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Law report

' or ' are series of books that contain judicial opinions from a selection of case law decided by courts. When a particular judicial opinion is referenced, the law report series in which the opinion is printed will determine the case citation format.

Historically, the term reporter was used to refer to the individual persons who actually compile, edit, and publish such opinions. For example, the Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States is the person authorized to publish the Court's cases in the bound volumes of the United States Reports. Today, in American English, reporter also denotes the books themselves. In Commonwealth English, these are described by the plural term law reports, the title that usually appears on the covers of the periodical parts and the individual volumes.

In common law countries, court opinions are legally binding under the rule of stare decisis (precedent). That rule requires a court to apply a legal principle that was set forth earlier by a court of a superior (sometimes, the same) jurisdiction dealing with a similar set of facts. Thus, the regular publication of such opinions is important so that everyone—lawyers, judges, and laymen—can all find out what the law is, as declared by judges.

Official and unofficial case law reporting
Official law reports or reporters are those authorized for publication by statute or other governmental ruling. Governments designate law reports as official to provide an authoritative, consistent, and authentic statement of a jurisdiction's primary law. Official case law publishing may be carried out by a government agency, or by a commercial entity. Unofficial law reports, on the other hand, are not officially sanctioned and are published as a commercial enterprise. In Australia and New Zealand (see below), official reports are called authorised reports—unofficial reports are referred to as unauthorised reports.

For the publishers of unofficial reports to maintain a competitive advantage over the official ones, unofficial reports usually provide helpful research aids (e.g., summaries, indexes), like the editorial enhancements used in the West American Digest System. Some commercial publishers also provide court opinions in searchable online databases that are part of larger fee-based, online legal research systems, such as Westlaw, Lexis-Nexis or Justis.

Unofficially published court opinions are also often published before the official opinions, so lawyers and law journals must cite the unofficial report until the case comes out in the official report. But once a court opinion is officially published, case citation rules usually require a person to cite to the official reports.

Contents of a good law report
A good printed law report in traditional form usually contains the following items:
 * The citation reference.
 * The name of the case (usually the parties' names).
 * Catchwords (for information retrieval purposes).
 * The headnote (a brief summary of the case, the holding, and any significant case law considered).
 * A recital of the facts of the case (unless appearing in the judgment).
 * A note of the arguments of counsel before the judge. (This is often omitted in modern reports.)
 * The judgment (a verbatim transcript of the words used by the judge to explain his or her reasoning).

It is only the last item that is authoritative. The others, although useful for its understanding, are only the law reporter's contribution. Thus, law students are warned that the headnote is not part of the decision rendered, since headnotes occasionally contain misinterpretations of the law, and are not part of the official judgment. (In the United States, however, the headnote, also called the syllabus, is sometimes written by the court itself, which fact is stated.)

Open publication on the Internet
The development of the Internet created the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on Web sites. This is a relatively low cost publication method compared to paper and makes court decisions more easily available to the public (particularly important in common law countries where court decisions are major sources of law). Because a court can post a decision on a Web site as soon as it is rendered, the need for a quickly printed case in an unofficial, commercial report becomes less crucial. However, the very ease of internet publication has raised new concerns about the ease with which internet-published decisions can be modified after publication, creating uncertainty about the validity of internet opinions.

Decisions of courts from all over the world can now be found through the WorldLII Web site, and the sites of its member organizations. These projects have been strongly encouraged by the Free Access to Law Movement.

Many law librarians and academics have commented on the changing system of legal information delivery brought about by the rapid growth of the World Wide Web. Professor Bob Berring writes that the "primacy of the old paper sets [print law reports] is fading, and a vortex of conflicting claims and products is spinning into place". In theory, court decisions posted on the Web expand access to the law beyond the specialized law library collections used primarily by lawyers and judges. The general public can more readily find court opinions online, whether posted on Web-accessible databases (such as the Hong Kong Judiciary public access site, above), or through general Web search engines.

Questions remain, however, on the need for a uniform and practical citation format for cases posted on the Web (versus the standard volume and page number used for print law reports). Furthermore, turning away from the traditional "official-commercial" print report model raises questions about the accuracy, authority, and reliability of case law found on the Web. The answer to these questions will be determined, in large part, through changing government information policies, and by the degree of influence exerted by commercial database providers on global legal information markets.

Design and cultural references
Reports usually come in the form of sturdy hardcover books with most of the design elements on the spine (the part that a lawyer would be most interested in when searching for a case). The volume number is usually printed in large type to make it easy to spot. Gold leaf is traditionally used on the spine for the name of the report and for some decorative lines and bars.

In lawyer portraits and advertisements, the rows of books visible behind the lawyer are usually reports.

Canada
Each province in Canada has an official reporter series that publishes superior court and appellate court decisions of the respective province. The federal courts, such as the Federal Court, Federal Court of Appeal, and Tax Court, each have their own reporter series. The Supreme Court of Canada has its own Reporter series, the Supreme Court Reports.

There are also general reporters, such as the long-running Dominion Law Reports, that publishes cases of national significance. Other law report series include the Canadian Criminal Cases, the Canadian Criminal Reports, the Ontario Reports and the Rapports Juridiques du Québec.

Neutral citations are also used to identify cases.

Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
The UK Supreme Court publishes on its own website the court's judgments after they have been handed down, together with the ICLR summary (or "headnote").

England and Wales
In England and Wales, beginning with the reports of cases contained in the Year Books (Edward II to Henry VIII) there are various sets of reports of cases decided in the higher English courts down to the present time. Until the nineteenth century, both the quality of early reports, and the extent to which the judge explained the facts of the case and his judgment, are highly variable, and the weight of the precedent may depend on the reputations of both the judge and the reporter. Such reports are now largely of academic interest, having been overtaken by statutes and later developments, but binding precedents can still be found, often most cogently expressed.

In 1865, the nonprofit Incorporated Council of Law Reporting (ICLR) for England and Wales was founded, and it has gradually become the dominant publisher of reports in the UK. It has compiled most of the best available copies of pre-1866 cases into the English Reports. Post-1865 cases are contained in the ICLR's own Law Reports. Even today, the UK government does not publish an official report, but its courts have promulgated rules stating that the ICLR reports must be cited when available. Historical practice, which may still apply where no other report is available, permitted parties to rely on any report "with the name of a barrister annexed to it".

English maritime law
While maritime cases often have a contract or tort element and are reported in the standard volumes, the standard source for maritime cases is the Lloyd's Law Reports, which covers matters including maritime matters such as carriage of goods by sea, international trade law, and admiralty law.

Scotland
The Session Cases report cases heard in the Court of Session and Scottish cases heard on appeal in the House of Lords. The Justiciary Cases report from the High Court of Justiciary. Those two series are the most authoritative and are cited in court in preference to other report series, such as the Scots Law Times, which reports sheriff court and lands tribunal cases in addition to the higher courts. The law reports service of Scotland is supplemented by other reports such as the Scottish Civil Case Reports and Green's Weekly Digest.

United States
In each state of the United States, there are published reports of all cases decided by the courts having appellate jurisdiction going back to the date of their organization. There are also complete reports of the cases decided in the United States Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts having appellate jurisdiction since their creation under the United States Constitution. The early reporters were unofficial as they were published solely by private entrepreneurs, but in the middle of the 19th century, the U.S. Supreme Court and many state supreme courts began publishing their own official reporters.

In the 1880s, the West Publishing Company started its National Reporter System (NRS), which is a family of regional reporters, each of which collects select state court opinions from a specific group of states. The National Reporter System is now the dominant unofficial reporter system in the U.S., and 21 states have discontinued their own official reporters and certified the appropriate West regional reporter as their official reporter. West and its rival, LexisNexis, both publish unofficial reporters of U.S. Supreme Court opinions. West also publishes the West American Digest System to help lawyers find cases in its reporters. West digests and reporters have always featured a "Key Numbering System" with a unique number for every conceivable legal topic.

The U.S. federal government does not publish an official reporter for the federal courts at the circuit and district levels. However, just as the UK government uses the ICLR reporters by default, the U.S. courts use the unofficial West federal reporters for cases after 1880, which are the Federal Reporter (for courts of appeals) and the Federal Supplement (for district courts). For cases from federal circuit and district courts prior to 1880, U.S. courts use Federal Cases. The Federal Reporter, the Federal Supplement, and Federal Cases are all part of the NRS and include headnotes marked with West key numbers. West's NRS also includes several unofficial state-specific reporters for large states like California. The NRS now numbers well over 10,000 volumes; therefore, only the largest law libraries maintain a full hard copy set in their on-site collections.

Some government agencies use (and require attorneys and agents practicing before them to cite to) certain unofficial reporters that specialize in the types of cases likely to be material to matters before the agency. For example, for both patent and trademark practice, the United States Patent and Trademark Office requires citation to the United States Patents Quarterly (USPQ).

Today, both Westlaw and LexisNexis also publish a variety of official and unofficial reporters covering the decisions of many federal and state administrative agencies which possess quasi-judicial powers. A recent trend in American states is for bar associations to join a consortium called Casemaker. Casemaker gives members of a state bar access to a computerized legal research system.

Publications

 * Eugene Wambaugh, Study of Cases (second edition, Boston, 1894)
 * C. C. Soule, Lawyers' Reference Manual of Law Books and Citations (Boston, 1884)
 * Stephen Elias and Susan Levinkind, Legal Research: How To Find And Understand The Law (Berkeley: Nolo Press, 2004)

Australia
The Commonwealth Law Reports are the authorised reports of decision of the High Court of Australia. The Federal Court Reports are the authorised reports of decisions of the Federal Court of Australia (including the Full Court). Each state and territory has a series of authorised reports, e.g. the Victorian Reports, of decisions of the superior courts of the state or territory.

The Australian Law Reports are the largest series of unauthorised reports although there are several others general reports and reports relating to specific areas of the law, e.g. the Australian Torts Reports publish decisions from any state or federal court relating to tort law. The NSW Law Reports are published by the Council of Law Reporting for New South Wales and cover the Supreme Court of New South Wales. The Victorian Reports are published by Little William Bourke on behalf of the Council of Law Reporting in Victoria and cover the Supreme Court of Victoria.

New Zealand
The New Zealand Law Reports (NZLR) are the authorised reports of the New Zealand Council for Law Reporting and have been published continuously since 1883. The reports publish cases of significance from the High Court, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court of New Zealand. The reports, which were initially sorted by volume, are sorted by year. Three volumes per year are now published, with the number of volumes having increased over time from one, to two and now to three. The reports do not focus on any particular area of law, with subject specific reports filling this niche. There are approximately 20 privately published report series focusing on specialist areas of law. Some areas are covered by more than one report series—such as employment, tax and family law.

Ireland
Most Irish law reports are contained in The Irish Reports (IR), published by the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for Ireland. Other reports are contained in the Irish Law Reports Monthly (ILRM) and various online collections of court decisions.

Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, the law reports are published according to the provisions of the Law Reports Act, 1875. There are many law reports now in Bangladesh. The most widely known being the Dhaka Law Report which started publication in 1949. Published monthly, the Apex Law Reports (ALR) provides timely treatment of significant developments in law through articles contributed by judges, leading scholars and practitioners. The Law Messenger is an internationally standard law report which started publication in 2016. It is the first law journal in Bangladesh which specifically publishes law decisions of Supreme Court of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan only. Mainstream Law Reports (MLR) is the most-cited law journal and it ranks among the country's most-cited law reviews of any kind. Published monthly, the MLR provides timely treatment of significant developments in law through articles contributed by judges, leading scholars and practitioners. Bangladesh Legal Decisions is published under the authority of the Bangladesh Bar Council. The other law reports include Bangladesh Law Chronicles, Lawyers and Jurists, BCR, ADC, Bangladesh Legal Times and Bangladesh Law Times.

The online law report in Bangladesh is Chancery Law Chronicles, which now publishes verdicts of Supreme Court of Bangladesh.

After the Supreme Court of Bangladesh was established in 1972, its online law report is Supreme Court Online Bulletin and it initially published a law report, containing the judgments, orders and decisions of the Court. Another widely used law report in the country is the Bangladesh Legal Decisions which is published by the official regulator of the enrolled lawyers of the country; the Bangladesh Bar Council. Various others for example, Bangladesh Law Chronicles, Bangladesh Legal Times, Lawyers and Jurists, Counsel Law Reports, Legal Circle Law Reports, Bangladesh Legal Times, BCR, ADC are also in operation. The decisions of the lower judiciary are not reported in any law report.

India
The Supreme Court Reports (SCR) is the official reporter for Supreme Court decisions. In addition, some private reporters have been authorised to publish the Court's decisions.

Pakistan
Pakistan inherited a common law system upon independence from Great Britain in 1947, and thus its legal system relies heavily on law reports.

The most comprehensive law book is the "Pakistan Law Decisions" (PLD), which contains judgments from the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the various provincial High Courts, the Service, Professional and Election Tribunals as well as the superior courts of territories such as Azad Kashmir. PLD is augmented by other books, most notably the "Yearly Law Reports" (YLR), and the "Monthly Law Digest" (MLD).

The Supreme Court also has its own law book, the "Supreme Court Monthly Review" (SCMR), which lists more recent cases that the appex court heard.

In addition, there are books dealing with specific areas of law, such as the "Civil Law Cases" (CLC), which as the name suggests deals with Civil cases; the "Pakistan Criminal Law Journal" (PCrLJ), which reports Criminal Cases; and the "Pakistan Tax Decisions" (PTD), on the Income Tax tribunal cases and their appeals.

Kenya
Kenya's first output of law reports was in the form of volumes under the citation E.A.L.R (East African Law Reports). They were first published between 1897 and 1905. Seven of these volumes were compiled by the Hon Mr Justice R. W. Hamilton, who was then the Chief Justice of the Protectorate and the reports covered all courts of different jurisdictions.

The 1922–1956 period saw the emergence of some twenty-one volumes of the Kenya Law Reports (under the citation K.L.R). These reports included the decisions of the High Court only and were collated, compiled and edited by different puisne judges and magistrates.

Then came the period covering 1934 to 1956 which saw the birth of the famous Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa Law Reports (E.A.L.R). These reports comprised twenty-three volumes altogether which were also compiled by puisne judges and magistrates, a Registrar of the High Court and a Registrar of the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa. These volumes reported the decisions of the then Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa and of the Privy Council. They covered only those appeals filed from the territories.

The East Africa Law Reports (cited as E.A.) were introduced in 1957 and were published in nineteen consecutive volumes until 1975. These reports covered decisions of the Court of Appeal for East Africa and the superior courts of the constituent territories, namely, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Aden, Seychelles and Somaliland. They were published under an editorial board consisting of the Chief Justices of the Territories and the presiding judge of the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa. Following the collapse of the East African Community, under whose auspices the reports were published, the reports went out of publication.

The period before the resumption of the East Africa Law Reports saw sporadic and transitory attempts at law reporting. Firstly, with the authority of the then Attorney-General, six volumes named the New Kenya Law Reports covering the period between and including the years 1976 to 1980 were published by the East African Publishing House. These reports included the decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal of Kenya and were compiled by the Late Hon Mr Justice S. K. Sachdeva and were edited by Mr Paul H Niekirk and the Hon Mr Justice Richard Kuloba, a judge of the High Court of Kenya. The publication of these reports ceased when the publishing house folded them up ostensibly on account of lack of funds.

Later, two volumes of what were known as the Kenya Appeal Reports were published for the period 1982–1992 by Butterworths, a private entity, under the editorship of The Hon Chief Justice A.R.W. Hancox (hence the pseudonym "Hancox Reports") who had the assistance of an editorial board of seven persons. These reports, as their name suggested, included only the decisions of the Court of Appeal of Kenya selected over that period.

Law reports relating to special topics have also been published. Ten volumes of the Court of Review Law Reports covering the period 1953 to 1962 and including the decisions on customary law by the African Court of Review were published by the Government Printer. There was no editorial board and it is not known who the compilers of these reports were. Their apocryphal origin notwithstanding, they were commonly cited by legal practitioners and scholars.

In 1994, the Kenyan Parliament passed the National Council for Law Reporting Act, 1994 and gave the Council the exclusive mandate of: "publication of the reports to be known as the Kenya Law Reports which shall contain judgments, rulings and opinions of the superior courts of record and also undertake such other publications as in the opinion of the Council are reasonably related to or connected with the preparation and publication of the Kenya Law Reports" (section 3 of the Act).

The Kenya Law Reports are the official law reports of the Republic of Kenya which may be cited in proceedings in all courts of Kenya (section 21 of the Act).

Hong Kong
Cases of Hong Kong are predominantly published in the authorised Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Reports (HKCFAR) and Hong Kong Law Reports and Digests (HKLRD), as well as the unauthorised but the oldest Hong Kong Cases (HKC). Some specialist series are available including the Hong Kong Family Law Reports (HKFLR), Hong Kong Public Law Reports (HKPLR) and Conveyancing and Property Reports (CPR). Chinese-language judgments are published in the Hong Kong Chinese Law Reports and Translation (HKCLRT). The Hong Kong Law Reports and Digests were published as the Hong Kong Law Reports (HKLR) until 1997.

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Henning Berg

Henning Stille Berg (born 1 September 1969) is a Norwegian football manager and former player who was most recently the manager of Allsvenskan club AIK.

His career lasted from 1988 to 2004, most notably in the Premier League where he won titles with both Blackburn Rovers and Manchester United, becoming the first player to win the Premier League with two clubs. He also played in his native land for Vålerenga and Lillestrøm before finishing his career in the Scottish Premier League with Rangers. He was capped 100 times by Norway, scoring nine goals.

Berg became a manager in 2005 with Lyn and then Lillestrøm. He returned to Blackburn as manager in 2012, but was sacked after just 57 days in the post. In January 2014, he became the new coach of Legia Warsaw, with whom he won the Ekstraklasa and the Polish Cup. He then managed Videoton and Stabæk, before moving to Cyprus, where he managed Omonia, and led them to their first championship in over a decade.

Club career
Born in Eidsvoll, Berg played for Vålerenga and Lillestrøm before coming to England. Blackburn Rovers manager Kenny Dalglish attended a match between England and Norway at Wembley on 14 October 1992 to scout Tore Pedersen, but Pedersen was injured during the match and replaced by Berg. Dalglish was so impressed with Berg that he later offered him a contract. Berg joined Blackburn in January 1993 for £400,000.

Berg made his debut for Blackburn on 2 February 1993, coming on as a substitute in a 2–1 Premier League home defeat to Crystal Palace. He soon made the right-back position his own in the Rovers side and played a vital role in Blackburn's successful title-winning season under manager Kenny Dalglish in 1994–95, missing only two games throughout the season. Also a competent centre-back, Berg's versatility and consistent performances for Blackburn earned him a move to Manchester United in 1997 for a fee of £5 million – at the time the joint-highest fee ever paid for a defender by a British club.

Berg had supported Manchester United as a boy and manager Alex Ferguson had first wanted to sign Berg for United nine years earlier when he was a teenager, but the move fell through because United could not obtain a work permit. Berg was a regular choice in the Manchester United line-up during the 1997–98 season, but the arrival of Jaap Stam in July 1998 meant he was restricted to just 16 Premier League appearances in 1998–99 as the team won the Treble of the Premier League, the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League. Berg missed the 1999 FA Cup Final and the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final through injury, but still picked up a medal for both, having been involved in most of the team's matches on the way to the final. With the league title in 1999, Berg became the first player to win the Premier League with two clubs, a feat he would be alone with until 2010, when it was matched by Ashley Cole and Nicolas Anelka. Gael Clichy, Kolo Touré, Carlos Tevez, Robert Huth, James Milner, N'Golo Kanté and Riyad Mahrez have all since matched the feat as well. Berg regained his place in the side during the 1999–2000 season, when Ronny Johnsen was injured.

Berg rejoined Blackburn Rovers in September 2000, initially on loan for three months, before securing a permanent transfer under manager Graeme Souness. Rovers were promoted back to the Premier League in 2000–01. Further success followed for Berg in the following season, when Blackburn won the League Cup, beating Tottenham Hotspur 2–1 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, with Berg lifting the trophy as captain.

Berg later moved on from Blackburn and had a season at the Scottish club Rangers in 2003–04, where he played his last game professionally.

International career
At international level, Berg was part of the Norwegian national team at the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, as well as Euro 2000. He made his debut for Norway in a friendly against the Faroe Islands in May 1992 and earned a total of 100 caps over a period of 12 years, scoring nine goals. His final international match was a friendly against Wales in May 2004, in which he was substituted early on by Claus Lundekvam to mark the end of his Norway career.

Lyn
On 22 April 2005, Berg was appointed manager of Lyn at the age of 35, signing a four-year contract with the Oslo side. His first game with Lyn was against Start two days later, getting a 1–1 draw, followed by a 6–1 win against Molde the next week. Lyn finished third that season.

Lillestrøm
On 19 August 2008, Lyn announced that Berg had accepted an offer from Lillestrøm, where he had last played in 1992. He signed a five-year contract and took over as head coach on 21 October 2008. On 27 October 2011, Berg was sacked three matches before the end of the season as investor Per Berg promised fresh funds for acquiring quality players after the season.

Blackburn Rovers
While working as a pundit for Norwegian TV, Berg had made a withering assessment of Blackburn Rovers' owners, Venky's. He said: "There are no real managers with credibility who would accept a job like that." On 31 October 2012, Blackburn Rovers announced that Berg had accepted an offer for a three-year contract to manage the club. He became Blackburn's first foreign manager. Berg said of his previous comments about the club's owners, Venky's: "That was me looking at it from the outside without knowing really what was going on in the inside. I think this club at the moment is going in the right direction."

Berg's first match in charge of Blackburn came on 3 November 2012, a 2–0 defeat away to Crystal Palace. His first and only win was on 17 November 2012, a 4–1 victory away to Peterborough. That was to prove to be his only win as Blackburn manager, as Berg was sacked on 27 December, after just 57 days in the post.

On 14 February 2013, the LMA lodged legal proceedings to the high court against Blackburn Rovers for non-payment of wages to Berg.

After leaving Blackburn Rovers, Berg has worked as a scout on an informal basis for Norwich City, looking at matches in both England and Germany.

Legia Warsaw
On 19 December 2013, it was announced that he will be new manager of Legia Warsaw starting from 1 January 2014. In his first full season as coach, he led the team to the Polish Ekstraklasa title. On 5 October 2015, he was sacked while sitting second in the league, following a 2–2 draw against Górnik Zabrze.

Videoton
On 5 May 2016, Berg signed a two-year contract with Székesfehérvár-based Hungarian League club Videoton. He was sacked at the end of the season despite having been a contender for the title until the last matchday.

Omonia
On 6 June 2019, Berg signed a two-year contract with Omonia in Cyprus, which he would later renew for another year.

Berg was responsible for Omonia's return to the Champions League, as they were ranked first in the domestic league when the 2019–20 season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The following year, he led Omonia to win the 2020–21 Cypriot First Division, their first in 11 years, as well as the Super Cup. Although he led Omonia to the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League group stage (the first time the club had made it to a European group stage) and the 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League group stage, a dismal 2021–22 league campaign that saw the club out of the top six meant he was released on 28 February 2022.

Berg's work at Omonia was widely praised by pundits, fans and even other managers in the league, not only for restoring success to the club, but for his tactics, the team's exceptional defense, and most importantly, for trusting the local talent in a league notorious for its high percentage of foreign players. Several Cypriot players broke through under Berg, including Loizos Loizou, Marinos Tzionis and Ioannis Kousoulos.

Pafos
On 12 June 2022, Berg joined Cypriot club Pafos as their new head coach, and his team started the season off with a 13-match long undefeated streak. Despite making expensive transfers in the January transfer window, Pafos' form worsened over time, and Berg was sacked in early April 2023 when his team went seven consecutive games without a win, just three days before their Cypriot Cup semi-final clash. The last game he oversaw was a 2–0 loss to his previous club, Omonia.

As a player
Blackburn Rovers
 * Premier League: 1994–95
 * Football League Cup: 2001–02

Manchester United
 * Premier League: 1998–99, 1999–2000
 * FA Cup: 1998–99
 * UEFA Champions League: 1998–99

Individual
 * Kniksen's Honour Award: 2004
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2000–01 First Division

As a manager
Legia Warsaw
 * Ekstraklasa: 2013–14
 * Polish Cup: 2014–15

Omonia Nicosia
 * Cypriot First Division: 2020–21
 * Cypriot Super Cup: 2021

Individual
 * Piłka Nożna Foreigner of the Year: 2014

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Talk:Stand down

Redirect vs. Disambiguation vs. Unreferenced and confusing article
, earlier today you changed this page from a redirect pointing to Termination of employment to an article which did not cite any sources, and, quite frankly, did not make a ton of sense. I realized that the term has at least two uses, so instead of reverting back to the redirect I turned it into a disambiguation page. The way you are attempting to use the term, in a fire and rescue context, could well be a valid use and a valid entry on the disambiguation page, if there was an article for it to point to. I suggest turning this back into a disambiguation page, and if you can provide sources for its use in the fire and rescue context, creating a new article, Stand down (fire and rescue). ~  ONUnicorn (Talk|Contribs) problem solving 21:09, 8 September 2015 (UTC)

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Talk:Ken Norton

High school
I recall that the Illinois high school athletic sanctioning body - not sure of the correct name - passed a rule limiting how many track and field events a student could enter in a meet - after Ken Norton essentially won the state championship for his school by winning numerous events all by himself - a man among children, it would seem - came to be known as the Ken Norton Rule. Does anyone know the details?

Running Dog

First source
The first source in the references list is terrible. It's just opinion and it doesn't look like it's written by an english speaker. It also gets som details of Norton's career wrong such as mentioning his loss to Foreman as a 1st round knockout.

Ken Norton Rule
Watched the Ali/Norton 1973 San Diego fight within a Legends of Boxing or something likethat show and that announcer (the guy who says let's get ready to rumble) said he entered 8 events, won 5 and finished 3 in the rest. He didn't say he won all 8 events. Someone verify the 8 wins and provide a cite.

Think & Grow Rich book inspired Ken Norton
Ken Norton's stunning defeat of Muhammad Ali in 1973 as a 5-1 underdog left an impression on me as a youth. I still remember watching that fight on TV as a teenager. Norton's victory over Ali is a great illustration of how one can beat the odds, achieve their goals and reach their fullest potential using the principles contained in the book, Think & Grow Rich, a book that Norton attributes as being very inspirational for him on the road to becoming the second man to defeat "The Greatest," Muhammad Ali. Norton also attributes what he learned from Think & Grow Rich for empowering him to overcome severe adversity and get back to a normal life after he sustained permanent injury from a near-fatal car accident in 1986. Ken Norton won a Napoleon Hill Award for positive thinking in 1973.

P.S. I was very delighted and pleased to see that Norton received the Hall of Fame honors which he so richly deserves, and which he obviously earned.

P.P.S. I have become a Think & Grow Rich student since learning of Norton's praise for the book and it is a great motivational book. Another great book that Norton kept at hand when he was in training was Success Through A Positive Mental Attitude by Napoleon Hill and W. Clement Stone. --Boxing Scholar (talk) 14:27, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

No mention of Jr?
His son had a fairly notible NFL career, being the first person to win 3 Super Bowl rings in a row. Or did I miss this in the article?

Fight record
If anyone has sources for his fights please share. I have been able to find most records however some are difficult to find. I will compile his fight record once i have all of them. --Eidetic Man (talk) 23:50, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

No dispute, Ali won fight three
The fight can be seen on YouTube. The individual who did color commentary at the time, who said he would be "surprised" if Ali had won, was clearly biased. In the round where Ali danced, he outscored Norton with several unanswered punches. Norton got in one good shot near the end but the color commentator gave Norton the round! He also accused Ali of "thumbing" Norton in the eye at one point. In round 12, a round which Norton had dominated, he got caught in the corner where Ali was able to hit him with several good shots directly in the face, which caused a considerable swelling; Norton was definitely groggy when the bell sounded. The fight was close, but Ali simply led on points; Norton's solid body shots and that overhead right are what kept the fight within reach but it was a hard fought and earned unanimous decision for Ali.MARK VENTURE (talk) 22:55, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Cause of death not stated
see title — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.130.168.139 (talk) 10:38, 19 September 2013 (UTC)

Need for Additional Media
This article is obviously going to get some notoriety given its subject matter's recent death. In that light, the lack of additional media (besides the one picture at the top of the page, showing Norton as age-worn and weary) is particularly disconcerting; could we please work to enhance the article with additional images of the man throughout his life and career? It would help to edify the many people who are going to visit this page over the coming days as news of Norton's death spreads -- the thought that the only visual representation they'll have of the man who challenged Ali to the limit thrice is of him sitting, slack-jawed and pallid in a convention hall, is sad. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.169.21.1 (talk) 12:36, 19 September 2013 (UTC)

Time taking shots from Cooney
“Norton continued to take shots from Cooney in his corner for nearly a full minute”

It was only about ten seconds of shots that Norton took in the corner before the referee stopped the fight. 2600:8806:6302:1900:C4DE:7784:2423:7CFF (talk) 08:29, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ken Norton


text:
Tariff of 1792

The Tariff of 1792 was the third of Alexander Hamilton's protective tariffs in the United States (first was the Hamilton tariff of 1789, second was the Tariff of 1790). Hamilton had persuaded the United States Congress to raise duties slightly in 1790, and he persuaded them to raise rates again in 1792, although still not to his satisfaction. Protectionism was one of the fulfillments of Hamilton's Report on Manufactures.

title: Tariff of 1792


text:
Talk:Sentence fragment

Redirected
I redirected to Sentence fragment because previously this redirected to sentence, which linked back to itself. --Howrealisreal 19:43, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sentence fragment


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User:Wooby

Wooby 00:44, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
I'm in the US and interested in adding and editing articles about the US military.

Stuff I'm Working On
Civil Affairs

The McCarthy 91 function
$$M(n)=\left\{\begin{matrix} n - 10, & \mbox{if }n > 100\mbox{ } \\ M(M(n+11)), & \mbox{if }n \le 100\mbox{ } \end{matrix}\right.$$

title: User:Wooby


text:
Curt Weibull

Curt Weibull (19 August 1886 – 10 November 1991) was a Swedish historian, educator and author.

Biography
Curt Hugo Johannes Weibull was born in Lund, Sweden. He was a member of the Weibull family. He was the son of professor Martin Weibull (1835–1902) and brother of historian Lauritz Weibull (1873–1960). He and his brother both attended the University of Lund. The Weibull brothers have been characterized as influential in raising the scientific standards of history research in Sweden and Denmark.

Curt Weibull was a professor of history at the University of Gothenburg from 1927 to 1953 and its rector from 1936 to 1946. In 1928 he and his brother, Lauritz Weibull, initiated the periodical Scandia. Together they are known for having introduced a critical theory of history to Swedish historical research, inspired by German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886). Weibull was an important mentor to noted Swedish historian  Erik Lönnroth (1910–2002), who further developed the methods of evaluating sources.

His most important and acclaimed work is a criticism regarding the interpretation and the ahistoricism of the Gesta Danorum by the 12th century Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus. This piece was named: ''Saxo. Kritiska undersökningar i Danmarks historia från Sven Estridsens död till Canute VI'' (Saxo. Critical studies in Denmark's history from Sven Estriden's death to Canute VI), and was rather controversial at the time, as it revealed the vague basis of Denmark's older history of the time.

In 1991, when he was 105, his last work was published: an article in a book celebrating the 100th anniversary of the University of Gothenburg. That probably makes him the oldest historian in the world to have a new study published while still alive. An anecdote tells that when a Danish historian was counter-criticizing parts of Weibull's Ph.D. thesis (from 1916) on Saxo Grammaticus in his own thesis (believing Weibull to be dead since this was after his 100th birthday) Weibull appeared in the public disputation angrily defending his work. During the late 1970s, while lecturing about his life and his research to younger students, he had humorously remarked about a Danish professor who had criticized his own thesis when it appeared: "I haven't replied in depth to the criticism of the professor. But it's not too late, now is it?"

Weibull was married to Gunilla Lundström and was the father of the Swedish historian and Liberal politician, Jorgen Weibull (1924–1998). Weibull was buried in Norra kyrkogården in Lund.

Selected works

 * Sverige och dess nordiska Grannmakter under den tidigare medeltiden (1921)
 * Lübeck och Skånemarknaden. Studier i Lübecks pundtullsböcker och pundtullskvitton 1368-1369 och 1398-1400 (1922)
 * Drottning Christina (1931)
 * Göteborgs Högskola: dess förhistoria och uppkomst (1941)
 * Händelser och utvecklingslinjer. Historiska studier (1949)
 * Göta älvs mynning. Land och städer fram i äldre medeltid (1950)
 * Tionden i Skåne under senare delen av 1600-talet (1952)
 * Die Auswanderung der Goten aus Schweden (1958)
 * Källkritik och historia: Norden under äldre medeltid (1964)
 * Die Geaten des Beowulfepos und Die dänischen Trelleburgen : zwei Diskussionsbeiträge (1974)
 * Lauritz Weibull. Den källkritiska metodens genombrott i nordisk medeltidsforskning. In: Scandia, 38:1 (1972)

Other Sources
This article is fully or partially based on material from Nordisk familjebok, 1904–1926 and from Nationalencyklopedin online edition.

Related reading

 * Nilsson, Sven A. (1991) Curt Weibull (Årsbok, Yearbook of the Science Society of Lund)

title: Curt Weibull


text: Talk:Schistocyte

title: Talk:Schistocyte


text: User talk:68.194.96.38

title: User talk:68.194.96.38


text:
Gennaro Rubino

Gennaro Rubino (November 23, 1859 – March 14, 1918; also spelled Rubini) was an Italian anarchist who unsuccessfully tried to assassinate King Leopold II of Belgium.

Early life
Rubino was born in Bitonto, during the period of Italian unification. While serving in the Italian army as a young man, Rubino was condemned to five years' detention for writing a subversive newspaper article. In 1898, he was arrested again during bread riots in Milan. Rather than serving a lengthy prison sentence, Rubino fled the country. He first took up residence in Glasgow, Scotland and then moved to London. He was unable to find work, however, until offered assistance by the Italian Embassy. He was then employed by the Italian Secret Service to spy on anarchist organizations in London. He was dismissed from the job, however, once embassy officials discovered that he sympathized with the anarchists.

In May 1902, Rubino's employment with the Italian Secret Service was uncovered, and he was denounced by the international anarchist press as a spy. Evidently, Rubino then resolved to commit an assassination in order to prove his allegiance to the anarchist cause. As he wrote in a letter to his former comrades, "perhaps tomorrow or after, I will be able to prove my rebellion in a manner more consistent with my and your aspirations." According to later police interrogations, he considered killing King Edward VII, but decided against it due to the strong feeling of the English people in favour of the monarchy. Instead he chose King Leopold II of Belgium.

Assassination attempt
In late October, 1902, Rubino relocated to Brussels. On the morning of November 15, 1902, King Leopold was returning from a ceremony in memory of his recently deceased wife, Marie Henriette.

The royal cortege left the cathedral. In the first carriage Prince Albert was seated with the king, and in the second carriage princess Elisabeth was seated.

Rubino took a revolver and waited for the King's procession among a crowd on the Rue Royale in front of the Bank of Brussels. After Leopold's carriage passed, Rubino drew his gun and fired three shots at the third carriage. In this carriage Count Charles John d'Oultremont, the Grand Marshal of the Royal court was seated, and he received broken glass in his face. The carriages didn't stop and continued to the palace. When he arrived in the royal palace, the Grand Marshal was questioned by officials. His uniform was covered in broken glass. The king and members of the royal family were told that they had escaped an assassination attempt. The king asked if anybody had been hurt and then continued his day.

All three shots missed, although one smashed the window of a carriage of Count Charles d'Oultremont, who was almost killed. The king was saved by M. J. Bernard from Bar-le-duc who successfully disarmed Rubino. Paul van den Bosch, from Liege, caught Rubino by his throat and handed him to the police. The police put Rubino in a cab, which was immediately surrounded by an angry mob. The police had great difficulty in forcing their way through the crowd, which shouted alternately, "Kill him!" and "Long live the King!"

At the police station, Rubino was searched and found to be carrying a package of ball cartridges and picture postcards bearing portraits of King Leopold, Prince Albert, and Princess Elisabeth. Rubino said he procured the cards so he would be able to recognize the members of the royal family. He also said he did not regret his act and would have fired "at the King of Italy as readily as at the King of Belgium, because monarchs are tyrants who cause the misery of their peoples." He also asserted that he had no accomplices, although several people who were near Rubino when he fired the revolver asserted that he was accompanied by another man who escaped among the crowd.

Following the attempted assassination, anarchists further condemned Rubino as an agent provocateur, with some even speculating that the entire event was staged in order to justify subsequent police crackdowns against European anarchists. This speculation was fueled by early reports that the unfired cartridges left in Rubino's revolver were blanks. This was contradicted by later reports that Rubino's revolver was never found by the police.

Trial and imprisonment
After the attempt he was sent to the prison of Saint Gilles, where he received three glasses of beer for dinner and some bread. He was questioned by the Examining magistrate M. J. Count d'Oultremont. Rubino chose Émile Royer, a socialist who had previously defended the anarchist Jules Moineau, as his lawyer.

There was an issue: because the grand Marshall of the royal Court count Charles d'Oultremont was related to Examining magistrate M. J. d'Oultremont, he had to be replaced by Mr. van Nerom to respect a neutral examination.

Rubino stood trial in Brussels in February 1903. At the trial Rubino was unrepentant and even boastful, declaring that he had hoped to be able to kill the King, Prince Albert, and a few of the clergy. During the trial Rubino often expounded anarchist doctrines which, he said, recognized neither laws nor judges. The jury found Rubino guilty and the court then sentenced him to life imprisonment.

Death
Rubino died on March 14, 1918, in Leuven Centraal, the main prison of Leuven, Belgium.

title: Gennaro Rubino


text:
Talk:Raney nickel

Aluminium content
What is the usual aluminium content of Raney nickel? Might it be better to discribe it as finely divided nickel, rather than nickel-aluminium alloy? Physchim62 08:59, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Off the top of my head I can tell you that the final Al content using a 50/50 starting alloy is usually between 10 to 20%. Of this percentage Al is present mostly in the nickel aluminide phase (NiAl), but depending on activation conditions more or less Al is leached from the other phases. I don't think describing it as a nickel-only catalyst is accurate, but describing it as mostly-Ni would be ;-) -- Rune Welsh | ταλκ | Esperanza  09:22, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I was able to check my references just now, the average Ni content in commercial samples derived from a 50/50 starting alloy is 85%. So there you go. -- Rune Welsh | ταλκ | Esperanza  15:27, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Are these percentages by mass or by molar fraction? The atomic mass of nickel is twice that of aluminium... Physchim62 19:31, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Somehow I didn't see this comment before. Percentages are given by mass (% wt). -- Rune Welsh | ταλκ | Esperanza  16:09, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The active catalyst is actually Ni5Al per Aldricimica Acta article. 75.253.119.222 (talk) 01:21, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

Teratogenicity of nickel
The article states that nickel metal is a known teratogen: do we have any references for that? It might also be better to describe it as a suspected carcinogen, given its IARC classification... although if you ingest it, it will transform into Class 1 nickel chloride in the stomach... Physchim62 08:59, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The source is in the linked MSDS in the reference section: -- Rune Welsh | ταλκ |  Esperanza  09:22, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Human females show allergic reactions to Nickel and even to Nickel in Stainless Steel (earing posts). Nickel metal not the culprit but soluble Nickel salts. Some vitamin supplements contain Nickel as a trace mineral requirement. TaylorLeem (talk) 21:38, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

Aminolysis of alcohols ?
The third sentence under the "Applications" section states:
 * It [Raney nickel] "has also found use in the alkylation of amines and the aminolysis of alcohols."

Can someone explain what aminolysis of alcohols is? Maybe provide a general chemical reaction using R groups or, otherwise, an example of a specific chemical reaction? It seems to me that aminolysis would be the cleavage or splitting of an amine, but an alcohol is typically not an amine. H Padleckas 07:02, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, you're right. It's amination of alcohols, the exact opposite. -- Rune Welsh | ταλκ | Esperanza  10:30, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, thank you. Now it makes sense.  H Padleckas 03:32, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Factual inaccuracy in lead
In a materials science context, an amorphous solid is noncrystalline; however, according to the article, Raney nickel is composed of fine crystals ("fine grains" and "crystallite sizes" both imply this). This should be corrected. - Bantman 19:32, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Very true. Fixed. -- Rune Welsh | ταλκ | Esperanza  13:27, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Removed statements in the Applications section
I removed two statements in the Applications section.

 * Raney nickel is frequently used for organic syntheses in the laboratory, where it is often used as a practical alternative to aqueous reducing agents, such as sodium borohydride, in most of the reactions outlined above.

-and-

 * Thus the use of Raney nickel in this reaction may be used as a convenient alternative...

The reason is that Raney nickel is NOT the practical alternative to anything. Because of it's extreme pyrophoricity, Raney nickel is dangerous to handle in most laboratories. In my experience, Raney nickel has been the last alternative, and is only used when other options are impractical or don't work.

Don't get me wrong. I've used Raney nickel many times, but to say that it's a practical and convenient alternative is just wrong. ~K 19:33, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Reductive amination is a good example where Raney nickel and Pd/black are used instead of NaBH4 and related compounds. Also, Raney nickel is almost always stored in water so direct exposure to water is a non-issue. Replacing water with another solvent is pretty much trivial with the use of a manifold. -- Run e Welsh | ταλκ 19:59, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You are correct. Reductive amination works very well with Pd-on-carbon and with sodium cyanoborohydride.  Both of these reagents give high yields comparable with RaNi.  Therefore, since both of these reagents are easy to handle and not pyrophoric, why not use them before trying RaNi.  Remember, I'm not dissuading usage of RaNi, but rather, not suggesting it is better than other alternatives.

 * Regarding the water, I don't understand the problem. (I think I either miswrote something or you misread something.)

 * Finally, I apologize for offending you about editting first and explaining later. It was not my intention to offend.  My only excuse is I was "Being Bold".  I find this method the best way of getting things done quickly. If you feel, this method is wrong and there's a better way to go about it, please tell me. ~K 20:43, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You mentioned that pyrophoricity is an issue when handling RaNi in the lab. I tried to say that it isn't because it's sold in a slurry and handling under inert atmosphere in a manifold is simple, so there's little risk of exposure. Also, while its true Pd/black is used as an alternative to RaNi when yields are comparable, the removed text mentioned clearly that RaNi is an alternative to aqueous reducing agents. The problem with those is usually the separation of the aqueous phase and the formation of potentially toxic byproducts. Case in point, the frequent use (until recently) of NaBH3CN in reductive amination.

 * I have nothing against people being bold, but please consider that when the article is under a greater attention than usual (as is the case during an FAC nomination) it would be preferable to discuss things first. -- Run e Welsh | ταλκ 20:57, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

aluminium dissolved?
dissolves most of the aluminium out of the alloy.

I was under the impression that 2NaOH + Al -> H2 + Na2AlO2 (sodium aluminate) as covered in the reaction section. You can try this at home with some draino and alfoil: put the alfoil in a glass jar with a hole in the top, add a few flakes of draino and a little water, put the lid resting on the top, wait short while then light the hole with a taper. The lid will go up in the air with a nice bang.

This isn't really dissolving, but instead a chemical reaction. (I guess people tend to be a bit causal with dissolve - 'acid dissolves metal') njh 10:16, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Most of the sources I consulted tend to refer to the leaching process as "dissolving" at some point during the discussion. This is probably because the excess NaOH prevents the precipitation of sodium aluminate so it remains effectively "dissolved" in solution. -- Run e Welsh | ταλκ 11:09, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

FA concerns
I have found at least one fact in the article, as well as some unsourced "however"s scattered about. Also, there is an external link in the intro, which I believe is a no-no. Furthermore, the last paragraph of "Properties" is unsourced. If this is going to stay FA, it will need much more work; I'd take it to FAR if I hadn't recently listed one. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 02:03, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

The fact tags are gone and additional refs have been added. This looks better now. The only thing I miss is a history section in which the two inline refs would perfectly fit in. --Stone (talk) 14:35, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Missing information
I first learned of Raney Nickel by reading about it in Aldrichemica Acta, a publication of Aldrich Chemicals (now Sigma Aldrich and concentrating on Biochem; at sial.com). The newsletter noted that Raney products were patented (it sold to chemical industry as well as research in those days) and that the Raney term for hydrogen storage alloys applied to FeTi alloys as well as Nickel alloys. The Hydrogen storage of FeTi alloys was double the Ni alloys. The Aldrich reference and other patents dug up confirm that the general form of Raney Nickel alloys is MNi5 where M is Al, Ca, La, and a few others (NOT zinc, molybdenum and chromium), typically storing 5 H. I am familiar with Nickel electroplating and electroless Nickel plating (Hypophosphite as well as Borohydride methods); I've used Raney Nickel as well other catalysts in organic laboratory environments catalysts such as 5% Pd on C, PtO2/H2(100psi)or NiCl2/NaBH4. Nickel Boride (Ni2B) is NOT a Raney Nickel catalyst and is more effective at reducing ketones to alcohols.

Copper powder; used as 2.Cu + NaOH + H2O > NaCu(OH)2 + CuH and will add across the double bond in the enone form of recorcinol to form 1,3-cyclohexanedione (similar to the ionic sulfite ion), individually and not from the copper metal surface. CuH will react with acid H+ to form H2 and Cu+. Unless the compound being reduced is binding to the metal surface, and the Hydrogen Molecule is bound in close proximity, it is not being reduced in a manner similar to Raney catalysis. Devarda's alloy is not Raney's alloy.

The 'hydrogenation of vegetable oils', as listed in Murray Raney's patent, use higher temperatures (300 degrees) and very high Hydrogen pressures (10000psi). Raney Nickel loses activity when kept above room temperature. Note the ref that the higher activity of Raney Nickel promotes double bond migration so Raney Nickel is actually reducing the more labile diene (to the toxic Trans fats) than improving unactivated double bond hydrogenation. Other catalysts (e.g. copper chromite) have supplanted Nickel in part because they don't leave behind damaged product: Raney Nickel will also produce 3-phenyl-propyl-1-amine and 3-phenyl-propionaldehyde whereas Sodium Cyanoborohydride leaves only 3-phenyl-allyl amine from reductive amination of cinnamaldehyde.

The Hydrogen storage is a bulk property and not just a surface adsorbtion. Transition metals especially Group VIII can store significant Hydrogen within the lattice (leading to "Hydrogen embrittlement" and d10 elements notably Palladium so much so that solid metal disks are used to purify Hydrogen. (As a teen, I had a hydrogen balloon kit, CaH2 for generator. At a Testing Lab I worked at we had this type of Hydrogen purifier for the Flame Ionization Detector on our HP 5890 Gas Chromatograph; it was 5%Ag:Pd because At H:Pd over 1.7 there was a phase change in Pd lattice which caused it to shatter like in the Fleishman-Ponds experiments.) Platinum and Nickel also pass Hydrogen as as do Silver, Copper, and Iron to a lesser degree. Although diffusion rate of Hydrogen may be low at R.T.P. for many metals, it is much higher than than Helium and other noble gasses in metals. Helium diffuses much more rapidly than Hydrogen when in an unmetalized (Mylar) balloon. Those engineers that remember 'vacuum tubes' will remember the much higher diffusion rate of He, Ne, and even Argon through the glass envelope (very viscous liquid) of the vacuum tube compared to Hydrogen gas.

The energy of dissociation of the H2 hydrogen molecule is 104 Kcal/mole. The high heat generated by H-H recombination is used in specialized welding; it makes "Nacent Hydrogen" unlikely.

I have made and tested "rocket fuel" in a professional capacity. Non-hydrogen-containing metal powders such as Iron and Nickel are themselves pyrophoric. There was a warning by a company that makes Copper inkjet ink that the dry powder was flammable. NiAl alloy is typically sold as 325 mesh which particles becomes smaller as it is digested. 500 mesh Al or Mg can be mixed with inert material like sand and still catch fire (from static of turning the bottle) and burn in air/CO2/water. Re convenience: the slurry can be added via addition funnel with inert gas purge. We add heterogeneous materials to reactions all the time, Lithium Aluminum Hydride is a hazardous case in point yet used in 100 Kg sized industrial reactions.

Surface area on the label of commercial "Pd on C" catalyst listed 1000m2/gm which is what PdO2/H2 is supposed to give. Au can exist as a mono atomic colloid and the industrial Silver inkjet ink company says 2 to 8 atom clusters, from photography we know that the smallest stable Silver crystal is 2 atoms. Pt and Pd clusters are in the same range. From the Ni5M crystalography the Nickel clusters are an order of magnitude larger. From mechanism we know that 2nd and third row group VIII metals can cause organic reactions in one (metal) atom complexes yet the first row group VIII metals need 4 atoms along a specific plane('some' first row elements do 1 atom reductions like Ti, which is group IV, not VIII).

Refs:

Prep of Raney-Ni W2 and W6 see http://orgsyn.org/orgsyn/chemname.asp?nameID=33115

dissolving metal reaction alone and with added nickel salt Org. Synth. 1941, Coll. Vol. 1, 304 (see orgsyn.org)

Nickel Chloride and Borohydride 2,2' : 6',2' -TERPYRIDINE Org. Synth. 1990, Coll. Vol. 7, 476 (see orgsyn.org)

Nickel Boride http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo00831a039

Advances in catalysis and related subjects By Walter G. Frankenburg http://books.google.com/books?id=f_Oiij4V98cC&pg=PA417&lpg=PA417&dq=raney+alloy+patent+nickel&source=bl&ots=VJnGCz3C-J&sig=uZ__XrvwATZovB72se83ImjP5ZU&hl=en&ei=XJ2rTba5CbPOiALGjKHvDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=raney%20alloy%20patent%20nickel&f=false

Murray Raney—Pioneer Catalyst Producer http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-1983-0222.ch034

Discovery and Development of Olefin Disproportionation (Metathesis) ROBERT L. BANKS ACS Symposium Series, Volume 222, pp 403–414 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-1983-0222.ch029

FerroTitanium for hydrogen storage http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978aes.....8.3739J

Google patents US Pat. 2671336 - Filed Nov 30, 1949 "Palladium and platinum are materials which are permeable to hydrogen"

Lanthanum nickel hydride-hydrogen/metal oxide cell James D. Dunlop et al Patent number: 4112199 Filing date: Mar 28, 1977

Alloy for hydrogen storage electrodes Takaharu Gamo et al Patent number: 4946646 Filing date: May 16, 1988 http://www.google.com/patents?id=jwkhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false

Solubility of hydrogen in solid Ni−Co and Ni−Cu alloys F. G. Jones and R. D. Pehlke http://www.springerlink.com/content/e471865737887132/

The role of hydrogen in dislocation generation in iron alloys James A. Clum "A material's susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement can thus be viewed in terms of hydrogen adsorption energetics."

http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA113425 "susceptibility of nickel and nickel-base alloys to embrittlement by cathodically produced hydrogen. The transport of hydrogen by lattice and grain boundary diffusion, "

Shjacks45 (talk) 14:17, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

FAR needed
This article has numerous citation needed tags, and if anyone is working on or watching the article, I will also detail some prose concerns. Unless someone is willing to work on this article and correct the deficiencies, it should be submitted to WP:FAR. Have the sources listed above been consulted and incorporated if warranted? I'll check back in a week or so. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 03:29, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

Ra-Ni as catalyst?
Looking at the article in eEROS, Ra-Ni is not often used as a catalyst for anything. It's main reason for existence is apparently desulfurization. It would be useful to find out what kind of Ni is used industrially for hydrogenation, but I don't think that it is the Raney kind. Could be wrong though. For this article to be complete, we'd need a list of the various grades of Ra-Ni. --Smokefoot (talk) 22:56, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

The guy Raney developed Raney Nickel to make margarine, hydrogenation of vegetable oils. More active than finely divided Nickel by factor of thousands, requiring much lower Hydrogen pressure. TaylorLeem (talk) 20:42, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

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W.R. Grace owner of Raney patents
"Raney® Catalysts Grace Davison's Raney® catalyst family is an efficient class of catalyst available for numerous organic processes including hydrogenations, ammonolysis, reductive alkylation and dehydrogenations.  They are available in both slurry and fixed bed form.  They are usually made from nickel, cobalt, and copper base metals.  Various promoter metals (molybdenum, chromium, iron, etc.) can be added to the base metals to affect selectivity and activity.  With their high activity and selective characteristics, Raney® catalysts can be an effective and economically attractive catalyst to increase process throughput while decreasing byproduct formation.  Read on to find out more about general selection guidelines, description of Raney® catalysts, and key benefits of Raney® catalysts, or check out our selection of products:" TaylorLeem (talk) 21:30, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

Nickel Metal Hydride batteries
Raney Nickel is the "Metal Hydride" of Nickel Metal Hydride batteries. A significant application. Also NiMH batteries are used in Japanese Hybrid vehicles. 75.253.119.222 (talk) 01:28, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raney nickel


text:
Fukuoka Marathon

The Fukuoka International Marathon (福岡国際マラソン) is an IAAF Gold Label international men's marathon race held in Fukuoka, Japan. It was previously known as the Fukuoka International Open Marathon Championship between 1947 and 2021, when it was announced the race would be discontinued on its 75th edition. However, due to popular support, a successor race, inheriting the tradition and course of the original marathon, was established the next year.

The course record is held by Tsegaye Kebede of Ethiopia, running 2:05:18 in 2009 to best his own record from the previous year. Toshihiko Seko (1978–80, '83) and Frank Shorter (1971–74) tie for most victories at the race with four each.

History
In its early years, the race had a rotating venue format, but these races are contained within the Fukuoka history as they all shared a common organiser and sponsor (the Asahi Shimbun, a Japanese national newspaper). The inaugural edition was launched in 1947 as the "Kanaguri Prize Asahi Marathon" (金栗賞朝日マラソン) and was held in Kumamoto. The 1951 was the first of the race series to be held in Fukuoka. Foreign runners were invited for the first time in 1954 and Reinaldo Gorno of Argentina subsequently became the first non-Japanese winner. The competition was renamed as the "Asahi International Marathon" (朝日国際マラソン) the following year and Finland's Veikko Karvonen became the first European victor. In 1956 the race reverted to a national race between Japanese men, but foreign runners were reintroduced for later editions.

The 1959 edition saw Fukuoka instated was the permanent host city for the marathon race and Japanese runner Kurao Hiroshima became the first two-time winner that year. Water stations for runners were introduced along the course for the first time in 1961. The last race to be held outside of Fukuoka came in 1963, when a special pre-Olympic edition was held in Tokyo as a way of testing the marathon course for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Recognising the Fukuoka Marathon's increasingly international nature, the event was renamed in 1966 to the "International Marathon Championship" (国際マラソン選手権). A year later, the course saw its first world record performance as Australian Derek Clayton knocked over two minutes off the previous record to win the race in 2:09:36.4 hours. Frank Shorter had three straight wins in 1971 to 1973 and a fourth win came in 1974, the same year that the race took on its current title of the "Fukuoka International Open Marathon Championship" (福岡国際マラソン選手権).

In 1980, Toshihiko Seko won in a time of 2:09:45 hours, just four seconds ahead of Takeshi So. This represented the first time that two men had completed the marathon distance under two hours and ten minutes at the same competition. The second world record of the competition's history came in 1981 and it was again an Australian runner, this time Robert de Castella, whose time of 2:08:18 hours became the new world standard.

In 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic, organizers restricted the number of participants to about 100 runners.

On March 26, 2021, the Japan Association of Athletics Federations, newspaper Asahi Shimbun, and broadcast partners Kyushu Asahi Broadcasting and TV Asahi announced that the 75th Fukuoka International Marathon would be its last edition citing difficulties in continuing the event such as increasing operating costs and the COVID-19 pandemic.

However, on March 15, 2021, the JAAF and the Fukuoka Prefectural Government announced that a successor race would be held in December of that year "maintaining [the] history and tradition" of the original championship.

The Fukuoka Marathon is the third-longest running competition of its type in Japan, being established two years after the Lake Biwa Marathon and one year after the Kochi Marathon. This makes it the tenth longest running annual marathon race in recorded history. The competition has hosted the men's marathon championship race numerous times: it first held the event in 1955 and then hosted the race on a biennial basis from 1963 to 1997. It later hosted the national championship race once every three years, on a rotational basis alongside the Lake Biwa and Tokyo Marathons.

Qualification
Male runners who achieved the following times in an official event of the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) or a race for members of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races (AIMS) in a certain period, and who were aged 19 years or older on the day of the race could apply for the race.

Group A:
 * 1) Marathon: under 2 hours 27 minutes
 * 2) 30 km road race: under 1 hour 35 minutes
 * 3) Half-marathon: under 1 hour 05 minutes

Group B:
 * 1) Marathon: under 2 hours 35 minutes
 * 2) 30 km road race: under 1 hour 45 minutes
 * 3) Half-marathon: under 1 hour 10 minutes

Winners

Key:
 * Course record
 * Japanese championship race

title: Fukuoka Marathon


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Template:Airline codes

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Usage
This template is used to display an airline's identifiers or 'airline codes'. '''In Airline articles, the Infobox airline template should be used instead of this template. If an infobox with correct codes is already on the page, this template is not required.'''

Parameters
Each of the three unnamed parameters can be used or omitted. For instance, for a military airbase which is also an aeronautical authority assigned an ICAO code but no IATA code, the first parameter can be left blank (void): Resulting in: }}
 * RAF Scampton

title: Template:Airline codes


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User talk:Raef

Please do not create unencyclopedic articles or you will be blocked. Academic Challenger 00:23, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. Academic Challenger 00:30, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raef


text:
George Clinton Jr.

George Clinton Jr. (June 6, 1771 – September 16, 1809) was an American politician and lawyer who served as a U.S. representative from New York from 1805 to 1809.

Early life
He was born in New York City on June 6, 1771, the son of Mary De Witt and James Clinton, a brevet major general in the American Revolutionary War. He was the brother of DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828), the 6th governor of New York, and half-brother of James Graham Clinton, also a U.S. Representative.

He was the nephew of George Clinton (1739–1812), who served as the 1st and 3rd governor of New York from 1777 to 1795 and the U.S. Vice President from 1805 to 1812. His grandfather was Col. Charles Clinton (1690–1773), an Anglo-Irish colonel during the French and Indian War.

He graduated from Columbia College in 1793, studied law, and became an attorney.

Career
He was involved in farming and business in New York City and New Windsor, and was an incorporator of the Newburgh and Cochecton Turnpike Company.

Politics and elected office
Clinton was an early member of the Tammany Hall organization, including serving as one of its sachems. He was a delegate to the New York State constitutional convention in 1801. In political organizing and at conventions, George Clinton Jr. was a manager and leader of the allies of his uncle George, in opposition to adherents of Aaron Burr as the two groups fought for supremacy in the Democratic-Republican Party.

He served in the New York State Assembly from 1804 to 1805. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Democratic-Republican to fill the vacancy caused when Samuel L. Mitchill resigned to accept election to the United States Senate. He was subsequently elected to two full terms, and served from February 14, 1805, to March 3, 1809.

While in Congress George Clinton was one of the signers of a document protesting the caucus which nominated James Madison as the candidate of the Democratic-Republicans for President in 1808.

Personal life
In 1801 George Clinton married Hannah Franklin (1780–1843). His wife was the sister of DeWitt Clinton's first wife, Mary Franklin, and a descendant of John Bowne and Elizabeth Fones. They had three children:
 * Mary Caroline Clinton (1802–1870), who married Henry Overing
 * Franklin Clinton, who died as a child
 * Julia Matilda Clinton (d. 1880), who first married George C. Tallmadge. She later married James Foster Jr.

George Clinton died at his home in the Bloomingdale area of New York City, aged 38, on September 16, 1809.

title: George Clinton Jr.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of animals

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

List of animals
delete. Also, wikispecies is for such things. There are thousands of animals, many on several continents. Hardly we can put them into a list. Mikkalai 00:24, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Also redundant to Category:Animals. —Korath (Talk) 01:02, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As mentioned above, we already have a list of them. Mo0 [ talk ] 06:10, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. See User:Mikkalai. Optimusnauta 06:15, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, impossible to maintain or keep reasonable complete. 131.211.210.12 08:04, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops, forgot to sign in. Above vote is mine. Mgm|(talk) 08:06, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Redundant. -- 8^D gab 13:37, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)
 * Deleted!, terrible. BlackberryLaw 22:06, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)BlackberryLaw
 * Delete. No bearing, but I noticed that polar bears are listed under Antarctica. :D -AndromedaRoach 04:48, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Domatic number

In graph theory, a domatic partition of a graph $$G = (V,E)$$ is a partition of $$V$$ into disjoint sets $$V_1$$, $$V_2$$,...,$$V_K$$ such that each Vi is a dominating set for G. The figure on the right shows a domatic partition of a graph; here the dominating set $$V_1$$ consists of the yellow vertices, $$V_2$$ consists of the green vertices, and $$V_3$$ consists of the blue vertices.

The domatic number is the maximum size of a domatic partition, that is, the maximum number of disjoint dominating sets. The graph in the figure has domatic number 3. It is easy to see that the domatic number is at least 3 because we have presented a domatic partition of size 3. To see that the domatic number is at most 3, we first review a simple upper bound.

Upper bounds
Let $$\delta$$ be the minimum degree of the graph $$G$$. The domatic number of $$G$$ is at most $$\delta + 1$$. To see this, consider a vertex $$v$$ of degree $$\delta$$. Let $$N$$ consist of $$v$$ and its neighbours. We know that (1) each dominating set $$V_i$$ must contain at least one vertex in $$N$$ (domination), and (2) each vertex in $$N$$ is contained in at most one dominating set $$V_i$$ (disjointness). Therefore, there are at most $$|N| = \delta + 1$$ disjoint dominating sets.

The graph in the figure has minimum degree $$\delta = 2$$, and therefore its domatic number is at most 3. Hence we have shown that its domatic number is exactly 3; the figure shows a maximum-size domatic partition.

Lower bounds
If there is no isolated vertex in the graph (that is, $$\delta$$ ≥ 1), then the domatic number is at least 2. To see this, note that (1) a weak 2-coloring is a domatic partition if there is no isolated vertex, and (2) any graph has a weak 2-coloring. Alternatively, (1) a maximal independent set is a dominating set, and (2) the complement of a maximal independent set is also a dominating set if there are no isolated vertices.

The figure on the right shows a weak 2-coloring, which is also a domatic partition of size 2: the dark nodes are a dominating set, and the light nodes are another dominating set (the light nodes form a maximal independent set). See weak coloring for more information.

Computational complexity
Finding a domatic partition of size 1 is trivial: let $$V_1 = V$$. Finding a domatic partition of size 2 (or determining that it does not exist) is easy: check if there are isolated nodes, and if not, find a weak 2-coloring.

However, finding a maximum-size domatic partition is computationally hard. Specifically, the following decision problem, known as the domatic number problem, is NP-complete: given a graph $$G$$ and an integer $$K$$, determine whether the domatic number of $$G$$ is at least $$K$$. Therefore, the problem of determining the domatic number of a given graph is NP-hard, and the problem of finding a maximum-size domatic partition is NP-hard as well.

There is a polynomial-time approximation algorithm with a logarithmic approximation guarantee, that is, it is possible to find a domatic partition whose size is within a factor $$O(\log |V|)$$ of the optimum.

However, under plausible complexity-theoretic assumptions, there is no polynomial-time approximation algorithm with a sub-logarithmic approximation factor. More specifically, a polynomial-time approximation algorithm for domatic partition with the approximation factor $$(1-\epsilon) \ln |V|$$ for a constant $$\epsilon > 0$$ would imply that all problems in NP can be solved in slightly super-polynomial time $$n^{O(\log \log n)}$$.

Comparison with similar concepts

 * Domatic partition
 * Partition of vertices into disjoint dominating sets. The domatic number is the maximum number of such sets.

 * Vertex coloring
 * Partition of vertices into disjoint independent sets. The chromatic number is the minimum number of such sets.

 * Clique partition
 * Partition of vertices into disjoint cliques. Equal to vertex coloring in the complement graph.

 * Edge coloring
 * Partition of edges into disjoint matchings. The edge chromatic number is the minimum number of such sets.

Let G = (U ∪ V, E) be a bipartite graph without isolated nodes; all edges are of the form {u, v} ∈ E with u ∈ U and v ∈ V. Then {U, V} is both a vertex 2-coloring and a domatic partition of size 2; the sets U and V are independent dominating sets. The chromatic number of G is exactly 2; there is no vertex 1-coloring. The domatic number of G is at least 2. It is possible that there is a larger domatic partition; for example, the complete bipartite graph Kn,n for any n ≥ 2 has domatic number n.

title: Domatic number


text: User talk:68.122.128.250

title: User talk:68.122.128.250


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Jordi Cruyff

Johan Jordi Cruijff (anglicised to Cruyff; born 9 February 1974) is a Dutch-Spanish professional football manager and former player and sporting director of professional football at FC Barcelona.

As a footballer, Cruyff played from 1992 through to 2010, including periods with Barcelona and Manchester United. He earned nine caps for the Netherlands national team, playing at UEFA Euro 1996, and he won the Premier League title in 1997 while at Manchester United.

Cruyff played mainly as an attacking midfielder, although he could also perform as a second striker. In his later years, notably with Metalurh Donetsk, he also played as a centre back. After starting his career with Barcelona and playing for the Netherlands aged 22, Cruyff's career stalled while at Manchester United, as he appeared just 36 times in the league over four years largely because of injuries. His most successful period was arguably with Alavés, which he helped reach the 2001 UEFA Cup Final. He also played for Celta Vigo, Espanyol and finished his playing career with Valletta in the Maltese Premier League.

Under his stewardship as Maccabi Tel Aviv's sporting director, the club regained its dominance in Israeli football. The team won consecutive league titles from 2012 to 2015, as well as regularly qualifying for the Europa League and Champions League.

Barcelona
In 1992, Cruyff made his debut for Barcelona B in the Segunda División, becoming the team's top scorer alongside Óscar. Two years later, Cruyff was promoted to the senior team during a pre-season tour in the Netherlands, where he scored hat-tricks against Groningen and De Graafschap. On 4 September 1994, he made his top flight debut in a 2–1 defeat at Sporting Gijón. On 2 November, he played against Manchester United in the Champions League, setting up the first goal for Hristo Stoichkov, as Barcelona won 4–0.

That season, Barcelona finished fourth in La Liga and Cruyff was one of the team's top scorers alongside Stoichkov and Koeman, despite not being a regular starter. Cruyff scored the goal that guaranteed Barcelona played in Europe the following season.

Despite a positive start to the following campaign, Barcelona finished third, and were runners up in the Copa del Rey. On 19 May 1996, he played his last game for the club against Celta Vigo, at the Camp Nou.

Manchester United
In August 1996, Cruyff signed with Manchester United for a fee of £1.4 million on a four-year contract. He made his debut on 11 August in a 4–0 win over Newcastle United in the 1996 FA Charity Shield, and then played in a 3–0 win over Wimbledon, the opening league fixture of the 1996–97 FA Premier League. Cruyff then scored on his next two appearances, helping the team to 2–2 draws against Everton and Blackburn Rovers.

He was a regular in the first team until the end of November 1996, when he suffered another knee injury. Cruyff's spell at Manchester United was marked by injuries, but he played three games in the group stage of the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League. He played eleven times and scored twice in 1998–99 season, before a loan deal with Celta Vigo took him back to Spain in January 1999, and thus denying him the chance to win the treble achieved by the club in May 1999. He scored twice in eight games for the Spaniards before returning for United.

Cruyff's contract expired on 30 June 2000. In four years, he had played a total of 57 games for United and scored eight goals.

Return to La Liga
After an initial agreement with Harry Redknapp's West Ham United fell through, Cruyff returned to Spain on a free transfer to Alavés. With the Basque club, he reached the 2001 UEFA Cup Final, against Liverpool: despite being 2–0 and then 3–1 down, Alavés embarked on a spirited comeback and Cruyff's goal in the 89th minute tied the game at 4–4. An own goal in extra time saw Liverpool lift the cup. Cruyff continued to play for Alavés until the club was relegated at the end of 2002–03.

The following season, he joined Espanyol, being played regularly in his only season. Cruyff decided against extending his contract with Espanyol and voluntarily left that summer.

Later career
He then trained with Bolton Wanderers, coached by Sam Allardyce, but failed a medical test. After he temporarily retired in 2004, Cruyff made a return to professional football in 2006, playing two seasons at the Ukrainian side Metalurh Donetsk, where he played mainly as a centre back. At the same time, he entered the fashion business, helping develop the Cruyff clothing brand.

In mid-2009, Cruyff signed a three-year deal as a player-cum-assistant-manager of Maltese side Valletta, assisting first team coach Ton Caanen, a role he admitted he did not take to. He made his debut on 26 July 2009, in a 3–0 win in the Europa League 2009–10 first qualifying round against Icelandic side Keflavík. His first league appearance came on 21 August 2008, in a 3–1 win over Birkirkara. He scored his first goal on 29 August 2009 in a 6–0 win against Floriana. Valletta won the MFA Trophy in Cruyff's first season beating Qormi 2–1, although Cruyff did not play in the final as he was not fully fit.

Despite mostly playing as a defensive player in the latter stages of his career, Cruyff took on a more attacking role with Valletta.

International career
Cruyff was approached to play at under-21 level by both Spain and the Netherlands. He was unsure which country to represent, and in 1996 he declined the possibility to join the Spanish team for the Olympic Games; meanwhile, his performances for Barcelona persuaded coach Guus Hiddink to include him in the Netherlands squad for UEFA Euro 1996. He made his debut for the national side in a 2–0 friendly defeat against Germany on 24 April 1996. He scored his only goal for the Netherlands during a 2–0 win against Switzerland at Villa Park on 13 June, and was one of five Dutch footballers to be selected for the Dutch national team while never having played in the Eredivisie.

AEK Larnaca
In 2010, Cruyff announced his retirement from professional football and joined AEK Larnaca as director of football on a three-year deal. He appointed Ton Caanen as head coach, and the pair worked to establish the team as a new football powerhouse in Cyprus. In his first season, the team finished fourth, and qualified for the Europa League. In his second season, AEK Larnaca qualified for the group stage of the Europa League, after beating Rosenborg in the play-offs.

The participation of the team in the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League was historic for both the club and for Cypriot football, as the club became the first Cypriot team to secure qualification to the Europa League (preceded by Anorthosis and APOEL in the group stages of the Champions League). The team finished fifth that season in the domestic league.

Maccabi Tel Aviv
In April 2012, Cruyff was appointed by Mitchell Goldhar, owner of Maccabi Tel Aviv, as the sports director of the club, paying compensation to AEK Larnaca. His initial work included signing Óscar, then head coach of Barcelona Juvenil A, as the new head coach.

Cruyff's arrival finally put an end to Maccabi Tel Aviv's bad fortunes in the league, as they won their first championship in ten years. Under Cruyff's and Garcia's stewardship, Maccabi dominated the league and claimed the title by thirteen points ahead of their nearest rival. The team finished the season as the league's highest scorers, with 78, whilst only conceding 30 - the fewest in the league.

The 2013–14 season saw a change in the club's coach position, when Cruyff appointed the Portuguese coach, Paulo Sousa to replace Garcia, after the Spanish coach was signed by English Championship side Brighton and Hove Albion. During this period, many players left the club whilst several others were recruited.

The team continued its success in the league competition by claiming another league title by a margin of 16 points. The club also enjoyed success in the Europa League as they advanced to the round of 32 following a difficult group stage, where they beat Bordeaux (twice) and Eintracht Frankfurt before eventually exiting the competition following a loss to Basel.

The 2014–15 season was characterized by a difficult start. Operation Protective Edge meant that the qualifying games to the UEFA Champions League were held away from Israel, leading Maccabi to be ousted from both the Champions League and the Europa League. There was also a change in club manager following Paulo Sousa's appointment at FC Basel. Oscar Garcia briefly returned but left before the beginning of the season when Cruyff appointed Pako Ayestarán, former assistant to Rafael Benítez at Liverpool. Maccabi Tel Aviv became the first Israeli team to win all three local trophies: the Israeli Premier League, the Israel State Cup and the Toto Cup.

In April 2015, Cruyff renewed his contract for a further two years despite interest from English Championship and Bundesliga sides.

In the 2015–16 season, Cruyff appointed Slaviša Jokanović as head coach after the Serbian had promoted Watford to the Premier League. The team qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stages for the first time in 11 years, playing against Chelsea, Porto and Dynamo Kyiv in Group G, before exiting the competition. Cruyff appointed Vitesse's Peter Bosz after Jokanovic signed as the new Fulham's head coach at the end of December.

Managerial career
In his first full season as head coach in the 2017–18 season, Cruyff led Maccabi Tel Aviv to Toto Cup glory, oversaw a second-place league finish and secured European qualification for a sixth successive year since he joined the club in 2012. At the start of that campaign, he successfully guided the team through four qualifying rounds to reach the UEFA Europa League group stage. At the end of the season, he announced his intention to leave the club to begin new experiences.

On 8 August 2018, Cruyff was appointed as the manager of Chinese Super League side Chongqing Dangdai Lifan. In 2019, he led the club to their best start in Super League history but decided to not renew his contract, and left the club at the end of the season.

On 3 January 2020, Cruyff reached an agreement to become manager of the Ecuador national side. On 23 July 2020, Cruyff resigned from his position. This came after several major leadership changes in the Ecuadorian Football Federation. Ecuador did not play any matches or hold any training camps in his time as head coach, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 14 August 2020, Cruyff was appointed as the manager of Chinese Super League club Shenzhen.

On 2 June 2021, Barcelona announced his appointment to the role of sporting advisor.

International

 * Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cruyff goal.

Player
Barcelona
 * Supercopa de España: 1994

Manchester United
 * Premier League: 1996–97
 * FA Charity Shield: 1996, 1997

Manager
Maccabi Tel Aviv
 * Toto Cup: 2017–18

title: Jordi Cruyff


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nova High School

Is the school noteworthy? MisfitToys 00:25, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - being noteworthy is not the criteria for deletion. Even if it was, a high school is much more notable than many of the minor TV characters that have Wikipedia articles. DS1953 20:47, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If you're going to nominate something, tell US why it's not noteworthy and then let US decide. Mike H 22:23, May 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, yes it's noteworthy, although that isn't a criterion for deletion. Kappa 21:11, 23 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ph34r and the loss

Ph34r and the loss
Delete: Meaningless, non-encyclopedic entry --Durin 00:26, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete but first let me change into my oppressin' boots. FreplySpang (talk) 00:31, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Speedy. created by vandal script. Mikkalai 00:33, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)


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British Rail Class 171

The British Rail Class 171 Turbostar is a type of diesel multiple unit (DMU) passenger train built by Bombardier Transportation at Derby Litchurch Lane Works in England. It is identical to the Class 170, except for the replacement of the BSI coupler with a Dellner coupler. This provision was made to allow emergency joining with Class 377 DC third-rail electric units, which Southern runs extensively on most lines. The units work on the southern regions of the British railway system, operating services from London Bridge to Uckfield and from Eastbourne to Ashford International, these routes being unelectrified between Hurst Green Junction and Uckfield and between Ore and Ashford International, respectively.

The fleet is operated by Govia Thameslink Railway on Southern services.

Design

The fleet is fitted with coupling devices (Dellner) different from other Turbostars, and is classified as Class 171 for this reason. The four-car units were built with the new couplers, but Class 170 two-car units were fitted at a later date, and reclassified as Class 171/7 after the modification. Three more two-car units were later acquired, but these were built from new with the new couplers.

Southern gained 170392 from South West Trains. The coupler on this unit has also been changed to the Dellner type. The unit has been reclassified and renumbered from 170392 to 171730. This unit was first delivered carrying Southern livery and the number 170727 (because SWT needed another 170 and it was cheaper to place another unit on the Southern order than place a new order). It never operated in this form and was transferred to South West Trains where it became 170392.

These trains have electronic onboard displays and automated next station announcements.

Operations
Southern acquired an initial fleet of six two-car Class 171/7 and six four-car Class 171/8 units, to replace the slam-door Class 205 and Class 207 "Thumper" fleet.

The first units were introduced in 2003 on the Marshlink Line from Ashford to Hastings and were extended in 2005 to Brighton, but in 2018 the service was cut back to Eastbourne due to overcrowding and a shortage of additional diesel stock. Services on the Oxted to Uckfield branch of the Oxted Line were later also transferred to Turbostar operation. Services from London Bridge to Uckfield went over to Turbostar operation in late 2004.

The Ashford-Eastbourne service, as well as peak-time Ashford-Rye and Ashford-Hastings shuttle services, were nearly always operated by the two-car Class 171/7; the four-car Class 171/8 units occasionally appeared on the route during special events such as the Rye bonfire celebrations.

The Uckfield-London Bridge and Uckfield-Oxted services used both the two-car and the four-car units. These units were often coupled together, forming six-car, eight-car or ten-car trains following platform extensions at Uckfield line stations.

Future
As at August 2022, Southern operated 20 sets; 12 two-carriage sets and eight four-carriage sets. In September 2022 the two Class 171/2 and two Class 171/4 sets were reformed back into their original three carriage formations, returned to Eversholt Rail Group and leased to East Midlands Railway (EMR). Three moved to EMR where they will be converted back to Class 170s while the fourth will remain on sub-lease with Southern. Further reshuffling will result in Southern having a fleet of four two-carriage and 13 three-carriage sets by December 2022.

In September 2022, 171202, 171401 and 171402 were transferred to East Midlands Railway and renumbered to 170422, 170423 and 170424.

Fleet details
Initial deliveries took place when the original two-car units, at the time classified as Class 170/7, entered service in 2003, followed by the four-car Class 171/8 units in 2004. At this time, the two-car sets received their Dellner couplings and were reclassified as Class 171/7. In 2015, four three-car Class 170/4 units were transferred to Southern from First ScotRail to enhance the fleet; two of these had the centre car removed and added to the remaining two, to form a pair of two-car and a pair of four-car units. With the addition of Dellner couplings, the new units were reclassified as Class 171/2 and 171/4.

Formation of two-car Class 171/7: DMOCL(W) + DMOSL Formation of four-car Class 171/8: DMOCL(W) + MOS + MOS + DMOCL

title: British Rail Class 171