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User talk:Williamchc

Busy during this period(April,2005),gonna edit this page later on^^

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Williamchc


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Template:Edit conflict

(edit conflict)

title: Template:Edit conflict


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San, Mali

San (Bambara: ߛߊߣ tr. San) is an urban commune, town and capital of the Cercle of San in the Ségou Region of Mali. The town lies 10 km south of the Bani River. In the 2009 census the commune had a population of 68,078.

San is the center for production of bògòlanfini, a traditional Malian fabric. Former President of Mali Bah Ndaw was born here on 23 August 1950.

Climate
San has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with a wet season from late May to early October. Almost no rain falls during the long dry season from early October to late May, while afternoon temperatures are sweltering except in December and January, when they are merely hot in the afternoon and pleasant to warm in the mornings.

Twin towns
San is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Chaumont, Haute-Marne, France, since 1995

title: San, Mali


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Talk:Complementarity (Molecular Biology)

Page Merges planned
See also complementary DNA. (Should these two articles get merged?) --Comment by User:Michael Hardy on main page.
 * No. This area is a bit of a mess. Complement in genetics usually refers to something else entirely (as in complementation test).complementary DNA (cDNA) is specifically DNA generated from RNA. I'd like to draw attention to the page at Hybridisation (molecular biology) as well. I'm going to start tidying this stuff up. --Mike C | talk 12:12, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

OK. I've looked around a bit. My plan is to:

 * 1) Create a new page Complementarity (molecular biology) --done
 * 2) Move the content of Complement (Genetics) page there. --done
 * 3) Create a new page Complementation (genetics)
 * 4) Put content on Complementation there.
 * 5) Redirect this page there.

--Mike C | talk 12:25, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Above moved from Complement (Genetics)


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The Mystery of the Blue Train

The Mystery of the Blue Train is a work of detective fiction by British writer Agatha Christie, first published in the United Kingdom by William Collins & Sons on 29 March 1928 and in the United States by Dodd, Mead and Company later in the same year. The UK edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6) and the US edition at $2.00. The book features her detective Hercule Poirot.

The novel concerns the murder of an American heiress on Le Train Bleu, the titular "Blue Train". The novel entered the public domain in the United States in 2024; however, it will still be copyrighted in the United Kingdom until 1 January 2047, 70 years after the death of Agatha Christie.

Plot summary
Poirot boards Le Train Bleu, bound for the French Riviera. So does Katherine Grey, who is having her first winter out of England, after recently receiving a relatively large inheritance. On board the train Grey meets Ruth Kettering, an American heiress leaving her unhappy marriage to meet her lover. The next morning, though, Ruth is found dead in her compartment, a victim of strangulation.

The famous ruby, "Heart of Fire", which had recently been given to Ruth by her father, is discovered to be missing. Ruth's father, American millionaire Rufus Van Aldin, and his secretary, Major Knighton, persuade Poirot to take on the case. Ruth's maid, Ada Mason, says that she saw a man in Ruth's compartment but could not see who he was. The police suspect that Ruth's lover, the Comte de la Roche, killed her and stole the ruby, but Poirot does not think that the Comte is guilty. He is suspicious of Ruth's estranged husband, Derek Kettering, who was on the same train but claims not to have seen Ruth. Katherine says that she saw Derek enter Ruth's compartment. Further suspicion is thrown on Derek when a cigarette case with the letter "K" is found there.

Poirot investigates and finds out that the murder and the jewel theft might not be connected, as the famous jewel thief "The Marquis" is connected to the crime. Eventually, the avaricious Mirelle, who was on the train with Derek—with whom she had been having an affair but, now spurned, is seeking revenge against him—tells Poirot she saw Derek leave Ruth's compartment around the time the murder would have taken place. Derek is then arrested. Everyone is convinced the case is solved, but Poirot is not sure. He does more investigating and learns more information, talking to his friends and to Katherine, eventually coming to the truth.

He asks Van Aldin and Knighton to come with him on the Blue Train to recreate the murder. He tells them that Ada Mason is really Kitty Kidd, a renowned male impersonator and actress. Katherine saw what she thought was a boy getting off the train, but it was really Mason. Poirot realised that Mason was the only person claiming to have seen anyone with Ruth in the compartment, so this could have been a lie. He reveals that the murderer and Mason's accomplice is Knighton, who is really the ruthless "Marquis". He also says that the cigarette case with the K on it does not stand for 'Kettering', but for 'Knighton'. Since Knighton was supposedly in Paris, no one would have suspected him. Derek did go into the compartment to talk to Ruth once he saw she was on the train, but he left when he saw she was asleep. The police arrest Knighton and the case is closed.

Characters

 * Hercule Poirot, a private detective;
 * Rufus Van Aldin, the American millionaire, Ruth's father;
 * Ruth Kettering, Van Aldin's only daughter, Derek's wife;
 * Hon Derek Kettering, Van Aldin's son-in-law, Ruth's husband;
 * Mirelle, a Parisian dancer, Derek's gold-digging and later vengeful French lover;
 * Major Richard Knighton, Van Aldin's secretary;
 * Ada Beatrice Mason, Ruth Kettering's maid
 * Comte Armand de la Roche, Ruth's swindling lover;
 * Monsieur Carrège, of French police;
 * Commissary Caux, of French police;
 * Mr. Goby, Rufus' informant;
 * Katherine Grey, formerly companion to the recently deceased Mrs Harfield, who has left her entire estate to Grey;
 * Dr. Harrison, friend of Katherine from the village of St. Mary Mead;
 * Mrs. Harrison, wife of the doctor, and friend of Katherine from the same village;
 * Amelia Viner, an elderly, terminally ill spinster and friend of Katherine Grey in St Mary Mead;
 * Rosalie Tamplin, Viscountess cousin of Katherine, owner of a villa on the Riviera;
 * Lenox Tamplin, Lady Tamplin's daughter;
 * Charles Evans, Lady Tamplin's much younger husband;
 * Demetrius Papopolous, jewellery dealer and an acquaintance of Poirot;
 * Zia Papopolous, daughter of Demetrius;
 * Pierre Michel, the train's attendant;
 * Joseph Aarons, Poirot's acquaintance, an expert in people involved in the "dramatic profession" (acting) who advises Poirot about the skilled impersonator Kitty Kidd, known by a different name for most of the novel;
 * Boris Ivanovitch;
 * Olga Demiroff;
 * Alice;
 * Ellen.

Influence and significance
The novel's plot is based on the 1923 Poirot short story "The Plymouth Express" (later collected in book form in the US in 1951 in The Under Dog and Other Stories and in the UK in 1974 in Poirot's Early Cases).

The novel "also contains a number of firsts", which include "reference to the fictional village of St. Mary Mead... [later] the home of Agatha Christie's detective Miss Marple", in this work, the home of the character, Katherine Grey. (This location also appear in "The Tuesday Night Club", published in December 1927, the first short story to feature Miss Marple.) Also firsts were "appearance of Poirot's valet, George" and "of the minor recurring character, Mr Goby, who would also appear in After the Funeral and Third Girl".

Mere months after this novel was published, prolific French novelist Arthur Bernède published Le mystère du train bleu, in 1928. A murder mystery adventure featuring Bernède's own popular detective, Chantecoq, the story is set in Paris and the plot is completely different, although it seems likely that Bernède was hoping to benefit from Poirot's popularity.

Literary significance and reception
The Times Literary Supplement gave a more positive reaction to the book than Christie herself in its issue of 3 May 1928. After recounting the set-up of the story, the reviewer concluded: "The reader will not be disappointed when the distinguished Belgian on psychological grounds... builds up inferences almost out of the air, supports them by a masterly array of negative evidence and lands his fish to the surprise of everyone".

The New York Times Book Review of 12 August 1928 said, "Nominally Poirot has retired, but retirement means no more to him than it does to a prima donna. Let a good murder mystery come within his ken, and he just can't be kept out of it."

British crime writer and critic Robert Barnard declared: "Christie's least favourite story, which she struggled with just before and after the disappearance. The international setting makes for a good varied read, but there is a plethora of sixth-form schoolgirl French and some deleterious influences from the thrillers. There are several fruitier candidates for the title of 'worst Christie'."

Allusions
Allusions to other works in the Christie cannon include the following. One of the characters in Death on the Nile recognises Poirot because of his involvement in The Mystery of the Blue Train: "Miss Van Schuyler said: ' I have only just realised who you are, Monsieur Poirot. I may tell you that I have heard of you from my old friend Rufus Van Aldin." That line was retained in the television film, even though Death on the Nile was broadcast first.

The novel features a Wagon Lit conductor called Pierre Michel which is the same name of another Wagon Lit conductor who appears in Murder on the Orient Express – it is never revealed whether these two characters are one and the same or different.

The titular Blue Train appears again in Three Act Tragedy where Poirot boards the train with Sir Charles Cartwright to return to England.

Television
The novel was adapted for television in 2006, a special episode of the series Agatha Christie's Poirot, airing on ITV on 1 January. It adapted by Guy Andrews and directed by Hettie Macdonald (who would later Curtain: Poirot's Last Case), and starred David Suchet as Poirot. Also featured were Roger Lloyd-Pack as Inspector Caux, James D'Arcy as Derek Kettering, Lindsay Duncan as Lady Tamplin, Alice Eve as Lenox and Elliott Gould as Rufus Van Aldin. It was "[r]eset in the late 1930s to match the rest of the Poirot TV series".

Changes from the novel
Apart from the reset to the '30, the television film includes several changes from the original novel. To tie in with the rest of the series, the setting is changed to the late 1930s. Additionally, Ruth's lover is travelling on the train with her, and they are both fleeing her husband. Lady Tamplin, Corky and her daughter Lenox also travel on the blue train. Ruth becomes friends with Katherine Grey. They switch train compartments, and when Ruth is bludgeoned to death, making her features unrecognisable, Poirot speculates that the intended victim may have been Katherine. Rufus, Ruth's father, has a wife in the film, who became insane after Ruth's birth, and Rufus has ensured her (his wife's) safekeeping at a convent, where she has become a nun. The character of Mirelle is changed to be Rufus's mistress, who visits Rufus's wife. She is mistaken by Rufus's wife to be her daughter Ruth. Additional changes in the film include Ada Mason trying to kill Katherine (because Knighton had fallen in love with Katherine and Ada was jealous). Katherine is saved by Lenox jumping on Mason and biting her on the neck. At the end of the film, the murderer, Major Richard Knighton, commits suicide by having himself run over by an oncoming train, instead of just being arrested by the French police as in the novel. The television film also shows Lady Tamplin's fourth husband (Corky by name) acquiring a ruby for her. In the book, Lady Tamplin's fourth husband is named "Chubby", and he has nothing to do with the ruby.

In the end, Katherine expresses a desire to travel, saying that she intends to take the Orient Express from Vienna. She asks Poirot if he has taken that train, and he says he has not. However, in a bit of foreshadowing, Poirot says that he would like to take the Orient Express someday, while Katherine talks about the romance of the train.

Radio
The Mystery of the Blue Train was adapted for radio by BBC Radio 4, with Maurice Denham as Poirot, which was broadcast in six parts weekly, 29 December 1985—2 February 1986. This was the first of the adaptations of Poirot novels by BBC Radio.

Graphic novel
A graphic novel with the content of this Christie work was published in 2005, in French, entitled Le train bleu, from Emmanuel Proust éditions. The Mystery of the Blue Train was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel on 3 December 2007, adapted and illustrated by Marc Piskic. This was translated from the edition first published in France.

Publication history

 * 1928, William Collins and Sons (London), 29 March 1928, Hardcover, 296 pp
 * 1928, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), 1928, Hardcover, 306 pp
 * 1932, William Collins and Sons, February 1932 (As part of the Agatha Christie Omnibus of Crime along with The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, The Seven Dials Mystery and The Sittaford Mystery), Hardcover (Priced at seven shillings and sixpence)
 * 1940, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback, 276 pp
 * 1948, Penguin Books, Paperback, (Penguin number 691), 250 pp
 * 1954, Pan Books, Paperback (Pan number 284)
 * 1956, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback, 194 pp
 * 1958, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 248 pp
 * 1972, Greenway edition of collected works (William Collins), Hardcover, 286 pp, ISBN 0-00-231524-6
 * 1973, Greenway edition of collected works (Dodd Mead), Hardcover, 286 pp, ISBN 0-396-06817-0
 * 1974, Dodd, Mead and Company (As part of the Murder on Board along with Death in the Clouds and What Mrs. McGillicuddy Saw!), Hardcover, 601 pp, ISBN 0-396-06992-4
 * 1976, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 423pp, OCLC 2275078
 * 2006, Easton Press, Hardcover/Leather, 278 pp
 * 2007, Poirot Facsimile Edition (Facsimile of 1928 UK First Edition), HarperCollins, 5 March 2007, Hardback ISBN 0-00-723438-4

Circumstances of its writing
As described by the staff of Agatha Christie Limited,"The writing of this book (part of which took place on the Canary Islands in early 1927 ) was an ordeal for Agatha Christie. The events of 1926 with the death of her mother and her husband's infidelity had left a deep psychological scar on Christie. Now separated from Archie and in need of funds, she turned back to writing... The story itself, even though derived from the 1923 Poirot short story The Plymouth Express, did not come easily to her and she referred to this novel in her autobiography stating that she 'always hated it'."

It later had an effect on her in the midst of wartime when, nervous that at some future point she might be in need of funds and need a fallback, she wrote Sleeping Murder and locked it securely in a bank vault for future publication. Curtain was written at the same time and similarly locked away, but publication of this latter book would not be possible until the end of her writing career, as it recounts the death of Poirot.

Serialization
The Mystery of the Blue Train was first serialized in the London evening newspaper The Star in thirty-eight un-illustrated instalments from Wednesday 1 February to Thursday 15 March 1928. The entire first two chapters were omitted from the serialization and it therefore contained only thirty-four chapters. There were slight amendments to the text, either to make sense of the openings of an instalment (e.g. changing "She then..." to "Katherine then..."), or omitting small sentences or words, especially in the opening instalment where several paragraphs were omitted. A reference to the continental Daily Mail at the start of chapter six (chapter eight in the book) was changed to "the newspaper" to avoid mentioning a competitor to The Star. Three chapters were given different names: chapter nine (eleven in the book) was called Something Good instead of Murder, chapter twenty-six (twenty-eight in the book) was called Poirot hedges instead of Poirot plays the Squirrel and chapter twenty-eight (chapter thirty in the book) was called Katherine's letters instead of Miss Viner gives judgement. The final chapter, called By the Sea in the book, was unnamed in the serialization.

Book dedication
Christie's dedication of the read, "To the two distinguished members of the O.F.D. – Carlotta and Peter", which, according to Agatha Christie Limited Staff and others, references the "difficult time" in 1926 of her mother's death and her husband's infidelity, and where "O.F.D." refers to the "Order of the Faithful Dogs". That camp included "Carlotta [Charlotte Fisher ], hired by Christie as a secretary and Rosalind's governess, and Peter, Rosalind's much loved dog". They were juxtaposed with "the Order of the Faithless Rats", individuals that turned away from her during that time.

The particulars related to the dedication are these. Christie's mother died on 5 April; also referenced are the breakdown of her marriage to Archibald Christie, and her famous ten-day disappearance in December that year. These were events which disturbed her for the remainder of her life, and Christie learned that people she expected to be allies in her time of need turned away from her. One person who didn't was Charlotte Fisher (born c. 1901 – died 1976), who had been employed by Christie in 1924 as both her own secretary and as a governess to her daughter Rosalind.

When the events of 1926 were starting to recede, Christie states that she "had to take stock of my friends". She and Fisher (to whom Christie referred affectionately as both "Carlo" and "Carlotta") divided her acquaintances into two separate categories; the Order of Rats and the Order of Faithful Dogs (O.F.D.)—chief among the latter group, Christie put Charlotte Fisher for her steadfast support. Also named in this latter group, and also in the dedication of the book, is Peter, Christie's beloved terrier, who had been purchased for Rosalind in 1924. Peter's devotion to Christie at this time was never forgotten by her and she returned that affection, writing to her second husband, Max Mallowan, in 1930 that "You've never been through a really bad time with nothing but a dog to hold on to."

Peter was also the subject of the dedication of Dumb Witness (on the dustjacket of which he is pictured), published in 1937, one year before his death. Charlotte Fisher, together with her sister Mary, also received a second dedication in a book in And Then There Were None in 1939.

title: The Mystery of the Blue Train


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Métamorphoses (album)

Métamorphoses is the thirteenth studio album by French electronic musician and composer Jean-Michel Jarre, released by Sony Music in 1999, Epic Records on January 24, 2000 and by Disques Dreyfus on May 25, 2004 in the U.S. The album was followed by two singles: "C'est la Vie" and "Tout Est Bleu".

Critical reception
In Release Magazine, Niklas Forsberg wrote that "it is a musical flashback to a more enthusiastic and innovative Jean Michel Jarre" and added that "Jarre does it better when he's not influenced by anyone but himself." AllMusic writer, Thom Jurek described the album as "the most adventurous recording of Jarre's in a decade, and articulates his universal language of transcultural musicality and futuristic altruism fantastically."

Personnel
Adapted from album booklet:
 * Jean Michel Jarre – vocals, processed vocals, keyboards, synthesizers
 * Joachim Garraud – drum programming, sound design, additional keyboards
 * Laurie Anderson – vocals on "Je me souviens"
 * Natacha Atlas – vocals on "C'est la vie"
 * Sharon Corr – violin on "Rendez-vous à Paris"
 * Veronique Bossa – vocals on "Give Me a Sign" and "Millions of Stars"
 * Dierdre Dubois – vocals on "Miss Moon"
 * Lisa Jacobs – vocals on "Millions of Stars"
 * Ozlem Cetin – vocals on "Silhouette"
 * Olivier Constantin - vocals
 * Leslie Jacobs - vocals
 * Rabah Khalfa - bendir, darbouka
 * Raphael Garraud – additional keyboards
 * Christopher Papendieck – additional bass keyboards
 * Francis Rimbert – additional keyboards
 * John Davis - mastering
 * Nuit de Chine	- art direction, graphic design
 * Patrick Pelamourgues - technical assistance
 * Jean Baptise Saudray - choir conductor
 * Yvan Cassar - string arrangements

title: Métamorphoses (album)


text: User talk:168.170.196.120

title: User talk:168.170.196.120


text: User talk:193.171.250.130

title: User talk:193.171.250.130


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Progress: Its Law and Cause

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 23:30, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Progress: Its Law and Cause
Essayistic, copy-paste from an unverified source. (nomination is by Oliverkeenan)

 * Delete for reasons afforementioned. Oliver Keenan 13:04, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is an excerpt from some old textbook on evolution, old enough for copyrights to have expired I think. But not an article, and title is not good enough for a redirect. Sjakkalle 13:17, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ditto. Mwanner 13:18, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Herbert Spencer is an important thinker, positively seminal in some respects, and this was the title of an important article of his, marking a stage in the consolidation of his ideas in the late 1850s. Not problem with copyvio given the age, but I agree its unencyclopedic just to give a huge block of that article. Instead, there should be a paraphrase of the article, along with an explanation of its context in terms of English history and Spencer's biography. Clean-up, in other words, not deletion. --Christofurio 02:56, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC) (Am I a hopeless inclusionist yet)?

It's a copyvio, as was clearly stated at the bottom of the page. RickK 05:09, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is obvious that the head and foot of the article is a copyvio, the middle of the text is an excerpt from a 19th century textbook. Have not copyrights expired by then? Sjakkalle 07:01, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Copyright lasts 95 year in most cases. So yes, most things from before 1920 is safe (because the term used to be 75 years, and did not retroactively extend). But anyway, this is not encyclopedic, so delete. Radiant_* 08:56, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Mystery of the Blue Train

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep rewrite. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:13, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Mystery of the Blue Train
A personal book review, and not an article. I am too tired to try to turn this into an article, but if anyone wants to, I will reconsider~after a rewrite. Sjakkalle 13:06, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I have, with some doubts, decided to withdraw my nomination and vote keep on the rewritten stub article. It is a bit short but it can be expanded. Sjakkalle 06:40, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Agreed. Mwanner 13:40, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV book review. Mgm|(talk) 18:33, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect might work. 131.211.210.12 08:49, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That was me. I hate it when my PC logs out... Mgm|(talk) 08:49, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Agatha Christie. I don't see any useful material in this article, but if anyone does it can be merged. Dpbsmith (talk) 19:57, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment New stub contains useful material, nice work, but it should be merged into the Agatha Christie article. There's plenty of room. Dpbsmith (talk) 10:33, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Agatha Christie. Nothing to merge. --Carnildo 22:58, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment on the votes to redirect. I usually like redirects, but the Agatha Christie article has links to every single crime novel she made. Is it not better that the links to articles which we do not have remain red, so that we avoid having redirects to itself? I can imagine readers of the Agatha Christie article getting annoyed if they click The Mystery of the Blue Train only to find themselves at the top of the article they were just reading. Sjakkalle 08:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's all sort of academic, since the Agatha Christie article says nothing specific about this novel. Still, it's just barely possible that someone might see the title, look it up, and be pleased to find the author, so there's some justification for a redirect. Particularly since a) the global search feature keeps appearing and disappearing, I think it's been available less than 1/3 of the time I've been on Wikipedia, and b) the Google and Yahoo search features aren't terribly reliable. I do not approve of automatically linking every novel in an article about an author, because it encourages creation of substubs. I think it's much better to leave them unlinked in the article, add brief notes to each title, and create whole articles only when it's clear that the quantity of material about the book is too large for the article. So personally I'd unlink all the book titles that do not have articles already. Dpbsmith (talk) 15:35, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete . I think that it is better if it is redlinked than if it is redirected. Jeltz talk  13:41, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed my vote to keep after it was remade into a book stub. Jeltz talk  10:23, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I just trimmed and rewrote it into what I believe to be a properly encyclopedic stub article. Bryan 05:47, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, now that it's not a book review but a stub. -- M P er el ( talk 07:01, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the stub. Xezbeth  10:25, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Liberal Party

Splitting out disambiguation according to name
I'm not sure why Liberal Democrats link here — it would be more useful to link to a page listing just those parties who are called "Liberal Democrats", not all "Liberal" parties in general. Disambiguation pages are meant to help the reader find their topic as fast as possible; I don't think this current layout achieves that. — Matt Crypto 13:06, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

In that case, I've probably annoyed everyone more; changed Liberal Democratic Party of Australia to their new (legal) name Liberty & Democracy Party. -- PaulxSA 13:58, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

In fact Mr Sharma was never a member of the Liberal Democrats - a party that was formed in 1988 from the merger of the old Liberals and the SDP. He was a member of the pre-merger Liberal Party and I have changed this detail to reflect that fact. However for some reason I cannot get the link to relate specifically to the UK Liberal Party - can someone sort this out please? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Multiculturalist (talk • contribs) 11:53, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

This page needs a lot of work
This page does not do justice to the cause and therefore I am placing a banner on it.Thright (talk) 23:18, 9 March 2008 (UTC)thright

Party to add
There is or was a Liberal Party (Panama) also. --Againme (talk) 18:12, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liberal Party


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Talk:Complementarity (molecular biology)

tRNA and wobble
The last line of the article says: "tRNAs exhibit wobble, in which the third base of their anticodon does not follow the strict complementarity rules." Wobble should be associated with degeneracy within the codons or genetic code, and not so much on complementarity. I'm going to go ahead and remove this line from the article. If you have a good reason to reinstate the line, then please respond here also. --74.179.122.94 (talk) 14:47, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Page Merges planned
See also complementary DNA. (Should these two articles get merged?) --Comment by User:Michael Hardy on main page.
 * No. This area is a bit of a mess. Complement in genetics usually refers to something else entirely (as in complementation test).complementary DNA (cDNA) is specifically DNA generated from RNA. I'd like to draw attention to the page at Hybridisation (molecular biology) as well. I'm going to start tidying this stuff up. --Mike C | talk 12:12, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

OK. I've looked around a bit. My plan is to:

 * 1) Create a new page Complementarity (molecular biology) --done
 * 2) Move the content of Complement (genetics) page there. --done
 * 3) Create a new page Complementation (genetics)
 * 4) Put content on Complementation there.
 * 5) Redirect this page there.

--Mike C | talk 12:25, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Above moved from Complement (genetics)

Hello, I have not made comments before on Wikipedia, though I use the site all the time. Sorry if I'm not following some expected protocol. I just wanted to point out that RNA is not double-stranded as is implied at the beginning of this page. I am going to try to edit it myself, but just in case I fail to do it properly I'm making this note here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Paigemiller1 (talk • contribs) 19:53, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

OK, I made the change, and I suppose I should point out I am aware that in some limited cases (some viruses, for example) RNA does form a dsRNA structure, but it does not generally do this and I think the implication was that this is the common form. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Paigemiller1 (talk • contribs) 20:01, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

Draft of Improvements
Hi there, this article was "adopted" by Johns Hopkins University course in Molecular Biology as a WikiProject. KevinBrownJHU and I are planning on editing it over the next few weeks. Possible areas to add/edit are:
 * Overview/Introduction
 * Principle of DNA base pair complementarity
 * Complementarity in ds DNA
 * Hybridization
 * DNA repair function
 * Regulatory functions
 * Functions/Principles in Biotech

Reading through previous posts I am realizing that complementarity in terms of molecular biology and genetics overlap - looks like a challenge! AjoneWiki (talk) 00:52, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

For those looking to see the page as it evolves, check out the sandbox User:AjoneWiki/sandbox KevinBrownJHU (talk) 03:49, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

Review from klortho

 * You haven't done any work on the lead, and it needs some. See WP:LEAD.  In particular,
 * It is a bit too technical, such that, to a non-biologist, it would not be clear what is being described.
 * The description switches abruptly from talking about sequences being complementary, to bases being complementary, and then back.
 * What determines the "degree of complementarity" between two strands? It is not clear.
 * No description of why this is notable.
 * It should be longer, and contain more summary information from the main article.
 * Why does your reference #1 start with the word "School"?
 * "dsDNA" and "dsRNA", if you are going to use them, need to be glossed. (Most people wouldn't know what the "ds" stands for.)  But do you need to use them?  Why not just "DNA" and "RNA"?
 * The two sections, "Principle of DNA base pair complementarity", and "Complementarity in dsDNA/RNA" should be combined.
 * Principle of DNA base pair complementarity:
 * Don't overlink. You already wikilink each of the bases in the first paragraph; no need to do it again in the table.
 * Under "Regulatory functions", there's a spurious bullet point, "Antisense transcript".
 * When you say, "The overall geometry ... is equivalent to each other", it is not at all clear what you mean, or how that enable double helix formation.
 * Kissing hairpins:
 * I am very confused about what these are, and how they are related to complementarity. From what I can gather, these are complexes of two complete stem-loops, that have base-base interactions between them.  It's not clear how these are directly related to complementarity (for example, within a step-loop).
 * No wikilinks at all
 * "Figure 2" -- what is that?
 * The figure of the RNA stem loop is very nice, but there's no explanation of it in the text. There are lots of places where complementarity plays an important role in "Regulatory functions", such as miRNAs and siRNAs, for example, that are suggested by this stem loop diagram -- couldn't you talk about some of those?
 * Ambiguity codes:
 * "IUPAC codes" needs to be glossed.
 * In this section, for a non-biologist, it would be very hard to figure out what you are talking about here. For example, what are purines?  What are pyrimidines?  You haven't introduced them, or explained how they are relevant to complementarity.
 * Ambigrams:
 * Reference #7 is wrong.

Klortho (talk) 06:10, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you so much for your review klortho.
 * I did some work on the lead section to include the scope without getting too technical.
 * I followed your advise and merged " Principle of DNA base pair complementarity" and Complementarity in dsDNA/RNA".
 * I also removed several duplicate links.
 * I tried to tone down the language within the new section. Hopefully it's easier to understand.
 * AjoneWiki (talk) 04:08, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I worked on a few more sections to the page. Found a few books in my library that I can work from for other stuff after tonight's update.
 * KevinBrownJHU (talk) 04:46, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

Review from Rokasj1
Hi there,

It’s a great start to the article, and you have been able to successfully begin expanding on each of the sections.

For section “Principle of DNA base pair complementarity” I think it would be beneficial to expand on the weak interactions and the hydrogen bonds as a basis of Watson-Crick base pair formation. For example: purines on one strand are paired with pyrimidines on the complementary strand, and tell which atoms on which molecule are forming the hydrogen bond with another molecule, and which atom is hydrogen bond donor and which one is a receptor.

Title of the section “Complementarity in dsDNA/RNA” can be clarified a little because I am not sure what the “/” stands for. Is it for “and or”? Also, a sentence “A complementary strand of DNA or RNA, respectively, may be constructed based on nucleobase complementarity” can be re-organized for clarity purposes. I would suggest to explain further how hydrogen bonds stabilize the double helix. To futher expand this section examples of when ssDNA and RNA anneal to form hybrids would be great.

Kissing Loop section:

In vivo needs not the bald, it needs to be italicized. Can you explain more why ΔG (Gibbs Free Energy) is fixed? What does that mean fixed vs. not fixed? Also what does “bad” means exactly in the next sentence? Is it referring to a non-complementary region?

rokas (talk) 02:51, 6 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi Rokasj1! I ended up merging the first two sections of the article as I don't want to get too technical but still explain the relationship between base pairs and nucleic acid strands. At this moment I don't feel it's beneficial to cover which molecules are forming bonds with each other, I think it's outside of the scope of the article, but I am open for further discussion.
 * I also added a bit information on hybridization and linked to a secondary article that covers thermodynamics of nucleic acid in detail. Thank you! AjoneWiki (talk) 04:48, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I am glad to hear I was of some help,
 * rokas (talk) 03:09, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

Review from Chandler.C.Ho
Hi, The lead section follows style guidelines. Sources reflect the content of each topic. The written language is succinct. Overall, you guys did a good job on explaining complementarity.

A table for Ambiguity codes would be easier to read. A diagram showing how A pairs with T (2 hydrogen bonds) and G pairs with C(3 hydrogen bonds) would help illustrate the concept of base pairing. It is also great if you can show how a strand is identical to the reverse complement of the other strand.

For example

Forward ATGCATGC

Reverse TACGTACG

Complement of reverse ATGCATGC

Chandler.c.ho (talk) 16:18, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi there, you gave me an idea of adding lines between the base pairs to indicate hydrogen bonds, I think it's a pretty good visual. Thank you! I am not sure if I want to add another table to explain the reverse complement concept, as the article might get too cluttered, what do you think Kevin? AjoneWiki (talk) 05:31, 13 November 2013 (UTC)
 * A visual might help with this concept. Hmm. We have the picture at the lead-in section that shows off most of this concept, but it has to be clicked on to see that detail. I think we can get rid of the ambiguity codes section from the page as it isn't really part of complementarity and more to do with reading or translation from a bioinformatics perspective. KevinBrownJHU (talk) 03:36, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

Comments from donbinincom
Looks like you guys are coming along well. One thing that struck me is that you talk about complementarity in terms of the "lock and key" metaphor, yet you focus exclusively on DNA and RNA. Enzymes and their substrates also fit the "lock and key" definition. I believe an important element of complementarity in molecular biology is the ability to reconstitute the whole from either half - for example, the ability to create a copy of a DNA molecule starting with either strand. I would expect an article on complementarity to include an extensive discussion of why this principle is so important in nature. Obviously the details of DNA replication are covered elsewhere, but it seems that an article on complementarity would be valuable at the information processing level. It's nice that you have the one illustration of two complementary base pair sequences, but you could easily expand this to illustrate replication, transcription, and even the basics of translation just using letter sequences. I would think that such "big picture" discussion would come before more complex subjects such as regulatory functions, anti-sense transcripts, etc. Also, although I think the Molecular Biology of the Gene is an excellent reference, I would suggest that you cite specific page ranges rather than the whole thing. Finally, you need to be careful to properly use the adjective "complementary" and the noun "complementarity". There are several cases in which you use the adjective when you should be using the noun.

Here's an interesting reference regarding complementarity in biology - Mazzocchi, Fulvio. "Complementarity in biology". EMBO Reports, May 2010; 11(5): 339-344. Hope that all helps. Don Brown (talk) 01:24, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the feedback and the article. I can see how expanding the article in the direction hinted at in the lead in (about replication/correction) is a good thing to expand on for complementarity. I think some of it was covered in other parts of wikipedia, which is why links were made to some other articles. KevinBrownJHU (talk) 03:38, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you so much. The article you suggested is great. I love the idea to include proteins, why didn't I think of it? I also agree that it is a good idea to expand our reference list. Thank you! AjoneWiki (talk) 18:17, 21 November 2013 (UTC)
 * You guys have made some great progress! One minor observation is that you have a nice section on DNA complementarity that also includes a number of comments about RNA. I'd either change the title or consider breaking RNA off into a separate section. Don Brown (talk) 16:04, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * One other suggestion would be to add a short introductory paragraph in the section on "Regulation". I lot of readers might not understand the whole concept of gene regulation, so a short orientation would be very helpful. Don Brown (talk) 19:38, 2 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I know you guys are in wrap-up mode, but in re-reading today, I remembered how confused I was by the notion of 3' and 5' directions when I first learned about DNA and RNA. It might be worth explaining this directionality at least at a very high level, especially since it's included in one of the illustrations. Don Brown (talk) 14:20, 12 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the feedback. We updated our wording to include RNA. For the regulatory section I added a very short introduction.AjoneWiki (talk) 01:35, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Comments from grabriggs
You are definitely making progress on this article. I think you are on pace to have a great product by the end of the semester. I would suggest adding something to the base complementarity section. The idea of complementarity between DNA strands, DNA/RNA, and mRNA/tRNA during transcription and translation seem like important points that you could elaborate on, maybe through multiple subsections. The idea of the genetic code traveling through these molecules ultimately leading to protein synthesis is an extremely elegant and interesting process. While it would complicate things exceptions to the rule like rare bases, wobble concept, etc might add something as well. What are the purposes of kissing hairpins? You explain them but the reader is left wondering what they are used for. Do systems biologists use ambiguity codes and ambigrams? Why are they used and who uses them? Grabriggs (talk) 22:23, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

 * You are making an interesting point about linking complementarity throughout transcription and translation. I thinking about how to make it more clear for th enon biologist. Thank you. AjoneWiki (talk) 18:21, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

 * The improvements look great in your article! I see you've added some explanation about how complementarity factors into transcription and translation.  The prose is improving and coming together.  Keeping a good flow between topics is a challenge on a big topic like this one.  It still bounces a little between topics.  Your reference list is growing and looks good, with one caveat.  I'm not sure how to cite the tables you have in references 12, 13, 14.  The links work, but not sure what standard protocol is for citing something like that.  Keep up the good work  Grabriggs (talk) 01:06, 3 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll see what I can do to smooth the transitions. AjoneWiki has done a lot of good work in fixing up the page so far. KevinBrownJHU (talk) 02:59, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

Comments from Keilana
Great job so far guys, let me know if you have any questions!

 * The lead really needs to be expanded and use less technical language - it needs to be accessible to the average reader.
 * DNA base pair complementarity needs to have citations.
 * The entire regulatory section needs more links and glossing of technical language.
 * Don't italicize names of specific proteins, either link them or leave them in plain text.
 * It's unnecessary to use "figure 1", "figure 2", etc. Just explain the concept in the text and give a brief description in the caption of the image.
 * One specific example of technical language - instead of saying "deltaG", explain the energetics.
 * The last portion of the miRNA and siRNA section needs a citation.
 * The ambiguity section needs a lot more glossing - I'm halfway to a molecular biology degree and I only vaguely knew what you were talking about. The average reader would be totally lost.

Good luck with the rest of your semester! Keilana|Parlez ici 18:15, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your feedback! It so easy to forget that scientific language is too formal, and I really appreciate your comments.AjoneWiki (talk) 18:24, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Worked on some of the issues with the page. Still need to decide if we should keep the ambiguity/ambigram material here, but for now added some stuff to help them fit in. Still need to work a bit on the lead section to make it a little less technical. KevinBrownJHU (talk) 03:42, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I added a short section on cDNA as it's mentioned in the lead. I tried to keep it simple for the average reader. AjoneWiki (talk) 23:51, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

Comments from JFitz1974
Hi Guys, your page looks like a vast improvement over the prior version. Here are my comments.
 * Lead section
 * The sentence that begins with "This line up between the sequences..." seems like it could be simplified. For example, saying something like "This complementary base pairing allows cells to copy information from one cell to pass on to the next generation."  I wouldn't address the DNA repair with the sentence since you address it again two sentences later.
 * When discussing the degree of variation with complementarity ranging from "complete complementarity to none," would it sound better to say from "complete complementarity to no complementary?"
 * The last sentence of this section states that most complementarity is seen between two sequences of DNA, but you talk about RNA quite often in subsequent sections.  Just something to think about.
 * DNA Base Pair Complementarity section
 * At several locations in this section, the term "respectively" is used when it is not necessary. You normally want to use "respectively" if you provide two examples followed by conditions that apply to each.  For example, if you were talking about 2 species of bird and wanted to note that species A is blue and species B is green you could say "species A and species B are blue and green respectively."  But if you say "species A is blue and species B is green", then you would not use "respectively."
 * If you can elaborate more on DNA replication, transcription and repair, the role of complementarity may be more apparent to the average, non-science reader.
 * Regulatory Functions and Bioinformatics sections
 * When I first started reading the subsections in these two sections, I thought I was on a different page than the complementarity page. I believe that these sections are appropriate to have on this page, but I think you need to begin each subsection with talking about complementarity in these situations and then elaborate on what these are.  I'm not suggesting you do a complete re-write, I'm simply suggesting rearranging the order of presentation in each subsection so that when the reader gets to each section, their attention is still focused on complementarity- you discuss the role of complementarity in each, but it is not until later in the sections (for most).  I hope that makes sense.
 * I'm not sure if the Ambiguity codes section "works" in this article. It doesn't really focus that much on complementarity itself.  I realize that it was in the prior version of the page; I just don't think this is the right page for it.  It's more suited for the base pair page.
 * I'm also not sure that the Ambigrams subsection belongs here as well. All that this section is saying is that rather than using A,T,C and G that there are other designations that can be used.  The whole concept of complementarity does not change simply by using a different identifying code.

Good luck on your final revisions! The page looks very nice. Jfitz1974 (talk) 14:43, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comments. I changed the wording in the lead section, and the flow improved a lot.AjoneWiki (talk) 00:43, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Some more comments from Klortho
Hi, I can see that you guys have done a lot of work on this article since the last time I looked. It is vastly improved!

 * I think you've done a great job of adding figures and tables, and that they really add value to the article.
 * Lead is really good now
 * Written at the right level, I think.
 * It could still use a bit of copy-editing, though. For example, (this is a bit minor, actually) in the last sentence you have, "While most complementarity is seen between two sequences of DNA, it is also possible for a sequence to have internal complementarity resulting in the sequence binding to itself in a folded configuration."  I think this conflates "sequence" with "molecule".  Even in a folded form of a single molecule, you still have complementarity of two sequences.  It's just that the sequences are in different places along the strand.

 * The section "DNA base pair complementarity" should be renamed. Maybe "DNA and RNA base pair complementarity", or maybe "Nucleotide base pair complementarity".  Since you talk about both DNA and RNA in this section, the current heading is wrong.
 * Similarly, this kind of construction is awkward: "involved in DNA complementarity: adenine, thymine (uracil in RNA), guanine and cytosine.".  The intro says specifically you are talking about DNA, but the parenthetical says RNA.
 * I think you should highlight the significance of purines and pyrimidines. Right now, you just mention them, but don't elaborate at all, and a casual reader might wonder what the significance is.  The fact that purines always "mate" with pyrimidines is crucial, and you could relate the type of molecule to the size difference.
 * This sentence needs work: "Following the principles of the genetic code translation allows to transform the code into cellular building blocks such as proteins".  Maybe it could be dropped.
 * The "Antisense transcripts" section could start off with a layman description of exactly what antisense transcripts are. Always keep in mind that your target reader is not a biologist.
 * Regarding "kissing hairpins", I will admit that I am still confused by this. I know what a hairpin loop is, and your figure is great for illustrating that.  But the way I read it, "kissing hairpins" actually involve *two* completely separate hairpin loops, and thus, four nucleotide strands, right?  I think this section, as it is written, is still pretty unclear.  I would suggest that you introduce the topic of hairpin loops in the section "miRNAs and siRNAs", and put the illustration there.  Then, if you want to talk about "kissing hairpins", you should move it to after "miRNAs and siRNAs", because I think it is probably less important.  This is just a suggestion -- don't feel that you *have* to accept it, if you disagree.

Great job! Klortho (talk) 00:49, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the review Klortho. These are great suggestions - I will definitely take them into considerations. How do you feel about the Ambigrams section? We got several comments that it might be out of scope, and I am honestly torn. Any feedback would be appreciated. AjoneWiki (talk) 23:23, 11 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I would like to thank you once again for the support you provided throughout the semester. I followed most of your suggestions, and changed the flow of the first section to highlight the role of the base pairs. I didn't remove the Ambigram section. AjoneWiki (talk) 17:43, 14 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this information. I'm not sure why it seems like Kissing hairpins is talking about 4 sequences when it talks about two hairpins coming together, which, as the illustration under it shows, is just two sequences. I've added a small section about hairpins and other secondary structures to the article to introduce some of this stuff earlier than this specific section. KevinBrownJHU (talk) 02:02, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:08, 29 April 2016 (UTC)


text:
Jiří Hudler

Jiří Hudler (born 4 January 1984) is a Czech former professional ice hockey forward. He played with the Detroit Red Wings, Calgary Flames, Florida Panthers and the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). After beginning his career in the Czech Extraliga with HC Vsetín, Hudler was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft and won the Stanley Cup with the club in 2008. Hudler also played for Dynamo Moscow in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) for one season before the team was merged to form UHC Dynamo.

Early years
Hudler spent his youth in the elite Czech Extraliga with HC Vsetín, beginning in the 1999–2000 season. After recording a point-per-game season with the club in 2001–02, he was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings with their first pick in the second round, 58th overall, of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He remained in the Extraliga the following season, including a brief stint with Ak Bars Kazan of the Russian Superleague (RSL), before moving to North America for the 2003–04 season. Although he competed in 12 games for the Red Wings that season, he played the majority of the campaign with Detroit's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Grand Rapids Griffins, scoring 49 points in 57 games in his rookie AHL season. During that period, he attended a great party in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario with a teammate. He was known to have said “this great party” multiple times. Due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Hudler remained in the AHL the following season while also returning to play with Vsetín for seven games. Although NHL play resumed in 2005–06, he played his third season with the Griffins, breaking-out with 36 goals and 96 points in 76 games to be named to the AHL Second All-Star Team. His 60 assists established a single-season Griffins team-record.

Hudler finally broke through onto the Red Wings roster in 2006–07 and scored 25 points in 76 games to be chosen team rookie of the year by the Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association. No one in the NHL scored more goals in fewer average minutes per game (10:02) than Hudler. Hudler played sporadically in the 2007 playoffs, however, often splitting time with Kyle Calder. He contributed two assists in six games. Former Wings teammate and fellow Czech Robert Lang took Hudler under his wing when Hudler joined the team. Hudler spent time living in Lang's home when he first arrived in the United States, and Lang even went so far as to call Hudler "a third son". Following his rookie NHL season, Hudler spent time during the off-season training with fellow NHLers Chris Chelios, Mathieu Schneider and Rob Blake in Southern California. As a result, he said that he felt faster and stronger.

Playing in his second full season with the Red Wings, Hudler improved to 42 points. On 4 June 2008, he won the Stanley Cup as a member of the Red Wings, scoring five goals and adding nine assists during Detroit's successful playoff run, including the game-winning goal in Game 4 of the Finals against the Pittsburgh Penguins. He continued to improve in 2008–09, notching 23 goals and 57 points. However, facing the Penguins once again in the Finals, Hudler and the Red Wings failed to defend their championship, losing in seven games.

Dynamo Moscow
Becoming a restricted free agent in the off-season, Hudler filed for arbitration with the Red Wings. However, soon thereafter, he signed a contract with Dynamo Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) for $10 million over two years on 8 July 2009, while his arbitration case with the Red Wings was later settled at $5.75 million over the same term. In response to Hudler's signing with Dynamo Moscow, USA Hockey filed an appeal to the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) alleging that Hudler was still under contract with the Red Wings. Pending the IIHF's investigation, Hudler was not granted a transfer card, which would have either prevented him from playing in the KHL or caused the league sanctions. The IIHF later approved Hudler's KHL contract on 9 September 2009, revealing that although Hudler's agent had filed for the arbitration case on his client's behalf, Hudler had not actually signed for the case himself, rendering the arbitration case invalid. Further, the IIHF ruled that USA Hockey had failed to submit their appeal within the required timeline.

Return to Detroit
After one season with Dynamo Moscow, Hudler was released by the team on 18 April 2010, just four days before Dynamo was merged into "UHC Dynamo" (later to return to "Dynamo Moscow"). Eight days later, Hudler returned to the same Red Wings team he had left following his 2009 arbitration case, for two years at $2.875 million per season, the same contract he would have received in arbitration in 2009. Despite reaching a settlement with the team, he was ineligible to return for the 2010 playoffs, as he was not an active roster player before the NHL trade deadline. Hudler would return for the 2010–11 season.

Calgary Flames
On 2 July 2012, Hudler signed a four-year, $16 million contract with the Calgary Flames worth $4 million per year. In the 2014–15 season, Hudler set career-highs in NHL points, scoring 76 points in 78 games and helping the Flames reach the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time in six years. He was also nominated for the Lady Byng Trophy, awarded to the NHL's most sportsmanlike player, which he was named the winner of on 24 June.

Florida Panthers and Dallas Stars
During the 2015–16 season, on 27 February 2016, Hudler, in the final year of his contract with the Flames, was traded to the Florida Panthers in exchange for second- and fourth-round picks in the 2016 and 2018 NHL Entry Drafts, respectively.

Becoming a free agent in the subsequent off-season, on 23 August 2016, Hudler signed a one-year, $2 million contract with the Dallas Stars.

Airplane incident
On October 4, 2017, it was reported that Hudler has been accused of a belligerent outburst on a flight from New York to Prague. Reportedly, he asked a flight attendant for cocaine and when he did not get it, he threatened to have her murdered and attempted to urinate on a food cart.

Awards and records

 * 2005–06 — AHL Second All-Star Team
 * 2005–06 — AHL Grand Rapids Griffins team record with 60 assists.
 * 2006–07 — Hudler was named "Detroit Red Wings Rookie of the Year" by the Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association.
 * 2007–08 — NHL Stanley Cup (Detroit Red Wings)
 * 2014–15 — Lady Byng Memorial Trophy

title: Jiří Hudler


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/UPX

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:10, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

UPX
Advertising-- Check External links. Mwanner 13:07, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep -- UPX is a very well known open source project, anybody familiar with computer security, forensics, or reverse engineering will have heard of it. -- taviso 13:21, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it does read like an ad. Is there anything interesting we can say about this compression program? If not I'd prefer to have it merged to a comprehensive list. Radiant_* 14:38, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. Notabple software. N-Mantalk 15:30, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - as a programmer, I've heard of (and used) this software. It's quite well known in the programming community. We have entries for notable open source projects like gcc, emacs, and GIMP, so precedent would seem to argue for keeping the article. It should be cleaned up and expanded. Firebug 16:08, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Well-known bit of software, but if this is all we can say about it, it's no better than any of the other adspam we see. Chris talk back 22:00, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, clean up and expand. Megan1967 07:17, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Given the number of computer programmers who contribute here, I predict this will grow rather quickly. - Lucky 6.9 05:15, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/UPX


text: User talk:195.224.10.234

title: User talk:195.224.10.234


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/GreencastleHarbour 2004 SeanMcClean

GreencastleHarbour 2004 SeanMcClean
+6 / -2 -- Solipsist 11:44, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Used in Greencastle, County Donegal and Sheila McClean. Created by Sheila McClean, digitized by User:SeanMack. Strongly painted picture that illustrates in a way complementary to the photographs on the Greencastle page. Free licence. Higher resolution version may also be available (hi-res now uploaded). Zeimusu | (Talk page) 13:10, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - Zeimusu | (Talk page) 13:10, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - It's one of my personal favs. SeanMack 13:55, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Mgm|(talk) 19:41, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support A very pleasant composition. Denni ☯ 00:30, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)
 * Support -- Longhair | Talk 00:51, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Jonas Olson 20:23, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose I am all for more art images, but am not terribly impressed by the subject nor the composition. Janderk 14:19, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I do wish that there was a separate gallery of the finest images of artworks. - Bevo 18:58, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Karl Ploetz

Karl Julius Ploetz (8 July 1819 – 6 February 1881) was a German author of scholarly works, most notably his Epitome of History published in the English language in 1883.

Ploetz was born in Berlin. He is credited with the idea of arranging historic data by dates, geographic location, and other factors. As later used in the English language, Encyclopedia of World History credited with being one of the most complete and comprehensive academic tools available before the electronic revolution. His work was a compilation of factual world events designed to help the students and the general reader. The first English translation was in the U.S. in 1883 by William H. Tillinghast and published by Houghton Mifflin Company. The name of the original work (in a form of a handbook) was Auszug aus der alten, mittleren und neueren Geschichte.

Karl Ploetz died in Görlitz in 1881.

title: Karl Ploetz


text:
User talk:CatCrofts

Irish internet and information addict.

Eamon
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. This edit was obviously vandalism, so instead of merely correcting the spelling, it would have been more preferable to revert it. The vandalism stood for three weeks before I got rid of it just now.

I hope you find this information helpful for future Wikipedia activities. If you plan on sticking around, you will undoubtedly come across more vandalism in the future. See also Dealing with vandalism. Regards, Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 02:32, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Slowly
When you create an AfD discussion such as Articles for deletion/The Nouvelles you do not include a speedy tag in the page. Adding the speedy tag had the effect of sending that page and the several pages which transclude it to CAT:CSD which is not what you intended. — RHaworth (talk · contribs) 12:00, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

My apologies, I used Twinkle and simply followed the directions there. CatCrofts (talk) 14:19, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

Post-punk
This was wp:original research: the inclusion of Kino's name in the lead is not supported by any source ! Without mentioning that their name is not even mentioned in Simon Reynolds' book about post-punk... Looking at the history of your contributions, you are probably this user https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/67.161.191.105. Woovee (talk) 01:04, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:CatCrofts


text:
User:Grace Note

Wikipedia: where mauvaise foi is your passport to empowerment.

Where being a shit is rewarded, but calling a shit a shit is punished.

title: User:Grace Note


text:
Barry McKenzie

Barry McKenzie (full name: Barrington Bradman Bing McKenzie) is a fictional character created in 1964 by the Australian comedian Barry Humphries, suggested by Peter Cook, for a comic strip, written by Humphries and drawn by New Zealand artist Nicholas Garland in the British satirical magazine Private Eye. He was subsequently featured in theatre and in two films in the 1970s, and portrayed by Australian singer Barry Crocker.

Background
One of Humphries' early stage characters was a surfer named "Buster Thompson", who served as a prototype for Barry McKenzie. Humphries has noted that after Peter Cook heard a recording of Thompson in New York in 1962, he invited him to devise a similar character for Private Eye.

The comic strip about a "randy, boozy Australian rampaging through Swinging London" was very popular, but Eye editor Richard Ingrams eventually dropped it on account of Humphries’ drinking and missing deadlines (Ingrams gave up alcohol in the 1960s, as did Humphries in the 1970s). Ingrams said that "Humphries was at that stage a serious alcoholic".

Books
The Private Eye comic strips were compiled into three books, The Wonderful World of Barry McKenzie (1968), in which McKenzie travels to Britain to claim his inheritance, followed by Bazza Pulls It Off! (1971), and later, Bazza Comes Into His Own: The Final Fescennine Farago of Barry McKenzie, Australia's First Working-Class Hero—With Learned and Scholarly Appendices and a New Enlarged Glossary  (1979). The first two books were published in London and initially banned in Australia with the Minister for Customs and Excise stating the comic "relied on indecency for its humour". The three books and unpublished strips were compiled for The Complete Barry McKenzie: Not so Much a Legendary Strip, More a Resonant Social History Per Se, which was published in 1988 and featured a preface by Sir Les Patterson.

Films
In 1972, the film The Adventures of Barry McKenzie was released, based on the first published book. In 1974, a sequel, Barry McKenzie Holds His Own, was made. The films starred Barry Crocker as McKenzie, and chronicled the character's adventures in Britain and France respectively. In the films, McKenzie is the nephew of another of Humphries' characters, Edna Everage. Despite the banning of The Wonderful World of Barry McKenzie in Australia, the films received considerable support from the Australian government of John Gorton, becoming the first to receive funding from the Australian Film Development Commission. Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam appeared in Barry McKenzie Holds His Own, granting a damehood to McKenzie's aunt, Edna Everage.

Character
The character was a parody of the boorish Australian overseas, particularly those residing in Britain – ignorant, loud, crude, drunk, and pugnacious – although McKenzie also proved popular with Australians because he embodied some of their positive characteristics: he was friendly, forthright, and straightforward with his British hosts, who themselves were often portrayed as stereotypes of pompous, arrogant, devious colonialists.

Men at Work lead singer Colin Hay said that the lyrics for "Down Under" were inspired by the Barry McKenzie character.

title: Barry McKenzie


text:
Foodservice

The foodservice (US English) or catering (British English) industry includes the businesses, institutions, and companies which prepare meals outside the home. It includes restaurants, grocery stores, school and hospital cafeterias, catering operations, and many other formats.

Suppliers to foodservice operators are foodservice distributors, who provide small wares (kitchen utensils) and foods. Some companies manufacture products in both consumer and food service versions. The consumer version usually comes in individual-sized packages with elaborate label design for retail sale. The foodservice version is packaged in a much larger industrial size and often lacks the colorful label designs of the consumer version.

Statistics
The food system, including food service and food retailing supplied $1.24 trillion worth of food in 2010 in the US, $594 billion of which was supplied by food service facilities, defined by the USDA as any place which prepares food for immediate consumption on site, including locations that are not primarily engaged in dispensing meals such as recreational facilities and retail stores. Full-service and fast food restaurants account for 77% of all food service sales, with full-service restaurants accounting for just slightly more than fast food in 2010. The shifts in the market shares between fast food and full-service restaurants to market demand changes the offerings of both foods and services of both types of restaurants.

According to the National Restaurant Association a growing trend among US consumers for the foodservice industry is global cuisine with 66% of US consumers eating more widely in 2015 than in 2010, 80% of consumers eating 'ethnic' cuisines at least once a month, and 29% trying a new 'ethnic' cuisine within the last year.

The Foodservice distributor market size is as of 2015 $231 billion in the US; the national broadline market is controlled by US Foods and Sysco which combined have a 60-70% share of the market and were blocked from merging by the FTC for reasons of market power.

Health concerns
Foodservice foods tends to be, on average, higher in calories and lower in key nutrients than foods prepared at home. Many restaurants, including fast food, have added more salads and fruit offerings and either by choice or in response to local legislation provided nutrition labeling.

In the US, the FDA is moving towards establishing uniform guidelines for fast food and restaurant labeling, its proposed rules were published in 2011 and final regulations published on 1 December 2014 which supersede State and local menu-labeling provisions, going into effect 1 December 2015. Research has shown that the new labels may influence consumer choices, but primarily if it provides unexpected information and that health-conscious consumers are resistant to changing behaviors based on menu labeling Fast food restaurants are expected by the ERS to do better under the new menu labeling than full-service restaurants as full-service restaurants tend to offer much more calorie-dense foods, with 50% of fast food meals being between 400 and 800 calories and less than 20% above 1000 calories, in contrast, full-service restaurants 20% of meals are above 1,400 calories. When consumers are aware of the calorie counts at full-service restaurants 20% choose lower calorie options and consumers also reduce their calorie intake over the rest of the day.

Eating one meal away from home each week translates to 2 extra pounds each year or a daily increase of 134 calories and a decrease in diet quality by 2 points on the Healthy Eating Index.

In addition; the likelihood of contracting a food-borne illness (such as typhoid and hepatitis B, or diseases caused by E. coli, H. pylori, Listeria, Salmonella, and Norovirus) is greatly increased due to food not being kept below 40 F or cooked to a temperature of higher than 160 F, not washing hands for at least 20 seconds for food handlers or not washing contaminated cutting boards and other kitchen tools in hot water.

Types of service
Counter service is food ordered by the customer at the counter and either picked up at the counter by the customer or delivered to the table by restaurant staff. It is common in fast food restaurants in the United States, and in pubs and bars in the United Kingdom (see: Table meal).

Table service is food ordered by the customer at the table and served to the customer's table by waiters and waitresses, also known as "servers". Table service is common in most restaurants. With table service, the customer generally pays at the end of a meal. Various methods of table service can be provided, such as silver service.

Food safety
The provision of safe food for foodservice specifies the requirements for the design, implementation, and maintenance of prerequisite programmes (PRPs) to assist in controlling hazards to food safety in catering. A technical specification is provided as an international standard, ISO/TS 22002-2:2013 Prerequisite programmes on food safety — Part 2: Catering. This technical specification is part of the ISO 22000 family of standards. The scope includes catering, air catering, railway catering, banquets, among others, in central and satellite units, school and industry dining rooms, hospitals and healthcare facilities, hotels, restaurants, coffee shops, food services, and food stores.

title: Foodservice


text:
Alberto Berasategui

Alberto Berasategui Salazar (born 28 June 1973) is a former top-10 professional tennis player from Spain. He was a Grand Slam finalist at the 1994 French Open, and won a total of 14 ATP singles titles, achieving a career-high singles ranking of world No. 7 in November 1994.

Tennis career
Berasategui won a total of 14 top-level singles titles and one tour doubles title. All of them, as well as all losses in finals, were on clay. He won at least one singles title for six consecutive years (1993–1998). He began playing tennis at age seven and was the European junior champion in 1991. He turned professional later that year, and won his first top-level singles title in 1993, two years later.

In 1994, Berasategui reached nine finals, winning seven of them. He also reached his first Grand Slam final at the French Open, where he defeated Wayne Ferreira, Cédric Pioline, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Javier Frana, Goran Ivanišević and Magnus Larsson to face fellow Spaniard and defending champion Sergi Bruguera who defeated him in four sets.

Berasategui retired from the professional tour in May 2001, having had persistent wrist injuries since his match with Hernán Gumy at the Bologna tournament in June 1998. The injuries had an adverse effect on his results and form, and had caused his consistency and ranking to decline. He also suffered severe cramps of unknown origin in long matches.

Playing style
Berasategui was known for his extreme western grip, known as the "Hawaiian grip", where his unusual hold on the racket would allow him to hit both forehands and backhands with the same side of the racket. This helped him on clay, but he did not have much of an impact on other surfaces except for a quarterfinals appearance at the 1998 Australian Open, after having beaten world No. 2, Patrick Rafter in four sets in the third round, and came back from two sets down to beat the 1995 Australian Open champion, former and future world No. 1, Andre Agassi, in the fourth round. He lost in quarterfinals to Marcelo Ríos after winning a tight first-set tiebreak.

title: Alberto Berasategui


text:
Bussa language

Bussa, or Mossiya, is a Cushitic language spoken in the Dirashe special woreda of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region located in southern Ethiopia. The people themselves, numbering 18,000 according to the 2007 census, call their language Mossittaata.

Blench (2006) reclassified Bussa from the Dullay to Konsoid branch of Cushitic, but left the Mashole, Lohu, and Dobase (D'oopace, D'opaasunte) dialects in Dullay as the Dobase language. He considers Mashile (Mashelle) to be a distinct language within Konsoid.

Bussa is highly influenced by surrounding Cushitic and Omotic languages and should be considered endangered according to Gurmu (2005). Speakers of the North Bussa variety are shifting to Oromo, Dirasha or Amharic, whereas speakers of the West Bussa variety are shifting to the Omotic languages Zargulla, Zayse and Gamo. Important factors for the ongoing language shift include intermarriage with other ethnic groups and heavy contact with neighbouring people.

title: Bussa language


text:
User talk:Mel Etitis/Mind and body

gladly! but, before you start, I should say that as a physicist, I take a quite modern view of the term matter. Obviously, materialism does not refer to the restricted meaning of fermionic fields, but to all elements involved in the Standard Model, i.e. Spacetime and Gauge fields as well as fermionic fields, and, in principle, also all hitherto undiscovered fields, supersymmetry, m-branes, what have you, just anything we'll come up with in order to describe the physical world. Since we are forced to assume such abstract concepts to describe the "material" world, similar concepts that would describe the mind, as long as they are consistent and causal, should also fall under materialism, or the distinction between the two will appear arbitrary. I would only grant truly metaphysical status to suggestions that reject consistency or causality for descriptions of the dualistic 'other'. Personally, I believe that a dualistic position may be correct effectively, the phenomena of 'mind' being explained by Emergence from underlying 'material' laws. So I'll grant that it is possible to be an effective theist and a materialist at the same time. dab (ᛏ) 13:24, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the definition of the term 'matter' in physics has become broad, not to say vague, but of course dualists (such as Popper, Eccles, Ayer, Foster, Robinson, and me) are or have been (in the case of the dead ones) aware of that. The distinction, however, is clear, and involves the first person and consciousness (it's not a matter of abstraction, which in any case concernes the ways in which we talk about things, not the natures of the things themselves.
 * The view you mention (mind as emergent) is known as epiphenomenalism, usually involving the claim that matter can affect mind but not vice versa (though I'm not sure why that should be; it doesn't seem to be an essential part of the view).
 * Te notion of deity simply can't be identified with or taken to subsume the notion of non-material minds though; aside from anything else, theists typically distinguish very clearly between god or the gods and human minds or souls (not to mention other non-material beings such as angels). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:02, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I would not say the term has become vague or broad. It is better defined and understood than ever. I consider these advances towards the realization that mind-body dualism is superficial, not fundamental. I'm not sure if epiphenomenalism is really consistent with what I mean. I am talking of a purely materialist (mind is material just like everything else) position that holds that while mind is completely consistent with physis, it exhibits peculiar properties so that it may be meaningfully categorized as a special class of phenomena. Anyway, I would contest your final statement, the clear distinction between gods, souls and angels etc.: Such classification schemes typically come rather late, with a sophisticated theology. Basic polytheism often holds that it is possible for humans to become gods. See the Hellenistic cult of Heroes, but also Vedic and Ancient Near Eastern religion. It seems that typical human souls end up in some kind of shadowy netherworld, but exceptionally powerful or venerable humans may ascend to godhead after death. The boundary is permeable, in any case. I am genuinely uncertain if this opens the possibility of 'materialist theism', but this would require dropping the 'supernatural' from the definition of deity (as we both know, the gods are subject to Fate, i.e. to consequence or consistency). dab (ᛏ) 14:40, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mel Etitis/Mind and body


text:
User:Draconiszeta

There's nobody here but us chickens.

title: User:Draconiszeta


text:
User talk:AidanSteele

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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I saw on the talk page that you didn't know how to delete Pakenham Line. Actually, what you did was exactly it. Ordinary users can't delete pages. If you create a page and then change your mind, blanking the content and adding the adds it to a to-do list for the admins. Hope you decide to look around, get a feel for the place and contribute! FreplySpang (talk) 13:24, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:AidanSteele


text:
Talk:Frensham School

FYI

 * This article was previously listed on Votes for deletion on 30 Mar. See Votes for deletion/Frensham school for details. - Mailer Diablo 13:25, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The category 'Anglican' does not apply
Frensham is not an Anglican school. Pennyw 13:54, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I didn't think that was correct either. Always thought it was non-denominational, but i'm not an expert on Frensham. Feel free to change it if you know for sure. Cheers. Loopla 14:30, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

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User talk:Richard.Healey

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
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Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:25, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Richard.Healey


text: User talk:81.7.164.223

title: User talk:81.7.164.223


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"Velvet Razor" Rock music

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 23:31, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"Velvet Razor" Rock music
Band vanity. Delete. Geldart 13:26, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as link spam. Poorly titled link spam, I might add. - Lucky 6.9 16:26, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete You don't often see self promotion here as blatant as this. Dsmdgold 19:20, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 07:18, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete: Band vanity, plus any article that states "Are Velvet Razor the best rock band ever" is not encyclapedic.

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Hank the Cowdog

Cleanup
I just did a major cleanup of the Characters section of the article. I did not site sources but wrote down what I think are accurate descriptions of the characters. Have read several of the books and listened to almost all the tapes. Any suggestions on how to further clean it up or my descriptions? TheSittingDuck 20:00, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Where did you find out about all the new books? Where can you find out when they came out? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.177.87.240 (talk) 20:04, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Major Cleanup Needed
This article needs a thorough reaming. The descriptions of characters in the series in particular are not written in a manner appropriate for an encyclopedia, and appear to be copied from a website where the text is under copyright. They should be replaced. I have been wanting to work on this article for a while, but haven't had the time. I'd like to get to it soon, so I thought I'd give fair warning that a lot of cleanup and expansion can be expected soon.

Oh, and does anyone know what's up with the supposed Persian translations? I couldn't find any information about this on the internet, and I'm slightly suspicious of the claim. I could be wrong, but even if I am, it needs some sort of reference, especially since the author not only claims these translations exist, but they are "popular." Xerophyllum tenax 01:37, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Shouldn't there be a list of all the Hank the Cowdog books in the series? Scorpionman 9:26, 12 April 2005

 * Probably. Want to make it? Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  06:42, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Looks like someone already did. Yahoo! Scorpionman 02:01, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Are #43 and #47 the same book? And shouldn't there be a list of all the characters, such as Drover, Scraunch, Pete the Barncat, Eddy the Rac, and Rip 'n' Snort?

--WalterJid 18:55, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

The list of books was missing some titles, and others were repeated or out of order; I have fixed this and added the latest volume. --Xerophyllum tenax 06:40, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

I think the last line about killing Hank is a joke, or it needs a citation.

All titles are correct except for 66 and it's not been released as yet. White Arabian mare (talk) 19:13, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

sally may children
there are more than two because in the fiddle fox se scoops alfred up and takes her three kids with her and in wounded buzzard she walks out with alfred and her boy should the two kids be included i may have made a mistake correct me if im wrong also if kids are real could they be added63.169.199.181 21:39, 3 April 2007 (UTC)medayugiohman

I don't remember Sally May and Loper having more than two children, Alfred and Molly. The other children may be visiting relatives or friends. White Arabian mare (talk) 19:11, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

listen
listen sally may has 2, thats right 2 kids. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gems777 (talk • contribs) 15:44, 4 October 2008 (UTC) Sounds like you could have written that a little more respectively. 69.23.218.70 (talk) 00:53, 17 December 2008 (UTC)Westivoja

Organize Book Articles
This is not actually directly related to the article, but this seems like the best place to put it.

We need to organize a task force for making good articles for each Hank the Cowdog book. I know quite a bit about the series. On the other hand, I don't have very much experience here, so I'm going to need some help. -- 20:56, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

I wrote the plot synopsis for The Case of the One-Eyed Killer Stud Horse, because that's my favorite book in the series. However I only have about 10 of the books. White Arabian mare (talk) 19:16, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

TV series release date
I have seen an article somewhere that there is going to be a TV series which I am exited to see, but May 31, 2016 has already passed and I see no promos or anything of the series anywhere. Does anyone have more information on the TV series? Like did it actually come out on that date, and if it did, what channel does it air on?

User:MrJoshbumstead User talk:MrJoshbumstead —Preceding undated comment added 05:38, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I haven't seen anything about it either. I imagine it would be on a cable channel and may be broadcast only in the American west, since that's where the books are most popular. White Arabian Filly  Neigh 19:45, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

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Complementation (genetics)

Complementation refers to a genetic process when two strains of an organism with different homozygous recessive mutations that produce the same mutant phenotype (for example, a change in wing structure in flies) have offspring that express the wild-type phenotype when mated or crossed. Complementation will ordinarily occur if the mutations are in different genes (intergenic complementation). Complementation may also occur if the two mutations are at different sites within the same gene (intragenic complementation), but this effect is usually weaker than that of intergenic complementation. When the mutations are in different genes, each strain's genome supplies the wild-type allele to "complement" the mutated allele of the other strain's genome. Since the mutations are recessive, the offspring will display the wild-type phenotype. A complementation test (sometimes called a "cis-trans" test) can test whether the mutations in two strains are in different genes. Complementation is usually weaker or absent if the mutations are in the same gene. The convenience and essence of this test is that the mutations that produce a phenotype can be assigned to different genes without the exact knowledge of what the gene product is doing on a molecular level. American geneticist Edward B. Lewis developed the complementation test.

Example of a simple complementation test

For a simple example of a complementation test, suppose a geneticist is interested in studying two strains of white-eyed flies of the species Drosophila melanogaster, more commonly known as the common fruit fly. In this species, wild-type flies have red eyes, and eye color is known to be related to two genes, A and B. Each of these genes has two alleles, a dominant one that codes for a working protein (A and B respectively) and a recessive one that codes for a malfunctioning protein (a and b respectively). Since both proteins are necessary for the synthesis of red pigmentation in the eyes, if a given fly is homozygous for either a or b, it will have white eyes.

In genetics, a complementation test can be conducted to understand the interaction between different genetic strains. This test often involves crossing two pure-breeding strains, such as white-eyed flies, from separate origins. The process entails mating two flies, each from a different strain. The eye color of the resulting progeny determines the outcome of the test. If the progeny exhibit red eyes, it indicates that the two strains complement each other. Conversely, if the progeny have white eyes, it suggests non-complementation.

Complementation occurs when each strain possesses a different homozygous mutation (for example, one strain having the genotype 'aa BB' and the other 'AA bb'), resulting in a heterozygous genotype ('AaBb') in the progeny that produces a different phenotype from the parents. Non-complementation is observed when both strains share the same homozygous mutation, such as 'aaBB', 'AAbb', or 'aabb', leading to progeny with a phenotype identical to the parent strains.

Complementation tests in fungi and bacteriophage
Complementation tests can also be carried out with haploid eukaryotes such as fungi, with bacteria, and with viruses such as bacteriophage. Research on the fungus Neurospora crassa led to the development of the one-gene-one-enzyme concept that provided the foundation for the subsequent development of molecular genetics. The complementation test was one of the main tools used in the early Neurospora work, because it was easy to do, and allowed the investigator to determine whether any two nutritional mutants were defective in the same or different genes. The complementation test was also used in the early development of molecular genetics when bacteriophage T4 was one of the main objects of study. In this case the test depends on mixed infections of host bacterial cells with two different bacteriophage mutant types. Its use was key to defining most of the genes of the virus, and provided the foundation for the study of such fundamental processes as DNA replication and repair, and how molecular machines are constructed.

Genetic complementation, heterosis, and the evolution of sexual reproduction
Heterosis is the tendency for hybrid individuals to exceed their purebred parents in size and vigor. The phenomenon has long been known in animals and plants. Heterosis appears to be largely due to genetic complementation, that is the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in hybrid individuals. In general, the two fundamental aspects of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes are meiosis and outcrossing. These two aspects have been proposed to have two natural selective advantages, respectively. Meiosis is proposed to be adaptive because it facilitates recombinational repair of DNA damages that are otherwise difficult to repair. Outcrossing is proposed to be adaptive because it facilitates complementation, that is the masking of deleterious recessive alleles (also see heterosis). The benefit of masking deleterious alleles has been proposed to be a major factor in the maintenance of sexual reproduction among eukaryotes. Further, the selective advantage of complementation that arises from outcrossing may largely account for the general avoidance of inbreeding in nature (e.g. see articles kin recognition, inbreeding depression, and incest taboo).

Quantitative Complementation Test
Used by quantitative genetics to uncover recessive mutants. Here one takes deficiencies and crosses them to a haplotype that is believed to contain the recessive mutant.

Exceptions
These regulations are not without exceptions. Non-allelic mutants may occasionally fail to complement (this is known as "non-allelic non-complementation" or "unlinked non-complementation"). This is an uncommon occurrence that depends on the type of mutants being investigated. Two mutations, for example, could be synthetically dominant negative. Transvection is another instance, in which a heterozygous combination of two alleles with mutations in distinct sections of the gene complement one other to restore a wild-type phenotype.

Intragenic complementation
When complementation between two mutants defective in the same gene is measured, it is generally found that there is either no complementation or the complementation phenotype is intermediate between the mutant and wild-type phenotypes. Intragenic complementation (also called inter-allelic complementation) has been demonstrated in many different genes in a variety of organisms including the fungi Neurospora crassa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe; the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium; and the virus bacteriophage T4. In several such studies, numerous mutations defective in the same gene were isolated and mapped in a linear order based on recombination frequencies to form a genetic map of the gene. Separately, the mutants were tested in pairwise combinations to measure complementation. An analysis of the results from such studies led to the conclusion that intragenic complementation, in general, arises from the interaction of differently defective polypeptide monomers to form an aggregate called a “multimer.” Genes that encode multimer-forming polypeptides appear to be common. One interpretation of the data is that polypeptide monomers are often aligned in the multimer in such a way that mutant polypeptides defective at nearby sites in the genetic map tend to form a mixed multimer that functions poorly, whereas mutant polypeptides defective at distant sites tend to form a mixed multimer that functions more effectively. The intermolecular forces likely responsible for self-recognition and multimer formation were discussed by Jehle.

title: Complementation (genetics)