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Ku Klux Klan Act

The Enforcement Act of 1871, also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act, Third Enforcement Act, Third Ku Klux Klan Act, Civil Rights Act of 1871, or Force Act of 1871, is an Act of the United States Congress that was intended to combat the paramilitary vigilantism of the Ku Klux Klan. The act made certain acts committed by private persons federal offenses including conspiring to deprive citizens of their rights to hold office, serve on juries, or enjoy the equal protection of law. The Act authorized the President to deploy federal troops to counter the Klan and to suspend the writ of habeas corpus to make arrests without charge.

The act was passed by the 42nd United States Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on April 20, 1871. The act was the last of three Enforcement Acts passed by Congress from 1870 to 1871 during the Reconstruction Era to combat attacks upon the suffrage rights of African Americans. The statute has been subject to only minor changes since then, but has been the subject of voluminous interpretation by courts.

This legislation was asked for by President Grant and passed within one month of when he sent the request to Congress. Grant's request was a result of the reports he was receiving of widespread racial threats in the Deep South, particularly in South Carolina. He felt that he needed to have his authority broadened before he could effectively intervene. After the act's passage, the president had the power for the first time to both suppress state disorders on his own initiative and to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. Grant did not hesitate to use this authority on numerous occasions during his presidency, and as a result the KKK was completely dismantled (ending the "first Klan" era) and did not resurface in any meaningful way until the beginning of the 20th century.

Several of the act's provisions still exist today as codified statutes. The most important of these is : Civil action for deprivation of rights. It is the most widely used civil rights enforcement statute, allowing people to sue in civil court over civil rights violations.

History
In response to political violence by the Ku Klux Klan and others during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War, Congress passed three Enforcement Acts giving the federal government broader powers to guarantee citizens' constitutional rights. The third of these acts, enacted in April 1871, gave the president the power to imprison people without a trial (known as suspending the writ of habeas corpus) and to use the federal military on domestic soil to enforce constitutional rights, among other measures.

In January 1871, Republican Senator John Scott of Pennsylvania convened a congressional committee to hear testimony from witnesses of Klan atrocities. In February, Republican Congressman Benjamin Franklin Butler of Massachusetts introduced his anti-Klan bill, intended to enforce both the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Butler's bill was narrowly defeated in the House, whereupon Republican Rep. Samuel Shellabarger, of Ohio, introduced a substitute bill, only slightly less sweeping than Butler's original. This bill brought a few holdout Republicans into line, and the bill narrowly passed the House, sailed through the Senate, and was signed into law on April 20 by President Grant.

Use during Reconstruction
After the Civil War, President Ulysses S. Grant conducted an aggressive—and ultimately successful—campaign against the Ku Klux Klan and its offshoots (such as the Knights of the White Camellia) from the 1860s to the 1870s. Grant deployed federal soldiers to arrest Klan members, enlisted U.S. attorneys to try their cases, supported Congressional legislation like the Ku Klux Klan Act, and organized federal judges to oversee Klan trials. Under the Klan Act during Reconstruction, federal troops, rather than state militias, were used to enforce the law, and Klansmen were prosecuted in federal court, where juries were sometimes predominantly black. Hundreds of Klan members were fined or imprisoned, and habeas corpus was suspended in nine counties in South Carolina. These efforts were so successful that the Klan was destroyed in South Carolina and decimated throughout the rest of the former Confederacy, where it had already been in decline for several years. The Klan was not to exist again until its renewal in 1915. During its brief existence, however, the "first era" Klan did achieve many of its goals in the South, such as denying voting rights to Southern blacks.

In its early history, under the Grant Administration, this act was used, along with the Force Act, to bring to justice those who were violating the Civil Rights of newly freed African Americans. After the end of the Grant Administration, and the dismantling of Reconstruction under Rutherford B. Hayes, enforcement of the Act fell into disuse and few cases were brought under the statute for almost a hundred years.

Use during and after presidency of Donald Trump
In December 2020, the NAACP along with the Michigan Welfare Rights Organization and a group of Detroit voters sued U.S. President Donald Trump along with his presidential campaign and the Republican National Committee under the act as well as the Voting Rights Act. According to the lawsuit, President Trump and the Republican Party "coordinated conspiracy to disenfranchise Black voters" through legal actions intended to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election in Michigan, Georgia and Pennsylvania via "intimidation and coercion of election officials and volunteers".

In February 2021, the NAACP and law firm Cohen Milstein filed another lawsuit invoking the act on behalf of U.S. Representative Bennie Thompson. Other congresspersons were to join the litigation as plaintiffs. The February suit was filed against former President Donald Trump, Rudy Giuliani, the Proud Boys, and the Oath Keepers. It alleges violations of the act pertaining to attempts to reject certification of the election results during the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count, as well as alleging conspiracy to incite violence leading to the 2021 United States Capitol attack. Following lawsuits filed by Thompson and Swalwell, the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law filed its complaint on behalf of seven officers working with United States Capitol Police accusing Trump, Roger Stone, Proud Boys, Stop the Steal, Oath Keepers and other persons who conspired to attack the Capitol under the same act and the D.C. Bias-Related Crimes Act. On February 2, 2022, Vindman sued several Trump allies, alleging that they intimidated and retaliated against him while he testified in Congress, and thereby violated the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871. The defendants in the lawsuit are Donald Trump Jr., Rudy Giuliani, former White House deputy chief of staff Dan Scavino, and former White House deputy communications director Julia Hahn.

Section 1 (42 USC § 1983)
Section 1 of the Act, which has since been amended and codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and is now known as "Section 1983", authorized monetary and injunctive relief against anyone who, acting under the authority of state law, deprived a person of rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution or federal law. Section 1983 is the most prominent and commonly-litigated civil rights statute.

now reads:

Section 1983 made relief—in the form of monetary damages—available to those whose constitutional rights and laws had been violated by a person acting under State authority. Normally, constitutional rights and laws violations are remedied by specific performance including injunctions by the courts. Thus, if a person's right to due process was violated by a prison guard who was said to be acting under the authority of the state, under § 1983, that person could bring suit for monetary damages against the prison guard. Without § 1983, that person would have to seek an injunction by the courts for the due process violation. The problem with such an action by the court is that injunctions, which instruct a party on penalty of contempt to perform or refrain from performing some action, cannot apply to past harm, only future harm. So, essentially the person would have an actionable cause—the constitutional violation—with no adequate remedy. Most § 1983 claims are brought against prison officials by prisoners, but prisoner claims are usually dismissed as being without merit. Claims can be brought by anyone stating a proper cause of action.

Circumstances changed in 1961 when the Supreme Court of the United States articulated three purposes that underlie the statute: "1) 'to override certain kinds of state laws'; 2) to provide 'a remedy where state law was inadequate'; and 3) to provide 'a federal remedy where the state remedy, though adequate in theory, was not available in practice.' " A §1983 claim requires according to the United States Supreme Court in Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co. (1970) two elements for recovery: (1) the plaintiff must prove that the defendant has deprived him of a right secured by the, "constitution and laws," of the US, and (2) the plaintiff must show that the defendant deprived him of this constitutional right 'under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory' (under color of law).

Now the statute stands as one of the most powerful authorities with which state and federal courts may protect those whose rights are deprived. Section 1983 of the 1871 Civil Rights Act provides a way individuals can sue to redress when their federally protected rights are violated, like the First Amendment rights and the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Section 1983 can be used to redress violated rights based on the federal Constitution and federal statutes, such as the prohibition of public sector employment discrimination based on race, color, national origin, sex, and religion.

In some jurisdictions, § 1983 has been applied directly to private employers when litigants have sued under this act. It can also be applied in virtually all jurisdictions in a more indirect manner to private employers if they are acting under state or federal authority. For example, if an additional private security company is hired by the police for an event and are given authority by the police, and, during the event, the security company violates a participant's First Amendment right, they can be sued under § 1983.

Section 2 (42 USC § 1985)
Targeted directly at the Klan and containing some two dozen clauses, Section 2 was longer than Section 1 and received more attention from Congress during debates. It prohibited conspiracies to overthrow the federal government, levy war against the United States, steal federal property, and a number of other acts.

Section 2 originally provided for both criminal and civil liability, but the criminal component was later found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the 1883 case United States v. Harris, and ultimately repealed by Congress. The civil liability portion of Section 2 survived with amendments later codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1985, known as "Section 1985". Section 1985 authorizes lawsuits against people who conspire to commit certain prohibited acts, such as interfering with government, obstructing justice, or depriving a person of equal protection under the law.

Section 1985(1) covers conspiracies to violently prevent a public official from taking office or to "molest, interrupt, hinder, or impede" the discharge of official duties, among other acts. Section 1985(2) addresses conspiracies to harm or threaten witnesses and jurors in federal courts, or to otherwise interfere with court proceedings, "with intent to deny to any citizen the equal protection of the laws".

In a reference to the Klan's practice of wearing face-covering hoods, Section 1985(3) prohibits two or more people from traveling in disguise or otherwise conspiring to deprive a person or class of people of equal protection of the law or other legal rights. In addition, Section 1985(3) contains the "support-or-advocacy clauses", which cover conspiracies to harm citizens because of their support or advocacy for a federal candidate for public office.

Section 6 (42 USC § 1986)
Section 6 of the Act, now codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1986 and known as "Section 1986", imposes civil liability upon persons who know of a violation of Section 1985 or a planned violation of Section 1985, and who are in a position to prevent it, but who fail to prevent it, fail to attempt to prevent it, or fail to assist in its prevention. While the other sections create a remedy against conspirators who deprived people of their rights, Section 1986 creates a remedy against persons whose acquiescence make such conspiracies possible. Legislators recognized that the Klan's political violence could not continue without tacit approval from local community leaders, and sought to stop the Klan by making community leaders financially responsible for terrorist acts they knowingly fail to prevent. This section of the Act has been rarely invoked since its enactment, but is used to combat terrorism in modern times by providing a "disincentive to those who would protect or foster conspiratorial terrorist acts".

Other provisions
Section 3 authorized the president to use the military to suppress domestic violence and conspiracies to deprive people of their constitutional rights.

Section 4 authorized the president to suspend the writ of habeas corpus to suppress a rebellion. This section expired after one year.

Section 5 barred persons violating the Act from sitting as jurors in any proceeding under the Act, and imposed an oath upon jurors not to violate the Act.

Section 7 provided, "nothing herein contained shall be construed to supersede or repeal any former act or law except so far as the same may be repugnant thereto", and that prosecutions "shall be continued and completed, the same as if this act had not been passed, except so far as the provisions of this act may go to sustain and validate such proceedings".

Jurisprudence
Although some provisions were ruled unconstitutional in 1883, the 1870 Force Act and the 1871 Civil Rights Act have been invoked in later civil rights conflicts, including the 1964 murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner; the 1965 murder of Viola Liuzzo; and in Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic, 506 U.S. 263 (1993), in which the court ruled that "The first clause of 1985(3) does not provide a federal cause of action against persons obstructing access to abortion clinics."

It was also used in the 1969 case of Tinker v. Des Moines. By the time Beth Tinker was in school, the law had expanded to make school boards liable if they stood in the way of people's federally protected rights.

Today, the 1871 Civil Rights Act can be invoked whenever a state actor violates a federally guaranteed right. The most common use today is to redress violations of the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable search and seizure. Such lawsuits concern false arrest and police brutality, most notably in the Rodney King case. The rise of the Black Lives Matter movement along with smart phone video cameras have made Section 1983 lawsuits easier to obtain because of technological advances, including bodycams worn by law enforcement.

The Act was invoked in the 2010 Robbins v. Lower Merion School District case, where plaintiffs charged two suburban Philadelphia high schools secretly spied on students by surreptitiously and remotely activating webcams embedded in school-issued laptops the students were using at home, violating their right to privacy. The schools admitted to snapping over 66,000 webshots and screenshots secretly, including webcam shots of students in their bedrooms.

The 2019 Supreme Court case Nieves v. Bartlett ruled that in general when probable cause for an arrest exists it overrides a First Amendment retaliatory arrest claim arising under section 1983, but that there are some narrow exceptions to this. Because officers can exercise their discretion in making arrests for warrantless misdemeanor crimes, a plaintiff can succeed on a section 1983 claim if they can present objective evidence that other similarly situated individuals who were not engaged in protected speech had not been arrested.

Also in 2019, the Court held that the 3-year statute of limitations for a fabrication of evidence civil lawsuit under section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act begins to run when the criminal case ends in the plaintiff's favor.

In June 2020 the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit rejected qualified immunity for five Police officers in West Virginia who had kicked, beaten, tased, and finally killed Wayne A. Jones, by shooting him 22 times.

On February 16, 2021, the Act was asserted in an action in the District Court, D.C., by Rep. Bennie G. Thompson (D, MS2), chair of the House Homeland Security Committee (in his personal capacity) against former President Donald Trump (in his personal capacity), Trump's attorney Rudolph Giuliani and (far-right "militia" groups) Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.

The Thompson v. Trump., et al. case was followed by a subsequent action filed August 26, 2021, by seven Capitol Police officers, reportedly against the same defendants.

title: Ku Klux Klan Act


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Dobama Theatre

Dobama Theatre is located in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, United States. It was founded in 1959 by Donald and Marilyn Bianchi, Barry Silverman, and Mark Silverberg. The name Dobama was created from the first two letters of each man's name. The first play produced by Dobama Theatre was The Rope Dancers by Morton Wishengrod.

After almost ten years as a nomadic theater company using various spaces around Cleveland, Dobama established a permanent home on Coventry Road in Cleveland Heights in 1968. From its origin, the artistic director was Donald Bianchi, though his wife Marilyn Bianchi was a strong artistic presence until her death in 1977.

In 1976, one of the founders, Barry Silverman, assumed proprietorship of the Belfry Theater in Wisconsin for a few summer seasons under the name "Dobama West".

From 1991 to the end of 2008, Dobama was managed by artistic director Joyce Casey, who made Dobama a "leading producer of new and recent plays".

In 2005, Dobama was evicted from the Coventry neighborhood, resuming a nomadic existence, and producing shows at various locations, including the Cleveland Play House.

On September 25, 2009, Dobama inaugurated a new, permanent location at the Cleveland Heights Public Library facility, stewarded by the company's third artistic director, Joel Hammer.

The theatre's current artistic director Nathan Motta took over artistic duties on February 15, 2013, having previously directed the Cleveland premiere production of A Bright New Boise at Dobama. Motta was also the founder of the Dobama Emerging Actors Program, a summer training intensive for high school and college theatre students, where he directed productions of Blood Wedding, Antigone, and The Tempest.

Dobama Theatre became Northeast Ohio's third Equity Theatre, and only Equity Small Professional Theatre (SPT) beginning the 2014–15 season. Dobama is now recognized as the region's professional Off-Broadway theatre.

Since its founding, Dobama has been known for producing alternative work that would not otherwise be seen in Cleveland. This ranges from their initial production in 1959 to a staging of The Iceman Cometh by Eugene O'Neill and their many productions of new and Off-Broadway work.

Notable plays that have seen their Cleveland premiere at Dobama Theatre include The Pillowman, The Goat or Who is Sylvia?, The Last Five Years, The Larame Project, Closer, Wit, How I Learned to Drive, All in the Timing, Top Girls, Marvin's Room, Speed the Plow, Cloud Nine, True West, Catch 22, Roots, On the Verge, God of Carnage, 4000 Miles, The Flick, An Octoroon, Hand to God, and the first professional Cleveland production of Angels in America.

Marilyn Bianchi Kids' Playwriting Festival
Dobama Theatre is known for its annual Marilyn Bianchi Kids' Playwriting Festival, open to Cuyahoga County students in grades 1 through 12. Dating back to 1979, it is the oldest children's playwriting festival of its kind in the United States. Each year, the festival receives between four and five hundred plays, of which a small number are chosen for professional production. The winners see their plays performed at the annual festival performance in June.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dobama Theatre


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Wim Mertens

Wim Mertens (born 14 May 1953) is a Flemish Belgian composer, countertenor vocalist, pianist, guitarist, and musicologist.

Life and work
Mertens was born in Neerpelt, Belgium. He studied social and political science at the University of Leuven (graduating in 1975) and musicology at Ghent University; he also studied music theory and piano at the Ghent Conservatory and the Royal Conservatory of Brussels.

In 1978, he became a producer at the BRT (Belgian Radio and Television, now called Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep). For Radio 2 (Radio Brabant) he produced concerts by Philip Glass, Steve Reich, Terry Riley, Meredith Monk, Urban Sax and others, and hosted a program called Funky Town together with Gust De Meyer (with whom he recorded the experimental album For Amusement Only).

Known primarily as a composer since the early 1980s, Mertens began developing a reputation after releasing "Struggle for Pleasure", under the name of his early ensemble Soft Verdict, and for "Maximizing the Audience", which was composed for Jan Fabre's play The Power of Theatrical Madness, which premiered in 1984 in Venice, Italy.

Mertens' style has continually evolved during the course of his prolific career, starting from downright experimental and avant-garde, always gravitating around minimalism, usually, however, preserving a melodic foundation to the forays that he makes into the worlds that he is exploring. His compositional quality has often overweighted the "labelling issue" and reached wider audiences although stemming from a far-from-mainstream musical context (see section In popular culture). One can follow three separate threads of musical styles throughout his work:
 * 1) Compositions for ensemble, perhaps his most accessible and "commercial" material;
 * 2) Solo piano and voice compositions, which features haunting keyboard melodies accompanied by Mertens' unique high-pitched tenor voice singing in an invented, personal language; and
 * 3) Experimental minimalist "cycles" for single, dual, and sometimes more instruments.

Mertens has released more than 60 albums to date, the majority of which were issued by Les Disques du Crépuscule from 1980 until 2004. Mertens also produced a number of Crépuscule releases and consulted with the label on its choice of works by contemporary composers such as Michael Nyman, Gavin Bryars, and Glenn Branca. Mertens also curated a series of releases for a Crépuscle imprint, Lome Armé, that featured works from the classical era as well as contemporary jazz.

In August 2007 Mertens signed a contract with EMI Classics (now Warner Classics) for his entire catalog. The label re-released his entire back-catalog beginning in January 2008. EMI Music Belgium also released Mertens' new work, beginning with the 9-track album Receptacle on 24 September 2007. For this album Mertens decided to work with an orchestra consisting of only women, 17 in total. It is not the first time that Mertens worked with EMI. Already in 1999, Mertens released the soundtrack to the Paul Cox film Molokai: The Story of Father Damien via EMI Classics.

Mertens is the author of American Minimal Music, which looks at the school of American repetitive music and the work of La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass.

Discography

 * 1982 – For Amusement Only – The Sound of Pinball Machines (full album)
 * 1982 – Vergessen (full album)
 * 1983 – Struggle for Pleasure* (album)
 * 1984 – A Visiting Card (EP album)
 * 1985 – Usura* (full album)
 * 1985 – Maximizing the Audience (album)
 * 1986 – Close Cover
 * 1986 – A Man of no Fortune, and with a Name to Come
 * 1986 – Instrumental Songs
 * 1987 – Educes Me**
 * 1987 – The Belly of an Architect
 * 1988 – Whisper Me
 * 1988 – After Virtue
 * 1989 – Motives for Writing
 * 1990 – No Testament knjnùnmbnj
 * 1990 – Play for Me [Compilation box)
 * 1991 – Alle Dinghe - pt. I: Sources of Sleeplessness
 * 1991 – Alle Dinghe - pt. II: Vita Brevis
 * 1991 – Alle Dinghe - pt. III: Alle Dinghe
 * 1991 – Stratégie De La Rupture
 * 1991 – Hufhuf [single taken from Stratégie de la Rupture with ***Previously Unreleased Track(s)
 * 1992 – Houfnice
 * 1992 – Retrospectives - vol. 1
 * 1992 – Shot and Echo
 * 1993 – A Sense of Place
 * 1994 – Epic That Never Was (a live recording in Lisbon)
 * 1994 – Gave van Niets - promo only
 * 1994 – Gave van Niets - pt. I: You'll Never be Me
 * 1994 – Gave van Niets - Part II: Divided Loyalties
 * 1994 – Gave van Niets - pt. III: Gave van Niets
 * 1994 – Gave van Niets - pt. IV: Reculer pour Mieux Sauter
 * 1995 – Jeremiades
 * 1996 – Entre Dos Mares
 * 1996 – Lisa
 * 1996 – Jardin Clos
 * 1996 – Piano & Voice
 * 1997 – Sin Embargo
 * 1997 – Best of
 * 1998 – In 3 or 4 Days (single taken from Integer Valor]
 * 1998 – Integer Valor
 * 1998 – Integer Valor - integral
 * 1998 – And Bring You Back
 * 1999 – Father Damien
 * 1999 – Integer Valor – Intégrale
 * 1999 – Kere Weerom - pt. I: Poema
 * 1999 – Kere Weerom - pt. II: Kere Weerom
 * 1999 – Kere Weerom - pt. III: Decorum
 * 2000 – If I Can
 * 2000 – Der Heisse Brei
 * 2001 – At Home – Not at Home
 * 2001 – Aren Lezen - promo only
 * 2001 – Aren Lezen - pt. I: If Five is Part of Ten
 * 2001 – Aren Lezen - pt. II: Aren Lezen
 * 2001 – Aren Lezen - pt. III: Kaosmos
 * 2001 – Aren Lezen - pt. IV: aRe
 * 2002 – Years without History - vol. 1 – Moins de Mètre, Assez de Rythme
 * 2002 – Years without History - vol. 2 – In the Absence of Hindrance
 * 2002 – Years without History - vol. 3 – Cave Musicam
 * 2002 – Wim Mertens Moment
 * 2003 – Years without History - vol. 4 – No Yet, no Longer
 * 2003 – Skopos
 * 2004 – Years without History - vol. 5 – With no Need for Seeds
 * 2004 – Shot and Echo
 * 2005 – Un Respiro
 * 2006 – Partes Extra Partes
 * 2007 – Receptacle
 * 2008 – Platinum Collection
 * 2008 – l'Heure du loup
 * 2008 – Years without History - vol. 1–6 (vol. 6 is only available at this set)
 * 2008 – Years without History - vol. 7: Nosotros
 * 2009 – Music and Film (3-CD set ]
 * 2009 – The World Tout Court
 * 2009 – QUA (37-CD reissue set of the extended cycle works Alle Dinghe, Gave van Niets, Kere Weerom and Aren Lezen)
 * 2010 – Zee versus Zed
 * 2011 – Series of Ands/Immediate Givens (2-CD double album)
 * 2011 – Open Continuum/Tenerife Symphony Orchestra (OST) (2-CD + 1-DVD)
 * 2012 – *Struggle for Pleasure
 * Double Entendre: 1-CD reissue with 2 albums on one CD (3-CD set).
 * 2012 – A Starry Wisdom
 * 2012 – When Tool met Wood
 * 2015 – Charaktersketch
 * 2016 – What are we, locks, to do?
 * 2016 – Dust of Truths
 * 2017 – Cran aux Œufs
 * 2017 - Nature's Largess (live)
 * 2018 – That Which is Not
 * 2019 - Certain Nuances Excepted (live)
 * 2019 - Inescapable (4-CD compilation)
 * 2020 - The Gaze of the West
 * 2022 - Heroides
 * 2023 - Voice of the Living

title: Wim Mertens


text:
Dobama's Night Kitchen

Dobama Theatre had been presenting short plays following 8 pm "mainstage" productions for several seasons before artistic director Joyce Casey asked David Hansen to act as the producer of a series of late-night events geared specifically to audiences in their late-teens and twenties.

Called Dobama’s Night Kitchen, the title inspired by the 1970 Maurice Sendak children’s book, began in Fall, 1995.

David Hansen’s three-year tenure as artistic director of the Night Kitchen was dedicated to three models of production; the long-form improv, the collaboratively written script based around a single theme, and the new play written by a local (Cleveland-based) playwright.

Dobama's Night Kitchen was the first Cleveland area theater to present long-form improv. These included the MTV inspired The Realistic World and the X-Files inspired One Step Beyond.

In 1997 Hansen produced his own play, The Vampyres. Dobama's Night Kitchen also produced the first solo performance by Sarah Morton, The Eighth Wonder of the World.

In 1998 Dan Kilbane took over as artistic director and continued the previous trend of collaboratively written scripts, singly authored scripts by local playwrights and long-form improv. Highlights included Toni K. Thayer's Angst:84 (which was taken to the New York Fringe Festival ), LUV(SIC), and the Soap Scum improvised soap opera series.

Kilbane also began to introduce works not created by Cleveland-based playwrights, starting with Stupid Kids in 1999 and Mark Ravenhill’s Shopping and Fucking in Spring, 2002, shortly before he concluded his four years as artistic director.

The project continued through 2006 under the artistic directorship of Adrienne Moon. During these four years, when the project was called simply "The Night Kitchen", emphasis shifted away from experimental, new works by local theater artists, to works new to Cleveland by up and coming young playwrights like Stephen Belber (Tape, The Death of Frank.)

In its present incarnation, Dobama's Night Kitchen exists in name-only, to annually present the award-winning plays written by high school students for the Marilyn Bianchi Kids' Playwriting Festival.

title: Dobama's Night Kitchen


text:
Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese)/NPOV/China or PRC vs. mainland China

IMPORTANT: Please read Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese)/NPOV#..of China or ..of the PRC → ..of mainland China for discussion taken place. Please read the articles listed here before you cast a vote.

This is not a debate on the naming conventions, but its enforcement. Do not vote against the moves because you do not agree with the naming conventions. If you do want to comment on the current naming conventions, please do so at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese).

The list below is not a full list. If you think there is any article, template or category missing, nominate them.

The moves do not apply to some articles and categories, such as the followings.

Articles Categories
 * Constitution of the People's Republic of China
 * History of the People's Republic of China
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 * President of the People's Republic of China
 * category:Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
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Please vote using this format: #~ - Optional comments.

Like Requested moves, a >50% majority is needed for a move to be passed. The poll will be closed 30 days from today (12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)), or 7 days after the last vote is cast, whichever the earlier.

Extended commentary should be placed below, in the section marked "Discussion" or "Comments". — Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Communications in the People's Republic of China
Move to Communications in mainland China Votes: 4 Support: 50%
 * Note: This article covers only communications in mainland China.

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 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ran (talk) 16:26, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 17:07, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cinema of China
Move to Cinema of mainland China Votes: 3 Support: 67%
 * Note: This article is about development of cinema in mainland China. Because of the number of linked articles, many links will have to be fixed if Cinema of China is changed into a disambiguation to Cinema of mainland China, Cinema of Hong Kong and Cinema of Taiwan.

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Economy of China
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 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ran (talk) 16:26, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC) The current arrangement implies that Hong Kong and Macau aren't even a part of the PRC.
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments

Education in China
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 * Note: This article talks about the education system of mainland China.

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Environment of China
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 * Note: This article is about the environmental issues in mainland China.

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Human rights in China
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 * Note: This article talks about the human rights issue in mainland China.

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Media in China
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 * 2) ran (talk) 16:26, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC) Current arrangement implies that Hong Kong and Macau aren't a part of the PRC.
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

People's Republic of China's trademark law
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 * Note: This law is only valid, applicable and applied within mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Reform of the political divisions of China
Move to Reform of the political divisions of mainland China  Votes: 3 Support: 33%
 * Note: This article deals with the reform of the administrative divisions within mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tourism in China
Move to Tourism in mainland China  Votes: 3 Support: 33%
 * Note: This article is about tourism in mainland China. Reference to Taipei and Kaohsiung should be taken out, and be moved to a separate article.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Transportation in China
Move to Transportation in mainland China  Votes: 4 Support: 50%
 * Note: This article is about transport in mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ran (talk) 16:26, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Phlebas 15:11, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Internet in China
Move to Internet in mainland China Votes: 4 Support: 50%
 * Note: This article talks about the Internet in mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ran (talk) 16:26, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China
Move to Internet censorship in mainland China Votes: 4 Support: 50%
 * Note: This article is about Internet censorship in mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Strong support. --ran (talk) 16:26, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Airports of the People's Republic of China
Move to Category:Airports of mainland China  Votes: 3 Support: 33%
 * Note: If the move is approved, Category:Airports of the People's Republic of China will serve as the parent category of category:Airports of mainland China, category:Airports of Hong Kong and category:Airports of Macau.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Banks of the People's Republic of China
Move to Category:Banks of mainland China Votes: 3 Support: 33%
 * Note: All articles in this category are about banks in mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Chinese newspapers
Move to Category:Newspapers of mainland China  Votes: 4 Support: 50%
 * Note: All articles in this category are  about newspapers in mainland China. Further, "Chinese newspapers" is ambiguous with "Chinese-language newspapers".

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ran (talk) 16:30, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Chinese media
Move to Category:Media in mainland China  Votes: 4 Support: 50%
 * Note: Articles in this category are about media in mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ran (talk) 16:31, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Companies of the People's Republic of China
Move to Category:Companies of mainland China  Votes: 3 Support: 33%
 * Note: All articles in this category are  about companies of mainland China. This category corresponds to list of companies in mainland China, see also talk:List of Chinese companies.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Law enforcement in China
Move to Category:Law enforcement in mainland China  Votes: 4 Support: 25%
 * Note: All articles in this category are  about law enforcement within mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner
 * 2) Necrothesp 03:37, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Laws of the People's Republic of China
Move to Category:Laws of mainland China Votes: 3 Support: 33%
 * Note: Courts in mainland China have no jurisdictions over Hong Kong and Macao. All laws, except those listed in Annex III of Hong Kong's and Macao's Basic Law, are not valid, applied and applicable in Hong Kong and Macao. If the move is approved, category:Laws of the People's Republic of China will be the parent category for category:Laws of mainland China, category:Hong Kong law and category:Macao law, as well as the articles on constitutional documents, and laws in Annex III of the basic laws.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

category:People's Republic of China roads and expressways
Move to category:Roads and expressways in mainland China  Votes: 2 Support: 100%
 * Note: Articles in this category are on the roads and expressways in mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ran (talk) 16:32, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

category:Transportation in China
Move to category:Transportation in mainland China Votes: 3 Support: 33%
 * Note: All articles in this category are  about transport in mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

category:Chinese universities
Move to category:Universities in mainland China Votes: 3 Support: 33%
 * Note: This category corresponds to list of universities in mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

category:Museums in China
Move to category:Museums in mainland China  Votes: 3 Support: 33%
 * Note: Articles in this category are about museums within mainland China.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

category:Cities in China
Move to category:Cities in mainland China Votes: 3 Support: 33%
 * Note: This category corresponds to the list of cities in China. The definition of "city", namely "prefecture-level city" "county-level city, is only applicable within mainland China. Hong Kong and Macao have no definition of city.

Support Oppose Comments
 * 1) Instantnood 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ugen 64 23:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Add title here
There is no closed polls at the moment.

THIS IS RIDICULOUS

 * I'm sorry, this is ridiculous - why are we going to look at each individual section instead of conforming to a single, comprehensive naming convention? The individual vote setup makes no sense. In any event, my vote in every instance is to keep China as China (not Mainland China, not the People's Federal Democratic Soviet Socialist Republic of the Nation of China, just ... China). I've been there, the people are nice. The food is great. Bathrooms... not so nice - but did I mention the food? -- 8^D BD2412gab 13:47, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * The blahblahblahrepublic of China does not exist. Mainland China, however, is an unambiguous, clearly-defined term that constitutes a natural part of the self-conception of China and Chinese people, and is used in PRC legislation. Thus your analogy does not hold. -- ran (talk) 16:24, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually not. The term "mainland China" isn't used that much in PRC legislation or for that matter the official media in the PRC.  The term that I see most often in the People's Daily is zhongguo neidi.  If the problem is that the articles on the PRC don't include Hong Kong and Macao, which are part of the PRC, then we can include Hong Kong and Macao in the text of the article.  Roadrunner 17:11, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Try this google search. "mainland China" -"Hong Kong" -"Macau" -"Macao" -"Taiwan" site:gov.cn.
 * This article writes " communications between mainland China and the foreign countries ", and this piece of press release on trade is interesting too (" trade of goods between mainland China and Denmark reached  ").
 * This article on Finnair website writes " The airport has excellent connections to other parts of mainland China as well as Hong Kong and Macao.
 * Here are some of the examples I cited before
 * Latest Satistics on SARS on Mainland China (15/04/2003)
 * Education System in Mainland China
 * Regulations of the State Council for Encouragement of Investment by Overseas Chinese and Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao
 * Reform gradualism and evolution of exchange rate regime in Mainland China (a speech delievered by the governor of the People's Bank of China) (doc format)
 * And I cannot agree to include Hong Kong and Macao into articles about mainland China. — Instantnood 17:21, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strange. Last time I checked, with the exception Victoria Island in Hong Kong, Macau and the rest of Hong Kong are on mainland China. Chris 23:27, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * ...That's not even the definition of "Mainland China". Hainan is in mainland China, Kowloon is not. Mainland China refers to all of the PRC minus Hong Kong and Macau. Terms like this simply come into use and they are defined by convention. For example, if you ask a Hong Kong resident what "dailou" (the Mainland) means... he/she certainly isn't going to point to Kowloon.... instead he/she points to Shenzhen, across the Shenzhen River, and all of Mainland China that lies beyond it. -- ran (talk) 04:59, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fully agree with Roadrunner. He stated that "the term "mainland China" isn't used that much in PRC legislation". For anyone to disprove him, he has to show that the PRC actually uses the term "mainland China" often. The above selection hardly seems "often" enough, especially when compared to just how often competiting terms are used. I similarly cannot see any problem with articles having a XXX of PRC title, and with the two SARs having subsections in that article, if there are any differences to speak of neccesiting this subsection.--Huaiwei 20:14, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * When there's an article about mainland China as an economy, is there any reason to include Hong Kong and Macao as part of it? Are Hong Kong, Macao and the mainland one economy? — Instantnood 20:49, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * And the World is one economy too. So?--Huaiwei 01:16, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There isn't an article about the economy of mainland China. There is a dab page pointing to four economies, PRC, explanatory text that the SARs have different economics, and then Taiwan. Roadrunner has it exactly right. SchmuckyTheCat 22:07, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a DAB page pointing to four different economies, so that Hong Kong and Macau are treated separately from the PRC. And yet one of them is called Economy of the People's Republic of China? Don't you see something bizarre (if not positively Hong Kong separatist) about this arrangement? And yet you accuse Insta of being a HK patriot? -- ran (talk) 01:26, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * And the simple solution is to remove the links for HK and Macau, and leave only the PRC and ROC on the page, dont you think?--Huaiwei 01:40, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't forget the wonderful disambiguation at the top of Economy of the People's Republic of China: This article is about the economy of Mainland China. Wonderful! An article that is not named after what it describes! How about we rename it to Economy of Asia. But leave the note about the article being about Mainland China. That'll solve all possible confusion. --ran (talk) 01:31, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you are fretting over the article "not naming what it describes", shall I edit the page to show you how it can be solved without renaming anything?--Huaiwei 01:40, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How? Sure, you can spend the next hour or so adding all of the CIA figures in Economy of HK and Macau to Economy of the PRC, but what does this accomplish? Chances are you're still going to need separate articles for Hong Kong and Macau. And what happens to the figures of Mainland China that are already there? Are you going to start another article just on Mainland China too? -- ran (talk) 01:51, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I just did the changes to Economy of China and Economy of the People's Republic of China. Problems solved. No need for any renaming of articles, and I did not take too long to do it. Meanwhile, the third paragraph which talks about the two SARs in Economy of the People's Republic of China could see some room for expansion to explain why the subsequent sections only talks about mainland China until the last section on the SARs.--Huaiwei 02:39, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Did you add the HK and Macau figures for GDP, per capita, labour force, oil, natural gas, imports and exports etc. to the main article? You haven't updated the currency section either -- the Renminbi is not the currency of HK or Macau. In fact, most of the sections continue to have no application whatsoever to the SARs, such as in the "Foreign Trade" section where we have: According to IMF statistics, China's global trade totaled $353 billion in 1999; the trade surplus stood at $36 billion. China's primary trading partners include Japan, Taiwan, the U.S., South Korea, Hong Kong, Germany, Singapore, Russia, and the Netherlands. This is the old article about Mainland China in all but name -- arguably worse, since it doesn't even carry the old disclaimer anymore.
 * In other words, attempting to treat Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau as one economic entity, and describing them all in one article, is an artificial way of arranging things. -- ran (talk) 04:07, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * The third paragraph is the one which already carries an explaination on the two SARs. As I already explained, it includes the possibilities for further expansion in explaining why the subsequent sections are not inclusive of the economies in the two SARs. The present disclaimer is for Economy of China, where it was moved from. Why should there be a disclaimer in a page on the PRC refer to the ROC? You say the "Foreign Trade" section has nothing to do with the SARS. Yet there is already a link to Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement in that section, which obviously refers to trade and economic links between the three entities. Do the PRC consider trade with the two SARs are international, despite how the two SARs call their trade with the rest of China? This page, like any other page, can be presented to refer only to Mainland China. At the same time, it can also be presented to refer to the PRC. Why is there resistance to do the later? This is not an attempt to treat the three economies as one, because the contents from three pages was not merged. Rather, the PRC page should provide ample links and explaination of the special status in the two SARs. Apparantly, interpretation of either format as "artificial" or not lies with the viewer still.--Huaiwei 11:00, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Why should there be a disclaimer in a page on the PRC refer to the ROC? - I mean the disclaimer that used to be on top of Economy of PRC. The article is still predominantly about Mainland China, with all of the statistics provided and nearly all of the background info applying only to Mainland China. I provided a few examples. And yet the article now claims to be about the "PRC", and even the disclaimer, clarifying that it's just about Mainland China, is gone. That makes it more misleading.
 * This page, like any other page, can be presented to refer only to Mainland China. At the same time, it can also be presented to refer to the PRC. Why is there resistance to do the later? - as has been amply demonstrated by this very article, because it's an artificial way of doing things. -- ran (talk) 14:42, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I suppose some folks find it difficult to stomach any page which has a configuration like:
 * XXX of the People's Republic of China (page title)
 * XXX in Mainland China (subsection)
 * XXX in Hong Kong (subsection)
 * XXX in Macau (subsection)
 * It greatly disturbs them for some reason.--Huaiwei 01:16, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh... cmon, take a look at the current articles on the economies of the "PRC" (in reality Mainland China), Hong Kong, and Macau. If you want to go and merge those three together please go ahead. Have fun juggling the subsections. -- ran (talk) 01:26, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I merely pointed out a proposal which seems to disturb some people. In fact, some of the smaller articles are already arranged like this, and I do not see why it cannot be done for others.--Huaiwei 01:40, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You mean articles like Homosexuality in China? Sure, that's because the Hong Kong section is rather small, and also because the article talks about Ancient China as well. If and when it gets too big, I'm in full support of splitting it into separate articles about Ancient China, Mainland, HK, Macau, and Taiwan. -- ran (talk) 01:51, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

Where was this announced
Again Instantnood is running a poll to get what he wants when the lsst discussion ran out just weeks ago. This poll was only announced on less than ten user pages for 25 or so articles See the original announced list. It wasn't announced on Requested Moves, it wasn't announced on VfD or CfD. It wasn't announced on the talk pages of the articles to be moved! It wasn't announced on my user page and I created many of these categories. I oppose every single move here without reading them all. I vehemently oppose the term "mainland China" in the title of any article or category. SchmuckyTheCat 14:29, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello SchmuckyTheCat. Could you please be a little bit more patient? That's what I am now doing. I would appreciate if you can give me a hand. :-D — Instantnood 14:54, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Last time I gave you a hand several days after the poll started because it was obvious you were trying to game the results. This time, in good faith, I will be patient, but note that you didn't make a far and wide proclamation until after jguk put it on VfD and I made this complaint. SchmuckyTheCat 15:29, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Check the time record and you can tell jguk nominated it on VfD right after this page was created (less than 15 minutes). — Instantnood 15:37, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

(section title)
I'm sorry, but I see absolutely no merit in this poll. It's goes to into pointless detail and it seems to be about fairly uncontroversial issue. Is there any consensus for this initiative? Peter Isotalo 15:09, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Some people may agree that articles should be renamed according to the naming conventions, but it does not apply to, perhaps, a few of the pages. Therefore it is necessary to assess each case. — Instantnood 15:37, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Precisely what naming convention is being "enforced" by this vote? I see nothing on the main page that mandates the use of the term "mainland China" in any circumstance.  This seems like (another) page move request en masse, simply using a non-standard mechanism to do it.  Alai 16:51, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * As Ran has pointed out in her/his remarks to her/his vote, the current treatment implies Hong Kong and Macao not part of the PRC. The naming conventions say " Hong Kong and Macau are generally not considered part of Mainland China, but are under the jurisdiction of the PRC. Thus, it is appropriate to write "many tourists from Hong Kong and Taiwan are visiting Mainland China."  ", "mainland China" is the term to use to avoid implying Hong Kong and Macao not part of the PRC. — Instantnood 16:56, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * And from the words of that convention: "Hong Kong and Macau are generally not considered part of Mainland China, but are under the jurisdiction of the PRC. Thus, it is appropriate to write "many tourists from Hong Kong and Taiwan are visiting Mainland China."" Neither of these terms entails that the term Mainland China MUST be used in all relevant circumstances, and it does not even seem clear what the term is supposed to mean, and true reflection of its ambiguity. Clearly, multiple interpretations can be made from the convention, and as we can see, political agendas do appear to be enforced by pushing through particular interpretations.--Huaiwei 20:18, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You're, again, speculating or suspecting that there're agendas. — Instantnood 20:49, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * I notice you have been highligting this "speculation" thingy ever since there is a WP:RFAr, and from the discussion you had with Jiang in User_talk:Instantnood? If there is evidence to insist that NPOV is lacking, it will be pointed out. Having a political POV is of coz a political agenda. And meanwhile, that seems to be an interesting response coming from you, considering my reply was not targetted at anyone. Makes me wonder....--Huaiwei 01:26, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Justification for this page
I am quite disturbed by the existance of this page. Do all previous debates arguing against the convention come to nought? Are previous rounds of votes which had already been carried out for some of these mentioned categories and articles now invalid? And worse, is the above an attempt by its creater to get what he wants once and for all, after so much controversy which has gone on since he appeared in this site?--Huaiwei 15:24, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Proposals to change the naming conventions should be done separately. If that is successful, the pages titles of the articles and categories will have to be renamed accordingly, to the revised set of naming conventions. — Instantnood 15:37, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * And according to your logic, discussions on the conventions should take place AFTER this page?--Huaiwei 15:56, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No. — Instantnood 16:09, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * So can you justify the existance of this page?--Huaiwei 20:19, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Interesting way of induction. Did the previous discussions serve the purpose of assessing the applicability of the naming conventions to each of the articles and categories? — Instantnood 20:49, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have no idea what you are asking about? Please use simplier sentence structures.--Huaiwei 01:27, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, previous discussions led to agreement between you and Instantnood that the conventions were insufficient for determining the policy on all articles relating to the PRC/mainland so each article should be decided on a case-by-case basis. So isn't that what this page is trying to accomplish?  --Umofomia 03:11, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a distinctive difference between the two. The "agreement" you refer to says that each case should be accessed on a case-by-case basis. However, apparantly both of us interprets that differently. I believe the convention cannot be used for what it is supposed to do, simply because it is under severe contestations which calls for a review. Instantnood insists that the convention should stay as it is, and should be adhered to religiously. So when I talk of a case by case basis, it means each situation is reviewed independently from what the conventions says. Anyone is entitled to disagree with the convention and vote accordingly. To instantnood, however, he insists that these all voters in this page must agree to the conventions first. Which of coz leads me to question...why bother to vote then, if the convention is supposed solve all issues anyway? What does he mean by agreeing to look at each case individually, when he calls for 100% compliance to this convention? I fail to see any logic in his actions here, unless someone else can untangle this mess for me?--Huaiwei 06:06, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

(section title)
This is getting silly. The least controversial way of dealing with any naming controversy is to make the article mainly about mainland China (which is about 90% of the article) and have annotations and links to Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao as special cases when appropriate. The reason for this is that it means that the screaming occurs in the articles themselves rather in the naming of the article. This is much less disruptive, and it allows one to tailor the article to fit the specific situation (which might change).

I should also point out that this issue doesn't fit political lines. Mahbaba and I come from completely different sides of the political spectrum, but we seem to be in agreement about how the articles should be named.

I should also point out that this great renaming becomes silly if you actual go and *read* some of the articles which have been extensively modified to take into account different points of view. For example, the article Economy of China is a stub that then goes into different articles.

Roadrunner 16:55, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Please kindly take a look at the edit history of Economy of China. It was moved after the discussion was started at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese)/NPOV#..of China or ..of the PRC → ..of mainland China. — Instantnood 17:13, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:80.6.145.98

title: User talk:80.6.145.98


text:
User talk:Climber2005

Hello new user and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date
 * Ask questions on Village pump
 * Have fun.

-- fbjon4649( talk ) 12:45, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image source
Thank you for uploading Image:Bowland.JPG. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you. --fbjon4649( talk ) 12:45, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Climber2005


text:
User:Halidecyphon/things that really frustrate me

The Lists of Songs
Have a look at Category:Lists of songs. Yeech. --Halidecyphon 20:31, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC) Happily, this discussion has found a home at Wikipedia_talk:Centralized_discussion/Lists_of_songs. Halidecyphon 07:01, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

The "How-to" pages
To my dismay, it has become wikipedia policy to allow and even encourage manuals to be published as articles. Instead of keeping information on the construction of transformers inside that article under a "Construction" heading, we have both that article and How to make a transformer. There are tens of these articles, ranging from How to wash your car to How_to_choose_your_pet_and_take_care_of_it. To see the full list, go here here.

Object to the existance of these articles for the following reasons:
 * Wikipedia should not become a guidebook. Guidebooks are great resources, and belong on Wikibooks, a Wikipedia sister project. One of the ten categories of Wikibooks is How-tos. Wikipedia, on the other hand, is an encyclopedia.
 * These articles undermine the organization of wikipedia by duplicating or making inaccessable information that is in already existing articles (see transformers example above.)

Solution help Wikibooks grow by transwiking these there. Delete articles here, and keep wikipedia an encyclopedia. --Halidecyphon 13:24, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Two of the how-tos have already been dealt with, and you can help out on the third: Talk:Car_washing_techniques -- Egil 12:25, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

The "Status of religious freedom" pages
Just came across these.

Object: to the existance of the articles for the following reasons:
 * The articles tend to be highly POV and lean towards being original research
 * Most of the useful information belongs Separation of church and state or in Religious freedom, if not in the country page.
 * All of the NPOV warnings (none of which were put up by me) have been removed by an anonymous user
 * If the articles are kept as individual articles, they should not be called merely "Religious freedom in Wherever", with no "Status of".

Solution: While I believe much of the information in these pages is useful and even encyclopedic, the information should be merged to where it belongs, and the pages should be deleted. --Halidecyphon 12:51, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Others

 * Anti-globalization and Anti-Semitism Majority voted to delete, but no consensus.

To do

 * Fix history section in OPEC - restore information from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPEC&diff=5913032&oldid=5740892


text:
Internet company

Internet company may refer to:
 * Internet service provider, a company whose main activity is providing Internet access to customers
 * Dot-com company, a company which does most of its business on the Internet.

title: Internet company


text:
Cross of Liberty (Estonia)

The Estonian Cross of Liberty (Vabadusrist) is a military decoration established by the Prime Minister of Estonia, Konstantin Päts, on 24 February 1919 to honor the people for their services during the Estonian War of Independence. The Estonian Cross of Liberty has three divisions, each in three classes. Division I was granted for military leadership, division II for personal courage and division III for civilian services. The division and class of the Estonian Cross of Liberty is usually added to the name of the recipient in the form of post-nominal letters. The 1st class of the II division of the Estonian Cross of Liberty was never granted. Although still mentioned in the list of Estonian state decorations by the president of the republic, the bestowal of the Estonian Cross of Liberty was terminated on 19 June 1925.

The last surviving recipient of the Estonian Cross of Liberty was Karl Jaanus VR II/3, who died on 6 October 2000.

The Estonian War of Independence Victory Column in Tallinn, unveiled in 2009, is modelled according to the Estonian Cross of Liberty.

Design
The designer of the Estonian Cross of Liberty was a famous Estonian artist Peet Aren. He used the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (hochmeister's) cross as the basis for the shape of the Estonian Cross of Liberty.

Notable recipients of the Estonian Cross of Liberty

 * The British Unknown Warrior VR I/1
 * The French Unknown Soldier VR I/1
 * The Italian Unknown Soldier VR I/1
 * The city of Verdun VR I/1
 * Carl Aejemelaeus VR III/2
 * Eduard Ahman VR I/3
 * Albert I of Belgium VR I/1
 * Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair VR I/1
 * Jānis Balodis VR I/1
 * David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty VR I/1
 * Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley VR III/1
 * Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour VR III/1
 * Krišjānis Berķis VR I/2
 * Richard Gustav Borgelin, VR I/2 and II/3
 * Herbert Brede VR I/2
 * Aristide Briand VR III/1
 * William Clive Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman VR III/1
 * Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan VR I/1
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title: Cross of Liberty (Estonia)


text:
Peter E. Martin

Peter Edmund Martin (1882–1944) was a leading early production executive of the Ford Motor Company.

Career
Martin was hired by close Henry Ford associate C. Harold Wills on December 15, 1903, and at that time was the company's fifth employee.

He was placed in charge of the Assembly Department at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in January 1906. On October 17, 1906, when Walter E. Flanders was manager of Manufacturing, Ed Martin was promoted to assistant to Thomas S. Walburn in active charge of all manufacturing departments. In January, 1907 he became superintendent under Walburn.

On April 21, 1908 Walter Flanders resigned. Henry Ford called Martin and Charles E. Sorensen into his office and told Martin and Sorensen to go out and run the Piquette Avenue Plant. By 1913, Martin had been officially appointed superintendent of production and Sorensen as his assistant. This began a close association between Martin and Sorensen that lasted over 30 years. Sorensen was also Martin's second in command at the Highland Park Plant and nominally, later at the Rouge Plant although Martin had less influence over Sorenson's actions there.

Edsel Ford became President of the Ford Motor Company in January, 1919. According to an organization chart dated November 1, 1919 Peter E. Martin was General Superintendent. According to Sorensen, in 1920 Peter E. Martin was plant superintendent at the River Rouge complex and Martin and Sorenson both practically lived at the plant. On December 24, 1924 Martin was named Vice President in charge of Manufacturing.

On May 5, 1926 Martin offered his resignation to Henry and Edsel Ford as First Vice President of the Ford Motor Company. Martin's stated reason was his belief it would result in better coordination of the executives and the officials of the company. His resignation was not accepted.

On May 31, 1929 Ed Martin signed a contract between the Ford Motor Company and the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy of the USSR for the purpose of building tractors in Russia. Charles Sorensen was a witness.

According to the June 15, 1935 newspaper "Detroit Saturday Night," Peter E. Martin was in charge of the Rouge plant.

Time magazine reported in its January 18, 1937 issue that Henry Ford drew dividends but no salary, while son Edsel's $100,378 was topped by Vice President Peter. E. Martin's $128,008 and Charles Sorensen's $115,100. In 1939 Time reported Edsel's salary at $146,056, Peter E. Martin's at $171,465 and Charles Sorensen's at $166,071. Also it was reported that Ford Motor Company had only three members of the company's board of directors, Henry Ford, son Edsel Ford and Vice President Peter E Martin.

By 1940 according to Nevins and Hill, Decline and Rebirth p242, Henry Ford listened only to Sorensen, P.E. Martin and Harry Bennett. Edsel, of course would get a hearing.

On July 17, 1941 Peter E. Martin resigned for health reasons, and the resignation led to Charles Sorensen being named as his replacement. This was the first time Sorensen held an office of the Ford Motor Company. Notably, neither man was known to have complained of the other in over 30 years. However the more outgoing Sorensen became quite famous while Martin is little known. he died in Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit Michigan from complications of cancer at age 61-62 years

title: Peter E. Martin


text:
User:Bobby Awasthi

Dont be mistaken by words:

NEUTRAL POINT OF VIEW means MAJORITY POINT OF VIEW on WIKIPEDIA

Miscellaneous
{| style="margin: 4em auto 4em auto"

title: User:Bobby Awasthi


text: Category:Huxley family

title: Category:Huxley family


text:
Karamu House

Karamu House in the Fairfax neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, is the oldest producing Black Theatre in the United States opening in 1915. Many of Langston Hughes's plays were developed and premiered at the theater.

History
In 1915, Russell and Rowena Woodham Jelliffe, graduates of Oberlin College in nearby Oberlin, Ohio, founded what was then called The Neighborhood Association at 2239 E. 38th St.; establishing it as a place where people of all races, creeds, and religions could find common ground. The Jelliffes discovered in their early years, that the arts provided the common ground, and in 1917 plays at the "Playhouse Settlement" began.

The early twenties saw a large number of African Americans move into an area in Cleveland, from the Southern United States. Resisting pressure to exclude their new neighbors, the Jelliffes insisted that all races were welcome. They used the United States Constitution; "all men are created equal". What was then called the Playhouse Settlement quickly became a magnet for some of the best African American artists of the day. Actors, dancers, print makers and writers all found a place where they could practice their crafts. Karamu was also a contributor to the Harlem Renaissance, and Langston Hughes roamed the halls.

Reflecting the strength of the Black influence on its development, the Playhouse Settlement was officially renamed Karamu House in 1941. Karamu is a word in the Kiswahili language meaning "a place of joyful gathering".

Karamu House had developed a reputation for nurturing black actors having carried on the mission of the Gilpin Players, a black acting troupe whose heyday predated Karamu. Directors such as John Kenley, of the Kenley Players, and John Price, of Musicarnival — a music "tent" theater located in Warrensville Heights, Ohio, a Cleveland suburb — recruited black actors for their professional productions.

In 1931, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston were negotiating with the Jelliffes to produce Mule Bone, their two act collaboration, when the two writers "fell out". A series of conversations between the Hughes and Hurston estates, the Ethel Barrymore Theatre presented the world premiere of Mule Bone on Broadway in 1991. Finally, sixty-five years after the production was originally proposed, Karamu House presented Mule Bone (The Bone Of Contention) as the 1996–1997 season finale. Karamu's production, directed by Sarah May, played to standing room only audiences in the Proscenium (Jelliffe) Theatre. The by-line in The Plain Dealer, as the Cleveland theatre season came to its end read: "Karamu returns to Harlem Renaissance status". Critic Marianne Evett shared Karamu's success story as the theatre began to recover from past hardships. The revival Karamu House needed so desperately had arrived. During this time, playwright and two time Emmy nominee Margaret Ford-Taylor held the position of executive director, and Sarah May, Director in Residence.

From October 2003 to March 2016, Terrence Spivey served as Karamu's artistic director. Tony F. Sias currently serves as CEO + President, Aseelah Shareef serves as COO + Vice President.

Renovations 2017-2021
In 2017, a major renovation of the facility was undertaken. The architect Robert P. Madison International, Ohio's first African American-owned architectural firm, founded by Cleveland architect Robert P. Madison, lead the 14.5 million dollar renovation. This included a new streetscape, bistro, patio, and enclosed outdoor stage; as well as updates to the Arena Theater, lobby, and dressing rooms.

The updates were to be completed in three phases as follows:

 * Phase I - Redesign of the 195 seat Jelliffe Theatre with new roof, lobby, seating, lighting, and wheel chair access.
 * Phase II - Addition of the KeyBank lobby, gift shop, and Anthony (Tony) Smith Gallery, redesign of the Arena Theatre, and cafe.
 * Phase III - Addition of outdoor stage area, patio, cafe, and streetscape.

Identity
Karamu's mission is to "produce professional theatre, provide arts education and present community programs for all people while honoring the Black experience. We are a place of joyful gathering where people from different races, religions, and economic backgrounds come together through the arts." In recent years, the mission was updated from "African-American" to "Black" to be more inclusive the Black experience throughout the diaspora.

Langston Hughes involvement
Langston Hughes had a special relationship with Karamu Theatre and the years 1936-1939 have been called the "Hughes Era.". Born in St. Louis, Hughes early life moved to Cleveland, where he attended Karamu programs and classes; after he left Ohio, he kept in touch with the director, Rowena Jelliffe, and the Gilpin Players, who produced a number of his plays, including the premiers of When the Jack Hollars (1936), Troubled Island (1936), and Joy to My Soul' Once, Hughes even said, "if at [any] time [when I am in Cleveland] I can be of any use, if I can give for you a public (or private) talk or reading, or in any way help to raise money locally, I will be only too happy to do so." In an interview with Reuben Silver of Karamu, Hughes said: "It is a cultural shame that a great country like America, with twenty million people of color, has no primarily serious colored theatre. There isn't. Karamu is the very nearest thing to it...It not only should a Negro theatre, if we want to use that term, do plays by and about Negroes, but it should do plays slanted toward the community in which it exists. It should be in a primarily Negro community since that is the way our racial life in America is still...It should not be a theatre that should be afraid to do a Negro folk play about people who are perhaps not very well-educated because some of the intellectuals, or "intellectuals" in quotes, are ashamed of such material"

By 1940, according to his biographer Arnold Rampersad, "Langston consigned all his skits and sketches, divided into three classes—Negro Social, Negro, Negro Non-Social, and white—to his agent, and told him Cafe Society, an interracial cabaret founded in New York by Barney Josephson, was planning a revue. Hughes sent twenty skits, including, Run, Ghost, Run. He also sent a copy to Karamu; there is no record that the revue was staged there or anywhere. Three of those skits appear here in print for the first time. Throughout his life, Hughes added to the program with many short satirical skits.

Recent
Karamu offers art experiences for people of all ages through a variety of programs. The three primary program areas are the Early Childhood Development Center, the Center of Arts and Education, and the Karamu Performing Arts Theatre.

In 2020, Karamu House presented Freedom on Juneteenth, written by Tony F. Sias, Latecia D Wilson, and Mary E Weems; an event commemorating the end of slavery, June 19, 1865, in the United States. Freedom on Juneteenth originally was created to celebrate the music of Bill Withers, but was adapted due to the passing of George Floyd.

Awards
On December 17, 1982, Karamu was listed in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, and received an Ohio Historical Marker on June 16, 2003.

 * Karamu also received the "Theater Longevity Award" from the National Black Theater Festival in 2005.
 * In 2019, American Theater Magazine said that Karamu House is, "...one of the most overlooked success stories in our field."
 * In 2022, Karamu received "The Doors of the Theater are Open" Award from "The Awards" formerly known as the Antonyo's by Broadway Black.
 * In 2023, Karamu was named the "Best Theater in the Midwest" by Midwest Living magazine.

Notable alumni
 Acting

 Visual Artists
 * Bill Cobbs (born June 16, 1934) - film, television, stage, directing, master workshops
 * Minnie Gentry (1915–1993) — a Broadway, film and television actress
 * Robert Guillaume (1927 - 2017) — a film, stage and television actor best known for starring — in the late 1970s–mid 1980s — in the television situation-comedy series Soap and its spin-off series Benson
 * Margaret Ford-Taylor, (born January 6) - film, television, stage, writer, director, two-time Emmy nominee
 * Dick Latessa (born 1929) — a film, stage and television actor who won the 2003 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical for his role in Hairspray
 * Ron O'Neal (1937–2004) — an actor, film director and screenwriter who appeared in many blaxploitation films in the 1970s
 * Al Kirk, Broadway and Film Actor "Shaft" "Golden Boy" with Sammy Davis Jr.
 * Dave Connell, Broadway and Film Actor "Great White Hope" Five Films also Arena Stage Resident Actor
 * Vaness Bell-Calloway, born in 1956. Vanessa performed in Karamu's theater and modern dance departments. She earned a spot in the chorus of the Broadway musical, Dream Girls
 * Reyno Crayton (born 8/26/52) performed in numerous Karamu House productions. Additionally, he played Lou Edwards in The Negro Ensemble Production of "The First Breeze of Summer," opening June 1975. In 1975, he won the Clarence Derwent Award and the 1975 OBIE Award, Performance as Lou Edwards in (The First Breeze of Summer).

 * Charles L. Sallée Jr. (1913-2006) - WPA printmaker, painter and muralist who also worked as an interior designer.
 * William E. Smith (1913-1997) - WPA printmaker, painter and sign designer who was also an art instructor.

title: Karamu House


text:
Tuonetar

Tuonetar is the Queen of the Underworld in Finnish mythology.

Tuonetar is the wife of Tuoni, with whom she rules over the Underworld Tuonela.

In the 16th song of Kalevala, Väinämöinen arrives in their kingdom. Tuonetar is delighted to offer him a golden goblet of beer, but when he looks closer he can see it is really a black poison made of frog spawn, young poisonous snakes, lizards, adders, and worms. If a person drinks the brew, known as the beer of oblivion, they forget they ever existed and are unable to return to the land of the living, for only Tuonetar and Tuoni's children were allowed to leave Tuonela.

When Väinämöinen asks Tuonetar to reveal the three magic words he is seeking she refuses and vows that he will never leave Tuonela alive. She then puts him to sleep with her magic wand and has her three-fingered son weave a thousand nets of iron and copper to catch him if he tries to escape down the river of Tuoni. Väinämöinen succeeds in escaping by turning into a serpent and swimming through the nets, and when he returns to Kalevala he warns people to aim wisely lest they end up in Tuonela.

Tuonetar is recognized as the virgin of death and the goddess of the subterranean worlds. She is the mother of Kipu-Tyttö, Kivutar, Vammatar, Kalma, and Loviatar, as well as numerous plagues, diseases, demons, and monsters.

title: Tuonetar


text: Template:House of Valois-Orléans

title: Template:House of Valois-Orléans


text:
User talk:RainR

Hey there and welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed that you moved the content from Confurence to ConFurence. If you want to move an article, please use the "move" link you can find on top of every article. Otherwise you will only move the current revision of the article and not its history, which is very important for our articles. See How to rename (move) a page for more information about this. If you got any questions, feel free to ask me. :-) --Conti|✉ 12:57, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

CastleCops
Hi. Would you mind having a look at Votes_for_undeletion? I am merely asking for a copy so that I might impove and resubmit if appropriate. --Ikester 01:50, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Furry lifestyler
Thank you for your constant watch against vandalism on furry-related pages. :) Almafeta 10:08, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

dedicated 2 spyware
I moved this to Talk:Spyware

multiple accounts
just woke up and see there is a hot discussion regarding this matter. now you suspect me using multiple accounts. Sorry but, I dont have multiple accounts. maybe you want to check the IPs? Ugnius 06:28, 10 October 2005

 * I don't have the ability to check IPs. Anyway, you could use a proxy or different ISP. I think it's extremely suspicious that a brand-new account jumped right to your side of the debate. --RainR 06:41, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * IMHO they just show neutral opinion. Anyway I asked some old editors to review this issue. I will not revert any links for now.

Paragraph in Spyware article
I notice you restored a paragraph to the Spyware article that was advice on writing good encyclopedia entries. I didn't feel it belonged in the article itelf, but it was worth keeping nonetheless, so I cut and pasted it into the article's talk page. Reyk 22:40, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. --RainR 00:19, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Search engine optimization
This article is under a constant attack of spammers and because of this all links and references must be approved before hand on the talk page. Thank you--129.240.71.78 10:53, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

CoolWebSearch
Can you please explain the reasons for the tags on the talk page instead of just arbitrarily putting them back? - Glen T C 08:19, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Are you a spyware company sympathizer?
The way you edit these articles makes you come off as a person who works at a spyware company... 71.71.6.113 06:02, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Not even close. --RainR 06:08, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:RainR


text:
Alfred M. Pride

Alfred Melville Pride (September 10, 1897 – December 24, 1988) was a United States Navy admiral and pioneer naval aviator, who distinguished himself during World War II as an aircraft carrier commander.

He served during the late 1940s as Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics and during the Korean War as Commander of the U.S. Seventh Fleet. Pride's career was remarkable for its time, in that he achieved flag rank without having attended the United States Naval Academy or even completing college. (He did, however, later complete advanced studies in aeronautical engineering.)

A native of Somerville, Massachusetts, he studied engineering at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, for several years before dropping out to enlist in the Navy during World War I. He served first as a machinist's mate in the Naval Reserve, but was soon given the chance to receive flight training and gain a commission as an ensign. Pride was sent to France, where he served briefly during the latter part of the war.

In the early 1920s, having joined the Regular Navy, Pride became involved in the experiments to develop U.S. aircraft carriers. He served aboard the USS Langley, the converted coaling ship that became the Navy's first aircraft carrier, and also took part in the development of the carriers USS Saratoga and USS Lexington, as a member of the original crews.

Pride continued his work in Naval Aviation testing for the rest of the interwar period. He went on to study aeronautical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 1931, he became the first person to land an Autogiro (precursor to the helicopter) on an aircraft carrier. From 1934–1936 he headed the Flight Test Section at Naval Air Station Anacostia, Washington, D.C., at that time the Navy's center for aircraft testing.

During World War II, Pride served as first commanding officer of the carrier USS Belleau Wood (CVL-24). He received promotion to rear admiral and became commandant of 14th Naval District, at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. He then was moved out to fleet jobs, including command of Carrier Division Six and Carrier Division Four.

After the war, Rear Admiral Pride held important positions relating to Naval Aviation's technical development. From 1947 to 1951 he served as chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, the Navy's material organization for aviation. From 1952 to 1953, he commanded the Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, Maryland.

He returned to the Pacific in 1953, when he received promotion to vice admiral, command of the U.S. Seventh Fleet (December 1, 1953 – December 19, 1955) and the first commander of the United States Taiwan Defense Command (USTDC). During this time, he was featured on the cover of the Time magazine (February 7, 1955, issue). Pride served as head of the Seventh Fleet until 1956, when he became Commander, Air Forces, Pacific Fleet.

Pride retired in 1959 as a full admiral and settled in Arlington, Virginia, where he died in 1988, aged 91. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. Many of his papers are stored at the Archives Division of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C.

Awards and honors
His honors included being a Companion of the Naval Order of the United States and a member of the National Museum of Naval Aviation's Hall of Honor. The Navy Department also established the Admiral Alfred M. Pride Frigate ASW Readiness Award, for excellence in Anti-Submarine Warfare in the Navy's surface force.

In 1961, Pride was retroactively designated the ninth recipient of the Gray Eagle Award, as the most senior active naval aviator from July 1959 until his retirement later that year.

title: Alfred M. Pride