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Religion in Norway

Religion in Norway is dominated by Lutheran Christianity, with 63.7% of the population belonging to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway in 2022. The Catholic Church is the next largest Christian church at 3.1%. The unaffiliated make up 18.3% of the population. Islam is followed by 3.4% of the population.

A bill passed in 2016 and effective as of 1 January 2017 created the Church of Norway as an independent legal entity. Until the 2012 constitutional amendment Lutheranism was the state religion of the country. The Church of Norway will still obtain financial support from the state of Norway, along with other religious communities.

Early Norwegians, like most Scandinavians, were once adherents of Norse paganism; the Sámi having a shamanistic religion. Norway was gradually Christianized by Christian missionaries between 1000 and 1150. Before the Protestant Reformation in 1536/1537, Norwegians were part of the Catholic Church.

Demographics
In Norway as of 2019, 68.7% of the population are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church as compared to 96% in the 1960s. Kevin Boyle's 1997 global study of freedom of religion states that "Most members of the state church are not active adherents, except for the rituals of birth, confirmation, weddings, and burials. Some 3 per cent on average attend church on Sunday and 10 per cent on average attend church every month."

Other religious groups operate freely and people are also free not to be affiliated with any religion or life stance. Approximately 18.3% are not members of any official religious or philosophical communities, while about 13.0% of the population are members of other religious or philosophical communities outside the Church of Norway. Catholics and Muslims are each about 3% of the population and have been rising in numbers in recent years. About 1.8% of the population lists the Norwegian Humanist Association as a life stance instead of a religion. Orthodox, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists and Sikhs are present in very small numbers, together comprising about 1 percent of the population.

However officially belonging to a religion does not necessarily reflect actual religious beliefs and practices. In 2005, a survey conducted by Gallup International in sixty-five countries indicated that Norway was the least religious country in Western Europe, with 29% counting themselves as believing in a church or deity, 26% as being atheists, and 45% not being entirely certain.

According to the Eurobarometer Poll of 2010:-

 * 22% of Norwegian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God".
 * 44% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force".
 * 29% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".
 * 5% gave no response.

According to 2016 data from annual social-cultural study Norwegian Monitor (Norsk Monitor), 39 percent of Norwegians responded with "No" to the question "Do you believe in God?", while 37 percent said "Yes" and 27 percent said that they did not know. The survey also showed that women are more likely to believe in God than men and that faith in God is stronger among the old than the young.

In a 2018 European Values Study 47.1% of the Norwegian population answered "Yes" to the question "Do you believe in God?" as opposed to the 52.9% that answered "No". The country ranked fourth among the 30 countries surveyed.

From conversion to the Reformation
The conversion of Norway to Christianity began in the 1000s. The raids on the British isles and on the Frankish kingdoms had brought the Vikings in touch with Christianity. Haakon the Good of Norway, who had grown up in England, tried to introduce Christianity in the mid-10th century but had met resistance from pagan leaders and soon abandoned the idea.

Anglo-Saxon missionaries from England and Germany had tried to convert Norwegians to Christianity but only had limited success. However, they succeeded in converting Olaf I of Norway to Christianity. Olaf II of Norway (later Saint Olaf) had more success in his attempts to convert the population with many Norwegians converting in the process, and he is credited with Christianizing Norway.

The Christians in Norway often established churches or other holy sites at places that had previously been sacred under the Norse religion. The spread of conversion can be measured by burial sites as Pagans were buried with grave goods while Christians were not. Christianity had become well established in Norway by the middle of the 11th century and had become dominant by the middle of the 12th century. Stave churches were built of wood without the use of nails in the 13th century.

From the Reformation to the present
The Norwegians were Catholics until the Danish king Christian III of Denmark ordered Denmark to convert to Lutheranism in 1536 and, as Norway was then ruled by Denmark, the Norwegians converted as well. The Danish Church Ordinance was introduced in 1537 and a Norwegian Church Council officially adopted Lutheranism in 1539. Monasteries were dissolved and church property confiscated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway established and funded by the state. Bishops still adhering to Catholicism were deposed, with Olav, Archbishop of Nidaros, fleeing the country in 1537 and another bishop dying in prison in 1542. Catholicism held on in remote parts of Norway for another couple of decades, although eventually the remaining Catholics converted or fled, to the Netherlands in particular. Many pastors were replaced with Danes and Norwegian clergy being trained at the University of Copenhagen as Norway did not have a university. The Danish translation of the Bible was used as were Danish catechisms and hymns. The use of Danish in religious ceremonies had a strong influence on the development of the Norwegian language.

The church undertook a program to convert the Sámi in the 16th and 17th centuries with the program being largely successful. The University of Oslo was established in 1811 allowing priests to train in Norway. The Norwegian Constitution of 1814 did not grant religious freedom as it stated that Jews and Jesuits were denied entrance in Norway. Moreover, adherence to Lutheran Christianity was compulsory, and so was church attendance. A ban on lay preaching was lifted in 1842, allowing several free church movements and a strong lay movement being established in the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Three years later, the so-called Dissenter Law came into effect, allowing other Christian congregations to establish in Norway. Atheism became allowed as well, and the ban on Judaism was lifted in 1851. Monasticism and Jesuits were allowed, starting in 1897 and 1956 respectively.

The Norwegian Constitution was amended in 1964 allowing freedom of religion; the exceptions are the Norwegian royal family, who are required by the constitution to be Lutherans. Furthermore, at least one half of the government must belong to the state church. On 21 May 2012 the constitution was again amended to increase the autonomy of the Evangelical Lutheran Church and decrease the connection to the state.

Church pastors were active in the Norwegian resistance movement during World War II. The state church was also active in the moral debate which arose in the 1950s.

Islam

Islam is the largest non-Christian religion in Norway with about 3.4% of the population officially (about 182,000 people in 2019) and has increased by 29.6% since 2014. In 2006, 56% lived in the counties of Oslo and Akershus. Some sources report that the numbers are higher than those on the official records; the Pew Foundation calculates the number of Muslims in Norway for 2010 at about 144,000 and projects the numbers to reach 359,000 by 2030. For 2013, Professor Leirvik of the University of Oslo estimates regarding the number of people of Muslim background though not necessarily practicing in Norway at about 220,000 including people from Pakistan, Somalia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Kosovo, Iran, and Morocco. In the end of the 1990s, Islam passed the Catholic Church and Pentecostalism to become the largest minority religion in Norway (though the Catholics have regained ground since), provided Islam is seen as one united grouping, as there are different denominations in existence, such as Sunni, Shia and Ahmadiyya. In 2009, the registered Muslims were members of 126 different congregations.

Judaism
There were never many Jews in Norway. Although there are no indications of active persecution, Jews were banned from entering and residing in the dual monarchy of Denmark-Norway for long periods of time. After the split with Denmark in 1814, the new Norwegian Constitution included a notorious paragraph that banned Jews and Jesuits from entering the realm. The paragraph, which was abolished with regard to Jews in 1851 after strong political debate, appears to have been primarily aimed at the Jewish Messianic revival movements in Eastern Europe at the time, since the Sephardi and Western European Jews in many cases seem to have been exempted.

Shechita, Jewish kosher slaughter, has been banned in Norway since 1929.

741 Norwegian Jews were murdered during the Nazi occupation of Norway during World War II, and in 1946 there were only 559 Jews registered living in Norway.

Buddhism

Buddhism has existed in Norway since the beginning of the 1970s, after immigration from countries with Buddhist populations, mainly Vietnam. Buddhistforbundet (The Buddhist Federation) in Norway was established as a religious society in 1979 by two Buddhist groups (The Zen School and Karma Tashi Ling buddhistsenter) who wanted to create a common organization to preserve issues of common interest. As of 2013, there are over 30 to 50 thousand (between 0.7% and up to 1% of the total population) registered Buddhists in Norway. Around 5% of them are ethnic Norwegians.

Hinduism

Hinduism constitute 0.2% of the population of Norway.

Baháʼí Faith
The Baháʼí Faith in Norway began with contact between traveling Scandinavians with early Persian believers of the Baháʼí Faith in the mid-to-late 19th century. Baháʼís first visited Scandinavia in the 1920s following 'Abdu'l-Bahá's, then head of the religion, request outlining Norway among the countries to which Baháʼís should pioneer and the first Baháʼí to settle in Norway was Johanna Schubartt. Following a period of more Baháʼí pioneers coming to the country, Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assemblies spread across Norway while the national community eventually formed a Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly in 1962. In 2019 there were around 1100 Baháʼís in the country.

Norse religion and modern revival
Norse religion was a branch of the wider religious practices of the Germanic people prior to Christianisation and involved the worship of gods such as the Æsir, Thor and Odin. Other gods that are less prominent in the surviving sources include Ullr, the fertility god Njörðr and Frigg, who have been proposed to have previously had a greater role in regions such as Norway, before losing popularity relative to other gods.

Most information about Germanic mythology is contained in the Old Norse literature, the Eddas and later sagas. Other information comes from the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus and fragments of legends preserved in old inscriptions. Relatively little about old religious practices in Norway as most of the knowledge was lost in the gradual Christianisation.

Due to nationalistic movements in the late 18th century, Norwegian scholars found renewed interest for Norse religion, translating many of the myths to Danish (the written language in Norway at the time), popularising legends and trying to use it to create a common Norwegian culture.

A variety of Modern Pagan new religious movements known variously as Heathenry or Åsatru ("Faith of the Aesir") seek to reconstruct the pre-Christian faith practiced by the Germanic peoples such as the Norweigians prior to, and during, the Viking Age.

Sámi religion
The Sámi follow a shamanistic religion based on nature worship. The Sámi pantheon consists of four general gods: the Mother, the Father, the Son and the Daughter (Radienacca, Radienacce, Radienkiedde and Radienneida). There is also a god of fertility, fire and thunder Horagalles, the sun goddess Beive and the moon goddess Manno as well as the goddess of death Jabemeahkka.

Like many pagan religions, the Sámi traditionally see life as a circular process of life, death and rebirth. The shaman is called a Noaidi and the traditions are passed on between families with an ageing Noaidi training a relative to take his or her place after he or she dies. Training goes on as long as the Noaidi lives but the pupil had to prove his or her skills before a group of Noaidi before being eligible to become a fully-fledged shaman at the death of his or her mentor.

The Norwegian church undertook a campaign to Christianise the Sámi in the 16th and 17th century with most of the sources being missionaries. While the vast majority of the Sámi in Norway have been Christianised, some of them still follow their traditional faith and some Noaidi are still practising their ancient religion. Sami people are often more religious than Norwegians.

State policy
An act approved in 2016 created the Church of Norway as an independent legal entity, effective from 1 January 2017. The Church of Norway was previously the country's public religion, and its central administrative functions were carried out by the Royal Ministry of Government Administration, Reform and Church Affairs until 2017. The Evangelical Lutheran Church is still mentioned in the constitution.

The state also supports religious aid organisations such as Norwegian Church Aid financially. Clergy train in the theological faculties of the University of Oslo and the University of Tromsø, as well as VID Specialized University, formerly Misjonshøgskolen (School of Mission and Theology) in Stavanger and Menighetsfakultetet (MF Norwegian School of Theology) in Oslo. Menighetsfakultetet is by far the most important educational institution for the Norwegian clergy. Men and women can both become members of the clergy of the church. The church has two sacraments namely Baptism and Holy Communion.

Religious education
In 2007, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in favor of Norwegian parents who had sued the Norwegian state. The case was about a subject in compulsory school, kristendomskunnskap med religions- og livssynsorientering (Teachings of Christianity with orientation about religion and philosophy), KRL. The applicants complained that the refusal to grant full exemption from KRL prevented them from ensuring that their children received an education in conformity with their atheist views and philosophical convictions. A few years earlier, in 2004, the UN Committee on Human Rights in Geneva had given its support to the parents. In 2008 the subject was renamed to Religion, livssyn og etikk (Religion, philosophy and ethics). The majority of this course is however still tied to Christianity. Philosophy and ethics are not properly introduced until after compulsory school. The largest Christian school in Norway has 1,400 pupils and 120 employees. Kristne Friskolers Forbund is an interest group of approximately 130 Christian schools and colleges, including 12 Christian private schools.

Religious freedom
The constitution establishes that all individuals have the right to exercise their religion. The government's policies generally support the free practice of religion in the country, and it provides funding to religious organizations and anti-discrimination programs on a regular basis. According to NGOs and the Norwegian police, religiously motivated hate speech is prevalent, particularly online, and primarily targeting the Muslim and Jewish communities. The constitution of Norway establishes that "the King shall at all times profess the Evangelical-Lutheran religion".

In 2018, Norway imposed religious clothing bans targeting Muslim women.

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.

title: Religion in Norway


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Talk:Plastic arts

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 9 September 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Qchen018.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:45, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Dance is "plastic art"?
It could be, if you consider the visual, plastic aspect of dance, sort of like moving sculpture. so that sort of puts it in two categories, a plastic art, and a performing art. Tom 00:32, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

The purist would argue that the word plastic means what is says and adjoined to arts means literally the application or use of plastic in creativity. In this sense dance does not sit comfortably as an art form under this expression. But, as modern language evolves, the idiomatic and colloquial become the order of the day that even lexiconists enshrine in their dictionaries. The history of dictionaries is the history of how language changes and how meaning is diffused across a wider expression. Who would have believed that art could mean what is conceived as well as what is produced. Mmm? MAG 091205

Dance is a plastic art? Huh. -- Fplay 05:37, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Please correct me if I am wrong, but dance is not really one of the Plastic Arts is it? Duncan Smith 11:42, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * See http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/Pin.html - I'm taking Dance out of plastic arts. (also rearranged this conversation to be chronological.) Clubmarx | Talk 20:08, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Merge this article into Visual Arts
I really think that Plastic Arts needs to be merged into Visual Art and then we should drop the word Plastic. I'm a professor of sculpture, I read journals of sculpture, talk to famous sculptors, and attend academic conferences and present papers on sculpture. No one in the field of sculpture refers to the plastic arts. We all call ourselves part of the visual arts. The phrase "plastic arts" largely fell out of common use in the mid-20th century. Just look at a few Google searches: Painting - 40 million hits; Sculpture - 15 million hits; but Visual Arts - 7 million; and Plastic Arts - 420,000. The conclusion is that, while sculpture is less referenced than painting, almost no one uses the phrase plastic arts. Why does no one use it? Because sculpture took on "non-plastic media" such as installation, performance, video projection etc in the 1960's and isn't only about clay, bronze, and statuary anymore. Grhabyt 14:52, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * This term seems to still be frequently used in some languages, for example Russian. If the term fell out of use in the mid-20th century in English, then this article should say so, and preferably explain why. The wrong thing to do would be to remove mention of it altogether. Esn (talk) 04:55, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * ...some years later... and finding myself going round and round in a circle of finding sources referring to each other, or just not referring to any source, or disappearing off-line on this term - one I've never encountered as a practising sculptor - I'm formally proposing it be precised, redirected, and slipped discretely into either the sculpture section of (or a new section of) Visual art as suggested above. Either that or if you have an attachment to it having a higher profile find some reliable attributions for the term - rather than "it is said" etc. The term also implies that stone or other materials that are carved are plastic, as opposed to soft (or softenable) ones which can be "modelled" or moulded. The "discuss" template points to here. I'm watching from  Trev M   ~   03:01, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, time for the op. No comments or flags of any kind for this momentous occasion in the last 6 months. Essentially I'm going to robustly compress the page as it stands then slip it beneath the transcluded sculpture section, with a level 3 heading. This page will remain as the talk page for the redirect. Adding a note to this effect to Vis arts talk to this effect, as it's a more active page.  Trev M ~  19:27, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you should allow a little time to elapse with a note concerning this pending change on the Visual arts Talk page. That would give a larger audience notice of this and a short opportunity to speak up. Bus stop (talk) 20:07, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Didn't see your comment, Bus stop, till I'd done it. But it feels OK and I may not have had the time and concentration these sort of ops take for a while yet. Anyone feels strongly enough to revert it all, I won't cry, as long as they really think it out and don't put the Merge banners back. Best,  Trev M ~  22:06, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I've been frustrated by the use of the word "plastic" in the art world. I think an article that addresses the issue is quite important. I agree that it's used in a different way today, but we do need to preserve an article that explains the meaning of terms like "plastic art", especially in the visual arts. Combining it into a "Visual Arts" article would only work if we had redirections for all the possible alternative uses of the world "plastic", as given by this article itself. Egrabczewski (talk) 11:09, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I also just added a clarification to the lede on Plastic arts, changing "plastic" as commonly understood to be a polymer, to "plastic" as any material that shows "plasticity", etc. Because I was focusing on the material aspect of the lede, but then realized that the whole article is all over the place regarding the definition of "plastic"   It is being used to describe: a material that has plasticity, plastic as a polymer,  anything that can be physically manipulated such as stone and metal, the sense of plastic as in meanings changing in the mind, etc. etc.Since all of these things, some contradictory, are being shoved under "Plastic arts", I would argue that almost anything could be described as a plastic art from one viewpoint or another.   So I think that this information should all be part of Visual arts (in general) or tease out discrete aspects of the terms "Plastic art" and have separate articles.   I am not knowledgeable enough to do this myself, but someone with an academic arts background could set up and consider the best way to handle this.   ~  • Bobsd •  (talk) 01:27, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

Can we please continue this thread on Talk:Visual_arts now, if necessary, T, 22:30, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Removed section "artists working with plastic"
Seriously, did this contributor even *read* the article to understand what "plastic" means??? --tgeller (talk) 20:03, 12 February 2014 (UTC)

What on Earth is "arpapaiem"?
I think somebody just made this word up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.54.100.35 (talk) 17:19, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Agreed. No google results whatsoever.  • Bobsd •  (talk) 01:27, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:07, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Visual Gravity -2, 2017.jpg

Philosophy section is confusing to read
I find the Philosophy section in this article confusing to read, however I'm unsure how to edit it as I don't know where comments end and quotations begin. Hopefully someone will sort this out. Egrabczewski (talk) 11:05, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * My main thought is that the gallery is wierd & unhelpful. Johnbod (talk) 16:45, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with both. The "Philosophy" goes off into a side alley without having said anything about the "main street". But that will take a lot of reading to work up into something worthwhile. Any volunteers?
 * The gallery has no sense of purpose, has not been curated in way. It seems to be just a subjective sampling of Commons. I can't think of any redeeming feature that would justify its retention. Delete? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 17:03, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

Interlanguage links
I recommend unlinking this from the interlanguage links. "Artes plásticas" in Spanish refers to visual arts more broadly. Skimming several other languages seems to suggest the same. This article is more narrowly defining "plastic arts" as art in the medium of plastic. SilkPyjamas (talk) 17:07, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I rather doubt this. The Spanish article has 2 refs for the definition, the first of which (Merriam-Webster, in English) very dubiously gives a 2nd meaning of in effect all Visual art, but the 2nd, in Spanish, gives the same definition as here. I suspect the Spanish article should be rewritten. Johnbod (talk) 18:02, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * If you understand this article as defining plastic art as "art in the medium of plastic" (in the modern sense of hydrocarbon ploymers), we have failed. I will add a note about polymers but it is not easy because there are certainly modern artists who use polymers in their creations – most obviously artists who use acrylic paint. 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 20:24, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Plastic arts


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Talk:Haversine

This page appears to be superceded by Haversine_formula (most content is common to both pages, but Haversine_formula seems more up-to-date).

Should this page be removed, or re-directed to Haversine_formula?

Chris Veness (still new to Wikidom)

 * It's fine as it is

 * Guardian of Light 22:32, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, it should remain as it is. The haversine formula is a specific equation in spherical geometry that uses the haversine function.  Haversine should link to the article Versine that defines the function, not an article that uses the function for something.

 * This is much the same as the reason why cosine redirects to trigonometric function, not to the law of cosines.

 * —Steven G. Johnson 01:41, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haversine


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Mercado Libre

MercadoLibre, Inc. (literally "free market" in Spanish, and known as Mercado Livre in Portuguese) is an Argentine company headquartered in Montevideo, Uruguay and incorporated in Delaware in the United States that operates online marketplaces dedicated to e-commerce and online auctions. , Mercado Libre had 174.2 million users in Latin America, making it the region's most popular e-commerce site by number of visitors. The company has operations in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. In 2023 Time included Mercado Libre in the list of the 100 most influential companies in the world.

History
Mercado Libre was founded in 1999 in Argentina. Founder and CEO Marcos Galperin established the company while attending Stanford University. He acquired funding from John Muse, co-founder of HM Capital Partners. Mercado Libre received additional funding from JPMorgan Partners, Flatiron Partners, Goldman Sachs, GE Capital, and Banco Santander Central Hispano. In 1999, Mercado Libre was chosen as an Endeavor company.

In September 2001, online auction company eBay purchased a 19.5% stake in the company. eBay sold its stake in Mercado Libre in 2016, but the companies continue to collaborate to expand eBay sellers into Latin America. eBay opened its first branded store on the Mercado Libre marketplace from Chile in March 2017.

The following month, Mercado Libre acquired iBazar Como, the Brazilian subsidiary of eBay's earlier acquisition, iBazar S.A. In 2006, MercadoLibre.com launched new operations in Costa Rica, Panama, and Dominican Republic.

In August 2007, Mercado Libre became the first Latin American technology company to be listed on the NASDAQ, under the ticker MELI. Mercado Libre acquired competitor DeRemate's operations in August 2008. Mercado Libre also acquired Classified Media Group (CMG) in 2008. CMG established the Latin American e-commerce portals tucarro.com and tuinmueble.com.

In 2011, the company transitioned its platform to open source technology. The transition allowed application programming interface (API) developers to expand the platform's solutions and services. In 2013, Mercado Libre launched the MeLi Commerce Fund, dedicated to investing in technology startups that create software using Mercado Libre's APIs. By August 2016, the fund had invested US$1.5 million in 15 companies in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. Mercado Libre acquired Portal Inmobiliario, a Chilean classified ad website, in 2014. In 2015, Mercado Libre announced its acquisition of Metroscúbicos.com, the portal of Mexico-based real estate company Grupo Expansión.

In 2016, Mercado Libre relocated its Brazilian headquarters to new offices in São Paulo, Brazil. The 17,000 square meter complex, named Melicidade, held a cafeteria, auditorium, gym, beauty parlor, meeting and training rooms, and a recreation area. In March 2016, Mercado Libre announced its expansion into Córdoba, Argentina with its new software center. Mercado Libre opened its first Colombian office in Bogotá in October 2016. It was the company's fourth customer service center in Latin America, following centers in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.

On June 19, 2017, Mercado Libre brcame a NASDAQ-100 company.

In 2019, Mercado Libre opened its first distribution centers in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.

In March 2020, Mercado Libre announced its new distribution centers in Chile and Colombia. In June 2020, Mercado Libre announced its new software center in Colombia.

In March 2021, Mercado Libre announced an investment of $1.8 billion in its Brazilian operations.

Operations
Mercado Libre operates under five main business units. MarketPlace is its platform for users to sell products, Mercado Pago is its payment platform for online sales, Mercado Publicado is the advertising portion of Mercado Libre, Mercado Shops is a tool designed to enhance the platform's overall ecosystem, and Mercado Crédito is the company's credit line.

Mercado Libre's MarketPlace is a platform designed to match buyers and sellers. Customers bid for items or pay a set price for offered products. Items are delivered after payment, and users can provide feedback. 3,000 official stores or brands work with Mercado Libre.

Mercado Libre also runs a real estate and motors division under the name Mercado Libre Classificados. Realtors pay a monthly fee to list properties and automobiles on the Mercado Libre platform.

Mercado Libre launched MercadoPago, a secure payment system, to diversify payment options. MercadoPago processed 138.7 million transactions in 2016, which was a 73% improvement from 2015. Launched in 2012, MercadoShops was designed to allow small and medium-sized companies to open virtual stores on their existing websites. The stores feature integration with social network sites. In October 2014, a mobile app was released for MercadoPago which used a credit card reader to allow charges to be processed using a tablet or smartphone using a QR code. The company expanded MercadoPago into Colombia in July 2016.

Mercado Crédito's credit process works with buyers and sellers. Rate types for credit lines are determined through a borrower profile.

title: Mercado Libre


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Cultural attaché

A cultural attaché is a diplomat with varying responsibilities, depending on the sending state of the attaché. Historically, such posts were filled by writers and artists, giving them a steady income, and allowing them to develop their own creative work while promoting their country's culture abroad. However, many countries’ cultural attachés serve a different purpose.

Gulf countries
The purpose of the Gulf countries’ cultural attachés is to preside over the post-secondary education of their nationals, especially those who are state-sponsored to study abroad or those in educational programs created by the state. As such, these cultural attachés work under their countries’ equivalent to a ministry of education rather than a ministry of culture or a ministry of Foreign Affairs. In other words, where an ambassador is the head of mission sent by the ministry of foreign affairs to serve the relations between the host country and the sending country, a cultural attaché in the Gulf is the head of mission sent by the ministry of education to oversee the education of the nationals of the sending country in the host country. This head-of-mission-status gives the Gulf states' cultural attachés high-ranking diplomatic status as opposed to other countries in which the role of cultural attachés is not as important nor vital.

For instance, the Saudi Arabian cultural attaché could be sent by the Ministry of Education to supervise and manage medical training programs that train Saudi Arabian medical students in universities and hospitals abroad (as well as performing the aforementioned responsibilities of overseeing other state-sponsored students and programs).

United States
American cultural attachés have historically been known to be spies posing as diplomats. While this tactic was used primarily during the Cold War against Eastern European states allied with the Soviet Union, the United States has sent spies posing as diplomats to Latin America, the Middle East, and North Africa. This is a highly effective intelligence tactic because cultural attachés have a very broad purpose and are covered by diplomatic immunity, protected by international law should they be accused of espionage.

title: Cultural attaché


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Talk:Sound science

This article has been copied from Sourcewatch (former Disinfopedia). This article can be found under http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sound_science and is copyrighted under the GFDL. The history as of was: 18:42, 7 Mar 2005 Neoconned M    (add to Category:Doublespeak) 19:32, 21 Oct 2004 Bob Burton M  (add links) 19:31, 21 Oct 2004 Bob Burton M 23:17, 13 May 2004 Bob Burton M  (minor formatting) 22:39, 13 May 2004 Laura Miller  (added article) 21:24, 1 Mar 2004 Laura Miller 21:13, 1 Mar 2004 Laura Miller 02:07, 1 Mar 2004 Sheldon Rampton 20:05, 20 Jan 2004 Laura Miller M (typo ) 20:04, 20 Jan 2004 Laura Miller

Cacycle 11:45, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
The links cited as references in this article are either (a) from a biased source all supporting the same viewpoint or (b) lacking in factual correctness. In addition, as noted above, the original source of the article's text was derived from SourceWatch, a site whose neutrality is also debated. The references make a stab at George W. Bush without linking to any primary source of Bush using the phrase, and the article does not make an effort to neutrally define the term "sound science" without immediately casting aspersions as to nefariousness in government or industry. --Dachannien 16:00, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I added International gov't agencies and environmental groups. Should be neutral now.

 * But bear in mind that liberals consider their side to be neutral, and that "presenting both sides" in disputes on environmental issues is "biased". --Uncle Ed 14:44, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think this article is NPOV righ now. No merging with "junk science".Biophys 17:51, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sound science


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Uddingston

Uddingston (Uddinstoun, Baile Udain) is a small town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is on the north side of the River Clyde, south-east of Glasgow city centre, and acts as a dormitory suburb for the city.

Geography and boundaries
Uddingston is located 7 mi to the south-east of Glasgow city centre and approximately 2 mi east of the Glasgow City Council boundary (ending at the former Glasgow Zoo at Broomhouse - part of Baillieston). It is bounded to the south-west by the River Clyde as it flows north-west towards Glasgow, separating Uddingston, along with some woodland, from the neighbouring towns of Blantyre to the south and Cambuslang to the west. As such, the Clyde Walkway and National Cycle Route 75 both traverse the town. The nearest settlement to Uddingston is the large village of Bothwell, almost contiguous to the south-east; the two main streets are 2 mi apart.

The village of Uddingston, which is contained exclusively within the boundaries of South Lanarkshire, houses around 6,400 residents. However, the nearby North Lanarkshire settlements of Tannochside, Calderbraes, Fallside, Viewpark, Birkenshaw and Spindlehowe form almost a continuous conurbation with Uddingston (although separated by the M74 motorway) and are often considered districts of Uddingston due to its greater historic significance. The population of this larger "Greater Uddingston" manifestation is approximately 23,000 residents, and shares a boundary with the nearby town of Bellshill (the town centres are 3 mi apart). Within South Lanarkshire, the combined population of Uddingston and Bothwell (which is also a council ward) is around 13,000, and is located about 4+1/2 mi north-west of Hamilton.

Facilities
Uddingston is home to Tunnock's confectionery factory, famed for its caramel wafers and tea cakes. The factory (which also operates a small tea room on the Main Street) contributes much to the village's economy, as does the industrial estate and retail park located on Bellshill Road; this is named Bothwell Park but is located within Uddingston. In earlier times, coal mining was a major industry.

Uddingston has three supermarkets and traditional main street shops with a selection of restaurants and pubs. It also has several sports clubs including two municipal gyms, a multi-sports club featuring cricket (established in 1883, with the Bothwell Castle Cricket Ground having hosted List A cricket), hockey (established in 1975), rugby union (Uddingston RFC, established in 1906) and running, and a combined bowling and tennis club (formed 1863) within the centre of the village, plus Calderbraes Golf Club to the north-west, Bothwell Castle Golf Club immediately to the south and a Junior football club, Thorniewood United (based in Viewpark) in the vicinity.

Uddingston was also home to Glasgow Zoo from when it opened in 1947 until its closure in 2003; it was once a major attraction before folding due to lack of finances. The site now contains several private housing developments, effectively creating a new suburb known as Broomhouse which, despite sharing Uddingston's G71 postcode, lies within the boundaries of neighbouring Glasgow City Council and is geographically closer to the east end suburb of Baillieston than Uddingston.

Transport
Uddingston railway station is served by ScotRail trains, typically running two hourly services on the Argyle Line and a third hourly service on the Shotts Line, all of which use the nearby Uddingston Viaduct, a Category A listed structure from the late 19th century. On the train running to Dalmuir or Milngavie via Glasgow, the next stop to the west is Cambuslang; Glasgow Central is six stops and approximately 16 minutes' journey time from Uddingston on the Argyle line, and one or two stops (dependent on the train) from Glasgow Central on the Edinburgh line train, a journey time of roughly twelve minutes. In the opposite direction towards Larkhall and Lanark on the Argyle line, the next stop to the south is Motherwell, while on the Edinburgh line, the next stop to the east is Bellshill.

Uddingston is served by three buses, two operated by First Glasgow and one by Coakley. Routes 255 and 240 run from Motherwell to Buchanan bus station in Glasgow. The 255 runs through Hamilton and Bothwell then through the east end of Glasgow via Parkhead to the city centre. The 240 runs via Bellshill and adjoins with the 255's route after Uddingston. The Coakley 107 service runs circularly through Uddingston, Hamilton, Wishaw, Motherwell and Bellshill.

The M74 motorway runs directly to the north and east of Uddingston, with junctions situated at either end of the town (J3A Daldowie giving access to the M73 and M8, and J5 Raith for the major A725 which also links to the M8). Its construction has led to a physical separation of the southern centre of Uddingston from the peripheral settlements to the north, with the motorway being used as the administrative border when the local authority areas of North Lanarkshire and South Lanarkshire were created in the 1990s.

Education
There are two local primary schools, the Roman Catholic St John the Baptist Primary on North British Road (which has a catchment area beyond the motorway into North Lanarkshire) and the non-denominational Muiredge Primary on Watson Street. Uddingston Grammar School, the non-denominational secondary school, is located on the Meadowbank floodplain off Old Glasgow Road; originally founded in 1884, the school relocated to a new campus adjacent to the old buildings in 2009 (a year behind schedule). In addition to Muiredge and Bothwell, Uddingston Grammar's catchment extends past both the M74 and the Clyde, being associated with feeder primary schools in Birkenshaw, Viewpark and Newton (Cambuslang). The closest Roman Catholic secondary schools are Holy Cross High School, Hamilton and Cardinal Newman High School, Bellshill.

Notable residents
The wider Uddingston area has been home to a few successful footballers: Jimmy Johnstone, George McCluskey and John Higgins of Celtic; Tommy McQueen (Aberdeen, West Ham, Clyde, Falkirk); Iain Munro (player, coach and manager, Hibernian, St Mirren, Sunderland); Gary MacKenzie (Dundee, Blackpool); Lindsay Hamilton (Stenhousemuir, Rangers, St Johnstone, Dunfermline); and John Robertson who most notably played at Nottingham Forest, winning the European Cup.

Barry Burns, the pianist/guitarist of the Scottish instrumental group Mogwai, comes from Uddingston.

Uddingston was the birthplace of James W. Black (14 June 1924 – 22 March 2010), the Scottish doctor and pharmacologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for work leading to the discovery of Propranolol and Cimetidine.

title: Uddingston


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Talena Atfield

Talena A. L. Atfield (born January 14, 1983) is a retired Canadian bass guitarist and Indigenous persons historian of the University of Waterloo, best known as a former member of the heavy metal group Kittie.

Early Life
Atfield grew up in London, Ontario, the elder sister of two children. At age 14, she received her first guitar as a Christmas present from her parents, inspiring her to play music later on. She cites Bon Jovi as an influence, as her parents introduced her to their music at age nine. Throughout her youth, she would float around memberships with various bands and gigs, but none would persist past a few gigs.

With Kittie
Atfield had just about given up on playing in a band when she received a phone call from Mercedes Lander. Atfield was asked to replace local band Kittie as their bassist Tanya Candler had just left for "personal reasons". Talena had been a supporter of Kittie and was happy to join them so she learned how to play bass guitar in two weeks to go out to New York to film the video for "Brackish".

In 1999, Atfield joined Kittie to replace Tanya Candler on bass guitar. Although she did not play on Spit, the first studio album by Kittie, the cover art on later pressings was changed to represent her presence in the band. She performed on their second album, Oracle and the band's accompanying live appearances. During her tenure with Kittie, her primary equipment consisted of various ESP-LTD guitars and a BC Rich Custom Widow 5 string; these models would be revoked after quitting the band.

On March 21, 2002, Atfield left Kittie after creative disputes and an ultimatum over conditions of a newly written contract. She was replaced by ex-SPINE member Jennifer Arroyo. According to a message forum on kittie.net:

''"I would like to clear something up, the money wasn't an issue for me and that was not the reason for my departure, they replaced me before I even left. They gave me an ultimatum, to sign something I was unable to sign because it did not benefit me in the least and did not give me control over myself, they said to sign it or leave because they had already found someone new to play bass. And that right there was enough for me to decide on, if they could replace me that quickly without even talking to me then they obviously didn't want me there anyways. They can state whatever reasons they want for me leaving. They don't even know why because they never even called me to talk to me about it, they had Jeff call me to tell me the news, and I am sure it makes them look better if I am a "money grubbing whore" or so they have been saying." -TALENA ATFIELD''

After Kittie
Atfield was also a member of Fallon Bowman's Amphibious Assault industrial music project.

Atfield served on a judging panel for America's Hot Musician, a reality talent competition for instrumental musicians, alongside Duke Ellington Orchestra alumnus Gregory Charles Royal and National Symphony Orchestra violinist Marissa Regni. The show was to air on the Oxygen Network in July 2007. An attorney representing the current incarnation of Kittie served American Youth Symphony (producers of America's Hot Musician) a cease-and-desist letter for their use of clips from the band's video "What I Always Wanted" in the opening sequence of the show.

After retiring from the music industry in 2009, Atfield would go on to receive a doctorate In Anthropology at the University of Toronto, and currently specializes in Indigenous relations and history. In a July 2022 interview with Media Relations, it is revealed that she is a member of the Kanien'kehá:ka Nation of the Six Nations of the Grand River, an Indigenous peoples society primarily based in Canada.

title: Talena Atfield


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Peter de Montfort

Peter de Montfort (or Piers de Montfort) (c. 1205 – 4 August 1265) of Beaudesert Castle was an English magnate, soldier, and diplomat. He is the first person recorded as having presided over Parliament as a parlour or prolocutor, an office now known as Speaker of the House of Commons. He was one of those elected by the barons to represent them during the constitutional crisis with Henry III in 1258. He was later a leading supporter of Simon de Montfort against the King. Both he and Simon de Montfort were slain at the Battle of Evesham on 4 August 1265.

Life
Peter de Montfort was the son of Thurstan de Montfort (d.1216) by a daughter of William I de Cantilupe (d.1239) of Aston Cantilupe, Warwickshire, Steward of the Household to King John.

Montfort's principal estate was at Beaudesert Castle near Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire, said to have been built by an earlier Thurstan de Montfort (died c.1170) on land granted by his great-uncle, Henry de Newburgh; in 1141, Thurstan de Montfort had from the Empress Maud a charter for a market to be held at the castle every Sunday. It is thought to have been Peter de Montfort who walled the inner bailey in stone, work said to have been completed in January 1216.

After his father's death, Peter de Montfort's wardship was granted by King John to his grandfather, William I de Cantilupe (d.1239), and during that time Montfort developed a lasting friendship with his uncle, Walter de Cantilupe, Bishop of Worcester from 1238 to 1266. In 1236, he made a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostella in the company of another of his uncles, William II de Cantilupe (d.1251). In 1242, he attended Henry III on an expedition to Poitou. At some earlier date, he took part in a prohibited tournament at Cambridge, as a result of which the King took his lands from him; they were restored in 1245.

Beaudesert was only nine miles from Kenilworth, which from 1244 on was the base of Simon de Montfort. According to Carpenter, it was likely this proximity which drew Montfort into the Earl's circle. He attested a number of the Earl's charters, and in the early autumn of 1248 was in his retinue while the Earl was Seneschal in Gascony. He had returned to England by 1251, when he was given custody of Horston Castle in Derbyshire, but by 1253 was back in Gascony.

Montfort accompanied the King's son, the future Edward I, to Spain when he married Eleanor of Castile in the summer of 1254, and on 19 September of that year acted as surety at Bordeaux for the King's debts. For the next two years he was sent on diplomatic missions by Henry III; however his foreign service appears to have ended in 1257, by which time he was a member of the royal council, had received an appointment in the Welsh Marches, and was serving as High Sheriff of Staffordshire and Shropshire.

In April 1258, he and Simon de Montfort were among the seven magnates who revolted against Henry III (the Second Barons' War). He and the Earl were also among the twelve magnates who drew up plans for reform (the Provisions of Oxford), and were on the council of fifteen members set up to govern England in the King's name. He presided over a Parliament at Oxford in 1258, dubbed the "Mad Parliament" by the King's supporters, and was thus the earliest recorded presiding officer of the Commons, an office later known as Speaker, but then referred to as 'parlour' or 'prolocutor'. In the autumn of 1259 he was with the King and Queen when they travelled to France to arrange a peace with Louis IX. In the same year he was named an executor of Simon de Montfort's will.

On 12 April 1261, shortly before his death, Pope Alexander IV issued a papal bull which absolved Henry III of the oath he had taken to keep the Provisions of Oxford; when the King made this known in June of that year, Peter de Montfort was one of three arbitrators elected by the barons to negotiate with the King on their behalf. According to Cokayne, Montfort 'was now beginning to associate himself definitely with the baronial party', and as a result, the Sheriff of Warwickshire was ordered to prevent him from fortifying Beaudesert Castle. He took part with other barons in attacking Worcester, which fell on 28 February 1263 after several assaults. A temporary peace between the King and the barons was arranged in July of that year, and Montfort was given charge of Corfe Castle and Shirburn Castle.

Simon de Montfort had left England after Henry III's return to power, but was back in the country in April 1263. In March 1264 civil war again broke out, and Peter de Montfort sided with Simon de Montfort against the King. On 2 April 1264 he had a safe conduct to Brackley to meet with Henry III's envoys; however on the following day he and his two sons, Peter and Robert, were at Northampton Castle when the Keeper surrendered it to Simon de Montfort the Younger. On 5 April the castle was retaken by the King, and Peter de Montfort and his sons were taken prisoner and transported to Windsor. They were released after Simon de Montfort's victory at the Battle of Lewes.

During the subsequent dominance of Simon de Montfort, Peter de Montfort became one of a nine-member council forced upon the King in June 1264. Thereafter he played a principal role in the government of the county. On 11 September he was appointed one of the envoys who negotiated the reformation of the English government in the presence of Louis IX of France and the Papal Legate. On 16 November he and his heirs were granted the manor of Garthorpe, Leicestershire. On 20 December he was granted custody of Whittington Castle and Hereford Castle. He accompanied Simon de Montfort when the latter journeyed into Wales, and was joint keeper of the royal seal during that time.

He was with Simon de Montfort in his final campaign, and was slain with him at the Battle of Evesham on 4 August 1265. His two sons, Peter and Robert, who also took part in the battle, were both wounded and taken prisoner.

His place of burial is unknown. He was survived by his wife, Alice. His heirs in the male line died out in 1367.

Peter de Montfort's arms were Bendy of eight, Or and azure, although a seal of Peter de Montfort shows only bendy of six.

Marriage and issue
Montfort married Alice Audley, daughter of Henry Audley, by whom he had two sons, Peter and Robert.

His eldest son, Peter de Montfort (d. before 4 March 1287), succeeded him. On 28 June 1267 he was pardoned by Henry III for 'all trespasses at the time of the disturbance in the kingdom', and eventually recovered part of his father's lands. He married Maud de la Mare, daughter of Sir Henry de la Mare (d.1257), of Ashtead, Surrey, by whom he had a son, John, and two daughters, Elizabeth and Alice:

 * John de Montfort, Baron Montfort (d. before 11 May 1296). In 1280 his father granted his marriage to Edward I's wife, Eleanor of Castile. John de Montfort was summoned to Parliament on 24 June 1296 by writ directed Iohanni de Monte Forti, 'whereby he is held to have become Lord Montfort'. Before 28 March 1287 he married Alice de la Plaunche, the daughter of William de la Plaunche, by whom he had a son and heir, John de Montfort, 2nd Baron Montfort (1291 – 24 June 1314), who took part in the death of King Edward II's favourite, Piers Gaveston, for which he was eventually pardoned. He was slain at the Battle of Bannockburn, dying unmarried and without issue, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Peter de Montfort, 3rd Baron Montfort (d. before 24 January 1370), who also died without legitimate male issue, at which time any barony created by writ fell into abeyance among his two sisters.
 * Elizabeth de Montfort, who married William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu, by whom she was the mother of four sons and seven daughters, including William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury; Simon Montagu, successively Bishop of Worcester and Bishop of Ely; Elizabeth Montagu, Prioress of Holywell Priory; and Maud and Isabel Montagu, successively Abbesses of Barking Abbey.
 * Alice de Montfort, who married firstly Warin de Lisle (d. before 7 December 1296), by whom she was the mother of Robert de Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle (d. 4 January 1343), and secondly Robert FitzWalter, 1st Baron FitzWalter.

title: Peter de Montfort


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Talk:Zwischenzug

good example?
In my opinion, the game in the diagram doesn't illustrate what I think Zwischenzug is. I may be wrong, but I thought Zwischenzug came in two flavors:

1. as a tempo move. For instance, if a rook, bishop, or queen is attacking on a rank, file, or diagonal, (or a king attacking something) it moves to another square on that line and the opponent is in zugzwang.

2. pretty much as described in the first paragraph. For instance, your opponent forks two of your pieces. But you give check with one of them, opponent has to get out of check, then you rescue the other one.

To me, the game shown doesn't illustrate it. --Bubba73 23:13, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the position isn't a typical zwischenzug. Typically one is expecting a certain move (or one of a very small number of moves) and the zwischenzug is outside of that set of moves.  But what is the expected move in the given sequence?  White surely doesn't expect Black to queen the pawn and lose it.  White just thinks he has defended adequately and is waiting for Black to make some other plan.  Black's winning move is surprising, to be sure, and interferes with White's planned tactical sequence, but that seems to be a few croutons short of a salad.

 * In my experience a zwischenzug interrupts a chain of "if I do X, he MUST do Y, and then I can do Z". It turns out that my opponent doesn't have to do Y, and I never get to do Z, but if I didn't think "he must do Y" then any move other than Y isn't really a zwischenzug.  The thoguht process given in the article is a subtly different "if I do X, then he CAN'T do Y, or else I can do Z".  Sure enough, the opponent DOESN'T do Y, so it isn't clear in what sense the move actually played is a zwischenzug.  --Fritzlein 03:10, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree this isn't a good example, so I removed it. Broken S 23:44, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

....but the article still needs an example
I can see from the previous versions of the article that an incorrect example of zwischenzug was posted and then removed, but the example should have been edited or replaced. Completely getting rid of a section of an article without attempting to fix it isn't a very good thing to do on wikipedia.--67.184.163.248 18:11, 6 November 2005 (UTC)Ikiroid

Stub?
A year later, it looks like there are two extremely good examples. I don't think this article is a stub anymore. If no one disagrees, I'm going to remove the stub template from the article.

...Done. --Jorend 19:46, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Pronounciation?
Can someone post a pronounciation of Zwischenzug? Is it Zwee-shen-zug? Zwee-shen-zoog? or something else? Ziiv 08:06, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a German word, pronounced "tsvishen-tsook". 84.70.166.114 14:28, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

g5?
The last line says: "After a move like 11.Qc1, Black could then either take the bishop or consider still a further zwischenzug with 11...Bd6 or 11...g5.". I understand the whole article, except for the last move. Why would black play g5? What am I missing here? Thanks. Van der Hoorn 18:52, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Because the f4 bishop is pinned against White's king, so it can't move and Black will soon capture it. However, he might prefer to do this with his bishop or pawn rather than his knight if he wants to leave the knight in a good position. Here's the situation:

Not B-class
I do not think this article is up to B-class standards, because it is missing a lot of content. There is no History section, the Lead seem to be a full section while it should be a summary of the rest of the article, the fact that it is a common tactical feat could be expanded, etc. My own inclination would be to rate it as Start-class but I may be biased by the fact that it is a short article; so for the moment I will rate it as C-class. Please feel free to discuss the matter. SyG (talk) 09:08, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

 * What is the "history" of Zwischenzug in chess? I sure haven't heard of any. It is a short article, but there isn't much to say on the subject.  The paper encyclopedias have a lot less than this.  The Oxford Companion has two sentences, an example, and then one paragraph of discussion.  Golombek has about two sentences and an example.  Sunnucks has no entry.  Bubba73 (talk), 00:21, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I also believe that the article is of "high" importance because it comes up so frequently in games. Bubba73 (talk), 03:33, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the zwischenzug is a moderately important tactical idea, so I have no problem with the "Mid" importance level. Otherwise, I agree with Bubba73. This article is as good as the entries for "zwischenzug" in every print chess encyclopedia or dictionary in English put together. We're getting awfully utopian if we're debating whether it's Start-Class or C-Class. Looks like a solid B to me. Krakatoa (talk) 07:06, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I fully agree the paper encyclopediae have a lot less than this. My assessment of articles is more done in comparison with Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment than with other encyclopediae. In that respect my estimates against Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria would be:
 * "suitably referenced": yes it is, even if the reference of the first section is a bit weak (not that authoritative)
 * "reasonably covers the topic, and does not contain obvious omissions or inaccuracies": no because of some missing sections like "History", "Impact on the game", ... The "history" of Zwischenzug could contain two different sections, one dealing with the history of the word, and another dealing with the history of the trick itself.
 * "has a defined structure, including a lead section and all appropriate sections of content": no because the article seems like just a list of examples. Also, the Lead should not contain any information that is not in the other sections, while here the Lead is constructed as a section in itself.
 * "reasonably well written": yes it is, as far as B-class would be concerned.
 * "contains supporting materials": yes it does.
 * "presents its content in an appropriately accessible way": yes it does, even if chess articles will always have a problem with the notation.
 * This is why I would not say this article is up to B-class for the moment. SyG (talk) 07:30, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know what exactly to do with the first paragraph of the lead in a short article like this. It seems that if I have a separate section explaining what zwischenzug means (rather than explaining that in the lead itself), I'll basically end up just repeating the first paragraph - so the reader will read two essentially identical paragraphs, with one different paragraph sandwiched in between them. That can't be good.

 * Asking when the first zwischenzug occurred is sort of like asking when the first fork appeared. There's no way we can ever know. I mentioned the earliest example I know of (1924), but there is no way that can be the first. Surely players like Staunton, Anderssen, Morphy, Steinitz, etc. must have had occasion to play zwischenzugs, whether or not they called them that. I did find some interesting stuff by Edward Winter on the first use of the term itself, which turns out to have been in 1938 by my almost-namesake Fred Reinfeld. He also used it in 1941, in an example cited by the OED, so he was evidently a real linguistic pioneer here.  I think the article is about as good as I can make it. Krakatoa (talk) 09:21, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The section you added is exactly what I was thinking to. Great! SyG (talk) 10:11, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * There just isn't that much "history" for something like this. Opening theory has developed and continues to develop.  The rules change with time.  But has zwischenzug theory changed?  Are there books written about zwischenzug theory? Bubba73 (talk), 14:53, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

(Unindent) Glad we finally managed to get the article to SyG's satisfaction, more or less. :-) To answer Bubba73's questions, I think the answer is "no" to both. It's sort of like "fork theory"; there is no such thing. Either the zwischenzug works or it doesn't. That's true whether you're living in, say, Philidor's time (virtually none of his games survive, but I'm sure he must have played some zwischenzugs), or ours. Krakatoa (talk) 16:08, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * In all seriousness, SyG, I thought you were being totally unreasonable, but now the article is better than I thought was possible. Thanks for the prod. Krakatoa (talk) 17:47, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I've worked on several articles SyG demoted from B to C, and in (I think) all of the cases, the lead section was not proper. I didn't know until recently that the lead was supposed to be able to stand on its own and summarize the rest of the article.  I wrote them more as an introduction.  But to say that a history section is missing when there just isn't anything that fits is a bit different.  What is the history of the checkmate with K+R vs. K?  What was the first endgame with opposite colored bishops?  It must have occurred shortly after the bishop got its current move about 500 years ago, but no one knows.  It is like asking who is the first person to see the Moon.  Bubba73 (talk), 22:10, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The concept that the lead should stand on its own is also relatively new to me. I don't like that rule when one is dealing with short articles, and don't think it works well for them, as discussed above. (You just end up saying everything twice.) It works somewhat better for longer articles, but even there I'm not wild about it. (My original lead for First-move advantage in chess got a lot longer than what I'd written, but I'm happy with it.)

 * I basically agree with you on the history part, too. I do think that coming up with what Winter says about the earliest use of the term "zwischenzug" was useful and interesting. But on the other part, you're right of course. One can with much effort find early examples of what we'd call zwischenzugs, but there's no way one will come up with anything like "the first zwischenzug." Nor do I think that trying to chronicle the history of zwischenzugs (as distinct from the history of use of the word zwischenzug) is very useful. I don't think it makes any sense to, say, talk about how zwischenzugs have evolved over the centuries (while one can talk about how opening theory, conceptions about White's advantage, players' views on exchange sacrifice, etc. have evolved). Ironically, if I recall correctly, SyG himself couldn't get bughouse chess to FA because people demanded a history section, an impossible task since no one's written about the history and original research is forbidden. Trying to come up with "zwischenzug history" is even more daunting: while someone had to come up with the rules of bughouse chess, and so it's in principle possible to document that, zwischenzugs occur in a completely ad hoc, random way. Krakatoa (talk) 23:52, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * And thanks for adding the stuff from Winter. Bubba73 (talk), 00:16, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Reading your comments, I understand finding "the first" zwischenzug is just looking for El Dorado, and I do not want to look like Aguirre. A possible way of circumvent the difficulty would be to use sentences like "zwischenzug has always been used as an important tactical resource, and its use can be traced back as early as XXXX in the game Durand against Dupont". That way we do not care about the first, but we still give a bit of history with the first we could find. SyG (talk) 18:23, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know of any reference that says that zwischenzug has always been used (but it must be true). Similarly, I don't know of any reference that says there have always been opposite-colored bishop games, etc.  The later must have occurred shortly after the bishop got its current move, but I don't know of any source that says that. Zwischenzug must have been used even before the current rules, but I don't know of anything that says that.  In this case he did find the first use of the word, but what was the first use of the term "opposite colored bishops"? Most of your "missing history section"s are the same way. Bubba73 (talk), 23:40, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

L. Steiner-Helling - move numbering wrong
In this section: Instead, Black first played the zwischenschach 16...Bh2+! Now 17.Kxh2 Qxf2 loses White's queen. The game continued 18.Kf1 Bg3! I think that "The game continued" should go to move 17, because "17.Kxh2 Qxf2" never happened. Am I right? If so, every number after that should be fixed. - Dan Morris —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.189.199.222 (talk) 12:46, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You are right, I corrected it. Bubba73 (talk), 15:20, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

another example
My 60 Memorable Games as one on page 289, Fischer-Benko, 1963. I may enter it someday. I think there is at least one more in the book. Bubba73 (talk), 02:53, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

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earliest use
Searching on Zwischenzug Schach at google books yields plenty of German language publications before 1933. Presumably that's where Reinfeld got the word from. He probably read it, liked it, and slipped it into his English language books and columns. Being a popular author, it then spread to the English-speaking chess world. Winter was probably only considering English language publications. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 09:18, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zwischenzug


text:
Somer–Lucas pseudoprime

In mathematics, in particular number theory, an odd composite number N is a Somer–Lucas d-pseudoprime (with given d ≥ 1) if there exists a nondegenerate Lucas sequence $$U(P,Q)$$ with the discriminant $$D=P^2-4Q,$$ such that $$\gcd(N,D)=1$$ and the rank appearance of N in the sequence U(P, Q) is
 * $$\frac{1}{d}\left(N-\left(\frac{D}{N}\right)\right),$$

where $$\left(\frac{D}{N}\right)$$ is the Jacobi symbol.

Applications
Unlike the standard Lucas pseudoprimes, there is no known efficient primality test using the Lucas d-pseudoprimes. Hence they are not generally used for computation.

title: Somer–Lucas pseudoprime


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Blaise Diagne

Blaise Diagne (13 October 1872 – 11 May 1934) was a French political leader and mayor of Dakar. He was the first person of West African origin elected to the French Chamber of Deputies, and the first to hold a position in the French government.

Background
Born in Gorée to a Senegalese Lebu father—Niokhor Diagne—a cook and sailor, and a Manjack mother of Guinea-Bissau origin—Gnagna Anthony Preira. Diagne was adopted as a child by the Crespin family who were of mixed race origin from Gorée and Saint-Louis, and Christians. They baptised him as "Blaise". He studied in France before joining the French customs service in 1892. He served in Dahomey (modern day Benin), French Congo (now Republic of the Congo), Réunion, Madagascar, and French Guiana. In September 1899, while in Réunion, Diagne became a freemason, joining a lodge affiliated with the Grand Orient de France.

Political career
Diagne was elected to the Chamber of Deputies of France in 1914 as the representative for the Four Communes. During World War I, Diagne helped the French to conscript Senegalese citizens into the regular French Army. The Four Communes were subsequently ensured citizenship status in France.

He was reelected several times, serving until his death in 1934. From 1914 to 1917 he caucused with the Marxist-socialist Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière, forerunner of the French Socialist Party, before affiliating with the Independents led by Georges Mandel. In 1914 after recently becoming the newly elected deputy of Senegal, Blaise Diagne was critical in the government intervention in an outbreak of plague which struck Dakar.

In 1916 Diagne convinced the French parliament to approve a law (Loi "Blaise Diagne") granting full citizenship to all residents of the so-called Four Communes in Senegal: Dakar, Gorée, Saint-Louis, and Rufisque. This extension of citizenship occurred during World War I when the French needed to recruit its African population into the military. As part of Diagne's deal with the French to grant citizenship, he helped them organize military recruitment in Senegal.

This measure constituted a considerable element of the French colonial policy of a "civilizing mission" (mission civilisatrice). He was a leading recruiter for the French army during World War I, when thousands of black West Africans fought on the Western Front for France.

After the war, Diagne embarked on an administrative career in addition to his responsibilities as a parliamentary deputy. From October 1918 to January 1920 he served as Commissioner General of the Ministry of the Colonies with supervision of military personnel from the colonies and workers from France's African possessions. He represented France in the International Labor Office, the secretariat of the International Labour Organization, in 1930. From January 1931 to February 1932 he was Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, a junior level cabinet position. From 1920 to 1934 he served as mayor of Dakar.

He died in Cambo-les-Bains in 1934.

Legacy
He was a pioneer of African electoral politics and an advocate of equal rights for all, regardless of race. He encouraged African accommodation of French rule and the adoption of French cultural and social norms. Though he was ahead of his time in 1914, by the later years of his life, African colonial politics had passed him by. He continued to advocate an African role in France while most Western-educated African elites embraced African nationalism and worked for eventual independence from the colonial powers. African-American historian and Pan-Africanist W. E. B. Du Bois faulted him harshly for a perceived lack of commitment to African interests "...Diagne is a Frenchman who is accidentally black. I suspect Diagne rather despises his own black Wolofs."

It is alleged that he was not buried in the Muslim cemetery of Soumbedioune in Dakar because of his freemasonry. However, a large boulevard (Avenue Blaise Diagne) and a high school (Lycée Blaise Diagne) in Dakar were named in his honor, as well as Senegal's new international airport, Blaise Diagne International Airport in Ndiass, 52 km outside of Dakar.

His son Raoul was the first black man to play professional football in France and had great success playing for Racing Club de France in the late 1930s, winning the French title in 1936 and the French cup in 1936, 1939, and 1940.

His like-named grandson was born in Paris in 1954 to his son Adolphe (1907–1985, a French medical officer). The younger Blaise became mayor of the French village of Lourmarin in the Lubéron mountains of Provence in 2001 and was reelected in 2008. According to him the memory of his grandfather was scarcely mentioned within the family, "but my parents have always been very discreet about this family history" (Mais mes parents ont toujours été très discrets sur cette histoire familiale). His mother and grandmother were both French "white" women. When interviewed in 2005, the younger Blaise said he had not traveled to Senegal since 1960 and thought he "has nothing to bring there".

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources

title: Blaise Diagne


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title: User:Hrj4ever


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File:Magnetic Fields Jarre Album.jpg

Summary
This is the album cover for Jean-Michel Jarre's Les Chants Magnétiques

title: File:Magnetic Fields Jarre Album.jpg


text:
Talk:Policies for a Sustainable Society

.
I am about to try reordering the content of the article, creating an opening statement about the manifesto's current edition followed by a section called 'History'. Laurel Bush 11:55, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC).
 * Seems to be done. Laurel Bush (talk) 16:18, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Policies for a Sustainable Society


text:
Talk:Vedic science

Grounds for dispute & "pseudoscience" rubric

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npov#Pseudoscience : Grounds for the dispute/discussion would come under "Pseudoscience" rubric... Similar to Creation Science...    Please see the external links below featuring criticism of "Vedic Science" by Meera Nanda... Lupin 11:57, April 12, 2005 Lupin (UTC)

Vedic science as pseudoscience
An essay (in two parts) by Meera Nanda regarding "The mixing up of the mythos of the Vedas with the logos of science must be of great concern not just to the scientific community, but also to the religious people, for it is a distortion of both science and spirituality."

 * http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2026/stories/20040102000607800.htm : "Postmodernism, Hindu nationalism and `Vedic science' "
 * http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2101/stories/20040116001408700.htm : "Postmodernism, Hindu nationalism and `Vedic science' " Part 2

 * http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004052201691000.htm&date=2004/05/22/&prd=th& : Meera Nanda's call for secular, "free thinkers" to stand up and show so-called "Vedic science" for what it is...

Emyth 14:17, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Please note that an Anonymous Vandal (22:20, May 29, 2005 68.159.23.40) simply deleted the NPOV Dispute notice and deleted the external links to Meera Nanda's critique of "Vedic Science". Such actions are contrary to our values in the Wikipedia project and will be reverted as soon as they are noticed. Emyth 13:42, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

Response to Meera Nanda's article

For a more realistic picture of 'Hinduism studies' in the US, please see following - which reveal the opposite of what Meera Nanda attempts to portray.

U.S. Hinduism Studies: A Question of Shoddy Scholarship

Biases in Hinduism Studies

Further, she discredits notable Indian scientist Jagdish Chandra Bose's acheivements because of his interest in Vedanta. (He is known for his pioneering work in wireless communication and invention of the Crescograph. )

Many prominent scientists (Tesla, Schroedinger, Heisenberg) were influenced by Vedanta. Interest in vedic science is not meant to replace science with vedic study - it is only an attempt to reconcile/find the link between the two, which many suspect is more than meets the eye. It also attempts to delve into the science (see Science & technology in Ancient India), philosophy, logic contained within the Vedas. Creation science rejects portions of mainstream science where it does not correlate with the Genesis, while students of vedic science do not reject scientifically validated theories and evidence.

Ayurveda, for instance, is a system of medicine that has a 2000 yr old tradition of surgery & many practioners and patients around the world. Surely, it deserves more than ridicule by Meera? --Pranathi 00:12, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it doesn't. Ayurveda is itself a pseudoscience, and has a lot of saftey issues. You've fallen victim to the appeal to tradition. Just because it's 2000 years old, doesn't mean it's scientifically valid. I applaud Meera for having the courage to put the scientific perspective. 59.92.40.87 10:54, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Respectfully disagreed as there are TWO proven modern scientific notions within Ayurvedic traditions, namely, Immunology and Plastic Surgery (Rhinoplasty)invented by Maharishi Sushruta, translated into Arabic by al-Biruni and then Italian from the Arabic translations around 1300. If you're going to pretend to be the smartest person in the world by immediately discrediting something because of its tie to tradition then at least get your factual history right. "Indologists" like Meera Nanda and Romila Thapar do more to hinder the study of Indian History with their criticisms than they help. J. Raj Bali — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.59.203.143 (talk) 17:06, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Meera Nanda is right in asserting that science should not be distorted by introducing wrong ideas in the name of religion. But Meera Nanda is wrong if it means that a person having some religious belief must be preaching pseudoscience. Meera Nanda has made no contribution either in the field of science or in religion, but speaks as a saviour of both. I am myself alarmed by the flood of pseudoscientific works in the name of Vedic or other religions. One has a right to profess any religion, as many great scientists did, but one should follow the rules of scientific research if one wants to put forth Vedic or non-Vedic science. As for Ayurveda, there is much in it which lacks validation, but benefits of a large number of Ayurvedic drugs,esp herbal, are now finding their way into allopathy also. It is wrong to take a lopsided partisan attitude in this regard. - Vinay Jha.VinJha 09:06, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Dispute header
Who is disputing what, and why? Please make the necessary changes, the dispute header needs to go. Sam Spade 16:22, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The text was pretty bad before I made some changes on monday. --goethean ॐ 16:38, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Cool, thanks. Sam Spade 02:36, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

quotations
The out-of context and poorly formatted quotations that litter this article should be moved to wikiquote or deleted. In addition, I ask User:Holy Ganga to observe civility in edit summaries. — goethean ॐ 22:02, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

It takes time to update article. If you don't like or agree with something, it's better to discuss rather than deleting whole article. Vedic science article should include related Vedic Verses and different types of Vedic science. -Holy Ganga 22:41, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure. But you need to explain to the reader what the significance of these verses are, and your sources must be cited. Otherwise, it should go to Wikiquote. — goethean ॐ 22:46, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * These vesrses are simplest translations from original Sanskrit Vedic verses ..so self explanatry. Also, Vedic verse number is already provided. Views on Vedic science is already linked with wikiquote.--Holy Ganga 23:06, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Let me get this straight. You claim that pages of out-of-context quotations from a religious scripture unaccompanied by explanatory text constitute an encyclopedia article? — goethean ॐ 23:13, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * What are your views on verses in this article - Islamic science and other articles like these.-Holy Ganga 09:03, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * See here — goethean ॐ 19:33, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

excuse me
but could there be some discussion before an article is turned into something about an entirely different topic? This used to be about the Maharishi thing termed "Vedic science". It seems to be about a vague concept of "anything that is claimed by anybody to be Vedic and scientific". Vedic science proper is Vedanga, which has its own article. The Maharishi thing and Vedanga needs to be clearly disambiguated. Ayurveda is again different, and again already has its article. Vedic mathematics is again different, and again already has its article. Maybe this should be just a disambiguation page. It is supreme bullshit to claim that "Critics dencounce these theories as pseudoscience" when this article is about everything and nothing in particular. Nobody denounces the six Vedanga, they are proper Iron Age scholarship. Critics certainly denounce the modern Maharishi and Tirthaji stuff, which have their own articles. There is no connection whatsoever between actual science of Vedic times (known as Vedanga) and the various modern schools termed Vedic. I will for this reason revert this to the stage where it was clearly about Maharishi. If you want to make it a dab page, that's fine, the Maharishi stuff can then reside at Vedic science (Maharishi) or something. dab (ᛏ) 10:49, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Excuse me...No Hindu organization or sect can claim "vedic science" or any thing Hindu for there own promotion. This is a common term related to science in Vedas. -Holy Ganga 15:17, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I appears that there are Hindutva claims that the Vedas contain science in the modern sense of the word, independent of the Maharishi story. Both is pseudoscience, of course, but these things need to be clearly disambiguated. I might add that I am making this point out of respect for the spectacular actual Vedic sciences, Vedanga, which are far beyond anything achieved at the time (1st millennium BC) anywhere else in the world. New Age or cranky claims of nuclear physics in the Vedas and what not are a denigration obscuring the actual beauty of ancient thought. For this reason I suggest this page becomes a mere disambiguation page. Nobody claims vyakarana is pseudoscience. Even jyotisha is an exact science within a ritual framework, and  ayurveda is as good as any traditional medicine. These should not be lumped together with recent pseudoscientific claims. dab (ᛏ) 11:07, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Bingo. dab is right. I was unaware of the Maharishi thing, but yes, Holy Ganga's article is a recitation of Hindutva ideas which unfortunately exaggerate the achievements of ancient Vedic science. I agree with making this a disambiguation page, moving Holy Ganga's stuff to an article on Hindutva and moving the maharishi stuff to its own article. — goethean ॐ 16:48, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks like You are unaware of too many things. Vedic science or science in Vedas is a subject of research by many world famous intellectuals. Maharishi's views are just one little part of overall Views. http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Advanced_Concepts.htm#Advanced%20Scientific%20Concepts%20in%20Hindu%20Literature - Holy Ganga 08:36, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * not so much "exaggerate" as "misrepresent". Actual Iron Age Indian science is simply astounding. It is only right to present it as uniquely advanced. It is still founded in an Iron Age mindset unrelated to "western" enlightenment and modern physics. It is an incredible mental achievement in a ritual/priestly context. The content  of the ancient corpus is to be cleanly disambiguated to recent, non mainstream / New Age claims about said corpus. dab (ᛏ) 21:19, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
 * There's this article, too: Indian science and technology — goethean ॐ 22:25, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

To represent only Maharishi's views on Vedic science and medicine there is a separate article Maharishi Vedic Science and Maharishi Vedic Medicine -Holy Ganga 08:55, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

I was not aware of Maharishi Vedic Science or Indian science and technology. All the more reason to make this a dab page. dab (ᛏ) 20:32, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, If you are not aware of anything related to this Topic, then learn about it before diverting it according your personal ignorant views. -Holy Ganga 10:57, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I was saying I was not aware of these articles, since they were not properly linked. I still don't get what you want to do with this article. Make it a dumping ground for random snippets of translations from the Vedas? Translating anything from the Atharvaveda as "atomic fission" is a bad joke. You may want to remain civil, and look for consensus. I am not against including reference to your views, no matter how fringy, but you need to make clear whose views on what you are reporting. Indian science and technology seems to be beyond redemption, so if you go and talk about Atharvavedic nuclear fission over there you'll get no trouble from me. dab (ᛏ) 12:26, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * DAB and others should help in rectifying Indian science and technology,which is not beyond redemption .There are serious lapses in it which can be corrected. One can be allowed to talk about Atharvavedic nuclear fission over there only if verifiable proofs are provided. If such Vedic scientists get no trouble from DAB, they may get trouble from me. I have great respect for the Vedas, but I believe there in no hidden scientific or tantric or any other meaning in the Vedas. Vedic sages were open hearted monks, and they did not hide layers of meanings like an onion. But there are a lot of things in ancient texts of India and elsewhere which need fuller and better interpretations, which posterity may provide. - Vinay Jha.VinJha 10:04, 18 July 2007 (UTC).

Why are the above critical articles supposing that Vedic Science in anyway "threatens" conventional science?...of all ther Great religons Hinduism is one of the few that does not baulk against modern science. Hinduism does not belive it's right in religon why should it propose a science that is inclusive to itself?? Its goes against everything that Hinduism is. Science and Hinduism can live together...(unlike the Abrahamic religons) Please refrain from tarring all religon with the yoke of Creationism. Hindutva may have their own agenda, but this is plainly an a blackening of a ancient world culture....I like the fact that (apart from a few mild comments from one contributer on this section) the Islamic Science section has very little comment, whilst this section seems to be full of Hindu haters.For instance Meera Nanda states..

'''They justify developing a science in accord with the Vedic cosmology as an attempt to decolonise the ‘Hindu mind’ of western, Semitic–monotheistic influences. Indeed, scholar–activists sympathetic to the Hindu worldview, including Rajiv Malhotra and Koenard Elst routinely cite the writings of Ashis Nandy, Ronald Inden and even Gayatri Spivak as allies in a shared project of understanding India through Hindu categories.'''

Since when has Hinduism EVER claimed the non monotheistic nature of God? This is from the Maitriyani Upanishad (V.1) of the Sâmaveda.

'''Thou art Brahmâ, Thou art Vishnu, Thou art Rudra, Thou Prajâpati, Thou Agni, Varuna, Vâyu, Indra, Soma, Manu, Yama, and Bhumi (Earth). Thou art All, Thou art the Imperishable. In Thee all things exist in many forms, whether for their natural or for their own (higher) ends. Lord of the Universe, glory unto Thee! Thou art the Self of All, Thou art the Maker of All, the Enjoyer of All; Thou art all life, and the Lord of all pleasure and joy. Glory to Thee, O tranquil One, the deeply-hidden One, the Incomprehensible, the Immeasurable; O Thou without beginning and without end'''

Also what exactly is "The Hindu World View"?? She tars all Hindus as extreme, if I stated that ALL Muslims are fundamental...what would you think of me? Exactly, Ms Nanda has a hidden agenda, by all means attack extreme views but do not tar all with the same brush. TP GMT 1.30pm 9th May 2006

Pseudoscience
I think it's important to mention that some aspects of vedic science is pseudoscience as per WP:NPOV, to prevent misunderstanding, especially since it's called Vedic science. We can have this in both this article, and the individual articles. Since wikipedia is not a paper dictionary, this isn't an issue. Naroays 12:00, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * this isn't about aspects, it is about completely unrelated meanings of the term. For which reason this is a disambiguation term. Of course some of these are pseudoscience, mention that in their own articles, or if you must next to their entry in the disambiguation link. "pseudoscience" by definition is modern (otherwise Aristotle would be pseudoscience!); as such, Jyotisha etc. are not pseudoscience, just historical systems. Modern stuff derived from these are, of course, blooming-nonsense pseudoscience and I have nothing against so labelling them: them, not the term itself, and as a dab page, it is about the term and its various meanings. dab (ᛏ) 13:20, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * What you say is debatable, and perphaps your point of view. You say, Jyotisha etc. are not pseudoscience, just historical systems. I, along with the scientific community, entirely disagree. I think it violates WP:NPOV when you call Vedic science, as allegedly scientific. Why don't you call it allegedly pseudo-scientific? Remember, this is the only page where we describe vedic "science". While defining the subject, it's essential include that some parts are thought of as a pseudoscience, cause that's what the scientific community says. "allegedly scientific" is very very misleading, as the scientific community (ie, the majortiy community) says that "vedic science", has nothing whatsoever to do with modern science (which is where this page is linked to) and does not conform to the scientific method. To maintain a neutral point of view, we should call this as being defined as a allegedly scientific by it's proponents and pseudoscientific by it's critics. As a compromise edit, would you settle for,
 * "Vedic science may refer to a number of ancient and modern, Hindu, occultist or New Age claims, thought of as scientific systems by its proponents, and pseudoscientfic by it's critics, found in or based on the Vedas."?Naroays 14:15, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Or, instead, would you settle on deleting "Vedic science may refer to a number of claims, ancient and modern, Hindu, occultist or New Age, some of which are thought of as scientific systems by it's proponents, and pseudoscientific by it's critics, found in or based on the Vedas." as this is only a disambig page. What really irks me, is the double standard being shown, when you can define it as a scientific system of thought, but not allowed it to be called as pseudo scientific, which is what the scientists say!Naroays 14:33, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * you are preaching to the choir, mate, I do not object to the term "pseudoscience" appearing as a description of some of the stuff listed, along with "ancient, modern, etc."; I object to your use of "its critics" (sic! please try to avoid the "it's" mistakes, it looks so amateurish) when "it" has no referent: there are a number of completely unrelated things, and a number of unrelated things cannot be "criticised" as "it". I wouldn't dream of calling jyhotisha "scientific", it's a historical system of astronomy, if you like proto-scientific. Any "proponent" of jyotisha as "science" is of course guilty of pseudoscience, but jyotisha can and should of course be discussed as a historical topic, not as some controversial scientific proposal (sheesh). dab (ᛏ) 14:44, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, I'm fine with how it stands now. ThanksNaroays 00:57, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

The term "Vedic Science"
There are a number of conflicting views being propounded in the name of vedic science. The term 'Vedic Science' is a modern invention, and its meaning is debatable. Some adherents of vedic science seem to oppose modern science, but they are few. The majority of such people are saying that many ideas of modern science were present in vedic and related literature in explicit or implicit form. Most of these claims seem to be extravagant, but a few less-known claims deserve attention, provided these views are based on verifiable documentary and logical grounds. Most of hindutva-related web pages fail to provide concrete evidence in favour of the claims that many ideas of modern science were known to Vedic or other ancient peoples. Only propaganda will not do, these people should provide evidence or shut up. A wrong interpretation of Vedic and related texts must be opposed. - Vinay Jha.VinJha 03:04, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Part of the problem is that the word "science" means "knowledge", but in modern times we distinguish between knowledge in a general sense and science as a modern discipline which uses the scientific method and research. They are often different things and to call Veda "science" is misleading. Yes, it's "knowledge", but most often not scientific, and often pseudoscientific or just plain a religious or metaphysical belief system.

 * Some effort should be made to define this in the article, otherwise the solution would be to rename the article to Vedic knowledge, or some other term not using the word "science" in the title. -- Brangifer (talk) 20:00, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Look, 'science' in its loose sense, means a rationalized system for for examining knowledge about the world. In this loose sense, many ancient cultures practiced science, and practiced it well (within their epistemological limitations).  science in its restricted sense refers to modern western scientific paradigms (cutting-edge methodology, as it were), which couldn't apply to anything older than a couple of hundred years.  The question is whether this 'Vedic science' is trying to pass itself off as science in the restricted sense (which would be pseudoscience), or whether it's using science in the loose sense (which wouldn't be).  I don't know the answer to that question, but whatever the answer is the article should reflect it.  -- Ludwigs 2  16:10, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * In a related matter, the High Court of India has declared that astrology is a science.   Will Beback    talk    21:51, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vedic science


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Radioukacz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (pending; block-compress error). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:41, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Radioukacz

 * del. non-english and possibly non-existing word. A piece of trivia which is well enough to be covered in its parent article, Words hardest to translate, which itself smacks pov and promo, on the bring of VfD itself. Mikkalai 11:59, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, how many other non-english words exist in Wiki? Making it a separate entry makes it easier to find by a casual Wiki user. --Roo72 21:11, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Many, if they are really used in English to refer to some things that don't have precise English equivalent. But there is no reason to keep a word, which is someone's typo and popularized by a nonnotable translation company out of their own silliness. Mikkalai 22:04, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Carnildo 22:56, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. At best, a Wiktionary entry.  RickK 05:03, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The content is already in Words hardest to translate, which is itself a mess. - Mustafaa 06:50, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, foreign dictionary definition. Megan1967 07:14, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What is more, the correspoinding page at "Today Translations" website now gives the spelling "radiostukach", probably after reading wikipedia talk pages Talk:Radioukacz and Talk:Words hardest to translate. (The mentioned TT subpage is moving around. If you don't find it, start from the TT home page and into the "news" section). Mikkalai 17:15, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
File:LorschGospelsFolio72vChristInMajesty.jpg

Folio 72v from the Codex Aureus of Lorsch