text:
Pharming (genetics)

Pharming, a portmanteau of farming and pharmaceutical, refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO). Pharming is also known as molecular farming, molecular pharming, or biopharming.

The products of pharming are recombinant proteins or their metabolic products. Recombinant proteins are most commonly produced using bacteria or yeast in a bioreactor, but pharming offers the advantage to the producer that it does not require expensive infrastructure, and production capacity can be quickly scaled to meet demand, at greatly reduced cost.

History
The first recombinant plant-derived protein (PDP) was human serum albumin, initially produced in 1990 in transgenic tobacco and potato plants. Open field growing trials of these crops began in the United States in 1992 and have taken place every year since. While the United States Department of Agriculture has approved planting of pharma crops in every state, most testing has taken place in Hawaii, Nebraska, Iowa, and Wisconsin.

In the early 2000s, the pharming industry was robust. Proof of concept has been established for the production of many therapeutic proteins, including antibodies, blood products, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, recombinant enzymes and human and veterinary vaccines. By 2003 several PDP products for the treatment of human diseases were under development by nearly 200 biotech companies, including recombinant gastric lipase for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, and antibodies for the prevention of dental caries and the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

However, in late 2002, just as ProdiGene was ramping up production of trypsin for commercial launch it was discovered that volunteer plants (left over from the prior harvest) of one of their GM corn products were harvested with the conventional soybean crop later planted in that field. ProdiGene was fined $250,000 and ordered by the USDA to pay over $3 million in cleanup costs. This raised a furor and set the pharming field back, dramatically. Many companies went bankrupt as companies faced difficulties getting permits for field trials and investors fled. In reaction, APHIS introduced more strict regulations for pharming field trials in the US in 2003. In 2005, Anheuser-Busch threatened to boycott rice grown in Missouri because of plans by Ventria Bioscience to grow pharm rice in the state. A compromise was reached, but Ventria withdrew its permit to plant in Missouri due to unrelated circumstances.

The industry has slowly recovered, by focusing on pharming in simple plants grown in bioreactors and on growing GM crops in greenhouses. Some companies and academic groups have continued with open-field trials of GM crops that produce drugs. In 2006 Dow AgroSciences received USDA approval to market a vaccine for poultry against Newcastle disease, produced in plant cell culture – the first plant-produced vaccine approved in the U.S.

Historical development
Milk is presently the most mature system to produce recombinant proteins from transgenic organisms. Blood, egg white, seminal plasma, and urine are other theoretically possible systems, but all have drawbacks. Blood, for instance, as of 2012 cannot store high levels of stable recombinant proteins, and biologically active proteins in blood may alter the health of the animals. Expression in the milk of a mammal, such as a cow, sheep, or goat, is a common application, as milk production is plentiful and purification from milk is relatively easy. Hamsters and rabbits have also been used in preliminary studies because of their faster breeding.

One approach to this technology is the creation of a transgenic mammal that can produce the biopharmaceutical in its milk (or blood or urine). Once an animal is produced, typically using the pronuclear microinjection method, it becomes efficacious to use cloning technology to create additional offspring that carry the favorable modified genome. In February 2009 the US FDA granted marketing approval for the first drug to be produced in genetically modified livestock. The drug is called ATryn, which is antithrombin protein purified from the milk of genetically modified goats. Marketing permission was granted by the European Medicines Agency in August 2006.

Patentability issues
As indicated above, some mammals typically used for food production (such as goats, sheep, pigs, and cows) have been modified to produce non-food products, a practice sometimes called pharming. Use of genetically modified goats has been approved by the FDA and EMA to produce ATryn, i.e. recombinant antithrombin, an anticoagulant protein drug. These products "produced by turning animals into drug-manufacturing 'machines' by genetically modifying them" are sometimes termed biopharmaceuticals.

The patentability of such biopharmaceuticals and their process of manufacture is uncertain. Probably, the biopharmaceuticals themselves so made are unpatentable, assuming that they are chemically identical to the preexisting drugs that they imitate. Several 19th century United States Supreme Court decisions hold that a previously known natural product manufactured by artificial means cannot be patented. An argument can be made for the patentability of the process for manufacturing a biopharmaceutical, however, because genetically modifying animals so that they will produce the drug is dissimilar to previous methods of manufacture; moreover, one Supreme Court decision seems to hold open that possibility.

On the other hand, it has been suggested that the recent Supreme Court decision in Mayo v. Prometheus may create a problem in that, in accordance with the ruling in that case, "it may be said that such and such genes manufacture this protein in the same way they always did in a mammal, they produce the same product, and the genetic modification technology used is conventional, so that the steps of the process 'add nothing to the laws of nature that is not already present. If the argument prevailed in court, the process would also be ineligible for patent protection. This issue has not yet been decided in the courts.

In plants
Plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs), also referred to as pharming, is a sub-sector of the biotechnology industry that involves the process of genetically engineering plants so that they can produce certain types of therapeutically important proteins and associated molecules such as peptides and secondary metabolites. The proteins and molecules can then be harvested and used to produce pharmaceuticals.

Arabidopsis is often used as a model organism to study gene expression in plants, while actual production may be carried out in maize, rice, potatoes, tobacco, flax or safflower. Tobacco has been a highly popular choice of organism for the expression of transgenes, as it is easily transformed, produces abundant tissues, and survives well in vitro and in greenhouses. The advantage of rice and flax is that they are self-pollinating, and thus gene flow issues (see below) are avoided. However, human error could still result in modified crops entering the food supply. Using a minor crop such as safflower or tobacco avoids the greater political pressures and risk to the food supply involved with using staple crops such as beans or rice. Expression of proteins in plant cell or hairy root cultures also minimizes risk of gene transfer, but at a higher cost of production. Sterile hybrids may also be used for the bioconfinement of transgenic plants, although stable lines cannot be established. Grain crops are sometimes chosen for pharming because protein products targeted to the endosperm of cereals have been shown to have high heat stability. This characteristic makes them an appealing target for the production of edible vaccines, as viral coat proteins stored in grains do not require cold storage the way many vaccines currently do. Maintaining a temperature controlled supply chain of vaccines is often difficult when delivering vaccines to developing countries.

Most commonly, plant transformation is carried out using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The protein of interest is often expressed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S), a powerful constitutive promoter for driving expression in plants. Localization signals may be attached to the protein of interest to cause accumulation to occur in a specific sub-cellular location, such as chloroplasts or vacuoles. This is done in order to improve yields, simplify purification, or so that the protein folds properly. Recently, the inclusion of antisense genes in expression cassettes has been shown to have potential for improving the plant pharming process. Researchers in Japan transformed rice with an antisense SPK gene, which disrupts starch accumulation in rice seeds, so that products would accumulate in a watery sap that is easier to purify.

Recently, several non-crop plants such as the duckweed Lemna minor or the moss Physcomitrella patens have shown to be useful for the production of biopharmaceuticals. These frugal organisms can be cultivated in bioreactors (as opposed to being grown in fields), secrete the transformed proteins into the growth medium and, thus, substantially reduce the burden of protein purification in preparing recombinant proteins for medical use. In addition, both species can be engineered to cause secretion of proteins with human patterns of glycosylation, an improvement over conventional plant gene-expression systems. Biolex Therapeutics developed a duckweed-based expression platform; it sold the business to Synthon and declared bankruptcy in 2012.

Additionally, an Israeli company, Protalix, has developed a method to produce therapeutics in cultured transgenic carrot or tobacco cells. Protalix and its partner, Pfizer, received FDA approval to market its drug, taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso), as a treatment for Gaucher's disease, in 2012.

Regulation
The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of genetically modified crops. There are differences in the regulation of GM crops – including those used for pharming – between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the USA and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.

Controversy
There are controversies around GMOs generally on several levels, including whether making them is ethical, issues concerning intellectual property and market dynamics; environmental effects of GM crops; and GM crops' role in industrial agricultural more generally. There are also specific controversies around pharming.

Advantages
Plants do not carry pathogens that might be dangerous to human health. Additionally, on the level of pharmacologically active proteins, there are no proteins in plants that are similar to human proteins. On the other hand, plants are still sufficiently closely related to animals and humans that they are able to correctly process and configure both animal and human proteins. Their seeds and fruits also provide sterile packaging containers for the valuable therapeutics and guarantee a certain storage life.

Global demand for pharmaceuticals is at unprecedented levels. Expanding the existing microbial systems, although feasible for some therapeutic products, is not a satisfactory option on several grounds. Many proteins of interest are too complex to be made by microbial systems or by protein synthesis. These proteins are currently being produced in animal cell cultures, but the resulting product is often prohibitively expensive for many patients. For these reasons, science has been exploring other options for producing proteins of therapeutic value.

These pharmaceutical crops could become extremely beneficial in developing countries. The World Health Organization estimates that nearly 3 million people die each year from vaccine preventable disease, mostly in Africa. Diseases such as measles and hepatitis lead to deaths in countries where the people cannot afford the high costs of vaccines, but pharm crops could help solve this problem.

Disadvantages
While molecular farming is one application of genetic engineering, there are concerns that are unique to it. In the case of genetically modified (GM) foods, concerns focus on the safety of the food for human consumption. In response, it has been argued that the genes that enhance a crop in some way, such as drought resistance or pesticide resistance, are not believed to affect the food itself. Other GM foods in development, such as fruits designed to ripen faster or grow larger, are believed not to affect humans any differently from non-GM varieties.

In contrast, molecular farming is not intended for crops destined for the food chain. It produces plants that contain physiologically active compounds that accumulate in the plant’s tissues. Considerable attention is focused, therefore, on the restraint and caution necessary to protect both consumer health and environmental biodiversity.

The fact that the plants are used to produce drugs alarms activists. They worry that once production begins, the altered plants might find their way into the food supply or cross-pollinate with conventional, non-GM crops. These concerns have historical validation from the ProdiGene incident, and from the StarLink incident, in which GMO corn accidentally ended up in commercial food products. Activists also are concerned about the power of business. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, in a recent report, says that U.S. demand alone for biotech pharmaceuticals is expanding at 13 percent annually and to reach a market value of $28.6 billion in 2004. Pharming is expected to be worth $100 billion globally by 2020.

List of originators (companies and universities), research projects and products
Please note that this list is by no means exhaustive.
 * Dow AgroSciences – poultry vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (first PMP to be approved for marketing by the USDA Center for Veterinary Biologics Dow never intended to market the vaccine. "'Dow Agrosciences used the animal vaccine as an example to completely run through the process. A new platform needs to be approved, which can be difficult when authorities get in contact with it for the first time', explains the plant physiologist Stefan Schillberg, head of the Molecular Biology Division at the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Aachen."
 * Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, with sites in Germany, the US, and Chile is the lead institute of the Pharma Planta consortium of 33 partner organizations from 12 European countries and South Africa, funded by the European Commission. Pharma Planta is developing systems for plant production of proteins in greenhouses in the European regulatory framework. It is collaborating on biosimilars with Plantform and PharmaPraxis (see below).
 * Genzyme – antithrombin III in goat milk
 * GTC Biotherapeutics – ATryn (recombinant human antithrombin) in goat milk
 * Icon Genetics produces therapeutics in transiently infected Nicotiana benthamiana (relative of tobacco) plants in greenhouses in Halle, Germany or in fields. First product is a vaccine for a cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
 * Iowa State University – immunogenic protein from E. coli bacteria in pollen-free corn as a potential vaccine against E. coli for animals and humans
 * Kentucky Bioprocessing took over Large Scale Biology's facilities in Owensboro, Kentucky, and offers contract biomanufacturing services in tobacco plants, grown in greenhouses or in open fields.
 * Medicago Inc. – Pre-clinical trials of Influenza vaccine made in transiently infected Nicotiana benthamiana (relative of tobacco) plants in greenhouses. Medicago grew virus-like particles in the Australian weed Nicotiana benthamiana, for development of a candidate vaccine against the COVID-19 virus, initiating a Phase I clinical trial in July 2020.
 * PharmaPraxis – Developing biosimilars in collaboration with PlantForm (see below) and Fraunhofer.
 * Pharming – C1 inhibitor, human collagen 1, fibrinogen (with American Red Cross), and lactoferrin in cow milk The intellectual property behind the fibrinogen project was acquired from PPL Therapeutics when PPL went bankrupt in 2004.
 * Phyton Biotech uses plant cell culture systems to manufacture active pharmaceutical ingredients based on taxanes, including paclitaxel and docetaxel
 * Planet Biotechnology – antibodies against Streptococcus mutans, antibodies against doxorubicin, and ICAM 1 receptor in tobacco
 * PlantForm Corporation – biosimilar trastuzumab in tobacco – It is developing biosimilars in collaboration with PharmaPraxis (see above) and Fraunhofer.
 * ProdiGene – was developing several proteins, including aprotinin, trypsin and a veterinary TGE vaccine in corn. Was in process of launching trypsin product in 2002 when later that year its field test crops contaminated conventional crops.  Unable to pay the $3 million cost of the cleanup, it was purchased by International Oilseed Distributors in 2003   International Oilseed Distributors is controlled by Harry H. Stine, who owns one of the biggest soybeans genetics companies in the US.  ProdiGene's maize-produced trypsin, with the trademark TrypZean is currently sold by Sigma-Aldritch as a research reagent.
 * Syngenta – Beta carotene in rice (this is "Golden rice 2"), which Syngenta has donated to the Golden Rice Project
 * Arizona State University – Hepatitis C vaccine in potatoes
 * Ventria Bioscience – lactoferrin and lysozyme in rice
 * Washington State University – lactoferrin and lysozyme in barley
 * European COST Action on Molecular Farming – COST Action FA0804 on Molecular Farming provides a pan-European coordination centre, connecting academic and government institutions and companies from 23 countries. The aim of the Action is to advance the field by encouraging scientific interactions, providing expert opinion and encouraging commercial development of new products. The COST Action also provides grants allowing young scientists to visit participating laboratories across Europe for scientific training.
 * Mapp Biopharmaceutical in San Diego, California, was reported in August 2014 to be developing ZMapp, an experimental cure for the deadly Ebola virus disease. Two Americans who had been infected in Liberia were reported to be improving with the drug. ZMapp was made using antibodies produced by GM tobacco plants.

Projects known to be abandoned
 * Agragen, in collaboration with University of Alberta – docosahexaenoic acid and human serum albumin in flax
 * Chlorogen, Inc. – cholera, anthrax, and plague vaccines,  albumin, interferon for liver diseases including hepatitis C, elastin, 4HB, and insulin-like growth factor in tobacco chloroplasts.  Went out of business in 2007.
 * Dow Chemical Company made a deal with Sunol Molecular in 2003 to develop antibodies against tissue factor in plants and in mammalian cell culture and to compare them. In 2005 Sunol sold all its tissue factor antagonists to Tanox,  which in turn was bought by Genentech in 2003.  Genentech licensed the tissue factor program to Altor in 2008  Altor is itself a spinout from Sunol.  The product under development, ALT-836, formerly known as TNX-832 and Sunol-cH36, is not the plant-produced antibody, but rather is a mammalian antibody, more specifically, a chimeric antibody produced in a hybridoma.
 * Epicyte – spermicidal antibodies in corn Epicyte was purchased by Biolex in 2004 at which time Epicyte's portfolio was described as "focused on the discovery and development of human monoclonal antibody products as treatments for a wide range of infectious and inflammatory diseases."
 * Large Scale Biology Corporation (LSBC) (bankrupt) – used Tobacco mosaic virus to develop reagents and patient-specific vaccines for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Papillomavirus vaccine, parvovirus vaccine, alpha galactosidase for Fabry disease, lysosomal acid lipase, aprotinin, interferon Alpha 2a and 2b, G-CSF, and Hepatitis B vaccine antigens in tobacco. In 2004, LSBC announced an agreement with Sigma-Aldritch under which LSB would produce recombinant aprotinin in plants of the tobacco family and Sigma-Aldrich would commercially distribute LSBC's recombinant product to its customers in the R&D, cell culture and manufacturing markets.  As of October 2012 SIgma still has the protein in stock.
 * Meristem Therapeutics – Lipase, lactoferrin, plasma proteins, collagen, antibodies (IgA, IgM), allergens and protease inhibitors in tobacco. Liquidated in 2008.
 * Novoplant GmgH – therapeutic proteins in tobacco and feed peas. Conducted field trials in US of feed peas for pigs that produced anti-bacterial antibodies.  Former CSO is now with another company; appears that Novoplant is out of business.
 * Monsanto Company – abandoned development of pharmaceutical producing corn
 * PPL Therapeutics – Alpha 1-antitrypsin for cystic fibrosis and emphysema in sheep milk. This is the company that created Dolly the Sheep, the first cloned animal.  Went bankrupt in 2004. Assets were acquired by Pharming and an investment group including University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
 * SemBioSys – insulin in safflower. In May 2012, SemBioSys terminated its operations.

title: Pharming (genetics)


text:
Talk:Dennis Farina

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Dennis Farina. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100806001953/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,49,00.html to http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,49,00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160528132937/http://www.cookcountyclerk.com/sweethomecookcounty/documents/2007sweethome.pdf to http://www.cookcountyclerk.com/sweethomecookcounty/documents/2007sweethome.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:58, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

Does anyone know if Officer Farina was stationed at Belmont and Western? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.106.162.246 (talk) 21:29, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dennis Farina


text:
User:Seanwhite

Hello Sean, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Wikipedia Policies and guidelines

You've made a few edits before you got an account, so you might be interested in assigning those to your username. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name by typing four tildes in a row like this ~

Fire Star 13:22, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Seanwhite


text:
User talk:GreetingsEarthling

I used the form suggested at List of popes. -- Emsworth 13:24, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tawkerbot2
I'll take a look, its the one little issue we've had, will work on a solution. Thanks for the note! -- Tawker 23:37, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Barnstardom
Thanks for your gift of a barnstar – always appreciated! —Serein 00:17, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

September 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, you may not know that Wikipedia has a Manual of Style that should be followed to maintain a consistent, encyclopedic appearance. Using different styles throughout the encyclopedia makes it harder to read. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Please gain consensus on the article talk page before you move such a large amount of material. —  Dæ dαlusContribs /Improve 06:23, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, one or more of the external links you added do not comply with our guidelines for external links and have been removed. Wikipedia is not a collection of links; nor should it be used for advertising or promotion. Since Wikipedia uses nofollow tags, external links do not alter search engine rankings. If you feel the link should be added to the article, please discuss it on the before reinserting it. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. —  Dæ dαlusContribs /Improve 06:35, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Re: Your message
No, I am not an admin, and I'm sorry about assuming you were a new user, just the small policy break and small amount of talk on your talk page led me to believe that, I see now that I should have checked logs and history. As to the name change, I personally thought it went against consensus, and it wouldn't really change anything. As to the consensus, my reasoning was that if that article has been around long enough to have its discussion page archived twice, and the issue didn't come up, it should be fine the way it was. I'll support the move now, but I will not revert myself. To the redirect, I suggest you simply tag it under criteria for speedy deletion, G6, page move, meaning, the page is in the way of a move, and needs to be deleted so the move can take place. That should fix things right up!

Now to go take care of that list you mentioned, it sounds as if it fails a policy, I haven't seen it yet, but WP is not a collection of lists.—  Dæ dαlusContribs /Improve 07:41, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

live-action versus live action
Just FYI: I think renaming Live action role-playing game deserves some discussion first. I've created a thread over at the LARP article. — Alan De Smet | Talk 14:20, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

live-action
Hi, I have an issue with your move of the article live action to live-action. It's a different issue to the larp one. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Live-action. Ryan Paddy (talk) 09:07, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Turkington edit 919.jpg

The file File:Turkington edit 919.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:01, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:GreetingsEarthling


text:
Leila K

Laila El Khalifi (ليلى الخليفي; born 6 September 1971) better known by her stage name Leila K, is a Swedish Eurodance singer and rapper of Moroccan descent.

Early life
El Khalifi's parents decided to send her to a school in Morocco, but she did not fit into the system so after one year she returned to Sweden.

Musical career
Leila was discovered by the musical duo Rob'n'Raz when singing in a music contest. They liked her music and offered her a recording contract in 1988. Together with Rob'n'Raz she had her first hit in 1989 with the song "Got to Get" (first recorded within the UK as a pre-production demo by Pete Towns of P&P Productions) and released an album in 1990, Rob'n'Raz featuring Leila K.

During the first years of her career she had many chart-topping hits and her music was played all over Europe. She broke up with Rob'n'Raz and went on her own to Ibiza, where she set up concerts on her own. In 1990 she collaborated with Dr. Alban on his single "Hello Afrika". Her solo career started in 1991 with the single "Time" which she followed up with other singles, such as "Open Sesame" and a cover version of Plastic Bertrand's "Ça Plane Pour Moi".

In 1995 Leila K was back on the music scene with the single "Electric". She kept releasing new music until 1997, but since then she has not released anything new.

In 1998, SVT made a documentary about Leila K's claim for stardom called Fuck You, Fuck You Very Much. The event focuses on an incident that happened during the 1996 Swedish Grammis awards. In 2000, she appeared on Daisy Dee's "Open Sesame" video, a cover of her own 1992 hit. This mentioned song is sampled on U96's single "Love Religion". Daisy Dee was the presenter of the show Viva Club Rotation at the time. In 2003, Swedish media reported that Leila K was living on the streets, stealing food for herself. The record company decided to help her financially by releasing a compilation album titled Leila K's Greatest Tracks.

In 2005, the Swedish cartoonist Martin Kellerman conducted an interview with Leila K for his own comic book magazine, Rocky. In June 2007, Swedish media reported that she turned up as a surprise guest at a release party for the book Bögjävlar, performing the songs "Ça Plane Pour Moi" and "Electric".

In May 2011, Leila K appeared for the first time in years as a featured guest on a new track called "Legendary", by artist Wallenberg.

Featured on

 * Dr. Alban feat. Leila K - Hello Afrika  (1990)
 * Elephant & Castle vs. Leila K – Burning Up (Madonna cover) (1999)
 * House of Wallenberg feat. Leila K - Legendary (2011)
 * Håkan Hellström feat. Leila K - Ska flyga nu (2020)

title: Leila K


text: User talk:86.112.181.92

title: User talk:86.112.181.92


text:
Jamie O'Neill

Jamie O'Neill (born 1 January 1962) is an Irish author. His critically acclaimed novel, At Swim, Two Boys (2001), earned him the highest advance ever paid for an Irish novel and frequent praise as the natural successor to James Joyce, Flann O'Brien and Samuel Beckett. He is currently living in Gortachalla in County Galway, having previously lived and worked in England for two decades.

O'Neill's work follows the imaginative route in Irish literature, unlike his realist contemporaries such as Colm Tóibín or John McGahern. Terry Pender commented on At Swim, Two Boys: "With only this work O'Neill can take his rightful place among the great Irish writers beginning with Joyce and ending with Roddy Doyle".

Background and education
O'Neill was born in Dún Laoghaire in 1962 the youngest of four children and was educated at Presentation College, Glasthule, County Dublin, run by the Presentation Brothers, and (in his words) "the city streets of London, the beaches of Greece." He was raised in a home without books, and first discovered that books "could be fun" when he read Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott, a copy of which he had received as a Christmas gift. It took him two weeks and was the first book he ever finished. O'Neill was unhappy at home; he had a very difficult relationship with his father and ran away at age 17.

He was raised a Catholic and has admitted to a fondness for the language of the Catholic Church, saying, "I like the words, the distinctions they have for sins. For example, "morose delectation." Beautiful. It's the dwelling on pleasure from sins already committed. I kind of admire something that's seen so far inside the soul that it can work out names for these things. Of course, I don't believe a word of it".

O'Neill lists as his favourite books: Ulysses, by James Joyce, The Last of the Wine, by Mary Renault, Hadrian the Seventh, by Frederick Rolfe (Frederick Baron Corvo), The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon, The Leopard, by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, The Siege of Krishnapur, by J. G. Farrell, One Hundred Years of Solitude, by Gabriel García Márquez, The Third Policeman, by Flann O'Brien, The Swimming Pool Library, by Alan Hollinghurst, and The Lost Language of Cranes by David Leavitt.

He was one of the Irish delegates at the European Writers Conference in Istanbul in 2010.

Personal life
Following a tumultuous relationship with his father, O'Neill left for England at the age of 17. There, he would continue to stay working at a paracetamol factory for some of the time, before returning to Ireland to live in Dalkey. His frequent excursions to London, though, are how O'Neill met with and began a relationship with TV presenter Russell Harty, who encouraged him to publish his work.

O'Neill stayed with him until his death in 1988. The British tabloid press, who had run multiple exposés about Harty during his fatal illness, approached O'Neill offering him money to sell his story. Though he rebuffed all these offers, the Sunday Mirror published a nude photo from his modelling days in London. Harty's family had O'Neill, who had no legal standing in the estate, removed from the presenter's house; during this difficult period he eventually became homeless.

His first novel, Disturbance, was published in 1989; Kilbrack followed in 1990. O'Neill struggled to write, parted company with both his agent and publisher, and took a job as a night porter at the Cassel Hospital, a psychiatric institution in Richmond, London from 1990 to 2000.

O'Neill was in a London pub when he noticed his dog was missing. Paddy had been found by a ballet dancer named Julien Joly. They began a relationship and Joly was instrumental in helping O'Neill put his life back together. During the ten years that followed, O'Neill wrote At Swim, Two Boys, which was published in 2001. The two events seemed to break the negative cycle of the author's life.

When published in Britain, Swim was likened to the work of Joyce. The book allowed O'Neill to quit his job as a porter and to open his first bank account.

Ten years after publication, Alison Walsh, reviewing the year 2001 for the Sunday Independent, called it "a vintage one in Irish writing", specifically naming the "unforgettable" At Swim, Two Boys alongside books by Dermot Bolger, Eoin Colfer and Nuala O'Faolain.

He and Julien Joly are no longer together.

On writing
...the happiest place for me isn't Galway or Dublin, or Ireland, or France. It's the middle of a paragraph. When I was working on At Swim, Two Boys, I would be riding the bus, and the last sentence I'd written would still be ringing in my ears, and nothing else mattered but the positioning of an adverb. That's happiness.

The only advice I could ever give to anybody is to be true and persevere.

Awards and honours

 * Ferro-Grumley Award for Fiction (for At Swim, Two Boys)
 * Lambda Literary Award in Gay Men's Fiction (for At Swim, Two Boys)

title: Jamie O'Neill


text:
Thomas Köner

Thomas Köner (born 1965 in Bochum, West Germany) is a multimedia artist whose main interest lies in combining visual and auditory experiences. The BBC, in a review of Köner's work in 1997, calls him a "media artist," one who works between installation, sound art, ambient music and as one half of Porter Ricks dub techno. A noted characteristics of Köner's dark ambient style are low drones and static soundscapes evocative of desolate, Arctic places.

For his audio-visual works, he was awarded Golden Nica at Prix Ars Electronica in Linz, Transmediale Award, Tiger Cub Award at International Film Festival Rotterdam, ARCO Award Best Young Artist in Madrid, among others.

During Köner's solo exhibition of his video-art at the Musée d'art contemporain de Montreal, the museum described him as a major innovator in the contemporary music scene, as well as noted his collaborative practice which has led to his working with musicians, filmmakers and visual artists on installations and sound performances, and to his creation of six video works produced in two cycles, starting in 2003.

2006 Köner produced Station Eismitte, a work inspired by Alfred Wegener's 1930 arctic expedition and named after the expedition's site.

2009 Köner created The Futurist Manifesto, a digital opera, to coincide with the 100 year anniversary of the famous manifesto published in 1909 by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. It was commissioned by EMAP/EMARE. This work has been performed live several times in festivals across Europe with Carl Faia and Iris Garrelfs.

Thomas Köner has been creating music for silent films since 1994, which he performs on his own or with a small ensemble. His music for F.W. Murnau’s Faust was commissioned by the Auditorium du Louvre in Paris and was premiered there in 2013 as part of the supporting program of the De l’Allemagne 1800 – 1939 exhibition. So far, he has created and performed scores for 30 silent films including Fritz Lang's Metropolis, F.W. Murnau's Faust and Nosferatu, Lotte Reiniger’s Die Abenteuer Des Prinzen Achmed (The Adventures Of Prince Ahmed) among others.

Writing about his performance of Fritz Lang's Metropolis, Spanish national daily newspaper El Pais said that: "Thomas Köner envelops Metropolis in 21 century sounds".

Album discography

 * 1990 Nunatak Gongamur (Barooni)
 * 1992 Teimo (Barooni)
 * 1993 Permafrost (Barooni)
 * 1995 Aubrite (Barooni)
 * 1997 Nuuk (part of the Driftworks box)
 * 1998 Kaamos (Mille Plateaux)
 * 2001 Unerforschtes Gebiet (LP picture disc) (Die Stadt)
 * 2002 Daikan (Mille Plateaux)
 * 2003 Zyklop (Mille Plateaux)
 * 2009 La Barca (CD version) (Fario)
 * 2012 Novaya Zemlya (Touch)
 * 2014 Cloître (with Jana Winderen) (Touch)
 * 2014 Tiento de las nieves (Denovali)
 * 2016 Tiento de la luz (Denovali)
 * 2020 Motus (Mille Plateaux)

Re-releases

 * 1997 Teimo/Permafrost (2xCD re-release by Mille Plateaux)
 * 2003 Unerforschtes Gebiet (CD release with bonus track) (Die Stadt)
 * 2004 Nuuk CD/DVD (MillePlateauxMedia)
 * 2010 Nunatak • Teimo • Permafrost (box re-release by Type)
 * 2010 La Barca (expanded 2xLP version) (Fario)
 * 2014 La Barca (complete edition) (further expanded download version) (Thomas Köner)

as Porter Ricks (with Andy Mellwig)

 * 1996 Biokinetics (Chain Reaction)
 * 1997 Porter Ricks (Mille Plateaux)
 * 1999 Porter Ricks : Techno Animal Symbiotics (Force Inc. Music Works)
 * 2016 Shadow Boat (Tresor)
 * 2017 Anguilla Electrica (Tresor)

as Kontakt der Jünglinge (with Asmus Tietchens)

 * 2001 0 (Die Stadt)
 * 2001 1 (Die Stadt)
 * 2002 -1 (Die Stadt)
 * 2003 n (Die Stadt)
 * 2014 Makrophonie 1 (Die Stadt)

Awards
- German Sound Art Award Deutsche Klangkunst-Preis / Produktionspreis WDR, Marl, 2004

- Golden Nica, Prix Ars Electronica, Linz, 2004

- Tiger Cub Award, Best Short, International Film Festival Rotterdam, 2005

- transmediale.05 Award, International Media Art Festival, Berlin, 2005

- ARCO Award Best Young Artist at Arco, Feria International de Arte Contemporaneo, Madrid, 2005

- Off Screen Award Best New Media Work, Images Festival Toronto, 2007

- MuVi-Award for best German Music video, 55. International Short Film Festival Oberhausen, 2009

- Nomination for Nam June Paik Award, 2012

Artist-in-residence
- Cité International des Arts, Paris, 2001

- Villa Aurora, Los Angeles, 2006

- Villa Kamogawa, Kyoto, 2016

title: Thomas Köner


text:
The Big One (roller coaster)

The Big One, formerly known as the Pepsi Max Big One, is a steel roller coaster located at Pleasure Beach Resort in Blackpool, Lancashire, England. Designed by Ron Toomer and manufactured by Arrow Dynamics, the ride opened to the public on 28 May 1994 as the tallest and steepest roller coaster in the world, featuring a height of 213 ft and a drop angle of 65 degrees. It held the title as the tallest until 1996 when Fujiyama opened in Japan. Construction of the ride cost £12 million. The ride was sponsored by Pepsi until 2011, at which time Pepsi Max was removed from the name.

History
The Big One's construction began in 1992 by Arrow Dynamics with Ron Toomer as its lead designer, and by the time it was completed, the total cost had reached £12 million. The tubular track and supports were airlifted from Bolton to Blackpool and stored at nearby Blackpool Airport. During the start of the construction of the ride, the south of Blackpool promenade was closed and pieces of the structure were stored on the road adjacent to the Pleasure Beach. The first pieces to be fitted were the large foundations that would follow on from the main supports. Once all the supports were fitted, the tubular track was fitted followed by additional supports on the turnaround and the mid-course brake section.

The roller coaster opened as the Pepsi Max Big One on 28 May 1994. At the time, it was both the tallest and steepest roller coaster in the world. Its height record was surpassed in 1996 by Fujiyama at Fuji-Q Highland in Japan. The Big One also features one of the longest tracks in the world with its out-and-back roller coaster layout, which measures over a mile in length at 5497 ft. Each train reaches a maximum speed of 74 mph, which at the time of opening ranked second in the world behind Steel Phantom at Kennywood.

The ride maintained its sponsorship from Pepsi Max until 2011 when the branding was removed from the ride. The Pepsi Max ride tunnel shaped like a drink can still remains as part of the ride.

The Big One has been partially re-tracked by Taziker over four recent closed seasons. In 2019-20, four sections of track were replaced in the section which passes through the Big One lift hill. The following year, a further 75m of track was replaced towards the end of the ride. In 2021-22, another 103m of track was replaced, from partway over Star Hill through the Big Dipper and into the mid-course brake. Following this, a further 103m of track was replaced on dip 4 over winter 2022-23.

Statistics
The ride reaches a height of 213 ft and has a first drop measuring 205 ft, confirmed by Ron Toomer of Arrow Dynamics. The first drop has an incline angle of 65 degrees, and the coaster reaches a maximum speed of 74 mph. During the three-minute ride, riders experience positive g-forces of up to 3.5g and negative g-forces of up to 0.5g. Pleasure Beach Resort advertises the ride as 235 ft in height, but that is above sea level and not the actual height of the ride from ground level.

Each train has five cars with six passengers per car, for a total of 30 passengers per train. The ride is rated for a maximum capacity of 1,700 riders per hour. The colour scheme for each train is the same: a blue base with two coloured bands around the side and front (red and white) showing the Union Jack logo. Each train is numbered at the back of the fifth car, and each car is numbered according to the back of each section. Before the ride was granted a certificate to operate, Pleasure Beach Resort had to appeal to Blackpool Airport located one mile from the park. Due to the ride's height, warning beacons had to be installed on the peaks of the first two hills, including the main drop.

Ride experience
Once riders are seated and secured, a siren sounds and the train exits the station down a small dip, turning 180 degrees straight into a tunnel decorated as a Pepsi Max pop can. After the brief tunnel, the train climbs the lift hill, which has height markers every 50 ft showing riders the rising elevation, crossing over Icon's track. After reaching a height of 213 ft, the train drops 205 ft after first entering a quarter right turn before rapidly descending a 65-degree drop. As the drop levels out, riders experience up to 3.5G and rise up a large hill with minimal airtime. The track bends slightly right into a large 180-degree, heavily banked left turn followed by three slightly-banked airtime hills. After the third hill, the track crosses under Big Dipper and enters the mid-course brake run, before descending into a downward helix. The finale features an angled decline through Nickelodeon Streak into a tunnel – where the on-ride photo is taken – and a short ascent into the final brake run before returning to the station.

Incidents
In July 1994, during the ride's inaugural season, 26 people were injured when the computerized braking system failed to completely stop a train returning to the station. The train collided with another train parked inside the loading station. A second train collision, also caused by failure to brake, occurred in August 2000 and injured 16 people.

title: The Big One (roller coaster)


text:
Enjoy Every Sandwich: The Songs of Warren Zevon

Enjoy Every Sandwich: The Songs of Warren Zevon, released in 2004, is a tribute album to the late Warren Zevon by several well-known musicians. It includes a previously unreleased Zevon composition: "Studebaker", sung by Warren's son Jordan Zevon.

The album's title comes from an interview Zevon did on the Late Show with David Letterman following Zevon's having been diagnosed with terminal pleural mesothelioma. Zevon's reflections on enjoying what time you have included the phrase "enjoy every sandwich".

Track listing
All songs written by Warren Zevon, except where noted.
 * 1) Don Henley – "Searching for a Heart" – 4:05
 * 2) Adam Sandler – "Werewolves of London" (Zevon, LeRoy Marinell, Waddy Wachtel) – 4:01
 * 3) Steve Earle with Reckless Kelly – "Reconsider Me" – 2:35
 * 4) Jackson Browne with Bonnie Raitt – "Poor Poor Pitiful Me" – 4:05
 * 5) Bruce Springsteen – "My Ride's Here" (live) (Zevon, Paul Muldoon) – 4:36
 * 6) The Wallflowers – "Lawyers, Guns and Money" – 3:14
 * 7) Jordan Zevon – "Studebaker" – 4:03
 * 8) Billy Bob Thornton – "The Wind" (Zevon, Jorge Calderón) – 4:07
 * 9) Pete Yorn – "Splendid Isolation" – 3:27
 * 10) Bob Dylan – "Mutineer" (live) – 3:10
 * 11) David Lindley and Ry Cooder – "Monkey Wash Donkey Rinse" (Zevon, Duncan Aldrich) – 3:19
 * 12) Jill Sobule – "Don't Let Us Get Sick" – 2:38
 * 13) Pixies – "Ain't That Pretty at All" (Zevon, Marinell) – 3:53
 * 14) Jorge Calderón with Jennifer Warnes – "Keep Me in Your Heart" (Zevon, Calderón) – 4:54
 * 15) Van Dyke Parks (arranger) – "Keep Me in Your Heart" (strings only) – 4:54

Production credits

 * Jorge Calderón – Tracks 1, 8, 11, and 14
 * Jorge Calderón and Waddy Wachtel – Tracks 2 and 4
 * twangtrust (Steve Earle and Ray Kennedy) – Track 3
 * Brendan O'Brien – Track 6
 * Evan Frankfort – Tracks 7 and 9
 * Ken Stringfellow – Track 12
 * Pixies – Track 13


text:
User talk:Diderobot~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Diderobot. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Diderobot~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:28, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:09, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Diderobot~enwiki


text:
Hive management

Hive management in beekeeping refers to intervention techniques that a beekeeper may perform to ensure hive survival and to maximize hive production. Hive management techniques vary widely depending on the objectives.

For honey production
The dependent factors for honey production are the duration and timing of the honey flow in a certain area. Duration and timing of a honey flow may vary widely depending on local predominant climates, weather during the honey flow and the nectar sources in the area. Good honey production sites are the far northern latitudes. In the summer, as days grow longer, bees can fly and forage for longer hours increasing the production. Migrating beekeepers also take advantage of local bloom of agricultural plants or wild flowers and trees. In mountainous regions a beekeeper may migrate up the mountain as the spring and summer bloom progresses.

It has been shown that a larger bee colony will produce relatively more honey. Therefore, the early buildup and spring feeding and subsequent prevention of swarming are of high priority. Several different methods such as the Demaree method, Checkerboarding and opening up the brood nest have been advocated to prevent swarming.

Techniques to maximize extracted honey production
Once a good location for an apiary is selected, techniques under the control of a beekeeper for maximizing extracted honey production depend mostly on maximizing the number of foraging bees at the peak time of the honey flow. Techniques may include interrupting brood production right before the main honey flow to free up nurse bees for foraging. A main objective is to prevent swarming.

Techniques to maximize comb honey production
Comb honey production requires many of the same techniques that are required for the production of extracted honey. In addition, the colony must be very strong and have comb building traits. Honeycomb for direct consumption as comb honey is always created the same year it is harvested.

Honey combs may also be harvested by crushing the comb and squeezing out the honey. This is the lowest cost method of producing honey. Keepers of the low-cost top-bar hives use this technique to harvest honey. The technique may also be used for the frames of Langstroth hives. The so-called cut comb are sections of sealed honey comb that are cut out of the frame. If the cut comb is to be consumed not crushed only the purest beeswax foundation may be used.

Techniques for maximizing Ross rounds and cassette production

 * Killion Method
 * Juniper Hill Method
 * Crowding
 * Shock Shook Method

For pollination
see pollination management

Techniques for maximizing agricultural crops pollination

 * Pollinator decline
 * Pesticide toxicity to bees
 * Buzz pollination

Techniques to maximize open mating
Techniques to maximize open mating of virgin queens center around having drones of a desired parentage saturate a queen mating yard.

Techniques to maximize artificial insemination
Artificial insemination of honeybee queens is a process used for very selective breeding of honeybee races. In the open mating of queens the source of drones cannot be fully controlled. In artificial insemination the source of drone sperm can be fully controlled and be more predictably selected than in open breeding.

For pollen production
Bee pollen is one of the byproducts of the hive. Pollen collection is usually not the main management objective. Pollen is collected by installing a pollen trap at the entrance of the bee hive. There are varying designs for pollen traps. The pollen trap makes access to the hive harder for the foraging bees. In the process of climbing through the pollen trap wires some pollen is loosened from the bee's pollen basket and falls into a collection container. Varying recommendations describe leaving the pollen trap on for a few days or for more extended periods. Pollen collection works best in an area with various pollen sources throughout the year. Fresh pollen can be frozen or dried. It is used for human consumption or fed back to the colony in early spring to speed up brood production.

For propolis production
Propolis is another byproduct of the bee hive. Certain races of bees are more prone to using propolis. Propolis can be collected on special plastic propolis screens. The tendency of the bees is to use propolis as a glue to seal openings that are too small for a bee to crawl through. A propolis screen is usually put in place of an inner cover. It has small openings that are propolized by the bees. The propolis screen can be frozen which hardens the propolis. Once the propolis is frozen it can be easily knocked off and collected. Bee races that use propolis heavily are usually not desirable as it makes other hive manipulation more difficult. There is a good market for propolis in medicinal and pharmacological industries.

For beeswax production
Beeswax may be a major product or a minor byproduct. The management technique that yields the highest amount of wax per hive is the top-bar hive. During the harvest of the honey from top-bar hives the whole honey comb is removed and crushed to extract the honey.

The commercial honey producers use Langstroth hive frames. The honey extraction process yields beeswax from the uncapping process. The highest quality beeswax is almost white. Lower quality beeswax from older cappings or comb is yellow or brown. Beeswax should be rendered and filtered before it is sold.

The least amount of beeswax that can be used as such, is produced in Ross rounds or cassette type comb honey production. Wax and honey are not separated and are consumed together.

Tha ability and tendency to build wax comb differs between the honeybee races. It also differs between colonies. A newly hived swarm produces wax and builds comb very quickly.

For royal jelly production
The production of royal jelly is most dependent on the proper genetics of the queen. Queens and drones are selectively bred to increase the production of royal jelly. A good yield per hive is 5 kg per year.

For apitoxin production
Bee venom (apitoxin) is obtained by stimulating the bee with an electric current that incite them to sting, releasing a drop of poison onto a glass slide. The crystallized venom can be collected and processed. In order to get 1 gram of dry venom, it is necessary to collect the apitoxin of 10,000 to 15,000 bees.

For bee brood production
Bee brood as such is generally not a commercial commodity. However, bee brood is edible, and is used as a food in Asia and Africa.

For the production of nucs
Hive management techniques to multiply colonies use the bees natural tendency to swarm by simulating a swarm. Nucs are bought and sold usually in the spring time. The advantage to packaged bees is that the bees are on established frames with a laying queen and developing brood. A fast developing nuc can be transferred to a full hive box and may produce honey in the same year.

Walk-away split
In a walk-away split, frames with eggs and worker bees are removed and the bees will create a queen cell out of a suitable egg. Once the queen hatches, successfully mates and returns to the hive, the hive will be queenright.

For bee package production
A package of bees is made of a queen and 3 to 5 pounds of bees, typically around 20000 bees. The bees are shipped in a cage clustered around a caged queen. The queen is typically unrelated to the bees, so the cage creates a barrier between the bees and the queen. Packages are usually shipped in the spring from regions of mild winter climates to areas that have more severe winters.

title: Hive management


text:
Clavulanic acid

Clavulanic acid is a β-lactam drug that functions as a mechanism-based β-lactamase inhibitor. While not effective by itself as an antibiotic, when combined with penicillin-group antibiotics, it can overcome antibiotic resistance in bacteria that secrete β-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.

In its most common preparations, potassium clavulanate (clavulanic acid as a salt of potassium) is combined with:
 * amoxicillin (co-amoxiclav, trade names Augmentin, Clavulin, Tyclav, Clavaseptin (veterinary), Clavamox (veterinary), Synulox (veterinary), and others)
 * ticarcillin (co-ticarclav, trade name Timentin)

Clavulanic acid was patented in 1974.

Medical uses
Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid is a first-line treatment for many types of infections, including sinus infections, and urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis. This is, in part, because of its efficacy against gram-negative bacteria which tend to be more difficult to control than gram-positive bacteria with chemotherapeutic antibiotics.

Adverse effects
The use of clavulanic acid with penicillins has been associated with an increased incidence of cholestatic jaundice and acute hepatitis during therapy or shortly after. The associated jaundice is usually self-limiting and very rarely fatal. The UK Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM) recommends that treatments such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid preparations be reserved for bacterial infections likely to be caused by amoxicillin-resistant β-lactamase-producing strains, and that treatment should not normally exceed 14 days.

Allergic reactions have been reported.

Biosynthesis
The β-lactam like structure of clavulanic acid looks structurally similar to penicillin, but the biosynthesis of this molecule involves a different biochemical pathway. Clavulanic acid is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus, using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and L -arginine as starting materials. Although each of the intermediates of the pathway are known, the exact mechanism for all of the enzymatic reactions are not fully understood. The process mainly involves 3 enzymes: clavaminate synthase, β-lactam synthetase, and N2-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine (CEA) synthase. Clavaminate synthase is a non-heme oxygenase dependent on iron and α-keto-glutarate and is encoded by orf5 of the clavulanic acid gene cluster. The specific mechanism of how this enzyme works is not fully understood, but this enzyme regulates 3 steps in the overall synthesis of clavulanic acid. All 3 steps occur in the same region of the catalytic, iron-containing reaction center, yet do not occur in sequence and affect different areas of the clavulanic acid structure.

β-lactam synthetase is a 54.5 kDa protein that is encoded by orf3 of the clavulanic acid gene cluster, and shows similarity to asparagine synthase – Class B enzymes. The exact mechanism on how this enzyme works to synthesize the β-lactam is not proven, but is believed to occur in coordination with a CEA synthase and ATP. CEA synthase is a 60.9 kDA protein and is the first gene found in the clavulanic acid biosynthesis gene cluster, encoded by orf2 of the clavulanic acid gene cluster. The specific mechanism of how this enzyme works is still under investigation; however, it is known that this enzyme has the ability to couple together glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate with L-arginine in the presence of thiamine diphosphate (TDP or thiamine pyrophosphate), which is the first step of the clavulanic acid biosynthesis.

History
Clavulanic acid was discovered around 1974-75 by British scientists working at the drug company Beecham from the bacteria Streptomyces clavuligerus. After several attempts, Beecham finally filed for US patent protection for the drug in 1981, and U.S. Patents 4,525,352, 4,529,720, and 4,560,552 were granted in 1985.

Clavulanic acid has negligible intrinsic antimicrobial activity, despite sharing the β-lactam ring that is characteristic of β-lactam antibiotics. However, the similarity in chemical structure allows the molecule to interact with the enzyme β-lactamase secreted by certain bacteria to confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics.

Clavulanic acid is a suicide inhibitor, covalently bonding to a serine residue in the active site of the β-lactamase. This restructures the clavulanic acid molecule, creating a much more reactive species that attacks another amino acid in the active site, permanently inactivating it, and thus inactivating the enzyme.

This inhibition restores the antimicrobial activity of β-lactam antibiotics against lactamase-secreting resistant bacteria. Despite this, some bacterial strains that are resistant even to such combinations have emerged.

title: Clavulanic acid


text: Template:Commonwealth Games Medal Counts


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Folio (Company)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:26, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Folio (Company)
A school 'enterprise' company, non-encyclopedic self-promotion--nixie 13:35, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Folio Young Enterprise is active within the Colchestrian community. The article provides information to many in Colchester, as well as members of the School. I intend for the Young Enterprise of CRGS to be integrated with Colchester Royal Grammar School. -- Comment by

Keep it.. 'self-promotion' was never intended to be a motive for writing this article. It is certainly not 'non-encyclopedic', if only for the reason that it provides information to many people who will never buy a product. The style of the article is informative, not self-promoting, and to delete it would be to go against wikipedia's original aims: to inform without bias based on importance. I would politely suggest that perhaps wikipedia is going downhill if people spend their time looking for knowledge to be lost rather than found. This is as much about the principles as about the specific argument: the loss of knowledge is against wikipedia's deeply-held core beliefs, and as not a single word of the article is opinion, to delete would be to go against all of this. --diji_tak 15:00, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I vote keep. As a resident of Colchester (undeniably one of the more famous towns in Britain) I found this article useful. No attempt has been made to sell the products of the company (especially since most would be irrelevant to the target audience) and there is only one link to the website, so I do not think this article is particularly self-promoting. On the contrary, I found it to be most informative and educational. Admittedly, it is a little short, and with a little expansion it could be truly encycolpedic, but I see no reason to delete the article. Keep it. --flex21 16:43, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Is this group significantly different from the countless Junior Enterprise chapters in other schools? I'm not convinced of the notability of a company that only exists for one year, and then only within the walls of a grammar school. Delete, or merge to Colchester Royal Grammar School if they want it there. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 17:32, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Condense and Merge to Colchester Royal Grammar School as per TenOfAllTrades. Add a link from Junior Enterprises as this is a good example. Folio just doesn't come across as having an existence separate from the grammar school. FreplySpang (talk) 19:46, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Colchester Royal Grammar School, not really notable outside of the college. Megan1967 04:49, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above but add infomation about Prism Their other young enterprise company. (See .) TAS 11:02, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Lothian East (UK Parliament constituency)

Lothian East (Lowden East; Lodainn an Ear) is a constituency in Scotland which returns one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

The constituency was formerly known as East Lothian. It was renamed as a result of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies. It is first being contested under the new name at the 2024 general election.

Constituency profile
The seat covers small towns to the east of Edinburgh including Haddington and Dunbar which have good commuting links to the capital city; and a more rural area extending south into the Lammermuir Hills. Residents' health and wealth are around average for the UK.

History
The constituency was created for the 1983 general election. Until the SNP landslide victory in 2015, the seat had been continuously represented by MPs from the Labour Party since the constituency's creation 32 years earlier. The East Lothian Constituency Labour Party voted on 22 January 2010 to deselect the previous MP Anne Moffat. The National Executive Committee upheld the decision on 23 March 2010. Fiona O'Donnell was elected in 2010 with an increased majority for Labour compared to 2005. O'Donnell lost her seat to George Kerevan of the SNP at the 2015 general election; who was elected with a majority of 6,803 votes.

From 2015 until the snap general election in 2017, the constituency was represented by George Kerevan of the Scottish National Party; who was defeated by Martin Whitfield of the Labour Party by 3,083 votes. Two years later, at the 2019 general election, Whitfield was defeated by former Scottish National Party MSP and Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill. On 26 March 2021, MacAskill defected from the SNP to the Alba Party.

At the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, a majority of voters nationwide opted for Scotland to remain a part of the United Kingdom - with 61.72% of the electorate of East Lothian voting for staying in the United Kingdom and 38.28% voting for independence.

East Lothian
1983–1997: East Lothian District.

1997–2005: The East Lothian District electoral divisions of Fa'side, Haddington, Luffness, Preston/Levenhall, and Tantallon.

2005–2024: East Lothian Council area.

Lothian East
2024–present: East Lothian Council area, except for most of the Musselburgh ward.

Before the 1983 general election, the area lay in the Berwick and East Lothian constituency.


text:
Aberarth

Aberarth is a village in Ceredigion, Wales, in the community of Dyffryn Arth, on the southern end of Cardigan Bay between Aberystwyth and Cardigan at the mouth of the River Arth on the A487 road. The Wales Coast Path passes through the village.

History
The village has some historical significance, having been founded around the time of the Norman invasion. The Normans built Dineirth Castle some way up the river valley. During the 12th century Cistercian monks used the area as a seaport to import "Bath Stone" from Bristol which they used for the building of Strata Florida Abbey on land granted to them by The Lord Rhys. Llanddewi Aberarth Church on a hill about half a mile to the south of the village is reputedly on the site of a 9th-century church. The present parish church has a Norman architecture tower with the rest rebuilt in the Victorian era in 1860. Secured to the wall inside the front door is the only Viking hogsback stone found in Wales.

Aberarth was involved in the shipbuilding industry before 1850, but the village faded with the decline of the industry.

It has some welcome visitors from the wild bird community; the red kite, peregrine falcon, chough and stonechat are some of the species to be found in the locality.

The beach, although covered with large pebbles, is very popular with surfers at certain times of the year.

In 2005, a public footpath and cycle lane was finished, connecting Aberarth to its larger neighbour, Aberaeron.

Notable people

 * Hywel Teifi Edwards (1934-2010), an academic, historian, born and raised in Aberarth; father of Huw Edwards, the BBC newsreader
 * Michael Geraint Robinson (born 1962), physicist and engineer, contributed to 3D cinema; he invents items of optical engineering and display technology; born and raised in Aberarth.
 * Cynan Jones (born 1975), award-winning author, resident of Aberarth.

title: Aberarth


text:
Pierre Péladeau

Pierre Péladeau (April 12, 1925 – December 24, 1997) was a French-Canadian businessman. He was the founder of Quebecor Inc., a Canadian media and telecommunications conglomerate in Quebec.

He was the father of billionaire Pierre Karl Péladeau, former Parti Québécois leader.

Biography
Péladeau was born in Montreal on April 12, 1925 as the youngest of seven children of Henri Péladeau, who had a successful timber business. Whilst on a sales trip to Europe in 1929, the stock market crashed and on his fathers return to Montreal he found that his two partners had taken control of the business. This event undoubtedly affected Pierre Peladeau's attitude to business and his business partners.

Péladeau had four children, Erik, Isabelle, Pierre Karl, and Anne-Marie, with his first wife, Raymonde Chopin, who died in 1976. Pierre Karl Péladeau would serve as CEO of Quebecor before serving one year as leader of the Parti Québécois from May 2015 to May 2016. Érik Péladeau served as a former Vice-Chairman of Quebecor Inc. He had two children, Simon-Pierre and Esther with his second wife, Line Parisien, whom he divorced and regretted it. Péladeau had a relationship with Manon Blanchette that produced one son and he ended his relationship with his long term partner, Anne Béland.

Péladeau's time spent with Quebecor meant that he was often an absent father to his children.

In 1987 Péladeau told The Globe and Mail that "I've had all the women I wanted, when I wanted them." Péladeau also openly boasted that he only spoke English when he could make a profit by doing so.

In 1989, Péladeau said that women had no place on corporate boards because "they seduce too much." In 1990, Péladeau was quoted in l'Actualite magazine saying that Jews "take up too much space'" in Quebec, and was forced to issue a statement of apology claiming that he meant it in the context of Jewish fashion designers getting the lion's share of coverage from Montreal newspapers.

Education and career
He attended College Jean-de-Brebeuf (a private school also attended by Pierre Elliott Trudeau). He then went on to complete a degree in philosophy at the Université de Montréal, and a law degree at McGill University.

While studying for the bar exam in 1950, Péladeau purchased a struggling community paper, Le Journal de Rosemont, including their printing works, with a $1,500 loan from his mother, Elmire, which became "Nouvelles et Potins".

In 1964, the employees of La Presse, the major Montréal French-language newspaper, went on strike, giving Péladeau the room to create his own newspaper, Le Journal de Montréal.

Quebecor
Péladeau would create Quebecor in 1965, with Le Journal de Montréal as its flagship publication.

In 1977, Péladeau expanded Quebecor into the United States by starting a daily sports-heavy tabloid called The Philadelphia Journal, which was unsuccessful and ended its publication run in 1981. Péladeau later spoke of his failed venture and the loss of his 14 million USD investment as "the most expensive MBA in the United States." Péladeau also went on to acquire printing businesses in France and the United Kingdom, printing "Paris Match" amongst many other well known publications both in Europe and the USA.

In 1983, Quebecor bought the Winnipeg Sun.

Despite Péladeau's strong support for Quebec sovereignty, he chaired a committee in charge of organization Montreal's Canada Day celebrations in 1987.

Péladeau started The Daily News of Montreal in 1988 in a partnership with British newspaper magnate, Robert Maxwell, but it closed two years later.

Death and honours
Péladeau suffered a heart attack on December 24, 1997, and fell into a coma. On December 24, Péladeau died at Hotel-Dieu Hospital in Montreal at the age of 72. A private memorial ceremony for Péladeau was planned for December 29 in Sainte Adele's Pavilion des Arts.

At the time of his death, Quebecor had 6.3 billion CAD in revenue and Le Journal de Montreal was the Canadian newspaper with the third largest circulation as well as the largest French newspaper in Quebec Quebecor Printing was North America's second-largest commercial printer. Péladeau left the company to his heirs, and his son, Pierre Karl Péladeau would become president and CEO in 1999.

In 1987, Péladeau was made a Member of the Order of Canada. In 1989, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.

In 1999, Quebecor established an annual bursary for young Quebec entrepreneurs award in his name.

title: Pierre Péladeau


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Professors

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 20:04, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

List of Professors
Pointless list, and so far mostly without content (two Indian names, both red-linked). / Uppland 13:38, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. if it were taken seriously, it would be immense (and pointless). Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:43, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. One shudders to think... -- Mwanner 13:52, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete before this list gets out of hand. As a rule, average professors are not considered notable enough for articles. Sjakkalle 13:53, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete there are literally tens of thousands of professors in Europe, let alone when we consider the other continents. Really pointless to try and list them, if they have any notable achievements they should have their own pages, but there is no need to maintain a central list. Oliver Keenan 13:58, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Would be far, far too long a list to be useful if filled in. Average Earthman 15:44, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unmaintainable. Mgm|(talk) 20:40, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Most professors are nn in and of themselves, the two red links are even wrongly named.  RickK 21:08, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * looks like a redlink farm to me, delete before it starts spawning articles on NN professors. BigFatDave 22:11, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. All notable professors are notable for something besides being a professor. Shimmin 00:17, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, far to large a group. SeventyThree 00:21, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Professor" gets 148,000,000 Google hits. Of course there's plenty of repetition and uses that are not references to actual professors, but still... -- 8^D gab 01:42, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC)
 * Delete,The things people think of...--Jetru 07:45, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but subdivide into Lists of professors by country, Lists of professors by field and List of professors by IQ . Kappa 22:46, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Afmareck

--afmareck 18:08, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Afmareck


text:
Roman Catholic Diocese of Nakhon Ratchasima

The (Roman Catholic) Diocese of Nakhon Ratchasima (Dioecesis Nakhonratchasimaensis, สังฆมณฑลนครราชสีมา) is located in the north-east of Thailand. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Thare and Nonseng.

The diocese covers an area of 41,148 km², covering 3 provinces of Thailand - Buriram, Chaiyaphum and Nakhon Ratchasima; as of 2023, of the 5.2 million citizens of the three provinces, 5,721 were members of the Catholic Church. It is divided into 28 parishes, having 27 priests altogether.

History
The diocese was created on March 22, 1965, when the Vicariate Apostolic of Ubon was split. December 18, 1965 the Vicariate Apostolic of Nakhorn-Rajasima was elevated to a diocese.

Cathedral
The cathedral of the diocese is the Our Lady of Lourdes Cathedral (อาสนวิหารแม่พระประจักษ์ที่เมืองลูร์ด), located in the town Nakhon Ratchasima.14.97333°N, 102.07833°W

The cathedral can hold over 3,000 people.

Bishops

 * Joseph Chusak Sirisut: appointed November 30, 2006
 * Joachim Phayao Manisap: May 30, 1977 - November 30, 2006 (resigned)
 * Alain Sauveur Ferdinand van Gaver, M.E.P: March 22, 1965 - May 30, 1977 (resigned)


text:
Dispatched

Dispatched were a Swedish melodic death metal band from Södertälje (originally from the Gnesta Municipality) formed in 1992.

History
Dispatched was formed just before New Year's Eve, 1991 by Daniel Lundberg and Krister Andersson. Jonas Kimbrell and Emanuel Astrom joined the band later that same year. They then recorded their first demo, Dispatched into External, at Stone Studio.

In early 1993, they recorded two more demo tapes that helped the band gain more positive attention from labels. One year later, Dispatched returned to the Unisound studio to record a whole eleven-song album, which was supposed to be released in full by Exhumed Productions in Germany. Kimbrell and Åström decided to leave the band right after this recording.

Lundberg and Andersson continued alone for the rest of 1994, buying a four-channel studio and not rehearsing at all. However, by the end of 1995 Fredrik Larsson joined the band and they started to rehearse again. Until then, Exhumed Productions had only released four of the eleven songs as a 7-inch EP entitled Awaiting the End. Right before the summer of 1996, Andersson had grown tired of the band and left. Exhumed Productions soon released Blackshadows, also taken from the recording done in 1994.

Lundberg and Larsson continued to rehearse and after the summer they found a new drummer, Mattias Hellman and keyboardist/vocalist Fredrik Karlsson. The band planned to record some new songs until the summer of 1997 until Hellman was replaced by Dennis Nilsson. After some changes of studio dates, Dispatched finally recorded four songs in Studio Titan in September 1997, later to be released as Returned to Your Mind. Nilsson became a full member of the band and a second guitar player, Emil Larsson, joined as well in the beginning of 1998.

With this lineup, Dispatched began rehearsing for a new release. Between August 3 and 7, 1998, Dispatched visited The Abyss, with Tommy Tägtgren to record the MCD Promised Land. Dispatched signed a one-MCD deal with Kshatryas Productions of Germany, and released Promised Land in late 1998.

In 1999, the band began rehearsing for a full-length album. In October, they entered Studio Abyss again with Tägtgren as producer. Two weeks were booked, but Dispatched was well-prepared and used only twelve days for the recording of ten new songs. The band had already received offers from several record companies before the session, but they refused to sign anything. Now with a whole album, entitled Motherwar, they sent out a few copies to various record companies again to see the reaction. The reviews were extremely positive and Dispatched was offered many deals from different labels. Dispatched eventually signed on Music for Nations in March 2000 to release Motherwar.

Following the release of Motherwar, Larsson was replaced by Mattias Hellman on bass, and the band went to Studio Fredman in 2001 to record the band's second album. However, due to some problems, this record was never released. The band continued to write songs and do some live shows, but in late 2002, members of Dispatched decided to break up.

Despite their break-up, many of Dispatched's fans requested a release of the band's last unreleased album, Terrorizer: The Last Chapter..., and a deal was made in 2003 to release this recording under Medusa Productions.

The band apparently got back together in 2004, and is currently on hold as they have no place to rehearse since Daniel Lundberg has moved far from the other band members.

Current

 * Fredrik Karlsson – vocals, bass guitar, keyboards (Dark Edge, Mind in Haze, Demon Seed)
 * Emil Larsson – guitars (Massiv Ångest, M.M.I)
 * Daniel Lundberg – guitars, keyboards (Dark Edge)
 * Dennis Nilsson – drums (M.M.I) (G.I.L) Demon seed)

Former

 * Krister Andersson – vocals (1991–1996)
 * Jonas Kimbrell – bass guitar (1992–1994) (The Marble Icon, Cryptic Art)
 * Emanuel Åström – drums (1992–1994)
 * Dennis Hultin – guitar (1997)
 * Ulrika Forsberg – guitar (1993)
 * Fredrik Larsson – drums (1991, 1995–2000) (Dark Edge)
 * Mattias Hellman – bass guitar (2000–2002) (ex-PitBullfarm, Scarecaows)
 * Petter Furå – bass guitar (live 2002) (Ashes,Mind in haze, Malison Rogue)

Demos/EPs

 * Dispatched into External (1992, demo)
 * Promo 1993 (1993, promo)
 * Promo 2 (1993, promo)
 * Blackshadows (1994, demo)
 * Awaiting the End (1995, EP)
 * Blackshadows (1996, EP)
 * Returned to Your Mind (1997, EP)
 * Promised Land (1998, EP)
 * Terrorizer (2001, demo)

Albums

 * Blackshadows (1994, Exhumed Productions)
 * Motherwar (2000, Music for Nations)
 * Terrorizer: The Last Chapter... (2003,Khaos/Medusa Productions)
 * Terrorizer (2005, Crash Music/Rising Realm)
 * Warfare (2022, Independent)
 * Metal (2023, Independent)

Singles

 * Motherwar (2000)
 * The Last Song (2022)
 * 1N57RUM37A1 (2022)
 * Anubis (2022)
 * Highlander (2022)
 * Propaganda (2022)
 * Hellhound Drinkers (2023)
 * The One - The Only (2023)
 * Highlander (X-mas Edition) (2023)

title: Dispatched


text:
Cadwallader Colden

Cadwallader Colden (7 February 1688 – 28 September 1776) was an Irish-born physician, scientist and colonial administrator who served as the governor of New York from 1760 to 1762 and again from 1763 to 1765.

Early life
Colden was born on 7 February 1688 in Ireland, of Scottish parents, while his mother Janet Hughes was visiting there. His father, Rev. Alexander Colden A.B. of Duns, Berwickshire, sent him to the Royal High School and Edinburgh University to become a minister.

When he graduated in 1705, he continued his studies in medicine, anatomy, physics, chemistry, and botany in London. In 1710, his aunt Elizabeth Hill invited him to Philadelphia where he started his practice in medicine. He briefly returned to Scotland to marry Alice Chryste in 1715, and came back with her to Philadelphia that same year. In 1717, he was invited by Governor Robert Hunter to relocate to New York, and in 1720 he became a surveyor general of New York.

Public life
Colden entered political life in 1720, when Governor William Burnett chose him for provincial council. He served as lieutenant governor and as acting governor in 1760–1761, 1763–1765, 1769–1770, and 1774–1775. He was acting governor of New York from who resided inside Fort Amsterdam in1760 to 1762 (replaced by Robert Monckton in 1762) and again from 1763 to 1765, and from 1769 to 1770 after Henry Moore's death, by which time he was eighty years old. He was replaced by the Earl of Dunmore.

He served as the first colonial representative to the Iroquois Confederacy, an experience that resulted in his writing The History of the Five Indian Nations (1727), the first book on the subject.

On 1 November 1765, Cadwallader Colden was confronted by a huge crowd carrying an effigy of him in a parade to protest the Stamp Act. He seemed to enjoy confrontation and had gone out of his way to defend royal prerogative. Members of the throng had appropriated his coach and added it to the parade; at the end of the route the coach was smashed to kindling and used as part of a great celebratory bonfire on Bowling Green.

In 1769, at his request, the New York General Assembly, led by James Delancey, passed a bill providing funds for British troops garrisoned in New York City. The Livingston family voted against as they opposed a standing army in times of peace.

In summer 1775, the British authority in New York came to its end as America entered into Revolutionary era, and Colden retired from public life. On 24 September 1776, the British occupied the city; Colden died four days after that.

Scientist
In 1743, he published a series of essays noting the correlation between filthy living conditions and high rates of disease in New York City. This was particularly prompted by an epidemic of yellow fever at the time. Colden's essays were critical for establishing the sanitation efforts of New York City, and a milestone in the development of the field of public health.

In May 1743, while serving as surveyor general of New York, Cadwallader began a correspondence with Benjamin Franklin encouraging Franklin to create the American Philosophical Society to which he was elected membership one year later. Franklin knew Colden by reputation and was flattered to hear from him. He replied at once, "I cannot be but fond of engaging in a correspondence so advantageous to me as yours must be. I shall always receive your favours as such, and with great pleasure".

Colden refused to be intimidated by the awesome reputation of Isaac Newton, convincing himself that Newton had erred on certain important points. He devoted much of his adult life to correcting the alleged mistakes and in 1751 published in London his views on the subject, Principles of Action in Matter.

Colden wrote a taxonomy of the flora near his Orange County, New York home, which he rendered in Latin and sent to the Swedish patriarch of plant science and Latin nomenclature, Carl Linnaeus, who duly published the work and named the genus in the family Boraginaceae, Coldenia L. Boraginaceae.

Concept for Erie Canal
In his 1727 book, The History of the Five Indian Nations, about the Iroquois, Colden suggested that a canal be built to connect the Hudson River with the Great Lakes to enable increased trade with Native Americans, for fur, and western settlers for agricultural products. Colden presented his vision for a canal to Colonial Governor Burnett on 6 November 1724.

Slavery
Colden owned several slaves who performed household chores, cooking, attended his children and worked in his garden. On 26 March 1717, he wrote to a Mr Jordan about sending a 'Negro Woeman & Child consign'd to you' by the Mary Anne. Without listing her name, Colden described this woman as 'a good House Negro [who] understands the work of the Kitchen perfectly & washes well'. He knew that she was born in Barbados, and was around 33 years old. Because this women was often unruly with an "alusive tongue", Colden separated her from her children out of concern that she might be a bad influence on them, and proposed to exchange her for a cargo of 'white muscovado' sugar.

In 1721, he further ventured to purchase three slaves. Writing to a Dr. Home on 7 December, Colden asked him to 'Please to buy mee two negro men about eighteen years of age[.] I designe them for Labour & would have them strong & well made[.] Please likewise to buy mee a negro Girl of about thirteen years old[...] my wife has told you that she designes her Chiefly to keep the children & to sow & theirfore would have her Likely & one that appears to be good natured.' This letter shows that Colden's wife, Alice Chrystie Colden, was also directing this purchase, and he further stipulated that she take on the 'risque' for one of the three enslaved people, in order to save on import fees ('that wee may have the Less trouble with the duty').

Personal life
In November 1715, while visiting Scotland, Colden married Alice Chrystie of Kelso; together they had ten children, including:

 * Alexander Colden (1716–1784), who married Elizabeth Nicolls (1720–1774), the daughter of Richard Nicholls (b. 1690).
 * David Colden who died as an infant.
 * Elizabeth Alice Colden (1721–1785), who married Peter DeLancey (1705–1770), the son of merchant Stephen DeLancey and brother of Gov. James DeLancey.
 * Cadwallader Colden, Jr. (1722–1797), who married Elizabeth Ellison (c. 1726–1815), the daughter of Thomas Ellison.
 * Jane Colden (1724–1766), who was the first female botanist working in America, and who married Dr. William Farquhar.
 * Alice Colden (b. 1726), who married Col. Isaac Willet (b. 1725).
 * Sarah Colden (1727–1729), who died young.
 * John Colden (1729–1750), who died unmarried.
 * Catherine Colden (1731–1762), who died unmarried.
 * David Colden (1733–1784), who married Ann Alice Willett (1735–1785).

He died in Spring Hill near Flushing in Queens County on Long Island in New York. He was buried on 28 September 1776 in a private cemetery, in Spring Hill.

Descendants
Through his daughter Elizabeth, he was the grandfather of Stephen De Lancey (1738–1809), a member of the General Assembly of Nova Scotia for the Town of Annapolis, and Susan DeLancey (1754–1837), who was married to Thomas Henry Barclay (1753–1830), a lawyer who became one of the United Empire Loyalists in Nova Scotia and served in the colony's government.

Through his youngest son David, he was the grandfather of Cadwallader David Colden (1769–1834) who served as mayor of New York City in 1818–1821 and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Legacy
Colden is viewed as one of the representatives of the American Enlightenment with recognition of his work in the fields of botany and public health.

An elementary school in Flushing, New York was named after him. It is more commonly known as Public School 214 Queens.

Coldenham, a hamlet in Montgomery, New York, is named after him as he was granted 3000 acres of land in the area in 1727.

title: Cadwallader Colden


text:
Eggenberg Castle, Vorchdorf

Eggenberg Castle (Schloss Eggenberg) is a castle located in Vorchdorf, Upper Austria. It is famous for its brewery.

History
Beer has been brewed at Eggenberg Castle (Schloss Eggenberg) since the 14th century. Commercial brewing at its location began in 1681 when Michael Weismann purchased the property from the Monastery of Kremsmünster. It has been owned by the Forstinger-Stöhr family since 1803.

Samichlaus
Samichlaus is one of the strongest lager beers in the world, at 14% alcohol by volume. The name means Santa Claus in Swiss German. It was originally brewed by the Hürlimann Brewery in Zürich, Switzerland.

Hürlimann's founder Albert Hürlimann was a world leader in the scientific study of yeast, and the brewery has a long history of yeast development. The Samichlaus Christmas beer was first brewed in 1979 for sale in 1980. Production continued annually until 1997, when the brewery closed. In 2000, it returned, this time produced by Schloss Eggenberg in collaboration with the original Hürlimann brewers, using the original Hürlimann Samichlaus recipe. The beer is only brewed once a year, on December 6 (which is the day of Saint Nicholas), which makes it a relatively rare brew. It is in the style of a Bavarian Doppelbock, and undergoes unusually long fermentation by traditional cold lagering over a ten-month period, leaving very little residual sugar in the final beer.

title: Eggenberg Castle, Vorchdorf


text: Category:Cryptozoologists

title: Category:Cryptozoologists


text:
User:Marsve/monobook.css

/* make a few corners round, only supported by moz/firefox/other gecko browsers

for now */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; } -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

/* same following the css3 draft specs, any browsers supporting this? */ border-radius-topleft: 1em; border-radius-topright: 1em; } border-radius-topleft: 1em; border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { border-radius-topright: 1em; border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

/*tex aria*/ textarea { /* -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; border: 1px solid #2f6fab; color: Black; background-color: white; width: 100%; padding: 0.1em; overflow: auto; }

pre {

-moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em;

padding: 1em; border: 1px dashed #2f6fab; color: Black; background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 1.1em; }

/* Transform the user toolbar into a sidebox */ position:relative; z-index:3; width: 11.6em; }
 * 1) p-personal {

width: 10.7em; border: none; margin: 0 0 0.1em 0em; float: none; overflow: hidden; font-size: 95%; background: White; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 0.8em 0.3em .5em; }
 * 1) p-personal .pBody {

line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url("/style/monobook/bullet.gif");
 * 1) p-personal ul {

font-size:95%; margin: 0 0 0 1.5em; padding:0; text-align:left; text-transform: none; }

display: list-item; padding:0; margin: 0 0 0 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em; }
 * 1) p-personal li {

/* suppress the person icon by your username */ /* needed if not already in place */ li#pt-userpage { background: none }

title: User:Marsve/monobook.css


text:
User talk:Stanislaw Albinowski

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language
 * Full details on Wikipedia style can be found in the Manual of Style.

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:43, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stanislaw Albinowski


text:
Warmians

Warmians (also Warmi) were a Prussian tribe that lived in Warmia (Warmia, Varmia, Ermland, Varmė), a territory which now mostly forms part of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland, with a small northern portion located in neighbouring Russia. It was situated between the Vistula Lagoon, Łyna and Pasłęka Rivers.

The Warmians, along with the other Prussians, were conquered by the Teutonic Knights, a crusading military order under direct command of the pope. The Knights conquered the Prussians and converted them to Christianity. Many cities and towns were built and the population increased by bringing in colonists from Germany and Poland, as well as other countries of Europe. The Prussians were eventually assimilated by the colonists and the Old Prussian language became extinct by the end of the 17th century or beginning of the 18th century.

History
Soon after the Christianization of Poland, centuries of Polish attempts at conquest of the native Prussians began in 997 AD. The preferred method was to try to convert the still heathen Prussians to Christianity, and thereby also acquire their land. A number of crusades followed, called by Konrad of Masovia, as well as attacks on Prussian land of the Yotvingians, which later became Polish Podlasie, and of the Sudovians and Galindians. To speed up and enforce this pressure on Prussians, Duke Konrad, who had already called for crusade in 1209, then called in the Teutonic Order.

After arriving to Chełmno Land in 1230, the Teutonic Knights proceeded to conquer the pagan Prussians and convert them to Christianity. The Warmians, together with the Bartians and the Natangians, were conquered between 1238 and 1241. During one of the first Teutonic raids into Warmia, the Knights destroyed Honeda, a Warmian castle, and built Balga, their own brick fortress. Using their tested tactics, the Knights used Balga as a base for further expansion. The stronghold was one of five castles that did not fall during the First Prussian Uprising which broke out in 1242 and ended in 1249 with the signing of the Treaty of Christburg. The Knights also built the Braunsberg (Braniewo) and Heilsberg (Lidzbark Warmiński) castles.

After a crushing defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Durbe in 1260, the Prussians rebelled again. The Great Prussian Uprising lasted for fourteen years. Warmians appointed Glappo as their leader and joined the uprising. During the early stage of the uprising, Glappo and his men successfully captured Braunsberg, but failed to capture Balga. In 1266, the rulers of Brandenburg arrived in Prussia and built a castle on the border of Warmian and Natangian lands between Balga and Königsberg. Named Brandenburg (now Ushakovo), the castle withstood Prussian attacks. Glappo was captured and hanged when he tried to recapture the fortress in 1273. The uprising ended a year later, and it was the last time the Warmians rebelled. Afterwards they were slowly assimilated by the Germans and Poles. In 1454, the region was incorporated by King Casimir IV Jagiellon to the Kingdom of Poland, with the cities and nobility of Warmia siding with Poland, and the Prince-Bishops of Warmia following suit in 1464. Poles settled in greater numbers after the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), in which the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims to the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, and recognized it as part of Poland.

Etymology
Several theories exist about the origin of the word Warmia:
 * It might be derived from Prussian word wormyan (English: red);
 * It might stem from Lithuanian word varmas (English: mosquito). In such a case it might have cultic background as worms are associated with fertility;
 * Folk etymology has it that Warmia is named after the legendary Prussian chief Warmo. Ermland, name used by Germans, is said to derive from his widow Erma.

title: Warmians