text:
Simon of Saint-Quentin

Simon of Saint-Quentin (fl. 1245-48) was a Dominican friar and diplomat who accompanied Ascelin of Lombardia on an embassy which Pope Innocent IV sent to the Mongols in 1245. Simon’s account of the mission, in its original form, is lost; but a large section has been preserved in Vincent of Beauvais’ Speculum Historiale, where nineteen chapters are expressly said to be ex libello fratris Simonis. The embassy of Ascelin and Simon proceeded to the camp of Baiju at Sitiens in Armenia, lying between the Aras River and Lake Sevan, fifty-nine days' journey from Acre.

The papal letters were translated into Persian, and thence into Mongolian, and so presented to Baiju; but the Tatars were greatly irritated by the haughtiness of the Dominicans, who implied that the pope was superior even to the Great Khan, and offered no presents, refused the customary reverences before Baiju, declined to go on to the imperial court, and made unseasonable attempts to convert their hosts. The Frankish visitors were accordingly lodged and treated with contempt: for nine weeks (June and July 1247) all answer to their letters was refused. Thrice Baiju even ordered their death. At last, on July 25, 1247, they were dismissed with the Noyan's reply, dated July 20. This reply complained of the high words of the Latin envoys, and commanded the pope to come in person and submit to the Master of all the Earth (the Mongol emperor).

The mission thus ended in complete failure; but, except for Carpini's, it was the earliest Catholic embassy which reached any Mongol court, and its information must have been valuable. It performed something at least of what should have been (but apparently was not) done by Lawrence of Portugal, who was commissioned as papal envoy to the Mongols of the south-west at the same time that Carpini was accredited to those of the north (1245).

See Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum historiale, book xxxii. (sometimes quoted as xxxi.), chaps. 26-29, 32, 34, 40-52, (cf. pp. 453 A-454 B in the Venice edition of 1591); besides these, several other chapters of the Speculum historiale probably contain material derived from Simon, e.g. bk. xxxi. (otherwise xxx.), chaps. 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 32; and bk. xxx. (otherwise xxix.), chaps. 69, 71, 74-75, 78, 80.

Works
Simon of Saint-Quentin: History of the Tartars Those sections of Simon’s text that were included in Vincent of Beauvais’ Speculum historiale translated into English and annotated by Stephen Pow, Tamás Kiss, Anna Romsics, Flora Ghazaryan. Published online in 2019; bilingual: English, Latin.

title: Simon of Saint-Quentin


text:
Barcelona Supercomputing Center

The Barcelona Supercomputing Center (Centro Nacional de Supercomputación) is a public research center located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It hosts MareNostrum, a 13.7 Petaflops, Intel Xeon Platinum-based supercomputer, which also includes clusters of emerging technologies. , it ranked 13th in the world. , it dropped to 88th. It is expected to host one of Europe's first quantum computers.

Location and management
The Center is located in a former chapel named Torre Girona, at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), and was established on April 1, 2005. It is managed by a consortium composed of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (60%), the Government of Catalonia (30%) and the UPC (10%). Professor Mateo Valero is its main administrator. The MareNostrum supercomputer is contained inside an enormous glass box in a former chapel.

Budget
The Barcelona Supercomputing Center had an initial operational budget of €5.5 million/year (about US$7 million/year) to cover the period of 2005–2011. The center has had a very rapid growth and in 2018 had a workforce of around 600 workers and an annual global budget of more than 34 million euros.

The Center has contributed to the development of the IBM cell microprocessor architecture.

Staff

 * Director: Mateo Valero
 * Associate director: Josep Maria Martorell
 * Computer Sciences director: Jesús Labarta
 * Computer Sciences associate director: Eduard Ayguadé
 * Life Sciences director: Alfonso Valencia
 * Earth Sciences director:
 * Computer Applications for Science and Engineering director: José María Cela
 * Operations director: Sergi Girona

In popular culture
The Barcelona Supercomputing Center appears in Dan Brown's 2017 science fiction mystery thriller novel Origin, as the home of the E-Wave device.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barcelona Supercomputing Center


text: Category:Science and technology in Spain


text:
User:Onlyemarie

Erin M. Blakemore (onlyemarie) lives in Boulder, Colorado. She is a native of San Diego, California.

Click here for an up-to-date list of her wiki contributions.

Her interests include American studies, history, language, literature, media, music, politics, popular culture, and roller derby.

title: User:Onlyemarie


text: Template:NIC

title: Template:NIC


text:
User:AlanTonisson

Alan Tõnisson
Sydney, Australia

title: User:AlanTonisson


text:
Talk:Vasily Andreyevich Tropinin

created this article out of here which is copyright material. Don't replace it, as doing so would be illegal, --SqueakBox 21:13, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vasily Andreyevich Tropinin


text:
People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force

The People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF; ) is the naval aviation branch of the People's Liberation Army Navy.

History
Historically, the PLANAF's main role has been to provide the navy's warships with air defense coverage. Part of the coastal defense doctrine was to have naval aircraft protecting the ships, hence the reason why many PLA ships of the 1960s–70s lacked long range anti-aircraft missiles or artillery. During the Sino-Vietnamese War, the PLANAF carried out many successful bombing and airstrike missions against Vietnamese territories, such as in the Spratly Islands. The 1960s saw a series of air combat sorties flown against the Republic of China Air Force. PLANAF pilots have been credited with many major victories over the Taiwanese in these small incidents. Historical aircraft operated by the PLANAF include the J-5, the J-6, and H-5. These aircraft have been retired by the late 1990s.

A PLANAF J-15 made the first landing on Liaoning, China's first aircraft carrier, on 25 November 2012.

In 2023, the PLANAF transferred maritime strike, bomber, and most fighter units to the People's Liberation Army Air Force, including at least 3 fighter brigades, 2 bomber regiments, 3 radar brigades, 3 air defense brigades, and some airbases. It retained carrier aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, and other special purpose aircraft.

Future
In July 2018, Lieutenant General Zhang Honghe of the PLAAF stated that China is developing a new carrier-based aircraft that will replace the J-15 due to four crashes and numerous technical problems. One problem with the aircraft is that it is the heaviest carrier-borne fighter in current operation with an empty weight of 17,500 kg compared to the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet's 14,600 kg (though it is less than the F-14 Tomcat's weight of 19,800 kg). Weight problems are compounded when operating off Liaoning, as its STOBAR launch and recovery method further limits payload capacity. In 2023, China is accelerating the development of its FC-31 prototype successor the Shenyang J-35 fighter jet to be carried on the Fujian aircraft carrier. The J-35 is expected to complete carrier-based testing soon, while the Fujian is in the final stages of outfitting and is projected to undergo sea trials in 2023, to steady its progress in naval modernization.


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Lenard Gustafson

Lenard Joseph Gustafson, PC (November 10, 1933 – March 18, 2022) was a Canadian politician from Saskatchewan. Gustafson served in the Senate of Canada and House of Commons of Canada.

Born in Macoun, Saskatchewan, Gustafson was a farmer, contractor and businessman, before he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1979 general election as the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Assiniboia, Saskatchewan. He did not serve in the short-lived government led by Prime Minister Joe Clark.

He was re-elected in 1980, 1984, and 1988. Gustafson served as parliamentary secretary to Prime Minister Brian Mulroney from 1984 until shortly before Mulroney left office. In May 1993, shortly before his retirement, Mulroney appointed Gustafson to the Senate of Canada, where he sat as a Progressive Conservative and, since February 2004, as a Conservative. He retired from the Senate upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75 on November 10, 2008. On January 8, 2009, it was announced that Gustafson was appointed to the Privy Council on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

Gustafson died on March 18, 2022, in Midale, Saskatchewan.

title: Lenard Gustafson


text:
Talk:Julian Richings

Untitled
Bio was removed due to it being the same bio on http://www.julianrichings.com. I'm the webmaster of that site, and wrote the bio - no copyright violation has taken place.
 * From Copyright problems,
 * Copyright to bio held by poster (julianrichings.com webmaster). User:Henchperson 16:22, April 12 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup
Cleaned up entry - shortened it considerably, took out pointless details. It still needs work. Henchperson 21:46, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Further cleanup. Date of birth unknown. Added picture. Henchperson 01:08, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Added more recent appearances, including the X-Men 3 appearance, to the bio. Henchperson 22:16, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Removed reference to "official website" - julianrichings.com is entirely unofficial. 64.81.139.190 (talk) 22:24, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

XMen 3 Appearance
The fact that Mr. Richings will appear in the third X-Men movie has been confirmed, both by his representative and by his appearance in the most recent trailer. I've added the category "X-Men actors" to the list. Henchperson 03:55, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

The Tracey Fragments
Mr. Richings has verified that he is appearing in Bruce McDonald's newest film, starring Ellen Page. Stills from the movie show Mr. Richings' character, dressed as a woman, identified as "Dr. Heker." The movie still is available here: http://www.thenarrative.net/archive/001194.php. 64.81.139.191

Doctor Who?
The only thing I could find about Richings and Doctor Who is someone on YouTube having made 2 videos, one a fake "trailer" featuring clips of him in Supernatural interspersed with title cards about how Matt Smith will leave the show next year and the other a fake intro video in the style of Peter Davison's stint as the Doctor.

Therefore, I think it would be wise to remove the Doctor Who section until more things pop up. Ianthegecko (talk) 01:44, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Someone is really dedicated to this rumor. Have just removed a blurb about it from the "Life and Career" section. Henchperson (talk) 02:06, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

And have removed it again. Henchperson (talk) 03:22, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

And again! This time from where it stated that Doctor Who was his favorite show as a child. This is getting a little tiresome. Henchperson (talk) 02:21, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Julian Richings. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055923/http://www.bravofact.com/2013/02/14/dave-vs-death-2011/ to http://www.bravofact.com/2013/02/14/dave-vs-death-2011/

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title: Talk:Julian Richings


text:
Italian phonology

The phonology of Italian describes the sound system—the phonology and phonetics—of Standard Italian and its geographical variants.

Consonants
Notes:

 * Between two vowels, or between a vowel and an approximant or a liquid, consonants can be both singleton or geminated. Geminated consonants shorten the preceding vowel (or block phonetic lengthening) and the first geminated element is unreleased. For example, compare   ('fate') with   ('fact'). However, , , , ,  are always geminated intervocalically, including across word boundaries. Similarly, nasals, liquids, and sibilants are pronounced slightly longer in medial consonant clusters.
 * ,, and are the only consonants that cannot be geminated.
 * are laminal denti-alveolar, commonly called "dental" for simplicity.
 * are pre-velar before.
 * have two variants:
 * Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental" for simplicity), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the upper front teeth, with the tip of the tongue resting behind lower front teeth.
 * Non-retracted apical alveolar . The stop component of the "apical" affricates is actually laminal denti-alveolar.
 * are apical alveolar in most environments.  are laminal denti-alveolar  before  and palatalized laminal postalveolar  before .  is velar  before.
 * and do not contrast before  and, where they are pronounced  and , respectively.
 * and are alveolo-palatal. In a large number of accents,  is a fricative.
 * Intervocalically, single is realised as a trill with one or two contacts. Some literature treats the single-contact trill as a tap . Single-contact trills can also occur elsewhere, particularly in unstressed syllables. Geminate  manifests as a trill with three to seven contacts.
 * The phonemic distinction between and  is neutralized before consonants and at the beginning of words: the former is used before voiceless consonants and before vowels at the beginning of words; the latter is used before voiced consonants. The two can contrast only between vowels within a word, e.g. fuso  'melted' versus fuso  'spindle'. According to Canepari, though, the traditional standard has been replaced by a modern neutral pronunciation which always prefers  when intervocalic, except when the intervocalic s is the initial sound of a word, if the compound is still felt as such: for example, presento  ('I foresee', with pre- meaning 'before' and sento meaning 'I perceive') vs presento  ('I present'). There are many words for which dictionaries now indicate that both pronunciations, either  or, are acceptable. Word-internally between vowels, both phonemes have merged in many regional varieties of Italian, as either  (Northern-Central) or  (Southern-Central).

Vowels

In Italian phonemic distinction between long and short vowels is rare and limited to a few words and one morphological class, namely the pair composed by the first and third person of the historic past in verbs of the third conjugation – compare sentii (, "I felt/heard'), and sentì (, "he felt/heard").

Normally vowels in stressed open syllables, unless word-final, are long at the end of the intonational phrase (including isolated words) or when emphasized. Adjacent identical vowels found at morpheme boundaries are not resyllabified, but pronounced separately ("quickly rearticulated"), and they might be reduced to a single short vowel in rapid speech.

Although Italian contrasts close-mid and open-mid  vowels in stressed syllables, the distinction is neutralised in unstressed position in which only the close-mid vowels occur. The height of such vowels in unstressed position is context-sensitive; they are somewhat lowered in the vicinity of more open vowels. The distinction between close-mid and open-mid vowels is lost entirely in a few Southern varieties of Regional Italian, especially in Northern Sicily (e.g. Palermo), where they are realized as open-mid, as well as in some Northern varieties (in particular in Piedmont), where they are realized as mid.

Word-final stressed is found in a small number of words: però, ciò, paltò. However, as a productive morpheme, it marks the first person singular of all future tense verbs (e.g. dormirò 'I will sleep') and the third person singular preterite of first conjugation verbs (parlò 's/he spoke', but credé 's/he believed', dormì 's/he slept'). Word-final unstressed is rare,  found in onomatopoeic terms (babau), loanwords (guru), and place or family names derived from the Sardinian language (Gennargentu, Porcu).

When the last phoneme of a word is an unstressed vowel and the first phoneme of the following word is any vowel, the former vowel tends to become non-syllabic. This phenomenon is called synalepha and should be taken into account when counting syllables, e.g. in poetry.

In addition to monophthongs, Italian has diphthongs, which, however, are both phonemically and phonetically simply combinations of the other vowels. Some are very common (e.g. ), others are rarer (e.g. ) and some never occur within native Italian words (e.g. ). None of the diphthongs are, however, considered to have distinct phonemic status since their constituents do not behave differently from how they occur in isolation, unlike the diphthongs in other languages like English and German. Grammatical tradition distinguishes 'falling' from 'rising' diphthongs, but since rising diphthongs are composed of one semiconsonantal sound or  and one vowel sound, they are not actually diphthongs. The practice of referring to them as 'diphthongs' has been criticised by phoneticians like Luciano Canepari.

Onset
Italian allows up to three consonants in syllable-initial position, though there are limitations:

CC
 * + any voiceless stop or . E.g. spavento ('fright')
 * + any voiced stop, . E.g. srotolare ('unroll')
 * , or any stop + . E.g. frana ('landslide')
 * , or any stop except + . E.g. platano ('planetree')
 * , or any stop or nasal + . E.g. fiume ('river'), vuole ('he/she wants'), siamo ('we are'), suono ('sound')
 * In words of foreign (mostly Greek) origin which are only partially assimilated, other combinations such as (e.g. pneumatico),  (e.g. mnemonico),  (e.g. tmesi), and  (e.g. pseudo-) occur.

As an onset, the cluster + voiceless consonant is inherently unstable. Phonetically, word-internal s+C normally syllabifies as  rospo 'toad',  Trastevere (neighborhood of Rome). Phonetic syllabification of the cluster also occurs at word boundaries if a vowel precedes it without pause, e.g. la storia 'the history', implying the same syllable break at the structural level,, thus always latent due to the extrasyllabic , but unrealized phonetically unless a vowel precedes. A competing analysis accepts that while the syllabification is accurate historically, modern retreat of i-prosthesis before word initial +C (e.g. erstwhile con isforzo 'with effort' has generally given way to con sforzo) suggests that the structure is now underdetermined, with occurrence of  or  variable "according to the context and the idiosyncratic behaviour of the speakers."

CCC The last combination is however rare and one of the approximants is often vocalised, e.g. quieto, continuiamo
 * + voiceless stop or + . E.g. spregiare ('to despise')
 * + voiced stop + . E.g. sbracciato ('with bare arms'), sdraiare ('to lay down'), sgravare ('to relieve')
 * + + . E.g. sclerosi ('sclerosis')
 * + + . E.g. sbloccato ('unblocked')
 * or any stop + + . E.g. priego (antiquated form of prego 'I pray'), proprio ('(one's) own' / proper / properly), pruovo (antiquated form of provo 'I try')
 * or any stop or nasal + + . E.g. quieto ('quiet'), continuiamo ('we continue')

Nucleus
The nucleus is the only mandatory part of a syllable (for instance, a 'to, at' is a word) and must be a vowel or a diphthong. In a falling diphthong the most common second elements are or  but other combinations such as idea, trae  may also be interpreted as diphthongs. Combinations of with vowels are often labelled diphthongs, allowing for combinations of  with falling diphthongs to be called triphthongs. One view holds that it is more accurate to label as consonants and  as consonant-vowel sequences rather than rising diphthongs. In that interpretation, Italian has only falling diphthongs (phonemically at least, cf. Synaeresis) and no triphthongs.

Coda
Italian permits a small number of coda consonants. Outside of loanwords, the permitted consonants are:

 * The first element of any geminate, e.g. tutto ('everything'), avvertire ('to warn').
 * A nasal consonant that is either (word-finally) or one that is homorganic to a following consonant. E.g. Con ('with'), un poco  ('a little'), ampio ('ample').
 * Liquid consonants and . E.g. per ('for'), alto ('high').
 * (though not before fricatives). E.g. pesca ('peach'); but asfalto ('asphalt').

There are also restrictions in the types of syllables that permit consonants in the syllable coda. explains that neither geminates, nor coda consonants with "rising sonority" can follow falling diphthongs. However, "rising diphthongs" (or sequences of an approximant and a following vowel) may precede clusters with falling sonority, particularly those that stem historically from an obstruent+liquid onset. For example:

 * biondo ('blond')
 * chiosco ('kiosk')
 * chiostro ('cloister')
 * chioccia ('broody hen')
 * fianco ('hip')

Syntactic gemination
Word-initial consonants are geminated after certain vowel-final words in the same prosodic unit. There are two types of triggers of initial gemination: some unstressed particles, prepositions, and other monosyllabic words, and any oxytonic polysyllabic word. As an example of the first type, casa ('house') is pronounced but a casa ('homeward') is pronounced. This is not a purely phonological process, as no gemination is cued by the la in la casa 'the house', and there is nothing detectable in the structure of the preposition a to account for the gemination. This type normally originates in language history: modern a, for example, derives from Latin AD, and today's geminate in is a continuation of what was once a simple assimilation. Gemination cued by final stressed vowels, however, is transparently phonological. Final stressed vowels are short by nature, if a consonant follows a short stressed vowel the syllable must be closed, thus the consonant following the final stressed vowel is drawn to lengthen: parlò portoghese 's/he spoke Portuguese' vs. parla portoghese  's/he speaks Portuguese'.

To summarize, syntactic gemination occurs in standard Italian mainly in the following two cases:

 * After word-final stressed vowels (words such as sanità, perché, poté, morì and so on).
 * After the words a, che, chi, come, da, do, dove, e, fa, fra, fu, gru, ha, ho, ma, me, mo'  (in the phrase a mo' di), no, o, qua, qualche, qui, so, sopra, sta, sto, su, te, tra, tre, tu, va, vo.

Syntactic gemination is the normal native pronunciation in Central Italy (both "stress-induced" and "lexical") and Southern Italy (only "lexical"), including Sicily and Corsica (France).

In Northern Italy and Sardinia, speakers use it inconsistently because the feature is not present in the dialectal substratum and is not usually shown in the written language unless a new word is produced by the fusion of the two: "chi sa"-> chissà ("who knows" in the sense of goodness knows).

Regional variation
The above IPA symbols and description refer to standard Italian, based on a somewhat idealized version of the Tuscan-derived national language. As is common in many cultures, this single version of the language was pushed as neutral, proper, and eventually superior, leading to some stigmatization of varying accents. Television news anchors and other high-profile figures had to put aside their regional Italian when in the public sphere. However, in more recent years the enforcement of this standard has fallen out of favor in Italy, and news reporters, actors, and the like are now more free to deliver their words in their native regional variety of Italian, which appeals to the Italian population's range of linguistic diversity. The variety is still not represented in its wholeness and accents from the South are maybe to be considered less popular, except in shows set in the South and in comedy, a field in which Naples, Sicily and the South in general have always been present. Though it still represents the basics for the standard variety, the loosened restrictions have led to Tuscan being seen for what it is, just one dialect among many with its own regional peculiarities and qualities, many of which are shared with Umbria, Southern Marche and Northern Lazio.

 * In Tuscany (though not in standard Italian, which is derived from, but not equivalent to, Tuscan dialect), voiceless stops are typically pronounced as fricatives between vowels. That is, → : e.g. i capitani 'the captains', a phenomenon known as the gorgia toscana 'Tuscan throat'. In a much more widespread area of Central Italy, postalveolar affricates are deaffricated when intervocalic so that in Cina ('in China') is pronounced  but la Cina ('the China') is , and  bacio 'kiss' is  rather than Standard Italian . This deaffrication can result in minimal pairs distinguished only by length of the fricatives,  issuing from  and  from geminate :  lacerò 's/he ripped' vs.  lascerò 'I will leave'.
 * In nonstandard varieties of Central and Southern Italian, some stops at the end of a syllable completely assimilate to the following consonant. For example, a Venetian might say tecnica as or  in violation of normal Italian consonant contact restrictions, while a Florentine would likely pronounce tecnica as, a Roman on a range from  to  (in Southern Italian, complex clusters usually are separated by a vowel: a Neapolitan would say , a Sicilian ). Similarly, although the cluster  has developed historically as  through assimilation, a learned word such as ictus will be pronounced  by some,  by others.
 * In popular (non-Tuscan) Central and Southern Italian speech, and  tend to always be geminated ( and ) when between two vowels, or a vowel and a sonorant (,, , or ). Sometimes this is also used in written language, e.g. writing robba instead of roba ('property'), to suggest a regional accent, though this spelling is considered incorrect. In Tuscany and beyond in Central and Southern Italy, intervocalic non-geminate  is realized as  (parallel to  realized as  described above).
 * The two phonemes and  have merged in many varieties of Italian: when between two vowels within the same word, it tends to always be pronounced  in Northern Italy, and  in Central and Southern Italy (except in the Arbëreshë community). A notable example is the word casa ('house'): in Northern Italy it is pronounced ; in Southern-Central Italy it is pronounced.
 * In several Southern varieties, voiceless stops tend to be voiced if following a sonorant, as an influence of the still largely spoken regional languages: campo is often pronounced, and Antonio  is frequently.

The various Tuscan, Corsican and Central Italian dialects are, to some extent, the closest ones to Standard Italian in terms of linguistic features, since the latter is based on a somewhat polished form of Florentine.

Childhood phonological development
Very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in Italian. This article primarily describes phonological development after the first year of life. See the main article on phonological development for a description of first year stages. Many of the earliest stages are thought to be universal to all infants.

Phoneme inventory
Word-final consonants are rarely produced during the early stages of word production. Consonants are usually found in word-initial position, or in intervocalic position.

17 months
Most consonants are word-initial: They are the stops, , , and and the nasal. A preference for a front place of articulation is present.

21 months
More phones now appear in intervocalic contexts. The additions to the phonetic inventory are the voiced stop, the nasal , the voiceless affricate , and the liquid.

24 months
The fricatives, , and are added, primarily at the intervocalic position.

27 months
Approximately equal numbers of phones are now produced in word-initial and intervocalic position. Additions to the phonetic inventory are the voiced stop and the consonant cluster. While the word-initial inventory now tends to have all the phones of the adult targets (adult production of the child's words), the intervocalic inventory tends to still be missing four consonants or consonant clusters of the adult targets:, , , and.

Stops are the most common manner of articulation at all stages and are produced more often than they are present in the target words at around 18 months. Gradually this frequency decreases to almost target-like frequency by around 27 months. The opposite process happens with fricatives, affricates, laterals and trills. Initially, the production of these phonemes is significantly less than what is found in the target words and the production continues to increases to target-like frequency. Alveolars and bilabials are the two most common places of articulation, with alveolar production steadily increasing after the first stage and bilabial production gently decreasing. Labiodental and postalveolar production increases throughout development, while velar production decreases.

6–10 months
Babbling becomes distinct from previous, less structured vocal play. Initially, syllable structure is limited to CVCV, called reduplicated babbling. At this stage, children's vocalizations have a weak relation to adult Italian and the Italian lexicon.

11–14 months
The most-used syllable type changes as children age, and the distribution of syllables takes on increasingly Italian characteristics. This ability significantly increases between the ages of 11 and 12 months, 12 and 13 months, and 13 and 14 months. Consonant clusters are still absent. Children's first ten words appear around month 12, and take CVCV format (e.g. mamma 'mom', papà 'dad').

18–24 months
Reduplicated babbling is replaced by variegated babbling, producing syllable structures such as C1VC2V (e.g. cane 'dog', topo 'mouse'). Production of trisyllabic words begins (e.g. pecora 'sheep', matita 'pencil'). Consonant clusters are now present (e.g. bimba 'female child', venti 'twenty'). Ambient language plays an increasingly significant role as children begin to solidify early syllable structure. Syllable combinations that are infrequent in the Italian lexicon, such as velar-labial sequences (e.g. capra 'goat' or gamba 'leg') are infrequently produced correctly by children, and are often subject to consonant harmony.

Stress patterns
In Italian, stress is lexical, meaning it is word-specific and partly unpredictable. Penultimate stress (primary stress on the second-to-last syllable) is also generally preferred. This goal, acting simultaneously with the child's initial inability to produce polysyllabic words, often results in weak-syllable deletion. The primary environment for weak-syllable deletion in polysyllabic words is word-initial, as deleting word-final or word-medial syllables would interfere with the penultimate stress pattern heard in ambient language.

Phonological awareness
Children develop syllabic segmentation awareness earlier than phonemic segmentation awareness. In earlier stages, syllables are perceived as a separate phonetic unit, while phonemes are perceived as assimilated units by coarticulation in spoken language. By first grade, Italian children are nearing full development of segmentation awareness on both syllables and phonemes. Compared to those children whose mother tongue exhibits closed syllable structure (CVC,CCVC, CVCC, etc.), Italian-speaking children develop this segmentation awareness earlier, possibly due to its open syllable structure (CVCV, CVCVCV, etc.). Rigidity in Italian (shallow orthography and open syllable structure) makes it easier for Italian-speaking children to be aware of those segments.

Sample texts
Provided here is a rendition of the Bible, Luke 2, 1–7, as read by a native Italian speaker from Milan. As a northerner, his pronunciation lacks syntactic doubling ( instead of ) and intervocalic ( instead of ). The speaker realises as  in some positions.

2:1 In quei giorni, un decreto di Cesare Augusto ordinava che si facesse un censimento di tutta la terra. 2 Questo primo censimento fu fatto quando Quirino era governatore della Siria. 3 Tutti andavano a farsi registrare, ciascuno nella propria città. 4 Anche Giuseppe, che era della casa e della famiglia di Davide, dalla città di Nazaret e dalla Galilea si recò in Giudea nella città di Davide, chiamata Betlemme, 5 per farsi registrare insieme a Maria, sua sposa, che era incinta. 6 Proprio mentre si trovavano lì, venne il tempo per lei di partorire. 7 Mise al mondo il suo primogenito, lo avvolse in fasce e lo depose in una mangiatoia, poiché non c'era posto per loro nella locanda.

The differences in pronunciation are underlined in the following transcriptions; the velar is an allophone of. Vowel length is also not phonemic.

A rough phonetic transcription of the audio sample is:

2:1 2  3  4  5  6  7

The Standard Italian pronunciation of the text is:

2:1 2  3  4  5  6  7

title: Italian phonology


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia

Welcome to WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia

WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia aims to produce recordings of Wikipedia articles being read aloud. See the spoken articles for articles that have already been recorded, and the requests for instructions on how to request a recording of a particular article.

Overview
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Why should you participate?
Here are just some reasons why it is worthwhile creating spoken recordings of articles.
 * Spoken articles make Wikipedia content available to those who can understand English but cannot read it.
 * Users can listen to Wikipedia articles while they perform tasks that preclude reading but not concentration (such as running, or housework).
 * Visually impaired users can use screen readers, but they may not be as accurate as a human vocal performance. This is particularly true of articles relating to science, mathematics, linguistics, and other areas commonly requiring unusual or unfamiliar pronunciation, or the use of symbols.
 * They are a valuable learning tool for those learning English. If a link is given to the version of the page that was recorded then users may listen to the words while reading them.
 * They are a valuable learning tool for auditory learners (people who learn most effectively by listening to information delivered orally).
 * Some may find it easier to concentrate on an article while listening to it, especially in an environment with distracting sounds (with the use of headphones).
 * In performing the articles aloud, readers can catch inconsistencies, redundancies, and awkward phrases not noticed by other editors, thus improving the written version of Wikipedia.

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A few caveats...

 * Recording and editing articles can be time-consuming, and recordings are sometimes abandoned or have their source text dramatically changed before they are finished. It helps to start with smaller, more manageable articles first and then move up to bigger ones.
 * Incorrect pronunciation can mislead non-English-speaking users. This can be solved by looking up the pronunciation for words before performing the recording.
 * To maintain a consistent vocal sound and to avoid the degradation in sound quality that comes from re-editing compressed audio files, edits to an existing recording should be done by the original recorder. Thus, in cases where a recording needs to be modified and the original recorder is not available to do it, the recording may need to be re-recorded entirely or removed.
 * Wikipedia articles are constantly evolving; once created, audio versions become less and less accurate when compared with the current article. This can be solved with updated audio recordings.
 * There is no way to follow or indicate links, although Audio Hyperlinks are one possible solution.

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Alternatives
For people wishing to listen to articles that don't yet have a spoken version:

 * Software that converts text to voice is readily available and can be easily used to read out Wikipedia pages on-the-fly. See screen reader.
 * The web-based Pediaphon service uses speech synthesis to generate MP3 audio files and podcasts of Wikipedia articles in different languages. Note that it is highly discouraged to use this software for creating recordings for others as nothing can replace the user's voice and it may also miss words. If this is used, you will not be awarded any credits for the project.

 * }

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Spoken Barnstar
This project has its very own official barnstar, the Spoken Barnstar. According to Awards by WikiProject The Spoken Barnstar may be awarded to an editor who makes outstanding contributions in the form of spoken articles for Wikipedia. Outstanding contributions may include: recording ten good articles, recording three featured articles, or doing an incredibly good job of recording one long, complex, excellent, featured article despite all odds. Awarded by WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia.

This award was introduced on June 28, 2005, by Chameleon. To award a contributor with the Spoken Barnstar, use:

Audio Barnstar
The Audio Barnstar is more general and may be awarded to editors who make a significant contribution to the wiki by creating and/or adding original or rare audio files, historical recordings, self-made music, self-made examples of sound effects or musical styles, natural sounds, etc.

To award a contributor with the Audio Barnstar, use:
 * }

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Advertising
Use any of the following userboxes:

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title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia


text:
Qdoba

Qdoba is a chain of fast casual restaurants in the United States and Canada serving Mexican-style cuisine. After 15 years as a wholly owned subsidiary of Jack in the Box, the company was sold to a consortium of funds led by Apollo Global Management in March 2018. In October 2022, Qdoba was acquired by Butterfly Equity. At the time of the acquisition, Qdoba had nearly 750 locations across North America. It is the No.2 player and No.1 franchisor of Mexican fast-casual dining in North America.

History
This chain traces its origins to the opening of the Zuma Fresh Mexican Grill in 1995 by Colorado native Anthony Miller and partner Robert Hauser at Grant Street and Sixth Avenue in Denver, which is still in operation.

Miller and Hauser met in New York City, where Miller was an investment banker with Merrill Lynch, and Hauser attended the Culinary Institute of America, working at the famed Le Cirque restaurant. Hauser developed most of the recipes, designing the menu to be healthier by replacing traditional animal fats with vegetable oils and using more fresh vegetables and herbs. During the first year, lines stretched out the door most evenings, but it usually took roughly seven minutes for customers in a 30-person line to be served. Zuma was a made-up name but was also the name of a friend's cat.

The Denver, Colorado, location was an immediate success, with first-year revenues exceeding $1,500,000. The cost of opening the 1300 sqft store had been only $180,000.

In 1997, the name of the company was changed from Zuma to Z-Teca Mexican Grill because of a lawsuit from another restaurant using Zuma in Boston and confusion caused by the similar-sounding name of a chain that was operating in the Denver area at that time, ZuZu Handmade Mexican Grill. During the same year, Z-teca began to offer franchise opportunities to entrepreneurs to expand the chain outside of its core territory of Colorado.

In exchange for a large stake, Western Capital and other investors gave the company a large infusion of capital in early 1998 to allow the company to open 25 new locations and nearly triple its size. Later that year, Gary Beisler was hired to replace Miller as president and chief operating officer, while Miller remained chief executive officer. By mid-1998, Z-Teca had 21 locations in 9 states, with 10 of those locations being franchises. At that time, a chicken burrito cost only $4.79. By December 1999, Z-Teca had 49 locations in 19 states.

Even though Z-Teca was another made-up name, there were lawsuits by Z'Tejas Southwestern Grill in Arizona and Azteca in Washington state claiming that Z-Teca was too similar to their names and infringed upon their trade names. To overcome these problems, Qdoba was invented in 1999 by ad agency Heckler Associates. At the time of the name change to Qdoba Mexican Grill, Gary Beisler replaced Miller as CEO.

Jack in the Box paid $45 million in cash to obtain the Wheat Ridge-based Qdoba from ACI Capital, Western Growth Capital, and other private investors in early 2003.

Qdoba repurchased 25 stores located in Kentucky, Indiana, and Tennessee from ZT of Louisville, Inc., one its largest franchisees, for an undisclosed sum in mid-2012. Tim Casey replaced Gary Beisler as CEO in March 2013.

In October 2012, Beisler announced his retirement and was replaced the following March by Tim Casey. Three years later, Casey was replaced as brand president by Keith Guilbault in May 2016.

In June 2013, Qdoba announced it would close a total of 67 underperforming restaurants, including 18 in and around Chicago. By late 2013, Qdoba operated over 600 fast-casual restaurant locations throughout the United States.

In October 2014, Qdoba changed its price structure to "all-inclusive", in which the price only depended on the type of protein ($7.80 for chicken or vegetarian items and $8.40 for steak, shredded beef or pork), but included all of the "extras" that previously incurred an additional charge, such as guacamole and queso sauce. Thereafter, most people who routinely ordered the "extras" with their burritos did not see much of a price difference. However, light eaters complained that if they wanted to maintain their light eating habits by ordering a simple item, they were hit with as much as a $2-per-item price increase (as an example, the Craft 2 which went up to $8.40 from $6.49) by paying for items they did not want (like the guacamole), subsidizing other customers who previously paid for the "extras".

In 2014, Qdoba moved its headquarters from its longtime home in Wheat Ridge to nearby Lakewood. A little over two years later, San Diego-based corporate parent Jack in the Box decided to integrate Qdoba's headquarters into Jack in the Box's main headquarters in California starting in January 2017.

Faced with sluggish growth, management decided to make a change in their marketing strategy. As part of the new strategy, the trade name of the restaurants was changed to Qdoba Mexican Eats in October 2015 in the hope of trying to distinguish itself from similar-sounding competitors.

By July 2016, the company had 650 restaurants in 47 states, the District of Columbia, and Canada.

In December 2017, a consortium of funds led by Apollo Global Management announced the purchase of the Qdoba chain for approximately $305 million. At the time of the announcement, Qdoba had approximately 700 restaurants in 47 states. The sale was completed in March 2018. Jack in the Box Inc. received $305 million in cash for more than 700 locations in 47 states, the District of Columbia and Canada. After Apollo had complete its acquisition, Keith Guilbault was promoted from brand president to chief executive officer in May 2018.

In June 2019, Qdoba finally moved its headquarters from the building that it had previously shared for the past two years with its former corporate parent Jack in the Box in Kearny Mesa to the Amp&rsand building in Mission Valley.

In 2021, Qdoba promoted tenured operating officer Eric Williams to chief operating officer, a position he still holds.

By May 2022, Qdoba operates over 750 fast-casual restaurant locations throughout the United States, with 12 locations in Canada.

In October 2022, Qdoba was officially acquired by Butterfly Equity via a merger transaction with Modern Restaurant Concepts ("MRC"), an industry-leading "better-for-you" fast casual restaurant platform consisting of two brands: Modern Market Eatery and Lemonade. At the time of the acquisition, Qdoba had nearly 750 locations across North America.

In January 2023, it was announced that effective immediately, former Applebee's president John Cywinski would be CEO of Modern Restaurant Concepts, Qdoba's parent company.

Butterfly Equity Ownership
Qdoba is owned by Modern Restaurant Concepts, a fast-casual restaurant platform that is a portfolio company of Butterfly Equity. Butterfly Equity is a Los Angeles, California-based private equity firm specializing in the food sector. Under Butterfly's ownership, Qdoba has opened 40 restaurants in 2023 as of August, and plans to open 60 restaurants in 2024 and over 80 annually beginning in 2025. Through a selective refranchising strategy, the company sold a portion of company-owned restaurants to franchisees to achieve a franchised mix of ~80% as of August 2023.

International
The first Canadian location opened on December 3, 2012, in Brandon, Manitoba. A second location was opened in London, Ontario, three months later. A third location opened in Winnipeg in 2014. As of October 2023, there are 12 locations in Canada and no locations exist in any other country.

Fare

Qdoba serves burritos made in the San Francisco burrito style, and other foods such as tacos, quesadillas, chile con queso and tortilla soup. The restaurant fits into the "fast casual" category, offering both quick service and a higher quality of food than typical fast-food restaurants. Customers order by selecting an entrée then choosing its ingredients. All of the items are made in plain view of the customer.

To distinguish itself from some of its competitors, Qdoba serves breakfast, and some locations are open 24 hours on weekends.

Qdoba has also opened restaurants in non-traditional locations, such as directly on college campuses, and participates in some college meal plans.

Through agreements with the Army & Air Force Exchange Service, Qdoba can be found on selected U.S. military bases across the nation.

Competition
The main national rivals to Qdoba are Chipotle Mexican Grill (which also started in Denver, two years before Qdoba), Baja Fresh, Moe's Southwest Grill and, to a lesser extent, Panchero's Mexican Grill, Salsarita's Fresh Mexican Grill, and Rubio's Coastal Grill.

White City Shopping Center
In 2006, the company was involved in a lawsuit in which Panera Bread attempted to invoke a clause in Panera's contract with the White City Shopping Center in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, to stop the opening of a Qdoba Mexican Grill. The clause provided that Panera would be the only sandwich shop in the shopping center. Panera argued that burritos and other tortilla-based foods were, in fact, sandwiches. Superior Court Judge Jeffrey Locke ruled against Panera, concluding, "A sandwich is not commonly understood to include burritos, tacos and quesadillas, which are typically made with a single tortilla and stuffed with a choice filling of meat, rice, and beans."

2015 typhoid incident
Three customers who got sick after eating at a Qdoba restaurant in Firestone, Colorado, were found to have been infected with the bacterium Salmonella typhi which causes typhoid fever. Two of the customers had to be hospitalized. The source of the infect was traced to an infected food handler who was asymptomatic.

Violation of child labor laws
In 2019, a minor filed a complaint to the General Attorney's Office at Newton, Massachusetts, stating that they had worked overtime at Qdoba. This led to a state-wide investigation that resulted in auditing all locations in Massachusetts. Qdoba paid over $400,000 in citations due to the thousands of violations they received due to Massachusetts' child labor laws.

Glenwood Springs food contamination
In 2020, four customers were hospitalized after consuming contaminated food in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. The food was contaminated by an unspecified chemical. Only two out of the four customers experienced symptoms. The incident caused Qdoba to close down temporarily. After the release of the individuals, Qdoba reopened. No action was taken by the individuals.

title: Qdoba


text:
White Rose Varsity Tournament

Taking its name from the 15th century Wars of the Roses where York were represented by the white rose the White Rose Varsity Tournament was a sports competition originally between the two York-based universities in the UK; University of York and York St John University and later between the University of York and the University of Hull. Started in 2005 by Athletics Union president Stuart Leslie of the University of York and his counterpart from the then York St John College, it ran annually 2008 and was revived in 2010 before Hull replaced York St John in 2011 an attempt to make the tournament more competitive. This second version of the tournament ran for only three years before being cancelled after the 2013 event due to York's unhappiness with the organisation of the event at Hull and their "frustrat[ion] with the spirit and quality of competition". The tournament was replaced for York by the College Varsity competition between the Colleges of the University of York and the Colleges of Durham University, and for Hull by the Humber Games against the University of Lincoln.

Results
Hull vs York:
 * 2013: Hull (at Hull)
 * 2012: York (at York)
 * 2011: York (at York)

York vs York St John:
 * 2010: York
 * 2009: No competition
 * 2008: York
 * 2007: York
 * 2006: York
 * 2005: York

Timing
Set on the Wednesday immediately after BUCS scheduled matches stop (around mid-February), it was intended to be timed well before any exams meaning the most players could take part.

York university also use it as a warm up for their other varsity; the Roses Tournament.

List of sports
The teams that took part in the 2005 tournament:

 * Men's Badminton
 * Women's Badminton
 * Men's Basketball
 * Women's Basketball
 * Men's Football 1
 * Men's Football 2
 * Men's Football 3
 * Men's Football 4
 * Women's Football
 * Men's Hockey
 * Women's Hockey 1
 * Women's Hockey 2
 * Netball 1
 * Netball 2
 * Netball 3
 * Netball 4
 * Men's Rugby 1
 * Men's Rugby 2
 * Men's Volleyball
 * Women's Volleyball
 * Indoor Cricket
 * Street Hockey
 * Rowing (Novice)
 * Rowing (Senior)
 * Rowing (Mixed)
 * Trampolining

title: White Rose Varsity Tournament


text:
Talk:Leclerc tank

Combat experience
being deployed somewhere or being part of a peace-keeping mission doesn't sound like combat experience to me, unless there has been a battle somewhere that I haven't heard of?

 * Combat experience is when people shoot at you, is it not ? Rama 21:32, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think you have to shoot back somewhere in the direction of those who shot at you in order to call it combat. This often happens in peacekeeping operations, even if it is not supposed to.--AlainV 00:49, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently, the Leclerc was used in Kosovo in urban environment as a deterrent (a dangerous environment for a heavy battle tank). So on one hand, I have yet to hear of a Leclerc destroying anoher tank in real combat; on the other, the Leclerc has been used in real combat environment. Rama 06:03, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If no fighting occurs, there is no combat, and without combat there can't be any combat experience. The point was to say that unlike many other modern mbts, the Leclerc hasn't done any fighting, taken fire or fired in anger. But the current phrasing works well, I think. -Mikris-

 * The Leclerc saw action in former Yugoslavia. It was not much, since as soon as it started to shoot, magically all opposition disappeared. --WhiteEcho 05:27, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * well, that is the case of most of modern main battle tanks, for what I know. The exception would rather be the Abrams and the Challenger which, because thay are older and because of certain political circumstances, have been engaged in war zones -- though never against comparable opponents either. I still have to hear about a Japanese or German battle tank engaging in such activities- Rama 08:35, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It all depends on how you count tank types and series. Swedish tanks, German Tanks, Japanese tanks and the tanks of many other industrial nations have never been engaged in any kind of tank warfare for the last 55 years, but on the other hand all Israeli tanks, all US MBTs, all UK MBTs and all MBTs of the soviet Union have been engaged in some form of warfare in the same period. --AlainV 01:38, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * What about in Afghanistan? French forces have been there for some time and maybe it was some other type of vehicle but I thought I heard about a Leclerc providing fire support for some French infantry in a fire fight with some Taliban types. This would probably constitute combat experience since Taliban types often are capable of taking out tanks.--Senor Freebie (talk) 03:24, 14 September 2009 (UTC)
 * In the part of Afghanistan where French forces operate the Leclerc would be totally inadequate, as it is highly mountainous. Bear in mind that this was a machine developed during the cold war to confront Eastern European tanks in the plains of Europe. Its role in Lebanon is more dissuasive, in any case the coaxial guns is more likely to be used than its canon, as it is unlikely to confront other tanks in this peace keeping operation, in that regard I agree this not really combat operation. For the sake of being controversial, I don't think that any other modern tanks, including Merkava, M1A1 and Challenger 2 have really been in combat operation either, as they never have been confronted to equivalent machines. Destroying old soviet era Iraqi tanks with poorly trained crews or the odd building or pick-up truck in the Gaza Bank doesn't really make a real combat experience either, let say they have shot real targets, but these were no real match in the first place, this is just marketing for weapon industry. Blastwizard (talk) 14:28, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Rama, the combat experience you talk of is the least interesting one when it comes to the machine. They know what happens when the gun is fired, they know what happens when the warhead hits. How the machine is used and deployed is a question of training and doctrins of the crew (here "real" combat experience or rather lessons learnt matters). But the technical issues of the tank is very well tested on f.ex a low intensity peace keeping mission. Above all such missions displays how hard it is to maintain the tank, to keep it operational in an hostile enviroment, how often it breaks down etc. F.ex the danish tactical experiences with using a MBT (LEOIIa5) in COIN warfare in Afghanistan applies to all alike MBTs (Leos, Leclercs, M1s, Chals etc). On the other hand, the performance of the machine (the tank) and how well it coped with the climate, how many spare parts were needed, how much fuel, how tired the crew got etc. applies only to the model, in this case,the LEOII. These things could also have been learned in a low intensity conflict as well, but they couldn't have been learned back home in the army base (where the machine shop got all the necessary tools and spare parts and the best technicians).  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jomsviking (talk • contribs) 21:24, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Mass
Can someone clarify the weight of this vehicle? What does "tons" mean? Are we talking about US short tons or tonnes?Blaise July 5, 2005 22:26 (UTC)

 * Standard, metric tonnes, obviously (the Leclerc is purely an European product, no non-standard units are used in its construction ;) ). Good point. Rama 6 July 2005 08:53 (UTC)

Other Pictures.
Is it posibble to change the pics ? The ones posted look old and you can't really take a good look at the tank.

 * The problem is that often the good quality pictures are copyrighted. But I am certain that GIAT would provide free photos if asked kindly. Or rather the SIRPA (the French military PR agency). Let me try to get something from them! --WhiteEcho 15:07, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * There are quite a lot of free photos on Commons, see http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leclerc
 * I won't speak for the ones for which I am personally guilty, but I do not regard these

 * as particularly bad photographs, for instance. Rama 17:10, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The current picture doesn't really match the caption. That is clearly NOT a photograph of a Leclerc in Paris.

~50 tanks turned into tractors/ARVs?
Just a question for those in the know, but I was told that 50 or so of the first tanks that were built for the french army have had their turrets removed and been re-made into artillery tractors or ARVs (meaning only ~350 remain as MBTs). Does anyone know if this is true? Daft, 14:06, 4 March 2008

allright, so apparently it is true, the modified tanks are called MARS (Moyen Adapté de Remorquage Spécifique); They're modified series 1 tanks http://i23.servimg.com/u/f23/11/34/13/70/211.jpg they shouldn't be confused with the DCL (Dépanneur Char Leclerc), the purpose built ARV. there are in fact 355 Leclerc MBTs in use, of which 82 are series 1 tanks, and apparently they may be sold off. http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/defense/2008/04/vente-de-lecler.html

One to watch... Daft, 17:17, 29 April 2008

Unit cost error
During 90's USD and FF ratio was 1:7. Then it should translate around 4 million euroes rather than 15 million euros. I guess someone messed up the currency ratio. I am fixing the cost into closer round number. Orgio89 (talk) 20:15, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

AMX-56
Why is the Leclerc called "AMX-56"? Nobody amongst industrial partners and French military units call it like that. "AMX-50" was its prototype name, but its name on ads from Nexter (ex-GIAT, ex-AMX) and in lists from Armée de Terre is just "Leclerc". The "56" number must be due to the weight in tons of the second serie, the first serie weighting 54t. No serious-looking website call it AMX-56 http://www.army-technology.com/projects/leclerc/ http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_leclerc.html (this one quotes Jane's), only forums, casual blogs, youtube videos and English Wikipedia (on French Wikipedia, the AMX-56 was dismissed after discussions). Aubustou (talk) 10:43, 20 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Leclerc page on Nexter: http://www.nexter-group.fr/en/products/item/361-leclerc-tank
 * Leclerc page of Ministère de la Défense: http://www.defense.gouv.fr/terre/equipements/chars/char-leclerc

 * The development of the Leclerc started long after the disappearance of Atelier de Construction d'Issy-les-Moulineaux (AMX), the AMX-50 isn't related in any way. Really I don't think the AMX-56 is in any way an official title, nor is "AMX Leclerc" as an article title correct. 114.198.19.39 (talk) 13:34, 25 August 2016 (UTC)Ith

Link on Iraqi Army procuring Leclerc
I am requesting a source on the Iraqi armies procurement of the Leclerc MBT, thus far I have not been able to find any sources on the internet.

Google searches omitted: Iraqi Army leclerc, Iraqi Army AMX-56.

Searches did not provide me with any sources which state that the Iraq army intend to purchase this MBT.

Potential discrepancy in the "production series" names
The section History mentions 10 production batches distributed in 3 series, the last of which is referred as "third". This could lead some readers (like me) to think that the third series should be the "Series 3", as the previous ones are called "Series 1" & "Series 2". However, in section Variants and upgrades the series listed are "1", "2" & "2.1" (ie, no "3"). Can anyone please clarify this possible discrepancy in the name of the "third series"? Thanks & regards, DPdH (talk) 09:23, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.army-technology.com/projects/leclerc
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 10:07, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

✅ This issue has been resolved, and I have therefore removed the tag, if not already done. No further action is necessary.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 19:35, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

CGI Image of Tank?
The main image for this article is obviously of a cgi rendering of the tank, not an actual photo of the tank. Should this be noted in the caption at least? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:252:D59:E9C0:FD94:FAA:8273:B089 (talk) 00:08, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Do you mean the picture with the grey-scale background, it is not CGI, merely all but the tank photoshopped to remove the colours and thus make the tank stand out in full detail. BP OMowe (talk) 20:22, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

Move (22 December 2018)
15:51, 22 December 2018 UnitedStatesian (talk | contribs) m. . (16,310 bytes) 0. . (UnitedStatesian moved page Talk:AMX Leclerc to Talk:Char Leclerc: more accurate title) (undo | thank) — Preceding unsigned comment added by UnitedStatesian (talk • contribs) 15:51, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 16 January 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to Leclerc tank. wbm1058 (talk) 00:59, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

Char Leclerc → Leclerc – Char Leclerc is not a correct designation. "Char" is just french for "tank". Correct designation can be found at Nexter Group official site. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mikemist (talk • contribs) 12:15, 16 January 2019 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). --John Cline (talk) 14:43, 16 January 2019 (UTC)
 * oppose : Leclerc is a French general. Char Leclerc is the complete name.--Le Petit Chat (talk) 15:33, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose Leclerc is a common surname, but support Leclerc tank as English sources. Move dab page Leclerc (disambiguation) to baseline. However if not Leclerc tank then it should be small c, char Leclerc. Leclerc tank. In ictu oculi (talk) 16:14, 16 January 2019 (UTC)
 * BTW Staggering that the $200 million in commission was not mentioned in the article. Is it mentioned in the GIAT article? In ictu oculi (talk) 16:28, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose pretty much as User:In ictu oculi, and move Leclerc (disambiguation) to base page. [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&range=latest-20&pages=E.Leclerc|Char_Leclerc|Leclerc_(disambiguation)|Leclerc_(surname)|Leclerc Page views] show the redirect gets about half as many hits as the tank, if you subtract them then it is far less clear that the tank is primary over the other topics at the DAB combined. 89.147.70.233 (talk) 05:33, 17 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose instead move Leclerc (disambiguation) to instead. Suggest moving this to GIAT Leclerc, akin to McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard , Renault Twizy , Citroen 2CV ,  and other military hardware and land vehicles. -- 70.51.201.106 (talk) 05:59, 17 January 2019 (UTC)
 * WPs in many other languages disambiguate as AMX-56 Leclerc so I thought that might be better than GIAT. But the end of the first para says "Note that the term AMX-56 was a misconception, it was never made by AMX". This is a bit puzzling because the article doesn't use the term except in that note, and didn't even before the . The note was . 94.21.253.25 (talk) 08:12, 18 January 2019 (UTC)
 * There's no way to ask about it. You could tag that sentence added in October with a  -- 70.51.201.106 (talk) 15:22, 19 January 2019 (UTC)
 * User:Le Petit Chat, but I've in the same place, this time with a reference. I've tagged the various "AMX" redirects as , but since it is called this, we should probably mention it. (same IP editor, new IP) 62.165.227.102 (talk) 08:32, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Move to Leclerc (tank) and move Leclerc (disambiguation) to Leclerc. It is I, LeClerc! Sorry, couldn't resist. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:39, 17 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment notified WP:TANKS 62.165.227.102 (talk) 09:09, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Reliable source?
"In last resource, the price tag seemed to be instrumental in the choice of the Leopard." The competition between tanks seems a topic to be careful with. The complete passage about the competetion was copy-pasted from "tanks-encyclopedia.com". The website itself does not give any kind of sources. It is run by "Run Innovation in Bordeaux, France". This seems no reliable source to me. Anyone could have written this on their own. --87.149.197.71 (talk) 15:21, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

Are there any official updates on this matter as of 2023?
"Of the units in French service, 200 will be upgraded to the Leclerc XLR standard with deliveries expected to begin in 2022." EngineerFox (talk) 23:21, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leclerc tank


text: Category:Czech literature

title: Category:Czech literature


text:
Keele

Keele is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme in Staffordshire, England. It is approximately 3 miles west of Newcastle-under-Lyme, and is close to the village of Silverdale. Keele lies on the A53 road from Newcastle to Market Drayton and Shrewsbury. The village is the location of Keele University and Keele Services, a motorway service area on the M6.

Keele is located in the Keele ward of the borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme with its name drawing from the old Anglo-Saxon Cȳ-hyll = "Cow-hill". The 2001 census indicated the parish had a population of 3,664,(increasing to 4,129 at the 2011 census) most of whom students at Keele University as one of the halls of residence, Hawthorns, now sold for land redevelopment, was located in the heart of the village.

The Knights Templars and Knights Hospitallers
The village is recognised for its association with the university and its position astride the M6. But during the Middle Ages, Keele was a major route from the North-West to London for laden packhorses and caravans alike. Keele Preceptory was granted to the Knights Templar sometime between 1168 and 1169 by King Henry II. The Knights Templars, military order and later rivals Knights Hospitallers, would charge incoming traffic to pass through their lands. This would supplement rental income from farming tenants.

Little remains today of the Templar's heritage and less so of the Hospitallers. Erected during the 1992 bypass between Newcastle-under Lyme and Madeley to improve circulation in the village, an iron sculpture celebrates the arrival of the former at Keele. Additionally, one University hall of residence, Holly Cross, located on the estate and shaped in a Templar Cross, commemorates their presence. The parish church is named after the patron saint of the Hospitallers, St John the Baptist, and it is believed that one of the church's stained glass panels still contains elements of surviving early medieval glass.

Keele Estate and the Sneyd Family
From the mid 15th Century until the 1940s, the Sneyd family owned much of the village (cottages, school, farm, Inn), dominating local life architecturally as well as socially and receiving rents from villagers and tenants. The inhabitants were principally employed in collieries and iron works, notably in Silverdale, also belonging to the Sneyds.

During the Second World War the estate was requisitioned by the British government for the British Army. Various training activities were carried out until the arrival of American servicemen in 1944. They occupied over 100 temporary buildings and Nissen Huts. General Patton visited during this period. Some prisoners of war were held locally during the war and after the war it became a camp for Polish servicemen and displaced persons.

University College of North Staffordshire
In 1948, with accumulated gambling debts amassed by the late Ralph Sneyd and high tax duties, the estate (including village outlets) was sold off by remaining relatives to Stoke-on-Trent Corporation. The land was earmarked for the development of the new University College of North Staffordshire, which was founded in 1949, opened in 1950 and received its royal charter as Keele University in 1962.

In the village, a collection of buildings, collectively known as the Hawthorns, named after a 19th-century medieval farmhouse were erected and became home to students. The first students took up residence in Hawthorns House in 1957 and the expanded residential complex was discontinued in 2017. The Sneyd Arms public house remains popular with the student community.

Keele is featured on the UK 'Here and Now' edition of the board game Monopoly, released in September 2007, It takes the place of Fleet Street in the traditional version.

Transport
Keele is served by a bus service between Newcastle-Under-Lyme and Nantwich via Crewe and also is served by a bus service to Stoke-on-Trent via Newcastle-Under-Lyme and Stone.

Keele was also served by Keele railway station which was on the former Stoke-Market Drayton Line from 1870 to 1956, although the line remained in use for freight traffic until 1998 when the line was closed to Silverdale Colliery and the track was removed up Pipe Gate railway station to north Silverdale railway station. The tracks remain in place but heavily overgrown and for potential future use if the line ever reopened.

Notable people

 * Walter Sneyd (1752–1829) of Keele Hall, MP for Castle Rising in 1784–1790
 * Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia (1861–1929) lived in Keele Hall between 1900 and 1909.
 * Major General William Donovan Stamer CB, CBE, DSO, MC (1895 in Keele – 1963) a British Army officer in the North Staffordshire Regiment

title: Keele


text:
Battle of Milliken's Bend

The Battle of Milliken's Bend was fought on June 7, 1863, as part of the Vicksburg Campaign during the American Civil War. Major General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union Army had placed the strategic Mississippi River city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, under siege in mid-1863. Confederate leadership erroneously believed that Grant's supply line still ran through Milliken's Bend in Louisiana, and Major General Richard Taylor was tasked with disrupting it to aid the defense of Vicksburg. Taylor sent Brigadier General Henry E. McCulloch with a brigade of Texans to attack Milliken's Bend, which was held by a brigade of newly-recruited African American soldiers. McCulloch's attack struck early on the morning of June 7, and was initially successful in close-quarters fighting. Fire from the Union gunboat USS Choctaw halted the Confederate attack, and McCulloch later withdrew after the arrival of a second gunboat. The attempt to relieve Vicksburg was unsuccessful. One of the first actions in which African American soldiers fought, Milliken's Bend demonstrated the value of African American soldiers as part of the Union Army.

Background
In the spring of 1863, Major General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union Army began a campaign against the strategic Confederate-held city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Grant's troops crossed the Mississippi River from the Louisiana side into Mississippi at a point south of Vicksburg in late April. By May 18, the Union army had fought its way to Vicksburg, surrounded it, and initiated the Siege of Vicksburg. During the campaign, Grant had kept a supply base at Milliken's Bend in Louisiana as part of his supply line. Soldiers had been housed at the site before being deployed in the campaign, and a number of hospitals had been established there. During the siege, however, Grant had a different supply line opened: the Union Navy took control of part of the Yazoo River in the Chickasaw Bayou vicinity and established a point from which supplies could be sent overland behind the Union lines. While a position at Milliken's Bend was still held, its importance was greatly reduced, since the Yazoo River position had become Grant's primary supply depot.

Meanwhile, Confederate President Jefferson Davis was pressuring General E. K. Smith, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, to attempt to relieve Vicksburg's garrison. Smith was unaware that Grant had moved his supply line to the Yazoo River, and still believed that Milliken's Bend was a primary Union supply depot. Immediate command of the offensive fell to Major General Richard Taylor, who was given a division of Texans known as Walker's Greyhounds. Taylor moved the 5,000-man force to Richmond, Louisiana, but did not believe that the coming expedition had any real chance of disrupting Grant's siege of Vicksburg. On June 5, Taylor learned that Milliken's Bend was no longer a significant supply point, but the planned offensive continued, with hopes of retaking control of the west bank of the Mississippi River and gaining the ability to send food across the river into Vicksburg. At Richmond, on June 6, Taylor detached the 13th Louisiana Cavalry Battalion on a raid against Lake Providence, Louisiana, while Walker's Greyhounds continued to the site of Oak Grove Plantation, where there was a road junction. One Confederate brigade split off to move against a Union position at Young's Point, while Brigadier General Henry E. McCulloch's brigade advanced against Milliken's Bend. A third brigade was held in reserve at Oak Grove.

The Union posts at Milliken's Bend, Young's Point, and Lake Providence had become training grounds for African American soldiers. These soldiers were primarily newly-recruited freed slaves. Union leadership's plan had been to use these soldiers as laborers and camp guards rather than front-line soldiers, so they had only received basic military training. At this time, the Colored Troop units were commanded by white officers. Mustering these soldiers into the Union Army faced some opposition, with some believing that they would not fight. The support of several officers, including Major General John A. Logan, however, helped to reduce some of the resistance. The soldiers at Milliken's Bend had no prior experience with firearms before joining the Union Army, and demonstrated very poor marksmanship during training. Colonel Hermann Lieb commanded the camp, which was manned by an infantry brigade of African American soldiers and some cavalry from Illinois.

Both Lieb and Brigadier General Elias Dennis, who commanded the Union troops in the area, suspected that the Confederates were preparing to attack Milliken's Bend. Lieb's 9th Louisiana Infantry Regiment and 10th Illinois Cavalry Regiment had encountered Confederates near Tallulah on June 6 during an expedition towards Richmond. Lieb requested reinforcements, and the 23rd Iowa Infantry Regiment and the ironclad USS Choctaw were sent to Milliken's Bend.

Battle
On June 7, McCulloch's 1,500 Confederates marched to Milliken's Bend in the cooler nighttime, and by 02:30 arrived within 1.5 miles of Milliken's Bend. By 03:00, they were within 1 mile of the Union position. Lieb's 1,100 Union soldiers had constructed a defensive position by forming a breastwork out of cotton bales on top of a levee. The Union pickets were quickly driven back by the Confederates. McCulloch aligned his regiments with the 19th Texas Infantry Regiment, 17th Texas Infantry Regiment, and the 16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, from right to left; the 16th Texas Infantry Regiment was held as a reserve. Lieb's defensive line was held by the 23rd Iowa Infantry Regiment and the U.S. Colored Troops of the 8th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, the 9th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, the 10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, the 11th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, the 13th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, and the 1st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. The main Union line fired a volley that temporarily slowed the Confederate attack, but the poorly trained African American soldiers were largely unable to reload their weapons before the Confederate charge continued and became close-quarters fighting. Bayonets were used in the fighting, and the Union defenders were driven back. Lieb's men fell back to a second levee, and the Confederates charged, yelling that no mercy would be given.

During this stage of the fighting, few shots were fired, as the use of rifles as blunt weapons and bayonets was more common. By 04:00, the Confederates seemed to have victory, but they then made the mistake of exposing themselves on the top of the levee. Heavy fire from the large guns of USS Choctaw drove McCulloch's men back off the levee. Confederate leadership was unable to get the Texans to attack the levee again. McCulloch requested reinforcements to continue the fighting, but another Union vessel, the timberclad USS Lexington, arrived around 09:00. McCulloch withdrew his men off the field back to Oak Grove Plantation in the face of the gunboats.

Aftermath and preservation

The fight at Milliken's Bend cost the Union 492 men: 119 killed, 241 wounded, and 132 missing. Many of the missing men were African American soldiers who had been captured and were returned to slavery. All but 65 of the Union casualties were incurred by the Colored Troops. The 9th Louisiana Infantry was particularly hard hit, losing 68 percent of its strength. This was the greatest percentage loss by any African American regiment during the entire war. Their number of dead, at 66, was the highest number of killed in action of any Union regiment (black or white) during a single day in the entire Vicksburg campaign. Furthermore, this figure of killed in action is 23 percent of their starting force - exceeding the 19 percent killed of the famous 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment at the Battle of Gettysburg. The Confederates lost 185 men.

Rumors of the execution of captured Union soldiers reached Grant, who asked Taylor about the reports. Taylor denied that any executions occurred.

The other two prongs of the coordinated Confederate attacks accomplished little at the Battle of Young's Point and the Battle of Lake Providence. The column sent to Young's Point was delayed by bad guides and a washed-out bridge, and did not reach the Union camp until 10:30. After watching additional Union troops arrive at the camp, along with the gunboats, the Confederates withdrew without a fight. After Milliken's Bend, the Confederates fell back to Monroe, Louisiana, and Taylor travelled to Alexandria, Louisiana, where he focused more attention on the Union forces at New Orleans, Louisiana, than Vicksburg. Smith and the Trans-Mississippi Confederates no longer were able to influence the outcome of the Siege of Vicksburg. The city surrendered on July 4. The position at Milliken's Bend had fallen out of relevance not long after the battle when the men and supplies stored there were transferred to Young's Point.

Parts of the site of the battle have been destroyed by changes in the course of the Mississippi River. A 2010 study by the American Battlefield Protection Program found that of the over 17,000 acres of the battlefield, about 2,000 acres were potentially eligible to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places. At the time of the study, there was no public interpretation of the battle at the site. , a commemorative plaque for Milliken's Bend exists on a roadside near Richmond, and exhibits discussing the battle are present at Vicksburg National Military Park. Additionally, an interpretive exhibit exists at Grant's Canal in Louisiana.

Significance and legacy
Leaders on both sides noted the performance of the African American troops at Milliken's Bend. Unionist Charles Dana reported that the action convinced many in the Union Army to support the enlistment of African American soldiers. Dennis stated "it is impossible for men to show greater gallantry than the Negro troops in this fight." Grant described the battle as the first significant engagement in which the Colored Troops had seen combat, described their conduct as "most gallant" and said that "with good officers they will make good troops." He later praised them in his 1885 memoir, stating "These men were very raw, having all been enlisted since the beginning of the siege, but they behaved well." Confederate leader McCulloch later reported that while the white Union troops had been routed, the Colored Troop had fought with "considerable obstinacy." One modern historian wrote in 1960 that the fighting at Milliken's Bend brought "the acceptance of the Negro as a soldier", which was important to "his acceptance as a man."

U.S. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton also praised the performance of black U.S. soldiers in the battle. He stated that their competent performance in the battle proved wrong those who had opposed their service:

title: Battle of Milliken's Bend


text:
Talk:Gränichen

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title: Talk:Gränichen


text:
Pacatian (Roman governor)

Lucius Papius Pacatianus or Pacatian was a vicarius of Roman Britain in 319. His holding the post is recorded in the Codex Theodosianus, although little else is known of him. He presided over a period of economic instability with coin hoards indicating high inflation, although several high status villas were rebuilt around this time and with Christian mosaics being built into them.

title: Pacatian (Roman governor)


text:
File:Rosebud.gif

Summary
Promo card for "Rosebud".

Fair use for "Rosebud"
This image is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright I feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * it is a low resolution still of a promotional card;
 * it does not limit the copyright owners rights to sell the episode in any way;
 * it identifies the episode, by showing a key scene.
 * No free or public domain images have been located for this item.

The Simpsons is Copyright Fox

title: File:Rosebud.gif


text:
Template:Channel Islands

{{Documentation|content= {{Collapsible option |statename=optional}}

title: Template:Channel Islands


text:
User talk:Lipis

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A tag has been placed on Smallest Creature requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

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CyLog
The article CyLog has been speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This was done because the article seemed to be about a real person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, but it did not indicate how or why the subject is notable, that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the notability of the subject may be deleted at any time. If you can indicate why the subject is really notable, you are free to re-create the article, making sure to cite any verifiable sources.

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title: User talk:Lipis


text:
User talk:Unsichtbar~enwiki

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:24, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Unsichtbar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Unsichtbar~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:06, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Unsichtbar~enwiki