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Sweden at the 1988 Summer Olympics

Sweden competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. 185 competitors, 148 men and 37 women, took part in 113 events in 23 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
The Swedish team continued their archery medal drought, though they took three top eight places in the women's individual, women's team, and men's team categories.

Women's individual competition:
 * Jenny Sjöwall — Final (→ 5th place)
 * Liselotte Andersson — Quarterfinal (→ 13th place)
 * Carina Jonsson — Preliminary Round (→ 59th place)

Men's individual competition:
 * Göran Bjerendal — Quarterfinal (→ 15th place)
 * Mats Nordlander — Preliminary Round (→ 30th place)
 * Gert Bjerendal — Preliminary Round (→ 35th place)

Women's team competition:
 * Sjöwall, Andersson, and Jonsson — Final (→ 7th place)

Men's team competition:
 * Bjerendal, Nordlander, and Bjerendal — Final (→ 8th place)

Athletics
Sven Nylander was on location and scheduled to start in men's 400m hurdles, but ended up not starting due to illness.

Men's Hammer Throw
 * Tore Gustafsson
 * Qualifying Heat — 76.44m
 * Final — 74.24m (→ 11th place)

 * Kjell Bystedt
 * Qualifying Heat — no mark (→ did not advance)

Men's Javelin Throw
 * Dag Wennlund
 * Qualification — 79.66m
 * Final — 78.30m (→ 8th place)

 * Peter Borglund
 * Qualification — 80.16m
 * Final — 78.22m (→ 9th place)

Men's Decathlon
 * Mikael Olander — 7869 points (→ 17th place)
 * 100 metres — 11.46s
 * Long Jump — 6.75m
 * Shot Put — 16.07m
 * High Jump — 2.00m
 * 400 metres — 51.28s
 * 110m Hurdles — 16.06s
 * Discus Throw — 50.66m
 * Pole Vault — 4.80m
 * Javelin Throw — 72.80m
 * 1.500 metres — 5:02.42s

Men's 50 km Walk
 * Bo Gustafsson
 * Final — 3'44:49 (→ 7th place)

 * Stefan Johansson
 * Final — 3'53:34 (→ 20th place)

 * Jan Staaf
 * Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)

Women's Marathon
 * Evy Palm
 * Final — 2"34.41 (→ 24th place)

Cycling
Eight cyclists, five men and three women, represented Sweden in 1988.

 * Men's road race
 * Michel Lafis
 * Anders Jarl
 * Raoul Fahlin

 * Men's team time trial
 * Björn Johansson
 * Jan Karlsson
 * Michel Lafis
 * Anders Jarl

 * Women's road race
 * Marie Höljer — 2:00:52 (→ 7th place)
 * Paula Westher — 2:00:52 (→ 26th place)
 * Marianne Berglund — 2:00:52 (→ 44th place)

Diving

 * Joakim Andersson

Fencing
Eleven fencers, 10 men and one woman, represented Sweden in 1988.

 * Men's foil
 * Ola Kajbjer
 * Eric Strand
 * Thomas Åkerberg

 * Men's team foil
 * Peter Åkerberg, Thomas Åkerberg, Ola Kajbjer, Eric Strand, Per Täckenström

 * Men's épée
 * Jerri Bergström
 * Péter Vánky
 * Otto Drakenberg

 * Men's team épée
 * Johan Bergdahl, Jerri Bergström, Otto Drakenberg, Ulf Sandegren, Péter Vánky

 * Women's foil
 * Kerstin Palm

Football
Key:
 * Summary
 * W – Win D – Draw L – Loss
 * A.E.T – After extra time.
 * P – Match decided by penalty-shootout.

Handball
Key:
 * Summary
 * ET: After extra time
 * P – Match decided by penalty-shootout.

Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Sweden in 1988.

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Svante Rasmuson — 4987 pts (→ 22nd place)
 * Jan-Erik Danielsson — 4956 pts (→ 25th place)
 * Roderick Martin — 4262 pts (→ 57th place)

Men's Team Competition:
 * Rasmuson, Danielsson, and Martin — 14205 pts (→ 12th place)

Swimming
Men's 50m freestyle
 * Göran Titus
 * Heat — 23.44
 * B-Final — 23.28 (→ 9th place)

 * Per Johansson
 * Heat — 23.12
 * B-Final — 23.37 (→ 10th place)

Men's 100m freestyle
 * Per Johansson
 * Heat — 50.22
 * Final — 50.35 (→ 7th place)

 * Tommy Werner
 * Heat — 50.45
 * Final — 50.54 (→ 8th place)

Men's 200m freestyle
 * Anders Holmertz
 * Heat — 1:49.28
 * Final — 1:47.89 (→ [[Image:Med 2.png|Silver]] Silver Medal)

 * Tommy Werner
 * Heat — 1:51.96 (→ did not advance, 21st place)

Men's 400m freestyle
 * Anders Holmertz
 * Heat — 3:50.06
 * Final — 3:51.04 (→ 8th place)

 * Henrik Jangvall
 * Heat — 3:57.41 (→ did not advance, 21st place)

Men's 1500m freestyle
 * Stefan Persson
 * Heat — 15:24.33 (→ did not advance, 17th place)

Men's 200m Butterfly
 * Christer Wallin
 * Heat — 2:03.79 (→ did not advance, 26th place)

Men's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay
 * Tommy Werner, Richard Milton, Joakim Holmqvist, and Göran Titus
 * Heat — 3:23.09

 * Per Johansson, Tommy Werner, Joakim Holmqvist, and Göran Titus
 * Final — 3:21.07 (→ 5th place)

Men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay
 * Tommy Werner, Christer Wallin, Henrik Jangvall, and Michael Söderlund
 * Heat — 7:23.82

 * Anders Holmertz, Tommy Werner, Michael Söderlund, and Christer Wallin
 * Final — 7:19.10 (→ 6th place)

Women's 50m freestyle
 * Helena Åberg
 * Heat — 26.67 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)

 * Karin Furuhed
 * Heat — 26.85 (→ did not advance, 24th place)

Women's 100m freestyle
 * Eva Nyberg
 * Heat — 57.57 (→ did not advance, 21st place)

 * Karin Furuhed
 * Heat — 57.97 (→ did not advance, 27th place)

Women's 200m freestyle
 * Suzanne Nilsson
 * Heat — 2:03.32 (→ did not advance, 18th place)

Women's 100m Backstroke
 * Johanna Larsson
 * Heat — 1:05.10 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

Women's 200m Backstroke
 * Johanna Larsson
 * Heat — 2:18.01 (→ 14th place)
 * B-Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)

Women's 100m Butterfly
 * Agneta Eriksson
 * Heat — 1:03.45 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)

Women's 200m Individual Medley
 * Anette Philipsson
 * Heat — 2:18.86
 * B-Final — 2:19.35 (→ 12th place)

Women's 400m Individual Medley
 * Anette Philipsson
 * Heat — 4:53.58
 * B-Final — 4:52.77 (→ 13th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay
 * Agneta Eriksson, Karin Furuhed, Suzanne Nilsson, and Eva Nyberg
 * Heat — 3:50.50 (→ did not advance, 9th place)

Women's 4 × 100 m medley relay
 * Johanna Larsson, Anna-Karin Persson, Agneta Eriksson, and Eva Nyberg
 * Heat — 4:17.72 (→ did not advance, 11th place)

Synchronized swimming
One synchronized swimmer represented Sweden in 1988.

 * Women's solo
 * Marie Jacobsson

Tennis
Men's Singles Competition
 * Stefan Edberg → [[Image:Med 3.png|Bronze]] Bronze Medal
 * First round — Defeated Horst Skoff (Austria) 7-6 6-2 6-3
 * Second round — Defeated Agustín Moreno (Mexico) 6-2 7-6 6-0
 * Third round — Defeated Jakob Hlasek (Switzerland) 6-2 6-4 7-6
 * Quarterfinals — Defeated Paolo Canè (Italy) 6-1 7-5 6-4
 * Semifinals — Lost to Miloslav Mečíř (Czechoslovakia) 6-3 0-6 6-1 4-6 2-6

 * Anders Järryd
 * First round — Defeated Martin Laurendeau (Canada) 7-6 4-6 7-5 7-5
 * Second round — Defeated Andrew Castle (Great Britain) 6-0 6-3 6-1
 * Third round — Lost to Carl-Uwe Steeb (Germany) 6-2 5-7 3-6 5-7

Men's Doubles Competition
 * Stefan Edberg and Anders Järryd → [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal
 * First Round — Defeated Eric Jelen and Carl Uwe Steeb (West Germany) 6-4 4-6 6-4 6-2
 * Second Round — Defeated Mark Gurr and Philip Tuckniss (Zimbabwe) 6-0 6-1 6-4
 * Quarterfinals — Defeated Darren Cahill and John Fitzgerald (Australia) 6-3 6-4 6-3
 * Semifinals — Lost to Emilio Sánchez and Sergio Casal (Spain) 4-6 6-1 3-6 3-6

Women's Singles Competition
 * Catarina Lindqvist
 * First Round — Defeated Kumiko Okamoto (Japan) 7-6 7-5
 * Second Round — Defeated Nathalie Tauziat (France) 2-6 6-3 6-4
 * Third Round — Lost to Manuela Maleeva (Bulgaria) 1-6 0-6

Volleyball

 * Summary

Men's team competition

 * Preliminary round (group A)
 * Defeated South Korea (3-2)
 * Lost to Soviet Union (0-3)
 * Lost to Italy (2-3)
 * Lost to Brazil (1-3)
 * Defeated Bulgaria (3-0)

 * Classification Matches
 * 5th/8th place: Lost to the Netherlands (2-3)
 * 7th/8th place: Defeated France (3-2) → Seventh place

 * Team roster
 * Urban Lennartsson
 * Janni Kalmazidis
 * Jan Hedengard
 * Mats Karlsson
 * Tomas Hoszek
 * Anders Lundmark
 * Per-Anders Saaf
 * Bengt Gustafsson
 * Hakan Björne
 * Lars Nilsson
 * Peter Tholse
 * Patrik Johansson

 * Head coach: Anders Kristiansson

title: Sweden at the 1988 Summer Olympics


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Sainte-Madeleine, Quebec

Sainte-Madeleine is a village municipality in southwestern Quebec, Canada in Les Maskoutains Regional County Municipality. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 2,356.

Le Camping Ste-Madeleine, founded in 1967 for visitors to EXPO 67, is the area's principal tourist attraction. The annual musical event, the Festival Country du Camping Sainte-Madeleine, held in late July, attracts approximately 5,000 visitors to the community of 2,356.

Individuals born in Sainte-Madeleine include artist France Jodoin.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sainte-Madeleine had a population of $2,268$ living in $957$ of its $983$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,233$. With a land area of 5.36 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sainte-Madeleine, Quebec


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Virtual band

In entertainment, a virtual band (also called a virtual idol, virtual singer, virtual group, cartoon group, cartoon idol, cartoon singer or cartoon band) is a band or music group whose depicted members are not people, but animated characters or virtual avatars. The music is recorded (and, in the case of concerts, performed) by real musicians and producers, while any media related to the virtual band, including albums, video clips and the visual component of stage performances, feature the animated line-up; in many cases the virtual band members have been credited as the writers and performers of the songs. Live performances can become rather complex, requiring perfect synchronization between the visual and audio components of the show.

The term virtual band was popularized with Gorillaz in 2000. However, the concept of the virtual band was first demonstrated by Alvin and the Chipmunks in 1958, when their creator, Ross Bagdasarian, accelerated recordings of his own voice to achieve the "chipmunk voice". There have since been numerous virtual bands that have recorded material. Computer animation, traditional animation, and vocal mixing and manipulation are common features.

The term virtual idol originates from Japan, where it dates back to the 1980s and has roots in anime and Japanese idol culture. Popular virtual idols include the Vocaloid singer Hatsune Miku and the virtual YouTuber Kizuna AI.

The term is sometimes confused for music groups who collaborate using the Internet, who do not require members to be in the same physical place for their work.

Members
The members of virtual groups are depicted as animated characters, with their own personality, voice, history, and playing style. For example, Alvin, the leader of the Chipmunks, is mischievous, and Skeleton Staff's Guitarist Stanton is a party-going underachiever. Furthermore, Freen in Green's bassist Sparky is sluggish, Murdoc of Gorillaz is a middle-aged satanic bass player and Renard Queenston, also known simply as Renard, a fox psychopath dressed as a nurse. Another example is Hatsune Miku who does not have a definite personality; her personality changes in each song based on interactions from the users of Vocaloid.

The style of animation used for depicting the characters varies. Some groups and idols, like The Archies, Gorillaz, Dethklok, The Banana Splits, Prozzäk, One-T, Dvar, Renard Queenston, Quasimoto, MC Skat Kat, VBirds, One eskimO and Alvin and the Chipmunks are hand-drawn characters, and much of their media uses traditional animation and cartooning techniques. Others, such as Hatsune Miku, Kizuna Ai, Crazy Frog, Genki Rockets, Gummibär, Pinocchio, The Bots, Studio Killers, Beatcats, K/DA, Your Favorite Martian, Hololive, Eternity and Mave: are computer-generated.

Some people consider puppetry as a form of animation; this consideration means groups like Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem or 31 Minutes can be considered virtual bands.

In studio
The recording of the music is done by the human musicians and artists, whom the virtual artists are depicted to emulate. In some cases, the singing is done by machines or synthesizer applications, like the Hatsune Miku vocaloid. This is done using the normal in-studio recording process; see Sound recording for a detailed explanation.

In some instances, most notably The Chipmunks, manipulation of voices may be employed, either to achieve a desired vocal effect, or to make it dissimilar to the voice of the actual singer. The manipulation is done by either modifying the playback speed of the vocal track or by putting it through a synthesizer (Vocoding).

Writing and production credits may be assigned to either the virtual band characters, or the human writers and artists involved.

On stage
Virtual bands often perform through virtual concerts, where their likenesses are represented digitally on stage. One of two methods can be employed for live performances. The first involves animating the entire set, with little or no allowance for audience interaction, then "performing" it as is. The major pitfall with this method is the lack of audience interaction, which can be vital during concerts. This is best suited to short performances, where audience response can be predicted.

The second, and more complex, method differs from the first in that allowance is made for a variety of responses and interaction. This means having a wide range of animated sequences ready to play, with matching spoken lines, in response to different reactions.

In both cases, extensive rehearsal is required to synchronize spoken lines and instrumentation with animated action. This can be eliminated by using pre-recorded music and speech; however, doing so also weakens the actual "live" experience.

(Some non-virtual artists and groups have employed a similar technique on some concert tours and performances. DJ Shadow, for example, on his In Tune and On Time tour, had pre-animated sequences, which were played on giant screens behind him while he performed the set. Again, a large amount of pre-tour planning and synchronization rehearsal was required beforehand. )

Early history
While the term had not been coined at the time, Alvin and the Chipmunks were the first virtual band to receive widespread fame. Centered on Alvin, his two brothers Simon and Theodore, and their manager/father Dave Seville, their voices were created by Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., who accelerated the recording of his voice to create the distinctive sound; the process earned him two Grammys in 1959 for engineering.

The success of the Chipmunks spurred on another group, the Nutty Squirrels, to join the ranks. A scat-singing version of Bagdasarian's creation, they made the American Top 40 with their song "Uh-Oh". Their success, however, was short-lived.

Television
In 1968, The Banana Splits premiered on NBC but failed to chart the top 40. A year later in 1969, from rival CBS, The Archies were the first virtual band to appear in worldwide pop charts.

During this time, other television programs, such as Josie and the Pussycats and The Muppet Show, began to include bands as part of the format (in the case of Josie and the Pussycats, the eponymous band was the show's focus). Some of the groups that appeared on these shows released mainstream recordings. Some bands, however, would "break up" after the end of the show's run.

After The Archies, produced by Filmation, became a huge pop hit, Hanna-Barbera started releasing several cartoon TV shows with the adventures of rock bands, such as Josie and the Pussycats, The Cattanooga Cats, The Impossibles, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kids, Jabberjaw, and others.

During the 1980s, Hasbro released Jem, an animated TV series featuring two enemy bands with a music video in each episode.

Virtual bands still appear in television: the Chipmunks appeared in their own television show for much of the 1990s, and the Adult Swim show Metalocalypse features the virtual melodic death metal band Dethklok.

Japanese virtual idols
Virtual idols originate from Japan, with roots in anime and Japanese idol culture, and dating back to the 1980s, starting with the Macross mecha anime franchise (adapted into the Robotech franchise in North America). The first virtual idol was Lynn Minmay, a fictional singer who is one of the main characters in the anime television series Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982) and the animated film adaptation Macross: Do You Remember Love? (1984). Voiced by Mari Iijima, Lynn Minmay became the first fictional idol singer to garner major real-world success. The theme song "Do You Remember Love?" (from the film Macross: Do You Remember Love?) reached number seven on the Oricon music charts in Japan, and the song has since been covered numerous times over the next several decades.

The Japanese cyberpunk anime Megazone 23 (1985) took the virtual idol concept further with EVE, who is depicted as a computer-based artificial intelligence (AI) who takes the form of a virtual idol within a proto-Matrix-like virtual reality. Megazone 23 was a success in Japan partly due to the appeal of EVE, and it was later adapted into Robotech: The Movie (1986) in North America. A similar concept later appeared in Macross Plus (1994) with the virtual idol Sharon Apple, a computer program who takes the form of an intergalactic pop star. The same year, the fictional Japanese rock band Fire Bomber from Macross 7 (1994) became a commercial success, spawning multiple CDs released in Japan.

The Japanese talent agency Horipro created the first real-life AI virtual idol, Kyoko Date, in 1995. Her creation was inspired by the success of the Macross franchise and dating sim games such as Tokimeki Memorial (1994), along with advances in computer graphics. Her initial announcement drew headlines, both in Japan and internationally, before she debuted as a CGI idol in 1996. However, she failed to gain commercial success, largely due to technical limitations leading to issues such as unnatural movement (an issue known as the uncanny valley). Despite her failure, she provided the template for later virtual idols who gained commercial success in the early 21st century, such as the Vocaloid singer Hatsune Miku and the virtual YouTuber Kizuna AI.

In 2007, Crypton Future Media and Yamaha launched Vocaloid 2, with the voice bank of Hatsune Miku. In 2009, Hatsune Miku had her first concert. Other Vocaloids include Meiko, Kaito, Kagamine Rin and Len, and Megurine Luka.

Virtual bands can also originate from video games, as proven by the 2015 Wii U game Splatoon, which features songs credited to various virtual bands, the most notable being a pop duo called the Squid Sisters, who have performed several real world concerts as holograms. The game's 2017 Nintendo Switch sequel, Splatoon 2, introduces more virtual bands, most notably Off the Hook, a duo similar to the Squid Sisters. The two duos have performed together as holograms, and has had a special guest, K.K. Slider from the Animal Crossing series, to celebrate the release of Animal Crossing New Horizons. Prior to it, Nintendo had already made a virtual band composed of characters from Pikmin called Strawberry Flower, to promote the games. Their first single, Ai no Uta, was a massive success in Japan, reaching #2 on the Weekly Oricon Top 200 Singles chart. In 2020, Sega and Sanrio teamed up to make their first collaboration virtual band, Beatcats.

Western virtual bands
Gorillaz are an English virtual band created in 1998 by musician Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett, from London. The band primarily consists of four fictional members: 2-D (vocals, keyboards), Murdoc Niccals (bass guitar), Noodle (guitar, keyboards, vocals) and Russel Hobbs (drums). Their universe is presented in media such as music videos, interviews, comic strips and short cartoons. Gorillaz's music has featured collaborations with a wide range of featured artists, with Albarn as the only permanent musical contributor.

One-T are a French virtual band created in 2000 by Eddy Gronfier and Thomas Pieds. Eddy Gronfier produces the music while Thomas Pieds creates the artwork and visuals. They were successful across Europe, especially France and Germany, with their 2003 hit single "The Magic Key", but since then were not able to repeat that success and remained a one-hit wonder.

Dethklok is a fictional melodic death metal band featured in the Adult Swim animated television series Metalocalypse, known for its satirical or parodic lyrical themes.

The first official Dethklok album was released on September 25, 2007, entitled The Dethalbum. The album debuted at number 21 on Billboard magazine's Top 200 list.

K/DA is a virtual K-pop girl group consisting of four themed versions of League of Legends characters Ahri, Akali, Evelynn and Kai'Sa. (G)I-dle members Miyeon and Soyeon provide the voices of Ahri and Akali, respectively, Madison Beer voices Evelynn, and Jaira Burns provided the voice for Kai'Sa. However, the characters have also been voiced by other artists.

K/DA was developed by Riot Games, the company behind League of Legends, and was unveiled at the 2018 League of Legends World Championship with an augmented reality live performance of their debut single, "Pop/Stars". A music video of the song uploaded to YouTube subsequently went viral, surpassing 100 million views in one month, reaching 550 million views as of May 2023, and topping Billboard's World Digital Song Sales chart.

In 2019, Riot created a virtual hip hop group called True Damage, featuring the champions Ekko, Akali, Qiyana, Senna, and Yasuo. The vocalists performed a live version of their debut song, "Giants", during the opening ceremony of the 2019 League of Legends World Championship, alongside holographic versions of their characters.

Dvar is an anonymous virtual band from Russia that plays darkwave and electronic music.

Independent Canadian musician Emma Essex has published music under many virtual identities, including Renard Queenston and Kitsune². Many of his songs have become internet memes, including the 2009 songs "Avast Your Ass", "Rock My Emotions", and "Rainbow Tylenol".

Korean virtual bands
Eternity is a virtual idol group formed by Pulse9. The group debuted on March 22, 2021, with the single "I'm Real". The group consists of 11 members: Seoa, Sujin, Minji, Zae-in, Hyejin, Dain, Chorong, Jiwoo, Yeoreum, Sarang and Yejin. They are created with artificial intelligence technology, Deep Real.

Mave: is a virtual girl group formed in 2023 by Metaverse Entertainment. The group consists of Siu, Zena, Marty, and Tyra, who are hyper-realistic, AI-generated members that were created using machine learning, deep fake, and full 3D production technology.

title: Virtual band


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Boy (I Need You)

"Boy (I Need You)" is a song by American singer Mariah Carey, taken from her ninth studio album, Charmbracelet (2002). It was written by Carey, Justin Smith, Norman Whitfield and Cameron Giles, and produced by the former and Just Blaze. The song was released as the album's second single on November 26, 2002, by Island Def Jam and Carey's own label, MonarC Entertainment. Initially, "The One" had been chosen as the second single from the album, however, halfway through the filming of a music video for it, the singer decided to release "Boy (I Need You)" instead. Considered by Carey as one of her favorites, the track is a reworked version of rapper Cam'ron's song "Oh Boy" released earlier that year.

The song was met with generally mixed reviews from contemporary critics. Many praised Carey's versatility and considered it as one of the stand-out tracks of Charmbracelet for having a different production when compared to the others. However, the sample hook of the song was described as "annoying". The single failed to make much impact on the charts around the world; it reached number 68 on the US Billboard Hip-Hop/R&B Songs chart and number 57 on the US Hot Singles Sales chart. Elsewhere, the song reached the top-ten in Portugal, and the top-twenty in the United Kingdom, while peaking within the top-forty in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Ireland and New Zealand.

The music video, directed by Joseph Kahn, incorporates elements of Japanese culture and features Carey's alter-ego Bianca Storm. It was also the first time that Carey worked with Kahn in a music video, which premiered on an episode of MTV's Making the Video in 2003. Following the release of "Through the Rain", Carey embarked on several stateside, European and Asian promotional tours in support of Charmbracelet, as well as its accompanying singles. Carey performed "Boy (I Need You)" live on several television shows appearances around the world.

Background
Following the heavy media coverage surrounding Carey's publicized breakdown and hospitalization, Carey's unprecedented $100 million five-album record deal with Virgin Records America (EMI Records) was bought out for $50 million. Carey later said that her time at Virgin was "a complete and total stress-fest [...] I made a total snap decision which was based on money and I never make decisions based on money. I learned a big lesson from that." Later that year, she signed a contract with Island Records, valued at more than $24 million, and launched the record label MonarC.

Recording and release
Carey started writing songs for then untitled Charmbracelet in 2002, before she signed the record deal. She decided to concentrate on "getting some much-needed rest" and traveled to Capri and moved into the studio, which she had reserved to record the album. While at Capri, Carey could focus on her writing and recording, without being subjected to any stress or pressure. According to her, she would write the songs in her apartment upstairs, and would record them at the studio downstairs, at night. Thus, most of the album was recorded in Capri although she traveled to Atlanta, New York and Philadelphia to record a few tracks. The result was that Charmbracelet was her "most personal album" she had ever made.

While Carey paved a lot of the album with slower and autobiographical ballads, she also attempted at making an album with a mixture of several different genres. According to Jon Pareles of The New York Times, the album showed off Carey's musical and vocal versatility, especially when viewing the differences in the record's first and second singles, "Ms. Carey is known for her voice, of course: she can hit high notes that barely sound human, and few singers leap around the octaves as gracefully as she does. But as she tries to regain her audience, her greatest weapon may be her versatility: Ms. Carey also knows how to make a hip-hop hit by holding back and letting the beat shine." Carey decided to work with Just Blaze after she heard the song "Oh Boy" he had produced for Cam'ron. Together they produced "Boy (I Need You)", a remake of "Oh Boy", and "You Got Me". Carey described the former as one of her favorites on the album. "It's definitely one of my favorites, 'cause I love the original. It was cool to have him out there doing his thing in such a random environment," she said. "Boy (I Need You)" was released as the second single from the album on November 26, 2002. Initially, "The One" was scheduled to be released as the second single and the music video was shot for the song. However, halfway through the filming, the track was changed to "Boy (I Need You)".

Reception
"Boy (I Need You)" received mostly mixed reviews from contemporary critics. Jon Pareles of The New York Times complimented the track on its differences with most of the content on Charmbracelet. Entertainment Weekly writer Tom Sincalir said that "the herky-jerky [track], on which Cam'ron guests, [adds] some welcome energy" to the album. Michael Paoletta of Billboard considered it as one of Charmbracelet's stand-out tracks, while Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani said "Boy (I Need You)", along with "You Got Me", "provide further evidence that Carey should keep her rappers on the remix." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic noted that Carey did not "completely abandon hip-hop, but whenever it rears its head on Charmbracelet, it's utterly jarring" citing the song as an example, while describing the sampled vocal hook as "annoying". Erlewine, however, selected it as a Track Pick from the album review. The single failed to make much impact on the charts around the world; it reached number 68 on the US Billboard Hip-Hop/R&B Songs chart and number 57 on the US Hot Singles Sales chart. Elsewhere, the song reached number 17 in the United Kingdom, while peaking within the top 40 in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Ireland and New Zealand.

Music video and live performances
Described as "Speed Racer meets Hello Kitty meets me and Cam'ron" by Carey, the video was directed by Joseph Kahn, stars actor Will Yun Lee and incorporates elements of Japanese culture and features Carey's alter-ego Bianca Storm. When asked about the music video, Kahn replied, "To me, videos aren't movies, they're their own art form-like poetry. If you're a poet, you want to make poetry." Carey also revealed that the music video marked the first time she worked with Kahn. The music video production and recording was shown in a MTV's Making the Video episode in 2003. The video was likened to a "clear extension of Janet's "Doesn't Really Matter" for its similar settings and theme of Japanese pop culture. Following the release of "Through the Rain", Carey embarked on several stateside, European and Asian promotional tours in support of Charmbracelet, as well as its accompanying singles. Three days prior to the album's stateside release, a one-hour special titled Mariah Carey: Shining Through the Rain aired on MTV, in which Carey was interviewed and sang several songs from Charmbracelet and of her catalog. During the interview, Carey addressed rumors of her breakdown and its cause, as well as of the album and its inspiration, followed by a question and answer with fans. During the album's month of release, Carey appeared on several television talk shows, launching her promotional tour on Today, where she performed a four-song set-list at Mall of America for a crowd of over 10,000. Carey also performed the song on Top of the Pops and on The Graham Norton Show.

Formats and track listings
'MC... Move the Crowd 12-inch vinyl'
 * A1. "Boy (I Need You)"
 * A2. "Irresistible (West Side Connection)"
 * A3. "You Got Me"
 * B1. "Boy (I Need You)" (Instrumental)
 * B2. "Irresistible (West Side Connection)" (Instrumental)
 * B3. "You Got Me" (Instrumental)

UK CD1
 * 1) "Boy (I Need You)" (W/O Rap) – 3:12
 * 2) "Boy (I Need You)" (Panjabi Hit Squad Mix) – 4:14
 * 3) "Boy (I Need You)" (Copenhaniacs Remix) – 4:36
 * 4) "Boy (I Need You)" (Music Video)

UK CD2
 * 1) "Boy (I Need You)" – 5:15
 * 2) "Boy (I Need You)" (Street Remix) – 5:31
 * 3) "Boy (I Need You)" (Topnotch L8 Mix) – 4:11
 * 4) "Boy (I Need You)" (Topnotch Tox Mix) – 4:15

Boy (I Need You) - EP
 * 1) "Boy (I Need You)" (Street Remix) (featuring Cam’ron, Juelz Santana, Jimmy Jones & Freeway) – 5:31
 * 2) "Boy (I Need You)" (No Rap Version) – 3:14
 * 3) "Boy (I Need You)" (Remix By The Duke & MVP From Disco Montego) – 4:04
 * 4) "Boy (I Need You)" (Panjabi Hit Squad Mix) – 4:14
 * 5) "Boy (I Need You)" (Copenhaniacs Remix) – 4:36
 * 6) "Boy (I Need You)" (Topnotch L8 Mix) – 4:12
 * 7) "Boy (I Need You)" (Topnotch Tox Mix) – 4:17

title: Boy (I Need You)


text:
User talk:Andulf

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 00:20, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Andulf


text: Category:Genie Award winners

title: Category:Genie Award winners


text:
User talk:TerrySantiago

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Zzyzx11 | Talk 00:20, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

User Pages
If the article Terry Santiago is about yourself, then this material is more appropriate for your user page. Each user is entitled to have a user page to provide information about himself or herself. Your user page should be written on User:TerrySantiago. For more information, please see User page. Thanks. Zzyzx11 | Talk 00:20, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I hope you do not mind but I have taken the liberty of moving Terry Santiago to your user page on User:TerrySantiago. Again, we hope that you enjoy yourself on Wikipedia. Zzyzx11 | Talk 00:30, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TerrySantiago


text:
Wild Card (TV series)

Wild Card (also known as Zoe Busiek: Wild Card) is a Canadian-American comedy-drama series starring Joely Fisher. It was broadcast in the United States on Lifetime, and on the Global Television Network in Canada from August 2003 to July 2005.

Synopsis
Zoe Busiek is a former Las Vegas blackjack dealer whose life takes an unexpected turn when her sister Susan dies in a hit-and-run and she has to take care of her sister's three children, Taylor, Cliff, and Hannah. When the insurance company denies the family a financial settlement Zoe takes matters into her own hands, which leads her to a new career as an insurance fraud investigator with handsome former criminal Dan Lennox and serious but sweet Sophia Mason becoming her partners.

Each episode is centered on a particular case as well as Zoe's family life. She use her skills at reading people and deduction as a newly-hired insurance fraud investigator. Sophia later becomes the boss. She leaves the show in the second season, along with Marcos, and is replaced by M. Pearl McGuire, who becomes Zoe's and Dan's new boss.

Main

 * Joely Fisher as Zoe Busiek
 * Chris Potter as Dan Lennox
 * Rae Dawn Chong as Sophia Mason (season 1)
 * Bronson Picket as Marcos Morales (season 1)
 * Jamie Johnston as Clifford "Cliff" Woodall
 * Vikki Krinsky as Taylor Woodall
 * Aislinn Paul as Hannah Woodall
 * Loretta Devine as M. (Matilda) Pearl McGuire (season 2)

Recurring

 * Corey Sevier as Julian
 * Yani Gellman as Ryder
 * Joe Pingue as Leo Lombardi

Production notes
The series, which is set in Chicago, Illinois (filmed in Toronto), was created and executive produced by Lynn Marie Latham and Bernard Lechowick. The theme song for the first season is performed by Amy Sky, while the theme song for the second season, "I Believe In Me," is performed by Cherie.

Main crew
Lynn Marie Latham, Bernard Lechowick, Linda Gase, and Thania St. John. Latham and Lechowick were fired as showrunners by the end of the first season, replaced by Doug Steinberg (formerly a consultant on Dawson's Creek).

Syndication
The series was aired in syndication on the Lifetime Real Women network.

title: Wild Card (TV series)


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Standardized test

Standardized testing & Standardized test
These articles need to be merged into one. Both need some good wikifying and copyeditting. And sections and references, too. --Dmcdevit 00:15, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Added to User:Apwoolrich/Desk --Dmcdevit 00:21, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

General cleanup
CITE YOUR REFERENCES PLEASE!!! Wikipedia would be nothing but a pile of garbage if people just put whatever they thought into it. We NEED references. Everything said needs to be VERIFIABLE. So stop just writing things without reference!

This article also needs cleanup. It needs to be peer-reviewed as well. Chris53516 16:14, 2 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Passaconaway

Passaconaway was a 17th century sachem and later bashaba (chief of chiefs) of the Pennacook people in what is now southern New Hampshire in the United States, who was famous for his dealings with the Plimouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies.

Name
17th century records spell his name in a variety of ways, including Papisseconewa, Papisseconeway, Passeconneway, Papisseconneway, Passeconewa, Passaconaway, and Peasconaway. In New English Canaan (1637) Thomas Morton wrote the name as "Papasiquineo". At some point in the late 1830s American author Samuel G. Drake either theorized, or encountered someone else's theory, that these names are all derived from words for "child" and "bear" - he made the claim for the first time in the 1841 8th edition of his Indian Biographies. Chandler Potter's 1856 History of Manchester derived the name from papoeis "a child" and kunnaway "a bear", but does not provide citations for this (the two terms he uses most likely came from Roger Williams' A Key Into the Language of America, which includes papoòs "infant" and paukunnawaw "bear" and "Ursa Major"). The alleged "child of the bear" translation has become a staple in subsequent accounts about Passaconaway, but is linguistically problematic, despite looking plausible. Modern speculative reconstructions based on 17th century orthography point to the name most likely having been something (in modern orthography) like Papisseconneway. There are no extant contemporaneous accounts of the name's literal meaning, nor about whether it was related to his lineage, his status as a powow, or other social significance, whether it was an autonym or heteronym, or even from which of the various Algonquian languages it came (the English colonists were much better acquainted with Wampanoag, Massachusett and Narragansett communities than with the Pennacook, and Williams' glossary is of Narragansett words).

In 19th century and subsequent publications he has sometimes been equated with the Catholic sachem called St. Aspenquid, but this is erroneous.

Life
Passaconaway was widely respected by contemporaneous Native Americans in the New England region, by English colonists (even those who said that his supernatural abilities were satanic in origin), and was taken seriously as a political leader by colonial English settlers. One of the key native figures in the colonial history of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, he is believed to have been born between 1550 and 1570, and had died by 1669 (his birth and death dates are imprecise, and reckoning is skewed by the claim of one reporter, who says that he met Passaconaway when the latter was 120 years old). During his lifetime English colonial settlement in New England began in earnest, intersecting with an ongoing series of socio-political and demographic changes arising from warfare over the fur trade and the introduction of Eurasian diseases. In particular, an epidemic in 1616 ravaged the Native American populations in southeast New England, and that event's demographic consequences probably motivated sachems to allow the settlement of English colonists in their territories, usually under the framework of "land sales", to bolster their ability to engage in inter-group raids and warfare with other Native communities. He was a powerful and widely respected powow (a ritual expert and mediator between humans and spirits similar to a shaman); English accounts by figures like Thomas Morton and John [Eliot?] note that he was allegedly able to make water burn, produce ice in the summer, make trees dance, call up thunderstorms, make dried leaves turn green, and make living snakes out of dead snake skin. Prior to, and during the early period of, colonial encroachment Passaconaway presumably followed traditional New England Native lifeways in the Pennacook territories around the Merrimack River, moving among established village sites like Amoskeag and Pawtucket seasonally, which accounts for his historical association with several places in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Colonial records specify that Passaconaway lived at the top of the Pawtucket Falls (today's Lowell, Massachusetts). Local New Hampshire history says that he lived and moved seasonally among various fishing and planting spots along the Merrimack River, including the Amoskeag Falls in present-day Manchester, several fertile islands, present-day Horseshoe Pond, and sites along the nearby coast.

There are no records about the earlier part of his career beyond his reported abdication speech, which said that he had fought against the Mohawk as a younger man. At some point prior to the Pilgrims' arrival he became sachem (chief) of the Pennacook, and eventually bashaba (chief of chiefs) of a multi-tribal confederation in parts of today's New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine, members of which originally drew together for mutual protection from attacks by other Native groups. Passaconaway was one of the first native chieftains to lease land to English settlers in New England, and the 1629 Wheelwright Deed (the authenticity of which is debated, but which is generally accepted as legitimate) specifies that Passaconaway and other sachems were willing to sell territory to the English for the explicit purpose of making alliances against the Tarrantines (an exonym given to a confederation of Native groups in today's Maine which made a habit of attacking the groups in southeast New England) and the Mohawks. The English were problematic allies at best, and for the rest of his life Passaconaway repeatedly dealt with English transgression, affronts, and challenges to his autonomy.

In 1632, when a Native American murdered an English settler and fled, Passaconaway oversaw his capture and turned him over to colonial authorities. In 1642, when a rumor falsely claimed that there was an anti-English conspiracy developing among the local Native Americans, a militia was sent to apprehend Passaconaway and seize his guns. When the militia's forward progress was stopped by a thunderstorm, they instead seized his son, Wonalancet, his daughter-in-law, and his grandchild. When the authorities in Boston sent him an apology and invited him to come to the town to discuss the matter, Passaconaway insisted that the captives be freed. After they were, Passaconaway turned over his guns. In 1648 the English missionary John Eliot reported that he had gone to Pawtucket Falls, met Passaconaway, and preached to him there. According to Eliot, Passaconaway was receptive to his preaching, and invited him to come live with the Pennacook, which Eliot did not do. Whether Passaconaway converted is uncertain - no records indicate it, but legends among English colonists and their descendants maintained that he did. His son Wonalancet eventually became a Christian, and as his policies often continued his father's, it seems likely that Passaconaway was at least open to some form of Christian influence.

Passaconaway voluntarily abdicated in approximately 1660 and designated his second son Wonalancet as next sachem of the Pennacook (a position he actively held no later than 1664), which announcement was part of a larger speech he delivered urging his people to always keep peace with the English colonists. His larger family remained active in Native politics: his oldest son Nanamocomuck became sachem of the neighboring Wachusett. His daughter Wanunchus married Montowampate, a sagamore of the Naumkeag in Saugus, who lived north of what is now Boston (their marriage was the topic of John Greenleaf Whittier's poem "The Bridal of Penacook"), and another daughter, known only as Bess, married Nobhow, the sachem of the Pawtucket.

In his old age Passaconaway, having relinquished his position of authority and having seen most traditional subsistence practices abandoned or rendered impossible by English colonial practices and laws, became dependent on the goodwill of the Massachusetts General Court and colonial government, petitioning in 1664 for a land grant for territory over which he once exercised some form of sovereignty. In October 1665, Passaconaway's daughter, Bess (wife of Nobb How), sold the Pennacook territory called Augumtoocooke (present-day Dracut, Massachusetts) to Captain John Evered, for the sum of four yards of "Duffill" and one pound of tobacco. Capt. Evered in turn sold tracts of the land to European families for a great deal of money. However, it is important to remember that by that time, the Pennacook and Pawtucket families had been arrested, harassed, enslaved, and shipped to Barbados in some cases.

The details of his death, including date, cause, and the location of his grave, are unknown. His son and successor, Wonalancet, kept to his father's policies regarding the English, including forbearing to take part in King Philip's War. His first son, Nanamocomuck, was the father of Kancamagus, who became Pennacook sachem after Wonalancet, and was far more inclined to fight back against the English than his grandfather and uncle had been. Kancamagus eventually removed the remnants of the Pennacook northward to the settlements along the Saint Lawrence River.

Passaconaway was later heroized by non-native New Englanders as a representative of a "good" Indian, largely due to his lifelong policy of nonaggression with the English colonists, the repeated positive comments on his character from English contemporaries such as John Eliot, and he has been commemorated in various places in New Hampshire and elsewhere.

Legends
Legends in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Maine are mostly drawn from, and elaborate upon, colonial accounts. Even before the Pilgrims' 1620 landing on the Massachusetts coast, a European ship's captain reported seeing a huge native standing atop a coastal cliff, surmising he was probably the native often referred to as Conway.

Another legend indicates that Passaconaway was summoned to the Plymouth area of Massachusetts by the Wampanoag sachem Massasoit, asking Passaconaway to use his supernatural powers to rid the land of the Pilgrims who were building a village on the shore (this is tied to versions of his abdication speech where he allegedly said he did everything to get rid of the English that he could - which does not line up with his lifelong policy of appeasement). At Massasoit's village, says the folklore, Passaconaway was for the first time in his life unable to bring up a storm. After conversing with the Great Spirit, Passaconaway declared that the Great Spirit had commanded him to live the rest of his life in peace with the white-faced tribes. From this time on, Passaconaway would not allow his sons or his tribe to fight with any European settlers, and counseled peace to all his native associates.

Local New Hampshire history says that in 1647 John Elliot attempted to speak with Passaconaway but was refused audience again and again before he was finally allowed to talk with the bashaba. Eventually the minister was invited to live with the Pennacook people and teach the elderly sachem about Christianity. Legend says that after the preacher died suddenly from an illness, Passaconaway decided to step down from his position of authority, announcing before an enormous crowd at the yearly native gathering that his son Wonalancet was now sachem of the Pennacook. This account closely follows the events narrated in Eliot's letter and descriptions of Passaconaway's farewell speech, but presents the two as somehow causally related.

The commemorative statue in Edson Cemetery in Lowell, Massachusetts is historically inaccurate - it depicts Plains Indian clothing and headdress. The other most frequently presented image of Passaconaway is a drawing that first appeared in Potter's History of Manchester, and has a somewhat better connection to period-accurate clothing, but the conspicuously displayed bearskin was almost certainly included due to the folk etymology of his name (discussed above).

Anglo-American legends about Passaconaway's death say that his body was buried in a cave in the sacred native mountain Agamenticus in southern Maine, and that at least one member of his people saw his spirit carried up to the Great Spirit's earthly abode of Agiocochook (Mount Washington) atop a sled pulled by wolves and covered with hundreds of animal skins given to him by his people and his fellow sachems. There he burst into flame and was carried up to the heavens to live with the Great Spirit. This legend is almost certainly due to Passaconaway being confused with St. Aspinquid, who was allegedly buried (without miracles) on Agamenticus. The details about wolf-drawn sleds and flaming translation are 18th and 19th century elaborations without any clear Native American antecedent.

Shortly before his death, Passaconaway was granted extensive tracks of land on both sides of the Merrimack as far north as the Souhegan River (although others, like Potter, have claimed without evidence that he settled in present-day Concord). He most likely died and was buried near the island where he was last known to be living, in the Merrimack River not far north of the mouth of the Souhegan.

Village
The present-day Kancamagus Highway, a scenic two-lane highway through the White Mountains of New Hampshire, bears the name of Passaconaway's grandson, Kancamagus. The Kancamagus Highway passes the former village of Passaconaway, much of which is now part of the White Mountain National Forest. The village of Passaconaway once contained a sawmill, hotel and post office, as well as several farms and homes. For a few years a logging railroad ran through the area. The short-lived Passaconaway Mountain Club was based there. The former settlement is located in the incorporated town of Albany, New Hampshire. Today the area is noted for its hiking and cross-country skiing trails. The U.S. Forest Service maintains the Passaconaway Campground and the Jigger Johnson Campground in this area, as well as the historic Russell-Colbath House and adjacent cemetery.

Mountain
Mount Passaconaway, a 4043 ft summit in the Sandwich Range of the White Mountains lying between the village of Wonalancet and the Kancamagus Highway, bears the sachem's name.

Legacy
The Daniel Webster Council of the Boy Scouts of America, which serves most of New Hampshire, honors Passaconaway by naming their Order of the Arrow lodge for the sachem.

title: Passaconaway


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Proctor

Proctor
Wikify and copyedit. It's just copied from 1911 EB. Needs External links, see also, and maybe merge somewhere more article-worthy. Make it better! --Dmcdevit 21:47, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Added to User:Tony Sidaway/Desk Dmcdevit 00:25, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Added to User:Trevor macinnis/Desk since this hasn't been updated in over two months. -- Beland 2 July 2005 03:50 (UTC)
 * Some info added, reordering. still needes sources/references - Trevor MacInnis (Talk | Contribs) 00:32, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This article isn't great, but it now isn't too crummy either. I propose closing this task, removing the clean-up notice and moving onto another task, asap.  I'll close it on Monday if there are no objections. Stewart Adcock 22:21, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem with you closing this! Andreww 09:28, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Task closed Stewart Adcock 08:15, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Proctor


title: Template:TOC001


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Apollonia (Illyria)

Apollonia (Ancient Greek, Koine Greek: Ἀπολλωνία, ἡ; city-ethnic: Ἀπολλωνιάτης, Apolloniates; Apollonia) was an Ancient Greek trade colony which developed into an independent polis, and later a Roman city, in southern Illyria. It was located on the right bank of the Aoös/Vjosë river, approximately 10 km from the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its ruins are situated in the county of Fier, close to the village of Pojan, in Albania.

Apollonia was perhaps the most important of the several classical towns of the same name. It was founded around 600 BC by Greek colonists from Corinth and possibly Corcyra, who established a trading settlement on a largely abandoned coastal site by invitation of the local Illyrians. Corinthian colonial policy seems to have been relatively liberal, focused on resource extraction for the support of their homeland, rather than exploitation or expulsion of the local Illyrian population. Apollonia gradually gained political independence from Corinth and was organized as a polis under an oligarchic system. Aristotle describes Apollonia's oligarchy as a small Greek elite class, largely descended from the original colonists, ruling over a largely local Illyrian population.

From the second century BC Apollonia allied itself with the Roman Republic, which maintained a military base there for a time. The city flourished in the Roman period, housing a renowned school of Greek philosophy, rhetoric, and military training which attracted students from across the empire. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, studied at Apollonia in his youth. The city began to decline in the 3rd century AD when its harbor started silting up as a result of an earthquake. It was abandoned in the 4th century AD.

The name of the city is mentioned among the modern bishoprics of the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania (Apollonia and Fier). Apollonia is also a titular see of the Latin Church. The ruins were designated as an archaeological park on 7 April 2003 by the government of Albania.

Name
The settlement was initially known as Gylakeia (Γυλάκεια) after its founder, Gylax. Apart from one inscription and a mention by Stephanus of Byzantium there is no other information which has been preserved about him. Gylax may have been a tyrant closely linked to the ruling dynasty of Corinthian tyrant Periander. The decision to change the name of the settlement can be possibly dated to the collapse of the Corinthian tyranny when the settlement was possibly refounded as Apollonia by a faction which opposed the Corinthian establishment. The name Apollonia appears in 588 BC and is a reference to Apollo.

It was one of 24 cities in the Ancient Greek world known as Apollonia. It was distinguished from other cities named Apollonia by being referred to as Ἀπολλωνία κατ᾿ Ἐπίδαμνον (Apollonia kat' Epidamnon) or Ἀπολλωνία πρὸς Ἐπίδαμνον (Apollonia pros Epidamnon), meaning "Apollonia towards Epidamnos," in reference to the nearby Greek colony of Epidamnos.

Pre-foundation period
The site of Apollonia occupied a strategic position within southern Illyria because it was located at the crossroads of a prehistoric trade route, which both linked the eastern Adriatic coast with the interior, and the northern Adriatic with the Aegean. The route into the interior, which was the more valuable because it permitted overland travel elsewhere in the region, existed before the arrival of Greek colonists, and later it became the Roman Via Egnatia. Before the foundation of Apollonia, the Greek goods that moved inland along this route were very few.

The presence of indigenous Illyrian human remains recovered from a burial mound in the necropolis of Apollonia indicates that the initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began during the Early Bronze Age. The presence of the Early Bronze Age tumuli shows that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory. The earliest EBA tumulus dates to 2679±174 calBCE (2852-2505 calBCE). These burial mounds belong to the southern expression of the Adriatic-Ljubljana culture (related to Cetina culture) which moved southwards along the Adriatic from the northern Balkans. The same community built similar mounds in Montenegro (Rakića Kuće) and northern Albania (Shtoj). A part of the grave finds of the Adriatic tumuli included locally produced violin idols which were influenced by trends observed in the Early Cycladic I (Grotta-Pelos) culture in southern Greece. Surface surveys of the region suggest that there was very little general use of the area until the colonial establishment.

The first post-Mycenaean Greek mariners and traders in the Adriatic were the Euboeans, who interpreted the foreign coast of this sea in ways that were comfortable to them. It has been conjectured that at the site of Apollonia, in particular, those early Greek seafarers encountered a deserted landscape with abandoned tumuli interpreting them as monuments to their Homeric ancestors. Archaeological evidence shows that in the hinterland of Apollonia the earliest Greek pottery dates from the middle of the 7th century BC and is solely Corinthian. A Corinthian Type A transport amphora that is dated to between the third and last quarter of the 7th century BC, also prior to the foundation of the colony, was discovered inside a tumulus, confirming pre-colonial interaction for the site of Apollonia.

The local population's density before the establishment of the colony is debated. When Greek colonists arrived, there were no indigenous people inhabiting in the immediate vicinity of Apollonia, or, if a native settlement in and around Apollonia existed at all, it was very limited. Despite an ancient tradition preserved by Stephanus of Byzantium that the site was first settled by Illyrians there is yet no clear evidence that it was settled by a non-Greek population before the arrival of the Greek colonists. Traces of Iron Age non-Greek ceramics dating back to the pre-colonial period are very few. Such a pattern appears to conform to a gently trodden landscape, which likely was occupied only seasonally by Illyrians, as one should expect from an area inhabited by people who were organized in tribes.

Foundation and Archaic period
The colony at Apollonia was founded by a group of 200 Corinthians led by the oikist Gylax to an already existing trading post around 600 BC. J. J. Wilkes reports that Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation. According to N.G.L. Hammond they established good relations with the local Illyrians founding a joint settlement with a riverine harbor on the Aoos/Vjosë, which emerged as an important trade center. Stocker (2009) states that all textual evidence suggests otherwise, while McIlvaine et al. (2013) and Kyle et al. (2016) quotes Hammond's suggestion. Stallo (2007) states that the Corinthians and Corcyreans were recruited by the Illyrian Taulantii, cooperating in the establishment of the colony. According to Picard (2013) there is no doubt that the small number of the colonizers enabled the Illyrians the opportunity to prevent the colonial settlement in the area if they wished, hence Apollonia was necessarily founded with the approval of the natives, certainly because of trade advantages the colonizers could grant them. The first colonizers were followed by others particularly from Corcyra. According to Wilkes (1995) the site was located on the territory of the Illyrian Taulantii, while according to Hammond (1997) and Stocker (2009) it was probably located on the border between the Taulantii (and/or Parthini) to the north and the Bylliones to the east; both authors stated that the colonists probably took advantage of the enmity between those two supposedly rival Illyrian tribes.

Apollonia and Epidamnos apparently were the only Greek colonies founded in the Adriatic Sea during the Archaic era, and the only colonies established in Illyria by mainland Greeks. Apollonia in particular was one of the last colonies founded in the west by mainland Greeks during the Archaic colonization. The placement was chosen because it occupied a strategic position at trade crossroads north–south along the eastern Adriatic coast and east–west with the interior of Illyria and Macedonia; across the Straits of Otranto it was also close to the Italian coast; furthermore it was suitable for a riverine port on the shore of the Aoos, and there was also the presence of quality pastureland and scarcity of indigenous settlements in the immediate hinterland of the asty. The polis was located on a significant cultural border between Chaonia (the northernmost part of Epirus) and Illyria.

One of the early actions of the settlers was to bring under their control a hill to the southeast of Apollonia, which the Illyrian tribes used as grazing grounds. The settlers proceeded to exploit the hill by taxing the Illyrian pastoralists for its use. According to most scholars, relations between the colonists and locals were friendly and mutually beneficial. Apollonia grew following its foundation, although it remained modest in size until Hellenistic times. The Corinthian colonial policy appears to have been relatively liberal, and was geared towards resource extraction so as to support the growing Corinthian population, rather than violent expulsion or exploitation of the local Illyrian population. Though Corinth obtained benefits from colonization that resulted in health improvements for their population, the health of Apollonia deteriorated after the colonial establishment as a result of urbanization, poor sanitation, and exposure to new pathogens due to increased interaction with Mediterranean traders. Illyrians and Corinthians coexisted during the colonial period, and the low rate of skeletal trauma at Apollonia indicates that ethnic relations were peaceful.

Compared to pre-colonial Illyrians and ancient Greeks from Corinth, archaeo-demographic studies show that the population of Apollonia grouped more with the Illyrian population of pre-colonial Lofkënd; this indicates that pre-colonial Illyrians constitute an important genetic contribution to the population of colonial Apollonia. About 90% of the population of Apollonia was phenotypically closer to Illyrians than to ancient Greek Corinthians. Archaeological findings corroborate that Illyrian customs were still used in Apollonia after the foundation of the colony and cultural fusion and/or intermarriage between Illyrians and ancient Greeks took place in the site.

Apollonia in Illyria developed to become one of the most important urban centres in the wider region and played a major role as a trade gateway to the central Balkans. Apollonia, like Dyrrachium further north, became an important port on the Illyrian coast as the most convenient link between Brundusium and northern Greece, and as one of the western starting points of the Via Egnatia leading east to Thessaloniki and Byzantium in Thrace. It had its own mint, stamping coins showing a cow suckling her calf on the obverse and a double stellate pattern on the reverse, which have been found as far away as the basin of the Danube.

Classical period
Apollonia began to mint its own coins in the 5th century BC.

In c. 450 BC the territory of Apollonia was expanded towards the south after the victory of the Apollonians in Thronion on the borders of the land of the indigenous tribe of Amantes, in the coastal area of the Bay of Aulon. By conquering Thronion, the Apolloniates had achieved two goals: they had substantially enlarged their territory towards the Illyrian hinterland and had also acquired a profitable source of money. It gave the Apolloniates control over the lower valley of the Shushicë river, a tributary of the Aoös (modern Vjosa), and consolidated their control over the sanctuary of Nymphaion and the area of the bitumen mines of present-day Selenicë, located to the east of the confluence of the Shushicë into the Aoös. Through that expansion Apollonia benefitted from the exploitation of new fertile lands. With the spoils of Thronion, the Apolloniates erected a monument at Olympia celebrating their victory and conquest. This turn may have also been the result of Apollonia's increasing power towards nearby Epirote lands. Apollonian land was bounded on the south-east by the territory of the Bylliones. In this early era, Apollonia began to expand to the south of the Aous valley and incorporporated in the function of its economy other Greek colonists and natives who lived in this area. The social hierarchy didn't change and both native Illyrians and the unprivileged colonists to the south of Aous joined the lower classes of the expanded territory of Apollonia. This relatively fixed colonial division may have brought socially closer the native Illyrians and the colonists of the lower classes.

Herodotus and Conon relate an anecdote concerning a man named Evenius or Peithenius, who was tasked with guarding the sheep sacred to Helios, but wolves attacked and devoured the animals. Evenius said nothing and planned on buying other sheep to make up for the loss, but the other Apollonians soon found out and gouged out his eyes. A famine then broke out as the earth ceased to bear fruit, because of Helios' wrath; the soil grew fertile again only after the Apollonians consulted the Oracle of Delphi and compensated the blinded man with property, while the gods gave him the gift of prophecy. This little anecdote attest to the divine introduction of prophecy, rather than a real biographical event.

Hellenistic period
In Hellenistic times Apollonia experienced significant growth of its population, increase in urbanisation and in large-scale trade networks. It is estimated that at its peak the city had about 60,000 inhabitants. Apollonia was located on a strategic position as a river-port and dominated over a vast plain that stretches c. 10 km in length. Strabo in his Geographica describes Apollonia as a well-governed, self-governing polis presumably from its inception. Aristotle considers (Aristotle:4.3.8) the Apollonian government as a narrow oligarchy, and that the polis consisted of citizens descended from original Greek colonists with power and offices filled by the local elite. According to Aristotle, the original Greek colonists and their descendants were "few out of the many" who held a privileged status over a population largely composed of local Illyrians. Whether local Illyrians were integrated as serfs in the economy of the city or whether they were slaves remains unclear, although the former is more likely. As such only direct descendants of the first Corinthian settlers had access to the politeia and therefore the magistracy. Aristotle uses the term eleutheroi or freemen to refer to citizens who enjoyed such rights. Such a social system suggests a strict endogamy and it was preserved three centuries after the foundation of the city. The aristocratic society of Apollonia maintained its special links with its metropolis, Corinth, for a long time. As such epigraphic evidence points that the prytans maintained Greek names proof that the memories of the first colonists were preserved by the local aristocracy. Contrary to nearby Epidamnus, Apollonia pursued xenelasia, the expulsion of foreigners deemed injurious to the public welfare, similar to that used in Lacedaemonian law.

During the 3rd century B.C the hinterland of Apollonia was inhabited by a population that used non-indigenous ceramics. This suggests that the material culture of the neighbouring Illyrians had become hellenized since at that time all products are classified as Greek ones. The city grew rich on the slave trade and local agriculture, as well as its large harbour, said to have been able to hold a hundred ships at a time. The city also benefited from the local supply of asphalt which was a valuable commodity in ancient times, for example for caulking ships. The remains of a late sixth-century temple, located just outside the city, were reported in 2006; it is only the fifth known stone temple found in present-day Albania. Later in the Hellenistic period the economy of Apollonia adopted a more dispersed farmstead approach. Whether this expansion was the result of conquest, expansion, assimilation of local indigenous groups or cooperation between colonists and indigenous groups this is unclear. The city was for a time included among the dominions of Pyrrhus of Epirus.

Roman period
In 229 BC, it came under the control of the Roman Republic, to which it was firmly loyal. In the Fourth Macedonian War, the praetor Lucius Anicius Gallus who led the Roman campaign to defeat the Illyrian ruler Gentius was based in Apollonia with Roman troops and 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry from the Illyrian tribe of the Parthini led by tribal leaders Epicadus and Algalsus.a part of the captured fleet of Gentiues was presented to the people of Apollonia after the war. It is possible that by the 3rd century BC, Apollonia's colonial character changed or was lost as a high proportion of Illyrians in highly ranked positions began to emerge. Another possible reason of admixture was Apollonia's growth and territorial expansion, with the incorporation of additional Greek colonists at a later era, though they probably did not enjoy full citizenship privileges. In 148 BC, Apollonia became part of the Roman province of Macedonia, specifically of Epirus Nova. It supported Julius Caesar in his civil war against Pompey, but fell to Pompey's ally Marcus Junius Brutus in 48 BC. Gaius Octavius later known as Augustus studied in Apollonia in 44 BC under the tutelage of Athenodorus of Tarsus; it was there that he received news of Caesar's murder. The city received a series of privileges by Gaius Octavius which reaffirmed its oligarchic institutions, which were seen favorably by the emerging power structure in Rome.

Apollonia flourished under Roman rule and was noted by Cicero in his Philippicae as magna urbs et gravis, a great and important city. Christianity was established in the city at an early stage, and bishops from Apollonia were present during the First Council of Ephesus (431) and the Council of Chalcedon (451). It was mentioned in the 6th century Synecdemus of Hyerocles among the 20 cities of the Illyrian provinces, as part of Epirus Nova. Its decline, however, began in the 3rd century AD, when an earthquake changed the path of the Aoös, causing the harbour to silt up and the inland area to become a malaria-ridden swamp. The city became increasingly uninhabitable as the inland swamp expanded, and the nearby settlement of Avlona (modern-day Vlorë) became dominant.

Legacy
Apollonia has not been inhabited after its 4th century AD abandonment, with the exception of a monastery. As such, by the end of antiquity, the city was largely depopulated, hosting only a small Christian community. This community (which probably is part of the site of the old city) built on a nearby hill the church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, (Shën Mëri), part of the Ardenica Monastery. At the monastery a Greek language school was operating at 1684 which provided also 'higher education' that time. A school still existed at 1880 but with a limited number of students.

In June 2020, part of the site was vandalized by unknown individuals. Two columns were knocked down, but were subsequently re-erected. According to the site's director, the damage might be "irreparable" and likely occurred during the COVID-19 lockdown. The incident was condemned by Albanian archeologists and the President of Albania, Ilir Meta.

Archaeology
The city seems to have sunk with the rise of Vlora. It was "rediscovered" by European classicists in the 18th century, though it was not until the Austrian occupation of 1916–1918 that the site was investigated by archaeologists. Their work was continued by a French team between 1924 and 1938. Parts of the site were damaged during the Second World War. After the war, an Albanian team undertook further work from 1948 onwards, although much of the site remains unexcavated to this day.

In 1967, the archaeological site was seriously and irrevocably damaged by heavy machinery and the building of c. 400 concrete military bunkers at and near the ancient polis. Some of the team's archeological discoveries are on display within the monastery, known as the Archaeological Museum of Apolonia (opened in 1958) and other artifacts from Apollonia are in the capital Tirana. Unfortunately, during the anarchy that followed the collapse of the communist party in 1990 and reversion to capitalism, the archeological collection was plundered and the museum was temporarily closed. The ruins were also frequently dug up by plunderers for relics to be sold to collectors abroad. In December 2011, a new museum opened, under the directorship of Marin Haxhimihali. It replaced an older museum dating from 1985, and was funded by UNESCO's MDG-F Joint Programme "Culture and Heritage for Social and Economic Development".

In 2006, archaeologists discovered a Greek temple which dates back to the 6th century BC just outside of the Apollonia.

In August 2010, a French-Albanian team of archaeologists unearthed a bust of a Roman soldier, 50 years after the discoveries of other full body statues in the 1958–1960 period expeditions, led by Albanian scholar Selim Islami and Russian Professor Blavatski.

A German-Albanian team has been working on the Hellenistic theatre at Albania, throwing light on the development of Greek theatres and also local variants

Episcopal history
A bishopric was founded there circa 400 AD but suppressed around 599. One of the participants in the Council of Ephesus in 431 was a Felix who signed once as Bishop of Apollonia and Byllis, at another time as Bishop of Apollonia. Some assume that the two towns formed a single episcopal see, others suppose he was, strictly speaking, Bishop only of Apollonia, but was temporarily in charge also of Byllis during a vacancy of that see (apostolic administrator). One of the participants at a council held in Constantinople in 448 signed as Paulus Episcopus Apolloniada al. Apolloniatarum, civitatis sanctae ecclesiae, but it is uncertain whether he was associated with this Apollonia. At the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Eusebius subscribed simply as Bishop of Apollonia. In the letter of the bishops of Epirus Nova to the Byzantine Emperor Leo I in 458, Philocharis subscribes as Bishop of what the manuscripts call "Vallidus", and which editors think should be corrected to "Byllis". Whether Philocharis is to be considered Bishop also of Apollonia depends on the interpretation of the position of Felix in 431.

The Annuario Pontificio lists Apollonia as a titular see, thus recognizing that it was once a residential diocese, a suffragan of the archbishopric of Dyrrachium, It grants no such recognition to Byllis. Metropolitan of the Roman province of Epirus Novus.

Culture
Around 450 BC, Apollonia expanded towards Thronion which it defeated and gained control of its territory. The victory was commemorated by a monument erected in Olympia. It was described by Pausanias who visited it many centuries later. The monument was an arrangement of five Trojan and five Achaean heroes who faced each other and were observed by Zeus who stood at the center, surrounded by Eos and Thetis, while Apollo and other gods who supported the Trojans were placed to his right. The monument highlights that Apollonia had embraced a tradition which showed preference for the Trojans in Trojan War. This tradition had developed in Epirus and southern Illyria in reference to mythological constructions which linked the foundation of settlements to Trojan migration in the area. From 2nd century B.C Apollonia became a major center of Greek leaning. Apollonia was also a major centre for the study of astronomy. The building known as the Agonothetes monument was built in the 2nd century BC. It had a ten-tier cavea and functioned as Apollonia's municipal building for council meetings. Its small capacity highlights that the oligarchic political organization of Apollonia was preserved in its early Roman era.

Notable people

 * Isocrates of Apollonia, rhetorician and pupil of the elder Isocrates

title: Apollonia (Illyria)


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Finland at the 1988 Summer Olympics

Finland competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. 78 competitors, 59 men and 19 women, took part in 66 events in 15 sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Archery
The Finnish team did not fare as well at the 1988 Olympic archery competition as they had previously, though the men's team was almost able to capture a medal. Only one archer placed in the top eight in individual competition.

Women's Individual Competition:
 * Päivi Aaltonen — 1/8 Final (→ 20th place)
 * Jutta Poikolainen — Preliminary Round (→ 55th place)
 * Minna Heinonen — Preliminary Round (→ 56th place)

Men's Individual Competition:
 * Pentti Vikström — Final (→ 7th place)
 * Tomi Poikolainen — Semifinal (→ 11th place)
 * Ismo Falck — Preliminary Round (→ 27th place)

Women's Team Competition:
 * Aaltonen, Poikolainen, and Heinonen — Preliminary Round (→ 13th place)

Men's Team Competition:
 * Vikstrom, Poikolainen, and Falck — Final (→ 4th place)

Athletics
Men's Long Jump
 * Jarmo Kärnä
 * Qualification — 7.90m
 * Final — 7.82m (→ 10th place)

Men's Hammer Throw
 * Harri Huhtala
 * Qualification — 77.34m
 * Final — 75.38m (→ 9th place)
 * Juha Tiainen
 * Qualification — 73.24m (→ did not advance)

Men's Javelin Throw
 * Tapio Korjus
 * Qualification — 81.42m
 * Final — 84.28m (→ [[Image:Med 1.png]] Gold Medal)
 * Seppo Räty
 * Qualification — 81.62m
 * Final — 83.26m (→ [[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal)
 * Kimmo Kinnunen
 * Qualification — 80.24m
 * Final — 78.04m (→ 10th place)

Men's 50 km Walk
 * Reima Salonen
 * Final — 3'51:36 (→ 18th place)

Men's Decathlon
 * Petri Keskitalo — 8143 points (→ 11th place)
 * 100 metres — 10.94s
 * Long Jump — 7.56m
 * Shot Put — 15.34m
 * High Jump — 1.97m
 * 400 metres — 49.94s
 * 110m Hurdles — 14.25s
 * Discus Throw — 41.86m
 * Pole Vault — 4.80m
 * Javelin Throw — 66.64m
 * 1.500 metres — 4:55.89s

Women's Marathon
 * Tuija Jousimaa
 * Final – 2:43:00 (→ 41st place)
 * Sinikka Keskitalo
 * Final – 2:43:00 (→ 42nd place)

Women's Javelin Throw
 * Päivi Alafrantti
 * Qualification – 62.82m
 * Final – 58.20m (→ 10th place)
 * Tiina Lillak
 * Qualification – 60.06m (→ did not advance)
 * Tuula Laaksalo
 * Qualification – 60.64m (→ did not advance)

Women's Heptathlon
 * Satu Ruotsalainen
 * Final Result — 6101 points (→ 15th place)
 * Ragne Kytölä
 * Final Result — 5686 points (→ 21st place)

Cycling
Four cyclists, three men and one woman, represented Finland in 1988.

 * Men's road race
 * Jari Lähde

 * Men's 1 km time trial
 * Mika Hämäläinen

 * Men's individual pursuit
 * Jyrki Tujunen

 * Women's road race
 * Tea Vikstedt-Nyman — 2:00:52 (→ 43rd place)

Fencing
One male fencer represented Finland in 1988.

 * Men's épée
 * Lars Winter

Swimming
Men's 100m Breaststroke
 * Petri Suominen
 * Heat – 1:03.58
 * B-Final – 1:04.04 (→ 14th place)

Men's 200m Breaststroke
 * Petri Suominen
 * Heat – 2:22.01 (→ did not advance, 29th place)

title: Finland at the 1988 Summer Olympics


text: User talk:24.58.250.198

title: User talk:24.58.250.198


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Baldassare Peruzzi

Baldassare Tommaso Peruzzi (7 March 1481 – 6 January 1536) was an Italian architect and painter, born in a small town near Siena (in Ancaiano, frazione of Sovicille) and died in Rome. He worked for many years with Bramante, Raphael, and later Sangallo during the erection of the new St. Peter's. He returned to his native Siena after the Sack of Rome (1527) where he was employed as architect to the Republic. For the Sienese he built new fortifications for the city and designed (though did not build) a remarkable dam on the Bruna River near Giuncarico. He seems to have moved back to Rome permanently by 1535. He died there the following year and was buried in the Rotunda of the Pantheon, near Raphael.

He was a painter of frescoes in the Cappella San Giovanni (Chapel of St John the Baptist) in the Duomo of Siena.

His son Giovanni Sallustio was also an architect. Another son, Onorio, learned painting from his father, then became a Dominican priest in the convent of Santa Maria Sopra Minerva in Rome. He then stopped painting until requested by his superiors at San Romano di Lucca to paint the organ doors of the church.

Design and decoration of Villa Farnesina
Almost all art critics ascribe the design of the Villa Chigi in Rome, now known more commonly as the Villa Farnesina, to Peruzzi. In this villa, two wings branch off from a central hall with a simple arrangement of pilasters, and a decorative frieze on the exterior of the building. Some of the frescoed paintings which adorn the interior rooms are by Peruzzi. One example is the Sala delle Prospettive, in which Peruzzi revived the perspective schemes of Melozzo da Forlì and Mantegna, possibly under the influence of both. The walls of the room are painted so that when one stands toward the left, one has the illusion that one is standing in an open-air terrace, lined by pillars, looking out over a continuous landscape. The decoration of the façade, the work of Peruzzi, has almost entirely vanished, but it is documented by an anonymous French artist in a drawing, now held by the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. To decorate this villa on the Tiber many artists were employed, and just as the style of the villa in no wise recalls the old castellated type of country-house, so the paintings in harmony with the pleasure-loving spirits of the time were thoroughly antique and uninspired by Christian ideas. Raphael designed the composition of the story of Amor and Psyche as a continuation of the Galatea. On a plate-glass vault Peruzzi painted the firmament, with the zodiacal signs, the planets, and other heavenly bodies. The interior room has a striking use of illusionistic perspective.

Other work
Peruzzi had produced a mosaic ceiling for the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome; the mosaic depicts the Saviour. Other paintings ascribed to him are to be found in Sant'Onofrio and San Pietro in Montorio. That Peruzzi improved as time went on is evident in his later works, e.g., the "Madonna with Saints" in Santa Maria della Pace at Rome, and the fresco of Augustus and the Tiburtine Sibyl in Santa Maria in Portico a Fontegiusta at Siena. As our master interested himself in the decorative art also, he exercised a strong influence in this direction, not only by his own decorative paintings but also by furnishing designs for craftsmen of various kinds. While primarily known as an architect, one of his great loves was drawing. His extraordinary pen and ink drawings for the basilica of St. Peter's are preserved in the Prints and Drawings Collection of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. He was especially well known for his extraordinary studies of antique buildings, as seen in The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine (1502–1503) in the Allen Memorial Art Museum.

His final architectural masterpiece, the Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne (1535) located now on the 19th-century Corso Vittorio Emanuele, is well known for its curving facade, ingenious planning, and architecturally rich interior. The exterior details display a Mannerist-style.

He left drawings to a pupil, Sebastiano Serlio, who used them in several of his Books of Architecture, published in Venice beginning in the early 1530s.

title: Baldassare Peruzzi


text: Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Cheshire


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Francis Caracciolo

Francis Caracciolo (October 13, 1563 – June 4, 1608), born Ascanio dei Caracciolo Pisquizi, was an Italian Catholic priest who co-founded the Order of the Clerics Regular Minor with John Augustine Adorno and Fabrizio Caracciolo. He decided to adopt a religious life at the age of 22.

Early life and career
Francis (Francesco) Caracciolo was born in Villa Santa Maria in the Abruzzo region, in the Kingdom of Naples. He belonged to the Pisquizio branch of the Caracciolo family and received in baptism the name of Ascanio. From a young age, he had a reputation for gentleness and uprightness. When he was 22, he was attacked by one of the several skin maladies collectively described as "leprosy" in those days. So serious was this attack that he was considered hopeless. With death so near, he made a vow that if he regained his health, he would spend the rest of his life in the service of God and his fellow men. He recovered so quickly after this vow, that his cure was considered miraculous. Eager to fulfil his promise to God, he went to Naples to study for the priesthood.

Order of Clerics Regular Minor
Five years after he went to Naples, a letter from Giovanni Agostino Adorno of Genoa to another Caracciolo, Fabrizio, begging him to take part in founding a new religious institute, was delivered by mistake to the newly ordained priest, and he saw in this circumstance an assurance of the divine will towards him (1588). He assisted in drawing up rules for the new congregation, which was approved by Pope Sixtus V, July 1, 1588, and confirmed by Pope Gregory XIV on February 18, 1591, and reconfirmed by Pope Clement VIII on June 1, 1592.

The institute founded thereby, named the Order of the Clerics Regular Minor (the "Adorno Fathers"), is both contemplative and active. Circular adoration of the Blessed Sacrament is one of the pillars of their life. To the three usual vows a fourth is added, namely, that its members must not aspire to ecclesiastical dignities outside the order nor seek them within it. Perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament is kept up by rotation, and self-mortification is practiced. The motto of the order "Ad majorem Resurgentis gloriam" ("to the greater glory of the Risen One") was chosen because Francis and Augustine Adorno made their profession at Naples on Low Sunday, April 9, 1589. Upon making his profession, Caracciolo took the name Francis in honor of Francis of Assisi.

The new congregation of the Clerics Regular Minor thus established was one of considerable severity. The clerics bound themselves to various practices of daily penance. It was decided that each day one brother should fast on bread and water, another would take the discipline, and a third would wear the hair shirt. Later (under the direction of Caracciolo) it was further decreed that everyone should spend an hour a day in prayer before the Blessed Sacrament.

Caracciolo was ordained either on June 16 or September 22, 1590. None of his early biographers relayed the date of his ordination, so the date can only be deduced by a letter to Adorno dated October 27, 1590, where he writes, "I still cannot hear confessions, since one needs dispensation to do it before the six months after ordination." Since at the time ordinations could only occur on a Saturday of Ember days, he could only have been ordained on June 16 or September 22.

Superior General, 1593-1601
The order's principal founder, Giovanni Adorno, died in early 1593, and despite his refusal, Francis Caracciolo was chosen Superior General on March 9, 1593, in the first house of the congregation in Naples, called St. Mary Major or Pietrasanta, given to the congregation by Pope Sixtus V. Even in his capacity as superior of the order, he insisted on sharing simple tasks: sweeping rooms, making beds, washing dishes. As a priest Francis spent many hours in the confessional. Here he was enriched with the gifts of prophecy and the reading of hearts. He also begged in the streets for the poor and gave away most of his possessions to the needy. But it was his devotion to the Blessed Sacrament for which Francis Caracciolo is most noted and remembered. Such was his love for the Holy Eucharist, that he would spend almost the entire night in adoration. The little sleep he allowed himself was often spent on one of the altar steps.

He made three journeys to Spain to establish foundations under the protection of kings Philip II and Philip III. He opened the house of the Holy Ghost at Madrid on January 20, 1599, that of Our Lady of the Annunciation at Valladolid on September 9, 1601, and that of St. Joseph at Alcalá sometime in 1601, for teaching science. In Rome he obtained possession of St. Leonard's Church, which he afterwards exchanged for that of Sant'Agnese in Agone, September 18, 1598, and later he secured for the institute the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina (June 11, 1606) which was made over to him by a papal bull of Pope Paul V (which was, however, annulled by the bull "Susceptum" of Pope Pius X, November 9, 1906).

Francis Caracciolo was the author of "Le sette stazioni sopra la Passione di N.S. Gesù Christo" (The Seven Stations of the Passion of Our Lord, Jesus Christ, Rome, 1710). He loved the poor. Like Thomas Aquinas, a relative on his mother's side, his purity was angelic, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia. Pope Paul V desired to confer an important bishopric on him, but he steadfastly refused it.

Latter years, 1601–1608
Remaining general superior for seven years, Francis at last obtained permission from Pope Clement VIII to resign. The position had been a severe strain upon him, not only because of his delicate health, but also because in establishing and extending the order, he found himself and his brethren faced with opposition, misrepresentation, and sometimes by malicious calumnies.

Francis was then named prior of Santa Maria Maggiore and novice-master. He carried on his apostolic work in the confessional and in the pulpit, discoursing so constantly and movingly on the divine goodness to man that he was called "The Preacher of the Love of God". Hagiographies describe him as performing many miraculous healings with the sign of the cross.

He often bathed the ground with his tears when he prayed, according to his custom, prostrate on his face before the tabernacle, and constantly repeating from psalm 68, as one devoured by internal fire,"Zelus domus tuae comedit me", "Zeal for your house consumes me."

In 1608, Caracciolo moved to Agnone to found a religious house in honour of the Santissima Annunziata, but he died before the completion of his dream. After the death his remains were transported from, where he moved to found was died, to Naples, without having any visible signs of embalmment.

Invited by the Oratorians at Agnone, in the Molise region, to convert their house into a college for his congregation, Francis set out to help with the new foundation. On his way he visited Loreto, where he was granted the favor of spending the night in prayer in the chapel of the Holy House, the Basilica della Santa Casa. As he was invoking Our Lady's help on behalf of his brethren, Giovanni Adorno appeared to him in a dream or a vision, and announced his approaching death. He arrived at Agnone apparently in good health, but he himself was under no illusion. On the first day of June, 1608, he was seized with a fever which rapidly increased, and he dictated a fervent letter urging the members of the society to remain faithful to the rule. On the Vigil of Corpus Christi, Wednesday, June 4, 1608, he seemed absorbed in meditation until an hour before sunset when he suddenly cried out, "Let us go, Let us go to heaven!" Scarcely had these words been uttered when his wish was realized and he passed to his reward. He was forty-four years of age.

Veneration
When his body was opened after death, Francis' heart was found as it were burnt up, and these words imprinted around it: "Zelus domus Tuæ comedit me"—"The zeal of Thy house hath consumed me." Francis Caracciolo was beatified by Pope Clement XIV on June 4, 1769, and canonized by Pope Pius VII on May 24, 1807. His liturgical feast day is June 4. In 1838 he was chosen as a patron saint of Naples, where his body lies. At first he was buried in the Basilica of St. Mary Major, but his remains were afterwards translated to the church of Santa Maria di Monteverginella, which was given in exchange to the Clerics Regular Minor (1823) after their suppression at the time of the French Revolution.

Francis is also the patron saint of Italian cooks.

title: Francis Caracciolo


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La Présentation, Quebec

La Présentation is a municipality in southern Quebec, Canada on the Salvail River in Les Maskoutains Regional County Municipality. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 2,466.

Communities

 * La Présentation
 * Salvail

title: La Présentation, Quebec