007 Profile Books
 * The Beacon, 2008 Chatto and Windus
 * The Small Hand: A Ghost Story, 2010. Profile Books
 * A Kind Man, 2011
 * Dolly: A Ghost Story, 2012. Profile Books Ltd.
 * Black Sheep, 2013. Chatto and Windus (144p)
 * From the Heart, 2017 Chatto and Windus

Short story collections

 * The Albatross and other stories, Hamish Hamilton 1970; Penguin 1972
 * A Bit of Singing and Dancing, Hamish Hamilton 1973; Penguin 1974
 * Listening to the Orchestra, Long Barn Books 1997
 * The Boy Who Taught the Beekeeper to Read, Chatto and Windus July 2003
 * Farthing House : And Other Stories, Long Barn Books, 2006
 * The Travelling Bag and Other Ghostly Stories, Profile Books, Sep 2016

Chapbook

 * The Custodian, Covent Garden Press 1972

Non fiction

 * The Magic Apple Tree, (autobiography) Hamish Hamilton, 1982; Penguin 1985; Long Barn Books 1998
 * Through the Kitchen Window, Illustrated by Angela Barrett, Hamish Hamilton 1984; Penguin 1986
 * Through the Garden Gate, (Illustrated by Angela Barrett), Hamish Hamilton, 1986
 * The Lighting of the Lamps, (Collected pieces) Hamish Hamilton, 1987
 * Shakespeare Country, (photographs by Talbot and Whiteman) Michael Joseph, 1987
 * The Spirit of the Cotswolds, (photographs by Nick Meers), Michael Joseph, 1988
 * Family, (Autobiography) Michael Joseph, 1989
 * Reflections from a Garden, (Illustrated by Ian Stephens; written with Rory Stuart) Pavilion Books 1995
 * Howards End is on the Landing Profile Books, 2009
 * Jacob's Room is Full of Books: A Year of Reading , Profile Books, 2017

Plays

 * The Cold Country and Other Plays for Radio (includes The End of Summer, Lizard in the Grass, Consider the Lilies, Strip Jack Naked); London, BBC Publications, 1975.
 * Lizard in the Grass, broadcast 1971; produced Edinburgh, 1988
 * On the Face of It, broadcast 1975; published in Act 1, edited by David Self and Ray Speakman, London, Hutchinson, 1979
 * The Ramshackle Company (for children); produced London, 1981
 * Chances, broadcast 1981; produced London, 1983.

Children's stories

 * One Night at a Time, Hamish Hamilton 1984; Puffin 1986
 * Mother's Magic, Hamish Hamilton 1985; Puffin 1986
 * Can it be True?; (illustrated by Angela Barrett) Hamish Hamilton 1987; Puffin 1988; Walker Books 1990
 * Susie's Shoes, (illustrated by Priscilla Lamont), Hamish Hamilton 1989; Puffin 1990
 * Stories from Codling Village, (illustrated by Caroline Crosland) Walker Books 1990
 * I've Forgotten Edward, Walker Books and Sainsburys 1990
 * I Won't Go there Again, Walker Books 1990
 * Pirate Poll (illustrated by Priscilla Lamont), Hamish Hamilton 1991; Puffin 1992
 * The Glass Angels, Walker Books 1991, Paperback 1993
 * Beware, Beware, (illustrated by Angela Barrett), Walker Books 1993, Paperback 1994
 * King of King's, (illustratedb by John Lawrence), Walker Books 1994
 * The Christmas Collection: An Anthology (illustrated: John Lawrence), Walker Books 1995
 * The Battle for Gullywith, 2008

Awards

 * 1971 Somerset Maugham Award  I'm the King of the Castle
 * 1972 Whitbread Novel Award  The Bird of Night (which was also shortlisted for the Booker Prize)
 * 1972 John Llewellyn Rhys Prize The Albatross
 * 1988 Nestlé Smarties Book Prize (Gold Award) (6–8 years category) Can It Be True?: A Christmas Story
 * 2012 CBE
 * 2020 DBE

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Susan Hill


text: Talk:Ford Taurus X

title: Talk:Ford Taurus X


text:
Animex International Festival of Animation and Computer Games

The Animex International Festival of Animation, VFX and Computer Games takes place every year in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England. The festival has its roots firmly planted in the creative side of the animation, visual effects and computer games industries and acts to provide animators, vfx artists, compositors, directors, students, artists, designers, writers and educators with a forum in which they can share their knowledge and skills and promote the art of animation and computer games development.

History
Animex was founded by university lecturers Chris Williams and Siobhan Fenton. It began as a two-day series of lectures by animators and industry professionals at the University of Teesside in February 2000, and has grown to a week-long festival incorporating the two-day event that began it all, Animex Talk. Animex Game was founded by Gabrielle Kent in 2004, creating another two days of presentations, this time by games professionals. Chris Williams remained director until leaving the university in 2012, at which point Gabrielle took over until 2018.

Animex today
The main venue for the festival is The University of Teesside.

The festival also runs an exhibition of animation and games art, an international student awards scheme, screenings, workshops and Animexperience, a programme of school and community events giving people the chance to try their hand at animation and meet industry luminaries.

Guest speakers in the past have included such industry professionals as stop motion legend Ray Harryhausen Pixar animator Mark Walsh, Bob the Builder designer Curtis Jobling, Phil Tippett, Nancy Cartwright, the voice of Bart Simpson, Blitz Games, Ernest W. Adams, Chris Crawford, Professor Stuart Sumida and representatives from games and animation studios around the world.

Animex was in part the inspiration for the Red Stick International Animation Festival in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Animex is run by a team of people, including animation and computer games lecturers within the University of Teesside as well as support staff.

 * Animex AVFX Coordinator - Chris Wyatt
 * Animex Game Coordinator - Matty MacGrory
 * Animex Exhibition - Stephen Murray
 * Animex Screen & Awards -
 * Animex Project Manager - Tim Brunton
 * Festival Founders - Chris Williams & Siobhan Fenton


text:
Cold cream

Cold cream is an emulsion of water and certain fats, usually including beeswax and various scent agents, designed to smooth skin and remove makeup. Cold cream is a water-in-oil emulsion (emulsion of small amount of water in a larger amount of oil), unlike the oil in water emulsion of vanishing cream, so-called because it seems to disappear when applied on skin. The name "cold cream" derives from the cooling feeling that the cream leaves on the skin. Variations of the product have been used for nearly 2000 years.

Cold cream is mainly used for skin treatment (such as a facial mask or lip balm), due to its moisturizing properties. It can also be used as shaving cream and as a makeup remover.

History
The invention of cold cream is credited to Galen, a physician in second century Greece. The original formulation involved rose water, beeswax, and either almond or olive oil. The beeswax is essential to a successful cream, as it is the emulsifying ingredient, but it is extremely inefficient compared to modern emulsifiers. Creams made with only beeswax require extensive mixing and can separate upon standing. Thus, small quantities of borax were later added in addition to the beeswax. Borax saponifies fatty acids in the beeswax and allows for a more stable cream, using the small quantities of soap created as the emulsifying agent.

This 1857 account relates:

"The modern formula for cold cream is, however, quite a different thing to that given in the works of Galen, in point of odour and quality, although substantially the same--grease and water. In perfumery there are several kinds of cold cream, distinguished by their odour, such as that of camphor, almond, violet, roses, etc."

In France, this substance is still known as cérat de Galien ('Galen's Wax'). A copy of the London Dispensatory, edited by Nicholas Culpeper and published in the year 1650 included the following formula for this substance:

"Take of white wax four ounces, oyl of roses omphacine a pound; melt in a double vessel, then powr it out into another, by degrees putting in cold water, and often powring it out of one vessel into another, stirring it till it be white ; last of all wash it in rose water, adding a little rose water and rose vineger."

- Nicholas Culpeper (1650)

An 1814 poem credited to "Dr. Russell" gives the following account of the benefits attributed to cold cream in that day:

"WHEN a pot of cold cream to Eliza you send, You with words to this purpose your present commend; Whoe'er with this cream shall her countenance smear, All redness and roughness will strait disappear, And the skin to a wonder be charmingly clear; If pimples arise, this will take them away; If the small-pox should mark you, those marks will decay; If wrinkled through age, or bad dawbing the face is, 'Twill be smooth in a trice, as the best Venice glass is; All this, and much more (could I spare time to write it, Or my pen go as fast, as your lips would indite it) You affirm of your cream: and I would not abuse it, But pray tell me one thing—Do you yourself use it?"

- Dr. Russell

When mixed with water, plant oils spoil rapidly, so cold cream was most often made in small batches at home or in local pharmacies.

Modern formulation
Almost all modern cold creams have replaced the plant oils with mineral oil and have added alcohol, glycerin, and lanolin. Beginning in the 1970s, jojoba oil became a common ingredient, used as a substitute of spermaceti from whales. Widely sold brands of cold cream in the United States include Pond's and Noxzema.

Over the centuries, new uses have been found for the product: "As a toilet requisite cold cream is used for softening and cooling the skin after sunburn, as a cleansing cream, to relieve harshness of the skin, etc."

title: Cold cream


text:
Hofbräukeller

The Hofbräukeller is a restaurant in Haidhausen, Munich, Germany owned by Hofbräuhaus brewery. This restaurant serves the traditional Bavarian cuisine and is less touristy than Hofbräuhaus am Platzl and more popular with the locals. It is a part of the Wiener Platz, home to the Wiener Markt.

The main floor has two eating rooms and outdoor eating balcony overlooking the beer garden. The underground and first floors have the private function rooms that can be hired for events, lectures, and such. During the warm days, the beer garden is opened with self-service food and drink booths in the back yard.

This restaurant gained the notoriety on 16 October 1919 when Adolf Hitler gave his first political speech as a member of the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP) at the beer hall on the first floor.

title: Hofbräukeller


text:
Hofbräuhaus am Platzl

The Hofbräuhaus am Platzl is a beer hall in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, originally built in 1589 by Bavarian Duke Maximilian I as an extension of the Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München brewery. The general public was admitted in 1828 by Ludwig I. The building was completely remodeled in 1897 by Max Littmann when the brewery moved to the suburbs. All of the rooms except the historic beer hall ("Schwemme") were destroyed in the World War II bombings. The reopening of the Festival Hall in 1958 marked the end of the post-war restoration work.

History
William V, Duke of Bavaria found the beer in Munich bad so he imported beer from Saxony. He eventually asked his royal court to find a solution. A local brewery followed in 1589..

On February 24, 1920, the Hofbräuhaus am Platzl is where Nazi Germany dictator Adolf Hitler made a speech founding the National Socialist German Workers' Party, or the Nazi Party.

The Hofbräuhaus was largely destroyed from allied bombing raids during World War II, but by Munich's 800th anniversary in 1958 the building had been faithfully reconstructed.

Features
The restaurant comprises most of the Hofbräuhaus am Platzl, which also includes a ballroom and outdoor Wirtsgarten. Its menu features such traditional favorites of Bavarian cuisine as Brezn (soft pretzel), Obatzda (cheese dip), Hax'n, and sausages such as Bratwurst and Weisswurst. Brews include Helles and Dunkles served in a Maß, Weißbier, and wine.

Munich's largest tourist attraction after the Oktoberfest, the Hofbräuhaus am Platzl is also frequented by locals, many of whom keep their personal mugs ("Krüge") stored there. During regular hours traditional Bavarian music is played. The famous Hofbräuhaus song (Hofbräuhaus-Lied), composed in 1935 by Wilhelm "Wiga" Gabriel, goes: "In München steht ein Hofbräuhaus, eine, zwei, g'suffa! ("There's a Hofbräuhaus in Munich—one, two, down the hatch!" in the local dialect).

Innkeepers

 * 1885–1896: Martin Ammerloher
 * 1897–1906: Joseph Wittmann
 * 1906–1919: Karl Mittermüller
 * 1919–1930: Hans Parzer (during Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic)
 * 1930–1945: Hans Bacherl (during Nazi rule in Germany and WWII)
 * 1945–1950: Valentin Emmert (during Post-war)
 * 1950–1960: Franz Trimborn (during completion of reconstruction)
 * 1960–1970: Toni Steiner
 * 1970–1980: Hans Glanegger
 * 1980–2004: Michael and Gerda Sperger
 * 2004–present: Wolfgang and Michael Sperger

Famous patrons
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart lived around the block from the beer hall in the late eighteenth century. In a poem he wrote, Mozart claimed to have written the opera Idomeneo after several visits to the Hofbräuhaus fortified him for the task. In the nineteenth century, most of the breweries in Munich, including the Hofbräuhaus, were converted into large beer halls, restaurants, and entertainment centers with large, cavernous meeting rooms for weddings, concerts, and plays. In the period just before World War One, Vladimir Lenin lived in Munich and reportedly visited the Hofbräuhaus on a regular basis. In 1919, the Munich Communist government set up headquarters in the beer hall, and in February 1920 Adolf Hitler and the National Socialists held their first meeting in the Festsaal, the Festival Room, on the third floor.

On 24th February 1920, Hitler presented the Nazi Party's Twenty Five Point Program in the Hofbräuhaus. On that day, the Nazi party held a large public meeting and whilst Hitler was speaking, the meeting erupted into a melee. There was a massive fight between the Social Democrat and Communist opponents of the Nazi party, whose thugs eventually won the melee. Hitler managed to finish his address, notwithstanding the chaos of smashed tables and chairs and hurled beer mugs all about him. On 4 November 1921 the Hofbräuhaus was also the birthplace of the later feared Nazi street fighting organization, the Sturmabteilungen, or SA.

After Munich's world-famous Oktoberfest (where the Hofbräu has one of the largest beer tents), the Hofbräuhaus am Platzl is Munich's most outstanding tourist attraction and historical monument. Other famous visitors include Marcel Duchamp, Thomas Wolfe, Louis Armstrong, Mikhail Gorbachev, NASA astronauts, and past American Presidents John F. Kennedy and George H. W. Bush.

title: Hofbräuhaus am Platzl


text:
Zee Studio

Zee Studio was an Indian English-language television channel featuring Hollywood films. It was part of the wider Zee Network.

History

The channel was launched on 15 March 2000 as Zee Movies. In October 2000, Zee entered into a joint venture with MGM and the channel was rebranded as Zee MGM. After MGM was bought by Sony, the channel name was changed to Zee Movie Zone (ZMZ) on 1 October 2004. On 28 March 2005, as part of Zee Network's revamp, it was renamed Zee Studio. Anurag Bedi is the business head of Zee studio along with other niche channels part of the Zee bouquet. Its HD counterpart was launched on 15 August 2011.

The Zee Studio brand was discontinued on 31 May 2018, with &flix being the new English movie channel.

title: Zee Studio


text: User talk:81.178.44.156

title: User talk:81.178.44.156


text:
User talk:Seabass~enwiki

Welcome
Hi Aled: Thank you for confirming your identity. I hope that you will continue to edit here. Do ask me any questions at my talk page. --Theo (Talk) 13:50, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hello I wrote the article on Aled Seago... I am in fact a studen that is in the same class as Aled by the name of Sebastian... Aled seems to have been claiming my work as his own... He tells me I am now an editor on here.. Is this the case.. Aled does like to BS a lot...

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Seabass. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Seabass~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:54, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:38, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Seabass~enwiki


text:
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, sold under the brand name Pneumovax 23, is a pneumococcal vaccine that is used for the prevention of pneumococcal disease caused by the 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae contained in the vaccine as capsular polysaccharides. It is given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.

The polysaccharide antigens were used to induce type-specific antibodies that enhanced opsonization, phagocytosis, and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) bacteria by phagocytic immune cells. The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is widely used in high-risk adults.

First used in 1945, the tetravalent vaccine was not widely distributed, since its deployment coincided with the discovery of penicillin. In the 1970s, Robert Austrian championed the manufacture and distribution of a 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. This evolved in 1983 to a 23-valent formulation (PPSV23). A significant breakthrough affecting the burden of pneumococcal disease was the licensing of a protein conjugate heptavalent vaccine (PCV7) beginning in February 2000.

Medical uses
In the United States, pneumococcal vaccine, polyvalent is indicated for active immunization for the prevention of pneumococcal disease caused by the 23 serotypes contained in the vaccine (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19F, 19A, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F). It is approved for use in people 50 years of age or older and people aged two years of age or older who are at increased risk for pneumococcal disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations are similar. The WHO does not recommend use of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in routine childhood immunization programs. The recommendations in the UK are similar, but include people with occupational hazards.

Pneumococcal vaccine may be beneficial to control exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is important for those with HIV/AIDS. In Canadian patients infected with HIV, the vaccine has been reported to decrease the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease from 768 per 100,000 person–years to 244 per 100,000 patient–years. Because of the low level of evidence for benefit, 2008 WHO guidelines do not recommend routine immunization with PPV-23 for HIV patients, and suggests preventing pneumococcal disease indirectly with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole chemoprophylaxis and antiretrovirals. While the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends immunization in all patients infected with HIV.

Adverse events
The most common adverse reactions (reported in more than 10% of subjects vaccinated with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in clinical trials) were: pain, soreness or tenderness at the site of injection (60.0%), injection-site swelling or temporary thickening or hardening of the skin (20.3%), headache (17.6%), injection-site redness (16.4%), weakness and fatigue (13.2%), and muscle pain (11.9%).

Adults and children over two years of age
The 23-valent vaccine (for example, Pneumovax 23) is effective against 23 different pneumococcal capsular types (serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F), and so covers 90 percent of the types found in pneumococcal bloodstream infections.

Young children
Children under the age of two years fail to mount an adequate response to the 23-valent adult vaccine, and instead a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV13; for example, Prevnar 13) is used instead. PCV13 replaced PCV7, adding six new serotypes to the vaccine. While this covers only thirteen strains out of more than ninety strains, these thirteen strains caused 80–90 percent of cases of severe pneumococcal disease in the U.S. before introduction of the vaccine, and it is considered to be nearly 100 percent effective against these strains.

 * Special risk-groups:Children at special risk (e.g., sickle cell disease and those without a functioning spleen) require additional protection using the PCV13, with the more extensive PPSV-23 given after the second year of life or two months after the PCV13 dose:

title: Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine


text:
Telesphore Toppo

Telesphore Placidus Toppo (15 October 1939 – 4 October 2023) was an Indian prelate of the Catholic Church and a member of the aboriginal tribal community who was archbishop of the Archdiocese of Ranchi from 1985 to 2018, after serving as coadjutor there for a year. He was bishop of Dumka from 1978 to 1984. He was made a cardinal in 2003, the first from India's tribal population.

A polyglot, Toppo spoke Sadri, Oraon (mother tongues), Hindi (official language), English and Italian.

Biography
Telesphore Placidus Toppo was born in Chainpur, in the state of Bihar and now in Jharkhand, India, on 15 October 1939, the eighth of ten children. He and his family belonged to Adivasi (indigenous tribal) community.

Toppo studied at St. Xavier's College, Ranchi, and theology at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome. He was ordained priest on 3 May 1969 by Bishop Franz von Streng.

After a stint at Torpa (Jharkhand), as Headmaster of St Joseph's School and Director of the Lievens Vocational Center, Toppo was named Bishop of Dumka and received his episcopal consecration on 7 October 1978 from Archbishop Pius Kerketta SJ. He was appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Ranchi, capital of the Jharkhand state, on 8 November 1984. He became Archbishop there on 7 August 1985.

Toppo was made cardinal-priest by Pope John Paul II on 21 October 2003, given the titular church of Sacro Cuore di Gesù agonizzante a Vitinia. He was the third cardinal from India, the first Adivasi and the first tribal Indian. He said the title of cardinal was a "mark of distinction for the tribal Church in India and recognition of its growth".

Toppo was elector at the 2005 papal conclave that elected Joseph Ratzinger as Pope Benedict XVI.

Toppo was elected to serve a two-year term president of Catholic Bishops' Conference of India on two occasions, in 2004 and 2006. He also served as president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of India, made up of Latin Rite bishops only, from 2001 to 2004 and from 2011 to 2013.

At the Synod of Bishops in 2008, he endorsed ecumenical efforts but warned against "dilution of the Truth" and called for agreement on a common date for the celebration of Easter. At the Synod on the New Evangelization in 2012, he called on religious orders to commit themselves anew to missionary work.

Toppo was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that selected Pope Francis.

On 11 February 2008, he called for the proclamation of a new Marian dogma on Mary, Mediatrix of graces, Co-Redemptrix of humanity, with Jesus as sole and unique mediator.

Toppo sat on the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute.

Pope Francis accepted Toppo's resignation as Archbishop of Ranchi on 24 June 2018, announcing as his successor Felix Toppo, Bishop of Jamshedpur.

Telesphore Toppo died at the Constant Lievens Hospital & Research Center in Ranchi, on 4 October 2023, at the age of 83.

title: Telesphore Toppo


text: Category:Sport in Northamptonshire

title: Category:Sport in Northamptonshire


text:
Progressive Democratic Tribune

Progressive Democratic Tribune (جمعية المنبر الديمقراطي التقدمي), often referred to as al-Minbar, is a political organization launched by returning exiles from the underground communist National Liberation Front – Bahrain in 2001. Ahmad Al-Thawadi was its founding chairman. Effectively al-Minbar came to act as a successor to the NLF.

The party has been opposed to sectarian politics and sought to represent constituents whatever their creed. It was also a consistent champion of women's rights and freedom of speech, meaning that its MPs often found themselves allied with liberals. One of its three MPs, Abdulhadi Marhoon, served as the Deputy Speaker from 2002 to 2006.

Al-Minbar also has a youth organization, Shabeeba Society of Bahrain, that is active among the students and young workers with a network of regional and international connections with other left-wing democratic youth organizations.

Ahead of the 2006 election, al-Minbar launched the electoral bloc 'National Unity', which had 9 candidates for the Council of Representatives, 5 of whom were members of al-Minbar. None of its candidates were elected. At the 2018 election, al-Minbar won two seats for the Council of Representatives.

title: Progressive Democratic Tribune


text:
Ted Robinson (sportscaster)

Theodore Robinson (born July 19, 1957) is an American sportscaster. Since 2000, Robinson has been with NBC Sports as a play-by-play announcer for tennis and Olympic swimming/diving and with NBC Sports Network calling college football and basketball. He also works for the Tennis Channel and the Pac-12 Network and was the radio play-by-play announcer for the San Francisco 49ers from 2009 until 2018.

Early life
Ted Robinson grew up in Rockville Centre, New York, and attended Chaminade High School. He is a 1978 graduate of the University of Notre Dame, where he worked with future U.S. Senator Joe Donnelly and future Notre Dame football coach Charlie Weis at the college radio station. His wife, Mary, is also a '78 ND grad, and their two children graduated from ND as well: Annie in 2005 and Pat in 2008. After graduating, Robinson got his first job broadcasting hockey for a minor league team in Oklahoma City. He went on to become a two-time Emmy Award-winning broadcaster. Robinson has completed four marathons, including the 1999 Boston Marathon.

Tennis
Robinson has broadcast for Tennis Channel since 2007, calling the Australian Open, French Open, US Open, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, and US Open Series. Robinson served as the lead commentator of NBC's tennis coverage from 2000 through 2018. Robinson called the French Open and (through 2011) Wimbledon Championships for NBC. He broadcast the US Open for 22 years on USA Network, receiving acclaim for his partnership with John McEnroe, which continues on NBC and Tennis Channel. The pair also called the men's singles Gold Medal match at the 2012 Summer Olympics, played at Wimbledon.

Baseball
Robinson has worked for a number of Major League Baseball teams over the years. He served as a radio and TV announcer for the San Francisco Giants for nine seasons, as the TV commentator of the Minnesota Twins for 6 seasons, as a TV and radio announcer for the New York Mets for 4 seasons, and as the TV announcer for the Oakland Athletics for 3 seasons.

In addition to his work with the Athletics, Mets, Twins, and Giants, Robinson worked for The Baseball Network as an commentator for two years, worked four years on NBC Sports' Major League Baseball Game of the Week, and spent several years as a play-by-play voice for CBS Radio's Game of the Week. In 2007, Robinson teamed with Steve Stone to call the American League Division Series for TBS.

Robinson returned to calling Twins games in 2011, calling play-by-play for the team's radio broadcasts on a part-time basis due to primary announcer John Gordon working a reduced schedule prior to retiring after the season.

Robinson's voice is featured in the movie A Few Good Men as he calls a Minnesota Twins game being watched by Tom Cruise's character.

Olympics
Robinson served as NBC's diving commentator for the 2012 London Olympics and has been a play-by-play man for the last eight Olympic Games (four Winter Olympics and four Summer Olympics). His Summer Olympic assignments began with baseball at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where the U.S. baseball team upset Cuba for the gold medal, and diving and canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, both for NBC.

His Winter Olympics assignments began with short track speed skating, freestyle skiing, and the giant slalom snowboarding event at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano for CBS, and short track at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and 2010 Winter Olympics, this time for NBC. Robinson called Apolo Ohno's eight short track Olympic medals for NBC, and served as the play-by-play announcer for NBC Sports coverage of diving at the last three Summer Games, including David Boudia's gold medal win in London.

Other sports
In 2012, he became the lead play-by-play voice for the new Pac-12 Network, working primary football games and other sports.

In 2011, he continued his college football work for Versus (now NBC Sports Network), where he called college football games in 2009–11, and, in 2008, he served as studio host for College Football Central. Robinson has called many other sports over the years, including college basketball for CBS TV and radio. He has broadcast the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship tournament on radio for 24 years, currently with Dial Global.

For NBC, he has covered swimming and diving, arena football, ski jumping, luge, equestrian, and triathlons.

From 1980–82, he served as a color commentator on radio broadcasts of the NHL Minnesota North Stars. In 1983 at the age of 26, he was named play-by-play voice of the NBA Golden State Warriors, a position he held for two seasons. In 1989–90, he was the TV voice of the NBA Charlotte Hornets. He called Pac-10 Basketball for FSN and in 2011 he continued his college football work for NBC Sports Network as the play-by-play voice of Pac-12 football.

He was the radio voice of Stanford football for 13 years, has broadcast Notre Dame football and basketball, University of Minnesota basketball, and University of California basketball. In 2008 and 2007, he hosted College Football Central for Versus, for whom he also called play-by-play of Pac-10 football and Mountain West basketball in 2009 and 2010.

In his 22 years at USA Network, he called Grand Slam tennis events, boxing, college basketball, PGA Tour golf, and the World League of American Football.

Notable games
One notable game Robinson called was in the first round of the 1998 NCAA basketball tournament, when 13th-seeded Valparaiso University upset 4th-seeded Ole Miss in dramatic fashion. Point guard Bryce Drew hit a three-pointer at the buzzer, winning the game for the Valpo Crusaders, 70–69. Robinson's call went like this: The inbounder will be Jamie Sykes, Carter pressuring... It's to Jenkins, to Drew for the win! GOOD!!! HE DID IT!! BRYCE DREW DID IT!! VALPO HAS WON THE GAME, A MIRACLE!! (after a short pause) An absolute miracle! Bryce Drew has won it for Valparaiso!

Also, during the 2012 Divisional playoff game between the 49ers vs Saints, Robinson along with his broadcast partner Eric Davis made a historical call, in the final 14 seconds of the game, the Saints led the 49ers 32-29, Alex Smith threw the game-winning touchdown to Vernon Davis to defeat the Saints 36-32. Robinson's call went like this: The 49ers send two receivers wide right, two tight ends wide left, Smith in the Gun with Gore on his left hip, 3rd down Alex takes the snap, Alex looking... (Davis) He's Got Him. The post and he's.. (Davis) GOT IT!!! CAUGHT! TOUCHDOWN! TOUCHDOWN 49ERS!!!! (Davis) WOO HOO HOO! Vernon Davis with the play of his life! Alex Smith with the play of his life! And the 49ers, are 9 seconds away from playing for the NFC Championship! Can You Feel Candlestick?!

Another notable game on the radio game he called was David Akers' 63-yard field goal for the 49ers' at halftime. They would go on to knock off the Green Bay Packers.

title: Ted Robinson (sportscaster)


text:
Hofbräu-Festzelt

The Hofbräu-Festzelt is one of the largest beer tents of the Oktoberfest in Munich, Germany.

The tent has an area of 5,084 m2 and 4,460 seats (plus 1,436 on the balcony) and 1,000 non-seating tables only inside. The outside area measures 2,000 m2 with 3,022 additional seats.

The brewery Hofbräuhaus, the tent's sponsor, has been active in Oktoberfest since 1955. The current tent was built in 1972. The tent needs three months to be erected every year. During the 16-day-long festivities of Oktoberfest 2004, a total of 500,000 liters of beer and 70,000 whole roast chickens were consumed.

title: Hofbräu-Festzelt


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Nationalist Democratic Assembly

The Nationalist Democratic Assembly (التجمع القومي الديمقراطي, Al-Tajamu'u Al-Qawmi Al-Dimuqratiyah) is a political party in Bahrain. It is the Bahraini regional branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party. The party is led by Secretary General Hassan Ali and Deputy Secretary General Mahmoud Kassab. It was established by Bahrainis who had studied in Ba'athist Iraq during the 1960s and 1970s. The party boycotted the 2002 parliamentary election but not the 2006 election. The 2011 parliamentary by-election was boycotted by the party in solidarity with the Bahraini uprising. It is headquartered in Zinj.

The party opposes the government's naturalisation policies, and contends that it is unfair for ethnic Bahrainis to compete equally with foreign workers for jobs. It remains pro-Saddam Hussein and, according to its webpage, supports the Arab Spring. It opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, considering it an act of brutality against the Iraqi people. The party actively supports the overthrow of the existing monarchy, with a peaceful transition to democracy.

It is part of a four-party alliance opposing the government, which comprises two Shia Islamist parties (Al Wefaq and the Islamic Action Society) and the leftist National Democratic Action Society.

title: Nationalist Democratic Assembly


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User:Twilo

Twilo (Seán Óg Murphy) is a native of Dungarvan and is a research student with the Cork Constraints Computation Centre Artificial Intelligence research group in University College Cork.

I have varied interests including music, biological sciences and computer games.

title: User:Twilo


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Category:Sport in East Sussex

Sport in the county of East Sussex on the south coast of England.

title: Category:Sport in East Sussex


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Talk:Telepathine

merge
telepathine wasn't the drink, it was what they called harmala when they found it in caapi. later they realized it was already found and known as "harmala", so they stopped using the name "telepathine". but it was the chemical, not ayahuasca. so with slight edits this paragraph should all go on the harmala page, as it is useful info; this should be a redirect. User:Heah 19 Apr 2005
 * first paragraph merged to Harmala, info on Burroughs to Ayahuasca--Heah 18:01, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Telepathine


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Sergius and Bacchus

Sergius (or Serge ) and Bacchus (Greek: Σέργιος & Βάκχος; ; سركيس و باخوس, also called سرجيس و باكوس) were fourth-century Syrian Christian soldiers revered as martyrs and military saints by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches. Their feast day is 7 October.

According to their hagiography, Sergius and Bacchus were military officers in the army of the Roman Emperor Galerius and were held high in his favor until they were exposed as secret Christians. They were then severely humiliated and punished, forced to wear both feminine and commoner garments, with Bacchus dying during torture to his feet, and Sergius eventually decapitated.

Sergius and Bacchus were very popular throughout Late Antiquity for their fraternal and pious relationship, and churches in their honor were built in several cities, including Constantinople and Rome. The close friendship between the two is strongly emphasized in their hagiographies and traditions, making them one of the most famous examples of paired Christian saints.

Legend
The story of Sergius and Bacchus is told in the Greek text known as The Passion of Sergius and Bacchus. The story is ostensibly set during the reign of Roman emperor Galerius (305 to 311), though it contains a number of contradictions and anachronisms that make dating difficult. The work itself may date to the mid-5th century.

According to the text, Sergius and Bacchus were Roman citizens and high-ranking officers of the Roman army, but their conversion to Christianity was discovered when they attempted to avoid accompanying a Roman official into a pagan temple with the rest of his bodyguard. After they persisted in refusing to sacrifice to Jupiter in Galerius's presence, they were publicly humiliated by being chained, dressed in female attire and paraded around town. Galerius then sent them to Barbalissos in Mesopotamia to be tried by Antiochus, the military commander there and an old friend of Sergius. Antiochus could not convince them to give up their faith, however, and Bacchus was beaten to death. The next day, Bacchus's spirit appeared to Sergius and encouraged him to remain strong so they could be together forever. Over the next days, Sergius was also brutally tortured and finally executed at Resafa, where his death was marked by miraculous happenings.

Popularity and veneration
Veneration of Sergius and Bacchus dates to the fifth century. A shrine to Sergius was built in Resafa (renamed Sergiopolis around 425), but there is no certain evidence for his or Bacchus' cult much older than that. Their cult grew rapidly during the early fifth century, in accordance with the growth of the cult of martyrs, especially military martyrs, during the period. The Resafa shrine was constructed of mudbrick, evidently at the behest of bishop Alexander of Hierapolis. The Passion has been dated to the mid-5th century on the grounds that it describes the construction of such a shrine as if it were a relatively recent occurrence. The original shrine was replaced with a sturdier stone structure in 518; this new site was patronized by important political figures including Roman emperor Justinian I, emperor Khosrow II of the Sasanian Empire, and al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith, ruler of the Ghassanids.

Traditionally, the feast day of Sergius and Bacchus has been celebrated on 7 October in the West. In the Tridentine calendar they shared the day with Pope Mark and the martyred pair Marcellus and Apuleius. In 1716, this day became the feast of Our Lady of the Rosary, and the commemoration of Sergius, Bacchus and the other saints was moved to 8 October. They were restored to 7 October in 1969.

In the Byzantine Empire, they were venerated as protectors of the army. A large monastery church, the Little Hagia Sophia, was dedicated to them in Constantinople by Justinian I, probably in 527. According to legend, during the reign of Justin I, his nephew Justinian had been accused of plotting against the throne and was sentenced to death, which was reversed after Sergius and Bacchus appeared before Justin and vouched for Justinian's innocence. He was freed and restored to his title of Caesar. Justinian, in gratitude, vowed that he would dedicate a church to the saints once he became emperor. The construction of this Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, between 527 and 536 AD (only a short time before the erection of the Hagia Sophia between 532 and 537), was one of the first acts of the reign of Justinian I.

Sergius was a very popular saint in Syria and Christian Arabia. The city of Resafa, which became a bishop's see, took the name Sergiopolis and preserved his relics in a fortified basilica. Resafa was improved by Emperor Justinian and became one of the greatest pilgrimage centers in the East. Many other churches were built dedicated in the name of Sergius, sometimes with Bacchus. A church dedicated to Santi Sergio e Bacco was built in Rome in the 9th century. Christian art represents the two saints as soldiers in military garb with branches of palm in their hands. Their feast is observed on 7 October, and a Mass is assigned to them in the "Sacramentarium" of Pope Gelasius. The nomads of the desert looked upon Sergius as their special patron saint.

In the Armenian Church traditions, Sergius, or Sarkis, was venerated as a Christian general in the Roman army. He was martyred with his son, Martyros, for witnessing to their faith in Christ. The feast is preceded by three-day fasting where most abstain of food and water.

The close friendship between the two is strongly emphasized in their hagiographies and traditions, making them one of the most famous examples of paired saints; the scholar John Boswell considers them to be the most influential set of such an archetype, more so than even Peter and Paul. In his Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe, Boswell further argues that Sergius and Bacchus' relationship can be understood as having a romantic dimension, noting that the oldest text of their martyrology describes them as erastai, which can be translated as "lovers". He suggested that the two were even united in a rite known as adelphopoiesis or "brother-making", which he argued was a type of early Christian same-sex union or blessing, reinforcing his view of tolerant early Christian attitudes toward homosexuality. Boswell's methodology and conclusions have been disputed by many historians.

Regardless, in the wake of Boswell's work, Sergius and Bacchus have become popularly venerated in the gay Christian community. A 1994 icon of Sergius and Bacchus by the gay Franciscan iconographer Robert Lentz, first displayed at Chicago's Gay Pride Parade, has become a popular gay symbol.

Historicity
The Passion of Sergius and Bacchus has been dismissed as an unreliable historical source. It has been dated to mid-5th century and there is no evidence for the cult of Sergius and Bacchus before 425, over a century after they are said to have died. There is no evidence for Sergius and Bacchus's schola gentilium having been used by Galerius or any other emperor before Constantine I, given that the persecution of Christians had begun in the army considerably before the 4th century. Christopher Walter considers Sergius analogous to Saint George, "whose historicity is accepted, even if nothing genuine about his life is known." He accepts that information in the passion is accurate. Italian scholar Pio Franchi de Cavalieri has put forth that The Passion of Sergius and Bacchus was based on an earlier lost passion of Juventinus and Maximinus, two saints martyred under Emperor Julian the Apostate in 363. He noted especially that the punishment of being paraded around in women's clothes reflected the treatment of Christian soldiers by Julian.

title: Sergius and Bacchus


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Talk:Mount Arafat

Disambiguation
Shouldn't this page include a disambiguation-link to the article about Yasser Arafat?
 * Since the article is now called Mount Arafat, I removed the disambiguation link. Arafat redirects to Yasser Arafat. --Cam 19:20, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Name
Even though it's a hill, not a mount, I'm thinking about moving this to Mount Arafat so as to suit Wikipedia's naming cnoventions. Thoughts? --Irishpunktom\talk 14:08, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

this is a rally good idea, so am i!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.76.112.27 (talk) 11:44, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

wrong location?
see de:Arafat (Landschaft) -- Virtualiter (talk) 12:21, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

Explication du terme jaillissement des flots durant le pélérinage
Qu'est ce ça veut dire le jaillissement des flots pendant le WUQUF? et merci

Abdelaziz ELMOURTAQI — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.250.205.206 (talk) 22:29, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

Merge
The Arafat, Makkah article context was similar to Mount Arafat. Also, there is more information about Arafat in the Mount Arafat article. Therefore, merging was good way for improve both articles.Saff V. (talk) 06:41, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

Please fix
This is a sentence fragment. Please fix.

 * Using petrographic, fission track dating and γ-spectrometric (HPGe) techniques in order to study the geology, thermal history and the radiological hazards due to the presence of primordial radionuclides.

173.88.246.138 (talk) 20:34, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

Isaac
I remember to have read that someone considered Arafat the site of the Isaac's sacrifice. thanks. 151.29.137.229 (talk) 22:59, 27 June 2023 (UTC) I also suggest to copy here the map in the Hajj entry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.29.137.229 (talk) 09:18, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Arafat


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Diabetic hypoglycemia

Diabetic hypoglycemia is a low blood glucose level occurring in a person with diabetes mellitus. It is one of the most common types of hypoglycemia seen in emergency departments and hospitals. According to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP), and based on a sample examined between 2004 and 2005, an estimated 55,819 cases (8.0% of total admissions) involved insulin, and severe hypoglycemia is likely the single most common event.

In general, hypoglycemia occurs when a treatment to lower the elevated blood glucose of diabetes inaccurately matches the body's physiological need, and therefore causes the glucose to fall to a below-normal level.

Signs and symptoms
Diabetic hypoglycemia can be mild, recognized easily by the patient, and reversed with a small amount of carbohydrates eaten or drunk, or it may be severe enough to cause unconsciousness requiring intravenous dextrose or an injection of glucagon. Severe hypoglycemic unconsciousness is one form of diabetic coma. A common medical definition of severe hypoglycemia is "hypoglycemia severe enough that the person needs assistance in dealing with it". A co-morbidity is the issue of hypoglycemia unawareness.

Symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia, when they occur, are those of hypoglycemia: neuroglycopenic, adrenergic (that is, activating adrenergic receptors, resulting e.g. in fast heartbeat), and abdominal. Symptoms and effects can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on how low the glucose falls and a variety of other factors. It is rare but possible for diabetic hypoglycemia to result in brain damage or death. Indeed, an estimated 2–4% of deaths of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus have been attributed to hypoglycemia.

In North America a mild episode of diabetic hypoglycemia is sometimes termed a "low" or an "insulin reaction," and in Europe a "hypo", although all of these terms are occasionally used interchangeably in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. A severe episode is sometimes also referred to as "insulin shock".

In a counter-intuitive manifestation, hypoglycemia can trigger a Somogyi effect, resulting in a rebounding high blood sugar or hyperglycemia.

Cause
Diabetic hypoglycemia can occur in any person with diabetes who takes any medicine to lower their blood glucose, but severe hypoglycemia occurs most often in people with type 1 diabetes who must take insulin for survival. In type 1 diabetes, iatrogenic hypoglycemia is more appropriately viewed as the result of the interplay of insulin excess and compromised glucose counterregulation rather than as absolute or relative insulin excess alone. Hypoglycemia can also be caused by sulfonylureas in people with type 2 diabetes, although it is far less common because glucose counterregulation generally remains intact in people with type 2 diabetes. Severe hypoglycemia rarely, if ever, occurs in people with diabetes treated only with diet, exercise, or insulin sensitizers.

For people with insulin-requiring diabetes, hypoglycemia is one of the recurrent hazards of treatment. It limits the achievability of normal glucoses with current treatment methods. Hypoglycemia is a true medical emergency, which requires prompt recognition and treatment to prevent organ and brain damage.

Intake of glucose by mouth
The blood glucose can usually be raised to normal within minutes with 15–20 grams of carbohydrate, although overtreatment should be avoided if at all possible. It can be taken as food or drink if the person is conscious and able to swallow. This amount of carbohydrate is contained in about 3–4 ounces (100–120 mL) of orange, apple, or grape juice, about 4–5 ounces (120–150 mL) of regular (non-diet) soda, about one slice of bread, about 4 crackers, or about 1 serving of most starchy foods. Starch is quickly digested to glucose, but adding fat or protein retards digestion. Composition of the treatment should be considered, as fruit juice is typically higher in fructose which takes the body longer to metabolize than simple dextrose alone. Following treatment, symptoms should begin to improve within 5 to 10 minutes, although full recovery may take 10–20 minutes. Overtreatment does not speed recovery, and will simply produce hyperglycemia afterwards, which ultimately will need to be corrected. On the other hand, since the excess of insulin over the amount required to normalize blood sugar may continue to reduce blood sugar levels after treatment has produced an initial normalization, continued monitoring is required to determine if further treatment is necessary.

Intravenous glucose
If a person cannot receive oral glucose gel or tablets, such as the case with unconsciousness, seizures, or altered mental status, then emergency personnel (EMTs/Paramedics and in-hospital personnel) can establish a peripheral or central IV line and administer a solution containing dextrose and saline. These are normally referred to as Dextrose (Concentration) Water, and come in 5%, 10%, 25% and 50%. Dextrose 5% and 10% come in IV bag and syringe form, and are mainly used in infants and to provide a fluid medium for medications. Dextrose 25% and 50% are heavily necrotic due to their hyperosmolarity, and should only be given through a patent IV line – any infiltration can cause massive tissue necrosis. It is MUCH safer to use a Dextrose 10% solution when treating hypoglycemia via IV in children under the age of 14. When using Dextrose 25% in a child it is safer to administer it through a central line or an intra-osseous line.

Glucagon
Glucagon is a hormone that rapidly counters the metabolic effects of insulin in the liver, causing glycogenolysis and release of glucose into the blood. It can raise the glucose by 30–100 mg/dL within minutes in any form of hypoglycemia caused by insulin excess (including all types of diabetic hypoglycemia). It comes in a glucagon emergency rescue kit which includes tiny vials containing 1 mg, which is a standard adult dose. The glucagon in the vial is a lyophilized pellet, which must be reconstituted with 1 mL of sterile water, included in the "kit". In the widely used Lilly Emergency Kit, the water is contained in a syringe with a large needle for intramuscular injection and must be injected into the vial with the pellet of glucagon before being injected. Glucagon works if given subcutaneously, but absorption and recovery are faster if it is injected deep into a muscle (usually the middle of the outside of the thigh). It has an even more rapid effect when given intravenously but this is rarely practicable. Side effects of glucagon can include nausea and headache, but these can also occur after severe hypoglycemia even when glucagon is not used. Risks of glucagon use are far lower than risks of severe hypoglycemia, and it can usually produce a faster recovery than calling for paramedics and waiting for them to start an intravenous line to give dextrose. If someone uses this kit, they should be seen in an emergency room, as glucagon depletes glycogen stores, and can lead to a deadly rebound hypoglycemia.

In the United States, caregivers for patients with Type 1 diabetes are instructed to have an unexpired glucagon emergency kit on hand at all times.

A number of companies are developing glucagon injection devices with the goal of simplifying administration for caregivers and patients during severe hypoglycemic events. For many, the current standard of care (the glucagon emergency kit) is burdensome and not caregiver or patient-friendly due to the multiple steps required to administer the drug, especially during an emergency situation. To improve hypoglycemia treatment, many companies are developing more efficient glucagon delivery solutions. Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is developing the Glucagon Rescue Pen or G-Pen using a patented non-aqueous formulation of glucagon that is room-temperature stable, low-volume, and pre-mixed in an auto-injectable device (similar to an EpiPen) that takes the injection process down to two steps (as opposed to nine steps with glucagon emergency kits currently on the market). Similarly, GlucaPen, an autoinjector in development by Enject, Inc. promises to simplify the delivery of glucagon.

Unawareness
Although one expects hypoglycemic episodes to be accompanied by the typical symptoms (e.g., tremor, sweating, palpitations, etc.), this is not always the case. When hypoglycemia occurs in the absence of such symptoms it is called hypoglycemic unawareness. Especially in people with long-standing type 1 diabetes and those who attempt to maintain glucose levels which are closer to normal, hypoglycemic unawareness is common.

In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, as plasma glucose levels fall, insulin levels do not decrease – they are simply a passive reflection of the absorption of exogenous insulin. Also, glucagon levels do not increase. Therefore, the first and second defenses against hypoglycemia are already lost in established type 1 diabetes mellitus. Further, the epinephrine response is typically attenuated, i.e., the glycemic threshold for the epinephrine response is shifted to lower plasma glucose concentrations, which can be aggravated by previous incidents of hypoglycemia.

The following factors contribute to hypoglycemic unawareness:
 * There may be autonomic neuropathy
 * The brain may have become desensitized to hypoglycemia
 * The person may be using medicines which mask the hypoglycemic symptoms

Autonomic neuropathy
During hypoglycemia, the body normally releases epinephrine (more commonly known as adrenaline) and related substances. This serves two purposes: The β-effect of epinephrine is responsible for the palpitations and tremors, giving the patient warning that hypoglycemia is present. The β-effect of epinephrine also stimulates the liver to release glucose (gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis). In other words, the epinephrine warns the patient that hypoglycemia is present and signals the liver to release glucose to reverse it. In the absence of epinephrine release, or when it is attenuated (reduced) during hypoglycemia, the patient may not be aware that his/her glucose level is low. This is termed 'hypoglycemic unawareness'. The problem is compounded since, in the absence of an appropriate epinephrine response, the usual responses of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis may also be lost or blunted.

Since epinephrine release is a function of the autonomic nervous system, the presence of autonomic neuropathy (i.e., a damaged autonomic nervous system) will cause the epinephrine release in response to hypoglycemia to be lost or blunted. Unfortunately, damage to the autonomic nervous system in the form of autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of long-standing diabetes (especially type 1 diabetes), so the presence of hypoglycemic unawareness may be a sign of autonomic neuropathy, although the autonomic response to hypoglycemia is already impaired in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus even in the absence of autonomic neuropathy.

Because the autonomic response is, in effect, the body's backup system for responding to hypoglycemia, patients with type 1 diabetes are forced to rely almost exclusively on a backup system for protection, which can unfortunately, deteriorate over time. The reduced autonomic response (including the sympathetic neural norepinephrine and acetylcholine as well as the adrenomedullary epinephrine response) causes the clinical syndrome of hypoglycemia unawareness — loss of the largely neurogenic warning symptoms of developing hypoglycemia.

Brain desensitization to hypoglycemia
If a person has frequent episodes of hypoglycemia (even mild ones), the brain becomes "used to" the low glucose and no longer signals for epinephrine to be released during such times. More specifically, there are glucose transporters located in the brain cells (neurons). These transporters increase in number in response to repeated hypoglycemia (this permits the brain to receive a steady supply of glucose even during hypoglycemia). As a result, what was once the hypoglycemic threshold for the brain to signal epinephrine release becomes lower. Epinephrine is not released, if at all, until the blood glucose level has dropped to even lower levels. Clinically, the result is hypoglycemic unawareness.

Since repeated hypoglycemia is common in people with diabetes who strive to keep their glucose levels near normal, the incidence of hypoglycemic unawareness becomes more prevalent in patients who follow 'intensive treatment' protocols.

The most common treatment for this condition is to liberalize the patient's target glucose levels, in an attempt to decrease the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. Hypoglycemic unawareness will sometimes disappear when the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes has declined, but this is not always the case.

Beta blockers
These medicines are designed to blunt the β-effect of adrenaline and related substances. Hence, if hypoglycemia occurs in someone who is using this type of drug, he/she may not experience the typical adrenergic warning symptoms such as tremor and palpitations. Again, the result is hypoglycemic unawareness. As noted above, beta blockers will also prevent adrenaline from stimulating the liver to make glucose, and therefore may make the hypoglycemia more severe and/or more protracted. Of all the hypoglycemia symptoms, sweating is typically not blocked by beta blockers.

title: Diabetic hypoglycemia


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Zheleznogorsk (town)

Zheleznogorsk (Железного́рск) is the name of several urban localities in Russia:
 * Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai
 * Zheleznogorsk, Kursk Oblast, a town in Kursk Oblast

title: Zheleznogorsk (town)


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Talk:List of named passenger trains of the United States (D–H)

Chicago vs. Chicago, IL
I've rolled back the change because all of the other city specifications on the page are in the form "City, ST", even when it should be fairly clear what city is discussed. Both Chicago and Chicago, IL redirect to Chicago, Illinois, so this makes all the city specifications consistent here. slambo 14:11, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Now Chicago is the article's location. Slambo (Speak)  03:54, 11 September 2006 (UTC)


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Category:Canals in the United States

This category includes articles on canals in the United States.

title: Category:Canals in the United States


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National Liberation Front – Bahrain

The National Liberation Front—Bahrain (جبهة التحرير الوطني—البحرين) is a communist party in Bahrain. It was founded on 15 February 1955, the first leftist party in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Among the founder-members were Hassan Nezam (1922–1958), the principal founder, who was killed in Tehran in 1958 by SAVAK. (Hassan Nezam was also a leading regional figure in the Tudeh Party of Iran, Khuzestan province, under the name Hassan Dorood.) Other founders were Erik Mansoorian, who died in Abadan after returning to Iran in 1964, Hassan M. Saleh (1926–2000), who from the early 1960s was in a state of a chronic mental dysfunction as a result of severe torture, Ali Madan (1932–1995), Ahmed al-Thawadi, “Saif Bin Ali” (1937–2006), and Ali Dawaigher (1938-2013).

In the 1960s and 70s the NLF, headed by Saif Bin Ali, assisted by Yousif Ajaji (born 1939) and Abdulla Rashid Binali (born 1935), played a leading part in two major events: the March Intifada (uprising) of 1965, in which nationalist forces rose up against British colonialism, and the labour movement of the early 1970s. The first event led eventually to the independence of Bahrain from British in 1971; the second event accelerated the move towards a significant improvement in the political atmosphere and the emergence of the first parliament in Bahrain and the first constitution (the 1973 constitution).

By the first half of the 1970s the NLF was the major political force in the country, and following the 1973 election it had eight members in the Bahrain National Assembly (parliament) or 40% of elected MPs (30 were elected and 14 appointed). In 1975, however, the Assembly was dissolved and the constitution suspended. The NLF was harshly repressed by the regime, and many activists and leaders went into exile. The most severe assault came in the mid-80s, specifically in 1986, with the decision of the regime to crush the NLF. Almost the whole clandestine organisation collapsed, some members died under torture, and a large number were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment after false and illegal confessions.

In spite of the unprecedented political circumstances that faced the surviving activists of the NLF, a handful of fighters remained, though in different method of activity. One can see their fingerprints on the events of the 1990s called the “constitutional movement.”

In the early 2000s, after a change in the regime's policy, exiled leaders were allowed to return to Bahrain and to work politically. Before the 2002 election some elements affiliated to the NLF, in co-operation with other independent activists (leftists and liberals), launched a legal political body under a new rule governing the establishment of political associations. In this way the Progressive Democratic Tribune Association (PDTA) was founded as a leftist progressive political organisation, but not as an alternative to the NLF. Since then it may appear that the PDTA has replaced the NLF, a groundless claim for which there is no documentary evidence. Moreover, the NLF never issued any statement that it has ceased to exist. The reality is that the NLF continues to exist and to struggle, though illegal and not openly active, because of the continued repression of opposition groups by the Bahrain state.

Following the 2002 election, the NLF and PDTA had three members in parliament, including the deputy speaker, Abdulhadi Marhoon. However, they lost all seats at the 2006 election when Sunni and Shi‘a communal “Islamist” forces won almost all seats.

title: National Liberation Front – Bahrain