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Tristan Louis

Tristan Louis (born February 28, 1971) is a French-born American author, entrepreneur and internet activist.

Early work
Louis was born in Digne-les-Bains, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. In 1994 and 1995, as publisher of iWorld, part of the Mecklermedia group of Internet online media companies, he first became involved in online politics on Usenet, particularly the newsgroup alt.internet.media-coverage, during debate over the Communications Decency Act and activism against it. In a joint effort with the EFF and the Voters Telecommunications Watch, iWorld and Mecklermedia publicly endorsed a national day of protest; turning the background of web pages around the world to black. The protest received national news coverage and was a catalyst in the planning for a lawsuit (Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union) which went to the United States Supreme Court and reaffirmed First Amendment protection for Internet publishers.

After leaving iWorld, Louis contributed to many publications as a freelance writer, including a popular line of introductions to the internet, and helped co-found several start-ups, including Earthweb and Net Quotient, a consulting group. At Earthweb, Louis reprised his role of editor, hoping to reproduce the early success of iWorld and helping launch the company on the stock market.

From 1999 to early 2000, Louis joined the short-lived dot-com Boo.com; when the company failed, he wrote a detailed analysis of the challenges the company had faced; offering some context in terms of running large scale websites, which was circulated widely.

In January 2006, Louis participated in Microsoft Search Champs v4 in Seattle.

In 2011, Louis returned to startups, launching Keepskor, a branded app company which was acquired in 2014.

Since 2017, Louis serves as president and CEO of Casebook PBC, an organization focused on building a SaaS platform for social services.

Wall Street career
Throughout the 2000s, Louis worked in several roles on Wall Street, most notably as Global Chief Innovation Officer for HSBC, where he was instrumental to developing several large scale internet offerings and provided the company with thought leadership in the technology innovation arena and Global Head of Mobile and Internet at Deutsche Bank. This led him to work on effort as varied as internet-only banking, transaction banking system, credit card clearing systems, and micro-transaction offerings. Louis has been credited with improving relationships between the video-game and banking industry by helping video-game companies understand the need for the kind of strong authentication, fraud-monitoring, and payment solutions that only large multinational banks can offer. In September 2008, in a speech at the Web 2.0 conference (reprised in a different way at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting), Louis predicted the rise of crypto-currencies (which he called "virtual currencies") long before the popularity of Bitcoin.

Contributions to standards
Throughout the 1990s, Louis was involved in a number of initiatives led by the World Wide Web Consortium, including the development of an early draft standard for merging television with the web. The initiative was launched too early in the development of the web and the effort quickly died off with few people adopting the proposed standard.

In the early 2000s, Louis was involved in the development community surrounding RSS, proposing a number of amendments to the specifications of the time. The proposal included creating a date element for every item in an RSS feed and provided the theoretical framework to distribute data files over an RSS channel, anticipating what now is known as podcasting.

Writing
In 1994-1995, Louis served as editor on a number of guides to the Internet. He was a principal research editor on five books authored by Michael Wolff: Net.Games, Net.Money, Net.Sports, Net.Trek, and Net.Tech. Louis also wrote articles for a wide number of technology publications including The Silicon Alley Reporter, Business 2.0, IEEE Spectrum, The New York Times, and others.

Beginning in 2000, Louis started publishing a weblog, which is noted for its dissection and research into technology trends.

In 2010, Louis became a frequent contributor to Business Insider and Forbes.

In 2011, Louis started a weekly column called "On technology". It is now carried by 35 newspapers globally.

Notes and references

 * 1)  Reavy, Matthew M., 1996, Group Communication on the Internet - 1996 study
 * 2)  Falk, JD and Tristan Louis, 1993 alt.internet.media-coverage FAQ (through Internet Archive)
 * 3)  Mecklermedia Corporation, February 7, 1996 Mecklermedia Joins Protest
 * 4)  Louis, Tristan, What I Learned at Boo.com
 * 5)  AtNewYork Staff, April 11, 1997 Earthweb shifts gears, turns publisher
 * 6)  Louis, Tristan, October 13, 2003 - Suggestions for RSS 0.92
 * 7)  Louis, Tristan, September 19, 2008 -  Coins to QQ
 * 8)  Wolff, Michael. Net.Games, Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-679-75592-6
 * 9)  Wolff, Michael. Net.Money, Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-679-75808-9
 * 10)  Wolff, Michael. Net.Sports, Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76187-X
 * 11)  Wolff, Michael. Net.Trek, Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76186-1
 * 12)  Wolff, Michael. Net.Tech, Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-517-17716-1
 * 13)  Louis, Tristan Bibliography
 * 14)  Tristan Louis on Business Insider
 * 15)  Tristan Louis on Forbes
 * 1)  Wolff, Michael. Net.Games, Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-679-75592-6
 * 2)  Wolff, Michael. Net.Money, Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-679-75808-9
 * 3)  Wolff, Michael. Net.Sports, Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76187-X
 * 4)  Wolff, Michael. Net.Trek, Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76186-1
 * 5)  Wolff, Michael. Net.Tech, Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-517-17716-1
 * 6)  Louis, Tristan Bibliography
 * 7)  Tristan Louis on Business Insider
 * 8)  Tristan Louis on Forbes
 * 1)  Louis, Tristan Bibliography
 * 2)  Tristan Louis on Business Insider
 * 3)  Tristan Louis on Forbes

title: Tristan Louis


text:
Talk:White hat (computer security)

jhh compjjkh

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 July 2020 and 14 August 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Yixin97.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Other uses
Mentioning de Bono's white hat under Whitehat may be inappropriate, but there's a redirect at white hat. Perhaps there should be a disambiguation there and similar arrangements made for black hat. I couldn't say.

Move
For symmetry with Black hat and Gray hat, and because "white hat" is the usual noun. One says "a white-hat hacker," or "a white hat"; never "a whitehat." See "What links here" and note how many white hat links there are. --Quuxplusone 19:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC) This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 23:27, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I vote move. --Quuxplusone 19:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Move it. --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 21:05, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ask and ye shall recieve. talk

Mizapur Devilbhai (talk) 16:19, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Criticism
This article is in need of a criticism section. Specifically adressing the issue that there is no such thing as black or white hat hackers, but that the 'black hat' was invented by hackers who were afraid of getting negative publicity, labelling anyone of their kind who got caught with criminal behavior a 'black hat' so as not to get blamed themselves. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by IP address 82.92.64.247 (talk • contribs) 14:18, 24 November 2006 (UTC).
 * I agree, this place needs a criticism section. There are many views on the phenomenon 'white hat hacker', but the article only represents one. I'll add one later tonight. 82.95.254.30 17:53, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * What kind of white hat uses low orbit ion canon? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.29.151.162 (talk) 22:51, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

"sofixit"

 * Your argument has multiple logical fallacies.
 * There are multiple meanings to hacker — the hacker definition controversy covers this somewhat, as does the main entry. You appear to use more than one, leading to a fallacy of equivocation.
 * The "cracker" and "black hat" terminology that is used to refer to computer intruders (and specifically those with amoral or malicious intent) — that is, the criminal variety of security hackers — did indeed arise from the long-standing informal community of computer amateurs and professionals — that is, hackers in the broadest sense of the word — objecting to the media making use of the term only for the former group, when the latter group had used a broader meaning. (The label is applied not only to those caught, but also with those uncaught.) However, it is not so much that the wider community of hackers objected to "negative publicity", but objected because of offense at the category error implied from the usage — which you also suffer from.
 * This in term suggests your argument suffers from non causa pro causa.
 * Even if your assertion of this motive was accurate, it is an example of an appeal to motive fallacy; IE, merely because ulterior motive can be shown, it does not therefore follow that the distinction that has been made lacks validity.
 * Your remarks convey an unappealing appearance of ignorance. Such ignorance can be and ought to be corrected. Please do so. Abb3w 17:10, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't be a dick and answer like a normal person. 82.95.254.30 17:53, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't be a dick and answer like a normal person. 82.95.254.30 17:53, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I would reword some of the introductory sentences from "..., there is a third kind known as a grey hat hacker who hacks with good intentions but at times without permission" to a new sentence.

Remove term hacker
The Black hat article introduction follows the common convention in the IT/programming world of using the term "cracker". I think that in this context, the term "hacker" should be removed from the introduction. Not only does it not follow industry convention, but I find it confusing, as I usually expect the term "hacker" to be synonymous with "programmer" or "coder", and "white hat" does not fit into this context.Jantman 02:47, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Please give an example or DIY.BlackbeardSCBC 0001, 1 December 2007 (GMT-8)

Examples
Wouldn't a penetration test be a better example of White Hat work? The current example is something of a grey area (and so, probably Grey Hat). --Tango 21:48, 2 September 2007 (UTC) Fixed. See definition link.BlackbeardSCBC 0001, 1 December 2007 (GMT-8) Hackers at Microsoft! are white hat hackers: they are gods that does nothing;-) for a big amount of money;-) and without any visible results! Thats the point! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.227.1.1 (talk) 08:41, 5 September 2007 (UTC) You are wrong and you know it Mr. Unsigned. The point of white hat hacking is to legally do what most ethical hackers do illegally.BlackbeardSCBC 0001, 1 December 2007 (GMT-8)

List of people
I took out the [ list of security experts]. The list seemed to be an indiscriminate list of white-hats, security experts, and people who could be regarded as black-hats. --h2g2bob (talk) 22:06, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Events?
I think it would be a good idea to have a section about White Hat confrences.Sephiroth storm (talk) 15:53, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Why here, and not in Hacker (computer security), where the majority of the content is? White Hat is a term that's used for multiple things, and I'm really not sure it should exist as a separate article rather than a disambiguation page, even if the "computer security good guy" is the most dominant current usage. Jclemens (talk) 17:06, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Ethical Hacker in lead
The lead links the words 'ethical hacker' to Hacker Ethic, however if you try to search for 'Ethical Hacking' you get redirected to 'White hat'

Can someone please clean up these links or merge the articles, they are quite confusing. I would do i myself but i dont know how. Bodsda (talk) 13:56, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Done. Sephiroth storm (talk) 21:51, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Break up
The accompanying article White hat has 4 major sections, each on a different (tho etymologically related) topic. An article needs a single unifying topic, not just a name shared by its topics. This title is lk'd primarily from comp-security articles, so that is probably the primary topic; i am breaking out the others to White hat (film), White hat (search), and Scottish Rite. --Jerzy•t 05:39, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I think the film article should be merged back... it is really the same usage as in this article. Blueboar (talk) 12:11, 7 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The accompanying article is not abt terminology, but abt the phenom that is called being a white-hat hacker. Many would-be usage articles violate NOTADICT; if you think that is true of White hat (film), nominate it for AfD, but it can't be merged into the accompanying article. --Jerzy•t 19:53, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

OurMine
Because someone added the OurMine group and I just reverted that change, I thought I'd provide a bit more detail as to why. The OurMine article on wikipedia doesn't mention their white hat nature (unlike the other example, MalwareMustDie), and the activities described on the page are not exactly white hat as described in this article. I also did some searching; it looks like apart from the group itself, news articles describe them quite differently, e.g., this article. Similarly, this article writes that they claim not work for financial gain, but this is not the definition of white hat laid down in this Wikipedia article. I think this is enough reasons not to have this group as an example, if only because examples should be those groups that actually exemplify the behavior described as white hat here, but I'd be happy to be convinced that I'm wrong. Namnatulco (talk) 07:55, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

The lead sentence.
@Nithin: I clearly explained my edit:

And then you reverted it with the following edit summary:

Of course, you have every right to disagree, but... Do you have any source to support your claim? According to the highly respective dictionary the term "white hat" is a and just means  Just because "white hat" is slang does not change anything. This term can also mean (not "refer to") a piece of clothing, but not in the context of our article. So please, restore my version. I will really appreciate it. 85.193.228.103 (talk) 22:17, 25 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with and support the IP. WP:REFERS applies here. Elizium23 (talk) 22:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree that "Refers to" is bad and shouldn't be used, but i disagree that it should be replaced by "means" which isn't much better. Per ISATERMFOR I think that perhaps the title should be changed, perhaps to "White hat hacker" we could also drop "(computer security)" and then the lead could read "A White hat hackers is an ethical computer hacker, or a computer security expert, wh..." which i think is better in terms of WP:UMD and WP:ISATERMFOR Nithintalk 20:02, 31 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Hmm... Nevermind that doesnt really make sense, i think "A "White hat" is an ..." is better and we should include "white hat hacker" as an alternate title but i dont really understand MOS:LEADALT or WP:OTHERNAMES Nithintalk 20:15, 31 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm going to take it strait from Black hat (computer security) "A black hat hacker (or black-hat hacker) is a ..." which is exactly what i was thinking Nithintalk 20:17, 31 December 2020 (UTC)
 * @Nithin: Good job. Thank you. 85.193.228.103 (talk) 00:01, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:White hat (computer security)


text:
HVDC Tjæreborg

The HVDC Tjæreborg is a 4.3 kilometre long bipolar high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission line for demonstrating and testing DC interconnection of a wind park to the Danish power grid. The line was constructed to connect an existing onshore wind park consisting of 4 windmills in Tjæreborg Enge to the grid through an additional DC line. Thus the mills can be connected to the grid by both the new HVDC, the old AC or a combination of both lines.

The HVDC Tjæreborg was commissioned in 2000 and is designed for a voltage of 9 kV and a maximum power rating of 7.2 megawatt.

The technology of HVDC allows a better regulation of power peaks.

title: HVDC Tjæreborg


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Talk:Theology of the Body

Comment
8 April 2005 Greetings! I glean from the Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_the_body

that

" Theology of the Body refers to a series of 129 lectures given by Pope John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in Rome between September 1979 and November 1984. These addresses were later compiled and published as a single work entitled The Theology of the Body According to John Paul II. The work covers such topics as the bodily dimension of the human person, the nature of human sexuality, the human need for communion, and the nature of marriage."

I would be very grateful if someone who has read both this and the apology issued to women on the 10th of July,1995 start with a discussion on the position of the John Paul II....

Punam

I believe this is the 'apoogy' though that is not a term i would use for it, it is an address by JPII on and about women's role in soceity and the church, here is the link

http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP2WOM.HTM 89.240.136.186 14:54, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

NEW TRANSLATION
A new English translation of the Theology of the Body lectures has been produced, based on the Polish original: Paulist Press Announcement "For the first time in English, the Pope’s original 219 chapter headings (an additional 1600 words), six additional catecheses, and his trademark use of italics to aid in clarity." It also offers consistent translation of key terms. Zenit: New Translation Part 1 Zenit: New Translation Part 2 --Freder1ck 20:13, 4 August 2006 (UTC)Freder1ck

 * A correction: Prof. Waldstein's new translation is to be published by Pauline Books, rather than Paulist; however, the link above goes to the right site. Chonak 01:35, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The link uses a strange mix of gender specific langauge. This will be a problem for contemproary English readers. In a section on sexuality to use Man to refer to all humankind and then use man and woman to refer to the genders is confusing at least ... and could indicate implicit sexism at worst. (Just nigel 06:56, 31 October 2006 (UTC))

 * Which link? I've looked at all three links in this section. Nothing in the Pauline Books link. References to genders as man and Woman in the first Zenit article; the second Zenit article refers to the human person, the human body, man, and woman. Freder1ck 01:02, 1 November 2006 (UTC)Freder1ck

 * It would appear that this is a criticism of the article itself not the link, where I do see both human and man used as generics. So, Be_bold. The preceeding unsigned comment was added by Just nigel

 * The second article uses human as a generic for all people; it then speaks of man and woman as generics for each gender. There is no use of man as a generic for all human persons. Freder1ck 18:08, 1 December 2006 (UTC)Freder1ck

Improvement ideas?
I originally became interested in this topic through my interest in fertility awareness methods of birth control. I've found it easiest to read his lectures on my area of interest (contraception - the last section of TOTB), and have started a discussion of that section in the article. There are a lot of lectures; I imagine that section of the article is going to have to be even more summarized than it is now, but am hoping that the most important points will begin to stand out as I read more of Pope John Paul II's meditations.

I'm hoping others will be interested in the other topics, for the area that discusses the content of TOTB. For the commentary/impact section, I'm not sure even where to do research. The delivery section is also very short and I'm not currently seeing how it could be expanded. That might end up being put up in the introductory paragraph? Lyrl Talk Contribs 21:56, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Criticism?
Should there be a criticism section? I understand that a number of Catholic moral philosophers have criticized the Theology of the Body as resting on Kantian grounds or other grounds rather than making use of the traditional Aristotelian moral framework. I'm not particularly fluent in the substance of the debate, though. --Hyphen5 14:34, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Not only am I not fluent in the substance of the debate, I don't even know where to go to learn. If someone has relevent resources, it would be very helpful if they posted them here. Lyrl  Talk Contribs 00:12, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

MODERNISM AND "THEOLOGY OF THE BODY"    A New Order fabrication, the "Theology of the Body, was developed by John Paul II in 129 Wednesday talks given between September 5, 1979, and November 28, 1984.     It is clear from the very first talk that JPII's approach to theology diverges from the approved theology of the Catholic Church, that is, Thomism, founded upon the theology of the Church's Principal Theologian, St. Thomas Aquinas and indirectly upon the theology of St. Augustine of Hippo, the Great Father of the Church. Rather than being rooted in the realism and objectivity of Catholic Thomism, the Theology of the Body is rooted instead in the false subjective philosophies of Modernism. The Church's theology is objective, deductive, and rational. The Theology of the Body constructs a counter-theology that is subjective, inductive, and experiential.     An objective view of reality refers to something that is true, regardless of whether or not I know it to be true. For example, if a blind man is outside, but cannot see the trees, the trees still exist, irrespective of whether the blind man perceives them or not. Objective reality exists independent of one's individual perception. The subjective view of reality claims that only what I perceive to be real is actually real. For example, if I believe that a certain poison will cure my disease, then that poison is healthful in my perception, whether the poison objectively will kill me or not. A dangerous philosophy! One can see how Theology of the Body can lead to serious consequences in the area of morality. The subjectivist view of reality is clearly captured by the phrase, "That may be true for you, but not for me!" In other words, what is true depends on what I believe or accept or perceive. In Catholic theology, such a claim is utter nonsense. For example, in Theology of the Body, if your perception is that Allah is God, then he is—for you. If your perception is that it is moral to divorce and remarry, then it is moral—for you. You can see how this subjective thinking has led to Vatican II's infamous "oecumenism" ("we all worship the same god"; all gods are equal) and moral relativism. Catholic theology is deductive and rational; that is, it uses objective reason to determine what is true and false. Modernist subjectivism determines truth by induction, that is experimentation and observation to determine what people believe by their own perception and experience. Subjectivism thus leads, in effect, to doctrine by poll, which the Protestants already have. For example, it makes no difference what Christ objectively said in Scripture against divorce. Since the perception of (some) people is that divorce and remarriage is moral, then it is moral—for them. And no one can tell them that it is wrong—for them. The Theology of the Body is the result of the use of a philosophical movement called "Phenomenology," an offshoot of Modernism, in which Karol Woytyla, later JPII, was instructed in Poland. The founder of Phenomenology was a German philosopher named Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), who, in the Protestant fashion, focused on the subjective, individual experience of people. Phenomenology, in turn, was based on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), who had taught that moral norms are unknowable because they lie beyond immediate human experience. Thus, morality is not objectively knowable, as it is in Catholic theology, and morality is divorced from reality. Therefore, one cannot say objectively that anything (murder, stealing, perjury) is immoral. Only the conventions of society (i.e., civil law) bind, and they can be changed at any time. In the 19th century, the Church first took note of the heresy of Modernism and defined it on September 26, 1835, when the document condemned the approach of certain priests, professors in German universities, who were using the Modern Philosophy of Descartes, Kant, and Hegel to reinterpret the Articles of Faith. At the heart of the Modernist ethos is the belief that truth can contradict itself. As God is the author all truth, Modernists believe that God can contradict Himself, that He has not revealed anything that can be defined definitively, that it is up to believers to "reinterpret" the meaning of "truth" time and events unfold. In 1864 Pope Pius IX condemned Modernism in his encyclical Quanta Cura (1864), accompanied by the famous Syllabus of Errors as an appendix. The Holy Office under Pope St. Pius X published the famous decree Lamentabili sane (1907), in which 65 condemned propositions drawn from the works of Modernist writers were listed, and he himself issued the encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis (1907), in which he outlined the errors of Modernism, described as "summa omnium heresum" [the synthesis of all heresies]. The Modernist acceptance of the Hegelian view of the world (that ideas contain within themselves the seeds of their own inherent contradiction, thus creating a conflict that is resolved in the evolution of a new idea, a synthesis, from the first idea and its antithesis) is the foundation of the work of men such as the late Fathers Hans Urs von Balthasar and Henri de Lubac and their protege, Father Joseph Ratzinger. To the contrary, Catholic theology (Thomism) begins with God. The Renaissance started to veer off the centrality of God by focusing on human beings. Protestantism furthered the emphasis on individual human beings and especially on the individual with its insistence on the private interpretation of Scripture. The same tendency can be seen in the modern development of "Scientism," that is, the veneration of science as a kind of secular "god" rather than as simply a tool of man's mind to understand the universe. Many people today are loathe to accept conclusions based upon principles. Rather, they give more credibility to an individual's personal "experience" and the conclusions he draws from that experience. For example, if his experience is that Muslims are good people, then it is morally acceptable to believe that Allah is god. The Theology of the Body results in a concept of the world which is subjective, irrational, and experiential. And that is exactly the moral timebomb that Newchurch is preaching, which is, and will continue to, destroy every traditional teaching on Catholic morality.  --Geremia (talk) 23:52, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Title
Doesn't JPII nead to appear in the title if this page is exclusively for his theology of the body. Where on wikipedia would we write other people's theology of the body? Maybe we need a page on the theology of the body that lists Christian theology, then catholic theology and then summarises this lecture series with a link to this page. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Just nigel (talk • contribs) 06:58, 31 October 2006   (UTC)

 * Unrelated or loosely related topics with similar names are generally dealt with through a disambiguation page. Diaphragm is an example of a disambiguation page.  If one of the topics is much more utilized than another, then generally that page will get the main article namespace, with a hatnote linking to other uses of the name or to a disambiguation page. The Condom article, for example, is about the prophylactic device, but has a link at a top to the Wikipedia article on the town in France named "Condom".

 * JPII's Theology of the Body seems to be the overwhelmingly most utilized use of the term. I looked through the first forty hits for "Theology of the Body" on Google and every single one referred to JPII's work.  Not only is his work the only Theology of the Body article on Wikipedia - Wikipedia has an entire category devoted to Catholic teachings related to the subject.  So I do not think renaming the article would be appropriate. Lyrl  Talk Contribs 00:44, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Indissolubility of marriage
This section heading seems reductionist. He is not just exploring the issue of can marriages be disolved (a question the pahrisees ask) he is exploring the issue of how humans were created and for what humans were created and by whom humans were created - just as Jesus answers the Pharisees question by not getting into their patriachal issues of 'owning' a wife and by what means could a man break the contract - but pointing back to how God intended marraige to really be. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Just nigel (talk • contribs) 07:02, 31 October 2006  (UTC)

 * I got the headings from here and mainly meant them as placeholders until someone with more knowledge of the topic was able to expand the article. If you have information to add, please be bold and feel free to change that or any other headings to better reflect the subject matter. Lyrl  Talk Contribs 00:44, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm still learning the cultural sensativity of wiki. On one page I change something and people houl "discuss it first" on another page I list it first and they say be bold. I guess I am happy to make the change but list it here first one day to give others a chance to give their opinion if they know even better than me. I have now changed the title to "the christian ideal of marraige" we will see if others think that summarises it better. (Just nigel 02:29, 1 November 2006 (UTC))

Use of NIV translation
A more literal translation than the NIV should probably be chosen for the quotation of Matthew 19. The NIV translations the Greek word *porneias* as "marital unfaithfulness," a meaning it never holds elsewhere in Scripture; notably, the NIV was translated by people who didn't believe in the indissolubility of marriage and their interpretive slant has informed their translation. The ESV or NASB would be more literal translations with less embedded interpretation. Jemfinch 00:49, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The NIV is a Protestant bible; Pope John Paul II, being a Roman Catholic, would not have consulted a Protestant bible, thus the Catholic Douay-Rheims Bible quotes.--Geremia (talk) 05:04, 12 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I've switched the quotes to Douay-Rheims 1899 American ed. Although to be fair, JPII probably would have consulted the Vulgate or the Neo-Vulgate (being the pope and all), or the most prominent Polish translation (for quick reference anyway).   Deus vult!   Crusadestudent (talk) 16:05, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

Weigel's long term view
I thought I made a small contribution by adding citations to the Weigel quotes, but then Irecognized something funny in two Weigel editions.

Regarding the long term impact of the theology of the body, Weigel writes

In 1999: It is a "kind of theological time bomb set to go off with dramatic consequences... perhaps in the 21st century."

In 2005: It is a "kind of theological time bomb set to go off with dramatic consequences, sometime in the third millenium of the Church"

--:)

--Ambrosius007 (talk) 19:04, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

The first ten centuries constitute the first millennium, centuries eleven through twenty constitute the second millennium, and the twenty-first century begins the third millennium. "21st century" and "third millennium" are two different ways of saying the same thing. LyrlTalk C 19:25, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

-

Not really!

If the "time bomb" goes of within this century, some of us may have a chance witnessing the breakthrough of the "Theology of the Body" in our lifetime.

If however, as Weigel suggests now, "the time bomb" goes off within the third millenium, that is within thousand years, our chances of watching this specacle are indeed very slim. The 1000 year prediction, by the way, makes the "time bomb" forecast a safe bet for Weigel. Weigel is smart enough to see realize huge problems for the theology of the body, which make it unlikely, to ever leave the paper it is written on:
 * The Pope is very hard to read and understand: "The density of John Paul's material is one factor.
 * A secondary literature capable of translating John Paul's thought into accessible categories and vocabulary is badly needed."
 * The dominant political correctness on such issues as women, birth control, abortion and divorce is also an obstacle to the "theology of the body" becoming known or accepted "

Sounds like a Requiem to me. As a sypathetic but neutral bystander I have a larger question regarding this Wikipedia article. It mentions (without discussing) concepts like "Christian ideal of marriage", resurrection of the body, virginity and so on. Fine.

These are basic, traditional concepts on which virtually all Popes and Vatican II have spoken to since the beginning of time. I could easily prove this here.

The article fails to make clear: What's new? Where is the beef? What is the contribution or novelty of it all?

I am referring to the theology of Pope John Paul II, which is a sophisticated, complicated nuanced piece of art, quite different from often simplistic Baltimore Catechism.

I am not saying that " the theology of body" exists in name only. Yet, this Wikipedia article, as it is presently written, may unfortunately lead the reader to such a conclusion. It needs lot's of work.

Friendly greetings

--Ambrosius007 (talk) 10:56, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know what's new, so am not in a position to improve this article. I agree it needs a lot of work. LyrlTalk C 22:53, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

-

Hi,

As it reads now, sorry to say, this article is a great disservice to the great Pope John Paul II.

Regarding the novelty of it all, the uniquess, the "time bomb" potential and so on.
 * This has to be documented by the protagonist, and not the critic. The Theology of the body categories in this article, "Christian ideal of marriage", "Resurrection of the body", "Virginity" and so on refer to nice, traditional standard Catholic teaching.
 * Needed is a simple statement what the Theology of the Body implies, and what its contribution is to theology as a whole and the teachings of Pope John Paul II.  The article does tell us anything on this.
 * Needed is a discussion of the very few, who have discussed Theology of the Body, including critical Catholic Theologians like Timothy Johnson, who imply that Theology of the Body is nothing but an old-fashioned theological, hard to understand rumbling.

-:)) Greetings

--Ambrosius007 (talk) 09:26, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Theology of the Body: Thomas Aquinas and Pope Benedict XVI
I added the views of Thomas Aquinas and Benedict XVI as a necessary update, and partial challenge to JP II, which should bring some life into this topic. I also separated the more or less finished sections from the unfinished construction sites, hoping to make the article more readable.

One could discuss, whether to remove the unfinished sections and add instead to an overall description too JP II theology of the body. This way, the question of "novelty" on issues like marriage, divorce and so on, would not even come up. I have no strong view on this one way or another, except that the construction sites look just aweful.

Greetings

--Ambrosius007 (talk) 12:57, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * With all due respect, the vast majority of the Benedict material is hopelessly synthy at best, and (having read Deus Caritas Est cover to cover) also highly misleading. Let's also stick to John Paul's lectures as this topic, and use a different title for Aquinas's ideas.  That said, I reverted the material per my comments.  If you have some third party refs with the Benedict connections, let's dicsuss them here. Baccyak4H (Yak!) 16:12, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

-- Hi there,

Poor Pope John Paul II. His Theology of the Body, as described here, is a great disservice to a great  Pope.

Missing are, to name a few:

 * His scope,
 * the historicity of his argument,
 * the biblical nature of his anthopology,
 * his positive view of redemption,
 * his Christological orientation
 * his frequent mention of totus tuus Maria
 * the overall relation to Vatican II.

To use your terminology, the emphasis on birth control is hopelessly synthy at best, and does not reflect well on this great Pope.

Please bring this in order. Even without looking at the many construction sites and the unrelated biblical quotes, this page does injury to the memory and theology of Pope John Paul II.

Friendly greetings

--Ambrosius007 (talk) 21:44, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

PS: "Body" existed before JPII, "theology" existed before JPII,  and so did "theology of the body",  which is the topic here. Like "moral theology" it is not a term belonging to one person or pope. It would be different, and I would agree with you, if the topic were ToB of JPII. It is highly simplistic to assume that JPII started this thing. I am sure, nobody here serously believes that.

If you or anybody has problems with Pope Benedict or my statements about him, kindly be specific! I am not married to my words and gladly change, if required.

I will redo the changes but have no intention to start or participate in an edit war. A neutral controvery section here and in other related pages could be another solution.

 * The scope of this article has been discussed before: . The long-standing consensus (reinforced here by Baccyak4H and myself) has been that this article is restricted to the teachings of Pope John Paul II. Please do not edit the article in opposition to consensus.

 * The text added by Ambrosius007 was cited only to primary sources, which verify the quotes but none of the interpretation found in that text. Without a citation to a secondary source or sources that support the interpretation - not just the direct quotes - that material is original research which is not allowed by Wikipedia policy.

 * The fact that this article is in an early stage of development in no way justifies violations of consensus or Wikipedia policy. LyrlTalk C 22:11, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

external link to un-factchecked Q/A column
Let me be clear. The link from remnant is not an acceptable external link. It is merely a question and answer column (i.e., a glorified blog) whose answers make painfully obvious that inadequate (if any) fact checking goes on. In addition, some of the comments there regarding West are borderline incoherent. Per external links guidelines, please refrain from readding that link. Baccyak4H (Yak!) 14:05, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

NIV
Why is the NIV being used for Bible quotes instead of a Catholic Bible? I somewhat doubt JP II used the NIV. --Shanedidona (talk) 13:51, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Probably because the editors of this article (including myself) don't know any better. Feel free to be bold and edit the article to use more appropriate translations. LyrlTalk C 01:03, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Has this change been made? I would think New American Bible Revised Edition might be a good option --PhotographerTom (talk) 15:34, 16 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition is very good too.  Deus vult!   Crusadestudent (talk) 15:44, 16 May 2016 (UTC)
 * PhotographerTom I've switched the quotes to DRA.  Deus vult!   Crusadestudent (talk) 16:05, 16 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank you! --PhotographerTom (talk) 16:33, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

TOB Resources
I don't really have the time to work on this article, and I expect it to be a massive and difficult undertaking as I have read JPII's "A Theology of the Body", his "Love and Responsibility" and a bunch of Christopher West's stuff for good measure and this isn't the easiest stuff to understand, nevermind summarize. But I'll start a section of some resources that might help to shed a bit of light on JPII and his Theology of the Body. They might not be good to quote from in the article itself, but may help to understand things a bit better. Hopefully others will be able to add more resources and eventually pull something together out of all of this.

1. For background, it would be good to read Karol Wojtyla's "Love and Responsibility", which was quite influential on Paul VI when he wrote Humanae Vitae. Even a short summary might be useful: [] In some ways Humanae Vitae was an unfinished work - something that would be finished by JPII in the series of Wednesday addresses later gathered together as "A Theology of the Body."

2. I noticed some people are having problems with various wording in the press articles. If you can get your hands on the new translation from the original Polish notes(Man and Woman He created them) most of these problems should disappear as there are numerous translation anomalies resulting from Italian to English translation of the original addresses.

3. Christopher West is a great resource for an introduction to understanding TOB, but I doubt you will find him a great reference for the article, unless you want 'secondary opinion' sort of stuff. []

4. For a more historical perspective (may be more useful) Fr. Richard Hogan may be a good starting point. He's a historian, and has written a couple of books on JPII and TOB. []

5. I'll put this here as I don't have time to reference this, so, yes the central idea of JPII is that the body and it alone is capable of making visible the invisible - ie, the person, and to go deeper - God. JPII uses tools of phenomenology to re-explain Christianity. He uses our subjective experience as human persons to reveal what it means to be a human, and to reveal the purpose of embodiment in the divine plan. He refers to God as the Divine Subject - (when he was working on his PhD he was teased about it; at the time God was known as the Divine Object). His work is probably the most important rephrasing of the Christian faith since Thomas Aquinas moved it from the Platonic to Aristotelian worldview. []

Wanfactor (talk) 04:06, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Proposed changes
1. Re-organize the 6 summary topics into two groups of three. First group for Christian Anthropology, Second group for applications to sexuality and marriage issues

2. Within the first group on anthropology, a topic for original man (Genesis 2:22-24), historical man (Matt 5:27-28), and eschatological man.

3. Update scripture references to use the same biblical translations that the Pope used when translating his encyclicals to English.

4. Change the reference for "the body and it alone makes visible the invisible..." to come straight from TOB 18 (original source) rather than Christopher West

5. In the introductory Matt 5:19 exposition, include a quotation from TOB where JPII says that when Jesus says "In the beginning it was not so...", he does more than answer a juridico-casuistic question from the Pharisees - he invites everyone present and future to meditate on "the beginning" when approaching all questions of sexual and marital morality. Relate meditation on the beginning to "original man" before the fall.

6. Change the name of the "adultery" section to the situation of "historical man" and how Matt 5:27-28 includes primarily an efficacious invitation to rise above lust rather than simply a condemnation of adultery and accusation of lust.

7. Change the "contraception" section to "Reflections on Humanae Vitae"

If this is okay with others, I'll do the changes in a week or so. Wanfactor (talk) 04:30, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It sounds like you have a lot of knowledge and a good plan. I'm sure whatever changes you make to the article will be a big improvement. LyrlTalk C 22:49, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Theology of the embryo
In the instruction Dignitas Personae, there is a profound statement on the humanity of embryos which amounts to a kind of theology of the embryo. The embryos are held to be sacred and almost sacramental or eucharistic. It would be useful to have perspectives from theology of the body on this very contemporary issue. 69.157.229.14 (talk)

Catholic Tantrism
That this neo-Tantric heresy should have been written by a Pope is utterly shocking. I am sure the Holy Spirit will survive being wrapped up in this cosmic fantasy, but the Church is in for some rocky times if this work gets any traction on high. Here's praying!
 * Not sure what you're referring to. Could you explain?  Also, is this relevant for the wiki?  Should there be a section added under Criticisms?   Deus vult!   Crusadestudent (talk) 16:07, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

Wanfactor's ideas
I think Wanfactor's ideas for improving this article are good. This article is rated high importance and I agree with that rating. Engaged couples wanting to marry in the Church in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami are required to learn about Theology of the Body at a retreat before they can be approved. There are a lot of people who could benefit from a nice, one page Wikipedia style summary of the topic. Wanfactor, if you wish to work with me on this project, please post a note on my talk page or email me at the link found on my userpage. Thanks.  Nancy Heise   ''' talk 01:43, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Philosophical context
I am working on editing the page to add a new section about the Philosophical Context. I plan to discuss Descartes, Bacon, and Kant. Please let me know if you have any input or would recommend including other philosophers that influenced Wojtyla in his writing. UMWmelissa (talk) 01:03, 31 October 2013 (UTC)Melissa
 * I sincerely hope that this section is based on reliable secondary sources. Elizium23 (talk) 03:52, 31 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I appreciate your hard work. It is truly informative, and insightful. I wholeheartedly agree with you that these are related to this series of lectures. FatalSubjectivities (talk) 10:32, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
 * However, I sadly at the same time have qualms about their inclusion in this article. Yes, these Enlightenment thinkers should be included in a research paper on Pope John Paul II's TOB. But Wikipedia isnt a research paper. Im not saying that this inclusion is culpable of WP:ORIGINAL. My lamentation is something more on the lines of WP:NOT case studies or WP:NOTLAB. FatalSubjectivities (talk) 10:40, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theology of the Body


text:
USS Clemson

USS Clemson may refer to the following ships operated by the United States:

 * USS Clemson (DD-186) was a Clemson-class destroyer launched in 1918 and sold in 1946
 * USNS Clemson (T-AG-184) was a planned Forward Depot Ship but the program was canceled in 1966

title: USS Clemson


text:
Simbad

Simbad may refer to:

 * Simbad missile, a version of the Mistral
 * Simbad robot simulator, a software simulator
 * SIMBAD, a database of astronomical information
 * 4692 SIMBAD, an asteroid named in honour of the astronomical database.

title: Simbad


text:
V-wing

There have been several vehicles in the Star Wars Universe designated V-wing:
 * V-wing starfighter: Starfighter mass-produced during the Clone Wars.
 * V-wing airspeeder: Airspeeder that first saw service with the New Republic at the Battle of Mon Calamari.
 * V-wing speeder transport: Orbital-capable transport that could carry up to four V-wing Airspeeders.

title: V-wing


text:
Greg Malone

Greg Malone may refer to:

 * Greg Malone (actor) (born 1948), Canadian impressionist and actor
 * Greg Malone (ice hockey) (born 1956), professional ice hockey player

title: Greg Malone


text: File:Hans Bethe Old.jpg

title: File:Hans Bethe Old.jpg


text:
Pentagon Force Protection Agency

The Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA) is a federal law enforcement agency within the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) charged with protecting and safeguarding the occupants, visitors, and infrastructure of The Pentagon, the Mark Center Building, the Defense Health Agency headquarters, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces and other assigned DoD-occupied leased facilities within the National Capitol Region. , the Pentagon Force Protection Agency employed 482 police officers.

This mission is accomplished with law enforcement officers (Pentagon Police), criminal investigative and protective services agents; threat management agents; chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives technicians; and anti-terrorism/force protection and physical security personnel.

The Pentagon Force Protection Agency provides a comprehensive protective intelligence analysis capability, which includes threat analysis, threat investigation, and criminal intelligence services to protect Pentagon facilities, employees and senior DoD personnel. The Pentagon Force Protection Agency liaises with other federal law enforcement and intelligence communities and conducts threat assessments and investigations for protective details while they are in the National Capital Region.

Director
The Director of the Pentagon Force Protection Agency is a Senior Executive Service position within the Office of the Director of Administration and Management.

In late 2022, Chris Bargery became acting Director after Daniel P. Walsh left the Pentagon Force Protection Agency.

Bargery is responsible for providing a full range of services to protect people, facilities, infrastructure and other resources at the Pentagon Reservation and in DoD-occupied facilities in the National Capital Region. Within this scope, he exercises the authorities of the Secretary of Defense under 10 U.S.C 2674 with respect to force protection, security, and law enforcement. He is the DoD principal liaison with State and local authorities, and communicates directly with DoD Components and other Executive Departments and Agencies in carrying out these assigned responsibilities and functions.

The first Director of the Pentagon Force Protection Agency was John N. Jester Jr., who previously served as the Pentagon police chief.

Pentagon Police
The Pentagon Police Division (PPD) is the principal law enforcement arm of the Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA). PPD's role is to provide law enforcement and protective security services for The Pentagon and other Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) activities in the National Capital Region. These services include patrol, response, and investigation of criminal activity as well as protection of designated Defense officials.

Fallen Officers
Since the establishment of the Pentagon Police, two officers have died in the line of duty.

title: Pentagon Force Protection Agency


text:
Compulsory license

A compulsory license provides that the owner of a patent or copyright licenses the use of their rights against payment either set by law or determined through some form of adjudication or arbitration. In essence, under a compulsory license, an individual or company seeking to use another's intellectual property can do so without seeking the rights holder's consent, and pays the rights holder a set fee for the license. This is an exception to the general rule under intellectual property laws that the intellectual property owner enjoys exclusive rights that it may license—or decline to license—to others.

Under UK patent law, a compulsory license is different from a statutory license. Under statutory license, the rate is fixed by law, whereas in case of compulsory license, the rate is left to be negotiated or decided in court.

Copyright law
In a number of countries, copyright law provides for compulsory licenses of copyrighted works for specific uses. In many cases the remuneration or royalties received for a copyrighted work under compulsory license are specified by local law, but may also be subject to negotiation. Compulsory licensing may be established through negotiating licenses that provide terms within the parameters of the compulsory license. Essentially compulsory licensing provide that copyright owners may only exercise the exclusive rights granted to them under copyright law in a certain way and through a certain system.

Berne Convention
Article 11bis(2) and Article 13(1) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works provide the legal basis for compulsory licensing at the international level. They specify under which conditions members to the Berne Convention may determine or impose conditions under which exclusive rights may be exercised, for example through compulsory licensing. The Berne Convention states that member states are free to determine the conditions under which certain exclusive rights may be exercised in their national laws. They also provide for the minimum requirements to be set when compulsory licenses are applied, such as that they must not prejudice the author's right to fair compensation.

Article 11bis(2)states that:

"It shall be a matter for legislation in the country of the Union to determine the conditions under which the rights mentioned in the preceding paragraph may be exercised, but these conditions shall apply only in the countries where they have been prescribed. They shall not in any circumstances be prejudicial to the moral rights of the author, nor to his right to obtain equitable remuneration which, in the absence of agreement, shall be fixed by competent authority."

The "preceding article" mentioned in Article 11bis(2) is Article 11bis(1), which establishes that:

"Authors of literary and artistic works shall enjoy the exclusive right of authorising: (i) the broadcasting of their works or the communication thereof to the public by any other means of wireless diffusion of signs, sounds or images; (ii) any communication to the public by wire or by rebroadcasting of the broadcast of the work, when this communication is made by an organisation other than the original one; (iii) the public communication by loudspeaker or any other analogous instrument transmitting, by signs, sounds or images, the broadcast of the work."

Article 13(1) states that:

"Each country of the Union may impose for itself reservations and conditions on the exclusive right granted to the author of a music work and to the author of any words, the recording of which together with the music work has already been authorised by the latter, to authorise the sound recording of that musical work, together with such words, if any; but all such reservations and conditions shall apply only in the countries which have imposed them and shall not, in any circumstances, be prejudicial to the rights of these authors to obtain equitable remuneration which, in the absence of agreement, shall be fixed by competent authority."

In addition to the exclusive rights mentioned in Article 11bis(1) and 13(1) the Berne Convention also provides that members may determine or impose such conditions for the exercise of exclusive rights in cases where an exclusive right is not provided as remuneration right and not as an exclusive right of authorisation, for example in the case of the resale right, or droit de suite (Article 14ter), and the so-called "Article 12 rights" of performers and producers of phonograms. Members to the Berne Convention may also determine or impose such conditions where the restriction of an exclusive right to the mere right to remuneration is allowed, for example the right to reproduction (Article 9(2)), and in the case of "residual rights", that is, a right to remuneration, usually for authors or performers, that survives the transfer of certain exclusive rights.

United States
There are several different compulsory license provisions in United States copyright law, including for non-dramatic musical compositions, public broadcasting, retransmission by cable systems, subscription digital audio transmission, and non-subscription digital audio transmission such as Internet radio. The compulsory license for non-dramatic musical compositions under Section 115 of the Copyright Act of 1976 allows a person to distribute a new sound recording of a musical work, if that has been previously distributed to the public, by or under the authority of the copyright owner. There is no requirement that the new recording be identical to the previous work, as the compulsory license includes the privilege of rearranging the work to conform it to the recording artist's interpretation. This does not allow the artist to change the basic melody or fundamental character of the work. In order to take advantage of this compulsory license the recording artist must provide notice and pay a royalty. The notice must be sent to the copyright owner, or if unable to determine the copyright owner, to the Copyright Office, within thirty days of making the recording, but before distributing physical copies. Failure to provide this notice would constitute copyright infringement. In addition to the notice to the copyright owner, the recording artist must pay a royalty to the copyright owner. This royalty is set by three copyright royalty judges. Though the compulsory license allows one to make and distribute physical copies of a song for a set royalty, the owner of the copyright in the underlying musical composition can still control public performance of the work or transmission over the radio. If the underlying musical work is well known, the work can be licensed for public performance through a performance rights organization such as ASCAP, BMI, or SESAC.

According to Register of Copyrights, Marybeth Peters, use of the section 115 license prior to the 1995 enactment of the Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act was extremely rare, with the U.S. Copyright Office receiving fewer than 20 notices of such licenses per year. By 2003, that number had risen to 214, which, while higher, was not considered by the Register to be significant.

Patents
Many patent law systems provide for the granting of compulsory licenses in a variety of situations. The Paris Convention of 1883 provides that each contracting State may take legislative measures for the grant of compulsory licenses. Article 5A.(2) of the Paris Convention reads: "Each country of the Union shall have the right to take legislative measures providing for the grant of compulsory licenses to prevent the abuses which might result from the exercise of the exclusive rights conferred by the patent, for example, failure to work. (See also Article 5A.(3) to (5) of the Paris Convention.)"

According to historian Adrian Johns, the idea of compulsory licensing "seems to have originated as a serious proposition in the 1830s, although predecessors can be traced back into the eighteenth century," and it was popular in the British anti-patent movement of the 1850s and 1860s. More recently an area of fierce debate has been that of drugs for treating serious diseases such as malaria, HIV and AIDS. Such drugs are widely available in the western world and would help to manage the epidemic of these diseases in developing countries. However, such drugs are too expensive for developing countries and generally protected by patents.

United States
In the United States, if the federal government or one of its contractors infringes a patent, the only remedy available to patent holders is a lawsuit in the Court of Federal Claims. It is the policy of the U.S. Department of Defense to allow contractors to infringe patents and to defend the contractor against patent infringement claims at government expense. Use of this provision by agencies other than Department of Defense is rare. During the 2001 anthrax attacks through the US Postal Service, the US government threatened to issue a compulsory license for the antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin, if the patent owner, Bayer, didn't lower the price to the government. Bayer lowered the price and the government backed down on the threat.

India
In India, compulsory license may be issued by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks under section 84(1) of The Patents Act, 1970, if:

 * 1) The reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented invention have not been satisfied, or,
 * 2) the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonably affordable price, or,
 * 3) the patented invention is not worked in the territory of India.

In March 2012, India granted its first compulsory license ever to Indian generic drug manufacturer Natco Pharma for Sorafenib tosylate, a cancer drug patented by Bayer.

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) also sets out specific provisions that shall be followed if a compulsory license is issued, and the requirements of such licenses. The TRIPS compulsory licensing framework was originally enshrined in its entirety within Article 31. The key tenets of Article 31 have been summarized as follows:

 * "First, compulsory licenses can only be granted by governmental bodies, although no restrictions are imposed on their nature, composition, or function (Article 31(a)). Second, each compulsory license application must be considered “on its individual merits.”180 This does not preclude WTO members from enacting laws that establish presumptions in favor of issuing compulsory licenses, but it does exclude “blanket” grants (Article 31(a)). Third, the lawful award of a compulsory license is conditional on the prospective licensee having first undertaken “efforts” to obtain a consensual license from the patentee on “reasonable commercial terms and conditions,” and that such efforts were not “successful within a reasonable period of time.” This requirement does not apply in “circumstances of extreme urgency” or for “public non-commercial use,” though the issuing WTO member must notify the patent holder of such compulsory licenses without delay (Article 31(b)). Fourth, any governmental act awarding a compulsory license must specify its scope and duration, and such limitations must legally bind the licensee (Article 31(c)). Fifth, WTO members can only issue compulsory licenses that are nonexclusive and nonassignable (Article 31(d)-(e)). Sixth, article 31(f) specifies that compulsory licenses must be “authorized predominantly for the supply of the domestic market” of the issuing country. Notably, this provision does not impose a methodology for quantifying such predominance, allowing WTO members to choose their own measuring parameters. Nevertheless, the elasticity of the word “predominantly” is not boundless, making the substance of this restriction unequivocal (Article 31(f)). Seventh, WTO members must confer an “adequate remuneration” to patent holders that are subject to compulsory licenses, based on the relevant circumstances and the economic value of the protected invention (Article 31(h)). Eighth, consistently with the rule of law principle permeating the entirety of TRIPS,WTO members must ensure that patentees have a right to judicially challenge both the issuance of a compulsory license and the amount of compensation received (Article 38(i)-(j)."

All major national patent systems comply with the TRIPs. At national lever, examples of situations in which compulsory license may be granted include lack of working over an extended period in the territory of the patent, inventions funded by the government, failure or inability of a patentee to meet a demand for a patented product and where the refusal to grant a license leads to the inability to exploit an important technological advance, or to exploit a further patent.

Article 31 has been highly divisive. Some Commentators have posited that it unjustifiably hinders WTO members’ sovereign prerogatives to issue compulsory licenses to pursue public policy objectives and remedy abusive conduct by entrenching impregnable safeguards for patentees. However, other commentators have suggested that the Article 31 "regime is built on the premise that WTO members may subject any patent, including patents on pharmaceuticals, to a compulsory license, regardless of the nature of the invention or whether it covers a product or a process at any moment in time during their protection term. Article 31 does not curtail the grounds on which a WTO member may issue compulsory licenses, nor does it dictate minimum substantive or evidentiary thresholds for such grants. Furthermore, all procedural and substantive protections for patentees mandated by this provision are built around broad and general standards, such as “reasonable commercial terms and conditions,” “circumstances of extreme urgency,” “purpose,” and “adequate remuneration,” that afford ample flexibility in their implementation. In our view, article 31 unequivocally enshrines into international intellectual property law the principle that compulsory licenses are a highly adaptable instrument that countries are free to tailor as broadly or narrowly as they deem appropriate for their domestic socioeconomic milieu. It is this ample discretion that constitutes the normative core of the TRIPS compulsory licensing regime, not the relatively narrow safeguards that it affords to patentees."

Doha Declaration
At the 2001 Fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, bolstered by swelling support from scholars and activists, a group of WTO members submitted a proposal to fundamentally reform articles 27 and 31 of TRIPS. Though this initiative was resisted by developed WTO members, it laid the ground for the unanimous adoption of the WTO Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health the “Doha Declaration”. The opening paragraphs of the Doha Declaration recognized the importance of patent protection for medical inventions but coextensively acknowledged “concerns about its effects on prices.” (“We recognize that intellectual property protection is important for the development of new medicines. We also recognize the concerns about its effects on prices.” Doha Declaration ¶ 3). This was followed by a statement reaffirming the sovereign prerogative of WTO members to grant compulsory licenses and their “freedom to determine the grounds” on which they are issued. (Doha Declaration ¶ 5) Expressing the key concern of the Doha Declaration, paragraph 6 accepted the difficulties faced by countries with insufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities in “making effective use of compulsory licensing under the TRIPS Agreement,” and it instructed the Council for TRIPS to develop an “expeditious solution.” (Expressing the key concern of the Doha Declaration, paragraph 6 accepted the difficulties faced by countries with insufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities in “making effective use of compulsory licensing under the TRIPS Agreement,” and it instructed the Council for TRIPS to develop an “expeditious solution.”). This was an explicit admission that the original TRIPS framework was flawed.

In 2003, after two years of contentious negotiations,217 the TRIPS Council adopted the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health [the “Waiver Decision”], under which it instituted a temporary “waiver” allowing WTO members to grant compulsory licenses free from the obligations imposed by articles 31(f) and 31(h) (General Council Decision, Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, WTO Doc. WT/L/540). In 2005, the WTO's General Council adopted the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement (the “Amendment Protocol”), which incorporated the substance of the Waiver Decision into TRIPS via the addition of article 31bis, its annex, and the appendix to the annex [the “Article 31bis System”] (General Council Decision, Amendment of the TRIPS Agreement, WTO Doc. WT/L/641 (Dec. 6, 2005)). The Amendment Protocol entered into force in 2017 after ratification by two-thirds of WTO members.

On 17 May 2006 the European Commission's official journal published Regulation 816/2006, which brings into force the provisions of the Doha Declaration. This means that the declaration now has legal effect in the European Union, and also in Canada who implemented it in 2005.

Article 31bis compulsory licensing has been described as follows:

 * “The Article 31bis System allows a WTO member with “insufficient or no manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical sector” (the “Importing State”) to import patented “pharmaceutical products” produced under a special export compulsory license granted by another WTO member (the “Exporting State”). Procedurally, this mechanism is structured as a dialogical interaction between an Importing State and an Exporting State. At the outset, the Importing State must send a notice to the TRIPS Council. This notice document is not subject to approval but must contain determinate information, including the pharmaceutical product(s) that will be imported and the “expected quantity” required. Moreover, unless the Importing State is an LDC, it must self-certify its lack of capabilities to produce the drug in question domestically and confirm that it has granted, or intends to grant, a compulsory license in accordance with article 31 for the patented pharmaceutical product in question. Once the TRIPS Council has received the Importing State’s notification, the Exporting State can issue an export compulsory license that must still conform with article 31 but which, crucially, is exempt from article 31(f) “to the extent necessary for the purposes of production of a pharmaceutical product(s) and its export to an eligible importing Member(s).” The terms of this compulsory license must bind the licensee both to manufacture the patented pharmaceuticals in a quantity no greater than that notified to the TRIPS Council and to export all of them to the Importing State. Additionally, these products must be clearly identifiable “through specific labelling or marking,” as well as distinguishable through special “packaging and/or colouring/shaping of the products themselves.” The Exporting State must also promptly notify the TRIPS Council that it has issued the export compulsory license and provide its terms. Prior to shipment, the licensee must create a website through which it discloses the exact quantities of pharmaceuticals supplied to the Importing State and the markings that render them distinguishable. The Exporting State is required to pay compensation to the patent holder, “taking into account the economic value to the importing Member of the use that has been authorized in the exporting Member.” Notably, a WTO member is eligible to be an Importing State only if it has notified the TRIPS Council of its intention to use the Article 31bis System. At the time of writing, thirty-seven developed WTO members have elected either not to rely on export compulsory licenses or to only rely on them in circumstances of extreme urgency. These opt-outs were expressed when the Amendment Protocol was adopted, almost as an informal political pact among technologically advanced countries not to encroach on pharmaceutical patentees’ rights. Ironically, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the short-sightedness of this accord. As several developed WTO members began to confront the inadequacy of their mRNA vaccine production capabilities and struggle to secure sufficient supplies to protect their populations, sensitivity toward the plight of patentees appears to have suddenly diminished.”

title: Compulsory license


text:
Elver

Elver may refer to:

 * Elver (fish), a juvenile eel
 * Elver pass, a river construction that allows fish & eels to migrate freely
 * Elver Eating World Championships

People

 * Elver Galarga
 * Elmore Elver
 * Hilal Elver
 * Helena Elver
 * Élver James Melchor Bañol

title: Elver